cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the ACT OUT! Social Issue Theater Program on Social-Emotional Competence and Bullying in Youth and Adolescents: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Students in the United States spend a meaningful portion of their developmental lives in school. In recent years, researchers and educators have begun to focus explicitly on social and emotional learning (SEL) in the school setting. Initial evidence from meta-analyses suggests that curricula designed to promote SEL likely produce benefits in terms of social-emotional competence (SEC) and numerous related behavioral and affective outcomes. At the same time, there are often barriers to implementing such curricula as intended, and some researchers have questioned the strength of the evaluation data from SEL programs. As part of the effort to improve programming in SEL, this paper describes the protocol for a cluster randomized trial of the ACT OUT! Social Issue Theater program, a brief psychodramatic intervention to build SEC and reduce bullying behavior in students. Objective: The objective of this trial is to examine if a short dose of interactive psychodrama can affect SEC metrics and bullying experiences in schoolchildren in either the short (2-week) or medium (6-month) term. Methods: The ACT OUT! trial is a cluster randomized superiority trial with 2 parallel groups. The unit of measurement is the student, and the unit of randomization is the classroom. For each grade (fourth, seventh, and 10th), an even number of classrooms will be selected from each school—half will be assigned to the intervention arm and half will be assigned to the control arm. The intervention will consist of 3 moderated psychodramatic performances by trained actors, and the control condition will be the usual school day. Outcome data will be collected at baseline (preintervention), 2-week postintervention (short term), and 6-month postintervention (medium term). Outcomes will include social-emotional competency; self-reported bullying and experiences of being bullied; receptivity to the program; and school-level data on truancy, absenteeism, and referrals to school displinary action for bullying. A power analysis adjusted for clustering effect, design effect, and potential attrition yielded a need for approximately 1594 students, consisting of an estimated 80 classrooms split evenly into intervention and control arms. Results: This study was funded in June 2019; approved by the Indiana University Institutional review board on September 17, 2019; began subject recruitment on November 5, 2019; and prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Conclusions: Many states have issued recommendations for the integration of SEL into schools. The proposed study uses a rigorous methodology to determine if the ACT OUT! psychodramatic intervention is a cost-effective means of bolstering SEC and reducing bullying incidence in schools. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04097496; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04097496
Computational Study of the Time Relaxation Model With High Order Deconvolution Operator

Abstract This paper presents a computational investigation for a time relaxation regularization of Navier–Stokes equations known as Time Relaxation Model, TRM, and its corresponding sensitivity equations. The model generates a regularization based on both filtering and deconvolution. We discretize the equations of TRM and the corresponding sensitivity equations using finite element in space and Crank–Nicolson in time. The step problem and the shear layer roll-up benchmark is used to computationally test the performance of TRM across different orders of deconvolution operator as well as the sensitivity of the shear layer computations of the model with respect to the variation of time relaxation parameter in those cases.
Ambivalent Sexism and Reported Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adult Heterosexual Dating Couples

We investigated the relations between the endorsement of ambivalent sexism and relationship qualities in heterosexual romantic couples during emerging adulthood. The sample included 94 heterosexual...
Reconciling X-ray and 21cm HI absorption gas column densities toward obscured AGN

Hydrogen column densities inferred from X-ray absorption are typically 5 - 30 times larger than the neutral atomic hydrogen column densities derived from 21cm HI absorption toward radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Some part of the difference is ascribed to uncertainty in the spin temperature \Tsp\ = 100 K that is often used to convert 21cm HI HI absorption to N(HI). Here we propose another way to infer the gas column from HI absorption. In our Galaxy there is a nearly linear correlation between the inteferometrically-measured integrated 21cm HI absorption \WHI\ and reddening, \WHI\ $\propto$ \EBV$^{1.10}$ for \WHI\ $\ga 0.7$ \kms\ or \EBV\ $\ga 0.04$ mag. Scaling \EBV\ then provides the total gas column density N(H) from the same dust column that is responsible for optical obscuration and X-ray absorption, without calculating N(HI). Values of N(H) so derived typically exceed N(HI) by a factor 4 because the ubiquitous Galactic 21cm HI HI absorption samples only a portion of the interstellar gas. If the well-studied case of Hydra-A is a guide, even very large disparities in X-ray and 21cm HI gas column densities can be explained by resolving the core radiocontinuum and inferring N(H) from 21cm HI absorption. Milky Way conditions are often invoked in discussion of obscured AGN, so the empirical relationship seen in the Milky Way should be a relevant benchmark.
The $1 Trillion Question: New Approaches to Regulating Stock Buybacks

Stock buybacks—transactions in which public companies buy back their own equity securities on the open market—are on track to reach $1 trillion in 2018. Such repurchases manipulate the market price for issuer securities. They represent a choice by firms to prioritize shareholder payouts over other uses of corporate funds, contributing to widening economic inequality. Currently, stock buybacks are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Rule 10b- 18, a “safe harbor” rule that does not ameliorate market manipulation. This Essay recommends a new regulatory regime, outlining several alternative approaches to ensure the integrity of capital markets and corporate productivity.
Applying the new shoulder periprosthetic joint infection consensus definition to a case series of revision shoulder arthroplasty procedures to assess concordance between consensus definitions and diagnoses

ABSTRACT Purpose As the number of shoulder arthroplasty procedures performed rises yearly, so does the number of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). In this study, PJI consensus definitions were compared and contrasted in a series of revision shoulder arthroplasty cases preoperatively diagnosed as PJI. Understanding the variations in these definitions may guide PJI diagnoses, thereby improving treatment strategies and patient outcomes in the setting of infected shoulder arthroplasty. Methods All revision shoulder arthroplasty cases with preoperatively-diagnosed or suspected PJI (determined by procedure code) performed from 2008 – 2017 at a single institution by a single surgeon (fellowship-trained in shoulder and elbow surgery) were retrospectively evaluated. Following Institutional Review Board approval, patient demographic, treatment, and laboratory data were collected. Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS; 2011) and International Consensus Meeting on Orthopaedic Infections (ICM; 2013, 2018 Revision, 2018 Shoulder) definitions of PJI were applied to the data. Statistical analysis assessed significant associations between culture status and PJI classification algorithm criteria. Results Thirty-seven patients with suspected PJI were identified; 24 culture-positive (CP) and 13 culture-negative (CN). In this series, the 2018 ICM Shoulder definition for definite infection was met at lower rates than all other definitions (CP; 71% vs. 96%; CN; 62% vs. 69%). 2018 ICM Shoulder major criteria showed stronger correlations to 2011 MSIS, 2013 ICM, and 2018 ICM Revision major criteria when “gross intra-articular pus” was excluded than when pus was included as a major criterion. 2018 ICM Revision cases determined to be infected were very strongly, positively, correlated with the 2018 ICM Shoulder cases determined to have definite or probable infections (ρ = 1.000, P Conclusions In this series, the 2018 ICM Shoulder definition and previous PJI definitions classified cases as PJI at similar rates. However, the inclusion of a third major criterion of “gross intra-articular pus” weakened the correlation with prior definitions. Level of evidence Level IV; Case Series.
VeGen: a vectorizer generator for SIMD and beyond

Vector instructions are ubiquitous in modern processors. Traditional compiler auto-vectorization techniques have focused on targeting single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions. However, these auto-vectorization techniques are not sufficiently powerful to model non-SIMD vector instructions, which can accelerate applications in domains such as image processing, digital signal processing, and machine learning. To target non-SIMD instruction, compiler developers have resorted to complicated, ad hoc peephole optimizations, expending significant development time while still coming up short. As vector instruction sets continue to rapidly evolve, compilers cannot keep up with these new hardware capabilities. In this paper, we introduce Lane Level Parallelism (LLP), which captures the model of parallelism implemented by both SIMD and non-SIMD vector instructions. We present VeGen, a vectorizer generator that automatically generates a vectorization pass to uncover target-architecture-specific LLP in programs while using only instruction semantics as input. VeGen decouples, yet coordinates automatically generated target-specific vectorization utilities with its target-independent vectorization algorithm. This design enables us to systematically target non-SIMD vector instructions that until now require ad hoc coordination between different compiler stages. We show that VeGen can use non-SIMD vector instructions effectively, for example, getting speedup 3× (compared to LLVM’s vectorizer) on x265’s idct4 kernel.
Risk of Intestinal Necrosis With Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Reports of severe gastrointestinal side effects associated with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), particularly intestinal necrosis, have led some to recommend costlier alternative medications. No prior systematic review has included studies with controls reporting intestinal necrosis rates associated with SPS. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection from database inception through October 4, 2020. We included any clinical trial, cohort, or case-control study reporting an association between SPS and intestinal necrosis or severe gastrointestinal side effects. RESULTS Six studies including 26,716 patients treated with SPS with controls met inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of intestinal necrosis was 1.43 (95% CI, 0.39-5.20). The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for intestinal necrosis from the two studies that performed survival analysis was 2.00 (95% CI, 0.45-8.78). The pooled HR for the composite outcome of severe gastrointestinal adverse events was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.01-2.11). CONCLUSION Based on our review of six studies, the risk of intestinal necrosis with SPS is not statistically greater than controls, although there was a statistically significantly increased risk for the composite outcome of severe gastrointestinal side effects based on two studies. Because of the risk of bias from potential confounding and selective reporting, the overall strength of evidence to support an association between SPS and intestinal necrosis or other severe gastrointestinal side effects is low. PROSPERO registration CRD42020213119.
Statistical-law formulas for zero- to two-electron-transfer probabilities in proton-molecule and proton cancer therapy reactions from electron nuclear dynamics theory.

We present the first quantum-mechanical derivation of statistical-law formulas to calculate zero- to two-electron transfers (ETs) in proton–molecule reactions. The original statistical derivation assumed that the n-ET probabilities of N electrons in a shell obey an N-trial binomial distribution with success probability equal to an individual one-ET probability; the latter was heuristically identified with the number of transferred electrons from the integrated charge density. The obtained formulas proved accurate to calculate ET cross sections in proton–molecule and proton cancer therapy (PCT) reactions. We adopt the electron nuclear dynamics (END) theory in our quantum-mechanical derivation due to its versatile description of ETs via a Thouless single-determinantal state. Since non-orthogonal Thouless dynamical spin-orbitals pose mathematical difficulties, we first present a derivation for a model system with N ≥ 2 electrons where only two with opposite spins are ET active; in that scheme, the Thouless dynamical spin-orbitals become orthogonal, a fact that facilitates a still intricate derivation. In the end, we obtain the number of transferred electrons from the Thouless state charge density and the ETs probabilities from the Thouless state resolution into projectile–molecule eigenstates describing ETs. We prove that those probabilities and numbers of electrons interrelate as in the statistical-law formulas via their common dependency on the Thouless variational parameters. We review past ET results of proton–molecule and PCT reactions obtained with these formulas in the END framework and present new results of H+ + N2O. We will present the derivation for systems with N > 2 electrons all active for ETs in a sequel.
Improved Soft Duplicate Detection in Search-Based Motion Planning.

Search-based techniques have shown great success in motion planning problems such as robotic navigation by discretizing the state space and precomputing motion primitives. However in domains with complex dynamic constraints, constructing motion primitives in a discretized state space is non-trivial. This requires operating in continuous space which can be challenging for search-based planners as they can get stuck in local minima regions. Previous work on planning in continuous spaces introduced soft duplicate detection which requires search to compute the duplicity of a state with respect to previously seen states to avoid exploring states that are likely to be duplicates, especially in local minima regions. They propose a simple metric utilizing the euclidean distance between states, and proximity to obstacles to compute the duplicity. In this paper, we improve upon this metric by introducing a kinodynamically informed metric, subtree overlap, between two states as the similarity between their successors that can be reached within a fixed time horizon using kinodynamic motion primitives. This captures the intuition that, due to robot dynamics, duplicate states can be far in euclidean distance and result in very similar successor states, while non-duplicate states can be close and result in widely different successors.
Possible Role of TRP Channels in Rat Glomus Cells.

Carotid body (CB) glomus cells depolarize in response to hypoxia, causing a [Ca2+]i increase, at least in part, through activation of voltage-dependent channels. Recently, Turner et al. (2013) showed that mouse glomus cells with knockout of TASK1/3−/− channels have near-normal [Ca2+]i response to hypoxia. Thus, we postulated that TRP channels may provide an alternate calcium influx pathway which may be blocked by the TRP channel antagonist, 2-APB (2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane). We confirmed that 2-APB inhibited the afferent nerve response to hypoxia, as previously reported (Lahiri S, Patel G, Baby S, Roy A (2009) 2-APB mediated effects on hypoxic calcium influx in rat carotid body glomus cells. FASEB 2009, Abstract, LB157; Kumar P, Pearson S, Gu Y (2006) A role for TRP channels in carotid body chemotransduction? FASEB J 20:A12–29). To examine the mechanism for this inhibition, we examined dissociated rat CB glomus cells for [Ca2+]i responses to hypoxia, anoxia (with sodium dithionite), 20 mM K+, NaSH, NaCN, and FCCP in absence/presence of 2-APB (100 μM). Also the effect of 2-APB on hypoxia and/or anoxia were investigated on NADH and mitochondria (MT) membrane potential. Our findings are as follows: (1) 2-APB significantly blocked the [Ca2+]i increase in response to hypoxia and anoxia, but not the responses to 20 mM K+. (2) The [Ca2+]i responses NaSH, NaCN, and FCCP were significantly blocked by 2-APB. (3) Hypoxia-induced increases in NADH/NAD+ and MT membrane depolarization were not effected by 2-APB. Thus TRP channels may provide an important pathway for calcium influx in glomus cells in response to hypoxia.
The need for transient I-V measurement of device ESD response

Tuning the parameters of an ESD device compact model to match the results of pulsed I-V measurements does not guarantee that the model will correctly reproduce the device response to arbitrary ESD waveforms. Transient I-V measurement data are demonstrated to improve the completeness of the device model assessment process, as demonstrated in this work for the case of the grounded-gate MOSFET protection device. If an accurate compact model is used, circuit simulations replicate device-tester interactions that occur during ESD testing.
LARGE-SCALE CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CONNECTIONS WITH THE MIDDLE EAST IN PAST CENTURIES

We analyze reconstructions of large-scale surface temperature patterns in past centuries for insights into long-term climate change in the Middle and Near East. The temperature reconstructions, which have been described in detail previously, are based on calibration of widespread networks of high-resolution proxy and long instrumental/historical records against the 20th century global instrumental surface temperature record. We document the influence of several distinct patterns of large-scale surface temperature variation on Middle/Near East temperature (`MNET') in the region during past centuries. The dominant pattern of influence on interannual and decadal timescales is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), exhibiting significant amplitude modulation on multidecadal and century timescales. Other patterns dominate multidecadal timescale MNET variations. The influence of such patterns, and recent decadal trends in the NAO, may mask the influence of anthropogenic climate change in the MNET region in recent decades.
South and Central America: British, Dutch and French Colonial Laws

British Honduras, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana and French Guiana. Colonial settlement in Belize (British Honduras), Guyana (British Guiana), Guyane (French Guiana) and Suriname (Dutch Guiana) began with incursions into Spanish territory. Spanish discovery of Guiana occurred in 1499, after Christopher Columbus' third voyage to the America in 1498, and Spain laid claim to all of Guiana and Central America. Nonetheless, Dutch trade in Guiana began shortly after Netherland gained independence from Spain in the late 1500's. Spain sanctioned Dutch trade in the region and Dutch settlements emerged in the early 1600's. By 1665, immigrants from the Netherlands, Great Britain and France had established settlements in various areas of Guiana. About the same time, in Central America, English and Scottish buccaneers and logwood and mahogany cutters were also making incursions into Spanish territory. No one country was able to occupy more than a few areas scattered throughout the infiltrated regions.
EFFECT OF THE ALPHA MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY ON MAMMALIAN EPIDERMAL MELANOCYTES.

The presence in the pars intermedia of the mammalian pituitary of a melanocyte stimulating substance was first recognized as a result of the investigations of Atwell (1), Hogben and Winton (2) and Zondek and Krohn (3). Since that time amphibia, in particular the frog, have been used as the animals of choice for assaying the melanocyte stimulating ability of pituitary extracts. In this species skin darkening occurs as the result of dispersion of the melanin granules within the stimulated dermal melanocytes. Frieden and Bozer (4), Karkun and Mukerji (5) subsequently showed that the prolonged administration of a pituitary extract causes the total amount of melanin within amphibian skin to be increased. More recently Lerner, Shizume and Bunding (6) reported that the intramuscular injection into man of a crude extract from frog pituitary glands produced darkening of skin and nevi. Later, Lerner and McGuire (7) repeated this experiment with alpha and beta melanocyte stimulating hormones (M.S.H.) and found them to be effective agents for darkening the skin in man. The question now arose, do the melanocyte stimulating hormones of the pituitary have the same effect on mammalian epidermal melanocytes as they have on amphibian dermal melanocytes Snell (8) showed in the guinea pig that beta M.S.H. caused an increase in the length, width and complexity of the dendritic processes of the epidermal melanocytes and this was due to an increase in the amount of melanin present within the processes. In many of the animals the amount of melanin present within the cell bodies of the melanocytes was also increased. In the skin of the anterior abdominal wall the numbers of melanocytes were significantly raised and the amount of free melanin was increased. The present experiment was designed to study the influ-ence of alpha M.S.H. on the melanocytes and melanin in the epidermis of the male and female guinea pig.
Collagen-based bioadhesive barnacle cement mimic I. Chemical and enzymatic studies†

A biomedical adhesive that can bind to calcified tissues without drying and prior acid etch has been developed. The adhesive was prepared from commercially available gelatin, by first modifying its backbone to increase its phenolic content. This was achieved by reductive alkylation using phenolic aldehydes. Gelatin, modified this way, functions as a substrate for polyphenol oxidase and crosslinking takes place. A concentrated solution of gelatin and the enzyme, together with amines, can bond bone slices. Ein biochemischer Kelbstoff 1st entwicket worden, der an kalzifizierten zGeweben ohne Trocknung and vorherige Sareatzung anklene kann. Die Vobereitung des Klebstoffs erfogle durch Modifiairung der Gelatine durch reduzierende Alkylierung mit phenolisen Aldehyden, um hohere Phenolgehalte zu erzielen. Die modifizirten Gelatine werden von Polyphenoloxide angegriffen, wobei vernetzung stattfindet. Eine konzentrierte Losung von Gelatine, Enzym and verschiedenen Aminen 1st in der large, knochenstucke zusammenzukleben.
H19/miR-675 non-coding RNA expression differentiates among cancers of the human endometrium.

H19 is a maternally expressed non-coding RNA located at chromosome 11p15.5 near the reciprocally imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene. Though the function of H19 is unknown, it is transcribed during embryonic development after which transcription is absent in all but a few tissues including cardiac muscle, breast, ovary, uterus, and placenta. Linking H19, miR-675 and RB1 expression with serous tumors of the endometrium suggests that RB1 suppression may be a differentiating event in serous tumorigenesis.
Intelligence Gap: Advanced Military Technology and Law of War Compliance

Many states justify their use of technology and tactics as consistent with international law. These appeals to legitimacy suggest that legal norms serve some role in limiting the use of force, particularly in promoting discrimination between combatants and civilians. The United States justifies drone attacks as more efficient means than the use of troops to attack suspected terrorists. Many civilian and military leaders argue that these attacks are more moral than alternative tactics because they target the individuals directly responsible for attacks on the United States and its allies. However, these justifications assume that the military has accurate intelligence. However, in Afghanistan, the military has killed many civilians in misdirected attacks. Why do civilian and military leaders contend that they have accurate intelligence when the empirical record shows that often information is erroneous and leads to unnecessary destruction and civilian casualties?To answer this question, I will focus on the U.S. use of drone attacks in Afghanistan. I will first evaluate civilian and military leaders’ justification of the use of targeted killings. What are their public justifications? I hypothesize that arguments based on efficiency and morality presume that civilian and government authorities have good intelligence about their targets and their participation in terrorist acts. Then, I examine this assumption and test the reliability of this evidence. I suspect, as Richard Betts has long argued, that intelligence failures are inevitable, and that intelligence is always going to have a margin of error. Finally, I ask how states have calculated the benefits of a policy of drone attacks in light of the costs of seemingly indiscriminate damage and non-combatant deaths. Is the policy of drone attacks really as moral and efficient as its proponents argue? I suspect that this tactic does lead to a short-term decrease in violence, but in the long run increases antagonism and anti-American violence.
Reasoning about knowledge in philosophy: the paradigm of epistemic logic

Theories of knowledge representation and reasoning about knowledge in philosophy are considered from the vantage point of epistemic logic. This logic is primarily a logic of knowing that , and its semantics can be considered an explication of the well-known idea that "information means elimination of uncertainty". A number of other theories are discussed as further developments of epistemic logic. They include: (1) theory of questions and answers. (2) interplay of quantifiers and epistemic concepts. (3) representations of other kinds of knowledge than knowing that , especially those expressed by knows + an indirect wh-question and by knows + direct grammatical object. (4) the problem of cross-identification; the coexistence of different cross-identification methods. (5) the problem of logical omniscience. (6) informational independence in epistemic logic and its manifestations, including the de dicto - de re contrast and wh-questions with outside quantifiers. (7) an interrogative model of inquiry and its applications, especially the conceptualization of tacit knowledge and of range of attention.
RFLP Mapping in Plant Breeding: New Tools for an Old Science

Breeders have traditionally improved plant varieties by selecting on the basis of phenotype. Now restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps are being constructed for most major crop plants and these maps provide a more direct method for selecting desirable genes via their linkage to easily detectable RFLP markers. The integration of RFLP techniques into plant breeding promises to: (1) Expedite the movement of desirable genes among varieties, (2) Allow the transfer of novel genes from related wild species, (3) Make possible the analysis of complex polygenic characters as ensembles of single Mendelian factors, and (4) Establish genetic relationships between sexually incompatible crop plants. In the future, high density RFLP maps may also make it possible to clone genes whose products are unknown, such as genes for disease resistance or stress tolerance.
Effects of neutron-irradiation on MgAl2O4 and Al203

Specimens of MgAl 2 O 4 and Al 2 0 3 were irradiated to a neutron fluence of approximately 2×10 26 n/m 2 , E > 0.1 MeV at 660 K. Tensile strength was seen to decrease by 25.6% for Al 2 O 3 and to increase by 24.4% for MgAl 2 O 4 . Density measurements revealed that Al 2 O 3 swelled by 3.22% while MgAl 2 O 4 densified slightly (0.316%). Both exhibited mixed failure modes in both control and irradiated samples with a shift from intergranular to transgranular for MgAl 2 O 4 and vice-versa for Al 2 O 3 upon irradiation. The MgAl 2 O 4 damage microstructure consisted of interstitial dislocation loops and denuded grain boundaries. The microstructure of irradiated Al 2 O 3 revealed fine areas of damage assumed to be interstitial dislocation loops and voids. Strength and structural changes are correlated with the results and compared with previously obtained results.
Multiplanar computed tomography: A multidimensional tool for evaluation and treatment of acetabular fractures

Fractures of the acetabulum present a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Improved management has decreased the mortality associated with these injuries. Prolonged survival of the severely injured has raised the associated morbidity. To improve diagnosis and treatment in these patients, computed tomography with multiplanar reconstructions has been utilized in the pre- and post-operative period in 30 patients. This refinement provides a precise, accurate, and reproducible method of establishing the diagnostic data base. Consequently it is possible to better define the pathoanatomy, make decisions as to the best technique for intervention, and facilitate execution of these techniques by improved preoperative planning and postintervention assessment. It is concluded that computed tomography with multiplanar reconstructions optimizes the ability to manage these injuries.
Perfect-set forcing for uncountable cardinals

Perfect-set forcing has been around for a long time. Sacks [10] himself had made substantial use of it to get important minimality results both in set theory and in recursion theory, and the fusion idea that he popularized has become an integral part of several notions of forcing. After Laver [8] developed the idea of adding reals iteratively with countable support, Baumgartner and Laver [2] applied it to the case of perfect-set forcing to produce interesting consistency results about Ramsey ultrafilters over to and the tree property for co 2. Since then, work of Shelah, Baumgartner, and others has considerably systematized countable support iterated forcing. As a first step in generalization, I develop in this paper a notion of perfect-set forcing for regular uncountable cardinals K and its iteration with K size supports. An application of an effective version of this forcing has already been made in recent work by Sacks and Slaman [11] in the study of abstract E-recursion and sideways extensions of E-closed structures. in Section I the notion of forcing and its iteration are formulated, and their basic properties established. In particular, the appropriate fusion lemmas are stated and proved. Section 2 is dominated by the long proof of a key technical theorem, one of whose many consequences is that ~ + is preserved as a cardinal by the iterated forcing. The use of a ~ sequence in the ground model is an essential feature of this fusion argument. There is much less control over the forcing machinery in the uncountable case as compared to the to case considered in [2], but K gives us just enough structural information about subsets of K to allow more economical procedures to work. In fact, it will be clear that this paper owes an obvious debt to [2]. with the new modulations arising primarily from limit stage constructions and the use of O~. in Section 3 it is shown that if 2 ~ = ~*, then ~ K + had been satisfied in the ground model. In Section 4, the result on Aronszajn trees in [2] is lifted: Using K, then there are no K++-Aronszajn trees in the resulting extension.
Optimizing database-backed applications with query synthesis

Object-relational mapping libraries are a popular way for applications to interact with databases because they provide transparent access to the database using the same language as the application. Unfortunately, using such frameworks often leads to poor performance, as modularity concerns encourage developers to implement relational operations in application code. Such application code does not take advantage of the optimized relational implementations that database systems provide, such as efficient implementations of joins or push down of selection predicates. In this paper we present QBS, a system that automatically transforms fragments of application logic into SQL queries. QBS differs from traditional compiler optimizations as it relies on synthesis technology to generate invariants and postconditions for a code fragment. The postconditions and invariants are expressed using a new theory of ordered relations that allows us to reason precisely about both the contents and order of the records produced complex code fragments that compute joins and aggregates. The theory is close in expressiveness to SQL, so the synthesized postconditions can be readily translated to SQL queries. Using 75 code fragments automatically extracted from over 120k lines of open-source code written using the Java Hibernate ORM, we demonstrate that our approach can convert a variety of imperative constructs into relational specifications and significantly improve application performance asymptotically by orders of magnitude.
Persistent pain inhibits contralateral somatosensory cortical activity in humans

To assess cortical activity during pain perception, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) studies were done in humans using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with the radiotracer Tc99m-HMPAO and magnetic resonance imaging localization. Normalized SPECT data were analyzed by region of interest and change distribution. Contralateral somatosensory rCBF was decreased when the digits of the hand were immersed in a hot water bath for 3 min which was rated as moderately painful (persistent pain). No decrease was observed when the hand was immersed in tepid water (control). In contrast, cortical rCBF was increased during vibratory and sensorimotor tasks, in the contralateral somatosensory and sensorimotor areas, respectively. These results indicate that pain perception in man is associated with somatosensory cortical inhibition.
Budgets approved, but cuts loom

Conferees from the House and Senate have finished work on Fiscal Year (FY) 1990 appropriations for NSF and NASA by giving the agencies most of what they wanted, for now. The conference report on Veterans Affairs, Housing and Urban Development and Independent Agencies, passed in late October by both bodies, calls for a 10% increase for NSF and a 7.5% rise in NASA's budget. However, unless the Bush administration and Congress reach agreement on a new deficit-reduction plan, 5.3% mandatory cuts to each line item in all agency budgets will wipe out some of the gains.
A Fast Analog Comparison for Hybrid Computation

This paper describes the design of a new exceptionally fast analog comparator with digital output for hybrid computation. A wide-band dc amplifier with regenerative feedback permits high-speed comparator operation within 100 ns of zero crossing for all input rates of change between zero and 5×106 volts/second. Static hysteresis between ±10 mV and ±40 mV improves noise immunity. Drift is less than 25 microvolts per degree centigrade without chopper stabilization, which is optional. A simple two-transistor circuit provides both the regeneration and the digital output.
Divergent effects of phorbol esters and insulin on insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) production and mRNA in rat H4IIE hepatoma cells.

Summary 125I-IGF-I binding assay, western ligand and immunoblotting, and northern analysis of total RNA reveal that phorbol ester agonists of protein kinase C rapidly enhance IGFBP-1 production and increase the abundance of IGFBP-1 mRNA in rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. In combination with insulin, a potent inhibitor of IGFBP-1 gene transcription, this early effect of phorbol esters is dominant. These results demonstrate divergent regulation of IGFBP-1 by phorbol esters and insulin and indicate that protein kinase C may play a critical role in the regulation of IGFBP-1 and modulation IGF bioactivity in metabolic disease.
Operator analysis of proton decay in an SU(7) gut

Abstract An SU(7) model, with a surviving low-energy SU(4) × SU(3) × U(1) gauge symmetry, may reduce the number of low-energy effective four-fermion baryon number violating interactions from six to two. A simple argument, applicable to general SU ( N ), shows that the terms allowed by SU(4) × SU(3) × U(1) are the same as those allowed by SU(7).
Skin testing to detect penicillin allergy

Skin testing for penicillin allergy with penicillin G (Pen G), penicilloic acid (PA), and penicilloyl poly-L-lysine (PPL) was performed on 740 subjects, and the results were assessed from epidemiologic and immunologic perspectives. Approximately 95% of these patients had histories of apparent allergic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics, and 63% were skin-test positive. The prevalence of positive skin tests was related to the time that had elapsed between clinical reactions and skin testing. Ninety-three percent were skin-test positive 7 to 12 mo after reactions, and 22% were positive 10 yr or more after reactions. Patients under 30 yr of age had a prevalence of positive skin tests 1.7-fold higher than older patients. Testing with PPL, PA, and Pen G detected 76.3%, 55.3%, and 57.1% of the positive patients, respectively. Omission of PPL, PA, or Pen G would have led to a failure to detect 25.6%, 7.2%, and 6.2% of the positive patients, respectively. Subjects with skin tests positive to penicillin often reacted to skin tests with other beta-lactam antibiotics; 73% (41 of 56) reacted to ampicillin and 51% (38 of 74) reacted to cephalothin. No serious allergic reactions were provoked by testing. None of the 83 skin test--negative patients treated with beta-lactam antibiotics immediately after testing experienced acute allergic reactions. Two patients developed mild urticaria beginning 3 and 5 days into therapy. One skin test--negative patient experienced urticaria 3 hr after receiving oral penicillin 6 mo after skin testing. This patient's skin-test status immediately before therapy was unknown. These results support the position that testing with PPL, PA, and Pen G is a rapid, safe, and effective method for identifying patients at risk, or not at risk, for allergic reactions to penicillin.
A distributed-active bandpass network configuration

A new distributed-active circuit, which has lower sensitivities and which utilizes its capacitor area more effectively than the circuit described in an earlier correspondence, is described.
A Comparison of Two Prototype Laser-Optical Firing Systems

The design and characterization of small, ruggedized laser-optical subsystems is required for the continued development of robust laser-optical firing systems. Typically, these subsystems must be capable of generating the needed laser optical energy, delivering that energy via fiber-optical cables while taking up occupying a volume as small as possible. A novel beam splitting and fiber injection scheme has been proposed which utilizes two diffractive optical components. These components were utilized to reduce the volume of a previously designed system. A laser-optical prototype system was assembled and tested which utilized this beam splitting and fiber injection scheme along other modifications to the laser module and the power supply. This prototype was based on earlier designs that utilized environmentally proven opto-mechanical sub-assemblies. The system was tested to characterize the laser performance, the splitter-coupler transmission efficiency, channel-to-channel energy balance and fiber interchangeability. The results obtained for this design will be compared to the performance of a prototype system based on a more traditional beam splitting and fiber injection scheme. The traditional design utilized partially reflecting mirrors for beam splitting and plano-convex lenses for fiber injection. These results will be discussed as will their ultimate impact on future designs and packaging strategies.
COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF GENERATORS AND NONGENERATORS IN ALGEBRA

We discuss the computational complexity of several problems concerning subsets of an algebraic structure that generate the structure. We show that the problem of determining whether a given subset X generates an algebra A is P-complete, while determining the size of the smallest generating set is NP-complete. We also consider several questions related to the Frattini subuniverse, Φ(A), of an algebra A. We show that the membership problem for Φ(A) is co-NP-complete, while the membership problems for Φ(Φ(A)), Φ(Φ(Φ(A))),… all lie in the class P‖(NP).
Incidence of infectious complications associated with the use of histamine2-receptor antagonists in critically III trauma patients

Objective To determine the impact of histamine2 (H2)-receptor antagonist use on the occurrence of infectious complications in severely injured patients. Summary background data Some previous studies suggest an increased risk of nosocomial pneumonia associated with the use of H2-receptor blockade in critically ill patients, but other investigations suggest an immune-enhancing effect of H2-receptor antagonists. The purpose of this study was to determine whether H2-receptor antagonist use affects the overall incidence of infectious complications. Methods Patients enrolled in a randomized trial comparing ranitidine with sucralfate for gastritis prophylaxis were examined for all infectious complications during their hospitalization. Data on the occurrence of pneumonia were prospectively collected, and other infectious complications were retrospectively obtained from the medical record. The relative risk of infectious complications associated with ranitidine use and total infectious complications were analyzed. Results Of 98 patients included, the charts of 96 were available for review. Sucralfate was given to 47, and 49 received ranitidine. Demographic factors were similar between the groups. Ranitidine use was associated with a 1.5-fold increased risk of developing any infectious complication (37 of 47 vs. 26 of 47; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.28). Infectious complications totaled 128 in the ranitidine-treated group and 50 in the sucralfate-treated group (p = 0.0014). These differences remained after excluding catheter-related infections (p = 0.0042) and secondary bacteremia (p = 0.0046). Conclusions Ranitidine use in severely injured patients is associated with a statistically significant increase in overall infectious complications when compared with sucralfate. These results indicate that ranitidine should be avoided where possible in the prophylaxis of stress gastritis.
Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles enhance survival of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under Ultraviolet Light (UV) exposure

It has been shown that photocatalytic TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as an efficient anti-microbial agent under UV light due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a metal-reducing bacterium highly susceptible to UV radiation. Interestingly, we found that the presence of Cu-doped TiO(2) NPs in the cultural medium dramatically increased the survival rates (based on colony-forming unit) of strain MR-1 by over 10,000-fold (incubation without shaking) and ~200 fold (incubation with shaking) after a 2-h exposure to UV light. Gene expression results (via qPCR measurement) indicated that the DNA repair gene recA in MR-1 was significantly induced by UV exposure (indicating cellular damage under UV stress), but the influence of NPs on recA expression was not statistically evident. Plausible explanations to NP attenuation of UV stresses are: 1. TiO(2) based NPs are capable of scattering and absorbing UV light and thus create a shading effect to protect MR-1 from UV radiation; 2. more importantly, Cu-doped TiO(2) NPs can co-agglomerate with MR-1 to form large flocs that improves cells' survival against the environmental stresses. This study improves our understanding of NP ecological impacts under natural solar radiation and provides useful insights to application of photocatalytic-NPs for bacterial disinfection.
Mexican agricultural exports: effect on trade flows and prices in the USA under NAFTA

The objectives of this study are to determine the factors that affect trade flows of selected vegetables from Mexico to the USA and to evaluate the impacts of Mexican agricultural exports on the US domestic price of these commodities. Major factors affecting trade flows of these commodities from Mexico to the USA include the exchange rate, differences in market size, domestic supply and consumption and trade liberalisation under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994. These factors have contributed to increased Mexican exports of agricultural commodities to the USA. The increased Mexican exports have resulted in reduced US domestic prices.
Multitrial free recall: Effects of clustered presentation, element-sharing and instructions

Two experiments are reported in which Ss were given 40 free-recall trials to learn a list of 9 CCC trigrams. In Exp. I, clustered (compared with separated) presentation of items from the same class was found to facilitate performance. Acquisition was not affected by element-sharing (i.e., formal similarity) between items of the same class. In Exp. II clustered presentation again facilitated performance. Though the effect did not occur when Ss were told about the structure of the list and were instructed to recall the items in clusters, it did occur when (as in Exp. I) Ss were not given such instructions.
Experimental 8K Bit High Performance Static Bipolar RAM

AN EXPERIMENTAL 8K BIT, HIGH PERFORMANCE, STATIC BIPOLAR RAM HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND FABRICATED IN TRENCH ISOLATION TECHNOLOGY. A NOMINAL ACCESS TIME OF 6 NS WAS DEMONSTRATED FOR SATURATED AND SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE (SBD) CLAMPED VERSIONS OF THE MULTI-EMITTER COMPLEMENTARY TRANSISTOR SWITCH (CTS) CELL; AND A PREDICTED WORD LINE RECOVERY PROBLEM FOR THE SATURATED VERSION WAS VERIFIED BY HARDWARE TESTING. THE DESIGN HAS BEEN EXTRAPOLATED TO A 40K BIT ARRAY WITH SIMILAR PERFORMANCE.
On-line HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry structural characterization of case-associated contaminants of L-tryptophan implicated with the onset of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome

Abstract The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak that occurred in the USA in 1989 was caused by the intake of l -tryptophan (Trp) produced from one manufacturer, Showa Denko K.K. of Japan. Six compounds present in the Trp were reported to be case-associated contaminants. However, three of these compounds, Peaks C, FF and AAA have remained unidentified. Here, we successfully employ on-line HPLC-electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry to structurally characterize Peak C and Peak FF. Peak C was determined by accurate mass-LC-MS to have a protonated molecular ion MH + =221.0919 with an empirical formula of C 11 H 13 N 2 O 3 . By comparing the LC-MS-MS spectra with authentic 5-OHTrp and other structurally similar compounds, as well as considering the chemical reactivity of the indole ring, the structure of Peak C was consistent with 3a-hydroxy-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo-[2,3-b]-indole-2-carboxylic acid. Peak FF was also subjected to accurate mass-LC-MS and shown to have MH + =338.1524, corresponding to an empirical formula of C 19 H 20 N 3 O 3 . Comparison of the LC-MS-MS and LC-sCID-MS-MS of spectra derived from Peak FF with a previously characterized contaminant of Trp, namely P31, was consistent with Peak FF being 2-(2-hydroxy indoline)-Trp. Unlike the majority of the contaminants identified in EMS implicated tryptophan, both Peaks C and FF possess an indoline ring. This is significant since a case-associated contaminant found in 5-hydroxy-Trp also contains an indoline ring, and the chemical reactivity of this ring system may possibly play a role in the etiology of EMS.