cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nicotine place preference in a biased conditioned place preference design

Conditioned place preference (CPP) is often more effectively produced with nicotine using a biased procedure. Interpretation of results can be problematic, however, given that doses that produce CPP in rats have acute anxiolytic and residual anxiogenic effects. We tested three groups of male rats in a biased, 2-chambered apparatus. Over eight conditioning days, one group (paired group) received four alternating injections of nicotine paired with the non-preferred (white) chamber and of saline in the preferred (black) chamber. A second group (counterbalanced group) received two nicotine injections each paired with the black and white chambers, with saline pairings on alternate days. A third group (saline control) received saline injections paired with both chambers. Following conditioning, the paired group spent significantly more time in the initially non-preferred chamber relative to saline-treated controls, suggesting CPP. The counterbalanced group did not show a significant preference shift, providing evidence that the observed preference shift in the paired group was not due to a drug-induced unconditioned reduction in aversion. Although this finding is consistent with the notion that nicotine produced CPP through its rewarding effects, we cannot discount the possibility of a conditioned reduction in aversion to the non-preferred chamber. For the paired group, a negative correlation was found between time spent in the white chamber before conditioning and preference shift following conditioning, suggesting that animals showing greater initial aversion to a non-preferred context are more likely to form CPP.
A Practical Approach to Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Ground Water

The extent of natural attenuation is an important consideration in determining the most appropriate corrective action at sites where ground water quality has been impacted by releases of petroleum hydrocarbons or other chemicals. The objective of this study was to develop a practical approach that would evaluate natural attenuation based on easily obtained field data and field tested indicators of natural attenuation. The primary indicators that can he used to evaluate natural attenuation include plume characteristics and dissolved oxygen levels in ground water. Case studies of actual field sites show that plumes migrate more slowly than expected, reach a steady state, and decrease in extent and concentration when natural attenuation is occurring. Background dissolved oxygen levels greater than 1 to 2 mg/L and an inverse correlation between dissolved oxygen and contaminant levels have been identified through laboratory and field studies as key indicators of aerobic biodegradation. an important attenuation mechanism. Secondary indicators such as geochemical data, and more intensive methods such as contaminant mass balances, laboratory microcosm studies, and detailed ground water modeling can demonstrate natural attenuation as well. The recommended approach for evaluating natural attenuation is to design site assessment activities so that required data such as dissolved oxygen levels and historical plume flow path concentrations are obtained. With the necessary data, the primary indicators should be applied to evaluate natural attenuation. II the initial evaluation suggests that natural attenuation is a viable corrective action alternative, then a monitoring plan should be implemented to verify the extent of natural attenuation.
General Strain Theory As a Basis for the Design of School Interventions

The research described in this article applies general strain theory to identify possible points of intervention for reducing delinquency of students in two middle schools. Data were collected from 296 youths, and separate negative binomial regression analyses were used to identify predictors of violent, property, and status delinquency. Emotional punishment by teachers and youths’ prior victimization are significant predictors of delinquency. Strained youths are especially likely to commit various delinquent behaviors if they associate with delinquent peers, while they are less likely to be involved in violent and property-related delinquency if they report a positive relationship with parents. The findings suggest the need for programmatic attention to youths’ criminal victimization and teachers’ use of emotional punishment as well as youths’ relations with parents and involvement with delinquent peers in the two schools studied.
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 facilitates collagen remodeling and angiogenesis for vascular constructs.

Degradation of the extracellular matrix, facilitated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), can lead to mechanical failure of vascular constructs, suggesting that MMP inhibition could improve surviva...
A novel dual p/sup -//p/sup +/ poly gate CMOS VLSI technology

A CMOS VLSI technology using p/sup -/ and p/sup +/ poly gates for NMOS and PMOS devices is presented. Due to the midgap work function of the p/sup -/ poly gate, the NMOS native threshold voltage is 0.7 V and, therefore, no additional threshold adjust implantation is required. The NMOS transistor is a surface-channel device with improved field-effect mobility and lower body effect due to the reduction in the channel doping concentration. In addition, the p/sup -/ poly gate is shown to be compatible with p/sup +/ poly-gated surface-channel PMOS devices. >
Superconductivity in Two Models of Interacting Fermions

We point out basic similarities between a toy model of superconductivity proposed by Mattis and Benderski [Mod. Phys. Lett.8, 617 (1994)] and a model of interlayer tunneling. In both models, a gap in the energy spectrum leads to a condensed phase without symmetry breaking. The latter model, however leads to qualitatively distinct features in the optical response.
Photoautoionization structure in the halogen systems Br2, I2, BrCl, ICl, and IBr

The photoabsorption ion-yield spectra of the titled molecules have been recorded in the threshold ionization region between the two spin-orbit components of the ground states of the molecular ions....
African Americans and municipal employment : a test of two perspectives.

A survey of the extant literature addressing the factors that drive African American municipal employment offers two broad types of explanations: (1) Black political power and (2) institutional. A comparative assessment of the performance of each of these explanations fills a gap in the literature by illuminating the differences of these distinct perspectives when it comes to employment of Blacks in the public sector. Focusing on six Florida cities from 1960 to 2000, this study tests the predictive power of each of these explanations comparatively for four city departments. The findings indicate that the Black political power explanation performs better than the institutional explanation as a predictor of Black employment.
Tetrahymena Telomerase Protein p65 Induces Conformational Changes throughout Telomerase RNA (TER) and Rescues Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase and TER Assembly Mutants

The biogenesis of the Tetrahymena telomerase ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) is enhanced by p65, a La family protein. Single-molecule and biochemical studies have uncovered a hierarchical assembly of the RNP, wherein the binding of p65 to stems I and IV of telomerase RNA (TER) causes a conformational change that facilitates the subsequent binding of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) to TER. We used purified p65 and variants of TERT and TER to investigate the conformational rearrangements that occur during RNP assembly. Nuclease protection assays and mutational analysis revealed that p65 interacts with and stimulates conformational changes in regions of TER beyond stem IV. Several TER mutants exhibited telomerase activity only in the presence of p65, revealing the importance of p65 in promoting the correct RNP assembly pathway. In addition, p65 rescued TERT assembly mutants but not TERT activity mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that p65 stimulates telomerase assembly and activity in two ways. First, by sequestering stems I and IV, p65 limits the ensemble of structural conformations of TER, thereby presenting TERT with the active conformation of TER. Second, p65 acts as a molecular buttress within the assembled RNP, mutually stabilizing TER and TERT in catalytically active conformations.
Solifenacin-induced small bowel pseudo-obstruction

An 89-year-old woman was admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital with a small bowel obstruction and symptoms of urinary retention. She had been started on solfenacin for bladder overactivity 10 days prior to her presentation. Withdrawal of the solfenacin resulted in a full recovery, which has persisted for greater than 6 months without surgical intervention. This is the first reported case report of small bowel pseudo-obstruction due to solifenacin. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:176–178. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A Mixed Methods Approach for Identifying Influence on Public Policy

Fields from political science to critical education policy studies have long explored power relations in policy processes, showing who influences policy agendas, policy creation, and policy implementation. Yet showing particular actors’ influence on specific points in a policy text remains a methodological challenge. This article presents a five-stage, embedded mixed methods design for establishing influence on educational policy moving from a policy text outward. I use an example analysis of Australia’s policy making on boys’ education—the report Boys: Getting it Right (2002)—to show how data transformation measures, both quantitizing and qualitizing, within a larger qualitative study helped identify influence. This mixed design, I argue, can be useful in other research contexts, with variations for data availability and researcher resources.
Some observations on the process of mourning

The main proposal of this paper is that normal mourning is not completed after six months to a year or two as suggested in earlier literature, but may bring about a permanent alteration of psychological structures that affect various aspects of the mourning persons’ lives. These structural consequences of mourning consist in the setting up of a persistent internalized object relationship with the lost object that affects ego and superego functions. The persistent internalized object relationship develops in parallel to the identification with the lost object, and the superego modification includes the internalization of the value systems and life project of the lost object. A new dimension of spiritual orientation, the search for transcendental value systems, is one consequence of this superego modification.
Biofuel policy for the pursuit of multiple goals: The case of Washington State

The result of the analysis is a unique policy suite designed to provide cost-effective incentives for the development of motor fuel markets that reduce both dependence on foreign oil and greenhouse gas emissions, in Washington and the Western states more generally. The analysis and policy recommendations highlight the differences between western states and the Midwest in terms of comparative advantages in current and potential future biomass based biofuel markets. Biofuel markets in Washington and the West Agricultural feedstocks for biofuel including oilseeds, sugar beets, and field corn are likely to account for only a very small fraction of Washington’s agricultural production and state fuel needs. Current production of oilseeds and sugar beets in Washington is small. The projected breakeven prices for Washington farmers to produce these crops for biofuels profitably exceed current and projected prices. The few large ethanol and biodiesel processors in the region import nearly all of their virgin feedstocks from other regions. Washington State does not yet commercially produce any ethanol, though there is some production in neighboring Oregon.
The diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive crises.

AbstractHypertension (HTN) is one of the most common chronic medical conditions, affecting nearly 72 million people in the United States. A systolic blood pressure (BP) > 180 mm Hg or a diastolic BP > 120 mm Hg is considered a “hypertensive crisis.” Hypertensive crises are categorized as either hypertensive emergencies or urgencies depending on the degree of BP elevation and presence of end-organ damage. The primary goal of intervention in a hypertensive crisis is to safely reduce BP. Immediate reduction in BP is required only in patients with acute end-organ damage (ie, hypertensive emergency). This requires treatment with a titratable short-acting intravenous (IV) antihypertensive agent, while severe HTN with no acute end-organ damage (ie, hypertensive urgency) is usually treated with oral antihypertensive agents.Patients with hypertensive emergencies are best treated in an intensive care unit (ICU) with titratable IV hypotensive agents. Rapid-acting IV antihypertensive agents are available, including c...
Design of realistic phased array patch elements using a genetic algorithm

Presently most wide band array elements are complicated 3-dimensional structures which are difficult and costly to manufacture. Therefore we explore planar patch elements which offer a simplified geometry with potentially reduced weight and cost and are suitable for conformal applications. We use a genetic algorithm to design a patch element in a unit cell of an infinite periodic array and model the feed with the usual δ-gap voltage source. However, since this feed is a non-realizable mathematical concept, we also explore the antenna performance achieved with several realistic feeds. For broadside arrays we obtain a bandwidth B ≈ 4:1 both with the δ-gap and with the realistic feeds. For arrays with scan angles out to 45°, the initial bandwidth B ≈2:1 with the δ-gap is reduced to B ≈ 1.7:1 with a differential coaxial feed, whereas the initial bandwidth is maintained with a GA-optimized custom feed. The element profiles range from 0.13 λ L to 0.17 λ L , where λ L denotes the wavelength at the low end of the operational band.
Use of Ministers for a Serious Personal Problem Among African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life

This study examined use of ministers for assistance with a serious personal problem within a nationally representative sample of African Americans (National Survey of American Life-2001-2003). Different perspectives on the use of ministers-social stratification, religious socialization, and problem-oriented approach-were proposed and tested using logistic regression analyses with demographic, religious involvement, and problem type factors as predictors. Study findings supported religious socialization and problem-oriented explanations indicating that persons who are heavily invested in religious pursuits and organizations (i.e., women, frequent attenders) are more likely than their counterparts to use ministerial assistance. Contrary to expectations from the social stratification perspective, positive income and education effects indicated that higher status individuals were more likely to report use of ministers. Finally, problems involving bereavement are especially suited for assistance from ministers owing to their inherent nature (e.g., questions of ultimate meaning) and the extensive array of ministerial support and church resources that are available to address the issue.
Cortical dynamics of contextually cued attentive visual learning and search: spatial and object evidence accumulation.

How do humans use target-predictive contextual information to facilitate visual search? How are consistently paired scenic objects and positions learned and used to more efficiently guide search in familiar scenes? For example, humans can learn that a certain combination of objects may define a context for a kitchen and trigger a more efficient search for a typical object, such as a sink, in that context. The ARTSCENE Search model is developed to illustrate the neural mechanisms of such memory-based context learning and guidance and to explain challenging behavioral data on positive-negative, spatial― object, and local-distant cueing effects during visual search, as well as related neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging data. The model proposes how global scene layout at a first glance rapidly forms a hypothesis about the target location. This hypothesis is then incrementally refined as a scene is scanned with saccadic eye movements. The model simulates the interactive dynamics of object and spatial contextual cueing and attention in the cortical What and Where streams starting from early visual areas through medial temporal lobe to prefrontal cortex. After learning, model dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 46) primes possible target locations in posterior parietal cortex based on goal-modulated percepts of spatial scene gist that are represented in parahippocampal cortex. Model ventral prefrontal cortex (area 47/12) primes possible target identities in inferior temporal cortex based on the history of viewed objects represented in perirhinal cortex.
The effect of orthoses on gait: an integrated biomechanical perspective

Lower limb orthoses are an integral part of the rehabilitative medical management of children. Properly prescribed orthoses are essential to maximize the effectiveness of a brace and a patient's ambulatory function. Orthoses can be viewed in a similar light to a pharmacological intervention in the sense that they may have undesirable systemic side effects. A more global perspective of the effects of brace interactions with the entire body is necessary to match patients' needs and abilities with the function provided by orthoses while minimizing undesirable effects. Savvy clinicians can make use of technology to assist in the realization of these goals. Computer modeling and analysis can help in visualizing the highly coupled effects of body segment interactions and thus in clarifying the mechanisms by which braces work and how the body adapts to the orthotic application. This paper presents a brief introduction to developing analytical tools and research efforts making inroads in these areas.
Protection of Calves Against Cryptosporiosis by Oral Inoculation with Gamma-Irradiated Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gamma-irradiated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts could elicit protective immunity against cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves. Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa strain oocysts (1 × 106 per inoculation) were exposed to various levels of gamma irradiation (350–500 Gy) and inoculated into 1-day-old dairy calves. The calves were examined daily for clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis, and fecal samples were processed for the presence of C. parvum oocysts. At 21 days of age, the calves were challenged by oral inoculation with 1 × 105 C. parvum oocysts and examined daily for oocyst shedding and clinical cryptosporidiosis. Calves that were inoculated with C. parvum oocysts exposed to 350– 375 Gy shed C. parvum oocysts in feces. Higher irradiation doses (450 or 500 Gy) prevented oocyst development, but the calves remained susceptible to C. parvum challenge infection. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts exposed to 400 Gy were incapable of any measurable development but retained ...
Weight loss in rats exposed to repeated acute restraint stress is independent of energy or leptin status

Acute release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) during repeated restraint (3-h restraint on each of 3 days) causes temporary hypophagia but chronic suppression of body weight in rats. Here we demonstrated that a second bout of repeated restraint caused additional weight loss, but continuing restraint daily for 10 days did not increase weight loss because the rats adapted to the stress. In these two studies serum leptin, which suppresses the endocrine response to stress, was reduced in restrained rats. Peripheral infusion of leptin before and during restraint did not prevent stress-induced weight loss, although stress-induced corticosterone release was suppressed. Restrained rats were hyperthermic during restraint, but there was no evidence that fever or elevated free interleukin-6 caused the sustained reduction in weight. Restraining food-restricted rats caused a small but significant weight loss. Food-restricted rats fed ad libitum after the end of restraint showed a blunted hyperphagia and slower rate of weight regain than their controls. These results indicate that repeated acute stress induces a chronic change in weight independent of stress-induced hypophagia and may represent a change in homeostasis initiated by repeated acute activation of the central CRF system.
A report card on the utility of psychiatric diagnosis.

Controversy about the utility of medical diagnosis and its relation to treatment had its origin 2500 years ago. The two leading centers of medical practice were then located in the Greek colonies at Cnidus and Cos. They had together revolutionized disease theory by substituting a secular biological model of causation for the previous belief in divine punishment. But the two schools differed greatly when it came to diagnosis and treatment approach. At Cnidus, there was great emphasis on specific diagnosis and accompanying specific treatment. At Cos, under the influence of Hippocrates, the contrasting approach was that it is more important to know the patient who has the disease than the disease the patient has. Neither model is appropriate for all times and all patient presentations. The more we understand disease process, the more valuable is specific diagnosis and specific treatment. But too often in the history of medicine, theory and practice have extended a reach that far exceeded their grasp.
Assessment of a Revised Method for Evaluating Peer-graded Assignments in a Skills-based Course Sequence.

Objective. To evaluate the modified peer-grading process incorporated into the SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) note sessions in a skills-based pharmacy course sequence.Design. Students assessed a de-identified peer’s SOAP note in a faculty-led peer-grading session followed by an optional grade challenge opportunity. Using paired t tests, final session grades (peer-graded with challenge opportunity) were compared with the retrospective faculty-assigned grades. Additionally, students responded to a survey using 4-point Likert scale and open-answer items to assess their perceptions of the process.Assessment. No significant difference was found between mean scores assigned by faculty members vs those made by student peers after participation in 3 SOAP note sessions, which included a SOAP note-writing workshop, a peer-grading workshop, and a grade challenge opportunity. The survey data indicated that students generally were satisfied with the process.Conclusion. This study provides insight into ...
Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Predisposition, Obesity, and All-Cause Mortality Risk in the U.S.: A Multiethnic Analysis

OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased mortality in ethnically diverse populations, although the extent to which this association is genetically determined is unknown. We sought to determine whether T2D-related genetic variants predicted all-cause mortality, even after accounting for BMI, in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We modeled mortality risk using a genetic risk score (GRS) from a weighted sum of risk alleles at 38 T2D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms. In age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted logistic regression models, accounting for the complex survey design, we tested the association with mortality in 6,501 participants. We repeated the analysis within ethnicities (2,528 non-Hispanic white [NHW], 1,979 non-Hispanic black [NHB], and 1,994 Mexican American [MA]) and within BMI categories ( 2 ). Significance was set at P RESULTS Over 17 years, 1,556 participants died. GRS was associated with mortality risk (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.00–1.07] per T2D-associated risk allele, P = 0.05). Within ethnicities, GRS was positively associated with mortality risk in NHW and NHB, but not in MA (0.95 [0.90–1.01], P = 0.07). The negative trend in MA was largely driven by those with BMI 2 (0.91 [0.82–1.00]). In NHW, the positive association was strongest among those with BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 (1.07 [1.02–1.12]). CONCLUSIONS In the U.S., a higher T2D genetic risk was associated with increased mortality risk, especially among obese NHW. The underlying genetic basis for mortality likely involves complex interactions with factors related to ethnicity, T2D, and body weight.
PHILOSOPHY, COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Epidemiology has been a regular part of traditional social planning. In this case, the general idea is to determine the level of a problem in certain geographical or social region. Calculations are oft en made, for example, of the incidence and spread of a disease 1. Typically these estimations are based on the presence of various empirical referents, particularly certain demographic and environmental factors. The so-called “new public health” arose against this strategy to design and implement more socially sensitive assessments and interventions2. Some critics contend that this approach can be traced to the Lalonde Report issued by Marc Lalonde, the minister of health in Canada during the early 1970s. In this document the idea was broached that the medical model may have severe limitations, specifically with regard to prevention 3 . Too much emphasis, in short, is devoted to the individual and disease. Accordingly, the focus should be on the “health field” – a more holistic and community-sensitive approach – thereby encouraging a more encompassing strategy to health assessment and the creation of interventions.
Fecal shedding of non-O157 serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle vaccinated with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 SRP vaccine or fed a Lactobacillus-based direct-fed microbial.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether fecal shedding of non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in feedlot cattle was affected by the use of an E. coli O157:H7 vaccine or a direct-fed microbial (DFM) and whether the shedding of a particular non-O157 STEC serogroup within feces was associated with shedding of O157 or other non-O157 STEC serogroups. A total of 17,148 cattle in 40 pens were randomized to receive one, both, or neither (control) of the two interventions: a vaccine based on the siderophore receptor and porin proteins (E. coli SRP vaccine, two doses) and a DFM product (low-dose Bovamine). Fresh fecal samples (30 samples per pen) were collected weekly from pen floors for four consecutive weeks beginning approximately 56 days after study allocation. DNA extracted from enriched samples was tested for STEC O157 and non-O157 serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 and for four major virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA) using an 11-gene multiplex PCR assa...
Posterior Tibial Tendon Force Requirement in Early Heel Rise After Calcaneal Osteotomies

Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency leads to decreased inversion strength. The purpose of this study was to measure the posterior tibial tendon force required to achieve early heel rise, defined as 7 degrees of calcaneal plantar flexion and 5 degrees of calcaneal inversion, in the intact foot and compare it to the requirements following medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and following posterior distraction osteotomy. Thirteen cadaver specimens were loaded in a custom testing apparatus. The force required of the posterior tibial tendon to achieve early heel rise decreased from 399 +/- 50 N in the intact foot to 328 +/- 78 N (p < 0.001) after medial displacement osteotomy and 206 +/- 122 N (p < 0.001) after posterior distraction. Therefore, both the medial displacement and the posterior distraction osteotomies reduced the inversion demand at the posterior tibial tendon, with the distraction osteotomy being more effective in this reduction. Interestingly, these osteotomies also reduced the Achilles force required to achieve the heel rise position.
Listening to the 2011 Magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, Earthquake

Online Material: Six supplemental movies The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake on 11 March 2011 is the largest earthquake to date in Japan’s modern history and is ranked as the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900. This earthquake occurred within the northeast Japan subduction zone (Figure 1), where the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate at rate of ∼8–9 cm/yr (DeMets et al. 2010). This type of extremely large earthquake within a subduction zone is generally termed a “megathrust” earthquake. Strong shaking from this magnitude 9 earthquake engulfed the entire Japanese Islands, reaching a maximum acceleration ∼3 times that of gravity (3 g). Two days prior to the main event, a foreshock sequence occurred, including one earthquake of magnitude 7.2. Following the main event, numerous aftershocks occurred around the main slip region; the largest of these was magnitude 7.9. The entire foreshocks-mainshock-aftershocks sequence was well recorded by thousands of sensitive seismometers and geodetic instruments across Japan, resulting in the best-recorded megathrust earthquake in history. This devastating earthquake resulted in significant damage and high death tolls caused primarily by the associated large tsunami. This tsunami reached heights of more than 30 m, and inundation propagated inland more than 5 km from the Pacific coast, which also caused a nuclear crisis that is still affecting people’s lives in certain regions of Japan. As seismologists, it is important that we effectively convey information about catastrophic earthquakes, like this recent Japan event, to others who may not necessarily be well versed in the language and methods of earthquake seismology. Until recently, it was typical to only use “snapshot” static images to represent earthquake data. From these static images alone it was often difficult to explain even the basic characteristics of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, such as primary ( P ), secondary …
Examining Philosophy of Technology Using Grounded Theory Methods

A qualitative study was conducted to examine the philosophy of technology of K-12 technology leaders, and explore the influence of their thinking on technology decision making. The research design aligned with CORBIN and STRAUSS grounded theory methods, and I proceeded from a research paradigm of critical realism. The subjects were school technology directors and instructional technology specialists, and data collection consisted of interviews and a written questionnaire. Data analysis involved the use of grounded theory methods including memo writing, open and axial coding, constant comparison, the use of purposive and theoretical sampling, and theoretical saturation of categories. Three broad philosophy of technology views were widely held by participants: an instrumental view of technology, technological optimism, and a technological determinist perspective that saw technological change as inevitable. Technology leaders were guided by two main approaches to technology decision making, represented by the categories Educational goals and curriculum should drive technology , and Keep up with technology (or be left behind) . The core category and central phenomenon that emerged was that technology leaders approached technology leadership by placing greater emphasis on keeping up with technology, being influenced by an ideological orientation to technological change, and being concerned about preparing students for a technological future. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs160252
A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING THE QUANTITATIVE PORE THROT VOLUME

The predicted pore throat volume by the capillary pressure data is a key parameter and can be used to evaluate the shutoff of trap and the favorable area of hydrocarbon accumulation. But it is not easy to acquire the capillary pressure data, and it is easy to acquire the porosity and permeability data by common core analysis. So if we can inverse the distribution of pore throat or the capillary pressure curve by the pore and permeability data of the core? Based on the fractal geometry, the capillary pressure curve of inversion is acquired by the porosity and permeability data, and the model for estimating the distribution of pore throat is set up. It opens up a new way for the study of pore structure in non cored formation. The practical data verifies the validity of this method.
The Psychopharmacology of Feeding

Studies of behavioral neurochemistry have revolutionized research on feeding. The catalyst was Grossman’s (1960) discovery that norepinephrine injected directly into the hypothalamus via a cannula selectively induced feeding behavior in the rat. Then Ungerstedt (1970) showed that depletion of dopamine by intracerebral injection of a selective neurotoxin could mimic part of the classical, lateral hypothalamic, starvation syndrome. The advent of a simple technique for injecting drugs into the brain through implanted cannulas and the realization that the local application of drugs could have meaningful behavioral effects has precipitated a great change in the neuroscientist’s approach and thinking. Studies of feeding have been at the forefront of this change.
Thinking History Globally: Conceptualizing through Social Sciences

Historical sociology and civilizational studies are among the very first attempts to think globally about history. Sociology emerged as a field of history trying to make sense of the transformation beyond recognition brought about by the “twin revolutions”: the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. The comparative method was at the core of this effort, with Marx comparing modes of production, Emile Durkheim comparing traditional and modern societies, and Max Weber comparing religions, their economies, and societies. This last project, in fact, arranges the world as a set of civilizations derived from the major religions: Confucianism and Taoism in China, Hinduism and Buddhism in India, Judaism and Islam in the Middle East, Catholicism and Protestantism in Europe. This overlap between historical sociology and civilizational analysis exemplifies their cognate nature. Both stem mostly from sociology, rely heavily on the comparative method, and are pathfinders of global thinking.
Quark Confinement and Time Space Structure

A program for the reconstruction of the time space continuum and the linear space of quantum states, from a more basic theory of discrete diagrams, it outlined in which quantum complementarity occurs because the observer is part of the “entire situation” described by the state vector according to Bohr, and quark confinement occurs because there is a finite elementary time space unit and quark lines in the same hadron diagram are a small number of units apart.
A Concept Analysis of the Phenomenon of Resilience

The purpose of this paper was to describe and clarify the construct of resilience in effort to identify its importance and usefulness to nursing. A synthesis of the relevant literature defining and clarifying the concept of resilience, its attributes, antecedents and consequences are presented. The definitions of the concept of resilience through the years have been relatively similar in their inclusion of the elements of positive adaptation or coping in the face of severe stress or adversity. However, the terms that have been used to describe this phenomenon differ and include invulnerability, hardiness, and stress resistance. The concept of resilience is one that can be used by nurses when caring for people who are facing physical, psychosocial and cultural adversities within their environment. It is unclear whether resilience is an outcome of an intervention, or a moderator or mediator to coping behaviors. What becomes clear is that more nursing research needs to be done to examine the role of resilience in health promotion, acute care, and chronic illness.
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Leukemia Maintenance by the PI3K-mTORC1 Pathway

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are the most well-defined stem cell population and have provided invaluable understanding of tissue-specific stem cell development and functions. Aberrant proliferation and differentiation of HSCs cause various hematologic malignancies. Studies have established that within the bulk leukemic population, there are malignant leukemic stem cells (LSCs), which can give rise to leukemia through serial transplantation. LSCs possess similar properties like HSCs, and they can both undergo self-renewal and differentiation. Similarly, HSCs and LSCs both remain in a quiescent state to prevent exhaustion due to proliferation. These processes are tightly regulated by different signaling pathways. Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) pathway is a key pathway in regulating HSCs as well as LSCs. In this review, we focus on recent developments regarding the role of different components of the PI3K-mTORC pathway in regulating HSC and LSC functions.
Multireaction equilibrium geothermometry: A sensitivity analysis using data from the Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA

Abstract A multireaction chemical equilibria geothermometry (MEG) model applicable to high-temperature geothermal systems has been developed over the past three decades. Given sufficient data, this model provides more constraint on calculated reservoir temperatures than classical chemical geothermometers that are based on either the concentration of silica (SiO2), or the ratios of cation concentrations. A set of 23 chemical analyses from Ojo Caliente Spring and 22 analyses from other thermal features in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park are used to examine the sensitivity of calculated reservoir temperatures using the GeoT MEG code (Spycher et al. 2013, 2014) to quantify the effects of solute concentrations, degassing, and mineral assemblages on calculated reservoir temperatures. Results of our analysis demonstrate that the MEG model can resolve reservoir temperatures within approximately ± 15 °C, and that natural variation in fluid compositions represents a greater source of variance in calculated reservoir temperatures than variations caused by analytical uncertainty (assuming ~ 5% for major elements). The analysis also suggests that MEG calculations are particularly sensitive to variations in silica concentration, the concentrations of the redox species Fe(II) and H2S, and that the parameters defining steam separation and CO2 degassing from the liquid may be adequately determined by numerical optimization. Results from this study can provide guidance for future applications of MEG models, and thus provide more reliable information on geothermal energy resources during exploration.
Rom1 converts Y141C-Prph2-associated pattern dystrophy to retinitis pigmentosa

Mutations in peripherin 2 (PRPH2), also known as retinal degeneration slow/RDS, lead to various retinal degenerations including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and macular/pattern dystrophy (MD/PD). PRPH2-associated disease is often characterized by a phenotypic variability even within families carrying the same mutation, raising interest in potential modifiers. PRPH2 oligomerizes with its homologue rod outer segment (OS) membrane protein 1 (ROM1), and non-pathogenic PRPH2/ROM1 mutations, when present together, lead to digenic RP. We asked whether ROM1 could modify the phenotype of a PRPH2 mutation associated with a high degree of intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity: Y141C. In vitro, Y141C-Prph2 showed signs of retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), however co-expression with Rom1 rescued this phenotype. In the heterozygous Y141C knockin mouse model (Prph2Y/+), Y141C-Prph2 and Rom1 formed abnormal complexes but were present at normal levels. Abnormal complexes were eliminated in the absence of Rom1 (Prph2Y/+/Rom1-/-) and total Prph2 levels were reduced to those found in the haploinsufficient Prph2+/- RP model. The biochemical changes had functional and structural consequences; while Prph2Y/+ animals exhibited a cone-rod electroretinogram defect, Prph2Y/+/Rom1-/- animals displayed a rod-dominant phenotype and OSs similar to those seen in the Prph2+/-. These data show that ablation of Rom1 results in the conversion of an MD/PD phenotype characterized by cone functional defects and the formation of abnormal Prph2/Rom1 complexes to an RP phenotype characterized by rod-dominant functional defects and reductions in total Prph2 protein. Thus one method by which ROM1 may act as a disease modifier is by contributing to the large variability in PRPH2-associated disease phenotypes.
A Simple Full-Duplex MAC Protocol Exploiting Asymmetric Traffic Loads in WiFi Systems

The pressing need to accommodate increasing wireless traffic demands coupled with exhausting many advancements in Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) requires alternative techniques. Full-Duplex (FD) communications can be a potential candidate since channel capacity is theoretically doubled by employing Simultaneous Transmission and Reception (STR) over a single channel. In this paper, we adopt a simple FD-MAC protocol to IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) in order to improve the aggregate goodput of a typical WiFi system. Furthermore, we look at the concept of FD communications from an unconventional perspective to propose a mechanism that increases the symmetry between uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) traffic loads while preventing complete node starvation. Simulation results show an increase in the aggregate goodput of the system due to increasing UL#x002F;DL traffic symmetry. While the simple FD-MAC protocol alone improves the aggregate goodput by an average increase of #8593;85% compared to standard IEEE 802.11 DCF, introducing our proposed scheme in the system improves the aggregate goodput by an additional average factor of up to #8593;20%.
Genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression by CRISPR-Cas systems.

The discovery and adaption of bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems has revolutionized the way researchers edit genomes. Engineering of catalytically inactivated Cas variants (nuclease-deficient or nuclease-deactivated [dCas]) combined with transcriptional repressors, activators, or epigenetic modifiers enable sequence-specific regulation of gene expression and chromatin state. These CRISPR–Cas-based technologies have contributed to the rapid development of disease models and functional genomics screening approaches, which can facilitate genetic target identification and drug discovery. In this short review, we will cover recent advances of CRISPR–dCas9 systems and their use for transcriptional repression and activation, epigenome editing, and engineered synthetic circuits for complex control of the mammalian genome.
Transient flows past arrays of yawed finite prisms

Transient flows past arrays of yawed finite-length prisms in tandem and staggered arrangements are simulated. Large eddy simulation method is employed to characterize spatial and temporal character...
Fixed Ratio Discriminative Avoidance Responding

Rats were trained to bar press on a continuously reinforced avoidance schedule and then shifted to a fixed ratio avoidance schedule. All Ss acquired and maintained the continuously reinforced avoidance response without a decrement over the 17 day pre-ratio period. A fixed ratio avoidance schedule of 4∶1 was also attained by all Ss but only three Ss were able to perform on fixed ratio avoidance as high as 8∶1. Comparisons between the shuttle avoidance and bar press avoidance responses were made and possible variables affecting the size of the ratio discussed.
Modeling landscape condition for biodiversity assessment—Application in temperate North America

Abstract Conservation decisions are well supported by predictive spatial models that indicate the relative ecological condition of a given place. The intent of this 90 m pixel landscape condition model is to use nationally available spatial data from the USA, Mexico, and Canada to express assumptions regarding the relative ecological effects of land uses on terrestrial natural communities and species. This approach emphasizes and updateable and transparent design which takes advantage of empirical biodiversity data from the USA to both calibrate and validate the model. Map layers depicting infrastructure, land use, and modified vegetation were each scored for site impact and distance decay, and then combined into one map surface. Field observations from Natural Heritage Programs, each scored for relative ecological condition (in categories A = excellent to D = poor), were used to calibrate distance decay parameters. Some 90,000 observations for at-risk species, invasive plant species, and natural communities were used for model validation. Statistically significant distinctions in ecological condition among validation samples were predicted by the resultant spatial model. Variation in landscape condition was then summarized by regional U.S. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) in terms of areas approximating A–D condition. Montane and desert LCCs scored on average much higher in area approximating “A” and “B” landscape condition, while LCCs with more substantial agricultural and urban footprints scored overwhelmingly within the “D” range of condition. Similar analyses illustrated range-wide scoring of landscape condition for major vegetation types across temperate North America.
Complicating communities: an intersectional approach to women’s environmental justice narratives in the Rocky Mountain West

ABSTRACTIn this article, I work to demonstrate the complementarity between intersectional and environmental justice research frames, foregrounding an argument for nuanced approaches to understandin...
Surgical approaches for the treatment of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Introduction: Since their initial description, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) has remained one of the more clinically challenging scenarios encountered by hepatobiliary surgeons. Surgery remai...
Bringing Democratic Theory into Didactical Practice. Concepts of Education for Democracy Among Norwegian Pre-service Teachers

Democracy is highlighted in the Norwegian school system. This article investigates how pre-service teachers in social studies understand the more theoretical concept of democracy, and in what ways they intend to operationalize it with future pupils. Three ideal types are used to locate perspectives in the data: pure liberalist, majority rule and deliberative models of democracy. The findings indicate that perceptions of democracy in the sample are most commonly associated with core aspects of liberal democracy through a general focus on elections and voting, majority rule and individual civil liberties. A striking finding is the highly apparent internalization of participation as a norm and ideal in itself. However, ideas of contents and didactical implications of participation varies among respondents. As many also display a seemingly restricted interpretation of the political sphere, this might imply a thin understanding of democratic participation. The article further points out that translating concepts from political science into pedagogical notions is not a straightforward endeavor.