cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrawire magnetic interactions in electrodeposited Co/Cu and Co/Au multilayer nanowires

Driven by the demands for ever increasing storage density and low-powered spintronic devices, arrays of ferromagnetic nanowires have been studied as candidates for patterned magnetic recording media [1-2], especially towards three-dimensional structure that can potentially drastically increase the storage density [3-4]. In addition, multilayer nanowire arrays in which each wire has a combination of alternating magnetic and non-magnetic layers are very useful for the application of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) with the current perpendicular to the plane. For the arrays of the nanowires to be useful in patterned magnetic area, it is important to understand the characteristics of these closely packed nanowires with the magnetization perpendicular to the plane.[5]
Affirmative Action Still Needed

Affirmative action in higher education raises difficult questions of access and fairness. Opponents argue that it discriminates against whites and certain other groups, while proponents emphasize that it increases opportunities for underrepresented minorities. Though concerns about fairness properly limit the scope and frequency of affirmative action, minority underrepresentation in highly selective colleges and universities continues to validate its use.
Reconciliation of effective potential calculations of the lower bound for the Higgs boson mass

We comment on different results from three recent effective potential calculations of the Higgs mass lower bound.
The Southern Cluster Survey

We are searching for clusters of galaxies on photographs taken for the Southern Sky Survey with the U.K. Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring, and we are preparing a comprehensive catalogue of the southern clusters. The purpose is to extend the early cluster survey made from the Palomar Sky Survey (Abell 1958) to full-sky coverage. We are taking special pains to delineate those clusters in the new southern survey that as nearly as possible match those criteria set for the northern survey clusters to be included in a homogeneous statistical sample. It is our expectation, therefore, that there will be a homogeneous all-sky sample of clusters for studying the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe.
Cirrhosis and Heterozygous FZ α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency in an Adult: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract A 78-year-old woman without clinical pulmonary disease, and with unsuspected α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency was found to have eosinophilic, periodic acid Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic inclusions, and cirrhosis, on liver biopsy. Serum showed an intermediate deficiency of α 1 -antitrypsin with a FZ phenotype for the protease inhibitor system. A search for α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency should be carried out in all cases of cryptogenic cirrhosis, regardless of age.
Lung Donation After Controlled Circulatory Determination of Death: A Review of Current Practices and Outcomes.

Abstract Background Since the first reported series in 1995, transplantation of lungs recovered through donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD) has steadily increased. In some European and Australian centers, controlled DCDD accounts for 15% to 30% of all transplanted lungs. Several transplant centers have reported early and midterm outcomes similar to those associated with the use of donors after brain death. Despite these encouraging reports, less than 2% of all lung transplants in the United States are performed using donors after circulatory determination of death. Methods An electronic search from January 1990 to January 2014 was performed to identify series reporting lung transplant outcomes using controlled DCDD. Data from these publications were analyzed in terms of donor characteristics, donation after circulatory determination of death protocols, recipients' characteristics, and early and midterm outcomes. Results Two hundred twenty-two DCDDs were transplanted into 225 recipients. The rate of primary graft dysfunction grade 3 ranged from 3% to 36%. The need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after transplantation ranged from 0% to 18%. The average intensive care unit stay ranged from 4 to 8.5 days and the average hospital stay ranged from 14 to 35 days. Thirty-day mortality ranged from 0% to 11% and 1-year survival from 88% to 100%. Conclusion Under clinical protocols developed and strictly applied by several experienced lung transplant programs, lungs from controlled DCDD have produced outcomes very similar to those observed with brain death donors.
Proposing Social Resources as the Fundamental Catalyst Toward Opportunity Creation

The growing body of research on the creation view of opportunities suggests that social processes between potential entrepreneurs and interested parties often account for why many technically brilliant business ideas are abandoned sometime between conceptualization and market launch. Surprisingly though, few studies have comprehensively examined the different roles various categories of social resources play at different stages of the opportunity-creation process. Hence, the present article fills this gap by outlining how the unique resources of social capital and social competence facilitate entrepreneurs' ability to guide imagined ideas through the multistage, path dependent, socially complex opportunity-creation process. Copyright © 2015 Strategic Management Society.
Service‐Life Expectancy of Household Appliances: New Estimates from the USDA

The objective of this research was to develop current estimates of average service-life expectancy under one owner for widely owned items of major equipment by using the actuarial or current life table method. Information on year of acquisition of selected appliances in use and on those discarded within the previous year was collected from a national sample of about 12,000 households. Actuarial tables were constructed to develop service-life expectancies for ranges, refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes dryers, washers, and televisions. When the estimates developed from this study were compared with estimates developed by the USDA in 1957 through 1961, service life for most items acquired new remained about the same. The service-life expectancy of items acquired used was, in most cases, slightly less in 1972 than in 1957 through 1961.
The Prospects for Federalism in Russian Constitutional Politics

Russia emerged from the breakup of the USSR as an essentially unitary state despite its selfdescription as a federation. During the long process of drafting the first post-Soviet Russian Constitution (1990-1993), the disputes over separation of powers deflected attention from centerperiphery conflict over the division ofpowers. In the First Russian Republic, which ended on 4 October 1993 with the military assault on parliament, the country had begun to move unevenly toward an asymmetricalfederal structure in which the ethnic republics enjoyed more rights than the administrative regions. This trend was formalized in the Federation Treaty of 1992, which was incorporated into the draft Constitution. However, after the destruction ofparliament, President Boris Yeltsin gained full control of constitution-drafting, reversing the federalist trends. While the new Constitution of the Second Russian Republic codified this centrist orientation, the subsequent Russian-Tatar treaty of 1994 may be the harbinger of a renegotiation of center-periphery relations in Russia.
Diamond targets for hyperon interaction studies

Abstract When studying the interaction of short-lived particles with nuclei, a target of the highest possible density is advantageous. Very large diamond targets were prepared to investigate the interaction of Ξ particles with carbon nuclei. The high density of diamond significantly increases the probability that the Ξ will interact before it decays. The present target construction depended on the availability of commercially produced 1-cm square diamond wafers which could be assembled into 1-cm cubes. Targets of 40 cm3 for Brookhaven AGS experiment E885 and 16 cm3 for an experiment at the KEK Laboratory, Japan, were made. Analysis of the E885 data confirmed the higher yield with diamond over lower-density carbon targets.
Making data on Iraqi mortality rates available

Following our 2004 Iraq mortality survey ([1][1], [2][2]), we made the data available to interested parties, and it has been our intent from the beginning to make the data from our 2006 study available so that our mortality estimations could be assessed by other scientists (“Iraq mortality study
The Prospects and Problems of Integrating Sketch Maps with Geographic Information Systems to Understand Environmental Perception: A Case Study of Mapping Youth Fear in Los Angeles Gang Neighborhoods:

How people feel about places matters, especially in their neighborhood. It matters for their health, the health of their children, and their social cohesion and use of local resources. A growing body of research in public health, planning, psychology, and sociology bears out this point. Recently, a new methodological tack has been taken to find out how people feel about places. The sketch map, a once popular tool of behavioral geographers and environmental psychologists to understand how people perceive the structural aspects of places, is now being used in concert with geographic information systems (GIS) to capture and spatially analyze the emotional side of urban environmental perception. This confluence is generating exciting prospects for what we can learn about the characteristics of the urban environment that elicit emotion. However, due to the uncritical way this approach has been employed to date, excitement about the prospects must be tempered by the acknowledgement of its potential problems. In this paper we review the extant research on integrating sketch maps with GIS and then employ a case study of mapping youth fear in Los Angeles gang neighborhoods to demonstrate these prospects and the problems, particularly in the areas of (1) representation of environmental perception in GIS and (2) spatial analysis of these data.
Anomalous kinetics observed in the catalysis of a peptide substrate with collagenase.

Abstract For the catalyzed hydrolysis of the frequently utilized peptide substrate Z-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ala with a collagenase, clostridiopeptidase A (EC 3.4.4.19.), an unusual kinetic pattern has been found. The saturation curve displayed an intermediary plateau region which generated two points of inflection. The substrate concentration used was in the range from 0.4·10−3 to 10·10−3 M. The three criteria for negative cooperativity exhibited by a number of enzymes (Levitski, A. and Koshland, D. E. (1969) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S., 62, 1121) have been satisfied with this enzyme preparation. The cooperativity index R s is greater than 81, the double-reciprocal plot is concave downward, and the Hill coefficient is less than 1. It is unknown at this time if the described phenomena is related to the subunit structure of this enzyme (mol. wt 110 000) or to the presence of an isoenzyme or other polymorphic forms of the same enzyme. In any case, cooperative effects are indicated in the hydrolysis of this peptide substrate with clostridiopeptidase A.
Stable isotopic exchange rate constant between snow and liquid water

Abstract The isotopic exchange rate between liquid water and ice is crucial in determining the isotopic evolution of a snowpack and its melt. The rate constant for oxygen isotopic exchange has been reported by Taylor et al. [Taylor, S., Feng, X., Renshaw, C.E., Kirchner, J.W., 2002a. Isotopic evolution of snowmelt-2. Verification and parameterization of a one-dimensional model using laboratory experiments. Water Resources Research 38(10), 1218. doi:10.1029/2001WR000815] using three melting experiments with different column heights and melting rates. In this work, we obtained the hydrogen isotopic exchange rate constant using samples from two out of three experiments in Taylor et al. [Taylor, S., Feng, X., Renshaw, C.E., Kirchner, J.W., 2002a. Isotopic evolution of snowmelt-2. Verification and parameterization of a one-dimensional model using laboratory experiments. Water Resources Research 38(10), 1218. doi:10.1029/2001WR000815]. The 1-D model developed by Feng et al. [Feng, X., Taylor, S., Renshaw, C.E., Kirchner, J.W., 2002. Isotopic evolution of snowmelt-1. A physically based one-dimensional model. Water Resources Research 38(10), 1217. doi:10.1029/2001WR000814] was fit to the isotopic results by adjusting the value of two parameters, the isotopic exchange rate constant ( k r ) and the fraction of ice participating in the exchange ( f ). We report that the best estimated k r values are from 0.070 to 0.19 h − 1 for oxygen isotopic exchange between liquid and ice, and 0.078 to 0.20 h − 1 for hydrogen exchange. The model results suggest that f , the fraction of ice involved in the isotopic exchange, increases with increasing wetness of snow, and is related to snow metamorphism. We discuss the physical significance of the observed variations in k r and f . The relationship between δD and δ 18 O in the melt water is modeled, and the slope is close to 6. This slope is significantly different from the slope of the meteoric water line, while it is close to the ratio of ice–liquid fractionation of hydrogen to that of oxygen.
Exercise training during chronic beta blockade in cardiovascular disease.

Abstract To determine whether cardioselective and nonselective β-blocking agents impair exercise training effects in patients with cardiovascular disease, 50 subjects were evaluated. All were in a 3-times-weekly medically supervised outpatient exercise program for 3 months or longer. Treadmill exercise tests were done initially and at 3-month intervals. Eight patients were receiving atenolol, 23 propranolol, 3 timolol, 6 metoprolol, and 8 nadolol and 1 patient receiving timolol changed to atenolol and 1 receiving nadolol changed to propranolol. Treadmill test duration increased significantly (p
Othello and the Geography of Persuasion

Abstract Othello is a revealing commentary on the unstable geographic underpinnings of early modern English theories of persuasion, which vacillate between affirming the authority of the commonplace and recognizing the allure of the novel and the strange. Thomas Rymer attacks the play as a tissue of improbabilities: Rymer's rigidly Aristotelian critique has been dismissed as a willfully insensitive and racist misreading, but his insistence on conflating credibility with racial identity coincides with Othello's own representation of its hero as doubly far‐fetched. Othello's strangeness is both the key to his eloquence and the root of his vulnerability to Iago's skillful deployment of insider knowledge and plausible fictions. The play's racial dynamics thus play out rhetorically: Brabantio's locally‐specific likelihoods may yield to Othello's exotic figures of speech, but Iago's commonplaces triumph in the end. This contest between plausibility and extravagance doesn't merely echo the play's geographic plot...
Novel design of integrated microfluidic thermal system with self-assembling magnetic particles for electronic cooling

A novel design of integrated microfluidic thermal system (MTS) with electromagnetic control used to temperature control is presented. Here, the magnetic-based microfluid (MMF) used for the auxiliary refrigerant is prepared from fine ferromagnetic particles of iron ferrite by chemical co-precipitation technique. Besides, a disk-shaped porous wick with high thermal conductivity and capillary characteristics is used in evaporator. Compared with charging DI water, the MTS with MMF-charged cooling chamber always shows better performances and achieves a maximum enhancement of 25% at 50W. Accordingly, thermal energy management based on microfluidic control can be extended to various high power electronics for application.
Distribution of fluorouracil-2-C14 in hypothermicanimals with normothermic tumors

Summary It has been shown previously that normothermic tumors of deeply cooled hamsters regress and eventually disappear 6, 8 In order to induce complete disappearance of the tumors the duration of differential hypothermia must be at least 10 hrs. A more shallow differential hypothermia causes the same changes but the exposure time has to be increased from 10 to 24 hrs. 7 However, when 5-fluorouracil, an anticancer drug, is simultaneously applied with generalized body cooling and tumor warming, only 1 hr is needed to lead to the same results. The purpose of the study- reported here wasto elucidate the mechanism of tumor disappearance resulting from the combination of fluorouracil with brief differential hypothermia. As a first step in this direction the distribution of C 14 -labeled fluorouracil was studied in the organs of 10S hamsters cooled to a body temperature of 4°C while their tumors were kept normothermic. After intravenous administration of FU-2-C 14 , the radioactivity of blood of these animals remained at a high level whereas it fell quickly to very low levels in normothermic animals. It is therefore concluded that the differential hypothermia acts as a long-term systemic perfusion affecting preferentially the warm tumor tissue because of its larger blood circulation and its higher metabolism.
Chiral theories and the peturbative fixed point

Decoupling the fermion doublers in a chiral invariant way is essential for the lattice study of the standard model. A chiral invariant Wilson fermion formulation of scalar-fermion systems, while preserves chiral symmetry, leads to light doublers perturbatively. When the Wilson coupling is strong enough, nonperturbative effects become important and the doublers stay heavy even in the continuum limit. However the coupling of the light fermion will become relevant at the same time thus this model has different renormalization group properties than the continuum SM defined around the Gaussian fixed point. An attempt to overcome this problem in a different formulation is discussed in this talk.
On the realization of assisted inflation

We consider conditions necessary for a successful implementation of the so-called assisted inflation. We generalize the applicability of assisted inflation beyond exponential potentials as originally proposed to include standard chaotic ($\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ or ${m}^{2}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$) models as well. We also demonstrate that in a purely four-dimensional theory, unless the assisted sector is in fact decoupled, the additional fields of the assisted sector actually impede inflation. As a specific example of an assisted sector, we consider a five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein (KK) model for which the extra dimension may be somewhat or much larger than the inverse Planck scale. In this case, the assisted sector (coming from a KK compactification) eliminates the need for a fine-tuned quartic coupling to drive chaotic inflation. This is a general result of models with one or more ``large'' extra dimensions.
Prospective prediction of viral suppression and immune response nine months after ART initiation in Seattle, WA

Knowing at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation which patients might be at greatest risk for failure to achieve viral suppression would enable providers to target patients most in need and tailor their care appropriately. This study involved multilevel modeling of data from a randomized controlled trial among outpatients in Seattle, WA, USA. The 224 participants initiating or switching ART at baseline were 24% female, 34% heterosexual, and 47% Caucasian. Of 24 baseline demographic and psychosocial patient-level variables modeled in separate generalized estimating equations, only employment predicted changes in HIV-1 RNA viral load or CD4 lymphocyte count over the course of the 9-month trial. Although the findings require replication, they suggest adherence support strategies should emphasize close monitoring and support for all patients initiating ART.
Structural changes occurring in interrenal tissue of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) following adenohypophysectomy and treatment in vivo and in vitro with corticotropin

Adrenal glands from ACTH-treated intact ducks and chronically adenohypophysectomized ducks showed clear zonation into a subcapsular zone (SCZ) and an inner zone (IZ). Adenohypophysectomy caused ultrastructural changes in the IZ but not in the SCZ cells. These included increases in lipid droplets, changes in mitochondrial cristae from tubular to shelf-like, and changes in the shape of the nuclei from spherical to crenated. These changes were reversed by treatment with ACTH. Also, cells of the IZ, but not the SCZ, of adrenals from intact birds given ACTH showed more SER, more dense bodies, fewer lipid droplets and more prominent Golgi complexes. IZ cells incubated in buffer containing no ACTH developed mitochondria with shelf-like cristae and numerous opaque granules in the matrix. Exposure to buffer containing ACTH caused the mitochondrial cristae to become tubular and the matrix granules either decreased in number or disappeared. The granules could be extracted by incubating sections with chelating agents. The mitochondria in SCZ cells did not respond structurally to the presence of ACTH in the incubation medium but the matrix granules, like those in IZ cells, responded to the presence of chelating agents.
An interactive micro-void shear localization mechanism in high strength steels

Abstract Ductility of high strength steels is often restricted by the onset of a void-sheet mechanism in which failure occurs by a micro-void shear localization process. For the first time, the micro-void shear instability mechanism is identified here by examining the interactions occurring within a system of multiple embedded secondary particles (carbides ∼10–100 nm), through a finite element based computational cell modeling technique (in two and three dimensions). Shear deformation leads to the nucleation of micro-voids as the secondary particles debond from the surrounding alloy matrix. The nucleated micro-voids grow into elongated void tails along the principal shear plane and coalesce with the micro-voids nucleated at neighboring particles. At higher strains, the neighboring particles are driven towards each other, further escalating the severity of the shear coalescence effect. This shear driven nucleation, growth and coalescence mechanism leads to a decrease in the load-bearing surface in the shear plane and a terminal shear instability occurs. The mechanism is incorporated mathematically into a hierarchical steel model. The simulated response corresponds to experimentally observed behavior only when the micro-void shear localization mechanism is considered.
On the efficiency of a chinese-type work-point system

Abstract At least since 1957, the basic system of incentives in Chinese agriculture has been based on a point system. Each task is assigned a certain number of points and the output outa work team is divided between members proportionally to the number of points they have acquired. This paper constructs a simple model of the point system and shows that it can lead to an efficient allocation of labor, even in the presence of uncertainty.
Getting to know you : Reputation and trust in a two-person economic exchange

Using a multiround version of an economic exchange (trust game), we report that reciprocity expressed by one player strongly predicts future trust expressed by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the “intention to trust” on the next play of the game, and the peak of these “intention to trust” responses shifted its time of occurrence by 14 seconds as player reputations developed. This temporal transfer resembles a similar shift of reward prediction errors common to reinforcement learning models, but in the context of a social exchange. These data extend previous model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging studies into the social domain and broaden our view of the spectrum of functions implemented by the dorsal striatum.
Diffusion-limited droplet coalescence

Abstract Simulations of diffusion limited (Brownian) droplet coalescence have been carried out in which the droplet diffusion coefficients are related to their sizes (masses), s, by D (s)∼s γ . For the case D = d where D is the droplet dimensionality and d is the dimensionality of the substrate, the exponents z and z′ describing the algebraic growth of the mean droplet size, S, and the decrease in the number of droplets, N, are given by z = z′= 1 ( 2 d − γ) with no logarithmic corrections for d = 2. If D > d, then for d = 2 the growth of S is given by S ∼[ t ln (t) ] 1 (1−γ) and the decay of N is given by N ∼ [ t ln(t) ] −1 (1−γ) . For d > 2, there are no logarithmic corrections and z = z′= D (D−D γ −d + 2) in all cases. The time dependent cluster size distribution can be described in terms of the scaling form N s (t)∼s −2 f( s S(t) ) where Ns(t) is the number of droplets of size s at time t. Simple scaling arguments indicate that these values obtained for the exponents z and z′ describing the asymptotic (t→∞) behavior from computer simulations are exact.
Step up life: a context aware health assistant

A recent trend in the popular health news is, reporting the dangers of prolonged inactivity in one's daily routine. The claims are wide in variety and aggressive in nature, linking a sedentary lifestyle with obesity and shortened lifespans [25]. Rather than enforcing an individual to perform a physical exercise for a predefined interval of time, we propose a design, implementation, and evaluation of a context aware health assistant system (called Step Up Life) that encourages a user to adopt a healthy life style by performing simple, and contextually suitable physical exercises. Step Up Life is a smart phone application which provides physical activity reminders to the user considering the practical constraints of the user by exploiting the context information like the user location, personal preferences, calendar events, time of the day and the weather [9]. A fully functional implementation of Step Up Life is evaluated by user studies.
The Neutral Lipids of Paramecium tetraurelia: Changes with Culture Age and the Detection of Steryl Esters in Ciliary Membranes1

Neutral lipids, particularly triglycerides, accounted for the major decrease in the total lipid content in Paramecium cells that occurs with culture age. Sterols, triglycerides, and steryl esters were the major classes of neutral lipids in cells and isolated cilia. Free as well as high concentrations of esterified sterols were detected in purified ciliary membrane preparations. Stigmasterol and 7-dehydrostigmasterol were the major components of both free and esterified sterols of cells and cilia; however, when cholesterol was present in the growth medium, it was desaturated to 7-dehydrocholesterol and incorporated into cellular and ciliary lipids. Free fatty acids from cells and triglycerides from cells and cilia were low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and reflected the composition of fatty acids in the culture medium. An exception was the reduced concentration of stearate in triglycerides from whole cells. Greater than 50% of triglyceride fatty acids from cilia were saturated. The fatty acid compositions of cellular triglycerides and ciliary steryl esters did not change with culture age, but those of cellular steryl esters and ciliary triglycerides did change. In comparison with phospholipids, these neutral lipid fatty acid compositional changes were smaller. The sensitivity of these stigmasterol-containing cells to polyene antibiotics indicated that they were killed by nystatin > filipin > amphotericin B. The unexpected finding of high concentrations of steryl esters in ciliary membrane preparations is discussed.
“Survival Is Now Our Politics”: Kashmiri Hindu Community Identity and the Politics of Homeland

Kashmiri Hindus are a numerically small yet historically privileged cultural and religious community in the Muslimmajority region of Kashmir Valley in Jammu and Kashmir State in India. They all belong to the same caste of Sarasvat Brahmanas known as Pandits. In 1989-90, the majority of Kashmiri Hindus living in Kashmir Valley fled their homes at the onset of conflict in the region, resettling in towns and cities throughout India while awaiting an opportunity to return to their homeland. After their migration, the community became caught up in highly politicized national debates about secularism, governance, and the state's responsibility to its citizens in India. In this article I consider the construction of Kashmiri Hindu collective identity through community discourse in the 1990s, with special attention to the way in which this discourse framed the issue of return to the homeland. My discussion of Kashmiri Hindu community discourse draws on a number of resources, including articles in daily newspapers and weekly magazines, community publications such as white papers and human rights reports, collections of essays written by Kashmiri Hindu scholars, and personal interviews with community leaders during the period of my anthropological fieldwork in New Delhi in 1998-2000.
The relationship between transmittance and reflectance measurements of "soiling index".

Abstract Experimental relationships between transmittance and reflectance measurements of suspended participate matter have been determined for aerosols of constant optical properties and for the atmospheric aerosol in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The slopes of the transmittance versus reflectance curves for dispersions of coal, limestone, fly ash, and a coal-limestone mixture were significantly different for all inter-comparisons but one. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.87 to 0.99. For atmospheric aerosol samples obtained at three sites in the Pittsburgh area no significant differences were found when the slopes of the transmittance vs. reflectance curves were compared. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.92 to 0.99. In terms of commonly used indices of soiling potential the relationships between transmittance and reflectance could be expressed as 1 COH ≅ 0.5 ± 0.1 RUDS for the three field locations.
Micro Analytical Methods for Determination of Compression Wood Content in Loblolly Pine

All loblolly pine trees, especially the juvenile portion, contain various amounts of compression wood. The morphological, chemical, and papermaking properties of compression wood are distinctively different from those of normal juvenile wood and mature wood. Compression wood has higher lignin and galactan, but lower cellulose and mannan content, shorter average fiber length, lower fiber width but thicker cell wall, higher fiber coarseness and higher microfibril angles as compared with the corresponding normal wood. Micro analytical methods have been developed to quantitatively determine the percentage of compression wood in an incremental core so as to eliminate the effects of compression wood on the aforementioned properties. This enables accurate quantitative genetic analyses of these properties for tree breeding programs.
86 PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OR TRANSPORT FOR ECMO IN INFANTS WITH SEVERE PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPHN): TWO YEAR FOLLOW UP

86 PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OR TRANSPORT FOR ECMO IN INFANTS WITH SEVERE PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPHN): TWO YEAR FOLLOW UP
Effect of plantar flexor muscle stiffness on selected gait characteristics.

Abstract Although plantar flexor muscle strength is known to affect gait characteristics, the effect of plantar flexor (PF) muscle stiffness on gait is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PF muscle stiffness, in addition to PF strength, on the gait characteristics of subjects with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy (DM & PN) and age-matched controls. Thirty-four subjects were tested (17 DM & PN, 17 controls), 10 males and seven females in each group. PF muscle strength (concentric peak torque) explained a significant amount of variance in all gait variables (20–37%). Passive stiffness added a unique contribution to plantar flexor peak moment and walking speed (10–11%). Plantar flexor stiffness, in addition to strength, may be an important factor contributing to gait characteristics. Treatment techniques designed to preserve or increase stiffness may be indicated for patients with limited PF strength.
The epidemiology of atypical chronic lung disease in extremely low birth weight infants

To determine the incidence and associated complications of atypical chronic lung disease (ACLD) in extremely low birth weight infants. All infants born at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1996 and 2001, with birthweight <1000 g, gestational age <31 weeks, no major anomalies or genetic syndromes, and living at least 21 days were eligible for inclusion. Data pertaining to demographics, hospital course, diagnosis of atypical chronic lung disease, patterns of surfactant use, complications of prematurity and severity of lung disease were collected. Using inclusion criteria, 215 eligible infants were identified, of which 185 had hospital charts available for review. Twenty-eight infants (15%) met the criteria for atypical chronic lung disease. Of the remaining 157 infants, 57 patients met the criteria for mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (supplemental oxygen requirement at 28 days of life), 38 patients had moderate/severe BPD (supplemental oxygen requirement at both 28 days of life and 36 weeks post-menstrual age), and 38 infants did not have chronic lung disease. Infants with ACLD had much higher rates of sepsis (46%) and pneumothorax (18%) than infants in the comparison groups. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome in the first week of life, which initially resolves are still at risk for an atypical form of chronic lung disease. The prolonged respiratory support they require as a result of this type of lung disease increases their risk for complications of prematurity, which may outlast their lung disease. We speculate that inflammation secondary to infection acquired shortly after birth may be an important step in the pathogenesis of ACLD.
Transient thermal response of plasma-sprayed zirconia measured with thin-film thermocouples

Abstract A pulsed laser heat source method for measuring the transient thermal response of thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) is shown to obtain results for the temperature jump and temporal response which are consistent with those predicted employing a simple model. Some deviation from this model is observed for the thinnest films on alumina, which has a very high thermal conductivity, and on Min-K 2000, which has a very low thermal conductivity. Poor adherence of the thin film to the substrates, the interface thermal conductance, is suggested to be the origin of this effect. The technique is determined to be sensitive to the thermal properties of the substrate on dimensions of the thermal diffusion lengths. This experimental method is preferable to calculations of the thermal response of the TFTCs based on bulk thermal data. It should prove useful as a method for characterizing in situ TFTCs, which may vary from batch to batch.
Lumpectomy and axillary dissection for breast cancer: surgical, pathological, and radiation considerations.

Recently, the first results were disclosed from a trial carried out by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) to evaluate the efficacy of breast conservation. These observations indicate that lumpectomy and axillary dissection plus radiation can be employed instead of total mastectomy for the treatment of a large proportion of women with primary breast cancer. The present report describes the technique of operation (lumpectomy), how the pathological examination of the resected specimen is carried out, and the manner in which radiation therapy is administered to the operated breast. The methodologies are those utilized in more than 1,200 women who for almost a decade have been participants in the NSABP study. It is emphasized that the outcome of patients exposed to breast preservation relates to the expertise of the surgeon, pathologist, and radiation and medical oncologists. The orchestration of care that will result in a satisfactory cosmesis and control of disease in the breast is more complex than is necessary for carrying out a mastectomy. Above all it is emphasized that, although the Halstedian concept for cancer surgery has been displaced, that change does not provide the imprimatur for haphazard surgery.
3D reconstruction of walking behaviour using a single camera

A consumer-grade camera is used to view the motion of individuals moving in an area, such as that observed in the lobby of a building. By assuming individuals are engaged in fairly normal walking behavior, we can extract sufficient information to synthetically reconstruct the scene using simple image processing techniques. The reconstructed scene can then be viewed from any angle and used to track interesting individuals. Features of the person such as shirt and pants color can be extracted from the video and applied to the synthetic model thus allowing the real individual to be recognized from viewing the reconstruction. The technique proposed has the advantage of using a single camera and would find applications in gait analysis and security. This is a work in progress and we present some initial results of a single moving figure.
Fragments of us, fragments of them: social media, nationality and US perceptions of the 2014 FIFA World Cup

International sporting events often lead people to define protagonists and antagonists in the simplest of terms: the in-group is the home-nation team and the out-group is any other nation attempting to thwart the potential success of the home nation. This analysis involves the classification of 7498 comments rendered via the social media platform Twitter during the four 2014 FIFA World Cup matches involving the United States. Contrary to many other international sporting content analyses, results found that the attributions for success and/or failure did not differ between the United States and the opposing teams, yet the US players were more likely to receive commentary pertaining to their appearance and their emotions. Moreover, non-US players and teams were more likely to receive commentary outside of the realm of attribution of success and failure or personality and physicality. Implications of the findings are offered on multiple levels.
Cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and its endogenous inhibitor protein: tissue distribution and effect of vitamin D status in the chick.

Abstract 1. 1. Vitamin D deficiency in the chick leads to decreased (to 55% of normal) cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the kidney but does not alter calcium-dependent phospholpid-sensitive protein kinase activity. 2. 2. Decreased cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in response to vitamin D deficiency was not observed in other tissues including pancreas, brain, liver, intestinal mucosa, or heart. 3. 3. Vitamin D deficiency leads to elevated levels of the endogenous inhibitor protein of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in kidney, but not heart, muscle, pancreas, or brain.
Comparison of transmitter release properties of embryonic sympathetic neurons growing in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The functional behavior of embryonic chick sympathetic neurons was determined by inducing release of [ 3 H]norepinephrine by electrical stimulation of sympathetic neurons growing in the chick heart and in culture, with and without heart cells. A very close correspondence between the functional behavior of neurons developing with the heart cells, either in vivo or in vitro , was demonstrated. For example, the outflow of tritium from [ 3 H]norepinephrine loaded sympathetic neurons of 15-day-old chick heart was about three times more at 10 Hz than at 1 Hz. In contrast, the outflow of tritium from 12-day-old [ 3 H]norepinephrine loaded cultured sympathetic neurons was inversely related to the frequency of stimulation (outflow at 1 Hz was about three time more than at 10 Hz). When neurons were co-cultured with the heart cells, the frequency-outflow relationship reverted to that seen in the intact heart. Electrically-evoked outflow of tritium from the heart was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by 3–30 nM tetrodotoxin, abolished in 0.25 mM Ca medium, and potentiated by 3mM tetraethylammonium. In sharp contrast, the outflow evoked by stimulation of cultured neurons was neither blocked by 30–300 nM tetrodotoxin, low Ca, nor potentiated by tetraethylammonium. However, when neurons were co-cultured with heart cells, the evoked outflow was blocked by 30 nM tetrodotoxin and low Ca, and potentiated by tetraethylammonium. Veratrine (10μM) had very little effect on the outflow from cultured neurons but induced a massive outflow from co-cultures as well as hearts. Neurons grown in a medium conditioned by the heart cells were not sensitive to tetrodotoxin and veratrine. It is implied that cultured sympathetic neurons are endowed mostly with Ca channels, and that the Na channels become functional only when neurons are grown with the target cells. This dramatic alteration in the functional behavior of neurons co-cultured with heart cells indicates that the effector organ has an important role in the development of ionic conductances of sympathetic neurons growing in the body and in culture.
Methodology for Determining Disulfide Linkage Patterns of Closely Spaced Cysteine Residues

We report the development and application of a method for determining bonding patterns in disulfide-linked peptides containing closely spaced cysteine residues. Through the utility of classic N-terminal sequencing chemistry coupled with facile liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric analysis of the cleavage products, we report the ability to demonstrate unambiguous assignment of paired cysteine residues, using human insulin as a model protein. The conditions of the technique were selected and optimized to maintain disulfide integrity. In a forthcoming article, we will present the results of this method as applied to the complete elucidation of linkages in disulfide variants of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody of the IgG2 subclass.
Diffusion and reaction in ideal multicomponent systems: I. Tubular reactor near equilibrium

Diffusion and either surface or gas-phase reaction in a ternary ideal gas mixture in steady fully developed laminar flow in a tube is considered. The linearized equations valid near equilibrium and under isothermal conditions are solved. Concentration profiles predicted using a multicomponent diffusivity matrix are compared to those predicted using more approximate diffusivities. Local overshoots past equilibrium occur, but oscillations (with axial position) are not possible. A simplified diffusivity expression is found which predicts cup-mixing mole fractions in good agreement with those predicted using the multicomponent diffusivities.
Academic Freedom, Tenure, and Student Evaluation of Faculty

Despite a history of conflicting research on the reliability and validity of student evaluation of faculty (SEF) it has typically not been viewed as an infringement on academic freedom. When it is suggested that SEF may impinge on academic freedom, it is often considered an attack on either student rights, or on the process of evaluating faculty performance in general. Faculty and educational administrator views and surveys are reviewed as SEF is used in salary, promotion and tenure decisions. It is suggested that the literature shows that SEF infringe on instructional responsibilities of faculty by providing a control mechanism over curricular, course content, grading, and teaching methodology. It is further suggested that SEF play a significant role in current attacks on tenure, and that its role in a demographically diverse 21st century educational system has changed from its benign historical origins. It is concluded that contrary to current views, SEF is a serious unrecognized infringement on academic freedom.
Protecting the Subject: PDR and the Potential for Compromised Consent

Simon and Mosavel (2010) are correct that peer-driven recruitment shows both promise and risk. Peer-driven recruitment (PDR) uses “local intermediaries, that is, individuals who are themselves memb...
Plant community water use and invasibility of semi-arid shrublands by woody species in southern California.

Abstract Soil moisture is a key limiting resource in arid and semi-arid environments for woody shrub species. We assessed if three arid communities differed in their level of dry season soil moisture content and if the dominant species in these communities differed in their ability to use soil moisture. Water potential of all of the dominant woody plant species occurring in chaparral, coastal sage, and Mojave Desert communities and soil moisture content of these sites were measured seasonally. Species occurring in the Mojave Desert exhibited the most negative water potentials while the coastal sage community displayed the least negative water potentials. Dry season volumetric soil moisture content of the Mojave Desert site was lowest (7%), the chaparral site was intermediate (10%), and the coastal sage scrub site had the moistest dry season soil (20%). These moisture differences developed even though the coastal sage and chaparral communities both received the same annual rainfall and had similar soil cha...
Eliminating the Synthesis of Mature Lamin A Reduces Disease Phenotypes in Mice Carrying a Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome Allele

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is caused by the synthesis of a mutant form of prelamin A, which is generally called progerin. Progerin is targeted to the nuclear rim, where it interferes with the integrity of the nuclear lamina, causes misshapen cell nuclei, and leads to multiple aging-like disease phenotypes. We created a gene-targeted allele yielding exclusively progerin (Lmna HG) and found that heterozygous mice (Lmna HG/+) exhibit many phenotypes of progeria. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the phenotypes elicited by the Lmna HG allele might be modulated by compositional changes in the nuclear lamina. To explore this hypothesis, we bred mice harboring one Lmna HG allele and one Lmna LCO allele (a mutant allele that produces lamin C but no lamin A). We then compared the phenotypes of Lmna HG/LCO mice (which produce progerin and lamin C) with littermate Lmna HG/+ mice (which produce lamin A, lamin C, and progerin). Lmna HG/LCO mice exhibited improved HG/LCO fibroblasts had fewer misshapen nuclei than Lmna HG/+ fibroblasts (p < 0.0001). A likely explanation for these differences was uncovered; the amount of progerin in Lmna HG/LCO fibroblasts and tissues was lower than in Lmna HG/+ fibroblasts and tissues. These studies suggest that compositional changes in the nuclear lamina can influence both the steady-state levels of progerin and the severity of progeria-like disease phenotypes.