cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete Heart Block and Syncope: A Rare Presentation of Mixed Lymphocytic and Giant Cell Myocarditis

Introduction Mixed lymphocytic and giant cell myocarditis is a rare devastating disease with a very high mortality rate. Case report A 59 year old male with no known past medical history presented with syncope. Electrocardiogram revealed complete heart block and a permanent pacemaker was placed. Cardiac MRI showed increased T2 signal in the basal septum with a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Nine months later, the patient presented with shortness of breath unresponsive to outpatient antibiotics and bronchodilators. They were found to be in cardiogenic shock which required inotropic support. Pulse steroids were administered for presumed inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Right heart catheterization confirmed cardiogenic shock. An endomyocardial biopsy was performed. There was development of frequent episodes of ventricular tachycardia despite antiarrhythmic infusions and attempts to electrically pace the patient out of the rhythm. V-A ECMO and an intra-aortic balloon pump were inserted for mechanical support. An impella was placed on the right for right-ventricular support. The patient developed worsening cardiogenic shock leading to watershed infarcts of the brain and acute liver and kidney failure. The patient was determined to not be transplant candidate and the family decided to move care to comfort directed measures and expired. Results Post-mortem autopsy showed mixed lymphocytic and giant cell myocarditis. Lymphoid aggregates were composed of mature lymphocytes. Conclusions Initial presentation of lymphocytic or giant cell myocarditis is congestive heart failure and or ventricular arrhythmias. Survival rates without transplantation are extremely low. This case presents a patient with complete heart block as a result of mixed lymphocytic and giant cell myocarditis. It highlights the importance of early diagnosis with cardiac biopsy to allow for early bridge to transplant with mechanical circulatory assist devices in a disease state that has a very high mortality rate. Figure 1
Religiously or spiritually-motivated forgiveness and subsequent health and well-being among young adults: An outcome-wide analysis

ABSTRACTThis study performs an outcome-wide analysis to prospectively examine the associations of forgiveness (including forgiveness of others, self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness) with a range...
Climate Change and Preparations for the Tide of Traumatic Stress: Implications for Asia-Pacific Human Resources

Although attention to the business risks posed by natural disasters fueled by climate change has grown, the toll that disasters have on human resources in the form of traumatic stress is comparativ...
Parenteral Nutrition Drug Shortages: A Single-Center Experience With Rapid Process Change

Disruptions in the medication supply chain and consequent drug product shortages, including shortages of parenteral products used for parenteral nutrition (PN) compounding, have become an increasingly common occurrence. The amino acid solution shortage that resulted from the devastating impact of Hurricanes Maria and Irma on manufacturing facilities in Puerto Rico in 2017 necessitated a rapid, coordinated shift from use of compounded PN to commercial multichamber-bag PN (MCB-PN) at our hospitals. We describe our experience operationalizing this intervention via a framework that may be adapted for addressing other drug product shortages to promote rapid yet safe use of therapeutic alternatives.
Intramolecular Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of cis-Cyclohexadienediols Derived Enzymatically from (2-Azidoethyl)benzene. Construction of Highly Functionalized Bridged Isoquinoline Synthons

(3aR,7aS)-4-(2-Azidoethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3a,7a-dihydrobenzo[1,3]dioxole (22) was converted in two steps to trienes 23 and 24, which upon heating underwent intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions to give mixtures of isomeric 11,11-dimethyl-5-oxo-10,12-dioxa-4-azatetracyclo[6.5.2.01,6.09,13]pentadec-14-ene-7-carboxylates 25, 26 and 27, 28, respectively. These products were separated and identified. For comparison, intermolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of diene 22 with maleic anhydride was carried out. Products of this reaction, 1-(2-azidoethyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3,5,10-trioxatetracyclo[5.5.2.02,6.08,12]tetradec-13-ene-9,11-diones (29 and 30) were converted to methyl ester analogues of 31 and 32 in a two-step sequence. The stereochemical outcome of these cycloadditions is discussed as well as their possible utilization in organic synthesis, especially in total synthesis of some alkaloids.
P202 Developing a database with sensitive health information: a profile of people living with HIV in newfoundland and labrador

Background In Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), people living with HIV (PLHIV) primarily receive care through an interdisciplinary HIV specialty clinic, however, HIV care has been transitioning to primary healthcare elsewhere. Developing a comprehensive cohort of PLHIV to help improve healthcare has long been the vision of researchers, clinicians and decision makers. The objective of this study was to develop a de-identified cohort of PLHIV in NL, to be used to inform policy and prioritize healthcare system changes to optimize HIV healthcare in NL and to address gaps in care for PLHIV. Methods Data was collected from a number of different databases and PLHIV were identified as having HIV from three sources: 1. NL Public Health Laboratory data; 2. HIV Clinic data; 3. Medical Administration data. Results The finalized dataset included 317 people who had been diagnosed with HIV in NL as of 1994 and 251 were still alive at the end of data collection. The final database contained a total of 178 variables describing PLHIV health and health care utilization. Only 7% of PLHIV were identified by all three sources suggesting no single provincial HIV data custodian captures all those living with HIV in the province. Conclusion It is important that policy be implemented to merge siloed data sources in order to provide researchers, clinicians and decision makers with the accurate and complete data that is required to conduct sound and precise research, provide appropriate care and allocate resources to health initiatives that can improve the quality of life for PLHIV. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Males with chronic ankle instability demonstrate deficits in neurocognitive function compared to control and copers

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were neurocognitive deficits among controls, copers and those with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Participants included those without history o...
Broadening representations of rhetoric in Wikipedia: disciplinary praxis as graduate pedagogy and research (7682)

Research in rhetoric and writing has found that Wikipedia-based education allows for direct and transparent observation of practices and concepts related to writing process, research, social collab...
Associations between Comparison on Social Media and Depressive Symptoms: A Study of Young Parents

We aimed to assess associations between parental social media comparison (PSMC)—the degree to which individuals compare their parenting with others on social media (SM)—and depressive symptoms. In March 2018 we conducted a survey of 528 parents ages 18-30 with children under the age of 18. Participants were asked about SM use, PSMC, and depressive symptoms. PSMC was measured with 7 Likert-type items that asked participants the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with statements such as “Based on their posts, other parents on social media appear to provide a better social life for their children than I do.” Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariable ordered logistic regression models were used to assess the association between PSMC and depressive symptoms while controlling for SM use, parent adverse childhood experiences, parent age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, employment status and household income, age of oldest child, and number of children. The PSMC was internally consistent (α = 0.94). In multivariable models, after adjusting for all covariates, there was 51% greater odds of elevated depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.33, 1.71]) for every one-point increase on the PSMC scale. In conclusion, the PSMC is independently associated with elevated depressive symptoms among parents. Future research should assess directionality of these associations and further explore parents’ experiences of comparison with others on SM.
Analysis and Estimation of Networked SIR & SEIR Models with Transportation Networks

In this paper we present the discrete-time networked SIR and SEIR models and present assumptions under which they are well defined. We analyze the limiting behavior of the models and present necessary and sufficient conditions for estimating the spreading parameters from data. We illustrate these results via simulation.
Epigenetic modifier directed therapeutics to unleash healthy genes in unhealthy cells.

Abstract A common thread through malignant and nonmalignant diseases alerts us to a therapeutic opportunity to seize: disease may originate from genetic mutations, but resulting maladaptive/unhealthy cell fates and functions are mediated by epigenetic enzymes, that are druggable. Epigenetic enzymes modify DNA, and/or the histones around which DNA is organized, to regulate access to genes by the basal transcription factor machinery that transcribes genes. Epigenetic enzymes can be divided usefully into those that facilitate gene transcription (“on” enzymes or coactivators) and those that favor gene repression (“off” enzymes or corepressors). DNA-binding master transcription factors cooperate to recruit coactivators, and repulse corepressors, from thousands of genes, to thereby activate the gene expression programs that define cell fates and functions. In malignancy, this usual exchange of corepressors for coactivators fails, because of mutations to master transcription factors or the coactivators they recruit. Inhibiting corepressor enzymes using small molecules uses pharmacology to redress this coactivator/corepressor imbalance that originates from genetics, to in this way release cancer cells to the terminal lineage-fates intended by their master transcription factor content. Similarly, in nonmalignant β-hemoglobinopathies, inhibiting corepressors exploits transcription factor and lineage-context to activate unmutated fetal over mutated adult globin genes, to thereby treat these nonmalignant genetic diseases. Master transcription factors then are the “natural forces” in the Hippocratic dictum “Natural forces within us are the true healers of disease,” and drugging epigenetic enzymes (corepressors) a way to harness these forces to heal.
The association between automatically captured rumen temperature bolus temperatures and morbidity in group housed, pre-weaned dairy calves

Group housing of dairy calves offers several advantages for dairy producers, yet calves housed in these systems have an increased risk of disease and it can be more challenging to detect a sick calf in a group. Fever is a widely used indicator of infectious diseases in dairy calves and often accompanies the two most common calf hood morbidities, diarrhea (DIA) and respiratory (RESP) disease. Indwelling rumen temperature bolus (RTB) systems are newly available for calves, but their utility in a field setting has not been formally evaluated. As a first step towards describing the utility (test characteristics) of this technology to detect morbidity, the objective of this study was to describe the relationship between automatically captured RTB temperatures and morbidity in group housed, pre-weaned dairy calves.
Against (modified) buffer cases

I defend the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP) against what are sometimes known as buffer cases, which are supposed by some to be counterexamples to the principle. I develop an existing problem with the claim that standard buffer cases are counterexamples to PAP, before responding to a recent attempt by Michael McKenna (2018) to modify the cases in a way that circumvents this problem. While McKenna’s strategy does avoid the problem, I argue that it faces a different difficulty. I conclude that (modified) buffer cases pose no threat to PAP.
1918-1932: The International Great Depression (A)

In May 1932, US president Herbert Hoover and British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald called for leaders from 65 nations to attend the World Economic Conference, scheduled to occur in the winter of 1933 after the American presidential election. Hoover turned his attention to the instructions he would have to give to the American delegation about the forthcoming conference. Arguments by pundits, critics, and Hoover's advisers fell into at least three mutually exclusive camps. Some wanted the United States to assume world monetary leadership, since the world needed a financial hegemon. Others thought the United States should simply promote better financial cooperation among nations, since the world needed cooperation more than hegemony, and hegemony was costly. The third camp wanted the United States to simply let the markets equilibrate, since even mild cooperation might sacrifice national self-interest without much benefit. The global economic depression presented a dire situation. All the old rules of international monetary stability had been broken. Now, what new rules should Hoover aim to promote? Excerpt UVA-F-1902 Oct. 11, 2019 1918-1932: The International Great Depression (A) In May 1932, US president Herbert Hoover and British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald called for leaders from 65 nations to attend the World Economic Conference, scheduled to occur in the winter of 1933 after the American presidential election. The situation was dire and required decisive actions. Hoover wrote, [T]he world-wide collapse of finance and gold convertibility of currencies, which began with the German crisis the year before, was turning into a violent trade war between nations. In this war, depreciated currencies, managed currencies, increasing tariffs, other restrictions on imports, quotas, and foreign exchange controls were the weapons. The results appeared everywhere in the creeping paralysis of exports and imports and the constant fall of commodity prices. Creditor-debtor relations, both domestic and foreign, were fast becoming intolerable. It seemed to me that the time had arrived to revive the project of a world economic conference. The president hoped that at the conference, the world leaders would commit to a plan to stabilize currencies, reduce trade barriers, and lower obstacles to economic recovery. . . .
Introduction to “Systems Engineering and Artificial Intelligence” and the Chapters

In this introductory chapter, we first review the science behind the two Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Symposia that we held in 2020 (“AI welcomes Systems Engineering. Towards the science of interdependence for autonomous human-machine teams”). Second, we provide a brief introduction to each of the chapters in this book.
Creativity within Qualitative Research on Families: New Ideas for Old Methods

Qualitative researchers are continually searching for research methods that engage their participants in the data collection process. When researching living, dynamic systems such as families, researchers need to find methods that can encapsulate the multi-dimensionality of the human experience. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint researchers with some creative and active methods they can use to not only involve their participants in the research process, but also to more fully learn about and experience the perceptions, feelings, and life events of their participants. The methods discussed include sculpting, photography and videography, art and drawing, role playing, writing exercises, metaphors, and timelines. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Acknowledgements The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge the editorial comments and participation of Dr. Fred Piercy in the revision of this paper and development of the research methods discussed in it. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol4/iss3/3 Creativity within Qualitative Research on Families: New Ideas for Old Methods by Sharon A. Deacon + The Qualitative Report, Volume 4, Numbers 3 & 4, March, 2000
Hiding in the Shadow of Wagner-Steagall

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Researchers have explored public housing in large U.S. cities in great detail, including its history, design, effect on neighborhoods, role in urban renewa...
Reduced biopterin as a cofactor in the generation of nitrogen oxides by murine macrophages

Generation of nitric oxide (NO.), an autacoid with vasorelaxant and cytotoxic properties, requires at least three cytosolic components in mouse macrophages besides L-arginine and NADPH. One or more components appear after induction by immunologic stimuli; two or more are present in both activated and non-activated macrophages. The constitutive factors can be separated on a Mr approximately 30,000 cut-off filter into high Mr fraction (HF) and low Mr fraction (LF) (Stuehr, D. J., Kwon, N. S., Gross, S. S., Thiel, B. A., Levi, R., and Nathan, C. F. (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161, 420-426). Herein we characterize the major active component in LF. The active component was dialyzable (Mr less than approximately 1,000), water soluble, and cationic at acidic to neutral pH. Fractionation on a C18 column in an acetonitrile/water gradient yielded one broad peak of activity, most of which corresponded to a fluorophore with the excitation/emission spectra of biopterins. Gas chromatography isolated a species in this peak with the mass spectrum of biopterin. Of 14 pteridines tested, only 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (H2biopterin) or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (H4biopterin) could replace LF in synergizing with HF and the inducible component(s) to generate NO-2 and NO-3, the accumulating oxidation products of NO.. Half-maximal activity required 20-30 nM reduced biopterins. LFs from three cell lines were active in proportion to their content of biopterins; addition of reduced biopterins restored activity to LF from biopterin-deficient cells. Enhancement of NO-2 generation in the presence of H2biopterin but not H4biopterin was abolished by methotrexate and aminopterin, inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. These findings implicate a redox cycle in which the generation of NO. is facilitated by catalytic amounts of H4biopterin.
Smart pixel optics and packaging

This talk will review several optical design and system packaging approaches explored in the past and currently under investigation in demonstration systems. To make the jump to a commodity-level smart pixel platform, new components and approaches will be needed and examples of potential useful techniques will be surveyed.
Constrained Variance Design using State Covariance Assignment

Performance objectives which are expressed as upper bounds on the variances of the outputs and inputs are common in stochastic control problems. Unfortunately, all of the control methods which are currently used to attempt to satisfy these constraints deal with the actual objectives indirectly. The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative methodology which deals more directly with the actual performance objectives. The methodology is based on the theory of state covariance assignment.
The Post‐Industrial “Shop Floor”: Emerging Forms of Gentrification in San Francisco's Innovation Economy

The San Francisco Bay Area in California is undergoing a technology-driven wave of growth arguably more thoroughgoing than the first “dot-com” bubble, fueling hypertrophic gentrification and tales of a deeply class-divided, “Blade Runner kind of society”. While Silicon Valley is still the industry's employment center, San Francisco is seeing faster tech firm growth, and is transforming its downtown to become more “livable” and promoting public space as key to innovation. In this context, this paper offers a reading of urban public space not just as a consumption amenity but also as the “shop floor” of a labor process that goes beyond the walls of the firm to mobilize the social itself in the production of privately appropriated value. With innovation now the watchword of gentrification, the stakes of this shift oscillate between the total commodification of urban vitality and the recognition of the social process of value production itself.
Effects of homogeneous kinetics on chronocoulometric relaxations in quasi-reversible adsorbing systems

Summary The theory is given of chronocoulometric relaxations in systems in which the reactive couple undergo quasi-reversible charge-transfer, first order homogeneous reaction to electroactive forms and adsorption. As in simpler cases extrapolation of Q vs. t 1/2 curves from long times to give Q t =0 provides a convenient method of data analysis. The extrapolated Q is simply the sum of the Q 's which would be observed if each complication were present alone. Kinetic complications inevitably produce negative extrapolated Q 's. Variation of Q with potential is diagnostic for different complications.
John Wyclif and the Tradition of Biblical Authority

John Wyclif is remembered today as an innovator. Scholars have not misled us at that point. W. W. Shirley in 1858 stated his role as a pioneer without predecessors: "On most of us the dim image looks down, like the portrait of the first of a long line of kings, without personality or expression-he is the first of the reformers."' The English Bible translated under his inspiration is a monument that stands apart. It established no direct connection with any English version that either preceded or followed it.2 No prior medieval schoolman quite paralleled Wyclif in setting forth Holy Scripture alone as the final religious authority. Nor had any university leader so encouraged unlicensed preachers to expound the Bible to commoners.3 This paper proposes nevertheless that Wyclif belonged to an orthodox tradition. He arose from the vitality of medieval Catholic culture. He cannot be understood apart from that culture, even though he is accused of rejecting it. In particular, Wyclif's view of the Bible presupposed ancient and medieval achievements. His thinking incorporated centuries of Christian scholarship. Although his works plainly reveal their indebtedness, tradition in him has been obscured by those who have connected Wyclif exclusively with the coming Protestant churches. Wyclif was the "Morning Star of the Reformation," but he was also the last of the great medieval schoolmen. His work rebukes the easy separation often made between medieval and Reformation history. The study of his views is therefore an aid in realizing the continuity of the Church's heritage. Wyclif and the Churches of the Reformation grew out of medieval Christendom. Protestant historians err if they see the immediate roots of the Reformation only in late medieval heresies. Wyclif is actually another figure in the tradition of orthodox Bible study that extended through the ancient, the medieval, and the Reformation Churches. His work points to the best that preceded him as well as the best that was to come. In this paper Wyclif's Biblical view and his heritage in Biblical study are presented in that entire scope, and the application of the last two sections is to the technique of interpretation by allegory.
Investigation of Finite System-Size Effects in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipid Bilayers

In the absence of external stress, the surface tension of a lipid membrane vanishes at equilibrium, and the membrane exhibits long wavelength undulations that can be described as elastic (as opposed to tension-dominated) deformations. These long wavelength fluctuations are generally suppressed in molecular dynamics simulations of membranes, which have typically been carried out on membrane patches with areas < 100 nm 2 that are replicated by periodic boundary conditions. As a result, finite system-size effects in molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers have been subject to much discussion in the membrane simulation community for several years, and it has been argued that it is necessary to simulate small membrane patches under tension to properly model the tension-free state of macroscopic membranes. Recent hardware and software advances have made it possible to simulate larger, all-atom systems allowing us to directly address the question of whether the relatively small size of current membrane simulations affects their physical characteristics compared to real macroscopic bilayer systems. In this work, system-size effects on the structure of a DOPC bilayer at 5.4 H 2 O/lipid are investigated by performing molecular dynamics simulations at constant temperature and isotropic pressure (i.e., vanishing surface tension) of small and large single bilayer patches (72 and 288 lipids, respectively), as well as an explicitly multilamellar system consisting of a stack of five 72-lipid bilayers, all replicated in three dimensions by using periodic boundary conditions. The simulation results are compared to X-ray and neutron diffraction data by using a model-free, reciprocal space approach developed recently in our laboratories. Our analysis demonstrates that finite-size effects are negligible in simulations of DOPC bilayers at low hydration, and suggests that refinements are needed in the simulation force fields.
The red and near-infra-red auroral spectrum

Abstract Six auroral spectra covering the wavelength range 5400–8800 A have been subject to thorough intensity measurements. The intensity distributions in the First Positive band system and the Meinel band systems were measured and related to theoretical data. The altitude variations of these band systems and the strongest oxygen lines and bands were studied, the intensity ratio between the red [O I] lines λ6300/64 and the First Positive bands being taken as an indication of relative altitude. An auroral feature detected at 7325 A on spectra from high altitudes is tentatively identified as the [O II] multiplet 2 D − 2 P . The intensity distribution and its variation with altitude are briefly discussed.
The division of labour is limited by the type of market: The case of the Taiwanese machine tool industry

Abstract This paper seeks to illustrate that the division of labour is limited not only by the size of the market, i.e. aggregate purchasing power, but also by the type of market, i.e. the average income of individual consuming units. Consequently, for technology to advance in the production of certain goods, capital accumulation must occur. The multiplication of markets alone is insufficient. Empirical support for this proposition is provided by an examination of the Taiwanese machine tool industry. Central to the discussion is the treatment of the product as an economic variable.
EVIDENCE OF A CARBONATE PLATFORM BENEATH GEORGES BANK

Abstract The subsurface of the New England continental margin beneath Georges Bank contains a Jurassic and Cretaceous carbonate platform that interfingers landward into and is stratigraphically sandwiched between clastic wedges of deltaic origin. The seaward edge of the platform is a presently buried precipitous up to 5 km high wall that resembles the modern Bahama Escarpment. The platform edge and its younger cover have been sampled by submersible and dredging where they outcrop locally in submarine canyons. There is no evidence of a major vertical tectonic displacement beneath the continental slope and the ocean. Subsidence has been continuous and regional, commencing with listric faults in stretched brittle continental lithosphere and diminishing in rate with the square root of time primarily in respond to thermal cooling and flexure from the sedimentary overburden.
Radiation induced height impairment in pediatric Hodgkin's disease

Purpose: To quantitate the impairment in skeletal growth from radiation treatment, we reviewed height measurements among children with Hodgkin's disease irradiated at Stanford University Medical Center between 1965 and 1986. Methods and Materials: One hundred and twenty-four children with Hodgkin's disease, in whom long-term follow-up data were available, became the subjects for this analysis. They all had baseline height measurements within I year of radiation treatment, a final height measurement beyond age 15 for boys and 13 for girls, and a minimum time interval between baseline and final measurement of 2 years. A baseline and final percent height, as compared to a reference standard, was calculated for each patient. The difference between these two figures was used to assess height impairment. The study group was divided into age and treatment groups and a comparative analysis between these groups was performed. Results: Height impairment was most severe among children who were given high dose radiation to the entire spine when pre-pubertal in age. These patients demonstrated a 7.7% (p < 0.0001) average height impairment, which equates to a height loss of 13 cm or two standard deviations of the U.S. population mean. Pubertal and post-pubertal patients given similar heavy treatment as well as pre-pubertal patients given light treatment also demonstrated some impairment of skeletal growth, however, the loss was not deemed clinically significant. Comparison of standing versus sitting height impairment did not show evidence of disproportionate final growth impairment. Conclusion: Treatment regimens that use low doses of radiation for pediatric Hodgkin's disease are thus not associated with clinically significant impairment of skeletal growth, as measured by standing and sitting heights.
Novel paradigms for dialysis vascular access: Introduction.

Nonmaturation of new arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) remains a major barrier to increasing AVF use in hemodialysis patients ([1][1]). Our current clinical paradigm views nonmaturing AVF as a plumbing problem, with efforts directed at augmenting access flow by surgical or percutaneous interventions ([2
Cartilage thickness of the talar dome

Purpose: To perform a successful operation, accurate information on the articular cartilage thickness of the talus is essential. The purpose of this study was to determine the articular cartilage thickness of the talar dome in the area where osteochondritis dissecans is common. Type of Study: Convenient samples. Methods: Articular cartilage thickness of the mid talar dome was measured in 29 ankles of 17 cadavers. The average age of the specimens was 70 years (range, 53 to 91 years). Twenty-two were from men and 7 were from women. Coronal sections of the mid talar domes were obtained from the specimens measuring 2 mm in width and 5 mm in depth. Radiographs of the sectioned specimens were taken and were enlarged with a personal computer. The thickness of the articular cartilage was measured at 9 areas: medial gutter (area 1), medial corner (area 2), medial edge of the dome plateau (area 3), lateral edge of the dome plateau (area 7), lateral corner (area 8), lateral gutter (area 9), and quarter points between areas 3 and 7 (areas 4, 5, and 6). Results: The average thickness of the total areas was 1.35 ± 0.22 mm in the male specimens and 1.11 ± 0.28 mm in the female specimens. The thickest was area 2, which represented the medial corner, and the thinnest was area 9, which represented the lateral gutter in both men and women. There was a relationship between the thickness of the cartilage and the width of the talar dome. Conclusions: The thickness was usually less than 2 mm. However, the cartilage thickness varies widely by gender, area, and individual. Clinical Relevance: Our report will help surgeons predict the volume of cartilage that needs to be repaired and produce treatment at a reasonable cost without an excessive invasion of patients.
Holographic methods for detection of objects in irregular media

The use of holography for viewing inside irregular media, ranging from highly scattering, or translucent, to aberrated systems, was proposed 30 years ago. Since then, an enormous amount of research has been done for this application. The holographic techniques for viewing objects, moving or stationary, in such irregular media.
A Test of a Linear Function of the Deviations Between Observed and Expected Numbers

Abstract * Work assisted by a contract with the Office of Naval Research, Navy Department. Department of Biostatistics paper No. 301.
Selecting metal alloy electric contact materials for MEMS switches

This paper presents a method for selecting metal alloys as the electric contact materials for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) metal contact switches. This procedure consists of reviewing macro-switch lessons learned, utilizing equilibrium binary alloy phase diagrams, obtaining thin film material properties and, based on a suitable model, predicting contact resistance performance. After determining a candidate alloy material, MEMS switches were designed, fabricated and tested to validate the alloy selection methodology. Minimum average contact resistance values of 1.17 and 1.87 Ω were measured for micro-switches with gold (Au) and gold–platinum (Au–(6.3%)Pt) alloy electric contacts, respectively. In addition, 'hot-switched' life cycle test results of 1.02 × 108 and 2.70 × 108 cycles were collected for micro-switches with Au and Au–(6.3%)Pt contacts, respectively. These results indicate increased wear with a small increase in contact resistance for MEMS switches with metal alloy electric contacts.
Romancing the macula densa at UAB.

Romancing the macula densa at UAB. The Nephrology Research and Training Center, established in 1977 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham by Thomas E. Andreoli, served as a catalyst to stimulate multiple areas of investigations in renal physiology and nephrology. Individuals with backgrounds in biophysics, membrane transport, renal hemodynamics, structural biology, and nephrology interacted with each other, thus providing an exciting and collegial environment. The laboratory of renal hemodynamics focused on the control of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate in normal and hypertensive models, and on the important role of the macula densa in providing communication from the tubules to the vascular elements. Studies initially focused on the role of the macula densa feedback mechanism in mediating renal autoregulatory behavior. Subsequent experiments examined various aspects of the feedback system, including the identification and characterization of membrane transport events that sense changes in tubular fluid concentration and transfer information to intracellular signaling mechanisms. More recent investigations have focused on the capability of the macula densa cells to synthesize and release various vasoactive mediators that can influence vascular tone of the glomerular arterioles. In particular, the ability of the macula densa cells to secrete ATP has stimulated continued interest in the hypothesis that ATP may serve an important role in mediating signals to afferent arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells.
Radio-acoustic positioning as a tool for studying site-specific behavior of the white shark and other large marine species

We describe a method, radio-acoustic-positioning (RAP), for continuously monitoring the movements and behavior of large marine animals. An ultrasonic transmitter on the animal can be localized with high spatial accuracy (2 to 10 m) within an area of 1 km2, based on when the same pulse arrives at three hydrophones on sonobuoys aligned in a triangular array. Radio transceivers communicate with the base station, where the x and y coordinates of the subject are calculated using hyperbolic equations. The base station plots the individual's position and displays information from the tag's sensors in real time on a computer monitor before saving the data on a disk. The base station must be situated either on land or on a vessel within the reception range of the three buoys. We used a RAP system to monitor the movements and behavior of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) near the elephant seal rookery at Ano Nuevo Island in central California. This type of system is an ideal tool to study the predatory behavior of the white shark because individuals patrol for seal prey within a zone <1300 m from shore. We describe the operation of the system, including acoustic triangulation, range of detection and positioning, data acquisition and analysis, and positional accuracy. We illustrate the implementation of the method and its advantages and disadvantages by describing an ongoing study of white shark hunting-behavior. Sample data from this study are presented to illustrate specific points. We describe the movements of five sharks within the receiving range and their behavior relative to each other. The RAP system is compared to other complementary tracking methods. We conclude that this system has great potential for monitoring the movements and behavior of large marine animals within a relatively small zone, where feeding or reproduction takes place.
Impulsive Flux Transfer Events and Solar Flares

Experimental and theoretical aspects of the fundamental process of magnetic flux transfer (‘field line reconnection’) are reviewed. Explosively rapid events are observed in a laboratory magnetoplasma device designed to test certain aspects of neutral point theories of the solar flare mechanism. In these events, ultra-fast release of magnetic energy through reconnection of field lines is effected by a conduction mode instability in which an abrupt upward transition to anomalous resistivity takes place in the neighbourhood of the X-point. The events are triggered when the X-point current density exceeds the conduction mode instability threshold. The energy that is released is that which is associated with the induced current system that supports field line reconnection under ordinary quiescent conditions. Many characteristics of the laboratory events and their associated phenomena, when appropriately scaled, show remarkable agreement with corresponding flare observational data. Some new directions for further development of flare theory are therefore recommended. These experiments indicate that a number of assumptions commonly made in theoretical analysis of the reconnection process are inappropriate. The flux transfer process can be well understood theoretically in terms of a simple circuit analogue which models the laboratory process.
Human needs and utility maximization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide alternatives to the economic man image of human behavior and incorporate these alternative images which are based on motivational needs into utility analysis.Design/methodology/approach – Empirically derived psychological variables define the individual's personality type in terms of an altruistic or non‐altruistic orientation. These variables are incorporated into the individual's utility function, and an analysis is made of utility maximization based on human needs.Findings – Behavioral and motivational characteristics of individuals are relatively constant and are a function of the underlying personality traits of the individuals. Empirical support is offered for these characteristics, they are incorporated into the individual's utility function, and an analysis if performed on the interactions between individuals.Originality/value – This paper not only goes beyond the economic man image of human behavior to analyze altruistic and selfish behavior but a...
JEJUNAL CARNITINE (C) LEVELS AND ABSORPTION IN HUMANS

We previously characterized human duodenal uptake of C in vitro as a combined active (KT 558 μ M) and passive system (Gastro 91:10, 1986). To ascertain the response to physiologic or pharmacologic doses, serial intrajejunal and plasma levels were measured for 6 hr after either a hamburger meal [200 μmol free C (FC); 139 μmol short-chain acyl ester (SCAC)] or an oral dose of L-C (50 mg/kg). In vivo jejunal absorption was studied by the triple-lumen perfusion technique. RESULTS: Fasting luminal levels were 9 μM FC and 15 μM SCAC. The meal raised these fractions to 209 μM FC and 130 μM SCAC at 1 hr reflecting Its composition but did not affect plasma levels. The drug dose sharply increased jejunal levels to 20,660 μM FC and 3,780 μM SCAC at ½ hr falling to near baseline by 6 hr. The SCAC portion remained between 14-25% possibly representing mucosal metabolism. Although plasma FC levels doubled to 67 μM at 3-4 hr, the SCAC portion remained between 18-23%. Preliminary in situ perfusions indicate that net C flux was 58 nmol/min/30 cm gut segment at 20 μM and 484 nmol/min/30 cm at 200 μM; thus demonstrating net absorption at fasting and meal concentrations. CONCLUSION: Absorption of C occurs predominantly by active transport under physiologic conditions and by passive diffusion during drug administration. The presence of considerable SCAC under both conditions suggests that its absorption is of potential physiologic significance.
The comparative potency of various steroids to complete the priming process for lordosis in guinea pigs.

Abstract Ovariectomized adult guinea pigs were treated with a regimen of estradiol benzoate (0.2 μg/animal estradiol benzoate at hr 0 and 19) that was shown to be minimally effective for the induction of lordosis. They were then treated with 10, 20, or 80 mg of enclomiphene, 5, 20, 40, or 100 μg of estradiol, or testosterone, cortisol, estrone, estriol, diethylstilbestrol, catechol estradiol, or catechol estrone (all at a dose equivalent to 5 μg of estradiol) at hr 28. At hr 39 all females were given 0.5 mg progesterone, and subsequently tested for lordosis behavior. Of the various agents injected at hr 28 only estradiol (at all doses given), estrone, estriol, and diethylstilbestrol were effective in supporting display of lordosis behavior. The results indicate that the antiestrogen enclomiphene, the catechol estrogens, and at least some C19 and C21 steroids are weaker than E2 or ineffective in facilitating lordosis behavior when given late in the priming period. Because previous work had shown that enclomiphene has partial estrogenic effects on lordosis behavior when administered early in the priming period (i.e., at hr 0, 19), it is suggested the early and late phases of the priming process induced by E2 entail qualitatively different neural processes.
A Web Service for Scholarly Big Data Information Extraction

The automatic extraction of metadata and other information from scholarly documents is a common task in academic digital libraries, search engines, and document management systems to allow for the management and categorization of documents and for search to take place. A Web-accessible API can simplify this extraction by providing a single point of operation for extraction that can be incorporated into multiple document workflows without the need for each workflow to implement and support its own extraction functionality. In this paper, we describe CiteSeerExtractor, a RESTful API for scholarly information extraction that exploits the fact that there is duplication in scholarly big data and makes use of a near duplicate matching backend. The backend stores previously extracted metadata and avoids extracting metadata from a document if it has already been extracted before. We describe the design, implementation, and functionality of CiteSeerExtractor and show how the duplicate document matching results in a difference of 8.46% in the time required to extract header and citation information from approximately 3.5 million documents compared to a baseline.
Examination of Molecular Associations via Thin-Layer Electrophoresis II: Interactions of Amphetamine Isomers with Optically Active and Racemic Acids

The different degree of migration of d- and l-amphetamine isomers on alumina, cellulose, and silica gel layers, in the presence of optically active and racemic mandelic and tartaric acids and the inactive salicylic acid, was examined using thin-layer electrophoresis. The observed differences were interpreted in terms of molecular associations.
Comparative corruption in China and India

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the difference in the extent and nature of corruption in China and India. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes a comparative political-economy approach. Findings – The paper shows the complexities in the different style and substance of governance in the two countries that are not captured in the usual democracy-authoritarianism comparisons. Originality/value – The interesting contrasts highlight differences in style and content of governance in China and India, which are not captured in the usual facile democracy-authoritarianism comparisons.
The professional journal as a signal of movement to occupational ascendancy and as legitimation of a professional project: the early history of The Accountant's Magazine 1897–1951:

This article chronicles the early history of The Accountant's Magazine and provides explanations of its role within the professional project of the first generations of Scottish chartered accountants. The journal appeared in 1897 as part of a federal structure constructed to promote a unified image of chartered accountancy in Scotland in response to challenges to its occupational ascendancy. Between 1897 and 1951, the journal was managed and edited on a part-time basis by practitioners and required continuous financial support from its three sponsoring professional bodies. Also during this period, its content portrayed public accountancy as a profession of diverse skills and marketable services. However, the journal's subscription membership included only a small minority of members of the three sponsoring bodies. The article argues that the early history of TAM is consistent with sociological explanations of the professional project. At the time of its creation, it was a signal of movement to occupationa...
Winning the global race for solar silicon

While there are numerous contestants in the race to produce low-cost solar silicon, the chemistries involved can be grouped into three categories: new Siemens-like processes, new approaches to reduction of silica, and upgrades of metallurgical-grade silicon. This review is focused on the thermo-chemistries being employed in the last two categories, with emphasis on removal of boron and phosphorous, as these elements are the two most difficult to remove from silicon by unidirectional solidification.