cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nouveaux concepts dans l'étude de la résistance aux médicaments anticancéreux

Au cours de la decennie passee, de nombreux mecanismes de resistance ont ete decrits, impliquant surtout la disponibilite du medicament au niveau de sa cible ou la disponibilite de cette cible, mais la resistance a l'induction de la mort cellulaire reste incomprise. Le role de la p53, des proteines de la famille Bcl2, du systeme Fas/Fas-L et des autres recepteurs de signaux de mort cellulaire a ete particulierement etudie. Cependant, des resultats contradictoires ont ete publies concernant l'inhibition de l'apoptose comme mecanisme de resistance aux agents anticancereux, ce qui a jete des doutes sur l'idee generalement acceptee, qui fait de l'apoptose le determinant ultime de l'activite de tout medicament. Ces resultats contradictoires sont sans doute lies a la specificite cellulaire des voies de l'apoptose et les recherches se poursuivent pour obtenir une vue globale integree du role de l'inhibition de l'apoptose dans la resistance aux agents anticancereux. De nouveaux outils genetiques ont ete developpes pour etudier la resistance aux medicaments anticancereux. L'expression differentielle ou soustractive de genes dans des cellules ou des tumeurs sensibles et resistantes a permis d'identifier des genes potentiellement responsables de la resistance, dont le role n'avait pas ete reconnu par les approches analytiques usuelles. La production d'elements genetiques suppresseurs est une approche plus fonctionnelle car ceux-ci peuvent etre selectionnes sur les proprietes reelles de resistance des lignees. L'analyse globale du transcriptome peut etre realisee grâce a l'utilisation de microarrays d'ADNc, soit pour la comparaison de lignees sensibles et resistantes, soit pour l'etude des effets des medicaments sur l'expression des genes. Cela permet d'identifier des genes de reponse aux medicaments, dont l'expression est alteree en presence du medicament, et des voies de signalisation impliquees dans l'activite de ce dernier.
Biomass-derived lignin to jet fuel range hydrocarbons via aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation

A catalytic process, involving the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of dilute alkali extracted corn stover lignin catalysed by noble metal catalyst (Ru/Al2O3) and acidic zeolite (H+-Y), to produce lignin-substructure-based hydrocarbons (C7–C18), primarily C12–C18 cyclic structure hydrocarbons in the jet fuel range, was demonstrated.
Permeation of protective garment material by liquid benzene and by tritiated water

Although the toxic and carcinogenic natures of benzene have been known for some time, the 10 ppm regulation governing human exposure to it as a vapor or a liquid dates only from the 1970s. The present work presents the rate at which liquid benzene breaks through certain protective garment materials and, thus, provides information concerning the protection these materials provide. Presented here are the results of such measurements on butyl, natural rubber latex, neoprene latex, nitrile latex, surgical rubber latex. Teflon, Tyvek 1422A, poly(vinyl chloride), and Viton elastomers, and the following composites or supported elastomers: butyl-coated nylon; ethylene vinyl acetate/polyethylene-coated polyester; polyethylene-coated Tyvek 1422A; poly(vinyl alcohol) and Saranex 15. Included in these determinations were studies to correlate the protective materials’ swelling and weight changes following immersion in benzene with their breakthrough time, i.e., that time at which benzene was first detected in the aque...
Teachers’ recognition and reporting of child abuse: a factorial survey

Abstract Objective: The major aim of this study was to determine the effect of characteristics of the case, the teacher, and the organizational setting on recognition and reporting of child abuse. Method: A factorial survey design was employed in which a probability sample of teachers ( N = 480) responded to vignettes in which case characteristics were systematically manipulated. Results: Analysis using OLS regression showed that case characteristics alone accounted for 50.30% of the variance in recognition and 51.08% of the variance in reporting: the strongest effects were from type and seriousness of abuse, positive behavior of the victim and positive psychology of the perpetrator. The inclusion of variables describing the teachers and the school explained only a very small additional proportion of the variance in teacher’s responses. Conclusions: Teachers responses to child abuse are relatively unbiased by either the extraneous characteristics of the perpetrator or victim, the responding teacher, or the school setting. The findings do not appear to support the problem of “overreporting.” There is evidence for “underreporting,” particularly in less serious cases involving physical and emotional abuse. Teachers are undeterred by the many problems and fears that may accompany a report of child abuse to Child Protective Services. Teachers use discretion in reporting abuse they recognize.
Student learning style and educational outcomes: evidence from a family financial management course

Abstract The academic performance of 419 undergraduate students in an individual financial management class was evaluated in light of their learning style, demographic background, academic history and time allocation. Academic history and time use variables proved to be the only significant predictors of grades in the course. Student learning style, as measured by Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory, was not a strong predictor of success in this financial management class, and it appears that no single type of learner best grasps financial management concepts. The implications of these finding lead to a discussion of instructional methods.
Arbitrary discontinuities in finite elements

A technique for modelling arbitrary discontinuities in finite elements is presented. Both discontinuities in the function and its derivatives are considered. Methods for intersecting and branching discontinuities are given. In all cases, the discontinuous approximation is constructed in terms of a signed distance functions, so level sets can be used to update the position of the discontinuities. A standard displacement Galerkin method is used for developing the discrete equations. Examples of the following applications are given: crack growth, a journal bearing, a non-bonded circular inclusion and a jointed rock mass. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monte Carlo study of reversible growth of clusters on a surface

The effect of binding energy on the growth of clusters on a two-dimensional square lattice was studied by a means of a Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicate that for binding energies higher than 0.5kT, clusters grow relative to the initial random distribution, while for binding energies lower than 0.5 kT, clusters decompose. It was also found that at low binding energies the equilibrium percentage of atoms that are bound in clusters is linearly dependent on the binding energy. The cluster density behaved in a similar manner. This similarity reflects the fact that at low binding energies the growth proceeds mainly by the formation of new clusters rather than by an increase in the size of existing ones.
Skin lipids. III. Fatty chains in skin lipids. The use ofvernix caseosa to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous components in human skin surface lipid

The literature on the types of fatty chains that occur in skin lipids is reviewed and new data are presented.
A Study of the Relation Between Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Flow in the Pigment Dispersion Syndrome

Forty subjects with pigment dispersion syndrome with and without intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation were compared with 40 age-matched controls. Intraocular pressure, resistance to outflow, and the rate of flow of aqueous humor were compared. Eyes with higher IOP and higher resistance to outflow were found to have a normal rate of aqueous flow. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that moderate and chronic elevation of IOP in the adult human eye does not induce a chronic compensatory reduction of aqueous humor flow.
The growing contribution of sulfur emissions from ships in Asian waters, 1988–1995

Abstract International shipping is a major source of sulfur emissions in Asia. Because the fuel oil used by ships is high in sulfur, the resulting emissions of SO2 are large and contribute as much as 20% to the atmospheric loading in the vicinity of ports and heavily traveled waterways. Because of the rapid growth of Asian economies in the 1980s and early 1990s, it is estimated that shipping trade grew by an average of 5.4% per year between 1988 and 1995; in particular, crude oil shipments to Asian countries other than Japan grew by an average of 11.4% per year. The emissions of SO2 from shipping are estimated to have grown by 5.9% per year between 1988 and 1995, rising from 545 Gg in 1988 to 817 Gg in 1995. This study uses the ATMOS atmospheric transport and deposition model to study the effects of these emissions, both in absolute terms and relative to land-based emissions, on wet and dry deposition of sulfur. Southeast Asia is most heavily affected by emissions from ships, particularly Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore, which routinely receive in excess of 10% of their deposition from ships. A strong seasonal component is also observed, with large areas of Southeast Asia and coastal Japan receiving sulfur deposition that exceeds 10 mg S m−2 season−1. Deposition is at least 25% higher in summer and fall than in winter and spring. Peak values of 25–50 mg S m−2 season−1 are calculated for winter in the Strait of Malacca. This work suggests a need to introduce policies to reduce the sulfur content of marine fuels or otherwise reduce emissions of SO2 from ships in Asian waters.
Statistics of magnetic field fluctuations in a partially ionized space plasma

Voyager 1 and 2 data reveals that magnetic field fluctuations are compressive and exhibit a Gaussian distribution in the compressed heliosheath plasma, whereas they follow a lognormal distribution in a nearly incompressible supersonic solar wind plasma. To describe the evolution of magnetic field, we develop a nonlinear simulation model of a partially ionized plasma based on two-dimensional time-dependent multifluid model. Our model self-consistently describes solar wind plasma ions, electrons, neutrals and pickup ions. It is found from our simulations that the magnetic field evolution is governed by mode conversion process that leads to the suppression of vortical modes, whereas the compressive modes are amplified. An implication of the mode conversion process is to quench the Alfvenic interactions associated with the vortical motions. Consequently anisotropic cascades are reduced. This is accompanied by the amplification of compressional modes that tend to isotropize the plasma fluctuations and lead to a Gaussian distribution of the magnetic field.
Punctuations in the Pennsylvanian evolutionary history of Glabrocingulum (Mollusca: Archaeogastropoda)

The Pennsylvanian System of north-central Texas records oscillating positions of deltas prograding out over muddy marine shelves, adjacent to more distal clear-water marine areas. Invertebrate faunas in the muddy marine habitat migrated in response to these oscillations. The shell of Glabrocingulum , a common gastropod in mud-bottom faunas, shows no morphological response within a cycle to the change in physical conditions during the approach of a prograding delta over the period of tens of thousands of years. An evolutionary split in the genus is seen at the base of Missourian strata; both species continue together through the Upper Pennsylvanian in this area. This split can only be seen among different cycles of sedimentation, which are separated from each other in time by hundreds of thousands of years represented in the stratigraphic record only by unconformities. The longer-term among-cycle history may not be the result of gradually accumulating change in large parent populations. Divergences may be associated with the abrupt habitat changes that punctuate the fossil record.
Chronic oral terbutaline tocolytic therapy is associated with maternal glucose intolerance.

Plasma glucose determinations were performed 1 hour after a 50 gm oral glucose load in 30 patients receiving long-term terbutaline therapy (20 to 40 mg/day for at least 1 week) and 247 normal control patients. A total of 63% of patients receiving terbutaline had an abnormal 1-hour value (≥140 mg/dl), an incidence much higher than that of control subjects (17.8%) (p
Activation and inhibition of photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase by guanylyl cyclase activating protein 1 (GCAP-1) : The functional role of Mg2+/Ca2+ exchange in EF-hand domains

Guanylyl cyclase activating protein 1 (GCAP-1), a Ca2+/Mg2+ sensor protein that accelerates retinal guanylyl cyclase (RetGC) in the light and decelerates it in the dark, is inactive in cation-free form. Binding of Mg2+ in EF-hands 2 and 3 was essential for RetGC activation in the conditions mimicking light adaptation. Mg2+ binding in EF-hand 2 affected the conformation of a neighboring non-metal binding domain, EF-hand-1, and increased GCAP-1 affinity for RetGC nearly 40-fold compared with the metal-free EF-hand 2. Mg2+ binding in EF-hand 3 increased GCAP-1 affinity for RetGC 5-fold and its maximal RetGC stimulation 2-fold. Mg2+ binding in EF-hand 4 affected neither GCAP-1 affinity for RetGC, nor RetGC activation. Inactivation of Ca2+ binding in EF-hand 4 was sufficient to render GCAP-1 a constitutive activator of RetGC, whereas the EF-hand 3 role in Ca2+-dependent deceleration of RetGC was likely to be through the neighboring EF-hand 4. Inactivation of Ca2+ binding in EF-hand 2 affected cooperativity of RetGC inhibition by Ca2+, but did not prevent the inhibition. We conclude that 1) Mg2+ binding in EF-hands 2 and 3, but not EF-hand 4, is essential for the ability of GCAP-1 to activate RetGC in the light; 2) Mg2+ or Ca2+ binding in EF-hand 3 and especially in EF-hand 2 is required for high-affinity interaction with the cyclase and affects the conformation of the neighboring EF-hand 1, a domain required for targeting RetGC; and 3) RetGC inhibition is likely to be primarily caused by Ca2+ binding in EF-hand 4.
Silibinin Synergizes with Histone Deacetylase and DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors in Upregulating E-cadherin Expression Together with Inhibition of Migration and Invasion of Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Aggressive cancers in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phase are characterized by loss of cell adhesion, repression of E-cadherin, and increased cell mobility. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) differs in basal level of E-cadherin; predominantly exhibiting silenced expression due to epigenetic-related modifications. Accordingly, effective treatments are needed to modulate these epigenetic events that in turn can positively regulate E-cadherin levels. Herein, we investigated silibinin, a natural flavonolignan with anticancer efficacy against lung cancer, either alone or in combination with epigenetic therapies to modulate E-cadherin expression in a panel of NSCLC cell lines. Silibinin combined with HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A [TSA; 7-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienamide] or DNMT inhibitor 5′-Aza-deoxycytidine (Aza) significantly restored E-cadherin levels in NSCLC cells harboring epigenetically silenced E-cadherin expression. These combination treatments also strongly decreased the invasion/migration of these cells, which further emphasized the biologic significance of E-cadherin restoration. Treatment of NSCLC cells, with basal E-cadherin levels, by silibinin further increased the E-cadherin expression and inhibited their migratory and invasive potential. Additional studies showed that silibinin alone as well as in combination with TSA or Aza downmodulate the expression of Zeb1, which is a major transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin. Overall these findings demonstrate the potential of combinatorial treatments of silibinin with HDAC or DNMT inhibitor to modulate EMT events in NSCLC cell lines, leading to a significant inhibition in their migratory and invasive potentials. These results are highly significant, since loss of E-cadherin and metastatic spread of the disease via EMT is associated with poor prognosis and high mortalities in NSCLC.
System design considerations for an x-ray phase-contrast imaging system based on in-line holography

Since Roentgen discovered x-ray and performed the first x-ray imaging more than 100 years ago, x-ray imaging has always been based on the biological tissue's differences in x-ray attenuation. However, x-ray-tissue interaction causes x-ray phase changes as well, and the tissue’s differences in phase are about one thousand times larger than their differences in x-ray attenuation. We will present the theoretical foundation and design considerations for clinical x-ray phase-contrast imaging systems based on the x-ray in-line holography. Different from the analysis in literature, we proposed a new formalism for in-line phase-contrast imaging to analyze the effects of four clinically important factors on the phase-contrast. These are the body parts attenuation, the spatial coherence of incident x-ray from an x-ray tube, polychromatic x-ray and radiation dose to patients for clinical applications. We will discuss the phase image-reconstruction based on our new theory for the x-ray in-line holography as well. The theory and image reconstruction algorithms presented in this paper can be applied widely to the diagnostic x-ray imaging applications. The phase-contrast imaging system design guidelines based on the new theory will be discussed and its validation by the computer simulations will be demonstrated.
REGGEIZED DOUBLE-PERIPHERAL-MODEL ANALYSIS OF THREE-BODY FINAL-STATE PROCESSES: APPLICATION TO pp $Yields$ p$pi$$sup -$$delta$$sup ++$ AT 28.5 GeV/c AND OTHER REACTIONS.

Use of a double-Regge-pole-exchange model to describe peripheral three-body final-state processes, especially at near-threshold values of the invariant mass of a pair of final-state particles, is described and discussed. The fact is stressed that the model provides an understanding of the entire reaction, yielding distributions in all kinematical variables. As an example, results are presented from a detailed comparison of the predicted model distributions with data from $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ at 28.5 GeV/c. One simple diagram involving only Pomeranchon and pion exchanges is employed. Good agreement is obtained with the experimental distributions in invariant masses, momentum transfers, and various angles; in particular, the enhancement near 1460 MeV in the (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$) mass spectrum is well fitted. Recent applications of the model to the ${A}_{1}$ region in $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rho}N$ are reviewed. Also explored is the potential for extracting information on the pion trajectory from three-particle final-state reaction data.
Plasma and endometrial progesterone content following exogenous progesterone administration in mares

Intact and ovariectomized pony mares were treated with either progesterone in-oil or repositol progesterone. Serum progesterone, endometrial progesterone and endometrial histology were examined. There were no differences in serum or tissue progesterone between intact and ovariectomized mares. Serum and tissue progesterone were greater for progesterone in-oil treated mares than for repositol treated mares. Both progesterone in-oil and repositol progesterone initiated endometrial gland proliferation with no difference in response observed between the two preparations.
Absence of Z3 criticality in a three-dimensional Potts model with extended couplings☆

The order-disorder phase transition has been reported to be of second order in the three-dimensional three-state Potts model with ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor (J1) and antiferromagnetic next-to-nearest-neighbor (J2) couplings. This contradicts the conventional picture in which Z3 criticality does not exist in three dimensions and has been proposed as a concrete example of the “fluctuation-induced second-order phase transition” of Fucito and Parisi. Monte Carlo calculations on 323 and 643 lattices (for J2J1=−0.1 and −0.2) demonstrate, however, that this phase transition is of first order, in keeping with conventional expectations.
Low high density lipoprotein level is associated with increased restenosis rate after coronary angioplasty.

BACKGROUNDTo determine the relation of post-percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) restenosis to serum lipid fractions and to circulating levels of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its rapid inhibitor (PAI-1), 68 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent a successful PTCA were studied.METHODS AND RESULTSDuring a mean follow-up of 9 months (range, 7-11 months), 28 (41%) patients developed restenosis. A low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was independently and strongly related to both the risk of restenosis (p less than 0.001) and to the time of restenosis (p = 0.03). The mean HDL cholesterol level was 33 +/- 12 mg% in the restenosis group compared with 45 +/- 12 mg% in the nonrestenosis group (p less than 0.001). Restenosis developed in 22 of 34 (64%) patients with an HDL cholesterol less than or equal to 40 mg% compared with six of 34 (17%) patients with an HDL cholesterol greater than 40 mg% (p less than 0.002). The only other variable that was ...
A study to determine if rhinitis sufferers understand what is meant by perennial nonallergic rhinitis

Abstract Rationale Perennial nonallergic rhinitis (PNAR) affects about 35 million people in the U.S., and often causes sufferers to seek more effective treatment of their nasal symptoms. However, PNAR may not be well understood by the patient, and may be confused with other conditions such as allergic rhinitis, resulting in patients not receiving the most appropriate therapy. Therefore, a questionnaire was developed to determine whether wording describing PNAR affects the patient's identification of the disease. Methods 600 self-reported rhinitis sufferers completed a web-based survey instrument. They were randomized to answer one of three questions: "do you suffer from perennial nonallergic rhinitis," "do you suffer from nasal symptoms caused by year round environmental factors," or "do you suffer from perennial nonallergic rhinitis, that is, nasal symptoms caused anytime during the year by things like smoke, pollution or strong odors?" They completed the questionnaire by stating either yes, no or don't know what this is. Results Nearly three in five (59%) of rhinitis sufferers when questioned could not answer if they suffered from PNAR. However, 82% of respondents when questioned were able to answer when the PNAR description included examples of triggers. Conclusions To seek out appropriate care for a disease, it is imperative that patients understand it and are able to discuss it with their healthcare provider. When a descriptive explanation of PNAR was evaluated, over four-fifths of the respondents comprehended the question. Clear, consumer-friendly description of PNAR may assist in the patient asking the right questions and receiving appropriate care.
Interaction of a planar shock wave with a dense particle curtain: Modeling and experiments

The interaction of a planar shock wave with a dense particle curtain is investigated through modeling and experiments. The physics in the interaction between a shock wave with a dense gas-particle mixture is markedly differently from that with a dilute mixture. Following the passage of the shock wave, the dense particle curtain expands rapidly as it propagates downstream and pressures equilibrate throughout the flow field. In the simulations, the particles are viewed as point-particles and are traced in a Lagrangian framework. A physics-based model is then developed to account for interphase coupling. Compared to the standard drag law, four major improvements are made in the present interphase coupling model to take into account: (1) unsteady force contributions to particle force; (2) effect of compressibility on hydrodynamic forces; (3) effect of particle volume fraction on hydrodynamic forces; (4) effect of inter-particle collision. The complex behavior of the dense particle curtain is due to the interplay between two-way coupling, finite particle inertia, and unsteady forces. Incorporation of these effects through significant modeling improvements is essential for the simulation results to agree well with the experimental data. As a result of the large pressure gradient inside the particle curtain, the unsteady forces remain significant for a long time compared to the quasi-steady force and greatly influence the particle curtain motion.
Optimization of instrumental parameters for square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry

Abstract Experimental parameters associated with the use of a square-wave potential waveform during the stripping procedure have been examined for their effect on the sensitivity of ASV. Voltamperograms for 10- ng ml solutions of lead and of cadmium were recorded under the various experimental conditions. Peak heights obtained experimentally were compared with those calculated from an equation describing the rate of decay of the measured current. Calibration graphs were constructed for lead and cadmium over the range 0.1–1.6 ng ml , and the two metals were determined in samples of the local water supply.
The psychological study of chronically ill and disabled children: are healthy siblings appropriate controls?

This study examined the appropriateness of siblings as controls in the psychological assessment of children with chronic illness or disability. Findings from 304 cases and 360 randomly selected controls were compared to findings from a subset of 206 casesibling pairs. Cases were children 6 to 18 years of age with cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, myelodysplasia, and multiple handicaps, selected from specialty clinics in two teaching hospitals in the Cleveland area. Results from both data sets were in agreement on major findings indicating that children with cystic fibrosis are not at increased risk for psychopathology, whereas children in the remaining three diagnostic groups show a substantial excess in Mentation Problems and Isolation. The comparisons with matched siblings underestimated pathology in the disabled children in RegressiveAnxiety and aggressive behavior.
Technical Note-Comparison between Two Dynamic Perishable Inventory Models

Two apparently different inventory models for describing optimal ordering policies for a fixed life commodity have been developed by Fries and Nahmias. This note considers the relationship between these models. Our main result is that the optimal policies for Fries' model and a discounted version of Nahmias' are identical when the remaining number of periods in the horizon exceeds the product lifetime in periods. We also discuss the relevance of these results to the computation of an approximate critical number policy developed elsewhere.
Nuclear flow excitation function.

We consider the dependence of collective flow on the nuclear surface thickness in a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model of heavy ion collisions. Well-defined surfaces are introduced by giving test particles a Gaussian density profile of constant width. Zeros of the flow excitation function are as much influenced by the surface thickness as the nuclear equation of state, and the dependence of this effect is understood in terms of a simple potential scattering model. Realistic calculations must also take into account medium effects for the nucleon-nucleon cross section, and impact parameter averaging. We find that balance energy scales with the mass number as ${\mathit{A}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$, where y has a numerical value between 0.35 and 0.5, depending on the assumptions about the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section.
Serum Biochemical Profiles in Screening of Adults

Excerpt To the editor: I read with interest the report of Cebul and Beck (1) on the applications of serum biochemical profiles in the screening of adults. The use of such profiles is an area in whi...
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF WIND FACTOR IN LAKE MENDOTA1

Wind blowing across a water surface will transmit momentum to the water and cause a surface current. The ratio of water velocity to wind velocity is called the wind factor. This paper presents observed values of the wind factor obtained as median values and by regression analysis of wind velocity vs. water velocity. The data show that the wind factor is a discontinuous function at a critical wind speed. Water velocity in the surface layers increases with wind velocity until a critical wind speed is reached, and then it decreases. This observation is in agreement with Munk’s (1946) theory of a critical wind speed for air-sea boundary processes, which yields air-sea boundary instability for winds exceeding 6.5 m/sec. The observations taken in Lake Mendota yield a critical wind speed of 5.7–6.1 m/sec. The present results were arrived at after a study of 356 observations.
Observation of ultrasonic interaction with field independent NMR modes in RbMnF3

Abstract Field independent nuclear magnetic resonance modes have been observed in the antiferromagnet RbMnF 3 by detecting their interaction with a longitudinal ultrasonic wave propagating along the direction of the equilibrium sublattice magnetizations.
How did the wealthiest Britons get so rich?: Comment

It has been argued here that while the Siegfried and Roberts analysis of the wealthiest Britons is interesting, it is flawed in several respects. First, it failed to incorporate correctly the concept of economic rents to fortunes built on personal talents. Second, it failed to recognize explicitly that 25 fortunes, or fully 12.5% of all fortunes, resulted from real estate and other investments that were based on nothing more than lucky speculation. Finally, the authors were surprised to find so many fortunes generated in competitive industries, when in fact, this should be an expected outcome. A different reading of these data suggests that many British fortunes resulted from lucky speculation just as would be expected by Thurow, Scherer and Ross, and many other economists.
Compressive strengths of a new foil and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns.

Abstract This study evaluated the compressive strengths of Renaissance foil and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns on polycarbonate test dies. Both crown types were veneered with feldspathic porcelain. The compressive strength of the PFM crowns, 1895 ± 317 N, was statistically higher than that of the Renaissance foil crowns, 1060 ± 89 N. Comparison of the Renaissance foil crown's compressive strength to published biting forces indicated that the Renaissance crown should function without difficulty.
At-speed delay testing of synchronous sequential circuits

Methods to test sequential circuits for delay faults are discussed. A method called at-speed testing is proposed for simplifying test application and reducing test length. A value system to allow at-speed testing is developed, and a test generation procedure is presented. The effect of at-speed test application on the path delay fault model is described. Experimental results are presented, demonstrating the applicability of at-speed testing and its effect on test length. >
Supporting the 75%: Overcoming barriers after breastfeeding initiation

There are many challenges to adequately supporting breastfeeding mothers in the primary care setting. Herein I will address: (1) what we mean by support; (2) the gap between initiation and duration that we hope to impact; (3) why women do not meet their goals and describe findings from our study on breastfeeding problems and cessation; (4) outline the challenges to support breastfeeding in primary care; and (5) briefly review the evidence around primary care interventions. We often talk about protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding. I was intrigued to find that essentially all of the definitions of support1 apply. The first unfortunately applies too often to the status quo—as women bravely endure breastfeeding problems without enough other support. To maintain a desired level or keep something going could apply at either the individual or the public health level. To assist or help is primarily the focus of my talk, with emphasis on the clinical setting. But financial (to pay the costs of) and moral (to keep from yielding) support is also necessary. According to the 2007 National Immunization Survey, 75% of infants born in our country are ever breastfed.2 The mothers of these infants, the 75% of women who initiate breastfeeding, are the current focus. By 6 months, greater than 40% of mothers who initiate—almost one in two—are no longer breastfeeding, and by 12 months, almost three out of four have stopped. The 2020 goal is to increase the breastfeeding rate at 6 months to 60.5%, which represents a decrease to about one in four of the 81.9% targeted initiation rate stopping this early.3 We would of course like to also support breastfeeding exclusivity among the initiators, and the 44.3% exclusive breastfeeding target at 3 months represents an increase from around 45% to about 55% of initiators. We can see that supporting women who initiate breastfeeding to do so more exclusively and for longer is where the 2020 goals focus—more than on increasing initiation rates. So what are the barriers for breastfeeding mothers? We are familiar with many. For example, the recent retrospective study of Haughton et al.4 of 162 Connecticut Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants reported that breastfeeding duration was related to whether the pregnancy was planned as well as the mothers' age and length of time residing in the United States. The most common reasons for stopping breastfeeding were age of the child, work, sore nipples (as we might expect, more common among those stopping earlier), breast refusal, lack of access to breast pumps, and free formula provided by WIC. A couple of these reasons suggest intent is relevant to duration: The planned pregnancy and weaning because of the child's age. The latter suggests the mothers had reached their intended breastfeeding duration. We wanted to know more about barriers that prevented mothers from reaching their intended breastfeeding duration and therefore studied early lactation success prospectively.
Model for estimating dopamine transporter occupancy and subsequent increases in synaptic dopamine using positron emission tomography and carbon-11-labeled cocaine

Abstract Althouth increases in dopamine secondary to the inhibition of the dopamine transporter appear to underline the reinforcing properties of cocaine, there is presently no model that relates the elevation of synaptic dopamine to the transporter occupancy by cocaine. We proposed such a model based on positron emission tomographic (PET) measurements of the brain concentration of cocaine and the assumption of rapid equilibrium between free cocaine and cocaine bound to the dopamine transporter. A euphorigenic dose of cocaine (about 40 mg) is predicted to occupy 80–90% of the transporters, while a perceptible dose (about 5 mg) occupies about 40% of the transported. If reuptake in proportion to the fraction of transporters occupied by cocaine, our model indicated that synaptic dopamine rises supra-linearly with occupancy. so that 5 and 40 mg doses of cocaine give about 2- and 10-fold increases, respectively. A consequence is that dose of cocaine produces a similar degeree of elevation of dopamine regardless of the prior level of occupation of th transporters by cocaine. This prediction is supported by recent PET/neuropsychological studies in our laboratory where dopamine transporter occupancy was measured after giving methylphenidate intravenously to volunteers; similarly intence “highs’ were reported whether the initial occupancy was zero or 75–85%. It could also explain why attempts to block the psychostimulant-induced “high” by pretreating subjects with drugs that block the dopamine transporter have been unseccessful, and why the use of methylphenidate to treat cocaine addicts led to increased cocaine consumption.
Bioavailability of 17 ampicillin products

Abstract The bioavailability of single lots of 250‐mg ampicillin capsules, available from 17 distributors and/or manufacturers, was determined. Each product was evaluated in terms of the serum ampicillin levels achieved at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hr postadministration, the peak serum levels, the time of peak serum level, and the area under the serum level–time curve. There was no statistically significant difference ( p > 0.05) between any of the 17 products tested.
Wind measurements of MLT region using the Platteville, CO MEDAC 50 MHz meteor radar

Abstract Meteoroids enter the earth's atmosphere constantly, producing a trail of ions due to their interaction with the air molecules. Using radar techniques, these trails are detected and used as tracers of the atmospheric winds by measuring the Doppler shift of the return echo as the trails drift with the wind. We present initial results of the atmospheric wind estimates in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region measured using an improved Meteor Echo Detection and Collection (MEDAC) system. For the data presented in this work, the MEDAC is operated with an all-sky 50 MHz radar system at the Platteville Atmospheric Observatory, located at 40°N, 105°W. A five receiver interferometer is used to detect and estimate the precise location of the trail. Further processing yields mean wind estimations for the height range in between 80 and 110 km. Spectral analysis show strong diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations for the resulting wind estimates.
Quantifying the decisional satisfaction to accept or reject the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: a preference for cervical cancer prevention.

Objective Only a portion of the US population is willing to consider HPV vaccination to date. The primary aim of this study is to determine the decisional satisfaction associated with HPV vaccination. Study Design This is a prospective survey conducted at an urban college where women 18–26 years old completed a decisional satisfaction survey about their HPV vaccine experience. Results Regardless of the decision to accept or reject HPV vaccination, the decisional satisfaction was very high (mean 5-item score = 21.2 (SD 3.8)). Women without HPV vaccination were decisionally neutral significantly more often than those already vaccinated; 22% were decisionally neutral for the option to accept HPV vaccination at that visit. Cervical cancer prevention was preferred significantly more often than genital wart prevention in all analyses. Conclusions Targeting those who are decisionally neutral about HPV vaccination may result in a higher uptake of HPV vaccination.
An example illustrating the incompleteness of the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations for thermally compressible fluids

Abstract This paper illustrates, by example, the incompleteness of the Navier–Stokes–Fourier (NSF) equations for the case of thermally compressible fluids, namely fluids possessing a nonzero coefficient of thermal expansion. The work is a follow-up to a recent publication that offered elementary arguments quantifying that incompleteness but did not provide an explicit physical example thereof. The present example was chosen strictly for the simplicity of the calculations required to bring it to fruition, rather than for its importance in applications. The example analyzes steady-state, one-dimensional (albeit nonunidirectional) heat conduction through a quiescent fluid bounded by concentric spheres maintained at different temperatures. This example is counterpart to the classic NSF case of steady-state, one-dimensional (but now unidirectional) heat conduction through a quiescent fluid bounded by flat plates maintained at different temperatures. The contrasting results obtained for the two cases illustrates effects arising from the proposed amendments to the traditional NSF equations. For the case of gases the amended results indicate the possibility of their differing significantly from classical results based on the NSF equations when the gas is rarefied. For liquids, however, physically realizable values of the relevant parameters governing the amended equations are such that no sensible deviations from classical NSF behavior are observed. The difference owes to the relative incompressibility of liquids compared with gases. The smallness of the effect for liquids is, however, noted to be atypical of the amended consequences arising in circumstances where the temperature varies along, rather than purely normal to solid surfaces, as in the present concentric-sphere example. In that case Maxwell thermal creep effects would create more profound effects than in the present example, whether for liquids or gases.
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of tobacco mosaic virus by thiouracil.

SUBSTANCES capable of inhibiting specifically the formation of viruses are of obvious practical and theoretical interest. In the case of plant viruses, the composition of which are relatively simple and known, the opportunity exists of correlating the structure of an inhibitor with that of virus constituents and thereby gaining some insight into the problem of the biosynthesis of virus.
The determination of lead in blood using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) was applied to the certification of Pb in four levels of NIST blood SRM, 955a. This standard reference material (SRM) represents a significant improvement over the previous blood reference material and will greatly aid method development. The lowest level, 47.76 ng/g Pb was determined with analysis uncertainty (95% CI, ID-ICP-MS uncertainties) of less than 1% and the highest level, 517.9 ng/g Pb to 0.3%. Uncertainty in the lowest level was due to sample inhomogeneity and variability in the analytical blank as the RSD on ratio measurements was typically better than 0.2%. Properly applied isotope dilution coupled with careful isotope ratio measurements on the ICP-MS offers precision and accuracy for blood Pb analyses beyond what is currently obtainable with routine methods.
Late Pleistocene luminescence chronology of loess deposition in the Missouri and Mississippi river valleys, United States

The loess stratigraphy of the mid-continental U.S. is an important proxy record for the advance of the North American ice sheet into the catchment of the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers. One of the most outstanding problems is deciphering the age of the loess deposits in this area during the Late Pleistocene. We used multiple-aliquot additive dose procedures under infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocols to resolve ages of loess at the Loveland Silt type locality, Iowa, the Pleasant Grove School section, Illinois, and the Bonfils Quarry section, Missouri. Radiocarbon dated levels in the Peoria Loess and Roxana Silt were used to test the accuracy of the IRSL and SAR methods. SAR on polymineral and quartz extracts yielded underestimates in age by 20–55%, whereas IRSL gave concordant ages to the 14C control and was used to date the loess sequences. The oldest loess, the Bonfils Silt, gave IRSL ages between 159 and 264 ka and are considered non-finite estimates because the luminescence response was near saturation with additive β dose. The Loveland Silt at the type locality exhibited considerable luminescence in growth with additive β dose and yielded the mean age of 159±14 ka (n=4). The Teneriffe Silt gave a mean IRSL age of 93±5 ka (n=4) which, overlaps at two σ with a previous TL age and indicates deposition sometime between 100 and 80 ka. The Roxana Silt yielded stratigraphically consistent IRSL ages between ca. 60 and 30 ka. Luminescence and radiocarbon dating indicate that there were four distinct periods of loess deposition in the Mississippi and Missouri river basins at ca. 180–140 ka, 100–80 ka, 60–30 ka, and 25–12 ka which are concordant with periods of meltwater input to the Gulf of Mexico, another proxy of glaciation in mid-continental North America.
Effects of temperature on the toxicity of m-parathion, chlorpyrifos, and pentachlorobenzene to Chironomus tentans

This study examined the influence of temperature (10, 20, and 30 degrees C) on the acute toxicity and accumulation of two organophosphate (OP) insecticides and a narcotic chemical to the midge (Chironomus tentans). OP insecticides used in this study included chlorpyrifos and m-parathion, and pentachlorobenzene was the chosen narcotic. Chlorpyrifos was the most toxic chemical tested, followed by m-parathion and then pentachlorobenzene. A positive correlation was found between temperature and toxicity for each of the chemicals tested. A reverse trend was noted for total OP insecticide body residues with decreased concentrations found at the higher temperatures. Pentachlorobenzene body residues remained constant at all temperatures. All three chemicals showed increased uptake rates at 20 and 30 degrees C in comparison to 10 degrees C. The noted decrease in midge body residues at the higher temperatures for the OP insecticides was contributed to increased biotransformation and elimination rates at the higher temperatures. Overall, temperature had a greater influence on OP toxicity than for pentachlorobenzene, and this may be due to accelerated biotransformation of the OPs to more toxic o-analog metabolites at the higher temperatures.http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n4p542.html</++ +HEA
Prosthodontic therapy for cleidocranial dysostosis: report of case

Objectives of treatment of the oral manifestations of cleidocranial dysostosis should include restoring the vertical dimension of occlusion, building out the maxilla, establishing of functional occlusion, improving appearance and phonation, and improving the patient's mental well-being.
Modeling critical overloading in 1-3, 6, and 10 kV power cables

The efficient utilization of electrical transmission equipment such as power transformers and cables is essential within the countries of the former Soviet Union. Quite often, however, a more important issue is the functioning of transmission devices in overload regimes since operating under overload conditions can damage and destroy the transmission equipment. In this paper, the recommended functioning time of power cables for a given overloading degree and ambient temperature is determined. The time duration in both the operating (heating process) and the standby (cooling process) regimes is computed and presented graphically.
Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval

Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval. Mary Isaacs White. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 255 pp.
Bartenders as informal, interpersonal

This exploratory interview study investigated the informal interpersonal help-giving behaviors of 76 bartenders. Bartenders serve an average of 100+ customers daily, of whom about 16070 raise moderate to serious personal problems. The types of personal problems that came up, and bartenders" handling strategies and feeling reactions when such problems were raised, were recorded and analyzed. All three fell into meaningful factor clusters. Due in part to the hectic nature of the bar situation, bartenders are less able to engage personal problems in depth than other informal help-agents, e.g., beauticians. They are also less interested in prospective mental health consultation. Thus, although personal problems do indeed come up frequently at the bar, methods for superficial handling and/or referral, rather than in-depth engagement of such problems, seem more consistent with the realities of that work situation.