cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Invasive Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Low Tidal Volume Ventilation

Abstract SESSION TYPE: ARDS/Lung Injury PostersPRESENTED ON: Wednesday, October 24, 2012 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PMPURPOSE: A subset of spontaneously breathing patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI) achieves low tidal volume goals only when delta pressure is titrated downward to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We performed a retrospective observational study to assess the safety of CPAP alone for invasively mechanically ventilated, spontaneously breathing patients with ARDS/ALI.METHODS: The records of all adult patients with respiratory failure and a PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio alt; 300 who were invasively ventilated using CPAP at the University of Missouri Hospital between 8/1/2008 and 11/7/2009 were reviewed. Patients undergoing active weaning were excluded. Sedation requirements, respiratory rate and P/F ratio were compared in individual patients ventilated using CPAP versus conventional modes.RESULTS: 23 patients were included (13 males and 10 females: age range of 19 to 78 years). The mean BMI was 36 kg/m2. The median time on CPAP was 51 hours. No difference was seen in the mean respiratory rate (18.8 vs. 18.78; p=0.99 ) or sedation requirements [propofol (15.0 vs. 19.5; p= 0.48), ativan (0.02 vs. 0.07; p= 0.54), versed(0.76 vs. 1.11; p= 0.41) or fentanyl(79.4 vs. 92.1; p= 0.54)] using CPAP vs. conventional modes respectively. P/F ratio was slightly better (183.80 vs 209.72; p=0.02) and survival was 87% (vs. 40-74% historical control) in the CPAP group.CONCLUSIONS: Invasive CPAP appears safe and well tolerated in spontaneously breathing patients with ARDS/ALI.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Invasive CPAP may be a useful mode in patients with ARDS/ALI.DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Shilpa Patel, Casey Stahlheber, Troy Whitacre, Dexter Burns, Stevan WhittNo Product/Research Disclosure InformationUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
Learning about the Organization via Knowledge Management: The Case of JPL

This article describes the development and operation of a knowledge system to support learning of organizational knowledge at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a U.S. national research laboratory whose mission is planetary exploration and to â€œdo what no one has done beforeâ€ . JPL 101 is a Web-accessible database of general organizational knowledge, captured in a series of quizzes. The heart of JPL 101 is the content that is encoded as questions and annotated answers with connections to related information and resources. This article describes the requirements generation process, implementation, and roll-out of the JPL 101 system. Data collected over 19 weeks of operation were used to assess system performance with respect to design considerations, participation, effectiveness of communication mechanisms, and individual-based learning. These results are discussed in the context of organizational learning research and implications for practice.
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory in a non‐elderly adult sample of patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Although the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is commonly administered across a wide range of psychological disorders, its psychometric properties have not yet been examined in a non-elderly (aged 59 years or younger) adult sample of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Completed BDIs were obtained from 48 patients with GAD (mean age=31.85 years) and 41 nonanxious control participants (mean age=30.49 years). The BDI exhibited good internal consistency in the clinical sample. Patients obtained more extreme scores on the BDI than did control participants, and patients with a comorbid mood disorder obtained more extreme scores on the BDI than did patients without a comorbid mood disorder. Patients' BDI scores correlated significantly more strongly with a clinician-administered measure of depression than with self-report measures of generalized anxiety, worry, social anxiety, or anxiety sensitivity, but not more strongly than with a clinician-administered measure of anxiety. BDI scores correlated positively with self-reported disability and negatively with life satisfaction. Overall, the BDI demonstrated good psychometric properties in this non-elderly adult sample of patients with GAD. Depression and Anxiety 22:41–44, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract 3524: Structure-based molecular docking of DNA polymerase β as a novel target for chemotherapeutic intervention of colorectal cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. In the year 2010, an estimated 102,900 new colorectal cases will be diagnosed and 51,370 deaths will occur in the United States only. Chemoprevention presents a major strategy for the medical management of colorectal cancer risk. Most drugs used for colorectal cancer therapy induce DNA alkylation damage, which are primarily repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Thus, blockade of BER pathway is an attractive option to inhibit the spread of colorectal cancer. Here we used structure-based molecular docking of DNA polymerase β (Pol-β) and identified a potent anti-Pol-β compound NSC-124854. Our aim was to examine whether NSC-124854 could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of DNA-alkylating agent, Temozolomide (TMZ), by blocking BER. First, we determined the specificity of NSC-124854 for Pol-β by using in vitro activities of APE1, Fen1, DNA ligase I, and Pol-β-directed single nucleotide (SN)- and long-patch (LP)-BER. Second, we determined the effect of NSC-124854 on the cytotoxicity of TMZ to mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient and MMR-proficient colon cancer cells by using in vitro clonogenic assays. Third, we used female homozygous SCID mice as a pre-clinical xenograft model to determine the effect of NSC-124854 on the in vivo tumor growth inhibition of MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient colonic tumors in mice. Our data showed that NSC-124854 elicit specificity to Pol-β and blocked Pol-β-directed SN- and LP-BER activities in vitro reconstituted system. Furthermore, NSC-124854 effectively induced the sensitivity of TMZ to MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient colon cancer cells both in vitro cell culture system and in vivo mouse model. Our findings suggest a potential novel strategy for the development of highly specific, and thus safer structure-based inhibitor(s) for the prevention of colonic tumor progression. This work has been supported by NCI/NIH grants (R01 CA-097031 and CA-100247) to SN. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3524. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3524
Grain boundary effects in poly‐Si as determined by low frequency capacitance and conductance data

The dependence of MIS capacitance (CM) and conductance (GM) on dc bias (U) at various frequencies (20 Hz to 50 kHz) is measured for MIS devices on the grain, grain boundary, and multiple grain boundaries for p-type silicon. Significant differences in CM–U and GM–U are seen when comparing devices with and without grain boundaries. The effective interface state density (Nss) is calculated from the above data. At mid-gap, Nss = 1.5 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 without a grain boundary, whereas Nss = 4 to 8 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 when grain boundaries are present. This can account for the 50 mV reduced Uoc on solar cells made from polycrystalline Si. This technique is also a useful tool for evaluating effects of grain boundary passivation. Die Abhangigkeit der MIS-Kapazitat (CM) und des Leitwerts (GM) von der Gleichvorspannung U bei verschiedenen Frequenzen (20 Hz bis 50 kHz) wird fur MIS-Elemente am Korn, an Korngrenzen und Vielfach-Korngrenzen fur p-Silizium gemessen. Betrachtliche Differenzen fur CM–U und GM–U werden beim Vergleich der Bauelemente mit und ohne Korngrenzen beobachtet. Die effektive Grenzflachenzustandsdichte (Nss) wird aus den oben angegebenen Daten berechnet. In Bandmitte betragt Nss = 1,5 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 ohne Korngrenzen, wahrend Nss = 4 bis 8 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 ist, wenn Korngrenzen vorhanden sind. Dies kann die um 50 mV reduzierte Spannung Uoc in Solarzellen erklaren, die aus polykristallinem Si hergestellt werden. Diese Technik stellt auch eine nutzliche Methode zur Berechnung von Einflussen der Korngrenzenpassivierung dar.
The Porto Alegre Consensus: Theorizing the forum movement

Abstract The World Social Forums and corresponding Forum movement marks a shift in transnational social movement methodology and solidarity. The Forums work to thicken linkages between global civil society actors, liberate communicative action, and horizontally integrate the struggle for global social justice. This article outlines a theoretical dialogue linking the concepts of transnational public spheres, political opportunity structures and cosmopolitan democracies to the Forums' process. The article also discusses the idea of a Porto Alegre Consensus evolving to challenge the economic logic of the Washington Consensus. This Consensus coalesces around agreed-upon methodologies guiding the Forums' development partly laid out in its Charter of Principles, but, more importantly, interpreted and re-negotiated by participants engaged in the Forums' many diverse manifestations. I contend that this reflexive process between Forum incarnations and the participatory assessment and corresponding revisions of For...
Axillary metastases from carcinoma of the larynx: A 25‐year survival

Axillary metastases from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck are usually considered signs of incurability. A case is presented in which the patient developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in bilateral axillary nodes following total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection for advanced recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Bilateral axillary dissection was performed on this patient followed by a second neck dissection for metastasis. The patient remained well for 25 years free of disease, dying of a massive heart attack. One report of this phenomenon has been found in the literature. The authors conclude that radical axillary dissection should be considered in selective cases of well-differentiated carcinoma in axillary nodes from a controlled primary in the head and neck mucosa when no other signs of dissemination have been found. A brief review of cervical and axillary lymphatic anatomy is included.
Psychological adjustment in adult adoptees: assessment of distress, depression, and anger.

Psychological adjustment was assessed in a sample of 525 female and 191 male adoptees. Analyses were conducted by gender; by search status, i.e., those who had never searched, those who were searching, and those who had made contact with their biological parents; and by history of mental health service utilization. Compared to normative data, the sample reported significantly higher levels of psychological maladjustment; only women adoptees scored higher on a scale measuring anger. Overall, adoptees' scores were elevated but did not approach levels typical of outpatient populations.
Application Of Replicated Glass Mirrors To Large Segmented Optical Systems

Initiation of the NASA Space Station project presents many challenging opportunities. One such challenge is the need to develop large, high specular reflectance, lightweight mirrors that can withstand thousands of deep heating and cooling cycles without degradation for virtually unlimited orbital operation. Further these mirrors, which are candidates for the solar concentrators employed as part of the electrical power generation system, would need to be produced at a rate equivalent to one 60-inch mirror per day as dictated by project schedules and anticipated power demands. This paper develops the requirements for, and an approach to, the design of these mirrors. Following the Introduction is a discussion of the concentrator design and performance requirements. Next a review of the principal degradation sources and their effect on various materials and material combinations is presented. The effect on cumulative mission, or life cycle, costs of different material choices is then presented and shows the potential advantage of glass. Finally concentrator segment design and producibility concepts are presented and applications to other projects such as long wavelength infrared imaging systems are suggested.
The Contraction of Pachyphase Chromosomes in Lilium

IN the pachyphase of Lilium pardalinum, in specimens fixed with chromic-acetic-formaldehyde, and stained with iron-brazilin, there were estimated to be 2193 chromomeres, each usually consisting of two pairs of chromioles. The average diameter of the chromioles was estimated at 0.23 micron, and the average distance between the centres of neighbouring chromomeres was calculated as 0.67 micron. Hence it could be deduced that an approximation of the chromomeres until they were in close contact would decrease the total length of the bivalents from 1469 microns at pachyphase to 504 microns (at diplophase). But in Lilium longiflorum, the maturation divisions of which closely resemble those of L. pardalinum, the total length of the twelve bivalents at late diaphase and at metaphase (and also the total length of twelve of the split anaphase chromosomes) was only about 150 microns.
Location of surface of tension in argon liquid-vapor interface near the triple point

The Kirkwood-Buff molecular theory of surface tension is used to determine the location of the surface of tension for a planar liquid-vapor interface of liquid argon near the triple point. A nonzero interfacial thickness is considered in this phenomenological study for the cases of a linear and a cubic density profile. It is found that the product of the surface tension and the location of the surface of tension is independent of the width of the liquid-vapor transition zone. Both linear and cubic density profiles lead to the same invariance relation. The realistic Barker-Fisher-Watts (BFW) potential and the Parson, Siska, and Lee (MSV-III) potential are used for numerical calculation. The experimental radial-distribution function of Yarnell et al. is used for the bulk liquid and as an approximation for the transition zone. Results are compared to those previously reported. Curvature dependence of the surface tension for large-size droplet or cluster is also discussed.
On large deviations in testing simple hypotheses for locally stationary Gaussian processes

We derive a large deviation result for the log-likelihood ratio for testing simple hypotheses in locally stationary Gaussian processes. This result allows us to find explicitly the rates of exponential decay of the error probabilities of type I and type II for Neyman–Pearson tests. Furthermore, we obtain the analogue of classical results on asymptotic efficiency of tests such as Stein’s lemma and the Chernoff bound, as well as the more general Hoeffding bound concerning best possible joint exponential rates for the two error probabilities.
Atlas of serotonergic cell bodies in the cat brainstem: An immunocytochemical analysis

The localization and relative number of serotonergic (5HT) cell bodies in the brainstem of the cat were studied through the use of a specific immunocytochemical technique. A surprisingly large number of 5HT cells were found in regions in addition to the classical raphe nuclei (obscurus, pallidus, magnus, centralis superior, and dorsalis). Foremost among these were: the ventral medulla, just dorsal to the pyramidal tract and inferior olivary complex, and especially the area in and around the lateral reticular nucleus; the dorsal pons, surrounding the central reticular core, and in the central gray area; and a region in the mesencephalon, in and around the interpeduncular nucleus. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing schemas for subdividing and labeling groups of brain 5HT neurons are discussed.
Abstract 4075: Chemoresistant colorectal cancer cells exhibit high glycolytic activity

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Overcoming drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) requires an understanding the mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to the genotoxic stress. We established oxaliplatin resistant CRC cells derived from HCT116 and HT29 cell lines (HCT116 OxR and HT29 OxR) (Yang AD et al, Clin Ca Res, 2007). The mechanisms by which these resistant clones reprogram their energy metabolism to gain a survival advantage remain unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that chemoresistant CRC cells would exhibit altered cellular metabolism in order to survive following chronic genotoxic stress. Methods: The expression level of the glycolytic enzymes Glut1, hexokinase II (HK2), LDHA and HIF1α were detected by Western Blotting. Glucose uptake and lactate production was calculated by measuring the concentration of glucose and lactate in the culture media. Intracellular ATP/ADP levels, oxygen consumption and mitochondria ATP production were quantified. An in vivo xenograft study was used to compare the growth rate and angiogenesis of parental and oxaliplatin-resistant cells. Results: Compared with the parental cells, both HT29-OxR and HCT116-OxR cells exhibited a metabolic phenotype with increased glycolysis as reflected by increased glucose uptake and lactate production. Glycolytic enzymes were upregulated in resistant cells including Glut1, HK2 and LDHA. HIF1α expression and VEGF levels in the conditioned media were increased in the resistant cells. The mitochondria of OxR cells demonstrated defective complex I/II substrate ATP production despite increased cellular oxygen consumption. Importantly, the OxR cells maintain higher levels of intracellular ATP and ATP/ADP ratio indicating a metabolic switch to glycolysis. In a tumor xenograft model, HT29 OxR cells grew significantly slower than parental HT29 cells. Interestingly, when OxR cells were mixed with parental HT29 cells (50:50 and 90:10), tumor growth and microvessel counts were significantly increased. Conclusion: Oxaliplatin-resistant cells demonstrated: 1) high aerobic glycolytic activity, 2) an increase in HIF1α and glycolytic enzymes, and 3) defective mitochondria function. This metabolic switch provides more ATP production and likely contributes to the chemoresistant phenotype. Altering energy metabolism may provide a novel strategy to overcome drug-resistance in CRC cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4075. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4075
New directions for the design of advanced simulation systems

This paper will review the philosophy behind advanced simulation methodologies and the advantages these concepts offer to simulation analysts. It also proposes a generic design of an integrated simulation system based on an analysis of theoretical studies, a review of recently developed simulation systems, and current research.
Non-stationary time series and the robustness of circadian rhythms.

Abstract Circadian rhythms are regular oscillations in the value of behavioral and physiological variables of organisms that recur on a daily basis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of non-stationarity of circadian rhythms over several days, to determine how damaging is the violation of the assumption of stationarity in the analysis of circadian rhythms, and to formalize the concept of “rhythm robustness” as an index of oscillatory (“weak”) stationarity. Simulated (computer-generated) and experimental data sets (rhythms of body temperature and running-wheel activity in several rodent species) were analysed. Tests of stationarity based on the variance of the daily means and the variance of the daily variances revealed that most experimental data sets are not stationary. Analysis of linear trends indicated that significant trends are rare in experimental data sets. Although the non-stationarity of the experimental data sets reduced the spectral energy of the Enright periodogram used to assess rhythmicity, detection of circadian rhythmicity was not prevented in any of the rhythmic data sets. The results of the various analyses allow the inference that, after high-frequency noise is filtered out, the value of the periodogram's Q P statistic reflects the extent of stationarity of the time series. Thus, the “robustness” of a circadian rhythm (i.e. the magnitude of the empirical Q P value as compared to the Q P value associated with a perfectly rhythmic time series) can serve as an index of the stationarity of the rhythm.
Simulated Paraspinal Tumor or Abscess by Rounded Atelectasis of the Lower Lobe

Lower lobe atelectasis may simulate paraspinal tumor or abscess when margins of the completely collapsed lobe become rounded laterally and the inferior edge separates from the diaphragm. We believe this unusual appearance relates to (1) influence of the pulmonary ligament and (2) total collapse of the lobe to its minimum possible volume. Three cases of different etiologies are herein presented.
Statelessness as a Lack of Functioning Citizenship

Central to the issue of statelessness is the concept of ‘functioning citizenship’, which requires an active and mutually-beneficial relationship between the state and the individual. This relationship is essential for the protection and promotion of international human rights. In cases of both de facto and de jure statelessness, however, this robust form of political membership is limited or missing entirely. Expanding on Elizabeth F. Cohen’s concept of ‘semi-citizenship’, this article contends that membership exists along a spectrum and requires not only the granting of formal citizenship, but also attention to the functionality of that relationship. Government-sponsored identities will continue to be important prerequisites for rights protection within the modern ‘society of states’, but truly functioning citizenship requires us to expand our understandings of responsibility and membership. The international community must critically examine the ways that individuals are recognized as worthy of human rights.
Long-Term Neonatal Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Cultures: A Model for the Tunica Media of a Blood Vessel

Cultured neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells have been used to study the synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components in many laboratories. These cells are capable of accumulating large amounts of insoluble elastin in the extracellular matrix and can be maintained in culture for long periods of time without subcultivation. This study examined the elastin and collagen contents of such cells in culture for 5, 21 and 43 weeks. The percent elastin and collagen observed in the 43-week cultures were strikingly similar to that seen in the intact neonatal rat aorta. It should be noted that the percent collagen varied significantly between 5 weeks and 43 weeks, whereas that for elastin remained relatively constant throughout the same time course. Histological examination demonstrated that the elastin fibers in the extracellular matrix of the cultures were arranged in a pattern similar to the elastic lamellae of the aortic tunica media. Data presented here suggest that these cells in culture mimic the donor tissue from which they were derived with respect to elastin and collagen content as well as elastic fiber arrangement, and possibly represent an organotypic culture of the medial layer of a blood vessel.
Photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic structure of Ca@C60

The electronic structure of an isolated Ca@C60 molecule was probed by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of Ca@C 60 − , generated by laser desorption of a preformed Ca@C60/fullerene thin film. The PES spectrum of Ca@C60 was found to be similar to that of C 60 − , except that Ca@C60 has an electron affinity of 3.0 eV, about 0.3 eV higher than that of C60. The spectrum suggests that Ca atom donates its two 4s electrons to the C60 t lu lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Thus, the interaction between the central Ca atom and C60 is quite ionic, and Ca@C60 can essentially be expressed as Ca2+@C 60 2− .
Integrated segmentation and deformation analysis of 4-D cardiac MR images

Segmentation and motion estimation from cardiac images are usually considered separately, yet they can obviously benefit from each other. In this paper, we propose a joint segmentation and motion estimation algorithm for the purposes of myocardial deformation analysis and strain estimation. We use segmentation as a guide for selecting feature points with significant shape characteristics, and invoke a Generalized Robust Point Matching (GRPM) strategy with Boundary Element Method (BEM)-based regularization model to estimate the dense displacement field and strain map from 3-D cardiac sequences. Quantitative analysis of the results is performed in comparison with the displacements found using implanted markers, taken to be gold standards.
Early Childhood Intervention Personnel Preparation Backward Mapping for Future Planning

The centerpiece of my vision for personnel preparation is a well paid, well-educated early childhood intervention workforce situated in "learning communities" whereby parents, practitioners, administrators, consultants, and university and community college faculty are mutually accountable for creating quality early environments for children. Personnel preparation is an ongoing part of the fabric of daily work. The driving force behind the content and specific personnel preparation activities is the basic question, "What do we need to know and do to improve the outcomes for all young children?" I suggest that currently we do not have the resources or the policies in place to support such a vision. I further suggest that grassroots public support for early childhood intervention could be achieved through the kind of "learning communities" envisioned in the opening vignette of this article. I suggest that there are three areas where changes are critical in order to create "learning communities": (1) increasi...
XCR-1: An Experimental Cognitive Robot Based on an Associative Neural Architecture

The experimental cognitive robot XCR-1 is a small three-wheel robot with gripper hands, multiple sensory modalities, and self-talk. The robot XCR-1 is designed for studies and experiments with a new paradigm for cognitive computation, namely an associative neural processing style that inherently and seamlessly combines sub-symbolic and symbolic computation. This operation is realized by using associative neurons and neuron groups organized according to the Haikonen Cognitive Architecture. Recently, there have been many efforts toward machine consciousness, and the Haikonen Cognitive Architecture is one attempt in that direction. Human consciousness is characterized by subjective inner experience that is related to qualia. Accordingly, it can be proposed that true conscious machines should also have some kind of inner experience and qualia. On the other hand, it has been argued that qualia are direct and cannot be artificially realized in symbolic systems. In order to facilitate qualia-related practical investigations, the robot XCR-1 utilizes direct perception processes, with dedicated hardware and without symbolic pre-programmed algorithms. The robot XCR-1 does not utilize microprocessors or programs of any kind. Natural language is one manifestation of symbolic processing. The robot XCR-1 is designed also for experiments with simple speech and the basic grounding of the meaning of words. The experiments with the robot XCR-1 could be greatly enhanced if dedicated associative neuron group chips were available.
Gene expression and apoptosis in the spinal cord neurons after sciatic nerve injury

Abstract To demonstrate a dependence of spinal cord motoneurons on the communication with their targets, the expression of immediate early gene c- fos and neurotrophin genes in the lumbar (L3-L6) spinal cord neurons was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats (male ≥ 9-weeks-old) with unilateral sciatic nerve transection. Using in situ hybridization, we detected the expression of c- fos mRNA in the motoneurons of the spinal cord segments within 45 min to 3 h of peripheral nerve transection ( n = 4 in each time point). The expression of c- fos mRNA was also correlated positively with the expression of Fos antigen using immunohistochemistry, while no change in calbindin and parvalbumin antigens were noted. The expression of BDNF mRNA increased at 90 min after sciatic nerve transection. However, no detectable enhancement in the expression of NGF mRNA was observed. DNA fragmentation in neurons was observed using the incorporation of digoxigenin-dUTP by terminal transferase into 3′-OH terminals of DNA fragments in the ipsilateral section of the spinal cords 48 h after nerve injury. Nuclei that exhibited DNA fragmentation were not observed in the spinal cord of the control animals. Lastly, we observed that the majority of astrocytes did not have DNA fragmentation. Because the detection of DNA fragmentation using this assay is one of early detections of apoptosis or programmed cell death, the result suggested we could detect early cell death in spinal cord, and indicated a target dependence of the neurons in the spinal cord after transection of sciatic nerve. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
The metal exchange reaction between NiMIDA and copper(II)

The metal exchange reaction between copper(II) and N-methyliminodiacetatonickelate(II) (NiMIDA) was studied at 25.0°C and ionic strength of 1.25 within the pH range 3.5 to 4.8. The copper(II) to NiMIDA concentration ratio was varied over a two-hundred-fold range. The reaction is first-order in NiMIDA, copper(II) and hydrogen ion. The rate constant for the addition of copper(II) to NiMIDA is = 5.10 × 10−3 M−1 s−1. The rate constants for both the hydrogen ion dependent- and independent- dissociations of NiMIDA are, respectively, = 0.400 M−1 s−1 and k NiMIDA = 7.76 × 10−5 s−1. A mechanisim is presented which shows that MIDA does not prevent formation of a dinuclear intermediate and that MIDA partly unwraps from nickel before reacting with copper(II).
Gravitation, geometry, and nonrelativistic quantum theory

In Cartan's description, classical particles freely falling in a Newtonian gravitational field follow geodesics of a curved spacetime. We cast this geodesic motion into generalized Hamiltonian form and quantize it by Dirac's constraint method in a coordinate-independent way. The Dirac constraint takes a simplified form in special noninertial frames (nonrotating, rigid, Galilean, and Gaussian). Transformation theory of the state function allows us to compare descriptions of a given quantum state by two different observers and to illustrate how the principle of equivalence works for quantum systems. In particular, we show that quantum states of a particle moving in a homogeneous gravitational field and of the gravitational harmonic oscillator can be reduced to the study of plane waves in an appropriate frame.
Universal decentralized detection in a bandwidth-constrained sensor network

Consider the problem of decentralized detection with a distributed sensor network where the communication channels between sensors and the fusion center are bandwidth constrained. Previous approaches to this problem typically rely on quantization of either the sensor observations or the local likelihood ratios, with quantization levels optimally designed using the knowledge of noise distribution. In this paper, we assume that each sensor is restricted to send a 1-bit message to the fusion center and that the sensor noises are additive, zero mean, and spatially independent but otherwise unknown and with possibly different distributions across sensors. We construct a universal decentralized detector using a recently proposed isotropic decentralized estimation scheme , that requires only the knowledge of either the noise range or its second-order moment. We show that the error probability of this detector decays exponentially at a rate that is lower bounded either in terms of the noise range for bounded noise or the signal-to-noise ratio for noise with unbounded range.
Characterization of three Chlorella sorokiniana strains in anaerobic digested effluent from cattle manure

Chlorella sorokiniana CS-01, UTEX 1230 and UTEX 2714 were maintained in 10% anaerobic digester effluent (ADE) from cattle manure digestion and compared with algal cultivation in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM). Biomass of CS-01 and UTEX 1230 in ADE produced similar or greater than 280mg/L after 21days in BBM, however, UTEX 2714 growth in ADE was suppressed by more than 50% demonstrating a significant species bias to synthetic compared to organic waste-based media. The highest accumulation of protein and starch was exhibited in UTEX 1230 in ADE yielding 34% and 23% ash free dry weight (AFDW), respectively, though fatty acid methyl ester total lipid measured less than 12% AFDW. Results suggest that biomass from UTEX 1230 in ADE may serve as a candidate alga and growth system combination sustainable for animal feed production considering high yields of protein, starch and low lipid accumulation.
Behavior and plasma cortisol following brief peer separation in juvenile squirrel monkeys

The effects of 30-min separation from peers on behavior and plasma cortisol levels were studied in juvenile, mother-reared, female squirrel monkeys, housed in triads. Juveniles vocalized much more frequently when isolated in a novel room than they did when either undisturbed, handled only, placed with both peers in a novel room, or separated from one peer and housed with the other in the home cage. When separated from one peer in the home cage, the monkeys engaged in putative scent-marking behaviors more frequently than when undisturbed. Exposure to the novel room resulted in increased vocalizing, and decreased locomotor activity and scent marking, regardless of whether the subject was isolated or with peers. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated following all manipulations and no effects could be attributed specifically to separation or exposure to novelty. These results demonstrate that brief separation from peers can evoke a behavioral reaction in juvenile squirrel monkeys that resembles the behavioral "protest" response of maternally-separated infants, and that the response of juveniles, like that of infants, varies greatly with the separation procedure employed.
The Vanguard's Dilemma: Understanding and Exploiting Insurgency Strategies

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better conceptualization of insurgent strategies. Specifically, I shall examine Che Guevara’s “Foco” theory of insurgency, as it is one of the most theoretically popular and most pervasive strategies of insurgency currently practiced throughout the world. After briefly examining the origins, objectives and theoretical strengths of the Foco (also known as the Vanguard Theory) theory, I will argue that Guevara’s theory suffers from an internal tension that I term the “Vanguard’s Dilemma.” Simply put, the Vanguard’s dilemma is a decision insurgents must make between the desire to maintain a secure base away from the reach of government control (security) versus the need to be in constant contact with the population in order to increase its popularity (publicity). The significance of this dilemma between the desire for security and the need for publicity creates a tension within the Vanguard Theory that can be fatal for insurgents if properly exploited by counter-insurgent operations. This paper will examine in detail this dilemma and show how it can be exploited. Given that several insurgent groups within Iraq currently adhere to the Vanguard Theory of insurgency, a proper understanding of insurgent strategy is an essential first step in the long road towards confronting and winning asymmetrical conflicts.
The rough road to IMT-2000 RTT standard

Third-generation mobile systems are driven by the vision of information at any time, at any place, in any form. Research efforts have been aligned with efforts in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and other bodies to find standards and recommendations which ensure that mobile communications of the future have access to multimedia capabilities and service quality similar to the fixed network. A formal request by the ITU-R for submission of candidate radio transmission technology (RTTs) for IMT-2000 was distributed by the ITU, with a closing date of June 1998. The growing rewards from winning, or to some degree, controlling the outcome of the standardization process has made reaching consensus on standards much more difficult. Though the road was rough, a comprehensive set of radio interface specifications, incorporating the flexibility required to seamlessly evolve current mobile networks towards IMT-2000, was approved in late 1999.
Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity

Circularly polarized light has been used to confine charge carriers in single-layer molybdenum disulphide entirely to a single energy-band valley, representing full valley polarization.
Electromagnetic Modeling of Through-Silicon Via (TSV) Interconnections Using Cylindrical Modal Basis Functions

This paper proposes an efficient method to model through-silicon via (TSV) interconnections, an essential building block for the realization of silicon-based 3-D systems. The proposed method results in equivalent network parameters that include the combined effect of conductor, insulator, and silicon substrate. Although the modeling method is based on solving Maxwell's equation in integral form, the method uses a small number of global modal basis functions and can be much faster than discretization-based integral-equation methods. Through comparison with 3-D full-wave simulations, this paper validates the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed modeling method.
Genetically modified soybeans and food allergies

Allergenic reactions to proteins expressed in GM crops has been one of the prominent concerns among biotechnology critics and a concern of regulatory agencies. Soybeans like many plants have intrinsic allergens that present problems for sensitive people. Current GM crops, including soybean, have not been shown to add any additional allergenic risk beyond the intrinsic risks already present. Biotechnology can be used to characterize and eliminate allergens naturally present in crops. Biotechnology has been used to remove a major allergen in soybean demonstrating that genetic modification can be used to reduce allergenicity of food and feed. This provides a model for further use of GM approaches to eliminate allergens.
WHO International Consultation on Prostate Cancer: A summary

During the past three decades, prostate cancer has assumed an increasingly prominent role in health care policy and delivery in many western countries. Prostate cancer is now the most commonly diagnosed non-skin tumor and the second leading cause of death after lung cancer. The dramatic rise in the incidence of this disease has been directly linked to the dissemination of testing for prostate specifi c antigen (PSA) and is highest in regions where annual PSA testing has become commonplace. The introduction of PSA testing has resulted in several signifi cant changes concerning how scientists, clinicians and public health offi cials deal with prostate cancer. PSA testing has impacted how we identify prostate cancer, the type of cancers we diagnose, and how we stage and manage this disease. This manuscript summarizes the papers presented at the WHO International Consultation on Prostate Cancer concerning the advances in screening, prevention and therapy for prostate cancer and highlights the future challenges that lie ahead.
A new era in geriatric nursing education.

S TATISTICS DOCUMENTING AGING of the developed world’s populations and the impact on health care are widely recounted. There is hope that age-related disability may be postponed due to progress in disease control and healthy aging, a major focus of gerontological nursing science. Yet longer life spans will undoubtedly intensify demand for competent geriatric nursing care. Since 1996 when the John A. Hartford Foundation (JAHF) began its 20year investment in geriatric nursing, a rich scientific evidence base has been developed as a foundation for geriatric nursing practice and education, comparable to other population specialties such as pediatric and maternity nursing. Recognizing that the greatest barrier to improving geriatric care was the lack of academic capacity, JAHF commenced a geriatric nursing initiative in 2000 focused on nursing education at all levels from associate degree to postdoctoral education (Bednash, Mezey, & Tagliareni, 2011). Over $83 million in support has been awarded to nursing schools and professional organizations by JAHF for elaboration of educational competencies, professional development in teaching geriatrics, and providing accessible educational resources for existing faculty; award of predoctoral and postdoctoral fellowships to support preparation of a cadre of new faculty as future leaders of the field; and designation of one institute and nine centers of geriatric nursing excellence to advance education, practice, and research.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus input to autonomic circuits identified by retrograde transsynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus from the eye.

Intraocular injection of the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV Bartha) results in transsynaptic infection of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a retinorecipient circadian oscillator. PRV Bartha infection of a limited number of retinorecipient structures, including the SCN, was initially interpreted as the differential infection of a subpopulation of rat retinal ganglion cells, followed by replication and anterograde transport via the optic nerve. A recent report that used a recombinant strain of PRV Bartha (PRV152) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein demonstrated that SCN infection actually results from retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus via the autonomic innervation of the eye in the golden hamster. In the present study using the rat, the pattern of infection after intravitreal inoculation with PRV152 was examined to determine if infection of the rat SCN is also restricted to retrograde transsynaptic transport. It was observed that infection in preganglionic autonomic nuclei (i.e., Edinger-Westphal nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, and intermediolateral nucleus) precedes infection in the SCN. Sympathetic superior cervical ganglionectomy did not abolish label in the SCN after intraocular infection, nor did lesions of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. However, combined Edinger-Westphal nucleus ablation and superior cervical ganglionectomy eliminated infection of the SCN. This observation allowed a detailed examination of the SCN contribution to descending autonomic circuits afferent to the eye. The results indicate that in the rat, as in the hamster, SCN infection after intraocular PRV152 inoculation is by retrograde transsynaptic transport via autonomic pathways to the eye. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:298–313, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Policy Transfer as a Form of Prospective Policy Evaluation: Challenges and Recommendations

This article focuses on policy transfer as a form of prospective policy analysis, which we define as policy makers' attempts to assess the effect of a policy or program before it is put in place. Despite a burgeoning literature on cross-national policy transfer, there has been little systematic comparison of cases to identify either common problems or potential strategies in the practice of policy transfer. This article sets forth a rational model of policy transfer and examines, in light of that model, case studies of cross-national policy transfer spanning different policy domains. Taking into account the constraints faced by policy makers, we relax standard rational decision-making criteria and make recommendations for improving the process of policy transfer as a form of prospective policy evaluation.
Building Three-Dimensional Object Models from Image Sequences

We present the results from a working system designed to reconstruct a complete CAD/CAM surface model for objects that have both smooth and sharp surface boundaries. The input is a sequence of images of the object; the output is a 3-D surface mesh that can be manipulated and rendered with standard CAD/CAM tools. It is now well known that complete surface information (second-order differential surface properties) can be recovered at edges generated by the extremal boundary of a 3-D surface, In this paper we present new results in applying this theoretical framework to many views of a real object to build a complete 3-D model. Our experiments place these multiple frames in a common coordinate system using known motion, if available, or by otherwise automatically computing object motion based on our classification of edges in the reconstruction process. Experimental results are shown for bath real and synthetic data.
Steps Away from Methadone: A Behavioral Approach to the Detoxification of Methadone Maintenance Clients

The step program was creative heresy. It was conceived and implemented at the peak of the Nixon administration’s “total war on street level pushers”. Instead of trying to hold onto addicts while adjusting them to a crazy world, the step program was designed to pull them out of the dull world of maintenance. With psychologists, boatbuilders, artists and a rag taggle array of do-gooders the step program achieved some startling results. Of substantial value today, it must be cast in the proper historical setting to fully appreciate its impact.
Status Survey of the Peppered Shiner, Notropis perpallidus Hubbs and Black, in Arkansas and Oklahoma

The peppered shiner, Notropisperpallidus Hubbs and Black, is a small, silvery, upland stream fish foundonly in outhwesternArkansasand eastern Oklahoma.This fish species was studied from 1999-2001 to determineits distribution, habitat, iiidconservationstatus. A total of 81 collectionswas madeduring the 2-yearstudy;however, only 17 specimenswere collected. The presentdistributionof the peppered shinerin ArkansasandOklahomais describedas wellas theconservationstatus of thiscyprinid in bothstates.
Motor Fuel Contamination of Soils: Current and Recent Research of the American Petroleum Institute

The American Petroleum Institute (API) is a trade association with over 220 corporate members, and more than 5000 individual members, representing the integrated petroleum industry in the United States. Over the last decade, API has conducted many research studies investigating the fate of petroleum and its products in the environment. With the recent increased concern regarding soil contamination, API has focused many research projects on this environmental issue.
Synchronized time-keeping is key to healthy mood regulation (Commentary on Landgraf et al.).

It has long been known that patients suffering from mood disorders such as major depression exhibit disrupted circadian rhythms. Given that circadian clocks are localized throughout the brain and body, an important open question is how the local clocks in the brain areas that regulate mood contribute to mental health. Recent data from Landgraf and colleagues found that clock gene expression rhythms in the brain regions of individual ‘helpless’ mice were dampened compared to those of ‘resilient’ mice, suggesting that stronger clocks in brain regions controlling mood lead to better mental health. Moreover, these dampened rhythms in the nucleus accumbens and periaqueductal gray were due to phase desynchrony of individual cells. However, the finding that clock gene expression in individual neurons was still rhythmic suggests future therapeutic strategies may be aimed at re-synchronizing these neurons.