cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resilience, Defense Mechanisms, and Implicit Emotion Regulation in Psychodynamic Child Psychotherapy

Resilience is associated with the internal capacity for the regulation of unpleasant emotions in the face of adversity. These self-regulatory processes, linked with both explicit and implicit emotion regulation systems, have wide ranging implications for overall psychological health. Child psychotherapy can be conceptualized as helping children adapt more effectively to the external environment and develop a more comfortable sense of self as a result of improved emotion regulation and, thus, greater resilience. Most available treatments for youth promote resilience by addressing the explicit emotion regulation system. These treatments include helping parents improve their parenting skills or helping youth modify dysfunctional thinking patterns. In these treatments there is less consideration of the key role of implicit emotion regulation in the enhancement of resilience. The psychodynamic construct of defense mechanisms offers an observable and measurable manifestation of implicit emotion regulation. Thus, addressing the nature of a child’s maladaptive defense mechanisms in the clinical situation can strengthen the implicit emotion regulation system without explicitly instructing the parent or the child to act in a more pro-social manner. This paper utilizes a Regulation Focused Psychotherapy for Children (RFP-C) model to describe how iterative, systematic interpretation of children’s maladaptive defense mechanisms can target the implicit emotion regulation system. This intervention aims to improve the capacity for self-regulation, increase the flexibility of responses to the environment, promote proactivity towards change, and improve interpersonal relatedness. As a result of increases in these adaptive implicit emotion regulation capacities, there is a resultant increase in resilience, especially for children who respond to stressful events with externalizing behaviors. A brief clinical illustration is provided.
Determinants of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in midlife women: Evidence of racial/ethnic and geographic differences in PFAS exposure.

Abstract Background Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are public health concerns because of widespread exposure through contaminated foods/drinking water. Although some determinants of PFAS exposure have been suggested, the role of geographic location and race/ethnicity in PFAS exposure has not been well characterized. Objectives We examined potential determinants of PFAS from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Methods This study includes 1302 women aged 45–56 years from 5 SWAN sites where white women and women from one minority group were recruited (black from Southeast Michigan, Pittsburgh, Boston; Chinese from Oakland; Japanese from Los Angeles). We determined concentrations of 11 PFAS in serum samples collected in 1999–2000 and examined 7 PFAS detected in most women (>97%). Linear regression with backward elimination was used to identify important determinants of PFAS serum concentrations among a set of pre-specified variables (age, body mass index, site, race/ethnicity, education, financial hardship, occupation, born outside the United States (US), parity, menstrual bleeding within the past year, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and consumption of fish, dairy, pizza, salty snack, and French fries). Results Site and race/ethnicity were two major determinants of PFAS. White women had higher concentrations of linear perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) compared with the Chinese in Oakland (p Discussion Geographic locations and race/ethnicity play an important role in differential exposure to PFAS, with racial/ethnic burdens differing between PFOS, PFOA and PFNA. Menstruation and parity were also determinants of PFAS concentrations possibly as an elimination route.
Are Higher Education Institutions Addressing the Employment Needs of Clinical Laboratories in Rural Areas

Clinical laboratories across the nation are faced with a shortage of qualified Medical Laboratory Technicians and Medical Laboratory Scientists. As the clinical laboratory workforce continues to shrink, it is essential that higher education institutions acknowledge the employment needs of rural laboratories to ensure quality health care in underserved areas. An aging workforce, program closures, and a general increase in demand for laboratory testing have compounded the workforce shortage for rural clinical laboratories, which often face unique challenges. The purpose of this research study was to examine the perceptions of rural clinical laboratory managers toward higher education9s response to the shortage of MLTs and MLSs, and to determine the extent to which MLT and MLS programs are meeting the staffing and professional development needs of rural clinical laboratories. This descriptive mixed-method study was conducted utilizing a national survey of 429 MLT and MLS program directors, in addition to interviews with 10 clinical laboratory managers in rural West Virginia. The results of this study revealed higher education institutions are not adequately meeting the employment needs of rural clinical laboratories, with notable key areas for improvement, including communication, partnership, and promotion of the profession. Interviews with laboratory managers indicated a moderate to severe rural workforce shortage, with a glaring deficiency of MLS candidates. Research findings demonstrated that community and technical colleges, specifically MLT programs, were more likely than universities and four-year colleges to establish formal relationships with rural laboratories and served as a primary source of job candidates for rural laboratories. The findings further suggested rural clinical rotations, targeted recruitment efforts, and the creation of online and hybrid programs, would aid rural laboratories in securing a qualified workforce, while the delivery of online continuing education modules would benefit incumbent workers.
Cognitive Point of View in Recursive Design

Abstract The concept of scale is shared between systems science and design and, as a foundational element for systemic design theory and practice, provides a way to connect and share units of analysis between disciplines. To better connect these disciplines and begin a more rigorous, shared investigation of scale and hierarchy, I will illuminate the need and potential of a more explicit use of scale in problem formulation, theory and methods discussion, and design education. By discussing one well-known case study of sustainable design, I demonstrate how the designers’ process can be deconstructed using scale as an organizing concept. I then apply this analytical technique to the mundane example of a cup of coffee, to demonstrate some of the important generalizable properties of multiscale thinking in design. The most notable of these is the notion of cognitive point of view, which is grounded in second-order cybernetics and operates as a construct useful for understanding the dynamics between designer, design process, and designed object. Finally, the article argues that the concepts and topics found here should be taught explicitly to design students in practical ways, and researched formally as a subfield within the systemic design community as a method for recursive design.
Changes in alpha-foetoprotein and Gc-globulin in relation to outcomes in non-acetaminophen acute liver failure.

Background Changes in Gc-globulin (Gc) and in alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) have been shown to be related to outcome in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Gc is a serum protein that complexes with intravascular actin released during cellular necrosis. AFP, also made by hepatocytes, is associated with hepatocellular growth and regeneration. Previously, low absolute levels or decreases over time in either AFP or Gc portended to be a poor outcome. Methods In a retrospective analysis of the double-blind trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for ALF not because of acetaminophen, sera on days 1 and 3 or days 2 and 4 following admission were available to measure AFP in 70 patients and Gc in 66 patients. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed on the admission values, the absolute change and the fractional change of AFP and Gc to compare TFS (transplant-free survival) and non-TFS (death or transplantation). Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to evaluate the markers in comparison and in addition to King's College Criteria (KCC). Results Transplant-free survival patients were characterized by increases in AFP, whereas non-TFS had significantly different (negative) absolute and fractional changes (P 70%). Gc globulin values did not differ between TFS and non-TFS in the 2-day intervals studied (P> .2). Conclusion In this comparison of two prognostic markers in patients with non-acetaminophen-induced ALF, rising AFP but not rising Gc levels was associated with TFS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00004467.
Impact of U.S. federal and state generic drug policies on drug use, spending, and patient outcomes: A systematic review.

Abstract Background Prescription drugs contribute to increased healthcare expenditures in the United States (U.S.). Use of generic drugs has been recognized as an effective tool to control rising prescription drug costs. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of U.S. federal and state generic drug policies on drug use, spending, and patient outcomes. Methods A systematic search was performed in June 2017, using PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Business Source Premier. Search was limited to published articles in English language, including human subjects in the U.S., and with at least one outcome measure related to health service utilization, spending, or patient outcomes. Results Thirty-four studies constituting seven key policy domains were included. Medicaid/Medicare Prior Authorization (PA) policies (n = 4) led to increased generic use, reduced patient and payer's spending on prescriptions without causing deterioration in patient's health-related quality of life. Medicare prescription plan's generic drug benefits (n = 4) had impact on increased generic use and generated savings, but the limited access to branded drugs may increase medication use gaps and risks of hospitalizations. State generic substitution laws (n = 3) caused increased generic use and cost savings for both consumers and states. Medicare/Medicaid coverage cap policies (n = 3) were associated with increased patient's out-of-pocket spending (OOP) and reduced prescription spending for payers. Policies lowering cost-sharing (n = 7) were associated with increased patient's medication use and adherence, but the impact varied by therapeutic classes. Existing evidence evaluating Medicare Part D (n = 12) suggested decreased prescription spending for beneficiaries and Medicare. Generic gap coverage reduced patient's OOP and Medicare spending. Finally, early evidence showed reduced consumers' OOP prescription spending after the ACA (n = 2). Conclusions Federal and state policies regarding generic drugs have resulted in reduced spending for consumers and payers. However, the overall impact on patient outcomes remains unclear.
Sexual orientation and health risks among RI high school students.

METHODOLOGY Every two years, RI high school students participate in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). The YRBS is a sample survey examining the major causes of disease and injury morbidity and mortality. The YRBS asks the following question: “Which of the following best describes you? 1) heterosexual; 2) lesbian or gay; 3) bisexual, or 4) not sure.” Student responses are parsed into two categories, those indicating either #1 (heterosexual), or #s 2 or 3 (lesbian, gay or bisexual). Fourteen risk measures are examined, relating to mental health, violence, tobacco, drugs and alcohol, and sexual activity. Each measure is a negative indicator, so lower values are preferred. As the YRBS is a sample survey, two years of data (2011 and 2013) are combined to yield samples of sufficient size (>100) to be statistically representative of the LGB cohort. All the differences in values presented here (between LGB and heterosexual students) are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.
Collective excitation of Pd 101 following (heavy ion, x n ) reactions

States excited by the $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}(\ensuremath{\alpha},2n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{101}\mathrm{Pd}$, $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(^{16}\mathrm{O},3n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{101}\mathrm{Pd}$, and $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}(^{12}\mathrm{C},3n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{101}\mathrm{Pd}$ reactions have been studied by measuring the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yield as a function of incident projectile energy, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidences, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distributions, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray linear polarizations. Three intense $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cascades were observed. These cascades are produced by quasirotational bands built on the 5/${2}^{+}$, 7/${2}^{+}$, and 11/${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ intrinsic states of the nucleus. A decay scheme is given which includes states with energy up to 6488 keV and angular momentum up to 35/2. The quasirotational bands seen in $^{101}\mathrm{Pd}$ are similar to the bands in the adjacent even-even nuclei which suggests that this odd-$A$ nucleus can be described as a particle decoupled from an even-even core. A cascade of seven $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays in $^{102}\mathrm{Rh}$ was also observed following the $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}(^{12}\mathrm{C},p n)^{102}\mathrm{Rh}$ reaction.[NUCLEAR REACTION $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}(\ensuremath{\alpha},2n\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=16\ensuremath{-}24$ MeV; $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}(^{12}\mathrm{C},3n\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=45\ensuremath{-}56$ MeV; $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(^{16}\mathrm{O},3n\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=56\ensuremath{-}64$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})\ensuremath{\gamma}$, linear $P$; deduced decay scheme, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$.]
Tobacco use and tobacco services in California substance use treatment programs.

Abstract Background California has one of the lowest smoking rates in the U.S. However, the California substance use disorder (SUD) treatment system collects no information on tobacco use. We explored smoking prevalence among persons enrolled in 20 residential SUD treatment programs, and whether persons who wanted help with quitting smoking received such help. Methods Treatment program clients (N = 562) were surveyed about their smoking behavior and about tobacco-related services they received. Self-report smoking status was verified via expired carbon monoxide (CO) measurement. Multivariate analyses assessed whether clients who wanted help with quitting smoking received tobacco-related services (ask, advise, referral, counseling, pharmacotherapy) Results Using client self-report and expired CO, smoking prevalence in this sample was estimated at 68.9 %. Among smokers, mean cigarettes per day (CPD) was 9.7 (SD = 7.6), 58.8 % had made a quit attempt in the past year, 32.7 % were considering quitting smoking in the next 30 days, and 37.9 % wanted help with quitting. Clients who wanted help with quitting, compared to those not wanting help, were more likely to receive advice on how to quit, and tobacco-related counseling, referral, and pharmacotherapy. Conclusion In this study, wanting help with quitting was associated with receiving tobacco related services. Nonetheless, fewer than half of the smokers in SUD treatment wanted help with quitting, and many who wanted help did not receive it. Given the high prevalence of smoking, and associated consequences for both general health and SUD recovery, SUD treatment systems should ensure tobacco-related assessment and intervention for all smokers.
Incentive Design for Talent Discovery

In many organizations, employees enjoy significant discretion regarding project selection. If projects differ in their informativeness about an employee’s quality, project choices will be distorted whenever career concerns are important. We analyze a model in which an organization can shape its employees’ career concerns by committing to a system for allocating a limited set of promotions. We show that the organization optimally overpromotes certain categories of underperforming employees, trading off efficient matching of employees to promotions in return for superior project selection. When organizations can additionally pay monetary bonuses, we find that overpromotion is a superior incentive tool when the organization needs to offer high-powered incentives; otherwise, bonuses perform better.
Building Critical Inquiry in the Online EdD: Examining Successes & Challenges

In this essay, we apply Garrison et al.’s (2000, 2003) framework for critical inquiry in online learning to a review of a cohort-based online EdD at a large public research-intensive university. We examine the technological, pedagogical, and organizational successes and challenges we have experienced and encounter in building and sustaining critical inquiry in a fully online doctoral program. Includes considerations for faculty and administrators in developing and managing online EdD programs committed to engaging in critical inquiry and reflection.
19 Animal-assisted activity as a social experience

Publisher Summary Animal-assisted activities (AAA) offer a novel and potentially more effective way to prevent violence because of the unique ability of animals to appeal to children and adolescents, to be highly responsive, and to provide many opportunities for interaction. It provides participants with a variety of animal contacts, ranging from purely spontaneous and recreational to structured and instructional ones that are overseen by shelter workers, volunteers, animal trainers, and paraprofessionals who, rather than setting specific treatment goals, have more general objectives for participants, ranging from attendance and general comportment to caring for and training animals. Studies of the impact of AAA show more specific benefits of exposure to these programs, including teaching knowledge about animals to participating youth, reducing aggression and recidivism, curbing anxiety and depression, improving vocational skills, and enhancing social skills, such as empathy, decision making, patience, task concentration, and interpersonal communication. Interpersonal explanations offer greater opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of animal programs because they can be more easily created, influenced, and shaped by program designers and advocates compared to trying to change the built-in psychological dispositions or abilities of participants.
Direct T cell activation via CD40 ligand generates high avidity CD8+ T cells capable of breaking immunological tolerance for the control of tumors (VAC10P.965)

CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) are costimulatory molecules that play a pivotal role in the proinflammatory immune response. Here, two tumor-associated antigen (TAA) animal models, a p53-based and a GP100-based model, were utilized to examine the ability of CD40-CD40L to improve antigen-specific CTL-mediated antitumor immune responses. Although p53 and GP100 are self-antigens that generate low affinity antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, studies have shown that their functional avidity can be improved with CD40L-expressing APCs. Therefore, in the current study, we immunized mice with a DNA construct encoding a TAA in conjunction with another encoding CD40L via intramuscular injection followed by electroporation. We observed a significant increase in the antigen-specific CTL-mediated immune responses and potent antitumor effects in both models. Antibody depletion experiments demonstrated that CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in eliciting antitumor effects in vaccinated mice. Furthermore, we showed that in vitro stimulation with irradiated tumor cells expressing both TAA and CD40L improved the avidity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, our data show that vaccination with a TAA/CD40L DNA can induce potent antitumor effects against TAA-expressing tumors through the generation of high avidity antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Our study serves as an important foundation for future clinical translation.
A Case Study of Oral Cancer Related to Human Papilloma Virus

Poster Presentation Background There has been an increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in women in the past 30 years that has been directly linked to human papilloma virus (HPV). Approximately 2370 new cases of oropharyngeal cancers related to HPV are diagnosed in women each year in the United States. Case A 64‐year‐old woman developed HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancer 6 years after her husband was diagnosed with the same cancer. She began experiencing pain in her left ear in January 2011 and was treated for otitis media. Her pain persisted, and by March her pain had radiated to her left jaw. A diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorder was made by her dentist, and she was also referred for possible root canal. An magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in June 2011 revealed an opacity in the left maxillary sinus, and the woman was treated for a sinus infection. A second MRI done in August 2011 showed no signs of infection, but her pain continued, and by September 2011 she had difficulty opening her mouth. She sought evaluation by a neurologist who treated her with pain medication and muscle relaxants. The woman's symptoms persisted until October 2012 when she noted an inability to articulate clearly and noted her tongue was deviated to the left. In November 2012 an MRI of her cranium and neck revealed a large mass of the left oropharynx. Results of a biopsy indicated T4NO squamous cell carcinoma. In January 2013, the woman began aggressive chemotherapy and radiation treatment. During the course of treatment the woman discovered that her cancer was caused by HPV. Further investigation revealed that her husband's oral cancer was caused by the same virus. This information was never reported to them at the time of his diagnosis or treatment. Conclusion Symptoms of HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancer are elusive and make early diagnosis challenging. Although rare, the transmission and eventual development of HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancer is a valid concern for intimate partners. Providing education for nurses can increase awareness in women about the possibility of developing this disease and may lead to early detection and treatment. Increased awareness of the relationship between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer can also influence the choice for HPV vaccination.
The desoxyribonucleoprotein of sea urchin sperm. I. Isolation and analysis.

A procedure has been described for extracting the desoxyribonucleoprotein of the sperm of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, using distilled water as the extraction medium. The procedure requires treatment of the sperm with sodium citrate, or phosphate, prior to extraction with water; the effect of this pre-treatment is not known. The extracted desoxyribonucleoprotein can be purified by precipitation in 0.14 M NaCl. The result of this purification is the removal of approximately half the non-histone protein present in the extract. The purified desoxyribonucleoprotein contains 35–37% DNA, an equal amount of histone, and 25–27% non-histone protein. The analytical method for “histone” is shown to be non-specific. The significance of the analyses reported here is discussed.
Sedimentary dynamics of complex shell beds: Implications for ecologic and evolutionary patterns

The complex dynamics of shell accumulation by sediment aggradation, erosion, and omission (condensation) can proceed by three basic pathways, each having different implications for post-mortem bias and the ecologic response of living organisms to the accumulation of dead hardparts (taphonomic feedback). In evolutionary time scales, regimes of condensation can maintain shell gravel habitats for sufficiently prolonged periods to record microevolutionary changes in species, but morphometric trends through shell bed sequences can also reflect ecophenotypy in response to changing environments, e.g. during transgressive-regressive cycles. These implications are illustrated by complex shell beds from the Miocene of Maryland (U.S.A.) and the Eocene of Egypt.
Impact of the dynamical core on the direct simulation of tropical cyclones in a high-resolution global model

This paper examines the impact of the dynamical core on the simulation of tropical cyclone (TC) frequency, distribution, and intensity. The dynamical core, the central fluid flow component of any general circulation model (GCM), is often overlooked in the analysis of a model's ability to simulate TCs compared to the impact of more commonly documented components (e.g., physical parameterizations). The Community Atmosphere Model version 5 is configured with multiple dynamics packages. This analysis demonstrates that the dynamical core has a significant impact on storm intensity and frequency, even in the presence of similar large-scale environments. In particular, the spectral element core produces stronger TCs and more hurricanes than the finite-volume core using very similar parameterization packages despite the latter having a slightly more favorable TC environment. The results suggest that more detailed investigations into the impact of the GCM dynamical core on TC climatology are needed to fully understand these uncertainties.
Dynamics of Microsatellite Divergence Under Stepwise Mutation and Proportional Slippage/Point Mutation Models

Recently Kruglyak, Durrett, Schug, and Aquadro showed that microsatellite equilibrium distributions can result from a balance between polymerase slippage and point mutations. Here, we introduce an elaboration of their model that keeps track of all parts of a perfect repeat and a simplification that ignores point mutations. We develop a detailed mathematical theory for these models that exhibits properties of microsatellite distributions, such as positive skewness of allele lengths, that are consistent with data but are inconsistent with the predictions of the stepwise mutation model. We use our theoretical results to analyze the successes and failures of the genetic distances (delta(mu))(2) and D(SW) when used to date four divergences: African vs. non-African human populations, humans vs. chimpanzees, Drosophila melanogaster vs. D. simulans, and sheep vs. cattle. The influence of point mutations explains some of the problems with the last two examples, as does the fact that these genetic distances have large stochastic variance. However, we find that these two features are not enough to explain the problems of dating the human-chimpanzee split. One possible explanation of this phenomenon is that long microsatellites have a mutational bias that favors contractions over expansions.
Steps Toward a Stereo-Camera-Guided Biomechanical Model for Brain Shift Compensation

Surgical navigation systems provide the surgeon with a display of preoperative and intraoperative data in the same coordinate system. However, the systems currently in use in neurosurgery are subject to inaccuracy caused by intraoperative brain movement (brain shift) since they typically assume that the intracranial structures are rigid. Experiments show brain shift of up to one centimeter, making it the dominant error in the system. We propose a system that compensates for this error. It is based on a continuum 3D biomechanical deformable brain model guided by intraoperative data. The model takes into account neuro-anatomical constraints and is able to correspondingly deform all preoperatively acquired data. The system was tested on two sets of intraoperative MR scans, and an initial validation indicated that our approach reduced the error caused by brain shift.
In vivo serial joint space measurements during dynamic loading in a canine model of osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective To devise a reliable, sensitive method to measure joint space in vivo during dynamic loading. Additionally, to determine if dynamic joint space changes were related to the severity of long-term cartilage damage. Design Subjects were 23 adult foxhounds (18 experimental, 5 control). Experimental subjects had surgically transected cranial cruciate ligaments (CCL). Dynamic joint space was serially measured in vivo over 2 years using a unique high speed stereo radiographic system in combination with subject-specific computed tomography reconstructions. Results Dynamic joint space was measured in vivo with a within-day precision of 0.09mm. Half of the experimental subjects developed minor articular cartilage damage and the other half developed severe articular cartilage damage in the medial knee compartment. Joint space during treadmill running increased significantly in the minor damage group in both the medial (+0.61mm, P =0.036) and lateral (+0.84mm, P =0.002) compartments of the knee. Dynamic joint space in the severe damage group did not increase significantly on either the medial (+0.27mm, P =0.408) or lateral (+0.44mm, P =0.199) side. The majority of the change in joint space occurred the first year after CCL transection. Medial meniscus damage was related to severity of medial articular cartilage damage (tau=0.447, P =0.003). The minor damage group developed 73% of all osteophytes noted at dissection. Conclusions This technique is a precise tool for measuring joint space serially in vivo under dynamic loading conditions. The data suggest decreased severity in long-term articular cartilage damage is related to: osteophyte formation, less severe medial meniscus damage and increased joint space the first 12 months after injury.
New macrocyclic dicopper(II) complex: synthesis, structure and stability

Abstract The macrocyclic ligand of 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaazatricyclo [22.2.2.211,14]-triacoltta-1(26),11(12),13,24,27,29-hexaene(L, BP) was synthesized by [2+2] condensation of p-phthaldehyde and diethylenetriamine. This ligand was used as a building block to synthesize dicopper(II) complex [BPCu2(II)](ClO4)4 (1). Protonation constants and metal ion stability constants of the mononuclear and dinuclear copper(II) macrocyclic complexes have been measured potentiometrically. Structural investigation indicated that the two Cu(II) ions are separated in the macrocycle ligand evidenced by the crystallographic structure [BPCu2(II)(Ph–CO2−)2](ClO4)2 (2). Complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with cell constants a=9.333(3) A, b=13.841(4) A, c=19.025(6) A, α=102.446(5)°, β=90.929(6)°, γ=93.691(5)°, V=2393.6(13) A3 and Z=2.
LEHRER ON A PREMISE OF EPISTEMIC COGENCY

In "Against Simplicity", Keith Lehrer objects to any attempt to justify common sense beliefs by appeal to their explanatory simplicity) The focus of this particular criticism is Bertrand Russell's well-known response to skepticism in The Problems of Philosophy. But clearly Lehrer has a larger target in mind, Lehrer suggests that a number of philosophers have employed the pattern of reasoning typified by Russell, a pattern of reasoning he argues is fallacious. Amongst these Lehrer cites Wilfrid Sellars, Paul Ziff, Gilbert Harman, and even Lehrer himself in earlier days. 2 All of these authors, like Russell, have suggested that common sense beliefs can be justified because they provide the simplest explanation of other things we befieve. Russell, for example, argued that common sense beliefs such as "There really is a cat before me" can be justified in the face of skeptical challenges by appeal to their simplicity. The common sense explanation that my sense-data are caused by a real cat is simpler than any skeptical alternative such as the hypothesis that I am only hallucinating a cat, or that I am being presented with cat-like sense data by an evil demon. Lehrer argues that any appeal to simplicity along the lines employed by Russell is fallacious. "Explanation, however simple, cannot yield justification in these matters. ''3 In this paper I will argue that an appeal to explanatory simplicity such as that employed by Russell need not be fallacious. Indeed the proponents of explanatory simplicity can avoid Lehrer's objection in precisely the same way Lehrer avoids it himself with respect to his own brand of coherentism. Lehrer construes Russell as defending the following argument: . The belief that I see a cat, an external object, is simpler than
The Efficient Removal of Endotoxins from Insulin Using Quaternized Polyethyleneimine-Coated Porous Zirconia

The synthesis and use of a zirconia-based, alkali-stable strong anion-exchange stationary phase are described for the removal of pyrogenic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from insulin. The strong anion-exchange material is produced by deposition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) onto porous zirconia particles, followed by cross-linking with a novel reagent, 1,2-bis-(2-iodoethoxy) ethane, and quaternization with iodomethane. Physical characterization of the chromatographic support shows that it has an ion-exchange capacity of 0.6 mmol/g, and 82% of the amine sites on the surface are in quaternized form. Isocratic elution of small benzoic acid derivatives shows good column efficiency. The two primary virtues of this material are its chemical stability under alkali conditions (up to pH 13) and its lower hydrophobicity compared to previously described alkali-stable PEI-coated zirconia supports cross-linked with 1,10-diiododecane. Using this new zirconia-based phase, a purification protocol is developed for the efficient removal of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS from bovine insulin samples. An endotoxin clearance rate of up to 1.3 x 10(8) was attained. Endotoxin levels were reduced to less than 5 endotoxin units/ml even at initial contamination levels as high as 5.0 x 10(6) endotoxin units/ml. Furthermore, endotoxin adsorbed to the porous zirconia column may be easily removed (depyrogenated) using alkali for repeated purification cycles.
On the multi-threaded computation of integral polynomial greatest common divisors

We present a parallelization of the Brown-Collins algorithm in the PARSAC-2 Computer Algebra system, and we describe the design of our S- threads parallelization environment. PARSAC-2 is a parallel extension of SAC-2 built upon multiple threads of control provided by S-threads. The Brown-Collins algorithm computes the g.c.d. and its co-factors of two polynomials in Zp[x1,..., xr], r ≥ 2, by first reducing the problem to multiple g.c.d. calculations of modular homomorphic images (MHI) in Zp[x2,..., x r ], and then recovering the result by interpolation. After studying timings of the SAC-2 implementation, we first parallelize the interpolation algorithm, and then we parallelize the main MHI loop by executing the modular g.c.d. computations concurrently. We determine speed-up's and speed-up efficiencies over a wide range of polynomials.
Two step estimation for Neyman-Scott point process with inhomogeneous cluster centers

This paper is concerned with parameter estimation for the Neyman-Scott point process with inhomogeneous cluster centers. Inhomogeneity depends on spatial covariates. The regression parameters are estimated at the first step using a Poisson likelihood score function. Three estimation procedures (minimum contrast method based on a modified K function, composite likelihood and Bayesian methods) are introduced for estimation of clustering parameters at the second step. The performance of the estimation methods are studied and compared via a simulation study. This work has been motivated and illustrated by ecological studies of fish spatial distribution in an inland reservoir.
Determinants of eosinophil survival and apoptotic cell death.

Eosinophils (Eos) are potent inflammatory cells and abundantly present in the sputum and lung of patients with allergic asthma. During both transit to and residence in the lung, Eos contact prosurvival cytokines, particularly IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF, that attenuate cell death. Cytokine signaling modulates the expression and function of a number of intracellular pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules. Both intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic receptor-mediated pathways are affected. This article discusses the fundamental role of the extracellular and intracellular molecules that initiate and control survival decisions by human Eos and highlights the role of the cis–trans isomerase, Pin1 in controlling these processes.
Investigation of Thermosyphon Cooling for Drilling Operation: An Experimental Study

This paper investigates using a thermosyphon in the center of a drill (thermosyphon drill) to remove the heat generated at the cutting tip and transfer it to the drill chuck, which acts as a heat sink, in an effort to reduce the temperature at the drill tip. This study compared the heat transfer performance of a thermosyphon drill to the performance of a solid drill and a heat pipe drill under simulated and actual drilling conditions. Results show that when using a drill with a thermosyphon the temperature of the drill tip was almost 60% lower than a solid drill for 45 and 55-volt power inputs and 37% lower for 35-volt power input. Compared to a heat pipe drill the maximum temperatures were reduced 18% to 36%. It was also shown that higher speed has an adverse effect on the operation of the thermosyphon, but in the worst case, the drill tip temperature was only 16% higher than that of the stationary thermosyphon drill.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Long-Term Stewardship and Risk Management Strategies for Inactive Nuclear Test Sites in the United States

Characterizing and managing groundwater contamination associated with the 828 underground nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site are among the most challenging environmental remediation issues faced by the U.S. Department of Energy. Although significant long-term stewardship and risk management issues are associated with underground nuclear tests on the Nevada Test Site, of possible equal concern are a smaller number of underground nuclear tests conducted by the United States, 12 total, at eight sites located off the Nevada Test Site. In comparison to the Nevada Test Site, the U.S. Department of Energy has minimal institutional controls at these “offsite test areas” (Offsites) to serve as risk barriers. The corrective action and closure strategy under development for the Central Nevada Test Area and proposed recommendations [1] concerning long-term stewardship for this and the other Offsites illustrate long-term stewardship and risk management strategies applicable to underground nuclear test areas in the United States. The groundwater flow and transport model for the Central Nevada Test Area, site of the 1968 Faultless underground nuclear test, is the first model accepted by a U.S. state regulator (the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection) for an underground nuclear test area. Recommendations for the Central Nevada Test Area and other Offsites include developing decision support models to evaluate the impacts of future changes of land and water uses on previous decisions involving groundwater-use restrictions. Particularly for the Offsites in arid states such as Nevada, New Mexico, and Colorado, it is difficult to envision all future demands on subsurface resources. Rather than trying to maintain complex flow and transport models to evaluate future resource-use scenarios, decision support models coupled with original contaminant flow and transport models could be used as scoping tools to evaluate the sensitivity of previously established resource-use boundaries. This evaluation will determine if the previously established boundaries are still adequate for proposed new land and resource uses or if additional data collection or modeling will be necessary to make technically sound decisions. In addition, previously developed Data Decision Analyses, used to quantitatively evaluate the costs and benefits of different data collection activities conducted during the site characterization phase, could be maintained as a long-term stewardship tool to identify new data collection efforts, if necessary as indicated by a decision support model.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Third Generation of Community Policing: Moving Through Innovation, Diffusion, and Institutionalization:

Community policing has become the paradigm of contemporary policing, evolving significantly over the past 20 years. That which was called community policing in the late 1970s and early 1980s only s...
Bidensmeyeri (Asteraceae, Coreopsideae): a new critically endangered species from Rapa, Austral Islands.

Bidens meyeri (Asteraceae/Compositae) is described and illustrated from Rapa, Austral Islands, (French Polynesia). This new species is presumed to be most closely related to Bidens saint-johniana from nearby Marotiri Island. Bidens meyeri may be distinguished from Bidens saint-johniana based on the length of the peduncle (3 cm versus 10 cm), apex of the inner involucral bracts (glabrous vs. puberulent), smaller leaves (2.0–2.3 cm vs. 5–6 cm), and the general smaller size of the new species. Known from less than 50 individuals and restricted to one remote location, Bidens meyeri falls into the IUCN Critically Endangered (CR) category. The new species is named in honor of Dr. Jean-Yves Meyer, Delegation a la Recherche, Polynesie Francaise,
Chronic critical illness

Increasing use of intensive care unit (ICU) resources by an aging population has resulted in a large and growing group of adults who are ‘chronically critically ill’ [1], Although these patients have survived acute illness, they are profoundly debilitated and have ongoing serious complications with continued dependence on life-sustaining therapies. Chronic critical illness is not simply a prolongation of acute critical illness, but a distinct syndrome consisting of persistent respiratory failure and significant derangements of metabolic, neuroendocrine, neuropsychiatric and immunologic function [1], The number of patients in the USA with chronic critical illness is estimated to approach 100,000 [2]. As the population ages and ICU treatments are increasingly offered to older, sicker patients, these numbers will increase. In this chapter, we will discuss the definition of chronic critical illness, the scope of this serious health problem, venues of care, outcomes and symptoms, and issues with communication between the health care team and patients and their families. We will end by reviewing an interdisciplinary approach to managing this challenging patient population.
Sugar uptake into Allium cepa leaf tissue: an integrated approach

Allium cepa L. leaves were subjected to enzymatic (pectolyase) and mechanical manipulation in order to ascertain the contribution made by various leaf tissues to the total sugar uptake by the leaf. In order to develop an understanding of the basic anatomy and ultrastructure of the Allium leaf and assess the integrity of the tissue before and after enzymatic and mechanical manipulation, a light- and transmission-electron-microscopy study was performed. One outcome of this study was the discovery that the chloroplasts of the bundle-sheath cells contain starch. The function of these inclusions in relation to carbohydrate pools and translocation is discussed. Kinetic curves for sucrose and fructose uptake by leaf discs derived from control and modified leaves are presented. In addition, kinetic curves for the tissues removed by the enzymatic treatment (inner parenchyma, bundle sheath and some vascular parenchyma) and the vascular bundles were also obtained. All tissues exhibited the same linear plus saturable profile as the dicotyledon, Beta vulgaris, with the exception of fructose uptake into the inner parenchyma and bundle-sheath cells; in this case the response was linear. The effect of anoxia on uptake of exogenous sucrose was also investigated. Anaerobiosis inhibited both the linear and saturable component of sucrose influx. Adenine-nucleotide levels were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography for control (air) and anoxia-treated (N2) leaf discs. A general loss of adenine nucleotides was observed. The results presented indicate that all tissues of the leaf retrieve exogenous sugar such that the kinetic curves derived from leaf discs cannot represent phloem loading, per se.
Neuron loss in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease correlates with intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation and Caspase-3 activation

Although the mechanism of neuron loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is enigmatic, it is associated with cerebral accumulation of Aβ42. The 5XFAD mouse model of amyloid deposition expresses five familial AD (FAD) mutations that are additive in driving Aβ42 overproduction. 5XFAD mice exhibit intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation at 1.5 months, amyloid deposition at 2 months, and memory deficits by 4 months of age. Here, we demonstrate by unbiased stereology that statistically significant neuron loss occurs by 9 months of age in 5XFAD mice. We validated two Aβ42-selective antibodies by immunostaining 5XFAD; BACE1−/− bigenic brain sections and then used these antibodies to show that intraneuronal Aβ42 and amyloid deposition develop in the same regions where neuron loss is observed in 5XFAD brain. In 5XFAD neuronal soma, intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulates in puncta that co-label for Transferrin receptor and LAMP-1, indicating endosomal and lysosomal localization, respectively. In addition, in young 5XFAD brains, we observed activated Caspase-3 in the soma and proximal dendrites of intraneuronal Aβ42-labeled neurons. In older 5XFAD brains, we found activated Caspase-3-positive punctate accumulations that co-localize with the neuronal marker class III β-tubulin, suggesting neuron loss by apoptosis. Together, our results indicate a temporal sequence of intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation, Caspase-3 activation, and neuron loss that implies a potential apoptotic mechanism of neuron death in the 5XFAD mouse.
Carbon monoxide adsorption and desorption on Rh{111} and Rh{331} surfaces

The combined techniques of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) were utilized to investigate the adsorption and desorption characteristics of carbon monoxide from the initially clean Rh{111} and Rh{331} surfaces. An effective procedure was established, which reduced the bulk carbon contamination to an undetectable level. The XPS results for saturation exposures show a strong O 1s spectral region; the Rh{111} surface exhibited two peaks with binding energies at 532.1 eV and 530.7 eV, whereas for the Rh{331} surface, the peaks were at 532.1 eV and 531.2 eV. These binding energies are characteristic of molecular species bonded to two different surface binding sites. SIMS results on the CO saturated Rh{111} and Rh{331} surfaces showed strong RhCO+ and Rh2CO+ cluster ion intensities, which further substantiates the conclusion that CO molecularly adsorbs on these Rh surfaces at 300 K. Heating the CO saturated Rh{111} and Rh{331} surfaces to greater than 470 K, thermally desorbed the CO overlayer. SIMS and XPS analysis after heating showed no evidence of molecular CO or its dissociated products. Further results of this study showed that surface carbon and oxide do not diffuse into the Rh crystal bulk below the molecular CO desorption temperature. This eliminated the possibility that any dissociated products of CO had diffused into the bulk and were therefore undetected.