cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting the bootstrap method to analyze patterns of gene expression

Background High-throughput technologies like microarrays or the recent RNA-Seq provide large amounts of data for gene expression studies. Although there have been diverse methods to design gene-expression experiments and analyze gene-expression data, the prediction of true patterns of gene expression in case of having few samples remains a challenging problem [1,2]. Materials and methods We propose a method to predict response patterns of gene expression studies in the case of small sample size using a bootstrap method [3]. Our approach adopts partially order sets (posets) to represent gene patterns, which are determined based on pairwise comparisons [4]. Results We show that patterns that are not linearly orderable cannot be true patterns of gene response to treatments. From this result, we propose a strategy using bootstrap resampling to infer true responses of non-linearly-orderable patterns. Our experiments showed that this method produced gene lists with more biological functional enrichment than those obtained without bootstrap resampling. Conclusions Our method is useful in designing cost-effective experiments with small sample sizes. Researchers can still use a small sample size to determine true patterns for most genes. For highly-variantly expressed genes, their true patterns can be identified using the proposed method.
Adolescent methylphenidate treatment differentially alters adult impulsivity and hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat model of ADHD

Impulsivity and hyperactivity are two facets of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Impulsivity is expressed as reduced response inhibition capacity, an executive control mechanism that prevents premature execution of an intermittently reinforced behavior. During methylphenidate treatment, impulsivity and hyperactivity are decreased in adolescents with ADHD, but there is little information concerning levels of impulsivity and hyperactivity in adulthood after adolescent methylphenidate treatment is discontinued. The current study evaluated impulsivity, hyperactivity as well as cocaine sensitization during adulthood after adolescent methylphenidate treatment was discontinued in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) model of ADHD. Treatments consisted of oral methylphenidate (1.5mg/kg) or water vehicle provided Monday-Friday from postnatal days 28-55. During adulthood, impulsivity was measured in SHR and control strains (Wistar Kyoto and Wistar rats) using differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedules. Locomotor activity and cocaine sensitization were measured using the open-field assay. Adult SHR exhibited decreased efficiency of reinforcement under the DRL30 schedule and greater levels of locomotor activity and cocaine sensitization compared to control strains. Compared to vehicle, methylphenidate treatment during adolescence reduced hyperactivity in adult SHR, maintained the lower efficiency of reinforcement, and increased burst responding under DRL30. Cocaine sensitization was not altered following adolescent methylphenidate in adult SHR. In conclusion, adolescent treatment with methylphenidate followed by discontinuation in adulthood had a positive benefit by reducing hyperactivity in adult SHR rats; however, increased burst responding under DRL compared to SHR given vehicle, i.e., elevated impulsivity, constituted an adverse consequence associated with increased risk for cocaine abuse liability.
RNA folding: A clear path to RNA catalysis.

A new high-resolution crystal structure of the subdomain from a catalytically active group II intron reveals important conformational rearrangements necessary to achieve the fully formed catalyst. This structure provides the first atomic-resolution structure of an RNA folding intermediate.
Assessment of mitral stenosis: role of real-time 3D TEE.

The need to identify patients with important mitral stenosis (whose condition might be improved by closed commissurotomy) and to separate them from those with predominant mitral insufficiency (who could be made worse) was the motivation for the development of ultrasound cardiography by Edler and
Approaching Universal Coverage: Minnesota's Health Insurance Programs

Ninety-five percent of nonelderly people in Minnesota had health insurance in 2001, relating in part to widespread employer-sponsored coverage. However, this study finds that five state-sponsored programs are important partners in this achievement, providing coverage for low-income children and adults, as well as individuals who have trouble finding insurance in the private market because of health problems. Together, these programs cover about 11 percent of the state's nonelderly population.
Erratum to: Pornography and the Male Sexual Script: An Analysis of Consumption and Sexual Relations.

The article’s abstract also contains an error. In the last sentence in the first column, instead of: Results showed the more pornography a man watches, the more likely he was to use it during sex, requestparticular pornographic sex acts of his partner, deliberately conjure images of pornography during sex to maintain arousal, and have concerns over his own sexual performance and body image. It should read: Results showed the more pornography a man watches, the more likely he was to use it during sex, request particular pornographic sex acts of his partner, and deliberately conjure images of pornography during sex to maintain arousal.
Copper and Amine Oxidases in Connective Tissue Metabolism

That copper is an essential biocatalyst has been recognized for nearly a half century but its critical role in connective tissue metabolism has come into focus only in recent years. It is now clear that copper plays a role in the crosslinking of the two important connective tissue proteins, elastin and collagen. The gross pathology that results from this copper deficiency is most dramatic when it occurs in large arteries and results in spontaneous and massive hemorrhage. Because of this unique pathology and the importance of a sound vasculature to human health, our research has been focused on the aorta. The effect of copper deficiency on the integrity of collagen and elastin and the activity of the amine oxidases in this organ has been investigated. This paper summarizes earlier observations and presents recent results relating to a copper-dependent amine oxidase which plays a key role in the crosslinking process.
Detection of Ventricular Septal Defect Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction by Pulse Doppler Flowmeter

A 60 year old man was admitted to the CCU two or three weeks after an acute posterior myocardial infarction. On examination there was cloudy mentation, pale and cool lower extremities, hypotension, atrial fibrillation with a ranid ventricular response, a grade 4/6 pansystolic murmur and thrill at the apex, and evidence for severe biventricular failure.
A case study in time-based failure mode and successful mechanism identification by accelerated stress method

Automated testing of semiconductor devices has been increasingly more complex in the effort of catching failures in the shortest possible time as part of maintaining the cost competitiveness of the device. Typically entire test programs for medium complexity devices may run in the microseconds. However, what if the failure encountered by the device only manifests after several minutes of continuous operation ? This is also a challenge for semiconductor failure analysis since the failure mode will only occur after a prolonged time of device operation. This paper will discuss a case study wherein the device will fail at the output voltage parameter only after approximately several minutes in continuous biased condition.
Optimizing Neuropsychological Assessments for Cognitive, Behavioral, and Functional Impairment Classification: A Machine Learning Study.

Subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) show loss of cognitive functions and change in behavioral and functional state affecting the quality of their daily life and that of their families and caregivers. A neuropsychological assessment plays a crucial role in detecting such changes from normal conditions. However, despite the existence of clinical measures that are used to classify and diagnose AD, a large amount of subjectivity continues to exist. Our aim was to assess the potential of machine learning in quantifying this process and optimizing or even reducing the amount of neuropsychological tests used to classify AD patients, also at an early stage of impairment. We investigated the role of twelve state-of-the-art neuropsychological tests in the automatic classification of subjects with none, mild, or severe impairment as measured by the clinical dementia rating (CDR). Data were obtained from the ADNI database. In the groups of measures used as features, we included measures of both cognitive domains and subdomains. Our findings show that some tests are more frequently best predictors for the automatic classification, namely, LM, ADAS-Cog, AVLT, and FAQ, with a major role of the ADAS-Cog measures of delayed and immediate memory and the FAQ measure of financial competency.
Palladium(II) Weak-Link Approach Complexes Bearing Hemilabile N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Thioether Ligands

A new class of homoligated palladium(II) weak-link approach (WLA) complexes bearing hemilabile N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)–thioether ligands is reported that, unlike previous tweezer-like WLA complexes, expand and contract in a linear fashion when switching between configurational states. These complexes can be chemically switched between a trans open state and a trans closed state via the addition or subsequent extraction of Cl–. These bis(NHC) complexes also display unusual isomerization behavior. For example, an NMR spectroscopic investigation into the solution-state configuration of the open complex reveals the presence of interconverting syn,trans and anti,trans isomers, and a kinetic study shows that the barrier is large enough to isolate, store, and study the anti,trans isomer at room temperature. Notably, the linker length between the NHC and thioether moieties can be tailored with additional −CH2– groups, which affords considerable control over the geometric changes imposed by switching. Therefo...
State Variation in Medicaid Reimbursements for Orthopaedic Surgery.

UpdateThis article was updated on September 12, 2019, because of previous errors. On page 238, in the Table I “Coefficient of Variation” column, the values that had read “0.70” now read “0.07.” On page 239, in the Results section entitled “Coefficient of Variation,” the sentence that had read “These
Mass Amphibian Mortality during Overwintering Related To Fungal Pathogen But Not Larval Environment: An Explanation for Declines?

Development of infectious diseases within hosts may be shaped by environmental conditions that cause tradeoffs in energetic demands for immune responses against demands for host growth and survival. Environmental conditions may influence these tradeoffs by affecting size of hosts, or tradeoffs may change across seasons, thereby altering the impacts of diseases on hosts. In the present study, we exposed northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles to varying larval environments (low leaf litter, high density of conspecifics, 40 ug/L atrazine, caged fish, or control) that influenced size at metamorphosis, a measure of host quality. Subsequently, we exposed these metamorphs of to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a fungal pathogen linked to worldwide host population declines, at metamorphosis and/or 12 weeks later, prior to overwintering. Bd exposure dramatically reduced survival during overwintering and the effect was strongest when frogs were exposed both at metamorphosis and before overwintering. Larval environments, which determined host size, did not influence effects of Bd. Stage-structured models built to assess the impacts of Bd exposure on host populations suggest that Bd exposure at metamorphosis or before overwintering would reduce annual population growth rates by an average of 19% and 41%, respectively. Our study indicates that northern leopard frog hosts suffered little effects of Bd exposures following metamorphosis and that lower host quality did not hamper a frogs ability to respond to Bd. Instead, we provide evidence that Bd exposure can reduce survival and result in population size reductions via reduced recruitment from overwintering mortality, providing a plausible mechanism for enigmatic declines of amphibians in temperate regions.
Giant Multinucleated Hepatocytes in an Adult With Chronic Active Hepatitis

A case of an adult with chronic active hepatitis associated with giant multinucleated liver cells is presented. The giant liver cells in this case are widespread and the picture resembles neonatal hepatitis. The morphology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of giant hepatocytes found in human neonates and adults and in experimental animals is discussed. Because the proliferative phase of giant hepatic cells is transient, this reaction may be more common than generally believed.
Abstract 161: Rapid-Cycle Development of Decision Support Tools for Patients With Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis

Background: Therapy for aortic stenosis (AS) is quickly evolving, with treatment options expanded by transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The complexity of information patients need to ma...
Near Edge Structure of Highly Ionized Manganese in Mn-doped Chevrel Compounds

This paper was withdrawn after the proceedings had been assembled in its final form. In order to keep to a rapid publication schedule the succeeding pages have not been renumbered; pages 62 and 63 are therefore missing
A cohesive zone model for studying crack growth in materials and structures

This paper presents a cohesive zone model and explores its capacity for predicting crack growth in materials and structures. An exponential cohesive law was implemented for the specific case of monotonic loading and applied to crack growth simulation, in three-dimensions, in thin fracture specimens made from the chosen material of interest. The cohesive law is governed by the two parameters, cohesive strength and cohesive energy, and our parameter study revealed the cohesive strength to be a more influential parameter. The cohesive parameters were calibrated for the commercial aluminum-copper-magnesium alloy 2024 in the T3 temper by comparing the finite element predictions with experimental test results obtained for a compact-tension specimen. Middle-cracked tension test specimens having different ratios of the crack length were modeled using the calibrated parameters and the numerical results showed good correlation with the experimental test results.
Jurisprudence Transcending Time and Space: Affirmative Action and the Revolution of 1937

The purpose of this paper is to compare the jurisprudential debate on affirmative action to economic rights questions facing the Court during the Lochner Era. Proponents of the antidiscrimination principle believe that all racial classifications, including affirmative action, are unconstitutional, a view that corresponds with Lochner v. New York. Supporters of the anti-caste principle support affirmative action programs as a means to ensure that the circumstances of one's birth do not preclude the opportunity to succeed, a principle similar to West Cost Hotel v. Parish. These similarities demonstrate that legal principles reflect evolving notions of American ideals present throughout our history.
Efficient synthesis of the ketone body ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate and its (S,S) enantiomer.

Abstract The ketone body ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate and its (S,S) enantiomer were prepared in a short, operationally simple synthetic sequence from racemic β-butyrolactone. Enantioselective hydrolysis of β-butyrolactone with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase-B (CAL-B) results in (R)-β-butyrolactone and (S)-β-hydroxybutyric acid, which are easily converted to (R) or (S)-ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and reduced to (R) or (S)-1,3 butanediol. Either enantiomer of ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and 1,3 butanediol are then coupled, again using CAL-B, to produce the ketone body ester product. This is an efficient, scalable, atom-economic, chromatography-free, and low cost synthetic method to produce the ketone body esters.
Gout and the Risk of Incident Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults 65 Years or Older: An Observational Study

Study Objectives:To assess whether gout is associated with a higher risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in older adults.Methods:We used the 5% United States Medicare beneficiary sample from 2006–...
Modified two step N-acetylcysteine dosing regimen for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose a safe alternative

Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV NAC) is currently the approved treatment for acetaminophen (APAP) overdose with a three-step regimen totaling 300 mg/kg over 21 hours. Due to the complexity of this...
The Adaptive Proline Response in P. falciparum Is Independent of PfeIK1 and eIF2α Signaling

We have previously identified the cytoplasmic prolyl tRNA synthetase in Plasmodium falciparum as the functional target of the natural product febrifugine and its synthetic analogue halofuginone (HFG), one of the most potent antimalarials discovered to date. However, our studies also discovered that short-term treatment of asexual blood stage P. falciparum with HFG analogues causes a 20-fold increase in intracellular proline, termed the adaptive proline response (APR), which renders parasites tolerant to HFG. This novel resistance phenotype lacks an apparent genetic basis but remains stable after drug withdrawal. On the basis of our findings that HFG treatment induces eIF2α phosphorylation, a sensitive marker and mediator of cellular stress, we here investigate if eIF2α-signaling is functionally linked to the APR. In our comparative studies using a parasite line lacking PfeIK1, the Plasmodium orthologue of the eIF2α-kinase GCN2 that mediates amino acid deprivation sensing, we show that HFG activity and the APR are independent from PfeIK1 and eIF2α signaling.
Integrating multi-sensor remote sensing and species distribution modeling to map the spread of emerging forest disease and tree mortality

Abstract Forest ecosystems have been increasingly affected by a variety of disturbances, including emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), causing extensive tree mortality in the Western United States. Especially over the past decade, EID outbreaks occurred more frequently and severely in forest landscapes, which have killed large numbers of trees. While tree mortality is observable from remote sensing, its symptom may be associated with both disease and non-disease disturbances (e.g., wildfire and drought). Species distribution modeling is widely used to understand species spatial preferences for certain habitat conditions, which may constrain uncertain remote sensing approaches due to limited spatial and spectral resolution. In this study, we integrated multi-sensor remote sensing and species distribution modeling to map disease-caused tree mortality in a forested area of 80,000 ha from 2005 to 2016. We selected sudden oak death (caused by pathogen P. ramorum) as a case study of a rapidly spreading emerging infectious disease, which has killed millions of oak (Quercus spp.) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) in California over the past decades. To balance the needs for fine-scale monitoring of disease distribution patterns and satisfactory coverage at broad scales, our method applied spectral unmixing to extract sub-pixel disease presence using yearly Landsat time series. The results were improved by employing the probability of disease infection generated from a species distribution model. We calibrated and validated the method with image samples from high-spatial resolution NAIP (National Agriculture Imagery Program), and hyperspectral AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) sensors, Google Earth® imagery, and field observations. The findings reveal an annual sudden oak death infection rate of 7% from 2005 to 2016, with overall mapping accuracies ranging from 76% to 83%. The integration of multi-sensor remote sensing and species distribution modeling considerably reduced the overestimation of disease effects as compared to the use of remote sensing alone, leading to an average of 26% decrease in detecting disease-affected trees. Such integration strategy proved the effectiveness of mapping long-term, disease-caused tree mortality in forest landscapes that have experienced multiple disturbances.
TRPC6 deficiency causes obesity and metabolic dysfunction

Transient receptor potential cation channel C (TRPC) is a group of receptor-operated cation channels that modulate cell Ca2+ influx. TPRC6 is a subunit of the TRPC family that is expressed in the b...
Clinical characteristics and treatment analysis of 62 children with tsutsugamushi disease

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of children with tsutsugamushi disease and improve the diagnosis and treatment of tsutsugamushi disease.Methods The clinical data,treatment and outcome of 62 hospitalized patients with tsutsugamushi disease from January 2008 to June 2011 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively.Results All patients had fever,eschar or ulcer,35 cases complicated with encephalitis,29 cases with pneumonia,5 cases with pulmonary edema,41 cases with thrombocytopenia,31 patients with elevated WBC,60 cases with C-reactive protein elevation.All cases were given doxycycline hydrochloride tablets and protect vital organs treatment,3 cases with mechanical ventilation therapy.Two cases with multiple organ functional failure were dead,and the others were cured.Conclusions The clinical manifestations of children with tsutsugamushi disease are diverse.The main feature are fever,eschar or ulcer.Early detection,early diagnosis and early treatment can avoid serious tsutsugamushi disease and result in severe complications or death.Doxycycline hydrochloride is the effective drug for treatment of tsutsugamushi disease. Key words: Scrub typhus; Children; Clinical features; Doxycycline hydrochloride
Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable set rationalization of choice functions

Two scenarios illustrate uses of von Neumann–Morgenstern stable sets in the construction of choice functions. A comparison is made to the construction of choice functions by the selection of maximal elements. A characterization is given of choice functions that are von Neumann–Morgenstern stable set rationalizable by acyclic, asymmetric binary relations. Two examples illustrate the use of the characterization.
PET/CT in the Clinical Evaluation of Pediatric Epilepsy

Epilepsy affects 0.5–1 % of the pediatric population, and a relevant proportion of these patients are refractory to medical therapy. In such cases, surgical resection of the epileptic focus is often the treatment of choice. In this setting, nuclear medicine methods can provide useful information for the precise presurgical localization of the lesion, in association with MRI findings.
Remote but Together: Live-video Group Exercise Via Zoom for Heart Failure Patients Has High Adherence and Satisfaction

Introduction Palliative care can improve heart failure (HF) symptoms, however many HF patients lack access. Likewise, standard exercise programs can improve symptoms in HF patients, however participation rates are low due to poor access and patient-specific barriers, such as high symptom burden. Further, measurement of physical function at home is uncommon. It is unknown whether gentle exercise via remote live-video conferencing is feasible in patients with HF. Aims The purpose of this study, PALL-HEART was to pilot test a live, gentle exercise intervention delivered via group video-conference, compared to an education/control group, on: 1) feasibility/adherence; 2) participant satisfaction; and, 3) utility of home-based measurement of physical function. Methods This 8-week randomized controlled trial included participants (N=20) recruited from an academic health system HF clinic. Both the intervention group (IG) and the health education (HE) group received a tablet computer preloaded with HF education topics, while the IG group participated in live 60-minute gentle exercise classes via video-conference twice weekly. The HE group was instructed to explore the education resources and called weekly to ascertain office visits or hospitalizations. Outcomes measured: 1) intervention feasibility using adherence (number of attended sessions, number of minutes attended), technological issues (ease of tablet use; number of technological disruptions; 2) satisfaction with intervention; and, 3) utility of home-based physical function measures (strength [arm curls, chair stands], balance [1 leg stand], hip flexibility [sit and reach], endurance [2 minute step test], agility [timed get up and go]). Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d by group. Results Twenty (IG=10, HE=10) participated, with a mean age of 68.7 years (SD = 12.7), 17 (85%) male gender, 16 (80%) white, and mean BMI of 29.4 (SD = 5.1). The trial design was feasible with 100% participation in classes, 100% of minutes attended, zero technological disruptions, and 100% participant satisfaction ratings. Further, some participants joined classes more often than we instructed (>100% adherence). Physical function measures were conveniently assessed at home (within 15 minutes) with small to moderate preliminary effect sizes in the intervention group at 8 weeks on: hip flexibility (sit to reach; d = 0.25), leg strength (chair stands; d = 0.16), endurance (two-minute-step test; d = 0.13), and balance (get up and go; d = 0.31). Conclusion Our novel approach to home exercise is highly feasible with very high adherence rates, satisfaction, and easily adapted home-based physical function measures. Testing for improvements in physical function and psychological measures is now needed. These findings are especially critical now as we seek suitable platforms for remote access to health care.
Perioperative Outcomes in 17,947 Patients Undergoing 2-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Versus 1-Level Anterior Cervical Corpectomy for Treatment of Cervical Degenerative Conditions: A Propensity Score Matched National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Analysis.

OBJECTIVE To compare the perioperative morbidity of 2-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with that of 1-level anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative conditions. METHODS A retrospective study of the 2005-2016 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for patients undergoing 2-level ACDF and 1-level ACCF was performed. Patient data included: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), functional status, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (PS) classification. Hospital data included: operative time and length of hospital stay (LOS). Thirty-day outcome data included: any, serious, and minor adverse events, return to the operating room, readmission, and mortality. After propensity matching for age, sex, ASA PS classification, functional status, and BMI, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare outcomes between the 2 propensity-matched subcohorts. Finally, multivariate logistic regression that additionally controlled for operative time was performed to compare the 2 propensity-matched subcohorts. RESULTS A total of 17,497 cases were identified, with 90.20% undergoing 2-level ACDF and 9.80% undergoing 1-level ACCF. Patients undergoing 2-level ACDF were younger, more likely to be female, had higher functional status, and had shorter operative time and LOS (p < 0.001). After propensity score matching, cases undergoing 1-level ACCF had a statistically significant higher rate of serious adverse events (p = 0.005). This difference was no longer significant after controlling for operative time. CONCLUSION While there was noted to be additional morbidity in 1-level ACCF cases relative to 2-level ACDF cases, the lack of difference once controlling for the surgical time supports using the procedure that best accomplishes the surgical objectives.
The Book Review Column1

The three books reviewed in this column are about central ideas in algorithms, complexity, and geometry. The third one brings together topics from the first two by applying techniques of both property testing (the subject of the first book) and parameterized complexity (including its more focused incarnation studied in the second book, kernelization) to geometric problems.
The Racially Disparate Effects of Drug Arrest on High School Dropout

Racial biases in law enforcement over the past three decades have been linked to the racialized policies of the war on drugs. The author examines the educational consequences of the war on drugs on...
Elevation of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 level in a pediatric patient with lupus nephritis

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), a hormone mainly secreted by osteocytes and osteoblasts, regulates phosphate and vitamin D levels. However, the in vivo significance of FGF-23 is not fully elucidated. This case report describes a 12-year-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, and an elevated serum FGF-23 level. The patient was treated with active vitamin D and oral sodium phosphate medications to manage low serum phosphate levels (2.2 mg/dL). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a high-intensity area in the left femur, but somatostatin receptor scintigraphy images did not indicate tumor-induced osteomalacia. SLE treatment using mycophenolate mofetil (1500 mg/day) was initiated, and serum complements levels increased as FGF-23 level increased. Serum FGF-23 level gradually decreased as urinary protein levels decreased after treatment with steroids; however, there was no change in the high-intensity area on MRI. Recent studies have reported that serum FGF-23 level is associated with iron deficiency and inflammation; yet, the mechanism related to these associations is not fully elucidated. The findings from this case suggest that elevated serum FGF-23 levels noted in our patient were related to silent lupus nephritis and lupus nephritis activity.
Low Temperature Thermometry in High Magnetic Fields

The calibration and reproducibilty of various commercial and homemade thermometers have been investigated over a temperature range from 20 mK to 4.2 K and magnetic field strength from 0 to 16 Tesla. The performance of resistance thermometers made of different materials varies widely as a function of magnetic field. One type (Scientific Instruments RO600) is found to have a relatively small magneto-resistance, which is predictable to better than 1% down to 100 mK, making calibration in a magnetic field unnecessary for many applications. This was not true of homemade ruthenium oxide and Cernox (Lakeshore Cryotronics). A new type of sensor, thin film doped germanium on a GaAs substrate, was also investigated and found to be useful at higher fields and low temperature.
Management of Pain

Pain has been defined as an unpleasant sensory emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage [1, 2]. Pain is subjective and every patient has his/her own interpretation. Fear of pain is a major component of patients’ attitudes towards cancer.
RBF method for optimal control of drug administration in the anemia of hemodialysis patients

Anemia is a common complication of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that is efficiently treated by the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). While a low-dose EPO cannot treat the anemia effectively, an excessive EPO dose may increase the risk of serious heart problems and blood clots. Therefore, the optimal control of EPO administration is of great importance in the treatment of anemia. In this work, a radial basis function (RBF) method is introduced and successfully applied to the EPO drug dosing problem. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the method for the optimal control of EPO administration in the anemia of hemodialysis patients.
Chapter 7 Physical Control of Primary Productivity in Arctic and Antarctic Polynyas

Abstract The unique physical characteristics of Arctic and Antarctic polynyas often make them highly productive marine environments. Here I focus on four major polynyas (the NEW and NOW polynyas in the Arctic and the Ross Sea and Mertz Glacier polynyas in the Antarctic) and compare and contrast the major physicochemical features that control rates of phytoplankton growth and primary production in each. Included in this analysis are the effects of temperature, solar radiation (including ultraviolet), and nutrient delivery. Also discussed is the positive feedback that exists between cloud cover and polynya size as well as the importance of the timing of polynya formation on ecosystem structure.
Superrotation in Terrestrial Atmospheres

AbstractAtmospheric superrotation with prograde equatorial winds and an equatorial angular momentum maximum is ubiquitous in planetary atmospheres. It is clear that eddy fluxes of angular momentum toward the equator are necessary to generate it. But under what conditions superrotation arises has remained unclear. This paper presents simulations and a scaling theory that establish conditions under which superrotation occurs in terrestrial atmospheres. Whether superrotation arises depends on the relative importance of factors that favor or disfavor superrotation. Convection preferentially generates Rossby waves near the equator, where the Rossby number is O(1). Since the Rossby waves transport angular momentum toward their source regions, this favors superrotation. Meridional temperature gradients preferentially lead to baroclinic instability and wave generation away from the equator. Eddy transport of angular momentum toward the baroclinic source region implies transport out of low latitudes, which disfavo...
Association of Spores of "Phaeomoniella chlamydospora", "Phaeoacremonium inflatipes", and "Pm. aleophilum" with Grapevine Cordons in California

Summary. Esca (black measles) of grapevine has long been known to occur wherever grapes are grown. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and two species of Phaeoacremonium, Pm. inflatipes and Pm. aleophilum, have been associated with esca and Petri grapevine decline in major production regions of California. Though present in symptomatic grapevines and capable of causing foliar symptoms of esca, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora does not cause the typical symptoms on fruit. However, trapping studies showed that spores of Pa. chlamydospora, Pm. inflatipes and Pm. aleophilum were captured throughout the year in vineyards ranging from the north California coast to the southern San Joaquin Valley. They can be considered airborne fungi capable of being water-splashed by pruning or other wounds during part of their biological cycle. Trapping of spores coincided with rainfall events for Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. inflatipes, and to a lesser degree for Pm. aleophilum. However, this last species was trapped during periods of time when rainfall did not occur and was trapped longer into the summer.
The relationship between general causality orientation and treatment outcome among marijuana-dependent adults.

Abstract General causality orientations are motivational styles that are indicative of a person's belief about personal change and their motivation to change. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether causality orientations were associated with marijuana treatment outcomes in a sample of marijuana-dependent individuals. A total of 74 participants (66% male) were recruited from the Seattle, Washington area and randomly assigned to receive a combination of motivational enhancement and cognitive behavioral therapy or the combination treatment plus additional “check-up” sessions. Follow-up assessments evaluated frequency of use, use-related problems, and marijuana use disorder symptoms through 9 months. Causality orientations were relatively stable over time. Posttreatment Autonomy orientations were associated with lower frequency of use and Controlled orientations were associated with a reduction in use, problems, and marijuana use disorder symptoms. Autonomy and Controlled orientations were associated with readiness to change. Results suggest that both autonomous and controlled orientations have implications for response to treatment; perhaps for different reasons. Causality orientations may be a promising avenue of research to predict treatment response and outcome.
Localization of choline acetyltransferase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the nervus terminalis of the fetal and neonatal rat

Ganglia of the nervus terminalis have been shown to contain luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) immunoreactive cells in several mammalian species. These cells are always accompanied by clusters of cells non-immunoreactive to antiserum to LHRH. Using immunocytochemical procedures, we found choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) present in cell bodies and in nerve processes throughout the peripheral, intracranial and central projections of the nervus terminalis. In addition, a dense plexus of substance P (SP) immunoreactive fibers was seen in the nasal mucosa surrounding the nasal glandular acini and blood vessels. A number of SP reactive fibers were traced with the olfactory nerves through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and appeared to enter the brain in the area of the central roots of the nervus terminalis.
Intention to Conserve Water: Environmental Values, Reasoned Action, and Information Effects Across Time

ABSTRACT We model intention and behavior toward water conservation using the theory of reasoned action in a form that includes environmental values with information seeking, exposure, and attention to information about water conservation. Data were collected by phone surveys in 1998 and 2000 in Reno–Sparks, Nevada, with independent samples of 405 and 463 respondents and a panel subset of 249. Path analysis of the independent samples demonstrates a model with good fit in which associations strengthen slightly across time but mean values remain static. Panel data confirm this finding and also show that much of the effect attitudes and norms exert on intention and behavior is associated with information. While intention does not directly predict behavior in the model, intention does present an indirect effect on behavior through information. We suggest that information as used in this study covers intermediary behavior in which enduring value systems and past behavioral patterns are reinforced.
Circular dichroism in the angular distribution of core photoelectrons from Si(001): A photoelectron-diffraction analysis.

Circular dichroism has by now been observed experimentally in the angular distributions of core photoelectrons from both adsorbed molecules and atoms in single-crystal substrates. Photoelectron-diffraction theory provides a general method for predicting and analyzing such effects, as we demonstrate here by applying it to such dichroism in a nonmagnetic single crystal: Si 2{ital s} and 2{ital p} emission from Si(001), as studied experimentally by Daimon {ital et} {ital al}. [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32, L1480 (1993)]. Our calculations correctly predict the apparent rotation of certain major diffraction features with right and left circularly polarized light, and also provide a more quantitative approach to analyzing such data than a previously proposed model based upon considerations of forward-scattering effects in photoelectron excitation.
DEFINING JOB CONCENTRATIONS: THE LOS ANGELES CASE

This paper aims to develop a simple technique for defining employment concentrations, suitable for application to any large North American urban area, and to implement it for a major area. Following a review of earlier work, the 1990 distribution patterns of population, resident workers, and jobs in greater Los Angeles are mapped, summarized in tabular form, and compared. After a consideration of alternative approaches, employment concentrations are delineated using census tracts, with the 1990 employment/residence ratio as chief criterion, rather than job density. Of 120 concentrations defined, 11 have more than 100,000 jobs each and 28 have at least 50,000. Downtown Los Angeles, still the region's largest concentration, now is rivaled by the relatively new Irvine. Comparable 1980 data show job growth in most concentrations, although increases Downtown have been modest. The industry profiles of the largest concentrations vary widely, especially as to the significance of manufacturing, which dominates som...
Constraints on the pre-metamorphic trace element composition of Barberton komatiites from ion probe analyses of preserved clinopyroxene

The trace element compositions of igneous augite preserved in metamorphosed komatiite samples from the lower Komati Formation, Barberton Mountainland, South Africa (3.49 Ga), were analyzed in order to estimate the pre-metamorphic bulk composition of the samples. The chemical effects of metamorphism are evaluated by calculating the trace element (TE) composition of a hypothetical augite in equilibrium with the bulk sample composition, and comparing it with ion probe analyses of the cores of augite crystals preserved in that sample. Differences between the calculated and measured composition of the augite indicate chemical gain or loss from the bulk sample during metamorphism. The data indicate that the rare earth elements (REE) and Y were immobile during metamorphism. Immobility is also indicated for Ti and Zr, though chromite fractionation makes this conclusion less firm. Sr and Eu were highly mobile (>50% loss) in all samples studied. Because the REE were immobile, the light REE (LREE) enrichments [(La/Sm)n>1] present in some Barberton komatiite samples are a primary igneous feature, and not the result of post-emplacement metamorphic processes. The variations in (La/Sm)n correlate with Ti/Zr in a strikingly similar manner to variations present in modern boninites, which are high Mg, hydrous subduction zone magmas. Plume-based models that appeal to majorite garnet fractionation cannot produce the low Ti/Zr of komatiites or their wide variation in La/Sm. Thus, we propose that a subduction origin for the Barberton komatiites and basaltic komatiites is more consistent with the available trace element data.
Thermal elastic deformations of the planet Mercury

The variation in solar heating due to the resonance rotation of Mercury produces periodic elastic deformations on the surface of the planet. The thermal stress and strain fields under Mercury's surface are calculated after certain simplifications. It is found that deformations penetrate to a greater depth than the variation of solar heating, and that the thermal strain on the surface of the planet pulsates with an amplitude of .004 and a period of 176 days.
The effect of a role model project upon the attitudes of ninth‐grade science students

This article will describe an in-school intervention project that used female role models to change the attitudes of 964 Iowa girls and boys in 57 ninth-grade science classes toward science, math, and technical curricula and careers. The differences between the students' mean pretest and posttest scores on each of six factors found to be associated with students' attitudes toward science and math and technical careers were analyzed to determine which of five experimental groups responded most positively to the intervention. Higher difference scores indicated that the attitudes of girls and boys who participated in the intervention improved more than the attitudes of girls and boys in the control groups, suggesting that the use of female role models in the science classroom is an effective way to change students' attitudes toward science, math, and related careers.
Opto-acoustic spectroscopy and the energy of photodissociation of uranium hexafluoride

Abstract Opto-acoustic spectroscopy of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) with a tunable pulsed dye laser in the region of its weakest absorption band (A band) was observed. In contrast to the normal opto-acoustic response where most of the photon energy rapidly reappears as thermal energy, the response with UF6 represents only a small fraction of the absorbed photon energy. Since UF6 is photodissociated with essentially a quantum yield of unity in this band, most of the photon energy is consumed in the dissociation process. Only the excess energy contributes to the opto-acoustic response. The dependence of the response on wavelength or photon energy is determined both by the photons absorbed and by the excess energy over that required to dissociate UF6. The dependence of the response on other factors is also discussed. In spite of the very fast post-photolytic kinetics of the exothermic reactions known to follow the dissociation of UF6, no evidence of their contribution to the opto-acoustic response was detected. Even the deliberate addition of H2, which rapidly reacts with the fluorine atoms produced during photolysis of UF6, fails to contribute to the response through the release of additional chemical energy. However, some enhancement of the response results from the presence of H2 or D2, because of their effectiveness in relaxing the vibrationally or rotationally excited products of the UF6 photolysis. Their effectiveness exceeds that of UF6 or WF6. Other gases such as nitrogen, helium and argon have a negligible effect.
Inner envelopes: Efficient estimation in multivariate linear regression

In this article we propose a new model, called the inner envelope model, which leads to efficient estimation in the context of multivariate normal linear regression. The asymptotic distribution and the consistency of its maximum likelihood estimators are established. Theoretical results, simulation studies and examples all show that the efficiency gains can be substantial relative to standard methods and to the maximum likelihood estimators from the envelope model introduced recently by Cook et al. (2010). Compared to the envelope model, the inner envelope model is based on a different construction and it can produce substantial efficiency gains in situations where the envelope model offers no gains. In effect, inner envelopes open a new frontier to the way in which reducing subspaces can be used to improve efficiency in multivariate problems. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Two-dimensional piezoelectricity. Part I: eigensolutions of nondegenerate and degenerate materials

Abstract General solutions of two-dimensional piezoelectricity, which yield all solutions of 2-D boundary values problems, are obtained by combining four complex conjugate pairs of independent eigensolutions, each containing an arbitrary analytic function. The forms of representation are fundamentally different for 14 different classes of nondegenerate and degenerate piezoelectric materials, as determined by the multiplicity and types of eigenvalues. Degenerate materials possess high-order eigensolutions, in which the eigenvectors of equal and lower orders are intrinsically coupled. Such coupling is nonexistent in nondegenerate cases including the well-known and analytically simple case with no multiple eigenvalues. The present analysis is drastically simplified by using the compliance-based formalism, instead of the stiffness-based, extended Eshelby–Stroh formalism. Explicit expressions are obtained for the eigensolutions, the pseudometrics, and the intrinsic tensors characterizing piezoelectric materials of every type.
A study of the solution to the Riccati equation in term structure modelling

We study numerical (i.e. approximate) and analytical (i.e. exact) solutions to the system of Riccati ordinary differential equations (RODE) used in estimating the class of Gaussian affine term structure models (ATSM). We base our study on accuracy and convergence time, and find that usage of the approximate solution and exact solution to the RODE yield similar accuracy. Our results are consistent with the no-arbitrage condition specified in ATSM. We also show that exact solutions, when available, lead to faster convergence times than approximate solutions.