cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systems Biology in Heterogenous Tissues: Integrating Multiple *Omics Datasets to Understand Hematopoietic Differentiation

Motivation: Systems biology integrates expression, methylation, transcription factor binding and histone modification profiles with other physiological characteristics of a specific organ. Repositories that provide the required data, like ENCODE, generally work on a high level and do not take the heterogeneity of cell types within an organ into consideration. The hematopoietic system allows the characterization and study of each cell type involved in the generation of blood cells from bone marrow stem cells and thus provides a good foundation for systems biology studies. Here we compare RNA expression, DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, DNA binding proteins and histone modification profiles in seven different hematopoietic populations using a Bayesian non-parametric hierarchical latent-class mixed-effect model known as IDEAS to characterize epigenetic changes associated with hematopoietic differentiation. Unlike other existing approaches IDEAS considers various cell types of a biological systems in concert instead of disjointly. Results: Using the VISION database and the IDEAS toolkit we provide insights into the transcriptional, epigenetic and regulatory programs governing the hematopoietic differentiation process. The characterization of the different hematopoietic components and their interactions provide the foundations for a systems biology model of hematopoiesis. Previous hematopoietic epigenome segmentation studies have focused on histone modifications, chromatin accessibility and DNA binding protein profiles. DNA methylation has been shown to vary markedly in hematopoietic populations. Inclusion of DNA methylation in these segmentation studies increased the original 36-state model of regulatory interactions to 41 states. These new DNA methylation-related states were associated with repressive marks, active RNA transcription, and a novel state regulated by DNA methylation alone. Imputing epigenetic models on inputs systematically perturbed for hematopoietic populations resulted in models of varying degrees of overlap, which were quantified and set in context with underlying biological processes. Conclusion: Our data show that methylation has a strong impact on functional genomic modeling and can be used to discern cell type specific epigenetic regulatory behavior by leveraging imputation for missing cell type data.
Voltage Stress Modeling and Measurement for Random-Wound Machine Windings Driven by Inverters

This article studies the voltage stress in random-wound machine windings under steep-fronted voltage excitations from inverter drives. The voltage stress in this article includes overshooting voltages between any two conductors in the windings, and overshooting voltages between individual conductors and the stator ground wall. This stress may accelerate insulation degradation in inverter-fed machines compared to traditional AC machines. A high-fidelity finite element (FE) model was used to analyze individual conductors of random-wound windings and predict the voltage stress during switching transients. Experimental validation of the model was conducted using a purpose-made random-wound three-phase winding, designed to allow access to multiple coils and parallel strands. Firstly, the voltage propagation and the voltage stress for both single-phase and three-phase windings were simulated and tested under Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) voltage excitations without a rotor. Both voltage propagations among all the coils and individual turns were measured and compared with simulated results. The voltage stress on each part of the machine stator winding insulation system was tested and studied. Then, similar simulations and tests were conducted with a demagnetized rotor installed to study how the rotor saliency affects the voltage propagation and voltage stress. The measured winding voltage propagations for all scenarios generally agree with the FE simulated results.
Retinal Image Formation and Sampling in a Three-Dimensional World

In this review, I develop an empirically based model of optical image formation by the human eye, followed by neural sampling by retinal ganglion cells, to demonstrate the perceptual effects of blur, aliasing, and distortion of visual space in the brain. The optical model takes account of ocular aberrations and their variation across the visual field, in addition to variations of defocus due to variation of target vergence in three-dimensional scenes. Neural sampling by retinal ganglion cells with receptive field size and spacing that increases with eccentricity is used to visualize the neural image carried by the optic nerve to the brain. Anatomical parameters are derived from psychophysical studies of sampling-limited visual resolution of sinusoidal interference fringes. Retinotopic projection of the neural image onto brainstem nuclei reveals features of the neural image in a perceptually uniform brain space where location and size of visual objects may be measured by counting neurons.
Visualization of corralled charges within a circular bilayer graphene p-n junction

The p-n junction is a fundamental and ubiquitous component in modern electronic devices. It can be found in solar cells, light emitting diodes, and transistors. Equipped with chiral fermions, an electric field tunable band gap, and an accessible valley degree of freedom, Bernal stacked bilayer graphene (BLG) based p-n junctions are a promising platform for the development of new electronic devices. Here we report direct visualization of the electronic states inside and outside of circular BLG p-n junctions by using a scanning tunneling microscope. Unexpectedly, we discover that states within such junctions exhibit a robust C_3 symmetry. By using a numerical tight binding approach to model our p-n junctions we find that the observed states originate from the confinement of charges with gapped and trigonally warped bands. Our work indicates that new valley sensitive devices such as polarizers and splitters can be realized with BLG p-n junctions.
Recovering Conditional Factor Risk Premia

We offer an approach for recovering option-implied time-varying forward-looking risk premia of systematic factors---even if they do not possess actively-traded options. We apply this approach to the market, size, value, and momentum factors. We find that factor premia are highly volatile. Both the market and the value premia tend to be higher during slowdowns and recessions and during turbulent times. By contrast, the momentum premium is higher during periods of high economic growth and low volatility. We use the recovered factor premia to construct trading strategies, which mitigate market and momentum crash risk and to predict returns of individual stocks even if they do not possess traded options.
Constraints on policy learning: designing the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in Pennsylvania

Much policy diffusion and learning research examines macro-level patterns of policy spread. However, micro-level case studies can reveal nuances in how learning occurs, particularly when innovation...
The BH3-mimetic GX15-070 induces autophagy-dependent cell death of therapy-sensitive and -resistant aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (B-NHL)

3356 The Bcl-2 family of proteins represents a rheostat that controls cellular viability. Interactions between members of BH3-domain containing proteins play an important role in the development, progression and prognosis in various subtypes of B-cell lymphomas. We previously reported that targeting Bcl-2 family proteins with GX15-070, a novel pan-inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, induced time- and dose- dependent cell death of lymphoma pre-clinical models. Moreover, GX15-070 improved rituximab and/or chemotherapy activity in vitro. In an attempt to improve our knowledge of the therapeutic effects of BH3-mimetics, we studied the mechanisms that mediate GX15-070 anti-tumor activity in a panel of therapy-sensitive (TSCL) and therapy-resistant cell lines (TRCL) and primary lymphoma cells isolated from patients with treatment-naive or refractory/relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). NHL cell lines and/or primary malignant B-cell cells isolated from DLBCL patients (n=8) were exposed in vitro to GX15-070 (100nM - 1μM) +/- zVAD-fmk. Viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion and/or CellTitre-Glo® luminescent assay 24 to 72 hours following treatment. PARP cleavage and LC3 conversion were studied by Western blotting. In vitro exposure of TSCL/TRCL to GX15-070 resulted in induction of caspase-independent cell death. The ability of GX15-070 to induce caspase-dependent PARP cleavage varied between patient samples and was not observed in therapy-resistant cell lines (TRCL). Surprisingly, conversion of LC3 was observed in all cell lines and most DLBCL cells tested, suggesting that GX15-070 is a potent inducer of autophagy. To determine if autophagy contributed to GX15-070 activity, autophagy was inhibited by treatment with 3-methyladenine or siRNA-mediated Beclin-1 knock-down. Under conditions where autophagy was inhibited, cell death induced by GX15-070 was significantly reduced. These data suggest that GX15-070-induced cell death is mediated by autophagy in therapy-sensitive and -resistant aggressive B-NHL. In summary, our data suggest that GX15-070 is a novel and potent therapeutic strategy against aggressive B-cell lymphoma. A better understanding in the mechanisms of action of BH3-mimetics, including GX15-070, is necessary for the optimal design of clinical trials for B-cell lymphoma patients. Supported by USPHS grant PO1-CA103985 from the National Cancer Institute.
‘I'm not an activist, though I've done a lot of it’: Doing Activism, Being Activist and the ‘Perfect Standard’ in a Contemporary Movement

This paper, based on in-depth interviews with thirty-three individuals involved in the burgeoning Menstrual Activism movement, explores why the identity ‘activist’ is resisted among some social movement actors. Drawing on a ‘perfect standard’ of politics and activism grounded in the core values of rigor and humility, an activist must ‘live the issue’, demonstrate relentless dedication, and contribute a sustained effort to duly merit the label. This conception of activist effectively places the label ‘out of reach’ for many social movement actors. This analysis raises questions regarding the assumption that collective action necessarily depends on the alignment between personal identity and collective identity and calls for a more nuanced and complex conceptualization of collective identity in the context of social movement action.
Fault Arc Detection Based on Time and Frequency Domain Analysis and Radom Forest

The Low voltage AC power grid is the most widely used power grid, but also the most day-to-day life-oriented power grid. The damage caused by fault arcs in low voltage AC networks is also incalculable. By using the self-made arc generator to simulate the generation of low voltage fault arcs, the current signals of 8 kinds of fault arcs are obtained. Time domain features such as average and variance of each load current waveform are extracted, and then the current waveform is passed through the Fourier transform to obtain such features as variance frequency ratio in its frequency domain. Through the analysis of decision tree and random forest, random forest is selected as the classification algorithm of fault arc detection, then the accurate load identification and fault identification are carried out by using random forest. A total of 21907 current state information is collected. The results show that the recognition rate of this algorithm is 100% for light bulb and electric fan, and 99% for other electric apparatus. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed detection algorithm.
Liver Tumor Cells Grown on Hollow Fiber Capillaries: A Prototype Liver Assist Device

Membranes in the form of artificial capillaries or hollow fibers were first conceived as a convenient membrane element for use in differential permeability separators (1) where they have been applied in water desalination and various other industrial separation processes. They were first applied in a biological role as an artificial kidney or dialyzer (2) and as an oxygenator (3). Several years later, their potential as a supporting capillary matrix for the growth of cells in-vitro was realized and apparatus for the growth of cells on artificial capillaries by circumfusion culture was developed. A variety of cell types have been cultured to produce insulin (4), growth hormone (5), or chorionic gonadotrophs (6) and we have grown cells of liver origin able to take up from the medium and detoxify the bile pigment bilirubin (7) (8). With cells grown on the opposite side of the membrane from circulating nutrient fluid, it was possible to select membrane permeability so that cells and high molecular weight molecules could not traverse the membrane.
Molecular Engineering Thermodynamics

Building up gradually from first principles, this unique introduction to modern thermodynamics integrates classical, statistical and molecular approaches and is especially designed to support students studying chemical and biochemical engineering. In addition to covering traditional problems in engineering thermodynamics in the context of biology and materials chemistry, students are also introduced to the thermodynamics of DNA, proteins, polymers and surfaces. It includes over 80 detailed worked examples, covering a broad range of scenarios such as fuel cell efficiency, DNA/protein binding, semiconductor manufacturing and polymer foaming, emphasizing the practical real-world applications of thermodynamic principles; more than 300 carefully tailored homework problems, designed to stretch and extend students' understanding of key topics, accompanied by an online solution manual for instructors; and all the necessary mathematical background, plus resources summarizing commonly used symbols, useful equations of state, microscopic balances for open systems, and links to useful online tools and datasets.
Identification of post-necking strain hardening behavior of thin sheet metals from image-based surface strain data in uniaxial tension tests

Abstract A local correction factor method is proposed for identifying the post-necking strain hardening behavior of a thin flat sheet metal under uniaxial tension testing. Based on local surface strain measurements of a flat tension test coupon containing a developing diffuse neck by digital image correlation and the axial force balance at the necking cross-section, the method extends the classical Bridgman approach to thin sheet metals with non-symmetric and irregular necking morphologies and with a general non-quadratic anisotropic flow function. The new method is shown by numerical simulations to be able to obtain reliable post-necking true stress–strain data at large strains up to the onset of localized necking with a multi-linear strain hardening model. It has been successfully applied to extract post-necking true stress–strain curves from three standard flat tension test coupons made of AISI 1018 low carbon steel, C260 Cu–Zn brass, and AA5052-H32 Al–Mg aluminum alloy thin sheet metals respectively. The local correction factor method is relatively simple to use in comparison with many other methods appeared in the literature and it can more readily be implemented as part of a routine data analysis in image-based uniaxial tension testing of sheet metals.
Parallel Process in Writing and Choreography

Writing and choreography have more in common than some might think. This article describes a sequence of steps that asks students to take a similar approach to both a five-minute group dance piece based on individual improvisations, and a five-page paper comparing two choreographers. The steps included in this sequence are: improvise, organize, get feedback, edit and refine.
Clustering Web Sessions Using Extended General Pages.

We study Web sessions clustering in order to find groups of similar sessions and discover user access patterns on a Web site. We extend the general page concept presented in (Fu, Sandhu and Shih 2000) by including partial document names and dynamic pages, and use an extended general page (EGP) to represent many individual page URLs sharing the same EGP. We present two extensions of a hierarchical clustering algorithm, ROCK (Guha, Rastogi and Shim 2000). One is a notion of EGP count that we add to the session similarity calculation. The other is a goodness threshold we adopt to restrict certain clusters from merging with others. Further, we propose a set of measurements for assessing the results from clustering boolean and categorical data and help users to identify their desired clustering results. In our experiments, we applied the ROCK and the extended ROCK (EROCK) algorithms to cluster a half-month’s Web log from a customer service Web site at HP. The experiment results showed that E-ROCK alleviated a large cluster problem of the ROCK algorithm and improved the performance in intra cluster similarity.
Hydrogen deficiency and mass loss.

Some conclusions concerning the luminous hydrogen-deficient stars are presented, as is also a list of 45 such objects.
The utilization of priorities on token ring networks

The authors theorize that, in a normal environment where the network is not overloaded, no packet priority levels should be implemented, and that the use of multiple priorities will generally degrade overall performance. They suggest that for priority operation to be meaningful, priority service must be given at the point of the service bottleneck, which generally is not network access, but rather higher-level processing (e.g. OSI protocols). They further argue that, if a message has not been treated expeditiously prior to its bid for network access, assigning a high network-access priority does little to decrease its latency. Results from simulations made of the IEEE 802.5 token ring and the Fiber Data Distributed Interface token ring are presented to reinforce the authors' thesis. >
Overview of the impact of noninvasive prenatal testing on diagnostic procedures

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has had a profound influence in the field of prenatal diagnosis since the 1997 discovery of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood. Research has progressed rapidly, with clinical data supporting laboratory studies showing that NIPT is highly sensitive and specific for fetal aneuploidy, resulting in marked uptake in the high-risk patient population. The superior accuracy of NIPT compared with conventional screening methods has led to significant decreases in the number of invasive diagnostic procedures, in addition to a concomitant decrease in the number of procedure-related fetal losses. Yet, NIPT has been described as a 'disruptive innovation' due to the considerable changes the technology has commanded on current prenatal screening and diagnostic practices. This review summarizes both institutional and global experience with NIPT uptake, its effect on reducing diagnostic invasive procedures, and the unique challenges that reduced procedural volume may have on physician and trainee proficiency, cytogenetic laboratories, and neonatal outcome.
Cerebral Oximetry and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

The article by Ibrahim et al in this issue of JAHA describes how cerebral oximetry measured during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with restoration of pulses and survival.[1][1] The authors consider whether this technology, which is portable, noninvasive, and easy to apply, could
Tissue Factor: An Enzyme Cofactor and a True Receptor

Tissue factor is considered to be the physiologic trigger of the blood clotting system in normal hemostasis and in many--perhaps most--thrombotic diseases. A wealth of new knowledge is available regarding the structure and assembly of the TF:VIIa complex and the role of factor VIIa and tissue factor in hypercoagulable states. The exciting recent finding that tissue factor can function as a signaling receptor, and suggestions that tissue factor may have important, non-hemostatic roles, will be the subject of much additional study in the near future.
Carbon cycling within the upper methanogenic zone of continental rise sediments; An example from the methane-rich sediments overlying the Blake Ridge gas hydrate deposits

Abstract Data from piston cores collected from Carolina Rise and Blake Ridge, and from many DSDP/ODP sites indicate that extreme 13C-depletion of methane and ΣCO2 occurs within the uppermost methanogenic zone of continental rise sediments. We infer that 13C-depleted methane is generated near the top of the methanogenic zone when carbon of 13C-depleted ΣCO2, produced by microbially-mediated anaerobic methane oxidation, is recycled back to methane through CO2 reduction. Interstitial water and gas samples were collected in 27 piston cores, 16 of which penetrated through the sulfate reduction zone into methane-bearing sediments of the Carolina Rise and Blake Ridge. Isotopic measurements (δ13CCH4, δ13CCO2, δDCH4, and δDH2O) indicate that this methane is microbial in origin, produced by microbially-mediated CO2 reduction. Methane samples form two distinct isotopic pools. (1) Methane from a seafloor seep site shows a mean δ13CCH4 value of − 69 ± 2%., mirroring values found at ≥ 160 mbsf from a nearby DSDP site. (2) Twenty, areally-separated sites (sample depth, 10 to 25 mbsf) have δ13CCH4 values ranging from −85 to −103%., and δ13CCO2 as negative as −48%.. The very low δ13C values from the methane and CO2 pools highlight the importance of carbon cycling within continental rise sediments at and near the sulfate-methane boundary.
Uptake of Radioactive Zinc and Manganese in Damaged Rat Liver

The effect of CCl/sub 4/ administration on distribution of Zn/sup 65/ and Mn/sup 45/ in rat liver, heart, and kidney was studied. Hepatic uptake of Mn/ sup 54/ was significantly decreased from control values with no alteration in other tissues. Zn/sup 65/ distribution did not change.
Issues in the management of web technologies: a conceptual framework

The current spate of activities in Electronic Commerce draws upon many web-based technologies. Inspite of the large amount of literature being put out on Electronic Commerce, there is no coherent model or theory bearing on issues of the management of Web technologies. This paper makes a beginning in this direction by outlining a conceptual framework for management of Web technologies. The existing literature in the Mangement of Information Technology reveals four major themes: management of investment; management of change; management of quality; and management of technology organization. This paper elaborates on all the four themes in the light of Web technologies.
On the efficacious use of verbal self-instructional procedures with children

With a specific focus on children, the present paper outlines the verbal self-instruction procedures, delineates their specific relevancy for self-control problems, and briefly reviews the outcome literature. The cognitive capacity of the children, the use of contingent incentives, and issues regarding generalization are discussed. Throughout the article there is a balanced consideration of both practical guidelines and research questions.
On a rank-order test for the equality of probability of an event

Abstract The following situation is considered. A fixed number (= n) or sequence of independent trials T 1 T 2,…, T n is given, and in each of these an event E mayor may not occur, It is further observed that the event E occurs a total of k times amongst the n trials T i , (i = l,…, n). It is then required to test the hypothesis H 0 that the probability of the occurrence of E is constant from trial to trial, i.e. H 0 is the hypothesis: p 1 = p 2 = ⋯ = p n = p, if p n (i = 1, …, n) represents the probability that E occurs on the ith trial.
Effects of phencyclidine and its derivatives on enteric neurones

The effects of N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP) and related drugs on isolated intact segments of the guinea-pig ileum were determined. 1-1-(2-Thienyl) cyclohexylpiperidine (TCP), PCP and ketamine decreased the height of electrically induced contractions (0.1 Hz) of intact segments of isolated guinea-pig ileum. Thirty to forty percent of the inhibition of contraction height (0.1 Hz) was reversed by pretreatment with the pure narcotic antagonist, naloxone. This naloxone-reversible component showed cross-tolerance with morphine. PCP pretreatment caused a shift to the right in the dose-response curve to acetylcholine (ACh) that was not parallel with the control dose-response curve. Thus PCP does not interact with the muscarinic cholinoceptor in a strictly atropine-like competitive fashion. Binding sites for [3H]-PCP were detected in homogenates of the guinea-pig longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation. The affinity constants and the rank order of potencies of various PCP derivatives competing with [3H]-PCP for binding suggest that these binding sites are very similar to those found in the central nervous system. These data suggest that the guinea-pig isolated ileum may be used as an in vitro system for studying the mechanism of action of phencyclidines.
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapies and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) occur throughout the course of AD. Behaviors include mood alterations, psychosis, agitation, and apathy. Thes
Event memory: the temporal organization of social action sequences.

We used comparative judgment procedures in two experiments to investigate the cognitive processes that mediate people's reconstruction of the social events they read about. Subjects in Experiment 1 read a passage describing a series of behaviors manifested by a person in three situations. Subsequently, they were given pairs of these actions and were asked to judge either which action occurred sooner or which occurred later. These judgments were (a) faster when the behaviors being compared occurred near the middle of the situation to which they pertained than when they occurred near either the beginning or the end, (b) faster when the three situations were unrelated to one another than when they were thematically related, and (c) faster when the behaviors being compared occurred in different situations than when they occurred in the same situation. Actions were compared more quickly if they were far apart in the overall series presented than if they were close together, replicating the symbolic temporal distance effects obtained when scripted actions are judged on the basis of general knowledge. However, a semantic congruity effect (a tendency for actions near the beginning of the series to be discriminated more quickly when subjects are asked which comes sooner, but for actions near the end to be discriminated more quickly when subjects are asked which comes later) was not evident. In Experiment 2, subjects read a passage about a person's visit to a restaurant in which both generic actions (e.g., ordering the meal) and particularized actions (e.g., salting the fries) were described. Symbolic distance had a greater effect on judgments of particularized actions than on judgments of generic actions. Congruity effects were found only for judgments of generic actions. To account for these effects, a model of temporal order judgments is proposed that considers both the manner in which situation-specific actions are encoded into memory at the time they are learned and the process of comparing the actions at the time they are judged.
A simple, new system for maintaining measured quantities of saline cold and sterile for thermodilution cardiac output measurement

A new, simple system for cooling and maintaining prefilled syringes of injectate in a dry, sterile environment for thermodilution cardiac output using a thermoelectric cold plate is described. Rates and uniformity of cooling were studied. Uniform cooling is achieved in about 60 minutes if refrigerated injectate is used.
Anomalous local glacier activity, Baffin Island, Canada: Paleoclimatic implications

Some local cirque glaciers on eastern Baffin Island were more extensive during the “Little Ice Age” than at any time in at least the past 34,000 yr and possibly the past 60,000 yr. The most reasonable paleoclimatic explanation of such anomalous glacier activity is that during the last glacial maximum in southern Canada, Arctic regions experienced diminished precipitation.
Conformational analysis and chemical reactivity of the multidomain sulfurtransferase, Staphylococcus aureus CstA.

The cst operon of the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is under the transcriptional control of CsoR-like sulfurtransferase repressor (CstR). Expression of this operon is induced by hydrogen sulfide, and two components of the cst operon, cstA and cstB, protect S. aureus from sulfide toxicity. CstA is a three-domain protein, and each domain harbors a single cysteine that is proposed to function in vectorial persulfide shuttling. We show here that single cysteine substitution mutants of CstA fail to protect S. aureus against sulfide toxicity in vivo. The N-terminal domain of CstA exhibits thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST; rhodanese) activity, and a Cys66 34S-persulfide is formed as a catalytic intermediate in both the presence and absence of the adjacent TusA-like domain using 34S-SO32– as a substrate. Cysteine persulfides can be trapped on both C66 in CstARhod and on C66 and C128 in CstARhod-TusA when incubated with thiosulfate, sodium tetrasulfide (Na2S4), and in situ persulfurated ...
Mechanism of Organosilane Self-Assembled Monolayer Formation on Silica Studied by Second-Harmonic Generation

Organosilane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation from solution on fused silica surfaces has been studied through the surface silanol group chemical reaction. The method is based on second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency as a function of pH. Direct experimental support is provided for the following organosilane SAM structure at the silica surface: (1) the organosilane SAM formation does not have any preference toward different surface sites; (2) during organosilane SAM formation process at the silica surface, most of the silica surface functional groups remain intact and therefore maintain their surface chemistry; (3) the silica surface is much rougher than the organosilane SAM on top of it and therefore provides more surface functional groups per unit area. This detailed understanding of the organosilane SAM formation may provide guidance for the proper application of SAM to various surface modification techniques, e.g., in microelectronic engineering or near-field optical chemical sensors.
Fung receives 2004 Roger Revelle Medal

Inez Fung received the Revelle Medal at the 2004 Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on 15 December, in San Francisco, California. The medal is given for outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences, atmosphere-ocean coupling, atmosphere-land coupling, biogeochemical cycles, climate, or related aspects of the Earth system.
Heavy ion radiolysis of methylene blue

Abstract Radiation chemical yields for the bleaching of aerated aqueous solutions of methylene blue in the radiolysis with γ -rays, protons and helium ions have been determined using absolute dosimetry techniques in order to promote this system as a chemical dosimeter with heavy ions. At low changes ( γ -rays to 0.065±0.003 molecules/100 eV for helium ions. The yields decrease with decreasing proton energy, but seem to be independent of incident energy with helium ions. The results suggest that the overall efficiency for the decomposition of methylene blue by OH radicals is not directly proportional to the energy deposition density of the heavy ion.
Compression Pad Cavity Heating Augmentation on Orion Heat Shield

An experimental study has been conducted to assess the effects of compression pad cavities on the aeroheating environment of the Project Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle heat shield. Testing was conducted in Mach 6 and 10 perfect-gas wind tunnels to obtain heating measurements in and around the compression pads cavities using global phosphor thermography. Data were obtained over a wide range of Reynolds numbers that produced laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow within and downstream of the cavities. The effects of cavity dimensions on boundary-layer transition and heating augmentation levels were studied. Correlations were developed for transition onset and for the average cavity-heating augmentation.
Peroxidase kinetics in coupled oxidation; an experimental and theoretical study

Abstract The current mechanism for the peroxidase system adequately explains the rather peculiar kinetics of the formation of peroxidase complexes in coupled oxidation reactions. The apparent absence of complex I is caused by its low steady-state concentrations. The concept of a “double” steady state in coupled oxidations is introduced and affords an explanation for the induction period in the formation of complex II. The delayed rise of the concentration of this complex to its maximum value is caused by the exhaustion of endogenous donor in the peroxidase preparation. The stability of “double” steady states in biological systems utilizing coupled oxidations is briefly discussed, and the importance of catalase in such systems is emphasized.
Truncal vagotomy abolishes the somatostatin response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man.

The mechanism whereby insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulates release of immunoreactive somatostatin(SRIF-LI) into the peripheral circulation in man is unknown. We have measured the plasma SRIF-LI response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in 16 healthy subjects and five subjects with prior truncal vagotomy. Mean nadir of plasma glucose was similar in the two groups (37±5 and 34±2 mg/dl in the control group). Hypoglycemia induced a brisk rise in plasma pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) concentrations in healthy subjects (maximum concentration 1563±245 pg/ml) whereas in none of the postvagotomy subjects was there a significant change in hPP concentrations, indicative of completeness of the truncal vagotomy. In healthy subjects SRIF-LI concentrations rose from a basal of 168±19 pg/ml to a maximum of 254±30 at 39±4 minutes (p<0.005) with an incremental area of 2.8±1 na · min/ml above Fasal. In vagotomized subjects, the mean basal SRIF-LI concentration of 166±22 pg/ml was not significantly different from that in hea...
Development of a miniature pressure transducer for biomedical applications

Miniature absolute pressure transducers are needed for biomedical implant applications. The design parameters are: 1) sensitivity, 2) size, 3) hysteresis, 4) temperature coefficient, 5) long-term stability, and 6) biocompatibility. The present devices cannot meet all the requirements, particularly in size, long-term stability, and biocompatibility. The results of a development program on implantable and indwelling pressure transducers are reported with emphasis on the study of long-term stability and reproducibility associated with reduced size. The sensor is a resistive bridge diffused on a
Otolaryngologic manifestations of mitochondrial cytopathies.

Abstract Introduction Primary mitochondrial cytopathies include more than 40 different identified diseases that have varied genetic features. The common factor among these diseases is that the mitochondria are unable to effectively complete oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy. One in 5000 children per year in the United Sates are born with mitochondrial disease. The term primary mitochondrial disease refers specifically to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by genetic mutations directly impacting the composition and function of the respiratory chain. These defects impair mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which oxidation of the end products of metabolism in the electron transport chain is coupled to phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The effects of mitochondrial disease can be quite varied, and the severity of the defect may be great or small. We sought to find the common otolaryngologic manifestations of this disease, to enable better treatment of the patients. We report on 41 pediatric cases of mitochondrial cytopathy diagnosed from 2001 to 2006 at our Center for Child Neurology (Cleveland, OH). We performed a retrospective review after obtaining institutional review board approval. Patients who had otologic manifestations including recurrent otitis media and hearing loss comprise 14.6%. Patients who were noted to have obstructive sleep apnea requiring adenotonsillectomy comprise 9.8%. Patients who had dysphagia comprise 22%; however, all of these patients were noted to have some developmental delay and seizures. It was also noted that there was a 17% incidence of gastroesophageal reflux, and 36.6% incidence of seizures in our patient population. In conclusion, mitochondrial cytopathies exhibit extreme clinical variability. This variability greatly increases the burden for affected families and impairs our ability to understand the pathogenesis of these disorders. In otolaryngologic examination, children appear to have recurrent otitis, dysphagia, and sleep apnea, at a much higher incidence than the general pediatric population. A comprehensive management approach to these patients including pediatric neurology, genetics, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and audiology is essential to their care.
The missing link in language learning of children who are deaf or hard of hearing: Pragmatics

Early identified children who are deaf or hard of hearing who have immediate and appropriate early intervention services, have demonstrated development of language, including vocabulary development...
Daily water deprivation potentiates ethanol intake beyond a period of water intake

Rats were given a daily opportunity to drink sweetened ethanol solution or water after 22 hr of deprivation of water. Their intakes of the ethanol solution increased gradually across three weeks and then remained relatively stable. These procedures examined the effects of having an opportunity to drink water for 30 min, before the opportunity to drink ethanol solution or more water. Even though 30 min of opportunity to drink water lessened intake of further water, this experience did not lessen rats' intake of the subsequently presented ethanol solution. The complex events of the daily cycle of deprivation and limited opportunities to ingest, which potentiate intake of flavored alcoholic beverage, are not modified substantially by merely providing water.
Engineering inhibitor tolerance for the production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals

Metabolic Engineering has enabled the production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals from biomass using recombinant bacteria. The economic viability of these processes is often limited by inhibition of the biocatalyst by the metabolic product, such as a carboxylic acid or alcohol, or by contaminant compounds in the biomass-derived sugars, such as acetic acid or furans. Historically, selection-based methods have been used to improve biocatalyst tolerance to these inhibitors. But recently, genome-wide analysis has been used to both identify the mechanism of inhibition and reverse engineer inhibitor-tolerant strains, enabling the rational, predictive manipulation of bacteria in order to increase inhibitor tolerance. Here we review recent work in this area, particularly in relation to carboxylic acids, furfural and butanol.
Elite Groups in Peasant Communities: A Comparison of Three Middle Eastern Villages1

This paper explores various factors that influence the rigidity of stratification in three Middle Eastern village communities. Analyses of a Lebanese community and a Turkish community have suggested eight factors that influence, both positively and negatively, the rigidity of stratification. These factors concern (1) symbol systems of elite unity, (2) religious legitimation, (3) norms of recruitment to elite status, (4) education and literacy, (5) elite endogamy, (6) inheritance patterns, (7) effects of prestige on participation in agricultural labor, and (8) control of administrative positions. A community of Tripolitanian immigrants in Israel is examined in the light of these factors. This comparison suggests yet another factor, viz., the degree of elite orientation to the outside world as compared to the nonelite. This factor is crucial in understanding the intergenerational perpetuation of elite status in the Israeli community.
Application of electro-optical holography to the measurement of strains at high temperatures

The measurement of strains at high temperatures has become a very important field of research. Advanced technology applications such as structures for high speed aircraft and high efficiency thermal engines are examples of areas requiring measurements of strains at temperatures well above the capability of present day strain gage technology. In a recent paper by one of the authors1 references on the application of optical techniques to field measurement of strains at high temperatures are given. Of the different techniques that are used, speckle and holographic interferometry are of particular interest. Both techniques are remote sensing and do not require elaborate preparation of the surfaces being investigated. From the view of practical applications the use of TV cameras for recording purposes and electro-optical data manipulation and processing are of great interest. Simplicity in handling the recording process, speedy data collection, and automatic data processing are the main advantages of using electro-optical methods. Some more developments in this field can be found in Reference 2-6. Reference 4 contains quantitative results proving the feasibility of making accurate measurements at temperatures up to 1000°C.
TQM and the Financial Function

The idea of providing quality products that are responsive to customer needs is not new. Before the Industrial Revolution, artisans interacted directly with customers to make products based on uniquely articulated requirements. The process of fulfilling demand was simple. But when mass production, product standardization, and division of labor became the norm, this closed‐loop relationship was severed.
Ignition enhancement by in situ generated C2 additives for natural gas practical combustor applications

Abstract A new process is investigated involving the oxidative coupling of methane reaction (OCM) for the in situ production of C2 hydrocarbons to be used as ignition enhancers during lean combustion of methane in internal combustion (IC) engines. A novel experimental technique is utilized based on the counterflow burner configuration and the use of hot vitiated air. The results are simulated using the GRI 3.0 (GRI-Mech 3.0, http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/ , 2000) kinetic mechanism for methane combustion. For the case of C2H4, in addition, a mechanism proposed by Wang and coworkers (Combust. Flame 107 (1996) 321; Personal communication, 2003) that predicts a wide range of flame properties for C1–C6 hydrocarbons is utilized. Addition of the OCM product mixture enhances the ignition characteristics of lean methane/air mixtures, the beneficial effect resulting mostly from the C2H4 component. The adiabatic temperature of the resulting mixtures is also lower, potentially resulting in lower NO x emissions. The GRI 3.0 mechanism qualitatively predicts the observed behavior; however, the quantitative agreements are not particularly good. This is not surprising as the mechanism is not optimized with respect to flame ignition data, but points out this deficiency for this industry-standard kinetics mechanism, particularly in the context of its application in IC engines.
QUANTUM YIELD OF OXYGEN EVOLUTION AND THE EMERSON ENHANCEMENT EFFECT IN DEUTERATED CHLORELLA

The maximum quantum yield of oxygen evolution in deuterated chlorella is found to be 0.075, while normal chlorella showed, in parallel experiments, a value of 0.10. Deuterated Chlorella vulgaris showed a decline in the quantum yield of oxygen evolution ("red drop") beginning at 680 millimicrons and a clear Emerson enhancement effect qualitatively similar to that obtained in normal chlorella cells. However, the ratio of quantumn yield at 680 to that at 710 millimicrons was about 1.5 times higher in normal than in deuterated chlorella cells. Action spectra of the Emerson enhancement effect in deuterated chlorella also are qualitatively similar to those of normal cells.
Mono-dispersed transition metal nanoparticles on boron-substituted carbon support and applications in hydrogen storage

Abstract To prepare mono-dispersed transition metal nanoparticles on activated C supports is a long scientific challenge, due to low graphene surface energy. Few polar functional groups in activated C are only located on the plane edges, which are intrinsically difficult to prevent metal clustering, especially at elevated temperatures. This paper discusses a versatile method in preparing stable and uniform transition metal (Pt, Pd, Ti, etc.) nanoparticles (diameter ∼2 nm), using a newly-developed boron-substituted carbon (BCx) support, containing uniform B atoms distributed in the graphene layer structure, which provides a strong specific interaction; this interaction is formed by d-electrons back-donation from transition metals to the empty p-orbital in substituted B atoms. The BCx support shows good adsorption capacity of metal precursors in solutions, and securing the forming metal nanoparticles during thermal reduction at a high temperature (>500 °C). The resulting Pt/BC12 – with only 0.7 wt.% Pt content – exhibits very high surface activities. At ambient temperature, it offers an impressive hydrogen adsorption capacity at ∼0.5 wt.% per 500 m2/g surface area, which is more than 5 times higher than the corresponding activated C material with the same surface area.
Clarification of Child and Youth Care Identity through an Analysis of Work Environment and Burnout

Recent years have seen the child and youth care field extend its range beyond day and residential treatment settings. These extensions have challenged traditional aspects of child and youth care worker identity. The analysis of work environment and its relationship to burnout in child and youth care workers, as compared to other social service providers, highlights the unique aspects of the field that emerge from its milieu origins in which workers engaged children and youth continuously within their life space. Milieu-based workers perceive a different work environment and respond differently to aspects of burnout. Over the years, child and youth care workers have developed their skill base and their philosophical orientation in response to the demands of milieu. As the field moves into other practice arenas, it must not lose a sense of its origins. It must strive to transport milieu oriented practices to non-milieu situations.