cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative Transfer from Spanish and English to Portuguese Pronunciation: The Roles of Inhibition and Working Memory.

We examined negative transfer from English and Spanish to Portuguese pronunciation. Participants were native English speakers, some of whom spoke Spanish. Participants completed a computer-based Portuguese pronunciation tutorial and then pronounced trained letter-to-sound correspondences in unfamiliar Portuguese words; some shared orthographic form with their translation in Spanish or Spanish and English. Spanish-speaking participants were more accurate and made more Spanish-like than English-like errors. Contrary to predictions, non-Spanish speakers made more Spanish-like than English-like errors on cognates. Participants with higher working memory were more accurate and made more Spanish-sounding errors on cognates. The results suggest that the first language is inhibited during second-language production and that higher working memory is associated with an improved ability to inhibit the first language.
Coming to America? Venture Capital, Corporate Identity and U.S. Securities Law

This article explores the links between a country's venture capital industry, the location of the IPO exit option and U.S. securities regulation. I argue that one observes two interestingly different models of IPO exit: the Taiwan model in which IPO exit is on the domestic stock exchange; and the Israeli model in which IPO exit is on the NASDAQ. For countries that choose or end up with the NASDAQ exit route, U.S. securities regulation facilitates the process in an interesting but little noted way. By drawing a distinction between "U.S. issuers" and "foreign private issuers," and by imposing reduced disclosure obligations on the latter, the regulatory structure provides a clean way of self identifying as an American company, even when the company's main centers of activity are off-shore. As I detail, Israeli venture capital fueled companies take full advantage of this regulatory option and are viewed by the investor community as regular, Silicon Valley technology companies.
Fluorinated Aliphatic Compounds

The physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and bromo- or iodofluorinated derivatives are reviewed. The principal methods for their manufacture, including cobalt trifluoride or electrochemical fluorinations, and liquid- or vapor-phase additions and halogen exchanges with hydrofluoric acid are discussed. The diverse commercial uses of fluorinated aliphatics are described with particular emphasis on the primary high volume markets for refrigerants, foam-blowing agents, propellants, and cleaning agents. The ozone-depleting potentials of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) and the CFCs traditionally used in these markets including fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-113), 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114), and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115), and those of the principal brominated materials used as fire extinguishants, bromotrifluoromethane (H-13B1) and bromochlorodifluoromethane (H-12B1), are discussed. The impact of the Montreal Protocol on internationally regulating the manufacture of ozone-depleting materials, especially CFCs, and the industry's progress in developing suitable replacements are reviewed. The properties of the CFCs are compared to those of their leading replacement candidates including 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b), 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3,3-penta- fluoropropane (HCFC-225ca), and 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225cb). Keywords: Perfluorocarbons; Hydrofluorocarbons; Chlorofluorocarbons; Hydrochlorofluorocarbons; Alternatives; Halogens; Montreal Protocol; Blood substitutes; Elastomers; Ozone depletion; Fire extinguishing agents; Anesthetics; Refrigerants; Blowing agents; Cleaning agents
Conformal mapping technique for two-dimensional porous media and jet impingement heat transfer

Transpiration cooling and liquid metals both provide highly effective heat transfer. Using Darcy's law in porous media and the inviscid approximation for liquid metals, the local fluid velocity in these flows equals the gradient of a potential. The energy equation and flow region are simplified when transformed into potential plane coordinates. In these coordinates, the present problems are reduced to heat conduction solutions which are mapped into the physical geometry. Results are obtained for a porous region with simultaneously prescribed surface temperature and heat flux, heat transfer in a two-dimensional porous bed, and heat transfer for two liquid metal slot jets impinging on a heated plate.
Task Oriented Model-Driven Visually Servoed Agents

Most proposed visual servoing control strategies use image-based visual servoing techniques in which the visual servoing control loop is closed using 2D image plane coordinates rather than 3D world coordinates. These strategies do not allow for explicit representations of the 3D world. We propose a visual servoing framework that uses 3D environment models to describe the task. These models are augmented by sensor mappings that represent the visual sensors used by the system and are used to drive an image-based visually servoed agent to execute the task in the real world. This framework allows for the use of 3D reasoning within the environment model, while taking advantage of the benefits 2D image-based visual servoing provides. In this paper, we describe our proposed framework and present experimental results which show that the framework can be used to successfully perform visually servoed manipulation tasks.
Antitumor agents from Alnus oregona (Betulaceae).

The chloroform extract of Alnus oregona showed antitumor activity against the Walker 256 (5WA16) tumor system. Lupeol and betulin were identified as the two constituents responsible for this activity.
The Measure of Compositional Heterogeneity in DNA Sequences Is Related to Measures of Complexity

This commentary discusses a recently proposed measure of heterogeneity of DNA sequences and compares with the measures of complexity.
Interactive Tire Designs

The principle of utilizing geometric interaction between runway asperities and tire pattern design is discussed, and a theoretical basis is presented for substantial enhancement of frictional effects by this process. Testdata confirming this is given. First order analytical expressions are given for the increased friction coefficients and for the engagement distances required. High-speed friction data on a 7.00 X 8 aircraft tire is presented confirming this. Example design geometries are shown for the tire tread groove pattern, and designs and materials are discussed for the asperity grid and its attachment system.
Resistance and Reform: Transboundary Water Governance in the Colorado River Delta

Bilateral governance of transboundary water resources between the United States and Mexico is in flux today. Historically, the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), the joint commission by which the two countries jointly manage shared rivers, has dominated decision making and policy in the border region by defining problems and framing knowledge. However, over the past two decades, a transnational network has been emerging to restore the Colorado River Delta. In this paper, we explore how a transnational network has been operating collaboratively to shift transboundary water governance in the Colorado River Delta region toward greater participatory, science-based governance. We explore the IBWC in this context of governance change to reveal the adoption of institutional and policy reforms, along with some resistance to this change.
Improving dietary quality in youth with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial of a family-based behavioral intervention.

Diets of children with type 1 diabetes are low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and high in foods of minimal nutritional value, increasing risk for future adverse health outcomes. This 18-month randomized clinical trial tested the effect of a family-based behavioral intervention integrating motivational interviewing, active learning, and applied problem-solving on the primary outcomes of dietary intake and glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes. A parallel-group study with equal randomization was conducted at an outpatient, free-standing, multidisciplinary tertiary diabetes center in the United States. Eligible youth were those age 8–16 years with type 1 diabetes diagnosis ≥1 year and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5% and ≤10.0%. Participants were 136 parent-youth dyads (treatment n = 66, control n = 70). The intervention consisted of 9 in-clinic sessions delivered to the child and parent; control condition comprised equivalent assessments and number of contacts without dietary advice. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day diet records at 6 time points across the 18-month study. Dietary outcomes included the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI2005; index measuring conformance to the 2005 United States Dietary Guidelines for Americans) and Whole Plant Food Density (WPFD; number of cup or ounce equivalents per 1000 kcal of whole grains, whole fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds consumed). HbA1c was obtained every 3 months. Overall comparison of outcome variables between intervention and usual care groups was conducted using permutation tests. There was a positive intervention effect across the study duration for HEI2005 (p = .015) and WPFD (p = .004). At 18 months, HEI2005 was 7.2 greater (mean ± SE 64.6 ± 2.0 versus 57.4 ± 1.6), and WPFD was 0.5 greater (2.2 ± 0.1 versus 1.7 ± 0.1) in the intervention group versus control. There was no difference between groups in HbA1c across the study duration. This behavioral nutrition intervention improved dietary quality among youth with type 1 diabetes, but did not impact glycemic control. Findings indicate the potential utility of incorporating such strategies into clinical care, and suggest that improvement in diet quality can be achieved in families living with this burdensome disease. Clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT00999375
Effect of chitosan acetate bandage on wound healing in infected and noninfected wounds in mice

HemCon s bandage is an engineered chitosan acetate preparation designed as a hemostatic dressing, and is under investigation as a topical antimicrobial dressing. We studied its effects on healing of excisional wounds that were or were not infected with Staphylococcus aureus, in normal mice or mice previously pretreated with cyclophosphamide (CY). CY significantly suppressed wound healing in both the early and later stages, while S. aureus alone significantly stimulated wound healing in the early stages by preventing the initial wound expansion. CY plus S. aureus showed an advantage in early stages by preventing expansion, but a significant slowing of wound healing in later stages. In order to study the conflicting clamping and stimulating effects of chitosan acetate bandage on normal wounds, we removed the bandage from wounds at times after application ranging from 1 hour to 9 days. Three days application gave the earliest wound closure, and all application times gave a faster healing slope after removal compared with control wounds. Chitosan acetate bandage reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the wound at days 2 and 4, and had an overall beneficial effect on wound healing especially during the early period where its antimicrobial effect is most important.
Combined therapy with folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 did not affect cancer risk in women at high risk for CV disease

Source Citation Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, et al. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2012-21. 18984888
Data flow analysis is model checking of abstract interpretations

This expository paper simplifies and clarifies Steffen's depiction of data flow analysis (d.f.a.) as model checking: By employing abstract interpretation (a.i.) to generate program traces and by utilizing Kozen's modal mu-calculus to express trace properties, we express in simplest possible terms that a d.f.a. is a model check of a program's a.i. trace. In particular, the classic flow equations for bit-vector-based d.f.a.s reformat trivially into modal mu-Calculus formulas. A surprising consequence is that two of the classical d.f.a.s are exposed as unsound; this problem is analyzed and simply repaired. In the process of making the above discoveries, we clarify the relationship between a.i. and d.f.a. in terms of the often-misunderstood notion of collecting semantics and we highlight how the research areas of flow analysis, abstract interpretation, and model checking have grown together.
Performance of a C60+ ion source on a dynamic SIMS instrument

Abstract An IonOptika 1 C60+ ion source has been fitted onto a CAMECA1 ims-4f. Stable ion beams of C60+ and C602+ have been obtained with typical currents approaching 20 nA under conditions that allow for several days of source operation. The beam has been able to be focussed into a spot size of ∼3 μm with an anode voltage of 10 keV and scanning ion images have been acquired. We have performed analyses to characterize the performance of C60+ and C602+. Depth profiles of a Cr–Ni multi-layer and polymer films with C60+ have produced excellent results. We have discovered that, under bombardment energies of
The semantic/episodic distinction : The case for social information processing

The directed-forgetting paradigm was used in order to dissociate episodic from semantic processes in an impression formation task. Results demonstrate that incongruent behaviors are more prone to manipulations that disrupt episodic memory, whereas congruent behaviors are unaffected by such manipulations. The results suggest that the distinction between episodic and semantic memory processes is central for the understanding of social information processing. An explanation is put forward according to which the incongruency effect, a signature effect of impression formation, is due to an episodic encoding advantage for incongruent behaviors because of their semantically isolated nature, and their impoverished semantic encoding.
A big step along the visual pathway.

The results of some technically demanding experiments may resolve a long-standing debate - the cause underlying the orientation selectivity of cells in the primary visual cortex.
Financial determinants of systematic risk in real estate investment trusts

Abstract Financial theory and empirical evidence suggest that a firm's systematic, or market related, risk is related to its financial conditions. This study empirically investigates the financial determinants of systematic risk for Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). The study is an examination of sample of 32 REITs for the period 1976–1978. The results indicate that systematic risk varies directly with financial leverage, business risk, and advisor fee. The explanatory power of the relationship between systematic risk and financial variables exceeds that of previous studies wherein firms were pooled across industry groups. The higher explanatory power observed even with limited data suggests that better estimates of coefficients of financial determinants of systematic risk may be obtained through analysis conducted on an industry by industry basis. Furthermore, such industry-specific analysis provides useful results to practicing financial managers in their financial policy considerations. With the knowledge of how the financial decisions affect the firm's systematic risk, a manager may be able to manipulate those variables so as to reduce the systematic risk for his or her firm and thus increase the market value of the firm's securities.
The relationship of alkaline phosphatase, CaATPase, and phytase.

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase, highly purified from bovine intestinal mucosa, has significant hydrolytic activity against phytate and CaATP. Phytase and CaATPase activities require quite different assay conditions than those which are optimal for conventional alkaline phosphatase substrates such as 4-nitrophenyl phosphate. We have used affinity chromatography and antibody recognition to demonstrate that the phytase and CaATPase activities are not due to contaminating enzymes, but are intrinsic activities of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. All of the phytase and CaATPase activities present in crude extracts of bovine intestinal mucosa can be accounted for by alkaline phosphatase. Apparently neither phytase nor CaATPase exist in this tissue as independent enzymes. Specific substrates which require assay conditions quite different from the conventional 4-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate may account for the physiological function of “alkaline phosphatase.”
4D XCAT phantom for multimodality imaging research

Purpose: The authors develop the 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom for multimodality imaging research. Methods: Highly detailed whole-body anatomies for the adult male and female were defined in the XCAT using nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) and subdivision surfaces based on segmentation of the Visible Male and Female anatomical datasets from the National Library of Medicine as well as patient datasets. Using the flexibility of these surfaces, the Visible Human anatomies were transformed to match body measurements and organ volumes for a 50th percentile (height and weight) male and female. The desired body measurements for the models were obtained using the PEOPLESIZE program that contains anthropometric dimensions categorized from 1st to the 99th percentile for US adults. The desired organ volumes were determined from ICRP Publication 89 [ICRP, ‘‘Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values,” ICRP Publication 89 (International Commission on Radiological Protection, New York, NY, 2002)]. The male and female anatomies serve as standard templates upon which anatomical variations may be modeled in the XCAT through user-defined parameters. Parametrized models for the cardiac and respiratory motions were also incorporated into the XCAT based on high-resolution cardiac- and respiratory-gated multislice CT data. To demonstrate the usefulness of the phantom, the authors show example simulation studies in PET, SPECT, and CT using publicly available simulation packages. Results: As demonstrated in the pilot studies, the 4D XCAT (which includes thousands of anatomical structures) can produce realistic imaging data when combined with accurate models of the imaging process. With the flexibility of the NURBS surface primitives, any number of different anatomies, cardiac or respiratory motions or patterns, and spatial resolutions can be simulated to perform imaging research. Conclusions: With the ability to produce realistic, predictive 3D and 4D imaging data from populations of normal and abnormal patients under various imaging parameters, the authors conclude that the XCAT provides an important tool in imaging research to evaluate and improve imaging devices and techniques. In the field of x-ray CT, the phantom may also provide the necessary foundation with which to optimize clinical CT applications in terms of image quality versus radiation dose, an area of research that is becoming more significant with the growing use of CT.
Derivation and validation of a prognostic prediction rule from clinical and stress CMR data characterizes cardiac prognostication in patients with suspected myocardial ischemia

Methods/results Out of 736 patients referred for assessment of suspected ischemia by vasodilator stress perfusion CMR, 25 (3%) were excluded due to images of insufficient quality. The remaining 711 patients (297 females, mean age 56±15 years) were followed for cardiac events (MACE) that occurred within the first 3 years after CMR (100% complete follow-up; median of 21.4 months, range 2.5 months to 8.2 years). We randomized patients in this clinical cohort 1:1 into a training set (SETTraining, n=356) and a testing set (SETTesting, n=355). Forty-six (6.5%) patients experienced MACE: 24 (7%) in the SETTraining and 22 (6%) in the SETTesting. A parsimonious prediction rule was built by stepwise regression in the SETTraining, considering all clinical, ECG, and CMR parameters using P 10%). The utility of the model was first determined by comparing the predicted and observed numbers of MACE in each risk category in the SETTesting (Figure-1).
Incorporation and tissue distribution of a thymidine analog in the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus

Abstract 1. 1. The incorporation and tissue distribution of the thymidine analog 5-131iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (131IUDR) and its catabolic product, radioiodine, were determined for the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. 2. 2. Over 95 per cent of the 131IUDR was eliminated within 48 hr postinjection, and the majority of the retained activity was incorporated into the intestines, presumably by attachment to DNA. Activity in the gut largely determined the shape of the whole-body curves; therefore, the whole-body curves were a useful index to cell proliferation in this tissue. 3. 3. The half-life of Sigmodon intestinal cells was approximately 60 hr. 4. 4. More than 99 per cent of the radioiodine released during the metabolism of 131IUDR was excreted within 48 hr postinjection. Activity retained as iodine or iodide was concentrated on and in the skin-hair, where it had a long biological half-life. 5. 5. Cotton rats differed from laboratory rats and mice in that a greater quantity (0.4 per cent) of the initial activity was retained as iodine or iodide in the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle-coagulation gland.
Comparison of three commercially available assays for HCV RNA using the international unit standard: Implications for management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in clinical practice

Comparison of three commercially available assays for HCV RNA using the international unit standard: implications for management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in clinical practice
Factoring and UK Small Business

Abstract This paper builds a general profile of UK small-medium size enterprises using factoring as an option for their financial management policy, it draws evidence from the providers of finance in the factoring market. In building the profile we identify if there exists a relationship between the usage of factoring and the size of the firm (in terms of no. of employees, and turnover), sector, age and legal form. Anecdotal evidence is found to support the existence of such a relationship and also to accentuate the importance of each characteristic in profiling this form of financial service.
Long-range restriction site mapping of a syntenic segment conserved between human chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 3

Abstract A linkage map determined from segregation analysis of 338 meiotic events in an interspecific mouse cross was utilized to help investigate genomic organization of a linkage group conserved between human chromosome 1p and mouse chromosome 3. Using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis, the genes encoding the lymphocyte adhesion molecule human CD2/murine Ly-37, the α1-subunit of Na, K-ATPase, the β-subunit of thyrotropin, the β-subunit of nerve growth factor, and muscle adenylate deaminase were similarly positioned on long-range restriction maps in both species. These studies indicate that the development of detailed genetic maps using interspecific Mus crosses facilitates rapid analysis of murine genomic organization and may enable physical mapping of syntenic regions within the human genome. Moreover, the data suggest profound conservation of genomic organization during mammalian evolution.
TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF COFILIN AT Y68 BY V-SRC LEADS TO ITS DEGRADATION THROUGH UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY

Cofilin is a major regulator of actin dynamics involved in the regulation of cell spreading and migration through its actin depolymerizing and severing activities. v-Src is an activated Src tyrosine kinase and a potent oncogene known to phosphorylate a variety of cellular proteins in cell transformation process including altered cell adhesion, spreading and migration. Recently, it has been suggested that cofilin is a potential substrate of v-Src (Rush et al., 2005). Here, we show direct tyrosine phosphorylation of cofilin by v-Src and identify Y68 as the major phosphorylation site. Cofilin phosphorylation at Y68 did not change its activity per se, but induced increased ubiquitination of cofilin and its degradation through the proteosome pathway. Furthermore, the negative effect of cofilin on cellular F-actin contents was inhibited by coexpression of v-Src, whereas that of cofilin mutant Y68F (Y68 mutated to F) was not affected, suggesting that v-Src-mediated cofilin phosphorylation at Y68 is required for the degradation of cofilin in vivo. Lastly, inhibition of cell spreading by v-Src was rescued partially by coexpression of cofilin, and to a greater extent by the Y68F mutant, which is not subjected to v-Src-induced degradation through phosphorylation, suggesting that v-Src-mediated changes in cell spreading is, at least in part, through inhibiting the function of cofilin through phosphorylating it at Y68. Together, these results suggest a novel mechanism by which cofilin is regulated by v-Src through tyrosine phosphorylation at Y68 that triggers the degradation of cofilin through ubiquitination-proteosome pathway and consequently inhibits cofilin activity in reducing cellular F-actin contents and cell spreading.
Further studies on solvent extraction with immobilized interfaces in a microporous hydrophobic membrane

Abstract Investigations on solvent extraction of acetic acid into xylene or methyl isobuty] ketone by using immobilized interfaces in microporous hydrophobic membranes have now been extended to a number of different membranes with a wide variation in pore size and porosity. Measured intrinsic membrane transfer coefficients of the solute are adequately described by the simple model of unhindered diffusion in tortuous pores developed earlier. Applied pressure difference did not influence the overall solute transfer coefficient as long as it was not close to that required for the breakthrough of aqueous phase into organic phase. Aqueous and organic boundary layer mass transfer coefficients in the flow type test cell have been determined with a known membrane and utilized to predict effectively the overall solute transfer coefficient observed with other membranes.
On the existence of eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operatorH−λW in a gap of σ(H)

The authors prove a number of results asserting the existence of eigenvalues of the Schrodinger operatorH−λW in a gap of σ(H), whereH=−Δ+V andV andW are bounded. The existence of these eigenvalues is an important element in the theory of the colour of crystals. The basic theorems are proved in ℝv; stronger results forv=1 are also presented.
Effects of topographic structure on salt marsh currents

[1] The purpose of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal variability in overmarsh and in-channel currents, and to assess that variability in the context of salt marsh topographic structure. We created a high accuracy digital elevation model of a salt marsh island using a real time kinematic Global Positioning System. We measured currents with two velocimeters at the heads of adjacent first order creeks of two separate intertidal creek networks, 30 m apart. We also monitored in-channel currents with one current profiler. All measurements were taken during a 5-day period with spring, mixed tides. Observations reveal that during the high-high tides three current reversals occurred, one during flood, one near peak tide, and another during ebb, as opposed to the usual single reversal near peak tide. These reversals took place in shallow overmarsh flows and in deeper in-channel flows. This current complexity appears to be related to tide elevation and the submergence or emergence of salt marsh topography, and it likely reflects interactions between local topographic forcing and larger scale barotrophic pressure gradients. Moreover, when the marsh platform was inundated but under ebb conditions the major components in overmarsh flow patterns between creek heads indicated a regular exchange of water between tidal creek systems. Hence the characterization of overmarsh flows as having flow divides between intertidal creek networks deserves greater scrutiny. Taken together, these observations show that the subtle topography of a salt marsh landscape exerts important control on the temporal and spatial variability on currents at centimeter- to creek network-scales. More research is needed to characterize marsh topography, overmarsh circulation, and their combined effect on material transport and sediment accretion.
Contributions to the Lichen Flora of North Carolina: Further New and Interesting Reports

Abstract. The following species are newly reported for North Carolina: Chrysothrix onokoensis, Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata, Heterodermia casarettiana, Homostegia hertelii, Lichenoconium lecanorae, Mycoporum antecellans, Pyrenula cuyabensis, Santessoniella crossophylla, Trapelia coarctata, Trapeliopsis gelatinosa, Vouauxiomyces truncatus. The distribution of Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata in North American is mapped. The hosts and anamorph-telemorph relationship of Vouauxiomyces truncatus are discussed.
Brief paper: A new approach to dynamic input-output models

A new discrete-time dynamic input-output economic model is proposed. A control system formulation is undertaken in which the rates of change of capital stock and production are used in the control (policy or instrument) vector. The model is a supply-demand disequilibrium model, allowing excess demand to exist at any time. The exogenous final demand is modeled as a disturbance input.
Aluminum toxicity in rat hippocampal neurons

A brief exposure of dissociated hippocampal culture to aluminum (AlCl3, 60 min) is toxic to neurons. The aluminum toxicity is independent of calcium or glutamate receptor activation. However, at a high concentration (1 mM), aluminum seems to have a protective effect.
Medical diagnostic consultation concerning mental retardation: An analogue study of school psychologists' attitudes

Recent research of relevance to school psychologists suggests that the cause, or etiology, of mental retardation can be established by medical diagnosticians in approximately one-half of cases. In the current study, 109 practicing school psychologists considered a hypothetical case of an elementary student with mental retardation and indicated their attitudes toward the use of medical consultation. School psychologists were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions defined by the amount of information about medical diagnostic consultations they received: (a) no information, (b) guidelines from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) calling for medical consultation in cases of developmental delay, or (c) AAN guidelines plus a concise summary of research on etiology, prevention, and mental retardation. School psychologists with more than 10 years of experience evidenced a more favorable attitude toward medical diagnostic consultation when provided more information, whereas their less experienced colleagues demonstrated no such pattern. This finding, together with others derived from participants' responses, is discussed regarding school psychologists' practice and training. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurotrophin-receptor immunoreactive neurons in mesopontine regions involved in the control of behavioral states

The microinjection of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) into the rostral pontine tegmentum of adult cats rapidly induces long-lasting episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep [J. Yamuy, F.R. Morales, M.H. Chase, Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by the microinjection of nerve growth factor into the pontine reticular formation of the cat, Neuroscience 66 (1995) 9-13]. Because this effect may be mediated by neurotrophin receptors, we sought to determine the distribution of neurons that contain low- and high-affinity neurotrophin receptors in regions of the feline pons and mesencephalon which are involved in the generation of REM sleep as well as neuronal groups that are involved in the control of REM sleep-related patterns of physiological activity. Using antibodies directed against p75, trkA, trkB and trkC, immunolabeled neurons were present in the latero-dorsal and pedunculo-pontine tegmental nuclei, the peribrachial nuclei, medial and lateral pontine reticular formation, the raphe nuclei, and the locus coeruleus. Giant reticular cells and large neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were immunoreactive for p75 and all trk receptors. Neurons that were devoid of neurotrophin-receptor immunoreactivity were intermingled with immunostained neurons in all explored structures. Thus, both low- and high-affinity neurotrophin receptors are conspicuously present in neurons located in mesopontine regions of adult cats. These data underscore the importance of neurotrophin-induced trophic actions on mesopontine neurons. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that NGF and NT-3 may modulate the electrical activity of neurons in the rostral pontine tegmentum that are responsible for the generation of REM sleep by acting on one or more of the neurotrophin receptors.
Toward the development and validation of a measure of sexual boredom

We describe across three studies (N = 628) the development and initial validation of the Sexual Boredom Scale (SBS), a self‐report measure of the tendency to experience boredom with the sexual aspects of one's life. The 18‐item scale demonstrates high internal consistency (rs = .92 to .95) and one‐month test‐retest (r = .81) reliability. Validity evidence for the SBS is supported by positive correlations with the following measures: the Sexual‐Depression and Sexual‐Preoccupation subscales of the Sexuality Scale (Snell & Papini, 1989); the Index of Sexual Satisfaction, a measure of dyadic sexual discord (Hudson, Harrison, & Crosscup, 1981); the Boredom Proneness Scale (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986); and the Boredom Susceptibility, Experience Seeking, and Disinhibition subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1979). The SBS was nonsignificantly correlated with sexual esteem, thrill and adventure seeking, and social desirability, and negatively associated with global life satisfaction. Overall, men po...
Multivariate Dimensions of Age, Gender, and Weapon Use in Spousal Homicides

Abstract This paper examines the multivariate dynamics of whether the type of weapon used in spousal homicides varies with the age and gender of the victim. Twenty-seven years of Supplementary Homicide Reports (FBI, 1980–2006) are used to investigate the differences in male versus female perpetrated spousal homicides. The current study is unique in its use of correspondence analysis which is a useful technique for finding relationships in studies that involve large, two-way tables. The results of this study show distinct relationships among weapon type, age group, and gender in spousal homicides.
Investigating Initial Conditions of the WdW Equation in Flat Space in a Transition from the Pre-Planckian Physics Era to the Electroweak Regime of Space-Time

This document is due to reviewing an article by Maydanyuk and Olkhovsky, of a Nova Science conpendium as of “The big bang, theory assumptions and Problems”, as of 2012, which uses the Wheeler De Witt equation as an evolution equation assuming a closed universe. Having the value of k, not as the closed universe, but nearly zero of a nearly flat universe, which leads to serious problems of interpretation of what initial conditions are. These problems of interpretations of initial conditions tie in with difficulties in using QM as an initial driver of inflation. And argue in favor of using a different procedure as far as forming a wave function of the universe initially. The author wishes to thank Abhay Ashtekar for his well thought out criticism but asserts that limitations in space-time geometry largely due to when is formed from semi classical reasoning, i.e. Maxwell’s equation involving a close boundary value regime between Octonionic geometry and flat space non Octonionic geometry is a datum which Abhay Ashekhar may wish to consider in his quantum bounce model and in loop quantum gravity in the future.
Refinement of the late Quaternary geologic history of Erebus volcano, Antarctica using 40Ar/39Ar and 36Cl age determinations

Abstract Six new 40Ar/39Ar and three cosmogenic 36Cl age determinations provide new insight into the late Quaternary eruptive history of Erebus volcano. Anorthoclase from 3 lava flows on the caldera rim have 40Ar/39Ar ages of 23 ± 12, 81 ± 3 and 172 ± 10 ka (all uncertainties 2σ). The ages confirm the presence of a second, younger, superimposed caldera near the southwestern margin of the summit plateau and show that eruptive activity has occurred in the summit region for 77 ± 13 ka longer than previously thought. Trachyte from “Ice Station” on the eastern flank is 159 ± 2 ka, similar in age to those at Bomb Peak and Aurora Cliffs. The widespread occurrences of trachyte on the eastern flank of Erebus suggest a major previously unrecognized episode of trachytic volcanism. The trachyte lavas are chemically and isotopically distinct from alkaline lavas erupted contemporaneously in the summit region The three 36Cl ages are the first exposure ages reported for rocks from Erebus volcano. At an assumed erosion rate of 1.5 mm/ka 36Cl cosmogenic ages are 6.0 ± 0.5 ka for the Ice Tower Ridge flow, 4.9 ± 0.4 ka for Lower Hut flow, and 6.5 ± 0.6 ka for the Northeast flow. The 36Cl ages overlap within analytical uncertainty or are slightly younger than 40Ar/39Ar ages for these lava flows, and confirm the overall young age (
Self-Organization of a Heteroditopic Molecule to Linear Polymolecular Arrays in Solution

Like the proverbial monkey chain one heteroditopic self-complementary molecule, comprising a crown ether unit and a paraquat unit, catches a second such molecule in solution and thus by self-organization forms novel linear oligo- and polymolecular arrays (shown schematically; the crown ether unit is denoted by the ellipse, and the paraquat unit by the rectangle).
Infrared radiative heat transfer in nongray nonisothermal gases

Abstract In the present paper, both nongray and nonisothermal behaviors of an infrared emittingabsorbing gas have been taken into account in radiative transfer analyses through the use of the nonisothermal band absorptance. Consideration is given specifically to a simple system consisting of a radiating medium bounded by two infinite parallel black surfaces of different temperatures. Solutions are presented for the cases of radiative equilibrium and combined conduction and radiation. Results based on different methods of evaluating the nonisothermal band absorptance are also compared among themselves. Differences in several fundamental features are exhibited in the nongray nonisothermal solutions as compared to those with nongray but isothermal properties.
Representing Stresses That Arise in Parallel Assemblies That Contain Imperfect Geometry Allowed by Tolerances

This paper concerns the role of geometric imperfections on assemblies in which the location of a target part is dependent on supports at two features. In some applications, such as a turbo-machine rotor that is supported by a series of parts at each bearing, it is the interference or clearance at a functional target feature, such as at the blades that must be controlled. The first part of the paper relates the limits of location for the target part to geometric imperfections of other parts when stacked-up in parallel paths. In other applications where parts are flexible, deformations are induced when parts in parallel are assembled together by clamping. Presuming that perfectly manufactured parts have been designed to fit perfectly together and produce zero deformations, the clamping-induced deformations result entirely from the imperfect geometry produced during manufacture. The magnitudes and types of these deformations are a function of part dimensions and material stiffnesses, and they are limited by design tolerances that control manufacturing variations. The last part of the paper relates the limits on stresses in parts to functional tolerance limits that must be set at the beginning of a tolerance analysis of parts in any assembly.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Institutions and Growth, an Introductory Essay

The revival of interest in growth theory and empirics is now about ten years old. Some indicators of the permanence of this revival are the volume of publications (including at least one new textbook), the incorporation of much of the new theory and empirical work into basic graduate courses in macroeconomics, the increased supply of advanced courses on economic growth, and the promising start of this new journal. The initial excitement centered on theories in which the long-term growth rate was determined endogenously. The first models were standard except that capital was broadened to include human components and to allow for spillover effects (Romer [1986], Lucas [1988], Rebelo [1991]). In these settings, the absence of diminishing returns meant that the accumulation of capital could sustain growth indefinitely, although the rates of growth and investment might not be Pareto optimal. Subsequent analyses argued that technological progress generated by the discovery of new ideas was the only way to avoid diminishing returns in the long run. In these models, the purposive behavior that underlay innovations hinged on the prospect of monopoly profits, which provided individual incentives to carry out costly research (Romer [1990], Aghion and Howitt [1992], Grossman and Helpman [1991, Chs. 3, 4]). Again, the equilibria need not be Pareto optimal, and there were some intriguing implications for policy, notably for subsidies to basic research. Despite these breakthroughs, the recent empirical work on growth across countries and regions has not received its main inspiration from the new theories. Rather, the standard applied framework derives more from the older, neoclassical model, as extended to include government policies, accumulation of human capital, fertility choice, and the diffusion of technology. In particular, the neoclassical model's central idea of conditional convergence receives strong support from the data. Theories of basic technological change are most important for understanding why the world as a whole and, more specifically, the economies at the technological frontier can grow in the long run. But these theories have less to do with the determination of relative rates of growth across economies; that is, with the relations studied in cross-country or cross-region statistical analyses. It is surely an irony that one of the lasting contributions of endogenous growth theory is that it stimulated empirical work that demonstrated the explanatory power of the neoclassical growth model. The economic growth program has organized conferences since 1989, and the most recent meeting took place at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona in April 1995. l The Barcelona meeting focused on the effects of political institutions on the growth process.
The bullwhip effect in supply chain networks

This paper analyzes the propagation and amplification of order fluctuations (i.e., the bullwhip effect) in supply chain networks operated with linear and time-invariant inventory management policies. The supply chain network is allowed to include multiple customers (e.g., markets), any network structure, with or without sharing information. The paper characterizes the stream of orders placed by any supplier for any stationary customer demand processes, and gives exact formulas for the variance of the orders placed and the amplification of order fluctuations. The paper also derives robust analytical conditions, based only on inventory management policies, to predict the presence of the bullwhip effect for any network structure, any inventory replenishment policies, and arbitrary customer demand processes. Numerical examples show that the analytical results accurately quantify the bullwhip effect; managerial insights are drawn from the analysis. The methodology presented in this paper generalizes those in previous studies for serial supply chains.
Transcriptional regulation of meiosis in yeast

The genes required for meiosis and sporulation in yeast are expressed at specific points in a highly regulated temporal pathway. Recent experiments using DNA microarrays to examine gene expression during meiosis and the identification of many regulatory factors have provided important advances in our understanding of how genes are regulated at the different stages of meiosis.
Beneficial Effect of Medical Nutrition Therapy by a Registered Dietician in the Weight Management Outcome of Dyslipidemic Patients.

Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the beneficial effect of medical nutrition therapy by a registered dietitian (R.D.) in the weight management of dyslipidemic patients. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel's second report on hyperlipidemia, dietary modification including weight management is an essential first step and that the registered dietitians (R.D.s) have the key responsibility to facilitate dietary behavior changes. Twenty-three dyslipidemic males (50–70yr.) in a lipid research trial requiring frequent dietary intervention with an R.D. were compared with 23 patients in another trial not requiring dietary intervention with an R.D. Weight gain of ≥3 lbs occurred in 43.4% of non-R.D. treated versus no weight increase in the R.D. treated group; p
Scheduling Aircraft Landings under Constrained Position Shifting

Optimal scheduling of airport runway operations can play an important role in improving the safety and efficiency of the National Airspace System (NAS). Methods that compute the optimal landing sequence and landing times of aircraft must accommodate practical issues that affect the implementation of the schedule. One such practical consideration, known as Constrained Position Shifting (CPS), is the restriction that each aircraft must land within a pre-specified number of positions of its place in the First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) sequence. We consider the problem of scheduling landings of aircraft in a CPS environment in order to maximize runway throughput (minimize the completion time of the landing sequence), subject to operational constraints such as FAA-specified minimum inter-arrival spacing restrictions, precedence relationships among aircraft that arise either from airline preferences or air traffic control procedures that prevent overtaking, and time windows (representing possible control actions) during which each aircraft landing can occur. We present a Dynamic Programming-based approach that scales linearly in the number of aircraft, and describe our computational experience with a prototype implementation on realistic data for Denver International Airport.
Metamorphic tunnel junctions for high efficiency III-V/IV multi-junction solar cell technology

Through band gap engineering, metamorphic GaInP/GaAsP/Si multi-junction solar cells are theoretically capable of achieving a substantial increase in efficiency, with a significant decrease in cost, compared to current state-of-the-art Ge-based multi-junction solar cells. While the refinement of the necessary metamorphic materials and development of the associated sub-cells are obvious areas of focus, such devices also require high-performance tunnel junctions to minimize both optical and electrical sub-cell interconnection losses. Here we discuss efforts toward the development of these important component devices, including metamorphic materials growth and analysis, leading to the successful demonstration of metamorphic GaAs09P01 tunnel junctions with peak current densities exceeding 100 A/cm2 and zero-bias resistance-area products of 4.5×104 Ω·αη2, indicating high-quality devices capable for use in future high-concentration GaInP/GaAsP/Si multi-junction devices.