cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug-Related Cognitions among Minority Youth

Interviews with a nationwide sample of young and low-income black, chicano, and Caribbean men and women, as well as with their nonminority counterparts, reveal that the large majority are uninformed about the effects of licit and illicit drugs; nor do they know much about a range of other drug-related consequences. Of the ethnic groups queried, Caribbean men, and white men and women are most informed. These data, coupled with other findings drawn from a more lengthy report, lead to the conclusion that although one-half of the respondents have used illicit drugs, new sources of accurate information which are attuned to the backgrounds and language of youthful minorities are required for successful drug abuse intervention.
Manufacture of clad fissionable foils for ZPR measurements

Abstract Clad fissionable foils are required to make reaction rate measurements for heterogeneous fast reactors. The foils are described, and the production procedures for fuel alloying, casting, rolling, assembling, and pressure welding are detailed. Fuel weight and weight uncertainty results are shown for the various foil types produced. Both weighing and analytical errors are discussed, and calculated results show their influence on fuel weight uncertainty. Foil rolling and alpha contamination problems in production are discussed and corrective steps described.
Effect of Pyrimethamine Resistance on Sporogony in a Plasmodium berghei/Anopheles stephensi Model

A pyrimethamine-resistant line of Plasmodium berghei was derived by treating infected mice with high doses of pyrimethamine and selecting for recrudescence. This resistant line was compared with the parental pyrimethamine-sensitive line in order to ascertain whether drug resistance is associated with a biological advantage. Overall, the pyrimethamine-resistant line is quite similar to the sensitive line, except that it proceeds through sporogonic development more slowly than the pyrimethamine-sensitive parental line. However, under pyrimethamine pressure the sensitive line is unable to undergo the sporogonic cycle, whereas the resistant line is unaffected. These results indicate that the transmission of pyrimethamine resistance in this model is favored only under conditions of drug pressure.
The flexibility and topology of simian virus 40 DNA in minichromosomes

The linking number of DNA in minichromosomes increases by 2 turns during SV40 assembly. Changes in temperature also influence the average linking number of the total intracellular forms of SV40 DNA. When the isolated minichromosomes assembled in vivo are incubated with topoisomerase I at 33 degrees C in vitro, the linking number of SV40 DNA decreases. This decrease is about: -1.1 turns for minichromosomes with an average nucleosome spacing of 198 base pairs (bp), wt776; and -0.6 turns for minichromosomes containing a shorter average nucleosome repeat (177 bp), tsC219. The difference between the average linking number of naked SV40 DNA relaxed with topoI at 33 degrees C and minichromosomes relaxed with the enzyme at the same temperature indicates that SV40 chromatin contains on the average 26 nucleosomes. However, the results of studies obtained both on DNA flexibility in chromatin and in naked DNA, and on the shape of the topoisomer distribution curves, indicate that all of the minichromosomes, regardless of their overall structure, do not contain the same number of nucleosomes; this heterogeneity may be as large as 8 nucleosomes. We find no apparent correlation between the amount of minichromosomes containing unconstrained torsional stress and the abundance of the molecules with a structure characteristic of transcriptionally active chromatin.
Read all about it!: help desk newsletter informs and enlightens organization

A successful help desk is equipped with extensive knowledge of every policy, service, and application maintained by their campus' IT organization. Without this knowledge, they would fail to provide top-notch service. But how much does a typical IT organization know about the help desk that is supporting their services? In the case of the Campus Information Technologies and Educational Services (CITES) Help Desk at the University of Illinois, the answer was unfortunately "not much." The staggering quantity of interesting facts, figures, questions, answers, and anecdotes at our fingertips could fill dozens of volumes. So, we decided to record our experiences to paper (or PDF, as the case may be) in the form of a monthly newsletter.The Help Desk distributed the first issue of The Queue in September 2008. Each published issue includes articles that help CITES understand who we are, what we do, and how we do it. Our regular rotation of features includes a monthly report highlighting our statistical breakdown of customer contacts for the month, a conversation with a service manager known as the "Service Spotlight," a biography of a Help Desk full-timer, and other timely or interesting pieces about Help Desk happenings.The Queue has improved our transparency and opened more than a few eyes around CITES. Our colleagues' understanding of how we do business is developing, and this is helping us provide even better service to our internal and external customers alike.
Fanti Kinship: The Structure of Terminology and Behavior1

This article compares the results of a formal analysis of the three variant patterns of the Fanti kinship terminology and the marking hierarchy they form with the results of a multi-dimensional scaling and linear regression analysis of the bases of Fanti ascription of behavior to kinsmen. Terminological categories are shown to be a product of, but not a simple reflection of, patterns of behavior in the culture.
The Imaging Spectrum of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in AIDS

Summary:Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the major opportunistic infection of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on a worldwide basis. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to illustrate and review the spectrum of imaging findings associated with pulmonary TB in patients with AIDS and to descr
Chronically Reserpinized Rat as a Model for Cystic Fibrosis: Na + Transport Inhibitory Effect in Submaxillary Saliva

Chronically Reserpinized Rat as a Model for Cystic Fibrosis: Na + Transport Inhibitory Effect in Submaxillary Saliva
Utility of Arylamido Ligands in Yttrium and Lanthanide Chemistry(1).

The reactivity of KNHAr reagents (Ar = C6H5, C6H3Me2-2,6, C6H3iPr2-2,6) with lanthanide and yttrium trichlorides has been investigated. With the larger metals Nd and Sm and the smaller 2,6-dimethyl...
Fine-Grained Visual Comparisons with Local Learning

Given two images, we want to predict which exhibits a particular visual attribute more than the other -- even when the two images are quite similar. Existing relative attribute methods rely on global ranking functions, yet rarely will the visual cues relevant to a comparison be constant for all data, nor will humans' perception of the attribute necessarily permit a global ordering. To address these issues, we propose a local learning approach for fine-grained visual comparisons. Given a novel pair of images, we learn a local ranking model on the fly, using only analogous training comparisons. We show how to identify these analogous pairs using learned metrics. With results on three challenging datasets -- including a large newly curated dataset for fine-grained comparisons -- our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods for relative attribute prediction.
No Positive Selection for G Allele in a p53 Response Element in Europeans

In a recent publication, a SNP, rs4590952, in a functional KITLG p53-response element (p53-RE) was claimed to have undergone adaptive evolution in Europeans (Zeron-Medina et al., 2013). This conclusion was based on the experimental finding that the G allele exhibits stronger p53-RE activity than the A allele and that the observation that the G allele is found to be in much higher frequency in Europeans than Africans. This SNP is in high linkage disequilibrium with variants that are strongly associated with cancer risk in genome-wide association studies.
Body mass index and all-cause mortality in a nationwide US cohort

To investigate whether the nature of the relationship between body mass index (BMI (kg/m2)) and all-cause mortality is direct, J- or U-shaped, and whether this relationship changes as people age. Prospective nationwide cohort study of US radiologic technologists (USRT). Sixty-four thousand seven hundred and thirty-three female and 19 011 male certified radiation technologists. We prospectively followed participants from the USRT study who completed a mail survey in 1983–1989 through 2000. During an average of 14.7 years of follow-up or 1.23 million person-years, 2278 women and 1495 men died. Using Cox's proportional-hazards regression analyses, we analyzed the relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality by gender and by age group (<55 years; ⩾55 years). We also examined risk in never-smokers after the first 5 years of follow-up to limit bias owing to the confounding effects of smoking and illness-related weight loss on BMI and mortality. Risks were generally J-shaped for both genders and age groups. When we excluded smokers and the first 5 year of follow-up, risks were substantially reduced in those with low BMIs. In never-smoking women under the age of 55 years (excluding the initial 5-year follow-up period), risk rose as BMI increased above 21.0 kg/m2, whereas in older women, risk increased beginning at a higher BMI (⩾25.0 kg/m2). Among younger men who never smoked (excluding the initial 5-year follow-up period), risk began to rise above a BMI of 23.0 kg/m2, whereas in older men, risk did not begin to increase until exceeding a BMI of 30.0 kg/m2. In younger/middle-aged, but not older, women and men, mortality risks appear directly related to BMI. The more complicated relationship between BMI and mortality in older subjects suggests the importance of assessing whether other markers of body composition better explain mortality risk in older adults.
RF receiver and transmitter for insect mounted sensor platform

Low power consumption is a key design requirement for many systems, particularly small sensor platforms. Sub-threshold design allows for very low power operation of digital systems, especially when increased signal delay is not an issue. The objective of the work presented in this paper is to create a low power, small transmitter utilizing a sub-threshold IC, along with off-the-shelf components. This transmitter will be used for a low power sensor platform carried by a cockroach. We have earlier designed and fabricated a low power digital sub-threshold Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) modulator chip in a TSMC 0.25µm triple well CMOS process. This chip sends out two tones at 115KHz and 345KHz, corresponding to a binary data input. In this paper, we implement the RF transmitter circuit using this BFSK modulator chip with a carrier frequency of 80MHz. This RF transmitter circuit is designed and implemented using off-the-shelf components so that the overall transmitter board (BFSK modulator chip, RF circuit, antenna and batteries) is light, small and has a low power consumption. The signal was transmitted through a small coil antenna for the receiver base station, up to 100 feet away. We also implemented the RF front end and the demodulator circuit for the receiver base station. The receiver base station amplifies and filters the signal, then mixes the signal back down to the baseband. Our demodulator circuit is able to retrieve the original transmitted signal with an SNR of 10dB, at a distance of 100 feet.
The effect of ESOP adoptions on corporate performance: are there really performance changes?

Employee Stock Ownership Programs (ESOPs) have long been promoted as a motivational tool: employees become profit-minded owners. Latterly, however, more ESOPs are being used as part of a takeover defense: here the ESOPs main purpose is to put more company stock in friendly hands—the employees—who, like existing management, could suffer layoffs, etc. in a hostile takeover. We find that, as a group, only the takeover-related ESOPs are associated with increased leverage (itself a takeover defense). Non-target firms show no long-term increase in debt-to-assets. We find little evidence to support the motivation hypothesis: while actual labor costs are lower for ESOP firms, after industry-adjusting they tend to be unaffected or higher. We find that a few measures of firm financial performance [return-on-equity (ROE), return-on-assets (ROA), net profit margin (NPM)] do improve significantly, but this appears to be largely a short-term effect. Industry-adjusted holding period returns appear to be unaffected by the ESOP; however, ESOP firms that leverage show evidence of long-term market underperformance. We conclude that ESOPs provide, at best, only a short-term boost to corporate performance. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles: Clinical Promise and Open Questions

This review provides an updated perspective on rapidly proliferating efforts to harness extracellular vesicles (EVs) for therapeutic applications. We summarize current knowledge, emerging strategies, and open questions pertaining to clinical potential and translation. Potentially useful EVs comprise diverse products of various cell types and species. EV components may also be combined with liposomes and nanoparticles to facilitate manufacturing as well as product safety and evaluation. Potential therapeutic cargoes include RNA, proteins, and drugs. Strategic issues considered herein include choice of therapeutic agent, means of loading cargoes into EVs, promotion of EV stability, tissue targeting, and functional delivery of cargo to recipient cells. Some applications may harness natural EV properties, such as immune modulation, regeneration promotion, and pathogen suppression. These properties can be enhanced or customized to enable a wide range of therapeutic applications, including vaccination, improvement of pregnancy outcome, and treatment of autoimmune disease, cancer, and tissue injury.
Coherent control using the carrier-envelope phase

Octave-spanning laser pulses enable a new coherent control scheme based on the carrier-envelope phase (CEP). Multiphoton ionization of Xe atoms demonstrates CEP control over the phases of photoelectron quantum states and therefore the photoelectron direction.
Congruence between model and human attention reveals unique signatures of critical visual events

Current computational models of bottom-up and top-down components of attention are predictive of eye movements across a range of stimuli and of simple, fixed visual tasks (such as visual search for a target among distractors). However, to date there exists no computational framework which can reliably mimic human gaze behavior in more complex environments and tasks, such as driving a vehicle through traffic. Here, we develop a hybrid computational/behavioral framework, combining simple models for bottom-up salience and top-down relevance, and looking for changes in the predictive power of these components at different critical event times during 4.7 hours (500,000 video frames) of observers playing car racing and flight combat video games. This approach is motivated by our observation that the predictive strengths of the salience and relevance models exhibit reliable temporal signatures during critical event windows in the task sequence—for example, when the game player directly engages an enemy plane in a flight combat game, the predictive strength of the salience model increases significantly, while that of the relevance model decreases significantly. Our new framework combines these temporal signatures to implement several event detectors. Critically, we find that an event detector based on fused behavioral and stimulus information (in the form of the model's predictive strength) is much stronger than detectors based on behavioral information alone (eye position) or image information alone (model prediction maps). This approach to event detection, based on eye tracking combined with computational models applied to the visual input, may have useful applications as a less-invasive alternative to other event detection approaches based on neural signatures derived from EEG or fMRI recordings.
An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure: Improving Research Quality Before Data Collection

We rely on classic as well as recently published sources to offer a review of theory, research design, and measurement issues that should be considered prior to conducting any empirical study. First, we examine theory-related issues that should be addressed before research design and measurement considerations. Specifically, we discuss how to make meaningful theoretical progress including the use of inductive and deductive approaches, address an important issue, and conduct research with a practical end in mind. Second, we offer recommendations regarding research design, including how to address the low statistical power challenge, design studies that strengthen inferences about causal relationships, and use control variables appropriately. Finally, we address measurement issues. Specifically, we discuss how to improve the link between underlying constructs and their observable indicators. Our review offers a checklist for use by researchers to improve research quality prior to data collection and by jour...
Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways: a nationwide US survey

This study addresses the effect of urban planning and road development on the health risk of students attending schools near major roadways. The proximity of public schools and students was quantified to Interstate, US and state highways in nine large Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) of the USA. In total among the surveyed schools and students, over 30% fell within 400 m of a major roadway and over 10% were within 100 m. For some MSAs almost half of the student population attended schools near (≤400m) major roadways, resulting in a potentially increased risk for asthma and other chronic respiratory problems, especially in schools representing the urban fringe locale. It was concluded that proximity of major roadways should be an important factor in considering sites for new schools and developing policies for reducing the exposure in existing schools. The findings provide an important reference point for coordinating future urban development, transportation and environmental policies.
Adverse Prognostic Impact of Intratumor Heterogeneous HER2 Gene Amplification in Patients With Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Purpose There is increasing recognition of the existence of intratumoral heterogeneity of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), which affects interpretation of HER2 positivity in clinical practice and may have implications for patient prognosis and treatment. We determined the frequency and prognostic impact of heterogeneous HER2 gene amplification and polysomy 17 in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients and Methods HER2 amplification (by fluorescence in situ hybridization) was examined in surgical EAC specimens (n = 675). HER2 heterogeneity was defined according to consensus guidelines as gene amplification (HER2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2.0) in more than 5% but less than 50% of cancer cells. No patient received neoadjuvant or HER2-targeted therapy. Cox models were used to assess disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Results Overall, 117 EACs (17%) demonstrated HER2 amplification, of which 20 (17%) showed HER2 heterogeneity. All HER2-heterogeneous tumors were ampl...
Choice of the perfectly matched layer boundary condition for frequency-domain Maxwell's equations solvers

We show that the performance of frequency-domain solvers of Maxwell's equations is greatly affected by the kind of the perfectly matched layer (PML) used. In particular, we demonstrate that using the stretched-coordinate PML (SC-PML) results in significantly faster convergence speed than using the uniaxial PML (UPML). Such a difference in convergence behavior is explained by an analysis of the condition number of the coefficient matrices. Additionally, we develop a diagonal preconditioning scheme that significantly improves solver performance when UPML is used.
The Nonpuerperal Breast Infection: Aerobic and Anaerobic Microbial Recovery from Acute and Chronic Disease

Sixty breast culture specimens were obtained by needle aspiration from 54 women and 2 men. A total of 221 microbial isolates were obtained from 52 culture-positive samples. Aerobes alone were recovered from 11 patients while 5 were culture-positive for anaerobes only. Thirty-six patients harbored mixed aerobic and anaerobic microbial flora, and the anaerobic gram-positive cocci were the predominant isolates recovered. The mean microbial recovery for patients with an acute abscess was 2.9 isolates, while in patients with chronic infections the mean microbial recovery was 5. The anaerobic populations outnumbered facultative isolates by two to one, and 34% of anaerobic isolates were recovered from subculture. These findings demonstrate that, contrary to previous reports, nonpuerperal breast infections involve a mixed infection that is primarily anaerobic.
Genetic epidemiology of mutated K- ras proto-oncogene, altered suppressor genes, and microsatellite instability in colorectal adenomas

BACKGROUND The genetic epidemiology of colorectal adenomas has not been studied prospectively in colonoscopy patients without cancer. AIMS To study genetic alterations in colorectal adenomas and correlate these with patient demographics and adenoma characteristics. METHODS Mutations and allelic deletions in 201 adenomas from 60 patients were compared with demographic features, adenoma characteristics, and family history. RESULTS The most common alteration was K- ras proto-oncogene mutation, present in 35% of adenomas and 65% of patients. Patients 65 years of age and older had a decreased probability of K- ras mutations (26% versus 45%). Overexpression of p53 gene product was present in only 6% of adenomas but was more frequent in villous or tubulovillous adenomas (19% versus 3%). Allelic loss of chromosome 18q was present in only 2% of adenomas and was significantly less frequent than p53 overexpression. DNA replication errors (RER) were present in 7% of adenomas and 15% of patients, including multiple adenomas in four patients (two with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome). Only 36% of RER positive adenomas had alteration of BAT-26 alleles, none had alteration of BAT-25, and only one (8%) had mutation in the transforming growth factor β type II receptor gene. RER positive adenomas were more likely to have a K- ras mutation. In patients with multiple adenomas, there was concordance of p53 overexpression and RER but not of K- ras mutations. CONCLUSIONS Genetic progression in colorectal adenomas is heterogeneous, involving factors related to patient age and the presence of RER for the occurrence of ras mutations, but different intraindividual characteristics for the occurrence of p53 alterations and RER.
MINING THE WEB FOR MEDICAL HYPOTHESES - A Proof-of-Concept System

As the prevalence of blogs, discussion forums, and online news services continues to grow, so too does the portion of this Web content that relates to health and medicine. We propose that everyday, medically-oriented Web content is a valuable and viable data source for medical hypothesis generation and testing, despite its being noisy. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept system supporting this notion. We construct a corpus comprising news articles relating to the drugs Vioxx, Naproxen and Ibuprofen, that were published between 1998-2002. Using this corpus, we show that there was a significant link between Vioxx and the concept “Myocardial Infarction” well before the drug was withdrawn from the market in 2004. Indeed, within the Vioxx-related content, the concept ranks amongst the top 3.3% in terms of importance. When compared with the Naproxen and Ibuprofen control literatures, the term occurs significantly more frequently in the Vioxx-
Every teacher is a language teacher: Preparing teacher candidates for English language learners through service-learning

Secondary school teachers in the United States are facing urgent challenges in their increasingly heterogeneous classrooms where the presence of English language learners (ELLs) is becoming the norm. This study reports preliminary findings of a qualitative, interpretive case study of secondary school teacher candidates learning to teach English language learners through service-learning in Northern California. In a semester-long tutoring project, candidates focused on individual ELLs in their inquiry into language learning, in which they (re)constructed their sociolinguistic knowledge of English and their tutees’ home languages in context. Moreover, the mutually beneficial relationships among members of the language community encouraged candidates’ critical reflections on language learning. The study offers instructional experiences for teachers and teacher educators to develop sociolinguistic and pedagogical tools while supporting, and being supported by, the ELL communities. Keywords: teacher education, service-learning, sociocultural perspective, English language learners, secondary schools, teacher knowledge
Local-Area Subnetworks: A Performance Comparison

This paper provides a comparative evaluation of the performance of ring and bus systems constituting subnetworks of local-area networks. Performance is measured in terms of the delaythroughput characteristics. Systems investigated include token-controlled and slotted rings as well as random-access buses (CSMA with collision detection) and ordered-access buses. The investigation is based on analytic models which describe the various topologies and access mechanisms to a sufficient level of detail. The paper includes a comprehensive discussion of how the performance of the different networks is affected by system parameters like transmission rate, cable length, packet lengths, and control overhead.
Volume Relations in Na2O·B2O3 and Na2O·SiO2 B2O3, Melts at 1300·C

Density (and some viscosity) data are presented for binary sodium borate melts containing as much as 60 mole % Na2O and for ternary sodium silicoborate melts with B/Si <2.0 between 1000°C and 1300°C. The high-temperature partial molar volume analysis of the binary sodium borate melts reveals about 50% BO4 tetrahedra at the 40 mole % Na2O composition, in agreement with recent NMR estimates for the binary glasses. No “boron anomaly” was found near 18 mole % Na2O at high temperature. The synthetic partial molar volume model that agrees best with experiment for all ternary melts studied involves the presence of some BO4 tetrahedra, the percentage of which varies with composition. This ternary model involves a high degree of internal consistency. No tendency toward extensive micro-immiscibility was observed for ternary melts near the SiO2·B2O3 binary.
Review of depression in cancer: Gender differences

Depression is the psychiatric syndrome that receives the most attention in individuals with cancer. We review 49 studies of prevalence of depression in individuals with cancer and describe the data available on gender differences. The special fears and concerns of women with cancer are described. Depression 3:66–80 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Braiding of the Attractor and the Failure of Iterative Algorithms

Le mouvement de l'attracteur dans une famille stable d'applications rationnelles determine un groupe de tresses sur la sphere de Riemann. On montre que le groupe correspondant des classes d'application est soit reductible, soit fini, soit fixe l'un des attracteurs. Ceci conduit a un critere topologique d'existence des bifurcations dans les algorithmes iteratifs de recherche de racines bases sur des applications rationnels
A simple model for shear stress mediated lumen reduction in blood vessels

The goal of this paper is to qualitatively describe the dominant flow characteristics associated with shear stress mediated lumen reduction due to atherosclerotic plaque growth. The approach is to develop rate equations for the reduction of the lumen as a function of the shear stress near the intima wall. Elementary, qualitative, models for fully developed laminar and turbulent flows are employed, leading to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model provides a qualitative description of one aspect of the long-term reduction, perhaps taking years, of the lumen due to wall growth. This is useful because of the extreme complexity of long-term experiments.
A Comprehensive System for the Evaluation of Innovative Online Instruction at a Research University: Foundations, Components and Effectiveness

The delivery of post-secondary coursework via the Internet continues to gain momentum. As a result, investigations into effective and appropriate methods of evaluating the effectiveness of these courses are required. In an effort to meet this challenge, this study describes the development and implementation of an evaluation system applied to new online programs at a major research university. A systematic approach to evaluation provided formative feedback on the processes and products of course development using diverse data sources including course documents, interviews and web-based surveys. Results of both quantitative and qualitative analyses support the integrity of the evaluation system and provide preliminary indications of course effectiveness based on student satisfaction.
Determination of filter pore size for use in HB line phase II production of plutonium oxide

The Savannah River Site’s H-Canyon and HB-Line are tasked with the production of plutonium oxide from a feed of plutonium metal for the Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel Fabrication Facility. The work presented here followed the general precipitation methods used at SRS to determine the quantity of solids present in the filtrate and to recommend an alternate filtration strategy. Initial Pu losses were found to be less than 1.5%. With additional filtration, this study indicates that a 50% further reduction in Pu solids in the filtrate can be achieved by the addition of a 2 μm filter.
Short-Type: A Behavioral Analysis of Typing and Text Entry:

This study evaluated a typing task which incorporated an encoding operation. This technique, called “short-type,” takes advantage of word repetition to reduce the number of keystrokes required to transcribe documents. Four typists were taught a list of abbreviations for frequently occurring words. Their subsequent task was to enter documents into a computer via a standard keyboard. Each time a word from the training list was detected, the corresponding abbreviation was to be typed in its place. It was found that: (1) over 93% of the to-be-abbreviated words were detected by the typists; (2) the error rate in selecting and typing abbreviations was no greater than the error rate in typing words which were not abbreviated; and (3) the substitution process did not adversely affect the keystroke rate. It was concluded that short-type is a practical technique in improving typing performance.
Abstract B2: Conceptual barriers in cancer prevention research

Neoplastic progression is an evolutionary process and cancer prevention is successful to the extent that it can impact that process, reducing the likelihood that premalignant cells will evolve invasive or metastatic phenotypes. Despite the centrality of somatic evolution in cancer progression, evolutionary tools and analyses have rarely been applied to the development and implementation of interventions to reduce cancer incidence. Conceptual barriers such as cognitive biases, misperceptions about the nature of cancer, or the use of misleading metaphors may interfere with the effective incorporation of evolutionary principles into cancer prevention and treatment. We analyzed cancer articles for evidence of several biases that are likely to interfere with evolutionary thinking and conducted surveys to measure these cognitive biases. We found evidence for several biases, including a failure to recognize the mutability of neoplasms. Further, our surveys indicated that respondents favor metaphors for cancer (as an invading enemy or parasite) that may bias towards overly aggressive interventions. By identifying cognitive barriers to the penetration of evolutionary principles in cancer research and prevention, we will be able to more effectively offset these biases and expand the conceptual framing of cancer so as to facilitate cancer prevention research, improve patient management and prevent over-treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B2.
Utilization of MSW Compost In Nursery Stock Production

This three year study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost as a soil amendment or a mulch to suppress weeds in the production of field grown nursery stock. In the soil amendment experiment, compost was applied at the rates of 0, 56, and 112 t/ha and incorporated into the soil prior to planting. In the mulch/weed control experiment, 224 t/ha of compost was applied to one set of plots as a mulch after planting and compared to plots treated with herbicide and untreated controls. Each plot in both experiments contained four rows with one each of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). Mortality and weed counts were determined during the first growing season. Annual measurements of crown height, crown width, and caliper (at the 1 foot level) were made the following three winters. Two inches of compost mulch (224 t/ha) provided adequate weed control only in the first year...
Survival, Development, and Oviposition of Resistant Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Transgenic Canola Producing a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin

We measured responses of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella L., to transgenic and nontransgenic canola, Brassica napus L. Transgenic canola expressed a crylAc gene of Bacillus thurngiensis Berliner resulting in 238 ± 29 ng of Cry lAc protein per milligram of total extractable protein in leaves. We tested 2 Hawaiian strains of diamondback moth: NO-QA was resistant to CrylAc and LAB-PS was susceptible. Larval and pupal durations, pupal weights, and adult emergence of the 2 strains were similar on nontransgenic canola, but differed significantly on transgenic canola. Transgenic canola killed all larvae tested from the susceptible strain. In contrast, for the resistant strain, no differences occurred between transgenic and nontransgenic canola in larval survival and head capsule width at day 5, percentage pupation, pupal weight, percentage adult emergence, and extent of defoliation. For both the susceptible and resistant strains of diamondback moth, no differences were detected between transgenic and nontransgenic canola in feeding initiation or oviposition preference. The lack of discrimination between transgenic and nontransgenic canola by neonates and ovipositing females indicates that host choice behavior is independent from susceptibility to CrylAc. Development of resistant diamondback moth on transgenic canola without any adverse effects provides an example of a pest that has completely overcome high levels of a B. thuringiensis toxin expressed by a genetically engineered plant.
Toward the Development of a Low-Altitude Air Traffic Control Paradigm for Networks of Small, Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

To enable safe and efficient operation of a large number of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as envisioned in future commercial operations, a novel networked-based air traffic control paradigm is needed to provide for autonomous route optimization and cooperation to enable deconfliction. This system would need to ensure deconfliction from nearby manned and unmanned operations and would need the capability to respond to unexpected close-proximity aircraft, known as interlopers. This network-based control paradigm will require that operators be able to oversee a network of cooperative and autonomous UAVs capable of maneuvering at low altitudes. Such a network would need new algorithms and increased autonomy to best support cooperative deconfliction and high level supervisory control, and one that also allows operators the ability to both understand local and global behavior of a network of UAVs. To this end, we propose a paradigm-shifting multi-layer distributed air traffic control concept focused on low altitude, high density UAV operations. This new architecture would include a group of analysts that perform a global analysis of the UAV network at a strategic level and more tactical, local controllers manipulating the UAV network, who are advised by the analysts. The proposed operational support system would include methods for the automatic identification of issues within the network, as well as a method for the automatic distribution of effective tasks to the most suitable personnel. This architecture would be a combination of current air traffic control techniques as well as those troubleshooting techniques found in other domains like network and cloud computing management.
Raman Spectra of ZnBr2-KBr-PbBr2 Glasses

In Raman spectra of ZnBr2-KBr-PbBr2 glasses, the dominant bands are observed at about 60cm-1 and 155cm-1 or 174cm-1. The 60cm-1 band was assigned to the mode containing bending vibrations and the 155cm-1 or 174cm-1 band to the symmetric mode containing the stretching vibration between zinc and bridging or non-bridging bromine, respectively. The compositional dependence of the intensity of the 155cm-1 and 174cm-1 bands gives information about both the structural role of PbBr2 and the network structure from the viewpoint of bridging and non-bridging bromines. The introduction of PbBr2 increased the number of non-bridging bromine. This indicates that PbBr2 has the same role of glass modifier as that of KBr. On the other hand, the 155cm-1 band was observed even for a glass of the composition with 20mol% PbBr2, in which the atomic ratio, Br/Zn, is 4. This suggests that there are free bromide ions and/or zinc ions coordinated with more than four bromide ions.
A NEW SPECIES OF THECOTHEUS (PEZIZALES) FROM TAIWAN

(1993). A New Species of Thecotheus (Pezizales) from Taiwan. Mycologia: Vol. 85, No. 6, pp. 1020-1022.
Hybrid models for the simulation of microstructural evolution influenced by coupled, multiple physical processes

Most materials microstructural evolution processes progress with multiple processes occurring simultaneously. In this work, we have concentrated on the processes that are active in nuclear materials, in particular, nuclear fuels. These processes are coarsening, nucleation, differential diffusion, phase transformation, radiation-induced defect formation and swelling, often with temperature gradients present. All these couple and contribute to evolution that is unique to nuclear fuels and materials. Hybrid model that combines elements from the Potts Monte Carlo, phase-field models and others have been developed to address these multiple physical processes. These models are described and applied to several processes in this report. An important feature of the models developed are that they are coded as applications within SPPARKS, a Sandiadeveloped framework for simulation at the mesoscale of microstructural evolution processes by kinetic Monte Carlo methods. This makes these codes readily accessible and adaptable for future applications.
Numerical modeling of the dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles during ultrasonic processing of A356-based nanocomposites

The metal matrix nanocomposites in this study consist of a A356 alloy matrix reinforced with 1.0 wt.% SiC nanoparticles that are dispersed within the molten alloy matrix using ultrasonic cavitation and induction melting technologies. The required ultrasonic parameters to achieve the required cavitation for adequate degassing and refining of the aluminium alloy as well as the fluid flow characteristics for uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles into the 356 matrix are being investigated in this study using an in-house developed magneto-hydro-dynamics model. The magneto-hydro-dynamics model accounts for turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification, electromagnetic field as well as the complex interactions between the solidifying alloy and nanoparticles using ANSYS Maxwell and ANSYS Fluent dense discrete phase model and a particle engulfment and pushing model. A parametric study was performed which includes the effects of electromagnetic field from the induction coils and the magnitude of the flui...
Serial measurements of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the peripheral blood plasma of human cardiac allograft recipients.

BACKGROUND Cardiac allograft rejection is largely an inflammatory response that, if allowed to proceed unchecked, will result in hemodynamic compromise or cardiogenic shock. Soluble mediators produced during an inflammatory response could potentially provide information regarding the initiation, progression, and outcome of a rejection episode. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the use of plasma cytokine measurements for interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in combination with measurements of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), an adhesion molecule, as a means for the detection of cardiac allograft rejection. METHODS Serial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on plasma samples collected from 29 patients three times per week during the first 8 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS IL-6 plasma concentrations increased fivefold in the first week after transplantation (p 0.3 for IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha). However, VCAM-1 levels increased 0 to 5 days before rejection compared with baseline (914 +/- 40 vs 844 +/- 30 ng/ml, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS IL-6 levels are increased immediately after heart transplantation. Circulating IL-6, IL-8, and TNF alpha levels do not predict rejection during the first 8 weeks after transplantation. Soluble VCAM-1 increases within 5 days before rejection and may potentially serve as a noninvasive marker for early rejection.
School Psychology, Overview

While there are currently 14 specialty areas recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA), School Psychology was one of the four specialties originally categorized within the “profession of psychology” by APA (the others were Organizational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Counseling Psychology). While there is a common science of psychology undergirding all four of these original professional specialty areas, school psychology focuses on the application of social and organizational, educational and learning, child and adolescent, normal and abnormal, and biological and ecological psychology to the school and schooling process. This entry provides an overview of school psychology from both professional and practice perspectives. In the context of effective school and schooling, the roles, functions, and practices of effective school psychologists are described and discussed.
Electrospinning Fundamentals and Applications

Electrospinning provides a facile method to fabricate porous and fibrous biomaterials from many different starting polymers. The fiber size can be comparable to that found in ECM. The ability to control fiber spacing and orientation permits material to be optimized for specific applications. Applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery are envisioned.
DAPK interacts with Patronin and the microtubule cytoskeleton in epidermal development and wound repair

Epidermal barrier epithelia form a first line of defense against the environment, protecting animals against infection and repairing physical damage. In C. elegans, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK-1) regulates epidermal morphogenesis, innate immunity and wound repair. Combining genetic suppressor screens and pharmacological tests, we find that DAPK-1 maintains epidermal tissue integrity through regulation of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. dapk-1 epidermal phenotypes are suppressed by treatment with microtubule-destabilizing drugs and mimicked or enhanced by microtubule-stabilizing drugs. Loss of function in ptrn-1, the C. elegans member of the Patronin/Nezha/CAMSAP family of MT minus-end binding proteins, suppresses dapk-1 epidermal and innate immunity phenotypes. Over-expression of the MT-binding CKK domain of PTRN-1 triggers epidermal and immunity defects resembling those of dapk-1 mutants, and PTRN-1 localization is regulated by DAPK-1. DAPK-1 and PTRN-1 physically interact in co-immunoprecipitation experiments, and DAPK-1 itself undergoes MT-dependent transport. Our results uncover an unexpected interdependence of DAPK-1 and the microtubule cytoskeleton in maintenance of epidermal integrity.
Short acetylene-filled photonic bandgap fiber cells toward practical industry standards

Molecular absorption cells (5 cm-long, free-space coupled) underpin industry wavelength standards at the 0.1 pm (∼10 MHz) level. We address the challenge of fabricating very short, sealed photonic bandgap fibers with similar performance.
Genetic Interaction between PGE2 and the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Regulates Definitive HSC Development and Homeostasis.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiate throughout the lifetime of the organism to produce each of the definitive blood lineages. Recently, we demonstrated that prostaglandin (PG) E2 regulates vertebrate HSC formation and homeostasis. The mechanism by which PGE2 influences HSCs is currently unknown. Through qPCR analysis and in situ hybridization, we determined that dimethyl (dm) PGE2 regulated expression of the classical wnt targets cyclinD1 and ephrinB2 during embryonic development. As the wnt pathway has been shown to regulate HSC self-renewal, we hypothesized that the two pathways interact genetically to control the production and homeostasis of HSCs. In TOP:dGFP wnt reporter fish, wnt activity was enhanced in vivo following the addition of dmPGE2, whereas indomethacin treatment resulted in the virtual absence of β-catenin/TCF signaling. Activation of wnt signaling in heat-shock (hs) inducible transgenic zebrafish (hs:wnt8) led to enhanced AGM HSC formation, while inhibition of wnt/β-catenin signaling at the membrane level (hs:dickkopf (dkk)), in the cytosol (hs:axin) or in the nucleus (hs:dominant negative (dn) TCF) reduced HSC numbers. Exposure to dmPGE2 rescued HSC inhibition mediated by dkk, but not by axin or dnTCF, implying that PGE2 interacts with the wnt signaling pathway at the level of the β-catenin destruction complex. Furthermore, indomethacin treatment diminished the effects of wnt induction on HSC formation, suggesting that PGE2 activity is required to mediate the full effects of wnt activation. We next sought to determine if PG signaling could regulate wnt-mediated control of hematopoietic recovery in the adult zebrafish following irradiation. As seen with dmPGE2 treatment, wnt induction during marrow recovery led to a significant increase in hematopoietic progenitors by day 10 post injury. Exposure to indomethacin blocked the wnt-mediated increase in kidney marrow precursors. Wnt activation has further been implicated in leukemogenesis. Repetitive activation of wnt signaling in adult fish induced a myeloproliferative disease. Significantly, treatment with indomethacin altered its development and progression. Finally, we investigated the effects of PGE2 modification of wnt activity on hematopoietic homeostasis in the mouse. Following myeloablative 5-FU treatment, PGE2 was capable of modifying wnt-mediated effects on hematopoietic recovery. Compared to wild-type control siblings APCMin mice exhibited elevated numbers of stem and progenitor cells after 2 weeks; treatment with indomethacin every other day prevented this regenerative advantage. These results suggest that pharmacological manipulation of wnt activity through modulation of PGE2 signaling will provide novel therapeutic approaches to regulate HSC homeostasis during bone marrow recovery and leukemogenesis.