cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematic modeling of forces associated with shoulder dystocia: a comparison of endogenous and exogenous sources.

Abstract Objective: A mathematic model was developed to estimate the compressive pressure on the fetal neck overlying the roots of the brachial plexus by the symphysis pubis during a shoulder dystocia event. The induced pressure was calculated for both exogenous (clinician applied) and endogenous (maternal and uterine) forces during the second stage of labor. Study Design: Intrauterine pressure and clinician-applied force data were taken from the existing literature. A free-body diagram was generated and equilibrium equations were used to calculate the contact pressure between the base of the fetal neck and the symphysis pubis during a shoulder dystocia event. Results: Clinician-applied traction to the fetal head (exogenous force) led to an estimated contact pressure of 22.9 kPa between the fetal neck and the symphysis pubis. In contrast, uterine and maternal expulsive efforts (endogenous forces) resulted in contact pressures that ranged from 91.1 to 202.5 kPa. The estimated pressures resulting from endogenous forces are 4 to 9 times greater than the value calculated for clinician-applied forces. Conclusion: Neonatal brachial plexus injury is not a priori explained by iatrogenically induced excessive traction. Spontaneous endogenous forces may contribute substantially to this type of neonatal trauma. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:689-91.)
School Choice and Market Failure: How Politics Trumps Economics in Education and Elsewhere

This essay traces the roots of the equity approach to school choice to the work of Coons & Sugarman, which began as an outgrowth of their involvement with the landmark California school finance case, Serrano v. Priest (1971). Comparing the equity approach to the market model espoused by Milton Friedman, the author argues that the former is potentially more aligned with the redistributive public agenda he supports. Drawing lessons from the recent meltdown of the American economy, he further argues that the implementation of a true market approach in education is highly improbable, and that since markets are incapable of self-correction, government intervention is required to address the resulting distress when markets fail. This is not to say that the political process has been responsive to the educational needs of the most disadvantaged students either. It has produced a public school system that provides more resources to the advantaged than the disadvantaged; and the artificial limits it imposes on vou...
The 4-MeV Separated-Orbit Cyclotron

The Separated-Orbit Cyclotron Experiment (SOCE) will extend and complement earlier theoretical and experimental studies and will provide a unique facility for the evaluation of an operating SOC system. The six-sector, fourturn accelerator will provide maximum energies of 4 MeV for protons and deuterons and 8 MeV for 3He++ and 4He++ ions. The output energy is variable over a 2:1 range by adjustment of the magnetic field and acceleration of the ions at the appropriate harmonic of the ion frequency. Ions are injected into the SOC at one quarter the final energy. The injection system consists of a duoplasmatron ion source, a 500-kV dc accelerator, and a three-cavity linear accelerator. Proton currents in the 10-to 20-mA range are predicted. The principal characteristics of the accelerator are given in Table I. All of the major components have been fabricated and delivered on site except the injector's linac cavities, which are expected shortly. The photograph in Fig. 1 shows the accelerator as seen from the control area on a mezzanine about 40 feet away. The SOC sector magnets and rf cavities are in the approximate location, with the dc injector components in the background. The tops of the magnet yokes have been temporarily removed to permit completion of pole tip alignment. An rf power amplifier will be mounted on the outer wall of each cavity. One of the PA units can be seen in the background (Fig. 1) on a test stand with a water-cooled dummy load.
Imaging of Creep Damaged CrMo Steel Piping Using Magnetic Parameter Variations

Creep damage is a leading cause of failure in pressure vessel steels exposed to high temperature and stress. The development of a nondestructive inspection method for visualizing and detecting the level of creep damage throughout the service life of these pressure vessels is critical to safe power plant operation. If the damage is detected at an early stage and monitored throughout its progress, replacement costs and downtime can be reduced, and catastrophic failures can be avoided.
xSim: The extreme-scale simulator

Investigating parallel application performance at scale is an important part of high-performance computing (HPC) application development. The Extreme-scale Simulator (xSim) is a performance toolkit that permits running an application in a controlled environment at extreme scale without the need for a respective extreme-scale HPC system. Using a lightweight parallel discrete event simulation, xSim executes a parallel application with a virtual wall clock time, such that performance data can be extracted based on a processor and a network model. This paper presents significant enhancements to the xSim toolkit that provide a more complete Message Passing Interface (MPI) support and improve its versatility. These enhancements include full virtual MPI group, communicator and collective communication support, and global variables support. The new capabilities are demonstrated by executing the entire NAS Parallel Benchmark suite in a simulated HPC environment.
“Same DNA, but Born this Way”: Lady Gaga and the Possibilities of Postessentialist Feminisms

Journal of Popular Music Studies, Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages 28–46 “Same DNA, but Born this Way”: Lady Gaga and the Possibilities of Postessentialist Feminisms Dr. Juliet Williams UCLA Department of Gender Studies, Los Angeles Since bursting on the scene in 2008 with her first studio album, The Fame, Lady Gaga has enjoyed the devotion of an unusually dedicated cadre of fans, affectionately dubbed her “little monsters.” Lady Gaga also has attracted the attention of scholars, leading to numerous tongue-in-cheek media reports documenting the rise of Gaga Studies as a field of academic inquiry (Corona, 2010; Eby, 2010). 1 Required reading now includes J. Jack Halberstam’s recent book, Gaga Feminism: Sex, Gender, and the End of Normal (2012). In the opening pages, Halberstam offers up Lady Gaga as “a symbol for a new kind of feminism” (xii). This new feminism, which Halberstam dubs gaga feminism, “ . . . is simultaneously a monstrous outgrowth of the unstable category of ‘woman’ in feminist theory, a celebration of the joining of femininity to artifice, and a refusal of the mushy sentimentalism that has been siphoned into the category of womanhood” (xiii). As Halberstam explains, gaga feminism rejects the “fixity of roles for males and females” (5) and celebrates “the withering away of old social models of desire, gender, and sexuality” (25). It is a feminism that “recognizes multiple genders, that contributes to the collapse of our current sex-gender systems” (25). In its wake, gaga feminism creates an opening for “new forms of relation, intimacy, technology, and embodiment” (25). Halberstam insists that gaga feminism “derives from Lady Gaga and has everything to do with Lady Gaga,” but quickly adds that gaga feminism “is not limited to Lady Gaga” (xii). In fact, Lady Gaga turns out to be a fleeting figure in Gaga Feminism, invoked more as muse than object of sustained critical inquiry. 2 In what follows, I explore a question surprisingly sidelined in Halberstam’s analysis: how gaga is Lady Gaga? Taking seriously Halberstam’s suggestion that Lady Gaga be engaged as a symbol, or “marker,” of a new feminist formation, I ask what an analysis of some of Lady Gaga’s most well-known songs and music videos might reveal about the possibilities and limits of the kind of queer feminist position Halberstam evokes, a feminism that takes as its chief aim the C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Revised Architecture of Primary Cell Walls Based on Biomechanical Changes Induced by Substrate-Specific Endoglucanases

Xyloglucan is widely believed to function as a tether between cellulose microfibrils in the primary cell wall, limiting cell enlargement by restricting the ability of microfibrils to separate laterally. To test the biomechanical predictions of this “tethered network” model, we assessed the ability of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) hypocotyl walls to undergo creep (long-term, irreversible extension) in response to three family-12 endo-β-1,4-glucanases that can specifically hydrolyze xyloglucan, cellulose, or both. Xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase (XEG from Aspergillus aculeatus) failed to induce cell wall creep, whereas an endoglucanase that hydrolyzes both xyloglucan and cellulose (Cel12A from Hypocrea jecorina) induced a high creep rate. A cellulose-specific endoglucanase (CEG from Aspergillus niger) did not cause cell wall creep, either by itself or in combination with XEG. Tests with additional enzymes, including a family-5 endoglucanase, confirmed the conclusion that to cause creep, endoglucanases must cut both xyloglucan and cellulose. Similar results were obtained with measurements of elastic and plastic compliance. Both XEG and Cel12A hydrolyzed xyloglucan in intact walls, but Cel12A could hydrolyze a minor xyloglucan compartment recalcitrant to XEG digestion. Xyloglucan involvement in these enzyme responses was confirmed by experiments with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyls, where Cel12A induced creep in wild-type but not in xyloglucan-deficient (xxt1/xxt2) walls. Our results are incompatible with the common depiction of xyloglucan as a load-bearing tether spanning the 20- to 40-nm spacing between cellulose microfibrils, but they do implicate a minor xyloglucan component in wall mechanics. The structurally important xyloglucan may be located in limited regions of tight contact between microfibrils.
Investigation of CdZnTe for Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cell Applications

Modeling of two-junction tandem devices shows that for optimal device performance, the bandgap of the top cell should be around 1.6-1.8 eV. CdZnTe alloys can be tailored to yield bandgaps in the desired range. In this study, three approaches were used to fabricate these films. The CdTe and ZnTe films were deposited by close-spaced sublimation (CSS) and radio-frequency sputtering (RFS) techniques respectively. In the first approach, we used mixed powders of CdTe and ZnTe as the source for film deposition by CSS. Even for the ZnTe/CdTe (95:5 ratio) source material, the deposited films were entirely CdTe due to higher vapor pressure of CdTe. In the second approach, we used pre-alloyed CdZnTe powders (CERAC, Inc.) as the source. Due to the lower sticking coefficient of Zn, even for the source composition of 75% Zn, these films contained very low quantities of Zn (∼5%). We tried unsuccessfully to increase the Zn content in the films by confining Zn vapor by enclosing the region between the source and substrate, reducing the substrate temperature to 400°C, and adjusting the source/substrate distance. Finally, we used thin-film couples consisting of 300-nm-thick CdTe deposited by CSS and 300-nm-thick ZnTe deposited by RFS; the samples were then heat-treated in cadmium chloride vapor. Compositional analysis of the samples showed extensive interdiffusion of Cd and Zn for the annealed samples. We will present the data on the various stack configurations of CdTe and ZnTe, the effect of different post-deposition anneals, the effect of oxygen on the interdiffusion and alloy formation and its possible correlation to the device performance degradation.
Praxis as a Mirroring Process: Teaching Psychiatric Nursing Grounded in Newman’s Health as Expanding Consciousness:

The purpose of this column is to describe the application of Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness in nursing education. The authors examine the value of mirroring presence, self-reflection, appreciation of meaning and pattern, and creative approaches to student learning in their care of clients with chronic mental illness. Praxis as the basis for caring in the human health experience is discussed in this newly developed teaching-learning model.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Accomplishments and Challenges

Two different structural types were proposed in 1977 (1) as leads for the development of nonpeptidic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: mercaptoalkanoyl amino acids and carboxyalkanoyl amino acids.The development of the first structural type led to the identification of captopril, the first orally active ACE inhibitor to reach clinical application in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Elaboration of the second structural type by Patchett and collaborators led to the development of a new class of potent ACE inhibitors; carboxyalkyl dipeptides, and to the identification of enalapril, the second orally active ACE inhibitor to reach clinical application. Detailed structure-activity investigations (2, 3) indicate that both types of inhibitors bind to the active site in similar manner. The electrostatic interaction through the proline carboxyl, hydrogen bonding through the amide carbonyl, and the hydrophobic and/or entropic contributions of the five member ring of proline and the α-methyl g...
The Concept of Byrony

“The Concept of Byrony” examines Kierkegaard’s lyrical relation to Lord Byron. As an alternative to models of German influence, this paper discusses Kierkegaard’s quotations of Byron’s poetry and allusions to the poet himself. The paper establishes a poetical relationship between the two writers in terms of irony and metaphor. Kierkegaard’s sense of irony is creative but not unique; its roots can be located in earlier writings of the Danish Golden Age. Of particular importance is the development of irony in the works of Johan Ludvig Heiberg and the young writers that surrounded him, including the young Kierkegaard himself. It was in Heiberg’s salon where Byron seems to have first stepped into the Danish literary landscape. For Kierkegaard and Danish letters in general, the reception and celebrity-status of Byron perhaps play a more important role than his verse, although another acolyte of Heiberg’s, Frederik Paludan-Muller, wrote poetry that strongly illustrates Byron’s poetical influence in Danish verse. The paper also examines the Byronic notion of the empty sign, a metaphor that points to its own meaninglessness as a further poetic relationship. Moreover, the Byronic hero as a model for a lived life provided Kierkegaard with a powerful public mask that accompanied him to his last days. I term this mask and masquerade Byrony. In its conclusion the paper marks a significant similarity between the death-scenes and epitaphs of these major nineteenth-century European writers.
Practical, asymmetric route to sitagliptin and derivatives: development and origin of diastereoselectivity.

The development of a practical and scalable process for the asymmetric synthesis of sitagliptin is reported. Density functional theory calculations reveal that two noncovalent interactions are responsible for the high diastereoselection. The first is an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the enamide NH and the boryl mesylate S═O, consistent with MsOH being crucial for high selectivity. The second is a novel C–H···F interaction between the aryl C5-fluoride and the methyl of the mesylate ligand.
Effects of Calcium Deficiency and Pyridoxin Deficiency on Thymic Atrophy (Accidental Involution)

SummaryIn male albino rats (8 weeks of age) exposed to a number of adverse dietary conditions, an approximately linear relationship was found between the amount of body neiqht deficit and the thymus weight deficit. There were 2 exceptions from this apparent rule: (1) in pyridoxin deficiency, the amount of thymus weight deficit was much greater than expected from the obtained body weight deficit; (2) in calcium deficiency an opjmsite effect was observed. Here the thymi of undersized animals were of the same weight as those of younger, normal animals of the same body weight.
Analyse der Kräfteverhältnisse bei Klettervögeln

Die vonStolpe (1932) publizierte Vorstellung uber die Krafteverhaltnisse bei einem auf einer senkrechten Unterlage kletternden Specht wird kritisiert und ein neues Modell fur die Krafte an kletternden Vogeln, das alle Neigungswinkel der Unterlage berucksichtigt, entworfen. Die Vogel werden in solche, die mit einem Stutzschwanz klettern und solche, die nur mit den Fusen klettern, unterteilt. 1. Im Gegensatz zum fruheren ModellStolpes werden im neuen Modell die Momente berucksichtigt, die sich aus der geometrischen Relation der Ansatzpunkte der Krafte an Fusen, Schwanz und Schwerpunkt ergeben. 2. Dies fuhrt zur Formulierung der Gleichungen fur die Gleichgewichte von Kraften und Momenten. 3. Zur vollstandigen Losung dieser Gleichungen mus neben anderem die Aufteilung des Gewichtes auf Fuse und Schwanz des Vogels gemessen werden. 4. Hackende Bewegungen wirken sich im System als Veranderung der Momente aus. 5. Beim Klettern kann auch bei Vogeln mit Stutzschwanz der Vortrieb nur mit den Beinen erzeugt werden, die somit alleine gegen Schwerkraft und Tragheitskrafte agieren. 6. Bewegungen in der Horizontalen erzeugen laterale Krafte, die sonst an ungewolbten Unterlagen nicht auftreten. 7. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit Klettervogel unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ihren Kraft-aufwand minimieren konnen. 8. Die Voraussagen des ModellsStolpes und des neuen Modells werden einander gegenubergestellt. 9. Die wenigen morphologischen Schlusfolgerungen, die gezogen werden konnen, sind u. a., das fur Spechtahnliche ein langer Schwanz nicht unbedingt von Vorteil ist, und das es fur Vogel ohne Stutzschwanz am gunstigsten sein muste, lange, stark beugbare Beine zu besitzen. 10. Die Untersuchung zeigt, das es ohne Messungen am lebenden Vogel nicht moglich ist, das Kraftesystem vollstandig zu bestimmen. Daher laufen funktionell-morphologische Untersuchungen, die sich nicht auf solchen und nicht auf Beobachtungen zu Okologie und Verhalten der Vogel stutzen konnen, Gefahr, unvollstandige oder inkorrekte Ergebnisse zu erbringen.
The tumor suppressor gene WT1 inhibits ras-mediated transformation

Wilms' tumor belongs to a small group of pediatric neoplasms that have served as paradigms of human cancers in which recessive mutations play a primary role in tumorigenesis. WT1 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene that is mutationally inactivated in a proportion of both familial and sporadic Wilms' tumors. Recent studies demonstrated that WT1 can partially suppress growth of a Wilms' tumor cell line in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the ability of WT1 to inhibit the expression of the transformed phenotype in non-Wilms' tumor cells. The expression of WT1 cDNA in ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells yielded large, flat cells that exhibited complete contact-inhibition. These morphologic changes were associated with decreased proliferation, suppression of clonogenicity in soft agar and inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, expression of WT1 in non-transformed NIH3T3 cells resulted in similar morphologic changes and profound resistance to transformation by an activated ras oncogene. These studies suggest that tumor inhibition by WT1 in these cells may be achieved by interference with the ras-mediated signalling pathway.
Public Opinion and the Destruction of British Colonial Slavery (1982)

Embedded in most histories of the abolition of British imperial slavery is what one might call a downward flowing model. From Thomas Clarkson’s graphic figure of abolitionism as a converging system of leading moralists, in 1808, to David Brion Davis’s hypothesis of anti-slavery as an expression of the hegemony of the British ruling class, in 1975, the emphasis has been on how leading members of cultural, political or economic sectors of society generated and directed the force which ultimately destroyed the British slave trade and slavery.1 In individual accounts saints are pitted against slave-driving planters and merchants, or statesmen and political economists join forces against imperial slave interests, but attention centres on leading economic interests, on clusters of intellectuals or philosophers, on lines of division in Cabinets and Parliament. When historians have introduced the larger public into the story, it is generally and briefly treated as a ‘mass sentiment’, consciously or unconsciously worked on by elites for good or ill.2
Computing for science majors: a new course

A new computing course has been developed to specifically support majors in the natural sciences, particularly chemistry and biology. The course is composed of advanced features of MS Office together with other public domain software that has direct application to these majors. A command-line programming environment together with Perl, a well-known scripting language, is used throughout. Other areas of emphasis include ASCII files, image processing and associated file formats, Perl programming, text processing using regular expressions, bibliographic software and simulation of biological systems. The course, taught interactively in a lab, has become popular and is used by science majors to satisfy the core requirements for their respective degrees. This paper provides an overview of the material covered in the course.
Stochastic Limit Theorems

This chapter elaborates the procedure, and application of stochastic limit theorems. It is applicable to linear differential equations that contain a small parameter, and a random forcing term of a certain form. It yields a Fokker–Planck equation. Some equations do not have a white noise forcing term, and so a Fokker–Planck equation cannot be directly constructed. It is often true that random forcing terms behave like white noise in some asymptotic limit. In this limit, a Fokker–Planck equation can be constructed. Using the geometric optics approximation to the wave equation, the scaled position, and velocity of a ray in a weakly random medium satisfy dx / dt = v after a ray has traveled a long distance in the random medium.
A New Method for Glycolate Determination in Plasma and Urine

A new enzymatic-colorimetric method for determination of plasma and urinary glycolate is described. Plasma is ultrafiltered and urine is charcoal-treated prior to analysis. Glycolate loss is determined following incubation with glycolate oxidase.
Balancing Acts: The Rights of Women and Cultural Minorities in Kenyan Marital Law

In the postcolonial world, many developing nations struggle to manage significant populations of different ethnic groups, religions, and nationalities within their borders. There has been a concentrated effort on the part of many nations to provide protection for cultural groups, even to the extent of allowing cultural and religious groups to define the personal law that will govern their members. Often, however, the effort to provide freedom for cultural groups to practice their beliefs conflicts with the ideals of equality and choice for women that are central to the liberal feminist movement. This Note surveys the theoretical literature surrounding the debate between multiculturalism and feminism and advocates for the use of a middle-ground approach that balances the rights both of cultural groups and women--giving minority groups protection from the law of the majority if, and only if, their practices do not interfere with the rights of individuals within that culture to fully participate in society. This Note then examines Kenyan marital law to see how that balance is struck. It finds that the multiple types of marriages available to Kenyan women create something of a market in marriage with the potential to amplify women's voices through choice. Practical problems, however, lead to inefficiencies in the market that threaten women's rights. To adequately protect women's interests, these inefficiencies must be addressed to ensure that market outcomes accurately reflect the preferences of women within the cultural group.
A high linearity, high efficiency pseudomorphic HEMT

The authors report the third-order intermodulation distortion and phase deviation of 1.2-mm periphery double pulsed doped pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) at high levels of power and efficiency. A device tuned for single-tone power-added efficiency (PAE) of 59% with 0.87-W output power and 10.4 associated gain at 10 GHz could provide two-tone PAE of 50% with -19 dBc IM3/C and 0.30 W/tone. Single-tone phase deviation never exceeded 18 degrees from small signal with a phase deviation slope less than 3 degrees /dB. These measurements compare favorably to those of reported GaAs-based devices with comparable output power. A dry etched double recess structure was incorporated in the device for obtaining high reverse breakdown voltage and therefore high efficiency. >
An Unusual Case of coinciding anomalous coronary artery and Papillary Fibroelastoma

Introduction: The primary cardiac tumors are extremely rare tumors that arise from the normal tissues that make up the heart. Those tumor can be divided into Benign, mostly myxoma or malignant tumors. Fibroelastoma are rare benign tumors of the endocardium. They are usually left sided, with few cases reported of pulmonary valve papillary fibroelastoma. No case of fibroelastoma and anamolous coronary artery. Case Presentation: 61 year old female with past medical history of diabetes mellitus was complaining of chronic stable angina. Admitted after an outpatient positive treadmill EKG test (ST segment depression inferiolaterally). Final/Working Diagnosis: Left heart cath demonstrated angiographically normal coronaries with an anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the right coronary cusp with no significant disease. Management: CT angiogram similarly demonstrated an anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from a common ostium with the right coronary artery originating from the right sinus of Valsalva. The left main coronary courses between the aorta and right pulmonary outflow tract consistent with an intra-arterial course.Echo showed an incidental finding of a mobile structures attached to the pulmonic valve, 0.7x0.7 cm in size, whose appearance was consistent with papillary fibroelastoma . CardioThoracic surgery was consulted for patient continuous angina symptoms not responsive to medical therapy and the above coronary artery findings, it was believed that she would not benefit from relocation of the left main coronary artery due to the common ostia with the right and its intra-arterial course. Patient had 2 vessel coronary artery revascularization (LIMA to LAD, reverse saphenous vein graft to ramus with endoscopic vein harvest and excision of pulmonary valve mass). The pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of papillary fibroelastoma. Disclosure Saif Ibrahim, MD – No Relevant Financial Relationships to Disclose Steven Lavine, MD – No Relevant Financial Relationships to Disclose Jean Touchan, MD – No Relevant Financial Relationships to Disclose
Angle-Directed Nucleation of Paracetamol on Biocompatible Nanoimprinted Polymers

Nucleation kinetics of small-molecule organics can be directed by heterogeneous surfaces imprinted with angular nanopatterns. In this work, we utilized biocompatible polymer thin films to enhance the nucleation rates of paracetamol (APAP). We found that flat polymer films without nanoimprinting enabled crystallization of APAP two times faster than bulk crystallization. Nanoimprinting of polymer films led to further enhancement of the nucleation rates. Polymer films imprinted with a nanopattern containing 40° angles were the most effective and enabled crystallization of APAP four times faster than bulk crystallization and two times faster than crystallization with flat polymer films. The films imprinted with the nanopatterns containing 60, 65, 80, or 90° angles were more effective in enhancing crystallization of APAP than the flat films but less effective compared to the 40° nanopattern. We also performed molecular dynamics simulations and an analysis of the hydrogen bonding between crystal faces and the p...
Consumer-Directed Health Care for Medicaid Patients: Past and Future Reforms.

The article discusses various health care reforms in America in relation to the concept of consumer-directed health care for Medicaid health insurance patients as of 2017. Attempts to repeal and replace the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act are addressed in relation to American President Donald Trump and the possibility that Republican legislators will reshape America's health policy. Medicaid costs and medical decision making are assessed.
A Survey on Recent Medical School Graduate Comfort With the Level 1 Milestones.

Objective The Next Accreditation System implemented 5 levels of milestones for orthopedic surgery residents in 2013. The Level 1 milestones were noted as those “expected of an incoming resident.” While the milestones were intended for assessing resident progression and readiness for independent practice, this designation can also be used to assess how well prepared graduating medical students are for beginning an orthopedic surgery residency. The primary objective of this paper is to measure recent medical school graduate comfort with the Level 1 milestones. Design, Setting, and Participants In June 2015, the program directors for the Midwest Orthopaedic Surgical Skills (MOSS) Consortium affiliated residency programs were sent an online survey for distribution to the recent medical school graduates who matched at their respective programs. The survey was about recent graduate comfort with the Level 1 milestone handles associated with 16 orthopedic milestones spanning multiple subspecialties. Responses were grouped based on comfort with individual milestone handles with orthopedic conditions (e.g., carpal tunnel) or with broader categories spanning orthopedic milestones (e.g., imaging). Results In all, 66 of 112 graduates (58.9%) responded. Of 60 milestone handles surveyed, respondents were “Comfortable” with an average of 31.6 ± 14.2 handles with some conditions performing much better than others. The median “Comfortable” response rate was 31 handles. The 8 broader categories had “Comfortable” response rates between 35% and 70%. All 8 orthopedic conditions had significantly higher “Comfortable” response rates for “Evaluation & Knowledge” handles than for “Decision Making & Treatment” handles. Conclusions Most recent medical student graduates who matched into an orthopedic surgery residencies are only comfortable with about half of the Level 1 milestone handles even though they are expected to meet the Level 1 milestones upon beginning residency. This finding suggests the development of an assessment based on the Level 1 milestones would be appropriate to better inform both graduate and undergraduate medical education in orthopedic surgery.
A modeling framework for the strategic design of local fresh-food systems

Abstract The increase in demand for locally grown products over the last couple of decades has created one of the fastest growing sectors within the fresh produce industry. Our hypothesis is that micro and small farmers within local food systems are well positioned to take advantage of existing sustainable and profitable opportunities, specifically in high-value agricultural production. Unearthing these opportunities can entice more micro and small farmers to enter agricultural production, thus expanding the volume, variety and/or quality of products available for local consumption, which are often key factors in farming success. In this study, our objective is two-fold: (1) to demonstrate the hidden production potential that exist within local urban/rural communities and (2) to highlight the importance of supply chain modeling tools in the strategic design of local agricultural systems. As part of this study, we develop an approximation method that estimates a region's potential to produce non-perennial, vegetable items based on simplified yield functions dependent on temporal, temperature patterns. In this case, it is argued that although these estimates may not be exact, they offer practical approximations that help decision-makers identify technologies needed to protect their agricultural production, alter harvesting patterns to better match market behavior, and provide an analytical framework through which external investment entities can assess different production options. These estimates are integrated into a mixed-integer program that identifies an optimal set of small-scale operations (includes backyard-production), fresh vegetables, and wholesale markets to maximize the overall profitability of local agricultural systems. This framework conceptualizes an alternate supply chain structure that targets both internal and external consumption markets through coordinated local fresh food production. By incorporating vegetable yield patterns as a function of environmental and resource variables, the decision-maker can explore harvesting cycles of complementary regions matching market price behavior through a supply chain planning perspective. The methodology framework is applied to the design of a complementary local food system encompassing the states of New Mexico and Arizona in the U.S. Southwest region. This work demonstrates existing opportunities in exploiting complementary production capabilities of local urban communities and sets the basis for future exploration of the probabilistic components of agricultural production related to local fresh food systems.
IR sensing embedded system development for prototype mobile platform for autonomous convoy

Sensing techniques using varied configurations of infrared (IR) devices are rapidly becoming a proven approach for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we present an investigation and corresponding results of embedding these sensors in a prototype robotic model and examine its performance. The results support IR sensing as a viable alternative to a RADAR based system for object detection and travel in a forward path direction. Proportional Integral (PI) control is implemented due to its simplicity and effectiveness in Python programming language on the Raspberry Pi microcomputer. In this research, we model the operational characteristics of IR sensors in accordance with the physical principal that the measured distance is inversely proportional to the IR sensor voltage output. This provides a device independent robust sensing methodology as demonstrated in the experimental section of the undertaken research. As a result, the proposed approach is expected to enable major manufacturers and corporations to have fully autonomous passenger cars and trucks on roads in the USA by 2021. [1]
Market Reaction to Indonesia Golden Ring Award

This research is attended to analyze market reaction to announcement of Golden Ring Award period 2008-2015. Indonesia Golden Ring Award (IGRA) which was originally called as GRA is a form of award for the telecommunications industry in which the assessment team consist of the journalists who are daily covering the telecommunications industry It used an event study methodology to empirically evidence. The research samples are focused on 6 telecommunication firms listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange with judgement sampling technique. The secondary data consists of daily closing price of shares and composite stock price index with an estimation period during 21 days by using a market adjusted model. Hypotheses are tested by one sample t-test, paired t-test and independent sample t-test. There is significant market reaction to announcement of Golden Ring Award. The second Hypothesis also accepted i.e. there is a significance in different market reaction between the firms getting Golden Ring Award and the firms not getting Golden Ring Award, especially in best operator category. Whereas in best value added category, market didn’t show significant reactions. This result gives implication related to the efficient capital market Hypothesis i.e. semi strong form efficiency are proven.
Ancient balancing selection on heterocyst function in a cosmopolitan cyanobacterium

The conventional view of bacterial adaptation emphasizes the importance of rapidly evolved changes that are highly repeatable in response to similar environments and subject to loss in the absence of selection. Consequently, genetic variation is not expected to persist over long time scales for these organisms. Here, we show that a geographically widespread gene content polymorphism has surprisingly been maintained for tens of millions of years of diversification of the multicellular cyanobacterium Fischerella thermalis. The polymorphism affects gas permeability of the heterocyst-the oxygen-sensitive, nitrogen-fixing cell produced by these bacteria-and spatial variation in temperature favours alternative alleles due to thermodynamic effects on both heterocyst function and organism fitness at physiological temperature extremes. Whether or not ancient balancing selection plays a generally important role in the maintenance of microbial diversity remains to be investigated.
On Extended Nuclear Deterrence

This analysis discusses the central challenges that countries face when they practice extended nuclear deterrence. One key problem has to do with credibility: potential aggressors may not believe t...
Gatekeeper Training to Prevent Suicide in the Emergency Department and in Primary Care

Applied to suicide prevention, a gatekeeper is an individual who can recognize when a person is manifesting signs of psychological distress including depression and suicidal ideation, approach and talk with that person about concerns, and if necessary, make an effective referral to mental health support services. This chapter introduces the reader to new and innovative game-based simulation technology through which primary care professionals and emergency department personnel learn to effectively manage what can be difficult gatekeeper conversations with their patients. The simulations place users in an online environment where they practice role-plays with emotionally responsive virtual patients who have memory and personality and will react like real patients at risk for suicide. It is by practicing these role-plays, and receiving feedback from a virtual coach, that users gain the knowledge, skill, and self-efficacy to successfully apply evidence-based communication strategies such as motivational interviewing to become effective gatekeepers. The chapter overviews the advantages of utilizing virtual humans in role-plays, the learning model embedded into the Kognito conversation platform that drives the simulations, and the results of two outcome studies that examine efficacy.
Streak cameras capture x-ray laser emissions

The soft x-ray streak camera is a versatile tool for exploring the challenging spectrum of x-ray emissions from the UV through the XUV up to tens of kilovolts in x-ray photon energy. When coupled with an appropriate spectrometer or x-ray imaging optic, the streak camera can provide time-resolved spectral or spatial images with a resolution limit of a few picoseconds. The author discusses soft x-ray streak cameras have many applications. In laser-fusion studies, they probe the hot, high-density regions of the fusion implosions and provide information on the compression and re-expansion of the pellet under the intense pressure of the plasma blow-off. These instruments have allowed to probe the supercritical region of laser plasmas to measure the temperature of the target and the energy flow in the laser deposition region with temporal resolution of tens of picoseconds. They have also been used to explore x-ray laser operation in various experiments.
Food Security, Market Processes, and the Role of Government Policy

Traditional analyses of food security have focused on the availability of food on farms and in markets, and on the access by households to that food. More recent concerns have stressed the effective nutritional utilization of that food by individuals, the sustainability of the food systems that produce the food, and the stability of both availability and access, often reflected in the volatility of food prices. Efforts to improve the level of food security are usually measured at the individual or household levels, but important policy issues – and political concerns – are also raised at the national level. At a global level, considerable concern exists over the outcome of the race between increases in food supplies and in food demand. Sharp increases in food demand from biofuel production raise special concerns, as does the possibility that climate change may sharply reduce yields of important food staples such as rice, wheat, and corn.
Bombesin Receptor Antagonists: Different Classes and Cellular Basis of Action

The naturally occurring bombesin (Bn)-related peptides can be divided structurally into three different groups based on chemical structure (Erspamer 1988; Erspamer and Melchiorri 1977; Minamino et al. 1983, 1984). The amphibian peptide Bn resembles other amphibian peptides such as alytesin and the mammalian peptide gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) (Anastasia et al. 1971; Erspamer 1988; Erspamer and Melchiorri 1977; McDonald et al. 1979) in possessing a carboxy terminal Gly-His-Leu-Met-amide (Fig. 1). The second class includes the amphibian peptides ranatensin and litorin, which resemble the mammalian peptide neuromedin B (Erspamer 1988; Erspamer and Melchiorri 1977; Minamino et al. 1983, 1984) in possessing a COOH terminal Gly-His-Phe-Met-amide (Table 1). The third group, comprised of the amphibian peptide phyllolitorin and other structurally related amphibian peptides, have at present no mammalian counterpart and are characterized by having a COOH terminal Gly-Ser-Phe-Met-amide or Gly-Ser-Leu-Met-amide (Erspamer 1988) (Table 1).
Detection of Organic Mutagens in Water Residues

In previous studies (Loper and Lang, 1978; Loper et al., 1978; Lang et al., in press; Kurzepa et al., in press), we used shortterm bioassays to demonstrate the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicity of residues prepared from samples of drinking water from six U. S. cities. The samples were processed by Gulf South Research Institute (New Orleans, LA), using reverse osmosis plus XAD resin sorption-desorption as described by Kopfler et al. (1977). Using the Ames test, we found city-specific patterns of dose-dependent mutagenesis that were essentially independent of the microsomal activation system. One or more samples from each city showed reproducible transformation frequencies at least three times the spontaneous frequency. Focus formation induced by these samples was equivalent to malignant transformation as verified in nude mice. In these studies, quantitation of mutagenic and transformation responses were complicated by the toxicity and heterogeneity of the complex residue mixtures.
Undergraduates’ Perceptions of Employer Expectations

Students equate the value of their postsecondary education with the level to which that education prepares them for their future careers, and traditionally aged college freshmen consider the quality of a career services office and the overall job placement rate critical when evaluating a college (Farrell, 2007). Indeed, 85 percent of students report entering college with a career in mind, and 37 percent of students admit that they would drop out of college if they thought their attendance would not help their job chances (Levine & Cureton, 1998). This connection between education and employment is exemplified in today’s depressed job market, where there are more applicants for fewer jobs.
Digging Deeper: Understanding the Reading and Motivational Profiles of Students Who Do Not Demonstrate Proficiency on State-Mandated Reading Assessments

This study evaluated the reading and motivational profiles of 187, 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders who failed their state-mandated reading assessment. Students completed reading assessments and the Motiv...
Astro2020 Project White Paper: PolyOculus -- Low-cost Spectroscopy for the Community

As astronomy moves into the era of large-scale time-domain surveys, we are seeing a flood of new transient and variable sources which will reach biblical proportions with the advent of LSST. A key strategic challenge for astronomy in this era is the lack of suitable spectroscopic followup facilities. In response to this need, we have developed the PolyOculus approach for producing large-area-equivalent telescopes by using fiber optics to link modules of multiple semi-autonomous, small, inexpensive, commercial-off-the-shelf telescopes. Crucially, this scalable design has construction costs which are $>10x$ lower than equivalent traditional large-area telescopes. In addition, PolyOculus is inherently highly automated and well-suited for remote operations. Development of this technology will enable the expansion of major research efforts in the LSST era to a host of smaller universities and colleges, including primarily-undergraduate institutions, for budgets consistent with their educational expenditures on similar facilities. We propose to develop and deploy a 1.6-m prototype demonstrator at the Mt. Laguna Observatory in California, followed by a full-scale 5-meter-class PolyOculus facility for linkage to existing and upcoming time-domain surveys.
An Efficient Parallel Computing Method for the Steady-State Analysis of Low-Frequency Electromagnetics Using an Anti-Periodic Condition

In this article, an efficient parallel computing method is described based on the message passing interface (MPI) for the steady-state analysis of low-frequency electromagnetics. Two frames of reference (the Eulerian frame and the Lagrangian frame) are used to account for the magnetic field behaviors with rigid-body motions, and an anti-periodic condition is exploited to reduce simulation time. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by two application examples.
A systematic literature review of school reentry practices among youth impacted by juvenile justice

Abstract A systematic literature review of school reentry practices for youth impacted by the juvenile justice system was conducted. This study sought to gain an understanding of the barriers youth face during the reentry process and recommended practices that promote successful school reentry. Twenty-seven articles were identified in an initial screening and nine articles were subsequently reviewed according to inclusionary and exclusionary criteria. Five research team members generated codes through review of the articles and came to consensus on the codes in pairs. Coding and analysis were finalized during research team meetings. Based on the coding, a number of themes were identified. These themes concerned: school level barriers; individual, family, and environmental risk factors; interagency communication and coordination; comprehensive treatment; and school practices and intervention. Gaps in the literature and future directions for future practice and research are discussed.
Influences of Parent Engagement in Early Childhood Education Centers and the Home on Kindergarten School Readiness

Abstract This study examined how practices used by early childhood education (ECE) providers to engage parents (e.g., sending home information about the child), parent school involvement in ECE centers (e.g., volunteering, attending meetings) and parent engagement in home learning activities (e.g., reading, stimulating cognitive development) were linked to children's kindergarten academic readiness. Data were from four-year-old children enrolled in center-based ECE settings in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort (ECLS-B; N = 2250). Path analyses indicated that ECE parent engagement practices were linked to greater parent engagement in home and school settings. Further, ECE parent engagement practices were indirectly associated with kindergarten academic readiness through increases in the quantity of parent engagement in home learning activities. Connections between ECE and home engagement were strongest for families with low household incomes. These results suggest that facilitating ECE practices to promote parent engagement and increasing home learning activities may bolster children's school readiness.