cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space Infrared Telescope Facility science instruments overview

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) will contain three cryogenically cooled infrared instruments: the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS), and the Multiband Infrared Photometer for SIRTF (MIPS). These instruments are sensitive to infrared radiation in the 1.8-1,200 micrometer range. This paper will discuss the three instruments' functional requirements and their accommodation in the SIRTF telescope system.
Increased dosage of mammalian Sir2 in pancreatic β cells enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice

Summary Sir2 NAD-dependent deacetylases connect transcription, metabolism, and aging. Increasing the dosage or activity of Sir2 extends life span in yeast, worms, and flies and promotes fat mobilization and glucose production in mammalian cells. Here we show that increased dosage of Sirt1, the mammalian Sir2 ortholog, in pancreatic β cells improves glucose tolerance and enhances insulin secretion in response to glucose in be ta cell-specific S ir t 1- o verexpressing (BESTO) transgenic mice. This phenotype is maintained as BESTO mice age. Pancreatic perfusion experiments further demonstrate that Sirt1 enhances insulin secretion in response to glucose and KCl. Microarray analyses of β cell lines reveal that Sirt1 regulates genes involved in insulin secretion, including uncoupling protein 2 ( Ucp2 ). Isolated BESTO islets also have reduced Ucp2, increased ATP production, and enhanced insulin secretion during glucose and KCl stimulation. These findings establish the importance of Sirt1 in β cell function in vivo and suggest therapeutic interventions for type 2 diabetes.
Wavelength-Dependent Differences between Optically Determined Functional Maps from Macaque Striate Cortex

This study investigates the role of wavelength in determining the source and dynamic range of activity-driven reflectance changes in macaque striate cortex. By using short (600 nm) and long (720 nm) wavelengths to map ocular dominance, orientation, and position from the same region of cortex on alternate trials, we isolated wavelength-dependent differences in the contributions of different tissue compartments. In agreement with previous reports, 600-nm illumination was found to produce optical signals that were more than twice the size of those obtained with 720-nm illumination. In addition, 600- and 720-nm images were found to correlate everywhere except in regions occluded by blood vessels, where the images obtained at 600 nm correlated with the overlying vasculature. Since the 720-nm images do not correlate with the vasculature, this difference suggests that differential images obtained under 600-nm illumination are disproportionately sensitive to vascular events (e.g., changes in blood flow, volume, etc.). This finding is supported by the absorption spectra of hemoglobin and its derivatives, which absorb 600-nm light 4-1000 times more strongly than 720-nm light. Hence, for the 40% of cortex covered by blood vessels larger than 50 microns, images obtained at 600 nm are dominated by the vascular compartment to the exclusion of signals from the neural compartment below.
Closed-class immanence in sentence production

The closed-class hypothesis asserts that function words play a privileged role in syntactic processes. In language production, the claim is that such words are intrinsic to, identified with, or immanent in phrasal skeletons. Two experiments tested this hypothesis with a syntactic priming procedure. In both, subjects tended to produce utterances in the same syntactic forms as priming sentences, with the structures of the self-generated sentences varying as a function of differences in the structures of the primes. Changes in the closed-class elements of the priming sentences had no effect on this tendency over and above the impact of the structural changes. These results suggest that free-standing closed-class morphemes are not inherent components of the structural frames of English sentences.
Interorganizational Influence and Managerial Attitudes

Managerial behavior in organizations probably is affected by influences from external organizations in the environment. It is hypothesized that the extent of external influence from specific organi...
STABILITY INHERITANCE AND CONTACT DYNAMICS OF FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE EVOLVING SYSTEMS

Abstract A new framework called Evolving Systems has been proposed to describe the autonomous assembly of actively controlled subsystems into an Evolved System which aspires to a higher purpose. This paper examines the inheritance of stability in Evolving Systems of flexible structures. The contact dynamics of mating subsystem components are modeled using an impedance-admittance formulation. This approach leads to an observation of the conditions under which stability can be guaranteed in an Evolving System. A parameterization of all component impedances which stabilize a given component admittance is provided.
Biliary self-expandable metal stents

Commentary: There now are a wide variety of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) available to the endoscopist for treatment of biliary obstruction. Furthermore, there is increasing availability of stents with different designs and configurations; stents that are fully covered, uncovered, or partially covered; and several methods of stent deployment. Also, the clinical indications for use of SEMS are expanding to potentially include benign biliary tract disease as well as preoperative usage in potentially resectable malignant disease. In this Clinical Update, Dr Todd H. Baron reviews this topic, focusing on comparative clinical outcome studies of metal vs plastic stents for treatment of biliary obstruction. In addition, Dr Baron discusses possible complications of SEMS and how to manage them. – Richard C. K. Wong, MD, FASGE, Editor University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
In Emergency Departments, Radiologists’ Access To EHRs May Influence Interpretations And Medical Management

The adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) that meet federal meaningful-use standards is a major US national policy priority. Policy makers recognize the potential of electronic communication in delivering high-quality health care, particularly in an environment of expanding remote access to medical care and the ever-increasing need to transmit health care records across institutions. To demonstrate this principle, we sought to estimate the significance of EHR access in emergent neuroradiologic interpretations. Three neuroradiologists conducted a prospective expert-rater analysis of 2,000 consecutive head computed tomography (CT) exams ordered by emergency department (ED) physicians. For each head CT exam, the neuroradiologists compared medical information generated by ED physicians to information generated by the interpreting radiologists who had access to additional EHR-derived patient data. In 6.1 percent of the head CT exams, the neuroradiologists reached consensus—meaning two out of three agree...
Optimal damping between two adjacent elastic structures

The optimal values for the distribution of passive dampers interconnecting two adjacent structures of different heights are determined. The dampers are selected to minimize the seismic response in the first and second modes of the taller of the two structures. For simplicity, the structures are represented as uniform damped shear beams subjected to a common ground motion. Under certain conditions, apparent damping ratios as high as 12 and 15 per cent can be achieved in the first and second modes of lightly damped structures by the introduction of interconnection dampers. The largest reduction of the response in the first mode is achieved when the taller structure is about twice the height of the second structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Unsteady Analysis to Improve the Steady State CFD Assessment of Minimum Flow in a Radial Compressor Stage

This paper presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study performed to assess the prediction of the minimum stable volume flow for a high Mach number, high head, and high volume flow compressor stage. CFD was run on a “pie slice” or sector stage model in steady-state condition and on a full 360° stage model under both steady and unsteady state conditions. The predictions of the minimum stable flow were compared to experimental data. Results showed the CFD performed on the “pie slice” stage model over-predicted the minimum stable flow by 9% compared to the test results, while the transient CFD predicted the minimum stable flow within 5.8%. Flow field comparisons of the impeller between unsteady and steady state CFD revealed that the steady state CFD accurately predicted the flow phenomena until the onset of surge. However, the unsteady flow features could not propagate through the diffuser because of the limitations of the impeller-diffuser interface modeling in the steady state analysis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Time series forecasting in an outpatient cancer clinic using common-day clustering

The use of forecasting methods in healthcare settings can lead to operational improvements and improved patient care. However, many outpatient care facilities do not engage in demand forecasting and those that do often use rudimentary methods without exploring the best technique to forecast their patient demand. This research study examines the application of time series forecasting techniques to daily patient volume levels at an outpatient cancer treatment clinic. The work focuses on the optimal methods for accurate day-ahead forecasting in this healthcare setting with particular attention given to the differing forecast performance characteristics between traditional calendar sequencing and common-day clustering of the time series data. Through the construction of various forecasting models across multiple patient treatment duration categories, it is found that modifying a time series to a common-day clustered sequence can provide a statistically significant improvement in the accuracy of a forecast.
Kinetic aspects of solid-phase epitaxial growth of amorphous Si

Abstract We have studied solid-phase transport phenomena in the thin-film system which consists of a Pd 2 Si layer sandwiched between an underlying Si single crystal substrate and a top layer of amorphous Si. After a 475°C annealing, the Pd-silicide layer moves toward the surface on the sample as the single crystal substrate grows with a corresponding consumption of the amorphous Si layer. Using MeV 4 He + backscattering spectrometry, we find that the time dependence of the transport process has rather different rates for samples prepared at different times, varying by up to three orders of magnitude. By monitoring the rate under various modified experimental conditions, we have established that the transport rate depends on the vacuum deposition of the amorphous Si layer during sample preparations. Specifically, the rate was found to correlate with the carbon contamination (≲3 at .%) which was detected in the amorphous Si layers by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Relatively “carbon-free” depositions were carried out and unique features were indeed observed on these samples.
Documentary Film as Policy Analysis: The Impact of Yes, In My Backyard on Activists, Agendas, and Policy

The production and distribution of social-issue documentaries can have a wide range of significant impact on community organizations, educational institutions, citizens, and policy makers. What this article seeks to demonstrate, using the example of Tracy Huling's Yes, In My Backyard, is the utility of an “issue-centered model” that allows a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the full range of political impact, including impact on producers, activists, and policymakers. Much of the way Yes, In My Backyard “worked” within the rural prison issue network parallels the way that policy analysis can affect public agendas and public policy. Although many documentaries can be regarded as “implicit” pieces of policy analysis, Huling's is the most explicit, and her measure of success is how well her work can alter the agenda of activists and policy makers, stimulate research to support policy change, and then help implement that change.
The Locations of Wal‐Mart and Kmart Supercenters: Contrasting Corporate Strategies

Wal-Mart and Kmart, the two largest American discount retailers, have begun to utilize a supercenter retailing format that combines a full-service grocery store with a discount department store. Supercenters are expected to be the major format for future expansion of each of these firms. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spatial expansion strategies of each firm for the locations of its supercenters. Wal-Mart is quickly expanding its number of supercenters in modest-sized communities clustered around its grocery distribution centers, especially in Southern states. Conversely, most Super Kmart Centers are located inthe suburbs of widely scattered major metropolitan markets, and Kmart has yet to develop a grocery distribution network. Kmart currently has major financial problems that severely restrict the expansion of the Super Kmart Center format.
Treatment Regimens for HIV Neurocognitive Dysfunctions in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Era

In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), prognosis has significantly improved for those with HIV-1 infections. However, despite cART, HIV-1-associated neurocognitive dysfunction continues to occur although in a more chronic form [1, 2]. Neurocognitive functions improve with cART [3], but the effects of different cART regimens on these functions have not been prospectively studied. Better central nervous system (CNS) penetration of some HIV agents may result in improved HIV suppression and cognitive function [4]. Alternatively, better CNS penetration may result in greater toxicity [5]. Aims
Magnetic ion-exchange nanoparticles and their application in proton exchange membranes

Abstract Nanoparticles with dual properties of magnetic susceptibility and ionic conductivity were synthesized for application in proton exchange membranes (PEM). The particles were composite in nature, consisting of γ-Fe 2 O 3 and sulfonated crosslinked polystyrene. The synthesis was carried out using emulsion polymerization with various feed compositions ranging from 0 to 23 wt% ionic monomer and 8–11 wt% crosslinking monomer. The synthesized particles were in the size range of 230–340 nm and had polymer content of about 75–80%. A very unusual morphology of iron oxide localization was observed in the composite particles, and a model is proposed to explain such a structure. The particles had considerable magnetic susceptibility, and aligned easily in a sulfonated poly (ether ketone ketone) (SPEKK) matrix under magnetic field of 0.1 Tesla. The membrane with composite particles had lower ion-exchange capacity (IEC) compared to plain SPEKK (2.4 meq/g), due to the lower IEC (0.35 meq/g) of the particles used. However, a proton conductivity of about 0.0043 ± 0.0028 S/cm was observed by aligning the particles in the SPEKK matrix. By randomly dispersing the particles, the conductivity was about 0.0020 ± 0.0018 S/cm. The water and methanol uptakes were similar for both kinds of membranes and were about 23% and 18%, respectively. The use of magnetic fields for aligning the proton conducting domains was successfully demonstrated.
Measurement of range of motion of the finger after flexor tendon repair in zone II of the hand

The purpose of this study was to compare classification systems of active range of motion of the finger after flexor tendon surgery in zone II of the hand. Active range of motion of 20 fingers (16 subjects) was classified according to five systems. Agreement between the systems was only fair. Strickland's original system and the Louisville system rated the results most strictly, followed by Strickland's adjusted system. Buck-Gramcko's systems (in centimeters and degrees) rated the results least strictly. Strickland's systems conformed most closely to measurement principles. This article concludes that at this time Strickland's original classification system is preferable for scientific and clinical purposes. However, additional research is needed to evaluate reliability of the measurement, the variability of the scaling factor of 175 degrees, the sensitivity of the measurement, and the validity of the measurement with regard to functional use of the finger and gliding of the repaired tendon.
Gliding characteristics and gap formation for locking and grasping tendon repairs: a biomechanical study in a human cadaver model.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the frictional characteristics and mechanical properties of various locking and grasping suture techniques in a human in vitro model of flexor tendon repair. Methods Forty-five cadaveric human flexor digitorum profundus tendons were transected in zone II and repaired using 1 of 5 core suture methods (n = 9 per group): either grasping (modified grasping Kessler, modified Lee) or locking (Pennington, modified Pennington, locking Lee) loop suture techniques. All repairs used 4–0 Supramid looped core suture and an epitenon running suture of 6–0 nylon. Gliding resistance at the tendon-pulley interface was measured along with failure strength and gap formation. The force to produce 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, and 2.0-mm gaps were measured. Results One of the locking repairs, the locking Lee, had a gliding resistance significantly higher than that of one of the grasping repairs (modified grasping Kessler) and the other 2 locking repairs (Pennington, modified Pennington) (p Conclusions The lack of significant difference in gliding resistance among the similarly designed modified grasping Kessler, Pennington, and modified Pennington repairs (overall mean, 0.87 N; standard deviation, 0.16) suggests that the locking loop configuration itself does not adversely affect tendon gliding resistance. The modified Pennington repair increased not only ultimate strength but also resistance to gap formation more than 1.5 mm.
Fatigue of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Steel-Reinforced Inorganic Polymers

Steel-reinforced polymer (SRP) composite materials are very attractive due to their low weight and high strength. The ease of installation which significantly reduces repair time and expense is another major advantage. One of the main disadvantages of SRP materials is that the matrices used for their fabrication are typically organic and thus they are susceptible to fire. In this study, a newly developed retrofit system is being used. It consists of high strength steel fibers impregnated in a fireproof inorganic matrix. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of this hybrid rehabilitation system on the fatigue performance of strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Sixteen 100 mm×150 mm×1200 mm reinforced concrete beams with enough transverse reinforcement to avoid shear failure were used in this study. Nine beams were strengthened with steel fiber sheets on their tension faces. The results from the present study indicate that the fatigue life of reinforced concrete beams, subjected to the sa...
Early Transfer of Patients With Stroke to Comprehensive Centers Is Necessary

The Case A 55-year-old right-handed man presents with a left middle cerebral artery syndrome and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 20 five hours after symptom onset. He is known to have a recent transient ischemic attack and left carotid stenosis of 75%. The Questions Should the patient be transferred to a comprehensive stroke center or stay in a community hospital Stroke Unit? Why? If yes, should he be transferred immediately or subacutely (first 48 hours)? The Controversy EARLY TRANSFER OF PATIENTS WITH STROKE TO COMPREHENSIVE CENTERS IS NECESSARY. Since the publication of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke tissue-type plasminogen activator (NINDS tPA) trial, the appropriate focus of patients with acute ischemic stroke has been to maximize the number of patients who can undergo safe and effective administration of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. The exact timing and mode of various revascularization strategies, including endovascular treatment, is the subject of ongoing inquiries. Despite this area of clinical uncertainty, many patients with ischemic stroke are at high risk for serious complications in the initial hours after stroke, independent of exposure to reperfusion therapies. For the patient such …
Empirical simulation studies in operations management: context, trends, and research opportunities

Abstract This study investigates, published simulation studies in operations management (OM) that are empirically based. The results of the study are based on an exhaustive search of twenty leading operations management journals over the period from 1970 to 2000. Approximately, 600 published simulation studies in operations management were identified, but only 85 of these were subsequently identified as being empirical in nature. The 85 articles were next classified into one of 17 categories. Results by journal, topic, time period, and combinations of these factors are reported. Finally, opportunities for future research are discussed.
Electrophoresis of pituitary proteins after treatment of rats with norethynodrel.

The influence of treatment with norethynodrel on pituitary proteins of rats was studied by means of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Ovariectomy reduced the prominence of the prolactin band and accentuated the growth hormone band. The prolactin band was intensified by norethynodrel in ovariectomized but not in nonovariectomized rats. Norethynodrel depleted the growth hormone band in both nonovariectomized and ovariectomized rats. Norethynodrel increased the weight of the pars distalis. It was concluded that norethynodrel may stimulate the elaboration of prolactin in the hypophysis. (Endocrinology 78: 1037, 1966)
Characterization of metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated facilitation of N-methyl-D-aspartate depolarization of neocortical neurones.

Abstract 1. Facilitation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated depolarization of cortical neurones induced by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists in the presence of tetrodotoxin has been examined by use of grease-gap recording. 2. Quisqualate (1-2 microM) and 10 to 100 microM 1S,3R-I-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) facilitated the NMDA-, but not the kainate-induced depolarization with an EC50 of 16 microM for 1S,3R-ACPD. The facilitation induced by quisqualate was reduced, but not blocked, by 4 microM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. 3. D,L-2-Amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid and D,L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid antagonized the 1S,3R-ACPD facilitation in a non-competitive manner with IC50 values of 0.24 microM and 4.4 microM respectively. 4. Homologous desensitization of the 1S,3R-ACPD induced facilitation was not observed. The facilitation was not altered by 10 nM staurosporine or 3 microM phorbol diacetate. 5. Substitution of 20 microM 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 20 microM 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or 10 microM arachidonic acid for 1S,3R-ACPD did not induce facilitation of the NMDA response. However, the 1S,3R-ACPD facilitation was potentiated by 10 mM myo-inositol and exhibited heterologous desensitization following exposure to 100 microM 5-hydroxytryptamine. 6. The 1S,3R-ACPD-induced facilitation persisted in both 10 microM nifedipine and nominally Ca(2+)-free medium and was only gradually eliminated following addition of 100 microM bis-(-o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid in Ca(2+)-free medium. Facilitation of the NMDA response induced by carbachol, but not phenylephrine, was also observed in nominally Ca(2+)-free medium. Perfusing 50 microM bis-(-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid aminoethoxy eliminated the 1S,3R-ACPD facilitation. 7. These experiments have shown that mGluR agonists selectively facilitate the NMDA depolarization of cortical wedges, most likely by activating one or more mGluR subtypes that couple to phospholipase C. We conclude the facilitation results from a Ca(2+)-sensitive mechanism dependent on activation of phospholipase C and release of internal Ca2+. The facilitation is not contingent on activation of protein kinase C or entry of Ca2+ through nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ channels.
Electrophysiological studies of color processing in human visual cortex

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings from human visual cortex were carried out with electrodes chronically implanted in 13 patients for localization of an epileptogenic focus. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) elecited by red or blue checkerboard stimuli were recorded using an adaptation stimulus-test stimulus design in which color was the most salient feature. A “significant color effect,” defined as a statistically significant effect of the adaptation stimulus on test stimulus VEPs evoked by the same or a different color, was determined for various cortical regions: medial lingual gyrus, 20% lateral lingual gyrus, 38%; posterior fusiform gyrus, 50%, anterior fusiform gyrus, 0%; inferior temporal gyrus, 5%; occipital pole, 30%; lateral surface of non-visual cortex, 6%; inferior parietal and temporal cortex, 5%. The time course of the significant color effects suggests that wave length-selective neuronal activity occurs initially at the first stage of cortical processing in the medial lingual gyrus, followed by progressively later activation of the lateral lingual gyrus, the posterior fusiform gyrus, and the inferior temporal gyrus. In two patients, stimulation of the lateral lingual and fusiform gyri elicited color sensations in the contralateral half-field, whereas stimulation of the medial lingual and cuneate gyri evoked retinotopically appropriate quadrantic “shimmering” devoid of color. These results suggest that a region of inferior occipital cortex, primarily the posterior portion of the fusiform gyrus, is involved in color perception and may be homologous with area V4 in monkeys. There is also a region of dorsolateral surface cortex which exhibits a fairly percentage of significant color effects and when stimulated may evoked sensations of color. This region may be the same as the dorsolateral region thought to be involved in selective attention to color.
Predominant Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion Pattern in Response to Two Doses of Live Rubella Vaccine in Healthy Vaccinees

Abstract We conducted a population-based study on 738 schoolchildren who received two doses of rubella vaccine in order to determine cytokine secretion patterns and their associations with demographic and clinical variables. The results showed a robust rubella-specific inflammatory cytokine response characterized by high median [inter-quartile range (IQR)] secretion levels (in pg/mL) of IL-6 [3681.0 (3160.0, 4052.0)], GM-CSF [28.0 (23.6, 32.6)], and TNF-α [29.7 (−7.0, 89.2)]. We also detected modest levels of rubella-specific secretion of Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, while IL-12p40 was undetectable. In contrast, rubella-specific Th2 responses were hardly detectable. Age at vaccination, enrollment, and time elapsed between last vaccination and enrollment was significantly associated with the outcome of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ secretion. These results suggest an immune-deviation or “skewing” from Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns towards a predominant inflammatory response upon in vitro rubella virus stimulation.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Stereotype Threat and Stereotype Lift on Men and Women's Performance in Mathematics

In this study the authors examined the differential effects of stereotype threat and lift between genders on math test performance. They asked 3 questions: (a) What is the effect of gender on math test performance?, (b) What is the effect of stereotyping condition (threat, lift, or neither) on math test performance?, and (c) What is the effect of the interaction of gender and stereotyping condition on math test performance? Findings indicated that men performed better on math tests under conditions of stereotype threat than on stereotype lift; women performed better under stereotype lift than on stereotype threat. Practical applications are discussed regarding math test anxiety, social identities, and how teachers might address gender differences regarding stereotype threat and stereotype lift.
Hepatic cyst formation in male rats partially hepatectomized as weanlings during short-term feeding of 2-acetylaminofluorene

Partial hepatectomy (p.h.) of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats during short-term feeding of 0.03% 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) resulted, 12 to 15 months later, in a massive production of hepatic cysts. The weight of the right lateral and caudate lobes plus neoplasms (the left lateral and median lobes were excised at the time of p.h.) accounted for as much as 43% of total body weight. The incidence of hepatic cysts was negligible when animals were not subjected to p.h. during AAF feeding. The feeding of 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) subsequent to AAF + p.h. did not significantly increase the incidence of hepatic cysts. By comparison of the present data with that of other investigators, it can be suggested that susceptibility to cholangioma formation following AAF + p.h. may be determined in part by the developmental stage of the rat and/or its liver at the time of the AAF + p.h. regimen.
Spaces of regular gauge field configurations on a lattice and gauge fixing conditions

We consider spaces of lattice gauge field configurations satisfying gauge invariant regularity conditions, and intersections of these spaces with a surface given by gauge fixing conditions. We prove that if these conditions are chosen properly then configurations belonging to the intersection are small and regular.
Interaction of mammalian tRNA methyltransferases with heterologous and homologous tRNA

The tRNA methyltransferases from normal rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma have been compared with respect to their reaction kinetics using mixed E. coli B tRNA, partially methyl-deficient rat liver tRNA and several purified species of E. coli K-12 MO tRNA. The methyl-deficient rat liver tRNA is a poorer substrate for the enzymes from both sources than is E. coli B tRNA in terms of rate of methylation as well as total acceptance of methyl groups. Affinity constants are generally higher for the methyl-deficient rat liver tRNA than for E. coli B tRNA, with the Novikoff hepatoma enzymes in general having larger affinity constants than have the rat liver enzymes. Maximal velocities for the various base specific enzymes are lower with the methyl-deficient rat liver tRNA in the case of both tissues, with the exception of the 1-methylguanine specific enzymes. These enzymes from either rat liver or Novikoff hepatoma exhibit approximately a 2.4-fold greater maximal velocity with methyl-deficient rat liver tRNA. In the case of the purified bacterial tRNA species, the Novikoff hepatoma enzymes again exhibit larger affinity constants than do the rat liver enzymes, indicating a lowered affinity. The elevated levels of these enzymes in tumor tissue may be present to partially compensate for such lowered affinities.
Insulin Modulates STAT3 Protein Activation and Gene Transcription in Hepatic Cells

Treatment of rat hepatoma cells with insulin attenuated the interleukin 6 (IL-6) stimulation of acute phase plasma protein genes. To identify the potential mechanism of this action, the influence of insulin on IL-6 signal transduction was determined. An insulin dose-dependent reduction in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene transcription, mRNA accumulation, protein concentration, and IL-6-inducible DNA binding activity was detected. A reduction in the IL-6-activated sis-inducible element binding of STAT3 was observed within 4 h of insulin treatment, whereas a maximal 3-4-fold lower STAT protein concentration was measured after 8-24 h of insulin treatment. Insulin mediated a similar magnitude reduction in the amount of mRNA encoding the IL-6 receptor α subunit and IL-6 binding activity. These effects of insulin appear to contribute to the strongly suppressed transcriptional induction of the IL-6-responsive acute phase plasma protein genes.
Holocene environmental change resets lichen surface dates on Recess Peak glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada, California

Development of an accurate chronology for glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada has long been problematic given the lack of suitable organic material for radiocarbon dating. Lichenometry initially appeared promising as ages showed an increase from cirque headwalls to down-canyon moraines. However, while Recess Peak lichen age estimates range from 2 to 3 ka, recent work shows these deposits to be at least 10 ka older. Here, we present evidence for a late Holocene reset of Recess Peak lichen ages by significant post-depositional climate change. Following late-Pleistocene deposition of Recess Peak moraines, warming through the mid-Holocene allowed forests to advance into shallow basins eliminating local inverted tree lines. This produced a partial canopy where shading killed the original post-Pleistocene crustose lichen colonies. Late-Holocene cooling resulted in forest retreat from these basins as alpine tree line fell. Lichens then recolonized the re-exposed Recess Peak deposits. We conclude that while Recess Peak lichen ages are accurate to within the dating uncertainty of the technique, existing lichen ages actually date the timing of post-mid-Holocene cooling and recolonization, and not the original emplacement of these deposits. Thus, applications of Lichenometry should consider post-depositional environmental change when interpreting the meaning of these dates.
Internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor: role in signalling

The interaction of the activated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) with the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Grb2 (growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2) initiates signalling through Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Grb2 can bind EGFR directly or through another SH2-containing protein, She. Activation of EGFRs by ligand also triggers rapid endocytosis of EGF-receptor complexes. To analyse the spatial and temporal regulation of EGFR interactions with SH2 domains in living cells, we have combined imaging microscopy with a modified method of measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) on a pixel-by-pixel basis using EGFR fused to cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) in pair with Grb2 or She fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Stimulation by EGF resulted in the recruitment of Grb2-YFP and YFP-Shc to cellular compartments that contained EGFR-CFP, and a large increase in the FRET signal. In particular, FRET measurements indicated that activated EGFR-CFP interacted with YFP-Shc and Grb2-YFP in membrane ruffles and endosomes. These results demonstrate that signalling via EGFRs can occur in the endosomal compartment. Moreover, in contrast with previous biochemical studies, FRET experiments show that a large pool of Grb2 and Shc is associated with EGFRs for a prolonged period after EGF stimulation.
The Suitability of Web Analytics Key Performance Indicators in the Academic Library Environment

Abstract As the demand for library assessment grows, academic libraries are becoming more interested in Web analytics. Data are automatically gathered and provide information about a wide variety of online interactions. Libraries have long used simple counts such as visits and page views, but have more recently begun to choose strategic benchmarks, also known as key performance indicators (KPIs). Many common KPIs were created for commercial websites and are challenging to adapt for libraries. However, the underlying concepts are sufficiently valuable that libraries should explore their use. By evaluating the validity of web metrics, libraries can further the development of standards and benchmarks to support future investigations. This article discusses how commercial web metrics might be adapted for use in academic libraries. First, the limitations of web analytics are presented. Major key performance indicators used in the commercial sector are reviewed in the academic library context. Finally, the article discusses how the various indicators might support specific library website goals and decisions and uses local data to illustrate one example case. As libraries choose web analytic methods, they should deliberately evaluate their validity. Over time, this will slowly build the profession's ability to use web analytics more effectively for library assessment.
Cellular Compartmentation of Aromatic Amino Acids in Neurospora crassa. I. Occupation of a Protein Synthesis Pool by Phenylalanine in Tyr-1 Mutants

The p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) resistance of acc phe, which has previously been shown (Brooks et al., 1972) to be a try-1 mutant, has been further investigated. When incubated in the absence of tyrosine, acc phe and also tyr-1 auxotrophs show a gradual increase in free phenylalanine in the cell but a sharp decrease in FPA incorporation into protein. The decrease in FPA incorporation is apparently due to the excess phenylalanine in the mutants, since the normal endogenous pool component in wild type and also in the mutants incubated on tyrosine does not appear to compete with FPA for incorporation. The rate of FPA incorporation into protein in acc phe remains at 10–15% of the wild-type rate even when the ratio of free FPA to excess phenylalanine in the cell is high as 8:1. If wild type is supplied with exogenous phenylalanine and FPA simultaneously, phenylalanine is preferentially incorporated into protein but, in contrast to the mutant, the rate of FPA incorporation increases as the ratio of free FPA to phenylalanine increases. On the basis of differences in competition with FPA and in susceptibilities to mild extraction procedures, it is proposed that phenylalanine can be located in at least three compartments in Neurospora: a small constant-size endogenous pool always seen in wild type; an expandable exogenous pool; and a protein synthesis pool which is preferentially populated by endogenous phenylalanine but can be entered by exogenous molecules when biosynthesis is regulated. In acc phe, where phenylalanine biosynthesis is not regulated, the excess phenylalanine is located primarily in the protein synthesis pool where it only has to compete with a small FPA component and is thereby preferentially incorporated into protein in this mutant.
Observations of downwelling infrared spectral radiance at Mauna Loa, Hawaii during the 1997–1998 ENSO event

Measurements of downwelling infrared spectral radiance at Mauna Loa, Hawaii during April and May of 1998 indicate unusually high infrared atmospheric transmittance. This is linked to large-scale drying of the upper troposphere and stratosphere in the subtropical Pacific, which appears to be associated with the extreme El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event of 1997–1998. During the driest periods, transmission windows opened in the wavenumber range of 500–600 cm−1, a water vapor rotational band that normally has high opacity. These data demonstrate the potential value of long-term mountain-top measurements for monitoring upper tropospheric water vapor and for validating satellite measurements of upper-tropospheric water vapor.
Spatial distribution of avalanches in invasion percolation: their role in fingering

For two decades, invasion percolation (IP) has provided a simple model of ‘drainage’ where a non-wetting fluid is injected into a porous media saturated with a wetting fluid, in the limit where capillary forces dominate and viscous forces are negligible. IP produces a characteristic fingering with a fractal dimension close to that of ordinary critical percolation. Avalanches (also called ‘bursts’ or ‘Haines jumps’) have been observed. In this paper, we focus on the practical issues relating to the causes of the fingering and of the low saturations of injected fluid. We show that the saturation and the average position of the injected fluid exhibit standard fractal scaling behavior. However, the fractional flow of the injected fluid does not allow an average analysis because of the noise arising from the avalanches, even for the million site systems investigated in this paper. In studying the spatial distribution of these avalanches, we find a size cutoff depending upon the position of the avalanches; this is characteristic of the finite size of the system and signals that the systems have not achieved self-organized criticality. Furthermore, we show that the average size of these avalanches, 〈sa〉, increases with their average distance, 〈x〉, from the outlet as 〈sa〉≈〈x〉1.1. As a result, larger avalanches will tend to occur at the end of longer fingers causing preferential growth of the long fingers at the expense of the shorter fingers.
On the association between adult blood pressure and dermatoglyphics as prenatal markers of development.

Objective: To examine the relationships between finger and palm print (dermatoglyphic) features and, first, the presence or absence of hypertension, and, secondly, blood pressure levels in non-hypertensive subjects. Methods: Prints were available from 841 male World War II veteran twins (393 pairs, 55 individual cotwins), who were born in the USA between 1917 and 1927 and examined three different times between 1969 and 1987. At each examination the hypertensive status was assessed by blood pressure measurement, use of antihypertensive medications and two physicians' diagnostic impressions. Results: Subjects defined as hypertensive did not differ in dermatoglyphics from non-hypertensives for any trait examined. There were 60 twin-pairs discordant for hypertension; hypertensive cotwins showed lower ridge counts on the left hand, and this relationship was the opposite of what has previously been reported. Using only normotensive subjects at all three examinations, there was little consistent relationship between blood pressures (adjusted for age, body mass and alcohol consumption) and various dermatoglyphic features, except for lower palmar a-b ridge count in those with higher systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: Unless the in utero development of dermatoglyphics in relation to blood pressure is substantially different between singleton and twin pregnancies, there are no useful relationships between dermatoglyphics and hypertension or strong relationships between the presence of certain 'dermatoglyphic markers of impaired fetal development' and blood pressure in subjects who remain normotensive until early in their seventh decade.
A comparison of literature-based design recommendations and experimental capability data for a complex manual materials handling activity

Abstract The majority of industrial manual materials handling jobs include more than one handling activity. Yet, the bulk of ergonomics research in this area has been focused on manual lifting. It has been presumed that manual lifting activity limits a person's ability to perform manual materials handling activities. This case study demonstrates that such is not always the case. Using a complex manual materials handling task from the railroad industry, it is demonstrated that the capability to perform multiple activity materials handling jobs is limited by different materials handling activities for different people. Capabilities of male volunteers on this complex task are presented. The complex manual materials handling task, which involved lifting, turning, carrying, and pushing activities, was also analyzed using both the old and revised NIOSH lifting guidelines (1981; Waters et al., 1993) as well as the guidelines provided by Mital et al. (1993, 1997). It is concluded that both old and revised NIOSH guidelines are of little use in analyzing jobs such as described here. It is suggested that the failure to study realistic manual handling activities, and the resulting lack of guidelines to design such jobs, is a dominant reason why the hazards of manual materials handling have not been contained. Relevance to industry This work demonstrates that the ability to perform manual materials handling jobs is not always limited by the ability to lift materials. Furthermore, NIOSH guidelines, both old and revised, are of little use in providing practical economical solutions to real-life manual materials handling problems.
The construct validity of the occupational themes on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the occupational themes on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory . Male (199) and female (204) college counseling center clients were administered the SCII and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule . Predicted relationships were made on the basis of Holland's descriptors. The data were analyzed by means of a multiple correlation followed by a stepwise regression. The 15 EPPS needs were treated as predictor variables. All of the relationships were in the predicted direction with approximately 50% reaching significance. It was concluded that the occupational themes and related descriptors were validated in terms of similar personality variables. Further construct validation for these scales was recommended.
The stokes motion of a gas bubble due to interfacial tension gradients at low to moderate Marangoni numbers

Abstract The steady migration velocity of a gas bubble placed in a large liquid body possessing a uniform temperature gradient in the undisturbed state is calculated under conditions of negligible inertia. Proper account is taken of convective energy transport effects, and results are obtained by solving the energy equation using a numerical scheme. The range of utility of an expansion for the bubble velocity valid in the limit of small Marangoni numbers is extended by the used of series improvement techniques. The improved series is good for Ma ≲ 20 whereas the original series is useful for only Ma ≲ 1. Also, an excellent empirical fit of the numerical results for the bubble velocity is obtained in the limit of large values of the Marangoni number. This reslt is good for Ma ≳ 20. Streamline plots are used to demonstrate the existence of a recirculation region which moves closer to the bubble as the Marangoni number is increased. Isotherms are included to display the presence of an extended thermal wake behind the bubble whose extent increases as the Marangoni number is increased.