cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A technique for using incoherent scatter to estimate F-region zonal winds during Joule heating

Abstract The zonal neutral wind speed in the F-region is difficult to measure when the thermosphere is sunlit; this paper presents a simple, readily applied technique employing incoherent scatter measurements during Joule heating events. At the F-layer peak (where neutral and ionic masses are equal), equal amounts of energy are imparted by the ionospheric electric field during ion-neutral collisions to the ion and neutral gases; because there are far fewer ions than neutrals, the ion temperature rapidly rises, thereby increasing the rate that heat is transferred from ion to neutral gases through ion-neutral collisions. The key to the technique is this result: At the sunlit F-layer peak, this heat transfer (which depends linearly upon the ion-neutral temperature difference) is so rapid that it approximately equals one-half the input Joule power, which in turn depends directly upon the square of the relative Hall ion drift speed. The ion temperature is measured, but during Joule heating the neutral temperature cannot be found from incoherent scatter measurements; however, by finding limits for the neutral temperature, limits on the ion-neutral heat transfer are readily found. Because the total input Joule power is twice the increase in ion-neutral heat transfer, these limiting values provide limits on the relative Hall speed. The zonal wind is the dominant wind component in the relative Hall speed (and the meridional wind speed is measurable), so the method yields upper and lower limits for the zonal wind during Joule heating. The upper neutral temperature limit is derived by assuming that the thermosphere expands only vertically; to ensure that an upper limit is obtained, all loss terms except adiabatic expansion at constant pressure are dropped. The lower neutral temperature limit is obtained by assuming that the Joule heating does not increase the initial neutral temperature. In the two cases studied to date these nearly opposite assumptions about the energy balance of the thermosphere lead to zonal wind limits that are not greatly different and that thereby provide useful estimates. It is concluded from these events that the neutral wind at the sunlit F-layer peak responds so rapidly to ion drag that the effective electric field averages no more than one-half the applied magnetospheric electric field during the time when E > 15 mV/m and is increasing. This result suggests that the ion drift and neutral wind velocities in the sunlit polar cap are nearly parallel and of comparable magnitude.
An Upper Bound on Zarankiewicz' Problem

Let ex(n, K3,3) denote the maximum number of edges of a K3,3-free graph on n vertices. Improving earlier results of Kővari, T. Sos and Turan on Zarankiewicz' problem, we obtain that Brown's example for a maximal K3,3-free graph is asymptotically optimal. Hence .
15N NMR: Iminothiol-thioamide tautomerism of 2-mercaptobenzazoles and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole

15N NMR spectra of a number of 2-mercaptoazoles were obtained and the position of the iminothiol-thioamide prototropic tautomeric equilibrium was determined. Because of the large chemical shift difference of ca 100 ppm between the iminothiol and thioamide nitrogen atoms, the 15N chemical shifts of the S-methyl and N-methyl analogs of each tautomer provided reasonable chemical shift models for the same nitrogen atom in the tautomers. Only a small correction for an N-methyl effect was required.
Abstract 3238: Frizzled-8 receptor is activated by the Wnt-2 ligant in non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality throughout the world. We previously showed that the Wnt signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in lung cancer. In this report, we investigated the role of interactions between different Frizzled receptors and the Wnt-2 ligant in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure expression of Frz-8 and Wnt-2 from fifty freshly resected lung tumors and matched normal lung tissue. A human dominant-negative Wnt-2 mutant (dnhWnt-2) was designed to target the interactions between Fzd-8 and Wnt-2 in vitro and in vivo. pTOPflash/pFOPflash luciferase activity assay was used to detect TCF/β-catenine transcription activity. Crystal violet staining assay was used to determine the colony formation. A mouse xenogrant model using A549 cells transfected with dnhWnt-2 vector or control vector was used to detect tumorigenic effects. Results: RT-PCR analysis showed that Wnt-2 overexpression is in correlation with overexpression of Fzd-8 in 45/50 (90%) tumor samples analyzed. Coexpression of the dnhWnt-2 construct together with Wnt-2 and Fzd8 expression vectors in 293T, 293 and A549 cells strongly reduced TCF-dependent transcriptional activity (TOPflash assay) as compared with cells transfected with control vectors. In lung cancer cell line A549, naturally overexpressing both Wnt-2 and Fzd8, the dnhWnt-2 construct induced cell death, inhibited cell proliferation. Results from colony formation assay showed 50% reduction in colonies formed from the dnhWnt-2 transfected cells as compared to control vector. A tumor xenograft model of A549 cells expressing the dnhWnt-2 mutant, demonstrated a marked reduction in tumor formation 43 days after cell inoculation (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3238. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3238
Static secondary ionization mass spectrometry detection of cyclohexylamine on soil surfaces exposed to laboratory air.

Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a common indoor air contaminant, which rapidly adsorbs to aluminosilicate soil samples. Static secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study soil samples exposed to both CHA and CHA-d11, and the results showed (1) abundant [M+H]+ and fragment ions that originated from CHA, (2) an initial concentration of CHA equivalent to approximately 0.2 monolayer, and (3) a possible exchange reaction where excess CHA-d11 displaces CHA originally adsorbed to the surface. CHA was not removed from the surface by prolonged exposure to vacuum conditions (5×10−7 torr), which indicates that CHA strongly adsorbs to aluminosilicate surfaces and should be expected as an endogenous surface contaminant where the chemical is used as a corrosion inhibitor.
Validation of AIRS cloud-cleared radiances using high spectral resolution infrared aircraft observations

This study will present results of an effort to validate the accuracy of the cloud-cleared radiance products of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) using observations from a variety of aircraft based sensors. The AIRS cloud-clear radiances are a product of the Level 2 ground processing software developed by the NASA AIRS science team. The cloud-clear radiance represents an estimate of the infrared upwelling spectrum at the top of the atmosphere for a cloud free atmosphere. This study concentrates on observations collected during the Pacific THORpex experiment, conducted in February-March 2003. NASA ER-2 aircraft based observations from the Scanning-High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS) and the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) are used in this validation effort.
TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES ON REGULATION OF BRAIN DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) METABOLISM IN VIVO

One goal in the field of brain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism is to translate the many studies that have been conducted in vitro and in animal models to the clinical setting. Doing so should elucidate the role of PUFAs in the human brain, and effects of diet, drugs, disease and genetics on this role. This review discusses new in vivo radiotracer kinetic and neuroimaging techniques that allow us to do this, with a focus on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We illustrate how brain PUFA metabolism is influenced by graded reductions in dietary n-3 PUFA content in unanesthetized rats. We also show how kinetic tracer techniques in rodents have helped to identify mechanisms of action of mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder, how DHA participates in neurotransmission, and how brain DHA metabolism is regulated by calcium-independent iPLA2b. In humans, regional rates of brain DHA metabolism can be quantitatively imaged with positron emission tomography following intravenous injection of [1- 11 C]DHA.
Chronic oral administration of clomipramine decreases sexual behavior in the male Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Previous studies have demonstrated that clomipramine (CLI), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has negative side effects on sexual behavior when administered to adult rats and humans. In addition, neonatal rat pups given chronic doses of CLI display similar sexual deficits upon sexual maturity. This study used two experiments to test the hypothesis that 2 weeks of CLI would cause a decrease in sexual motivation and performance in the male Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Experiment 1 administered 0, 40, or 60 mg/kg CLI for 14 days to adult male hamsters via a sugar water solution. Experiment 2 administered 0, 40, or 60 mg/kg CLI for 14 days to pregnant dams during gestation (also via a sugar water solution). We hypothesized that this administration of CLI via the pregnant mother would have long-lasting developmental effects on the male hamster pups resulting in later dysfunction in male sexual behavior. Results from Experiment 1 indicate that CLI administration to adult males caused a significant decrease in the number of ejaculations compared to controls. The only significant difference in sexual behavior between those males whose mothers received CLI during pregnancy compared to males from untreated mothers was an increase in the number of intromissions in the highest dosage group. These findings demonstrate that CLI inhibits sexual performance in adult male Syrian hamsters, and also suggest that oral administration of CLI via a sugar water solution is an effective mode of administration.
Humoral induction of mammalian hibernation

Abstract 1. 1. The terminology and physiology of hibernation are briefly reviewed. 2. 2. Entrance into hibernation and possible blood-borne “trigger” substances are discussed. 3. 3. Recent studies on “antabalone” and “hibernation trigger” are reviewed. 4. 4. The role of naturally occurring substances capable of inducing hypothermia is discussed and related to the study of hibernation.
Familial Isolated Clubfoot Is Associated with Recurrent Chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 Microduplications Containing TBX4

Clubfoot is a common musculoskeletal birth defect for which few causative genes have been identified. To identify the genes responsible for isolated clubfoot, we screened for genomic copy-number variants with the Affymetrix Genome-wide Human SNP Array 6.0. A recurrent chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 microduplication was identified in 3 of 66 probands with familial isolated clubfoot. The chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 microduplication segregated with autosomal-dominant clubfoot in all three families but with reduced penetrance. Mild short stature was common and one female had developmental hip dysplasia. Subtle skeletal abnormalities consisted of broad and shortened metatarsals and calcanei, small distal tibial epiphyses, and thickened ischia. Several skeletal features were opposite to those described in the reciprocal chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 microdeletion syndrome associated with developmental delay and cardiac and limb abnormalities. Of note, during our study, we also identified a microdeletion at the locus in a sibling pair with isolated clubfoot. The chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 region contains the T-box transcription factor TBX4, a likely target of the bicoid-related transcription factor PITX1 previously implicated in clubfoot etiology. Our result suggests that this chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 microduplication is a relatively common cause of familial isolated clubfoot and provides strong evidence linking clubfoot etiology to abnormal early limb development.
The Nuts and Bolts of Michaelis−Menten Enzyme Kinetics: Suggestions and Clarifications

Matthew Junker’s recent article describes a useful and effective enzyme kinetics application and analogy in which students simulate enzyme activity by unscrewing nut−bolt “substrate molecules”, thus, converting them into separate nuts and bolts “products”. A number of suggestions and corrections are presented that improve the clarity and accuracy of this classroom activity as an analogy for Michaelis−Menten kinetics.
Dry kiln scheduling in furniture production

In this paper, a dry kiln scheduling problem from the furniture manufacturing industry is considered. Factory-specified due dates for orders, kiln availability, kiln capacity, and travel time from the kilns to the factories are all incorporated in a model which is formulated as an integer linear program. The objective of the formulation is to minimize the maximum tardiness of orders arriving at the plants by solving a special case of scheduling n independent jobs on m non-identical parallel machines. Because of the computational complexity, and the fact that standard integer programming packages appear to perform very poorly on the problem, a heuristic approach is developed. Computational experience is provided which indicates that the heuristic gives very high quality solutions to problems in near real-time.
Mothers, fathers, and the crisis of newborn intensive care

At hospital discharge of their infant from a newborn intensive care unit, 50 mothers and fathers were interviewed and completed questionnaires. There were significant within-couple correlations for appraisals of the harm that ensued from this crisis, perceptions of personal control over the infant's recovery, and expectations about the infant's future health and development. Mothers perceived more personal control, mobilized more social support, and used more escapist coping strategies than did fathers. Mothers and fathers exhibited different patterns of relations between their own coping strategies and emotional well-being. But, neither the coping strategies used by one's spouse nor differences between spouses in the use of individual coping strategies correlated with emotional well-being. Analysis of parents' perceived differences between their own and their partner's coping strategies suggested the possibility of mutually helpful, complementary strategies of coping with this problem.
"Sick" or "not-sick": accuracy of System 1 diagnostic reasoning for the prediction of disposition and acuity in patients presenting to an academic ED.

Abstract Objective System 1 decision-making is fast, resource economic, and intuitive (eg, “your gut feeling”) and System 2 is slow, resource intensive, and analytic (eg, “hypothetico-deductive”). We evaluated the performance of disposition and acuity prediction by emergency physicians (EPs) using a System 1 decision-making process. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of attending EPs and emergency medicine residents. Physicians were provided patient demographics, chief complaint, and vital sign data and made two assessments on initial presentation: (1) likely disposition (discharge vs admission) and (2) “sick” vs “not-sick”. A patient was adjudicated as sick if he/she had a disease process that was potentially life or limb threatening based on pre-defined operational, financial, or educationally derived criteria. Results We obtained 266 observations in 178 different patients. Physicians predicted patient disposition with the following performance: sensitivity 87.7% (95% CI 81.4-92.1), specificity 65.0% (95% CI 56.1-72.9), LR+ 2.51 (95% CI 1.95-3.22), LR − 0.19 (95% CI 0.12-0.30). For the sick vs not-sick assessment, providers had the following performance: sensitivity 66.2% (95% CI 55.1-75.8), specificity 88.4% (95% CI 83.0-92.2), LR + 5.69 (95% CI 3.72-8.69), LR − 0.38 (95% CI 0.28-0.53). Conclusion EPs are able to accurately predict the disposition of ED patients using system 1 diagnostic reasoning based on minimal available information. However, the prognostic accuracy of acuity prediction was limited.
Maresin-1 reduces the pro-inflammatory response of bronchial epithelial cells to organic dust

Exposure to organic dust causes detrimental airway inflammation. Current preventative and therapeutic measures do not adequately treat resulting disease, necessitating novel therapeutic interventions. Recently identified mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions. We tested the potential of one of these mediators, maresin-1 (MaR1), in reducing organic dust-associated airway inflammation. As bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) are pivotal in initiating organic dust-induced inflammation, we investigated the in vitro effects of MaR1 on a human BEC cell line (BEAS-2B). Cells were pretreated for 1 hour with 0–200 nM MaR1, followed by 1–24 hour treatment with 5% hog confinement facility-derived organic dust extract (HDE). Alternatively, a mouse lung slice model was utilized in supportive cytokine studies. Supernatants were harvested and cytokine levels determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Epithelial cell protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms α and ϵ, and PKA activities were assessed via radioactivity assays, and NFκB and MAPK-related signaling mechanisms were investigated using luciferase vector reporters. MaR1 dose-dependently reduced IL-6 and IL-8 production following HDE treatment of BECs. MaR1 also reduced HDE-stimulated cytokine release including TNF-α in a mouse lung slice model when given before or following HDE treatment. Previous studies have established that HDE sequentially activates epithelial PKCα and PKCϵ at 1 and 6 hours, respectively that regulated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 release. MaR1 pretreatment abrogated these HDE-induced PKC activities. Furthermore, HDE treatment over a 24-hour period revealed temporal increases in NFκB, AP-1, SP-1, and SRE DNA binding activities, using luciferase reporter assays. MaR1 pretreatment did not alter the activation of NFκB, AP-1, or SP-1, but did reduce the activation of DNA binding at SRE. These observations indicate a role for MaR1 in attenuating the pro-inflammatory responses of BECs to organic dust extract, through a mechanism that does not appear to rely on reduced NFκB, AP-1, or SP-1-related signaling, but may be mediated partly through SRE-related signaling. These data offer insights for a novel mechanistic action of MaR1 in bronchial epithelial cells, and support future in vivo studies to test MaR1’s utility in reducing the deleterious inflammatory effects of environmental dust exposures.
An increase of blood anti-β2-glycoprotein-i antibody associates with cerebral hemorrhage in patients without antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Although an increase of blood anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody (aβGPI) is known to raise the risk for cerebral ischemia in patients without antiphospholipid antibody syndrome or systemic lupus erythrematosus, there is no case of cerebral hemorrhage mentioned yet. We reported 6 patients who suffered from nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage who were identified to have an increase of aβGPI. The frequency of increased aβGPI in cerebral hemorrhage was 9.7%. Hematoma was predilected at putamen in patients with increased aβGPI. The activity of coagulation factors was normal. Multiple brain infarcts compatible with small artery occlusion were illustrated in all of them. Accordingly, cerebral hemorrhage may arise out of small artery vasculopathy in these patients. These results highlight a relationship between autoimmunity, such as aβGPI, and cerebral hemorrhage, especially in the case of an absence of traditional risk factor.
Taste perception of bitter compounds in young and elderly persons : relation to lipophilicity of bitter compounds

Threshold and suprathreshold sensitivities to 13 bitter compounds were determined for 16 young adults (mean age = 27.4 years) and 18 elderly persons (mean age = 81.3 years). Half of the subjects in each age group were tasters of the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and half were nontasters. Both detection and recognition thresholds, determined by a forced-choice ascending detection method, were elevated in older subjects; there were no significant differences in threshold values between tasters and nontasters of PTC. A strong relationship between bitter threshold values and the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient was found for both young and elderly subjects. For young subjects, suprathreshold bitterness ratings were more intense for tasters of PTC compared with nontasters. Significant losses in suprathreshold sensitivity to bitter tastants with age were also found. However, unlike threshold sensitivity, no relationship was found between suprathreshold bitter taste intensity and lipophilicity.
The effects of muscarinic cholinergic blockade upon shock-elicited aggression☆

Abstract Graded dosages of atropine sulfate, atropine methyl nitrate, scopolamine hydrochloride, and scopolamine methyl nitrate were administered to rats and shock-elicited fighting frequencies determined. Central cholinergic blockade decreased fighting at appropriate dosages, but peripheral cholinergic blockade had little or no effect upon shock-elicited aggression. These result suggest that shock-elicited aggression is similar to other kinds of agonistic behavior (e.g., isolation-induced fighting and muricide) in that a central cholinergic system is apparently involved in its mediation.
Simulation-based test bed for data association algorithms

A modular All-Source System-evaluation Test bed (ASSET) designed and developed for aiding in the testing and evaluation of advanced data-acquisition algorithms is described, with focus placed on the problem of integrating surveillance information in supporting command decision making. The evaluation procedure employed is based on a measure of the distance between a baseline representation and the representation produced by the association algorithm at some time instant. Choices for the baseline representation are presented, and scores are defined between these baselines and an algorithm representation. The test-bed architecture implementing the evaluation procedure is described, and sample outputs from performing algorithm evaluations in the test bed are outlined.
Characterization of Wet Granulation Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology. 1 Top-Spray Fluidized Bed

Randomized full-factorial designs (3(2)) were used to investigate the effects of processing conditions in the top-spray fluidized bed (TSFB) on the granulation of acetaminophen powder (USP) using 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (w/w) as the binder. Measured granule properties included the following: mean size and size distribution, specific surface area, bulk density, tapped density, flow rate through an orifice, angle of repose, residual moisture content, and percent overs (> 2 mm). The granules were then compressed (500, 1000, 1500 lbs) into tablets (9-mm shallow concave) using an instrumented rotary press and analyzed for both physical properties and drug-release characteristics. All experimental batches were run in triplicate to reduce the possibility of erroneous results and to increase the confidence in the resulting empirical relationships derived using response-surface methodology. Measured responses were then related to process parameters using two-factor and three-factor linear, interactions, and quadratic regression models. These models were used to generate three-dimensional response surfaces for use in the final analyses. Coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.08 to 0.81 were obtained, indicating that only a portion of the variation in the data could be explained by the changes in process parameter settings during granulation and tableting. The best overall model fits were observed for mean granule size, size distribution, bulk density, tapped density, percent drug dissolution, tablet disintegration time, and tablet friability.
BLAST: a more efficient report with usability improvements

The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) website at the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI) is an important resource for searching and aligning sequences. A new BLAST report allows faster loading of alignments, adds navigation aids, allows easy downloading of subject sequences and reports and has improved usability. Here, we describe these improvements to the BLAST report, discuss design decisions, describe other improvements to the search page and database documentation and outline plans for future development. The NCBI BLAST URL is http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Incidence of atresia or of luteinization without rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys treated with estradiol-17β on day 8 of the menstrual cycle.

Previous results have established that 17β-estradiol (E2) administered in capsules for 24 h on Day 6 of the menstrual cycle results in atresia of the dominant follicle (DF). The present experiment was designed to determine if atresia could be induced similarly as late as Day 8, when the DF is presumably larger, to facilitate biochemical analyses. On the morning of Day 8, laparoscopy was used to confirm the presence of the DF, and 4, 6, or 8 Silastic capsules containing E2 were placed s.c. for 12 or 24 h. Treatment with E2 for 12 h resulted in atresia of the dominant follicle: 2/4,4/5, and 2/5 with 4, 6, and 8 capsules, respectively. Increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) usually occurred following removal of E2 after 12 h; similar increases resulted previously from treatment on Day 6, and are interpreted as the result of removal of E2-induced negative feedback rather than an effect of positive feedback. In contrast to the efficacy of treatment for 12 h, treatment with E2 for 24 h resulted in a lower incidence of atresia (2/5,1/6, and 1/4 with 4, 6, and 8 capsules), and premature LH surges were seen during treatment in almost all animals, especially with 6 or 8 capsules, initiating luteinization of the DF without ovulation. Regarding intrafollicular changes, E2 treatment resulted in a 10-fold reduction in follicular fluid concentrations of estrogen, while progesterone (P) levels were augmented; the output of P by granulosa cells in culture was also enhanced by E2 treatment. We conclude that the DF in monkeys remains susceptible to the atretogenic effects of E2 as late as Day 8 of the cycle, but the amount of follicular material recoverable is not increased with the later treatment. Furthermore, the similarity between the luteinized unruptured follicles induced in this study and those occurring spontaneously in women suggests that this model may be valuable in elucidating the factors involved in this source of infertility in women. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reappraisal of Sex Determination in the Ascothoracida

[Mise au point sur les hypotheses actuelles sur la sexualite des Ascothoracides, sous-classe de Crustaces parasites. Seuls les Petrarcidae sont certainement hermaphrodites simultanes. Quelques especes anciennement considerees comme des hermaphrodites sequentiels protandriques (Gorgonolaureus muzikae, Waginella sandersi, Ulophysema oeresundense, Ascothorax gigas) ou comme des gonochoriques dont le sexe est determine apres la fixation des larves sur l'hote (Parascothorax cf. synagogoides), presentent probablement chacune un gonochorisme qui est etabli au plus tard pendant le developpement larvaire dans la cavite incubatrice de la mere. Les donnees actuelles sont insuffisantes pour demontrer le protandrisme chez d'autres especes., Mise au point sur les hypotheses actuelles sur la sexualite des Ascothoracides, sous-classe de Crustaces parasites. Seuls les Petrarcidae sont certainement hermaphrodites simultanes. Quelques especes anciennement considerees comme des hermaphrodites sequentiels protandriques (Gorgonolaureus muzikae, Waginella sandersi, Ulophysema oeresundense, Ascothorax gigas) ou comme des gonochoriques dont le sexe est determine apres la fixation des larves sur l'hote (Parascothorax cf. synagogoides), presentent probablement chacune un gonochorisme qui est etabli au plus tard pendant le developpement larvaire dans la cavite incubatrice de la mere. Les donnees actuelles sont insuffisantes pour demontrer le protandrisme chez d'autres especes.]
Making Democracy Work in Our Schools: From Theory to Reality

Of the various qualities youngsters must have to promote and sustain democracy in America, by far the most important is the capacity to reason. We can give them this capacity if we change the way we do business in the classroom.
Laboratory and Field Studies of the Energy Expenditure of Endotherms: A Comparison

Abstract Field energy expenditures of endotherms have been estimated by combining laboratory measurements of energy expenditure with field time budgets and by direct measurements in the field through the use of doubly-labelled water. Too much variation occurs in field expenditures to rely on scaling alone to predict energy expenditure without losing the unique characteristics of distinctive species. Field expenditures are most effectively analysed when combined with measurements of the same species under ‘standard' conditions in the laboratory. The effect of body size on the expenditures associated with maintenance, locomotion and reproduction are also most clearly established in the laboratory.
SU‐C‐213CD‐03: Significant Inter‐Fractional Variations of Lumpectomy Cavity in Partial Breast Irradiation

Purpose: Inter‐fractional variation in partial breast irradiation (PBI) using external beams is a significant issue. Image guided RT(IGRT), by imaging and repositioning the patient prior to the delivery based on rigid‐body registration, has been introduced to reduce inter‐fractional setup and translational variations. However, IGRT is not capable of addressing organ deformation and rotation. The purpose of this work is to quantitatively characterize those variations in PBI in supine position. Methods: A total of 100 diagnostic‐quality CT sets acquired using an in‐room CT during IGRT at each fraction for 10 breast cancer patients treated with PBI in supine position were analyzed. Targets and organs at risk, including the lumpectomy cavity,treated breast, lung and heart, were delineated by populating the contours from the planning CT to each fraction CT using an auto‐segmentation tool (ABAS, CMS/Elekta) with manual editing. Various parameters, including volume, maximum overlap rate (MOR), dice's coefficient, and distance between centers of mass (COM) were calculated to quantify the inter‐fractional variations. Results: The shape and volume of the lumpectomy cavity in the fractional CTs, particularly in the first fraction CT, change significantly from those in the planning CT. On average, the volume of the lumpectomy cavity decreases by 23%. The MOR varies from 50% to 90% with the mean value of 72%. The dice's coefficient is shown in a similar range. The variation of the treated breast is relatively small. The changes in the distances between the COMs of the lumpectomy cavity and the heart and of the lumpectomy cavity and the treated breast are up to 3 mm. Conclusions: The inter‐fractional lumpectomy cavity deformation is significant during PBI. Strategies that can address not only the translational motion but also the deformation, such as adaptive RT, should be explored for PBI.
Brief report: Brief instrument to assess geriatrics knowledge of surgical and medical subspecialty house officers.

PROBLEM: Initiatives are underway to increase geriatrics training in nonprimary care disciplines. However, no validated instrument exists to measure geriatrics knowledge of house officers in surgical specialties and medical subspecialities.
On the probabilistic treatment of fields

Some basic problems of the probabilistic treatment of fields are considered, proceeding from the fundamentals of the complete probability theory. Two essentially equivalent definitions of random fields related to continuous objects are suggested. It is explained why the conventional classical probabilistic treatment generally is inapplicable to fields in principle. Two types of finite-dimensional random variables created by random fields are compared. Some general regularities related to Lagrangian and Hamiltonian partial equations, obtainable proceeding from the corresponding sets of ordinary differential equations, are revealed by using the functional derivative defined anew. It is shown that Hamiltonian random fields give rise to two types of Hamiltonian random variables, variables of the second type being those considered in the author's previous paper and immediately suited to the quantum approach. The results obtained are illustrated by some general examples. Critical remarks concerning second quantization are made, demonstrating the artificiality of this method. It is emphasized that the given probabilistic consideration of fields cannot be directly applied to, for instance, the electromagnetic field, which needs a special treatment.
Functions of the E-atp and E-P complexes in the membrane ATPase reaction.

Abstract 1. 1. In turtle bladder microsomes incubated with 0.01 mM ATP at 0°, the Mg-dependent ATPase is 50 % greater than the Ca-dependent ATPase. The addition of Na + + K + induces a 20 % increase of Mg-ATPase, but has no effect on Ca-ATPase. The addition of Ca 2+ to the (Mg 2+ + Na + + K + )-containing system eliminates the (Na + + K + ) increment of its ATPase activity. 2. 2. The E -ATP formed after incubation of microsomes with [U- 14 C]ATP (0.01 mM ATP at 0°) amounts to an average value of 13 pmoles/mg in the presence of Ca 2+ alone or of Mg 2+ alone. The addition of either Na + or K + does not affect the underlying E -ATP formation in the presence of Mg 2+ and/or Ca 2+ . However, the addition of Na + and K + together induces a 32 % increase in the Ca-dependent formation of E -ATP, but no change in the Mg-dependent formation. The addition of Ca 2+ to the (Mg 2+ + Na + + K + )-containing system causes little or no change in ATP binding. 3. 3. The phospho-protein ( E - P ) formed after incubation of microsomes with [γ- 32 P]ATP (0.01 mM ATP at 0°) amounts to an average value of 19.2 pmoles/mg in the presence of Ca 2+ alone, and 76 in the presence of Mg 2+ alone. The addition of Na + causes a 3-fold increase in the amount of Ca-dependent formation of E - P , and a 2-fold increase in the Mg-dependent formation. The addition of K + to the (Ca 2+ + Na + )-containing mixture reduces the level of E - P to the underlying Ca-dependent level; while the same K addition to the (Mg 2+ + Na + )-system reduces the level of E - P formation to less than half (31 pmoles) of the underlying Mg-dependent level. The addition of Ca 2+ to either the ((Mg 2+ + Na + ) or the (Mg 2+ + Na + + K + ) system produces no change in phospho-protein formation. 4. 4. Present data provide support for the hypothesis holding that the presence of Mg 2+ , Na + and K + together is required in the first intermediary reaction step of the (Na + + K + )-ATPase sequence. Although Ca can substitute for Mg in the first step of the (Na + + K + )-ATPase sequence, it apparently forms a stable (Ca 2+ + Na + + K + )- E -ATP complex which does not break down into the final hydrolytic products. It is inferred that the Na-induced increment of phosphoprotein formation occurs in a reaction path which is in parallel to that of (Na + + K + )-ATPase. Possible roles of E -ATP and E - P in sodium transport are adduced.
Uptake and elimination of rubidium, a physiological marker, in adult Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Patterns of uptake and elimination of Rb in Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) adults caged on mustard ( Brassica juncea [L.] Cross.) sprayed with varying rates of Rb were studied in the greenhouse. Uptake for the initial 216 h generally followed a rectangular hyperbolic model over time, with uptake rate decreasing with time and approaching a horizontal asymptote within 10–80 h. The asymptote increased with increasing spray rates up to 12,000 ppm Rb, after which there was little further increase. After incorporation of the mark, however, insects removed from enriched host material and held on green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) quickly lost most of the Rb, and elimination followed an exponential decay curve. Elimination data showed that the mark could be confidently maintained above endogenous levels for 2–4 days after leaving enriched host material.
The reproductive priming effect

In a questionnaire administered to 314 undergraduate college students, most respondents reported an increase in dating opportunities during the beginning of a new dating relationship, and the frequency of this effect was correlated with heterosexual sexual activity. This phenomenon may be a result of psychological mechanisms and/or physiological changes that take place during the development of a new relationship.
Health Care Providers’ Mindfulness and Treatment Outcomes: A Critical Review of the Research Literature

A systematic and critical review of the research literature evaluated studies on whether mindfulness-based training for health care providers improves their psychosocial functioning. In addition, studies were critiqued that examined whether health care providers who either practice mindfulness or possess greater levels of mindfulness experience better results with their patients than those possessing lower levels of mindfulness or those who do not engage in formal mindfulness practices. Published literature was found using PsychInfo, PubMed, and Ovid electronic databases, as well as by looking through the reference section of relevant articles. Search keywords used were “therapist mindfulness,” “outcome(s),” “client outcome(s),” “therapeutic alliance,” “mindful therapist,” “mindfulness,” “therapist training,” “health care professionals,” “empathy,” “therapist empathy,” and combinations of these terms. There was no date restriction placed on the searches prior to 2011. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. The results tentatively indicate that mental health and health care providers benefit from mindfulness training with no negative results reported. The results are inconclusive as to whether those trained in formal mindfulness practices or who possess higher levels of mindfulness have better treatment outcomes than those who do not. Additional research using randomized controlled designs is needed to further evaluate the role of health care providers’ mindfulness in treatment outcomes.
Ungulate Antipredator Behaviour: Preliminary and Comparative Data From African Bovids

The adaptive significance of antipredator behaviour patterns was examined in six species of African bovid by recording the behaviours' design features during flights from a human on foot. Snorting signalled awareness of the predator, and did not warn conspecifics of danger. Leaping in impalas reduced flight speeds and was an honest signal of the performer's physical condition. Bounding was used by many species to clear obstacles. Stotting carried a time cost and it too signalled the prey's physical condition. Tacking and prancing were behaviours shown primarily by Alcelaphines and, respectively, may have served to wrongfoot a predator, and signal that the prey had achieved a safe distance from it. These findings indicate that pursuit deterrent signals are common in bovids; that some convey specific information about the situation at hand while others pass on additional information about the prey's condition; and that signals of condition are kept honest by being coupled to demonstrated time and probable energetic costs as theory predicts. Across a wider sample of 13 species, pursuit deterrence appears to be associated with plains living species. Where there are few opportunities for hiding, and prey can only evade capture by outdistancing or outmanoeuvring the predator, there may be greater selection on the use of signals to convince the predator to halt its advance.
The structures of two reaction products of ditertiary-butylacetylene with diiron nonacarbonyl. A new ironiron double bond.

Abstract The reaction of a commercial sample of 5-BuCC-t-Bu with Fe2(CO)9 gave two products. One is green (OC)3 Fe(μ-t-BuCC-t-Bu)Fe(CO)3; it contains an FeFe (double) bond with a length of 2.316(4) A. The other, dark orange, product arises from reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with the impurity CH2C(CH3)CC-t-Bu (L) and has the formula (LCO)Fe2(CO)6. The structures of both compounds as obtained from isotropic refinement of X-ray data are reported.
How does synaptotagmin trigger neurotransmitter release

Neurotransmitter release at synapses involves a highly specialized form of membrane fusion that is triggered by Ca(2+) ions and is optimized for speed. These observations were established decades ago, but only recently have the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process begun to come into view. Here, we summarize findings obtained from genetically modified neurons and neuroendocrine cells, as well as from reconstituted systems, which are beginning to reveal the molecular mechanism by which Ca(2+)-acting on the synaptic vesicle (SV) protein synaptotagmin I (syt)-triggers rapid exocytosis. This work sheds light not only on presynaptic aspects of synaptic transmission, but also on the fundamental problem of membrane fusion, which has remained a puzzle that has yet to be solved in any biological system.
Perceptions of Acute Care Physical Therapy Practice: Issues for Physical Therapist Preparation

Background and Purpose. Acute care physical therapists have experienced the effects of dramatic changes in health care reimbursement systems and population demographics. Acute care hospitals now serve a patient population of much older, chronically ill patients who are hospitalized for shorter periods of time in a practice environment in which physical therapy staffing resources are often inadequate. The purposes of this study were to document common experiences in the practice of acute care physical therapy and to identify differences in the perceptions of physical therapists with varying levels of experience and in various sizes of acute care facilities. Subjects and Methods. A survey questionnaire was mailed to 500 randomly selected physical therapists employed in acute care facilities. The therapists answered questions regarding the frequency of various physical therapy evaluation and treatment practices, problems encountered in delivering physical therapy services, coordination of the discharge planning process, and perceptions of staffing trends in the acute care setting. The responses of 188 physical therapists who completed the survey were compared by their experience levels and the size of the institutions in which they practiced. Results. Subjects reported that patient factors, such as medical complications and cooperation; organizational factors, such as staffing shortages and large caseloads; and health care system constraints, such as difficulty changing orders and limited time in which to work with the patient interfered with patients reaching physical therapy goals. Conclusion and Discussion. Inadequate skills for successful acute care practice and maladaptive therapist beliefs about acute care career possibilities may adversely affect physical therapist career longevity in the acute care setting.
Design analysis of electromagnetic particle clutch

The magnetic particle clutch provides a smooth coupling between two moving shafts. Unlike the friction type, it has the advantage of working under slip conditions without wear problems which makes it a unique alternative for automotive applications. The torque transmitted by the clutch is a function of its geometry and coil current but is independent of the shaft speed. This paper presents an analytical model developed for the magnetic design of the clutch. This model relates the developed electromagnetic torque to the clutch main dimensions and the properties of the magnetic particle used in the gap. The model results were verified using finite element analysis. The clutch was then built and tested. The comparison between the model results and the measured data indicated good agreement. >
Efficacy of Solarization and Cabbage Amendment for the Control of Phytophthora spp. in North Florida.

ABSTRACT The effects of soil solarization with or without cabbage leaf amendments on the survival of Phytophthora spp. were evaluated in several North Florida soils. Soil temperature under solarization treatments reached a maximum of 47°C at a 10-cm depth, but only 41°C at 25 cm. Solarization with a clear, gas-impermeable film was as effective as methyl bromide in reducing populations of P. nicotianae at a 10-cm depth but had no effect on populations at a depth of 25 cm. Populations of P. capsici after solarization with either a clear, low-density polyethylene or a clear, gas-impermeable film were similar to methyl bromide treatment at the 10-cm depth, while at the 25-cm depth, no reduction in populations was observed. Incorporation of cabbage into the soil at a rate of 6.6 to 8.9 kg/m2 did not enhance the effectiveness of solarization in reducing populations of either Phytophthora sp.
From Prophetic Actions to Constitutional Theory: A Novel Chapter in Medieval Muslim Jurisprudence

In his seminal and pioneering work, al-Risāla , al-Shafiʿi, the founder of juridical uṣul al-fiqh , laid down the following maxim: God has obliged us to follow everything the Prophet instituted ( sanna ). And He has rendered adherence to this obedience to Him and turning away from it disobedience [to Him] for which He excuses no one.
Understanding human metabolic physiology: a genome-to-systems approach

The intricate nature of human physiology renders its study a difficult undertaking, and a systems biology approach is necessary to understand the complex interactions involved. Network reconstruction is a key step in systems biology and represents a common denominator because all systems biology research on a target organism relies on such a representation. With the recent development of genome-scale human metabolic networks, metabolic systems analysis is now possible and has initiated a shift towards human systems biology. Here, we review the important aspects of reconstructing a bottom-up human metabolic network, the network's role in modeling human physiology and the necessity for a community-based consensus reconstruction of human metabolism to be established.