cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, 1H, and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Interaction of Manganese and Bicarbonate with Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase

Abstract The binding of manganese by ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase is dependent upon the level of bicarbonate in solution. Saturating levels of bicarbonate (50 mm) create one tight Mn2+-binding site (Kd = 10 µm) per 70,000 dalton subunit of the enzyme. The dissociation constant of the enzyme-Mn2+ complex becomes 64-fold smaller when the bicarbonate level of the solution is raised from l0.5 mm to 50 mm. Binding of Mn2+ to the tight enzyme site (in the presence of saturating bicarbonate) causes a 20-fold enhancement of the effect of Mn2+ on the longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1) of water. The enhancement due to enzyme-bound Mn2+ at low levels of bicarbonate is only 14-fold. Titration of an enzyme-Mn2+ solution with bicarbonate yields a dissociation constant (7 mm) which is in reasonable agreement with the reported Km values (7 to 25 mm). The enhancement of enzyme-Mn2+ complexes (at varying levels of bicarbonate) can be completely abolished by the addition of carboxyribitol diphosphate, an analog of the presumed carboxylated intermediate of the reaction. A tight complex results in which there is little access of water protons to the enzymebound Mn2+. Observation of a time-dependent decrease in 1/T1 of water protons upon addition of carboxyribitol diphosphate and nonclassical titration curves suggests a conformation change in the enzyme. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of bicarbonate shows that the effect of enzyme-bound Mn2+ on 1/T1 of carbon is enhanced more than 3-fold over the nonenzyme control, suggesting that the enzyme-bound Mn2+ is very close to the bound bicarbonate. From 1/T1 measurements of the carbon atom of bicarbonate and a correlation time estimated from water proton relaxation rates in the same complex, a Mn2+-carbon distance of 5.4 A is calculated. This value is too great for bicarbonate to be in the inner coordination sphere of Mn2+, but is consistent with a second sphere complex. Carboxyribitol diphosphate abolishes all effects of Mn2+ on the 13C-relaxation rates, consistent with the displacement of HCO3- from the active site of the enzyme. The NMR data are consistent with an active quaternary enzyme-manganese-d-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate-CO2 complex with d-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate in the inner sphere and CO2 in the second sphere of enzyme-bound Mn2+. The temperature dependence of the transverse relaxation rate yields an exchange rate for bicarbonate from the environment of enzyme-bound Mn2+ of 3 x 104 s-1 and an energy of activation, Ea = 7.3 Cal per mole.
Elements of Quantum Defect Theory. II. A Unified Theory of Rydberg and Autoionizing States

The purpose of this paper is to present a quantum defect theory (QDT) basis for a unified approach to Rydberg and auto-ionizing states in atoms and molecules. A scattering-theoretic outline of QDT was given by A. R. P. Rau in the previous paper in this volume; the present paper focuses on atomic aspects of QDT and provides comment on the transition from atoms to molecules; finally, the MQDT of diatomic molecules will be discussed in detail by C. H. Greene in the following paper in this volume.
MARVELS: Revealing the Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Giant Planet Systems

MARVELS, the Multi-Object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey, is a 6-year program to characterize the distribution of gas giant planets with orbital periods ranging from several hours to two years. MARVELS will use multi-fiber interferometric spectrographs on the wide-field, 2.5-meter Sloan Foundation telescope at Apache Point Observatory to monitor ~11,000 stars in the magnitude range V=8-12, visiting each star ~30 times over an 18-month interval, with velocity precision of 14, 18, and 35 m/s at V=8, 10, and 12. MARVELS will survey far more stars with a wider range of spectral types and metallicities than previous radial velocity searches, yielding a statistically well defined sample of ~150 giant planets drawn from a host sample with well understood selection biases. With a unique combination of large numbers and well characterized sensitivity, MARVELS will provide a critical data set for testing theories of the formation and dynamical evolution of giant planet systems. The MARVELS detections will also be an ideal sample for follow-up observations to identify multiple planet systems and understand the influence of giant planet migration on the formation and survival of less massive planets. MARVELS is one of four surveys that comprise SDSS-III (the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III), a 6-year program that will use highly multiplexed spectrographs on the Sloan Foundation Telescope to investigate cosmological parameters, the history and structure of the Milky Way galaxy, and the population of giant planet systems.
Coherence and Focused Hypotheses

The 1964 US Surgeon General’s report, Smoking and Health (Bayne-Jones et al. 1964, p. 20), lists five criteria for judgment about causality, the fifth being “the coherence of the association.” A single sentence defines coherence (Bayne-Jones et al. 1964, p. 185) :“A final criterion for the appraisal of causal significance of an association is its coherence with known facts in the natural history and biology of the disease.” There follows a long discussion of the many ways in which the association between smoking and lung cancer is coherent. Per capita consumption of cigarettes had, at that time, been increasing, and the incidence of lung cancer was also increasing. Men, at that time, smoked much more than women and had a much higher incidence of lung cancer. And so on. To this, Sir Austin Bradford Hill (1965, p. 10) adds: “... I regard as greatly contributing to coherence the histopathological evidence from the bronchial epithelium of smokers and the isolation from cigarette smoke of factors carcinogenic for the skin of laboratory animals.” The pattern of associations in §1.2 between smoking and cardiovascular disease would also be described as coherent. Coherence is discussed by Susser (1973, pp. 154–162) and more critically by Rothman (1986, p. 19) . MacMahon and Pugh (1970, p. 21) use the phrase “consonance with existing knowledge” in place of coherence. Coherence is related to Fisher’s “elaborate theory,” as discussed in §1.2.
Robust pitch tracking for prosodic modeling in telephone speech

In this paper, we introduce a pitch detection algorithm that is particularly robust for telephone speech and prosodic modeling. The algorithm uses a logarithmically sampled spectral representation of speech, similar to that in the subharmonic summation approach. Constraints for logF/sub 0/ and /spl Delta/logF/sub 0/ are combined in a dynamic programming search to find an optimum pitch track. The search algorithm is able to find a continuous pitch contour regardless of the voicing status, while a separate voicing decision module computes the probability of voicing per frame. We evaluated the algorithm using the Keele pitch extraction reference database under both studio and telephone conditions. Our algorithm is very robust to channel degradation, and compares favorably to XWAVES under telephone conditions. It also significantly outperforms XWAVES when used for tone classification on a telephone quality Mandarin digit corpus.
Adult and continuing education newsletters

Leasher is a reference librarian with the Central Michigan University Off-Campus Library Program in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. This is for adults only. Adult and continuing education is alive and well and being actively pract i ced in a wide variety of settings and formats in every city and town of the United States. Libraries, museums, hospitals, high schools, professional associations, community colleges, universities, correspondence schools, community service agencies, religious organizations, and bosses are all involved in providing education and training for adults. If you think about what is available, you will be surprised to realize the extent and variety of offerings. Many people take advantage of the opportunity for further education. When the U.S. Department of Education looked at census data for 1984, it found that about fourteen percent of the adult population, or twenty-three million people, actively participated in adult education. 1 Adult education serves many needs and interests. A widespread illiteracy problem exists in this country, and several organizations are involved in training volunteers to teach adults to read. Many high schools have an education program for adults who wish to acquire their high school diplomas. In today's job market it is necessary to keep learning new skills, and this training is widely available. Many may enroll in classes for personal pleasure or to learn a new hobby or skill. If people are experiencing family or health problems, there are classes that will help them understand the problem and how to deal with it. Finishing college, as well as earning an advanced degree, is possible for adults. The organizations that sponsor these programs have as many goals as the people who take them. These goals may include community service or the
Kamb Ice Stream flow history and surge potential

A basal zone, tens of meters thick, of debris-laden ice was observed in Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, using a video camera lowered into boreholes made by hot-water drilling. The debris content varies, sometimes abruptly, forming a sequence of layers that reflect the complex history of fast ice flow and bed interaction. In most parts, the concentration of debris is low, a few percent by weight, with particles, often mud clots, dispersed in a matrix of clear ice. The nature of the debris distribution can be interpreted in terms of specific time intervals in the history of fast motion of Kamb Ice Stream including processes leading up to the termination of its streaming behavior and possible reactivation.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of anti-1-amino-2-[18F]fluoro-cyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid (anti-2-[18F]FACBC) in rat 9L gliosarcoma.

Abstract A new [18F] labeled amino acid anti-1-amino-2-[18F]fluoro-cyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid 9 (anti-2-[18F]FACBC) was synthesized in 30% decay-corrected yield with high radiochemical purity over 99%. The cyclic sulfamidate precursor was very stable and highly reactive towards nucleophilic radiofluorination. Cell uptake assays with rat 9L gliosarcoma cells showed that [18F]9 was transported into tumor cells via multiple amino acid transport systems, including L and A systems. Biodistribution study in rats with intracranial 9L gliosarcoma tumors demonstrated that [18F]9 had a rapid and prolonged accumulation in tumors with 26:1 tumor to brain ratio at 120 min post-injection. In this model, [18F]9 is a potential PET tracer for brain tumor imaging.
Antibody affinity—III the role of multivalence

Abstract The energetic enhancement of multivalent binding was investigated with IgG and IgM antihapten antibody. Purified antibody directed against the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group was used in kinetic and equilibrium studies of the neutralization of the bacteriophage φX174 multiply conjugated with the DNP group. The kinetics of neutralization and reactivation with IgG antibody demonstrated that the system followed single site kinetics. Association constants calculated both from kinetic observations and equilibrated reaction mixtures showed for IgG antibody a 103-fold difference between ‘functional affinity’ and intrinsic affinity, as measured by average binding constants. Intrinsic affinity was determined by equilibrium dialysis with e-N-DNP- l -lysine and gave values for K of the order of 107 M−1 whereas the K for binding of anti-DNP IgG to DNP-φX174 was of the order of 1010 M−1. Conversion of IgG to the bivalent 5 S peptic fragment did not alter its functional affinity nor its intrinsic affinity. However, as anticipated, monovalent products, 3·5 S and recombined 7 S species, did exhibit a 100-fold decrease in functional affinity without significant alteration of the intrinsic affinity. The 10-fold disparity between the two K's for the monovalent forms was attributed to a secondary equilibration in the neutralization equilibrium mixture involving the preferential binding of high-affinity molecules. The enhancement factor for IgM antibody was of the order of 106 with relatively low values for the intrinsic affinity, 104–105 M−1. The association constant for binding to DNP-φX174 exceeded 1011 M−1. It is inferred that the IgM antibody is bound to the phage through multivalent attachment involving three or more of its combining sites. Since multivalence is a general property of antibodies it is concluded that the energetic advantage it provides is of great biological importance. Compared to monovalent antibody the multivalent can provide immunity at concentrations several orders of magnitude less. It is suggested that there were, consequently, strong selective pressures, in the evolutionary development of immunoglobulins, for the emergence of mutant heavy chains which could form suitable interchain disulfide linkages.
Recent advances in high power mid- and far-wavelength infrared lasers for free space communication

Link reliability is a significant issue for free space optical links. Inclement weather, such as fog, can seriously reduce the transmission of light through the atmosphere. However, this effect, for some types of fog, is wavelength-dependent. In order to improve link availability in both metro and hostile environments, mid- and far-wavelength infrared diode lasers can be of use. This paper will discuss some of the recent advances in high-power, uncooled quantum cascade lasers and their potential for use in long range and/or highly reliable free space communication links.
Rare gases in tektites

Abstract Tektites from a number of localities have been examined for their contents of potassium, atmospheric argon, radiogenic argon, atmospheric neon, and possible cosmogenic neon. At 300°K, the coefficient of diffusion for helium in tektite glass from Kalgoorlie, Australia is 4 × 10 −10 cm 2 /sec. The activation energy for helium diffusion is 0.27 electron volts. The helium solubility constant is 0.005. Corresponding quantities for neon diffusion are 2 × 10 −15 cm 2 /sec, 0.61 electron volts and 0.005. The helium diffusion rate is so high that tektites retain no radiogenic or cosmogenic helium. The recent group of tektites, however, should retain a substantial amount of any cosmogenic neon contained at time of fall. In no case was any excess Ne 21 detected. From the upper limits of original Ne 21 content, a maximum “flight time” since last melting has been computed for each tektite. For a tektite from Kalgoorlie, this is 28,000 years. This result is in apparent disagreement with the finding by Ehmann and Kohman of radioactive Al 26 in australites. Potassium-argon ages have been computed for each tektite. These range from 0 to 32 m.y. and are usually in agreement with the stratigraphie age of the formations on which the tektites lie, according to presently accepted time scales. Data in this paper do not support a recent suggestion that the moldavites of Czechoslovakia and the recently discovered tektites from Georgia U.S.A. are part of the same fall.
Hyperphagia and obesity in the guinea pig produced by hypothalamic knife cuts

Bilateral parasagittal knife cuts were placed between the medial and lateral hypothalamus of adult male and female guinea pigs. In both sexes, the knife cuts increased food intake, water intake, and body weight relative to control animals given sham surgery. The results demonstrate that hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity can be produced in the guinea pig as in other species.
Investigating Short-Term Carbon Flows in the Rhizospheres of Different Plant Species, Using Isotopic Trapping

Many difficulties exist in studying rhizosphere carbon flows in situ because of limited methodologies. Current photosynthate allocation to root respiration, rhizosphere microbial respiration and soluble root exudates in the rhizospheres of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) were investigated using an isotopic trapping procedure. Plants were grown in containers with 165 g of sandy clay loam soil for 3 wk before the time of 14 C pulse labeling. Most root exudates were utilized by the microbes in the immediate rhizosphere and released as 14 CO 2 . Only a small amount of exudates was found in the bulk soil (2.7, 2.5, and 3.7%) in the control treatments of wheat, tall fescue, and buffalo gourd respectively)
X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries 2S 0918-549 and 4U 1543-624: Evidence for Neon-rich Degenerate Donors

We present high-resolution spectroscopy of the neutron star/low-mass X-ray binaries 2S 0918-549 and 4U 1543-624 with the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on board XMM-Newton. Previous low-resolution spectra of both sources showed a broad, linelike feature at 0.7 keV that was originally attributed to unresolved line emission. We recently showed that this feature could also be due to excess neutral Ne absorption, and this is confirmed by the new high-resolution Chandra and XMM spectra. The Chandra spectra are each well fitted by an absorbed-power-law+blackbody model with a modified Ne/O number ratio of 0.52 ± 0.12 for 2S 0918-549 and 1.5 ± 0.3 for 4U 1543-624, compared to the interstellar medium value of 0.18. The XMM spectrum of 2S 0918-549 is best fitted by an absorbed-power-law model with a Ne/O number ratio of 0.46 ± 0.03, consistent with the Chandra result. On the other hand, the XMM spectrum of 4U 1543-624 is softer and less luminous than the Chandra spectrum and has a best-fit Ne/O number ratio of 0.54 ± 0.03. The difference between the measured abundances and the expected interstellar ratio, as well as the variation of the column densities of O and Ne in 4U 1543-624, supports the suggestion that there is absorption local to these binaries. We propose that the variations in the O and Ne column densities of 4U 1543-624 are caused by changes in the ionization structure of the local absorbing material. It is important to understand the effect of ionization on the measured absorption columns before the abundance of the local material can be determined. This work supports our earlier suggestion that 2S 0918-549 and 4U 1543-624 are ultracompact binaries with Ne-rich companions.
Advances in genetic and epigenetic analyses of gliomas: a neuropathological perspective

Gliomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumors, are universally fatal once they progress from low-grade into high-grade neoplasms. In recent years, we have accumulated unprecedented data about the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in gliomas; yet, our appreciation of how these deadly tumors arise is still rudimentary. One of the major deterrents in understanding gliomagenesis is the remarkably complex and heterogeneous molecular composition of gliomas, as well as their ability to change phenotypically as they progress and recur. In the past decade, several monumental studies have begun to define better glioma heterogeneity. Four distinct molecular subgroups have emerged: proneural, classical, mesenchymal, and neural; which have unique gene expression signatures and prognostic significance. Of these, gliomas of the proneural subtype, which encompass most grade II/III diffuse gliomas and secondary glioblastomas and often carry isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, have emerged as a distinct tumor subclass with a notably superior prognosis. Important molecular markers with prognostic relevance, such as mutant IDH1/2, have already been incorporated into clinical neuropathological practice. The recent molecular discoveries in gliomas have also emphasized the intimate link between epigenetics and genetics in gliomagenesis. Several of the novel genetic mutations described are responsible for distinct epigenetic remodeling in gliomas, the mechanisms of which are currently being elucidated. Importantly, these epigenetic and genomic alterations represent new and exciting drug targets for future therapeutic interventions in our continuous fight with this fatal malignancy.
Study of intravesical mitomycin C in patients with multiple prior occurrences of superficial bladder cancer

A limited course of intravesical mitomycin C was tested in 12 patients who had at least three, and an average of six, occurrences of superficial bladder cancer, and were at high risk for subsequent recurrences. After intravesical chemotherapy, recurrence rates were significantly less than rates prior to chemotherapy.
Authoring personal histories: exploring the timeline as a framework for meaning making

It has been argued that technologies for 'memory' should be designed to support creativity and meaning building, rather than the passive capture of cues for remembering [25]. We report findings from a study inspired by this insight, in which older people made personal digital timelines using a new tool called Project Greenwich. We explore how the constraints of the timeline metaphor offer a framework for authoring, and examine how timelines can be used to underpin meaning building in relation to personal content. We highlight the importance of making, this being a vehicle for connecting with others in the present, and a potential means of emphasizing those elements of the past felt to be most salient when looking back.
From eye of newt to chemical structure

Formation of the dauer diapause stage in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been the subject of intensive study over the past few decades. Recent work has established the chemical structure of three components of the secreted dauer pheromone mixture, thereby ushering in a new era in which the functions of the pheromones can be studied in detail.
Nutritive Value of Kochia scoparia. II. Intake and Digestibility of Forage Harvested at Different Maturity Stages

Abstract Digestibility studies with sheep determined the nutritive value of kochia ( Kochia scoparia ) forage ensiled at three stages of maturity: prebloom, midbloom, and full bloom. Crude protein in the silage decreased and crude fiber content increased with advanced stages of maturity. Dry matter intake decreased (P
Indian hedgehog as a progesterone-responsive factor mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the mouse uterus

Abstract Genes encoding components of the hedgehog signaling pathway are dynamically expressed in the mouse uterus preparing for implantation. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), patched (Ptc), and Gli3 are expressed at low levels in the endometrial epithelium on day 1 of pregnancy. Transcription of Ihh increases dramatically in the luminal epithelium and glands from day 3, reaching very high levels on day 4. Over the same period, Ptc, Gli1, Gli2, and noggin are strongly upregulated in the underlying mesenchymal stroma. Transcription of Ihh in ovariectomized mice is induced by progesterone but not by estrogen. Lower induction of Ihh, Ptc, and Hoxa10 is seen in response to progesterone in the uteri of Pgr−/− mutant mice lacking progesterone nuclear steroid receptor. This finding suggests that the hormone may regulateIhh through both nuclear receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. We describe a method for culturing uterine explants in the absence of epithelium. Under these conditions, recombinant N-SHH protein promotes the proliferation of mesenchyme cells and the expression of noggin. We propose that IHH made by the epithelium normally functions as a paracrine growth factor for stromal cells during the early stages of pregnancy.
Comprehensive office evaluation in the new millennium

The success of a comprehensive office-based evaluation of male-factor infertility depends on the physician's thorough understanding of risk assessment in the history, identification of pertinent physical examination findings, and correct assessment of laboratory data. Office-based ultrasonographic techniques have already increased the urologist's ability to visualize suspected anatomic abnormalities, and the use of functional tests of sperm has given greater depth to the limited, but essential, prognostic capabilities of the routine semen analysis.
Accessible and affordable health care for alcoholism and related problems: strategy for cost containment

Dr. Gordis outlines the health consequences of alcohol consumption and the economic costs of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. He defines alcoholism and discusses alcoholism treatment and the problems inherent in its evaluation and financing. Dr. Gordis stresses the importance of rational alcoholism outcome research in future efforts to contain health care costs.
Heat generation in ferrous metal piles

A laboratory-scale experimental study of the basic processes and controlling parameters involved in the spontaneous heating of a pile of ferrous metal turnings during their marine transport is presented. The results indicate that the salinity of seawater, the amount of moisture coming in contact with the turnings, the surface area of turnings, the volume of container, and the bulk density of the pile affect the temperature rise in the ferrous material.
Can Informed Consent Go Too Far? Balancing Consent and Public Benefit in Research

Concerns over the potential for consent bias (systematic error in research outcomes resulting from differences between consenting and non-consenting research participant groups) to influence the va...
A Simple Model for the Effect of Hydration on the Distribution of Ferrous Iron at Reduced Hematite (012) Surfaces

Abstract Using a simple ionic model with polarizable oxygen ions and dissociating water molecules, we have calculated the energetics governing the distribution of Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions at the reduced (2 × 1) surface of α-Fe 2 O 3 (hematite) (0 1 2) under dry and hydrated conditions. The results show that systems with Fe(II) ions located in the near-surface region have lower potential energy for both dry and hydrated surfaces. The distribution is governed by coupling of the ferrous iron centers to positive charge associated with missing oxygen atoms on the dry reduced (2 × 1) (0 2 1) surface. As the surface is hydroxylated, the missing oxygen rows are filled and protons from dissociated water molecules become the positive charge centers, which couple more weakly to the ferrous iron centers. At the same time, the first-layer iron centers change from fourfold or fivefold coordination to sixfold coordination lowering the potential energy of ferric iron in the first layer and favoring migration of ferrous iron from the immediate surface sites. This effect can also be understood as reflecting stronger solvation of Fe(III) by the adsorbed water molecules and by hydrolysis reactions favoring Fe(III) ions at the immediate surface. The balance between these two driving forces, which changes as a function of hydration, provides a compelling explanation for the anomalous coverage dependence of water desorption in ultra-high vacuum experiments.
A solution for Co-Service of real-time and non-realtime traffic in cellular cognitive radio networks

Supporting real-time transmission in a cognitive radio network has been a hot research topic in recent years. However, most previous works only considered real-time packets in the network rather than a co-existence of real-time and non-realtime traffic. For the works considering non-realtime traffic, usually absolute priority is given to real-time packets that the QoS of non-realtime ones cannot be guaranteed. In this paper, we propose a dynamic spectrum allocation scheme based on Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling mechanism to preserve the QoS of both kinds of traffic in cellular cognitive radio networks. Simulation results demonstrate that the new algorithm has a similar throughput as the priority queue algorithm but achieves better balance in the average delay and deadline missing rate between the two types of packets.
Flat polymer electrolytes promise thin-film power

An emerging solid-state battery that could be fabricated much thinner than 100 mu m and that uses a solid polymer electrolyte as the ionically conducting medium instead of a liquid electrolyte is described. Such batteries combine high energy density with mechanical ruggedness for applications ranging from smart cards to space. The major problem in developing using solid-state batteries has been identifying solid materials with sufficient ionic conductivity to serve as the electrolyte: the use of polymers to meet the requirement is discussed. The development of batteries that can withstand the elevated temperatures that are necessary to obtain adequate ionic mobility within the electrolyte component of the cell or are posed by application to electric-vehicle propulsion is considered. Application to smart credit cards is examined in some detail. >
Nano-Structured Sorbent Injection Strategies for Heavy Metal Capture in Combustion Exhausts

Nano-structured sorbent injection is a promising technique for heavy metal capture in combustion systems. The importance of sorbent injection strategies, including the form of the sorbent and its injection location for metal capture and removal is investigated in this study. A multi-component tri-modal aerosol dynamic model was employed to understand the evolution of heavy metals and sorbents, as well as their interactions in the incineration system. Experiments were conducted to assess the performance of in-situ generated SiO2, compared with bulk Ti-PICL sorbent, in capturing lead and cadmium from a demilitarization incineration system. Nano-structured SiO2 generated in-situ was found to be more efficient than the bulk Ti-PICL sorbent because it offers a higher external surface area for condensation. The sorbent injection location is important as it affects the physical properties of the sorbent and the pathway for heavy metal capture. Extensive sintering and reduction in the surface area were observed w...
Computed tomography of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as a flank mass

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis should be part of the differential diagnosis when extensive soft tissue involvement is associated with renal disease. As a diagnosis of neoplasm may be rendered even on microscopy, it is particularly important that this entity be considered.
Probing the mechanism of recognition of ssDNA by the Cdc13-DBD

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Cdc13 tightly and specifically binds the conserved G-rich single-stranded overhang at telomeres and plays an essential role in telomere end-protection and length regulation. The 200 residue DNA-binding domain of Cdc13 (Cdc13-DBD) binds an 11mer single-stranded representative of the yeast telomeric sequence [Tel11, d(GTGTGGGTGTG)] with a 3 pM affinity and specificity for three bases (underlined) at the 5' end. The structure of the Cdc13-DBD bound to Tel11 revealed a large, predominantly aromatic protein interface with several unusual features. The DNA adopts an irregular, extended structure, and the binding interface includes a long ( approximately 30 amino acids) structured loop between strands beta2-beta3 (L(2-3)) of an OB-fold. To investigate the mechanism of ssDNA binding, we studied the free and bound states of Cdc13-DBD using NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift changes indicate that the basic topology of the domain, including L(2-3), is essentially intact in the free state. Changes in slow and intermediate time scale dynamics, however, occur in L(2-3), while conformational changes distant from the DNA interface suggest an induced fit mechanism for binding in the 'hot spot' for binding affinity and specificity. These data point to an overall binding mechanism well adapted to the heterogeneous nature of yeast telomeres.
Hypothermia following acute carbon-monoxide poisoning increases mortality

The effect of body temperature during recovery from acute severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning on morbidity and mortality was investigated using an unanesthetized animal model. Levine prepared female rats were exposed to 2700 ppm CO for 90 min, displaying the usual hypothermia, hypotension and bradycardia. Body temperature in survivors was either maintained at the terminal CO exposure value for 4 h ('cooled'), rapidly raised to the pre-CO exposure value for 4 h ('heated') or allowed to return to normal naturally ('unheated'). Following this period of recovery, the 'heated' rats sustained the lowest mortality rate (22%), the 'unheated' rats a greater mortality rate (44%), and the 'cooled' rats the highest mortality rate (50%). Inclusive of the surviving rats, there were no significant differences in neurologic deficit between the three groups, after 4, 24 or 48 h of recovery. Aside from a significant delay in recovery of blood pressure in the 'heated' rats relative to the other two treatment groups post-CO, there were no differences in blood pressure, heart rate or plasma glucose. The results suggest that rapid return to euthermia improves survival following acute severe CO poisoning, contrasting with an earlier study showing the detrimental effect of euthermia during CO poisoning.
The cultural grid: A framework for multicultural counseling

The Cultural Grid suggests a structure for interpreting a person's behavior in the context of culturally learned expectations. When two persons' expectations are similar, but their behaviors are dissimilar, cross cultural misunderstanding is likely to result. When their expectations are dissimilar, the result is likely to be a personal misunderstanding even though their behaviors are similar. This article introduces a framework for differentiating ‘personal’ and ‘cultural’ differences in the interview which is essential for appropriate multicultural counseling. The alternatives are to allow apparent and obvious ‘cultural’ differences to mask underlying personal differences or to incorrectly assume that two persons who appear culturally similar are having a personal disagreement.
Sites of age-related sensitivity loss in a short-wave cone pathway.

The age-related losses in the sensitivity of a short-wave (S) cone mechanism were determined by measuring the threshold-versus-radiance (t.v.r.) functions for nine older (mean age, 71.0 years) and six younger (mean age, 24.4 years) subjects. Measurements were obtained for a 250-ms, 1.03°-diameter, 440-nm foveally viewed test light presented on 470-nm adapting fields and on a 570-nm auxiliary field. A comparison of t.v.r. functions revealed intensity-dependent sensitivity losses in the older group. By applying a quantitative model of an S-cone pathway to the t.v.r. data obtained from the older subjects, we found that the age-related changes in the ocular media and the receptor sensitivities can account for much but not all of the difference in the sensitivity of an S-cone mechanism demonstrated by eight of our nine older subjects.
The lignin geochemistry of marine sediments from the southern Washington coast

Lignin oxidation products and stable carbon isotope distributions are used to investigate the sources, transport, and chemical stability of land-derived organic matter in dated cores of modern sediment from the southern Washington State continental shelf and slope. There is no evidence for significant chemical alteration of lignin compounds in these sediments for time periods of up to 400 yr. Gymnosperm woods and nonwoody angiosperm tissues account for most of the land-derived organic matter in the deposits. These land plant remains have an average δ13C of approximately −25.5% and are concentrated in a narrow band of silty sediment which extends northward from the Columbia River mouth along the mid-shelf. Marine organic matter having an approximate δ13C of −21.5%, strongly predominates in most other shelf and slope environments. Net fluxes of land-derived organic matter into the surface 5 cm of the cores vary directly with sediment accumulation rates. Net fluxes of marine organic material into the surface sediments are highest in environments which favor the preservation of organic matter, but correspond to less than 1% of the primary productivity in the overlying waters.
Age-related cues in retail services advertising: Their effects on younger consumers

Abstract Although the mature market will become increasingly attractive to retailers, targeting older consumers could have adverse effects on attempts to also appeal to younger consumers. The current study explored potential problems retail service firms face in using older-age cues in their advertising. Results indicated that patronage intentions of younger persons for a less conspicuous service were not affected by either the use of older models or mention of a senior citizen discount. In contrast, patronage intentions of younger persons for a more conspicuous service were negatively influenced by advertisements containing older models when subjects would be accompanied by same-age friends.
Lipidoid Nanoparticles Containing PD-L1 siRNA Delivered In Vivo Enter Kupffer Cells and Enhance NK and CD8+ T Cell-mediated Hepatic Antiviral Immunity

Effective clinical application of antiviral immunotherapies necessitates enhancing the functional state of natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells. An important mechanism for the establishment of viral persistence in the liver is the activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway. To examine the role of hepatic myeloid PD-L1 expression during viral infection, we determined the magnitude and quality of antiviral immune responses by administering PD-L1 short-interfering RNA (siRNA) encapsulated in lipidoid nanoparticles (LNP) in mice. Our studies indicate that Kupffer cells (KC) preferentially engulfed PD-L1 LNP within a short period of time and silenced Pdl1 during adenovirus and MCMV infection leading to enhanced NK and CD8+ T cell intrahepatic accumulation, effector function (interferon (IFN)-γ and granzyme B (GrB) production), CD8+ T cell–mediated viral clearance, and memory. Our results demonstrate that PD-L1 knockdown on KCs is central in determining the outcome of liver viral infections, and they represent a new class of gene therapy.
Role of dispersive Alfvén waves in generating parallel electric fields along the Io‐Jupiter fluxtube

[1] Alfvenic disturbances originating from Io are believed to accelerate electrons to energies of 10s of keV. The precipitation of these electrons generates the Io auroral footprint. The electric fields necessary for acceleration come from considering the inertial and kinetic corrections to the ideal Alfven wave. In this study, we examine where along the Io-Jupiter magnetic fluxtube these parallel electric fields can contribute to acceleration. Theoretical calculations show that dispersive Alfven electric fields within the torus are 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the electric fields which can be sustained at high latitudes along the fluxtube. This indicates that acceleration is caused by Alfvenic disturbances passing through the low-density plasma outside the torus with the strongest acceleration possible at 0.5 RJ above Jupiter.
CO2 transport in catheterized hydrothermal vent tubeworms, Riftia pachyptila (vestimentifera)

Isolated plumes and vestimenta of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila were perfused to determine the form in which carbon is transported to the animal's symbionts via the circulatory system. Catheters supplying colored saline were inserted into an afferent blood vessel while samples were collected from the efferent vessel. During perfusion, the plumes were immersed in sea water containing radiolabeled CO2. The effluent showed radioactivity in inorganic carbonate (∑ CO2, sum of all forms), malate, and succinate. When isolated vestimenta were perfused with saline containing labeled CO2, labeled malate and succinate could be detected in the effluent. Carbon transport in the blood as ∑ CO2 is estimated to be of similar importance to that transported after incorporation into organic carbon. The significance for the establishment of the carbon isotope ratio of tubeworms is discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The surface energetics of asbestos minerals.

Nitrogen and argon isotherms were determined on amosite and on chrysotile asbestos at −183° and −195°C, and in three states of subdivision. BET surface area determinations showed that milling increased the amosite surface area from 1.3 to 11.0 m2/g, and the chrysotile from 15.3 to 48.4 m2/g. Changes in hysteresis of the adsorption isotherms indicated that the increased surface area after milling was mostly external for amosite and the increase for chrysotile was primarily caused by the greater availability of micropores. Measurements of pore size showed averages of 58.5 A for amosite and 80.5 A for chrysotile. Heat of adsorption determinations, calculated from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, showed only minor differences between the two minerals.
Optical properties of ZrTe3

We have measured the room temperature reflectivity of ZrTe3, for energies between 0.03 eV and 3.5 eV, with polarizations in the high-conductivity aandb directions. The spectra confirm the semimetallic behavior; a possible gap at 0.435 eV is identified, suggesting that the valence-conduction band overlap is < 0.1 eV. The exptrapolated zero-frequency conductivity is roughly consistent with the d.c. results [5]. The optical scattering times are τa = 2 × 10−15 s and τb = 8 × 10−15 s, and the effective masses are mae ∼ 0.2m0, mbe ∼ 0.3m0, mah ∼ 0.1m0 and mbh ⪢ m0.
A Novel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Risk Score to Predict One-Year Mortality

Clinical and angiographic risk factors associated with adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been included in previous validated risk scores. Complications after PCI are known to increase mortality and morbidity but have not been included in any model. Records of 6,932 consecutive patients who underwent PCI from 2000 to 2005 were reviewed. Patients presenting with cardiogenic shock were excluded. Logistic regression and bootstrap methods were used to build an integer risk score for estimating risk of death at 1 year after PCI using baseline, angiographic, and procedural characteristics and postprocedural complications. This risk score was validated in a set of consecutive patients who underwent PCI from 2006 to 2007. The following 8 variables were significantly correlated with outcome: older age, history of diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, heart failure, left main coronary artery disease, lower baseline hematocrit, greater hematocrit decrease after PCI, and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade <3 flow after PCI. In the validation population (n = 973), average receiver operating characteristic curve area was 0.836. In conclusion, we developed and validated a simple integer risk score, including postprocedural variables that closely predict long-term mortality after PCI. This model emphasizes the significant impact of complications occurring after PCI on long-term outcomes.
First Report of Pythium Root Rot on Grain Sorghum in Mississippi

In May 2000, seedling death in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was reported in fields located in the delta region of Mississippi, following a wet planting season when precipitation and relative humidity were 50 and 10.5% greater, respectively, than the 5-year average. Seedlings exhibited various symptoms, including necrosis of the leaf tip and blade, collar rot, root rot, and streaking of the vascular system at the soil line that resulted in plant death. Tissue sections from plants with collar and root rot were plated aseptically on potato dextrose, V8, and cornmeal agars. Pythium ultimum was the only pathogenic fungus isolated and appeared on 63% of tissue sections. Recovered isolates exhibited similar growth and morphology in vitro and were stimulated to produce fruiting structures by the grass leaf-baiting method. Isolates produced primary terminal globose oogonia, 19 μm in diameter. Oospores were aplerotic and approximately 16.4 µm in diameter, with a 2.1-μm-thick wall. Antheridia were monoclinous or diclinous and short-stalked, with 1 to 2 antheridia per oogonium. Zoospores were produced only in sterile water grass blade cultures and were reniform and biciliate, erupting from spherical vesicles in groups of 15 to 30. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a controlled growth chamber. P. ultimum was increased on sterile common millet seed and incorporated into sterile field soil at an 0.5% (vol/vol) ratio. Noninfested millet seed was incorporated into field soil as a control. Soil was placed in pots, planted with five-grain sorghum seed, and placed in a growth chamber at 5°C, with a 12-h photoperiod. Treatments were replicated five times, and the experiment conducted twice. At 21 days after planting, the inoculated grain sorghum plants developed collar and root rot, with some leaf necrosis, similar to symptoms observed in the field. Symptoms did not develop on the control plants. Reisolations of P. ultimum on corn meal agar and by the grass-baiting method were successful. P. ultimum commonly is in Mississippi soils and is pathogenic to a number of agronomic crops, although it has not been reported previously as a pathogen on grain sorghum in Mississippi.
Validation of an Equation for Resting Metabolic Rate in Older Obese, Critically Ill Patients

Background: In previous studies, the Penn State (PSU) equation was found to be a valid way to predict resting metabolic rate (RMR) in critically ill patients, with the exception of those who were aged 60 years or older and had a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2. A modification of the equation was proposed in this specific patient population. The current study was designed to test the validity of that equation and to retest the validity of the original equation. Methods: RMR was measured using a standardized evidence-based protocol. Metabolic rates predicted with the PSU equation and a modification of it (PSU[m]) were compared with the measured values. Fifty patients were studied prospectively. Data were used from an additional 75 subjects from previous studies that had not been used to develop either of the equations being tested in the current study. This brought the final number of subjects for each equation to 74 for PSU(m) and 106 for PSU. Results: The PSU(m) equation was found to be biased by a narrow...
Circular dichroism in K-shell ionization from fixed-in-space CO and N_ 2

We present results of calculations of the angular distributions of K-shell photoelectrons from fixed-in-space CO and N_2 molecules emitted by circularly polarized light. These calculated distributions account well for the strong circular dichroism recently reported in measurements of photoelectron distributions in these two systems. The calculations also serve to identify regions of photoelectron energy where pronounced circular dichroism can be expected in these spectra.
Disturbance of the Predator‐Prey Balance as a Management Technique

Abstract Disturbance of the predator-prey relationship may result in increased angler success and may sometimes provide an effective management tool. Exceptional harvest of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) in Clear Lake, Iowa, in 1951 is perhaps explained by reproductive failure of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in 1950 and by elimination of young yellow bass (Morone interrupta) through more than normal predation. Stocking of 5 northern pike (Esox lucius) per acre in the fall of 1953 increased the weight of the predator population by about 10 percent In the first 6 weeks of the next fishing season, over 20 percent of the stocked northerns were caught by anglers.
The Origins of Magnetospheric Physics

Professor James Van Allen has written a delightful little book on the history of research on the earth's radiation belt. This history is surely unique. It started in the 1950's with a completely new and unexpected discovery about the nature of energetic particles in near-earth space. Three decades later it is a mature science with a general understanding of the distribution and energy of particles near the earth and a reasonably good theory explaining the origins, life histories, and losses.