cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CFD Investigation of Temperature Rise in a Combustor Test Rig Exhaust System

This paper presents a study of temperature rise in the exhaust system of a combustor test rig, Test Cell #1, at the Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute for Aerospace Research, the National Research Council of Canada. As the flow regime is supersonic with a mixture of hot air & water vapour, condensation of water vapour in the system is suggested to explain the temperature rise observed along the exhaust pipe. The method of Computational Flow Dynamics is used to carry out the first investigation on this hypothesis. The exhaust system is reproduced by CAD, meshed and modelled by the ANSYS-FLUENT CFD package. Simulations of a two-phase complex mixture are performed. The numerical results indicate that the pressure control devices in the exhaust flow towards the stack create phenomena similar to nozzles and yield condensed water into the system. The simulations of liquid phase content and temperature fields are qualitatively consistent with experimental observations and support the hypothesis that condensation is occurring and may therefore threaten the structural integrity of the system through thermal effects.Copyright © 2009 by National Research Council Canada
The Fatigue of Flexible Urethane Foam

The static fatigue technique is the simplest effective test of loss of load bearing capacity with use. Good correlation between results of the static technique and in-use tests on poly ether slab mattresses and molded topper pads demonstrates that in-use performance can be predicted by its use.The mechanism of fatigue appears to in volve hydrogen bond rearrangement under stress with a return to the original alignment upon removal of the stress. The objective of minimizing realignment, and thereby mini mizing fatigue, may be accomplished by re ducing water content in the foam formulation and increasing the isocyanate index.
Impact of sex, MHC, and age of recipients on the therapeutic effect of transferred leukocytes from cancer-resistant SR/CR mice.

Background: Spontaneous Regression/Complete Resistant (SR/CR) mice are resistant to cancer through a mechanism that is mediated entirely by leukocytes of innate immunity. Transfer of leukocytes from SR/ CR mice can confer cancer resistance in wild-type (WT) recipients in both preventative and therapeutic settings. In the current studies, we investigated factors that may impact the efficacy and functionality of SR/ CR donor leukocytes in recipients. Results: In sex-mismatched transfers, functionality of female donor leukocytes was not affected in male recipients. In contrast, male donor leukocytes were greatly affected in the female recipients. In MHCmismatches, recipients of different MHC backgrounds, or mice of different strains, showed a greater negative impact on donor leukocytes than sex-mismatches. The negative effects of sex-mismatch and MHC-mismatch on donor leukocytes were additive. Old donor leukocytes performed worse than young donor leukocytes in all settings including in young recipients. Young recipients were not able to revive the declining function of old donor leukocytes. However, the function of young donor leukocytes declined gradually in old recipients, suggesting that an aged environment may contain factors that are deleterious to cellular functions. The irradiation of donor leukocytes prior to transfers had a profound suppressive effect on donor leukocyte functions, possibly as a result of impaired transcription. The cryopreserving of donor leukocytes in liquid nitrogen had no apparent effect on donor leukocyte functions, except for a small loss of cell number after revival from freezing. Conclusion: Despite the functional suppression of donor leukocytes in sex- and MHC-mismatched recipients, as well as old recipients, there was a therapeutic time period during the initial few weeks during which donor leukocytes were functional before their eventual rejection or functional decline. The eventual rejection of donor leukocytes will likely prevent donor leukocyte engraftment which would help minimize the risk of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, using leukocytes from healthy donors with high anti-cancer activity may be a feasible therapeutic concept for treating malignant diseases.
Mechanistic evaluation of virus clearance by depth filtration

Virus clearance by depth filtration has not been well-understood mechanistically due to lack of quantitative data on filter charge characteristics and absence of systematic studies. It is generally believed that both electrostatic interactions and sized based mechanical entrapment contribute to virus clearance by depth filtration. In order to establish whether the effectiveness of virus clearance correlates with the charge characteristics of a given depth filter, a counter-ion displacement technique was employed to determine the ionic capacity for several depth filters. Two depth filters (Millipore B1HC and X0HC) with significant differences in ionic capacities were selected and evaluated for their ability to eliminate viruses. The high ionic capacity X0HC filter showed complete porcine parvovirus (PPV) clearance (eliminating the spiked viruses to below the limit of detection) under low conductivity conditions (≤2.5 mS/cm), achieving a log10 reduction factor (LRF) of > 4.8. On the other hand, the low ionic capacity B1HC filter achieved only ∼2.1–3.0 LRF of PPV clearance under the same conditions. These results indicate that parvovirus clearance by these two depth filters are mainly achieved via electrostatic interactions between the filters and PPV. When much larger xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMuLV) was used as the model virus, complete retrovirus clearance was obtained under all conditions evaluated for both depth filters, suggesting the involvement of mechanisms other than just electrostatic interactions in XMuLV clearance. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:431–437, 2015
Study on Three-Dimensional Visual Simulation Technology and Its Application in Surface Coal Mine

Three-dimensional geological solid model of surface coal mine is constructed on the platform of AutoCAD. The determination of initial mining area, forming ditch and direction of working bench were optimized on the basis of geological model and mining model. In addition mining-stripping procedure is simulated. The specific method of three-dimensional visual simulation technology in surface coal mine is proposed. The present method has widespread guiding significance to surface coal mine design and production.
Road Safety Analysis in the United States

The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users required each of the states to develop a strategic highway safety plan and establish a Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) as a core program. The HSIP required states to submit annual 5% reports describing at least 5% of their most hazardous locations, approaches being used to improve safety at these locations, and their effectiveness in improving safety. A review of FHWA's 2009 5% reports indicated that most state departments of transportation were still using basic safety analysis procedures such as frequency, rate, or safety index. Understanding that traditional methods are fraught with issues, biases, and false assumptions, recent research has opened doors to more advanced methodologies in the form of two safety analysis tools: SafetyAnalyst and the Highway Safety Manual (HSM). Unlike basic traditional methods, the empirical Bayes approach used in these tools involves rigorous calculations and requires safet...
Energetic evaluation of an internally illuminated photobioreactor for algal cultivation

An annular internally illuminated photobioreatcor (IIPBR) configuration based on the airlift/bubble column principles was developed and validated at an 18 l prototype scale using Scenedemus sp. and Nannochloropsis salina in batch and semi-continuous modes, at constant light supply and constant gas-to-culture volume ratio, but at varying CO2-to-air ratios. Highest biomass production was recorded at CO2-to-air ratio of 4% with Scenedesmus sp. and at 1% with Nannochloropsis salina. The energetic performance of this IIPBR was quantified in terms of biomass productivity per unit energy input, P/E (g W−1 day−1), considering energy input for illumination and for pneumatic mixing and circulation. Under optimal conditions, the IIPBR evaluated in this study achieved P/E of 1.42 g W−1 day−1 for Scenedesmus sp. and P/E of 0.34 g W−1 day−1 for Nannochloropsis salina. These P/E values are better than those estimated for airlift and bubble column photobioreactor configurations reported in the literature.
IDENTITY AND PLACEMENT OF SPECIES OF THE ORB WEAVER GENUS ALCIMOSPHENUS (ARANEAE, TETRAGNATHIDAE)

Species placed in the genus Alcimosphenus are examined. Alcimosphenus licinus Simon 1895 is redescribed and validated. Alcimosphenus bifurcatus, A. rufoniger, A. boringuenae, Acusilas rufonigra and A. r. maculata are placed in synonymy. Alcimosphenus rubripleurisMello-Leitao is trans- ferred to Leucauge and redescribed.
Differences in male and female macaque dispersal lead to contrasting distributions of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation

Male macaques typically leave their natal group before sexual maturity, while females remain for life. Thus genes flow between groups and populations almost solely through male transfer. This asymmetrical dispersal pattern, affects the distribution of variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes differently Nuclear genetic variation, measured by allozyme polymorphisms, is relatively evenly distributed throughout the populations of a macaque species, provided there are no major geographical barriers. Conversely the distribution of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity is characterized by local homogeneity and large interpopulational differences. Because of differences in inheritance, dispersal, and population structure, the information contained in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes is best used to address different types of behavioral, genetic, and conservation questions.
Backwater Immigration by Fishes through a Water Control Structure: Implications for Connectivity and Restoration

Abstract Recent efforts to reduce sediment loading in large-river backwaters have relied on inexpensive low-maintenance structures that promote river–backwater connectivity. How these structures influence ichthyofauna is not understood. We quantified the distribution of fishes through a stop-log structure installed during the Swan Lake habitat restoration project on the lower Illinois River. Modified hoop nets were systematically fished simultaneously in a two-dimensional 3 vertical × 3 horizontal grid of net locations to capture fish as they immigrated into the lake through the structure. Catches were dominated by gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens. Adult freshwater drum, adult common carp Cyprinus carpio, and juvenile silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix exhibited an affinity for the lower two-thirds of the water column. Lengths of freshwater drum increased with depth, particularly during the spring. Common carp catch rates were highest during spring, whereas t...
Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the adult rat central nervous system

We have generated and characterized a multi-functional polyclonal anti-brain-derived neurotrophic factor antibody. Western blot analysis, dorsal root ganglion neurite outgrowth and dorsal root ganglion neuron survival assays showed that this antibody specifically recognized brain-derived neurotrophic factor and not the other neurotrophins. Furthermore, it was capable of blocking the functional effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Using this antibody, we examined the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adult rat brains by immunohistochemistry. We found distinct brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity in several structures of the brain. These included the neocortex, piriform cortex, amygdaloid complex, hippocampal formation, claustrum, some thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, the substantia nigra and some brainstem structures. In contrast to brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA expression, brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity was also found in the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria teminalis, medial preoptic nucleus, olivery pretectal nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In normal adult rat brains, there was little or no staining in the CA1 region or the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. However, kainate treatments greatly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity in the pyramidal cells of the CA1 region, as well as in the dentate gyrus, CA2 and CA3 hippocampal regions. We present evidence for both the subcellular localization and anterograde transport of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. The detection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in several discrete regions of the adult brain, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor's dramatic up-regulation following kainate treatment, strongly supports a role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the maintenance of adult neurons and synapses. Since several populations of neurons lost during neurodegenerative diseases synthesize brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein, modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels may be clinically beneficial. The antibody described in this paper will be helpful in determining more precisely the functional activities of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult.
Evaluation of a Continuous Flow Furnance Atomizer for Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract A system for continuous sample introduction into a ceramic atomization furnace for laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) was developed. The system was evaluated using two different excitation sources, a nitrogen laser-pumped dye laser and a copper vapor laser-pumped dye laser. Pure aqueous Pb solutions were used for system optimization and analytical calibration curves. These curves were linear over at least three
A Ray-Tracing Approach to Simulation and Evaluation of a Real-Time Quarter Car Model With Semi-Active Suspension System Using Matlab

With the advent of X-by-wire systems, more research has been done in the field of semi-active suspension systems. These systems are not only lighter and less complicated than active suspension systems but also consume less power for operation. Power economy is crucial in an X-by-wire system because all of the safety critical systems run on electrical power in an X-by-wire vehicle. In this study, a comparison will be done on the performance of a real-time non-linear semi-active control scheme versus a passive suspension scheme. This comparison is done by using Matlab graphic visualization and Simulink to generate a graphic model of both simulations and observing the performance of both systems in real time. A mathematical model is created in Simulink and the response, given a certain excitation is output into a graphic object to view the Real-Time response. The main purpose of this study is to provide a method for ride control system engineers to evaluate their design and better visualize the performance of the designed system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Decompensation in proteinase-inhibitor system and application of proteinase inhibitors in pemphigus and pemphigoid.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine levels of serine proteinases and their inhibitors in serum and blister fluid of patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) in the course of treatment with prednisolone and proteinase inhibitors such as Contrycal and e-aminocaproic acid. Assessment of the total proteolytic activity of serine proteinases (TPASP) and total antitryptic activity (TATA) is sera and blister fluids from 53 PV and 38 BP patients showed abnormalities in the proteinase and proteinase inhibitor levels in the acute stage of these bullous dermatoses. In PV, the level of TRASP was raised to 495 ± 73 mU/ml (control 246 ± 48 mU/ml; P P P P P P P
Finite element analysis of magnetically induced vibrations of conductive plates

Abstract The coupling effect between the electromagnetic field and mechanical response of a conducting structure is of importance in high energy devices such as fusion reactors. This paper is concerned with numerical modeling of the dynamic field-structure interaction. After the theory of magneto-elasticity for nonferrous conductors is reviewed briefly, a finite element numerical model for fully coupled analysis of the field-structure interaction in conductor plates is developed and corroborated numerically. In developing coupled magneto-plate elements the magnetic field vector rather than the potentials is employed as the primary unknown in electromagnetic field calculation and attention is paid to the performance of the structural elements as well as the electromagnetic elements. Thus the resulting continuum-based, consistent finite element model requires only C °-continuity both in electromagnetic aspect and mechanical aspect. For time integration of the coupled nonlinear system of equations, a partitioned analysis scheme is developed and its numerical implementation details are also presented. Then the proposed numerical model is applied to perform fully coupled analysis of the magnetically induced vibrations of the conducting plates in transient magnetic fields. The Fusion Electromagnetic Induction Experiments(FELIX) are modeled and the numerical results are shown to be in very good agreement with the measured field data.
Dimuon Production in the ρ , J , and Continuum Regions

We have measured the ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${p}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ dependence of $J$ production by high-energy neutrons in comparison with the production of the conventional vector mesons. We also report values for total inclusive cross sections for resonance and continuum dimuons, and give an upper limit for ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ production.
Phytotherapy and other alternative forms of care for the patient with prostatitis

Chronic prostatitis is a very common and poorly understood condition with significant impact on quality of life. Given the lack of proven efficacy of conventional therapies such as antibiotics, it is not surprising that patients have turned with increasing frequency to phytotherapy and other alternative treatments. Although alternative therapies are plentiful, few have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and prospective controlled clinical trials. This review discuses therapies commonly used by patients with prostatitis and focuses in detail on those with published data. These treatments include zinc, cernitin pollen extract (bee pollen), quercetin, saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), and acupuncture. Complementary therapies may indeed have much to offer patients, particularly those with chronic degenerative conditions in which allopathic therapies have proven less successful. Alternative therapies, however, require the same scientific criteria for validation and acceptance as do conventional medical therapies.
Natural and induced cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes by microglia is inhibitable by TGFβ

Blood macrophages and brain macrophages (microglia) have been implicated in demyelination and destruction of the oligodendrocyte in multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease affecting primarily white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrate that at high effector to target cell ratios, normal rat microglia exhibit a natural cytotoxicity against normal rat oligodendrocytes in vitro. The killing is not mediated by the release of soluble factors. The cytotoxic activity is upregulated by pretreatment of microglia with interferon gamma (IFN gamma) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Both the natural and induced cytotoxicities are inhibitable by transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta). The increase in numbers and apposition of primed or activated microglia to oligodendrocytes in MS lesions may give rise to natural or induced killing from which oligodendrocytes may be protected by TGF beta.
SC-31RATIONAL DESIGN OF A PI3-KINASE/mTOR INHIBITOR CYTOTOXIC TO BRAIN CANCER STEM CELLS UNDER HYPOXIA

Small molecules that modulate cancer stem cell (CSC) fate and function offer therapeutic potential to improve patient outcome. Malignant gliomas are highly aggressive primary brain tumors with few treatment options and an invariably fatal outcome. High-throughput screening and structure-guided design identified a novel, dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammaliam target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor that potently induced apoptosis in glioma cells and glioma patient-derived CSCs. The compound, designated DT61, inhibited PI3K, mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase activities at nanomolar concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. DT61 dramatically reduced the level of the PI3-K α and β isoforms and led to a reduction in the site-specific phosphorylation and activity of the pro-survival serine-threonine kinase Akt/Protein Kinase B (PKB). DT61 inhibition of PI3K activity prevented the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3beta) to enhance site-specific phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of the c-myc oncoprotein that drives gliomagenesis. The apoptotic effect of DT61 on CSCs was synergistically enhanced when combined with radiation treatment, a standard-of-care modality for glioma treatment. Taken together, the results demonstrate that DT61 is a novel, highly effective dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that is cytotoxic to brain CSC under normoxia and hypoxia with potential benefit for glioma patients.
Inflation in Food Prices as Measured by Least-Cost Diets

Food prices rose sharply in the United States in the 1970s, especially in 1973-75 and again in 1979-80. But the true cost of living is overestimated by price indexes based on fixed weights, such as the consumer price index (CPI), when consumers are able to make substitutions in response to changes in relative prices. One way to measure the growth in the cost of food while permitting substitutions in response to price changes is to compute a series of least-cost diets based on prices observed with the passage of time, and this note compares growth rates for food costs in the 1970s based on least-cost diet models and on the CPI. Least-cost models developed by the authors are outlined in the next section. One model contains palatability constraints derived from the observed consumption patterns of low income consumers; and in this (limited) sense, the results pertain to such consumers. The empirical results are described in a second section and are contrasted with the results of a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) model used for computing food stamp allotments as well as with the CPI.
Short-term isocaloric manipulation of carbohydrate intake: effect on subsequent ad libitum energy intake

Isocaloric manipulation of carbohydrate or fat intake could alter subsequent ad libitum food intake. In a controlled inpatient study, we investigated whether isocaloric manipulation of carbohydrate or fat would alter subsequent ad libitum energy intake. Eighteen non-diabetic subjects (age range 19–53 years.; 15 M/3F; % body fat 38.5 ± 9.1 (mean ± SD)) were fed for 3 days an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet (HC; 60% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 20% protein) and a high-fat diet (HF; 50% fat, 30% carbohydrate, 20% protein) in random order each followed by 3 days of ad libitum food intake. There were no differences in mean daily energy intake (EI) following each diet (HC vs. HF: 4,811 ± 1,190 vs. 4,823 ± 1,238 kcal/d; P = 0.7) or in the percent of weight maintenance energy needs (%EN-WM; 173 ± 41 vs. 173 ± 46%, P = 0.5). However, the individual difference in EI between the HF versus HC diet (ΔEI) both on day one and over the 3 days of each ad libitum period was negatively associated with % body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (day 1: ΔEI vs. %BF, r = −0.49, P = 0.04; mean day 1–3 kcal ΔEI vs. %BF, r = −0.66, P = 0.003, and ΔEI vs. waist, r = −0.65, P = 0.004). A short-term isocaloric HC diet did not result in overall lower EI compared with a HF diet in the same individuals. However, we did find that increasing body fat was associated with less decline in EI following the HC versus HF diet indicating that increasing adiposity is associated with altered regulation of EI in response to macronutrient changes.
A prospective examination of body image and smoking cessation in women.

This study prospectively examined body image in a community sample of women smokers (N = 141, 89% European– American, M age = 39.5, M BMI = 25.5) participating in a 12-week randomized smoking cessation trial. Participants completed measures assessing subjective and perceptual aspects of body image. Regression analyses showed that subjective body image was predictive of smoking rate at the end of treatment. A MANCOVA revealed that perceptual body image (body size estimation) significantly predicted smoking cessation. Quitting smoking actually worsened body image, although these results were no longer significant after controlling for weight gain. Results support the theory that a negative body image may hamper cessation attempts. In addition, weight gain during smoking cessation may adversely impact body image and lead to an increased risk for relapse. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Time-resolved fluorescence depolarization in the decay of intermediate case molecules. Zero-field level crossing of the molecular eigenstates of 1B3u pyrazine

Abstract The time dependence of the degree of polarization has been measured in the fluorescence decay of “single” rotational levels of 1 B 3u pyrazine following excitation by a 5 ns laser pulse. The emission is depolarized non-exponentially in time. This behavior is attributed to dephasing processes by which the initial, non-stationary state evolves into a group of phase incoherent molecular eigenstates.
Probing the Active Site of Acetylcholinesterase by Molecular Dynamics of Its Phosphonate Ester Adducts

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using CHARMM were performed for the solution structures of the pentacoordinate and tetracoordinate PSCS and PRCS adducts of Torpedo californica (Tc) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) formed with 2-(3,3-dimethylbutyl) methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) to assess the molecular origins of stereoselectivity of phosphonylation. MD simulations were also carried out for the PSCS transients in soman-inhibited trypsin to evaluate the differences in the mode of operation of the two enzymes. Parameters for the pentacoordinate phosphonate fragments were constructed from results of an ab initio calculation at the 6-31G* level for a model compound, and those for the tetracoordinate phosphonate fragments were from MNDO calculations. Starting equilibrium structures for the above and for analogous structures for chymotrypsin were generated and energy-optimized in program YETI. The stereoselectivity of AChE for the levorotatory diastereomers of soman amounts to >5.6 kcal/mol difference in trans...
Elastic wave propagation along a borehole in an anisotropic medium

A variational method was developed to calculate wavenumhers, pressures, and displacements for normal modes propagating along a fluid-filled borehole through an anisotropic medium. The implementation uses an analytical expression, exp (zlc,z), to describe wave propagation along the borehole and finite element expressions to describe propagation in the plane perpendicular to t’he borehole. This approach has two advantages: it reduces t.he size of the problem to the extent that current computers can perforrn the calculations, and it allows the modes to be expressed in the frequencywavenumber domain where their modal behavior can be studied. The quasi-flexural waves (which would be generated by a shear wave logging tool) in a model with a transversely isotropic formation whose symmetry axis is tilted 90” with respect to the borehole have several unique characteristics:
Frequency difference limens of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: relationship to auditory neuronal response properties and hearing impairment

Frequency difference limens (DLs) were measured in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice using an avoidance conditioning procedure and were viewed in relation to previously obtained neurophysiological data. DRA mice had significantly smaller DLs at 12 and 16 kHz, despite progressive sensorineural hearing loss and disrupted tonotopic organization characteristic of this strain. C57 mice had smaller DLs at 8 kHz. Several inferior colliculus (IC) neuronal response properties, that may be related to DL performance, differ between strains. Compared to C57s, a large proportion of DBA neurons respond to 12 and 16 kHz, many more best frequencies (BF, the frequency for which a neuron is most sensitive) fall between 10 and 20 kHz, response ranges are narrow, and neural intensity functions are steep. For C57 mice, a large proportion of neurons respond to 8 kHz, and more neurons have BFs between 5 and 10 kHz.
Contemporary Psychotherapy: Moving Beyond a Therapeutic Dialogue

Psychotherapy was developed as a means of using words to heal emotional pain. Although a therapeutic dialogue can be helpful to many clients, some people need a more action-based intervention. Psychotherapy may be enhanced by adapting several therapeutic procedures that have been found effective in physical therapy. Where physical therapy can help clients learn to manage chronic physical pain, psychotherapy can help clients learn to manage chronic emotional pain. Both physical therapy and psychotherapy can help to facilitate awareness, flexibility, strength and endurance in order to maximize the client’s functional ability.
Co-transfer of determinants for hydrogenase activity and nodulation ability in Rhizobium leguminosarum

In all organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen a by-product of the nitrogenase reaction is hydrogen gas1 which may dissipate up to one-third of the energy flux through nitrogenase2. Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria, including certain strains of the root nodule bacterium Rhizobium, possess an active hydrogen uptake (Hup) system permitting hydrogen to be re-cycled3,4. For this reason Hup+ Rhizobium strains are thought to be more energy-efficient symbionts than their Hup− counterparts5–8. We report here that determinants for hydrogenase activity (hup) in a particular strain of R. leguminosarum (128C53) are genetically linked to determinants for nodulation ability (nod), and are probably carried on a plasmid, pRL6JI, of molecular weight (MW)∼19 × 107. Although pRL6JI was not self-transmissible, the determinants for nodulation ability and hydrogenase activity (hup) could be transferred to other strains of R. leguminosarum after recombination with a derivative of a transmissible R. leguminosarum plasmid.
1613 NMR MEASUREMENTS OF INTRACELLULAR Na + CONCENTRATION IN PROXIMAL TUBULE SUSPENSION OF RAT KIDNEY

Transport of Na+ and consequently of many other substances by the proximal tubules is dependent on the intracellular concentration of sodium (Nai). It is therefore important that a method be developed that permits to measure Nai without disturbing the function and integrity of the cells. Slices of superficial cortex from saline perfused rat kidneys were digested by emerging them in a solution of 0.15% collagenase for 1 hour at room temperature. The slices were then washed and sheared by passing them through PE-190 and PE-50 tubing. The resulting suspension was filtered through a 150 μm sieve and centrifuged at 50 g for 1 min. The pellet obtained was washed several times with chilled Ringer's, 6% BSA-Ringer's and suspended in 6% BSA Ringer's solution. Microscopic examination showed the suspensions to contain ≃95% proximal tubules which were 98-99% viable when tested with trypan blue. Succinate stimulated (5mM) oxygen consumption was 1.83 μl/min per mg protein. The measurement of Nai were done by NMR spectrometry (Varian XL-200, 53 mHz) following incubation of proximal tubules in the aqueous shift reagent dysprossium tripolyphosphate Dy(PPPi)2 for 30 min. NMR observable Nai (n=6) was 34.06 ± 1.75 mM at room temperature (≃25°C) and 16.3 ± 0.58 mM at 37°C (p < .001). Addition at 37°C of 0.1 mM oubain, an inhibitor of Na+-K+-ATPase, raised the concentration to 30.92±2.93 mM (p < .001), whereas nystatin, a channel former, increased Nai concentration to 81.0±2.39 mM (p < .0005). Thus, NMR, a non-invasive method, provides reliable measurements of Nai in proximal tubule cells under a variety of experimental conditions.
Agricultural trade negotiations as a strategic game

Abstract This study views multilateral trade negotiations as a strategic game among nations or regions, including taxpayer, consumer, and producer components. Payoffs are calculated from an intermediate-run international trade model initialized with 1989 data. For the public at large, the Nash equilibrium and socially optimal outcome is liberalization of trade - unilateral or multilateral. Maintenance of the status quo of market distortions costing the world billions of dollars each year is rational only if producer payoffs are sovereign so that strategies optimal for producers are considered optimal for nations. Remedial policies are discussed, including opportunities for economic education, political system reform, and less incentives for producers to scuttle multilateral trade negotiations.
The ATPase Pathway That Drives the Kinesin-14 Kar3Vik1 Powerstroke

Kar3, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae microtubule minus-end-directed kinesin-14, dimerizes with either Vik1 or Cik1. The C-terminal globular domain of Vik1 exhibits the structure of a kinesin motor domain and binds microtubules independently of Kar3 but lacks a nucleotide binding site. The only known function of Kar3Vik1 is to cross-link parallel microtubules at the spindle poles during mitosis. In contrast, Kar3Cik1 depolymerizes microtubules during mating but cross-links antiparallel microtubules in the spindle overlap zone during mitosis. A recent study showed that Kar3Vik1 binds across adjacent microtubule protofilaments and uses a minus-end-directed powerstroke to drive ATP-dependent motility. The presteady-state experiments presented here extend this study and establish an ATPase model for the powerstroke mechanism. The results incorporated into the model indicate that Kar3Vik1 collides with the microtubule at 2.4 μm−1 s−1 through Vik1, promoting microtubule binding by Kar3 followed by ADP release at 14 s−1. The tight binding of Kar3 to the microtubule destabilizes the Vik1 interaction with the microtubule, positioning Kar3Vik1 for the start of the powerstroke. Rapid ATP binding to Kar3 is associated with rotation of the coiled-coil stalk, and the postpowerstroke ATP hydrolysis at 26 s−1 is independent of Vik1, providing further evidence that Vik1 rotates with the coiled coil during the powerstroke. Detachment of Kar3Vik1 from the microtubule at 6 s−1 completes the cycle and allows the motor to return to its initial conformation. The results also reveal key differences in the ATPase cycles of Kar3Vik1 and Kar3Cik1, supporting the fact that these two motors have distinctive biological functions.
Design diversity: an approach to fault tolerance of design faults

Diversity of design is discussed as a means to attain fault tolerance with respect to latent design faults in software and hardware. Some potential advantages of this approach in software versus a single design protected by fault avoidance (verification, validation, and proofs) are presented. An extension to design fault tolerance in VLSI circuits is identified. The results of earlier experimental studies are reviewed, and new results of a specification-oriented multiversion software experiment are summarized.
A Unified Theory of Insurance Risk

There exists a high degree of uncertainty as to the boundaries and role of risk in the framework of contract law. This uncertainty exists even in the context of insurance law where the subject of the contract is necessarily the commodity of risk. While risk has been probed and examined as a matter of business strategy by several prominent studies and by experts who have catalogued human thought regarding risk, risk has not been the subject of systematic examination in the legal sphere. What follows is a reexamination of how we deal with the concept of risk within insurance law. My aim is to show that an insured's behavior, the notion of risk, and basic insurance law doctrine are all related I begin by analyzing how general contract law has handled risk and note the limitations of contract law as applied to insurance due to its core: risk. Next, I examine the essence of the insurance bargain by focusing on risk as a commodity, and look at insurance risk in light of basic contract principles. Because describing risk as a commodity is of little value without understanding what risk is, I then discuss what risk means in the insurance context and what it does not mean. This illuminates both the role of risk and the role of the insured in the insurance bargain. Lastly I use the role of the insured and the notion of risk as a commodity to explain how several insurance law doctrines can be traced to and explained by fundamental principles of contract law. Relying on these principles, the examination will show that an insured's ability to alter the risk calculus made by the insurer should, as a matter of contract law, have consequences. ISSN 0041-9915 (print) 1942-8405 (online) * DOI 10.5195/lawreview.2013.297 http://lawreview.law.pitt.edu UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH LAW REVIEW PAGE | 716 | VOL. 74 12013
Compressed Domain Processing of JPEG-encoded imaages

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of processing motion-JPEG video data in the compressed domain. The operations covered are those where a pixel in the output image is an arbitrary linear combination of pixels in the input image, which includes convolution, scaling, rotation, translation, morphing, de-interlacing, image composition, and transcoding. This paper further develops an approximation technique calledcondensationto improve performance and evaluates condensations in terms of processing speed and image quality. Using condensation, motion-JPEG video can be processed at near real-time rates on current generation workstations.
Extracting dynamics from collision data. II. An application to e+He.

The procedure of the preceding paper (Bohn and Fano, Phys. Rev. A 41, 5953 (1990)) has been applied to extract dynamical parameters of the collision process {ital e}(80 eV)+He(1 {sup 1}{ital S}){r arrow}{ital e}+He(2 {sup 1}{ital P}). These parameters, free of the experimental geometry, have been unraveled from the experimental polarization data available and their roles in the excitation and the alignment of the target have been analyzed.
Maternal Provisioning Trade-Off Strategies of Agalychnis callidryas

Abstract The trade-offs associated with maternal provisioning strategies in amphibians are well documented. Relevant studies typically demonstrate that female body size is correlated positively with provisioning of resources to offspring; females may augment offspring resources by increasing the size of the clutch or increasing individual egg size. Alternatively, females may practice one or more alternative strategies, including increasing variation of egg size within the clutch or switching from one strategy to another between breeding events. For this study we examined the trade-off provisioning strategy employed by Red-eyed Treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas), a species with predator-induced flexibility in hatching age. We recorded the mass of 30 females found amplexed with males in the field, as well as clutch size, individual egg diameter, and total yolk volume resulting from the pairings. Our hypothesis that female mass would be correlated positively with total yolk volume was not supported, nor were ...
Hypertension in Older People: Part 1

Once considered part of the normal aging process, the development of isolated systolic hypertension represents a late manifestation of increased arterial stiffness in older people. Furthermore, isolated systolic hypertension is the single most frequent subtype of hypertension in the US adult population. Indeed, central arterial stiffness rather than peripheral vascular resistance becomes the dominant hemodynamic factor in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals after the age of 50-60 years. Stiffening disease, an age-related degeneration of the elastic elements of the thoracic aorta, is associated with a widening of brachial pulse pressure. Brachial pulse pressure predicts future cardiovascular disease events. However, pressure wave amplification produces higher brachial than aortic pressures and, therefore, central rather than peripheral blood pressure indices are more reliable measures of cardiovascular risk. Stiffening disease of aging is accompanied by early wave reflection, which results in a significant augmentation of central systolic pressure in late systole and further adds to increased cardiac afterload--so-called ventricular-vascular uncoupling. Diabetes, impaired renal function, and untreated or poorly treated hypertension may lead to premature arterial stiffening; its consequences are stiffening and hypertrophy of the left ventricle and predisposition to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, vascular dementia, and chronic kidney disease.
Slow reactions of Ca2+ and Zn2+ with the surfaces of bone powder and anorganic bone.

Abstract 1. 1. It had been found previously that after 2 h of shaking with radioisotopelabeled Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ solutions, the uptake of radioisotope by anorganic bone exceeded uptake by bone powder. In the present work, when the period of shaking was extended to 24 h, results were reversed, the total uptake of radioisotope per mg Ca 2+ by bone powder exceeding that by anorganic bone. Possible reasons for this are discussed. 2. 2. Data on 47 Ca 2+ and 65 Zn 2+ uptake and on stable Ca 2+ , P, Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ in solution and bone indicated that neither bone powder nor anorganic bone showed pure exchange with the solution. Both the Mg 2+ and the Ca 2+ in bonewere replaced by 47 Ca 2+ and by 65 Zn 2+ . 3. 3. At pH 6.0 there was considerable reaction with H + , leading to dissolution of the bone mineral. Bone powder dissolved much more readily than anorganic bone and more readily in solutions of Ca 2+ than of Zn 2+ . At pH 7.3, the concentration of H + was so low that its action could be disregarded. 4. 4. H + at pH 6.0 was about 1000 times as effective in exchanging with the bone surface as Ca 2+ . 5. 5. To explain the retardation of Zn 2+ uptake by bone powder and anorganic bone following the initial stage of very rapid uptake, it was suggested that Zn 2+ that first substituted for Ca 2+ in the bone crystal, distorted the surface by attracting negative ions more strongly than Ca 2+ did, thus causing expansion of the neighboring crystal surfaces and making them less capable of accepting additional Zn 2+ to replace Ca 2+ .
Examining Executive Function in the Second Year of Life: Coherence, Stability, and Relations to Joint Attention and Language.

Several theories of executive function (EF) propose that EF development corresponds to children's ability to form representations and reflect on represented stimuli in the environment. However, research on early EF is primarily conducted with preschoolers, despite the fact that important developments in representation (e.g., language, gesture, shared joint attention) occur within the 1st years of life. In the present study, EF performance and the relationship between EF and early representation (i.e., joint attention, language) were longitudinally examined in 47 children at 14 and 18 months of age. Results suggest that the 2nd year of life is a distinct period of EF development in which children exhibit very little coherence or stability across a battery of EF tasks. However, by 18 months, a subset of child participants consistently passed the majority of EF tasks, and superior EF performance was predicted by 14-month representational abilities (i.e., language comprehension and some episodes of initiating joint attention). This research suggests that the transition from foundational behavioral control in infancy to the more complex EF observed in preschool is supported by representational abilities in the 2nd year of life.
The Relationship between the Number of Students per Computer and Educational Outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the number of students per computer in schools and traditional educational outcomes. The educational outcomes of four comparable groups of school districts with different numbers of students per computer were compared. The analysis found no statistically significant differences among the mean reading/language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies achievement scores among the four groups of schools. Likewise, there were no differences among the mean attendance and high school dropout rates. This implies that the allocation of class time and resources to educational computing is not associated with a loss in traditional outcome measures while the students are accumulating computer experience and skills.
Ultrafast noncollinear second-harmonic-generation-based 4 × 4 optical switching array

A noncollinear second-harmonic-generation-based 4 × 4 switchable computational array is experimentally demonstrated. Picosecond binary scalar and vector–matrix multiplication results are presented.
Cognitive Impairment and Medication Complexity in Community-Living Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

Background: Medication complexity is a large determinant of adherence. Few studies have explored the relationship between cognitive impairment and medication complexity. Objective: To evaluate whether cognitive impairment is associated with medication complexity for prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, we studied the association between cognitive impairment and the complexity of prescription and OTC drug regimens. Baseline participants were from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study, consisting of 3075 well-functioning 70- to 79-year-old black and white men and women. Cognitive impairment was defined by having a Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score <80. The complexity of prescription and OTC (including supplements/herbals) medications was assessed using a modified version of the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (mMRCI). The mMRCI score increases with complexity of dosage forms, number of medications, pill burden, and nondaily dosing. Results: The mean (SD) age was 74 (2.9) years (n = 3055; 52% female, 41% black). The median prescription mMRCI score was 6 (range 0-66). The median OTC mMRCI score was 4 (range 0-71). Adjusting for health status, demographics, and access to care, medication complexity was lower in participants with cognitive impairment for prescription (adjusted RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.99) and OTC medications (adjusted RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.93) compared to those without cognitive impairment. The number of prescription medications was not different, but the number of OTC drugs was lower for those with cognitive impairment. Conclusions: In this cohort of well-functioning older adults, those with cognitive impairment had lower prescription complexity due to less-complex dosage forms, pill burden, or daily dosing. OTC complexity was also lower, primarily due to a lower number of OTC drugs. The results of this study show that further research on medication complexity and adherence and health outcomes in cognitively impaired individuals is warranted.