cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of inflammatory bowel disease on women's lives.

Purpose of review Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects women differently than men. This review outlines the current thinking on the impact of IBD, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, on women's health. Recent findings IBD symptoms worsen during the menstrual cycle without corelating to disease activity. Endometriosis is more frequent in women with than those without IBD. Low fertility rate is rather because of voluntary childlessness than severe disease, perianal involvement, and ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery. For women with ulcerative colitis, in-vitro fertilization successfully overcomes the post-IPAA infertility. The use of biologics and thiopurines throughout pregnancy is well tolerated for both the mother and the child but the use of small molecule therapy still needs more data. These medications increase the risk of cervical cancer, anal cancer, and aggressive vulvar cancer. More screening efforts are required to keep patients healthy. Women with Crohn's disease report worse psychological well being less resilience than men but they develop more escape and avoidance strategies to cope with the disease. Depression impairs the quality of sexual life but sexual dysfunction is rarely discussed with the provider. Summary Understanding the effects of sex on IBD allows personalized care and improves women's quality of life.
Passivation and Chloride-Induced Depassivation of Additively Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Clads in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution

AbstractThe metallurgical and electrochemical behavior of additively manufactured super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) clads on carbon steel [low-carbon steel (LCS)] substrates are investigated in a...
Flying Without a Net: Space Radiation Cancer Risk Predictions without a Gamma-Ray Basis

It is well known that the spatial distribution of ionization in cells and tissue from heavy ions and other high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation leads to qualitative and quantitative differences in biological effects compared to low LET radiation such as gamma-rays. However, models used to estimate risks involve extensive use of gamma-ray data, including low LET radiation epidemiology, the role of gamma-rays in estimates of quality factors (QF), and the dose and dose-rate reduction effectiveness factor (DDREF). In tumor induction studies, high LET radiation typically have demonstrable dose responses in many animal strains and tissue, while gamma-ray exposures often lead to a weak or poorly determined dose response at low to moderate doses (<2 Gy) leading to large uncertainties in QF estimates. Here we consider an alternate risk prediction approach, avoiding low epidemiology, the QF and DDREF, by formulating a fluence based track structure model of excess relative risk (ERR) with parameters estimated from animal studies with heavy ions and neutrons for the induction for lung and breast cancer in females and liver cancer in males. The ERR model is applied directly with cancer rates for the US population to predict lifetime risks to astronauts at solar minimum. Results for male liver and female breast cancer risk show that the ERR model agrees fairly well with estimates of a QF model with estimates of non-targeted effects (NTE), and is about 2-fold higher than the QF model that ignores NTE. The effective damage area derived by the ERR model for breast and liver tumors is several times that of a mammalian cell nucleus, which suggests NTE likely contribute to cancer risk. For female lung cancer risk, the ERR model predicts 2-fold and 5-fold lower risk compared to the QF models with or without NTE, respectively. We suggest that the direct ERR approach when coupled with improved experimental models of tissue specific cancers representing human risks would lead to large reductions in the uncertainties in space radiation risk projections by avoiding low LET uncertainties.
Militarised peacekeeping: lessons from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The United Nations (UN) Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has undertaken a predominantly militarised approach to peacekeeping, in particular in it...
Characterizing the biological role of lactoferrin in early life using a lactoferrin receptor knockout mouse model (38.7)

The iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin (Lf) is highly abundant in human milk. Lf is hypothesized to exert various effector functions within the GI tract of the infant including maturation of the...
Anti-Individualism: Mind and Language, Knowledge and Justification

Preface Introduction Part I. Semantic Anti-Individualism: 1. The nature of knowledge communication 2. Public linguistic norms: the case from successful communication 3. Public linguistic norms: the case from misunderstanding 4. From public linguistic norms to anti-individualism regarding language of thought Part II. Epistemic Anti-Individualism: 5. The epistemic dimension of knowledge communication: towards an anti-individualistic approach 6. The objection from gullibility 7. The objection from rationality 8. Towards an 'active' epistemic anti-individualism References Index.
Notice-and-Comment Sentencing

As the real policymakers of criminal justice, prosecutors and other criminal-justice professionals resolve many of the complex debates about justice in sentencing by deciding what charges to file, what plea bargains to strike, and what sentences to recommend. But they make those value-laden decisions out of sight, with little public input into or oversight of the tradeoffs involved. This gap between prosecutors as agents and the public as their principal leaves prosecutors free to pursue their own self-interests, risking arbitrary outcomes, endangering the legitimacy of criminal justice, and undercutting public confidence and respect. Administrative law has long grappled with similar issues, seeking to constrain and legitimate agency decisions made in the public interest by soliciting and responding to public input. But criminal justice has no comparable mechanisms for public participation. We propose a system of “notice-and-comment sentencing,” modeled loosely on notice-and-comment rulemaking, to review the range of decisions that cash out at sentencing. That approach would provide the public with advance notice, solicit a broad range of views, require responses to significant criticisms, and elicit statements of reasons to ground appellate oversight. Notice and comment would operate at the wholesale level on prosecutors’ charging and plea-bargaining policies, as well as sentencing commissions’ guidelines and possibly police enforcement policies. It might also operate at the retail level within categories of especially significant crimes, soliciting factual information and possibly policy views about individual cases and creating feedback loops on the application of wholesale policies in concrete contexts. Notice-and-comment sentencing would not only better constrain agents and blend expert and lay perspectives, but also enhance legitimacy and increase public confidence in seeing justice done.
Cost-effective Melanoma Screening

Despite recent advances in immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies for advanced melanoma, early detection remains the most effective means of preventing death from melanoma. In 2015, an estimated 73 000 new cases of invasive melanoma will be diagnosed in the United States, and approximately 9900 people will die of the disease.1 To date, early-detection efforts for melanoma in the United States have relied on self-detection and opportunistic screening. The recent experience in Germany suggests a role for organized population-based screening to reduce melanoma mortality. The Skin Cancer Research to Provide Evidence for Effectiveness of Screening program in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, was associated with a 40% decrease in melanoma mortality.2,3 In comparison, mortality in nearby Denmark and the rest of Germany changed very little during the same period (2000-2009). If reduction in melanoma mortality is sustained in the current program for the rest of Germany, then the benefit of organized screening in reducing mortality will have been replicated on a large scale.
Vibrio fetus meningitis in a newborn infant

Infection with Vibrio fetus is a leading cause of placental necrosis and abortion in sheep and cattle. The organism only recently has been reported in humans in whom there is as yet no clear-cut clinical picture. Localized pustules, undulating fever, and gastrointestinal manifestations have all occurred, and the organism has been implicated in 2 cases of human abortion. Involvement of the central nervous system has not previously been described. A case of meningitis due to V. fetus in a 2-week-old premature infant is reported. The infant developed subdural effusions, probable abscesses, and cystic formation in the cerebral hemispheres. The disease terminated fatally, despite antibiotic therapy.
Nursing and the terminally ill: beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of practitioners.

When care of the terminally ill takes place in a hospice, rather than in an acute-care setting, there is a shift in overall care from the medical staff to supportive nursing care. To better understand nurses' perceptions about providing care for the terminally ill, an investigation into the salient beliefs about providing nursing care for the terminally ill was undertaken with 97 nurses practicing in a midwestern metropolitan area. For the total sample, 13 of the 20 beliefs identified from a literature review were found to be salient. A salient belief was identified as an accurate statement by the nurses participating in the study. The 13 beliefs were analyzed according to six practice settings: adult intensive care, cardiology intensive care, pediatric intensive care, oncology, psychiatric, and hospice.
An evaluation of alternatives for processing of administrative pay vouchers

This paper describes a simulation model of the Accounting and Finance Office processing of vouchers filed for travel reimbursement. The system is explained in detail and the components of the Q-GERT simulation model are described. The model is currently under evaluation by the Accounting and Finance Office for use as a manpower planning tool.
Complexes of non-positive curvature and automorphisms of the 4-punctured sphere

Introduction. In [1], we showed that any extension of the rank two free group F2 by 2g can be made to act cocompactly and by isometries on a 2-complex of non-positive curvature. The proof used the fact that every such extension can be realized as the fundamental group of the mapping torus of an automorphism of the once-punctured torus. In fact, the 2-complex constructed in [t] is a deformation retraction of the mapping torus of the surface automorphism. In this paper we show that for an automorphism of the lbur-punctured sphere the corresponding mapping torus can be deformation retracted to a 2-complex which can also be given a metric of non-positive curvature. Thus an extension of the rank three free group/73 by 7Z which can be realized as the fundamental group of the mapping torus of a four-punctured sphere automorphism can also be made to act cocompactly and by isometries on such a 2-complex. The action can be used to show that, as groups, such extensions have automatic structures, in the sense of [3]. The automorphism group. In [2], the structure of the automorphism group of the four-punctured sphere is described. It is an amalgamation of two finite groups over a subgroup which has index three in one vertex group and index two in the other. The vertex groups are the groups consisting of the symmetries of the first two graphs in Figure 1 (a). We only allow symmetries which can be extended to automorphisms of the four-punctured sphere. For simplicity we will confine our attention to those automorphisms of the four-punctured sphere which fix one of the punctures and which are orientation-preserving. Thus the group of automorphisms which we consider is a free product of Z 3 with Z2. This group is also well-known to be the quotient of the three strand braid group B3 by its centre and has presentation G = (a, blaba = bab, (ab) 3 = 1), where a and b are the standard braid generators. The relationship between the generators is given by x = ab, y = aba and a = x2y, b = yx 2, where x and y are the order three and order two generators, respectively, for Z3 * ZzThe 2-complexes. We now describe how, given an automorphism expressed as a word in the generators a and b, we can build a 2-complex whose fundamental group wilt be F 3 extended by the corresponding free group automorphism. For each letter c e {a, b, & b}
Differential Effects of Two Spelling Procedures on Acquisition, Maintenance and Adaption to Reading.

An alternating treatments design was used to assess the effects of a constant time delay (CTD) procedure and a cover-copy-compare (CCC) procedure on three students’ acquisition, subsequent maintenance, and adaptation (i.e., application) of acquired spelling words to reading passages. Students were randomly presented two trials of word lists from their respective curriculum under each condition once daily. Results suggest that both procedures were effective for helping students efficiently acquire spelling words, but the CCC condition resulted in more words learned for all participants, although less pronounced when instructional time was considered. However, the CTD procedure resulted in substantially higher levels of maintenance for Jeremy and Leon, with no significant difference between the two procedures for the Anthony. Adaptation of acquired spelling words to reading was about equal under both conditions for Anthony and Leon, while Jeremy showed higher levels of performance in the CTD procedure. Discussion focuses on discrepant results, matching instructional procedures to specific learning concerns, and directions for future research.
Chaotic solutions of a differential equation with piecewise linearity

The paper studies a second order nonlinear differential equation whose right hand side is a piecewise linear function. It proves the coexistence of a countably set of periodic solutions and an uncountable set of bounded non-periodic solutions. The Weierstrass approximation theorem is applied so that the piecewise linear function can be approximated by a polynomial on the finite interval. The result can be also used to explain the chaos on some smooth nonlinear dynamical systems.
Using Molecular Features of Xenobiotics to Predict Hepatic Gene Expression Response

Despite recent advances in molecular medicine and rational drug design, many drugs still fail because toxic effects arise at the cellular and tissue level. In order to better understand these effects, cellular assays can generate high-throughput measurements of gene expression changes induced by small molecules. However, our understanding of how the chemical features of small molecules influence gene expression is very limited. Therefore, we investigated the extent to which chemical features of small molecules can reliably be associated with significant changes in gene expression. Specifically, we analyzed the gene expression response of rat liver cells to 170 different drugs and searched for genes whose expression could be related to chemical features alone. Surprisingly, we can predict the up-regulation of 87 genes (increased expression of at least 1.5 times compared to controls). We show an average cross-validation predictive area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.7 or grea...
Improvement of Missile and Space Vehicle Accuracy by Trajectory Optimization

A significant problem in missile and space vehicle guidance is how to select the powered portion of the trajectory in order to minimize the effect of guidance errors. If a criterion function is developed which consists of the error coefficients at burnout, then the minimization of this criterion function is a Mayer problem in the calculus of variations. The constraints for this Mayer problem are the powered-flight equations and the requirements to hit the target in the case of a ballistic missile, or to achieve a particular orbit in the case of a space vehicle. The resulting two-point boundary value problems can be solved using the Newton-Raphson method. The solutions which are the vehicle reference trajectories show a significant improvement in vehicle accuracy. The reference trajectories may be used in guidance schemes such as delta guidance, explicit guidance, and neighboring optimum guidance.
Several effects of baroclinic currents on the three‐dimensional propagation of inertial‐internal waves†

A ray theory is applied to the problem of three‐dimensional propagation of inertial‐internal waves in the presence of a mean baroclinic current which does not vary in the downstream coordinate. As time increases, the Doppler‐shifted wave frequency, or intrinsic frequency, tends to a limiting value determined by the horizontal and vertical variations of the mean current and density fields. The limiting value of the intrinsic frequency determines critical surfaces where energy is transferred to the mean motion. Also, the group velocity tends to the mean current velocity, and the phase velocity tends to be oriented towards or away from the core of the mean current, depending upon whether the wave is either initially propagating with a wave number component antiparallel or parallel to the mean current.
Modification of single molecule fluorescence near metallic nanostructures

Laser & Photon. Rev. 3, No.1–2, 221–232 (2009) / DOI 10.1002/lpor.200810035 221Abstract In recent years there has been a growing interest inthe interactions of ﬂuorophores with metallic nanostructures ornanoparticles. The spectra properties of ﬂuorophores can be dra-matically modiﬁed by near-ﬁeld interactions with the electronclouds present in metals. Near-ﬁeld interactions are those oc-curring within a wavelength distance of an excited ﬂuorophore.These interactions modify the emission in ways not seen in en-semble ﬂuorescence experiments. In this review we provide aninsightful description of the photophysics of metal plasmonsand near-ﬁeld interactions. Additionally, we summarize recentworks on single-molecule studies on metal-ﬂuorophore interac-tions and suggest how these effects will result in new classes ofexperimental procedures, novel probes, bioassays and devices.The spectral properties of single ﬂuorophores can be dramati-cally altered by near-ﬁeld interactions with the electron cloudspresented in metals.
Riverine sediment inflow to Louisiana Chenier Plain in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The Louisiana Chenier Plain is a geomorphologic extension of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain, highly influenced by sediments originating from the Mississippi River. With the Mississippi River unable to avulse closer to the Plain local riverine sediment resources are integral to maintaining the physical and ecological integrity of the estuaries and marshlands. To gain insight into the sediment resources, this study assessed two decades (1990–2009) of discharge and total suspended solids (TSS) of four rivers, Sabine River, Calcasieu River, Mermentau River, and Vermilion River that flow into the Chenier Plain. The study quantified long-term sediment delivery, analyzed seasonal and inter-annual trends of sediment transport, and investigated the effect of hydrometeorological conditions on sediment yields. Total sediment delivery from the rivers over the 20-year period was 6.86 × 10 6 tonnes, with the Sabine River contributing 62% of the sediment load. The Sabine River also showed a significant decreasing trend ( p = 0.03) in annual sediment yield. Long-term trends of sediment loads in all the rivers were influenced by their discharge, not their TSS concentrations. Annual mean sediment load was 342,950 tonnes with higher sediment loading during the winter and spring months and lower during the summer and fall months. Annual sediment inflow has the capacity to create 2.3 × 10 7 m 2 of land to the depth of 1 cm, but most of this sediment is unable to reach the coastline. The greatest asset that these rivers provide for the Chenier Plain is sediment and freshwater for restoration of marsh lost to salinization or inundation.
Computing Scan Statistic p Values Using Importance Sampling, With Applications to Genetics and Medical Image Analysis

We present an importance sampling method for deciding, based on an observed random field, if a scan statistic provides significant evidence of increased activity in some localized region of time or space. Our method allows consideration of scan statistics based simultaneously on multiple scan geometries. Our approach yields an unbiased p value estimate whose variance is typically smaller than that of the naive hit-or-miss Monte Carlo technique when the p value is small. Furthermore, our p value estimate is often accurate for critical values that are not far enough in the tails of the null distribution to allow for accurate approximations via extreme value theory. The importance sampling approach unifies the analysis of various random field models, from (spatial) point processes to Gaussian random fields. For a scan statistic M, the method produces a p value of the form P[M ≥ τ] = Bρ, where B is the Bonferroni upper bound and the correction factor ρ measures the conservativeness of this upper bound. We pre...
Supernumerary chromosomes in the human bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linn. (Cimicidae:Hemiptera)

The chromosome complement in the human bed bug, Cimex lectulariusLinn., is 26+X1X2Y in the male and 26+X1X1X2X2 in the female. However, a population from Cairo, Egypt has 4 supernumerary X chromosomes. In the hybrid between the Berkeley population (with no supernumeraries) and the Cairo population (with 4 supernumeraries), the behavior of supernumeraries was observed during embryogenesis and oogenesis as well as spermatogenesis.
Repetition priming with aspect and agreement morphology in American Sign Language.

Two experiments are reported which investigate the organization and recognition of morphologically complex forms in American Sign Language (ASL) using a repetition priming technique. Three major questions were addressed: (1) Is morphological priming a modality-independent process? (2) Do the different properties of agreement and aspect morphology in ASL affect priming strength? (3) Does early language experience influence the pattern of morphological priming? Prime-target pairs (separated by 26–32 items) were presented to deaf subjects for lexical decision. Primes were inflected for either agreement (dual, reciprocal, multiple) or aspect (habitual, continual); targets were always the base form of the verb. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that subjects exposed to ASL in late childhood were not as sensitive to morphological complexity as native signers, but this result was not replicated in Experiment 2. Both experiments showed stronger facilitation with aspect morphology compared to agreement morphology. Repetition priming was not observed for nonsigns. The scope and structure of the morphological rules for ASL aspect and agreement are argued to explain the different patterns of morphological priming.
Long range frontal/posterior phase synchronization during remembered pursuit task is impaired in schizophrenia

Although smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) is a reliable endophenotype of schizophrenia, exact underlying cognitive and neural substrates remain unknown. A simple mechanistic model of SPEM assumes an efficient interaction in integrating sensory input from the medial temporal (MT)/medial superior temporal (MST) brain regions and subsequent motor response through the frontal eye field (FEF). Poor functional connectivity between these two regions could explain impaired motion perception and SPEM maintenance in schizophrenia. In the present study, we combined an eye tracking paradigm with electroencephalography (EEG) recordings to investigate the putative functional connectivity among frontal/posterior brain regions in mediating the modulation of SPEM. Twenty four schizophrenic (SZ) and 22 healthy control (HC) participants performed remembered pursuit tasks with EEG recordings. Behaviorally, HC subjects showed significant improvement in SPEM response on repeated presentations of target compared to SZ subjects. Neurophysiologically HC subjects showed higher frontal/posterior phase synchronization in the beta to low gamma range frequency bands during all target presentations. In addition there was a significant increase in phase synchronization in the beta-2 frequency band in HC subjects during late compared to early target presentation. In contrast, higher frontal/posterior phase synchronization in the beta-2 frequency predicted better performance during late target presentation and lower enduring psychosis in SZ subjects. These data suggest a pathologically perturbed connectivity between frontal and posterior cortical regions during SPEM in SZ. The integrative eye tracking-EEG approach used in this study to dissect the endophenotype may reveal novel targets for studying schizophrenia psychopathology.
Reactive duodenal changes in chronic pancreatitis simulating the contiguous spread of pancreatic carcinoma.

Reactive duodenal changes including marked mucosal friability and nodularity were seen endoscopically in a patient with chronic pancreatitis and pseudocysts. These changes simulated the contiguous spread of cancer of the pancreas. In addition, their presence led to an unusual complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a submucosal injection producing a portal venogram. The presence of marked mucosal friability may be a relative contraindication to performing ERCP in such patients.
Comparison of several analytical methods for the determination of tin in geochemical samples as a function of tin speciation

Abstract Accurate and precise determinations of tin in geological materials are needed for fundamental studies of tin geochemistry, and for tin prospecting purposes. Achieving the required accuracy is difficult because of the different matrices in which Sn can occur (i.e. sulfides, silicates and cassiterite), and because of the variability of literature values for Sn concentrations in geochemical reference materials. We have evaluated three methods for the analysis of samples for Sn concentration: graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HGA-AAS) following iodide extraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Two of these methods (HGA-AAS and ICP-OES) required sample decomposition either by acid digestion or fusion, while the third (EDXRF) was performed directly on the powdered sample. Analytical details of all three methods, their potential errors, and the steps necessary to correct these errors were investigated. Results showed that similar accuracy was achieved from all methods for unmineralized samples, which contain no known Sn-bearing phase. For mineralized samples, which contain Sn-bearing minerals, either cassiterite or stannous sulfides, only EDXRF and fusion ICP-OES methods provided acceptable accuracy. This summary of our study provides information which helps to assure correct interpretation of data bases for underlying geochemical processes, regardless of method of data collection and its inherent limitations.
Relation of poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) synthesis to DNA synthesis and cell growth

A permeable cell technique has been used to measure the synthesis of DNA and poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) (poly(ADPR)) in mouse L cells subjected to different perturbations of cell growth. Cells leaving log phase growth and entering plateau phase, showed a decrease in DNA synthesis and an associated increase in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis. In contrast to the variations in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis, the total poly(ADPR) synthesis activity, measured in the presence of added DNAase, remained relatively constant during the fluctuations in cell growth status. Cells subjected to acute glucose deficiency also demonstrated a decrease in DNA synthesis and an associated increase in intrinsic poly(ADPR) synthesis. Similarly, cells infected with vaccinia virus demonstrated an abrupt cessation of DNA synthesis associated with an increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis. Treatment of cells with cytosine arabinoside, inhibited cellular DNA synthesis. This was also associated with an increase in the intrinsic activity of poly(ADPR) synthesis. However, in this case, the increase in poly(ADPR) synthesis was associated with an increase in activity of the DNA synthesis complex, despite the overall inhibition of cell DNA synthesis. These studies demonstrate, that in mouse L cells, suppression of DNA synthesis by multiple different physiologic mechanisms is always associated with an increase in intrinsic activity of poly(ADPR) synthesis.
EFFECT OF ADSORBATE-ADSORBATE INTERACTIONS ON LOW TEMPERATURE SURFACE ADSORPTION PATTERNS

Low temperature surface adsorption at thermodynamic equilibrium is studied using a lattice model. So far, we have investigated fcc (100) and bcc (110) surfaces, with a finite number M of sites in one direction, and an infinite number of sites in the other, and no periodic boundaries. Here, we consider fcc (110) surfaces with first- (V), second- (W) and third- (U) neighbor adsorbate-adsorbate interaction energies, considered as arbitrary parameters. Adsorption is assumed to be on-site, or at locations commensurate with the substrate. Thus adsorbates are treated as monomers. A monomer in the gas phase has a chemical potential μ′ that depends on the gas pressure. With V0 representing the lattice-adsorbate interaction energy, then μ′ and V0 appear as the combination μ =μ′ + V0. While keeping the temperature sufficiently low, the gas pressure is gradually increased, accompanied by an increase of μ. The surface begins to fill and phases with increasing coverage are observed until the surface is fully covered. The patterns depend both on the substrate and the adsorbates, and consequently on the interaction energies. A phase is characterized by the coverage θ0, and the numbers per site, θ, β and γ of first- second- and third-neighbor adsorbate-adsorbate, respectively. The occupational characteristics of the phases and most of the transitions between phases are found to fit exact analytic expressions in M, allowing the exact extrapolation to the infinite two-dimensional surface. We have numerically investigated all possible relative values that V, W, and U may have whether attractive or repulsive. A set of phases occurs when V, W, and U are found to satisfy a certain set of inequalities defining an energy region. We have obtained all possible energy regions and the possible phases occurring in every region. Within a given energy region, let {θ01, θ1, β1, γ1} and {θ02, θ2, β2, γ2} be two consecutive phases. The value μ12 of μ at the transition is the one for which the entropy is a local maximum. In all cases, (θ02-θ01) μ12=-V(θ2-θ1)-W(β2-β1)-U(γ2-γ1). Consider an adsorption system with no surface reconstruction and at thermodynamic equilibrium. Providing first-, second- and third- neighbor interactions are predominant, it is sufficient to determine experimentally the patterns and the pressure at the transitions, to obtain a number of linear relations between the various interaction energies. Since there are four interaction energies, V0, V, W and U, there may be cases where it is possible to determine all of these energies.
Shock Optimization in a Military Vehicle With Internal Space Frame

Space frames are usually used to enhance structural strength of the vehicle while reducing its overall mass. These frames are comprised of beams that are joined together. Recently, space frames are being incorporated in military vehicles. Space frames in military vehicles are however subjected to different types of loading than what is encountered in civilian vehicles such as projectile impacts and land mine blasts. Due to the need to replace a damaged section of the space frame quickly, the proposed space frame is composed of hollow square cross-section bars and angle sections that are bolted together. The space frame is enclosed by uniform-thickness armor, except at the turret. The vehicle is subjected to high impact load to simulate a projectile hit. The objective of this work is to minimize shocks at various critical locations of the space frame while maintaining the overall structural integrity of the vehicle. The vehicle model is parameterized to achieve this objective. This problem is solved using the Successive Heuristic Quadratic Approximation (SHQA) technique, which combines successive quadratic approximation with an adaptive random search within varying search space. The entire optimization process is carried out within MATLAB environment.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Setting Method of Matching Coefficient for PSS2B Model of IEEE

According to the principle of PSS2B model of IEEE, reason for producing reverse regulation for PSS is analyzed. Through analysis of the frequency characteristic, it is put forward that setting power matching coefficient and filter parameters can reduce the influence of antiregulating. The model of simulation is established, which is based on the Matlab. Result of simulation shows that the method is valid. It can make the method of setting PSS parameters more perfect.
Unsteady diffusion in a composite medium

The determination of a a cumulative outflow across an absorbing surface, after heat or matter is introduced at a point and at a definite instant of time in the homogeneous adjacent medium can, as shown recently (Levine and McNabb), be facilitated by employing a suitable and everywhere regular auxiliary function. We describe a similar absorption analysis, involving several auxiliary functions, relative to a spherical surface surrounded by a composite medium made up of two concentric regions having distinct material parameters; and the detailed results cover a placement of the source in either of the regions
Income, health, and well-being in rural Malawi.

This paper attempts to isolate the causal link of income on health status and subjective well-being for the rural population in Malawi using three waves of household panel data spanning the period 2004–2008 from the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP) and the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH). Malawi is a low-income country with high background morbidity and mortality, as well as an AIDS epidemic, high fertility, and poor reproductive health. Instrumental variables and fixed effects strategies are used to try to address endogeneity of the income to health relationship. The analyses show that a 10% increase in income improves mean general health status of rural Malawians by 1.0% and mean subjective well-being by 1.2%.
Use of human kidney cultures in the study of enteroviruses.

Summary1) Human kidney cultures were prepared successfully from tissues obtained following surgical removal or at autopsy from individuals of all ages, when specimens were collected promptly. 2) Baby kidney cells were superior to adult both for culture growth and for isolation and propagation of enteroviruses. 3) Poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 (virulent and attenuated strains) grew well in both adult and baby HK cultures. In contrast, Coxsackie A9, B 1-5 and all ECHO viruses tested (except types 7 and 10) induced distinct cellular degeneration only in baby HK cultures, while incomplete destruction with low virus titers were obtained in cultures derived from certain adult human kidneys. 4) The advantages of using baby HK cultures for isolation of certain ECHO viruses are discussed.
Theological Influences on the Teachings and Practices of John Alexander Dowie

John Alexander Dowie has long been known as a theological forebear of the Pentecostal Movement. What has been less known is the extent to which he was influenced by the theology and practices of the Mormon tradition. This article seeks to identify these influences and place them in the historical/theological context of Dowie's life and ministry. The article goes on to show that Dowie operated within the broad theological context of the Calvinistic wing of 19th Century Perfectionism known as the Keswick Movement. His theological understanding was modified by insights drawn from Edward Irving and the Catholic Apostolic Church. Within this theological framework, parallels with Mormon teaching can be detected in his utopian vision, evangelistic strategy, and proposed ecclesiastical structures.
Intense H- beam production in a magnetically insulated ion diode

Gas puff cathodes offer a flexible systerr to study the nchanfsr' of the negative ion foriration In a pulse power—driven cathode. A gnetica1iy Insulated gas puff diode has been built at UCI and the forntion of H has been studied. }Tydrogen an'tonia, butane and oxygen were Investigated. Very low current less than 100 rrA/cri$ of was n'esured when hydrogen or airironia were puffed into the diode. Futane and oxygen produced at least ten tiv'es higher current density. Probably the negative ion pro— duction in the butane gas puff sovrce and in the solid polyethylene cathode source is due to the interaction of electrons with long hydrocarbon chains. This irechanisw doesnt require the formation of highly excited J4', which is needed if one assuns the source of the H is tiolecular hydrogen interacting with electrons. Because oxygen is an electro—negative gas, it was expected that negative Ions would he produced. These ions were used to test the negative ion diagnostic. The divergence of the ion bean' coniing froir the gas puff cathode was about 10 wr. This is the lowest divergence that has ever been rreasured at UT. Trproved nozzles that will produce higher gas gradient between the cathode and the anode will he tested in the future.
Histologic effect of doxycycline sclerotherapy on rat femoral nerve.

Background This study stems from an encounter with a phrenic nerve paralysis in a patient following doxycycline sclerotherapy for treatment of chylous fistula. The purpose of this study is to identify possible histologic evidence of doxycycline-induced nerve injury. Methods The femoral nerves of CD rats were used as the in vivo animal model. The nerves were exposed to varying concentrations doxycycline and normal saline was the control. The nerves were studied at several time intervals using two different staining techniques. Results The results suggest that topical doxycycline induces tissue reactions which are different from normal saline. These reactions include stimulation of a local giant cell inflammatory reaction and disruption of the myelin sheath. Conclusions Despite the fact that this study does not give physiologic evidence of neurotoxicity, the histologic results suggest that topical doxycycline may cause nerve damage directly or indirectly. We conclude that doxycycline should not be used for sclerotherapy where unprotected nerves are exposed to the agent until further physiologic tests are performed to prove its safety. HEAD & NECK 1996;18:506–511 © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expert assessments of the cost of light water small modular reactors

Analysts and decision makers frequently want estimates of the cost of technologies that have yet to be developed or deployed. Small modular reactors (SMRs), which could become part of a portfolio of carbon-free energy sources, are one such technology. Existing estimates of likely SMR costs rely on problematic top-down approaches or bottom-up assessments that are proprietary. When done properly, expert elicitations can complement these approaches. We developed detailed technical descriptions of two SMR designs and then conduced elicitation interviews in which we obtained probabilistic judgments from 16 experts who are involved in, or have access to, engineering-economic assessments of SMR projects. Here, we report estimates of the overnight cost and construction duration for five reactor-deployment scenarios that involve a large reactor and two light water SMRs. Consistent with the uncertainty introduced by past cost overruns and construction delays, median estimates of the cost of new large plants vary by more than a factor of 2.5. Expert judgments about likely SMR costs display an even wider range. Median estimates for a 45 megawatts-electric (MWe) SMR range from $4,000 to $16,300/kWe and from $3,200 to $7,100/kWe for a 225-MWe SMR. Sources of disagreement are highlighted, exposing the thought processes of experts involved with SMR design. There was consensus that SMRs could be built and brought online about 2 y faster than large reactors. Experts identify more affordable unit cost, factory fabrication, and shorter construction schedules as factors that may make light water SMRs economically viable.
Phase Transitions in 5,6-dioxycarbonyl[2.2.1]bicyclohept-2-ene

Abstract The temperature dependence of phase structure in 5,6-dioxycarbonyl [2.2.1] bicyclohept-2-ene was investigated by Dsc, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and 1H NMR. The existence of an endotherm in DSC, loss of optical anisotropy, formation of diffuse diffraction patterns and drastic changes in 1H Nmr relaxations indicated the formation of a ‘plastic crystal’ phase, well below the melting point. NMR relaxation rates were measured as a function of temperature. There are sharp changes in relaxation rates at the plastic crystal transition. The transition introduces rapid molecular rotation, without translation. TIH relaxations show a change in magnitude for the rate, but no change in relaxation mechanism.
Synthesis of fluorescent and coloured pyrylium and pyridinium salts

The synthesis is described of fluorescent and coloured pyrylium and pyridinium salts, including water-soluble derivatives, designed to serve as marker reagents for primary amines.
Short-term exposure of chinook salmon (Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha) to o, p'-DDE or DMSO during early life-history stages causes long-term humoral immunosuppression

We evaluated the effect of short-term exposures to a xenobiotic chemical during early life-history stages on the long-term immune competence of chinook salmon (Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha). Immersion ...
Computations of Absolute Solvation Free Energies of Small Molecules Using Explicit and Implicit Solvent Model.

Accurate determination of absolute solvation free energy plays a critical role in numerous areas of biomolecular modeling and drug discovery. A quantitative representation of ligand and receptor desolvation, in particular, is an essential component of current docking and scoring methods. Furthermore, the partitioning of a drug between aqueous and nonpolar solvents is one of the important factors considered in pharmacokinetics. In this study, the absolute hydration free energy for a set of 239 neutral ligands spanning diverse chemical functional groups commonly found in drugs and drug-like candidates is calculated using the molecular dynamics free energy perturbation method (FEP/MD) with explicit water molecules, and compared to experimental data as well as its counterparts obtained using implicit solvent models. The hydration free energies are calculated from explicit solvent simulations using a staged FEP procedure permitting a separation of the total free energy into polar and nonpolar contributions. Th...
Harmonic mode scrambling in p-difluorobenzene

Abstract Comparison of the S1—S0 vibronic spectroscopy of p-difluorobenzene-d4 (C6D4F2, pDFB-d4) with that of pDFB-h4 reveals prominent vibrational bands in the heavy molecule that are absent in the light. The bands involve a totally symmetric mode that is active only in the heavy molecule spectrum. The semi-empirical program MOPAC has been used to explore two possible mechanisms by which the isotopic substitution could have induced the additional vibrational activity. These calculations predict that there is substantial harmonic mode scrambling in pDFB-d4 involving the modes needed to account for the observed additional vibrational activity in the pDFB-d4 spectrum. Duschinsky mixing is predicted to have little effect.
Virginal breast hypertrophy

Virginal breast hypertrophy is reviewed. The latest advances regarding the etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment, both medical and surgical, are discussed.
The postoperative morbidity index: a quantitative weighing of postoperative complications applied to urological procedures

The reporting of post-operative complications in the urological field is lacking of a uniform quantitative measure to assess severity, which is essential in the analysis of surgical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of estimating quantitative severity weighing of post-operative complications after common urologic procedures. Using a large healthcare system’s quality database, complications were identified in eleven common urologic procedures (e.g., insertion or replacement of inflatable penile prosthesis, nephroureterectomy, partial nephrectomy, percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement, radical cystectomy, radical prostatectomy, renal/ureteral/bladder extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), transurethral destruction of bladder lesion, transurethral prostatectomy, transurethral removal of ureteral obstruction, and ureteral catheterization) from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011. Complications were classified by the Expanded Accordion Severity Grading System, which was then quantified by validated severity weighting scores. The Postoperative Morbidity Index (PMI) for each procedure was calculated where an index of 0 would indicate no complication in any patient and an index of 1 would indicate that all patients died. This study included 654 procedures of which 148 (22%) had one or more complications. As would be expected, a more complex procedure like radical cystectomy possessed a higher PMI (0.267), while a simpler procedure like percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement possessed a lower PMI (0.011). The PMI of the additional nine procedures fell within the range of these PMIs. These PMIs could be used to compare surgeons, hospitals or procedures. Quantitative severity weighing of post-operative complications for urologic procedures is feasible and may provide exceptionally informative data related to outcomes.
Spectroscopic determination of the dissociative f4Πg potential curve of O+2

Abstract Photofragment kinetic energy distributions have been measured for the direct photodissociation O + 2 (a 4 Π u ) + hv → O + 2 (f 4 Π g ) → O + + O, using a fast ion beam and cw lasers at 12 wavelengths between 5208 and 7525A. Transitions originating in a state vibrational levels 4 through 10 are individually resolved. The data are used, along with the existing knowledge of the a state potential curve, to accurately determine the dissociative part of the f 4 Π g potential curve in the Franck—Condon region. Information is obtained about the populations of the a state vibrational levels. The experimentally determined curve is compared with results of recent calculations.