cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ehancement of the Fibrinolytic Activity of Intact Saphenous Veins by the Luminal Application of Urokinase

Could the fibrinolytic activity of autogenous vein grafts be enhanced by the luminal application of a plasminogen activator such as urokinase? To understand the effects of pharmacologic concentrations of urokinase-type plasminogen activator on endothelial fibrinolytic activity, the authors exposed the luminal surface of paired fresh human saphenous veins to urokinase 500 U/mL or control solutions. To measure the fibrinolytic activity of intact endothelium, a new assay system was devised in which vein pieces were suspended in solution and the supernatant was assayed for plasmin activity by use of a chromogenic substrate. Net fibrinolytic activity (including the effects of plasma inhibitors) was estimated by performing the assay in plasma, while total fibrinolytic activity was estimated by using a plasma-free assay with purified plasminogen as the substrate. When veins were briefly exposed to urokinase, their net and total fibrinolytic activities were very significantly increased (P < 0.0001) compared with controls. High versus low molecular weight urokinase showed equivalent effects. These results suggest that the exposure of intact endothelium to exogenous urokinase can significantly enhance the subsequent endothelial-dependent fibrinolytic activity of vein grafts, at least temporarily.
New hemocyte‐specific enhancer‐reporter transgenes for the analysis of hematopoiesis in Drosophila

Based on environmental challenges or altered genetic composition, Drosophila larvae can produce up to three types of blood cells that express genetic programs essential for their distinct functions. Using transcriptional enhancers for genes expressed exclusively in plasmatocytes, crystal cells, or lamellocytes, several new hemocyte-specific enhancer-reporter transgenes were generated to facilitate the analysis of Drosophila hematopoiesis. This approach took advantage of fluorescent variants of insulated P-element reporter vectors for multilabeling cell analyses; two additional color variants were generated in these studies. These vectors were successfully used to produce transgenic fly lines that label specific hemocyte lineages with separate colors. Combining three transgene reporters allowed for the unambiguous identification of plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes within a complex hemocyte population. While this work focused on the hematopoietic process, these new vectors can be used to mark multiple cell types or trace complex cell lineages during any chosen aspect of Drosophila development.
Synthesis and characterization of novel biotinylated carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone peptides that specifically crosslink to the CPTH-receptor

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium, phosphorous and skeletal homeostasis via interaction with the G protein-coupled PTH/PTHrP receptor, which is fully activated by the amino-terminal 34 amino-acid portion of the hormone. Recent evidence points to the existence of another class of receptors for PTH that recognize the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of intact PTH (1-84) (CPTHRs) and are highly expressed by osteocytes. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of two novel bifunctional CPTH ligands that include benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) substitutions near their amino-termini and carboxyl-terminal biotin moieties, as well as a tyrosine(34) substitution to enable radioiodination. These peptides are shown to bind to CPTHRs with affinity similar to that of PTH (1-84) and to be specifically and covalently crosslinked to CPTHRs upon exposure to ultraviolet light. Crosslinking to osteocytes or osteoblastic cells generates complexes of 80 and 220 kDa, of which the larger form represents an aggregate that can be resolved into the 80 kDa. The crosslinked products can be further purified using immunoaffinity and avidin-based affinity procedures. While the molecular structure of the CPTHR(s) remains undefined, these bifunctional ligands represent powerful new tools for use in isolating and characterizing CPTHR protein(s).
Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Pulmonary Edema and Lung Neutrophil Accumulation in Severe Experimental Hyaline Membrane Disease

To determine the effects of inhaled NO (iNO) on pulmonary edema and lung inflammation in experimental hyaline membrane disease (HMD), we measured the effects of iNO on pulmonary hemodynamics, gas exchange, pulmonary edema, and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in extremely premature lambs (115 d of gestation, 0.78 term). In protocol 1, we measured the effects of iNO (20 ppm) on lung vascular endothelial permeability to 125I-labeled albumin (indexed to blood volume using 57Cr-tagged red blood cells) during 1 h (n = 10) and 3 h (n = 14) of conventional mechanical ventilation with FiO2 = 1.00. In comparison with controls, iNO improved pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange, but did not alter lung weight-to-dry weight ratio or vascular permeability to albumin after 1 or 3 h of mechanical ventilation. To determine whether low dose iNO (5 ppm) would decrease lung neutrophil accumulation in severe HMD, we measured lung MPO activity after 4 h of mechanical ventilation with or without iNO (protocol 2). Low dose iNO improved gas exchange during 4 h of mechanical ventilation (PaO2 at 4 h: 119 +/- 35 mm Hg iNO versus 41 +/- 7 mm Hg control, p < 0.05), and reduced MPO activity by 79% (p < 0.05). We conclude that low dose iNO increases pulmonary blood flow, without worsening pulmonary edema, and decreases lung neutrophil accumulation in severe experimental HMD. We speculate that in addition to its hemodynamic effects, low dose iNO decreases early neutrophil recruitment and may attenuate lung injury in severe HMD.
An augmented Lagrangian optimization method for contact analysis problems, 2: numerical evaluation

The ALM2 solution procedure is evaluated by solving two simple contact analysis problems for different friction conditions. These example problems are devised to have closed form solutions. This way there is no uncertainty about the target solution for evaluation of the proposed algorithm as well as existing algorithms. The numerical results with ALM2 are compared with the analytical solutions as well as with the penalty, Lagrange multiplier and existing augmented Lagrangian methods. All the algorithms are analysed for stick and slip friction conditions. The example problems are used to show clearly the dependence of the existing solution methods on the number of load steps and penalty values. It is concluded that convergence of incremental solution schemes employed in these methods does not guarantee accuracy of the contact solution even with the use of solution enhancement schemes such as automatic load stepping and contact load prediction. The example problems are also used to demonstrate solution independence of the proposed ALM2 procedure from penalty values, and from the number of load steps. The proposed formulation for calculation of frictional forces and the ALM solution algorithm have worked quite well for the example problems. However, the algorithm needs to be developed and evaluated for more complex contact analysis problems.
Darboux transformations for Schrödinger equations in two variables

Darboux transformations in one variable form the basis for the factorization methods and have numerous applications to geometry, nonlinear equations and SUSY quantum mechanics. In spite of this wide range of applications the theory of Darboux transformations in two variables and its elegant relationship to analytic complex functions has not been recognized in the literature. To close this gap we develop in this paper the theory of Darboux transformation in the context of Schrodinger equations in two variables. This yields a constructive algorithm to determine the relationship between potential functions which are related by Darboux transformations.
Behaviorally Based Masculine- and Feminine-Activity-Preference Scales for Preschoolers: Correlates with Other Classroom Behaviors and Cognitive Tests.

CONNOR, JANE M., and SERBIN, LISA A. Behaviorally Based Masculineand Feminine-ActivityPreference Scales for Preschoolers: Correlates with Other Classroom Behaviors and Cognitive Tests. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1411-1416. 2 sets of scales were developed designed to measure the strength of sex typing in children's play patterns in a naturalistic setting. Over a 12-week observational period, the scales based upon those activities showing a sex difference in play preferences appeared to be more stable than those scales based upon adult ratings of masculine and feminine activities. Masculine and feminine activity preferences, as measured by the more stable scales, were correlated with observational measures of other classroom behavior and performance on 3 cognitive tests. These results suggested that (a) many children have already learned to avoid opposite-sex activities by the time they enter nursery school; (b) sex-role learning during the preschool period appears to involve increasing attention to samesex activities; and (c) the development of visual-spatial ability in boys is related to involvement in masculine activities. The advantages of a behaviorally based definition of masculine and feminine activity preference are discussed.
fast1 is required for the development of dorsal axial structures in zebrafish

Nodal-related signals comprise a subclass of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and regulate key events in vertebrate embryogenesis, including mesoderm formation, establishment of left-right asymmetry and neural patterning [1-8]. Nodal ligands are thought to act with EGF-CFC protein co-factors to activate activin type I and II or related receptors, which phosphorylate Smad2 and trigger nuclear translocation of a Smad2/4 complex [8-12]. The winged-helix transcription factor forkhead activin signal transducer-1 (Fast-1) acts as a co-factor for Smad2 [12-20]. Xenopus Fast-1 is thought to function as a transcriptional effector of Nodal signals during mesoderm formation [17], but no mutations in the Fast-1 gene have been identified. We report the identification of the zebrafish fast1 gene and show that it is disrupted in schmalspur (sur) mutants, which have defects in the development of dorsal midline cell types and establishment of left-right asymmetry [21-25]. We find that prechordal plate and notochord are strongly reduced in maternal-zygotic sur mutants, whereas other mesendodermal structures are present - a less severe phenotype than that caused by complete loss of Nodal signaling. These results show that fast1 is required for development of dorsal axial structures and left-right asymmetry, and suggest that Nodal signals act through Fast1-dependent and independent pathways.
Limits of electron probe formation

SUMMARY The performance of many electron optical instruments is fundamentally limited by the dimensions of the focused probe. This is true of the scanning electron microscope and the scanning transmission electron microscope and, by inference, it may affect the transmission electron microscope. There has been very little improvement over the past few years and it seems reasonable to look for the explanation. It is possible to arrive at some simple expressions for the limiting performances of conventional instruments in a way that is independent of the design details and depends upon practical limits of field strength. Experiment and theory also appear to be in agreement with the fact that the limit for high-voltage instruments has been reached, although there is still room for improvement for low voltages.
Field Test of PANOPTES-Based Adaptive Computational Imaging System Prototype

We describe the design and prototype development of a visible-band, multi-resolution, steerable computational imager in a flat profile, based on the PANOPTES architecture. We present this imager’s superresolution capabilities via field test results.
Do persons with schizophrenia who have better metacognitive capacity also have a stronger subjective experience of recovery

Research suggests that persons with schizophrenia experience deficits in the ability to synthesize complex and integrated representations of themselves and others. While impairments in these metacognitive capacities are hypothetically related to the ability to make sense of the challenges of schizophrenia, little is known about their relationship with the subjective experience of recovery from mental illness. To examine this question, this study investigated whether persons with stronger self-reported recovery had better metacognitive capacity, after controlling for severity of psychiatric symptoms. Forty-six outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were taking part in a study of the Illness Management and Recovery program were concurrently administered the Recovery Assessment Scale, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Indiana Psychiatric Illness Interview which was scored using the Abbreviated Metacognitive Assessment Scale. Analysis of covariance revealed that metacognitive capabilities reflecting self-reflectivity and decentration were differentially related to several components of recovery beyond the effects of psychiatric symptoms. The metacognitive abilities to think about oneself in a sophisticated way and form integrated ideas about oneself and others within the larger world, understanding that none are the metaphorical center are present in individuals holding strong perceptions of recovery.
A comparative study of lossless compression algorithms on multispectral imager data

This paper reports a comparative study of current lossless compression algorithms for data from a representative selection of satellite based earth science multispectral imagers. The study includes the performance of compression algorithms on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR), SEVIRI, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) imager, as well as a subset of MODIS bands as a proxy for the upcoming GOES-R series. SEVIRI aboard the ESA/EUMETSAT operated Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites is a geostationary imager. The AVHRR aboard the NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites and MODIS aboard the NASA Terra and Aqua satellites have polar orbits. Thus this study will present representatives from both polar and geostationary orbiting imagers. The imagers we include have sensors for both reflected and emissive radiance. We also note that the older satellites have coarser quantizations and present our conclusions on the impact on compression ratios. Faced with a enormous growing large volume of data on a new emerging current generation images from faster scanning, finer spatial resolution, and greater spectral resolution, this study provides a comparison of current compression algorithms as a baseline for future work. With growing satellite Earth science multispectral imager volume data, it becomes increasingly important to evaluate which compression algorithms are most appropriate for data management in transmission and archiving. This comparative compression study uses a wide range standard implementations of the leading lossless compression algorithms. Examples include image compression algorithms such as PNG and JPEG2000, and widely-used file compression formats such as BZIP2 and 7z. This study includes a comparison with the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) recommended Szip software which uses the extended-Rice lossless compression algorithm as well as the most recent recommended compression standard which relies on a wavelet transform followed by an entropy coder. To establish statistical significance of our analysis, we have developed a system to acquire and manage a large number of imager granules: currently over 1000 MODIS granules, over 2400 AVHRR granules, and over 220 SEVIRI granules.
Theoretical connections between optimization algorithms based on an approximate gradient

Performing a line search method in the direction given by the simplex gradient is a well-known method in the mathematical optimization community. For reservoir engineering optimization problems, both a modification of the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) and ensemble-based optimization (EnOpt) have recently been applied for estimating optimal well controls in the production optimization step of closed-loop reservoir management. The modified SPSA algorithm has also been applied to assisted history-matching problems. A recent comparison of the performance of EnOpt and a SPSA-type algorithm (G-SPSA) for a set of production optimization test problems showed that the two algorithms resulted in similar estimates of the optimal net-present-value and required roughly the same amount of computational time to achieve these estimates. Here, we show that, theoretically, this result is not surprising. In fact, we show that both the simplex, preconditioned simplex, and EnOpt algorithms can be derived directly from a modified SPSA-type algorithm where the preconditioned simplex algorithm is presented for the first time in this paper. We also show that the expectation of all these preconditioned stochastic gradients is a first-order approximation of the preconditioning covariance matrix times the true gradient or a covariance matrix squared times the true gradient.
Psychosocial and other features of coronary heart disease: Insights from the Framingham Study

Abstract Contributors to CHD include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits which promote these, signs of preclinical disease, and host susceptibility to these influences. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance. High LDL cholesterol is positively and high HDL cholesterol inversely related to CHD incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes powerfully to coronary heart disease. The impact of diabetes on CHD is greater for women than for men and varies according to the level of the foregoing risk factors. The faulty life-style is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat, and salt, a sedentary habit, unrestrained weight gain, and cigarettes. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 in conjuction with cigarettes, predispose to throm boembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive, and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk, as are men married to women in white-collar jobs. Preclinical signs of a compromised coronary circulation include silent MI, ECG-LVH, blocked intraventricular conduction, and repolarization abnormalities. Exercise ECG may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and gout. Optimal prediction of CHD requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations that identify high-risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities. Preventive management should also be multifactorial. Although the efficacy of some of the proposed preventive measures requires further validation, they are rational and worthy of consideration by prevention-minded physicians. However, greater skill is required in behavior modification to effect the needed changes in life-style.
On the completeness of a family of conditional distributions

In this note, we establish the statistical completeness of a family of conditional distributions of a statistic given another statistic where the first statistic is complete and the second statistic is sufficient for some parametric family of distributions. This resulting method enables us to determine easily the completeness of many families of distributions some of which are well known, and some not so well known. We illustrate our method with a number of examples.
A new token ring protocol and its performance for single and dual ring lan systems

This paper presents a new protocol for token ring local computer networks and its performance for single and dual ring networks using simulation modelling. The proposed protocol is a modification of the IEEE 802·5 token ring standard. In this protocol, a station can start transmission if it receives a free token or a data packet passing its interface logic. Idle stations are skipped whenever there is at least one station that has a ready packet to transmit. This is achieved by using two of the reserved bits in the frame status (FS) field. The bits used are called transmission reservation bits (TR-bits). The TR-bits are reset by the sending station and set by the first station that has data to transmit during the round trip of the associated packet along the ring. It is found that the proposed modified token ring (MTR) protocol provides better throughput and delay performance for both the single and dual ring networks. The reduction in mean delay of the MTR as compared to the standard token ring (STR) reaches about 45 per cent under heavy traffic conditions. Moreover, it is found that the performance of the MTR decreases as the packet size increases but remains higher than the corresponding performance of the STR for both the single and dual ring networks. The MTR provides a maximum throughput improvement of about 6 per cent over the STR for both dual and single ring cases. Finally, the proposed protocol (MTR) is easy to implement, with no extra hardware and has low cost/performance characteristics.
Laser damage performance of KD2-chiHchiPO4 crystals following X-ray irradiation.

We investigate the laser-induced damage performance of KD2–xHxPO4 crystals following exposure to X-ray irradiation. Two important issues addressed by our study are i) the performance of the material when operational conditions lead to its exposure to ionizing irradiation and ii) the way the radiation-induced transient defects interact with the pre-existing precursor defects responsible for laser-induced damage. Our results indicate that the damage performance of the material is affected by exposure to X-rays. This behavior is attributed to a change in the physical properties of the precursors which, in turn, affect their ability to initiate damage following interaction with X-ray generated defects.
DIRECT ACTION OF ESTROGEN ON THE OVARY OF THE IMMATURE RAT1

Crystalline estradiol or stilbestrol was applied to one ovary of the immature rat leaving the other ovary untreated. The estrogen treated ovary exhibited several unilaterally differential responses: (1) a greater increase in weight, (2) formation of corpora lutea, (3) an increased responsiveness to endogenous and exogenous gonadotrophins. In control experiments crystalline testosterone or progesterone was applied to one ovary with, or without, estradiol being placed on the other ovary. These experiments demonstrate that estrogen has a local stimulatory effect within the ovary as well as a systemic effect via the pituitary.
Central temperature of the Sun can be measured via the 7Be solar neutrino line.

A precise test of the theory of stellar evolution can be performed by measuring the difference in average energy between the neutrino line produced by $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ electron capture in the solar interior and the corresponding neutron line produced in a terrestrial laboratory. The high temperatures in the center of the Sun broaden the line asymmetrically, FWHM =1.6 keV, and cause an average energy shift of 1.3 keV. The width of the $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ neutrino line should be taken into account in calculations of vacuum neutrino oscillations.
The changing and enduring ejido: a state and regional examination of Mexico's land tenure counter-reforms

Abstract Research on the counter-reforms to Article 27 of the Mexican constitution has been challenged to bridge micro- and macro-level data and illuminate a general refusal to privatize land. Here, a layered approach poses a few possible answers. Drawing on data for the state of Campeche, I relate how ejido members effectively expanded their landholdings via the counter-reforms. Drawing on data for the municipality of Calakmul in Campeche, including a survey of nine ejido's, I discuss how the combined actions of federal policies, local administrators, and ejido members reinforced the ejido's de facto mixed common and private property tenures. In all, I show that, despite global pressures toward privatized land, Mexican policy-makers and ejido members alike are ambivalent regarding a privatized ejido. Nonetheless, state policies have delimited the ejido sector, if not in terrain, in the number of people with land rights in any given ejido.
Scopolamine fails to diminish chronic haloperidol-induced purposeless chewing in rats

Chronic haloperidol treatment for 4–12 months gradually induces spontaneous, irregular, purposeless oral chewing movements (CMs), apparently involuntary, in some but not all treated rats. Based on phenomenologic and pharmacologic similarities, this laboratory preparation has been used as an animal model of tardive dyskinesia (TD), which is the human hyperkinetic motor syndrome associated with chronic antipsychotic administration. This putative animal model has received the most severe challenge to its validity by claims that its oral movements can be suppressed by anticholinergic treatments, since resistance to anticholinergic suppression is an accepted pharmacologic feature of TD. In this experiment, we challenged a group of haloperidol-treated rats with CMs using three doses of scopolamine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg) and placebo and rated the change in dyskinetic movements. Each scopolamine dose reduced CMs by a similar magnitude, without any dose effect; the saline dose also reduced CMs to an equivalent degree. Therefore, we concluded that some component of the experiment, not the scopolamine, reduced the CMs. The handling component of the procedure was identified as a likely confound, and we tested this further. Rats with CMs were handled at several levels of "severity"; and the dyskinesias were rated at 1 and 3 h later. CMs were reduced by the experimental handling, in relation to the strength of the handling. Minimal handling produced modest CM reductions with quick recovery; whereas, the "strongest" handling plus the placebo injection produced the greatest CM reduction, evident over 3 h, resembling the CM reductions seen in the scopolamine and placebo experiment. Overall, these results suggest that anticholinergic drugs do not suppress chronic haloperidol-induced rat CMs. However, the movements are sensitive to stressful handling situations, and diminish with stress. In both of these characteristics, rat CMs resemble human TD, further supporting a role for this model in studies of human TD.
International Liquidity: A Welfare Analysis

The paper addresses the effects of international liquidity conventions on the conduct and success of short-run income stabilization. Two interdependent and noncooperative nations attempt to minimize output variance subject to the international convention that adequate international reserve stocks be maintained. We demonstrate that the Nash outcome of nations which are bound by international reserve constraints is Pareto superior to the Nash outcome of unconstrained nations. With a formal model, we derive the set of Pareto-optimal liquidity conventions and explore the sensitivity of this set to the macroeconomic structural and stochastic characteristics of the nations and to the stabilization instruments that are employed.
Bonding and structure in the hydrides of groups III-VI deduced from photoionization studies

Abstract We present an overview of recent photoionization studies of transient hydride species of Groups III–VI, and the conclusions drawn from these studies. The transient species investigated include BH3, C2H3, SiHn(n = 1–3) PnHn (Pn = N, P, As; n = 1,2), and ChH (Ch = O, S, Se). Photodissociative ionization of certain stable species, e.g. B2H6, SiH4, PnH3 and ChH2 inevitably become part of the investigation. From the various dissociative and adiabatic ionization thresholds, we determine a variety of useful thermochemical data, which either help to resolve controversies or provide new experimental information. These include (a) the dimerization energy of borane, (b) the C-H bond energy in ethylene, (c) the incremental bond energies in SiHn PnHn and ChHn, and (d) the 3B1−1A1 splitting in SiH2, NH2+, PH2+ and AsH2+. These results provide experimental tests of recent ab initio calculations. They also reveal the limitations of the semiempirical Goddard-Harding model for PnHn and ChHn Perhaps the most interesting structural information is a consequence of the interpay between our experiments and ab initio calculations. Such comparisons lead to the conclusion that the most stable structure of B2H5+ is a triple hydrogen bridge, that the ground state of vinyl cation has a very different structure from that of vinyl radical, and is probably the non-classical bridged structure, while the excited triplet state has a more classical ethylene-like structure. Also, the ground state of SiH4+ is highly distorted from a tetrahedral structure. En passant, the methods of preparation of the transient species and the dynamical behavior of the photoionization process in selected cases will be mentioned.
Survey-Driven Romanticism

Despite well-established results in survey methodology, many experimental philosophers have not asked whether and in what way conclusions about folk intuitions follow from people’s responses to their surveys. Rather, they appear to have proceeded on the assumption that intuitions can be simply read off from survey responses. Survey research, however, is fraught with difficulties. I review some of the relevant literature—particularly focusing on the conversational pragmatic aspects of survey research—and consider its application to common experimental philosophy surveys. I argue for two claims. First, that experimental philosophers’ survey methodology leaves the facts about folk intuitions massively underdetermined; and second, that what has been regarded as evidence for the instability of philosophical intuitions is, at least in some cases, better accounted for in terms of subjects’ reactions to subtle pragmatic cues contained in the surveys.
Applications of manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to imaging of the heart

The use of manganese-based MRI contrast materials, either manganese salts or chelates, has spanned the entire timeframe of cardiac MRI. However interest in Mn compounds for cardiac MRI has been sporadic because of concerns over cardiotoxicity associated with significant concentration of free Mn2+ and notable success of gadolinium chelates in cardiac application. Initial strategies to overcome cardiotoxicity included chelation of Mn2+ to reduce the concentration of the free ion in vivo, and addition of Ca2+ in combination with Mn2+ to competitively reduce binding of Mn2+ to Ca2+ channels in the heart. Both approaches met with mixed success, but were subsequently discontinued in favor of gadolinium-based approaches. However Mn2+-based media potentially offer unique advantages for characterizing heart pathology over conventional Gd-based contrast media because Mn2+ is taken up by heart cells and retained for hours. Cellular uptake occurs through calcium channels so contrast on delayed images may be interpreted according to regional or global functional status. Since Mn2+ is retained in the heart, Mn-based media can be administered outside the magnet and the contrast pattern measured hours later to provide assessment of uptake. A key issue is whether sufficient accumulation of Mn2+ in heart cells for imaging can occur without cardiotoxicity, and findings to date indicate this is possible. This review examines the current status of Mn2+-enhanced MRI of heart with particular focus on the hypothesis that Mn2+ uptake can be interpreted in terms of heart function.
Uptake of organic material by aquatic invertebrates. VI. Role of epiflora in apparent uptake of glycine by marine crustaceans

Soft-bodied marine invertebrates from most invertebrate phyla are capable of taking up amino acids from seawater. Marine crustaceans were originally reported not to accumulate amino acids. Artemia salina, Limnoria tripunctata, Tigriopus californicus, and Corophium acherusicum were examined for their ability to accumulate C14-labelled glycine from dilute solution in seawater. In initial experiments with Artemia and Limnoria the organisms were found to become very radioactive. When animals were preincubated in streptomycin or in a mixture of antibiotics, uptake of the C14-glycine was drastically reduced. Microorganisms associated with the arthropods and in the culture media were found capable of accumulating C14-labelled glycine. Efforts to demonstrate removal of amino acids from seawater by colorimeteric determination of material remaining in the medium were unsuccessful. The microorganisms responsible for the uptake are apparently associated with the exoskeleton of the organisms and not the gut. There is probably no substantial contribution to the nutrition of these crustaceans by the epiflora. Preincubation in the antibiotic mixture depressed the uptake of C14-glucose and C14-acetate by about an order of magnitude. It is concluded that there is no evidence for accumulation or assimilation of small organic compounds by the small crustaceans examined.
A compilation of first-order line-mixing coefficients for CO2 Q-branches

A parameterization of first-order line-mixing in CO2 Q-branches is presented for use in atmospheric radiative transfer codes. Regression coefficients for the temperature dependence of the first-order line-mixing parameters for each J in 11 of the strongest Q-branches between 600 and 3000/cm are given. These coefficients may only be used with the line strengths and widths reported in the HITRAN92 line compilation; otherwise large errors will be introduced into the calculated line shape. Other potential problems in the implementation of first-order line-mixing in radiative transfer codes are also discussed.
Functions of cholesterol ester transfer protein and relationship to coronary artery disease risk

Abstract The protective role of HDL in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease reflects in part its ability to promote cholesterol efflux via ATP binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 in macrophage foam cells. This initiates a process of reverse cholesterol transport from the arterial wall to the liver. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) raises HDL and probably stimulates cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory effects in macrophage foam cells but does not increase the overall process of reverse cholesterol transport. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CETP gene are associated with lower CETP, higher HDL and probably with reduced CAD. Initial clinical trials with the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib were associated with an adverse outcome that mainly seemed to arise from offtarget toxicity.
Cultural Differences in Physical Contact Between Hispanic and Anglo Mother–Infant Dyads Living in the United States

This is a study of differences in physical contact and tactile interpersonal behaviours between Hispanic and Anglo mothers and infants living in the United States. Infants were 9 months old and 52 mother–infant dyads, 26 Hispanic and 26 Anglo, were videotaped during free play without toys in a university laboratory playroom. Coders judged the interpersonal distance, physical contact and affectionate touch from the videotapes and mothers responded to a questionnaire about the importance of physical contact and affectionate touch in their relationship with their infant. From questionnaire data we found that Hispanic and Anglo mothers both touch their infants on a daily basis, although Hispanic mothers report touching more frequently, being more affectionate with their infants and having more skin-to-skin contact. From videotaped observations we found that there were no overall differences in mother–infant touch between the two cultures; however, the Hispanic mothers showed more close touch and more close and affectionate touch compared to Anglo mothers, who showed more distal touch. The results are discussed in terms of the role of touch in infant development and cultural differences in the evaluation of close physical contact and touch.
CRIM-negative infantile Pompe disease: 42-month treatment outcome.

Pompe disease is a rare lysosomal glycogen storage disorder characterized by deficiency of acid α-glucosidase enzyme (GAA) and caused by mutations in the GAA gene. Infantile-type Pompe disease is a multiorgan disorder presenting with cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, and muscular weakness, which is usually fatal. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) has recently been shown to be effective and subsequently yielded promising results in cross-reactive immunologic material (CRIM)-positive patients. CRIM-negative patients showed a limited response to ERT and died or were ventilator dependant. Over a period of 44 months, we monitored cognitive and motor development, behavior, auditory function, and brain imaging of a CRIM-negative infantile Pompe disease patient on rhGAA and monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) antibody (omalizumab) treatment due to severe allergic reaction. Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle response was significant, with almost normal motor development. Cognitive development—in particular, speech and language—deviated increasingly from normal age-appropriate development and was markedly delayed at 44 months, unexplained by moderate sensorineural hearing impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 18, 30, and 44 months of age revealed symmetrical signal alteration of the deep white matter. Titer values of IgG antibodies to rhGAA always remained <1:800. The potential role of omalizumab in immune modulation remains to be elucidated; however, this is the first report presenting a ventilator-free survival of a CRIM-negative patient beyond the age of 36 months. The central nervous system (CNS) findings are hypothesized to be part of a yet not fully described CNS phenotype in treated patients with longer survival.
On the energetics of ATP hydrolysis in solution.

ATP hydrolysis is the driving force of many life processes, yet the exact nature of and contributions to the energetics of this reaction are far from being clear. In particular, it is unclear how m...
Evidence-based Medicine and Practice Guidelines: Solution or Problem? Part 2. Practice Guidelines

Abstract Practice guidelines are used to indicate to physicians what to do in clinical situations. Guidelines effectively synthesise, in simple statements, work-flows, and algorithms, the available clinical information and can direct physicians to use proven procedures and not to use objectively ineffective procedures. However, noncritical use of guidelines can lead to serious risks. Practice guidelines are structurally limited in coverage, since only few populations and few procedures can become the object of evidence. The applicability of guidelines to individual patients is limited since the statistical inference on which they are based is applicable to populations, not to individuals. This can also instigate legal and ethical problems. Finally, the generation of guidelines can be biased. Practice guidelines can be useful for the education of health care workers and may be an effective support tool for planning the requisition of medical resources. However, guidelines must not restrict the right of each patient to the best available treatment, nor the right and duty of each physician to apply to each patient the therapeutic approach considered most suitable for a patient in specific circumstances. Further, the physician's compliance with the recommendations of practice guidelines is often a shield against macroscopic practice mistakes, rather than a way to achieve the best therapeutic interest for individual patients in an ethically appropriate way.
If you could turn back time: Understanding transgenerational latent effects of developmental exposure to contaminants

Latent effects result from embryonic experiences but manifest in later stages of ontogeny. Our objective was to better understand how developmental exposure to contaminants influence life history traits and tolerance to novel stress in the freshwater gastropod, Physa pomilia. Ten egg masses were exposed to each of three initial treatments including control, 2.5 μg/L cadmium (Cd), and 10 μg/L Cd; there was no effect of this initial treatment on hatching success. At hatching, snails were transferred to cadmium-free water. Three weeks later, snails were divided among four secondary treatments including control, 50 μg/L Cd, 150 μg/L Cd, and 35 °C. Developmental Cd exposure plus secondary temperature stress caused the most adverse effects. Surprisingly, developmental Cd exposure alone was enough to cause significant decreases in reproductive success a generation later. That effects can manifest as transgenerational decrements in reproductive success suggests that latent effects are important and have longer lasting consequences than previously considered.
Liberating Filipino Americans through decolonizing curriculum

As Filipino Americans continue to struggle academically in our public schools, we must seek alternative frameworks to understand how their historical backgrounds and cultural identities have impacted their educational experience. Filipino Americans have a colonial history that has produced what scholars termed as ‘colonial mentality’, a denigration of self and aspiration to be like the colonizer. Given the historical legacy of colonialism, educators have begun to look at developing curriculums and pedagogy with decolonization framework with the aim to emancipate students from ignorance and ignite a commitment to social change. In 1996, the multicultural teacher education program, entitled Pinoy Teach, was launched to empower college students to teach Filipino American history and culture to middle school students. This article presents findings and implications from a survey research study that examined the long term impact on its college student teachers ten years later. Though the Pinoy Teach curriculum...
Renal Deoxyadenosine Transport and Immunodeficiency Associated with Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency

Abstract Accumulation of deoxyadenosine (or possibly adenosine) is thought to mediate the immune defect associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. It is postulated that deoxyadenosine is particularly immunosuppressive in the neonate due to an undeveloped renal secretory mechanism.
A review of Antarctic granulite-facies rocks

Abstract Precambrian granulite-facies rocks occur in significant proportion in the East Antarctic Precambrian shield. Ages of metamorphic and deformational events range from 2500 m.y. to about 500 m.y., but some rocks are much older, notably the approximately 3500 m.y. ages for crust formation in Enderby Land. Mineral assemblages over most of the area are typical of the hornblende granulite facies, and sparse temperature pressure estimates indicate metamorphism at 700–800°C and 5–8 kbar at reduced water pressures. A terrane of exceptional interest is the Napier complex of Enderby Land, where sapphirine-quartz ± garnet, sillimanite-orthopyroxene, osumilite, and inverted pigeonite are associated with pyroxene-granulite-facies rocks. Metamorphic conditions are estimated to have reached 900°–980°C, 7–9 kbar, and pH2O
A Comparison of Disconfirmatory, Confirmatory and Control Strategies on Wason's 2–4–6 Task:

Attempts to instruct subjects to falsify on inference tasks designed to model scientific problem-solving have indicated that, in most cases, falsification does not lead to improved performance. The only study in which instructions to falsify did improve performance was done with groups, using a novel inference task. The present study is an attempt to replicate the success of falsification in the group study with subjects run individually on an inference task that has been used extensively in the literature: Wason's 2–4–6 problem. Each subject was run in one of three strategy conditions: confirmatory, disconfirmatory or control (no-strategy). Results indicated that subjects in the disconfirmatory condition solved the 2–4–6 problem significantly more often than subjects in other conditions. The superior performance of disconfirmatory subjects was explained by the fact that they deliberately sought and obtained significantly more falsificatory information than subjects in other conditions. The critical diffe...
A double‐edged sword

Author(s): Baxi, Sanjiv; Platts-Mills, James; Dhruva, Sanket; Huang, Laurence; Hanks, Doug; Dhaliwal, Gurpreet
To be or not to B2B: Evaluating managerial choices for e-procurement channel adoption

E-procurement systems are computer systems and communication networks through which firms buy and sell products. We identify two types of e-procurement systems: extranets and e-markets. Extranets connect the buyer and its suppliers with a closed network, while e-markets create open networks for buyer and supplier interactions. The differences between them lie in system implementation costs, marketplace benefits, and the extent of supplier competitive advantage that develops due to information sharing. In this article, we develop a new theoretical model to analyze the adoption of e-procurement systems from the buyer's perspective, to explore the set of conditions under which the buyer will prefer to procure via an electronic market instead of using proprietary extranet connections. The primary finding is that a buyer will adopt an e-market approach when the supplier's competitive advantage derived from access to strategic information is modest compared with the marketplace benefits less the channel costs. In addition, we find that the buyer is likely to have a bigger trading network with an e-market than with an extranet in order to capture the greatest available benefits. Overall, this study offers guidelines for managers to design and select e-procurement channels to fit different procurement needs.
Recyclable Dirhodium Catalysts Embedded in Nanoporous Surface‐Functionalized Organosilica Hosts for Carbenoid‐Mediated Cyclopropanation Reactions

Recyclable and efficient heterogeneous catalysts have been prepared by embedding dirhodium(II,II) core carboxylate complexes into the amine-functionalized nanosized channels of a mesoporous silica host, amine-SBA-15. Two alternative synthetic procedures for the preparation of the catalysts have been developed and adapted for the immobilization of dirhodium complexes of variable Lewis acidity. The catalytic activity of the resulting solid materials has been evaluated in model cyclopropanation reactions of styrene at variable reaction conditions (reaction substrate, temperature, time, and solvent). Importantly, the designed catalysts, which can be readily recovered and reused, display the reactivity and selectivity profiles exceeding or comparable to their homogeneous dirhodium(II) counterparts.
Choices and Constraints in a Two-Person Career: Ideology, Division of Labor, and Well-Being Among Submarine Officers' Wives

The structure of the submariner officer career, with heavy demands placed on the wife, is examined to describe the extent to which wives' attitudes and behavior conform, and the extent to which women are satisfied with their role. Using Janet Saltzman Chafetz's model of gender stratification, it was hypothesized that wives with traditional gender attitudes would be more involved and exhibit higher personal well-being, satisfaction with the Navy, and life satisfaction. The results support the hypothesis, especially with regard to satisfaction with Navy life, where women with more traditional attitudes are more involved in and more satisfied with Navy life. Less traditional wives evaluated their involvement less positively, as involvement was not associated with well-being outcomes. The suggestion is made that for satisfied, involved, and less traditional wives, the structure of the submariner career might allow women more control over resources in exchange for gendered division of labor, which may be a mot...