cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object Behavior Specification: Software Blueprints

It may be difficult to imagine yourself simultaneously playing the roles of designer, implementor, tester, and user of a software tool. But that’s what best describes your activities if you are writing a program for your own later use. When you graduate, you might participate in a software development team where it is now common that designer, implementor, tester, and other roles are assumed by specialists on the team. For now, let’s stick with the case where you are the designer, implementer, tester and user of a software tool. Some form of abstract specification of the software is needed to facilitate communication among designer, implementor, and user. We will call it a blueprint (playing the same role as design sketches used by building architects) as illustrated in Figure 1. Suppose you are developing a set of classes in C++ or some other object-oriented language.
Cardiovascular risk factors predictive for survival and morbidity-free survival in the oldest-old Framingham Heart Study participants.

Objectives: To examine whether midlife cardiovascular risk factors predict survival and survival free of major comorbidities to the age of 85. Design: Prospective community-based cohort study. Setting: Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts. Participants: Two thousand five hundred thirty-one individuals (1,422 women) who attended at least two examinations between the ages of 40 and 50. Measurements: Risk factors were classified at routine examinations performed between the ages of 40 and 50. Stepwise sex-adjusted logistic regression models predicting the outcomes of survival and survival free of morbidity to age 85 were selected from the following risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, glucose intolerance, cigarette smoking, education, body mass index, physical activity index, pulse pressure, antihypertensive medication, and electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Results: More than one-third of the study sample survived to age 85, and 22% of the original study sample survived free of morbidity. Lower midlife blood pressure and total cholesterol levels, absence of glucose intolerance, nonsmoking status, higher educational attainment, and female sex predicted overall and morbidity-free survival. The predicted probability of survival to age 85 fell in the presence of accumulating risk factors: 37% for men with no risk factors to 2% with all five risk factors and 65% for women with no risk factors to 14% with all five risk factors. Conclusion: Lower levels of key cardiovascular risk factors in middle age predicted overall survival and major morbidity-free survival to age 85. Recognizing and modifying these factors may delay, if not prevent, age-related morbidity and mortality.
Knowledge sharing across cultures

The use of Knowledge Management Systems to share knowledge starts with people who are willing to share their knowledge. This study investigates the effect of the type of information to be disclosed, the possibility of sharing the information anonymously, and the obtainment of a reward in cash on willingness to share information. Data for the experiment were collected in Chile and Mexico. Findings suggest that people are likely to share positive information (information that discloses a success) rather than negative information (information that discloses a mistake). The possibility of posting the information anonymously incentivizes people to disclose negative information. Yet, about half of the participants are not willing to believe that anonymity can be ensured, limiting the effectiveness of anonymity as an incentive to share knowledge. The obtainment of a cash reward had no effect on the willingness to share information.
Ecdysteroids and oocyte development in the black fly Simulium vittatum

Background Oocyte development was studied in the autogenous black fly, Simulium vittatum (Diptera, Nematocera), a vector of Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of onchocerciasis.
Arthroscopic surgery for synovial chondromatosis of the hip.

We report a case in which arthroscopic surgery was successfully performed for synovial chondromatosis of the hip, and report an experience with diagnostic arthroscopy of this joint
Path Resolution and Semantic Graphs

We introduce a new rule of inference, path resolution, which operates on a graphical representation of quantifier-free predicate calculus formulas. Our goal in the design of path resolution is to retain some of the advantages of both Prawitz analysis and resolution methods, and yet to avoid to some extent their disadvantages.
Mechanism for binding of fatty acids to hepatocyte plasma membranes: Different interpretation

The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction between fatty acids and plasma membranes from liver cells. We were unable to reproduce the reported effect of heating on the capacity of these membranes to bind [3H]oleate (Stremmel et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985;82:4–8). In fact, the distribution of [3H]oleate between plasma membranes and unilamellar vesicles of lipids extracted from these membranes was in favor of the lipids, indicating the absence of a detectable amount of binding to a putative fatty acid binding protein in plasma membranes. Radius of curvature of vesicles (125 A vs 475 A) had no effect on the partitioning of fatty acid. In addition, the distribution of [3H]oleate between plasma membranes and other phases had the properties of a partition coefficient over a 200-fold range of [3H]oleate. There was no evidence in this experiment for a binding isotherm, i.e., binding of [3H]oleate at a specific site, superimposed on the nonspecific partitioning of [3H]oleate into the lipids of the plasma membrane. There was no competition between [14C]oleate and [3H]palmitate for entry into plasma membranes. Finally, rates of uptake of [14C]oleate and [3H]palmitate by perfused rat liver were not affected by the presence of the other fatty acid in perfusates. These data indicate that the avidity of hepatocyte plasma membranes for [3H]oleate is a simple consequence of the physical chemical properties of oleate, lipids, and water. The data exclude the idea that the uptake of fatty acids into cells is the result of binding proteins and/or catalyzed reactions at the water-membrane interface of the cell or within the plane of the plasma membrane.
Traveling Waves on Multi-Conductor Open-Wire Lines-A Numerical Yurvey of the Effects of Frequency Dependence of Modal Composition

The propagation of voltage and current on transmission lines consisting of n conductors and ground is characterized by n modes, each composed of a particular combination of voltage and current waves, traveling at a common velocity and exponentially attenuated with distance. In general the modal composition is frequency dependent. Steady-state calculations for traveling waves on four typical ac EHV lines, at from 25 to 200 miles from the source, indicate that a real, frequency-independent modal-to-phase transformation matrix (rather than an operational one) might be used for the approximate calculation of step-function response. The elements of this matrix were defined as the real parts of the exact (complex) matrix corresponding to some "effective, mid-range" frequency-5 KHz proved appropriate in the cases examined.
Inflammatory Mediators Stimulate Arginine Transport and Arginine-Derived Nitric Oxide Production in a Murine Breast Cancer Cell Line

Abstract Inflammatory mediators stimulate arginine-derived nitric oxide (NO) production in a variety of cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if the inflammatory madiators, endotoxin (LPS) and interferon γ (IFN), stimulate arginine transport and nitric oxide production in a murine breast cancer cell line. We also investigated the effect of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, ω-nitro- L -arginine methyl ester ( L -NAME) and aminoguanidine (AG), as well as the effect of varying the concentration of L -arginine in the cellular media, on arginine transport and NO production in these tumors cells. Confluent EMT-6 murine breast cancer cells were incubated with LPS (10 μg/ml) and IFN (50 units/ml) in the presence or absence of the NOS inhibitors, L -NAME (2 m M ) or AG (1 m M ), and arginine transport (using L -[ 3 H]arginine) and NO production (the stable end-product nitrite was assayed using the Greiss reagent) were measured at various time points. In addition, the effect of varying the concentration of L -arginine (0, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 m M ) in the cellular media on stimulated L -arginine transport and nitrite accumulation was assessed. Incubation of EMT-6 with LPS and IFN stimulated arginine transport approximately 70% over control levels at 12 hr and transport returned to basal levels at 24 hr. LPS/IFN-stimulated EMT-6 cells produced 25 μ M nitrite at 24 hr and reached a plateau of 55 μ M nitrite at 48 hr. The NO synthase inhibitors, L -NAME and AG, failed to inhibit basal and stimulated levels of arginine transport, but significantly inhibited nitrite accumulation, which was restored by 10 m M L -arginine. Finally, L -arginine was necessary in the media for nitrite accumulation by LPS/IFN-stimulated cells, with maximal accumulation at 1 m M L -arginine. In summary, LPS/IFN stimulate arginine transport and NO production in the EMT-6 breast cancer cell line. L -NAME and AG do not inhibit basal or stimulated arginine transport in this tumor cell line and extracellular L -arginine is required for NO synthesis in these cells. LPS/IFN stimulation of arginine transport may represent an adaptive response to provide increased substrate for enhanced tumor cell NO production.
The Soviet Union in Transition (The Question is Open to Discussion)

The fate of a country like the Soviet Union concerns not only its leaders and its population. Whatever happens to the Soviet system, the directions which that nation follows will affect the whole world. Therefore, an understanding of the Soviet regime, its limitations and potentials, and the options available to that country, would give the rest of the world the intellectual weapon necessary to meet challenges presented by Soviet development. The stakes may be very high; if the full productive capacity of the Soviet Union were developed, the Japanese economic miracle and the serious problems it has created for the United States might fade into relative insignificance.
Case-crossover designs in occupational health

Commentary on the paper by Schwartz (p. 956) The case-crossover design has become an accepted method for investigating acute health consequences of transient exposures, or “triggers”. This design, originally presented in 1991 by Maclure,1 can be thought of as a variant of the conventional case-control study with individual (pairwise) matching. The principal difference is that a case-crossover study only includes cases, where each serves as his own referent. This feature has a compelling methodological appeal in that it allows for efficient control of potential confounders that are fixed (for example, genetic traits) or change minimally or slowly over time (for example, socioeconomic status), and are difficult or impractical to measure. Who better to provide control for confounding than the case himself? To date, the case-crossover design has been applied most often to investigate environmental exposure effects in studies of air pollution, as an alternative to time series analyses. The paper by Schwartz2 in this issue exemplifies this application, and also illustrates the utility of the case-crossover method for controlling for seasonal and long term air pollution time trends. There have also been several applications to …
Human percutaneous and intraoperative laser thermal angioplasty: Initial clinical results as an adjunct to balloon angioplasty

Abstract In this study, the safety and efficacy of percutaneous laser thermal angioplasty as an adjunct to balloon angioplasty were investigated in 13 patients with severe peripheral vascular disease. By means of a novel fiberoptic laser delivery system (Laserprobe) in which argon laser energy is converted to heat in a metallic tip at the end of the fiberoptic fiber, improvement in the angiographic luminal diameter was noted in 14 of 15 femoropopliteal vessels (93%) by delivering 8 to 13 watts of continuous argon laser energy as the Laserprobe was advanced through the lesion. Initial clinical success (indicated by relief of symptoms and increase in Doppler index) for the combined laser and balloon angioplasty procedures was obtained in 12 of 15 vessels (80%), with inadequate balloon dilatation being the limiting factor in three patients. No significant complications of vessel perforation, dissection, pain, spasm, or embolization of debris occurred. Of the 12 patients who had procedures with initial angiographic and clinical success, 10 (83%) were asymptomatic in the initial follow-up period of 1 to 9 months (mean 6 months). Thus, laser thermal angioplasty with a Laserprobe is a safe and effective adjunct to peripheral balloon angioplasty. This technique has the potential to increase the initial success rate of angioplasty for lesions that are difficult or impossible to treat by conventional means. By removing most of the obstructing lesion, this technique may also reduce recurrent stenosis. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:83-90.)
Extension of electronic speckle correlation interferometry to large deformations

The process of fringe formation under simultaneous illumination in two orthogonal directions is analyzed. Procedures to extend the applicability of this technique to large deformation and high density of fringes are introduced. The proposed techniques are applied to a number of technical problems. Good agreement is obtained when the experimental results are compared with results obtained by other methods.
Spherical wave propagation in a viscoplastic medium

A study is presented of the problem of spherical wave propagation in an infinite viscoplastic medium. The surface of a spherical cavity is subjected to a uniform impact load which is continuously maintained. The material is elastic/viscoplastic, satisfying Mises condition, isotropic hardening, and viscoplastic incompressibility. A generalized form of Malvern's constitutive relation is used with a bilinear static shear stressshear strain curve, the method of characteristics, and an IBM 7040–7094 digital computer. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of strain hardening and of the viscosity coefficient. It is shown that changes in the strain hardening coefficient and in the viscosity coefficient have considerable influence on the results, which is to some extent unexpected in view of previous work on this subject.
Tables of confidence limits on the tail area of the normal distribution

Tables are given of confidence limits on tail areas, γ, of the normal distribution, where γ = P{Y ≥ L}, and where L is a given number, and Y is normally distributed with unknown mean, μ, and unknown variance, σ2.
Separate and Concentrate Lactic Acid Using Combination of Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes

The processes of lactic acid production include two key stages, which are (a) fermentation and (b) product recovery. In this study, free cell of Bifidobacterium longum was used to produce lactic acid from cheese whey. The produced lactic acid was then separated and purified from the fermentation broth using combination of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Nanofiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 100–400 Da was used to separate lactic acid from lactose and cells in the cheese whey fermentation broth in the first step. The obtained permeate from the above nanofiltration is mainly composed of lactic acid and water, which was then concentrated with a reverse osmosis membrane in the second step. Among the tested nanofiltration membranes, HL membrane from GE Osmonics has the highest lactose retention (97 ± 1%). In the reverse osmosis process, the ADF membrane could retain 100% of lactic acid to obtain permeate with water only. The effect of membrane and pressure on permeate flux and retention of lactose/lactic acid was also reported in this paper.
Numerical models of shear fracture propagation

Two-dimensional numerical models using the displacement discontinuity method and the PATH algorithm show that shear fractures can propagate in three different patterns, depending on the lateral normal stress (LNS). Under 0 or very small LNS they propagate by open wing cracks, as shown in many previous results. Under increasing LNS, the extension consists first of a short wing crack followed by a succession of small closed and open segments forming a stair-step pattern. As the LNS increases, the length of the closed segments increases, thus changing the general orientation of the extension. Under sufficiently high LNS the transition is complete, and propagation takes place as a closed shear fracture. These results provide a remarkable confirmation of the theoretical predictions made by Cherepanov [J. Appl. Math. Mech. (English transl. of Prikl. Mate. Mekh.) 30 (1966) 96]. They also explain the difference between the fracture parameters in tension and in shear.
Review and Commentary on the Role of Radiation Therapy in the Adjuvant Management of Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract: Currently, pancreatic cancer is fatal in over 90% of cases. Complete resection (if possible) is required for cure but the optimal adjuvant therapy is controversial. Given that pancreatic cancer frequently recurs both locoregionally and distantly, oncologic principles support the role of both adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The historic trials evaluating chemoradiotherapy are too limited to provide clear guidance, but when viewed together with single institution data they suggest that chemoradiotherapy is beneficial. New data strongly support the use of adjuvant gemcitabine chemotherapy, but the benefit of the addition of radiation is still under investigation and no consensus exists on a standard of care. Clearly, no combination of currently available agents is sufficient to provide acceptable cure rates in pancreatic cancer and novel therapies must be found.
Identification and Localization of Label-Retaining Cells in Hamster Epithelia

A subpopulation of basal epithelial cells which retains tritiated thymidine label for extended periods was previously demonstrated in skin and oral mucosae of mice. The present study examined the presence of similar cells in hamsters. Five-day-old hamsters were labeled with tritiated thymidine and the rate at which label was diluted from the basal cells observed. A small percentage of basal cells was found to retain label for up to 69 days. The location of such label-retaining cells (LRCs) in the palatal epithelium and in tongue papillae was examined. Thirty and 69 days after labeling, approximately 80% of LRCs in palate were located in the proximal halves of papillae and 80% of LRCs in tongue were positioned basally with approximately 30% of such LRCs occupying positions previously suggested to be stem cell locations. The finding that slowly cycling keratinocytes are related to patterns of tissue architecture is compatible with a function of these cells as epithelial stem cells.
Biobehavioral Measures in a Critical-Care Healing Environment:

Critical-care settings have an opportunity to create healing environments (HEs). For the last decade, achieving this goal has been the task of the American Association of Critical Care Nurses. Today, several models used in these settings embrace synergistic care, healing therapies for patients, and the development of organizational models to improve the HEs for nurses themselves. Creating the HE is not impossible; however, researching the patient's experience within it is complex. This complexity requires researchers to consider biological, behavioral, and social variables on the unit. This article will describe biological and behavioral measures that may be used to examine the critically ill patient's response to an HE. Limitations of these measures are considerable. Future researchers will need to consider a multiplistic approach to the study of this construct.
Cost-minimization model to evaluate use of NSAIDS in patients at risk for gastrointestinal side effects

Purpose: NSAIDs are commonly used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. The major side effects of chronic NSAID use are gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and complications. Meloxicam is a recently FDA-approved NSAID with an extensive track record in Europe that suggests that it is better tolerated than conventional NSAIDs. The objective of this study was to develop a decision model comparing meloxicam with: i) generic NSAID therapy and ii) therapy with either of two COX-2 specific NSAIDs available in the US in patients at high risk for developing a GI adverse event.
Approaching the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass: a guide for clinicians

Anterior mediastinal masses are relatively uncommon, include a wide variety of entities, and often pose a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. In this article, available data is assembled in a clinically oriented manner to develop a structured approach to evaluation of these patients. Attention to age and gender, combined with identification of certain radiographic and clinical characteristics, allows a presumptive diagnosis to be established in most patients. This structure efficiently guides what additional workup is needed.
Heat shock protein 70 enhanced deoxyribonucleic acid base excision repair in human leukemic cells after ionizing radiation

Base excision repair (BER) of DNA damage in irradiated THP1 human leukemic cells was stimulated by pretreating the cells with exogenous recombinant Hsp70. The treatment of THP1 cells with recombinant Hsp70 in cell culture promoted repair by reducing the frequency of apurinic, apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA before and after 1.3 Gy of radiation. However, by 30 minutes after 2.6 Gy, accelerated repair of abasic sites supervened, which may contribute to the loss of the very-low-dose cell hypersensitivity seen in clonogenic studies of other laboratories. After irradiation with 2.6 Gy, the crucial initial glycosylase step was markedly incomplete when cells had been transfected 24 hours before with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to inhibit synthesis of Hsp70. In confirmation, lysates from irradiated siRNA-treated cells after 2.6 Gy were deficient in uracil glycosylase activity (UDG). Transfection with a scrambled RNA of the same size did not interfere with the glycosylase step, ie, the prompt conversion of damaged pyrimidine sites to abasic sites as well as the subsequent repair of those sites. BER measured by reduction of DNA AP sites before and after low-dose radiation was also deficient in THP1 cells that had been transfected with the siRNA designed to inhibit synthesis of Hsp70. These results implicate BER and the participation of Hsp70 in the repair of DNA in human leukemic cells with the doses of ionizing radiation used in clinical regimens.
Numerical modeling of fluid–particle interactions

Abstract Finite elements based techniques for the simulation of flow interacting with particles which can be rigid, deformable or changing in size are presented. Numerical methods first developed to simulate dendritic growth of binary alloys in two dimensions and without convection are extended to treat a variety of flow–particle interactions including forced or natural convection as well as forced or free particle motion. The calculations rely on various ways to use fixed and changing meshes to achieve the flexibility needed to model a wide variety of physical situations involving moving interfaces of complex geometry in the presence of fluid motion.
A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity

A technique for conveniently radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity is described. DNA fragments are purified from agarose gels directly by ethanol precipitation and are then denatured and labeled with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, using random oligonucleotides as primers. Over 70% of the precursor triphosphate is routinely incorporated into complementary DNA, and specific activities of over 10(9) dpm/microgram of DNA can be obtained using relatively small amounts of precursor. These "oligolabeled" DNA fragments serve as efficient probes in filter hybridization experiments.
Profiles of fertility, labour supply and wages of married women: a complete life-cycle model.

Of all the major economic and demographic events in the postwar United States period, the trends in fertility and female labour supply stand out as among the most dramatic. Fertility rates, after their Depression lows, rose unexpectedly after World War II far more than was anticipated as an adjustment to the War, and continued to rise until the late 1950's and early 1960's, when they again took an unexpected turn downward all the way to today's historical lows. Female labour-force-participation rates, continuing their historical climb, grew throughout the postwar period at an increasing pace, by 4 percentage points during the 1950's, by 5 percentage points during the 1960's, and by 8 percentage points during the 1970's. These two trends are of course closely related, for most married women have traditionally spent at least some minimal time out of the labour force while caring for their own children. Thus, for example, the slower growth rate of labour-force-participation rates in the 1950's is probably connected with the higher fertility rates in that period. In this paper a complete model of female labour supply and fertility choice is constructed and estimated. The model is more complete than previous models in several respects. First, labour supply and fertility decisions are modelled as completely joint in the same sense as the consumption of two goods is joint. Second, both are modelled as life-cycle decisions, that is, as decisions regarding sequences of labour-supply and fertility events rather than levels of the same. Hence the timing of both is important. Third, the life-cycle path of wage rates is made endogenous to the model-given a wage function showing the effect of work experience on future wages, the path of wages is determined automatically by the chosen path of labour supply, which in turn is related to fertility decisions that require some period of non-work. Econometrically, the three profiles for labour supply, fertility, and wages are estimated with a full-information maximum likelihood technique that solves several econometric problems, such as the problem of heterogeneity of tastes; the selectivity problem of missing wage rates for non-workers; and the problem of simultaneous-equations bias. The value of constructing a complete model is best seen by briefly reviewing past work in this area. The modern literature in the area is based upon the work of Becker
Scoyenia burrows from Ordovician palaeosols of the Juniata Formation in Pennsylvania

Scoyenia beerboweri is a new ichnospecies of burrow from the late Ordovician (Ashgill) Juniata Formation in central Pennsylvania, USA. The burrows are abundant in red calcareous palaeosols, and were created by animals living at the time of soil formation, because they are filled with red sediment like that of the palaeosol matrix, and both cut across, and are cut by, nodules of pedogenic carbonate. The isotopically light carbon and oxygen of carbonate in the palaeosols indicate a terrestrial ecosystem of well-drained floodplains in a tropical seasonally-dry semi-arid palaeoclimate. Backfill layering within the burrows is evidence of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. Size distribution of the burrows reveals discontinuous growth, as found in arthropods. Ferruginized faecal pellets in the burrows indicate that they ingested sediment. For these reasons the burrows of Scoyenia beerboweri are most likely to be the work of millipedes. The nature of vegetation supporting them is unknown, although a single problematic plant-like fossil cast was found, and liverwort spores are widespread in rocks of this age. Vegetative biomass was limited judging from the degree of chemical weathering, extent of burial gleization and isotopic composition of carbon in the palaeosols. These distinctive respiration-dominated liverwort-millipede polsterlands lived at a time of global greenhouse climate, following Precambrian–Cambrian lichen-algal microbial earths and supplanted by Silurian brakelands of early vascular land plants.
An all-silicon optical diode

A silicon optical diode enables optical non-reciprocity through direction-dependent resonance shift of microrings based on the thermo-optic effect in silicon. We observe an ultra-high nonreciprocal transmission ratio of 40 dB with an improved design of the optical diode. One-way 10Gbps data transmission is realized based on the strong dispersion and attenuation associated with a resonant structure.
Up through the cracks: Raoul Peck’s Moloch Tropical and the ghosts of Haitian history

This article uses spatial metaphors that also hold political and cultural currency in Haiti as a lens through which to read Haitian filmmaker Raoul Peck’s 2009 feature film Moloch Tropical’s depict...
A generalized, one-way, stackless quicksort

This note generalizes the one-way, stackless quicksort of Huang and Knuth to work for any type of sort key. It thus proves that quicksort can run with minimal space inO(N logN) average time.
Size Measurements Of High Velocity Particle Distributions

We have developed a technique for measuring size distributions of particles in the 1 to l0μm range that are moving at speeds of up to 4mm/μsec transverse to the direction of observation. We do this by measuring intensity as a function of angle for light scattered from the particles using an electronic streaking camera to record variations in time. Initial experiments studying particles ejected from shocked lead surfaces indicate that there are two dominant size classes having diameters of approximately lμm and 6μm.
Optical properties of quinolinium ditetracyanoquinodimethanide [Qn(TCNQ ) 2 ] and (N-methylphenazinium ) x (phenazine ) 1 − x (tetracyanoquinodimethanide) [(NMP ) x (Phen ) 1 − x (TCNQ)]

We present here optical-absorption data of quinolinium ditetracyanoquinodimeth- anide [Qn(TCNQ${)}_{2}$] and (N-methylphenazinium${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$(phenazine${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ (tetracyanoquinodimethanide) [(NMP${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$(Phen${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$(TCNQ)] for 0.5\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6. These materials span the range of electronic structure from commensurate, to commensurate with confined soliton-antisoliton pairs (bipolarons), to incommensurate. The data show that these materials are semiconductors up to 300 K. The semiconducting gap, due mostly to a Peierls distortion, is weakly temperature dependent, decaying slowly as the temperature increases. This behavior, determined by the observation of the totally symmetric ${a}_{g}$ vibrational modes of the TCNQ molecule, is similar for all compositions studied and is suggested to be due to the effects of an external cation potential or to Coulomb effects, which vary little with composition. Substantial in-gap absorption is observed and is suggested to be due to the presence of quantum-nucleated and thermally generated bipolarons. The variation of higher-energy electronic transitions with composition corresponds to a crossover from commensurate to incommensurate electronic structure.
Harnessing free radicals: formation and function of the tyrosyl radical in ribonucleotide reductase

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are uniquely responsible for converting nucleotides to deoxynucleotides in all organisms. The cofactor of class-I RNRs comprises a di-iron cluster and a tyrosyl radical, and is essential for initiation of radical-dependent nucleotide reduction. Recently, much progress has been made in understanding the mechanism by which this cofactor is generated in vitro and in vivo, as well as the function of the tyrosyl radical in nucleotide reduction. The Escherichia coli RNR cofactor provides a paradigm for cofactors in other di-iron requiring or tyrosyl-radical-requiring proteins.
Comparison and Evaluation of Ticarcillin and Carbenicillin Using Disk Diffusion Methods

Ticarcillin has proved to be two- to fourfold more active than carbenicillin against most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Although susceptibility of the Enterobacteriaceae to ticarcillin could be predicted from results obtained with carbenicillin disks, neither the 50-μg nor the 100-μg carbenicillin disk proved suitable for testing susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to ticarcillin. Forty-three percent of Pseudomonas strains judged to be resistant to carbenicillin by the 100-μg carbenicillin disk were susceptible to ticarcillin by agar dilution studies. Results obtained with a 75-μg ticarcillin disk showed excellent correlation between zone size and ticarcillin minimal inhibitory concentration values and produced good discrimination between resistant and susceptible strains of Pseudomonas as determined by agar dilution studies. Using a 75-μg ticarcillin disk, a zone size of 12 to 14 mm was appropriate for designating intermediate susceptibility, and a zone greater than or equal to 15 mm was appropriate for designating susceptible strains of both P. aeruginosa and the Enterobacteriaceae .
Determination of tensile flow stress beyond necking at very high strain rate

The objective of this effort was to extend the Bridgman analysis of tensile necking to obtain stress-strain data beyond the point of onset of necking from a split Hopkinson bar. For this purpose, combined analytical and experimental techniques were considered. The analytical efforts were focused on validating the use of Bridgman solutions for high rate of deformation through a finite-element analysis of a tapered tensile specimen. The experimental technique involved the development of a photographic system using a light-emitting diode and a 35-mm rotating drum camera for the observation of necking during dynamic tensile tests conducted with a split Hopkinson tension bar. The developed new technique was successfully used to measure neck profiles of 6061-T6 aluminum, HY100 and 1020 steel tensile specimens. The measured profiles were used with the Bridgman analysis and stress-strain data were obtained to over 70-percent strain.
Variation inRhizobium leguminosarum response to short term application of NH4NO3 to nodulatedPisum sativum L.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of short term application of NH4NO3 on nodule function and to determine whether the rhizobial isolate used was a significant factor in this effect. Pea plants were inoculated with 10 differentRhizobium leguminosarum isolates and grown for 3 weeks in N-free medium before addition of 0, 1, 2 or 5 mM NH4NO3 for 2 to 7 days. Acetylene reduction and leghemoglobin content decreased with increasing exposure time to NH4NO3 and with increasing concentration of NH4NO3. NH 4 + and NO 3 − depletion from the nutrient medium were assayed in plants exposed to 5 mM NH4NO3 and mean uptake rates were similar for each ion. There were significant differences among isolates in the rate of decrease of C2H2 reduction with increasing NH4NO3 concentration (C2H2 reduction responsiveness to NH4NO3) 4 and 7 days after addition of NH4NO3 but no differences after 2 days of exposure to NH4NO3. There were significant differences among isolates in NH 4 + depletion from the nutrient medium but these differences were not correlated with the differences observed in C2H2 reduction. Ranking of the isolates for C2H2 reduction responsiveness to NH4NO3 applied to plants with nodules was different from that obtained when NH4NO3 was applied at seeding. Isolates with varying sensitivity to NH4NO3 may be useful tools for determining the mechanisms responsible for inhibition of symbiotic N2 fixation by combined nitrogen.
Application of a directed search to global steering of single gimballed CMGs

A guided depth-first search that manages null motion about torque-producing trajectories calculated with a singularity-robust (SR) inverse is proposed as a practical feedforward steering law that can globally avoid (or minimize the impact of) singular states in minimally-redundant single gimballed CMG systems. Cost and heuristic functions are defined to guide the search procedure in improving CMG trajectories. On-orbit implementation of the steering law is proposed as an extension to momentum management algorithms. A set of simulation examples is presented, illustrating the search performance for a 4-CMG pyramid-mounted array. Sensitivities of feedforward gimbal trajectories are examined in the presence of unmodeled disturbances, and techniques are proposed for avoiding excessive divergence.
Extension and application of flux-vector splitting to calculations on dynamic meshes

THE Van Leer method of flux-vector splitting for the Euler equations is extended for use on moving meshes and all properties of the original splittings ate maintained. The solution is advanced in time with an implicit, approximately factored algorithm. A subiterative procedure to minimize factorization and linearization errors so that larger time steps can be used is investigated. Subsequent computations are shown for a transonic wing undergoing forced pitching oscillation.
Depressant effect of forskolin on spontaneous locomotor activity in mice

Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, depressed spontaneous locomotor activity when injected intracerebroventricularly into mice in doses of 10 and 100 micrograms. The findings suggest that increases in brain cAMP levels may be associated with a reduction in excitability.
Organization-Level Determinants of Women in Management

This study investigated the association of organizational characteristics with the percentage of management positions held by women in a group of medium-sized to large private sector workplaces. Re...
Mathematical analysis of the durations of reinforced inter-response times during variable interval reinforcement

In a free-responding situation in which reinforcements are scheduled by a variable interval program, the durations of reinforced inter-response times are shown to be a function of the durations of all inter-response times produced by S and of the frequency of reinforcement.
Ratings of causality and force in launching and shattering

Ratings of perceived force and ratings of perceived causality were obtained for stimuli in which an initially moving object contacted an initially stationary object, and upon contact (1) the initially moving object became stationary or shattered into four or nine fragments and (2) the initially stationary object remained stationary, was launched into motion, or shattered into four or nine fragments. Implied motion rather than smooth or continuous motion was presented. The initially moving object was rated as more causal and as exerting more force if upon contact the initially stationary object was launched into motion or shattered, but the initially stationary object was rated as more causal and as exerting more force if upon contact the initially moving object stopped or shattered (and the initially stationary object remained stationary and intact). An object that did not shatter or that shattered into fewer fragments was rated as more causal and as exerting more force than an object that shattered into ...
Erythrocyte and Leukocyte Evaluations of Coturnix Quail

Abstract Because of the growing popularity of the Japanese quail (Coturnix cotumix japonica) with researchers in many areas of biological investigation, there is a definite need for more biochemical data on this useful bird, including hematological information. In studies to determine hematological parameters in a Coturnix colony maintained at Stanford Research Institute, electronic techniques have been used to speed counting of leukocytes and erythrocytes in large numbers of birds. The electronic methods of blood cell counting and comparisons with visual methods are described in this report. Erythrocytes were enumerated by visual counting using a standard laboratory procedure with a bright line hemocytometer, and by electronic counting of heparinized whole blood diluted 1:10,000 with physiological saline. The threshold of a Model A Coulter counter was set at 15, the aperture at 5. Leukocytes were counted visually, using the procedure of Rees and Ecker (1923) as described by Lucas and Jamroz (1961), and…
Permissive planning: extending classical planning to uncertain task domains

Abstract Uncertainty, inherent in most real-world domains, can cause failure of apparently sound classical plans. On the other hand, reasoning with representations that explicitly reflect uncertainty can engender significant, even prohibitive, additional computational costs. This paper contributes a novel approach to planning in uncertain domains. The approach is an extension of classical planning. Machine learning is employed to adjust planner bias in response to execution failures. Thus, the classical planner is conditioned towards producing plans that tend to work when executed in the world. The planner's representations are simple and crisp; uncertainty is represented and reasoned about only during learning. The user-supplied domain theory is left intact. The operator definitions and the planner's projection ability remain as the domain expert intended them. Some structuring of the planner's bias space is required. But with suitable structuring the approach scales well. The learning converges using no more than a polynomial number of examples. The system then probabilistically guarantees that either the plans produced will achieve their goal when executed or that adequate planning is not possible with the domain theory provided. An implemented robotic system is described.
A population of human cord blood lymphocytes which generates Fc receptors in vitro.

Human cord blood lymphocytes were compared with adult lymphocytes with regard to proportions of cells with surface markers for surface immunoglobulin (Ig), receptors for C′3 and the Fc-portion of IgG, as well as two types of erythrocyte rosettes (rapid and late E-rosettes). A significant decrease (P < 0.02 − 0.05) in both early and late E-rosettes was noted when cord cells were compared to adult lymphocytes. After 20 hr of incubation at 37 °C, proportions of cells bearing Fc receptors in cord blood samples showed striking increments (P < 0.001) when compared with adult lymphocytes. T cell enrichment studies and sequential depletion of cells bearing Fc receptors as well as E-rosette forming cells indicated that the precursors of cells generating Fc receptors in vitro did not arise from cells with Fc receptors or T cell markers.
Synthesis of Stable 2-Silanaphthalenes and Their Aromaticity

Stable neutral silaaromatic compounds, 2-silanaphthalenes (1a; R = Tbt, 1b; R = Bbt), were synthesized by taking advantage of extremely bulky and efficient steric protection groups, 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Tbt) and 2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Bbt). 2-Silanaphthalenes 1a,b were isolated as colorless crystalline compounds, and the structure of Tbt-substituted 1a was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. All 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR signals of the silanaphthalene ring of 1 were in good agreement with those calculated; downfield-shifted 1H signals indicating aromatization were observed. Refined NICS (nucleus-independent chemical shift) calculations which separate the σ and π contributions revealed the presence of comparably large ring current effects in the two rings of 2-silanaphthalene. The aromatic stabilization energies (ASEs) of 1-, 2-, and 9-silanaphthalenes, computed by a novel isomerization method, are almost the same as naphthale...
An Exploratory Study of African American Collegiate Adult Children of Alcoholics

The authors examined the relationship between students at a Black university who were adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and students who were not children of alcoholics (non-ACOAs) regarding levels of self-esteem, health in the family of origin, and social support during adolescence. The study participants were African American undergraduate students who responded to five surveys. The only significant relationship found was with results from the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Level of drinking was significantly related to the self-esteem of the ACOAs. A significant positive correlation between self-esteem and social support (mother) for the ACOAs and a negative correlation between self-esteem and health in the family were also found. The findings are consistent with earlier reports in which an association was found between mother support and health of the family.
Systematic criminal justice education

Abstract Examination of present educational programming reveals three primary deficiencies. First, most curricula include far too many professionally oriented courses. Second, most programs place undue emphasis upon curricula designed to train students to perform specific operational tasks. Third, there is a need for criminal justice educational programming to provide a broad theoretical orientation to the entire criminal justice system and process, rather than a focus upon any particular component. The tendency of community colleges to classify criminal justice programs as vocational/technical in order to qualify for supplemental funding has exacerbated these deficiencies. Future development of criminal justice curricular programming should include: incorporation of systemic examination of the entire criminal justice process, placement in the context of a liberal arts education based in the social sciences, and analytic rather than prescriptive content.
Polarization of Protons from the High-Energy Photodisintegration of Deuterium

Photons with a mean energy of 294 MeV yielded photoprotons from a deuterium target at a mean angle of 58\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory. The protons were observed in a carbon-plate spark chamber and measurements of their elastic scattering in the carbon were used to determine the polarization components of the protons. The component parallel to the photodisintegration plane was found to be consistent with a value of zero within the statistical errors of the measurement as was expected. The component of polarization perpendicular to the photodisintegration plane was observed to be small and negative, and not inconsistent with a value of zero.
Physiological activity of isorhodopsin in rat rods.

Abstract The thermally stable, photosensitive pigment, isorhodopsin, is based on the 9-cis isomer of retinal. While not normally found in the rat eye, iso- can be produced by exposing the eye to a short but very intense flash. Using this method, measured amounts of iso- are produced in living rat eyes or excised retinas. The spectral sensitivity of PIII in such preparations is determined and from this it is concluded that iso- is capable of generating receptor responses in the rat retina. It is also shown that no dark conversion of 9- to 11-cis occurs in the living rat eye.
Markov chain transition probabilities and experimental data

Markov theory is used in many applications to provide a probabilistic framework for modeling dynamic behavior. This theory is attractive because (1) it is the probabilistic analogue to the classical physics approach to dynamics, (2) it is easily recast into a computational form, and (3) the state transition matrix is an ideal probabilistic counterpart to the deterministic transfer matrix concept. The determination of the transition matrix is the heart of the method. An approach by which experimental data can be used to estimate the elements of this probability matrix is developed.