cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shifting between person, structure and settlement scales in anthropological field work

In this paper we report from a study of a group of physical anthropologists, focusing on joint activity by the group's faculty leader (Tom) and one of his advanced graduate students (Wanda) as they worked to "ground truth" a model of colonial succession by walking through a settlement they were excavating in the highlands of Peru. In this and other work activities of this scientific group, researchers deliberately moved between different spatial scales and representational modalities, in support of analysis, modeling, and research management. Newcomers to the group tended to work on individual dwellings (structures) within the colonial settlement, restricting their contributions to excavation and digital stratigraphy of particular features. Over time, their work expanded in scale to include work across structures, and with full group membership, to model changes in related structures over time. As part of a modeling innovation, underway during our case study, new ways of showing cultural behavior at the settlement scale provided group members with new, embodied resources for making explanatory inferences about colonial succession.
The Mechanism in the Development of Pulmonary Edema.

In a paper recently published, Johnson1 gives an account of 2 sets of experiments in which it was possible to prevent the development of pulmonary edema which otherwise would have occurred following the injection of adrenalin and caffein in rabbits. The first method consisted in the opening of the chest wall. In experiments independently carried out by both the writer in association with Dr. M. S. Fleisher, and by Dr. Johnson, the occurrence of pulmonary edema was prevented by this procedure. The second method consisted in the insufflation of air into the lung. Dr. Johnson attributes the prevention of pulmonary edema in these cases to increased pressure exerted on the walls of the capillaries of the lung acting in the direction from the alveoli towards the pleural surface. This increased pressure on the vessels tends to compress them and to counteract the increased pressure which obtains in the lumen of the vessel which latter is caused by the obstacle to the outflow of blood from the pulmonary veins prod...
Ceroid Histiocytosis of the Spleen in Hyperlipemia: Relationship to the Syndrome of the Sea-blue Histiocyte

Morphologic findings in a patient with primary, type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia of Fredrickson and Lees, reported for the first time, include marked splenomegaly with extensive ceroid histiocytosis, fatty metamorphosis and early fibrosis of the liver, and increased numbers of foam cells in the bone marrow. Diseases associated with accumulation of ceroid in various tissues are tabulated. We stress that, with the Wright or Giemsa methods, ceroid granules are stained sea-blue and ceroid-containing macrophages appear as “sea-blue histiocytes.” This staining reaction is not pathognomonic for ceroid. The spleen from a patient with “the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte” contained numerous ceroid-containing macrophages. In view of the lack of specificity of the “sea-blue histiocyte,” it is suggested that, pending its validation, “the syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte” be renamed “idiopathic ceroid histiocytosis of spleen and marrow” or “Silverstein’s syndrome.”
Exploring the Role of Culture in Online Searching Behavior from Cultural Cognition Perspective

The purpose of this study is to identify if cultural differences affect information-searching behavior of users on Google with the use of eye tracking and mouse tracking technologies. Even though cultural differences and individual cognitive style have been the main concerns of several information behavior studies in the last 10 years, there are only a limited number of studies that investigate cognitive differences between online information seekers from cultural cognitive perspective. The theoretical framework of this study is driven from Vygotsky and Nisbett's theory of cultural cognition. According to this theory, culture has a significant impact on how we organize our thoughts and our relationships, how we perceive the world, and how we decide to behave and act. In this study, I aim to investigate if the theory of cultural cognition is applicable to the users' online information searching behavior.
Die neuen Duratorq-Dieselmotoren mit Direkteinspritzung im Ford Transit

Mit der Einfuhrung des neuen Ford Transit zu Beginn des Jahres 2000 fuhrt Ford ebenfalls eine komplett neu entwickelte Familie von Dieselmotoren, die Duratorq-Motoren, in die Serie ein. Die neuen Motoren ersetzen die bekannten 2,5-l-Motoren des Ford Transit. Sie sind in zwei Hubraumvarianten von 2,0 l und 2,4 l erhaltlich und decken einen weiten Drehmoment- und Nennleistungsbereich ab.
Do Firms Really Allocate Capital So Inefficiently

The capital allocation process is a fundamental, organizational capability that drives value creation. The bulk of extant empirical research, as well as evidence from prominent field studies, concludes that the capital allocation process is a significant capability weakness: managers appear to make consistently inefficient capital allocation decisions. This paper asks whether managers are truly allocating capital so inefficiently, or can a more robust measure of allocation efficiency demonstrate that the capital allocation process is instead a capability strength. In the first stage of the empirical analysis, managers are found to be allocating capital more than twice as efficiently than prior literature suggests. The second stage validates the new measure by demonstrating that managers are capable of enhancing performance through strategic capital allocation.
From Disenfranchisement to Delight: How an Expansion of the Purcell Doctrine Can Properly Enforce the Fifteenth Amendment and Remedy the Inadequacy of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Perhaps the most important legislation enacted during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (“VRA”), which sought to assure that no U.S. citizen would be denied the right to vote on account of race or color. After passage of the VRA, African-Americans previously disenfranchised via literacy tests, poll taxes, and other Jim Crow era deterrents increasingly became registered to vote and, subsequently, turned out for elections at rates never previously seen. Recently, however, the constitutionality of portions of the VRA have come into question and in the 2013 case Shelby County v. Holder, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the VRA’s coverage formula under Section 4(b). This has rendered the preclearance requirements of Section 5 useless and has left Section 2 as the main tool to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment. This Note argues that by expanding the rationale behind the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Purcell v. Gonzalez, a 2006 case holding that the judiciary should refrain from altering election law as elections draw near, the undesirable consequences of the inadequacy of Section 2 of the VRA as an enforcement mechanism of the Fifteenth Amendment can be lessened. Courts should do this by utilizing a more relaxed standard for granting preliminary injunctions known as the serious questions test. This test would serve as an important tool to be used by the electorate in its quest to fully participate in our republican form of government.
Police executives’ and managers’ perspectives on Compstat*

AbstractDeveloped and implemented by the New York City Police Department, Compstat is a managerial accountability system developed to identify and solve crime problems. It has been adopted police departments throughout the world. This manuscript compares the attitudes of police chiefs with those of other ranks of police administrators through the use of a survey conducted by the Police Executive Research Forum. We replicated the study and surveyed graduates of the Administrative Officer’s Course at the Southern Police Institute. The findings suggest that the views of PERF chiefs and AOC graduates are diverse and that some of the fundamental Compstat practices could be changed to better accomplish their purpose. While the AOC graduates were in agreement with the PERF chiefs with the basic principles of Compstat such as purpose, meeting formats, diagnosis of crime issues, and the operational responses, conflicting views were identified pertaining to communications, a demeaning atmosphere in the Compstat bri...
Nowhere to hide: unconventional translation yields cryptic peptides for immune surveillance

Effective immune surveillance by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells of intracellular microbes and cancer depends on the antigen presentation pathway. This pathway produces an optimal peptide repertoire for presentation by major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules (pMHCs I) on the cell surface. We have known for years that the pMHC I repertoire is a reflection of the intracellular protein pool. However, many studies have revealed that pMHCs I present peptides not only from precursors encoded in open-reading frames of mRNA transcripts but also cryptic peptides encoded in apparently 'untranslated' regions. These sources vastly increase the availability of peptides for presentation and immune evasion. Here, we review studies on the composition of the cryptic pMHC I repertoire, the immunological significance of these pMHC I, and the novel translational mechanisms that generate cryptic peptides from unusual sources.
Shellfishing and human evolution

Abstract Southern and northwestern Africa have provided the oldest known shell middens, dating from the Last Interglacial (MIS 5, ∼128–71 ka) and the early part of the succeeding glaciation (MIS 4, ∼71–59 ka). However, when and if older, suitably situated, stratified coastal sites are found, they are likely to show that routine shellfishing began much earlier, perhaps from the time that people first occupied coasts. Ethnohistoric records suggest that ancient people would have shellfished mainly during twice-monthly periods when the intertidal zone is maximally exposed. Caloric and nutrient return for coastal shellfishing effort can be quite high, but only when the intertidal is exposed, and archaeology implies that like ethnohistorically observed groups, ancient shellfish collectors depended more on terrestrial and marine vertebrates and on plants. Shellfishing can generate highly visible and durable archaeological signatures, and only a few collecting episodes each year could have produced the oldest middens, which span many millennia. Shell middens are so far unknown in European Neanderthal (Mousterian) and succeeding Upper Paleolithic sites, probably because suitably situated sites have yet to be found. Consistently large gastropod size in the oldest known middens suggests that human population growth cannot explain either the occasional presence of “symbolic” artifacts or the innovative burst that coincides with the spread of fully modern Africans to Eurasia 60–50 ka.
Videography Reveals In-Water Behavior of Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) at a Foraging Ground

Assessing sea turtle behavior at the foraging grounds has been primarily limited to the interpretation of remotely-sensed data. As a result, there is a general lack of detailed understanding regarding the habitat use of sea turtles during a phase that accounts for a majority of their lives. Thus, this study aimed to fill these data gaps by providing detailed information about the feeding habits, prey availability, buoyancy control and water column usage by 73 loggerhead turtles across 45.7 hours of video footage obtained from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) from 2008 – 2014. We developed an ethogram to account for 27 potential environmental and behavioral parameters. Turtles were filmed through the entire water column and we quantified the frequency of behaviors such as flipper beats, breaths, defecations, feedings and reactions to the ROV. We used the ROV’s depth sensor and visible cues (i.e. water surface or benthic zone in view) to distinguish depth zones and assess the turtles’ use of the water column. We also quantified interactions with sympatric biota, including potential gelatinous and non-gelatinous prey species, fish (including sharks), marine mammals and other sea turtles. We discovered that turtles tended to remain within the near surface and surface zones of the water column through the majority of the footage. During benthic dives, turtles consistently exhibited negative buoyancy and some turtles exhibited a dichotomous foraging behavior, first foraging within the water column, then diving to the benthic environment. Videography allowed us to combine behavioral observations and habitat features that cannot be captured by traditional telemetry methods, resulting in a broader understanding of loggerheads’ ecological role in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic.
Increased birth weight is associated with altered gene expression in neonatal foreskin.

Elevated birth weight is linked to glucose intolerance and obesity health-related complications later in life. No studies have examined if infant birth weight is associated with gene expression markers of obesity and inflammation in a tissue that comes directly from the infant following birth. We evaluated the association between birth weight and gene expression on fetal programming of obesity. Foreskin samples were collected following circumcision, and gene expression analyzed comparing the 15% greatest birth weight infants (n=7) v. the remainder of the cohort (n=40). Multivariate linear regression models were fit to relate expression levels on differentially expressed genes to birth weight group with adjustment for variables selected from a list of maternal and infant characteristics. Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), leptin receptor (LEPR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) were significantly upregulated and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and thioredoxin (TXN) downregulated in the larger birth weight neonates v. controls. Multivariate modeling revealed that the estimated adjusted birth weight group difference exceeded one standard deviation of the expression level for eight of the 10 genes. Between 25 and 50% of variation in expression level was explained by multivariate modeling for eight of the 10 genes. Gene expression related to glycemic control, appetite/energy balance, obesity and inflammation were altered in tissue from babies with elevated birth weight, and these genes may provide important information regarding fetal programming in macrosomic babies.
Impact of research collaboration cosmopolitanism on job satisfaction

Abstract The concept of collaboration cosmopolitanism has referred to the institutional and geographic distance characteristics of academic researchers' collaboration patterns. We study the effect of collaboration cosmopolitanism on doctoral level research personnel working in different sectors–government, industry, and academia. The study examines the impact of collaboration cosmopolitanism on an important aspect of career success: job satisfaction. We employ the 2006 and 2010 Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) collected by the US National Science Foundation to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal effect of collaboration cosmopolitanism on job satisfaction. We are particularly interested in doctoral level researchers’ job satisfaction related to sector of employment while controlling for demographic and work characteristics such as gender, minority status, salary, and work hours. Findings suggest that scientists working at a higher level of collaboration cosmopolitanism tend to report a higher level of job satisfaction. Furthermore, we find that academic scientists are more satisfied than those working in industry. This finding holds in the longitudinal model—industry scientists are less satisfied—but we find that over time, government scientists are more satisfied than academic scientists, and much more satisfied than industry scientists.
Expert system CFAR: algorithm development, experimental demonstration, and transition to airborne radar systems

The genesis of the Expert System Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) processing arose in 1984 from insight gained during earlier experiments performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Rome Research Site, then known as Rome Air Development Center (RADC) (Figure 1). Measured data analysis from the low altitude detection (LAD) experiments conducted in RADC's Surveillance Laboratory was instrumental in gaining insight into detecting weak signals (airborne target returns) embedded in strong nonhomogeneous clutter. This challenging problem, investigated by Signal Processing Chief, Mr. Clarence Silfer in the late 1970s, was studied to improve cruise missile detection by unattended short-range ground-based radars. The LAD experiments were performed in support of the Enhanced Defense Early Warning (EDEW) project [1]. Dr. Russell Brown and Mr. David Mokry conducted measurements in the summer of 1981, and Mr. Paul van Etten performed analysis. The first author assisted in these early endeavors, focusing on data analysis.
Conclusion—Strategic Planning for R&D on Immersive Learning

This chapter articulates a Grand Challenge of applied, collective research. In our judgment, we must establish educational research laboratories with access to the next generations of tools and complementary research agendas to rapidly accumulate knowledge. Immersive technologies cannot be examined in the hope of changing one parameter and observing the effects. Rather, immersion, particularly VR and MUVEs, by their very nature alter perspective, context, and even the participants’ sense of self, while immersion in the form of MR and AR alters our sense of participation in the external environment. Design strategies for this scholarly work include applied, collective research; studies on what works when for whom, it what context; and research balanced between design and evaluation. Our illustrative research agenda includes thematic areas: authenticity, representation of the self, social immersion, and technological support and infrastructure. We also suggest developing implementation testbeds that provide authentic contexts to judge the educational value of immersive learning experiences.
Modeling Protein S-Aromatic Motifs Reveals Their Structural and Redox Flexibility.

S–aromatic motifs are important noncovalent forces for protein stability and function but remain poorly understood. Hence, we performed quantum calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311++G(d,p) level on complexes between Cys (H2S, MeSH) and Met (Me2S) models with models of Phe (benzene, toluene), Trp (indole, 3-methylindole), Tyr (phenol, 4-methylphenol), and His (imidazole, 4-methylimidazole). The most stable gas-phase conformers exhibit binding energies of −2 to −6 kcal/mol, and the S atom lies perpendicular to the ring plane. This reveals preferential interaction with the ring π-system, except in the imidazoles where S binds edge-on to an N atom. Complexation tunes the gas-phase vertical ionization potentials of the ligands over as much as 1 eV, and strong σ- or π-type H-bonding supports charge transfer to the H-bond donor, rendering it more oxidizable. When the S atom acts as an H-bond acceptor (N/O–Har···S), calibration of the CHARMM36 force field (by optimizing pair-specific Lennard-Jones parameters) is r...
Transcellular and lipophilic complex-enhanced intestinal absorption of human growth hormone.

Purpose. To evaluate the transcellular mechanism of novel enhancers absorption enhancement of human growth hormone (hGH), by examining the involvement of a P-glycoprotein-like efflux system, changes in membrane fluidity, and membrane damage. Methods. Caco-2 cell monolayers were grown on Snapwell® filter supports and placed in a side-by-side diffusion apparatus. Transport in both the apical to basolateral (AP to BL) and basolateral to apical (BL to AP) direction was measured at different temperatures and in the presence of potential inhibitors. Fluorescence anisotropy measurement was used to measure membrane fluidity. The fluorescence anisotropy of DPH- and TMA-DPH-labeled cell suspensions was measured at room temperature. LDH (a measure of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase) leakage assay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity. Results. The bi-directional transepithelial fluxes of hGH in the presence of these novel enhancers across Caco-2 cells showed marked asymmetry. Average permeability coefficient values obtained in the apical to basolateral (AP to BL) direction were lower than those of the reverse (BL to AP) direction. On the other hand, the fluxes for hGH alone were symmetric. When P-gp-like efflux inhibitors were included in the transport medium, the permeability coefficient value of BL to AP direction was significantly decreased while the transport was increased in the reverse direction in the presence of novel enhancers. In addition, lowering the temperature to 25°C completely eliminated the asymmetry of hGH transport in the presence of novel enhancers. It was also shown by fluorescence anisotropy that these novel enhancers alone only slightly increased membrane fluidity. On the other hand, upon addition of hGH to the novel enhancers, the cell membrane showed a dramatic change as compared to treatment with novel enhancers alone. The results from the LDH assay showed that the novel enhancers and/or hGH did not cause cell damage, at least up to 1 hour, and the damage seen at the 2 hour point is also much lower than other known enhancers. Conclusions. This study shows that human growth hormone alone cannot be transported across Caco-2 cells, except in small quantities, by passive diffusion, but in the presence of novel enhancers, human growth hormone permeation is substantial. In addition, the asymmetry of transport of the complexed hGH appears to be due to a P-gp-like efflux system. Because it is a lack of definitive evidence that the efflux system presented in this paper is a P-glycoprotein, the authors will address the efflux system as a P-gp-like efflux system throughout. Assuming that the present substrate specificity of the P-gp-like efflux system shows the same preference for hydrophobic molecules as p-gp, the present work also indirectly shows that human growth hormone has become more lipophilic in the presence of these novel enhancers. Furthermore, membrane fluidity data also supports the premise that these novel enhancers interact and stabilize hGH, to make them more hydrophobic and easier to be transported through cell membranes.
Global comprehensive models in politics and policymaking

In this issue of Climatic Change, Ron Brunner argues that the US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has to its peril overemphasized the potential policy significance of comprehensive, predictive models [1 ]. Brunner thinks that although comprehensive models are properly a central goal of global change science, they cannot produce effective global change policy. He argues for a 'modest alternative' to comprehensive modeling and policymaking. The alternative consists of geographically decentralized 'policy teams' which would generate and test a wide variety of limited policy formulations and action alternatives on a regional or even local scale over a short (2-3 year) cycle. The problem, in Brunner's view, is fourfold. First, predictive global models do not now have, and are unlikely soon to reach, very high levels of accuracy. While model quality is being debated and improved, public confidence in the USGCRP is eroding. Furthermore, authoritative validation of integrated assessment models (IAMs) is at least unlikely, if not altogether impossible, because they include socio-economic processes subject to large future modifications by intelligent social decision-making and by unpredictable human events. Second, predictions even excellent ones are not very important to the ways policies are actually established and evaluated in America (and perhaps, though he does not say so, in democratic societies in general). Thus even if highly accurate, thoroughly validated models existed, they would not matter much to the policy process. Third, if and when they materialize, actual global change policies are themselves unlikely to be comprehensive, simply because consensus on any comprehensive policy is very difficult to achieve. Finally, because it focuses primarily on national and international-level policy and because its rigorous demands limit the number of models it can produce, the comprehensive approach risks overlooking effective policy options at smaller scales. For these reasons, Brunner believes, policymakers would be better served by efforts to proliferate, experiment with, and evaluate a wide variety of limited, non-comprehensive policy alternatives. In this editorial, I reflect on the role of comprehensive models, such as IAMs and earth system models (ESMs), in politics and policymaking [2]. I distinguish between the latter terms because part of what I will address is the importance
EKG in Pericardial Disease

Since Willem Einthoven coined the term electrocardiogram (EKG) in at the turn of the twentieth century [1], the EKG has become an increasingly central tool in the clinician’s armamentarium.
Outcome-Based Evaluation Data Management

If I was successful in Chapter 6, you should now know which core data sets (recipient characteristics, core-service functions, cost estimates, and valued, person-referenced outcomes) you plan to use in your outcome-based evaluation. Now the task is to determine how best to collect and organize the data physically so that it can be used effectively in one or more of the OBE analyses described in Chapters 3–5. I refer to this process as data management, the result of which is the development of a viable and useful data-management system.
Quantification of Interface-Dependent Plasmon Quality Factors Using Single-Beam Nonlinear Optical Interferometry

A method for quantification of plasmon mode quality factors using a novel collinear single-beam interferometric nonlinear optical (INLO) microscope is described. A collinear sequence of phase-stabilized femtosecond laser pulses generated by a series of birefringent optics is used for the INLO experiments. Our experimental designs allow for the creation of pulse replicas (800 nm carrier wave) that exhibit interpulse phase stability of 33 mrad (approximately 14 attoseonds), which can be incrementally temporally delayed from attosecond to picosecond time scales. This temporal tuning range allows for resonant electronic Fourier spectroscopy of plasmonic gold nanoparticles. The collinear geometry of the pulse pair facilitates integration into an optical microscopy platform capable of single-nanoparticle sensitivity. Analysis of the Fourier spectra in the frequency domain yields the sample plasmon resonant response and homogeneous line width; the latter provided quantification of the plasmon mode quality factor...
Community Context, Weapon Use, and Victim Injury: A Multi-Level Study of Offense Severity in the Sexual Victimization of Women

Prior studies of the sexual assault of women suggest the importance of weapon use, victim/offender familiarity, and offender intoxication as factors that contribute to offense severity in the form of victim injury. This body of literature is, however, inconsistent and limited insofar as it relies heavily on micro-level analysis of geographically limited samples of survivors and offenders. This study contributes to the literature through application of Agnew’s General Strain Theory and race-specific hierarchical generalized linear modeling to incident-level data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System in conjunction with contextual-level data from cities in which the incidents are nested. Our findings suggest weapon use, victim-offender familiarity, and offender intoxication each contribute to offense severity, but these relationships are conditioned by strain-inducing community characteristics.
Generating connectives

We present an implemented procedure to select an appropriate connective to link two propositions, which is part of a large text generation system. Each connective is defined as a set of constraints between features of the propositions it connects. Our focus has been to identify pragmatic features that can be produced by a deep generator to provide a simple representation of connectives. Using these features, we can account for a variety of connective usages, and we can distinguish between similar connectives. We describe how a surface generator can produce complex sentences when given these features in input. The selection procedure is implemented as part of a large functional unification grammar.
Back-irradiated and dual-screen sandwich detector configurations for radiography.

Recent advances in thin film transistor array technology have enabled the possibility of “back-irradiated” (BI) indirect active-matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs), in which x-rays first expose the scintillator through the optical sensor, and “dual-screen” AMFPIs, in which two scintillating screens are sandwiched around a bidirectional active matrix. We developed a theoretical treatment of such detectors. The theory is used to investigate possible imaging performance improvements over conventional “front-irradiation” (FI) AMFPIs, where the active matrix is opposite the x-ray entrance surface. Simple expressions for the modulation transfer function, normalized noise power spectrum, Swank factor ( A s), Lubberts function L ( f ) , and spatial frequency-dependent detective quantum efficiency DQE ( f ) are derived and used to compute these quantities for a variety of FI, BI, and dual-screen detector configurations. DQE ( f ) is used as the figure of merit for optimizing and comparing the performance of the various configurations. Large performance improvements over FI single-screen systems are found possible with BI. Further improvements are found possible with dual-screen configurations. The ratio of the thicknesses of the two screens that optimizes DQE is generally asymmetric, with the thinner screen facing the incident flux. The optimum ratio depends on the x-ray attenuation length in the screen.
Salt loading in MOFs: solvent-free and solvent-assisted loading of NH4NO3 and LiNO3 in UiO-66

While the loading of liquid or solid materials in the pores of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can yield composite materials with novel and useful emergent properties, the loading of solids, and ionic solids in particular, can be challenging. We report the loading of the salts NH4NO3 and LiNO3 in the MOF UiO-66. The relatively low-melting NH4NO3 is loaded in UiO-66 in a solvent-free method, and loading is complete in 8 h at 75 °C, far below the melting point of NH4NO3. The higher-melting LiNO3 requires a small amount of solvent (water) for loading, and active removal of water assists in loading of the salt to form a composite that is 38% by mass LiNO3. These and similar salt–MOF composites are of interest for applications such as solid-ion conductors and energetic materials.
Modeling and Analysis of Super-synchronous Oscillation in Converters-dominated Power System Based on Multivariable Frequency Domain Method

The large scale integrated power electronics are challenging the power system dynamic analysis. This paper investigates the system super-synchronous oscillation caused by grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) of wind turbine generation in current control timescale. A micro-grid system model is proposed as an example of converters-dominated power system from the perspective of multivariable feedback control theory in frequency domain. The analysis result shows that super-synchronous oscillation will occur if the system operates with light load. Furthermore, by introducing the new index into multivariable frequency analysis, it is found that the system stability is mainly deteriorated by the wind farm which equipped with cable collector system. Time-domain simulation results of the micro-grid system implemented in MATLAB/Simulink validate the correctness of analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed model.
A Dynamic Radiographic Imaging Study of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Morphometry and Deformation In Vivo.

Intervertebral discs are important structural components of the spine but also are significant sources of morbidity, especially for the “low back” lumbar region. Mechanical damage to, or degeneration of, the lumbar discs can diminish their structural integrity and elicit debilitating low back pain. Advancement of reparative or regenerative means to treat damaged or degenerated discs is hindered by a lack of basic understanding of the disc load-deformation characteristics in vivo. The current study presents an in vivo analysis of the morphometry and deformation of lumbar (L2-S1) intervertebral discs in 10 healthy participants while performing a common lifting act, using novel dynamic radiographic imaging of the lumbar vertebral body motion. Data analyses show uniquely different (p < 0.05) characteristics in morphometry, normal and shear strain patterns of the L5S1 discs, while the rest of lumbar discs exhibit great similarity. In particular shear strains in L2-L5 discs exhibited stronger linear correlations (R2 ≥ 0.80) between strain changes and amount of lumbar flexion-extension motion compared to L5S1 (R2 ≤ 0.5). The study therefore advances the state of knowledge on in vivo mechanical responses of the lumbar intervertebral discs during functional tasks.
Fast spread of COVID-19 in Europe and the US suggests the necessity of early, strong and comprehensive interventions.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused more than 800,000 infections and 40,000 deaths by the end of March 2020. However, some of the basic epidemiological parameters, such as the exponential epidemic growth rate and R0 are debated. We developed an inference approach to control for confounding factors in data collection, such as under-reporting and changes in surveillance intensities, and fitted a mathematical model to infection and death count data collected from eight European countries and the US. In all countries, the early epidemic grew exponentially at rates between 0.19-0.29/day (epidemic doubling times between 2.4-3.7 days). This suggests a highly infectious virus with an R0 likely between 4.0 and 7.1. We show that similar levels of intervention efforts are needed, no matter the goal is mitigation or containment. Early, strong and comprehensive intervention efforts to achieve greater than 74-86% reduction in transmission are necessary.
Abstract 1150: Targeting PI3K inhibits ER-mammary tumor initiation and early dissemination

Despite recent advances in cancer treatment, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies, many women still die of breast cancer. To ultimately reduce breast cancer death, it is of urgent need to develop more effective prevention and early intervention strategies. Although tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors decrease incidences of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer, there is no effective agent for prevention of ER negative (ER-) breast cancer. In this study, we identified that PI3K pathway is significantly activated in premalignant ER- breast lesions compared to paired normal tissue from breast cancer patients. We therefore tested whether blocking PI3K pathway by genetic knockdown or using a clinically applicable PI3K inhibitor (GDC0941) can inhibit ER- tumor initiation and progression. Indeed, both genetic knockdown of PI3K and low dose GDC0941 intervention reversed the disorganized three-dimensional growth of semi-transformed human ER- mammary epithelial cells in vitro. More importantly, low dose GDC0941 treatment significantly delayed the tumor initiation in MMTV-neu mouse model which develops ER-HER2+ mammary tumors. Notably, low dose GDC0941 treatment did not show discernable adverse effects, including no significant changes in body weight and liver functions, no immuno-toxicity. Since PI3K activation is crucial for early disseminated tumor cells, we collected bone marrow from treated mice versus vehicle control group, and examined the impact of GDC0941 treatment on early dissemination of tumor cells into the bone marrow. Excitingly, we found that administration of low dose GDC0941 significantly decreased CD45-ErBb2+/CK8/18+ early disseminated mammary tumor cells into the bone marrow, indicating that low dose PI3K inhibitor not only delayed primary tumor initiation but also prevented tumor cell early dissemination in the bone marrow. Taken together, these data support the notion that using low dose targeting drug to block PI3K pathway is safe and promising for ER- breast cancer prevention. Citation Format: Yuan Zhang, Jingyang Wang, Yi Xiao, Victoria Seewaldt, Dihua Yu. Targeting PI3K inhibits ER-mammary tumor initiation and early dissemination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1150.
Effect size – one size doesn't fit all

Abstract There remains a pendulum swing to avoid p-values, but the binary, use or don't use p-values may be replacing one problem with another. This paper elaborates on the use of p-values and effect sizes, points out their utility and reminds that the context of the question remains critically important. There is no single measure that provides the sole value of a study. The over or under interpretation of various measures is cautioned. Researchers need to keep in mind there is bio in biostatistics and statistics in biology and medicine. Both are needed to understand results in context.
Steepest-descent algorithm for simulating plasma-wave caustics via metaplectic geometrical optics

The design and optimization of radiofrequency-wave systems for fusion applications is often performed using ray-tracing codes, which rely on the geometrical-optics (GO) approximation. However, GO fails at wave cutoffs and caustics. To accurately model the wave behavior in these regions, more advanced and computationally expensive ``full-wave'' simulations are typically used, but this is not strictly necessary. A new generalized formulation called metaplectic geometrical optics (MGO) has been proposed that reinstates GO near caustics. The MGO framework yields an integral representation of the wavefield that must be evaluated numerically in general. We present an algorithm for computing these integrals using Gauss-Freud quadrature along the steepest-descent contours. Benchmarking is performed on the standard Airy problem, for which the exact solution is known analytically. The numerical MGO solution provided by the new algorithm agrees remarkably well with the exact solution and significantly improves on previously derived analytical approximations of the MGO integral.
Ureteroscopic endoureterotomy

OBJECTIVE To highlight the current status of ureteroscopic endoureterotomy (UE) by reporting extensive experience with the endoscopic management of ureteric strictures, with special emphasis on factors determining success, and by reviewing publications on the minimally invasive management of ureteric strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study comprised 50 patients (mean age 53 years, range 18–85, equal sex distribution) with ureteric strictures of varying causes; all had their stricture treated endoscopically. The follow-up was 0.5–9 years; 10 patients with recurrent strictures had two ipsilateral stents placed to try to improve the outcome, and eight patients with completely obliterating strictures were treated by ureteroscopic re-canalization. RESULTS The site of stricture had no bearing on the eventual outcome. Patients with uretero-enteric and malignant strictures did not fare so well. The most important predictor of failure was the length of the stricture, with failure in all seven patients with strictures of > 2 cm. In the 10 patients treated with two ipsilateral stents, eight were successful, which was very promising considering that these patients had recalcitrant strictures and placing one stent had previously failed. The overall success rate was 74%. CONCLUSION UE has become the procedure of choice for the initial management of ureteric strictures. Simple balloon dilatation is also effective in certain situations. The characteristics of the stricture often govern the eventual outcome. In properly selected cases success rates of ≈ 75% can be expected.
Electronic data interchange (EDI): Application of EDI and its impact on information quality

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the electronic transmission or movement of busi­ ness data, information and documents from one business'computer system to another system in a standardized format. This movement is in a structured data format that permits data to be transferred without rekeying from a computer-supported business application in one location to another such system elsewhere. This technologically advanced mode of business transac­ tions is fast becoming the operating "norm" for many areas of the business world. EDI is not electronic mail or FAX. They do not generate computer-processable information. EDI is not an application; it performs no business transactions and it generates no information. EDI inte­ grated into a company's business system creates direct information-processing links between business. The paper addresses the applications of EDI and looks at possible impact on informa­ tion quality. INTRODUCTION EDI can trace its roots back to the post-World War II era. The automobile, transportation and retail industries were among the nations' first users of EDI. The government has been moving forward with EDI in the recent years. In 1994, President Clinton signed the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (Public Law 103-355) which was designed to simplify and Streamline the Federal procurement process. With this, the Defense Information System Agency (DISA) has been designated as the responsible agency for maintaining Department of Defense (DOD) infor­ mation technology standards and conventions. With DISA, the Center for Standards, part of the joint Interoperability and Engineering Organization, is the designated configuration manager for DO D electronic Commerce/Electronic Data Interchange (EC/EDI) standards. EDI, along with the company's financial and business data systems, creates a direct link between customers and suppliers. There are significant opportunities to conduct business in an electronic environment in both domestic and international markets.
Behavioral Implications of the Sec Market Risk Disclosures

In this paper, we draw on judgment and decision making research to examine the behavioral implications of the SEC's Financial Reporting Release No. 48 on derivative and market risk disclosures. While these disclosures have been examined from an empirical point of view, no research has investigated how these disclosures might affect the users. The purpose of our paper is to identify and analyze the behavioral implications of the new risk disclosures. We draw on research done in the judgment and decision making arena to analyze the likely behavioral consequences of these disclosures. Our paper identifies a number of areas for future research on the important topic of market risk.
Impacting Student Perceptions about Careers in Information Systems

A shortage of graduates prepared to fill the available jobs in Information Systems remains. Previous studies have verified the shortage and attempted to explain why students do not major in Information Technology related fields. Since prior studies identified lack of awareness regarding the discipline as a major reason in ignoring the major, the purpose of this study is to determine if reading an article about the work of a requirements analyst would positively impact the perceptions of student respondents about careers in Information Systems. It was found that perceptions about careers in Information Systems related fields can be improved by exposing students to the work-life activities of Information Systems professionals. Using a pretest/posttest experimental design, perceptions regarding careers in IS were collected before and after students read Karl Wiegers’ article “So You Want to be a Requirements Analyst?” Posttest findings indicate statistically significant positive changes in participant’s perceptions about careers in Information Systems related fields, especially related to Systems Analysts roles.
The use of radioactive cobalt in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract After activation in the nuclear reactor, cobalt forms a relatively stable isotope with a soft beta ray which requires minimal shielding, and has a homogenous gamma irradiation. It can be machined to any desired shape prior to activation, and constitutes an easily handled radioactive material. Advantage has been taken of these qualities in the application of cobalt-60 to the treatment of the forty patients with carcinoma of the cervix here reported. Fine caliber needles have been used which can be fashioned to the desired length and strength, and template guides have been introduced to provide precision of needle placement. These factors tend to increase the safety of multiple-source intrapelvic irradiation, and a method is offered whereby an evenly distributed pattern of radiation can be designed to fit the patient's pelvis and the spread of her lesion.
Improving the representation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation using spectral nudging in the Weather Research and Forecasting model

Spectral nudging—a scale-selective interior constraint technique—is commonly used in regional climate models to maintain consistency with large-scale forcing while permitting mesoscale features to develop in the downscaled simulations. Several studies have demonstrated that spectral nudging improves the representation of regional climate in reanalysis-forced simulations compared with not using nudging in the interior of the domain. However, in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, spectral nudging tends to produce degraded precipitation simulations when compared to analysis nudging—an interior constraint technique that is scale indiscriminate but also operates on moisture fields which until now could not be altered directly by spectral nudging. Since analysis nudging is less desirable for regional climate modeling because it dampens fine-scale variability, changes are proposed to the spectral nudging methodology to capitalize on differences between the nudging techniques and aim to improve the representation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation without compromising other fields. These changes include adding spectral nudging toward moisture, limiting nudging to below the tropopause, and increasing the nudging time scale for potential temperature, all of which collectively improve the representation of mean and extreme precipitation, 2 m temperature, clouds, and radiation, as demonstrated using a model-simulated 20 year historical period. Such improvements to WRF may increase the fidelity of regional climate data used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on human health and the environment and aid in climate change mitigation and adaptation studies.
TSP-1 Deficiency Alters Ocular Microbiota: Implications for Sjögren's Syndrome Pathogenesis

Abstract Purpose: The potential role of commensals as triggering factors that promote inflammation in dry eye disease has not been explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether ocular microbiota changes with the onset of dry eye disease in thrombospondin-1-deficient (TSP-1−/−) mice, a strain that develops Sjogren's syndrome-like disease. Methods: Conjunctival swabs were collected from TSP-1−/− and C57BL/6 mice and analyzed for bacterial presence. Opsonophagocytosis of the bacterial conjunctival isolates derived from the aged TSP-1−/− mice by neutrophils derived from either TSP-1−/− or C57BL/6 bone marrow was evaluated. The bactericidal activities of TSP-1-derived peptide were examined. Results: We found that in TSP-1−/− mice, the conjunctival colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci sp (CNS) species was significantly increased with aging and preceded that of the wild-type C57BL/6 control mice. This correlated with increased neutrophil infiltration into t...