cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using a Human Factors Framework to Assess Clinician Perceptions of and Barriers to High Reliability in Hand Hygiene

Background: Hand hygiene is essential to prevent healthcare-associated infections, but adherence among clinicians remains low. Objective: We used a human factors framework to understand clinician perceptions of and barriers to achieving high reliability in hand hygiene. Methods: The Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety 2.0 model was used to develop a 24-item electronic survey. Perceived barriers to hand hygiene were classified into several domains: technology and tools, person, organization, tasks, environment, and care processes. After pilot testing, the survey was distributed to a stratified random sample of attending physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in medical specialties and surgery-anesthesia at a quaternary-care pediatric hospital. Frequencies, percentages, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses. Results: Of 200 clinicians, 61 (31%) responded to the survey: 74% were attending physicians, 18% were nurse practitioners, and 7% were physician assistants. Moreover, 51% of respondents represented medical specialties, and 49% came from surgical disciplines or anesthesia. Respondents had served a median 12 years (IQR, 5–19 years) in their current role. Overall, 70% perceived hand hygiene to be “essential” among patient safety issues at the institution, and 84% agreed that leadership openly promotes hand hygiene. Additionally, 97% believed personal hand hygiene efforts were effective in preventing healthcare-associated infections. The availability of alcohol-based hand rub and being a good example for colleagues were perceived as “very effective” in permanently improving hand hygiene reliability by most respondents (87% and 67%, respectively). Furthermore, 77% of clinicians reported alcohol-based hand rub dispensers to be “sometimes” or “often” empty; 52% cited distractions in the workplace as hindrances to hand hygiene; and 21% reported that peers do not openly promote hand hygiene. One-quarter of the respondents indicated that the layout of patient care areas was not conducive to performing hand hygiene. Staffing shortages and the pace and demands of work precluded hand hygiene for 15% and 11% of respondents, respectively. Conclusions: Most clinicians view hand hygiene as essential to patient safety, but aspects of organizational culture, environment, tasks, and tools were identified as barriers to high performance reliability. These data can inform efforts to use human factors engineering principles to optimize systems and organizations to more effectively promote hand hygiene. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Drip System for Admissions to Resident Teams: Impact on Workload and Education.

OBJECTIVES Assigning patients to a call team every fourth day (bolus system) caused the maldistribution of patients among resident teams and required additional faculty effort for overflow patient care. We changed to a continuous daily rotation (drip system) and examined the effect on clinical workload among resident teams, resident education, and faculty utilization. METHODS This is a retrospective study based on the daily records of 7 am team census, the attending physician schedules for a pediatric hospital medicine service with 5 teams, and the measures of resident education, including noon conference attendance, scores on in-service examinations, and duty hour violations. Data from the bolus system (May 2014-June 2015) were compared with the drip system (May 2016-June 2017). RESULTS Data from 348 bolus days and 338 drip days were analyzed. There was a decrease in interteam variation from 6.2 to 3.9 patients (P < 0.001). There were fewer days with the following: large interteam variation (143 to 25, P < 0.001), days with resident teams at or above capacity (26 to 11, P = 0.01), resident teams below a minimum 7 am census (133 to 18, P < 0.001), and days when additional faculty were pulled for clinical care (61 to 9, P < 0.001). Resident noon conference attendance was unchanged and there was no adverse effect on examination scores or duty hour violations. CONCLUSIONS Changing from a bolus to a drip model for admissions to inpatient teams resulted in a more even distribution of the workload and a more efficient use of physician resources without negatively affecting resident education.
Comparing Student-Created to Teacher-Created Study Guides Within An Interteaching Framework

Background:The role of the preparation or study guide in interteaching is relatively unexplored. One study demonstrated that having students create their own study guide was just as effective as co...
A Review of Problem Structuring Methods for Consideration in Prognostics and Smart Manufacturing

Successful use of prognostics involves the prediction of future system behaviors in an effort to maintain system availability and reduce the cost of maintenance and repairs. Recent work by the National Institute of Standards and Technology indicates that the field of prognostics and health management is vital for remaining competitive in today’s manufacturing environment. While prognostics-based maintenance involves many traditional operations researchcentric challenges for successful deployment such as limited availability of information and concerns regarding computational efficiency, the authors argue in this paper that the field of prognostics and health management, still in its embryonic development stage, could benefit greatly from considering soft operations research techniques as well. Specifically, the authors propose the use of qualitative problem structuring techniques that aid in problem understanding and scoping. This paper provides an overview of these soft methods and discusses and demonstrates how manufacturers might use them. An approach combining problem structuring methods with traditional operations research techniques would help accelerate the development of the prognostics field.
A transgenic pig model expressing a CMV-ZsGreen1 reporter across an extensive array of tissues.

Since genetic engineering of pigs can benefit both biomedicine and agriculture, selecting a suitable gene promoter is critically important. The cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, which can robustly drive ubiquitous transgene expression, is commonly used at present, yet recent reports suggest tissue-specific activity in the pig. The objective of this study was to quantify ZsGreen1 protein (in lieu of CMV promoter activity) in tissues from pigs harboring a CMV-ZsGreen1 transgene with a single integration site. Tissue samples (n=35) were collected from neonatal hemizygous (n=3) and homozygous (n=3) piglets and ZsGreen1 abundance was determined via immunoblotting. ZsGreen1 was detected in all tissues, except hypothalamus, kidney cortex and oviduct. The expression patterns of homozygous and hemizygous piglets were similar (P>0.05). However, quantification revealed that ZsGreen1 protein levels were tissue-specific. Within neural/endocrine tissues, ZsGreen1 abundance was highest in the anterior pituitary gland, intermediate in the cerebellum and lowest in the cerebrum, spinal cord and posterior pituitary (P<0.05). In the digestive system, ZsGreen1 was more abundant in the salivary gland than esophagus, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, spleen, colon, gallbladder and liver (P<0.05). Interestingly, ZsGreen1 amounts also differed within an organ (i.e., the right ventricle had 3-fold higher levels than the other heart chambers; P<0.05). These results provide useful information for the use of the CMV promoter to drive transgene expression in the pig. Moreover, this swine model represents a novel resource of ZsGreen1-labeled organs and a valuable tool to advance genome editing research.
Can God do the impossible? Anthropomorphism and children’s certainty that God can make impossible things possible

Abstract This study examined beliefs about the possibility of impossible events in early childhood. Protestant, Catholic, Muslim, and Non-Affiliate parent-child dyads (N = 222) first indicated if 4 impossible events could happen in real life; they then indicated their level of certainty that God could make the events happen. Children’s judgments about whether or not God could make impossible events possible depended on their age and concepts of God. Specifically, 5- to 6-year-old children with non-humanlike views of God had greater certainty that God could make impossible events possible than children with a humanlike view of God. Children provided natural justifications for how God could or could not bring about an impossible event, though religious justifications increased with age. Additionally, analyses of parent beliefs and religious affiliation indicated different developmental trajectories for children. These findings highlight variations in how the religious context shapes young children’s understanding of the physical world and belief in supernatural causality.
Enhanced oxidation resistance of (Mo95W5)85Ta10(TiZr)5 refractory multi-principal element alloy up to 1300°C

Abstract Refractory-metal-based alloys are a potential replacement of current nickel-based superalloys due to their excellent mechanical strength at extremely high temperatures. However, severe oxidation in a high-temperature working environment limits their application. To address this challenge, a two-step coating process (including a Mo precoat and a Si-B pack cementation) was applied to an innovative refractory multi-principal element alloy (RMPEA) (Mo95W5)85Ta10(TiZr)5. The coating is composed of an aluminoborosilica glass layer on top of a RMPEA-Si-B multilayered structure. The coating effectively protects the RMPEA from oxidation in high-temperature environments, as demonstrated by phase-stable operation at 10–20% higher temperatures over state-of-the-art systems without any forced-cooling system. Following an isothermal exposure at 1300 °C, the weight change of the coated sample follows a paralinear kinetics with a minor weight loss of 4.2 mg/cm2 after 50 h. Thermal cycling tests between 1300 °C and room temperature in air resulted in the total weight gain of only 2.6 mg/cm2 after 450 cycles. The coating shows an excellent adherence to the substrate with a boride layer acting as a barrier that maintains the coating integrity. This two-step Mo-Si-B coating method can be adapted to provide environmental resistance to a wide range of RMPEA.
Point-of-Care Virtual Radiology Consultations in Primary Care: A Feasibility Study of a New Model for Patient-Centered Care in Radiology.

Abstract Background The goal of this study is to assess the value of point-of-care virtual consultations in radiology. Methods We conducted an institutional review board–approved feasibility study of video-based radiology consultations in an internal medicine primary care clinic at a quaternary academic medical center. The study included 3 primary care providers (PCPs) and enrolled 43 patients. Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: age > 18 years, English speaking, recent radiology examination at our institution, and patient consenting to participate. Patients completed a pre- and postvisit survey. PCPs completed a postvisit survey. Primary study end points included the effect on patient and provider satisfaction, effect on patient experience and understanding of medical condition, and impact on PCP’s management decisions. Statistical significance was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. Results Of the enrolled patients, 93% (n = 40 of 43) indicated that they were satisfied with the virtual consultation visit. The PCPs were satisfied with the virtual consultation in 97% of consultations (n = 42 of 43). In addition, 88% (n = 38 of 43) of patients indicated improved understanding of their medical condition as a result of the virtual consultation, and 91% of patients (n = 39 of 43) were interested in similar consultations in the future. The participating PCPs indicated that the consultation was helpful in their management decisions in 83% of visits. Patient’s interest in receiving their imaging results from radiologist increased from 56% to 88% when comparing pre– and post–virtual consultation survey results (P = .03). Conclusion Initial experience with virtual radiology consultations show high rates of patient and provider satisfaction. Virtual radiology consultations have the potential to advance radiology’s value in care delivery.
A rare case of metastatic ectopic fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma in a young healthy patient: A case report

Abstract Extrahepatic tissue is liver parenchyma that develops in other organs but retains the general morphology and/or functionality of the hepatocytes within the mother liver, including the potential for neoplastic transformation. The conversion of an ectopic liver to a malignant tissue is an extremely rare finding. We present a 30-year-old male with no past medical history who presented with altered mental status and upon further inquiring admitted to progressive abdominal discomfort, fullness, early satiety, night sweats and weight loss. Contrast-enhanced CT imaging of his abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a large intra-abdominal mass with significant mass effect on the liver. Subsequently, patient underwent a CT-guided biopsy of the intra-abdominal mass and histological features of the specimen were consistent with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report a rare case of metastatic fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma originating in a focus of extrahepatic liver tissue located in the pancreas. The tumor was found incidentally on imaging and was associated with liver synthetic dysfunction but no elevation of alpha-fetoprotein levels carcinoma in a young patient without any prior medical history. This case is unique in that it highlights a more severe outcome of this rare tumor type and underscores the need for accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the treatment with bevacizumab and atezolizumab. While prior case reports typically describe surgical resection of the tumor given its limited location to the ectopic foci, our patient presented with extensive metastatic disease and was treated with immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy followed by chemotherapy which ultimately did not slow the progression of his disease.
Morbidities and Mortality in Patients with Hereditary Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Hereditary thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (hTTP) is a rare disorder caused by severe ADAMTS13 deficiency. Major morbidities and death at a young age are common. Although ADAMTS13 replacement can prevent morbidities and death, current regimens of plasma prophylaxis are insufficient. We identified 226 patients with hTTP in 96 reports published from 2001 through 2020. In 202 patients the age at diagnosis was reported; 117 were female, 85 were male. The difference was caused by diagnosis of 34 women during pregnancy, suggesting that many men and nulliparous women are not diagnosed. Eighty-three patients had severe jaundice at birth; hTTP was suspected and effectively treated in only 3 infants. Of the 217 patients who survived infancy, 73 (34%) had major morbidities, defined as stroke, kidney or cardiac injury, that occurred at a median age of 21 years. Sixty-two patients had stroke; 13 strokes occurred in children ≤10 years old. Of the 54 patients who survived their initial major morbidity and were subsequently followed, 37 (69%) had sustained or subsequent major morbidities. Of the 39 patients who were followed past age 40, 20 (51%) had experienced a major morbidity. Compared to age and gender-matched United States population, probability of survival was lower at all ages, beginning at birth. Prophylaxis was initiated in 45 patients with a major morbidity; in 11 (28%) a major morbidity recurred after prophylaxis had begun. Increased recognition of hTTP and more effective prophylaxis begun at a younger age are required to improve health outcomes.
Policy Experiments in Chile, 1973–83

The Chilean policy experience in the period following the fall of Allende in September 1973 has been the subject of much controversy, with views ranging from the unqualified defense of the policies applied to their wholesale rejection. The controversy has pertained to the interpretation of the evidence and to the empirical evidence itself. At the same time, there has been a tendency to evaluate the Chilean experience independently of the international context and to consider the entire period as a unit.
Towards a national infectious disease information infrastructure: a case study in West Nile virus and botulism

Information technologies are playing an increasingly important role in preventing, detecting, and managing infectious disease outbreaks. This paper presents a collaborative infectious disease informatics project led by an interdisciplinary team of information systems researchers and public health researchers and practitioners. This project has resulted in a research prototype called the WNV-BOT Portal system, which provides an integrated infectious disease information sharing, analysis, and visualization environment across jurisdictions.
Contributions of individual taxa to overall morphological disparity

Two methods are discussed for assessing the contributions of subgroups to the morpho- logical disparity of the larger group containing them. (1) Given an ordination of points representing specimens or species in morphological space, morphological disparity of the entire group is measured as the average squared distance of points from the centroid. The contribution that a subgroup makes to morphological disparity is measured as the average squared distance of its points from the overall centroid (not the subgroup centroid), weighted by the subgroup sample size relative to the total group sample size. Thus, morphological disparity of a group can be additively partitioned into the disparity components of its subgroups, and the relative contributions of these subgroups can be assessed quantitatively. (2) An alternative approach is to compare morphological disparity of a group to the disparity it would have if a certain subgroup were omitted. If the resulting disparity differs substantially from the original disparity, then the subgroup in question is considered to have a significant effect on morphological disparity. Because some subgroups are very centralized in mor- phological space, omitting them can cause an increase in morphological disparity when disparity is measured as the average dissimilarity among species. In general, relatively large subgroups that are located peripherally in morphospace make the greatest contributions to morphological disparity, and failure to sample smaller groups often has little effect on disparity estimates. The two methods are applied to morphological disparity in trilobites, partitioned at different levels in the taxonomic hierarchy. Results of the two methods are intuitively reasonable and largely in agreement, and point to the predominance of Early Cambrian olenelloids, Cambro-Ordovician Libristoma, Ordo- vician Asaphina and Cheirurina, Siluro-Devonian Phacopida and Phacopina, and Devonian Proetida.
Deposition Rates of Terrestrial and Marine Organic Carbon in the Osaka Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan, Determined Using Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Ratios in the Sediment

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of surface sediments were measured within Osaka Bay, in the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, in order to better understand the sedimentation processes operating on both terrestrial and marine organic matter in the Bay. The δ13C and δ15N of surface sediments in the estuary of the Yodo River were less than −23‰ and 5‰ respectively, but increased in the area up to about 10 km from the river mouth. At greater distances they became constant (giving δ13C of about −20‰ and δ15N about 6‰). It can be concluded that large amounts of terrestrial organic matter exist near the mouth of the Yodo River. Stable isotope ratios in the estuary of the Yodo River within 10 km of the river mouth were useful indicators allowing study of the movement of terrestrial organic matter. Deposition rates for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) over the whole of the Bay were estimated to be 63,100 ton C/year and 7,590 ton N/year, respectively. The deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be 13,200 (range 2,000–21,500) ton C/year for the whole of Osaka Bay, and terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be about 21% (range 3–34) of the TOC deposition rate. The ratio of the deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon to the rate inflow of riverine TOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) were estimated to be 19% (range 3–31) and 76% (range 12–100), respectively.
Protein-handling dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Publisher Summary Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive, age-related, neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized clinically by motor dysfunction, with bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, postural instability, and gait dysfunction being the cardinal symptoms. However, non-motor features, for example, autonomic dysfunction and dementia often develop in PD patients, especially during the advanced stages of the illness. The pathological characteristic of PD is degeneration of the neuromelanin-pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), leading to destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway and consequently reduction of dopamine levels in the striatum. Notably, prominent neuronal death and depletion of respective neurotransmitters also occur in other areas of the central nervous system (CNS), in particular the locus ceruleus (LC), dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the vagus, nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), and the olfactory system. Neurodegeneration in the extranigral regions likely plays a role in the development of both motor and non-motor dysfunction that occurs in patients with PD.
Thermal design of Landsat-7 ETM+ Earth/space background simulators

In the Landsat-7 observatory thermal balance/thermal vacuum (TB/TV) test, deployments of the radiative cooler door and full aperture calibrator (FAC) of the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scanner will be tested. A space background simulator (SBS) to simulate the space radiative heat sink for the cooler aperture and the interior of the cooler door has been designed, built and tested in a vacuum chamber. The SBS is an open loop cryogenics system using a liquid helium dewar. Results of the SBS thermal vacuum test showed that it satisfactorily operated and simulated the space radiative heat sink. An Earth background simulator (EBS) to simulate the equivalent heat sink temperature for the mapper aperture of the scanner has also been designed and built. It also protects the FAC and FAC actuator from being exposed to the liquid nitrogen cooled chamber walls. This paper presents the thermal design of the SBS and EBS, and the SBS thermal vacuum test and its results.
An Experimental Validation of a Statistical-Based Damage-Detection Approach

In this work, a previously-developed, statistical-based, damage-detection approach was validated for its ability to autonomously detect damage in bridges. The damage-detection approach uses statistical differences in the actual and predicted behavior of the bridge caused under a subset of ambient trucks. The predicted behavior is derived from a statistics-based model trained with field data from the undamaged bridge (not a finite element model). The differences between actual and predicted responses, called residuals, are then used to construct control charts, which compare undamaged and damaged structure data. Validation of the damage-detection approach was achieved by using sacrificial specimens that were mounted to the bridge and exposed to ambient traffic loads and which simulated actual damage-sensitive locations. Different damage types and levels were introduced to the sacrificial specimens to study the sensitivity and applicability. The damage-detection algorithm was able to identify damage, but it also had a high false-positive rate. An evaluation of the sub-components of the damage-detection methodology and methods was completed for the purpose of improving the approach. Several of the underlying assumptions within the algorithm were being violated, which was the source of the false-positives. Furthermore, the lack of an automatic evaluation process was thought to potentially be an impediment to widespread use. Recommendations for the improvement of the methodology were developed and preliminarily evaluated. These recommendations are believed to improve the efficacy of the damage-detection approach.
Flipping the Mindset: Reframing Fear and Failure to Catalyze Development

Despite the attempts to target success and predisposition to taking risks to promote innovation, sometimes educational developers encounter moments where they fail to meet expectations set forth—by their institutions, colleagues, or themselves. Attempts to avoid potential failures can stymie the creative process, preventing them from meeting difficult challenges. What can be done to catalyze useful responses to failure when events and interactions do not go according to plan? Most researchers suggest reflecting on the failure in order to grow. To assist, a field-tested reflective process (the IDeAS process) that helps flip the approach to failure and move toward the freedom to risk was developed.
Chapter 153 NMR studies of paramagnetic lanthanide complexes and shift reagents

Publisher Summary The introduction of high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrumentation has diminished the need for lanthanide shift reagents for qualitative spectral simplification of organic molecules. Interest remains in developing new chiral shift reagents for determining enantiomeric excess in asymmetric organic synthesis and for determining the absolute configuration of optically active substrates. Research continues for development of nontoxic shift reagents to study the transport of biologically active cations across cell membranes in vivo. With the commercial development of Gd(dota)- and Gd(dtpa)2- as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-relaxation agents, recent NMR studies have focused on paramagnetic complexes that are sterically rigid on the NMR time scale. Structural rigidity is observed in complexes derived from multidentate ligands, in which the denticity of the ligand provides a coordinatively saturated lanthanide ion, or may be imposed by ligands with special binding constraints. Two-dimensional NMR spectra, which aid in spectral assignments and characterization of the dynamics of exchange between stereoisomers, are now routinely recorded for complexes derived from the lighter members of the series (Ce–Eu), and those of ytterbium.
Ionic flux contributions to neocortical slow waves and nucleus basalis- mediated activation: whole-cell recordings in vivo

Slow, rhythmic membrane potential (Vm) fluctuations occur spontaneously in cortical neurons of urethane-anesthetized rats, and likely underlie EEG activity in the same low-frequency (1-4 Hz or delta) range. Nucleus basalis (NB) stimulation elicits neocortical activation, simultaneously modifying Vm and EEG fluctuations, by way of cortical muscarinic ACh receptors (Metherate et al., 1992). To investigate the nature of spontaneous fluctuations and their modification by NB stimulation, we have obtained intracellular recordings from auditory cortex using the whole-cell recording technique in vivo. Spontaneous Vm fluctuations appeared to contain three components whose polarity and time course resembled the EPSP, putative Cl(-)-mediated IPSP, and putative K(+)-mediated, long-lasting IPSP elicited by thalamic stimulation. The spontaneous, long-lasting hyperpolarization, whose rhythmic occurrence appeared to set the slow-wave rhythm, was associated with an increased conductance that could shunt the thalamocortical EPSP. We hypothesized that spontaneous Vm fluctuations arise from intermixed rapid depolarizations, rapid Cl(-)-mediated hyperpolarizations, and long-lasting, K(+)-mediated hyperpolarizations. NB-mediated cortical activation might then result from muscarinic suppression of K+ permeability, allowing the rapid depolarizations and Cl- fluxes to continue uninterrupted. Tests of this hypothesis showed that (1) intracellular blockade of K+ channels by rapid diffusion of Cs+ from the recording pipette resulted in suppression of spontaneous, long-lasting hyperpolarizations, mimicking the effect of NB stimulation, and reducing shunting of the thalamocortical EPSP; (2) effects of Cs+ and NB stimulation suggested overlapping, or converging, mechanisms of action; however, there were important differential effects on the spontaneous, long-lasting hyperpolarizations and the K(+)-mediated IPSP; and (3) modifying Cl- fluxes with intracellular picrotoxin or high intracellular Cl- concentrations resulted in spontaneous and NB-elicited large-amplitude depolarizations. We conclude that spontaneous, long-lasting hyperpolarizations are K+ fluxes, but are not "spontaneous" K(+)-mediated IPSPs. Since NB-mediated reduction of spontaneous hyperpolarizations implies muscarinic suppression of a K+ conductance, the spontaneous hyperpolarizations more likely result from the calcium-activated K+ current, IK(Ca). Finally, Cl- fluxes form an important component of activated Vm fluctuations that acts to restrain excessive depolarization.
All by Myself? Independence and Coordination During Distress Episodes from 14 to 24 Months Among Latino Children

Growing research suggests that socialization toward independence with a focus on ‘separate individuality’ may be a culture specific rather than universal socialization goal. Among Latino families, children of mothers high in formal schooling have shown more independent and less coordinated patterns of interaction than children of mothers low in formal schooling. This longitudinal research explored the balance between independence and coordination during mother–child interaction around distress by examining age-related changes and within-group variation among Latino children. Fifty Latino dyads were videotaped during unstructured interactions in their homes at 14 and 24 months of age. Episodes of distress were identified and then classified according to individual contributions and coordination (e.g. [child] independent, mother-led, coordinated). Coordinated and independent resolutions were the most frequent type at both ages. To examine the balance between these for each child, a proportion of episodes resolved in each type was calculated. Children in both groups (high maternal schooling, low maternal schooling) increased in coordination, but only children with higher maternal schooling also increased in independent resolutions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving beyond ‘diversity’ to ‘social justice’: the challenge to re‐conceptualize multicultural education

This is a study of teachers’ conceptualizations of multicultural education (MCE) and their implications for practice in both schools and university courses. Through survey and interview data, the results reveal that teachers associated multicultural education with demographic diversity rather than with social justice, strategies for instruction rather than with theory, and that patterns of communication within the school precluded school‐wide implementation of multicultural education. The implications for bridging the gap between university courses grounded in social justice and school practice are explored.
Wheal and erythema allergy in patients with agammaglobulinemia.

Abstract Atopic diseases have been reported in patients with low gamma globulin levels, associated with demonstrable skin-sensitizing antibodies in some cases. One patient is reported here who lost previous wheal and erythema sensitivity when she developed a severe hypogammaglobulinemia. Typical atopic dermatitis occurred in 4 of 23 boys with congenital, sex-linked, recessive agammaglobulinemia. No wheal and erythema allergy was demontrable in any of these patients. Attempts to induce the development of skin-sensitizing antibodies to an Ascaris extract in 6 congenital agammaglobulinemic patients were uniformly unsuccessful. These patients did, however, all develop delayed sensitivity to the Ascaris.
Pillars formed by laser ablation and modified by wet etching

Studies on surface texturing by chemically enhanced laser ablation in a variety of materials, particularly silicon and germanium are reported. The materials are exposed either to femtosecond or nanosecond laser irradiation in a variety of vacuum or gaseous environments including air, He, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) or hydrogen chloride (HCl). The dynamics of pillar formation are elucidated and it is shown that the mechanisms are very different in these two pulse length regimes. Surface texturing responds to the combined effects of laser assisted chemical etching and laser ablation. Various processing steps either before or after laser irradiation allow us to modify the nature of the pillars that are formed. In this way we can make ordered arrays that extend over ≥1 cm2 in just a few minutes of laser exposure. Post-laser processing wet etching can produce Si pillars that are over 50 mm long with tips that are only 10 nm across as well as macroporous silicon with crystallographically defined pores. A process we call solidification driven extrusion creates nanoscale spikes atop the pillars under certain circumstances - a process that is more prevalent for Ge than Si. Pillar-covered surfaces of Si and Ge are black; that is, they exhibit very low reflectivity. For Si this low reflectivity extends to wavelengths far below the band gap raising the possibility that we may be able to make other transparent materials highly absorptive by laser texturing.
Reactivity of Stoichiometric and Defective TiO2 (110) Surfaces toward DCOOD Decomposition

The effect of defects on TiO2 (110) on the decomposition of DCOOD was investigated by temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). Different concentrations of anion vacancy defects were created on the TiO2 (110) surface by electron beam irradiation in order to minimize structural damage to the surface. For comparison, defects were also created by argon bombardment. The oxidation state produced by the defects and their concentrations were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The selectivity of the reaction for the production of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and D2 was increased significantly by the defects. An appreciable decrease in the temperature for CO and D2CO formation on the defective surfaces produced by electron beam irradiation was observed, compared to the stoichiometric surface, suggestive of changes in the kinetics of the decomposition. The presence of isotopic exchange in the products provides evidence for the formation of formyl intermediates during DCOOD decompo...
Efficient and side-channel-secure block cipher implementation with custom instructions on FPGA

The security threat of side-channel analysis (SCA) attacks has created a need for SCA countermeasures. While many countermeasures have been proposed, a key challenge remains to design a countermeasure that is effective, that is easy to integrate in existing cryptographic implementations, and that has low overhead in area and performance. We present our solution in the context of an embedded design flow for FPGA. We integrate an SCA-resistant custom instruction set on a soft-core CPU. The SCA resistance is based on dual-rail precharge logic. A balanced-interleaved data format, combined with a novel memory organization, ensures that we can support both logic operations as well as lookup tables. The resulting countermeasure applies to a broad class of block ciphers. We demonstrate our results on an Altera Cyclone-II FPGA with Nios-II/s processor for a 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) T-box implementation. We show SCA improvement of more than 400× for a system-wide electro-magnetic attack that covers both the FPGA and offchip memory (SSRAM). This comes at an overhead of 2.7× in performance and 1.15× in area. Using comparisons with related work, we demonstrate that this represents an excellent trade-off between SCA resistance, (software and hardware) design complexity, performance, and circuit area cost.
Use of Edible Films and Tocopherols in the Control of Warmed Over Flavor

Abstract Growing demands of consumers for convenience has increased the market for frozen food entrees. This has challenged the meat scientist to find new methods of improving the quality of precooked meat items. Warmed over flavor (WOF) development has been identified as a problem in precooked meat products. Edible films and natural antioxidants are known to inhibit WOF and may improve precooked meat quality. Film physical property testing demonstrated that the ZN films had lower % elongation and tensile strength compared to SA films. Oxygen permeability (O 2 P) of the SA films was 0.613–5.818cm 3 .μm/m 2 .d.kPa, whereas water vapor permeability (WVP) was 5.20–7.09g.m/s.Pa and 5.61–6.12 × 10 −9 g.m/s.Pa for the SA and ZN films respectively. After physical property determination, the following five film treatments were applied to the chops: control, SA, starch alginate + 4% (w/v) TOC (SAT), ZN, and zein + 4% (w/v) TOC (ZNT). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance test (TBARS) was performed on 0, 3, 6, and 9 days of refrigerated storage, and sensory panelists determined off-flavor and juiciness on days 0, 3, and 6. TBARS values for the chops coated with the SAT, ZN and ZNT films were significantly lower than control and SA treated chops on days 6 and 9. Sensory panelists rated samples coated with SA and SAT as significantly juicier than other treatments and SAT, ZN, and ZNT as having significantly higher off-flavor on all days. The SAT, ZN and ZNT films appeared to be lowering the amount of lipid oxidation as shown by the TBARS but may impart an off-flavor. With the removal of unwanted flavors from edible films and natural antioxidants, their application may help improve the quality of precooked meats used in convenience food products.
Egyptian Cinema as a Tool in the Struggle Against Islamic Terrorism

The cinema has been used by Egyptian regimes, from the monarchy until Mubarak, to resist the political agenda of Islamic radicals and terrorists. Edward Said and others describe Islamic terrorists’ images in the Western media as “Western fantasies.” Nevertheless, for Egyptian intellectuals, terrorists were and remain a stark reality. In Egypt, the entire state apparatus was set in motion to fight Islamic terrorism. The state was unprepared for the massive popular uprising of 2011. While the direction that Egyptian culture will follow after Mubarak remains unclear, an important objective is to study pre-revolutionary Egyptian cinema and to understand its ideological tendencies.
Tuberculosis Among Participants in an Academic Global Health Medical Exchange Program

Background Although individuals from low tuberculosis (TB) burden countries experience an increased risk of TB infection when traveling to high burden countries for medical training or service, the degree of risk has not been well quantified.
Carnitine corrects cardiomyopathic features of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in a rat model

Carnitine Corrects Cardiomyopathic Features of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in a Rat Model Douglas D. Schocken, David D. Cuthbertson, John I. Malone3—Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Pediatrics and U.S.F. Diabetes Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
Heterogeneity of chromatin: Fractionation of sonicated rat liver chromatin by partial precipitation with Mg2+☆

Abstract Rat liver chromatin which has been briefly sonicated is fractionated by treatment with low concentrations of magnesium ion. At 1.5 m m Mg 2+ , where approximately 20–25% of the chromatin remains soluble after low-speed centrifugation, chemical and physical analysis of the Mg-soluble and Mg-insoluble chromatin fractions show that the fractions possess markedly different properties. The Mg-soluble chromatin has more protein and RNA than the Mg-insoluble chromatin. The histone composition of the two fractions as shown by electrophoretic analysis is similar, but many of the acidic proteins are qualitatively and quantitatively different. The molecular weight of the Mg-soluble chromatin is less than that of the insoluble chromatin based on sedimentation behavior and gel filtration experiments. The soluble chromatin has nearly twice the template activity for RNA synthesis in vitro with added RNA polymerase as the Mg-insoluble chromatin and contains approximately 80% of the in vivo rapidly labeled RNA found in the total chromatin preparation. In addition the Mg-soluble chromatin has a significantly greater amount of “accessible” DNA (62%) as measured by polylysine binding than Mg-insoluble chromatin (48%). The data suggest that (a) fractionation of chromatin preparations can be achieved by titration with Mg 2+ , and (b) chromatin soluble in low concentrations of Mg 2+ may be enriched in actively transcribed portions of the genome.
Partially Purified and Reconstituted G-Protein Coupled Receptors as Substrates of Specific Receptor Kinases

Abstract Most members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, which includes several hundred receptors, exhibit agonist-induced desensitization. Studies with rhodopsin and β2-adrenergic receptors indicate that a key biochemical event underlying the process of receptor desensitization is the stimulus-dependent phosphorylation of the receptor catalyzed by a family of specific receptor kinases (GRKs). That this paradigm of receptor desensitization may also apply to other GPCRs is indicated by recent findings that M2-muscarinic acetylcholine, α2-adrenergic, and substance P receptors also undergo stimulus-dependent phosphorylation by GRKs. Whether other GPCRs are regulated by GRKs remains to be evaluated. However, progress toward this goal has been slow, as demonstration of receptor phosphorylation has required substantially purified receptors and methods for purifying most GPCRs do not exist. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a general method for the partial purification and reconstitution of GPCRs expressed in Sf9 cells and find that these receptor preparations are suitable as substrates of various GRKs. Using this approach, we describe the agonist-dependent phosphorylation of human β2-AR and rat substance P receptors by GRKs. Furthermore, we show that partially purified and reconstituted GPCRs are also suitable for studying receptor/G-protein interactions.
Do preoperative anemia and polycythemia affect clinical outcome in patients undergoing major surgery

Do preoperative anemia and polycythemia affect clinical outcome in patients undergoing major surgery?
Adoptees' Contact with Birth Parents in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Adoption Communication and Attachment to Adoptive Parents

As adoptees transition to adulthood, their roles in the family may shift, providing them with opportunities to have increasing autonomy in their decisions about contact and initiating conversations about adoption. Research has often focused more on adoptees as children, yet in emerging adulthood, there are important shifts in the life roles and relationships of adoptees during which adoptive parents continue to be meaningful. This study examined associations among attachment and communication within the adoptive family during adulthood with emerging adult adoptees' experience of birth family contact (frequency of and satisfaction with birth family contact), in a sample of 167 emerging adults with varied contact with birth family (from no contact to frequent contact). Results suggest that perceptions of secure parent-child attachment relationships, as well as sensitive and open communication with adoptive parents about adoption, continue to be important for emerging adult adoptees and lead to greater satisfaction for adoptees with birth parent contact-regardless of whether adoptees actually have birth family contact. In particular, positive family communication about adoption during adulthood was predictive of satisfaction with birth parent contact. Limitations and implications are discussed.
The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats

I have identified an activity in crude HeLa cell extracts that satisfies the requirements for a human telomere terminal transferase or telomerase. It catalyzes the addition of a 6 nucleotide repeating pattern to oligonucleotide primers containing human or nonhuman telomeric repeat sequences. Direct sequence analyses of reaction products reveal the added sequence to be TTAGGG in all cases. Under optimal conditions 65-70 repeats can be synthesized. The enzyme has the properties of a ribonucleoprotein. Telomerase has previously been observed only in ciliated protozoans, which possess 10(4) - 10(7) macronuclear telomeres. The identification of telomerase in HeLa cells with only approximately 100 telomeres indicates that telomerase-mediated telomere maintenance is conserved throughout eukaryotes.
Different patterns of synaptic transmission revealed between hippocampal CA3 stratum oriens and stratum lucidum interneurons and their pyramidal cell targets

Stratum lucidum (SL) interneurons likely mediate feedforward inhibition between the dentate gyrus mossy fibers and CA3 pyramidal cells, while stratum oriens (SO) interneurons likely provide both feedforward and feedback inhibition within the CA3 commissural/associational network. Using dual whole-cell patch-clamp recordings between interneurons and CA3 pyramidal cells, we have examined SL and SO interneurons and their synapses within organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Biocytin staining revealed different morphologies between these interneuron groups, both being very similar to those found previously in acute slices. The kinetics of IPSCs were similar between the two groups, but the reliability of synaptic transmission of SL interneuron (SL-INT) IPSCs was significantly lower than the virtually 100% reliability (non-existent failure rates) of SO-INT IPSCs. The SL-INT IPSCs also had a lower quantal content than the SO-INT IPSCs. In addition, SL-INTs were less likely than SO-INTs to innervate or to be innervated by nearby CA3 pyramidal cells. Paired-pulse stimulation at 100 ms interstimulus intervals produced similar paired-pulse depression in both interneuron synapses, despite the significantly higher failure rate of IPSCs produced by the SL-INTs compared with SO-INTs. CV analysis supported the hypothesis that paired-pulse depression was presynaptic. During repetitive, high frequency stimulation (>10 Hz for 500 ms) the two different synapses exhibited distinctly different forms of short-term plasticity: all SL interneurons displayed significant short-term facilitation (mean 113% facilitation, n=4), while, by contrast, SO interneuron synapses displayed either short-term depression (mean 42% depression, n=5 of 8) or no net facilitation or depression (n=3 of 8). These results indicate that the synaptic properties of interneurons can be quite different for interneurons in different hippocampal circuits.