cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood loss, replacement, and associated morbidity in infants and children undergoing craniofacial surgery.

Summary Background: Pediatric craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) procedures involve wide scalp dissections with multiple osteotomies and have been associated with significant morbidity. The aim of this study was to document the incidence of clinically important problems, particularly related to blood loss, and perform a risk factor analysis. Methods: Records of all patients who underwent craniofacial surgery at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia between December 1, 2001 and January 1, 2006 were reviewed. Data were collected from the electronic anesthesia record, intensive care unit (ICU) progress notes, and discharge summary. All intraoperative laboratory values and all laboratory values obtained upon arrival in the ICU were recorded. A multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate associations between elements of intraoperative management and the following clinical outcomes: intraoperative hypotension, intraoperative metabolic acidosis, presence of a postoperative coagulation test abnormality, and postoperative administration of hemostatic blood products. Results: Data for 159 patients were reviewed. The mean volume of packed red blood cells transfused intraoperatively was 51 ml·kg−1. Multivariable analysis revealed that intraoperative administration of albumin was strongly correlated with both an increased incidence of postoperative coagulation derangements and postoperative administration of hemostatic blood products (Odds Ratio 5.9, 2.8, respectively), while intraoperative fresh frozen plasma (FFP) administration was associated with an opposite effect (Odds Ratio 0.94, 0.97, respectively). Conclusions: In pediatric CFR procedures where the volume of blood loss routinely exceeds one blood volume, intraoperative administration of FFP favorably impacted postoperative laboratory coagulation parameters.
Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Perfusion as Perturbed by an Ischemic Stroke in an Adult Human

For patients with ischemic stroke there is benefit to early treatment (within 3 hours) with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rt-PA, an FDA approved thrombolytic drug.
Citizen Police Academies: An Analysis of Enhanced Police-Community Relations among Citizen Attendees:

One current initiative used by many police agencies across the United States to foster better police-community relations is the Citizen's Police Academy (CPA). While CPAs lack a precise academic definition, they can be considered to be a planned programme created by law enforcement agencies to educate their citizens on police operations and management. Over the last 20 years, CPA programmes have rapidly expanded among police agencies in the United States, where it is estimated that approximately 15% of all police agencies have some type of these programmes. This article expands upon the limited research on CPAs by analysing their impact on attendees. Specifically, this article explores changes in the attitudes of 48 CPA attendees who completed a 12-week/36-hour CPA programme at a Sheriff's Department in the state of Michigan. Based on the analysis of pre- and post-test responses, this study found that this particular CPA had a positive impact on the attendees' attitudes towards the police, and their under...
There's money in the air: the CFC ban and DuPont's regulatory strategy

DuPont, the world's dominant CFC producer, played a key role in the development of the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances. We argue that DuPont's pursuit of its economic interests, along with the political impact of the discovery of an ozone hole and the threat of domestic regulation, shaped the international regulatory regime for ozone-depleting substances. International regulation offered DuPont and a few other producers the possibility of new and more profitable chemical markets at a time when CFC production was losing its profitability and promising alternative chemicals had already been identified. DuPont's organization and strategy were key to the successful leveraging of the Montreal process. For example, the Freon Division had close interaction with public officials and external groups, and benefited from the input of DuPont's external affairs department. This positioned DuPont to exploit the situation when regulatory discussions were stepped up. From a public policy perspective, the Montreal process offers a valuable example of harnessing diversity in industry: some producers stood to gain more from the envisioned regulations than others. Such industry heterogeneity provides frequent opportunities for coalitions of ‘the green and the greedy’, such as that between DuPont and environmental interests. Methods to encourage potential industry winners into supporting environmental initiatives deserve further attention. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis of energy for overwintering in natural populations of the mosquito Culex tarsalis

Abstract 1. 1. Overwintering Culex tarsalis adults synthesized lipids during October and early November 1968 in the Sacramento Valley of California. Approximately 78 per cent of the total lipids are triglycerides, which are the main store of energy for overwintering. 2. 2. About 15 per cent of the total lipids separated with the free fatty acid fraction. 3. 3. The fatty acids of the triglyceride fraction are almost entirely composed of compounds commonly encountered in insect tissues, while five unknown compounds account for over 15 per cent of the free fatty acid fraction.
CESR AND CLEO

Most of us have looked at the spectacular pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Galaxies, nebulae, super novae-but there is something peculiar about these images . Where ever we look in space we only see matter . No significant quantities of anti-matter have been found. Because we believe equal amounts of matter and antimatter have been produced originally, we must conclude that there is an asymmetry between particle and anti-particle decays. Or, in quantum mechanical terms, we say that the CP symmetry is broken. While it was observed in the laboratory more than 30 years ago, understanding CP violation has been hard on both theorists and experimentalists. For years, there has been great hope in our community that the B meson system will offer a cleaner environment to study this phenomenon. Accelerators have been upgraded and new detectors have been constructed. If you are willing to stretch it a bit, this conference marks the beginning of the Golden Age of B physics. The next generation of experiments is coming online, and a new window to study CP violation is opening up. The overall effect we are looking for is rather small. Large data samples will be required and so the first question to ask is: Where to "B"? In order to set the scale, we will consider measuring CP violation to 10% accuracy. It turns out that for a certain parameter-sin (2,0)-this requires a few hundred B -3 OKs events. However, these have to be fully reconstructed and the flavor of the decaying b quark has to be tagged. If we fold in branching fractions, efficiencies, etc. we find that about 3 x 107 BB events will be needed. Such data samples can be generated in different ways, for example, in e+eannihilations on the T(4S) resonance. The T(4S) is the first bb bound state heavy enough to decay to a pair of B mesons. CLEO, BaBar, and Belle are using this mechanism, which offers a fairly clean environment with a signal to noise ratio of 1 to 3. At design luminosities, 2 to 3 BB pairs are generated per second, so it will take about a year of running to accumulate sufficient data to perform
Antibodies to sm in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. correlation of sm antibody titers with disease activity and other laboratory parameters

Thirty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE( were studied over a 2.5-year period. The group was divided into 14 patients with antibodies to Sm and a control group which failed to exhibit antibodies to Sm over the study period. The titer of antibodies to Sm fluctuated in all 14. A rising titer of antibodies to Sm 1) predicted a flare of disease in 50% and 2) correlated with an exacerbation of disease in 60%. Patients with antibodies to Sm had a comparable incidence of severe disease, renal disease, and central nervous system disease. They exhibited significantly more leukopenia and antibodies to non-Sm, non-RNP extractable nuclear antigen. In only 1 patient, a rise in titer of antibodies to Sm did not correlate with or predict a disease flare in contradistinction to other serologic markers of SLE, specifically antibodies to double-stranded DNA and cryoglobulins. Though infrequently detected, antibodies to Sm can help in the management of patients with SLE.
Autoregulatory Mechanisms of Phosphorylation of Checkpoint Kinase 1

Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is centrally involved in cell-cycle checkpoints and cellular response to DNA damage. Phosphorylation of Chk1 at 2 Ser/Gln (SQ) sites, Ser-317 and Ser-345, by the upstream kinase ATR is critical for checkpoint activation. However, the precise molecular mechanisms controlling Chk1 phosphorylation and subsequent checkpoint activation are not well understood. Here, we report unique autoregulatory mechanisms that control protein phosphorylation of human Chk1, as well as checkpoint activation and cell viability. Phosphorylation of Ser-317 is required, but not sufficient, for maximal phosphorylation at Ser-345. The N-terminal kinase domain of Chk1 prevents Chk1 phosphorylation at the C-terminus by ATR in the absence of DNA damage. Loss of the inhibitory effect imposed by the N-terminus causes constitutive phosphorylation of Chk1 by ATR under normal growth conditions, which in turn triggers artificial checkpoints that suppress the S-phase progression. Furthermore, two point mutations were identified that rendered Chk1 constitutively active, and expression of the constitutively active mutant form of Chk1 inhibited cancer cell proliferation. Our findings therefore reveal unique regulatory mechanisms of Chk1 phosphorylation and suggest that expression of constitutively active Chk1 may represent a novel strategy to suppress tumor growth. Cancer Res; 72(15); 3786-94. ©2012 AACR.
Coexistent gout and rheumatoid arthritis

A 73-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome and arthritis mutilans of long duration presented with tophaceous gout. The 7 previously reported cases of coexistent gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are critically reviewed. Possible explanations for the rare coexistence of RA and gout are discussed: if uric acid is an inhibitor of the immune response, then hyperuricemia and gout could protect against development of RA. Conversely, crystalline protein binding may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of gout, and the presence of abnormal proteins in RA could protect against gout.
Pathogenesis and Clinical and Economic Consequences of Postoperative Ileus

Postoperative ileus is a preventable disease with surprising economic consequences. Understanding the triad of dysmotility in conjunction with an enhanced recovery program improves patient outcome, decreases length of stay in hospital, and lowers the cost. Alvimopan and other investigational promotility medications can help attain these goals. Surgeons should avoid labeling all postoperative abdominal distention as ileus, which not only prevents timely diagnosis and treatment of early postoperative small bowel obstruction or acute colonic pseudo-obstruction but also increases patient morbidity and mortality.
Interferometry applied to Visible Solar Features

THE study of the solar atmosphere at visible wavelengths has clearly shown that it is inhomogeneous, with a small scale structure and that interpretation of observational results in terms of simple homogeneous models can give misleading or even completely spurious results. The best resolution that has been obtained in visible light solar observations is of the order of 1/3 arc s, equivalent to 240 km at the solar distance and many solar features are unresolved even on this scale. Prospects for a significant improvement in the resolution obtainable with instruments on the Earth are poor because of the presence of the Earth's atmosphere.
Vertical group formation: A social process perspective

Vertical groups are a common occurrence that is rarely studied as a group-level phenomenon. This paper brings attention to the vertical group, as a collective actor, and group formation processes. We define the vertical group and describe, in brief, why they exist. We explore the issue of how they form and the social processes under which different types of groups are likely to emerge. These include trial and error learning, social learning, and social identification. We introduce a framework that shows how variation in two more fundamental enabling conditions affects both the group development process and the characteristics of the emerging groups. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Intravenously Administered Digoxin on Water and Electrolyte Excretion and on Renal Functions

Digoxin causes a prompt and considerable water and salt diuresis in congestive heart failure. This may occur with little or no change in renal hemodynamics, but usually is associated with decreased venous pressure. At times, increased glomerular filtration rate may contribute to the diuresis. In patients with noncardiac edema and without edema, Digoxin may also initiate a slight but definite sodium diuresis. This effect is not as great as in patients with congestive heart failure and apparently is not associated with changes in renal hemodynamics, cardiac output or venous pressure.
Comparing Effects of Insecticides on Two Green Lacewings Species, Chrysoperla johnsoni and Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

This study compared lethal and sublethal effects of five insecticides, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, novaluron, and lambda-cyhalothrin, on adult and second instars of two green lacewing species, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and Chrysoperla johnsoni Henry, Wells and Pupedis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the laboratory. Formulated pesticides were tested using concentrations equivalent to the high label rate dissolved in 378.5 liters of water. Novaluron and lambda-cyhalothrin were toxic to larvae and no treated larvae survived to the adult stage. Larva to adult survival was reduced in chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, and spinetoram treatments. Larva to adult developmental time and sex ratio were not different among the treatments within a species. Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, and lambda-cyhalothrin treatments were highly toxic to adults of both species. C. johnsoni females had lower fecundity than C. carnea females in the control. Fecundity of females was similar in the control and novaluron treatment within each species. However, fertility and egg viability were negatively impacted for both species when females were treated with novaluron. C. carnea females had higher fertility and egg viability than C. johnsoni females in the control. Adults of both species had similar longevity in the control and novaluron treatment and adult longevity was not gender specific. All insecticides tested were toxic to C. johnsoni and C. carnea either at the immature or adult stage or both. Results of this study demonstrate a similarity between C. johnsoni and C. carnea for pesticide toxicity irrespective of their varied geographical distributions.
Persistent expression of methamphetamine-induced CTA in periadolescent rats.

Abstract It is well documented that the transition from periadolescence to adulthood produces profound changes in motivated behavior, and furthermore, attenuates the aversive experience of abused drugs. Little is known, however, about adolescent memory for the conditioned aversive effects of abused drugs following retention intervals that span this developmental transition. The present experiment investigated methamphetamine-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in periadolescent rats to determine if the magnitude of conditioning was altered following retention intervals that extend to adulthood. Rats consumed saccharin (0.1%, w/v) and were immediately injected with saline or methamphetamine (3.0 mg/kg) either once (PND 40) or three times (PND 38–40), and memory was assessed one or 50 days later on post natal days 41 or 90, respectively. Rats exhibited robust methamphetamine-induced CTA one and 50 days after conditioning, and the strength of responding did not change as a function of retention interval, regardless if animals were trained with one or three saccharin–methamphetamine pairings. These findings indicate that the expression of memory for the aversive effects of methamphetamine was resistant to degradation throughout the developmental period of periadolescence to adulthood.
Private quantum channels

We investigate how a classical private key can be used by two players, connected by an insecure one-way quantum channel, to perform private communication of quantum information. In particular, we show that in order to transmit n qubits privately, 2n bits of shared private key are necessary and sufficient. This result may be viewed as the quantum analogue of the classical one-time pad encryption scheme.
Developing future leaders in reproductive health through a scholarly concentration for medical students.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the impact of a scholarly concentration for medical students, which aims to develop students' research, clinical and advocacy skills to promote women's reproductive health. Study design Scholarly concentration programs provide opportunities to engage in scholarship beyond the traditional medical school curriculum. Faculty from the Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments at Brown University collaboratively developed the Scholarly Concentration in Women's Reproductive Health. Three to five students per class enroll and carry out a 3-year mentored research project, attend monthly seminars, write position papers on reproductive health controversies and complete clinical electives in reproductive health. Students are required to disseminate their work through conference presentations and/or peer-reviewed publications. The program evaluation included measures of scholarly productivity and qualitative analyses of interviews with students and mentors as well as written and verbal feedback from students. Results Ten students comprised the first 3 classes completing the program, producing 24 national presentations and 9 peer-reviewed publications. Reported program benefits included increased knowledge, scholarship skills and support for career development in reproductive health. Key factors facilitating these results were as follows: effective mentoring relationships, the community of practice that emerged through the monthly seminars and student independence in project work. Conclusions A scholarly concentration for medical students provides a unique platform to support the development of talented students as future leaders in women's reproductive health.
Learning to generate novel views of objects for class recognition

Multi-view object class recognition can be achieved using existing approaches for single-view object class recognition, by treating different views as entirely independent classes. This strategy requires a large amount of training data for many viewpoints, which can be costly to obtain. We describe a method for constructing a weak three-dimensional model from as few as two views of an object of the target class, and using that model to transform images of objects from one view to several other views, effectively multiplying their value for class recognition. Our approach can be coupled with any 2D image-based recognition system. We show that automatically transformed images dramatically decrease the data requirements for multi-view object class recognition.
In-vitro detection of reaginic antibody.

Atopic disease in man is distinguished by the presence of a special type of antibody, variously termed reaginic, skin sensitizing, or Prausnitz-Kustner antibody. While universal agreement niay not exist on the exact relationship of the atopic reagin to symptoms in atopic disease, it is nonetheless the most reliable indicator of the naturally occurring sensitized state that is peculiar to atopy in man, and appears unrelated to levels of blocking, hemagglutinating, or precipitating antibodies, which at times may be detected in the sera of atopic individuals. It is also known that the level of reaginic antibody is influenced by repeated injections of antigen, being initially increased, and later dirninishing to the point of disappearance following continuous, long term hyposcnsit1zation.l This influence on reaginic antibody appears to bear a closer relationship to improvement in the clinical state than do the increascs in blocking and hemagglutinating antibodies developed during hyposensitization. The basic method for the detection and study of the rcaginic antibody for more than 40 years has been the passive local sensitization of normal human skin by atopic serum, the Prausnitz-Kustner phcnomenon.2 Since the first recognition of reagin, investigators have atteinptcd to characterize the antibody by methods which would eliminate thc technical and biologic problems involved in using human skin as an indicator of its presence. Among the earliest characteristics of reagin recognized were its inability to form precipitins, fix complement, or passively sensitize the guinea pig to anaphylaxis. While the usual laboratory animals are also not susceptible to passive sensitization of skin with human sera, the typical P-K phenomenon can be demonstrated in the skin of the macaca irus monkey when intravenous injection of Evans blue dyc is used to stain the lesions as in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis." Intravenous injection of antigen simultaneously with the dye is more successful in visualizing lesions, and is recommended over direct intradermal injection of antigen into the tcst site.4 Other properties of reagin which have been helpful in defining its character and in separating it from other antibodies are its therniolability anti inability to pass the placental barrier.j Since it is destroyed by heating at 56" for periods of approximately 4 hours, it may be readily separated from blocking antibody.6 Its failure to cross the placental harrier has been useful in relating it to certain of the immunoglobulins.7 Among the in-vitro tests for the demonstration of antibodies in allergic sera,
Serum Concentration, Metabolic Clearance, and Production Rates of 3,5,3′Triiodothyroacetic Acid in Normal and Athyreotic Man*

It has been demonstrated that 3,5,3′-triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac) is present in normal human serum. However, no quantitative assessment of its clearance rate (CR), production rate (PR), or the importance of extrathyroidal sources of Triac relative to direct thyroidal secretion is yet available. These parameters are here reported in five euthyroid subjects and eight athyreotic subjects (H) eumetabolic on T4 therapy (HT4; n = 5) or T3 (HT3; n = 3). The Triac concentration was determined by RIA in serum extracts. Each sample was corrected for recovery. The mean serum Triac concentration was 2.6 ± 0.2 ng/100 ml (mean ± SE) in 26 normal subjects. Triac was also detectable in serum from the HT4 and HT3 subjects (2.3 ± 0.2 and 3.8 ± 0.2 ng/100 ml, respectively). The latter value was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the control mean. The Triac CR was determined from data acquired using an [125I]Triac constant infusion technique. Samples were analyzed by both anion exchange and Sephadex G-25F column chromat...
Materials for Magneto-Optic Data Storage (Invited)

A typical magneto-optic data storage medium consists of substrate, magneto-optic active layer, and dielectric layers. The properties of the involved materials are discussed based on their impact on the overall performance and reliability of the magneto-optic data storage media, with an emphasis placed on the key magneto-optic material requirements.
The Theory of Logical Types: A Tool for Understanding Levels and types of Change in Organizations

In this article, we develop a framework for clarifying constructs based on Bateson's (1972, 1979) theory of logical types and present an extended example to illustrate the use of the logical types framework. We then use the framework to (1) critically review descriptions and definitions of the types and levels of organizational change (Bartunek & Moch, 1987; Golembiewski, Billingsley, & Yeager, 1976; Miller, 1990; Senge, 1990), and (2) clarify the literature concerning organizational change.
The Costs of Racism for Marriage: How Racial Discrimination Hurts, and Ethnic Identity Protects, Newlywed Marriages Among Latinos

The experience of racial or ethnic discrimination is a salient and severe stressor that has been linked to numerous disparities in important outcomes. Yet, the link between perceived discrimination and marital outcomes has been overlooked by research on relationship stressors. The current study examined this link and tested whether ethnic identity buffered the relation between discrimination and ratings of marital quality and verbal aggression. A sample of 330 Latino newlyweds completed measures of perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, spouse's verbal aggression, and marital quality. Each spouse's interviewer also independently rated marital quality. Dyadic analyses revealed that husbands' experience of discrimination negatively predicted wives' marital quality, but only for husbands with weak ethnic identity. Wives whose husbands had strong ethnic identity were buffered from this effect. Identity also buffered the relation between husbands' discrimination and verbal aggression toward their wives, and this effect mediated the association between discrimination, identity, and marital quality.
OXYGEN DEPRIVATION INHIBITS NA+ CURRENT IN RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONES VIA PROTEIN KINASE C

1. Hippocampal neurones respond to acute oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) with an inhibition of whole-cell Na+ current (INa), although the mechanism of the inhibition is unknown. Kinases can modulate INa and kinases are activated during hypoxia. We hypothesized that kinase activation may play a role in the hypoxia-induced inhibition of INa. 2. Single electrode patch clamp techniques were used in dissociated hippocampal CA1 neurones from the rat. INa was recorded at baseline, during exposure to kinase activators (with and without kinase inhibitors), and during acute hypoxia (with and without kinase inhibitors). 3. Hypoxia (3 min) reduced INa to 38.1 +/- 4.5% of initial values, and shifted steady-state inactivation in the negative direction. Hypoxia produced no effect on activation or fast inactivation. 4. Protein kinase A (PKA) activation with 2.5 mM adenosine 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, N6,O2-dibutyryl, sodium salt (db-cAMP) resulted in reduction of INa to 62.8 +/- 5.5% without an effect on activation or steady-state inactivation. INa was also reduced by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with 5 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; to 40.0 +/- 3.7%) or 50 microM 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG; to 46.1 +/- 2.8%). In addition, steady-state inactivation was shifted in the negative direction by PKC activation. Neither the activation curve nor the kinetics of fast inactivation was altered by PKC activation. 5. The response to PKA activation was blocked by the PKA inhibitor N-[2-p-bromocinnamyl-amino) ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide (H-89; 30 microM) and by 30 microM of PKA inhibitory peptide PKA5-24 (PKAi). PKC activation was blocked by the kinase inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7; 100 microM), by the PKC inhibitor calphostin C (10 microM) and by 20 microM of the inhibitory peptide PKC19-31 (PKCi). 6. The hypoxia-induced inhibition of INa and shift in steady-state inactivation were greatly attenuated with H-7, calphostin C, or PKCi, but not with H-89 or PKAi. 7. We conclude that hypoxia activates PKC in rat CA1 neurones, and that PKC activation leads to the hypoxia-induced inhibition of INa.
Effect of injected rotenone on the production and composition of urine from the rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

Abstract Renal function was evaluated in adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) dosed i.a. with rotenone at 225 and 275 μg/kg. The chemical composition of urine samples and urine flow rates collected over a 5-h pretreatment period were compared with hourly urine samples collected over a 5-h posttreatment period. Significant increases in osmolality and in concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, and total protein were observed in the urine of treated fish. Urine solute concentrations reached maximum values within 1 to 3 h after treatment and decreased thereafter, indicating that the effects were reversible. Concentrations of sodium and chloride were highly correlated in 2-h posttreatment urine samples at the low (r = 0.922) and high (r = 0.981) rotenone treatments. Urine flow rates were reduced in trout at each dose of rotenone but the decrease in volume of urine voided was not dose-dependent. In a separate study, [14C]polyethylene glycol was used as a filtration marker to determine the effect of rotenone treatment (225 μg/kg) on urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate, and renal water reabsorption. We showed that posttreatment urine flow rates were reduced partly by reduced glomerular filtration and partly by increased water reabsorption. Transient increases in plasma osmolality and hematocrit also were observed 0.5 h after rotenone treatment.
Surround Structured Lighting for Full Object Scanning

This paper presents a new system for acquiring complete 3D surface models using a single structured light projector, a pair of planar mirrors, and one or more synchronized cameras. We project structured light patterns that illuminate the object from all sides (not just the side of the projector) and are able to observe the object from several vantage points simultaneously. This system requires that projected planes of light be parallel, and so we construct an orthographic projector using a Fresnel lens and a commercial DLP projector. A single Gray code sequence is used to encode a set of vertically-spaced light planes within the scanning volume, and five views of the illuminated object are obtained from a single image of the planar mirrors located behind it. Using each real and virtual camera, we then recover a dense 3D point cloud spanning the entire object surface using traditional structured light algorithms. As we demonstrate, this configuration overcomes a major hurdle to achieving full 360 degree reconstructions using a single structured light sequence by eliminating the need for merging multiple scans or multiplexing several projectors.
Agricultural Runoff as a Nonpoint Externality: A Theoretical Development

The purpose of this paper is to develop and explore a theory dealing with an important facet of agricultural runoff problems. Agricultural runoff is a nonpoint externality with notable implications for both research and policy. A nonpoint externality exists whenever the externality contributions of individual economic agents cannot be practically measured by direct monitoring. Without monitoring, regulations on emissions cannot be enforced, and charges or subsidies cannot be assessed. Thus, policies which are usually suggested for pollution abatement are not available. There is great need for a theoretical base that can adequately capture these facts. Such a theory yields some important implications even before specific empirical applications. The economic problem of agricultural runoff can be separated into three distinct categories. First, the sediment, nutrients, and chemicals removed by runoff represent a loss of resources to the individual farmer. These costs are borne privately by farmers. Second, if the discount rate of the individual farmer is greater than the social discount rate, or if the farmer has a planning horizon which is shorter than society's, the farmer will mine the soil resource at a rate which is more depletive than is socially optimal. This is a temporal externality. A third category involves the conservation of mass. Physical resources lost by the individual farm must appear elsewhere in the environment. In sufficient quantities, these resources are pollutants. Since water is the primary transport media for these resources, it is water that is polluted by soil, nutrients, and agricultural chemicals. This spatial externality has been the focus of much research. Here we intend to develop a theory for these issues, to employ it to suggest a revised research methodology, and to provide some important conclusions about alternative runoff policies. Only two of the three categories of agricultural runoff problems involve externalities, and only the spatial externality is considered here.
Heterotopic ossification in complex orthopaedic combat wounds: quantification and characterization of osteogenic precursor cell activity in traumatized muscle

Background: Heterotopic ossification frequently develops following high-energy blast injuries sustained in modern warfare. We hypothesized that differences in the population of progenitor cells present in a wound would correlate with the subsequent formation of heterotopic ossification. Methods: We obtained muscle biopsy specimens from military service members who had sustained high-energy wartime injuries and from patients undergoing harvest of a hamstring tendon autograft. Plastic-adherent cells were isolated in single-cell suspension and plated to assess the prevalence of colony-forming cells. Phenotypic characteristics wereassessedwithuseofflowcytometry.Individualcolony-formingunitswerecountedafter anincubationperiodofseven to ten days, and replicate cultures were incubated in lineage-specific induction media. Immunohistochemical staining was then performed to determine the percentage of colonies that had differentiated along an osteogenic lineage. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to identify changes in osteogenic gene expression. Results: Injured patients had significantly higher numbers of muscle-derived connective-tissue progenitor cells per gram of tissue (p < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 129,930 to 253,333), and those who developed heterotopic ossification had higher numbers of assayable osteogenic colonies (p < 0.016; 95% CI, 12,249 to 106,065). In the injured group, quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction performed on the in vitro expanded progeny of connective-tissue progenitors demonstrated upregulation of COL10A1, COL4A3, COMP, FGFR2, FLT1, IGF2, ITGAM, MMP9, PHEX, SCARB1, SOX9, and VEGFA in the patients with heterotopic ossification as compared with those without heterotopic ossification. continued
The Open Learning Object model to promote Open Educational Resources

In this paper we present the results of research work, that forms part of the activities of the EU-funded project SLOOP: Sharing Learning Objects in an Open Perspective, aimed at encouraging the definition, development and management of Open Educational Resources based on the Learning Object paradigm (Wiley, 2000). We present a model of Open Learning Object (OpenLO) for a greater awareness in the use of LOs by teachers, giving them a more active role in the evolution of educational resources; the OpenLO model extends the concept of reusability, providing pedagogical sustainability. Moreover, we compare FreeLOms, a Learning Object Management System that implements the proposed OpenLO model, to traditional tools for handling LOs. Editors: Patrick McAndrew (Open University, UK). Reviewers: Anonymous Review (Anonymous) and Patrick McAndrew (Open University, UK).
Hard real-time communication in bus-based networks

Route selection is an important aspect of the design of real-time systems in which messages might have to travel over multiple hops to reach their destination and multiple paths exist between a source and a destination. The length of a route affects the ability to meet deadlines and greedy routing might leave certain messages with no feasible route. We consider bus-based networks on which periodic message transmissions need to be scheduled and present a technique for synthesizing routes such that all messages meet their deadlines. Our offline technique enables system designers to configure routes in a large-scale embedded system. In our solution, we allow message fragmentation and utilize multiple paths to satisfy the requirements of each message. The routing problem is NP-complete and our approximation algorithm is based on a linear programming formulation. In our methodology, we deal with both earliest deadline first and rate monotonic scheduling at each bus in the system. Apart from point-to-point messages, we discuss scheduling multicast messages to facilitate the publisher/subscriber model. Finally, we also mention some heuristics for online routing which might be of value in soft real-time systems.
The Tradeoff Between Delay and TASI Advantage in a Packetized Speech Multiplexer

A packetized speech multiplexer differs from a circuitswitched TASI system in that the presence of a packet buffer allows a tradeoff where the TASI advantage can be increased at a cost in packet delay. This tradeoff is investigated via a simulation. Results are presented to show the relations between TASI advantage and delay, for both an average delay criterion and a maximum delay criterion. It is shown that, particularly for the case where small numbers of talkers are multiplexed, the packetized system offers significant improvements in TASI advantage over the conventional circuit-switched multiplexer, at modest costs in packet delay.
Automated HF data delivery utilizing real time frequency selection and adaptive data link protocol

The HF frequency band is well known for its many and varied disturbances and propagation difficulties. These effects combine to make the automation and control of HF communication systems very challenging. Many considerations exist for the automation of HF data systems including frequency selection and management, link establishment, voice and data delivery, and multistation network organization. Harris Corporation's RF Communications Group has developed a prototype of an automated HF communication system that addresses these concerns. This system, the Advanced HF Data System (AHFDS), combines an easy to use operator interface, a new fast automatic link establishment (ALE) technique, and a data link protocol for error free HF data delivery. The operator interface provides message editing and scheduling capabilities. The fast ALE technique provides real time frequency management and selection. Error free data transfer is achieved by use of an extremely robust data transfer mechanism consisting of US MIL-STD 188-110A serial tone HF modems coupled with a newly developed data link protocol, proposed US Federal Standard 1052 (PFS-1052). The paper includes a discussion of automated HF system techniques, and an overview of the developed AHFDS prototype with special emphasis on the fast ALE technique. The important metrics for measuring the performance of automated HF communication systems are examined, the HF channel simulator and on-air performance results of the developed prototype system are presented, and the results of the prototype effort are summarized.
Synthesis of a Low Band Gap Polymer and Its Application in Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells

HOMO level of the PBDTTT-based polymer was successfully reduced by introducing an keton group in place of the ester group. The average PCE of the PBDTTT-based devices reached 6.3% with a champion PCE result of 6.58%. Due to its highly efficient photovoltaic performance and more feasible synthesis approach, PBDTTT-C has the potential to be successfully applied in the large-scale manufacturing of polymer solar cells.
Influence of a Putative Intermolecular Interaction between Core and the Pre-S1 Domain of the Large Envelope Protein on Hepatitis B Virus Secretion

Virion release of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from hepatocytes is a tightly regulated event. It is a dogma that only the mature HBV genome is preferentially allowed to export from the intracellular compartment (J. Summers and W. S. Mason, Cell 29:403-415, 1982). Recently, an “immature secretion” phenotype of a highly frequent naturally occurring HBV variant containing a leucine residue at amino acid 97 of the core protein was identified. Unlike wild-type HBV, this variant secretes almost equal amounts of mature and immature genomes. This phenomenon is not caused by any instability of core particles or by any deficiency in viral reverse transcription (T. T. Yuan, P. C. Tai, and C. Shih, J. Virol. 73:10122-10128, 1999). In this study, our kinetic analysis of virion secretion of the mutant F97L (phenylalanine to leucine) indicates that the secretion of its immature genome does not occur earlier than that of its mature genome. In addition, the secretion kinetics of the mature genomes are comparable between the wild-type HBV and the mutant F97L. Therefore, the immature secretion phenomenon of mutant F97L is not caused by premature secretion or more efficient secretion. Previously, we hypothesized that the immature secretion phenotype is probably caused by the aberrant interaction between its mutant core and wild-type envelope proteins. Here, we further demonstrated that a pre-S1 envelope mutation at position 119, changing an alanine (A) to a phenylalanine (F), can offset the immature secretion phenotype of the mutant I97L (isoleucine to leucine) and successfully restore the wild-type-like selective export of the mature genome of the double mutant pre-S1-A119F/core-I97L.
A query language for understanding component interactions in production systems

When something unexpected happens in a large production system, administrators must first perform a search to isolate which components and component interactions are likely to be involved. The system may consist of thousands of interacting subsystems, the logging instrumentation may be noisy or incomplete, and the problem description may be vague, so this search is often the most difficult part of understanding the system's behavior. To facilitate the search process, we present a query language and a method for computing these queries that makes minimal assumptions about the available data. We evaluate our method on nearly 1.22 billion lines of system logs from four supercomputers, two autonomous vehicles, and a server cluster.
Brillouin Scattering Studies of the Effect of Orientation on Mechanically Deformed Poly (ethylene Terephthalate).

Abstract : Brillouin scattering is used as a tool for the study of the internal structure of oriented films of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Splitting in the longitudinal spectrum is observed as the film is stretched, indicating that the crystalline region is developed gradually from the amorphous region, and scattering from each region occurs independently. The hypersonic velocity data obtained from these two regions are used to draw directional maps of sound velocity propagating in different directions of the film. The results are discussed and correlated with a recently proposed model. The orientational parameter in the amorphous phase is calculated from the hypersonic velocity data as a function of stretch ratio. The results are found in good agreement with the published values obtained by using a different technique. (Author)
Women Stay on the Farm No More: Changing Patterns of Rural–Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Women could be said to be ‘the second sex in town’ in colonial Africa in that men predominated in the urban centres spawned by the political economy of colonialism. An explanation has to consider both employment and family separation. Although colonial governments, missions, commercial firms, and mines recruited men, it is not clear to what extent this was a matter of preference on the part of the major employers rather than the response of peasant households. Not at issue are the reasons for the latter's integration into the cash economy and the role of coercion, whether in the form of forced labour or indirectly through the imposition of tax. But what considerations were borne in mind when households deliberated about which of their members to dispatch? Whatever the part played by both employers and suppliers in determining the composition of the labour supply – and this so far totally neglected topic demands research – the result was that in many, if not all, African colonies, almost as a rule, domestic servants, secretaries, and nurses were male.
A Quantitative Description of KcsA Gating II: Single-Channel Currents

The kinetic transitions of proton-activated WT KcsA and the noninactivating E71A mutant were studied at the single-channel level in purified, liposome-reconstituted preparations. Single-channel currents were recorded using patch-clamp techniques under nonstationary and steady-state conditions. Maximum-likelihood analyses reveal that the key influence of acidic pH is to increase the frequency of bursting without an effect on the intraburst open and closed dwell times, consistent with the finding from macroscopic currents that protons promote activation without a significant effect on inactivation. However, in steady-conditions of pH, voltage not only alters the burst frequency but also affects their properties, such as the frequency of the flickers and the dwell times of the closed and open states. This is to be expected if voltage modulates pathways connecting open and inactivated states. Upon opening, KcsA can enter at least two closed states that are not part of the activation pathway. The frequency and duration of these closed states was found to be voltage dependent and therefore these are likely to represent short-lived inactivated states. Single-channel recordings of WT KcsA also show varying propensity for the presence of subconductance states. The probability of occurrence of these states did not show clear modulation by voltage or pH and their origin remains unclear and a focus for further investigation. A kinetic model is proposed to describe the gating events in KcsA that recapitulates its macroscopic and single-channel behavior. The model has been constrained by the single-channel analyses presented in this work along with data from macroscopic currents in the preceding paper.
An autonomous software agent for industrial process control

Abstract A suite of software programs is described which has been trained to operate a laboratory experiment or an industrial process, especially those which are highly complex and for which no accurate model exists. The “autonomous software agent” (Asa) is capable of operating in unknown and highly general environments while requiring no human assistance or manual tuning. Numerous design options, heuristics, and some test results are reported.
New Synthetic Routes to Iron-Sulfur Clusters: Deciphering the Repair Chemistry of [2Fe-2S] Clusters from Mononitrosyl Iron Complexes.

The nitrosylation of inorganic protein cofactors, specifically that of [Fe–S] clusters to form iron nitrosyls, plays a number of important roles in biological systems. In some of these cases, it is expected that a repair process reverts the nitrosylated iron species to intact [Fe–S] clusters. The repair of nitrosylated [2Fe–2S] cluster, primarily in the form of protein-bound dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs), has been observed in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism of this process remains uncertain. The present work expands upon a previous observation (Fitzpatrick et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 7229) of the ability of mononitrosyl iron complexes (MNICs) to be converted into [2Fe–2S] clusters by the addition of nothing other than a cysteine analogue. Herein, each of the critical elementary steps in the cluster repair has been dissected to elucidate the roles of the cysteine analogue. Systematic variations of a cysteine analogue employed in the repair reaction suggest that (i) the bidentate coordinati...