cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminant Validity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective The primary purpose of this study was to assess the discriminant validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to well-defined groups of children with other psychiatric disorders. Method Clinic-referred patients diagnosed as having ADHD without any other comorbid diagnosis ( N = 13), were compared with patients with only anxiety disorders ( N = 20), disruptive disorders other than ADHD ( N = 15), and nonreferred controls ( N = 18) on measures of cognitive and academic functioning, as well as on objective measures of attention, impulse control, and activity level. Results All three patient groups were found to have cognitive and academic achievement difficulties relative to controls. However, the ADHD group was found to be inattentive and impulsive relative to the other patient groups and the nonreferred controls. Objective measurement of activity level distinguished the ADHD group from controls but not from the other two patient groups. Conclusions These data support the diagnostic validity of a small subgroup of ADHD children (i.e., those without comorbid diagnoses) and demonstrates, that as a group, these children can be distinguished from patients with anxiety as well as other disruptive disorders on objective test measures. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 5:1038–1043.
Confidence Interval Procedures for the Weibull Process With Applications to Reliability Growth

The Weibull Process (a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity r(t) = λβt β−1) is considered as a stochastic model for the Duane (1964) reliability growth postulate. Under this model the mean time between failure (MTBF) for the system at time t is given by M(t) = [r(t)]−1. Small sample and asymptotic confidence intervals on M(t) are discussed for failure- and time-truncated testing. Tabled values to compute the confidence intervals and numercial examples illustrating these procedures are presented.
Diagnostic techniques for training and education: strategies for marketing and economic development

The purpose of this diagnostic‐skills training model paper is to provide an overall assessment process for training and development. The interests of trainers, managers, and trainee representatives (stakeholders) are best served when all parties carefully discuss the training parameters and come to an agreement on six crucial questions. The diagnostic techniques paper and Index for Training Success (ITS) address these crucial questions and offer several training strategies. Writing a training proposal for the company or firm is the first logical step in the process. In the writing process of the training proposal, one of the critical considerations of the trainer working is to determine how much information he or she can get compared to how much time he or she should devote for the training under given budget constraints. This paper recommends steps to follow and provides an Index for Training Success. The index is to be used during the planning process to assess the potential success of the learning event and to diagnose the areas in which additional effort will achieve the most improvement. The paper also suggests a method in which the index can be used as a summary evaluation and diagnostic tool after the event is held.
Long Wavelength Titanium-Doped Lithium Niobate Directional Coupler Optical Switches And Switch Arrays

This paper summarizes the measurements of 2 X2 and 4 X 1 polarization-independent electro-optical switches for 1 .3 Am wavelength. Conclusions about the performance characteristics and limitations of both polarization-independent and single (TM) polarization switch arrays are drawn from these results.
Shape change of nanocontainers via a reversible ionic buckling.

We demonstrate that small charged nanocages can undergo reversible changes of shapes by modifying the ionic conditions including salt concentration, $p\mathrm{H}$, and dielectric permittivity of the medium. Using numerical simulations, we analyze structures with various charge stoichiometric ratios. At zero or low charge densities, the shape of the cage is determined by its elastic properties, and the surface charge pattern is dictated by the globally fixed geometry. As the charge density per molecule increases, the shape is strongly affected by the electrostatic forces. In this regime, the shape of the nanocage is controlled by the charge distribution.
Characteristics of Lactic Acid Transport in Supported Liquid Membranes

Abstract Transport of lactic acid in supported liquid membranes containing tertiary amines (Alamine 336, Henkel Corp.) as the carrier was investigated. Both equilibrium extraction constants (K t) and effective diffusion coefficients (D) of the acid-amine complex were measured for systems with various diluents. Larger K t values and, thus, more efficient extraction were found when diluents were used, especially with oleyl alcohol which improved the polarity of the oil membrane and led to an approximately sixtyfold increase in the K t value. Experimental results of D for different supported liquid membranes were found in the range of 2 to 7 × 10−7 cm2/s. Although much lower than those predicted by the Wilke-Chang equation, the values are consistent in the orders of magnitude with the literature results for other permeates in similar supported liquid membranes.
Gain and saturation in semiconductor lasers

Several approaches have been developed for modelling the gain and saturation behaviour of semiconductor lasers, and this study includes a historical review of these various approaches. Special attention is given to rate equation models and to the possibility of so-called gain nonlinearities that might affect the CW and modulation performance of semiconductor lasers. Discussions are mainly limited to the GaAs/GaAIAs and InGaAsP/InP systems, for which the gain and gain nonlinearities have been most extensively studied.
Dissatisfaction after multifocal intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose To analyze the reasons for patient dissatisfaction after phacoemulsification with multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and the outcomes after intervention. Setting Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Methods This retrospective review comprised eyes of patients dissatisfied with visual outcomes after multifocal IOL implantation. Outcomes analyzed included type of visual complaint, treatment modality for each complaint, and degree of clinical improvement after intervention. Results Thirty-two patients (43 eyes) reported unwanted visual symptoms after multifocal IOL implantation, including in 28 eyes (65%) with an AcrySof ReSTOR IOL and 15 (35%) with a ReZoom IOL. Thirty patients (41 eyes) reported blurred vision, 15 (18 eyes) reported photic phenomena, and 13 (16 eyes) reported both. Causes of blurred vision included ametropia (12 eyes, 29%), dry eye syndrome (6 eyes, 15%), posterior capsule opacification (PCO) (22 eyes, 54%), and unexplained etiology (1 eye, 2%). Causes of photic phenomena included IOL decentration (2 eyes, 12%), retained lens fragment (1 eye, 6%), PCO (12 eyes, 66%), dry-eye syndrome (1 eye, 2%), and unexplained etiology (2 eyes, 11%). Photic phenomena attributed to PCO also caused blurred vision. Thirty-five eyes (81%) had improvement with conservative treatment. Five eyes (12%) did not have improvement despite treatment combinations. Three eyes (7%) required IOL exchange. Conclusions Complaints of blurred vision and photic phenomena after multifocal IOL implantation were effectively managed with appropriate treatment. Few eyes (7%) required IOL exchange. Neodymium:YAG capsulotomy should be delayed until it has been determined that IOL exchange will not be necessary.
On contrasting the semantics of the modal auxiliaries of German and English

Abstract This study attempts to show that the model which I developed elsewhere to explain the semantic structure of the German modal system (Bouma 1973) is also generally applicable to the modals of English. The theory underlying my approach is based on the notion of (grammatical) meaning found in Joos (1964) and Jakobson (1971). The modal auxiliary system in both languages is seen as a grammatical category (relative assertion) which stands in specific opposition to the absence of a modal in a sentence (factual assertion). The general grammatical meaning conveyed by the modal auxiliary category is that the speaker sees the event as standing in a potential relation to reality. In both languages there is a type of scalarity of probability from precariousness (50/50 probability: KANN, DARF: CAN, MAY) to imminence (near certainty: MUSS, WILL; MUST, HAVE TO, WILL, WANT TO). Both modal systems can also be characterized in terms of the speaker's view of the involvement of the actor (grammatical subject). If the speaker views the actor as the initiator of the realization of the event he uses a subjective modal (e.g. German WILL: English WANT TO), and he uses an objective modal if he views the initiator as an agency outside of the actor (e.g. MUSS; MUST).
On the mean meridional circulation in the presence of a steady state, symmetric, circumpolar vortex

The steady state equations governing the “forced” (in the sense of Kuo, 1956) mean meridional circulation in the presence of a circular vortex are presented, and it is shown that a constraining relation must exist between the sources of heat and momentum (eddy convergences, diabatic heating, and friction) and the parameters of the zonal mean state (zonal vertical wind shear, meridional temperature gradient, absolute vorticity, and static stability). In the case of general heat and momentum forcing, solutions for vertical motion ω are obtained explicitly. These solutions involve integrals along the characteristics of the equations, which are isolines of potential temperature and absolute angular momentum. In the special case of no heat or momentum forcing present, it is shown that a necessary but not sufficient condition for the existence of a “free” mean meridional circulation is that f = Z Ri (called resonance, after Kuo 1956) where Z is the absolute vorticity and Ri is the Richardson number. Equivalently, the characteristics of angular momentum and potential temperature must coincide. It is shown by means of the characteristics that the existence of a region in which the absolute vorticity, measured on an isobaric surface, is negative, may be a sufficient condition. The necessary condition implies that the static stability is also negative in such a region. The conclusion that such free circulations in the atmosphere cannot exist in the mean state agrees with Kuo, but the criterion is somewhat different. In the general forcing case, a possible constraining relationship is derived, and its usefulness considered. Simpler formulae are presented which hold along lines on which one of the components of the meridional circulation vanishes. By considering also the ratio of the components of the meridional circulation along lines on which either the momentum or the heat source functions vanish, a consistency picture between the positioning of the mean meridional cells and the sources and sinks of momentum and heat is developed. In particular, it is shown that lines of vanishing heat or momentum source cannot, in general, be in phase. Such lines must cross at the “center” of each cell (where both components of the circulation are zero). The lines of zero momentum source must slope generally upward toward the equator, in general agreement with observation. For the constraints to be consistent with the observed counter-gradient transport of heat in the lower stratosphere, the lowest layer of cells must extend into the lower stratosphere. Equatorward counter-gradient transport of heat in the troposphere in very low and very high latitudes is also suggested. The implications for observational and numerical model studies of the general circulation are briefly discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00157.x
Ultrafiltration of Milk on French Farms and in the Making of a New Specialty Cheese Industry

Abstract Ultrafiltration and thermization of milk on dairy farms in France have been under study since 1979. More recently five dairy farms in Brittany have been routinely producing 2:1 whole milk retentate for Emmental and St. Paulin cheese making. The milk processed is ultrafiltered at 35°C and thermized at 72°C for 15s in an Ultratherm unit. Cheese quality generally appears satisfactory. In Eastern France a new specialty cheese industry has been started utilizing 4.5:1 whole milk retentate produced by ultrafiltration conducted at 40°C. The specialty cheese attains its characteristic white surface from Penicillium album mold. It has a bland, nutty flavor and very soft, smooth texture. A surface bluing phenomenon occurs after 14 d.
Dynamic mechanical properties of polymer melts: The effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties

An experimental investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Reheometer. One purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties. Data were obtained over a range of temperatures for both monodisperse and polydisperse materials which indicate that viscoelasticity is highly temperature dependent only for monodisperse polymers. On a molecular basis the reduction in temperature sensitivity for polydisperse materials logically can be attributed to the influence of the low molecular weight species present in a distribution on the relaxation spectrum. Since the relaxation spectrum largely determines all viscoelastic functions, the observations made from th dynamic data shown in this paper can be generalized to all viscoelastic experiments.
Devolution of bureau of reclamation constructed water facilities

: Recent years have seen an accelerating trend toward devolution and privatization of water supply and distribution infrastructure. This paper discusses and analyzes the experience to date of the federal Bureau of Reclamation's efforts to title transfer to non federal entities. The paper also discusses the concepts of federalism and devolution in the context of Reclamation's title transfer activities.
Memory optimization for parallel functional programs

Abstract Parallel functional languages use single valued variables to avoid semantically irrelevant data dependence constraints. Programs containing iterations that redefine variables in a procedural language have the corresponding variables declared with additional dimensions in a single assignment language. This extra temporal dimension, unless optimized, requires an exorbitant amount of memory and in parallel programs imposes a large delay between the data producer and consumers. For certain loop arrangements, a window containing a few elements of the dimension can be created. Usually, there are many ways for defining a loop arrangement in an implementation of a functional program and a trade-off between the memory saving and the needed level of parallelism has to be taken into account when selecting the implementation. In this paper we prove that the problem of determining the best loop arrangement by partitioning the dependence graph is NP-hard. In addition, we describe a heuristic for solving this problem. Finally, we present examples of parallel functional programs in which the memory optimization results in reducing the local and shared memory requirements and communication delays.
Hospital lighting and its association with sleep, mood and pain in medical inpatients

Aims To describe light exposure, sleep–wake patterns, mood, pain and their relationships in adult medical inpatients. Background The hospital environment may contribute to patient discomfort by providing a lighting structure that interferes with circadian rhythmicity, sleep, mood and pain. Design A descriptive correlational design was used in this preliminary study. Methods Between May 2011–April 2012, data were collected from a convenience sample of 23 women and 17 men admitted to a large academically affiliated hospital in the United States. Over 72 hours, light exposure and sleep–wake patterns were continuously measured with wrist actigraph/light meters for each participant. Mood was measured daily using the Profile Of Mood States Brief™ Form. Subjective pain scores were abstracted from medical records. Results Light exposure levels were low: mean daytime light intensity was 104·80 lux. Sleep time was fragmented and low: mean 236·35 minutes of sleep/night. Intra-daily stability scores indicated little sleep–wake synchronization with light. Fatigue and total mood disturbance scores were high and inversely associated with light. Pain levels were also high and positively associated with fatigue, but not directly with light exposure. Low light exposure significantly predicted fatigue and total mood disturbance. Conclusion Medical inpatients were exposed to light levels insufficient for circadian entrainment. Nevertheless, higher light exposure was associated with less fatigue and lower total mood disturbance in participants with pain, suggesting the need for further investigation to determine if manipulating light exposure for medical inpatients would be beneficial in affecting sleep–wake disturbances, mood and pain.
Government Documents Reference Aid: An Expert System Development Project.

Abstract In 1988 a prototype expert system application was developed to aid government documents reference service in the Stanford University Libraries. Discussed in this paper are: (1) the context for this project; (2) expert system applications in libraries; (3) expert systems technology; (4) the projects' implementation phases; and (5) an assessment of Government Documents Reference Aid and the software used to develop it. Both managerial and operational factors related to this type of project are considered.
Studies on the mechanism of action of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase from bovine and rat liver

Abstract δ-Aminolevulinate dehydratase from bovine and rat liver is inactivated in the presence of radioactive substrate and sodium borohydride with concomitant binding of approximately 1 mole of substrate per subunit (40,000 g) of enzyme. These results suggest a Schiff-base mechanism for these enzymes similar to that proposed for the class I fructose diphosphate aldolases. The liver dehydratases are also strongly inhibited by a number of metal-chelating agents, indicating the involvement of a divalent metal ion possibly similar to the class II fructose diphosphate aldolases. The bovine liver enzyme contains approximately one Zn per 275,000 g of protein and does not contain stoichiometric amounts of Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , or Ni 2+ .
Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube with report of a case

Abstract Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube is an infrequently found pathologic condition. Up to 1935, Robinson had found but 349 cases in the literature. It frequently, though not always, follows chronic inflammation of the tubes, from which it is usually not differentiated if the tube is removed intact. The diagnosis, as a rule, is established by the pathologist on microscopic examination of the oviduct. The opening of all tubes after their ablation and their inspection for papillary projections, as advised by Gupta and recommended by Kahn and Norris, would not infrequently prove helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The last named authors suggest that, in the presence of a brownish or bloody discharge, not accounted for by a curettage, in a woman beyond 40, tubal carcinoma should be suspected and the oviducts should be carefully palpated for enlarged areas. Because a number of patients have been operated on with the diagnosis of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, incomplete operations, which are not a satisfactory method of treatment, have been performed. This may account, in part at least, for a number of poor results reported in the literature. The treatment should consist of a panhysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy and the excision of palpable glands. The operation should be followed by deep x -ray therapy. This form of treatment may improve the results of the future. In my own case, the diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube was not established even at operation. The ovarian metastases appeared so much more important than the tubal lesion that an operative diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma was made. The histologic examination of the excised pelvic organs revealed the true diagnosis. While the patient has made a good operative recovery and has been subjected to deep x -ray therapy, the prognosis should be guarded and only time will reveal the ultimate result.
Effect of cooling on beta-receptor mechanisms in isolated cutaneous veins of the dog

Abstract Alpha-adrenergic activation of cutaneous veins by nerve stimulation or norepinephrine has been shown to be facilitated by a decrease in temperature. In the present study, the effects of cooling on beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the cutaneous veins were investigated by recording changes in isometric tension in helical strips of saphenous veins. At 37°, low doses of isoproterenol had negligible relaxing effects on the preparations but reduced their reactivity to electric stimulation; in higher doses, isoproterenol caused contraction of the saphenous vein strips. Cooling the bath to 29° slightly decreased the basal tension of the preparations and markedly augmented the contracting effect of higher doses of isoproterenol. The depressing action of that drug on the reactivity to electric stimulation was markedly accentuated by cooling. In the presence of alpha-adrenolytic drugs, the relaxing action of norepinephrine was also facilitated by a decrease in temperature. Thus, in the cutaneous vein of the dog, both the venodilator (beta-adrenergic) and the venoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic) actions of catecholamines are facilitated by a decrease in temperature.
CO adsorption on supported and promoted Ag epoxidation catalysts

Abstract CO was used to probe the nature of adsorption sites on Ag/ α -Al 2 O 3 epoxidation catalysts and to investigate the effect of Cs and Cl promoters by employing diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and chemisorption measurements. In contrast to previous studies, IR absorption bands for CO chemisorbed on reduced, supported Ag crystallites were observed; however, CO adsorption occurred on only 3–7% of the total Ag surface at 300 K and coverage depended on both the pretreatment and CO pressure utilized. No irreversible CO adsorption occurred on the alumina, whereas linearly bonded CO was the dominant species on the metallic Ag sites. After a 30-min purge, the bands due to these chemisorbed forms of CO decreased in intensity while a band due to bridge-bonded CO increased in intensity, which implies that CO reoriented as the surface concentration of CO decreased. In the presence of Cs, similar behavior was observed and the band intensity of the bridge-bonded CO increased. After reduction at 673 K, cesium suboxides appeared to be formed based on the formation of carbonyl complexes at 2028, 1950, and 1869 cm −1 . On reduced Ag catalysts, electronic effects of Cs and Cl were observed and adsorbed CO gave a lower frequency, i.e., 2018 and 2009 cm −1 for Cs-promoted samples reduced at 473 and 673 K, respectively, due to an increase in the electron density on surface Ag atoms, while this band occurred at a higher frequency of 2129 cm −1 with a CsCl-promoted Ag catalyst due to a net decrease in the electron density on surface Ag atoms. After CO adsorption on O-covered Cs-promoted and CsCl-promoted catalysts, a band between 1520 and 1491 cm −1 existed which was assigned to a COO − stretching mode in a carbonate species formed on composite AgCs x O y sites. These studies with CO provide evidence that reduction at 673 K following a calcination step can lead to redistribution of Cs atoms.
Intercultural journeys: from study to residence abroad

Intercultural journeys: from study to residence abroad, by Jane Jackson, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, vii + 251 pp., US$84.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-230-52721-8 Not limited to students major...
Differential cytotoxicity of clinically important camptothecin derivatives in P-glycoprotein-overexpressing cell lines.

Camptothecin and its derivatives are specific inhibitors of eukaryotic topoisomerase I (top1) and are active in cancer patients against a variety of refractory solid tumors and leukemia. Purpose: The present study further investigated the relationship between multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by P-glycoproteinMDR and potential resistance to camptothecin derivatives using two experimental systems: (1) MDR KB-V1 cells selected for vinblastine resistance, and (2) NIH3T3 cells transfected with a plasmid expressing wildtype P-glycoproteinMDR multidrug transporter (NIH-MDR-G185). Results: We found that both KBV-1 and NIH-MDR-G185 cells were resistant to topotecan, and that topotecan-induced cleavable complexes were reduced in KB-V1 cells, consistent with a role of P-glycoproteinMDR in cellular resistance to topotecan. By contrast, no significant resistance to camptothecin, 9-aminocamptothecin, 10, 11-methylenedioxycamptothecin, or SN-38 (the active metabolite of CPT-11) was observed in NIH-MDR-G185 cells, while KB-V1 cells were cross-resistant to these compounds but produced cleavable complexes similar to those produced by parental KB-3-1 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that topotecan is the only camptothecin tested with significant susceptibility to MDR in cell culture, and that multidrug resistant cells such as KBV1 probably exhibit additional resistance mechanisms to camptothecins besides P-glycoproteinMDR overexpression.
Titelbild: 6/2002

Das Titelbild zeigt den Zitteraal Electrophorus electricus – eine reichhaltige, kommerziell genutzte Quelle fur Acetylcholinesterase. In einem Experiment, das K. B. Sharpless und M. G. Finn et al. auf S. 1095 ff. beschreiben, wurde mithilfe dieses Enzyms aus einer Reihe von Synthesebausteinen mit Azid- und Alkin-Einheiten (in Losung schwimmend dargestellt) ein in femtomolaren Konzentrationen wirksamer Inhibitor erhalten. Die Templatreaktion, durch die der Inhibitor gebildet wird – eine 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition –, findet an der hell hervorgehobenen Stelle im Enzym (Bildmitte) statt.
Translocation of PKC theta by fatty acids causes hypothalamic insulin resistance.

Diets high in saturated fats (HFS) promote obesity and attenuate insulin-induced glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Several potential mechanisms for this disruption have been proposed including altered intracellular signaling, gene expression and protein trafficking. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated that protein-kinase-C isoforms theta, delta and epsilon attenuate insulin and metabolic signaling in peripheral tissues. Because the product of fatty acid metabolism, diacylglyceride (DAG) can directly induce translocation of PKCs and thereby activate them, DAG and activated PKCs may represent a mechanism by which dietary fatty acids induce insulin resistance. Importantly, here we report that obesity and high-fat diets attenuate insulin signaling in the brain. Here we assessed the hypothesis that CNS PKC isoforms mediated the deleterious effects of HFS on CNS function. We found that consumption of HFS increased membrane localization of PKC theta and delta in rat hypothalamus. This was associated with impaired hypothalamic insulin signaling, including a reduction in activation of intracellular insulin signaling cascades, increased food intake, and the development of obesity. This effect was recapitulated both in vivo and in vitro by the addition of the phorbol-ester PMA, which induces PKC membrane-translocation. Collectively, these results suggest that saturated-fats can attenuate CNS insulin signaling, similar to peripheral insulin resistance, by directly influencing the trafficking of hypothalamic PKC isoforms. Therefore, PKC may represent a novel unifying mechanism by which diets high in saturated fats promote both peripheral and central metabolic disease.
The use of revenue sharing concepts in determining development goals for the state of Alabama

This paper summarizes a study for the State of Alabama which develops and tests seven alternative plans for the allocation of public grants among four different divisions of governments. This study suggests that the Alabama Development Office and Appalachia Regional Commission monies be combined and distributed jointly under one plan in order to optimize the allocation of development funds among governmental units relative to specific goals. The plan would not follow current policies of being project oriented but would distribute funds directly to governmental units on the basis of economic and/or sociological factors.
Mammalian target of rapamycin as a target in hematological malignancies

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates protein synthesis in addition to cell growth and cell proliferation. Elucidation of the roles of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway in the regulation of the pathogenesis of hematological neoplasms has led to the development and clinical evaluation of agents targeting this pathway for the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas. Clinical trials conducted to date have shown modest responses to mTOR inhibition in patients with various hematological malignancies. Novel agents that simultaneously target mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) or AKT in addition to mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) may offer an opportunity to improve therapeutic efficacy.
Electrically induced locomotion in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the brainstem was used to induce locomotion in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation. Recordings of electromyograms in ‘limb-attached’ preparations revealed an apparently adult-like step cycle. The lowest threshold sites were localized in the posterior midbrain (reticular formation in the peribrachial area and in the ventral reticular formation) and in the medioventral medulla (dorsolateral to the pyramids).
Incorporation of radioactive glucosamine into macromolecules at nerve endings.

— Mice were injected intracerebrally with [14C]glucosamine, and incorporation into macromolecules in various subcellular fractions of brain was studied at a number of times after administration of the precursor. The [14C]glucosamine was rapidly incorporated into macromolecules of all the subcellular fractions of brain including both the soluble and particulate fractions of isolated nerve endings. Incorporation into macromolecules in the soluble fraction of nerve endings was quite extensive 3 hr after administration of the precursor and the specific acitvity of this fraction fell thereafter. In contrast there was only slight incorporation of [14C] leucine into the soluble protein from isolated nerve endings in the first few hours after administration, whereas the other subcellular fractions were maximally labelled at that time. The data suggests that, unlike protein which is largely transported to nerve endings in the axoplasm, there is extensive incorporation of carbohydrate into macromolecules in nerve endings. Whereas the protein component of a glycoprotein or mucopolysaccharide may be transported to the nerve ending from the perikaryon, the structure and function of this protein may be modified at the nerve ending by further incorporation of glucosamine, sialic acid and possibly other carbohydrates. The carbohydrate-containing macromolecules could influence nerve ending function immediately after these final synthetic reactions since these reactions occur at the nerve ending and not in the perikaryon.
Studies on the Pharmacology of Methaqualone: Induction of Mammalian Hepatic δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase

SummaryMethaqualone, a highly abused quinazoline derivative with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy, significantly stimulates the activity of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis in adult mammals. In adult rats, methaqualone produces a rapid and sustained increase in hepatic ALA synthetase activity in doses which correspond in man to both therapeutic (5-10 mg/kg) or overdose (25-50 mg/kg) levels. The major increase in enzyme activity occurs within 12 hr after drug treatment. Elevated enzyme levels are sustained for at least 48 hr after administration of a single dose and for several days after daily ingestion of the drug for 1 wk. The increase in ALA synthetase activity produced by methaqualone can be prevented by simutaneous administration of hemin or by pretreatment with cycloheximide and cannot be demonstrated in vitro. This study represents the first demonstration of stimulation of mammalian ALA synthetase activity by a quinazoline deri...
Stem-Cell Repair of Infarcted Myocardium: Ready for Clinical Application?

In cell culture, adult bone marrow stem cells can develop the phenotypic characteristics of myocytes and endothelial cells, and express myocyte-specific and endothelium-specific proteins. In subsequent animal laboratory studies and early clinical trials, stem cells have been delivered to infarcted myocardium by direct injection, by intravascular injection, and by bone marrow stimulation. In animals, myocyte apoptosis is reduced, capillary density increases, and regional perfusion increases accompanied by a decrease in infarct size. Early clinical trials indicate that a variety of approaches is technically feasible and safe in the short term. The trials suggest that stem-cell therapy may induce a modest preservation of cardiac function. The methodology for clinical application of stem-cell therapy currently exists in most large heart hospitals. Nonetheless, until theoretical and practical limitations are resolved, it seems prudent to confine this therapy to randomized clinical trials.
Biologically relevant 3D tumor arrays: treatment response and the importance of stromal partners

The development and translational potential of therapeutic strategies for cancer is limited, in part, by a lack of biological models that capture important aspects of tumor growth and treatment response. It is also becoming increasingly evident that no single treatment will be curative for this complex disease. Rationally-designed combination regimens that impact multiple targets provide the best hope of significantly improving clinical outcomes for cancer patients. Rapidly identifying treatments that cooperatively enhance treatment efficacy from the vast library of candidate interventions is not feasible, however, with current systems. There is a vital, unmet need to create cell-based research platforms that more accurately mimic the complex biology of human tumors than monolayer cultures, while providing the ability to screen therapeutic combinations more rapidly than animal models. We have developed a highly reproducible in vitro three-dimensional (3D) tumor model for micrometastatic ovarian cancer (OvCa), which in conjunction with quantitative image analysis routines to batch-process large datasets, serves as a high throughput reporter to screen rationally-designed combination regimens. We use this system to assess mechanism-based combination regimens with photodynamic therapy (PDT), which sensitizes OvCa to chemo and biologic agents, and has shown promise in clinic trials. We show that PDT synergistically enhances carboplatin efficacy in a sequence dependent manner. In printed heterocellular cultures we demonstrate that proximity of fibroblasts enhances 3D tumor growth and investigate co-cultures with endothelial cells. The principles described here could inform the design and evaluation of mechanism-based therapeutic options for a broad spectrum of metastatic solid tumors.
Topology induced by the Hankel norm in the space of transfer matrices

It is shown that the Hankel norm induces a topology in the space of transfer matrices which is too weak in general for studying stability of feed-back systems.
A pixel to pixel hyperspectral synthetic image model inter-comparison study

The purpose of this paper is to present simulation in order to compare a Hyperspectral Monte Carlo Model (MC) which generates synthetic images with realistic water wave surface to an iterative layered radiative transfer model used to generate hyperspectral synthetic images with realistic water wave surfaces. The MC model developed by Bostater and Gimond (2002) and Bostater and Chiang (2002) is divided into 5 steps: (1) Generation of the photons, (2) tracking of the photon optical path and simultaneously (3) recording of the photon's location within the water column, (4) then a tabulation of the sampling and its conversion to meaningful radiometric quantities and finally (5) a calculation and processing of the event probabilities between successive photons. This model will then be compared to the ILRT which is analytical and uses an iterative method to converge on the solution to a layered, iterative two flow radiative transfer model developed by (Bostater et al., 2002). The purpose of this research and the presentation will be to describe the effects of spectrally derived wave facets and the foam estimation coverage in order to assess the differences between the above modeling approaches, and to develop a better scientific understanding of the influence of water waves on the remote sensing signal from 400 to 750 nm, as well as the coupled influence of water waves and shallow bottom reflectance effects due to benthic aquatic habitat features such as submerged vegetation, corals, and other objects submerged within the water column as well as effects due to waves at the air-sea interface. The spectral wave models used include the wave (Phillips, Jonswap, Pierson-Moskowitz and TMA) that will help to simulate what a sensor sees from a low flying aircraft. In order to evaluate the wave models the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) is applied and results described.
The Rethinking of Leadership

Leadership has been defined in terms of the leader's actions, skills, and abilities since the early 16th Century when Machiavelli did so. Current and unprecidented global relationships that are fou...
The photochemistry of hexachloroiridate (IV)

(Received 11 December 1967) spectra of 11"(:162" is characterized by electron transThe fer bands in the visible region(l). As part of an investigation of the properties of these states, an examination of the photoIRC162was undertaken, The photochemistry chemical behavior of of platinum complexes has recently been examined and shows that solutions of PtBr62" and Pt162" undergo aquation at all irradiat ion wavelengths (2).
Biomechanical aspects of seating comfort in vehicle seating package engineering

In this paper, problems are described which are related to the ergonomic assessment of vehicle package design in vehicle systems engineering. The traditional approach, using questionnaire techniques for a subjective assessment of comfort related to package design, is compared to a biomechanical approach. An example is given for ingress design. The biomechanical approach is based upon objective postural data. The experimental setup for the study is described and methods used for the biomechanical analysis are explained. Because the biomechanic assessment requires not only a complex experimental setup but also time consuming data processing, a systematic reduction and preparation of biomechanic data for classification with an Artificial Neural Network significantly improves the economy of the biomechanical method.
Cosmogonies and Culture: Teaching Genesis and the Popol Vuh in an Interdisciplinary Course at a Christian University.

This paper explores the possibilities of teaching Genesis and the Popol Vuh, the Mayan creation account, in an interdisciplinary course at a church-related institution. The course is part of an alternative, interdisciplinary core curriculum typically taken by two hundred students a year at the university. A comparison of the Popol Vuh with Genesis in a large group lecture has certain advantages over the usual Genesis/Enuma Elish comparison. This large group lecture is followed by a small group discussion over a wide variety of “cosmogonic” texts ranging from Genesis to Stephen Hawking. The results have been intellectually satisfying and quite appropriate for this interdisciplinary program that has the goal of introducing students to the great civilizations, Western and non-Western, ancient and modern. Further, the confessional nature of the institution has provided a liberated and liberating space for conversations that might be inappropriate at other institutions of higher learning.
Management of gastric remnant carcinoma based on the results of a 15-year endoscopic screening program.

Background Data Partial gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer disease is associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the gastric remnant, especially in patients who are at least 15 years' postgastrectomy. Increasing evidence of mucosal dysplasia is noted on random gastric biopsy and may serve as a histologic marker in the identification of early cancer of the gastric stump. Methods From an initial group of 233 patients who underwent gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer disease between 1960 and 1975, 163 patients began yearly flexible gastroscopy and random mucosal biopsy. Routine histologic studies identified either normal or dysplastic epithelium as well as adenocarcinoma. An average of eight biopsies were taken per endoscopic study. All endoscopic studies were performed by surgical residents under the supervision of one surgical attending. Results From July 1980 to June 1995, 145 patients completed annual gastroscopy and random biopsy. A total of 2287 endoscopic studies were performed. Fifteen patients were found to have severe dysplasia. Nine (60%) had associated microscopic evidence of adenocarcinoma. Four additional patients had macroscopic adenocarcinoma on endoscopic examination. All 13 patients with cancer were asymptomatic. Six patients continue surveillance who display moderate-to-severe dysplasia alone. The 13 patients with carcinoma underwent completion gastrectomy (R2 nodal dissection) with no evidence of cancer found beyond the gastric wall. These patients averaged 29 years since their original partial gastrectomy. Objective A prospective screening program for gastric remnant cancer was begun to assess the ability to discover early neoplastic changes on random biopsy and to make treatment decisions regarding the efficacy of completion gastrectomy after discovery of carcinoma. Conclusions Aggressive annual screening using flexible endoscopy and multiple random biopsy may discover cancer in the gastric remnant and can lead to completion curative gastrectomy in asymptomatic people. Patients who are at least 20 years postpartial gastrectomy for benign disease should be considered for annual endoscopic surveillance.
Long-Chain Predominant Lipid Emulsions Inhibit In Vitro Macrophage Tumor Necrosis Factor Production*†

Intravenous lipid emulsions are an important component of parenteral nutrition. Despite their benefits, lipid emulsions have been associated with higher rates of bacteremia in neonates. Therefore we investigated the effect of lipid emulsions on the inflammatory response by examining their effect on in vitro macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production of two distinct macrophage populations. Through the use of endotoxin-free phosphate buffered saline, peritoneal (PER) and alveolar (ALV) macrophages were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 125 to 150 g) with endotoxin-free phosphate buffered saline. Cell counts were adjusted to 2 x 10(6) cells/mL in RPMI with 2% fetal calf serum. Three hundred microliters of the cells were incubated in a 24-well culture dish with media or media with intralipid (100 micrograms/dL) for 16 hours. After washing each well three times, the cells were stimulated for 2 or 16 hours with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (150 microL of 1 microgram/mL). The supernatants were assayed for TNF using the WEHI 164:13 bioassay and TNF levels were expressed as picograms per milliliter. Student's unpaired t test was used for data analysis. Lipid-exposed PER and ALV macrophages in vitro TNF levels were significantly lower-after 2 hours (12,591 pg/mL +/- 3837 vs 20,591 pg/mL +/- 6344 for PER, 3894 pg/mL +/- 1258 vs 13,177 pg/mL +/- 3266 for ALV) and 16 hours (6427 pg/mL +/- 3050 vs 12,353 pg/mL +/- 4877 for PER; 131,6000 pg/mL +/- 7317 vs 354,680 pg/mL +/- 31,605 for ALV) of endotoxin stimulation. TNF production seems to be impaired in macrophages exposed to a .1% lipid emulsion for 16 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Flexor tendon repairs: the impact of fiberwire on grasping and locking core sutures.

Purpose Immediate surgical repair and early mobilization are essential in preventing adhesion formation and finger stiffness. A new polyethylene-based, braided suture material, Fiberwire (Arthrex, Naples, FL), touting increased strength, presents the potential for stronger repairs and, therefore, earlier active motion after surgery with a greater safety margin. The purpose of this biomechanic study was to investigate the differences in gap formation, tensile strength, and mode of failure for 2 distinct repair techniques using nylon, Ethibond (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ), and Fiberwire. Methods Human cadaver flexor tendons were harvested and repaired in a randomized fashion with either the Strickland or Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) repairs using either nylon, Ethibond, or Fiberwire. Twelve tendons per group were repaired for each combination of material and method. During load-to-failure testing, 2-mm gap force and maximum tensile strength were statistically analyzed. Results Strickland repairs failed by suture pull-out in 74% of repairs, whereas 99% of the MGH repairs failed by suture breakage. For MGH repairs, Fiberwire suture provided significantly more tensile strength than Ethibond and nylon. For Strickland repairs, where the mode of failure was more often by suture pull-out rather than breakage, differences between type of suture were not significant. When comparing repair techniques using Fiberwire, the MGH repair was significantly stronger than the Strickland repair. Conclusions Biomechanic testing shows that Fiberwire outperforms both Ethibond and nylon suture when using a locked flexor tendon repair suture (MGH repair) but not when using a grasping-type, nonlocking repair (Strickland repair).
Inseparable Orthogonal Matrices over Z2

A (0, 1)-matrixAis called orthogonal over Z2if bothAATandATAare diagonal matrices. A matrixAis called inseparable ifAcontains no zero row or zero column and there do not exist permutation matricesPandQsuch that[formula]A matrixAis said to be of type 0 ifAAT=OandATA=O. A square matrixAof ordernis said to be of type 1 ifAAT=In. It turns out that an inseparable orthogonal matrix over Z2is either of type 0 or of type 1. Letf0(m,=n) (respectively,F0(m,n)) denote the smallest (respectively, largest) number of 1's in anm×ninseparable orthogonal matrix of type 0 over Z2, andf1(n) (respectively,F1(n)) denote the smallest (respectively, largest) number of 1's in ann×ninseparable orthogonal matrix of type 1 over Z2. The formulas forf0(m,n),F0(m,n),f1(n), andF1(n) are completely determined in this paper.
A magnetization sensitive potential at garnet–metal interfaces

Abstract We investigate a magnetization-dependent voltage that appears at the interface between garnets and various metals. The voltage is even in the applied magnetic field and is dependent on the surface roughness and the pressure holding the surfaces together. Large variations in the size, sign and magnetic dependence are observed between different metal surfaces. Some patterns have been identified in the measured voltages and a simple model is described that can accommodate the gross features. The bulk magnetoelectric response of one of our polycrystalline YIG samples is measured and is found to be consistent with a term in the free energy that is quadratic in both the electric and magnetic fields. However, the presence of such a term does not fully explain the complex magnetization dependence of the measured voltages.