cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Your Location has been Shared 5,398 Times!: A Field Study on Mobile App Privacy Nudging

Smartphone users are often unaware of the data collected by apps running on their devices. We report on a study that evaluates the benefits of giving users an app permission manager and sending them nudges intended to raise their awareness of the data collected by their apps. Our study provides both qualitative and quantitative evidence that these approaches are complementary and can each play a significant role in empowering users to more effectively control their privacy. For instance, even after a week with access to the permission manager, participants benefited from nudges showing them how often some of their sensitive data was being accessed by apps, with 95% of participants reassessing their permissions, and 58% of them further restricting some of their permissions. We discuss how participants interacted both with the permission manager and the privacy nudges, analyze the effectiveness of both solutions, and derive some recommendations.
Prevention of failures due to assumptions made by software components in real-time systems

Large scale real-time systems consist of hundreds of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and custom software components. Mismatched assumptions between software components are a prime source of failures in these systems. Further, component assumptions are often implicit due to the limitations of current software interfaces. In this work, we introduce a framework to explicitly expose assumptions in software components, and automatically verify these assumptions during system integration. We manage the propagation and composition of these assumptions in the presence of changes and upgrades to individual components.
A game theoretic approach to low energy wireless video streaming

This paper presents a dynamic energy management policy for a wireless video streaming system, consisting of battery-powered client and server. The paper starts from the observation that the video quality in wireless streaming is a function of three factors: encoding aptitude of the server, decoding aptitude of the client, and the wireless channel. Based on this observation, the energy consumption of a wireless video streaming system is modeled and analyzed. Using the proposed model, the optimal energy assignment to each video frame is done such that the maximum system lifetime is achieved while satisfying a given minimum video quality requirement. Experimental results show that the proposed policy increases the system lifetime by 20%.
Field Survey of Permeable Pavement Surface Infiltration Rates

The surface infiltration rates of 40 permeable pavement sites were tested in North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware. Two surface infiltration tests pre- and postmaintenance were performed on 15 concrete grid paver lots filled with sand. Maintenance was simulated by removing the top layer of residual material 13-19 mm. Simulated maintenance significantly p0.007 improved the surface infiltration rate. The median site surface infiltration rate increased from 4.9 cm/h for existing conditions to 8.6 cm/h after simulated maintenance. Fourteen permeable interlocking concrete pavers PICP and eleven porous concrete PC sites were also tested. PICP and PC sites built in close proximity to disturbed soil areas had surface infiltration rates significantly p0.0014 and p0.0074, respectively less than stable landscape sites. Median PICP surface infiltration rates of each condition were 80 cm/h and 2,000 cm/h, respectively. Median PC surface infiltration rates with and without fines were 13 cm/h and 4,000 cm/h, respectively. This study showed that: 1 the location of permeable pavements; and 2 maintenance of permeable pavements were critical to maintaining high surface infiltration rates.
Novel method for isolation of murine clara cell secretory protein-expressing cells with traces of stemness.

Clara cells are non-ciliated, secretory bronchiolar epithelial cells that serve to detoxify harmful inhaled substances. Clara cells also function as stem/progenitor cells for repair in the bronchioles. Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) is specifically expressed in pulmonary Clara cells and is widely used as a Clara cell marker. In addition CCSP promoter is commonly used to direct gene expression into the lung in transgenic models. The discovery of CCSP immunoreactivity in plasma membranes of airway lining cells prompted us to explore the possibility of enriching Clara cells by flow cytometry. We established a novel and simple method for the isolation of CCSP-expressing cell Clara cells using a combination of mechanical and enzymatic dissociation followed by flow cytometry sorting technology. We showed that ∼25% of dissociated cells from whole lung expressed CCSP. In the resulting preparation, up to 98% of cells expressed CCSP. Notably, we found that several common stem cell markers including CD44, CD133, Sca-1 and Sox2 were expressed in CCSP+ cells. Moreover, CCSP+ cells were able to form spheroid colonies in vitro with 0.97‰ efficiency. Parallel studies in vivo confirmed that a small population of CCSP−expressing cells in mouse airways also demonstrates stem cell-like properties such as label retention and harboring rare bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) in terminal bronchioles (TBs). We conclude that CCSP+ cells exhibit a number of stem cell-like features including stem cell marker expression, bronchosphere colony formation and self-renewal ability. Clara cell isolation by flow cytometry sorting is a useful method for investigating the function of primary Clara cells in stem cell research and mouse models.
Initial versus sequential adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy: a review of the current data.

ABSTRACTObjective: One of the principle unresolved questions in adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer is whether it is more beneficial for women to receive aromatase inhibitor (AI) monotherapy or start with tamoxifen and then switch to AI therapy. This review will compare the current available efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness data for AIs in the initial adjuvant and switch adjuvant settings.Methods: A search of the Medline database from 1976 through 2006 was performed for the following terms: breast cancer, adjuvant, aromatase inhibitors, anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane, tamoxifen, sequential, switching. A search for relevant abstracts from the EBCC, ECCO, ASCO, and SABCS conferences was also performed.Results: In the upfront adjuvant setting, anastrozole and letrozole have both demonstrated a significant disease-free survival (DFS) benefit over tamoxifen. Upfront therapy with a non-steroidal AI appears to be most critical for patients at risk of an early relapse, illustrated by the find...
Photochemistry of V centers in alkali halides X-Rayed near 200°K

Abstract Photochemical and dichroic studies were made of the V 4 band in KBr and of the V band at 240 mμ in KCl both of which are produced most prominently by X-irradiation around 200°K. It was found that H centers are produced by the photo-excitation of these V bands at low temperatures and that both of them are excited most strongly by light polarized along a 〈100〉 direction. Measurements were also made of the recovery of the photochemically destroyed V 4 band in KBr. It is suggested that these V bands correspond to the same center which is associated with an interstitial halogen atom. Plausible models are proposed and it is concluded that a di-inter-stitial halogen molecule or a Cl − 3 molecule (Christy's V 3 center) are consistent with the experimental facts.
Energy recovering ASIC design

Dissipation in the clock tree and state elements of ASIC designs is often a significant fraction of total energy consumption. We propose a methodology for recovering most of this energy by using a novel energy recovering flip-flop and a novel single-phase resonant clock generator. As our state element has near-zero energy consumption when the input data is not switching, it provides the savings of clock gating approaches without the additional complexity of implementing clock gating in the design. To complement this near-zero idle energy property of the flip-flop, our resonant clock generator includes the capability to decide, on a per-cycle basis, whether or not the resonant clock needs to be replenished on the next cycle, thus automatically reducing energy consumption when most of the state elements are idling. ASICs designed with our methodology can achieve sub-C/spl middot/V/sub dd//sup 2/ dissipations on the clock network at frequencies of 200-500MHz and operating voltages of 1.0-1.5V in a 0.25 /spl mu/m process. To evaluate our methodology, we simulated a dual-mode (conventional and energy recovering) ASIC module to directly compare energy savings between the energy recovering and conventional clocking schemes. Our simulations demonstrate savings of over a factor of 4 for the energy-recovering mode versus the conventional mode for low switching activities.
CHAOS THEORY AND THE NEW KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS

The possibility of endogenous chaotic cycles in rational expectations models undermines New Classical arguments that macroeconomic stabilization policies will be either ineffective or inefficient. However, the possibility of chaos also weakens the ability of New Keynesian stabilization policies because of the associated forecasting difficulties. Although numerous kinds of models can generate chaotic dynamics, empirical evidence of the existence of such dynamics in economics is ambiguous. Copyright 1990 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Tumors and Fibrinogen

The progression of a tumor from benign and localized to invasive and metastatic growth is the major cause of poor clinical outcome in cancer patients. Much like in a healing wound, the deposition of fibrin(ogen), along with other adhesive glycoproteins, into the extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a scaffold to support binding of growth factors and to promote the cellular responses of adhesion, proliferation, and migration during angiogenesis and tumor cell growth. Inappropriate synthesis and deposition of ECM constituents is linked to altered regulation of cell proliferation, leading to tumor cell growth and malignant transformation. Fibrin deposition occurs within the stroma of a majority of tumor types. In contrast, abundant FBG, not fibrin, is present within the stroma of breast cancers. It is thought to originate from exudation of plasma FBG and subsequent deposition into the tumor stroma and not endogenous synthesis and secretion of FBG by breast tumor cells. However, we show that MCF-7 human breast cancer cells synthesize and secrete FBG polypeptides, suggesting that the origin of FBG in the stroma of breast carcinoma may be due to endogenous synthesis and deposition. Moreover, FBG assembles into ECM as conformationally altered FBG, not as fibrin. Studies in our laboratory demonstrate that FBG alters the ability of breast cancer cells to migrate. Together, the results of studies from our laboratory, as well as the laboratories of others, indicate that the presence of fibrin(ogen) within the tumor stroma likely affects the progression of tumor cell growth and metastasis. This review focuses on FBG within tumors and its relationship with other tumor constituents, ultimately focusing on the role of FBG in breast cancer.
Linking year-to-year Cladophora variability in Lake Ontario to the temperature contrast between nearshore and offshore waters during the spring

Abstract Images from thermal satellite sensors clearly show the spatial and temporal characteristics of surface temperature distributions during the spring heating period in Lake Ontario. The satellite information combined with summertime beach closure data at Ontario Beach, Rochester, NY, shows that there is a correlation of the percent of summer beach closings caused by accumulation of algae (primarily Cladophora ) with the cumulative temperature contrast between nearshore and offshore waters during the spring heating period. The physical conditions created by a rapid warming of the nearshore water during the spring warming period appear to generate conditions favorable to Cladophora growth in the summer. The results of this study suggest that satellite thermal observations of Lake Ontario in the spring can be used to better understand year-to-year variability of Cladophora growth as well as potential reactions to climate change.
PIPA: A High-Throughput Pipeline for Protein Function Annotation

We developed Pipeline for Protein Annotation (PIPA), a genome-wide protein function annotation pipeline that runs in a high performance computing environment. PIPA integrates different tools and employs the Gene Ontology (GO) to provide consistent annotation and resolve prediction conflicts. PIPA has three modules that allow for easy development of specialized databases and integration of various bioinformatics tools. The first module, the pipeline execution module, consists of programs that enable the user access to and control of the pipelinepsilas parallel execution of multiple jobs, each searching a particular database for a chunk of the input data. The execution module wraps the second module, the core pipeline module. The integrated resources, the program for terminology conversion to GO, and the consensus annotation program constitute the main components of the core module. The third module is the preprocessing module. This last module contains the program for customized generation of protein function databases and the GO-mapping generation program, which creates GO mappings for the terminology conversion program. The current implementation of PIPA annotates protein functions by combining the results of an inhouse-developed database for enzyme catalytic function prediction (CatFam) and the results of multiple integrated resources, such as the 11 member databases of InterPro and the Conserved Domains Database, into common GO terms. A Web-page-based graphical user interface is developed based on the User Interface Toolkit. The pipeline is deployed on two LINUX clusters, JVN at the Army Research Laboratory Major Shared Resource Center and JAWS at the Maui High Performance Computing Center. Currently, scientists at the Naval Medical Research Center are using PIPA to predict protein functions for newly sequenced bacterial pathogens and their near-neighbor strains. Validation tests show that, on average, the CatFam database yields predictions of enzyme catalytic functions with accuracy greater than 95%. Test results of the consensus GO annotation show an improvement in performance of up to 8% when compared with annotations in which consensus is not used.
Conceptual modeling and validation of a HA/DR scenario using a weighted system decomposition model

Humanitarian Aid / Disaster Relief (HA/DR) missions are a continuing concern for world governments and NGOs. The vastness and complexity of the HA/DR missions emphasizes the need for quality conceptual model (CM) development (CMD). Two challenges of CMD are correctly determining the fidelity to model the system and validating the CM. CMD relies heavily on qualitative assessments from subject matter experts. Likewise, its validation is qualitative; often performed through reviews. This approach works well for simpler or familiar systems; however for complex or unfamiliar systems a more quantitative approach to CMD and validation is required. Weighted System Decompositions (WSD) are proposed as a method for addressing these challenges. Quantitative impact relationships from the WSD are used to inform the fidelity decisions during CMD. CM validity is assessed by comparing WSD relationships to the objective simulation outputs. The proposed approach is demonstrated though an application to a HA/DR scenario.
Survival of American Indian and Hispanic Cancer Patients in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969–82

Survival was examined by ethnic group for 31,465 incident cancer cases diagnosed from 1969 through 1982 in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites residing in New Mexico and in American Indians residing in New Mexico and Arizona. In comparison with the 1- and 5-year survival rates following the diagnosis of cancer for non-Hispanic whites, those for American Indians were generally poorer and, to a lesser extent, those for Hispanics were also poorer. The American Indian and Hispanic patients tended to have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis, although this pattern was not consistent across all sites. For many primary cancer sites, American Indian patients were less likely to receive treatment for their cancer than were non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics were also less likely to be treated for cancers of some sites, although the differences were not as large as for American Indians. However, after adjustment for stage and treatment, American Indians demonstrated significantly poorer survival than non-Hispanic whites for cancers of many sites. After adjustment for stage and treatment, survival in Hispanics was generally comparable to that in non-Hispanic whites.
An unusual aetiology of back pain

We present the case of a healthy young man who developed pyogenic myositis, an infection that is rare in the USA. He had no prior medical conditions except for an obsessive-compulsive disorder and skin picking disorder resulting in multiple superficial skin infections. He presented to our hospital with acute back pain. He was found to be septic with fever, tachycardia and elevated white cell counts. Imaging revealed evidence of myositis in the gluteal region. He was treated with antibiotics and fully recovered. It is likely that the skin picking disorder and the recurrent superficial skin infections are responsible for the development of this infection.
Extended survival of misfolded G85R SOD1-linked ALS mice by transgenic expression of chaperone Hsp110

Recent studies have indicated that mammalian cells contain a cytosolic protein disaggregation machinery comprised of Hsc70, DnaJ homologs, and Hsp110 proteins, the last of which acts to accelerate a rate-limiting step of nucleotide exchange of Hsc70. We tested the ability of transgenic overexpression of a Thy1 promoter-driven human Hsp110 protein, HspA4L (Apg1), in neuronal cells of a transgenic G85R SOD1YFP ALS mouse strain to improve survival. Notably, G85R is a mutant version of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) that is unable to reach native form and that is prone to aggregation, with prominent YFP-fluorescent aggregates observed in the motor neurons of the transgenic mice as early as 1 mo of age. The several-fold overexpression of Hsp110 in motor neurons of these mice was associated with an increased median survival from ∼5.5 to 7.5 mo and increased maximum survival from 6.5 to 12 mo. Improvement of survival was also observed for a G93A mutant SOD1 ALS strain. We conclude that neurodegeneration associated with cytosolic misfolding and aggregation can be ameliorated by overexpression of Hsp110, likely enhancing the function of a cytosolic disaggregation machinery.
Abstract 2876: The androgen receptor utilizes protein kinase docking sites to constitutively activate Elk1

The ETS domain transcription factor Elk1 tethers the androgen receptor (AR) to chromatin, enabling sustained activation of a set of genes critical for growth in established prostate cancer cell lines. This process does not entail the transient hyper-activation of immediate early genes typical of activation of Elk1 through phosphorylation by ERK1/2. We compared the structural requirements for the association of AR and Elk1 with that for activation of Elk1 by phosphorylation using mammalian one- and two-hybrid assays. The critical polypeptide segments were mapped by systematic deletion mutagenesis. The amino-terminal A/B domain of AR, which lacks the ligand-binding domain (LBD), was adequate for association with Elk1 and to activate Elk1-AR target genes in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The AR A/B domain also supported hormone-independent growth of LNCaP cells reflecting the ability of overexpressed natural splice variants of AR, which also lack LBD, to support prostate tumor growth. The association of AR with Elk1 was optimal in the absence of ERK1/2 and serum response factor (SRF), which are the known binding partners of Elk1. We identified two sites on Elk1 that are critical for its association with the AR A/B domain as well as the whole AR molecule. One of those sites spans amino acid residues 307 to 330, overlapping the D box, which is one of two ERK docking sites. The other site on Elk1 mapped to amino acid residues 372 to 397, overlapping the FXFP motif, which comprises the downstream ERK docking site. The results suggest that AR utilizes ERK docking sites to associate with Elk1 and is exclusive of the interaction of Elk1 with ERK1/2 or SRF. A nuclear receptor could thus function as a transcription factor co-activator by binding at protein kinase docking sites. Citation Format: Rayna Rosati, Mugdha Patki, Selvakumar Dakshnamurthy, Venkatesh Chari, Thomas McFall, Manohar Ratnam. The androgen receptor utilizes protein kinase docking sites to constitutively activate Elk1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2876.
Attitudes, Platitudes and the Collegiate Sports Arms Race: Unsustainable Spending and Its Consequences for Olympic and Women's Sports

Good afternoon. First, I’d like to applaud the authors of this paper, Amy Perko, R. Gerald Turner and Rick Hessel, as well as the work of the Knight Commission. Their collective research and analysis in A Sustainable Model? University Presidents Assess the Costs and Financing of Intercollegiate Athletics (“A Sustainable Model”) sheds new light on the perspectives of college and university presidents regarding the sustainability of the financial structure of intercollegiate athletics. Since 1991, the Knight Commission has called upon college and university presidents for leadership in setting the proper tone about the value of sports for college students and the educational mission of athletics (Knight Foundation, 1991). The Knight Commission’s most recent work, however, demonstrates some flaws by relying on past strategies when tackling the most recent challenges. The underlying economic structure of intercollegiate athletics must be changed to reign in the excessive expenditures and the commercialization of sport. Let me explain my background and experience. I’ve now been involved with legal and policy issues surrounding women in athletics for over 25 years. Starting as a college intern at the Women’s Sports Foundation (“WSF”) in 1985, I eventually served as its third president from 1992–94, and I was the WSF’s Legal Advisor for seven years and I am currently the Senior Director of Advocacy. When I first started as an intern in San Francisco, it seemed to me and many others in intercollegiate athletics that collegiate spending on college athletics in general, and football in particular, was on an unsustainable trajectory. In 1985, the average NCAA Division I men’s budget was $6,158,000, while the average women’s budget was just $799,000. At that time, it seemed appalling that only two men’s sports, football and men’s basketball, could consume 49% of the athletics budget (Fulks, 2002). Since then, the problems have multiplied many times over, as greater concentrations of resources have continued to be funneled into two men’s sports, ostensibly without constraint. (Orszag & Orszag, 2005) In 2005, the average NCAA Division I men’s budget was $15,200,000, while the average women’s budget was 60% less, around just $6,000,000 (Fulks, 2008). Football and men’s basketball now consume 76% of athletics budget. After correcting for inflation, overall spending on athletics has
Frequency and severity of reactions to a 325-mg aspirin dose during desensitization.

Abstract Background The frequency with which patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) react to 325 mg of aspirin during aspirin desensitization, or fail to react at all, is not fully known. Objective To determine the rate and type of reaction at 325 mg of aspirin during desensitization. Methods A retrospective study of 104 patients who underwent aspirin desensitization from 2010 to 2016 was performed. A standard desensitization protocol (starting at 20–40 mg, progressing through 325 mg, and extinguishing reactions by dose repetition) was used. Reactions were defined by upper respiratory tract symptoms, lower respiratory tract symptoms, and/or forced expiratory volume in 1 second decrease of 15% or greater. Patients who did and did not react were compared by logistic regression. Results Eighty-four patients reacted (81%) and 20 did not (19%). Seventy-seven patients who had a provoking reaction at 162 mg of aspirin or less subsequently extinguished their reactions before they reached a dose of 325 mg and had no problems at that dose; one subsequent 325-mg reaction occurred during a protocol violation. One initial provoking reaction to 325 mg occurred. Both 325-mg reactions were mild, and neither met the forced expiratory volume in 1 second criterion for a clinically meaningful change. The remaining 5 patients could not complete the protocol because of persistent reactions or social reasons. Reactors were more likely to have had asthma for more than 10 years than nonreactors (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.0–10.3; P = .05). Conclusion During aspirin desensitization for AERD, provoking reactions at the 325-mg dose are rare (1%) and mild. Patients who react at 162 mg or less and extinguish their reactions may be able to administer the 325-mg dose at home.
Structure-Energy Relationships of Halogen Bonds in Proteins.

The structures and stabilities of proteins are defined by a series of weak noncovalent electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrogen bond (HB) interactions. In this study, we have designed and engineered halogen bonds (XBs) site-specifically to study their structure–energy relationship in a model protein, T4 lysozyme. The evidence for XBs is the displacement of the aromatic side chain toward an oxygen acceptor, at distances that are equal to or less than the sums of their respective van der Waals radii, when the hydroxyl substituent of the wild-type tyrosine is replaced by a halogen. In addition, thermal melting studies show that the iodine XB rescues the stabilization energy from an otherwise destabilizing substitution (at an equivalent noninteracting site), indicating that the interaction is also present in solution. Quantum chemical calculations show that the XB complements an HB at this site and that solvent structure must also be considered in trying to design molecular interactions such as XBs into bio...
Galvanic reactions at the single-nanoparticle level: tuning between mechanistic extremes

The formation of bimetallic nanostructures through the process of galvanic exchange of metal nanoparticle (NP) templates involves a drastic phase transformation with a complex atomistic mechanism. Using single-NP plasmonic spectroscopy, we measured the true kinetics of galvanic corrosion of Ag by Au3+ salts. An individual Ag NP undergoes an abrupt transition to the final Au/Ag alloy nanocage, limited only by the nucleation of a void. The ensemble conversion proceeds by NPs switching one at a time to the product phase. But in the presence of an increasing concentration of a Cl− additive, the transformation kinetics are altered from a nucleation-limited, co-operative “NP-to-NP” process to a transport-limited, non-cooperative, “atom-by-atom” process. The inhibition of co-operativity within a NP is the result of AgCl formation, which electrochemically insulates the reacting Ag interface from the electrolyte. The alteration of the transformation mechanism also influences the templating process and the final morphology of the product nanostructures. The findings highlight the ability of additives to dramatically alter the very nature of a phase transformation at the atomistic level, knowledge that can be utilized for corrosion inhibition and production of porous, high surface-area nanostructures for heterogeneous catalysis.
The ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase protects tumor cells against hypoxia by enhancing HIF-1α signaling.

Aberrant cell surface glycosylation is prevalent in tumor cells, and there is ample evidence that glycans have functional roles in carcinogenesis. Nonetheless, many molecular details remain unclear. Tumor cells frequently exhibit increased α2–6 sialylation on N-glycans, a modification that is added by the ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase, and emerging evidence suggests that ST6Gal-I–mediated sialylation promotes the survival of tumor cells exposed to various cell stressors. Here we report that ST6Gal-I protects cancer cells from hypoxic stress. It is well known that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is stabilized in hypoxic cells, and, in turn, HIF-1α directs the transcription of genes important for cell survival. To investigate a putative role for ST6Gal-I in the hypoxic response, we examined HIF-1α accumulation in ovarian and pancreatic cancer cells in ST6Gal-I overexpression or knockdown experiments. We found that ST6Gal-I activity augmented HIF-1α accumulation in cells grown in a hypoxic environment or treated with two chemical hypoxia mimetics, deferoxamine and dimethyloxalylglycine. Correspondingly, hypoxic cells with high ST6Gal-I expression had increased mRNA levels of HIF-1α transcriptional targets, including the glucose transporter genes GLUT1 and GLUT3 and the glycolytic enzyme gene PDHK1. Interestingly, high ST6Gal-I–expressing cells also had an increased pool of HIF-1α mRNA, suggesting that ST6Gal-I may influence HIF-1α expression. Finally, cells grown in hypoxia for several weeks displayed enriched ST6Gal-I expression, consistent with a pro-survival function. Taken together, these findings unravel a glycosylation-dependent mechanism that facilitates tumor cell adaptation to a hypoxic milieu.
The distinct optic disk and peripapillary appearance in Donnai-Barrow syndrome.

Introduction: Biallelic mutations in low-density lipoprotein-related protein 2 (LRP2) cause the multi-system Donnai–Barrow syndrome (facio-oculo-acoustico-renal syndrome). Although Donnai–Barrow sy...
Planning for cars that coordinate with people: leveraging effects on human actions for planning and active information gathering over human internal state

Traditionally, autonomous cars treat human-driven vehicles like moving obstacles. They predict their future trajectories and plan to stay out of their way. While physically safe, this results in defensive and opaque behaviors. In reality, an autonomous car’s actions will actually affect what other cars will do in response, creating an opportunity for coordination. Our thesis is that we can leverage these responses to plan more efficient and communicative behaviors. We introduce a formulation of interaction with human-driven vehicles as an underactuated dynamical system, in which the robot’s actions have consequences on the state of the autonomous car, but also on the human actions and thus the state of the human-driven car. We model these consequences by approximating the human’s actions as (noisily) optimal with respect to some utility function. The robot uses the human actions as observations of her underlying utility function parameters. We first explore learning these parameters offline, and show that a robot planning in the resulting underactuated system is more efficient than when treating the person as a moving obstacle. We also show that the robot can target specific desired effects, like getting the person to switch lanes or to proceed first through an intersection. We then explore estimating these parameters online, and enable the robot to perform active information gathering: generating actions that purposefully probe the human in order to clarify their underlying utility parameters, like driving style or attention level. We show that this significantly outperforms passive estimation and improves efficiency. Planning in our model results in coordination behaviors: the robot inches forward at an intersection to see if can go through, or it reverses to make the other car proceed first. These behaviors result from the optimization, without relying on hand-coded signaling strategies. Our user studies support the utility of our model when interacting with real users.
Rook and Wilf equivalence of integer partitions

Abstract The subjects of rook equivalence and Wilf equivalence have both attracted considerable attention over the last half-century. In this paper we introduce a new notion of Wilf equivalence for integer partitions, and, using this notion, we prove that rook equivalence implies Wilf equivalence. We also prove that if we refine the notions of rook and Wilf equivalence in a natural way, then these two notions coincide. In Bloom and Saracino (2017) we prove that Wilf equivalence implies rook equivalence.
Phase Behavior of Acetylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Origins of the Cross-Hatch Birefringent Texture.

Cellulose nanocrystals hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid and esterified by acetic acid produce acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-AA) with acetyl ester surface functional groups. While much atten...
Receptor-mediated magnetic carriers: basis for targeting.

A new magnetic microsphere carrier has been formulated that may localize drugs by both biochemical and physical means. The microspheres, prepared from the polysaccharide chitosan, are designed to bind to anionic glycosaminoglycan receptors on the surface of capillary endothelial cells. The microspheres were formulated to have a controlled cationic character and had a mean diameter of 0.70 µm and a magnetite content of 16% (w/w). Formation of complexes between chitosan and heparin and between the microspheres and heparin has been demonstrated. Heparin served as a model glycosaminoglycan. The chitosan:heparin complex ratio was found to be 1:1 based on charge and was formed between ammonium ions on the chitosan and SO3− groups on heparin. Neutralization of the charge on the microspheres prevented their complexation with heparin. The rationale for the use of the delivery system and its potential limitation are discussed.
The Rocky Road to Post-Apartheid South Africa

By the end of 1986 both Leon Sullivan and the Principles program had reached a crossroad. The proportion of United States corporations participating in the program was at a peak. Despite this success, however, it was not clear that the program had significantly influenced the political agenda to secure a democratic South Africa. Moreover, by this same time, the anti-apartheid movement had escalated to a point where economic issues had been pushed aside and political issues had gained ascendancy. And Sullivan himself had argued all along that his larger agenda was the abolition of the apartheid regime of South Africa, and that economic issues and the Principles program were but a means to that end. In this context, he was becoming increasingly frustrated with the Principles program and with its lack of impact in the political realm.
Effect of Hospital Ownership on Outcomes After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation in the United States.

Background We evaluated the effects of hospital ownership, classified into three tiers (nonfederal government, not-for-profit, and for-profit hospitals), on in-hospital outcomes after implantation of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) in the United States from 2009 to 2014. Methods Data from the National Inpatient Sample were used to calculate annual national estimates in utilization, in-hospital mortality, major complications, lengths of stay, cost of hospitalization, and disposition at discharge for years 2009 to 2014. Complications were calculated using patient safety indicators and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Results Of the 3,571 patients (weighted, 17,547) with LVAD implants in the United States between 2009 and 2014, 82.1% were in not-for-profit hospitals, 15.6% in nonfederal government hospitals, and 2.3% in for-profit hospitals. In-hospital mortality significantly decreased over time only in not-for-profit hospitals by average annual change of –7.4% (p = 0.001) and was higher in for-profit hospitals than other tiers of hospital ownership. Our analysis did not suggest any differences in postoperative complications among different hospital ownership types. LVAD implantation in nonfederal government hospitals was associated with the highest cost ($227,930; interquartile range [IQR], $173,259 to $301,566) and implantation in for-profit hospitals was associated with lower cost ($148,406; IQR, $133,149 to $199,317; p = 0.03). The length of stay was similar across the three tiers of hospital ownership. Nonroutine discharge was significantly more frequent in not-for-profit hospitals (73.6%; IQR 69.5% to 77.7%) compared with nonfederal government (48.8%; IQR, 42.4% to 55.1%) and for-profit (59.8%; IQR, 43.0% to 76.6%) hospitals (p Conclusions Disparities in in-hospital mortality, cost, and disposition exist between various hospital ownerships during admission for LVAD implant.
Measuring changes in taxi trips near infill development and issues for curbside management of for-hire vehicles

Abstract This research examines changes in taxi trip origins and destinations after new multifamily residential buildings opened in New York City. We argue that taxi trips are a reasonable proxy for other for-hire vehicles trips, which are expected to grow in coming years. The analysis contributes to a more nuanced understanding of transportation effects of infill development. Infill developments are typically required to mitigate potential vehicular traffic increases, which are often ill suited to redevelopment of denser, more transit adjacent sites. This research uses geolocated trip data from New York City taxicabs combined with US Census, real estate pricing and tax lot data to develop a baseline understanding of the relationship between trip generation and infill residential development. The objective of this work is twofold. First, establish a measure of taxi activities based on neighborhood and building characteristics to help adapt transportation impact assessments for multimodal travel. Second, through observational data we discuss unique aspects of passenger pick-ups and drop offs as they relate to curb space and street use. Our results show that taxi trip making is positively associated with new residential construction, rental costs and places with high levels of transit usage, and adds demand to congested curb space. Curb space should be considered “wetlands” of urban systems, a poorly understood, yet key, component that connects the flows of traffic and activities in the built environment.
Clinical Activity and Tolerability of SL-401 (Tagraxofusp): Recombinant Diphtheria Toxin and Interleukin-3 in Hematologic Malignancies

Overcoming the leukemia stem cell resistance to intensive chemotherapy has been an area of extensive research over the last two decades. Advances and greater understanding of the molecular biology of leukemia stem cells are in rapid progress. Targeted therapies are currently being used in clinical practice with reasonable response rates, but a cure is being achieved in only a small percentage of patients, most likely due to tumor mutational heterogeneity. A genetically engineered diphtheria toxin fused with interleukin-3 (SL-401 or tagraxofusp) has shown robust activity in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm and promising response rates in different myeloid malignancies, including eradication of minimal residual disease. Multiple clinical trials are being conducted using this drug and the preliminary results are encouraging. This article reviews the clinical trials for SL-401, its mechanism of action, clinical activity, and the adverse event profile.
GO functional similarity clustering depends on similarity measure, clustering method, and annotation completeness

Biological knowledge, and therefore Gene Ontology annotation sets, for human genes is incomplete. Recent studies have reported that biases in available GO annotations result in biased estimates of functional similarities of genes, but it is still unclear what the effect of incompleteness itself may be, even in the absence of bias. Pairwise gene similarities are used in a number of contexts, including gene “functional similarity” clustering and the related problem of functional ontology structure inference, but it is not known how different similarity measures or clustering methods perform on this task, and how the clusters are affected by annotation completeness. We developed representations of both “complete” and “incomplete” GO annotation datasets based on experimentally-supported annotations from the GO database—specifically designed to model the incompleteness of human gene annotations—and computed semantic similarities for each set using a variety of different published measures. We then assessed the clusters derived from these measures using two different clustering methods: hierarchical clustering, and the CliXO algorithm. We find the CliXO algorithm, combined with appropriate measures, performs better than hierarchical clustering in reconstructing GO both when the data are complete, and incomplete. Some measures, particularly those that create a pairwise gene similarity by averaging over all pairwise annotation similarities, had consistently poor performance, and a few measures, such as Lin best-matched average and Relevance maximum, were generally among the best performers for a broad range in annotation completeness and types of GO classes. Finally, we show that for semantic similarity-based clustering, the multicellular organism process branch of the GO biological process ontology is more challenging to represent than the cellular process branch. We assessed the effects of annotation completeness on the distribution of pairwise gene semantic similarity scores, and subsequent effects on the clusters derived from these scores. Our results suggest combinations of semantic similarity measures, gene-level scoring methods and clustering method that perform best for functional gene clustering using annotation sets of varying completeness. Overall, our results underscore the importance of increasing the completeness of GO annotations to for supporting computational analyses of gene function.
One-dimensional and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of vitamin E raw materials or analytical reference standards.

Two-dimensional spectral analysis (COSY, HETCOR) was utilized to make the complete 13C- and 1H-NMR assignments for α-, β-, -γ-, and δ-tocopherol as well as for the acetate and succinate esters of α-tocopherol. 13C-NMR was found to be especially useful in distinguishing between the various tocopherols and distinguishing between the d-isomer and the d,l-racemic mixture. HETCOR spectra were also found to be useful for the qualitative identification of mixtures of the tocopherols and sesame oil. Using a procedure designed to minimize errors arising from spin relaxation and nuclear Overhauser effects, 13C-NMR peak integrals were used to quantitate α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol in the presence of sesame oil using benzoic acid as the standard for calibration of the quantitation. The NMR results were compared to a capillary column gas chromatographic analysis of the individual α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol reference materials.
Sound and Synapse

This volume is an expression of the ongoing application of the concepts and ­techniques of cellular neurophysiology and cell biology to understanding auditory function. Embedded in this application is a story of the fruits of cross fertilization among scientific fields. Rather than apply traditional methods of neuroanatomy, in vivo extracellular recordings, or spike frequency analysis, many labs began asking questions such as what ion channels are expressed in auditory neurons? How do these channels determine the cellular response to sound? Beyond simply identifying which transmitters were expressed in different neurons, scientists explored the biophysical responses to those transmitters and related them to the response times of synapses.
A feasibility study on using external microphone measurements for reconstructing in vivo interskeletal forces

While there is much interest in the measurement of forces within the skeleton during human movement, the need for in vivo sensors makes measuring these forces challenging. This study investigates the feasibility of using a non-invasive external measurement technique utilizing microphones on the surface of human skin to enable characterization of impulse forces propagating through bone structures. The challenge lies in the ability to measure pressure waves that propagate through complex human tissue. A simplified anatomical model of a human leg is examined with a hollow metal bar representative of a simplified bone structure and a coupled homogeneous ballistic gel to represent the muscular and integumentary systems. In the experimental tests, an impulse force was applied to the bar with an impact hammer, and surface-mounted microphones were used to measure the signal generated on the surface of the ballistics gel. Feasibility of this measurement technique for inferring forces will be determined by examining the quality of the measured acoustic signal resulting from coupled vibrations of the bar and gel structure. An objective of the study is to ensure that the measured acoustic signal has sufficient quality to be useable in reconstructing the impulse forces acting on bones via inverse methods.While there is much interest in the measurement of forces within the skeleton during human movement, the need for in vivo sensors makes measuring these forces challenging. This study investigates the feasibility of using a non-invasive external measurement technique utilizing microphones on the surface of human skin to enable characterization of impulse forces propagating through bone structures. The challenge lies in the ability to measure pressure waves that propagate through complex human tissue. A simplified anatomical model of a human leg is examined with a hollow metal bar representative of a simplified bone structure and a coupled homogeneous ballistic gel to represent the muscular and integumentary systems. In the experimental tests, an impulse force was applied to the bar with an impact hammer, and surface-mounted microphones were used to measure the signal generated on the surface of the ballistics gel. Feasibility of this measurement technique for inferring forces will be determined by examinin...
Development and applications in computational fluid dynamics modeling for secondary settling tanks over the last three decades: A review

Secondary settling tanks (SSTs) are a crucial process that determines the performance of the activated sludge process. However, their performance is often far from satisfactory. In the last 30 years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a robust and cost-efficient tool for designing new SSTs, modifying the geometries of existing SSTs and improved control techniques in wastewater treatment plants. The first part of this review paper discusses the different approaches to model the motion of particles in SSTs. The applications of different multiphase approaches and the widely applied single-phase approach in different SST studies are reviewed. The second part reviews current CFD research and engineering practice, focusing on the formation and the effect of density currents, effects of different design variables, parameter uncertainties in modeling structures, and atmospheric conditions. Finally, challenges and future improvements of sub-models (sludge settling, rheology, turbulence, and flocculation) in the SST model framework are identified. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The first journal review for the CFD applications in SSTs over the last decade. The controversy over the relationship between SOR and SST performance can be largely explained by the prediction of the CFD model. Density decoupling in the turbulence model is possible for well-baffled SSTs. The relative importance of three modeling parameters is summarized. Recommendations for future data collection are provided.