cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of political climate on job pursuit intentions and the moderating effect of Machiavellianism

Job seekers now have access to a number of internet resources (e.g., social media, chat rooms, and message boards) that provide information about potential employers. These resources provide potential job applicants with extensive amounts of third‐party information about organizations, including information about the extent to which a particular organization's climate can be characterized as being political. Unfortunately, owing to a dearth of research on this topic, it is unclear to what extent such information about an organization's political climate might affect the recruiting process. Therefore, drawing from the Attraction‐Selection‐Attrition model, we considered the extent to which potential job applicants are less (more) likely to pursue jobs in organizations that are perceived as more (less) political. We further identified Machiavellianism as a potential moderator of this relationship, given that this trait reflects the extent to which an individual would “fit” into a highly political work environment. Across three studies, our findings provide evidence that job applicants report being less likely to pursue jobs in organizations characterized by high levels of workplace politics. The results further indicated that Machiavellianism attenuates this negative effect. In light of our findings, we discuss implications for how information that is not controlled by the organization (e.g., information provided by social media or other internet‐based sources) affects job pursuit intentions and the organization's applicant pool.
Immunophenotype and Response to Immunotherapy of RET-Rearranged Lung Cancers.

RET rearrangements are identified in 1% to 2% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs).1,2 In patients with advanced, RET-rearranged lung cancers, systemic therapy can be highly active. We demonstrated previously that pemetrexed-based chemotherapy can achieve an objective response rate of 45% and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 19 months.3 Furthermore, the activity of targeted therapy has improved dramatically with the introduction of selective RET inhibitors to the clinic. In early-phase testing, objective response rates with LOXO-2924 and BLU-6675 are 68% (26 of 38) and 50% (seven of 14), respectively. These outcomes exceed the modest activity observed previously with multikinase inhibitors such as cabozantinib6 and vandetanib.7 In contrast, the activity of immunotherapy in RET-rearranged lung cancers has not been well characterized. This represents a clear unmet need, given that all prior regulatory approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, and in stage III or IV disease, have technically included patients with RET-rearranged lung cancers.8,9 Furthermore, although increasing levels of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and high tumor mutational burden (TMB) have been associated with benefit from immune checkpoint blockade,10 the immunophenotype of RET-rearranged lung cancers and the role of PD-L1 and TMB status in relation to benefit with immunotherapy remain poorly described. We set out to characterize these factors.
Chronic mTORC1 inhibition rescues behavioral and biochemical deficits resulting from neuronal Depdc5 loss in mice

DEPDC5 is now recognized as one of the genes most often implicated in familial/inherited focal epilepsy and brain malformations. Individuals with pathogenic variants in DEPDC5 are at risk for epilepsy, associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Depdc5flox/flox-Syn1Cre (Depdc5cc+) neuronal-specific Depdc5 knockout mice exhibit seizures and neuronal mTORC1 hyperactivation. It is not known if Depdc5cc+ mice have a hyperactivity/anxiety phenotype, die early from terminal seizures or whether mTOR inhibitors rescue DEPDC5-related seizures and associated comorbidities. Herein, we report that Depdc5cc+ mice were hyperactive in open-field testing but did not display anxiety-like behaviors on the elevated-plus maze. Unlike many other mTOR-related models, Depdc5cc+ mice had minimal epileptiform activity and rare seizures prior to seizure-induced death, as confirmed by video-EEG monitoring. Treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin starting after 3 weeks of age significantly prolonged the survival of Depdc5cc+ mice and partially rescued the behavioral hyperactivity. Rapamycin decreased the enlarged brain size of Depdc5cc+ mice with corresponding decrease in neuronal soma size. Loss of Depdc5 led to a decrease in the other GATOR1 protein levels (NPRL2 and NPRL3). Rapamycin failed to rescue GATOR1 protein levels but rather rescued downstream mTORC1 hyperactivity as measured by phosphorylation of S6. Collectively, our data provide the first evidence of behavioral alterations in mice with Depdc5 loss and support mTOR inhibition as a rational therapeutic strategy for DEPDC5-related epilepsy in humans.
Evidence for state, community and systems-level prevention strategies to address the opioid crisis.

Abstract Background Practitioners and policy makers need evidence to facilitate the selection of effective prevention interventions that can address the ongoing opioid overdose epidemic in the United States. Methods We conducted a systematic review of publications reporting on rigorous evaluations of systems-level interventions to address provider and patient/public behavior and prevent prescription and illicit opioid overdose. A total of 251 studies were reviewed. Interventions studied included 1) state legislation and regulation, 2) prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), 3) insurance strategies, 4) clinical guideline implementation, 5) provider education, 6) health system interventions, 7) naloxone education and distribution, 8) safe storage and disposal, 9) public education, 10) community coalitions, and 11) interventions employing public safety and public health collaborations. Results The quality of evidence supporting selected interventions was low to moderate. Interventions with the strongest evidence include PDMP and pain clinic legislation, insurance strategies, motivational interviewing in clinical settings, feedback to providers on opioid prescribing behavior, intensive school and family-based programs, and patient education in the clinical setting. Conclusions Although evidence is growing, further high-quality research is needed. Investigators should aim to identify strategies that can prevent overdose, as well as influence public, patient, and provider behavior. Identifying which strategies are most effective at addressing prescription compared to illicit opioid misuse and overdose could be fruitful, as well as investigating synergistic effects and unintended consequences.
A neuromorphic SLAM architecture using gated-memristive synapses

Abstract Navigation in GPS-denied environments is a critical challenge for autonomous mobile platforms such as drones. The concept of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) addresses this challenge through real-time mapping of the platform's surroundings as it explores its environment. The computational resources required for traditional SLAM implementations (e.g. graphical processing units) require large size, weight, and power overheads; making it infeasible to employ them in resource-constrained applications. This work proposes a self-learning hardware architecture utilizing a novel gated-memristive device to address the implementation of SLAM in an energy-efficient manner. The gated-memristive devices are implemented as electronic synapses in tandem with novel low-energy spiking neurons to create a spiking neural network (SNN). This work shows how the SNN allows for navigation through an environment via landmark association without needing GPS. In the simple environment in which the network exists, it can successfully determine a direction in which to navigate while only consuming 36 µW of power and only needing to be exposed to each landmark within the environment for 1-2ms in order to remember that location.
Christina Rossetti: poetry, ecology, faith: by Emma Mason, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, x + 212 pp., US $40.00 (hardback), ISBN 978 019 872369 1

Emma Mason’s well-researched theological biography of Christina Georgina Rossetti opens up a chapter in Victorian church history that might otherwise be brushed aside. By dividing the poet’s life i...
Unlikely Alliances and Their Implications for Resource Management in the American West

Collaborative, or participatory governance is an increasingly common means of addressing natural resource issues, especially in the American West where patchworks of public, private, and tribal interests characterize the region's resources. In this context, unlikely alliances, or partnerships among diverse actors who have historically been at odds, have a growing potential to shape social and ecological outcomes, for better or worse. While these unlikely alliances have received greater attention in recent years, relatively little research has worked to synthesize the concept across diverse contexts and disciplines. Based on a review of the literature on unlikely alliances in natural resource governance, we develop a framework that synthesizes the individual motivations and contextual factors that influence their formation, as well as the social and ecological outcomes that they create. We use this framework to analyze six illustrative cases of unlikely alliances. Our analysis of these cases suggests that unlikely alliances in the American West are likely to arise in the presence of a crisis, when appropriate leadership is present, when some of the actors have interacted effectively in the past, and when actors need to pool resources. The cases also illustrate some common outcomes, including environmental improvement, transformation of social networks, policy change, and shifts in power relationships. We discuss the implications of unlikely alliances for the social-ecological future of the American West. Our paper highlights the role of unlikely alliances in shaping patterns of natural resource governance, and provides a focus for further research in this realm.
Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: A guide to diagnosis and treatment

The assessment and treatment of juvenile bipolar disorder presents a number of unique challenges and risks. Despite some advances, there is still much to learn about this illness and appropriate interventions.
The CLN3 Disease Staging System: A New Tool for Clinical Research in Batten Disease

Objective To develop a disease-specific staging system for CLN3 disease and to test the hypothesis that salient and discrete clinical features of CLN3 disease may be used to define disease stages by analyzed data from an 18-year-long natural history study. Methods A proposed staging system, the CLN3 Staging System (CLN3SS), was based on salient and clinically meaningful endpoints. The relationships between stage and age, stage and Unified Batten Disease Rating Scale (UBDRS) physical severity score, and stage and UBDRS capability impairment subscale scores were determined. We used t tests to determine whether the stages were significantly different from each other on the basis of age and scores. Results Data were analyzed from 322 evaluations in 108 individuals. There were significant differences among the stages based on age and severity scores. For individuals with longitudinal data, no individual reverted to a less severe stage over time. Conclusion The CLN3SS is a disease-specific staging system that can be used to classify individuals into specific strata based on age and disease severity. The CLN3SS has potential applications in clinical trials for cohort stratification.
Examining the Multiple Sites of Meaning in a Participant Photography Project With Black Male College Students

Participant photography is a visual method that has been widely used in research to elevate the voices of historically marginalized populations. Although much has been written about the nature of t...
Small (3.2-mm), Short, Oblique Patellar Tunnels for Patellar Fixation in MPFL Reconstruction

Multiple techniques exist for patellar graft fixation during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, each with their respective advantages and disadvantages. In recent studies, the use of 2 small (3.2-mm), short, oblique patellar tunnels with looped graft has been shown to be effective for patellar fixation during MPFL reconstruction. This technique does not appear to be associated with the same risk of patellar fracture as the use of larger (4.5-mm) transpatellar tunnels. A recent retrospective study also reported decreased risk of recurrent patellar instability and decreased cost compared with the use of suture anchors for patellar fixation, which is currently the most common modality. Given these promising findings relative to existing techniques for patellar fixation, further description of the senior author's technique for using these small (3.2-mm), short, oblique patellar tunnels is provided. This technique is safe, efficacious, and cost-conscious and should be considered a viable option for patellar fixation during MPFL reconstruction.
Comparing Options for Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis following Elbow Trauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction Heterotopic ossification (HO) can be a potentially serious and devastating complication following traumatic injury to the elbow. HO prophylaxis options include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and radiation therapy (RT) but neither has been proven more effective. The purpose of this review is to compare effectiveness and outcomes between NSAID and RT prophylaxis for HO about the elbow following a traumatic injury. Materials and Methods We performed a systematic review of PubMed and Cochrane Library for cases of HO prophylaxis following elbow trauma utilizing PRISMA guidelines to determine the most effective form of prophylaxis. Outcomes of interest included recurrence of HO, range of motion (ROM), and Mayo elbow performance index (MEPI). A total of 36 articles and 826 elbows of which 203 received RT and 623 received NSAID were identified and included in the final analysis. Results Rates of HO formation or recurrence following elbow trauma were similar between radiation and NSAID prophylaxis (15.6% vs. 22.2%, respectively p = 0.457). ROM was similar in flexion and extension arc (109.0 degrees in radiation vs. 112.8 in NSAIDs, p = 0.459) and in pronation and supination arc (118.9 degrees radiation vs. 134.7 degrees NSAIDs, p = 0.322). MEPI scores were 79.19 in the radiation group and 88.82 in the NSAIDs group at the final follow-up. Conclusion There is no statistical difference in HO development, recurrence, or final ROM between NSAIDs and RT prophylaxis following trauma to the elbow. We recommend the choice of modality based on patient characteristics, cost, and surgeon preference. Level of Evidence Level III.
Conserving Energy with Low-Pressure Center Pivots

Reduced-pressure, center-pivot irrigation systems offer the potential of applying irrigation water with significant energy savings. However, lowering the pressure of center-pivot systems may increase runoff and soil erosion, thereby reducing irrigation efficiency, decreasing uniformity of water application, and creating other operational problems. The future use of reduced-pressure irrigation systems depends upon solving these problems. Reductions in irrigation efficiency must be considered when determining the net energy savings from reduced pressure systems as a reduction in irrigation efficiency may negate the energy saved by pressure reduction, especially for systems with larger lifts. In some cases, soil type, topography, and cultural practices may preclude the use of reduced-pressure systems because of their higher application rates.
Primitive Pressure-Velocity Code for the Computation of Strongly Swirling Flows

As an aid to economical design and operation of combustion systems, a primitive pressure-velocity finite difference code has been developed to predict strongly swirling inert and reacting turbulent flow.The method and program involve a staggered grid system for axial and radial velocities, a line relaxation technique for efficient solution of the equations, and a two-equation A-e turbulence model, together with a simple one-step chemical reaction model based on eddy-breakup concepts. Computations show the interesting effects of swirl on jet growth, entrapment, and decay, and flame size, shape, and combustion intensity, as well as the occurrence of a central toroidal recirculation zone at high degrees of swirl.
Gain bandwidth and noise characteristics of millimeter-wave YBa2Cu3O7 hot-electron bolometer mixers

Conversion gain bandwidth and noise characteristics are reported for lattice-cooled superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 hot-electron bolometers acting as low-power, wide-bandwidth heterodyne mixers at 75 and 585 GHz. Near 77 K, these mixers show intrinsic conversion gain as high as −16 dB using ∼1 μW of local oscillator power. The measured gain bandwidth is well described by a single Lorentzian with −3 dB frequency of 5–9 GHz. Measurements of output noise combined with conversion gain indicate an optimal input noise temperature of ∼5000 K, significantly lower than calculations predict.
A Case of Psychogenic Belching (P4.065)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of rhythmic and persistent belching that began suddenly following an argument in a patient with a history of dysautonomia, hypertension, fibromyalgia, and GERD. BACKGROUND: Belching may be a primary presenting complaint that is socially debilitating and difficult to treat. Attention has been found to modify belching frequency (Bredenoord et al., 2006), suggesting that some cases may be psychogenic. DESIGN/METHODS: A 53 year old man with a history of dysautonomia, hypertension, fibromyalgia, and GERD developed sudden belching during a stressful argument with his wife four years ago. It has persisted since then whenever the patient is awake and stops with sleep. The belching frequency varies and can increase up to nearly 1 Hz. It is triggered by water, bananas, grapes, the smell of chlorine, physical exercise, and mental stress. The belching can be stopped by putting his hands behind his head and by lying on his right side. RESULTS: Video-esophagram showed esophageal contractions correlating with belching. Cine-esophagopharyngogram showed a small sliding hiatal hernia and repetitive downward movement of the left and upward movement of the right hemidiaphragm during belching. Examination found entrainment of belching frequency to the frequency of the examiner’s tapping hand. There was a slight postural side to side (abduction/adduction) tremor in the right upper extremity. The tremor was variable and stopped with distraction. CONCLUSIONS: The sudden onset during a stressful situation, variability in frequency as a function of physical and mental stress, and entrainment of belching frequency support the diagnosis of a psychogenic (functional) movement disorder. The patient’s arm tremor also appears to be psychogenic because it stops with distraction. Psychiatric counseling with cognitive behavioral therapy is the general treatment for psychogenic movement disorders. Spiegel (1996) reports a case of successful treatment of belching with hypnosis. Study Supported by: NIH/NINDS intramural program Disclosure: Dr. Paine has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hallett has received personal compensation for activities with Neurotoxin Institute, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, Wolters Kluwer, and Elsevier. Dr. Hallett has received royalty payments from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Hallett9s institute has received research support from BCN Peptides and Manhattan Pharmaceuticals.
Relations and interactions between cranial mesoderm and neural crest populations

The embryonic head is populated by two robust mesenchymal populations, paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. Although the developmental histories of each are distinct and separate, they quickly establish intimate relations that are variably important for the histogenesis and morphogenesis of musculoskeletal components of the calvaria, midface and branchial regions. This review will focus first on the genesis and organization within nascent mesodermal and crest populations, emphasizing interactions that probably initiate or augment the establishment of lineages within each. The principal goal is an analysis of the interactions between crest and mesoderm populations, from their first contacts through their concerted movements into peripheral domains, particularly the branchial arches, and continuing to stages at which both the differentiation and the integrated three-dimensional assembly of vascular, connective and muscular tissues is evident. Current views on unresolved or contentious issues, including the relevance of head somitomeres, the processes by which crest cells change locations and constancy of cell–cell relations at the crest–mesoderm interface, are addressed.
Rights and Borderline Cases

Two competing theories of justice are currently dominating discussion within contemporary Anglo-American moral, social, political, and legal philosophy. The Welfare-State Liberal theory of John Rawls, developed most fully in his book A Theory of Justice [13], contains a sustained defense of the partial redistribution of wealth within society in order to improve the position of the most unfortunate members of society. The Libertarian theory of Robert Nozick, presented in his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia [12], is based on the claims that justice is the respecting of people’s rights, that people’s rights are respected when they are allowed to keep and control that to which they are entitled, and that people are entitled to any holding which they have legitimately acquired — that is, without using force, theft, or fraud (activities which would violate the rights of others). Since the kind of redistribution called for by Rawls’ theory of justice would necessarily involve taking from some people (primarily through taxation) holdings to which they have a right, Nozick argues that an application of Rawls’ theory will have unjust consequences: it will fail to show the proper respect for people’s rights upon which any correct theory of justice must be based.
TV preference as a technique for selection of reinforcers.

A technique for evaluating preference for television (TV) programs provided six low-level and six high-level retardates with a simultaneous choice of four keys, each programing a different consequence. The total time S depressed each of the four keys resulting in three different TV programs or no program (no audio or video) was recorded. Each consequence was continuously available and the consequence programmed by each key was switched every 2 min. All Ss spent most of the session responding for TV and preferred TV over no consequence. Five low-level and one high-level S showed a preference for a single program. The preference of one low-level and two high-level Ss varied from day to day and that of three high-level Ss changed one or more times during 10 sessions. One program can be repeated many times with low-level retardates before satiation occurs; whereas satiation occurs quickly with high-level retardates. TV preference might well be considered as a technique for selection of reinforcers. The techni...
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673–1723

Evidence drawn from records of auctions held by the Royal African Company in Barbados between 1673 and 1723 is used to obtain annual estimates of slave prices by demographic category. These price series are then used to investigate the implications of an economic analysis of the demographic composition of the slave trade. The results provide quantitative support for the prediction that rising slave prices in the West Indies caused an increase in the share of children among the population of slaves in the transatlantic trade. This economic effect may have been a significant link between American slave markets and the demographic history of black populations in both Africa and America.
Within average variability of the acoustically evoked response.

This study explored the effects of various tasks, designed to alter the degree of “attention to stimuli” on the variability of the EEG activity which gives rise to the average acoustically evoked r...
Design guidelines of a tool to help blind authors independently format their word documents

Most work on document creators for blind people mainly concentrates on supporting document writing rather than document formatting, even though blind authors' documents are often treated dismissively when they do not match "expected" standards and many blind authors rely on sighted people to check their documents. Through understanding sighted readers' expectations and strategies and problems blind authors experience with current word processors, we compiled a set of guidelines for a formatting tool for blind authors. The guidelines include: the ability for users to control the level of corrections, the timeliness and intuitiveness of the information, and the compatibility with screen readers. We then developed a prototype with which we are conducting a case study evaluation, mainly, to come up with more guidelines. Emerging guidelines include: differentiating voices associated with content and formatting information, the ability to record user preference, and a preview of the surrounding context of the formatted items.
Anomalous glass-forming ability of uranium-based alloys

Abstract Using a melt spinning technique glassy UCo alloys were produced over the range 10–58 at.% cobalt. Glassy UFe and UNi alloys were also produced containing as little as 14.3% iron or nickel. Metallic glass formation at concentrations as low as 10% of the smaller atoms is unusual and particularly so in the case of these uranium alloys; this is because their composition is far from the eutectic composition (34% for UCo) and the corresponding equilibrium liquidus temperature is closer to the melting point of pure uranium than to the eutectic temperature. Based on X-ray diffraction data on a series of UCo glasses, a qualitative structural model is proposed which predicts that glass formation becomes much more difficult as the cobalt concentration decreases below 14%. Calorimetric and diffraction data together imply that the equilibrium phase diagram cannot be used as a guide for judging glass formability in the case of uranium-based metallic glasses.
Regulation of lysosomal and ubiquitin degradative pathways in differentiating human intestinal Caco-2 cells

The expression of various components of the lysosomal and ubiquitin-dependent degradative pathways was characterized in an in vitro model of differentiating enterocytes, the human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line. The activities of the cell-associated lysosomal enzymes alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, and beta-galactosidase increased approximately 2- to 4-fold as differentiation proceeded. In contrast, the protein levels of the two mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs), the insulin-like growth factor II/cation-independent MPR (IGF-II/CI-MPR) and the cation-dependent MPR (CD-MPR), did not change significantly during Caco-2 differentiation. In addition, quantitative Western blot analyses revealed that on a molar basis the CD-MPR is 3.5 times more abundant than the IGF-II/CI-MPR in Caco-2 cells. Since only limited secretion of lysosomal enzymes was observed throughout differentiation, the level of expression of the MPRs was sufficient to target the increased levels of lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome. Unlike the expression of lysosomal enzymes, Western blot analysis demonstrated an approximately 40% and approximately 30% decrease, respectively, in the steady-state levels of free and conjugated ubiquitin during Caco-2 differentiation. Taken together, these results show that the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway is regulated differently than the lysosomal degradative pathway during Caco-2 differentiation.
Interstitial Brachytherapy in the Management of Primary Carcinoma of the Cervix and Vagina

Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of interstitial brachytherapy in the management of selected primary cancers of the cervix and the vagina. Methods. Thirty-nine previously untreated patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the cervix (31 patients) and of the vagina (8 patients) were treated by a combination of external beam radiotherapy and fluoroscopic-guided interstitial brachytherapy between November 1989 and May 1995 at the Ohio State University Medical Center because they were not suitable for standard intracavitary brachytherapy. Clinical indications for interstitial brachytherapy were extensive parametrial involvement in 22 patients, extensive vaginal involvement in 10, and poor vaginal anatomy in 7. Results. With a median follow-up of 36 months (range 12–66 months), 16 patients (51%) with cervical carcinomas and 5 patients (62.5%) with vaginal carcinomas have experienced local control of their tumor. The local control was better for tumors 6 cm in largest diameter. The 5-year actuarial survival was 34 and 38% for cervical and vaginal cancers, respectively. Only 1 patient experienced grade 3 complications (2.5%). Conclusions. Interstitial brachytherapy can be safely used to treat patients unsuitable for standard intracavitary brachytherapy. When intracavitary dose distribution is expected to be suboptimal, interstitial brachytherapy is a good alternative.
Fibrous pseudotumor of testicular tunic

Abstract Fibrous pseudotumor of the testicular tunic is a non-neoplastic reactive process of the tunica vaginalis in which multiple firm nodules occur in the thickened serosal covering of the tunica or may even be free within it. The morphologic changes reveal a cellular spectrum that includes granulation tissue, fibroblastic proliferationm and nodules composed entirely of hyalinized tissue with focal calcification. This reactive process of paratesticular tissue, occurring with marked localized thickening of the tunica albuginea, may be dificult to distinguish from solid tumors of the testis, and thus may result in orchiectomy for this benign process.
Immunochemical properties of S-100 proteins and their subunits.

— The immunological activities of two populations of bovine S-100 proteins with anti-S-100 serum were studied by complement fixation and rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The reactivities of subunits of these two populations were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Although the two populations conformed in all respects to the properties of S-100 protein, the immunological reactivity of one, III-IVa-1, was significantly lower than that of the other, III-IVb-1. The difference was much larger when the S-100 protein fractions were isolated in the absence of aids (mercaptoethanol, EDTA, EGTA, protease inhibitors). With bovine S-100 fractions, the three subunits separated by differences in charge as well as the four subunits separated by differences in molecular weight all reacted with the same antibody molecules in the antiserum. The reactivities of the subunits showed large quantitative differences. Two populations of S-100 proteins from rat brain also showed differences in reactivity with anti-S-100 serum. The two subunits in each of these fractions reacted with anti-S-100 serum but with quantitative differences, the larger having almost double the activity of the smaller. These results provide firm evidence for the heterogeneity of S-100 proteins based on immunological activity of their subunit components. Different molecular species of S-100 proteins probably differ considerably in their reactivity with antibodies to S-100 protein. Some of the more reactive molecular species also appear to be much more labile, since the reactivity of some S-100 protein fractions was considerably reduced when they were isolated in the absence of aids.
The Evolution of Objective Analysis Methodology at the National Meteorological Center

Abstract The objective analysis of meteorological variables has been routinely performed at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) since October 1955. In the first few years, much attention was devoted to incorporating three principles of subjective meteorological analysis into the automated procedures: spatial coherence, temporal continuity, and adherence to dynamic constraints. Consideration of these principles has continued in subsequent years as objective analysis methodology has evolved. That evolution has been driven by three interrelated developments: advances in observing technology, progress in prediction modeling, and a marked increase in computer capability. In light of these factors, this paper surveys the evolution of analysis methodology at NMC from 1955 to the end of 1988.
Organic Phosphorus Compounds 67. The exchange Cleavage of dialkylaminomethylphosphines with aryl and diarylphosphines [1]

Interaction of dialkylaminomethyl-substituted tertiary phosphines with primary or secondary phosphines results often in the cleavage of a PC bond and the formation of PP bonds. Thus treatment of Ph2PCH2NEt2 with Ph2PH at 180° yields Ph2PPPh2 and HNEt2, and interaction of PhP(CH2NEt2)2 and PhPH2 at 150° results in the formation of (PhP)5, (PhP)4 CH2, HNEt2 and CH3NEt2.
A Pilot Investigation of Teachers' Perceptions of Psychotropic Drug Use in Schools:

Objective: Children's behavior at school often leads to parental interest in seeking physician treatment. This study examines teachers' knowledge and perceptions of psychotropic drug use in schools. Method: Structured interviews were conducted with 27 general education teachers from a diverse representation of elementary schools within central Michigan. Information on (a) current use of psychotropic medications by their students, (b) consultation and collaboration with parents and mental health professionals, and (c) knowledge of the properties and side effects of Ritalin was gathered. Results: Teachers report limited knowledge of how and why medication treatment works despite reporting that 11.5% of their students were currently being prescribed a psychotropic medication. Teachers indicate little communication with parents or professionals regarding medication use or the side effects associated with their use. Conclusion: Issues related to the amount of knowledge that school professionals should have abo...
STUDYING THE BOTTOM OF AMERICAN SOCIETY

Gunnar Myrdal’s 1963 notion of the bottom of society is now over fifty years old and we still know virtually nothing about of the people living at that bottom or the people living there on incomes far below the federal poverty line. Since Blacks are, as always, proportionally the prime victims, the dreadful possibility of a Black population permanently at the bottom of society cannot be ruled out. This article discusses some of the questions researchers must answer to obtain an informed understanding of their problems and needs, as well as of the policies and politics, if any, that could help them.
Isolation and characterization of a novel four-chain ether lipid from Clostridium butyricum: the phosphatidylglycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine

We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel four-chain ether phospholipid in Clostridium butyricum grown on petroselinic acid in the absence of biotin. The results of quantitative analyses of hydrolytic products, selective hydrolysis by mild acid or phospholipase C, 1H-, 13C-, and 31P-NMR, and fast atom bombardment-mass spectroscopy (FABMS) have resulted in the determination of the structure of this lipid as a phosphatidylglycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine. Smaller amounts of this lipid have been found in cells grown under similar conditions in the presence of oleic, cis-vaccenic, elaidic or dihydrosterculic acids. It also appears to be present in small amounts in cells grown with biotin. This lipid is structurally related to the more plentiful glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine found in these cells.
X-ray diffraction by aluminum soaps

1. The microphotometer tracings and Bragg spacings of typical x-ray powder diffraction patterns are reported for aluminum dilaurates and distearates. Patterns for both extracted soaps and soaps containing uncombined acid are included. The extraction of molecular, uncombined fatty acid may produce either a complete recrystallization of the soap, or only minor changes in the diffraction pattern. At least two of the three types of extracted distearate are polymorphs whereas the two types of unextracted stearate are each mixtures of free fatty acid, together with what may be a solid solution of fatty acid in one of the extracted types. 2. Extracted aluminum dilaurate has been observed to exist in only one “crystalline form,” differing from that of the unextracted aluminum dilaurate. The latter consists of free fatty acid, together with dilaurate sorbing some acid with a slight but distinct change in the x-ray powder pattern. 3. The presence of some free fatty acid in unextracted aluminum soaps is confirmed by x-rays. 4. The sorption of moisture has no effect on the x-ray diffraction pattern of aluminum di-soaps, pointing to purely surface attachment of water.
Drug education in tune

America's impassioned involvement with music has found its way into the schools. A great song is complete in itself and needs nothing more to enhance it. The nose-thumbing spirit of Vietnam protesters in the seventies was reflected in the music of American songwriters of that period which included John Prine. Written in the traditional folk music style, John Prine's "Sam Stone" follows the storyline of a Vietnam veteran addicted to heroin and his tragic death. This article examines the heroin-related lyricism and music of "Sam Stone" as a teaching method in drug education.
Cities or urbanization

The way we see our cities affects the policies and actions we undertake. Is our way of seeing dominated and limited by an obsession with ‘the city’ as a thing, one that marginalizes our sense of urbanization as a process? What is the nature of an understanding of urbanization that can contribute to emancipatory politics?
Fine Aluminium Nitride Precipitates in Steel

FOR the past thirty years, aluminium has been commonly used in controlling the deoxidation, and thus the properties, of a number of steels. As a result of this practice there are important consequences if an appreciable amount of nitrogen is present. Aluminium in steel is known to be able to form one of the most stable nitrides. It is generally believed that under certain conditions aluminium nitride appears as inclusions after the solidification of the steel. Many investigators1–5 have reported findings relative to aluminium nitride. Chemical and X-ray analyses of the residue have confirmed the presence of aluminium nitride in steel. Despite these claims, however, exact knowledge concerning the occurrence of aluminium nitride with respect to the structure of steel is not yet available. This communication reports the result of an attempt at identifying and separating fine aluminium nitride particles from a sample of nitrided vacuum-melted steel with the use of the electron microscope.
Integration of biomolecules with inorganic ferroelectrics: A novel approach to nanoscale devices

In this work, we investigate the feasibility of using a surface-tethered heptapeptide sequence as the basis for a ferroelectric-actuated component in a nanofluidic device. The fluorescently-labeled peptide sequence, (CISLLHSTC) is shown by fluorescence microscopy to selectively coat the PZT patterned channel floors. The peptide binding strength to PZT is determined over a range of flow rates in the patterned channel by imaging the fluorescence intensity of the coated channel and monitoring the output spectroscopically. The peptide is found to be stripped from the PZT at flow rates exceeding 5mL/h. Initial results demonstrating the possibility of covalently integrating the short peptide sequence to larger biological components such as antibodies are also presented.
Cp-Functionalized Building Blocks for Polymetallacarborane Assemblies. Multinuclear Cobaltacarborane Complexes on Fulvalene and 1,3,5-Tris(cyclopentadienyl)benzene Scaffolds1

The introduction of organic and inorganic substituents onto η5-C5H5 (Cp) ligands in the small cobaltacarboranes CpCo(Et2C2B4H4) and nido-CpCo(Et2C2B3H5) and their derivatives has been explored, together with metal-promoted C−C coupling to generate polycluster species featuring Cp−Cp and Cp−benzene linkages. This approach supplements alternative synthetic strategies based on functionalization of boron vertexes via metal-promoted B−C coupling, as described in a series of recent papers from our group,4,5 and affords complexes of novel architecture as well as improved routes to previously known types. Among the new compounds are triple-sandwich trinuclear and hexanuclear benzene-centered complexes in which three cobaltacarborane units are anchored to a central 1,3,5-(η5-C5H4)3C6H3 hydrocarbon scaffold. The fulvalene-bridged dinuclear species [(2,3-Et2C2B4H4)Co(η5-C5H4)]2 (7) and (closo-2,3-Et2C2B4H4)(nido-2,3-Et2C2B3H5)Co2(η5-C5H4)2 (8), previously obtained by Davis et al.7 from the fulvalenide dianion, were ...
Effect of nanosize on catalytic properties of ferric (hydr)oxides in water: Mechanistic insights

Abstract Abiotic and biotic processes catalyzed by ferric (hydr)oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic media underlie many important nanotechnologies including chemical catalysis, biomedical engineering, remediation of contaminants, and clean renewable energy sources. These processes have been extensively addressed in the past and commonly interpreted within the so-called chemical paradigm neglecting semiconducting properties of the NPs. Using batch kinetic measurements coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as a new method that combines in situ FTIR spectroscopy and ex situ XPS, we study the effect of size on the catalytic oxygenation of Mn(II) in the presence of hematite (α-Fe2O3) and ferrihydrite NPs. We find that oxidative catalytic performance of these NPs degrades with decreasing their size. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) modeling, we show that this unusual trend cannot be rationalized within the traditional chemical paradigm. Given the nanosize-induced changes in the electronic properties of ferric (hydr)oxides and the thermodynamic properties of the system, we demonstrate that the catalytic reaction proceeds through the electrochemical pathway. The new mechanistic insights suggest new interpretation of literature data, open up new possibilities for manipulating technological performance of metal oxides, and conceptually broaden our general understanding of (bio)chemical activity of NPs.
Materials and fabrication sequences for water soluble silicon integrated circuits at the 90 nm node

Tungsten interconnects in silicon integrated circuits built at the 90 nm node with releasable configurations on silicon on insulator wafers serve as the basis for advanced forms of water-soluble electronics. These physically transient systems have potential uses in applications that range from temporary biomedical implants to zero-waste environmental sensors. Systematic experimental studies and modeling efforts reveal essential aspects of electrical performance in field effect transistors and complementary ring oscillators with as many as 499 stages. Accelerated tests reveal timescales for dissolution of the various constituent materials, including tungsten, silicon, and silicon dioxide. The results demonstrate that silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits formed with tungsten interconnects in foundry-compatible fabrication processes can serve as a path to high performance, mass-produced transient electronic systems.
Stark effect of metastable hydrogen molecules

The molecular-beam magnetic-resonance method has been used to measure the Stark effect of the metastable $c^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\mathrm{u}}$ electronic state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The magnitude of the effect is found to be about ${10}^{4}$ times greater than for the ground electronic state and to depend sensitively upon vibrational quantum number. A theoretical treatment of the effect has allowed us to identify at least three vibrational states of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ which are metastable, including $v=0 \mathrm{and} 1$.
Engineering thrombin for selective specificity toward protein C and PAR1.

Thrombin elicits functional responses critical to blood homeostasis by interacting with diverse physiological substrates. Ala-scanning mutagenesis of 97 residues covering 53% of the solvent accessible surface area of the enzyme identifies Trp215 as the single most important determinant of thrombin specificity. Saturation mutagenesis of Trp215 produces constructs featuring kcat/Km values for the hydrolysis of fibrinogen, protease-activated receptor PAR1, and protein C that span five orders of magnitude. Importantly, the effect of Trp215 replacement is context dependent. Mutant W215E is 10-fold more specific for protein C than fibrinogen and PAR1, which represents a striking shift in specificity relative to wild-type that is 100-fold more specific for fibrinogen and PAR1 than protein C. However, when the W215E mutation is combined with deletion of nine residues in the autolysis loop, which by itself shifts the specificity of the enzyme from fibrinogen and PAR1 to protein C, the resulting construct features significant activity only toward PAR1. These findings demonstrate that thrombin can be re-engineered for selective specificity toward protein C and PAR1. Mutations of Trp215 provide important reagents for dissecting the multiple functional roles of thrombin in the blood and for clinical applications.
Communes as seeking better family? A misleading explanation

Using data from a longitudinal study of ideology in urban communal living groups, this paper reexamines the thesis that the commune is an alternative family form sought by individuals striving for a better kind of family life. While family-oriented themes are often mentioned by communitarians, only a minority of communes in the sample were found to be specifically family focused in values and collective goals. Individuals in urban communes differ from their non-communitarian peers less in their orientation toward the family than in the comprehensiveness of their estrangement from all institutions. Rather than seeking alternative family forms, they were found to have been seeking social support for a broad range of non-conventional beliefs and role choices. Communal groups, which flourish at times of high flux and lack of consensus in social values, represent a quest for well-integrated, circumscribed consensus in response to the unravelling of broader social unity.
Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake

Within 2 yr of dividing a multibasin lake into discrete lakes for experimentation, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and water color (absorption coefficient g at 440 nm, g 440 ) increased in the east basin and decreased slightly in the west basin. These changes were not explainable by watershed vegetation or groundwater chemical composition. However, g 440 increased from 0.7 to 4.2 m -1 for water moving through the sediment-water interface in the east basin. In the west basin, g 440 of groundwater (0.6 m -1 ), in-seeping water (0.7 m -1 ), and lake water (0.7 m -1 ) were all similar. Patterns of DOC distribution matched time trends in the surface waters. In the east basin, DOC concentration doubled and g 440 increased 3-fold from 1990 to 1993. Trends in the west basin were more complex, but in general, there was a decrease in DOC and g 440 over the same period. Changes in the light regime affected phytoplankton vertical distribution, but total areal chlorophyll and epilimnetic chlorophyll concentrations were not altered. The depth of oxygenation was changed by altered mixing characteristics and phytoplankton distribution. Changes in light-attenuating DOC affected pelagic responses to nutrient inputs.