cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructive Welfare: The Social Security Act, the Blind, and the Origins of Political Identity among People with Disabilities, 1935–1950

In contemporary America, identifying as a person with a disability is one of the many ways in which people acknowledge, even celebrate, who they are. Yet several decades ago, few persons with disabilities saw their condition as an identity to be embraced, let alone to serve as the basis for affinity and collective mobilization. The transformation of disability from unmitigated tragedy to a collective and politicized identity emerged in national politics, not in the 1960s or 1970s, as is commonly thought, but in the 1940s. During those years, the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) set out to galvanize the nation's blind men and women, most of them poor and unemployed, to demand the economic security and opportunity enjoyed by sighted Americans. This aspiration for equal citizenship led the NFB into protracted contests with the Social Security Administration (SSA) over aid to the poor and sharpened the organization's resolve to represent the nation's civilian blind. Long before disability rights activists declared “nothing about us, without us,” the NFB insisted that only the blind, not sighted social workers or experts in blindness, were entitled to speak on behalf of the blind. Pioneering an organizing strategy and a critique of American liberalism later embraced by activists of the Left, the NFB rose to become one of the most effective civil rights and antipoverty organizations of its time. Today, however, its story has been largely forgotten.
Expression of trophic factors receptors during reinnervation after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury

Objective An injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) triggers axonal regeneration but results in a poor functional recovery. Netrin-1 and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression are up-regulated in laryngeal muscles during RLN regeneration, but the role of their receptors produced in the nucleus ambiguus is unknown. The aim of this work was to determine the timing of the production of Netrin-1 and GDNF receptors during RLN regeneration and correlate this with the previously identified timing of up-regulation of their trophic factors in the laryngeal muscles. Study design Laboratory experiment with rat model. Methods The right RLN was transected and dextran amine tracer applied. At 7, 14, and 21 days postinjury (DPI), brainstems were removed and harvested. Immunostaining was performed for Netrin-1 (deleted in colorectal carcinoma [DCC], UNC5A) and GDNF receptors (rearranged during transfection [Ret], glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface receptors [GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3]). The timing and type of receptor production relative to injury as well as their position in the nucleus ambiguus was analyzed. Results Netrin-1 UNC5A receptors were minimal in the nucleus ambiguus during RLN regeneration. DCC, the receptor that plays an attract role, was immunopositive from 7 to 21 DPI. All GDNF receptors, except GFRα2, were clearly positive from 7 to 14 DPI. No differences of production were observed according to the position of the motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Conclusion An injury of the RLN leads to a higher production of Netrin-1 DCC and GDNF receptors in the nucleus ambiguus. The timing of receptor production is similar to up-regulation of their trophic factors in the laryngeal muscles. Level of evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 129:2537-2542, 2019.
Green's one-step-late algorithm dose not work for SPECT with attenuation correction

Green’s one-step-late (OSL) algorithm is a popular image reconstruction algorithm in emission data tomography, in spite of its convergence issues. One drawback of Green’s algorithm is that the algorithm exhibits non-stationary regularization when the algorithm’s projector and backprojector model the attenuation effects in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This paper suggests a remedy to improve Green’s OSL algorithm so that stationary regularization can be obtained.
The Story of Turkey’s Struggle with Violence Against Women/Domestic Violence in the 2000s

Nursen voiced in the group, for the first time, that she was beaten up and subjected to violence. While listening to her, everyone in the group realized that violence cannot be measured by socioeconomic criteria, because Nursen was an architect and her husband was a doctor.
The Quakes Concept for Observing and Mitigating Natural Disasters

Geodetic imaging is useful for measuring topography and motions of the Earth’s surface. Geodetic imaging measurements can be used, for example, to measure earthquakes, landslides, debris flows, wildfire extent, volcanos, and anthropogenic changes such as fluid withdrawal from aquifers. Different geodetic measurements sample different parts of the spatio-temporal deformation field. Combining the measurements and analysis improves understanding of a broad range of Earth surface processes. Here we describe a concept to Quantify Uncertainty and Kinematics of Earth Systems (QUAKES) that combines radar interferometry and optical imaging into one airborne platform and the analysis system required to analyze and model the data.
Using bioinformatic tools to examine similarities between human PDL-1 protein and common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).

70Background: Human CD274 receptor, known as programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (RefSeq NP_054862.1), is an inhibitory ligand for Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1). We aimed in this bioinformatic...
The Population Biology of the Antarctic Scallop, Adamussium colbecki (Smith 1902) at New Harbor, Ross Sea

The unexploited Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki, has a circumpolar distribution across the continental shelf from 0 to nearly 1 500 m. During the 1986 austral summer A. colbecki was sampled with SCUBA to a depth of 30 m at New Harbor, in the southwestern Ross Sea. Quadrat collections revealed nearshore scallop densities up to 65 m−2 with biomasses approaching 2 kg m−2. Mark and recapture experiments showed that A. colbecki grew an order of magnitude more slowly than temperate scallop species and analyses of shell growth bands indicated that it may live up to 20 years. Size frequency comparisons with earlier studies in the same area suggested that this scallop population has intermittent recruitment and is quite stable. Estimates of yield per recruit indicate that relatively low levels of fishing pressure could cause the New Harbor scallop population to collapse.
Reducing Length of Stay after Lung Transplant through Implementation of Multi-Disciplinary Care Coordination Rounds

Purpose Aim of this project was to reduce length of stay (LOS) after lung transplant surgery (LT) by implementing multi-disciplinary care coordination rounds (MDR). Methods We performed a single-center study analyzing efficacy of weekly MDR focused on discharge planning for new LT recipients. Providers involved in MDR included social workers, pharmacists, case managers, physical-, occupational-, and speech-therapists, dietician, nurse coordinators, and nurse practitioners. MDR efficacy was evaluated by comparing a prospective cohort of LT recipients exposed to MDR from January to August 2019, to a retrospective cohort of LT recipients who underwent LT from January to December 2018. Demographic and clinical characteristics: age, sex, days hospitalized prior to LT, mechanical ventilation and/or ECMO support prior to LT were collected from the medical record. Primary outcome was overall length of stay following LT surgery. Secondary outcomes included ICU LOS, Results Forty subjects underwent LT from January to August 2019 comprising the intervention population (Table). Prior to the intervention, 2018 median hospital LOS was 21 days (14,33), median ICU LOS was 6.5 days (5,21), 4 (7%) Conclusion MDR was implemented to facilitate interprofessional collaboration to minimize barriers to discharge after LT surgery. This reduced post-ICU LOS by 29% while maintaining comparable ICU LOS, an expected finding with similar acuity between cohorts. Further analysis of readmission rate is warranted.
Research Use and Politics in the Federal Higher Education Rulemaking Process

This case study examined how research has been used in the federal higher education rulemaking process, through which the U.S. Department of Education implements programs under the Higher Education...
Future Aspirations of Young Women With Disabilities: An Examination of Social Cognitive Career Theory:

Young women with disabilities face multiple barriers that limit their career pathways. Little research has been conducted to examine how cognitive constructs of career self-efficacy and outcome exp...
COMPLEMENT: AN OVERVIEW FOR THE CLINICIAN

The complement system is an essential component of the immune system. It is a highly integrative system and has a number of functions, including host defense, removal of injured cells and debris, modulation of metabolic and regenerative processes, and regulation of adaptive immunity. Complement is activated via different pathways and it is regulated tightly by several mechanisms to prevent host injury. Imbalance between complement activation and regulation can manifest in disease and injury to self. This article provides an outline of complement activation pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and normal physiologic functions of the system.
On the making of crystal balls: Five lessons about simulation modeling and the organization of work

Abstract Digital models that simulate the dynamics of a system are increasingly used to make predictions about the future. Although modeling has been central to decision-making under conditions of uncertainty across many industries for many years, the COVID-19 pandemic has made the role that models play in prediction and policymaking real for millions of people around the world. Despite the fact that modeling is a process through which experts use data and statistics to make sophisticated guesses, most consumers expect a model's predictions to be like crystal balls and provide perfect information about what the future will bring. Over the last decade, we have conducted a series of in-depth, longitudinal studies of digital modeling across several industries. From these studies, we share five lessons we have learned about modeling that demonstrate (1) why models are indeed not crystal balls and (2) why, despite their indeterminacy, people tend to treat them as crystal balls anyway. We discuss what each of these lessons can teach us about how to respond to the predictions made by COVID-19 models as well models of other stochastic processes and events about whose futures we wish to know today.
Youth, poverty, and interpersonal violence: a recipe for PTSD

Substantial efforts have focused on physical rehabilitation to help speed the recovery process post-trauma. Despite intensive physical therapy, many trauma patients never return to their pre-injury status. This finding suggests there are various psychosocial factors playing a substantial role in the recovery of these patients. Several studies have found that trauma patients suffer from significant mental health–related issues, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), after their traumatic event.1 PTSD has been shown to decrease quality of life, with many patients unable to hold jobs and maintain personal relationships after a major trauma. These patients are at high risk of substance abuse, suicide, and psychological disturbances, and are more likely to suffer from chronic pain.2 Trauma patients with PTSD have worse functional outcomes and increased social disintegration, contributing to substantial healthcare, economic, and personal costs.1 Thus, identifying and treating PTSD early has the potential to mitigate the negative impact of the disease by improving quality of life coupled with decreasing the socioeconomic cost to both the patient and society. We hypothesized that specific factors related to the patient and their trauma would be predictive of PTSD. The purpose of this study was to identify PTSD in patients post-injury and determine which risk factors could predict its subsequent development. ### Identification of patients A prospective quality improvement project was undertaken in response to previous work performed at our institution. Consecutive patients admitted to the trauma service for >48 hours with planned follow-up in the outpatient trauma clinic between August 2019 and January 2020 were eligible for participation in the study and offered the opportunity for inclusion. Data were collected following introduction of a discharge information form and discharge teaching. Using a detailed five-question survey at their first follow-up visit post-discharge, patients were screened prospectively for PTSD. Only those patients completing all five questions comprising the …
Supporting Students’ Reflection in Game-Based Science Learning: A Literature Review

Students' reflection on their gameplay is necessary for a meaningful game-based learning experience, especially in science education. This study reviewed the literature on the design and effects of students' reflection support in game-based science learning. Fourteen empirical and theoretical articles out of 131 identified articles from four databases were included after the searching and screening process. Findings revealed that reflection support varied in the support type (e.g., in-game prompts or instructor guidance), support triggered time (e.g., during or after gameplay), and response type (e.g., no response, written or spoken). Both in-game reflection prompts and instructor guided-reflection are promising in facilitating students' science learning, and the effects varied based on the design and implementation of the support. Implications on future studies and design of reflection support in game-based science learning are discussed.
The International Relations of the Persian Gulf

Gregory Gause's masterful book is the first to offer a comprehensive account of the international politics in the Persian Gulf across nearly four decades. The story begins in 1971 when Great Britain ended its protectorate relations with the smaller states of the lower Gulf. It traces developments in the region from the oil 'revolution' of 1973–4 through the Iranian revolution, the Iran-Iraq war and the Gulf war of 1990–1 to the toppling of Saddam Hussein in the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, bringing the story of Gulf regional politics up to 2008. The book highlights transnational identity issues, regime security and the politics of the world oil market, and charts the changing mix of interests and ambitions driving American policy. The author brings his experience as a scholar and commentator on the Gulf to this riveting account of one of the most politically volatile regions on earth.
Influence of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition on Medication

Describe malnutrition in healthy and ill individuals in the United States. Explain how malnutrition can impact drug absorption, distribution, clearance, and effect. Provide a compilation of findings regarding the impact of malnutrition on specific drugs.
CYCLIC CHANGES IN INTERSTITIAL WATER CONTENT, ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE, AND TEMPERATURE IN A MARINE BEACH1

Seasonal, tidal, and spring-vs.-neap changes in water content, atmospheric exposure, and temperature were studied within the interstices of a porous, semiprotected beach. Semidiurnal tides were nearly equal in amplitude and reached 120 cm from spring low to high. Overall mean grain size was 660 pm and mean sorting, 500 pm, with finer, better sorted, and more layered sand in the upper beach. Pore space averaged 36.5%. Water content at low tide reached minima of 10% pore-space saturation in shallow sands of the upper beach; most sand above the minimum water table lost >5Oo/o of its water. The upper beach drained more completely at ncap than at spring tides. Draining occurred more slowly than filling, and deeper sediments drained more slowly than shallow ones, resulting in a progressive landwarcl delay of up to 4 hr in the water table’s “low tide.” Little seasonal variation was noted. Beach temperatures were basically those of the sea surface, modified by duration of exposure. Temperatures of sea and water table followed a gradual cycle of seasonal change, averaging lC/week. Daily temperature variations exceeding 5C were confined to the upper 10 cm of sand in midand upper beach areas. long periods and produced thermal extrcmcs. Ncap tides exposed the upper beach for Salvat’s concept of environmental zones along fine-sand beaches was modiEied and applied to both superficial and depth vectors at this coarse-sand beach.
BioPortal as a dataset of linked biomedical ontologies and terminologies in RDF

BioPortal is a repository of biomedical ontologies --the largest such repository, with more than 300 ontologies to date. This set includes ontologies that were developed in OWL, OBO and other formats, as well as a large number of medical terminologies that the US National Library of Medicine distributes in its own proprietary format. We have published the RDF version of all these ontologies at http://sparql.bioontology.org. This dataset contains 190M triples, representing both metadata and content for the 300 ontologies. We use the metadata that the ontology authors provide and simple RDFS reasoning in order to provide dataset users with uniform access to key properties of the ontologies, such as lexical properties for the class names and provenance data. The dataset also contains 9.8M cross-ontology mappings of different types, generated both manually and automatically, which come with their own metadata.
A Contagion of Violence: The Ideal of Jus in Bello versus the Realities of Fighting on the New York Frontier during the Revolutionary War

European Enlightenment thinkers like Emer de Vattel in his epic work The Laws of Nations (1758) argued that engaging in warfare should comply, as much as possible, with humane rules in the treatment of both combatants and noncombatants. Encapsulated by the phrase jus in bello, or justice in warfare, the question remains whether this idealist doctrine had application in military actions conducted during the Revolutionary War fought over the issue of American independence (1775–1783). This essay concludes that in such frontier regions as the Mohawk Valley of New York, the doctrine of jus in bello had virtually no impact in restraining wartime cruelties. What actually occurred in such areas was vicious partisan warfare, or a contagion of violence characterized by brutal retribution and retaliation among combatants, along with merciless actions directed against civilian noncombatants. The Revolutionary War, at least in regions like frontier New York where partisan fighting predominated, had more in common wit...
A New Family of Relative Difference Sets in 2-Groups

We recursively construct a new family of ( 2^{6d+4}, 8, 2^{6d+4}, 2^{6d+1}) semi-regular relative difference sets in abelian groups G relative to an elementary abelian subgroup U. The initial case d=0 of the recursion comprises examples of ( 16,8,16,2) relative difference sets for four distinct pairs ( G,U).
3.1.2 Lifecycle Verification of a System of Systems

System-level verification is intended to check that the system satisfies a set of requirements. The verification of a system of systems (SoS) is more difficult for a number of reasons. In a SoS, multiple organizations are involved, and there may be no overall project manager. It may be necessary to develop new systems that integrate with legacy systems that cannot be modified. Finally, the separate systems within a SoS can have separate development processes and schedules. New methods of system engineering (SE) processes are needed to deal with the verification of SoS. This paper reviews how V-Models have been used to visualize the SE process for SoS. For the common situation of a SoS consisting of only two systems, an intersecting V-Model is suggested, followed by a discussion of important factors to consider when verifying a SoS, including configuration management, integrated master schedule development, lifecycle simulation, and test system design. These considerations are illuminated by describing the verification of a SoS consisting of an asset health monitoring system and data download software. The tradeoffs of using hardware versus software approaches to lifecycle simulation are presented. The paper concludes with an overview of lessons learned for future SoS development.
A Review of “Spirit and Trauma: A Theology of Remaining”

In her compelling book, Spirit and Trauma: A Theology of Remaining, Shelly Rambo maintains that the task of theology is twofold when viewed through the lens of trauma. First, she explores what it m...
Sleep Quality Among U.S. Military Veterans With PTSD: A Factor Analysis and Structural Model of Symptoms

Poor sleep quality among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poorer prognosis and outcomes. The factor structure of the most commonly employed measure of self-reported sleep quality, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), has yet to be evaluated among individuals with PTSD. The current study sought to fill this gap among a sample of 226 U.S. military veterans with PTSD (90% with co-occurring mood disorders, 73.5% with substance use disorders). We evaluated the factor structure of the PSQI by conducting an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in approximately half of the sample (n = 111). We then conducted a second EFA in the other split half (n = 115). Lastly, we conducted a path analysis to investigate the relations between sleep factors and PTSD symptom severity, after accounting for the relation with depression. Results suggested sleep quality can best be conceptualized, among those with PTSD, as a multidimensional construct consisting of 2 factors, Perceived Sleep Quality and Efficiency/Duration. After accounting for the association between both factors and depression, only the Perceived Sleep Quality factor was associated with PTSD (β = .51). The results provide a recommended structure that improves precision in measuring sleep quality among veterans with PTSD.
Skeletal deformities of the denervated hand in Hansen's disease

Skeletal deformities of the denervated hand are subtle in their development and pose a more formidable problem than do primary deformities of Hansen's disease. Basic osseous changes consist of concentric, longitudinal, or the longitudinal varying methods of absorption. Knowledge of their pathogenesis provides the basis for their management. Prevention of deformity and conservative management of secondary complications are necessary to salvage as much of the hand as possible.
Antibonding state on the Ge(111):As surface: Spectroscopy and dynamics.

The first direct observation of the As derived empty surface state on the Ge(111):As 1×1 surface is reported. The state is first populated with a subpicosecond pulse of 2.03 eV light and then probed with equally short pulses of light at 10, 14, 18, and 22 eV which photoemit electrons from the sample. The surface band gap at 300 K is determined to be 0.83±0.04 eV and compared well with a many-body calculation for this system. Photoexcited electrons are observed to rapidly scatter into the empty As derived state and are trapped for times in excess of 200 ps. The long lifetime is due to a paucity of electrically active defect states within the surface band gap
Systematic Representation of Sound Locations in the Primary Auditory Cortex

The primary auditory cortex (A1) is involved in sound localization. A consistent observation in A1 is a clustered representation of binaural properties, but how spatial tuning varies within binaural clusters is unknown. Here, this issue was addressed in A1 of the pallid bat, a species that relies on passive hearing (as opposed to echolocation) to localize prey. Evidence is presented for systematic representations of sound azimuth within two binaural clusters in the pallid bat A1: the binaural inhibition (EI) and peaked (P) binaural interaction clusters. The representation is not a “point-to-point” space map as seen in the superior colliculus, but is in the form of a systematic increase in the area of activated cortex as azimuth changes from ipsilateral to contralateral locations. The underlying substrate in the EI cluster is a systematic representation of the medial boundary of azimuth receptive fields. The P cluster is activated mostly for sounds near the midline, providing a spatial acoustic fovea. Activity in the P cluster falls off systematically as the sound is moved to more lateral locations. Sensitivity to interaural intensity differences predicts azimuth tuning in the vast majority of neurons. Azimuth receptive field properties are relatively stable across intensity over a moderate range (20–40 dB above threshold) of intensities. This suggests that the maps will be similar across the intensities tested. These results challenge the current view that no systematic representation of azimuth is present in A1 and show that such representations are present locally within individual binaural clusters.
Preparation and characterisation of trimethyltin derivatives of some 4-substituted phenyl sulfides

Abstract The preparation of trimethyltin-sulfur compounds of the type Me 3 SnSC 6 H 4 4-X, where X = F, Cl, Br, CH 3 , NH 2 , and NO 2 is reported and the nature of the bonding between tin and sulfur is discussed on the basis of IR, UV, PMR, and Raman data. The mass spectrum of each compound is tabulated.
Complete remission with anti-CD20 therapy for unicentric, non-HIV-associated, hyaline-vascular type, Castleman's disease.

Unicentric Castleman's disease (CD) is a localized lymphoproliferative disorder that is usually treated with surgery.[1] In the last few years, different reports have shown response of Multicentric...
REGIONAL POLICY MODELS FOR FOREST BIODIVERSITY ANALYSIS: LESSONS FROM COASTAL OREGON

The crisis in the early 1990s over conservation of biodiversity in the forests of the Pacific Northwest caused an upheaval in forest policies for public and private landowners. These events led to the development of the Coastal Landscape Assessment and Modeling Study (CLAMS) for the Coast Range Physiographic Province of Oregon, a province containing over two million hectares of forest with a complex mixture of public and private ownership. Over a decade, CLAMS scientists developed regional data bases and tools to enable assessments of the implications of current policies for biodiversity and have begun using these data and tools to test ideas for solving policy problems. We summarize here four main lessons from our work: (1) Regional ecosystem perspectives, while rewarding, are difficult to achieve. Helping policy makers and the public understand biodiversity policies for an entire province can assist in developing more reasoned policies. However, this result is difficult to achieve because needed scientific building blocks generally do not exist, few policy institutions address regional cross-ownership issues, people can find it difficult to take a regional view, and the appropriate region for analysis changes with the policy problem. (2) Interest in environmental policy analysis may come as much from a pursuit of power as a pursuit of understanding. Biodiversity policy analyses are often viewed as weapons in an ongoing political battle. Also, results that might destabilize existing policies generally will not be well received by those in power. (3) The relationship of regional analyses to civic processes remains challenging and unsettled. Communication between citizens and scientists takes real effort. Also, collaborative processes both inspire and constrain regional policy analysis, and scientific work often proceeds at a different pace than these processes. In the end, CLAMS's most important effect on the civic dialogue may be to change how people think about the Coast Range. (4) An important role exists for anticipatory assessments done independently by scientists. Independent review will be especially important as policy analyses shift to management of nonfederal forests. Our future efforts in CLAMS will focus on evaluating ideas for fundamental changes in forest management.
IN VIVO ACTIVITY OF L-AZASERINE AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM.

SYNOPSIS. When the antibiotic L-azaserine was injected intraperitoneally into female Ha/ICR albino mice infected with T. equiperdum, a marked but temporary inhibition of trypanosomal reproduction was observed and survival time of the hosts was more than doubled. The efficacy cf a given dose of azaserine was considerably reduced when its equivalent was divided equally over a 5-day period. Azaserine was much more effective when injected intraperitoneally than when given by gastric intubation, even though measures were taken in the latter circumstance to reduce the rate of degradation of the drug by gastric juice and the liver. Some purine analogs were tested in combination with azaserine for ability to prolong the lives of mice infected with T. equiperdum; 6-mercaptopurine was the only one that significantly enhanced the efficacy of azaserine. Evidence is presented that azaserine inhibits trypanosomal reproduction directly rather than by a host-mediated mechanism.
Evanescent-Wave Particle Velocimetry Studies of Electrokinetically Driven Flows: Divalent Counterion Effects

Characterizing the mainly incompressible and laminar flows of aqueous electrolyte solutions through channels with an overall dimension of O(1–100 μm) is of interest in a variety of microfluidics applications. Solid surfaces such as the channel wall become (usually negatively) charged due to direct ionization or dissociation of surface groups, where the charge is typically characterized by the wall zeta-potential ζw. The surface in turn attracts mobile counterions from the fluid to form a (usually positively) charged screening, or electric double, layer (EDL).An external electric field can therefore be used to “pump” fluids through microfluidic Labs-on-a-Chip (LOC) by driving the charged fluid in the EDL. The resulting electroosmotic flow (EOF) is uniform outside the EDL, which has a thickness less than 50 nm in most cases. This uniform flow results in a more favorable scaling of the volume flowrate with channel diameter for microchannels, and also has less convective dispersion than shear flows. Electroosmotic flow is, however, very sensitive to changes in ζw. Various studies have shown, for example, that adding multivalent counterions to a monovalent electrolyte solution can greatly change ζw through both electrostatic and chemical interactions, even leading to “charge inversion” where the zeta-potential changes its sign.Evanescent-wave particle velocimetry, which tracks the motion of colloidal fluorescent tracer particles illuminated by evanescent waves within ∼400 nm of the wall, was therefore used to study the flow of various aqueous monovalent electrolyte solutions with small amounts of divalent cations such as Mg++ driven by an electric field through channels with a minimum dimension of ∼30 μm. The technique measures both the velocity components parallel to the wall and the steady-state distribution of these near-wall tracers. In these experiments, the tracers are convected parallel to the wall by both the EOF and directly by the applied electric field via electrophoresis because the surfaces of the particles also become negatively charged when suspended in the electrolyte solution. The electrophoretic contribution to the measured particle velocity was determined by measuring the particle zeta-potential with light scattering, and subtracted from the particle velocity to determine the actual EOF velocity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Frzb, a Secreted Protein Expressed in the Spemann Organizer, Binds and Inhibits Wnt-8

We isolated a Xenopus homolog of Frzb, a newly described protein containing an amino-terminal Frizzled motif. It dorsalized Xenopus embryos and was expressed in the Spemann organizer during early gastrulation. Unlike Frizzled proteins, endogenous Frzb was soluble. Frzb was secretable and could act across cell boundaries. In several functional assays, Frzb antagonized Xwnt-8, a proposed ventralizing factor with an expression pattern complementary to that of Frzb. Furthermore, Frzb blocked induction of MyoD, an action reported recently for a dominant-negative Xwnt-8. Frzb coimmunoprecipitated with Wnt proteins, providing direct biochemical evidence for Frzb-Wnt interactions. These observations implicate Frzb in axial patterning and support the concept that Frzb binds and inactivates Xwnt-8 during gastrulation, preventing inappropriate ventral signaling in developing dorsal tissues.
Unsupervised learning in noise

The structural stability of real-time unsupervised learning in feedback dynamical systems is demonstrated with the Ito-Stratonovich stochastic calculus. Structural stability allows globally stable feedback systems to be perturbed without changing their qualitative equilibrium behavior. This increases the reliability and biological plausibility of large-scale hardware implementations of such networks. These structurally stable dynamical systems are called random adaptive bidirectional associative memory (RABAM) models. RABAM models include several popular nonadaptive and adaptive feedback models, such as the Hopfield circuit and the ART-2 model. A new hybrid unsupervised-learning law, called the differential competitive law, which uses the signal velocity as a local unsupervised reinforcement mechanism, is introduced, and its coding and stability behavior in feedforward and feedback networks is studied. >
Palate morphogenesis in the rabbit.

Abstract Rabbit embryos were collected from 16 days, 2 hr to 19 days, 12 hr postconception. Palate development was studied stereoscopically and by sectioning paraffin embedded tissue. Change in position of the palatine shelves from vertical to horizontal is a critical phase of palate development and the sequence of morphologic changes can be assumed to reflect the mechanism of palate closure. In rabbit embryos, the rostral ends of the palatine shelves were observed to be in a horizontal position while the caudal ends were still vertical and lateral to the tongue. This supports an hypothesis of active tongue withdrawal as a mechanism of palate closure. The horizontal condition involved degrees of extension toward the midline. Fusion had sometimes spread from two centres of contact, temporarily producing a hole in the centre of the palate. No difference was found between male and female embryos in rate of palate development.
Telomeric armor: the layers of end protection.

The linear nature of eukaryotic chromosomes necessitates protection of their physical ends, the telomeres, because the DNA-repair machinery can misconstrue the ends as double-stranded DNA breaks. Thus, protection is crucial for avoiding an unwarranted DNA-damage response that could have catastrophic ramifications for the integrity and stability of the linear genome. In this Commentary, we attempt to define what is currently understood by the term `telomere protection9. Delineating the defining boundaries of chromosome-end protection is important now more than ever, as it is becoming increasingly evident that, although unwanted DNA repair at telomeres must be avoided at all costs, the molecular players involved in recognition, signaling and repair of DNA damage might also serve to protect telomeres.
Diver and Underwater Television Observations of Fish Behavior in a Great Lakes Commercial Trap Net

Behavior of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in commercial trap-net pots was observed by scuba divers and by a low-light sensitive, underwater television (UTV) system. During the day, lake whitefish schooled and swam in circular patterns within the pot, keeping at least 1 m off the lake bottom. Occasionally, lake whitefish that were outside the net were observed swimming in concert with fish inside the pot. Whitefish schools disbanded at dawn and dusk, presumably because of reduced visual acuity during periods of low light. Lake trout were most often in groups of two or three individuals which were generally segregated from whitefish schools. Aggressive, escapement, and feeding behavior were not observed for either species. As nets were lifted, fish became very excited and darted about wildly. Net leads may have elicited schooling responses from fish, causing them to enter the pot. Fish stayed 3 to 5 m away from divers, making observations of behavior difficult. However, divers were able to make some observations which were not possible with UTV. Physical presence of UTV equipment did not alter fish behavior as did diver presence. Compared with divers, UTV could be deployed longer and at lower light levels. UTV also provided a permanent record (video cassette) that could subsequently be reviewed. An integration of UTV and diver observations gave the best understanding offish behavior in trap-net pots.
Transport of lithium and rectification by frog skin.

Abstract The isolated frog skin, bathed with Li + -Ringer (Na + -free) on the outside and Na + -Ringer on the inside, can maintain a normal potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (s.c.c.) for more than 6. h. The s.c.c. correspondended to the Li + influx. The Na + efflux was 4% of the s.c.c. 10 −5 M ouabain depressed Li + influx and s.c.c. 10 10−5 M amiloride abolished the Li + s.c.c., while 0.1 unit/ml oxytocin stimulated it. When the inside of the skin was bathed with Li + -Ringer, PD and s.c.c. fell to zero within 2 h. The oxygen consumption of skin slices bathed in Li + -Ringer was 29% lower than controls bathed in Na + -Ringer. When the isolated frog skin is bathed in Na 2 SO 4 -Ringer it shows electrical rectification which has been correlated with the active transport of Na + . In skins transporting Li + , rectification characteristics are similar to those of skins transporting Na + . When the inner face of the skin is bathed with Li + -Ringer, rectification, PD and s.c.c. decline in a parallel fashion. It is concluded that: (1) Li + can be transported when Na + is present at the inner face. (2) Amiloride, ouabain and oxytocin affect Li + and Na + transport in a similar manner. (3) Li + transport, like Na + transport, is associated with rectification. (4) Active transport of Na + and Li + seems to depend on two different but associated proceses; one taking place at the external barrier (where rectification occurs) as shown by the effect of amiloride; and the other of an inner site related to energy requirements and affected by ouabain and Li + . (5) The cation being transported is not necessarily activating the (Na + -K + -ATPase.
Remarks on the Equal-Time Commutator of Axial-Vector Current Components

The matrix element of the equal-time commutator of the axial-vector current and its fourth component between one-nucleon states of the same momentum is investigated on the basis of general principles. The dependence on the pion four-momentum of Adler-Weisberger-type relations for the renormalization of the axial-vector coupling constant is examined. Furthermore, the connection of position space singularities with subtractions in the scattering amplitudes involved is shown.
Personalisation and CRM

Personalisation has been utilised by various companies in the electronic marketplace. Gartner research stated that by 2004, 80 per cent of content-rich IT applications (eg news sites, e-tailers and corporate intranets) will incorporate personalisation. Personalisation is becoming more of an increasing segment of the internet economy. Customer relationship management (CRM) has been an accepted strategy of companies in order to improve their performance. The concept of personalisation and CRM has expanded in scope to emphasise a much broader notion of benefits to a company. The focus of this paper is to determine whether companies can increase the return generated by their electronic commerce strategy by utilising ‘personalisation’ in executing CRM in the electronic marketplace. A case-study approach was utilised to identify personalisation strategies and its benefits. Lessons learned from the cases examined revealed that companies should approach personalisation from an inter-functional as opposed to a ‘silo’ implementation to reap maximal benefits. Our research found that competitive pressures and cost savings helped to spurn the use of personalisation. Personalisation requires ‘anticipating relevant intent’ of customers in order to increase benefits. Other key findings identified that companies, both business to business (b2b) and business to consumers (b2c), employing personalisation improves the benefits of CRM.
Polypes coliques sporadiques

La filiation adenome-cancer est desormais un fait bien documente dans les pays occidentaux. En France, on estime entre 60 et 80% la proportion de cancers colorectaux developpes a partir d'un adenome. Toutefois, seul un faible pourcentage de ces adenomes a un reel potentiel degeneratif qui depend pour l'essentiel de leur taille et de leur composante villeuse. A l'heure actuelle, la mesure de prevention la plus efficace du cancer colorectal commun ou «sporadique» repose sur le depistage, l'exerese et la surveillance des adenomes coliques. Cette evidence ne doit pas occulter la possibilite de carcinogenese «de novo» a partir d'adenomes plans, notamment au niveau du colon droit. Ces lesions sont caracterisees par un risque de degenerescence plus rapide et un depistage plus difficile.
SUBCHRONIC EFFECTS OF SODIUM SELENITE AND SELENOMETHIONINE ON SEVERAL IMMUNE-FUNCTIONS IN MALLARDS

The subchronic effects of selenomethionine (SeM) and sodium selenite (SeL) on several immunologic, hematologic, and serologic parameters in mallards were measured, using concentrations in drinking water of 0, 0.5, and 3.5 mg/L selenium (Se) as SeL and 2.2 mg/L (Se) as SeM. Cyclophosphamide (CP) was used as an immunosuppressive control at 20 mg/L. A battery ofin vivo andin vitro immunologic assays was performed on each bird throughout the 12 week study. The SeM-treated birds displayed a significantly impaired delayed-type hypersensitive (DTH) response to tuberculin (M. bovis), as measured by the number of positive reactions present 24 hours post PPD challenge (p ⩽ 0.05). The SeM-treated group also exhibited a significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and an increased plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity (p ⩽ 0.05). Selenium concentration in the liver and breast muscle of SeM-treated birds was significantly elevated 4- and 14-fold, respectively, over controls (p < 0.05). Body weight and water consumption of treated birds did not differ from controls. Organ weights were not significantly affected by any Se treatment. Sodium selenite-treated birds displayed no detectable differences in immune-function or Se accumulation in tissues as compared to controls. Serum ALT activity was significantly increased in the 3.5 mg/L group, although to a lesser extent than in SeM-treated birds. Cyclophosphamide significantly depressed white blood cell number, testes weights, and also suppressed the DTH reaction. Concentrations of Se as SeL did not affect the immune system, whereas low concentrations of SeM (2.2 mg/L Se) appeared to suppress certain aspects of the mallard immune response.
Soil Transport by Winds on Mars

Results of low-pressure wind tunnel testing and theoretical considerations are used to estimate the eolian transport of surface material on Mars. Saltation on Mars, equations of particle motion, computational results, and analytical determination of surface material movement are considered. A semiempirical formula is developed for estimating the total amount of surface material moving in eolian saltation, surface traction, and suspension. Numerical solutions of the equations of motion for particle trajectories on the surface of Mars are presented. The ratio of final particle speed to the particle threshold friction speed is found to be several times that of saltation on earth
Dynamic Progressive Collapse of Closed Cell Aluminum Foam

Progressive collapse behavior of closed cell aluminum foam under multiple-impact loading is presented. A direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar set up is developed to impact aluminum foam cylinders with a striker bar at a constant impact velocity. The total length of the specimen before and after impact is measured. The incident bar response is recorded, and average stress in the specimen is calculated. The incremental plastic strain and maximum strain rate is calculated from basic test parameters. It has been shown that by conducting direct impact experiments at variable impact velocities, it is possible to determine the dynamic behavior of closed cell metal foams at constant strain rates.
Oxidation of cholesterol by rat liver mitochondria: effect of metal ions.

Abstract Feeding ferric, nickel, or cobalt chloride to male Wistar rats increased the in vitro oxidation of cholesterol by liver mitochondrial preparations fortified with boiled liver supernatant fraction. This effect is probably due to enhancement of the stimulatory activity of the supernatant fraction, rather than reduction in the circulating bile salts known to control cholesterol oxidation by the liver. Addition of ferric ions specifically activated cholesterol oxidation. Cobalt ions nonspecifically activated mitochondrial oxidation of cholesterol and other substrates (pyruvate and octanoate). Other metal ions (Ni ++ , Fe ++ , Mn ++ , Zn ++ , and Cu ++ were either without effect or inhibited both cholesterol and pyruvate oxidation.
Ureaplasma urealyticum: an opportunity for combinatorial genomics

Examination of genomic or enzymatic activity data alone neither provides a complete picture of metabolic function or potential nor confidently reveals sites amenable to inhibition. Furthermore, in some cases, gene annotation and in aqua assays disagree by describing gene annotation without enzyme activity and enzyme activity without homologous annotation. The newly sequenced genome of Ureaplasma urealyticum (parvum) is another prokaryote example of the class Mollicutes where such confounding differences are observed. The little-considered role of some proteins as multifunctional enzymes - substitutes for 'missing' genes - could both partially explain the apparent anomalies and relate to any inaccurate deductions of inhibitor function. A combinatorial analysis involving available evidence of genomic sequence, transcription, translational phenomena, structure and enzymatic activity gives the best picture of the organism's vital metabolic alternatives.
The reaction of 5-acetyl-2-aminooxazole with amines: an approach to 1H-5-acetyl-2-aminoimidazoles

Abstract 5-Acetyl-2-aminooxazole, upon treatment with amines in the presence of water, affords good yields of 1H-5-acetyl-2-substituted amino-imidazoles, along witn varying amounts of the corresponding 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-substituted aminopyrimidines.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS AND PRIVATE MARKETS IN REEMPLOYING DISPLACED WORKERS

This paper is about the reemployment difficulties of “mainstream” workers dislocated in mid-career by structural economic change. Contrary to popular assumptions, empirical evidence suggests that most workers in this category do not encounter extraordinary reemployment difficulties. For those that do, the root problem is not dislocation per se but rather such well-known failures of the private labor market as geographic immobility, underinvestment in training, and inefficient labor exchange institutions. Public policy should be structured in terms of correcting these market failures, not in terms of dislocated workers as atarget group.
Wound complications after inguinal lymph node dissection for melanoma: is ACS NSQIP adequate?

Background In the treatment of melanoma, inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) is the standard of care for palpable or biopsy-proven lymph node metastases. Wound complications occur frequently after ILND. In the current study, the multicenter American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) was utilized to examine the frequency and predictors of wound complications after ILND.