cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the fluid-elastic vibration of a U-bend tube bundle induced by cross-flow in PWR steam generators

Cross-flow-induced vibration in a U-bend tube bundle causes wear and fretting fatigue in PWR steam generators and has received considerable attention in the past decade. However, all the previous studies were based on the equation of motion for straight tubes. In this paper the equations of motion for U-bend tubes subjected to cross-flow are derived. Analytical solutions for responses to fluid dynamic forces are then obtained.
Identification of cytoskeletal elements enclosing the ATP pools that fuel human red blood cell membrane cation pumps

The type of metabolic compartmentalization that occurs in red blood cells differs from the types that exist in most eukaryotic cells, such as intracellular organelles. In red blood cells (ghosts), ATP is sequestered within the cytoskeletal–membrane complex. These pools of ATP are known to directly fuel both the Na+/K+ and Ca2+ pumps. ATP can be entrapped within these pools either by incubation with bulk ATP or by operation of the phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase reactions to enzymatically generate ATP. When the pool is filled with nascent ATP, metabolic labeling of the Na+/K+ or Ca2+ pump phosphoproteins (ENa-P and ECa-P, respectively) from bulk [γ-32P]-ATP is prevented until the pool is emptied by various means. Importantly, the pool also can be filled with the fluorescent ATP analog trinitrophenol ATP, as well as with a photoactivatable ATP analog, 8-azido-ATP (N3-ATP). Using the fluorescent ATP, we show that ATP accumulates and then disappears from the membrane as the ATP pools are filled and subsequently emptied, respectively. By loading N3-ATP into the membrane pool, we demonstrate that membrane proteins that contribute to the pool’s architecture can be photolabeled. With the aid of an antibody to N3-ATP, we identify these labeled proteins by immunoblotting and characterize their derived peptides by mass spectrometry. These analyses show that the specific peptides that corral the entrapped ATP derive from sequences within β-spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, and GAPDH.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical research and analysis

In this review, we discuss the motivation for using solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy to study pharmaceutical solids, and then give an overview of the information obtained through SSNMR experiments. In addition, we explain the basics of SSNMR spectroscopy and describe several applications to the pharmaceutical field.
Racial and gender differences in arteriovenous fistula use among incident hemodialysis patients.

Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use is reported to differ among racial and gender groups. We sought to identify risk factors associated with incident AVF and whether racial
P01-525 - Mental illness and moral panic: a qualitative study of perceptions of a lnk between violent crime and mental illness

Introduction The crime committed by mentally ill offenders has continued to attract higher degrees of media interest and concerns over public safety. Objectives To explore study participants’ views over public perceptions of mental illness, and psychiatric illness and violent crime link. Aims To study public percetions of mental illness. Methods The study was coducted using a qualitative research design, using audi-taped, semi-structured interviews of 8 University students and healthcare professionals. Qualitative research themes and categories were obtained through qualitative data analysis of interview transcripts. Results Qualitative categories were obtained using open, axial, and selective coding of transcribed data. The analysis identified a public fear of mental illness displaying in rejection of mentally ill and through expressive communication using stigmatizing language. The study identified that the public sources of knowledge about mental illness are derived from family and peer contact and also through media exposure rather than formal learning opportunities in schools. The study highlights the need for a public policy debate on harmful effects of social stigma of mental illness and further need for ongoing attempts to educate general public and policy makers. Three major categories emerged through this process are: 1. Negative media portrayal of mental illness 2. Sufferer stigma and caraer burden 3. Mental illness and Moral Panic The study identified that an atmosphere of moral panic exists against mental illness and that this moral panic is reflected in media coverage of crime by mentally ill offenders. Conclusions Study confirms negative public perceptions and stigma of mental illness.
Relationships of Preharvest Weather Conditions and Soil Factors to Susceptibility of Sweetpotato to Postharvest Decay Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer and Dickeya dadantii

Postharvest soft rots of sweetpotato caused by Rhizopus stolonifer (Rhizopus soft rot) and Dickeya dadantii (bacterial root rot) occur sporadically and can result in significant losses. A 3-year field study related preharvest conditions, including soil texture, chemistry, and fertility; air temperature; soil temperature and moisture; and various cultural practices (153 total variables), to postharvest susceptibility to both diseases in 75 sweetpotato fields in North Carolina and 63 sweetpotato fields in Louisiana. Storage roots were sampled from each field, cured, stored, and inoculated with each pathogen after 100 to 120 days in storage. Disease susceptibility was measured as incidence of diseased storage roots 10 days following inoculation. There was wide variation from field to field in incidence of both diseases (0 to 100% for Rhizopus soft rot and 5 to 95% for bacterial root rot) in both states in each year. Correlations between disease incidence and each of the preharvest variables revealed numerous...
Catalytic Conversion of Methane and Ethylene to Propylene

Methane and ethylene react over several catalysts to form propylene as the principal product, with (LiCl + NaCl)/MgO being the most effective material. At 650 °C, it was possible to achieve 53% selectivity to C3H6 at a C2H4 conversion of 9.2%. Experiments utilizing 13CH4 demonstrated that one carbon atom in each C3H6 molecule was derived from methane. Methyl radicals, but not vinyl radicals, were detected over these catalysts using a matrix isolation electron spin resonance system. Moreover, it was found that C2H4 inhibited the formation of CH3• radicals. A model calculation, which included both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions, indicated that most of the propylene was formed neither by the coupling of methyl and vinyl radicals nor via the addition of methyl radicals to ethylene in the gas phase. Rather, it appears that the primary pathway involves the reaction of methyl radicals with adsorbed ethylene to produce propyl radicals, which then lose a hydrogen atom to yield propylene. The instability o...
Validity of the lipid sink as a mechanism for the reversal of local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model study.

Background In vitro observations support the lipid sink theory of therapeutic action by confirming the capacity of lipid emulsions to successfully uptake bupivacaine from aqueous media. However, competing hypotheses and some in/ex vivo small animal studies suggest that a metabolic or positive inotropic effect underlies the dramatic effects of lipid therapy. Controlled clinical tests to establish causality and mechanism of action are an impossibility. In an effort to quantitatively probe the merits of a "sink" mechanism, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model has been developed that considers the binding action of plasma lipid. Methods The model includes no fitting parameters and accounts for concentration dependence of plasma protein and lipid:anesthetic binding as well as the metabolism of the lipid scavenger. Predicted pharmacokinetics were validated by comparison with data from healthy volunteers administered a nontoxic dose of bupivacaine. The model was augmented to simulate lipid therapy and extended to the case of accidental IV infusion of bupivacaine at levels known to cause systemic toxicity. Results The model yielded quantitative agreement with available pharmacokinetic data. Simulated lipid infusion following an IV overdose was predicted to yield (1) an increase in total plasma concentration, (2) a decrease in unbound concentration, and (3) a decrease in tissue content of bupivacaine. Conclusions Results suggest that the timescale on which tissue content is reduced varies from organ to organ, with the concentration in the heart falling by 11% within 3 min. This initial study suggests that, in isolation, the lipid sink is insufficient to guarantee a reversal of systemic toxicity.
New structural aspects of Tl2Ba2CaCu2Oy epitaxial thin films grown by MOCVD on LaAlO3

Abstract The microstructure of a Tl 2 Ba 2 CaCu 2 O y (Tl-2212) superconducting thin film grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on a pseudo-cubic (001) LaAlO 3 substrate has been examined by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Over large regions, the film is epitaxial and Tl-2212 phase is found to be the major phase. The film/substrate interface is abrupt and smooth on the atomic scale but a strain-field is induced by the lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate. In addition to the intrinsic modulation structure of the Tl-2212 phase, a very different modulation structure has also been found. The space group for the Tl-2212 phase in this thin film was determined to be I4/mmm as usually reported. The loss of the (001) mirror plane is attributed to a defective Tl-2212 structure in which a considerable amount of Tl vacancies and Tl disorder occurred inhomogeneously in TlO layers. The reason for the Tl-deficiency is discussed.
Airway foreign bodies and brain abscesses: Report of two cases and review of the literature

We report two cases of intracranial abscess in pediatric patients secondary to aspirated foreign bodies. Although foreign bodies are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population, only four previous cases have been reported that resulted in a brain abscess. Our patients presented with neurological symptoms, and both were found to have a sharp foreign body in the bronchus. Both had brain abscesses caused by bacteria that normally colonize the aerodigestive tract with no other source of bacterial foci. When respiratory flora are isolated from brain abscesses in the absence of other possible sources, intrabronchial foreign body should be considered in evaluation of the etiology.
Qualifying a quantifying analysis on racial equality

I examine two survey questions about support for government involvement in two important areas of race: housing and employment. The questions have appeared in major longitudinal surveys in the United States since the 1960s and 1970s, and have undergone considerable quantitative analysis. In a qualitative analysis of the meaning of these survey questions for respondents in a purposive sample (n = 14) of individuals who initially participated in a probability sample mail survey of Detroit-area whites, two key findings emerge. First, it appears that a question on open housing laws may best be interpreted as tapping a stronger commitment to the principle than to the implementation of equal treatment. Second, respondents are confused about the meaning of fair treatment in jobs. Although each survey question reputedly taps support for the implementation of equal treatment, they show quite different results over time, as well as with other basic correlates. This analysis sheds light on these puzzling quantitative findings and illustrates how qualitative techniques can aid in understanding the meaning of the survey questions used to tap social attitudes.
CS outreach with app inventor (abstract only)

Mobile phone programming can provide teens an authentic and engaging hook into computer science. With App Inventor, developed by Google and moved to MIT, programming Android apps is as easy as clicking blocks together. App Inventor has been used successfully in after school programs, roadshows, summer camps, teacher workshops, and computer science classrooms from middle school through college. Participants will get an overview of App Inventor including project ideas and sample student code, hear outreach planning suggestions, write programs, develop outreach plans, and see how the Java Bridge helps transition from App Inventor to Java. Please bring a laptop with App Inventor. Even the most time-stretched professor or teacher can encourage students in computer science with App Inventor.
FEM-based subdivision solids for dynamic and haptic interaction

In this research we systematically formulate a novel physics-based solid model that can overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional solid modeling techniques. Within our new dynamic modeling framework, free-form subdivision solids [2] are equipped with continuous mass and stiffness distributions, internal deformation energies, and other material and graphical properties such as color and density. In contrast with mature modeling techniques associated with subdivision surfaces, our solid formulations based on subdivision transcend surface-based approaches by defining geometry and topology both in the interior and on the boundary of solid objects. We have implemented a prototype design environment based on dynamic subdivision solids in which users can interact with virtual objects via forces and simulate and analyze their dynamic behavior either at run-time (for simple models) or offline (for complex models). 2 FEM-based Subdivision Solids
Inferring Mean Electric Currents in Unresolved Fibril Magnetic Fields

It is shown that the curl of the transverse magnetogram of magnetic fields composed of unresolved separate fibrils bears no direct relation to the mean longitudinal electric current density. The mean current density is essentially zero, regardless of the spatial variation and torsion of the mean field.
Progress in Conventional Lighting Technologies

Conventional lighting technologies, especially based on gas discharge lamps, still have a considerable potential of technical improvements by innovative material structures, intelligent operation principles and new efficient multi-functional controls. In this presentation, some of the latest developments of conventional lighting technologies will be discussed.
Promethazine use among chronic pain patients

Background Concomitant use of opioids and promethazine has been reported in various subpopulations, including methadone maintenance patients, injection drug users, and at-risk teenagers. Promethazine is thought to potentiate the “high” from opioids. However, to date, the prevalence of promethazine use has not been determined among patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain.
Effect of tiotropium on cough reflex sensitivity in acute viral cough.

Study Objectives Cough is the most common complaint for which patients in the United States seek medical attention. Few, if any, effective therapies exist for the most common form of acute cough, that due to viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the anticholinergic agent tiotropium bromide on cough reflex sensitivity in subjects with acute viral URI. Patients Otherwise healthy adult nonsmokers with acute viral URI were randomized to receive inhaled tiotropium, 18 μg once daily, or matched placebo, for 7 days. A control group of healthy volunteers underwent an identical protocol. Measurements and Results Cough reflex sensitivity to inhaled capsaicin was measured at baseline (Day 0), and 1 h after the first (Day 1) and seventh (Day 7) dose of tiotropium or placebo. Concentrations of capsaicin inducing two or more (C 2) and five or more coughs (C 5) were determined. In subjects with URI, tiotropium (n = 11) demonstrated inhibition of cough reflex sensitivity relative to baseline (increased log C 2 [p = 0.004] and log C 5 [p = 0.0004]) after the first dose. No change occurred in the placebo group (n = 10). After 7 days, mean log C 2 was significantly increased in the tiotropium group relative to placebo (p = 0.03). Although FEF25–75 was also increased in the tiotropium group (p = 0.016), there was no significant correlation between changes in cough reflex sensitivity and FEF25–75. Tiotropium had no effect in healthy volunteers (n = 24). Conclusions Tiotropium inhibits cough reflex sensitivity to capsaicin in subjects with acute viral URI. The antitussive effect of tiotropium may occur through a mechanism other than bronchodilation.
John K. Fairbank’s Construction of China, 1930s-1950s: Culture, History, and Imperialism

This paper explores John K. Fairbank’s use of the concept “culture” in his explanations of modern Chinese history. Several factors influenced Fairbank’s use of culture. Culture started as a way to explain the social and political chasm between China and the West in the 1930s, and culture eventually also became Fairbank’s way to express hope in the modernization of China despite the stark social and political reality in the 1940s and after the establishment of Communist China. The modernization theory prevalent in the mid-twentieth century situated his study of China in a universal and rational framework based on fundamentally Western values. On the other hand, Fairbank’s extensive experience living in China and befriending Chinese progressives showed him the dilemmas in implementing this purportedly universal and rational plan.
Matrix cracking of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites in shear

The mechanics of cracking in fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) under general loadings remains incomplete. The present paper addresses one outstanding aspect of this problem: the development of matrix cracks in unidirectional plies under shear loading. To this end, we develop a model based on potential energy differences upstream and downstream of a fully bridged steady-state matrix crack. Through a combination of analytical solutions and finite element simulations of the constituent stresses before and after cracking, we identify the dominant stress components that drive crack growth. We show that, when the axial slip lengths are much larger than the fiber diameter and when interfacial slip precedes cracking, the shear stresses in the constituents are largely unaffected by the presence of the crack; the changes that do occur are confined to a ‘core’ region within a distance of about one fiber diameter from the crack plane. Instead, the driving force for crack growth derives mainly from the axial stresses—tensile in the fibers and compressive in the matrix—that arise upon cracking. These stresses are well-approximated by solutions based on shear-lag analysis. Combining these solutions with the governing equation for crack growth yields an analytical estimate of the critical shear stress for matrix cracking. An analogous approach is used in deriving the critical stresses needed for matrix cracking under arbitrary in-plane loadings. The applicability of these results to cross-ply CMC laminates is briefly discussed.
Kinetic Analysis of Densification Behavior of Nano-sized Tungsten Powder

The densification behavior of nano-sized tungsten powder is examined using both nonisothermal and isothermal methods, and the kinetics of densification is evaluated using conventional sintering theories. The results show that nano-sized powder, similar to micrometer-sized powder, experiences three stages of sintering: initial, intermediate, and final. The initial densification of nano-sized powder increased linearly with increasing time. The rate of densification accelerated after the compact reached above 50% relative density. The initial densification (when relative density <50%) was found to be the result of particle coarsening induced particle rearrangement. The apparent linear initial densification behavior is postulated to be due to the linear kinetic behavior of coarsening. Furthermore, surface diffusion can contribute to the initial densification of nano-sized powder indirectly by being the primary mass transport mechanisms of the coarsening at the beginning of the sintering. The intermediate and final stages of nano sintering have similar densification behavior to those of micrometer-sized powders, during which grain-boundary diffusion is the main mechanism of densification.
Computation of velocity in a plane joint, with application to the Tracta coupling:

AbstractA methodology designed for practical computer coding is developed to implement the velocity analysis of mechanisms with a plane joint, that is, a joint consisting of two flat surfaces held in contact to permit one rotational and two translational degrees of freedom. The analysis utilizes the 3 × 3 dual-number coordinate transformation modelling of joints and links of a mechanism to develop the results in a compact form amenable to object-oriented programming of displacement and velocity calculations. The velocity analysis of the Tracta coupling, an RRERR mechanism (rotation-rotation-plane-rotation-rotation joints) that has been used as a constant-velocity shaft coupling, is given as an example for a mechanism with a plane joint. An explanation is given of the relationship between the calculated speeds and the physical speeds in a plane joint.
Death by a Thousand Cuts: Financial Innovation and Income Inequality

Financial innovations come in a spectrum of sizes and complexities. This paper deals with the sorts of small-scale, noncomplex innovations that are frequently used by low and lower middle class individuals. These come in many versions, and a given individual may use five or ten. While no single one of these innovation likely makes a significant difference in income inequality, cumulatively they may cost a household thousands of dollars a year. When taken across millions of households, the effect is to materially increase inequality. Small-scale financial innovations are not just a case of making the less well-off even worse off. Money moves up the ladder.
Systematic Review of the Effects of Religion-Accommodative Psychotherapy for Depression and Anxiety

Integrating religion into psychotherapy may improve treatment for depression and anxiety. This review systematically examines clinical trials of religion-accommodative psychotherapy for depression or anxiety. Results indicate that integrating religion into psychotherapy does not lead to significantly more improvements in depression or anxiety than equivalent therapy without religious components. However, when compared with less stringent control groups, such as supportive psychotherapy, religion-accommodative therapy may be more effective, at least immediately post-treatment. Results from the 11 studies reviewed indicate that psychotherapy integrating religion is at least as effective for treating depression and anxiety as other forms of psychotherapy. Conclusions were limited by lack of power, comparable control groups, focus on anxiety, and treatment manuals.
The Relative Sensitivity of Honeybees to Light of Different Wave-Lengths

Honeybees two or three at a time, were placed under a large petri dish into which entered two narrow opposed beams of light, the intensity of one of which could be varied by means of a rotating disc photometer. The bees in trying to get out of the dish ran to the two spots where the beams entered. By counting the number of times they bumped into the glass at each of these two points one could ascertain which light had the stronger stimulating effect. Colors, except yellow, were obtained by the use of Coming glass filters, the yellow filter being a potassium dichromate solution. The transmission curve of each filter was accurately known, the peaks of the curves being well separated. Violet, blue, green, yellow, and red were used. When each of these colors was opposed by a white light it was found that the latter had to be reduced by a certain amount in order to equalize the opposing color in stimulating effect. Using, then, the total radiation per unit area of each filter, as determined at the Bureau of Standards, the relative stimulating efficiency of the colors turned out to be as follows: green 100, blue 54, yellow 29, violet 23, red 2. When these numbers are plotted on the same scale as the curve of the relative sensitivity of the human eye, as worked out by Coblentz, it is found that the curve lies farther toward the violet end of the spectrum than does the curve for the human eye and does not extend as far into the red. It shows decidedly that red does not stimulate bees as much as it does humans, and that violet stimulates them more than it does humans.
Dual electrochemical detection of cysteine and cystine in capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A method for the simultaneous determination of cysteine and cystine at the submillimolar level is presented based on the capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) separation of the analytes coupled to a dual electrochemical detection system. The detector uses two gold/mercury amalgam electrodes placed in series and set at −1.00 V and at +0.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively. The advantages of the proposed method for the analysis of these compounds include direct detection of both analytes, no elaborate sample preparation, no derivatization procedures, and no pathlength dependence. In addition, the small volumes required for CZE analysis make it suitable for clinical studies. The method was applied to human urine samples.
Oral health and risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study

Objective Recent reports have linked oral health and periodontal disease indicators with increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). Thus far, evidence has been inconclusive; our objective was to study the association between oral health and SCCHN risk in the context of a large population-based study.
Plasmids influence growth of rhizobia in the rhizosphere of clover

Abstract The importance of plasmids in the colonization of the rhizosphere by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is largely unknown. We investigated the ability of rhizobial strain W14-2, which contains four plasmids, and its plasmid-cured derivatives, including a plasmidless derivative, to grow in the rhizosphere of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.). Clover seeds were planted in sand and inoculated either with a single plasmid-cured derivative of strain W14-2 or with a mixture of the derivative and the wild-type. Changes in population size of the genotypes in the rhizosphere were monitored by plate counts on selective media. Derivatives cured of single plasmids achieved population numbers similar to those of the wild-type when inoculated alone. When co-inoculated with the wild-type, they did not achieve as high population numbers as the wild-type. Curing of plasmid a resulted in a population one-tenth that of the wild-type. Derivatives containing plasmids b or c achieved population numbers similar to the wild-type when inoculated singly although there was a prolonged period before growth began. Populations of derivatives containing no plasmid or only plasmid a or d decreased with time in the rhizosphere of clover. All of the plasmids contributed to the ability of strain W14-2 to grow in the rhizosphere of clover.
Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration and Feeding Regimen on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Production

A factorial experiment was conducted to examine effects of dietary protein concentration (24, 28, 32, or 36%) and feeding regimen (feeding once daily or every other day [EOD]) on channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production in earthen ponds. Compared with fish fed daily, fish fed EOD had lower feed consumption, weight gain, net production, and percentage of market-size fish but had high feed efficiency and required fewer hours of aeration. Fish fed EOD also had lower carcass yield, fillet yield, and visceral and fillet fat. There was a significant interaction between dietary protein and feeding regimen for weight gain. No significant differences were observed in weight gain of fish fed daily with diets containing various levels of protein, whereas weight gain of fish fed EOD with a 24% protein diet was lower than those fed EOD with higher protein diets. Results suggest that response of channel catfish to dietary protein levels depends on whether the fish were fed daily or EOD. Feeding EOD to satiation improved feed efficiency and required less aeration compared with fish fed daily but also reduced net production and processing yield; therefore, EOD feeding should be examined closely before implementation.
Functional traits and nutrient limitation in the rare mangrove Pelliciera rhizophorae

Nutrient limitation is a major factor structuring mangrove forests, with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation causing stunted growth forms around the world. The rare mangrove Pelliciera rhizophorae exists in both fringe and dwarf forms on both coasts of Panama, but the reasons for the differences in growth form are unknown. Nutrient content, functional traits and herbivory were measured in fringe and dwarf trees from 14 populations on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama. Dwarf trees had a mean N of 1.51% on the Caribbean and 1.37% on the on the Pacific, lower than the 1.58% N fringe trees had on both coasts. Dwarf trees also had lower P concentrations (Caribbean: 0.10%, Pacific: 0.11%) in their green leaves than fringe trees (Caribbean: 0.12%, Pacific: 0.13%), indicating nutrient limitation may be responsible for the dwarf growth form of this species. Additionally, Caribbean trees had higher rates of P resorption (70.97–72.65%) compared to Pacific trees (58.87–60.8%) and lower P content in senescent leaves, suggesting Caribbean trees are P limited relative to Pacific trees. Dwarf trees allocate biomass differently than fringe trees, with smaller stem length to stem biomass, and leaf weight, shoot weight, and leaf area ratios. Dwarf trees experience less herbivory than fringe trees, which may be a result of lower leaf nutrient content. This is the first study to examine nutrients and growth traits in P. rhizophorae, and the only study to date comparing nutrients and growth traits in mangroves from both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama.
A Manuscript of Tours with an Alcuinian Incipit

E. K. Rand tentatively ascribed the Paris MS B. N. 4404, s.IX, to the Scriptorium of Tours which he reconstructed in the monumental studies in the Script of Tours. Bruno Krusch offered a detailed description of this manuscript which Theodor Mommsen used for his edition of the Theodosian Code. The MS contains a collection of Roman and Germanic law codes and sources of law. Here we are especially interested in the Lex Romana Visigothorum, also called the Breviarium Alaricianum, and in the Salian and Ripuarian Codes, i.e., sources of law used in the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne. Some capitularies of Charlemagne, issued during and after the year 803, are attached at the end of the MS, which occupies an important place in the much discussed text transmission of the Lex Salica. Turonian provenience of the MS has been denied by Philippe Lauer, Bruno Krusch, Wilhelm Kohler, and C. H. Beeson, but Rand assumes that it deserves a listing among the books of Tours, since its script “seems nearer to that of Tours … and yet … none versed in manuscripts has ascribed the book to Tours.”
Diazo Derivatives of Sugars. Synthesis of methyl 2-deoxy-2-Diazo-d-arabino-Hexonate, Its Behaviour on Photolysis and Thermolysis, and Conversion into a Pyrazole Derivative

Abstract The action of nitrous acid on methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy- d -gluconate hydrochloride ( 5 ) and acetylation of the product gives methyl 3,4,5,6-tetra- O -acetyl-2deoxy-2-diazo- d - arabino -hexonate ( 6 ); 4,6- O -benzylidene analogs of the methyl ( 4 ) and ethyl ( 3 ) esters are similarly prepared. Photolysis of the diazo sugar 6 in isopropyl alcohol gives mainly methyl 3,4,5,6-tetra- O -acetyl-2-deoxy- d - arabino -hexonate ( 13 ) and a small proportion of methyl 4,5,6-tri- O -acetyl-2,3-dideoxy- trans ,- d - erythro -hex2-enoate ( 14 ), whereas photolysis of 6 in methanol gave a cis,trans mixture of methyl 3,4,5,6-tetra- O -acetyl-2-deoxy- d -erythro-hex-2-enoate ( 10 ); the same mixture ( 10 ) of enol acetates was obtained by thermolysis of 6 . The diazo sugar 6 underwent cycloaddition with phenylacetylene to give a crystalline ( R or S )-3-( d - arabino -tetraacetoxybutyl)-3-methoxycarbonyl-5-phenyl-3 H -pyrazole ( 9 ) in 85% yield.
Photochemical hole burning in photoadducts of linear polyacenes

Recent results are reported regarding the low temperature photochemistry and spectroscopy of several photoadducts of linear polyacenes blended into amorphous polymer hosts. The molecules studied are the anthracene-tetracene photoadduct, the 9-bromoanthracene-tetracene photoadduct, both isomers of ditetracene, and the D2h symmetric form of dipentacene (s-dipentacene). Low temperature fluorescence spectra and temperature cycling and matrix effects on photochemical hole burning spectra are presented. A discussion of the photochemical mechanism for some of the photoadducts which requires triplet-triplet absorption at low temperature is also presented.
Effect of the endcapping of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography adsorbents on the adsorption isotherm

The retention mechanisms of n-propylbenzoate, 4-t ert-butylphenol, and caffeine on the endcapped Symmetry-C(18) and the non-endcapped Resolve-C(18) are compared. The adsorption isotherms were measured by frontal analysis (FA), using as the mobile phase mixtures of methanol or acetonitrile and water of various compositions. The isotherm data were modeled and the adsorption energy distributions calculated. The surface heterogeneity increases faster with decreasing methanol concentration on the non-endcapped than on the endcapped adsorbent. For instance, for methanol concentrations exceeding 30% (v/v), the adsorption of caffeine is accounted for by assuming three and two different types of adsorption sites on Resolve-C(18) and Symmetry-C(18), respectively. This is explained by the effect of the mobile phase composition on the structure of the C(18)-bonded layer. The bare surface of bonded silica appears more accessible to solute molecules at high water contents in the mobile phase. On the other hand, replacing methanol by a stronger organic modifier like acetonitrile dampens the differences between non-endcapped and endcapped stationary phase and decreases the degree of surface heterogeneity of the adsorbent. For instance, at acetonitrile concentrations exceeding 20%, the surface appears nearly homogeneous for the adsorption of caffeine.
Refinement of a Chemistry Attitude Measure for College Students.

This work presents the evaluation and refinement of a chemistry attitude measure, Attitude toward the Subject of Chemistry Inventory (ASCI), for college students. The original 20-item and revised 8-item versions of ASCI (V1 and V2) were administered to different samples. The evaluation for ASCI had two main foci: reliability and validity. This study provides evidence for good reliability and validity of ASCI (V2) scores. Reliability was estimated by satisfying internal consistency and test−retest reliability. The two-factor (“intellectual accessibility” and “emotional satisfaction”) correlated structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The two subscales could be indicators of cognition and affect components of attitude, and thus make a good connection with a theoretical framework from psychology. Regarding the attitude−achievement relationship, students’ attitudes played a significant role in predicting final achievement in a general chemistry course even when initial ability scores were tak...
Fate diversity of primitive streak cells during heart field formation in ovo

In amniote embryos, cells from a rostral portion of the primitive streak migrate anterolaterally and establish the heart field mesoderm, from which two cardiac cell lineages, cardiomyocytes and endocardial endothelial cells, differentiate. The endoderm underlying the heart field has been postulated as the source of several paracrine factors that may serve to induce each of these cell types. However, it has been unclear how these signal molecules, which are expressed broadly in the endoderm, instruct individual cells of the heart field mesoderm to enter either the cardiomyocyte lineage or the endocardial cell lineage. To clarify lineage relationships of these two cardiac cell types, the fate of chicken primitive streak cells was traced for the first time in ovo. By using replication-defective retroviral-mediated gene transfer, we demonstrate that cells in the rostral half of Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 3 primitive streak generate a daughter population that proliferates and migrates into the heart field, differentiating into either endocardial or myocardial cells, but not both cell types. The results suggest that the rostral portion of the primitive streak at HH stage 3 consists of at least two distinct subpopulations, entering either the cardiomyocyte lineage or the endocardial cell lineage. Thus, in ovo these two cell lineages of the heart are already segregated within the primitive streak, significantly before their migration to the heart field. When the precardiomyocytes and pre-endocardial cells arrive at the heart field, each mesodermal cell subpopulation may be permissive to paracrine signal(s) from underlying endoderm to initiate their terminal differentiation into either muscle or endothelial cells. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cbk1 Regulation of the RNA-Binding Protein Ssd1 Integrates Cell Fate with Translational Control

Spatial control of gene expression, at the level of both transcription and translation, is critical for cellular differentiation [1-4]. In budding yeast, the conserved Ndr/warts kinase Cbk1 localizes to the new daughter cell, where it acts as a cell fate determinant. Cbk1 both induces a daughter-specific transcriptional program and promotes morphogenesis in a less well-defined role [5-8]. Cbk1 is essential in cells expressing functional Ssd1, an RNA-binding protein of unknown function [9-11]. We show here that Cbk1 inhibits Ssd1 in vivo. Loss of this regulation dramatically slows bud expansion, leading to highly aberrant cell wall organization at the site of cell growth. Ssd1 associates with specific mRNAs, a significant number of which encode cell wall remodeling proteins. Translation of these messages is rapidly and specifically suppressed when Cbk1 is inhibited; this suppression requires Ssd1. Transcription of several of these Ssd1-associated mRNAs is also regulated by Cbk1, indicating that the kinase controls both the transcription and translation of daughter-specific mRNAs. This work suggests a novel system by which cells coordinate localized expression of genes involved in processes critical for cell growth and division.
The Influence of Gender and Age on the Association Between “Fat-Talk” and Disordered Eating: An Examination in Men and Women From Their 20s to Their 50s

Fat-talk is a common experience in college-aged women, yet little is known about fat-talk in men and across the lifespan. Exposure to fat-talk was compared in a large sample of men (n = 819) and women (n = 1,696) across four age cohorts. Greater exposure to fat-talk was associated with increased disordered eating for men and women. Men experienced less fat-talk than women. Age was negatively associated with fat-talk in women but not in men. Weaker associations between fat-talk and disordered eating were found in men compared to women and in older individuals compared to younger individuals. Nonetheless, the positive association between fat-talk and disordered eating in men and women from late adolescence to midlife and beyond indicates a need to extend intervention programs to target fat-talk in men and women across the lifespan.
Correlation of postoperative epidural analgesia on morbidity and mortality after colectomy in Medicare patients

Abstract Study Objective To examine, with a large database, the effect of postoperative epidural analgesia (vs systemic analgesia) on mortality after colectomy is unclear. Design Retrospective cohort (database) design. Setting Medicare beneficiaries undergoing elective colectomy. Patients We examined a cohort of 12817 patients obtained from a 5% nationally random sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 1997 to 2001 who underwent elective partial excision of the large intestine. Interventions Patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of billing for postoperative epidural analgesia (Current Procedural Terminology code 01996). Measurements The primary outcomes assessed were death at 7 and 30 days after the procedure. The rates of major morbidity were also compared. Multivariate regression analysis incorporating race, gender, age, comorbidities, hospital size, hospital teaching status, and hospital technology status was performed to determine whether the presence of postoperative epidural analgesia had an independent effect on mortality or major morbidity. Main Results Multivariate regression analysis revealed that there was no difference between the groups with regard to overall major morbidity; however, the presence of epidural analgesia was associated with a significantly lower odds of death at 7 days (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.59; P P Conclusions The presence of postoperative epidural analgesia may decrease the odds of death after elective colectomy; however, the mechanism of such a benefit is not clear from our analysis.
Treatment of unresectable carcinoma of pancreas by iodine-125 brachytherapy and external radiation therapy

Carcinomas of the pancreas are often unresectable due to invasion of adjacent major blood vessels. From 1969 to 1982, 68 such tumors were treated by intra-operative implantation of iodine-125 seeds. The surgical technique consisted of mobilization of the duodenum and head of the pancreas, and display of the major blood vessels to facilitate insertion of the seeds. Biliary bypass procedures were performed. A Henschke Permanent Implant Applicator was used to insert the sources. The required number of seeds was calculated using a nomogram based on the activity of the sources, the treatment volume and the mean of its three dimensions, with i cm margin beyond the tumor, so as to deliver a minimal peripheral dose of 12,000 ~ 2,000 cGy. Supplementary external radiation therapy (2,500-4,000 cGy) was given in 9 pts. Survival after treatment was: Stage No. pts. At [ year At 2 years T2-4 NO M0 35 38% 26Z T2-4 Nl M0 16 37% -T2-4 N0-1 M1 16 14Z -Median tumor regression as measured by serial abdominal x-rays or CT was 35% at 2 months and 39% at 6 months. 8 of 11 pts. who received over 12,000 cGy survived 2 years, as compared with none of 14 who received less than 12,000 cGy. Only one patient died in the postoperative period, from stroke. Complications include: pancreatic fistula, 1 pt., intra-abdominal or wound sepsis, 3 pts., and auastomotic bleeding, 1 pt.. These results are superior to those of bypass alone without implant at our institution, but direct comparison of these treatments is net valid because of obvious bias in the selection of patients.
Nifuratel in urinary infections.

SUMMARY A new furan derivative, known chemically as nifuratel (Magmilor) N-(5 nitro-2-Furfurylidene) -3-Amino-5-Methylmercaptomethyl-2-Oxazolidinone) was evaluated for activity in urinary infections. Nifuratel is known to inhibit both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. It also has good therapeutic action against Candida and Trichomonas. The trial involved 90 patients. In six there was an acute urinary infection and in 84 the infection was chronic. All the acute infections and 40 out of 84 (47 per cent.) of the chronic infections responded to nifuratel. Total resistance appeared to develop in one organism and partial resistance in five. The drug was most effective against E. coli (32 out of 47 infections cured). Side-effects were minimal.
Subunit analysis of bovine cytochrome bc1 by reverse-phase HPLC and determination of the subunit molecular masses by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and simple scheme was developed for the rapid separation of mitochondrial complex III subunits by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (reverse-phase HPLC). Ten of the 11 subunits of cytochrome bc1 complex were separated with nearly baseline resolution between each peak. Cytochrome b was precipitated by acetonitrile on the column and could not be analyzed; the 10 other polypeptides were positively identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). The ESI/MS-determined molecular masses for subunits II, VI, VIII, IX, and XI are in excellent agreement with previously reported values; i.e., all are within +/- 2 mass units per 10 kDa. None of the other subunits gave molecular masses that agree with the published sequence values. The molecular mass of subunit I is 49 236 Da, which is far greater than the molecular mass of 35,833 Da calculated from the reported DNA sequence [Gencic et al. (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 199, 122-131]. The Fe-S protein (subunit V) gives two masses which differ by 60 mass units, presumably due to either the partial loss of the two sulfur atoms or microheterogeneity. Neither mass agrees with the sequence value, the larger mass being 39 mass units lower than expected from the sequence. The molecular masses of subunits VII and X are 81 and 129 Da larger, respectively, than those calculated from their sequences [Borchart et al. (1986) FEBS Lett. 200, 81-86; Schagger et al. (1983) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 364, 307-311].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The p53 family: prospect for cancer gene therapy.

Commentary to:Enhanced Specificity of the p53 Family Proteins-Based Adenoviral Gene Therapy in Uterine Cervical Cancer Cells with E2F1-Responsive PromotersJae-Jung Lee, Soyeon Kim, Young IL Yeom and Dae Seog HeoVolume: 5 | Issue: 11 | Pages: 1502-1510