cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Betalains, Phase II Enzyme-Inducing Components From Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Extracts

Crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of root tissue of red (Rd) and high-pigment (HP) beet (Beta vulgaris L.) strains exhibited antioxidant and phase II enzyme-inducing activities, and these extracts were fractionated using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. These bioactivities tended to become co-enriched in early and late eluting fractions, comprising 5-25% of the material recovered from the column. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) was used to resolve and identify multiple betalain components in the most potent quinone reductase (QR)-inducing fractions. Active fractions were found to contain vulgaxanthins I and II, and (iso)betanin, but other components remained unidentified. Two of the isolated active fractions were incorporated into rodent diets at 10-150 ppm over a 2-mo period to assess bioavailability and in vivo efficacy for phase II enzyme induction in various organs. No statistically significant effect of diet was obtained, and wide ranges of tissue enzyme levels among individual animals were observed. This lack of effect and diversity in response to diet may be related to the wide range in absorptive capacity of and/or insufficient level or enrichment of the active agents or to difficulties in assessing such activity in vivo. Subsequent to the animal studies, betanin was isolated in pure form, identified by MS analysis, and confirmed to be QR inducers in the bioassay.
Bone marrow effects of anagrelide therapy in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia

In a prospective study investigating the therapeutic role of anagrelide in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, 20 patients received anagrelide in daily oral doses of 0.5-3 mg. 17 patients were evaluable and received anagrelide for a median of 2 years (range 0.5-4 years). No patient had a clinically appreciable benefit. Bone marrow (BM) examinations at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment were available for 17, 17 and 12 patients, respectively. In all evaluable cases, BM megakaryocyte number increased after 6 months of anagrelide treatment. Also, Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 staining of megakaryocytes revealed a left-shifted maturation pattern in most patients with a platelet response to anagrelide. However, megakaryocyte staining intensity for transforming (TGF-beta) and platelet-derived (PDGF) growth factors was not affected consistently by treatment. No patient had a >/=2 grade change in either BM fibrosis or osteosclerosis. These in-vivo data support our previous in-vitro observations that anagrelide interferes with megakaryocyte maturation rather than proliferation. Lack of a positive treatment effect is consistent with the finding that anagrelide did not significantly alter megakaryocyte expression of TGF-beta and PDGF.
Low carbohydrate diet induces changes in central and peripheral beta-endorphins

Abstract Sprague-Dawley male rats (n=21) weighing 175 ± 10 g, after one week of control diet feeding, were assigned to one of two treatments for another week: a) control diet group (CD) which was fed a diet consisting of 65% carbohydrate (n=10), and b) low carbohydrate diet group (LCD) which was fed an isocaloric diet consisting of 5% carbohydrate (n=11). Rats were killed by decapitation under pentobarbital anesthesia after a 12 hour fast. Brain tissue and mixed arteriovenous blood were collected. Body weight, weight gain and food intake were unaffected by diet (159.2 ± 9.8 g vs 158.5 ± 7.5 g, 52.5 g vs 51.0 g, and 14.3 ± 1.7 g vs 14.5 ± 1.8 g for CD and LCD, respectively. Hypothalamic and plasma B-Endorphin (B-EP) were significantly elevated in the LCD compared to the CD (376.7 ± 17.5 pmol/g vs 153.0 ± 14.7 pmol/g, and 8.7 ± 1.2 pg/ml vs 4.7± 1.4 pg/ml, p
Hyperascorbaemia in dogs admitted to a teaching hospital intensive care unit.

Objective To determine whether or not dogs develop a deficiency of ascorbic acid during hospitalisation in an intensive care unit. Methods Blood samples were collected daily for up to three days from dogs hospitalised in an intensive care unit for 36 to 72 hours (n = 16) or e72 hours (n = 20) and from healthy dogs (n = 13). Plasma total ascorbic acid concentrations were measured using a colorimetric method involving a reaction between ascorbic acid, 2,6 dichlorophenol-indophenol, thiourea and dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Additionally, clinical data were recorded for each patient. Results Dogs hospitalised for e72 hours had significantly greater plasma ascorbic acid concentrations on day 3 compared to days 1 and 2. There was no difference in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations between days 1 and 2 for dogs hospitalised for 36 to 72 hours. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly greater for each day of sampling for the hospitalised dogs compared to the control dogs. Clinical Significance Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations appear to increase during hospitalisation, and supplementation may not be indicated in dogs hospitalised in an intensive care unit.
Classical limit of transport in quantum kicked maps

We investigate the behavior of weak localization, conductance fluctuations, and shot noise of a chaotic scatterer in the semiclassical limit. Time-resolved numerical results, obtained by truncating the time evolution of a kicked quantum map after a certain number of iterations, are compared to semiclassical theory. Considering how the appearance of quantum effects is delayed as a function of the Ehrenfest time gives a new method to compare theory and numerical simulations. We find that both weak localization and shot noise agree with semiclassical theory, which predicts exponential suppression with increasing Ehrenfest time. However, conductance fluctuations exhibit different behavior, with only a slight dependence on the Ehrenfest time.
A telescope using CMS PSI46 pixels and the CAPTAN for acquisition and control over gigabit Ethernet

The Electronic Systems Engineering department of the Computing Division at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has assembled a pixel test beam telescope for high energy physics detector research and development. The telescope features CMS PSI46 readout chips and a data acquisition and control system known as the Compact And Programmable daTa Acquisition Node or CAPTAN. The CAPTAN is a flexible and powerful system that meets the readout and control demands of a variety of pixel and strip detectors for high energy physics applications. The CAPTAN functions in a gigabit Ethernet network, which facilitates the coordination of the multiple pixel planes of the telescope. Through the use of the CAPTAN hardware, a unified telescope system is attained encompassing both the CMS PSI46 pixel components and a device under test. This paper discusses results from the telescope project including mechanical design, alignment procedure, and attainable precision.
Regionalism: An Overview

Abstract Regional trading arrangements are proliferating. This overview considers some of their implications. Section I reviews the paradigm of traditional trade theory which emphasizes the "second best" nature of these arrangements. It also evaluates the conditions under which they are permitted by the GATT. Section II notes that these arrangements increasingly move beyond simply removing internal border barriers toward deeper forms of integration involving common behind-the-border policies and systems of governance. Taking account of these aspects of the arrangements requires a different analytic paradigm, which evaluates these arrangements as an alternative to national governance rather than simply as a means of liberalizing trade. Section III considers existing and emerging regional arrangements in Europe, North America, and Asia in light of these paradigms. J. Japan. Int. Econ., Dec. 1994, 8 (4), pp. 365–387. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
Changes in the level of perforin and its transcript during effector and target cell interactions

Perforin is a cytoplasmic granule protein expressed in cytotoxic lymphocytes, and is capable of lysing target cells. This protein is induced as cytotoxic T cells are activated, and the mRNA expression is modulated by various stimulators. These observations suggest possible changes in the level of perforin transcripts and protein when killer lymphocytes meet specific target cells leading to target cell death. To address this question, we examined three murine T-cell clones and primary human NK cells in perforin expression. When the cytotoxic lymphocytes were exposed to sensitive targets, perforin mRNA disappeared within 5 to 30 min and appeared within an hour thereafter. Among the murine T cell clones, L3 and OE4 showed two phases of mRNA decrease while human NK cells and the third murine T cell clone, AB.1, showed only one phase of mRNA loss during a 240 min period. The data indicate that when cytotoxic lymphocytes receive signals from a sensitive target, the cells rapidly degrade previously accumulated perforin mRNA and synthesize new transcripts. Interestingly, heat shock protein 70 mRNA was induced as the perforin mRNA levels recovered, while P55 Il-2 receptor mRNA was downregulated within 5 min after exposure to targets. The perforin protein level also rapidly decreased immediately after the interaction with the target, followed by a recovery, and then another decrease as seen in primary human NK cells, OE4 and L3 cells. However, in the AB.1 clone, no change in perforin content was detectable, despite the loss of perforin mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A single-crystal growth technique for alloys with wide solidification ranges

A stationary mould solidification technique is described which utilizes a fixed temperature gradient. This technique has made it possible to grow large magnesium-zinc alloy single crystals previously unobtainable owing to multiple nucleation of crystallites.
PRODUCTION OF ENTEROTOXIN(S) BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS HYICUS

Five strains of Staphylococcus hyicus (3 of subspecies hyicus and 2 of chromogenes) were tested serologically for their ability to produce known and unknown enterotoxin(s) and were also examined using monkey bioassays. None of the 5 strains produced any detectable level of the known enterotoxins A--E. However, all of them produced emetic responses in 2 or more of 6 cynomologus monkeys when culture growth was fed intragastrically. One of the 5 strains (S. hyicus subspecies hyicus, VII 76) produced emetic responses in 3 of 6 monkeys with 50 ml of culture growth. The other 4 strains required 1 l of culture broth (concentrated 20-fold) to produce an emetic response in at least 2 of 6 monkeys. Enterotoxin production is, therefore, not unique to S. aureus species. Since some of these organisms do not produce coagulase and thermonuclease, they would be ignored in food hazard evaluation.
Slingerland Receives 2012 G. K. Gilbert Award: Citation

Rudy L. Slingerland received the 2012 G. K. Gilbert Award at the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting, held 3–7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “a scientist who has either made a single significant advance or sustained significant contributions to the field of Earth and planetary surface processes, and who has in addition promoted an environment of unselfish cooperation in research and the inclusion of young scientists into the field.”
High-frequency generation of transgenic tobacco plants after modified leaf disk cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A modified protocol for theAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) leaf disks was developed for greater recovery of transgenic plants. Modifications include transformation ofAgrobacterium by a freeze-thaw procedure, initial cocultivation of leaf disks andAgrobacterium under vacuum, subsequent growth with nurse cells for one week, rooting of shoots in medium lacking carbenicillin, longer, growth in rooting medium, and a shortened “hardening” step. By this procedure, an average of 1.3 kanamycin-resistant calli were obtained per leaf disk, and 38% of, the callus cultures used were regenerated to produce 133 independently transformed tobacco plants.
Effects of naturally senescing aquatic macrophytes on nutrient chemistry and chlorophyll a of surrounding waters1

Field experiments were performed to demonstrate the effects of senescing stands of Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water milfoil) on water chemistry and chlorophyll a in a large soft-water Indiana reservoir. Replicate enclosures were used to isolate water columns over monospecific stands of M. spicatum until annual dieback began. Systems were sampled routinely for 119 days before, during, and after fall dieback. Decomposing macrophytes supplied significant inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus to surrounding waters. Nitrogen inputs were sharply pulsed and never accounted for >2.2% of annual allochthonous inputs. Phosphorus inputs from senescing plants equaled up to 18% of the annual (1978) total phosphorus loading for the reservoir. Annual dieback occurred in late summer and early autumn when conditions were suitable for phytoplankton response. Phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) showed significant increases in response to senescing macrophytes.
Pathogenesis of lentivirus infections

Following infection of animals or humans, lentiviruses play a prolonged game of hide and seek with the host's immune system which results in a slowly developing multi-system disease. Emerging knowledge of the disease processes is of some relevance to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a virus possessing many of the characteristics of a lentivirus.
Efficacy of Adjunct In-Home Coaching to Improve Outcomes in Parent—Child Interaction Therapy:

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to test whether increasing the exposure to coaching by adding an in-home component to clinic-delivered Parent—Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) will increase the speed of parenting skill acquisition and show greater improvements in children’s behaviors and parental stress. Methods: Seventy-three parent—child dyads participating in clinic-based PCIT are randomly assigned to an adjunct PCIT or Social Support treatment group. The sample of children is 58% male and ranges in age from 1.7 to 8.2 years. Results: Analyses show that participation in adjunct PCIT services is associated with greater use of positive verbalizations and leads to improvement on measures of parent functioning. Conclusions: The meaning of these findings with respect to change and the process of treatment is discussed.
Lifetime studies of Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer coatings for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) is a candidate for future application by the semiconductor industry in the production of sub-100 nm feature sizes in integrated circuits. Using multilayer reflective coatings optimized at wavelengths ranging from 11 to 14 nm, EUVL represents a potential successor to currently existing optical lithography techniques. In order to assess lifetimes of the multilayer coatings under realistic conditions, a series of radiation stability tests has been performed. In each run a dose of EUV radiation equivalent to several months of lithographic operation was applied to Mo/Si and MO/Be multilayer coatings within a few days. Depending on the residual gas concentration in the vacuum environment, surface deposition of carbon during the exposure lead to losses in the multilayer reflectivity. However, in none of the experimental runs was structural damage within the bulk of the multilayers observed. Mo/Si multilayer coatings recovered their full original reflectivity after removal of the carbon layer by an ozone cleaning method. Auger depth profiling on MO/Be multilayers indicate that carbon penetrated into the Be top layer during illumination with high doses of EUV radiation. Subsequent ozone cleaning fully removed the carbon, but revealed enhanced oxidation of the area illuminated, which led to an irreversible loss in reflectance on the order of 1%. Keywords: Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, multilayer reflective coatings, radiation stability, surface contamination
Evaluation of P19 cells for studying mechanisms of developmental toxicity: application to four direct-acting alkylating agents.

P19 cells are pluripotent murine embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells that can be induced by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to differentiate into cells that are biochemically and morphologically similar to cells of the central nervous system. We have established these cells as a reproducible cell system to evaluate potential effects of agents disrupting neuronal differentiation. The viability of P19 cells was assessed using a neutral red assay. Uptake of [3H]-γ-amino butyric acid ([3H]GABA) was assessed as a marker of neuronal differentiation. We observed significant increases in [3H]GABA over time, corresponding with the appearance of cells with neuronal morphologies. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid, a specific inhibitor of high affinity neuronal GABA uptake, reduced [3H]GABA uptake by approximately 75%. Additionally, [3H]GABA uptake in cells treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which differentiate into mesodermal derivatives, was approximately 25% of uptake observed in RA-exposed, neuronally differentiated P19 cells. The morphology of P19 cell cultures correlated with [3H]GABA uptake: high [3H]GABA uptake was only observed in cultures with distinct neuronal morphologies. These results suggest that [3H]GABA uptake is a good indicator of neuronal differentiation in P19 cells. The responsiveness of P19 cells to developmental toxicants was assessed by comparing effects in P19 cells with effects observed previously in primary cultures of differentiating rat embryo midbrain (CNS) cells. Alkylating agents chosen for this investigation include methylnitrosourea (MNU), ethylnitrosourea (ENU), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The rank order of potency of these alkylating agents in the CNS cells was MMS>MNU>ENU>EMS. With the exception of ENU, concentrations that caused effects on growth and differentiation in the P19 cells were very comparable to those causing similar effects in CNS cell cultures. Our results with P19 cells suggest that this EC cell line may also be a useful in vitro cell system for studying mechanisms of developmental toxicity, with the advantages of being an established cell line.
Analysis of the D1 Δ—X1Σ+ transition in CO observed by two-photon excitation

Abstract The D 1 Δ— X 1 Σ + transition in carbon monoxide has been observed by two-photon excitation with a frequency-doubled pulsed dye laser. The rotational structure of thirteen υ′= 0 bands has been analyzed: the υ′= 6–12 bands in 12 C 16 O, υ′= 7, 10 and 12 in 13 C 16 O, and υ′= 7, 10 and 12 in 13 C 18 O. Detailed assignments are presented, and from them the rotational and vibrational constants of the D 1 Δ state have been determined. Using a single mass-reduced fit, molecular constants are calculated for all three isotopomers. Analysis of the 7-0 band of the I 1 Σ − − X 1 Σ + transition is also given.
Early, routine paralysis for intracranial pressure control in severe head injury: is it necessary?

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of early, routine use of neuromuscular blocking agents for intracranial pressure management in patients with severe head injury.DesignRetrospective review of data from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. The Traumatic Coma Data Bank was a collaborative project of the N
Solution of the quantum coupled mode equations

Abstract From our quantum theory of multiwave mixing, we obtain coupled mode equations that treat the sideband fields quantum mechanically. This allows the inclusion of the effects of quantum noise on the sideband fields. We solve the quantum coupled mode equations for arbitrary atomic and pump/probe detunings, and illustrate our results for the generation of squeezed states of light using four-wave mixing.
Epidural anesthesia for cesarean section in a parturient with pseudotumor cerebri and lumboperitoneal shunt

We present a case of successful epidural analgesia/anesthesia for labor and cesarean section in a parturient who developed pseudotumor cerebri during her pregnancy and was managed with lumboperitoneal shunt secondary to her visual complication.
GLITTER: new lidar technique for cloud-base altimetry. Description and initial aircraft measurements

Knowledge of cloud-base heights is important for climate studies, weather, and military operations. Conventional lidar methods monitor cloud depths by direct transmission of the beam through the cloud and sensing the backscattered returns. These techniques are limited by severe optical scattering by cloud particles to thickness <0.5 km. We have conceived of a novel lidar method measurement for thick-cloud-base altimetry from above that is not restricted by cloud scattering. The new method, known as GLITTER (an acronym for glimpses of the lidar images through the empty regions), relies on cloud porosity and diffuse reflection from land features to sense cloud bottoms. An aircraft GLITTER lidar measured cloud bases at 3.7- and 4.5-km altitudes. These initial results represent a proof-of-principle demonstration of the new lidar method.
Detection of auditory signals presented at random times: III*

Reaction times to a pure tone in noise were measured. Throughout, the time from the warning signal to the reaction signal was exponentially distributed, and the signal was response terminated. Response criterion, signal intensity, and mean foreperiod wait were varied. A model that assumes a Poisson sensory transduction, a pulse-activated decision process, and an additive bounded residual process was tested. It was concluded that the assumed decision process was in error. Among the empirical results, the dependence of mean reaction time on signal waits was shown to depend largely on the average wait, not the actual one, and that this relationship between mean reaction time and average stimulus wait increased for strong signals and decreased for weak ones.
NOVEL AND HIGHLY SPECIFIC TRANSPORT OF A VOLATILE SEX PHEROMONE BY HEMOLYMPH LIPOPHORIN IN MOTHS

339 5. Neuberger H (1950) Arago’s neutral point: a neglected tool in meteorological research. Bull Am Met Soc 31 :119–125 6. Van de Hulst HC (1952) Scattering in atmospheres. In: Kniper GP (ed) The atmosphere of the earth and planets. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 7. Sekera Z (1957) Light scattering in the atmosphere and the polarization of skylight. J Opt Soc Am 47 :484–490 8. Holzworth GC, Rao CR (1965) Studies of skylight polarization. J Opt Soc Am 55:403–408 9. Konnen GP (1985) Polarized light in nature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 10. Bellver C (1987) Influence of particulate pollution on the positions of neutral points in the sky at Seville (Spain). Atmospheric Environment 21 :699–702 11. Coulson KL (1988) Polarization and intensity of light in the atmosphere. Deepak, Hampton 12. Walraven RL (1981) Polarization imagery. Opt Eng 20 :14–18 13. Wehner R (1976) Polarized-light navigation by insects. Sci Am 235(1) :106–114 14. Wehner R (1997) The ant’s celestial compass system: spectral and polarization channels. In: Lehrer M (ed) Orientation and communication in arthropods. Birkhauser, Basel, pp 145–185 15. Coulson KL, Whitehead VS, Campbell C (1986) Polarized views of the earth from orbital altitude. Proc SPIE 637, Ocean Optics VIII:35–41 16. North JA, Duggin MJ (1997) Stokes vector imaging of the polarized sky-dome. Appl Opt 36 :723–730 17. Prosch T, Hennings D, Raschke E (1983) Video polarimetry: a new imaging technique in atmospheric science. Appl Opt 22 :1360–1363 18. Egan WG (1986) Proposed design of an imaging spectropolarimeter/photometer for remote sensing of earth resources. Opt Eng 25 :1155–1159 19. Wolff LB (1993) Polarization camera technology. Proc DARPA Image Understanding Works, pp 1031–1036 20. Deschamps PY, Breon FM, Leroy M, Podaire A, Bricaud A, Buriez J C, Seze G (1994) The Polder mission: instrument characteristics and scientific objectives. IEEE Trans Geosci Rem Sens 32 :598–615 21. Cronin TW, Shashar N, Wolff LB (1994) Portable imaging polarimeters. Proc 12th IAPR Int Conf Pattern Recogn, pp 606–609 22. Shashar N, Cronin TW, Johnson G, Wolff LB (1995) Portable imaging polarized light analyzer. SPIE Proc series 2426 :28–35 23. Horvath G, Zeil J (1996) Kuwait oil lakes as insect traps. Nature 379 :303–304 24. Horvath G, Varju D (1997) Polarization pattern of freshwater habitats recorded by video polarimetry in red, green and blue spectral ranges and its relevance for water detection by aquatic insects. J Exp Biol 200 :1155–1163 25. Horvath G, Gal J, Wehner R (1997) Why are water-seeking insects not attracted by mirages? The polarization pattern of mirages. Naturwissenschaften 84 :300–303
Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a critical update

Because of the wide availability of hardware as well as of standardized analytic quantification tools, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) has become widely used to study psychiatric disorders. (1)H-MRS allows measurement of brain concentrations of more traditional singlet neurometabolites like N-acetylaspartate, choline, and creatine. More recently, quantification of the more complex multiplet spectra for glutamate, glutamine, inositol, and γ-aminobutyric acid have also been implemented. Here we review applications of (1)H-MRS in terms of informing treatment options in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorders. We first discuss recent meta-analytic studies reporting the most reliable findings. Then we evaluate the more sparse literature focused on 1H-MRS-detected neurometabolic effects of various treatment approaches in psychiatric populations. Finally we speculate on future developments that may result in translation of these tools to improve the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
The effects of predation by wading birds (Ardeidae) and blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus) on the population size structure of the common mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus

Preliminary observations suggested that predation by herons and egretsaffected the size structure of a mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) population in Tar Landing Marsh, North Carolina. The hypothesis was tested by placing 300 mummichogs represented equally in three size classes into each half of an enclosed, divided, high marsh pool. Nylon cord was strung in a grid over one side to inhibit predation by wading birds. Although mummichog losses were higher in the side of the pool which was open to bird predation, the same trend in size-specific losses also occurred in the bird-exclusion side. Repeating the experiment after the removal of several blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) improved mummichog survivorship and suggested that crabs and not birds were responsible for the fish losses previously observed. In a final experiment, birds were excluded and crabs were removed from one side but added to the other side of the pool. After 24 days losses due to C. sapidus occurred in all mummichog size classes, but size-specific predation by blue crabs produced the highest losses (90%) among the largest (>70 mm total length) fish. Blue crab predation on mummichog populations may influence the community structure of salt marsh infauna and may also function in the movement of marsh production to open coastal waters.
Variations on a Theme from Pascal's Triangle

(2003). Variations on a Theme from Pascal's Triangle. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 216-223.
ENGULFMENT AND ANASTOMOSIS IN THE CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS (ACRASIALES)

Evidence for engulfment and anastomosis of the myxamoebae of several members of the Acrasiales is presented. Photomicrographic evidence for engulfment and anastomosis indicates that these processes are unrelated to any regular sexual mechanism. A'acuolar activity was found to be associated with plasma membrane properties in both anastomosis and engulfment. Frequent multiple engulfment, progressive destruction and digestion of the ingested cells, and ultimate egestion of both intact and partially digested engulfed cells are interpreted as evidence favoring the view that engulfment is a cannibalistic activity. Binucleate and multinucleate amoebae were produced by cell fusion; however, no supporting evidence for nuclear fusion was obtained from observations of either anastomosis or engulfment. It is concluded that no regular sexuality occurs in the usual life cycle of the Acrasiales. THE PROBLEM of sexuality in the cellular sliimie molds has intrigued nearly every investigator who has worked with the group. Skupienski (1918, 1920) was the first to suggest that preaggregation amoebae are involved in sexual "fusions." Wilson (1952, 1953), Wilson and Ross (1957), and Ross (1960) have presented cytological evidence which
Repetitive Phenomena in Dielectrics

Insulating systems employing polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene were tested for dielectric strength and time-to -break under pulsed and ramped voltages in the pulsewidth range of 0.2 to 5 ?s with risetimes of 20 ns to 5 ps at a repetition rate of 500 pps. The dependence of dielectric strength and time-to-break on pulse shape was examined, with the result that none of the systems demonstrated a dependence within the specified range. It is demonstrated that this result, along with the observations made during the experiments, suggest that streamer breakdown occurred in some of the systems while thermal breakdown occurred in the others.
Triglyceride formation from fatty acid synthesized de novo in ethanol treated rats.

Abstract The rate of incorporation of 3 H 2 O into hepatic triglyceride has been used to estimate the rate of hepatic triglyceride formation from fatty acid synthesized de novo in control and ethanol treated starved rats. Data are presented indicating that recirculation of isotope and oxidation do not affect these measurements significantly. The values obtained are 0.006 and 0.016 mg triglyceride/min/100 g body weight in control and ethanol treated rats, respectively. Correction for exit of labeled triglyceride from liver increases these estimates to 0.008 and 0.018. The rate of triglyceride formation from fatty acid synthesized de novo in a control animal is less than 2% of the estimated total turnover rate of hepatic triglyceride. Furthermore, the enhancement of fatty acid synthesis following ethanol intoxication is so small that it is of no significance in explaining the increase in hepatic triglyceride induced by ethanol. The distribution of tritium in different hepatic lipids suggests that fatty acid synthesized de novo is indistinguishable metabolically from unesterified fatty acid taken up by liver from serum.
SU‐GG‐I‐17: A Technique for Removing Motion Related Image Artifacts in KV Cone‐Beam CT From On‐Board Imager: 4D‐CBCT Implications

Purpose: To correct motion related image artifacts in kV cone‐beam CT(CBCT) by tracking a seed marker in cone‐beam projections obtained from an on‐board imager (OBI). Method and Materials: The motion of metal markers attached to the CATPHAN phantom mounted on a moving platform was measured by tracking the marker positions in kV cone‐beam projections. The motion tracking algorithm is based on a normalized cross‐correlation algorithm that determines the position of the marker in each projection. The position of the marker was determined from 650 projections (0°–360°) acquired for about a minute in a single CBCT scan. The motion cycle of the moving platform was set at 15cycles/min, with 1.75 cm amplitude, in order to mimic respiratory motion. The marker motion track was used to map cone‐beam projections to eliminate motion shifts. Pre‐processed projections were used to reconstructCBCT using Feldkamp back‐projection. The CATPHAN was used to evaluate image quality parameters such as contrast, position resolution, uniformity and linearity of CBCTreconstructed before and after motion correction. Results: A new technique was developed and tested to track the motion of seed markers in cone‐beam projections acquired in a kV CBCT scan with no additional dose other than that for imaging. We were able to successfully remove motion related image artifacts such as blurring, spatial distortion and improve contrast and position resolution from CBCTreconstructed from motion‐corrected projections. Besides motion correction, this technique also allows to extract information about seed marker motion that can be used to correlate internal and external marker motion providing possible usage for beam gating implications. Conclusion: This technique eliminates motion artifacts in CBCT. Combining 3D volumetric CBCT with motion tracks of one or more markers may provide a method to perform four‐dimensional CBCT where anatomical information and dynamic positioning of the tumor can be utilized.
Seed-Zinc Concentration and the Zinc-Efficiency Trait in Navy Bean

Some navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars are susceptible to Zn deficiency. Norstar and Voyager are examples of Zn-efficient cultivars; Avanti and Albion are examples of Zn-inefficient cultivars. The objective of this study was to compare growth and Zn accumulation, especially in seed, of these four cultivars. In field and greenhouse experiments, except under extremely low soil-Zn levels, the two Zn-efficient cultivars contained >25% higher seed-Zn concentrations than did the two Zn-inefficient cultivars. Both Albion and Avanti, but not Norstar and Voyager, were Zn deficient at a field site with a relatively high level of Zn (1.7 mg kg 1 ) extractable by diethylene-trinitrilopentaacetic acid (DTPA). The Zn-efficiency trait was associated with higher levels of Zn in plant tops and was not associated with differences in P or Fe nutrition. Zinc deficiency delayed pod maturity most in the two Zn-inefficient cultivars. Analysis for Zn in seed from routine breeder-yield trials, in which a Zn-efficient cultivar is not Zn deficient, is proposed as a suitable technique for selecting navy bean genotypes that are both agronomically Zn efficient and better sources of Zn for human nutrition.
Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking

Although the hindlimb is widely considered to provide the propulsive force in lizard locomotion, no study to date has analysed kinematic patterns of hindlimb movements for more than one stride for a single individual and no study has considered limb and axial kinematics together. In this study, kinematic data from several individuals of the Sceloporus clarkii are used to describe the movement patterns of the axial skeleton and hindlimb at different speeds, to analyse how kinematics change with speed, and to compare and contrast these findings with the inferred effects of speed cited in the literature. Angular limb movements and axial bending patterns (standing wave with nodes on the girdles) did not change with speed. Only the relative speed of retracting the femur and flexing the knee during limb retraction changes with speed. Based on these data and similar results from a recent study of salamanders, it appears that, over a range of speeds involving a walking trot, sprawling vertebrates increase speed by simply retracting the femur relatively faster, thus this simple functional adjustment may be a general mechanism to increase speed in tetrapods. The demonstration that femoral retraction alone is the major speed effector in Sceloporus clarkii lends strong functional support to ecomorphological implications of limb length (and especially femur length and caudifemoralis size) in locomotory ecology and performance in phrynosomatid lizards. It also lends support to inferences about the caudifemoralis muscle as a preadaptation to terrestrial locomotion and as a key innovation in the evolution of bipedalism.
Distribution of corticotropin‐releasing factor‐like immunoreactivity in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) amygdala

Previous anatomical studies of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in rat brain have reported prominent clustering of neuronal elements containing this peptide within the amygdala. The highest concentrations of both CRF-positive cells and fibers were evident in the central nucleus, an observation consistent with the putative role of this peptide in autonomic and endocrine regulation. In addition, lower densities of CRF-positive somata and processes have boon noted in other amygdaloid nuclei. However, the distribution of CRF-like immunoreactivity in the amygdala has not been described for any primate species. Such a description would be of interest since substantial differences in the distribution of CRF in rodent and primate have been reported for other brain regions. The present study uses immunohistochemical methods, with a polyclonal antiserum directed against the human form of CRF, to determine the distribution of this peptide in non-colchicine-treated monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Within the amygdaloid complex, the most numerous and concentrated collections of CRF-positive neurons were seen in the basal and lateral nuclei. The highest densities of CRF-positive fibers and terminals were seen in the lateral and central amygdaloid nuclei. Moderately dense plexuses of CRF-positive fibers also were seen in layer Ia of the periamygdaloid cortex, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior and posterior cortical nuclei, and the medial nucleus. Thus, the distribution of CRF-like immunoreactivity differs substantially in monkey and rat amygdala. Since CRF-positive perikarya in monkey are most prominent in nuclei with pronounced interconnections with neocortex, these differences may be an integral component of the increased cortical development that characterizes the primate brain. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optical properties of KRS-5

Optical properties of KRS-5 are measured from the far ultraviolet to the onset of infrared absorption near 50 micrometers. Measurements include temperature-dependent absorption at the visible and far-infrared edge of transparency, and temperature-dependence refractive index in the infrared, all from room temperature to over 473 K. These measurements, combined with data from the literature, form a comprehensive picture of the optical properties of KRS-5. Models are developed for some properties and compared to measurements.
Territorial and national sovereigns: Sovereign identity and consequences for security policy

(1998). Territorial and national sovereigns: Sovereign identity and consequences for security policy. Security Studies: Vol. 8, The Origins of National Interests, pp. 145-197.
Plant automation in a structured distributed system environment

As VSLI technology evolves, miniaturization demands more sophisticated tools, instruments, and controls to manufacture the VSLI components. IBM's facility at East Fishkill, New York, has the responsibility for the development and manufacture of semiconductor products used in IBM data systems. This requires a sophisticated set of processes, inspections, and tests operating as a fully integrated system. In this paper, the design and implementation of a hierarchical distributed system for manufacturing control of integrated electronic components are described. The implementation includes distributed data bases and inter-level decoupling to ensure 24-hour manufacturing capabilities. Reasons for the choice of the processors used at various levels in the hierarchical network, and the communications required between them, are discussed.
Project Phoenix: the Australian deployment

From February 2 until June 6 of 1995, the Phoenix Team conducted SETI observations using the 64 m radio telescope at Parkes and a remotely operated 22 m antenna at Connabarabran. The dual polarization observations covered the frequency range from 1.2 to 3 GHz using a single wideband receiver and two feeds built by CSIRO to support this project. The two antennas simultaneously observed a target list of 202 solar-type stars located at declinations south of -35 degrees. Individual observations lasted up to 276 seconds and examined 20 MHz of the spectrum with resolutions as fine as 1 Hz using hardware pattern detectors to search for narrowband, continuous or pulsed signals whose frequency might be slowly changing in time. The data were analyzed, and candidate signals were identified in near-real-time (before the end of the next data acquisition cycle). Those candidate signals not matched against an on-line RFI database were automatically reobserved with finer resolution by another set of detectors and followed in phase in order to permit a pseudo-interferometric measurement between the two telescopes. This two stage approach (detection on the 64 m antenna and immediate interferometric follow up of candidates) was part of a pipelined observational sequence and proved to be an extremely effective and efficient method of discriminating against RFI. Detection thresholds were set to produce a few candidate signals per observation, yet for more than 23,000 completed observations, the programmed sequence had to be interrupted fewer than 100 times to move the antennas off source for further verification procedures. In each case the candidate signals were found to be of our own technological making. The Phoenix observations in Australia failed to detect any ETI signals, but they also left no mysterious or unexplained signals hanging around. The deployment was a logistical and technological success, and reaffirms our opinion that one telescope is not enough.
Hydrogen bonding Part 52. IR spectral study of hydrogen bonding in tetraethylammonium hydroxide tetrahydrate and tetraethylammonium hydroxide trihydrate

Abstract Tetraethylammonium hydroxide tetrahydrate and trihydrate are moderately stable, crystalline compounds. There is also a less stable pentahydrate which loses H 2 O readily to yield the tetrahydrate. A tentative structure, based on IR spectra, is proposed for the trihydrate in which each oxygen atom is tricoordinate (neglecting hydroxy protons) and each OH − ion is connected to three other OH − ions by H 2 O⋯HOH bridges with the bridge H 2 O molecule further cross-linked by hydrogen bonds. The OH − ions do not act as hydrogen bond donors. Tetraethylammonium hydroxide tetrahydrate is presumed to have a related structure, with the fourth H 2 O molecule forming additional cross-links between bridges, thus generating two four-coordinate H 2 O molecules in the structure. Tetraethylammonium hydroxide dihydrate and monohydrate cannot be prepared, as facile Hofmann elimination takes place on attempted dehydration of the trihydrate.
Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles as a Stationary Phase for Open Tubular Gas Chromatography

The use of a thin film of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (MPNs) as a stationary phase for gas chromatography (GC) is reported. Deposition of a MPN film was obtained in a 2-m, 530-μm-i.d. de...
Optimal steady states, excessive functions, and deterministic dynamic programs

This paper studies the relationship between optimal steady states and excessive functions in undiscounted, deterministic dynamic programming models. Optimal steady states arise in the turnpike theorems of optimal economic growth and the steady state policies of [3,4, 81. Excessive functions, which play a critical role in constructing bounds on the performance of steady state policies in [3, 81, are generalizations of Lagrangian saddlepoints. Section 2 presents the dynamic programming model. Section 3 defines optimal steady states and discusses their importance. Section 4 characterizes the relationship between them and Lagrangian saddle-points. Section 5 introduces excessive functions and uses them to derive bounds on the optimal finite-stage costs. Section 6 shows that the set of excessive functions associated with an OSS contains a greatest element and a least element, and proves that for s* to be an optimal steady state, it is necessary and sufficient that s* be associated with an excessive function that is bounded above. Note that our model is quite general and does not assume convexity.
Primary trabecular carcinoid tumor of the ovary.

Three cases of primary trabecular carcinoid tumor of the ovary are reported. In two cases the tumor was a pure trabecular carcinoid, while in the third it was associated with mature cystic teratoma. The patients were aged 36, 48 and 56 years. The presenting symptoms were lower abdominal pain and the presence of a lower abdominal mass. In one case the tumor was found incidentally. There was no evidence of metastases or carcinoid syndrome in any of these cases. The treatment was bilateral salpingooophorectomy and hysterectomy in two cases and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in one case. All the patients are well and disease-free for periods ranging from 4-13 years after surgery. The pathology, differential diagnosis and behavior of this entity are discussed and reviewed. Primary trabecular carcinoid of the ovary is an uncommon ovarian tumor, behaving like a tumor of low malignant potential. In the younger patient the treatment is unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, while in the postmenopausal patient bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy is the treatment of choice. Long-term follow-up is advisable. Cancer 50:1403-1407. 1982
Cutaneous melanoma in women.

Abstract Background Gender disparity in melanoma outcome is consistently observed, suggesting that gender is as an important prognostic factor. However, the source of this gender disparity in melanoma remains unclear. Objective This article reviews advances in our understanding of gender differences in melanoma and how such differences may contribute to outcomes. Methods A broad literature search was conducted using the PubMed database, with search terms such as ‘gender differences in melanoma' and ‘sex differences in melanoma.' Additional articles were identified from cited references. Results Herein, we address the gender-linked physiologic differences in skin and melanoma. We discuss the influence of estrogen on a woman's risk for melanoma and melanoma outcomes with regard to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and UV tanning. Conclusions The published findings on gender disparities in melanoma have yielded many advances in our understanding of this disease. Biological, environmental, and behavioral factors may explain the observed gender difference in melanoma incidence and outcome. Further research will enable us to learn more about melanoma pathogenesis, with the goal of offering better treatments and preventative advice to our patients.
The formation of coalitions: interaction strategies in triads

Audio tapes of encounters between a physician, an elderly patient and an accompanying relative are used to describe the formation of coalitions in triadic relationships. A coalition is defined as interaction between two members of a triad who adopt a common strategy in contention with the third member. Preliminary analysis suggests that each medical encounter may contain several coalitions which vary in duration, topic, objectives of members and alignment of members.
Wisdom in Self-Scrutiny

Arthur Caplan's Policy Forum “Is biomedical research too dangerous to pursue?” (20 Feb., p. [1142][1]) oversimplifies recent literature addressing the ethical dimensions of biomedical research. Much of this work can be situated within the framework of utilitarianism, although the exploration of
The ontogeny of lactate dehydrogenase in the chick cornea.

The activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase during development of the chick cornea was investigated by starch gel electrophoresis and by spectrophotometric analysis. The isozyme pattern of the cornea prior to the fourteenth day of incubation shows a predominance of LDH 1–3. During subsequent development, there is a marked increase in LDH 4 and 5, so that at hatching, LDH 2–5 stain with nearly equal intensity while LDH 1 shows less activity. From about ten days after hatching, the isozyme pattern is characterized by the presence of LDH 1–5 with isozymes 4 and 5 predominant as in the adult cornea. The period of increase in cathodal isozymes coincides with the time of appearance of corneal transparency, and probably reflects a change in metabolic activity occurring at this time of development.