cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Quality Sensor Placement Guidance using TEVA-SPOT

Contamination warning systems involve a network of sensors that can assess the water quality in a water distribution system and alert an operator of a potential contamination event. Utilities developing these water quality monitoring systems are faced with the decision of what locations are best suited for deployment of these sensors to maximize their ability to detect contamination events. TEVA-SPOT is sensor placement software tool that uses an optimization algorithm to evaluate the hydraulic model of a system and recommend optimal locations for water quality sensor deployment. This paper presents a study in which several systems were investigated using the TEVA-SPOT software. A database of distribution system models of small utilities was first created to support this research. Models were then used in the TEVA-SPOT software and input data such as contamination scenario, number of sensors to be deployed, and sensor design objective were then assigned. The locations recommended by the software as optimal sensor locations were evaluated and investigated for patterns as compared to other systems. Each sensor placement recommendation was analyzed to determine the proximity of the sensor locations relative to one another and evaluated in terms of the need for additional sensors. Results of the sensor placement evaluation were grouped by system configuration, and trends were examined based on loop, grid, or branch configuration. The results of this study indicated that 50 to 75 percent of sensor designs had the two sensor locations placed close together for the loop and grid systems, respectively. However, no sensor designs had two sensor locations placed close together in the branch systems. These same trends were reflected in the need for additional sensors.
Neural Control of Sensory Acquisition: The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

We present a new hypothesis that the cerebellum plays a key role in actively controlling the acquisition of sensory information by the nervous system. In this paper we explore this idea by examining the function of a simple cerebellar-related behavior, the vestibulo-ocular reflex or VOR, in which eye movements are generated to minimize image slip on the retina during rapid head movements. Considering this system from the point of view of statistical estimation theory, our results suggest that the transfer function of the VOR, often regarded as a static or slowly modifiable feature of the system, should actually be continuously and rapidly changed during head movements. We further suggest that these changes are under the direct control of the cerebellar cortex and propose experiments to test this hypothesis.
Effect of GaAs Surface Stabilization on the Properties of ZnSe Grown by Organmetallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Abstract Organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs was carried out using dimethylzinc (DMZn) and dimethylselenide (DMSe) as the reactants. Unlike III–V systems, where growth is always started by first introducing columm V precursor, the growth of ZnSe can be initiated either by introducing DMZn first (Zn-stabilization) or DMSe first (Se-stabilization). A systematic study of the properties of ZnSe epilayers, grown under these two surface stabilization conditions, was carried out using photoluminescence (PL) and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCD). Layers grown on Se-stabilized substrates exhibited superior photoluminescence spectrum, but had higher X-ray full width at half maximum (FWHM) compared to those grown on Zn-stabilized surfaces. Detailed studies revealed that layers grown on Se-stabilized surfaces were titled with respect to the substrate. A possible cause for the differences in the ZnSe layers grown on these two surfaces is proposed.
Prevention of the degraded-contingency effect by signalling training trials.

Presentation of unsignalled unconditioned stimuli (USs) interspersed among Pavlovian excitatory conditioning trials weakens conditioned responding to a target conditioned stimulus (CS; Rescorla, 1968). However, signalling these intertrial USs with another cue (a cover stimulus) has been shown to alleviate this degraded-contingency effect (e.g. Durlach, 1982, 1983). In contrast to signalling the intertrial USs, the present experiments examined the effect on the degraded-contingency effect of signalling the target CS-US pairings. Experiment 1, using parameters selected to avoid overshadowing, found that consistently presenting a cover stimulus immediately prior to the target CS-US pairings during degraded-contingency training alleviated the degraded-contingency effect. Experiment 2 examined the underlying mechanism responsible for this cover-stimulus effect through posttraining associative inflation of the cover stimulus or the context, and found that inflation of the cover stimulus attenuated responding to the target CS (i.e. empirical retrospective revaluation). The results are discussed in terms of various acquisition- and expression-focused models of acquired responding.
Comparative Effectiveness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cataract Surgery

Purpose Intracameral injection is an effective method for preventing infection, but no controlled study has been published in the United States. Design We conducted an observational, longitudinal cohort study to examine the effect of topical and injected antibiotics on risk of endophthalmitis. Participants We identified 315 246 eligible cataract procedures in 204 515 members of Kaiser Permanente, California, 2005–2012. Methods The study used information from the membership, medical, pharmacy, and surgical records from the electronic health record. Main Outcome Measures The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association of antibiotic prophylaxis (route and agent) with risk of endophthalmitis was estimated using logistic regression analysis. Results We confirmed 215 cases of endophthalmitis (0.07% or 0.7/1000). Posterior capsular rupture was associated with a 3.68-fold increased risk of endophthalmitis (CI, 1.89–7.20). Intracameral antibiotic was more effective than topical agent alone (OR, 0.58; CI, 0.38–0.91). Combining topical gatifloxacin or ofloxacin with intracameral agent was not more effective than using an intracameral agent alone (compared with intracameral only: intracameral plus topical, OR, 1.63; CI, 0.48–5.47). Compared with topical gatifloxacin, prophylaxis using topical aminoglycoside was ineffective (OR, 1.97; CI, 1.17–3.31). Conclusions Surgical complication remains a key risk factor for endophthalmitis. Intracameral antibiotic was more effective for preventing post-cataract extraction endophthalmitis than topical antibiotic alone. Topical antibiotic was not shown to add to the effectiveness of an intracameral regimen.
The influence of water storage and C-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin.

Abstract Objective: To test the elastic wall concept utilizing adhesive resins of varying stiffness in a low- and high-C-factor cavity design after short- and long-term water storage. Methods: A flat and box-shaped cavity was restored on occlusal dentin with a resin composite using a filled and unfilled adhesive resin from which microtensile specimens with a 0.5 mm 2 cross-sectional area were formed. After storage for 30- and 150-days the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was determined in a Zwick materials testing machine and the subsequent debond pathway was examined under scanning electron microscopy. Fisher's exact test was used to determine differences in joint and substrate failure modes and a Weibull regression model with gamma frailties was used to test for differences between failure distributions. Tests for three-way and two-way interactions were also completed for storage time, C-factor and adhesive. All tests were at 95% confidence levels. Results: The characteristic strength (TBS°) for the Optibond FL adhesive applied on a flat cavity was 47.57 and 20.90 MPa and a box-shaped cavity was 49.26 and 17.49 MPa for short- and long-term storage, respectively, while the corresponding TBS° for the unfilled Optibond adhesive on the flat cavity design was 36.93 and 32.68 MPa and in a box-shaped cavity was 32.84 and 15.46 MPa. Combining all groups according to storage time revealed a three-fold increase in the debond pathway including the bottom of the hybrid layer. Significance: Evidence suggests that the durability of the bonded joint is threatened by hydrolysis and the most susceptible region is the bottom half of the hybrid layer and in low C-factor cavity designs a more flexible adhesive resin liner was more durable.
PATTERN OF DAMAGE TO ALBINO GREAT FRIGATEBIRD FLIGHT FEATHERS SUPPORTS HYPOTHESIS OF ABRASION BY AIRBORNE PARTICLES

Abstract On 11 July 1985, an albino juvenile Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) was collected by RWS and EAS on Christmas Island (2°N, 157°W) in the tropical Pacific. First observed on 13 July 1984 as a 55–60-day-old chick, the albino was seen flying about the colony on 4 November 1984 and again in February 1985. In July 1985 the juvenile was at its nest with such badly abraded plumage that it could not fly. Burtt (1986) proposed an aerodynamic model that predicts the distribution of melanic feathers in response to abrasion from airborne particles in a flying bird. The albino frigatebird provides a test of this model, since frigatebirds spend most of their time flying and rarely contact water, ground, or objects. Abrasion of the primaries and tail of this albino Great Frigatebird follows the pattern predicted by Burtt (1986). Furthermore, the pattern of damage to secondaries and tertiaries suggests that friction of feathers against each other is another important source of wear.
InSb arrays for IRAC (infrared array camera) on SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope Facility)

SIRTF requires detector arrays with extremely high sensitivity, limited only by the background irradiance. Especially critical is the near infrared spectral region around 3 micrometers , where the detector current due to the zodiacal background is a minimum. IRAC has two near infrared detector channels centered at 3.6 and 4.5 micrometers . We have developed InSb arrays for these channels that operate with dark currents of < 0.2 e/s and multiply-sampled noise of approximately 7 e at 200 s exposure. With these specifications the zodiacal background limited requirements has been easily met. In addition, the detector quantum efficiency of the InSb devices exceeds 90% over the IRAC wavelength range, they are radiation hard, and they exhibit excellent photometric accuracy and stability. Residual images have been minimized. The Raytheon 256 X 256 InSb arrays incorporate a specially developed (for SIRTF) multiplexer and high-grade InSb material.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Accumulated span loadings of an arrow wing having vortex flow

The vortex flow over an arrow wing is theoretically investigated using the free-vortex-sheet method. The sectional lift coefficient and accumulated span loadings, which are important in determining the root bending moment, are calculated. The longitudinal stability variation is also estimated.
Foaming properties of protein solutions : comparison of large-scale whipping and conductimetric methods

Two conductimetric methods, a semi-micro and a micro procedure, were assessed for the measurement of the foaming properties of protein solutions. The values for foam expansion and foam stability obtained by both methods correlated well with those determined by a standard whipping procedure. The highest correlations were obtained with the micro-conductimetric method using 0.1% protein solutions. Use of this protein concentration meant that only a few milligrams of protein were required for the assessment of foaming behaviour.
Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and its Surrogates VI: Bioanalysis, Solvolysis kinetics, Solubility, pKa′ Values, and Protein Binding of Buprenorphine

The 10-fold greater sensitivity of buprenorphine to fluorescence compared with morphine provides excellent detection for HPLC assay of buprenorphine in biological fluids with a 5-ng/mL sensitivity. Buprenorphine yields a stoichiometric final acid degradation product, a fluorescent-detectable, rearranged demethoxy analogue of buprenorphine, which serves as an excellent bioassay internal standard. Buprenorphine solvolysis is specific-acid and specific-base catalyzed. Alkaline hydrolysis produces no fluorescent products. Acid hydrolysis also produces a fluorescent-detectable, transient dehydro intermediate that is also completely transformed to the demethoxy analogue. The rate constants and Arrhenius parameters for these transformations have been determined. Estimated buprenorphine pKa′ values are 8.24 and 10 for the ammonium and phenol groups, respectively. The intrinsic aqueous solubility of neutral buprenorphine is 12.7 ± 1.2 μg/mL at 23°C. The red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficients of buprenorphine ranged between 6 and 15. Ultracentrifugation and the red blood cell partition methods led to an estimated 95–98% plasma protein binding. Ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis methods were inappropriate because of the high membrane binding of neutral buprenorphine.
SRFCC: synthesis of RF CMOS circuits

In this paper, we present a methodology to synthesize CMOS RF devices from high-level circuit specifications into transistor netlists. The core of the methodology is an estimator of RF analog CMOS circuits, which evaluates the performance parameters of various circuit topologies. The estimation engine is based on a hierarchical analog performance estimator and a set of heuristics. The synthesis environment considers all performance parameters, and it relies on a genetic algorithm based heuristic method to search for a solution in a large design-space. The synthesis tool determines a solution set of design parameters such that the RF circuit satisfies the overall design constraints.
Degradation of poly(L‐lactide) films under ultraviolet‐induced photografting and sterilization conditions

The degradation of polymers under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been a great concern for biomaterial and agricultural applications. The major objective of this research was to study the effect of UV irradiation on the representative bulk and surface properties of poly (L-lactide) (PLA) films. Two UV sources with different spectral outputs and intensities were chosen so that one of them could be used for surface modification and the other could be used for UV sterilization of the PLA films. The results established that the molecular weight of PLA decreased significantly during irradiation from the photografting lamp under atmospheric conditions. Irradiation through a Pyrex container was shown to minimize polymer degradation during UV exposure from the photografting lamp. The PLA films UV-irradiated under the sterilization lamp for 12 h revealed a similar reduction in the molecular weight and no change in the surface hydrophilicity. However, significantly less photodegradation was observed under the sterilization lamp when the samples were held in a Pyrex container. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Image Guided Cervical Brachytherapy: 2014 Survey of the American Brachytherapy Society.

Purpose To provide an update of the 2007 American brachytherapy survey on image-based brachytherapy, which showed that in the setting of treatment planning for gynecologic brachytherapy, although computed tomography (CT) was often used for treatment planning, most brachytherapists used point A for dose specification. Methods and Materials A 45-question electronic survey on cervical cancer brachytherapy practice patterns was sent to all American Brachytherapy Society members and additional radiation oncologists and physicists based in the United States between January and September 2014. Responses from the 2007 survey and the present survey were compared using the χ 2 test. Results There were 370 respondents. Of those, only respondents, not in training, who treat more than 1 cervical cancer patient per year and practice in the United States, were included in the analysis (219). For dose specification to the target (cervix and tumor), 95% always use CT, and 34% always use MRI. However, 46% use point A only for dose specification to the target. There was a lot of variation in parameters used for dose evaluation of target volume and normal tissues. Compared with the 2007 survey, use of MRI has increased from 2% to 34% ( P P Conclusion Although use of image-based brachytherapy has increased in the United States since the 2007 survey, there is room for further growth, particularly with the use of MRI. This increase may be in part due to educational initiatives. However, there is still significant heterogeneity in brachytherapy practice in the United States, and future efforts should be geared toward standardizing treatment.
Three-pion modes of the η-meson

The η3π amplitudes are investigated in various soft-meson limits using an effective Hamiltonian of the standard current-current form. A simple dynamical model is constructed that reproduces all the zero-energy limits of the current algebra. The suppression of the 3π0 mode is predicted and the deviation from phase-space of the charged mode is given in moderate agreement with experiment.
Implications for post-comminution processes in subglacial suspended sediment using coupled radiogenic strontium and neodymium isotopes

Abstract Enhanced physical weathering rates in subglacial systems promote high levels of comminution, transport, and deposition of fine-grained sediment within the subglacial drainage network. The impact of shifts in sediment loads from variations in meltwater flux, and their effects on downstream ecosystems, remains poorly quantified and places a fundamental importance on our ability to characterize subglacial depositional environments. Here, for the first time, we assess the seasonal evolution of the subglacial suspended sediment using coupled radiogenic strontium ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) and neodymium ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) isotopic ratios with elemental ratios and in situ measurements. Weathering rates in fluvial and riverine systems have been traditionally assessed using radiogenic isotopic tracers: 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios relate to the crustal age whereas 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios relate to age and preferential mineral dissolution. Thus relative shifts in these ratios will allow us to characterize distinct sediment transport networks. We apply this technique to the Lemon Creek Glacier (LCG), Alaska, USA, and to the Athabasca Glacier (AG), Alberta, CA. At the LCG, the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd values range from e Nd of − 4.6 (0.9) to − 8.7 (0.2), which suggests a poorly mixed sediment flux. However, the greatest period of variability may correlate with the drainage of a supraglacial lake and suggests caution should be exerted in time-scale 143 Nd/ 144 Nd provenance studies that may be affected by climatic disturbances. In contrast, limited variation is observed within the AG 143 Nd/ 144 Nd seasonal record. A consistent, direct relation between the Rb/Sr elemental ratio and the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio proves interesting as it enables us to unravel incongruent weathering trends in the radiogenic Sr record. Correlation between the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and total discharge suggests that the process is partially controlled by mantling of the bedrock, which can be detected using post-comminution ages. While the subglacial structure may be enabled by the subglacial till beneath the AG, our study supports the use of Sr-Nd as a new proxy in the subglacial environment.
Set Theory: Proofs by Detachment, Contraposition, and Contradiction

This chapter introduces set theory from two parallel perspectives: as an intuitive mathematical theory, and as a simple applied predicate calculus of first order. Starting from first-order logic and some of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms (extensionality, empty set, pairing, power set, separation, and union), where all objects under consideration are sets, the chapter first derives relations between sets, subsets, supersets, unions, intersections, and Cartesian products of sets of sets. Subsequent sections introduce relations, functions, injections, surjections, bijections, composite functions, and inverse functions. Another section focuses on the duality between partitions and equivalence relations. The last section deals with pre-orders, partial orders, linear or total orders, and well-orders. Many proofs begin with an informal intuitive proof, then demonstrate how to design a more formal proof, and finally present a detailed outline of such a formal proof in first-order logic. The other Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms (choice and infinity or substitution) are only mentioned here, because they form the topic of subsequent chapters. The prerequisites for this chapter consist of a working knowledge of first-order logic, for instance, as described in chapters 1 and 2, which contain all the logical theorems cited in this chapter.
Tobacco Budworm: Effect of Larval Feeding on Presquaring Cotton

Three cultivars of cotton Gossypium hirsutum (L.) at four presquare stages of plant growth were caged in the greenhouse and infested with one 3rd-instar larva of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), per plant per 72 h. Larval feeding damaged terminal buds in 70% of the infested plants. In addition, such feeding caused swollen nodes, shortened internodes, damaged leaves, and excessive branching of the main stems; these symptoms are very similar to those described for the “crazy cotton” phenomenon.
Series Compensation Scheme Evaluation of Outbound Power Transmission in East Inner Mongolian Power System Based on Risk Assessment

With the rapid and sequential implementation of the 13 th Five Year Plan,the current 500 kV power grid framework of Mengdong-Northeast can't meet the output requirement of Hulunbeir sending-end system.In order to study the harmonious optimization between safety and economical efficiency of new frameworks,this paper used PSASP simulation software to analyze the power flow and the transient stability test of N- 1 for two architecture planning schemes based on prediction data of winter heavy load in 2015 in Northeast power grid,as well as presented the corresponding security and stability control strategies.The scheme took into consideration the influence with or without series compensation and the situations where related lines were put into operation or not.At the same time,quantitative indexes were proposed on the basis of risk viewpoint,and the economic risk of new frameworks was evaluated accordingly.Then the optimal scheme was determined based on comprehensive factors above.The simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the scheme,which can provide a reference for related management and dispatching departments.
Chapter 18 – A Simple Argument for Subject Gaps

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a simple argument for subject gaps. Relative clauses have figured prominently in the research on real-time language processing. The assumption that wh-movement always has the same structural effect regardless of the extraction site, may be considered the null hypothesis. This preposing of nonfinite verb forms applies only in clauses which lack subjects. The relevant question, then, is whether it can apply to clauses in which the subject has been questioned or relativized. There are certain adverbial phrases which can be fronted to clause-initial position, but which cannot occur between the subject and the finite verb. The fact that the relative pronoun must precede the fronted adverbial phrase indicates that wh-movement not only can, but must move the subject NP (noun phrase) from its underlying position to a position to the left of the fronted adverbial, a position which under current theoretical assumptions is identified as [Spec,CP]. It seems clear, therefore, that syntactic representations must allow for string-vacuous movement. Even subject relatives contain a relative gap which must be filled by the moved wh-constituent.
Down But Not Out! How Law School Clinics Can Help Bridge the Small Claims Court Access to Justice Gap

The legal academy is at the intersection of competing demands: law firms demand practice ready new hires; law students demand more practical experience during their law school careers; courts shutter more services to the public as their budgets shrink, and the gap in access to justice for under-served populations continues to widen. All of these demands can be addressed through the use of law school clinical programs. One type of clinical program is particularly well-suited to the task: the small claims clinic.As court budgets have continued to erode in the past decade, funding for small claims courts has been hit particularly hard. In California, free assistance provided by the court has decreased from full time attorneys staffed in almost all courthouses, down to a simple hotline. During this same time period, students have demanded more skills and practice oriented courses in law schools and employers expect their new hires to have more practical legal skills. Addressing these demands can be accomplished by creating more small claims clinical programs in law schools. This article provides a model for doing so, including how the practice ready skills supported by the American Bar Association and MacCrate report are fulfilled through such a program, not to mention the synergies created with local courts, community members and law school mediation programs.
Developmental pathway genes and neural plasticity underlying emotional learning and stress-related disorders

The manipulation of neural plasticity as a means of intervening in the onset and progression of stress-related disorders retains its appeal for many researchers, despite our limited success in translating such interventions from the laboratory to the clinic. Given the challenges of identifying individual genetic variants that confer increased risk for illnesses like depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, some have turned their attention instead to focusing on so-called "master regulators" of plasticity that may provide a means of controlling these potentially impaired processes in psychiatric illnesses. The mammalian homolog of Tailless (TLX), Wnt, and the homeoprotein Otx2 have all been proposed to constitute master regulators of different forms of plasticity which have, in turn, each been implicated in learning and stress-related disorders. In the present review, we provide an overview of the changing distribution of these genes and their roles both during development and in the adult brain. We further discuss how their distinct expression profiles provide clues as to their function, and may inform their suitability as candidate drug targets in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Formation of N-sulfonyl imines from iminoiodinanes by iodine-promoted, N-centered radical sulfonamidation of aldehydes.

A mild and operationally convenient formation of synthetically valuable N-sulfonyl imines from a range of aryl aldehydes by reaction with iminoiodinanes (PhINZ) and I2 has been developed. According to mechanistic experiments described within, the reaction is speculated to proceed through an unconventional light-promoted, N-centered radical (NCR) pathway involving a N,N-diiodosulfonamide reactive species. This method not only provides a new pathway toward the production of activated imines, but also serves as an example of a non-traditional means of carbonyl activation via an NCR species.
Fabrication characterization and potential applications of carbon nanoparticles in the detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous media

Abstract Carbon nanoparticles were prepared from glycerol by a thermal process in the presence of H3PO4. These particles were spherical with an average diameter of 66 nm and consisted of a carbon core with carboxylic acid and alcohol functional groups on the surface. The particles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, light scattering, ultraviolet–visible, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Glassy carbon electrodes were modified, by drop casting, with the carbon nanoparticles and used for heavy metal detection with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Parameters such as accumulation (pre-concentration) time, amount of carbon nanoparticles casted, reduction time and reduction potential were optimized. Potential application of these glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanoparticles for electrochemical analysis was demonstrated by the detection of heavy metal ions in tap water. The average recoveries of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in spiked tap water samples were 98.2% and 96.7% with a relative standard deviations of 7.4% and 8.5%, respectively.
Impact of brain shift on subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation

Abstract Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate (SCC) is an emerging experimental therapy for treatment-resistant depression. New developments in SCC DBS surgical targeting are focused on identifying specific axonal pathways for stimulation that are estimated from preoperatively collected diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data. However, brain shift induced by opening burr holes in the skull may alter the position of the target pathways. Objectives Quantify the effect of electrode location deviations on tractographic representations for stimulating the target pathways using longitudinal clinical imaging datasets. Methods Preoperative MRI and DWI data (planned) were coregistered with postoperative MRI (1 day, near-term) and CT (3 weeks, long-term) data. Brain shift was measured with anatomical control points. Electrode models corresponding to the planned, near-term, and long-term locations were defined in each hemisphere of 15 patients. Tractography analyses were performed using estimated stimulation volumes as seeds centered on the different electrode positions. Results Mean brain shift of 2.2 mm was observed in the near-term for the frontal pole, which resolved in the long-term. However, electrode displacements from the planned stereotactic target location were observed in the anterior-superior direction in both the near-term (mean left electrode shift: 0.43 mm, mean right electrode shift: 0.99 mm) and long-term (mean left electrode shift: 1.02 mm, mean right electrode shift: 1.47 mm). DBS electrodes implanted in the right hemisphere (second-side operated) were more displaced from the plan than those in the left hemisphere. These displacements resulted in 3.6% decrease in pathway activation between the electrode and the ventral striatum, but 2.7% increase in the frontal pole connection, compared to the plan. Remitters from six-month chronic stimulation had less variance in pathway activation patterns than the non-remitters. Conclusions Brain shift is an important concern for SCC DBS surgical targeting and can impact connectomic analyses.
THE EFFECTS OF ADJUVANTS ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HERBICIDES

Abstract Adjuvants are used to increase the biological activity of herbicides and are almost always included with the application of postemergence herbicides in the United States. Adjuvants are grouped according to type of action as: (a) activator adjuvants (surfactants, wetting agents, penetrants, and oils) which increase herbicide activity, (b) spray-modifier adjuvants (stickers, film formers, spreaders, spreader stickers, deposit builders, thickening agents, and foams) which reduce drift and allow precise pesticide placement, and (c) utility modifiers (emulsifiers, dispersants, stabilizing agents, coupling agents, co-solvents, compatibility agents, buffering agents, and antifoam agents) which are used to form stable and sprayable suspensions or solutions for many herbicide formulations. Adjuvants are included in almost all commercial herbicide formulations.
DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF ENDOGENOUS AND ACQUIRED MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS-SPECIFIC DNA

ABSTRACT Using the restriction endonucleases MspI and HpaII , isoschizomers which distinguish methylated from non-methylated sites (CCGG), and the DNA blotting technique, DNAs from uninfected and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infected tissues of BALB/c inbred mice were analyzed to determine the 5-methylcytosine content of proviral DNA. Endogenous proviral sequences were found to be extensively methylated while acquired proviruses were not. This hypomethylation was found in infected normal and transformed cells. In addition to the specific hypomethylation of virus-specific sequences, significant hypomethylation of cellular sequences was observed in mammary tumors.
Browsing the Intangible: Does Visibility Lead to Increased Use?

ABSTRACTLibrary collections have become fractured as increased acquisition of ebooks has created hybrid print and digital collections. These developments have implications for user awareness of the most current items in the collection and their ability to understand their relationship to print collections, due to ebooks’ absence in the physical library space. At the William M. White Business Library at the University of Colorado, Boulder, collocated displays are deployed in the print stacks to promote awareness of ebook collections and enable browsing and serendipitous discovery. This project revealed the difficulty of assessing ebook collections and their promotion when many platforms are involved.
Changes in phase-angle under light-dark cycles influenced by nonphotic stimulation.

Most work looking at nonphotic effects on circadian rhythms is conducted when animals are held under freerunning conditions, usually constant darkness. However, for nonphotic effects to be functionally significant, they should be demonstrable under conditions in which most animals live, i.e., a 24-hr light-dark cycle (LD). Syrian hamsters held in LD 6:18 were administered nonphotic stimulation in the form of a 3-hr confinement to a novel wheel starting about 6 hr before the start of their normal nightly activity bout. This resulted in a 2.5-hr advance of their activity rhythm on the next day that gradually receded to about 1.5 hr over the next 10 days. When hamsters held in LD 6:18 were given five novel wheel confinements over 13 days their nightly activity onset advanced 3 hr and remained at that phase for at least 2 weeks. Home cage wheel deprivation experiments indicated that high levels of home cage activity are necessary to maintain the advanced phase. These results show that nonphotic stimulation can have large, long-lasting effects on daily rhythms in LD and suggest a possible mechanism whereby nocturnal rodents might achieve phase flexibility in response to seasonal changes.
Race and income disparities in disaster preparedness in old age

This study investigated to what extent income status and race/ethnicity in old age interplayed with disaster preparedness. Data came from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel survey of older Americans over 51 years old. Our sample was restricted to respondents who participated in a special survey about disaster preparedness (N=1,711). Disaster preparedness was measured as a score, which includes 13 variables. Race/ethnicity was categorized by White, Black, and Hispanic. Low income was defined as below 300% of the federal poverty line. OLS regression was used to examine the main and interaction effects of race/ethnicity and lower income status on disaster preparedness scores. We found that older adults in lower income status had lower preparedness level than those in higher income (Coef. =-0.318, p<.01). Hispanics tend to be less prepared compared to White and Blacks (Coef. =-0.608, p<.001). Preparedness of Black elders was not significantly different from that of Whites. However, interestingly, Black elders in lower income status were significantly less prepared for disaster than other groups (Coef. =- 0.622, p<.05). This study identified vulnerable subgroups of older adults for disaster preparedness and suggests that preparedness programs should target minority and low income elders.
Antibiotic ointment versus a silver-based dressing for children with extremity burns: A randomized controlled study.

Abstract Introduction Antibiotic or silver-based dressings are widely used in burn wound care. Our standard method of dressing pediatric extremity burn wounds consists of an antibiotic ointment or nystatin ointment-impregnated nonadherent gauze (primary layer), followed by rolled gauze, soft cast pad, plaster and soft casting tape (3M™ Scotchcast™, St. Paul, MN). The aim of this study was to compare our standard ointment-based primary layer versus Mepitel Ag® (Molnlycke Health Care, Gothenburg, Sweden) in the management of pediatric upper and lower extremity burn wounds. Methods Children with a new burn injury to the upper or lower extremities, who presented to the burn clinic were eligible. Eligible children were enrolled and randomized, stratified by burn thickness, to be dressed in an ointment-based dressing or Mepitel Ag®. Study personnel and participants were not blinded to the dressing assignment after randomization. Dressings were changed approximately once or twice per week, until the burn wound was healed or skin-grafted. The primary outcome was time to wound healing and p-value Results Ninety-six children with 113 upper or lower extremity burns were included in the analysis. Mepitel Ag® (hazard ratio [HR] 0.57 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.40–0.82); p = 0.002) significantly reduced the rate of wound healing, adjusting for burn thickness and fungal wound infection. The incidence of fungal wound infections and skin grafting was similar between the two groups. Children randomized to standard ointment dressings were significantly less likely to require four or more burn clinic visits than those in the Mepitel Ag® (4% versus 27%; p = 0.004). Conclusion Our study shows that our standard ointment-based dressing significantly increases the rate of wound healing compared to Mepitel Ag® for pediatric extremity burn injuries. Level of evidence Treatment study; Level 1.
Industrial Applications of Intein Technology

Intein-based bioseparations have become a widely used technique for the purification of single proteins at the research scale. Aspects of these purification methods suggest that they might eventually be used in more advanced applications, including large-scale protein production and high-throughput proteomic studies. Both of these applications require substantial analysis for further development, particularly concerning the economics and practicality of potential future systems. For scale-up to commercial protein production, an analysis has been made using widely accepted assumptions for process design and a computer model of a hypothetical process. It is clear that the intein process has the potential to be economically competitive, but will be more attractive with the use of pH- and temperature-controlled inteins with lowcost buffer systems. In the case of proteomic applications, prototypical devices have been constructed to demonstrate feasibility. Both of these studies indicate a strong potential for inteins to eventually join mainstream technologies in these areas.
Spatial Patterns of Innovation

Innovation is expected to exhibit strong geographic clustering because new product commercialization relies on knowledge that is cumulative and place-specific. This Chapter explores spatial patterns of innovation using the innovation citation data from the United States Small Business Administration (SBA). The data are based on new product citations and capture innovation which, by nature of the citation, add new, economically-useful knowledge to a product category.
Sources of obsidian for the Sinagua of Northern Arizona (USA)

Abstract Obsidian was an important resource for prehistoric people in the North American Southwest. Elemental analysis of obsidian samples from Southwestern archaeological sites has been widely successful in identifying the raw material sources used by the people in the region. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the most commonly used method for sourcing obsidian artifacts because it is a rapid, non-destructive analytical technique with high discriminating ability. In this study, we analyzed over 450 pieces of obsidian from several Sinagua sites near Flagstaff, AZ. Obsidian debitage and unfinished points are common on these sites. The majority of points, and almost all the debitage, are from Government Mountain, the expected primary source. A few other sources have a minor presence, and it is likely that any points made of obsidian from these sources reached the sites as completed arrowheads, rather than being made there. Our limited data from survey finds and early points on late sites suggest that the pre-Sinagua Archaic populations were more mobile and used a wider variety of stone sources.
Dispositions and Design Patterns for Architectural Robotics

Embedding robotics in an architectural work lends the work a semblance of vitality: the capacity to move with and respond to things external to it. It is this capacity that defines Architectural Robotics (AR) and, potentially, forges more interactive, more intimate relationships between our physical surroundings and us. Will human beings be prepared to inhabit this whirling space of physical bits and digital bytes? Assuming an optimistic view, this chapter offers a response, drawing from art and art history, environmental design, literature, psychology, and evolutionary anthropology, to identify wide-ranging dispositions in humans for such “new places” of human-machine interaction. Additionally, this chapter offers a formal taxonomy of design patterns for AR. Research from the author’s lab serve as design exemplars for future work by other design researchers.
BENAZEPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE LOADED NIOSOMAL FORMULATION FOR ORAL DELIVERY: FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate niosomal formulations of benazepril hydrochloride in an attempt to overcome the hurdles associated with itE¼s poor oral absorption.Methods: Nine formulations were prepared with various ratios of sorbitan monostearate (span 60), sorbitan monopalmitate (span 40) and polyoxyethylene 2 stearyl ether (brij 72) as non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol as a stabilizing agent and soya lecithin as a charge imparting agent. Then, they were characterized for vesicle size, polydispersity (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE %), release profile, zeta (I¶) potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: Niosomal formulations exhibited an efficient entrapment range between (80.4-97.8) percent, vesicles size analyses revealed the formation of homogenously dispersed vesicles having a size range of (3.9Â±1.7-8.72Â±4.4) micrometers. The in vitro release studies revealed that all formulations displayed sustained release in comparison with the pure drug. Formulations prepared with span 60 and span 40 possessed adequate stability according to zeta potential analysis, whereas brij 72 failed the test and possessed inadequate zeta potential range. TEM images of the optimized formulations (F7 and F8) have confirmed the formation of vesicles with spherical shapes.Conclusion: Based on the study results, niosomal formulations seem to be attractive alternatives to conventional delivery for benazepril hydrochloride.
What Will the NCAA Do Next? Northwestern University and the Impact on Other Regulatory Schemes

With the popular discussion of whether college football players should be paid athletes outside of their scholarship to the school, this paper delves into the potential impact of that decision. By having football players as employees, a myriad of legislative and regulatory schemes become active to control how these football players are treated. With these rights, these players have the ability to form unions, negotiate salaries, and other opportunities that are usually reserved to employees. This sort of freedom does not come without government control and regulation which is where an imposition of tax scheming and other compliance methods attach. Aside from the treatment of the newly named employees and government control, the universities themselves will have a whole set of new legal issues that will arise under this potential groundbreaking decision.
Automated detection of altered mental status in emergency department clinical notes: a deep learning approach

Machine learning has been used extensively in clinical text classification tasks. Deep learning approaches using word embeddings have been recently gaining momentum in biomedical applications. In an effort to automate the identification of altered mental status (AMS) in emergency department provider notes for the purpose of decision support, we compare the performance of classic bag-of-words-based machine learning classifiers and novel deep learning approaches. We used a case-control study design to extract an adequate number of clinical notes with AMS and non-AMS based on ICD codes. The notes were parsed to extract the history of present illness, which was used as the clinical text for the classifiers. The notes were manually labeled by clinicians. As a baseline for comparison, we tested several traditional bag-of-words based classifiers. We then tested several deep learning models using a convolutional neural network architecture with three different types of word embeddings, a pre-trained word2vec model and two models without pre-training but with different word embedding dimensions. We evaluated the models on 1130 labeled notes from the emergency department. The deep learning models had the best overall performance with an area under the ROC curve of 98.5% and an accuracy of 94.5%. Pre-training word embeddings on the unlabeled corpus reduced training iterations and had performance that was statistically no different than the other deep learning models. This supervised deep learning approach performs exceedingly well for the detection of AMS symptoms in clinical text in our environment. Further work is needed for the generalizability of these findings, including evaluation of these models in other types of clinical notes and other environments. The results seem promising for the ultimate use of these types of classifiers in combination with other information derived from the electronic health records as input for clinical decision support.
Le Livre d’Amray: by Yahia Belaskri, Paris, Zulma, 2018, 144 pp., €16.50 (softcover), ISBN 978-2-84304-823-4

Journalist, novelist, and short story writer Yahia Belaskri has become a prominent Algerian literary figure in recent years, winning two significant prizes in France for his fiction: the Prix Ouest...
Ab Initio Extended Hartree-Fock plus Dispersion Method Applied to Dimers with Hundreds of Atoms

The Hartree-Fock plus dispersion plus first-order correlation (HFDc(1)) method consists in augmenting the HF interaction energy by the correlation part of the first-order interaction energy and the second-order dispersion and exchange-dispersion energies. All of the augmentation terms are computed using the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory based on density functional theory description of monomers [SAPT(DFT)]; thus, HFDc(1) is a fully ab initio method. A partly empirical version of this method, HFDasc(1), uses a damped asymptotic expansion for the dispersion plus exchange-dispersion term fitted to SAPT(DFT) ab initio values. The HFDc(1) interaction energies for dimers in the S22, S66, S66x8, NCCE31, IonHB, and UD-ARL benchmark data sets are more accurate than those given by most ab initio methods with comparable costs. HFDc(1) can be used routinely for dimers with nearly 200 atoms, such as included in the S12L benchmark set, giving results comparable to those obtained by the most expensive methods applicable.