cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of contraction and stretch of a muscle on morphology of its spindles.

The effects of acute stretch, laterally applied pressure, and exterfusal contraction upon the morphology of spindles in cat muscles have been studied by making measurements from serial histological sections. Cross-sectional areas of bag and chain intrafusal fibers were taken and the circumferences of spindle capsules measured at the equatoriallevel. From these area values the relative effects on length of the measured structures were inferred. 1. Stretch was found to lengthen the capsules and both bag and chain fibers. 2. Contracture induced by use of the drug ryanodine was accompanied by shortening of both bag and chain fibers. 3. Stretch was still effective in the presence of full contracture. 4. Pressure applied to the lateral surface of the muscle affectedboth bag and chain fibers. These findings taken with other considerations demonstrate the anatomical basis for the mechanism that is commonly assumed to cause the acceleration in discharge from primary and secondary endings with stretch and the “pause” with contraction of the gross muscle. The relation to a possible pressure sensing mechanism for secondary endings is discussed.
The Cracked Shear Panel

A centrally cracked sheet subject to shear loads, i.e., a cracked shear panel, is analyzed in detail. The standard one-term approximation for the elastic stress and displacement local to the crack tip region is shown in several respects to be inadequate. Two different approaches are used to determine the global elastic strain energy rate. One of the methods, apart from serving to corroborate the results of the other, also shows how the elastic strain energy rate can be decomposed into two contributions—one corresponding to the rate of mechanical work of the applied boundary tractions, the other corresponding to the rate of mechnical work performed by the stresses in the process of crack extension at both crack ends. The fracture stress is also determined in accordance with Griffith's crack instability hypothesis.
PET/CT Protocols and Practical Issues for the Evaluation of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

This article presents general considerations for optimum PET/CT imaging in patients with head and neck disease. Based on these considerations, the clinical PET/CT imaging protocols currently used at the authors' center are described.
Phenotypic Definition of Effector and Memory T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Mice Chronically Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the world9s most successful pathogens, a situation that is aggravated by the fact that the existing vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is not effective in adults. As with any vaccine, the purpose of giving BCG vaccination is to establish a long-lived state of memory immunity, but whether this is successfully completely established is still unclear. It is generally accepted that memory T cells can be divided into central and effector memory populations by function and by phenotype; however, the majority of data supporting this division have been generated using transgenic mouse models or mice that have recovered from acute viral infections. Tuberculosis, on the other hand, represents a persistent, chronic state of immunity in which the presence of memory T cells is far less well defined. We show here that mice vaccinated with BCG or chronically infected with M. tuberculosis establish antigen-specific populations of cells within the lungs that predominantly express a cellular phenotype consistent with their being effector or effector memory cells. In contrast, cells with a central memory phenotype exist in much lower numbers in the lungs but can be found in significantly larger numbers in the spleen, where they may represent a potential reservoir. These data suggest that the effector-to-central-memory T-cell transition may well be minimal in these persisting mycobacterial infections, and they support a novel hypothesis that this may explain the fundamental basis of the failure of the BCG vaccine in humans.
Hormone receptors in breast cancer and response to chemotherapy.

The contradictory results presented by Lippman et al. and Kiang et al. on estrogen receptors and the treatment of breast cancer are not surprising. With the methods used by both groups the quantity of receptors is expressed per amount of cytosol protein extracted. The number of tumor cells in each sample is however unknown. This number certainly varies a great deal; a given weight of medullary carcinoma for example may contain 100 times as many tumor cells as a scirrhous carcinoma. A real quantitative estrogen-receptor assay will only be possible and of value for routine clinical use if the amount of receptors can be determined per tumor cell. In todays assays the protein content of the cytosols of the everpresent normal cells (including fibroblasts leukocytes and endothelial cells) is an interfering obstacle. Unless one counts the tumor cells an estrogen-receptor-rich tumor may indicate that a tumor has a high amount of neoplastic cells but a relatively low receptor content per cell or it may indicate that a tumor has a low amount of neoplastic cells but a high receptor content per cell. Therapy may have different influences on these two types of receptor-rich tumors. It is obvious that the estrogen-receptor assay was put to clinical use prematurely. It should go back to the research laboratory.(FULL-TEXT)
Protein Arginine Methylation and Citrullination in Epigenetic Regulation

The post-translational modification of arginine residues represents a key mechanism for the epigenetic control of gene expression. Aberrant levels of histone arginine modifications have been linked to the development of several diseases including cancer. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the physiological role of individual arginine modifications and their effects on chromatin function. The present review aims to summarize the structural and functional aspects of histone arginine modifying enzymes and their impact on gene transcription. We will discuss the potential for targeting these proteins with small molecules in a variety of disease states.
Effects of impurities and lattice imperfections on the conductive properties of MoS2

The effects of vacancies on the electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors is studied and the absorption of water demonstrated by modeling molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoscale devices. The simulations presented here combine molecular dynamics (MD), density functional theory (DFT), and non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. Combining these methods, the effects of single and double S vacancy and a single Mo vacancy on charge transport are detailed by looking at transmission functions and conduction paths. The contrast on the effect of double S vacancy and Mo vacancy is intriguing, with only hole transport and electron transport respectively, being affected by the defect. Adsorption of water and oxygen at defects, particularly grain boundaries, is demonstrated via MD simulations.
“Bring Out Your Dead”: Understanding the Historical Persistence of the Criminalization of Black Bodies

This essay speaks to the criminalization of Black bodies via the purported “confession” of wrongdoing that Blackness makes through the interpretive White gaze. Blackness operates as a site of alway...
Characteristic Length of a Rock Heterogeneously Saturated With Two Immiscible Fluids

We investigated the effect of rock frame and pore fluid properties on the characteristic length, LC, of a heterogeneously saturated rock. The variation of LC with water saturation is a crucial factor in modeling of the relationship between P-wave modulus and water saturation. LC is an imaginary length defined through pore-pressure diffusion phenomenon; that is, LC depends not only on a fluid distribution pattern but also is affected by rock frame and pore fluid properties. Through poroelastic numerical simulations, we evaluated the effect of these properties on LC. Instead of expressing the effects of various parameters on LC explicitly, we propose a method to evaluate the amount of the effects and update the variable LC model (Kobayashi and Mavko, 2014, submitted to this volume, hereafter referred as Paper 1) by using the periodic layer model.
COST OF REPRODUCTION IN POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM: PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC APPROACHES.

I measured the effect of early reproduction on subsequent growth and survival in the alpine perennial wildflower, Polemonium viscosum. Measurements were made over 4 yr on 34 maternal sibships under natural conditions. A significant phenotypic cost of early reproduction characterized the study population. Plants that flowered after only one year's growth had twice as many leaves and 25% more shoots than nonflowering individuals of equal age. However, early flowering decreased leaf number by 18% in the subsequent year and survivorship by 20% after two years relative to changes in leaf number and survival of nonflowering plants. For such trade-offs to shape the further evolution of reproductive schedules, flowering probability and those age-specific components of plant size that represent the energetic currency for reproductive costs must be heritable. Although families showed significant heterogeneity in the probability of early flowering, most (62%) entirely failed to flower. Moreover, phenotypic variation in vegetative size components at ages 1 and 2 had little genetic basis. Only at ages 3 and 4, after vegetative and demographic costs of early reproduction had been incurred, did vegetative size components (leaf length and number, and shoot number) vary significantly among families. Results of this study provide little evidence of a genetically based trade-off between early reproduction and subsequent survival in P. viscosum.
Cultivation of Certain Viruses Using Yolk of Chick Embryo as Route of Injection

Cox1 recently reported the use of the yolk sac of the developing chick embryo as a medium for growing rickettsiae of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus fever. Success was also attained in the cultivation of Eastern and Western strains of equine encephalomyelitis by the same worker (personal communication May 2, 1939).This preliminary report confirms the results of Cox with the Eastern and Western strains of equine encephalomyelitis virus and in addition summarizes the results obtained with the virus of St. Louis encephalitis and 3 strains of poliomyelitis virus recovered locally.In essentials the method employed is the same as that described by Cox. Fertile eggs were incubated at 39°C until injected and then at 37.5°C for the cultivation studies. Injections of the inoculum in doses of 0.1 to 0.5 cc were made directly into the yolk through a small opening in the air sac end of the egg which would just allow the passage of a 21 gauge needle. The opening was then closed with melted paraffin. Three to 4 ...
Reversal of the β-oxidation cycle in saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of fuels and chemicals

Functionally reversing the β-oxidation cycle represents an efficient and versatile strategy for synthesis of a wide variety of fuels and chemicals. However, due to the compartmentalization of cellular metabolisms, reversing the β-oxidation cycle in eukaryotic systems remains elusive. Here, we report the first successful reversal of the β-oxidation cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an important cell factory for large-scale production of fuels and chemicals. After extensive gene cloning and enzyme activity assays, a reversed β-oxidation pathway was functionally constructed in the yeast cytosol, which led to the synthesis of n-butanol, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters (MCFAEEs). The resultant recombinant strain provides a new broadly applicable platform for synthesis of fuels and chemicals in S. cerevisiae.
Properties of 15 Be(5 /2 + )

A simple ${(sd)}^{3}$ shell-model calculation has previously worked extremely well in predicting absolute energies of the lowest $5/{2}^{+}$ state in $^{19}\mathrm{O},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{17}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{13}\mathrm{Be}$. Here, I apply the same model to $^{15}\mathrm{Be}$. When combined with a recent experimental result, the analysis produces tight constraints on the $s$ and $d$ single-particle energies in $^{13}\mathrm{Be}$.
Planar hydrocarbons more optically active than their isomeric helicenes.

Comparisons are made of the calculated optical rotation tensors of C2v-symmetric, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their [5]helicene, [6]helicene, and [7]helicene isomers. Seven ∩-shaped, planar compo...
Metallothionein, glutathione, and cystine transport in pulmonary artery endothelial cells and NIH/3T3 cells

Both glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine; GSH) and the metalloprotein metallothionein (MT) are composed of approximately one-third cysteine. Both have antioxidant activity and are induced by ox...
The Differential Access and Pricing of Home Mortgages: 2004 to 2009

Residential mortgage markets in the United States have been tumultuous in recent years. Much has been written about this period of dislocation, but little empirical work has assessed specifically its impact on low-income and minority communities, or African-American and Hispanic borrowers ("policy-targeted sub-populations"). This paper attempts to address partially this lacuna by studying trends and drivers impacting access and pricing in the mortgage market for these policy-targeted populations during the years 2004 through 2009.
A Novel Regularization Technique for Microendoscopic Electrical Impedance Tomography

A novel regularization technique is developed for end-fired microendoscopic electrical impedance tomography using the dual-mesh method. The new regularization technique coupled with appropriate forward modeling and inverse mesh design is shown to produce dramatically improved reconstructions over previous methods. 3D absolute and difference reconstructions from measured saline tank and ex vivo adipose and muscle tissue experiments are used to validate the approach. The ex vivo experiments are used as a surrogate for prostate tissue, which is the primary clinical application for the probe. Inclusion center of mass errors were less than 0.47 mm for tank experiments with inclusion depths and radial offsets ranging less than 3 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. Absolute 3D reconstructions on the tissue show quantitatively good accuracy and the ability to spatially distinguish small tissue features (adipose strands of approximately 2.5 mm in width). The reconstruction algorithm developed provides strong evidence for the promise of surgical margin detection using microendoscopic EIT.
Quantitative evaluation of patient setup uncertainty of stereotactic radiotherapy with the frameless 6D ExacTrac system using statistical modeling

The purpose of this study is to evaluate patient setup accuracy and quantify indi-vidual and cumulative positioning uncertainties associated with different hardware and software components of the stereotactic radiotherapy (SRS/SRT) with the frameless 6D ExacTrac system. A statistical model is used to evaluate positioning uncertainties of the different components of SRS/SRT treatment with the Brainlab 6D ExacTrac system using the positioning shifts of 35 patients having cranial lesions. All these patients are immobilized with rigid head-and-neck masks, simu-lated with Brainlab localizer and planned with iPlan treatment planning system. Stereoscopic X-ray images (XC) are acquired and registered to corresponding digitally reconstructed radiographs using bony-anatomy matching to calculate 6D translational and rotational shifts. When the shifts are within tolerance (0.7 mm and 1°), treatment is initiated. Otherwise corrections are applied and additional X-rays (XV) are acquired to verify that patient position is within tolerance. The uncertain-ties from the mask, localizer, IR -frame, X-ray imaging, MV, and kV isocentricity are quantified individually. Mask uncertainty (translational: lateral, longitudinal, vertical; rotational: pitch, roll, yaw) is the largest and varies with patients in the range (-2.07-3.71 mm, -5.82-5.62 mm, -5.84-3.61 mm; -2.10-2.40°, -2.23-2.60°, and -2.7-3.00°) obtained from mean of XC shifts for each patient. Setup uncer-tainty in IR positioning (0.88, 2.12, 1.40 mm, and 0.64°, 0.83°, 0.96°) is extracted from standard deviation of XC. Systematic uncertainties of the frame (0.18, 0.25, -1.27mm, -0.32°, 0.18°, and 0.47°) and localizer (-0.03, -0.01, 0.03mm, and -0.03°, 0.00°, -0.01°) are extracted from means of all XV setups and mean of all XC distributions, respectively. Uncertainties in isocentricity of the MV radiotherapy machine are (0.27, 0.24, 0.34 mm) and kV imager (0.15, -0.4, 0.21 mm). A statisti-cal model is developed to evaluate the individual and cumulative systematic and random positioning uncertainties induced by the different hardware and software components of the 6D ExacTrac system. The uncertainties from the mask, local-izer, IR frame, X-ray imaging, couch, MV linac, and kV imager isocentricity are quantified using statistical modeling.
Experimental Methods for the Determination of Internal Conversion Coefficients

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of the important experimental techniques that are available at present for the measurement of internal conversion coefficients. The measurement of internal conversion coefficients is a powerful tool in nuclear spectroscopy to gain information about spins and parities of nuclear levels, about mixing ratios in mixed gamma transitions, and about nuclear structure in the case of retarded transitions. To measure the relative gamma and conversion intensities, a combination of different types of spectrometers can be used. Methods have been developed to such a degree that they can all give internal K-conversion coefficients with about the same accuracy (2–3%) in favorable cases. For nuclear decay scheme studies, only the peak-to-gamma-peak method (NPG method) and the internal-external conversion method (IEC method) can be used. The NPG and IEC methods are of great importance to nuclear spectroscopists and a part of their efforts should be directed toward further development of these methods.
Epilogue: Second Guessing—Emergent Doubles

Against the backdrop of nineteenth- and twentieth-century representations of the double, the Epilogue considers emergent forms of the double in the twenty-first century.
Radiotherapy-related outcomes in pediatric patients with atypical teratoid thabdoid tumor of the central nervous system

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare, highly malignant tumor of early childhood. Current protocols favor multimodality treatment, but practice guidelines differ with regard to radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes and prognostic factors in pediatric ATRT receiving multimodality treatment including postoperative radiation. Pediatric subjects with CNS ATRT treated at our institution between 2000 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) over time. Log-rank tests were used to examine associations of demographic and treatment factors with PFS and OS. Twenty pediatric subjects (median age 23.5 months; range 4–99 months) were eligible for analysis. All underwent surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy, and intensive multi-agent chemotherapy. PFS at 1 year was 63.3 % (95 % CI, 38.1–80.6 %) and 2 years was 46.1 % (95 % CI, 22.9–66.5 %). OS at both 1 and 2 years was 73.0 % (95 % CI, 46.7–87.8 %). Infratentorial disease, localized disease at diagnosis, and gross total tumor resection were identified as beneficial prognostic factors in PFS and OS. Progressive disease after radiation was identified as a poor prognostic factor in OS. Radiation modality (proton versus x-ray) did not affect disease-related outcomes. Modern treatment for ATRT with intensive multimodality therapy including radiotherapy results in a significant portion of subjects with long-term disease control. Initial evidence demonstrates that focal proton therapy in very young subjects is feasible with limited toxicities. Prognosis appears to be improved in localized, completely resected disease.
Don’t mix zinc lozenges and antibiotics

Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infection, with nearly half a million cases and 29,000 deaths, imposing a significant economic burden on the health system. The incidence and costs associated with C. difficile infection have been increasing over the past decade. A well-accepted
Knockdown of Add3 Impairs the Myogenic Response of Renal Afferent Arterioles and Middle Cerebral Arteries

We have reported that the myogenic response of the renal afferent arteriole (Af-art) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) and autoregulation of renal and cerebral blood flow are impaired in Fawn-Hooded...
Avalanche Statistics Identify Intrinsic Stellar Processes near Criticality in KIC 8462852.

A statistical analysis links a star's mysterious brightness fluctuations to internal nonequilibrium phenomena, rather than structures orbiting around the star.
A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Damage to Rodent Sperm Generated by Microscale Ice Formation.

BACKGROUND: Rodent sperm cryopreservation is of critical importance for the maintenance of lines or strains of genetically engineered mice and rats. However, rodent sperm are extremely mechanically sensitive due to their unusual morphology, and are severely damaged using current methods of cryopreservation. Those methods result in poor post thaw motility (PTM) for mouse. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of mechanical damage introduced to rodent sperm during freezing, a micro-mechanical model was established to analyze the sperm radial and axial thermal stresses generated by microscale extracellular ice formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS PTM of mouse sperm cryopreserved in capillaries of different radii (100, 200, 344, 526, 775µm) was measured using a standard computer-assisted sperm analysis system. RESULTS The model predicts that when one of the inner dimensions of the containers (the inner diameter of plastic straws or straw capillaries) is on the same order of magnitude of sperm length, axial stress is significantly increased. The experimental results showed that the value of PTM was decreased from 38 ± 8 % in the larger (775µm) capillaries to 0 ± 0 % in the smaller (100 µm) ones. CONCLUSION Theoretical analysis based on the established model were experimentally validated and can be used to guide the design of novel devices to improve the efficiency of rodent sperm cryopreservation.
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors

Germ cell tumors account for approximately 30 % of primary ovarian neoplasms, comprising the second most common tumor type after epithelial tumors. However, vast majority of them are benign and the group represents only 2–3 % of ovarian malignancies. While the intraoperative diagnosis of the most common mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) is usually straightforward, frozen section evaluation of malignant germ cell tumors is often more challenging given their rarity and the clinical implications of the diagnosis. Most malignant germ cell tumors occur in young patients—children and young adults less than 30 years of age, hence preservation of fertility is of great importance. Thanks to recent advances in adjuvant chemotherapy, fertility-sparing surgery—intact removal of tumor, pelvic washings, surgical examination, and removal/biopsy of any suspicious areas from omentum and regional lymph nodes—now became the standard of care for this group of tumors. The frozen section pathologist has a crucial role in recognizing these neoplasms and distinguishing them from their mimics—most importantly the more aggressive epithelial ovarian cancers—to guide appropriate surgical management.
Breastfeeding Reduces Childhood Obesity Risks

Abstract Background: The present study examined the effects of breastfeeding and its duration on the development of childhood obesity from 24 months through grade 6. Methods: U.S. longitudinal data collected from 1234 children were analyzed using logistic regression models and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Child height and weight were measured six times at ages of 24 months, 36 months, 54 months, grade 1, grade 3, and grade 6. Results: During the early 1990s, prevalence of breastfeeding was low in the United States, 60% and 48% at 1 and 6 months, respectively. Nonsmoking, white, married mothers with both parents in the household, and with income above the poverty line, were more likely to breastfeed at 1 month of age of their babies. Obesity rate of the children increased with age from 24 months to grade 6. Logistic regression showed that breastfeeding at month 1 was associated with 53% (odds ratio [OR]: 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30–0.73) and 47% (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36–0.78) decrease...
The origin of inner Solar System water

Of the potential volatile sources for the terrestrial planets, the CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites are closest to the planets9 bulk H and N isotopic compositions. For the Earth, the addition of approximately 2–4 wt% of CI/CM material to a volatile-depleted proto-Earth can explain the abundances of many of the most volatile elements, although some solar-like material is also required. Two dynamical models of terrestrial planet formation predict that the carbonaceous chondrites formed either in the asteroid belt (‘classical’ model) or in the outer Solar System (5–15 AU in the Grand Tack model). To test these models, at present the H isotopes of water are the most promising indicators of formation location because they should have become increasingly D-rich with distance from the Sun. The estimated initial H isotopic compositions of water accreted by the CI, CM, CR and Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrites were much more D-poor than measured outer Solar System objects. A similar pattern is seen for N isotopes. The D-poor compositions reflect incomplete re-equilibration with H 2 in the inner Solar System, which is also consistent with the O isotopes of chondritic water. On balance, it seems that the carbonaceous chondrites and their water did not form very far out in the disc, almost certainly not beyond the orbit of Saturn when its moons formed (approx. 3–7 AU in the Grand Tack model) and possibly close to where they are found today. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The origin, history and role of water in the evolution of the inner Solar System’.
Accelerated Clearance of Ultrasound Contrast Agents Containing Polyethylene Glycol is Associated with the Generation of Anti-Polyethylene Glycol Antibodies.

Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that the immune system can recognize polyethylene glycol (PEG), leading to the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) of PEGylated particles. Our aim here was to study the generation of anti-PEG immunity and changes in PEGylated microbubble pharmacokinetics during repeated contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in rats. We administered homemade PEGylated microbubbles multiple times over a 28-d period and observed dramatically accelerated clearance (4.2 × reduction in half-life), which was associated with robust anti-PEG IgM and anti-PEG IgG antibody production. Dosing animals with free PEG as a competition agent before homemade PEGylated microbubble administration significantly prolonged microbubble circulation, suggesting that ABC was largely driven by circulating anti-PEG antibodies. Experiments with U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved Definity microbubbles similarly resulted in ABC and the generation of anti-PEG antibodies. Experiments repeated with non-PEGylated Optison microbubbles revealed a slight shift in clearance, indicating that immunologic factors beyond anti-PEG immunity may play a role in ABC, especially of non-PEGylated agents.
Development and implementation of a novel immune thrombocytopenia bleeding score for dogs.

BACKGROUND A method of quantifying clinical bleeding in dogs with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is needed because ITP patients have variable bleeding tendencies that inconsistently correlate with platelet count. A scoring system will facilitate patient comparisons and allow stratification based on bleeding severity in clinical trials. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To develop and evaluate a bleeding assessment tool for dogs, and a training course for improving its consistent implementation. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 61) with platelet counts <50,000/μL; 34 classified as primary ITP, 17 as secondary ITP, and 10 as non-ITP. METHODS A novel bleeding assessment tool, DOGiBAT, comprising bleeding grades from 0 (none) to 2 (severe) at 9 anatomic sites, was developed. Clinicians and technicians completed a training course and quiz before scoring thrombocytopenic patients. The training course was assessed by randomizing student volunteers to take the quiz with or without prior training. A logistic regression model assessed the association between training and quiz performance. The correlation of DOGiBAT score with platelet count and outcome measures was assessed in the thrombocytopenic dogs. RESULTS Clinicians and technicians consistently applied the DOGiBAT, correctly scoring all quiz cases. The odds of trained students answering correctly were higher than those of untrained students (P < .0001). In clinical cases, DOGiBAT score and platelet count were inversely correlated (rs = -0.527, P < .0001), and DOGiBAT directly correlated with transfusion requirements (rs = 0.512, P < .0001) and hospitalization duration (rs = 0.35, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The DOGiBAT and assessment quiz are simple tools to standardize evaluation of bleeding severity. With further validation, the DOGiBAT may provide a clinically relevant metric to characterize ITP severity and monitor response in treatment trials.
An Analysis of Marx’ Criticism of Nineteenth-Century Commercial Law

It is impossible to evaluate in any reasonable space more than a small fraction of Marx’ attacks on capitalism, in part because of the deep ambiguity of those attacks, which requires that an undue amount of time be devoted simply to elucidating the structure of Marx’ arguments. One must narrow one’s approach to a small number of objectives, and the objective selected here is an analysis of Marx’ rejection of the capitalistic ideal of economic freedom, as reflected in his attempted refutation of the will theories of law.
Osteo-Odyssey: a Memoir

Abstract Almost 50 years ago, in the fall of 1963, I entered the bone field when I became Larry Raisz's first Ph.D. postdoctoral fellow. It was not because I had been interested previously in osteoporosis or even in bone. In college, I had particularly enjoyed invertebrate zoology. Not a good predictor of a career in bone research. My Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Michigan was on carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, examining effects on oxidative phosphorylation and triglyceride metabolism. Again not very bone related. But I did have a continuing thread of interest in endocrinology, writing my M.S. qualifying exam on thyroid hormone analogs, taking an experimental endocrinology elective as a graduate student, being intrigued by the permissive effect of adrenocortical steroids on the fatty liver elicited by carbon tetrachloride, and going to Woods Hole (MA, US) for the comparative endocrinology course. I decided to seek postdoctoral training in endocrine pharmacology, which gave me enough latitude, as one-half of a dual career couple, to explore multiple possibilities. One of my postdoc interviews was at a Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology ( FASEB) meeting in Atlantic City, where the representative of the pharmacology department at the University of Rochester was Larry Raisz, a physician who had recently joined their department to establish a clinical pharmacology program. I was intrigued by Larry's enthusiasm, and decided it would be interesting to learn more about parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone. I was in Larry's laboratory for less than 1 year, again due to dual-career-couple factors, but the months there ensnared me into a rapidly expanding field that presented many interesting questions. It also provided me with the opportunity to interact with the leaders of the field as they became ascendant, and with bright and dedicated young investigators from the many areas that converged on bone. Ultimately, it led me to become involved in the organizations upon which science is dependent, including professional organizations, federal agencies, and foundations involving interactions between medical professionals and lay groups.
History of the Artificial Cornea

The concept of an artificial cornea for transplantation predates work with corneal tissue transplants. Guillaume Pellier de Quengsy described the first known design for a keratoprosthesis in 1789. In his original paper, he asks the question, “would it not be possible to implant an artificial cornea instead of the natural one when one is certain that the loss of vision comes from the opacity of this tunic? This will be easy to verify. Here is the operation one could attempt… Use a clear, thin piece of glass…convex outside, with the diameter of the cornea, place it inside a small circle of silver… Around the exterior circle, have a groove made proportional to the thickness of the natural cornea so that the sclera can exactly adapt to it by secreting new juices….”
Adiabatic Shearing - General Nature and Material Aspects

The phenomenon loosely termed “adiabatic shearing” is one aspect of high velocity deformation that has been receiving substantially greater attention in recent years because of the growing number of areas in which it is now recognized to play a significant role. This will become obvious from the details not only of the rest of the papers in this section, but from others in this conference as well. Although shearing deformation is well known and well understood from a solid mechanics point of view, the term adiabatic shearing will not be found in mechanics texts, the reason being that it is an aspect of real material behavior rather than of an idealized continuum. Moreover, the discussion throughout this paper will concentrate on the behavior of metals although some aspects of adiabatic shearing behavior are also applicable to polymers and other non-metals as well. In metals, plastic deformation takes place by the motion and interaction of dislocations. The work of plastic deformation is partly stored in the metal as elastic strain energy known as cold work while the remainder is converted to heat. It has been experimentally determined that at room temperature 90–95 percent of the work of deformation goes into heat. Ideally, if the deformation took place instantaneously, all would be retained locally and the deformation would be truly adiabatic. During dynamic deformation, however, a certain fraction of the heat generated is lost to the surrounding metal, the exact amount depending both on the rate of deformation and the thermal properties of the material. In any case, if sufficient heat is retained that the deformation process is thought to be significantly modified by it, the deformation is referred to as “adiabatic”.
How Does the “Learning Gap” Open? A Cognitive Theory of Nation Effects on Mathematics Proficiency

Abstract East Asian students routinely outperform their American peers in cross-national comparisons of mathematics proficiency. In this chapter, we review and critique the traditional approach to this finding, which depicts math proficiency as a direct effect of cross-national differences in educational inputs. In contrast, we present and review evidence in favor of a cognitive theory that locates the mechanism of nation effects on math proficiency in cognitive mediators (representations of symbolic numeric magnitude) that improve all students' ability to learn from direct educational inputs but which are supported in East Asian children before the start of formal schooling.
§5.35 Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege

This article addresses the psychotherapist-patient privilege which was recognized by the Supreme Court in Jaffee v. Redmond. The privilege covers licensed social workers as well as licensed psychiatrists and psychologists. The articles discusses the scope of the privilege and exceptions to it.
A New Approach to Virtual Microscopy for Training and Skills Assessment

Those seeking to assess microscopic skills in learners or practitioners have long sought practical electronic tools for this purpose. The challenge is to provide the user with a realistic simulation of slide exploration using sufficient sample size to provide context (including focal plane context) for the observations. While whole slide imaging systems are capable of these tasks, they present several practical difficulties because they require the storage and delivery of gigabytes of data, from special web servers to special web viewers. Users often complain about waiting for data to load and delivery of focal plane imaging is said to be prohibitive. Alternative media was designed that would address these shortcomings and facilitate the creation of electronic training modules. Using robotic microscopes, built from surplus equipment and controlled by custom computer code, we prepare media that is easily delivered in megabyte and kilobyte quantities of data using ordinary web servers and standard technologies. Thus the media is easily embedded into interactive web-based exercises designed to challenge skills. The media offers focus simulation employing images collected at different planes along the z-axis (z-stacks). Key hardware and software design criteria are presented. Three example applications for learning and assessment are discussed. In hematology and body fluid analysis, large stitched mosaics made up of 500 overlapping frames are mapped to 500 corresponding z-stacks to allow for x, y and z sample exploration. The images are presented within an interactive web page that provides a case study experience. For urinalysis, wet prep z-stack photography allows visualization of hard-to-see elements. A large number of focusable fields are presented within an interactive case study. In all examples, the user is challenged to identify significant findings as they would in practice. Performance feedback is provided along with guidance, emphasizing the critical thinking aspects of microscopy, via a screencast by experts reviewing the case.
Celastrol suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via MAPK/SGK1-regulated mediators of autoimmune pathology

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease involving immune dysregulation of the pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) versus protective T regulatory (Treg) cell subsets, besides other cellular aberrations. Studies on the mechanisms underlying these changes have unraveled the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the disease process. We describe here a gene expression- and bioinformatics-based study showing that celastrol, a natural triterpenoid, acting via MAPK pathway regulates the downstream genes encoding serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), which plays a vital role in Th17/Treg differentiation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is a neurotrophic factor, thereby offering protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. We first tested the gene expression profile of splenocytes of EAE mice in response to the disease-related antigen, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and then examined the effect of celastrol on that profile. Interestingly, celastrol reversed the expression of many MOG-induced genes involved in inflammation and immune pathology. The MAPK pathway involving p38MAPK and ERK was identified as one of the mediators of celastrol action. It involved suppression of SGK1 but upregulation of BDNF, which then contributed to protection against EAE. Our results not only provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis, but also offer promising therapeutic targets for MS.
Neural Networks on Groups.

Although neural networks traditionally are typically used to approximate functions defined over $\mathbb{R}^n$, the successes of graph neural networks, point-cloud neural networks, and manifold deep learning among other methods have demonstrated the clear value of leveraging neural networks to approximate functions defined over more general spaces. The theory of neural networks has not kept up however,and the relevant theoretical results (when they exist at all) have been proven on a case-by-case basis without a general theory or connection to classical work. The process of deriving new theoretical backing for each new type of network has become a bottleneck to understanding and validating new approaches. In this paper we extend the definition of neural networks to general topological groups and prove that neural networks with a single hidden layer and a bounded non-constant activation function can approximate any $\mathcal{L}^p$ function defined over any locally compact Abelian group. This framework and universal approximation theorem encompass all of the aforementioned contexts. We also derive important corollaries and extensions with minor modification, including the case for approximating continuous functions on a compact subset, neural networks with ReLU activation functions on a linearly bi-ordered group, and neural networks with affine transformations on a vector space. Our work obtains as special cases the recent theorems of Qi et al. [2017], Sennai et al. [2019], Keriven and Peyre [2019], and Maron et al. [2019]
Temporal, spatial, and genetic regulation of external genitalia development

Fertilization requires the physical combination of gametes, and terrestrial mammals necessitated the evolution of genitalia capable of successfully completing the fertilization process in a non-aqueous environment. Thus, the male mammalian external genitalia evolved as an outgrowth from the body, an appendage sufficient to fertilize eggs housed deep inside the female. In this way, sexual dimorphism of mammalian genitalia became highly pronounced. This highly complex evolutionary divergence both from aqueous fertilization, as well as divergence between the sexes of terrestrial mammals, required exquisitely coordinated, novel patterns of gene expression to regulate the spatial and temporal events governing external genitalia development. Recent studies delineating the genetic regulation of external genitalia development, largely focusing on development of the murine genital tubercle, have vastly enlightened the field of reproductive developmental biology. Murine homologs of human genes have been selectively deleted in the mouse, either in the whole body or using tissue-specific and temporally-specific genetic drivers. The defects in outgrowth and urethral tubularization subsequent to the deletion of specific genes in the developing murine external genitalia delineates which genes are required in which compartments and at what times. This review details how these murine genetic models have created a somewhat modest but rapidly growing library of knowledge detailing the spatial-temporal genetic regulation of external genitalia development.
Using Genomic Profiling for Understanding and Improving Response to Smoking Cessation Treatment

This review focuses on the implementation of genomic discoveries associated with smoking behaviors and smoking-related illnesses to improve prevention efforts and smoking cessation. Large-scale studies have discovered genomic variation that contributes to smoking heaviness and smoking cessation. Variation in the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (CHRNA5) and the primary nicotine metabolizing gene (CYP2A6) strongly contribute to smoking behaviors, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The analytic and clinical validity of these genes is clearly established, and evidence of clinical utility for risk stratification is growing. Equity will be a critical issue facing the translation of genomic findings into improved health because the majority of genomic studies have been conducted in European ancestry populations. Now is the time to increase the state of readiness for implementation of genomic profiling and we must address issues of increasing healthcare disparities that may arise with this new genomic technology.
New Directions in Talent Development Research: A Developmental Systems Perspective

Talent development constitutes an important phenomenon of human development; yet it is rarely considered a mainstream topic in the field of child and adolescent development. Conversely, in the field of gifted and talented studies, various talent development (TD) models developed in the past have had minimal interaction with the literature on child and adolescent development, despite the urgent need for TD models and theories that focus on developmental processes rather than individual traits. In this article, I first identify reasons why talent development has been overlooked, and why existing TD models were not able to pick up the slack. I then introduce developmental systems approaches as a new trend in research, and explain how it reinstates the topic of talent development in developmental research, and by so doing enriches our understanding of human development. I then explore the viability of talent development research and theoretical development being guided by the developmental systems framework. Finally, I identify potential contributions of talent development research to the field of child and adolescent development. My overarching argument is that a relational developmental systems approach to talent development provides a new window for the field to explore the nature and development of human potential.
Using stable isotopes of plasma, red blood cells, feces, and feathers to assess mature-forest bird diet during the post-fledging period

Post-fledging use of early successional habitat by mature-forest birds is well-documented, but the important trophic factors driving this association remain poorly understood. We used stable isotop...
Weather Information System And Real-Time Display

The Weather Information System and Real-time Display (WISARD) software package is a general purpose interactive weather information retrieval system. It was initially developed to support the research and academic needs within the Department of Atmospheric Sciences of the University of North Dakota (UND). Because of the ease of use of the system and the availability of a college-wide computer network, the WISARD package is currently in use by all faculty, staff and students of the College of Aerospace Sciences at UND.
Electricity Load Implications of Space Heating Decarbonization Pathways

Summary We investigate implications of building space heating decarbonization pathways across the climate-diverse United States. We compute that an “all-electric” approach could require a 70% increase in nationwide electricity system capacity. New peak loads would be highly heterogeneous (e.g., 4-fold increase in some states) with very low load factors (fewer than 100 full load hours annually). Without increasing peak loads, currently available electric heat pumps can reduce fossil fuels to 43% of total heating energy supply (currently 70%). Future advances in heat pump technology could reduce this further to 23%; however, several challenging regions would remain. We show that installing heat pumps and retaining some fossil fuel equipment for use in only the coldest weather could reduce fossil fuels to 1%–3% of heating energy while progressively reducing fossil fuel heating capacity and avoiding electricity capacity upgrades. Therefore, strategic use of legacy infrastructure could facilitate a more flexible transition to low-carbon heating.