cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowing When Not to Fight

Should military personnel (“soldiers”) become selective conscientious objectors to an unjust war? This chapter argues, first, that in most cases the fog of war and politics makes it unreasonable to expect soldiers to make fact-intensive judgments about whether the war is just. Second, it argues that even a justwar tribunal, of the sort proposed by Jeff McMahan, will not do the job. It will inevitably lack the legitimacy and fact-finding capacity necessary to reassure soldiers in such a weighty decision. Third, the moral importance of maintaining civilian control of the military means that soldiers should generally obey orders to deploy. Fourth, however, absolute deference to leaders and commanders is morally unacceptable. The chapter defends an intermediate view advanced centuries ago by Cajetan, Suarez, and Vitoria: soldiers must not fight in an unjust war, but only when the injustice is manifest.
Depreciation Policy During Carnival: The New 50 Percent Bonus Depreciation

The Tax Relief Act of 2003 allows one-half of the cost of most equipment to be deducted immediately. Bonus depreciation is irresponsible, Professor Johnson argues, because it generates a negative tax for debt-financed investments that is like the government paying for 27 percent of the cost of privately held equipment. The negative tax is both expensive and does harm, he says. Under the assumptions of Johnson's model, investments in equipment that returns only 70 percent of the prevailing fair market value interest rates can go forward. That will mean, Johnson says, that inferior investments will outbid better investments and waste precious capital. Wasting capital, he claims, will choke potential growth and destroy jobs. Johnson argues that bonus depreciation must have passed because of the carnival atmosphere.
Direct-Write Deposition and Laser Processing of Dry Fine powders

We present a concept for multi-material solid freeform fabrication of 2D and layered 3D heterogeneous components. This technique involves direct-write deposition of multiple, patterned powder materials followed by laser processing. The direct-write deposition system features miniature hopper-nozzles for depositing dry powdered materials by gravity or by high frequency vibration-assisted flow onto a movable substrate. A dual wavelength laser processing workstation was used to consolidate the deposited pattern to desired densities. The feasibility of this concept was proved by direct-writing and laser processing various powder material patterns.
Analysis of Low-Cost Carriers in the Post-Soviet States

The research paper provides an overview of low-cost carrier (LCC) development in the post-Soviet states with a focus on the aviation market in Russia. The LCC model seeks to achieve a competitive advantage through the reduction of operating costs below the traditional airline model. While much of the global community enjoys the benefits offered by LCCs, the question remains why this model has not been successful in the fifteen newly formed countries, with the exception of the Hungarian low-cost subsidiary Wizz Air Ukraine. Despite an advantageous geographic location, large population with comparable GDP per capita, and strong passenger growth forecast, airlines operating in post-Soviet regions are faced with a high level of uncertainty associated with emerging economies, namely the strength of government involvement and regulation. The research addresses strategies employed by airlines as well as the challenges and opportunities that are presented to them. The airline classifications and data were collected using the Flightglobal database. Future business strategies and government legislation reformation are discussed in order to promote the LCC business model as a successful option to compete in these markets.
Noise Levels in Surgical ICUs Are Consistently Above Recommended Standards.

Objective:The equipment, monitor alarms, and acuity of patients in ICUs make it one of the loudest patient care areas in a hospital. Increased sound levels may contribute to worsened outcomes in these particularly vulnerable patients. Our objective was to determine whether ambient sound levels in su
OR Management of Recurrent Respiratory Papilloma

Surgical management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis has depended upon surgical removal and debulking of disease to maintain a patent airway and preserve vocal function. Over time, this has evolved from cold instrumentation alone to microscope-guided laser ablation. Powered instrumentation in the form of microdebriders has also come to serve an important role for the rapid removal of exophytic, airway obstructive disease. With this evolving technologic sophistication, the surgical paradigm has progressed from maintaining a patent airway to maintaining vocal function. This chapter will discuss the evolution of surgical management, the considerations for airway management and operative anesthesia, and will finally discuss current adjuvant medical therapies and imaging modalities that seek to limit disease recurrence and enhance detection and surgical management.
Effects of Step-Excrescence Location on Swept-Wing Transition

Two-dimensional step excrescences on a swept-wing model are studied in two lowdisturbance environments, wind-tunnel and flight. The present study focuses at 1% chord. An extensive comparison is made with previous flight and wind-tunnel results at 15% chord using the same test article and same initial and boundary conditions. The combined sensitivity of curvature effects and streamwise location of the step excrescence is examined. Infrared thermography and hotwire anemometry results are presented and will be used to validate the companion computational effort by Tufts et al.
Occupational Hygienic Investigation of Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Unit in One Refinery

This paper introduces occupational hygienic investigation of atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit in one refinery,and identifies occupational disease hazards and their seriousness in the work place.The test results show that all hazards of sulfureted hydrogen,sulfur dioxide,ammonia,hexane,toluene,xylene and noise can meet the requirement of "Occupational Exposure Limit for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace".
Curative effect of Lactobacillus Capsule as adjunctive therapy on Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in pregnancy

Objective To discuss the curative effect of Lactobacillus Capsule as adjunctive therapy(AT) on vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) in pregnancy.Methods 70 cases of VVC in pregnancy were selected and divided into observation group and control group by table of random numbers,with 35 cases in either group.The patients in observation group were given Lactobacillus Capsule combined with Nystatin Vaginal Suppository for 10 days,while the patients in control group were only given Nystatin Vaginal Suppository for 10 days.The clinical curative effect in the two groups 2 weeks after withdrawal of medicine were observed,and the recurrence rates during 3 months' following-up after treatment were compared.Results 2 weeks after withdrawal of medicine,the total clinical efficiency in observation group was 91.43%,which was much higher than that in control group(71.43%)(χ2= 4.63,P 0.05).During 3 months' following-up,11 and 5 recurrence cases were observed in control group(44.00%) and observation group(15.63%) respectively,and the recurrence rate in observation group was obviously lower than that in control group(χ2= 5.60,P 0.05).Conclusion Lactobacillus Capsule as an AT has favorable curative effect on VVC in pregnancy,with low recurrence rate,which has double effects of treating VVC and preventing its recurrence.
A Fuzzy-Decision-Tree-Based Motion Prediction Mechanism

Considering environment factor and user movement randomness, a fuzzy decision tree based motion predic- tion mechanism in mobile Internet is proposed. Based on the instance set, an initial fuzzy decision tree is built up with fuzzy attribute and classification entropy. The tree produces fuzzy decision rules for instant motion predictions and e- volves with time. Simulation results have shown that the proposed mechanism is both feasible and effective with rela- tively high accuracy and low overhead of motion prediction.
Naturally corrected double-outlet right ventricle with biventricular outflow tract obstruction.

A 5-year-old girl had presyncopal episodes associated with exertion. Diagnostic evaluation revealed a combination of congenital abnormalities: double-outlet right ventricle with apparent “natural correction” of a large subaortic ventricular septal defect and severe biventricular outflow tract obstruction. Intraoperative and postoperative studies confirmed satisfactory relief of the biventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of γ-pantothenate

Abstract γ-Pantothenic acid, a homolog of pantothenic acid, and salts of γ-pantothenic acid were produced by enzymatic and by chemical synthesis from γ-aminobutyric acid and γ-[1- 14 C]amino acid. Calf brain acetone dried powder supplied the enzyme used for coupling pantoyl lactone and γ-aminobutyric acid to form γ-pantothenic acid. This product of enzymatic synthesis had pantothenate activity for Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5. Pantothenic acid and γ-pantothenic acid were proven to be different compounds, by decomposition points and chromatography of their respective calcium salts. Enzymatic and chemical syntheses of γ-pantothenic acid resulted in the same product.
Tsunami Surge Forces

The existence of surges, or bores, has frequently been observed at certain locations in connection with tsunamis. On several occasions, these bores have been very destructive. The front part of such a bore on a dry bed is examined in detail and a theory developed. This theoretical description is then used, in conjunction with the waterwedge theory, to predict the forces occurring when such a bore strikes vertical wall. Experimental data is presented which compares favorably with the theoretical results, both for the surge tip shape and the forces produced on impact. Shortcomings, both in the theoretical development and in the completeness of the data, are discussed.
Canagliflozin versus placebo for post-bariatric surgery patients with persistent type II diabetes: A randomized controlled trial (CARAT)

Type II diabetes (T2D) and, often, its prerequisite obesity are a significant burden to society. Not only do they contribute to rising health care costs, but mortality risk is potentiated. To ameliorate their symptoms, many patients undergo bariatric surgery, but long-term T2D remission and sustained weight loss are infrequently achieved. More so, a proportion of those that remit initially may redevelop T2D, which requires the adjunctive use of medications that target glucose lowering and cadiometabolic risk reduction. Canagliflozin is a renal sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor that improves glucose control, independent of beta cell function; subsequently, they may be well suited to treat T2D after bariatric surgery. This study aims to determine the extent to which patients with persistent diabetes following Roux-en-y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy can benefit from canagliflozin therapy. Specifically, we plan to conduct a single-center, double-blind, and randomized placebo controlled trial, with six-months of follow-up, for individual subjects. We expect enrollment and data collection to take place over two-years. Subjects (N = 36) will be segmented into placebo or canagliflozin treatment, and the trial will assess glycemic control, lipid status, adipokines, weight loss and body fat composition.
Tutorial on In-vehicle Auditory Interactions: Design and Application of Auditory Displays, Speech, Sonification, & Music

This tutorial presents an overview of the in-vehicle auditory interactions, including theoretical background, design considerations, and practical design procedure and guidelines based on the authors' experience in sound design and automotive user interface design, and the Mind Music Machine Lab's research on both topics. The tutorial will be composed of four sessions: auditory menu navigation, speech interactions, music & sonification, and sonic branding. Particularly, in each session hands-on activities will be conducted first and then, a short lecture on the topic will be followed. This tutorial aims to inspire practitioners as well as researchers to appropriately apply auditory displays and sonification to in-vehicle technologies, and thus, facilitate necessary multi-tasking processes in automotive user interfaces.
Foliar Weight and Area Related to Current Sapwood Area in Oak

An investigation of the relationship of total stem area, sapwood area, and current sapwood area (CSA) at dbh to foliar weight and area indicated that CSA consistently predicted foliar weight and area in black and white oak better than the other two measures. When a linear model was used to characterize the stem-foliar relationships, we found little difference between the ability of the three measures to predict foliar weight and area in black oak; however, CSA was the best of the three predictors in white oak. The use of a nonlinear model with each species improved the ability of CSA to predict foliar area. FOREST SCI. 25:298-303. FOLIAR WEIGHT OR AREA is commonly estimated by regression from an external tree dimension, usually dbh (Whittaker and Woodwell 1967, TVA 1972, Clark and Taras 1976, Gary 1976). However, Grier and Waring (1974) reported an al- ternative method for three coniferous species that regresses foliar weight on an internal tree dimension, sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height. More re- cently, Waring and others (1977) evaluated stem conducting tissue as an estimator of leaf area in four woody angiosperms. An empirical relationship between sapwood area and foliar area/weight might be expected because they jointly accommodate water movement in trees. In fact, Richter (1973) suggested that total waterflow through all roots, conduits of the stem, branches, and leaves is equal. While it is generally known that heartwood does not contribute to water transport, Swanson (1966) found that the entire sapwood of conifer stems actively transports water. Thus, the high correlation that Grier and Waring (1974) found between sapwood area and foliar weight is not surprising. Differences observed in the sapwood-foliar area/weight relation among coniferous species would be due to vascular morphology (large versus small diameter tracheids), sapwood flow patterns, and leaf morphology. How- ever, the empirical relation found in conifers may be inappropriate for oaks be- cause waterflow in sapwood is restricted to the most recent one or two annual rings (Huber and Schmidt 1937). Thus, for oaks, current sapwood area may rea- sonably be expected to be closely related to foliar area/weight. The purpose of the study was to evaluate current sapwood area as a predictor of foliar area/weight in white and black oak.
Intermediary Attributes, Regulatee Experiences, and Perceived Expertise in Third-Party Regulation:

Expertise is a common rational for relying on third-party intermediaries in the administration of regulatory standards. Yet, little is known regarding how perceived competence varies across the div...
Interwoven: Slaving in the Southern Atlantic under the Union of the Iberian Crowns, 1580–1640

This article explores the linkages between the slave trades to Spanish and Portuguese America during the Iberian Union (1580–1640). Drawing upon legal suits, it argues that Brazilian port cities were both destinations and hubs for the re-exportation of West Central African captives to Spanish colonies. Vessels frequently “stopped over” in Brazilian ports following the Atlantic crossing due to navigational exigencies and to avoid paying the higher duties on captives levied in Spanish American ports. This article demonstrates that the integration of the slave trades to Spanish and Portuguese America facilitated the spread of slavery well beyond sugar-producing regions.
An aerial approach to investigating the relationship between macromoths and artificial nighttime lights across an urban landscape.

Urbanization represents a dramatic type of habitat change. Not only does it remove natural habitat for ecological communities, it also increases artificial nighttime light levels that can have negative impacts on night-flying species, such as moths. Feeding, mating and oviposition behaviors of moths can be affected by artificial nighttime lights, and they become more exposed to predators such as bats. In this study, an aerial approach was used to measure the prevalence of artificial nighttime light across an urban landscape (East Lansing, Michigan, USA). These light levels were related to macromoth species richness and abundance at 32 urban trapping sites. Both moth species richness and abundance were positively related to vegetation cover across the landscape, but there was no consistent, discernible impact of artificial nighttime light on either variable. This may be due to the lower attractiveness of high-pressure sodium lights that are used across this particular urban landscape, or to a negative association between the prevalence of landscape light levels and the amount of landscape vegetation. There is also a possibility that macromoths in urban areas have adapted to be less sensitive to light. This study is one of the first to use an aerial approach to measuring urban nighttime lights and departs from the most commonly held theory that increased light prevalence is associated with a depauperate moth assemblage.
Temporal evolution of HIV sero-discordancy patterns among stable couples in sub-Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Objective was to examine the temporal variation of HIV sero-discordancy in select representative countries (Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Niger, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe) in sub-Saharan Africa at different HIV epidemic scales. A sero-discordant couple is defined as a stable couple (SC) in which one partner is HIV-positive while the other is HIV-negative. METHODS: A deterministic compartmental mathematical model was constructed to describe HIV transmission dynamics. The model was pair-based, that is explicitly modeling formation of SCs and infection dynamics in both SCs and in single individuals. The model accommodated for different forms of infection statuses in SCs. Using population-based nationally-representative epidemiologic and demographic input data, historical (1980-2014) and future (2015-2030) trends of sero-discordancy and other demographic and epidemiologic indicators were projected throughout HIV epidemic phases. RESULTS: As the epidemics emerged, about 90% of SCs affected by HIV were sero-discordant. This proportion declined to 45%-88% at epidemic peak and stabilized as the epidemics started their natural decline. The largest reductions in sero-discordancy were in high HIV-prevalence countries. As the epidemics further declined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up, the proportion of sero-discordant couples among HIV-affected couples was projected to increase to 70%-92% by 2030. The proportion of sero-discordant couples among all SCs increased as the epidemics emerged and evolved, then peaked at 2%-20% as the epidemics peaked, and then declined as the epidemics declined to reach 0.3%-16% by 2030. CONCLUSIONS: Sero-discordancy patterns varied with the evolution of the epidemics, and were affected by both epidemic phase and scale. The largest variations were found in high HIV-prevalence countries. The fraction of stable couples that are sero-discordant, as opposed to being sero-concordant positive, was projected to increase with ART scale-up and further HIV incidence decline over the coming two decades. These findings inform strategic planning and resource allocation for interventions among sero-discordant couples.
Stable genetic structure and connectivity in pollution-adapted and nearby pollution-sensitive populations of Fundulus heteroclitus

Populations of the non-migratory estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus inhabiting the heavily polluted New Bedford Harbour (NBH) estuary have shown inherited tolerance to local pollutants introduced to their habitats in the past 100 years. Here we examine two questions: (i) Is there pollution-driven selection on the mitochondrial genome across a fine geographical scale? and (ii) What is the pattern of migration among sites spanning a strong pollution gradient? Whole mitochondrial genomes were analysed for 133 F. heteroclitus from seven nearby collection sites: four sites along the NBH pollution cline (approx. 5 km distance), which had pollution-adapted fish, as well as one site adjacent to the pollution cline and two relatively unpolluted sites about 30 km away, which had pollution-sensitive fish. Additionally, we used microsatellite analyses to quantify genetic variation over three F. heteroclitus generations in both pollution-adapted and sensitive individuals collected from two sites at two different time points (1999/2000 and 2007/2008). Our results show no evidence for a selective sweep of mtDNA in the polluted sites. Moreover, mtDNA analyses revealed that both pollution-adapted and sensitive populations harbour similar levels of genetic diversity. We observed a high level of non-synonymous mutations in the most polluted site. This is probably associated with a reduction in N e and concomitant weakening of purifying selection, a demographic expansion following a pollution-related bottleneck or increased mutation rates. Our demographic analyses suggest that isolation by distance influences the distribution of mtDNA genetic variation between the pollution cline and the clean populations at broad spatial scales. At finer scales, population structure is patchy, and neither spatial distance, pollution concentration or pollution tolerance is a good predictor of mtDNA variation. Lastly, microsatellite analyses revealed stable population structure over the last decade.
Introductory Chapter Concussion in Athletics: Ongoing Controversy

Multiple traumas to the brain are the most common type of catastrophic injury and a leading cause of death in athletes. Multiple brain injuries may occur as the long-term disabilities resulting from a single mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI, generally known as concussion) are often overlooked and the most obvious clinical symptoms appear to resolve rapidly. One of the reasons of controversy about concussion is that most previous research has: a) failed to provide the pre-injury status of MBTI subjects which may lead to misdiagnosis following a single brain injury of the persistent or new neurological and behavioral deficits; b) focused primarily on transient deficits after single MTBI, and failed to examine for long-term deficits and multiple MTBI; c) focused primarily on cognitive or behavioral sequelae of MTBI in isolation; and d) failed to predict athletes at risk for traumatic brain injury. It is necessary to examine for both transient and long-term behavioral, sensory-motor, cognitive, and underlying neural mechanisms that are interactively affected by MTBI. A multidisciplinary approach using advanced technologies and assessment tools may dramatically enhance our understanding of this most puzzling neurological disorder facing the sport medicine world today. This is a major objective of this chapter and the whole book at least in part to resolve existing controversies about concussion.
The Molecular Weight Dependence of the Transition Enthalpy of Poly-γ-Benzyl-L-Glutamate

It is now well known that the poly-γ-benzyl glutamate (PBG) molecule adopts an α-helical conformation in helicogenic solvents such as 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and a random-coil conformation in strong hydrogen bonding solvents such as dichloroacetic acid (DCA) (1). The significant thermodynamic parameters of this prototypical helix-coil transition have been measured by a variety of techniques. Thus the overall van’t Hoff heat of transition (∆HVH) is most conveniently obtained from optical rotatory measurements; the transition enthalpy per peptide residue (∆HO) has been found from measurements of heat capacities (2), heats of solution (3) or dilution (4), or indirectly from studies of transition temperatures as a function of solvent composition (5). Such measurements have provided considerable insight, also, into the effects of variables such as transition temperature and solute concentration on the primary parameters ∆HO and ∆HVH, and their ratio σ1/2. where σ is the Zimm-Bragg cooperativity parameter (6).
Multilaboratory validation of a method to confirm chloramphenicol in shrimp and crabmeat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

An existing method for chloramphenicol (CAP) determination in shrimp using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector was adapted for confirmation of CAP with a liquid chromatograph interfaced to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. CAP residues are extracted from tissue with ethyl acetate, isolated via liquid-liquid extraction, and concentrated by evaporation. Extracts are chromatographed by using a reversed-phased column and analyzed by electrospray negative mode tandem mass spectrometry. Four product ions (m/z 152, 176, 194, and 257) of precursor m/z 321 were monitored. Moving from gas chromatography to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry improved the sensitivity of the method greatly, enabling reliable confirmation of CAP residues at 0.3 microg/kg (ppb). The method meets confirmation criteria recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and 4-point identification criteria established by the European Union. With slight modifications to accommodate different equipment, the method was validated in 3 laboratories.
You’ve Been Framed! The Effect of Opportunity and Prosocial Framing on the Novelty and Usefulness of Student Solutions:

Creativity, the production of ideas that are both novel and useful, is increasingly important to businesses’ long-term success. This study looks at whether instructors can use framing—increasing th...
PEGylated tumor cell membrane vesicles as a new vaccine platform for cancer immunotherapy.

Despite the promise and advantages of autologous cancer cell vaccination, it remains challenging to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses with traditional immunization strategies with whole tumor cell lysate. In this study, we sought to develop a simple and effective approach for therapeutic vaccination with autologous whole tumor cell lysate. Endogenous cell membranes harvested from cancer cells were formed into PEGylated nano-vesicles (PEG-NPs). PEG-NPs exhibited good serum stability in vitro and draining efficiency to local lymph nodes upon subcutaneous administration in vivo. Vaccination with PEG-NPs synthesized from murine melanoma cells elicited 3.7-fold greater antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte responses, compared with standard vaccination with freeze-thawed lysate in tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, in combination with anti-programmed death-1 (αPD-1) IgG immunotherapy, PEG-NP vaccination induced 4.2-fold higher frequency of antigen-specific T cell responses (P < 0.0001) and mediated complete tumor regression in 63% of tumor-bearing animals (P < 0.01), compared with FT lysate + αPD-1 treatment that exhibited only 13% response rate. In addition, PEG-NPs + αPD-1 IgG combination immunotherapy protected all survivors against a subsequent tumor cell re-challenge. These results demonstrate a general strategy for eliciting anti-tumor immunity using endogenous cancer cell membranes formulated into stable vaccine nanoparticles.
Weed Control with Halauxifen-Methyl Applied Alone and in Mixtures with 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Glyphosate

Synthetic auxin herbicides such as 2,4-D and dicamba are often utilized to control broadleaf weeds in preplant burndown applications to soybean. Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic auxin herbicide for broadleaf weed control in preplant burndown applications to corn, cotton, and soybean at low use rates (5 g ae ha-1). Field experiments were conducted to evaluate efficacy and weed control spectrum of halauxifen-methyl applied alone and in mixtures with 2,4-D (560 g ae ha-1), dicamba (280 g ae ha-1), and glyphosate (560 g ae ha-1). Glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed was controlled with halauxifen-methyl applied alone (90% control) and in mixtures (87% to 97% control) 35 d after treatment (DAT). Common ragweed was controlled 93% with halauxifen-methyl applied alone and 91% to 97% in mixtures 35 DAT. Halauxifenmethyl applied alone resulted in poor giant ragweed control 21 DAT (73% control); however, mixtures of halauxifen-methyl with 2,4-D, dicamba, or glyphosate controlled giant ragweed (86% to 98% control). Halauxifen-methyl alone resulted in poor redroot pigweed control (62% control) 21 DAT; however, mixtures of halauxifen-methyl with dicamba, 2,4-D, or glyphosate controlled redroot pigweed (89% to 98% control). Halauxifen-methyl controls GR horseweed and common ragweed applied alone and in mixtures with other synthetic auxin herbicides and glyphosate. Furthermore, mixing 2,4-D or dicamba with halauxifen-methyl can increase the weed control spectrum in preplant burndown applications.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; dicamba; glyphosate; halauxifenmethyl; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL; giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L. AMBTR; horseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. ERICA; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE; corn, Zea mays L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr
Mobility management—A personal perspective

Abstract This article sketches a historical account of the author’s personal journey in mobility management research. After brief discussions on mobility management in cellular networks and wireless internet, an information-theoretic framework is presented for mobility learning and prediction having applicability to a variety of settings including smart services and activity recognition. Next is highlighted the importance of privacy-preservation in location-based services and mobility models, followed by the implication of human mobility and behavior in opportunistic networks in the era of the Internet of People.
Tissue oxygen saturation predicts response to breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy within 10 days of treatment

Ideally, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) assessment should predict pathologic complete response (pCR), a surrogate clinical endpoint for 5-year survival, as early as possible during typical 3- to 6-month breast cancer treatments. We introduce and demonstrate an approach for predicting pCR within 10 days of initiating NAC. The method uses a bedside diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) technology and logistic regression modeling. Tumor and normal tissue physiological properties were measured longitudinally throughout the course of NAC in 33 patients enrolled in the American College of Radiology Imaging Network multicenter breast cancer DOSI trial (ACRIN-6691). An image analysis scheme, employing z-score normalization to healthy tissue, produced models with robust predictions. Notably, logistic regression based on z-score normalization using only tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) measured within 10 days of the initial therapy dose was found to be a significant predictor of pCR (AUC = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1). This observation suggests that patients who show rapid convergence of tumor tissue StO2 to surrounding tissue StO2 are more likely to achieve pCR. This early predictor of pCR occurs prior to reductions in tumor size and could enable dynamic feedback for optimization of chemotherapy strategies in breast cancer.
A practical guide to biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer

Evaluation of microsatellite instability (MSI) of every colorectal cancer (CRC) is important for prognostic and therapeutic purposes, while molecular testing helps identify actionable targeted therapy for patients with metastatic disease. This review will discuss the biomarkers commonly encountered in the clinical evaluation of CRC, and practical issues regarding MSI screening, reporting, interpretation, molecular test indication, and specimen requirements.
Author Correction: Anthropogenic stresses on the world’s big rivers

In the version of this Review originally published, the author name ‘Arthington’ was misspelt in refs 216 and 218. Further, in the sentence that starts “Global warming has also been linked to potentially significant increases in the flow of Russia’s three great Artic rivers...”, ‘Artic’ should have been ‘Arctic’. These errors have now been corrected.
The Impact of Victim Impact Statements: A Meta-Analytic Review

Victim impact statements (VIS), though commonly used in capital sentencing, are criticized as tending to influence capital jurors' decisions by evoking strong, biasing, emotional responses. Although close to two decades of empirical work exists, we present here the first meta-analysis of the VIS literature. Consistent with narrative reviews, we find a small but robust effect such that VIS increases the likelihood of death sentences. The effect is smaller, however, for death-qualified samples. Few effects of moderator variables appeared, suggesting (again consistent with previous reviews) that more research is needed to identify exactly how VIS influences decisions. Policy implications are discussed.
Selecting a journal for your manuscript: A 4-step process

Abstract Background Identifying the most appropriate journal for a manuscript can be challenging for both experienced and novice nurse authors. Several factors should be considered when selecting a journal (e.g., peer-reviewed, target audience, type of manuscripts accepted, type of copyright and publishing model used). Selecting the most appropriate journal can save time for both authors and publishers. Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide nurses, particularly those new to scholarly publishing, with clear, plain language guidance on the processes and considerations involved in selecting a journal for publication. Methods A librarian and a nurse educator collaborated to develop an innovative 4-step process to help authors select the most appropriate journal for their manuscript. Results A case study is used to illustrate the process, and a worksheet is provided to guide the reader through the selection of an appropriate journal for their manuscript. Conclusions This manuscript can be used by individual nurse authors to find the most appropriate journal for their manuscript, as a teaching tool for nurse educators, and for others mentoring nurse authors who are new to publishing.
Re-telling the Story of Orphaned Girl Named Pollyanna

This chapter seeks to re-tell the story of an orphaned and abused little girl named Pollyanna. Historical context for understanding the experiences of orphaned children in modern times is provided. Psychoanalytic theories of disassociation, false self, introjection, and denial are reviewed to consider how traumatized children manage their inner lives in the face of adults or society, who minimize or attack their genuine emotional reactions. The insistence on Pollyanna-like “glad games,” which occur at the expense of recognizing and valuing the full spectrum of human emotions, is examined through a cultural psychoanalytic lense. Connections are made between the internal capacity to experience emotions and the capacity to develop democratic and social-justice-oriented relationships to others and society.
Thomas Bruice (1925-2019).

Thomas Bruice, one of the fathers of bioorganic chemistry, died on February 15, 2019, at the age of 93. He was born on August 25, 1925, in Los Angeles, California. He is survived by his wife, Paula Yurkanis Bruice, a renowned author of undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks. Thomas Bruice. Image courtesy of Tony Mastres (University of California, Santa Barbara, CA). The founding and maturing of the bioorganic chemistry field coincided with the golden era of physical organic chemistry, when chemists strove to describe the plausible mechanisms for organic reactions. Papers were being published that described novel methods for revealing the reaction’s kinetic coordinates, its stereochemistry, and for the detection of very short-lived, unstable intermediates. Biochemists were now in possession of the first enzyme crystal structures (urease, pepsin, chymotrypsin), but how did such proteins catalyze their reactions? Their active sites showed various candidates for acid/base chemistry but how did they act collectively? For the simple hydrolysis of amides and esters, the textbooks of that time showed their … [↵][1]1Email: sjb1{at}psu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Embedded Systems Authentication and Encryption Using Strong PUF Modeling

Consumer electronics and embedded systems must ensure trusted authentication and secure communications. Communication session encryption keys are negotiated in a key agreement protocol enabled by a public key/private key pair for authentication. However, embedded systems are limited in their capability to implement public key encryption and client-side authentication. In this paper, we introduce an authentication and session key generation mechanism using Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) that extracts randomness from device physical characteristics. The method uses PUF models to help with key exchange and creates periodically refreshable. The approach mitigates tampering attacks as no key is stored on device.
Feeding Intolerance in an Infant.

A 9-week-old male infant born at 30 weeks’ gestation has significant respiratory distress associated with desaturation and bradycardia during and after oral feedings. These symptoms resolve without any need for supplemental oxygen. During these events, the patient is not excessively irritable. After viewing the patient’s echocardiogram (Video 1), a still image of Video 1 (Fig 1), color Doppler ultrasound scan of the heart (Video 2), and Doppler interrogation (Fig 2), what is the most likely cause of this infant’s respiratory distress? Figure 1. Still image from the patient’s echocardiogram in apical view. Left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, aortic valve and proximal part of ascending aorta are visualized. Figure 2. Doppler waveform in the ascending aorta of the patient. Video 1 shows a clip from an echocardiogram of this 9-week-old infant, which shows the heart in the apical 5-chamber view. By placing the transducer on the apex of the heart and moving it slightly counterclockwise with an upward tilt, the aorta (considered the fifth chamber) and the aortic valve are visible. The structures seen in Video 1 are labeled in Fig 3 and demonstrate that the patient has severe aortic stenosis with thickened valve leaflets and mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Video 3, in comparison, demonstrates a normal heart with normal left ventricular wall thickness and a normal aortic valve. Video 1. Click here to view the video. Echocardiogram clip of the 9-week-old infant. Video 2. Click here to …
When Consumers Lose Power: An Examination of the Stakeholder Dynamics in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Primary stakeholders’ pressure has long been considered the main reason that for-profit firms engage in CSR. However, prior studies are generally silent on how industry features can drastically res...
Bearing Stake 1977 revisited: An understanding of ambient sound sources in the Indian Ocean

A previous analysis of 1977 passive acoustic recordings in the Indian Ocean focused on sound pressure levels (SPLs) and showed that SPLs were slightly depth dependent and highly influenced by shipping activities [Wagstaff and Aitkenhead, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 30(2), 295–302 (2005)]. Consequently, SPL alone does not provide a consistent comprehensive metric to compare among sites or with contemporary recordings in the same region. Therefore, a source separation analysis was devised and applied to identify the major sound source contributions at three Indian Ocean locations. Shipping noise was a major sound contributor in all sites, while the site with the most diverse number of sources was in the central Arabian Sea.
Effect of Body Position on Intraocular Pressure (IOP), Intracranial Pressure (ICP), and Translaminar Pressure (TLP) Via Continuous Wireless Telemetry in Nonhuman Primates (NHPs).

Purpose Recent retrospective clinical studies and animal experiments have suggested that cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) is important in glaucoma, acting through the translaminar pressure (TLP = IOP - CSFP), which directly affects the optic nerve head. In this study, IOP and intracranial pressure (ICP; a surrogate of CSFP) were measured at various body positions to quantify the determinants of TLP. Methods We have developed an implantable wireless pressure telemetry system based on a small piezoelectric sensor with low temporal drift. Telemetry transducers were placed in the anterior chamber to measure IOP and in the brain parenchyma at eye height to measure ICP. IOP was calibrated against anterior cannulation manometry, and ICP/CSFP was calibrated against an intraparenchymal Codman ICP Express microsensor. We measured IOP, ICP, and TLP = IOP - ICP continuously at 200 Hz in three male nonhuman primates (NHPs) in three trials; pressures were then averaged for 30 seconds per body position. Relative change of IOP, ICP, and TLP from the supine (baseline) position to the seated, standing, and inverted positions were quantified. Results TLP changed significantly and instantaneously from the supine to seated (+14 mm Hg), supine to standing (+13 mm Hg) and supine to inverted (-12 mm Hg) positions (P < 0.05). There was no significant TLP change for supine to prone. ICP showed greater relative change than IOP. Conclusions TLP change due to body position change is driven more by ICP/CSFP than IOP. IOP, ICP, and TLP variability, coupled with telemetry, should allow us to test the hypotheses that IOP, ICP, or TLP fluctuations contribute independently to glaucoma onset or progression.
Carbon Taxes and Economic Inequality

Carbon taxation and the advancement of economic justice do not seem to be particularly consonant goals. But in fact, carbon taxation is vital to preserving economic justice, because it is the most important tool for arresting, to the greatest extent possible, climate change. Climate change is the most brutal segregator of haves and have-nots, and unless a dramatic economic transformation takes place quickly, climate change could drive inequality to apocalyptic extremes. Moreover, a carbon tax can, and should, be designed so that the revenues are distributed on a per-household or per-person basis, which would have a modest redistributive effect, because such lump-sum payments would have the effect of overcompensating most poor households and undercompensating most rich households for the increased energy costs resulting from a carbon tax. Despite almost universal approval from economists, carbon taxes remain politically challenging to enact, for three reasons. First, carbon taxes are viewed unfavorably because people superficially perceive carbon taxes as pure costs while paying only secondary attention (if any at all) to the revenue side, and the benefits that could be obtained using carbon tax revenues. Second, skepticism persists about the effectiveness of markets for changing behavior. And finally, concerns persist that carbon taxation is regressive, hurting poor households much more than rich ones. This essay offers a response to these concerns. While many measures must be undertaken to address economic inequality and unequal vulnerability to climate change, the most important step to take would be to enact a carbon tax in which the revenues are returned directly to taxpaying households on a per-household or per-person basis, leading to a modestly redistributive outcome. The only way to cure misperceptions about carbon taxation may simply to institute one, and let the outcomes speak for themselves.
Initial Development of a National Survey on Remote Learning in Early Childhood During COVID-19: Establishing Content Validity and Reporting Successes and Barriers.

This article describes the development and administration of a survey to identify early childhood educators’ successes and barriers when delivering remote instruction (e.g., online whole or small group instruction) during the COVID-19 pandemic to children 2–5 years old. The survey was developed using procedures outlined by the commonly accepted stages of an instrument development process. Content validity was established using four approaches: (a) identification of the purpose of the survey, (b) creation of a blueprint of items, (c) cognitive interviews, and (d) expert panel review. A total of 1,053 early childhood educators began the survey, with 808 (77%) of the responses included because educators met the inclusion criteria of working in the United States and responding to at least one question related to remote instruction. The survey contained 37 closed-ended and six open-ended items covering eight domains: (a) demographic information; (b) preparation, guidelines, and materials for remote learning; (c) caregiver communication and engagement; (d) assessment; (e) instruction; (f) educators’ levels of confidence before and after remote learning; (g) access to services (i.e., wraparound and/or special education); and (h) planning for the return to face-to-face instruction. Both quantitative (descriptive, t-test, regression, ANOVA, and Chi-square tests) and consensual qualitative research analyses were applied to summarize the survey results. Findings from this survey indicated that even with limited or no guidance from administrators, educators successfully adapted to remote instruction and their levels of confidence increased over time. Ongoing improvements need to be made to sustain regular communication with all families, to offer access to technology (i.e., devices and internet), to administer assessments or universal screeners, and to provide cohesive guidelines and expectations. Results from this study begin to shed light on early childhood educators’ adaptation to remote instruction as a result of COVID-19.
Informal Faculty Mentoring as a Component of Learning to Teach Online: An Exploratory Study.

Distance education has become an important instructional method for institutes of higher learning over the last decade. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2003) , during the 2000-2001 academic year, 56 percent of all 2and 4-year institutions offered distance education courses, and this represents an increase of approximately 34 percent over a three-year period. According to the report, ninety percent of all institutions that offered distance education courses used asynchronous Internet courses as their primary technology for instructional delivery. Faculty development programs have become essential to prepare faculty to teach in the online environment. Institutions often provide training for their faculty by way of faculty development. These faculty development activities can be separated into two distinct areas: 1) how to use the technology needed to teach online and 2) the pedagogy that is specific to the online environment. Often, however, the faculty development activities provided by the institution deal with only the technical aspects of online teaching, and how to use course management programs for course development (Beaudoin, 1990; Palloff & Pratt, 2001) . Support for the use of technology must come from all levels of the administration (Moore & Head, 2003) . This includes providing equipment for faculty to use in offices as well as at home (Lynch, Corry, & Koffenberger, 1999) . Faculty who do not have the appropriate equipment to use may not continue with web-based teaching.
Global optimization of non-linear systems of equations by simulating the flight of a projectile in the conformational space

A new heuristic optimization algorithm is presented based on an analogy with the physical phenomenon of a projectile launched in a conformational space under the influence of a gravitational force. Its implementation simplicity and the option to enhance it with local search methods make it ideal for the optimization of non-linear systems of equations. The algorithm is applied to standard test cases where it successfully recovered known optima and discovered new ones. Suggestions for future development are made since the algorithm proved to be successful enough to warrant further investigation.