cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Germanium in mid‐ocean ridge flank hydrothermal fluids

[1] We present concentrations of germanium and silicon in sediment pore waters, basaltic formation fluids, and bulk sediment from three ridge flank hydrothermal systems (RFHS). Basaltic formation fluids from warm (>30°C) RFHS have much higher Ge concentrations and Ge:Si molar ratios than overlying sediment pore waters, requiring seawater-basalt reactions to dominate Ge concentrations in basaltic formation fluids. In contrast to warm RFHS, cool (∼20°C) RFHS have similar Ge concentrations in basal sediment pore waters and underlying basaltic formation fluids, implying that there is little net exchange between these two fluid reservoirs. Despite this low net exchange, Ge:Si molar ratios in basaltic formation fluids are elevated compared to seawater and overlying sediment pore waters, implying that seawater-basalt reactions must influence Ge and Si cycling. Such seawater-basalt reactions are likely associated with secondary clay formation because increases in Ge concentration scale with Mg loss from basaltic formation fluids. Processes that control Ge cycling in cold (3–10°C) RFHS are poorly constrained because our data are restricted to sediment pore waters that have been overprinted by diagenetic reactions and possibly sampling artifacts. Although net Ge fluxes from RFHS prevail over a wide temperature range, a refined estimate for the global RFHS Ge flux is currently not possible without data from cold RFHS springs or basaltic formation fluids because cold RFHS transport most of the convective heat and crustal fluid to the oceans.
ANOTHER ATTEMPT TO OVERCOME THE BENT ELEMENT BLUES

This paper is the second of a pair in which we attempt, mostly unsuccessfully, to patch a perceived defect in the Galerkin finite element approximations to the pressure gradient. The first was presented earlier this year (Gresho, et al. (1984a)).
Cutting Edge: The Idd3 Genetic Interval Determines Regulatory T Cell Function through CD11b+CD11c− APC

The Idd3 genetic interval confers protection against multiple autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The favored candidate gene in this interval is Il2, which is polymorphic between susceptible and resistant strains of mice. IL-2 regulates the growth/death of effector T cells as well as the generation/maintenance of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and recent studies have shown that NOD.Idd3 Tregs are more suppressive than their NOD counterparts. We have further dissected the mechanisms underlying the differential suppression by NOD and NODxIdd3 Tregs and find that it is determined by CD11b(+)CD11c(-) APCs. Thus, contrary to what might be expected, our data suggest that the differential suppressive activity of NOD and NODxIdd3 Tregs is not due to an effect of the Idd3 genetic interval on T cells but rather is due to differences in the APC compartment.
Local dual and poly-scale refinability

For a compactly supported function f, let S n (f),n ≥ 0, be the space of all finite linear combinations of f(M n .-k),k ∈ Z. In this paper, we consider the explicit construction of local duals of f and the poly-scale refinability of functions in S 0 (f) when f is an M-refinable function. We show that for any M-refinable function f, there exists a local dual of f in S N (f) for some N > 0, and that any function in S 0 (f) is poly-scale refinable.
Abstract 135: Reprogramming of Pig Cardiac Fibroblasts to Cardiomyocyte Fate: Implications for Gene Therapy to Treat Myocardial Infarction

There is an urgent clinical need to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat heart failure, but the biology of cardiovascular regeneration is complex. A new generation of reprogramming technology involves trans-differentiating one adult somatic cell type directly into another. We reported previously that administration of gene transfer vectors encoding Gata4 (G), Mef 2c (M) and Tbx5 (T), reprograms rat cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) in vitro and improves cardiac function in myocardial infarction models. Previous cardiac reprogramming studies were restricted to rodent and human fibroblasts. However studies in large animal models relevant for pre-clinical studies is lacking. The Aim of the present study was to determine the optimal combination of factors necessary for direct reprogramming of porcine fibroblasts towards a cardiomyocyte lineage for the first time. Here we have used human lentiviral system to express various cardiomyocyte enriched transcriptional regulators such as G...
Ethnic differences in the caregiver’s attitudes and preferences about the treatment and care of advanced lung cancer patients

Objective This study examined differences in attitudes and preferences between African American and White caregivers about cancer treatment and care.
Using Peer Trainers to Promote Social Behavior in Autism: Are They Effective at Enhancing Multiple Social Modalities?

Two children with autism and 8 typical peers participated in a study designed to investigate the efficacy of Pivotal Response Training (PRT), implemented by multiple peers to enhance the social competency of children with autism. Two main effects were investigated: (a) the effects of using multiple peer trainers on language use and toy play skills of children with autism and (b) the extent to which potential changes generalized to peers not part of the study. During training, peers were taught PRT strategies using didactic instruction, modeling, role playing, and feedback. After PRT training, peers implemented the treatment strategies with their schoolmates with autism during recess. After treatment, children with autism engaged in high levels of interactions, initiations, varied toy play, and language use. Generalization across settings, stimuli, and peers was found. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism

Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism. Lisa Rofel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xvi. 330 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
Mutualism meltdown in insects: bacteria constrain thermal adaptation.

Predicting whether and how organisms will successfully cope with climate change presents critical questions for biologists and environmental scientists. Models require knowing how organisms interact with their abiotic environment, as well understanding biotic interactions that include a network of symbioses in which all species are embedded. Bacterial symbionts of insects offer valuable models to examine how microbes can facilitate and constrain adaptation to a changing environment. While some symbionts confer plasticity that accelerates adaptation, long-term bacterial mutualists of insects are characterized by tight lifestyle constraints, genome deterioration, and vulnerability to thermal stress. These essential bacterial partners are eliminated at high temperatures, analogous to the loss of zooanthellae during coral bleaching. Recent field-based studies suggest that thermal sensitivity of bacterial mutualists constrains insect responses. In this sense, highly dependent mutualisms may be the Achilles’ heel of thermal responses in insects.
Deformation of a Droplet in a Uniform Electric Field

Fluid in a micro-device can be transported either as a continuous stream in a channel or in the form of droplets. The latter holds great promise because of the possibility to move, split and fuse droplets for applications ranging from biochemical assays to drug delivery. In this paper, we consider the deformation of a liquid drop immersed in a surrounding fluid under the application of a uniform electric field. Specifically, we present the first direct numerical simulation of a droplet subjected to both hydrodynamic (viscous and capillary) and electrostatic forces. Our technique is based on a finite element scheme in which the droplet and its surrounding fluid are moved and deformed using the fundamental equations of motion. The interface is tracked by the level set method and the electrostatic forces are computed using the Maxwell stress tensor. Applying our method to a droplet subjected to a uniform electric field, we show how the drop deforms under the action of non-uniform stresses on its surface before eventually rupturing. A good agreement with previous analytical results is found for small drop deformations and a small dielectric mismatch between the drop and the ambient fluid. When these two conditions are relaxed, however, the discrepancy can be non-negligible.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Analysis of the mutagenic properties of the UmuDC, MucAB and RumAB proteins, using a site-specific abasic lesion.

ThemucAB andrumAB loci have been shown to promote mutagenesis to a greater extent than the structurally and functionally homologousEscherichia coli umuDC operon. We have analyzed the basis of this enhanced mutagenesis by comparing the influence of these operons, relative toumuDC, on the mutagenic properties of each of two abasic sites, specifically located in a single-stranded vector. Experiments with these vectors are useful analytical tools because they provide independent estimates of the efficiency of translesion synthesis and of the relative frequencies of each type of nucleotide insertion or other kind of mutagenic event. TheumuDC, mucAB, andrumAB genes were expressed from their naturalLexA-regulated promoter on low-copy-number plasmids in isogenic strains carrying aumuDC deletion. In addition, plasmids expressing the UmuD'C, MucA'B, or RumA'B proteins were also used. Compared toumuDC, the chief effect ofmucAB was to increase the efficiency of translesion synthesis past the abasic site. The enhanced capacity ofmucAB for translesion synthesis depended about equally on an inherently greater capacity to promote this process and on a greater susceptibility of the MucA protein to proteolytic processing. The RumA protein also appeared to be more susceptible to proteolytic processing, but the inherent capacity of theRum products for translesion synthesis was no greater than that ofUmuDC. dAMP was inserted opposite one of the two abasic sites studied at a somewhat greater frequency in strains expressingrum (82%) compared to those expressingumu (72%), which might result in higher mutation frequencies inrumAB than inumuDC strains.
Two Concepts of Rationality

This book has so far been primarily dedicated to arguing for and explaining a distinction between two normative roles for practical reasons: justifying and requiring. One reason for this is that this distinction is the most controversial aspect of the theory of rationality advocated here. Acceptance of the distinction entails the falsity of a number of extremely widespread assumptions that philosophers make when talking about rationality. But the distinction between these two normative roles cannot be the end of the story. For, as was argued in chapter 4, we should take the notion of wholesale rational status as prior to the notion of a reason for action, and thus as prior to the justifying/requiring distinction as well. The functional role analysis of reasons offered in that chapter took it for granted that we had some way of determining which actions were rational, and which not. So this book would be seriously incomplete without an account of wholesale rational status. Moreover, chapter 4 also claimed that reasons are directly relevant only to objective rationality, and not to subjective rationality. Much more remains to be said about these two concepts of rationality. It is the purpose of the current chapter to address these issues, yielding the final account of practical rationality. The two final chapters of the book will then draw out some implications, and explain how the psychology of a rational agent is related to the reasons available to her.
Constitutive equations for metal powders: application to powder forming processes

A new constitutive model for cold compaction of metal powders is developed. The plastic flow of metal powders at the macroscopic level is assumed to be representable as a combination of a distortion mechanism, and a consolidation mechanism. For the distortion mechanism the model employs a pressure-sensitive, Mohr–Coulomb type yield condition, and a new physically based non-associated flow rule. For the consolidation mechanism the model employs a smooth yield function which has a quarter-elliptical shape in the mean-normal pressure and the equivalent shear stress plane, together with an associated flow rule. The constitutive model has been implemented in a finite element program. The material parameters in the constitutive model have been calibrated for MH-100 iron powder by fitting the model to reproduce data from true triaxial compression experiments, torsion ring-shear experiments, and simple compression experiments. The predictive capability of the constitutive model and computational procedure is checked by simulating two simple powder forming processes: (i) a uniaxial strain compression of a cylindrical sample, and (ii) forming of a conical shaped-charge liner. In both cases the predicted load–displacement curves and density variations in the compacted specimens are shown to compare well with corresponding experimental measurements.
Worries about Pritchard’s safety

I take issue with two claims that Duncan Pritchard makes in his recent book, Epistemic Luck. The first concerns his safety-based response to the lottery problem; the second his account of the relationship between safety and intellectual virtue.
DIALKYLAMINOBENZONITRILES AS FLUORESCENCE POLARITY PROBES FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF CYCLODEXTRINS

Abstract— The dual fluorescence of 4-(N, N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile and 4-(N, N-diethylamino)-benzonitrile (DMABN and DEABN, respectively), has been studied in aqueous solutions of cyclodextrins. Fluorescence parameters (peak maximum, lifetime, and relative intensity) have been measured and are found to be consistent with the formation of complexes of probe and cyclodextrin. Enhanced emission of the twisted internal charge transfer state (TICT) fluorescence is observed in cyclodextrin, with the greatest effect for the DMABN/α-cyclodextrin system. Our results promote further understanding of both the photophysical behavior of DMABN and the complexation of probe with cyclodextrin. The use of dialkylaminobenzonitriles as polarity probes is discussed.
Project Management Education and Training Process for Career Development

The overall goal of this research project was to improve an organization's core competency in construction project management in a focused and systematic manner, with the help of a formalized education and training model. This paper describes the development of such a model for education and training standards for career development at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The need for this model was driven by the tremendous increase in the volume of construction work at SNL (post 9/11) along with several other factors [i.e., self-governance, customer feedback, and a new Department of Energy Order (413.3) for the handling of program and project management capital assets acquisition]. The goal of this research was to create a defined procedure to identify and quantify project management gaps and strengths, and then to develop a process to succinctly characterize each Sandia model participant's background qualification. This was achieved by administering a survey followed by a questionnaire whose results led to a customized training and development path, tracked both by individual and by department. Tools to address gaps were then identified and a role-task-competency hierarchy was created called the Sandia Project Management Career Development Academy model.
On-orbit calibration of the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer on the COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 satellites

The Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) instrument is a compact, high sensitivity UV photometer that observes the nighttime ionosphere of the Earth at 135.6 nanometers. The airglow emission from the nighttime ionosphere is produced primarily by radiative recombination of oxygen ions and electrons. The TIP instruments were launched aboard the Constellation Observing system for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3) satellites in April 2006 and have been operating nearly continuously since then. There are six TIP instruments, one on each of the six COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 satellites. Each instrument consists of a photomultiplier tube operated at the prime focus of an off-axis parabolic mirror and a bandpass filter. The instrument's bandpass is limited by the long-wavelength quantum efficiency fall-off of the cesium iodide photocathode in the photomultiplier tube and, to eliminate radiation shortward of 132.5 nm, by the use of a heated strontium fluoride filter. The sensitivities of the instruments were estimated to be ~400 ct/s/Rayleigh. In addition to the TIP instruments, the COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 satellites also carry the GPS Occultation Experiment (GOX) instruments, which are high accuracy Global Positioning Satellite receivers used for measuring tropospheric temperature/humidity profiles and for observing the ionospheric electron density. We present our technique for using tomographic inversion of coincident GOX and TIP ionospheric observations to determine and monitor the onorbit sensitivity of the TIP instruments.
Methodology for Computing Delay and User Costs in Work Zones

A step-by-step methodology for computing delays and user costs in highway work zones is presented in this paper. The methodology is based on the relationship between speed and capacity in work zones. Speed is adjusted to account for the adverse effects of roadway geometrics, work intensity, speed enforcement, and other work zone factors. Speed reductions for work intensity and narrow lane widths were determined previously by use of data from work zones. Values from the Highway Capacity Manual were used where data from work zones were not available. The fundamental difference between this methodology and previous approaches is that it accounts for the various work zone factors. Two applications of the methodology are presented, one with queuing and one without queuing, to real-world work zones. Results are compared with field data. For the nonqueuing site, the computed speed and capacity were 44.4 mph and 1,778 vehicles per hour per lane (vphpl), respectively, while the field speed and capacity were 44 mph...
Exfoliative cytology as a refinement of the drake eye irritancy test

Collection of exfoliated cells from the eyes of albino rabbits was performed in conjunction with the Draize ocular irritancy test. At standard intervals after exposure to alcohols of known irritancy, exfoliated cells were retrieved from the conjunctival sac with a distilled water corneal rinse. These cells were fixed and then counted, centrifuged and stained by the method of Papanicolaou. The number of cells which were retrieved, correlated well with Draize test scores. This non-invasive modification of the Draize test was well tolerated by rabbits and provides an objective assessment of ocular irritancy. It is hoped that this refinement of the Draize test will reduce the numbers of animals used and provide more objective data upon which validation procedures for alternative methods can be based.
Chemical solution processing and patterning with additive deposition of functional ceramics on planar and nonplanar surfaces

The chemical solution processing of dense insulating electroceramic thin layers is described with emphasis on the patterning of device structures. A review is presented for a wide range of patterning techniques and details are given for new additive methods based on soft lithography.
Ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by tomato plants under water and salinity stresses. Part II

Abstract Foliar wilting, epinasty, abscission, chlorosis, and necrosis are common symptoms in plants affected by water and salinity stresses. Ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation frequently accompany the expression of the symptoms of stresses from various origins. These symptoms and physiological phenomena have been associated with other environmental stresses, such as ammonium toxicity. Intact and excised tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Heinz 1350’ and neglecta‐1) were subjected to stresses of waterlogging, water‐deficit, or saline conditions (NaCl or CaCl2). In soil culture in the greenhouse, tomato plants subjected to waterlogging developed epinasty and chlorosis and had increased ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation. The application of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) ameliorated the symptoms and reduced ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation. Tomato subjected to drought developed chlorosis and had enhanced ammonium accumulation, but no increased ethylene evolution was obs...
Dendritic cells presenting tumor antigen

Since the first identification of dendritic cells by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, progress in understanding their biology has included the development of novel methods of cell culture, recognition of critical aspects of migration and maturation, and appreciation of their major role as antigen-presenting cells (APC), and how this activity is regulated by cytokines and expression of accessory molecules. Dendritic cells are the major APC involved in the initiation of the immune response and the development of tolerance. There is considerable evidence that they can acquire antigen in the peripheral tissues and process, transport, and present it to T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. A number of studies show that, in vitro or in vivo, antigen-pulsed dendritic cells can directly sensitize T cells and stimulate the development of antigen-specific immune responses, including both protective and therapeutic antitumor responses. In this paper, several important aspects of dendritic cell biology are discussed and a number of studies confirming the role of these professional APC in antitumor immunity are reviewed.
A Novel Mechanism of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Involving Interactions with Ser-530 and Tyr-385*

A variety of drugs inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 by the cyclooxygenase (COX) activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases. Several modes of inhibitor binding in the COX active site have been described including ion pairing of carboxylic acid containing inhibitors with Arg-120 of COX-1 and COX-2 and insertion of arylsulfonamides and sulfones into the COX-2 side pocket. Recent crystallographic evidence suggests that Tyr-385 and Ser-530 chelate polar or negatively charged groups in arachidonic acid and aspirin. We tested the generality of this binding mode by analyzing the action of a series of COX inhibitors against site-directed mutants of COX-2 bearing changes in Arg-120, Tyr-355, Tyr-348, and Ser-530. Interestingly, diclofenac inhibition was unaffected by the mutation of Arg-120 to alanine but was dramatically attenuated by the S530A mutation. Determination of the crystal structure of a complex of diclofenac with murine COX-2 demonstrates that diclofenac binds to COX-2 in an inverted conformation with its carboxylate group hydrogen-bonded to Tyr-385 and Ser-530. This finding represents the first experimental demonstration that the carboxylate group of an acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug can bind to a COX enzyme in an orientation that precludes the formation of a salt bridge with Arg-120. Mutagenesis experiments suggest Ser-530 is also important in time-dependent inhibition by nimesulide and piroxicam.
Precise measurements of cesium in the ocean by flame emission spectrometry

An automatic flame emission spectrometer has been developed for measuring traces of cesium in sea water samples with precision enough to demonstrate for the first time some significant concentration variations of this element in the ocean. Extremely reproducible comparisons of standard and unknown solutions are effected by a programmed sample changer employing a novel distribution valve. Temperature effects and influences of gas flow and draft fluctuation are suppressed by carrying out repeated comparisons of small portions of the extracted sample concentrate and of the standard, computing a concentration after each comparison and then averaging the results. Following each recording of the peak emission, the emission from a nearby spectral baseline also is automatically recorded by using a simple accessory added to the monochromator. A Plexiglas refractor slab mounted on an axis in front of the exit slit is rotated a few degrees by pulses from a programmer that is under command of a standard desk-top calculator. Analyses of test samples containing about 0.3 μg of cesium replicated better than 0.3%. Surface cesium concentrations in the North Pacific were shown to vary less than 0.5%; however, typically deep water contained about 1.4% lower average concentrations than surface water.
Ex Post Flexibility and Choice of Capacity for Loss Reduction

This paper examines the implications of ex post utilization flexibility for the firm's ex ante choice of capacity to supply a loss-reducing input. It is shown that the optimal ex ante choice is greater in the presence of flexibility than in the absence of flexibility. It is also shown that the total effect of an increase in risk on the ex ante choice includes a flexibility effect when ex post flexibility is present. The flexibility effect always tends to increase the demand for capacity.
Differential sensitivity of c-Fos expression in hippocampus and other brain regions to moderate and low doses of alcohol

Alcohol consumption in humans is characterized by a wide range of behavioral effects and pathological consequences that suggest several neuroanatomical targets for this drug. To identify these targets we have mapped alcohol-induced changes in the expression of the c-Fos protein in the rat brain. Administration of a moderate dose of alcohol (1.5 g kg-1) led to a suppression of basal and novel environment-induced c-Fos expression in the hippocampus and simultaneous induction of this protein in regions important for the reinforcing as well as aversive properties of drugs. These include the extended amygdala (including the central nucleus of amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminals and nucleus accumbens), regions processing sensory information (including the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus) and in stress-related areas (including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus of the solitary tract and several neocortical areas). Repeated administration of the same dose of alcohol did not decrease alcohol-mediated suppression of c-Fos in the hippocampus, but decreased alcohol-induced expression of c-Fos in other areas. A lower dose of acute alcohol (0.5 g kg-1) reduced basal c-Fos expression in several areas of the neocortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. However, while this low dose of alcohol was unable to counteract the environmental novelty-induced c-Fos expression in these areas, it increased c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of amygdala (an effect similar to the one observed previously for diazepam). Our data suggest that the effects of low doses of alcohol may be due to selective GABA-like effects of ethanol, whereas higher doses of ethanol involve effects on multiple neurotransmitter systems.
Impact of cautery versus cautery-free preservation of neurovascular bundles on early return of potency.

Purpose: To update our short-term potency outcomes from a cautery-free (CFT) versus bipolar cautery technique to preserve the neurovascular bundles (NVB) during robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLP). Patients and Methods: Previously, we reported on 3-month potency outcomes in 23 men, which we now extend to 51 men. All men met three criteria: age <66 years, Sexual Health Inventory in Men (SHIM-5) score of 22 to 25, and either unilateral or bilateral NVB preservation at LRP. Group 1 (N = 51), the study group, had preservation of the NVB with CFT. Group 2 (N = 36) had traditional dissection using bipolar cautery. The average age and preoperative SHIM scores were similar for the two groups. Data were collected prospectively via validated questionnaires. Potency was defined as an erection adequate for vaginal penetration. All men were asked to estimate the fullness of erections compared with baseline (preoperative). Results: The average age and preoperative SHIM scores were similar for both groups. ...
Lifetime of combustion-generated environmentally persistent free radicals on Zn(II)O and other transition metal oxides.

Previous studies indicated that Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) are formed in the post-flame, cool zone of combustion. They result from the chemisorption of gas-phase products of incomplete combustion (particularly hydroxyl- and chlorine-substituted aromatics) on Cu(II)O, Fe(III)2O3, and Ni(II)O domains of particulate matter (fly ash or soot particles). This study reports our detailed laboratory investigation on the lifetime of EPFRs on Zn(II)O/silica surface. Similarly, as in the case of other transition metals, chemisorption of the adsorbate on the Zn(II)O surface and subsequent transfer of electron from the adsorbate to the metal forms a surface-bound EPFR and a reduced metal ion center. The EPFRs are stabilized by their interaction with the metal oxide domain surface. The half-lives of EPFRs formed on Zn(II)O domains were the longest observed among the transition metal oxides studied and ranged from 3 to 73 days. These half-lives were an order of magnitude longer than those formed on nickel and iron oxides, and were 2 orders of magnitude longer compared to the EPFRs on copper oxide which have half-lives only on the order of hours. The longest-lived radicals on Zn(II)O correspond to the persistency in ambient air particles of almost a year. The half-life of EPFRs was found to correlate with the standard reduction potential of the associated metal.
Gold–iron oxide nanoparticle chains scaffolded on DNA as potential magnetic resonance imaging agents

We present a unique nanostructure design using DNA that can serve as potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents. By attaching gold and iron oxide NPs on linear strands of DNA, NP chains are easily formed by self-assembly and through DNA-based enzymes. Furthermore, gold–iron oxide NP chains exhibit fast proton relaxation times that improve MRI signals and do not induce in vitro toxicity. This report highlights the use of DNA to create NP chains as a cost-effective, promising technology for the detection of diseases through MRI.
Intermittent Feeding of Vitamin A to Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION AT THE start of a research project on mechanical distribution of micro-ingredients in formula feeds, it was recognized that the proportion obtained in a batch mixer was not necessarily constant in all increments of feed weight during conveying, bagging and transportation to the feeder and in the selection of feed by the animal. The question was asked, “Is the biological response to a nutrient sufficiently sensitive to justify the effort and expense involved in preparing a ration which will supply in each daily portion consumed the exact formula of ingredients added on a batch basis?” In other words, can an animal eat an excess of some nutrients one day and less the next day, or for other intermittent time schedules, and over a given period of growth and production, maintain expected performance and feed conversion? Under conditions of insufficient mixing, segregation of materials after mixing, inaccurate weighing or calculations, …
Determining curvature effect on detonation velocity from rate stick experiment

Abstract Analysis of the reactive Euler equations has shown that there is a correction to the CJ detonation velocity due to the curvature of a diverging detonation wave. We show that this determines the diameter effect and failure diameter of an explosive. The curvature correction to the detonation velocity is sensitive to the reaction rate and equation of state of the explosive. A rate stick experiment, in which both the steady-state detonation velocity and the shape of the detonation front are measured, is well suited to the empirical determination of the curvature effect. This is important in applications of detonation dynamics for propagating a detonation front and is an improvement over the Huygen construction used in programmed burn.
Fractionation of chick oviduct chromatin: IV. Association of protein kinase with transcriptionally active chromatin.

Abstract Chromatin isolated from the oviducts of estrogen treated chicks was fractionated into template active and template inactive components by sucrose gradient centrifugation and by ECTHAM cellulose chromatography. The fractionated chromatin was assayed for protein kinase activity. Chromatin protein kinase activity is enriched in the transcriptionally active fraction of chromatin.
URINE MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPs) AS BIOMARKERS FOR THE PROGRESSION OF FRACTURE HEALING

Whilst the majority of fractures heal normally, it is estimated that ∼10% of fractures exhibit some level of delayed or impaired healing. Although radiography is the primary diagnostic tool to assess the progression of fracture healing, radiographic features only qualitatively correlate with tissue level increases in mineral content and do not quantitatively measure underlying biological processes that are associated with the progression of healing. Specific metaloproteinases have been shown to be essential to processes of both angiogenesis and mineralised cartilage resorption and bone remodelling at different phases of fracture healing. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of using a simple urine based assay of the activity of two MMPs as a means of assessing the biological progression of fracture healing through the endochondral phase of healing. Using a standard mid-diaphyseal murine model of femoral fracture, MMP9 and MMP13 proteins and enzymatic activity levels were quantified in the urine of mice across the time-course of fracture healing and compared to the mRNA and protein expression profiles in the calluses. Both urinary MMP9 and MMP13 protein and enzymatic activity levels, assessed by Western blot, zymogram and specific MMP fluorometric substrate assays, corresponded to mRNA expression and immunohistologic assays of the proteins within callus tissues. These studies suggest that urinary levels of MMP9 and MMP13 may have potential as metabolic markers to monitor the progression of fracture healing.
Wicca, the Apocalypse, and the Future of the Natural World

The nature-oriented religion Wicca is not normally associated with beliefs about the immanent destruction of the world; however, this ideology is important for many Wiccans. This essay explores the manner by which apocalyptic millenarian beliefs are developed and propagated among Wiccans – as a predominantly oral tradition directly related to their worldview and its inherent focus on the sacredness of the Earth. Additionally, I investigate Wiccan perspectives on the future of the natural world, and their various solutions to perceived environmental problems, in a way that reflects upon the relevance of this study for better understanding both the Wiccan religion and apocalyptic millenarian beliefs. Furthermore, in comparison to trends in other millenarian studies, I discuss the unique reactions that are elicited when proposed apocalyptic changes are delayed and Wiccan environmentalist ideals do not come to fruition.
Multinational companies and developing countries: A new relationship

In recent years, a rising number of less developed countries (LDCs) have introduced comprehensive regulations governing inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI). The emergence of such regulations has changed the operating relationship between LDCs and multinational companies (MNCs). The objectives of this study are to: (i) examine the emergence of such regulations and identify their common policies; (ii) discuss the important features of the 'new' operating relationship between LDCs and MNCs; and (iii) analyse the potential implications of this relationship both for adopting countries and multinationals.
Effects of a high-fat diet and bamboo extract supplement on anxiety- and depression-like neurobehaviours in mice

High-fat diet is a major causative factor of overweight and obesity, which are associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric diseases, such as anxiety and depression. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of bamboo extract (BEX) on anxiety- and depression-like neurobehaviours in mice treated with a high-fat diet. Male mice with CD-1 genetic background were treated for 2 months with either a standard or a high-fat diet (10 or 45 % energy from fat, respectively), with or without the BEX supplement (11 g dry mass per 17 MJ). The anxiety levels of mice were evaluated using open-field and hole-board tests, and depression was measured using the force-swimming test. The anxiety responses of the animals were found significantly increased after the high-fat diet treatment, and this elevation was effectively abolished by the BEX supplement. The high-fat diet seemed to have an anti-depressive effect in mice at the tested time point, but the effect of the BEX supplement on the depression level of the animals was not conclusive. The high-fat diet significantly decreased total glutathione content in the blood while the BEX supplement increased glutathione oxidation. In summary, the present study shows that decreased total glutathione concentration in the blood co-occurred with a high-fat treatment, high anxiety level and low depression level in mice, and when supplemented in a high-fat diet, BEX had an anxiolytic effect in mice.
Physical heterogeneity of hatching enzyme of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Abstract Hatching enzyme from hatching Strongylocentrotus purpuratus blastulae is physically heterogeneous. (1) Salt fractionation and gel electrophoresis both reveal a dispersion of enzyme activity. (2) Gel filtration in 0.5 m salt gives a mol wt of ca . 150,000 for much of the enzyme activity, with three smaller peaks corresponding to lower molecular weights. (3) DEAE-cellulose chromatography separates three peaks, and further experiments subdivide the pattern into five. (4) In sedimentation equilibrium runs, the activity is associated with two buoyant densities, one at 1.36 g/ml, outside the range of simple proteins. The data give best support to a hypothesis of association between enzyme molecules and varying amounts and, perhaps, kinds of heterologous molecules.
Making social trade-offs among lives, disabilities, and cost

Applying cost/benefit techniques to issues of life and death generally requires a single index, comparable to gross domestic product, describing the welfare of any community in terms of the health, quality of life, wealth, and longevity of its population. While such indices, based on economic and multiattribute utility theory, do exist, they generally require detailed information on the preferences of the affected individuals. Since gathering such detailed information is often prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, this article derives a simpler index of community welfare. Our index evaluates any proposed government project using a weighted geometric average of the project's anticipated impact on •per capita wealth less the weighted proportion of individuals with various disabilities, and •per capita life expectancy adjusted to discount future years of life.
In-situ feature-based objects tracking for data-intensive scientific and enterprise analytics workflows

Emerging scientific simulations on leadership class systems are generating huge amounts of data and processing this data in an efficient and timely manner is critical for generating insights from the simulations. However, the increasing gap between computation and disk I/O speeds makes traditional data analytics pipelines based on post-processing cost prohibitive and often infeasible. In this paper, we investigate an alternate approach that aims to bring the analytics closer to the data using in-situ execution of data analysis operations. Specifically, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of a framework that can support in-situ feature-based objects tracking on distributed scientific datasets. Central to this framework is a scalable decentralized and online clustering, a cluster tracking algorithm, which executes in-situ (on different cores) in parallel with the simulation processes, and retrieves data from the simulations directly via on-chip shared memory. The results from our experimental evaluation demonstrate that the in-situ approach significantly reduces the cost of data movement, that the presented framework can support scalable feature-based objects tracking, and that it can be effectively used for in-situ analytics in large scale simulations.
The Integration of Science and Mathematics Education: Highlights from the NSF/SSMA Wingspread Conference Plenary Papers

In April, 1991 the NSF/SSMA conference entitled “A Network for Integrated Science and Mathematics Teaching and Learning” was held at the Wingspread conference facility in Racine, Wisconsin. Five plenary papers were presented offering very diverse perspectives related to the integration of science and mathematics education. This publication summarizes the significant points advanced in each plenary paper. The full text of these papers is being published as part of the SSMA Monograph Series.
μ-Opioid Receptor Desensitization ROLE OF RECEPTOR PHOSPHORYLATION, INTERNALIZATION, AND RESENSITIZATION

It is generally accepted that the internalization and desensitization of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) involves receptor phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment. However, a mutant MOR, which is truncated after the amino acid residue Ser363 (MOR363D), was found to undergo phosphorylation-independent internalization and desensitization. As expected, MOR363D, missing the putative agonist-induced phosphorylation sites, did not exhibit detectable agonist-induced phosphorylation. MOR363D underwent slower internalization as reflected in the attenuation of membrane translocation of β-arrestin 2 when compared with wild type MOR, but the level of receptor being internalized was similar to that of wild type MOR after 4 h of etorphine treatment. Furthermore, MOR363D was observed to desensitize faster than that of wild type MOR upon agonist activation. Surface biotinylation assay demonstrated that the wild type receptors recycled back to membrane after agonist-induced internalization, which contributed to the receptor resensitization and thus partially reversed the receptor desensitization. On the contrary, MOR363D did not recycle after internalization. Hence, MOR desensitization is controlled by the receptor internalization and the recycling of internalized receptor to cell surface in an active state. Taken together, our data indicated that receptor phosphorylation is not absolutely required in the internalization, but receptor phosphorylation and subsequent β-arrestin recruitment play important roles in the resensitization of internalized receptors.
Elliptical wiggler beam line with minimum focal spot size at the ALS

A beamline for circularly polarized radiation produced by an elliptical wiggler has been designed at the ALS. It covers a broad energy range from 50 eV to 2000 eV. The rigorous theory of grating diffraction efficiency has been used to maximize throughput. This is a challenging optical problem due to the nature of the elliptical wiggler insertion device. The wiggler has a large source size in the vertical and horizontal directions, and the monochromator requires high resolution (small slits), a wide tuning range, and cooling for high heat loads. These problems have been solved by using a variable included angle monochromator with high demagnification onto the entrance slit, aberration correction of the grating for the large vertical aperture, and cooled optics.
Advantages of the concept of a continuum of schizophrenic reactions.

1. The common clinical usage of the concept of a continuum of schizophrenic reactions based on the patient's potential for recovery is described in this paper. This concept is that a continuum stretches between patients who have high potentials for spontaneous recovery from psychotic episodes (Group I) to those who have very few or no such potentials (Group III). Between these, are large numbers of patients (Group II), with varying potentials for recovery, for whom the chances of recovery have been enhanced in recent years with modern treatment methods. 2. The advantages of these groupings—for understanding the changes in improvement rates and the effects of various total push programs, and for understanding the rationale for the use of current treatment methods for patients at different points on the continuum—are discussed. 3. The obvious limitation of the value of this concept, that it reasons backward from results to treatment methods, is also discussed and the need is emphasized for better answers to the questions of how to decide where to place a given patient on the continuum.
Model-based control of a thermal regenerator. Part 1: dynamic model

Abstract This paper describes the dynamic process model and solution technique developed for the hot blast stoves used with the No. 7 blast furnace at the Ispat Inland Steel facility in East Chicago, IN, USA. A detailed, distributed parameter, heat transfer model of this thermal regenerator system is developed and verified using plant data. The model is capable of predicting accurately the temperature and energy content of the stoves during the thermal regenerative cycles. It was developed for a predictive controller that determines the minimum amount of fuel necessary to achieve the energy requirements from the system.
Spectroscopic study of the picosecond photoisomerization of stilbene

Abstract New aspects of the photoisomerization dynamics of ethylenic double bonded systems are elucidated via picosecond time-resolved experiments on trans- and cis-stilbene in room temperature hexane solution.For trans, but not cis, a transient spectrum peaked at 585 nm was generated immediately after excitation by a 265 nm pulse. The spectrum narrowed over the first 25 ps and its integral decayed exponentially, τ = 90± 5 ps. The former decay is interpreted as relaxation of the optically generated vibrational energy excess; the latter as the decay time of trans ( 1 B) into twisted forms.
Alemtuzumab induction in non-hepatitis C positive liver transplant recipients

Limited data exist for the use of alemtuzumab (AL) induction in liver transplantation (LT) recipients. We compared the outcomes of hepatitis C virus-negative LT recipients who received AL induction followed by tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil without steroids to cohort who received no AL induction, tacrolimus, and a steroid taper. Fifty-five AL-induced recipients were compared to 85 non-AL-induced recipients with similar characteristics. Two-year patient survival (80% versus 88.2%, P = 0.0665) and graft survival (76.4% versus 82.4%, P = 0.1792) were not significantly different between the AL and non-AL groups, respectively. Other outcomes, including acute rejection (20% versus 30.3%), renal dysfunction (creatinine levels: 1.3 ± 0.3 versus 1.4 ± 0.6 mg/dL), and immunosuppressant monotherapy (29.1% versus 44.3%), were not significantly different between the AL and non-AL groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The number of rejection episodes (12 versus 42, P = 0.02) and the number of patients with new-onset hypertension (3 versus 15, P = 0.03) were lower in the AL group, although the incidence of all posttransplant infections was higher with AL (63.6% versus 44.3%, P = 0.03), primarily because of an increase in viral infections. In conclusion, a steroid-free AL induction regimen was associated with less hypertension and rejection but with more infectious complications; thus, the overall benefit of AL induction in LT recipients is called into question.
Hyper-Entanglement: How To Enlarge Your Hilbert Space Without Really Trying

Photon pairs simultaneously entangled in multiple degrees of freedom enable new capabilities in quantum information and metrology. We present several examples, including minimal-measurement quantum process tomography and “superdense teleportation”.