cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature, light level, and photoperiod on the physiology of Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing from the Northwest Atlantic, a candidate for aquaculture

Seaweed aquaculture in the Northwest Atlantic has been steadily increasing with five commercial kelp farms already established. Currently, kelp production is limited to winter and spring, and new seaweed crops need to be developed in order to supplement seasonal kelp production. Porphyra umbilicalis is a member of the most economically valuable group of seaweeds known by the Japanese name nori. It is an ideal candidate for aquaculture since it exhibits short production cycles, rapid growth, high nutrient uptake rates, and high pigment and protein content. Further, sexual reproduction appears to be absent in populations in the Northwest Atlantic, which considerably simplifies the production of seed stock. The goal of this study was to determine the conditions that optimize growth, photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (F v/F m), and pigment and protein content of P. umbilicalis. Cultured blades were grown under a matrix of temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C), light levels (30, 60, 110, and 250 μmol photons m−2 s−1), and photoperiods (8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 light/dark) in a factorial design for 4 weeks. Growth rates were highest (>9 % day−1) in blades grown between 10 and 15 °C, with light levels ≥110 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and ≥12 h of light in the day. F v/F m was significantly affected by photoperiod with this effect dependent on light level; the overall range of F v/F m values was small. Here, we report detailed information on the growth rate, F v/F m,, and pigment and protein content of P. umbilicalis grown under 36 treatment combinations. These results provide physiological information on P. umbilicalis from the Northwest Atlantic that will aid in the development of P. umbilicalis aquaculture on a commercial scale.
The effect of glucagon and glucose on the human stomach.

Glucagon given by continuous intravenous infusion consistently decreases the gastric acid and pepsin output of human subjects for several hours. Ten per cent glucose produces varying depressions in gastric acid and pepsin output. In humans, glucose and glucagon together act consistently to raise the gastricpH and to lower the gastric pepsin concentration throughout the period of administration.
The vascular plant collections of R. S. Williams from Bolivia and Peru (1901–1902)

The life and career of Robert Statham Williams (1859–1945) is sketched. His trip to Bolivia and Peru in 1901–1902 is discussed at length and an itinerary, with dates, is provided. Details concerning the numbering and distribution of his vascular plant collections are given, and notes are provided concerning the typification of the new species that Henry Hurd Rusby (1855–1940) based on these collections. An annotated catalog of vascular plant species described from Williams' Bolivian and Peruvian plant collections is appended, as is a gazetteer of the place names cited in Williams' field books and publications based on Williams' vascular and cryptogamic plant collections. One new combination,Oxypetalum apoloensis, and one new name,Acalypha rusbyi, are proposed. Lectotypes are designated forGothofreda apoloensis andCedrela brunellioides.
The politics of the web: the case of one newsgroup

The internet is often portrayed as a borderless liberal space of equal opportunities and unconstrained communication. By contrast, this article emphasizes the profoundly contested nature of the communication on ‘the web’. Based on a short period of close observation of one internet newsgroup, this study illuminates specific discursive strategies by means of which domination, cooption, resistance and exclusion enter the virtual space of internet communication. In addition, the liberal character of the internet is observed to be not so much due to the reign of liberal principles as due to the strategic advantage enjoyed by ‘liberal actors’ in newsgroup exchanges. Hence, the study illuminates major mechanisms of the ‘liberal domination’ in the net as well as the operations of power in contemporary liberal societies at large.
Teniposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, prevents chromosome condensation and separation but not decondensation in fertilized surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes

DNA topoisomerase II has been implicated in regulating chromosome interactions. We investigated the effects of the specific DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, teniposide on nuclear events during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development of fertilized Spisula solidissima oocytes using DNA fluorescence. Teniposide treatment before fertilization not only inhibited chromosome separation during meiosis, but also blocked chromosome condensation during mitosis; however, sperm nuclear decondensation was unaffected. Chromosome separation was selectively blocked in oocytes treated with teniposide during either meiotic metaphase I or II indicating that topoisomerase II activity may be required during oocyte maturation. Teniposide treatment during meiosis also disrupted mitotic chromosome condensation. Chromosome separation during anaphase was unaffected in embryos treated with teniposide when the chromosomes were already condensed in metaphase of either first or second mitosis; however, chromosome condensation during the next mitosis was blocked. When interphase two- and four-cell embryos were exposed to topoisomerase II inhibitor, the subsequent mitosis proceeded normally in that the chromosomes condensed, separated, and decondensed; in contrast, chromosome condensation of the next mitosis was blocked. These observations suggest that in Spisula oocytes, topoisomerase II activity is required for chromosome separation during meiosis and condensation during mitosis, but is not involved in decondensation of the sperm nucleus, maternal chromosomes, and somatic chromatin.
On a class of non-local optimization problems which embeds one-dimensional lubrication problems

Abstract A class of non-local optimization problems is presented which embeds a large number of 1-dimensional optimum design lubrication problems. It is shown that optimality may actually be demonstrated directly when the non-local formulation is used.
Photorearrangements of hydrocarbon polymers with pendant double bonds

A study was made of the microstructural changes that occur in ultraviolet irradiation under vacuum of thin films of 1,2-poly(cis-1,4-hexadiene) (CHD), 1,2-poly(trans-1,4-hexadiene) (THD), 1,2-poly(trans-1,3-pentadiene) (TPD), equibinary (1,2,-1,4) polybutadiene (EB), and equibinary (3,4-1,4) polyisoprene (EI). These polymers—all containing pendant double bonds—undergo important photoinduced loss of unsaturation, presumably through cyclization of the double bonds, by analogy to the previously reported photocyclization of 1,2-polybutadiene (VB) and 3,4-polyisoprene (VI)films. For the equibinary polymers, which contain internal as well as external (or pendant) double bonds, the loss of unsaturation is considered to involve photocyclization of 1,2-1,4 and 1,2-1,2 dyads in EB and of 3,4-1,4 and 3,4-3,4 dyads in EI. Accompanying thecyclization process in CHD, THD, and TPD is a direct photochemical cis-trans isomerization of CHCHdouble bonds analogous to that originally noted for 1,4-polybutadiene. The photorearrangements in the above polymers with pendant double bonds were compared to the corresponding thermally induced rearrangements reported previoulsy;for VB and VI, in particular, the thermal, photo-and radiation-induced cycli-zations were found to be very similar, possibly having a common nonradical, nonionic mechanism involving excited double bonds.
A new cancer immunology research special feature: perspective from a master of immunology.

![Figure][1] Immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell therapy are transforming the landscape of cancer medicine and research. Blocking mAbs against the negative T-cell costimulatory molecules cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1; or its
High-accuracy large-step explicit Runge-Kutta (HALE-RK) schemes for computational aeroacoustics

In many realistic calculations, the computational grid spacing required to resolve the mean flow gradients is much smaller than the grid spacing required to resolve the unsteady propagating waves of interest. Because of this, the high temporal resolution provided by existing optimized time marching schemes can be excessive due to the small time step required for stability in regions of clustered grid. In this work, explicit fourth-order accurate Runge-Kutta time marching schemes are optimized to increase the inviscid stability limit rather than the accuracy at large time steps. Single and multiple-step optimized schemes are developed and analyzed. The resulting schemes are validated on several realistic benchmark problems.
Conjugated linoleic acid and fatty acid composition of Yogurt produced from milk of cows fed soy oil and conjugated linoleic acid

: Yogurt was processed from milk from Holstein cows whose diets were supplemented with soy oil (5%) and/or conjugated linoleic acids (CLA, 1%) to determine the effect of processing and dietary supplementation on CLA and fatty acid composition. Processing and storage for 7 d did not significantly affect CLA or fatty acid composition. CLA contents of milk and yogurt increased 2.8- and 2-fold by soy oil and CLA supplementation, respectively. Contents of saturated fatty acids decreased and trans-octadecenoic acids increased with the soy-oil-supplementation. The addition of CLA to soy-oil-supplemented diets did not significantly affect the CLA and fatty acid composition of the yogurt.
An improvement in cumulus parameterization by invoking outgoing longwave radiation

The Kuo-type cumulus parameterization and rainfall rate scheme is extended by including the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), the local time rate of change of OLR, and the horizontal Laplacian of OLR to include the additional source of mesoscale moisture supply. The extended scheme remains simple and efficient. A series of 5-day forecasts of the 1979 monsoon for the tropical belt between the Arabian Sea and the western Pacific Ocean show improvement in the 3-day forecast in the daily accumulated precipitation in both the amount and location. Further RMS error analyses indicate that using OLR and the Laplacian of OLR also produces a significant improvement in a 3-day forecast. Additional tests of the extended scheme for the 1987 and 1988 monsoons produced consistent and characteristic areal rainfall rates in the tropics. The improvement in the “OLR model” forecasts is attributed to the improved skill of OLR forecast in the forecast model as the RMS errors for 5 consecutive days in the 6 experimental forecasts are smaller than those of the 3 control forecasts.
Gold price risk and the returns on gold mutual funds

Abstract A model is presented for estimating the theoretical gold price elasticity of the value of mutual funds investing in gold mining companies. The theoretical elasticity shows that if the funds invest in companies whose assets are comprised primarily of operating gold mines, then the return of an investment in the fund will be at least as great as an investment in gold (i.e., the gold price elasticity of the gold fund is greater than 1). Empirical tests of the above propositions are presented. Empirical tests also show, however, that the gold mutual funds contain a substantial amount of risk which is not explained either by market risk or gold price risk. Accordingly, gold mutual funds and gold bullion do not bring identical risks to an investor's portfolio.
Thermal decomposition of ammonia borane at high pressures

The effects of high pressure (up to 9 GPa) on the thermal decomposition of ammonia borane, BH3NH3, were studied in situ by Raman spectroscopy in a diamond anvil cell. In contrast with the three-step decomposition at ambient pressure, thermolysis under pressure releases almost the entire hydrogen content of the molecule in two distinct steps. The residual of the first decomposition is polymeric aminoborane, (BH2NH2)x, which is also observed at ambient pressure. The residual after the second decomposition is unique to high pressure. Presumably it corresponds to a precursor to hexagonal BN where macromolecular fragments of planar hexagon layers formed by B and N atoms are terminated by H atoms. Increasing pressure increases the temperature of both decomposition steps. Due to the increased first decomposition temperature it becomes possible to observe a new high pressure, high temperature phase of BH3NH3 which may represent melting.
Wiring up quantum systems

The emerging field of circuit quantum electrodynamics could pave the way for the design of practical quantum computers.
Human monocyte activation by supernatants from concanavalin A (con A) stimulated lymphocytes.

Abstract Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A) in the absence of serum. Supernatants were collected from control and mitogen stimulated lymphocyte cultures and fractions pooled according to the elution before, together with or after human serum albumin which was added as a marker. Only one fraction derived from Con A stimulated lymphocyte culture Supernatants which eluted immediately after human serum albumin had a significant effect on the metabolism and structure of human monocytes in vitro . Monocytes separated by human serum albumin and incubated with this fraction for 20 hr had an increase in nuclear RNA synthesis. Monocytes attached to cover slips in Leighton tubes showed an increase in the percentage of phagocytizing cells and phagocytic activity. Electron microscopy demonstrated highly phagocytic cells containing numerous Golgi associated granules and strands of nondilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in presence of the active fraction.
The crystal and molecular structure of the mixed-anion copper(II) complex, LCuClClO4, L = 1,1′, 4,7,7′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, from the reaction of LCuClCO3(ClO4)CuL with water

Abstract Copper(I) chloride dissolves in methylene chloride containing 1,1′,4,7,7′-pentamethylenediethylenetriamine, (L), and an excess of carbon dioxide to give a pale yellow solution which reacts with dioxygen to give a hygroscopic, blue μ-carbonatocopper(II) complex. Reaction of this product with equimolar AgClO4 in methylene chloride and attempted single crystal growth gives LCuClClO4, whose 3-dimensional structure has been determined.
Medical and popular traditions of nerves

We question the assumption that the common complaint of nerves in small Newfoundland fishing villages is a legacy of the late 19th century syndrome called weak nerves or neurasthenia, and instead trace the development of a Western medical science of nerves from the early 1700s to the present. Native descriptions of the physical, especially tonic, nature of nerves and of the moral strength needed to fight nerves are correlated with 18th century medical notions. Less resemblance exists between Newfoundland nerves and concepts of neurasthenia in the late 19th century. Moreover, the contemporary descriptions of nerves as a generalized response to stress and anxiety do not account for the culture-specific aspects of nerves which shape Newfoundland regional identity and shed light on their present day sociocultural adaptations.
Role of Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation in Rapid Desensitization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis desensitize in response to prolonged or repeated agonist exposure, and evidence suggests that this involves activation of protein kinase C (PKC). The present studies were undertaken to determine if cloned mGluR5 undergoes similar PKC-mediated desensitization and to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying PKC-induced desensitization. In Xenopus oocytes, both mGluR5a and mGluR5b showed pronounced desensitization in response to a brief activation by glutamate. Pharmacological studies clearly suggest that this desensitization requires PKC-mediated phosphorylation. Analysis of PKC consensus phosphorylation site mutants suggests that PKC phosphorylates mGluR5 at multiple sites to induce a relatively rapid form of desensitization. Because mGluRs play important roles in synaptic plasticity and in excitotoxicity, this desensitization may be involved in the dynamic regulation of these processes.
Pre-treatment inflammation induced by TNF-α augments cryosurgical injury on human prostate cancer

Vascular injury is a major mechanism of cryosurgical destruction. The extent of vascular injury may be affected by the addition of molecular adjuvants. This study, in addition to determining the injury mechanism in the LNCaP Pro 5 human prostate cancer subline grown in a nude mouse, examined the effect of cytokine TNF-alpha on cryosurgery of an in vivo microvascular preparation (Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber). A comparison of injury data to a thermal model indicated that the minimum temperature after moderate cooling, thawing, and hold time required for causing necrosis was 3.5+/-6.9 degrees C in TNF-alpha-treated LNCaP Pro 5 tumor tissue (n=4) and -9.8+/-5.8 degrees C in TNF-alpha-treated normal skin of the nude mouse (n=4). Compared to tissues without TNF-alpha treatment, where the minimum temperature required for causing necrosis was -16.5+/-4.3 degrees C in LNCaP Pro 5 tumor tissue (n=8) and -24.4+/-7.0 degrees C in normal skin of the nude mouse (n=9), the results indicate the local use of TNF-alpha can dramatically increase the threshold temperature of cryo-destruction by more than 10 degrees C (p <0.01). These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that vascular-mediated injury is responsible for defining the edge of the cryolesion in microvascular-perfused tissue, and therefore pre-induced inflammation can augment cryoinjury. The local use of TNF-alpha to pre-inflame prostate cancer promises to increase both the ability of freezing to destroy cancer as well as improve the ability of ultrasound or other iceball-monitoring techniques to predict the outcome of the treatment.
On Unrequited Love: Mastery, Submission, and Transcendence

This article examines a sexual relationship based on mastery and submission through the lens of hunger, shame, abjection, and ecstasy. The author examines the dissociative process in which shameful and unwanted aspects of the self are projected onto the other, and explores the possibility of transcending dichotomized self states through mutual surrender.
Combining object-oriented design and computer architecture into a single senior-level course

Undergraduate computer architecture course work typically covers some standard topics, including pipelining, memory hierarchy design and their relationship to performance. While there are a number of available tools that can be used to exercise the functionality of these concepts, students will many times only learn how to use the tool and will not gain an appreciation for the underlying technology or design.To insure that students understand many of the design tradeoffs encountered with computer design and computer architecture, they can construct software models of these designs. The students must have a very clear understanding of the design for them to be able to model it correctly. By developing a model, they gain insight into the real tradeoffs associated with the design of such features.To insure that students are able to develop well-structured, reusable simulation models, they must also have sufficient background in formal programming methods. Object-oriented design provides this structure and C++ provides a reasonable implementation language for developing object-oriented simulation models.This paper describes a senior-level course offered in the ECE department at Northeastern University that encompasses both of these subjects. As a final project for this course the students must construct a simulation model of some architectural feature. This paper describes the motivation for this course, and the associated course work.
Editorial for the SI: Optimization of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems

We consider it a great privilege to introduce this special two-issue series on Optimization of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems. Optimization has played a central role in the research discipline of discrete event dynamic systems since its inception, and has been the focus of many papers published in this journal since its creation. Driven by applications in several areas such as manufacturing, transportation, and telecommunications, the optimization problem has been addressed by our research community with particular emphases on theory, computation, and simulation. The purpose of this special issue is to bring together papers representing diverse problems of current interest, and to expose and highlight state-of-the-art ideas, techniques, and algorithms that have been developed for their solution.
Juvenile court pathways to legal permanence for children in substitute care

Abstract Using administrative data describing the contemporaneous substitute care and juvenile court histories of 8116 children entering substitute care in Cook county Illinois, this study examines children's pathways to legal permanence. Specifically, by parsing children's exit to permanence by its constituent legal milestones, and examining the extent to which variability in the rates of these milestones are attributable to the court calendar (i.e., judge) and child levels, respectively, this study attempts to pinpoint the primary sources of variability in children's pathways to legal permanence. Results suggest that the transitions between certain legal milestones (e.g., disposition to reunification, disposition to TPR) account for a majority of the variability in children's exit to permanence. Results also suggest that a moderate amount of variability in permanency rates is attributable to court calendars, but that the magnitude of calendar-level influence varies considerably across legal milestone transitions; for some transitions (e.g., TPR to adoption finalization), calendar-level influence is effectively zero, whereas for other transitions (e.g., entry to dispositional order), calendar-level influence seems to eclipse the influence of observed child-level characteristics. Implications for child welfare and juvenile court scholarship, policy, and practice are discussed.
Determination of lymphoid cell fate is dependent on the expression status of the IL-7 receptor

Signaling through the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) is necessary for the development of the earliest B- and T-lineage cells. IL-7R is first expressed on common lymphoid progenitor cells and is not detected on primitive common myeloid progenitors. In this study, we show that enforced expression of IL-7R on multipotential stem cells does not influence lymphoid versus myeloid cell fate. T cell development was compatible with sustained IL-7R expression; however, we observed a near complete block in B cell development at the onset of B-lineage commitment. Unlike pre-proB cells from control animals, developmentally-arrested IL-7R(+)B220(+)CD19(-)NK1.1(-)Ly-6C(-) cells failed to express EBF and Pax5. These results suggest that transient downregulation of IL-7R signaling is a necessary event for induction of EBF and Pax5 expression and B-lymphocyte commitment.
Complexes of Pd(II), Pt(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) chlorides with 6, 6′-dimethyl-2, 2′-dipyridyl

Abstract The synthesis of complexes of the general form M(dmdp)Cl2, where dmdp is 6, 6′-dimethyl-2, 2′-dipyridyl and M is Pd(II), Pt(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) from non-aqueous solvents is reported. Also presented is a new convenient synthesis of dmdp. The characteristics of these complexes to produce nicks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA are evaluated.
Physical growth and development, neurological maturation and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. I. Outline of the problem of endemic goiter and cretinism. Physical growth and neurological maturation in the adult population of La Esperanza

Animal experiments indicate that chronic dietary iodine deficiency can have a marked effect on neurological maturation and the consequent behavioral capacities of the individuals so affected. Goiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland, is hyperendemic throughout the Andean region of Ecuador and is associated with an insufficient dietary intake of iodine. In these populations there is also a strikingly high prevalence of gross mental and physical developmental retardation that has been classified under the rubric of “endemic cretinism.” Anthropometric measurements and Bender Gestalt productions were collected from 44 deaf-mute “cretin” and 344 “normal” adult individuals in the parroquia of La Esperanza. The anthropometric data were generally comparable to that of other Ecuadorian Andean populations which have been studied. The deaf-mute “cretin” group showed retardation in physical growth and marked retardation in visual motor maturation compared to the “normal” population. Seventeen percent of the “normal” population showed clear signs of neurological deficit in visual motor perception. The data suggest that in addition to the large number of grossly retarded “cretins” in these populations, many of the “normal” individuals show some degree of neurological deficit, thus forming a continuum from frankly retarded, through moderately and slightly affected, to normal individuals. The socio-cultural adaptations to the presence of a large number of retarded individuals in the community are discussed.
Rapid staining method to detect and identify downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) in basil.

Premise of the study: Demand for fresh-market sweet basil continues to increase, but in 2009 a new pathogen emerged, threatening commercial field/greenhouse production and leading to high crop losses. This study describes a simple and effective staining method for rapid microscopic detection of basil downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) from leaves of basil (Ocimum basilicum). Methods and Results: Fresh leaf sections infected with P. belbahrii were placed on a microscope slide, cleared with Visikol™, and stained with iodine solution followed by one drop of 70% sulfuric acid. Cell walls of the pathogen were stained with a distinct coloration, providing a high-contrast image between the pathogen and plant. Conclusions: This new staining method can be used successfully to identify downy mildew in basil, which then can significantly reduce its spread if identified early, coupled with mitigation strategies. This technique can facilitate the control of the disease, without expensive and specialized equipment.
Representation issues for reengineering interactive systems

Introduction • Maintenance activities account for 70-80% of software lifecycle. • 48-100% of code for interactive systems is user interface code! The Representation Issue • A foundational issue in reengineering in general is the abstract representation of the system. • Representation must be complete and robust enough to represent adequately all functional requirements of the user interface throughout the evolution process. • Design representations are not intended to support recovery of a system-level interface specification from a legacy application. • Design representations do not adequately address the special issues that arise in the reengineering process. Requirements for Reengineering
Alligatoring and damage in the cold rolling of spheroidized steels

Spheroidized 1020, 1045, and 1090 steel samples were cold-rolled to large plastic strains. This lead to cracking by alligatoring in 1090 steel. At strains smaller than required for alligatoring, voids were observed to be widely distributed in all three steels. The nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids were characterized with quantitative metallography and density measurements. The process leading to alligatoring was analyzed as three sub-processes: the evolution of voids, the formation of an initial crack, and the damaged material finally fracturing. The influence of rolling parameters on void growth under this nominally compressive stress state was also discussed.
The Galileo orbital tour for the 1986 launch opportunity

The trajectory characteristics of the selected Galileo orbital tour for the May 1986 launch opportunity are presented, and the interplay between tour design and science requirements is discussed. The orbital tour design concepts are summarized, and the research objectives in the areas of magnetospheric science, satellite imaging, observations of the Jupiter atmosphere, and radio science are discussed. Each of the encounter with the moons of Jupiter that would have occurred if the launch opportunity had been utilized are described, giving the dates of the planned encounters. Trajectory pole views and earth views of occultations during encounters are diagrammed.
Dynamical control of electron spin coherence in a quantum dot : A theoretical study

We investigate the performance of dynamical decoupling methods at suppressing electron spin decoherence from a low-temperature nuclear spin reservoir in a quantum dot. The controlled dynamics is studied through exact numerical simulation, with emphasis on realistic pulse delays and the long-time limit. Our results show that optimal performance for this system is attained by a periodic protocol exploiting concatenated design, with control rates substantially slower than expected from the upper spectral cutoff of the bath. For a known initial electron spin state, coherence can saturate at long times, signaling the creation of a stable ``spin-locked'' decoherence-free subspace. Analytical insight into saturation is obtained for a simple echo protocol, in good agreement with numerical results.
Rapid response genes as markers of cellular signaling during cortical histogenesis: their potential in understanding mental retardation.

Abstract Aberrations of dendritic morphology are seen in most forms of mental retardation (MR). Normal cortical development is dependent on neural activity that modulates developmental processes such as dendritic differentiation. Indeed, many of the classical histological correlates of MR are reproduced in models that alter activity during development. To explore the hypothesis that MR results from aberrant activity signals during development, it would be useful to have histochemical markers that are sensitive to neural activity. Recent studies indicate that certain immediate early genes (IEGs) are normally expressed at relatively high levels in cortical neurons during postnatal development and are rapidly regulated by natural activity. We have begun to assess the possible use of IEG markers to study MR by examining the pre- and postnatal developmental time course of a panel of known IEG transcription factors as well as a set of novel IEGs identified in our laboratory. One of these recently characterized clones encodes a novel, mitogen-inducible cyclo-oxygenase that is expressed during a critical period for dendritic formation and is regulated by N- methyl - d - aspartate-dependent synaptic activity and by environmental stimuli. These data suggest a role for prostaglandin signaling in postnatal cortical development. Other partially characterized novel IEGs are expressed in a cell-specific fashion in the cortical plate. Application of these histochemical markers to the study of MR pathogenesis in animal models is discussed.
Circadian rhythm of circulating corticosterone and prolactin levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Circulating levels of corticosterone and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay at hourly intervals during a 24 h period to establish the diurnal rhythm of these hormones in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Corticosterone levels exhibited a distinct circadian variation with concentrations reaching a zenith at 2000 h and a nadir at 1200 h in male and female SHR. Corticosterone levels in females were consistently greater than males. Circulating prolactin levels were greater during the light h than dark in the female; the opposite occurred in males. Measurement of pituitary prolactin content tended to be low when serum prolactin levels were high and vice versa. The circadian rhythm of circulating corticosterone and prolactin in the hypertensive SHR was found to be similar to the day-night patterns established for normotensive rats. However, these measurements were made under quiescent conditions. It is suggested that because SHR are hyper-responsive to stress and because corticosterone and prolactin have synchronous effects on stress-induced adrenal steroidogenesis, further investigation of prolactin and corticosterone may reveal a participatory role of these hormones in the pathogenesis of the genetically-programmed hypertension of SHR.
All-sky extrasolar planet searches with multi-object dispersed fixed-delay interferometer in optical and near IR

An all sky survey for extrasolar planets with wide field telescopes, Sloan 2.5m and WIYN 3.5 telescopes, is being developed. This survey will use a multi-object version of current Exoplanet Tracker (ET) Doppler instrument commissioned at the KPNO 2.1m telescope in June 2004. This instrument is based on dispersed fixed-delay interferometer, a combination of a Michelson interferometer with a moderate dispersion spectrometer (Ge 2002). This custom designed instrument (f/2 optics) has a wavelength coverage of ~ 600 a with a 4kx4k CCD camera at a spectral resolution of R = 5,000. The measured instrument detection efficiency, including telescope, fiber, interferometer, spectrometer and detector losses, has ~ 18% (or 50% throughput from the fiber input to the detector), more than 4 times higher than current echelle instruments being used for planet detection. ET has been able to routinely obtain S/N ~ 80 data for V ~ 8 mag. stars in 15 min exposures with the KPNO 2.1m. It allows us to reach ~ 3.5 m/s Doppler precision for radial velocity (RV) stable stars with S/N ~ 120 per pixel. It also allows us to confirm an exoplanet curve of HD 130322 (V = 8.05) with rms Doppler error of 12.3 m/s (preliminary results). We are in the middle of design of two prototype multiple object RV instrument for the Sloan and WIYN telescopes, which are capable of observing 50 stars (V ~ 8-13) in a single exposure. We plan to conduct the all sky survey for planets around ~ 1 millions of stars with Sloan starting in 2008. Our goal is to identify ~ 100,000 extrasolar planets with ~ 1,000 solar analogues through this survey.
Factors influencing the seasonal life history of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

. 1. The effects of resource levels, thermal microclimate, and seasonal oviposition patterns on fecundity and survivorship in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coq.), were examined at a northern Wisconsin bog over the course of 2 years. Wyeomyia smithii are bivoltine at this locality, thereby enabling the study of summer and overwintering generations separately. 2. Nutrient resources of W. smithii were not limiting and there was no indication of density-dependent survivorship or fecundity. 3. Oviposition rates were highest in young, large pitchers and individual mosquitoes appeared to allocate only a few eggs to any one leaf. 4. Winter was the harsh season, and the principal manifestation of seasonal harshness was reduced survivorship. 5. Overwintering W. smithii that had been oviposited later in the summer had a higher odds of survival than those oviposited earlier in the summer. 6. It was concluded that dispersal of eggs among many pitchers serves to spread the risk of encountering lethal winter temperatures among spatially unpredictable patches.
Emotionally Focused Family Therapy and Play Therapy Techniques

Emotionally Focused Family Therapy provides a framework for understanding children's behaviors in terms of attachment needs of comfort and support. However, when working with young children, play therapy is often developmentally preferred over “talk therapy.” By integrating play therapy techniques within an Emotionally Focused Family Therapy theoretical framework, therapists can help parents understand and meet their child's needs for affection and comfort. This article will discuss how play therapy techniques can be integrated with an Emotionally Focused Family Therapy theoretical framework for work with young children and their families.
Immunohistological studies of artiodactyl and teleost pituitaries with antisera to calcitonin

Abstract The pituitary glands of pigs, cows, sheep (artiodactyls), and trout and goldfish (teleosts) were studied by immunohistology for the presence of calcitonin with antisera specific for the respective thyroidal and ultimobranchial calcitonins of these species. The specificity of the antisera was demonstrated by the lack of reactivity with other pituitary hormones and by the lack of cross-reactivity among the three groups of biochemically distinct thyroidal or ultimobranchial calcitonins: (a) rat (and human), (b) artiodactyl, and (c) teleost. The antiserum to salmon (teleost) calcitonin demonstrated immunohistologically positive cells in the teleost pituitaries, but not in the pig, sheep, or cow pituitaries. The antiserum to porcine calcitonin demonstrated immunohistologically positive cells in the artiodactyl but not in the teleost (or rat) pituitaries. The human calcitonin antiserum, cross-reacting with rat thyroidal calcitonin and demonstrating immunohistologically positive cells in the rat pituitary gland, did not demonstrate immunohistologically positive cells in the artiodactyl or teleost pituitaries. These studies demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive pituitary calcitonin in teleosts and artiodactyls and the species and immunochemical specificity of this phenomenon.
Current deprivation maintenance schedule and reaction to food

The study compared the effects of current deprivation (hours since feeding) and maintenance schedule (hours per day fed) on the responsiveness to food. The subjects were 30 Holtzman rats assigned to three groups. Response measures were latency-to-eat and amount eaten in 1 min. Only maintenance schedule was shown to be significant. This result is consistent with previously demonstrated effects of these variables on food reinforcement and with theoretical views of Sheffield, Denny, and Premack.
Bioinorganic applications of X-ray multiplets — The impact of Theo Tholes's work

Abstract Prior to the work of Theo Thole and his collaborators, the vast majority of biological X-ray spectroscopy involved either EXAFS or hard X-ray XANES spectroscopy. Theo Thole's ligand field multiplet theory revealed the rich information content of transition metal L-edges, and it helped prompt the first measurements on metalloproteins. His contributions to XMCD also prompted the first low-temperature/high-field experiments on paramagnetic centers in proteins. This paper describes some recent work in biological soft X-ray spectroscopy that was stimulated by Thole's findings. Representative Ni protein absorption spectra are shown, illustrating detection of Ni(I), Ni(III), and high- and low-spin Ni(II) in Ni hydrogenase and CO dehydrogenase. New XMCD spectra for Cu in plastocyanin and Fe in a 2Fe ferredoxin are presented. The exciting prospects for soft X-ray absorption and XMCD of metalloproteins are summarized.
Class Size and Levels of Student Motivation

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the motivation level of the student and his respective class size. Instructors were selected who taught two sections of the same course; the only difference being class size. Information was collected through questionnaires and interviews with the students and instructors. Linear regression, multiple linear regression, and significance of different tests were employed to analyze the collected data. The analysis showed that class size substantially explained variations in individual and intragroup vertical motivation level, and, to a lesser extent, it also explained variations in intragroup lateral motivation levels. Finally, a relationship was shown to exist between these motivation levels and course evaluations by the students.
C-fuzzy variable-branch decision tree with storage and classification error rate constraints

The C-fuzzy decision tree (CFDT), which is based on the fuzzy C-means algorithm, has recently been proposed. The CFDT is grown by selecting the nodes to be split according to its classification error rate. However, the CFDT design does not consider the classification time taken to classify the input vector. Thus, the CFDT can be improved. We propose a new C-fuzzy variable-branch decision tree (CFVBDT) with storage and classification error rate constraints. The design of the CFVBDT consists of two phases-growing and pruning. The CFVBDT is grown by selecting the nodes to be split according to the classification error rate and the classification time in the decision tree. Additionally, the pruning method selects the nodes to prune based on the storage requirement and the classification time of the CFVBDT. Furthermore, the number of branches of each internal node is variable in the CFVBDT. Experimental results indicate that the proposed CFVBDT outperforms the CFDT and other methods.
Childhood Verbal Abuse: A Risk Factor for Depression in Pre-Bariatric Surgery Psychological Evaluations

The present study evaluated the importance of multimodal assessment of childhood verbal abuse (CVA) in pre-bariatric surgery psychological evaluations, and the role of CVA as a predictor of depression. Data from the psychological evaluations of 184 pre-bariatric surgery patients were retrospectively examined. Using two self-report measures and an interview-based screen, 52.2 % of participants reported experiencing some form of CVA; conversely, assessments of CVA based on only one measure yielded significantly lower prevalence rates. Endorsement of CVA on multiple measures was associated with more severe depressive symptomatology and greater likelihood of mood disorder diagnosis. Based on these data, a self-report measure and interview-based screen for CVA should be included in pre-bariatric psychological evaluations; either of these assessments may be conducted via a single-item screen. Lastly, patients who endorse CVA on multiple measures should be monitored closely for symptoms of depression post-surgery.
Lanthanides as probes for calcium in biological systems

Calcium ion plays an essential role in many biological processes. The environment about Ca2+ may be probed by substitution of tripositive lanthanide ions, Ln3+. Ca2+ proteins fall into two broad classes: those that are inhibited by Ln3+ substitution and those that are not. It is suggested that although Ca2+ undertakes a primarily structural role in the Ln3+ non-inhibited proteins, Ca2+ may be near the active site or participate in the mechanism of action of Ln3+ inhibited proteins. Ca2+ and Ln3+ radii are similar; most Ln3+ are slightly larger than Ca2+ in complexes of the same coordination number, and substitution of Ln3+ for Ca2+ is accommodated by a slight decrease in bond distance or by an increase in coordination number. Luminescence from Tb3+ has been demonstrated to be a sensitive environmental probe of Ca2+ binding sites in proteins.
A scalable method for run-time loop parallelization

Current parallelizing compilers do a reasonable job of extracting parallelism from programs with regular, well behaved, statically analyzable access patterns. However, they cannot extract a significant fraction of the avaialable, parallelism if the program has a complex and/or statically insufficiently defined access pattern, e.g., simulation programs with irregular domains and/or dynamically changing interactions. Since such programs represent a large fraction of all applications, techniques are needed for extracting their inherent parallelism at run-time. In this paper we give a new run-time technique for finding an optimal parallel execution schedule for a partially parallel loop, i.e., a loop whose parallelization requires synchronization to ensure that the iterations are executed in the correct order. Given the original loop, the compiler generatesinspector code that performas run-time preprocessing of the loop's access pattern, andscheduler code that schedules (and executes) the loop interations. The inspector is fully parallel, uses no sychronization, and can be applied to any loop (from which an inspector can be extracted). In addition, it can implement at run-time the two most effective transformations for increasing the amount of parallelism in a loop:array privatization andreduction parallelization (elementwise). The ability to identify privatizable and reduction variables is very powerful since it eliminates the data dependences involving these variables and
Illustration: Making the Right Choices

There are two types of illustrations: tables and figures. Tables are the arrangements of numbers and descriptions in rows and columns. Figures are everything else: photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs. This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type. When presenting numerical data, you should assess the advantages of tables and graphs before making a choice. When presenting an image, you should assess the advantages and disadvantages of photographs, drawings, and diagrams.
A working model for mental health program evaluation.

This paper describes a conceptual model of human service program evaluation, and integrates three key components of the evaluation process: a) Levels of Evaluative Activity, b) Functional Roles of the Evaluator, and c) Program Information Capability. This model has been useful in assessing evaluation capability of mental health programs, and in suggesting itineraries for enhancing evaluation capacity.
Avoiding tension of wound closure in reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy in previously irradiated breasts.

Concerning reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy after radiation therapy for breast conservation therapy, both Spear et al1 and Vindigni et al2 are to be congratulated for reporting on a clearly challenging surgery. Spear et al1 presented a series of 18 patients, who collectively had a complication rate of 28%. Vindigni et al2 reported a patient with severe complications who later required free flap repair. Fortunately, neither set of authors committed the common error of ascribing complications after radiation therapy to microvascular ischemia. In fact, more than 3 decades of research, both laboratory and clinical, into …