cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FOLK MEDICINE AND HEALTH CULTURE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Folk medicine comprises "unofficial health beliefs and practices" which rely heavily (but not exclusively) on oral transmission. It is one form of alternative medicine, and a major source for many other forms such as phytotherapy and mind/body medicine. While many folk medicine ideas and practices are associated with particular ethnic groups, many others are widely distributed throughout American society. Folk medicine is not dying out in the modern world. Because it has both medical benefits and risks, effective medical care with folk medicine requires awareness and discussion of its influence.
A three parameter analytic phase function for multiple scattering calculations

A simple procedure was developed to fit the first three moments of an actual phase function with a three parameter analytic phase function. The exact Legendre Polynomial decomposition of this function is, suitable for multiple scattering calculations. The use of this function is expected to yield excellent flux values at all depths within a medium. Since it is capable of reproducing the glory, it can be used in synthetic spectra computations from planetary atmospheres. Accurate asymptotic radiance values can also be achieved as long as the single scattering albedo omega sub 0 is greater than or equal to 0.9.
Prospective randomized trial of ketorolac after congenital heart surgery.

Abstract Objective: Ketorolac is a potent nonsteroidal analgesic agent used to treat postoperative pain. It produces excellent analgesia without the sedating side effects of opioid analgesics. Routine use of ketorolac after cardiac surgery is limited by concerns of bleeding complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bleeding complications of ketorolac for treatment of pain after congenital heart surgery in infants and children. Design: Prospective randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit in tertiary teaching hospital. Participants: Seventy infants and children, median age 10 months (range 2.5–174), who underwent congenital heart surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized in the trial. Intervention: Pain control was performed with ketorolac and opioid analgesics in one arm of the study and opioid analgesics alone in the other arm. Outcome Measures: The main outcome evaluated was bleeding complications measured by chest-tube drainage and wound and gastrointestinal bleeding. Results: Thirty-five patients were randomized to each treatment arm. In the ketorolac group, the median chest-tube drainage was 13.3 (range 4–22) mL/kg/d, no patient had significant wound bleeding, and 1 (0.03%) patient had gastrointestinal bleeding. In the control group, the median chest-tube drainage was 16.5 (range 3–24) mL/kg/d, 1 (0.03%) patient had wound bleeding, and no patient had gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusion: Ketorolac can be used to treat pain after congenital heart surgery without an increased risk of bleeding complications.
What has functional neuroimaging done for primary headache ... and for the clinical neurologist

Our understanding of mechanisms involved in primary headache syndromes has been substantially advanced using functional neuroimaging. The data have helped establish the now-prevailing view of primary headache syndromes, such as migraine and cluster headache, as brain disorders with neurovascular manifestations, not as disorders of blood vessels. This review focuses on the results of studies applying positron emission tomography, functional MRI, and voxel-based morphometry, and attempts to synthesize the growing body of literature to provide pathophysiological concepts. We will further outline future research directions and the clinical applicability of functional imaging in headache patients.
Screening of Human Enteric Microorganisms for Potential Biotransformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

This study examined the potential for metabolism of select polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by human enteric microorganisms. Experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions with various combinations of enteric microbial suspensions, PAH concentrations, nutrient mixtures, and time courses. No PAH metabolites were detected upon GC-TOF-MS analysis of samples digested by tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis. No mineralization of (14)C-labeled phenanthrene was observed. These results suggest the lack of partial or complete metabolism of PAHs by enteric microorganisms and therefore the absence of major bioactivation pathways that would expose intestinal lining to potentially carcinogenic PAH metabolites.
1018-52 Volumetric Intravascular Ultrasound Volumetric Analysis Shows that Small Stent Size and Intimal Hyperplasia Contribute to Restenosis

To explore the mechanisms and patterns of stent restenosis, we performed volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis (IVUS) in 60 tubular-slotted stents a mean of 8 months after implantation. Motorized transducer pullback (@ 0.5 mmls within a stationary imaging sheath) permitted measurement of stent and lumen cross-sectional areas in 1 mm axial increments and calculation of stent, lumen, and neointimal hyperplasia (IH = stent–lumen) volumes using Simpson's Rule. Lumen areas were normalized for a reference lumen cross-sectional area to calculate a % area stenosis (AS) for each cross-section. Restenosis was defined as a quantitative angiographic % diameter stenosis ≥50 or an IVUS %AS ≥75.s Restenosis (N = 6) No Restenosis (N = 20) P Stent volume (mm3) 120 ± 41 147 ± 43 0.016 Lumen volume (mm3) 62 ± 28 118 ± 42 l0.001 IH volume (mm3) 58 ± 36 29 ± 18 l0.001 We then defined diffuse and focal patterns of restenosis: (1) diffuse = more than 50% of the stent length having a %AS ≥ 75 and (2) focal = less than 50% of the stent length having a %AS ≥75. Diffuse (N = 6) Focal (N = 20) P Stent volume (mm3) 120 ± 31 120 ± 44 NS Lumen volume (mm3) 36 ± 15 70 ± 26 l0.005 IH volume (mm3) 84 ± 30 50 ± 34 l0.05 In pts with focal in-stent restenosis, the region of greatest %AS was at the central articulation in 9 (45%), at the stent margins in 6 (30%), and within a stent segment in 5 (25%). We Conclude (1) IVUS imaging with automated transducer pullback allows detailed volumetric analysis of in-stent restenosis. (2) In-stent restenosis is due to a combination of reduced stent volume and greater IH. (3) Diffuse in-stent restenosis is seen in less than 1/3 of restenotic stents and is associated with more aggressive neointimal growth than the more common pattern of focal restenosis. Further studies are required to determine if differing patterns of in-stent restenosis are associated with subsequent clinical outcomes.
Stereochemistry of reactions involving rotationally restricted, sterically hindered cations, radicals, and anions: 9-fluorenyl systems.

A study of the stereochemical pathways of reactions involving rotationally restricted, sterically hindered cations, radicals, and anions has been undertaken utilizing chiral 9-(o-tert-butylphenyl)fluorenes. Previous reports of studies with these or related achiral compounds contained erroneous or equivocal conclusions. This study shows that (+)-sp-9-(o-tert-butylphenyl)-9-methoxy-2-methylfluorene, treated with Tf2O−CHCl3 to form 100% of the 9-cation, then with NaOMe−MeOH, provided 29% of re-formed substrate (configurational retention) and 71% of the (−)-sp enantiomer (inversion). The same substrate treated with HI−CHCl3 was converted into the 9-radical, which was rapidly reduced, affording 100% isolation of (−)-sp-9-(o-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylfluorene (inversion). Treatment of the latter with n-BuLi−THF provided the 9-anion which, on acidification, yielded 100% of the enantiomeric (+)-sp-9-(o-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylfluorene (inversion). The substrates in these reactions were the thermodynamically fav...
Paradoxic inhibition of human natural interferon-producing cells by the activating receptor NKp44

Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity is triggered by multiple activating receptors associated with the signaling adaptor protein DNAX activation protein 12/killer cell-activating receptor-associated protein (DAP12/KARAP). Here, we show that one of these receptors, NKp44, is present on a subset of natural interferon-producing cells (IPCs) in tonsils. NKp44 expression can also be induced on blood IPCs after in vitro culture with interleukin 3 (IL-3). Crosslinking of NKp44 does not trigger IPC-mediated cytotoxicity but, paradoxically, inhibits interferon α (IFN-α) production by IPCs in response to cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides. We find that IPCs in tonsils are in close contact with CD8+ T cells and demonstrate that a subset of memory CD8+ T cells produces IL-3. Therefore, IL-3-mediated induction of NKp44 on IPCs may be an important component of the ongoing crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune response that allows memory CD8+ T cells to control the IPC response to virus. (Blood. 2005;106: 2076-2082)
A Comparison of the Plant Location Strategies of Foreign and Domestic Manufacturers in the U.S.

Several studies have investigated that locational strategies of multinationals across national borders but there have been very few investigations of the locational strategies of multinational and international firms within the borders of a given nation. The influx of foreign manufactures into the U.S. in the seventies and eighties provided a unique opportunity to study their locational strategies within the U.S., which because of its spatial diversity and size, permits identifiable patterns to emerge in the locational strategies of manufacturers.
A strategy for mineral and energy resource independence

Abstract Data acquired by Landsats 1, 2, and 3, are beginning to provide the information on which an improved mineral and energy resource exploration strategy can be based. Landsat 4 is expected to augment this capability with its higher resolution (30 m) and additional spectral bands in the Thematic Mapper (TM) designed specifically to discriminate clay minerals associated with mineral alteration. In addition, a new global magnetic anomaly map, derived from the recent Magsat mission, has recently been compiled by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and others. Preliminary, extremely small-scale renditions of this map indicate that global coverage is nearly complete and that the map will improve upon a previous one derived from Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO) data. Digital processing of the Landsat image data and Magsat geophysical data can be used to create three-dimensional stereoscopic models for which Landsat images provide surface reference to deep structural anomalies. Comparative studies of national Landsat lineament maps, Magsat stereoscopic models, and metallogenic information derived from the Computerized Resources Information Bank (CRIB) inventory of U.S. mineral resources, provide a way of identifying and selecting exploration areas that have mineral resource potential. Landsat images and computer-compatible tapes can provide new and better mosaics and also provide the capability for a closer look at promising sites.
Self-Reported Comorbidity Affects Health-Related Quality of Life and Perception of Shoulder Function in Patients with Rotator Cuff Disease:

BackgroundThe present study aimed to describe the comorbidity burden of a rotator cuff disease cohort and to examine the effects of patient comorbidities on general health and shoulder-specific out...
Elastic and inelastic deformations of ethylene-passivated tenfold decagonal Al-Ni-Co quasicrystal surfaces

The adhesion and friction force properties between a tenfold $\mathrm{Al}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{Ni}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{Co}$ decagonal quasicrystal and a titanium nitride (TiN)-coated tip were investigated using an atomic force microscope in ultrahigh vacuum. To suppress the strong chemical adhesion found in the clean quasicrystal surfaces, the sample was exposed to ethylene that formed a protective passivating layer. We show that the deformation mechanism of the tip-substrate junction changes from elastic to inelastic at a threshold pressure of $3.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}4.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Images of the indentation marks left above the threshold pressure indicate the absence of new steps, and indicate that surface damage is not accompanied by formation of slippage planes or dislocations, as found in plastically deforming crystalline materials. This is consistent with the lack of translational periodicity of quasicrystals. The work of adhesion in the inelastic regime is five times larger than in the elastic one, plausibly as a result of the displacement of the passivating layer. In the elastic regime, the friction dependence on load is accurately described by the Derjaguin-M\"uller-Toporov (DMT) model, consistent with the high hardness of both the TiN tip and the quasicrystal sample. Above the threshold pressure, the friction versus load curve deviates from the DMT model, indicating that chemical bond formation and rupture contribute to the energy dissipation.
Serotonin1A-mediated amplification of light-induced phase advances of circadian rhythms in the Syrian hamster: post-light effects.

Abstract Certain serotonergic compounds that have an agonist/antagonist activity at the 5-HT1A receptor subtype are known to greatly potentiate the ability of light to advance the phase of circadian activity rhythms in hamsters. Typically, investigational compounds are injected 30 min to 1 h prior to a phase-advancing light pulse, and it is not known if these compounds are efficacious when injected after a short light pulse. In this study we injected the 5-HT1A mixed agonist/antagonist BMY 7378 from 1 to 7 h after a short phase advancing light pulse at CT 19 in hamsters to assess the temporal window of efficacy of this compound. BMY 7378 effectively doubles the magnitude of light-induced phase advances in hamster circadian wheel running rhythms for 6 h after a light pulse administered at CT 19, and this effect abruptly ends at 7 h post-light. This demonstrates that the molecular events initiated by a light pulse at CT 19 responsible for initiating phase advances in circadian activity rhythms can be modulated for at least the next 6 h in the hamster. However, this effect found with BMY 7378 does not extend to all serotonergic compounds as the inhibitory activity of 8-OH-DPAT on light-induced phase advances is not apparent when injected just 3 h after a light pulse. Since BMY 7378 can elicit such major shifts in the timing of the circadian clock it should be useful as a tool to explore potential changes in gene expression that lead to phase shifts in circadian rhythms, now known to be susceptible to modification for 6 h after a phase-advancing light pulse.
The other side of the mountain

Abstract This paper presents an argumentive proposal of primary prevention as an alternative mode of psychological intervention. Some of the negative aspects of traditional child psychotherapy are discussed. Following the theoretical presentation of primary prevention, an applied, community‐based program is presented to serve as a model for implementing prevention. To date, the validating research in primary prevention is sparse, however, this article provides specific recommendations for further research.
Non-Unit Free Triangle Orders

A Free Triangle order is a partially ordered set in which every element can be represented by a triangle. All triangles lie between two parallel baselines, with each triangle intersecting each baseline in exactly one point. Two elements in the partially ordered set are incomparable if and only if their corresponding triangles intersect. A unit free triangle order is one with such a representation in which all triangles have the same area. In this paper, we present an example of a non-unit free triangle order.
Age-related changes in the 3D hierarchical structure of rat tibia cortical bone characterized by high-resolution micro-CT.

Three-dimensional hierarchical structure of female Sprague-Dawley rat tibia cortical bone was characterized as a function of age (3, 12, 32, 42, 60, and 72 wk) using a high-resolution micro-compute...
Protein Maturation and Proteolysis in Plant Plastids, Mitochondria, and Peroxisomes

Plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes are key organelles with dynamic proteomes in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Their biogenesis and activity must be coordinated and require intraorganellar protein maturation, degradation, and recycling. The three organelles together are predicted to contain ∼200 presequence peptidases, proteases, aminopeptidases, and specific protease chaperones/adaptors, but the substrates and substrate selection mechanisms are poorly understood. Similarly, lifetime determinants of organellar proteins, such as N-end degrons and tagging systems, have not been identified, but the substrate recognition mechanisms likely share similarities between organelles. Novel degradomics tools for systematic analysis of protein lifetime and proteolysis could define such protease-substrate relationships, degrons, and protein lifetime. Intraorganellar proteolysis is complemented by autophagy of whole organelles or selected organellar content, as well as by cytosolic protein ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. This review summarizes (putative) plant organellar protease functions and substrate-protease relationships. Examples illustrate key proteolytic events.
Defending Fair Use in the age of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act

This article describes the efforts of the authors to challenge the limits placed on Fair Use by the anti-circumvention provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Increasing DMCA-backed corporate control over the use of digital media has limited educators’ ability to teach effectively. The DMCA allows for a triennial challenge to the restrictions on copying media, an elaborate process which the authors successfully negotiated in order to secure an exemption. Communication, film studies, and media studies professors may now circumvent encryption on DVDs and other digital media in their departmental libraries for use in teaching. Narrow as this exemption may be, it nevertheless joins efforts of educators and filmmakers to protect fair use.
Positive entropy on nonautonomous interval maps and the topology of the inverse limit space

Entropy on nonautonomous maps {fi } ∞=0 of the interval is defined 2 ways. Under one definition, called forward entropy, it is shown that positive entropy implies that the inverse limit space of ({fi } ∞=0 ,I) contains an indecomposable subcontinuum. Under the second definition, called backwards entropy, it is shown that the inverse limit space of ({fi } ∞=0 ,I) is not locally connected.
White matter hyperintensities and changes in white matter integrity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study investigated the relationship between WMHs and white matter changes in AD using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and the sensitivity of each DTI index in distinguishing AD with WMHs. Forty-four subjects with WMHs were included. Subjects were classified into three groups based on the Scheltens rating scale: 15 AD patients with mild WMHs, 12 AD patients with severe WMHs, and 17 controls with mild WMHs. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (DR), and axial diffusivity (DA) were analyzed using the region of interest and tract-based spatial statistics methods. Sensitivity and specificity of DTI indices in distinguishing AD groups from the controls were evaluated. AD patients with mild WMHs exhibited differences from control subjects in most DTI indices in the medial temporal and frontal areas; however, differences in DTI indices from AD patients with mild WMHs and AD patients with severe WMHs were found in the parietal and occipital areas. FA and DR were more sensitive measurements than MD and DA in differentiating AD patients from controls, while MD was a more sensitive measurement in distinguishing AD patients with severe WMHs from those with mild WMHs. WMHs may contribute to the white matter changes in AD brains, specifically in temporal and frontal areas. Changes in parietal and occipital lobes may be related to the severity of WMHs. DR may serve as an imaging marker of myelin deficits associated with AD.
When the selfish suffer: evidence for selective prosocial emotional and physiological responses to suffering egoists☆

Abstract Prosociality is fundamental to social relationships, but providing it indiscriminately risks exploitation by egoists. Past work demonstrates that individuals avoid these risks through a more selective form of prosociality, cooperating less and sharing fewer resources with egoists (e.g. Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science , 211 (4489), 1390–1396). We extend this work to explore whether individuals experience reduced prosocial affective and physiological responses to egoists in situations where they are suffering. In two studies, participants learned of a target's egoistic or non-egoistic traits, and then encountered the target suffering. Suffering egoists evoked less compassion in others than non-egoists and elicited physiological responses that diverged from patterns associated with compassion and social engagement (reduced heart rate and greater respiratory sinus arrhythmia activity). Participants' feelings of distrust toward egoists explained these attenuated emotional and physiological responses. These results build upon studies of prosocial behavior by suggesting that individuals experience reduced prosocial emotional and physiological responses toward suffering egoists.
On the impact of functionalization and thermal treatment on dielectric behavior of low content TiO 2 PVDF nanocomposites

Owing to the high surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles, nanoparticle-modified polymers promise to exhibit properties exceeding bounds predicted by effective media approaches, where the effective response is not solely dependent on inherent nanoparticle properties but rather dominated by nature and volume content of interface. This study is focused on 1) investigating impact of surface treatment and thermal processing of nanoTiO2-modified-PVDF on dielectric and mechanical properties of resulting nanocomposites, and 2) highlighting a unique dielectric behavior of nanoparticle-reinforced polymers where an initial increase in dielectric permittivity is seen at very low content followed by a decrease resulting from nanoparticle-polymer interaction. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirm efficient particle surface modification by showing the presence of atoms from coupling agent molecules on the particle's surface. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of TiO2/PVDF nanocomposites verifies that surface porosity was removed by a post annealing process. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) results demonstrate an increase in storage modulus in the glassy region from 67 to 108% as compared to the pristine PVDF for TiO2 contents varying from 5 to 20 wt% (2.3 to 10 vol%) as a result of adding functionalization and thermal treatment. Based on Dielectric Spectroscopy measurements, a 74% increase in permittivity is observed at 0.1 Hz and a 30% increase at 1 kHz, both at relatively low volume content (2.3 vol%), owing to the good dispersion, high interfacial volume content and strong interaction. A further increase of TiO2 content decreases the dielectric permittivity as a result of dipolar confinement. Contributions of the study are two-fold: firstly, compared to the current literature, this increase in the value of dielectric permittivity at such a low volume content using TiO2 nanoparticles is unprecedented and has not been reported so far; and secondly, the study brings to light a unique nanodielectric behavior where the initial increase in permittivity is followed by a decrease owing to dipolar confinement resulting from particle/polymer interaction.
Parameterized schematics (VLSI)

A design capture system is presented that allows parameterized schematics and code to be intermixed freely to produce annotated net lists. A key feature of the system is its extensibility. It provides a small set of powerful abstractions for design description that can easily be extended by users. The system also allows convenient graphical specification of layout generators, and has been used to produce several large VLSI chips. >
Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease

Most humans depend on sun exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D. Solar ultraviolet B photons are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, leading to its transformation to previtamin D3, which is rapidly converted to vitamin D3. Season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, aging, sunscreen use, and glass all influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. Once formed, vitamin D3 is metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and then in the kidney to its biologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vitamin D deficiency is an unrecognized epidemic among both children and adults in the United States. Vitamin D deficiency not only causes rickets among children but also precipitates and exacerbates osteoporosis among adults and causes the painful bone disease osteomalacia. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risks of deadly cancers, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Maintaining blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D above 80 nmol/L (approximately 30 ng/mL) not only is important for maximizing intestinal calcium absorption but also may be important for providing the extrarenal 1alpha-hydroxylase that is present in most tissues to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although chronic excessive exposure to sunlight increases the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer, the avoidance of all direct sun exposure increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency, which can have serious consequences. Monitoring serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations yearly should help reveal vitamin D deficiencies. Sensible sun exposure (usually 5-10 min of exposure of the arms and legs or the hands, arms, and face, 2 or 3 times per week) and increased dietary and supplemental vitamin D intakes are reasonable approaches to guarantee vitamin D sufficiency.
Optimal setpoint controller for a generic X-29A aircraft with forebody vortex nozzles

This paper presents the design, synthesis, and performance of an optimal setpoint high angle-of-attack lateral/directional controller for the X-29A aircraft equipped with forebody vortex flow control nozzles. The closed-loop control law is full state feedback, and is synthesized using a linear time-invariant generic model of the X-29A. Results demonstrate that by proper selection of the weighting elements, the forebody vortex nozzles together with the aerodynamic control effecters can be modulated to improve the closed-loop response compared to a controller design which uses only the aerodynamic control effecters.
Health care and patient safety: The failure of traditional approaches – how human factors and ergonomics can and MUST help

Hazard and harm to patients as well as inefficiencies associated with health care have been well described as worldwide problems that result in hundreds of thousands of patient deaths and billions of dollars of waste every year. The underlying causes for these problems have not been nearly so well described; more importantly, generalizable mitigation strategies have not been effectively identified or used. The current state of health care and patient safety will be discussed with particular attention to the essential role that an engineering-based approach, which is heavily rooted in human factors and ergonomics, must play if real and sustainable progress in the safe and efficient delivery of health care is to be achieved. Specific case studies that illustrate the compelling opportunities for the application of human factors and ergonomics‐related knowledge will be discussed. C
Some Questions and Answers About the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-Abc):

This paper presents an overview of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and addresses some frequently asked questions about the new battery. Topics treated include the rationale for the 2½-to-12½-year age range, the predictive validity of the battery, the impact of teaching items on reliability, the Sequential-Simultaneous dichotomy, and the issue of K-ABC versus WISC-R.
Nurses on-line: Career mobility for registered nurses

The demands of a dynamic health care environment have altered the roles and responsibilities of nurses, creating employment situations where distinctions across educational levels are becoming increasingly important. The 1995 Pew Foundation Report projected that, in the next decade, there would exist a shortage of registered nurses with baccalaureate and higher degree preparation. This deficit creates a unique opportunity to provide innovative approaches to career mobility for registered nurses. Constraints related to juggling the demands of home life, child rearing, and employment have been obstacles for diploma and associate degree nurses wishing to continue their education. Web-based instruction offers exciting possibilities for a new paradigm in nursing education that takes advantage of both the interactivity and substantial resources of the Internet. On-line registered nurse completion programs offer flexible, cost-effective, and easily accessible alternatives to traditional education. This article describes the application of adult learning theory for use in re-engineering courses for on-line instruction. Hardware and software needs, technical support, development of an instructional model, teaching-learning considerations, and program evaluation also are discussed.
Regeneration of Sponges in Ecological Context: Is Regeneration an Integral Part of Life History and Morphological Strategies?

Synopsis Sponges, simple and homogeneous relative to other animals, are particularly adept at regeneration. Although regeneration may appear to be obviously beneficial, and many specific advantages to regeneration of lost portions have been demonstrated, comparisons of regeneration among species of sponges have consistently revealed substantial differences in style (i.e., relative rates of reconstituting surface features, infilling depressions, regaining lost primary substratum), and overall time course, raising questions about adaptive significance of variations in patterns of regeneration. Do sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as growth or reproduction? Is regeneration time-course and style an integral part of coherent life history and morphological strategies? One approach to answering these questions is to compare regeneration among species that represent a spectrum of higher taxa within the demosponges as well as different growth forms and life-history strategies. Because detailed ecological studies of sponges have tended to focus on small sets of species of the same growth form, community-wide comparisons have been hampered. Data on growth rate, colonization, mortality, susceptibility to predation, and competitive ability have recently been accumulated for species of sponges typical of the Caribbean mangrove prop-root community. Experimentally generated wounds in individuals of 13 of these species allow comparison of the timing and style of regeneration among sponge species that span a range of life histories and growth forms. The species chosen represent four orders of the class Demospongiae, and include four sets of congeneric species, allowing distinction of patterns related to life history and morphology from those determined by shared evolutionary heritage.
LDPC-coded OFDM in fiber-optics communication systems [Invited]

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is studied as an efficient coded modulation technique suitable for fiber-optics communication systems. We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications LDPC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and requires simple equalization to deal with chromatic dispersion. LDPC-coded OFDM is also a promising polarization-mode dispersion compensation technique. Several power efficient OFDM schemes and LDPC codes suitable for use in LDPC-coded OFDM optical communication systems are discussed.
Coexisting addiction and pain in people receiving methadone for addiction.

The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the narratives of people who experience chronic pain (lasting 6 months or more) and were receiving methadone for the treatment of their opiate addiction through a major methadone clinic. This paper featured the pathway of how the participants developed chronic pain and addiction, and their beliefs of how prescription opioids would impact their addiction in the future. Thirty-four participants who experienced chronic pain and received methadone for treatment of opiate addiction were willing to tell the story of their experiences. The findings in three areas are presented: (a) whether participants experienced addiction first or pain first and how their exposures to addictive substances influenced their experiences, (b) the significance of recreational drug use and patterns of abuse behaviors leading to chronic pain, and (c) participants’ experiences and beliefs about the potential for abuse of prescription opioid used for treatment of pain.
Investigation of SH-SAW sensors for toxic heavy metal detection

In this study, a guided shear horizontal mode surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensor with 64° YX-LiNbO3 based piezoelectric substrate and gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes (IDE) was used for the detection of toxic heavy metal compounds. A flow cell, with a reservoir volume of 3 μl, which employs inlet and outlet valves for the microfluidic chamber and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic channels, was also designed and fabricated using an acrylic material. As the SAW propagates through the substrate between input and output IDEs, a change in the velocity of the wave due to the varying concentrations of the test analytes, causes a change in the resonant frequency. This frequency based response of the SAW sensor towards mercury sulfide (HgS) and lead sulfide (PbS) demonstrated the capability of the system to detect picomolar level concentrations. The response of the SAW sensor is analyzed and presented in this paper.
Whipple's Disease and Tropheryma whippelii: Secrets Slowly Revealed

Whipple's disease was described in 1907 and was designated "intestinal lipodystrophy," despite the detection of bacteria in 1 specimen. This finding was later substantiated by the success of antibiotic therapy, which resulted in dramatic clinical responses, and by use of electron microscopy, which detected monomorphic bacilli in affected tissues. Many attempts at culture failed, and these bacteria were characterized as actinomycetes for the first time by means of broad-range 16S rDNA amplification and molecular phylogenetic methods. The name "Tropheryma whippelii" was proposed for this bacterium. Whipple's disease is a systemic disease that affects many organ systems, producing protean manifestations. This article summarizes recent developments with regard to this topic as well as unanswered questions regarding the pathogenesis and acquisition of infection, the biology and ecology of the organism, the clinical spectrum of disease, diagnosis of the disease, and therapy.
Coin-Or: An Open-Source Library for Optimization

Optimization models and algorithms are important tools for modeling and solving a wide variety of problems in finance and economics.
Quantification of cardiac sac network effects on a movement-related parameter of pyloric network output in the lobster.

Cardiac sac network activity (cycle period tens of seconds to minutes) has long been known to alter pyloric network activity (cycle period approximately 1 s), but these effects have not been quanti...
Applications of Classification and Regression Tree Methods in Roadway Safety Studies

In recent years a number of nonparametric regression-type statistical procedures have been developed. Classification and regression trees (CART) is one such method that can be used as a classifier for a discrete-valued response variable or as a regression model for a continuous response variable. Advantages of CART over many other methods are its ability to include a relatively large number of independent variables and to identify complex interactions among these variables. A brief description of the CART procedure is given, and its application as a classifier and as a regression model to highway safety analyses is illustrated.
Odour tracking by young convict cichlids and a mechanism for alloparental brood amalgamation

Alloparental care can be maladaptive if foster parents invest in unrelated young. Alternatively, adopted young may benefit foster parents if the presence of adopted young reduces predation on genetically related young. Convict cichlids, Amatitlania siquia, form monogamous pair bonds and provide biparental care for their eggs and free-swimming young for up to 6 weeks. Alloparental care is widespread in this species. Parents accrue fitness benefits from adopting unrelated young (1) by dilution of predation risk for their own young and (2) by selectively adopting relatively small young to be the preferred targets of brood predators. The mechanisms by which unrelated young enter foster care are poorly understood. Here, we examined whether displaced young use chemical cues to orient to parental protection and whether they discriminate between odour cues of their biological parents versus those of unrelated parental-phase adults. Young convict cichlids were more attracted to the odour of their parents and to the odour of a maternal female that was not their biological mother (allomaternal) than they were to a blank water control, and they showed no overall preference between the odour of their biological mother and the odour of an unrelated maternal female of aged-matched young. Small young were biased towards biological maternal cues whereas large young were biased towards allomaternal cues. Taken together, these results indicate that displaced young can rely solely on chemical cues to seek out caregiving adults and do not express preference on the basis of biological relatedness. Alloparenting in fishes, altricial birds and other systems with self-feeding young is driven in part by generic attraction of young to any parental conspecific.
Effects of Wire Morphology on Plasma Instability in Z-Pinches

Experiments have shown that morphological features, e.g., crystalline discontinuities, can influence the stability of plasmas in wire z-pinches. In experiments reported here, morphological changes in copper wires consisted of crystalline discontinuities induced by heating and recrystallization. Excimer laser shadowgraphy photographs of expanding plasmas indicated that hydrodynamic instabilities were more pronounced in wires with crystalline discontinuities.
Perioperative management of a patient with short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a case report.

t p t ( t p a u L p f b u d a w B hort-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency SCADD) is an inborn error of mitochondrial fatty cid beta-oxidation precluding the dehydrogenaion of butyryl-CoA (C4-CoA). Clinically, signs and ymptoms of this inhibition are multiple and variable, nd include developmental delay, hyperand hypotonia, etotic hypoglycemia, and epilepsy as the most freuently reported. The diagnosis of SCADD can be conrmed through enzyme activity measurements in musle, fibroblasts, and by DNA studies. The SCADD ncoding gene, acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-2 to -3 short (ACADS), was localized to the terminal region f the long arm of chromosome 12. Recent studies how 17 possible different mutations in patients with CADD. Two of these mutations, c.625G A and .511C T, are the most common, and correlate with linical symptoms. The diversity of phenotypic clinical ppearances of SCADD makes anesthetic care complex nd is the focus of this case report.
Sex Differences in Dynamic Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Quarter Function in Collegiate Swimmers

Context: Upper quarter injuries have a higher incidence in female swimmers; however, to date, there are few ways to assess the basic functional ability of this region. The upper quarter Y balance test (YBT-UQ) may assist in this process because it was developed to provide a fundamental assessment of dynamic upper quarter ability at the limit of stability. Objective: To examine how sex affects performance on the YBT-UQ in swimmers. Design: Cohort study. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-three male and 54 female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I college swimmers were recruited preseason. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured YBT-UQ performance for the left and right limbs in the medial, inferolateral, and superolateral directions. The maximum score for each direction was normalized to upper extremity length. The average of the greatest normalized reach scores in each reach direction was used to develop a composite score (average distance in 3 directions/limb length [LL] × 100). To exami...
Noise in current-commutating CMOS mixers

A noise analysis of current-commutating CMOS mixers, such as the widely used CMOS Gilbert cell, is presented. The contribution of all internal and external noise sources to the output noise is calculated. As a result, the noise figure can be rapidly estimated by computing only a few parameters or by reading them from provided normalized graphs. Simple explicit formulas for the noise introduced by a switching pair are derived, and the upper frequency limit of validity of the analysis is examined. Although capacitive effects are neglected, the results are applicable up to the gigahertz frequency range for modern submicrometer CMOS technologies. The deviation of the device characteristics from the ideal square law is taken into account, and the analysis is verified with measurements.
First-principles calculations and phenomenological modeling of lattice misfit in Ni-base superalloys

Abstract An integrated computational approach is proposed for evaluating the lattice misfit between γ and γ′ in Ni-base superalloys by combining first-principles calculations, existing experimental data and phenomenological modeling. In particular, the lattice misfits in Ni–Al and Ni–Al–Mo alloys were studied. This approach is validated by comparing the calculated lattice misfit with available experimental measurements as well as by comparing the predicted γ′ precipitate morphologies from phase-field simulations with experimental observations.
Statistical properties of half-ℓ-sequences

We study statistical properties of N-ary FCSR sequences with odd prime connection integer q and least period (q?1)/2, which are called half- l-sequences. More precisely, for any N > 1 our first aim is to give upper bounds on the number of occurrences of two symbols with a fixed distance between them and the number of occurrences of three consecutive symbols using certain character sums. Our second aim is to give a bound on the autocorrelation of half- l-sequences for N = 2. Finally, we give bounds on the number of occurrences of two symbols with a fixed distance between them in an l-sequence and obtain conditions on the connection integer that guarantee the distribution is highly uniform.
Detecting mutant huntingtin protein in HD patients

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to the loss of coordinated muscle movement and a decline in mental capacity, resulting in dementia. Symptoms typically become noticeable between the ages of 35 and 44 years. Tragically, although genetic testing can
An Accessibility Constraint on Parental Refusal of Critical Newborn Screening

It is widely held that the decisional authority of parents for determining the appropriate health care for their children is limited in certain medical contexts—a well-known example being parental ...
Constructional Effects of "Just Because ... Doesn't Mean ..."

We will argue that this construction combines semantic and syntactic quirks that necessitate a constructional analysis. Further, we will show that specifying the pragmatic properties of the construction (and in particular the presuppositions that introduces) allows for a particularly elegant account of the construction’s distribution. This, in turn, provides further support for the sign-based view of grammar in which syntactic constraints interact on an equal footing with semantic and pragmatic information.
Authors' reply to Gøtzsche and Hamilton

We thank Gotzsche and Hamilton for their thoughtful responses.1 2 3 Gotzsche raises an important problem: the risk of dependence in people taking second generation antidepressants. The evidence for this is mixed, and the discussion of the balance between harm and benefit remains an active one.4 Careful consideration of what dependence is and how it overlaps with symptoms of drug discontinuation is key. Withdrawal symptoms are associated with discontinuation of many second generation antidepressants, but they are …
EMS-Induced Mutations in Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say), Species A

Three new mutants were induced in a laboratory strain of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say), species A, by feeding adult males ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Rose eye (ro) is a recessive X-linked trait. Short antenna (Sa) and melanotic (Mel) are dominant autosomal traits that are lethal in the homozygous condition. Linkage crosses and X-autosome translocations were used to assign short antenna to the right arm of chromosome 3 about 45 map units proximal to stripe (st+), and melanotic was located on chromosome 2 near the centromere.
Dark side of reciprocity norm: Ethical compromise in business exchanges

Abstract In this research, we investigated the impact of the reciprocity norm on ethical compromise likelihood in managerial decision-making. We developed the ‘ reciprocity norm-ethical compromise thesis ’, postulating that the norm of reciprocity is positively related to ethical compromises in business exchanges. Specifically, the norm of reciprocity, potentially through its moral and instrumental forces, compels a party in a reciprocal exchange relationship to advocate an ethically questionable or even unacceptable practice requested by the other party in the relationship. We also examined the role of environmental uncertainty and exchange partner's retaliatory power status as boundary conditions of the reciprocity norm-ethical compromise relationship, in addition to trust and perceived future gain opportunity in the relationships as potential mediating mechanisms of the reciprocity norm-ethical compromise relationship. The results of two experiments with business professionals have yielded support for the interaction effects of this norm and its boundary conditions on the likelihood of ethical compromise. In addition, the results yielded support for perceived future gain opportunity in exchange relationships as an instrumental mechanism linking the reciprocity norm to ethical compromises in business exchanges. Finally, the experimental results did not support the notion of trust as a moral mechanism that links the reciprocity norm to ethical compromises in business exchanges.