cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late Life Gambling: The Attitudes and Behaviors of Older Adults

For a significant number of retired older adults (aged 65+), gambling has become a new form of recreation and entertainment. While prevalence studies have examined the incidence of problem gambling in other age groups, little research attention has been paid to the impact of gambling on older adults since the increase in availability and accessibility of legalized gambling within the last ten years. This study investigated the prevalence of problem gambling behaviors (SOGS-R), depression (GDS-15), levels of life satisfaction (SWLS), and motivations for gambling among older adults. A total of 315 older adults completed the study questionnaire and were grouped and analyzed according to those sampled from gambling venues and those from within the community. Results of the study found the most frequent accession and spending on several types of gambling occurred among older adults who were sampled at gambling venues. Older adults who were sampled at gambling venues were also found more likely to have higher levels of disordered gambling than older adults from the community, as measured by the SOGS-R. Relaxation, boredom, passing time, and getting away for the day were also the most likely reported motivations for the older adults who were gamblingpatrons. These findings provide an initial profile of older adults and their attitudes, motivations and gambling behaviors.
Economic Recession and School Finance: A Cross-National Study

Economic recessions are a cyclical phenomena that affects our lives in many ways. In this chapter, I empirically estimate the cross-national effects of economic recession on school resources by assembing a country-level panel dataset using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA ) data. First, I find that while many OECD countries increased stimulus spending in education sectors as a whole, not all levels of education have benefited. Second, empirical evidence shows that the 2008 recession negatively influenced the direct institutional cost burden borne by government financial sources and decreased the relative amount of personnel resources available. Third, I find positive association between economic declines and non-personnel school resource investments. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Immune Dysfunction and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease

The following chapter focuses on the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in different immunosuppressed and immunocompromised patient populations. Underlying causes of immunosuppression that increase the risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease include acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and certain types of primary immunodeficiency, cancer and its treatment, and solid organ and hematologic transplantation. More recently, evidence has suggested an increased risk with the use of immunosuppressive medications such as oral and inhaled corticosteroids, and biologic therapies used to treat autoimmune inflammatory diseases. In many immunocompromised patients, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections more commonly present as extrapulmonary disease (i.e., skin, soft tissue, or disseminated infections), although in some settings of immunosuppression (e.g., sarcoid, lung transplant), pulmonary presentations are common. Mycobacterium avium complex and rapid-growing mycobacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium fortuitum) cause the most disease, with several uncommon species (e.g., Mycobacterium haemophilum and Mycobacterium genavense) causing disease exclusively in immunocompromised patients. Treatment of those with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and underlying immunosuppression frequently involves parenteral-based multidrug antimicrobial therapy and efforts to reduce immunosuppression. Treatment should be undertaken by experts per current American Thoracic Society/Infectious Disease Society of America treatment guidelines.
The Impact of the Amazon Tax on Local Sales Tax Revenue in Urban and Rural Jurisdictions

E‐commerce has become an integral part of Americans’ lives and while it offers many benefits, it also represents forgone sales tax revenue for governments. Using a difference‐in‐differences model, this analysis examines how the Amazon tax affected local sales tax collections in North Carolina and whether that impact has been greater for urban, rural, or tourism‐rich counties. The results suggest that the Amazon tax increased revenues and urban jurisdictions benefit most. This finding is important for practitioners and policymakers as they consider the impact of policy changes, such as the South Dakota v. Wayfair ruling, on revenue capacity and financial management.
Nucleophilic trifluoromethylation using trifluoromethyl iodide. A new and simple alternative for the trifluoromethylation of aldehydes and ketones.

A novel method for nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of aldehydes and ketones, based on photoinduced reduction of trifluoromethyl iodide by tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE), is presented.
Disparities in Firearm Injury: Consequences of Structural Violence

This review focuses on disparities in firearm injuries and deaths in the United States (US), specifically looking at imbalances between different races/ethnicities, socioeconomic statuses, genders, sexual orientations, geographic locations, firearm ownership, laws, and intents. There are regional differences within the US between firearm deaths, firearm legislation, gun ownership rates, and Black-White disparities. Firearm injury intent varies by race/ethnicity, age, and gender. Data remain limited due to continued restrictions on funding for firearm research. The studies highlighted in this review show that firearm injuries and deaths remain a public health crisis in the US, and that certain populations are affected more than others. By identifying and targeting these inequities with specific interventions, we can work toward lessening preventable firearm deaths and disabilities.
Sub-Population Specific Models of Couples’ Conflict

Interpersonal conflict between couples is a significant source of stress with long-lasting effects on partners’ physical and psychological health. Motivated by findings in psychological science, we study how couples with distinct relationship functioning characteristics experience conflict in real life. We propose sub-population specific machine learning models using hierarchical and adaptive learning frameworks to automatically detect interpersonal conflict through the ambulatory monitoring of couples’ physiological signals, audio samples, and linguistic indices. Results indicate that the proposed models outperform a general model learned for the entire population and separate models independently trained on each sub-population, providing a foundation toward personalized health applications.
Integrating Cost-Effectiveness into Nutrition Programming Decisions of Specialized Nutritious Foods: An Evidence-Informed Interactive Tool

Objectives An interactive Food Assistance Cost-Effectiveness Tool (FACET) was created to support funders and implementing partners of selected nutrition programs involving specialized nutritious foods (SNF) to factor cost-effectiveness into programming decisions in development and humanitarian contexts.
Modeling and analyzing neural signals with phase variability using Fisher-Rao registration

Abstract Background The dynamic time warping (DTW) has recently been introduced to analyze neural signals such as EEG and fMRI where phase variability plays an important role in the data. New method In this study, we propose to adopt a more powerful method, referred to as the Fisher-Rao Registration (FRR), to study the phase variability. Comparison with existing methods We systematically compare FRR with DTW in three aspects: (1) basic framework, (2) mathematical properties, and (3) computational efficiency. Results We show that FRR has superior performance in all these aspects and the advantages are well illustrated with simulation examples. Conclusions We then apply the FRR method to two real experimental recordings – one fMRI and one EEG data set. It is found the FRR method properly removes the phase variability in each set. Finally, we use the FRR framework to examine brain networks in these two data sets and the result demonstrates the effectiveness of the new method.
A framework for incorporating virtual fitting into the costume design and production process

The process of designing and making costumes for the performing arts is highly collaborative, involving costume designers, directors, costume makers, and performers. Communication across the costum...
Tissues with Patterned Vessels or Protein Release Induce Vascular Chemotaxis in an In Vitro Platform.

Engineered tissues designed for translational applications in regenerative medicine require vascular networks to deliver oxygen and nutrients rapidly to the implanted cells. A limiting factor of in...
Statistically derived patterns of smoking typologies among adolescents and their associations with demographic characteristics, interpersonal influences, and sources of cigarettes

Cigarette use is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, with most smokers beginning cigarette use in adolescence. Despite not being of legal age to make tobacco purchases, adolesc...
MUTATION OF THE VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER-1 GENE ALTERS ITS PROTEIN PRODUCT

MUTATION OF THE VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER-1 GENE ALTERS ITS PROTEIN PRODUCT By Abena Watson-Siriboe, B.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Jennifer K. Stewart Associate Professor and Graduate Director, Department of Biology The vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) is essential for storage of monoamines, such as epinephrine and serotonin, in secretory vesicles of neuroendocrine cells. Recently the VMAT1 protein was detected in human and mouse brain, and mutations of the VMAT1 gene at single DNA nucleotides (single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) were associated with schizophrenia. In this study, Chinese hamster ovarian cells were stably transfected with either human VMAT1 DNA (GenBank: #NM_003053.1) or DNA with the Thr4Pro SNP, which results in a threonine to proline change in amino acid number 4 of the VMAT1 protein. Western blot analysis revealed that cells with the SNP produced immunoreactive human VMAT1 proteins of altered molecular size, suggesting that SNP Thr4Pro modifies either folding or processing of the VMAT1 protein. This finding is the first evidence for biochemical consequences of a mutation in the human VMAT1 gene.
Dynamics of domain magnetization and the Barkhausen effect

This paper provides a review of the underlying theory of the Barkhausen effect in magnetic materials. The paper contains throughout many of the equations that are commonly used in the mathematical description of this phenomenon. A new contribution in this paper is the examination of how Barkhausen effect can be described in the presence of hysteresis using a hysteretic-stochastic process model. Although the Barkhausen effect has been known for many years its quantitative description has been rather slow in emerging. One reason for this is that as a result of its random nature the experimental observations are not completely reproducible and this means that the description is necessarily complicated by this fact. Nevertheless a mathematical description is possible and the Barkhausen effect does contain useful information about the details of the magnetization processes occuring on a microscopic scale, both from domain wall motion and domain rotation. This information can only be utilized in conjunction with a model description that can be used to interpret the results. The domain wall motion can be described in terms of two limiting models — flexible domain wall motion and rigid domain wall motion. Both give reasonably tractable mathematical solutions, and each has reversible and irreversible components. Domain rotation also has two limiting models — reversible and irreversible rotation, depending on the anisotropy and the magnitude of the angle of rotation. After having discussed the underlying physical description of the main mechanisms the paper proceeds to describe stochastic process models for Barkhausen effect, in particular recent work by Bertotti et al. It is then shown how the stochastic model can be generalized to include the effects of hysteresis. Finally the paper discusses measurement of the Barkhausen effect and how this can be used for the evaluation of stress and microstructure at the surface of a magnetic material.
Dynamic Negotiating Approach Diagnostic (DYNAD)

This exercise is a new tool, the Dynamic Negotiating Approach Diagnostic (DYNAD), to measure responses to conflict. The DYNAD asks participants to assess themselves both at the start of a conflict and then again after the conflict becomes more difficult. Many negotiators find that they shift - they change their styles in one way or another - to adjust to the rising temperature of the conflict. Awareness of this negotiation barometer can provide crucial lessons to negotiation students.
On Beauty: Evolution, Psychosocial Considerations, and Surgical Enhancement

Bclud according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a combination of qualities, in< cluding grace of form and charm of coloring that delights the sight or other senses. 1(p8) In practice, beauty may be easier to recognize than to define. We may each know it when we see it, hear it, or smell it, but to accurately describe beauty or the features that impart it to a face, song, or scent can be daunting. Aaron Spelling, the Hollywood producer, explains that he can't define it, but [he] know[s] it when it walks into the room. 2(p8) Physiological reactions may be triggered by the sudden apprehension of the beautiful object, as one modeling agent has noted: It's when someone opens the door and you almost can't breathe. 2(p8) In narrow usage, as applied to persons, beauty may be characterized as an individual or societal assessment of attractiveness influenced by cultural standards.
Interactions between large-scale coherent structures and fine-grained turbulence in free shear flows

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interaction between large scale coherent structures and fine grained turbulence in free shear flows. In developing free shear flow, the large-scale structures are propagated downstream into regions of variable mean motion. The observed growth and decay of the large-scale structure necessarily imply that the energy production and dissipation change as the structure proceeds downstream, and that they are not necessarily in local balance. The rate at which the large-scale structure grows and decays depends crucially on the imbalances between the rate-controlling factors of production and dissipation. In this situation, the inflexional mean flow, which is dynamically unstable, would provide the production mechanism for the large-scale structure whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. The similarity in the production mechanism accounts for the presence of large-scale coherent structures in the very high Reynolds-number situation where fine-grained turbulence is present as well as in the lower Reynolds-number range where the basic flow is still laminar. However, this does not imply that the fine-grained turbulence has no effect on the large-scale structure. The straining of the fine-grained oscillations by the passage of the large-scale structure would provide the mechanism for energy exchange between the two disparate scales of motion; this energy exchange is dissipative for the large-scale structures.
Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Necessitating Extracorporeal Life Support

We report a case of neonatal Graves' disease involving an infant with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) associated with neonatal thyrotoxicosis that necessitated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Hyperthyroidism, although uncommon in the newborn period, has been associated with pulmonary hypertension among adults. The exact mechanisms responsible for this effect on pulmonary vascular pressure are not well understood. Recent studies have provided evidence that thyrotoxicosis has direct and indirect effects on pulmonary vascular maturation, metabolism of endogenous pulmonary vasodilators, oxygen economy, vascular smooth muscle reactivity, and surfactant production, all of which may contribute to the pathophysiologic development of PPHN. Therefore, because PPHN is a significant clinical entity among term newborns and the symptoms of hyperthyroidism may be confused initially with those of other underlying disorders associated with PPHN (eg, sepsis), it would be prudent to perform screening for hyperthyroidism among affected newborns.
Interactions between Apolipoprotein E Gene and Dietary α-Tocopherol Influence Cerebral Oxidative Damage in Aged Mice

Cerebral oxidative damage is a feature of aging and is increased in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We pursued the gene-environment interaction of lack of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and modulation of dietary alpha-tocopherol on cerebral oxidative damage in aged male and female mice by quantifying the major isomers of cerebral isoprostanes, derived from arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation, and neuroprostanes, derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oxidation. Mice fed alpha-tocopherol-deficient, normal, or -supplemented diet had undetectable, 4486 +/- 215, or 6406 +/- 254 ng of alpha-tocopherol per gram of brain tissue (p < 0.0001), respectively. Two factors, male gender and lack of apoE, combined to increase cerebral AA oxidation by 28%, whereas three factors, male gender, lack of apoE, and deficiency in alpha-tocopherol, combined to increase cerebral DHA oxidation by 81%. alpha-Tocopherol supplementation decreased cerebral isoprostanes but not neuroprostanes and enhanced DHA, but not AA, endoperoxide reduction in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrated that the interaction of gender, inherited susceptibilities, and dietary alpha-tocopherol contributed differently to oxidative damage to cerebral AA and DHA in aged mice.
An Estimator for a Population Mean Which Reduces the Effect of Large True Observations

Abstract An estimator, , of μ is investigated. This estimator is formed by replacing all sample values larger than a predetermined cutoff point t by the value of t itself. A proof is given that a region for t exists for certain common distributions such that MSE is smaller than An example is presented which demonstrates the wide range of cutoff points that can be chosen which still result in a gain.
Error-Related Negativities During Spelling Judgments Expose Orthographic Knowledge

In two experiments, we demonstrate that error-related negativities (ERNs) recorded during spelling decisions can expose individual differences in lexical knowledge. The first experiment found that the ERN was elicited during spelling decisions and that its magnitude was correlated with independent measures of subjects' spelling knowledge. In the second experiment, we manipulated the phonology of misspelled stimuli and observed that ERN magnitudes were larger when misspelled words altered the phonology of their correctly spelled counterparts than when they preserved it. Thus, when an error is made in a decision about spelling, the brain processes indexed by the ERN reflect both phonological and orthographic input to the decision process. In both experiments, ERN effect sizes were correlated with assessments of lexical knowledge and reading, including offline spelling ability and spelling-mediated vocabulary knowledge. These results affirm the interdependent nature of orthographic, semantic, and phonological knowledge components while showing that spelling knowledge uniquely influences the ERN during spelling decisions. Finally, the study demonstrates the value of ERNs in exposing individual differences in lexical knowledge.
Adaptation in the constancy of visual direction tested by measuring the constancy of auditory direction

Modification of the constancy of visual direction was produced by partially adapting Ss to the displacements of the visual field caused by magnifying lenses during 1 h of continuous head turning. The adaptation effects were measured by determining the range of perceived target immobility before and after this adaptation period. A method for measuring the range of apparent immobility of an auditory signal during head movements was developed and employed to test whether a modification of the constancy of visual direction transfers to the constancy of auditory direction. No such transfer was found, and it was concluded that a modification of the constancy of visual direction does not consist in an altered evaluation of kinesthetic cues for head turning. The method and the equipment used in the investigation of the constancy of visual direction are described; knowledge of the previous brief publications on this topic is not needed.
Cybercrime, identity theft, and fraud: practicing safe internet - network security threats and vulnerabilities

Computer networks and computer systems are experiencing attacks and threats from many areas. Threats are also extended to include the individual user's computer assets and resources. Information will be presented on the categories of security and privacy threats, integrity threats, vulnerabilities, delay and denial threats, and intellectual property threats that are being directed towards corporate, educational, governmental, and individual assets.
Intelligent Automated Correction of Baseplane and Systematic Noise in Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra

Abstract A computer program useful for 2D NMR data is described that provides automatic two-dimensional baseplane correction and subsequent t l and t 2 ridge suppression. The algorithm per forms combined correction of smooth baseplane distortions and sharp ridges in 2D NMR spectra through five steps: (1) identification of resonance peaks and ridges, (2) extraction of initial, putative global baseplane, (3) window filtering of the corresponding time domain, (4) construction of a 2D spectrum free of baseplane distortion, and (5) suppression of ridges, The optimal parameters for baseplane and ridge correction are automatically decided by the program, yielding a greatly improved spectrum, together with more accurate spectral information.
Cell-free ethanol production: the future of fuel ethanol?

The production of fuel ethanol from renewable resources as an economically viable alternative to gasoline is currently the subject of much research. Most studies seek to improve process efficiency by increasing the rate of ethanol production; ultimately, this approach will be limited by the selected ethanol-producing microorganism. Cell-free ethanol production, using only the enzymes involved in the conversion of glucose to ethanol, may offer a practical and beneficial alternative. Mathematical modeling of such a system has suggested that a cell-free process should be capable of producing ethanol much more efficiently than the microbial based process. This finding along with other potential benefits of a microorganism-free process suggests that a cell-free process might significantly improve the economy of fuel ethanol production and is a worthy target for further research. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Adsorption and diffusion of hydrogen on Pd(211) and Pd(111): Results from first-principles electronic structure calculations

We have carried out first-principles calculations of H adsorption on Pd(211) using density-functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation in the plane-wave basis to find out that the most preferred is the threefold hollow site on the terrace of Pd(211) with an adsorption energy of $0.52\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$: the hcp and fcc sites being almost energetically equally favorable. For subsurface H adsorption on Pd(211), the octahedral site with an adsorption energy of $0.19\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ is slightly more favorable than the tetrahedral site $(0.18\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$. Our calculated activation energy barrier for H to diffuse from the preferred surface site to the subsurface one on Pd(211) is $0.33\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, as compared with $0.41\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ on Pd(111). Thus, there is an enhancement of the probability of finding subsurface hydrogen in Pd(211). Additionally, we find the diffusion barriers for H on the terraces of Pd(211) to be $0.11\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, while that along the step edge to be only $0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and that within the second layer (subsurface) to be $0.15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Effect of lipids on sorption/desorption hysteresis in natural organic matter.

Abstract The chemical composition and physical conformation of natural organic matter (NOM) play a major role in regulating its capacity to retain hydrophobic organic compounds. Naphthalene and phenanthrene were used to study the correlations between sorption/desorption isotherm nonlinearity and compositional data obtained from quantitative 13C solid-state DPMAS NMR spectroscopy for soil and peat organic matter with or without lipids. Sorption experiments were conducted using a batch equilibration method. Desorption experiments were carried out immediately following the sorption experiments by three successive decant-refill cycles. Hysteresis was observed in all samples. Nonlinear sorption behavior was increased by removal of lipids from the NOM. The hysteresis index, obtained from the ratio of the Freundlich exponents (N values) for the desorption and sorption isotherms, was lower in the lipid-extracted NOM samples than in the same samples without lipid extraction. The relationship between the extent of hysteresis and the characteristics of the 13C DPMAS NMR spectra indicates that altering NOM composition through lipid extraction not only increased the proportion of aromatic-C content, but also increased sorption/desorption hysteresis. Our data also suggest that the hysteresis index is negatively related to aromaticity.
Transient radiative cooling of an absorbing and scattering cylinder

The transient cooling of an absorbing, emitting, and scattering cylinder is studied by using the forward integration of energy transfer equations. The analysis presented here provides cooling curves for a cylindrical region, initially at uniform temperature and then suddenly exposed to a much cooler environment. Results are presented for several optical radii and different values of the scattering albedo.
Cocaine Enhances HIV-1 Replication in CD4+ T Cells by Down-Regulating MiR-125b

The main objective of this study was to examine effects of cocaine on HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells. Cocaine a commonly used drug among HIV-1 positive individuals serves as a cofactor for HIV-1 infection and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Accumulating evidence suggest that cocaine increases HIV-1 replication in cell cultures, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and animal models. Intriguingly, there are no studies on cocaine-induced alterations in HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells that serve as the main targets for HIV-1 replication in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate cocaine-induced enhancement of HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells isolated from human PBMCs. To decipher a potential mechanism, we examined whether cocaine targets the innate antiviral immunity of CD4+ T cells mediated by cellular microRNAs (miRNAs). This is because recently a network of anti-HIV miRNAs in CD4+ T cells is highlighted to suppress viral replication. Our genome wide miRNA expression analysis indicated downregulation of several anti-HIV miRNAs (miR-28, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-223, and miR-382) in cocaine treated CD4+ T cells. However, our real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed significant downregulation of miR-125b only. Our results illustrated that miR-125b knockdown enhances HIV-1 replication, whereas overexpression of miR-125b decreases HIV-1 replication in these cells. Therefore, we believe miR-125b is a key player for the cocaine induced enhancement of HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. Since, miR-125b targets the 3′ UTR regions of HIV-1 transcripts and inhibits viral protein translation, our data suggest modulation of post entry steps of HIV-1 by cocaine. Given that a plethora of studies suggest that cocaine regulates HIV entry, our results implicate a potentially novel mechanism by which cocaine can increase viral replication in CD4+ T cells.
Localized adsorbate adsorbent interactions on florisil

Abstract Localized adsorbate—adsorbent interactions were investigated by studying equilibrium adsorption of pyridine and n -butylamine on Florisil. The discontinuity of the Langmuir isotherms and heat of adsorption of pyridine were analyzed by the “patch” theory of adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thus, at low surface coverages, the solutes appeared to be strongly localized on specific active sites. Final surface coverage appeared to result in a surface monolayer of adsorbed molecules. Because such differing results have been reported for localization on chromatographic grade silica gels, Florisil may be a model chromatographic adsorbent for studying strongly localized adsorbate—adsorbent interactions in liquid chromatography. This may be particularly useful since results of equilibrium adsorption isotherms are frequently used to develop liquid chromatographic theories.
Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on the metabolism and biliary excretion of methadone.

Abstract The effect of phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment on the biliary excretion of methadone in rats was studied. Possible mechanisms by which PB pretreatment altered the biliary excretion of methadone were considered and studies in vitro on the metabolism of methadone were correlated with findings in vivo . For the biliary excretion studies, 14 C-methadone was administered intravenously and biliary excretion measured in anesthetized renal-ligated rats in which the common bile duct was cannulated. PB pretreatment increased the biliary excretion of 14 C after 14 C-methadone administration. The different metabolites of methadone formed in vivo and excreted into bile were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantitated. The biliary excretion of the metabolite which results from N -demethylation and cyclization of methadone was not altered by PB pretreatment. However, the biliary excretion of metabolites which result from further N -demethylation, hydroxylation and glucuronidation was increased by PB pretreatment. Several determinants of biliary excretion (i.e. bile flow, hepatic blood flow and metabolism). which are enhanced by PB pretreatment, could cause the observed increase in the biliary excretion of methadone. Of these possibilities, we feel the data best support the suggestion that enhancement of methadone metabolism by PB pretreatment is responsible for the increased biliary excretion of methadone in PB-pretreated rats. Furthermore, metabolism studies in vitro , using microsomes from PB-treated rats, support the suggestion that PB pretreatment enhances the metabolism of methadone in vivo .
Theories used in patient/health education.

Abstract Patient and health education programs may need to use a multitheory approach to promote health behaviors such as cancer prevention and early detection practices and decrease negative responses such as anxiety, distress, pain, and use of damaging alternative treatments. Multiple intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and community approaches are required. 74 For example, a strategy for breast cancer education should be characterized by an understanding of the target population's attitudes and beliefs about breast cancer, communication of information, education regarding specific facts about breast health and breast cancer, social influence strategies to promote acceptance of the target behaviors, and organizational and community-based interventions to reach the widest audience. Nurses should design education programs that carefully integrate theories to obtain predicted result for the largest number of people for whom the results are desirable. Intervention strategies designed to alter the identified influential factors will have the most successful impact and optimal chance of attaining program goals.
Multicriteria optimization : a general characterization of efficient solutions

In the context of deterministic multicriteria maximization, a Pareto optimal, nondominated, or efficient solution is a feasible solution for which an increase in value of any one criterion can only be achieved at the expense of a decrease in value of at least one other criterion. Without restrictions of convexity or continuity, it is shown that a solution is efficient if and only if it solves an optimization problem that bounds the various criteria values from below and maximizes a strictly increasing function of these several criteria values. Also included are discussions of previous work concerned with generating or characterizing the set of efficient solutions, and of the interactive approach for resolving multicriteria optimization problems. The final section argues that the paper's main result should not actually be used to generate the set of efficient solutions, relates this result to Simon's theory of satisficing, and then indicates why and how it can be used as the basis for interactive procedures with desirable characteristics.
Auditory attention and the representation of spatial information.

Three experiments were carried out to investigate the spatial properties of auditory attention. If auditory spatial information is represented analogically, then shifts of auditory attention should be constrained by the spatial structure of the representation. In particular, the time taken to shift auditory attention should increase with the distance moved. As predicted, the time for attention shifts was a linearly increasing function of the angular distance moved, for distances up to 90°. Moreover, the rate at which attention was shifted appeared to depend on the capacity available, which in turn depended on task difficulty (Experiment 1 vs. Experiment 2) and memory load (Experiment 3). Explanations based on general expectancies or response priming were ruled out. The results suggest that auditory spatial information, like visual spatial information, is represented analogically, and that this structure constrains the way that attention can be moved within the representation.
Exploring Environmental Issues: Places We Live

The Project Learning Tree curriculum Exploring Environmental Issues: Places We Live was evaluated using a quasi-experimental research design that consisted of pre/post inter vention assessments measuring differences in self-assessed content knowledge, researcher assessed content knowledge, and attitudes. Treatment groups consisted of two randomly assigned groups, one group completed 3-lessons and the other group completed 6-lessons. Analysis indicated the 6-lesson treatment group demonstrated significant gains in all three categories, while the 3-lesson group exhibited significant gains in self-assessed content knowledge. The results suggest that the curriculum is valuable in delivering placebased educational content.
Silence and the shaping of memory: How distracted listeners affect speakers' subsequent recall of a computer game experience.

The present study focused on how distracted listening affects subsequent memory for narrated events. Undergraduate students experienced a computer game in the lab and talked about it with either a responsive or distracted friend. One month later, those who initially spoke with distracted listeners showed lower retention of information about the computer game, and their subsequent memories were also less consistent with their initial conversational recall. Differences in subsequent memory across initial listener condition appeared likely to be mediated by differences in the initial conversations elicited by responsive and unresponsive listeners. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the social shaping of memory and identity.
The Influence of Residual Stress and Tip Geometry on the Measurement of Surface Property Using Nanoindentation: Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis

This study focuses on the basic relationships between nanohardness, residual stress, and micro/nanostructure of precision machined surfaces of high carbon steels. A series of nanoindentation tests were conducted on the cross-sections of the precision machined surfaces with ultrafine-grains or nanostructures. It was found that the nanostructured white layer significantly increases nanohardness, while the ultrafine-grained layer only slightly increases surface hardness. Residual stress affects the load-displacement curve shape at the onset of material yielding. Nanostructure makes a significant difference on the characteristics of a load-displacement curve, while ultrafine-grained structure exerts a slight influence. The influence of residual stress on the load-displacement curve can be estimated by finite element simulation of a nanoindentation. The simulation sensitivity analysis shows that the load-displacement curves are significantly affected by residual stress.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An Explanation for the Reading ἐν µέσῳ αὐτῆς in LXX-Jer 29:14 in Light of Dalet-Resh Interchange

Abstract This article argues that in LXX-Jer 29, the rendering ἐν µέσῳ αὐτῆς “in her midst” suggests that the Greek translator had before him a true variant which read בצדה rather than בצרה, which the MT reads. The variant בצדה is supported by several other Greek versions. Furthermore, dalet-resh interchange is a common phenomenon exhibited by LXX-Jer 29 and the parallel Hebrew texts.
The almost PV behavior of some far from PV algebraic integers

Abstract This paper studies divisibility properties of sequences defined inductively by a 1 = 1, a n +1 = sa n + t ⌊θ a m ⌋, where s,t are integers, and θ is a quadratic irrationality. Under appropriate hypotheses (especially that s + t θ be a PV-number) it is proved that the highest power of Δ that divides a n , where Δ is the discriminant of θ, tends to infinity. This is noteworthy in that truncation would normally be expected to destroy any simple algebraic structure. Moreover, we establish related results that imply the a n are not uniformly distributed modulo Δ in cases where the smaller conjugate of s + t θ exceeds 1 in modulus (the non-PV case).
Evaluation of Biological Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidation Coupled with Two-Stage Upflow Filtration for Groundwater Treatment

Hydrogen sulfide in groundwater can be oxidized by aerobic bacteria to form elemental sulfur and biomass. While this treatment approach is effective for conversion of hydrogen sulfide, it is important to have adequate control of the biomass exiting the biological treatment system to prevent release of elemental sulfur into the distribution system. Pilot scale tests were conducted on a Florida groundwater to evaluate the use of two-stage upflow filtration downstream of biological sulfur oxidation. The combined biological and filtration process was capable of excellent removal of hydrogen sulfide and associated turbidity. Additional benefits of this treatment approach include elimination of odor generation, reduction of chlorine demand, and improved stability of the finished water.
The Z-Meatoplasty for Modified Radical Mastoidectomy in Children

Objective To determine the effectiveness of the Z-meatoplasty technique for enlargement of the external auditory meatus of children undergoing modified radical mastoidectomy. Design Case series. Setting Pediatric otolaryngology practice in an academic setting. Patients Consecutive sample of children (≤18 years old) who had undergone modified radical mastoidectomy performed by the author from 1995 to 2005. Intervention Z-meatoplasty technique used as part of modified radical mastoidectomy. Main Outcome Measure Development of postoperative stenosis of the external auditory meatus that required additional surgery. Results A total of 28 children and 29 ears were treated with modified radical mastoidectomy during the study period. The Z-meatoplasty was used in 24 ears, and 3 (12.5%) required revision meatoplasty for meatal stenosis. Twenty-one ears (87.5%) treated with Z-meatoplasty had excellent healing and cosmesis without stenosis, during a mean follow-up period of 40 months. Conclusion The Z-meatoplasty is an effective technique for use during modified radical mastoidectomy to treat children with cholesteatoma.
Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma meleagridis in diethylstilboestrol treated turkey embryos and poults.

Abstract The pathogenesis of Mycoplasma meleagridis in the oviduct of young turkeys was studied. Diethylstilboestrol was administered to infected embryos and poults to develop the oviduct prematurely to facilitate sampling at an early age. The organism was isolated at a high frequency from the oviducts of one-day old poults, infected during embryonic development, in which the cloacal-vaginal occluding membranes were intact. The results thus suggested that infection of the oviduct could occur by an endogenous route during embryonic life. The organism was also recovered from the oviducts of young turkeys infected by the air sac, suggesting that infection of the oviduct could occur at its distal end by contact with the infected air sac. However, the incidence of oviduct localization in such an infection system was minimal when compared to that of embryonic yolk sac infection.
The radioprotective effects of combined hypoxia and AET in mice.

SummaryThe radioprotective effects in mice of a combination of hypoxia and AET were studied. No evidence of significant therapeutic synergism was found. A relative increase in the number of deaths which occurred three to six days after irradiation in the protected mice suggested that the protective agents had a selective action on the modes of post-irradiation death.
Antidromic activation of dorsal raphe neurons from neostriatum: Physiological characterization and effects of terminal autoreceptor activation

Abstract Three types of neurons, distinguished on the basis of their spontaneous firing rates and patterns, extracellularly recorded waveforms and responses to neostriatal stimulation, were observed in the dorsal raphe nucleus in urethane-anesthetized rats. Type 1 neurons (presumed to be serotonergic) fired spontaneously from 0.1 to 3 spikes/s in a regular pattern, with initial positive-going bi- or triphasic action potentials. Type 1 cells exhibited long-latency antidromic responses to neostriatal stimulation (mean±S.E.M.24.9 ± 0.3ms) that sometimes occurred at discrete multiple latencies, and supernormal periods persisting up to 100 ms following spontaneous spikes. Type 2 cells fired spontaneously in an irregular, somewhat bursty pattern from 0 to 2 spikes/s with initial negative-going biphasic spikes, and were antidromically activated from neostriatal stimulation at shorter latencies than Type 1 cells (21.8 ± 0.9ms). Type 3 cells were characterized by initial positive-going biphasic waveforms and displayed a higher discharge rate (5–30 spikes/s) than Type 1 or Type 2 cells. Type 3 cells could not be antidromically activated from neostriatal stimulation. The relatively long conduction time to neostriatum of the Type 1 presumed serotonergic neuron is discussed with respect to previous interpretations of the synaptic action of serotonin in the neostriatum. In conjunction with these antidromic activation studies, the neurophysiological consequences of serotonergic terminal autoreceptor activation were examined by measuring changes in the excitability of serotonergic terminal fields in the neostriatum following administration of the serotonin autoreceptor agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT). The excitability of serotonergic terminal fields was decreased by intravenous injection of 40 μg/kg 5-MeODMT, and by infusion of 10–50 μM 5-MeODMT directly into the neostriatum. These results are interpreted from the perspective of mechanisms underlying autoreceptor-mediated regulation of serotonin release.
Presence and development with age of aminopeptidase(S) in tears of children and other mammals

Proteolytic enzymes are known to appear in tears only following trauma to the cornea. Aminopeptidases, enzymes involved in the final degradation of proteins to free amino acids, were measured and partially characterized for substrate specificity in normal human and animal tears. In all species tested, aminopeptidase activity was greatest for methionine β-naphthylamide of the various synthetic analogs of N-terminal L-amino acids. The substrate specificities for aminopeptidase(s) in tears for 11 different mammals were very similar. In children aminopeptidase activity decreased with increasing age and was unaffected by nutritional status.
Effect of Viscosity on the Detection of Relative Sweetness Intensity of Sucrose Solutions

SUMMARY Data are presented to demonstrate the relationship between the subjective mouthfeel of selected gums, cornstarch, gum tragacanth, carboxymethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose, and their rheological properties as measured by a viscosimeter. The mouthfeel of the gum solutions was evaluated subjectively on a 7-point intensity scale of degree of sliminess. The viscous solutions containing sucrose were ranked more sweet by most of the panel; however, rankings between pairs of viscous and non-viscous solutions were not significantly different. Sucrose detection thresholds for the panel also changed as a function of viscosity. Sensitivity for sucrose was highest in water, lowest in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose, and intermediate with cornstarch. The results of these tests and their application to foods is discussed.
Pharmacological blood-brain barrier modification for selective drug delivery.

Vasoactive agents have been identified through studies of peritumoral edema and effects on systemic capillaries. Abnormal blood-brain barrier or blood-tumor barrier can develop transient increases in permeability with the intraarterial delivery of vasoactive agents. Normal blood-brain barrier resists the effects of these compounds because of a biochemical barrier that may inactivate or become inert to vasoactive agents. Vaso-active compounds, including leukotrienes, bradykinin, and histamine appear to selectively increase permeability in abnormal brain capillaries. Intracarotid infusion of leukotrienes, bradykinin, and other vasoactive agents can increase drug delivery to diseased tissue.
Axial Temperature Profile in a Cylindrical Tensile Bar Carrying a Large Electric Current During a Tensile Test

Recent research has shown that passing DC electric current through a metallic tensile test specimen during deformation decreases the energy required to deform a specimen to a greater extent than that expected due to resistive heating. Prior resistive heating models have been successful in predicting temperatures in the absence of test sample deformation. In this work a 1D transient thermal model of a cylindrical cross section tensile bar is solved for the case where the sample is carrying a large DC electric current while simultaneously being deformed to fracture. The model uses a simplified representation of the necking process to provide geometrical information to the heat transfer model during the latter phases of deformation. Simulation results are compared to experimental surface temperature data.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Comparison of hand-held, suction, and automated trephines on experimental corneal wound size

Abstract Three trephines were tested to determine their uniformity in creating a circular opening during penetrating keratoplasty. Twenty- one globes (seven per instrument) were trephined with a hand-held, suction or automated trephine. The mean astigmatism was greatest with the hand-held device (mean 0.73 cm) and least with the automated trephine (mean 0.50 cm). The automated and the suction trephines (mean astigmatism 0.51 cm) may result in reduced corneal astigmatism during penetrating keratoplasty.