cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization and Domestic Trade Policy Preferences: Foreign Frames and Mass Support for Agriculture Subsidies

Reforming agriculture trade policy is key to breaking the deadlock in multilateral trade negotiations. While existing studies have focused on institutions and interest group barriers to agriculture...
HIV Education for Inmates: Uncovering Strategies for Program Selection

Recently, an expanded mission has emerged for correctional policy to focus on HIV/AIDS education interventions which not only benefit the institution, but also benefit society as a whole. It is hoped that by targeting the hard-to-reach populations found incarcerated and promoting behavior change, transmission may be prevented. This article focuses on identifying the required ingredients to uncover an effective educational strategy. These include: looking at educational paradigms, providing an in-depth understanding of different forms of risky behavior, uncovering everyday interpretation within racial, cultural, and gender frameworks, and choosing the most effective communication modes for the inmate population.
Cytoplasmic localized ubiquitin ligase cullin 7 binds to p53 and promotes cell growth by antagonizing p53 function

Cullins are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that bind to the small RING finger protein, ROC1, to constitute potentially a large number of distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases. CUL7 mediates an essential function for mouse embryo development and has been linked with cell transformation by its physical association with the SV40 large T antigen. We report here that, like its closely related homolog PARC, CUL7 is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and binds directly to p53. In contrast to PARC, however, CUL7, even when overexpressed, did not sequester p53 in the cytoplasm. We have identified a sequence in the N-terminal region of CUL7 that is highly conserved in PARC and a sequence spanning the tetramerization domain in p53 that are required for CUL7–p53 binding. CUL7 and MDM2 did not form a detectable tertiary complex with p53. In vitro, CUL7 caused only mono- or di-ubiquitination of p53 under the conditions MDM2 polyubiquitinated p53. Co-expression of CUL7 reduced the transactivating activity of p53. Constitutive ectopic expression of CUL7 increased the rate of cell proliferation and delayed UV-induced G2 accumulation in U2OS cells expressing functional p53, but had no detectable effect in p53-deficient H1299 cells. Deletion of the N-terminal domain of CUL7 or a mutation disrupting p53 binding abolished the ability of CUL7 to increase the rate of U2OS cell proliferation. Our results suggest that CUL7 functions to promote cell growth through, in part, antagonizing the function of p53.
On the Haar measure of the quantumSU(N) group

We prove that the Haar state associated to the compact matrix quantum groupSUμ(N) is faithful for μ∈]−1,1[,μ≠0, and anyN≧2.
Stewardship and Integrity in Health Care: A Role for Organizational Ethics

Media reporting of recent business scandals, ranging from systemic accounting fraud to individual executive greed, has shed new light on the urgent need for organizational ethics in corporate America. The essay argues that organizational ethics can foster virtuous organizations by developing their sense of stewardship and integrity. This approach can inspire the ethical decision-making processes and standards of conduct for personnel throughout the organization. Another crucial role for organizational ethics is to regain lost trust and to recover the confidence of our communities, whether we are discussing the business community or the health care community. Corporate America and organizations in health care need to win back the respect of skeptical customers, disheartened patients, and distrusting communities. But this task can be accomplished properly only when organizations and their business practices have a renewed commitment to ethics. The essay discusses how organizational ethics can permeate the entire organization in order to instill trust and confidence among its constituencies. Although the focus of the essay is upon the role of organizational ethics in health care, the argument also applies to the renewal of business practices in corporations across the nation.
Flaws in the Medical Literature: Who's to Blame?

Jerome P. Kassirer, MD, is Distinguished Professor and Senior Assistant to the Dean at Tufts University School of Medicine and Visiting Professor at Stanford University. In editorials in the New England Journal of Medicine, and in multiple publications elsewhere, he has promoted professionalism, ethical scientific conduct, patient involvement in decision making, appropriate use of firearms, reliable assessment of the quality of healthcare, and rational approaches to medical diagnosis and decision-making. He was been critical of for-profit medicine, the abuses of managed care, political intrusions into medical decisions, and financial conflicts of interest. His 2004 book, on financial conflict of interest in medicine, ‘‘On The Take: How Medicine’s Complicity With Big Business Endangers Your Health,’’ was published by Oxford University Press and his 2009 book, ‘‘Learning Clinical Reasoning’’ was published by Lippincott. Dr. Kassirer served as Editor-in-Chief of the New England Journal of Medicine (1991–1999), on the American College of Physicians’ Board of Governors and Board of Regents, chaired the National Library of Medicine’s Board of Scientific Counselors, and is a past Chairman of the American Board of Internal Medicine. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the National Committee for Quality Assurance and Open Medicine. He has been elected to the Association of American Physicians, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Petrogenesis of municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash

Abstract A petrographic study was conducted on a suite of bottom ash particles from 3 different modern municipal solid waste combustors. The object of the study was to evaluate the mineralogical characteristics and formation process of the bottom ash by using standard geological techniques of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray microanalysis. This information was subsequently used to model the bottom ash petrogenesis based upon an examination of the mineralogy, melt structure, and composition of the ash. Bottom ash can be divided into two major groups: 1) refractory waste products and 2) melt products. The refractory waste products consist largely of rock and mineral fragments, various waste metals, and unmelted glass shards. The melt products consist of two distinct glasses: 1) isotropic glass, and 2) opaque glass. Complex silicate minerals are precipitated from and are abundant in the isotropic glass whereas both metal oxide and silicate minerals are precipitated from the opaque glass. The isotropic and opaque glasses formed simultaneously in different locations on the combustor grate. The contrast in melting (liquidus) temperatures shown by these glasses suggests that the isotropic melts were produced at localized hot spots (1500°C to 1650°C) and the opaque melts formed at cold spots (1150°C to 1400°C) on the grate. This could be the result of heterogeneous distribution of combustible municipal solid waste on the grate or from localized hot spots where air is introduced through the grates. In some instances the two glasses then had the opportunity to variably mix with each other. Fe-oxides represent waste metal fragments that were assimilated by melting and later recrystallized. Bottom ash is produced via a co-mingled two melt system that forms melilite-bearing, alkaline, volcanic-like rocks. The great similarity of the bottom ash residues between these 3 different MSW combustors suggests that, despite variable combustor designs and heterogeneous waste feed, high temperature combustion of MSW produces bottom ash of fairly uniform composition and structure that formed via the petrogenetic process described above. Alterations to the combustion process or implementations of secondary treatment technologies may render the bottom ash residue into a more environmentally stable material better suited for aggregate or long term secure disposal in landfills.
Are there stripes in the ET materials

We propose that a central aspect of two-dimensional doped antiferromagnets, including the cuprate high temperature superconductors and the (BEDT-TTF) 2 X materials, is a dynamical dimension reduction in which the electrons self-organise in a quasi one-dimensional manner. Strong repulsive interactions between electrons frustrate their motion, resulting in a large zero-point kinetic energy. As a function of decreasing temperature, this kinetic energy is lowered in three steps that are reflected in a sequence of crossovers and phase transitions: first of all, the system develops a charge-inhomogeneous state -an array of one-dimensional metallic stripes that forms an electronic liquid crystal; this lowers the kinetic energy along a stripe. In the transverse direction in the planes, the kinetic energy is lowered by pair hopping, which first creates spin pairs and then, at a lower temperature, superconducting phase coherence. This constitutes a new mechanism and many-body theory of superconductivity. Evidence for this behaviour in the high temperature superconductors, and implications of the conjecture that similar behaviour occurs in the (BEDT-TTF) 2 X materials are described.
An Assessment of Direct Radiative Forcing, Radiative Adjustments, and Radiative Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models*

AbstractIn this study, radiative kernels are used to separate direct radiative forcing from radiative adjustments to that forcing to quantify the magnitude and intermodel spread of tropospheric and stratospheric adjustments in coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models. Radiative feedbacks are also quantified and separated from radiative forcing by assuming that feedbacks are a linear response to changes in global-mean surface temperature. The direct radiative forcing due to a quadrupling of CO2 is found to have an intermodel spread of ~3 W m−2. In contrast to previous studies, relatively small estimates of cloud adjustments are obtained, which are both positive and negative. This discrepancy is at least partially attributable to small, but nonnegligible, global-mean surface warming in fixed sea surface temperature experiments, which aliases a surface-driven feedback response into estimates of the adjustments. This study suggests that correcting for the bias induced from this global-mean surface warming offe...
River Surface Water Topography Mapping at Sub-Millimeter Resolution and Precision With Close Range Photogrammetry: Laboratory Scale Application

High precision and high density measurements of surface water topography in laboratory rivers are useful in hydro-morphodynamic studies to analyze energy, momentum, and mass balances in the river system. A close range photogrammetry (CRP) method is developed to provide instantaneous sub-mm vertical and horizontal resolutions of surface water topography along a flowing laboratory river reach, which is infeasible with typical mechanical and point-based river stage measurements. The CRP method uses wax powder seeding of the river surface and two synchronized nonmetric digital cameras to capture stereo-pair images and derive digital elevation models (DEMs) of the river surface water topography. The river water surface DEM accuracy was limited by extent and density of wax coverage, control point accuracy, lighting conditions, as well as camera and lens specifications. Two Nikon D5100 16.2 MP CMOS digital SLR cameras with 20 mm prime lenses were mounted 1.3 m above the river water surface, generating DEM horizontal resolution of 0.3 mm. Control point elevation was surveyed using ultrasonic sensors with 0.3 mm vertical accuracy. The sub-mm overall DEM accuracy was based on ultrasonic sensor measurements at check points and overall DEM precision was based on differences between repeated images. We demonstrate how the CRP method can generate river surface water topography and bathymetry in a laboratory meandering river and suggest methods for successfully applying CRP in natural river surface water topography mapping.
Introduction to the special issue of International Organization on dependence and dependency in the global system

When the idea for this special number of International Organization first took shape, the theme was a rather general one, “asymmetric international relations.” I had hoped to encourage contributions from the areas of small state and client state behavior, dominance and dependence, imperialism, and great power—small power behavior. While all of these phenomena are tied together by a shared asymmetric property, this is a “bland common denominator” on which to launch a collection of articles. As the enterprise evolved, we decided to develop a clearer focus on dependence and dependency. It became clear that there were two different sets of theoretical concerns before us which were sometimes labeled identically and often treated indiscriminately for analytical purposes. We drew the distinction between dependence as external reliance on other actors and dependency as the process of incorporation of less developed countries (LDCs) into the global capitalist system and the “structural distortions” resulting therefrom. There are similarities between these two approaches. Both have a predominant focus on relational inequalities among actors and both are equally interested in the vulnerabilities of members of the global system resulting from these unequal relations. However, there are important differences too. In addition to basic theoretical differences, there are equally fundamental gaps in the supportive methodologies. The dependence orientation seeks to probe and explore the symmetries and asymmetries among nation-states. This approach most often proceeds from a liberal paradigm which focuses on individual actors and their goals and which sees power in decisional terms. The individual actors are usually internally unified states which confront the external environment as homogeneous units. With the nation-state as the basic unit of analysis, analysis of dependent relations can be carried out on any combination of states, from dyads up to larger groupings. The fact that dependence is a term which can be meaningfully discussed at the dyadic level allows one the luxury of dealing with large numbers of observations. Thus, dependence theory is easily linked to statistical modes of analysis.
Conduction of trains of impulses in uniform myelinated fibers: Computed dependence on stimulus frequency

The conduction of trains of action potentials in myelinated fibers was studied using computer simulations based on a modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Stimulation at short but regular interstimulus intervals caused some stimuli to fail to elicit propagated action potentials. Propagated impulse trains observed close to the stimulation site, elicited by high frequency stimulus trains, took the form of "clusters" of impulses, e.g. doublets or triplets. When these impulse trains were observed at distances farther from the stimulation site, interspike intervals were more uniform. For interstimulus intervals of less than 10 ms, distant intervals between impulses were relatively insensitive to the temporal patterning of impulses at the initiation zone and tended toward regular intervals corresponding to the average interstimulus intervals for propagated stimuli. This tendency toward uniform intervals between impulses was also observed for lower average frequency stimulus trains with irregular interstimulus intervals. Moreover, for the first two stimuli in a train, there was a very tendency toward impulse entrainment. These results indicate that intervals between impulses along unbranched myelinated axons are not fixed, but vary according to the site along the conduction pathway where they are observed. The tendency toward entrainment, and regularization of intervals, may represent a factor limiting the frequency with which interval-coded impulses are initiated.
IS DABIGATRAN SAFE IN REAL LIFE

Warfarin's monopoly as an anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation has been challenged recently. RE-LY trial has shown superiority of dabigatran over warfarin in prevention of stroke with significantly lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with non-valvular atrial
Nonlinear Wave Equations on the Two-Dimensional Sphere

We study a nonlinear wave equation on the two-dimensional sphere with a blowing-up nonlinearity. The existence and uniqueness of a local regular solution are established. Also, the behavior of the solutions is examined. We show that a large class of solutions to the initial value problem quench in finite time.
Infections complicating solid organ transplantation.

The requirement for immune suppression after solid organ transplantation increases the risk of infection with a myriad of organisms. There are many unique and evolving aspects of infection after solid organ transplantation. Advances in immunosuppressive therapy and improved protocols for infection prophylaxis have resulted in changes in the timing and clinical presentation of opportunistic infections. Vigilance in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected infection in the solid organ transplant recipient is essential. This article reviews the basic evaluation and treatment options for many of the infectious conditions peculiar to the immunosup-pressed patient.
June: Dairy Month

Milk is big business today in many nations, particularly those in Europe and North America. Thirty‐five countries produce 85 percent of the world's supply; the Soviet Union alone produces 20 percent of that total. The cow is the major source of milk, although the milk of sheep, goats, horses, water buffalo, camels, asses, reindeer, and llamas is also consumed by humans.
New Species of Rhodamnia and Xanthomyrtus (Myrtaceae) from the Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea

Abstract. Rhodamnia kamialiensis and Xanthomyrtus splendens are described from ultrabasic substrates in the Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea. The new species are known only from their type gatherings and are preliminarily assigned the IUCN status of “critically endangered.” Rhodamnia kamialiensis has much larger leaves and more abruptly prolonged leaf apices than other species in its genus. The glossy upper leaf surface with flat or impressed midrib separates Xanthomyrtus splendens from its congeners.
Steady Beat and State Anxiety

Daily life in today's society is filled with moments of high state anxiety. State anxiety is the amount of anxiety one is experiencing in the present moment; it is not a personality trait. Many people need simple, cost-effective ways to self-regulate themselves so they can sleep, be more productive, and attend to their activities of daily life. Therefore, the present study questioned whether listening to a steady beat will decrease feelings of state anxiety in healthy subjects. Participants (N=36) between the ages of 20 and 50 volunteered for the study. During this study, experimental anxiety was induced and the Visual Analog Scale served as the measurement tool for both tests. Subjects in the control group sat in silence, while subjects in the experimental group listened to a steady beat of 66 beats per minute. The results of an independent-samples t test indicated significant differences between the groups on the posttest measure, t (34)=2.41, p=.02. Subjects who listened to the steady beat reported less anxiety than subjects who sat in silence. This study suggests that steady beat alone can reduce state anxiety, thus providing a cost-effective and accessible means for self-regulation in the midst of high state anxiety.
Thin-skinned deformation of sedimentary rocks in Valles Marineris, Mars

Deformation of sedimentary rocks is widespread within Valles Marineris, characterized by both plastic and brittle deformation identified in Candor, Melas, and Ius Chasmata. We identified four deformation styles using HiRISE and CTX images: kilometer-scale convolute folds, detached slabs, folded strata, and pull-apart structures. Convolute folds are detached rounded slabs of material with alternating dark- and light-toned strata and a fold wavelength of about 1 km. The detached slabs are isolated rounded blocks of material, but they exhibit only highly localized evidence of stratification. Folded strata are composed of continuously folded layers that are not detached. Pull-apart structures are composed of stratified rock that has broken off into small irregularly shaped pieces showing evidence of brittle deformation. Some areas exhibit multiple styles of deformation and grade from one type of deformation into another. The deformed rocks are observed over thousands of kilometers, are limited to discrete stratigraphic intervals, and occur over a wide range in elevations. All deformation styles appear to be of likely thin-skinned origin. CRISM reflectance spectra show that some of the deformed sediments contain a component of monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfates. Several mechanisms could be responsible for the deformation of sedimentary rocks in Valles Marineris, such as subaerial or subaqueous gravitational slumping or sliding and soft sediment deformation, where the latter could include impact-induced or seismically induced liquefaction. These mechanisms are evaluated based on their expected pattern, scale, and areal extent of deformation. Deformation produced from slow subaerial or subaqueous landsliding and liquefaction is consistent with the deformation observed in Valles Marineris.
Generalisation of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion and its applications

A generalisation of the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion for testing the presence of unstable roots of a polynomial with complex coefficients is presented. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the application of the generalisation.
BSIM—making the first international standard MOSFET model

BSIM (Berkeley Short-Channel IGFET) became the first international industry standard model for simulation of MOS integrated circuits in 1997. The cumulative sales of ICs that have been designed with the aid of BSIM and produced for computing, communication, consumer, and industrial applications is estimated to be around 400 billion US dollars. From 0.35 μm CMOS to multi-gate FinFET, BSIM serves a wide range of technologies. Many China educated researchers have contributed to its success.
Socialization into Sport: Parent and Child Reverse and Reciprocal Effects

(1982). Socialization into Sport: Parent and Child Reverse and Reciprocal Effects. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 263-266.
Preparation of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - x precursors from a fused eutectic of sodium and potassium hydroxides

A method for preparing YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}} from the simultaneous thermal decomposition of the nitrates of yttrium, barium, and copper in an anhydrous fused eutectic of sodium and potassium hydroxide is described. This method eliminates the need for any mechanical grinding or the introduction of carbon containing anions. Products formed are fine powders ({similar to}1 {mu}m) having mole ratios 1.00 Y:2.00 Ba:3.06 Cu. X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that the initial products are Y(OH){sub 3}, BaO{sub 2}, and CuO, which when air calcinated/ oxygen annealed at 900--950 {degree}C form the superconducting YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}}. A mechanism is postulated for product formation as a function of reaction conditions.
Models of astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics and epilepsy

Neurons have been the focus of neuroscience research. Only recently, however, astrocytes, a subset of glial cells, have been on the neurobiology "radar" owing to their Ca(2+) excitability, which allows them to signal to other astrocytes and neurons. This review summarizes the models for studying astrocytic Ca(2+) dynamics and the consequential Ca(2+)- dependent glutamate release, which plays a role in astrocytic-neuronal signaling and have been implicated in epilepsy.
Knowledge management in pursuit of learning: the learning with knowledge cycle

This paper suggests that knowledge and learning are closely intertwined. An overview of some of the key differences between the respective concepts of the learning organisation and knowledge management forms a basis for exploring the link between these two concepts. Both concepts are under evolution. A model that contributes to the formation of an ontology for analytic discussion, and the implementation of knowledge management, the Learning with Knowledge Cycle, is proposed. The stages in this Cycle are: knowledge creation and construction, knowledge articulation, knowledge repository updating, knowledge access, knowledge use and knowledge revision. The Cycle represents the learning process within organisations and is applicable to both tacit and explicit knowledge. All stages in the Cycle contribute to effective organisational learning. Examples of the knowledge-based activities that contribute to each stage in the Cycle are given. Knowledge management is concerned with the facilitation of the activities...
Disruption of laminin in the peripheral nervous system impedes nonmyelinating Schwann cell development and impairs nociceptive sensory function.

The mechanisms controlling the differentiation of immature Schwann cells (SCs) into nonmyelinating SCs is not known. Laminins are extracellular matrix proteins critical for myelinating SC differentiation, but their roles in nonmyelinating SC development have not been established. Here, we show that the peripheral nerves of mutant mice with laminin-deficient SCs do not form Remak bundles, which consist of a single nonmyelinating SC interacting with multiple unmyelinated axons. These mutant nerves show aberrant L1 and neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) expression pattern during development. The homophilic and heterophilic interactions of N-CAM are also impaired in the mutant nerves. Other molecular markers for nonmyelinating SCs, including Egr-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and AN2/NG2, are all absent in adult mutant nerves. Analysis of expression of SC lineage markers demonstrates that nonmyelinating SCs do not develop in mutant nerves. Additionally, mutant mice are insensitive to heat stimuli and show a decreased number of C-fiber sensory neurons, indicating reduced nociceptive sensory function. These results show that laminin participates in nonmyelinating SC development and Remak bundle formation and suggest a possible role for laminin deficiency in peripheral sensory neuropathies. V C 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Controlling and predicting the quality of space shuttle software using metrics

Software quality metrics have potential for helping to assure the quality of software on large projects such as the Space Shuttle flight software. It is feasible to validate metrics for controlling and predicting software quality during design by validating metrics against a quality factor. Quality factors, like reliability, are of more interest to customers than metrics, like complexity. However quality factors cannot be collected until late in a project. Therefore the need arises to validate metrics, which developers can collect early in a project, against a quality factor. We investigate the feasibility of validating metrics for controlling and predicting quality on the Space Shuttle. The key to the approach is the use of validated metrics for early identification and resolution of quality problems.
Should Medicine be a Commodity? An Economist’s Perspective

In our society, probably in any society, goods are produced and allocated in several different ways. One very common pattern is production for and sale on the market. Butter, computers, and plumbers’ services, to take three examples out of a multitude, are produced by individuals and firms, acting in what they perceive to be their own interest, and sold, usually for money, to those who wish to consume them. While this is a common way in which goods are produced and allocated in our society, it is not the only way, nor is it even clear that it represents a larger part of the total economy than alternative ways.
Microbial fuel cell energy from an ocean cold seep

Benthic microbial fuel cells are devices that generate modest levels of electrical power in seafloor environments by a mechanism analogous to the coupled biogeochemical reactions that transfer electrons from organic carbon through redox intermediates to oxygen. Two benthic microbial fuel cells were deployed at a deep-ocean cold seep within Monterey Canyon, California, and were monitored for 125 days. Their anodes consisted of single graphite rods that were placed within microbial mat patches of the seep, while the cathodes consisted of carbonfibre/titanium wire brushes attached to graphite plates suspended ! 0.5 m above the sediment. Power records demonstrated a maximal sustained power density of 34 mW·m " 2 of anode surface area, equating to 1100 mW m " 2 of seafloor. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of microbial biofilms that formed on the electrode surfaces revealed changes in microbial community composition along the anode as a function of sediment depth and surrounding geochemistry. Near the sediment surface (20‐29 cm depth), the anodic biofilm was dominated by microorganisms closely related to Desulfuromonas acetoxidans . At horizons 46‐55 and 70‐76 cm below the sediment‐water interface, clone libraries showed more diverse populations, with increasing representation of # -proteobacteria such as Desulfocapsa and Syntrophus , as well as $ -proteobacteria. Genes from phylotypes related to Pseudomonas dominated the cathode clone library. These results confound ascribing a single electron transport role performed by only a few members of the microbial community to explain energy harvesting from marine sediments. In addition, the microbial fuel cells exhibited slowly decreasing current attributable to a combination of anode passivation and sulfide mass transport limitation. Electron micrographs of fuel cell anodes and laboratory experiments confirmed that sulfide oxidation products can build up on anode surfaces and impede electron transfer. Thus, while cold seeps have the potential to provide more power than neighbouring ocean sediments, the limits of mass transport as well as the proclivity for passivation must be considered when developing new benthic microbial fuel cell designs to meet specific power requirements.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus participate in processing cardiac sympathoexcitatory reflexes

Stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferents during myocardial ischemia with metabolites such as bradykinin (BK) evokes sympathoexcitatory reflex responses and activates neurons in the external lat...
ohr, Encoding an Organic Hydroperoxide Reductase, Is an In Vivo-Induced Gene in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a disease characterized by pulmonary necrosis and hemorrhage caused in part by neutrophil degranulation. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis of this disease, we have developed an in vivo expression technology (IVET) system to identify genes that are specifically up-regulated during infection. One of the genes that we have identified as being induced in vivo is ohr, encoding organic hydroperoxide reductase, an enzyme that could play a role in detoxification of organic hydroperoxides generated during infection. Among the 12 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae, ohr was found in only serotypes 1, 9, and 11. This distribution correlated with increased resistance to cumene hydroperoxide, an organic hydroperoxide, but not to hydrogen peroxide or to paraquat, a superoxide generator. Functional assays of Ohr activity demonstrated that A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 cultures, but not serotype 5 cultures, were able to degrade cumene hydroperoxide. In A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1, expression of ohr was induced by cumene hydroperoxide, but not by either hydrogen peroxide or paraquat. In contrast, an ohr gene from serotype 1 cloned into A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 was not induced by cumene hydroperoxide or by other forms of oxidative stress, suggesting the presence of a serotype-specific positive regulator of ohr in A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1.
Sustained Positive Deviant Child Care Practices and Their Effects on Child Growth in Viet Nam

Save the Children’s (SC) successful integrated nutrition program in Viet Nam, the poverty alleviation and nutrition program (PANP), uses the positive deviance (PD) approach to identify key growth promoting behaviors and provides participatory adult education allowing mothers to develop skills related to these behaviors. We investigated whether improvements seen during a PANP intervention (1993–1995) were sustained three and four years after SC’s departure. Cross-sectional surveys were administered to 46 randomly selected households in four communes that had previously participated in the PANP and 25 households in a neighboring comparison community in 1998 and 1999. Two children per household, an older child who had participated in the PANP and a younger sibling who had not, were measured (total n = 142 children), and their mothers were interviewed. Older SC children tended to be better nourished than their counterparts. Their younger siblings were significantly better nourished than those in the comparison group, with adjusted mean weight-for-age Z scores of –1.82 versus –2.45 (p = .007), weight-for-height Z scores of –0.71 versus –1.45 (p < .001), and height-for-age Z scores of –2.11 and –2.37 (ns, p = .4), respectively. SC mothers reporting feeding the younger siblings more than their counterparts did (2.9 versus 2.2 main meals per day, p < .001, and 96.2% versus 52% offering snacks, p < .01]. SC mothers reported washing their hands “often” more than comparison mothers (100% vs. 76%, p < .001). Growth-promoting behaviors identified through PD studies and practiced through neighborhood-based rehabilitation sessions persisted years after program completion. These sustained behaviors contributed to better growth of younger siblings never exposed to the program.
miRNAs as prognostic and therapeutic tools in epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Developing adjuvant therapy to circumvent drug resistance represents an important aspect of current initiatives to improve survival in women with advanced EOC. A regulatory molecule that can act on multiple genes associated with a chemoresistant phenotype will be the ideal target for the development of therapeutics to overcome resistance and miRNAs constitute promising tools in this regard. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of miRNAs in regulating EOC phenotype with a focus on prognostic and therapeutic importance of miRNAs and the possibility of miRNA modulation as a tool to improve efficacy of chemotherapy in EOC.
Assessing the Impact of Computer-Based Learning in Science

AbstractFor more than two decades many science educators have hoped that computer technology would substantially help teachers provide students with efficient and effective opportunities to learn both science’s products and processes. This article is a review of the impact upon science learning of classroom and laboratory uses of computers in grades K–16 as revealed by published, peer-reviewed research during 1998–1995. Although these investigations have moved the field steadily forward, technology in science education is still an emerging field and the research on its impact on learning is still of an almost preliminary nature. Many of the studies examined a small number of variables and employed short-term interventions; at least one-third pitted instructional delivery media, rather than instructional methods, against one another. The annual proportion of research reports on computer-assisted instruction has steadily declined since the years 1988–1991, in favor of the use of such programs as microcomput...
Characterization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteriophage ch2

Bacteriophage ch2, a virulent bacteriophage of Lactobacillus bulgaricus CH2, was characterized according to its morphology, genome size, structural proteins, and growth kinetics. Electron micrographs revealed that bacteriophage ch2 has an icosahedral head of 50-nm diameter and a long tail of 170 nm. Its genome is linear and 35 kilobases in length, and its structural proteins consist of two major and eight minor proteins. One-step growth kinetics of bacteriophage ch2 under optimal conditions (45 degrees C in MRS medium [Oxoid Ltd.]) showed that the latent time was 40 min, the rise period was 15 min, and the burst size was 130 bacteriophages per cell. To monitor the effects of bacteriophage infection on host growth and beta-galactosidase production, the absorbance of the culture and the beta-galactosidase activity were followed during the infection cycle. Before lysis the infected culture continued to grow and produce beta-galactosidase at the same rate as the uninfected culture.
Rhythm as a Coordinating Device: Entrainment With Disordered Speech

Purpose The rhythmic entrainment (coordination) of behavior during human interaction is a powerful phenomenon, considered essential for successful communication, supporting social and emotional con...
The Planning Function of the National Resources Planning Board

The National Resources Planning Board 1 was one of the many products of the conviction that modern society can no longer be left to function without guidance. The several lines of activity of this agency contributed much to the development of a planning function in the operations of the federal government. From 1933 to 1943 this planning body was responsible for studies and recommendations designed to promote a better balancing of government activities related to the development of national resources. Alone among government agencies it was responsible for presenting an over-all picture of these development policies and their relation to the demands of the national economy. The responsibilities of the Board involved three general categories: (1) to make plans and recommendations to the President concerning the wise use and fullest development of the national resources, (2) to report periodically to the President on employment trends and business activity, and (3) to prepare six-year advance programs of public works designed not only to bring about a better adjustment of public works to public needs but also to promote employment stabilization by building up a reserve shelf of public works projects which the federal government could utilize to help offset unemployment trends during periods of economic depression. The Board was also directed to act as a clearing house and means of coordination for national resources planning activities of federal agencies and various regional planning bodies.
Large Volumes of Critically Hypoperfused Penumbral Tissue Do Not Preclude Good Outcomes After Complete Endovascular Reperfusion Redefining Malignant Profile

Background and Purpose—Acute ischemic stroke patients with large volumes of severe hypoperfusion (Tmax>10 s>100 mL) on magnetic resonance imaging have a higher likelihood of intracranial hemorrhage and poor outcomes after reperfusion. We aim to evaluate the impact of the extent of Tmax>10 s CTP lesions in patients undergoing successful treatment. Methods—Retrospective database review of endovascular acute ischemic stroke treatment between September 2010 and March 2015 for patients with anterior circulation occlusions with baseline RAPID CTP and full reperfusion (mTICI 3). The primary outcome was the impact of the Tmax>10 s lesion spectrum on infarct growth. Secondary safety and efficacy outcomes included parenchymal hematomas and good clinical outcomes (90-day modified Rankin Scale score, 0–2). Results—Of 684 treated patients, 113 patients fit the inclusion criteria. Tmax>10 s>100 mL patients (n=37) had significantly higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (20.7±3.8 versus 17.0±5.9; P<0...
General Principles of Pharmacologic Management in the Emergency Setting

In the emergency setting, the clinician must make decisions rapidly, often on the basis of limited historical data and without the advantages of an extended diagnostic evaluation. The patient may require containment of his behavior and immediate relief of his distress before he has established a working relationship with the clinician or before the underlying psychiatric disorder is defined. Therefore, the use of psychoactive drugs must be carefully tailored to the special requirements of the individual, the situation, and the setting.
Placental oxygen consumption in vitro. 3. Oxytocin effect.

Abstract Placental oxygen utilization was studied by respirometric techniques to determine the effect of varying substrate concentrations of oxytocin. It was found that oxygen uptake was depressed significantly at levels of natural and synthetic oxytocin exceeding 10 mU. per milliliter, well above that usually reached in clinical usage. Vasopressin suppressed metabolic activity somewhat also. The preservative agent, chlorobutanol, was shown to act similarly, accounting for all the effect seen with vasopressin, but only part of that encountered with oxytocin. Preservative-free, high concentration, synthetic oxytocin was free of depressive effect, on the other hand. The implications are discussed.
Improved Support for Machine-assisted Ballot-level Audits

This paper studies how to provide support for ballot-level post-election audits. Informed by our work supporting pilots of these audits in several California counties, we identify gaps in current technology in tools for this task: we need better ways to count voted ballots (from scanned images) without access to scans of blank, unmarked ballots; and we need improvements to existing techniques that help them scale better to large, complex elections. We show how to meet these needs and use our system to successfully process ballots from 11 California counties, in support of the pilot audit program. Our new techniques yield order-of-magnitude speedups compared to the previous system, and enable us to successfully process some elections that would not have reasonably feasible without these techniques.
Probing Slow Protein Dynamics by Adiabatic R1ρ and R2ρ NMR Experiments

Slow μs/ms dynamics involved in protein folding, binding, catalysis, and allostery are currently detected using NMR dispersion experiments such as CPMG (Carr−Purcell−Meiboom−Gill) or spin-lock R1ρ....
Telomerase in alveolar epithelial development and repair.

Telomerase expression and activity were examined in the developing lung and in the adult lung during repair after injury. Both whole lung tissue and primary cultures of type 2 alveolar epithelial c...
The reaction of graphite ``wear dust'' with carbon dioxide and oxygen at low pressures

Les techniques de spectrometrie de niasse sont utilisees pour etudier la reaction du graphite Wear dust sur le gaz carbonique a des pressions de depart de 2,7 a 16 microns de mercure, et sur l’oxygene a des pressions de depart de 30 a 35 microns de mercure. La sensibilite du systeme de mesure est assez grande pour permettre l’etude des reactions du gaz carbonique et de l’oxygene a des temperatures aussi faibles que 350 et 150 °C respectivement.Pour le gaz carbonique, on a trouve que la reaction est d’ordre un en ce qui concerne la consommation du gaz carbonique, a toutes les temperatures etudiees. Le taux de production d’oxyde de carbone est presque le double du taux de consommation de gaz carbonique. L’ecart constate est attribue a la chimisorption d’une petite quantite d’oxyde de carbone au cours de la reaction.On a trouve que la reaction sur l’oxygene est d’ordre un en ce qui concerne la consommation d’oxygene a une temperature de 500 °C; cependant, a 200 °C, on a note un effet de diminution de la constante de vitesse effective en raison de la formation d’une grande quantite de complexe superficiel stable. Le complexe superficiel a une energie d’activation de desorption variable. Les reactions du graphite Wear dust sont catalysees par le fer introduit dans le materiau pendant le processus de broyage. Un mecanisme est propose pour expliquer l’activite catalytique du fer.
Molecular Design of Aluminosilicate Thin Film Devices

Thin film coatings of NaY, NaA and ZSM-5 zeolites have been grown on copper and platinum substrates. Such materials have ion-exchange properties, molecular sieve pore size distribution, zeolitic surface areas and are crystalline. Size and charge selective electrodes, oxygen reduction fuel cells, and thin layer chromatography devices have been produced with these materials.
Endoscopically guided cochlear implantation in common cavity malformation

Objective In cochlear implantation for common cavity malformation, we inspected the structure in the common cavity with a micro-endoscope, to find the best location for the electrode insertion. Methods Cochlear implantation was performed for 5 profound sensorineural hearing loss patients with common cavity. During the operation, we inspected the structure in the common cavity with a 1 mm micro-endoscope so as to find the best approach and location for the electrode insertion. Results Five cases with common cavity underwent micro-endoscopy during cochlear implantation. In 4 cases, the cavities were full of perilymph. We could find that the cavity was irregularly round-shaped, about 6.5 mm in diameter, with thin mucosa adhere to the cavity wall. In the center area, around the internal acoustic meatus fundus, there was a horseshoe- shaped cystic structure about 3 mm3, which was a combined structure of the saccule, utricle and scala media. In 1 case, there was little perilymph in the cavity, with about 1.5 mm thick soft tissue and granulation adhere to the wall. The saccule, utricle and scala media were not recognizable. Conclusions (1) In common cavity malformation, in addition to the abnormal bony labyrinth such as the cochlea, vestibule and lateral semicircular canal, the inner ear perceptive organ such as the saccule, utricle and scala media were also abnormal. (2) Though we could not identify the basal membrane and sensory epithelia under micro-endoscopy, the utricle and saccule could be clearly identified. (3) During cochlear implantation in common cavity malformation, electrode insertion should be monitored under micro-endoscopy, the electrodes should be put close to the anterior wall of the cavity, otherwise the vestibular organ may be damaged.
Advances in the thin-layer chromatographic forensic analysis of inks

ABSTRACTAdvances in the use of thin layer and high-performance thin-layer chromatography for analysis of inks and ink writings in forensic investigations are reviewed. Experimental materials and techniques such as sample preparation, layers, sample application, development, detection, documentation, and interpretation of results are described and selected applications for several ink types are given. Some additional analytical techniques that complement thin-layer chromatography are also mentioned. Citations to important literature, from 2008 to 2016, are included.
On the behavior of natural and artificial voids in insulation under internal discharges

A high voltage Schering bridge with broad band differential amplifier and cathode ray oscillograph have been used to study the deterioration of Mylar and polyethylene in voids of known dimensions, and in natural voids in polyethylene.