cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social influences on song learning

Social animals must learn during development how to integrate successfully into their group. In vocal learners such as songbirds and humans, the development of vocal communication is initially guided by social interactions with the parents. Later on, vocal development is further shaped through interactions with peers and by attending to the consequences of others interacting. It is difficult to assess, however, how social forces combine to shape the outcomes of vocal development. We first review technical advances that make it possible to track social influences on vocal development in songbirds. We then outline methods for simulating the social environment of vocal learning. Such virtual environments would present birds with interactive scenarios in order to directly assess social influences over developmental time scales.
Measurement of cross sections for α-induced reactions on Au 197 and thick-target yields for the ( α , γ ) process on Zn 64 and Cu 63

We have measured the cross sections for the $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{201}\mathrm{Tl}$ and $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},2n$)$^{199}\mathrm{Tl}$ reactions in the 17.9- to 23.9-MeV energy range, and $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},n$)$^{200}\mathrm{Tl}$ reaction in the 13.4- to 23.9-MeV energy range using an activation technique. Thick-target yields for the $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{68}\mathrm{Ge}$ (7- to 14-MeV) and $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{67}\mathrm{Ga}$ (7-MeV) reactions were measured. For all measurements, natural elements were bombarded with He${}^{+}$ beams from the 88 In. Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Irradiated samples were counted using a \ensuremath{\gamma}-spectrometry system at LBNL's Low Background Facility. Measured $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{201}\mathrm{Tl}$ cross sections were compared with the NON-SMOKER theoretical values. The thick-target yields for the $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{68}\mathrm{Ge}$ and $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$($\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{67}\mathrm{Ga}$ reactions are also compared with the theoretical yield, calculated numerically using the energy dependent NON-SMOKER cross section data. In both cases, measured values are found to follow a trend of overlapping the predicted value near the alpha nucleus barrier height and fall below with a slowly widening difference between them in the sub-barrier energy points.
CORPORATIONS AND THE MARKET FOR LAW

The state competition for corporate law has long been studied as a distinct phenomenon. Under the traditional view, corporations are subject to a unique choice-of-law rule, the “internal affairs doctrine” (IAD). This rule is explained as a historical accident, or by the special logistics of the corporate contract. The resulting market for corporate law appears to have special characteristics, particularly including the dominance of the single state of Delaware. This article challenges the traditional view. It shows that the corporate law market is best understood as a special application of the general market for law. Parties to many types of contractual relationships are able to choose the law they wish to govern their relationship, and states compete to provide the law that the parties most desire. Any differences between the corporate and general law markets are matters of degree rather than kind and are explained by applying the general forces underlying the law market to particular sets of circumstances. Theories of corporate competition that ignore the broader law market context are incomplete, and the competition for corporate law carries lessons for the law market generally. Moreover, the connection between the corporate and other law markets has implications for the constitutional status of the IAD, the scope of the IAD, and for the relationship between state and federal law. In 1974 William Cary popularized the notion that there was a market for corporate law. In that market, corporations could choose among states as places of incorporation, and Delaware became the dominant competitor in the provision of corporate laws. 1 Cary also asserted that
THE ROLE OF THE DIGITAL COMPUTER IN AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of the digital computer in aeronautical research and development. It also discusses the present state of the art of using digital computers in engineering research and development. A computer is considered to be a black box with inputs, outputs, and certain rules of behavior followed with some estimable degree of reliability. The modern digital computer derives its great speed from electronic components and by eliminating mechanical movements as far as possible. Large numbers of vacuum tubes, resistors, diodes, and capacitors are combined so as to produce many repetitive electronic circuits capable of representing and manipulating numbers. Digital computers are used to solve problems so large that they are impractical without such help, to solve simple problems of small or moderate size whose answers are needed in too short a time to admit of human solution, and to solve large volumes of problems that have nearly identical arithmetical structure, which would otherwise be burdensome.
Bank's Good Faith in the Lender-Borrower Relationship

The author describes the newly created fiduciary relationship of a lender-borrower in this case, between a bank and its lender. Noting that this involves a secured transaction, courts recognize the special relationship between the parties and in order to encourage high standards of good faith and fair dealing, they imply into the transaction this fiduciary duty. The author cites several cases as well as authority in support of this rule, noting that there should be appropriate limits to liability as well.
A Collaborative Conceptual Aircraft Design Environment for the Design of Small-Scale UAVs in a Multi-University Setting

The development of a collaborative design tool for the generation and evaluation of small-scale electric-powered UAV concepts in a multi-university, multi-disciplinary setting is presented. The integrated design and optimization software CCADE (Collaborative Conceptual Aircraft Design Environment) enables the immersion of team members from different universities in a software environment which shares design information and analysis results in a central database. Input files for use by open-source analysis tools are automatically generated, and output files read in and displayed in a user-friendly graphical interface. Analysis codes for initial sizing, geometry, airfoil selection, aerodynamics, propulsion, stability and control, and structures are included. CCADE increased the volume of concepts which can be evaluated by student teams, increased the quality of designs produced, and contributed to shorter lead time to preliminary and detailed design.
Review of delirium assessment tools in pediatric intensive care units

Delirium is always associated with high mortality, prolonged length of stay in intensive care unit( ICU), postICU cognitive impairment, and other adverse outcomes, so that it arouses medical staffs' concerns for critical patients recently. Both Chinese and American Critical Care Associations have published clinical guidelines of delirium management in adult ICU, which make the diagnosis and treatment of delirium standardization gradually. However, there is still lack of attention and researches in pediatric ICU. Assessment or diagnostic tools for pediatric delirium are still inconsistent. Because children's cognition and behavior are different from adults', there is a limit to directly apply the adult delirium assessment tools( e. g. CAM-ICU) to pediatric patients. In this paper, we reviewed the pediatric delirium assessment tools, and summarized the characteristics and applications of these tools( e. g. pCAM-ICU, PAED), in order to provide references to deliver the assessment of pediatric delirium as soon as possible.
Self-Healing Properties of Protein Resin with Soy Protein Isolate-Loaded Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) Microcapsules

Self-healing soy protein isolate (SPI)-based “green” thermoset resin is developed using poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) microcapsules containing SPI, as crack healant. The SPI–PLGA microcapsules with an average diameter of 778 nm that contain sub-capsules are prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The encapsulation efficiency is found to be high, up to 89%. Thermoset green SPI resin containing the SPI–PLGA microcapsules successfully arrests and retards the microcracks. The healing efficiency is investigated using mode I fracture toughness test for resins containing different concentrations of microcapsules from 5 to 20 wt% and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker at 9 or 12 wt%. The SPI resin containing 12 wt% glutaraldehyde and 15 wt% microcapsules shows self-healing efficiency of up to 48%. It is observed that the SPI released from SPI–PLGA microcapsules can react with the excess glutaraldehyde present in the resin when the two come in contact within the microcracks and bridge the two fracture surfaces. The results of this study show for the first time that SPI–PLGA microcapsules can self-heal protein-based green resins. The same method can be extended to self-heal other proteins as well as protein-based green composites resulting in higher fracture toughness and longer useful life.
Evidence-based analysis of mentally 111 individuals in the criminal justice system

The incarceration of mentally ill individuals in the Unites States has come under increased scrutiny in recent years due to both ethical and practical concerns. This paper describes research aimed at advancing the understanding of the treatment of the mentally ill population within the local criminal justice system. Specifically, it (1) demonstrates how data collected from a variety of agencies can be used to determine whether or not this population is treated differently than others in terms of bonding and sentencing decisions, time served, and other key measures and (2) provides a framework for continued data collection and analysis in the criminal justice system. Offender data were collected from Jefferson Area Community Corrections, Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail, and Region Ten Community Services Board for the period July 2015 through February 2016, including data from the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen to identify individuals who are likely suffering from mental illness. The collected data also include actuarial risk, bonding and sentencing decisions, time served, and receipt of mental health services. Inmates who were referred for further evaluation had several differing characteristics compared to inmates that were not referred for further mental health evaluation. The two groups differed in the types of crimes committed. Inmates referred for further mental health evaluation spent more time in jail and had longer sentences overall compared to all other inmates controlling for actuarial risk. Continued collection of data and further analysis are needed to draw conclusions about the treatment of mentally ill individuals in Charlottesville's criminal justice system.
Comparison of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume Calculation Methods and Their Impact on Scoring Tools

BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volumes are frequently used for prognostication and inclusion of patients in clinical trials. We sought to compare the original ABC/2 method and sABC/2, a simplified version with the planimetric method. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed admission head CT scans of consecutive ICH patients admitted to a single academic center from July 2012 to April 2013. We assessed ICH volume on the admission. In ABC/2 method, A = greatest hemorrhage diameter by CT, B = diameter perpendicular to A, C = the approximate number of CT slices with hemorrhage multiplied by the slice thickness. C is weighted by area as 75%. However, in the sABC/2 method, C is the total number of cuts with ICH without any weighting. Bland–Altman plots were generated for both the ABC/2 and sABC/2 methods in comparison to the planimetric method. RESULTS One hundred thirty-five patients with spontaneous ICH were included in the final analysis. Bland–Altman analysis illustrated that both ABC/2 and sABC/2 were concordant with the planimetric method. ABC/2 had more bias than sABC/2 (47% vs. 5%, respectively) with no evidence of a linear trend. For differentiating a volume threshold of 30 mL, ABC/2 was less sensitive but more specific than sABC/2 (P < .0001). Concordance between planimetry, ABC/2, and sABC/2 was high, evidenced by most coefficients exceeding .90. CONCLUSION Simplified ABC/2 (sABC/2) method performs better than ABC/2 in calculating ICH volumes. Moreover, it is better in differentiating a volume threshold of 30 mL. These findings may have implications for outcomes prediction and clinical trials inclusion.
An Application of Computable Distributions to the Semantics of Probabilistic Programming Languages

Most probabilistic programming languages for Bayesian inference give either operational semantics in terms of sampling, or denotational semantics in terms of measure-theoretic distributions. It is important that we can relate the two, given that practitioners often reason both analytically e.g.,i¾?density as well as algorithmically i.e.,i¾?in terms of sampling about distributions. In this paper, we give denotational semantics to a functional language extended with continuous distributions and show that by restricting attention to computable distributions, we can realize a corresponding sampling semantics.
Utilizing Cloud Computing to Support Scalable Atmospheric Modeling: A Case Study of Cloud-Enabled ModelE

Abstract Atmospheric modeling is an important method to generate physical and numerical measurements of climate parameters, quantify the spatiotemporal changes of atmospheric phenomena over space and time, and predict their occurrences. With simulated data sets from atmospheric models, scientists are able to examine the driving forces of atmospheric phenomena and perform advanced analysis. Due to the inherent complexity and computational intensity of atmospheric models, running such models requires considerable amounts of computing resources. Traditionally, high-performance supercomputers or clusters have been used to perform atmospheric modeling. Recently, cloud computing solutions are emerged as a cost-effective approach to provide on-demand computing resources, remove the technical barriers, and reduce the high costs for computing facility management and maintenance. This chapter presents the design and implementation of a cloud-based framework to facilitate atmospheric modeling. The framework consists of a web portal, cloud instances, and a cloud-based data repository. To evaluate the feasibility of the framework, we have customized and deployed the serial processing version of ModelE onto our framework. Upon the deployment, we conducted two sets of experiments to evaluate the readiness of cloud computing resources to support large-scale atmospheric modeling. Experimental results demonstrate the framework provides scalable and customizable computing resources that meet the computational needs of atmospheric modeling.
Holographic equivalence between the first law of entanglement entropy and the linearized gravitational equations

We use the intertwining properties of integral transformations to provide a compact proof of the holographic equivalence between the first law of entanglement entropy and the linearized gravitational equations in the context of the $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$ correspondence. We build upon the framework developed by Faulkner et al. using the Wald formalism and exploit the symmetries of the vacuum modular Hamiltonian of ball-shaped boundary regions.
Wearables as Context for Guiard-abiding Bimanual Touch

We explore the contextual details afforded by wearable devices to support multi-user, direct-touch interaction on electronic whiteboards in a way that-unlike previous work-can be fully consistent with natural bimanual-asymmetric interaction as set forth by Guiard.Our work offers the following key observation. While Guiard's framework has been widely applied in HCI, for bimanual interfaces where each hand interacts via direct touch, subtle limitations of multi-touch technologies as well as limitations in conception and design-mean that the resulting interfaces often cannot fully adhere to Guiard's principles even if they want to. The interactions are fundamentally ambiguous because the system does not know which hand, left or right, contributes each touch. But by integrating additional context from wearable devices, our system can identify which user is touching, as well as distinguish what hand they use to do so. This enables our prototypes to respect lateral preference the assignment of natural roles to each hand as advocated by Guiard in a way that has not been articulated before.
Operative Site Drainage after Hepatectomy: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis Using the American College of Surgeons NSQIP Targeted Hepatectomy Database.

Background Operative site drainage (OSD) after elective hepatectomy remains widely used despite data suggesting limited benefit. Multi-institutional, quality-driven databases and analytic techniques offer a unique source from which the utility of OSD can be assessed. Study Design Elective hepatectomies from the 2014 American College of Surgeons (ACS) NSQIP Targeted Hepatectomy Database were propensity score matched on the use of OSD using preoperative and intraoperative variables. The influence of OSD on the diagnosis of postoperative bile leaks, rates of subsequent intervention, and other outcomes within 30 days were assessed using paired testing. Results Operative site drainage was used in 42.2% of 2,583 eligible hepatectomies. There were 1,868 cases matched, with 7.2% experiencing a post-hepatectomy bile leak. The incidence of bile leak initially requiring intervention was no different between the OSD and no OSD groups (n = 32 vs n = 24, p = 0.278), and OSD was associated with a greater number of drainage procedures to manage post-hepatectomy bile leak (n = 27 in the OSD group, n = 13 in the no OSD group, p = 0.034, relative risk [RR] 2.1 [95% CI 1.1 to 4.0]). The OSD group had a greater mean length of stay (+0.8 days, p = 0.004) and more 30-day readmissions (p Conclusions In a propensity score matched cohort, OSD did not improve the rate of diagnosis of major bile leaks and was associated with increased interventions, greater length of stay, and more 30-day readmissions. These data suggest that routine OSD after elective hepatectomy may not be helpful in capturing clinically relevant bile leaks and has additional consequences.
Convergent validity of the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations in associating with health-related quality of life among adults in the United States

Background: The potential convergent validity of the pooled cohort risk (PCR) equations in predicting health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has yet to be evaluated, which was this study’s purpose. Methods: Data from the 2001-2011 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used (N = 8978 adults, 40-79 years, free of cardiovascular disease at baseline). Calculation of an individual’s 10-year risk of a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event was determined via the PCR equation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HRQOL measure was assessed utilizing 4 questions regarding participants’ perceived mental and physical health status from the past 30 days. Results: When adjusting for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), obesity, age, gender and race-ethnicity, an ASCVD score of >20% (vs. <20%) was associated with a 0.53-unit (95% CI: 0.34-0.71) higher HRQOL score. A higher HRQOL score indicates a poorer patient perception of their mental and physical health. Conclusion: The observed association between PCR-determined ASCVD-risk scores and HRQOL provides evidence for the convergent validity of the PCR algorithms, indicating that individuals with a higher risk for a first time ASCVD-event may also have an overall worse HRQOL. As such, employing ASCVD risk reduction efforts may be an important strategy in improving an individual’s HRQOL.
Impact of Dietary Intake on Bone Turnover in Patients with Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is a genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of the PAH enzyme. Patients follow a phenylalanine-restricted diet low in intact protein, and must consume synthetic medical food (MF) to supply phenylalanine-free protein. We assessed relationships between dietary intake and nutrient source (food or MF) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTM) in PAH deficiency. Blood from 44 fasted females 11–52 years of age was analyzed for plasma phenylalanine, serum BTM [CTx (resorption), P1NP (formation)], vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). BTM ratios were calculated to assess resorption relative to formation (CTx/P1NP). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measured total BMD and age-matched Z-scores. Three-day food records were analyzed for total nutrient intake, nutrients by source (food, MF), and compliance with MF prescription. Spearman’s partial coefficients (adjusted for age, BMI, energy intake, blood phenylalanine) assessed correlations. All had normal BMD for age (Z-score >−2). Sixty-four percent had high resorption and normal formation indicating uncoupled bone turnover. CTx/P1NP was positively associated with food phenylalanine (r2 = 0.39; p-value = 0.017), energy (r2 = 0.41; p-value = 0.011) and zinc (r2 = 0.41; p-value = 0.014). CTx/P1NP was negatively associated with MF fat (r2 = −0.44; p-value = 0.008), MF compliance (r2 = −0.34; p-value = 0.056), and positively with food sodium (r2 = 0.43; p-value = 0.014). CTx/P1NP decreased significantly with age (p-value = 0.002) and higher PTH (p-value = 0.0002). Phenylalanine was not correlated with any bone indicator. Females with PAH deficiency had normal BMD but elevated BTM, particularly resorption. More favorable ratios were associated with nutrients from MF and compliance. Younger females had less favorable BTM ratios. Promoting micronutrient intake through compliance with MF may impact bone metabolism in patients with PAH deficiency.
Perturbed recombination from dark matter annihilation

We show that dark matter annihilation around the time of recombination can lead to growing ionization fraction perturbations, that track the linear collapse of matter over-densities. This amplifies small scale cosmological perturbations to the free electron density by a significant amount compared to the usual acoustic oscillations. Electron density perturbations distort the cosmic microwave background (CMB), inducing secondary non-Gaussianity. We calculate the CMB bispectrum from recombination, that is marginally observable by Planck. Even though electron perturbations can be markedly boosted compared with the standard model prediction, the dark matter effect in the CMB bispectrum turns out to be small and will be difficult to disentangle from the standard model in the foreseeable future.
Sustaining Integration: A Way Forward

This chapter captures selected key concepts and suggestions from the entire book and presents those as factors that can be used to enhance the probability of sustaining integration when it is established. Also discussed are factors that endanger integration including changes in leadership, authorities, political landscapes, evidence and practice, visibility of positive impact, and competing demands. In addition, suggested foundational elements for sustained integration are discussed. These include mutual trust and respect, demonstrated benefit of integration, adequate and appropriate resources (including human resources), adequate funding, time, and adaptability.
Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis masquerading as right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia

A 67-year-old man with coronary artery disease (CAD) and left anterior descending artery (LAD) stent presented with symptomatic monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) at a rate of 190 bpm requiring cardioversion. ECG showed left bundle branch block pattern and inferior axis, suggestive of a right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) focus rather than left ventricular scar due to LAD territory myocardial infarction (MI). Echocardiography showed normal wall motion. Angiography revealed a patent mid-LAD stent. Cardiac MRI with delayed postcontrast sequence revealed several regions of hyperenhancement abnormality within the basal portion of the interventricular septum. Increased metabolic activity on positron emission tomography confirmed active inflammatory sarcoidosis.Although VTs in patients with prior CAD are likely to be related to either scar or ischaemia, alternative diagnoses (eg, infiltrative disorders, RVOT-VT, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy) should be considered in patients with an apparent right ventricular focus on ECG.
Characteristics of Academic Medical Centers Associated with Ischemic Stroke Outcome

P235 Background: Data supporting the efficacy of stroke center characteristics are limited. Methods: A questionnaire detailing stroke treatment practices was sent to 42 academic medical centers in the University Health Systems Consortium participating in a quality improvement project. In-hospital mortality of all emergency-department admissions for ischemic stroke at these institutions was evaluated in a large administrative database from 1997 through 1999. We used a multivariable method called generalized estimating equations, which broadens confidence intervals to adjust for clustering of variables at institutions. Using this technique, institutional characteristics were evaluated as predictors of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for age, gender, race, hospital treatment volume of ischemic stroke, and admission status (emergent, urgent, elective). Results: Thirty-two institutions completed the questionnaire and 29 of these were included in the administrative database. In-hospital deaths occurred in 758 (7.0%) of the 10,880 ischemic strokes admitted through the emergency department. In-hospital deaths were less frequent at hospitals with a vascular neurologist (odds ratio [OR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36–0.74, p Conclusions: Academic medical centers with a vascular neurologist and those with written guidelines limiting tPA administration to neurologists had lower rates of in-hospital mortality for ischemic stroke patients.
Anecdotal Evidence: What Patient Poets Provide

The vast range of poetry by people with serious illness or by those in the aftermath of catastrophic injury testifies to the fact that poetry helps people cope with the pain, fear, humiliation, and sense of loss that often come with illness. Their words can provide valuable information for caregivers. Clinicians who read poetry become better listeners. Poetry inclines one to notice how a thing is said; in the practice of poetry, how becomes as important as what. A poem can deliver information that is in its way more precise than the notes clinicians are trained to record on a chart. Close reading of poetry by patients has become a part of medical education in many medical schools, and needs to be more widely integrated. As the examples in this chapter show, poems can provide exactly the “anecdotal evidence” that may make a decisive difference in the course of healing by complementing statistical data or other forms of “hard” evidence.
Operators on Branched Quantifiers

In [1], Henkin introduced what he called “partially ordered quantifiers” (often-and, as we shall see, more appropriately-now called Henkin quantifiers or branched quantifiers) and showed that the addition of such quantifiers to an otherwise first order language increases its expressive power in interesting and useful ways. Each of Henkin’s partially ordered quantifiers consists of a partially ordered set of first order quantifiers and is represented in syntax by a branched quantifier-prefix.
Detecting GD and preeclampsia : Effectiveness of routine urine screening for glucose and protein

Objective To assess why urine collection and analysis for proteinuria and glycosuria is routinely performed during each antepartum visit at prenatal clinics. Study design Six hundred ten antepartum medical records were reviewed. Results One hundred nine (18%) patients had proteinuria, while 17 patients (2.8%) developed preeclampsia. Fifteen patients (2.5%) had at least one episode of glycosuria (100 mg/dL), while 11 had gestational diabetes. Of those with gestational diabetes, four (36%) had glycosuria. Of those with preeclampsia, three (17.7%) had proteinuria that preceded the finding of hypertension. Conclusion These results support our observation that routine oral 50-g glucose diabetes screening and careful monitoring of blood pressure are better screens for gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. The increased patient inconvenience and clinic staffing necessary for routine urinalysis may be avoided by eliminating that ritual.
The Benefits and Risks of Being a Standardized Patient: A Narrative Review of the Literature

Standardized patients (SPs) are a widely used, valid, and reliable means of teaching and evaluating healthcare providers (HCPs) across all levels of training and across multiple domains of both clinical and communication skills. Most research on SP programs focuses on outcomes pertinent to the learners (i.e., HCPs) rather than how this experience affects the SPs themselves. This review seeks to summarize the current literature on the risks and benefits of being an SP. We reviewed the literature on the effects that simulation has on adults, children/adolescents, and medical professionals who serve as SPs, in addition to real patients (RPs) who are involved in teaching by sharing their medical histories and experiences. To collect the literature, we conducted two separate systematic searches: one for SPs and one for RPs. Following the searches, we applied standardized eligibility criteria to narrow the literature down to articles within the scope of this review. A total of 67 studies were included that focused on the outcomes of SPs or RPs. The benefits for those portraying SP roles include improved health knowledge and attitudes, relationships with their HCPs, and changed health behaviors. Negative effects of being an SP include anxiety, exhaustion/fatigue, and physical discomfort immediately following a simulation, but the literature to date appears to indicate that there are no long-lasting effects. These findings are consistent across age groups and the type of role being simulated. They are also supported by studies of RPs who are involved in medical education. Overall, the benefits of being an SP appear to outweigh the known risks. However, there are significant limitations in the current literature, and additional studies are needed to better characterize the SP experience.
A Quantile Regression Analysis of Cognitive Ability and Spelling Predictors of Written Expression: Evidence of Gender, Age, and Skill Level Moderation

Abstract Cognitive ability and spelling predictors of written expression were examined between gender groups as well as across age and writing skill levels using quantile regression with the Kaufma...
Indefinite multi-constrained separable quadratic optimization: Large-scale efficient solution

Abstract Multi-constrained indefinite separable quadratic optimization occurs in many practical applications. However, it is an NP-hard problem and its solution even for problems of moderate size is computationally tedious. Extending our previous work on singly constrained problems, we develop the necessary theory and computational procedures for problems with multiple linear constraints, by employing iterative constraint aggregation, known as surrogation. The surrogate dual solution is obtained using a cutting plane technique over the multiplier search space, which then is used to develop a monotonic sequence of upper bounds that yields a near-global optimal solution. A detailed numerical analysis indicates the method is extremely efficient for quadratic programs with hundreds of thousands of variables. While the number of constraints affects the computational efficiency, it is still an order of magnitude superior, both in speed and quality, compared to leading commercial global optimization software. Preliminary results with application to mixed integer quadratic indefinite optimization further reveal the performance superiority of the proposed methodology relative to the standard techniques.
Novel Use of Biodissolvable Stent in Treatment of Recurrent Rathke Cleft Cyst.

Background Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign cysts arising from the pars intermedia as a result of incomplete obliteration of the Rathke pouch during development of the pituitary gland. The most common presenting symptoms are headaches, visual disturbances, and endocrinopathies. Recurrence of RCCs after surgical treatment is a well-known phenomenon after surgery with reported recurrence rates as high as 30%. Various methods have been employed to reduce the rate of recurrence. Complete cyst wall resection has been associated with increased rates of perioperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, diabetes insipidus, and carotid injury, while inconsistently demonstrating reduced recurrence rates. Marsupialization, in which the cyst cavity is widely exposed and left open with or without a fat graft suspension, has similarly shown increased morbidity without clear improvement in outcomes. We report here the use of a steroid-eluting sinus stent to maintain patency of the cyst opening. Case Description A 39-year-old female presented with a symptomatic RCC. She underwent 4 different surgeries including cyst wall resection, marsupialization, and fat graft placement. She developed short-term symptomatic and radiographic recurrence within 3 months of each surgery. She then underwent placement of a steroid-eluting sinus stent. At 3 months, the patient remained symptom free, without radiographic recurrence and with patent cyst fenestration on nasal endoscopy. Conclusions Recurrent RCCs are challenging to manage. Strategies to reduce recurrence are typically associated with higher risk and varying success. Stent placement represents a simple, low-risk method of potentially maintaining patency of cyst fenestration.
Inverse Radiative Transfer Analysis for Ocean Optics

Abstract : The long-term goal of this research is to support the work of ocean optics experimentalists by developing analytical and numerical methods for solving radiative transfer inverse and forward problems. The ongoing research on inverse problems includes methods for obtaining the sea water absorption and scattering coefficients, the bottom albedo, or the spatial profile of internal sources (e.g., inelastic scattering, bioluminescence, and/or fluorescence) from light field measurements at a single wavelength. New techniques for solving forward radiative transfer problems are also investigated to help with the development of methods for solving inverse problems.
Non-Maxwellian Velocity Distribution Functions for Coulombic Systems Out of Equilibrium

The velocity distribution function (VDF) of ions in the solar wind, as observed by spacecraft at 1 AU and elsewhere in the heliosphere, exhibits a consistent trend: at low energies in the solar wind frame, the distribution is largely Maxwellian-the core; at higher but still modest energies in the solar wind frame, the distribution follows a power law (f ∝ v-γ , where f is the VDF, v is the speed in the solar wind frame, and γ is an arbitrary spectral index parameter)-the tail-with a spectral index of γ ≈ 5 being extremely common. Several theories have been proposed to explain this common index. Among these theories is that the tail is a natural consequence of an ensemble of particles obeying Coulomb's law (Randol & Christian 2014, 2016). In this study, we derive a general analytical formula for the distribution of electric fields, and find that it always exhibits a power law tail with a spectral index of exactly 9/2, or 4.5, due to the spatial power law index of Coulomb's law. We then show how the VDF is a convolution of the distribution of electric fields with a pre-existing VDF, and that for small values of time after being created, the ion VDF always exhibits a γ = 9/2 power law, wherein the probability of the tail relative to the core depends on particle density, n, and inversely on the pre-existing VDF thermal speed, vth . Finally, we compare our results with previous works, and find good agreement but with important distinctions.
Error analysis to minimize cross-axis couplings in 6-DOF motion systems with a single moving part

Abstract In multi-axis motion control, cross-axis couplings cause error force and position disturbances in an axis when a desired motion is generated along another axis. Different from the parasitic errors that result from the imperfections of the mechanical bearings and reference surfaces, cross-axis perturbations are caused by errors that occur both statically (geometrical errors) and dynamically (in the transient responses) and are more prevalent in air-bearing and magnetic-levitation (maglev) stages. The parasitic errors are heavily dependent on the sizes of the stage's mechanical components, while the cross-axis perturbations depend significantly on the mover's speed and acceleration. For stages using permanent magnets (PMs) and Lorentz coils, the causes of off-axis forces include 1) errors in the coil turns' straightness, perpendicularity, and parallelism of the motor axes, and 2) errors in the local magnetizations and PMs' fringing effects. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the topologies of 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) single-moving-part stages to minimize cross-axis couplings. The outcome is a stage configuration with reduced couplings and cross-axis perturbations. This is supported by experimental results performed on a newly developed 6-DOF maglev laser-interferometer stage. Its achieved root-mean-square (rms) positioning noise and minimum step size in XY are 3 nm and 10 nm, respectively. Its achieved resolution in out-of-plane rotations is 0.1 μrad. In addition to the analysis supported by these results, this paper introduces a new measure to represent cross-axis perturbations and to compare the effects of couplings in multi-axis positioning. This measure is entitled the cross-coupling quantity (CCQ) and calculated from the displacement of the stage in the axis of interest, the peak time of the response, and the peak-to-peak (p-p) error in the perturbed axis.
Legality’s Law’s Empire

Scott Shapiro’s Legality argues the positivist Planning Theory of law meets the anti-positivist challenge posed by the argument from theoretical disagreements about law (ATD) in Ronald Dworkin’s Law’s Empire. Legality equates theoretical disagreements with what Shapiro calls meta-interpretive disagreements, and then offers a legal theory of meta-interpretation that purportedly accounts for the existence of meta-interpretive disagreements by showing how it is rational or intelligible for legal actors to have such disagreements. This paper argues Legality misconstrues Law’s Empire. The true challenge of ATD was to provide a theory of law that would vindicate the judgment that law is discovered in cases of theoretical disagreements, rather than made. Legality sees the challenge of Law’s Empire to be to show how it is rational or intelligible for legal actors to have theoretical disagreements, which is different from showing how there really is pre-existing law to be found in cases of theoretical disagreements. So the challenge Legality addresses is circumscribed. But Legality does not even succeed at addressing its own more circumscribed challenge, because, under the Planning Theory of meta-interpretation, legal actors are mistaken to think they are finding law in cases of theoretical disagreements.
Intraoperative image guidance for the surgical treatment of adult spinal deformity

Operative management of adult spinal deformity (ASD) has been increasing in recent years secondary to an aging society. The advance of intraoperative image guidance, such as the development of navigation and robotics systems has contributed to the growth and safety of ASD surgery. Currently, intraoperative image guidance is mainly used for pedicle screw placement and the evaluation of alignment correction in ASD surgery. Though it is expected that the use of navigation and robotics would result in increasing pedicle screw accuracy as reported in other spine surgeries, there are no well-powered studies specifically focusing on ASD surgery. Currently, deformity correction relies heavily on preoperative planning, however, a few studies have shown the possibility that intraoperative image modalities may accurately predict postoperative spinopelvic parameters. Future developments of intraoperative image guidance are needed to overcome the remaining challenges in ASD surgery such as radiation exposure to patient and surgeon. More novel imaging modalities may result in evolution in ASD surgery. Overall there is a paucity of literature focusing on intraoperative image guidance in ASD surgery, therefore, further studies are warranted to assess the efficacy of intraoperative image guidance in ASD surgery. This narrative review sought to provide the current role and future perspectives of intraoperative image guidance focusing on ASD surgery.
Mia40 is a facile oxidant of unfolded reduced proteins but shows minimal isomerase activity.

Mia40 participates in oxidative protein folding within the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) by mediating the transfer of reducing equivalents from client proteins to FAD-linked oxidoreductases of the Erv1 family (lfALR in mammals). Here we investigate the specificity of the human Mia40/lfALR system towards non-cognate unfolded protein substrates to assess whether the efficient introduction of disulfides requires a particular amino acid sequence context or the presence of an IMS targeting signal. Reduced pancreatic ribonuclease A (rRNase), avian lysozyme, and riboflavin binding protein are all competent substrates of the Mia40/lfALR system, although they lack those sequence features previously thought to direct disulfide bond formation in cognate IMS substrates. The oxidation of rRNase by Mia40 does not limit overall turnover of unfolded substrate by the Mia40/lfALR system. Mia40 is an ineffective protein disulfide isomerase when its ability to restore enzymatic activity from scrambled RNase is compared to that of protein disulfide isomerase. Mia40’s ability to bind amphipathic peptides is evident by avid binding to the isolated B-chain during the insulin reductase assay. In aggregate these data suggest that the Mia40/lfALR system has a broad sequence specificity and that potential substrates may be protected from adventitious oxidation by kinetic sequestration within the mitochondrial IMS.
Nicotine and vascular dysfunction

Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of all tobacco products, in the development of CVD is incompletely understood. Although increased public awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking has successfully led to a decline in its prevalence, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) or electronic nicotine delivery system has increased dramatically in recent years because of the perception that these products are safe. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cardiovascular system and the impact of nicotine exposure on cardiovascular health, with a focus on nicotine-induced vascular dysfunction. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium-dependent and/or endothelium-independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e-cig users. In addition, nicotine induces vascular remodelling through its effects on proliferation, migration and matrix production of both vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of nicotine on the vasculature and to stimulate continued nicotine research.
Implementation of a stereotactic body radiotherapy program for unresectable pancreatic cancer in an integrated community academic radiation oncology satellite network.

Abstract Background With increasing interest in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for unresectable pancreatic cancer, quality improvement (QI) initiatives to develop integrated clinical workflows are crucial to ensure quality assurance (QA) when introducing this challenging technique into radiation practices. Materials/Methods: In 2017, we used the Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) QI methodology to implement a new pancreas SBRT program in an integrated community radiation oncology satellite. A unified integrated information technology infrastructure was used to virtually integrate the planned workflow into the community radiation oncology satellite network (P – Plan/D – Do). This workflow included multiple prospective quality assurance (QA) measures including multidisciplinary evaluation, prospective scrutiny of radiation target delineation, prospective radiation plan evaluation, and monitoring of patient outcomes. Institutional review board approval was obtained to retrospectively study and report outcomes of patients treated in this program (S – Study). Results: There were 12 consecutive patients identified who were treated in this program from 2017 to 2020 with a median follow-up of 27 months. The median survival was 13 months, median local failure free survival was 12 months and median progression free survival was 6 months from SBRT. There were no acute or late Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Effects (CTCAE) version 5 toxicities ≥ Grade 3. Conclusion: We report the successful implementation of a community pancreas SBRT program involving multiple prospective QA measures, providing the groundwork to safely expand access to pancreas SBRT in our community satellite network (A – Act).
Abstract P704: Associations of Intersectional Discrimination, Microaggressions, and Perceived Stroke Risk in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People of Color

Introduction: As a psychosocial stressor, intersectional discrimination may contribute to adverse cardiovascular/stroke health for racial/ethnic LGBTQ (Caceres et al., 2019). This study tested this...
Validation of a Bat Handle Sensor for Measuring Bat Velocity, Attack Angle, and Vertical Angle

Background: Bat velocity, attack angle, and vertical angle are common variables that coaches and players want to evaluate during their baseball or softball swing. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and validate a baseball bat handle sensor against motion capture using recreational baseball and softball athletes for bat velocity, attack angle, and vertical angle. Methods: This single visit cross-sectional experimental design study utilized eighteen recreational baseball and softball players (ten males and eight females, age: 20.70 ± 1.69 years, height: 170.74 ± 5.69 cm, weight: 77.97 ± 12.30 kg) were recruited. Bat velocity, attack angle, and vertical angle from the bat handle sensor and 12-camera motion capture system were collected and compared using a two-tailed paired t-test. Results: Differences were statistically significant, showing that 95% of the time, the bat handle sensor overestimated the bat velocity by 1.92 to 2.77 m/s, underestimated the attack angle by -3.46 to -1.96o, and overestimated the vertical angle by 1.64 to 3.21o, compared to the motion capture system. Conclusion: The bat velocity and vertical angle were overestimated, while the attack angle was underestimated by the bat sensor. The information presented in this study can be viable information for coaches and players when utilizing the baseball bat handle sensor technology for training, practice, or in-game situations.