cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FAMILIAL APNEA AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX

We studied 10 children (BWx3.5kg, 2.4-4.7kg; GAx39.9, 36-42 wk; 7f,3m) in 4 families with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and recurrent apnea. All had sleep apnea with cyanosis leading to resuscitation (R) in 5, and vigorous stimulation (VS) in 5. They also had stridor, choking, obstructive apnea and cyanosis while awake leading to R(3) and VS (7). Symptoms of apnea began at a mean of 3.5 wk(2d-7.4 wk) and of GER at 5.2 wk(2d-26wk). Pneumograms documented an increase in periodic breathing (x9.0±6.8%) and/or prolonged apnea ≥ 16 sec. in 7/9 infants. GER was documented by Ba esophagram (6/9), pH probe (6/8) or endoscopy (3/6). Symptoms of GER resolved at 21 and 25 months in 2 with medical management (MM) including metaclopromide. Two infants (5 and 12 wk) are symptomatic on MM. Because of failure of MM, fundoplication (FP) was performed in 6 at a mean of 2.9 yr (1.0-8.8 yr). After FP, all continued to have sleep apnea requiring VS or R. In one, because of recurrence of awake stridor and obstructive apnea 4 years after FP, FP was repeated and obstructive apnea has not recurred in 10 mo. In one family, a female sibling with history of vomiting, apnea, cyanosis at 3 wk and frequent choking and spitting died of SIDS at 2 mo. In a second family, the father had a FP at 28 yr for severe GER. In summary, we have described familial apnea and GER in 10 children all of whom had awake stridor and obstructive apnea as symptoms of reflux. These symptoms were relieved by FP; however, significant sleep apnea persisted.
The role of “rescue saccades” in tracking objects through occlusions

We hypothesize that our ability to track objects through occlusions is mediated by timely assistance from gaze in the form of "rescue saccades"-eye movements to tracked objects that are in danger of being lost due to impending occlusion. Observers tracked 2-4 target sharks (out of 9) for 20 s as they swam through a rendered 3D underwater scene. Targets were either allowed to enter into occlusions (occlusion trials) or not (no occlusion trials). Tracking accuracy with 2-3 targets was ≥ 92% regardless of target occlusion but dropped to 74% on occlusion trials with four targets (no occlusion trials remained accurate; 83%). This pattern was mirrored in the frequency of rescue saccades. Rescue saccades accompanied approximatlely 50% of the Track 2-3 target occlusions, but only 34% of the Track 4 occlusions. Their frequency also decreased with increasing distance between a target and the nearest other object, suggesting that it is the potential for target confusion that summons a rescue saccade, not occlusion itself. These findings provide evidence for a tracking system that monitors for events that might cause track loss (e.g., occlusions) and requests help from the oculomotor system to resolve these momentary crises. As the number of crises increase with the number of targets, some requests for help go unsatisfied, resulting in degraded tracking.
Cellular Lipid Metabolism Is Influenced by the Coordination Environment of Copper

Copper ions are vital to human health, and mis-trafficking of them can result in many diseases including Wilson's, Menkes', and Alzheimer's diseases. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy can be used to observe changes in lipid phenotype in a noninvasive manner and is employed here to show that copper accumulation in hepatic cells results in rapid changes in lipid storage and lipid droplet density. The increase in lipid storage is dependent on the coordination environment of the copper to which the cells are exposed and changes in toxicity, lipid phenotype, and rate of copper accumulation upon treatment vary using different Cu species.
Modulation of type I IFN induction by a virulence determinant within the alphavirus nsP1 protein

Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that cause serious human and animal diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that a determinant within the nsP1/nsP2 cleavage domain of the virulent Sindbis AR86 virus played a key role in regulating adult mouse virulence without adversely affecting viral replication. Additional characterization of this determinant demonstrated that a virus with the attenuating mutation induced more type I IFN production both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, this phenotype was not specific to the Sindbis AR86 virus, as a similar mutation in a distantly related alphavirus, Ross River Virus (RRV), also led to enhanced IFN induction. This effect was independent of virus-induced host shutoff, since IRF-3 phosphorylation, which occurs independently of de novo host transcription/translation, was induced more robustly in cells infected with the mutant viruses. Altogether, these results demonstrate that critical determinants within the nsP1/nsP2 cleavage domain play an important role in regulating alphavirus-induced IFN responses.
Pendular alignment of paramagnetic molecules in uniform magnetic fields.

For paramagnetic molecules subjected to a uniform magnetic field, the Zeeman interaction produces widely tunable, aligned pendular states in which the molecular magnetic dipole librates about the field direction. We demonstrate such alignment by observing spectroscopic transitions at \ensuremath{\approxeq}1 T involving the ${\mathit{A}}^{3}$${\mathit{II}}_{1}$ excited state of ICl, and extract characteristic pendular eigenproperties that arise from the hybridization of field-free rotor states. Unlike the electric analog, magnetic pendular states can be created for nonpolar molecules and molecular ions.
Accuracy of prospective two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract in complete transposition of the great arteries

Abstract Thirty-two consecutive infants with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and ventricular septal defect underwent subxiphoid 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo). Two independent observers prospectively evaluated each echocardiogram for the presence or absence of left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction, whether outflow obstruction was dynamic or fixed, or both, and the precise anatomic type of fixed obstruction. Compared with the LV-to-pulmonary artery gradient determined at cardiac catheterization, 2-D echo yielded low false-negative (7 to 13%) and false-positive (0 to 6%) rates for diagnosing the presence or absence of LV outflow tract obstruction. Moreover, the false-negative cases were only minor errors, because the measured LV-pulmonary artery gradients proved to be less than 25 mm Hg. Compared with the long-axial oblique LV angiogram, 2-D echo yielded no false-negative results in detection of outflow tract obstruction, which was at least partly fixed. Compared with autopsy/surgical observation, 2-D echo made no significant errors in delineating the exact anatomic type of fixed obstruction. The diagnostic accuracy of 2-D echo in detecting and characterizing LV outflow tract obstruction limits the need for “routine” cardiac catheterization before repair in infants with TGA and intact ventricular septum. Furthermore, because certain types of fixed LV outflow tract obstruction are difficult for the surgeon to visualize and alleviate, precise knowledge of the anatomic type of fixed obstruction influences the choice among Rastelli, intraatrial baffle and arterial switch procedures in patients with TGA and ventricular septal defect.
The role of self-purification and the electronic structure of magnetically doped semiconductor nanocrystals

The electronic and magnetic properties of Mn-doped Ge, GaAs, and ZnSe nanocrystals and the role of “self-purification” in doping these nanocrystals are briefly reviewed. The ferromagnetic and half-metalicity trends found in the bulk are preserved in the nanocrystals. However, the Mn-related impurity states become much deeper in energy with decreasing nanocrystalline size, causing the ferromagnetic stabilization to be dominated by double exchange via localized holes rather than by a Zener-like mechanism. As such, the size of the nanocrystal can be used to alter the nature of the magnetic interactions within these materials. However, the creation of doped nanocrystals can be difficult, as the distance a defect or impurity must move to reach the surface of a nanocrystal is very small. The spontaneous expulsion of defects or impurities from nanocrystals is sometimes called a “self-purification” process. Self-purification within such systems can be explained through energetic arguments and is an intrinsic prop...
Characteristic classes of piecewise differentiable affine connections on smooth manifolds

Abstract We show that the Chern-Weil construction can still be used to extract the characteristic classes of smooth manifolds even from (discontinuous) piecewise differentiable Riemannian metrics and affine connections.
Hydrolysis of a model surfactant as measured using ACYL coenzyme a synthetase

Hydrolysis of a model nonionic surfactant, [1‐14C]methyl palmitate, was compared between porcine esterase and lipase using a new hydrolase assay. The assay incorporates acyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase to convert the hydrolytic product of methyl palmitate, palmitic acid, to its acyl CoA derivative; palmitoyl CoA is separated from unreacted substrate for quantitation by a highly efficient extraction. The assay achieves quantitative separation between product and substrate due to the high water solubility of the acyl CoA derivative, eliminating the need for time‐consuming chromatographic separations. After 60 min under optimal conditions, only 20 U/mL porcine hepatic esterase hydrolyzed 93.6+0.9% of 20μM methyl palmitate, while 100U/mL porcine pancreatic lipase was required to hydrolyze only 82.3 ±0.7% of the same substrate. While both enzymes detoxified the surfactant, esterase was more efficient, possibly indicating preferential specificity for simple monoesters; generally selective for endogenous triacyl...
Scheduling Policies for Automatic Warehousing Systems: Simulation Results

Abstract This paper examines and extends previous analytical work on the scheduling of stacker cranes in automatic warehousing systems. In particular, the following are examined by means of a computer simulation: (1) The performance of the closest-open-location rule compared to random storage assignment; (2) The dynamic behavior of the system under stochastic conditions, using various crane and rack utilization levels; (3) The actual versus predicted reduction in crane travel time due to improved scheduling rules; (4) The effect of imperfect information concerning the length of stay of an incoming pallet on system performance. The results of our experiments provide evidence in support of the proposed analytical models. Most important, the experiments demonstrate the value of previously-proposed scheduling rules in a dynamic, stochastic environment operating with imperfect information.
Hexokinase Isoenzymes in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Man and Dog

A hexokinase, with a low Michaelis constant, not previously described, has been found in extracts of human and dog liver but not of rat liver. Earlier reports are contradicted in that glucokinase occurs in extracts of liver from well-nourished humans and dogs; it is absent, or almost so, during states of poor nutrition.
A Two-Step Wet Etch Process for the Facile Fabrication of Hybrid Micro-Nanofluidic Devices

Hybrid microfluidic and nanofluidic devices have recently been developed for a variety of applications including water desalination, molecular gates, and other lab-on-chip uses. In this paper, we report on a 2-step wet etch process to fabricate hybrid microfluidic and nanofluidic devices with controllable features including a sloped nanochannel. The nanochannels with slit-like geometry can be fabricated with dimensions as small as 50 nm depth and a width of 30 μm for a minimum aspect ratio of 0.002. The channels are several cm long.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Renal hemodynamic effects of captopril in anesthetized sodium-restricted dogs. Relative contributions of prostaglandin stimulation and suppressed angiotensin activity.

The mechanism of captopril-induced alterations in arterial pressure (AP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR) was studied in pentobarbital ane
Selling Possibilities: Hypertext, Freedom, and Direction

Hypertext, in its most available manifestation, the World Wide Web, is being sold as a force for liberation. One must differentiate the varieties of freedom to better understand how different inter...
The development of mathematical cognition

Whereas descriptions of the developmental transition from slow, implicit counting to more rapid, effortless memory retrieval of simple addition problem solutions are available in the literature, it remains unclear what are the processing advantages of the shift from counting to retrieval. Studies within the psychometric tradition have pointed to the importance of the efficiency of basic computational processes in the development of mathematical ability, and the development of automatic routines for solving problems or retrieving declarative knowledge from memory are richly described in a variety of information processing theories. A theoretical account of the developmental transition from counting to retrieval based upon principles of attention theory is offered. Research using dual-task methods is described and a preliminary developmental model is outlined.
Conflict and Community: A Case Study of the Immigrant Church in the United States

Conflict within the immigrant church was oftentimes a central feature in the development of ethnic communities and their conceptions of peoplehood and religious identification. This case study examines a schism that tore apart various Norwegian-American settlements in the late nineteenth century. Known as the "Election Controversy," churches within the Norwegian Synod were forced to determine the extent to which election was based solely on God's grace. Households in the Crow River settlement in central Minnesota could not agree on a single position and the schism eventually resulted in the division of the church. The lines of conflict were drawn according to subcommunities based on regional background and a chain migration to the settlement that juxtaposed people of different cultural backgrounds in a single community. While those from many sub-communities remained within the church, the new church consisted of those from the Gausdal sub-community, a group that carried a very distinct cultural pattern from Norway. Yet the conflict was exacerbated by the incongruous symbols of the developing church. Ironically, the church in a more democratic environment had shifted theologically toward a less egalitarian stance in regard to salvation, an important shift especially to those who were culturally distinct and felt deprived of power in the congregation. The conjunction of a community structure rife with socioeconomic cleavages and a theology with inherent ambiguities and contradictions, then, created a synergy that resulted in tumultuous conflict in Crow River. In spite of the schism, however, the election controversy was an example of conflict, but not cultural disintegration. On the Synod level, the new church bodies formed out of the conflict played a large role in unifying the Norwegian-American church. And locally the schism did result in smaller congregations, but the new churches were more culturally cohesive than in the past.
The mechanism of action of α-naphthoflavone as an inhibitor of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced CYP1A1 gene expression

Treatment of rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells with alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha NF) (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6)M) resulted in only minimum induction of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA levels only at 10(-6)M. In contrast, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) caused maximum or near maximum induction responses at 10(-8) and 10(-9)M. In a time-course study with TCDD (10(-9)M), and TCDD plus alpha NF (cotreated), alpha NF significantly inhibited the induction of EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA levels by TCDD for 6-24 h after initial exposure of the cells to the chemicals. In addition, treatment of the cells with 10(-9)M TCDD in the presence or absence of 10(-8), 10(-7), and 10(-9)M alpha NF showed that the latter compound inhibited the induction effects by TCDD in a concentration-dependent manner and these inhibitory effects could be overcome, in part, by a higher concentration of TCDD (10(-8)M). Treatment of the rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells with [3H]TCDD showed that within 60 min, there was an initial rapid increase in nuclear [3H]TCDD receptor complex levels (38 fmol/mg protein) which decreased to less than 10 fmol/mg protein within 4 h and remained relatively constant for up to 24 h. However, in cells treated with [3H]TCDD (10(-9)M) plus alpha NF (10(-6)M) the levels of the nuclear [3H]TCDD receptor complex were less than 5 fmol/mg protein throughout the 24-h time course. These data, coupled with the results which indicate that the alpha NF competitively inhibits the binding of [3H]-TCDD to the cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor, suggest that alpha NF inhibits the TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A1 gene transcription and translation by direct competition for cytosolic Ah receptor binding sites.
Precision measurements of the total photoionization cross-sections of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe

Abstract Absolute photoionization cross-sections for the rare gases have been measured from threshold to 125 eV with an accuracy of ±1 to 3% and are presented in both tabular and graphical form. These data are compared with the optical oscillator strength measurements of Brion and co-workers, who used the Dipole (e, e) collision technique.
Endotoxin-induced stimulation on phospholipase A activities in dog hearts.

The in vitro and in vitor effects of E. coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide B) on phospholipase A (A1 + A2) activities in dog-heart homogenates and mitochondria were studied. Endotoxin in vitro had a concentration-dependent stimulatory effect in heart mitochondria: the concentration required to achieve half-maximum stimulation was 34 μg/ml. In heart homogenates, endotoxin (100 μg/ml) in vitro stimulated phospholipase A activities by 18.1% (P < 0.05) in the absence and by 27.8% (P < 0.05) in the presence of EDTA (2 mm). The in vitro stimulatory effects of endotoxin in mitochondria and homogenates were not observed when Ca2+ (2 mm) was present in the incubation mixture. Three hours after endotoxin administration (1 mg/kg, i.v.), phospholipase A activities were stimulated by 27.5 (P < 0.05) and 81.7% (P < 0.01) in mitochondria and homogenates, respectively, in the absence of added Ca2+ and EDTA. These data demonstrate that E. coli endotoxin both in vivo and in vitro modifies myocardial membrane-lipid profile by stimulating phospholipase A activities. An endotoxin-induced modification of membrane-lipid profile may contribute to the development of myocardial dysfunction during endotoxic shock.
Expanded studies of the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam in healthy volunteers.

Previous work described the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multi-dose sublingual (SL) triazolam (Halcion®). This laboratory study evaluated the hypothesis that incremental dosing of triazolam produces dose-dependent central nervous system (CNS) depression that is profound and long lasting. Forty-nine healthy adults 21–39 years, not receiving dental treatment, were randomly assigned to placebo (n=12), or 1-of-3 triazolam groups (0.25 mg single dose, n=12; 0.5 mg divided between 2 equal doses over 60 minutes, n=12; or 0.75 mg divided among 3 doses over 90 minutes, n=13). Plasma triazolam concentrations were determined. Bispectral index (BIS) and the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) were used to assess sedation. Plasma triazolam concentrations increased with time in all subjects, with Tmax and Cmax both increasing dose-dependently. Compared to placebo, all dosing paradigms produced dose-dependent BIS suppression and sedation. The single dose of 0.25 mg reached its peak BIS suppression at 90 minutes (81±7) and sedation at 120 minutes (3.6±0.5), and returned to baseline before 360 minutes. In contrast, incremental dosing of 0.5 and 0.75 mg produced profound and long-lasting BIS suppression and sedation that did not plateau until either 180 or 210 minutes measured by BIS (67±14 and 60±16 at 0.5 and 0.75 mg, respectively) and 150 minutes measured by OAA/S (3.2±1.0 and 2.7±0.4 at 0.5 and 0.75 mg, respectively). These data more fully characterize the effects of incremental dosing with SL triazolam and provide additional insight for discharge safety recommendations.
The Reliability of Developmental Sentence Scoring as a Function of Sample Size

Language samples taken from 50 preschool children were used to estimate the reliabilities of the total and component measures of the latest edition of the Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) syste...
Incidence and Prognosis of Cutaneous Melanoma Involving the Head and Neck.

Alexander Golger, MD; Diana S. Young, BSc; Danny Ghazarian, PhD; Peter C. Neligan, MBObjectives: To describe the epidemiological features of cutaneous head and neck melanoma (CHNM) and to identify factors associated with mortality from this disease.Design: A population-based cohort study.Setting: Patients treated for CHNM in Ontario between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2002, were identified through the provincial Cancer Registry. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the data.Patients: A total of 2218 patients with CHNM were identified, composing 15.8% of all melanomas in Ontario. The mean age of the cohort was 66 years (SD, 16 years); 1363 patients (61.5%) were males.Main Outcome Measure: Patients' vital status (dead or alive).Results: The incidence of CHNM increased from 2.0 per 100 000 in 1996 to 2.7 per 100 000 in 2001, while mortality remained stable. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that increased age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.06) and male sex (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03-1.66) had a significantly higher risk of death. Patients with lesions of the scalp and neck had a 53% higher risk of death than those with lesions of the face. Nodular melanoma (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.17-2.24) had the worst prognosis compared with other morphological types. Increased tumor thickness (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.07), ulceration (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.08-2.07), and Clark level V (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.01-2.22) were significantly associated with increased mortality.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated an increase in the incidence of CHNM. Advanced age, male sex, nodular morphological features, tumor thickness, ulceration, and Clark level V carried a significant risk of death, whereas facial melanomas had a favorable prognosis.
Cerebral metabolic and vascular effects of barbiturate therapy following complete global ischemia.

Complete global cerebral ischemia was induced in dogs by temporary ligation of the ascending aorta for 10min. Prior to the ischemic period, half of the animals were given pentobarbital 30-38 mg/kg, a maneuver previously reported to prevent or attenuate cerebral damage in this same model. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate (CMRO2) were followed from prior to the ischemic period to 6 h post-ischemia. At varying time intervals following ischemia, brain biopsies were obtained and analyzed for cerebral metabolites to determine the cerebral energy state. Only a few differences were observed between pentobarbital-treated and untreated animals. Post-ischemic CMRO2, stabilized at a significantly lower level in treated than in untreated animals. However, CBF was proportionately lower and thus O2 delivery relative to O2 needs in the two groups was comparable. Also in both groups, the CBF and CMRO2 stabilized at levels significantly below pre-ischemia controls. Cerebral energy stores in both groups were depleted after 10min of ischemia but were restored to near normal within 4min post-ischemia. Total restoration of the adenine nucleotide pool and ATP were delayed as was the return of brain lactate to normal. A 10min period of post-ischemic hyperemia was observed in all animals and in the initial 4min post-ischemia CMRO2 was also increased. The latter is probably accounted for by the O2 needs for restoration of cerebral energy and O2 stores. We conclude that cerebral protection as provided by barbiturates following complete global ischemia cannot be accounted for by any measurable effect on CBF, CMRO2, or the cerebral energy stores during the initial 6 h post-ischemia.
EPR investigation of Pt - in silicon

Using EPR we have resolved the question of whether the dominant ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ defect in silicon consists of an isolated platinum ion or a platinum-platinum pair. We have measured the uniaxial-stress-induced shifts in the g values and find that the stress-coupling tensor shows the defect symmetry to be ${\mathit{C}}_{2\mathit{v}}$. By selective doping with $^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ and $^{198}\mathrm{Pt}$, we demonstrate that there is no hyperfine evidence of a second platinum. We therefore conclude that the original model of Woodbury and Ludwig of an isolated substitutional platinum impurity that spontaneously distorts off center in a 〈100〉 direction is correct. We have also measured the defect realignment under stress, which occurs even at pumped-liquid-helium temperatures. We find that the sense of the alignment for this platinum defect is opposite to that for the negative vacancy. In addition, we have fully resolved the superhyperfine interaction involving the two nearest-neighbor silicon atoms. Lastly, we observe a shift in the g values depending upon the nuclear isotopes of these two nearest-neighbor silicon atoms.
Impurity Conduction in p-Type Silicon at Microwave Frequencies

The microwave conductivity of boron-doped silicon was studied at low temperature at \ensuremath{\sim}9000 Mc/sec. Samples measured had boron concentrations ranging from 6.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ to 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. In the impurity conduction range, the microwave conductivity varied much more slowly than the dc conductivity, becoming orders of magnitude larger in comparison at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Calculations based on the hopping model give microwave conductivity of the right order of magnitude as measured. However, pronounced nonohmic behavior was observed in samples of impurity concentrations less than \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and the measured temperature dependence of conductivity for the samples of high-impurity concentrations was too strong. These observations cannot be accounted for by the hopping model. It is shown that the nonohmic behavior may be attributed to the direct absorption of microwave power for which phonon interaction is not the essential part of the process. The strong temperature dependence is explained on the basis of carrier trapping by closely spaced impurity centers. Some measurements were made at lower frequencies. The results are consistent with the interpretation.
The Caleb Cushing Mission

American trade with China was ushered in by the voyage of the Empress of China to Canton in 1784. Within a few years commerce had become so profitable that the United States appointed Major Samuel Shaw to act as the American Consul in China. Very quickly the United States became the number two trader with China and the most serious rival to England. However, American ships were neither as large nor as numerous as those of the British East Indies Company and American merchants possessed neither the financial backing nor the prestige of their British counterpart. The United States was still a weak naval power and traders could not depend on any significant protection from the fleet. Furthermore, the Washington government was unable to exert any appreciable influence on Chinese authorities and they settled into a well-patterned position of following the British lead in the Far East.
Molecular dynamics simulation of defect formation during energetic Cu deposition

Abstract The deposition of energetic Cu atoms from 5 to 80 eV onto (0 0 1) Cu was simulated with molecular dynamics. The Cu–Cu interaction potential was a spline of the embedded atom potential developed from equilibrium data, and the universal scattering potential. Incident Cu atoms substituted for first layer substrate atoms by an exchange process at energies as low as 5 eV. Incident Cu atoms of 20 eV penetrated to the second substrate layer, and 20 eV was sufficient energy to produce interstitial defects. Incident atoms of 80 eV penetrated to the third atomic layer, produced interstitials 12 atomic layers into the substrate by focused replacement collision sequences, and produced sputtered atoms with a 16% yield. Interstitial clusters of up to 7 atoms were observed. The observed mechanisms of film growth included: the direct deposition of atoms into film equilibrium atom positions, the exchange of substrate atoms to equilibrium film atoms positions, and the migration of interstitials to equilibrium film atom positions. The relative frequency of each process was a function of incident energy. Since all observed growth mechanisms resulted in film atoms in equilibrium atomic positions, these simulations suggest that stresses in homoepitaxial Cu thin films are due to point defects. Vacancies would produce tensile strain and interstitial atoms would produce compressive strain in the films. It is proposed that immobile interstitial clusters could be responsible for retaining interstitial atoms and clusters in growing metal thin films.
Metabolic fate of [14C]-labeled meal protein amino acids in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

We developed a method to follow the metabolic fate of [14C]-labeled Euglena gracilis protein amino acids in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under three different adult nutritional regimes. Quantitative analysis of blood meal protein amino acid metabolism showed that most of the carbon of the amino acids was either oxidized to CO2 or excreted as waste. Under the three different adult nutritional regimes, no significant differences in the metabolism of amino acids were found, which indicated that the female A. aegypti mosquitoes possess a substantial capacity of maintaining metabolic homeostasis during a gonotrophic cycle. The amount of maternal glycogen and lipid after egg laying were significantly lower in the mosquitoes that underwent a partial starvation before a blood meal and/or starvation after the blood meal. The content of egg lipid or protein or the number of eggs laid did not show a significant difference among the three different regimes, which indicates that stable fecundity of A. aegypti under the partial starvation before a blood meal and/or starvation after the blood meal seemed to result from a trade-off between current fecundity and future survival after the eggs laid. The methods described in this paper can be applied to a wide range of questions about the effects of environmental conditions on the utilization of blood meal amino acids.
A captive feeding study with the Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii): Implications for scat analysis

Seven prey species (n toral > 2,700) were fed to seven captive male Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in 177 experimental meals to quantify biases associated with scat analysis and current consumption models. Hard parts from an individual meal were recovered in an average of 3.8 ± 1.8 scats (range 1-10; mean ± SD). Overall, 57.7 ± 33.2% of otoliths and 89.5 ± 15.5% of squid beaks were recovered. Recovery rates varied, and prey with smaller, fragile otoliths were recovered in lesser quantities than prey with larger, robust otoliths. Recovery rates of all prey except pink salmon were improved by a mean of 31.7% when all diagnostic structures were included in estimates. Estimated recovery of pink salmon was 9.5 times that fed seals based on the all-structure technique. Mean length reduction of recovered otoliths was 20.4 ± 10.1%. Correction factors calculated from average length reduction improved length estimates for all fish species. Grade-specific length correction factors (gLCFs) reduced variability in all of the estimates and significantly improved estimates of prey with highly eroded otoliths including Pacific hake and shortbelly rockfish. The Biomass Reconstruction (BR) model accurately predicted biomass consumption within 4% of known consumption, whereas estimates based on frequency of occurrence were inaccurate.
Effects of N-butylscopolammonium bromide on lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.

Background Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production in the airways. Anticholinergic drugs like atropine induce bronchodilatation and rapid improvement in lung function. N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) is an anticholinergic drug used to relieve spasmodic colic in horses, but its effect on airway smooth muscle is unknown. Objective To evaluate the effect of NBB on clinical signs and lung function of RAO-affected horses. Animals Nine horses diagnosed with RAO. Methods Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial. Horses were challenged with moldy hay until a maximum change in transpulmonary pressure (∆PLmax) > 15 cmH2O was achieved. NBB (0.3 mg/kg) or placebo (0.9% saline) was administered IV. Clinical scores and lung function were recorded at baseline and then periodically after treatment administration. Horses were allowed a 6-week washout before administration of opposite treatments. Results Clinical score at 10 and 30 minutes (8.7 ± 2.8 and 8.7 ± 3.2, respectively) after NBB administration was significantly lower than baseline (10.8 ± 2.4). NBB administration resulted in a significant decrease in ∆PLmax (baseline: 35.1 ± 6.9 cmH2O) starting 2 minutes after administration (16.3 ± 6.6 cmH2O) with a maximum decline observed at 10 minutes (13.5 ± 7.1 cmH2O). ∆PLmax values between 60 and 120 minutes after NBB administration were not different from placebo. Conclusion and Clinical Importance N-butylscopolammonium bromide is a potent bronchodilator, reaching maximum effect 10 minutes after intravenous administration. This effect dissipates within 1 hour of drug administration.
The Experience of Depth Curiosity: The Pursuit of Congruence Despite the Danger of Engulfment

This article presents a grounded theory analysis of the experience of sustaining an abiding curiosity. Results emphasize how curiosity became inherently motivating and pleasurable, and led to deeper understandings of interpersonal differences and an enriched sense of identity. Despite the experience of curiosity strengthening, waning, and shifting across time, it was experienced as a longstanding driving force. At the same time, if consuming, curiosity holds risks for participants and could lead to alienation from others and despair. The discussion puts forward a more integrated understanding of a somewhat fragmented literature and highlights the complexities that depth curiosity entails.
Stereotactic radiosurgery of the brain using the first United States 201 cobalt-60 source gamma knife.

The first United States 201 cobalt-60 source gamma knife for stereotactic radiosurgery of brain tumors and arteriovenous malformations became operational at the University of Pittsburgh on August 14, 1987. Four and one-half years of intensive planning, regulatory agency review, and analysis of published results preceded the first radiosurgical procedure. Installation of this 18,000-kg device and loading of the 201 cobalt-60 sources posed major challenges in engineering, architecture, and radiophysics. In the first 4 months of operation, we treated 52 patients (29 with arteriovenous malformations, 19 with extra-axial neoplasms of the skull base, and 4 with intra-axial malignant tumors). Most patients either had lesions considered inoperable or had residual lesions after attempted surgical resection. Neither surgical mortality nor significant morbidity was associated with gamma knife radiosurgery. As compared with treatment by conventional intracranial surgery (craniotomy), the average length of stay for radiosurgery was reduced by 4 to 14 days, and hospital charges were reduced by as much as 65%. Based on both the previously published results of treatment of more than 2,000 patients worldwide and on our initial clinical experience, we believe that gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery is a therapeutically effective and economically sound alternative to more conventional neurosurgical procedures, inmore » selected cases.« less
A humidification-dehumidification process for produced water purification

Deployment of humidification-dehumidification process for produced water purification was investigated in this study. The produced water from natural gas production has a total dissolved solid of 1.98×104 mg/L and total organic carbon of 470.2 mg/L. The water purification was carried out in a lab-constructed humidification-dehumidification unit with an effective surface area of 1.2 m2. The feed water temperature and flow rate were varied to investigate their influence on purified water quality, productivity, and water recovery. Both salt and dissolvable organics in the produced water were removed efficiently by the humidification-dehumidification process: the total dissolved solid was reduced from 1.98×104 to 76.75 mg/L while the total organic carbon declined from 470.2 to 17.83 mg/L. A built-in capillary bundle was deployed as dehumidifier for the enhancement of water productivity and heat efficiency. A water productivity of 0.31 kg/m2.h with water recovery of 20.7% was achieved at 80°C. The study sugges...
One School's Experience in Reconceptualizing Part-Time Doctoral Education in Social Work

This article describes the rationale, implementation, and assessment of a summer-study format, part-time doctoral program that was designed to address the shortcomings of traditional part-time doctoral education in social welfare. Findings of a comparative analysis between 67 full-time and 52 part-time doctoral students suggest that the program offers a number of significant advantages over traditional part-time education. There were no statistically significant differences between summer-study and full-time students in Graduate Record Examination and Miller Analogies Test scores, in rates of graduation, or in length of time to complete the degree. Educational limitations of the program for summer-study students as compared to full-time students are presented.
A statistical appraisal of native state hydrogen exchange data: evidence for a burst phase continuum?

For a number of proteins, folding occurs via the rapid accumulation of secondary and tertiary structural features in a so-called burst phase, preceding the relatively slow, highly activated transition leading to the native state. A fundamental question is: do these burst phase reactions comprise two phase-separated thermodynamic states or a continuum of states? Ribonuclease HI (RNase H) from Escherichia coli and phage T4 lysozyme (T4L) both exhibit such a phenomenon. Native-state hydrogen exchange (NHX) data have been collected for these proteins, providing residue-specific free energies and m-values (a measure of hydrocarbon solvation) for the manifold of partially unfolded, exchange-competent forms that are accessible from the native state (DeltaG(sg) and m(sg), where the sg subscript denotes sub-global). There is good evidence that these parameters pertain to exchange-competent species comprising the burst phase observed in the global folding kinetics. We combine the results from the global folding kinetics of these proteins with a statistical analysis of their NHX parameters to determine if the distribution of experimental (m(sg), DeltaG(sg)) values derive from a mechanism where the burst phase is two-state. For RNase H, this analysis demonstrates that the burst phase of this protein is not two-state; the results imply a distribution of states, m and DeltaG exhibiting a linear functional relationship consistent with the global folding parameters. For T4L, it is difficult to distinguish the observed distribution of m(sg), DeltaG(sg) values from that expected for a mechanism where the burst phase is two-state. The results for RNase H* lend support for the idea that the burst phase reaction of this protein comprises a continuum of states. This has important implications for how we model the process of structural acquisition in protein folding reactions.
The interfering effect of serial cognitive structures in long-term memory on word-order in short-term memory

This experiment investigated the retention of word-position information, independent of item information, using a distractor STM paradigm. Triads of words, which formed a serial cognitive structure presumably in LTM, were presented to 192 Ss in natural or scrambled orders with serial-, backwards-, or free-recall instructions. Triads selected from different taxonomic classes were presented on the eight trials to ensure high item retention. Sine half of the Ss made no item errors at all, their responses were scored for retention of word-position information. There were few position errors with the natural ordered triads with either serial- or backswards-recall instructions. There was a build-up of position errors across trials for the scrambled order-serial recall group. The scrambled order-backwards recall group had a high rate of position errors beginning on Trial 1. With free-recall instructions, the scrambled triads were transposed frequently back to their natural serial order. These data are incompatible with features of some box models of memory.
Signaling unearned reinforcers removes the suppression produced by a zero correlation in an operant paradigm

Rats in two separate experiments were trained on schedules of reinforcement that allowed the probability of reinforcement (a drop of water) given a leverpress in any second and the probability of water given no leverpress in any second to be manipulated independently of one another. After training on high-positive contingencies (no water for not leverpressing), rats were shifted to zero contingency (equal water for pressing or not pressing), and, as is usually found, leverpressing declined radically. Then each water reinforcer given for not leverpressing was signaled by a 5-sec flashing light and gradually, after many sessions, leverpressing returned to normal. This effect was seen for all five experimental rats in a within-subject-design experiment and also for all four experimental rats—but not at all for the four control rats—in a second, between-subject-design experiment. These results are interpreted within a framework that stresses three-term relations between S, R, and reinforcement that emphasizes the difference between earned and unearned reinforcement as two of those three terms.
Resilient peer-to-peer multicast without the cost

We introduce Nemo, a novel peer-to-peer multicast protocol that achieves high delivery ratio without sacrificing end-to-end latency or incurring additional costs. Based on two simple techniques: (1) co-leaders to minimize dependencies and, (2) triggered negative acknowledgments (NACKs ) to detect lost packets, Nemo's design emphasizes conceptual simplicity and minimum dependencies, thus achieving performance characteristics capable of withstanding the natural instability of its target environment. We present an extensive comparative evaluation of our protocol through simulation and wide-area experimentation. We contrast the scalability and performance of Nemo with that of three alternative protocols: Narada, Nice and Nice-PRM. Our results show that Nemo can achieve delivery ratios similar to those of comparable protocols under high failure rates, but at a fraction of their cost in terms of duplicate packets (reductions > 90% ) and control-related traffic.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stochastic boundary elements for two-dimensional potential flow in homogeneous domains

Abstract A stochastic boundary element formulation is presented for the analysis of two-dimensional steady state potential flow through homogeneous domains. The operator of the governing differential equation is assumed to be random and is described by a set of correlated random variables. The perturbation method, in conjunction with the boundary element method, is employed to derive the systems of equations for the unknown boundary variables and their respective first and second order derivatives with respect to the random variables. These quantities are then used to calculate the desired response statistics. A general procedure is developed which is next applied for the specific cases of random geometric configuration and random material parameter. The random geometric configuration is modeled using a finite set of correlated random variables. The random material parameter is modeled as a homogeneous random field which allows the use of deterministic fundamental solutions and integral representations for homogeneous domains. The random field is first discretized into a set of correlated random variables and then the general procedure is applied. A transformation of the correlated random variables into an uncorrelated set is performed to reduce the number of numerical operations. The results for the boundary variables are used to calculate the response statistics of internal potentials. These calculations require the modeling of the interior of the domain under consideration. Several models for representing the interior of the domain are presented for both random configuration and random material parameter and their influence on the response statistics is analysed. Distributed sources are considered in the present study using the particular integral approach. A number of numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the present formulations. The results obtained from the present analyses are compared with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulations with 5000 samples and a good agreement of results is observed.
How Controlled Stress Affects Healing Tissues

Restoration of a patient's full range of motion, strength, and function are the primary goals of occupational and physical therapy. Immobilization of normal connective tissue leads to biochemical, biomechanical, and physiologic changes within a week. These changes are magnified in the presence of trauma or edema, and they may create permanent damage if not addressed swiftly and properly. This is best accomplished by applying specific types of stress to the involved and associated structures at optimal intervals during the rehabilitation process. Load must be applied at adequate intensity and duration to successfully affect the viscous property of connective tissue. This is necessary to effect permanent elongation of the restricted tissues. Early controlled motion is vital to prevent the negative changes associated with immobilization and to maintain normal viscoelasticity and homeostasis of connective tissue. Hand therapists must have a thorough understanding of the changes associated with injured structures. Only then can they provide optimal stress delivery to facilitate restoration of function.