cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the Philosophical Basis of OR/MS

Many in Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) have long predicted a major contraction in the field. Given the recent trends in OR/MS hiring, this contraction may have finally arrived, both in academia, as well as in industry. This study maintains that part of this contraction is because we drifted from the field's broad, real-world roots due to a limited philosophical foundation of the field, our realist view of reality. If our commonly held realist philosophy has, in the ironic fashion described herein, given rise to the "academic drift" in the field, the recognition of a relativist philosophy that emphasizes understanding over problem solving could help return the field to its roots.
Ascocarp formation and survival and primary inoculum production in Erysiphe (sect. Microsphaera) pulchra in dogwood powdery mildew

Summary Development of powdery mildew Erysiphe (sect. Microsphaera) pulchra in dogwood (Cornus florida) was assessed over a 5-year period (1996–2000). Variations in the timing of initial infection, disease severity, ascocarp formation, and primary inoculum density were evaluated. Ascocarps formed late in the growing season (September-November) when relatively low temperatures (< 27°C) persisted for at least 2 weeks, but ascocarp abundance was not influenced by disease severity. Studies conducted in a controlled environment showed that low temperatures triggered ascocarp formation and neither day length nor host plant age affected ascocarp formation. Ascocarps formed within 12–14 days at 18°C/ 10°C (day/night) and 23°C/15°C, but required 25 days at 26°C/18°C; no ascocarps formed at 28°C/ 20°C. Because ascocarps are an important source of primary inoculum for dogwood powdery mildew, ascocarp survival was evaluated in a 2-year study (1998–2000). 60–80% of mature, dark-coloured ascocarps survived at -10°C and -20°C and maintained viable spores for 4 months, but only 4–12% of partially developed, light brown ascocarps survived at -10°C and -20°C in the first experiment and only 30–40% survived in the second experiment. Immature ascocarp initials (cream-yellow in colour) withered and disintegrated at all temperatures (24°C/20°C, 4°C, -10°C, and -20°C). Because ascocarps need time to mature, the timing of ascocarp initiation affects ascocarp maturity and thus winter survival and primary inoculum density. The evaluation of spring inoculum dispersal to spore traps and trap plants in 1999 and 2000 showed that rainfall patterns in early spring influenced primary inoculum and thus the timing of initial infection.
An Internet-based survey of factors influencing medical student selection of a general surgery career

Abstract Background This study descriptively analyzes characteristics of general surgery residency and practice and their influence on student interest in surgical careers. Methods Fourth-year medical students were invited to complete an Internet-based survey. A 5-point Likert scale described characteristics of general surgery residency and practice influencing medical student specialty selection. The same characteristics of nonsurgical careers were evaluated for students entering other specialties. Results A convenience sample of 408 students from 16 medical schools completed the survey. All respondents viewed lifestyles of surgical residents and attending surgeons as negative influences on specialty selection. Workload during surgical residency negatively influenced all respondents’ interest in a surgical career. Role model identification and perceived personality fit were important in selection of all specialties. Conclusions Medical students who choose surgical careers are not deterred by a negative perception of lifestyle and workload considerations. Mentoring and personality fit are central in medical student specialty selection.
The Remains of the Workday: Impact of Job Stress and Exhaustion on Marital Interaction in Police Couples

We examined the impact of job stress and physical exhaustion on the physiological and subjective components of emotional responding during marital interactions between 19 male police officers and their spouses. Couples completed 30-day stress diaries and participated in 4 weekly laboratory interaction sessions. During interactions on days of greater stress, both spouses were more physiologically aroused, husbands reported less positive and more negative emotion, and wives reported less emotion (both positive and negative). On days of greater exhaustion, husbands were more physiologically aroused. All of these findings are indicators of heightened risk for poor marital outcomes and thus document an emotional mechanism by which job stress and exhaustion can negatively impact marriage.
Two Shona verbal infixes

The elements termed ‘adverbial infixes’ are semantically interesting, and also pose problems for learners of the language. Two of these, /-mbo-/ and /-to-/, are studied; each represents a complex of meanings which is best approached as a central core or basic denotational meaning, from which other modified but still clearly related meanings, with additional connotations, are derived by the operation of variables such as time reference and focus, and other factors in the linguistic context and extra-linguistic environment.
Correction: Deconstructing a Species-Complex: Geometric Morphometric and Molecular Analyses Define Species in the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis).

Morphological data are a conduit for the recognition and description of species, and their acquisition has recently been broadened by geometric morphometric (GM) approaches that co-join the collection of digital data with exploratory 'big data' analytics. We employed this approach to dissect the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) species-complex in North America, currently partitioned by mitochondrial (mt)DNA analyses into eastern and western lineages (two and seven subspecies, respectively). The GM data (i.e., 33 dorsal and 50 lateral head landmarks) were gleaned from 2,824 individuals located in 10 museum collections. We also downloaded and concatenated sequences for six mtDNA genes from the NCBI GenBank database. GM analyses revealed significant head shape differences attributable to size and subspecies-designation (but not their interactions). Pairwise shape distances among subspecies were significantly greater than those derived from ancestral character states via squared-change parsimony, with the greatest differences separating those most closely related. This, in turn, suggests the potential for historic character displacement as a diversifying force in the complex. All subspecies, save one, were significantly differentiated in a Bayesian discriminant function analysis (DFA), regardless of whether our priors were uniform or informative (i.e., mtDNA data). Finally, shape differences among sister-clades were significantly greater than expected by chance alone under a Brownian model of evolution, promoting the hypothesis that selection rather than drift was the driving force in the evolution of the complex. Lastly, we combine head shape and mtDNA data so as to derived an integrative taxonomy that produced robust boundaries for six OTUs (operational taxonomic units) of the C. viridis complex. We suggest these boundaries are concomitant with species-status and subsequently provide a relevant nomenclature for its recognition and representation.
Visual Artists Rights Act ('VARA') and the Protection of Digital Works of 'Photographic' Art

This article will analyze whether a completely digital work of visual art meets the first element of the VARA test, that it is “painting, drawing, print, or sculpture[,]” or “a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only,” and not a “motion picture or other audiovisual work.” Second, this article will evaluate whether digital works can realistically meet VARA’s requirement that such works be a limited edition of fewer than 200 copies, individually signed and consecutively numbered by the artist. This article will then conclude that the language of VARA is sufficiently expansive to protect some digital works of photographic art. However, as digital photographic works move away from the chemical and photographic paper model of the past towards newer forms of digital art, courts will find it increasingly difficult to protect newer forms of digital photographic art unless Congress amends VARA to be medium neutral.
Cost-Strategy Recognition Method for Behavior Learning: Two Players Learning Simultaneously

The Cost-Strategy Recognition method of behavior learning is introduced. A player formulates a behavior model for its opponent by identifying a model structure and then performing parameter identification for that model using the observed behavior of the opponent. If the opponent is not learning and is just playing a fixed strategy, the behavior model of the opponent is also fixed and has to be determined once during the game. However, when the opponent is learning during the game, its behavior changes with time. In such a situation, the player has to perform parameter identification continuously during the game. A learning algorithm based on the Cost-Strategy Recognition (CSR) method is developed that allows the player to continuously update the behavior model as new measurements are made available. Using the developed algorithm, games are simulated in which both players are simultaneously learning each other’s behavior.
Learning From “Alien Monks?” The Productivity Spillovers of Foreign-Invested Hotels in China

As suggested by the strategic management literature, foreign-invested firms with superior technology and managerial skills are likely to generate productivity spillovers that may benefit local firm...
Stabilizing brokerage

A variety of social and economic arrangements exist to facilitate the exchange of goods, services, and information over gaps in social structure. Each of these arrangements bears some relationship to the idea of brokerage, but this brokerage is rarely like the pure and formal economic intermediation seen in some modern markets. Indeed, for reasons illuminated by existing sociological and economic models, brokerage is a fragile relationship. In this paper, we review the causes of instability in brokerage and identify three social mechanisms that can stabilize fragile brokerage relationships: social isolation, broker capture, and organizational grafting. Each of these mechanisms rests on the emergence or existence of supporting institutions. We suggest that organizational grafting may be the most stable and effective resolution to the tensions inherent in brokerage, but it is also the most institutionally demanding.
Electron Transfer in Heterogeneous Systems

Advances in the understanding of heterogeneous energy and electron transfer during the last few years are outlined. Analysis of the kinetics of electron transfer across interfaces at the molecular level lags behind the impressive advances for similar process in homogeneous solutions. The complexity of the interface imposes unrealistic simplifications in the theoretical description and its experimental characterization is still relatively poor. At the phenomenological level electron transfer across interfaces can now be given reasonably accurate predictive descriptions. Effects of free energy in the normal regime (while little has been observed in the inverted region), electrostatic interactions, reduction in dimensionality and effects of size distribution can all be incorporated into the a master equation and can be experimentally verified. Outstanding problems of considerable importance to energy conversion and photocatalysis are the nature of interparticle junctions and the mechanistic delineation of hole transfer from particulate metal oxides to organic substrates.
Evaluating the safety of intermittent intravenous sildenafil in infants with pulmonary hypertension.

SummaryObjective To compare the occurrence of hypotension following administration of intermittent intravenous (IV) and enteral sildenafil for treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in infants. We hypothesized there may be more adverse effects associated with intermittent IV sildenafil compared with enteral sildenafil. Methods This was a retrospective matched-cohort study conducted in a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients were included if they were less than 1 year of age and received intermittent sildenafil for PH. Exclusion criteria consisted of concurrent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the initiation of sildenafil, the utilization of sildenafil as a one-time dose, continuation of home-dosing regimen, or inclusion in the other cohort. A total of 40 patients were matched 1:1 based on postmenstrual age and primary diagnosis. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the primary outcome, as 30% (6/20) of patients receiving IV sildenafil required a hypotension intervention compared with 10% (2/20) in the enteral cohort (P = 0.24). The majority of interventions occurred within 24 hr of the initiation of sildenafil with 4/6 patients (67%) in the IV group and 2/2 patients (100%) in the enteral group, respectively. Baseline mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in the IV patients that required an intervention compared with those that did not (44 ± 6.3 vs. 65 ± 13.4 mmHg, P = 0.0024). Conclusions There were no statistically significant differences in safety outcomes between intermittent IV and enteral sildenafil in infants with PH. Hemodynamic parameters should be monitored closely upon sildenafil initiation. Limitations include the retrospective nature and small sample size. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:232–237. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract 3848: Targeting hyaluronidase reduces stromal cell protection of chronic myeloid leukemia to imatinib therapy

An estimated 20-30% of CML patients will become resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) including imatinib. Recent reports suggest that CML resistance to TKI9s is driven by interactions with protective microenvironment niches that influence their survival and self-renewal capacity. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has emerged as a key contributor in this phenomenon of CML resistance to TKI’s. HA influences cell viability through molecular weight dependent interactions with cell-surface receptors CD44 and RHAMM. Low molecular weight (LMW) HA, is typically found in association with many cancers including CML and promotes apoptotic resistance, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. High molecular weight (HMW) HA is primarily produced by fibroblasts and its catabolism to LMW HA is mediated by hyaluronidase (HYAL) activity. HYAL activity may provide a potential therapeutic target in combination with current TKI treatments. Using a co-culture model, we investigated the role of HA produced by bone marrow stromal fibroblasts on CML viability when subject to imatinib (IM) treatment. Furthermore, we investigated the possibility of targeting hyaluronidase as an adjuvant in combination with IM for the treatment of CML. Co-culture with stromal fibroblasts protected CML cells from proliferation inhibition by IM. HA production and its catabolic products including LMW HA were elevated in the supernatant of co-cultures exposed to IM. The expression of genes encoding for HA metabolic proteins including hyaluronic acid synthases and HYALs, were significantly increased in co-cultures subject to IM stress. Additionally, HA treatment of CML mono-culture protected against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Treatment of CML co-culture with HYAL inhibitor, glycrrhizic acid (GA), inhibited HYAL activity, greatly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of CML cells alone and in combination with IM. This investigation provides additional evidence of the importance of stromal cell support in CML pathology and that resistance to TKI therapy may be mediated in part through upregulation of total HA production and its catabolism. Furthermore, we establish the potent therapeutic effects of GA on CML cells alone and in combination with current IM treatment strategies as a prospective method of circumventing TKI-resistant CML. For the first time we demonstrate GA9s effectiveness as a HYAL inhibitor in culture. HYALs are an attractive target not only in CML resistance but in many cancers due to the reported role of its product, LMW HA, in inflammation, proliferation, and apoptotic resistance. Citation Format: Bryan Hostetler, Olga Uchakina, Robert McKallip. Targeting hyaluronidase reduces stromal cell protection of chronic myeloid leukemia to imatinib therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3848.
Wave hello to the next interface

Today, we control our electronic world by touch—we tap, we swipe, we pinch and zoom. The touch interface went from being a novelty back in 2007, when Apple first brought it to the iPhone, to a ubiquitous feature in less than a decade. It is so commonplace that toddlers declare nontouch displays broken when the screen doesn't respond to their fingers. But touch isn't the end of the story. You can't use it when you're dripping in the shower, you can't wear a touch screen on your eyeglasses, and you probably won’t explore virtual reality by swiping and pinching a handheld slab of glass.
Factoring and Irreducibility

Before working on this lab, you should be familiar with polynomial arithmetic over integral domains. No previous labs need to be completed prior to attempting this lab.
Machine Learning and Prediction in Medicine — Beyond the Peak of Inflated Expectations

Big data, we have all heard, promise to transform health care. But in the “hype cycle” of emerging technologies, machine learning now rides atop the “peak of inflated expectations,” and we need to better appreciate the technology’s capabilities and limitations.
The Behavior of Two Species of Planaria in Confined Spaces

The behavior of Cura foremanii and Dugesia tigrina in large and small spaces was examined. It was found that the smaller the space (the greater the probability of contact with a corner for rectangular spaces and the greater the degree of angularity for cylindrical spaces), the shorter the mean time to cessation of locomotion. When given a choice between settling in a large or a small volume under diurnal conditions, both C. foremanii and D. tigrina chose the small volume. With continuous darkness, while D. tigrina appeared to continue to choose the smaller volume, C. foremanii avoided it. The behavior was explained as an interaction of taxes.
Test Automation for eConnectsâ

Manual testing of systems controlled by a single eConnectâ„¢ requires weeks to complete. With the use of test automation, the time required for testing will be reduced to requiring only a few hours. Test automation is done with the use of Bash scripts. The Bash scripts that were created for test automation include moving map, cabin lights, and a system configuration editor. Some minor edits were made to the previously created Bash scripts such as DVT-Menu. The new Bash scripts are explained in high level detail. The results files from the tests are used to verify that the eConnectâ„¢ meet customer requirements. The results files are also used for traceability.
Instructional Strategies to Consider when Teaching Hispanic English-Language Learners in Physical Education

Schools in the United States are becoming more ethnically, racially, linguistically and economically diverse. It is projected that by 2050 the Hispanic population that speaks English as a second language in the United States will increase from 49.7 million to 132.8 million. Students who speak Spanish as their first langue are one of the largest English language learner (ELL) groups in U.S. schools. Many of these students do not speak, read or comprehend English, which ultimately affects their learning and social interactions within the school community. Further, many of these children lack family support due to parents who are also not fluent in English, use primarily other languages at home, or have a lower economic status. The purpose of this article is to provide physical education teachers with a set of guidelines and strategies for teaching ELLs whose first language is Spanish.
Collagenous gastritis: A case report and literature review

Collagenous gastritis (CG) is a rare disease, which is characterized by subepithelial deposition of collagen in the gastric mucosa, surface epithelial injury, and a lamina propria inflammatory infiltrate. Approximately 100 cases of CG have been reported in the literature. We report another case of a young girl who presented to us with severe anemia and chronic diarrhea and was diagnosed with CG based on clinical features and endoscopic and pathologic findings. She was successfully managed with oral iron, sucralfate, and proton pump inhibitor therapy.
Maimonides's primer for treating bipolar illness.

A recent article by Ellen Frank and her colleagues reports on the efficacy of Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT), a therapy that attempts to limit the number and extent of clinical regressions of individuals with bipolar illness by regularizing their daily routines.1 Derived largely from interpersonal psychotherapy,2 IPSRT “focuses on the links between mood symptoms and quality of social relationships and social roles, the importance of maintaining regularity in daily routines, and the identification and management of potential precipitants of rhythm disruption.” 1p998 It also emphasizes attention to “grief for the lost healthy self,” 1p998 a mourning for the compromised healthy functioning caused by the illness. The therapy educates patients about the manifestations of bipolar illness, suggests behavioral interventions to alleviate specific symptoms (e.g., sleep hygiene to minimize insomnia), and provides help in addressing adverse events caused by the disease. It is administered both acutely and as a maintenance treatment. IPSRT is based on the “social zeitgeber hypotheses.” Zeitgebers are environmental cues (e.g., light) that help regulate the biological clock of an organism; zeitgeber events (e.g., the light-dark cycle of a twenty-four-hour day) keep circadian rhythms normalized. Cindy Ehlers, Ellen Frank and David Kupfer suggest that loss of social zeitgebers, such as one’s routine responsibilities and contacts, can distort biological rhythms and, in turn, promote affective instability in vulnerable individuals.3 Studies of rhythmdisrupting life events support this theory,4,5 suggesting that the zeitgeber hypothesis may represent a crucial link between psychosocial and biological events. In conjunction with pharmacologic management, adjunctive treatments such as cognitive therapy and psychoeducational programs have long proven beneficial to patients suffering from bipolar illness (e.g., by increasing medication compliance, decreasing the incidence of clinical episodes and hospital admissions, and enhancing psychosocial functioning).6 Frank and her colleagues suggest that their randomized study of IPSRT also qualifies it as a useful treatment for bipoMaimonides’s primer for treating bipolar illness
Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: lessons from clinical trials and future directions.

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a more reliable predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events than is diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Perhaps the reduction of SBP should be more of the imperative of treatment than the reduction of DBP. Although two recent guidelines (WHO/ISH and JNC-VI) have recommended treating SBP to goal, there seems to be a reluctance in the medical community to embrace this paradigm shift and revise treatment plans. The deleterious effects of ignoring these findings are especially damaging to those with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), which affects approximately two-thirds of hypertensive patients between the ages of 65 and 89 years. Two large clinical trials, the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) and the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-EUR) trial have confirmed that reducing SBP in the elderly with stages 2 and 3 ISH (SBP > or = 160 mmHg with DBP 160 mmHg with DBP 60 years of age. Despite these findings, however, recent analysis suggests that most hypertension treatment decisions continue to be based on DBP measurements instead of SBP. To combat this treatment gap, we must disseminate this information and motivate physicians and other providers to include reduction of SBP in their treatment plans. We must also encourage the development of antihypertensive drugs that lower SBP more effectively than those that are currently available.
Wiedemann-Franz Ratio of Magnetic Materials

We demonstrate that in magnetic materials there is enough evidence to show that some of the physical processes occuring at the onset of magnetic ordering strongly influence the electrical but not the thermal resistance. The observed anomalous behaviour of the Wiedemann-Franz ratio vs temperature is then simply a mathematical artifact manifesting the individual complicated temperature dependencies in the two resistivities. A new explanation for the observed anomalous Wiedemann-Franz ratio vs temperature for Cr, and analyses of the thermal and electrical resistivity data of Nd and Tb are given.
Peer Reviewed: Using CO2 to Produce Chemical Producs Sustainably

Great strides have been made in understanding CO2's solvent properties, yet fundamental aspects remain vague.
Modeling Intra and Inter Correlations in Credit Default Losses

Comparing alternatives for a simultaneous incorporation of intra and inter correlations into the credit portfolio loss distribution within the asymptotic single risk factor (ASRF) model and showing that the resulting distribution depends on the type of a dominant correlation: whether it is of intra d-d/lgd-lgd or inter d-lgd type. Showing that the classic Vasicek distribution (derived originally for intra d-d correlations only), modified to embrace both intra and inter correlation types by properly constructing composite mean and correlation parameters, offers an analytic solution which covers an entire range of correlations and is easy to use as opposed to a more formal approach of a bivariate joint default probability density which requires numerical averaging over the underlying latent factors and applies only when intra correlations dominate.
Structural Brain Measurements on MRI Scans in Schizophrenia: Evidence of Neurodevelopmental Pathology

There now exists a substantial body of evidence suggesting that the schizophrenia syndrome is associated with both genetic and environmental factors (Tsuang and Simpson, 1988). The genetic evidence comes from family (Guze et al., 1983), twin (Kendler, 1983), and adoption (Kety, 1983) studies. Evidence of environmental influence comes from the reports of prenatal (Mednick et al., 1988) (intrauterine environment), neonatal (McNeil and Kaij, 1978) (obstetric complications) and postnatal brain insults (Wilcox and Nasrallah, 1987), all of which suggest that the biological environment during development may play a critical role in brain development leading to psychotic brain disorders labeled as schizophrenia, and may be additive to genetic factors (Mednick and Silverton, 1988).
The effect of minority identity convergence on pan-ethnicity among Asian Americans

Using data from a large-N survey experiment of Asian American respondents, the evidence is provided that Asian Americans define a pan-ethnic identity largely based on perceptions of spatial proximi...
Novel anticancers and dermatological adversities: old rivals but new challenges

A 68-year-old ex-smoker with 5-year history of controlled hypertension on once daily dose of losartan 25 mg presented with breathlessness of 2 months duration. X-ray showed right-sided pleural effusion. CT chest also confirmed huge lung mass with moderate right pleural effusion ([figure 1A][1
Neuropeptides PDF and DH31 hierarchically regulate free-running rhythmicity in Drosophila circadian locomotor activity

Neuropeptides play pivotal roles in modulating circadian rhythms. Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is critical to the circadian rhythms in Drosophila locomotor activity. Here, we demonstrate that diuretic hormone 31 (DH31) complements PDF function in regulating free-running rhythmicity using male flies. We determined that Dh31 loss-of-function mutants (Dh31#51) showed normal rhythmicity, whereas Dh31#51;Pdf01 double mutants exhibited a severe arrhythmic phenotype compared to Pdf-null mutants (Pdf01). The expression of tethered-PDF or tethered-DH31 in clock cells, posterior dorsal neurons 1 (DN1ps), overcomes the severe arrhythmicity of Dh31#51;Pdf01 double mutants, suggesting that DH31 and PDF may act on DN1ps to regulate free-running rhythmicity in a hierarchical manner. Unexpectedly, the molecular oscillations in Dh31#51;Pdf01 mutants were similar to those in Pdf01 mutants in DN1ps, indicating that DH31 does not contribute to molecular oscillations. Furthermore, a reduction in Dh31 receptor (Dh31r) expression resulted in normal locomotor activity and did not enhance the arrhythmic phenotype caused by the Pdf receptor (Pdfr) mutation, suggesting that PDFR, but not DH31R, in DN1ps mainly regulates free-running rhythmicity. Taken together, we identify a novel role of DH31, in which DH31 and PDF hierarchically regulate free-running rhythmicity through DN1ps.
Hepatitis C-Positive Organs for Liver and Kidney Transplantation—Emerging Data and Current Management Strategies

We aim to review the current guidelines and emerging data and compare the pros and cons for the use of HCV-positive organs. Some recent data suggests that the use of HCV-positive livers and kidneys safely increases the organ pool, additionally reducing wait list time, healthcare costs, and mortality. Despite this therapeutic breakthrough, the demand for organs and waitlist mortality remains high. Every year, thousands of viable hepatitis C-positive organs are discarded. The emerging data regarding transplantation of HCV-positive organs is promising; however, further research is warranted with larger samples. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, using the keywords “transplant recipients,” “hepatitis C,” “kidney transplantation,” “liver transplantation,” “direct acting antivirals,” and “pre transplant.” Only articles in the English language were included.
Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy.

Bipolar disorder is a high-risk condition during pregnancy. In women receiving prenatal care, this study addresses the proportion screening positive for bipolar disorder with or without also screening positive for depression. This is a pilot study using chart abstraction of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) scores from patients’ initial prenatal visits. Among 342 participants, 289 (87.1 %) completed the EPDS, 277 (81.0 %) completed the MDQ, and 274 (80.1 %) completed both. Among EPDS screens, 49 (16.4 %) were positive. Among MDQ screens, 14 (5.1 %) were positive. Nine (21.4 %) of the 42 participants with a positive EPDS also had a positive MDQ. Of the 14 patients with a positive MDQ, five (35.7 %) had a negative EPDS. The prevalence of positive screens for bipolar disorder in an obstetric population is similar to gestational diabetes and hypertension, which are screened for routinely. Without screening for bipolar disorder, there is a high risk of misclassifying bipolar depression as unipolar depression. If only women with current depressive symptoms are screened for bipolar disorder, approximately one third of bipolar disorder cases would be missed. If replicated, these findings support simultaneous screening for both depression and bipolar disorder during pregnancy.
Explainable AI For Dataset Comparison

With the increasing use of intelligent systems to make sense of data, lately, explainable AI systems are gaining a lot of traction. A distance measure that can distinguish data sets in linguistic terms can help AI systems in achieving explainability. We make use of Linguistic Protoform Summaries in tandem with Fuzzy Rules to design a system that can compare datasets numerically, as well as explain the difference in Natural Language. We validate our method with the help of synthetic data and show that it produces high correlation with the well-known Euclidean distance measure. We also employ the proposed method to explain changes in daily pulse rate measurements of an elderly resident living in a sensor equipped smart home. We postulate that the method will help in future endeavors to produce explainable pattern recognition systems.
Report of Health Behavior Modification Among Latinos Diagnosed With Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Introduction Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and type II diabetes are leading cardiovascular risk factors in the United States, and Latinos are disproportionately burdened by these chronic health conditions. The extent to which Latinos overall and by language spoken at home report health behavior modification following diagnosis is poorly understood. Methods Our inclusion criteria included participants sampled in the 2011-2016 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who self-identified as Latinos, were 20 years of age or above, and reported a diagnosis of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or diabetes (N=2027). We examined associations between the language spoken at home and report of adoption of 3 recommended health behaviors in the past year: weight loss, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and smoking cessation. Separate log-binomial models were fit to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for each health behavior. Results Approximately one third (28%) of study participants had been diagnosed with diabetes and more than half reported a diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia (65%) or hypertension (60%). Most Latinos met the highest levels of smoking cessation criteria (82%), whereas less than a third met LTPA recommendations (29%) or attempted weight loss (24%) in the past year. Fully adjusted outcome specific models showed that exclusively speaking English at home was associated with a higher probability of reporting weight loss attempt and LTPA compared with Spanish only speakers, although only LTPA was statistically significant [weight loss PR: 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.65; LTPA PR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.37, 2.20; smoking cessation PR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.01]. Conclusions Our findings provide new evidence on patterns of behavioral modification in a population-based sample of Latinos diagnosed with chronic health conditions. Findings suggest the need to promote language and culturally relevant initiatives to increase the adoption of health-enhancing behaviors and improve chronic disease management among Spanish-speaking Latinos.
Comparison of Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Methods to Measure Salivary Cotinine Levels in Ill Children.

Objective: Cotinine is the preferred biomarker to validate levels of tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) in children. Compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods (ELISA) for quantifying cotinine in saliva, the use of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has higher sensitivity and specificity to measure very low levels of TSE. We sought to compare LC-MS/MS and ELISA measures of cotinine in saliva samples from children overall and the associations of these measures with demographics and TSE patterns. Method: Participants were nonsmoking children (N = 218; age mean (SD) = 6.1 (5.1) years) presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Saliva samples were analyzed for cotinine using both LC-MS/MS and ELISA. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) for LC-MS/MS and ELISA was 0.1 ng/mL and 0.15 ng/mL, respectively. Results: Intraclass correlations (ICC) across methods = 0.884 and was consistent in sex and age subgroups. The geometric mean (GeoM) of LC-MS/MS = 4.1 (range: 0.07, p < 0.0001) were found regardless of cotinine detection method; however, cotinine associations with sex and race/ethnicity were only found to be significant in models using LC-MS/MS-derived cotinine. Conclusions: Utilizing LC-MS/MS-based cotinine, associations of cotinine with sex and race/ethnicity of child were revealed that were not detectable using ELISA-based cotinine, demonstrating the benefits of utilizing the more sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for cotinine measurement when detecting low levels of TSE in children.
Relativistic finite temperature multifluid hydrodynamics in a neutron star from a variational principle

We develop a relativistic multifluid dynamics appropriate for describing neutron star cores at finite temperatures based on Carter's convective variational procedure. The model includes seven fluids, accounting for both normal and superfluid/superconducting neutrons and protons, leptons (electrons and muons) and entropy. The formulation is compared to the nonvariational relativistic multifluid hydrodynamics of Gusakov and collaborators and shown to be equivalent. Vortex lines and flux tubes, mutual friction, vortex pinning, heat conduction and viscosity are incorporated into the model in steps after the basic hydrodynamics is described. The multifluid system is then considered at the mesoscopic scale where the currents around individual vortex lines and flux tubes are important, and this mesoscopic theory is averaged to determine the detailed vortex line/flux tube contributions to the macroscopic ``effective'' theory. This matching procedure is partially successful, though obtaining full agreement between the averaged mesoscopic and macroscopic effective theory requires discarding subdominant terms. The matching procedure allow us to interpret the magnetic $H$-field inside a neutron star in a way that is consistent with condensed matter physics literature, and to clarify the difference between this interpretation and that in previous astrophysical works.
Analysis of hybrid directional volumetric scatter terms for enhanced microfacet BRDF modeling

Microfacet BRDF models based upon geometric optics and used in computer graphics and remote sensing commonly account for surface scatter and Lambertian volume scatter. These models agree well with forward scatter observations, but lack accuracy in backscatter observations. This work proposes directional volume scatter modeling for enhanced BRDF performance. Five directional volume models are incorporated into the modified Cook-Torrance model. A reduction in model error by as large as 53% overall, and 64% in backscatter modeling, is demonstrated. Using our novel semi-empirical model reduced error in 13/15 materials, and incorporating the Sandford-Robertson directional volumetric term reduced error in 14/15 materials.
Are atranols the only skin sensitizers in oakmoss? A systematic investigation using non-animal methods.

Abstract Oakmoss and treemoss absolutes are the major natural extracts of concern as potential sources of skin sensitizers in cosmetics and personal care products (PCP). Two single constituents, atranol and chloroatranol, have been identified as primary culprits in both lichens, and industrial self-regulation has been proposed to limit their contents to less than 100 ppm. Nonetheless, evidence points to the presence of additional candidate skin sensitizers in these multicomponent extracts. These observations, along with a lack of data from non-animal alternative methods and the chemical variability of commercial absolutes, prompted further investigation of oakmoss absolute along with altranol-like compounds in these extracts. The major chemical constituents of a commercial sample were identified by two independent analytical techniques, GC–MS and HPLC-DAD-MS. The crude oakmoss extract and pure compounds were assayed with two in chemico methods (HTS-DCYA and DPRA) to gauge their chemical reactivity. Activation of inflammatory responses in vitro was also investigated by KeratinoSens™ and human cell line activation tests (h-CLAT). Based on weight of evidence, orcinol, ethyl orsellinate, and usnic acid were classified as candidate sensitizers, along with both atranols and oakmoss extract.
A Novel Parent Questionnaire for the Detection of Seizures in Children of Spanish-Speaking Families.

Background:We developed and validated a Spanish seizure screen for children based on a previously validated English seizure screen that could be administered by a trained research assistant in a 2-...
Global Analysis of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase-Dependent Small RNAs Reveals New Substrates and Functions for These Proteins and SGS3 in Arabidopsis.

RNA silencing pathways control eukaryotic gene expression transcriptionally or posttranscriptionally in a sequence-specific manner. In RNA silencing, the production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) gives rise to various classes of 20–24 nucleotide (nt) small RNAs (smRNAs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, smRNAs are often derived from long dsRNA molecules synthesized by one of the six genomically encoded RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RDR) proteins. However, the full complement of the RDR-dependent smRNAs and functions that these proteins and their RNA-binding cofactors play in plant RNA silencing has not been fully uncovered. To address this gap, we performed a global genomic analysis of all six RDRs and two of their cofactors to find new substrates for RDRs and targets of the resulting RDR-derived siRNAs to uncover new functions for these proteins in plants. Based on these analyses, we identified substrates for the three RDRγ clade proteins (RDR3–5), which had not been well-characterized previously. We also identified new substrates for the other three RDRs (RDR1, RDR2, and RDR6) as well as the RDR2 cofactor RNA-directed DNA methylation 12 (RDM12) and the RDR6 cofactor suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3). These findings revealed that the target substrates of SGS3 are not limited to those solely utilized by RDR6, but that this protein seems to be a more general cofactor for the RDR family of proteins. Additionally, we found that RDR6 and SGS3 are involved in the production of smRNAs that target transcripts related to abiotic stresses, including water deprivation, salt stress, and ABA response, and as expected the levels of these mRNAs are increased in rdr6 and sgs3 mutant plants. Correspondingly, plants that lack these proteins (rdr6 and sgs3 mutants) are hypersensitive to ABA treatment, tolerant to high levels of PEG8000, and have a higher survival rate under salt treatment in comparison to wild-type plants. In total, our analyses have provided an extremely data-rich resource for uncovering new functions of RDR-dependent RNA silencing in plants, while also revealing a previously unexplored link between the RDR6/SGS3-dependent pathway and plant abiotic stress responses.
P36 The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security Status and Food Access Among SNAP-Eligible Utahns

COVID-19 has the potential to impact the health of individuals experiencing food insecurity and reduced food access. A national collaboration examined this impact across the United States, including Utah. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of COVID-19 on perceived food access challenges, barriers, and compensatory strategies among SNAP-eligible Utahns. A 76-item survey was emailed to all SNAP-eligible Utahns (N = 24,763) in July 2020. The USDA's 6-item Food Security Module was used to determine food security prior to and since COVID-19. Additional questions asked about food access and eating/purchasing behaviors. Participants (n = 521) were predominately White (75%) females (77%). Level of agreement for using compensatory food access strategies was summed (score range: 7-42;higher scores reflecting increased use) and assessed for mean differences using ANOVA based on food insecurity classification. Rating scales were used to measure food access challenges and barriers to using nutrition assistance (4-5 item scales) during COVID-19. Spearman correlations examined associations between challenges/barriers and degree of food insecurity. Of participants (n = 358) who were food insecure, 74% were White and 77% were female. Food insecure individuals prior to and since COVID-19 were more likely than food secure participants to use compensatory strategies to ensure food affordability during COVID-19 (mean score = 30 vs 26, respectively;P = 0.002). Degree of food insecurity was associated with barriers to using nutrition assistance, including difficulty traveling to apply/recertify (r = 0.24;P < 0.001) and frequency of experiencing food access challenges during COVID-19 (r = 0.16-0.33;P ≤ 0.002). Challenges with food access and barriers to utilizing nutrition assistance during COVID-19 are associated with food insecurity among SNAP-eligible individuals, potentially resulting in reliance upon more compensatory food affordability strategies. Efforts should be taken to minimize these barriers to ensure adequate food quantity and quality among food insecurity individuals. Utah State University Extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Multivariable Analysis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians and Public Health Researchers

Now in its third edition, this highly successful text has been fully revised and updated with expanded sections on cutting-edge techniques including Poisson regression, negative binomial regression, multinomial logistic regression and proportional odds regression. As before, it focuses on easy-to-follow explanations of complicated multivariable techniques. It is the perfect introduction for all clinical researchers. It describes how to perform and interpret multivariable analysis, using plain language rather than complex derivations and mathematical formulae. It focuses on the nuts and bolts of performing research, and prepares the reader to set up, perform and interpret multivariable models. Numerous tables, graphs and tips help to demystify the process of performing multivariable analysis. The text is illustrated with many up-to-date examples from the medical literature on how to use multivariable analysis in clinical practice and in research.