cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-dense Snack Food Intake in Adolescence: Longitudinal Relationship to Weight and Fatness

Objective: The longitudinal relationship between the consumption of energy-dense snack (EDS) foods and relative weight change during adolescence is uncertain. Using data from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Growth and Development Study, the current analysis was undertaken to examine the longitudinal relationship of EDS food intake with relative weight status and percentage body fat and to examine how EDS food consumption is related to television viewing. Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred ninety-six nonobese premenarcheal girls 8 to 12 years old were enrolled between 1990 and 1993 and followed until 4 years after menarche. At each annual follow-up visit, data were collected on percentage body fat (%BF), BMI z score, and dietary intake. Categories of EDS foods considered were baked goods, ice cream, chips, sugar-sweetened soda, and candy. Results: At study entry, girls had a mean ± SD BMI z score of −0.27 ± 0.89, consumed 2.3 ± 1.7 servings of EDS foods per day, and consumed 15.7 ± 8.1% of daily calories from EDS foods. Linear mixed effects modeling indicated no relationship between BMI z score or %BF and total EDS food consumption. Soda was the only EDS food that was significantly related to BMI z score over the 10-year study period, but it was not related to %BF. In addition, a significant, positive relationship was observed between EDS food consumption and television viewing. Discussion: In this cohort of initially nonobese girls, overall EDS food consumption does not seem to influence weight status or fatness change over the adolescent period.
Interactions between k-Casein and β-Lactoglobulin: Effects of Anions on Covalent Stabilization of the Complex

Structure breaking anions, trichloroacetate ( — TCA~) and thiocyanate ( — SCN~), significantly increased the interaction between 7c-casein (K-C) and /Mactoglobulin (B-Lg) to give the covalently stabilized K-C/B-Lg tetrameric (A4) complex, whereas “structure making” anions, chloride ( — Cl-) and especially sulfate ( —SO4), reduced it. The reactivity of K-C with B-Lg in the presence of these anions followed the order, — TCA~ > — SCN~ > — Cl” > — SO4 (100mm). The percentile distribution of the covalent bonded K-C/B-Lg A4 complex after 720 s of heating at 70°C in — TCA~ (lOOmm) was one order greater than it was in — SO^- During storage of the heated K- C/B-Lg mixture, the B-Lg A3/K-C interaction in — TCA~ was rapid and uneffected by the holding temperature, whereas in — SO4, the reaction rate was inversely related to the temperature, being apparently controlled by the relative concentration of monomeric K-C.
Inelastic electron scattering and magnetic collective response of mesoscopic carbon structures

We obtain analytically the self-consistent quasiparticle energy (QPE) spectra associated with certain fullerenes, e.g., ${\mathrm{C}}_{50}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{70}$, and the graphitic nanotubules. A random-phase approximation-level formalism for calculating the collective electronic excitations is then developed using the above QPE spectra as input. Multipole excitations are obtained for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and related quasispherical fullerenes. In the presence of a strong external magnetic field applied along the axis of the nanotubule, an extra peak in the de Haas--van Alphen oscillations predicted previously manifests itself as a discontinuity in the highest magnetoplasmon dispersion curve for the nanotubules in the infrared regime. The magnetic field breaks the degeneracy of the subbands such that each intersubband excitation branch is split into four distinct branches. An approximate plasmon dispersion relation in the high frequency regime is also derived. Furthermore, the inelastic electron scattering cross section characterized by the density-density correlation function is calculated. Our results are in good agreement with experiments on photoionization, gas phase electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), transmission EELS, and high-resolution electron-energy loss spectroscopy.
Two forms of polygalacturonase in tomatoes.

Abstract Two polygalacturonidases, (poly--1, 4-galacturonide glycanobydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15) (polygalacturonases I and II) have been separated from extracts of ripe tomatoes by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Polygalacturonase II was the predominant enzyme in all of the samples examined. The enzymes differed in stability with respect to both temperature and pH. The molecular weights determined by gel filtration were 84 000 and 44 000 for polygalacturonases I and II, respectively. The activities of both enzymes were shifted to the acid side as the substrate size decreased and on addition of NaCl to the reaction mixture, but polygalacturonase I was less dependent on these factors. At levels of enzymes forming reducing groups at equal rates, polygalacturonase II was much more effective than polygalacturonase I in reducing the viscosity of pectic acid.
An incrementally deployable approach for achieving fair rate allocations

Several router mechanisms have been proposed to achieve fair rate allocations. However, most of them require the proposed mechanisms to be deployed at all routers within an autonomous domain in order to achieve the desired, or any appreciably improved, quality of service. In this paper, we present an incrementally deployable QoS architecture called iQ. iQ consists of a set of core- and edge-router mechanisms that allow for changing one router at a time, improving the rate fairness provided by the network gracefully, for each additional iQ router deployed. We use simulations to compare the incremental deployability of the iQ architecture with that of existing approaches.
Cutaneous endothelin-A receptors elevate post-incisional pain.

Abstract The contribution of endothelin-1 (ET-1), acting via endothelin-A receptors (ET A ), on post-incisional pain was examined in a rat model of incision through the hairy skin of the lumbar dorsum. Post-incisional mechanical hyperesthesia was evaluated by cutaneous trunci muscle reflexes ( CTMR ) of subcutaneous muscles responding to stimulation with von Frey filaments near the wound (primary responses) and at a distance, especially on the contralateral dorsum (secondary responses, involving spinal circuits). The role of ET A was determined by pre-incisional, subcutaneous injection of the selective receptor antagonist BQ-123 at the incision site, 15 min or 24 h before surgery. Control incisions showed both primary tactile allodynia and hyperalgesia, and a weaker secondary hyperesthesia, peaking 3–4 h after surgery and lasting at least 24 h. Primary allodynia, but not hyperalgesia, was dose-dependently suppressed by 15 min pre-incisional BQ-123. In contrast, both secondary allodynia and hyperalgesia were inhibited by local BQ-123. The suppression of primary allodynia by local antagonist disappeared in 24 h, but that of secondary hyperesthesia remained strong for at least 24 h. Systemically delivered BQ-123 was without effect on any post-incisional hyperesthesia, and if the antagonist was locally injected 24 h before surgery there was no difference on hyperesthesia compared to vehicle injected at that time. We conclude that ET-1, released from skin by incision, activates nociceptors to cause primary allodynia and to sensitize spinal circuits through central sensitization. Blockade of ET A in the immediate peri-operative period prevents the later development of central sensitization.
Comments: scholarly activities for residents: high expectations?

I appreciate the editorial by Drs Simpson, Yarris, and Carek. I have always viewed it as my responsibility to ensure that all residents leave my program better consumers of medical literature and able to apply recent findings in their clinical practice. Therefore, from my perspective, they would fulfill the definition of “scholarly physicians.” Although we have a large number of residents who produce or contribute to scholarship, I do not feel this is the metric to which we or our residents should be held. Logistically it would be a Herculean task to ensure that all 14 residents in each of my classes produce scholarly work within our 36-month curriculum.
Two-Photon Absorption in Direct-Gap Crystals—An Addendum

An error made in an earlier paper by the authors regarding the appropriate effective masses to be used in calculations employing the Basov formulation is corrected. The new results for two-photon absorption coefficient obtained from the Basov formula now agree quite well with those computed using Keldysh's treatment. Furthermore, it is shown that improved agreement between theoretical and experimental two-photon absorption coefficients is obtained by including nonparabolicity and degeneracy of the energy bands in the calculations.
Short-term use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (leuprolide) for in vitro fertilization.

A common problem encountered by in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs is the premature occurrence of the spontaneous lutenizing hormone (LH) surge during ovarian stimulation cycles. Administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) for 2 to 3 weeks produces a state of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, thus allowing ovarian stimulation to proceed uncomplicated by a spontaneous LH surge. We have elected to treat seven patients with GnRH-a in a “short-term” protocol, with GnRH-a initiated on cycle day 3 along with exogenous gonadotropins. In this series, we found that the spontaneous LH surge was abolished, while ovarian responsiveness seemed to be improved. These results suggest that the initial surge of gonadotropins elicited by GnRH-a administration may enhance ovarian stimulation and that spontaneous LH surge is blocked when GnRH-a and exogenous gonadotropins are initiated concomitantly.
Communication and State Realization in Decentralized Supervisory Control of Discrete-Event Systems

Abstract This paper continues the authors’ previous work on studying the communication among decentralized supervisors for a distributed Discrete-Event System (DES) in the frame-work of Distributed Supervised DES (DSDES). Given an already available centralized supervisor for a distributed DES, it relates a language property of this supervisor, called weak joint observability , to a property of the state-based realization of the supervisor, referred to as the existence of the Independent Updating Functions (IUFs). The latter property means that the decentralized implementation of the supervisor relies on each agent's independent observation of the DES dynamic evolution and entails simpler, delay-robust, and possibly cheaper communication; issues currently under investigation. Examples illustrate the applicability of the approach.
U.S. budget would increase R&D, but cut many science programs

The $1.96-trillion fiscal year 2002 federal budget proposed by the Bush administration on April 9 holds overall discretionary funding to a 4% increase in an effort to meet the funding requirements of non-discretionary needs, a 10-year tax cut, and big increases in defense, education, and medical research. The budget also takes what one White House official called a “pause” from the 8% “spending spree” under the Clinton administration during FY2001, as deliberations proceed on future funding priorities following the drawn-out presidential election and the short budget preparation period.
Diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms with radionuclide-labeled antibodies

The in vivo use of radionuclide-labeled antibodies to several types of tumor-associated antigens or products has proven to be a reliable method for defining primary, recurrent, metastatic, and occult carcinoma. Specificity for the radioimmunodetection procedure is high; however, the sensitivity varies depending on the size and site of the lesions. The relative roles of polyclonal- and monoclonal-type antibodies are still to be defined, since at this stage of development little difference can be demonstrated in the detection of tumor with eigher one. The introduction of emission computed tomography should simplify the imaging techniques appreciably and improve the resolution between nontarget and target radioactivity. Satisfactory radionuclide labels with photon energies more compatible with current imaging equipment will enhance resolution and sensitivity.
Does the minimum wage drive teenagers out of the labor force

Labor force participation is directly related to the value of being in the labor force. The effect of the minimum wage on labor force participation thus measures how the minimum wage affects the welfare of labor force participants. In contrast, a decline in employment tells us little about welfare, because of the offsetting wage increase. Only changes in labor force participation can directly measure the welfare effects of the minimum wage. Despite this, most literature about the minimum wage has been focused on employment. My empirical results show that the minimum wage has a significant negative effect on teenage labor force participation. Thus, a minimum wage reduces the value of entering the labor market.
Design of network experiments for regional-scale atmospheric pollutant transport and transformation

Abstract Design criteria for the selection of regional-scale network sites, sampling times, and sampling intervals are investigated in terms of the verification requirements for various numerical models. Network experiments are classified into tracer experiments to test the physical and chemical mechanisms of atmospheric pollutant transformation and transport, and air quality experiments to evaluate the extent of air pollution. For the tracer experiments, two lines of five stations are recommended. The spatial separation between the lines is about 400 km, and the distances between stations are 170 km for the upstream line and 200 km for the downstream line. For air quality measurements, more than 13 stations are needed to recover the annual pattern of the pollutant concentration.
Parallel Direct Methods for Solving Banded Linear Systems.

Abstract We propose several implementations of Gaussian elimination for solving banded linear systems on multiprocessors. Three simple architectures are considered: a multiprocessor ring, a grid array, and a hypercube. Our complexity analysis fully accounts for communication delays by using simple models where both latency and actual transfer times are incorporated. When the number of processors is small relative to the bandwidth of the system, a row-interleaved implementation of Gaussian elimination algorithm is attractive. Otherwise, a two-dimensional grid is essential for achieving higher speedup. The hypercube architecture gives the smallest communication latency times.
308 Role of Inflammation in Patients with Both Pulmonary Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation

cular remodeling and a putative role for inflammation. HDL in diseases with “chronic acute-phase response”, has been elucidated as proinflammatory. Methods and Materials: We determined the effect of the anti-inflammatory apolipoprotein-AI mimetic peptide (4F) on HDL and LDL inflammatory indices (HII, LII) in plasma from patients with Idiopathic (IPAH) [n 15] and connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated PAH [n 9] in an arterial wall model and monocyte migration assay. When LDL alone from 21 healthy subjects was added, an LII of 1.06 0.06 was obtained. The value for a standard healthy control LII is taken as 1.0. Addition of normal HDL prevents oxidized LDL-induced monocyte migration and results in an HII 1.0. HDL from patients with inflammatory states, however, increases HII 1.0. To an aliquot of each patient plasma sample, apolipoprotein-AI mimetic peptide 4F or vehicle alone (SHAM) was added and LDL and HDL were isolated and analyzed. Results: The LII and HII data for IPAH and CTD-PAH are depicted, as treated with SHAM and 4F.
Pulsed X-Ray Source for Non-Invasive Digital Subtraction Angiography

In recent years synchrotron radiation from electron storage rings has been found to be a highly effective source for iodine K-edge Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA). The intense radiation available at 33 keV photon energy used in DSA provides maximum sensitivity to intraarterial iodine and essentally eliminates contrast due to nonvascular body structures. Arteries can be visualized with high resolution in spite of their constant motion. So far, high energy storage rings are required to produce hard X-rays at 33 keV in sufficient intensity. For a dedicated source a lower energy and therefore smaller storage ring at reduced cost would be desirable. In this paper the potential and limitations of low energy storage rings as dedicated radiation sources for DSA are discussed. With high field pulsed magnets in a 1.2 to 1.5 GeV storage ring of about 10 m diameter the required photon intensity can be provided for DSA. Several photon beam lines can be installed at such a ring and of the order of 10,000 patients per year and beam line could be screened.
Effects of local gas diffusion layer gas permeability variations on spatial proton exchange membrane fuel cells performance

Abstract The effects of local gas diffusion layer (GDL) gas permeability variation and its location on spatial and overall proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance were studied using a segmented cell approach. Variations in the physical and chemical parameters of the main membrane electrode assembly's (MEA) components (e.g., the membrane, electrode, and GDL) are considered defects and might negatively affect fuel cell performance. An artificial GDL defect was introduced by exchanging a standard (or intact) cathode GDL at one segment (segment 4 or 9) with a defective GDL. The standard and defective cathode GDLs had different through-plane gas permeabilities, while values were similar for in-plane permeability and some other structural parameters. The effects from a defective GDL were observed at a high current. Introducing a highly permeable GDL as a defect increased local performance due to a decrease in mass-transfer overpotential. For a defective GDL with lower permeability than the standard GDL, a local performance decrease was observed because mass-transfer losses increased. Simultaneously, downstream segment performance improved, which might be due to changes in water management. Defect localization at the cell outlet resulted in the detection of the defect at a lower current density compared with localization at the cell inlet. Spatial polarization curves (VI) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) facilitated detection and localization of GDL defects. Thus it was demonstrated that the local GDL anomalies are detectable by the segmented cell system.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENHANCING TEST SECURITY BY USING MULTIPLE ITEM POOLS

This paper compares the use of multiple pools versus a single pool with respect to test security against large-scale item sharing among some examinees in a computer-based test, under the assumption that a randomized item selection method is used. It characterizes the conditions under which employing multiple pools is better than using a single whole pool in terms of minimizing the expected number of compromised items encountered by an examinee. The results obtained in this paper provide guidelines for constructing multiple pools optimally and evaluating the risks associated with some test designs that employ item reuse schemes. Finally, an adjusted-pool approach is proposed to achieve better test security than either the single-pool approach or the multiple-pool approach.
Solubility of gases and vapors in crosslinked polymers

The sorption isotherms proposed by Barrer have been modified in two ways. First, the theory has been extended to apply to the sorption behavior of crosslinked polymers by including a contribution to the free energy of the elastic stretching of the network in accordance with the findings of Flory and Rehner. Second, the effect on the sorption isotherm of a concentration dependent heat of dilution has been investigated. Both these corrections may lead to the appearance of a two-valued sorption isotherm.
Geohistorical Analysis of Paradox Basin: ABSTRACT

The Paradox basin is an elongate sedimentary basin, asymmetric in profile, extending across common corners of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. Subsidence of the basin began in Desmoinesian time and was coincident with the development of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The Uncompahgre uplift formed the northeast boundary of the basin during Pennsylvanian and Permian times. Formation thicknesses and lithologies were obtained from lithologic and radioactivity logs from various parts of the basin. The stratigraphic column at each well, restored through the Upper Cretaceous, was backstripped and decompacted to reconstruct its depositional history. Decompacted geohistory diagrams and residual (tectonic) subsidence curves were then generated for each well. The Mobil 1 McCormick well, drilled in 1977, penetrates Pennsylvanian strata beneath reverse-faulted granitic basement; this indicates that the basin was flexed down in response to Pennsylvanian and Permian thrust faulting along the flank of the Uncompahgre uplift. However, close correspondence of the residual subsidence curves to theoretical thermal subsidence curves indicates that the basin formed by crustal extension. Consequently, development of the basin may have involved crustal stretching (transtensional?) beneath the basin floor, followed by thrusting (transpressional?) along the flank of the Uncompahgre uplift. End_of_Article - Last_Page 854------------
Optical response in high-temperature superconducting thin films

It has been shown that thin films of the high temperature superconductors (HTS) exhibit a change in their electrical properties when exposed to optical radiation. The motivation for this research is the promise of a fast detector operating at elevated temperatures that is sensitive to low-level optical signals and that operates out to the far IR. In order to make a practical detector out of HTS materials, the mechanisms of this response must be fully understood. The purpose of this research is to investigate the spectral, temporal, and thermal characteristics of this response in an effort to better understand the mechanisms involved.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of human anti-porcine “natural antibodies” recovered from ex vivo perfused hearts—predominance of IgM and IgG2

Hyperacute rejection is a major obstacle to successful transplantation of vascularized xenogeneic organs and is believed to be mediated at least in part by performed xenoreactive "natural antibodies" (NAb). In this study, human NAb that could be involved in hyperacute rejection of pig heart xenografts were identified and characterized using an ex vivo model in which pig hearts were perfused with whole blood from individual human or pig donors. This ex vivo perfusion model allows for the continuous monitoring of physiologic parameters of cardiac function as well as sequential sampling of tissue and blood. Pig hearts perfused with allogeneic pig blood maintained normal function for at least 4 hr, whereas those perfused with xenogeneic AB+ human blood never achieved normal function and rejected completely after 30 min. In three separate experiments involving different human blood donors and pig hearts, sequential samples of perfused blood revealed a progressive depletion of anti-porcine NAb. Samples of all three rejected cardiac xenografts were homogenized, and the specifically bound human anti-porcine antibodies were eluted with citric acid. The eluted antibodies were enriched approximately 50-120-fold for anti-porcine reactivity compared with serum from the corresponding donor. Eluates contained NAb of predominantly IgM and IgG2 isotypes. Immunofluorescence histology confirmed the deposition of IgM and IgG2 but not other IgG subclasses in the rejected pig hearts. Since IgG2 utilized predominantly in response to bacterial polysaccharide antigens, our findings are consistent with the possibility that some NAb arise via crossreactivity with microbial antigens and are predominantly directed against carbohydrate rather than protein antigens.
Yeast mitochondrial initiator tRNA is methylated at guanosine 37 by the Trm5-encoded tRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase.

The TRM5 gene encodes a tRNA (guanine-N1-)-methyltransferase (Trm5p) that methylates guanosine at position 37 (m1G37) in cytoplasmic tRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that Trm5p is also responsible for m1G37 methylation of mitochondrial tRNAs. The TRM5 open reading frame encodes 499 amino acids containing four potential initiator codons within the first 48 codons. Full-length Trm5p, purified as a fusion protein with maltose-binding protein, exhibited robust methyltransferase activity with tRNA isolated from a Δtrm5 mutant strain, as well as with a synthetic mitochondrial initiator tRNA (tRNAMetf). Primer extension demonstrated that the site of methylation was guanosine 37 in both mitochondrial tRNAMetf and tRNAPhe. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed the methylated product to be m1G. Subcellular fractionation and immunoblotting of a strain expressing a green fluorescent protein-tagged version of the TRM5 gene revealed that the enzyme was localized to both cytoplasm and mitochondria. The slightly larger mitochondrial form was protected from protease digestion, indicating a matrix localization. Analysis of N-terminal truncation mutants revealed that a Trm5p active in the cytoplasm could be obtained with a construct lacking amino acids 1–33 (Δ1–33), whereas production of a Trm5p active in the mitochondria required these first 33 amino acids. Yeast expressing the Δ1–33 construct exhibited a significantly lower rate of oxygen consumption, indicating that efficiency or accuracy of mitochondrial protein synthesis is decreased in cells lacking m1G37 methylation of mitochondrial tRNAs. These data suggest that this tRNA modification plays an important role in reading frame maintenance in mitochondrial protein synthesis.
The use of projections for dimensionality reduction of flow cytometric data

In order to visualize multiparameter flow cytometric measurements it is desirable to reduce the dimensionality of the data to two while preserving important features of each data pattern. We describe a method that projects two-parameter data onto a straight line that forms an angle theta with one of the original parameter axis. The angle is selected interactively or by principal component analysis. The procedure is applied on-line or off-line to pairs of parameters of the original data set that has been collected in LIST mode.
Transmembrane components of taurine flux across frog retinal pigment epithelium.

In previous work from this laboratory, a net transepithelial flux of the amino acid taurine was measured across the in vitro frog retinal pigment epithelium. This flux was from retina to choroid and could be modulated by small (0.5 mM) changes in K+ concentration, by changes in taurine concentration, and by ouabain. In the present experiments we measured the unidirectional transmembrane fluxes across each of the two cell membranes, the apical membrane (facing the neural retina) and the basal membrane (facing the choroid) of the retinal pigment epithelium.In modified Ringer's solution containing 2mM taurine + 2mM K+, we found that the apparent outward permeability of the basal membrane, corrected for its actual area, was 26 times that of the apical membrane. As expected from the direction of net flux, the inward apical and outward basal fluxes dominated the transmembrane fluxes. When the apical Na+K+ pump was inhibited, the ratio of the apparent permeability of the basal membrane relative to the apical dec...
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL RANGES OF PHOTOPROTECTION FROM ULTRAVIOLET DAMAGE IN MICROORGANISMS

Summary Photoprotection from biological damage by ultraviolet radiation of 2537 A has been sought in a variety of microorganisms. Its taxonomic occurrence is spotty and it is clearly not as general a phenomenon as photoreactivation. The action spectrum has been determined for bacteria from two different taxonomic orders and found to be the same, lying in the range 3100–4000 A, with a single peak at 3400 A. These spectra are much narrower than those for photoreactivation and are confined to the near ultraviolet region. Their similarity suggests that only one chromophore is utilized in bacterial photoprotection. Photoprotection is found to require, at an ultraviolet survival level of 2 per cent, about three times as much radiation energy as photoreactivation. Consideration of absorption and action spectra, as well as a direct test with transforming principle, indicates that the chromophore probably is not nucleic acid. The action spectra suggest reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide.
Does the Flynn Effect Differ by IQ Level in Samples of Students Classified as Learning Disabled

This research examined scores from two learning-disabled (LD) samples for evidence of the Flynn Effect (FE; Flynn, 1999) to determine (a) whether the FE was evident, and (b) if the magnitude of the...
Run-Time Reconfigurable Built-in-Self-Test

This paper discusses the novel idea of testing digital circuits using run-time reconfigurable techniques, in order to minimize circuit area, as well as test generation and application time. The idea revolves around the dynamic partial reconfiguration of circuits under test, in order to inject stuck-at faults at different locations of the circuit, and uncover both detectable and undetectable faults. The paper presents a practical implementation of run-time reconfigurable methodologies using an actual reconfigurable device, the Xilinx Virtex-II, in the development of a BIST architecture. An updated flow is presented which takes into account the fusion of an embedded processor system and a dynamic partially reconfigurable module.
Assured forwarding fairness using equation-based packet marking and packet separation

Fairness is one of the important problems in assured forwarding (AF) performance in the differentiated services (DiffServ) framework [An architecture for differentiated services, RFC 2475, IETF, December 1998; A two-bit differentiated services architecture for the Internet, Internet-draft, draft-nichols-diff-svc-arch-02.pdf, IETF, April I999]. In this paper we present a two-part solution for the fairness problem in AF. The first part is a new packet marking algorithm called equation-based marking (EBM) and is based on the TCP model given by Padhye et al. [Modeling TCP throughput: A simple model and its empirical validation, in: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM '98, October 1998]. EBM is to handle the problems found in other marking schemes regarding fairness among heterogeneous TCP flows through a tight feedback-loop operation and adaptation of the packet marking probability to network conditions. The second part is called packet separation used at routers to handle the fairness between responsive and nonresponsive traffic. We evaluate the performance of a packet marker that uses EBM as the marking algorithm using in-depth simulation. We prove, analytically and using simulation, the correctness of the marking algorithm and compare it with other marking schemes for different network scenarios. We also use simulation to show the effectiveness of the packet separation mechanism in solving the fairness problem between responsive and non-responsive traffic. Our evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of EBM along with packet separation in providing the required fairness among heterogeneous flows and ensuring protection against non-assured traffic.
Hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol in Riverside, California

The hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol were investigated by performing in-situ optical measurements under controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions. Complementary measurements included ambient relative humidity and aerosol filter sampling. Measurements were performed in Riverside, California during the months of August and September, 1983. Experimental results indicate that ambient aerosol particles, with diameters less than 2 μm, exhibited deliquescence between 73 and 78% relative humidity during 52% of the measurements. During a one-week intensive sampling period, ambient aerosol particles existed as droplets during 86% of the tests and were dry during the balance of those measurements. When ambient aerosol droplets were detected, they were supersaturated with respect to solute concentration during 71 % of tests and were otherwise subsaturated with respect to solute concentration. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00201.x
The utilization of inosine, adenosine and ribose by spores of Bacillus cereus var. terminalis

Abstract Extracts from spores of B. cereus var. terminalis contain the following enzymes: ( a ) a nucleoside phosphorylase which mediates in the reaction between adenosine or inosine and orthophosphate to produce ribose-1-phosphate; ( b ) a phosphoribomutase which converts ribose-1-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate and ( c ) a ribokinase which catalyzes the formation of ribose-5-phosphate from ribose and ATP in the presence of Mg ++ . The experimental evidence suggests deamination of adenosine to inosine prior to phosphorolysis. Spore homogenates and debris fractions from separated homogenates release ribose and orthophosphate from adenosine triphosphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate and ribose-5-phosphate.
Spontaneous activity of type II but not type I striatal neurons is correlated with recovery of behavioral function after dopamine-depleting brain lesions

The relation between the spontaneous firing of Type I striatal neurons and recovery of behavioral function after near-total dopamine depletions of the rat striatum was investigated. The results demonstrate that the activity of Type I neurons remains elevated in recovered animals, which contrasts with our previous finding that the firing rates of Type II striatal neurons return to normal levels in association with behavioral recovery.
Correction of interleukin-2 gene expression by in vitro zinc addition to mononuclear cells from zinc-deficient human subjects: A specific test for zinc deficiency in humans

A nutritional deficiency of zinc in humans is widespread in the developing world, and a conditioned zinc deficiency is observed in many diseased states, the elderly population, and pregnant women of both developed and developing nations. It was recently reported that zinc is required for Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and gene expressions of both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Ralpha) and beta in HUT-78, a Th0 human malignant lymphoblastoid cell line. In this study, it has been reported for the first time that zinc is also required for gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha in primary cells. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) from zinc-deficient elderly subjects was used for this study. NF-kappaB activation was shown to have decreased in the MNCs from zinc-deficient subjects, which was corrected by in vivo zinc supplementation. It was further shown that either in vivo zinc supplementation or the addition of zinc in vitro to MNCs from zinc-deficient subjects results in correction of the gene expression of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha. Therefore, it was proposed that in vitro addition of zinc to MNCs for correction of gene expression of IL-2 in humans may be used as a specific test for zinc deficiency. Although currently no known specific laboratory test exists for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency in humans, the use of correction of IL-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) with in vitro zinc addition to MNCs from zinc-deficient subjects may be very useful.
The Normativity of Automaticity

While the causal contributions of so-called 'automatic' processes to behavior are now widely acknowledged, less attention has been given to their normative role in the guidance of action. We develop an account of the normativity of automaticity that responds to and builds upon Tamar Szab´ o Gendler's account of 'alief', an associative and arational mental state more primitive than belief. Alief represents a promising tool for integrating psychological research on automaticity with philosophical work on mind and action, but Gendler errs in overstating the degree to which aliefs are norm-insensitive.
Mathematical modeling of the CDMA channel under power control

In CDMA systems, it is extremely important to be able to control the power transmitted by various user terminals to within very tight limits of their respective allocated power levels. However, in practice due to various uncertainties such as the variations in link margin and channel fading, the accuracy achievable in the power control is limited. This paper presents mathematical models for the self interference in the CDMA system due to such power level variations and its impact on the capacity of the CDMA system wherein multiple user classes are involved which have different energy per bit to total noise power spectral density (E/sub b//N/sub 0t/) requirements.
A multichannel monolithic wireless microstimulator

A 64-site wireless current microstimulator chip (Interestim-2B) and a prototype implant based on this chip have been developed for neural prosthesis applications. Modular stand-alone architecture allows up to 32 such chips to be connected in parallel to drive 2048 sites. The only off-chip components are a receiver inductive-capacitive (LC) tank and microelectrode arrays such as silicon probes for intracortical stimulation. The implant receives inductive power and data at 2.5 Mb/sec from a frequency shift keyed carrier to generate up to 65800 stimulus pulses/sec. Each chip contains 16 current drivers with 270 /spl mu/A full-scale current, 5-bit resolution, 100 M/spl Omega/ output impedance, and a dynamic range that extends within 150 mV of the 5 V supply rail. The chip and implant (without probes) measure 4.6/spl times/4.6/spl times/0.5 and 19/spl times/14/spl times/6 (mm), respectively.
1Kx1K Si:As IBC detector arrays for JWST MIRI and other applications

1K × 1K Si:As Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) arrays have been developed by Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). The devices are also suitable for other low-background applications. The Si:As IBC detectors respond out to ~28 microns, covering an important mid-IR region beyond the 1-5 micron range covered by the JWST NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments. Due to high terrestrial backgrounds at the longer mid-IR wavelengths, it is very difficult to conduct ground-based observations at these wavelengths. Hence, the MIRI instrument on JWST can provide science not obtainable from the ground. A mid-infrared instrument aboard a cryogenic space telescope can have an enormous impact in resolving key questions in astronomy and cosmology. The greatly reduced thermal backgrounds achievable on a space platform (compared to airborne or ground-based platforms) allow for more sensitive observations of dusty young galaxies at high redshifts, star formation of solar-type stars in the local universe, and formation and evolution of planetary disks and systems. We describe results of the development of a new 1024 × 1024 Si:As IBC array with 25-micron pixels that responds with high quantum efficiency over the wavelength range 5 to 28 microns. The previous generation's largest, most sensitive IR detectors at these wavelengths were the 256 × 256/30-micron pitch Si:As IBC devices built by Raytheon for the SIRTF/IRAC instrument. JWST MIRI detector requirements will be reviewed and some model results for IBC device performance will be presented. The IBC detector architecture will be described and the SB305 Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC), developed specifically for JWST MIRI, will be discussed. The SB305 ROIC utilizes a PMOS Source Follower per Detector (SFD) input circuit with a well capacity of about 2 × 105 electrons. The read noise is expected to be less than 20 e- rms with Fowler-8 sampling at an operating temperature of 7 K. Other features of the IBC array include 4 video outputs and a separate reference output with a frame rate of 0.37 Hz (2.7 sec frame time). Power dissipation is less than 0.5 mW at a 0.37 Hz frame rate. Reset modes include both global reset and reset by row (ripple mode). Reference pixels are built-in to the output data stream. The 1K × 1K IBC is packaged in a robust modular package that consists of a multilayer motherboard, silicon carbide (SiC) pedestal, and cable assembly with 51-pin MDM connectors. All materials of construction were chosen to match the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon to provide excellent module thermal cycle reliability for cycling between room temperature and 7 K.
Ceramic Surface Reactions and Carbon Retention during Non‐Oxidative Binder Removal Al2O3/Poly(methyl methacrylate) at 20°–700°C

Neat poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thermally decomposes in oxygen-free environments with negligible production of nonvolatile residue. Compacts of α-alumina powder containing PMMA that are fired in a non-oxidative ambient, however, retain appreciable amounts of char. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and evolved gas analysis utilizing mass spectral detection were employed to probe the chemical mechanism that initiates the production of organic residue from non-oxidatively fired PMMA/alumina bodies. We find that binding of organic groups to alumina particles is caused by a sponification reaction between either the ester groups of PMMA or thermally evolved PMMA fragments (including MMA) and hydroxyl groups on alumina particle surfaces. Isolated alumina surface hydroxyl groups were found to be much more reactive than mutually hydrogen-bonded alumina surface hydroxyl groups in producing surface-bound organic groups. This surface-carboxylate-forming reaction anchors organic residue to the inorganic surfaces to temperatures above the unzipping temperature of the polymer and leads to retention of organic fragments in the compacts at temperatures where neat PMMA has completely volatilized. Subsequent transformations of these surface-bound organic fragments at high temperatures produce the nonvolatile carbonaceous residues, which are retained in the fired alumina compacts. We demonstrate that unsaturation in the carboxylate side chain plays an important role in this stage of the process in increasing the char yield. We also show that the char yields are proportional to surface carboxylate coverage but that it is difficult to control surface carboxylate coverage by thermal pretreatments of the alumina powders.
Territory, Proximity, and Spatiality: The Geography of International Conflict'

This essay presents an overview of the literature on the ways in which space, spatiality, and proximity are theoretically important in the examination of international conflict behavior, for example, to agentstructure models of opportunity, notions concerning diffusion, the loss-of-strength gradient, and the effects of distance and space. The opportunity and willingness framework is used to organize both the literature and the discussion, which builds on Diehl’s (1991) seminal overview of geography and conflict. A recent theme of the annual meeting of the International Studies Association was ‘‘The Construction and Cumulation of Knowledge.’’ Both construction and cumulation of knowledge are central to the purposes of essays in the ‘‘Reflection, Evaluation, Integration’’ section of this journal, with cumulation asking scholars to focus on the ways and the extent to which our collective theory and research endeavor has built upon itself. One approach to cumulation and integration involves bringing together the theory and research falling within broad cross-disciplinary categories. That is, scholars will often categorize their work as reflecting a political economy or a political psychology approach or perspective. Another arena that has made a significant contribution to the study of international relations, but has received relatively less attention, is political geography. This essay is directed toward cumulation, reflection, and integration with regard to political geography and the geopolitical linkages found in the study of international relations generally and international conflict in particular. In doing so, it will explicitly draw on the work of geographers and provide linkages between the disciplines of geography and political science. This essay, then, has several interrelated themes within a broad discussion of political geography and cumulation. The most prominent is the linkage between geography and international conflict. It will be presented within several different contexts. First is the more general linkage between geography and international politics. However, to look at geography and international politics as well as geography and international conflict, we also need, second, to explicate more clearly a set of concepts that are related to geography and spatiality, including territory, territoriality, proximity and distance, and borders. These concepts help us understand the role and importance of spatiality and spatial perspectives and alert us to how the work of geographers can help us think about international conflict. And,
Computational studies of X-ray framing cameras for the national ignition facility

Summary form only given. The NIF is the world's most powerful laser facility and is used for inertial confinement fusion experiments. One hundred and ninety two laser beams are used to compress a small capsule. X-ray framing cameras are an important diagnostic used to help characterize the dynamics of the capsule. The gated x-ray framing cameras consists of several key components including a pin hole array, microstrip/microchannel plate, pulsed phosphor, and either film pack or CCD for recording images1. The pin hole array is a thin piece of tantalum with small holes used to shield most of the incident x-rays, but allows some to be projected onto a microstrip/microchannel plate. When photons strike the microstrip/microchannel plate photoelectrons are created which can be accelerated through pores in the microchannel plate by pulsed voltages on the microstrips. The electrons are amplified in the pores by a secondary electron cascade. At the output of the microchannel plate the electrons are accelerated to a phosphor screen where the output can be recorded. The x-ray framing cameras have provided excellent information. As the yields at NIF have increased and the data provided by the framing cameras have been further resolved, some “streak” artifacts were discovered that needed further understanding2. A theory was proposed as to the origin of these artifacts2, as well as a mitigation strategy2. In this presentation we will discuss the results of electrostatic, full wave electromagnetic, and particle-in-cell simulations used to further understand the streaks in the data as well as simulation results for the mitigation strategy2 used to help correct the problem. We will also discuss some simulation results that illustrate potential enhancements for future framing cameras.