cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foreign Language Textbook Activities: Keeping Pace with Second Language Acquisition Research

: Recent research in second language acquisition found that learners reached higher levels of achievement when grammar practice included the processing and negotiation of meaning. This study explored the degree to which certain textbook activities reflected the earlier findings. A typology of production activities — based on the degree to which the activities required learners to process meaning — was established. The activities for two grammar points from selected Italian elementary language textbooks were classified according to this typology, ultimately demonstrating that Italian texts still rely heavily on traditional, mechanical activities to practice certain structures. The study produced a typology of activities and an assessment procedure that can be used to determine how well foreign language textbook activities have kept pace with research in second language acquisition.
Müller cell swelling, glutamate uptake, and excitotoxic neurodegeneration in the isolated rat retina.

We characterized morphological effects of the endogenous excitotoxin, glutamate in ex vivo retinal segments prepared from 30-day-old rats. Initial changes induced by glutamate consisted of reversible, sodium-dependent Muller cell swelling. This glial swelling was mimicked by glutamate transport substrates but not by ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists. Only very high concentrations of exogenous glutamate (3,000 μM) produced excitotoxic neuronal damage. The neuronal damage was accompanied by severe glial swelling and was blocked by an antagonist of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors but not by an NMDA receptor antagonist. Because glutamate uptake can be influenced by changes in cellular energy levels, we studied the effects of oxidative and glycolytic energy depletion on glutamate-mediated Muller cell swelling. Oxygen deprivation produced little morphological change and did not alter either glutamate-mediated Muller cell swelling or glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. In contrast, inhibition of glycolysis by iodoacetate produced severe neuronal damage without Muller cell swelling. In the presence of iodoacetate, exogenous glutamate failed to cause glial swelling. The neuronal damage produced by iodoacetate was inhibited by pyruvate, a substrate that sustains oxidative energy pathways. In the presence of iodoacetate plus pyruvate, glutamate failed to cause Muller cell swelling but became neurotoxic at low concentrations through activation of non-NMDA receptors. These results indicate that glycolytic energy metabolism plays a critical role in sustaining ionic balances required for Muller cell glutamate uptake and glial uptake helps to prevent glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. GLIA 25:379–389, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SOME ASPECTS OF WAVE PROPAGATION AND THE EFFECT OF THE BOUNDARIES AND EXCITATIONS ON THE ELECTRO-ACOUSTIC SPECTRUM IN AN ISOTROPIC COMPRESSIBLE PLASMA

ABSTRACT Wave phenomena, due to various types of excitations involving cylindrically stratified regions, are examined by using scalar Green's function formulation. The general expressions for monochromatic electromagnetic field and density deviations from equilibrium (ηe,i possesses an anisotropy which disappears when we neglect the effect of ion motion), due to an electric dipole immersed in a two-fluid compressible plasma cylinder in the absence of magnetostatic field, are derived. The optical and radar observables during re-entry and the effect of the ionized local environment upon communication with a re-entering vehicle are examples of the prescribed various excitations. The appropriate Debye shielding, the dielectric fluctuations, and the scattering cross section of an unbounded fluctuating, and thermally non-equilibrium plasma are investigated. The spectra, due to the oscillating static electric dipole and moving electron in the radially bounded one-fluid compressible plasma, are discussed explicit...
Bayesian accelerated life testing under competing failure modes

This paper presents two models of Bayesian framework for the analysis of accelerated life testing (ALT) data with possible multiple failure modes. This approach does not yield an analytical solution, but allows small sample size and relies on the use of experts judgment in specifying the prior information in the inference. Gibbs sampling is used for posterior inference. Illustrative examples discussed in this paper show the applicability of the proposed models.
Chloride and potassium channel function in alveolar epithelial cells.

Electrolyte transport across the adult alveolar epithelium plays an important role in maintaining a thin fluid layer along the apical surface of the alveolus that facilitates gas exchange across th...
Cross-Sectional Associations Between Trunk Muscle Composition, Back Pain, and Physical Function in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

Background. Associations between trunk muscle composition and physical function have not been examined previously in older adults. We hypothesized that lower trunk muscle area and attenuation (higher fat infiltration) areassociated with decreased functional capacity. Methods. The study sample consisted of a biracial cohort of well functioning men (739) and women (788) aged 70-79 from the Pittsburgh site of the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. Computed tomography was used to measure trunk muscle area (cm 2 ) and muscle attenuation (Hounsfield Unit [HU]) of the following muscle groups: lumbar paraspinals, lateral abdominals, and rectus abdominis. An average score was calculated for both trunk area and attenuation. The Health ABC Physical Performance Battery (PPB) and its individual components (usual and narrow walk, chair stands, and standing balance) were used to measure functional capacity. Results. Linear regression analyses adjusting for demographic factors, height, body fat, thigh muscle composition, disease status, and low back pain (LBP) found that average trunk muscle area was not associated with any element of functional capacity (p >.10), whereas average trunk muscle attenuation was positively associated with the Health ABC Physical Performance Battery (p <.05) and chair stands (p <.001). Participants reporting higher LBP severity during the past year had lower muscle attenuation (p <.001 for trend), but there was no difference in average trunk muscle area according to LBP status. Conclusions. Findings suggest a link between trunk muscle composition and history of LBP as well as reduced functional capacity in older adults. Improving trunk muscle quality may lead to reduced LBP severity and improved functional status.
The Influence of Changes in Social Capital on Firm–Founding Activities:

This study examines how founders can manage changes in their network ties during firm founding. We find that an increase in tie strength is negatively associated with founding activities, whereas a...
Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Importance The incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States has increased rapidly and Pennsylvania is the state with the highest rate of thyroid cancer in the country, although the factors driving this increase are unknown. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the increase in thyroid cancer represents a true increase in disease or is the result of overdiagnosis. Objective To compare the increase in thyroid cancer incidence and tumor characteristics in Pennsylvania with the rest of the United States and gain insight into the factors influencing the increased incidence of thyroid cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants In a population-based study, data on thyroid cancer from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results 9 (SEER-9) registry and the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry (PCR) from 1985 through 2009 were collected and reviewed for information regarding sex, race, histologic type of thyroid cancer, staging, and tumor size at diagnosis. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition code C739 (thyroid carcinoma) was used to identify 110 615 records in the SEER-9 registry and 29 030 records in the PCR. Main Outcomes and Measures Average annual percent change (AAPC) in thyroid cancer incidence across various demographic groups in Pennsylvania. Results The AAPC for thyroid cancer in Pennsylvania was 7.1% per year (95% CI, 6.3%-7.9%) vs 4.2% (95% CI, 3.7%-4.7%) per year in the remainder of the United States, and trends in incidence were significantly different ( P P P = .60; but despite the similarity in AAPC between the 2 groups, the joinpoint models fit to the data were not parallel [ P P P P Conclusions and Relevance The incidence of thyroid cancer is rising at a faster rate in Pennsylvania than in the rest of the nation, as is the rate of tumors that are larger and higher stage at diagnosis. These findings suggest that rising disease burden has contributed to the increased incidence of thyroid cancer. Etiologic factors promoting the rise in thyroid cancer in Pennsylvania must be investigated and may provide insight into the drivers of the national increase in thyroid cancer.
Stabilin-1 expression in tumor associated macrophages

Glioblastoma multiforme is a very aggressive and common form of brain tumor. Current therapies consist of a combination of surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These drastic treatments still leave a current prognosis of median survival of less than 1 year. Lack of effectiveness of these treatments has left researchers looking for alternative forms of treatment. A significant alternative currently being investigated is the use of the immune system to potentially target and eliminate tumor cells directly. Stabilin-1, a scavenger receptor expressed by macrophages, has the potential in inhibiting tumor growth by binding and internalizing secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). SPARC is known to be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment and is involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, cell proliferation and migration. Decreasing SPARC expression using siRNA has been shown to decrease tumor invasiveness and survival. We investigated the phenotype of stabilin-1 expressing immune cells in the tumor environment and demonstrated a transient population of alternatively activated macrophages expressing stabilin-1 in the tumor environment and the disappearance of that population as the tumor progresses.
Way-finding and landmarks: the multiple-bearings hypothesis.

Nucifraga columbiana) are capable of very precise searching using the metric relationships between a goal and multiple landmarks to relocate the goal location. They can judge the direction more accurately than the distance to a landmark when the landmark is distant from the goal. On the basis of these findings, we propose that nutcrackers use a set of bearings, each a measure of the direction from the goal to a different landmark, when searching for that goal. The results of a simulation demonstrate that increasing the number of landmarks used results in increasingly precise searching. This multiple-bearings hypothesis makes a series of detailed predictions about how the distribution of searches will vary as a function of the geometry of the locations of the relevant landmarks and the goal. It also suggests an explanation for inconsistencies in the literature on the effects of clock-shifts on searching and on homing. Summary
Plasmonics for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering: Nanoantennas for Single Molecules

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is undergoing a renaissance, spurred largely by developments in the burgeoning field of plasmonics. This paper reviews the current status and future directions in plasmonic nanostructures for SERS. We show that engineered plasmonic nanostructures enable exciting new functionalities, including beamed Raman scattering and highly reproducible chips for single molecule SERS. We furthermore show that silicon photonics enables SERS to be performed using optically trapped Ag nanoparticle clusters.
Mental well-being of mothers with preschool children in Japan: The importance of spousal involvement in childrearing

AbstractJapan’s low fertility rate and rapidly aging population have prompted a series of government policies aimed to minimize disincentives to motherhood. Father’s participation in childcare and housework is one factor thought to minimize the stress and workload of wage-earning motherhood. Using an internet survey of Japanese women designed by the Japanese Institute for Labor Policy and Training (N = 495), this study explores the associations between labor force participation, unmet need for spousal support, and self-reported mental health of Japanese women with preschool-aged children. We find a positive relationship between mothers’ reports of unmet spousal need and perceived challenges to mental well-being. Results suggest that attention to maternal mental health and unmet spousal support need is needed not only for mothers who participate in the labor force but perhaps especially for stay-at-home mothers.
Successful shape-Based virtual screening: The discovery of a potent inhibitor of the type I TGFβ receptor kinase (TβRI)

We describe the discovery, using shape-based virtual screening, of a potent, ATP site-directed inhibitor of the TβRI kinase, an important and novel drug target for fibrosis and cancer. The first detailed report of a TβRI kinase small molecule co-complex confirms the predicted binding interactions of our small molecule inhibitor, which stabilizes the inactive kinase conformation. Our results validate shape-based screening as a powerful tool to discover useful leads against a new drug target.
Zen and the art of classroom teaching

Effective teaching involves applying the scientific principles underlying motivation, learning and memory. Intrinsic motivation, which stems from the inherent pleasure of focused engagement, facilitates sustained pursuit of teaching goals. Active, as compared to passive learning, is more effective; learning that is optimally challenging, repeated, and reinforced with real-world application tends to be remembered well. Central to the art of teaching is the relationship between teacher and the taught; good teaching can get the teacher and the student in a state of flow, not unlike Zen, that lets both of them grow.
An ACE in the hole alternative pathways of the renin angiotensin system and their potential role in cardiac remodeling.

There is compelling evidence that the renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role both in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases ranging from hypertension to heart failure. In the classical RAS (depicted in [Fig. 1][1]),angiotensinogen released
Malingering and Mental Health Disability Evaluations

Mental health professionals often perform disability evaluations at the request of their patients. Although malingering of psychiatric symptoms during a disability evaluation is common, providers may be reluctant to report that their patient is a malingerer, even if they suspect that their patient’s symptoms may be consciously motivated by an external gain. When evaluating the possibility of malingering, evaluators should look for inconsistencies in their patient’s symptom presentation, reported symptoms atypical for a genuine mental disorder, psychological testing indicative of poor effort or feigned symptom presentation, and objective evidence that supports actual impairment. The clinician should also be familiar with common diagnoses that are often mistaken for malingering. This chapter reviews important assessment strategies when evaluating malingering to include both interview and psychological testing indicators of malingering. Common feigned or exaggerated presentations of various psychiatric disorders are highlighted to include malingered psychosis, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and cognitive disorders.
Manuscript Material Available

On the archival front, the quantity and quality of the widely dispersed manuscripts available present a serious challenge to the researcher. The documents on Potosi, like the silver from the mine itself, have found their way to repositories in many countries of the world. Besides a dozen minor centers, important repositories are the Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla), the Biblioteca y Archivo Nacionales in Bolivia, the Archivo General de la Nacion of Argentina, the British Museum, the Biblioteca Nacional, Academia de la Historia and other centers in Madrid, and in Potosi itself.
Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction with an Incomplete Knowledge Base

Distant supervision, heuristically labeling a corpus using a knowledge base, has emerged as a popular choice for training relation extractors. In this paper, we show that a significant number of “negative“ examples generated by the labeling process are false negatives because the knowledge base is incomplete. Therefore the heuristic for generating negative examples has a seriousflaw. Building on a state-of-the-art distantly-supervised extraction algorithm, we proposed an algorithm that learns from only positive and unlabeled labels at the pair-of-entity level. Experimental results demonstrate its advantage over existing algorithms.
Utilizing Community-Based Social Marketing in a Recycling Intervention With Tailgaters

The purpose of the current study was to design and implement a pilot intervention following the community-based social marketing (CBSM) process (McKenzie-Mohr & Smith, 1999) and Darnton’s (2008) social marketing framework to change the recycling knowledge and behaviors of tailgaters during home football events for a particular institution of higher education. Researchers asked what effect does a CBSM intervention have on the recycling behavior (via self-reported opinion and actual materials recycled) as well as self-reported knowledge among tailgaters during home football events for a particular IHE. In addition, researchers asked whether the use of students and student-athletes, from the respective IHE, as recycling educators would be better received by tailgaters than some other set of individuals. Both objective and subjective evidence support a conclusion that the pilot intervention enhanced the recycling behavior and recycling knowledge of tailgaters. Subjective evidence supports a conclusion that th...
Mean Energy in Gradually Diverging Flow

A 6? conical diffuser connecting two long straight circular pipes was used to determine the mean energy characteristics in gradually expanding air flow. Mean pressures, mean velocities, turbulent shear stresses, and longitudinal, transverse, and circumferential velocity fluctuations were measured not only in the diffuser but for a distance of 50 downstream pipe diameters downstream from the end of the diffuser. A detailed analysis of the flow was made using the differential and integrated mean energy equations. Particular emphasis was placed in determining the process of uniform flow reestablishment in the downstream pipe.
Acute retinal necrosis in multiple sclerosis: A neuroimmunologic challenge!

We report a case of a 32-year-old woman with a 2-year history of multiple sclerosis (MS) who presented to the ophthalmology clinic 1 week after the completion of pulse steroids with complaints of blurred vision associated with pain in the left eye. She was treated with 3 courses of high-dose methylprednisolone (1,000 mg a day for 3 days) for recurrent relapses in the 5 months before presentation (brain MRI, figure, A). Her symptoms during these relapses were left hemiparesis, right hemiparesis, and worsening right hemiparesis, in that order. She was started on glatiramer acetate 1 month before presentation. Given the frequent relapses, changing her disease-modifying therapy to natalizumab was being considered.
Collapse prevention seismic performance assessment of new special concentrically braced frames using ASCE 41

Abstract This paper presents the results of a seismic performance assessment using ASCE 41-06 for six eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) designed in accordance with the 2012 International Building Code. The correlation between ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 41-06 is investigated to compare the seismic performance anticipated by the two standards. Three archetype buildings (4-, 8-, and 16-story) with EBFs along one principal direction are designed for seismic effects: (1) once using the equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure and (2) a second time using the response spectrum analysis (RSA) procedure. Performance assessments of the frames are conducted using four analysis procedures, static and dynamic analyses performed under both linear and nonlinear analysis regimes. Linear analysis results indicate performance issues in the columns and no issues in the links. In contrast, the nonlinear analysis results show that the links in the 8- and 16-story frames consistently fail to meet the assessment criteria due to significant concentrations of ductility demands. Furthermore, the RSA-designed frames generally perform poorer than their ELF-designed counterpart frames. The contributing factors to the noted performance issues with regards to ASCE 41 are investigated and recommendations are made on how to alter the performance outcome.
Feeding and Drinking Response of Young Chicks to Injections of Serotonin into the Lateral Ventricle of the Brain

The effects of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] on food intake and water consumption were investigated in young broiler chicks. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing either 0, 33, 67, or 100 microgram of 5-HT/10 microliter was injected into the lateral ventricle of either 24-hr fasted or fully fed chicks maintained in a thermoneutral environment with continuous lighting. Neither cannulation per se nor injection of 10 microliter of artificial cerebrospinal fluid had an effect on food intake or water consumption. Furthermore, food intake was not affected by 5-HT in fasted chicks. In fully fed chicks, however, food intake was significantly decreased by 67 and 100 microgram of 5-HT. Water consumption was affected by 5-HT injection in fully fed chicks. Results with fasted chicks remain equivocal. Data suggest that 5-HT may be involved in the neurohumoral control of food intake.
A Geometrical Interpretation of Green's Formula

(1915). A Geometrical Interpretation of Green's Formula. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 152-154.
Internal Flow Dynamics and Performance of Valveless Airbreathing Pulse Detonation Engine

*† ‡ This paper deals with the modeling and simulation of the internal flowfield in a valveless airbreathing pulse detonation engine (PDE) currently under experimental development at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. The system involves no valves in the airflow path, and the isolation between the inlet and combustor is achieved through the gasdynamics in an isolator. The analysis accommodates the full conservation equations in axisymmetric coordinates, and takes into account variable properties for ethylene/oxygen/air system. Chemical reaction schemes with a single progress variable are implemented to minimize the computational burden. Detailed flow evolution during a full cycle is explored and propulsive performance is calculated. Effect of initiator mass injection rate is examined and results indicate that the mass injection rate should be carefully selected to avoid the formation of recirculation zones in the initial cold flowfield. Flow evolution results demonstrate a successful detonation transmission from the initiator to the combustor. However, strong pressure disturbance may propagate upstream to the inlet nozzle, suggesting the current configuration could be further refined to provide more efficient isolation between the inlet and combustor.
Study on the Contradiction between Traditional Legislation Ideas and Modern Spirit of Nomocracy

Modern nomocracy is an ideological and spiritual guarantee for constructing a socialist nomocracy state The formation of a socialist nomocracy state needs the catalyzer and abduction of specific culture There exist some contradictions between traditional legislation ideas and modern nomocracy spirit, such as the contradictions of traditional regality paramountcy and modern law nomocracy, traditional power standard consciousness and modern power core idea, traditional ethic tendency and modern law value, traditional rank privilege and modern equality idea, traditional dislike and shame of resorting law and modern nomocracy lawsuit idea Therefore, it is an intrinsic, pressing demand for constructing socialist nomocracy state to give up traditional legal idea and advocate nomocracy spirit
Effects of terbutaline sulfate on pulmonary fluid transport in preterm rats

Objectives To investigate the effect and mechanism of terbutaline sulfate on pulmonary fluid transport in premature rats. Methods Pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 groups(control group, premature group, low-dose terbutaline group, high-dose terbutaline group and dexamethasone group). Drugs were administered by gavage after rats were fertilized for 16 days and continued for 3 days. Premature rats were taken out from the 19 days pregnant rats, and mature rats were delivered on the due day. Lungs were collected, and the ratio of pulmonary wet weight to dry weight(W/D), Na+, K+-ATP ase activity and concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) were measured in lungs. Results The W/D rate, Na+,K+-ATPase activity and cAMP concentration in lungs had significant difference among different groups(P0.01). The W/D rate was highest in premature group and lowest in the control group. It was lower in the high-dose terbutaline group than in the low-dose terbutaline group and the dexamethasone group(P0.05). The Na+,K+-ATPase activity was lowest in premature group and highest in highdose terbutaline group. It was higher in dexamethasone group, low-dose terbutaline group, and high-dose terbutaline group than in premature group, and it was higher in high- dsoe terbutaline group than in low- dose terbutaline group and dexamethasone group(P0.05). The cAMP levle was lowest in premature group and highest in high-dose terbutaline group. It was higher in dexamethasone group, low-dose terbutaline group, high-dose terbutaline group than in premature group, and it was higher in high-dose terbutaline group than in low-dose terbutaline group and dexamethasone group(P0.05). Conclusions Terbutaline sulfate facilitates lung fluid transport in premature rats, leading to reduce the W/D rate in terbutaline-treated group. We speculate that this effect is related to the increased cAMP level and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in lung tissue.
Weight stigma predicts inhibitory control and food selection in response to the salience of weight discrimination

Objective Fear and stigmatization are often used to motivate individuals with higher body weight to engage in healthy behaviors, but these strategies are sometimes counterproductive, leading to undesirable outcomes. In the present study, the impact of weight-based stigma on cognition (i.e., inhibitory control) and food selection (i.e., calories selected) was examined among individuals who consider themselves to be overweight. It was predicted that participants higher in perceived weight stigma would perform more poorly on an inhibitory control task and order more calories on a food selection task when they read about discrimination against individuals with higher weight versus discrimination against an out-group.
Force-Velocity Relationships of Guinea Pig Ureter

Longitudinal force-velocity relationships of the guinea pig ureter were studied in vitro in 3 age groups: 2 to 3 weeks, 2 to 3 months and 2 to 3 years. Velocity of shortening depends on the load lifted and not on the initial length of the muscle. Force-velocity relationships did not change with age, but the isometric force when the velocity is zero and no shortening occurs, increased with age. The shortening of the muscle, expressed as per cent of in vivo length, was independent of age and of preload. Therefore, work performed by a unit length of ureter which is the product of shortening and load lifted, and power which is the product of velocity and load lifted, are unaffected by age or by initial length. Thus there appears to be no significant age-related change in isotonic parameters of contraction such as velocity, shortening, work and power.
Understanding the Recycler: an Emerging Arena for Marketing Strategy

Solid waste management/disposal continues to climb the list of major challenges faced by city and municipal governments. Corporations question the extent of the differential advantage and goodwill gained from "green" marketing. This research addresses components of both issues. Specifically, this study profiles current recyclers based on usage levels, products recycled and recyclers’ commitment to purchasing products packaged in recycled materials.
Prospects for Sterane Preservation in Sponge Fossils from Museum Collections and the Utility of Sponge Biomarkers for Molecular Clocks

Abstract The sponge biomarker hypothesis argues that 24-isopropylcholestanes preserved in Neoproterozoic-age rocks are “molecular fossils” left behind by marine sponges. Despite genetic and geologic support for this hypothesis, 24-isopropylcholestane has never been reported from a sponge body fossil. This lack of direct evidence regarding the source of sponge biomarkers through deep time leaves unanswered questions, such as whether their biosynthesis evolved once in sponges or multiple times across different lineages. In this study, we analyzed 10 sponge fossils from the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History collections in pursuit of evidence of sterane biomarkers. We failed to recover 24-isopropylcholestane and instead found a near-identical sterane profile across all samples. This result indicates a combination of little to no sterane preservation in the fossils themselves, coupled with anthropogenic hydrocarbon contamination during their collection and storage. However, signals from bacterial biomarke...
Late Pleistocene proboscidean population dynamics in the North American Midcontinent

Understanding megafaunal population dynamics is critical to testing and refining scenarios of how extinctions occurred during the terminal Pleistocene. Large-scale, collections-based, chronological and taphonomic analyses of midwestern Proboscidea suggest divergent population histories in mammoths and mastodons after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Although extinction of both taxa occurred in the very late Bolling-Allerod (B-A) or early Younger Dryas (YD), Mammuthus is dominant during the LGM with a decreasing presence in the region until extirpation. Mammut americanum however, is absent during the LGM but becomes the dominant taxon during the subsequent B-A. Trace and physical evidence of large carnivores in post-LGM proboscidean assemblages is extremely rare, suggesting apex predators had minimal impact on mammoth and mastodon populations at this time. The ultimate mechanism(s) of extinction remain unclear; however, the wide geographical distribution of late Mammut and an increase in the frequency of multi-animal death assemblages is consistent with a large, destabilized population experiencing periodic boom-bust cycling at the end of the B-A. We suggest this pattern is due to the collapse of trophic controls on proboscidean populations prior to the LGM and a subsequent system-wide shift from top-down to bottom-up regulatory mechanisms in Proboscidea.
Transverse single-particle instability in the NAL 500 GeV accelerator

Abstract Experiments reveal that single-particle resonances, driven by field imperfections, limit the 8 GeV acceptance of the NAL main accelerator to protons with betatron oscillation amplitudes less than 8 mm. It is observed that resonances driven by random azimuthal field fluctuations are much weaker than those driven by average field errors acting in concert with the super-periodicity of the accelerator. This consideration dictates the choice of operating tune. Correction magnets are installed to compensate zero harmonic skew quadrupole, sextupole, and octupole errors. Separate control of d v x d p , d v y d p , d 2 v x d p 2 , and d 2 v y d p 2 is possible in an energy-dependent manner. High azimuthal harmonic patterns of correction magnets are used to eliminate dipole, quadrupole, sextupole, and skew sextupole resonances adjacent to the operating point. A description of these systems and the improvements obtained are given.
Superdurable Coating Fabricated from a Double-Sided Tape with Long Term "Zero" Bacterial Adhesion.

There is no coating technology currently available to prevent the notorious biofilm formation issue. Here, a potential solution to fully address this tough issue is reported by developing a super-antifouling coating. The use of zwitterionic hydrogel (a double-sided tape) and commercial superglue is combined and a durable and ultrarobust antifouling zwitterionic (DURA-Z) coating is created that can be easily and universally applied on common substrates. Commercial superglue mostly for binding hydrophobic materials is used to strongly immobilize the superhydrophilic DURA-Z coating through interpenetration. DURA-Z coating effectively solves several key challenges preventing the current antifouling coatings from practical use, including difficult fabrication, low efficacy, poor toughness, and durability. The fabricated DURA-Z coating retains antifouling property after 90 d of immersion in water, 50 d of buffer shearing, and 30 d of water flushing, and after repeated knife scratch and sandpaper abrasion under 570 kPa. The DURA-Z coating achieves a rarely reported long-term biofilm resistance to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi: it remains almost “zero” microbe adhesion after continuously challenged by more than 109 cells mL−1 culture medium for 30 d.
Lung and Pleura

Most pulmonary adenocarcinomas present with a mixed histological and cytological picture. Traditionally, they have been graded depending on the degree of gland or papilla formation. In 2011, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society recommends that pulmonary adenocarcinomas should be graded based on the predominant growth pattern rather than the least differentiated components as for most other carcinomas [1]. The glandular structures of well-differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinomas resemble more clefts or slits than genuine glands. Reflecting the tremendous plasticity of pulmonary stem cells which eventually give rise to more than 40 different cell types in adult lungs, adenocarcinomatous cells can assume many different cellular shapes which might be present in a single tumor [2, 3]. The vast majority of well-differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinomas show features indicating Clara cell or type II pneumocyte differentiation. The tumor cells are bland with ample cytoplasm except for prominent nucleoli. Characteristically, they have protruding and frizzy luminal surface (papillary) borders [3–5]. Consistent with their Clara cell differentiation, this cellular characteristic of adenocarcinomas contributes to the cleft/slit appearance of malignant glands.
Middle Passage to Freedom: Black Atlantic Consciousness in Charles Johnson's Middle Passage and S. I. Martin's Incomparable World

Charles Johnson9s novel, Middle Passage , and S.I. Martin9s novel, Incomparable World , illustrate through mobile, culturally hybrid protagonists Paul Gilroy9s notion of Black Atlantic consciousness, which is based on cultural hybridity and physical mobility across the Atlantic between Europe and Africa, America and the Caribbean. I argue that both novels blur the line between freedom and slavery, between oppressed and oppressor, and disrupt the links between blackness and slavery, between mobility and freedom. In both novels the diasporic Black Atlantic experiences privilege masculinity, since neither novel includes black women who can experience the mobility that the male protagonists do.
Thymosin beta 4 regulation of actin in sepsis

Introduction: Sepsis is the dysregulated host response to an infection resulting in life-threatening organ damage. Thymosin Beta 4 is an actin binding protein that inhibits the polymerization of G-...
3.21 – Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) extends the utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy by simultaneously sampling more than a single location. This method allows for creation of images of a single chemical moiety or the sampling of spectra in many voxels within a line, plane, or volume. A variety of acquisition and display methods have been developed, the choice of which is dependent on the intended application. MRSI is in routine use in clinical human imaging and has applications in animal and materials studies.
Link between prescriptions and the electronic health record.

Purpose The extent to which medication prescriptions had a reason for the medication use documented in form of a potential indication within the electronic health record (EHR) problem lists using a MEDication Indication (MEDI) resource was evaluated. Methods Prescriptions from January 1 to June 30, 2015, comparing them to patients’ problem lists using MEDI and the MEDI High Precision Subset (MEDI-HPS) were analyzed. RxNorm generic ingredient name codes in MEDI were used to map prescriptions to problems using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition . A reference standard was established to evaluate the MEDI precision and recall by having 2 pharmacists independently manually review prescriptions and problem lists from 30 randomly selected patients. Results For 62,191 patients, 61% of prescriptions matched a potential indication on the patient’s problem list using MEDI, whereas only 38% had a match using MEDI-HPS. The precision of MEDI compared to the reference standard was 47% with a recall of 57%, whereas MEDI-HPS had a precision of 79% and recall of 96%. Secondary analysis excluding medication prescribed with a supply of ≤14 days gave slightly better, yet not significant, results. Conclusion Analysis of patient records found most patients did not have an indication listed in the EHR problem list that would match a specific medication, suggesting that the problem lists may be incomplete. When using MEDI, 61% of prescriptions matched to the problem list, compared with only 38% using MEDI-HPS. Likewise, 37% of problems matched to prescriptions when using MEDI, compared with only 21% using MEDI-HPS.
Genetics and the Media

Noting the prevalence of ‘genetalk’ in the media, this article develops three pervasive themes: the power of genetic tests to predict future health and disease; the idea of biological determinism—that genes determine personality and behavior; and the promise that genetic research will quickly lead to solutions to both health and behavioral problems. This article suggests some of the problems of these media messages as they create the assumptions underlying personal decisions, social policies, and institutional practices.
In Defense of the “Wide” Rational Choice Model of Collective Political Action

The logic of individual (non)-participation in collective action such as political protest or revolution, derived from Mancur Olson’s seminal exposition (1965), is well known. In large groups, each individual reasons first that his or her participation will have little marginal impact on the likelihood that collective action would be successful. Further, individuals who do not participate cannot normally be denied the benefits of the “public goods”, e.g. a change in regime or public policy, which successful collective action can provide. As a result, rational individuals will prefer to abstain or “free-ride” on the efforts of others, reasoning that abstention will bring the same expected benefits as participation without any of the potentially severe personal, legal and opportunity costs involved in protest behavior.
Studies of V(D)J recombination with extrachromosomal substrates.

We have developed a series of new substrates to study the mechanism and regulation of lymphoid V(D)J recombination. The substrates remain extrachromosomal and are recovered and analyzed for recombination within one to two days after transfection into murine cells. Extrachromosomal substrates have several advantages over substrates that integrate into the genome. Because integrating substrates incorporate into the genome at different sites in each host cell, recombination may be variably influenced by different chromosomal contexts, thereby introducing an uncontrolled parameter into comparisons between different host lines or substrates. Also, a considerable length of time is required to establish cells with integrated exogenous DNA, and drug selection or cellular subcloning steps are necessary to isolate the recombinant clones. Quantitative studies are thus difficult or in many cases impossible.
Stylistic Characterization in Plato: Nicias, Alcibiades, and Laches

The speeches attributed to these figures by Plato, when analyzed by the procedures charted by D. Tomkins, are consistent with their stylistic characteristics exhibited in Thucydides.
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE UNLOADED STATE FOR ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM STRESS CALCULATIONS

Biomechanical analyses can be used to better understand the rupture risk of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) on a patient-specific basis using vascular geometries obtained from medical imaging. Me...
Artificial selection of insects to bioconvert pre-consumer organic wastes. A review

As the human population continues to grow, so too do the concerns regarding the sustainability of waste management from our food production systems. Faced with limited environmental resources for food production, issues related to food loss and waste are critical in mitigating challenges stemming from projected population growth and long-term food security and sustainability. The potential for using insects to consume organic waste materials and convert them into feed for animal, biofuels, and other valuable secondary products is gaining momentum as both a research discipline and as a business opportunity. Here, this ecosystem service is referred to as “insects as bioconverters of organic waste.” Scientific reviews of this topic have mainly focused on the challenges associated with development of commercial scale systems. To compliment existing reviews, we address this exciting topic from an artificial selection perspective, as we review and discuss aspects associated with targeted breeding and adaptation of both gut microbial communities and host insects themselves. We describe the “ideal insect bioconverter,” insects uniquely equipped to convert wastes into biomass and other valuable secondary products, and we present the current knowledge and existing research gaps towards the development of such organisms. We conclude that (1) targeted breeding of insects and their gut microbes can produce tailored insect lineages for bioconversion of specific waste streams; (2) research is needed to take full advantage of the existing insect diversity to identify new candidate species for bioconversion; and (3) further research into insect-gut microbial complexes will likely provide important insight into ways insects can be used as sustainable bioconverters of highly specialized waste streams.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology, critical care interventions, and mortality of children with pulmonary hypertension receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected multicenter data. SETTING Data entered into the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization database between January 2007 and November 2018. PATIENTS Pediatric patients between 28 days and 18 years old with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Six hundred thirty-four extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs were identified (605 patients). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support type was pulmonary (43.1%), cardiac (40.2%), and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (16.7%). The majority of cannulations were venoarterial (80.4%), and 30% had a pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cardiac arrest. Mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension was 51.3% compared with 44.8% (p = 0.001) in those without pulmonary hypertension. In univariate analyses, significant predictors of mortality included age less than 6 months and greater than 5 years; pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cardiac arrest; pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation blood gas with pH less than 7.12, PaCO2 greater than 75, PaO2 less than 35, and arterial oxygen saturation less than 60%; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration greater than 280 hours; extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, inotropic support, myocardial stun, tamponade, pulmonary hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, other hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal replacement therapy, mechanical/circuit problem, and metabolic acidosis. A co-diagnosis of pneumonia was associated with significantly lower odds of mortality (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.8). Prediction models were developed using three sets of variables: 1) pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (age, absence of pneumonia, and pH < 7.12; area under the curve, 0.62); 2) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation related (extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, any neurologic complication, pulmonary hemorrhage, renal replacement therapy, and metabolic acidosis; area under the curve, 0.72); and 3) all variables combined (area under the curve, 0.75) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Children with pulmonary hypertension who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support have a significantly greater odds of mortality compared with those without pulmonary hypertension. Risk factors for mortality include age, absence of pneumonia, pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation acidosis, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, pulmonary hemorrhage, neurologic complications, renal replacement therapy, and acidosis while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Identification of those pulmonary hypertension patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation who are at even higher risk for mortality may inform clinical decision-making and improve prognostic awareness.
Assess Current and Potential Salmonid Production in Rattlesnake Creek in Association with Restoration Effors; US Geological Survey Reports, 2003-2004 Annual Report.

This project was designed to document existing habitat conditions and fish populations within the Rattlesnake Creek watershed (White Salmon River subbasin, Washington) before major habitat restoration activities are implemented and prior to the reintroduction of salmon and steelhead above Condit Dam. Returning adult salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss have not had access to Rattlesnake Creek since 1913. An assessment of resident trout populations should serve as a good surrogate for evaluation of factors that would limit salmon and steelhead production in the watershed. Personnel from United States Geological Survey's Columbia River Research Laboratory (USGS-CRRL) attended to three main objectives of the Rattlesnake Creek project. The first objective was to characterize stream and riparian habitat conditions. This effort included measures of water quality, water quantity, stream habitat, and riparian conditions. The second objective was to determine the status of fish populations in the Rattlesnake Creek drainage. To accomplish this, we derived estimates of salmonid population abundance, determined fish species composition, assessed distribution and life history attributes, obtained tissue samples for genetic analysis, and assessed fish diseases in the watershed. The third objective was to use the collected habitat and fisheries information to help identify and prioritize areas in needmore » of restoration. As this report covers the fourth year of a five-year study, it is largely restricted to describing our efforts and findings for the first two objectives.« less