cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of the Adsorption of Acetylene on the (111) Surfaces of Pd, Pt, Ni, and Rh

Plane-wave density functional theory and extended Huckel calculations have been used to study the adsorption of acetylene and hydrogen on the (111) surface planes of Pd, Pt, Ni, and Rh. In agreement with previous experimental and computational studies, atomic hydrogen is found to preferentially adsorb in a 3-fold hollow site on each metal surface, although the potential-energy surface for hydrogen binding is apparently rather flat. Differences in the adsorption behavior of acetylene on the four surfaces are more pronounced. An adsorption structure in which C2H2 is oriented above a 3-fold hollow, with its axis parallel to but tilted away from a metal−metal bond, is computed to be most stable on Pd, Pt, and Rh. On Ni(111), acetylene is found to strongly adsorb above two contiguous hollow sites, with its molecular plane perpendicular to the surface and bisecting a Ni−Ni bond. The anomalous adsorption behavior on Ni is explained using the crystal orbital Hamilton population formalism. Calculated C2H2 adsorpti...
Hospital readmission rates and emergency department visits for mental health and substance abuse conditions

Community hospital stays in 12 states during 2008-2009 were analyzed to determine predictors of 12-month hospital readmission and emergency department (EDs) revisits among persons with a mental health or substance abuse diagnosis. Probabilities of hospital readmission and of ED revisits were modeled as functions of patient demographics, insurance type, number of prior-year hospital stays, diagnoses and other characteristics of the initial stay, and hospital characteristics. Alcohol or drug dependence, dementias, psychotic disorders, autism, impulse control disorders, and personality disorders were most strongly associated with future inpatient admission or ED revisits within 12 months of initial encounter. Insurance type, including uninsured status, were highly significant (p<.01) predictors of both readmission and ED revisits.
Structural characterization and physiological function of component B from Methanosarcina thermophila

The electron donor (component B) to the methyl coenzyme M methylreductase system from Methanosarcina thermophila was isolated as the 7-methyl derivative and characterized. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H NMR analyses identified this derivative as 7-methylthioheptanoylthreonine phosphate (CH3-S-HTP), indicating that the original component B had the same structure (HS-HTP) as previously determined for component B from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The heterodisulfide of HS-HTP and coenzyme M (HS-CoM, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) was enzymatically reduced in cell extracts using electrons supplied by either H2 or CO, confirming that HS-HTP was a functional molecule in M. thermophila.
Millimeter-wave rotational spectroscopy of MgOD and CaOD (X 2Σ+)

Pure rotational spectra of CaOD and MgOD have been recorded in the range 200–390 GHz using millimeter/sub‐mm direct absorption spectroscopy. Transitions arising from the (000), (010), (020), and (100) modes have been measured for the 2Σ+ ground electronic states of these free radicals. The data were analyzed successfully using a linear 2Σ+ model for CaOD; for MgOD, only the (000) and (010) states could be fit with this Hamiltonian. Moreover, the (010) data required the addition of a substantial pΠ term to account for contamination of excited 2Π electronic states. For both species, the α2 vibration–rotation term was found to be negative, in contrast to MgOH and CaOH, suggesting a less anharmonic contribution to the bending potential in CaOD and MgOD. These measurements also indicate a shorter O–H bond in MgOH than the other alkaline earth hydroxide radicals, which likely results because this species is quasilinear.
Bosak, Dauphas, Fiore, Maloof, and Schoof receive 2011 James B. Macelwane medals: Citation for Arlene M. Fiore

Tanja Bosak, Nicolas Dauphas, Arlene M. Fiore, Adam C. Maloof, and Christian Schoof were awarded the 2011 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
SHAPS-C: the Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale modified for clinician administration

Anhedonia, a diminished or lack of ability to experience and anticipate pleasure represents a core psychiatric symptom in depression. Current clinician assessment of anhedonia is generally limited to one or two all-purpose questions and most well-known psychometric scales of anhedonia are relatively long, self-administered, typically not state sensitive, and are unsuitable for use in clinical settings. A user-friendly tool for a more in-depth clinician assessment of hedonic capacity is needed. The present study assessed the validity and reliability of a clinician administered version of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, the SHAPS-C, in 34 depressed subjects. We compared total and specific item scores on the SHAPS-C, SHAPS (self-report version), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Rating version (IDS-SR). We also examined construct, content, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and split-half reliability of the SHAPS-C. The SHAPS-C was found to be valid and reliable. The SHAPS and the SHAPS-C were positively correlated with one another, with levels of depression severity, as measured by the MADRS, and the IDS-SR total scores, and with specific items of the MADRS and IDS-SR sensitive to measuring hedonic capacity. Our investigation indicates that the SHAPS-C is a user friendly, reliable, and valid tool for clinician assessment of hedonic capacity in depressed bipolar and unipolar patients.
Subjective symptoms of acute asthma within a heterogeneous sample of asthmatics

Abstract A heterogeneous group of 175 severe asthma inpatients with perennial symptoms were asked to rate the frequency with which 77 symptoms occurred during their asthma attacks. The reported frequency of occurrence for individual symptoms and symptom categories of panic-fear, irritability, fatigue, hyperventilation-hypocapnia, and airway obstruction are presented. As expected, airway obstruction symptoms were the most frequently reported during acute asthmatic episodes. In decreasing order, the airway obstruction symptoms were followed by fatigue, panic-fear, irritability, and hyperventilation-hypocapnia. A separation of the patient sample into subgroups revealed no differences in reported occurrence of the symptom categories associated with age, age at onset, or length of illness. Females reported experiencing panic-fear and fatigue symptoms more frequently than males. Patients who subsequently had higher steroid regimens prescribed at discharge reported more frequent panic-fear symptoms. Those patients with an infectious component in their asthma reported symptoms of panic-fear, fatigue, and airway obstruction somewhat more frequently than those classified as having no infectious component in their asthma. The results suggest that subjective symptomatology may provide important clues concerning the nature of emotional factors in asthma and response to treatment.
Performance of customized control charts to detect process disturbances

In this paper we demonstrate the use of control charts based on orthogonal contrasts for a semiconductor manufacturing process. The statistical performance of individuals control charts based on these contrasts and their exponentially weighted moving average counterparts is compared to that of the traditional approach. Contrast-based charts have superior detection capabilities than the traditional approach when targeted at specific process disturbances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of estrogens on food intake and body weight following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions

The effects of estrogens on increased food intake and body weight gain induced by ovariectomy were examined in VMHN-lesioned and nonlesioned female rats. Ovariectomy yielded higher food intake and weight gain in VMHN-lesioned rats than that produced by lesions alone. Relatively low dosages of estradiol benzoate were effective in suppressing ovariectomy-induced food intake and weight gain in VMHN-lesioned and nonlesioned animals.
Suboxic deposition of ferric iron by bacteria in opposing gradients of Fe(II) and oxygen at circumneutral pH.

The influence of lithotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria on patterns of ferric oxide deposition in opposing gradients of Fe(II) and O 2 was examined at submillimeter resolution by use of an O 2 microelectrode and diffusion microprobes for iron. In cultures inoculated with lithotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria, the majority of Fe(III) deposition occurred below the depth of O 2 penetration. In contrast, Fe(III) deposition in abiotic control cultures occurred entirely within the aerobic zone. The diffusion microprobes revealed the formation of soluble or colloidal Fe(III) compounds during biological Fe(II) oxidation. The presence of mobile Fe(III) in diffusion probes from live cultures was verified by washing the probes in anoxic water, which removed ca. 70% of the Fe(III) content of probes from live cultures but did not alter the Fe(III) content of probes from abiotic controls. Measurements of the amount of Fe(III) oxide deposited in the medium versus the probes indicated that ca. 90% of the Fe(III) deposited in live cultures was formed biologically. Our findings show that bacterial Fe(II) oxidation is likely to generate reactive Fe(III) compounds that can be immediately available for use as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration and that biological Fe(II) oxidation may thereby promote rapid microscale Fe redox cycling at aerobic-anaerobic interfaces.
An empirical study of quality management practices in the petroleum industry

The purpose of this paper is to empirically study quality management practices in the petroleum industry in Iran. A reliable and valid survey instrument has been used for data gathering from managers in the petroleum industry in Iran. The instrument has been developed based on the criteria of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA), which consists of 13 dimensions of quality management. Correlation analysis has been used to test for a relationship between the quality management constructs and quality results (internal quality results and/or external quality results). Most of the linkages within the Baldrige criteria were supported, which indicates the universal applicability of the Baldrige Award criteria. The result of the correlation analysis indicates that top management support is the major driver for quality management implementation which is significantly correlated with most of the quality management constructs. Furthermore, the results indicated that employee training and employee invo...
Theory of the structure and lattice dynamics of incommensurate solids: A classical treatment

A classical theory of the static strains and lattice dynamics for solids possessing incommensurate structures is developed using a spatial Fourier representation of the static strains and a space-time Fourier representation of the dynamical modes. Although the theory is presented for one-dimensional systems, the general technique is not restricted to such systems and can be applied in a straightforward manner to problems in two or three dimensions. A set of coupled, nonlinear equations is derived for the amplitudes and phases of the strains and a controllable sequence of approximations is described for finding the solutions to these equations. Excellent results are obtained using only low-order terms in various truncated expansions even for those cases where the domain walls are quite narrow. It is sbown that provided the amplitUdes of the dynamical oscillations are,small enough, normal modes do exist even in the limit of large static strains. However, these modes are not characterized by a single wave vector but rather have important contributions from density fluctuations of various wavelengths. Strong evidence is given for the energy at zero kelvin of the one-dimensional system being a nonanalytic function of the mean lattice spacing of the type described by Aubry. This means that the pressure is a discontinuous function of the mean spacing with discontinuities existing at rational values of this spacing. The sizes of these discontinuities decrease rapidly as the order of the commensurate state increases. Each commensurate state would thus exist over a finite pressure range and the system will exhibit a "devil's-stair" behavior at zero kelvin.
Attributional Biases in Aggressive Children and Their Mothers

To investigate if mothers and their aggressive children share the tendency to infer hostile motives from others' behavior in ambiguous social situations, 100 pairs of mothers and their clinic-referred or comparison children (50 boys and 50 girls) were asked to interpret hypothetical situations involving both overtly and relationally provocative scenarios. Results replicated previous findings of studies on social information processing of aggressive children and extended the findings to mothers of aggressive children. Findings were generally consistent with the hypothesis that mothers of aggressive children tend to view others' ambiguous actions as hostile, increasing the probability of responding with aggression and, in effect, modeling a hostile attributional bias for their children. Examinations of mothers' and their children's attributional and behavioral intentions suggested that mothers' and daughters' attributions and behavioral intentions were significantly correlated, whereas mothers' and sons' were not. Gender effects with regard to provocation type are also discussed.
Multi-MeV accelerator system for ion implantation

Ion implantation makes possible dramatic improvements in the surface properties of metals. For many applications the required penetration depth is several m, corresponding to an ion beam energy of several MeV. This paper describes the design of a compact, efficient accelerator system for such applications. The system is based on a MEVVA ion source and a high gradient rf quadrupole design.
“Mopping”—A mechanism of binding labeled colloid to albumin macroaggregates for perfusion lung scanning

Zusammenfassung “Mopping”—Ein mechanismus der binding von markiertem kolloid an albumin-makroaggregate zur perfusion des scanning von lungen Die Produktion verschiedener Reagenzien zur Abbildung der Lungen benotigt die Markierung von Kolloiden mit nachfolgender Bindung des Kolloids an Albumin-Makroaggregate. Wahrend die Makroaggregate zerfallen bleibt das markierte Kolloid intakt und wird durch die vertikulo-endothelialen Zellen der Leber phagocytiert. Ein Beweis fur die Verbindung Radionukleid-Kolloid-Makroaggregate kann durch die Bestimmung der Verteilung und des biologischen Ablaufs von verschiedenen Lungen-Perfusions-Radiopharmazeutika wahrend eder Stufe der Herstellung erbacht werden.
Estimate of top-of-atmosphere albedo for a molecular atmosphere over ocean using Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System measurements

The shortwave broadband albedo at the top of a molecular atmosphere over ocean between 40deg N and 40deg S is estimated using radiance measurements from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument and the Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The albedo monotonically increases from 0.059 at a solar zenith angle of 10deg to 0.107 at a solar zenith angle of 60deg. The estimated uncertainty in the albedo is 3.5 x 10(exp -3) caused by the uncertainty in CERES-derived irradiances, uncertainty in VIRS-derived aerosol optical thicknesses, variations in ozone and water vapor, and variations in surface wind speed. The estimated uncertainty is similar in magnitude to the standard deviation of 0.003 that is derived from 72 areas divided by 20deg latitude by 20deg longitude grid boxes. The empirically estimated albedo is compared with the modeled albedo using a radiative transfer model combined with an ocean surface bidirectional reflectivity model. The modeled albedo with standard tropical atmosphere is 0.061 and 0.111 at the solar zenith angles of 10deg and 60deg, respectively. This empirically estimated albedo can be used to estimate the direct radiative effect of aerosols at the top of the atmosphere over oceans.
Does donor cause of death affect the outcome of lung transplantation

Abstract Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that the donor's cause of death may influence posttransplantation allograft function. We conducted a retrospective analysis of our adult lung transplant experience to investigate the influence of donor traumatic brain injury versus nontraumatic brain injury on posttransplantation outcome. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed donor records and recipient medical charts for 500 consecutive lung transplants performed between July 1988 and December 1999. Recipient follow-up was complete, with a minimum follow-up of 1 year of survival. Results: There were 295 and 205 donors in the traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury groups, respectively. Young male donors predominated in the traumatic brain injury group. Recipients receiving donor lungs from the traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury groups did not differ by age, sex, diagnosis, type of transplant (single-lung versus double-lung) or requirement for pretransplantation mechanical ventilatory assistance. Recipients did not differ in immediate or 24-hour PaO 2 /inspired oxygen ratio, ventilation time, hospital stay, hospital mortality, or overall survival. Recipients of organs from donors who died of traumatic brain injury showed a higher severity and frequency of rejection episodes during the first year after transplantation. Freedoms from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome at 5 years were 34.5% and 50.8% for recipients of organs from donors who died of traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury, respectively ( P =.002). Conclusions: The cause of donor brain death does not appear to influence early results of lung transplantation. Traumatic brain injury, or some phenomenon associated with it, may predispose a transplanted lung and its recipient toward more severe early rejection episodes and subsequent development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:429-36
Ureteral reimplantation before bladder neck reconstruction in modern staged repair of exstrophy patients: indications and outcomes.

Objective To evaluate a single referral center's experience with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and its role in management before bladder neck reconstruction (BNR) in exstrophy patients after modern staged repair of exstrophy (MSRE). VUR after primary closure of bladder exstrophy can usually be managed conservatively until ureteral reimplantation (UR) at the time of BNR. However, VUR in these patients is occasionally associated with febrile urinary tract infection and worsening renal function necessitating UR before BNR. Materials and Methods A total of 199 patients who underwent MSRE were identified from an institutional review board–approved database. Patient demographics, closure history, postprimary closure VUR, history of urinary tract infection, cystography outcomes, renal function, history of UR before BNR, and UR outcomes were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors predicting high-grade VUR and the need for pre-BNR UR. Results After primary closure, VUR was observed in 150 patients (75.4%) of whom 31 (15.58%) had high-grade VUR. Closure without osteotomy and postclosure outlet obstruction were independently associated with postprimary closure high-grade VUR ( P P Conclusion VUR after exstrophy closure can generally be managed with conservative treatment and periodic monitoring of the upper urinary tracts. About 11% of patients undergoing MSRE will require UR before BNR. Closure without osteotomy and patients who develop outlet obstruction after closure are at increased risk for developing high-grade VUR.
Low‐temperature specific heat of polystyrene and related polymers (1.6° to 4°K)

The specific heat of polystyrenes of different origin and molecular weight, of α-substituted and ortho-substituted polystyrenes, and of polystyrenes crosslinked with different amounts of divinylbenzene have been measured between 1.6 and 4°K. The specific heat of all samples shows a temperature dependence that can not be explained by assuming a Debye frequency spectrum for the vibrational modes in these polymers. Good agreement is obtained by fitting the data to a superposition of a Debye T3 term and an Einstein specific heat with a characteristic temperature of 15–18°K. This localized frequency mode may have its origin in the one-dimensional nature of the polymer chain. A simple calculation of the length of a polystyrene chain necessary to obtain these characteristic temperatures shows reasonable agreement with the number of Einstein oscillators observed in the samples.
Abstract 2740: Antitumor activity of BMS-754807, a small molecule inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor / insulin receptor, in combination with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies characterized by late clinical presentation, rapid local and metastatic progression and high resistance to conventional therapies. Gemcitabine, an approved treatment for PDAC, has limited clinical benefits. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) has shown to be expressed in many human cancers including PDAC. The present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of BMS-754807, a small molecule inhibitor of IGF-1R and insulin receptor (IR), alone and in combination with gemcitabine, in experimental PDAC. The human PDAC cell lines were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. In vitro cell proliferation and protein expression were measured by WST-1 assay and immunoblotting. Tumor growth and animal survival studies were performed in murine xenografts. Ki67 and TUNEL staining were used to detect intratumoral proliferation and apoptosis. PDAC cell lines AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Mia PaCa-2 and Panc-1 expressed IGF-1R and phospho-IGF-1R proteins. BMS-754807 and gemcitabine inhibited in vitro cell proliferation of PDAC cell lines; the combination of BMS-754807 with gemcitabine had additive effects. IC25 concentrations of BMS-754807 decreased gemcitabine IC50 from 9.7 μM to 75 nM for AsPC-1, from 3 μM to 70 nM for Panc-1, from 72 nM to 16 nM for Mia PaCa-2 and from 28 nM to 16 nM for BxPC-3 cells, respectively. BMS-754807 caused a significant decrease in phospho-IGF-1R and phospho-AKT proteins in AsPC-1 and Panc-1 cells. BMS-754807 and gemcitabine caused an increase in apoptosis-related PARP-1 and caspase-3 cleavage with additive effects in combination. Compared with controls, in vivo net tumor growth inhibition in BMS-754807, gemcitabine and BMS-754807+gemcitabine groups was 59 percent (p=0.05), 35 percent (p=0.02) and 94 percent (p=0.0007), respectively. Effects on intratumoral proliferation and apoptosis after BMS-754807 and gemcitabine treatments corresponded directly with tumor growth inhibition data. BMS-754807 also caused a decrease in phospho-IGF-1R and phospho-AKT in tumor tissue lysates. Median animal survival (Controls: 21 days) after BMS-754807 was 27 days (p=0.03 versus control), after gemcitabine group 28 days (p=0.05 versus control) and in the BMS-754807+gemcitabine combination group 41 days (p=0.007 versus control and p=0.02 versus gemcitabine or BMS-754807 monotherapy). BMS-754807 has strong antitumor activity in experimental PDAC, and it significantly improves gemcitabine response. These results support the potential of BMS-754807-induced mechanisms for clinical PDAC therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2740. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2740
Effect of Stress−Structure Coupling on the Rheology of Complex Fluids: Poor Polymer Solutions

When sheared, near-θ polymer solutions undergo a dramatic enhancement of concentration fluctuations due to a coupling between polymer stress and concentration. This phenomenon is easily observed as an increase in turbidity. The flow-induced mesoscopic structure is, however, anisotropic and results in an extra “anomalous” stress in the fluid. The dynamics and rheology of such a system is discussed and a phenomenological description for stress evolution as a result of concentration fluctuation enhancement is developed. The rheological properties are shown to be quite unusual and include a shear thickening regime and the appearance of a second overshoot on flow startup. The methodology developed in this paper can be applied to a large number of problems involving flow-modified structure in complex fluids. An approximate stress−optic rule for the anomalous stress is developed and predictions for simple shear flow are compared with experimental results.
Operator Content of Two-Dimensional Conformally Invariant Theories

It is shown how conformal invariance relates many numerically accessible properties of the transfer matrix of a critical system in a finite-width infinitely long strip to bulk universal quantities. Conversely, general properties of the transfer matrix imply constraints on the allowed operator content of the theory. We show that unitary theories with a finite number of primary operators must have a conformal anomaly number c < 1, and therefore must fall into the classification of Friedan, Qiu and Shenker. For such theories, we derive sum rules which constrain the numbers of operators with given scaling dimensions.
Ni$sup 58$(n,p)Co$sup 58$m,g CROSS SECTION AND ISOMER RATIO FROM 1.04 TO 2.67 Mev

The cross sections and isomer ratios for the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}(n, p){\mathrm{Co}}^{58m,g}$ reaction have been measured relative to the ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}(n, f)$ reaction for neutron energies of 1.04 to 2.67 MeV. The absolute yield of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{58}$ was determined by counting coincidences between the 0.800-MeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray and the annihilation radiation of the positrons from the decay of the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{58}$ ground state. The observed cross sections and isomer ratios are compared with calculated values obtained by assuming compound nucleus formation and proton emission only to the 5+ and 2+ states of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{58}$.
The Declaration of Independence and International Law

Perhaps the most momentous but least widely understood development in modern history is the long transition from a world of empires to a world of states. Until at least the late nineteenth century, and in many places for decades after, most of the world’s population lived in the territorially expansive, internally diverse, hierarchically organised political communities called empires. It is a striking feature of our political world that humanity is now divided into so many states but it is equally significant that there are no longer any self-styled empires. Although many commentators argued that the United States acted like an empire during the presidency of George W. Bush, ‘empire’ was not a name formally adopted or publicly promoted by even the most committed proponents of an aggressive American foreign policy after 2001. Indeed, the last soi-disant empire died in 1979 when French forces overthrew Jean-Bedel Bokassa, the Napoleonic emperor of the Central African Empire, now the Central African Republic. In order to understand this great transformation of a world of empires into our world of states, it is essential to go back to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This was a period in which empires competed aggressively and expanded successfully, from China under the Qing dynasty to Great Britain under the Hanoverian monarchy. But it was also a century in which other empires were under challenge, from the Mughals in South Asia to the Bourbons and Habsburgs in Europe and the Atlantic world. The number of polities we might recognise to be sovereign states was relatively small and many of them, especially in Europe, sought the greater prestige and resources that came with being, or having, an empire and ruling over diverse and far-flung peoples. It would be anachronistic to see the origins of a world defined by states as early as 1648 and the Peace of Westphalia which is often held to have inaugurated a ‘Westphalian order’ of mutually acknowledged independent states; it might even be anachronistic to find the roots of a state-based international order even 200 years later in the mid nineteenth century when empires were still on the rise and on the march across the world from Mexico to Russia in the late nineteenth century.
Three-dimensional reconstruction from random projections: orientational alignment via Radon transforms

A method for alignment of projections with unknown projecting directions towards a three-dimensional reference has been developed. The technique has been applied to the three-dimensional reconstruction from images of a frozen-hydrated preparation of 50S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli recorded in the electron microscope. The algorithm as used here combines the Single Exposure Conical Reconstruction Technique (SECReT) with a three-dimensional orientation search. The algorithm allows for the refinement of a reconstruction obtained with SECReT by refinement of the true projection angles, and by the inclusion of projections with a priori unknown random orientation. With model data it is demonstrated that the algorithm works reliably even for signal-to-noise ratios lower than 1.
Crystal Structures of Trypanosoma cruzi UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Implicate Flexibility of the Histidine Loop in Enzyme Activation

Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Here we report crystal structures of the galactofuranose biosynthetic enzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) from T. cruzi, which are the first structures of this enzyme from a protozoan parasite. UGM is an attractive target for drug design because galactofuranose is absent in humans but is an essential component of key glycoproteins and glycolipids in trypanosomatids. Analysis of the enzyme-UDP noncovalent interactions and sequence alignments suggests that substrate recognition is exquisitely conserved among eukaryotic UGMs and distinct from that of bacterial UGMs. This observation has implications for inhibitor design. Activation of the enzyme via reduction of the FAD induces profound conformational changes, including a 2.3 A movement of the histidine loop (Gly60-Gly61-His62), rotation and protonation of the imidazole of His62, and cooperative movement of residues located on the si face of the FAD. Interestingly, these changes are substantially different from those described for Aspergillus fumigatus UGM, which is 45% identical to T. cruzi UGM. The importance of Gly61 and His62 for enzymatic activity was studied with the site-directed mutant enzymes G61A, G61P, and H62A. These mutations lower the catalytic efficiency by factors of 10-50, primarily by decreasing k(cat). Considered together, the structural, kinetic, and sequence data suggest that the middle Gly of the histidine loop imparts flexibility that is essential for activation of eukaryotic UGMs. Our results provide new information about UGM biochemistry and suggest a unified strategy for designing inhibitors of UGMs from the eukaryotic pathogens.
Numerical simulation of relative dispersion in two-dimensional, homogeneous, decaying turbulence

Lagrangian statistical results are presented from numerical simulations of an ensemble of fluid particles which were generated from a two-dimensional pseudospectral code. The single-particle results are in qualitative agreement with previous simulations on a lower-resolution grid. The two-particle, relative velocity correlations were found to fall off more rapidly than the single-particle correlations for short to intermediate times due to large-scale eddy advection in the single-particle case. The temporal behaviour of the mean square relative separation, 〈 r l 2 〉, is analysed for short to intermediate times and is found to be consistent with scaling arguments based on Kraichnan's expression for the non-local strain acting in the high-wavenumber enstrophy cascade spectral range. For longer times, 〈 r l 2 〉 exhibits t n behaviour. The power-law region is associated with the locally determined strain rates which characterize a backward energy-cascade spectrum.
Impact of urologic resident training on patient pain and morbidity associated with office-based cystoscopy.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether pain and morbidity experienced by patients undergoing cystoscopy were affected by whether a staff urologist or resident was the primary surgeon. METHODS Patients scheduled to undergo cystoscopy were assigned to either the staff urologist or a resident as the primary surgeon. After cystoscopy, patients were given a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0 to 100 mm) to assess pain. A two-part model was fit to investigate the effect that staff or resident had on pain scores. Confounding factors, such as age, gender, viewing of the procedure on video, and resident training year, were accounted for with multivariable regression techniques. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the VAS scores for patients undergoing cystoscopy regardless of whether staff or resident performed the procedure. Further comparisons indicated no statistically significant differences in the effect that resident training year had on pain scores. CONCLUSIONS Office-based cystoscopy can be performed by residents under staff supervision, with pain and morbidity comparable to when a staff urologist performs the procedure. The impact of urologic resident training on patient care is an area that is relatively unexplored in the literature.
An extremely low-profile ultra-wideband antenna with monopole-like radiation characteristics

Summary form only given. Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas have been the subject of many studies due to their widespread applications in areas ranging from wireless communications and sensing to radar systems and microwave imaging. The size of a UWB antenna is primarily determined by its lowest frequency of operation. Therefore, in applications where relatively low RF/microwave frequencies are used, the physical size of a UWB antenna may become prohibitively large. Additionally, in certain low-frequency applications such as military communications at HF, VHF, and UHF bands, antennas with monopole-like radiation patterns (i.e., vertically-polarized with omnidirectional radiation patterns) are required. In such applications, besides having compact dimensions, reducing the overall height of the antenna and its overall visual signature becomes extremely important as well.
DNA origami: a history and current perspective

Researchers have been using DNA for the rational design and construction of nanoscale objects for nearly 30 years. Recently, 'scaffolded DNA origami' has emerged as one of the most promising assembly techniques in DNA nanotechnology with a broad range of applications. In the past two years alone, DNA origami has been used to assemble water-soluble probe tiles for label-free RNA hybridization, to study single-molecule chemical reactions, to probe distance-dependent multivalent ligand-protein binding effects, and to organize a variety of relevant molecules including proteins, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles. This review will recount the origin, evolution, and current status of this extremely versatile assembly technique.
Genetic Dissection of a Mammalian Replicator in the Human β-Globin Locus

The timing and localization of DNA replication initiation in mammalian cells are heritable traits, but it is not known whether initiation requires specific DNA sequences. A site-specific recombination strategy was used to show that DNA sequences previously identified as replication initiation sites could initiate replication when transferred to new chromosomal locations. An 8-kilobase DNA sequence encompassing the origin of DNA replication in the human β-globin locus initiated replication in the simian genome. Specific deletions within the globin origin did not initiate replication in these chromosomal sites. These data suggest that initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells requires specific sequence information and extend the replicon hypothesis to higher eukaryotes.
Cardiac timing and the central regulation of action.

The central control of information processing necessarily entails a selection between actions that are implicit in different processing streams. We argue that this selection for action also adjusts the autonomic support for action. When actions are transiently undefined during the transition between actions, the time between heartbeats increases (heart rate transiently slows). This is particularly clear when actions are imminent but their identity is undefined, e.g. due to a delay while prepotent actions are inhibited in order to map a required action. We review results from a number of experiments supporting this perspective. These results suggest that central inhibition of representations of action influences heartbeat timing as well as more peripheral inhibition of overt responses. Given that inhibitory processes characteristic of central response selection induce transient heartbeat slowing, then this change is an interesting converging measure of the state of central response selection in combination with performance measures.
Aging ebbs the flow of thought: Adult age differences in mind wandering, executive control, and self-evaluation

article i nfo Two experiments examined the relations among adult aging, mind wandering, and executive-task perfor- mance, following from surprising laboratory findings that older adults report fewer task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) than do younger adults (e.g., Giambra, 1989; Jackson & Balota, 2012). Because older adults may expe- rience more ability- and performance-related worry during cognitive tasks in the laboratory, and because these evaluative thoughts (known as task-related interference, "TRI") might be sometimes misclassified by subjects as task-related, we asked subjects to distinguish task-related thoughts from TRI and TUTs when probed during ongoing tasks. In Experiment 1, younger and older adults completed either a go/no-go or a vig- ilance version of a sustained attention to response task (SART). Older adults reported more TRI and fewer TUTs than did younger adults while also performing more accurately. In Experiment 2, subjects completed either a 1- or a 2-back version of the n-back task. Older adults again reported more TRI and fewer TUTs than younger adults in both versions, while performing better than younger adults in the 1-back and worse in the 2-back. Across experiments, older adults' reduced TUT rates were independent of performance relative to younger adults. And, although older adults consistently reported more TRI and less mind wander- ing than did younger adults, overall they reported more on-task thoughts. TRI cannot, therefore, account completely for prior reports of decreasing TUTs with aging. We discuss the implications of these results for various theoretical approaches to mind-wandering.
Studies on African snake venoms. I. The proteolytic activities of some African viperidae venoms.

The venoms of Bitis arietans arietans, Bitis gabonica gabonica and Causus rhombeatus were tested for proteolytic activity against casein and hemoglobin at a number of pH values. B. arietans showed a relatively high activity. The pH dependence of the stability of proteolytic activity was also determined. All three venoms show a reduction in activity upon incubation with EDTA or dithiothreitol.
Zooplankton feeding ecology: bacterivory by metazoan microzooplankton

Bacterivory by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller, nauplii and copepodites of the copepods Centropages Kroyer sp. and Acartia tonsa Dana, and the tintinnid Favella panamensis Kofoid & Campbell was examined using fluorescently labelled bacteria (FLB) and epifluorescence microscopy. FLB were < 1 μm in diameter, and were offered at environmental concentrations (1.47−9.08 × 106 cells·ml−1). FLB were visible within rotifers, nauplii, copepodites, and tintinnids, confirming ingestion. Rotifer clearance rates (32–418 μl·animal−1·h−1) exhibited no relation with FLB concentration. In some cases rates of clearance of FLB by rotifers were different with alternative phytoplankton food (Nanochloris Naumann sp.) than in replicates with FLB alone, whereas in other cases presence of alternative food exhibited no clear effects on rates of ingestion of FLB. Clearance rates for all six naupliar stages of A. tonsa nauplii (0–320 μl·animal−1·h−1) were stage-related, with higher rates by NIII-VI nauplii than NI-II nauplii. Nauplii had higher rates of clearance of FLB in the absence of alternative phytoplankton food (Isochrysis Parke sp.). Clearance rates of FLB by a single stage of Centropages sp. nauplii, A. tonsa CI copepodites and F. panamensis (each obtained at only a single food concentration of either 1.5 or 5.0 × 106 cells·ml−1) were within the range of 85–142 μl·animal−1·h−1. These ranges were similar to those of rotifers and A. tonsa nauplii. This is the first report of FLB ingestion by metazoan marine microzooplankton. Although rotifers and ciliates might be expected to ingest small particles such as FLB using ciliary induced feeding currents, the means by which nauplii and copepodites eat FLB is less clear. We propose that they may “eat” bacteria as they “drink” to osmoregulate.
The Growth of Aquaculture in Developing Countries: Potentials, Patterns, and Pitfalls

Abstract The expectations for advances in aquaculture throughout the world have not taken into account the constraints of human abilities. Sustained aquaculture development depends on three essential components: basic conditions (supply and demand, environmental suitability, technical capability, legality, experience, and quality of leadership); infrastructure; and short term economic feasibility. Until the industry reaches the “take-off” stage, the growth of aquaculture is a slow, step-by-step process. Elimination of any one of the limiting factors will contribute somewhat to this growth, but not much. Nevertheless, the best way to develop aquaculture is to eliminate the limiting factors one by one.
Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the impact of ribose 2′‐O‐methylation on the aqueous solution conformation of cytidylyl‐(3′ → 5′)‐cytidine

In order to obtain information about the conformational characteristics at the nearestneighbor level in the 2′-O-methylated region of t-RNA, as well as in the bizarre 5′-terminus of eucaryotic mRNA, a detailed nuclear magnetic resonance study of 2′-O-methyl-cytidylyl-(3′ 5′)-cytidine (CmpC) was conducted. Proton spectra were recorded at 270 MHz in the Fourier mode in D2O solutions, 0.01M, pD 7.3 in the temperature range 5–80°C. Complete accurate sets of nmr parameters were derived for each of the nucleotidyl units by a combination of homo-nuclear decouplings and simulation iteration methods. The data were translated into conformational parameters using procedures developed in earlier studies from these laboratories. It is shown that the ribofuranose ring exists at a 2E ⇄ 3E equilibrium with clear preference [(75–80)%] for the 3E mode. The C(4′)-C(5′) and C(5′)-O(5′) bonds form a stable conformational network with outspoken preference for conformers in which Ψ1, Ψ2 ≃ 60° and ϕ2 ≃ 180°. The orientation of the 3′-phosphate and 2′-O-methyl groups is such that ϕ1′ ≃ 210° and ϕ″ ≃ 60°. The phosphodiester bonds are flexible and shift trends for base, H(1′), and H(5″) suggest the existence of a conformational blend of right-handed stack (g−g−), left-handed stack (g+g+), and unstacked arrays (tg− and tg+). Elevation of temperature perturbs the 2E ⇄ 3E equilibrium accompanied with modest depopulation of ψ1, ψ2 ≃ 60° and ϕ2 ≃ 180° conformers. The major effect of elevation of temperature is in the increase of unstacked arrays at the expense of g−g− and g+g+ conformers. The shift trend of Cmp-H(3′) with temperature shows that torsional variation about O(3′)-P is facilitated by increase in temperature and the preferred rotamer about O(3′)-P in the unstacked form is t (ω1′ = 180°). A detailed comparison of the aqueous solution conformations of CpC and CmpC reveals that 2′-O-methylation causes: (i) a reduction in the magnitude of χ1; (ii) an increase in the population of 3E pucker at the 3′-nucleotidyl unit; and (iii) modest perturbations in the O(3′)-P and P-O(5′) bond conformations. Comparison of the aqueous solution conformations of AmpA and CmpC makes clear that the conformational properties of pyrimidine-pyrimidine and purine-purine dimers which carry a 2′-O-methylated 3′-nucleotidyl unit are significantly different.
Tips for Teachers to Help Bilingual Chinese Immigrant Children.

Teachers of young children in Chinese immigrant families need to help children become proficient in English (ESL) while affirming the children's bilingual abilities. Pictures, gestures, pantomimes, and props as well as specific input of school-related words help bilingual young children learn English. Teachers read storybooks in English while supporting parental desires to continue to share storybooks in their native language. Ask children to teach the class some special words in Chinese and arrange for a variety of ethnic foods at some lunchtimes. Celebrate cultural holidays such as the Chinese New Year dragon festival parade.
Prospective study of an inverse relationship between maternal glycosylated hemoglobin and serum α-fetoprotein concentrations in pregnant women with diabetes

Abstract A hypothesized inverse relationship between the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin and serum α-fetoprotein was observed in a prospective study of 39 pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes as well as seven pregnant women with diabetes who did not require insulin (r = −0.434, p
Postnatal Booster Injections Increase Engraftment afterin UteroStem Cell Transplantation

Background. The primary barrier to clinical application of in utero hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is limited donor cell engraftment. We hypothesized that limited engraftment was due to competition between host and donor cells for available niches. We reasoned that increased engraftment might be achieved by performing multiple transplants separated by brief intervals to allow time for formation of new niches. To test this we performed multiple transplants in a congenic combination to avoid confounding immunologic effects. Materials and methods. C57Pep3B (H2K b , CD45.1) mice were used as donors of adult bone marrow and C57B1/6 (H2K b , CD45.2) mice were used as 14-day-gestation fetal recipients. All fetuses were injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 10 6 mononuclear cells. Boosted neonates were injected at Days 2, 4, and 7 of life with 5 × 10 6 cells. All animals were analyzed for donor cell engraftment by dual-color flow cytometry using CD45 and CD45.1 antigens. Results are reported as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-tailed Student t test with P < 0.05 considered significant. Results. Postnatally boosted animals demonstrated significantly elevated levels of donor cell engraftment (3.30 ± 0.8%; n = 8; P < 0.00001) when compared to the control animals (0.69 ± 0.5%; n = 9) as determined by peripheral blood analysis at 6 weeks of age. This elevated level of engraftment was stable long term. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate a significant increase in donor cell engraftment with postnatal booster injections after in utero transplantation. This supports the hypothesis that a limited number of niches may be a major component of the barrier to engraftment. It also suggests that postnatal booster injections may be a viable therapeutic strategy for improving donor cell engraftment after in utero HSC transplantation.