cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding curvature effects on the magnetization reversal of patterned permalloy Archimedean spirals

Geometric curvature in magnetic systems can induce several unique magnetic interactions, the most notable of which are the curvature induced magnetic anisotropy and the curvature introduced Dzyaloshinski–Moria (DM) like interaction. Of the two, the DM-like interaction is particularly interesting as it provides a unique way to control domain wall motion, which is particularly relevant to the field of spintronics. In this work, we study the effect of geometric curvature on magnetization reversal in Permalloy strips patterned into Archimedean spirals with varying widths. We simulated the magnetization reversal of Permalloy strips for several widths ranging from microscale to nanoscale to determine a lengthscale at which the curvature effects are strong. Simulations showed that in the microscale spirals, magnetization reversal primarily occurs through the appearance of magnetization ripple in which domains with reversed magnetization nucleate. On the other hand, the nanoscale spirals showed that reversal primarily proceeded through the motion of domain walls into the arms of the spiral. Our experimental in situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy data of the microscale spirals, however, showed that magnetization reversal occurred with both mechanisms. At the nanoscale, the effect of local variation of curvature leads to hysteresis loops with stepped behavior. This behavior is characteristic of the curvature induced DM-like interaction affecting domain wall motion in the arms of the nanoscale spirals.
Exploring the Effect of Mindfulness on Burnout in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Background:Burnout is a common phenomenon among health care providers known to adversely affect their mental health and clinical acumen. As mindfulness has been shown to diminish burnout with large...
Fraxinetum: um Estado de Fronteira Islâmico na Provença do Século X

The primary focus of this article is a reconsideration of Fraxinetum as an Islamic frontier state in tenth-century Provence. Traditional scholarship about Fraxinetum has interpreted the Muslim presence in Provence within the context of piracy. The interpretation of Fraxinetum as a pirate base centers largely on the interpretation of primary documents and the replication of the arguments of the Latin chroniclers within modern scholarship. Seeking to challenge the view that the Muslims in Francia were merely bandits, through a reassessment of primary sources and an analysis of some nontextual evidence, this article demonstrates that Fraxinetum was the political, military, and economic center of an Islamic frontier state in Provence that was populated largely by ghāzīs or mujāhidīn (Islamic frontier warriors) from al-Andalus. Reconceptualizing Fraxinetum as an Islamic frontier state should not be understood to mean that Muslim activity in Provence was centrally administered, but intends to convey that jihād, as well as certain economic motivations, played a crucial role in this frontier military settlement and, as such, needs to be adequately understood. This will allow scholars to comprehend more fully the nature of Fraxinetum, providing additional insight into the Muslim presence in Provence, and contributing to the understanding of the phenomenon of Islamic frontier states more broadly during the tenth century.
Review of: Forensic Engineering, Second Edition

This is the second edition of a book first published in 1989, with the current edition consisting of 12 individual chapters on various topics written by specialists in their respective fields. Chapter headings are as follows
Predictability of US tornado outbreak seasons using ENSO and northern hemisphere geopotential height variability

Abstract The predictability of dangerous atmospheric phenomena such as tornado outbreaks has generally been limited to a week or less. However, recent work has demonstrated the importance of the Rossby wavetrain phasing over the United States in establishing outbreak-favorable environments. The predictability of Rossby wavetrain phasing is strongly related to numerous climate-scale interannual variability indices, which are predictable many months in advance. To formalize the relationship between interannual variability indices and seasonal tornado outbreak frequency, indices derived from monthly mean Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa and 1000-hPa geopotential height fields and Nino 3.4 indices for ENSO phase were compared to annual tornado outbreak seasonal frequencies. Statistical models predicting seasonal outbreak frequency were established using linear (stepwise multivariate linear regression–SMLR) and nonlinear (support vector regression–SVR) statistical modeling techniques. The stepwise methodology revealed predictors that are important in establishing outbreak-favorable environments at long lead times. Additionally, the results of the statistical modeling revealed that the nonlinear SVR technique reduced root mean square errors produced by the control SMLR technique by 28% and provided more consistent forecasts. A preliminary physical analysis revealed that years with high outbreak frequencies were associated with the presence of 500-mb troughs over the central and western US during the peak of outbreak season, while lower frequencies were consistent with ridging over the US or northwest flow over the Plains. These patterns support the results of the statistical modeling, which demonstrate the utility of geopotential height variability as a predictability measure of outbreak frequency.
Stem cells from cartilaginous and bony fish.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on models for stem cell studies and comparative approaches for understanding the nature of evolution and embryological development. Cell culture increasingly is applied to complement the techniques and hypotheses of molecular biology. Goldfish and carp cell lines are used for studies of tissue regeneration and carcinogenesis. The first fish cell lines were established in basic nutrient media formulations developed for mammalian cells and using mammalian serum as a supplement. As time progressed, new cell lines from a variety of species began to be reported. Examples are cultures from the Asian striped snakehead, koi, grass carp, flounder, grouper, seabream, and Atlantic salmon. Further advancement in this field relies to some degree on media more precisely tailored to fish in general and often directed to specific genera or species. In these approaches, addition of purified growth factors, fish embryo extract, or other medium supplements is necessary. Using these methods, a number of embryonal stem cell-like and tissue-specific stem cell lines have been established from zebrafish embryo and adult tissues.
Structural determinants of the noncatalytic chain of tissue-type plasminogen activator that modulate its association rate with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

In order to identify the regions of recombinant (r) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that mediate its kinetically relevant interaction with r-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (rPAI-1), we have determined the second-order association rate (k1) constants of domain-altered variants of tPA with rPAI-1, at 10 degrees C. With two-chain, wild-type recombinant tPA (tcwt-rtPA), obtained by expression of the human cDNA for tPA in five different cell systems (viz. insect cells, human kidney 293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, human melanoma cells, and mouse C127 cells), the average k1 was 1.45 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 (range, 1.34 10(7) M-1 s-1-1.68 x 10(7) M-1 s-1). Since this value was not significantly different for the different tcwt-rtPA preparations, it appears as though the nature of the glycosylation of tPA plays little role in its initial interaction with PAI-1. The k1 determined for tcwt-rtPA was slightly higher than that of 0.87 x 10(7) M-1 s-1, obtained for a similar inhibition of human urokinase by rPAI-1. The k1 value obtained for single-chain (sc) wt-rtPA was approximately 6-fold lower than that of the two-chain molecules, results consistent with previous conclusions on this matter. The k1 value for tcwt-rtPA was not influenced by the presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, suggesting that the lysine-binding site associated with the kringle 2 (K2) region of tPA does not modulate the rate of its initial interaction with rPAI-1. Removal of the K2 domain from tPA, by recombinant DNA technology, results in a protein, F-E-K1-P (tc-r delta K2-tPA), containing only the finger (F), growth factor (E), kringle 1 (K1), and serine protease (P) domains. This variant protein was more rapidly inhibited by rPAI-1 (k1 = 3.00 x 10(7) M-1 s-1) than its wild-type counterparts. Deletion of both the K1 and K2 domains resulted in a variant molecule, F-E-P (tc-r delta K1 delta K2-tPA), that was slightly more rapidly inhibited by rPAI-1 (k1 = 2.01 x 10(7) M-1 s-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays – By Frederic E. Wakeman Jr

This collection of essays, arranged topically, offers a retrospective of the career of one of the most important and respected historians of late imperial and modern China. Frederic E. Wakeman taug...
A High-Resolution Approach to Mapping Energy Flows through Water Infrastructure Systems

Author(s): Spang, ES; Loge, FJ | Abstract: Using data from the water service area of the East Bay Municipal Utility District in Northern California, we develop and discuss a method for assessing, at a high resolution, the energy intensity of water treated and delivered to customers of a major metropolitan water district. This method extends previous efforts by integrating hourly data from supervisory control and data acquisition systems with calculations based on the actual structure of the engineered infrastructure to produce a detailed understanding of energy use in space and time within the territory of a large-scale urban water provider. We found significant variations in the energy intensity of delivered potable water resulting from seasonal and topographic effects. This method enhances our understanding of the energy inputs for potable water systems and can be applied to the entire delivery and postuse water life cycle. A nuanced understanding of water's energy intensity in an urban setting enables more intelligent, targeted efforts to jointly conserve water and energy resources that take seasonal, distance, and elevation effects into account.
Micronutrients: A Double-Edged Sword in Microbe-Induced Gastric Carcinogenesis

Epidemiologic studies throughout the world have uniformly demonstrated significant relationships between the intake of dietary micronutrients and gastric cancer risk. An exciting concept that has gained considerable traction recently is that micronutrients modulate gene expression within Helicobacter pylori, the strongest identified risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. We present evidence here that essential micronutrients have a direct effect on H. pylori virulence, which subsequently affects interactions at the host-pathogen interface, thereby facilitating the development of premalignant and malignant lesions in the stomach. Further, these fundamental concepts provide a framework for understanding mechanisms driving the development of other malignancies that arise from foci of gastrointestinal inflammation.
Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin: A new lung scanning agent

Abstract Preliminary studies using macroaggregated human serum albumin tagged with technetium-99m for lung scanning in rabbits are very encouraging. No problems were encountered in the preparation of the Tc99m tagged macroaggregates, and, as might be predicted, the administration of the prepared macroaggregate suspension results in very selective localization of activity in the lungs and high counting rates. Because of the extremely favorable 6 hr half-life and low photon energy of this isotope, large doses may be used to provide a counting rate which will facilitate rapid scanning, while reducing total patient radiation exposure. For these reasons it appears that MAA tagged with Tc99m may be the preferred agent for lung scanning.
New algorithms for minimal-order observer-controller design

In microprocessor-based control, it is often important to develop control strategies using relatively low-order controllers in order to trade computational load for higher control rates. This paper gives new results for minimal-order observer-controller design computations for plants with both multiple-inputs and multipleoutputs. In a number of cases, lower-order digital controllers are obtained than with existing methods.
Asymptotically Optimal Attitude Filtering with Guaranteed Convergence

This paper introduces some new concepts in attitude filtering to aid the formulation of simple filtering algorithms with guaranteed convergence from almost any initial condition, far outperforming the transient performance of standard extended Kalman filter formulations. The focus is on formulating a filter algorithm for estimating the four quaternion elements using unit vector observables to provide periodic updates of gyroscope-propagated attitude. It is assumed that the gyroscope rate measurement errors are solely due to zero-mean noise. This algorithm is suitable for coarse attitude determination using elementary sensors. Research into extending the approach to more complicated error models is ongoing.
Reduction of nitroxide free radicals by biological materials.

Abstract Stable nitroxide free radicals, when combined with biological materials in aqueous solution, showed a decreased electron spin resonance signal. This phenomenon was due to the reduction of the nitroxide radicals by reducing agents identified to be sulfhydryl groups. This finding suggests a new approach to the study of cell membrane sulfhydryl functions.
Comparative Evaluation of Aztreonam in Therapy for Experimental Bacterial Meningitis and Cerebritis

Aztreonam (SQ 26,776), a new monocyclic beta-lactam agent, was compared with several frequently used antibiotics in therapy for three types of experimental meningitis in rabbits and for experimental Escherichia coli cerebritis in rats. Aztreonam was highly active against common gram-negative meningeal pathogens in vitro (all minimal bactericidal concentrations less than or equal to 0.125 microgram/ml), including ampicillin-sensitive and ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, and meningococci. In both rabbits and rats, serum concentrations of all antibiotics evaluated closely approximated concentrations found in humans receiving standard parenteral regimens. The percent penetration of aztreonam into purulent rabbit cerebrospinal fluid was 23%. In experimental meningitis, aztreonam was more rapidly bactericidal than ampicillin in meningitis due to ampicillin-sensitive H. influenzae, than ampicillin or chloramphenicol in meningitis due to ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae, and than gentamicin in meningitis due to E. coli. Aztreonam also reduced concentrations of E. coli in rat brain as rapidly as did gentamicin during therapy for experimental cerebritis, the early stage of brain abscess formation.
QA procedures for multimodality preclinical tumor drug response testing.

Purpose: There are growing expectations that imaging biomarkers for tumor therapeutic drug response assessment will speed up preclinical testing of anticancer drugs in rodent models. The only imaging biomarker presently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is tumor size measurement based on either World Health Organization (WHO) criteria or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Frequently, preclinical data are accumulated from multiple research centers on multiple continents using scanners from different manufacturers and sometimes even using different imaging modalities. Very expensive cancer drug response studies can be compromised by inadequate controls to assure precision and accuracy of tumor size measurements. This project was undertaken to develop standardized quality assurance (QA) procedures using a multimodality preclinical tumor response phantom to validate the accuracy of tumor size measurements based on WHO criteria, RECIST, or global tumor volume criteria for evaluation of cytostatic drugs. Methods: A tumor response phantom containing five low contrast test objects designed to simulate animal tumor models was made of tissue-mimicking materials. Imaging of the phantom was performed using three modalities in two institutions to evaluate size measurement of tumor-simulating test objects. Results: Evaluation of tumormeasurements from the three commonly used imaging devices in two different institutions for monitoring tumor size changes showed that a single phantom for multiple modalities was feasible. The tumor response phantom validated precision and accuracy of tumor response data input from ultrasound, computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging devices. Conclusions: Measurement results show that the standardized QA procedures using the tumor response phantom can provide a rationale check of data that excludes input from poorly maintained instruments, inadequate measurement protocols, or random operator error that frequently introduce unacceptable variability or systematic error in multiple institutions trials.
An Egg‐Per‐Recruit Model to Evaluate the Effects of Upstream Transport and Downstream Passage Mortality of American Eel in the Susquehanna River

AbstractDams and their associated effects on the migration and mortality of the American Eel Anguilla rostrata have been implicated as a significant factor in the current depleted status of the species along the Atlantic coast of North America. Female American Eels that mature in areas below dams may be smaller and have lower fecundity than individuals that mature in more upstream reaches of a river system. However, increased mortality associated with downstream migration through hydroelectric turbines may negate any reproductive advantage afforded to American Eels occupying areas upstream of hydroelectric facilities. We developed an American Eel egg-per-recruit (EPR) model to investigate how various levels of upstream and downstream passage may affect the reproductive output from rivers with hydroelectric facilities. We applied our model to the Susquehanna River and found that if American Eels are passed upstream of multiple dams on the river, cumulative downstream passage survival must be ≥33% for the u...
Variation with Temperature of the Continuous Absorption Spectrum of Diatomic Molecules: Part II. Theoretical

A method of calculating the matrix components, corresponding to the continuous absorption of light by diatomic molecules in various vibrational and rotational levels of the lower state, is described and applied to the calculation of the absorption of ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ gas at various temperatures. The theory shows that the absorption from a single vibrational level is practically independent of temperature, and that the temperature effect is due to the changing distribution of the absorbing molecules among the various levels. Assuming the Morse function to be approximately correct for the potential energy of the lower state, the theory enables one to calculate the form of the upper potential energy curve. The matrix component of the electric moment corresponding to the absorption from the lower state has been calculated for ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ and found to correspond to the displacement of one electronic charge through 0.016A.
Characterization of injectable hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-g-chondroitin sulfate with adhesive properties for nucleus pulposus tissue engineering

The goal of this work is to develop an injectable nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue engineering scaffold with the ability to form an adhesive interface with surrounding disc tissue. A family of in situ forming hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAm-g-CS) were evaluated for their mechanical properties, bioadhesive strength, and cytocompatibility. It was shown experimentally and computationally with the Neo-hookean hyperelastic model that increasing the crosslink density and decreasing the CS concentration increased mechanical properties at 37 °C, generating several hydrogel formulations with unconfined compressive modulus values similar to what has been reported for the native NP. The adhesive tensile strength of PNIPAAm increased significantly with CS incorporation (p < 0.05), ranging from 0.4 to 1 kPa. Live/Dead and XTT assay results indicate that the copolymer is not cytotoxic to human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Taken together, these data indicate the potential of PNIPAAm-g-CS to function as a scaffold for NP regeneration.
A logic for information flow in object-oriented programs

This paper specifies, via a Hoare-like logic, an interprocedural and flow sensitive (but termination insensitive) information flow analysis for object-oriented programs. Pointer aliasing is ubiquitous in such programs, and can potentially leak confidential information. Thus the logic employs independence assertions to describe the noninterference property that formalizes confidentiality, and employs region assertions to describe possible aliasing. Programmer assertions, in the style of JML, are also allowed, thereby permitting a more fine-grained specification of information flow policy.The logic supports local reasoning about state in the style of separation logic. Small specifications are used; they mention only the variables and addresses relevant to a command. Specifications are combined using a frame rule. An algorithm for the computation of postconditions is described: under certain assumptions, there exists a strongest postcondition which the algorithm computes.
Quantitative Characterization Of Tumors And Other Lesions In VIVO Using Ultrasonic Impediography

Present medical ultrasound systems are based on energy detection methods and therefore only utilize echo intensity information. Phase information is recorded by the transducer, which is a pressure sensitive device, but is not utilized in present display or measurement schemes. This investigator has developed one approach for utilizing both the phase and amplitude information available in an ultrasound waveform. The approach is based on a time-domain characterization of system dynamics in terms of an impulse response function and has been termed impediography. This paper describes preliminary in vivo results obtained with an impediographic measurement system applied to the human eye. A conventional ophthalmic B-scan unit was modified so that any single A-scan line of interest could be digitized by a fast A/D converter. The resulting signals were recorded on magnetic media and subjected to impediographic processing using an off-line computer. Although the study was limited to several types of intraocular and orbital lesions, unique and distinctive ultrasonic signatures (in terms of impedograms) could be associated with each lesion type. The study suggests that impediography can be applied to other body regions and that the method can differentiate between a wide range of pathologies.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rule-Based Guidance for Highway Driving in the Presence of Uncertainty

The principal objective of this research is to study the feasibility of a real-time, rule-based guidace system for an automobile on a limited-access highway. The inputs to the system are parameters describing the traffic situation, road geometry, vehicle state, and a driver selected goal. The output of the system consists of guidance parameters that command control logic governing the throttle, steering angle, and brakes. During our past research, a dynamic expert system accomplished this guidance task under the assumption that all inputs were available deterministically, i.e., without error. This paper investigates the types and effects of uncertainties encountered in a more realistic environment, and it proposes a stochastic methodology to extend the expert system to handle information that is known only in a probabilistic way
Favorite Newbery books of sixth grade students, teachers, and library media specialists

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the Newbery books most frequently chosen as favorites by sixth grade students, sixth grade teachers, and school library media specialists. There were 2,211 participants from forty‐five schools in the United States. The study examined whether or not there were any differences of identified favorite Newbery books between boys and girls and whether or not there were any differences between students and adults. The top five favorite Newberys as selected by all the participants were: The Giver, Shiloh, Number the Stars, Island of the Blue Dolphins, and Maniac Magee. In this study, boys chose Maniac Magee as their favorite, while girls chose Number the Stars, and adults chose The Giver. Two recommendations for further study include: (1) to survey students, teachers, and library media specialists to determine their knowledge of Newbery books, and (2) to identify the favorite Newbery books ten years from now.
Hamilton-connected derangement graphs on S n

Abstract We consider the derangements graph in which the vertices are permutations of {1… n }. Two vertices are joined by an edge if the corresponding permutations differ in every position. The derangements graph is known to be hamiltonian and it follows from a recent result of Jung that every pair of vertices is joined by a Hamiltonian path. We use this result to settle an open question, by showing that it is possible, for any n and k satisfying 2⩽ k ⩽ n and k ≠3, to generate permutations of {1... n } so that successive permutations differ in k consecutive positions. In fact, the associated k -consecutive derangements graph is also Hamilton-connected.
The epidemiology of infectious gastroenteritis related reactive arthritis in U.S. military personnel: a case-control study

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a recognized sequela of infectious gastroenteritis (IGE). However, the population-based incidence of IGE-related ReA is poorly defined, and the risk of disease has not previously been characterized in a military population. The intent of this study was to provide estimates of the incidence and morbidity associated with IGE-related ReA in the U.S. military population. Using active duty US military medical encounter data from the Defense Medical Surveillance System, we conducted a matched case-control study to assess the risk of ReA following IGE. Both specific and nonspecific case definitions were utilized to address ICD-9 coding limitations; these included specific ReA (Reiter's Disease or postdysenteric arthritis) and nonspecific arthritis/arthralgia (N.A.A) (which included several related arthropathy and arthralgia diagnoses). Incidence was estimated using events and the total number of active duty personnel for each year. 506 cases of specific ReA were identified in active duty personnel between 1999 and 2007. Another 16,365 cases of N.A.A. were identified. Overall incidence was 4.1 (95% CI: 3.7, 4.5) and 132.0 (95% CI, 130.0-134.0) per 100,000 for specific ReA and N.A.A, respectively. Compared to the youngest age category, the incidence of both outcomes increased 7-fold with a concurrent increase in symptom duration for cases over the age of 40. Specific IGE exposures were documented in 1.4% of subjects. After adjusting for potential confounders, there was a significant association between IGE and ReA (specific reactive arthritis OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 2.24, 8.73; N.A.A OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.07). Reactive arthritis may be more common in military populations than previously described. The burden of ReA and strong association with antecedent IGE warrants continued IGE prevention efforts.
Line Narrowing in Solid-State Proton NMR with Acquisition Delay

Abstract Organic solids have extensive proton–proton dipolar interactions, and their 1 H NMR linewidths are very large even with magic-angle spinning at moderate speeds. Recently it has been shown that substantial narrowing of the proton linewidths of organic solids can be achieved by using single-pulse excitation with acquisition delay or spin echo [S. Ding and C. A. McDowell, J. Magn. Reson. A 111, 212 (1994); 115, 141 (1995); 117, 171 (1995)]. This interesting line-narrowing phenomenon has been further examined through the study of several amino acids, their deuterated analogs, and some aromatic compounds. The results confirm that narrow proton peaks are observed with long acquisition delay, and the peaks appear in the appropriate chemical-shift ranges for organic protons (0–10 ppm with respect to tetramethylsilane). However, except for some special cases, the observed peaks cannot be assigned to individual types of protons based on chemical-shift considerations only. To explore the reason for the line narrowing, the effect of acquisition delay on the 19 F linewidth of CaF 2 was also studied and compared with that on the 1 H linewidths of organic solids. It is suggested that the broad proton peak in an organic solid is a superposition of numerous transitions. These transitions have different linewidths, and the narrow peaks in the spectrum remain observable with long acquisition delays.
Recent secular variations in the extent of Northern Hemisphere snow cover

Northern hemisphere snow cover during 1988 and 1989 was at its lowest extent since the advent of reliable satellite snow-cover monitoring in 1972; running some 8–10% below the eighteen-year annual mean of 25.7 million km2. Monthly minima for the period of record occurred six times during these two years. In general, the last nine years of the satellite record had less extensive cover than the 1972–80 interval. Negative anomalies during the 1980s were largest over Eurasia in all seasons, and in the Spring over North America. Hemispheric seasonal means for the most recent nine years were 3.7% to 8.4% lower than those between 1972 and 1980. Results are based on analyses of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weekly snow charts, which are produced from visible satellite imagery.
Lithium niobate waveguide devices: present performance and future applications

Devices have been formed in Ti-diffused and proton-exchanged lithium niobate for applications in optical communications, sensing and signal processing. Most active devices make use of the electrooptic effect. The design and operation of various modulators, couplers and Y-branch power dividers will be described. Sometimes, device characteristics are tailored to meet specific requirements, e.g. phase-bias trimming of a linear modulator sensor. Proton-exchanged waveguides are generally used where high optical powers are transmitted.
Antitumor Agents XXXV: Effects of Brusatol, Bruceoside A, and Bruceantin on P‐388 Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Respiration

Brusatol, a quassinoid with potent antineoplastic activity against P‐388 lymphocytic leukemia cell proliferation, significantly inhibited P‐388 cell hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, malic dehydrogenase, and succinic dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, basal, adenosine diphosphate‐stimulated respiration, utilizing succinate and α‐ketoglutarate as the substrate, was suppressed significantly by in vivo treatment with brusatol. However, brusatol treatment had no effect on liver oxidative phosphorylation. Brusatol greatly increased P‐388 cyclic AMP levels but had no effect on liver cyclic nucleotides. Similar inhibitory effects on P‐388 cell oxidative phosphorylation were found in vitro with brusatol, bruceoside A, and bruceantin. Brusatol had no effect on adenosine triphosphatase activity or on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Rather, brusatol appeared to increase the concentration of reduced mitochondrial electron transport cofactors, thereby blocking aerobic respiration. A proposed mechanism of action is discussed.
VYUHA: a detailed router for multiple routing models

Abstract This paper presents a general-purpose tool called VYUHA for detailed routing. Unlike many of the existing programs for routing, the routing model is accepted as an input. Our router permits horizontal, vertical, 45° and 135° wires. The user can turn off the use of any of the four types of wires. VYUHA is capable of routing in multiple layers. Unlike the conventional Manhattan model, a wiring layer is not associated with a particular direction. This means that all the three wiring slopes are possible in the all layers. The user can either explicitly specify the layer for a pin or request the router to perform the assignment. The routing region is assumed to be rectangular, although the algorithm can be trivially modified to overcome this restriction. Pins can be present on any of the four sides of the rectangle. Thus both channel routing and switchbox routing are possible. Obstacles, if any, can be specified in the routing region. Two-point as well as multipoint nets are handled by the algorithm. The “multiple layer and multiple pin” problem which arises in 3-D chips is easy to handle using our router. The algorithm was implemented in Pascal to run on a Sun 3 workstation.
LIVED HYBRIDITY: SECOND-GENERATION IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH COLLEGE FESTIVAL

Recent research suggests that the children of recent immigrants, the so-called second generation, no longer choose to emphasize one identity over the other but that their identities are more fluid and multifaceted. College campuses are often the arenas in which a new hybrid identity develops. This article addresses how South Asian American college students make sense of and control their various identities through the celebration of Diwali, an event sponsored each year by the Indian Students Association (ISA) on a college campus in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. South Asian students use performative space to help them make sense of their backgrounds in ways that both differentiate them from and allow for association with the majority student population. They also use this space as a safe place for “coming out,” that is, for communicating their hybrid identity to their parents. This hybrid identity is expressed through a discourse of “brownness” that marks something distinctive and that reflects ...
Complications of fiberoptic endoscopy

This review summarizes the complications of fiberoptic peroral endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and colonoscopy gleaned from reports of extensive endoscopic surveys. Unique individual experiences are also included. Means whereby complications can be prevented or remedied are noted.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Occurrence of chronic edema and nonimmune bullous skin lesions

Background: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a poorly understood syndrome of post-traumatic pain, autonomic dysfunction, and progressive tissue atrophy, Classical descriptions of the cutaneous manifestations of RSD are usually limited to skin atrophy, vascular instability, and hyperhidrosis. Objective: Our objective was to further delineate the cutaneous changes in RSD. Methods: We have observed RSD-related inflammatory and bullous lesions in nine patients with active RSD. Results: Eight patients had significant edema of involved skin, two patients had evidence of a pigmented purpura-like inflammatory dermatitis, and two other patients had bullae on involved skin, Ultrastructural studies on a biopsy specimen from one patient with recurrent bullae revealed a disrupted basement membrane and abnormal anchoring fibrils. Conclusion: Skin disease in RSD is more diverse than commonly appreciated and includes severe edema, inflammatory lesions, and a nonimmune bullous eruption.
Differential-tilt technique for saturation-resistant profiling of atmospheric turbulence

A technique for profiling of Cn2 over an atmospheric propagation path is proposed, developed and analyzed. The technique employs differential-tilt measurements to arrive at statistics which have unique weighting functions over the propagation path. These weighting functions are computed theoretically and used to derive a reconstructor matrix for Cn2 values throughout the path to be applied to an appropriate set of differential-tilt statistics. A candidate optical system is presented, and the performance of the profile reconstructor is analyzed. This study indicates that the relative error in the Cn2 estimates is approximately 5%. The relative error in estimating key atmospheric parameters such as the Fried parameter, isoplanatic angle, and the Rytov parameter from the reconstructed profiles is approximately 3%.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New Mexico Lineament of the Colorado Rockies Front

The Colorado Rockies end in the Sangre de Cristo Range between Santa Fe and Las Vegas, New Mexico. At this latitude the Colorado Rockies are bipronged, consisting of the Santa Fe Range on the west and the Las Vegas Range on the east, with a synclinorium lying between the two. South of the end of the Santa Fe front a mild line of deformation continues for 60 mi along a monocline between Glorieta Mesa and the Estancia Valley downwarp. This trend dies out near the southern end of the Pedernal uplift near U.S. Highway 60. The eastern front of the Colorado Rockies dies out at the end of the Las Vegas Range a few miles south of Las Vegas. Recent mapping in eastern New Mexico reveals a lineament of structures aligned southward from the Las Vegas front for nearly 200 mi. The principal elements of this alignment are the Anton Chico monocline, Leon anticline, Vaughn sag, Nalda shear zone, Tinnie fold belt, and Dunken uplift. Lesser folds and faults connect the above features along the lineament. These structures may reflect movement on a basement fracture zone which also determined the alignment of the eastern front of the Rockies.
Formation and characterization of an insoluble polyelectrolyte complex: Chitosan-polyacrylic acid

Chitosan and polyacrylic acid mixtures were prepared in different mole ratios and at different pH values and ionic strengths (0.025–0.300). Complex formation was detected by turbidity measurement and quantified by weighing the freeze dried pellet recovered by centrifugation. No insoluble complex formation at pH=2 was detected. In the 3 to 6 pH range, the maximum complex formation occurred at different mole ratios. Quantitative analysis of the supernatant showed that pH affects the complex composition. Solution ionic strength in the 0.025–0.300 range did not affect complex formation.
Semantic data models

Semantic data models have emerged from a requirement for more expressive conceptual data models. Current generation data models lack direct support for relationships, data abstraction, inheritance, constraints, unstructured objects, and the dynamic properties of an application. Although the need for data models with richer semantics is widely recognized, no single approach has won general acceptance. This paper describes the generic properties of semantic data models and presents a representative selection of models that have been proposed since the mid-1970s. In addition to explaining the features of the individual models, guidelines are offered for the comparison of models. The paper concludes with a discussion of future directions in the area of conceptual data modeling.
Integration of V-Band and W-Band antennas with SPDT switch on organic substrates

This paper presents, for the first time, the integration of V-Band and W-Band antennas with SPDT switch on organic Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate. A wideband chip to package wire-bond transition was designed so that the insertion loss is minimized. The antennas were designed and optimized for frequency operation at 57 and 80 GHz with a gain of 10.5 and 9.5 dBi. The gain, S11, E-plane and H-plane Co- and Cross-polarization measurements were conducted and successfully demonstrated a passive antenna gain of 10.08 dBi from 54-61 GHz for V-Band antenna with minimal deviation of 1.2 dB in the gain. Simulation results show gain of around 9.44 dBi from 77-85 GHz for W-band Antenna. Return loss also demonstrates 6 GHz and 8 GHz of 10 dB bandwidth (10% B.W) for V-Band and W-Band antennas respectively.
Effect of photosynthetic efficiency and water availability on tolerance of leaf removal in Amaranthus hybridus

Summary 1 Although substantial genetic variation in photosynthetic rate exists within natural populations, it is unclear how such variation might affect the capacity of plants to tolerate herbivore damage. 2 I tested if decreased efficiency of electron transport, caused by a mutation that confers resistance to the herbicide triazine, affected the ability of Amaranthus hybridus to tolerate leaf removal, and if this genotypic effect interacted with water availability. 3 Tolerance levels were compared with the root-to-shoot ratio and with compensatory photosynthesis, to investigate the mechanisms of tolerance. 4 Triazine-resistant A. hybridus was found to have lower tolerance to herbivory suggesting that herbivores should drive selection for higher photosynthetic capacity. 5 Although interactive effects between water availability and photosynthetic genotype were not detected, reduced water availability did cause an overall increase in the ability of plants to tolerate damage. 6 Greater tolerance of plants under low water availability and of the TS genotype was associated positively with root-to-shoot ratios, but there was a negative association between greater tolerance under low water availability and compensatory photosynthesis. 7 These results suggest that photosynthetic variation is more likely to alter tolerance indirectly though changes in resource allocation, and that direct associations between physiological variables and tolerance may be uncommon in natural systems.
Dilemmas and Challenges of Social History since the 1960s: What Comes after the Cultural Turn?

Abstract Since the 1960s historians in the English-speaking world have experienced two major waves of innovation, each leading to substantial broadening of the discipline's range of topics, methodologies, and theoretical approaches, linked to particular modes of interdisciplinarity, and energised by the politics of their respective times. Each was moved by a desire for greater democratic inclusiveness, whether in terms of recruitment into the profession, a questioning of older hierarchies of knowledge and institutional structures, or the recognition of previously hidden or marginalised histories. The first of these waves, extending from the 1960s into the early 1980s, involved the popularity and eventual dominance of social history. Beginning at the turn of the 1980s and achieving equivalent influence by the end of the 1990s, a new movement then emerged as the ‘new cultural history’, registering the emergent influence of cultural studies across the humanities and parts of the social sciences, settling inc...
Application of an ATP-bioluminescence assay in human tumor chemosensitivity testing

Abstract Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy unit of living cells, and can be quantitated by measuring the light generated with luciferase-luciferin reagent in a luminometer. The use of an ATP-bioluminescence assay, to determine tumor cell viability after exposure to chemotherapeutic agents, has been adapted to test tumor chemosensitivity in vitro . This presentation will illustrate the method of the ATP-chemosensitivity assay (ATP-CSA) using an ovarian cancer cell line NIHL: OVCAR-3 as an example and present preliminary data on 5456 successful in vitro ATP-CSA's from 46 patients with pelvic malignancies. Fresh human tumor specimens were generally tested for single and combined drug effects at two drug concentrations (0.2 × and 1 × peak plasma concentrations). Correlation of in vitro drug sensitivity and in vivo patient response was obtained for 23 treatment regimens in 22 patients with ovarian carcinoma. The true positive rate was 100% and the true negative rate 66.7%. Our data demonstrate (a) that the ATP-CSA, measuring total cell viability, is a feasible in vitro assay for human tumor drug testing and (b) that specific criteria of in vitro chemosensitivity for this assay need to be defined by further studies, for single and combined drug exposure at different concentrations, to permit a meaningful correlation with in vivo clinical response.
Using the proportional odds model to assess the relationship between a multi-item and a global item efficacy scale in a psychiatric clinical trial

The proportional odds model is illustrated in the analysis of two efficacy scales used in a phase II clinical trial involving 81 schizophrenic patients. The proportional odds model preserves the discrete, ordinal nature of one of the scales. The analysis of this data suggested that the relationship between the two scales is not captured by a linear proportional odds model. A linear model and a piecewise linear model for the explanatory variable were therefore compared using likelihood-based analyses. Residuals from both models were compared. Predicted probabilities for the ordinal categories were constructed from the estimated model. Extensions and limitations of the model for interpretation of other trials and for the planning of future trials are discussed.
IRRATIONALITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: Transformation in the Corporate Form of a U.S. Steel Corporation, 1930–1987

This article analyzes historical and interview data on one of the largest steel corporations in the U.S. to determine (1) the effects of financial controls on long-term incremental organizational changes, (2) the effects of the environment on the organization, (3) the degree to which organizations structure their environment, and (4) the conditions that transform the corporate form. Findings demonstrate that transformations emerge from crisis due to contradictions within the corporate form and between the corporate form and its environment. The sources of these contradictions include the long-term irrationality of formally rational financial controls, oligopolistic structures, and the state's tax policies. These findings question efficiency arguments in general, but more specifically do not support Alfred Chandler's conception of the “logic of managerial enterprise,” which suggests that oligopolistic corporations are efficient because their size provides capital to realize economies of scale, and market share competition sharpens management's skills.
Flexible Fabs in the Refinement of Complexes by Single-Particle Transmission Electron Microscopy

An emerging strategy for solving medium-resolution (5-10 A) structures entails complexing the protein of interest with monoclonal antibodies and solving the complex by single particle transmission electron microscopy (TEM.) The addition of Fabs to target molecules is an attractive strategy because it increases the mass of the complex (improving its resolvability by single-particle TEM), adds a fiducial marker that aids the interpretation of the resulting volume maps, and potentially elucidates an immunological site of interest. We note a possible limitation to this approach owing to the localization of the Fabs in the resulting complex. Alignment parameters that optimize the Fab constant domains' convergence may come at the expense of the visualization of the core particle of interest. We evaluate the implications of this conjecture with respect to both experimental and synthetic data.
Exophthalmos, stare, increase in intraocular pressure and systolic propulsion of the eyeballs due to congestive heart failure

Abstract Slight exophthalmos and stare should prompt one to consider the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. The observations reported in this paper on 15 patients with severe congestive heart failure reveal that these particular eye signs may also be produced by an extreme elevation of the venous pressure level. An increase in intraocular pressure may also be associated with severe congestive heart failure, as noted in 4 patients. Three of the 15 patients exhibited systolic propulsion of the eyeballs due to tricuspid regurgitation.