cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERIZATION OF POSTREPLICATION REPAIR IN MUTAGEN-SENSITIVE STRAINS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

ABSTRACT Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster , with suspected repair deficiencies, were analyzed for their capacity to repair damage induced by X-rays and UV radiation. Analysis was performed on cell cultures derived from embryos of homozygous mutant stocks. Postreplication repair following UV radiation has been analyzed in mutant stocks derived from a total of ten complementation groups. Cultures were irradiated, pulse-labeled, and incubated in the dark prior to analysis by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. Kinetics of the molecular weight increase in newly synthesized DNA were assayed after cells had been incubated in the presence or absence of caffeine. Two separate pathways of postreplication repair have been tentatively identified by mutants derived from four complementation groups. The proposed caffeine sensitive pathway (CAS) is defined by mutants which also disrupt meiosis. The second pathway (CIS) is caffeine insensitive and is not yet associated with meiotic functions. All mutants deficient in postreplication repair are also sensitive to nitrogen mustard. The mutants investigated display a normal capacity to repair single-strand breaks induced in DNA by X-rays, although two may possess a reduced capacity to repair damage caused by localized incorporation of high specific activity thymidine- 3 H. The data have been employed to construct a model for repair of UV-induced damage in Drosophila DNA. Implications of the model for DNA repair in mammals are discussed.
Taxonomy of Fungi Causing Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis (Zygomycosis) and Nomenclature of the Disease: Molecular Mycologic Perspectives

Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed the phylum Zygomycota to be polyphyletic, and the taxa conventionally classified in Zygomycota are now distributed among the new phylum Glomeromycota and 4 subphyla incertae sedis (uncertain placement). Because the nomenclature of the disease zygomycosis was based on the phylum Zygomycota (Zygomycetes) in which the etiologic agents had been classified, the new classification profoundly affects the name of the disease. Zygomycosis was originally described as a convenient and inclusive name for 2 clinicopathologically different diseases, mucormycosis caused by members of Mucorales and entomophthoramycosis caused by species in the order Entomophthorales of Zygomycota. Without revision of original definition, the name "zygomycosis," however, has more often been used as a synonym only for mucormycosis. This article reviews the progress and changes in taxonomy and nomenclature of Zygomycota and the disease zygomycosis. The article also reiterates the reasons why the classic names "mucormycosis" and "entomophthoramycosis" are more appropriate than "zygomycosis."
HOW TO USE CORPORA IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

1. List of contributors 2. Introduction (by Sinclair, John McH.) 3. The corpus and the teacher 4. In the classroom 5. In the classroom: Corpora in the classroom: An overview and some reflections on future developments (by Bernardini, Silvia) 6. In preparation: What teachers have always wanted to know - and how corpora can help (by Tsui, Amy B.M.) 7. Resources - Corpora 8. Corpus variety: Corpus linguistics, language variation, and language teaching (by Conrad, Susan) 9. Spoken - general: Spoken corpus for an ordinary learner (by Mauranen, Anna) 10. Spoken - an example: The use of concordancing in the teaching of Portuguese (by Pereira, Luisa Alice Santos) 11. Learner corpora: Learner corpora and their potential for language teaching (by Nesselhauf, Nadja) 12. Research 13. Composition: The use of adverbial connectors in Hungarian university students' argumentative essays (by Tanko, Gyula) 14. Textbooks: A corpus-driven approach to modal auxiliaries and their didactics (by Romer, Ute) 15. Resources - Computing 16. Basic processing: Software for corpus access and analysis (by Barlow, Michael) 17. Programming: Simple Perl programming for corpus work (by Danielsson, Pernilla) 18. Network: Learner oral corpora and network - based language teaching: Scope and foundations (by Perez-Paredes, Pascual) 19. Prospects 20. New evidence, new priorities, new attitudes (by Sinclair, John McH.) 21. Notes on contributors 22. Index
Acousto-optic processing of two-dimensional signals

A new method is presented that offers the potential for the realization of image-processing systems using one-dimensional acousto-optic spatial-light modulators.
Nutrition and swallowing in pediatric neuromuscular patients

The management of the patient with neuromuscular diseasse is complex. Every child should be seen as a distinct individual and therefore merits patient-specific assessment and intervention. This article reviews nutritional management using spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy as representative models. The history of nutritional intake, nutritional needs, and underlying medical problems with physical examination, anthropometric, body composition, and biochemical markers are all important parts of the assessment and should be done at regular intervals. Intervention may include calorie restriction or calorie supplementation. Treatment strategies that follow diagnosis of dysphagia include positioning, increased sensory input, or direct maneuvers, such as volume changes or thickening liquid. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy can be safely placed in almost all situations with minimal risk. Patients benefit most from a multidisciplinary and systematic management program.
Effects of low-carbohydrate diet on vascular health: more than just weight loss.

obesity is a risk factor for atherosclerotic heart disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the United States, the incidence of obesity and insulin resistance has risen dramatically in the past decade, with an adult prevalence of 32% ([19][1]). Nonsurgical
An improved analytical model for wormhole routed networks with application to butterfly fat-trees

A performance model for wormhole routed interconnection networks is presented and applied to the butterfly fat-tree network. Experimental results agree very closely over a wide range of load rate. Novel aspects of the model, leading to accurate and simple performance predictions, include: (1) use of multiple-server queues, and (2) a general method of correcting queuing results based on Poisson arrivals to apply to wormhole routing. These ideas can also be applied to other networks.
The role of cell signalling in the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis

Not surprisingly, the death of a cell is a complex and well controlled process. For several decades, apoptosis, the first genetically programmed death process to be identified has taken centre stage as the principal mechanism of programmed cell death (type I cell death) in mammalian tissues. Apoptosis has been extensively studied and its contribution to the pathogenesis of disease well documented. However, apoptosis does not function alone in determining the fate of a cell. More recently, autophagy, a process in which de novo formed membrane enclosed vesicles engulf and consume cellular components, has been shown to engage in complex interplay with apoptosis. As a result, cell death has been subdivided into the categories apoptosis (Type I), autophagic cell death (Type II), and necrosis (Type III). The boundary between Type I and II cell death is not completely clear and as we will discuss in this review and perhaps a discrete difference does not exist, due to intrinsic factors among different cell types and crosstalk among organelles within each cell type. Apoptosis may begin with autophagy and autophagy can often end with apoptosis, inhibition or a blockade of caspase activity may lead a cell to default into Type II cell death from Type I.
The Structure of Cross‐Sector Financial Supervision

In this paper the authors note that, over the last decade, in many countries the financial supervisory functions that were once performed by central banks have been combined with those performed by other official agencies and/or self-regulatory organizations to form a single financial services regulator. They consider three questions: (1) Why has this change occurred? (2) What role in supervision, if any, should the central bank continue to play? and (3) Do these organizational changes in financial supervision pose risks to financial stability?
Use of networked workstations for parallel nonlinear structural dynamic simulations of rotating bladed-disk assemblies

The principal objective of this research is to investigate, develop and demonstrate coarse-grained, parallel-processing strategies for nonlinear dynamic simulations for rotating bladed-disk assemblies. The parallel -processing strategies addressed include numerical algorithms for parallel nonlinear solutions and techniques to effect load balancing among processors. The parallel environment employed is a distributed-memory, coarse-grained one consisting of networked workstations. A parallel explicit time integration method has been implemented for transient nonlinear solutions of rotationg bladed-disk assemblies. Automatic domain partitioning techniques have been investigated for load balancing among processors. Advanced computing environments, data structures and interactive computer graphics all contribute to an integrated parallel finite element analysis system to facilitate more efficient and powerful dynamic simulations.
Quantitative genomics of aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

Aggressive behavior is important for animal survival and reproduction, and excessive aggression is an enormous social and economic burden for human society. Although the role of biogenic amines in modulating aggressive behavior is well characterized, other genetic mechanisms affecting this complex behavior remain elusive. Here, we developed an assay to rapidly quantify aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, and generated replicate selection lines with divergent levels of aggression. The realized heritability of aggressive behavior was approximately 0.10, and the phenotypic response to selection specifically affected aggression. We used whole-genome expression analysis to identify 1,539 probe sets with different expression levels between the selection lines when pooled across replicates, at a false discovery rate of 0.001. We quantified the aggressive behavior of 19 mutations in candidate genes that were generated in a common co-isogenic background, and identified 15 novel genes affecting aggressive behavior. Expression profiling of genetically divergent lines is an effective strategy for identifying genes affecting complex traits. Citation: Edwards AC, Rollmann SM, Morgan TJ, Mackay TFC (2006) Quantitative genomics of aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2(9): e154. DOI: 10. 1371/journal.pgen.0020154
HOW EFFECTIVE IS GF-120 FRUIT FLY BAIT SPRAY APPLIED TO BORDER AREA SORGHUM PLANTS FOR CONTROL OF MELON FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)?

Application of bait spray to non-host sorghum plants bordering host plants of melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet, is a common practice for melon fly control in Hawaii. In a field study conducted in 2003 in Hawaii, we first asked whether GF-120 Fruit Fly bait spray applied to sorghum plants that bordered only two (opposite) sides of a patch of cucumbers was as effective in protecting cucumbers against melon flies as similar spray applied to sorghum plants that bordered all four sides of a cucumber patch. Second, we asked whether mature melon fly females carrying a high egg load but deprived of protein during the previous 24 h were more responsive to bait spray than mature females having continuous access to protein. Color-marked melon fly females were released outside of patches of sorghum-bordered cucumbers. We found no significant differences between two-sided and four-sided patches of sorghum or between protein-deprived (for 24 h) and protein-fed (continuously) mature females in percentages of released females that found cucumbers in bait-sprayed plots. Moreover, none of these percentages was significantly less than percentages of released females that found cucumbers in unsprayed plots, indicating an overall ineffectiveness of bait spray application. During the 24 h after alighting on cucumbers, released females that were captured alive on cucumbers and placed in cups with cucumbers laid on average almost as many eggs (insignificantly fewer) when taken from bait-sprayed plots as when taken from unsprayed plots. An overriding factor may have been the presence of just a narrow swath of sorghum (arising from a single row of plants), which may have permitted females easy access to cucumbers and masked potential differences among treatments. Bait spray applied to broader swaths of sorghum may be more effective.
Toward Standardized Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF)-Based Ultrasound Elasticity Measurements With Robotic Force Control

Objective: Acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based approaches to measure tissue elasticity require transmission of a focused high-energy acoustic pulse from a stationary ultrasound probe and ultrasound-based tracking of the resulting tissue displacements to obtain stiffness images or shear wave speed estimates. The method has established benefits in biomedical applications such as tumor detection and tissue fibrosis staging. One limitation, however, is the dependence on applied probe pressure, which is difficult to control manually and prohibits standardization of quantitative measurements. To overcome this limitation, we built a robot prototype that controls probe contact forces for shear wave speed quantification. Methods: The robot was evaluated with controlled force increments applied to a tissue-mimicking phantom and in vivo abdominal tissue from three human volunteers. Results: The root-mean-square error between the desired and measured forces was 0.07 N in the phantom and higher for the fatty layer of in vivo abdominal tissue. The mean shear wave speeds increased from 3.7 to 4.5 m/s in the phantom and 1.0 to 3.0 m/s in the in vivo fat for compressive forces ranging from 2.5 to 30 N. The standard deviation of shear wave speeds obtained with the robotic approach were low in most cases ( $ 0.2 m/s) and comparable to that obtained with a semiquantitative landmark-based method. Conclusion: Results are promising for the introduction of robotic systems to control the applied probe pressure for ARF-based measurements of tissue elasticity. Significance: This approach has potential benefits in longitudinal studies of disease progression, comparative studies between patients, and large-scale multidimensional elasticity imaging.
Thalamocortical Pathways and Consciousness

The relatively orderly series of discoveries of the functional organization of the cerebral cortex, in which anatomy and physiology often shared a certain simultaneity of discovery (as in the production of movement when precentral gyri are stimulated), did not characterize the exploration of structures beneath the cortex. On the contrary, the subcortical regions of the brain were dissected and anatomic structures described and named in profusion before any correct function was assigned to them. The major reason for the discrepancy between the rapid advance of anatomical knowledge and the slow elucidation of its related physiology was, paradoxically, the lack of a methodology to precisely locate structures deep in the living brain. Even though electrophysiologic techniques applied to peripheral nerves were advancing, their utility for investigation of the central nervous system depended on reliable localization. A second hurdle was the confused nomenclature that muddled any new information about the thalamus. In this and subsequent chapters, the history of the discoveries of some prominent sub-cortical structures and their functions is explored with emphasis on the novel developments in methodology that were essential for further progress.
Mutation profile of JAK2 gene in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasias

B12 The V617F activating mutations in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene occur in a significant proportion of patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasias (MPNs). Additional mutations in exon 12 of JAK2 have been reported in rare cases of MPNs. Mutations other than these, however, have not been fully studied. It is believed that these mutations allow the activation loop of the kinase domain to move away from the pseudokinase domain, thus leading to constitutive activation of the JAK2-STAT pathway. We report that based on testing approximately 20,000 patients with clinical suspicion of MPNs, we detected new mutations in exons 13 and 14, in addition to those reported in exon 12, that in aggregate should be routinely tested for in patients with MPNs. Using a sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct sequencing approaches of plasma RNA, we detected mutations in approximately 20% of these patients. The exon 14 mutations include complete deletion of exon 14 (D596-N622 del), L624P, I641V, H606Q, and C618R. In exon 13, we detected R564L, R564Q, V567A, V567L, G571R, G571S, L579F, H587N and S591L. All these mutations are in the pseudokinase domain and are expected to inactivate the auto-inhibitory function of this domain on the kinase domain. This data suggests that testing for JAK2 mutations should not be restricted to the V617F and exon 12 mutations, but perhaps should include most of the pseudokinase domain. Furthermore, testing for mutations using plasma RNA is highly sensitive and should replace DNA-based testing because of the relative abundance of the RNA and the ease in detecting deletion of the entire exon.
Block-Organized Topology Visualization for Visual Exploration of Signed Networks

Many networks nowadays contain both positive and negative relationships, such as ratings and conflicts, which are often mixed in the layouts of network visualization represented by the layouts of node-link diagram and node indices of matrix representation. In this work, we present a visual analysis framework for visualizing signed networks through emphasizing different effects of signed edges on network topologies. The theoretical foundation of the visual analysis framework comes fromthe spectral analysis of data patterns in the high-dimensional spectral space. Based on the spectral analysis results, we present a block-organizedvisualization approach in the hybrid form of matrix, node-link, and arcdiagrams with the focus on revealing topological structuresof signed networks. We demonstrate with a detailed case study that block-organized visualization and spectral space exploration can be combined to analyze topologies of signed networks effectively.
Notched Sternite: a Mutant of Blattella germanica, with Possible Implications for the Homology and Evolution of Ventral Abdominal Structures

Evidence from various sources indicates that blattids are dose to the stem which gave rise to the Pterygota. In addition, they still retain morphologic characteristics present in the more generalized of the living Apterygota. The notched-sternite mutation of Blattella germanica (L.) results in the appearance of additional body structures resembling those which presumably characterized ancestral insects, and which are found today among the Apterygota. These include 2 pairs of valvulae (gonapophyses) in females, styli on the eighth abdominal segment, apparent rudiments of styli on some of the pregenital segments, and a partial or complete division of the abdominal sterna into 3 plates. Mutant females are also characterized by mid-ventral membranous outgrowths in the pregenital segments. The only structures present in living insects to which these outgrowths seem at all comparable are the eversible sacs of apterygotes. A detailed study of the development and morphology of the mutant structures leads to a number of suggestions concerning the homology and evolution of some of the ventral abdominal structures. These include the proposals that structures of the genital chamber which lie anteriorly to the genital papilla belong to the seventh segment, that the first valvifer arms are homologous with the laterosternal shelf, and the first and second valvulae are homologous with eversible sacs in the sense that they appear to have developed from common antecedent structures. It is suggested also that the coxopodites or coxosternites of blattids may be composite structures, in that they include the fused elements of the telopodite as well as the coxopodite of a primitive appendage.
An experimental study of the solvent-dependent self-assembly/disassembly and conformer preferences of gramicidin A.

The solvent dependence of self-assembly/disassembly kinetics and conformer preferences of the gramicidin A (GA) dimer is investigated using a combination of techniques, viz., electrospray ionization–ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM-MS), collision-induced dissociation (CID), and hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX)-MS. IM-MS measurements reveal that there are possibly three distinct GA dimeric species, detected as sodium ion adduct ions [2GA + 2Na]2+, and these are assigned as the parallel β-helix, antiparallel β-helix, and head-to-head dimer. The monomerization kinetics and equilibrium abundances of the dimer ions depend upon solvent polarity. The antiparallel β-helix was the thermodynamically preferred species in less polar solvents. HDX measurements and collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the intermediate complex confirm the well-protected dimer geometry with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This combined IM-HDX-CID methodology provides a comprehensive view of GA self-assembly/disassembly in low...
Isolation, purification, and further characterization of an L-phenylalanine oxidase fromMorganella morganii

A l-amino acid oxidase was isolated, purified, and characterized fromMorganella morganii 53187, a bacterium formerly known asProteus morganii. The synthesis of the enzyme by this bacterial strain was growth-associated and decreased sharply when the culture just reached the stationary phase. Based on this finding, the preparation of spheroplast by lysozyme-ethylene-diaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) disruption was carried out using the cells harvested during the exponential growth phase. Among several detergents tested, at the detergent-to-protein ratio of 2.5, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-l-propane-sulfonate (CHAPS) was very effective in solubilizing most of the enzyme attached to the membranes while still preserving the activity of the solubilized enzyme. The resulting enzyme solution was then purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, followed by ion exchange chromatography and gel permeation.
Interaction of Flow and Structure Instabilities in a Jet Flowing through a Flexible Membrane

Large amplitude pressure oscillations are sometimes encountered in the combustion chamber of solid rocket motors. These oscillations can be excited by the acoustic modes of the chamber, flow turning, flame instabilities or, if inhibitors are present, by their interaction with the mean flow. A cold air facility was built to study these interactions in a solid rocket motor simulator. Several membranes were tested and two different resonance conditions were found. One was caused by the natural response of the membrane, while the other corresponded to the first axial mode of the pipe. A finite element analysis was performed to study theoretically the behavior of the membrane, and good consistence was found with the experimental results. Flow visualization and mean velocity measurements were done to examine the structure of the jet. Flow behavior depended on the excitation of the preferred mode and/or the initial shear layer instability.
Predictors and timing of neurological complications following intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement

Background Transient or permanent neurological complications can occur in the periprocedural period following intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement. Which patients are at risk and the time period for maximum vulnerability among those who undergo intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement have not been formally studied. Objective To assess the predictors and timing of neurological complications following intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement in the periprocedural period in a consecutive series of patients. Methods We reviewed medical records and angiograms of consecutive patients treated with intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement in 3 academic institutions. We evaluated the effect of demographic, clinical, intraprocedural, and angiographic risk factors on subsequent development of periprocedural neurological complications. Periprocedural neurological complications were defined as new or worsening transient or permanent neurological complications that occurred during or within 1 month of the procedure. We also recorded the timing and nature of neurological complications in the periprocedural period. Results A total of 92 patients were included in the study (mean age ± standard deviation: 59 ± 14 years; 59 were men). The overall rate of in-hospital neurological complications was 9.8% (9 of 92 patients). Eight out of 9 neurological complications occurred either during the procedure or within 6 hours thereafter. Presence of diabetes mellitus (P = .003) and use of balloon-expandable stent (P = .09) were associated with periprocedural neurological complications. The degree of pre- and post-procedure stenosis, morphological appearance, and length of lesion were unrelated to periprocedural complications. Conclusion Patients with diabetes mellitus and those treated with balloon expandable stents are at high risk for periprocedural neurological complications. The first 6 hours following intracranial angioplasty and stent placement represent the period of highest risk.
Locating Separatrices and Basins of Stability in Biodynamic Systems

In biomechanics, a separatrix or recovery envelope exists between standing and falling. Standing with postural sway is a distinctly different type of motion than falling. A comparable problem to standing postural sway is the challenge of maintaining torso stability. In this case, a separatrix exists delineating stable torso sway from unstable and potentially injurious motion. An approach is presented for identifying separatrices in state space generated from noisy time series data sets representative of those generated from experiments. We demonstrate how Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS), ridges in the state space distribution of finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE), can be used to locate these separatrices. As opposed to previous approaches which required an entire vector field, this method can be performed using a single trajectory that evolves over time.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Survey on AIDS Knowledge Among Students in a University,Qingdao City,2013

Objective To understand the awareness rate of AIDS prevention and control and the need of health education on AIDS among students ina university,Qingdao city.Methods In 2013,aquestionnaire survey was conducted among 1260 freshmen-to senior college and postgraduate students on AIDS knowledge.Results Of 1 260 students surveyed,the awareness rate of the three major transmission routes of AIDS was 91.80% in college students.The awareness rate was higher among students from urban area than that of students from rural area.The college students presented strong need for sexual knowledge,and lack comprehensive knowledge on the spread,prevention and control of AIDS as well as the correct use of condoms.In addition,there were differences in their attitudes and protected behaviors toward AIDS.Conclusion In college students,there are problems in their awareness of the AIDS prevention and control,and also in their relevant behaviors.Interventions should be made among college students with various types of health education to improve their self-protection,and help them establish a positive attitude and life style to stay away from AIDS.
Analysis of the 2008-2012 outbreak of notifiable infectious in Jiedong county

Objective To provide a scientific basis for the development of infectious disease prevention and control strategies,through to understand the legal Jiedong infectious diseases. Methods The epidemic situation of infectious diseases of Jiedong County from 2008 to 2012 were descriptive analysis. Results 14 522 cases with 23 kinds of notifiable diseases of Jiedong County from 2008 to 2012 were reported,while the average incidence was 225.88 of 0.1 minllin.The forst three disease were 5571 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis(38.36%),3861 cases of hepatitis B(26.59%) and 1919 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease(13.21%). Conclusion The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and viral hepatitis is also the common infectious disease of Jiedong County,while the incidence of syphilis,gonorrhea,hand-footmouth disease and infectious diarrhea which should be monitored and controled is rising.
Biology of the Transition of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) to Multiple Myeloma.

BackgroundApproximately 25% of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) eventually develop multiple myeloma (MM) or a related plasma cell disorder that is universally...
Implementing Genomic Clinical Decision Support for Drug-Based Precision Medicine.

The explosive growth of patient‐specific genomic information relevant to drug therapy will continue to be a defining characteristic of biomedical research. To implement drug‐based personalized medicine (PM) for patients, clinicians need actionable information incorporated into electronic health records (EHRs). New clinical decision support (CDS) methods and informatics infrastructure are required in order to comprehensively integrate, interpret, deliver, and apply the full range of genomic data for each patient.1
Fresh evidence links adiposity with multiple cancers

The association is now clear; it’s time to get serious about prevention The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) working group recently reviewed epidemiological data, studies in experimental animals, and mechanistic data and concluded that excess body fatness causes cancer of the colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, thyroid, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium, ovary, oesophagus (adenocarcinoma), and gastric cardia, as well as meningioma and multiple myeloma.1 This potentially makes excess body fat the second most important modifiable cancer risk factor after tobacco use. The study by Kyrgiou and colleagues2 took up the challenge of evaluating the robustness of multiple, sometimes overlapping, meta-analyses that reported an association between body adiposity measures (such as body mass index, weight gain, and waist circumference) and cancer. The authors conducted an umbrella review, also known as a “review of reviews” or “meta-review,”34 and initially identified a total of 204 individual meta-analyses from 49 papers. They further examined the 95 meta-analyses that reported the association between body fatness measured on a continuous scale (mostly body …
Mapping high pH levels in hydrated calcium silicates

Abstract Data on the variability of pH levels in cement-based materials is essential for a better understanding of the early aging of materials and the long-term performance of concrete structures. Current approaches for measuring pH levels in concrete are inadequate with respect to radiometric range and resolution and spatial granularity. We report on a methodology for mapping pH levels in concrete utilizing a halochromic porphyrin sensor molecule that allows a simple measurement of surface values of pH level using a commercial digital camera setup. As proof of concept, cement paste, mortar, and concrete samples were subject to accelerated carbonation and then evaluated for pH profiles at different ages of degradation. Comparative tests on the same specimens were also conducted using phenolphthalein as the pH indicator. Spatial distribution of pH level from pH 11.0 to 13.5 was mapped at various levels of carbonation.
Metaplasia in the Stomach Arises From Gastric Chief Cells

The development of intestinal-type gastric cancer is preceded by loss of parietal cells (oxyntic atrophy) and the induction of metaplastic cell lineages in the gastric mucosa. For example, mouse models have shown that spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia can develop following oxyntic atrophy through transdifferentiation of zymogen-secreting chief cells. Evolution of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia from chief cells occurs via a coordinated dismantling of their secretory apparatus and reprogramming of their transcriptome. Increasing evidence suggests that the process of chief cell reprogramming requires the influence of inflammatory cytokines and requires both zymogen granule autophagy and alterations in gene transcription. It is likely that spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia is a physiological repair mechanism that is similar to those that occur in other tissues (eg, pancreas) for recruiting reparative progenitor cells in response to mucosal wounds. Chronic inflammation can induce a recurring pattern of persistent reprogramming/metaplasia that increases the risk for neoplasia.
Thermodynamic Routes to Novel Metastable Nitrogen-Rich Nitrides

Compared to oxides, the nitrides are relatively unexplored, making them a promising chemical space for novel materials discovery. Of particular interest are nitrogen-rich nitrides, which often possess useful semiconducting properties for electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, such nitrogen-rich compounds are generally metastable, and the lack of a guiding theory for their synthesis has limited their exploration. Here, we review the remarkable metastability of observed nitrides, and examine the thermodynamics of how reactive nitrogen precursors can stabilize metastable nitrogen-rich compositions during materials synthesis. We map these thermodynamic strategies onto a predictive computational search, training a data-mined ionic substitution algorithm specifically for nitride discovery, which we combine with grand-canonical DFT-SCAN phase stability calculations to compute stabilizing nitrogen chemical potentials. We identify several new nitrogen-rich binary nitrides for experimental investigati...
Novel Unsupervised Named Entity Recognition Used in Text Annotation Tool (OntoMate) At Rat Genome Database

In model organism databases, one of the important tasks is to convert free text in biomedical literature to a structured data format. Curators in the Rat Genome Database (RGD), the primary source of rat genomic, genetic, and physiological data, spend considerable time and effort curating functional information for genes, QTLs, and strains from the literature. To increase curation efficiency and prioritize literature for data extraction OntoMate was developed at RGD. This tool tags Pubmed abstracts with genes, gene names, gene mutations, organism name and terms from 16 ontologies/vocabularies, including synonyms and aliases, used to represent functional information. In this project, we have used an unsupervised tagging method to reduce human effort for creating training data. In this approach, a machine learning tool based on decision tree classification techniques has been developed. Mentions that are uniquely belong to a semantic type play positive sample roles, and those with semantic types other than desired group are assumed to be negative samples. An interface allows the user to create a complex query incorporating terms from any of the ontologies, gene symbols, organisms, dates and other parameters. The results return abstracts along with all tagged parameters indicated in the query, along with children of the ontology terms chosen. Results can be further filtered by the user through a panel that lists organisms, genes and diseases with number of paper returned. Abstracts and papers are provided in rank order by relevance to the query. The tool is fully integrated into curation software so citations and abstracts can be automatically entered into the RGD database and given ID and genes and ontology terms in the tags can be checked to create annotations linked to the paper. The system was built with a scalable and open architecture, and literature is updated daily. This tool uses Solr indexing technology and categorizes papers based on a relevance score. It indexes and tags more than 27 million abstracts. With the use of bioNLP tools, RGD has added more automation to its curation workflow.
Robotic-assisted left renal vein transposition as a novel surgical technique for the treatment of renal nutcracker syndrome

Renal nutcracker syndrome is an anatomic anomaly characterized by the compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta or between the aorta and the vertebral body. Diagnosis is often challenging. Common presenting symptoms include hematuria, abdominal pain, and pelvic congestion. Several open and endovascular techniques have been described to treat this syndrome. We report a novel surgical technique with robotic-assisted left renal vein transposition to treat a 19-year-old woman with renal nutcracker syndrome. Robotic vascular surgery can be a safe and effective therapy for this condition.
Superelasticity in Shape-Memory Materials

The recently developed crystal-mechanics-based constitutive model of Thamburaja and Anand [8] for superelasticity of shape-memory materials is reviewed and shown to quantitatively predict the superelastic response of an initially-textured Ti-Ni alloy in a variety of reasonably complex deformation modes.
The Unavoidable Importance of Electrostatic Effects in the Structures of Weakly Bonded Complexes

The electrical interaction between static and polarized charge distributions of molecules is very important in determining the approach orientations of monomers making up hydrogen bonded complexes. A detailed analysis of those interactions is presented. The orientati onal angles describing the structures of complexes can be predicted by searching the surface of the electrical interaction energy, and a large number of binary complexes and several larger complexes have been studied in this way. The model appears to be generally successful.
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes properties, distribution and regulation.

The effects of catecholamines in the central and peripheral nervous systems appear to be mediated through interactions with 2 major classes of receptor: α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors. Subtypes of both α- and β-adrenoceptors exist. In the periphery, α1-receptors are located postsynaptically, mediating the excitatory effects of catecholamines at α-receptors. α2-Adrenoceptors, on the other hand, are autoreceptors involved in the regulation of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) release. In the central nervous system, both α1- and α2-receptors exist on postsynaptic cells; there are also 2 principal subtypes of β-adrenoceptors. β1-Receptors have a high affinity for both noradrenaline and adrenaline (epinephrine) and are found in the heart, brain, and adipose tissue. β2-Receptors have a low affinity for noradrenaline and are involved in mediation of relaxation of vascular and other smooth muscles and in many of the metabolic effects of catecholamines.
Colony Stimulating Factor-1 in the Female Reproductive Tract During the Pre- and Peri-Implantation Periods

Viviparous reproduction in mammals demands co-ordination between maternal physiology and embryonic development. This includes the synchronization between pre-implantation embryonic development and the uterine preparation for implantation, the coordinated development of maternal and fetal cells during the formation of the placenta, the requirements of parturition and the development of the mammary gland in preparation for lactation. Paradoxically, in mice, the uterine preparation for implantation, pre-implantation embryonic development and decidualization can proceed independently of one another. Thus, fertilized oocytes can be cultured to the blastocyst-stage in defined medium, whereafter they can be sucessfully transferred to pseudopregnant recipients to complete embryonic development. Similarly, non-pregnant ovariectomized mice can be made pseudopregnant by administration of the appropriate regimens of steroid hormones and to be induced to undergo decidualization by an inert stimulus such as arachis oil applied into the uterine lumen in the absence of an embryo. However, embryonic development in vitro is slower than observed in vivo and such development is restricted to a few inbred mouse strains. In addition, in rodents it is essential to maintain synchrony between pre-implantation embryonic development and the uterine preparation for pregnancy in vivo so that the embryo is ready to implant during the relatively small window of uterine receptivity (Brinster, 1963; Finn, 1980; Finn and Martin, 1972; Harlow and Quinn, 1982).
Plasmodium protein UIS3 protects the parasite from autophagy clearance

The malaria causative parasite, Plasmodium, has received intense focus due to its complex life cycle and threat to human health. When infecting human hepatocytes, the parasite manages to escape clearance by macroautophagy/autophagy. In a recent paper by Real et al., the authors discovered that the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membrane protein UIS3 encoded by Plasmodium interacts with MAP1LC3/LC3, an important component of the autophagy machinery. This interaction interferes with the association between LC3 and its receptors, which helps the parasite avoid sequestration by a phagophore, and subsequent elimination by the host. This study expands our knowledge about the Plasmodium-host interaction, as well as provides information for a potential anti-Plasmodium drug target.
Factors influencing patients’ choice of a physiotherapist: a study within the Swiss insurance premium-funded system

AbstractPurpose: Healthcare systems have long struggled to attract and retain patients within the competitive marketplace. Physiotherapy clinics, not immune to market pressures, also struggle to be...
CYP2D6 genotype and adverse events to risperidone in children and adolescents.

There are few and conflicting data on the role of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms in relation to risperidone adverse events (AEs) in children. This study assessed the association between CYP2D6 metabolizer status and risk for risperidone AEs in children. Children ≤18 years with at least 4 weeks of risperidone exposure were identified using BioVU, a de-identified DNA biobank linked to electronic health record data. The primary outcome of this study was AEs. After DNA sequencing, individuals were classified as CYP2D6 poor, intermediate, normal, or ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolizers. For analysis, the 257 individuals were grouped as poor/intermediate metabolizers (n = 33, 13%) and normal/ultrarapid metabolizers (n = 224, 87%). AEs were more common in poor/intermediate vs. normal/ultrarapid metabolizers (15/33, 46% vs. 61/224, 27%, P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, and initial dose, poor/intermediate metabolizers had increased AE risk (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.1, P = 0.03). Children with CYP2D6 poor or intermediate metabolizer phenotypes are at greater risk for risperidone AEs. Pre-prescription genotyping could identify this high-risk subset for an alternate therapy, risperidone dose reduction, and/or increased monitoring for AEs.
The dream revisited: Contemporary debates about housing, segregation and opportunity, edited by Ingrid Gould Ellen and Justin Peter Steil

The quest to understand the dynamics of race and place is central to urban studies. The study of urban segregation began early. The Chicago School focused on what they saw as the voluntary construc...
Evaluation System of GIS Partial Discharge Based on Convolutional Neutral Network

The paper presents a GIS partial discharge evaluation system based on convolutional neutral network. Partial discharge evaluation method and its system aim to solve the problem of false alarm and leakage alarm of the existing partial discharge monitoring system. The evaluation system is presented in detail. The method of the GIS partial discharge signal acquisition is analyzed. The convolutional neutral network to classify the partial discharge types is researched, and the experiment of evaluation system verify the effectiveness of convolutional neutral network.
Private military & security companies, conflict complexity, and peace duration: an empirical analysis

PMSC training has the potential to improve state capacity, reduce the combatants’ opportunity and willingness to fight, and prolong the duration of peace. However, the benefit of PMSC training-rela...
The effects of downstream clustering in longitudinal studies

Many experimental designs in educational and behavioral research involve at least one level of clustering. Clustering affects the precision of estimators and its impact on statistics in cross-secti...
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] Adult Population Survey Data Set: 1998-2003: Presentation

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide harmonized comparisons among countries related to the level of participation in entrepreneurial activities. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998; by 2003, more than forty countries and three sub-national regions were involved in the program. While the initial design was based on the first U.S. Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics [PSED I], the GEM design evolved to capture a wider range of individual participation in business ownership and management with annual adjustments and enhancements to the data collection procedure. The current consolidated data set focuses on the first six years. The project has continued in 2004-2007, providing a potential for adding more countries and more cases for continuing countries.
Tyson Kills the Mulberry Fork

On 6 June 2019, a Tyson Farms, Inc. chicken rendering plant in Hanceville, Alabama, spilled approximately 220,000 gallons (around 832,900 liters) of anaerobic wastewater into the Mulberry Fork of the Black Warrior River, killing a conservatively estimated two hundred thousand fish and flooding the river with dangerous bacteria. This article follows that spill, tracing it within the long disaster unfolding in Alabama between extractive industry and environmental welfare.
Optical knots in engineered turbid media

In this talk we theoretically and experimentally investigate an interesting family of null solutions to Helmholtz equation in 3D free space - optical vortices, or zero lines of complex amplitude in a propagating light field, that are knotted or linked in a certain way. We design all-dielectric optical metasurfaces – nanostructures enabling unprecedented control over the amplitude, polarization and phase of optical fields, for generation of optical knots, and study their stability and evolution in engineered colloidal suspensions with saturable Kerr-like nonlinearity. These studies are further generalized to characterization of knot evolution in turbid linear and nonlinear media, such as clouds, fog, biological media, and undersea environments. Knotted electromagnetic fields may find applications in three-dimensional optical manipulations or could be considered as candidates for new information carriers in classical and quantum communication systems.
Teaching math in real time

Narrative, first-person accounts of a collective, traumatic event preserve the authenticity of the experience and defend against inaccurate retrospective idealizations. Such artifacts allow us time to process the event, extract the lessons it has for us, and to bring these lessons to bear on our practices. I offer my own narrative here, as a practitioner and researcher, of daily experiences of teaching mathematics in the USA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Sudden perturbations to our regular educational practices expose ways in which those practices are incomplete or outright unstable. This, in turn, troubles the theories underpinning our practices. I offer my narrative as a point of communal reflection on what we do and know, and how we might do and know it better.