cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma in Kindler syndrome.

A 57-year-old Hispanic man with a personal and family history of bullae and photosensitivity presented with a fungating, ulcerated squamous cell carcinoma on his left hand (Figure 1). Physical examination showed conjunctival injection, ectropion, symblepharon, urethral stricture, loss of teeth, short stature, and nail dystrophy. There was reticulated erythema, atrophy, hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation, and telangiectasia of sun-exposed skin of the face, neck, and hands consistent with poikiloderma (Figure 2). In addition, there was foreshortening of the left thumb and sclerodermoid changes of his hands (Figure 3). Radiation therapy was applied to shrink the tumor before a local excision was performed. However, a local recurrence followed and axillary lymph nodes became clinically palpable, necessitating amputation and lymph node dissection. Extensive histologic evaluation of the specimen obtained following left arm amputation and lymph node dissection showed moderate-to-poorly differentiated deeply invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Two of 3 axillary lymph nodes were positive for metastatic carcinoma. A random biopsy of the trunk showed epidermal atrophy, telangiectasia, a perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and pigment-laden macrophages consistent with poikiloderma. Electron microscopy illustrated extensive reduplication of the basement membrane, with loops, curls, and free extensions of the basal lamina in the superficial dermis; reduced numbers of hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils; and a basement membrane focally devoid of basal cells (Figure 4). On the basis of the clinical features and the characteristic basement zone changes, a diagnosis of Kindler syndrome was made. Figure 1. Large vegetating tumor on the palm, necessitating amputation. Biopsy revealed poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma invading the bone. Figure 2. Reticulated erythema, atrophy, hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation, and telangiectasia of the face, neck, and hands (poikiloderma). Atrophy of the epidermis, postinflammatory pigment alteration, and telangiectasia are suggestive of poikiloderma. Figure 3. Tight, shiny, scaly, poikilodermatous skin with erythema, hypopigmentation, and scale, consistent with sclerodermoid changes. Shortfall of the left thumb. Figure 4. Electron microscopy showing reduplication of the basement membrane, reduced numbers of hemidesmosomes, and anchoring filaments (uranyl acetate and lead citrate; original magnification ×58,000).
Indications for Routine Pathologic Examination of Specimens Removed During Trauma Operations

Surgical specimens removed during trauma operations are routinely submitted for examination by pathology. This practice has not been systematically evaluated and the incidence of abnormal results from these examinations remains unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the incidence and management implications of abnormal findings at pathology review of trauma specimens. This is a retrospective chart and pathology review of all surgical specimens obtained during laparotomy or thoracotomy for trauma between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2005. Reports were assessed for significant abnormal findings, including malignancy, infectious processes, and chronic inflammation. Additional clinical and demographic data were obtained. The main outcome measure was any change in management due to the pathology result. A total of 1686 specimens were obtained from 1307 trauma patients. Ten patients (0.8%) were identified as having clinically significant abnormal findings on pathology. Six findings (0.5%) were evidence of malignancy. The pathology reports did not alter care in any patients. In all instances malignancy was known or highly suspected prior to specimen examination based on other diagnostic modalities or gross examination during surgery. Patients with an abnormal finding were significantly older than the patients with normal pathology reports (70.5 vs. 30.4, P < 0.0001). The routine pathology review of specimens obtained during trauma operations did not alter patient care and should not continue. In all instances of abnormal pathology, preoperative imaging or gross intraoperative findings led to increased suspicion of occult disease. The suggestion of abnormalities on imaging or intraoperatively warrants pathologic examination, especially in older patients.
Towards Immunoproteasome‐Specific Inhibitors: An Improved Synthesis of Dihydroeponemycin

Eponemycin, an antitumor and antiangiogenic epoxy ketone natural product, is previously shown to target proteasome for its activity. Although there have been many synthetic approaches developed, practical and efficient synthetic strategy for eponemycin has yet to be accomplished. Here, we report an efficient new route for the preparation of dihydroeponemycin, an active eponemycin derivative. This will aid the design of proteasome inhibitors with novel activity. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Economic Analysis and Copyright Law: Are New Models Needed in the Digital Age?

Summary Economic analysis has played a central role in the development of intellectual property policy. Since information exhibits characteristics of a public good, both non-rival consumption and non-exclusivity, information markets are prone to market failure. This requires a policy response in the form of a subsidy or direct government provision. The monopoly rights granted to owners of intellectual property can be viewed as a form of subsidy intended to avert market failure. But in the digital environment, the tendency to market failure increases as information is more susceptible to copying and distribution with neither significant additional cost nor loss of quality. While a wide range of policy tools are available to meet the challenges of the new digital environment, the range of current legislative proposals shows that the expansion of property rights in information is the only approach being given serious consideration. This paper reviews these proposals as well as the wide variety of other appro...
A Simple Model for Natural Gas Production from Hydrate Decomposition

: This paper describes a model for natural gas production from the decomposition of methane hydrate in a confined reservoir by a depressurizing well. The one-dimensional linearized model suggested by Makogon is used in the analysis. For different well pressures and reservoir temperatures, distributions of temperature and pressure in the porous layer of methane hydrate and in the gas region are evaluated. The distance of the decomposition front from the well to the natural gas output are evaluated as functions of time. Time evolutions of the resulting temperature and pressure profiles in the hydrate reservoir are also studied.
Comparison of metaproterenol, isoetharine and salbutamol in the relief of methacholine-induced bronchospasm in dogs

We evaluated cardiovascular effects and effectiveness of isoetharine, metaproterenol and salbutamol, when administered intratracheally to relieve methacholine-in-duced bronchospasm in dogs anaesthetized with SO per cent nitrous oxide, oxygen, halothane and mechanically ventilated. Methacholine 2 μg · kg-1 · hour-1 was administrated first followed by halothane (1 MAC) for 30 minutes (control), then metaproterenol, isoetharine or sulbutamol. Metaproterenol (15 mg) significantly decreased transpulmonary pressure to 20.1 ± 0.5 (SE) from22.5 ± 1.15 cmH2O(p < 0.025) after three min and to 15 ± 0.5 cmH2O (p < 0.005) after 90 min. Isoetharine (2.5 mg) decreased transpulmonary pressure after five minto22.1 ± 1 from24.5 ± 1.5 cmH2O (p <0.05), and to 21.75 ± 0.55 mmH2O after 90 min. Salbutamol 25 sg · kg-1 decreased transpulmonary pressure to 20.7 ± 0.75 from 24.25 ± 1.28 after three min and to 16 ±.5 after 90 min. The peak effects on airway pressure occurred at 15 min for metaproterenol, 25 min for salbutamol and 20 min for isoetharine. Pulmonary vascular resistance was not significantly changed during halothane anaesthesia alone but decreased significantly after metaproterenol and isoetharine infusion. Heart rate increased ten per cent after metaproterenol, three per cent after isoetharine, and five per cent after salbutamol. No arrhythmias occurred in any group. Cardiac output increased significantly to 3.25 ± 0.2 from 1.5 ± 0.17 L·min-1 (p < 0.025) after metaproterenol to 3.2 ±.025 from 1.45 ±.009 after salbutamol and was unchanged after isoetharine. Metaproterenol and salbutamol in the presence of 1 MAC halothane anaesthesia relieved methacholine-in-duced bronchospasm more rapidly than did isoetharine. The onset of effect was 3 ± 0.05 min for metaproterenol and salbutamol and 5 ± 0.01 min for isoetharine. The effect lasted 210 ± 10.5 min for metaproterenol, 170 ± 12.5 min for salbutamol and 90 ± 4.75 min for isoetharine.
A traversodont cynodont from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Baden-Württemberg (Germany)

Nanogomphodon wildi n. gen., n. sp. is based on a tiny lower postcanine tooth from the lower Lettenkeuper (Lower Keuper or Erfurt Formation; Ladinian) of Michelbach an der Bilz (Baden-Wurttemberg). It represents the first record of a traversodont cynodont from the Middle Triassic of Europe and exhibits a distinctive combination of dental features. Along with recent discoveries of other traversodont taxa from the Upper Triassic of eastern North America,Nanogomphodon indicates the existence of a distinct lineage of these cynodonts in the Northern Hemisphere.
Tree spatial patterns and environmental relationships in the forest–alpine tundra ecotone at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA

Forest–alpine tundra ecotones (FTEs) are dynamic transition zones between forest and alpine tundra ecosystems that play an important role in regulating ecological processes, which are in turn directly influenced by the spatial patterns of trees and environmental constraints such as topography and climate. Our objectives were to characterize the spatial patterns of tree species and size classes, determine whether spatial patterns of trees differed among three FTE types, and examine FTE- and tree-environmental relationships in our study area on Niwot Ridge, CO, USA. Overall, spatial aggregation was more extensive for seedlings than saplings or trees. Distributions were largely random in limber pine but were highly aggregated in Engelmann spruce and especially subalpine fir, reflecting these species’ relative shade tolerance and expected sequence of establishment following disturbance. Fragmented and patchy tree distributions were observed in the FTE with the most heterogeneous topography, characterized by high relief and associated physical disturbances. The least patchy distributions were associated with the FTE containing a relative absence of disturbance. Intermediate levels of tree aggregation were associated with low topographic relief and presence of meadows and wetlands. Our results emphasize the importance of spatial structure as an initial controlling factor of vegetation pattern in FTEs occurring in the same landscape.
Physical mapping of a family of interferon-activated genes, serum amyloid P-component, and α-spectrin on mouse chromosome 1

This report defines genetic and physical relationships among α-spectrin (Spna-1), serum amyloid P-component (Sap), and a family of interferon-activated genes, provisionally designatedIfi202, Ifi203, andIfi204. By linkage analysis using a large panel of interspecific backcross mice,Sap, Ifi202, andIfi204 were shown to be tightly linked toSpna-1 on distal mouse chromosome 1. By pulsed field electrophoresis, a genomic restriction map of 6400 kb of distal mouse chromosome 1 was generated, linking genes encodingSap, (Ifi202, Ifi203, Ifi204), andSpna-1 in that order within 450–1000 kb (where the genes within brackets were not ordered). The interferon-activated genesIfi202, Ifi203, andIfi204 were linked within 75–150 kb. Furthermore, genes transcriptionally activated by cytokines, namelySap, Ifi202, Ifi203, andIfi204, were located within 450 kb. These studies suggest the possibility that selective pressure may maintain in physical proximity gene clusters which are under coordinate transcriptional control.
Noether symmetries and conserved quantities for spaces with a section of zero curvature

Abstract In an earlier paper (Feroze, 2010 [21] ), the existence of new conserved quantities (Noether invariants) for spaces of different curvatures was discussed. There, it was conjectured that the number of new conserved quantities for spaces with an m -dimensional section of zero curvature is m . Here, along with the proof of this conjecture, the form of the new conserved quantities is also presented. For the illustration of the theorem, an example of conformally flat spacetime is constructed which also demonstrates that the conformal Killing vectors (CKVs), in general, are not symmetries of the Lagrangian for the geodesic equation.
Effect of Age on Antioxidants and Molecular Markers of Oxidative Damage in Murine Epidermis and Dermis

This is the first study of antioxidants and oxidative-damage-related parameters in epidermis and dermis of the skin as a function of age. The four major antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase), hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants, and lipid hydroperoxides were assayed in both epidermis and dermis of young and old hairless mice. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase had similar activity levels in young and old animals. Only glutathione peroxidase from epidermis showed an activity decrease due to age. This decrease became apparent when enzyme activity was expressed per mg of total cellular protein. Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants did not change as a function of age, nor did lipid hydroperoxide levels. Both the absolute level of oxidized glutathione and the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione were higher in dermis from old mice. These results suggest that skin aging is not accelerated in old age due to a general decrease in the antioxidant capacity of the tissue. The data are compatible, however, with the idea that continuous damage to skin tissue by free radicals occurs throughout an organism's lifetime because scavenging cannot be 100% efficient.
Paper: FFTs and three-dimensional Poisson solvers for hypercubes

Abstract This paper investigates the implementation of fast direct methods for solving the three-dimensional Poisson equation on loosely coupled hypercube multiprocessors. As a preliminary step, the problem of computing multiple FFTs is considered and two different algorithms are compared. These algorithms are then used to implement two FFT-based fast Poisson solvers. Proceeding both with experiments and with performance models, these two solvers are studied and compared. No single algorithm is superior in all ranges of the parameters and the best choice depends upon problem size, number of processors and communication costs. In closing, two additional parallel algorithms for solving the Poisson equation are proposed, both of which appear to be competitive.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm: current approach to surgical timing

As late as 1995, a literature review disclosed nearly 300 papers on how to do thoracic aortic operations but only seven papers on the natural history of aortic aneurysm or when to operate on the thoracic aorta. We undertook a systematic study to define the behavior of these aneurysms. Our computerized database now includes information on over 1200 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm, including over 3000 tabulated serial imaging studies and over 3000 patient-years of follow-up. This database has allowed assessment of multiple fundamental topics and questions regarding the natural behavior of the thoracic aorta and appropriate criteria for surgical intervention.
Autoactive molluscan neuron: Reflex function and synaptic modulation during feeding in the terrestrial slug,Limax maximus

The salivary burster (SB) is an autoactive motoneuron to the salivary duct of the terrestrial slugLimax maximus. The SB is electrically coupled to protractor motoneurons and inhibited by the metacerebral giant cell. During feeding these synaptic inputs cause SB activity to be phase-locked to the protraction-retraction cycle. The SB can be used as a clear and reliable monitor of feeding motorprogram activation.
Martian Weather Correlation Length Scales

Spring and fall equinox Viking infrared thermal mapper 15-μm channel atmospheric brightness temperature (T15) observations are used to estimate the weather correlation length scale of Mars in the pressure range 0.5–1 mbar. The results provide a better understanding of martian atmospheric dynamics, a benchmark for validating martian general circulation models (GCMs), a guide to the optimal placement of a network of landers, and information for use in data assimilation efforts for orbiters and landers. Observations of atmospheric temperature are used to compute an atmospheric mean state as a function of time-of-day, latitude, longitude, and altitude, which is then subtracted from the observations to yield weather temperature residuals. These residuals are correlated with each other to determine (1) the weather temperature correlation length scale (∼1000 km) as a function of latitude and (2) the weather temperature variance (∼4 K^2 global average for L_S∼ 0°, ∼3 K^2 for L_S ∼ 180°). Good general agreement is found in comparing the length scales to the Rossby radius of deformation and to inferences made from other data sets. The weather temperature variance results are also compared with GCM results, yielding satisfactory agreement, with some differences in the magnitudes of the variances.
Diborane, dialane, and digallane: Accurate geometries and vibrational frequencies

Optimum equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities within the double harmonic approximation are computed for diborane, B{sub 2}H{sub 6}, dialane, Al{sub 2}H{sub 6}, and digallane, Ga{sub 2}H{sub 6}, at both the SCF level of theory and the second-order perturbation theory [E(2)] using three large basis sets: 6-311G(d,p), 6-311G(2d,2p), and 6-311G(2df,2p). In particular, the results obtained with the latter basis set make this present work the first study to include f-type polarization functions in a systematic investigation of the molecular structure and properties of all three molecules in the series. Because of the good agreement of the present theoretical results with experimental data and with previous theoretical studies which employed a higher treatment of electron correlation, this study serves to show that large basis sets can in part compensate for the lack of a more advanced treatment of electron correlation in these electron-deficient systems. In addition, this study establishes the level of basis set needed for future work on these systems including a thorough description of the total electronic density at a correlated level.
An investigation of unmet intimacy needs in marital relationships

In this investigation we examined partners' responses to unmet intimacy needs in hopes of better understanding how these responses may affect intimacy satisfaction and overall relationship satisfaction. Eighty-four married couples, plus four additional husbands and 12 additional wives, were recruited from the community and completed measures of relationship satisfaction, intimacy need satisfaction, and attributional and communication responses to unmet intimacy needs. Consistent with the proposed mediational model, less negative attributional and communication responses to unmet intimacy needs were found to be beneficial for overall intimacy satisfaction and relationship satisfaction. In addition, more positive communication responses contributed to greater intimacy satisfaction. Limitations and clinical implications of the current study and directions for future work are discussed.
Response to Reading: the Processlas Described by one Fourteen‐year‐old

(1979). Response to Reading: the Processlas Described by one Fourteen-year-old. English in Education: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 1-11.
German firms in the Western Pacific Islands, 1857–1914

from the first successes of Hamburg merchants in the early 1860s to the expropriation of all German property after the First World War. Like Germany's African colonies, the Pacific possessions were of little economic importance to her. Their trade was worth less than one seventh of one per cent of total German trade in 1909, and accumulated capital investment, even by the most optimistic estimates, was not more than M 400,000,000 by 1912, or ?20,000,000 in contemporary sterling.1 The investment was in trading, plantation agriculture and phosphate mining, dominated by a few companies based in Hamburg, Bremen and Berlin, and of minor value to the Fatherland even as a source of raw materials. Copra from Germany's Pacific colonies?their main product?provided less than 8?% of Germany's copra imports in 1910 and 1911 compared to 48^% from British colonies and 40% from the Dutch East Indies.2 Phosphates, the second most im portant export, supplied Germany with 5% of her needs.3 Significant as they were in the economy of the German Pacific, the phosphate islands of Nauru and Angaur produced a mere 3% of the world's phosphate, whereas France's North African colonies?to take a contrasting example?produced 46%.4 With copra, phosphate, birds-of-paradise and cacao the list of sig nificant exports at the end of German rule is exhausted. Economically, Germany's was the smallest of the Pacific colonial empires even after the rapid expansion of the first decade of the 20th century. In 1911 and 1912
Microtubules in the spermatids of the domestic fowl.

Spermiogenesis in chicken has been examined in order to see whether the radical changes observed in cell shape can be related to the presence of cytoplasmic microtubules. A highly ordered array of tubules has been found which surrounds the nucleus as it elongates from a sphere to a slender cylinder. The structure of the array has been determined by following the tubules through 12–14 adjacent serial sections, and it is a left-handed double helix. Faint cross-bridges connect consecutive turns of the two helices. After the change in nuclear shape is complete, the helical system of microtubules disappears and is replaced by a set of almost straight tubules which run parallel to the long axis of the nucleus. These tubules remain while the spermatid nucleus condenses isotropically to its final size. We suggest that the helix is the agent which effects nuclear elongation and that the subsequent system of paraxial tubules determines the curvature of the final sperm head. Evidence for these suggestions is found in the form of spermatids which have failed to develop properly. In an appendix we consider the kinematics of single and multiple helix systems and discuss the revelance of these models to the morphogenesis of chicken spermatids.
Ultra-high speed modulation-doped field-effect transistors: a tutorial review

A tutorial review on the modulation-doped field-effect transistor (MODFET) and its application to ultra-low-noise, medium-power, and ultra-wide-band traveling-wave amplifiers as well as ultra-high-speed digital logic circuits is presented. It is believed that with further advances in material growth and device scaling significant improvements in cutoff frequencies, switching speed, noise, and power will be achieved in the near future. >
Test generation for linear time-invariant analog circuits

In this paper, we propose a cost-effective test generation technique for linear time-invariant analog circuits subject to the parametric faults. This technique requires only a small number of test patterns, as opposed to traditional functional testing which utilizes complex stimuli, to classify the circuits. We formulate the test-generation problem as a problem of deriving hyperplanes in the multidimensional space formed by a set of parameters of the device under test (DUT). These hyperplanes define the acceptance region in the measurement space and can be derived by a search-based heuristic. The coefficients of the hyperplanes are then used as test patterns for classification (to determine whether the DUT is in the acceptance region or not). A more general case of using arbitrary "linearly independent" test sequence for classification is also discussed. Experimental results show that less than 10% of misclassification can be achieved by a very small number of tests.
An Equatorial Ocean Recharge Paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual Model

A new conceptual model for ENSO has been constructed based upon the positive feedback of tropical ocean‐ atmosphere interaction proposed by Bjerknes as the growth mechanism and the recharge‐discharge of the equatorial heat content as the phase-transition mechanism suggested by Cane and Zebiak and by Wyrtki. This model combines SST dynamics and ocean adjustment dynamics into a coupled basinwide recharge oscillator that relies on the nonequilibrium between the zonal mean equatorial thermocline depth and wind stress. Over a wide range of the relative coupling coefficient, this recharge oscillator can be either self-excited or stochastically sustained. Its period is robust in the range of 3‐5 years. This recharge oscillator model clearly depicts the slow physics of ENSO and also embodies the delayed oscillator (Schopf and Suarez; Battisti and Hirst) without requiring an explicit wave delay. It can also be viewed as a mixed SST‐ocean dynamics oscillator due to the fact that it arises from the merging of two uncoupled modes, a decaying SST mode and a basinwide ocean adjustment mode, through the tropical ocean‐atmosphere coupling. The basic characteristics of this recharge oscillator, including the relationship between the equatorial western Pacific thermocline depth and the eastern Pacific SST anomalies, are in agreement with those of ENSO variability in the observations and simulations with the Zebiak‐Cane model.
Genetic Interactions between Hepatitis C Virus Replicons

To investigate interactions between hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication complexes, a system was developed to simultaneously select different HCV subgenomic replicons within the same cell. Transcomplementation of defective replicons was not observed, suggesting an isolated and independent nature of the HCV RNA replication complex. In contrast, a high level of competition between replicons was observed, such that the presence and increased fitness of one replicon reduced the capacity of a second one to stably replicate. These results suggest that at least one factor in Huh7 cells required for HCV RNA replication is limiting and saturable.
CC chemokines mediate leukocyte trafficking into the central nervous system during murine neurocysticercosis: Role of γδ T cells in amplification of the host immune response

According to a previous report, the degree of the host immune response highly correlates with severity of the disease in the murine model for neurocysticercosis. In wild-type mice, Mesocestoides corti infection induced a rapid and extensive accumulation of γδ T cells and macrophages in the brain. NK cells, dendritic cells, αβ T cells, and B cells were also recruited to the brain but at lower levels. In contrast, γδ T-cell-deficient mice exhibited decreased cellular infiltration and reduced central nervous system (CNS) pathology. To understand the mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment into the CNS, chemokine expression was analyzed in infected brains in the present study. MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), and MIP-1β (CCL4) were up-regulated within 2 days after M. corti infection. Protein expression of RANTES (CCL5), eotaxin (CCL11), and MIP-2 was detected later, at 1 week postinfection. Correlating with the decreased cellular infiltration, delta chain T-cell receptor-deficient (TCRδ−/−) mice exhibited substantially reduced levels of most of the chemokines analyzed (with the exception of eotaxin). The results suggest that γδ T cells play an important role in the CNS immune response by producing chemokines such as MCP-1 and MIP-1α, enhancing leukocyte trafficking into the brain during murine neurocysticercosis.
The Federal State and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia: An Institutional Analysis

This article examines the breakup of Czechoslovakia from an institutionalist perspective. The federal state adopted after World War Ifailed to accommodate tensions in society and heightened ethnic conflict. After World War II, an "asymmetrical "federation was created that, while designed to provide a degree ofhome rule to Slovakia, further alienated Slovaksfrom nationalpolitics. Each effort to reform the federal order unintentionally prompted new concerns over the balance of political power. The inability to construct an enduringfederal state helps explain why the transitionfrom communism proved fatal for the union that was Czechoslovakia. After a remarkably peaceful revolution ended four decades of state socialism, the breakup of Czechoslovakia into two sovereign units marked the failure of the effort to construct a new political order for the country. It is generally understood that severe economic disparities between the two halves of the country led to major disagreements over structural reform of the economy. Those who appreciate the problem's historical dimension have pointed to the fact that Czechoslovakia was an artificial creation that lumped together two distinct nations whose political cultures are vastly different. Indeed, as in other parts of Eastern Europe, the period of Communist party rule appears only to have kept the lid on nationalist tensions that boiled over after the 1989 revolutions. Nevertheless, the claim that either policy differences or ethnic tensions were the reason for the breakup of the country seems unsatisfactory to those who wish to understand the general theoretical significance of such a momentous event. Disagreements over economic reform are common to many countries, but rarely lead to efforts to destroy the nation-state. Behind the economics lie more fundamental concerns about how power should be exercised, who should lead, and which groups should be represented. For these questions, ethnic tensions come closer to expressing the core of political debate. Even so, the existence of ethnic
Optical implementations of radial basis classifiers

We describe two optical systems based on the radial basis function approach to pattern classification. An optical-disk-based system for handwritten character recognition is demonstrated. The optical system computes the Euclidean distance between an unknown input and 650 stored patterns at a demonstrated rate of 26,000 pattern comparisons/s. The ultimate performance of this system is limited by optical-disk resolution to 1011 binary operations/s. An adaptive system is also presented that facilitates on-line learning and provides additional robustness.
Expanding the Scope of Conflict: Interest Groups and Interstate Compacts

Objective. This study looks at how the characteristics of states' interest group environments affect state participation in interstate compacts. Drawing on prominent theories of interest system characteristics, we hypothesize that interest group density and concentration will influence a state's propensity to join compacts. Method. Using pooled cross-sectional time-series event-count models, we test our hypotheses for 48 states over a 30-year period. Results. We find that states with denser interest group systems are more likely to join interstate compacts, but that greater concentration of organized interests in a few economic sectors impedes compact formation. Additional analyses show that the effects of state interest group systems vary across types of interest groups and compacts. In particular, the effects of interest group density appear to be driven primarily by not-for-profit groups generating increased state participation in noneconomic compacts. Conclusion. Interstate cooperation is influenced in important ways by characteristics of interest group environments.
Primary carcinima of female urethra

The clinical and morphologic features in 29 cases of primary carcinoma of the female urethra were reviewed. Only 2 of 12 patients treated with radiotherapy are known to have failed; one is dead of disease at one year, and the other is alive with local recurrence at two years. We consider these results sufficiently satisfactory to warrant the continued use of radiotherapy in early-stage lesions, as well as in selected patients who have infiltrating carcinoma. Integrated therapy consisting of 5,000 rad/25 fractions/five weeks, followed in six weeks by radical cystourethrectomy, was used in 7 patients. The low morbidity and absence of operative mortality recommend continuation of this aggressive approach for infiltrating tumors in selected patients.
A contribution to the classification of cases of non-classic 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The aim of this study was to classify the degree of 21α-hydroxylase deficiency in patients suspected for non-classic 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). In 66 selected subjects (45 young women with polycystic ovary (PCO)-like symptoms and members of their families, of whom 12 were men), progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and cortisol were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. The markers [(17-OHP at 30 min – 17-OHP at 0 min) + (progesterone at 30 min – progesterone at 0 min)]/30 proposed by Gutai and the ratio of cortisol to 17-OHP at 30 min (cortisol30/17-OHP30) were calculated and cluster analysis was performed using the above two markers and 17-OHP at 60 min (17-OHP60). Our patients were grouped by cluster analysis into four Groups: I, II, III and IV (n = 3, 11, 35 and 16, respectively) with (1) Gutai (x±SE) 107.0±21.7, 29.9±4.4, 10.5±0.54 and 4.0±0.37 ng/dl per min, respectively, (2) 17-OHP60 169.7±28.3, 10.8±1....
Parent–Youth Conflict and School Delinquency/Cigarette Use: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Associations with Achievement-Oriented Peers

Hypothesized gender-specific relationships between parent–youth conflict and youth's school delinquency and cigarette use, and the moderating effect of associations with achievement-oriented peers are estimated using information provided by a national sample of high school students (National Education Longitudinal Study [NELS] 1988–1990, N=13,348). Multiple regression analyses yielded results as follows: Conflict with fathers is more related to adolescent sons’ school delinquency and cigarette use than adolescent daughters’ while conflict with mothers is only predictive of daughters’ school delinquency and cigarette use. Further, associations with highly achievement-oriented peers tend to mitigate adverse effect of conflict with the same-sex parent on school delinquency and cigarette use. These results are observed while controlling for putative common antecedent variables.
Risk Factors for Failure of a Single Surgical Debridement in Adults with Acute Septic Arthritis

Background: Acute septic arthritis in a native joint may require more than one surgical debridement to eradicate the infection. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of failure of a single surgical debridement for acute septic arthritis, to identify risk factors for failure of a single debridement, and to develop a prognostic probability algorithm to predict failure of a single surgical debridement for acute septic arthritis in adults. Methods: We collected initial laboratory and medical comorbidity data of 128 adults (132 native joints) with acute septic arthritis who underwent at least one surgical debridement at our institution between 2000 and 2011. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to identify potential risk factors for failure of a single surgical debridement. Stepwise variable selection was used to develop a prediction model and identify probabilities of failure of a single surgical debridement. Results: Of the 128 patients (132 affected joints) who underwent surgical debridement for acute septic arthritis, forty-nine (38%) of the patients (fifty joints) experienced failure of a single debridement and required at least two debridements (range, two to four debridements). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial isolate (in sixty, or 45%, of the 132 joints). Logistic regression analysis identified five independent clinical predictors for failure of a single surgical debridement: a history of inflammatory arthropathy (odds ratio [OR], 7.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4 to 22.6; p 85.0 x 109 cells/L (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.8 to 17.7; p = 0.002), S. aureus as the bacterial isolate (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.8 to 11.9; p = 0.002), and a history of diabetes (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.2; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Most (62%) of the septic joints were managed effectively with a single surgical debridement. Adults with a history of inflammatory arthropathy, involvement of a large joint, a synovial-fluid nucleated cell count of >85.0 x 109 cells/L, an infection with S. aureus, or a history of diabetes had a higher risk of failure of a single surgical debridement for acute septic arthritis and requiring additional surgical debridement(s). Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Learning from failure: terrorism and ethics in engineering education

Engineers strive for safety. This has been true for all of engineering's history. The issue in question is not whether engineers value safety, but rather how safety is defined, what its limits are, and who is responsible for ensuring it. The answers lie in the context rather than the technology of design. The events of September 11th are, like the disasters before them, the latest in a series of crises stirring discussion of the meaning of safety and responsibility. What remains to be seen, in the wake of the terrorist attacks, is whether the disasters of that day will be sufficient to cause not only a rethinking, but a reshaping of the primary canon of engineering ethics-that engineers' first and foremost obligation is to hold the public safety paramount. Whatever we take to be the lessons of September 11th for engineering design, there is an important lesson for engineering education. As we rethink the meaning of ethics codes, we must also rethink the meaning of our educational goals. The terrorist attacks may well require expansion from preventing failures that result from "human fallibility" toward also preventing failures that result from human maliciousness. What will not change is humans' essential role in engineering; technology, by definition, cannot exist without human intervention. Both the cause and prevention of technological failures must therefore rest in human hands as well, and our students require and deserve the broad education necessary to cope with this reality.
ADAM disintegrin-like domain recognition by the lymphocyte integrins α4β1 and α4β7

The ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of proteins possess both proteolytic and adhesive domains. We have established previously that the disintegrin domain of ADAM28, an ADAM expressed by human lymphocytes, is recognized by the integrin α4β1. The present study characterizes the integrin binding properties of the disintegrin-like domains of human ADAM7, ADAM28 and ADAM33 with the integrins α4β1, α4β7 and α9β1. Cell-adhesion assays demonstrated that, similar to ADAM28, the ADAM7 disintegrin domain supported α4β1-dependent Jurkat cell adhesion, whereas the ADAM33 disintegrin domain did not. The lymphocyte integrin α4β7 was also found to recognize both disintegrin domains of ADAM7 and ADAM28, but not of ADAM33. This is the first demonstration that mammalian disintegrins are capable of interacting with α4β7. All three disintegrin domains supported α9β1-dependent cell adhesion. Recognition by both α4β1 and α4β7 of ADAM7 and ADAM28 was activation-dependent, requiring either the presence of Mn2+ or an activating monoclonal antibody for cell attachment. Charge-to-alanine mutagenesis experiments revealed that the same residues within an individual ADAM disintegrin domain function in recognizing multiple integrins. However, the residues within a specific region of each ADAM disintegrin-like domain required for integrin binding were distinct. These results establish that ADAM7 and ADAM28 are recognized by the leucocyte integrins α4β1, α4β7 and α9β1. ADAM33 exclusively supported only α9β1-dependent adhesion.
Modeling the Effects of Diversity Experiences and Multiple Capitals on Latina/o College Students' Academic Self-Confidence

This study develops a model predicting academic self-confidence for 2nd-year Latina/o college students. Findings indicate that forms of academic, cultural, social, and intercultural capital (the capacity to negotiate diverse racial and ethnic environments) are positively associated with academic self-confidence. The prevalence of negative cross-racial interactions is negatively associated with academic self-confidence. The study's results suggest policy and programming implications to support the development of Latina/o students' academic self-confidence.
Sociedade civil e globalização: repensando categorias

The discourse of civil society has gone global. Once again theorists of democracy are placing their bets on civil society to generate solidarity, publicity, civicness, awareness of new forms of injustice, and democracy vis-a-vis the new world order. Yet too many analysts are naively optimistic or ideological about global civil society's democratizing role. In order to visualize the proper role of civil society in the global context, careful systematic analysis is needed concerning the ways in which globalization has transformed the key parameters of civil society and how such changes recursively affect how civil society impacts national, regional, transnational, and supranational bodies. There can be no vital democracy without civil society, but civil society cannot replace constitutional democracy or the rule of law at any level of government.
In-plane and out-of-plane motions of the human tympanic membrane.

Computer-controlled digital holographic techniques are developed and used to measure shape and four-dimensional nano-scale displacements of the surface of the tympanic membrane (TM) in cadaveric human ears in response to tonal sounds. The combination of these measurements (shape and sound-induced motions) allows the calculation of the out-of-plane (perpendicular to the surface) and in-plane (tangential) motion components at over 1 000 000 points on the TM surface with a high-degree of accuracy and sensitivity. A general conclusion is that the in-plane motion components are 10–20 dB smaller than the out-of-plane motions. These conditions are most often compromised with higher-frequency sound stimuli where the overall displacements are smaller, or the spatial density of holographic fringes is higher, both of which increase the uncertainty of the measurements. The results are consistent with the TM acting as a Kirchhoff–Love's thin shell dominated by out-of-plane motion with little in-plane motion, at least with stimulus frequencies up to 8 kHz.
Traffic Operational Performance Measures

The previous two chapters discussed the fundamental traffic stream parameters. This chapter discusses additional performance measures often used in traffic operational assessment, such as travel time measures, delay measures, and queue measures. Multimodal performance measures as well as measures related to growth management, the environment, and sustainability are discussed briefly. The last section identifies the performance measures used to define the level of service, or LOS, in the HCM. These performance measures are called measures of effectiveness, or MOEs.
Dynamics of Metapopulations of Small Mammals

This paper reviews the development and application of the metapopulation concept to mammalian population dynamics. Studies of mammalian population dynamics documenting spatial variation in demography contributed importantly to the evolution of a landscape approach to ecology. At the same time, important theoretical developments such as the theory of island biogeography and Levin's metapopulation model provided ecologists with testable hypotheses regarding spatial variation in population dynamics. Empirical studies of mammalian populations indicate a spectrum of spatial structures from large homogeneous populations integrated by dispersal to highly isolated populations not connected by dispersal. The metapopulation approach to mammalian population dynamics resolves some of the earlier controversy regarding the nature of regulation of populations. It has also contributed importantly to the conservation biology of mammals.
Registration of LiDAR Point Cloud Models using Inter-Object Geometry

Registration of LiDAR models relies on appropriately locating and matching points between the models. We present a fully automatic 3D registration approach that leverages the geometric relationship between objects in the scene.
Localized Electroosmosis (LEO) Induced by Spherical Colloidal Motors

Experimental data show that the speed of colloidal (catalytic) motors decreases as the size of the motor particles increases. However, previous electrokinetic models have shown that the colloidal motor speed for spheres is independent of size, at least for the case of infinitesimally thin double layers and reaction-limited catalysis. Although a size dependence of motor speed has been calculated for diffusion-limited catalysis, most motor experiments are done in the reaction-limited regime. This apparent contradiction led us to examine how motor speed (U) changes with distance (δ) from a wall, starting from the usual electrokinetic equations. A key finding is that interactions between a colloidal motor and a nearby wall produce a localized electroosmotic (LEO) flow field that can significantly alter the motor speed near the wall. Because large motor particles typically settle closer to the wall than small motors, LEO thus provides at least one explanation of the size dependence of motor speed. Furthermore,...
Using Weibull Statistics to Analyze Ion Beam Enhanced Adhesion as Measured by the pull Test

The adhesion of iron films to single crystal Al 2 O 3 substrates was investigated using a pull test. Chromium (300 keV) or nickel (340 keV) ions were implanted to a fluence of 1 × 10 15 ions-cm -2 after film deposition. The adhesion test results were widely scattered due to a random distribution of interfacial flaw sizes controlling the failure nucleation. Because Weibull statistics were developed to describe the failure probability due to a population of flaw-initiated cracks, the Weibull distribution was chosen to analyze the data. Modifications in the adhesion strength due to the ion implantation were reflected in the failure distributions. It was found that the chromium ions improved the adhesion of the Fe/Al 2 O 3 system while the implantation of nickel did not.