cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE‐A‐217A‐01: The Effects of Radiation Therapy on White Matter Fiber Tracts of the Limbic Circuit

Purpose: To assess radio‐sensitivity of white matter fiber tracts interconnected to hippocampus. Methods: Twelve patients who had brain metastases and received fractionated whole brainradiation therapy (WBRT) (30 or 37.5G) were included in the study. Diffusion weighted images were acquired pre RT, end of RT, and 1 ‐month post‐RT. The fornix, cingulum and corpus callosum were extracted from diffusion weighted images by combining fiber tracking and segmentation methods based upon characteristics of the fiber bundles. The ingulum was segmented by a seed‐ based tractography, the fornix by an ROI‐based tractography, and the corpus callosum by a level‐set segmentation algorithm. The radiation‐induced longitudinal changes in diffusion indices of the structures were evaluated. Results: Significant percentage decreases were observed in fractional anisotropy in the cingulum posterior part, fornix, and corpus callosum from pre RT to end of RT by −14.0%, −12.5%, and −5.2%, respectively (p<0.001), and from pre RT to 1‐month post‐RT by −11.9%, −12.8%, and −6.4%, respectively (p<0.001). Moreover, significant percentage increases were observed in mean diffusivity in the corpus callosum and cingulum posterior part from pre RT to end of RT by 6.8% and 6.5%, respectively, and from pre RT to 1‐month post‐RT by 8.5% and 6.3%, respectively. Furthermore, significant percentage increases were observed in radial diffusivity anisotropy in the cingulum posterior part, fornix, and corpus callosum from pre RT to end of RT by 11.4%, 7.1%, and 17.0%, respectively, and from pre RT to 1‐month post‐RT by 10.5%, 4.9%, and 21.8%, respectively (p<0.001). The increase in radial diffusivity primarily contributed to the significant decrease in fractional anisotropy, indicating demyelination is the predominant radiation effect on the white matter structures. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the fornix and cingulum posterior part are susceptible to radiation damage, particularly to demyelination. Further investigation of the relationship between the structural damage and cognitive dysfunction is on‐going. Supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants RO1 NS064973
Body-shape effects on axisymmetric wakes - Transition.

Experimental measurements have been made of the distance of transition to turbulence of the wake behind spherical and blunted-cone models at hypersonic speeds in a ballistic range. Transition distances behind blunt bodies were found to be independent of body shape, whereas a definite shape effect was observed for slender bodies. A single shape parameter was determined which correlated successfully all the slender body data. The transition process was found to be markedly different between blunt and slender body flows, the transition occurring rather abruptly behind blunt bodies and being extended over many body diameters for slender bodies. In all cases, the transition distances were independent of body size and flight speed. The correlations were found to break down at high Reynolds numbers where turbulence originated at the recompression region.
Teaching reading study skills and course content to preservice teachers

Abstract Preservice teachers enrolled in four sections of a freshman level reading education course were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The students in the experimental group were taught reading study skills concurrently with the course content. The control group tutored children in an elementary school. Analyses of pre and posttest scores for course content, the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes, and the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test indicated significant gains for the experimental group on course content and the SSHA. Improvement in general reading achievement on'the SDRT approached significance. Results were interpreted as evidence that when preservice teachers lack effective reading study habits and attitudes, reading educators can develop these skills as students master course content.
Risk Factors for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose Knowledge of modifiable risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is important in terms of prevention. We therefore conducted a systematic review of studies on risk factors for SAH, with emphasis on sufficiently precise criteria for the diagnosis of SAH. Methods To identify studies we performed a Medline search from 1966 to 1994 and searched the reference lists of all relevant publications. Studies were included only if they fulfilled predefined methodological criteria. Case-control studies were included if the diagnosis of SAH was proved by CT, angiography, or autopsy in at least 70% of patients. Longitudinal studies were included if the criteria for SAH were based on a review of the medical records. Results Nine longitudinal studies and 11 case-control studies were included. Significant risk factors were as follows: (1) smoking (relative risk [RR] for longitudinal studies, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 2.3; odds ratio [OR] for case-control studies, 3.5; 95% CI, 2....
New microsurgical applications: implications for the infrastructures of plastic surgery.

Microsurgery has been the basis of a wide range of technical developments in plastic surgery for over 3 decades. Microsurgery is the basis for the practices of replantation and peripheral never surgery that has redefined a number of clinical problems including thumb and mandible reconstruction. In the immediate future, microsurgery may make significant contributions to plastic surgery infrastructures, contributions that may help redefine reconstructive plastic surgery. These developments may be as significant as ongoing technical progress. This article explores the potential contributions of microsurgery to the infrastructures of patient population definition, practice economics, academic organization, and medical education.
Portable dual-wavelength amplitude cancellation image system for the determination of human breast tumor

For X-ray mammography, we are unable to apply to younger subjects of woman under 40 years old. The under 40 years old BRCA-1 population has a serious diagnostic problem. So we have chosen to develop an optical technique for breast cancer detection. In order to provide a safe, fast and portable dual wavelength breast imager, We have used high sensitive cancellation techniques (amplitude cancellation image system) as an imaging system that can better to localize the metabolic and blood volume responses. This device consists of 8 sources (750 nm, 830 nm) and 21 silicon photodiodes. The sources are modulated by 50 us pulse and pulse encode the dual wavelength sources (750nm, 830 nm). Using programmed amplifies, the image system is first calibrated on a breast model by adjusting all outputs to be equal, hence their differential amplifier outputs are zero. The high sensitive null (zero) plane is applied to detect small objects. By averaging of the imaged data over 8 sec. The system indicated a very high signal to noise ratio (100) in detecting inhomogeneity of the breast with respect to the surrounding tissue or to the contralateral breast in voxeis containing blood volume and oxygenation changes corresponding to the presence of tumors or related tissue pathologies.
A viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive equation and its finite element implementation

Abstract A viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for isotropic materials undergoing isothermal infinitesimal deformation is proposed. The model is based on the assumption that the total strain rate is decomposable into a viscoelastic and a viscoplastic portion. Consequently, the model consists of a linear viscoelastic model in series with a modified plasticity model. This modified plasticity model adopts the classical Drucker-Prager yield surface with isotropic hardening and the associative flow rule of the invicid theory of plasticity. However, hardening is assumed to be a function of both the viscoplastic strain as well as the total strain rate. In this manner, the proposed model acquires the advantage of having both the initial and the subsequent yield surfaces to be a function of the strain rate, a property which has its experimental supportive evidence for viscoplastic materials such as polymers and some metals at highly elevated temperatures. A finite-element algorithm is developed to implement the constitutive equation derived in Part I. This algorithm adopts a combination of the tangent stiffness matrix and the initial load approach. The method of treating the transitional region between viscoelastic and viscoelastic-viscoplastic behavior is given. The details of implementation is described. Convergence of the computation scheme is discussed. Two examples are calculated numerically to demonstrate the strain rate and the pressure effects on the mechanical behavior of some viscoelastic-viscoplastic material. Results show that essential features in the stress-strain diagram obtained experimentally are exhibited by the model.
Stability of liquid zones

The criterion for the stability of a liquid zone of volume V and length L between two parallel circular coaxial plates of radius R and Ru is formulated via the calculus of variations. The liquid in the zone is static or uniformly rotating with angular velocity Ω and is subject to a gravitational acceleration g along the axis of the plates. For Ω = 0, V = πR2L, R = Ru, numerical computations give the maximum stable value of LR as a function of the Bond number e ≡ ρgR 2γ, where ρ is the density difference between the liquid and the surrounding fluid and γ is the liquid-fluid surface tension. Experimental measurements of the stability of water zones are in good agreement with the numerical results. Experimental and theoretical results for horizontal liquid zones (gravitational field perpendicular to the axis of the plates) show that for e < 0.5 horizontal zones are more stable than vertical zones.
LOAD FORECASTING USING BOX‐JENKINS METHODOLOGY

This paper discusses the use of stochastic models based on the Box‐Jenkins modeling methodology to determine the future electrical loads. The developed forecasting models have been applied successfully by using the electrical load data provided by the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company.
CLEARANCE RATE OF EXOGENOUS 3H‐THYMIDINE FROM THE PLASMA OF PREGNANT RHESUS MONKEYS

The plasma clearance rate of 3H-TdR was determined by thin-layer chromatography of samples from pregnant rhesus monkeys who had received a single intravenous injection of 3H-TdR. At 10 min after the injection the circulating levels of 3H-TdR had fallen to less than 0.2% of the initial theoretical distribution of the label. In general the plasma clearance rate can be described by a ‘double exponential’curve with half-lives of 1 min and 20 min. Thus, 3H-TdR disappears from the circulation of the pregnant monkey more rapidly than it does from the bloodstream of rodents, which correlates with previously detected interspecies differences in autoradiographic labeling of neurons. This means (1) that higher doses of 3H-TdR must be used for autoradiographic labeling of monkey tissues and (2) that the monkey may be useful for studying cell kinetics because it has a short pulse labeling of the DNA.
NLyze: interactive programming by natural language for spreadsheet data analysis and manipulation

Millions of computer end users need to perform tasks over tabular spreadsheet data, yet lack the programming knowledge to do such tasks automatically. This paper describes the design and implementation of a robust natural language based interface to spreadsheet programming. Our methodology involves designing a typed domain-specific language (DSL) that supports an expressive algebra of map, filter, reduce, join, and formatting capabilities at a level of abstraction appropriate for non-expert users. The key algorithmic component of our methodology is a translation algorithm for converting a natural language specification in the context of a given spreadsheet to a ranked set of likely programs in the DSL. The translation algorithm leverages the spreadsheet spatial and temporal context to assign interpretations to specifications with implicit references, and is thus robust to a variety of ways in which end users can express the same task. The translation algorithm builds over ideas from keyword programming and semantic parsing to achieve both high precision and high recall. We implemented the system as an Excel add-in called NLyze that supports a rich user interaction model including annotating the user's natural language specification and explaining the synthesized DSL programs by paraphrasing them into structured English. We collected a total of 3570 English descriptions for 40 spreadsheet tasks and our system was able to generate the intended interpretation as the top candidate for 94% (97 for the top 3) of those instances.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna measurements using vector network analyzer

The measured link, s/sub 21/, of a two antenna system contains the response of both antennas and the channel between the antennas. The corresponding time-domain waveform reflects the contribution of both transmit and receive antenna in the link as well as the channel in a convolution form. In this paper we demonstrate how to obtain the response of the single antenna (realized effective length) in both time and frequency domains from the frequency-domain s/sub 21/ measurement using a vector network analyzer. Form the response of the single antennas, one can predict the received waveform of a link using different types of receive and transmit antennas, along with a channel model and transmit waveform.
Genomic organization of the gene coding for the costimulatory human B-lymphocyte antigen B7-2 (CD86).

The generation of an antigen-specific T-cell response requires that the T lymphocyte receive two signals from the antigen presenting cell. The specificity of this response is provided by antigen presented to the T lymphocyte and involves stimulation of the T lymphocyte via the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. The second, or costimulatory signal, can be provided by ligation of the B-lymphocyte activation antigens B7-1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) to TCR antigen CD28. The cDNAs for both CD80 and CD86 have been isolated and are predicted to encode type 1 membrane proteins of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. The predicted protein is composed of a signal peptide followed by two Ig-like extracellular domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Here we report that the genomic organization of CD86 reflects its functional structure, and is similar to that oound for CD80. The gene is composed of eight exons which span more than 22 kilobases. The predicted protein functional domains of signal peptide, extracellular IgV- and Ig-like regions, and transmembrane domain coincide with the genomic structure. Two independent sequences had been reported for CD86 cDNA which differed in their 5′-untranslated (UT) regions. We find CD86 exons 1 and 2 correspond to these alternate 5′UT sequences. Splicing of exon 1 or 2 with the signal peptide encoding exon 3 would produce mRNA transcripts complementary to the reported cDNA clones. Exons 4 and 5 correspond to IgV- and IgC-like extracellular domains, respectively. Exon 6 encodes the transmembrane region and beginning of the cytoplasmic tail. Exons 7 and 8 encode the remainder of the cytoplasmic tail and 3′UT sequences.
Sox2 antagonizes the Hippo pathway to maintain stemness in cancer cells

The repressive Hippo pathway has a profound tumour suppressive role in cancer by restraining the growth-promoting function of the transcriptional coactivator, YAP. We previously showed that the stem cell transcription factor Sox2 maintains cancer stem cells (CSCs) in osteosarcomas. We now report that in these tumours, Sox2 antagonizes the Hippo pathway by direct repression of two Hippo activators, Nf2 (Merlin) and WWC1 (Kibra), leading to exaggerated YAP function. Repression of Nf2, WWC1 and high YAP expression marks the CSC fraction of the tumor population, while the more differentiated fraction has high Nf2, high WWC1 and reduced YAP expression. YAP depletion sharply reduces CSCs and tumorigenicity of osteosarcomas. Thus, Sox2 interferes with the tumour-suppressive Hippo pathway to maintain CSCs in osteosarcomas. This Sox2-Hippo axis is conserved in other Sox2-dependent cancers such as glioblastomas. Disruption of YAP transcriptional activity could be a therapeutic strategy for Sox2-dependent tumours.
FEEDER ASSIGNMENT MODELS FOR CONCURRENT PLACEMENT MACHINES

Consider computer numerically controlled placement machines which populate printed circuit boards with surface mounted components. These highly concurrent systems require a hierarchy of decision models to determine efficient machine setups and operational sequences so as to achieve effective throughput rates. The Feeder Assignment models developed here can be used to determine the particular stations in which each component fixture is to be attached to the carrier. Noninterference and space constraints may also need to be addressed. Several nonlinear objectives are developed to minimize "excess delay" due to carrier movements. These nonlinear formulations are then transformed to achieve equivalent Linear Mixed Integer Programming formulations. Carrier movements are often the slowest of the concurrent processes and therefore can cause significant deterioration in the overall system performance, if not adequately addressed and properly integrated into a hierarchical decision process. The methodology is illu...
Application of DPIV to study both steady state and transient turbomachinery flows

Abstract Digital particle imaging velocimetry (DPIV) is a powerful measurement technique, which can be used as an alternative or complementary approach to laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) in a wide range of research applications. The instantaneous planar velocity measurements obtained with PIV make it an attractive technique for use in the study of the complex flow fields encountered in turbomachinery. The planar nature of the technique also significantly reduces the facility run time over point-based techniques. Techniques for optical access, light sheet delivery, CCD camera technology and particulate seeding are discussed. Results from the successful application of the PIV technique to both the blade passage region of a transonic axial compressor and the diffuser region of a high speed centrifugal compressor are presented. Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields were obtained. The averaged flow field measurements are used to estimate the flow turbulence intensity. The instantaneous velocity vector maps obtained during compressor surge provide previously unobtainable insight into the complex flow field characteristics occurring during short lived surge events. These flow field maps illustrate the true power of the DPIV technique.
Multimatrix models and tri-Sasaki Einstein spaces

Localization methods reduce the path integrals in $\mathcal{N}\ensuremath{\ge}2$ supersymmetric Chern-Simons gauge theories on ${S}^{3}$ to multimatrix integrals. A recent evaluation of such a two-matrix integral for the $\mathcal{N}=6$ superconformal $U(N)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(N)$ Aharony-Bergman-Jafferis-Maldacena theory produced detailed agreement with the AdS/CFT correspondence, explaining, in particular, the ${N}^{3/2}$ scaling of the free energy. We study a class of $p$-matrix integrals describing $\mathcal{N}=3$ superconformal $U(N{)}^{p}$ Chern-Simons gauge theories. We present a simple method that allows us to evaluate the eigenvalue densities and the free energies in the large $N$ limit keeping the Chern-Simons levels ${k}_{i}$ fixed. The dual M-theory backgrounds are ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}Y$, where $Y$ are seven-dimensional tri-Sasaki Einstein spaces specified by the ${k}_{i}$. The gravitational free energy scales inversely with the square root of the volume of $Y$. We find a general formula for the $p$-matrix free energies that agrees with the available results for volumes of the tri-Sasaki Einstein spaces $Y$, thus providing a thorough test of the corresponding ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{4}/{\mathrm{CFT}}_{3}$ dualities. This formula is consistent with the Seiberg duality conjectured for Chern-Simons gauge theories.
Prognostic implications of pathological lymph node status after preoperative chemotherapy for operable T3N0M0 breast cancer.

Background: Although preoperative chemotherapy has become the standard of care for inoperable locally advanced breast cancer, its role for downstaging resectable primary tumors is still evolving. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the prognostic information from an axillary node dissection in patients with clinical T3N0 breast cancer was altered by preoperative chemotherapy compared with surgery de novo.
Electroluminescence of Semiconducting Diamonds

Electroluminescence has been observed in Type IIb diamonds. With both alternating and direct current, the light is emitted in the vicinity of a point contact electrode when this electrode is negative. The spectrum consists of a single broad band centered at 4400 A. The variation of the electroluminescent intensity with current voltage and frequency is reported. This behavior is typical of carrier-injection electroluminescence.
Emergency Cardiac Anterolateral Thoracotomy Simulator

Trauma is the leading cause of death in persons younger than 44 years old in America; half of the deaths occur within the first hour following the incident. The likelihood of survival for such critical trauma patients is significantly increased if an Emergency Department Thoracotomy (EDT) is performed. EDT entails the surgeon performing large and rapid incisions into the pleural space of the thoracic cavity to resuscitate patients who have suffered penetrating chest trauma. This procedure is highly invasive and rare and is typically conducted outside the operating theater in the absence of a trained cardiothoracic surgeon. Since most emergency clinicians are not trained to perform EDT and are often hesitant to perform it, poor outcomes are common. The use of clinical simulators offers the potential to eliminate these concerns; however, current medical simulators are not dedicated to the training of EDT. The goal of this work was to design and build a mechanical simulator to mimic the functionality of the rib cage and the components within the thoracic cavity to serve as a learning and assessment tool for conducting EDT. This design paper presents the user requirements and engineering specifications for the simulator, explains the materials selection approach employed for the thoracic components, and describes the iterative approach for designing, fabricating, and validating the EDT simulator.
Anomalous modulus and work function at the interfaces of thin films

We use Rayleigh waves and a Kelvin probe to measure the elastic modulus and the work function of thin polycrystalline metallic films prepared by electron beam evaporation. A high-resolution in situ measurement of Rayleigh-wave velocities enables us to determine the modulus of the topmost layer of the film (while it is being grown). Using this technique, we can measure the modulus at the interfaces between Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au. For many metal-pair combinations (e.g., Pt, Ag, or Ir on Pd), each film's modulus equals that of the bulk from the onset of deposition, However, the first couple of nanometers of Pd deposited onto Ir cause an abnormal increase (up to threefold) in the modulus. These same films show an unexpected lower work function. To explain these unusual effects, we present a model based on structural defects in the underlying film. The dependence of modulus and work function on film thickness within a single layer suggests an explanation for previous inconsistent reports of modulus changes in metallic multilayers (i.e., the supermodulus effect).
Towards Ligand Docking Including Explicit Interface Water Molecules

Small molecule docking predicts the interaction of a small molecule ligand with a protein at atomic-detail accuracy including position and conformation the ligand but also conformational changes of the protein upon ligand binding. While successful in the majority of cases, docking algorithms including RosettaLigand fail in some cases to predict the correct protein/ligand complex structure. In this study we show that simultaneous docking of explicit interface water molecules greatly improves Rosetta’s ability to distinguish correct from incorrect ligand poses. This result holds true for both protein-centric water docking wherein waters are located relative to the protein binding site and ligand-centric water docking wherein waters move with the ligand during docking. Protein-centric docking is used to model 99 HIV-1 protease/protease inhibitor structures. We find protease inhibitor placement improving at a ratio of 9∶1 when one critical interface water molecule is included in the docking simulation. Ligand-centric docking is applied to 341 structures from the CSAR benchmark of diverse protein/ligand complexes [1]. Across this diverse dataset we see up to 56% recovery of failed docking studies, when waters are included in the docking simulation.
Taxation of Financial Services under a VAT

In simple economic models, it is relatively easy to describe how to impose a value-added tax at a uniform rate on all consumption goods, and to demonstrate that this tax is equivalent to a proportional labor-income tax, plus a tax on existing assets. The equivalence involves little more than the national income identity relating the sources and uses of income. Once one attempts to incorporate the costs of financial intermediation, however, tax analysis becomes more complicated. In attempting to determine how a VAT should treat financial transactions, various authors have attempted to apply results from simpler models. Unfortunately, these results can lead to conflicting, ambiguous, and misleading prescriptions. In this paper, we argue that one needs to rely more on the fundamental objectives of a VAT to decide how it should treat financial transactions. Adopting this approach, we find that, in principle, the VAT should apply to resources devoted to financial transactions in the same manner that it does in other sectors. However, as discussed below, there are real problems in implementing such a tax on the financial sector which we do not attempt to address in this paper.
Blood and body fluid exposures: Where does follow-up begin?☆☆☆★

Abstract [Howarth MV. Blood and body fluid exposures: where does follow-up begin? Ann Emerg Med. January 2000;35:82-83.]
Characterization of subgrid-scale dynamics for a nonlinear beam

Numerical solutions for the response of a geometrically nonlinear beam are investigated within the context of a new data-driven reduced order modeling (ROM) framework called optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling (OPSTROM). This modeling framework, which can potentially improve the accuracy of under-resolved simulations, accounts for the interactions between resolved scales and unresolved scales through the construction of subgrid-scale models which are consistent with the underlying spatiotemporal statistical structure of the dynamical system. Through numerical simulation, certain correlations amongst subgrid-scale dynamical quantities are investigated in order to simplify model construction.
The Boulder Atmospheric Observatory

Abstract The Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) is a unique research facility for studying the planetary boundary layer and for testing and calibrating atmospheric sensors. The facility includes a 300 m tower instrumented with fast- and slow-response sensors, a variety of remote sensing systems, and a real-time processing and display capability that greatly reduces analysis time for scientists working with current or archived data. In the past four years of operation the BAO has been the site of several large cooperative experiments and numerous smaller ones. Details of the data acquisition, processing and archiving schemes are presented. Results of studies conducted and opportunities for future investigations are also described.
Your cluster is not power homogeneous: Take care when designing green schedulers!

Future supercomputers will consume enormous amounts of energy. These very large scale systems will gather many homogeneous clusters. In this paper, we analyze the power consumption of the nodes from different homogeneous clusters during different workloads. We classically observe that these nodes exhibit the same level of performance. But we also show that different nodes from a homogeneous cluster may exhibit heterogeneous idle power energy consumption even if they are made of identical hardware. Hence, we propose an experimental methodology to understand such differences. We show that CPUs are responsible for such heterogeneity which can reach 20% in terms of energy consumption. So energy aware (Green) schedulers must take care of such hidden heterogeneity in order to propose efficient mapping of tasks. To consume less energy, we propose an energy-aware scheduling approach taking into account the heterogeneous idle power consumption of homogeneous nodes. It shows that we are able to save energy up to 17% while exploiting the high power heterogeneity that may exist in some homogeneous clusters.
The Arginine Level for Chicks as Influenced by Ingredients

ABSTRACT AS EARLY as 1936, Arnold et al. demonstrated that casein was grossly deficient in arginine for young chicks. When casein was used as a source of protein, diets containing 0.57 or 0.86 percent arginine were greatly improved by arginine supplements, arginine carbonate or arginine HCl. Klose et al. (1938) showed that gains on a 20 percent casein diet were increased by the addition of 0.5 percent l -arginine HCl. Hegsted et al. (1941a) reported an increase in chick muscle creatine by adding 1 percent glycine and 0.5 percent arginine to a diet in which 18 percent casein and 10 percent yeast were used as sources of protein. A rapid feathering breed (White Leghorns) showed a greater growth response from the addition of arginine than a slower feathering breed (Plymouth Rocks). Hegsted et al. (1941b) reported that 5 percent gelatin added to an 18 percent casein diet usually supported good growth; however, . . .
Discovery of a High Molecular Weight Complex of Calcium, Phosphate, Fetuin, and Matrix γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Protein in the Serum of Etidronate-treated Rats

In the present study we report the discovery of a novel protein-mineral complex in the serum of rats treated with doses of the bone-active bisphosphonate etidronate that inhibit normal bone mineralization. The composition of this high molecular mass protein-mineral complex consists of about 18% mineral, 80% fetuin, and 2% matrix Gla protein (MGP) by weight, and the presence of the complex in serum after an injection of 8 mg etidronate/100 g of body weight elevates calcium by 1.8-fold (to 4.3 mm), phosphate by 1.6-fold (to 5.6 mm), and MGP by 25-fold (to 12 microg/ml). The serum mineral complex reaches maximal levels at 6 h after subcutaneous injection of etidronate and is subsequently cleared from serum by 24 h. This highly specific complex of fetuin, MGP, and mineral prevents the growth, aggregation, and precipitation of the mineral component, which indicates that the previously reported calcification inhibitory activities of fetuin and MGP may be related to their ability to form stable complexes with nascent mineral nuclei. Treatment with the vitamin K-antagonist warfarin prevents the increase in serum MGP after etidronate injection, which shows that the increase in serum MGP is due to new synthesis and that the gamma-carboxylation of MGP is necessary for its binding to the serum mineral complex.
National Study of Patient, Visit, and Hospital Characteristics Associated With Leaving an Emergency Department Without Being Seen: Predicting LWBS

Objectives: The objective was to estimate the national left-without-being-seen (LWBS) rate and to identify patient, visit, and institutional characteristics that predict LWBS. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 1998 to 2006. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of LWBS. Results: The national LWBS rate was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 1.9) patients per 100 emergency department (ED) visits each year. In multivariate analysis, patients at extremes of age (<18 years, odds ratio [OR] = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.96; and ‡65 years, OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.64) and nursing home residents (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.08 to 1.00) were associated with lower LWBS rates. Nonwhites (black or African American (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.63) and Hispanic (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.49), Medicaid (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.27 to 1.70), self-pay (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.65 to 2.32), or other insurance (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.74 to 2.52) patients were more likely to LWBS. Visit characteristics associated with LWBS included visits for musculoskeletal (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.85), injury ⁄poisoning ⁄adverse event (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.80), and miscellaneous (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.05) complaints. Visits with low triage acuity were more likely to LWBS (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 2.81 to 4.58), whereas visits that were work-related were less likely to LWBS (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.29). Institutional characteristics associated with LWBS were visits in metropolitan areas (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.66 to 2.70) and teaching institutions (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.67). Conclusions: Several patient, visit, and hospital characteristics are independently associated with LWBS. Prediction and benchmarking of LWBS rates should adjust for these factors. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2009; 16:949‐955 a 2009 by the Society for Academic Emergency
Production, cost, and input substitution in the Mexican petroleum industry

Abstract This paper investigates the existence of economies of scale in the Mexican petroleum industry as well as the direct and cross price elasticities of demand for its inputs by estimating translog cost functions for three subindustries: extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas, petroleum refining and derivatives, and basic petrochemicals. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that it would be possible to privatize each of the various subindustries in the Mexican petroleum industry where Pemex is the sole producer without giving up cost advantages from economies of scale. These results are least robust for the extractive industry, which is the part of Pemex least likely to be privatized.
Holographic Surface Grating Fabrication Techniques

Diffraction gratings on the surfaces of optical substrates have been demonstrated to perform functions such as beam sampling and infrared polarization. These surface gratings are defined by holographic exposure and ion beam sputter etched into a gold layer on the substrate. The patterns can be designed with spatially varying periods to provide optical power in the diffracted beam and they can cover large areas on flat or non-flat surfaces. High grating accuracy and edge definition result in improved performance when compared to conventional fabrication techniques.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ultrastructure of dystrophic mouse sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract A freeze-fracture study of normal mouse muscle revealed the following ultrastructural features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the T-tubule system: The SR cytoplasmic leaflets possess 8- to 9-nm particles at a density of 3000/μm2. The SR luminal leaflets possess few particles. The T tubules possess 11- to 13-nm particles, primarily on the luminal leaflet, at a density of 1800/μm2. Thin sections of dystrophic mouse muscle showed areas of SR dilatation and fragmentation. The T tubules were uninvolved until late in the disease process. Freeze fractures showed these dilated areas to be relatively particle-free. Areas of SR free of swelling or fragmentation did not differ from normal in freeze-fracture ultrastructure. Dystrophic mouse muscle T tubules displayed no abnormalities in freeze-fracture replicas. Enriched preparations of fragmented SR vesicles were isolated. On a sucrose density gradient, light SR from dystrophic mice was shown to be of purity equal to the normal preparation by ultrastructural (thin section, freeze fracture, and negative stain) criteria. Differences in yield of the heavier fraction were shown to be explainable by postulating a subpopulation of vesicles with increased buoyancy. The purest fraction appeared to consist of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (about two-thirds of the material) and vesicles from another source, possibly T tubules.
Phosphorescence-microwave double-resonance (PMDR) spectroscopy

Abstract The effect of saturating the zero-field transitions with microwave radiations on the phosphorescence spectrum is demonstrated at low temperature. The application of this type of double-resonance experiment in determining the most probable intersystem crossing routes, the mechanisms of the phosphorescence radiation of the different vibronic bands, the determination of zero-field splittings and the electronic distributions in the triplet state is indicated.
Transmission electron microscopy study of the interaction between a glide dislocation and a dislocation node

Using in-situ tensile straining in conjunction with stereo imaging in a transmission electron microscope, real-time observations have been made in thin copper foils of the interaction of glide dislocations with a dislocation node. A mechanism is observed by which a dislocation approaching the node effectively bypasses the node by exchanging segments with one of the dislocations constituting the node.
Efficacy of Cruise Control in controlling postocclusion surge with Legacy and Millennium venturi phacoemulsification machines.

Purpose To determine the efficacy of the Cruise Control surge-limiting device (Staar Surgical) with phacoemulsification machines known to have high levels of surge. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Clinical Laboratories. Methods In an in vitro study, postocclusion anterior chamber depth changes were measured in fresh phakic human eye-bank eyes using the Alcon Legacy and Bausch & Lomb Millennium venturi machines in conjunction with the Staar Cruise Control device. Both machines were tested with 19-gauge non–Aspiration Bypass System tips at high-surge settings (500 mm Hg vacuum pressure, 75 cm bottle height, 40 mL/min flow rate for the Legacy) and low-surge settings (400 mm Hg vacuum pressure, 125 cm bottle height, 40 mL/min flow rate for the Legacy). Adjusted parameters of flow, vacuum, and irrigation were used based on previous studies to create identical conditions for each device tested. The effect of the Cruise Control device on aspiration rates was also tested with both machines at the low-surge settings. Results At the high setting with the addition of Cruise Control, surge decreased significantly with the Legacy but was too large to measure with the Millennium venturi. At the low setting with the addition of Cruise Control, surge decreased significantly with both machines. Surge with the Millennium decreased from more than 1.0 mm to a mean of 0.21 mm ± 0.02 (SD) ( P P Conclusions In the Legacy machine, the Cruise Control device had a statistically and clinically significant effect. Cruise Control had a large effect on fluidics as well as surge amplitude with the Millennium machine. The greater the flow or greater the initial surge, the greater the impact of the Cruise Control device.
Genotypic Characteristics of Resistant Tumors to Pre-Operative Ionizing Radiation in Rectal Cancer

Genotypic characteristics of resistant tumors to pre-operative ionizing radiation in rectal cancer
Investment Performance of U.S.-Based Multinational Corporations

The central question that is examined empirically in this paper is: Do MNC stocks perform better than average market?
Impact of Alternative Remote Access Computer Systems on Extension Programs

A question of concern to extension workers is whether use of computer programs via a remote access delivery system significantly improves extension education programs; and, if so, whether the benefits to extension programs are worth their cost. Relative costs are particularly important in light of the findings of Candler, Boehlje, and Saathoff that extension software must meet higher clarity, speed, and reliability standards than corresponding research software. They contend that while the researcher is normally able and willing to work with the computer and computer programs until useful results are generated, the extension worker wants to use the computer without unrealistic solutions, software malfunction, or hardware breakdown. This note presents the results of a study designed to assess the cost and value of remote access computer systems in an extension farm management program. Three different delivery technologiesmail-in, touch-tone phone, printing terminal-are compared, and the impact of remote access use on certain characteristics of extension programs is assessed.
Corrigendum to "Studies of particle wake potentials in plasmas" [High Energy Density Phys. 7 (3) (September 2011) 191-196]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to “Studies of particle wake potentials in plasmas” [High Energy Density Phys. 7 (3) (September 2011) 191e196] Ian N. Ellis *, Frank R. Graziani , James N. Glosli , David J. Strozzi , Michael P. Surh , David F. Richards , Viktor K. Decyk , Warren B. Mori b a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Mercury and selenium levels in lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) in relation to a harmful red tide event

Tissue levels of mercury (Hg; total, organic) and selenium (Se) were assessed in juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) from Florida nearshore waters collected during a harmful algal bloom (HAB, brevetoxin) event and compared with sharks not exposed to HABs. In all sharks studied, total Hg levels in the muscle were generally present in a molar excess over Se (which may protect against Hg toxicity) and mean muscle Hg levels (0.34 $\upmu $ g/g) exceed safe human consumption guidelines. While there was generally no difference in tissue Hg and Se levels following exposure of sharks to HABs, hepatic Hg levels were significantly lower (56% reduction) in the HAB-exposed sharks compared to controls. As Hg and HABs are globally increasing in scope and magnitude, further work is warranted to assess their interactions and biotic impacts within aquatic ecosystems, especially for a species such as the lemon shark that is classified as a near-threatened species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
PHOTOSENSITIZING EFFECTS OF 8‐METHOXYPSORALEN ON THE SKIN OF HAIRLESS MICE—11. TRAIN AND SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES FOR TUMORIGENESIS

Abstract— The photosensitizing effects of 8-methoxypsoralen on the skin of two strains of hairless mice were studied using fractionated exposure to UV Spectral dependent differences for tumorigenesis were studied by comparing the tumor responses to three different spectra; the exposure levels for each spectrum here adjusted in proportion to their relative efficiencies for tissue damage and cytokinetic responses. There were no strain differences in the spectral dependent induction of cutaneous damage or estimates of the photomediated interstrand cross-linking of epidermal DNA by 8-methoxypsoralen. Squamous cell carcinomas were induced in the photosensitized skin of both strains of mice after fractionated exposures to emissions at principally 365 nm. Exposures to a broader spectrum of light resulted in the earlier appearance of tumors in the photosensitized skin of the SKH: hairless-1 mice, but produced few or no tumors in the HRS/J/Anl strain. In a second series of experiments; mice were exposed to a fluorescent sun lamp prior to each combined treatment of psoralen and exposure at 365 nm to determine the influence of shorter wavelengths of UV on the tumor response. These treatments resulted in an enhanced expression of tumors in the SKH:hairless-1 mice as compared to the HRS/J/Anl strain. Under the conditions of the experiments, the marked strain and spectral dependent differences for tumorigenesis demonstrated that although treatments that induce psoralen photoadducts also induce tumors. there was no apparent quantitative correlation between the occurrence of DNA cross-links and the incidence of tumors. The results also suggested, first, an interaction between UV (280–400 nm) induced photoproducts and psoralen photoadducts and secondly, a strain difference in the oncogenic effects of this interaction.
Voice, Collaboration, and Inclusion Democratic Themes in Educational and Social Reform Initiatives

Although the rise of constructivism calls conventional remedial and special education practices into question, it also represents a positive opportunity for progress and renewal in the professions and in society. emphasizing the constructivist principles of voice, collaboration, and inclusion, the authors identify the influence of constructivism across three interrelated levels of reform: structural reforms in school organization, pedagogical reforms in classrooms, and institutional reforms in human service systems generally relative to the “school-linked services integration” movement. by doing so, the authors argue that, far more than a new special education service delivery model, inclusion is the emerging cultural logic of the 21st century. they conclude the article with a political-economic argument for inclusive education and a discussion of the implications of constructivist reform efforts for the broader possibility of democratic renewal in society.
Feasibility of a virtual learning collaborative to implement an obesity QI project in 29 pediatric practices

Background Quality improvement (QI) activities are required to maintain board certification in pediatrics. However, because of lack of training and resources, pediatricians may feel overwhelmed by the need to implement QI activities. Pediatricians also face challenges when caring for overweight and obese children. Objective To create a virtual (online) QI learning collaborative through which pediatric practices could easily develop and implement a continuous QI process. Design Prospective cohort. Participants Pediatric practices that were part of the Children's National Health Network were invited to participate, with the option to receive continuing medical education and maintenance of certification credits. Intervention(s) Practices conducted baseline and monthly chart audits, participated in educational webinars and selected monthly practice changes, using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. Practices reported activities monthly and periodic feedback was provided to practices about their performance. Main Outcome Measure(s) Improvement in (i) body mass index (BMI) percentile documentation, (ii) appropriate nutritional and activity counseling and (iii) follow-up management for high-risk patients. Results Twenty-nine practices (120 providers) participated, and 24 practices completed all program activities. Monthly chart audits demonstrated continuous improvement in documentation of BMI, abnormal weight diagnosis, nutrition and activity screening and counseling, weight-related health messages and follow-up management of overweight and obese patients. Impact of QI activities on visit duration and practice efficiency was minimal. Conclusion A virtual learning collaborative was successful in providing a framework for pediatricians to implement a continuous QI process and achieve practice improvements. This format can be utilized to address multiple health issues.