cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration on Infinite-Dimensional Spaces

This chapter is required for the foundations of infinite-dimensional analysis. It is assumed that the reader is conversant with Lebesgue measure on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), including the standard limit theorems, inequalities, convolution, Fourier transform theory, and Fubini’s theorem. With this in mind, we offer a parallel treatment on infinite-dimensional spaces, with a theorem proof protocol. The proof of any theorem that is the same as on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is omitted. We have also added a few interesting topics, which are discussed more fully below. We do not include any exercises, however, any serious question could lead to a research problem. (This statement applies to all chapters except Chaps. 1 and 4.)
The role of ultrasound in screening for fetal Down syndrome

Antenatal Down syndrome screening begins with maternal age-specific risks. It also may incorporate the maternal serum screen and antenatal ultrasound. These complementary tests improve the efficacy of maternal age in Down syndrome screening. Ultrasound enhances antenatal Down syndrome screening by 1) precise dating of a pregnancy for the interpretation of serum screen results; 2) detecting major structural anomalies that occur in approximately 20% of all second-trimester Down syndrome fetuses; 3) detecting minor markers, such as nuchal fold thickness, pyelectasis, echogenic bowel, short long bones, sandal gap, and hypoplasia of the mid-phalanx of the fifth digit, which are more commonly seen in second-trimester fetuses with Down syndrome; and 4) acting in combination with serum screening in the first trimester using fetal nuchal translucency as the marker. Ultrasound enhances the efficacy of either age or age and the serum screen for the antenatal detection of Down syndrome.
Executive Functioning as a Mediator of Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Adults

It is broadly accepted that even absent pathology, changes occur in cognitive functioning with advancing age. Decreased cognitive performance is noted among a variety of cognitive ability domains (Smith & Rush, 2006) and they are the result of age-related changes to brain structure and function. In this regard, the World Health Organization developed the term aging-associated cognitive decline which is defined as “(1) performance on a standardized cognitive test that is at least one standard deviation below age-adjusted norms in at least one of any of the following cognitive domains: learning and memory, attention and cognitive speed, language, or visuoconstructive abilities; (2) exclusion of any medical, psychiatric, or neurological disorder that could cause cognitive impairment; (3) normal activities of daily living and exclusion of dementia” (as cited in Levy, 1994).
Weakly bound water structure, bond valence saturation and water dynamics at the goethite (100) surface/aqueous interface: ab initio dynamical simulations

Many important geochemical and biogeochemical reactions occur in the mineral/formation water interface of the highly abundant mineral, goethite [α-Fe(OOH)]. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of the goethite α-FeOOH (100) surface and the structure, water bond formation and dynamics of water molecules in the mineral/aqueous interface are presented. Several exchange correlation functionals were employed (PBE96, PBE96 + Grimme, and PBE0) in the simulations of a (3 × 2) goethite surface with 65 absorbed water molecules in a 3D-periodic supercell (a = 30 A, FeOOH slab ~12 A thick, solvation layer ~18 A thick). The lowest energy goethite (100) surface termination model was determined to have an exposed surface Fe3+ that was loosely capped by a water molecule and a shared hydroxide with a neighboring surface Fe3+. The water molecules capping surface Fe3+ ions were found to be loosely bound at all DFT levels with and without Grimme corrections, indicative that each surface Fe3+ was coordinated with only five neighbors. These long bonds were supported by bond valence theory calculations, which showed that the bond valence of the surface Fe3+ was saturated and surface has a neutral charge. The polarization of the water layer adjacent to the surface was found to be small and affected only the nearest water. Analysis by density difference plots and localized Boys orbitals identified three types of water molecules: those loosely bound to the surface Fe3+, those hydrogen bonded to the surface hydroxyl, and bulk water with tetrahedral coordination. Boys orbital analysis showed that the spin down lone pair orbital of the weakly absorbed water interact more strongly with the spin up Fe3+ ion. These weakly bound surface water molecules were found to rapidly exchange with the second water layer (~0.025 exchanges/ps) using a dissociative mechanism. Water molecules adjacent to the surface were found to only weakly interact with the surface and as a result were readily able to exchange with the bulk water. To account for the large surface Fe–OH2 distances in the DFT calculations it was proposed that the surface Fe3+ atoms, which already have their bond valence fully satisfied with only five neighbors, are under-coordinated with respect to the bulk coordination.
Microwave-to-optical frequency conversion using a cesium atom coupled to a superconducting resonator

A candidate for converting quantum information from microwave to optical frequencies is the use of a single atom that interacts with a superconducting microwave resonator on one hand and an optical cavity on the other. The large electric dipole moments and microwave transition frequencies possessed by Rydberg states allow them to couple strongly to superconducting devices. Lasers can then be used to connect a Rydberg transition to an optical transition to realize the conversion. Since the fundamental source of noise in this process is spontaneous emission from the atomic levels, the resulting control problem involves choosing the pulse shapes of the driving lasers so as to maximize the transfer rate while minimizing this loss. Here we consider the concrete example of a cesium atom, along with two specific choices for the levels to be used in the conversion cycle. Under the assumption that spontaneous emission is the only significant source of errors, we use numerical optimization to determine the likely rates for reliable quantum communication that could be achieved with this device. These rates are on the order of a few megaqubits per second.
Sistema e variação: quão sistemático pode ser o sistema linguístico num modelo baseado no uso?

Argumentaremos que um modelo baseado no uso implica uma concecao de lingua como sistema dinâmico complexo, que correlaciona os aspetos sociais e os aspetos cognitivos. Descritivamente, um modelo baseado no uso implica a inclusao da variacao intralinguistica no estudo de qualquer expressao e a sua correlacao com o significado conceptual. Metodologicamente, um modelo baseado no uso implica a implementacao de metodos empiricos multivariacionais, como os metodos socioletometricos. No plano metateorico, um modelo baseado no uso implica uma des-sistematizacao do sistema linguistico e a construcao de um modelo multifatorial de gramatica. Mostraremos como a Sociolinguistica Cognitiva, uma extensao emergente da Linguistica Cognitiva como modelo orientado para o significado e para o uso, consegue dar conta destas implicacoes. Como ilustracao, apresentaremos os resultados da nossa investigacao sociocognitiva e socioletometrica sobre a divergencia entre o portugues europeu e brasileiro.
A facile base-mediated synthesis of N-alkoxy-substituted benzimidazoles

Abstract Base mediated cyclization of enamines derived from condensation of 2-nitroanilines with α-branched aldehydes, in the presence of an electrophile, affords N-alkoxy-substituted benzimidazoles with or without an oxygenate side chain in the 2-position.
Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) in oat protein concentrate measured in 20- to 30-kilogram pigs

Background: Oat protein concentrate is often used in human food, but the quality of this protein has not been characterized. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in oat protein concentrate and to determine differences in protein quality estimates between the protein digestibility-corrected AA score (PDCAAS) and the digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS) when using growing pigs for both measurements.; Results: For infants, the most limiting AA in oat protein concentrate was the aromatic AA (Phe + Tyr), for which the DIAAS value was 41 and the PDCAAS was 43. For children (6 months to 3 years) and children older than 3 years, the most limiting AA in oat protein concentrate was Lys, for which the DIAAS was 56 and 67 and the PDCAAS was 58 and 69, respectively.; Conclusion: The DIAAS value for oat protein concentrate was close to the calculated value for PDCAAS, but below the recommended intake for protein. Therefore, to satisfy the daily human AA requirement, oat protein needs to be complemented by other proteins of higher quality and specifically with greater lysine concentrations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Immigration Policy, Practices, and Procedures: The Impact on the Mental Health of Mexican and Central American Youth and Families

Currently, 15 million Mexican and Central American individuals live in the United States, with this number projected to rise in the next few decades (Lesser & Batalova, 2017; Zong & Batalova, 2017). Research has begun to investigate the impact of the nation's immigration practices and policies on immigrant Latino/a families and youth. Current immigration policies can create vulnerabilities, including fear and mistrust, discrimination, limited access to services, parent-child separation, and poverty. These experiences increase risk for poor mental health outcomes and may exacerbate prior exposure to traumas in the home country (e.g., violence) and during migration (e.g., extortion). This paper reviews current immigration policies for arriving Mexican and Central American immigrants and links to mental health among documented and undocumented immigrant families and youth. A discussion of positive policies and resources that may mitigate the damaging impact of immigration-related stress is included. Finally, social justice implications for clinicians and researchers are discussed, with culturally sensitive interventions, advocacy, and dissemination of research and policy as primary recommendations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Pricing Chance Constraints in Electricity Markets

This letter considers a stochastic electricity market in which the uncertainty is handled using a proportional control law and chance security constraints. We prove that in this framework, market clearing prices yielding a robust competitive market equilibrium can be computed and used for stochastic market settlements by risk-aware system operators. An illustrative case study corroborates the usefulness of the proposed approach.
Technical Assistance for Primary Care Practice Transformation: Free Help to Perform Unpaid Labor?

This issue of the Annals of Family Medicine includes multiple articles reporting early information from the implementation of the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) initiative EvidenceNOW: Advancing Heart Health in Primary care. This $112 million initiative—one of the largest in
Using Indirect Measures to Identify Geographic Hot Spots of Poor Glycemic Control: Cross-sectional Comparisons With an A1C Registry

OBJECTIVE Focusing health interventions in places with suboptimal glycemic control can help direct resources to neighborhoods with poor diabetes-related outcomes, but finding these areas can be difficult. Our objective was to use indirect measures versus a gold standard, population-based A1C registry to identify areas of poor glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Census tracts in New York City (NYC) were characterized by race, ethnicity, income, poverty, education, diabetes-related emergency visits, inpatient hospitalizations, and proportion of adults with diabetes having poor glycemic control, based on A1C >9.0% (75 mmol/mol). Hot spot analyses were then performed, using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic for all measures. We then calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of using the indirect measures to identify hot spots of poor glycemic control found using the NYC A1C Registry data. RESULTS Using A1C Registry data, we identified hot spots in 42.8% of 2,085 NYC census tracts analyzed. Hot spots of diabetes-specific inpatient hospitalizations, diabetes-specific emergency visits, and age-adjusted diabetes prevalence estimated from emergency department data, respectively, had 88.9%, 89.6%, and 89.5% accuracy for identifying the same hot spots of poor glycemic control found using A1C Registry data. No other indirect measure tested had accuracy >80% except for the proportion of minority residents, which had 86.2% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Compared with demographic and socioeconomic factors, health care utilization measures more accurately identified hot spots of poor glycemic control. In places without a population-based A1C registry, mapping diabetes-specific health care utilization may provide actionable evidence for targeting health interventions in areas with the highest burden of uncontrolled diabetes.
Lloyd Morgan’s Formative Period

Although emergent evolution was not the exclusive property of any one thinker, the comparative psychologist Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) was the central figure in its development.1 Lloyd Morgan’s philosophical work can be divided into three periods. The first was that of his pre-emergentist writings from 1882 to 1912, during which time Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, Wallace, and Romanes were all important influences. The second period was that of the development of emergent evolution from 1912–15. The further influences of a number of theorists can be identified: J. S. Mill, G. H. Lewes, Henri Bergson, E. G. Spaulding, and Walter Marvin. Lloyd Morgan’s emergent evolution was the result of a process of creative synthesis of these two groups of influences, and as a result he was the author of a new philosophy of evolution which, for the first time, featured the emergence of qualitative novelty as its central concept. In the third period from 1915 to his death in 1936, Lloyd Morgan systematically expounded and defended emergent evolution. During this time emergent evolution was a vital philosophical trend, and its basic theses were adopted and debated by a large group of philosophers and biologists.
Treatment patterns and costs associated with axitinib and everolimus treatment for renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective health claims analysis.

e16089Background: Real-world data may inform treatment decisions for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We compared treatment patterns and healthcare costs for mRCC patients initiating axitini...
The licensed city: regulating drink in Liverpool, 1830-1920

In The Licensed City, David Beckingham explores the municipal licensing of drinking establishments in the 19th Century British city of Liverpool to bring a fascinating, nuanced perspective on urban...
Blind Cyclostationarity-Based Format Classification for Coherent Links

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a cyclostationarity-based, blind architecture for the classification of arbitrary, coherent waveforms, with minimal receiver-side demodulation DSP. The method enables baud rate estimation, CD estimation and, when paired with machine learning, modulation format classification.
Enhanced model for annular flow in micro-channel heat sinks, including effects of droplet entrainment/deposition and core turbulence

Abstract This study investigates pressured drop and heat transfer characteristics for saturated flow boiling in a micro-channel heat sink specific to the annular flow regime. A theoretical control-volume-based model is presented, which relies on new relations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition. While prior models have been attempted for annular flow, these models were based on simplified depictions of the vapor core based on average velocity. On the other hand, the present model provides detailed assessment of turbulence effects in the core, enabling the development of detailed cross-sectional profiles for momentum diffusivity, velocity, and shear stress. Predictive accuracy of the model is assessed against experimental data for R134a using a 609.6-mm long and 203.2-mm wide micro-channel heat sink containing 100 of 1 × 1-mm2 flow channels. The model shows good accuracy against 69 experimental pressure drop data points, with mean absolute error (MAE) of 16.22%, and 97.10% and 100.0% of the data predicted within 30% and 50%, respectively. It also shows very good accuracy against 388 data points for local two-phase heat transfer coefficient, evidenced by a MAE of 8.35%, and with 98.45% and 99.74% of the data predicted within 30% and 50%, respectively.
Statewide Differences in Personality Associated with Geographic Disparities in Access to Palliative Care: Findings on Openness.

Abstract Background: Geographic disparities in access to palliative care cause unnecessary suffering near the end-of-life in low-access U.S. states. The psychological mechanisms accounting for stat...
Study of Diffraction at 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz

This paper presents comparison between measurements and modeling of diffraction in indoor obstructed propagation environments at 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz. The results show that all three frequency bands experience diffraction in obstructed environment. Furthermore, the good agreement between measurements and modeling shows that diffraction at mm-wave and THz frequencies can be modeled by using Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (UTD). Finally, the results show that diffraction becomes more dominant as frequencies increase from mm-wave to THz frequencies.
Cancer Quackery and Fake News: Targeting the Most Vulnerable

Despite major improvements in cancer outcomes over the last 50 years, there unfortunately still remain many patients who are incurable. Also, despite advances in less toxic targeted therapies and “less is more” approaches to surgery for major cancers, many cancer patients still fear the toxic side effects of current cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. These patients and their families, particularly those who are not “curable” and understandably view modern oncology as having failed them, are a particularly vulnerable population, susceptible to false hope. It is this false hope, along with a general lack of understanding of the biology of cancer and how scientists demonstrate whether a given therapy is effective and safe for treating a given cancer, that leads patients and families to be taken in by modern-day snake oil salesmen. Unfortunately, it is not just the incurable who are vulnerable to fake news about cancer and the blandishments of cancer quacks. Patients for whom modern oncology would be expected to produce excellent outcomes can be led astray, resulting in death from curable cancers.
Integration of pathway, cellular and genetic context reveals principles of synthetic lethality that affect reproducibility

ABSTRACT Synthetic lethal screens have the potential to identify new vulnerabilities incurred by specific cancer mutations but have been hindered by lack of agreement between studies. Using KRAS as a model, we identified that published synthetic lethal screens significantly overlap at the pathway rather than gene level. Analysis of pathways encoded as protein networks identified synthetic lethal candidates that were more reproducible than those previously reported. Lack of overlap likely stems from biological rather than technical limitations as most synthetic lethal phenotypes were strongly modulated by changes in cellular conditions or genetic context, the latter determined using a pairwise genetic interaction map that identified numerous interactions that suppress synthetic lethal effects. Accounting for pathway, cellular and genetic context nominates a DNA repair dependency in KRAS-mutant cells, mediated by a network containing BRCA1. We provide evidence for why most reported synthetic lethals are not reproducible which is addressable using a multi-faceted testing framework. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Synthetic lethal screens have the power to identify new targets in cancer, although have thus far come up short of expectation. We use computational and experimental approaches to delineate principles for identifying robust synthetic lethal targets that could aid in the development of effective new therapeutic strategies for genetically defined cancers.
Cross and trophy

Crosses and trophies are twin images in the Roman visual world of the first century CE, omnipresent as signposts of imperial power over the bodies and minds of the conquered. While crosses expose a...
A Case of Distributed Optimization in Adversarial Environment

In this paper, we consider the problem of solving a distributed (consensus-based) optimization problem in a network that contains regular and malicious nodes (agents). The regular nodes are performing a distributed iterative algorithm to solve their associated optimization problem, while the malicious nodes inject false data with a goal to steer the iterates to a point that serves their own interest. The problem consists of detecting and isolating the malicious agents, thus allowing the regular nodes to solve their optimization problem. We propose a method to dwarf data injection attacks on distributed optimization algorithms, which is based on the idea that the malicious nodes (individually or in collaboration) tend to give themselves away when broadcasting messages with the intention to drive the consensus value away from the optimal point for the regular nodes in the network. In particular, we provide a new gradient-based metric to detect the neighbors that are likely to be malicious. We also provide some simulation results demonstrating the performance of the proposed approach.
Optimal Tradeoffs for Addition on Systolic Arrays (Extended Abstract)

The complexity of adding two n-bit numbers on a two-dimensional systolic array is investigated. We consider different constraints on the systolic array, including: —whether or not the input and output ports lie on the periphery of the array —whether or not the i/o schedule is where-determinate —constraints that are placed on the arrival and departure times of inputs and outputs
Structural insights into cell cycle control by essential GTPase Era

Era (Escherichia coli Ras-like protein), essential for bacterial cell viability, is composed of an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal KH domain. In bacteria, it is required for the processing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and maturation of 30S (small) ribosomal subunit. Era recognizes 10 nucleotides (1530GAUCACCUCC1539) near the 3â end of 16S rRNA and interacts with helix 45 (h45, nucleotides 1506-1529). GTP binding enables Era to bind RNA, RNA binding stimulates Eraâs GTP-hydrolyzing activity, and GTP hydrolysis releases Era from matured 30S ribosomal subunit. As such, Era controls cell growth rate via regulating the maturation of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Ribosomes manufacture proteins in all living organisms. The GAUCA sequence and h45 are highly conserved in all three kingdoms of life. Homologues of Era are present in eukaryotic cells. Hence, the mechanism of bacterial Era action also sheds light on the cell cycle control of eukaryotes.
The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: The Resegregation of Public Schools Via Charter School Reform

ABSTRACTThis article examines charter school reform in the midst of gentrifying urban spaces and documents, through extant research and the findings from our research, the role of school choice in ...
Ultrafast UV AlGaN Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetector With a Response Time Below 25 ps

Aluminum-gallium-nitride photodetectors were successfully fabricated with micrometer-scale metal–semiconductor–metal structures and tested with ultrafast, UV laser pulses. The measurements were done with single-shot oscilloscopes. Pulse-broadening effects caused by the measurement system were systematically evaluated and reduced to resolve the intrinsic response time of the detector. The best-performing devices showed a response time of below 25 ps and dark currents below 20 pA. The devices showed linear response with the bias voltage and the laser energy.
Corrosion and repassivation of Super 13Cr stainless steel in artificial 1D pit electrodes at elevated temperature

Abstract Repassivation behavior of Super 13Cr martensitic stainless steel was investigated using a one-dimensional artificial pit electrode in deaerated NaCl solutions at 85 °C. Critical potentials for pit repassivation (Ecrit) were measured by downward potential scans. Ecrit and the final current density (if) at the end of the scan can be correlated to the pit repassivation, showing that repassivation is more probable with smaller if and higher Ecrit. Pit repassivation at a constant potential was correlated with if and average current density (iavg). A combination of lower if and iavg suggests a higher probability for pit repassivation.
NetLogo Meets Discrete Event Simulation

NetLogo and agent-based models more generally are traditionally implemented as time-stepped simulations. This means that everything is done at every increment of time. While this can be necessary at times, a potentially far more efficient simulation method is known as event-driven simulation. This type of simulation uses a scheduler for the times particular events will take place. Rather than doing everything every time step the simulation moves forward in time based upon the need for an event to occur. In this paper we show how to use NetLogo Tables and Arrays to create a time ordered queue and develop a simple NetLogo model implemented both as a traditional time-stepped simulation and as an event-driven simulation. We also present performance results.
Relational aggression and youth empowerment within a high school instrumental music program

Peer group effects of relational victimization and empowerment among high school instrumental music students were examined using a cross-sectional design. We evaluated the homophily hypothesis that...
Vertical Mergers and Integration in Digital Markets

In this chapter, we address three issues relating to vertical mergers and antitrust: (1) incorporating the elimination of double marginalization into the analysis of the likelihood of a unilateral price effect rather than treating it as a separate efficiencies defense; (2) recognizing, inter alia, the importance of reduced transaction costs in analyzing the efficiencies commonly associated with vertical mergers; and (3) highlighting that the weight of the empirical evidence continues to support the proposition that vertical mergers are less likely to generate competitive concerns than horizontal mergers.
Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing.

High-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are the main competitors to thermocouples as sensors in applications for high temperature environments defined as being in the 600–1200 °C temperature range. Due to their small size, capacity to be multiplexed into high density distributed sensor arrays and survivability in extreme ambient temperatures, they could provide the essential sensing support that is needed in high temperature processes. While capable of providing reliable sensing information in the short term, their long-term functionality is affected by the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength or resonance that is used to derive the temperature. A number of physical processes have been proposed as the cause of the high temperature wavelength drift but there is yet no credible description of this process. In this paper we review the literature related to the long-term wavelength drift of FBGs at high temperature and provide our recent results of more than 4000 h of high temperature testing in the 900–1000 °C range. We identify the major components of the high temperature wavelength drift and we propose mechanisms that could be causing them.
Reclaiming the Long History of the “Irrelevant” Nineteenth Amendment for Gender Equality

The Nineteenth Amendment has been called an “irrelevant” amendment. The women’s suffrage amendment has been deemed insignificant as a constitutional authority, reduced to a historical footnote. In the Supreme Court canon, it has been diminished as a text that “merely gives the vote to women.” With the accomplishment of that simple task, the amendment has been assumed to offer little guidance to modern constitutional analysis or gender equality. The Nineteenth Amendment has become a “constitutional orphan,” disconnected from its historical origins and precedential place in constitutional jurisprudence. This constricting view of the Nineteenth Amendment ignores the structural implications and significant history of this gendered amendment and women’s seventy-two-year fight for equal citizenship. Historical and legal narratives fail to capture a full understanding of the factual, legal, and normative steps and effects of the amendment. This article seeks to correct that conventional narrative by offering a more inclusive, yet concise, overview of the Nineteenth Amendment. The history demonstrates women’s longstanding demands for equal rights, the complexity of those demands, and the depths and racial tones of the opposition. The article then argues that this constitutional history is relevant to interpreting constitutional guarantees of gender equality today. Using historical justifications, it joins other legal scholars in arguing for a more robust reading and constitutional meaning of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Widespread theta coherence during spatial cognitive control.

Abstract Cognitive control allows humans to process relevant sensory information while minimizing distractions from irrelevant stimuli. The neural basis of cognitive control is known to involve frontal regions of the brain such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), but the temporal dynamics of larger scale networks is unclear. Here we used EEG with source localization to identify how the neural oscillations localized to the mPFC and ACC coordinate with parietal, sensory, and motor areas during spatial cognitive control. Theta coherence (3–8 Hz) between the mPFC and ACC increased with task difficulty and predicted individual differences in reaction time. Individual differences in accuracy were predicted by earlier activation of ACC-motor coherence, highlighting the relationship between processing speed and task performance. Our results provide evidence that successful cognitive control requires dynamic coordination between a widespread network of brain regions. Long range theta coherence may be a key mechanism for efficient cognitive control across the neocortex.
The Purpose-Driven Darwinist: Henry Ward Beecher and the Theology of Progress

Henry Ward Beecher's sermon series on evolution in the summer of 1885 reconciled Christianity to the new science in a way that asserted far more than the mere compatibility of natural selection and divine providence: The Brooklyn preacher appropriated Darwinism to support a uniquely bourgeois political theology, one that envisioned the spiritual progress of humanity through commercial republicanism, aided by a morally assertive (but emphatically modernist) church. Coming from so prominent a clergyman, this early adaptation of evolution theory highlights the liberal and postmillennial tendencies of American Christianity in the late nineteenth century, as well as the pliability of Darwin's scientific insights to diverse social agendas. Beecher's sermons, however, also open a window onto the philosophical dilemmas that preoccupied early progressives. Addressing both the ontological revolution of Darwinism and the social realities of industrialization, Beecher articulates an account of progress that succeeds ...
Retained Interest Transfers Under the Estate and Gift Tax

The proposal aims to simplify the law pertaining to transfers with retained interests and powers under the estate and gift tax that are potentially within current IRC sections 2036-2038. Under the proposal, transfers with retained current-enjoyment interests would be deemed to be incomplete until the earlier to occur of the termination of the interest or the grantor’s death, at which point they would be taxed in full. A transfer in return for a debt obligation contingent on the transferor’s death would be treated as a transfer with a retained current-enjoyment interest. These rules should effectively eliminate the use of GRATs, GRUTs, private annuities, and SCINs in estate planning – transactions that have come into being only because of exploitable estate and gift tax rules. Additionally, the sale of a remainder interest would be ineffective to avoid these rules. The underlying principle is that transfers of this type entail a three-stage series of gratuitous transfers that is appropriately taxed on an ex post (rather than ex ante) basis. Retained-reversion transfers are harmless, and existing section 2037 can be repealed. Retained-power transfers do not result in any delayed wealth transfers, except in the case of a retained power to revoke. The concept of a revocation power would be expanded to include a possibility of receiving corpus distributions. Retained powers to alter, amend, or terminate would cease to be of significance. Section 2702 would be repealed. The proposal is offered as a part of the Shelf Project. The Shelf Project is a collaboration of tax professionals to develop proposals to raise revenue without a VAT or a rate increase. Shelf Project proposals have a bounce because they reduce inefficiency and deadweight loss, while raising revenue. Shelf Project proposals would improve the fairness, efficiency, and rationality of the tax system. Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax writing committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.
Using primary site as a predictor of survival in mantle cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare B cell lymphoma that varies in clinical behavior with some patients experiencing aggressive disease with short survival, whereas others have indolent behavior. We examined the association between primary disease site and survival in MCL patients to identify subgroups with distinct characteristics. METHODS: We analyzed the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program database for MCL cases reported from 2000 through 2009. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the effect of primary site on survival. RESULTS: Among 4477 cases included in our study, 19.6% of patients presented with an extranodal primary site. The most common extranodal primary sites were of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (7.8%), the head and neck (6.2%), and the hematologic/reticuloendothelial systems (3.6%). Asians/Pacific Islanders were more likely than whites or blacks to have GI tract or head and neck disease (P < .0001 and P = .002, respectively). Advanced disease and B symptoms were less common in those with primary disease of the GI tract or head and neck than in those with primary disease of the lymph nodes (both P < .0001). In a multivariate Cox regression model, patients with primary disease of the GI tract and head and neck had superior survival compared to those with primary disease of the lymph nodes; hazard ratios 0.75 (95% CI = 0.62-0.90) and 0.68 (95% CI = 0.55-0.85), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Primary site of disease may be an important prognostic factor for patients with MCL. Further studies elucidating a biological basis for these differences are needed. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
STREETS AS SUSPECT

The Chinese Communist Party has been suspicious of people engaged in commercial activity on the streets ever since it took over the country in 1949, but the reasons for this have shifted in a paradoxical way over the decades. In the years when Mao Zedong ruled the nation according to his understandings and beliefs about socialist values and for several years after his death the suspicion in the main concerned the capitalist practices that business entails—profit making, inequalities, price-consciousness, class differentiation. Except for a few short intervals, doing non-state trade or providing private services was banned. In the first few decades after 1980, marketing outside was treated more leniently, although paying fees and purchasing licenses were still required in order to avoid harassment, and peasant migrants faced challenges. But once millions of people were laid off after 1995, the Party hoped to enable them to make a living, and also to prevent them from protesting, so it gave them special lee...
“[A]re Norway Rats ... Things?”: Diversity Versus Generality in the Use of Albino Rats in Experiments on Development and Sexuality

In America by the 1930s, albino rats had become a kind of generic standard in research on physiology and behavior that de-emphasized diversity across species. However, prior to about 1915, the early work of many of the pioneer rat researchers in America and in central Europe reflected a strong interest in species differences and a deep regard for diversity. These scientists sought broad, often medical, generality, but their quest for generality using a standard animal did not entail a de-emphasis of organic diversity. They chose white rats as test animals for two primary reasons. First, rats develop very slowly. They therefore made features of physiological, neural and psychological development accessible to the experimental method at a time when its application to the phenomena of development remained controversial. Secondly, rats were thought to have unusually strong sex drives. For this reason they became central to the experimental study of sexuality and, in the work of the reproductive physiologist Eugen Steinach, sexual development. Connections among three research institutes that stressed experimental approaches to the study of brain and development demonstrate the importance of the rat's institutional role. As the emphasis on experimentation in the study of development grew, two of these institutes bred rats to provide uniform materials. Eventually, however, their reasons for selecting rats were lost; and the ready availability of a uniform test animal led to a shift in scientists' presumptions about diversity, as the standard rat became a tool for assuring generality.
Indexing Spatio-temporal Archives.

Spatio-temporal objects — that is, objects that evolve over time — appear in many applications. Due to the nature of such applications, storing the evolution of objects through time in order to answer historical queries (queries that refer to past states of the evolution) requires a very large specialized database, what is termed in this article as a spatio-temporal archive. Efficient processing of historical queries on spatio-temporal archives requires equally sophisticated indexing schemes. Typical spatio-temporal indexing techniques represent the objects using minimum bounding regions (MBR) extended with a temporal dimension, which are then indexed using traditional multi-dimensional index structures. However, rough MBR approximations introduce excessive overlap between index nodes which deteriorates query performance. This article introduces a robust indexing scheme for answering spatio-temporal queries more efficiently. A number of algorithms and heuristics are elaborated, which can be used to preprocess a spatiotemporal archive in order to produce finer object approximations which, in combination with a multi-version index structure, will greatly improve query performance in comparison to the straightforward approaches. The proposed techniques introduce a query-efficiency vs. space tradeoff, that can help tune a structure according to available resources. Empirical observations for estimating the necessary amount of additional storage space required for improving query performance by a given factor are also provided. Moreover, heuristics for applying the proposed ideas in an online setting are discussed. Finally, a thorough experimental evaluation is conducted to show the merits of the proposed techniques.
An Experimental Comparison of Three Probabilistic Approximations Used for Rule Induction

In this paper we present results of experiments on 166 incomplete data sets using three probabilistic approximations: lower, middle, and upper. Two interpretations of missing attribute values were used: lost and “do not care” conditions. Our main objective was to select the best combination of an approximation and a missing attribute interpretation. We conclude that the best approach depends on the data set. The additional objective of our research was to study the average number of distinct probabilities associated with characteristic sets for all concepts of the data set. This number is much larger for data sets with “do not care” conditions than with data sets with lost values. Therefore, for data sets with “do not care” conditions the number of probabilistic approximations is also larger.
Regulation of Exocytosis from Single Visualized GABAergic Boutons in Hippocampal Slices

Regulation of GABA release is crucial for normal brain functioning, and GABAA-mediated IPSCs are strongly influenced by repetitive stimulation and neuromodulation. However, GABA exocytosis has not been examined directly in organized tissue. Important issues remain outside the realm of electrophysiological techniques or are complicated by postsynaptic factors. For example, it is not known whether all presynaptic modulators affect release from all boutons in the same way, or whether modulator effects depend on the presence of certain types of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). To address such issues, we used confocal imaging and styryl dyes to monitor exocytosis from identified GABAergic boutons in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Repetitively evoked IPSCs declined more rapidly and completely than exocytosis, suggesting that depletion of filled vesicles cannot fully account for IPSC depression and underscoring the usefulness of directly imaging exocytosis. Stimulation at 10 Hz produced a transient facilitation of exocytosis that was dependent on L-type VGCCs. Using specific toxins, we found that release mediated via N-type and P-type VGCCs had similar properties. Neither baclofen nor a cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP55940, affected all boutons uniformly; they slowed release from some but completely prevented detectable release from others. Increasing stimulus frequency overcame this blockade of release. However, baclofen and CP55940 did not act identically, because only baclofen reduced facilitation and affected bouton releasing via P/Q-type VGCCs. Direct observation thus revealed novel features of GABAergic exocytosis and its regulation that would have been difficult or impossible to detect electrophysiologically. These features advance the understanding of the regulation of synapses and networks by presynaptic inhibition.
Subword Variation in Text Message Classification

For millions of people in less resourced regions of the world, text messages (SMS) provide the only regular contact with their doctor. Classifying messages by medical labels supports rapid responses to emergencies, the early identification of epidemics and everyday administration, but challenges include text-brevity, rich morphology, phonological variation, and limited training data. We present a novel system that addresses these, working with a clinic in rural Malawi and texts in the Chichewa language. We show that modeling morphological and phonological variation leads to a substantial average gain of F=0.206 and an error reduction of up to 63.8% for specific labels, relative to a baseline system optimized over word-sequences. By comparison, there is no significant gain when applying the same system to the English translations of the same texts/labels, emphasizing the need for subword modeling in many languages. Language independent morphological models perform as accurately as language specific models, indicating a broad deployment potential.
Nerve root assessment with SEP and MEP

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that the assessment of nerve root integrity is an important function of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM), especially in the evaluation and reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries. Whether a particular nerve root is functionally connected to the spinal cord is vital information in the surgical decision-making process. The presence or absence of this functional connection dictates between different, often quite disparate, procedures. To make this determination, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials are performed. With close attention to potential technical problems, this electrophysiologic information can be quickly and accurately obtained. This chapter reviews that in performing intraoperative somato sensory evoked potentials (SEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) studies, there are several technical challenges that must be monitored for and overcome in order to acquire reliable electrophysiological data. This data is indispensable in the timely assessment of the functional continuity of the nerve roots in the surgical approach to brachial plexus reconstruction.
Estimating curvatures and their derivatives on triangle meshes

The computation of curvature and other differential properties of surfaces is essential for many techniques in analysis and rendering. We present a finite-differences approach for estimating curvatures on irregular triangle meshes that may be thought of as an extension of a common method for estimating per-vertex normals. The technique is efficient in space and time, and results in significantly fewer outlier estimates while more broadly offering accuracy comparable to existing methods. It generalizes naturally to computing derivatives of curvature and higher-order surface differentials.
Analysis of ocular hypopigmentation in Rab38cht/cht mice.

PURPOSE: To characterize the ocular phenotype resulting from mutation of Rab38, a candidate gene for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.METHODS: Chocolate mice (cht, Rab38(cht/cht)) and control heterozygous (Rab38(cht/)(+)) and wild-type mice were examined clinically, histologically, ultrastructurally, and electrophysiologically. Mice homozygous for both the Rab38(cht) and the Tyrp1(b) alleles were similarly examined.RESULTS: Rab38(cht/cht) mice showed variable peripheral iris transillumination defects at 2 months of age. Patches of RPE hypopigmentation were noted clinically in 57% of Rab38(cht/cht) eyes and 6% of Rab38(cht/)(+) eyes. Rab38(cht/cht) mice exhibited thinning of the iris and RPE and larger b-wave amplitudes in the scotopic range when compared with the control animals. Compared with wild-type mice, Rab38(cht/cht) melanosomes were smaller and there were fewer in neuroectodermally derived retinal pigment epithelium; in neural crest-derived choroid melanocytes, they were smaller in size only. Mutation of both Rab38 and Tyrp1 produced mice with ocular and coat color pigment dilution greater than that seen with either mutation alone. Comprehensive clinical and pathologic analyses showed no other organ system or blood defects in Rab38(cht/cht) mice.CONCLUSIONS: Rab38(cht/cht) mice show ocular characteristics reminiscent of human oculocutaneous albinism, as well as iris and RPE thinning. The synergistic effects of the Rab38(cht) and Tyrp1(b) alleles suggest that TYRP1 is not the only target of RAB38 trafficking. This mouse line provides a useful model for studying melanosome biology and its role in human ocular diseases. (Less)