cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional credentialing of american municipal managers: Searchings for national and cross-national experiences

Over the last several decades, American managers have not performed well. Municipal managers are no exception. Although considerable attention has been given to the need of strengthening upper levels of municipal management, the results have been disappointing. Too often these positions are filled by rank amateurs. The nation can no longer afford the cost of amateur managers. Professional credentialing is proposed as a basic way to correct the situation. The discussion searches national and cross-national experiences in credentialing. It singles out Irish, Australian and American public school experiences as to possible developmental programs in this vital area.
Modulation of disease severity in mice with targeted disruption of the acid α-glucosidase gene

Abstract Glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) is a recessively inherited disorder caused by defects in lysosomal acid α -glucosidase. In an attempt to reproduce the range of clinical manifestations of the human illness we have created null alleles at the acid α -glucosidase locus (GAA) with several gene targeting strategies. In each knockout strain, enzyme activity was completely abolished and glycogen accumulated at indistinguishable rates. The phenotypes, however, differed strikingly. Acid α-glucosidase deficiency on a 129×C57BL/6 background resulted in a severe phenotype with progressive cardiomyopathy and profound muscle wasting similar to that in patients with glycogen storage disease type II. On a 129/C57BL/6×FVB background, homozygous mutants developed a milder phenotype with a later age of onset. Females were more affected than males irrespective of genetic background. As in humans with glycogen storage disease type II, therefore, other genetic loci affect the phenotypic expression of a single gene mutation.
Toward the Characterization and Identification of γ‐Secretases Using Transition‐state Analogue Inhibitors

The amyloid-beta protein (A beta), strongly implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is formed from the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) through sequential proteolysis by beta- and gamma-secretases. Cleavage by gamma-secretase takes place within the middle of the single transmembrane region of APP and results primarily in 40- and 42-amino acid A beta C-terminal variants, A beta 40 and A beta 42. The latter form of A beta is highly fibrillogenic, is invariably elevated in autosomal-dominant forms of AD, and is the major A beta component found presymptomatically in cerebral deposits. Thus, blocking production of A beta in general and A beta 42 in particular is considered an important therapeutic goal. We have developed transition-state analogue inhibitors of gamma-secretase as molecular probes for characterizing the active site of this enzyme, as pharmacological tools for understanding its role in biology, and as affinity labels toward its definitive identification. Specifically, we found that: (1) difluoro ketone and difluoro alcohol peptidomimetics are effective inhibitors of gamma-secretase activity in APP-transfected cells, strongly suggesting an aspartyl protease mechanism; (2) gamma-secretases that form A beta 40 and A beta 42 are pharmacologically distinct but are nevertheless closely similar; (3) large hydrophobic P1 substituents increase the inhibitory potency of these peptidomimetics, suggesting a large complementary S1 pocket for gamma-secretases; (4) A beta 42 production is increased several fold over control by these gamma-secretase inhibitors after replacement with inhibitor-free media; (5) a bromoacetamide derivative of one of these analogues continues to inhibit total A beta and A beta 42 production hours after replacement with compound-free media and should help identify the target(s) of these protease transition-state mimics.
Studies on guinea pig oocytes. II. Histochemical observations on some phosphatases and lipid in developing and in atretic oocytes and follicles.

Normal guinea pig oocytes develop in an environment of AMPase within the granulosa cells of the wall, the cumulus and the latter's projections that traverse the zona pellucida to terminate at the surface of the oocyte. Oocytes in developing non-vesicular and small vesicular follicles have an ATPase activity at their surface, which appears to indicate specialized absorptive mechanisms confined to these early stages of development. Acid phosphatase, present in granules scattered throughout the cytoplasm of all developing oocytes, may be evidence of a mechanism in this species, whereby the oocyte hydrolyzes unidentified nutritional reserves. Histologically normal appearing oocytes in atretic vesicular follicles may show deviations from the normal histochemical pattern, i.e., clumping and subsequent loss of acid phosphatase activity or a band of AMPase activity at the periphery of the oocyte representing apparent enlargement of the terminals of projections of the cumulus. These deviations may reflect disturbances of granulosa cell-oocyte transfer as a consequence of beginning atetric processes in the follicle wall. By the eighth day of the estrous cycle the granulosa layer of many medium sized follicles has been invaded by a few long strands of nucleoside polyphosphatase positive thecal connective tissue often carrying a small blood vessel. This early stage of atresia is apparently followed by shedding of the granulosa layer and hypertrophy of the thecal layer which begins the transformation of atretic follicles into interstitial masses.
Potential limitations of electronic database studies of prescription non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and risk of myocardial infarction (MI).

Purpose To determine whether specific limitations in electronic database studies may lead to biased estimates of the association between prescription, non-selective non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and myocardial infarction (MI) Methods Using our case-control study of NANSAIDs and first, non-fatal MI, we determined the odds ratio (OR) for prescription NANSAIDs and MI. In the ‘Replicating Electronic Database Analysis,’ we considered non-prescription NANSAID users to be ‘non-users,’ did not stratify by aspirin use, and did not adjust for confounders typically unavailable or incomplete in existing databases. In the ‘Misclassification Assessment Analysis,’ we removed non-prescription NANSAIDs from the ‘non-user’ category. In the ‘Confounding Assessment Analysis #1,’ we additionally adjusted for smoking, family history, and years of education. In the ‘Confounding Assessment Analysis #2,’ we also adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and physical activity. In the ‘Interaction Assessment Analysis,’ we stratified on aspirin use and repeated the latter analysis. Results The prevalence of current NANSAID and aspirin use was higher in our controls than in electronic database studies, consistent with the fact that non-prescription NANSAIDs accounted for 81% of all NANSAID use. Education, physical activity, and BMI also were associated with prescription NANSAID use. When each potential source of bias was removed, the OR for NANSAIDs moved further from 1.0 (i.e., toward a protective association with MI): ‘Replicating Electronic Database’ analysis (OR 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78–1.28); ‘Misclassification Assessment Analysis’ (OR 0.89, 95%CI: 0.70–1.14); ‘Confounding Assessment Analysis #1’ (OR 0.85, 95%CI: 0.66–1.10); ‘Confounding Assessment Analysis #2’ (OR 0.78, 95%CI: 0.60–1.01); ‘Interaction Assessment Analysis’ (OR 0.69, 95%CI: 0.51–0.95). Conclusions Limitations in electronic databases may be responsible for the lack of association of NANSAIDs on lower MI risk noted in these studies. Further studies—preferably randomized trials—are needed to address the risk-benefit ratio of NANSAID use. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition by the pigeon of stimuli varying in two dimensions.

Pigeons served in four experiments, each of which involved about 44,000 discrete 1.2-sec trials under steady-state conditions. The first experiment scaled a short segment of the visual wavelength continuum; this dimension was then combined in a conditional discrimination with each of three others; time after reinforcement, tone frequency, and line tilt. In the two-stimulus experiments, the birds' responses were reinforced in the presence of only one stimulus combination: “582 nm” together with “2 min after reinforcement”, “3990 Hz”, or “vertical line”. Many other stimulus combinations also appeared equally often and went without reinforcement. The wavelength stimuli conformed to an equal-interval scale, and per cent response was generally linear with wavelength, when scaled on cumulative normal coordinates. The components of the compound stimulus were found to interact in a multiplicative fashion; when one component differed greatly from its reinforcement value, changes in the other component had relatively little effect. For the “time”-“wavelength” compound, this interaction appeared to be modified by the effects of set or attention. Certain response latency data are reported, and other combination rules are discussed.
Acarospora nicolai (Acarosporaceae), a rediscovered species

Acarospora nicolai is revised and a lectotype designated. Acarospora caesiofusca is made a synonym of A. nicolai and a lectotype is designated. Acarospora nicolai is a pruinose brown crustose species containing gyrophoric acid and occurs in Mexico (Puebla) and the United States (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas) on sandstone.
Transtracheal placement and imaging with a transesophageal echocardiographic probe

Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has emerged as a safe and reliable imaging technique for both ambulatory and critically ill patients. The procedure has minimal associated risks and few reported complications, including transient arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, bronchospasm, unilateral vocal cord paralysis related to extreme neck flexion during neurosurgery, hypoxemia in congenital heart disease with right-to-left shunts, and esophageal injury in patients with underlying esophageal pathology. 1–4 We report a previously undescribed complication of suspected inadvertent endotracheal intubation resulting in transient cyanosis in a patient undergoing TEE.
Dynamic changes in p27kip1 variant expression in activated lymphocytes

The p27Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor (p27) has emerged as a critical mediator of normal cellular growth control. We report the expression of a 24 kD C-terminal variant of p27 in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. This variant is rapidly degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner when lymphocytes are activated by interleukin-2 or by superantigen. Whereas p24 degradation is complete within 16 h of mitogen addition, full-length p27 is decreased only modestly over 72 h of mitogen exposure and is present in activated and cycling lymphocytes. Persistent p27 is present in a complex with cyclin D3 in activated lymphocytes, and is localized both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. These results indicate that lymphocytes exiting from quiescence use several mechanisms to overcome the p27Kip1-enforced cell cycle checkpoint, and that elimination of p27 is not required for cell cycle entry.
Seminars in Opthalmology: Alternative Therapies in Macular Degeneration

This Issue of Seminars in Ophthalmology reviews several of the leading alternative therapies for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). All vision care professionals are exquisitely aware of the devastating impact of this most common cause of visual impairment among the elderly in the United States: on the order of 25% of individuals aged 65 years or older have some manifestation of this disease, with the advanced form affecting approximately 7% of those aged 75 years or older.1 Individuals over age 65 years comprise the fastest growing segment of the population. Successful approaches to reduce blindness and visual impairment caused by ARMD will have a profound impact on individuals and the general public alike.
Differential susceptibility of tree species to oviposition by periodical cicadas.

1. Periodical cicadas occur widely in deciduous forests of eastern North America and represent the largest insect emergences in the world. Their effects on forest community dynamics, via oviposition damage and root feeding, are potentially great but not well understood. If tree species vary in their susceptibility to cicada oviposition and root colonization, then periodical cicadas may affect ecological interactions among tree species and forest composition. 2. We measured oviposition damage on 63 tree species at 52 sites in southern Indiana, U.S.A. for two broods of periodical cicadas. We compared oviposition damage among different sites, habitats, and tree species. We also measured cicada emergence rates in mature and successional forest habitats and from beneath different tree species. 3. Certain tree species received significantly more oviposition damage than others, and the most and least damaged species were consistent between the two broods. For some species, oviposition damage varied between mature and successional sites. Despite the differences in oviposition rates among species, there was no difference in emergence rates from beneath different tree species, suggesting that initial differences in cicada density among tree species are not maintained through the nymphal life cycle. 4. Cicadas oviposited more at successional sites, but emerged more in mature forest stands, suggesting that successive generations of cicadas represent a shifting mosaic between forests of different ages. As tree species consistently vary in their susceptibility to oviposition damage, periodical cicadas could alter local competitive interactions and therefore affect forest dynamics.
Shoot inversion-induced ethylene in Pharbitis nil induces the release of apical dominance by restricting shoot elongation

Shoot inversion induces outgrowth of the highest lateral bud (HLB) adjacent to the bend in the stem in Pharbitis nil. In order to determine whether or not ethylene produced by shoot inversion plays a direct role in promoting or inhibiting bud outgrowth, comparisons were made of endogenous levels of ethylene in the HLB and HLB node of plants with and without inverted shoots. That no changes were found suggests that the control of apical dominance does not involve the direction action of ethylene. This conclusion is further supported by evidence that the direct application of ethylene inhibitors or ethrel to inactive or induced lateral buds has no significant effect on bud outgrowth. The hypothesis that ethylene evolved during shoot inversion indirectly promotes the outgrowth of the highest lateral bud (HLB) in restricting terminal bud (TB) growth is found to be supported by the following observations: (1) the restriction of TB growth appears to occur before the beginning of HLB outgrowth; (2) the treatment of the inverted portion of the shoot with AgNO3, an inhibitor of ethylene action, dramatically eliminates both the restriction of TB growth and the promotion of HLB outgrowth which usually accompany shoot inversion; and (3) the treatment of the upper shoot of an upright plant with ethrel mimics shoot inversion by retarding upper shoot growth and inducing outgrowth of the lateral bud basipetal to the treated region.
Perturbation expansion in phase-ordering kinetics: I. Scalar order parameter

A consistent perturbation theory expansion is presented for phase-ordering kinetics in the case of a nonconserved scalar order parameter. At zeroth order in this expansion one obtains the theory due to Ohta, Jasnow and Kawasaki (OJK). At the next nontrivial order in the expansion, worked out in d dimensions, one has small corrections to the OJK result for the nonequilibrium exponent $\lambda$ and the introduction of a new exponent $\nu$ governing the algebraic component of the decay of the order parameter scaling function at large scaled distances.
High rates of late Cenozoic crustal shortening in the Andean foreland, Mendoza Province, Argentina

At least 16 km of Pliocene shortening occurred beneath the La Pilona anticline, an oil-producing structure that lies along the east flank of the Argentine Andes near the city of Mendoza. Balanced cross sections show that the anticline, which is expressed at the surface by late Cenozoic strata, overlies imbricated Paleozoic and Triassic strata that are bounded above and below by detachment surfaces with opposing vergence. Local and regional geochronologic data dictate that shortening occurred during an interval that was less than 2.7 m.y., and probably less than 1.0 m.y. Shortening rates therefore must have exceeded 0.6 cm/yr, and probably exceeded 1.6 cm/yr. Shortening rates in ancient foreland fold-and-thrust belts are generally between 0.2 and 0.5 cm/yr, but these long-term averages probably incorporate periods of tectonic inactivity as well as pulses of deformation. This study suggests that rates of motion on major structures at the deformation front may be five to ten times greater than shortening rates averaged over the entire history of a thrust belt. Dynamic models of foreland shortening must be able to account for these deformation pulses.
Predicting stream channel erosion in the lacustrine core of the upper Nemadji River, Minnesota (USA) using stream geomorphology metrics

The USA Clean Water Act requires the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) when Minnesota’s water quality standard for turbidity is exceeded; however, regions underlain with fine-grained lacustrine deposits yield large natural background loads of suspended inorganic sediment. A review of hydrogeologic pathways was conducted along with the statistical analysis of geomorphic metrics, collected at 15 sites with varying drainage areas in the upper Nemadji River basin, northeastern Minnesota. Regression analysis indicated a strong linkage between bankfull cross-sectional area and drainage area. Dimensionless geomorphic metric ratios were developed to predict channel evolution potential and associated channel erosion risk. Sites located in drainage areas less than 2 km2 had low erosion risk and showed a correlation between channel slope and relative roughness (D 84/mean bankfull channel depth, 88%). A principal components analysis explained over 98% of the variance between sites and indicated five important channel shape metrics to predict channel erosion: bankfull width, bankfull depth, maximum depth, cross-sectional area, and valley beltwidth. Mass wasting of cohesive stream channel sediment was influenced by groundwater discharge and produced turbid waters in the upper Nemadji River.
Correlates of Minimal Dating

Researchers have associated minimal dating with numerous factors. The present author tested shyness, introversion, physical attractiveness, performance evaluation, anxiety, social skill, social self-esteem, and loneliness to determine the nature of their relationships with 2 measures of self-reported minimal dating in a sample of 175 college students. For women, shyness, introversion, physical attractiveness, self-rated anxiety, social self-esteem, and loneliness correlated with 1 or both measures of minimal dating. For men, physical attractiveness, observer-rated social skill, social self-esteem, and loneliness correlated with 1 or both measures of minimal dating. The patterns of relationships were not identical for the 2 indicators of minimal dating, indicating the possibility that minimal dating is not a single construct as researchers previously believed. The present author discussed implications and suggestions for future researchers.
Analysis of tissue factor positive microparticles

There has recently been intense interest in the clinical measurement of tissue factor (TF)-positive microparticles (MPs) in clinical disease states. This interest has been driven by the demonstration of an putative role for circulating TF-positive MPs in animal models of thrombus propagation. Both immunological and functional assays for MP-TF have been described. While each approach has its own advantages and drawbacks, neither has yet been truly established as the 'gold standard'. Heterogeneity of TF-bearing MPs, such as the variable co-expression of surface phosphatidylserine, may determine not only their procoagulant potential, but also additional properties including rate of clearance from the circulation.
Dynamic contact charge transfer considering plastic deformation

Abstract A model is derived for the calculation of the contact charge transfer when spherical particles impact a rigid surface. Plastic deformation, often present in particle impaction, is taken into account in this model. The prediction of linear dependence on impact velocity in the plastic region for both conducting and insulating particles agrees with experiments of John et al. (1980), J. Aerosol Sci.11, 115. The cubic size dependence for insulators is also in agreement with their experiments. A quadratic size dependence is predicted for conductors in plastic impacts. For perfectly elastic impacts, contact charge increases with impact velocity to the power of 0.8 and 0.6 for conductors and insulators respectively, while the size dependence remains the same as that for plastic impacts.
Quantitative reactive transport modeling of Portland cement in CO2-saturated water

Abstract A modular reactive transport model, Dynaflow ™ , is used to simulate the reactivity of cement in CO2-saturated water of intermediate salinity (0.5 M). Methodology for coupling transport and geochemical modules is derived and its assumptions are discussed. The modules are coupled in a sequential iterative approach to accurately model: (1) mineral dissolution/precipitation (2) aqueous phase speciation and (3) porosity-dependent transport properties. Simulation results reproduce qualitatively the dissolution of cement hydrates (CH, C-S-H, AFm, AFt) and intermediate products (CaCO3) that have been observed experimentally. However, when using a standard power law to relate effective transport properties to porosity, modeling and experimental results do not coincide; here, agreement between simulations and observations is obtained by modifying the functional dependence of effective diffusivity on mineralogy. Furthermore, for this particular system for which concentration gradients are the only driving force, the assumption of neglecting the mass balance of water or density changes might show its limits. Therefore, future work should investigate the likely need to account for reaction-driven advection.
Kinetics and regulation of transcription of bacteriophage Mu.

Abstract Mu transcription was analyzed by hybridization of [ 3 H]uridine pulse-labeled RNA from heat-induced Mu lysogens to Mu DNA restriction fragments on nitrocellulose blots. Based on their time of appearance and dependence on Mu functions, we have defined three classes of transcripts: early, middle, and late. Replication-defective prophages containing A or B amber mutations or a deletion of the β (right) end produced only early RNA derived from the left-most 8 to 10 kb of the Mu genome. A replication-proficient C amber mutant exhibited similar early transcription but at later times also produced middle transcripts from a region including C , which encodes the activator of late transcription. The C mutant did not produce late transcripts from the right-most 26 kb of the Mu genome encoding genes involved in phage morphogenesis and release. These results indicate that Mu DNA replication is required for efficient expression of middle RNA, which is itself required for expression of late transcripts. Amber mutations in essential genes other than A , B , and C had no significant effect on transcription except for polarity of one E mutation. Uninduced Mu c + and Mu cts prophages produced very low levels of Mu-specific RNA derived from several regions including the c (immunity) gene and the region between genes B and C .
The Flk1-myr::mCherry mouse as a useful reporter to characterize multiple aspects of ocular blood vessel development and disease

The highly vascularized mouse eye is an excellent model system in which to elucidate the molecular genetic basis of blood vessel development and disease. However, the analysis of ocular vessel defects has traditionally been derived from fixed tissue, which fails to account for dynamic events such as blood flow and cell migration. To overcome the limitations of static analysis, tremendous advances in imaging technology and fluorescent protein reporter mouse lines now enable the direct visualization of developing cells in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the Flk1-myr::mCherry transgenic mouse is an extremely useful live reporter with broad applicability to retinal, hyaloid, and choroid vascular research.
Fiscal policy, long-run stability and aggregate supply☆

Abstract The model developed in this paper incorporates aggregate supply and hence the price level into existing dynamic IS-LM models of flow and stock equilibrium. Whereas the long-run equilibrium position in these models is stable and fiscal policy works regardless of empirical magnitudes when budget deficits are financed by printing money, the introduction of aggregate supply into these models is shown to render the stability of long-run equilibrium and hence the effectiveness of fiscal policy under money financing, open to empirical question.
Does Social Work Abstracts Work

Objective: The current study seeks to provide estimates of the adequacy of journal coverage in the Social Work Abstracts (SWA) database. Method: A total of 23 journals listed in the Journal Citatio...
Membrane orientation of carboxyl-terminal half P-glycoprotein: topogenesis of transmembrane segments.

Abstract Multiple topological orientations of the carboxyl-terminal half of P-glycoprotein have been observed. One orientation is consistent with the hydropathy-predicted model and contains six transmembrane (TM)-spanning regions. In another orientation, the cytoplasmic-predicted loop between TM8 and TM9 is extracellular and glycosylated. In support of this “alternative” topology, TM8 was previously established to function as a signal-anchor sequence to insert with its amino-terminal end in the cytoplasm and the carboxyl-terminal end in the extracytoplasmic space. However, it is unclear how downstream TM segments fold in the membrane when TM8 functions as a signal-anchor sequence. Here, we created several chimeric Pgp molecules to examine the membrane insertion of TM segments 9 and 10 using a cell-free system. We found that TM9 functions as a stop-transfer sequence when following the signal-anchor sequence, T8S. However, the stop-transfer activity of TM9 depends on the presence of TM1O. In the absence of TM1O, TM9 partially translocated across the membrane into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. In contrast, TM9 efficiently stopped the translocation event of the nascent chain in the presence of TM1O. Our results suggest that the membrane insertion of TM8 and TM9 establishes the extracellular loop between TM8 and TM9. Formation of this loop apparently involves the interactions between Pgp TM segments, which facilitate proper folding of the Pgp carboxyl-terminal half.
Construction of approximately N-representable density matrices. Comments of non-orthogonal spin geminals, basis augmentation, and error bounds

Abstract It is shown that although non-orthogonal spin geminals and variation of the spin geminals can be incorporated into our method for constructing optimally N-representable density matrices, they offer no practical advantages. A technique for predicting the effects of basis augmentation is presented and the role of error bounds in our theory is briefly discussed.
Airway management for oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Since the initial reports of Tessier, 1 the area of craniofacial surgery has increased dramatically, with multiple centers reporting their experiences. 2 - 5 The success of these surgeries depends on the close cooperationof the anesthesiologist and the surgeon. 6 - 8 This discussion will focus on the anesthetic care of these patients, with particular attention to airway management.
Social Indicators of Gentrification Pressure in Fishing Communities: A Context for Social Impact Assessment

The use of social indicators in this analysis of coastal communities enhances the evaluation of the combined impacts of changes in fisheries management regulations and gentrification for fisheries social impact assessments. Increasing population pressure, declining fish stocks, and the attractiveness of natural amenities have all led to demographic shifts and economic transformations for many coastal communities dependent on fishing. This impact of “gentrification” on the commercial fishing industry often precipitates a move toward non-marine based economies that can displace local residents and their dependence on fishing as a way of life with resulting impacts to local economies and cultures. Drawing on the United States Census, National Marine Fisheries Service, and other secondary data sources, social indicators were developed for 2,948 coastal communities in the Eastern United States and Gulf Coast and were used to evaluate gentrification pressure in select communities highly engaged in fishing. We a...
The preparation, characterization and X-ray structural analysis of tetrakis[1-methyl-3-(2-propyl)-2(3H)-imidazolethione]zinc(II) tetrafluoroborate and tetrakis[1-methyl-3-(1-butyl)-2(3H)- imidazolethione]zinc(II) tetrafluoroborate

Two compounds, [Zn(mipit)4][BF4]2 (1) and [Zn(mnbit)4][BF4]2 (2) have been synthesized and characterized via standard solid and solution state methods including single crystal X-ray crystallography (mipit: 1-methyl-3-(2-propyl)-2(3H)-imidazolethione and mnbit: 1-methyl-3-(1-butyl)-2(3H)-imidazolethione). Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 11.804(2) A, b = 16.710(3) A, c = 25.763(5) A, γ = 90.14(3)° and Z = 4, whereas compound 2 crystallizes in tetragonal space group $${\rm I}\bar{4}$$ with a = b = 11.6517(16) A, c= 16.820(3) A, and Z = 2. Both complexes are high melting, colorless water soluble 2:1 electrolyte solids that state have flattened tetrahedral ZnS4 coordination geometry. The isopropyl analog is slightly more distorted than the n-butyl analog, and the degree of distortion is not directly related to the steric bulk of the ligand.
Religious Doubt and Spiritual Growth Among Adults Bereaved of a Grandparent

Religious beliefs and bereavement provide contexts for personal growth (Benore & Park, 2004). The death of a grandparent may be especially well-suited to prompt such growth. Using data from 164 adults, ages 18 to 51 years, bereaved of a grandparent, the authors examined whether religious doubt relates to current grief via perceived spiritual growth. Mediation analyses showed that fewer religious doubts were associated with spiritual growth in bereavement, but spiritual growth was associated with higher levels of current grief. Results are discussed within a framework for including family processes in bereavement research that includes religious doubt and spiritual growth.
Facial erythema as a result of benzophenone allergy

Benzophenones are common causes of photoallergy and are increasingly used in products other than traditional sunscreens. Patients may be unaware of any sunscreen exposure when using a product such as shampoo containing benzophenone. Benzophenones also may produce photoallergic contact urticaria, in addition to delayed contact and photocontact dermatitis, which may complicate the clinical presentation. Allergy to benzophenone should be considered in the diagnosis of patients with patchy erythema of the face and neck that is not typically eczematous and that may otherwise be attributed to a rosacea diathesis, lupus erythematosis, or simple flushing. Patch and photopatch testing are indicated to evaluate these patients for allergy to benzophenone.
The IFR fuel cycle demonstration

Abstract Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has refurbished an old hot-cell facility, the Fuel Cycle Facility (FCF) attached to the Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-II) reactor in Idaho, for the engineering-scale demotration of the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) pyroprocess fuel cycle. Completion of modification to the facility, transfer of new process equipment into the two hot cells, and initiation of process operations were scheduled to take place in 1994. 1 Only nine pieces of equipment are required to completely recycle spent fuel for return to EBR-II. Three major pieces accomplish the key steps of the recycle technology: Electrorefining to extract the uranium, plutonium and other actinides from the dissolved fuel; cathode processing to produce metal ingots from the electrorefiner products; and injection casting to fabricate new fuel pins. These three pieces of equipment are scheduled to process batches typical of full-scale commercial operation. All equipment is scheduled to be taken through three phases of operation, starting with depleted uranium, moving to cold plutonium, and finally to hot spent fuel. The fuel cycle demonstration is the final technical element needed to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the IFR.
Thromboembolic complications in thermally injured patients

The frequency of thromboembolic complications in burn patients has been estimated to range from 0.4% to 7%. The clinical significance of these events is often debated and has prompted some centers to adopt the routine prophylactic use of low dose heparin prophylaxis. A 10 year review of 2,103 burn patients treated at this institution was undertaken. Twenty-five (1.2%) patients, with a mean age of 40.0 years and an average burn size of 49.3% total body surface area (TBSA), were identified as having significant pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). In only 3 (0.14%) patients was the thromboembolism considered to be a cause of death. Nineteen (0.9%) patients, with an average age of 36.7 years and a mean burn size of 48.3% TBSA, developed clinically evident deep venous thrombosis (DVT); however, in only 1 (0.05%) patient did the disease progress to fatal PTE. A review of the literature reveals a 0.6% to 5% incidence of complications related to low dose heparin therapy which includes bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and arterial thrombosis. We feel that the infrequency of clinically significant PTE and DVT in burn patients and the comparable or greater rate of complications associated with heparin prophylaxis mitigate against the routine use of low dose heparin therapy except in patients at high risk for these events.
dc electric-field dependence of the dielectric constant in polar dielectrics: Multipolarization mechanism model

The dc electric-field dependence of the relative dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(E)$ in polar dielectrics is studied. The Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) theory and its approximate treatments in dealing with ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(E)$ are reviewed. It is found that the LGD theory works well in the case of a single polarization mechanism existing in the dielectrics, and the Johnson relation ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(E)={\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(0)/{1+\ensuremath{\lambda}[{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{0}{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(0){]}^{3}{E}^{2}{}}^{1/3}$ is a reasonable approximate expression describing ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(E).$ Many polar dielectrics, however, exhibit more than one polarization mechanism contributing to the total dielectric constant. The dielectric response of such polar dielectrics under an external dc electric field cannot be purely described by LGD theory. In this work, we introduce a ``reorientational polarization'' to describe the ``extrinsic'' contribution to the dielectric constant, such as might arise from polar clusters, domain-wall motions, fluctuation of microcluster boundaries, defects, etc. A ``multipolarization-mechanism'' model is proposed, and a combined equation ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(E)={\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(0)/{1+\ensuremath{\lambda}[{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{0}{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(0){]}^{3}{E}^{2}{}}^{1/3}+\ensuremath{\Sigma}{(P}_{0}x/{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{0})[\mathrm{cosh}(\mathrm{Ex}){]}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is adopted to describe the total ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{r}(E)$ response of a polar dielectric, where the first term is Johnson's relation which represents the ``intrinsic'' polarization, and the latter represents the ``extrinsic'' polarization. Agreement between the fitting of this equation to the experimental data is obtained for paraelectrics ${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$
Divide and Conquer: Competing with Free Technology Under Network Effects

We study how a commercial firm competes with a free open source product. The market consists of two customer segments with different preferences and is characterized by positive network effects. The commercial firm makes product and pricing decisions to maximize its profit. The open source developers make product decisions to maximize the weighted sum of the segments' consumer surplus, in addition to their intrinsic motivation. The more importance open source developers attach to consumer surplus, the more effort they put into developing software features. Even if consumers do not end up adopting the open source product, it can act as a credible threat to the commercial firm, forcing the firm to lower its prices. If the open source developers' intrinsic motivation is high enough, they will develop software regardless of eventual market dynamics. If the open source product is available first, all participants are better off when the commercial and open source products are compatible. However, if the commercial firm can enter the market first, it can increase its profits and gain market share by being incompatible with its open source competitor, even if customers can later switch at zero cost. This first-mover advantage does not arise because users are “locked in,” but because the commercial firm deploys a “divide and conquer” strategy to attract early adopters and exploit late adopters. To capitalize on its first-mover advantage, the commercial firm must increase its development investment to improve its product features.
Sympathetic Neurotransmitters and Tumor Angiogenesis—Link between Stress and Cancer Progression

Recent evidence supports a longstanding hypothesis that chronic stress can influence tumor growth and progression. It has been shown that sympathetic neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines and neuropeptides, can affect both cancer cell growth and tumor vascularization. Depending on neurotransmitter and type of tumor, these effects can be both stimulatory and inhibitory. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) are potent stimulators of vascularization, acting both by inducing the release of angiogenic factors from tumor cells and directly on endothelial cell (EC) functions. As a result, activation of the adrenergic system increases growth of various types of tumors and has been shown to mediate stress-induced augmentation of tumor progression. Dopamine (DA), on the other hand, interferes with VEGF signaling in endothelial cells, blocks its angiogenic functions and inhibits tumor growth. Another sympathetic neurotransmitter coreleased with NE, neuropeptide Y (NPY), directly stimulates angiogenesis. However, proangiogenic actions of NPY can be altered by its direct effect on tumor cell proliferation and survival. In consequence, NPY can either stimulate or inhibit tumor growth, depending on tumor type. Hence, sympathetic neurotransmitters are powerful modulators of tumor growth and can become new targets in cancer therapy.
Gas sorption and transport in substituted polystyrenes

Mesure des coefficients de permeabilite a 35 o C et 1 atm pour Me, N 2 , O 2 , CM 4 et CO 2 et calcul des coefficients de diffusion pour une serie de PS substitues. Analyse de l'effet des substituants en relation avec leur taille, leur polarite et leur rigidite. Tous les substituants entrainent une diminution de la selectivite du PS pour la separation du couple CO 2 /CH 4 . Interet des groupes acetoxy et methoxy pour l'etude de la plastification des polymeres par le CO 2
Protein S and the nephrotic syndrome.

Excerpt To the editor: Vigano-D'Angelo and associates (1) present interesting hypotheses on protein S in nephrotic syndrome, but I do not believe their data support their conclusions. The authors s...
'Food' Calls Produced By Adult Female Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) and Japanese (M. Fuscata) Macaques, Their Normally-Raised Offspring, and Offspring Cross-Fostered Between Species

We tested a recent claim that rhesus and Japanese macaque offspring cross-fostered between species exhibit vocal learning by producing 'food' calls typical of their adoptive rather than their genetic species (MASATAKA & FUJITA, 1989). Our study population consisted of four groups of socially-reared animals housed outdoors - two of each species. Food calls produced by adult female rhesus and Japanese macaques did not differ at the species level, although individual differences were clearly present. Food calls produced by normally raised offspring differed both between individuals and between species. In spite of statistically significant differences, however, immatures in the two species still showed substantial overlap on every acoustic feature that was measured. Evidence from four cross-fostered offspring was equivocal. Two rhesus macaques raised in Japanese macaque social groups produced calls that were typical of their own species. Some measurements from calls produced by two cross-fostered Japanese macaques fell closer to mean values for normal rhesus than for those of their own species. However, these measurements were still within the observed range of variation shown by normally raised Japanese macaques. We conclude that food calling behavior of cross-fostered Japanese macaques may have shown modification, but that any such effect was not based on a species-specific adult model. Given the variability of these sounds and the lack of species differences in adult female vocalizations, food calls do not present a good opportunity to test for vocal learning in cross-fostered rhesus and Japanese macaques.
Fragrance material review on phenyl salicylate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of phenyl salicylate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Regulatory control of pesticide residues in foods.

Abstract The current system of regulatory control of residues of pesticidal chemicals in food is discussed briefly. Activities of the United States Food and Drug Administration in this area include surveillance, information and education activities, regulatory sanctions, and total diet studies. Summarized results during six years (1964 to 1969) are presented. Residues were detected in slightly more than half of the samples examined by surveillance. Residues were generally relatively low with 95% being less than 0.51 ppm and 75 to 80% less than 0.11 ppm. Comparison of results from total diet studies with those from analysis of surveillance samples, showed in general a decrease in pesticide residues when raw agricultural commodities were prepared for consumption. Daily intakes of pesticidal chemicals calculated from the total diet were generally one order of magnitude below acceptable daily intake established by FAO-WHO. The lone exception, was the combined intake of aldrin and dieldrin which approached an acceptable intake. Foods of animal origin, while comprising approximately 25% of the diet, were the major source of chlorinated pesticides.
Functionalized Monolayers on Ordered Mesoporous Supports

Mesoporous silica materials containing functionalized organic monolayers have been synthesized. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance suggests that a cross-linked monolayer of mercaptopropylsilane was covalently bound to mesoporous silica and closely packed on the surface. The relative surface coverage of the monolayers can be systematically varied up to 76 percent. These materials are extremely efficient in removing mercury and other heavy metals from both aqueous and nonaqueous waste streams, with distribution coefficients up to 340,000. The stability of these materials and the potential to regenerate and reuse them have also been demonstrated. The surface modification scheme reported here enables rational design of the surface properties of tailored porous materials and may lead to the synthesis of more sophisticated functionalized composites for environmental and industrial applications.
Drive and predisposition as factors in the attitudinal effects of mere exposure

Abstract From the response competition interpretation of the attitude-enhancing effects of exposure it was hypothesized that (1) arousal during exposure would decrease affective ratings whereas (2) arousal during rating would decrease the ratings of low frequency stimuli but enhance the ratings of high frequency stimuli. Experiment I provided weak support for the first hypothesis while Experiment II provided clear support for the second hypothesis. Experiment III, exploring an unexpected finding from Experiment I, suggested that exposure will lead to more favorable ratings only if a stimulus is initially neutral or positive.
Sexual selection in Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousei). II. Female choice

Abstract I studied female choice in a prolonged-breeding population of Bufo woodhousei australis in central Arizona during the spring of 1981 and 1982. Field observations revealed that variation in call rate was significantly greater between males than within males and that male call rate was correlated with mating success. Male size was not significantly correlated with mating success, or did I observe positive assortative mating with respect to body size. Females did not discriminate between calls of large and small males in choice experiments. However, males with high call rates were preferred, independent of size. For anurans, these results are the first to document clearly female choice based on male phenotype independent of male size. It is suggested that high call rate may be an indicator of male fitness in this female-choice system.
Functional implications of neuropsychological normality and symptom remission in older outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study

Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are well documented and correlated with functional disability. Although some patients demonstrate normal neuropsychological (NP) functioning, little is known about their functional disability. We examined the cross-sectional functional implications of NP normality and symptomatic remission in older outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were administered a NP battery and performance-based measures of functional and social competence, with their real-world functioning rated by case managers. NP status was classified by the General Deficit Score (GDS) and remission status was based on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), yielding four subsamples of patients: NP normal-remitted (n=21), NP normal-symptomatic (n=22), NP impaired-remitted (n=90), and NP impaired-symptomatic (n=97). NP normal patients demonstrated better functional and social competence and better ratings of real-world functioning, after controlling for premorbid abilities. However, compared to normative date, NP normal patients manifested disability in several real-world domains, including residential status. These results suggest that NP status is a better predictor of functional outcome then symptom status or the interaction of the two factors. The disability seen in NP normal cases indicates that factors other than cognitive impairments may determine aspects of everyday outcomes in schizophrenia.