cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Water on the TiO2 (Rutile) (110) Surface: A Comparison of Periodic and Embedded Cluster Calculations

Periodic density functional theory (DFT) based on plane waves (PW) and Hartree−Fock (HF) based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) calculations using slabs separated by vacuum gaps were carried out to model the H2O−TiO2 (rutile) (110) interface. Positions of all atoms were allowed to relax except atoms in the central layer of the slab. Both associative and dissociative adsorption mechanisms were considered for half-monolayer and monolayer coverages. Five different orientations of H2O molecules on the TiO2 surface were studied to determine the most energetically favorable water positions for the associative mechanism. Two slab thicknesses (three Ti layers and five Ti layers) were chosen to test the effect of slab depth on calculated surface structures and adsorption energies. Results indicate that associative adsorption is favorable by −8 to −20 kJ/mol/H2O depending on the slab thickness for full-monolayer coverage. Embedded cluster HF calculations were also performed for comparison. Adsorp...
VOCAL EXPRESSION OF ANGER AND CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIVITY WITHIN DYADIC INTERACTIONS

Szrtnmay.-This experiment was conducted to examine whether the vocal expression of anger correlated with cardiovascular reactivity within dyadic interactions. Participants selected three social issues on which they had a strong opinion and, with a confederate who opposed their views, debated these opinions in each of the three vocal styles. The three vocal styles were (1) Anger-out during which they described their view in a loud, fast voice, (2) Mood-incongruent during which they described their view in a soft, slow voice, and (3) Anger-in during which they listened to the confederate oppose their view and only responded from a list of neutral phrases given to them. Cardiovascular reactiviry measures (heart rate and blood pressure) were taken during the initial basehe and the three expression of anger conditions. Both rhe anger-out and mood-incongruent vocal styles significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure and heart-rate reactivity measures. The disparity between the results of this experiment and previous ones on anger and cardiovascular response may be related to differences in he method of anger-arousal (memory-evoked versus dyadic inreractions). Results are discussed in terms of similarities to active and passive coping and defensiveness.
Use of in vitro HTS-derived concentration-response data as biological descriptors improves the accuracy of QSAR models of in vivo toxicity.

BackgroundQuantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays are increasingly being used to inform chemical hazard identification. Hundreds of chemicals have been tested in dozens of cell lines a...
Effect of fractionized vs continuous, single-session exercise on blood pressure in adults.

Exercise training-induced reduction in blood pressure (BP) 1 may be in part due to the BP lowering effects of acute exercise (postexercise hypotension, PEH). 2 PEH has been reported to be ~7-14 mm Hg, can occur within 5 min after exercise, and may persist for up to 22 h. 2,3 .
Making Transitions From 2-D Design to 3-D Design and Preparing to Bring the Product Lifecycle Management Into the Classroom

This paper addresses some issues that many mechanical engineering departments are facing or soon will be facing in response to the rapid development in the area of MCAD as the industry is making transition from 2-D to 3-D and embracing the concept of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). Something we took for granted before now becomes an issue. For example, as the 3-D based CAD package becomes more and more powerful and much easier to use than its 2-D counterpart, do we still need to teach engineering graphics using 2-D CAD packages or should we use the 3-D CAD package for the same purpose? The next question then would be which package is better and easier for the students to use to learn the basics of geometric construction and orthographic projection theory. This paper tries to discuss these issues and provide some input on the importance of the issues. As the parametric 3-dimensional MCAD package becomes more affordable and evolves into a mature lifecycle product management package, more curriculum changes would have to follow to meet the demands of the industry.© 2005 ASME
Fast visual generation: Its nature and chronometrics

The fast-generation model for the matching of mixed-case letter pairs (e.g., Aa, Ab) states that one or both members of a pair activate visual representations in memory of the opposite case, supporting “same” or “different” responses through crossmatching to representations of the pair members themselves. Here the reaction time and error results of three experiments using simultaneous matches support a specific variant of the model in which generation proceeds from the uppercase letter. Furthermore, a manipulation of stimulus onset asynchrony in a fourth experiment using near-simultaneous matches indicates that fast generation produces a visual representation that occurs within 67 msec of initiation and that decays within 200 msec. A fifth experiment contrasts simultaneous and successive matches and in the case of successive matches finds evidence in support of a regeneration process acting after an initial decay. Models of mixed-case matching that are based on the phonetic representation of letter names, or on abstract-letter identities, completely fail to account for the results. Fast generation is distinguishable from slow generation in that it shows fast (vs. slow) dynamics, rapid decay (vs. maintainability), no imagery (vs. imagery), and (probably) automatic (vs. controlled) processing.
Vitamin B-6 status of children undergoing continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vitamin B-6 status of children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and to determine the renal and peritoneal clearance of vitamin B-6 in these children. Eight children, mean age 12 years, were included in the first study. Urine, dialysate and plasma were analyzed for total vitamin B-6 and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP). Dialysate total protein and serum alkaline phosphatase were also measured and a three day dietary record was obtained. Plasma PLP was measured in six subjects one year following the first study after they had been receiving daily pyridoxine supplements for one year. Mean plasma total vitamin B-6 and PLP were 304 and 25.5 nM, respectively, in the first study. The mean ratio of plasma PLP/total vitamin B-6 was 0.146. Mean plasma PLP in supplemented subjects was 60.4nM. Renal and dialysate clearance of vitamin B-6 was 0.41 and 0.90 mls/min, respectively. Mean dietary intake of vitamin B-6 was 59% of the RDA. CAPD treated children appear to be deficient in vitamin B-6 although dialysate losses are minimal. Pyridoxine supplements of at least 2mg/day are necessary to increase plasma PLP to normal concentrations in these children.
B lymphocytes: how they develop and function

The discovery that lymphocyte subpopulations participate in distinct components of the immune response focused attention onto the origins and function of lymphocytes more than 40 years ago. Studies in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that B and T lymphocytes were responsible primarily for the basic functions of antibody production and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. The decades that followed have witnessed a continuum of unfolding complexities in B-cell development, subsets, and function that could not have been predicted. Some of the landmark discoveries that led to our current understanding of B lymphocytes as the source of protective innate and adaptive antibodies are highlighted in this essay. The phenotypic and functional diversity of B lymphocytes, their regulatory roles independent of antibody production, and the molecular events that make this lineage unique are also considered. Finally, perturbations in B-cell development that give rise to certain types of congenital immunodeficiency, leukemia/lymphoma, and autoimmune disease are discussed in the context of normal B-cell development and selection. Despite the significant advances that have been made at the cellular and molecular levels, there is much more to learn, and cross-disciplinary studies in hematology and immunology will continue to pave the way for new discoveries.
Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites.

UNLABELLED In a population-based, cross-sectional study, we assessed age- and sex-specific changes in bone structure by QCT. Over life, the cross-sectional area of the vertebrae and proximal femur increased by approximately 15% in both sexes, whereas vBMD at these sites decreased by 39-55% and 34-46%, respectively, with greater decreases in women than in men. INTRODUCTION The changes in bone structure and density with aging that lead to fragility fractures are still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an age- and sex-stratified population sample of 373 women and 323 men (age, 20-97 years), we assessed bone geometry and volumetric BMD (vBMD) by QCT at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, distal radius, and distal tibia. RESULTS In young adulthood, men had 35-42% larger bone areas than women (p < 0.001), consistent with their larger body size. Bone area increased equally over life in both sexes by approximately 15% (p < 0.001) at central sites and by approximately 16% and slightly more in men at peripheral sites. Decreases in trabecular vBMD began before midlife and continued throughout life (p < 0.001), whereas cortical vBMD decreases began in midlife. Average decreases in trabecular vBMD were greater in women (-55%) than in men (-46%, p < 0.001) at central sites, but were similar (-24% and -26%, respectively) at peripheral sites. With aging, cortical area decreased slightly, and the cortex was displaced outwardly by periosteal and endocortical bone remodeling. Cortical vBMD decreased over life more in women ( approximately 25%) than in men (approximately 18%, p < 0.001), consistent with menopausal-induced increases in bone turnover and bone porosity. CONCLUSIONS Age-related changes in bone are complex. Some are beneficial to bone strength, such as periosteal apposition with outward cortical displacement. Others are deleterious, such as increased subendocortical resorption, increased cortical porosity, and, especially, large decreases in trabecular vBMD that may be the most important cause of increased skeletal fragility in the elderly. Our findings further suggest that the greater age-related decreases in trabecular and cortical vBMD and perhaps also their smaller bone size may explain, in large part, why fragility fractures are more common in elderly women than in elderly men.
Bloch-Redfield theory of high-temperature magnetic fluctuations in interacting spin systems

We study magnetic fluctuations in a system of interacting spins on a lattice at high temperatures and in the presence of a spatially varying magnetic field. Starting from a microscopic Hamiltonian we derive effective equations of motion for the spins and solve these equations self-consistently. We find that the spin fluctuations can be described by an effective diffusion equation with a diffusion coefficient which strongly depends on the ratio of the magnetic field gradient to the strength of spin-spin interactions. We also extend our studies to account for external noise and find that the relaxation times and the diffusion coefficient are mutually dependent.
Screening factors effecting a response in soluble protein expression: Formalized approach using design of experiments

We have integrated high-throughput expression and purification with quantitative protein analysis to identify factors influencing protein production. Application of high-throughput expression and purification, combined with automated gel capillary electrophoresis, allowed the quantitative analysis of multiple expression variables in a single experiment. An experimental design utilizing multiple factorial screens was employed to identify single factors and interactions having a significant impact on expression. As a test case, expression of the nonstructural protein NS3 from different hepatitis C virus genotypes (1b, 2a, and 3a) was examined in Escherichia coli. The 1b genotype of NS3 produced the highest level of expression, which was then further optimized using response surface modeling to give a four-fold increase in soluble protein levels. The quantitative and statistical approach presented has the capability of rapidly identifying interactions among experimental variables, leading to more reliable prediction of protein expression. We propose that this technique has universal application in the production of recombinant proteins, providing a powerful tool for the optimization of protein expression.
NON-STEADY WAVE PROFILES AND THE FOURTH-POWER LAW

The strain rate in steady shock waves is proportional to the fourth power of shock amplitude for a wide variety of materials over a broad range of strain rates. A model based on this observation gives good agreement not only with steady-wave profiles but also with data on non-steady waves in aluminum. In apparent contrast, data on vanadium and uranium at low strain rates indicate a departure from the fourth power law if the wave profiles are assumed to be steady. However, when predicted profiles are produced by allowing the waves to propagate and evolve over the actual experimental sample thickness, the fourth power model gives excellent agreement with the wave profile data even though the wave profiles in the calculations have not yet reached steady state. The implication is that the experimental data do not represent steady waves, and the model is predicting the correct evolution of non-steady waves in vanadium and uranium.
The Gross–Neveu model from string theory

Abstract We study an intersecting D-brane model which at low energies describes ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional chiral fermions localized at defects on a stack of N c D4-branes. Fermions at different defects interact via exchange of massless ( 4 + 1 ) -dimensional fields. At weak coupling this interaction gives rise to the Gross–Neveu (GN) model and can be studied using field theoretic techniques. At strong coupling one can describe the system in terms of probe branes propagating in a curved background in string theory. The chiral symmetry is dynamically broken at zero temperature and is restored above a critical temperature T c which depends on the coupling. The phase transition at T c is first order at strong coupling and second order at weak coupling.
A new failure mechanism in Schottky barrier diodes with Al-Cu-Si metallurgy

A new defect responsible for the anomalous leakage current in Al-Cu-Si metallized Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) has been found. The defect is designated the "CuAl 2 /Si defect." The nature of the defect, its formation and leakage inducing attributes are analyzed and established. Process parameter controls to prevent the CuAl 2 /Si defect formation are described.
Hunting the Devil: Democracy's Rhetorical Impulse to War

The rhetoric of evil, so prominently evident in contemporary presidential public address, articulates a primal motive for the war on terrorism by projecting democracy's shadow onto the external enemy. In this regard, the president's discourse is a manifestation rather than aberration of U.S. political culture, a reflection of the nation's troubled democratic identity. Upon close inspection, it reveals the presence of the mythos of a democratic demon contained within the republic, various ways in which the unconscious projection of this devil figure is rhetorically triggered, and the cultural significance of its lethal entailments. The diabolism of presidential war rhetoric, we suggest, functions as an inducement to evacuate the political content of democracy, leaving a largely empty but virulent signifier in its place, which weakens the nation by reproducing a culture of war.
The Alström syndrome: ophthalmic histopathology and retinal ultrastructure.

A case of pigmentary retinal degeneration causing blindness in early childhood, progressive neurosensory hearing loss, diabetes mellitus, acanthosis nigricans, hypogonadism with normal secondary sex characteristics, and kyphoscoliosis without polydactyly and with no mental retardation is reported. The results of endocrinological studies, karyotype analysis, and digital dermatoglyphics supported the clinical diagnosis of the Alstrom syndrome. The patient had small globes, bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts, lacy vacuolation of the iris, ciliary process hyalinisation, unilateral asteroid hyalosis, total absence of rods and cones, intraretinal melanin pigment, retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, focal chorioretinal fusion, preretinal fibrosis, bilateral giant optic disc drusen, and optic nerve atrophy. Electron microscopy of the retina demonstrated large numbers of melanolysosomes, numerous folds of basement membrane material, disruption of Bruch's membrane, and numerous bundles of extracellular collagen fibrils in the retinal pigment epithelium.
Role of reactive oxygen species during hypertension in response to chronic antiangiogenic factor (sFlt-1) excess in pregnant rats.

BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antiangiogenic factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1). Moreover, recent studies have indicated that chronic sFlt-1 excess causes hypertension in pregnant animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of ROS in mediating sFlt-1-induced hypertension in the pregnant rat. METHODS Mean arterial pressure (MAP), and plasma sFlt-1 and tissue ROS levels were measured in the following groups: (i) pregnant controls; (ii) sFlt-1-treated pregnant rats; (iii) Tempol-treated pregnant rats; (iv) sFlt-1- and Tempol-treated pregnant rats. RESULTS MAP increased from 104 ± 2 mm Hg in pregnant control rats to 118 ± 3 mm Hg (P = 0.002) in sFlt-1-infused rats. Basal and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-stimulated levels of tissue ROS were increased in response to excess sFlt-1 during pregnancy. Pretreatment with Tempol attenuated oxidative stress and hypertension in response to sFlt-1. CONCLUSIONS ROS play an important role in mediating hypertension in response to chronic sFlt-1 excess during pregnancy.
Development of a high energy pulsed plasma simulator for the study of liquid lithium trenches

Abstract To simulate detrimental events in a tokamak and provide a test-stand for a liquid-lithium infused trench (LiMIT) device [1] , a pulsed plasma source utilizing a theta pinch in conjunction with a coaxial plasma accelerator has been developed. The plasma is characterized using a triple Langmuir probe, optical methods, and a calorimeter. Clear advantages have been observed with the application of a coaxial plasma accelerator as a pre-ionization source. The experimental results of the plasma gun in conjunction with the existing theta pinch show a significant improvement from the previous energy deposition by a factor of 14 or higher, resulting in a maximum energy and heat flux of 0.065 ± 0.002 MJ/m2 and 0.43 ± 0.01 GW/m2. A few ways to further increase the plasma heat flux for LiMIT experiments are discussed.
The computer program LIAR for the simulation and modeling of high performance linacs

High performance linear accelerators are the central components of the proposed next generation of linear colliders. They must provide acceleration of up to 750 GeV per beam while maintaining small normalized emittances. Standard simulation programs, mainly developed for storage rings, do not meet the specific requirements for high performance linacs with high bunch charges and strong wakefields. We present the program LIAR ("Linear Accelerator Research code") that includes single and multi-bunch wakefield effects, a 6D coupled beam description, specific optimization algorithms and other advanced features. LIAR has been applied to and checked against the existing Stanford Linear Collider (SLC), the linacs of the proposed Next Linear Collider (NLC) and the proposed Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC.
Differentiating Under an Integral

So far, we have not really used Goursat’s theorem that an analytic function is holomorphic. We now come to a situation where the natural way to define a function is not through a power series but through an integral depending on a parameter.
Phasmid Eggs Do Not Survive Digestion by Quails and Chickens

Abstract The eggs of several Phasmatodea (stick insects) species bear strong resemblances to plant seeds. Such mimicry could increase predation on the eggs by vertebrate granivores, especially on eggs that are not buried by ants. In contrast, predation could be beneficial to the insects if the eggs can survive the digestive tract and hatch afterwards. This experiment tests the hypothesis that granivorous birds can act as dispersal agents for phasmid eggs. The eggs of three walking stick species—Extatosoma tiaratum, Ramulus nematodes, and R. artemis—were offered to two species of terrestrial, granivorous bird: quail (Coturnix japonica) and chickens (Gallus gallus domestica). The birds consumed the eggs eagerly. Examination of the resulting manure showed that most eggs were completely digested. Only one unbroken egg was recovered out of nearly one thousand eggs fed, suggesting that these bird species could not disperse phasmid eggs. Seed-mimicry's fitness costs must be mitigated in nature to explain its pre...
Genetic structure of typical and atypical populations of Candida albicans from Africa.

Atypical isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans have been reported with increasing frequency. To investigate the origin of a set of atypical isolates and their relationship to typical isolates, we employed a combination of molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses using rDNA sequencing, PCR fingerprinting, and analysis of co-dominant DNA nucleotide polymorphisms to characterize the population structure of one typical and two atypical populations of C. albicans from Angola and Madagascar. The extent of clonality and recombination was assessed in each population. The analyses revealed that the structure of all three populations of C. albicans was predominantly clonal but, as in previous studies, there was also evidence for recombination. Allele frequencies differed significantly between the typical and the atypical populations, suggesting very low levels of gene flow between them. However, allele frequencies were quite similar in the two atypical C. albicans populations, suggesting that they are closely related. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences encoding the nuclear 26S rDNA demonstrated that all three populations belong to a single monophyletic group, which includes the type strain of C. albicans.
Enhancing Data-based Fault Isolation Through Nonlinear Control

This work focuses on a broad class of nonlinear process systems subject to control actuator faults and disturbances and proposes a method for data-based fault detection and isolation that explicitly takes into account the design of the feedback control law. This method allows isolating specific faults in the closed-loop system; fault detection is done using a purely data-based approach and fault isolation is achieved using the structure of the closed-loop system as induced by an appropriately designed controller. This is achieved through the design of nonlinear model-based state-feedback control laws that decouple the dependency between certain process state variables in the closed-loop system. In this sense, the proposed approach constitutes a departure from the available data-based fault detection and isolation techniques which do not take advantage of the design of the feedback control law to enforce a closed-loop system structure that enhances fault isolation. The theoretical results are demonstrated through simulations of a CSTR and a gas-phase polyethylene reactor. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Actor-Network Theory of Cosmopolitan Education

In the past, philosophers discussed cosmopolitanism as a normative ideal of allegiance to humanity as a whole. A debate among social theorists, however, has examined cosmopolitanism as an incipient empirical phenomenon: an orientation of openness to foreign others and cultures. This paper introduces actor‐network theory to elaborate the social‐theoretical conception of cosmopolitanism. In light of the actor‐network theory of cosmopolitanism, the paper proposes cosmopolitan education that aims to foster in students three dispositions: to extend attachments to foreign people and objects; to understand transnational connections in which their lives are embedded; and to act on these attachments and understandings to effect transformations across national borders. Through this three‐fold cosmopolitan education, students will grow to be citizens of the world who traverse national borders dialogically by virtue of their transnational attachments, understandings, and actions.
Reduced cyclin D1 ubiquitination in UVB-induced murine squamous cell carcinomas.

Abstract Ubiquitination of cyclin D1 signals for its proteosomal degradation. To assess the possibility that reduced cyclin D1 proteolysis is a putative mechanism for its accumulation during UVB-induced skin tumorigenesis, ubiquitination activity of cyclin D1 was assessed in UVB-induced murine SCCs. Cyclin D1 was rapidly ubiquitinated by control skin extract, whereas ubiquitination of cyclin D1 was significantly reduced in SCCs. Mutant cyclin D1, in which residues important for GSK3β-mediated degradation of cyclin D1 are altered to non-phosphorylatable alanine, was not ubiquitinated. We also observed phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of GSK3β in SCCs. Our results indicate reduced ubiquitination of cyclin D1 in UVB-induced murine SCCs and suggest that inactivation of GSK3β-dependent cyclin D1 degradation pathway contributes to the accumulation of cyclin D1 in UVB-induced murine SCCs.
On maximal error capacity regions of Symmetric Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels

We prove a computable inner bound for the maximal error capacity region of a Symmetric Gaussian Multiple-Access Channel (SGMAC). The main idea behind our results is successive cancellation in decoding involving decoding of only one message set first while regarding the other message set as interference followed by a cancellation of the effect of the decoded message. Specifically, the inner bound is obtained through a connection between the SGMAC and another point-to-point Gaussian Channel with Interference (GCI) model introduced here. The bound takes the form of a pentagon strictly inside the average error capacity region.
The effect of secondary and backscattered electrons in the parallel-plane diode

Separate calculations are carried out to determine the influence of true, low-energy secondary electrons and of higher-energy backscattered electrons released from the anode of the parallel-plane, space-charge limited diode. Both groups depress the potential, increase the field near the anode, and decrease the net diode current by small but appreciable amounts.
Why Even Morally Perfect People Would Need Government

Why do we need government? A common view is that government is necessary to constrain people's conduct toward one another, because people are not sufficiently virtuous to exercise the requisite degree of control on their own. This view was expressed perspicuously, and artfully, by liberal thinker James Madison, in The Federalist, number 51, where he wrote: “If men were angels, no government would be necessary.” Madison's idea is shared by writers ranging across the political spectrum. It finds clear expression in the Marxist view that the state will gradually wither away after a communist revolution, as unalienated “communist man” emerges. And it is implied by the libertarian view that government's only legitimate function is to control the unfortunate and immoral tendency of some individuals to violate the moral rights of others.
CCRT for non-small cell lung cancer: Sensitivity of clinical gains to organ tolerance restrictions

A method is described for allowing the entrance angles of beams to vary along the longitudinal axis of the target volume using a computer controlled radiation therapy (CCRT) treatment technique. The increase in tumor dose potentially available with this technique is evaluated for the case of a non-small cell carcinoma of the lung for which treatment is constrained by a clinically relevant tolerance condition. Tolerance is expressed in terms of that volume of unaffected contralateral lung allowed to receive greater than 20 Gy. The evaluation is repeated with small changes made to the constraining condition in order to explore the sensitivity of the dose gain to the definition of tolerance. For the chosen example, at least an additional 10 Gy could be prescribed to the tumor with the CCRT technique when the 20 Gy contralateral lung volume was held to less than 30%. A gain of 7 Gy was found when the 20 Gy volume was held to 27% and 1 Gy when the 20 Gy volume was reduced to 25%. CCRT treatment can result in a significant dose gain under a clinically relevant condition for tolerance. Its measured advantage strongly depends on the dose constraints specified. Sensitivity analysis is necessary to meaningfully evaluate the merits of alternative treatment techniques.
Localized delivery of chemotherapy to the cervix for radiosensitization

Abstract Objective Chemoradiation is the mainstay of therapy for advanced cervical cancer, with the most effective treatment regimens involving combinations of radiosensitizing agents. However, administration of radiosensitizing chemotherapeutics concurrently with pelvic radiation is not without side effects. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of localized drug delivery as a means of improving drug targeting of radiosensitizing chemotherapeutics to the cervix while limiting systemic toxicities. Methods An initial proof-of-concept study was performed in 14 healthy women following local administration of diazepam utilizing a novel cervical delivery device (CerviPrep™). Uterine vein and peripheral blood samples were collected and diazepam was measured using a GC–MS method. In the follow-up study, gemcitabine was applied to the cervix in 17 women undergoing hysterectomy for various gynecological malignancies. Cervical tissue, uterine vein blood samples, and peripheral plasma were collected, and gemcitabine and its deaminated metabolite 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) were measured using HPLC-UV and LC/MS methods. Results Targeted delivery of diazepam to the cervix was consistent with parent drug detectable in the uterine vein of 13 of 14 women. In the second study, pharmacologically relevant concentrations of gemcitabine (0.01–6.6 nmol/g tissue) were detected in the cervical tissue of 11 of 16 available specimens with dFdU measureable in 15 samples (0.04–8.8 nmol/g tissue). Neither gemcitabine nor its metabolites were detected in the peripheral plasma of any subject. Conclusions Localized drug delivery to the cervix is possible and may be useful in limiting toxicity associated with intravenous administration of chemotherapeutics for radiosensitization.
Δ4‐Cholesten‐3‐one

Δ4-Cholesten-3-one product: Δ4-cholesten-3-one reactant: cholesterol reactant: cyclohexanone Keywords: oxidation, CHOH CO; rearrangements; aluminum isopropoxide, preparation of; toluene
The Rate of Autoxidation of Milk Fat in Atmospheres of Different Oxygen Concentration

Summary Data have been presented which indicate that autoxidation of milk fat with 0.80 per cent by volume of oxygen is sufficient to render it inedible. In the atmosphere of a container of dried milk this is equivalent to 0,20 per cent of oxygen. This level of oxygen concentration is difficult to attain even by “regassing” procedures. However, studies of the relative keeping quality of samples of milk fat and samples of a dried milk in atmospheres of different oxygen concentration indicate that the keeping quality increases markedly with decreases in the oxygen concentration below 5 per cent. The relationship of keeping quality in days to the initial oxygen concentration of the container atmosphere in per cent seems to be of a reciprocal nature, that is, the time required to produce tallowy flavors in packed dried milks or to reach a given peroxide value of pure milk fat, and the oxygen concentration used, are inversely proportional to one another. The data presented seem to indicate that the rate of autoxidation of milk fat varies directly with the oxygen concentration.
EFFECTS OF DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFESTATIONS ON FOREST OVERSTORY AND UNDERSTORY CONDITIONS IN WESTERN WYOMING

Douglas-fir beetle ( Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) infestations frequently result from disturbance events that create large volumes of weakened Douglas-fir trees, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Previous research has focused on determining susceptibility of forest stands to Douglas-fir beetle and predicting the amount of tree mortality from Douglas-fir beetle infestations following disturbance events. Little work has been done on consequent changes in the forest overstory and understory. In the early 1990s, populations of Douglas-fir beetle increased in fire-scorched trees, subsequently infesting undamaged neighboring stands in the Rocky Mountains of western Wyoming, USA. In 1999 transect sampling and 25 pairs of previously infested and uninfested plots were used to quantify changes in forest stand conditions and ensuing responses in the understory caused by Douglas-fir beetle infestations. Significant effects of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation comprised 3 general categories: (1) overstory effects: basal area was reduced by 40%-70%, average tree diameter decreased by 8%-40%, and the Douglas-fir component of the overstory decreased by more than 12%; (2) regeneration effects: conifer seedling regeneration increased nearly fourfold in infested plots and 90% of the regeneration was Douglas-fir; (3) understory effects: understory vegetation (forbs, grass, and shrubs) had a threefold increase in infested compared with uninfested plots. In addition, basal area of Douglas-fir killed by the Douglas-fir beetle was significantly correlated with initial Douglas-fir basal area and percentage of Douglas-fir, but not with stand density index, tree diameter, or trees per hectare. Significant inverse relationships also were found between post-infestation basal area and abundance of forbs, grass, and shrubs, and understory height. Thus, we found that Douglas-fir beetle infestations cause significant short-term effects in both the overstory and understory and contribute to an altered mosaic in forest structure.
Intellectual, motivational, textual, and cultural considerations in teaching and learning with computer-mediated discussion

AbstractWe provide recommendations, grounded in research findings, for the use of computer-mediated discussion (CMD) in instruction. For years, we have studied undergraduate and graduate level courses that made use of synchronous and asynchronous electronically-mediated discussion as an important aspect of course design. Here, we discuss three questions and consider instructional recommendations grounded in our research: Can students successfully learn something of value as a result of participating in CMD? How can students’ attentional and motivational responses to CMD inform course design? What are ways to structure CMD more effectively when classes include international students?
Combined rule-based model-based control of compression system rotating stall

Axial compressors applications require safe and efficient operation over a wide range of operating conditions. Aerodynamic instabilities such as surge and rotating stall could lead to low pressure ratios and even complete failure. Previous research has shown that surge is effectively controlled with model-based nonlinear feedback controllers. The rotating stall avoidance schemes currently adopted maintain a safe stall margin from a predetermined stall line leading to loss of achievable pressure rise during the compressor operation. This work is aimed at reducing or even eliminating the stall margin through the use of active control schemes The rotating stall phenomenon does not have a well defined model that could be used for controller design. Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are applicable to plants that are poorly modeled and require only qualitative information about the plant for successful application. Hence in this study, a rule-based FLC with rules synthesized using the available approximate Moore-Greitzer (MG) model is applied to the rotating stall control problem. Initially, extensive simulations were carried out using the Moore-Greitzer model and results of these simulations were used to determine heuristic control actions for the rulebased FLC. Using these rules a Sugeno fuzzy controller was synthesized and its effectiveness was verified using closedloop simulations. The FLC was then implemented on the LICCHUS axial compressor and its effectiveness was verified through real-time experiments. These experiments confirm simulation results.
An Algorithmic Method for the Implantation of Detection-Resistant Covert Hardware Trojans

This work presents a new class of Covert Hardware Trojan Horses (Covert HTHs), which can be algorithmically implanted with no change to their host circuit's functional behavior and without the need for additional unrelated logic. As a result, Covert HTHs are invulnerable to functional detection methods. This work also proposes a formal methodology for implantation of Covert HTHs, which allows covert hardware to be embedded in any sufficiently-sized synchronous circuit.Synthesis results indicate that covert implantation results in nearly a 75% reduction in integrated circuit area used by the HTH. Furthermore, the covert implantation causes no increase in the host circuit's delay and, compared to the effect of an overtly implanted HTH on its host, the covert implantation results in a significantly lower dynamic and leakage power. These significant reductions in area, delay and power make a covertly implanted HTH highly resistant to existing non-functional detection methods.
Comment on "Internal-wave solitons of fluids with finite depth"

The assertion by Chen and Lee that known finite-depth-soliton solutions do not smoothly tend to Benjamin-Ono solitons in the deep-water limit is incorrect.
Doping Poly (dimethylsiloxane) for Intentional Leaching of Small Molecules into Microdevices

The goal of this study is to show that diffusion of a dopant from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) may be applied to deliver small molecules to a microfluidic channel. Native PDMS is hydrophobic and often requires surface modifications for biologically relevant applications. Surface modification is not permanent, as the surface reverts to a hydrophobic state via bulk diffusion of monomers to the surface. Likewise, solid substances can be added into PDMS prepolymer mixture prior to curing and these particles can diffuse from the cured polymer bulk to the surface and surrounding fluid media. This characteristic of PDMS has applications for drug delivery to cell culture, cell and analyte labeling, on chip live/dead assays, flow and diffusion visualization, gradient generation, and transport phenomena in microfluidic systems. We use fluorescein to quantify and model this small molecule diffusion out of PDMS thin films and microchannels into fluid flow. The results from microchannel leaching show steady state leaching into the fluid flow over 90 minutes at concentrations around 150 nM. Results from immersion of doped PDMS shows continued leaching of fluorescein from the polymer over 4 days. The results show promise to use PDMS substrates for administering small amounts of substances to microfluidic cell cultures, as well as developing systems for studying cellular behavior with minimal interference.
Dormancy and germination characteristics of Nirtaria sibirica seeds

Objective To break the seed dormancy and improve the germination rate of the Nirtaria sibirica seeds.Methods N.sibirica seeds were treated with soaking in warm water,storing with moisture sand,and immersing seed in H2SO4(98%) and gibberellic acid(GA),then the germination rate,germination vigor,and germination peak period of the seeds were determined.Results The germination rate and germination vigor were 30% and 10% under soaking in warm water.The seeds began to germinate on the day 7 and reached the germination peak on the day 10.The germination rate and germination vigor were 55.5% and 26.5% under storing with moisture sand for 37 d.The seeds began to germinate on the day 2 and reached the germination peak on the day 10.The germination rate and germination vigor were 86.8% and 60.3% under storing with moisture sand for 95 d.The seeds began to germinate on the day 2 and reached the germination peak on the day 7.The germination rate and germination vigor were both 90.0% under being treated with 98% H2SO4for 2 h.The seeds began to germinate on the day 1 and reached the germination peak on the day 4.Seeds after being treated with 98% H2SO4for 2 h were sowed on the dark medium of MS + 0.5 g/mL BA + 0.5 g/mL GA,and the germination rate and germination vigor both reached to 98.1%.The seeds began to germinate on the day 1 and reached the germination peak on the day 4.Conclusion The dormancy of N.sibirica seeds is caused by hard seed vessels.The best way of breaking the seed dormancy is first treated with 98% H2SO4for 2 h and then cultured in the dark medium of MS + 0.5 g/mL BA + 0.5 g/mL GA,which could effectively break the dormancy of hard seeds and reach a high germination rate.
A Minister in Exile: A Minister Remembered

‘I had a terror — since September — I could tell to none — ’ Emily Dickinson wrote to Thomas Wentworth Higginson in late April of 1862 (L261). The reason for that terror, unspecified in Dickinson’s letter and never explained elsewhere, has been the subject of endless speculation — speculation greatly intensified, in 1955, when there came to light the drafts of three letters addressed by the poet to someone she calls ‘Master’.1 Who was this ‘Master’ — and what part did this person play in the ‘terror’ that she mentioned to Higginson? Can Dickinson’s emotional crisis be linked to the terrible war engulfing the nation during this period?
Coral Reefs at the Crossroads – An Introduction

Coral reefs are complex systems that are difficult to fully understand when viewed from a single perspective. As we have separated ourselves into increasingly smaller and more specific disciplines, we often lose sight of important connections between physical and biological factors and how they can change over different spatial and temporal scales. As stresses on these robust yet fragile systems broaden and deepen, it is becoming increasingly important that we break down artificial disciplinary barriers and ask questions that are difficult to frame from a single scientific perspective. This chapter provides a jumping-off point to examine coral reefs – sitting at both a disciplinary and a temporal crossroads.
Enzymatic inactivation of heparin cofactor II by a proteinase (proteinase-1) isolated from Echis carinatus venom.

Abstract Heparin cofactor II was enzymatically inactivated by incubation with Echis carinatus venom in the presence of calcium. The initial rate of inactivation increased proportionately with the addition of heparin to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. A proteinase, termed proteinase-1, was purified 17.5-fold from the venom which also enzymatically inactivated heparin cofactor II in the presence of calcium. The initial rate of heparin cofactor II inactivation by proteinase-1 was not increased by heparin at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Heparin cofactor II was not inactivated by either unfractionated venom or proteinase-1 in the absence of calcium. The results indicate that heparin cofactor II, like antithrombin III, is susceptible to enzymatic inactivation by metalloproteinases in snake venoms.
Female Athletes’ Rankings of Coaching Behavior: A Longitudinal Report

Coaching female athletes is as rewarding as it is challenging. These athletes are usually more coachable, intelligent, and mature than males at similar ages. However, they are different in many ways from their male counterparts. For example, Drobnick (2012) and Merchant (2012) have emphasized women’s communication styles as seeking feelings more than solutions; conversations are often an end in themselves where expressing emotions is more important than seeking solutions. Conversely, most males, having thought out issues in advance, communicate with a purpose. When males do listen, they do so actively assuming there is a problem to be solved and they are being asked to resolve it quickly. Generally, females communicate to share and create a sense of community or relationship with someone who understands her issues. That relationship reduces anxiety and prepares her to handle the stress of her environment. The data in this report was collected over a period of 12 years on convenience samples of undergraduate female students enrolled in an introduction to coaching class at a university in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Every semester, as part of in-class assignments, students were asked to prioritize 10 characteristics of coaches in a forced ranking process. Their results were later combined with their demographic data (years of competition, the sports they played and the highest level) to stimulate in-class discussions concerning the group’s competitive nature and their rankings of coaching behavior. This is a presentation of information specifically related to the female student-athletes’ rankings of coaching behavior over a period of years with practical implications for coaches to develop positive coach/player relationships, improve player motivation, satisfaction, and performance.
Effect of Personal Taxes on Managers' Decision to Sell Unrestricted Equity

We examine how personal taxes affect CEOs' decision to sell their vested equity and compare it against diversification, managerial overconfidence and other determinants of CEOs' sale of equity. While CEOs frequently sell large amounts of their unrestricted firm equity, we find that the tax burden associated with the sale deters CEOs from selling their equity. The effect of taxes remains significant even after controlling for other determinants of CEOs' sale of equity. We also find that taxable institutional investors and CEOs both respond to taxes in their selling of equity, although the CEOs appear to be less tax-sensitive. Other determinants affect CEOs' selling decisions largely as predicted in the existing literature.