cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nosokomia to Sacred Infirmary: Legacy of the Knights Hospitaller and Chimbarazo Hospital in the Evolution of Hospitals from Medieval to Modern

With the onset of hostilities in early 1861, most thought the fighting would be short-lived, a few months at most. This unfounded optimism was quickly laid to rest in July with the first major battle of the American Civil War at Manassas (Bull Run), when Brigadier General PGT Beauregard’s Southern forces prevailed in a bloody conflict that would presage the carnage to come. Thousands of sick and wounded combatants poured into Richmond, the newly established Confederate capitol, from the surrounding countryside. Only a small number found their way into hospitals. One firsthand report described “the whole country . one vast hospital, . scattered throughout hotels, private houses, public halls and wherever it was possible to spread a blanket” 1 ; leading one English visitor to observe, “There was scarcely a gentleman in or about Richmond who had not from one to four patients in his house.” 2 As a result, Richmond itself resembled a vast city of improvised hospitals with little or no planning or organization to provide needed medical services and little to build on, as all 5 existing hospitals in Richmond at the start of the war were small facilities with patient capacity of only 30 to 100 beds. 3 Clearly, this would be inadequate for the future. The newly appointed surgeon general of the Confederacy, Dr Samuel Preston Moore, a native South Carolinian who had resigned his commission with the US Army when the war began, was charged with the creation of a Confederate medical department with no existing bureaucracy or infrastructure to build on and limited funds. He designated Richmond as the center for a hospital system because it was in proximity to all the fighting in the east, and was both the largest city in the region and a major transportation hub, with links to both railroads and shipping and suitable road access in all directions. This would prove a wise decision because more than 60% of the Confederate wounded would pass through Richmond hospitals during the subsequent war years. 4
Further Studies on the Development of Immunity to Cecal Coccidiosis in the Presence of Nicarbazin

ABSTRACT NICARBAZIN has been reported to be an efficient prophylactic agent for the control of cecal coccidiosis in chickens by Barber (1955), Ott, Kuna, Porter, Cuckler and Fogg (1955), Rubin, McLoughlin, Costello and Wehr (1956), and others. Furthermore, Barber (1955), Cuckler, Malanga and Ott (1956), Cuckler and Malanga (1956), Marthedal and Velling (1957), and McLoughlin, Rubin and Cordray (1957) have reported that this drug does not interfere with the development of immunity under the experimental conditions described. The data herein, which deal with a range in size of immunizing infections, substantiate and augment the earlier findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 530 four- to five-week-old chickens were used in three experiments. Approximately 180 were used in each experiment. They were grouped by weight, according to the method of Gardiner and Wehr (1950), and 9 or 10 birds were placed in each of 18 cages. The birds of each experiment were . . .
ESTIMATING CURVATURE ON TRIANGULAR MESHES

This paper takes a systematic look at methods for estimating the curvature of surfaces represented by triangular meshes. We have developed a suite of test cases for assessing both the detailed behavior of these methods, and the error statistics that occur for samples from a general mesh. Detailed behavior is represented by the sensitivity of curvature calculation methods to noise, mesh resolution, and mesh regularity factors. Statistical analysis breaks out the effects of valence, triangle shape, and curvature sign. These tests are applied to existing discrete curvature approximation techniques and common surface fitting methods. We provide a summary of existing curvature estimation methods, and also look at alternatives to the standard parameterization techniques. The results illustrate the impact of noise and mesh related issues on the accuracy of these methods and provide guidance in choosing an appropriate method for applications requiring curvature estimates.
Common genetic variants account for differences in gene expression among ethnic groups

Variation in DNA sequence contributes to individual differences in quantitative traits, but in humans the specific sequence variants are known for very few traits. We characterized variation in gene expression in cells from individuals belonging to three major population groups. This quantitative phenotype differs significantly between European-derived and Asian-derived populations for 1,097 of 4,197 genes tested. For the phenotypes with the strongest evidence of cis determinants, most of the variation is due to allele frequency differences at cis-linked regulators. The results show that specific genetic variation among populations contributes appreciably to differences in gene expression phenotypes. Populations differ in prevalence of many complex genetic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. As some of these are probably influenced by the level of gene expression, our results suggest that allele frequency differences at regulatory polymorphisms also account for some population differences in prevalence of complex diseases.
Case Study A: Multiply Recurrent Merkel Cell Carcinoma

This patient is a 66-year-old gentleman that presented in March of 2000 after having noticed a superficial plaque on his left lower extremity a few months prior. The area was biopsied, and he was subsequently diagnosed with Merkel cell carcinoma May of 2000 (Fig. 12.1). The patient then underwent a wide excision with split-thickness skin graft and sentinel lymph node biopsy of his left inguinal base which was negative. He then received radiation therapy to the local area only. He developed a recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma on his left lateral calf March of 2002 outside of the originally radiated area thought to be an in-transit metastasis. After a wide excision of the area, he developed another in-transit metastasis in October 2002, also located on the lateral calf area. A second wide excision of the left lateral calf area was performed with a split-thickness skin graft and a second round of radiation therapy was given between February and March of 2003. The patient was then scheduled to receive PET scans every 3 months to monitor for recurrence or systemic disease. On December 17, 2003, a new focus noted on a PET scan of the left upper medial calf overlying the gastrocnemius fascia was found and diagnosed as Merkel cell carcinoma, also thought to be an in-transit metastasis (Fig. 12.2). The patient then underwent wide local excision and postoperative radiation therapy for the third time, and was started on adjuvant Leukine (GM-CSF) therapy following the Spitler regimen of 250 μg delivered subcutaneously in 28 day cycles of 14 days receiving the injection, then 14 days of no injections. One year later, in December of 2004, a PET scan revealed a new nodule on the left lateral leg, which was diagnosed as Merkel cell carcinoma via biopsy. On December 13, 2004, this new focus of Merkel cell carcinoma as well as the previous two sites of recurrence was excised. In January of 2005 the patient underwent isolated limb infusion of chemotherapy at Sloan-Kettering in New York. A PET scan in April 2005 showed some new areas of nonspecific hypermetabolism above the left knee, but a follow-up MRI was normal. In August of 2006, however he developed another in-transit metastasis on the anterior tibia, followed by another in-transit metastasis of the posterior calf in October of 2006. At that point, he underwent circumferential radiation to the entire left lower leg below the knee December of 2006 and has been recurrence-free since then. The last PET scan was performed on June 15, 2011 and did not show any evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease.
Attenuation maps for SPECT determined using cone beam transmission computed tomography

A novel method for measuring nonuniform attenuation maps is presented. A cone beam geometry CT (computed tomography) scan acquired on a standard rotating gamma camera normally used for SPECT (single-photon-emission computed tomography) imaging is used. The resulting map is intended for use in nonuniform attenuation compensation of SPECT images. The method was implemented using a light-weight point source holder attached to the camera. A cone beam collimator can be used on the gamma camera, but the cone beam CT scans can also be acquired without the collimator. In either implementation, the advantages include very high efficiency and resolution limited not by the collimator but by the intrinsic camera resolution (about 4 mm). Several phantoms were used to test the spatial uniformity, noise, linearity as a function of attenuation coefficient, and spatial resolution. Good quality attenuation maps were obtained, at least for the central slices where no truncation was present. Uniform spheres and cylinders gave uniform reconstructions, except for a decrease due to scatter in the image center. >
Tensile, High Strain Rate Compression and Microstructural Evaluation of Lightweight Age Hardenable Cast Fe-30Mn-9Al-XSi-0.9C-0.5Mo Steel

Age hardenable, castable, and lightweight Fe-Mn-Al-C steels are currently being developed and evaluated for substitution of high strength low alloy steel and to meet MIL-PRF-32269 criteria. Two nominal Fe-30Mn-9Al-0.9C-0.5Mo steels were cast and modified with 1 and 1.4 wt.% silicon. Ageing, tensile, and high strain rate compression testing were performed on solution treated and aged samples of both chemistries. Each alloy was solution treated at 1050°C for 2 hours. Microstructures of the solution treated and aged alloys show primary austenite with less than 8 volume % ferrite. The solution treated hardness of the low silicon steel was 230 BHN and the high silicon alloy was 225 BHN. Specimens were aged at 530°C for up to 60 hours. Peak ageing occurs after 30 hours with a peak hardness of 371 BHN for the 1% silicon containing alloy and 377 BHN for the high silicon alloy. Tensile strengths of the 30 hour aged specimens were 1065 MPa (154 ksi) and 1080 MPa (156 ksi) for the low and high silicon alloys. High strain rate compression testing was conducted on solution treated and 10 hour aged 1% Si containing alloy. Compressive strength of the 1 wt.% Si alloy exceeded 1,500 MPa (217 ksi) at a strain rate of 3000 s.−1.
Laparoscopic Removal of Streak Gonads in Turner Syndrome.

Abstract Study Objective To demonstrate the skills necessary for complete resection of bilateral streak gonads in Turner syndrome. Design Video case presentation with narration highlighting the key techniques used. The video was deemed exempt from formal review by our institutional review board. Setting Turner syndrome is a form of gonadal dysgenesis that affects 1 in 2500 live births. Patients often have streak gonads and may present with primary amenorrhea or premature ovarian failure. Patients with a mosaic karyotype that includes a Y chromosome are at increased risk for gonadoblastoma and subsequent transformation into malignancy. Gonadectomy is recommended for these patients, typically at adolescence. Streak gonads can be difficult to identify, and tissue margins are often in close proximity to critical retroperitoneal structures. Resection can be technically challenging and requires a thorough understanding of retroperitoneal anatomy and precise dissection techniques to ensure complete removal. Interventions Laparoscopic approach to bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy of streak gonads. Retroperitoneal dissection and ureterolysis are performed, with the aid of the Ethicon Harmonic Ace, to ensure complete gonadectomy. Conclusion Careful and complete resection of gonadal tissue in the hands of a skilled laparoscopic surgeon is key for effective cancer risk reduction surgery in Turner syndrome mosaics.
American Exceptionalism is an American Delusion: Why America’s Manifest Destiny is No Longer What America Thinks it Will Be

The events of September 11th, 2001 changed the way in which the United States of America (USA) participates within the global community. In Less Safe, Less Free, David Cole, and Jules Lobel, argue that the world now sees the USA routinely subverting the rule of law (both internationally and within its own borders), jeopardizing civil liberties, and ultimately rendering the international society and itself 'less safe and less free'. (Cole, Lobel 2007). Interestingly, the dissatisfaction with, and anger toward, the USA’s behavior should not surprise anyone. In fact, these reactions should be expected. Moreover, the dissatisfaction within the USA should not surprise anyone. Both reactions are symptomatic of a malignant political philosophy embraced and advanced by the USA when dealing with its citizens as well as with members of the global community.The paradigm of choice for the USA, which is to say the preferred theoretical framework for interacting with the international community, is a corruption of Classical Realism. Classical Realism, however, dictates that several safeguards on the use of power be acknowledged and respected, and delineates the consequences to be expected if and when the safeguards are ignored. Nevertheless, the USA has violated and is violating every one of those safeguards.Internationally, nation-states are resisting the actions of the USA as the global community almost daily witnesses the USA increasingly expressing little if any concern for international morality, world public opinion, and established international law.
Abstract 4020: The Novel TrkB Agonist, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Enhances Stem Cell Mobilization After Stroke.

Background: Increasing levels of circulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)/Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPC), bone marrow derived mononuclear cells that promote repair in areas of injury, have been demonstrated to correlate with improved neurological function following stroke, suggesting a potentially critical role for HSC/HPC’s in limiting stroke injury and/or facilitating stroke recovery. Flavonoids, found in plants and fruit, exert anti-oxidative effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that 7,8 Dihydroxyflavone (DHF) is a potent TrkB agonist mimicking Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor, thus making it a powerful potential tool for treating neurological disorders. Stromal Derived Growth Factor 1-Alpha (SDF1-A) along with its receptor CXCR4 is a potent chemo attractant released by areas of injury. SDF1-A has been shown to mobilize HSC/HPC from the bone marrow to the blood and lead to ‘homing’ of the cells to an area of injury. We investigated the effect of DHF on HSC/HPC function following cerebral ischemia. Methods: Ischemic damage was induced in adult male Long Evans hooded rats (350-400g) with a peri-MCA injection of the vasoconstriction peptide ET-1. The rats were sacrificed at 24 hours post surgery and their bone marrow and blood HSC/HPC enriched using nanoparticles tagged with LIN negative and CD90 markers. Results: Stroked animals showed an increase in bone marrow production of HSC/HPC versus control animals (31.9±7 versus 2±0.5, p Conclusions: The results suggest that DHF may be a viable compound to facilitate HSC/HPC migration post-stroke.
The New WTO Agreement on Financial Services and Chapter 14 of NAFTA: Has Free Trade in Banking Finally Arrived?

This article discusses the U.S. policy rationale for seeking free international trade in financial services and assesses whether U.S. policy goals have been met through recent trade agreement negotiations. Free trade in financial services has been a goal of U.S. trade policy since the early 1980’s. Over a period of fifteen years, the United States concluded several agreements on financial services with key trading partners. The most significant agreements are the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Financial Services (FSA) and Chapter 14 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Financial Services. In both of these trade agreements, U.S. negotiators succeeded at least partially in achieving the U.S. goals of establishing a framework of principles for financial services trade and achieving national treatment and greater market access for U.S. financial institutions in key markets. Neither trade agreement, however, achieves full liberalization. In the case of the FSA, the framework of principles is subject to significant exceptions and only partial market access concessions have been made by many countries. NAFTA achieved both a firmer framework of principles and more concrete market opening results than the FSA, but some barriers to trade still remain. These results are not surprising given the special status of the financial services industry in the view of national governments, and the enormous gap in development of financial markets between the United States and other countries, especially developing countries. FSA and NAFTA Chapter 14 can best be viewed as tentative first steps towards achievement of U.S. policy goals that will only be fully realized after further negotiations on sensitive issues of regulatory policy have been undertaken.
Discovery of Clinical Candidate 1-(4-(3-(4-(1H-Benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbonyl)phenoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone (AMG 579), A Potent, Selective, and Efficacious Inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A).

We report the identification of a PDE10A clinical candidate by optimizing potency and in vivo efficacy of promising keto-benzimidazole leads 1 and 2. Significant increase in biochemical potency was observed when the saturated rings on morpholine 1 and N-acetyl piperazine 2 were changed by a single atom to tetrahydropyran 3 and N-acetyl piperidine 5. A second single atom modification from pyrazines 3 and 5 to pyridines 4 and 6 improved the inhibitory activity of 4 but not 6. In the in vivo LC–MS/MS target occupancy (TO) study at 10 mg/kg, 3, 5, and 6 achieved 86–91% occupancy of PDE10A in the brain. Furthermore, both CNS TO and efficacy in PCP-LMA behavioral model were observed in a dose dependent manner. With superior in vivo TO, in vivo efficacy and in vivo PK profiles in multiple preclinical species, compound 5 (AMG 579) was advanced as our PDE10A clinical candidate.
Causal Clustering for 1-Factor Measurement Models

Many scientific research programs aim to learn the causal structure of real world phenomena. This learning problem is made more difficult when the target of study cannot be directly observed. One strategy commonly used by social scientists is to create measurable ``indicator'' variables that covary with the latent variables of interest. Before leveraging the indicator variables to learn about the latent variables, however, one needs a measurement model of the causal relations between the indicators and their corresponding latents. These measurement models are a special class of Bayesian networks. This paper addresses the problem of reliably inferring measurement models from measured indicators, without prior knowledge of the causal relations or the number of latent variables. We present a provably correct novel algorithm, FindOneFactorClusters (FOFC), for solving this inference problem. Compared to other state of the art algorithms, FOFC is faster, scales to larger sets of indicators, and is more reliable at small sample sizes. We also present the first correctness proofs for this problem that do not assume linearity or acyclicity among the latent variables.
Effects of methylphenidate on reading in children with attention deficit disorder

Effects of methylphenidate on measures related to reading were studied in a group of nine boys who had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; a double-blind crossover design using active drug and placebo was used. Administration of methylphenidate improved subjects' performance on language processing tests but not their performance on oral reading measures. The findings provide evidence in support of a two-factor theory of attention deficit disorder.
Social-Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict (2007)

Social-psychological concepts and findings have entered the mainstream of theory and research in international relations. Explorations of the social-psychological dimensions of international politics go back at least to the early 1930s.
Gestational Diabetes: A Conundrum for Mother, Baby and Physician

Copyright: © 2015 Morrison JC, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Figure 1: Metabolic syndrome in childhood. There are nearly 4 million births in the United States each year and in approximately 6% (240,000) of those pregnancies there will be some kind of glucose intolerance. In about 10% of these the diagnosis of diabetes will antedate the pregnancy. The remaining 90% will have gestational diabetes; or glucose intolerance discovered only during pregnancy [1]. Poor maternal glucose control during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, with subsequent hyperglycemia and lipid peroxidation, can have severe implications for the fetus including birth defects [2]. It is well known that, in the USA, congenital anomalies are the leading cause of infant death [3] (Mathews & MacDorman. Natl Vital Stat Report 2010; 58:1). Likewise, other risks to the newborn from maternal diabetes include shoulder dystocia, respiratory distress syndrome, macrosomia and metabolic derangement, any of which may lead to a costly admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [4]. Similarly, maternal risks of diabetes include increased rates of labor induction, abdominal delivery, infection, hypertension and diabetic ketoacidosis [5]. Finally, women with diabetes also have a life expectancy 12.9 years lower than women without diabetes [6].
Performance impact of commercial industrial firewalls on networked control systems

The connection of control and process networks to company infrastructures and the Internet, besides offering undeniable advantages, also imposes the adoption of adequate security countermeasures. Specialized firewalls, able to recognize and inspect traffic concerning peculiar communication protocols such as Modbus, which are commonly adopted in industrial applications, are beginning to spread on the market. However, several industrial control systems (ICSs) must satisfy critical performance and timing requirements and the impact of introducing such a kind of devices in an existing network should be evaluated carefully. In this paper we present a simple approach based on ordinary equipment and open source software, which can help system designers and managers to get approximate but useful information about effects produced by including an industrial firewall in their system. The proposed technique, though quite simple, has the advantage of circumventing the need of ad-hoc measurement instrumentation and can be used also by non-experts, virtually with little or no effort, to get rough guess indications about the extent the firewall insertion in the network can be tolerated.
Acute Stroke Due to High Voltage Electrocution (P4.347)

Introduction Electrocution accounts for nearly 500 deaths every year. Eventhough, various neurological injuries due to electrocution have been described before, acute ischemic stroke is uncommon. We present a case of acute stroke due to high voltage electrocution. Case presentation 38 year old white male accidently grabbed a live wire in the field and got electrocuted. He sustained 2nd degree electric burns at the entry wound in his right palm with a small exist wound in the right foot. On admission, he was stable with total amnesia of the incident event. He had no major medical, psychiatric or substance abuse problems. He remained confused in the hospital with expressive aphasia. Repeat CT scan of the head showed multiple hypo density in both frontal and left partial region. MRI confirmed the presence of acute ischemic stroke in the territory of bilateral anterior cerebral arteries and left middle cerebral artery. MR angiogram did not reveal any vascular spasm or filling defect, but showed aplastic A1 segment of left anterior cerebral artery. Extensive workup did not reveal any other risk factors for stroke. Acute stroke due to electrocution was diagnosed. It was hypothesized that vasospasm was not seen on angiogram as it was done 3 days after the event. Patient improved symptomatically and transferred to Neuro rehabilitation center. Discussion Electrocution can lead to various injuries depending on the strength, and the type of current. Blood vessels due to their high water content offer less resistance to the flow of electricity, and prone for injuries like spasm and endothelial necrosis. This can cause tissue hypoperfusion and end-organ damage like stroke as seen in our case. Vasospasm can occur at distant site away from direct path of current. Our case reiterates the possibility of stroke in electrical injuries. Disclosure: Dr. kokatnur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chernyshev has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rudrappa has nothing to disclose.
Out-of-plane orientation alignment and reorientation dynamics of gold nanorods in polymer nanocomposite films

In this work, we develop a novel, in situ characterization method to measure the orientation order parameter and investigate the reorientation and reshaping dynamics of polymer grafted gold nanorods (AuNRs) in polymer nanocomposite (PNC) thin films. The long aspect-ratio of AuNRs results in two well-defined plasmon resonance modes, allowing the optical properties of the PNC to be tuned over a wide spectral range. The alignment of the AuNRs in a particular direction can also be used to further tune these optical properties. We utilize variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry as a unique technique to measure the optical properties of PNC films containing AuNRs at various angles of incidence, and use effective index of refraction analysis of the PNC to relate the birefringence in the film due to changes of the plasmon coupling to the orientation order parameter of AuNRs. Polymer thin films (ca. 70 nm) of either polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) containing PS grafted AuNRs are probed with ellipsometry, and the resulting extinction coefficient spectra compare favorably with more traditional analytical techniques, electron microscopy (EM) and optical absorbance (vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry measures optical birefringence, which allows us to determine the in- and out-of plane order of the AuNRs, a property that is not easily accessible using other measurement techniques. Additionally, this technique is applied in situ to demonstrate that AuNRs undergo a rapid (ca. 1-5 hours) reorientation before undergoing a slower (ca. 24 hours) rod to sphere shape transition. The reorientation behavior is different depending on the polymer matrix used. In the athermal case (i.e. PS matrix), the AuNRs reorient isotropically, while in PMMA the AuNRs do not become isotropic, which we hypothesize is due to PMMA preferentially wetting the silica substrate, leaving less vertical space for the AuNRs to reorient.
Applying Artificial Intelligence to Process Control Systems

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted considerable attention in the mid-1980s as a science with the potential to solve difficult problems in many fields. For designers, builders, and users of process control systems to take advantage of this emerging technology, it will become increasingly important to understand what constitutes AI, the capabilities and limitations of various AI technologies, and how to determine where, and whether, an AI solution should be attempted. This paper attempts to provide a basis upon which to begin answering these questions by looking at concepts that will provide new, AI-based “power tools” to process control system users.
A linux implementation validation of track-aligned extents and track-aligned RAIDs

Through clean-slate implementation of two storage optimizations--track-aligned extents and track-aligned RAIDs--this paper shows the values of independent validations. The experience revealed many unanticipated disk and storage data path behaviors as potential roadblocks for wide deployment of these optimizations, and also identified implementation issues to retrofit these concepts to legacy data paths.
Procedural justice, overaccommodation, and police authority and professionalism: results from a randomized experiment

AbstractTwo well-established theories have been used as a foundation for studying how interpersonal treatment affects police-citizen relations: procedural justice and communication accommodation theory. Both theories highlight communication with the public as among the most central duties of a law enforcement officer. Yet research has found that there may be a nonlinear relationship between level of accommodation and positive behavioral outcomes. In this laboratory-style experiment, participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions to test the effects of three communication styles on perceptions of officer authority/professionalism and of the authority/professionalism of the police more generally. The results show that a procedurally just style of communication results in greater perceived authority/professionalism of the police than a neutral style, while overaccommodation causes the officer to be perceived as having less authority/professionalism. These results take another ste...
Directed Evolution of Heterologous tRNAs Leads to Reduced Dependence on Post-transcriptional Modifications

Heterologous tRNA:aminoacyl tRNA synthetase pairs are often employed for noncanonical amino acid incorporation in the quest for an expanded genetic code. In this work, we investigated one possible mechanism by which directed evolution can improve orthogonal behavior for a suite of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (Mj) tRNATyr-derived amber suppressor tRNAs. Northern blotting demonstrated that reduced expression of heterologous tRNA variants correlated with improved orthogonality. We suspected that reduced expression likely minimized nonorthogonal interactions with host cell machinery. Despite the known abundance of post-transcriptional modifications in tRNAs across all domains of life, few studies have investigated how host enzymes may affect behavior of heterologous tRNAs. Therefore, we measured tRNA orthogonality using a fluorescent reporter assay in several modification-deficient strains, demonstrating that heterologous tRNAs with high expression are strongly affected by some native E. coli RNA-modifying ...
User skills as a component of task complexity

Introducing new systems can induce the reallocation of functions and responsibilities among personnel, impacting the skills sets required by users to complete their tasks. Anticipating changes to the human operator requires awareness of the types of modifications that the new system induces. While the function that the system is completing may remain unchanged, the method that the system accomplishes the function and the skills that are required of the human operator to either supervise, interact, or evaluate the system may be different from the skills the current operator possesses. In order for the system to be usable, the user skills must match with the system requirements. This paper investigates the relationship between task complexity and the changes in the user's required skill set, postulating that tasks viewed as complex may require different skills, either different single skills or a new skill mix. A case study based on a military communication system provided three task procedures for analysis: two of the procedures were regarded as complex by the users and one of the procedures was considered routine. While the study was not large enough to be conclusive, the results suggest that the tasks considered complex required a mix of conceptual and reasoning skills, with an emphasis on conceptual skills, while the routine task emphasized reasoning skills alone. The paper provides an accompanying methodology to evaluate the assignment of users to new tasks through skill analytics.
Mark: Disciple of Paul, Defender of the Gospel

Garroway contends that the author of Mark was an out-and-out Paulinist whose narrative blended Paul’s notion of Law-free salvation with extant traditions about the ministry and death of Jesus. By introducing this narrative as “the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ,” thus intimating that Jesus, not Paul, is the true author of the gospel, Mark bolstered the gospel’s credentials. As Garroway demonstrates, part and parcel of this narrative was a thoroughgoing polemic against the family and the disciples of Jesus, precisely those figures who contended with Paul over the legitimacy of the gospel. Moreover, Garroway shows, Mark’s narrative embodies the key claims of the gospel by showing Jesus abrogate the Law and initiate a mission to Gentiles.
Consolidation: A View from the Synapse

Memories are easily disrupted shortly after their formation but then become progressively more stable over time. Beginning in the late 1 9 ' ~ century, researchers (Ribot, 1882; Muller and Pilzecker, 1900) have generally interpreted this to mean that newly acquired material goes through a consolidation period lasting for several minutes or longer. Strong support for this argument, and a general paradigm for testing it, came in the late 1940's with the discovery that electroconvulsive seizures erase recent memory in rodents (Duncan, 1948). When, shortly afterwards, it was found that various drugs reverse memory with an efficiency that is inversely related to time after training, the *intuitively attractive idea that memory needs time to stabilize seemed solidly grounded. However, a report in 1968 issued a strong, and what proved to be lasting, challenge to the consolidation hypothesis (Misanin et al., 1968). Specifically, this study found that memory-reversing seizures were fully effective days after training if they were preceded by the cue that had been learned, an observation suggesting that reactivation of memory makes it vulnerable to disruption. The reactivation argument, which itself has recently been reactivated by new results (Nader, 2003), led to an extended and continuing debate on whether the disrupting manipulations affect encoding, re-encoding, retrieval, or still other psychological variables that contribute to stable memory. Resolution of these issues, particularly given that animals appear to have multiple memory systems, does not appear to be imminent. Shortly after its initial description, long-term potentiation (LTP) was discovered to have a consolidation period with temporal properties that align reasonably well with those expected from the initial memory-erasure (seizure) studies in rodents. Specifically, potentiation, generated with high frequency stimulation in anesthetized rats, was quickly
Conflict Management: A Review of the Literature for School Leaders.

School leaders who realize that conflict is not necessarily negative or positive can learn to manage conflict by understanding the five steps of the conflict process. They are the antecedent condit...
A Grid-Based Scalable Classifier for High Dimensional Datasets

High dimensionality and large dataset size are two common characteristics of real-world datasets and databases. These characteristics pose unique challenges for the classification of such datasets. The classification algorithms that perform well (in terms of scalability and efficiency) on small and medium datasets with moderate dimensionality fail to scale well with the large and high dimensional datasets. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a scalable classifier to cope with large and high dimensional datasets. The proposed method inherits its scalability feature from the concept of grid-based partitioning. Our goals in using this method are to divide the data space into small partitions called cells and to map the data on the partitioned data space. Thus, instead of managing the individual data points within the data, abstract entities called cells are used to decrease the classification runtime for large and high dimensional datasets. The presented experimental results demonstrate the scalability and efficiency of our algorithm.
Climate history of the southwestern United States based on Estancia Basin hydrologic variability from 69 to 10 ka

Abstract Newly acquired U Th dates on gypsum sands contained within Pleistocene lake sediments allow us to extend the record of climatic change in the Estancia Basin of central New Mexico back to ∼69 ka from a previous limit of ∼29 ka. Using a hydrologic balance index (HBI) that reflects variations in sediment mineralogy and bedding characteristics, we find strong similarities to speleothem oxygen isotopic records for the southwestern United States as well as to isotopic variations in Greenland ice cores. Intervals of wetter climate in the Estancia Basin generally appear to correlate to colder conditions in the North Atlantic and conversely. The existence of a pronounced dry period from 18.1 to 17 ka matches in timing the Extrapolar Climate Reversal of Asmerom et al. (2017) at Fort Stanton cave in southern New Mexico and confirms a different origin for this stadial-like event. Furthermore, the new U Th dates support the existing Estancia Basin interpretation of a dry Bolling/Allerod followed by a wet Younger Dryas, a result consistent with speleothem and wet meadow evidence from New Mexico and Arizona (Asmerom et al., 2010, 2017; Polyak et al., 2004; Hall et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2010) but in conflict with an interpretation of speleothem evidence from central Texas (Feng et al., 2014).
Language dominance does not always predict cross-linguistic interactions in bilingual speech production

Abstract The present study describes the results of two experiments that analyze the effects of language dominance on Catalan/Spanish bilingual speech production. We examined the acoustics of the Catalan [a]~[ə] alternation (a phonological process induced by lexical stress) and of the Catalan mid vowel contrasts /e/-/ɛ/ and /o/-/ɔ/ (two phonemic contrasts) in the speech of Catalan- vs. Spanish-dominant early Catalan/Spanish bilinguals from Majorca (Spain). The results indicate that, contrary to the analysis of the Catalan mid vowels, stressed and unstressed Spanish and Catalan /a/ yielded no significant difference as a function of language dominance. These findings suggest that unstressed vowel reduction, a phonological process, may be relatively easier to acquire than phonemic contrasts with a low functional load (/e/-/ɛ/, /o/-/ɔ/), perhaps because its predictability and high frequency may attract attention and/or relieve cognitive resources, which could be conducive to phonological learning. These findings demonstrate that language dominance effects in the production of phonemic contrasts, widely researched in the literature on early bilingualism, do not guarantee the same effects on the implementation of phonological processes.
A local control approach to voltage regulation in distribution networks

This paper address the problem of voltage regulation in power distribution networks with deep penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) without any explicit communication between the buses in the network. We cast the problem as an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the distance between the bus voltage magnitudes and some reference voltage profile. We present an iterative algorithm where each bus updates the reactive power injection provided by their DER. The update at a bus only depends on the voltage magnitude at that bus, and for this reason, we call the algorithm a local control algorithm. We provide sufficient conditions that guarantee the convergence of the algorithm and these conditions can be checked a priori for a set of feasible power injections. We also provide necessary conditions establishing that longer and more heavily loaded networks are inherently more difficult to control. We illustrate the operation of the algorithm through case studies involving 8-,34- and 123-bus test distribution systems.
Incidence of Unreliable Automated Computed Tomography Perfusion Maps.

Abstract Introduction Despite the increasing national adoption of automated computed tomography perfusion (CTP) to select thrombectomy patients 6 hours after last known well, reliability issues have been anecdotally reported. Unreliable diagnostic tests add time and confusion to a process that requires efficiency. Our study aims to critically assess an automated CTP program in a contemporary cohort of patients presenting with large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the extended time window by evaluating the rate of unreliable automated CTP maps and whether this influences clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive thrombectomy candidates undergoing CTP imaging in the extended time window was performed. All automated CTP maps using RAPID software (iSchemaView, Menlo Park, CA) were assessed for reliability. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without reliable RAPID reports. Results Ninety-nine consecutive thrombectomy candidates underwent automated CTP imaging from February 2017 to December 2018. Of these, 78 (79%) had LVO determined by CT angiographyand were included in the study population. Automated CTP maps were unreliable in 13% of cases as a result of motion artifact (n = 3) and contrast bolus flow issues (n = 7). Heart failure was more frequent in patients with unreliable studies. Clinical outcomes did not significantly differ between patients with and without unreliable studies. Conclusions Thirteen percent of CTP maps generated by automated software were unreliable, with an increased frequency among patients with heart failure. Given the rate of unreliable automated CTP maps, further studies are warranted to not only establish the true necessity of currently available CTP software, but also more reliable methods to select patients for thrombectomy presenting in the extended time window.
A Stepwise-Optimal Procedure for Setting Machines and Adjusting Processes

Machine setting is one of the predominant assignable causes of quality variation in a production process. Therefore, a systematic procedure for setting a machine to target is essential, especially in advance of short production runs. Grubbs has developed such a procedure; it yields a final setting which is a minimum variance unbiased estimator of the target. Nevertheless, the intermediate settings are not explicitly considered, and as such, any economic losses or other consequences which may ensue are neglected. Hence, the objective of this research is to develop a supplementary procedure that optimizes the intermediate settings while maintaining the desirable properties of the final setting.
Recall and detection rates in screening mammography

BACKGROUND The authors investigated the correlation between recall and detection rates in a group of 10 radiologists who had read a high volume of screening mammograms in an academic institution. METHODS Practice-related and outcome-related databases of verified cases were used to compute recall rates and tumor detection rates for a group of 10 Mammography Quality Standard Act (MQSA)-certified radiologists who interpreted a total of 98,668 screening mammograms during the years 2000, 2001, and 2002. The relation between recall and detection rates for these individuals was investigated using parametric Pearson (r) and nonparametric Spearman (rho) correlation coefficients. The effect of the volume of mammograms interpreted by individual radiologists was assessed using partial correlations controlling for total reading volumes. RESULTS A wide variability of recall rates (range, 7.7–17.2%) and detection rates (range, 2.6–5.4 per 1000 mammograms) was observed in the current study. A statistically significant correlation (P < 0.05) between recall and detection rates was observed in this group of 10 experienced radiologists. The results remained significant (P < 0.05) after accounting for the volume of mammograms interpreted by each radiologist. CONCLUSIONS Optimal performance in screening mammography should be evaluated quantitatively. The general pressure to reduce recall rates through “practice guidelines” to below a fixed level for all radiologists should be assessed carefully. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Periodic Compound Multiphase Signals with an Additional Amplitude Modulation investigation for Marine Radars

This paper has presented the basis of a compound multiphase waveform investigation with additional amplitude modulation, capable of controlling a waveform pick-factor, suitable for use with marine radar. The waveform shows good Doppler tolerance, with the low side-lobes performance maintained over the central zone of an ambiguity function. In [1] was introduced the parameter which determined the way of multiplication of a base (inner) and a external (outer) sequences under formation compound multiphase waveform from Kronecker product to term to term product. Value of this parameter in essential way have influence on the form of phase modulation of compound waveform and on behavior of ambiguity function side-lobes in Doppler strip (symmetrically situated near zero Doppler frequency). Before we were considered only two uttermost values of the parameter, but in this article the different possible values of the parameter are also considered. It has been shown that a compromise between side-lobes suppression and the value of pick-factor can be found. These waveforms allow achieving better results as compared to compound multiphase waveforms without additional amplitude modulation under mismatched weighting filtering. In this article we considered periodic mode of Radar.
Colonic diverticular disease in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: is there really an association? A nationwide analysis

Colonic diverticulosis, diverticulitis, and diverticular bleeding are reportedly more common in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Other studies have questioned this association. The objectives of our study are to clarify this association using a larger patient population and to identify risk factors in general to develop diverticular disease. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample weighted discharges from 2003 to 2011 were used to assess for the prevalence of diverticular disease in the population with ADPKD compared with the general population without ADPKD. A multivariable direct logistic regression model was constructed to determine independent predictors of diverticular disease in the general population. The prevalence of diverticulosis, diverticulitis, and diverticular bleeding were considerably increased in patients with ADPKD compared with the general population without ADPKD. The prevalence of colonic surgery was less in ADPKD patients with diverticulitis. In patients with kidney transplant, the prevalence of diverticulitis was increased in the ADPKD group, but colonic surgery was not significantly different between both groups. The prevalence of diverticular bleeding was slightly elevated in patients with ADPKD, but colonic surgery was significantly increased in patients with ADPKD. NSAID use, hypertension, constipation, and ADPKD had increased odds ratios for diverticular disease during multivariate analysis. There is an increased prevalence of colonic diverticular disease in the population with ADPKD.
Minimum risk point estimation (MRPE) of the mean in an exponential distribution under powered absolute error loss (PAEL) due to estimation plus cost of sampling

We begin with a review of asymptotic properties of a purely sequential minimum risk point estimation (MRPE) methodology for an unknown mean in a one-parameter exponential distribution under a class...
Disciplinary and Nondisciplinary Outcomes of School-Based Threat Assessment in Colorado Schools

Threat assessment involves evaluating and intervening with individuals who make threats of violence. This study examined the resulting actions and outcomes of threat assessment cases in three Color...