cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonochemical cavitation phenomena in small bubbles

A theoretical study has been made on collapsing cavities in liquids. When a chemical reaction is not occurring in the cavity, the departure from the Rayleigh collapse time increases with decreasing Weber number. When a chemical reaction is taking place within the cavity, the conversion first decreases and then increases with decreasing initial radius of the cavity owing to the interaction of collapse time and gas temperature within the cavity. For large cavities the viscous damping effects are almost negligible, while for small cavities the damping of the cavity motion is quite significant. When an exothermic reaction is taking place within the cavity, the velocity of the cavity wall and maximum radius achieved upon rebound increase with each successive rebound until chemical equilibrium is approached. The influence of an increase in the number of molecules formed during the reaction upon collapse is described in the text along with a discussion of how various parameter and dimensionless groups affect the collapse of the cavity. On a fait une etude theorique des cavites d'affaissement dans les liquides. Lorsqu'il ne se produli pas de reaction chimique dans la cavite, la deviation du temps d'affaissement de Rayleigh s'accroit en měme temps que le nombre de Weber diminue. Lorsqu'il se produit un reaction chimique dans la cavite, la transformation diminue d'abord, puis augmente en meme temps que le rayon initial de la cavite decroǐt a cause de Paction mutuelle du temps d'affaissement et de la temperature du gaz dans la cavite. Dans le cas de cavites prononcees, les effets d'amortissement visqueux sont presque negligeables, tandis qu'en presence de petites cavites, l'amortissement du mouvement de la cavite est tres notable. Quand il se produit une reaction exothermique dans la cavite, la velocite de la paroi de celle-ci et le rayon maximum obtenu par rebondissement augmentent avec chaque bond successif jusqu'a la formation d'un equilibre chimique. On decrit l'influence qu'exerce sur l'affaissement une augmentation du nombre de molecules formees durant la reaction et discute comment des groupes sans dimensions et a divers parametres affectent l'affaissement de la cavite.
The Los Alamos Accelerator Code Group

The Los Alamos Accelerator Code Group (LAACG) is a national resource for members of the accelerator community who use and/or develop software for the design and analysis of particle accelerators, beam transport systems, light sources, storage rings, and components of these systems. Below we describe the LAACG's activities in high performance computing, maintenance and enhancement of POISSON/SUPERFISH and related codes and the dissemination of information on the INTERNET.
How Much Can We Micro-Cache Web Pages?

Browser caches are widely used to improve the performance of Web page loads. Unfortunately, current object-based caching is too coarse-grained to minimize the costs associated with small, localized updates to a Web object. In this paper, we evaluate the benefits if caching were performed at a finer granularity and at different levels (i.e., computed layout and compiled JavaScript). By analyzing Web pages gathered over two years, we find that both layout and code are highly cacheable, suggesting that our proposal can radically reduce time to first paint. We also find that mobile pages are similar to their desktop counterparts in terms of the amount and composition of updates.
Digital pen and paper practices in observational research

Researchers from many disciplines are taking advantage of increasingly inexpensive digital video to capture extensive records of human activity in real-world settings. The ability to record and share such data has created a critical moment in the practice and scope of behavioral research. While recent work is beginning to develop techniques for visualizing and interacting with integrated multimodal information collected during field research, navigating and analyzing these large datasets remains challenging and tools are especially needed to support the early stages of data exploration. In this paper we describe digital pen and paper practices in observational research and their integration with ChronoViz, a tool for annotating, visualizing, and analyzing multimodal data. The goal is to better support researchers both in the field, while collecting data, and later in the lab, during analysis. We document the co-evolution of notetaking practices and system features as 28 participants used the tool during an 18-month deployment.
Genetic Analysis of Disulfide Isomerization in Escherichia coli: Expression of DsbC Is Modulated by RNase E-Dependent mRNA Processing

We designed a selection strategy for the isolation of Escherichia coli mutants exhibiting enhanced protein disulfide isomerase activity. The folding of a variant of tissue plasminogen activator (v-tPA), a protein containing nine disulfide bonds, in the bacterial periplasm is completely dependent on the level of disulfide isomerase activity of the cell. Mutations that increase this activity mediate the formation of catalytically active v-tPA, which in turn cleaves a p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)-peptide adduct to release free PABA and thus allows the growth of an auxotrophic strain. Following chemical mutagenesis, a total of eight E. coli mutants exhibiting significantly higher disulfide isomerization activity, not only with v-tPA but also with two other unrelated protein substrates, were isolated. This phenotype resulted from significantly increased expression of the bacterial disulfide isomerase DsbC. In seven of the eight mutants, the upregulation of DsbC was found to be related to defects in RNA processing by RNase E, the rne gene product. Specifically, the genetic lesions in five mutants were shown to be allelic to rne, while an additional two mutants exhibited impaired RNase E activity due to lesions in other loci. The importance of mRNA stability on the expression of DsbC is underscored by the short half-life of the dsbC transcript, which was found to be only 0.8 min at 37°C in wild-type cells but was two- to threefold longer in some of the stronger mutants. These results (i) confirm the central role of DsbC in disulfide bond isomerization in the bacterial periplasm and (ii) suggest a critical role for RNase E in regulating DsbC expression.
The significant relationship between platelet count and haemorrhagic complications on ECMO

Haemorrhagic complications, which occur in up to 35% of infants during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), often produce devastating sequelae. Although many complex factors interact to control haemostasis, platelet number and function has significant impact on the development of primary haemostasis. The optimum platelet count on ECMO, however, has not been defined. At our institution prior to August 1987, platelet counts were maintained at greater than 100 000/mm3. After August 1987, however, platelet counts of greater than 200 000/mm 3 were maintained. In a retrospective study, patients were randomly chosen from these two treatment periods: group 1 - March 1986 to July 1987; and group 2 - June 1988 to June 1989. The average platelet count, platelets administered, hours on ECMO, and bleeding complications were compared to each other and to the July 1992 ELSO Registry. There was a significant difference in average platelet counts between group 1 and group 2. However, the amount of platelets adminis...
Neural network analysis of fin-tube refrigerating heat exchanger with limited experimental data

We consider the problem of accuracy in heat rate estimations from artificial neural network (ANN) models of heat exchangers used for refrigeration applications. Limited experimental measurements from a manufacturer are used to show the capability of the neural network technique in modeling the heat transfer phenomena in these systems. A well-trained network correlates the data with errors of the same order as the uncertainty of the measurements. It is also shown that the number and distribution of the training data are linked to the performance of the network when estimating the heat rates under different operating conditions, and that networks trained from few tests may give large errors. A methodology based on the cross-validation technique is presented to find regions where not enough data are available to construct a reliable neural network. The results from three tests show that the proposed methodology gives an upper bound of the estimated error in the heat rates. The procedure outlined here can also help the manufacturer to find where new measurements are needed.
Heritability of periodontal bone loss in mice.

Background Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues that compromises tooth support and can lead to tooth loss. Although bacterial biofilm is central in disease pathogenesis, the host response plays an important role in the progression and severity of periodontitis. Indeed, clinical genetic studies indicate that periodontitis is 50% heritable. In this study, we hypothesized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections lead to a strain-dependent periodontal bone loss pattern. Material and methods We utilized five inbred mouse strains that derive the recombinant strains of the hybrid mouse diversity panel. Mice received Porphyromonas gingivalis–LPS injections for 6 wk. Results and conclusion Micro-computed tomography analysis demonstrated a statistically significant strain-dependent bone loss. The most susceptible strain, C57BL/6J, had a fivefold higher LPS-induced bone loss compared to the most resistant strain, A/J. More importantly, periodontal bone loss revealed 49% heritability, which closely mimics periodontitis heritability for patients. To evaluate further the functional differences that underlie periodontal bone loss, osteoclast numbers of C57BL/6J and A/J mice were measured in vivo and in vitro. In vitro analysis of osteoclastogenic potential showed a higher number of osteoclasts in C57BL/6J compared to A/J mice. In vivo LPS injections statistically significantly increased osteoclast numbers in both groups. Importantly, the number of osteoclasts was higher in C57BL/6J vs. A/J mice. These data support a significant role of the genetic framework in LPS-induced periodontal bone loss and the feasibility of utilizing the hybrid mouse diversity panel to determine the genetic factors that affect periodontal bone loss. Expanding these studies will contribute in predicting patients genetically predisposed to periodontitis and in identifying the biological basis of disease susceptibility.
Impossibility of C ∞ variation or formal power series variation in solutions to Hilbert's 17th problem

Abstract No matter how a positive semidefinite polynomial f∈ R [X 1 ,…,X n ] is represented (according to E. Artin's 1926 solution to Hilbert's 17th problem) in the form f=∑piri2 (with 0⩽p i ∈ R and r i ∈ R (X 1 ,…,X n ) ), the pi and the coefficients of the ri cannot be chosen to depend in a C∞ (i.e., infinitely differentiable) manner upon the coefficients of f (unless degf⩽2); formal powers series variation is also impossible. This answers a question we had raised in 1990 [Contemp. Math., vol. 155, Amer. Math. Soc., 1994, pp. 107–117], where we had already shown that real analytic variation was impossible; and Gonzalez-Vega and Lombardi [Math. Z. 225 (3) (1997) 427–451] then showed that for every fixed, finite r∈ N , Cr variation is possible, improving upon their and the author's result that continuous, piecewise-polynomial variation is possible.
Regulation of retinal dehydrogenases and retinoic acid synthesis by cholesterol metabolites

Retinoic acid (RA) constitutes the major active ingredient of vitamin A and is required for various biological processes. The tissue RA level is maintained through a cascade of metabolic reactions where retinal dehydrogenases (RALDHs) catalyze the terminal reaction of RA biosynthesis from retinal, a rate-limiting step. We showed that dietary supplement of cholesterol enhanced the expression of RALDH1 and 2 genes and the cellular RA content in vital organs such as brain, kidney, liver and heart. Consistently, the cholesterol-lowering agent (pravastatin sodium) downregulated the expression of RALDH1 and 2 genes in several organs especially the liver and in cultured liver cells. Further, cholesterol metabolites, predominantly the oxysterols, the natural ligands for liver X receptor (LXR), induced these genes via upregulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) that bound to the regulatory regions of these genes. Knockdown of LXRα/β or SREBP-1c downregulated the expression of RALDH genes, which could be rescued by re-expressing SREBP-1c, suggesting SREBP-1c as a direct positive regulator for these genes. This study uncovered a novel crosstalk between cholesterol and RA biosynthesis.
Effects of communication, leadership, and team performance on successful IT capstone projects: a case study

To provide students with the opportunity to synthesize the knowledge and skills acquired from their prior courses into one final project, IT capstone projects have become an essential part of the IT curriculum. This paper presents the successes and challenges from the student groups with post-project survey and student self reflection. Effective communication, strong leadership, and match-up of individual strengths and team roles emerged as the major factors contributing to the team success. The challenges include the size of the project team, the limited time to complete a comprehensive IT project, and the amount of effort on documentation. The intent of this paper is to have an in-depth understanding of the IT capstone projects to discover better approaches to enhancing student learning experience and improving teaching effectiveness in such capstone project courses in the future.
The vascular plant diversity of the Finger Lakes region of central New York State: changes in the 1800s and 1900s1

Abstract This study describes the principal changes in the flora of the Cayuga Region over the past 200 years. The region's flora has been thoroughly documented by botanists at different times but the changes have not before been synthesized. The region studied is approximately 10,000 km2 surrounding Ithaca, NY, USA. The plant diversity of the Cayuga Region of New York has increased substantially over the past two centuries, as the gains of non-native plant species have far outnumbered the losses of natives. Of 1,265 vascular plant species native to the region, only 43 have been lost, despite large changes in land use and habitat areas. None of the species losses represent global extinction. There are no clear correlates or predictors for the species that disappeared. They were not all rare, nor were they predominantly in one kind of habitat, or from particular plant families. The majority of the 777 non-native plant species in the extant flora are rare or scarce within the Cayuga Region, and only a small...
Understanding how nurse practitioners estimate patients' risk for coronary heart disease: a judgment analysis.

Title. Understanding how nurse practitioners estimate patients’ risk for coronary heart disease: a judgment analysis Aim. This paper is a report of a study to examine how nurse practitioners combine information when estimating patient risk of coronary heart disease. Background. In the United States of America and other countries, nurse practitioners are increasingly working alongside physicians in primary healthcare settings. Given this role, nurse practitioners represent an important resource in early detection of numerous diseases. Understanding how nurse practitioners use patient characteristics (cues) to form estimates of patient risk for disease may improve general disease prevention efforts. Method. Social judgment theory and its lens model analysis are concerned with the correspondence between a person’s judgments and the environment. This approach was applied to examine how 15 nurse practitioners weighted eight risk factors for coronary heart disease, how accurate practitioners were in assessing patient risk for coronary heart disease, and how much self-insight practitioners had into their own risk estimation processes. The data were collected in 2006. Results. Nurse practitioners showed moderate to high accuracy and evinced a variety of cue-weighting strategies. Insight into their own judgment policies was modest. The lens model analysis revealed that most practitioners had lower values on knowledge of the ecology than they did on cognitive control. Conclusion. Educational efforts aimed at improving detection of patients at risk for diseases might do better to target increasing clinicians’ understanding of cue-criteria relationships, than to stress themes of consistency in evaluating patients.
Virtual Teams and Synchronous Presentations: An Online Class Experience

Global expansion, cost containment, and technology advances have all played a role in the increase of virtual teams in today’s workplace. Virtual teams in an online graduate information technology management class prepared and presented synchronous presentations over a business or non-profit sector case. This paper includes a brief literature review of virtual teams and synchronous presentations, strategies suggested for virtual teams, the process used for this assignment, and feedback from the students in the course. The students in the course overwhelmingly recommended the format of the virtual team synchronous case assignment for other online projects. Lessons learned as recommendations for future implementation are also included.
Stopping a Killer Improving the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Acute Ascending Aortic Dissections

Aneurysms and acute dissections are the major diseases affecting the ascending thoracic aorta. These conditions are related; the natural history of an aneurysm involving the ascending aorta is to progressively and asymptomatically enlarge over time, ultimately leading to an acute ascending aortic dissection (type A dissection based on the Stanford classification, type I and II dissections based on the DeBakey classification). Although medical treatments can slow the enlargement of an aneurysm, the mainstay of treatment to prevent dissections is surgical repair of the ascending aortic aneurysm. This is typically recommended when the aneurysm diameter reaches 5.0 to 5.5 cm1; however, studies on patients presenting with acute ascending dissections indicate that up to 60% present with aneurysms 1200 patients presenting with ascending aortic dissection to emergency departments participating in the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissections (IRAD).4 Article see p 1911 Many of the factors associated with a delay in …
Melt-electrospinning. part I: processing parameters and geometric properties

The effects of various melt-electrospinning parameters on the morphology and fiber diameter of polypropylene of different tacticities were studied. The effect of the electric field strength at various melt flow indexes of polypropylene on fiber uniformity, morphology, and diameter was measured. It was shown that the molecular weight was the predominant factor in determining the fiber diameter of the collected fibers. Observations prove that the tacticity also influences the fiber diameter. Atactic polymers having molecular chains incapable of crystallization tend to produce larger diameter fibers than isotactic polymers capable of crystallization even at lower molecular weights. The polymer volume, at a given time, supplied to the electric field affected fiber diameter. Those systems supplying the smallest volume, at a given time, produced the smallest fiber diameter. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of a precise magnetic field measurement system for fast-changing magnetic fields

Several recent applications for fast ramped magnets have been found that require precise measurement of the time-dependent fields. In one instance, accelerator dipoles will be ramped at 1 T/sec, with measurements needed to the typical level of accuracy for accelerators, /spl Delta/B/B better than 0.01%. To meet this need, we have begun development of a system containing 16 stationary pickup windings that will be sampled at a high rate. It is hoped that harmonics through the decapole can be measured with this system. Precise measurement of the time-dependent harmonics requires that both the pickup windings and the voltmeters be nearly identical. To minimize costs, printed circuit boards are being used for the pickup windings and a combination of amplifiers and ADC's for voltmeters. In addition, new software must be developed for the analysis. The paper will present a status report on this work.
Literary Criticism’s Road Scholars at the American Century’s Turn

Literary scholarship’s spatial turn has produced a number of studies exploring the site of the road and its automobile culture. This article surveys seven monographs published between 1996 and 2007 that analyze works of American fiction and nonfiction for their representation of highway narratives. These works (by Ronald Primeau, Roger Casey, Kris Lackey, Rowland Sherrill, Deborah Paes de Barros, Katie Mills, and Deborah Clarke) explore the genre’s rendering of mobility, identity, and politics on the 20th-century’s roads of America. The essay compares these analyses for their critical methods and offers a sense of what work remains in the ongoing study of road narratives.
Chemical applications of topology and group theory. XXII : Lowest degree chirality polynomials for regular polyhedra [1]

The lowest degree chirality polynomials for the regular octahedron, cube, and regular icosahedron are discussed. All three of these regular polyhedra are chirally degenerate since they have more than one lowest degree chiral ligand parition by the Ruch-Schonhofer scheme. The two lowest degree chirality polynomials for the octahedron have degree 6 and can be formed from three degree 3 generating polynomialsf,g, andh through the relationshipsf(g +h) andf(g −h), wheref,g, andh measure the effects of the three separating reflection planes (σh), the four threefold rotation axes, and the three fourfold rotation axes, respectively. The permutation groups of the vertices of the cube and icosahedron contain only even permutations, which leads to a natural pairing of their chiral ligand partitions according to equivalence of the corresponding Young diagrams upon reflection through their diagonals. The two lowest degree chirality polynomials for the cube have degree 4 and can be formed from two degree 4 generating polynomialsf andg through the relationships −2g andf −2g, wheref andg measure the effects of theS6 improper rotation andC4, proper rotation axes. respectively. The four lowest degree chiral ligand partitions for the icosahedron have degree 4 and lead naturally to a single degree 4 chirality polynomial with 120 terms of the general type (x −y)2 (z −w)2. This chirality polynomial for the icosahedron cannot be broken down into simpler generating polynomials, in contrast to the lowest degree chirality polynomials for the octahedron and cube. This appears to relate to the origin of the icosahedral group from the simple alternating groupA5. The full icosahedral chirality polynomial can be simplified to give a chirality polynomial for the chiral boron-monosubstituted ortho and meta carboranes of the general formula B2C10H11X.
Surgical Treatment of Exotropia in Adults

Surgery for exotropia in adults can be challenging and requires unique surgical skill and experience in examination, testing, and surgical planning. This paper reviews the important diagnostic and ...
A locally quadratic model of the motion estimation error criterion function and its application to subpixel interpolations

Accurate motion estimation is essential to effective motion compensated video signal processing, and subpixel resolutions are required for high quality applications. It is observed that around the optimum point of the motion estimation process the error criterion function is well modeled as a quadratic function with respect to the motion vector offsets. This locally quadratic functional model decomposes the motion estimation optimization at subpixel resolutions into a two-stage pipelinable processes: full-search at full-pixel resolution and interpolation at any subpixel resolution. Practical approximation formulas lead to the explicit computations of both motion vectors and error criterion functional values at subpixel resolutions.
Estimation of delay variations due to random-dopant fluctuations in nanoscale CMOS circuits

In nanoscale CMOS circuits the random dopant fluctuations (RDF) cause significant threshold voltage (Vt) variations in transistors. In this paper, we propose a semi-analytical estimation methodology to predict the delay distribution [Mean and Standard Deviation (STD)] of logic circuits considering Vt variation in transistors. The proposed method is fast and can be used to predict delay distribution in nanoscale CMOS technologies both at the circuit and the device design phase. The method is applied to predict the delay distributions in different logic gates and flip-flops and is verified with detail Monte Carlo simulations. It is observed that a 30% spread (STD/Mean) in Vt variation results in 5% spread in the delay of logic gates (inverter, NAND, etc.). The effect of Vt variation due to RDF is more significant in the setup time (STD/Mean = 11%) and clock-to-output delay (STD/Mean = 5% to 25%) of flip-flops.
45° Staggered Rib Heat Transfer Coefficient Measurements in a Square Channel

For high blockage ribs with large heat transfer areas, commonly used in small gas turbine blades, the rib heat transfer is a significant portion of the overall heat transfer in the cooling passages. Three staggered 45° rib geometries corresponding to blockage ratios of 0.133, 0.167 and 0.25 were tested in a square channel for pitch-to-height ratios of 5, 8.5 and 10, and for two distinct thermal boundary conditions of heated and unheated channel walls. Comparisons were made between the surface averaged heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for 45° ribs, and 90° ribs reported previously. Heat transfer coefficients of the furthest upstream rib and that of a typical rib located in the middle of the rib-roughened region were also compared. It was concluded that: a) For the geometries tested, the rib average heat transfer coefficient was much higher than that for the area between the ribs. b) Except for two cases corresponding to the highest blockage ribs mounted at pitch-to-height ratios of 8.5 and 10 for which the heat transfer results of 45° ribs were very close to those of 90° ribs, 45° ribs produced higher heat transfer coefficients than 90° ribs. c) At pitch-to-height ratios of 8.5 and 10, all 45° ribs produced lower friction factors than 90° ribs. However, when they were brought closer to each other (S/e=5), they produced higher friction factors than 90° ribs. d) Heat transfer coefficients for the two smaller rib geometries (e/Dh=0.133 and 0.167) did not vary significantly with the pitch-to-height ratio in the range tested. However, the heat transfer coefficient for the high blockage rib geometry increased significantly as the ribs were brought closer to each other. e) Under otherwise identical conditions, ribs in the furthest upstream position produced lower heat transfer coefficients than those in the midstream position. f) Rib thermal performance decreased with the rib blockage ratio. For both angles of attack, the smallest rib geometry in the midstream position and at a pitch-to-height ratio of 10 had the highest thermal performance, and the highest blockage rib in the furthest upstream position produced the lowest thermal performance.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Vascular Patterns on Preoperative Breast MRI Predict Ischemia and Necrosis after Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

Variable Postoperative ischemia/ necrosis (n 1⁄4 37) No postoperative ischemia/ necrosis (n 1⁄4 127) p Value Mean age, y 42.5 45.5 0.07 Mean BMI, kg/m 24.3 23.5 0.28 Mean surgical specimen weight, g 387.4 330.6 0.09 Previous radiation therapy, % 8.1 3.9 0.38 Oncologic indication for NSM, % 56.8 51.2 0.55 Smoking history, % 18.9 15.0 0.56 Single blood supply on preoperative MRI, % 35.1 16.5 0.03 Topical Tacrolimus for the Treatment of Lymphedema Jason C Gardenier, MD, Jeremy S Torrisi, Ira L Savetsky, MD, Gabriela D Garcia Nores, MD, Dawit K Jowhar, PhD, Geoffrey E Hespe, Matthew D Nitti, Raghu P Kataru, PhD, Babak J Mehrara, MD, FACS Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
“Do you want an idea of what they’re doing?” Transgressive data generation and analysis within a bilingual writers workshop

We consider how research participants engage alongside researchers as choreographers of data generation and highlight the everyday practices of researchers and participants in motion within and across time and space. Data for this case analysis were generated during a two-year qualitative study investigating multimodal literacies, multilingualism, and literacy teacher development. We utilized microethnographic discourse analysis to analyze a video excerpt from a classroom observation during writers workshop in a fourth-grade bilingual classroom. We sought to understand how the teacher’s and students’ discursive moves during the event tactically disrupted the researchers’ agenda in the moment and complicated attempts at data analysis. Our analyses illustrate how the teacher multiply situated herself in ways that trouble dichotomous framings of teachers’ work, such as traditional or nontraditional, as well as dominant conceptualizations of qualitative research, such as data “collection.” We end with implica...
PLANNING PHOTOCOPY SERVICES: A Success Story

Several years ago, the Central Library of the University of Louisville moved into a spacious new building and was immediately innundated by greatly increased demands for photocopy services. The library had four obsolete photocopiers, one broken‐down coin dispenser, and a minimal photocopy staff. To make matters worse, the vendor for the photocopiers announced that it would not extend its maintenance contract beyond the next year. There were massive complaints from users about the poor quality of service. Clearly, the library had to act quickly to make improvements.
Changing for the Better? Longitudinal Associations Between Volitional Personality Change and Psychological Well-Being

Recent research has found that a vast majority of people want to change their personality traits--and they may be able to find some degree of success in doing so. However, desires for self-change have been theoretically and empirically linked to reduced well-being. The present study utilized a longitudinal design to better understand the associations between people's desires and attempts to change their personality traits and their psychological well-being. Results indicated that possessing change goals did not necessarily predict growing deficits in well-being over time. In contrast, people who were able to change their personality traits in ways that aligned with their desires tended to experience increases in well-being over time. These findings are consistent with theory that dissatisfaction can precipitate change goals, and successful change can ameliorate dissatisfaction.
Large Nonsorted Polygons in Padjelanta National Park, Swedish Lappland

Large no nsorted polygons in tundra areas underlain by discontinuous permafrost occur in Padjelanta National Park, northern Sweden (67° 16′ N; 16°52′ E). Excavations in those of the polygons develo...
Pectolytic Enzymes Produced by Botryosphaeria Ribis and Penicillium Italicum

We are studying the production of pectin methylesterase (PME), pectin polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin depolymerase (DP) by soft rot organisms and report here pectolytic enzymes produced by Botryosphaeria ribis Gross & Dug. and Penicillium italicumt Wehmer. There have been several reports concerning the apple fruit rot caused by B. ribis (4, 6, 8). Two types of fruit rot have been reported. Fenner (2) noted lesions similar to those of bitter rot. These lesions are circular and slightly sunken and the tissue becomes mushy. The second type is a post-harvest rot characterized by the rapid breakdown of tissue; the tissues may undergo dissolution even with no external evidence of the incitant.
Nmr Spectroscopic Investigations of Pbtio3 Sol-Gel Processing

Lead titanate gels were prepared by sol-gel processing from lead acetate and titanium isopropoxide in methoxyethanol. In the present study, 1H, and 13C FTNMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques were used to identify the structures of lead and titanium precursors formed by refluxing lead acetate and titanium isopropoxide in methoxyethanol, respectively. Lead acetate was found to be partially alkoxylated, whereas, the titanium precursor was identified as a dimer with complete alkoxy group exchange. Similar procedures were applied to identify the lead titanium complex formed from lead and titanium precursors.
Recovery of episodic memory subprocesses in mild and complicated mild traumatic brain injury at 1 and 12 months post injury.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Episodic memory complaints are commonly reported after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The contributions of specific memory subprocesses (encoding, consolidation, and retrieval), however, are not well understood in mild TBI (mTBI). In the present study, we evaluated subprocesses of episodic memory in patients with mTBI using the item-specific deficit approach (ISDA), which analyzes responses on list learning tasks at an item level. We also conducted exploratory analyses to evaluate the effects of complicated mTBI (comp-mTBI) on memory. Method: We compared episodic verbal memory performance in mTBI (n = 92) at approximately 1 and 12 months post TBI, as well as in a healthy comparison (HC) group (n = 40) at equivalent time points. Episodic memory was assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test–2nd Edition (CVLT–II), and both standard CVLT–II scores and ISDA indices were evaluated. Results: Compared to the HC group, the mTBI group showed significantly poorer encoding and learning a...
Effects of three-dimensionality on instability and turbulence in a frontal zone

Linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulation are used to investigate the evolution of a symmetrically unstable uniform frontal zone. Simulations in a three-dimensional computational domain capable of resolving near-symmetric currents develop strong nonlinearities without the emergence of pure symmetric instability. Linear stability analysis demonstrates that for ( is the Coriolis parameter and denotes time) the flow generates strongly asymmetric structures which become nearly symmetric when . Unlike the currents generated during pure symmetric instability, near-symmetric instability generates currents that do not align with isopycnals. This greatly modifies their energetics and evolution, leading to regions of the flow that are unstable to gravitational instability and energized by the reservoir of available potential energy. A high-resolution simulation demonstrates the flow evolution from near-symmetric currents to secondary shear-convective instabilities and finally, through tertiary instabilities, to fully three-dimensional turbulence. The effect of this sequence of instabilities is quantified through velocity and vorticity statistics as well as budgets for turbulent kinetic and potential energy. It is not until that the energy source for fluctuations is primarily shear, in contrast to the purely symmetric instability which draws its energy exclusively from shear production.
Density measurements with computed tomography in patients with extra-axial hematoma can quantitatively estimate a degree of brain compression.

BackgroundExtra-axial hematoma can cause significant brain compression. Guidelines for surgical evacuation include imaging findings (midline shift and hematoma thickness/volume) in conjunction with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and/or intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Physiologically, overall brain density should also change with compression. In our observational study, we explored whether overall brain density, defined using computed tomography Hounsfield Units (CT HU), changes after surgical evacuation of extra-axial hematoma.Methods and materialsOnly patients with a surgical acute epidural hematoma or subacute/chronic subdural hematoma were considered. Other exclusion criteria were concurrent intraparenchymal pathology, bilateral pathology, or incomplete follow-up imaging. Between fall 2012 and spring 2015, 22 patients were included in the study. CT head imaging (preoperative, postoperative, and at ∼1- to 2-month clinic visit) were loaded into OsiriX (Pixmeo, Switzerland). All the intracranial ...
Secondary Currents in a Corner

The weak secondary current that occurs in flow through noncircular conduits is studied. Equations giving the magnitude of the secondary velocities near a corner are developed. These equations are based on empirical data of primary velocity distribution. Experimental measurements of the secondary current tend to confirm the validity of the relationships and solutions.
From Boricua Dancers to Salsa Soldiers: The Cultural Politics of Globalized Salsa Dancing in Chicago

Let me begin by sharing an incident particular to Humboldt Park in Chicago, the Puerto Rican neighborhood and the locale of one of the Latin dance studios that I examine in this research project. Along Division Street, between Western and California, the development of Paseo Boricua—an economic project of Puerto Rican-owned restaurants, stores, and businesses—evinces the ways in which urban gentrification is being resisted by ethnic-based economic investments. Within Paseo Boricua, there is a Latin dance studio. One evening in the summer of 2004, white and Latin@ students from other parts of the city and from the suburbs arrived here to learn salsa dancing, while a couple of older Puerto Rican women walking by stopped and gazed into the studio through the glass window to see what was happening. They then read the name of the business, the Latin Academy of Dance, and their facial expressions revealed both surprise, joy, or pleasure, and, simultaneously, a sort of dismay or anger at the studio and at what was going on inside. These ladies are insiders to the community and to Puerto Rican culture, yet at that moment they became outsiders to dance as a performance of culture. As Humboldt Park residents, they were seen as cultural insiders. We, the students who had corne to learn dance, were the cultural outsiders. This moment inverted power dynamics and served as a metaphor for the need to explore salsa dancing as a site in which ethnic and cultural nationalist meanings about salsa dancing for Chicago Boricuas are being restructured and reorganized into more intercultural and global values.
Endoscopy and cross-sectional imaging for assessing Crohn׳s disease activity

Crohn's disease (CD) is principally characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly found in the ileo-colonic region. The chronicity and severity of intestinal inflammation together contribute to progressive, cumulative, deep, transmural intestinal damage, including stricturing, obstruction, abscesses, and fistulae. Both intestinal inflammation and its chronic complications result in a range of symptoms subsequently leading to patient presentations with diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia related to intestinal blood loss. Measuring disease activity and severity are essential for decision of treatment intensity early in the disease course and longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. This review will summarize the transition from subjective symptoms driving disease activity indices, into increasingly objective and quantitative measures of intestinal injury by direct mucosal assessment (endoscopy), cross-sectional imaging, and surrogate biomarkers. Specific commentary on intestinal stricture and perianal fistula assessment and management are presented in accompanying sections of this series.
Issuing International Sovereign Bonds Opportunities and Challenges for Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines the rise in international sovereign bonds issued by African frontier economies and recommends policies for potential first-time issuers. Maintaining prudent fiscal frameworks consistent with debt sustainability is crucial for deriving lasting benefits from additional financing. Beyond that, first-time international sovereign bond issuers should focus on improving the composition and profile of their public debt under an appropriate debt management framework, adhering to best operational practices for first time issuance, and locking in low interest rates while smoothing the maturity profile of the entire public debt portfolio. International sovereign bonds may not be the best option for financing infrastructure investment, and other funding options may need careful consideration.
“All that Matters is the Work”: Text and Adaptation in Sherlock

Combining theories of adaptation, appropriation, and intertextuality, this chapter analyzes how Sherlock plays with Text in both a literal and metaphorical sense. Sherlock’s onscreen texts and SMS texts in particular create a visual network of references which illuminate the show’s interconnectedness with the original Conan Doyle canon and other Sherlock Holmes adaptations. However, rather than highlighting the show’s postmodern intertextuality, Sherlock’s text(s) become reified and reconstituted on screen as a permanent reminder of Arthur Conan Doyle’s authority as the “author,” thereby putting the show’s inter/textuality at risk.
Staying at home: identities, memories and social networks of Kazakhstani Germans

Rita Sanders writes about the experiences of Russian Germans who live in Kazakhstan. Some are descendants of people who came willingly as settlers, but most descend from people sent there during So...
Molecular and geochemical perspectives on the influence of CO2 on calcification in coral cell cultures

Understanding the cellular and molecular responses of stony corals to ocean acidification is key to predicting their ability to calcify under projected high CO2 conditions. Of specific interest are the links between biomineralization proteins and the precipitation of new calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which potentially can provide a better understanding of the biomineralization process. We have assessed the effects of increased CO2 on the calcification process in cell cultures of the stony coral, Stylophora pistillata, reared in nutrient-enriched artificial seawater at four pCO2 levels and two glucose concentrations. Dispersed S. pistillata cells grown at low (400 ppmV) and moderate (700 ppmV) pCO2 re-aggregate into proto-polyps and precipitate CaCO3. When grown at pCO2 levels of 1000 ppmV and 2000 ppmV, the cells up-regulate genes for two highly acidic proteins as well as a carbonic anhydrase, but down-regulate long term cadherin protein production and minimize proto-polyp formation, and exhibit a significant decrease in measurable CaCO3 precipitation. However, cell cultures precipitate CaCO3 in all treatments, even at slightly undersaturated conditions (Ωaragonite < 0.95). Glucose addition does not influence either biomineralization gene expression or calcification rate. Measured δ11B of the mineral phase, as a proxy of the pH at the calcifying sites, is out of equilibrium with the ambient seawater medium surrounding the cells and proto-polyps, suggesting pH is elevated in the micro-environment of the precipitating mineral. Our results suggest that coral cells possess molecular mechanisms to help compensate for the effects of ocean acidification within the bounds projected in the coming century.
INVERSE METHODS IN ULTRASONICS

As the understanding of the interaction between ultrasound and scattering media is deepened, and as computational systems become more powerful, the ability to extract quantitative information by means of inverse methods from transmitted and/or backscattered ultrasound has improved. This paper examines inverse methods in ultrasound, such as tomographic techniques and impediography, their applications, advantages and drawbacks. In addition, ultrasound inverse methods in non-destructive evaluation is reviewed.
Ions captured in the spotlight

Optical trapping of ions is relatively new and has been limited to a few milliseconds so far. Now researchers have trapped a single barium ion for several seconds, putting experiments with ultracold atoms and ions within reach.
Decision-Making and Vision

Vision involves more than processing the light information received through the eyes. It involves interpreting information, classifying it, drawing inferences, and making decisions about its meaning in the context of goals, plans, and attitudes. The study of visual processing dovetails with the study of cognitive function. When we approach the study of vision from the ‘processing’ perspective, we tend to ask questions about the mathematical transformations of low-level features, such as contrast contours, to more complex entities, such as depth, motion energy, curvature, texture, objects, and faces. When we approach the topic from the cognitive perspective, we tend to ask questions about how information leads to a behavioral response, inference, or decision. Thus, a central question in the study of both vision and cognition is how the brain processes information to select among different behavioral alternatives. In this article we exploit knowledge about the neurobiology of vision to gain insight into the neurobiology of decision making.
Effect of Angle of Attack on Slope Climbing Performance

Ascending steep slopes is often a very difficult challenge for off-road vehicles, whether on Earth or on extraterrestrial bodies. This challenge is even greater if the surface consists of loose granular soil that does not provide much shear strength. This study investigated how the path at which a vehicle traverses a slope, specifically the angle that it is commanded to drive relative to the base of the hill (the angle of attack), can affect its performance. A vehicle was driven in loose sand at slope angles up to 15 degrees and angles of attack ranging from 10 to 90 degrees. A novel photogrammetry technique was implemented to both track vehicle motion and create a three-dimensional profile of the terrain. This allowed for true wheel sinkage measurements. The study showed that though low angles of attack result in lower wheel slip and sinkage, the efficiency of the vehicles uphill motion increased at higher angles of attack. For slopes up to 15 degrees, a 90 degree angle of attack provided the greatest likelihood of successful ascent.
STRAIGHT HEAD, HAPPY HEART

The carotid sinus reflex arc acts as a homeostatic response to maintain blood pressure, originating at the carotid sinus; near the carotid artery bifurcation. Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is caused by an exaggerated stimulation of this reflex, leading to transient and reproducible cerebral
Lake tourism fatalities: a 46-year history of death at Lake Powell.

Background This study investigates tourist mortality at Lake Powell over a 46-year period. To date no comprehensive long-term investigation examining the relationship between the lake environment and tourist mortality exists. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of all tourist fatalities between 1959 and 2005. Results There were 351 fatal incidents resulting in 386 deaths between 1959 and 2005. Over the 46-year period, the average number of fatalities was 8.4 (±5.26) per year. Out of all fatalities, 282 were classified as accidental, 80 were classified as natural deaths, 13 were suicides and 5 were classified as homicides. Males accounted for 80% of fatalities and tourists aged 20-29 years and 10-19 years accounted for 36% of all fatalities. The highest number of fatalities was recorded in July (74), May (64), August (63) and June (59). Out of all accidental deaths, boating (29%) and swimming (22%) were the most common pre-death activities. High winds capsizing boats and carbon monoxide poisoning from boat engines were common factors contributing to 31 boating fatalities. Fatigue and exhaustion contributed to 22 swimming deaths. Conclusions Recreational boating and swimming account for over half of all accidental deaths. Tourists visiting Lake Powell for recreational purposes should be informed of the risks associated with the lake environment.