cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
McCutcheon and the Meaning of Corruption: Not All Quid Pro Quos are Made of the Same Stuff

This Article critiques the use of quid pro quo as a method of defining corruption in campaign finance law cases. I argue first that quid pro quo has no definite meaning. Therefore, one doesn't avoid the problem of defining corruption by attaching "quid pro quo" to it. In the case law, sometimes it means explicit agreements, sometimes it means agreements about specific things, sometimes it is redundant, and sometimes it encompasses gifts in exchange for a promise to help out "as opportunities arise," a definition that sounds very close to the "influence seeking" that a majority of the Court has previously categorized as "not corruption." Second, I show that quid pro quo language has shallow roots. It is not a major part of traditional white collar criminal law doctrine: it appears through Buckley, and gets ported over to bribery laws. Relatedly, I show that quid pro quo is not a requirement in many states for proving bribery. Third, I argue that the use of quid pro quo as a limit in criminal bribery law comes from Due Process and prosecutorial discretion, not from the meaning of corruption itself. This kind of limit makes sense when interpreting criminal laws: the same limits don't make sense when interpreting the constitutional meaning of corruption. Due Process-derived constraints should be understood for what they are, not definitional constraints. Fourth, I show how the importation of bribery law terms to constitutional law deliberations reflects a positivism that is uniquely poorly suited to corruption definitions. What the Court has already done in Citizens United, and seems poised to do in McCutcheon, is port over the definition of corruption from a smattering of “intent” based white collar criminal statutes in order to define the scope of corruption as a (quasi-)Constitutional principle. The portage is done through the language of quid pro quo. As I argue in this piece, this transference is not justified, is bad history, and makes bad law. It is an early draft, and comments are welcome!
The Measurement of Loudness and Pitch

This chapter presents some consequences of the following twin principles: (1) the nature of neurophysiological events and changes is unknown, and (2) sensation and perception are fundamentally equivalent, both involving the calibration of afferent input in terms of environmental correlates. . The chapter further discusses the sone scale of loudness and the mel scale of pitch and presents evidence that suggests that these measures of sensation magnitude are disguised estimates of physical correlates. It is an intellectual exercise of some difficulty to use the laws of perspective to reason that objects are closer than the fixation distance determined by ocular vergence if they produce a crossed binocular disparity and that they are further than the fixation distance if they produce an opposite uncrossed disparity. Experimental studies of loudness usually employ continuous sounds such as tones and noises. However, many sounds are discontinuous. The ratio of direct to reverberant sound varies with distance, and a convincing illusion of a change in the distance of a speaker requires a change in this ratio. However, loudness experiments normally involve the use of an attenuator that alters the overall intensity without varying the ratio of direct to reverberant components.
Uneven Development, Geography of

Uneven development is the process by which the social relations of capitalist societies are translated into spatial forms. It is a systematic rather than arbitrary process, the hallmark of the geography of capitalism. Uneven development results from the resolution of competing tendencies toward the differentiation of levels and conditions of development, rooted in the division of labor, and the equalization of conditions and levels of development impelled by the circulation of capital. These social and economic contradictions are resolved geographically as different places crystallize as discrete territorial entities, localities, cities, regions, nation states, the global economic system itself—resulting in the production of a nested hierarchy of geographical scales. Historically, there is therefore a tendency for development to move around, at different scales, in a seesaw pattern whereby development of an area is often followed by its underdevelopment, which in turn establishes the conditions for redevelopment. This article reviews different theories of uneven development, sources of the process, and its recent history.
Corriendo Educando or Teaching/Learning While Running

Indigenous ceremonial running is traced back many hundreds of years and generally forms part of larger ceremonial ways. Today, running functions as part of athletic events, although running can also function as a means to commemorate a past event (memory) and as a means to transmit ancestral or traditional knowledge. This article examines running as a means of learning and acquiring knowledge and as a method of teaching and raising consciousness. It also considers how ceremonial running has transformed the Tucson community, which has been involved in intense human rights struggles, particularly in the struggle to teach Ethnic Studies and examines the testimonios of the runners.
The World Health Organization’s hearing-impairment grading system: an evaluation for unaided communication in age-related hearing loss

Objective: This review evaluated the data from five datasets having pure-tone thresholds and functional measures of speech communication from relatively large groups of older adults to evaluate the...
Using Social Media to Build Library Communities: A LITA Guide

Most librarians know that social media can be used to market services or programs, but there are other ways to utilize it in the library. In Using Social Media to Build Library Communities: A LITA ...
Markets: The Good, the Volatile and the Sometimes Ugly

Unsustainable expansion followed by a devastating collapse in the US economy helped to stimulate important new research revisiting the original supply and demand commodity-flow experiments at Purdue. The motivation came from the large subsequent literature on assets market experiments showing the robust tendency for inexperienced subjects to generate price bubbles on the slow pathway to an experience-based rational expectations equilibrium. What accounts for the enormous stability and efficiency in the first kind on market, and the contrasting instability in the second? Moreover, the parallels in the national economy were striking: non-durable consumer goods and services markets are seventy-five percent of private product, and a rock of stability; the other twenty-five percent of durable goods, in particular housing, is a recurrent source of instability. New experiments demonstrated that re-trade-ability is at the core of accounting for the performance difference, with the poorer performance of markets for durables worsened by easy cash availability. In the economy, the latter is well represented by housing prices fueled by excess inflows of mortgage credit.
Communication Use and Participation in Life for Adults With Aphasia in Natural Settings

Ensuring effective use of communication and participation in life for adults with aphasia in their natural settings may require broader and more extensive interventions than previously envisioned o...
Ultrasensitive detection of circulating exosomes with a 3D-nanopatterned microfluidic chip.

The performance of current microfluidic methods for exosome detection is constrained by boundary conditions, as well as fundamental limits to microscale mass transfer and interfacial exosome binding. Here, we show that a microfluidic chip designed with self-assembled three-dimensional herringbone nanopatterns can detect low levels of tumour-associated exosomes in plasma (10 exosomes μl−1, or approximately 200 vesicles per 20 μl of spiked sample) that would otherwise be undetectable by standard microfluidic systems for biosensing. The nanopatterns promote microscale mass transfer, increase surface area and probe density to enhance the efficiency and speed of exosome binding, and permit drainage of the boundary fluid to reduce near-surface hydrodynamic resistance, thus promoting particle–surface interactions for exosome binding. We used the device for the detection—in 2 μl plasma samples from 20 ovarian cancer patients and 10 age-matched controls—of exosome subpopulations expressing CD24, epithelial cell adhesion molecule and folate receptor alpha proteins, and suggest exosomal folate receptor alpha as a potential biomarker for early detection and progression monitoring of ovarian cancer. The nanolithography-free nanopatterned device should facilitate the use of liquid biopsies for cancer diagnosis. A microfluidic chip with self-assembled 3D herringbone nanopatterns detects, with high sensitivity and specificity, tumour-associated exosomes in few-microlitre plasma samples from patients.
Intraoperative MRI for resection of intracranial meningiomas.

Objective To examine whether intraoperative MRI can enhance safety and extent of resection of complex intracranial meningiomas, given its positive role in the resection of malignant brain tumors and pituitary tumors. Methods Over a ten-year period, 70 operations were performed on 66 patients with intracranial meningiomas using the compact, mobile PoleStar N20 iMRI navigation system. A retrospective review was conducted examining patient demographics, surgical characteristics, and outcomes. Results 36 meningiomas were above the skull base and 30 were of the skull base. Four (5.7%) operations were done for recurrent meningiomas. 63 patients (95.5%) had WHO grade I and 3 patients (4.5%) had WHO grade III meningiomas. 9 (12.8%) patients required additional tumor resection based on iMRI findings, and in 4 patients (6%) iMRI imaging allowed for avoidance of additional dissection near critical neurovascular structures. Conclusions Up to 15.7% of patients had surgery positively affected by intraoperative imaging either improving the resection or avoiding unnecessary additional dissection which could potentially harm critical neurologic structures. As iMRI becomes more widely available it may be valuable to use in an appropriate subset of patients with intracranial meningiomas.
Sticking to a plan: adhesion and signaling control spatial organization of cells within migrating collectives

Collective cell migration is required in a vast array of biological phenomena, including organogenesis and embryonic development. The mechanisms that underlie collective cell migration not only involve the morphogenetic changes associated with single cell migration, but also require the maintenance of cell–cell junctions during movement. Additionally, cell shape changes and polarity must be coordinated in a multicellular manner in order to preserve directional movement in the migrating cohort, and often relates to multiple functions of common signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying higher order tissue organization during migration, with particular focus on the interplay between cell adhesion and signaling that we propose can be tuned to support different types of collective movements.
Falling through the worm hole: an exploration of the imaging workup of the vermiform appendix in the pediatric population

Despite the thousands of articles discussing appendicitis in the literature, the dilemma of how to best diagnosis and manage pediatric appendicitis remains unsettled. Over the past decade, evidence has been mounting about the use of antibiotics as the sole therapy in uncomplicated appendicitis in the adult population. This debate has even recently bled over into the lay press. While this change in practice pattern is still in its infancy for the pediatric population, radiologists should be aware of this change in therapy and how it can impact the imaging work-up and relevant findings. This article concisely summarizes the imaging findings and various imaging pathways to arrive at the diagnose of appendicitis with an emphasis of how to best be of use to our surgical colleagues in this evolving paradigm. It also highlights venues for further research, namely increasing accuracy of differentiating complicated from uncomplicated appendicitis.
Factors Associated with Duration of Overall Treatment Time for Cervical Cancer Treated with Definitive Chemoradiotherapy.

Introduction For women with intact cervical cancer treated by definitive chemoradiotherapy, the adverse impact of treatment prolongation is well-established. We aimed to identify potentially modifiable factors associated with the unwanted increase in the time required to complete the prescribed course of therapy. Methods We retrospectively examined treatment records of 104 consecutive cervical cancer patients receiving chemoradiation for cervical cancer, which included cervical high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy performed at a single referral center. Association of factors, including distance to care, driving time, and income level with overall treatment time, was explored. Results Guideline-concordant treatment duration was achieved in 34% of cases. There was no significant correlation between treatment duration and any of the patient-related characteristics assessed in this study. Transitioning of the radiation oncology physician staffing at the brachytherapy center from a private practice non-integrated group to a large integrated group was associated with a decrease in mean overall treatment time, 61 vs. 68 days, p = 0.007. Conclusions We did not identify a modifiable patient-related factor amenable to a financial intervention. Administration of brachytherapy within an integrated system resulted in a shortened duration of the entire course of therapy for intact cervical cancer.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Lower Extremity Function: Describing the LE-CIMT Protocol.

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is comprised of a set of techniques shown to produce significant changes in upper extremity (UE) function following stroke and other disorders. The significant positive results obtained with the UE protocol have led to the development of LE-CIMT, an intervention to improve lower extremity (LE) function. However, some modifications of the UE protocol were needed, including omitting use of a restraint device, development of supervised motor training tasks to emphasize movement of the lower limb, and adaptation of the UE Motor Activity Log for the lower extremity. The LE-CIMT protocol includes: (1) intensive supervised training delivered for 3.5 h/d for 10 consecutive weekdays, (2) use of shaping as a strategy for motor training, (3) application of a transfer package, and (4) strongly encouraging use of the more-affected LE with improved coordination. The transfer package consists of several strategies to facilitate transfer of the improved motor skills developed during supervised treatment to everyday situations. Research to date has yielded positive results. However, the intervention protocol continues to evolve. The purpose of this article is to describe the components of the complete LE-CIMT protocol to promote further development and investigation of this approach.
Negotiating Different Perspectives: One End Goal

Academic and industry partners who work in tandem can push the boundaries of research, development, and commercialization. Companies seek collaborative relationships that will provide them with a commercial advantage, better allowing them to perform in a competitive environment. However, negotiating sponsored research agreements that balance university and industry interests can be challenging, particularly when the company has a customer-supplier viewpoint. Contract terms such as intellectual property (IP) ownership, pre-negotiated licensing terms, confidentiality of results, publication review and approval, and indemnification provisions are important issues to consider. Flexible negotiation of the contract is required in order to balance both parties’ interests as there may be unrealistic expectations concerning IP and timelines from both entities. In addition, the success of such collaborations may not be easily quantified in traditional academic terms.
Developmental sequences in the maturation of intrinsic and synapse-driven patterns

Abstract Postnatal maturation of cortical circuits is marked by changes in connectivity, subunit composition of synaptic receptors, strength, as well as capacity for plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Together, these factors shape the responsiveness of cortical neurons to sensory stimuli and contribute to establishing functional circuits. Experience plays a crucial role in the postnatal process of maturation, especially during windows of heightened plasticity known as sensitive periods. In this chapter, we bring together results from studies that examined the mechanisms underlying postnatal development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and review them in context of studies investigating sensory circuit function. We report extant literature highlighting common mechanisms of maturation across visual, somatosensory, and auditory cortex, discuss similarities and differences in the time course of maturation and experience-dependent plasticity for all three cortices, and highlight emerging ideas about the contribution of excitation and inhibition in developing cortical circuits.
Organic dust-induced lung injury and repair: Bi-directional regulation by TNFα and IL-10.

Exposure to organic dust increases chronic airway inflammatory disorders. Effective treatment strategies are lacking. It has been reported that hog barn dust extracts (HDE) induce TNFα through prot...
Distributing Tort Liability: Contribution and Indemnity in Iowa

For many years, the Iowa Supreme Court has recognized the right to indemnity among joint tort-feasors. It was not, however, until recently that the court approved the apportionment of liability by equitable contribution. Since that time some degree of confusion has existed in this area of the law. Professor Furnish analyzes the fundamentals of both contribution and indemnity, discussing these remedies in terms of the contract principles from which they arise. Recognizing that contribution is a restitutionary device to effectuate an equitable sharing of liability, Professor Furnish calls upon the Iowa court to adopt the principles of comparative apportioning in lieu of requiring contribution in equal shares. Although this article is primarily concerned with Iowa law, it is offered with the hope of clarifying those principles common to all jurisdictions attempting to distribute tort liability.
Optical networking within the Lightwave Energy-Efficient Datacenter project [Invited]

The Lightwave Energy-Efficient Datacenter (LEED) project within the ARPA-e ENLITENED program is developing novel energy-efficient multichannel lightwave networks. These networks are enabled by a new optical “rotor” switch that can reconfigure the network topology in less than 20 µs and a field-programmable-gate-array-based network interface controller called Corundum that can provide precise network-wide synchronization of packets admitted into the lightwave network. Here we review the optical networking research within LEED and discuss future directions.
A mortality risk score for septuagenarians undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND With septuagenarians undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) more frequently, we aimed to develop a risk score for 1-year mortality in this population. METHODS Septuagenarian OHT recipients were identified from the UNOS registry between 1987 and 2018. The primary outcome was 1-year post-OHT mortality. Patients were randomly divided into derivation and validation cohorts. Associated covariates were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. A risk score was created using the magnitudes of the odds ratios from the derivation cohort, and its 1-year post-OHT mortality prediction capacity was tested in the validation cohort. RESULTS A total of 1156 septuagenarians were included, and they were randomly divided into derivation (66.7%, n = 771) and validation (33.3%, n = 385) cohorts. An 11-point risk score incorporating 4 variables was created, which included mechanical ventilation, serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and donor age. The predicted 1-year mortality ranged from 4.2% (0 points) to 48.1% (11-points) (p < .001). After cross-validation, the c-index was 0.67 with a Brier score of 0.10. Risk scores above 3 points portended a survival disadvantage at 1-year follow-up (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This 11-point risk score for septuagenarians is predictive of mortality within 1-year of OHT and has potential utilization in improving recipient evaluation and selection of elderly patients.
Introduction to Special Issue on Women’s Health – Women and Cancer

Though heart disease is the number one (21.8%) leading cause of death for females of all races, origins, and ages, cancer is a close second at 20.7% (CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2017/all-ra...
Interpreting contemporary imperialism: lessons from Samir Amin

Samir Amin’s life and work left behind many important legacies, which can continue to enrich us if only we recognise them adequately. He brought an indefatigable ‘optimism of the will’ to complex p...
“Inter-District School Transfers and the Role of Educators in Black Students’ Sense of School Belonging”:

Inter-district racial and socioeconomic segregation continue to affect students’ educational opportunities. Housing mobility programs provide a way for low-income families to access lower-poverty a...
Effect of layer-by-layer coatings and localization of antioxidant on oxidative stability of a model encapsulated bioactive compound in oil-in-water emulsions

Oxidation of encapsulated bioactives in emulsions is one of the key challenges that limit shelf-life of many emulsion containing products. This study seeks to quantify the role of layer-by-layer coatings and localization of antioxidant molecules at the emulsion interface in influencing oxidation of the encapsulated bioactives. Oxidative barrier properties of the emulsions were simulated by measuring the rate of reaction of peroxyl radicals generated in the aqueous phase with the encapsulated radical sensitive dye in the lipid core of the emulsions. The results of peroxyl radical permeation were compared to the stability of encapsulated retinol (model bioactive) in emulsions. To evaluate the role of layer-by-layer coatings in influencing oxidative barrier properties, radical permeation rates and retinol stability were evaluated in emulsion formulations of SDS emulsion and SDS emulsion with one or two layers of polymers (ϵ-polylysine and dextran sulfate) coated at the interface. To localize antioxidant molecules to the interface, gallic acid (GA) was chemically conjugated with ϵ-polylysine and subsequently deposited on SDS emulsion based on electrostatic interactions. Emulsion formulations with localized GA molecules at the interface were compared with SDS emulsion with GA molecules in the bulk aqueous phase. The results of this study demonstrate the advantage of localization of antioxidant at the interface and the limited impact of short chain polymer coatings at the interface of emulsions in reducing permeation of radicals and oxidation of a model encapsulated bioactive in oil-in-water emulsions.
Control of problem solving: principles and architecture

This paper presents an approach to the design of autonomous, real-time systems operating in uncertain environments. We address issues of problem solving and reflective control of reasoning under uncertainty in terms of two fundamental elements: 1) a set of decision-theoretic models for selecting among alternative problem-solving methods and 2) a general computational architecture for resource-bounded problem solving. The decision-theoretic models provide a set of principles for choosing among alternative problem-solving methods based on their relative costs and benefits, where benefits are characterized in terms of the value of information provided by the output of a reasoning activity. The output may be an estimate of some uncertain quantity or a recommendation for action. The computational architecture, called Schemer-II, provides for interleaving of and communication among various problem-solving subsystems. These subsystems provide alternative approaches to information gathering, belief refinement, solution construction, and solution execution. In particular, the architecture provides a mechanism for interrupting the subsystems in response to critical events. We provide a decision theoretic account for scheduling problem-solving elements and for critical-event-driven interruption of activities in an architecture such as Schemer-II.
The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors: Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware, and Applications

1. Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcomputers. 2. Software Architecture for the 8088/8086 Microprocessor. 3. Machine Language Coding and the Software Development Tools of the IBM PC. 4. 8088/8086 Microprocessor Programming 1. 5. 8088/8086 Microprocessor Programming 2. 6. The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors and Their Memory Interface. 7. Input/Output Interface of the 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors. 8. Interrupt Interface of the 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors. 9. IBM PC Microcomputer Hardware.
Identification of group B streptococci by immunofluorescence staining.

Abstract Gamma globulin fractions of rabbit antisera prepared with whole cell vaccines of group B types Ia, Ib, II, and III and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate stained group B streptococci type specifically. Type Ic cells, which contain the Ia polysaccharide antigen of type Ia and the Ic protein antigen of type Ib, were specifically stained by both Ia and Ib conjugates. A group B conjugate pool (B pool) that contained one conjugate specific for each group B type at its predetermined titer gave positive fluorescent-antibody (FA) reactions (4+ intensity) with group B stock strains and negative FA reactions (less than 2+ intensity) with stock strains of streptococcal groups A, C through H, and K through U, viridans streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and representative Enterobacteriaceae. Examination of 883 clinical isolates submitted to the Streptococcus Laboratory (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.) for identification revealed a 99.1% agreement between FA and culture-precipitin methods. All 305 group B streptococci identified by culture-precipitin and six nonhemolytic group B streptococci missed initially by culture tests were identified correctly by FA. Results of cultural and FA methods in a double-blind study of 99 vaginal swabs agreed on 96 of 99 strains. Three nonhemolytic group B streptococci were identified first by FA and later confirmed by culture-precipitin tests.
Repair of pars interarticularis defect utilizing a pedicle and laminar screw construct: a new technique based on anatomical and biomechanical analysis

Object The theoretical advantage of pars interarticularis repair over spinal fusion to correct pars defects is that the treatment is a direct osteosynthesis that preserves motion at the involved functional spinal unit. Several techniques and constructs have been used to achieve greater rigidity, but these techniques may risk entry into the spinal canal, and adverse events are common. A pedicle and laminar screw construct placed entirely outside the spinal canal may offer greater stiffness and achieve higher pars defect healing rates. The purpose of this study was to biomechanically assess an intralaminar screw construct in cadaveric lumbar spines in comparison with other types of constructs typically used in pars repair and to quantify the sizes of screws that can be placed safely in both normal and spondylolytic vertebrae. Methods The L-4 and L-5 laminae in patients with spondylolysis and in controls who underwent CT (n = 41, each group) were measured by analysis of conventional axial CT images and multi...
Pneumomediastinum and aspiration pneumonia complicating labor.

Abstract A case of pneumomediastinum and aspiration pneumonia occurring as a complication of labor is presented. Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus had to be considered in the differential diagnosis. The mechanism of pneumomediastinum and its relation to interstitial pulmonary emphysema are discussed.
Rapid quantitative electron microprobe analysis of particles

Abstract A lithium-drifted silicon diode is used as an x-ray detector on an electron microprobe to obtain rapid quantitative analyses of particles. Results on NBS spectrographic standards, stainless-steel microspheres, and particle samples are reported.
Reduction of Ultraviolet Scattering from a Continuous Light Source in a Littrow Type Monochromator

Quantitative spectroscopic experiments in shock tubes such as f-number measurements [for example (1)] require an absolute calibration of the optical system, monochromator, and detector. This is very often done for ultraviolet transitions around 3000-3500A with a tungsten strip filament lamp for which emissivities are known (2).
Pipe Efficiency Analysis at a Water Utility

A water utility company has many actions and decisions to take in order to run operations efficiently and effectively. One of them is to decide which types of pipe(s) to install as they do not all perform the same. Because these pipes may remain installed underground for more than 100 years, the decision to install is substantially binding. The pipe types considered here are ductile iron (DI), cast iron, PVC, and concrete cylinder (CC). The approach was to study cost and quality control measures and then apply data envelopment analysis in linear programming to determine the relative inefficiency of the specific pipe type in comparison to the rest of the pipe system. Data were taken from the main-break database and records and reports published by the Honolulu Board of Water Supply. Quality control measures evaluated included availability and reliability at the system and individual levels. It was determined that CC pipes were more inefficient than the others. Multiple scenarios of output measures were eva...
IL-2 and IL-5 both induce βS and J chain mRNA in a clonal B cell line, but differ in their cell-cycle dependency for optimal signaling☆

Abstract We have found that a neoplastic Lyl + B cell clone (BCL 1 -3B3) can be stimulated to secrete IgM by a Th1-derived cytokine, IL-2, and/or by a Th2-derived cytokine, IL-5. At suboptimal concentrations these interleukins acted synergistically to enhance IgM secretion. Both IL-2 and IL-5 induced increases in β S and J chain mRNA levels. In the presence of both IL, increases in μ S and J china mRNA were additive and paralleled increases in IgM secretion. Using cells synchronized at the G 1 /S border with excess thymidine or in early G 1 using isoleicine-deficient media, IL-2 and IL-5 differed in their cell-cycle dependency for signal transmission. IL-5 appeared to act preferentially in late G 1 of the cell cycle. In contrast, IL-2 stimulated S and G 2 phase cells slightly more efficiently than cells in G 1 of the cell cycle. Furthermore, a twofold increase in high-affinity IL-2R was observed as the cells entered S phase. The results suggest that although IL-2 and IL-5 can independently and additively induce differentiation of the Lyl + BCL 1 -3B3 cells, they differ in their point of action during the cell cycle.
Fermion zero modes and level crossing

The Dirac Hamiltonian in the presence of instanton and meron fields is studied. Some three-dimensional, zero-energy, normalizable solutions are found. The are related to the four-dimensional zero modes which are known and to the level-crossing picture. A geometrical interpretation of the simplicity of the results is given.
High-resolution separations based on electrophoresis and electroosmosis

Abstract The related electrokinetic effects of electrophoresis and electroosmosis may be used to achieve high resolution separations. An “instrumental” version of zone electrophoresis carried out in 75 μm I.D. glass capillaries is described. This technique demonstrates excellent resolution of charged substances in a short time. Using virtually the same apparatus, reversed-phase chromatography is performed with electroosmotic pumping of an acetonitrile mobile phase. This technique also produces separations with excellent efficiency. Very low values of reduced plate height are found, which suggests that column packing irregularities are less important when electroosmotic flow is used instead of flow generated by pressure.
Comprehensive analysis of electron beam central axis dose for a radiotherapy linear accelerator.

This work evaluates the application of AAPM task group 25 (TG25) methodology for determination of central axis depth dose for a radiotherapylinear accelerator, whose dual scattering foil system and applicators were recently modified. The percent depth dose(%DD) and the dose output factor have been measured for square and rectangular fields at 100‐ and 110‐cm source‐to‐surface distance (SSDs). At 100‐cm SSD, results showed that %DD for a specific energy and field size can vary with applicator, the largest variation being for the 20‐MeV, 10×10‐cm field where a spread of ±2.5% or ±3 mm about the mean %DD is observed. The square‐root method determines rectangular field %DD within 1%. Output factors for rectangular fields are calculated from square field values more accurately using a square‐root method than the equivalent‐square method recommended by TG25. At 110‐cm SSD, the %DD calculated from that at 100‐cm SSD using an inverse square factor does not agree with measured values for all fields. The maximum difference observed for the 20‐MeV, 6×6‐cm field was 5.5% or 10 mm. Output data at the 110‐cm SSD show that the square‐root method is suitable for determination of the air‐gap correction factors of rectangular fields. In summary, the recommendations of TG25 work reasonably well for central axis electron beamdosimetry for this version of a radiotherapylinear accelerator, except in limited cases where applicator‐scattered electrons apparently cause minor but clinically significant discrepancies.
Effects of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) on sleep and body temperature following controllable footshock stress in mice

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is increased after controllable stress (modeled by escapable footshock, ES) and decreased after uncontrollable stress (modeled by inescapable footshock, IS). Decreases in REM after IS are exacerbated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and attenuated by a CRF antagonist. In this study, we trained mice with ES following injections of CRF, astressin (AST), or saline (SAL) to determine whether CRF would alter REM after ES. Male BALB/cJ mice (n=7) were implanted for recording sleep, activity and body temperature via telemetry and with a guide cannula aimed into a lateral ventricle. After recovery from surgery, sleep following exposure to a novel chamber was recorded as a handling control (HC). The mice received one day of training with ES without injection followed by weekly training sessions in which they received counterbalanced intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjections of either SAL or CRF (days 7 & 14) or SAL or AST (days 21 & 28) prior to ES. On each experimental day, sleep was recorded for 20 h. Compared to HC, the mice showed significantly increased REM when receiving either SAL or AST prior to ES whereas CRF prior to ES significantly reduced REM. Stress-induced hyperthermia had longer duration after ES compared to HC, and was not significantly altered by CRF or AST compared to SAL. The current results demonstrate that activity in the central CRF system is an important regulator of stress-induced alterations in REM.
Expression of flowering-time genes in soybean E1 near-isogenic lines under short and long day conditions

Control of soybean flowering time is important for geographic adaptation and maximizing yield. Plant breeders have identified a series of genes (E genes) that condition time to flowering; however, the molecular basis in the control of flowering by these E genes, in conjunction with canonical flowering-time genes, has not been studied. Time to flowering in near-isogenic lines (NILs) at the E1 locus was tested using a reciprocal transfer experiment under short day (SD) and long day (LD) conditions. Beginning 8 days after planting, three plant samples were harvested every 3 h for a 48-h period. RNA was isolated from these plants, and RNA samples were pooled for each line and each time period for cDNA synthesis. RT-PCR analysis was performed using primers synthesized for a number of putative flowering-time genes based on homology of soybean EST and genomic sequences to Arabidopsis genes. The results of the reciprocal transfer experiment suggest that the pre-inductive photoperiod-sensitive phase of the E1 NILs responsible for inducing flowering is perceived as early as 5-7-day post-planting. No gene expression differences were found between the E1 and e1 NILs, suggesting that the E1 gene does not directly affect the flowering-time genes during the time period tested; however, differences were observed in gene expression between SD and LD treatments for the putative soybean TOC1, CO, and FT genes. The gene expression results in this study were similar to those of flowering-time genes found in other SD species, suggesting that the selected genes correspond to the soybean flowering-time orthologs.
DNA in situ hybridization of individual colonies to determine lineage derivation in leukemia

The degree of lineage commitment of the hematopoietic stem cell in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) remains debatable and may be heterogeneous depending on the patient subgroup. In this study, we have used a modification of DNA in situ hybridization which adapts this technique to the analysis of karyotype in single hematopoietic colonies. By utilizing a digoxigenin-labeled chromosome 7 probe, we demonstrate that, in patients with monosomy 7, both erythroid and myelomonocytic progenitors can be karyotypically aberrant. In addition, significant levels of diploid clonogenic cells persist (as reflected by the presence of between 14% and 43% diploid colonies) despite the detection of only monosomy 7-bearing bone marrow metaphases as assessed by standard cytogenetic techniques. Our observations demonstrate that digoxigenin-based DNA in situ hybridization (DISH) can be performed on individually microaspirated colonies for determination of lineage derivation. This technique may also be applicable to the detection of minimal residual disease with clonogenic potential and for assessing the interaction between normal and leukemic precursors.
The etiological role of streptococcus toxin-antitoxin systems in the experimental production of arterial sensitization.

Abstract 1.1. Thirty rabbits were passively immunized with 1,500 U.S.P.H.S. units of streptococcus antitoxin (horse globulin) and beginning two to six hours later were given 15,000 S.T.D. streptococcus erythrogenic toxin in divided doses. 2.2. Twenty-four hours later these animals were sacrificed and sections taken for microscopic study. Microscopic pathologic lesions were found in fourteen of the rabbits and involved the small pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arterioles, and occasionally the pulmonary venules. The lesions consisted chiefly of a periarteriolar and a mild panarteriolar infiltration especially of eosinophils and to a lesser extent of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils. 3.3. Five rabbits received a similar dose of streptococcus antitoxin alone, and five received the same dose of streptococcus toxin alone. Ten rabbits were passively immunized with streptococcus antitoxin and of these, five were challenged with diphtheria toxin and the remaining five with Veldee media. Five rabbits were passively immunized with tetanus antitoxin and five received normal horse serum prior to the administration of challenging doses of streptococcus erythrogenic toxin. In all thirty of these animals there were no pulmonary vascular lesions observed after twenty-four hours. 4.4. The lesions of pulmonary periarteritis and panarteritis in those rabbits passively immunized against and challenged with streptococcus erythrogenic toxin were less frequently and uniformly produced and were of a less severe degree of involvement than found in a series of rabbits that had been passively sensitized against and challenged with horse serum. 5.5. Apart from quantitative differences, qualitatively the lesions were histologically identical in rabbits subjected to passive sensitization and challenge, regardless of whether the antibody-antigen system employed was homologous antihorse serum-horse serum or heterologous species streptococcus antitoxin-erythrogenic toxin.
Expert systems: Artificial intelligence applied*

Abstract This article provides an overview of expert systems, the topic of greatest current interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI). The article describes what an expert system is and sketches the mechanisms by which several of the better known systems operate. The prerequisites for constructing an expert system are given and the state of the art of current expert systems is indicated, with an extensive listing of these systems being provided. The article concludes with a forecast of the nature and applications of future expert systems.
Transformation equations of crossed-field drift regions

A general case of a noncentered beam in a uniform crossed-field drift region is treated to obtain transformation equations relating the ac beam quantities at the output plane to those at the input plane. The ac beam quantities considered are the surface charge density, beam displacement, and the longitudinal and tangential velocities.
Linking the LRC with Student Assessment.

Relationships between library research and critical-thinking skills are related to goals in student assessment. When teams of librarians and faculty develop assignments that require students to use library resources, learning is strengthened and enriched.
Human liver dendritic cells contribute to liver tolerance

ESULTS: Islet transplantation restored normoglycemia (143-150 g/dl), while the removal of the transplanted islets at 60 days and 20 days post-transplant resulted in a slight elevation of glucose to 30 60 mg/dL and 189 31 mg/dL, respectively. The average eta-cell mass in the non-diabetic controls and STZ-treated diabetic ice was 1.54 0.34 mg and 0.094 0.049 mg, respectively. Betaell mass increased to 0.133 mg at 60 days (P 0.11) and 0.914 mg P 0.002) at 120 days post-transplantation. In the MIP-luc mice, mproved glycemic control correlated with a 156% increase in lucifrase signal consistent with beta-cell regeneration.
Multi-layered nanocavities in silicon with sequential helium implantation/anneal

Abstract Nanocavities in Si formed by He ion implantation and anneal are of interest for impurity gettering in Si technology, localized lifetime control in power devices, and in layer splitting techniques used in wafer bonding. We have obtained multiple cavity layers with cascade He implants (40–160 keV, 2 × 10 15 –4 × 10 16 cm −2 ) by the use of sequential thermal anneals. This behavior is intimately related to the vacancy generation process necessary for cavity formation. Transmission electron microscopy data reveal that, under isothermal anneal, the cavity shape changes from a distinct, aligned hexagonal geometry to a rounded spheroidal shape with increasing anneal time. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements of the cavity region show broad minority carrier (electron in p-type Si) peaks indicative of the effect of defect clusters. They also exhibit metastable behavior under temperature cycling, suggestive of change in structural configuration of the cavity defects.
Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma causing renal artery stenosis Relationship to hypertension and renin levels

Abstract A case of functioning extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma causing renal artery stenosis and sustained hypertension is presented. Preoperative angiography clearly identified the renal arterial narrowing and adjacent vascular pheochromocytoma. Renal vein renins were elevated bilaterally without lateralization, consistent with a pure norepinephrine-secreting tumor. Moderate renal atrophy was secondary to segmental myointimal proliferation of the renal arteries by a juxtahilar pheochromocytoma of sympathetic paraganglia origin.
Monosodium Glutamate in Chicks

Abstract Recently there has been much interest on the biological consequences of monosodium glutamate (MSG), particularly after parenteral administration. Olney (1969) reported that subcutaneous injections of MSG into neonatal mice produced an obesity that apparently did not depend on marked changes in food intake. These results suggest increased efficiency in the use of dietary energy for tissue synthesis. Since such effects might be economically important if they occur in domestic species, we performed the following experiments with broiler chicks. PROCEDURE Four experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, the subcutaneous toxicity of a single dose of MSG was studied in day-old chicks. The role of the sodium fraction in this toxicity was also considered. In experiment 2, graded doses of MSG were injected subcutaneously daily from 1 to 11 days of age. The chickens were observed for 112 days for differences in weight gain, feed intake, or outward appearance. The effects of…
Beyond desertification: new paradigms for dryland landscapes

The traditional desertification paradigm focuses on the losses of ecosystem services that typically occur when grasslands transition to systems dominated by bare (unvegetated) ground or by woody plants that are unpalatable to domestic livestock. However, recent studies reveal complex transitions across a range of environmental conditions and socioeconomic contexts. The papers in this Special Issue illustrate how an improved understanding of these dynamics is generating more robust paradigms, where state changes and regime shifts occurring within the context of changes in land use and climate are modified by landform and antecedent conditions. New and emerging technologies are being used to characterize and evaluate processes and outcomes across various scales and levels of organization. At the same time, developments in education are taking advantage of these new perspectives to improve the ecological literacy of future generations, and to better inform land-management decisions. A framework that integrates these perspectives provides a more comprehensive approach for understanding and predicting dryland dynamics.
How Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome Respond to Questions: a ‘Naturalistic’ Theory of Mind Task:

In light of a well-documented deficit in theory of mind found in high-functioning individuals with autism (HFA) and Asperger Syndrome (AS), this article explores HFA and AS children’s social-cognit...
Anaphylactic shock in the mouse vaccinated with Hemophilus pertussis. IV. Studies on the adrenal gland.

Abstract 1.1. Hemophilus pertussis organisms have the ability of enhancing sensitization in the adrenalectomized mouse maintained on adrenal cortical extract. 2.2. The mechanism by which sensitization is enhanced does not seem to be a result of the direct toxic effect of the organisms on the adrenal gland. 3.3. The amount of 17-ketosteroids excreted in the urine is not altered by inoculating the animal with H. pertussis. 4.4. Histopathologic studies fail to reveal any changes in the cellular structure of the adrenal gland following inoculation.