cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protocolized Post-Extubation Respiratory Support to prevent reintubation: protocol and statistical analysis plan for a clinical trial

Introduction Following extubation from invasive mechanical ventilation, nearly one in seven critically ill adults requires reintubation. Reintubation is independently associated with increased mortality. Postextubation respiratory support (non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula applied at the time of extubation) has been reported in small-to-moderate-sized trials to reduce reintubation rates among hypercapnic patients, high-risk patients without hypercapnia and low-risk patients without hypercapnia. It is unknown whether protocolised provision of postextubation respiratory support to every patient undergoing extubation would reduce the overall reintubation rate, compared with usual care. Methods and analysis The Protocolized Post-Extubation Respiratory Support (PROPER) trial is a pragmatic, cluster cross-over trial being conducted between 1 October 2017 and 31 March 2019 in the medical intensive care unit of Vanderbilt University Medical Center. PROPER compares usual care versus protocolized post-extubation respiratory support (a respiratory therapist-driven protocol that advises the provision of non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula based on patient characteristics). For the duration of the trial, the unit is divided into two clusters. One cluster receives protocolised support and the other receives usual care. Each cluster crosses over between treatment group assignments every 3 months. All adults undergoing extubation from invasive mechanical ventilation are enrolled except those who received less than 12 hours of mechanical ventilation, have ‘Do Not Intubate’ orders, or have been previously reintubated during the hospitalisation. The anticipated enrolment is approximately 630 patients. The primary outcome is reintubation within 96 hours of extubation. Ethics and dissemination The trial was approved by the Vanderbilt Institutional Review Board. The results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at one or more scientific conferences. Trial registration number NCT03288311.
Description of strain hardening behavior in neutron-irradiated fcc metals

Abstract This paper summarizes an investigation of the deformation hardening behavior of neutron-irradiated stainless steels and copper in terms of true stress(σ)–true strain(e) curves. It is commonly accepted that the σ–e curves are more informative for describing plastic flow, but there are few papers devoted to using the true curves for describing constitutive behavior of irradiated materials. This study uses previously published true and engineering curves for stainless steel and copper irradiated to different damage level. The most appropriate constitutive equation has been identified, and it is shown that for the strain range 0–0.6 the true curves can be well described by the Swift equation: σ = k(e − e0)0.5. The influence of irradiation on the parameters of the Swift equation is investigated in detail. It is found that in most cases the k-parameter of this equation is not changed significantly by irradiation. Since large data scatter was observed for the e0-parameter, a modified Swift equation σ = k(e − σ02/k2)0.5 was proposed and evaluated. This equation is based on the concept of an initial stress σ0, which is, in general, close to the yield stress. The relationships among k, e0, and damage dose, influence of test temperature and grain size are discussed.
Knowledge and Action: Self-Positing, I-Hood, and the Centrality of the Striving Doctrine

In this chapter I provide an account of self-positing and the nature of I-hood that challenges the traditional view popularized and defended by Henrich and his followers. I argue that self-positing and I-hood are the foundation for Fichte’s comprehensive theory of rational agency construed to embrace epistemic and practical agency. Accordingly, the chapter includes a sustained critique of Henrich’s (Wildt’s, Tugenhat’s, etc.) contention that Fichte’s theory of subjectivity is grounded in a view of self-positing as strictly and essentially an epistemic self-relation. I argue that self-positing should be read as free, absolute, rational self-determination underlying and underwriting all acts of the I, and that Fichte’s Jena Wissenschaftslehre is a theory of free, rational agency. Self-positing, thus, must be interpreted in light of the Fichte’s striving doctrine.
Expressionist Brotherhoods: Homophilic Elitism and the Drama of the Weimar Era

When Philipp Scheidemann stood on the balcony of the Reichstag building in Berlin and proclaimed the new German Republic, he and other members of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) had much to celebrate. Scheidemann and the new Reich Chancellor Friedrich Ebert were the leaders of the SPD, which for decades had been the loudest voice of opposition to the Imperial regime. The Prussian Hohenzollern dynasty had ruled the German Empire since its inception in 1871. The Empire had become a global economic and military power under the Hohenzollerns, but it now faced defeat in the endgame of the First World War. Kaiser Wilhelm II had abdicated his position, and the Social Democrats stood ready to fill the political void. The SPD held the most seats in a Reichstag split along multiple party lines, and almost by default inherited the greatest share of political power upon the dissolution of the Empire. After elections in January 1919 landed the Social Democrats nearly forty percent of the delegates to a new National Assembly, the SPD entered into coalition with two centrist parties and shepherded a new constitution through months of debate in the city of Weimar—the site which subsequently lent its name to the new Republic.
Assessing Advantages and Drawbacks of Rapidly Generated Ultra-Large 3D Breast Cancer Spheroids: Studies With Chemotherapeutics and Nanoparticles

Traditionally, two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture models have been used to study in vitro conditions for their ease of use, simplicity and low cost. However, recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been heavily investigated as they provide better physiological relevance for studying various disease behaviors, cellular activity and pharmaceutical interactions. Typically, small-sized tumor spheroid models (100-500 μm) are used to study various biological and physicochemical activities. Larger, millimetric spheroid models are becoming more desirable for simulating native tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Here, we assess the use of ultra-large spheroid models (~2000 μm) generated from scaffolds made from a nozzle-free, ultra-high resolution printer; these models are explored for assessing chemotherapeutic responses with molecular doxorubicin (DOX) and two analogues of DoxilⓇ (Dox-NPⓇ, DoxovesTM) on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. To provide a comparative baseline, small spheroid models (~500 μm) were developed using a self-aggregation method of MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, and underwent similar drug treatments. Analysis of both large and small MCF-7 spheroids revealed that Dox-NP tends to have the highest level of inhibition, followed by molecular doxorubicin and then Doxoves. The experimental advantages and drawbacks of using these types of ultra-large spheroids for cancer research are discussed.
Healthcare utilization of individuals with substance use disorders following Affordable Care Act implementation in a California healthcare system.

Abstract Background Practitioners expected the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to increase availability of health services and access to treatment for Americans with substance use disorders (SUDs). Yet research has not examined the associations among ACA enrollment mechanisms, deductibles, and the use of SUD treatment and other healthcare services. Understanding these relationships can inform future healthcare policy. Methods We conducted a longitudinal analysis of patients with SUDs newly enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system in 2014 (N = 6957). Analyses examined the likelihood of service utilization (primary care, specialty SUD treatment, psychiatry, inpatient, and emergency department [ED]) over three years after SUD diagnosis, and associations with enrollment mechanisms (ACA Exchange vs. other), deductibles (none, $1–$999 [low] and ≥$1000 [high]), membership duration, psychiatric comorbidity, and demographic characteristics. We also evaluated whether the enrollment mechanism moderated the associations between deductible limits and utilization likelihood. Results Service utilization was highest in the 6 months after SUD diagnosis, decreased in the following 6 months, and remained stable in years 2–3. Relative to patients with no deductible, those with a high deductible had lower odds of using all health services except SUD treatment; associations with primary care and psychiatry were strongly negative among Exchange enrollees. Among non-Exchange enrollees, patients with deductibles were more likely than those without deductibles to receive SUD treatment. Exchange enrollment compared to other mechanisms was associated with less ED use. Psychiatric comorbidity was associated with greater use of all services. Nonwhite patients were less likely to initiate SUD and psychiatry treatment. Conclusions Higher deductibles generally were associated with use of fewer health services, especially in combination with enrollment through the Exchange. The role of insurance factors, psychiatric comorbidity and race/ethnicity in health services for people with SUDs are important to consider as health policy evolves.
Estimating Quantum Entropy

The entropy of a quantum system is a measure of its randomness, and has applications in measuring quantum entanglement. We study the problem of estimating the von Neumann entropy, $S(\rho)$ , and Renyi entropy, $S_{\alpha }(\rho)$ of an unknown mixed quantum state $\rho $ in $d$ dimensions, given access to independent copies of $\rho $ . We provide algorithms with copy complexity $O(d^{2/\alpha })$ for estimating $S_{\alpha }(\rho)$ for $\alpha , and copy complexity $O(d^{2})$ for estimating $S(\rho)$ , and $S_{\alpha }(\rho)$ for non-integral $\alpha >1$ . These bounds are at least quadratic in $d$ , which is the order dependence on the number of copies required for estimating the entire state $\rho $ . For integral $\alpha >1$ , on the other hand, we provide an algorithm for estimating $S_{\alpha }(\rho)$ with a sub-quadratic copy complexity of $O(d^{2-2/\alpha })$ , and we show the optimality of the algorithms by providing a matching lower bound.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Corporate Social Responsibility and the Takeover Market

We examine the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm value using the takeover market as an experimental setting. Firms with extreme CSR policies experience a greater likelihood of takeover and lower wealth gains in takeovers relative to firms with moderate policies. Our results are robust to controlling for governance and alternative motivations for mergers and are evident in sub-samples where CSR is arguably more important. The takeover market acts as a corrective mechanism for firms that over- or under-invest in CSR. Overall, the evidence suggests that CSR generally benefits shareholders, however, extreme CSR policies appear to be harmful.
Contralateral Rerouting of Hypoglossal Nerve Implant Pulse Generator and Stimulation Lead

As use of hypoglossal nerve stimulators has become more widespread in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, certain scenarios have dictated alterations to the previously described surgical technique. This report describes a situation in which revision of a hypoglossal nerve stimulator implant was required given the need for breast cancer surgery. It serves as the first description of the contralateral rerouting of a stimulation lead to a left-sided impulse generator and the first description of respiratory sensing lead placement within the left second intercostal space for such a device. Laryngoscope, 131:E2409-E2412, 2021.
Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of antiretroviral drugs, compared with oral, enhances delivery to lymphoid tissues in BALB/c mice.

Background Multiple tissue reservoirs are established soon after HIV infection, and some tissues may also be pharmacological sanctuaries. Parenteral administration of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection is an active area of drug development. The influence of route of administration on ARV tissue pharmacokinetics is not known. Objectives To investigate ARV pharmacokinetics in lymphatic and select non-lymphatic tissues (e.g. brain and testes) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration compared with oral in BALB/c mice. Methods Tissue concentrations of cobicistat, efavirenz, elvitegravir, maraviroc, rilpivirine, tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were determined. The tissue penetration ratio (TPR) was the primary measure for comparison; a change in TPR arises from factors affecting tissue distribution controlling for changes in systemic bioavailability. Results Intramuscular and subcutaneous delivery increased TPRs in the lymph node and spleen for 27 of 28 (96%) drug administration events. Decreased TPRs, however, were found in some tissues such as the brain and testes. Conclusions These results demonstrate a change in route of drug administration from oral to intramuscular or subcutaneous can change tissue uptake. This has implications for HIV pharmacotherapy. For example, HIV persists in lymphoid tissues despite long-term oral ARV therapy, and low ARV concentrations have been found in lymphoid tissues. The improved ARV lymphatic tissue bioavailability with intramuscular and subcutaneous administration allows future studies to investigate these routes of drug administration as a therapeutic manoeuvre to limit viral persistence and eliminate viral sanctuaries in the lymphatic tissues, which is a prerequisite for eradication of HIV.
Controlled (re)evaluation of the relationship between speech perception in noise and contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions.

Abstract In people with normal hearing (NH), speech perception in noise (SPIN) improves when the speech signal is presented not gated with noise but after a delay. The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) was thought to be involved in the neural dynamic range adaptation (NDRA) responsible for this adaptive SPIN; however, some of the recent studies do not support this hypothesis and suggest that adaptive SPIN involves the NDRA to noise-level statistics, irrespective of MOCR activation. A plausible reason for this discrepancy could be the variations and limitations of the experimental designs used in different studies. Using a relatively controlled and comprehensive study design, this study attempts to verify whether a delay between the delivery of speech and the noise improves the SPIN and whether MOCR mediates such effects. The SPIN was estimated by measuring speech reception thresholds (SRT) in noise under simultaneous-onset and delayed-onset (noise precedes speech onset by 300 ms) conditions. The SPIN in both ears was independently examined for ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral noise in women with normal hearing (N = 18; age range, 18–25 years). Contralateral suppression of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CSOAEs) was used to estimate the MOCR based cochlear gain reduction. Under all test conditions, SPIN was improved in delayed-onset than in simultaneous-onset conditions, and the mean improvement in the SRT ranged from 0.7±1.7 to 1.8±1.8 dB. No significant correlation was obtained between CSOAEs and the mean temporal improvement in SRT, suggesting that MOCR may not be a predominant mechanism for the temporal improvement in SPIN.
Hayek, the Nobel, and the revival of Austrian economics

This paper re-evaluates the orthodox understanding of the role which the 1974 award of the Nobel Prize in Economics to F.A. Hayek had on the revival of Austrian Economics in the later part of the 20th century. The orthodox view, which focuses exclusively on the sociological role of the award on returning Austrian economists to the conversation among academic economists, omits the critical role of purely doctrinal developments. In particular, the work done in the decade 1937–1948 is argued to be central to the Austrian revival. In this decade, both Hayek and Mises independently developed new clarifications of Austrian thought which represented an extension of the subjectivist tradition in economics: Mises’ emphasis on human entrepreneurial action and Hayek’s exploration of the role of knowledge in the market process. The interest of a generation of younger academics to the ideas developed in that critical decade is thus understood to be the true cause of the Austrian revival, with the award of the Nobel Prize serving a catalytic rather than causative role.
Conditions of pH and Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Larvae of Megachile Rotundata (Fabricius)

SummaryAs part of a project on the etiology of chalkbrood, a mycosis of larvae of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), the conditions of pH and oxidation-reduction potential within the alimentary canal were studied. A series of redox-indicator dyes were incorporated into a pollen-based larval diet. After larvae had fed for 2 days on the treated diet, the colours of dyes were observed before and after dissection. The pH of gut contents was also measured at the same time with indicating paper. Except for slightly alkaline conditions in the posterior midgut, pH values were near neutrality and similar to those found in larvae of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Redox potentials ranged from +132 to −266 mV, but were consistently negative in the central portion of the midgut. Low redox potentials in insect guts have been associated with the digestion of wool and cellulose. Although the latter is a component of pollen cell walls, it is not known if M. rotundata larvae are able to digest it....
Successes and Challenges

The rapidly evolving field of DNA or biomolecular computing uses biotechnological techniques to do computation. In his Perspective, [Reif][1] highlights the report by [ Braich et al .][2] of the largest-scale demonstration to date of the capabilities of DNA computation. The method developed by the authors may have diverse biotechnology and security applications, including the execution of Boolean retrieval queries in "wet" databases containing strands of DNA. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5567/478 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/296/5567/499
Steroid receptor knockout models: phenotypes and responses illustrate interactions between receptor signaling pathways in vivo.

Publisher Summary Gonadal steroids have numerous sex- and tissue-specific effects on development and reproduction. In the physiological context, nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways interact with each other as well as with other signaling pathways. The complexity of this cross-talk is difficult to dissect in vivo or to reproduce in vitro; the development of the transgenic mouse has provided useful models that facilitate the study of steroid receptor mechanisms and interactions. This chapter discusses some of the interactions, between steroid receptor pathways, as well as cross-talk with other signaling pathways and how these interactions have been clarified, using transgenic knockout mouse models. The engineering of the progesterone receptor (PR) knockout (PRKO) and estrogen receptor (ER)α knockout (ERKO) mice has allowed the dissection of the roles of progesterone and estrogen in reproduction and development. Transgenic steroid receptor knockout mice are powerful tools that enable the dissection of complex interactions, between signaling pathways, in a physiological setting. Some tissues and processes are altered in such a way that results are complicated and difficult to interpret, as in the case of decidualization in the ERKO. Some processes, for example, the phenotype of the ERKO ovary, are altered via peripheral effects of steroid receptor ablation, such as altered gonadotropin levels. Importantly, other processes are unmasked, such as testosterone-dependent uterotropic effects.
Dynamical sampling with an additive forcing term

In this paper we discuss a system of dynamical sampling, i.e. sampling a signal x that evolves in time under the action of an evolution operator A. We examine the timespace sampling that allows for reconstruction of x. Here we describe the possible reconstruction systems when the system also contains an unknown constant forcing term σ. We give conditions under which both x and σ can be reconstructed from the spacio-temporal set of sampling.
TimeNetManager - A Software Tool for Generating Random Temporal Networks

This paper describes a system, named TimeNetManager or TNM, that generates and manipulates random constraint networks corresponding to the so called Simple Temporal Problem (STP). The software tool satisfies both the requirements to build some common benchmarks useful to compare different research results, and to create a tool for supporting intensive test of new algorithms for temporal constraints management. The paper gives an overview of the functionalities of the software system and describes in detail the random generator able to fast generate sets of temporal networks controlled by a set of macro-parameters that characterize the topology and the temporal flexibility of the networks.
The Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction record in the eastern United States

The stratigraphic record of the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction in the eastern United States indicates that a reversal in the magnitude of extinction and speciation rates was the driving mechanism forcing the decline in species diversity in this region. Extinction rates increased sharply during the deposition of the West Falls Group in New York State, and remained high for the remainder of the Frasnian, a period of approximately 4.5 Myr. Sharp reductions in species diversity, however, only occurred during deposition of the Java Group at the very end of the Frasnian. The period of diversity loss was much more abrupt and short term than the period elevated extinction rates, and was more a function of a drop in speciation rate than a direct function of an increase in extinction rate.
A broadband simulator for multipath received on multiple coherent antenna channels

A cellular and PCS-band multipath propagation channel simulator has been written for broadband signals arriving at an antenna array. The simulator is extremely versatile, providing realistic channels for evaluating the performance of adaptive array processing algorithms. The combination of any number of discrete and scatter, line-of-sight and fading paths, each with its own delay, delay spread, Doppler shift, relative gain, and angle-of-arrival to the array can be simulated to create benign as well as difficult multipath environments. The simulator input signal can be any modulated waveform. The output signals of the simulator are the linear combinations of the multipath as would be seen on a set coherent antenna array channels.
SNS AC Power Distribution and Reliability of AC Power Supply

When designing any power system under the new Construction Design and Maintenance (CDM) regulations (OSHA, NEC) and safety will be an important factor. It is worth acknowledging that safety and reliability can conflict. This can happen when safety considerations require the introduction of additional complexity, such as the provision of safety interlocks, which reduces reliability. Safety must always take precedence and additional steps will be required to maintain the required reliability.
A test system for high speed VLSI array qualification

A description is given of the array chip characterizer (ARCC), a 225-MHz test system designed for use in the component qualification cycle. It is an engineering development tool used to verify the functional objectives of components and to determine operating margins and sensitivities. The ARCC is an isochronous machine, deriving its time base from a high-stability programmable frequency synthesizer. The ARCC is driven from an IBM 4381 host processor via a direct I/O channel connection. Test application program development is accomplished using a high-level language (Pascal) running in a large VM-based system environment. An expert system is used to allocate tester resources (i.e. driver/detector pins, buffers, etc.) for a given definition of component I/O pins. The ARCC is made up of four major functional units: a pattern generation unit, a pin electronics unit, a device support unit, and a pattern verification unit. Each functional unit consists of two frames: a power frame and a logic frame. A microprocessor-based subsystem is used to monitor and control power in each of the four power frames. >
Multi-intruder aircraft, multi-sensor tracking system

The National Airspace is evolving with the introduction of new types of aircraft and increased surveillance and safety requirements. Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems are designed to meet these requirements for both cooperative and non-cooperative air traffic. In this paper, we describe the Honeywell Tracking System (HTS) which provides DAA systems with accurate and smooth tracks for cooperative and non-cooperative intruder aircraft relative to an ownship aircraft. The HTS uses a combination of cooperative and non-cooperative sensors to track thirty intruder aircraft within one framework in real-time. We demonstrate the performance of the HTS using the results of two flight tests with cooperative and non-cooperative intruder aircraft.
Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Frequency-dependent potentiation of voltage-activated responses only in the intact neurohypophysis of the rat

The loose-patch-clamp technique was used with multiple-pulse protocols to study the frequency dependence of currents from the surface of the intact rat neurohypophysis (NH) and hypothalamus. In the NH, but not in the corresponding supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, an initial, single pulse of 3–8 ms duration (long pulse) potentiated a secondary pulse response starting 20–50 ms after the initial pulse. Potentiation was abolished by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), but not by tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride or tetrandrine, indicating the participation of A-type potassium currents. Potentiation was also abolished by CdCl2, CoCl2 or 1 µM nicardipine, indicating the participation of calcium currents. The potentiation was reduced significantly in the presence of 4–6 mM extracellular CaCl2, indicating that the potentiation is not due to calcium influx. An initial train with as few as two pulses, each of 0.3–0.7 ms duration (short pulses) at 64–1,100 Hz also potentiated the secondary short pulse response significantly. We conclude that voltage-gated channels underlie this potentiation, which is due to interstitial calcium and potassium homeostasis changes induced by action potential activity and occurs only in the intact NH. A model is proposed for the participation of calcium and potassium channels in the burst patterning that is optimal for secretion from the NH.
Separation of sugars by centrifugal microparticulate bed chromatography

Abstract A method has been developed for the qualitative separation of mono-, di-, and trisaccharides by centrifugal chromatography on columns of microparticulate silica gels. Sugars, under the influence of centrifugal force, migrate through the gel as narrow bands. The distance traveled by each sugar is dependend on molecular size and struture, duration and magnitude of centrifugal force, and composition of the solvent systems employed. Advantages of this technique over older chromatographic procedures include speed of separation and technical simplicity.
Evaluating the Possibilities for Exchanging Regional Input—Output Coefficients

The RAS technique is used to explore the possibilities for utilizing survey-based input–output models developed for one state in another state. The sensitivity of the biproportional parameters are examined in the context of a simple coefficient exchange. Finally, survey-based, RAS-derived, and random-coefficient models are compared under varying conditions of changes in final demand. The results confirm the aggregate validity of the RAS technique but question its reliability on an industry-by-industry basis.
The mechanism of aqueous ruthenium(II)-catalyzed olefin isomerization

Olefin isomerization of allylic ethers and alcohols is catalyzed by Ru^(II)(H_2O) (tos = p-toluenesulfonate) (1) under mild conditions in aqueous solution to yield the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Non-allylic olefins are also isomerized, although homoallylic alcohols exhibit stability toward isomerization. An exclusive 1,3-hydrogen shift is observed in the isomerization of allyl-1,1 d_2 alcohol to propionaldehyde-1,3-d_2 and allyl-1,1-d_2 methyl ether to 1-propenyl-1,3-d_2 methyl ether by 1 in aqueous solution. The presence of crossover products from the isomerizations of mixtures of (a) allyl-3-^(13)C alcohol and allyl-1,1-d_2 alcohol and (b) allyl-1 ,1-d_2 methyl ether and allyl ethyl ether demonstrates that the isomerization of both alcohols and ethers occurs via intermolecular hydrogen shifts. A modified metal hydride addition-elimination mechanism involving exclusive Markovnikov addition to the double bond directed by the oxygen functionality of the substrate has been proposed.
Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion® 117 Membranes

Water uptake and transport properties of Nafion[reg sign] 117 membranes at 30 C are reported here. Specifically, the authors have determined the amount of water taken up by membranes immersed in liquid water and by membranes exposed to water vapor of variable water activity. Transport parameters measured are the diffusion coefficient and relaxation time of water in the membrane and the protonic conductivity of the membrane as functions of membrane water content. The ratio of water molecules carried across the membrane per proton transported, the electro-osmotic drag coefficient, also was determined for a limited number of membrane water contents. The drag coefficient is contrasted with the experimentally determined net water transport across an operating PEM fuel cell.
Age and Location Dependent Microstructural and Biomechanical Characterization of Human Aortas

The stiffening of the aorta with age is well documented in humans [1]. Collagen, elastin and smooth muscle cells are primarily responsible for the load bearing functionality of the human aorta, and it is generally accepted that imbalances in the organization of these components occur with age and in the presence of disease [2]. While a detailed account of the structural organization of the human aorta has been reported by a few investigators, none of these quantify simultaneously the organization of both collagen and elastin and how these change with age and location along the aortic tree. Additionally, none of these studies accurately assess how these changes result in corresponding alterations in the biomechanical function of the aorta.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Prolyl and Lysyl Hydroxylase Activities of Human Skin Fibroblasts: Effects of Donor Age and Ascorbate

Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activities in cultures of human skin fibroblasts from fetal to 94-yr-old donors were measured. In contrast to earlier studies with whole skin, neither prolyl nor lysyl hydroxylase activity was found related to donor age. Prolyl hydroxylase activity increased 3- to 6-fold when cell extracts were incubated with ascorbate and other hydroxylation cofactors before assay. A similar increase in prolyl hydroxylase activity occurred when cells were incubated with ascorbate. Lysyl hydroxylase activity remained unaltered under these conditions.
A pneumatic solution nebulization system producing dry aerosol for spectroscopy

Abstract An efficient sample introduction system was developed for atomic spectroscopy of aqueous solutions. It is made up of a pneumatic nebulizer, a heated chamber for solvent evaporation, and a chilled condenser for solvent removal. Features include low gas flow rate, high efficiency, and elimination of the solvent. Overall efficiency is 35 %.
Potent σ1-Receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine provides ischemic neuroprotection without altering dopamine accumulation in vivo in rats

The in vivo signaling of ischemic neuroprotection provided by sigma-receptor ligands remains unclear. Catecholamines have been implicated in the propagation of ischemic neuronal injury, and previous in vitro studies suggest that sigma ligands modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the potent sigma(1)-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP) attenuates the increase of extracellular dopamine in ischemic striatum. Under controlled physiological conditions, a microdialysis probe was implanted in right caudoputamen (CP) complex of adult male Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by the intraluminal suture technique. In a blinded, randomized fashion, rats were divided into five treatment groups: Group 1 (n = 8; saline-saline) continuous i.v. infusion of saline vehicle 30 min before MCAO followed by saline at reperfusion until the end of the experiment; Group 2 (n = 8; PPBP-PPBP) i.v. PPBP 30 min before MCAO followed by 1 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) of PPBP; Group 3 (n = 8; saline-PPBP) i.v. saline before MCAO followed by PPBP; Group 4 (n = 4) surgical shams (saline-saline); and Group 5 (n = 4) surgical shams (PPBP-PPBP). Infarction volume at 22 h of reperfusion in the CP complex (percentage of ipsilateral structure) was significantly attenuated in rats treated with PPBP-PPBP (27.3% +/- 9.1%) and saline-PPBP (27.8% +/- 12.7%) compared with saline-saline (59.3% +/- 7.3%) treatment. There was a three- to fourfold increase in dopamine concentrations in the microdialysates within 40 min of the onset of MCAO. Dopamine and its metabolites dihydroxy phenylacetic acid and homovallinic acid levels were similar among the three groups subjected to MCAO. Therefore, PPBP provides significant ischemic neuroprotection in the CP complex without altering the acute accumulation of dopamine in vivo during transient focal ischemia in the rat.
The population dynamics of the longnose skate, Raja rhina, in the northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract The longnose skate, Raja rhina , is the most commonly landed skate species in the northeast Pacific Ocean. It also dominates survey catches in the area. Existing knowledge on skate biology and fisheries suggests that large skate species with late sexual maturation, like the longnose skate, are extremely vulnerable to overfishing, and if overfished they are slow to recover. Historically, in the US Pacific Coast skates have not supported directed fisheries, but have been taken as bycatch in other commercially important fisheries. For the past 13 years, landed catches of skates in waters off Washington, Oregon and California have significantly increased. Using the Stock Synthesis 2 modeling framework, a population model for the longnose skate was developed to assess the current state of the stock and reconstruct its past dynamics. Model results indicate that the longnose skate spawning biomass has slowly declined since 1915; the current stock biomass is estimated as 66% of its unexploited level. Uncertainty in regards to fishery-dependent data and female maturity parameters was explored through sensitivity analyses. The model results indicate that it is important to conduct species-specific identification in the fishery and monitor discard of longnose skate to improve the accuracy of fishery catch data and make assessment conclusions more robust.
Alterations of the oxygen-evolving apparatus in a (448)Arg --> (448)S mutant in the CP47 protein of photosystem II under normal and low chloride conditions.

We have shown previously that a mutant which contained the alteration (448)R --> (448)S (R448S) in the CP47 protein of photosystem II exhibited a defect in its ability to grow and assemble functional photosystem II reaction centers under chloride-limiting conditions [Wu, J., Masri, N., Lee, W., Frankel, L. K., and Bricker, T. M. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 381-386]. In this paper we have examined the function of the oxygen-evolving complex under chloride-sufficient (480 microM) and chloride-limiting (< 20 microM) conditions. When placed under chloride-limiting conditions, both the control strain K3 and R448S cells exhibit a loss of steady-state oxygen evolution, with t(1/2) of 16 and 17 min, respectively. Upon the addition of chloride, both recover their oxygen-evolving capacity relatively rapidly. However, R448S exhibits a much slower reactivation of oxygen evolution than does K3 (t(1/2) of 308 and 50 s, respectively). This may indicate a defect at the low-affinity, rapidly exchanging chloride-binding site [Lindberg, K., and Andreasson, L.-E. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 14259-14267]. Additionally, alterations in the distribution of S states and S-state lifetimes were observed. Under chloride-sufficient conditions, the R448S mutant exhibits a significant increase in the proportion of reaction centers in the S(3) state and a greatly increased lifetime of the S(3) state. Under chloride-limiting conditions, the proportion of reaction centers in both the S(2) and S(3) states increases significantly, and there is a marked increase in the lifetime of the S(2) state. These alterations are not observed in the control strain K3. Our observations support the hypothesis that (448)R of CP47 may participate in the formation of the binding domain for chloride in photosystem II and/or in the functional interaction with the 33 kDa protein with the photosystem.
Enlightenment or Entertainment: The Nurturance of an Aesthetic Public Sphere Through a Popular Talent Show in China

In mapping out the structures of representation surrounding a popular talent show in China, this study supports the idea that aesthetic evaluations and discussions more often than not extend into areas of broader concerns. By discussing a popular entertainment program, cultural critics have helped nurture public spheres in which civic issues can be enthusiastically and creatively talked about. The aesthetic public sphere essentially provides an extension of the formal Habermasian public sphere, thus suggesting a more significant civic role for entertainment programs.
A unified transformation of the complete molecular Hamiltonian

Abstract A unified transformation of the complete (nonrelativistic) molecular Hamiltonian from Cartesian to generalized coordinates has been carried out. The transformation is quite general and can be applied for arbitrary vibrational deformations as well as most choices of moving axes systems. Eckart's axis convention (and thereby Hamiltonian) is discussed as an example of application.
Sequence and comparative analysis of the genome of HSV-1 strain McKrae

Ocular infection by HSV-1 strain McKrae is neurovirulent in both mice and rabbits and causes fatal encephalitis in approximately 50% of animals. In addition, it spontaneously reactivates with high frequency relative to other HSV-1 strains in rabbits. We sequenced the McKrae strain genome and compared its coding protein sequences with those of six other HSV-1 strains. Most of the 74 predicted protein sequences are conserved; only eleven are less than 98% conserved. Eight proteins were identified to be unique for McKrae based on sequence homology bit score ratio (BSR). These include five proteins showing significant variations (RL1, RS1, UL49A, US7 and US11), two truncated proteins (UL36 and UL56) and one (US10) containing an extended open reading frame. The McKrae strain also has unique features in its ‘a’ sequence and non-coding sequences, such as LAT and miRNA. These data are indicative of strain variation but need further work to connect observed differences with phenotype effects.
Potent antileukemic interactions between flavopiridol and TRAIL/Apo2L involve flavopiridol-mediated XIAP downregulation.

Interactions between the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol (FP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L), were examined in human leukemia cells (U937 and Jurkat). Coexposure of cells to marginally toxic concentrations of TRAIL and FP (24 h) synergistically increased mitochondrial injury (eg, cytochrome c, AIF, Smac/DIABLO release), cytoplasmic depletion of Bax, activation of Bid as well as caspase-8 and -3, PARP cleavage, and apoptosis. Coadministration of TRAIL markedly increased FP-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells ectopically expressing Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or a phosphorylation loop-deleted form of Bcl-2 (ΔBcl-2), whereas lethality was substantially attenuated in cells ectopically expressing CrmA, dominant-negative-FADD, or dominant-negative-caspase-8. TRAIL/FP induced no discernible changes in FLIP, DR4, DR5, Mcl-1, or survivin expression, modest declines in levels of DcR2 and c-IAP, but resulted in the marked transcriptional downregulation of XIAP. Moreover, cells stably expressing an XIAP-antisense construct exhibited a pronounced increase in TRAIL sensitivity comparable to degrees of apoptosis achieved with TRAIL/FP. Conversely, enforced XIAP expression significantly attenuated caspase activation and TRAIL/FP lethality. Together, these findings suggest that simultaneous activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways by TRAIL and FP synergistically induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through a mechanism that involves FP-mediated XIAP downregulation.
Microwave direct absorption spectroscopy of weakly-bound clusters in a planar supersonic jet: Spectra of Ar-HCN and (HCN)2 from 17.4 to 76.7 GHz

A direct absorption microwave and millimeterwave spectrometer capable of observing the rotational transitions of weakly-bound complexes formed in a planar supersonic nozzle has been constructed. Both the technique for observing weakly-bound complexes and its initial application to Ar-HCN and (HCN)_2 are described. The Ar-HCN lines reported here show significant frequency discrepancies (up to −3187.2 MHz) from predictions using previously obtained constants with distortion treatments through sixth order in J, reflecting the strong angular-radial coupling and pervasive intermolecular vibrational state mixing in this complex.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Open Reading Frame 2 Encodes a Membrane Phosphoprotein That Is Dispensable for Viral Replication and for Establishment of Latency

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encodes six genes that do not have homologs in herpes simplex virus. One of these genes, VZV open reading frame 2 (ORF2), was expressed as a 31-kDa phosphoprotein in the membranes of infected cells. Unlike equine and bovine herpesvirus type 1 ORF2 homologs that are associated with virions, VZV virions contained no detectable ORF2 protein. The ORF2 deletion mutant established a latent infection in cotton rats at a frequency and with a number of VZV genomes similar to that of the parental virus. ORF63 transcripts, a hallmark of latent infection, were present in ganglia latently infected with both the ORF2 deletion mutant and parental VZV. Thus, ORF2 is the first VZV gene shown to be dispensable for establishment of latent infection in an animal model.
On the Causes of IQ Differences between Groups and Implications for Social Policy

This paper presents an analysis, supported by recently published data, which suggests that IQ differences between groups may be explained by environmental factors. Jensen's hypothesis that such differences may be primarily genetic is critically examined and rejected on the basis of his misinterpretation of the meaning of the concept of heritability, the difficulties with the heritability formula, and several studies which indicate that when environmental factors are controlled the correlation between IQ and race vanishes. An alternative approach to the analysis of IQ differences between groups is then presented which emphasizes differential diffusion of the cognitive components measured in IQ tests, and differential nutritional advantages. In conclusion, the implications of this approach for social policy are discussed and suggestions are made concerning the need for a greater emphasis on the analysis of American social and national needs in the training of anthropologists.
A systematic review of single health behavior change interventions vs. multiple health behavior change interventions among older adults

Multiple behavior change is widely used to reduce targeted health behaviors; however, its effect on behaviors such as physical activity, nutrition, and alcohol and tobacco use among older adults remains inconclusive. The primary purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of single health behavior change (SHBC) interventions vs. multiple health behavior change (MHBC) interventions among older age individuals. PubMed was searched for publications on health behavior interventions from 2006 to 2011. Twenty-one randomized clinical trials assessed the effects of health behavior change in older individuals. Results were reviewed by a number of health behaviors and effectiveness. Results revealed that within SHBC interventions, physical activity or exercise behavior revealed that interventions were the most common and showed the most promise in influencing positive outcomes in physical activity behavior among community-dwelling older adults. There were too few MHBC studies identified to allow confident comparison to SHBC interventions. The MHBC field is still at an early stage within the older adult literature, and more attention is recommended to investigate if the benefits of MHBC apply to this age group.
Estimation of coal washability using X-radiography

Abstract The ability to clean coal commercially depends upon the spatial distribution of the mineral matter within the organic coal matrix. The conventional method for defining the washability of a coal involves sink-float tests that are tedious, time-consuming and expensive. In this report, a procedure is described that employs X-radiography to assess the mineral distribution in exploration drill core samples. Mineral matter is more dense to X-ray penetration, and hence mineral particles are visible as areas of low transmission on an X-radiograph. The transmission characteristics of an X-radiograph can be digitized with high resolution, and thus the mineral distribution can be quantitatively defined. Appropriate computer manipulation of the digitized data can provide a measure of the mineral distribution and, hence, the washability characteristics of the coal. The theory, practice and experimental validation of the concept are described in this paper.
Treatment of nausea and vomiting in children with prochlorperazine

Summary In this study of pediatric nausea and vomiting, prochlorperazine was given to 116 patients with a history of significant vomiting in whom the etiology had been established. Effective dosage ranges were established. Ninety per cent of the patients obtained prompt and significant relief from vomiting. Mild, transient drowsiness and slight dizziness were the only side effects noted. Prochlorperazine appears to be a safe and effective antiemetic agent for use in children.
Heterodyne frequency measurements on N2O near 1060 cm−1

Abstract The results of heterodyne frequency measurements are given for the 10 0 0-02 0 0 band of N 2 O centered at 1056 cm −1 . Nine lines are measured and fit with an rms deviation of 1.3 MHz. The data are combined with other infrared and microwave data in a least-squares fit that gives accurate ro-vibrational constants for the two states involved in these transitions. The analysis of the data is based on a treatment that includes the effect of l -type resonance between the 02 0 0 and 02 2 0 states. Derived tables of wavenumbers are given for the 02 0 0-00 0 0 band near 1168 cm −1 and the 02 0 1-00 0 0 band near 2460 cm −1 .