cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The physics and the semantics of quantum measurement

In a recent paper, Prugovecki offered a theory of simultaneous measurements based upon an axiomatic description of the measurement act which excludes certain illustrations of simultaneous measurement previously discussed by the present writers. In this article, the fundamental conceptions of state preparation, state determination, and measurement which underlie our research are compared to Prugovecki's interpretations of the analogous constructs in his theory of measurement.
An optimal resource utilization scheme with end-to-end congestion control for continuous media stream transmission

In this paper, we propose an optimal resource utilization scheme with end-to-end congestion control for continuous media stream transmission. This scheme can achieve minimal allocation of bandwidth for each client and maximal utilization of the client buffers. By adjusting the server transmission rate in response to client buffer occupancy, playback requirements in the client, variations in network delays and the packet loss rate, an acceptable quality-of-service (QoS) level can be maintained at the end systems. Our proposed scheme can also achieve end-to-end TCP-friendly congestion control, which the multimedia flows can share fairly with the TCP flows instead of starving the TCP flows and the packet loss rate is reduced. Simulations to compare with different approaches under different network congestion levels and to show how our approach achieves end-to-end congestion control and inter-protocol fairness are conducted. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme can generally achieve high network utilization, low losses and end-to-end congestion control.
Induction of peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in primary rat hepatocyte cultures

Abstract Peroxisome proliferators have been suggested to induce liver carcinogenesis as a result of increased peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide production and cellular oxidative stress. Primary monolayer cultures of hepatocytes isolated from male F344 rats were incubated in medium containing one of three different peroxisome proliferators and examined for the induction of peroxisomal CoA oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation. The latter parameter was determined by measuring levels of conjugated dienes in lipid fractions extracted from harvested cells. The peroxisome proliferators used in these studies were nafenopin and clofibric acid (two hypolipidemic drugs) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), the primary metabolite of the industrial plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The relative specific activity of peroxisomal acyl Coa oxidase was increased by about 300% after incubation for 44 h with 200 μM nafenopin; lower levels of induction were observed with clofibric acid or MEHP. Relative to controls, the level of conjugated dienes was increased approximately 2-fold after incubation with 200 μM nafenopin; there was no apparent increase in conjugated dienes after incubation with up to 200 μM MEHP or 400 μM clofibric acid. The increase in conjugated dienes with 200 μM nafenopin was inhibited by co-incubation with the antioxidant, N , N '-diphenyl- p -phenylenediamine. Thus, peroxisomal enzyme induction by nafenopin can result in membrane lipid peroxidation and monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes may provide a useful model system for studying relationships between peroxisome proliferation, enhanced hydrogen peroxide production and cellular changes due to hepatic oxidative stress.
Tryptophan: abnormal metabolism in pellagra patients.

Abstract South African Bantu subjects with pellagra excreted abnormally elevated levels of kynurenine, acetylkynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and several other metabolites of the kynurenine-niacin pathway after an oral load of 2 Gm. of L-tryptophan. The data suggest that tryptophan pyrrolase activity may be elevated in these subjects either as the result of a stress-mediated induction or as the result of lack of negative feedback by tissue pyridine nucleotides.
Safe Sternal Reentry in Patients With Large Thoracic Aortic Pseudoaneurysms

Sternal reentry for ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm repair presents a formidable challenge because of the risk of aneurysm rupture and hemorrhage. We describe two cases of large pseudoaneurysms at high risk for rupture during sternal reentry in which the chest was safely entered by use of an anterior sternal retraction technique. Several other methods for sternal reentry have been reported; however, the reliability and efficiency of the described technique make it the preferred method for sternal reentry for pseudoaneurysms at our institution.
Studies of X chromosome DNA methylation in normal human cells

Studies of methylation along 28 kilobases of X-chromosome DNA, assayed by Southern blot analysis using cloned X-chromosome-specific probes, indicates that XDNA methylation in normal human cells changes with replication, is not correlated with number of X chromosomes or transcriptional activity, and is less stable and more prevalent than when the human X is in the foreign environment of mouse–human hybrid cells. In contrast with observations of others in heteroploid cells, we observed no derepression of the inactive X in clonal populations of normal human fibroblasts treated with 5-azacytidine. This may reflect the differences in stability of the methylation of the human X in a foreign environment. Our observations preclude ubiquitous methylation differences as the molecular basis for X-chromosome inactivation.
The latitudinal structure of Pc 5 waves in space: Magnetic and electric field observations

The occurrence frequency and spatial structure of Pc 5 magnetic pulsations in the dawnside of the plasma trough have been studied using data from the Ogo 5 satellite. The wave magnetic fields were obtained from the University of California, Los Angeles, flux-gate magnetometer measurements, and one component of the wave electric field was inferred from oscillations of the ion flux measured by the Lockheed light ion mass spectrometer. During portions of seven of the 19 passes comprising the survey, Pc 5 oscillations were observed in the ion flux but not in the magnetic field, and in each case the satellite was within 10 deg of the geomagnetic equator. Above 10 deg latitude, transverse magnetic and electric oscillations were both observed. The results are consistent with the model of a standing Alfven wave along a resonant field line with the geomagnetic equator as a node of the magnetic perturbation, that is, an odd mode.
Determining the resolution of a real-time arousal gauge

The Arousal Meter (AM) is a gauge derived from heart-rate variability designed to measure autonomic arousal. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the AM could differentiate state shifts in arousal that occurred in response to workload changes. A state shift was considered to be a statistically significant change in the level of arousal relative to the level of workload. Participants (n = 56) were engaged in a dual-task paradigm continuously for 31 minutes that consisted of one of two primary tasks - one high workload (shooting game) and one low workload (surveillance task) - paired with a secondary task (mental arithmetic). The experimental paradigm shifted from high workload (shooting) to low workload (surveillance) for time intervals of 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, and 8 minutes. Participants experienced each time interval twice corresponding to each level of workload. Arousal was averaged across each time interval for each workload level. Means between the low and high workload conditions for the 2, 4, and 8 minute intervals were significantly different in the expected direction (t = 2.20, p < .05; t = 3.82, p < .01; t = 5.85, p < .01). These results indicate that the gauge resolution is approximately 2 minutes. Hence, it appears that the AM is able to differentiate tasks from one another if the tasks are greater than 2 minutes in duration. Results are promising considering the type of tasks the gauge is likely to be used with are longer in nature. Possible applications include mitigation of task characteristics to optimize arousal and subsequently performance.
Manipulating Micellar Environments for Enhancing Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings in Water at Room Temperature

The remarkable effects of added salts on the properties of aqueous micelles derived from the amphiphile PTS are described. Most notably, Heck reactions run in the presence of NaCl lead to couplings on aryl bromides in water at room temperature. Olefin cross- and ring-closing metathesis reactions run in the presence of small amounts of pH-lowering KHSO4 are also accelerated, another phenomenon that does not apply to typical processes in organic media. These salt effects allow, in general, for synthetically valuable C–C bond-forming processes to be conducted under environmentally benign conditions. Recycling of the surfactant is also demonstrated.
A comparison of the small and large event tree approaches used in PRAs

Abstract This paper compares the small event tree and the large event tree approaches to accident sequence event tree analysis using a simple example problem. The motivation for ‘cut set matching’ or ‘list matching’ and other approximations is presented. Results show that both event tree approaches produce the same cut sets and numerical results. The intricacies and subtleties of the approaches are not presented. The opinions and viewpoints contained in this paper are the author's personal ones and do not necessarily reflect the criteria, requirements, and guidelines of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
A Preliminary Examination of the Knowledge of Normative Infant Development (KNID) Inventory Using Structural Equation Modeling

Structural equation modeling is a general statistical model that combines confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression, and path analysis. It provides a comprehensive approach for testing the adequacy of measures, but virtually no applications of this approach exist in the social work literature. This article presents a new measure of parental knowledge of normative infant development, it describes the use of structural equation modeling to analyze the results of a study of 273 mothers designed to test this measure, and it discusses general considerations in the use of structural equation modeling to test measures. Results indicate that the Knowledge of Normative Infant Development (KNID) inventory measures two uncorrelated factors, early and late expectations of infant development. Each of these factors is distinct from but correlated positively with maltreating expectations, as predicted. Contrary to predictions, neither factor is correlated with family conflict.
Geology and Petroleum Potential of Canadian Arctic Islands: ABSTRACT

The Canadian Arctic Islands sedimentary basin covers an area of approximately 530,000 sq mi, with a land area of 306,000 sq mi, and contains an estimated 900,000 cu mi of sediment. The area consists of 4 major structural provinces. (1) The bordering Precambrian shield areas have structural arches that extend into the basin. (2) The central stable region consists of several basins containing relatively flat-lying shelf carbonates of Ordovician-Silurian age that generally are 5,000 ft thick within the basin and thicken northward to a maximum of 15,000 ft. (3) Inuitian region, a mobile belt characterized by thick sedimentary deposits, was tectonically active from the Paleozoic to the Tertiary. The region is comprised of the Franklinian fold belt and the Sverdrup basin. The Franklinian fold belt is a gently folded lower Paleozoic geosyncline, approximately 1,500 mi long. It contains up to 16,000 ft of Ordovician and Silurian carbonates, evaporites, and shale; up to ,000 ft of Lower Devonian clastic rocks, and 16,000 ft of Middle and Upper Devonian sedimentary rocks ranging from marine carbonates and clastics to nonmarine clastics. The Sverdrup basin, a NE-SW-trending basin approximately 600 by 200 mi contains up to 40,000 ft of post-Devonian to Tertiary rocks. Permo-Pennsylvanian strata are predominantly carbonate and evaporite. The Mesozoic to lower Tertiary are dominated by heavy and continuous terrigenous clastics, in general, basinal marine shale facies and marginal sandstone facies. The axis of the basin is characterized by numerous evaporite diapirs. (4) Arctic coastal plain province is along the northwest edge of the Arctic Islands, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the position of the present continental shelf. It contains late Tertiary and Ple stocene sedimentary rocks. The Arctic Islands sedimentary basin has all the necessary geologic elements conducive to the entrapment of hydrocarbons in prolific quantities. There is a very thick, lithologically varied, stratigraphic succession representing every geologic period with adequate source beds, and abundant potential reservoir rocks. There is an abundance of diversified traps--large anticlines, reefs, evaporite domes, faulted homoclines, unconformities, and facies changes. Hydrocarbon shows, including "oil sands," seeps, stain, and bitumen are present in a large area and in a wide range of ages. The Arctic Islands is an area in which hydrocarbons shows have indicated outstanding potential for the discovery of large oil fields. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2478------------
An empirical test of self-determination theory as a guide to fostering environmental motivation

A goal of most environmental education is to motivate students toward environmentally friendly behaviour change. This article describes a study that elucidates how such motivation can be fostered in the classroom. It compared students’ development of environmental motivation in a conventional post-secondary environmental biology course and a similar course guided by self-determination theory (SDT). Students in the SDT-guided course experienced less amotivation after the course than students in the comparison section. This article presents a preliminary empirical examination of the utility of SDT in a formal environmental education setting.
Abnormal Profit Opportunities and the Informational Advantage of High Frequency Trading

In a frictionless and competitive economy, where high frequency (HF) traders possess no market power, this paper characterizes necessary and sufficient conditions on the price process and information sets for HF traders to earn abnormal trading profits. Two sufficient conditions shown to generate abnormal returns are that HF trading enables the observation of short-term price momentum/reversals, not otherwise visible, or it enables the observation of signals correlated to future price movements. The welfare considerations of the existence of such abnormal trading profits are also discussed.
Magnetic field expansion in a bent-solenoid channel

Bent-solenoid channels are being considered for generating dispersions desired for emittance exchange between the transverse and longitudinal motions of a muon beam in a longitudinal ionization cooling channel. Correct field expansion around the reference orbit is important for reliable particle-tracking simulation as well as beam dynamics analysis. This paper reviews the magnetic field expansion for a bent-solenoid channel. In particular, ready-to-use formulas for the magnetic field and its potentials are given.
3D predictions of thermally sprayed polymer splats: Modeling particle acceleration, heating and deformation on impact with a flat substrate

Abstract During thermal spray deposition, jets of high temperature and high velocity gases are used to melt and accelerate materials injected into the jet and propel them toward the surface to be coated. Upon impact at the surface, multiple hot particles deform, cool and consolidate to form a coating. Mathematical models have been developed to predict the particle transport and splatting on impact with a flat substrate during the High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) combustion spraying of polymeric materials. The predicted shapes of deformed particles exhibited good qualitative agreement with experimentally observed splats including a characteristic “fried-egg” shape with large, nearly-hemispherical, core in the center of a thin disk. These shapes were formed by polymer particles having a low temperature, high viscosity core and a high temperature, low viscosity surface.
Shakespeare and the Puppet Sphere

AbstractThis essay recognizes puppet theater as an important site for the circulation of early modern learning, particularly among the illiterate or those with limited reading skills. Through allus...
P1-S2.02 HIV prevalence in female sex workers in a focused HIV prevention project in Mumbai and Thane District, India

Background Since 2004, FHI has been implementing Aastha, a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supported HIV/STI prevention project for 24 000 sex workers (SWs) in Mumbai and Thane. It provides STI services to approximately 11 000 SWs monthly. HIV counselling and testing services were strengthened from March 2009 and by October 2010, 13 669 individuals had been tested for HIV. This abstract discusses the prevalence of HIV in female sex workers (FSWs) registered with the project by age and typology. When the project commenced its intervention in 2004, the HIV prevalence in brothel-based FSWs according to the HIV Sentinel Survey 2004 was 44.76%. Methods From March 2009 to October 2010, 13 669 FSWs underwent voluntary counselling and testing for HIV. The results were analysed across age and typology. HIV tests were conducted and interpreted as per Indian national guidelines using three rapid tests. Results Of the 13 669 tested, 623 individuals tested HIV-positive for HIV (4.6%). Among the 623 HIV-positive individuals, 177 individuals (28.4%) were aged 18–24 years; 404 individuals (64.8%) were aged 25–36 years and 42 individuals (6.7%) were aged 37 years or older. By FSW typology, HIV prevalence was as follows—13.1% brothel-based; 3.3% bar-based; 4.7% street-based; 1.6% home-based; and 1.6% lodge-based. The difference in HIV prevalence is statistically highly significant across different typologies (p=0.0001). All the sex workers who tested HIV-positive and were willing to disclose their status were linked to care, support and treatment services. Conclusions In this study, overall HIV prevalence among sex workers was 4.6%. The highest HIV prevalence (13.1%) was observed in the brothel-based SWs. A change in the national policy for HIV testing for brothel-based sex workers from biannually to quarterly is recommended. Historically, in Maharashtra, it has been observed that brothel-based sex workers have high incidence and this has been corroborated even after scaling up testing in this group. Given this scenario and considering the duration of the window period in any high-risk group, we can inform policy-makers to increase the frequency of HIV testing. This will provide an opportunity for early testing and inclusion of newly identified HIV-positives for referral for care and treatment. ![Abstract P1-S2.02 Figure 1][1] Abstract P1-S2.02 Figure 1 HIV prevalence by SW typology. [1]: pending:yes
SNPs for sale. Cheap

The development of technically simple and reliable methods to detect sequence variations in specific genes is becoming more important as the number of genes associated with specific diseases grows. DNA sequencing is considered the “gold standard” for characterization of specific nucleotide alteration(s) that lead to genetic disease. Although sequencing was long considered too cumbersome, expensive, and operator-dependent for use in the clinical laboratory, a combination of clinical need and improved technology has brought automated DNA sequencing into routine clinical use. Sequencing technology is now firmly entrenched in the clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory, but it remains too expensive and time-consuming for all of the laboratory’s mutation-detection needs. Several PCR-based mutation-detection strategies can be used to identify both characterized and uncharacterized mutations and sequence variations. The degree of allelic heterogeneity, or the number of different disease-causing mutations in a single gene, influences the method used for mutation detection. For diseases that exhibit no or limited heterogeneity (such as sickle cell anemia or factor V Leiden), assay systems designed to detect specific mutations are appropriate. These types of strategies are also appropriate for disorders in which allelic heterogeneity is high but only a limited set of mutations are typically analyzed, such as cystic fibrosis. For disorders in which the mutational spectrum is wide (e.g., mismatch-repair genes in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer), a scanning method is needed. A scanning method is also appropriate for analysis of newly identified disease genes for which there is little or no information regarding the number of disease-causing mutations. A wide array of methods and technologies have been proposed for detection of specific mutations, and many of them are in use in clinical and research laboratories worldwide. Examples of the various technologies for specific-mutation analysis include restriction enzyme digestion of PCR-amplified DNA, with or without the introduction of differential …
Crystal structure, magnetism and transport properties of Ce3Ni25.75Ru3.16Al4.1B10

Abstract Single crystals of Ce3Ni25.75Ru3.16Al4.1B10 were obtained from a process in which a polycrystalline sample of CeRu2Al2B was annealed in an excess of a Ni–In flux. The initial phase, CeRu2Al2B, does not recrystallize, instead, crystals of a new phase, Ce3Ni25.75Ru3.16Al4.1B10, could be isolated once the flux was removed. The title compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/nmm (No. 129) with a=1139.02(8), c=801.68(6) pm (c/a=0.70) in the Nd3Ni29Si4B10 structure type. Electrical resistivity measurements reveal metallic behavior with a minimum of 700 µΩ cm and a small residual resistivity ratio of RRR=1.4 indicating a large amount of disorder scattering. The cerium atoms are either in the 4+ or an intermediate valence state with a valence fluctuation temperature far above room temperature.
Test results from the 200 kA SMES/ETM conductor

The critical current and stability margin of a 200-kA, copper-stabilized, cable-in-conduit conductor cooled with helium-II have been measured. The test specimen was 3 m long, inserted in a uniform background dipole field of up to 5 T with an effective length of 0.9 m. The critical current of the conductor was measured at 1.8 K and found to be 280 kA at a total field of 5.8 T, 260 kA at 6.4 T, and 215 kA at 7.4 T. Normal zones of 2-cm initial length were initiated by inductive heaters, and the voltage and temperature of the conductor in the heated zone were monitored for recovery of propagation. The stability margin is reported as a function of the current density over the cable space at various background fields, bath temperatures, heated lengths, heater pulse durations, and numbers of cumulative load cycles. The test results demonstrated that the conductor can operate at 200 kA in the Engineering Test Model for SMES where the peak total field is 4.13 T.
Exchange Geometry Revealed by Float Trajectories in the Gulf Stream

In an effort to understand the extent to which Lagrangian pathways in the Gulf Stream indicate fluid exchange between the stream and its surroundings, trajectories of RAFOS floats are viewed in a frame of reference moving with the dominant zonal phase speed associated with the periodic flow. In such a frame, geometrical structures emerge that more clearly delineate the position of the parcel in relation to the jet core and its surroundings. The basic premise of this work is that the pathways of fluid parcels in the vicinity of stagnation points, as defined in the moving frame of reference, are susceptible to changes in their pathways, thereby facilitating fluid exchange between different regions of the flow field. Four representative RAFOS float trajectories are shown to exhibit the expected behavior in the vicinity of stagnation points. To further examine the mechanism of exchange in the vicinity of these geometrical features, concepts from dynamical systems theory are applied to a numerically simulated flow field. The entrainment and detrainment of parcels from the jet core are explained in the context of stable and unstable manifolds and their associated lobes. It is shown that the Lagrangian pathways from the numerical flow and the observational trajectories exhibit a similarity based on the kinematics of a meandering flow field. Overall, this study provides the first look at RAFOS float trajectories in a moving frame and provides insight as to how the temporal variability of a jet creates chaotic exchange.
Ideas, networks, and islamist movements: Evidence from Central Asia and the Caucasus

Two major questions are seldom addressed in the literature on islamism and opposition social movements more generally: (1) what explains the relative success or failure of islamist groups in mobilizing a social base and (2) what role do islamist ideas play in attracting support. islamist movements vary significantly in their origins, leadership, ideas, and strategies. in answering these important questions, this article offers three main propositions: that under certain conditions, islamism can emerge as a powerful idea that generates social appeal; that to be successful, islamist organizations must develop a local islamist ideology that suits the local social base, rather than tie themselves to a global islamist agenda,; and that in authoritarian contexts, especially where open mobilization is forbidden, inclusive informal social networks are an essential mechanism for spreading islamist ideas and protecting group members. nonetheless, there are limitations to an islamist movement’s ability to grow and bring about political change. the article contributes to an understanding of islamism and, more broadly, to an understanding of why and how opposition movements emerge and mobilize under authoritarian regimes. the article develops these propositions in a comparative examination of three islamist groups active in the central asian and south caucasus regions of the former soviet union (FSU): Hizb uttahrir al-islami (HT), the islamic renaissance party of tajikistan (IRP), and the islamic party of azerbaijan (IPA).
SoyDB: a knowledge database of soybean transcription factors.

Transcription factors play the crucial rule of regulating gene expression and influence almost all biological processes. Systematically identifying and annotating transcription factors can greatly aid further understanding their functions and mechanisms. In this article, we present SoyDB, a user friendly database containing comprehensive knowledge of soybean transcription factors. The soybean genome was recently sequenced by the Department of Energy-Joint Genome Institute (DOE-JGI) and is publicly available. Mining of this sequence identified 5,671 soybean genes as putative transcription factors. These genes were comprehensively annotated as an aid to the soybean research community. We developed SoyDB - a knowledge database for all the transcription factors in the soybean genome. The database contains protein sequences, predicted tertiary structures, putative DNA binding sites, domains, homologous templates in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), protein family classifications, multiple sequence alignments, consensus protein sequence motifs, web logo of each family, and web links to the soybean transcription factor database PlantTFDB, known EST sequences, and other general protein databases including Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology, KEGG, EMBL, TAIR, InterPro, SMART, PROSITE, NCBI, and Pfam. The database can be accessed via an interactive and convenient web server, which supports full-text search, PSI-BLAST sequence search, database browsing by protein family, and automatic classification of a new protein sequence into one of 64 annotated transcription factor families by hidden Markov models. A comprehensive soybean transcription factor database was constructed and made publicly accessible at http://casp.rnet.missouri.edu/soydb/ .
Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars

An infrared heterodyne spectrometer with a resolving power of 6 million has been used to obtain detailed profiles of the 10-micron absorption lines of CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars. An analysis of the results with an empirical model-atmosphere calculation indicates a nearly pure CO2 atmosphere with an average surface pressure of 5.2 + or - 0.5 mbar in the observed regions, a subsolar surface temperature near 275 K, an atmospheric temperature of 235 to 240 K above the subsolar point, and a lapse rate of 2 K/km.
Avian Macrophages: Contribution to Cellular Microenvironment and Changes in Effector Functions Following Activation

Abstract The capacity of macrophages to generate metabolites and monokines having effector and regulatory functions can result in a major impact on their cellular microenvironment. Macrophage products synthesized in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation include reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These secreted products of macrophages exhibit bioactivity either locally or systemically. Although the mechanism of action of avian monokines such as TNF-like factor may be similar to their mammalian counterparts, chicken TNF seems to lyse cells of chicken origin and not of mammalian origin. Furthermore, the generation and activity of products such as TNF is directly influenced by environmental stressors such as heat and toxins.
Systematic survey reveals general applicability of "guilt-by-association" within gene coexpression networks

Biological processes are carried out by coordinated modules of interacting molecules. As clustering methods demonstrate that genes with similar expression display increased likelihood of being associated with a common functional module, networks of coexpressed genes provide one framework for assigning gene function. This has informed the guilt-by-association (GBA) heuristic, widely invoked in functional genomics. Yet although the idea of GBA is accepted, the breadth of GBA applicability is uncertain. We developed methods to systematically explore the breadth of GBA across a large and varied corpus of expression data to answer the following question: To what extent is the GBA heuristic broadly applicable to the transcriptome and conversely how broadly is GBA captured by a priori knowledge represented in the Gene Ontology (GO)? Our study provides an investigation of the functional organization of five coexpression networks using data from three mammalian organisms. Our method calculates a probabilistic score between each gene and each Gene Ontology category that reflects coexpression enrichment of a GO module. For each GO category we use Receiver Operating Curves to assess whether these probabilistic scores reflect GBA. This methodology applied to five different coexpression networks demonstrates that the signature of guilt-by-association is ubiquitous and reproducible and that the GBA heuristic is broadly applicable across the population of nine hundred Gene Ontology categories. We also demonstrate the existence of highly reproducible patterns of coexpression between some pairs of GO categories. We conclude that GBA has universal value and that transcriptional control may be more modular than previously realized. Our analyses also suggest that methodologies combining coexpression measurements across multiple genes in a biologically-defined module can aid in characterizing gene function or in characterizing whether pairs of functions operate together.
A method for DNA-based detection of E. coli O157:H7 in a proteinous background using piezoelectric-excited cantilever sensors

We show for the first time the detection of ∼700 E. coli O157:H7 (EC) in both buffer and proteinous sample (beef wash) using the virulent gene stx2 as a sensing molecule immobilized on piezoelectric-excited millimeter cantilever (PEMC) sensors without a sample preparation step. Genomic DNA of EC suspended in buffer or beef wash was extracted using a 30-minute procedure, or using a commercial extraction kit, and then was exposed to the sensor immobilized with a 19-mer probe that is complement to stx2 gene. As hybridization occurred, the resonant frequency of the cantilever sensor decreased due to the increased attached mass indicating the presence of stx2 gene in the sample. Wild strain JM101 subjected to the same preparation and procedure did not induce a hybridization response, nor did the genomic extract of EC with a bare sensor. PEMC sensor responses to diluted genomic extracts indicate that a much lower concentration of 700 cells is detectable. In order to compare the results with antibody-based detection, samples with EC at 2500 cells per mL were exposed to antibody-immobilized PEMC sensors which gave reproducible responses confirming previous experiments with such samples.
Braking the Special Interests: Trucking Deregulation and the Politics of Policy Reform

In 1980 Congress voted to eliminate the federal system of protective regulation over the powerful trucking industry, despite fierce opposition. This upset marked a rare example in American politics of diffuse public interests winning out over powerful economic lobbies. In "Braking the Special Interests" Dorothy Robyn draws upon firsthand observations of formal proceedings and behind-the-scenes maneuverings to illuminate the role of political strategy in the landmark trucking battle. Robyn focuses her analysis on four elements of strategy responsible for the deregulator's victory elements that are essential, she argues, to any successful policy battle against entrenched special interests: the effective use of economic data and analysis to make a strong case for the merits of reform; the formation and management of a diverse lobbying coalition of firms and interest groups; presidential bargaining to gain political leverage; and transition schemes to reduce uncertainty and cushion the blow to losers. Drawing on political and economic theory, "Braking the Special Interests" is an immensely rich and readable study of political strategy and skill, with general insights relevant to current political battles surrounding trade, agriculture, and tax policies. Robyn's interdisciplinary work will be of great value to scholars and practitioners of politics, economics, and public policy."
Multifrequency averaging of DC/DC converters

This paper presents some of the issues involved in applying frequency-selective averaging to modeling the dynamic behavior of pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) DC-DC converters. We use the boost converter as an example to show the details involved in deriving some novel extended averaged models, and we use simulations to highlight the accuracy of the models even when traditional small-ripple conditions are not satisfied.
Genetic Relationships Between Male and Female Reproductive Traits in Beef Cattle1

Reproductive traits were measured for 234 bulls and 1184 heifers from matings of three dam breeds (Angus, Hereford, and MARC III) with six sire breeds (Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Boran, Tuli, and Belgian Blue) from the Germ Plasm Evaluation (GPE) Program at Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center. Male traits were yearling scrotal circumference (YSC), height (YH), and yearling BW; age at puberty (AP1; production of 50 million sperm with ≥10% progressive motility); age, scrotal circumference, average testis length, and testicular volume when 500 million sperm were produced with ≥50% progressive motility (AP3, SC3, L3 and V3, respec
Spatial Language Processing for Assistive Robots with "Deep" Chunking and Semantic Grammars

This paper presents a semantic spatial language grammar and a novel chunking method that allows nested structures to be encoded as a single label. The proposed semantic grammar, when used with a cognitive architecture described elsewhere, makes it possible for a mobile robot to follow complex, human-generated spatial descriptions for a fetch task. The semantic grammar is based on an interdisciplinary analysis of a corpus of human generated indoor spatial language. The "deep" chunking method facilitates encoding deep grammatical structures into a single-level label. The proposed method has been successfully used by an autonomous agent in a virtual environment as well as by a physical mobile robot. The deep chunking approach allows fast, feature-based machine learning methods usually used for shallow chunking to be used for deep nested parsing which better supports real-time interaction with a robot. Preliminary accuracy results are presented along with planned improvements and additional applications.
FXI is essential for thrombus formation following FeCl3-induced injury of the carotid artery in the mouse.

FXI Is Essential for Thrombus Formation Following FeCl3-Induced Injury of the Carotid Artery in the Mouse -
Microbial contamination of transplant solutions during pancreatic islet autotransplants is not associated with clinical infection in a pediatric population.

Abstract Background/Objectives Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplant (TP-IAT) is a potential treatment for children with severe refractory chronic pancreatitis. Cultures from the resected pancreas and final islet preparation are frequently positive for microbes. It is unknown whether positive cultures are associated with adverse outcomes in pediatric patients. Methods We reviewed the medical records of children (n = 86) who underwent TP-IAT from May 2006–March 2015 with emphasis on demographics, previous pancreatic interventions, culture results, islet yield, hospital days, posttransplant islet function, and posttransplant infections. We compared outcomes in patients with positive (n = 57) and negative (n = 29) cultures. Results Patients with positive cultures had higher rates of previous pancreas surgery ( P = 0.007) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( P P = 1.00) or prolonged hospital length of stay ( P = 0.29). Patients with positive final islet preparation culture showed increased rates of graft failure at 2 years posttransplant ( P = 0.041), but not when adjusted for islet mass transplanted ( P = 0.39). Conclusions Positive cultures during pediatric TP-IATs do not increase the risk of posttransplant infections or prolong hospital length of stay. Endocrine function depends on islet mass transplanted.
Serologic agglutination of bacillus sporogenes

The success of Meyer1 in 1915 in differentiating Vibrion septique, B. chauvoei, and "B. oedematis maligni" (B. sporogenes), and in identifying Vibrion septique, by the agglutination test, led the senior author (I. C. H.) to hope that this reaction might be utilized in differentiating and identifying a considerable number of carefully purified but then un-named cultures in his possession, by preparing serums for those few whose identity had been determined and testing the unidentified cultures with'these known serums. This procedure resulted in the segregation of 19 cultures which were later identified as B. sporogenes by their morphologic and cultural properties.2 There were, however, marked differences in the titer of a given serum then tested on different strains of this species, and some strains of B. sporogenes failed to agglutinate even at 1: 20. On the other hand, none of our sporogenes serums ever gave a positive test with any other species, nor did any serum prepared against another species ever agglutinate a strain of B. sporogenes. For these reasons, one should regard serologic agglutination as a satisfactory criterion of species identity in properly controlled positive tests, but not of differentiation in negative tests. It is the purpose of this paper to present data in support of this limited interpretation. Historical Review
(Y1−x)Ba2Cu3O6+δ (δ≤0.2): Consequences of Doping Tetragonal 123-Type to Induce Superconductivity

Substitution of Ca(II) for Y(III) into tetragonal YBa2Cu3O6 has been achieved and a superconducting transition has been observed for a material of nominal composition (Y0.5Ca0.5) Ba2Cu3O6 (Tc (onset) ˜50K) [1]. Observations using high resolution electron microscopy show samples with x < 0.3 consist of a complex mixture, including (Y, Ca) Ba2Cu3O6+δ, YBa2Cu3O6+δ, and BaCuO2. Further, structural refinement using neutron diffraction data provide evidence of a solid solution limit at x ˜ 0.3. A direct analogy can be drawn between superconducting (Y1−xCax)Ba2Cu3O6 (0.1 < x < 0.3) and superconductors of the type (Y1−xCax)Pb2Sr2Cu3O8 and (La2−xM(II)x)CuO4. Substitution of the Ca(II) for Y(III) effectively increases the formal copper oxidation state. The refined structural model is fully consistent with partially oxidized CuO2 sheets separated by linear O-Cu(I)-O units.
Beyond Earnings and Social Reproduction: Can College Lead to Good Jobs Without Reproducing Social Inequalities?

College-for-all has become the educational policy in the United States, and it has led to many changes. Post-secondary subbaccalaureate (sub-BA) credentials (certificates and associate’s degrees) are an increasing portion of college credentials, and we examine the implications for the reproduction of social inequalities. We find that despite the growth of sub-BA credentials, many students who enroll in college continue to get no credentials. After replicating prior findings of sub-BA employment and earnings payoffs, using the 2004–2012 Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS) survey, we analyze the AddHealth survey to see whether sub-BA credentials are associated with jobs with nonmonetary job rewards similar to those BAs get (autonomy, career relevance, and so on). Moreover, although BA degrees often reproduce social and academic inequalities, we examine whether sub-BA credentials pose socioeconomic status (SES) and test score obstacles to credential completion, and to employment and earnings within credentials. Beyond the usual earnings payoffs in prior research, we conclude that sub-BA credentials provide ways college students can attain desirable job rewards while avoiding SES and test score obstacles. We speculate on possible reasons and policy implications.
Complete case management in medical system in USA/Louis Rubino Deborah Roberts

How to effectively reduce cost while medical service quality is guaranteed is an important issue for the managers of every medical system.The method “complete case management” implemented in recent 20 years in USA has got relatively good result. The article briefs the content, origin, theapplication in medical institutions and future of the method.
Reactivation in vitro of zinc-requiring apo-enzymes by rat liver zinc-thionein

The ability of rat liver zinc-thionein to donate its metal to the apo-enzymes of the zinc enzymes horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, yeast aldolase, thermolysin, Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase and bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase was investigated. Zinc-thionein was as good as, or better than, ZnSO4, Zn(CH3CO2)2 or Zn(NO3)2 in donating its zinc to these apo-enzymes. Apo-(alcohol dehydrogenase) could not be reactivated by zinc salts or by zinc-thionein. Incubation of the other apo-enzymes with near-saturating amounts of zinc as ZnSO4, Zn(CH3CO2)2, Zn(NO3)2, or zinc-thionein resulted in reactivation of the apo-enzymes. With apo-aldolase zinc-thionein gave 100% reactivation within 30min. Reactivation by ZnSO4 and Zn(CH3CO2)2 was complete and instantaneous. Zinc-thionein was somewhat better than Zn(NO3)2 in completely reactivating apo-thermolysin. With apo-(alkaline phosphatase) 43% reactivation was obtained with Zn(CH3CO2)2 and 18% with zinc-thionein. With apo-(carbonic anhydrase) zinc-thionein was better than ZnSO4, Zn(CH3CO2)2 or Zn(NO3)2, with a maximal reactivation of 54%. That zinc was really being transferred from zinc-thionein to apo-(carbonic anhydrase) was shown by the fact that 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline had minimal effects on the reactivation of apo-(carbonic anhydrase) when added after the incubation {[apo-(carbonic anhydrase)+zinc thionein]+chelator}, but inhibited reactivation when added before the incubation {apo-(carbonic anhydrase)+[zinc-thionein+chelator]}. These observations support the idea that zinc-thionein can function in zinc homeostasis as a reservoir of zinc, releasing the metal to zinc-requiring metalloenzymes according to need.
Synthesis, transfer, and phosphorylation of phosphoinositides in cardiac membranes.

Compartmentation of phosphoinositide synthesis and transfer of endogenous phosphatidylinositol (PI) were characterized in membrane fractions prepared from rabbit myocardium. De novo synthesis of PI was highly enriched in free sarcoplasmic reticulum (551 pmol.mg-1. min-1) compared with that in sarcolemma (26.8 pmol.mg-1. min-1) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (178 pmol.mg-1. min-1). In contrast, PI phosphorylation was highly enriched in sarcolemma (2.69 nmol.mg-1.min-1) compared with that in free sarcoplasmic reticulum (0.22 nmol.mg-1.min-1) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (0.38 nmol.mg-1.min-1). Phosphorylation of endogenous phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was also enriched in sarcolemma (38.5 pmol.mg-1.min-1) compared with that in free sarcoplasmic reticulum (less than 5.0 pmol.mg-1.min-1) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (6.5 pmol.mg-1.min-1). Transfer of endogenous PI was characterized as a mechanism to overcome compartmentation of PI synthesis in cardiac membranes. A 29-kDa PI transfer protein was purified 1,500-fold from cytosol of rabbit myocardium. Both cytosol and purified PI transfer protein catalyzed the transfer of endogenous PI from microsomal sites of synthesis to sarcolemma. In conclusion, synthesis of PI is highly enriched in free sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas phosphorylation of phosphoinositides is highly enriched in sarcolemma. A 29-kDa PI transfer protein in myocardial cytosol can mediate in vitro transfer of de novo-synthesized PI to the sarcolemma.
Pulmonary Eosinophilic Conundrums

Pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes include a heterogeneous group of disorders. They have in common the presence of eosinophils in the airways and/or lung parenchyma. They may manifest peripheral eosinophilia and symptoms vary depending on what additional organs may be involved. The following cases ­highlight pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes as conundrums and emphasize a systematic approach to this heterogeneous group of disorders.
Measurement of the quantum efficiency of TMAE and TEA from threshold to 120 nm

Several existing and planned high energy physics experiments incorporate detectors which use either TMAE (tetrakis-dimethylaminoethylene) or TEA (triethylamine) as their photosensitive agent. Understanding the operation of these devices requires knowledge of the absolute photoionization quantum efficiencies and absorption lengths of TMAE and TEA. In an experiment performed at the National Synchrotron Light source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, we have measured these parameters from 120 nm to 280 nm. The quantum efficiencies were normalized to the known photoionization yields of benzene and cis-2-butene. The results of these measurements and details of the experiment are presented in this paper.