cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Barriers to Professional Help Seeking among College Students at Elevated Risk for Suicide.

Abstract Objectives: This study sought to describe self-reported barriers to professional help seeking among college students who are at elevated suicide risk and determine if these barriers vary by demographic and clinical characteristics. Participants: Participants were 165 non–treatment seekers recruited as part of a Web-based treatment linkage intervention for college students at elevated suicide risk (from September 2010 through December 2011). Methods: Data were collected using Web-based questionnaires. Two coders coded students’ responses to an open-ended question about reasons for not seeking professional help. Results: The most commonly reported barriers included perception that treatment is not needed (66%), lack of time (26.8%), and preference for self-management (18%). Stigma was mentioned by only 12% of students. There were notable differences based on gender, race, and severity of depression and alcohol abuse. Conclusions: Efforts aimed at reaching students at elevated risk for suicidal beha...
Resonant Mott hopping

Abstract The proximity of resonant tunneling provides the significant pre-exponential temperature dependence in hopping conductivity, changes the Mott stretched exponent and leads to a very small activation energy and a weak localization at temperatures, much lower than the Mott temperature.
Clinically relevant safety issues associated with St. John's wort product labels

St. John's wort (SJW), used to treat depression, is popular in the USA, Canada, and parts of Europe. However, there are documented interactions between SJW and prescription medications including warfarin, cyclosporine, indinavir, and oral contraceptives. One source of information about these safety considerations is the product label. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinically relevant safety information included on labeling in a nationally representative sample of SJW products from the USA. Eight clinically relevant safety issues were identified: drug interactions (SJW-HIV medications, SJW-immunosupressants, SJW-oral contraceptives, and SJW-warfarin), contraindications (bipolar disorder), therapeutic duplication (antidepressants), and general considerations (phototoxicity and advice to consult a healthcare professional (HCP)). A list of SJW products was identified to assess their labels. Percentages and totals were used to present findings. Of the seventy-four products evaluated, no product label provided information for all 8 evaluation criteria. Three products (4.1%) provided information on 7 of the 8 criteria. Four products provided no safety information whatsoever. Percentage of products with label information was: SJW-HIV (8.1%), SJW-immunosupressants (5.4%), SJW-OCPs (8.1%), SJW-warfarin (5.4%), bipolar (1.4%), antidepressants (23.0%), phototoxicity (51.4%), and consult HCP (87.8%). Other safety-related information on labels included warnings about pregnancy (74.3%), lactation (64.9%), discontinue if adverse reaction (23.0%), and not for use in patients under 18 years old (13.5%). The average number of a priori safety issues included on a product label was 1.91 (range 0–8) for 23.9% completeness. The vast majority of SJW products fail to adequately address clinically relevant safety issues on their labeling. A few products do provide an acceptable amount of information on clinically relevant safety issues which could enhance the quality of counseling by HCPs and health store clerks. HCPs and consumers may benefit if the FDA re-examined labeling requirements for dietary supplements.
Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma displays unique profiles of tumor-suppressor gene loss in relationship to the primary site of formation

Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) is a well characterized malignancy with distinctive cellular morphology and aggressive biologic behavior most frequently encountered in the lung but also noted for origin from other sites. The basis for this difference in incidence and the impact of primary site location on the molecular pathogenesis of the neoplasm is not well understood. To address this issue and to identify reliable molecular markers of potential diagnostic value for primary site localization of this tumor, we have compared the genetic profile of cancer-related gene damage of SCNC arising from a variety of organ sites. The analysis involved microdissected paraffin-embedded formalin fixed specimens of SCNC. Tumors were organized into 3 groups: lung (n = 18), head and neck region (n = 5), and gastrointestinal tract (n = 5). Genotyping evaluated allelic imbalance (loss of heterozygosity) involving genomic regions containing p53 (17p13), L-myc (1p34), OGG1 (3p26), MCC/APC (5q21), p16 (9p21), PTEN (10q23), and point mutational change in K-ras-2 (12p12) using polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis and DNA sequencing. Distinct genotypic profiles of allelic imbalance using this panel was seen for each group of SCNC enabling primary site determination to be suggested based on genotypic profiling of microdissected tissue samples. Despite similarity in histologic appearance, our study suggests that SCNC have a unique pattern of acquired allelic damage that is determined in part by primary site of tumor development. These attributes can be effectively used for primary localization of metastatic SCNC, thereby assisting in the diagnosis and classification of this neoplasm.
The relationship between the marketing mix and share of category requirements

A criticism of purchase-based brand loyalty measures is that they are confounded by the marketing mix variables that affect brand choice. This paper investigates the magnitude and direction of the associations for share of category requirements (SCR), defined as each brand’s share among the group of households who bought the brand at least once during the time period under consideration. We discuss the theoretical foundations for the relationships between SCR and a set of marketing mix variables (price, promotions, retail distribution) and conduct a latent structure regression analysis of brand-level data to test these relationships. We find that, although the relationship between the marketing mix variables and SCR is statistically signilicant, in real terms the magnitude of the association is fairly low.
Future device scaling - Beyond traditional CMOS

Device scaling is critical for continuing trend of more functionality in a chip. Traditional planar CMOS scaling is increasingly difficult due to limitations in processing and material properties, device structure and reliability. In this paper we will summarize recent advances in these areas, which will enable technology scaling as per Moore's law.
Modeling, analyzing and slicing periodic distributed computations

The earlier work on predicate detection has assumed that the given computation is finite. Detecting violation of a liveness predicate requires that the predicate be evaluated on an infinite computation. In this work, we develop the theory and associated algorithms for predicate detection in infinite runs. In practice, an infinite run can be determined in finite time if it consists of a recurrent behavior with some finite prefix. Therefore, our study is restricted to such runs. We introduce the concept of d-diagram, which is a finite representation of infinite directed graphs. Given a d-diagram that represents an infinite distributed computation, we solve the problem of determining if a global predicate ever became true in the computation. The crucial aspect of this problem is the stopping rule that tells us when to conclude that the predicate can never become true in future. We also provide an algorithm to provide vector timestamps to events in the computation for determining the dependency relationship between any two events in the infinite run. Finally, we give an algorithm to compute a slice of a d-diagram which concisely captures all the consistent global states of the computation satisfying the given predicate.
Natural Geography in Nearshore areas (NaGISA): The Nearshore component of the Census of Marine Life

El proyecto Geografia Natural en Areas Costeras (NaGISA, el termino japones para `playa') es el componente costero del Programa Censo de la Vida Marina. El objetivo de NaGISA es la biodiversidad marina en comunidades de grandes macrofitas (comunidades macroalgales de fondos duros y campos de plantas marinas de fondos blandos) en una zonacion batimetrica desde el alto intermareal hasta los 15 m de profunidad. La meta general de NaGISA es cuantificar la biodiversidad en escala global mediante el desarrollo de gradientes longitudinales y latitudinales. Importantes componentes del proyecto NaGISA son la extension al publico, el concurso de comunidades locales en el muestreo y la educacion.
Radiation therapy in skin cancer. A historical perspective and current applications.

background Radiation therapy has been used for skin cancer for nearly a century. During this protracted period, techniques of administering superficial irradiation have developed continuously. Mare recently, the availability of electron beams for treatment of skin cancer has improved further our ability to treat skin cancer more efficiently and with less toxicity. These include primary skin cancers as well as any metastatic skin lesion. objective Indications and advantages of modern radiation therapy in skin cancer are confusing at times. In this review, an attempt was made to clarify the role of this discipline in dermatologic use. methods Old literature has been reviewed in order to give an appropriate historical perspective of treatment of skin with irradiation. Literature has also been selected for updating information on current indications and practice of radiation therapy for skin lesions. results Radiation therapy is very effective in many situations where other modalities are contraindicated or functionally or costneticaliy impairing. With the most efficient methods of fractionation and administration, the control rate of most skin cancers with radiation is as high as 90% or more. conclusion Modern day radiation therapy is very effective in treatment of skin cancers. Not only the control rate is as good as any other modality, but, with irradiation, cosmetic appearance and function are better preserved under most circumstances.
In vivo ultrasonic measurement of tissue vibration at a stenosis: a case study

It is known that bruits often can be heard downstream from stenoses. They are thought to be produced by disturbed blood flow and vessel wall vibrations. Our understanding of bruits has been limited, though, to analysis of sounds heard at the level of the skin. For direct measurements from the stenosis site, we developed an ultrasonic pulse-echo multigate system using quadrature phase demodulation. The system simultaneously measures tissue displacements and blood velocities at multiple depths. This paper presents a case study of a severe stenosis in a human infrainguinal vein bypass graft. During systole, nearly sinusoidal vessel wall vibrations were detected. Solid tissue vibration amplitudes measured up to 2 microm, with temporal durations of 100 ms and frequencies of roughly 145 Hz and its harmonics. Cross-axial oscillations were also found in the lumen that correlate with the wall vibrations, suggesting coupling between wall vibration and blood velocity oscillation.
Antibiotic effectiveness: Balancing conservation against innovation

Antibiotic effectiveness is a natural societal resource that is diminished by antibiotic use. As with other such assets, keeping it available requires both conservation and innovation. Conservation encompasses making the best use of current antibiotic effectiveness by reducing demand through vaccination, infection control, diagnostics, public education, incentives for clinicians to prescribe fewer antibiotics, and restrictions on access to newer, last-resort antibiotics. Innovation includes improving the efficacy of current drugs and replenishing effectiveness by developing new drugs. In this paper, I assess the relative benefits and costs of these two approaches to maintaining our ability to treat infections.
Galvanic corrosion of bare and coated Al alloys coupled to stainless steel 304 or Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract The galvanic corrosion behavior of Al alloys 7075, 6061, 2024, bare or coated with the chemical conversion coating Alodine 600, coupled to stainless steel 304 or Ti-6Al-4V and immersed in aerated 3·5%NaCl solution, has been studied by continuous measurements of the galvanic current using a zero impedance ammeter and by weight loss measurements. Comparison of weight loss measurements for bare and coated uncoupled Al alloys shows that good corrosion protection is provided by the conversion coating. Data from weight loss and galvanic current measurements show that corrosion protection is also provided when coated Al alloys are coupled to stainless steel 304 or Ti-6Al-4V. Examination of potentiostatic polarization curves for the metals studied in 3·5%NaCl solution explains the protective action of the coating and also the higher dissolution rates of Al alloys coupled to stainless steel 304 instead of Ti-6Al-4V. Differences between dissolution rates calculated from galvanic current data and weight loss data are explained by theoretical considerations published recently by the authors taking into account the shapes of the individual polarization curves of the metals in the couple. After correction of galvanic current data, agreement between dissolution rates obtained by weight loss and galvanic current data is satisfactory. Continuous recording of the galvanic current reveals considerably more information than weight loss data.
Walsh analysis of EEG signals

Abstract This paper is an orientation on the use of Walsh functions for the computer-assisted signal processing of EEG data. This method of analysis gives rise to sequency-ordered Walsh power spectral densities which are obtained by fast Walsh transformation of dyadic autocorrelation functions. The structure of Walsh functions and dyadic autocorrelation functions is briefly discussed. The results obtained for representative EEG data using this scheme are compared with frequency power spectral densities obtained by fast Fourier transformation of arithmetic autocorrelation functions. Clipped EEG data (values of ±1 only) retain the essential frequency information of the signal in their zero crossings. The natural spectral representation of clipped EEGs is in terms of the Walsh basis. A clipped-signal Walsh analysis is very rapid and appears to offer the possibility of diagnostic measures that are comparable to those afforded by Fourier analyses.
Innovation in manufacturing, energy, and service systems

Innovation is a key strategy for competitiveness in the global market by setting a stage for economic progress. The practice of innovation is fragmented and centered on specific cases. This presentation contributes to better understanding of the process of innovation which is considered from a data-driven perspective. The proposed approach extends the practice of integration of users and stakeholders into product, manufacturing, and service development activities. The fact that the product and process requirements are elicited from multiple sources and analyzed with the modern analytical tools is likely to lead to business success. Selected concepts of creativity, inventiveness, innovation, and innovation facilitators such as leadership, entrepreneurship, and idea incubation are introduced. Business rules and best practices enhancing innovation are discussed. The data stored in data warehouses is a valuable source of process improvement and innovation. Methodologies and tools supporting innovation are presented, for example, data mining, process modeling, dependency analysis, and social networks. Process modeling is a backbone for defining the best innovation practices. Many of the classical analysis tools when combined with data and text mining tools offer a viable innovation toolkit. Increasing customer base is of paramount importance in the global economy. Companies compete in various ways, including the design of large product portfolios aimed at meeting expectations of an individual customer. Meeting these individual customer expectations could significantly increase complexity of products and manufacturing. Various approaches have been considered to manage the product and manufacturing complexity. Some of these strategies such as modularity, mass customization, assemble-to-order, and supply chain management and the underlying modeling approaches are considered in the presentation. Though the task of product complexity reduction does not appear to have a direct link to innovation, the research demonstrated in the paper shows that the relationship between the two is meaningful. Many of the design and complexity management approaches are based on data mining. Data mining-algorithms determine products sought by the customers that can be produced in large quantities. Various principles of mass customization are discussed in the context of innovation and product complexity management. The impact of the innovation and mass customization on products, manufacturing, and service is illustrated with examples. The ideas outlined in the presentation are illustrated with industrial examples.
Analysis by isopycnic centrifugation of isolated nucleoids of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The isolated, formaldehyde-fixed nucleoid of E. coli has been analyzed by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. The membrane-free nucleoid bands at a density of 1.69 +/- 0.02 g/cm3. The membrane-associated nucleoid bands at a density of 1.46 +/- 0.02 g/cm3. Both species sediment to equilibrium as nearly monodisperse bands in CsCl, suggesting that the nucleoid components of DNA, RNA and protein are present in relatively constant ratios. These ratios are constant regardless of the position of the nucleoids in the heterogeneous sedimentation profile of a preparative sucrose gradient. The fixed nucleoids remain condensed during isopycnic centrifugation and there is no detectable loss of RNA from the nucleoid.
The sequence arrangement of drosophila melanogaster 5S DNA cloned in recombinant plasmids

Abstract Segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA containing 5S rRNA genes have been propagated in recombinant plasmids using E. coli as a host and Col E1 as a vector. Electron microscope partial denaturation mapping, mapping by ferritin labeling and restriction enzyme-gel electrophoresis analysis all indicate that the Drosophila DNA inserts of these plasmids consist of tandem repeats of 5S genes and spacer regions. The repeat length is approximately 380 nucleotide pairs (ntp), corresponding to a gene of length 120 ntp and a spacer of length 260 ntp. The insert in one plasmid (pCIT9) consists of 32 contiguous repeats. Restriction enzyme-gel electrophoresis analysis shows that all these repeats have the same length within ± 5 nucleotides. This repeat length is estimated as 370 ± 20 ntp by gel electrophoresis and 390 ± 40 ntp by partial denaturation mapping. A second plasmid (pCIT19) contains three complete genes, two complete spacers and incomplete flanking spacer sequences. The two complete repeat units released by suitable restriction endonuclease digestions differ in length by 20 ± 5 ntp, with estimated lengths of 370 and 390 ntp. The positions and spacings of the genes on this plasmid have been observed directly by ferritin labeling and by partial denaturation mapping. The A+T content of the 5S DNA spacer region is calculated to be 68%. By in situ hybridization, cRNA transcribed from one plasmid hybridizes to polytene chromosomes only at band 56F, the known locus of the 5S rRNA genes. Spontaneous excision of some of the tandem repeat units from the recombinant plasmids occurs during growth in E. coli; the frequency of excision does not depend upon the recA character of the host, but is greatly increased by chloramphenicol treatment.
Immunochemical relationships of the intermediates of prothrombin activation

Abstract The mechanism of prothrombin activation previously reported from this laboratory (Heldebrant et al. , 1973) has been immunochemically verified by analysis of the precursor, intermediate, and product relationships of the proteins with a micro Ouchterlony precipitin test. The cross reactions between purified bovine prothrombin, intermediates of activation, and thrombin were examined with rabbit and chicken antisera to each of these proteins. In each instance, the derivative was found to cross react with its parent protein, yet was found to be completely distinct from any other protein derived from the same cleavage. The results support a mechanism in which prothrombin (70,000 daltons) is cleaved to yield intermediates 1 (51,000 daltons) and 3 (23,000 daltons); intermediate 1 is then cleaved to yield intermediates 2 (41,000 daltons) and 4 (13,000 daltons); thrombin (39,000 daltons) is finally produced from intermediate 2.
Age and Locus of Control among Women Food Preparers

While it is theoretically plausible that locus of control and age are related, findings reported in the literature remain inconclusive. We suggest that the inconsistent results may be effects of di...
CT angiography in a newborn child with hydranencephaly.

Hydranencephaly is a massive hemispheric necrosis occurring in the fetus, with removal of the resultant debris leaving bilateral cystic structures, but usually sparing the basal ganglia, the brainstem, and the cerebellum.1, 2 The typical "vascular-like" distribution of the lesions in hydranencephaly led to the hypothesis of an ischemic etiology, partially confirmed by animal models of carotid ligation reproducing the gross appearance of the disease. Immediately after birth, hydranencephaly may be clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from massive hydrocephalus. The differentiation between the two conditions relies on the morphology of the cerebral arteries.3 Hydranencephaly is said to be associated with bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, while in hydrocephalus the cerebral arteries distal to the ICA termination are splayed and distorted but present.3 However, this vascular definition appears too restrictive, in particular if one considers the almost total absence of cortical mantle characteristic of hydranencephaly only as the most extreme form of a continuum of vascular lesions.1 We report here the case of a newborn baby with a suspicion of hydranencephaly confirmed by CT angiography. The technical aspect of the imaging study is discussed, and the vascular anatomy of hydranencephaly is reviewed.
Some Observations on a Marine Ameba of Intertidal Zones, Vexillifera telmathalassa, n.sp.

SUMMARY. A small ameba found both in rocky tide pools and tide washed sand is described. It is widely distributed, having been collected in both Pacific and Gulf of Mexico waters. The ameba extends clear, conical pseudopods which wave prior to retraction. It is presented as Vexillifera telmathalassa n. sp., in the Family Mayorellidae, Order Amoebida.
Biophysics of the Interaction of HIV with Mucus Barriers during Sexual Transmission

During sexual transmission, HIV must overcome mucosal barriers to reach underlying target cells. The epithelial barrier function of the female reproductive tract is further enhanced by a protective layer of cervical mucus (CM). It is believed that antibodies associated with mucus barriers of the gut can have antimicrobial activity, and so we explored the possible role that antibodies which can bind to virions might alter particle transport through mucus. To characterize the effects of HIV-specific antibodies on viral diffusion in CM, we utilized two red and green fluorescently tagged HIV types: wildtype enveloped virus (WT-Gag-mCherry) and HIV devoid of envelope proteins, (ΔEnv-Gag-GFP) which allows for simultaneous visualization of both virus types in CM. For our assay, both virus types were mixed at equal concentrations and either added directly to CM or incubated with HIV-specific antibodies prior to being added to CM. Particle tracking software was used to determine particle position and measure the mean squared displacement (MSD), a standard measure of microscopic motion. We found that using anti-MHC class I antibodies, which bind epitopes found on WT and ΔEnv virus, decrease the movement of both virus types. In addition, neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-gp41 and anti-gp120 antibodies specifically impaired the mobility of WT virus when compared to ΔEnv virus or when compared to virions that received no antibody treatment. In addition, we observed greater inhibition of HIV transport in CM with multimeric anti-Env antibodies when compared to monomeric antibodies. Our studies reveal that virus binding antibodies can slow the transport of HIV within the mucus coating of the female reproductive tract. This suggests that a vaccine that generates broadly binding antibodies could potentially prevent viral interactions with target cells thus offering protection against productive infection.
Risk-Adjusted Mortality: Problems and Possibilities

The ratio of observed-to-expected deaths is considered a measure of hospital quality and for this reason will soon become a basis for payment. However, there are drivers of that metric more potent than quality: most important are medical documentation and patient acuity. If hositals underdocument and therefore do not capture the full “expected mortality” they may be tempted to lower their observed/expected ratio by reducing “observed mortality” through limiting access to the very ill. Underdocumentation occurs because hospitals do not recognize, and therefore cannot seek to confirm, specific comorbidities conferring high mortality risk. To help hospitals identify these comorbidities, this paper describes an easily implemented spread-sheet for evaluating comorbid conditions associated, in any particular hospital, with each discharge. This method identifies comorbidities that increase in frequency as mortality risk increases within each diagnostic grouping. The method is inductive and therefore independent of any particular risk-adjustment technique.
Experimental demonstration of laser tomographic adaptive optics on a 30-meter telescope at 800 nm

A critical goal in the next decade is to develop techniques that will extend Adaptive Optics correction to visible wavelengths on Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). We demonstrate in the laboratory the highly accurate atmospheric tomography necessary to defeat the cone effect on ELTs, an essential milestone on the path to this capability. We simulate a high-order Laser Tomographic AO System for a 30-meter telescope with the LTAO/MOAO testbed at UCSC. Eight Sodium Laser Guide Stars (LGSs) are sensed by 99x99 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors over 75". The AO system is diffraction-limited at a science wavelength of 800 nm (S ~ 6-9%) over a field of regard of 20" diameter. Openloop WFS systematic error is observed to be proportional to the total input atmospheric disturbance and is nearly the dominant error budget term (81 nm RMS), exceeded only by tomographic wavefront estimation error (92 nm RMS). The total residual wavefront error for this experiment is comparable to that expected for wide-field tomographic adaptive optics systems of similar wavefront sensor order and LGS constellation geometry planned for Extremely Large Telescopes.
Exciton capture cross sections of indium and boron impurities in silicon

Abstract Measurements have been made of the decay rates and intensity ratios of photoluminescence lines from Si:In, B. We deduce values for the In and B exciton capture cross sections in the temperature range 3.6 − 5.9 K. The large difference between the In and B cross sections is discussed in terms of excited states of the In bound exciton.
Novel clathrin activity: developments in health and disease

Clathrin self-assembles into a coat around vesicles filled with cargo such as nutrients, hormones, and proteins destined for degradation. Recent developments indicate clathrin is not a specialist, but is involved in different processes relevant to health and disease. Clathrin is used to strengthen centrosomes and mitotic spindles essential for chromosome segregation in cell division. In Wnt signaling, clathrin is a component of signalosomes on the plasma membrane needed to produce functional Wnt receptors. In glucose metabolism, a muscle-specific isoform, CHC22 clathrin, is key to the formation of storage compartments for GLUT4 receptor, and CHC22 dysfunction has been tied to type 2 diabetes. The activity of clathrin to self-assemble and to work with huntingtin-interacting proteins to organize actin is exploited by Listeria and enteropathic Escherichia coli in their infection pathways. Finally, there is an important connection between clathrin and human malignancies. Clathrin is argued to help transactivate tumor suppressor p53 that controls specific genes in DNA repair and apoptosis. However, this is debatable because trimeric clathrin must be made monomeric. To get insight on how the clathrin structure could be converted, the crystal structure of the trimerization domain is used in the development of the detrimerization switch hypothesis. This novel hypothesis will be relevant if connections continue to be found between CHC17 and p53 anti-cancer activity in the nucleus.
The Impact of Competitors–Firm Power Divergence on Chinese SMES’ Environmental and Financial Performance

Competitor pressure is one of the major reasons that a SME engages in environmentally friendly or damaging activities. Extant research has argued that environmental strengths and concerns have mirror opposite relationships with stakeholder antecedents as well as with performance outcomes. We suggest this argument does not reflect the reality. Building on stakeholder management and Red Queen theories, we hypothesize that environmental strengths and concerns have differential relationships with competitors–firm power exchange and financial performance for Chinese SMEs. Results of ten interviews, a pretest, and a large-scale field study indicate that competitors–firm power divergence has a positive relationship with environmental strengths, yet the link between this divergence and environmental concerns does not exist. Further, environmental strengths mediate the relationship between competitors–firm power divergence and financial performance of Chinese SMEs.
IIA, rationality, and the individuation of options

The independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is a popular and important axiom of decision theory. It states, roughly, that one’s choice from a set of options should not be influenced by the addition or removal of further, unchosen options. In recent debates, a number of authors have given putative counterexamples to it, involving intuitively rational agents who violate IIA. Generally speaking, however, these counterexamples do not tend to move IIA’s proponents. Their strategy tends to be to individuate the options that the agent faces differently, so that the case no longer counts as a violation of IIA. In this paper, we examine whether this strategy succeeds. We argue that the ways of individuating options required to save IIA from the most problematic counterexamples—in particular, cases where agents violate IIA due to nonconsequentialist moral beliefs—do so only at the expense of severely compromising its central function within decision theory.
Separation of soybean leaf nitrate reductases by affinity chromatography

Abstract The NADH: and NADPH: nitrate reductase activities found in soybean leaf extracts were separated into two distinct enzyme components by affinity chromatography on blue dextran-Sepharose. The two soybean nitrate reductases have been designated NAD(P)H: and NADH: nitrate reductase. The NAD(P)H: nitrate reductase, isolated with a specific activity of 650 nmoles/min/mg protein, was characterized by a high Km for KNO3 (4.5 mM) and an ability to utilize both NADPH and NADH as electron donor. The pH optima for NADPH:, NADH:, FADH2:, and reduced methyl viologen: nitrate reductase activities of the NAD(P)H: nitrate reductase were found to be 6.5; whereas, the pH optima for the NADPH: and NADH: cytochrome c reductase activities of NAD(P)H: nitrate reductase were 7.5. It was suggested that catalysis of the conversion of nitrate to nitrite is the rate limiting step during nitrate reduction by soybean NAD(P)H: nitrate reductase. NADH: nitrate reductase with a specific activity of 360 nmoles/min/mg protein was found to have a pH optimum of 6.5 for nitrate reduction, a Km (KNO3) of 0.11 mM, and the ability to utilize mainly NADH. The physiological significance of the two soybean nitrate reductases was discussed in terms of their kinetic properties.
Barrier Disruption Stimulates Interleukin-1α Expression and Release from a Pre-Formed Pool in Murine Epidermis

Previous studies have shown that barrier disruption increases epidermal mRNA levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha). We used immunohistochemistry to examine IL-1 alpha expression in hairless mouse skin under basal conditions and following barrier abrogation. In untreated mice, IL-1 alpha was present in the dermis and nucleated epidermal layers in a diffuse, generalized pattern. In essential fatty acid deficient mice IL-1 alpha was present in all epidermal layers and the dermis, with prominent staining in the stratum corneum. After acute barrier disruption with tape-stripping, IL-1 alpha increased in the epidermis and dermis within 10 min, remained elevated at 2 and 4 h, and decreased to near basal levels by 24 h. Moreover, intense, perinuclear, basal cell staining appeared at 10 min, persisting until 4 h after barrier disruption. Since the increase in IL-1 alpha immunostaining after acute barrier abrogation precedes the increase in mRNA, we hypothesized that the IL-1 alpha might derive from a pre-formed pool. Prolonged occlusion of normal skin, a treatment that specifically reduces epidermal mRNA levels of IL-1 alpha, decreased basal immunostaining for IL-1 alpha and blunted the increase in IL-1 alpha usually seen following barrier disruption. Moreover, tape-stripping of skin, maintained ex vivo at 4 degrees C, resulted in increased IL-1 alpha immunostaining within the upper nucleated epidermal layers, as well as release of mature IL-1 alpha into the medium, as measured by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the stratum corneum attached to the tape contained IL-1 alpha. These studies show that acute barrier disruption induces both the immediate release and dispersion of IL-1 alpha from a pre-formed, epidermal pool, as well as increased IL-1 alpha synthesis; both mechanisms are consistent with a role for IL-1 alpha in the regulation of proinflammatory and homeostatic processes in the skin.
Investigating oyster shell thickness and strength using three imaging modalities: hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging and digital photography

A comparative study of three imaging technologies has been conducted to nondestructively assess the thickness and strength of oyster shells grown in various environmental conditions. Oyster shell thickness and strength are expected to be dependent on the harshness of the oyster's environment as well as other factors. Oysters have been grown in environments with and without predators, and within and out of tidal zones. Hyperspectral imaging has been used to detect possible differences in hyperspectral properties among oyster shells from each of the four environments. Thermal Imaging has been utilized to identify hot spots in the shells based on the principles of heat capacitance, indicating density or thickness of the shells. Finally, a visible-range digital photographic camera has been used to obtain digital images. The three technologies are compared to evaluate the effectiveness of each technology in identifying oyster shell thickness and strength. Although oyster shell thickness and strength are related, they may not be exactly correlated. The local thickness of the oyster shells have been measured with a micro caliper, and shells broken with a crush tester to establish a baseline and ground truth for average shell thickness and shell strength, respectively. The preliminary results from the three methods demonstrate that thermal imaging correlates the best with the invasive strength test results and weight measurements. Using hyperspectral data and principal component analysis, classification of the four oyster shell groups were achieved. Visible-range images mainly provided size, shape, color and texture information.
From Interpretation to Identification: a History of Facial Images in the Sciences of Emotion

Although images of faces have long been employed in the scientific study of emotion, the objectives and assumptions motivating their use have shifted according to the various fields and research programs within which they have been put to use. This article traces these shifts through three such fields – the social psychology of interwar America, cross-cultural research of the 1970s, and the contemporary neurosciences of emotion – in order to assess the recent use of facial images as a means of correlating particular emotions with particular locations in the brain.
The Prevalence of Spirituality, Optimism, Depression, and Fatalism in a Bi-ethnic Stroke Population

To provide insight into the reduced post-stroke all-cause mortality among Mexican Americans, we explored ethnic differences in the pre-stroke prevalence of (1) spirituality, (2) optimism, (3) depression, and (4) fatalism in a Mexican American and non-Hispanic white stroke population. The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project is a population-based stroke surveillance study in Nueces County, Texas. Seven hundred ten stroke patients were queried. For fatalism, optimism, and depression scales, unadjusted ethnic comparisons were made using linear regression models. Regression models were also used to explore how age and gender modify the ethnic associations after adjustment for education. For the categorical spirituality variables, ethnic comparisons were made using Fisher’s exact tests. Mexican Americans reported significantly more spirituality than non-Hispanic whites. Among women, age modified the ethnic associations with pre-stroke depression and fatalism but not optimism. Mexican American women had more optimism than non-Hispanic white women. With age, Mexican American women had less depression and fatalism, while non-Hispanic white women had more fatalism and similar depression. Among men, after adjustment for education and age, there was no ethnic association with fatalism, depression, and optimism. Spirituality requires further study as a potential mediator of increased survival following stroke among Mexican Americans. Among women, evaluation of the role of optimism, depression, and fatalism as they relate to ethnic differences in post-stroke mortality should be explored.
A Modification of the Combustion of Diamonds Demonstration

The demonstration of burning diamonds and reducing the combustion product to graphite lacks a control experiment. An additional experiment is suggested.
An Acceleration Command Approach to Robotic Stereo Image-based Visual Servoing

Abstract This paper presents a new stereo image-based visual servoing (IBVS) controller for a six degrees of freedom (DOF) robot manipulator based on acceleration command. An eye-in-hand stereo vision system is utilized to capture the images of the object and to estimate the depth of the object. A proportional derivative (PD) controller is developed considering the acceleration command. The augmented image-based visual servoing (AIBVS) controller helps the system achieve smoother and more linear image feature trajectories and decrease the risk that the features leave the field of view (FOV). The developed control method also enhances the stability characteristics of the system and the robot's end-effector 3D behaviour. Both simulation and experimental results on a 6 DOF DENSO 6242G robot validate the effectiveness of the proposed stereo AIBVS controller. The comparison with IBVS with monocular vision system demonstrates the improved performance of the proposed system.
Longitudinal study of relations between human salivary antimicrobial proteins and measures of dental plaque accumulation and composition

Abstract Many studies have attempted to relate levels of antimicrobial proteins in saliva to oral health; results have been inconsistent, and one reason might be inconsistency of measures of plaque and saliva within subjects. This study investigated associations between plaque and salivary variables in longitudinal data. Whole saliva, and 8-h plaque pooled from buccal first permanent molars, was obtained from 32 dental students on Tuesdays from 3:00–6:00 p.m. over 4 weeks. Salivary flow rate was determined, and samples were assayed for lysozyme, lactoferrin, total peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, OSCN − , sIgA and total protein. Colonies on mitis-salivarius agar were assigned to Streptococcus sanguis, Strep. mutans or Strep. salivarius on the basis of morphology, supplemented by the API Rapid Strep identification system. Consistency of values within subjects across weeks was evaluated by repeat-measures analysis of variance and intraclass correlation; data were transformed to reduce skewness. Pearson's r was used to determine associations between plaque and salivary variables. Significant intraclass correlations ( α = 0.05) were found for all salivary variables except myeloperoxidase, and for total flora, total streptococci, Strep. sanguis and Strep. sanguis as a proportion of total streptococci. Significant Pearson correlations with Strep. sanguis as a proportion of total streptocci were found for total protein ( r = −0.24), sIgA ( r = −0.22), lactoferrin ( r = −0.19) and OSCN − ( r = 0.20) when data from all weeks were pooled ( n = 128). Strep. sanguis proportions tended to be low in subjects with high values for salivary proteins; the range of proportions was wider in subjects with low salivary values. These findings suggest some consistency of weekly values for many plaque and salivary variables. They also support previous cross-sectional data which suggested that salivary antimicrobial proteins may have some effect on plaque composition. This study was made before recent revisions in streptococcal taxonomy, and further research is needed to clarify interactions of salivary proteins with currently defined species.
Acid hydrolysis of tetrahydropyranyl glycosides: Effects of 2‐methylation and 3‐hydroxylation on rate of hydrolysis

A series of methyl glycosides (acetals and ketals) analogous to aldopyranosides, ketopyranosides, and their 3-hydroxy analogs (tetrahydropyran, 2-methyl-tetrahydropyran, and 3-hydroxyl derivatives of these compounds) were synthesized, subjected to acids of various concentrations, and their rates of hydrolysis determined spectrophotometrically.
Improved formulations to the hierarchical health facility location-allocation problem

A.B. Calvo and D.H. Marks (1973) formulated the problem of locating various types of health facilities, and allocating different types and levels of demand to these facilities, as a zero-one integer programming model. Although the model has been widely referenced in the literature no solution algorithm has been developed to date. It is shown in this work that the model is actually only locally inclusive and that it can be solved as a special case of another general, successively exclusive, model that is formulated and solved. A second model is presented that corrects for a shortcoming in the A.B. Calvo and D.H. Marks model and solves for the successively inclusive hierarchical location-allocation problem.
Severe Hypoxia: Consequences to Neural Stem Cells and Neurons.

Background: Multiple neurological diseases result from a pathological hypoxia in the brain, resulting in various motor, sensory or cognitive sequelae. Understanding the response of neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated neurons to hypoxia will help better treat such diseases. Methods: We exposed mouse embryonic primary neurons (PN) and neural stem cells to 1% O 2 in vitro . Results: Both cell types survived and retained their immunocytochemical markers, and neurons showed no obvious morphological changes. Microarray analysis showed that the number of genes with significantly altered expression levels was almost five-fold higher in NSCs compared to PN. NSCs displayed a clear block in G1 / S phase of the cell cycle and a number of down-regulated cytokine genes. Various growth factors (e.g. neural growth factor, prolactin), involved in survival and proliferation, genes of the Notch pathway, and genes involved in glial differentiation, and cell-matrix adhesion were up-regulated. PN displayed a down-regulation of a number of genes involved in neuron-specific functions, in particular, transmitter-related (e.g. synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter transport and release, learning, adult behavior). Conclusions: We conclude that hypoxia 1-down-regulates genes involved in multiple neuronal functions which can negatively impact learning and memory; 2-induces a cell cycle block in NSCs; 3-can precondition NSC towards a particular differentiation potential while maintaining them fully undifferentiated. doi:10.4021/jnr70w
SU-FF-T-169: Dose Calculation Accuracy in the Presence of High-Z Materials Using Megavoltage CT for Treatment Planning

Purpose: Verify the accuracy of the dose calculation algorithm in the presence of a hip prosthesis when planning with megavoltage CT (MVCT) images of the TomoTherapy Hi‐Art II planning system. Methods and Materials: Artifacts from imaging high‐Z materials are greatly reduced in MVCT compared to kilovoltage CT (kVCT). This may allow more accurate treatment planning for patients with metallic implants. The Radiological Physics Center's (RPC) pelvic phantom was modified to accommodate a commercial Co‐Cr‐Mo hip prosthesis and imaged with both kVCT and MVCT. On the TomoTherapy Hi‐Art II planning system, the MVCT‐to‐density table was extended to high‐Z materials by including stainless steel and lead in the calibration. Contours were drawn on kVCT images without the prosthesis present and fused to the MVCT image set. Helical tomotherapy plans were created using the MVCT images with no constraints on beam entry or exit location. The delivered dose distribution was measured using TLDs in the PTV and EBT radiochromic film in the coronal and sagittal planes. Criteria based on TG‐53 recommendations were used for comparison between measurements and calculations. Results:Dose calculation with MVCT images resulted in minor variations between calculated and measured dose. It was found that on average 97% of the dose distribution measured with film agreed with the treatment planning system to within +/−5% or 3mm. Profiles across the PTV also showed good agreement between measurement and calculation. The average TLDdose at the center of the PTV was 96.0% of the expected dose.Conclusion: Using dose calculations based on MVCT images, it is possible to accurately calculate the dose distribution in the pelvic region while treating through a high‐Z prosthetic implant. Work was supported by PHS grant CA10953 and CA081647 awarded by NCI.