cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrochemical Behavior of Cellulose Insulation

Tests on unbleached unsized linen paper of high purity indicate that the physical defects implied by the various pyroelectric theories of insulation failure appear secondary to, and manifested as a result of, the chemical changes involved. These chemical changes result in both increased power factor and decreased dielectric strength of the insulation. The investigation shows that chemical results of overheating of cellulose insulation in service may be disastrous even within a range of temperatures not generally associated with dangerous physical effects.
Electron Transport in the Strongly Cut-off Magnetron†

ABSTRACT The statistical theory of electron transport through randomly varying electric fields is tested experimentally, and is found to be not applicable in the general case. It is suggested that previously reported experimental agreement with the theory may be due to the masking effect of gas collisions. Within the limits of the theoretical model the results imply that the fields do not vary randomly, but instead are organized in a definite pattern.
Termination of Diapause in the Tobacco Budworm in Arizona

Termination of diapause in Heliothis virescens (F.) was studied under both natural and laboratory conditions. Moth emergence from overwintering pupae held outdoors in flats of soil occurred from mid-March to early May, with most moths appearing during the 1st 4 weeks of April. Emergence dates of male and female moths were similar and the average fecundity of overwintering females was 750 eggs. In the laboratory, as temperature increased, the time required for emergence of diapausing pupae decreased. Moisture, however, had no significant effect on rate of emergence. Extending initial pupal exposure at 10°C from 40–76 days decreased the time required for moth emergence. Longer periods of cold treatment had no additional effect. Pupae held outdoors and transferred to 23°C at regular intervals dunng winter and early spring required ca. the same number of days for adult emergence.
Constrained basis set expansions for target subspaces in hyperspectral detection and identification

Subspace methods for hyperspectral imagery enable detection and identification of targets under unknown environmental conditions (i.e., atmospheric, illumination, surface temperature, etc.) by specifying a subspace of possible target spectral signatures (and, optionally, a background subspace) and identifying closely fitting spectra in the image. The subspaces, defined from a set of exemplar spectra, are compactly expanded in singular value decomposition basis vectors or, less commonly, endmember basis spectra, linear combinations of which are used to fit the image data. In the present study we compared detection performance in the thermal infrared using several different constrained and unconstrained basis set expansions of low-dimensional subspaces, including a method based on the Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) endmember algorithm. Constrained expansions were found to provide a modest improvement in algorithm robustness in our test cases.
Emergency department visits by urban African American children with asthma

Abstract Background: Asthma morbidity among African American children has been identified as a significant national health concern. High emergency department use is one index of this morbidity and may reflect disease severity, disease management, and social factors. Objective: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of emergency department use and other indices of asthma morbidity among a sample of urban, low-income, African American children. Methods: Parents of 392 elementary school children with asthma who had consented to participate in an asthma education program were interviewed by phone according to a standardized protocol. Results: Children had a mean of 6.2 days of restricted activity (SD 8.1) and 7.9 symptomatic nights (SD 8.1). The mean number of school days missed because of asthma was 9.7 (SD 13.5). Among children with asthma symptoms in the past 12 months, 73.2% could identify a specific physician or nurse who provided asthma care. For those families without an identified asthma primary care provider, 39.3% received their usual asthma care from the emergency department. A total of 43.6% of the children had been to the emergency department for asthma care without hospitalization in the previous 6 months. Close to 80% of children reported using one or more prescribed asthma medication, and of these only 12% reported using inhaled anti-inflammatory medications. Families of children who had used the emergency department in the prior 6 months reported more asthma symptoms, lower social support, problems paying for health care, and the absence of a hypoallergenic mattress cover and that they had seen a physician for regular asthma care in the past 6 months. Conclusions: We conclude that asthma management for children in the inner city relies on episodic care and emergency care, that asthma medication management does not conform to current guidelines, and that asthma symptoms resulting in school absences and workdays lost are prevalent. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:83-90.)
The present and future of biologically inspired adhesive interfaces and materials.

The natural world provides many examples of robust, permanent adhesive platforms. Synthetic adhesive interfaces and materials inspired by mussels of genus Mytulis have been extensively applied, and it is expected that characterization and adaptation of several other biological adhesive strategies will follow the Mytilus edulis model. These candidate species will be introduced, along with a discussion of the adhesive behaviors that make them attractive for synthetic adaptation. While significant progress has been made in the development of biologically inspired adhesive interfaces and materials, persistent questions, current challenges, and emergent areas of research will be also be discussed.
Predicting binding energetics from structure: looking beyond DeltaG degrees.

Structure-based design of pharmaceuticals requires the ability to predict ligand affinity based on knowledge of structure. The primary term of interest is the binding affinity constant, K, or the free energy of binding, DG8. It is common to attempt to predict DG8 based on empirically derived terms which represent common contributions such as the hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonding, and conformational entropy. Although these approaches have met with some success, when they fail it is difficult to know which parameter(s) need refinement. Confidence in these ap- proaches is also limited by the fact that DG8 typically is made up of compensating enthalpic and entropic terms, DH8 and DS8, so that accurate prediction of a DG8 value may be fortuitous and may not indicate a reasonable understanding of the underlying relationship between structure and affinity. This is further complicated by the fact that both DH8 and DS8 are strongly temperature de- pendent through the heat capacity change, DC p . In order to avoid these difficulties, we attempt to use structural data to predict DH8, DS8, and DC p , from which DG8 can be calculated as a function of temperature. The predictions are then compared to experimentally determined values. These calculations have been applied to several systems by ourselves and others. Systems include the binding of angiotensin II to an antibody, the dimerization of interleukin-8, and the binding of in- hibitors to aspartic and serine proteases. Overall the calculations are very successful, and suggest that our understanding of the contributions of the hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonding, and con- formational entropy are quite good. Several of these systems show a strong dependence of the binding energetics on pH, indicative of changes in proton affinity of ionizable groups upon bind- ing. It is critical to account for these protonation contributions to the binding energetics in order to assess the reliability of any computational prediction of energetics from structure. Methods have been developed for determining the energetics of proton binding using isothermal titration calorimetry. The availability of these methods provides a means of understanding how protein structure can modify the pKa's of ionizable groups. This information will further add to our un- derstanding of structural energetic relationships and our ability accurately to predict binding affini-
Training the trainers in emergency medicine: An advanced trauma training course in Rwanda’s medical simulation center

Medical simulation is an integral tool for training medical students and physicians in all specialties, including emergency medicine. We describe a model program for advanced trauma training utilizing the medical simulation and skills center in Rwanda, one of the first in Africa for training health care professionals.
Learned helplessness and response difficulty

To determine the effects of preshock ( PS) and sex on subsequent escape learning, 32 male and 32 female rats, approximately 90- 110 days old were tested on barpress escape responding. The rats were randomly assigned to an inescapable PS treatment or the no- shock control treatment ( C). These groups were further randomly assigned to four groups of four according to a required frequency of the barpress escape response, FR 2, FR 3, FR 4, and FR 5. The results showed marked learning deficits in the PS groups at intermediate task- difficulty levels ( FR 3 and FR 4). Female C rats tended to have slightly lower mean escape latencies than male controls. There were no sex differences among the PS rats. Thus, helplessness was demonstrated at intermediate task levels ( FR 3 and FR 4), but not at extreme levels ( FR 2 and FR 5). An interesting interaction with sex was observed.
Balancing Human and Inter-Agent Influences for Shared Control of Bio-Inspired Collectives

Abstract : Human interaction with bio-inspired collectives provides an interesting setting for studying shared control. A human will often have knowledge of global objectives and high-level plans, but the collective will often have more detailed lower-level knowledge about the particulars of the situation at hand. Thus it is important to understand how control can be appropriately shared between the human and the collective. We analyze human interaction with bio-inspired collectives using graph theory, and propose that there are two human-side elements that determine how well control is shared: span and persistence. We additionally propose that there is a collective-side element that determines how well control is shared: connectivity . We study two examples of shared-control between a human and a bio-inspired collective: shaping a spatial formation and causing a collective to switch between stable collective states. Our empirical results show that span, persistence, and connectivity combine to affect (1) how influence is shared between the human and the collective and (2) the resulting success of human-collective interactions.
Poor-risk non-lymphoblastic lymphoma of childhood: results of an intensive pilot study

Children with “poor-risk” nonlymphoblastic lymphoma, especially those with marrow or nervous system (CNS) involvement at presentation, have fared poorly even on aggressive chemotherapy regimens. We report here the results of a pilot study of 30 children treated with a highly intensive chemotherapy regimen. This regimen includes an intensive Induction Phase consisting of three cycles of CHOP therapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and corticosteroids) as well as intensive intrathecal therapy with each cycle. This is followed by a CNS Consolidation Phase consisting of a single cycle of CHOP therapy with five intrathecal doses of “triple” chemotherapy (methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and hydrocortisone). Thereafter, a Maintenance Phase consists of alternating cycles of 1) cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine, 2) oral methotrexate and VP-16, and 3) CHOP, for a duration that varied from 36 to 72 wk. Neither debulking surgery nor radiation therapy were recommended. There were 20 patients with Stage III disease (St. Jude's Staging System) and an additional ten patients with bone marrow and/or CNS involvement. The latter group included six patients with B-cell leukemia, three of whom also had CNS disease at presentation. Two additional patients had CNS disease without marrow involvement. Twenty-nine of 30 patients achieved a complete response. Six patients died with recurrent or progressive disease. Twenty-three patients are alive without any adverse events between 21 and 65 mo after diagnosis, with the median time of survival not yet reached (at least 32 mo). All seven adverse events occurred within 7 mo of diagnosis. Event-free survival for all patients is 77%, for Stage III patients is 80%, and for patients with marrow and/or CNS involvement is 70%. This pilot study offers encouragement for improvement in the prognosis of children with “poor-risk” nonlymphoblastic lymphoma and merits evaluation in a Phase III randomized trial in the multicenter cooperative group setting.
Thermodynamics of association for benzene-benzyl alcohol, benzene-phenethyl alcohol, and fluorobenzene-benzyl alcohol in dilute aqueous solution

Vapor pressure measurements have been made on dilute aqueous solutions of benzene-benzyl alcohol (BZOH), benzene-phenethyl alcohol (PEOH), and fluorobenzene-BZOH at 15, 25, 35, and 45°C. The benzene results have been interpreted with a mass action model which attributes deviations from ideality to the formation of benzene dimers and heterodimers with BZOH and PEOH. The benzene heterodimers form endothermically at 25°C with large and negative heat capacity changes. The dimerization constant for the benzene-BZOH dimer reaches a maximum of 0.57 M−1 at about 37°C, while the benzene-PEOH dimer reaches a maximum of 0.60 M−1 around 30°C. The fluorobenzene results have been interpreted with a mass action model which, in addition to fluorobenzene dimers and heterodimers, includes the formation of a fluorobenzene-BZOH trimer. Thermodynamic properties for these aggregates are reported and compared with results obtained in previous studies.
Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the peripheral vasculature with a continuously moving table and modified elliptical centric acquisition.

This study was approved by the institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant. All subjects provided written informed consent, and subject confidentiality was protected. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of integrating a modified elliptical centric (EC) acquisition with a continuously moving table technique to acquire high-spatial-resolution contrast material–enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiograms of the peripheral vasculature. Incorporation of two-dimensional homodyne reconstruction modified the EC view order, allowing improved spatial resolution per unit time while retaining the advantage of venous suppression intrinsic to the EC technique. Spatial resolution was dynamically improved when the table reached the distal-most station. The modified view order provided improved spatial resolution in phantom examinations compared with that in standard examinations. Peripheral MR angiograms were generated in a group of 13 volunteers (eight women; five men; age rang...
Technetium-99m Stannous Pyrophosphate Scintigrams in Normal Subjects, Patients With Exercise-Induced Ischemia and Patients With a Calcified Valve

Although technetium-99m stannous ( 99m Tc[Sn]) pyrophosphate has been shown to be a specific and sensitive index of myocardial infarction, abnormal images have been reported in patients with unstable angina or ventricular aneurysm. Sixty-one subjects—33 patients subjected to maximal treadmill stress testing, 23 normal subjects and 5 patients with a calcified aortic or mitral valve—underwent imaging with 99m Tc(Sn) pyrophosphate to determine whether abnormal images are associated with (1) exercise-induced ischemia, (2) delayed clearance of tracer from the blood pool, or (3) calcified intracardiac structures. Myocardial injury was excluded on the basis of normal MB creatine kinase (CK) values in all patients with stress testing. All eight patients with an abnormal exercise stress test had normal images. Four of 25 patients with a normal exercise stress test had diffusely abnormal images. In some normal subjects diffusely abnormal images were present 60 minutes after injection of the tracer, but became normal 90 to 120 minutes after injection. Variations in clearance of tracer from the blood pool were noted in this group. Patients with a calcified aortic or mitral valve had normal images. We conclude that (1) exercise-induced ischemia is not associated with abnormal 99m Tc(Sn) pyrophosphate images; (2) images are not necessarily abnormal in patients with a calcified valve; and (3) delayed removal of tracer from the cardiac blood pool may result in diffusely abnormal images even in normal subjects; in these cases, repeat images should be obtained at least 2 hours after injection of the tracer to avoid false abnormal images.
The Risk of Birth Defects in Multiple Births: A Population-Based Study

Objectives: To determine if multiple births have higher risks of birth defects compared to singletons and to identify types of birth defects that occur more frequently in multiple births, controlling for seven sociodemographic and health-related variables. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all resident live births in Florida during 1996–2000 using data from a population-based surveillance system. Birth defects were defined as in the 9th edition of the International Classification of Diseases—Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code for the 42 reportable categories in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Birth Defects Registry list and eight major birth defects classifications. Relative risks (RR) before and after adjusting for control variables and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The control variables included mother's race, age, previous adverse pregnancy experience, education, Medicaid participation during pregnancy, infant's sex and number of siblings. Results: This study included 972,694 live births (27,727 multiple births and 944,967 singletons). Birth defects prevalence per 10,000 live births was 358.50 for multiple births and 250.54 for singletons. After adjusting for control variables, multiple births had a 46% increased risk of birth defects compared to singletons. Higher risks were found in 23 of 40 birth defects for multiple births. Five highest adjusted relative risks for birth defects among multiple births were: anencephalus, biliary atresia, hydrocephalus without spina bifida, pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis, and bladder exstrophy. Increased risks were also found in 6 out of 8 major birth defects classifications. Conclusions: Multiple births have increased risks of birth defects compared to singletons.
Judicial Discretion and Defendant's Sex

* * * The judicial treatment of adult female relative to male criminal offenders is theoretically and empirically examined in this paper. After discussing various problems with the chivalry hypothesis and labeling theory–the two major explanations of gender disparities-an empirical test is made to determine the accuracy of both perspectives. An analysis of 543 adult felony cases in Dade County, Florida, using multiple regression to control for the effects of relevant legal and nonlegal variables, indicated inconsistent differences in treatment by sex at the h e k of negotiations, prosecution, conviction, and sentence. These differences also vary over the three time periods examined: 1965–1966, 1971, and 1975–1976. The findings do not support any existing theory of the differential legal handling of male and female offenders, clearly indicating a need for the development of theory that takes into account the growing body of empirical work in this area.
Legius Syndrome and SPRED1

Legius syndrome, initially reported as neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous inactivating SPRED1 mutations. The disease is characterised by multiple cafe-au-lait spots (CALs), sometimes associated with axillary or inguinal freckling and macrocephaly as seen in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Other typical NF1 associated features (Lisch nodules, bone abnormalities, neurofibromas, optic pathway gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours) are lacking. Some degree of learning disability and/or speech problems in infancy are frequently observed and are usually milder than in NF1. The SPRED1 protein is a negative regulator of the RAS (rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. CALs in Legius syndrome result from bi-allelic SPRED1 inactivation in melanocytes. SPRED1 loss-of-function results in overactivation of the RAS-MAPK signalling pathway. This is similar to what is seen in a group of disorders caused by mutations in other genes coding for key proteins of the RAS-MAPK pathway (referred as RASopathies). Key Concepts: Legius syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder. It is caused by heterozygous mutations in the SPRED1 gene. The phenotype consists of cafe-au-lait spots, sometimes with axillary or inguinal freckling and a variable degree of macrocephaly. Learning disabilities and speech problems in infants are frequently reported. SPRED1 is a negative regulator of the RAS-MAPK pathway at the level of activation of RAF by RAS-GTP. Legius syndrome is a RASopathy (RAS-MAPK syndrome). Keywords: Legius syndrome; SPRED1; neurofibromatosis type 1; neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome; RAS-MAPK pathway; RASopathy; cafe-au-lait spot
Rhetoric and conversation in service encounters

(1988). Rhetoric and conversation in service encounters. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 22, No. 1-4, pp. 93-114.
Immune Therapy and β-Cell Death in Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. The killing of β-cells is not currently measurable; β-cell functional studies routinely used are affected by environmental factors such as glucose and cannot distinguish death from dysfunction. Moreover, it is not known whether immune therapies affect killing. We developed an assay to identify β-cell death by measuring relative levels of unmethylated INS DNA in serum and used it to measure β-cell death in a clinical trial of teplizumab. We studied 43 patients with recent-onset T1D, 13 nondiabetic subjects, and 37 patients with T1D treated with FcR nonbinding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (teplizumab) or placebo. Patients with recent-onset T1D had higher rates of β-cell death versus nondiabetic control subjects, but patients with long-standing T1D had lower levels. When patients with recent-onset T1D were treated with teplizumab, β-cell function was preserved (P < 0.05) and the rates of β-cell were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). We conclude that there are higher rates of β-cell death in patients with recent-onset T1D compared with nondiabetic subjects. Improvement in C-peptide responses with immune intervention is associated with decreased β-cell death.
Review of Why Nations Fail

A review of Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty, by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson. New York, Crown Publishing, 2012.
PARTY GOVERNMENT AND THE SALIENCY OF CONGRESS

To what extent do public reactions to the legislative records of the major parties influence voter's choices among party candidates at mid-term congressional elections? Here is a study that provides an answer and throws light on some of the unique aspects of the American party system. Donald E. Stokes and Warren E. Miller are members of the staff of the Survey Research Center and Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan. Mr. Miller is, in addition, Director of the newly organized Interuniversity Consortium for Political Research.
Ethylene Oxide as a Fumigant for Food and Other Commodities

Ethylene oxide, a recently discovered gas is an excellent fumigant for all types of foodstuffs. When used as directed with carbon dioxide it is non-flammable and non-explosive, easy and safe to use, effective against all types of stored product insects, and is reasonably inexpensive. It has been used successfully in treating stores, supply rooms, grain bins, fumigating vaults, etc., Dosages for the atmospheric and vacuum fumigation of various commodities are given.
Primary uncemented total hip arthroplasty in patients <40 years old: 10- to 14-year results using first-generation proximally porous-coated implants.

Eighty-two consecutive primary first-generation uncemented total hip arthroplasties (72 patients) performed in patients <40 years old were reviewed with minimum follow-up of 10 years. Of 82 hips, 24 (29.3%) have been revised to date. The estimated survival free of aseptic revision or radiographic failure was 81.3% at 10 years for the acetabular components. The estimated survival free of aseptic revision or radiographic failure was 84.9% at 10 years for the femoral component. In this exclusively young patient cohort, there was a high failure rate of the acetabular component and the femoral componen. The data in this report can serve as a baseline for comparison of newer implants and operative methods.
The risk of venous thromboembolic disease in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

ABSTRACT Background Recent evidence indicates that patients with multiple myeloma receiving combination chemotherapy containing thalidomide are at a significantly high risk for venous thromboembolic disease (VTD). However, information on the occurrence of VTD in a related disorder, benign monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), is limited. Patients and methods We prospectively investigated patients with MGUS for the occurrence of VTD. The diagnosis of MGUS was based on well known criteria for the disorder. The variables examined were sex, age, race, presence of underlying conditions, level and type of immunoglobulin [serum monoclonal (M)-protein] platelet counts and level of fibrinogen. Results Of a total of 310 patients with MGUS, 19 (6.1%) developed VTD after a median follow-up of 44 months (range 12–67 months). In a univariate analysis, age ≥65 years (P=0.01), M-protein ≥16 g/l (P=0.001) and progression to plasma cell or lymphoproliferative disorders (28 of 310 patients; P=0.001) were significant risk factors for VTD. In multivariate analysis, M-spike ≥16 g/l [risk ratio (RR)=6.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.25–17.6; P=0.001] and future development of plasma cell or lymphoproliferative disorder (RR = 4.2; 95% CI 1.64–10.7; P=0.003) were variables strongly associated with the occurrence of VTD. A total of 46 patients (14.8%) died during the follow-up period of the study. Conclusion This study demonstrates that patients with MGUS are at increased risk for VTD. Although a clear reason for the pre-thrombotic state in these patients is not currently evident, few risk factors were identified in the group of patients examined.
Introducing Non-locality into Solidification Models

A non-local flux, constructed as a weighted sum of local gradients, is introduced into a standard solidification model. A particular choice of weights leads to a flux expressed as a Caputo fractional derivative. Numerical solution, indicates that—in modeling solidification at microstructure scales of ~5 mm—the presence of non-locality influences the distribution of temperature and liquid fraction and also increase the expected exponent in the characteristic solidification time scale.
Hillock Formation in Platinum Films

Hillocks, surface protrusions from thin metal films, have been observed in Al, Al/Cu, Pb, and other materials. Platinum films are widely used as substrates for the deposition of ferroelectric thin films because of their superior oxidation resistance. However, hillock formation in platinum films has not been reported in the literature. In this work, we report the appearance of hillocks in platinum in Pt/Ti bilayers on oxidized silicon wafers. Platinum films 250 to 300 nra were deposited by ion beam sputter deposition at 25°C and 300°C onto a 70 nm Ti film on oxidized Si wafers. The wafers were then heated in flowing argon to 600°C, held 1 hr at 600°C, and cooled to room temperature while the wafer curvature (and hence the film stress) was measured with a laser beam deflection technique. At 600°C, compressive stresses of 0.1 to 0.4 GPa, due to thermal expansion mismatch, developed in the metal films. The platinum surface, initially flat, showed strong hillocking after the anneal. Cross-sectional TEM revealed that severe Ti/Pt interdiffusion occurred, in one case leading to a Ti layer on the top surface.
A POINT-BASED ASYNCHRONOUS REMOTE VISUALIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME VIRTUAL REALITY

High speed interactive virtual reality (VR) exploration of scientific datasets is a challenge when the visualization is computationally expensive. This paper presents a point-based remote visualization pipeline for real-time virtual reality (VR) with asynchronous client-server coupling. Steered by the client-end frustum request, the remote server samples the original dataset into 3D point samples and sends them back to the client for view updating. From every view updating frame, the client incrementally builds up a point-based geometry under an octree-based space partition hierarchy. At every view-reconstruction frame, the client continuously splats the available points onto the screen with efficient occlusion culling and view-dependent level of detail (LOD) control. An experimental visualization framework with a server-end computer cluster and a client-end head-tracked autostereo VR desktop display is used to visualize large-scale mesh datasets and ray-traced 4D Julia set datasets. The overall performance of the VR view reconstruction is about 15 fps and independent of the original dataset complexity.
Associations between in-vivo glenohumeral joint motion and morphology

Joint morphology has a significant influence on joint motion and may contribute to the development of rotator cuff pathology, but the relationships between glenohumeral joint (GHJ) morphology and in-vivo GHJ motion are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to assess measures of joint morphology and their relationship with in-vivo joint motion in two populations: shoulders with intact rotator cuffs (n=48) and shoulders with rotator cuff pathology (n=36, including 5 symptomatic tears, 9 asymptomatic tears and 22 repaired tears). GHJ morphology was measured from CT-based three-dimensional models of the humerus and scapula. In-vivo GHJ motion was measured during shoulder abduction using biplane x-ray imaging. Associations between GHJ morphology and motion were assessed with univariate and best subsets regression. The only morphological difference identified between the populations was the critical shoulder angle (intact: 34.5 ± 4.7°, pathologic: 36.9 ± 5.0°, p=0.03), which is consistent with previous research. In intact shoulders, the superior/inferior (S/I) position of the humerus on the glenoid during shoulder abduction was significantly associated with the glenoid's S/I radius of curvature (p<0.01), conformity index (p<0.01), and stability angle (p<0.01). Furthermore, the S/I position of the humerus on the glenoid was negatively associated with the critical shoulder angle (p=0.04), which contradicts previous research. No significant associations between GHJ morphology and GHJ motion were detected in shoulders with rotator cuff tears. It is unknown if rotator cuff pathology compromises the relationships between GHJ morphology and motion, or if the absence of this relationship is a pre-existing condition that increases the likelihood of pathology.
Sirtuins, Cell Senescence, and Vascular Aging

The sirtuins (SIRTs) constitute a class of proteins with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase or adenosine diphosphate-ribosyltransferase activity. Seven SIRT family members have been identified in mammals, from SIRT1, the best studied for its role in vascular aging, to SIRT7. SIRT1 and SIRT2 are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 are mitochondrial, and SIRT6 and SIRT7 are nuclear. Extensive studies have clearly revealed that SIRT proteins regulate diverse cell functions and responses to stressors. Vascular aging involves the aging process (senescence) of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Two types of cell senescence have been identified: (1) replicative senescence with telomere attrition; and (2) stress-induced premature senescence without telomere involvement. Both types of senescence induce vascular cell growth arrest and loss of vascular homeostasis, and contribute to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Previous mechanistic studies have revealed in detail that SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 show protective functions against vascular aging, and definite vascular function of other SIRTs is under investigation. Thus, direct SIRT modulation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide stimulation of SIRT are promising candidates for cardiovascular disease therapy. A small number of pilot studies have been conducted to assess SIRT modulation in humans. These clinical studies have not yet provided convincing evidence that SIRT proteins alleviate morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The outcomes of multiple ongoing clinical trials are awaited to define the efficacy of SIRT modulators and SIRT activators in cardiovascular diseases, along with the potential adverse effects of chronic SIRT modulation.
Vasopressin constricts outer medullary descending vasa recta isolated from rat kidneys

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) can selectively decrease blood flow in the renal medulla, but the sites of vasoconstriction are uncertain. We have examined the effects of vasopressin-receptor agonists and antagonists on the diameters of outer medullary descending vasa recta (OMDVR), isolated and perfused in vitro. AVP can constrict OMDVR, apparently via V1a-receptors. Ablumenal AVP (10(-10)-10(-6)M) or the selective V1a-receptor agonist [Phe2, Ile3, Orn8]-vasopressin (PO-VT, 10(-8) M) constricted OMDVR focally and (at higher AVP concentrations) transiently. The V1b agonist ideamino-Cys1,D-3-(pyridyl)Ala2,Arg8)vasopressin (DP-VP; 10(-8) M) and the V2 agonist [deamino-Cys1, D-Arg8]vasopressin (DDAVP; 10(-8) M) did not constrict OMDVR. The V1a antagonist [d(CH2)5(1), O-Me-Tyr2,Arg8]vasopressin (CTM-VP, 10(-10) 10(-8) M) inhibited vasoconstriction by AVP 10(-9 M), whereas the V2 antagonist [d(CH2)5(1), D-Ile2,Ile4 Arg8]vasopressin (II-VP) at low concentration (10(-10) M) did not. V2 stimulation seems to inhibit V1a constriction of OMDVR. DDAVP prevented constriction by PO-VT (10(-8) M) applied at the same time and dilated OMDVR preconstricted with PO-VT.
The Secretion of Colicin V

Colicin V was the first colicin to be described in the literature. In 1925, Gratia described a factor which he called factor V which was biologically active against “coli” (Gratia, 1925). This factor was studied further and given the name “colicin V” (Fredericq et a.., 1949), but complete characterization was hindered by the apparent instability of the protein. As more was learned about the properties of other colicins such as A, El, and I, it became evident that colicin V (ColV) did not share most of the properties which had come to be associated with colicins. ColV is not SOS inducible, it is much smaller (6 kd) than other colicins, and it does not utilize a lysis protein for its release (Gilson et a.., 1990). Instead, it requires a set of dedicated export proteins. By these criteria, ColV more appropriately belongs to the related family of antimicrobial agents called microcins. For these reasons, we classify ColV as a microcin. But, for historical reasons, we feel it appropriate that its name remain unchanged.
The Factor of Urgency in Corporate Capital Budgeting Decisions

The process for evaluating capital investment decisions in a managerial context has received considerable attention in the roughly twenty-five years since its popularization in the literature of economics and finance. It is now in such a stage of sophistication that its basic tenets of discounting and risk adjustment are in daily use by a majority of practicing financial managers. Capital investment theory, however, is essentially normative in its focus; by accepting projects with returns greater than the cost of capital, the classical profit-maximizing behavior of microeconomics is applied to corporate investment decisions. The development of the positive aspects of the decision process—how the realities of uncertainty, organizational size, internal politics, and corporate strategy should be integrated into the theory—has received far too little attention. Rather, the analytical focus has remained for the most part on tangible benefits and costs. Intangibles are generally not formally considered; the major exception, of course, is in the area of uncertainty, where management’s subjective estimates of the future are often converted into probability distributions for further analysis. The explicit treatment of risk and uncertainty represents an appropriate first step in an attempt to operationalize the normative theory.
Making Implicit Metalevel Rules of the Discourse on Function Explicit Topics of Reflection in the Classroom to Foster Student Learning.

Despite the existence of extensive literature on functions, fewer studies used sociocultural views to explore the development of student learning about the concept. This study uses a discursive lens to examine whether an instructional approach that specifically attends to particular metalevel rules in the mathematical discourse on functions supports students’ learning of the concept in a postsecondary mathematics classroom. The findings suggest that such instruction has the potential to foster learning as indicated by the changes in the ways students talked about functions, and their awareness and modifications of the assumptions shaping their thinking about functions.
Geovisualization of Archived ITS Data-Case Studies

Although transportation data have a spatial component by nature, this component generally has not been fully utilized when it comes to intelligent transportation system (ITS) archived data. This paper demonstrates the use of geographic information system (GIS) to spatially visualize and analyze transportation management center (TMC)-related performance measures derived from archived ITS data from a traffic management center in Texas, namely, San Antonio's TransGuide. The paper discusses three case studies. The first case study involved a performance evaluation of an automatic incident detection algorithm deployed by many traffic management centers after a few years of implementation in the field. The overall detection rate was found to be about 20%, and the overall false rate was about 0.005%. The second case study summarizes work completed to address quality control issues associated with a very large archived ITS data set composed of some 3.4 billion 20-s loop detector data records. There were some 1.6 billion (about 48%) speed, volume, and occupancy records that had a quality control flag. Approximately 1.5 billion flagged records were “valid” records, and the remaining 126 million (about 3.7%) flagged records were “abnormal” records. In the third case study, the researchers evaluated the data completeness both at the aggregate level (by server) and at a more detailed individual detector level. At the server level, the completeness rate varied from 95% to 100%. At the individual detector level, the analysis showed that, on average, the completeness rate for all detectors was about 80%. The researchers utilized GIS to prepare maps showing the spatial distribution of incident detection rate, false alarm rate, quality control flags, and data completeness rate. It is worth mentioning that all of the analysis was performed at a detailed segment-by-segment level, which is by itself a unique addition. The researchers recommend implementing the demonstrated spatial analysis of the archived ITS data. This will allow TMC officials to identify spots with any abnormal behavior, whether it is at the corridor level or even at the segment level.
Rheo-Optics of an Augned Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer

Rheo-optical studies on aligned and unaligned melts of a main chain thermotropic polyester with flexible spacers are discussed in terms of the predictions of the Ericksen-Leslie equations. It is shown, using conoscopy, that the director is flowaligning at temperatures close to TNI and nonflow-aligning close to a smectic to nematic (TSN) phase transition. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the change in sign of one of the Leslie viscosity coefficients and interpreted in the framework of the Ericksen-Leslie Theory.
Regulation of Synaptic Depression Rates in the Cricket Cercal Sensory System

Hill, Andrew A. V. and Ping Jin. Regulation of synaptic depression rates in the cricket cercal sensory system. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1277–1285, 1998. To assess the roles of pre- and postsynaptic mec...
Section 2. Our Scientific Journeys

![Figure 2.1][1] Figure 2.1 Fred Mackenzie and Andreas Andersson on the summit of Mauna Kea (4,205 m, 13,796 ft), Big Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA, the tallest mountain in the world from seafloor to summit. Photo courtesy of Fred Mackenzie and Andreas Andersson. I was ambivalent about my
Prevention of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), burns result in more than 250,000 deaths and the loss of approximately 18 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs), more than 90% of which occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), annually. This type of serious injury - one that is particularly devastating in LMICs - is preventable. To further explore the effectiveness of burn prevention strategies in LMICs, we performed a systematic review of the literature indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health, and the Cochrane Library databases as of October 2015. Our search resulted in 12,568 potential abstracts. Through multiple rounds of screening using criteria determined a priori, 11 manuscripts were identified for inclusion. The majority of these studies demonstrate reductions in hazardous behaviors, incidence of burns, morbidity, and mortality using educational programs, but also highlight other initiatives, such as media campaigns, as effective strategies. Given that only 11 manuscripts are highlighted in this review, it is evident that original research is lacking. Further studies of preventative efforts tailored to populations in LMICs are needed. It is also essential that these studies be founded in population-based epidemiology and use meaningful end points, such as reductions in incidence, morbidity, and mortality.
Comparison of weekly dose and monthly dose of China-made paclitaxel for the treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Objective To compare the efficacy and toxicity between weekly dose and monthly dose of China-made paclitaxel in the treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.Methods Fifty-seven patients were divided into two groups.Weekly dose therapy group(WG): paclitaxel was administered by iv infusion at a dose of 60-80 mg/m2 in 2 hours(days 1,8,15);monthly dose therapy group(MG): paclitaxel was administered by iv infusion at a dose of 135 mg/m2 in 3 hours(day 1).Carboplatin was administered by iv infusion on day 1.Four weeks were defined as one course in both groups.All patients were given at least 3 courses.Results The median survival time in WG was 64 months,and in MG was 67 months.In advanced ovarian cancer patients,the median survival rate in WG was 80.0% in 3rd year,58.3% in 4th year;the median survival rate in MG was 68.7% in 3rd year,39.3% in 4th year,26.1% in 5th year(P0.05).Less side effect was seen in WG than in MG(including hypersensitivity,gastrointestinal effect,and leucopenia).Conclusion The weekly dose of paclitaxel for treatment of ovarian cancer patients is more effective and has less toxicity than monthly dose therapy.
Organizations and Survey Research: Implementing Response Enhancing Strategies and Conducting Nonresponse Analyses

Surveys provide a critical source of data for scholars, yet declining response rates are threatening the quality of data being collected. This threat is particularly acute among organizational stud...
Successful repair of a transected intrathoracic trachea after chest trauma

A 28-year-old man had a transection of the intrathoracic trachea in a head-on collision. Prompt diagnosis with a flexible bronchoscope, expeditious thoracotomy, and distal tracheal intubation proved lifesaving and allowed for meticulous repair of the disrupted trachea. The patient is asymptomatic 1 year later.
The School-to-Prison Pipeline: From School Punishment to Rehabilitative Inclusion

The zero tolerance policy movement across most of this country's school districts significantly limited school personnel's disciplinary alternatives for students who break rules on campus. This has resulted in millions of primary and secondary age students who have experienced suspension, arrests, and for some, expulsion. Within the student population a small number are most at risk for being captured within what has been ubiquitously called the “school-to-prison pipeline,” sometimes targeted by authority figures, and prone to recidivism. These school punishments are significant risks, if not direct referrals, for juvenile court involvement. Often the discipline rules set forth by school districts—student codes of conduct—allow no flexibility in discipline alternatives outside of suspensions and expulsions. However, increasing evidence is finding that these discipline codes can be modified to include rehabilitative alternatives—Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS), socioemotion...
Child Poverty in the United States: A Tale of Devastation and the Promise of Hope.

The child poverty rate in the United States is higher than in most similarly developed countries, making child poverty one of America's most pressing social problems. This article provides an introduction of child poverty in the USA, beginning with a short description of how poverty is measured and how child poverty is patterned across social groups and geographic space. I then examine the consequences of child poverty with a focus educational outcomes and child health and three pathways through which poverty exerts its influence: resources, culture, and stress. After a brief review of the anti-poverty policy and programmatic landscape, I argue that moving forward we must enrich the communities in which poor families live in addition to boosting incomes and directly supporting children's skill development. I conclude with emerging research questions.
Prediction of lack-of-fusion porosity for powder bed fusion

Abstract A geometry-based simulation is used to predict porosity caused by insufficient overlap of melt pools (lack of fusion) in powder bed fusion. The inputs into the simulation are hatch spacing, layer thickness, and melt-pool cross-sectional area. Melt-pool areas used in the simulations can be obtained from experiments, or estimated with the analytical Rosenthal equation. The necessary material constants, including absorptivity for laser-based melting, have been collated for alloy steels, aluminum alloys and titanium alloys. Comparison with several data sets from the literature shows that the simulations correctly predict process conditions at which lack-of-fusion porosity becomes apparent, as well as the rate at which porosity increases with changes in process conditions such as beam speed, layer thickness and hatch spacing.