cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the heat transfer and flow in moderately short turbulent boundary layers in severe pressure gradients

The early and intermediate development of highly accelerated velocity and thermal boundary layers are analyzed. For sufficiently large accelerations (or pressure gradients) and for total normal strains which are not excessive, the equations for the Reynolds shear stress and turbulent heat transfer simplify to give stresses and fluxes that remain approximately constant as they are convected along stream lines. The theoretical results for the evolution of Stanton number and of mean velocity and temperature distributions in favorable pressure gradients agree with experiment for the cases considered.
Small Scale Flow Structure Evolution During Mechanical Heart Valve Closure

Despite half a century of use, mechanical heart valves still require further research to reduce the non-physiologic nature of the flow field, which is the source of potential medical complications, of which the most serious complication is thrombus formation [1]. In the systolic phase of the flow, excessive fluid stresses are generated by the non-physiologic flow patterns [2, 3]. In the closed valve position, a large pressure gradient is imposed across the device which leads to the generation of strong and damaging small-scale leakage flows that entrain platelets such that they are exposed to elevated stresses for excessive time durations [4–6].© 2013 ASME
Preparation and evaluation of a polymer-coated zirconia reversed-phase chromatographic support

Abstract The preparation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic support by deposition and cross-linking of polybutadiene on the surface of microporous zirconia is described. It is demonstrated that acidic solutes undergo very strong interactions with the zirconia surface even in the presence of a thick polymer layer. These interactions can be minimized by the use of phosphate in the mobile phase, in which case the small solute retention characteristics of the polymer coated zirconia are comparable to alkylsilane-derivatized silica-based reversed-phase supports. Most importantly, the polymer-coated zirconia was stable in alkaline solution. There was no evidence for degradation of the support even when it was exposed to a mobile phase of 1 M sodium hydroxide at 100°C. In contrast, polybutadiene-coated alumina was not stable under these conditions.
The synthetase gene of the RNA phages R17, MS2 and f2 has a single UAG terminator codon

Translation of the RNA from the wild-type bacteriophages R17, MS2, and f2 in bacterial cell-free extracts containing an amber suppressor yields 30-40% of the synthetase with an approximate molecular weight of 63 500, slightly larger than the major synthetase product (63 000 daltons). The occurrence of the 63 500 dalton in vitro product is dependent on the presence of an amber suppressor, and we predict that it is due to read-through of a UAG termination codon at the end of the synthetase gene. Previous results of Capecchi and Klein (Nature, 226, 1029-1033, 1070) showed that antibodies to both release factors RF1 and RF2 are required to block release of synthetase, suggesting that synthetase is released at a UAA codon. If the interpretations of both experiments are correct, the termination and release may not be synonomous and may be spatially separated. In addition there is the unexplained fact that 7% of the synthetase made in vitro in both su+ and su- extracts with either R17, MS2 or f2 as template has an apparent molecular weight of 66 000.
Graduate training programs supported by the National Institute of Dental Research.

A list of the graduate training programs supported by grants from the NIDR. Trainees work toward the MS or PhD degrees. Science students as well as dentists may enter the basic science programs; clinical training is limited to dental school graduates.
Production and storage of sperm from the black sea bass Centropristis striata L

Black sea bass Centropristis striata L. are protogynous hermaphrodites that develop and spawn as females before changing sex to male. Since all fish eventually become males, determining the relationship between sperm production, sperm quality and seasonal changes in plasma levels of testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) could be useful for identifying appropriate males to maintain as broodstock. Milt and blood samples were collected three times during an 8-week spawning season. Milt volume (3.5±0.76 mL kg−1), sperm density (3.2 × 108± 0.31 cells mL−1), sperm production [11 × 108±3.4 cells kg−1 body weight (BW)] and sperm motility (80±0.6%) were at their highest during the first sampling interval and coincided with the highest 11-KT levels (1.0± 0.11 ng mL−1). All of the sperm indices decreased to their lowest levels during the final 3 weeks of the study. Sperm viability was highly correlated (adjusted R2=0.84) with sperm motility. Sperm cryopreserved in modified Mounib's extender (MME) had the highest post-thaw motility compared with two other extenders. Post-thaw motility of sperm cryopreserved in MME was not different from fresh after 90 days of storage. There was no difference in fertilization rates between fresh (69±2.4%) and post-thaw (67±4.1%) sperm samples taken from the same male or among males. These results demonstrate that the quality of black sea bass spermatozoa is higher earlier in the spawning season and that acceptable post-thaw fertilization rates can be obtained from cryopreserved sperm.
Si(Li) Coaxial Detectors

Lithium drifted silicon coaxial detectors have been fabricated from 19 mm diameter material with volumes up to 5 cm3. Essentially single line response, the double escape peak, is observed for gamma rays interacting by pair production. Resolutions (FWHM) of 5 keV and approximately 10 keV have been observed for incident gamma rays of 2.62 and 7.64 MeV. Slices, 2 to 3 mm thick, have been taken from such coaxial detectors and used as low capacity, high resolution X-ray detectors. A FWHM of 300 eV has been obtained at 6.4 keV using a detector with an active area slightly greater than 200 mm2.
Spin-polarized electron tunneling study of an artificially layered superconductor with internal magnetic field: EuO-Al.

The tunneling conductance of junctions formed on thin films of Al in contact with films of the ferromagnetic semiconductor EuO implies that such composites behave like BCS superconductors with internal magnetization. In a magnetic field $B$ applied in the plane of the films, the superconducting quasiparticle density of states shows a splitting $2\ensuremath{\mu}({B}^{*}+B)$, where ${B}^{*}$ can be greater than $B$ by more than a tesla. The critcal field of composite films is reduced by approximately ${B}^{*}$ compared to that of identical Al films without EuO. The observed ${B}^{*}$ is of the same magnitude as $\ensuremath{\mu}_{0}M$, the magnetization of EuO.
New treatments for smoking cessation

Helping cigarette smokers to permanently stop smoking is one of the most effective ways to prevent cancer. A physician's instruction to a patient to stop smoking and to offer assistance in this endeavor is an important motivator. Current guidelines state that clinicians should encourage all smokers who want to quit to use medications and should offer psychosocial therapies, as well. It has been shown that even brief clinician advice about smoking cessation increases quit rates. Five medications--bupropion, nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine patch--and one proven psychosocial therapy (behavior therapy) appear equally effective and safe; i.e., they all double quit rates and are associated with a less than 5% dropout rate due to adverse events. In 1998, approximately one third of those who attempted to quit smoking used a medication. Attending group behavior therapy to supplement medications increases quit rates but is not essential for medications to work. As there are no proven treatment-matching protocols, patients should choose the treatment(s) they believe will be most effective for them. In the future, people who continue to smoke will be individuals with severe nicotine dependence or psychiatric symptoms; thus, clinicians will increasingly be called on to provide pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.
Images from an adaptive current tomograph

The authors have designed, built, and tested an electric current tomograph suitable for applying the adaptive current algorithm described by D. Isaacson et al. (1988). Usable images can be obtained by a relatively primitive reconstruction algorithm. Demonstrable improvement in these images is obtained when optimal current patterns are used. >
Generation and specificity of a heteroantiserum to human peripheral blood monocytes

Abstract An antiserum to human monocytes was raised in a rabbit by immunization with adherent mononuclear cells. After absorption with AB erythrocytes and an autologous B-cell line, the specificity of the antiserum was studied by complement-mediated lysis and direct fluorescence on a Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (FACS). No reactivity was found with fresh B and T lymphocytes or T- and B-cell lines. More than 75% of adherent mononuclear cells were reactive with the antiserum. A mean of 26% of normal donors' peripheral blood mononuclear cells were labeled by direct immunofluorescence. Most of the large cells defined by light scatter profile on the FACS were stained by the antiserum but a fraction of cells of a smaller size was also positive. Morphologic and functional studies confirmed that the antiserum was specific for monocytes.
Serial changes in granuloprival cerebellar cultures after transplantation with granule cells and glia: A timed ultrastructural study

Granuloprival cerebellar cultures derived from neonatal mice were transplanted at nine days in vitro with granule cells and glia, and the changes induced in the host explants were examined daily with the electron microscope from one to nine days post-transplantation. Granule cells and astrocytes had migrated into the host cultures within 24 h, and astrocytic processes began to ensheath Purkinje cells and to interpose themselves between axon terminals and Purkinje cell somata, reducing the number of axosomatic synapses. Occasional degenerating Purkinje cells were present. At two days post-transplantation, synapse formation between parallel fibre terminals and Purkinje cell dendritic spines was initially evident, and Purkinje cells began to proliferate dendritic spines near astrocytic processes. Degenerating Purkinje cells were more frequently encountered. Myelin was first observed in host cultures at three days after transplantation, and astrocytes continued to ensheath Purkinje cells and reduce the population of axosomatic synapses, a process that began to stabilize at four days post-transplantation. At this time astrocytic ensheathment had extended to Purkinje cell dendrites and dendritic spine synapses. Proliferation of Purkinje cell dendritic spines accelerated, and occasional synapses with presumptive parallel fibre terminals were present among clusters of proliferated spines. At five days after transplantation, contours of Purkinje cells were rounded, and there was a decrease of somatic spines and of synapses with somatic spines. Purkinje cells were fully ensheathed by astrocytic processes by six days post-transplantation and had assumed a mature appearance. Homotypical parallel fibre-Purkinje cell dendritic spine synapses were predominant in more developed areas of cortical neuropil as heterotypical recurrent axon collateral-Purkinje cell dendritic spine synapses were reduced. Increasing synapse formation was evident among clusters of proliferated spines, which continued at seven days post-transplantation, as the spine clusters became less frequent. At eight days after transplantation, space between Purkinje cells had increased and the cortical neuropil resembled that of comparably aged control cultures. Occasional degenerating Purkinje cells were still evident at nine days post-transplantation, at which time residual clusters of proliferated unattached dendritic spines were scarce. The sequence of changes after transplantation was consistent with the specific roles of the transplanted elements. Astrocytes were involved with the regulation of synapse density, including reduction of some heterotypical synapses, and induced proliferation of Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Granule cell axons synapsed with Purkinje cell dendritic spines, further reducing heterotypical synapses and restoring cortical circuitry to a near control state. The loss of heterotypical synapses was associated with programmed cell death of excess Purkinje cells, reducing the Purkinje cell population to control levels.
End states in one-dimensional atom chains.

End states—the zero-dimensional analogs of the two-dimensional states that occur at a crystal surface—were observed at the ends of one-dimensional atom chains that were self-assembled by depositing gold on the vicinal Si(553) surface. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements of the differential conductance along the chains revealed quantized states in isolated segments with differentiated states forming over end atoms. A comparison to a tight-binding model demonstrated how the formation of electronic end states transforms the density of states and the energy levels within the chains.
Hamiltonicity of digraphs for universal cycles of permutations

The digraphs P(n, k) have vertices corresponding to length k permutations of an n set and arcs corresponding to (k + 1) permutations. Answering a question of Starling, Klerlein, Kier and Carr we show that these digraphs are Hamiltonian for k ≤ n - 3. We do this using restricted Eulerian cycles and the fact that P(n, k) is nearly the line digraph of P(n, k - 1). We also show that the digraphs P(n, n - 2) are not Hamiltonian for n ≥ 4 using a result of Rankin on Cayley digraphs.
Synthesis and Cationic Polymerization of Open-Chain and Cyclic Enol Ethers

Several new open-chain and cyclic enol ether monomers were prepared using simple, straightforward procedures. The reactivities of these monomers were compared using both differential scanning photocalorimetry and Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy. In general, these new monomers were found to possess excellent reactivity in photoinitiated cationic polymerization using a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator.
CAMPTOCORMIA AS A PRESENTATION OF GENERALIZED INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY

Camptocormia is an abnormal truncal flexion posture that occurs while walking or standing. It is usually caused by various hypokinetic movement disorders such as Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy. Myopathy or motor neuron disease can also be infrequent causes of camptocormia. Paraspinous muscle biopsy usually reveals focal myositis, regardless of the etiology of camptocormia. We describe the first case of generalized inflammatory myopathy with prominent camptocormia and proximal muscle weakness. Muscle biopsy of the quadriceps confirmed the diagnosis of polymyositis, and the posture showed modest improvement in response to steroid treatment.
SU-FF-J-58: Clinical Evaluation Using Digital Tomosynthesis for Positioning Verification of Breath-Hold Liver Treatment

Purpose: To demonstrate clinical feasibility of generating digital tomosynthesis (DTS) in a single breath‐hold (BH) period compared to multiple BH periods for CBCT acquisition and to examine on‐board BH‐DTS as an efficient alternative to BH‐CBCT for target localization of breath‐hold liver treatment. Methods & Materials: 3 patients receiving 3D conformal or IMRT treatments to the liver were retrospectively studied. Reference DTS images (RDTS) were generated using the BH planning CT and BH‐DTS images were reconstructed using the projection images acquired with BH‐CBCT. Matching between on‐board image set and reference image set was performed by (1) aligning bony anatomy near isocenter and (2) aligning target soft tissue using all image sets. Localization variations were calculated as the relative couch shifts in the vertical, longitudinal and lateral directions, as well as the relative couch rotations in pitch, yaw, and roll directions. Results: 10 – 40 degrees DTS images can be acquired within 1 single BH. Localization accuracy is in the range of 0.2 cm and 1.0 degree using the coronal‐view DTSs and is in the range of 0.35 cm and 1.6 degree using the for sagittal view DTS. The localization accuracy is comparable either using bony anatomy or using soft tissue.Conclusion: Rapid ( 5 min.) for daily 3D on‐board image guidance and localization of liver under breath‐hold radiation therapy. Partially supported by research grant from Varian Medical Systems.
Geographic patterns in the flight ability of a monophagous beetle.

The migratory ability of a monophagous insect, Tetraopes tetraophthalmus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), was measured in ten populations in each of two regional types. In the first region, a river valley, populations were abundant and close together; in the second regional type, mountainous and peripheral areas, populations were uncommon and far apart. The data revealed that regional variation in migratory behavior occurred along two dimensions. Regions differed not only in the mean migratory ability of individuals (1st dimension) but in the amount of variation between populations (2nd dimension). Whereas river valley populations were found to be uniformly sedentary, mountainous and peripheral populations were found to be heterogeneous, some being very vagile, others being very sedentary. In the mountainous and peripheral areas, small and sparse populations were more vagile than large dense populations. The site to site variation in the mountainous and peripheral areas was due exclusively to females. In these areas, the mean migratory ability of females in a population was positively correlated with mean body size of the females, and inversely correlated with populations density. The data are consistent with the FLY hypothesis for this species (long distance migraters=Females, Large, and Young). Taken together, the geographical patterns support the “founding hypothesis” of migration. According to this theory, the inevitable selection against migration within populations is balanced by periodic extinctions of the populations and the founding of new populations by migrating individuals.
Monoids and direct-sum decompositions over local rings

Abstract Let R be a local ring order, i.e. a one-dimensional local (noetherian) ring whose completion R is reduced, and let M be a finitely generated R -module. We consider two monoids: +(M) , which consists of the isomorphism classes of R -modules which arise as direct summands of direct sums of finitely many copies of M , and Λ(M) , which consists of the n -tuples (b 1 ,…,b n ) such that the R -module ⊕ i=1 n b i V i is extended from an R -module, where V 1 ,…,V n are the distinct (and uniquely determined) indecomposable direct summands of the R -module M . Here bV denotes the direct sum of b copies of V , and N ={0,1,2,…} . The monoids +(M) and Λ(M) are isomorphic, and we show that Λ(M)= ker ( A )∩ N n for some integer matrix A ∈ Z d×n . Monoids which are isomorphic to ker ( A )∩ N n for some A ∈ Z d×n are called positive normal . In [R. Wiegand, J. Algebra, in press] it is shown that given a positive normal monoid Γ , there exist a local ring-order domain R and finitely generated torsion-free R -module M such that Γ≅Λ(M) . We show that given a local ring order R , there exists a positive normal monoid Γ such that for each finitely generated R -module M , Λ(M) is not isomorphic to Γ . The proof depends on the fact that there exist rank-three positive normal monoids with arbitrarily large embedding dimension, where the embedding dimension of Γ is defined as the smallest n such that Γ≅ ker ( A )∩ N n , where A ∈ Z d×n .
Relationship between gastrointestinal and dysmenorrheic symptoms at menses

The relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and uterine cramping pain at menses, controlling for affective states and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor use, was examined. A total of 53 women completed a daily diary of symptoms, stool characteristics, and medication use for three consecutive menstrual cycles. There were significant across-women and within-woman relationships between stomach pain, nausea, and uterine cramping pain, but not between cramping pain and constipation, diarrhea, or stool characteristics. These results support the presence of a similar mechanism in the generation of distressing GI symptoms and uterine cramping pain at menses.
Prevalence of failure of passive transfer of immunity in newborn heifer calves and associated management practices on US dairy operations

Failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) in dairy replacement calves has been linked to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality and long-term decreases in productivity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of FPT in US dairy heifer calves in 2007 and to use nationally representative data to investigate associations of FPT with colostrum and calf management practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted by the USDA's National Animal Health Monitoring System between January and August 2007. Producers from 394 operations in 17 states completed survey questions about colostrum and calf management practices, and serum samples were collected from 1,816 healthy heifer calves on those operations. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were determined by radial immunodiffusion, and calves were classified as having FPT if the IgG concentration was less than 10 mg/mL. To investigate associations between FPT and management practices, a multivariable analysis was completed using a weighted logistic regression model. The estimated prevalence of FPT in US dairy heifer calves was 19.2%. The odds of FPT were higher for calves on operations that pooled colostrum [odds ratio (OR = 2.2)], allowed nursing (OR = 2.4), or hand fed colostrum more than 4 h after birth (OR = 2.7). The odds of FPT were also higher for calves on operations that did not provide a source of heat during cold weather for calves experiencing a dystocia (OR = 1.6), would not seek veterinary assistance when unable to correctly position a calf for delivery (OR = 2.6), or did not routinely monitor serum proteins in calves as a measure of passive transfer (OR = 13.8). The prevalence of FPT in dairy heifer calves has decreased in the last 15 yr, so progress has been made in this important area of calf management. This study identified several management practices associated with FPT that could be targeted for educational campaigns or further research.
Immunofluorescence Studies of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Biosynthesis: The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract Several monoclonal antibodies which recognize different antigenic determinants of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan were used to study chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis in chicken chondrocyte cultures. The intracellular sites of synthesis and processing and extracellular deposition in matrix were localized by double immunofluorescence reactions. One rat monoclonal antibody, S103L, which recognizes an antigenic determinant of the core protein of the chicken cartilage chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan monomer, was used to identify both extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and intracellular compartments containing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan precursors. Intracellular staining with S103L was localized to perinuclear regions, and, in some chondrocytes, to a few other cytoplasmic vesicles as well. When chondrocytes were not fed for several days, intracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan precursors were accumulated in larger compartments distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Polyclonal chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antibodies displayed similar staining characteristics. In contrast, several of the monoclonal antibodies, including the rat monoclonals S11D and P100D, and the mouse monoclonals 1-B-5, 3-B-3 and 9-A-2, did not recognize native chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, but reacted only with chondroitinase ABC-digested (and/or hyaluronidase-digested) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. These antibodies were particularly useful in the demonstration of the extracellular codistribution of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with either type II collagen or fibronectin. In other experiments, the monoclonal antibodies to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan served to demonstrate that the perinuclear subset of intracellular compartments is uniquely involved in the addition of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. Lastly, using the mouse monoclonal 5-D-4, which recognizes keratan sulfate determinants, the perinuclear region was identified as the site for keratan sulfate addition. Results suggest heterogeneity of keratan sulfate synthesis at the level of individual chondrocytes, even for cells apparently containing equivalent amounts of intracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan.
Covalently bound lipids in keratinizing epithelia

Abstract Covalently bound lipids have been identified and compared in keratinizing porcine epithelia including epidermis and oral epithelium from palate and gingiva. Stratum corneum was isolated by tryptic digestion, and after extensive extraction of lipids using a series of chloroform-methanol mixtures, the residual tissue was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis to release covalently bound lipids. The lipids so released were analyzed by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. Stratum corncum from each of the three anatomical sites contained ω-hydroxyceramides, ω-hydroxyacids and fatty acids. In epidermal stratum corneum the total covalently bound lipids represented 2.4% of the dry weight of the tissue, but in the oral epithelia this figure was consistently lower: 0.24% in palatal stratum corneum and 0.20% in gingival stratum corneum. Transmission electron microscopy before and after lipid extraction confirms the presence of a lipid envelope in epidermal stratum corneum and demonstrates the absence of this structure in oral stratum corneum.
Improved stopping rules for the design of efficient small-sample experiments in biomedical and biobehavioral research.

Sequential stopping rules (SSRs) should augment traditional hypothesis tests in many planned experiments, because they can provide the same statistical power with up to 30% fewer subjects without additional education or software. This article includes new Monte-Carlo-generated power curves and tables of stopping criteria based on the p values from simulated t tests and one-way ANOVAs. The tables improve existing SSR techniques by holding alpha very close to a target value when 1–10 subjects are added at each iteration. The emphasis is on small sample sizes (3–40 subjects per group) and large standardized effect sizes (0.8–2.0). The generality of the tables for dependent samples and one-tailed tests is discussed. SSR methods should be of interest to ethics bodies governing research when it is desirable to limit the number of subjects tested, such as in studies of pain, experimental disease, or surgery with animal or human subjects.
Making culture, and its costs

Richard G. Fox (ed.), NATIONALIST IDEOLOGIES AND THE PRODUCTION OF NATIONAL CULTURES, Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 1990, 177 pp., including chapter references, $17.00 (non‐members), $13.50 (members), paper. Walter Zenner, MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE: A CROSS‐CULTURAL ANALYSIS, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991, xv + 224 pp., including bibliographic notes and index, $16.95, paper.
The Fear of Reducing Medication, and Where Have All the Patients Gone?

In spite of the enormous effort made by the Boston group, the findings were few. The high rate of dropouts and refusals to be assessed raise serious questions. One significant point that should be raised is that there was no difference in the use of medication between the treatments, and there should have been to foster underlying change with expressive psychotherapy. Also, treatment was not attempted without medication. Did patients drop out to avoid medication? Would a more flexible technique such as multiple crisis intervention have reduced dropout? Did selecting subjects with normal Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores eliminate severe thought disorders, making differential improvement impossible? Was eliminating the sickest third of patients a mistake?
Data analysis, visualization and knowledge discovery in sustainable data centers

A significant amount of energy consumption is now attributed to data centers due to their ever increasing numbers, size and power densities. Thus, there are efforts focused at making a data center more sustainable by reducing its energy consumption and carbon footprint. This requires an end-to-end management approach with requirements derived from service level agreements (SLAs) and a flexible infrastructure that can be closely monitored and finely controlled. The infrastructure can then be manipulated to satisfy the requirements while optimizing for sustainability metrics and total cost of operations. In this paper, we explore the role of data analysis, visualization and knowledge discovery techniques in improving the sustainability of a data center. We present use cases from a large, sensor-rich, state-of-the-art data center on the application of these techniques to the three main sub-systems of a data center, namely, power, cooling and compute. Furthermore, we provide recommendations for where these techniques can be used within these sub-systems for improving sustainability metrics of a data center.
A robotics API dialect for type-safe robots: translating Myro to Ada

In this paper, we present an Ada robotics API designed to be used in teaching undergraduate-level computer science. Our API is inspired by Myro, a Python-based API, but we improve upon Myro's usability, readability, modularity, and documentation by using features of the Ada programming language and the GNAT Programming Studio's documentation generation tool. The encapsulation, abstraction, and data hiding provided by Ada's packages make it easy for beginning programmers to use the API for advanced tasks, while Ada's syntax and readability allow educators to use the underlying code later in a course or curriculum to illustrate more advanced concepts to the same students as their knowledge and experience grow.
Piston phase compensation of tiled apertures in the presence of turbulence and thermal blooming

With current phasing technology, the individual beamlets within a tiled aperture can be phased in piston to coherently combine at the target. In practice, this piston phasing of the optical beamlet trains is accomplished using a point-source target. The reflections from the point-source target act as an idealized beacon, which propagate from the target to the tiled aperture through aberrations induced within the optical beamlet trains. Thus, an ideal reference is achieved to perform piston phase compensation by exploiting high-bandwidth phase loops. This paper investigates piston phase compensation of tiled apertures in the presence of horizontal-path turbulence and thermal blooming by using wave-optics simulations. To represent different array fill factors in the source plane, both seven and 19 element hexagonal close-packed tiled apertures are used in the simulations along with both Gaussian and flat-top outgoing beamlets. Performance is evaluated by calculating peak Strehl ratio and power in the bucket in the target plane for all simulation setups and averaging these performance metrics for multiple realizations of turbulence and thermal blooming. The performance metrics are plotted as a function of the Fried coherence diameter, the log-amplitude variance, and the distortion number for comparison purposes. In general, the results show that piston phase compensation does not perform well when the subaperture diameter is greater than the coherence diameter and when the distortion number is greater than 21 rad. These results are intuitive; however, the trends are often nonlinear with distinct asymptotes. With this said, the results presented in this paper should help future conceptual designs.
Tillage and Crop Influences on Physical Properties for an Epiaqualf

Tillage impacts on soil properties differ among soils. This study investigated tillage, cropping, and wheel traffic (WT) effects of 13-yr of no-tillage (NT), chisel plow (CP), and moldboard plow (MP) under continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) including a check treatment of continuous cultivated fallow (CCF) on bulk density (p b ), organic matter (OM), soil-water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat ) on a Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic, Aeric Vertic Epiaqualf). Possible relationships between runoff and effective K sat (K eff ) were also studied. Soil properties were determined on intact cores of 76-mm diam. collected from trafficked and nontrafficked positions for the 0- to 100-mm and 100- to 200-mm depths from the Midwest Research Claypan Farm erosion plots near Kingdom City, MO. Results show that the CCF had lower p b , OM, K sat , and higher surface runoff than other treatments (P < 0.01). Tillage effects on soil properties among NT, CP, and MP were small and crop dependent. Corn had lower K sat (7.3 mm h -1 ) than soybean (11.7 mm h -1 ; P < 0.01). Conversely, corn had slightly higher p b (1.53 Mg m -3 ) than soybean (1.48 Mg m -3 ; P < 0.01). The p b increased from 1.47 to 1.52 Mg m -3 and OM decreased from 15.5 to 14.0 g kg -1 with depth (P < 0.01). Wheel traffic reduced K sat by three times and increased p b by 6% (P < 0.01). Bulk density was a significant predictor of log K sat (P < 0.01) but not for soils under CCF management. The K eff was not related to runoff with the exception of the CCF treatment, which had slightly more runoff and lower K eff (P < 0.05). Overall, tillage treatments had no significant effects on soil properties; however, cropping and WT had small significant effects on ρ b and K sat .
The interrelationships of Acanthomorph fishes: A total evidence approach using molecular and morphological data.

Abstract DNA sequence and morphological data were analyzed for specimens of twenty-five species of acanthomorph fishes and two specimens representing the outgroups Aulopiformes and Myctophiformes. A 572 base-pair (bp) segment of the 12S ribosomal mitochondrial gene, 1112 bp from three regions of the 28S ribosomal nuclear gene, and 38 morphological transformation series were analyzed under the criterion of maximum parsimony. The total evidence analysis resulted in a set of four most parsimonious trees. Relationships common to all trees are largely congruent with the hypothesis articulated by Johnson and Patterson (1993. Bull. Mar. Sci. 52, 554–626).
THE IMPACT OF HISPANIC POPULATION GROWTH ON THE OUTLOOK OF AFRICAN AMERICANS.

We know too little about the effects of immigration on black Americans. If prior research yields mixed evidence about immigration’s consequences for the objective well-being of African Americans, it is silent about effects of immigration on blacks’ subjective well-being. To fill that void, this paper assesses the impact of the expanding Hispanic population on black Americans from a social psychological perspective. We ask whether blacks’ self-reported distress, social distrust, or attitudes toward Hispanics and immigrants are affected by the size of the local Hispanic population or by the percentage growth in local Hispanic residents. Answers come from responses of non-Hispanic black participants in the 1998–2002 General Social Surveys, linked to 1990 and 2000 census data. Contrary to pessimistic claims, most social psychological outcomes, including measures of economic distress, manifest no impact of local Hispanic numbers. The four exceptions, significant effects of local Hispanic population share or percentage growth evenly split in valence, underscore the complexity of recent immigration’s effects on African Americans.
Genomic origins of insect sex chromosomes

Recent efforts to catalog the diversity of sex chromosome systems coupled with genome sequencing projects are adding a new level of resolution to our understanding of insect sex chromosome origins. Y-chromosome degeneration makes sequencing difficult and may erase homology so rapidly that their origins will often remain enigmatic. X-chromosome origins are better understood, but thus far prove to be remarkably labile, often lacking homology even among close relatives. Furthermore, evidence now suggests that differentiated X or Y-chromosomes may both revert to autosomal inheritance. Data for ZW systems is scarcer, but W and Y-chromosomes seem to share many characteristics. Limited evidence suggests that Z-chromosome homology is more conserved than X counterparts, but broader sampling of both sex chromosome systems is needed.
Effect of simulated microgravity on the disposition and tissue penetration of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers.

This study evaluated the effects of simulated microgravity (sμG) on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Six healthy volunteers participated in a crossover study to compare the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after a single 250-mg oral dose in normal gravity (1G) and sμG. Plasma and urine samples were collected, and in vivo microdialysis was employed to obtain the free interstitial concentrations in the thigh muscle. Tissue penetration (f) was determined as the ratio of the free tissue area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC t i s s , f r e e )/AUC p l a s m a , f r e e . Plasma and free interstitial ciprofloxacin concentrations were simultaneously fit to a 1-compartment body model after correction for protein binding and tissue penetration. Total and free plasma concentrations were very similar in sμG and 1G. Tissue penetration in sμG (f = 0.61 ′ 0.36) was slightly lower than in 1G (f = 0.92 ′ 0.63); however, the difference was not significant. The authors conclude that the disposition of ciprofloxacin was not affected by simulated microgravity.
Altered fatty acid concentrations in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in cell division and respiration

Abstract The fatty acids of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in cell division and respiration were compared with those of its wild-type strain. The lipids were solvent-extracted from stationary phase cells grown in glucose complete medium. Cells were grown at 23°, 30°, and 37°. The fatty acids were transmethylated and analyzed by programmed gas-liquid chromatography. The major fatty acids of both mutant and wild-type cells were palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), and oleic (18:1). The data indicate that the mutant had an altered concentration of these fatty acids. Also, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the mutant increased as the temperature was raised from 30° to 37° while the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in wild-type cells decreased over the same temperature span.
Prime rule-based methodologies give inadequate control

The use of rule-based methodologies in the development of Expert Systems is widespread. In order to provide good explanations in these systems it is desirable that the rules be prime. The difficulty of expressing control in such rules, and thus arriving at a desirable sequencing of events, has led to pragmatic additions to the basic methodology. Recent developments in the theory of decision processes have provided new insight into the form of a desirable sequencing. Prime rules, even when augmented by sophisticated control strategies, cannot generate from backward chaining all these desirable sequencings. Furthermore, if one of these desirable sequencings happens to be generated from prime rules it may be by luck rather than design.
Effect of ionic strength on inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by electron beam in ground beef, chicken breast meat, and trout fillets

Summary The ionic strengths (IS) of ground beef, chicken meat, and trout fillets were modified to intermediate and highest with 3.5% and 7.0% NaCl, respectively. The samples with modified and unaltered (native) IS were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and subjected to electron beam (e-beam). The water activity (aw) of the meat samples were 1.0, 0.96–0.97, and 0.94 for native, intermediate, and highest IS. The D10-values were calculated from survivor curves. The D10-values for E. coli ranged from 0.19 kGy in trout (highest IS) to 0.31 kGy in beef and chicken (highest IS). Regardless of the meat type, the increased resistance of E. coli to e-beam was only observed at the highest IS. The difference of the D10-value for E. coli in samples at intermediate and native IS was insignificant. Regardless of the IS, the E. coli in trout was most sensitive, while the difference of E. coli resistance to e-beam in ground beef and chicken meat was insignificant.
Omnivorous zooplankton and planktivorous fish

The distance at which Lepomis gibbosus reacts to zooplankton is shown to be a linear fuilction of prey size. If fishes sweep out a cylindrical path as they forage the frequency of prey encountered is then proportional to the square of this reaction distance. With the inclusion of the probability of capture success after a fish pursues a prey, a model of prey selection can estimate the effect of predacious zooplankton on the energy ingestion of planktivorous fish. Since predacious zooplankton are much larger and more visible to the fish than their own prey, this more than compensates for the energy lost by the additional trophic level and the modcratc ability of predacious zooplankton to elude capture. Carnivorous and omnivorous zooplankton are abundant. By their predation they alter the abundance of other zooplankton in a lake (Confer 1971; Dodson 1974), thus ahering the food supply available to planktivorous fish. Predacious zooplankton niay decrease the food supply of fish by eating prey that the fish might otherwise use or increase it by eating small prey gencrally ignored by the fish and, in turn, being eaten by the fish. We here estimate the effect of predacious zooplankton on the energy gain of planktivorous fish. To do this, it was necessary first to develop a model of the rekitive capture frequency of prey by planktivorous fish. Basic elements of this model are the distances at which different species and sizes of zooplankton elicit fish pursuit and the success of capture after pursuit is started. Lepomis gibbosus, the pumpkinseed, was used to determine the reaction distances and capture success with various zooplankton. Capture frequency may also be influenced if fish show selectivity by ignoring one type of prey or choosing one type when two are in view simultaneously. Ivlev (1961) and Werner and Hall (1974) have shown that selectivity decreases with deercasing prey densities. Our model predicts the relative capture frequency of prey by fish at low plankton densities when selectivity is minimal. Capture frcquencics predicted by the model are compared to
Integrating Logics and Process Calculi for Cryptographic Protocol Analysis

This paper describes a formalism for cryptographic protocol simulation and analysis that integrates logic and process calculus components. Novel features include the comprehensive modeling of encrypted and unencrypted messages, an expressive message passing semantics and sophisticated constructs for modeling principals. Moreover, the seamless integration of inference rules for communication, reduction and information analysis supports formal proofs about the knowledge and behavior of principals, and about the properties of protocols.
Threshold dynamics of singular gravity-capillary waves.

Surface wave experiments confirm predictions of a threshold amplitude for droplet ejection. Droplet ejection and spray originate from highly focused surface singularities in the simplest states. The threshold is found to be dependent on forcing frequency and surface tension in accordance with a simple scaling theory presented here. Linear stability analysis indicates that the dynamics of the ejections at low frequency are low dimensional. Observations confirm this, and show periodic ejections as the simplest observed state. Ejecting states at higher frequency appear turbulent in nature.
The Effect of Phacoemulsification Energy on the Redox State of Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cells

Objective To evaluate the effects of phacoemulsification energy on the redox state and mitochondrial distribution of cultured human endothelial cells. Methods Human corneal endothelial cells from fresh banked human donor tissue not suitable for transplantation were harvested and cultured. Cellular autofluorescence images were obtained using an inverted microscope. The redox fluorometric ratio, which can be related to oxidative stress, was calculated as the net value of fluorescence from the 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole channel divided by the net value of fluorescence from the fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated channel after subtraction of background. For determining the mitochondrial distribution patterns, the cell area was divided by drawing a line halfway between the nuclear and cell membranes. The average fluorescence in the central area was divided by the average fluorescence in the peripheral area. This ratio was compared. Results Human corneal endothelial cells exposed to increasing phacoemulsification times and increasing ultrasonic energy levels displayed dose-dependent decreases in measured redox ratios. Lower redox ratios in response to phacoemulsification did not associate with decreases in cell size or altered patterns of mitochondrial localization. Conclusion Redox fluorometry may serve as a useful indicator for the in vitro study of human corneal endothelial cell physiological response to ultrasonic stressors and potentially other nonoxidative stressors. Clinical Relevance Redox fluorometry in combination with human corneal endothelial cell morphometric measurements has potential to serve as an indicator of human corneal endothelial cell injury resulting secondary to ultrasound phacoemulsification.
Cross-Layer Scheduling of End-to-End Flows Using a Spectrum Server

We present a framework for cross-layer scheduling of end-to-end flows in a wireless network with links sharing a common spectrum. Links employ on-off modulation with fixed transmit powers when active. The data rate obtained by an active link is determined by the signal-to-interference ratio on the link. With the knowledge of the link interference gains in the network, the centralized spectrum server schedules the rates on the links and flows on the sessions to maximize a utility function of the source rates. The schedules are a collection of time shared transmission modes (sets of active links).