cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
d-Lysine Catabolic Pathway in Pseudomonas putida: Interrelations with l-Lysine Catabolism

The isolation of several mutant strains blocked in l-lysine degradation has permitted an assessment of the physiological significance of enzymatic reactions related to lysine metabolism in Pseudomonas putida. Additional studies with intact cells involved labeling of metabolic intermediates from radioactive l- or d-lysine, and patterns of enzyme induction in both wild-type and mutant strains. These studies lead to the conclusions that from l-lysine, the obligatory pathway is via delta-aminovaleramide, delta-aminovalerate, glutaric semialdehyde, and glutarate, and that no alternative pathways from l-lysine exist in our strain. A distinct pathway from d-lysine proceeds via Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate, l-pipecolate, and Delta(1)-piperideine-6-carboxylate (alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde). The two pathways are independent in the sense that certain mutants, unable to grow on l-lysine, grow at wild-type rates of d-lysine, utilizing the same intermediates as the wild type, as inferred from labeling studies. This finding implies that lysine racemase in our strain, while detectable in cell extracts, is not physiologically functional in intact cells at a rate that would permit growth of mutants blocked in the l-lysine pathway. Pipecolate oxidase, a d-lysine-related enzyme, is induced by d-lysine and less efficiently by l-lysine. Aminooxyacetate virtually abolishes the inducing activity of l-lysine for this enzyme, suggesting that lysine racemase, although functionally inactive for growth purposes, may still have regulatory significance in permitting cross-induction of d-lysine-related enzymes by l-lysine, and vice versa. This finding suggests a mechanism in bacteria for maintaining regulatory patterns in pathways that may have lost their capacity to support growth. In addition, enzymatic studies are reported which implicate Delta(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate reductase as an early step in the d-lysine pathway.
On power allocation for generalized cyclic-prefix based channel-equalizers

The cyclic prefix system is commonly employed for channel equalization in discrete multitone systems. The system allows one to perform bit and power allocation in the subbands of the channel. In the DMT system, the input symbol stream, typically binary, is parsed into several substreams which are then communicated over different subbands of the channel. We emphasize that the cyclic prefix can actually be used in a broader setting. For example, if we have to transmit a simple symbol stream belonging to a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) constellation, we can use the cyclic prefix directly on this stream. More generally, the idea is applicable to the problem of compensating any linear distortion with additive noise. We derive the optimal power allocation formula for the case of a nonflat channel with possibly colored noise.
Enhanced Absorption of Calcium by Casein Phosphopeptides in Rachitic and Normal Chicks

The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptides on calcium absorption in normal and rachitic chicks. Phosphopeptides were produced by tryptic hydrolysis of casein and the crude peptide mixture was further purified, using gel filtration. The chromatographic fractions were pooled according to their protein and phosphorus content. Some of these fractions, when introduced into the ligated duodenal loop at a concentration of 1 mg/ml or added to the mucosal solution in vitro at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, were capable of increasing the intestinal transport of radiocalcium. This effect was seen both in the normal and rachitic chicks, indicating that the stimulatory response was not dependent upon molecular changes induced by vitamin D. Furthermore, this response was not shared by peptides from albumin, not likely due to phosphate generated from the phosphopeptides, nor related to the phosphate content of the fractions. These experiments demonstrate that a component of milk, in addition to lactose, might account for the high availability of calcium in milk.
Streamlined request services: the integration of ILS, ILL and Consortia borrowing systems

Purpose – This paper aims to study streamlined request services based on discrete systems’ integration in an academic library. The integration of discrete systems allows patrons to use the library’s online public access catalog to send requests and have the requests automatically transferred to the local integrated library system (ILS), the consortia borrowing system, and an interlibrary loan system. The integration of discrete systems also allows adding the consortia service without adding any library staff. Design/methodology/approach – The authors introduce library holdings behind the search interface, the discrete library systems and the authentication system. The paper illustrates how patron requests can be automatically transferred to discrete library systems. Findings – Resource sharing has become a hot topic in the library world where libraries are facing budget cuts, space limits and employee shortage challenges. Systems’ integration will help libraries to add new services without adding staff. P...
SOLUBILIZATION IN NONIONIC MICROEMULSIONS

Solubilization of aqueous solutions in microemulsions containing nonionic surfactants has been investigated. The microemulsions are oil-continuous and free of any cosolvent or cosurfactant. The effects of electrolyte type and concentration, hydrocarbon chain length, and temperature on solubilization have been determined experimentally. Depending on the type of the electrolyte, the solubilization may increase or decrease with electrolyte concentration at a given temperature. Solubilization decreases with increasing temperature at a given electrolyte concentration. A semi-empirical model adequately accounts for the dependence of solubilization on the experimental parameters. The usefulness of the model in formulating microemulsions for specific applications, particularly separations, is discussed.
A Designing System for Multi-Family Housing

This paper reports on the development of a computer program, SYSBLD2, which generates passive solar designs for multi-family housing from a database of apartment plans, their components, and their associated economic and energy analysis. Although the program has been designed to be generic, the plans are associated with a precast concrete modular housing system. The program development acts as a framework for re-evaluation and modification of an industrialized housing system to include passive or low energy technology. Design criteria are established as objective functions which are linked to analytical programs and files in the database. The program utilizes the record structure of PASCAL to provide its data structure. Data input is interactive using a keyboard or digitizer; output is graphic or numeric.
The spectrum of a Volterra composition operator

Lyubic's conjecture, that the Volterra composition operator of equation (1) is quasinilpotent iff condition (2) holds, is established and is generalized to Volterra composition operators on LP[0, 1].
Applying monitoring, verification, and accounting techniques to a real-world, enhanced oil recovery operational CO2 leak

Abstract The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is being tested for oil fields in the Illinois Basin, USA. While this technology has shown promise for improving oil production, it has raised some issues about the safety of CO2 injection and storage. The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) organized a Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) team to develop and deploy monitoring programs at three EOR sites in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, USA. MVA goals include establishing baseline conditions to evaluate potential impacts from CO2 injection, demonstrating that project activities are protective of human health and the environment, and providing an accurate accounting of stored CO2. This paper focuses on the use of MVA techniques in monitoring a small CO2 leak from a supply line at an EOR facility under real-world conditions. The ability of shallow monitoring techniques to detect and quantify a CO2 leak under real-world conditions has been largely unproven. In July of 2009, a leak in the pipe supplying pressurized CO2 to an injection well was observed at an MGSC EOR site located in west-central Kentucky. Carbon dioxide was escaping from the supply pipe located approximately 1 m underground. The leak was discovered visually by site personnel and injection was halted immediately. At its largest extent, the hole created by the leak was approximately 1.9 m long by 1.7 m wide and 0.7 m deep in the land surface. This circumstance provided an excellent opportunity to evaluate the performance of several monitoring techniques including soil CO2 flux measurements, portable infrared gas analysis, thermal infrared imagery, and aerial hyperspectral imagery. Valuable experience was gained during this effort. Lessons learned included determining (1) hyperspectral imagery was not effective in detecting this relatively small, short-term CO2 leak, (2) even though injection was halted, the leak remained dynamic and presented a safety risk concern during monitoring activities and, (3) the atmospheric and soil monitoring techniques used were relatively cost-effective, easily and rapidly deployable, and required minimal manpower to set up and maintain for short-term assessments. However, characterization of CO2 distribution near the land surface resulting from a dynamic leak with widely variable concentrations and fluxes was challenging.
Confocal bioimaging the living cornea with autofluorescence and specific fluorescent probes

Confocal bioimaging of the fine structure of the living rabbit cornea with both reflected light and fluorescent light has been demonstrated with a laser scanning confocal imaging system. Kalman averaging was used to reduce the noise in the images. Superficial epithelial, basal epithelial cells, stromal keratocytes, and endothelial cells were imaged. These cells and their subcellular structures were imaged in the two modes for comparison. The superficial epithelial cells were imaged by their autofluorescence (488/520 nm). This fluorescence signal may be due to the mitochondrial flavoproteins and can be used as a noninvasive indicator of cellular oxidative function. Thiazole orange was used to stain cell nuclei for fluorescence imaging. DiOC6 was used to stain the endoplasmic reticulum for fluorescence imaging. Fluorescein- conjugated phalloidin was used to stain actin for fluorescence imaging.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Buckling Analysis of Thick Laminated Plates: Higher-Order Theory with Rotatory Moments

The higher-order shear deformable plate theory presented here concerns the buckling of laminated composite plates. The theory extends Reddy's higher-order theory (1984) to include the effect of rotatory moments sometimes called curvature terms. General equations of equilibrium in terms of stress resultants and boundary conditions are derived for plates laminated of orthotropic layers. Subsequently, the equations of equilibrium and boundary conditions are also obtained in terms of kinematic variables for the special case of symmetrically laminated crossply plates.
The plural self.

In a sample of 61 psychology students, unity in the subjective structure of the self was associated with having a Taoist orientation.
Trends in Selection and Results of Coronary Artery Reoperations

The first 1,000 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery reoperation were divided into four cohorts of 250 patients each: 1969 to 1976; 1976 to 1979; 1979 to 1981; and 1981 into 1982. Graft failure as an indication for reoperation rose from 26% in Group 1 to 40% in Group 4, and the interval lengthened from 17 to 61 months, presumably a result of late closures 5 to 10 years postoperatively. Progressive atherosclerosis in previously ungrafted vessels has decreased from 62% in Group 1 to 23% in Group 4, a decline attributed to more complete revascularization initially. The frequency of three-vessel disease, stenosis of the left main coronary artery, and left ventricular impairment continues to rise in candidates for reoperation. Yet, operative mortality has declined from 5% to 2%, and most other forms of perioperative morbidity have decreased significantly when the early years are compared with the later experience. The number of grafts per patient has increased from 1.4 to 2.3, and complete revascularization in reoperations has increased from 65% to 76%. After a mean of 29 months, graft patency was 81% overall in 154 patients restudied after reoperation. Patency was similar for grafts to arteries previously involved with graft failure and to arteries not previously grafted. Five-year actuarial survival for patients in the first three cohorts (mean, 57 months) was 89%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collaborative Production: Building Opportunities in Japan

The manner in which buildings are constructed in Japan differs significantly from the United States. My intention here is to discuss flexibilities in production. These flexibilities exist in three chief areas: Original contracts and documents are more schematic, responsibility for document production and detailing can be shared with the contractor, and manufacturing is structured in such a way as to allow for greater customization. The opportunities that emerge as a result of these differences offer a provocative challenge and critique to current U.S. architectural practices.
Immunomodulation of afferent neurons in guinea‐pig isolated airway.

1. The trachea, larynx and main bronchi with the right vagus nerve and nodose ganglion were isolated from guinea-pigs passively immunized 24 h previously with serum containing anti-ovalbumin antibody. 2. The airways were placed in one compartment of a Perspex chamber for recording of isometric tension while the nodose ganglion and attached vagus nerve were pulled into another compartment. Action potentials arriving from single airway afferent nerve endings were monitored extracellularly using a glass microelectrode positioned near neuronal cell bodies in the ganglion. Mechanosensitivity of the nerve endings was quantified using calibrated von Frey filaments immediately before and after exposure to antigen (10 micrograms ml-1 ovalbumin). 3. Ten endings responded to the force exerted by the lowest filament (0.078 mN) and were not further investigated. In airways from thirteen immunized guinea-pigs, the mechanical sensitivity of A delta afferent fibres (conduction velocity = 4.3 +/- 0.6 m s-1) was enhanced 4.1 +/- 0.9-fold following airway exposure to antigen (P < 0.005). Mechanical sensitivities of afferent fibres (conduction velocity = 4.3 +/- 0.6 m s-1) from non-immunized control guinea-pig airways were unaffected by antigen (n = 13). 4. Antigen did not overtly cause action potential generation except in one instance when the receptive field was located over the smooth muscle. This ending also responded to methacholine suggesting that spatial changes in the receptive field, induced by muscle contraction, were responsible for the activation. 5. The mediators responsible for these effects are unknown, although histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and tachykinins do not appear to be essential. The increase in mechanical responsiveness was not associated with the smooth muscle contraction since leukotriene C4, histamine and tachykinins, which all caused a similar contraction to antigen, did not affect mechanical thresholds. Moreover, the antigen-induced increases in excitability persisted beyond the duration of the smooth muscle contraction. 6. These results demonstrate that antigen-antibody-mediated inflammatory processes may enhance the excitability of vagal afferent nerve terminals projecting from the airway and thus may contribute to the pathophysiology of allergic airway diseases.
Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucosamine on the growth and functions of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza 3 viruses

Abstract 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2dG) and glucosamine reversibly inhibited the replication and cytopathic effect of two viruses pathogenic for man, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza type 3, by affecting a late step in the growth cycle. Functions attributed to viral glycoproteins, including hemadsorption, hemagglutination, and cell fusion, were significantly depressed whereas complement fixation (CF) antigen(s) was largely unaffected. Viral surface antigens were demonstrable in the cytoplasm but could not be detected on the surface of infected cells treated with these inhibitors. Reversal of the block produced by the inhibitors was rapid and dependent on new protein synthesis. The inhibitory effects of 2dG and glucosamine were distinguishable by the course of their reversal as well as the observation that mannose specifically reversed and prevented only the 2dG inhibition.
Reliability challenges for deep submicron interconnects

Abstract Deep submicron interconnects (leads, contacts and vias) are rapidly becoming one of the major reliability challenges as ULSI devices continue to be scaled. With 0.5um feature sizes now common, trying to balance reliability and performance requirements is increasing difficult as we move toward 0.5 Ma/cm2 and single 0.20–0.25um contacts and vias will be required to safely carry 1–2ma of current. This increases electromigration concerns, with vias generally now being the weakest link in a reliable ULSI multilevel-metal system.
Dependence of activation energy on subband splitting and magnetic field in silicon inversion layers

Abstract The dependence of the activation energy on the subband splitting and on the perpendicular magnetic field in silicon inversion layers at low carrier densities has been studied. The subband splitting was first varied by changing the substrate bias. After exhibiting an initial drop at the smaller values of the subband splitting, the activation energy saturates and even shows a slight increase with increasing reverse substrate bias at the lowest carrier densities. While this increase is attributed to the increased surface roughness scattering at higher values of the surface field, the initial behaviour can be explained by the existence of the very long band tails associated with the primed subbands. Our magnetic field measurements were conducted in a weak-field limit. We have found an increase of the activation energy with the magnetic field, which proceeds in a nonlinear fashion and can not be explained merely by the change of the subband splitting in a magnetic field.
Online power-performance adaptation of multithreaded programs using hardware event-based prediction

With high-end systems featuring multicore/multithreaded processors and high component density, power-aware high-performance multithreading libraries become a critical element of the system software stack. Online power and performance adaptation of multithreaded code from within user-level runtime libraries is a relatively new and unexplored area of research. We present a user-level library framework for nearly optimal online adaptation of multithreaded codes for low-power, high-performance execution. Our framework operates by regulating concurrency and changing the processors/threads configuration as the program executes. It is innovative in that it uses fast, runtime performance prediction derived from hardware event-driven profiling, to select thread granularities that achieve nearly optimal energy-efficiency points. The use of predictors substantially reduces the runtime cost of granularity control and program adaptation. Our framework achieves performance and ED2 (energy-delay-squared) levels which are: i) comparable to or better than those of oracle-derived offline predictors; ii) significantly better than those of online predictors using exhaustive or localized linear search. The complete prediction and adaptation framework is implemented on a real multi-SMT system with Intel Hyperthreaded processors and embeds adaptation capabilities in OpenMP programs.
A Note on the Relationship between Higher Education and Political Trust.

(1977). A Note on the Relationship between Higher Education and Political Trust. Teaching Political Science: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 435-444.
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP OF INHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH ACUTE HYPOXEMIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE 221

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP OF INHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH ACUTE HYPOXEMIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE 221
Delay of gratification in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Delay of gratification in 3 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was examined by using a paradigm based on research with children. The chimpanzees either pressed a door-bell button during a trial and received one reward (the immediate reward) or did not press the doorbell and received another reward (the delayed reward). Two chimpanzees were language-trained, and a 3rd was non-language-trained. Foods (one more-preferred and one less-preferred), photographs of those foods, or lexigrams representing those foods were presented to the chimpanzees. All 3 chimpanzees delayed gratification when foods were physically present. One language-trained chimpanzee also delayed gratification with lexigrams present, and the 2nd language-trained chimpanzee delayed gratification in all three conditions. Language competence and early rearing are proposed as explanations for the different performances of these chimpanzees. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 34: 119–127, 1999
Transport of N2O in the stratosphere related to the equatorial semiannual oscillation

The double-peak structure observed in the distribution of N2O during the spring equinoctial condition is studied by means of a 2D time-dependent tracer model. The meridional transport circulation is determined from computed diabatic heating rates, and the horizontal eddy diffusion coefficients are computed as residuals by potential vorticity conservation, using observed mean winds to compute the budget of zonal mean potential vorticity. This model is used to predict the 30-d evolution of the observed N2O field. The integrated results are generally in good agreement with observed tracer fields up to the midstratosphere. It is proposed that standard climatologies underestimate the strength of the equatorial semiannual oscillation in the zonal mean wind and temperature fields.
Validation of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to Assess Calcium Intake in Children and Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Develop and validate a short FFQ for clinical or research purposes to quantitate calcium intake in children and adolescents with CF. With increasing lifespan of CF patients, published reports of osteopenia and osteoporosis in young adults with CF have emerged. Although the exact mechanisms remain undefined, prolonged steroid use, decreased exercise, decreased lean body mass, and dietary calcium intake could all play a role. Therefore, it is important that children and adolescents with CF maintain a high calcium intake throughout their growth years to maximize peak bone mass. A quick and easy tool to screen for dietary calcium intake during outpatient visits is needed. A previously validated FFQ which determined the amount of calcium consumed daily in perimenopausal women was adapted for use in children and adolescents with CF living in Louisiana. In addition, this FFQ serves as an educational tool in diet counseling to patients and families. The original FFQ was reduced from 53 to 36 items with deletion of food items not commonly eaten by children such as tofu, figs or almonds, and addition of food items usually consumed by CF children such as cereal with milk, milkshakes, and liquid dietary supplements. In addition, food items commonly eaten in Louisiana such as shellfish and oysters were also included. Twenty CF patients (M=12, F=8; mean age 4.8 yrs, range 2.0-17.5 yrs) were recruited from the CF center. They or their guardians completed the modified FFQ in clinic and within the next two weeks completed a 5-day food record at home using scales and measuring utensils. The mean daily intake of calcium from the 5-day food record was 1476±924 mg. Calcium intake derived from the FFQ was reproducible (n=12; r=0.94) and was highly correlated with the calcium intake from the 5-day food record (r=0.94; p (Supported in part by a MCH Training Grant MCJ-229163)
High-power interband cascade lasers with quantum efficiency >450%

Mid-IR (3.8 –3.9 µm) interband cascade lasers based on InAs/GaInSb heterostructures have been demonstrated at temperatures up to 210 K. The authors have observed a peak optical output power of ~2 W/facet from one device at 80 K, and from another device at 150 K, a slope of 735 mW/A per facet, corresponding to a differential external quantum efficiency of 456%.
The validity of a parent report measure of vocabulary and syntax at 24 months.

Parent report can provide valuable information on early child language development for clinical and research purposes. Previous research has documented the validity of parent report as an overall a...
Research note victimization in the workplace: A test of routine activities theory

To advance and test fully routine activities theory, it is necessary to examine the relationship between routines and victimization in specific domains of social life, such as work, school, home, and leisure. Domain-specific studies, however, are limited in number and in rigor. In this light, using a sample of faculty members, the present study attempts to assess the impact of routines on victimization at work. The results support the utility of routine activities theory as an explanation of differences in workplace vitimization of faculty members. We discuss the implication of these findings, as well as the implications of domain-specific models for empirical tests of routine activities theory.
International issues in the supply of tobacco: recent changes and implications for alcohol.

This paper reviews international issues in the supply of tobacco and tobacco products, including trade liberalization and globalization. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the theoretical foundations for trade and trade restrictions. This is followed by a description of the treatment of tobacco and tobacco products in recent multi-lateral, regional and bilateral trade agreements, as well as a short discussion of the recent globalization of the tobacco industry. Included in this description is a review of the empirical evidence on the impact of trade liberalization on tobacco use. The implications of two recently proposed international agreements - the Multilateral Agreement on Investments and the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control - are then discussed. The paper concludes by summarizing the theoretical and empirical evidence that shows clearly that trade liberalization has significantly increased tobacco use, particularly in low and middle-income countries, and follows this with a discussion of the lessons learned from tobacco for controlling alcohol supply.
Inoculation and Colonization of Four Saltmarsh Species with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Mississippi)

Mycorrhizal Fungi (Mississippi) Melissa Pratt-Zossoungbo (NOAA National Ocean Service, Policy, Planning and Analysis Division, MBO, RM 13349, 1305 East-West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910, 301/713-3070 x138, melissa.pratt-zossoungbo@noaa.gov) and Patrick D. Biber (University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 703 E Beach Dr, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, 228/740-8402, patrick.biber@usm.edu)
Expanding coverage via tax credits: trade-offs and outcomes.

In this paper we discuss various options for using refundable tax credits to reduce the number of uninsured persons. The effect of tax credits on the number of uninsured depends on the form of the credit scheme adopted. Moreover, since large subsidies for private insurance directed to low-income persons have never been implemented, there is considerable uncertainty about the effect of various tax credit proposals. We find that small credits will do little to reduce the number of uninsured but that credits covering about half of the premium for a benchmark policy might have a significant effect, especially if they take a fixed-dollar form and can be used for policies with few restrictions. Finally, we discuss the normative issues surrounding the “costs” of these credits schemes, and the policy issues raised by the uncertainty of the effects.
Commentary on “The influence of lung airways branching structure and diffusion time on measurements and models of short-range 3He gas MR diffusion”

In a recently published paper by Parra-Robles and Wild, the authors challenge the in vivo lung morphometry technique (based on hyperpolarized gas diffusion MRI) developed by our Washington University research group. In this Commentary we demonstrate that the main conclusion of Parra-Robles and Wild, that our MRI-based lung morphometry technique "produces inaccurate estimates of the airway dimensions", does not have any scientific basis and is not in agreement with the considerable body of peer-reviewed scientific reports as well as with Parra-Robles and Wild's own data. On the contrary, our technique has a strong theoretical background, is validated, and provides accurate 3D tomographic information on lung microstructural parameters previously available only from invasive biopsy specimens. This technique has already produced a number of results related to lung morphology and function that were not previously available. In our Commentary we also discuss a number of other incorrect statements in and shortcomings of Parra-Robles and Wild's paper.
Purification of 125I-labeled succinyl cyclic nucleotide tyrosine methyl esters by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Carrier free 125I-labeled succinyl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (ScAMP) and succinyl cyclic guanosine monophosphate (ScGMP) tyrosine methyl esters (TME) were purified by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or descending paper chromatography. Using an isocratic buffer for HPLC, mono-ScAMP-125I-TME and mono-ScGMP-125I-TME were eluted from a C18 column at 8.9 and 6.9 min, respectively. Both of the monoiodinated radioligands were completely separated from their noniodinated precursors and other iodinated products. The radioligands purified by HPLC or paper chromatography were used for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of cAMP and cGMP. Cyclic AMP or cGMP inhibited binding of the HPLC purified radioligands at three- to fivefold lower concentrations than the paper chromatography purified radioligands. The sensitivity of the RIA decreased with time if paper chromatography purified radioligands were used, but remained stable for 4 months if the HPLC purified compounds were used, even with storage at 4°C. We attribute these results to better purification of radioligands by the HPLC than by the paper chromatography. Using optimal conditions the HPLC method takes only 10 min and results in a high yield (>95%) of added 125I into the monoiodinated products.
Bicarbonate ATP-ase in ciliary body and a theory of Diamox effect on aqueous humor formation.

Bicarbonate was found to stimulate ATP breakdown by rabbit or cat ciliary body-iris homogenates. Maximum HCO3sup−stimulation of ATPase with Tris-Hepes buffer occured at pH 8.0. Acid pH and chloride ions in the media reduced the activity of the HCO3sup−-stimulated ATPase. The Km for ATP was 0.55 mmolar and for HCO3sup−, 20 mmlar. HCO3sup−ATPase was not inhibited by acetazolamide added in vitro. It is postulated that ATPase represents the linkage step of energy donor mechanism and active Cl- secretion in acid aqueous humors (human, cat.) or HCO3sup−secretion in alkaline aqueous humor (rabbit, guinea pig). Inhibition of Cl- or HCO3sup−secretion by acetazolamide results from decreased intracellular HCO3sup−levels which, in turn, reduces the stimulation of the HCO3sup−ATPase.
MHC-mediated fetal odourtypes expressed by pregnant females influence male associative behaviour

Mice can recognize one another by individually characteristic phenotypic body odours (odourtypes) that reflect their genetic constitution at the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of genes on chromosome 17. We have shown previously that MHC-determined odours are produced by fetuses: house mice, Mus domesticus, can be trained to discriminate between genetically identical pregnant females carrying 9-18-day-old fetuses of differing MHC type. Theoretically, it should be possible for a mouse to determine the MHC type of the sire based on the odourtype of the pregnant female. In the current study we investigated whether untrained male mice show spontaneous discrimination between such pregnant mice. In experiment 1, sexually inexperienced male mice spent more time near pregnant females that carried fetuses most genetically different from the males themselves. Experiment 2, designed to evaluate possible experiential effects on this preference, tested males that were cohabiting and had impregnated a female that was either genetically identical to the test male (excepting X and Y chromosomes) or differed from him only at the MHC. Males in the former case performed virtually identically to those tested in experiment 1. In contrast males in the latter group did not display this preference. These studies reveal that among untrained male mice, fetal MHC type influences choice behaviour presumably via fetal odourtypes expressed in maternal secretions/excretions and that previous housing and/or mating experience modulates male choice. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Recent results of BNL E791: “Study of very rare KL0 decays”

Abstract The primary goal of BNL E791 is to search for the decay K L 0 → μe (nonversation of separate lepton number) with a sensitivity of 10 −11 to 10 −12 . The experiment also measures the branching ratio for the decay K L 0 → μμ , which was determined by previous experiments to be B( K L 0 → μμ ) = (9.1 ± 1.9) × 10 −9 , and searches for the decays K L 0 → ee and K L 0 → π 0 ee , which are expected in the Standard Model with branching ratios of about 10 −12 and 10 −11 . The data presented here were taken in the Spring 1988 run, and give a preliminary upper limit on the branching ratio B( K L 0 → μe ) −10 (90% CL). About 75 K L 0 → μμ events were collected, three times the previous total world sample. No candidates for the decay K L 0 → ee were seen. We gained confidence in our ability to handle high beam intensity, up to 1 × 10 13 protons per pulse, and to reject known backgrounds to the 10 −11 level.
Visualizing precalculus concepts: interactive representation via videodisc technology

Abstract The unique and complimentary qualities of the interactive videodisc medium and microcomputer technology are identified and exploited in the design and development of interactive videodisc instructional modules in precalculus, with the aim of helping students to map abstract mathematical concepts onto familiar environmental events. In addition, the instructional program is designed to provide varied levels of guided participation as students attempt to apply what they have learned. The instructional design employs principles drawn from cognitive social learning theory, neo-Vygotskian sociocultural theory, and research on self-regulation and metacognition. Potential advantages of using such materials with students from groups that are currently underrepresented in mathematics and science are illustrated and discussed.
Degradation of mode-locking via diffuse reflection feedback

Abstract The effects of diffuse reflection feedback on the pulsed output of the acousto-optically mode-locked argon ion laser and synchronously-pumped dye laser are investigated. “Active” and “quiescent” feedback regions are observed to occur at integral multiples of the cavity length. Prevention of feedback interference is discussed.
Assessing Sexual Function of Patients Before Initiating SSRI Therapy

Sir: The recent article in the Companion by Dr. Ferguson on the adverse effects and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)1 is a superb review of the common side effects associated with one of the most widely prescribed medication classes in the United States. As more patients are diagnosed with depression, in large part due to earlier recognition and intervention on the part of primary care physicians, more patients will be offered antidepressant therapy with its attendant risks (i.e., side effects). The discussion about sexual dysfunction highlights the importance and necessity of physicians who prescribe SSRIs, or any psychotropic, to obtain a thorough sexual function history, not only because patients may not disclose this information unless prompted, but also because the dysfunction may be due to their psychiatric illness. By obtaining a baseline level of functioning prior to initiating antidepressant therapy, physicians may also uncover sexual dysfunction that is present, since it has been estimated that up to 41% of women and 31% of men have sexual dysfunction.2 By distinguishing the preexisting condition from side effects of the SSRIs, clinicians may properly treat the condition instead of unnecessarily discontinuing agents or adding agents that could possibly complicate the problem even further with their own set of unwanted side effects. Some preexisting conditions may also respond to nonpharmacologic therapies; thus, as Dr. Ferguson points out, it is extremely important to obtain a thorough sexual function history to better treat our patients. Conclusions and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, Department of the Army, or the U.S. Army Medical Command.
ROI-image reconstruction for a circle-arc trajectory

In this work, we investigate exact image reconstruction within a 3D region of interest from data acquired with a circle-arc trajectory. In particular, the data may contain both longitudinal and transverse truncations. This work may find applications in lung or heart imaging using a C-arm scanner. When the arc portion of the trajectory is posterior or anterior to the patient, exact images within the lung or heart region can be reconstructed from truncated data.
Self-assessed and radiographic outcomes of humeral head replacement with nonprosthetic glenoid arthroplasty.

Background Active and young patients who place frequent demands on their shoulder present a treatment dilemma when glenohumeral arthritis progresses to a point at which surgical intervention is considered. Humeral head replacement with nonprosthetic glenoid arthroplasty (“ream-and-run”) has been proposed to address the limitations of total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in this population. Several reports from a single institution have shown substantial improvement in self-assessed comfort and function after this procedure. However, to the best of our knowledge, no clinical results pertaining to this technique have been reported from other institutions. Methods Hemiarthroplasty with nonprosthetic glenoid arthroplasty was performed in 17 patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were clinically evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with physical examination, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, visual analog scale, and standardized radiographs. Preoperative radiographs and patient demographics were assessed for correlation with outcome measures. Results Improvement of >30% of preoperative SST score was noted in 14 of 17 patients at a mean follow-up of 3.9 years (range, 2.0-6.8 years). SST score improved from mean 3.2 ± 3.1 preoperatively to 10.0 ± 2.6 at latest follow-up ( P P P = .03) and greater external rotation ( P = .03) at latest follow-up. Conclusions Nonprosthetic glenoid arthroplasty demonstrated results that correlate with prior data published by the center at which the procedure was initially described. Patients with concentric glenoid morphology preoperatively did not demonstrate results superior to those of patients with eccentric glenoids.
Opioids and the gut: pharmacology and current clinical experience

This article reviews the pharmacology and physiology of opiate receptors and the current and potential uses of opioid agonists and antagonists in clinical gastroenterology. Mu-receptors are involved in motor and sensory functions, and their modulation is established for treatment of diarrhea. Mu-antagonists have potential to reverse endogenous (e.g., postoperative ileus) or iatrogenic dysmotility (e.g., opioid bowel dysfunction). Modulation of the function of kappa-receptors may be a novel approach to control visceral pain in functional gut disorders. Results of formal testing of novel opioid modulators are keenly awaited.
Pituitary luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptors in ovariectomized cows after challenge with ovarian steroids.

Acute changes of bovine pituitary luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptors in response to steroid challenges have not been documented. To investigate these changes 96 ovariectomized (OVX) cows were randomly allotted to one of the following treatments: 1) 1 mg estriol (E3); 2)1 mg 17j3-estradiol (E2); or 3) 25 mg progesterone (P) twice daily for 7 days before 1mg E2 and continuing to the end of the experiment Serum was collected at hourly intervals from 4 animals in each group for 28 h following estrogen treatment Four animals from each treatment were killed at 4-h intervals from 0 to 28 h after estrogen injection to recover pituitaries and hypethalami. Treatment with E3 or E3 decreased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) within 3 h and was followed by surges of LH that were temporally and quantitatively similar (P>O.05). Progesterone did not block the decline in serum LH, but did prevent (P 0.05) the pituitary gonadotropin increase. Concentrations of LHRH in the hypothalamus were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. Pituitary concentrations of receptors for LHRH were maximal (P<0.005) 12 h after estrogen injection (approximately 8 h before the LH surge), even in the presence of P. This study demonstrated that in the OVX cow: 1) E2 and E3 increased the concentration of receptors for LHRH and this increase occurred before the surge of LH; and 2) P did not block the E3-induced increase in pituitary receptors for LHRH but did prevent the surge of LH.
Calcium intake and prostate cancer risk in a long-term aging study: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the association between prostate cancer and calcium and other nutrients thought to influence the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D]. Methods We included in the analysis 454 male participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who were 46 to 92 years old at the time of completion of a food frequency questionnaire. Among them, 69 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. In 68% of the cases, the food frequency questionnaire was completed after the diagnosis of cancer. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of prostate cancer. Results The median calcium intake was 788 mg/day. The adjusted odds ratio of prostate cancer for the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile of calcium intake was 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.77; P trend = 0.89). Likewise, no significant trends were found for phosphorus, vitamin D, fructose, or animal protein intake. Dairy products, including milk, were not associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The adjusted odds ratio of prostate cancer was 1.26 (95% confidence interval 0.57 to 2.79; P trend = 0.73) for men with high dairy intakes compared with those with low dairy intakes. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that calcium intake within moderate limits is not associated with a notably increased risk of prostate cancer.
Income effects in quality-quantity models

Abstract The theorems on quality-quantity interactions well known in the fertility literature generally hold even when all goods in the utility function have a quality component. Although the results in this paper are presented in terms of the quality-quantity framework, it is clear that they can be applied to any problem in which the constraint is multiplicative in the variables.
Inter-satellite calibration of the NOAA AMSU-A measurements over tropical oceans

Abstract Time series of monthly mean brightness temperatures over the tropical ocean (20°S to 20°N) measured under clear-sky condition by two Advance Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiometers onboard the polar-orbiting NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 satellites are investigated for the time period from 2009 to 2012. To demonstrate the characteristics of the data over this test site, time series of monthly mean ocean brightness temperatures are constructed separately for the ascending and descending passes. These time series provide a useful pattern of annual variation of the AMSU-A measurements for inter-calibration of microwave radiometers onboard multiple satellites to estimate the Intersatellite/intersensor Calibration Biases (ICBs) at individual channels. Differences ( ∆T = T N18 − T N19 ) of monthly mean brightness temperatures (as denoted by T N18 and T N19 , respectively) between the NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 near-nadir measurements are used to estimate the ICBs at individual channels. It is found that the ∆T values distribute around individual ICBs with near zero slopes, except channel 8 which shows a noticeable anomalous trend in the ∆T time series. This abnormal behavior coincides with the degradation of the NOAA-19 noise equivalent delta temperatures (NEΔTs) which have greatly exceeded the AMSU-A specification since early 2010. This instrument problem is clearly detected in this study. Diurnal variations of the time series of data were corrected with a diurnal cycle of the measurements, which are modeled with a second-order Fourier series, from four AMSU-A radiometers onboard NOAA-15, -16, -18 and METOP-A, respectively. These four satellites have different local equator crossing times across the diurnal period. The results presented in this study will be useful for data users to have a better understanding of the measurements before using these AMSU-A data for weather forecasting or to create data sets for climate applications.
Representing defaults with epistemic concepts

Reasoning about defaults—implications that typically hold, but which may have exceptions—is an important part of commonsense reasoning. We present some parts of a theory of defaults, concentrating on distinctions between various subtle ways in which defaults can be defeated, and on inferences which seem plausible but which are not correct in all cases. To represent this theory in a formal system, it is natural to use the epistemic concept of self-belief. We show how to express the theory by a local translation into autoepistemic logic, which contains the requisite epistemic operators. Le raisonnement a propos des valeurs implicites est une partie importante du raisonnement de sens commun. Les auteurs presentent des extraits d'une theorie des valeurs implicites, en insistant sur les distinctions entre diverses facons subtiles d'annuler des valeurs implicites, et sur les inferences qui semblent plausibles mais qui ne sont pas toujours exactes. Afin de representer cette theorie a l'interieur d'un systeme formel, il est courant d'utiliser le concept epistemique de l'auto-croyance. Les auteurs expliquent comment presenter la theorie par une traduction en logique auto-epistemique contenant les operateurs epistemiques requis.