cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic AMP-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase in normal and neoplastic growth.

Abstract 1. (1) Ornithine decarboxylase induction in response to a variety of trophic stimuli, including trophic hormones, appears to occur via a transcriptional mechanism mediated by the activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. 2. (2) Evidence from cell cycle progression studies suggests that ornithine decarboxylase induction is a universal marker of G1 phase of the cell cycle and is a mandatory event for cells to traverse G1 phase and enter S phase. 3. (3) Specific activation of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase has been implicated in ornithine decarboxylase induction in cell cycle, lymphocyte mitogenesis, and cardiac hypertrophy. 4. (4) Studies of protein kinase alterations and ornithine decarboxylase activity in the intact prostate after castration link steroid action to the ability of steroid-responsive tissues to maintain substantial concentrations of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advancements in Cross-Cultural Research

This paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross-cultural research, and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers. Given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research, the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate, but not overambitious sampling designs, so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases. Taking an optimistic view of the field, the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross-cultural management.
Efficient extraction and quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of cellular RNA

Abstract An assay for quantitating nanogram amounts of cellular RNA is described. RNA is efficiently extracted from cells, using RNA-free DNA as carrier, by conventional chloroform: phenol procedures and the nucleic acids are precipitated with ethanol. Isolated RNA is hydrolyzed by RNase T2 to ribonucleoside 3′-monophosphates which in turn are converted to 5′- 32 P-labeled ribonucleoside 3′,5′-diphosphates in the presence of T4 polynucleotide kinase and [γ- 32 P]ATP. Radiolabeled products are separated from remaining [γ- 32 P]ATP by chromatography on polyethyleneimine-cellulose, located by autoradiography, excised from the chromatogram, and subjected to liquid scintillation counting to quantitate the amount of RNA. Using mouse liver ribosomal RNA as a standard, the assay is linear over a range of 0 to 64 ng of RNA. The assay has been used to determine the amount of RNA in fully grown mouse oocytes arrested at the dietyate stage of first meiotic prophase. Each oocyte contains 0.61 ± 0.05 ng of RNA and only 25 oocytes have been used for such assays.
SUCCESS OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE (FHF) OF CHILDHOOD

Prior to development of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), mortality of FHF in pediatric patients was 80-85%. OLT has been b major factor in reducing mortality from this condition. Thirty pediatric patients, median age 4 yrs (range 3 mo. to 17 yrs.) presented with FHF from hepatitis of unkown etiology (NANB) 20; Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 4; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 1; drug toxicity (acetaminophen and erythromycin) 2; metabolic disease (wilson's disease and neonatal hemochromatosis) 2, and Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH) 1. 19 were females and 5 were <1 year of age. All presented with hyperbilirubinemia, coagulopathy, and hypoproteinemia. 16/30 had ascites, 15/30 were in liepatic coma stage I-II, 12/30 in stage III and 2/30 in stage IV. 19/30 received one or more exchange transfusions with transient improvement of coagulation parameters. Twelve were successfully transplanted and 14 (46%) died. One patient with HAV died post-operatively with irreversible neurological damage but normal graft function; transplantation was done while in stage IV coma. 3 patients survived without transplantation, (1, HBV and 2, NANB) and only one showed moderate liver dysfunction with severe architectural damage and regeneration histologically. The presence of ascites was a good clinical predictor for fatal outcome. OLT substantially reduces mortality from FHF and should be considered in any patient who progresses from Stage I.
The PERCS High-Performance Interconnect

The PERCS system was designed by IBM in response to a DARPA challenge that called for a high-productivity high-performance computing system. A major innovation in the PERCS design is the network that is built using Hub chips that are integrated into the compute nodes. Each Hub chip is about 580 mm$^2$ in size, % uses 45 nm IBM CMOS 12S0 SOI technology with 13 levels of metal, has over 3700 signal I/Os, and is packaged in a module that also contains LGA-attached optical electronic devices. The Hub module implements five types of high-bandwidth interconnects with multiple links that are fully-connected with a high-performance internal crossbar switch. These links provide over 9 Tbits/second of raw bandwidth and are used to construct a two-level direct-connect topology spanning up to tens of thousands of \PS{} chips with high bisection bandwidth and low latency. The Blue Waters System, which is being constructed at NCSA, is an exemplar large-scale PERCS installation. Blue Waters is expected to deliver sustained Pet scale performance over a wide range of applications. The Hub chip supports several high-performance computing protocols (e.g., MPI, RDMA, IP) and also provides a non-coherent system-wide global address space. Collective communication operations such as barriers, reductions, and multi-cast are supported directly in hardware. Multiple routing modes including deterministic as well as hardware-directed random routing are also supported. Finally, the Hub module is capable of operating in the presence of many types of hardware faults and gracefully degrades performance in the presence of lane failures.
Geological disposal of energy-related waste

The production of waste materials during energy recovery processes is an unavoidable consequence of the need for energy; consequently, safe and efficient disposal or reuse alternatives for these waste materials is essential for sustainable development. For waste streams that must be geologically disposed, the largest volumes of energy related waste include Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) such as fly ash, coal mining wastes, and processed water and drill cuttings from oil and gas exploration, with relatively small amounts of silica resulting from pipe scaling in geothermal energy production. The fate of the vast majority of these energy-related wastes is geologic disposal, which ranges from placement in landfills (lined or unlined) or surface impoundments, to deep injection within geologic units. Applications for productive reuse of energy-related wastes are cost effective alternatives to disposal, and are gaining popularity as sustainability of processing becomes more critical. This review paper examines geologic disposal and reuse of energy-related waste streams within the U.S., and provides insight into fuel-to-waste production ratios, preferred disposal or productive reuse alternatives, and associated geotechnical/environmental considerations.
Multicenter photopheresis intervention trial in early-stage mycosis fungoides.

Abstract Purpose To demonstrate the efficacy of the UVAR XTS Photopheresis System and evaluate health-related quality of life in patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF). Patients and Methods Extracorporeal photopheresis was administered 2 days every 4 weeks for 6 months. Patients with partial responses by skin weighted assessment continued for 6 months; nonresponders added oral bexarotene and/or interferon α. Health-related quality of life was assessed at baseline and every 3 months with 3 validated tools. Results Nineteen patients with early-stage MF (7 men, 12 women; 16 white, 3 African Americans) with median age of 63.5 years (range, 46-85 years) participated. Their stages were IA (n = 3), IB (n = 14), and IIA (n = 2). The overall response rate for extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) alone, was 42% (8/19; including 7 partial response, 1 complete response), with a median of 12 ECP sessions (range, 3-32) given over a median of 12 months (3-32 months) and with an overall duration of response of 6.5 months (range, 1-48 months). Seven patients with stable disease at 3 months received additional bexarotene (3/5; 1 complete response) or bexarotene plus interferon α (1/2), and 4 (57%) of 7 responded. Treatment-related adverse effects were limited to those expected with interferon (fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), or with hypertriglyceridemia and bexarotene. Trends in health-related quality of life indicated an improvement in emotional scores over time. Conclusions ECP is effective for patients with early-stage MF alone or in combination with biologic response modifiers with low toxicity and improved quality of life.
Merkel Cell Carcinomas

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and extremely aggressive skin cancer that arises from primary neural cells. It presents most commonly in the elderly and immunocompromised patients. Pathologically, MCC should be distinguished from extrapulmonary small cell lung cancer or metastatic small cell lung cancer or a small cell variant of melanoma. The prognosis is based largely on the stage of disease at the time of presentation. Therapeutic options for MCC include wide resection with or without adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Novel therapies based on the understanding of the molecular aspects of MCC are currently being explored.
Selective detection of the rotational dynamics of the protein-associated lipid hydrocarbon chains in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes

We have developed a saturation transfer EPR (ST-EPR) method to measure selectively the rotational dynamics of those lipids that are motionally restricted by integral membrane proteins and have applied this methodology to measure lipid-protein interactions in native sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes. This analysis involves the measurement of spectral saturation using a series of six stearic acid spin labels that are labeled with a nitroxide at different carbon atom positions. A large amount of spectral saturation is observed for spin labels in native SR membranes, but not for spin labels in dispersions of extracted SR lipids, implying that the motional properties of those lipids interacting with the Ca-ATPase, i.e., the boundary or annular lipid, can be directly measured without the need for spectral subtraction procedures. A comparison of the motional properties of the restricted lipid, measured by ST-EPR, with those measured by digital subtraction of conventional EPR spectra qualitatively agree, for in both cases the Ca-ATPase restricts the rotational mobility of a population of lipids, whose rotational mobility increases as the nitroxide is positioned toward the center of the bilayer. However, the ability of ST-EPR to directly measure the motionally restricted lipid in a model-independent means provides the greater precision necessary to measure small changes in the rotational dynamics of the lipid at the protein-lipid interface, providing a valuable tool in clarifying the relationship between the physical nature of the protein-lipid interface and membrane function.
Adaptive spectral-phase control for laser wakefield electron acceleration

An adaptive spectral-phase control method is demonstrated for laser wakefield acceleration of electrons. Phase control capability was implemented to experimentally study the dependence of laser wakefield acceleration on the spectral phase of intense laser light.
Reproductive and resistant pedagogies: The comparative roles of collaborative learning and feminist pedagogy in science education

The underrepresentation of women (and men of color) in science has motivated many science educators to develop innovate classroom pedagogies aimed at making science courses and curricula more attractive and inviting to all students. One dominant approach to reforming science education is to transform how students learn by implementing collaborative approaches to learning in the classroom. Feminist pedagogy is an alternative approach to science education reform that is concerned with transforming both how students of science learn and the science curriculum that students are expected to learn. This article first compares and contrasts collaborative learning and feminist pedagogy. It then addresses the implications and consequences of each for science education. The theoretical and epistemological foundations of each approach demonstrates that choosing a classroom pedagogy is not an apolitical act. Collaborative approaches to science education serve to reproduce the dominant discourse of existing science systems. In contrast, feminist pedagogy resists the dominant discourse and invites all students to learn science, but more important, it invites them also to critically analyze existing scientific systems and the relationship of those systems to power, oppression, and domination. J Res Sci Teach 35: 443–459, 1998.
Screening Kentucky bluegrass for aluminum tolerance

Abstract Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a growth‐limiting factor in acid soils for many turfgrasses. The genetic diversity among turfgrass cultivars for Al tolerance is not well known. One hundred‐fifty Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) genotypes (cultivars, selections, and breeding lines) belonging to seven ecotypes were selected to screen for Al tolerance under greenhouse conditions using solution culture, sand culture, and an acid Tatum subsoil (Clayey, mixed, thermic, typic, Hapludult). This soil had 69% exchangeable Al and a pH of 4.4. An Al concentration of 320 μM and a pH of 4.0 in a modified 1/4 strength Hoagland nutrient solution was used in solution screening and sand screening. The grasses were seeded and grown four to five weeks before harvesting. Differences were identified among cultivars and the seven ecotypes by measuring relative growth. ‘Battan’, ‘Viva’, and ‘Nassau’ were the most Al‐tolerant cultivars based on the rank average of the three screening methods. Among the seven ecotypes, BVM...
Nanostructure fabrication on copper surfaces

Abstract Self-assembled nanostructures can be formed on Cu(1 0 0), Cu(1 1 0) and Cu(1 1 1) surfaces by bombarding these surfaces with quantities of activated nitrogen followed by annealing. Coupled with epitaxial deposition, these surfaces can be used to create arrays of metallic nanostructures. On Cu(1 1 1) surfaces, N deposition can result in the mass production of quantum confinement structures. The use of scanning tunneling microscopy to selectively modify these nanostructures is also demonstrated.
Daytime napping: Effects on human direct associative and relational memory

Sleep facilitates declarative memory processing. However, we know little about whether sleep plays a role in the processing of a fundamental feature of declarative memory, relational memory - the flexible representation of items not directly learned prior to sleep. Thirty-one healthy participants first learned at 12 pm two sets of face-object photograph pairs (direct associative memory), in which the objects in each pair were common to both lists, but paired with two different faces. Participants either were given approximately 90 min to have a NREM-only daytime nap (n=14) or an equivalent waking period (n=17). At 4:30 pm, participants who napped demonstrated significantly better retention of direct associative memory, as well as better performance on a surprise task assessing their relational memory, in which participants had to associate the two faces previously paired with the same object during learning. Particularly noteworthy, relational memory performance was correlated with the amount of NREM sleep during the nap, with only slow-wave sleep predicting relational memory performance. Sleep stage data did not correlate with direct associative memory retention. These results suggest an active role for sleep in facilitating multiple processes that are not limited to the mere strengthening of rote memories, but also the binding of items that were not directly learned together, reorganizing them for flexible use at a later time.
Mouse retinal progenitor cell dynamics on electrospun poly (ϵ-caprolactone).

Abstract Age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and glaucoma are among the many retinal degenerative diseases where retinal cell death leads to irreversible vision loss and blindness. Working toward a cell-replacement-based therapy for such diseases, a number of research groups have recently evaluated the feasibility of using retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) cultured and transplanted on biodegradable polymer substrates to replace damaged retinal tissue. Appropriate polymer substrate design is essential to providing a three-dimensional environment that can facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation and post-transplantation migration into the host environment. In this study, we have designed and fabricated a novel, ultra-thin electrospun poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold with microscale fiber diameters, appropriate porosity for infiltration by RPCs, and biologically compatible mechanical characteristics. We have verified that our electrospun PCL scaffold supports robust mouse RPC proliferation...
Building an Internet resource for a specialized online community

SPIE is a nonprofit organization with 11,000 members worldwide. The society's constituency comprises optical and optoelectronic scientists and engineers in communications, biomedical, manufacturing, aerospace, and other applications. The perceived need to link our technical community electronically is both a response to a future scenario of pervasive interconnectivity among the scientific community and a need to address the issues raised by a changing paradigm for technical publishing, wherein the rise of electronic communication may obviate the need for the traditional publisher (and its capital investment). Through a growing but still modest effort over the last two years, SPIE has created an array of online services that are essentially paving the way for our organization's future offerings in the electronic publishing world. Many of our experiences and observations may apply to any group involved in setting up such a resource, and we hope this case study will provide some assistance to others embarking on that process.
Morphology of the sweet potato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) relative to virus transmission

The stylet bundle of the sweet potato whitefly,Bemesia tabaci, consists of paired mandibles and maxillae. The latter interlock to form the food and salivary canals. Its salivary system consists of paired primary and accessary glands in the thorax. Primary and accessory gland ducts on each side of the nerve cord fuse to form lateral ducts that course anteroventrally to the midline and continue in parallel down the hypopharynx to eventually fuse to form the single afferent duct of the salivary pump. Saliva exiting the pump via the efferent duct enters the salivary canal of the maxillae. Food from the maxillary food canal passes from the antecibarium to the postcibarium or sucking pump and, per os, to the pharynx and esophagus of the foregut. The esophagus extends from the head to the base of the abdomen where it and the anterior midgut intimately mingle with the anterior hindgut to form a filter chamber. The midgut then proceeds dorsocaudally before looping anteroventrally to join the hindgut. The latter gives off two fingerlike Malpighian tubules before entering the filter chamber, whence it proceeds dorsocaudally to the anus within the vasiform orifice. Where possible, the morphology ofBemisia is discussed in relation to plant virus transmission and the morphologies of more thoroughly studied homopteran vectors such as aphids and leafhoppers.
Rationalizing the International Coffee Agreement virtually

From 1963 to 1989, the International Coffee Agreement controlled world trade in coffee. Like an export cartel, the organization included coffee exporters and importers as members. This paper seeks to understand the behavior of the ICA by treating it as an optimizing entity, which from social choice theory we know to be inherently troublesome. A social choice rule is specified for the ICA that is virtually implementable in Nash equilibrium. The empirical results provide arationalizing argument for the ICA, in the sense that if it sought to maximize the specified criterion function, we would expect it to behave precisely as it did behave.
International Demand Equations for Forest Products: A Comparison of Methods

The objective of this study was to compare different methods of estimating the demand equations of global forest sector models. Past applications have shown that model projections depend critically on the elasticity of demand with respect to income and prices. To measure the elasticity coefficients, nine groups of products were examined, ranging from fuelwood to paper and paperboard, in 64 countries. The analysis was done with panel data on consumption, price and income, from 1973 to 1997. Two alternative forms were hypothesized: a static demand model, and a dynamic partial adjustment model. The demand equations were estimated first with classical panel methods: ordinary least squares pooling of country data, least squares with country dummy variables, between group pooling and error-component models. However, rejection of the hypothesis of homogeneity of elasticities across countries led to the investigation of two shrinkage estimators: the Stein rule and the iterative empirical Bayes estimator. Within-s...
Fold recognition using predicted secondary structure sequences and hidden Markov models of protein folds.

We present an analysis of the blind predictions submitted to the fold recognition category for the second meeting on the Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction. Our method achieves fold recognition from predicted secondary structure sequences using hidden Markov models (HMMs) of protein folds. HMMs are trained only with experimentally derived secondary structure sequences of proteins having similar fold, therefore protein structures are described by the models at a remarkably simplified level. We submitted predictions for five target sequences, of which four were later found to be suitable for threading. Our approach correctly predicted the fold for three of them. For a fourth sequence the fold could have been correctly predicted if a better model for its structure was available. We conclude that we have additional evidence that secondary structure information represents an important factor for achieving fold recognition. Proteins, Suppl. 1:123–128, 1997. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
The time slice system

Abstract We have designed a fast readout system for silicon microstrip detectors which could be used at HERA, LHC and SSC. The system consists of an analog amplifier-comparator chip (AACC) and a digital time slice chip (DTSC). The analog chip is designed in dielectric isolated bipolar technology for low noise and potential radiation hardness. The DTSC is built in CMOS for low power use and high circuit density. The main implementation aims are low power consumption and compactness. The architectural goal is automatic data reduction, and ease of external interface. The pipelining of event information is done digitally in the DTSC. It has a 64 word deep level 1 buffer acting as a FIFO and a 16 word deep level 2 buffer acting as a dequeue. The DTSC also includes an asynchronous bus interface. We are first building a scaled up (100 μm instead of 25 μm pitch) and slower (10 MHz instead of 60 MHz) version in 2 μm CMOS and plan to test the principle of operation of this system in the Leading Proton Spectrometer (LPS) of the ZEUS detector at HERA. Another very important development will be tested there: the radiation hardening of the chips. We have started a collaboration with a rad-hard foundry and with Los Alamos National Laboratories to test and evaluate rad-hard processes and the final rad-hard product. Initial data are very promising because radiation resistance of up to many Mrad have been achieved.
Plasmonic spectra of individual subwavelength particles under the infrared microscope: cells and airborne dust

A plasmonic metal film with a subwavelength hole array (a mesh) is used to capture an individual subwavelength particle, like a single yeast cell or airborne dust particle, and an imaging infrared (IR) microscope, records a scatterfree, IR absorption spectrum of the particle. Individual spectra of wavelength scale particles usually suffer from large scattering effects. This paper starts by demonstrating the plasmonic nature of the mesh in the infrared, proceeds to how this special form of light (surface plasmon polariton mediated transmission resonance) leads to scatter-free IR absorption spectra of individual, subwavelength particles, and ends with work on yeast cells and dust particles from our laboratory air and a household filter.
The amphi-atlantic distribution of the younger dryas paleoclimatic oscillation

Abstract Interest in significant climatic fluctuations affecting large geographic areas but having a time range that is too brief to adduce the Milankovitch radiation cycles has focused on the Allerod/Younger Dryas event, which is a well-established phenomenon of western Europe manifested by glacial and vegetational reconstructions. It is also shown by the foraminiferal evidence for shifts in the polar front in the North Atlantic. Recent pollen and lithostratigraphic investigations in the Maritime Provinces of eastern Canada and in the till plains of west-central Ohio on opposite sides of the late-glacial spruce forest indicate that the event also left a record in eastern North America. Experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model, with the temperature of North Atlantic surface waters depressed to full-glacial levels, lowered summer temperatures in ‘upwind’ periglacial eastern North America by 2°C — just as far inland as they did downwind in western Europe, where the paleoecological record of cooling is clear. A leading hypothesis for the cause for the Younger Dryas cooling appeals to the influx of tabular icebergs released from arctic ice shelves around the wasting Scandinavian and Siberian ice sheets during the Allerod warming. The resulting cooling of the North Atlantic waters during the Younger Dryas could be facilitated or precipitated by the abrupt influx of glacial meltwater derived from almost the entire southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet and emerging from the Gulf of St Lawrence, as brought about by a major shift in drainage direction from the Mississippi River to the St Lawrence River about 10.8 ka BP. A supplemental influx of fresh water may have come from the contemporaneous drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake. The diversion of Laurentide meltwater to the Atlantic was caused by retreat of an ice lobe in northwestern Ontario north of Minnesota, allowing the huge Glacial Lake Agassiz in Saskatchewan and Manitoba to drain into the Great Lakes and more than double the inflow of meltwaters in the North Atlantic, thereby diverting the Gulf Stream and permitting the influx of icebergs from the north to cool the ocean surface. Minor readvance of the ice lobe about 10 ka BP temporarily diverted the Lake Agassiz drainage to the south. With the final retreat of the ice, the drainage again went to the east, but by this time the ice sheets were much diminished and the regional climate had warmed enough so that the effects of the meltwater flux on the Gulf Stream were muted, and the ice sheets bordering the North Atlantic had retreated onto the land and no longer delivered enough icebergs to cool the surface waters. The Younger Dryas interval thus was terminated, and the warming manifested in the Allerod was renewed.
Dendritic structures of poly(ethylene glycol) on silicon nitride and gold surfaces

A hydrophilic silicon nitride surface was grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (average formula weight of 5000 Da) in a one-step protocol. The domains of stable dendritic structures of self-assembled monolayer islands on a silicon nitride surface were observed with atomic force microscopy. The moduli of elasticity of these dendritic structures in air and in KCl aqueous solution were compared. The value of the Young's modulus of these structures is reduced by more than 3 orders of magnitude, from ∼12 GPa measured in air to ∼5 MPa in KCl solution. This dramatic reduction in elasticity was attributed to the swelling of the dendritic structures in aqueous solution, which was verified by the increased film thickness. These dendritic structures were not stable in the aqueous environment and could be removed by soaking in water for 22 h because of the hydrolysis of the silicate bonds. This fact was confirmed by the reduction of the C1s signal in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. Th...
Electron-phonon interaction via electronic and lattice Wannier functions: superconductivity in boron-doped diamond reexamined.

We present a first-principles technique for investigating the electron-phonon interaction with millions of $k$ points in the Brillouin zone, which exploits the spatial localization of electronic and lattice Wannier functions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by elucidating the phonon mechanism responsible for superconductivity in boron-doped diamond. Our calculated phonon self-energy and Eliashberg spectral function show that superconductivity cannot be explained without taking into account the finite-wave-vector Fourier components of the vibrational modes introduced by boron, as well as the breaking of the diamond crystal periodicity induced by doping.
Time-recursive number-of-tracks estimation for MHT

ABSTRACT In this paper we address the issue of measurement-to-track association within the framework of multiple hypothesistracking (MHT) . Specifically, we generate a maximum a posteriori (MAP) cost as a function of the number of tracks K. This cost is generated, for each K, as a marginalization over the set of hypothesized track-sets. The proposedalgorithm is developed based on a trellis diagram representation of MHT, and a generalized list-Viterbi algorithmfor pruning and merging hypotheses. Compared to methods of pruning hypotheses for either MHT or Bayesianmultitarget tracking, the resulting Viterbi MHT algorithm is less likely to incorrectly drop tracks in high clutter and high missed-detection scenarios. The proposed number-of-tracks estimation algorithm provides a time-recursive estimate of the number of tracks. It also provides track estimates, allows for the deletion and addition of tracks, and accounts for false alarms and missed detections. Keywords: Multiple Hypothesis Tracking, MHT, multiple target tracking, number-of-track estimation, MaximumA Posterior estimation, MAP
Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.
Living arrangements of older Malaysians : who coresides with their adult children?

More than two-thirds of Malaysians age 60 or older coreside with an adult child. Data from the Senior sample of the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS-2) are used to investigate which "seniors" (persons age 60 or older) live in this way. The analysis generally supports the notion that coresidence is influenced by the benefits, costs, opportunities, and preferences for coresidence versus separate living arrangements. For example, married seniors are more likely to coreside with adult children when housing costs are greater in their area or when the husband or wife is in poor health. This finding suggests that married parents and children live together to economize on living costs or to receive help with household services. Unmarried seniors who are better off economically are less likely to live with adult children, presumably because they use their higher incomes to "purchase privacy."
Opposite effects of μ and κ opiates on the firing-rate of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra of the rat

Abstract Single unit extracellular recording was carried out in rats to compare the actions of a μ receptor agonist (morphine) to a κ receptor agonist (U50,488) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Intravenously administered morphine and U50,488 exhibited opposite effects: morphine excited SNC dopamine cells, and U50,488 inhibited them. Both effects were blocked by naloxone, although significantly more naloxone was necessary to block the effect of the κ agonist. Local administration of U50,488 in the caudate also inhibited the firing of SNC dopamine cells. These results are discussed in terms of the natural functions of the prodynorphinergic striatonigral projection.
ORGANIC ACID PROFILES OF THERMALLY PROCESSED, STORED SPINACH PUREE

— Deaerated spinach puree was packed into TDT tubes, flushed with nitrogen and sealed. The tubes were divided into batches and processed with an Fo = 4.9 at temperatures ranging from 240–300°F with 10°F increments. Analyses were carried out immediately after processing and after storage for 3 months at 75°F in the dark. Organic acids were analyzed by means of an Automatic Organic Acid Analyzer (AOAA) with confirmation by paper chromatography. Oxalic acid showed poor resolution on the AOAA; therefore, a chemical method was used for analysis. pH measurements were taken and color measured on a Hunterlab Model D25 Color Difference Meter. Catalase determinations were done on the stored samples. After processing, the greatest changes were noted at 240°F, with only minor changes above 280°F. Acetic and pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid (PCA) showed the most change after processing. After storage, the concentration of acids, color and pH was similar for all packs and all proved catalase negative. During storage succinic, PCA and acetic acids showed the greatest increase with the latter two increasing the most at higher temperatures. Also, during storage α-ketoglutaric acid disappeared and pyruvic, glutaric, oxaloacetic and malonic acids were formed at all processing temperatures.
Hypervelocity Boundary Layer Studies for Inward Turning Inlets

Inward turning hypersonic vehicle inlets have the theoretical potential to achieve higher efficiency than conventional two-dimensional geometries. However, the design of axisymmetric, streamtraced inlets depends on the capability to model boundary layer behavior over surfaces with concave curvature. In this work, we carry out a fundamental study of boundary layers flows, which are known to be significantly influenced by three-dimensional effects, at high stagnation-enthalpy, hypersonic conditions over surfaces with different concave geometry. Surface heat transfer and boundary layer visual thickness data over models with cubic, quadratic and blended concave surface curvature are compared with a flat plate baseline case. For all models, concave surface curvature produces an increase in the heat flux over flat plate laminar values. We demonstrate that reasonable estimates of the laminar heat flux augmentation due to concave surface curvature may be obtained from the local turning angle at the conditions of these experiments.
Organization of An Inhalation Therapy Service Based on Experience with 380,788 Procedures

From January, 1958 through December, 1964, 380,788 inhalation therapy procedures were performed by the Inhalation Therapy Service at this institution. A summary of these procedures and recommendations for organization of an inhalation therapy service based on this experience is presented. The following must be provided: physician responsibility; properly trained inhalation therapists; routine rounds for equipment inspection and bedside nursing education; adequate equipment; a system of records and equipment inventory; sterilization of equipment; an ambulatory patient clinic; a respirator ward; facilities for patient evaluation and research; and a program of continuing education.
Implementing incrementalization across object abstraction

We have implemented an interpreter (InvTS) for a declarative rule language (InvTL) supporting invariant-driven transformations of object-oriented programs. Using a library of rules, it can perform incrementalization across object abstractions, allowing the programmer to write clear, straightforward code while relying on InvTS to generate sophisticated and efficient implementations.
Intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor : Cytopathologic findings in two cases

Intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an extremely rare entity. This study describes fine-needle aspiration, ascitic fluid, and touch imprint cytomorphology of DSRCT in 2 patients with extensive abdomino-pelvic disease. Cytopathologic features were unique and showed good morphologic correlation with subsequent histology of the resected tumor. Immunocytochemical profile and differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors in this age group are also discussed.
Family Influences on Adaptive Development in Young Children with Down Syndrome

In this study we investigated the extent to which the family environment predicted differences in trajectories of adaptive development in young children with Down syndrome. The sample was comprised of 54 children with Down syndrome and their families who were studied from infancy through the age of 5 years as part of a longitudinal study of children with disabilities. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to estimate the parameters of hierarchical growth models in domains of adaptive development. Results indicated that growth in communication, daily living skills, and socialization domains were predicted by measures of the family environment (i.e., family cohesion and mother-child interaction) above and beyond that predicted by maternal education. Further, Bayley MDI measures during infancy did not predict changes in adaptive development in any of the domains. The results are discussed in terms of implications for service provision and for expanding theoretical frameworks to include the development of children with disabilities.
From the Enemy's Point of View: Humanity and Divinity in an Amazonian Society

From the Enemy's Point of View: Humanity and Divinity in an Amazonian Society. EDUARDO VIVEIROS DE CASTRO. Translated by Catherine V. Howard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 428 pp. $18.95 (paper). ISBN 0–226–85802–2.
Structural alert/reactive metabolite concept as applied in medicinal chemistry to mitigate the risk of idiosyncratic drug toxicity: a perspective based on the critical examination of trends in the top 200 drugs marketed in the United States.

Because of a preconceived notion that eliminating reactive metabolite (RM) formation with new drug candidates could mitigate the risk of idiosyncratic drug toxicity, the potential for RM formation is routinely examined as part of lead optimization efforts in drug discovery. Likewise, avoidance of “structural alerts” is almost a norm in drug design. However, there is a growing concern that the perceived safety hazards associated with structural alerts and/or RM screening tools as standalone predictors of toxicity risks may be over exaggerated. In addition, the multifactorial nature of idiosyncratic toxicity is now well recognized based upon observations that mechanisms other than RM formation (e.g., mitochondrial toxicity and inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP)) also can account for certain target organ toxicities. Hence, fundamental questions arise such as: When is a molecule that contains a structural alert (RM positive or negative) a cause for concern? Could the molecule in its parent form exert ...
Development and Evaluation of an LPI Figure of Merit for Direct-Sequence and Frequency-Hop Systems

This paper investigates the performance evaluation problem associated with the design of a low probability of intercept system. Two general methods for evaluating the LPI performance are proposed and described: An interception-time figure of merit and a probability-of-intercept figure of merit. The latter of the two was favored and studied in detail. The performances of frequency-hop and direct-sequence systems are evaluated, using the chosen figure of merit, as functions of both constrained and adjustable system parameters. The direct-sequence signal is found to be more difficult to detect than the frequency-hop signal, in general. Comments are made regarding situations where the frequency-hop signal may be more difficult to detect. Design guidelines are specified for determining frequency-hop system parameters that optimize the LPI performance of a system being designed.
Immune mechanisms of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: an update.

Chronic rejection in solid organ transplants is primarily manifest by loss of conduit lined with either endothelial cells (renal and cardiac allografts, manifest as a vasculopathy), epithelial cells (lung allografts, manifest as bronchiolitis obliterans) or both (liver allografts, manifest as 'vanishing bile duct' syndrome). Despite the awareness of this major problem for over 20 years, the level of understanding of mechanisms responsible for the manifestation of chronic rejection is extremely poor. Even now there are ongoing debates in the transplant community as to whether chronic rejection is a result of cell-mediated or humoral alloimmunity. Accompanying evidence of this lack of understanding are the multitude of terms, at least in the cardiac transplant literature, to describe this phenomenon (Table 1). Although initially described by the Stanford group t in 1970 as an 'obliterative intimal proliferation . . . present in most allografts obtained from patients surviving at least 1 m o n t h . . . ' , 'accelerated transplant atherosclerosis' became the accepted terminology for this disease. This was an obvious choice of nomenclature by cardiologists and cardiac surgeons quite familiar with atherosclerosis, given the quite similar appearante to traditional atherosclerosis both angiographically and pathologically (with notable exceptions see below) and given that it occurred in an 'accelerated' fashion. Unfortunately, and likely due to this unfortunate designation, research efforts for a number of years were limited to attempts to find associations and modify traditional risk factors usually associated with conventional atherosclerosis. Given the current state of our ignorance, we have preferred the term allograft vasculopathy or, in the case of cardiac transplantation, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) for two primary reasons. First, as demonstrated by our group and others the disease is manifest in both highand low-pressure vascular beds (arteries and veins) in the cardiac allograft and is hence not solely an arteriopathy, zz Second, and most importantly, this terminology conveys no implications with regards to pathogenesis. It is purely descriptive.
Observation of Co nanoparticle dispersions in WC nanograins in WC-Co cermets consolidated from chemically synthesized powders

Abstract High resolution, and analytical electron microscopy has been used to analyze morphological features in consolidated specimens of nanostructured tungsten carbide-cobalt cermet materials prepared from chemically synthesized nanostructured WC-Co powder. The investigation includes studying materials produced by consolidation (i) above, and (ii) below the eutectic temperature by thermo-mechanical working. In the case of liquidphase sintered material, the study includes examining the influence of a vanadium carbide additive on morphological features, as well as its effect in inhibiting grain growth. Electron microscope examination of all consolidated materials reveals a dispersion of nanoprecipitates within the WC nanograins of the WC-Co cermet. Micro-diffraction and analytical studies show that these nanoprecipitates are f.c.c. cobalt. This novel discovery is consistent with the concept that the nanoprecipitates nucleate from cobalt retained within the WC nanograins, which is a consequence of the intimate intermixing of tungsten and cobalt in the original chemical synthesis process.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMATIC ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS BY MOUSE BRAIN, RAT SPERM, AND PURIFIED CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE

Abstract Enzymatic acetylcholine synthesis by mouse brain, rat sperm, and purified pigeon breast muscle carnitine acetyltransferase was monitored. Optimal assay procedure, choline substrate requirements, the extent of acetylcholine synthesis, and the effects of acetyltransferase inhibitors were investigated to determine if acetylcholine in rat sperm is synthesized by choline acetyltransferase or by another enzyme that utilizes choline as a substrate. Of two assay procedures tested, the liquid cation-exchange procedure utilizing a butyronitrile-tetraphenylboron extraction was judged superior to an anion-exchange resin procedure. The latter procedure gave falsely high acetylcholine synthesis readings due to another acetylated contaminant (probably acetylcarnitine). The K m for choline substrate in acetylcholine syntheses by mouse brain, which is a source of choline acetyltransferase, was 0.623 mM choline; this was 300 times less than the choline substrate K m with rat sperm (207 mM choline) and 80 times less than the K m with purified carnitine acetyltransferase (50.6 mM choline). Rat sperm had a V max [3718 pmoles AcCh · min −1 · (mg protein) −1 ] that was > 2-fold that of mouse brain [1603 pmoles AcCh · min −1 ·(mg protein) −1 ]. A specific inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase, 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine (500 μM), abolished acetylcholine synthesis by mouse brain, but it caused only a 52 per cent inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis by rat sperm and only a 12 per cent inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis by purified carnitine acetyltransferase. These data indicate that an enzyme other than classical or “true” choline acetyltransferase is responsible for acetylcholine synthesis by rat sperm. Because of the high content of carnitine acetyltransferase in rat sperm and the ability of carnitine acetyltransferase from pigeon breast muscle to synthesize acetylcholine, carnitine acetyltransferase is the most probable enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis in rat sperm.