cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction of enargite (Cu3AsS4) in hot concentrated sulfuric acid under an inert atmosphere. Part II: High-quality enargite

Abstract Based upon the information obtained from the sulfuric acid baking of an enargite concentrate, a second series of experiments were performed using a high-quality enargite powder. The results obtained from the sulfuric acid baking of high-quality enargite provided significant insights towards a more rigorous plan of attack in identifying the meaningful range of parameters and perhaps the time and temperature range in which the rate of the baking reaction should be studied. Hence, the effects of baking time, baking temperature, sulfuric acid dosage, nitrogen flow rate, and particle size on the water extraction of copper and arsenic were studied, as well as the mineralogical transformations associated with sulfuric acid baking. It was found that baking of enargite for extended times at a temperature of 200 °C had no effect on the extraction of Cu and As, which leveled off at ~ 73.7% and ~ 59.4%, respectively. Arsenic loss to the gas phase corresponding to 7 h of baking was found to be ~ 10.4%. Increasing the baking temperature in the range of 200–260 °C at a constant time of 6 h had no beneficial effect, but it adversely increased the arsenic loss to ~ 54.7% at 260 °C. Increasing the nitrogen flow rate in the range of 163–813 mL/min at a constant baking temperature of 200 °C for extended times slightly increased the arsenic loss. Under identical baking conditions, sulfuric acid dosage had the greatest effect on the extraction of Cu and As, with effective extraction levels being achieved at a sulfuric acid to enargite weight ratio of about 3.7. No systematic effect of particle size was observed on the extraction of Cu and As from enargite. Upon sulfuric acid baking, enargite transformed into CuSO 4 , CuO·CuSO 4 , As 2 O 3 , and S 8 , all of which, except S 8 , are soluble in water. Based on the experimental results, the following reaction is suggested for the sulfuric acid baking of enargite: 4Cu 3 AsS 4 + 51H 2 SO 4 = 3CuO·CuSO 4 + 6CuSO 4 + 2As 2 O 3 + 51H 2 O + 54SO 2 (g) + 4S
Antibody responses to Brugia malayi antigens induced by DNA vaccination.

Background: DNA vaccination is a convenient means of immunizing animals with recombinant parasite antigens. DNA delivery methods are believed to affect the qualitative nature of immune responses to DNA vaccines in ways that may affect their protective activity. However, relatively few studies have directly compared immune responses to plasmids encoding the same antigens after injection by different routes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the route of administration on antibody responses to plasmids encoding antigens from the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi. Methods: Four B. malayi genes and partial genes encoding paramyosin (BM5), heat shock protein (BMHSP-70), intermediate filament (BMIF) and a serodiagnostic antigen (BM14) were inserted in eukaryotic expression vectors (pJW4303 and pCR™3.1). BALB/c mice were immunized with individual recombinant plasmids or with a cocktail of all four plasmids by intramuscular injection (IM) or by gene gun-intradermal inoculation (GG). Antibody responses to recombinant antigens were measured by ELISA. Mean IgG1 to IgG2a antibody ratios were used as an indicator of Th1 or Th2 bias in immune responses induced with particular antigens by IM or GG immunization. The statistical significance of group differences in antibody responses was assessed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mice produced antibody responses to all four filarial antigens after DNA vaccination by either the IM or GG route. Antibody responses to BM5 paramyosin were strongly biased toward IgG1 with lower levels of IgG2a after GG vaccination, while IM vaccination produced dominant IgG2a antibody responses. Antibody responses were biased toward IgG1 after both IM and GG immunization with BMIF, but antibodies were biased toward IgG2a after IM and GG vaccination with BMHSP-70 and BM14. Animals injected with a mixture of four recombinant plasmid DNAs produced antibodies to all four antigens. Conclusions: Our results show that monovalent and polyvalent DNA vaccination successfully induced antibody responses to a variety of filarial antigens. However, antibody responses to different antigens varied in magnitude and with respect to isotype bias. The isotype bias of antibody responses following DNA vaccination can be affected by route of administration and by intrinsic characteristics of individual antigens.
Industrial Transformation and Occupational Change in the U.S., 1960–70

Increasingly, sociologists concerned with occupational mobility and the changes in the occupational distribution are turning their attention to the structural conditions for such changes. One important change has been industry shifts, particularly the decline of agriculture and the growth of services. In this paper we argue that industry shifts have an important effect on changes in the occupational structure. Using a shift-share approach, changes in the occupational structure of the U.S. between 1960 and 1970 are decomposed into an industry shift effect, an occupational composition effect, and an interaction effect. These effects vary for major occupational categories, but for total U.S. employment the industry shift effect accounted for about two-thirds of the change in occupational structure, the composition effect for one-third, and the interaction effect was negligible. It is not likely that there will be as important shifts in the industry structure during the next 30 years as in the last 30 years. But it has been the industry shifts that have mostly contributed to an expansion of the higher status occupations, particularly professionals and managers. Therefore, unless the occupational composition changes in such a way as to compensate for the diminishing effects of the industry structure, structural opportunities will either remain at current levels or even decline in the years to come. The present century has witnessed a sweeping transformation of the American labor force. This transformation entails fundamental changes in the allocation of workers to industries and in the type of work they perform. Many of these changes are familiar, based on the steady shift from an agriculturally oriented economy to one based on manufacturing. Less familiar, but equally impressive, is the rapid expansion of social, business, and financial services during the past decades. These services combined now employ close to one-third of all workers. The corresponding changes in the occupational structure of the U.S. labor force include the continuous shift ? 1980 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-77321801010246-64$01.90
The Healing Characteristics of Autogenous Saphenous Vein Used in the Reconstruction of Previously Implanted Arterial Saphenous Vein Grafts

Abstract Aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with early isolated stenoses pose the technical problem of how to deal with these grafts at reoperation. The advisability of using a portion of old graft when reconstructing these grafts was examined. An experimental model was devised in which the anatomical and pathological interfaces between fresh vein and previously inserted vein were studied. Superficial femoral artery from the thigh of 15 dogs was replaced by reversed autogenous saphenous vein. Four months later, the animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 8 animals that underwent transection and reimplantation of the middle 4 cm of the vein graft in exactly the same position in which it had been. In Group 2, the 7 animals had the middle 4 cm of the graft replaced with newly harvested reversed saphenous vein. Six months after initial vein graft implantation, the animals were studied. No critical stenoses were seen in the grafts. Pathological study of Group 1 grafts revealed fibrous graft disease of uniform severity throughout the graft, thereby demonstrating that new anastomoses in an old graft do not affect graft disease. Group 2 grafts revealed that the severity of disease in the new interposed segment of the vein graft was less than in the old retained portions of the graft. No untoward reaction causing acceleration of graft disease occurred between old and new vein. Operations using undiseased portions of old vein grafts should be considered a viable option in repeat coronary revascularization for early stenoses.
Identifying optimal mitigation strategies for responding to a mild influenza epidemic

Mathematical models have been developed to simulate influenza epidemics to help public health officials evaluate different control policies. In these models, often severe influenza epidemics with a considerable mortality rate are considered. However, as was the case for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, some of the influenza epidemics are mild with insignificant mortality rates. In the case of a mild epidemic, the cost of different control policies becomes an important decision factor in addition to disease-related outcomes such as the attack rate. We develop a continuous-time simulation model for the spread of a mild influenza epidemic based on the SEIR model (an epidemiological model with four classes: susceptible, exposed, infective, and recovered) which includes different interventions. To determine the epidemic mitigation policy with the minimum cost, we also develop an optimization model with two decision variables, vaccination and self-isolation fractions, and an upper-bound constraint for the attack rate. We use this model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different mitigation policies. Furthermore, we integrate the simulation and optimization models to identify the optimal mitigation policy. Finally, we conduct sensitivity analysis on the key input parameters to ensure robust results. The optimal policy depends on the target population and, as our results show, in general is a combination of vaccination and self-isolation. Further, for low (high) levels of intervention, vaccination (self-isolation) is incrementally more cost-effective. Therefore, public health officials should concentrate on vaccination at the beginning of the epidemic. However, if the epidemic continues to spread, they should promote self-isolation as a more effective intervention.
Spatial Summation Among Coextensive and Parallel Line Segments Across Wide Separations (50"): Egocentric Localization and the Great Circle Model

The elevation at which an observer sets a target to appear at eye level (VPEL) is systematically related to the angle of pitch of the visual field and is only a little less for a visual field consisting of a single line in darkness than for a complexly structured field [Matin and Li (1994a) Vision Research, 34, 311-330]. Three experiments are described which measure the quantitative characteristics of spatial summation among individual pitched-from-vertical line segments that control the visual influence on VPEL. As the length of a one-line stimulus increased from 0 degrees to 64 degrees the slope of the VPEL-vs-pitch function (S) increased from 0 to +0.56 along a negatively accelerated exponential with a 15.1 degree space constant. The combined influence on S of two simultaneously-presented, parallel, pitched-from-vertical lines, horizontally separated by 50 degrees, is slightly greater than the combined influence of two coextensive line segments with the same total length. S saturates at a locus that lies beyond any separate neural locus for the processing of the individual line. The results are effectively treated by the Great Circle Model (GCM) which converts stimulus "nonlocality" to neural "locality" by mapping the intersections of the images of parallel line sets in a spherical approximation of the eye on to a set of neural nodes. A neurophysiological realization of GCM is compatible with mediation by the long horizontal connections afferent to layer 6 of primary visual cortex (V1). The combination of visual influences with extraretinal information is compatible with the characteristics of posterior parietal cortex downstream from V1. The increase in the effectiveness of a line with increase in length is in accord with a more general division between the utilization of long lines for egocentric orientation and short lines for figural processes; end-inhibition from elongated layer 6 cells (which process long lines) onto layer 4 cells (which process short lines) in V1 may provide a means for separating the two streams of information.
Solidification Mechanism of Highly Undercooled Metal Alloys

Experiments were conducted on metal droplet undercooling, using Sn-25wt%Pb and Ni-34wt%Sn alloys. To achieve the high degree of undercooling, emulsification treatments were employed. Results show the fraction of supersaturated primary phase is a function of the amount of undercooling, as is the fineness of the structures. The solidification behavior of the tin-lead droplets during recalescence was analyzed using three different hypotheses; (1) solid forming throughout recalescence is of the maximum thermodynamically stable composition; (2) partitionless solidification below the T sub o temperature, and solid forming thereafter is of the maximum thermodynamically stable composition; and (3) partitionless solidification below the T sub o temperature with solid forming thereafter that is of the maximum thermodynamically metastable composition that is possible. The T sub o temperature is calculated from the equal molar free energies of the liquid solid using the regular solution approximation.
Chayanov revisited: A model for the economics of complex kin units

Chayanov's model of the peasant economy is based on autarkic nuclear family households. Expansion to the more complex households and kin groups common in peasant societies shows that the sharp changes Chayanov observed in the consumer/producer ratio over the domestic cycle are smoothed by the intergenerational structure of complex households and extended kin groups. This amelioration may be retarded by competition between constituent units. Understanding the dynamics of the developmental cycle and micropolitics of domestic groups is a useful correction to Chayanov's widely used formulation, especially in developing countries where complex kin structures are common.
International Democracy and the West: The Role of Governments, Civil Society, and Multinational Business

International Democracy and the West: The Role of Governments, Civil Society, and Multinational Business. By Richard Youngs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 232p. $99.00. In his seminal article published nearly 30 years ago, cleverly called “Second Image Reversed,” Peter Gourevitch outlined a set of arguments for why and how to study the international causes of domestic outcomes. This framework had a profound effect on several literatures, but only a minor ripple in the study of regime change. A handful of international relations scholars, including John Owen and Mark Peceny, have made important contributions to this field, and a smattering of comparativists have added the international dimension to their list of independent variables that influence regime type, but the subject could not be considered a mainstream field. In fact, the third-wave transitologists gave only passing attention to the international dimensions of democratization. Laurence Whitehead did write an important chapter on international dimensions of democratization in the four-volume study on transitions from autocratic rule edited by Louillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Lawrence Whitehead. Yet, in one of the introductory essays in this study, Schmitter wrote that one “of the firmest conclusions that emerged … was that transitions from authoritarian rule and immediate prospects for political democracy were largely to be explained in terms of national forces and calculations. External actors tended to play an indirect and usually marginal role” (in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, 1986, p. 5). Scholars and policy analysts writing about democratization after the end of the Cold War have devoted more attention to international factors, yet the subject is still grossly neglected. This absence of scholarship is all the more surprising given the foreign policy debates in Washington, Brussels, Moscow, and Tehran about the role the United States in fostering “regime change.”
Temporal variation and lack of host specificity among bacterial endosymbionts of Osedax bone worms (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae)

Osedax worms use a proliferative root system to extract nutrients from the bones of sunken vertebrate carcasses. The roots contain bacterial endosymbionts that contribute to the nutrition of these mouthless and gutless worms. The worms acquire these essential endosymbionts locally from the environment in which their larvae settle. Here we report on the temporal dynamics of endosymbiont diversity hosted by nine Osedax species sampled during a three-year investigation of an experimental whale fall at 1820-m depth in the Monterey Bay, California. The host species were identified by their unique mitochondrial COI haplotypes. The endosymbionts were identified by ribotyping with PCR primers specifically designed to target Oceanospirillales. Thirty-two endosymbiont ribotypes associated with these worms clustered into two distinct bacterial ribospecies that together comprise a monophyletic group, mostly restricted to deep waters (>1000 m). Statistical analyses confirmed significant changes in the relative abundances of host species and the two dominant endosymbiont ribospecies during the three-year sampling period. Bone type (whale vs. cow) also had a significant effect on host species, but not on the two dominant symbiont ribospecies. No statistically significant association existed between the host species and endosymbiont ribospecies. Standard PCR and direct sequencing proved to be an efficient method for ribotyping the numerically dominant endosymbiont strains infecting a large sample of host individuals; however, this method did not adequately represent the frequency of mixed infections, which appears to be the rule rather than an exception for Osedax individuals. Through cloning and the use of experimental dilution series, we determined that minority ribotypes constituting less than 30% of a mixture would not likely be detected, leading to underestimates of the frequency of multiple infections in host individuals.
A Pathway-Dependent on ApoE, ApoAI, and ABCA1 Determines Formation of Buoyant High-Density Lipoprotein by Macrophage Foam Cells

Objective— ABCA1-dependent and ABCA1-independent pathways may operate in high-density lipoprotein formation by macrophages secreting apolipoprotein (apo) E. We examined the impact of ABCA1 on apoE-mediated efflux from cholesterol-enriched macrophages. Methods and Results— Without acceptors, wild-type, ABCA1 −/− , and apoE −/− macrophages released 5.7%±0.3%, 1.8%±0.1%, and 2.3%±0.2% of their cholesterol, and the LXR agonist, TO-901317, enhanced efflux by 137%, 10%, and 20%. Although similar amounts of apoE were secreted from ABCA1 −/− and wild-type cells, apoE from ABCA1 −/− cells was only partially phospholipidated and floated at density >1.21g/mL, whereas apoE from wild-type cells floated at density of 1.09 to 1.17g/mL and paralleled the density of cholesterol. With apoAI, LXR stimulation increased efflux by 139% and 86% from wild-type and apoE −/− cells, resulting in a large difference in efflux (29.5%±0.2% versus 17.0%±0.5%). The density of apoE and cholesterol from wild-type cells did not change with apoAI, and most apoAI floated at density ≥1.17g/mL. In apoE −/− cells, apoAI and cholesterol floated at similar density, but the peak fraction only contained 4 μg cholesterol/mg protein versus 18 in WT cells. Conclusions— Macrophage apoE requires ABCA1 for formation of high-density lipoprotein. ApoAI facilitates association of apoE with more buoyant high-density lipoprotein, suggesting that apoE, plasma apoAI, and ABCA1 operate together to optimize mobilization of macrophage cholesterol, a process critical to limiting plaque development.
Quantifying Fine-Root Decomposition: An Alternative to Buried Litterbags

Our understanding of fine-root decay processes is derived almost exclusively from litterbag studies. However, preparation of roots for litterbag studies and their sub- sequent decay within litterbags represent major departures from in situ conditions. We hypothesized that litterbag studies misrepresent fine-root decay and nutrient release rates during decomposition. To test these hypotheses we developed a new intact-core technique that requires no a priori root processing, retains natural rhizosphere associations, and main- tains in situ decay conditions. Using both litterbags and intact cores, we measured annual decay rates and nitrogen release from newly senesced fine roots of silver maple, maize, and winter wheat. After one year, mass loss was 10-23% greater, and nitrogen release was 21-29% higher within intact cores. Differences appeared to result from litterbag-induced alterations to decomposer dynamics and from unavoidable changes to fine-root size-class composition within litterbags. Our results suggest that fine-root decay and nutrient turnover occur significantly faster than estimated from litterbag studies. By minimizing disturbances to roots, soil, and rhizosphere associates prior to root decay, the intact-core technique provides an improved alternative for measuring fine-root decomposition.
Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of aging high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

The microstructural evolution of 18Cr18Mn2Mo0.77N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel in aging treatment was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that hexagonal intergranular and cellular Cr2N with a=0.478 nm and c=0.444 nm and body-centered cubic intermetallic χ phase with a=0.892 nm precipitate gradually in the isothermal aging treatment. The matrix nitrogen depletion due to the intergranular Cr2N precipitation induces the decay of Vickers hardness, and the formation of cellular Cr2N and χ phase causes the increase in the values. The impact toughness presents a monotonic decrease and SEM morphologies show the leading brittle intergranular fracture. The tensile strength and elongation deteriorate obviously except for the sample aged for 1 h in yield strength. Stress concentration occurs when the matrix dislocations pile up at the precipitation and matrix interfaces, and the interfacial dislocations may become precursors to the misfit dislocations, which can form small cleavage steps and accelerate the formation of cracks.
Psychosocial Factors and Recurrent Genital Herpes: A Review of Prediction and Psychiatric Treatment Studies

Objective:The purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence which supports the association between psychosocial factors and genital herpes simplex virus recurrences (HSV), as well as to exami...
Generalized Transmission Line Method to Study the Far-zone Radiation of Antennas under a Multilayer Structure

This book gives a step-by-step presentation of a generalized transmission line method to study the far-zone radiation of antennas under a multilayer structure. Normally, a radiation problem requires a full wave analysis which may be time consuming. The beauty of the generalized transmission line method is that it transforms the radiation problem for a specific type of structure, say the multilayer structure excited by an antenna, into a circuit problem that can be efficiently analyzed. Using the Reciprocity Theorem and far-field approximation, the method computes the far-zone radiation due to a Hertzian dipole within a multilayer structure by solving an equivalent transmission line circuit. Since an antenna can be modeled as a set of Hertzian dipoles, the method could be used to predict the far-zone radiation of an antenna under a multilayer structure. The analytical expression for the far-zone field is derived for a structure with or without a polarizer. The procedure of obtaining th Hertzian dipole model that is required by the generalized transmission line method is also described. Several examples are given to demonstrate the capabilities, accuracy, and efficiency of this method. Table of Contents: Antennas Under a Multilayer Dielectric Slab / Antennas Under a Polarized Multilayer Structure / Hertzian Dipole Model for an Antenna / Bibliography / Biography
Initial and Follow-up Costs by Treatment Outcome for Children With Respiratory Infections

Objective. To estimate the initial and follow-up costs of treatment of respiratory infections among pediatric patients and the relationship between costs and outcomes. Methods. A total of 3677 episodes of care from 2328 patients who were Results. Follow-up costs for provider visits for episodes for which the patient experienced treatment failure were $216 versus $53 for episodes for which the patient did not experience treatment failure. Follow-up drug costs, including the cost of the second antibiotic, were $75 for children who experienced treatment failure versus $23, respectively. Cost estimates from the paired analysis were similar, confirming that results are not biased by unobserved time-invariant patient characteristics. Conclusion. Children who have respiratory infections and experience treatment failure incur substantially higher costs.
Simultaneous Perception of Forces and Motions Using Bimanual Interactions

When teaching physical skills, experts or robotic assistants commonly move a novice through a task. However, this guiding motion is only partially effective at portraying the full experience because the guided person is only performing the task passively and the guidance and task forces can become ambiguously intertwined. The interaction evaluated in this paper separates the task and guidance forces by guiding one hand so the user can actively recreate the motion with their other hand that receives task-related forces. This method is based on the ability of humans to easily move their hands through similar paths, such as drawing circles, compared to the difficulty of simultaneously drawing a square with one hand and a circle with the other. Several experiments were first performed to characterize the reference frames, interaction stiffnesses, and trajectories that humans can recreate. Visual Symmetry and Joint-Space Symmetry proved to be easier than Point Mirror Symmetry and participants' recreated motions typically lagged by approximately 50-100 ms. Based on these results, participants used bimanual guidance to identify the orientation of a hard rod embedded in a soft material. The results show that participants could identify the orientation of the rod equally well when working independently compared to being bimanually guided through a desired motion.
Relative risk of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased comorbidity and mortality resulting from cardiovascular disease. A review of past and recent studies suggests that inflammation and thrombosis may provide a link between both diseases. This association has significant clinical implications for therapy, because many of the drugs used in the symptomatic treatment of RA, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the new cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-specific inhibitors, affect mediators of both inflammation and thrombosis. Recent studies have elucidated the potential effects of COX-2-specific inhibitors on thrombogenic events and their potential impact on cardiovascular disease. Although a causal effect of these drugs to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease has not been established, further investigation is needed on the effects of COX-2-specific inhibitors on cardiovascular risk. Such data would be of particular importance in determining appropriate therapeutic approaches to the treatment of patients with RA who are also at risk for cardiovascular events.
Advanced Endovascular Approaches in the Management of Challenging Proximal Aortic Neck Anatomy: Traditional Endografts and the Snorkel Technique

Advances in endovascular technology, and access to this technology, have significantly changed the field of vascular surgery. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), in which endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has replaced the traditional open surgical approach in patients with suitable anatomy. However, approximately one-third of patients presenting with AAAs are deemed ineligible for standard EVAR because of anatomic constraints, the majority of which involve the proximal aneurysmal neck. To overcome these challenges, a bevy of endovascular approaches have been developed to either enhance stent graft fixation at the proximal neck or extend the proximal landing zone to allow adequate apposition to the aortic wall and thus aneurysm exclusion. This article is composed of two sections that together address new endovascular approaches for treating aortic aneurysms with difficult proximal neck anatomy. The first section will explore advancements in the traditional EVAR approach for hostile neck anatomy that maximize the use of the native proximal landing zone; the second section will discuss a technique that was developed to extend the native proximal landing zone and maintain perfusion to vital aortic branches using common, off-the-shelf components: the snorkel technique. While the techniques presented differ in terms of approach, the available clinical data, albeit limited, support the notion that they may both have roles in the treatment algorithm for patients with challenging proximal neck anatomy.
Hemp sesbania interference in drill-seeded glyphosate-resistant soybean

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at Fayetteville, AR, in 1997, 1998, and 1999 to evaluate the degree of interspecific interference between drill-seeded, glyphosate-resistant soybean and hemp sesbania as influenced by soybean population, hemp sesbania density, and a single glyphosate application. Soybean was planted at 247,000, 430,000, and 618,000 seed ha−1 with early-season emergence of 217,000, 371,000, and 521,000 plants ha−1. Hemp sesbania densities were 0, 4, 10, and 16 plants m−2 in combination with 0 and 1.12 kg ai ha−1 glyphosate applied at the V4 to V6 soybean growth stage. Untreated hemp sesbania produced a maximum of 49 million seed ha−1 with 217,000 soybean ha−1, whereas seed production of glyphosate-treated hemp sesbania ranged from 2.8 to 0.6 million seed ha−1 with 217,000 and 521,000 soybean ha−1, respectively. Soybean seed yield was reduced 43% by 16 untreated hemp sesbania m−2, while glyphosate-treated hemp sesbania did not reduce seed yield. Averaged over all untreated hemp sesb...
Spectral Variability of Airborne Ocean Color Data Linked to Variations in Lidar Backscattering Profiles

Characterization of 3-D underwater light fields from above the sea surface requires passive and active remote sensing measurements. In this work, we suggest the use of passive ocean color sensors and lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) to examine the vertical structure of optical properties in marine waters of the Northern Part of the Gulf of Alaska (NGOA). We collected simultaneous airborne remote sensing reflectance (R rs ) in the spectral range 443-780 nm (MicroSAS, Satlantic) and lidar-derived volume backscattering (β) profiles (0-20 m depth, wavelength = 532 nm) during August 17 2002 in shelf waters situated south of Kodiak Island off Alaska (57.48°-58.04° N, 152.91°-151.67° W). We evaluated the spectral response of Rrs to perturbations on vertical distribution of β by comparing the spatial variability between aggregated (250 m horizontal resolution x 1 m vertical resolution) R rs spectral ratios and different lidar statistics per bin (Maximum β per bin, mean β per bin, β m , standard deviation of β per bin, β std , integrated β per bin, β int ) or group of bins (lidar volume extinction coefficient of β between 0 and 5 m depth). Sub-surface changes of β m , β int , and β std were mainly correlated with R rs (490)/R rs (555) variability along the flight-track (Semi-partial correlation coefficients = 0.12 to 0.21). Our results evidenced linkages between above and below-sea surface optical properties that can be used to derive water optical constituents as a function of depth based on combined passive-active data.
Preferred interparticle spacings in trains of particles in inertial microchannel flows

Suspended particles migrate towards inertial focusing positions close to walls and align into trains in finite inertia conduit flow. The relative contribution of inertial and viscous forces at the particle length scale, defined by the particle Reynolds number ( ), is a key parameter, where depends on the mean shear rate , particle diameter and fluid kinematic viscosity . Controlling the location of inertial focusing positions and the interparticle distance is critical in applications such as flow cytometry, imaging and cell entrapment in droplets. By using experimental observations in rectangular microchannels and lattice Boltzmann numerical simulations of dilute suspension flow, the spacing between particles aligned in trains is measured. From the modes of the probability density function of interparticle spacing, preferred spacings at and are observed. At lower , the preferred spacing forms around , and with increasing the spacing at becomes more pronounced. With increasing concentration of the suspension the spacing is influenced by particle crowding effects until stable trains are no longer observed.
Combined Effects: The Influence of Organizational Form and Structural Characteristics on Contract Performance in Mixed Sector Markets

Social service contracting to nongovernmental organizations is popular form of privatization across the world. Although nonprofits are preferable social service providers for legal and normative reasons, governments in the United States increasingly rely on for-profit organizations to deliver social services. This trend warrants further exploration about whether nonprofits or for-profits perform according to theoretical expectations when they exist in the same market. This study employs qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to examine how sector-public, nonprofit, and for-profit-combines with structural variables to produce acceptable contract performance in juvenile justice programs. QCA is a discovery-oriented research tool that determines whether combinations of variables within cases produce a specific outcome and whether those combinations are consistent across cases. I find sector is not a necessary or sufficient predictor of acceptable performance on its own. Rather it combines with market factors to lead to acceptable contract performance. Combinations vary by sector, indicating that sectors behave differently in similar circumstances. The primary theoretical contribution of this paper is to provide a nuanced account of contract performance in mixed sector markets.
Parallel in-vivo assessment of drug phenotypes at various time points during systemic BRAF inhibition reveals tumor adaptation and altered treatment vulnerabilities

Purpose: Treatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma tumors with BRAF inhibitor-based therapy produces high response rates, but of limited duration in the vast majority of patients. Published investigations of resistance mechanisms suggest numerous examples of tumor adaptation and signal transduction bypass mechanisms, but without insight into biomarkers that would predict which mechanism will predominate. Monitoring phenotypic response of multiple adaptive mechanisms simultaneously within the same tumor as it adapts during treatment has been elusive. Experimental Design: This study reports on a method to provide a more complete understanding of adaptive tumor responses. We simultaneously measured in vivo anti-tumor activity of 12 classes of inhibitors which are suspected of enabling adaptive escape mechanisms, at various time points during systemic BRAF inhibition. We used implantable microdevices to release multiple compounds into distinct regions of a tumor to measure the efficacy of each compound independently, and repeated these measurements as tumors progressed on systemic BRAF treatment. Results: We observed varying phenotypic responses to specific inhibitors before, during and after prolonged systemic treatment with BRAF inhibitors. Our results specifically identify PI3K, PDGFR, EGFR and HDAC inhibitors as becoming significantly more efficacious during systemic BRAF inhibition. The sensitivity to other targeted inhibitors remained mostly unchanged, while local incremental sensitivity to PLX4720 declined sharply. Conclusions: These findings suggest redundancy of several resistance mechanisms and may help identify optimal constituents of more effective combination therapy in BRAF-mutant melanoma. They also represent a new paradigm for dynamic measurement of adaptive signaling mechanisms within the same tumor during therapy.
Optimum tilt of a phased array antenna for elevation scan

Radars and communications systems must maintain contact with satellites from horizon to zenith. The tilt angle of a planar phased array in addition to its maximum scan angle. Previous studies derive an optimum tilt angle based on the element spacing and number of elements. This paper includes the satellite orbit and differentiates between a communications system and radar when finding the optimum tilt angle.
DETERMINATION OF 16 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN TEA LEAVES BY ICP-MS

A method was studied for the analysis of 16 rare earth elements(REEs)in tea leaves by using ICP-MS.The samples were discomposed by microwave digest and dry ashing.Method detection limit for 16 REEs was 0.04—0.43 μg·kg-1.The relative standard deviations were between 0.6%—6.3% and the recovery percentages were between 96.0%—108.0%.
A mass spectrometry view of stable and transient protein interactions.

Through an impressive range of dynamic interactions, proteins succeed to carry out the majority of functions in a cell. These temporally and spatially regulated interactions provide the means through which one single protein can perform diverse functions and modulate different cellular pathways. Understanding the identity and nature of these interactions is therefore critical for defining protein functions and their contribution to health and disease processes. Here, we provide an overview of workflows that incorporate immunoaffinity purifications and quantitative mass spectrometry (frequently abbreviated as IP-MS or AP-MS) for characterizing protein–protein interactions. We discuss experimental aspects that should be considered when optimizing the isolation of a protein complex. As the presence of nonspecific associations is a concern in these experiments, we discuss the common sources of nonspecific interactions and present label-free and metabolic labeling mass spectrometry-based methods that can help determine the specificity of interactions. The effective regulation of cellular pathways and the rapid reaction to various environmental stresses rely on the formation of stable, transient, and fast-exchanging protein–protein interactions. While determining the exact nature of an interaction remains challenging, we review cross-linking and metabolic labeling approaches that can help address this important aspect of characterizing protein interactions and macromolecular assemblies.
Frequency discrimination in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Abstract The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ) is a highly vocal New World primate species that has emerged in recent years as a promising model system for studies of auditory and vocal processing. Our recent studies have examined perceptual mechanisms related to the pitch of harmonic complex tones in this species. However, no previous psychoacoustic work has measured marmosets' frequency discrimination abilities for pure tones across a broad frequency range. Here we systematically examined frequency difference limens (FDLs), which measure the minimum discriminable frequency difference between two pure tones, in marmosets across most of their hearing range. Results show that marmosets' FDLs are comparable to other New World primates, with lowest values in the frequency range of ∼3.5–14 kHz. This region of lowest FDLs corresponds with the region of lowest hearing thresholds in this species measured in our previous study and also with the greatest concentration of spectral energy in the major types of marmoset vocalizations. These data suggest that frequency discrimination in the common marmoset may have evolved to match the hearing sensitivity and spectral characteristics of this species’ vocalizations.
Agonist-Directed Trafficking of 5-HT Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction

For decades, pharmacologists have maintained that drugs have two properties: affinity, which describes a drug’s ability to bind to a receptor, and intrinsic efficacy, which describes the ability of a drug to change the behavior of a receptor toward cellular signaling machinery. Both affinity and intrinsic efficacy were defined to be ligand constants independent of response mechanisms and, thus, were of great predictive value for drug discovery efforts. Recently, clear evidence from many seven-transmembrane-spanning receptor systems has accumulated to indicate that ligands might not obey the tenets of classical receptor theory. In fact, intrinsic efficacy appears to be variable (changes with cell phenotype and physiological state) and dependent on cellular signaling machinery (response dependent), and ligands appear to have multiple intrinsic efficacies. Drugs can no longer be labeled as agonists (partial or full), inverse agonists (partial or full), or antagonists without reference to the receptor system (receptor and signaling pathway/response) and experimental conditions used. This newly discovered ligand behavior has been given many names by different groups: “agonist-directed trafficking of receptor stimulus,” “functional selectivity,” “stimulus trafficking,” and “biased agonism,” to name a few. Although the pharmacological actions of drugs have become considerably more complex, our pharmacological treasure chest might be much richer than previously thought, possibly heralding new and improved pharmacotherapy. In this chapter, we discuss the evidence for agonist-directed trafficking of serotonin receptor stimulus.
Atlantoaxial Instability in Down Syndrome

Results of an investigation of 130 children with Down syndrome screened for atlantoaxial instability are reported from Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
Species Definition and Differentiation as Seen in the Postcranial Skeleton of Cebus

A critical aspect of any study of evolutionary process is an understanding of the nature and distinctiveness of species. While species are generally recognized as real entities, the identification of members of a species remains problematic, particularly for members of a paleospecies. Most researchers seek analogues in the defining differences among modern species, but little of this work has focused on the postcranial skeleton. Recent studies have shown that most species differences are manifested in the soft tissue, but several studies have documented some hard tissue differences between closely related species.
Inter-relationships between objective and subjective measures of the residential environment among urban African American women.

Abstract Purpose The inter-relationships between objective (census based) and subjective (resident reported) measures of the residential environment is understudied in African American (AA) populations. Methods Using data from the Life Influences on Fetal Environments Study (2009–2011; n = 1387) of AA women, we quantified the area-level variation in subjective reports of residential healthy food availability, walkability, safety, and disorder that can be accounted for with an objective neighborhood disadvantage index (NDI). Two-level generalized linear models estimated associations between objective and subjective measures of the residential environment, accounting for individual-level covariates. Results In unconditional models, intraclass correlation coefficients for block-group variance in subjective reports ranged from 11% (healthy food availability) to 30% (safety). Models accounting for the NDI (vs. both NDI and individual-level covariates) accounted for more variance in healthy food availability (23% vs. 8%) and social disorder (40% vs. 38%). The NDI and individual-level variables accounted for 39% and 51% of the area-level variation in walkability and safety, respectively. Associations between subjective and objective measures of the residential environment were significant and in the expected direction. Conclusions Future studies on neighborhood effects on health, especially among AAs, should include a wide range of residential environment measures, including subjective, objective, and spatial contextual variables.
A computational study of yttria-stabilized zirconia: I. Using crystal chemistry to search for the ground state on a glassy energy landscape

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), a ZrO2-Y2O3 solid solution that contains a large population of oxygen vacancies, is widely used in energy and industrial applications. Past computational studies correctly predicted the anion diffusivity but not the cation diffusivity, which is important for material processing and stability. One of the challenges lies in identifying a plausible configuration akin to the ground state in a glassy landscape. This is unlikely to come from random sampling of even a very large sample space, but the odds are much improved by incorporating packing preferences revealed by a modest sized configurational library established from empirical potential calculations. Ab initio calculations corroborated these preferences, which prove remarkably robust extending to the fifth cation-oxygen shell about 8 A away. Yet because of frustration there are still rampant violations of packing preferences and charge neutrality in the ground state, and the approach toward it bears a close analogy to glass relaxations. Fast relaxations proceed by fast oxygen movement around cations, while slow relaxations require slow cation diffusion. The latter is necessarily cooperative because of strong coupling imposed by the long-range packing preferences.
Reply to Kashnitsky

In his comment, Kashnitsky questions our finding of a limit to human lifespan. However, we disagree with the arguments he presents. Here, we give our reply to his remarks and affirm our findings of evidence for a limit to human lifespan.
Place and Non-place: A Phenomenological Perspective

The distinction between place and non-place has occupied a critical role in both the philosophy of place and human geography for the last 20 years. In a distinction that stems from Marc Auge but is traceable to Edward Relph, “place” is thought as being relationally constructed, laden with meaning, and shaped by a broader history; home being emblematic of place. “Non-place,” on the other hand, is taken to mean places divested of meaning, homogenous, and largely interchangeable; airports, supermarkets, and pre-fabricated office complexes being examples. Whilst this distinction has tended to be pervasive and influential in phenomenological accounts of place, critical analysis on the relation between place and non-place has been sparse. This paper aims to (1) develop an analysis of the distinction, ambiguities, and tensions between place and non-place. (2). To question and interrogate what kind of difference is involved in this distinction. (3). To address the role intersubjectivity and affectivity plays in the “sense of place.”
Landowner Attitudes Toward Conservation Easements: Balancing the Private and Public Interest in Land

Private land conservation provides an opportunity to address problems of habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss caused by an increase in the development and parcelization of private land. Cons...
China at the Center: Ricci and Verbiest World Maps. Edited by Natasha Reichle: San Francisco: Asian Art Museum, 2016. ISBN 978-0-939117-72-7. Pp. xviii, 48, illus. US $19.95 (paper).

China at the Center is the companion catalogue for an important exhibition (4 March–8 May 2016) at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco, mounted jointly with the Ricci Institute for Chinese–Wester...