cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Azidothymidine (Zidovudine) Transport by the Human Placenta

The diagnosis of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is increasingly made in pregnant women, and the disease may be transmitted to the fetus. Azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) is the one therapeutic agent of some promise in this condition. As there is no information on the transport of this drug by the human placenta, such studies were carried out using the single cotyledon placental perfusion system and human placental vesicles. AZT crossed the placenta readily and bidirectionally. The transfer rate was about 70% that of a freely diffusible reference marker, antipyrine, and was comparable in both directions. There was no evidence of active or carrier-mediated transport and no glucuronidated metabolites of the drug were identified in either maternal or fetal compartments. The authors believe that the drug crosses the placenta by diffusion, consistent with its lipophilicity and transport into various blood cells.
AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON EXCHANGE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER USING RECOMBINATION-DEFECTIVE MEIOTIC MUTANTS

The frequency of crossing over per unit of physical distance varies systematically along the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster . The regional distribution of crossovers in a series of X chromosomes of the same genetic constitution, but having different sequences, was compared in the presence and absence of normal genetically mediated regional constraints on exchange. Recombination was examined in Drosophila melanogaster females homozygous for either normal sequence X chromosomes or any of a series of X chromosome inversions. Autosomally, these females were either (1) wild type, (2) homozygous for one of several recombination-defective meiotic mutations that attenuate the normal regional constraints on exchange or (3) heterozygous for the multiply inverted chromosome TM2. The results show that the centromere, the telomeres, the heterochromatin and the euchromatic-heterochromatic junction do not serve as elements that respond to genic determinants of the regional distribution of exchanges. Instead, the results suggest that there are several elements sparsely distributed in the X chromosome euchromatin. Together with the controlling system affected by recombination-defective meiotic mutations, these elements specify the regional distribution of exchanges. The results also demonstrate that the alteration in the distribution of crossovers caused by inversion heterozygosity (the interchromosomal effect) results from the response of a normal controlling system to an overall increase in the frequency of crossing over, rather than from a disruption of the system of regional constraints on exchange that is disrupted by meiotic mutations. The mechanisms by which regional constraints on exchange might be established are discussed, as is the possible evolutionary significance of this system.
Treatment effectiveness, stimulus generalization, and acceptability to parents of functional communication training

We trained parents to conduct functional analyses (n = 25) and functional communication training (n = 23) in home settings over a four‐year period with 25 young children who had developmental and behavioural disorders. For 12 of the children, pre‐treatment (baseline) probes and post‐treatment stimulus condition probes were conducted to assess stimulus generalization of treatment across persons, settings, and tasks. Single‐case analyses were conducted to evaluate each child’s responding during assessment and treatment. The results were averaged across children to provide an overall summary of the project. Social functions (positive and/or negative reinforcement) were identified via functional analyses for 21 of 25 children (84%). Treatment resulted in pre/post decreases in destructive behaviours averaging 85% across children, with only one child showing no decrease in destructive behaviours. Similar results occurred for total problem behaviour. Mean pre/post decreases occurred across all stimulus condition...
How to distribute sensors in a random field

In this paper, we study the optimal way of distributing sensors in a random field to minimize the estimation distortion. We show that this problem is equivalent to certain problems in optimal sampling design and multiterminal source coding. In our model, we partition the field into cells within which the observations are assumed to be the same. A number of identical sensors that can report the observed data to the fusion center at communication rate ¢R are to be allocated to cells so that the distortion achieved at the fusion center is minimized. We find optimal solutions for the Gaussian, binary and simplified Gaussian vector cases.
Development of a grid-connected wind generation system utilizing high frequency-based three-phase semicontrolled rectifier-current source inverter

In this paper, a high frequency (HF)-based three-phase Semicontrolled rectifier-current source inverter system is proposed for grid-connected permanent magnet wind generators. The main advantages of the topology are: high efficiency due to less power losses and reduced number of switching elements, high output power density realization, reduced passive component ratings proportionally to the frequency, robustness, as short-circuit through a leg is not possible, and harmonics are of higher orders and are easily filtered out. As a disadvantage, higher but acceptable total harmonic distortion of the generator currents is introduced. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is achieved through a hysteresis control for the rectifier operation. Additionally, a sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) three phase current source inverter (CSI) is also employed in the grid connection. The complete operation of the rectifier-inverter and theoretical analysis are presented. Test results on 5-kW wind generation system are presented and discussed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed topology for grid connected systems.
The vibrational spectrum of crystalline methanethiol

Abstract The infrared spectra of the two phases of CH 3 SH and CH 3 SD have been studied at 80 °K. A powder X-ray pattern of the supercooled high temperature phase obtained at liquid nitrogen temperature indicates that the unit cell is primitive ortho-rhombic and that it contains eight molecules. Analysis of the factor group splittings of this phase and other structural data favors either D 2 h 1 ( Pmmm ) or D 2 h 5 ( Pmma ) space groups.
ONTOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARLY CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE GENUS NEPHROLENELLUS (OLENELLOIDEA)

Abstract The cephalon of Nephrolenellus multinodus and its stratigraphically higher sister-taxon N. geniculatus passed through the same four successive phases of development: entry into phase 2 is defined by a change from a decrease to an increase in the dynamic pattern of distance between the intergenal spine bases relative to cephalic length; entry into phase 3 is defined by the appearance of genal spines; and entry into phase 4 is defined by the effective isolation of glabellar furrow S3 from the axial furrow. Phase transitions were associated with significant changes in allometric growth patterns of the cephalon. Five instars are identified within the early development (phases 1 and 2) of N. multinodus. Despite the general similarity in cephalic ontogeny, significant interspecific differences in patterns of shape change are documented throughout phases 1, 2, and 3 of cephalic development which, with differences in rates of glabellar shape change relative to size (higher in N. multinodus) and ontogenet...
Primary Cilia and Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia

Our sense of hearing and balance depends on the proper form of the mechanosensory organs in the inner ear. Mechanic signals of sound and balance are translated to the movement of fluid or biomineral membranes overlaying the sensory organs of the inner ear. In response, mechanotransduction is activated by the deflection of polar hair bundles on the apical surface of sensory hair cells. In addition to being a transit or permanent component of the hair bundles, a cellular organelle, the primary cilia, has emerged as a central figure in the formation of various inner ear structure features critical for mechanotransduction. The entire inner ear is developed from the otic placode, which is orchestrated by a network of signaling pathways to ensure the development of a proper form for its functions. Primary cilia are essential in sculpturing the hearing organ and the polar hair bundles via the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway and in controlling biomineralization in the inner ear. Furthermore, recent studies have also implicated potential roles for primary cilia in other signaling pathways required for inner ear development, including sonic hedgehog (Shh), canonical Wnt, and Notch signaling.
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act and the Art of Compromise: The Evolution of a Reasonable and Prudent Alternative for the Animas-La Plata Project

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is responsible for implementing one of the most powerful and controversial environmental statutes in the United States today: Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, which prohibits federal actions likely to further jeopardize a species listed under the Act. Because of a variety of political and institutional constraints, however, the agency has had a difficult time implementing the statute forcefully. After reviewing the Section 7 consultation process and the evolution of the "reasonable and prudent alternative" (RPA) concept, the article takes an in-depth look at the Section 7 consultation process for the proposed Animas-La Plata Project on the San Juan River and at some of the problems surrounding the resulting RPA. Several institutional constraints confronting the FWS are identified, and suggestions are made for strengthening the agency's position during the Section 7 implementation process.
The Victims' Rights Amendment: A Sympathetic, Clause-by-Clause Analysis

My goal in this article is to provide a clause-by-clause analysis of the current version of the Victims’ Rights Amendment, explaining how it would operate in practice. In doing so, it is possible to draw upon an ever-expanding body of case law from the federal and state courts interpreting state victims’ enactments. The fact that these enactments have been put in place without significant interpretational issues in the criminal justice systems to which they apply suggests that a federal amendment could likewise be smoothly implemented.Part II of this article briefly reviews the path leading up to the current version of the Victims’ Rights Amendment. Part III then reviews the version clause-by-clause, explaining how the provisions would operate in light of interpretations of similar language in the federal and state provisions. Part IV draws some brief conclusions about the project of enacting a federal constitutional amendment protecting crime victims’ rights.
Formulating alcohol-influenced driver's injury severities in intersection-related crashes

AbstractApproximately one third of all traffic fatal crashes are alcohol-related in the US according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), alcohol-related crashes cost more than $37 billion annually. Considerable research efforts are needed to understand better significant causal factors for alcohol-related crash risks and driver's injury severities in order to develop effective countermeasures and proper policies for system-wide traffic safety performance improvements. Furthermore, since two thirds of urban Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) is on signalcontrolled roadways, it is of practical importance to investigate injury severities of all drivers who are involved in intersection-related crashes and their corresponding significant causal factors due to control and geometric impacts on flow progression interruptions. This study aims to identify and quantify the impacts of alcohol/non-alcohol-influenced driver's behavior and demographic features as well as geometric and environmental ...
Principles of Public Fiduciary Administration

In recent years, the fiduciary theory of the state has been offered as an alternative to theories rooted in the social contract tradition. The fiduciary model provides an evocative basis for rethinking the nature and limits of state authority. It also promises to account for the obligations of states to citizens and other persons subject to state jurisdiction or for whom a state may provide relief or refuge. Amongst other things, the fiduciary theory is said to afford a principled justification for recognition of positive obligations of states to secure human rights at home and abroad. The present chapter invites scrutiny of these and other claims by querying the extent to which public fiduciary authority can be assimilated with private fiduciary authority. It suggests that private and public forms of fiduciary authority enjoy some common properties but equally that there are important differences; differences that are reflected in the structure and substance of fiduciary accountability rules. After accounting for these differences, the chapter articulates a set of principles common to private and public forms of fiduciary administration. These principles may provide a reliable guide to the kinds of normative claims that may be made against the state on the basis of the fiduciary nature of state authority.
The Defect Structures of Fe9S10

The defect structures of Fe 9 S 10 have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Lattice images of the 3C and 4C superstructures and at least one other phase, which has not been previously reported, were observed. It has been found that the 4C superstructure transforms into the 3C superstructure rather than the MC phase as previously suggested. Intrinsic stacking faults in the sulfur sublattice and two different types of vacancy-ordering antiphase domains were also observed. Evidence from optical diffratograms of areas containing these defects suggests that complex features in the electron diffraction pattern may be artifactual.
Propagation of B-virus in tissue cultures.

Summary1. A B-virus strain isolated from “normal” monkey kidney was propagated in cultures of monkey kidney and chick embryo tissues. 2. The B-virus strain studied was relatively stable in tissue culture medium when stored at 4°C. Freezing seemed to destroy some activity, but there was no further loss demonstrable on storage at −20°C and −72°C. 3. Approximately 27% of 513 rhesus monkey sera showed neutralizing activity for the isolated B-virus strain.
99mTc-HM-PAO for leukocyte labeling--experimental comparison with 111In oxine in dogs.

99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime d,1 diastereoisomer (HM-PAO), developed as a diffusible brain imaging agent, labels leukocyte suspensions in saline with an efficiency of 80% using 1–200 μg quantities. In dogs, the recovery and survival of reinjected cells in the bloodstream resemble those of 111In-oxine labeled cells at least for several hours. Images in control animals at 18 h show the spleen, liver, marrow, and bladder, minimal pulmonary activity and some gastrointestinal activity. Induced E. coli abscesses and joint inflammatory lesions in dogs are shown on 18 h images. This complex appears promising as an agent for abscess detection in humans. However, strict quality control of this agent is necessary, and it must be used immediately after the 99mTc complex is formed for labeling cells.
Recent Advances in Chemotherapy for Certain Leukaemias

Major advances in the chemotherapy of some leukaemias have recently been achieved. Although new combinations of established agents have contributed to these advances, the discovery of new agents with major an-tileukaemic activity has been primarily responsible for recently reported improved treatment results.
Moving Kinetics of Nanocars with Hydrophobic Wheels on Solid Surfaces at Ambient Conditions

Motivated by “driving” nanoscopic nanocars on solid substrate surfaces at ambient conditions, we studied the moving kinetics of nanocars on differently modified surfaces. Single molecule fluorescence imaging was used to track the nanocar movement so that the molecules were minimally perturbed. On freshly cleaned, hydroxylated glass surfaces, nanocars with hydrophobic adamantane wheels can diffuse with a relatively large diffusion coefficient of 7.6 × 10–16 m2/s. Both the number of moving molecules and the mobility of the moving molecules decreased over time when the sample was exposed in the air. Similar declinations in movement were observed on a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified glass surface, but the declination rate was lowered. The slowing of molecular surface diffusion is correlated to the hydrophobicity of the surface and is likely caused by the adsorption of hydrophobic molecules from the air. A proposed sticky-spots model explains the decreasing apparent diffusion coefficient of the hydrophobi...
221 LONG-TERM BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF ERYTHROPOIETIN AFTER NEONATAL STROKE IN POSTNATAL DAY 7 RATS ARE MORE SIGNIFICANT IN FEMALE PUPS.

Background We have recently reported that erythropoietin (Epo) is effective in decreasing injury in a neonatal model of focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). A number of clinical and basic science studies have demonstrated gender differences in responses to cerebral ischemia, and gender also appears to impact on therapy for brain injury. We hypothesized that there are gender differences in the long-term benefits provided by Epo given after FCI-induced neonatal brain injury. Objective To compare gender-specific neurological long-term effects of Epo given after FCI in P7 rats. Methods FCI was induced in P7 rats, as we have previously described. Forty pups were sham-operated, 37 had FCI plus vehicle, and 39 had FCI plus Epo. Pups received the intraperitoneal injections (vehicle or Epo 1,000 U/kg) 15 min after FCI and then 1 and 2 days after FCI. At 6 and 12 weeks after surgery, sensorimotor evaluation was performed with the foot misplacement apparatus. After completion of the foot-fault testing, the rats were sacrificed and the infarct volume was measured. The gender was identified postmortem and masked while analyzing infarct volumes. Statistical comparisons were conducted by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test. Results The mean infarct volume and the sensorimotor function were similar in vehicle-treated males and females 6 and 12 weeks after FCI. Mean infarct volume and sensorimotor function were significantly improved in the Epo treatment group compared to placebo. However, the beneficial effects of Epo on infarct volume were significantly different in treated females compared to treated males (85.4 6 31.6 mm≥ vs 141.4 6±± 49.2 mm≥, p Conclusion Epo administration after neonatal focal cerebral insult produces beneficial effects in the developing brain that last into adulthood. However, our results indicate that the long-term neuroprotective effects of Epo after neonatal stroke are more significant for female compared to male rat brains.
Structural characterization of PACAP receptors on rat liver plasma membranes

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38) and PACAP-27 are recently characterized hypothalamic peptides with marked homology with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which are concentrated in the innervation of the digestive tract. We now report that, on rat liver plasma membranes, PACAP interacts with at least two types of receptors: receptors demonstrating equally high affinity for PACAP and VIP and receptors with high affinity for PACAP but low affinity for VIP. In contrast, on rat intestinal epithelial cell laterobasal membranes, only receptors with high affinities for PACAP and VIP were observed. After 125I-labeled VIP or 125I-labeled PACAP-27 was cross-linked to the liver plasma membrane receptors with the use of either disuccinimidosuberate or disuccinimido dithiobis(propionate), analysis of the resulting ligand-receptor complexes on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the structures of the VIP and PACAP receptors were similar: both ligand-r...
Objective assessment of gait in xylazine-induced ataxic horses.

SummaryBackground There is poor agreement between observers of equine neurological gait abnormalities using the modified Mayhew grading scale. Objectives To stimulate a dose-dependent ataxia in horses through xylazine administration and identify quantifiable relevant gait parameters. Study design Balanced, randomised, 2-way crossover design. Methods Eight horses were assessed before and after administration of xylazine (low dose and high dose). Gait analyses performed before and after xylazine administration included: 1) kinematic data collected on an equine high-speed treadmill (flat and 10% decline) and from accelerometers placed on head and sacrum; and 2) kinetic data collected on a force plate. Results All horses developed dose-dependent ataxia. Horses developed a dose-dependent increased stride time, stride length, and time of contact (P<0.0001), and a decreased stride frequency (P<0.0002) after administration of xylazine. Although pelvic acceleration increased in the mediolateral direction (P<0.05) in horses walked on the treadmill, this movement decreased when walking over ground after administration of xylazine (P<0.05). Furthermore, centre of pressure and path length indices changed significantly in horses following administration of xylazine (P<0.05). Main limitations This study examined one breed of horse (Arabian), all of similar height and weight. Accelerometers were attached to skin, not bone; no correction was made for artefacts from skin displacement. The sedative drug effect is of certain duration, limiting the data collection period. Conclusions Administration of xylazine induced a dose-dependent ataxia in horses and resulted in significant changes of gait parameters, pelvic accelerations, and stabilographic variables, some of which changed in a dose-dependent fashion. Some of the altered gait parameters in this model were probably a result of overall slowing down of the stride cycle secondary to the sedative effect. Continued efforts to discover and evaluate quantifiable gait parameters that are susceptible to change following development of clinical neurological disease in horses is warranted.
Physics Engine Threading Design and Object-Scalability in Virtual Simulation

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is investigating technologies and methods to enhance the next generation of tactical simulation-based trainers. A primary research objective is to increase the number of simultaneous Soldiers that can train and collaborate in a shared, virtual environment. Current virtual programs of record cannot support the Department of the Army's goal to train at the company echelon (200 Soldiers) in a virtual environment and are limited to the platoon echelon (42 Soldiers) of concurrent trainees. ARL has identified scalability limiting factors to be the simulator's physics engine and threading architecture. In this work, two threading designs are evaluated on how they perform with high amounts of physics load to determine which thread design is optimal for future virtual trainers.
Resistance to Causes of Death: A Study of Cancer Mortality Resistance in the Oldest Old

Very old humans do not have Gompertzian mortality rates. Their mortality rates are less than would be predicted if the mortality rate doubled at a constant rate throughout the human life span. A very small percentage of humans reach an age (<90 years) when non-Gompertzian mortality rates are seen. Cancer mortality at old age exhibits non-Gompertzian rates. Based on 1990 United States vital statistics, cancer mortality rates increase more slowly with age than mortality rates from all causes of death combined or from circulatory diseases. The mortality rates from all kinds of cancer combined and from cancer of most sites peak at 80-94 years and decline at greater ages. Individuals who reach these ages have survived the cancer and other causes of death from which the majority in their cohorts died. They are relatively resistant to cancer and other causes of death.
Abstract 302: Presence of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in the Left Ventricular Blood of Subjects with Cardiovascular Diseases

Hypothesis: Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) has properties that profoundly affect cardiovascular function. We hypothesized that Ox-LDL is likely to be formed in the left ventricular blood (LVB) when the heart is subjected to ischemic conditions and the ejection fraction (EF) is low. We speculated whether “stagnation” of LDL in the LV could result in increased formation of Ox-LDL. Objective: We studied whether there is an increased level of Ox-LDL in the LVB as opposed to peripheral blood (PB), and whether its presence correlated with the EF. Also we examined whether a higher level of Ox-LDL negatively correlated with the activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON 1). Methods: Following the Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, 62 HF patients were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent pre-operative transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of ventricular function. Left ventricular ejection fractions were determined using the Simpsons bi-plane technique. 2ml of LVB and 5ml of PB samples were taken before coronary artery bypass surgery, or a surgery with replacement of mitral, aortic or tricuspid valve. Blood level of Ox-LDL was determined by ELISA (Mercodia), and PON 1 activity was determined by the rate of conversion of its substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate into p-nitrophenol. Results: The result showed significant increase in Ox-LDL in LVB as compared to PB (p=0.032) in HF subjects even when EF was near normal. There was no significant increase in subjects with lower EF. In contrast, Ox-LDL levels increased in the PB of subjects with lower EF and reached those of LVB. We also noticed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between EF and Ox-LDL levels in both LVB and PB (p 60% (p = 0.03). Conclusions: In conclusion the results suggest that there might be oxidative stress associated with LVB even when the EF is not compromised. In contrast, the increase in PB Ox-LDL with poor EF might suggest that the low blood flow to peripheral tissues and end organs also might contribute to increased oxidative stress. The results also might suggest that persistent oxidative stress could have affected the clearance mechanisms of Ox-LDL.
Adolescents at risk for drug abuse: a 3-year dual-process analysis.

Aims To test longitudinal additive and synergistic dual-process models in youth at documented risk for drug use. The specific dual-process approach examined suggests that engaging in drug use behaviors results from a dynamic interplay between automatically activated associative memory processes and executive reflective/control processes. Design This 3-year, three-wave population-based prospective study used mobile computer-based assessments. Setting Self-directed computer assessments were completed in school settings in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, California, USA. Participants Seven hundred and twenty-five at-risk adolescents (44% female) in continuation high schools were recruited during 9th grade (age at recruitment, 14–16). Measurements Key outcome measures included past year alcohol, marijuana and cigarette use at each assessment. Predictors included working memory capacity (WMC), associative memory, the interaction term WMC by associative memory, sex, age, ethnicity and acculturation. Findings A significant cross-sectional interaction revealed tobacco-relevant associations were weaker predictors of cigarette use among males with higher WMC than among those with lower WMC (P < 0.004). Alternatively, drug-relevant associations were stronger predictors of past year alcohol (P < 0.001) and marijuana use (P = 0.02) among females with higher WMC than among those with lower WMC. Longitudinal analyses revealed no significant interactions after adjusting for predictive effects of previous drug use. With respect to WMC, females with higher WMC were less likely to use marijuana at 2-year follow-up (P = 0.03). First-order effects of drug-related associations predicted greater alcohol and marijuana use prospectively in males at 1- and 2-year follow up (P ≤ 0.03), and greater past year alcohol and marijuana use in females at 1-year follow up (P ≤ 0.03). Conclusions Drug-relevant memory associations play a key role in drug use behavior in at-risk youth.
Abstract A30: Kinome dynamics in triple negative breast cancer in response to chemotherapy

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) have lower expression levels of the receptors (estrogen, progesterone, Her2) used in targeted therapy than other breast cancer subtypes. This makes chemotherapy the main option for treatment for TNBC patients. Only about 22% of TNBC patients respond to chemotherapy, so it is important to understand the tumor cell response involved in TNBC chemo-resistance in order to develop more effective therapies. We have studied the kinome response to paclitaxel and carboplatin in tumor samples derived from TNBC patients in both HIM PDXs (Human-In-Mouse Patient Derived Xenografts) and cell lines derived from HIM PDX lines. Integration of RNAseq and Multiplexed Inhibitor Bead/Mass Spectrometry (MIB/MS) analysis of kinome dynamics in HIM PDXs in response to carboplatin and paclitaxel treatment identified multiple pathways whose expression and/or MIB binding dynamics were changed or altered after chemotherapy. Multiple survival and apoptotic regulators, including NFkB, JNK, ErbB, Sonic Hedgehog and Hippo pathways, were altered over the course of chemotherapy treatment. We are interrogating these pathways in both the HIM PDXs and HIM cell lines to determine each pathway9s role in chemosensitivity with the goal of developing pharmacological strategies to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy, as well as kinase inhibitors, in the clinic. Citation Format: Sara H. Velarde, Jerry Usary, Chuck Perou, Gary L. Johnson. Kinome dynamics in triple negative breast cancer in response to chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A30.
A nonlinear interferometer with intrinsic stability

We realize a passively stable nonlinear interferometer based on a single parametric amplifier, attaining 99.9% visibility by combining RF modulation and spatial filtering. Our configuration offers new capabilities for robust interferometric sensors.
Abstract 17460: Anemia and Therapeutic Hypothermia Post-cardiac Arrest: Is There a Transfusion Threshold?

Introduction: Profound anemia has been shown to have deleterious effects in critically ill patients (pts). Currently, no data exists regarding the effects of anemia on outcomes in pts post-cardiac arrest treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH). We aim to evaluate whether a correlation between anemia and neurologic outcome exists in this high risk population. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 260 consecutive comatose survivors of cardiac arrest treated with TH. Independent variables included hematocrit at time of admission, 24, 48 and 72 hrs post-admission as well as packed red blood cell transfusions. The outcome variable was Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score at discharge. CPC scores 1-2 represented good neurologic outcomes while scores 3-5 represented poor outcomes. A Spearman correlation was computed between each of the above independent variables and discharge CPC, adjusting for the following risk factors: place of arrest, arrest rhythm, time to ROSC, witnessed arrest and presence of chronic kidney disease. Results: Of 260 pts, 101 (38.9%) had a good neurologic outcome (CPC≤2) at discharge. The mean hematocrit at admission for males and females was 40 ± 6.4 and 39.2 ±7 % respectively. The Spearman coefficient between hematocrit and CPC score at discharge was not statistically significant (Figure 1). Coefficient for hematocrit at admission and 72hrs with CPC score at discharge was 0.07 (p = 0.32) and 0.01 (p = 0.85) respectively. Coefficient for transfusions and CPC score was -0.11 (p =0.1). Conclusion: Our data suggest that neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest in pts treated with TH are unrelated to hematocrit levels or transfusions. Based on these findings, conservative transfusion strategies may be appropriate in this patient population.
Control of Supersonic Cavity Flow Using Plasma Actuators

Cavity flows are present in a wide range of aerospace applications. The pressure fluctuations associated with cavity resonance have made them the target of significant flow control efforts aimed at...
Making Old Friends: Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Maintaining Former Coworker Relationships

In this article, we seek to recast scholarly thinking about workplace relationships by exploring their lasting value. Drawing on a two-wave survey study, we find that ties with former coworkers hav...
Verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of a sub-grid model for heat transfer in gas-particle flows with immersed horizontal cylinders

Abstract In previous work we developed and implemented a sub-grid model for the efficient simulation of heat transfer in gas-particle flows around immersed horizontal cylinders. In this study we apply verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification methods to the developed model to rigorously examine its capabilities and limitations. Numerical verification with small, unit-cell problems shows excellent transient and steady-state behavior. Validation of a bubbling bed and a turbulent bed showed good agreement with high-resolution simulations. To quantify the error of the constitutive model predictions two methods were used to calculate confidence intervals, showing an error of approximately ± 20%, well within the range of typical Nusselt number approximations. The sub-grid model was applied to a conceptual pilot-scale 1 MWe carbon capture reactor to compare with alternative modeling methods. Results show fair predictions of hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and carbon capture rates with significant savings in computational runtimes.
Out-of-pocket medical expenses in severe CHD.

IntroductionFamilies of children born with CHD face added stress owing to uncertainty about the magnitude of the financial burden for medical costs they will face. This study seeks to assess the family responsibility for healthcare bills during the first 12 months of life for commercially insured children undergoing surgery for severe CHD. Methods The MarketScan ® database from Truven was used to identify commercially insured infants in 39 states from 2010 to 2012 with an ICD-9 diagnosis code for transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, or truncus arteriosus, as well as the corresponding procedure code for complete repair. Data extraction identified payment responsibilities of the patients' families in the form of co-payments, deductibles, and co-insurance during the 1st year of life. Results There were 481 infants identified who met the criteria. Average family responsibility for healthcare bills during the 1st year of life was $2928, with no difference between the three groups. The range of out-of-pocket costs was $50-$18,167. Initial hospitalisation and outpatient care accounted for the majority of these responsibilities. Conclusions Families of commercially insured children with severe CHD requiring corrective surgery face an average of ~$3000 in out-of-pocket costs for healthcare bills during the first 12 months of their child's life, although the amount varied considerably. This information provides a framework to alleviate some of the uncertainty surrounding healthcare financial responsibilities, and further examination of the origination of these expenditures may be useful in informing future healthcare policy discussion.
Chapter 16 – Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Concluding Comments

In the introduction to this volume, we expressed optimism for the benefits of focusing on affective and cognitive processes as they interacted during social perception, social evaluation, and social behavior. We believe that the richness of the theoretical and empirical advances described in the chapters in this volume justify this optimism. In this concluding commentary we forego the temptation (or challenge) to try to summarize these advances. Instead, our goal in this chapter is to highlight some thoughts and questions about the roles of cognition and affect in intergroup perception that: impressed or puzzled us as we thought about these chapters. Our discussion focuses on four issues that, it seems to us, arise from thinking about affect and cognition in combination. Reflecting, perhaps inevitably, the newness of the enterprise, our commentary raises as many questions as it provides answers.
Phenotyping: On Reaching Base Camp (1950-1975)

The search for plasma lipoproteins began at the turn of the century. It was not until 1949 that a meeting of the Faraday Society celebrated the separation of the alpha and beta lipoproteins. At that moment, ultracentrifugists in Berkeley were already busily converting "alpha" to high density lipoprotein and "beta" to low density lipoprotein; the modern era of lipoproteins had begun. Over the succeeding 10 years, a quarrel over whether the level of Sf 0-20 or cholesterol was the more powerful risk factor ended with an eclipse of the analytical ultracentrifuge and a surge of interest in the biological side of lipoproteins. The postheparin clearing factor became lipoprotein lipase, and free fatty acids were discovered. In 1960, abetalipoproteinemia and Tangier disease suggested that the apolipoproteins must be specific and spurred a hunt for their number and nature. The first amino acid sequences aroused speculation of "amphipathic helices." By 1970, conversion of hyperlipidemia to five types of hyperlipoproteinemia led to worldwide fascination with electrophoretic patterns, "floating beta," and "the Friedewald formula" as codes for genetic abnormalities leading to early coronary artery disease. A few years later, the appearance of "familial combined hyperlipidemia" confounded the phenotyping, and the discovery of the low density lipoprotein receptor heralded the coming of true genotypes. This is a Bethesda-based story of the "climb to base camp" preceding the joining of molecular biology with the research on lipoproteins, dyslipoproteinemia, and atherosclerosis.
The 2018 NCSA presidential address: the audience of executions

Capital punishment occupies a precarious position in the modern democratic state. Much scholarship has addressed the political and judicial dilemmas associated with the death penalty. I focus on th...
The impact of persistent dynamics on suspended sediment load estimation

Abstract Fluvial suspended sediment concentration and discharge is most commonly estimated by applying rating curves developed over a given base period of sediment monitoring to longer, continuous records of water discharge. This practice invokes the tacit assumption of stationary suspended sediment concentration–water discharge relationships (i.e. suspended sediment behavior). Here the ramifications of this assumption are explored through an investigation into the temporal dependence of suspended sediment concentration–discharge relationships for all hydrologic stations on small rivers draining the west coast of the continental US that have been monitored for suspended sediment over a period of 10 years or more. Persistent suspended sediment behavior was found to be the norm, with 19 of 24 stations expressing apparent monotonic trends over their base periods, and 21 stations with finer scale (subannual to interdecadal) persistent patterns. The identified persistent periods of suspended sediment behavior corresponded to distinct rating curves that differed significantly from other periods in terms of offset, slope, or both. Assuming stationary suspended sediment behavior resulted in 1% to 63% biasing of suspended sediment load. Applying rating curves developed for single persistent periods to broader discharge records resulted in up to 10× potential error in estimated sediment load. The risk of falsely characterizing the long-term (interannual-scale) suspended sediment behavior of a river through a single persistent period of elevated or depressed behavior may be much higher than expected. The average duration of identified persistent periods was 8.6 years, which is longer than the base period of suspended sediment monitoring for most river stations in the US. Peak discharge (high discharge events 20 to 1000 times mean discharge) was usually followed by periods of increased sediment concentration across US Pacific Coast. Seven rivers in Oregon and northern California displayed the same pattern of decadal- to interdecadal-scale elevated suspended sediment concentrations following the Great Christmas Floods of 1964.
Crossing new intersections 1992–2000

Abstract This is the first chapter in the second part of this book, titled “Science and Technology Policy in the Modern Age.” The chapter is a sequence of thoughtful and sometimes anecdotal analyses of various aspects of science policy during the Clinton era. It begins with a discussion of the implications of Clinton initially placing his vice-president, Al Gore, in charge of all things to do with technology. This raised concerns among scientists about reductions in funding for basic research and led to an increase in lobbying for scientific issues (the author was hired by the American Physical Society in 1994 to lobby for research). The chapter goes on to make the case that by the end of the 1990s the science and technology policy landscape in Washington had changed dramatically in the following ways: economic growth had become a prime rationale for research funding; dramatic medical advances had provided a strong argument for more investment in medical research; advocacy groups had proliferated; the boundaries between scientific disciplines had begun to blur; Europe and Asia were nipping at the heels of America’s science and technology supremacy; and, responding in part to changes in the tax code and in part to the revolution in information technology, industry had virtually abandoned its support of long-term research. The chapter’s extensive coverage of biomedical and genomics research during this period demonstrates how political maneuverings and personalities affected policy.
LPA1/3 overactivation induces neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus through ependymal loss and ciliary dysfunction.

Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in premature infants is a common neurological disorder treated with invasive neurosurgical interventions. Patients with PHH lack effective therapeutic interventions and suffer chronic comorbidities. Here, we report a murine lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)–induced postnatal PHH model that maps neurodevelopmentally to premature infants, a clinically accessible high-risk population, and demonstrates ventriculomegaly with increased intracranial pressure. Administration of LPA, a blood-borne signaling lipid, acutely disrupted the ependymal cells that generate CSF flow, which was followed by cell death, phagocytosis, and ventricular surface denudation. This mechanism is distinct from a previously reported fetal model that induces PHH through developmental alterations. Analyses of LPA receptor–null mice identified LPA1 and LPA3 as key mediators of PHH. Pharmacological blockade of LPA1 prevented PHH in LPA-injected animals, supporting the medical tractability of LPA receptor antagonists in preventing PHH and negative CNS sequelae in premature infants.
The Role of Alpha Hemoglobin Stabilizing Protein (AHSP) in the Formation of Hemoglobin A.

Abstract Alpha hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) binds α hemoglobin (Hb) to stabilize its structure and limit its chemical reactivity in vitro and in vivo. Addition of β Hb to α Hb-AHSP displaces AHSP to form HbA (α2β2) tetramer. Recently, we determined that binding of AHSP to free α Hb generates a novel structure in which the helix F of α Hb is disordered and the heme iron is reduced to the ferrous form and coordinated by the distal histidine (ferrous α Hb-AHSP). Over time, the heme iron within this complex oxidizes to the ferric form (ferric α Hb-AHSP) and the F helix reorders, generating a bis-histidyl heme iron that exhibits decreased capacity to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. At room temperature in ambient oxygen, the conversion of ferrous to ferric α Hb-AHSP occurs over several hours. We proposed that in vivo, these complexes could serve as transient intermediates to maintain α Hb in a stable state until β Hb is available to form tetrameric HbA. The current study addresses two questions related to this hypothesis: Does bis-histidyl ferric α Hb-AHSP form more readily under physiologic conditions? Can ferrous and ferric α Hb-AHSP complexes form functional tetrameric HbA upon reaction with β Hb? The conversion of ferrous to ferric α Hb-AHSP is temperature-dependent with complete conversion occurring in 40 minutes at 37°C, as opposed to 5 hours at 22°C. Furthermore, the conversion is accelerated by partial oxygen saturation, increasing the likelihood that ferric-AHSP Hb will form in vivo. Using cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, we demonstrated that β Hb displaces AHSP to form tetrameric HbA from both α Hb-AHSP complexes. The resulting tetramer from ferrous α Hb-AHSP is similar to HbA, both spectroscopically and in terms of oxygen binding. In contrast, the Hb tetramer formed from ferric α Hb-AHSP and β Hb is similar to HbY (αFeIII2βFeII2) spectroscopically. However, the α globin heme iron within this tetrameric complex appears to be occluded, as the rate of cyanide binding is reduced. Furthermore, it is resistant to reduction by sodium dithionite or methemoglobin reductase, suggesting that the α Hb retains its bis-histidyl nature. Together, these studies show that both α Hb-AHSP complexes are likely to form under physiological conditions. Upon interaction with β Hb, ferrous α Hb-AHSP forms functional Hb A tetramer. In contrast, ferric α Hb-AHSP is more chemically inert, but may not be able to form viable HbA.