cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of potassium adsorption on the photochemical properties of titania nanotube arrays

It is demonstrated that vertically-aligned titania nanotube planar arrays fabricated by electrochemical anodization using standard potassium-containing electrolytes invariably contain a significant amount of surface-adsorbed potassium ions, hitherto undetected, that affect the titania photoelectrochemical or PEC performance. Synchrotron-based near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy reveals the strong ionic nature of surface potassium-titania bonds that alters the PEC performance over that of pure titania nanotubes through reduction of the external electrical bias needed to produce hydrogen at maximum efficiency. This result implies that the external electrical energy input required per liter of solar hydrogen produced with potassium-adsorbed titania nanotubes may be reduced. Tailoring the potassium content may thus be an alternative means to fine-tune the photoelectrochemical response of TiO2nanotube-based PEC electrodes.
The effect of trauma on stress reactivity in aggressive youth

To address gaps in the literature related to the contribution of childhood trauma on aggression, we evaluated salivary cortisol and heart rate changes to psychological challenge in aggressive children with various degrees of trauma. We hypothesized that traumatized and aggressive youths will exhibit higher responsiveness to an active challenge (Violent film-VF) than aggressive youth with no trauma but will not differ when viewing a Non-Violent film (NVF). A total of 25 children (aged 9-12; M=15, F=9) with history of aggression were assessed for trauma exposure. Children viewed the two films in randomized order. Four salivary cortisol and pulse measurements were obtained before (T1), 15 min after the start (T2), at the end (T3), and 15 min following the end of the movie (T4). Repeated measures Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) using Film (VF/NVF), Cortisol/Time at T1-T4, Group (Trauma/Non-Trauma), and Film Order were performed with age and gender as covariates. There were significant main effects for Group and Cortisol/Time for the Trauma group showing greater cortisol responsiveness than the Non-Trauma group that was most pronounced during the NVF. These results suggest that aggressive youth with personal history of trauma may exhibit unique biological characteristics, which may have important implications for classification and treatment.
Tensile strength of notched composite materials

Abstract A series of tensile strength tests were performed on a wide variety of composite materials. All tested materials contained some form of discontinuous fiber reinforcement; several also contained continuous reinforcement. Strength results are presented for unnotched material and for material with three sizes of ultrasonically machined center through-notches. The point stress theory is shown to give good agreement with experiment for both one- and two-parameter models, provided that the parameters are material constants and not universal constants. Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is shown to provide poor predictions, with the critical stress intensity factor (fracture toughness) increasing with crack size. However, LEFM with a small-scale yielding or damage parameter is shown to give good predictions. There is some preference for the single-parameter damage-zone-corrected LEFM model over the two-parameter point stress model. In general, the fracture toughness increased with increasing proportion of continuous fiber reinforcement. A simple linear relationship between unnotched tensile strength and fracture toughness with a damage parameter is demonstrated, with a correlation coefficient of 99.2%.
Composition of the extracellular matrix of the peritoneum

OBJECTIVE: To localize the extracellular matrix proteins collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin in the peritoneal membrane. STUDY DESIGN: Peritoneal biopsies (n = 13) from the anterior abdominal wall and the uterine serosa (n = 3) were incubated with antibodies to collagen IV, laminin, collagen I, and fibronectin. Specimens were examined using light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: All of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were present immediately under the mesothelium. Collagen (Col) IV and laminin (LM) were seen in the smooth muscle of microvascular structures, in the subendothelial basement membrane, and were present in a fascicular pattern in the peritoneal stroma. Collagen I was distributed diffusely in the peritoneal stroma. Fibronectin was also present in the subendothelial basement membrane. CONCLUSIONS: The resolution of the confocal microscope allowed for localization of extracellular matrix proteins in relation to the mesothelium. The presence of collagen IV, laminin, collagen I, and fibronectin under the mesothelium suggests that cells invading the peritoneum must have the ability to degrade and remodel this matrix.
Large sample nonparametric estimation of the mean residual life

Mean residual life has been applied in a wide variety of areas, including engineering research, biomedical studies, actuarial science, etc. When the functional form of the underlying distribution is given, estimation of the mean residua1 life is equivalent to estimation of the parameters of the distribution. In this paper, a nonparametric approach for constructing confidence intervals for the mean residual life of a one-unit system is developed. A generalization of the technique to complex systems is addressed. Both censored and uncensored data are considered. Nonparametric confidence intervals for the mean residual life of the lifetime between failures in a stationary renewal process are also derived. Numerical studies and applications of the confidence intervals derived are presented.
Demonstration of a high-speed nonscanning imaging spectrometer

We report results from a field demonstration of a nonscanning high-speed imaging spectrometer [computed-tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS)] capable of simultaneously recording spatial and spectral information about a rapidly changing scene. High-speed spectral imaging was demonstrated by collection of spectral and spatial snapshots of a missile in flight. This instrument is based on computed-tomography concepts and operates in the visible spectrum (430–710 nm). Raw image data were recorded at video frame rate (30 frames/s) and an integration time of 2 ms. An iterative reconstruction of the spatial and spectral scene information from each raw image took 10 s. We present representative missile spectral signatures from the missile firing. The accuracy of the high-speed spectrometer is demonstrated by comparison of extended-source static-scene spectra acquired by a nonimaging reference spectrometer with spectra acquired by use of CTIS imaging of the same static scenes.
Block-preconditioned conjugate-gradient-like methods for numerical reservoir simulation

The authors describe a collection of block-preconditioners for use in solving large sparse linear systems of equations by iterative methods, and they compare their performance with several point-preconditioners in solving some systems arising in numerical reservoir simulation. They consider block-preconditioners that handle either lines or planes in an implicit manner, and pointwise incomplete LU factorizations combined with partial elimination preprocessors. Their conclusions are that the best of the pointwise methods are both more robust and faster, but that the best of the block methods are competitive for certain orderings of unknowns and require less storage.
Articulation: easing the high school to college transition ES3-task group 5

Arguments are presented supporting a freshman-level course to assist students entering a post-secondary computer science program to acquire the very basic fundamentals of the subject that may not have been available to them during their secondary school experience. We believe that most colleges, universities, and community colleges have increased the rigor of their versions of the Curriculum 78 course CS 1 to the extent that prerequisite knowledge and skills would be very helpful to a large number of students. While it is suggested that these fundamentals can best be learned in a pre-college setting, for those students lacking such a background (currently the vast majority), it is argued that an articulation course must be available. It is strongly suggested that an excellent prescription for the necessary course materials is given in the ACM ES3 report by Rogers and Austing (7). It must be noted that many colleges currently offer and require an equivalent course or courses.
SGLT2 inhibition — a novel strategy for diabetes treatment

Inhibiting sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs), which have a key role in the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes. Genetic mutations in the kidney-specific SGLT2 isoform that result in benign renal glycosuria, as well as preclinical and clinical studies with SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes, support the potential of this approach. These investigations indicate that elevating renal glucose excretion by suppressing SGLT2 can reduce plasma glucose levels, as well as decrease weight. Although data from ongoing Phase III trials of these agents are needed to more fully assess safety, results suggest that the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibition might be achieved without exerting significant side effects--an advantage over many current diabetes medications. This article discusses the role of SGLT2 in glucose homeostasis and the evidence available so far on the therapeutic potential of blocking these transporters in the treatment of diabetes.
Tcf3 and cell cycle factors contribute to butyrate resistance in colorectal cancer cells

Abstract Butyrate, a fermentation product of dietary fiber, inhibits clonal growth in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells dependent upon the fold induction of Wnt activity. We have developed a CRC cell line (HCT-R) that, unlike its parental cell line, HCT-116, does not respond to butyrate exposure with hyperactivation of Wnt signaling and suppressed clonal growth. PCR array analyses revealed Wnt pathway-related genes, the expression of which differs between butyrate-sensitive HCT-116 CRC cells and their butyrate-resistant HCT-R cell counterparts. We identified overexpression of Tcf3 as being partially responsible for the butyrate-resistant phenotype, as this DNA-binding protein suppresses the hyperinduction of Wnt activity by butyrate. Consequently, Tcf3 knockdown in HCT-R cells restores their sensitivity to the effects of butyrate on Wnt activity and clonal cell growth. Interestingly, the effects of overexpressed Tcf3 differ between HCT-116 and HCT-R cells; thus, in HCT-116 cells Tcf3 suppresses proliferation without rendering the cells resistant to butyrate. In HCT-R cells, however, the overexpression of Tcf3 inhibits Wnt activity, and the cells are still able to proliferate due to the higher expression levels of cell cycle factors, particularly those driving the G1 to S transition. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms determining the variable sensitivity of CRC cells to butyrate may assist in developing approaches that prevent or reverse butyrate resistance.
ComSlipper: an expressive design to support awareness and availability

In our increasingly decentralized world, demands to maintain relationships over long distances continue to increase. It is more and more difficult to maintain a sense of connection with others, to communicate with others in an emotionally rich way, and to know whether one is available for initiating a conversation in an appropriate context.This paper describes the design process and our solution to this challenge. The ComSlipper is a lightweight yet expressive sensible slipper that enhances the quality of computer-mediated relationships. The ComSlipper was developed using a human-centered design approach to better understand user behaviors and needs. The ComSlipper empowers the wearer to create a sense of connection to others. The wearer uses body gesture and tactile manipulation to feel and express emotions and availability to distant loved ones. The ComSlipper provides a natural and intimate way of communicating, and facilitates the development of intimate relationships.
The Significance of Motherhood for Adolescents Whose Mothers Have Breast Cancer

Purpose/objectives To describe adolescents' experiences of living with mothers with breast cancer. Research approach Qualitative. Setting Northeastern United States. Participants 11 adolescents aged 13-19 years whose mothers were diagnosed with breast cancer within a year prior to the study. Methodologic approach With Van Manen's phenomenologic interpretive paradigm, multiple levels of analysis of transcribed semistructured interviews yielded common themes and a unique account and understanding of adolescents' lives when their mothers have breast cancer. Main research variables Adolescent coping and maternal breast cancer. Findings Five distinct themes were identified: life changed, turning to self, learning to be with my mother, needing to normalize, and speaking openly--the importance of communication. Study findings uncovered the powerful role mothers held in the adolescents' lives. Conclusions The depth of the feelings and conflicts expressed by the adolescent participants, who appeared to be coping with their mothers' breast cancer, emphasizes the need to explore coping responses used in adolescent adjustment to maternal breast cancer. Given that all the adolescents reported some level of anxiety and conflict in their lives, further research should address factors that underlie their coping mechanisms. Interpretation Study findings and insights underscore the significance of the maternal-adolescent relationship. Healthcare professionals need to ask more directed questions and develop interviewing and counseling skills to support mothers through this difficult illness. Adolescent children require support and guidance in coping with their mothers' breast cancer journey.
The role of toys in the instigation of playful creativity

Abstract Toys are usually discussed in the social sciences in terms of their realistic or adaptive functions. Viewed as family bonding gifts, as tools of growth, as self‐moving machines, or as consumer objects, they contribute to the normative purposes of culture. The data of the present article demonstrate that these functional paradigms underestimate the extent to which toys are assimilated into and transformed by the child's own imaginative life. Evidence is presented from children's narrative accounts of their favorite play. In addition, this article attempts to deconstruct the paradoxical character of the way in which toy signifiers themselves contribute to the negation of everyday realism.
Trade and Environmental Policy: A Race to the Bottom?

The focus of this paper is the issue of regulatory chill and a race to the bottom in environmental standards and policies. In particular, it explores the possibility that resolution of this problem may lie in a more flexible application of the existing General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) rules. The structure of the discussion is divided into four parts: (i) the standard analysis of trade and environmental policy is laid out; (ii) the theoretical analysis of and empirical evidence for the existence of pollution havens is reviewed; (iii) the main arguments as to why governments may weaken domestic environmental policy with greater trade liberalisation is outlined; and (iv) some recent analysis of border tax adjustments for environmental taxes is laid out, leading to the basic conclusion of the paper: a method for countering any tendency for regulatory chill and a race to the bottom in environmental policies is already embedded in existing GATT/WTO rules.
High power klystron design and analysis

The effects of cavity voltage, phase, and drift length are studied numerically in the high power, multicavity klystron with the aid of a one-dimensional, relativistically correct large-signal computer code. Using the concept of Mihran's merit figure, optimum configurations are presented for the three and four cavity klystron. These designs exhibit a high degree of electron bunching and a small velocity spread at the location of the output gap. The results are applicable to klystrons with more than four cavities since the power extraction sections considered here may be preceded by several small-signal cavities.
On nonunique discrete optimal controls

Linear discrete optimal control systems where an optimal control for a given cost functional is not unique are considered. A second cost functional is introduced, and then from among the optimal controls which minimize the original cost functional, a control which minimizes the second cost functional is chosen.
A calorimetric investigation of the system silver-tin at 450°C

By use of a new high-temperature calorimeter the heats of formation of solid and liquid alloys of silver-tin were determined at 450°. The results for liquid alloys were obtained by reacting solid silver with liquid tin in the calorimeter. For mole fractions of silver up to 0.2 the results may be represented by the expression ΔHM = 15.02 xAg−13.33 xAg2kilojoule/g-atom. The results are compared with those obtained in earlier calorimetric and equilibrium studies. The heats of formation of 10 different solid alloys ranging in composition from 75 to 94 atomic per cent silver were derived from the heats of solution of the alloys in liquid tin. The minimum heat of formation (ΔH) was found for the nearly stoichiometric γ-phase (“Ag3Sn”), where two alloy samples of very nearly the same composition gave heats of formation of −6.06±0.23 and 6.19±0.23 kilojoule/g-atom, respectively. From the results for this phase and for the neighboring β-phase we find for the hypothetical process (γ)xAg =0.75 (orthorhombic) = (β)xAg =0.75 (hexagonal) a ΔH of transformation of about 1.2 kilojoule/g-atom at 450°.
Selection of Drug-Resistant Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Encoding FIV/HIV Chimeric Protease in the Presence of HIV-Specific Protease Inhibitors

ABSTRACT An infectious chimeric feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)/HIV strain carrying six HIV-like protease (PR) mutations (I37V/N55M/V59I/I98S/Q99V/P100N) was subjected to selection in culture against the PR inhibitor lopinavir (LPV), darunavir (DRV), or TL-3. LPV selection resulted in the sequential emergence of V99A (strain S-1X), I59V (strain S-2X), and I108V (strain S-3X) mutations, followed by V37I (strain S-4X). Mutant PRs were analyzed in vitro , and an isogenic virus producing each mutant PR was analyzed in culture for LPV sensitivity, yielding results consistent with the original selection. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) for S-1X, S-2X, S-3X, and S-4X were 95, 643, 627, and 1,543 nM, respectively. The primary resistance mutations, V99 82 A, I59 50 V, and V37 32 I, are consistent with the resistance pattern developed by HIV-1 under similar selection conditions. While resistance to LPV emerged readily, similar PR mutations causing resistance to either DRV or TL-3 failed to emerge after passage for more than a year. However, a G37D mutation in the nucleocapsid (NC) was observed in both selections and an isogenic G37D mutant replicated in the presence of 100 nM DRV or TL-3, whereas parental chimeric FIV could not. An additional mutation, L92V, near the PR active site in the folded structure recently emerged during TL-3 selection. The L92V mutant PR exhibited an IC 50 of 50 nM, compared to 35 nM for 6s-98S PR, and processed the NC-p2 junction more efficiently, consistent with increased viral fitness. These findings emphasize the role of mutations outside the active site of PR in increasing viral resistance to active-site inhibitors and suggest additional targets for inhibitor development.
Disambiguation of Preposition Sense Using Linguistically Motivated Features

In this paper, we present a supervised classification approach for disambiguation of preposition senses. We use the SemEval 2007 Preposition Sense Disambiguation datasets to evaluate our system and compare its results to those of the systems participating in the workshop. We derived linguistically motivated features from both sides of the preposition. Instead of restricting these to a fixed window size, we utilized the phrase structure. Testing with five different classifiers, we can report an increased accuracy that outperforms the best system in the SemEval task.
Life after MOMP

In this and a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Liu et al. (2015) and Ichim et al. (2015) report that low levels of caspase activity triggered by limited mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) promote genomic instability that drives tumorigenesis, providing a novel and unexpected link between these effectors of apoptosis and cancer initiation.
Mode Competition In A Continuous-Wave (CW) HF Chemical Laser

Competition of longitudinal and transverse modes in stable and unstable resonators of a cw HF chemical laser was investigated. Experimental results indicate strong competition and asymmetry among the modes. Single longitudinal mode operation was also achieved.
New Delhi's Luxury Hotels

Eight hotels in New Delhi offer five-star deluxe service at a three-star price, thanks to a relatively favorable operating environment. Here is an analysis of the operations at the top of the New Delhi market
Interrelationships between the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids by ruminant liver slices

Abstract The metabolism of acetate, propionate, butyrate and isobutyrate by liver slices from starved sheep were investigated. The 14 C from carboxyl-labeled acetate and carboxyl-labeled butyrate was found in carbon dioxide, protein and lipids. No 14 C could be recovered in ketone bodies. When labeled propionate was used, 14 C was found in carbon dioxide, glucose, protein, succinate, malate and fumarate, but the amount of 14 C recovered in lipids was negligible. Propionate inhibited the conversion of acetate to carbon dioxide, but the metabolism of propionate was stimulated by presence of either acetate or glucose. The presence of butyrate caused a marked stimulation in the metabolism of propionate but depressed the metabolism of acetate. Propionate had no effect on butyrate metabolism. Citrate stimulated the metabolism of butyrate but not propionate. Evidence was presented to show that it was unlikely that the stimulatory effect of butyrate on propionate metabolism could be explained on the basis of energy contributions from butyrate.
Automatic detection and tracking of reappearing targets in forward-looking infrared imagery

Target detection and tracking algorithms deal with the recognition of a variety of target images obtained from a multitude of sensor types, such as forward-looking infrared (FLIR), synthetic aperture radar and laser radar 1,2 . Temporary disappearance and then reappearance of the target(s) in the field-of-view may be encountered during the tracking processes. To accommodate this problem, training based techniques have been developed using combination of two techniques; tuned basis functions (TBF) and correlation based template matching (TM) techniques. The TBFs are used to detect possible tentative target images. The detected candidate target images are then introduced into the second algorithm, called clutter rejection module, to determine the target reentering frame and location of the target. The performance of the proposed TBF-TM based reappeared target detection and tracking algorithm has been tested using real-world forward looking infrared video sequences.
EFFECT OF ESTRADIOL AND ETHAMOXYTRIPHETOL (MER-25) ON THE MOUSE UTERUS.

A nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist, ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25), was shown to have some inherent estrogenicstimulating potency on alkaline phosphatase and isocitric dehydrogenase systems and uterine weight gain in mice. It was also shown to inhibit the increases in enzyme activities stimulated with estradiol benzoate. (Endocrinology 76: 127, 1965)
The case of CT angiography: how Americans view and embrace new technology.

During h is c areer as a cardiologist, Jason Cole of Alabama has seen thousands of patients with suspected heart disease. When he first started practicing several years ago, he’d send an average of four or five patients each day to a lab for a cardiac catheterization test—an invasive procedure to see if blockages threatened their hearts. For the test, patients have a thin catheter pushed up though a groin artery and into the heart. Contrast dye is injected, and x-ray pictures show if narrowing or blockages impede the flow of blood. For patients with blockages, various medical and surgical treatments
Single-dose rasburicase for tumour lysis syndrome in adults: weight-based approach.

Summary Background: The optimal rasburicase dose for adult patients has not been determined. Objective: To retrospectively examine use of rasburicase in our centre and to evaluate the effect of a single dose of rasburicase on urate and serum creatinine levels in our adult patients. Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all adult patients who received rasburicase for treatment of tumour lysis syndrome-associated hyperuricaemia at our academic, urban medical centre from July 2002 to October 2006. Result: Twenty-one patients received rasburicase with an average first dose of 0·15 ± 0·03 mg/kg. The drug dosing was calculated based on the patients’ ideal body weight (IBW) or adjusted body weight (aBW) for those who were more than 30% above their IBW. Patients experienced a mean serum urate reduction of 89·7 ± 9·0% from the baseline through the first 24 h after a single rasburicase dose (11·4 ± 4·5 mg/dL vs. 1·4 ± 1·4 mg/dL, respectively, P < 0·001). The urate levels remained within normal limits (<8 mg/dL) in all the patients for 48 h after a single dose of rasburicase. The major limitation of our study is that in 18 of 21 patients we lacked adequate documentation to ascertain that the blood samples sent for urate analysis after drug administration were handled according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. However, in this small group of patients, we observed that the effect of rasburicase on serum urate was similar to the total study population. The effect was sustained for 48 h after a single dose. Serum creatinine levels at 24–72 h after the single rasburicase dose were not significantly different from baseline (1·8 mg/dL vs. 2·3 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0·14). Conclusion: Rasburicase is an effective treatment for patients with hyperuricaemia and may aid in the prevention of hyperuricaemia-associated nephrotoxicity. From our experience, a single dose of 0·15 mg/kg (IBW or aBW) of rasburicase appears to effectively decrease and maintain urate levels within normal limits for 48 h.
Isetl: A programming language for learning mathematics

This paper gives a brief history of the development of an approach to help students learn mathematical concepts at the post-secondary level. The method uses ISETL, a programming language derived from SETL, to implement instruction whose design is based on an emerging theory of learning. Examples are given of uses of this pedagogical strategy in abstract algebra, calculus, and mathematical induction. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining listening previewing as a classwide strategy to promote reading comprehension and vocabulary

Classwide instructional strategies to improve not only reading fluency but also comprehension and vocabulary knowledge are essential for student reading success. The current study examined the immediate effects of two classwide listening previewing strategies on reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge. Twenty-one, fourth-grade general education students were exposed to three experimental conditions including a silent reading control condition, a listening previewing condition, and a listening previewing with vocabulary previewing condition. For all conditions, students read grade-level passages, answered 10 comprehension questions, and completed a vocabulary-matching task. Results showed that both listening previewing conditions led to improvements in comprehension as compared to silent reading. Adding a vocabulary previewing component to listening previewing procedures resulted in the highest levels of comprehension and vocabulary. Applied implications and directions for future research are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uterine Development in Turner Syndrome

Objective To evaluate uterine development of women with Turner syndrome (TS) receiving conventional medical care. Study design In a cross-sectional study we used ultrasonography for uterine evaluation in 86 women with TS 18 to 45 years of age participating in an intramural NIH study, and who had abnormal karyotypes in >70% of white blood cells. Outcomes were uterine dimensions and shape. Information on hormone treatment was obtained by personal interview. Results Twenty-five percent had a mature in size and shape uterus, and 31% had an immature uterus, with the remainder in a transitional category. Twenty percent of all participants were not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the preceding year. The majority on treatment were taking conjugated estrogens (CE) or oral contraceptives (OC). Factors associated with uterine maturity were history of spontaneous puberty and duration and type of HRT, with estradiol-based treatment being the most effective. The age at starting HRT was not a critical factor. Conclusions Women with TS may develop a normal uterus even at a late start of HRT given adequate duration of treatment and regardless of karyotype.
Measured response times for page-sized fetches on a network

Previous work has examined the response times associated with disk accesses and the response time associated with various memory access operations. Here, we discuss the response time behavior of access requests for pagesized objects which are made using a network connection. We feel that future architectures must include networked resources as a component of the storage hierarchy; such performance measurements will help architects place these resources intelligently.
Host-Range Studies with the Sweetclover Weevil and the Sweetclover Aphid

In greenhouse studies the sweetclover weevil, Sitona Cylindricollis Fahraeus, fed on 18 species of Melilotus , 12 of Trigonella , 1 of Medicago , but not on Melilotus infesta Cuss. M. infesta did not appear to have any deleterious effect upon the weevil, but did strongly deter its feeding. There seemed to be no relationship between coumarin content and weevil feeding, since some host plants were high while others were low in coumarin. The host range of the sweetclover aphid, Therioaphis riehmi (Borner), was extended to include 9 species of Melilotus and 8 of Trigonella , all previously unreported. Although the sweetclover weevil and the sweetclover aphid share a common group of host species, the factor or factors which determine host suitability appeared to operate independently for the 2 insects.
Deciphering post-translational modification codes.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur on nearly all proteins. Many domains within proteins are modified on multiple amino acid sidechains by diverse enzymes to create a myriad of possible protein species. How these combinations of PTMs lead to distinct biological outcomes is only beginning to be understood. This manuscript highlights several examples of combinatorial PTMs in proteins, and describes recent technological developments, which are driving our ability to understand how PTM patterns may “code” for biological outcomes.
SERS and plasmon resonance of engineered nanoparticle arrays

While much work has focused on simulation and measurement of plasmon resonances in noble metal nanostructures, usually the simulation tool is used as a confirmation of experimental results. In this work we use a finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique to calculate the plasmon resonance and electric field enhancement of Ag nanoparticles in regular arrays on quartz substrates. Such structures have also been prepared by e-beam lithography, and the plasmon resonance and surface-enhanced Raman scattering strength of arrays with different nanoparticle size and spacing have been investigated. Arrays of cylindrical nanoparticles were fabricated with varying particle size and interparticle spacing. The observed extinction peaks agree very well with the extinction peaks as calculated by FDTD; typically within a few percent. Experimental plasmon peak widths are considerably larger than their ideal values due to inhomogeneous broadening. As expected, the particle array with highest SERS enhancement has its plasmon resonance nearest the laser and Stokes-shifted wavelengths. We believe the FDTD modeling tool is accurate enough to use as a predictive tool for engineering plasmonic nanostructures.
Archetypal Trials and the Management of Dissent: Some Insights from Marketing Theory

Recent marketing theory uses the Jungian concept of the archetype to design strategies for the improvement of product selling. Mark and Pearson propose that archetypes such as the ruler, the hero, the outlaw, and the sage are useful in promoting a product. This article suggests that the concept of archetypes as well as myths such as the Prometheus myth and the myth of the expulsion from Paradise, when combined with the insights offered by Mark and Pearson, may help in understanding the management of trials of dissent as well. The article presents seven motifs that recur in trials of dissent and shows how they form a part of the phenomenon of the political management of dissent: (1) the demonization and otherization of defendants and their supporters; (2) the tendency to employ the charge of conspiracy and thus target a group rather than a single individual; (3) the bending of the laws of procedure; (4) the utilization of previously-untested substantive charges; (5) the appeal made by each side to an external principle or vision--typically, the government resorts to the law of necessity whereas the defense resorts to natural law or a vision of "true justice" (to counter the corrupt justice currently administered by those in power); (6) focus on the judge as manipulator of laws; and (7) the appellate court assuming the role of the ultimate sage, performing its task with balance and detachment. The appellate court may use softer rhetoric in an effort to minimize the damage to the appearance of legality. When it does so, the rule of law is reaffirmed as a concept that benefits all sides; there is thus unity in the commitment to the rule of law, not to patriotism or to identification with the government. In addition, an effort is made to reaffirm the maxim (myth) that the government is a government of law, not of men.
Distinguishing effects of cocaine IV and SC on mesoaccumbens dopamine and serotonin release with chloral hydrate anesthesia

The effect of IV cocaine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) was studied on synaptic concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in the mesoaccumbens nerve terminal, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), in chloral hydrate-anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) with in vivo electrochemistry (voltammetry). In further in vivo voltammetric studies, the effects of SC cocaine on synaptic concentrations of DA and 5-HT were studied in the chloral hydrate-anesthetized paradigm in two neuroanatomic substrates, NAcc and mesoaccumbens somatodendrites, the ventral tegmental area (VTA-A10), in a dose-response fashion (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) in six separate studies. Moreover, in two additional in vivo voltammetric studies, again using the chloral hydrate-anesthetized paradigm, the impulse flow blocker, γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) (750 mg/kg, IP), was studied alone and in combination with SC cocaine (20 mg/kg) to determine whether or not cocaine can act by presynaptic releasing mechanisms for DA and 5-HT. The results show that IV cocaine concurrently and significantly increased DA and 5-HT release in the NAcc (p < 0.001, p < 0.0005, respectively) at both doses tested. Moreover, IV cocaine effects on DA and 5-HT release were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.01). On the other hand, SC cocaine concurrently and significantly decreased DA and 5-HT release in NAcc (p < 0.0001) and VTA (p < 0.0001) at each separate dose tested. SC cocaine effects on DA and 5-HT release were significantly and positively correlated across dose and neuroanatomic substrate (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the γ-BL studies indicate that cocaine's action includes a presynaptic release mechanism for the biogenic amines. Summarily, the data show that a consideration of the route of cocaine administration is crucial in determining the underlying neurochemical basis for cocaine.
Quantitative application of the scanning Auger microprobe to the study of thick film structures

Abstract A fundamental limitation of the sputter etch-depth profile method for obtaining diffusion profiles at interfaces in thick (>2 μm) film structures is the inherent broadening of the interface due to the sputter process. An example is presented which demonstrates this problem for a thin film composite structure. A procedure is then outlined in which thick film structures are cut and metallographically polished perpendicular to the surface for analysis. A combination of chemical etching and inert ion sputtering is then employed to minimize interface smearing due to the mechanical preparation step. The high resolution scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) is then used in the minimum beam size (less than 2000 A in diameter) mode to characterize the interface region. Applications of the technique to abrupt interfaces in bimetal strips and galvanized steel demonstrate the potential and limitations of using the SAM technique in a mode analogous to the standard electron microprobe. The potential difficulties due to preferential sputter etching are considered and a general scheme is described to detect whether this phenomenon interferes with the quantitative determination of interface compositions. The limits of resolution of the technique and the effect of a finite probe size are also explored.
Transient palmitoylation supports H-Ras membrane binding but only partial biological activity.

H-Ras is >95% membrane-bound when modified by farnesyl and palmitate, but <10% membrane-bound if only farnesyl is present, implying that palmitate provides major support for membrane interaction. H...
Using social network analysis to target criminal networks

Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’ network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the relationships binding network actors.
Conley decomposition for closed relations

This paper presents a theory of dynamics of closed relations on compact Hausdorff spaces. It contains an investigation of set valued maps and establishes generalizations for some topological aspects of dynamical systems theory, including recurrence, attractor–repeller structure and the Conley decomposition theorem.
The Development of Affective Responses to Modality and Melodic Contour

Although it is well established that melodic contour (ascending vs. descending) and modality (major vs. minor) evoke consistent emotional responses in adult listeners, the mechanisms underlying musical affect are unknown. One possibility is that the mechanisms are based on innate perceptual abilities (e.g., Helmholtz, 1885/1954). Another possibility is that the ability to associate various aspects of music with emotion is learned through exposure to one9s musical culture (e.g., Serafine, 1988). The current research examines the affective responses to major and minor ascending and descending melodies by 5-year-olds, 8-yearolds, and college students. Affective responses to modality did not appear until age eight and affective responses to contour appeared only in the college students. These results are consistent with previous developmental perception experiments on contour and modality (Imberty, 1969; Krumhansl & Keil, 1982; Morrongiello & Roes, 1990) and extend the understanding of the relation of perception, cognition, and culture in determining musical affect.
Surveillance of cesarean section deliveries, New Jersey, 1999-2004.

: Background: Nationally and in New Jersey, the cesarean delivery rate has been increasing steadily for nearly a decade, and especially since 1999. The purpose of this study was to describe recent trends in cesarean section delivery in New Jersey. Methods: Data on delivery method, medical indications and patient characteristics were extracted from electronic birth certificate files. Results: Cesarean section deliveries increased as a proportion of live births by 6 percent annually. Growth was roughly uniform across Robson’s clinical classification. Repeat cesareans contributed only proportionately to the overall trend. The greatest acceleration was observed for procedures without trial of labor, and in medical situations where cesarean delivery had been relatively rare. Conclusions: Medical indications recorded on the birth certificate explained little of the rapid growth in utilization of cesarean delivery, since trends were comparable in most categories we examined. A sustained autonomous shift in practice patterns, patient preferences, or both seems the most likely driver of the overall trend. (BIRTH 33:3 September 2006)
Maximum likelihood classification of synthetic aperture radar imagery

Classification of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images has important applications in geology, agriculture, and the military. A statistical model for SAR images is reviewed and a maximum likelihood classification algorithm developed for the classification of agricultural fields based on the model. It is first assumed that the target feature information is known a priori. The performance of the algorithm is then evaluated in terms of the probability of incorrect classification. A technique is also presented to extract the needed feature information from a SAR image; then both the feature extraction and the maximum likelihood classification algorithms are tested on a SEASAT-A SAR image.
Coupled Pitch Links for Multi-Harmonic Isolation Using Fluidic Circuits

Replacing rigid pitch links on rotorcraft with coupled fluidic devices has the potential to reduce the aerodynamic blade loads transmitted through the pitch links. Analytical models of two fluidic devices coupled with three different fluidic circuits are derived. These passive fluidlastic systems are tuned, by varying the fluid inertances and capacitances of each fluidic circuit, to reduce the transmitted pitch-link loads for up to three main-rotor harmonics. The simulation results show loads reduction at the targeted odd and even harmonics of at least 95% and 72%, respectively.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Computer simulation of high temperature deformation

Abstract A computer simulation of high temperature creep is made by considering the properties of an array of positive and negative edge dislocations with a common slip system. The dislocations are permitted to glide and climb in response to both the applied stress and the internal stresses which arise from all the other dislocations in the solid. The dislocations can both multiply and annihilate. It is shown that the apparent internal stress, defined as the reduced applied stress for which the creep rate is zero, is closely related to the average value of the internal stresses evaluated at the dislocations. The phenomenon of dislocation annealing is also studied. It is found that the rate of dislocation annihilation depends strongly on the dislocation density. The principal effect of applied stress on dislocation annealing is to increase the rate of annihilation, owing to the greater probability of dislocation-dislocation collisions for moving dislocations. The transient and steady state creep properties have also been studied. We find the dislocation density reaches a steady state value that is proportional to the square of the applied stress. When the dislocations are assumed to have a fixed mobility, the dislocation density changes monotonically from the initial value to the steady state value. It is shown that the dislocation density can be made to rise abruptly with strain and then decrease to the steady state value if the dislocations mobility is assumed to decrease with creep strain.
Effectiveness of a grant program's efforts to promote synergy within its funded initiatives: perceptions of participants of the Southern Rural Access Program

Background Foundations and public agencies commonly fund focused initiatives for individual grantees. These discrete, stand-alone initiatives can risk failure by being carried out in isolation. Fostering synergy among grantees' initiatives is one strategy proposed for promoting the success and impact of grant programs. We evaluate an explicit strategy to build synergy within the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Southern Rural Access Program (SRAP), which awarded grants to collaboratives within eight southeastern U.S. states to strengthen basic health care services in targeted rural counties.
Singlet Oxygen Involvement in Ultraviolet (254 nm) Radiation-Induced Formation of 8-Hydroxy-Deoxyguanosine in DNA

Abstract In the present article, we report that ultraviolet (UV 254 nm) radiation substantially induced the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in purified DNA. The formation of 8-OHdG, a hallmarker of oxidative DNA damage, increased linearly up to 25 kJ/m 2 and was dependent on the presence of oxygen in the solution. Deoxygenation by nitrogen significantly reduced the yield of 8-OHdG by UV radiation, whereas oxygenation with 100% oxygen substantially enhanced the yield. The hydroxyl radical (HO·) scavenger dimethysulfoxide (DMSO) dramatically quenched the formation of 8-OHdG by the ionizing radiation and Fenton reaction, but enhanced the formation of UV-induced 8-OHdG. Further studies showed that DMSO and mannitol, two predominant HO· scavengers, enhanced the levels of UV-induced 8-OHdG in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that UV-induced 8-OHdG is independent of the generation of HO·. The use of deuterium oxide (D 2 O), which prolongs the half life of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), substantially enhanced the yield of 8-OHdG by UV radiation, but not that by Fenton reaction. In contrast, sodium azide, a more and less specific 1 O 2 quencher, substantially reduced the levels of 8-OHdG by both UV radiation and Fenton reaction, indicating that sodium azide lacks the quenching specificity for 1 O 2 and HO·. It is proposed that UV induced 8-OHdG proceeds through a singlet oxygen involvement mechanism, rather than the generation of hydroxyl radicals. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.