cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation and carbon-sulfur bond hydrogenolysis of benzothiophene promoted by Re2(CO)10 and H4Re4(CO)12.

In the search for metal complexes that promote the cleavage of C-S bonds in thiophenes, we observe that the reaction of Re 2 -(CO) 1 0 and benzothiophene (BT) under a hydrogen atmosphere gives the trinuclear cluster Re 3 (μ-H) 2 (μ 3 -S-2-EtC 6 H 4 )(μ-2,3.DHBT)-(CO) 9 (1), which contains a hydrogenated BT ligand and a thiolate ligand resulting from the hydrogenation and cleavage of a C-S bond in BT. A detailed study of the reaction shows that Re 2 (CO) 1 0 initially reacts with H 2 to give H 3 Re 3 (CO) 1 2 , which subsequently converts to H 4 Re 4 (CO) 1 2 , which finally reacts with BT to give 1.
Determinants of value transfer and contrast in simultaneous discriminations by pigeons

In a simultaneous discrimination involving a positive (S+) and a negative (S−) stimulus, positive value appears to transfer from the S+ to the S−. However, negative value does not appear to transfer from the S− to the S+. Instead, when sufficient experience with the contingencies associated with responding to the S− is provided, it appears that the presence of the S− enhances the value of the S+ (i.e., a contrast effect is found). The purpose of the present experiments was to further examine the influence of the S+ on the S− in a simultaneous discrimination (between subjects in Experiment 1 and within subjects in Experiment 2). In both experiments, we found that under typical training conditions, given little direct experience with the value of the S−, value transfers from the S+ to the S−. If sufficient experience with the value of the S− is provided, however, contrast between the S+ and the S− can be demonstrated. Thus, in a simultaneous discrimination, value transfer from the S+ to the S− depends on the animal’s having responded relatively little to the S−.
Ultraviolet absorption and luminescence of matrix-isolated adenine

Abstract We have investigated the absorption, the fluorescence and phosphorescence emission and the fluorescence lifetimes of adenine in low-temperature argon and nitrogen matrices at 15 K. Compared to other environments the absorption spectrum shows higher intensity at the shortest wavelengths, and a weak apparent absorption peak is observed at 280 nm. The resolved fluorescence excitation spectrum has five peaks at positions corresponding to those observed in the absorption spectrum. The position of the fluorescence maximum depends on the excitation wavelength. Excitation below 220 nm displays a fluorescence maximum at 305 nm, while for excitations at higher wavelengths the maximum occurs at 335 nm. The results suggest that multiple-emission excited electronic states are populated in low-temperature gas matrices. Excitation at 265 nm produces a phosphorescence spectrum with a well-resolved vibrational structure and a maximum at 415 nm. The fluorescence decays corresponding to excitation at increasing energy of each resolved band could be fit with a double exponential, with the shorter and longer lifetimes ranging from 1.7 to 3.3 ns and from 12 to 23 ns, respectively. Only for the excitation at 180 nm one exponential is required, with the calculated lifetimes of 3.3 ns. The presented results provide an experimental evidence of the existence of multiple site-selected excited electronic states, and may help elucidate the possible deexcitation pathways of adenine. The additional application of synchrotron radiation proved to result in a significant enhancement of the resolution and spectral range of the phenomena under investigation.
MASSIVE AND DISTINCTIVE EFFECTS OF MEADOW VOLES ON GRASSLAND VEGETATION

We ask whether vole herbivory in experimental grassland plots is sufficient to create an unpalatable community. In a six-year experiment, meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) reduced plant standing crop between 30% and 72%, well within the range of ungulate effects. Moreover, meadow voles reduced their available forage species by changing the plant community composition: four grass species and a legume upon which they foraged declined sharply in cover and/or number of individuals, five forbs avoided by voles increased, and two forbs neither declined nor increased with either measure. Reductions of diversity occurred when voles first defoliated the plots in 2000 but disappeared as plant species avoided by voles replaced vulnerable plants. Within six years, meadow voles created plant communities dominated by species that they did not eat.
Transient processes in a Ge/Si hetero-nanocrystal p-channel memory

Transient processes of Ge/Si hetero-nanocrystal floating gate memories are simulated numerically. Compared with Si nanocrystal memories, Ge/Si hetero-nanocrystal memories show similar writing and erasing efficiency with a weaker writing saturation and markedly improved retention characteristics.
Self-limiting behavior of scanning-electron-beam-induced local oxidation of hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces

The mechanism and the kinetics of electron-beam-induced local oxidation of an H-passivated Si surface in the electron energy range from 10 to 40 keV was investigated using scanning-electron-beam lithography. The volume expansion of Si upon oxidation produces a negative image surface pattern that can be imaged by atomic force microscopy. This latent pattern was used to study the dependence of the height and width of dot and line patterns as a function of the electron-beam exposure parameters. Patterns with minimum linewidth below 50 nm have been obtained. Similarly to atomic-force-microscope-induced local oxidation of Si, the height and linewidth saturate with electron dose for a given accelerating voltage. The saturation height roughly scales with the accelerating voltage, and depends more strongly on the accelerating voltage than the linewidth. The experimental results are interpreted by a mechanism that is based on charge generation and transport through the evolving insulating SiO2 layer.
Remote Non-Contact Solar Cell Surface Monitoring

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a remote non-contact solar cell surface roughness monitoring system as well as resulting data in solar energy manufacturing. The process solution set represents an integrated suite that provides solar cell manufacturing process monitoring, tool and fixture design, visualization, quality analysis, and automation through a remote robotic control system. An experimental study of surface roughness effect on laser light scattering from textured surfaces is described. The results and the system proposed are useful in implementing laser light scattering instruments for on-line monitoring of solar cell manufacturing processes which produce surface roughness patterns.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
N-Linked Glycosylation of Protease-activated Receptor-1 Second Extracellular Loop A CRITICAL DETERMINANT FOR LIGAND-INDUCED RECEPTOR ACTIVATION AND INTERNALIZATION

Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) contains five N-linked glycosylation consensus sites as follows: three residing in the N terminus and two localized on the surface of the second extracellular loop (ECL2). To study the effect of N-linked glycosylation in the regulation of PAR1 signaling and trafficking, we generated mutants in which the critical asparagines of the consensus sites were mutated. Here, we report that both the PAR1 N terminus and ECL2 serve as sites for N-linked glycosylation but have different functions in the regulation of receptor signaling and trafficking. N-Linked glycosylation of the PAR1 N terminus is important for transport to the cell surface, whereas the PAR1 mutant lacking glycosylation at ECL2 (NA ECL2) trafficked to the cell surface like the wild-type receptor. However, activated PAR1 NA ECL2 mutant internalization was impaired compared with wild-type receptor, whereas constitutive internalization of unactivated receptor remained intact. Remarkably, thrombin-activated PAR1 NA ECL2 mutant displayed an enhanced maximal signaling response compared with wild-type receptor. The increased PAR1 NA ECL2 mutant signaling was not due to defects in the ability of thrombin to cleave the receptor or signal termination mechanisms. Rather, the PAR1 NA ECL2 mutant displayed a greater efficacy in thrombin-stimulated G protein signaling. Thus, N-linked glycosylation of the PAR1 extracellular surface likely influences ligand docking interactions and the stability of the active receptor conformation. Together, these studies strongly suggest that N-linked glycosylation of PAR1 at the N terminus versus the surface of ECL2 serves distinct functions critical for proper regulation of receptor trafficking and the fidelity of thrombin signaling.
The FRD3-mediated efflux of citrate into the root vasculature is necessary for efficient iron translocation.

Iron, despite being an essential micronutrient, becomes toxic if present at high levels. As a result, plants possess carefully regulated mechanisms to acquire iron from the soil. The ferric reductase defective3 (frd3) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is chlorotic and exhibits constitutive expression of its iron uptake responses. Consequently, frd3 mutants overaccumulate iron; yet, paradoxically, the frd3 phenotypes are due to a reduction in the amount of iron present inside frd3 leaf cells. The FRD3 protein belongs to the multidrug and toxin efflux family, members of which are known to export low-Mr organic molecules. We therefore hypothesized that FRD3 loads an iron chelator necessary for the correct distribution of iron throughout the plant into the xylem. One such potential chelator is citrate. Xylem exudate from frd3 plants contains significantly less citrate and iron than the exudate from wild-type plants. Additionally, supplementation of growth media with citrate rescues the frd3 phenotypes. The ectopic expression of FRD3-GFP results in enhanced tolerance to aluminum in Arabidopsis roots, a hallmark of organic acid exudation. Consistent with this result, approximately 3 times more citrate was detected in root exudate from plants ectopically expressing FRD3-GFP. Finally, heterologous studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes reveal that FRD3 mediates the transport of citrate. These results all strongly support the hypothesis that FRD3 effluxes citrate into the root vasculature, a process important for the translocation of iron to the leaves, as well as confirm previous reports suggesting that iron moves through the xylem as a ferric-citrate complex. Our results provide additional answers to long-standing questions about iron chelation in the vasculature and organic acid transport.
FORMAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND NODAL REGIONS: THREE FALLACIES

(1973). FORMAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND NODAL REGIONS: THREE FALLACIES. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 350-352.
Multidisciplinary Placement Optimization of Heat Generating Semiconductor Logic Blocks

A multidisciplinary optimization methodology for placement of heat generating semiconductor logic blocks on integrated circuit chips is presented. The methodology includes thermal and wiring length criteria, which are optimized simultaneously using the genetic algorithm. An effective thermal performance prediction methodology based on a superposition method is used to determine the temperature distribution on a silicon chip due to multiple heat generating logic blocks. Using the superposition method, the predicted temperature distribution in the silicon chip is obtained in much shorter time than with a detailed finite element model and with comparable accuracy. The main advantage of the present multidisciplinary design and optimization methodology is its ability to handle multiple design objectives simultaneously for optimized placement of heat generating logic blocks. Capabilities of the present methodology are demonstrated by applying it to several standard benchmarks. The multidisciplinary logic block placement optimization results indicate that the maximum temperature on a silicon chip can be reduced by up to 7.5°C, compared with the case in which only the wiring length is minimized.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Study of d + d scattering with the resonating-group method and an imaginary potential

Abstract The elastic scattering of deuterons by deuterons is considered with the resonating group method. The existence of reaction channels is approximately taken into account by introducing into the resonating-group formulation a phenomenological imaginary potential. For the deuteron wave function, a flexible three-Gaussian function is used, with the parameters adjusted to minimize the expectation value of the deuteron Hamiltonian. This particular deuteron function yields a very satisfactory behaviour for the form factor and its use in the d + d calculation is shown to produce results very close to those which would be obtained if the deuteron eigenfunction were used. Comparison with experiment is made at 6.9, 12.65, 17.45 and 19.9 MeV. At all these energies, rather good agreement with the experimental differential and reaction cross-section data can be obtained. The imaginary potential is found to be energy dependent and contain a strong odd-even orbital-angular-momentum dependence. Without this odd-even dependence, it is shown that the diffraction minimum, observed experimentally at around 70°, cannot be reproduced.
Fibrosing Interstitial Pneumonitis in Ankylosing Spondylitis

A patient with ankylosing spondylitis developed bilateral upper lobe lesions which radiographically suggested active granulomatous disease. Lung tissue obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy demonstrated fibrosing interstitial pneumonitis. Recognition that this pulmonary disorder may appear during the course of ankylosing spondylitis can direct subsequent diagnostic studies.
Interpersonal and psychological predictors of parasocial interaction with different television performers

The study examined the relationship of interpersonal homophily and self‐esteem with the development of parasocial interaction. “Attitude”; homophily was found to be the strongest predictor, among the independent variables, of parasocial interaction for all three groups of television performers. The results also indicated that certain dimensions of a person's self‐esteem helped to predict and to explain parasocial interaction. The study showed how an integration of interpersonal and mass communication theories contributes to our knowledge of parasocial interaction.
Direct observation of rotational states of molecular ions in photoionization processes

Abstract Optical transitions from H2 (X 1Σg+) to specific vibration-rotation states of the hydrogen molecular ion (X 2Σg+) have been directly observed and the spectrum is herein reported. A new method of zero kinetic energy electron analysis has been employed for the detection of the specific states and non-threshold electron peaks are not observed. It is shown that auto-ionization processes that produce threshold electrons will reveal ionic states that otherwise are not detectable.
Overlooked opportunities in stereochemistry. Part III: Alfred Werner's awareness of spontaneous resolutions and of the meaning of hemihedral faces in optically active crystals

In previous articles in this series [1, 2] we traced the work of Alfred Werner (1866–1919) in an effort to answer the following questions: Why did Werner, who possessed a reputation for working with such rapidity, require such a long time (14 years) to attain his goal of resolving an optically active coordination compound in order to confirm his postulated octahedral configuration for cobalt(III) and other transition-metal complexes? Also, why did he not make use of conglomerate crystallization techniques, which had been known since 1848, when Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), in one of the truly classic chemical experiments of all time, demonstrated that crystallization of a racemic solution of sodium ammonium tartrate tetrahydrate, NaNH4 (tart) · 4H2O \( \left(\mathrm{tart}={\mathrm{C}}_4{\mathrm{H}}_4{\mathrm{O}}_6^{2-}\right) \), produced a mechanical mixture of crystals, each of which was made up exclusively of the (R, R) or the (S, S) antipode (conglomerate crystallization) [3, 4]?
Genetic correlations and the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement within a local population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

The genetic relationship between the daily circadian clock and the seasonal photoperiodic timer remains a subject of intense controversy. In Wyeomyia smithii, the critical photoperiod (an overt expression of the photoperiodic timer) evolves independently of the rhythmic response to the Nanda–Hamner protocol (an overt expression of the daily circadian clock) over a wide geographical range in North America. Herein, we focus on these two processes within a single local population in which there is a negative genetic correlation between them. We show that antagonistic selection against this genetic correlation rapidly breaks it down and, in fact, reverses its sign, showing that the genetic correlation is due primarily to linkage and not to pleiotropy. This rapid reversal of the genetic correlation within a small, single population means that it is difficult to argue that circadian rhythmicity forms the necessary, causal basis for the adaptive divergence of photoperiodic time measurement within populations or for the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement among populations over a broad geographical gradient of seasonal selection.
Computational CellScope: Multi-Contrast Imaging on a Smartphone-Based Microscope Using a Domed Programmable LED Array

We present a domed programmable LED array attachment for CellScope, enabling streaming brightfield, darkfield, and differential phase contrast imaging and digital refocusing on a smartphone-based microscope, without the need of a PC or mechanical inserts.
Inverse Legendre Transform in Biochemical Thermodynamics: Illustrated with the Last Five Reactions of Glycolysis

Legendre transforms are needed to introduce intensive variables into the description of thermodynamic systems. But when experimental thermodynamic data involve an inconveniently large number of intensive variables, inverse Legendre transforms are needed to reduce the number of independent intensive variables. This is illustrated by the elimination of pH in the calculation of standard Gibbs energies of formation of species from apparent equilibrium constants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Apparent equilibrium constants have been determined for about 500 enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving about 1000 different reactants at various pHs and ionic strengths. However, these apparent equilibrium constants cannot be compared directly with each other because of differences in pH and ionic strength. More than one pathway can be used to calculate standard Gibbs energies of formation of the species involved. This discussion of inverse Legendre transforms provides guidance on how to write computer programs to elimina...
Prospective elementary teachers’ development of fraction language for defining the whole

This article examines the ways in which prospective elementary teachers’ develop an understanding of language use for defining the whole throughout a 9-day rational number unit. Student work samples and classroom conversations are used to illustrate their difficulties and growth with defining the whole and corresponding language use for describing fractional amounts. The results indicate that three mathematical ideas became taken-as-shared by the class. The first was that fractions depend on a group or whole. The second included defining an of what. The third was developing language in terms of what the denominator represents. Difficulties prospective teachers had conceptualizing language included distinguishing among the phrases of a, of one, of the, and of each. Implications for mathematics education courses and future research studies are also discussed.
Chemistry of 3α-hydroxy-Δ-androstene-17-one

The synthesis and reactions of 3α-hydroxy-Δ5-androstene-17-one are described. The preparation of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-androstene-17-one-3α-H3 and its epimer, 3α-hydroxy-Δ5-androstene-17-one-3β-H3, is also reported.
Waveguide Microgripper Power Distribution

We studied the factors affecting the power distribution across the waveguide facet of novel microgrippers. Knife edge measurements, microscopy imaging and 2D-FDTD numerical simulations are carried to study the effects of specifications of series microgrippers.
Variations in reproductive potential between nearshore and offshore spawning contingents of hogfish in the eastern Gulf of Mexico

Hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum), have multiple traits that confound measuring reproductive potential: they are protogynous, relatively long-lived harem-forming fish that spawn daily for months. Additionally, recent evidence demonstrates that size, age and timing of sex change vary on a spatial scale within the study area (West Florida shelf, USA). This study investigates the effect of this spatial variation on hogfish reproductive potential by evaluating spawning seasonality, spawning frequency and batch fecundity using an indeterminate egg production model. Offshore females were larger than nearshore females, and batch fecundity was related in a log-linear manner to female size. Gonad histology demonstrated a more protracted reproductive period for females offshore (8 months) than nearshore (4 months). Spatial variations in size coincide with ontogeny because hogfish move offshore with growth; however, even after accounting for fish size, offshore females spawned more. In areas where male removal rates are elevated, spawning harems are disrupted; thus, greater fishing effort nearshore may further reduce the reproductive potential of these females. These nearshore and offshore spawning components of the population are not genetically distinct, but instead represent two contingent spawning strategies that likely enhance total population stability and resilience of this stock in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Solution of Singularity Points in Strip Rolling by Rigid Plasticity Finite Element Method

The concept of the first and the second singularity point was introduced in the paper. The singularity points would lead to the iteration divergence in the solution of rolling by rigid plasticity finite element method. Double velocity model and parabolic model of relative slip velocity were proposed for solution of the first and the second singularity point respectively. The influence of the models to improve the effects of singularity point on calculating time and iteration step was discussed according to the practical strip rolling condition. The results showed that for the element numbers from 200 to 2000, the iteration step and total calculating time was reduced about 8~67% by the double velocity model in the same condition compared to normal model for the solution of first singularity point. The iteration step and calculating time was reduced about 15~61% with the parabolic model of relative slip velocity. The double velocity model and parabolic model of relative slip velocity could be used to improve the convergence and increase efficiency of the solution in strip rolling by rigid plasticity finite element method.
Monte Carlo Methods for Bayesian Analysis of Survival Data Using Mixtures of Dirichlet Process Priors

Consider the model in which the data consist of possibly censored lifetimes, and one puts a mixture of Dirichlet process priors on the common survival distribution. The exact computation of the posterior distribution of the survival function is in general impossible to obtain. This article develops and compares the performance of several simulation techniques, based on Markov chain Monte Carlo and sequential importance sampling, for approximating this posterior distribution. One scheme, whose derivation is based on sequential importance sampling, gives an exactly iid sample from the posterior for the case of right censored data. A second contribution of this article is a battery of programs that implement the various schemes discussed here. The programs and methods are illustrated on a dataset of interval-censored times arising from two treatments for breast cancer.
Hydrolysis and fermentation of sweetpotatoes for production of fermentable sugars and ethanol

Abstract Liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation of FTA-94 industrial sweetpotatoes (ISPs) were examined using α-amylase and glucoamylase for the production of ethanol. Starch degradation and sugars produced over time were examined for (1) α-amylase (Liquozyme SC) at different loading rates (0.045, 0.45, and 4.5% KNU-S/g dry ISP) during liquefaction; and (2) three glucoamylases (Spirizyme Fuel, Spirizyme Plus Tech, and Spirizyme Ultra) at different loading rates (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 AGU/g dry ISP) during saccharification. The majority of starch, 47.7 and 65.4% of dry matter, was converted during liquefaction of flour and fresh sweetpotato preparations, respectively, with the addition of 0.45 KNU-S/g dry ISP of Liquozyme SC after 2 h (66.4 and 80.1% initial starch in dry matter, respectively). The enzymes used during saccharification increased starch breakdown, but was more effective in conversion of short chain carbohydrates to fermentable sugars. The addition of 5.0 AGU/g of Spirizyme Ultra after 48 h produced 795.4 and 685.3 mg glucose/g starch with flour and fresh preparations, respectively. Yeast fermentation on hydrolyzed starch was examined over time with and without the addition of salt nutrients. Yeast converted all fermentable sugar (e.g. glucose, fructose, maltose) and produced 62.6 and 33.6 g ethanol/L of hydrolysate for flour (25% w/v, substrate loading) and fresh (12.5% w/v, substrate loading) ISP, respectively, after 48 h without salt addition.
English, Information Access, and Technology Transfer: A Rationale for English as an International Language.

: The role of English as an international language has engendered considerable debate recently [e.g. Kaplan (1983a) Science, technology, language and information; Kaplan (1983b) Science, 221, 4614; Quirk (1985) in English in the World (edited by R. Quirk and H. Widdowson), pp. 1–6; Bailey (1983) in Literacy for Life (edited by R. W. Bailey and R. Fisheim), pp. 30–44; and Bailey (1987) Resistance to the spread of English]. In this paper it is argued that English is the major international language at least in part because it is the dominant world language of science and technology. In particular, its role in information access and technology transfer is a major explanation for the rise of English world-wide. Evidence is presented both to support English as the international language of science and technology and to explain its essential role in information access globally. Implications of the analysis are discussed for English language teaching as well as for the role of language in future information access systems. The arguments presented suggest that no country can afford to ignore the important role English plays in information access and technology transfer and still expect to compete professionally and economically.
Tectonic relationships between forearc-basin strata and the accretionary complex at Bath, Barbados

The island of Barbados exposes the crestal zone of the accretionary prism of the Lesser Antilles forearc. Tertiary rocks at Bath, Barbados, include four lithic suites: (1) inter-bedded volcanogenic and mainly calcareous pelagic rocks (the Oceanic beds), (2) radiolarite, (3) siliceous hemipelagic rocks, and (4) melange. Suites 1–3 are in structurally discrete groups of fault packets; melange occurs in apparently diapiric crosscutting bodies. The Oceanic beds occupy a pre-Pleistocene nappe complex that underlies much of Barbados. Radiolarite and hemipelagic rocks belong to a thick accretionary basal complex and constitute the relative autochthon to the Oceanic nappes. Fault rocks of the sub-Oceanic fault zone developed during emplacement of the Oceanic nappes. The lower portion of the tectonic stack is deformed in a major south-verging fold couple with wavelength of ∼250 m. Lower, early emplaced Oceanic nappes are restricted to the core of the major synform and are increasingly deformed with depth. Structures suggest easterly transport of Oceanic nappes and upward younging of nappe emplacement, indicating that the deformation of Oceanic beds propagated westward. The Oceanic nappes provided a seal to rising fluids; transport of nappes may have been facilitated by elevated fluid pressure beneath their sole thrust. Pre- and post-nappe folds record north-south shortening about shallow, west-plunging axes, consistent with folded accretionary strata elsewhere on Barbados. Deformation occurred under shallow nonmetamorphic conditions. The Oceanic beds are interpreted as being trapped outer forearc-basin strata that have been tectonically shouldered by the arcward migrating prism flank or crest. The hemipelagic and radiolarite suites may be offscraped abyssal-plain and trench-wedge accumulations. Paleogene-lower Miocene Oceanic strata were deposited at depths between 2.0 and 4.8 km. Middle Miocene Oceanic beds accumulated at shallower depths (1–1.5 km); thus, early Miocene was the probable time of inception of major uplift and arcward shouldering in the crestal zone of the accretionary prism. Accretion of the basal complex of Barbados probably occurred in late Eocene time.
A Coherent Mixing Mechanism Explains the Photoinduced Nuclear Polarization in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

Solid-state NMR spectra of Q-blocked photocycling photosynthetic reaction centers exhibit strongly enhanced lines. These peaks, for both carbon and nitrogen spectra, can be assigned to the primary donor bacteriochlorophyll special pair and the primary acceptor pheophytin. This paper concerns the mechanism by which the polarization develops. Previously reported simulations involving a radical pair mechanism (RPM) could achieve good agreement for the bacteriochlorophyll-containing electron donor, but not for the pheophytin acceptor. In this paper we focus on the N II and N IV nitrogens of the pheophytin acceptor, which we know are strongly directly polarized and for which we cannot explain the polarization by the RPM. To explain the strongly polarized acceptor signals, we propose a three-spin coherent mixing mechanism: nanosecond time scale coherent mixing of nuclear states and electron zero-quantum states are combined with chemical decay kinetics (back electron transfer) using the stochastic Liouville equ...
Enterprisewide Spatial Data Integration of Legacy Systems for Asset Management: The Case of the Illinois Department of Transportation

This paper describes the spatial information system infrastructure implemented by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) to enable delivery of information to management decision makers in asset management applications. This spatial data warehouse infrastructure makes extensive use of geographic information system (GIS) technologies to integrate information from a variety of database structures and formats. GIS products and tools have been developed to portray and analyze these data in useful combinations focused on practitioner needs. In June 1999 the Governmental Accounting Standards Board issued Statement 34 requiring governments to have a systematic approach to managing their Digital Object Identifier: 10.1188/06.ONF. assets. As a result, transportation agencies have placed an increased emphasis on developing mechanisms to integrate information from disparate management information systems and legacy databases. IDOT has used GIS to develop a spatial data warehouse to enable integration. A val...
Migration in a family way

This review traces the evolution of family migration research from one that was very narrowly focused on the trailing wife effect, to a transdisciplinary research topic which has the potential to greatly improve our understanding of family dynamics, life course events, family well-being, gender differences in employment and earnings, and most importantly, migration research. The emerging scholarship surrounding family migration suggests that, firstly, family migration is extremely complicated and moves well beyond any conceptualisation that is brought to bear on individual migration, and secondly, a great deal of what has been traditionally thought of as individual migration should be more appropriately conceived of as family migration. The implication, of course, is that internal migration research should embrace the family as a central component of migration, or rather that family migration should move front and centre in discussions regarding migration in general. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Petrochemistry and tectonic significance of Cretaceous island-arc rocks, Cordillera Oriental, Dominican Republic

Abstract Cretaceous island-arc rocks of the Caribbean island-arc system have been exposed by Cenozoic faulting in the Cordillera Oriental in eastern Hispaniola. High-K 2 O intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks (Loma la Vega volcanics) are interbedded with marine epiclastic sedimentary rocks and tuffs (Las Guajabas tuffs) and unconformably overlie pre-Aptian sedimentary rocks, low-K 2 O volcanic rocks (Guamira volcanics) and a granodioritic to tonalitic intrusion (El Valle pluton). The petrology and geochemistry of these units, in conjunction with regional stratigraphic data, are used to speculate on the tectonics of the newly developing Caribbean island-arc system during Early and Late Cretaceous time. The Loma la Vega volcanics are characterized by the presence of large phenocrysts of sanidine, and minor amounts of clinopyroxene, opaque oxides, and rare leucite in a devitrified matrix of chlorite and clay. Although the volcanic rocks have undergone some low-temperature alteration/ metamorphism, which redistributed some major elements and large-ion-litho-phile trace elements, the high-field-strength elements, rare-earth elements, and radiogenic isotopes appear to have been minimally affected. Based on abundances of the relatively immobile elements, trace-element enrichment patterns and isotopic compositions, the Loma la Vega volcanics are considered part of the high-K, calc-alkaline (CA) or shoshonitic island-arc volcanic series. In contrast, pre-Aptian (Early Cretaceous?) volcanic and plutonic rocks of the underlying Los Ranchos Formation have chemical characteristics similar to rocks in the island-arc tholeiitic or “primitive island-arc” (PIA) series that form coeval and along-strike sections of the Early Cretaceous Caribbean island arc in other parts of present-day Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. An abrupt and regional change in composition from island-arc tholeiites to high-K, calc-alkaline rocks is coincident with a hypothesized reversal in subduction polarity in pre-Aptian time. As inferred from previously published tectonic models, polarity reversal may have been triggered by attempted subduction of the Caribbean oceanic plateau beneath this segment of the Caribbean island arc. The observed magmatic and tectonic effects of the proposed Cretaceous Caribbean arc reversal are similar to the better documented Neogene subduction reversal event in the Solomon Islands arc in the southwest Pacific.
The Evolution of Pores and the Development of Penumbrae

We investigate the evolution of the magnetic field in an emerging active region near disk center using data from the Advanced Stokes Polarimeter. Specifically, we follow the formation of a pore from a radiatively undisturbed region and the formation of a protospot, i.e., the appearance of a rudimentary penumbral sector for a mature pore. Our approach is to use the temporal evolution of bivariate distribution functions correlating continuum intensity, Ic, magnetic field magnitude, | ${b B}$ --> |, magnetic fill fraction, f, local inclination, ?, local azimuth, , and line-of-sight Doppler velocity, vD. The highlights of our results include, (1) in the pore-forming region, a preference for the relatively strong vertical field points (1000-1500 G) to be redshifted (downflowing) and the appearance of dark pore points to be at the expense of radiatively undisturbed points; (2) an onset flux of ? 2 ? 1019 Mx in a dark pore that appears in an area in which the flux increases by ? 1 ? 1020 Mx prior to the pore's appearance and that previously contained an azimuth center, i.e., a magnetic concentration that otherwise has no continuum-intensity signature; (3) a threshold of (1-1.5) ? 1020 Mx above which a partial penumbra forms; (4) the appearance of penumbral elements that at once having the appropriate penumbral range of field strengths, intensities, and inclination angles, i.e., no obvious gradual increase in the magnetic fields' inclination with increasing flux during the formation of penumbrae; (5) no delay between the appearance of inclined penumbral magnetic fields and the Evershed flow; and (6) a self-similarity between the pore, protospot, and a small mature sunspot with respect to the (| ${b B}$ --> |, Ic), (| ${b B}$ --> |, ?), (f, ?), and the (vD, Ic), (vD, ?) distributions.
Exponential model of asymptotic charge density

Abstract We consider a model of charge density with the exponential shape in the asymptotic region. Neither magnitude nor slope of the exponential are assumed. We are able to determine then the density of 3 He up to r = 5 fm with the accuracy higher than previously known. The radius agrees with one obtained in SOG analysis. The slope of the exponential cannot be well determined with the present electron scattering data. Sensitivity of the radius to the data and to the model is shown.
Overcoming Resistance to Persuasion VIA Contiguous Reinforcement and Repetition of Message

This study examined the effects of a contiguity learning model which posited one-trial learning based upon accurate knowledge of results as a reinforcer. A reconceptualization of reinforcing stimuli in the resistance to persuasion paradigm is experimentally tested. Repetition of the persuasive message was tested as part of the developed learning model and as a replication of earlier research. Knowledge of correct results and message repetition were manipulated to overcome resistance to persuasion created by pretreatment inoculation. Inoculation and persuasive attack messages were carefully created to control for a number of important message variables. A pilot study with 219 subjects tested effectiveness of the message. The actual experiment included 162 subjects in a three-way factorial analysis of variance design with inoculation, reinforcement, and repetition of message as predictor variables. Predicted main effects for each independent variable on posttest attitudes were found. Moreover, the pattern o...
A Low Thermal Budget High Performance 0.25–0.18 µm Merged Logic Device and Dynamic Random Access Memory Application

Merged dynamic random access memory (DRAM) with logic technology has been widely investigated because of to its high on-chip memory bandwidth, low power consumption, customized memory size, and small footprint advantages. A low thermal budget 0.25–0.18 µm embedded DRAM technology has been developed to merge a high-performance logic device and high-density DRAM on the same chip. In this newly developed technology, shallow trench isolation, a triple well, TiSix polycide, titanium salicide, a self-aligned contact poly-via and a low thermal budget oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) as well as Ta2O5 capacitor dielectrics used for 1 Gbit DRAM design, are being applied. A 32 Mbit synchronous DRAM macro was designed based on this technology and is proposed offered as a drop-in module for embedded DRAM applications.
Thermal decomposition of cerium oxalate and mixed cerium-gadolinium oxalates

Cerium oxalate and mixed cerium-gadolinium oxalates containing 20 and 50 mol% gadolinium were subjected to thermal decomposition. Thermal analysis showed that cerous oxalate is transformed to cerium oxide in two steps. The first step involves the endothermic removal of 10 mol of water, with a calculated activation energy of 78.2 kJ/mol. The second step involves the exothermic decomposition of the anhydrous oxalate, with an activation energy of 112.6 kJ/mol. The water content in the mixed cerium-gadolinium oxalates decreases with increasing gadolinium content, while the temperature of exothermic decomposition of the anhydrous oxalate increases with it.
Economic Mobility in a Youth Cohort, 1979-1997

Economic mobility in a youth cohort (n = 1956) was examined between 1979 and 1997. Increasing percentages of youth were found to reside in families with no change in economic status stratified by class. The rate of economic stasis of youth living in affluent families was more than twice that of those in middle-income families and more than four times that of those in poor families. Little variation in economic mobility was found among affluent families stratified by sex and ethnicity/race, although white males had less downward mobility than black females. Greater variation in economic mobility was found among poor families, with white males having greater upward mobility than other males and white females having greater upward mobility than black females and males. Finally, education was positively related to economic mobility for most sub-groups, as was receipt of SSI, while receipt of AFDC/TANF decreased economic mobility only among white males.
Isolation of a novel tetrasaccharide, bemisiotetrose, and glycine betaine from silverleaf whitefly honeydew

Oligosaccharides in the honeydew secreted by the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) feeding upon cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were isolated by gel permeation chromatography followed by gradient elution HPLC employing an amine column and an evaporative light-scattering detector. A tetrasaccharide was collected from the HPLC eluate and characterized by mass spectral and methylation analysis and by 1D and 2D NMR. The results of these analyses are consistent with a highly symmetrical tetrasaccharide: O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1↔1)-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(4←1)-α-d-glucopyranoside. In addition, a significant peak of glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) was detected in the HPLC chromatograms of sugars from this honeydew. Keywords: Insect; carbohydrate; HPLC; cotton
Geodetic evidence for subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in many parts of the United States of America

Abstract Analysis of repeated levelings conducted by the National Geodetic Survey indicates many locations of relative subsidence in the U.S.A. Specific criteria are used to identify those subsidence features which most likely result from sediment compaction due to lowering of water levels in underground aquifer systems. Previously reported areas of such subsidence that seem to be confirmed by this study include: south-central Arizona; Savannah, Georgia; Pecos and Houston-Galveston, Texas; Denver, Colorado; San Joaquin Valley, Santa Clara Valley, Saugus Basin, Los Angeles Basin and Bunker Hill-San Timoteo, California; Milford, Utah; Raft River Valley, Idaho; Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana; and Las Vegas, Nevada. In addition, our analysis indicates that such subsidence is more widespread than previously reported occurring in a number of locations within the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal plains and along the Mississippi Valley as well as in many other unconsolidated sedimentary basins from which groundwater has been extracted and for which repeated leveling measurements are available. More than 30 new locations of subsidence possibly due to water withdrawal have been identified. The best documented of these include: Ventura, Ontario and San Pedro-Santa Monica, California; Monroe and Alexandria, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. Subsidence in newly identified locations ranges from several tens of millimeters to a few hundred millimeters over distances of ∼ 10–60 km and times of 2–48 yr. Subsidence may also have occurred in other groundwater basins where water levels have been drawn down, and remained undetected because of a lack of repeated levelings. It is important to be aware of and to continue to monitor such effects because of increasing rates of utilization of groundwater resources and the potential for significant engineering problems due to surface movements. In addition, identifying cases of subsidence due to water withdrawal is essential in order to use effectively releveling observations for investigating tectonic deformation. Along these lines, our analysis suggests that some of the releveling observations used to define a region of tectonic uplift in southern California more likely reflect subsidence due to water-level declines within sedimentary basins around the periphery of the presumed zone of uplift.
Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment

Despite the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, organic producers and veterinarians have limited information when choosing mastitis treatments for animals in organic dairy production. Organic producers commonly administer homeopathic or other plant-based products without having research evaluating the efficacy of these products and using estimated or no withholding times to treat mastitis and other health problems in their herds. In this pilot study, we attempted to identify several active ingredients of Phyto-Mast (Penn Dutch Cow Care, Narvon, PA), a plant-based mastitis treatment used on organic dairy farms, and to quantify the product residue in milk and plasma after intramammary administration. We developed an assay to quantify thymol (one of the active ingredients in Phyto-Mast) in milk and plasma using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol is a volatile aromatic compound with antiinflammatory properties. As a model for dairy cows, 5 healthy, lactating alpine dairy goats were given 5 mL of Phyto-Mast per udder half. For 10 d following treatment, we analyzed blood and milk samples for thymol residues using GC-MS. The GC-MS assay was very sensitive for thymol detection, to a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL in plasma. Using thymol as a marker, Phyto-Mast was detectable and quantifiable in plasma beginning with the 15-min posttreatment sample, but was no longer detectable in the 4-h posttreatment sample. Thymol residues were only detected in the 12-h posttreatment milk sample. An inflammatory response was not evident in the udder following phytoceutical administration. Although this study provides information about the elimination of thymol, the product contains several other active chemicals, which may have different pharmacokinetic behaviors. Further analysis and additional study animals will help to determine a milk withholding time for Phyto-Mast. Given the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, understanding the pharmacokinetics of therapeutics used in organic production and developing accurate withholding recommendations will help to ensure milk safety.
Universal properties of the ultracold Fermi gas

We present some general considerations on the properties of a two-component ultracold Fermi gas along the BEC-BCS crossover. It is shown that the interaction energy and the free energy can be written in terms of a single dimensionless function $h(\ensuremath{\xi},\ensuremath{\tau})$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}=\ensuremath{-}{({k}_{F}{a}_{s})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}=T∕{T}_{F}$. The function $h(\ensuremath{\xi},\ensuremath{\tau})$ incorporates all the many-body physics and naturally occurs in other physical quantities as well. In particular, we show that the average rf-spectroscopy shift $\overline{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\omega}}(\ensuremath{\xi},\ensuremath{\tau})$ and the molecular fraction ${f}_{c}(\ensuremath{\xi},\ensuremath{\tau})$ in the closed channel can be expressed in terms of $h(\ensuremath{\xi},\ensuremath{\tau})$ and thus have identical temperature dependence. The conclusions should have testable consequences in future experiments.