cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel Escherichia coli lipoprotein expression vector.

Abstract A novel Escherichia coli (Ec) lipoprotein expression plasmid, pSJLP, was constructed. The plasmid contains a truncated alkaline phosphatase gene (phoA) located downstream from the Lac repressor gene lacIq and the IPTG inducible ptac promoter. The phoA gene was truncated by deleting the native phoA signal sequence and fusing the truncated phoA gene to the lipoprotein signal sequence of the major Ec lipoprotein LPP. The recombinant LPP::PhoA fusion protein is produced and processed as a lipoprotein and can therefore be used as substrate for a novel signal peptidase II assay.
A new binary compound for the production of 124I via the 124Te(p,n)124I reaction.

Abstract The binary compound, aluminum telluride (Al 2 Te 3 ), was investigated as a target material for the production of 124 I by way of the 124 Te(p,n) 124 I reaction on a low-energy cyclotron. The high melting point and formation of a glassy matrix upon heating provided a stable target material at irradiations up to 20 μA of 11 MeV protons. The 87% tellurium mass fraction and 95% iodine separation yield led to significantly higher quantities of iodine compared to traditional TeO 2 /6%Al 2 O 3 admixtures. Radiochemical analysis of distilled samples using ion chromatography showed that the product remained in the iodide form while supported in weak buffer solutions. Stable Te impurities in the radioiodine product were less than 0.5 μg following purification by ion exchange chromatography. Average thick target yields of 229±18 μCi/μA h were achieved, and typical production runs at 18 μA for three hours yielded 12 mCi at the end-of-bombardment. Total losses of the target material after each irradiation and distillation cycle were approximately 2%.
Overview of EO polymers for guided-wave devices

Advances in electro-optical polymer research for guided wave devices have taken place at a rapid rate. Presented here is an overview of this progress. Included is a comparison of material types and fabrication techniques. Also described are device design issues including poling, electrodes, and cladding layers. Future directions and applications will also be discussed.
Reward Expectancies and Other Work-Related Attitudes in Public and Private Organizations: a Review and Extension:

In recent years numerous studies have compared such work-related attitudes of employees of public and private organizations as work satisfaction, organizational commitment, and perceived relations between performance and rewards ("reward expectancies"). These comparisons are rele vant to various theoretical and institutional design issues, including civil service reform. This paper reviews these studies and discusses problems in methodology and in the aggregation of findings in this area of research. It then reports a comparison of "extrinsic expectancies" — perceived rela tions of pay and promotion to performance — on the part of public and private employees in two states. The results replicate a previous study which found weaker extrinsic reward expectancies on the part of public employees. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for theory and for administrative reform.
Sound speed requirements for optimal imaging of seismic oceanography data

[1] Low-frequency acoustic imaging of internal oceanic structure (“seismic oceanography”) is providing unprecedented views of thermohaline finestructure with the potential to provide quantitative information on such processes as internal waves, eddy dynamics, and turbulent dissipation. Producing seismic images clear enough to confidently extract such information requires accurate sound-speed models. Because sound-speed modeling is time-intensive, and oceanic sound speed relatively simple compared to the solid earth, simplistic assumptions of ocean sound speeds have some appeal in seismic processing of ocean reflections. Here, we consider the effect on seismic images of four sound-speed models: (1) a uniform sound speed of 1500 m/s, (2) regional data from an archived database, (3) temperature profiles collected concurrently with the seismic data, and (4) standard user-selected profiles. Our results show the inadequacy of simple “shortcut” models (1 and 2) and indicate the necessity of rigorous, locally derived sound-speed models (3 and 4).
Abductor paralysis after botox injection for adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections into the thyroarytenoid muscles are the current standard of care for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD). Reported adverse effects include a period of breathiness, throat pain, and difficulty with swallowing liquids. Here we report multiple cases of bilateral abductor paralysis following Botox injections for ADSD, a complication previously unreported. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Patients that received Botox injections for spasmodic dysphonia between January 2000 and October 2009 were evaluated. Patients with ADSD were identified. The number of treatments received and adverse effects were noted. For patients with bilateral abductor paralysis, age, sex, paralytic Botox dose, prior Botox dose, and course following paralysis were noted. Results: From a database of 452 patients receiving Botox, 352 patients had been diagnosed with ADSD. Of these 352 patients, eight patients suffered bilateral abductor paralysis, and two suffered this complication twice. All affected patients were females over the age of 50 years. Most patients had received treatments prior to abductor paralysis and continued receiving after paralysis. Seven patients recovered after a brief period of activity restrictions, and one underwent a tracheotomy. The incidence of abductor paralysis after Botox injection for ADSD was 0.34%. Conclusions: Bilateral abductor paralysis is a rare complication of Botox injections for ADSD, causing difficulty with breathing upon exertion. The likely mechanism of paralysis is diffusion of Botox around the muscular process of the arytenoid to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. The paralysis is temporary, and watchful waiting with restriction of activity is the recommended management. Laryngoscope, 2010
Management of inflammation in the cornea and conjunctiva.

Abstract The ability of the cornea to react to inflammatory stimuli is limited, and in most instances the polymorphonuclear leukocyte is primarily responsible for corneal damage. Of currently available drugs, corticosteroids are the most effective for the non-specific control of these inflammatory cells. Principles for obtaining maximal therapeutic effect from minimal amounts of the drug are presented. The use of corticosteroids in the treatment of a keratitis caused by various types of replicating microbial agents is discussed. The response to therapy of inflammatory processes in the , conjunctiva seemingly differs from the response in the cornea. Suggestions are offered for corticosteroid use in conjunctivitis.
Parabens, oestrogenicity, underarm cosmetics and breast cancer: a perspective on a hypothesis

A recent review by Darbre (2003) published in this journal (J. Appi. Toxicol. 23: 89-95) has attracted public and scientific interest that requires perspective, particularly on the use of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) as preservatives in underarm cosmetics. Although parabens are generally regarded as safe, recent reports suggest that they are oestrogenic in a variety of in vitro (including MCF7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell lines) and in vivo tests for oestrogenicity (uterotrophic assays in both rat and mouse). There are also recent reports of adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes in rodent toxicity studies. Of interest is the lack of activity by the oral route but clear activity by the subcutaneous and topical routes, which is of some relevance to the use of underarm cosmetics. There would seem to be a case now to supplement these emerging toxicity data with longer term regulatory standard tests examining other oestrogenic endpoints and at least to consider these findings in more up-to-date risk assessments specific for cosmetic use. Further, there are few data on the use of underarm cosmetics and the risk of breast cancer, and although one recent retrospective interview-based study found no association there is a need for more thorough investigation taking into account the type of chemicals used. Darbre has forwarded a hypothesis and called for further work to establish whether or not the use of underarm cosmetics (particularly containing oestrogenic formulants) contributes to the rising incidence of breast cancer. It would seem prudent to conduct this work because the current database is sparse and the effects of long-term low-level exposures to weakly oestrogenic chemicals on human health, particularly their application to the underarm and the risks of breast cancer, are unknown. The role of oestrogens in breast cancer, however, is undisputed.
Toward photostable multiplex analyte detection on a single mode planar optical waveguide

We have developed a waveguide-based optical biosensor for the sensitive and specific detection of biomarkers associated with disease. Our technology combines the superior optical properties of single-mode planar waveguides, the robust nature of functionalized self-assembled monolayer sensing films and the specificity of fluorescence sandwich immunoassays to detect biomarkers in complex biological samples such as serum, urine and sputum. We have previously reported the adaptation of our technology to the detection of biomarkers associated with breast cancer and anthrax. However, these approaches primarily used phospholipid bilayers as the functional film and organic dyes (ex: AlexaFluors) as the fluorescence reporter. Organic dyes are easily photodegraded and are not amenable to multiplexing because of their narrow Stokes' shift. Here we have developed strategies for conjugation of the detector antibodies with quantum dots for use in a multiplex detection platform. We have previously evaluated dihydroxylipoic acid quantum dots for the detection of a breast cancer biomarker. In this manuscript, we investigate the detection of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen using antibodies conjugated with polymer-coated quantum dots. Kinetics of binding on the waveguide-based biosensor is reported. We compare the sensitivity of quantum dot labeled antibodies to those labeled with AlexaFluor and demonstrate the photostability of the former in our assay platform. In addition, we compare sulfydryl labeling of the antibody in the hinge region to that of nonspecific amine labeling. This is but the first step in developing a multiplex assay for such biomarkers on our waveguide platform.
An electrically pumped germanium laser

Electrically pumped lasing from Germanium-on-Silicon pnn heterojunction diode structures is demonstrated. Room temperature multimode laser with 1mW output power is measured. Phosphorous doping in Germanium at a concentration over 4x1019cm-3 is achieved. A Germanium gain spectrum of nearly 200nm is observed.
Computerized Physician Order Entry With Decision Support Decreases Blood Transfusions in Children

OBJECTIVE Timely provision of evidence-based recommendations through computerized physician order entry with clinical decision support may improve use of red blood cell transfusions (RBCTs). METHODS We performed a cohort study with historical controls including inpatients admitted between February 1, 2008, and January 31, 2010. A clinical decision-support alert for RBCTs was constructed by using current evidence. RBCT orders resulted in assessment of the patient's medical record with prescriber notification if parameters were not within recommended ranges. Primary end points included the average pretransfusion hemoglobin level and the rate of RBCTs per patient-day. RESULTS In total, 3293 control discharges and 3492 study discharges were evaluated. The mean (SD) control pretransfusion hemoglobin level in the PICU was 9.83 (2.63) g/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.65-10.01) compared with the study value of 8.75 (2.05) g/dL (95% CI: 8.59-8.90) (P < .0001). The wards' control value was 7.56 (0.93) g/dL (95% CI: 7.47-7.65), the study value was 7.14 (1.01) g/dL (95% CI: 6.99-7.28) (P < .0001). The control PICU rate of RBCTs per patient-day was 0.20 (0.11) (95% CI: 0.13-0.27), the study rate was 0.14 (0.04) (95% CI: 0.11-0.17) (P = .12). The PICU's control rate was 0.033 (0.01) (95% CI: 0.02-0.04), and the study rate was 0.017 (0.007) (95% CI: 0.01-0.02) (P < .0001). There was no difference in mortality rates across all cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of clinical decision-support alerts was associated with a decrease in RBCTs, which suggests improved adoption of evidence-based recommendations. This strategy might be widely applied to promote timely adoption of scientific evidence.
Meningitis associated with tuberculous arthritis of the knee

This case report describes two uncommon manifestations of tuberculosis, meningitis and arthritis, occurring in a patient without pulmonary disease. Difficulties in diagnosis and results of treatment are discussed.
Microsequential injection: anion separations using ‘Lab-on-Valve’ coupled with capillary electrophoresis

Microsequential injection (μSI) has been successfully coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Presented is the μSI-CE system, interfaced with an integrated Lab-on-Valve (LOV) manifold that provides an efficient sample delivery conduit and a versatile means of sample pretreatment along with total automation of the separation process. Programmable μSI protocols control all critical system peripherals to perform various types of CE sample injections automatically such as electrokinetic (EK) injection, hydrodynamic (HD) injection, and head column field amplification (HCFA) sample stacking injection. Novel features of the μSI-CE technique are demonstrated on assays of samples containing 10 anions that had been used previously as a model system. Calibration studies by EK sample injection yielded linear concentration ranges of 0.5–3.0 mM with linear regression responses of r2 = 0.9999 for both chloride and sulfate using conductivity corrected peak area (CCPA) as concentration responses. Calibration using an internal standard was studied at the same concentration range giving r2 = 0.9992 for both chloride and sulfate and r2 = 0.9997 for both when CCPA correction was deployed. With HCFA sample stacking injection, a linear concentration dynamic range of 0.034–3.419 mM for chloride and 0.014–1.408 mM for sulfate were produced with linear regression responses of r2 = 0.9999 for chloride and r2 = 0.9998 for sulfate.
Aggressive Grants by Affirm-Minded Justices

Given that the Supreme Court usually reverses the decision of the court below, why would justices who agree with that decision vote to hear the case? In other words, why would affirmminded justices...
Effects of anions on the binding of the cAMP receptor protein to the lactose promoter.

The DNA binding affinities of several gene-regulatory proteins, restriction endonucleases and the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase have previously been found to be dependent on the nature of the dominant buffer anion. To discover whether the E. coli cAMP receptor protein (CAP) exhibits a similar dependency, we measured its affinity for its primary lactose promoter binding site (lac site 1) in buffers in which the principal anion was chloride, phosphate, sulfate, acetate, or glutamate. We found that the affinity of CAP for lac site 1 is affected only slightly by changes in the dominant buffer anion. The binding of cAMP is similarly insentive to buffer anion type, indicating that specific protein—anion interactions, if they occur, must be similar for the free and cAMP-bound forms of the protein. The effect of anion substitution on the ability of acrylamide to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophanyl residuces of CAP is also small, suggesting that changes in buffer anion composition have minimal effect on the conformation of tryptophan-proximal regions of CAP. This conclusion is extended by the finding that anion substitution has a relatively small effect on the urea-concentration dependence of CAP denaturation. Taken together, these results support the notion that neither CAP nor CAP · cAMP nor the CAP · cAMP complex with lac promoter DNA interact selectively with anions present in the surrounding buffer. A possible role for this anion-insensitivity in the in vivo function of CAP is suggested.
PZT piezoelectric films on glass for Gen-X imaging

The proposed adaptive optics system for the Gen-X telescope uses piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films deposited on flexible glass substrates. The low softening transition of the glass substrates imposes several processing challenges that require the development of new approaches to deposit high quality PZT thin films. Synthesis and optimization of chemical solution deposited 1 μm thick films of PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 on small area (1 in 2 ) and large area (16 in 2 ) Pt/Ti/glass substrates has been performed. In order to avoid warping of the glass at temperatures typically used to crystallize PZT films (~700°C), a lower temperature, two-step crystallization process was employed. An ~80 nm thick seed layer of PbZr 0.30 Ti 0.70 O 3 was deposited to promote the growth of the perovskite phase. After the deposition of the seed layer, the films were annealed in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace at 550°C for 3 minutes to nucleate the perovskite phase. This was followed by isothermal annealing at 550°C for 1 hour to complete crystallization. For the subsequent PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 layers, the same RTA protocol was performed, with the isothermal crystallization implemented following the deposition of three PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 spin-coated layers. Over the frequency range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz, films exhibit relative permittivity values near 800 with loss tangents below 0.07. Hysteresis loops show low levels of imprint with coercive fields of 40-50 kV/cm in the forward direction and 50-70 kV/cm in the reverse direction. The remanent polarization varied from 25-35 μC/cm 2 and e 31,f values were approximately -5.0 C/m 2 . In scaling up the growth procedure to large area films, where warping becomes more pronounced due to the increased size of the substrate, the pyrolysis and crystallization conditions were performed in a box furnace to improve the temperature uniformity. By depositing films on both sides of the glass substrate, the tensile stresses are balanced, providing a sufficiently flat surface to continue PZT deposition. The properties of the large area film are comparable to those obtained on small substrates. While sol-gel processing is a viable approach to the deposition of high quality PZT thin films on glass substrates, preliminary results using RF magnetron sputter deposition demonstrate comparable properties with a significantly simpler process that offers a superior route for large scale production.
Increased use of pneumococcal vaccination in a medicine clinic following initiation of a quality assessment monitor.

OBJECTIVES To determine the use of pneumococcal vaccination in a general medicine ambulatory clinic and the effect of a quality assessment monitor on use. DESIGN A prospective 8-month (October 1990 through May 1991) survey and 8-month (October 1989 through May 1990) retrospective survey of use of pneumococcal vaccination in the clinic. SETTING A general medicine clinic where patients are seen for their first internal medicine clinic visit at The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa. PATIENTS One thousand sixty adult patients who presented to the clinic during the study interval. INTERVENTIONS The use of the form constituted an intervention. RESULTS Use of pneumococcal vaccination was increased more than 5 times over the baseline level following implementation of the quality assessment monitor. CONCLUSIONS Underuse of pneumococcal vaccination occurred in this general medicine clinic, and the introduction of a quality assessment monitor constituted an intervention that significantly increased the use of pneumococcal vaccination.
Clinical and Diagnostic Implications of Lifetime Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comorbidity in Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Data from the First 1000 STEP-BD Participants

Background Systematic studies of children and adolescents with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder show that rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) range from 60% to 90%, but the prevalence and implications of ADHD in adults with bipolar disorder are less clear. Methods The first consecutive 1000 adults with bipolar disorder enrolled in the National Institute of Mental Health's Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) were assessed for lifetime ADHD. The retrospective course of bipolar disorder, current mood state, and prevalence of other comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were compared for the groups with and without lifetime comorbid ADHD. Results The overall lifetime prevalence of comorbid ADHD in this large cohort of bipolar patients was 9.5% (95% confidence interval 7.6%–11.4%); 14.7% of male patients and 5.8% of female patients with bipolar disorder had lifetime ADHD. Patients with bipolar disorder and ADHD had the onset of their mood disorder approximately 5 years earlier. After adjusting for age of onset, those with ADHD comorbidity had shorter periods of wellness and were more frequently depressed. We found that patients with bipolar disorder comorbid with ADHD had a greater number of other comorbid psychiatric diagnoses compared with those without comorbid ADHD, with substantially higher rates of several anxiety disorders and alcohol and substance abuse and dependence. Conclusions Lifetime ADHD is a frequent comorbid condition in adults with bipolar disorder, associated with a worse course of bipolar disorder and greater burden of other psychiatric comorbid conditions. Studies are needed that focus on the efficacy and safety of treating ADHD comorbid with bipolar disorder.
Jesus and the Ethical Problem of Man

THROUGH the changing periods of her existence Israel constantly steered her course by obediently relating herself to the living and sovereign God, the creator of the world and the maker of a covenant with Israel, his people. In her long history the prophets made Israel most acutely and vividly aware of the ethical character of the covenant binding Yahweh and Israel together and clearly articulated that, if Israel were to survive the forceful thrusts of hostile nations, she must become a community as righteous, as holy, and as merciful as God is. The destruction of Israel's political life forced the survivors of that disaster to answer the desperate questions regarding Israel's acceptability before God who alone could grant them ultimate salvation. The ensuing years reveal the sincere concern and sometimes frantic efforts to bring the Jewish people individually and collectively up to a standard that would remove them from a position of jeopardy before the righteous and holy God. In this attempt to solve the dilemma of Israel's fate there was not one answer but a great variety. The Pharisees demanded individual ethical perfection achieved by keeping the laws and their implications understood by expert exegesis of the laws themselves. The Sadducees were nationalists who wished to return to the problem in its original form and were, therefore, uninterested in the ethical implications of the covenant-bond, but cared only for the political fate of the nation. To bring the nation up to standard they were willing to perpetrate extremes in crime, to be corrupted by a program of Hellenization and to strive in all political machinations to advance their nation to a position of eminence among the cultured nations of the civilized world. The
Problems Found in the California State Land Settlements at Durham and Delhi

California in 1917 initiated a settlement program which may be regarded as one of the more important attempts of the present century. The legislature that year established a State Land Settlement Board and provided funds for a demonstration settlement. The Board was given very broad powers and its chairman served as active administrator of the program. With the aid of supplementary appropriations the Board built two settlements, one at Durham and one at Delhi. Many others were planned but were never started.
Breaking the Waves in Science Studies: Comment on H.M. Collins and Robert Evans, `The Third Wave of Science Studies'

The human mind finds threesomes reassuring. Perhaps it has to do with the lateral symmetry of our bodies: right, left, and center. Three, at any rate, is a favorite structuring principle in art and argument. Triptych and trilogy. Thesis, antithesis, synthesis. Wide pendulum swings modulating to a restful mid-point. To Harry Collins' credit, his threesomes have not always aimed for the comfort of the happy middle. In 1981, when he announced the three-stage 'empirical programme of relativism' (EPOR), Collins (1981) charted an ambitious research program for the then young field of science studies. The two initial stages were indeed formulated as thesis and antithesis: first, display the interpretive flexibility of experimental claims; then, show how interpretation solidifies and loses ambiguity, despite possibilities for endless debate. The program's third stage, however, was a call for expanding rather than limiting the analyst's field of vision, by relating the production of scientific knowledge to its wider social and political contexts. Among other things, this invitation to science studies scholars to step outside the self-appointed boundaries of science and technology opened the door to productive conversations between the sociology of scientific knowledge and neighboring social science fields, such as history, anthropology, and political science. In this 60-page discussion paper, written more than two decades later, Collins and his co-author Robert Evans (hereafter C&E) try once again to fit science studies within a three-fold schema (Collins & Evans, 2002). The 'stages' now have become 'waves', but the authors' object, as in Collins' earlier programmatic piece, is to position existing work within the first two waves and set the stage for a third one. Unlike the third stage of EPO,
A negative effect of β-glucosylation on T4 growth in certain RNA polymerase mutants of Escherichia coli: Genetic evidence implicating pyrimidine-rich sequences of DNA in transcription☆

Abstract In a previous publication, an RNA polymerase mutant of Escherichia coli was described which poorly supports the growth of the bacteriophage T4. Mutants of T4 have been isolated which grow better than wild-type T4 on the RNA polymerase mutant. These are missing the function β-glucosyl transferase and can grow better because the incoming parental DNA is partially unglucosylated. Only the β-, not the α-, glucosyl transferase is involved, suggesting a special role for at least some of the hydroxymethyl cytosines normally glucosylated with a β linkage. This phenomenon is independent of restriction. Only the state of glucosylation of the parental, not of the progeny, DNA matters for this phenomenon, suggesting that part of the parental DNA may play a special transcriptional role throughout phage infection. An argument is presented that these experiments are consistent with the idea that pyrimidine-rich sequences are in vivo recognition sites for RNA polymerase.
Autotuned parallel I/O for highly scalable biosequence analysis

In recent years, the rate of genomics sequence generation increased dramatically due to significant advances in the sequencing technology. The genomics data is accumulating at an exponential rate in various databases all around the world and rapid analysis techniques will enhance the knowledge discovery in the fields of medicine and biotechnology. Analysis of such growing sequence databases demands tremendous computational power that can only be provided by massively parallel computers. Improving the performance and scalability of bioinformatics tools thus becomes a critical step in the quest to transform ever-growing raw genomics data into biological knowledge. In this paper we describe an efficient parallel implementation of a profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs) code used for protein domain identification, along with auto-tuned parallel I/O optimization. Experimental results show linear speedup with increasing numbers of computing cores on a supercomputer, allowing the domain identification of millions of proteins in few minutes using hundreds of thousands computing cores.
What do idioms really mean

The “dead” metaphor view of idiomaticity suggests that idioms were once metaphoric but have lost their metaphoricity over time and now are equivalent to simple literal phrases such that blow your stack = “to get very angry,” crack the whip = “to exert authority,” and spill the beans = “to reveal a secret.” The purpose of the present studies was to demonstrate that idioms are not dead metaphors but have more complex meanings that are motivated by conceptual metaphors linking idiom phrases with their figurative interpretations. Six experiments are reported that examine the difference between idioms and their literal paraphrases. A first study examined people's intuitions about different knowledge domains to illustrate that the meanings of idioms are consistent with the source-to-target domain mappings of the conceptual metaphors that motivate these phrases' figurative meanings. The data from Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that people view idioms as having more complex meanings than do their roughly, equivalent literal paraphrases. Experiments 4 through 6 show that idioms are most appropriate to use and easiest to comprehend when they are encountered in discourse situations that are consistent with the entailments of the conceptual metaphors that motivate these phrases' idiomatic meanings. The findings from these studies suggest that idioms are not dead metaphors with simple figurative interpretations. Instead, idioms have complex meanings that are motivated by independently existing conceptual metaphors that are partly constitutive of everyday thought.
The Emergence of Cooperation among Egoists

This article investigates the conditions under which cooperation will emerge in a world of egoists without central authority. This problem plays an important role in such diverse fields as political philosophy, international politics, and economic and social exchange. The problem is formalized as an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with pairwise interaction among a population of individuals.Results from three approaches are reported: the tournament approach, the ecological approach, and the evolutionary approach. The evolutionary approach is the most general since all possible strategies can be taken into account. A series of theorems is presented which show: (1) the conditions under which no strategy can do any better than the population average if the others are using the reciprocal cooperation strategy of TIT FOR TAT, (2) the necessary and sufficient conditions for a strategy to be collectively stable, and (3) how cooperation can emerge from a small cluster of discriminating individuals even when everyone else is using a strategy of unconditional defection.
Orthodontic appliance preferences of children and adolescents.

Introduction Although attractiveness and acceptability of orthodontic appliances have been rated by adults for themselves and for adolescents, children and adolescents have not provided any substantial data. The objective of this study was to evaluate preferences and acceptability of orthodontic appliances in children and adolescents. Methods Images of orthodontic appliances previously captured and standardized were selected and incorporated into a computer-based survey. Additional images of shaped brackets and colored elastomeric ties, as well as discolored clear elastomeric ties, were captured and incorporated onto existing survey images with Photoshop (Adobe, San Jose, Calif). The survey displayed 12 orthodontic appliance variations to 139 children in 3 age groups: 9 to 11 years (n = 45), 12 to 14 years (n = 49), and 15 to 17 years (n = 45). The subjects rated each image for attractiveness and acceptability. All images were displayed and rated twice to assess rater reliability. Results Overall reliability ratings were r = 0.74 for attractiveness and k = 0.66 for acceptability. There were significant differences in bracket attractiveness and acceptability in each age group. The highest-rated appliances were clear aligners, twin brackets with colored ties, and shaped brackets with and without colored ties. Colored elastomeric ties improved attractiveness significantly over brackets without colored ties for children in the 12-to-14 year group. There was a tendency for older subjects to rate clear orthodontic appliances higher than did younger subjects. Ceramic brackets with discolored ties tended to be rated lower than ceramic brackets with new ties and scored lowest in acceptability and attractiveness in all age groups. Girls rated shaped brackets significantly higher than did boys. Conclusions Children’s preferences for orthodontic appliances differ by age and sex. Child and adolescent preferences differ from adult preferences.
Unusual clonal evolution in a case of chronic myelogenous leukemia

Several unusual cytogenetic changes have occurred during the evolution of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 32-year-old white male with this disease for 8 years. The first appearance of a hypodiploid
2 ESTROGEN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CONADAL DYSCENESIS

Commonly, estrogen therapy in patients with XO gonadal dysgenesis has been deferred until 15 yrs or later; it has been inferred that treatment with estrogen at an earlier age leads to rapid skeletal maturation and a lower adult height. In order to examine this hypothesis, we studied the effect of “low dose” early conjugated estrogen therapy on peak height velocity, bone age, and height. Seventeen patients (Group I), 11 with a 45,X karyotype and 6 with X chromosome mosaicism were given 0.3mg of conjugated estrogens daily starting at a mean age of 13.4 yrs. In comparison, 5 patients (Group II) were treated with 1.25mg of conjugated estrogens at a mean age of 15.5 yrs. In addition, growth was studied in 3 patients (Group III) with karyotypic evidence of a 45,X cell line, short stature and normal gonadal function at puberty. The mean height velocity in Group I prior to therapy was 2.7cm/yr and post-initial estrogen therapy was 5.2 cm/yr (p=.0002); the corresponding velocities for Group II were 2.4 and 4.4 cm/yr, respectively (p>0.5). The mean last measured height in Group I was 141.6 cm (135.4-145.8). The final height in Group II was 143.3 cm (136.9-150), and in Group III 135.8 cm (133.5-139). There was no significant difference between these 3 groups (p>0.1). These data suggest that low dose early estrogen therapy promotes secondary sexual development and stimulates a growth spurt without inordinate skeletal maturation or a reduction in final height. Thus, we recommend “low dose” estrogen treatment of patients with gonadal dysgenesis early in adolescence as it mitigates the undesirable psychologic effects of a prolonged delay in sexual maturation.
Integrated multidisciplinary design optimization of rotorcraft

The NASA/Army research plan for developing the logic elements for helicopter rotor design optimization by integrating appropriate disciplines and accounting for important interactions among the disciplines is discussed. The optimization formulation is described in terms of the objective function, design variables, and constraints. The analysis aspects are discussed, and an initial effort at defining the interdisciplinary coupling is summarized. Results are presented on the achievements made in the rotor dynamic optimization for vibration reduction, rotor structural optimization for minimum weight, and integrated aerodynamic load/dynamics optimization for minimum vibration and weight.
Quantifying randomness of clinician mobility and interaction in emergency department using entropy

Entropy is a fundamental measure of randomness in a time series of data. In this paper, we use entropy to quantify the randomness of events in the workflow in an emergency department (ED). We collect data using Radio Identification (RID) sensor system and compute the entropy of mobility and interaction events generated from behaviors of each tagged clinician. The result shows that the event data bears low entropy values and thus contains underlying regular patterns of interaction and mobility of clinicians.
The Relationship Between Time in Integrated Environments and Developmental Gains in Young Children with Special Needs

This article describes an investigation between time spent in integrated school settings and developmental gains. Subjects were 135 children with special needs, 58 of whom had Down Syndrome. Subjects resided in 14 locations across the United States, and all were enrolled in outreach sites of the Model Preschool Program for Children with Down Syndrome and Other Developmental Delays. Subjects were assigned to one of three levels of time (minutes) in mainstreamed environments. There were no significant differences between the three groups in rate of gains in any of the six domains. When data were analyzed for Down syndrome subjects only, a single significant difference was found in the domain of expressive language, favoring children in sites with no integration. The results suggest the variable of time in integrated settings lacks the power to substantially impact developmental outcome.
Drug provocation tests in children: Indications and interpretation

Drug provocation tests in children are always a problematic task. In the present article the most important aspects of this technique are reviewed, including the differences between children and adults; the main mechanisms involved in drug reaction; how to perform the different tests; and when they are indicated.
Single-dose live-attenuated Nipah virus vaccines confer complete protection by eliciting antibodies directed against surface glycoproteins

Background Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic pathogen causing severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans, emerged in Malaysia in 1998 with subsequent outbreaks on an almost annual basis since 2001 in parts of the Indian subcontinent. The high case fatality rate, human-to-human transmission, wide-ranging reservoir distribution and lack of licensed intervention options are making NiV a serious regional and potential global public health problem. The objective of this study was to develop a fast-acting, single-dose NiV vaccine that could be implemented in a ring vaccination approach during outbreaks.
Ecological Modernization or Aristocratic Conservation? Exploring the Impact of Affluence on Carbon Emissions at the Local Level

Social scientists have debated how affluence impacts carbon emissions at the national level. We conduct an exploratory study at the subnational level to expose another dimension of the affluence–emissions debate. Based on the notion of aristocratic conservation, we hypothesize that affluence is positively related to carbon emissions from consumption activities but negatively related to emissions from production activities. We test these hypotheses using county-level data in the United States for the year 2002. A spatial regression analysis demonstrates that median household income is positively associated with consumption-based emissions; nevertheless, we find evidence of an environmental inequality Kuznets curve in the relationship between median household income and production-based emissions. This finding suggests that the wealthiest counties are able to displace certain types of emissions, specifically those related to energy and industrial production. We discuss the theoretical and political implicat...
Student case groups: electronic groups versus face‐to‐face groups

Examines the effectiveness of teaching business cases using collaborative groups of students. A quasi‐experiment was conducted in which a class of students was randomly placed in face‐to‐face groups and given a case with questions to answer collectively. Then for a different case, these same students were randomly assigned to electronic case groups. The electronic groups conducted all their group interactions with their fellow group members in universities in the USA, Canada and Mexico via e‐mail over the Internet. The groups rated both their group experiences, face‐to‐face and electronic. Also each student completed the Myers Briggs personality typing instrument. The four dimensions of personality type were then correlated with the case ratings; and significance tests across the two subgroups, electronic and face‐to‐face, were assessed. While there were few significant differences across the electronic and face‐to‐face groups, the extroverts found the electronic groups to be a novel experience. This may be explained by the technical frustrations encountered by the students and the lack of richness of the electronic group exchange.
Foster care placement among children who received inpatient psychiatric care

Abstract This longitudinal study examined the extent, sequence, and correlates of foster care placement among children who received inpatient mental health treatment. The sample comprised 1890 Medicaid-eligible children in a large metropolitan area, between the ages of 6 and 15 years, who experienced their first Medicaid reimbursed inpatient psychiatric episode between 1999 and 2001, and who had no foster care history prior to their first episode. Overall, 26.5% of the sample was placed in foster care within 4 years of the episode, most within 24 months. In adjusted analyses, children who had externalizing disorders, who were older, and who were Latino were more likely to be placed in foster care. The results suggest that inpatient treatment — especially for those with externalizing disorders — is an important marker for future placement in foster care. These children in particular may benefit from integrated mental health and child welfare services and continued follow-up post-discharge. Findings also suggest the importance of comprehensive interventions, including treatment and education for children and families during and after inpatient treatment to reduce the risk of children's placement in out-of-home care.
Estimating the costs of allocation to male and female functions in a monoecious cucurbit, Lagenaria siceraria

Costs of allocation to male versus female functions were determined for the monecious, annual vine Lagenaria siceraria by removing all flower buds of a given gender and using the additional vegetative growth as a measure of the cost of allocation to that gender (following methods of Silvertown 1987). In this cucurbit, we found significant costs associated with male flower production and fruit production, but not with female flower production. These results are not surprising given the strongly male-biased floral ratio (20 male:1 female) and the large gourds of this species. However, our results are in contrast to Silvertown's study of Cucumis sativus which found no cost to male funtion. In addition, our treatments significantly affected floral sex expression, resulting in increased femaleness for treatment plants. This increase is a consequence of increased lateral branch initiation in these plants and the almost exclusive production of female flowers on lateral branches. Fruit production was associated with a shut-down of subsequent flower production. Given that plant architecture leads to pronounced protandry (on average, 17 male flowers bloom before the first female flower) and that male costs are associated with flower production and the bulk of female costs with fruit production, this shutdown effectively separates male and female functions temporally. We agree with Silvertown's conclusion that this form of protandry is an important factor in the maintenance of cosexuality.
ACCOUNTING FOR DROPOUT BIAS USING MIXED-EFFECTS MODELS

Treatment effects are often evaluated by comparing change over time in outcome measures. However, valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic when subjects discontinue (dropout) prior to completing the study. This study assessed the merits of likelihood-based repeated measures analyses (MMRM) compared with fixed-effects analysis of variance where missing values were imputed using the last observation carried forward approach (LOCF) in accounting for dropout bias. Comparisons were made in simulated data and in data from a randomized clinical trial. Subject dropout was introduced in the simulated data to generate ignorable and nonignorable missingness. Estimates of treatment group differences in mean change from baseline to endpoint from MMRM were, on average, markedly closer to the true value than estimates from LOCF in every scenario simulated. Standard errors and confidence intervals from MMRM accurately reflected the uncertainty of the estimates, whereas standard errors and confidence intervals from LOCF underestimated uncertainty.
Rapid stabilization of acrylic fibers using ammonia: Effect on structure and morphology

Acrylic fibers were stabilized, for subsequent carbonization, in oxidizing, inert, ammonia and mixed environments and the stabilized fibers were characterized using several techniques to determine the extent of reactions as well as the morphological changes. Ammonia was shown to accelerate stabilization of acrylic precursors that did not contain other effective initiators, such as acid comonomers. Two effects of ammonia—nucleophilic attack in initiating polymerization of nitrile groups and, possibly, the rapid disruption of lateral order in precursor morphology—combine to produce a significant enhancement in the rate of this intermediate step in the formation of carbon fibers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
WE‐E‐L100J‐07: Breast CT with Energy Resolved Detection

Purpose: To evaluate breast CT with energy resolved detection. Methods and Materials: A new breast CT system with energy resolved x‐ray detector and Scanning Multi‐Slit (SMS) data acquisition was evaluated. The SMS CT provides efficient scatter rejection, and uses linear array of photon counting detectors. A breast CT phantom with 14 cm diameter and 50/50 adipose/glandular composition was used. The phantom included carcinoma, adipose, blood, iodine, and CaCO3 as contrast elements. The x‐ray technique was 90 kVp with 660 mR entrance exposure. Photon counting, charge (energy) integrating, and photon energy weighting CTimages were generated. The CNR improvement with photon energy weighting was calculated. The CTimages with calcium/tissue and iodine/tissue decomposition were generated with dual energy subtraction. The x‐ray spectrum was electronically split into low and high energy parts by photon counting detector to perform dual energy subtraction. Results:CNR of the energy weighting CTimages of carcinoma, blood, iodine, and CaCO3 was higher by 19.3%, 19.9%, 29.7% and 40.4%, respectively, as compared to conventional CT.Photon counting dual energy subtraction provided 61% higher CNR as compared to conventional dual kVp dual energy subtraction. CNR of the photon counting dual energy subtracted CTimages of CaCO3 was increased by 69% when photon energy weighting was applied to CT projections prior subtraction. CNR improvement of SMS CT due to scatter rejection is 32% as compared to cone beam breast CT. Combination of photon energy weighting with scatter rejecting results in 50%‐85% CNR improvement in SMS CT as compared to conventional CT.Conclusion:Photon countingCT has a potential for improved sensitivity due to higher CNR with scatter rejection, quantum limited detection, and photon energy weighting. It has a potential for improved specificity due to single kVp dual energy subtraction that enables calcium/tissue and iodine/tissue decomposition.