cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjugate gradient method in adaptive bilinear filtering

The application of the conjugate gradient (CG) method for the identification of bilinear systems is investigated. An algorithm based on the CG method is developed for adaptive bilinear digital filtering. In this algorithm, the optimization is done over blocks of input and output data rather than a single pair of data. However, only one iteration and coefficient update is done for every sample of data. This, coupled with the fact that the CG method used does not require a line search makes it very efficient in computation. Simulation results show that this algorithm outperforms the LMS and RLS algorithms in terms of speed of convergence. A preconditioning technique is also applied to further accelerate the convergence in some cases. >
Composite media for perpendicular magnetic recording

A composite perpendicular recording media consisting of magnetically hard and soft regions within each grain is proposed. Application of applied field initially causes the magnetization of the soft region to rotate and, thus, change the angle of the effective field applied to the hard region. This important change in the effective field is enabled by an exchange layer that moderates the interaction between the two regions. Energy arguments show that the resulting performance (as measured by the ratio of energy barrier to switching field) is similar to the previously proposed tilted media, while avoiding some of the difficulties. In particular, fabrication of the proposed composite media appears to be significantly easier than that of tilted media.
Toward a dual motive metaeconomic theory

In light of recent findings in neuroscience and experimental economics research, as well as new understandings about Adam Smith and Darwin, the paper seeks a new synthesis in a “metaeconomic” theory that recognizes dual motives. The “meta” suggests the need to go beyond and transcend microeconomic theory while still retaining its main features. New findings suggest it is human nature to not only have the tendency to pursue self-interest but to also condition that pursuit with the sentiments, as Smith suggested. In modern terms, this means to condition the egoistic–hedonistic tendency with the empathetic–altruistic tendency. This also means individuals seek the survival of not only self but also the group, as Darwin understood it. Metaeconomics recognizes the inherent conflict in doing both simultaneously. The economic goal shifts to maximizing peace of mind both within and among individuals rather than maximizing one of the interests. Value emerges on a higher plane.
An Empirical Comparison of the Summarization Power of Graph Clustering Methods.

How do graph clustering techniques compare with respect to their summarization power? How well can they summarize a million-node graph with a few representative structures? Graph clustering or community detection algorithms can summarize a graph in terms of coherent and tightly connected clusters. In this paper, we compare and contrast different techniques: METIS, Louvain, spectral clustering, SlashBurn and KCBC, our proposed k-core-based clustering method. Unlike prior work that focuses on various measures of cluster quality, we use vocabulary structures that often appear in real graphs and the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle to obtain a graph summary per clustering method. Our main contributions are: (i) Formulation: We propose a summarization-based evaluation of clustering methods. Our method, VOG-OVERLAP, concisely summarizes graphs in terms of their important structures which lead to small edge overlap, and large node/edge coverage; (ii) Algorithm: we introduce KCBC, a graph decomposition technique, in the heart of which lies the k-core algorithm (iii) Evaluation: We compare the summarization power of five clustering techniques on large real graphs, and analyze their compression performance, summary statistics and runtimes.
Merritt, J. F. 2010. The Biology of Small Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 313 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-7950-0. $60.00.

J. F. Merritt 2010. The Biology of Small Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 313 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-7950-0. $60.00. In his book The Biology of Small Mammals, Merritt undertakes the formidable task of compiling, summarizing, and synthesizing our knowledge of small mammals, more specifically, the “adaptations that enhance survival in many different environments.” The book is divided into 4 major sections: an Introduction, followed by Part One “Modes of Feeding,” Part Two “Environmental Adaptations,” and Part Three “Reproduction.” At the back of the book there is a glossary that provides definitions and explanations of terms printed in bold typeface in the book, something that many should find very helpful. All photographs are in black and white and of high quality, as are the numerous line drawings throughout the book. Merritt begins his book by addressing the question of what a small mammal is, followed by a brief discussion of some of the advantages and disadvantages of life as a small mammal. Following this introduction is a section entitled “The Protagonists,” a brief discussion of the various mammalian lineages and groups within which mammals occur that have a mass of 5 kg or less. Although the focus of his book clearly is on small mammals, Merritt occasionally brings large mammals into some of his discussions to illustrate particular points. The section on “Modes of Feeding” has as major topics insectivory, herbivory, carnivory, …
The role of a scientific society in physiology education: current and future perspectives.

As a professional society of physiologists involved in research and teaching, the American Physiological Society (APS) is "...devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and the disseminat...
Groves, C., and P. Grubb. 2011. Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 317 pp. ISBN-13 978-1-4214-0093-8 and ISBN-10 1-4214-0093-6, price (hardbound), $100.00.

C. Groves, P. Grubb. 2011. Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 317 pp. ISBN-13 978-1-4214-0093-8 and ISBN-10 1-4214-0093-6, price (hardbound), $100.00. The team of Colin Groves and Peter Grubb (deceased) has published numerous papers on taxonomy together. This book is a collaborative effort to provide an up-to-date taxonomic treatment of the orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. The book consists of detailed descriptions of each species and family of ungulate along with an introductory section detailing the authors' theory on taxonomy of ungulates. The authors have concentrated their discussion of each family to genera and species that occur naturally in the wild. Domesticated species are discussed briefly in the introductory chapter of Theory of Ungulate Taxonomy . For example, they list domestic swine as Sus domesticus , whereas others consider it Sus scrofa domesticus (Mayer and Brisbin 1991). The controversy over nomenclature for domestic “species” is reviewed in Mayer and Brisbin (1991) and Groves and Grubb have not elaborated or contributed to this discussion in this book. Instead they offer (p. 8) that “… the name given to wild populations of species takes precedence over those given to domesticates. Nonetheless, it is often convenient to continue to refer to domestic animals by their own scientific … *Correspondent: roger.applegate{at}tn.gov
The effect of section of the medial collateral ligament on force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament

Ten fresh-frozen knees from cadavera were instrumented with a specially designed transducer that measures the force that the anterior cruciate ligament exerts on its tibial attachment. Specimens were subjected to tibial torque, anterior tibial force, and varus-valgus bending moment at selected angles of flexion of the knee ranging from 0 to 45 degrees. Section of the medial collateral ligament did not change the force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament by applied varus moment. When valgus moment was applied to the knee, force increased dramatically after section of the medial collateral ligament; the increases were greatest at 45 degrees of flexion. Section of the medial collateral ligament had variable effects on the force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament during internal rotation but dramatically increased that generated during external rotation; these increases were greatest at 45 degrees. Section of the medial collateral ligament increased mean total torsional laxity by 13 degrees (at 0 degrees of flexion) to 20 degrees (at 45 degrees of flexion). Application of an anteriorly directed force to the tibia of an intact knee increased the force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament; this increase was maximum near the mid-part of the range of tibial rotation and minimum with external rotation of the tibia. Section of the medial collateral ligament did not change the force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament by straight anterior tibial pull near the mid-part of the range of tibial rotation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies: Implications of Internal Image-Based Vaccines for Infectious Diseases

An idiotype or idiotypic determinant (Id) defines the variable (V) region of the antibody molecule. Originally proposed by Oudin [1] to designate antigenic determinants that are unique to a small set of antibody molecules, Ids have often served as genetic markers for the V region. Initially, antisera were generated against homogeneous immunoglobulins such as myelomas or Bence-Jones proteins and, after appropriate adsorptions, these antisera reacted only with the myeloma protein used as the immunogen and not with other myelomas or conventional antibodies. The first reports of this antigenic individuality [2, 3] were based upon a study of human myeloma proteins, and these studies were extended to report on a series of conventional antibodies in humans and rabbits [1, 4]. In these early studies, the term Id was used to convey a unique antigen present on an immunoglobulin molecule, and this unique specificity was detected by antiidiotypic reagents. However, in numerous instances it has been demonstrated that antibodies to a given antigen may share Id, as determined by the reaction of reagents with an anti-idiotype. "Private" Id are restricted to a single immunoglobulin molecule, whereas "public" or cross-reactive Id are shared by more than one antibody. It is the public or shared Id that are useful as V-region phenotypic markers and most likely represent germ-line gene products. The V region of the antibody contains within its structure the antigen-binding site. The specific region that makes contact with the antigen is referred to as the paratope. A site on the surface of a single antibody molecule that can induce antibody production and is recognized by anti-idiotypic reagents is r ferred to as an idiotope. The idiotypic determinant (Id) is then a collection of different idiotopes. One must remember that the antigen is defined by an antibody as an Id is defined by anti-idiotypic antiserum (anti-Id). It is the complementary nature of the conformation or three-dimensional structure of the antigen to the structure or conformation of the paratope that generates a sufficiently attractive force for antigen-antibody binding to occur. The threedimensional fit between antigen and antibody should also occur between the Id and anti-Id in order for the binding reaction to take place. Thus, there is complementarity between the Id and anti-Id that allows this specific binding to occur. It is of note that the paratope may or may not be the same site as that recognized by the anti-Id. Therefore, an Id can be associated with a defined conformation or region with the V-region that is not involved in the binding site of antigen.
Experimental and computational studies on the [3,3]- and [3,5]-sigmatropic rearrangements of acetoxycyclohexadienones: a non-ionic mechanism for acyl migration.

Flash vacuum pyrolysis studies of substituted 6-acetoxy-2,4-cyclohexadienones (3 and 10) from 300 to 500 °C provide strong experimental evidence that direct [3,5]-sigmatropic rearrangements in these molecules are favored over the more familiar [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements. The preference holds when the results are extrapolated to 0.0% conversion, indicating that this is a concerted process. Pyrolysis of 6,6-diacetoxy-2-methyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone (9) at 350 °C gives a modest yield of the initial [3,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement product, 2,6-diacetoxy-6-methyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone (11). Qualitative arguments and electronic structure theory calculations are in agreement that the lowest energy pathway for each [3,5]-sigmatropic rearrangement is via an allowed, concerted pseudopericyclic transition state. The crystal structures of compounds 3, 9, and 10 prefigure these transition states. The selectivity for the [3,5] products increases with an increasing temperature. This unexpected selectivity is explaine...
High School to College Transition Experiences of Young Adults With Autism

Youth with disabilities are less likely to enroll and complete postsecondary education than their nondisabled peers. Using a qualitative, cross-case design, we investigated the high school to college transition experiences of young adults diagnosed with Asperger syndrome (AS). Data sources included a family questionnaire, review of special education records, and multiple individual interviews (N = 27) with young adults with AS, family members, teachers, and rehabilitation counselors. Social skills, communication, and executive functioning challenges in high school continued into postsecondary education settings. Across cases, five reoccurring themes seemed to influence the transition from high school to postsecondary education: (a) motivation to attend college, (b) high levels of disability awareness, (c) intentional family supports, (d) coordinated transition planning, and (e) clear postschool goals.
Main fields of research and application for information technology in "new countryside"

Based on goals to build "new countryside",the paper studies main fields of information technology to support "new countryside",including agricultural management systems,rural information infrastructure,rural digital community,farmers training and rural affair management.
On decentralized robust weight control for DC power networks

We study robust control policies for DC power networks with flexible line susceptances, or weights, subject to perturbations in supply-demand vector. The margin of robustness for a given control policy is defined as the radius of the largest `1 ball in the space of balanced perturbations under which the link flows can be asymptotically contained within their specified limits. We propose an optimization framework to compute universal upper bound on the margin of robustness for multiplicative perturbations, and a projected gradient descent heuristic for solution. An explicit expression for the sensitivity of link flows with respect to link weights is provided as part of the heuristic, and could be of independent interest. We propose decentralized control policies which are provably maximally robust for parallel networks in several scenarios. Simulation results are also presented to compare the empirical robustness of the proposed control policies with respect to heuristics on a benchmark non-parallel IEEE network.
Content Security and OPSEC

This chapter helps learn how Check Point FireWall-1 can integrate with third-party products. Check Point does Content Security by pushing traffic through built-in Application Layer Gateways. Also known as proxies, these engines allow one to actually scan and modify the data portion of TCP-based traffic. Check Point FireWall-1 has the ability to redirect traffic to a third-party appliance for anti-virus scanning. Check Point also has a product that performs anti-virus scanning inside of the firewall product. Check Point certifies third-party solutions with the Open Platform for Security (OPSEC) Alliance. OPSEC compliant anti-virus scanners use the CVP (Content Vectoring Protocol) to communicate with FireWall-1. There are several interfaces available to OPSEC vendors to communicate with Check Point products. The chapter covers all five proxies available in FireWall-1; each has unique options that allow one to further secure network environments. Further, internal Check Point communication and how certificates are used to secure the security products are also covered.
Physical aging of glassy perfluoropolymers in thin film composite membranes. Part II. Glass transition temperature and the free volume model

Abstract Thin film composite (TFC) membranes for gas separation often comprise a thin selective layer of a glassy polymer, which, however, suffers from physical aging, i.e., gas permeance decreases with time. This study aims to provide a mechanistic understanding of the effect of physical aging on permeance reduction in TFC membranes. The Part I study reports gas permeances in two-layer TFC membranes comprising perfluoropolymers of Teflon® AF or Hyflon® AD with thicknesses of 50–400 nm. In this Part II study, apparent glass transition temperature (Tg) of thin selective layers was determined in situ over time using a nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA). Physical aging decreases gas permeances and increases apparent Tg, and the rate of changes is more significant for thinner selective layers. For example, N2 permeance decreases from 1000 gpu to 550 gpu while apparent Tg increases from 160 °C to 172 °C after aging for 2000 h in a membrane with 100-nm-thick Teflon AF1600. The measured Tg values are used to derive polymer fractional free volume and physical aging rate. A simplified free volume model is used to successfully correlate the gas permeance reduction with Tg increase during physical aging. Polymers with good stability of permeability should have low physical aging rate and high fractional free volume.
Girls Will Be Boys: Cross-Dressed Women, Lesbians, and American Cinema, 1908–1934, by Laura Horak

Laura Horak’s rich, revealing, meticulously researched monograph Girls Will Be Boys: Cross-Dressed Women, Lesbians, and American Cinema, 1908–1934 expands and complicates the existing studies of an...
Idelalisib-induced colitis and skin eruption mimicking graft-versus-host disease

Idelalisib is a selective inhibitor of the delta isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase which was approved by the United States Federal Drug Administration in 2014 for the treatment of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia and indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Drug-induced injury of the gastrointestinal tract is a relatively frequent but usually under-recognized disease entity. We report the case of a 56-year-old male with a history of relapsed follicular lymphoma status post allogenic bone marrow transplant who developed severe diarrhea with a skin eruption mimicking graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) 6 months after starting idelalisib. He underwent a colonoscopy demonstrating a grossly normal-appearing colon and terminal ileum. Biopsies taken during the procedure revealed mild active ileitis, colitis, and proctitis with frequent epithelial apoptosis, and focal intra-epithelial lymphocytosis. Skin biopsies revealed sub-acute spongiotic dermatitis suggestive of either contact dermatitis or an eczematous drug reaction. Symptoms were attributed to idelalisib given their resolution with withdrawal of the drug in conjunction with the skin and colonic biopsies. High clinical suspicion and awareness of the histological features of idelalisib-associated colitis is important to distinguish it from potential mimickers such as GVHD and infectious colitis.
Expressive path shape (swagger): Simple features that illustrate a robot's attitude toward its goal in real time

Expressive motion can situate a robot's attitude in its task motions, illustrating real-time reactions. Inspired by acting movement training, we construct path shape features that layer expression into a mobile robot's motion traversal. Our video-study results show that simple variations of path shape and orientation can influence human perceptions of a robot's task, focus, and confidence. We further find that sequencing path features is a useful way to create expressions that are pinpointed in time without requiring changes in velocity. Our quantitative features represent the Laban Space Effort: using path shape and orientation along the path to communicate the direct or indirect attitude of the robot toward its target destination (acting vocabulary italicized). These features illustrate expressive or stylistic aspects of the robot's inner state, filling a gap in the pre-existing literature that has mostly focused on task legibility. Our future work will evaluate temporal and spatial robot motion features in explicit interaction contexts.
Factors affecting the long–term cost of global fossil fuel CO2 emissions reductions

This paper explores the sensitivity of economic measures of the cost of reducing global fossil fuel carbon emissions to a variety of conditions which characterize the evolution of future global energy systems. Two factors, the rate of labour productivity growth and the rate of exogenous end–use energy intensity improvement, create the greatest divergence in the observed tax rate necessary to achieve a given emission level in either 2025 or 2050. When these two factors were coupled, however, cost sensitivity declined appreciably. Other, non–greenhouse, environmental, health, and safety concerns, add to energy production costs, and have a major impact on the cost of emissions reductions. Changes in the composition of economic activities in developing countries, the size of the inexpensive fossil fuel resource base, and the price responsiveness of energy users were also important determinants of cost. Surprisingly absent from the list of important factors influencing the sensitivity of the costs of stabilizing future global carbon emissions is population growth. The cost burden of emissions reductions was generally below five per cent of GNP per year in all sensitivities explored, and significantly less in most cases. Nevertheless, the burden tended to increase with time. Variations in costs of fossil fuel CO2 emissions as great as those found in the literature can be obtained by varying input assumptions.
Mobilization Studies in Mice Deficient in Sphingosine Kinase 2 Support a Crucial Role of the Plasma Level of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in the Egress of Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cells

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid involved in cell signaling and, if released from cells, also plays a crucial role in regulating the trafficking of lympho-hematopoietic cells, including primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). It has been demonstrated that S1P chemoattracts HSPCs, and its level in peripheral blood creates a gradient directing egress of these cells during mobilization. In this paper we analyzed hematopoiesis in mice deficient in sphingosine kinase 2 (Sphk2-KO mice) and studied the effect of this mutation on plasma S1P levels. We found that Sphk2-KO mice have normal hematopoiesis, and, in contrast to Sphk1-KO mice, the circulating S1P level is highly elevated in these animals and correlates with the fact that HSPCs in Sphk2-KO animals, also in contrast to Sphk1-KO animals, show enhanced mobilization. These results were recapitulated in wild type (WT) animals employing an Sphk2 inhibitor. We also administered an inhibitor of the S1P-degrading enzyme S1P lyase, known as tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI), to WT mice and observed that this resulted in an increase in S1P level in PB and enhanced mobilization of HSPCs. In sum, our results support a crucial role for S1P gradients in blood plasma in the mobilization process and indicate that small-molecule inhibitors of Sphk2 and Sgpl1 could be employed as mobilization-facilitating compounds. At the same time, further studies are needed to explain the unexpected effect of Sphk2 inhibition on increasing S1P levels in plasma.
Intermittent apnea elicits inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation via a retinoic acid- and protein synthesis-dependent pathway

Respiratory motoneuron pools must provide rhythmic inspiratory drive that is robust and reliable, yet dynamic enough to respond to respiratory challenges. One form of plasticity that is hypothesized to contribute to motor output stability by sensing and responding to inadequate respiratory neural activity is inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF), an increase in inspiratory output triggered by a reduction in phrenic synaptic inputs. Evidence suggests that mechanisms giving rise to iPMF differ depending on the pattern of reduced respiratory neural activity (i.e., neural apnea). A prolonged neural apnea elicits iPMF via a spinal TNF-α-induced increase in atypical PKC activity, but little is known regarding mechanisms that elicit iPMF following intermittent neural apnea. We tested the hypothesis that iPMF triggered by intermittent neural apnea requires retinoic acid and protein synthesis. Phrenic nerve activity was recorded in urethane-anesthetized and -ventilated rats treated intrathecally with an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis (4-diethlyaminobenzaldehyde, DEAB), a protein synthesis inhibitor (emetine), or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) before intermittent (5 episodes, ~1.25 min each) or prolonged (30 min) neural apnea. Both DEAB and emetine abolished iPMF elicited by intermittent neural apnea but had no effect on iPMF elicited by a prolonged neural apnea. Thus different patterns of reduced respiratory neural activity elicit phenotypically similar iPMF via distinct spinal mechanisms. Understanding mechanisms that allow respiratory motoneurons to dynamically tune their output may have important implications in the context of respiratory control disorders that involve varied patterns of reduced respiratory neural activity, such as central sleep apnea and spinal cord injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We identify spinal retinoic acid and protein synthesis as critical components in the cellular cascade whereby repetitive reductions in respiratory neural activity elicit rebound increases in phrenic inspiratory activity.
Continuing Medical Education Questions: September 2017: Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Continuing Medical Education Questions: September 2017: Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Translation as Glocalized Repositioning and Rebranding: Cormac McCarthy’s and the Coen Brothers’ No Country for Old Men as No es país para viejos and Sin lugar para los débiles

This chapter proposes that literary translation and movie subtitling and dubbing are marketing strategies of repositioning and rebranding. Two examples are American cultural icons Cormac McCarthy and the Coen Brothers, whose fiction and movies, originally created in English, are re-created in Spanish. Proof that the repositioning and rebranding of the novel No Country for Old Men and its movie adaptation have occurred is when the consumer of such a cultural product in Spanish asks for either No es pais para viejos or Sin lugar para los debiles instead of No Country for Old Men.
Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631)

The Italian natural philosopher Cesare Cremonini takes up the “many controversies between Aristotle and Galen in the books on animals” in a spirit of controversy. The topics he chooses are almost exactly those emphasised by Averroes in his Paraphrase. Cremonini’s De calido innato (1626) and De semine (1634) deal with the status of the geniture and the role of male and female contributions to generation; and his Apologia de origine et principatu membrorum (1627) treats exhaustively the question of the primacy of the heart over the other members. Cremonini is more partisan in his opinions than Averroes or Nifo, who were doctors themselves. His works on generation seem to have arisen from a dispute between Cremonini and a doctor and anatomist, Pompeius Caimus (or Caimo) which may explain their monotonous Galen-bashing. And he seems to have taken Averroes as his guide to chinks in the medical armour. His printed works on natural philosophy contain three themes which are of importance to the narrower question of the Generation of Animals: the importance of celestial influence in the sublunar world; the divisions of natural knowledge and their order; and the relationship of medicine and natural philosophy.
The patella: A mechanical determinant of coordination during vertical jumping.

Abstract The patella is traditionally understood to be a “joint spacer” that increases the moment arm of the patellar tendon. This characterisation is unsatisfactory as it fails to explain the more interesting characteristics of the patella: 1) that the changing pivot point of the patella causes the ratio of quadriceps to patellar tendon force to almost double as the knee flexes; 2) that the patellar tendon exerts an anteriorly directed force on the tibia when the knee is extended but this switches to a posterior draw as the knee flexes; and 3) that the presence of the patella allows the quadriceps to exert different moments on the femur and tibia. Here, I use a simple, model of the geometry of the knee to calculate the changes in the effective moment arms of the quadriceps on the femur and tibia as the knee extends during vertical jumping. These effective moment arms are then contrasted with the actual changes in moments seen during a vertical jump. This analysis demonstrates that the changing geometry of the knee alone can explain 93% (p
A nonconjugated radical polymer glass with high electrical conductivity

Solid-state conducting polymers usually have highly conjugated macromolecular backbones and require intentional doping in order to achieve high electrical conductivities. Conversely, single-component, charge-neutral macromolecules could be synthetically simpler and have improved processibility and ambient stability. We show that poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), a nonconjugated radical polymer with a subambient glass transition temperature, underwent rapid solid-state charge transfer reactions and had an electrical conductivity of up to 28 siemens per meter over channel lengths up to 0.6 micrometers. The charge transport through the radical polymer film was enabled with thermal annealing at 80°C, which allowed for the formation of a percolating network of open-shell sites in electronic communication with one another. The electrical conductivity was not enhanced by intentional doping, and thin films of this material showed high optical transparency.
On a class of semihomogeneous vector bundles

We study a class of semihomogeneous vector bundles over the product of an abelian variety and its dual. For abelian surfaces, we connect these semihomogeneous bundles to the Verlinde bundles of generalized theta functions constructed from the moduli spaces of sheaves.
A Situational Perspective in Casework Theory

Attempts in social casework to develop a unifying theory have tended to show either an emphasis on theories of the individual or the social system
The Transition into Kindergarten for English Language Learners

The transition into kindergarten often serves as the basis for long-term disparities in educational attainment because initially small differences in early learning widen throughout the K-12 educational system. Given the long-standing disparities in their academic achievement related to being of low socioeconomic status and a racial/ethnic minority, the large and growing population of English language learners constitutes an important population in which to study the transition into formal schooling. The purpose of this book chapter is to describe the vulnerabilities faced by English language learners during this transitional period and the implications of this transition for their short- and long-term educational success. Throughout this chapter, we highlight how this transition into kindergarten may be amenable to policy intervention, its role in inequality, and how researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners can capitalize on the many strengths of these children and their families to facilitate a successful transition to school.
Decisor: A Software Tool to Drive Complex Decisions with Analytic Hierarchy Process

Addressing consistent and reliable decision-making are crucial activities when choosing seemingly related alternatives for a set of criteria. Models and methods for aiding decisions such as analyti...
Creep of Indium at Low Temperatures

Creep tests were conducted on indium at 4 and 76 K for periods of up to one week. The initial creep strain depended on the square of the applied stress. Within this time period, conditions approaching steady-state rates were observed. Steady-state creep strain rates depended strongly on applied stress and temperature. Empirical relations were developed to predict total creep strain and strain rate as a function of temperature and stress. The activation energy obtained by assuming similar creep-deformation mechanisms at 4 and 76 K was much lower than the activation energy for self-diffusion.
Computer extracted features of gland morphology on H&E surgically resected tissue images as predictive of biochemical recurrence and rate of expression in African American compared to Caucasian American men.

e16559Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is 1.7 times more prevalent and 2.3 times more lethal in African American (AA) men than in Caucasian American (CA) men. Additionally there is a higher incide...
The Prevalence of Modifiable Parental Behaviors Associated with Inadvertent Pediatric Medication Ingestions.

Author(s): Salzman, Matthew; Cruz, Lia; Nairn, Sandra; Bechmann, Samuel; Gupta, Rupa; Bauman, Brigitte M. | Abstract: Introduction: Our aim was to examine potential risk factors and modifiable behaviors that could lead to pediatric poisonings. Our secondary objectives were to explore socioeconomic factors associated with caregiver (parent/guardian) safe medication storage and knowledge of poison control contact information. Methods: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional survey of caregivers of patients 2-10 years old presenting to an inner city pediatric emergency department. Caregiver and patient demographic data, prescription and nonprescription medication type, storage and when and where taken, were recorded. We used multivariable regression to explore factors associated with secure prescription medication storage and knowledge of poison control center contact information.Results: Of 1457 caregivers, 29% took daily prescription and 17% took daily non-prescription medications. Only 25% of caregivers stored their prescription medications in a secure place, and l3% stored medications in a locked drawer or safe. Of demographic and socioeconomic factors, only income ≥$80,000 was associated with storage of prescription medication in a secure place (odds ratio [OR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-4.81). When asked how they would access poison control in case of an ingestion, the majority, 86%, had an appropriate plan. In multivariable regression, the only factor associated with knowledge of poison control center contact information was college education in the caregiver (OR 1.6; 95% CI, 1.10-2.32). Conclusion: A minority of caregivers store medications in a safe place and even fewer keep prescription medications under lock and key. The majority, however, were aware of how to contact a poison control center in case of ingestion.
Neural Cache : Bit-Serial In-Cache Acceleration of Deep Neural Networks

This article presents Neural Cache architecture, which repurposes cache structures to transform them into massively parallel compute units capable of running inferences for deep neural networks. Techniques to do in situ arithmetic in SRAM arrays create efficient data mapping, and reducing data movement is proposed. Neural Cache architecture is capable of fully executing convolutional, fully connected, and pooling layers in cache. Our experimental results show that the proposed architecture can improve efficiency over a GPU by $\mathbf {128\times}$128× while requiring a minimal area overhead of 2%.
A call for cost-effectiveness analysis for biologic therapies in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Abstract Objective To identify the need for cost-effectiveness analysis of biologic therapies in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Data Sources Clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies (omalizumab, benralizumab, mepolizumab and dupilumab) for nasal polyposis or chronic rhinosinusitis published on PubMed. Study Selections Clinical trials of biologic therapies in CRS and nasal polyposis. Results No cost-effectiveness analyses of biologic therapies in CRS have been performed. Conclusion As more clinical trials of biologic therapies for CRS are conducted, there is a need for cost-effectiveness analysis. Future analyses should consider these therapies as part of medical therapeutic options compared with surgery. To increase generalizability, analyses should include samples from allergy and primary care clinics rather than only otolaryngology clinics.
Latinx Child Health: Challenges and Opportunities to Build a Healthy Future

Latinx children represent the most rapidly growing pediatric population and the nation’s youngest major racial/ethnic group. The health of Latinx children represents a critical indicator of the future health of our nation. However, inequities in access to and quality of care and disparities in health outcomes continue to threaten the health of many Latinx children. In this chapter, we briefly outline what is known about the health of Latinx children in the USA; describe some challenges to their health and well-being, highlighting both critical social determinants of health and community-level protective factors; and propose opportunities at individual, local, and policy levels to promote the health and well-being of Latinx children in the USA.
Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, Volume 1: Component under Static Load

Abstract A component will not be reliable unless it is designed with required reliability. Reliability-Based Mechanical Design uses the reliability to link all design parameters of a component toge...
Sellars’ Theory of We-Intentions and Gilbert’s Theory of Joint Commitment: A critical notice of Jeremy R. Koons, The Ethics of Wilfrid Sellars: New York, USA, Routledge, 2019, x + 360 pp., (hardback), ISBN 987-1-138-70874-7

Throughout his entire career, Wilfrid Sellars devoted much of his work to practical philosophical issues.1 These efforts resulted in an elaborate and comprehensive general theory of intentional act...
Coming to Appreciate Diversity: Ontological Change Through Student–Student Relationships:

This article, developed from a phenomenological case study of a graduate seminar, presents the development of student–student relationships over the course of a semester and the ways in which they ...
Secondary effectiveness factors for catalytic reactions in series: extension to slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries

Thiele moduli and effectiveness factors are powerful ways to factor for diffusion limitations in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. They have been developed for different rate laws, different geometries, as well as non-isothermal reactions. A recent study [B. Peters, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 4319–4325] reported new ‘secondary effectiveness factors’ for a series of catalytic reactions A → B → C in a slab geometry. This paper generalizes the secondary effectiveness factors to spherical and cylindrical geometries. We illustrate their use for a batch slurry reactor with catalyst particles of different geometry. For molecular sieves, we show how partition coefficients between the solution and the catalyst particle can enhance the selectivity to the intermediate B. Finally, we introduce generalized expressions for the concentration of B and the ‘secondary’ effectiveness factor for different geometries.
Dendritic Morphology and Inhibitory Regulation Distinguish Dentate Semilunar Granule Cells from Granule Cells through Distinct Stages of Postnatal Development

Semilunar granule cells (SGCs) have been proposed as a morpho-functionally distinct class of hippocampal dentate projection neurons contributing to feedback inhibition and memory processing in juvenile rats. However, the structural and physiological features that can reliably classify granule cells (GCs) from SGCs through postnatal development remain unresolved. Focusing on postnatal days 11-13, 28-42, and >120, corresponding with human infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, we examined the somatodendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation in SGCs and GCs to determine the cell-type specific features. Unsupervised cluster analysis confirmed that morphological features reliably distinguish SGCs from GCs irrespective of animal age. SGCs maintain higher spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency than GCs from infancy through adulthood. Although sIPSC frequency in SGCs was particularly enhanced during adolescence, sIPSC amplitude and cumulative charge transfer declined from infancy to adulthood and were not different between GCs and SGCs. Extrasynaptic GABA current amplitude peaked in adolescence in both cell types and was significantly greater in SGCs than in GCs only during adolescence. Perforant-path evoked dentate population responses in vivo, conducted to assess the circuit level changes in dentate inhibition during development, revealed greater paired-pulse depression during adolescence. The data delineate the structural features that can reliably distinguish GCs from SGCs through development. The results reveal developmental differences in passive membrane properties and steady state inhibition between GCs and SGCs which could confound their use in classifying the cell types and identify parallel developmental time courses for regulation of GC and SGC tonic GABA currents and dentate feedback inhibition.
Peripheral and pulmonary effects of inorganic nitrite during exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Aims To determine whether inorganic nitrite improves peripheral and pulmonary oxygen (O2 ) transport during exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods and results Data from two invasive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with matched workload exercise of inhaled and intravenous sodium nitrite were pooled for this analysis (n = 51). Directly measured O2 consumption (VO2 ) and blood gas data were used to evaluate the effect of nitrite on skeletal muscle O2 conductance (Dm), VO2 kinetics, alveolar capillary membrane O2 conductance (DL ), and O2 utilization during submaximal exercise. As compared to placebo, treatment with nitrite resulted in an improvement in Dm (+4.9 ± 6.5 vs. -0.9 ± 4.3 mL/mmHg*min, P = 0.0008) as well as VO2 kinetics measured by mean response time (-5.0 ± 6.9 vs. -0.6 ± 6.0 s, P = 0.03), with preserved O2 utilization despite increased convective O2 delivery through cardiac output (+0.4 ± 0.7 vs. -0.3 ± 0.9 L/min, P = 0.02). Nitrite improved DL (+2.5 ± 6.3 vs. -2.0 ± 9.0 mL/mmHg*min, P = 0.05) with exercise, which was associated with lower pulmonary capillary pressures (r = -0.34, P = 0.02), and reduced pulmonary dead space ventilation fraction (-0.01 ± 0.05 vs. +0.02 ± 0.05, P = 0.02). Conclusion Sodium nitrite enhances skeletal muscle Dm during exercise as well as pulmonary O2 diffusion, optimizing O2 kinetics in tandem with increased convective O2 delivery through cardiac output augmentation. The favourable combined pulmonary, cardiac and peripheral effects of nitrite may improve exercise tolerance in people with HFpEF and requires further investigation. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01932606 and NCT02262078.
Comprehensive evaluation of machine learning models and gene expression signatures for prostate cancer prognosis using large population cohorts

Abstract Overtreatment of prostate cancer (PCa) remains the pervasive problem in PCa management due to the highly variable outcomes of the disease and the lack of accurate clinical tools for patient stratification. Many gene expression signatures have been developed to improve the prognosis of PCa and some of them have already been used in clinical practice, however, no comprehensive evaluation was performed to compare the performances of the signatures. In this study, we conducted a systematic and unbiased evaluation of 15 machine learning algorithms and 30 published PCa gene expression-based prognostic signatures leveraging 10 transcriptomics datasets with 1,754 primary PCa patients from public data repositories. The results revealed that survival analysis models always outperformed binary classification models for risk assessment, and the performances of the survival analysis methods - Cox model regularized with ridge penalty (Cox-Ridge) and partial least squares regression for Cox model (Cox-PLS) – were generally more robust than the other methods. Based on the Cox-Ridge algorithm, some top prognostic signatures that performed equally well or even better than the commercial panels have been identified. The findings from the study can facilitate the identification of existing prognostic signatures that are promising for further validations in prospective studies before the clinical use and the selection of the optimal approaches for the development of new prognostic models. Moreover, the study provided a valuable resource with 10 transcriptomics datasets from large primary PCa cohorts and a comprehensive collection of 30 published gene expression-based signatures that can be used to develop, validate, and evaluate new signatures for PCa prognosis.
Rôle de l’adénylate cyclase soluble dans la mélanomagenèse

Une activation de la voie des MAP-kinase est retrouvee dans la plupart des melanomes suite a une mutation activatrice de BRAF (40–50 %) ou NRAS (20 %). La voie des MAPK est normalement regulee a differents niveaux, notamment par l’adenosine monophosphate cyclique (AMPc). Ce dernier, synthetise par deux types d’adenylate cyclases : transmembranaires et soluble (sAC) est deregule dans le melanome. De plus, l’expression de sAC est diminuee dans de nombreux cancers, mutee dans 10 % des melanomes et relocalisee dans le melanome suggerant son implication dans la melanomagenese. Pour etudier le role de sAC dans le melanome, nous avons cree des lignees de melanocytes murins wild-type (WT) et knock-out (KO) pour sAC. Les melanocytes KO presentaient une morphologie modifiee sans inhibition de contact a confluence, une activation de la voie des MAPK et un cycle cellulaire perturbe. Enfin, les melanocytes KO formaient des colonies en culture semi-solide de soft Agar contrairement aux cellules controles suggerant que la simple perte de sAC serait suffisante pour la transformation tumorale. Ces resultats sont en accord avec les travaux preliminaires du laboratoire et les resultats trouves dans d’autres lignees cellulaires (fibroblastes et keratinocytes) soulignant l’implication de sAC dans la carcinogenese. La poursuite de ce travail consiste a identifier le mecanisme de regulation de la voie des MAPK dependant de sAC et confirmer le role de sAC dans la transformation tumorale in vivo.
Cladoceran fauna from the archeological site vladar in Czech Republic

The study described in this paper is a part of a multi-proxy project, which deals with sediments originating from a former artificial water reservoir situated at the large fortified hilltop site of Vladao. The oldest sediments were deposited around 350 BC and sedimentation continues till recent times. Number of palaeoecological analyses have been applied (pollen, macroremains, charcoal, wood, Cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, Cladocera, chemical elements, radiocarbon dating, archaeological artefact). The present contribution deals with analysis of chitinous fragments of Cladocera found within the trench. The results of this study clearly suggest a connection between the influence of human activity on the hilltop and the trophic status of the water in the cistern. Some phases of increased water eutrophication were distinguished on the basis of Cladocera species preferring nutrient rich water (Chydorus sphaericus, Bosmina longirostris).