cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Equilibrium Tragedy of the Commons

Many poor economies depend on open access resources for their livelihoods. Households in resource-based economies allocate their time and other factors between resource extraction and other activities. As a result, factors may shift from one sector to another as marginal returns change. This has two important implications. First, it implies potentially strong linkages between resource and non-resource sectors. Second, it means that unmanaged resources cause inefficient allocations of inputs across all sectors, and the effects of resource management spill into other sectors. We construct a local general equilibrium model that accounts for inputs that over-allocate to an open access resource and create a general equilibrium tragedy of the commons. This model describes resource rent dissipation more adequately in economies with mobile factors than a model with slowly dissipating rents. Perfectly mobile factors dissipate rent in every period, but endogenous wages cause labor and capital allocations to change with the resource stock. We use the model to illustrate medium-run impacts of a limit on capital in an artisanal fishery in Honduras. Simulation results reveal that fishery management has economy-wide impacts on prices and wages. Managers in developing countries thus should consider these linkages when implementing policies to conserve fish stocks.
From Being Unbanked to Becoming Unbanked or Unbankable: Community Experts Describe Financial Practices of Latinos in East Los Angeles

ABSTACTAppropriate use of formal financial institutions facilitates saving and asset building. Yet 20% of the US Latino population is unbanked. In this cross-sectional qualitative study, 34 community experts were interviewed regarding financial practices in the predominantly low-income Latino and immigrant community of East Los Angeles. Thematic analysis of these in-depth, semistructured interviews suggests that immigration status fuels fears regarding banking and ultimately the persistence of unbanked status; limited financial education prompts community members to move from being unbanked to being unbankable. Techniques employed to reverse this cycle appear helpful, but ultimately overwhelmed by the magnitude of community mistrust and misinformation.
THU0074 Impact of The Discordance between C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate on Clinical Response To Combination Etanercept-Methotrexate Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background Clinical response remains difficult to predict in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Acute phase reactants (APRs) C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are regularly measured in standard care, and abnormal CRP and ESR are frequently used as inclusion criteria for RA clinical trials. Alone or in combination with demographic, clinical, and imaging parameters, these APRs are often considered important in treatment decisions in RA. However, results of these tests for inflammation are discordant in a substantial proportion of patients, 1–3 and the clinical implications of discordant CRP:ESR findings have not been well studied. Objectives To explore the relationship between clinical response and baseline CRP:ESR discordance in RA. Methods Randomized patients with moderate-severe RA who participated in 3 etanercept (ETN) clinical trials 4–6 and had both APR measurements were included in these post hoc analyses. To allow comparison, baseline CRP and ESR were standardized to the same scale by subtracting the respective means and dividing by the respective standard deviations for each patient. Standardized CRP was subtracted from standardized ESR and differences categorized by quartile (cutoffs: Q1, –0.5; median, 0; Q3, 0.5). DAS28 (ESR) low disease activity (LDA) and remission after 16 or 52 weeks of treatment with ETN + methotrexate (MTX) were analyzed by quartile of CRP:ESR discordance. Results Across clinical trials, 693 patients received ETN+MTX and had CRP and ESR measured. After 16 or 52 weeks of ETN+MTX treatment, significantly higher proportions of patients achieved DAS28 LDA and remission in the group with higher CRP than ESR at baseline (lower ESR/higher CRP); lower proportions of responders were seen in the group with similar CRP and ESR (ESR$≈ $CRP), and the lowest proportion in the group with lower CRP than ESR (higher ESR/lower CRP) (Table). Conclusions In clinical trials, elevated CRP relative to ESR at baseline was a significantly better predictor of the ability of active treatment to show clinical response after 4 months or 1 year of combination etanercept-methotrexate therapy than similar CRP and ESR or lower CRP vs higher ESR. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating this readily available biomarker (CRP) into clinical trial settings; whether this is true in clinical practice cannot be determined from this data set but should be investigated prospectively. References Costenbader KH, et al. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:746–9. Feldman M, et al. Transl Res. 2013;161:37–43. Kay J, et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014:16:R40. Klareskog L, et al. Lancet. 2004;363:675–81. Emery P, et al. Lancet. 2008;372:375–82. Kim HY, et al. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012;15:188–96. Disclosure of Interest R. Fleischmann Consultant for: Pfizer, A. Szumski Employee of: inVentiv Health, H. Jones Shareholder of: Pfizer, Employee of: Pfizer
MPC: An effective floating-point compression algorithm for GPUsaaThis chapter is a modified version of our IEEE Cluster 2015 publication [1]. The chapter contains more results as well as updated results from a new implementation that is up to 2.5 times faster than the one described in the conference paper.

Because of their high peak performance and energy efficiency, massively parallel accelerators such as graphics processing units (GPUs) are quickly spreading in high-performance computing, where large amounts of floating-point data are processed, transferred, and stored. Such environments can greatly benefit from data compression if it is done quickly enough. Unfortunately, most conventional compression algorithms are unsuitable for highly parallel execution. In fact, how to design good compression algorithms for massively parallel hardware still is not fully understood. To remedy this situation, we studied millions of lossless compression algorithms for single- and double-precision floating-point values built exclusively from easily parallelizable components. We analyzed the best of these algorithms, explained why they compress well, and derived the Massively Parallel Compression algorithm from them. This algorithm requires little internal state, achieves heretofore unreached compression ratios (CRs) on several data sets, and roughly matches the best CPU-based algorithms in CR while outperforming them by one to two orders of magnitude in throughput and energy efficiency.
The Oklahoma Bombing: Lessons Learned

The Oklahoma City bombing experience in April of 1995 provided a unique opportunity to test the effectiveness of an existing disaster plan. The critical care nurses at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital learned valuable lessons about managing intense activity, equipment and supplies, staffing resources, and visitor issues. The degree to which the bombing affected the emotional state of personnel was unanticipated, and leaders learned that critical stress management interventions should be included in every emergency preparedness plan. Additionally, recommendations include using runners for communication; assigning specific roles (supplies, staffing, triage); keeping additional staff in reserve for shift relief; ensuring ample hospital staff members are available to coordinate visitors and media; and setting up record systems to preserve continuity. The unique lessons learned as a result of this terrorist attack can be used by other critical care nurses to understand and refine disaster plans.
Base-Calling Using a Random Effects Mixture Model on Next-Generation Sequencing Data

The emergence of next-generation sequencing technology has greatly influenced research in biology and clinical applications. This new technology allows millions of DNA fragments to be sequenced in parallel, reducing costs and increasing throughput. One of the most widely used DNA sequencing machines is the Illumina platform which contains a novel sequencing-by-synthesis method involving a series of chemical reactions and image processing. However, it suffers from biases inherent with the complex nature of the chemical processes involved. The process of converting the fluorescence intensity output of the sequencing-by-synthesis technology to the nucleotide bases is what is known as base-calling. The resulting DNA sequences are used in further downstream analyses such as in genome assemblies or variant detection in which the accuracy and quality of bases impact the results. In this paper, we introduce a random effects mixture model that captures the sequencing process and compare its performance to a model with fixed effects.
A first-in-human study of AMG 780, an angiopoietin-1 and -2 (ANG1/2) inhibitor, in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors.

2542 Background: AMG 780 is a fully human monoclonal antibody binding Ang1/2, thereby inhibiting their interaction with Tie2. This first-in-human study evaluated AMG 780 in advanced solid tumors. M...
Bilayer Dye Protected Aqueous Photocathodes for Tandem Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are of broad interest for both solar energy conversion and storage. Furthermore, utilizing water as the electrolyte solvent makes this already cost-effective system even more practical and environmentally friendly, although using water as the electrolyte solvent introduces new issues such as dye anchor instability and semiconductor degradation. Herein, a bilayer dye design was used which simultaneously improves the aqueous stability by creating a hydrophobic layer over the semiconductor and anchoring group which repels water and ionic/polar species of the electrolyte. We propose the larger recombination in the aqueous based iodide/triiodide redox is due to the low equilibrium constant of triiodide formation in aqueous solvents as opposed to nonaqueous solvents. Consequently, higher concentrations of free iodine exist, which has been suggested recently in the literature to be the predominant pathway for recombination in both n-type and p-type nonaqueous dye-sensitized sys...
The role of atmospheric internal variability on the prediction skill of interannual North Pacific sea-surface temperatures

The sensitivity of the sea-surface temperature (SST) prediction skill to the atmospheric internal variability (weather noise) in the North Pacific (20∘–60∘N;120∘E–80∘W) on decadal timescales is examined using state-of-the-art Climate Forecasting System model version 2 (CFS) and a variation of CFS in an Interactive Ensemble approach (CFSIE), wherein six copies of atmospheric components with different perturbed initial states of CFS are coupled with the same ocean model by exchanging heat, momentum and fresh water fluxes dynamically at the air-sea interface throughout the model integrations. The CFSIE experiments are designed to reduce weather noise and using a few ten-year long forecasts this study shows that reduction in weather noise leads to lower SST forecast skill. To understand the pathways that cause the reduced SST prediction skill, two twenty-year long forecasts produced with CFS and CFSIE for 1980-2000 are analyzed for the ocean subsurface characteristics that influence SST due to the reduction in weather noise in the North Pacific. The heat budget analysis in the oceanic mixed layer across the North Pacific reveals that weather noise significantly impacts the heat transport in the oceanic mixed layer. In the CFSIE forecasts, the reduced weather noise leads to increased variations in heat content due to shallower mixed layer, diminished heat storage and enhanced horizontal heat advection. The enhancement of the heat advection spans from the active Kuroshio regions of the east coast of Japan to the west coast of continental United States and significantly diffuses the basin-wide SST anomaly (SSTA) contrasts and leads to reduction in the SST prediction skill in decadal forecasts.
Global Brain Function: A Model Using Autonomous Broadcast Elements

Abstract A recently introduced model aimed at accessing a spatially distributed sensory input to a volumetrically dense memory, is expanded and further explored. The model consists of a volume of simple pulse receiver-transmitters in a broadcast space, the bounding surface of which is wired to an input sensory system. Useful combinations of 2, 3 or 4 features or descriptors from this input surface are formed where the waves broadcast by these inputs become simultaneous. By enabling firing of these elements, combinations of combinations are represented-all level being allowed to intercombine. A geometric coding results, in which a scan of the data with itself and memory is facilitated. Capability of combination is made independent of physical distance . Such a space overloads drastically with complexity of firing and conditions guaranteeing parsimony in new element formation are introduced. A second inhibitory space is defined to allow quenching of firing elements. Geometry for permitting firing elements to quench their exciting elements is analyzed. the resulting structure consists of a set of autonomous elements which struggle for parts of the input which they represent. Acceptance consists of the ability of a small number of final firing elements to quench the input. It is shown that a small number of firing elements can be identified and readdressed from the bounding surface, allowing for selective as well as overall instruction from the outside. Simultation of such systems for exploring and developing its properties is discussed. The model is related to “lower level” neural models and higher level behavioral models. Implications for understanding of intellect are discussed.
Distinct hippocampal-cortical memory representations for experiences associated with movement versus immobility

While ongoing experience proceeds continuously, memories of past experience are often recalled as episodes with defined beginnings and ends. The neural mechanisms that lead to the formation of discrete episodes from the stream of neural activity patterns representing ongoing experience are unknown. To investigate these mechanisms, we recorded neural activity in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, structures critical for memory processes. We show that during spatial navigation, hippocampal CA1 place cells maintain a continuous spatial representation across different states of motion (movement and immobility). In contrast, during sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), when representations of experience are transiently reactivated from memory, movement- and immobility-associated activity patterns are most often reactivated separately. Concurrently, distinct hippocampal reactivations of movement- or immobility-associated representations are accompanied by distinct modulation patterns in prefrontal cortex. These findings demonstrate a continuous representation of ongoing experience can be separated into independently reactivated memory representations.
Origins of the Stereoretentive Mechanism of Olefin Metathesis with Ru-Dithiolate Catalysts

A comprehensive computational study of stereoretentive olefin metathesis with Ru-dithiolate catalysts has been performed. We have determined how the dithiolate ligand enforces a side-bound mechanism and how the side-bound mechanism allows for stereochemical control over the forming olefin. We have used density functional theory (DFT) and ligand steric contour maps to elucidate the origins of stereoretentive metathesis with the goal of understanding how to design a new class of E-selective metathesis catalysts.
Predicting preschool children's eating in the absence of hunger from maternal pressure to eat: A longitudinal study of low-income, Latina mothers.

Early work by Klesges et al. (1983, 1986) suggested that mothers who frequently prompt their children to eat have children at greater risk for obesity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that controlling feeding practices override children's responsiveness to their internal fullness cues, increasing the risk of overeating and obesity (e.g., Johnson & Birch, 1994). Subsequent cross-sectional research on pressure to eat, however, has been inconsistent. Most studies have shown that maternal self-reports of pressure to eat are negatively associated with childhood obesity, and observational studies showed inconsistent relationships with child weight status. In the present study we examined the association between low-income, Latina mothers' pressure to eat and their preschool children's eating in the absence of hunger using both self-report and observational measures of feeding practices. A longitudinal design examined eating in the absence of hunger over 18 months; children's BMI at the initial timepoint was statistically controlled to address the tendency of mothers of underweight children to pressure their children to eat. At each timepoint, mothers completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire (Birch et al., 2001) and were observed feeding their child a meal in a laboratory setting. Eating in the absence of hunger (Fisher & Birch, 1999) was assessed at both timepoints as well. A cross-lagged panel model showed that observed maternal prompts to eat a different food at time one predicted kcal consumed in the absence of hunger at time two (controlling for kcal consumed in the absence of hunger at first timepoint: beta = 0.20, p < 0.05). Results suggest that pressure to eat alone may not be what contributes to eating in the absence of hunger, but that the nature of that pressure may be more important.
Feature level review table generation for E-Commerce websites to produce qualitative rating of the products

Abstract It is widely acknowledged today that E-Commerce business is growing rapidly. This is happened only because of people are completely depending on the ratings and reviews given by the customers who are already purchased and using the products. Online surveys, customer reviews on shopping sites are the key sources to understand customer requirements and feedback to help upgrade the product quality and achieve greater outcomes. Now the challenge is that whether those reviews came from product level or feature level will be the million dollar question. To overcome this problem we are proposing a new algorithm to give feature level rating for the product which is called Feature Level Review Rating Analysis (FLRRA) algorithm.
Transfer of Hymenoxys argentea var. Thoreauensis to Tetraneuris (Asteraceae: Helenieae: Tetraneuridinae)

Abstract Based on evidence supporting the recognition of Tetraneuris as a genus separate from Hymenoxys, Hymenoxys argentea var. thoreauensis is basionym of a new combination, Tetraneuris argentea var. thoreauensis.
Abstract P181: Contribution of C-Reactive Protein to Racial Disparities in Incident Hypertension: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS)

Introduction: In the US, blacks are at higher risk of hypertension than whites. The single largest contributor to this disparity is the Southern Diet pattern. Inflammation biomarkers are associated with risk of hypertension, and C-reactive protein (CRP) is higher in blacks than whites. We studied whether elevated CRP in blacks relative to whites contributes to the racial disparity in hypertension in blacks. Methods: We included 6,548 black and white men and women age ≥45 years from the REGARDS cohort without hypertension at baseline (903-907) and who completed visit 2 in 913-916. Incident hypertension was defined as BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or hypertension medication use at visit 2. Using logistic regression, the black:white odds ratio (OR) for incident hypertension was calculated adjusting for age, sex, race, and baseline SBP. We assessed the percent change in the black:white OR for incident hypertension after adding CRP. The 95% CI was calculated using 1,000 bootstrapped samples. We determined the impact of known hypertension risk factors and anti-inflammatory medications on the percent mediation by CRP. Results: Hypertension developed in 46% of blacks and 33% of whites. Adjusting for demographics, the black:white OR (95% CI) was 1.51, which was reduced to 1.46, a 9.3% reduction (95% CI 5.4%, 13.2%) by CRP (Table). In models including exercise, waist circumference, BMI, and depressive symptoms, the percent mediation by CRP was 3.7% (1.0%, 6.4%). Similar patterns were seen for models incorporating socioeconomic factors and medication use. After adding Southern diet pattern and dietary Na/K ratio, CRP no longer attenuated the association (1.3% mediation; -1.5, 4.1). Conclusions: CRP significantly attenuated the black-white difference in incident hypertension; however, once dietary factors were accounted for, CRP had no impact on the black:white difference in incident hypertension. Thus, inflammation as measured by CRP, may be part of the reason that dietary factors influence the black:white disparity in incident hypertension.
Gender and Talent Development of Gifted Students

For most of the history of the psychology of talent development, gender was simply construed as a binary construct based on the biological aspects of sex characteristics. Although gradually psychologists began to distinguish between biological sex and gender role, the socially constructed ideas of behaviors appropriate to male and female sex, it is only more recently that gender has been considered as a nonbinary complex. Therefore, this chapter presents gender on a continuum and will provide an overview of gender development in gifted students. Furthermore, the chapter detail issues specific to self-identified girls, self-identified boys, and LGBTQ gifted students. It should be noted that in the gifted education literature, biological sex is used almost exclusively; therefore within the context of this chapter we attempt to clarify that biological sex is not all encompassing. Suggestions for psychologists working with gifted students are presented.
Zur Erkenntnislehre der idealen Ordnungsgebilde

Eine Untersuchung der idealen Ordnungsgebilde ware unvollstandig ohne die Sicherung des erkenntnistheoretischen Rechts der bisherigen ontologischen Beschreibungen. Dazu bedarf es einer Klarung sowohl der Erkenntnisart, in der uns solche Gegenstandlichkeiten gegeben werden, als auch ihrer angemessenen und unangemessenen Erscheinungsweisen. Auch bei dieser Untersuchung ist wieder von konkreten Beispielen auszugehen, etwa „Ein Friede soll gerecht sein. Es darf Parteien geben. Verbrechen sollen nicht verherrlicht (belohnt) werden“; dazu die idealen Seinsverhalte: „Der Friede ist gerecht“als gesollter, „Es gibt Parteien“als gedurfter, „Verbrechen werden verherrlicht (belohnt)“als nichtgesollter; ferner die konkreten Ideale des gerechten Friedens als Sollideal, des Parteiwesens als Darfideal und des verherrlichten (belohnten) Verbrechens als Gegenideal.
A Short History of Microbiology

In this chapter, the student is introduced to the evolution in thought, and the thinkers themselves, over the past 500 years that gave rise to the modern theory of the bacterial germ. From Leeuwenhoek’s “animalcules” observed under a primitive magnifying lens to Koch and Pasteur’s rigorous attention to experimental detail, the foundational principles of the microbe hunter are discussed. The historical trend towards reductionist microbiology is examined in the context of pursuit of the mechanism of action of bacterial molecules made during infection, knowledge which has been used to develop life-saving prophylactics and therapeutics. The chapter closes with the advent of the “omics” revolution and new insights in dynamic modes of host-pathogen interactions that capture many biological states at once.
Experimental Study of Decentralized Robot Network Coordination

Synchronization and desynchronization in networks is a highly studied topic in many electrical systems, but there is a distinct lack of research on this topic with respect to robotics. Creating an effective decentralized synchronization algorithm for a robotic network would allow multiple robots to work together to achieve a task and would be able to adapt to the addition or loss of robots in real-time. The purpose of this study is to improve algorithms developed by the authors for this purpose and experimentally evaluate these methods. The most effective algorithm for synchronization and desynchronization found in a former study were modified to improve testing and vary its methods of calculation. A multi-robot platform composed of multiple Roomba robots was used in the experimental study. Observation of data showed how adjusting parameters of the algorithms affected both the time to reach a desired state of synchronization or desynchronization and how the network maintained this state. Testing three different methods on each algorithm showed differing results. Future work in cooperative robotics will likely see success using these algorithms to accomplish a variety of tasks.
Joint Multi-Layer GAN-Based Design of Tensorial RF Metasurfaces

We present a deep learning approach to design tensorial metasurfaces for radio-frequency (RF) applications, such as communications and radar, that have strict radiation requirements. Such intelligent RF surfaces require significant manual tuning of several constituent meta-atom designs to realize the required phase shift or polarizability. In this context, meta-atoms that comprise multiple layers are considerably more challenging but have the advantage of implementing complex, tensorial electromagnetic (EM) responses. In this paper, to reduce the design time and optimization overhead, we employ a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DC-GAN) to perform inverse design, i.e. generate single-and multi-layer meta-atom shapes based on the desired radiation pattern. Further, our DCGAN architecture includes a separate, simulator convolutional neural network that allows for quick validation of the response of the synthesized meta-atom shape. We generated spectral responses for training by feeding parametric variations of twelve published meta-atom designs to a full-wave EM simulator. Numerical experiments indicate that meta-atom designs generated by the DC-GAN differ from co-polarization and cross-polarization transmission responses obtained via EM simulators by less than 1 dB.
Knockdown of SIRT1 enhances the sensitivity to cisplatin by inhibiting autophagy in A549 cells

Objective To inhibit cisplatin-induced autophagy and improve the cisplatin sensitivity of A549 cells by knockdown the silent information regulator of transcription 1 (SIRT1). Methods Both mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1 in BEAS-2B, A549 and A549/DDP cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. After cisplatin treatment, the protein levels of SIRT1, LC3, P62 and beclin-1 in A549 cells were detected by Western blotting. A549 cells were transfected by siRNA to silence SIRT1 expression. Then, the apoptotic morphology was observed by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst33258 staining. The apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expressions of SIRT1, LC3, P62, cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) were measured by Western blotting. Results Both mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1 in A549 cells and A549/DDP cells were significantly higher than those in BEAS-2B cells, and they were higher in A549/DDP cells than in A549 cells. After cisplatin treatment, the protein levels of SIRT1, LC3 and beclin-1 in A549 cells increased, while P62 decreased. After transfected with SIRT1-siRNA, the expression of SIRT1 in A549 cells decreased. Compared with cisplatin group, the number of the apoptotic cells increased with the obvious occurrence of pyknosis and nuclear fragmentation in cisplatin plus SIRT1-siRNA group. Moreover, the expressions of P62, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were up-regulated accompanied with LC3 decrease. Conclusion SIRT1 is highly expressed in A549 cells. The sensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin can be improved by inhibiting the cisplatin-induced autophagy through knockdown of SIRT1.
Designing an incentive scheme within a cooperative game for consolidated hospital systems

This study investigates the collaboration framework of hospitals for consolidated healthcare systems. Although existing literature advocates the notion of strategic partnership in healthcare system...
A Longitudinal View of Gender Balance in a Large Computer Science Program

Computer Science has a persistent lack of women's participation. In order to best effect change, we require a more fine-grain analysis of the gender disparity as it changes throughout an undergraduate Computer Science curriculum. In this paper, we use a quantitative approach to highlight, with greater specificity, the point in an undergraduate career where gender balance changes. We also examine the role of grades in students' decisions to stay in the course sequence. Our goal is to enable targeted interventions that will make Computer Science a more welcoming discipline. Our study examines 30,890 unique student records over ten years at a large, public research institution. The records include students who took a Computer Science course over the past ten years. The dataset contains information about gender, majors, minors, academic level, and GPA. The dataset also includes a record from each course taken by each student and their final grade. We observed a modest increase in women's participation in all Computer Science courses over the past ten years. Despite this increase, the gender disparity is still large. Through our analysis, we found that women consistently choose not to continue through the Computer Science sequence at a higher rate than men. This higher attrition could be linked to women receiving lower grades in most introductory CS courses despite having the same or higher GPAs than men. Our results reveal specific areas where intervention can be the most effective in changing the stubborn gender disparity in Computer Science.
Boxed Into a Corner: The Fight to Ban Employers from Boxing Out Deserving Job Applicants on the Basis of Criminal Record

Between 70 and 100 million adults have a criminal record of some kind that are revealed by criminal background checks. One of the most severe and pervasive collateral consequences is difficulty securing gainful employment. Ban-the-Box reform is crucial as a starting point for fair chance hiring, especially in the age of rapidly developing technology and the largely unfettered ability to get information. The availability of criminal records has functioned less as a “public safety” precaution and more like a scarlet letter branded on the chest of millions Americans. Demanding unnecessary disclose of criminal records before a conditional job offer hinders reintegration, increases recidivism, jeopardizes public safety, sabotages the economy, affronts human dignity, and causes devastating harm to society overall. This paper argues that Ban-the-Box laws should be expanded and made uniform across jurisdictions to help prevent against unjust discrimination based on criminal record. The vast differences in the levels of protection provided across Ban-the-Box jurisdictions and their shortcomings are analyzed and model Ban-the-Box legislation that incorporates concepts from the most protective existing laws is proposed.
Teaching NeuroImages: Texting rhythm: A common EEG finding in the era of smartphone use

A 39-year-old woman underwent epilepsy monitoring for differential diagnosis. During video EEG, a reproducible, time-synched, bilateral 5-Hz frontocentral theta rhythm was present while text messaging on her smartphone (figure A). This pattern appeared only with active texting (figure B).
The Impact of a Virtual Radiology Medical Student Rotation: Maintaining Engagement During COVID-19 Mitigation

Introduction The purpose of this study is to introduce a virtual radiology rotation curriculum that is being used to safely maintain medical student and intern education and engagement with the Department of Radiology at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation. Materials and methods The curriculum is designed as a 4-week block with each week representing one of the four highest yield radiology subspecialties for medical students; neuroradiology, thoracic radiology, body radiology, and musculoskeletal radiology. A subspecialist radiologist from each section was identified as a primary mentor and tasked with designing a daily schedule for medical students and interns. The first 2 months of virtual rotators were surveyed to assess the effectiveness of the course. Results Thirty-five of 41 rotators responded to the survey, a response rate of 85%. Thirty-one of 35 (89%) of the rotators gave this virtual elective rotation a positive rating, with 16 trainees scoring the course as 4 out of 5 and 15 trainees selecting 5 out of 5. Four respondents selected 3 out of 5. Five out of 5 respondents who had experienced an in-person radiology elective rotation before this virtual rotation rated the virtual elective as more educational than the in-person rotation. We found the 4-week subspecialist mentor-based structure to be highly versatile, allowing us to simultaneously accommodate multiple groups of full or partial block rotators throughout COVID-19 mitigation. Conclusion A virtual rotation curriculum is a viable method of maintaining medical student and intern education and engagement with the department of radiology during COVID-19 mitigation.
Dual-Frequency Intravascular Thrombolysis with Miniaturized Forward-Looking Transducers

Thrombo-occlusive disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, which primarily arise from blood clot formation in deep veins. However, the existing treatment methods, including mechanical thrombectomy and pharmaceutical drug treatment usually suffer from potential risk of blood vessel damages and long treatment times. Recently, ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis (ie sonothrombolysis) has been actively investigated due to its relatively high efficiency and safety compared to thrombolytic treatment alone. Dual frequency sonothrombolysis may improve existing single frequency sonothrombolysis techniques. Notably, when the same power is applied, the dual-frequency sonothrombolysis has been reported to be more efficient due to its relatively higher peak-negative pressure compared with single-frequency treatment. However, there is no report on dual frequency sonothombolysis using intravascular transducers. Moreover, there is a lack of sonothrombolysis comparison with different frequency combinations. Therefore, in this work, the effect of dual-frequency treatment on the intravascular thrombolysis was investigated with under various frequency combinations. The results indicated that the dual-frequency treatment had a 18% higher thrombolysis rate with an increasing trend when the difference between two frequency components increased.
‘“Shall we gather at the river?”: the folklore and trauma of Toni Morrison’s landscape in Sula’

In ‘The Site of Memory,’ Toni Morrison suggests that ‘the act of imagination is bound up with memory’ (98). She goes on to compare the Mississippi River to writers, ‘remembering where we were, what...
Otolaryngologists’ Attitudes toward In-Office Pediatric Tympanostomy Tube Placement without General Anesthesia:

Objectives:Our objectives were to assess attitudes regarding office-based insertion of tympanostomy tubes without general anesthesia, to identify barriers that would discourage in-office procedures...
Lévy Flight Foraging of a Cell Wall Biosynthetic Enzyme Condensate in the Bacterial Cytoplasm

Bacterial cell wall synthesis (CWS) requires spatial coordination of membrane-bound CWS enzymes by MreB, but little attention has been given to the organization of cytoplasmic enzymes at earlier steps of CWS. Performing fluorescent time-lapse imaging we find that in Bacillus subtilis MreBH, a less-characterized MreB-homolog, is essential for Levy flight-like foraging motion of a cytoplasmic condensate of the CWS enzyme MurAA during exponential growth. Movement in the cytoplasm ceases in presence of a MurAA catalytic inhibitor, deletion of mreBH, or ablation of cell-wall hydrolysis, suggesting that MreBH links MurAA condensates with active CWS zones. A biophysical model demonstrates the unique advantage given by the Levy flight trajectory and catalytic properties of this enzyme condensate over diffuse enzymes, enhancing local enzymatic reaction rates and leading to faster cell division rates.
Metabolomics Analysis Identifies a Lipidomic Profile in Treatment Naïve Juvenile Dermatomyositis Patients versus Healthy Control Subjects.

OBJECTIVES To perform an exploratory study to identify a juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) serum metabolic profile that differs from healthy controls (HC) and responds to immunosuppressive treatment. METHODS Blood was collected from nine HC and 10 patients diagnosed with probable (n = 4) or definite (n = 6) JDM based on the criteria of Bohan and Peter for myositis with seven of these 10 providing longitudinal samples following initiation of treatment; these patients comprised the treatment naive (TN) cohort. Sera underwent mass-spectroscopy-based measurements of targeted metabolic intermediates including 15 amino acids (AAs), 45 acylcarnitines (ACs), 15 ceramides, and 29 sphingomyelins. Principal components analysis (PCA) reduced metabolites into smaller sets of factors each comprised of correlated metabolic intermediates. Factor scores and metabolite concentrations were compared with HC using two-sample t-tests while treatment effects were evaluated using paired t-tests. RESULTS Of eight PCA-derived metabolite factors (1 AC, 2 AA, 3 sphingosine, and 2 ceramide), two were significantly associated with juvenile DM: one AC factor containing mostly long chain ACs (LCAC, p= 0.049) and one ceramide factor (p< 0.01). For 12 individual ACs, mostly long chain, and three ceramides, concentrations were significantly greater for juvenile DM than HC. Factors based on these individual metabolites showed declining scores with treatment (p= 0.03 and p< 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION While additional validation is needed, these lipids have potential as JDM serum diagnostic and/or treatment biomarkers. Additionally, the significant association of long chain ACs and ceramides with JDM offers insights regarding pathogenesis, implicating dysregulation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation.
Evaluating the Tax Veto in a Digital Age: Legislative Efficiency and National Sovereignty in the European Union

The total market capitalization of the six largest US-headquartered tech companies now tops $4.5 trillion; yet, much of the revenues from these largest tech companies legally escapes taxation every year. Recognizing the challenges of taxing the digital economy, the international community joined forces to reform the outdated global tax framework. In 2018, however, the United States (US) hesitated to commit to reform and international negotiations stalled. The European Commission (Commission) subsequently proposed an interim Digital Service Tax for the European Union (EU), in part, to incentivize stronger US involvement in negotiations. Because the European Council requires unanimity when voting on tax proposals, however, the proposal failed when three Member States exercised their tax veto. Defeated by veto, EU leaders could have pursued Enhanced Cooperation to revive the legislation. Instead, the Commission proposed permanent elimination of tax unanimity through the obscure and never-used Passerelle Clauses that allow legislators to utilize majority voting without amending any treaties. In doing so, the Commission signaled its desire for the European Union to emerge as a global tax leader, unencumbered by the need to obtain unanimity. However, the Commission’s proposal also raises serious EU state sovereignty concerns. This Note explores the costs and benefits of abandoning the EU tax veto by explaining the EU distribution of taxation power, voting procedures, and methods of circumventing the tax veto. Ultimately, adopting majority voting for tax promises increased legislative efficiency for the Commission and large EU states. Simultaneously, though, abandoning tax unanimity poses a serious threat to the national sovereignty of small EU states and raises important questions about the proper balance of power between the European Union and its Member States in the digital age.
Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Moderate Temperature Dehydration of Plant-Based Foods

The effect of moderate-temperature (≤60 °C) dehydration of plant-based foods on pathogen inactivation is unknown. Here, we model the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 as a function of product-matrix, aw, and temperature under isothermal conditions. Apple, kale, and tofu were each adjusted to aw 0.90, 0.95, or 0.99 and inoculated with an E. coli O157:H7 cocktail, followed by isothermal treatment at 49, 54.5, or 60.0 °C. The decimal reduction time, or D-value, is the time required at a given temperature to achieve a 1 log reduction in the target microorganism. Modified Bigelow-type models were developed to determine D-values which varied by product type and aw level, ranging from 3.0–6.7, 19.3–55.3, and 45.9–257.4 min. The relative impact of aw was product dependent and appeared to have a non-linear impact on D-values. The root mean squared errors of the isothermal-based models ranged from 0.75 to 1.54 log CFU/g. Second, we performed dynamic drying experiments. While the isothermal results suggested significant microbial inactivation might be achieved, the dehydrator studies showed that the combination of low product temperature and decreasing aw in the pilot-scale system provided minimal inactivation. Pilot-scale drying at 60 °C only achieved reductions of 3.1 ± 0.8 log in kale and 0.67 ± 0.66 log in apple after 8 h, and 0.69 ± 0.67 log in tofu after 24 h. This illustrates the potential limitations of dehydration at ≤60 °C as a microbial kill step.
Black nurse scientists and the undeniable role of historically black colleges and universities

The pandemics of COVID-19 and systemic racism highlighted health inequities that have existed for decades among Black communities. Nurses are positioned to address these health inequities through innovative ideas and research. More specifically, Black nurses, because of their shared lived experience, understand sociostructural factors underpinning health inequities and how to best engage with Black communities. However, only 8% of Black nurses make up the overall nursing workforce and far fewer are nurse scientists. Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) can offer critically important options for success in addressing the dearth of Black nurse scientists working across sectors and contributing to rich academic milieu, informing innovative national policy, and creating impactful practice. We discuss challenges and strategies to promoting research careers at HBCUs to attract Black nurse scientists as the next leaders in health inequities research.
Cooperative Research, Development, and Demonstration Opportunities in Environmental Externalities and Energy Planning

Environmental and economic externalities and energy planning are likely to be inextricably linked from now on. Significant progress has been made over the past several years by various stokeholders in establishing a basis for factoring externalities into energy decisions and operations. In particular, the States and State regulatory authorities have been instrumental in shaping the initial externalities research agenda and in moving to apply the concepts in practice. This has been accomplished while recognizing the need to balance the legitimate interests of utilities, consumers, and other interested parties in the research and development process.
Genetic improvement of maize yields.

Publisher Summary Grain yields for maize are expected to increase because of the combined effects of two items—improved cultural practices and management and increased genetic potential of the hybrids. The improvements of these items can be expected to contribute significantly to give higher state averages in the future. An important cause for yield gain is that the genetic potential of the most recent hybrids takes advantage of higher plant densities to produce more grain per unit field area. Perhaps further gains can be achieved by the development and evaluation of parental materials at higher plant densities to identify greater resistance to barrenness. Stalk lodging, however, is still a major problem and must be corrected if higher plant densities are to be used. Consequently, breeders must develop materials that have better disease resistance and stalk quality before hybrids can be planted at higher plant densities to produce more grain per unit area. Recurrent selection can be used effectively to improve stalk quality in breeding populations, but caution must be used in selection to avoid yield declines. Occasionally, germplasm with resistance for some pests may have to be introduced from unadapted sources, and this could cause temporary reductions for hybrid performance until unfavorable genes linked with the resistance genes are eliminated.
Cross-GUI Handbook: For Multiplatform User Interface Design

Design Principles. Human Factors. Presentation. Interaction. Conclusion. Desktop. Desktop and Its Environment. Desktop Metaphor. DesktopObjects. Desktop Managers. Comparison of Desktop Environments. Icon Design. Desktop Trends. Conclusion. Windows. Elements of a Window. Window Controls. Types of Windows. Window Hierarchy. Window Status. Window Behavior. Window Arrangment. Conclusion. Menus. Menu Presentation. Components of a Menu. Types of Menus. Types of Menu Items. Desktop Menus. Application Menus. Object Menus. Conclusion. Controls. Check Box (Check Button). Close Control. Combination Box (Combo Box). Command Button (Push Button). Container. Drop-Down Combination Box. Drop-Down List Box. List Box (Selection List or Scrolling List). Maximize Button. Minimize Button. Multimedia Controls. Notebook. Radio Button (Option Button). Restore Button. Scroll Bar. Size Control. Slider. Spin Box. Split Box. Text Box (Text Field). Toolbar. Value Set. Dialog Boxes. Elements of a Dialog Box. Dialog Box Controls. Dialog Box Behaviors. Common Dialog Boxes. General Design Tips. Dialog Box Trends. Conclusion. Interaction and Feedback. Interaction Model. Interaction Devices and Their Operations. Object-Action Model. Object Types and Classes. Manipulation Principles. Selection. Drag and Drop. Activation. Navigation (Transversal). Data Transfer. Providing Feedback. System Modes. Conclusion. Appendix A: Windowing System Component Terminology. Appendix B: Windowing System Component Graphical Representation. 0201575922t04062001
A two-parameter model for partial segregation: Application to flow reactors with pre- and unmixed feed

Abstract A two-parameter (TP) mixing model for partial segregation has been applied to continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) for cases with premixed and unmixed feed. It was found that in the case of perfectly mixed, homogeneous feed the model predicts similar or better results than earlier one-paramete models. However, a significant advantage of the TP model was found in the case of unmixed feed. Its two parameters are suitable for representing two se situations existing in the case of unmixed feed, namely, imperfect mixing of the feed and partial segregation of the reacting mixture. The single-param models cannot be used to represent both phenomena. Reversible and irreversible reactions were studied, and deviations from a perfectly mixed CSTR were into account by considering the RTD expression of Wolf and Resnick. The parameters of the model were determined from experimental data, when available, from arbitrary values within their permissible range, otherwise. Good agreement was found between experimental and predicted conversions.
A generalization of the Kerr-Taub-NUT solution

An exact electrovac solution which contains both the Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT solution and a Kerr-Taub-NUT-like generalization of the Robinson-Bertotti solution as special cases is obtained by a solution-generating method.