cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of surface free radicals in the reactivity of granular activated carbon under water treatment conditions

Abstract Free aqueous HOC1 reacts with phenols adsorbed on granular activated carbon (GAC) to produce a series of oxidation products, not formed in absence of carbon. When GAC is treated with a free radical quencher, BHT, however, the formation of these products is inhibited. Experimental data and measurements with ESR (electron spin resonance) show that surface free radicals are produced from the oxidation of GAC with aqueous HOC1. The radicals enter radical chain reactions and produce the observed products. Some of the free radicals on the GAC surface are associated with oxygen-containing functional groups. Outgassing of GAC at high temperatures results in reduction of surface oxygen and free radical concentration, and ability of GAC to promote the surface reactions. The ash content of the GACs studied does not correlate well with their ability to promote surface reactions. A surface reaction mechanism is postulated to explain the observed products.
Self-annihilation of antiphase boundaries in GaAs epilayers on Ge substrates grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy

The self-annihilation of antiphase boundaries (APBs)in GaAs epitaxial layers grown by low-pressure metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy on Ge substrates is studied by several characterization techniques. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows that antiphase domain free GaAs growth on Ge was possible due to the proper selection of the growth parameters. The antiphase boundaries annihilate with each other after a thick 3 mm layer of GaAs growth on a Ge substrate as observed by scanning electron microscopy studies. Double crystal x-ray diffraction data shows a slight compression of GaAs on Ge, and the full width at half maximum decreases with increasing growth temperatures. This confirms that the APBs annihilate inside the GaAs epitaxial films. Low temperature photoluminescence measurements confirm the self-annihilation of the APBs at low temperature growth and the generation of APBs at higher growth temperatures.
Mitigating Human Rights Risks Under State-Financed and Privatized Infrastructure Projects

Infrastructure projects undertaken in developing countries and transition societies are presently sites of intense human rights struggles. For instance, public outcry resulting from a well-orchestrated non-governmental campaign led the World Bank to withdraw support for a series of state-sponsored dam projects along the Narmada River in India. The Zapatistas have responded to President Vincente Fox’s offer to build a land-based Panama Canal through the Chiapas region by claiming that it would give indigenous peoples no more than “the crumbs left over from capitalist neo-liberal development.” Suits have been filed in U.S. courts against Shell and Chevron for their alleged collusion with the Nigerian government in squelching peaceful protests against the laying of oil pipelines in Nigeria. These suits are high-profile instances of what Harold Koh refers to as “transnational public law litigation” and Anne-Marie Slaughter and David Bosco term “plaintiff’s diplomacy.” Again and again, we see the battles over human rights being fought on the terrain of the state. The recent shift away from state sponsorship of projects and towards market-based approaches, however, threatens to change the nature of our narratives and the possibility of realizing a human rights-based development model. According to conventional accounts, from the 1950s to roughly the 1990s, infrastructure projects in many countries were financed and carried out by
Electromagnetic field exposure and cancer: A review of epidemiologic evidence

The idea that exposure to power-frequency electric and magnetic fields might contribute to cancer causation has been under investigation for nearly two decades. A number of epidemiologic studies have been undertaken, but findings have been weak, inconsistent, and inconclusive. This article provides an updated survey of epidemiologic information and considers those data in relation to the many scientific uncertainties that still persist.
Fermilab High-Field Option Popae Dipole - Magnetostatics

Magnetic field computations have been performed for a four-inch coil aperture 45 kG dipole magnet that may be utilized in a high-field option of POPAE. A cold iron version utilizing flat pancake coils has been explored to determine the magnetostatic effectiveness of a simple coil geometry. Suitable locations have been found for rectangular blocks of conductors each consisting of 280 turns of .040 in by .040 in conductor.
Reusable, adhesiveless and arrayed in-plane microfluidic interconnects

A reusable, arrayed interconnect capable of providing multiple simultaneous connections to and from a microfluidic device in an in-plane manner without the use of adhesives is presented. This method uses a 'pin-and-socket' design in which an SU-8 anchor houses multiple polydimethysiloxane septa (the socket) that each receive a syringe needle (the pin). A needle array containing multiple commercially available 33G (203 µm outer diameter) needles (up to eight) spaced either 2.54 or 1 mm (center-to-center) pierces the septa to access the microfluidic device interior. Finite element modeling and photoelastic stress experiments were used to determine the stress distribution during needle insertion; these results guided the SU-8 septa housing and septa design. The impact of needle diameter, needle tip style, insertion rate and number of needles on pre-puncture, post-puncture and removal forces was characterized. Pressurized connections to SU-8 channel systems withstood up to 62 kPa of pressurized water and maintained 25 kPa of pressurized water for over 24 h. The successful integration and functionality of the interconnect design with surface micromachined Parylene C microchannels was verified using Rhodamine B dye. Dual septa systems to access a single microchannel were demonstrated. Arrayed interconnects were compatible with integrated microfluidic systems featuring electrochemical sensors and actuators.
Protection by diamond-like carbon films on fused silica slides from erosion by the impact of solid particles

Abstract Measurements were made with a new test for improved quantitative estimation of the mechanical protection of thin films on optical materials. The mechanical damage was induced by a sandblasting system using spherical glass beads. Development of the surface damage was measured by the changes in the specular transmission and reflection and by inspection using a surface profilometer (and a scanning electron microscope). The changes in the transmittance with the duration of sandblasting were measured for uncoated and coated fused silica slides. It was determined that the diamond-like carbon films double the useful optical lifetime of the fused silica. Conclusions were obtained for the fused silica surface removal mechanism and for the film removal mechanism.
A Procedure for Obtaining Quantum Mechanical Transformation of Diagonalization from the Classical

Using as an example two coupled harmonic oscillators, a transformation to normal coordinates is made using the classical-type simultaneous diagonalization of quadratic forms, and this is then used to develop a procedure for constructing the corresponding quantum mechanical transformation to normal coordinates. The total classical transformation is nonunitary, whereas the quantum mechanical is unitary as it has to be in order to satisfy Von Neumann's theorem. Since the classical transformation has definite steps and is a very straightforward procedure, this could be a very useful procedure for constructing the quantum mechanical transformation in many models, and/or an alternative method for many models.
Jupiter's ionosphere: Results from the First Galileo Radio Occultation Experiment

The Galileo spacecraft passed behind Jupiter on December 8, 1995, allowing the first radio occultation measurements of its ionospheric structure in 16 years. At ingress (24°S, 68°W), the principal peak of electron density is located at an altitude of 900 km above the 1-bar pressure level, with a peak density of 105 cm−3 and a thickness of ∼200 km. At egress (43°S, 28°W), the main peak is centered near 2000 km altitude, with a peak density of 2×104 cm−3 and a thickness of ∼1000 km. Two thin layers, possibly forced by upwardly propagating gravity waves, appear at lower altitudes in the ingress profile. This is the first in a two-year series of observations that should help to resolve long-standing questions about Jupiter's ionosphere.
The Rts1 regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A is required for control of G1 cyclin transcription and nutrient modulation of cell size.

The key molecular event that marks entry into the cell cycle is transcription of G1 cyclins, which bind and activate cyclin-dependent kinases. In yeast cells, initiation of G1 cyclin transcription is linked to achievement of a critical cell size, which contributes to cell-size homeostasis. The critical cell size is modulated by nutrients, such that cells growing in poor nutrients are smaller than cells growing in rich nutrients. Nutrient modulation of cell size does not work through known critical regulators of G1 cyclin transcription and is therefore thought to work through a distinct pathway. Here, we report that Rts1, a highly conserved regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is required for normal control of G1 cyclin transcription. Loss of Rts1 caused delayed initiation of bud growth and delayed and reduced accumulation of G1 cyclins. Expression of the G1 cyclin CLN2 from an inducible promoter rescued the delayed bud growth in rts1Δ cells, indicating that Rts1 acts at the level of transcription. Moreover, loss of Rts1 caused altered regulation of Swi6, a key component of the SBF transcription factor that controls G1 cyclin transcription. Epistasis analysis revealed that Rts1 does not work solely through several known critical upstream regulators of G1 cyclin transcription. Cells lacking Rts1 failed to undergo nutrient modulation of cell size. Together, these observations demonstrate that Rts1 is a key player in pathways that link nutrient availability, cell size, and G1 cyclin transcription. Since Rts1 is highly conserved, it may function in similar pathways in vertebrates.
Hyperspectral digital imagery collection experiment (HYDICE)

In order to advance the state-of-the-art in the collection of imaging spectroscopy, the U.S. Navy Space and Warfare Systems Command sponsored the development and fabrication of a new generation, well calibrated hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. Called the Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HYDICE), the sensor was built by Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Danbury, Conn., delivered for integration into the Environmental Institute of Michigan's (ERIM) CV-580 aircraft in December 1994, tested and characterized between January and June 1995, and has since been involved in several airborne data collection experiments. In this paper, the HYDICE Program Office organization, sensor specifications, airborne characterization results, and a summary of the results of the most recent data exploitation and analyses are presented.
The Use of Preferreed Orientation Strip Steel in Turbine-Generator Stators

Strip steel with preferred grain orientation has been applied successfully to stator punchings of 2-pole turbine generators. Tests on 16 generators ranging from 1,000-kw to 20,000-kw rating indicate a reduction of 25 to 30 per cent in core losses and 50 per cent in required magnetomotive force in the stator punchings, compared with generators built with present nonoriented hotrolled sheet steels. Use of oriented strip steel permits design of generators of greater efficiency, greater rating for a given size, or both. Effective use is being made of this material in the design of certain 2-pole generators ranging in rating from 1,000 kw, 0.8 power factor, to 125,000 kw, 0.85 power factor.1 This paper describes the specific application of oriented strip steel to turbine generators in the range of 1,000 kw to 20,000 kw. The advantages of the oriented strip material over the former nonoriented materials are discussed. Test results on 16 generators using oriented strip are presented. The material itself is described, and a brief history of its development given. Special generator manufacturing processes required when using the oriented strip, as well as some of the equipment used, are described. Possible further developments are touched upon.
Determining Criteria for Predicting Stenosis With Ultrasound Duplex After Endovascular Intervention in Infrainguinal Lesions

Background Studies examining duplex surveillance of lower extremity bypass grafts have defined a role for guiding graft re-intervention. The goal of this study is to determine the utility of duplex scanning to detect angiographic restenosis after endovascular therapy in patients with infrainguinal arterial disease. Methods A prospective registry including all patients treated for lower extremity atherosclerotic disease between February 2004 and September 2008 was established. Patients were followed up with duplex ultrasound at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, and then annually. Patients receiving repeat angiograms were identified and angiogram and duplex data were abstracted. Velocity ratios (Vr) were calculated for each lesion by dividing the peak velocity within the lesion by the peak velocity proximal to the lesion. Logarithmic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used. Results Repeat angiograms were performed on 345 lesions in 143 patients, and 254 lesions in 103 patients had a corresponding duplex ultrasound. Indications for the initial intervention were claudication (n = 62, 43.4%), rest pain (n = 23, 16.1%), and tissue loss (n = 58, 40.5%). A total of 178 superficial femoral artery (SFA) lesions, 59 popliteal lesions, and 17 tibial lesions were identified by surveillance duplex in 103 patients. In all, 70.5% of the intervened vessels that were studied were nonstented and the remaining 29.5% were stented. A total of 65% of the patients had diabetes. On determining correlations for peak systolic velocity (PSV) as measured by duplex ultrasound with degree of angiographic stenosis, strong correlation coefficients for SFA disease (R2 = 0.84) and popliteal disease (R2 = 0.88) were found. However, poor correlation was found in patients with tibial disease. When analyzing the lesions on the basis of Vr 70% angiographic stenosis. In lesions with ratios from 2 to 2.5, 12 of 13 (92.3%) had >70% angiographic stenosis and in lesions with ratios >2.5, 69 of 75 (92.0%) had >70% angiographic stenosis. ROC curve analysis showed that to detect ≥70% stenosis in the SFA, a PSV ≥204 cm/sec had a sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 94.7%. To detect ≥70% stenosis in the overall femoropopliteal region, a PSV ≥223 cm/sec had a sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 95.2%. Conclusions Duplex ultrasound surveillance correlates to the degree of angiographic stenosis on the basis of PSV in the SFA and popliteal region. Correlation in the tibial vessels is poor. Vr>2.0 appear to correlate to angiographic stenosis of >70%. ROC analysis shows that PSV can have sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity to predict angiographic stenosis in the femoropopliteal region.
The detection of premalignant colon polyps during colonoscopy is stable throughout the workday

Background Recent studies have shown that colonoscopic polyp detection decreases as the workday progresses. This may reflect time-dependent factors such as colonoscopist fatigue and decreased colon cleanliness, which can be addressed through adaptations in colonoscopy practice. Objective To test for time-of-day differences in adenomatous polyp (AP) and sessile serrated polyp (SSP) detection in a practice that uses split-dose bowel preparation and moderated daily colonoscopist procedure loads. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Community-based, group gastroenterology practice. Patients This study involved 2439 patients undergoing surveillance or screening colonoscopy. Intervention Colonoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements Detection rate of all premalignant polyps (PMPs), and of APs and SSPs, individually. Results A total of 1183 PMPs were identified in 1486 eligible patients (mean PMP/colonoscopy = 0.80; PMP detection rate=47%). In univariate and multivariate analyses, PMP detection as well as detection of APs or SSPs individually did not vary significantly in relation to the hour of the day. In a binary comparison of morning (am) versus afternoon (pm) procedures, the total polyp detection rate was 67% and 66%, respectively. For PMPs, APs, SSPs, and hyperplastic polyps (HPs), the am and pm detection rates were 46% and 47%, 41% and 44%, 8% and 8%, and 27% and 24%, respectively. Bowel preparation quality was independent of time of day and was rated excellent or good in 86% to 87% of cases. Limitations Retrospective, nonrandomized study. Conclusion Stable PMP, AP, SSP, and HP detection rates throughout the workday occur under certain practice conditions, including the use of split-dose bowel preparation and/or moderated daily colonoscopist procedure loads.
Effects of magnesium ion on parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro

In a well-defined in vitro perifusion system, the effects of extracellular magnesium concentration (Mg) on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion by bovine parathyroid tissue were examined. At Mg less than 0.8 mM, the ability of the glands to secrete hormone maximally in response to low calcium (Ca) stimulation was progressively impaired. Low Mg also impaired the ability of isoproterenol, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and theophylline to stimulate hormone release. The defect in hormone release at low Mg observed in vitro was analogous to the well-documented inhibition of secretion observed in vivo. Increases in Mg from 0 to 0.8 mM rapidly repaired the defect in hormone secretion. At Mg above 1.0 mM there was a Ca-like effect on hormone release, with a progressive decrease in secretion at increased Mg. Although its mechanism is not yet clear, the low Mg effect appears to impair principally the process of hormone release rather than its biosynthesis or storage.
Differential Expression of Laminin Isoforms and β4 Integrin Epitopes in the Basement Membrane Zone of Normal Human Skin and Basal Cell Carcinomas

Abstract The basement membrane zone biology of normal human skin and basal cell carcinomas was explored by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies recognizing five subunit polypeptides of three different laminin isoforms as well as the β4 integrin epitopes. The laminin antibodies were specific for A, B1, and B2 chains of classic laminin, for the M chain of merosin, or for the S chain in S-laminin. Immunostaining of normal human skin revealed a strong signal with antibodies for A, B1, and B2 chain epitopes. A weak immunosignal was detected with an anti-M chain antibody, whereas the S-chain epitopes were undetectable, even following pretreatment of sections with hyaluronidase. Thus, the laminin at the epidermal-dermal junction of normal human skin is primarily of the classic type, with some merosin molecules being present. The staining of six nodular basal cell carcinomas revealed the presence of A, B1, and B2 chain epitopes in a linear pattern, but, in contrast to normal skin, the antibody recognizing M-chain epitopes yielded a strong immunosignal, and S-chain epitopes could also be readily detected. Staining for β 4 integrins, potential receptors for laminin, revealed a strong staining reaction in normal skin as well as in the superficial portions of the basal cell carcinoma. However, the immunofluorescence pattern in the deeper portions of the lesions was scattered and interrupted. Thus, altered composition of the basement membrane of nodular basal cell carcinomas with respect to laminin isoforms and their interactions with putative cell-surface receptors, the β 4 integrins, may change the containment of the tumor islands, contributing to the local aggressive behavior of basal cell carcinomas.
A first-order Mott transition in LixCoO2.

Despite many years of experimental searches for a first-order Mott transition in crystalline-doped semiconductors, none have been found. Extensive experimental work has characterized a first-order metal-insulator transition in Li(x)CoO(2), the classic material for rechargeable Li batteries, with a metallic state for x 0.95. Using density functional theory calculations on large supercells, we identify the mechanism of this hereto anomalous metal-insulator transition as a Mott transition of impurities. Density functional theory demonstrates that for dilute Li-vacancy concentrations, the vacancy binds a hole and forms impurity states yielding a Mott insulator. The unique feature of Li(x)CoO(2) as compared with traditional doped semiconductors, such as Si:P, is the high mobility of the Li vacancies, which allows them to rearrange into two distinct phases at the temperature of the metal-insulator transition.
Ten-year longitudinal study of periodontal attachment loss in healthy adults

Despite much research, it is still difficult to make generalizations concerning aging and periodontal diseases. This study examined 95 healthy men and women (aged 29 to 76 years at initial visit) from the oral physiology component of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging over a 10-year period. Periodontal measurements were taken at two visits, and recession, pocket depth, and level of attachment determined. The change of level of attachment and attachment loss was assessed as a longitudinal measure of disease progression. Overall there were only slight changes in periodontal measurements over the 10-year period. Attachment loss was age-dependent and was due primarily to increased recession not to changes in pocket depth. Periodontal disease destruction (as measured by attachment loss) occurred over time but was not related to the age or gender of a person. These results from healthy persons suggest that periodontal diseases are not a natural consequence of the aging process, and that advanced age is not an accurate predictor of attachment loss.
Ramsey Numbers for Matroids

Letkandlbe positive integers. The Ramsey numberr(k,l)is the least positive integerrsuch that every graphGwithrvertices contains eitherkmutually adjacent vertices orlmutually non-adjacent vertices. A matroid version of the Ramsey number is defined in this paper. Results which are strikingly similar to the classical graph theorems are obtained. For example, the upper bound of (k+l-2k-1)forr(k,l)of Erdos and Szekeres has an analogue in the matroid Ramsey numbers considered here.
Norm as a pedagogical paradigm

: This paper is concerned with the concept of norm and its place in a theory of linguistics: a number of factors need to be taken into consideration when deciding on a particular norm in the case of the teaching of English as an international language. When English is taught as a foreign (EFL) and a second (ESL) language the native standard of English-speaking countries is transferred. While this may have been the obvious and simplest solution at the beginning of the international spread of English, the historical development of the language and its unprecedented spread have given rise to a number of very different contexts to which the same paradigms cannot necessarily be applied. In this respect, it is important to distinguish the situation in the Outer Circle from the situation in the Expanding Circle. The paper discusses various factors which contribute to the complexity of ESL/EFL teaching and which should be weighed in any decision about a standard. These are: the issue of participation as freedom and responsibility, the subjectivity of the speaker, the issue of power, the bilingual's creativity, the concept of identity, intelligibility and the expectations of students. It is recognized that there is no simple and general solution to the problem of norm as a pedagogical paradigm.
Antagonism of brain opioid peptide action reduces hibernation bout duration

The effect of continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of naloxone on the duration of individual bouts of hibernation was investigated in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis). Following entrance into hibernation, naloxone was continuously administered by an osmotic minipump at a rate of 1 μl/h through a chronically implanted unilateral i.c.v. cannula guide. Naloxone (1, 5 and 7.5 μg/μl) produced a dose-dependent reduction in hibernation bout duration ranging from 1 to 4 days (13.9–62.3% of expected bout duration). These data suggest that selected endogenous opioid system neurons may contribute to the CNS maintenance of the hibernating state and, consequently, to the overall conservation of energy in this species.
Middle- and High-School Content Area Teachers' Perceptions about Literacy Teaching and Learning.

Middle- and high-school content area teachers' beliefs about literacy teaching and learning were investigated during the initial implementation phase of a year-long content literacy professional development project. Teacher interview data were used to examine factors that contribute to and/or inhibit teachers' successful implementation of content literacy techniques. Generally, findings indicated that most content area teachers believed that literacy was integral to their content area and they reported viewing themselves as literacy teachers as well as content teachers. Although they encountered a number of barriers during the initial stages of content literacy implementation, the teachers reported that content literacy professional development with coaching and collaboration supported teachers' efficacy with literacy teaching and their implementation of content literacy practices.
Synthesis of optically pure chrysobactin and immunoassay development

Chrysobactin (α-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-d-lysyl-l-serine), a siderophore that is essential for systemic virulence by plant pathogenic Erwinia chrysanthemi, was synthesized with high diastereomeric purity. Chrysobactin was prepared by coupling the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of α-N-(2,3-dibenzyloxybenzoyl)-e-N-Cbz-d-lysine with l-serine benzyl ester followed by deprotection via hydrogenolysis. Optically pure chrysobactin was obtained with 98% overall yield. A monoclonal antibody to ferric chrysobactin was developed and characterized as IgM. The antibody reacts with chrysobactin, ferric chrysobactin and less strongly with ferric dihydroxybenzoic acid. The antibody reacts weakly with the siderophores ferrichrome, A, ferric pseudobactin and ferric rhodotorulic acid. This antibody was used in a competitive immunoassay to detect ferric chrysobactin at 10−8 to 10−10 mol. This immunoassay may provide a useful method for the detection of chrysobactin in plant samples.
Secular variations in dolomite abundance in deep marine sediments

Change with time in the amount of dolomite in post-Jurassic deep marine sediments was tabulated using 844 Deep Sea Drilling Project samples that contain 5% or more dolomite and could be suitably dated. Superimposed on an overall decrease since Early Cretaceous time are two maxima in the Cretaceous, a maximum at the Paleocene/Eocene transition, and a maximum in the Neogene. Frequency trends in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific are similar overall but differ in detail. Mediterranean and Red Sea data are Neogene and peak in the mid-Miocene and late Miocene to early Pliocene, respectively. Data from the Gulf-Caribbean are largely Neogene and suggest deepening since early Cenozoic time. The general similarity of the patterns in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, supported by data from the smaller basins, suggests that the frequency of occurrence of dolomite in deep marine sediments may be related to a common global cause, possibly the flooding and draining of shallow shelves and small ocean basins consequent upon eustatic sea-level changes.
Central nervous system tumor immunity generated by a recombinant listeria monocytogenes vaccine targeting tyrosinase related protein-2 and real-time imaging of intracranial tumor burden.

OBJECTIVE: Previously, we demonstrated that a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (rLM) vector encoding the melanoma-associated antigen, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)2, could successfully treat subcutaneous B16 melanomas. The purpose of the present study was twofold: 1) to test whether this rLM-nucleoprotein (NP)/TRP-2 could generate antitumor immunity to a B16 tumor challenge in the immunologically privileged central nervous system (CNS) and 2) to develop a noninvasive imaging modality to monitor tumor progression in the brain after immunotherapy. METHODS: Mice were vaccinated with either a control rLM strain expressing only a viral antigen (rLM-NP) or a strain expressing both the viral epitope and TRP-2 (rLM-NP/TRP-2). These mice were then analyzed for their ability to mount tumor-specific T-cell responses, to generate protective antitumor immunity to a CNS tumor challenge, and for the localization of T cells at the tumor site. To noninvasively measure tumor growth within the CNS in vivo, we developed a B16 cell line expressing firefly luciferase that could be readily detected via bioluminescent imaging. RESULTS: Vaccination with rLM-NP/TRP-2 induced a robust, tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell response to the dominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope of TRP-2 and selective interferon-[gamma] secretion when cocultured with B16 melanoma cells in vitro. Significant decreases in CNS tumor sizes were easily visualized in mice vaccinated with rLMNP/TRP-2 compared with mice that received a control rLM expressing the NP epitope alone (rLM-NP). The subsequent decreased tumor size and extension of survival induced by rLM-NP/TRP-2 was similarly associated with an early increase of tumor infiltrating T cells. CONCLUSION: The ability to treat tumors arising within the CNS is difficult because of the nature of the anatomic confines of the brain and a microenvironment that may not promote immune responsiveness. These studies describe an in vivo bioluminescent imaging system to monitor CNS tumor growth in mice, which we successfully used to document decreased intracranial tumor progression and size after vaccination with rLM-NP/TRP-2. The results suggest that metastatic tumors in the CNS can be targeted immunotherapeutically without overt autoimmune toxicity.
Rapid computation of magnetic resonance line shapes for exchange among many sites

Abstract A simple method for computing magnetic resonance lineshapes with exchange among many sites is outlined. The method is valid in all rate regions.
Adaptive control with expert system based supervisory functions

A supervisory architecture is presented that makes use of a time distributed interactive diagnostic paradigm to detect and treat problems with adaptive controllers. Characteristics of the diagnostic process for problems with adaptive controllers are discussed from a control engineer's view point, and it is shown that, in general, diagnosis evolves over time as information becomes available through experimentation with the adaptive controller. An expert system framework is described which supports this style of diagnosis and a detailed treatment of the knowledge representation used is given. Simulations of the expert supervised adaptive controller are provided, and it is shown that even in the case where event driven diagnostic cannot be used because of incomplete sensory information, the interactive supervision paradigm is able to resolve performance problems^ in an adaptive controller
Small-scale structure in colliding off-axis vortex rings

Off-axis collisions of equal-strength vortex rings were experimentally examined. Two equal-strength vortices were generated which moved toward each other along parallel, but offset, trajectories. Two color laser-induced fluorescence visualization techniques were used to observe these phenomena and gain insight into their importance in vortex interactions. The most prominent features of these interactions were rapid growth and rotation of the rings and formation of evenly spaced ringlets around the cores of the original rings. Large-scale motions are described using simple vortex induction arguments. The small scales are caused by nonlinear amplification of instabilities during the asymmetric interaction. 5 refs.
Modern Animals: From Subjects to Agents in Literary Studies

Advancing theories of literature and animality requires both recognizing the failures of traditional humanist models that separate and elevate people over all "things" animal as well as identifying and developing alternative forms. Along with providing fresh readings and important insights about representative texts in the literary canon, two new books—Carrie Rohman's Stalking the Subject: Modernism and the Animal (2009) and Philip Armstrong's What Animals Mean in the Fiction of Modernity (2008)—illustrate how this challenge is being addressed. Strategically, Rohman works within established textual forms of modern humanity to expand the parameters of who counts as a subject in literature. Armstrong takes a more tactical approach, extending ideas of nonhuman agency in order to frame this very discourse of representation itself as a problem that modern narrative forms bring to a crisis. What thus emerges is a range of textual actions and actors that exceed traditional humanist calculations of the subject. Together these studies frame questions with broader implications for humanistic scholarship: how do textual forms of subjectivity, even of discourse, become historical, and historically flexible, through animal involvements in literary representations?
In-between believing

For any proposition p, it may sometimes occur that a person is not quite accurately describable as believing that p, nor quite accurately describable as failing to believe that p. I describe such a person as in an ‘in-between state of belief’. I argue for the prevalence of in-between states of believing, and assert the need for an account of belief that allows us intelligibly to talk about in-between believing. I suggest that Bayesian and representationalist approaches are inadequate to the task, and that a Rylean dispositional account of belief might do the trick.
Zero-degree high-resolution target autoionization spectra of helium in fast e−, H+, He+ and He2+ collisions: line profiles and double differential cross sections

Abstract Double excitation of helium by fast electrons, protons, He + and He 2+ has been studied. High-resolution autoionization spectra and double differential cross sections from doubly excited (2s 2 ) 1 S, (2p 2 ) 1 D, (2s2p) 1 P o , (2p3p) 1 D, (2s3p) 1 P o , (2p4p) 1 D and (2s4p) 1 P o states have been measured for an observation angle of zero degree as a function of the impact velocity and projectile charge. The transition amplitudes for direct ionization and resonance ionization strongly interfere and depend on the three-particle Coulomb interaction in the final state.
What joining method for the new generation of accelerators (SSC and LHC)

Abstract More than 8600 Superconducting magnets will equip the SSC (Superconducting Super Collider) accelerator and about 3000 will be used for the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Those magnets require a specific piping system with about 10 different lines ranging in diameter from 43 to 150 mm which are meant to provide ultra-high vacuum and helium cooling down to 1.8 K. One of the joining methods under consideration is welding. We have developed another solution which allows a quick and ultra-clean joining method, using a chain-clamp on tapered flanges sealed with a HELICOFLEX® resilient metal seal.
The Science of Public Messages for Suicide Prevention: A Workshop Summary

There is minimal guidance for efforts to create effective public messages that increase awareness that suicide is preventable. To address this need, several agencies in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Annenberg Foundation convened a workshop consisting of suicide prevention advocates and persons with expertise in public health evaluation, suicide contagion, decision-making, and marketing. "Logic models" were used to define intended messages and audiences, assumed mechanisms of change, and outcomes. This summary describes some of the challenges and opportunities identified by workshop participants in evaluating public awareness campaigns in suicide prevention, technical assistance needs, and a proposed research agenda.
MEMBRANE LIPID FLUIDITY AND FILTERABILITY OF HUMAN RBC'S FROM ADULTS & NEWBORNS

Red Blood Cells (RBC's) of human newborns have a number of different characteristics from those of adults. In order to increase understanding of these differences, membrane lipid fluidity (MLF) as indicated by the fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and filterability(F) as a gross measure of cell deformability were compared in the presence and absence of calcium. DPH fluorescence polarization in fresh intact cells from adults was 0.282±.011(S.D.n=14), significantly less than 0.327±0.010(S.D.,n=7) in newborns. While quantitative estimates from DPH fluorescence polarization are subject to uncertainties, the results suggest decreased fluidity in the hydrophobic core of red cell membranes of newborns. This is consistent with the greater proportion of saturated fatty acids in RBC membranes from newborns. Treating RBC's from adults with 1μM Ca ionophore A23187 at 5 mMCaCl2, decreases F by 49±12%(S.D. ,n=4). In contrast MLF of RBC's is unchanged with 1μM A23187 and 5 mMCaCl2. RBC's from newborns exhibit decreased F at O mM and 5 mMCa in comparison with RBC's from adults. Experiments with Ca demonstrate conditions under which F and MLF are independent and uncorrelated parameters. When Ca induces echinocytosis and decreases F it does so without causing bulk changes in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. Ca must exert its effects either on the polar lipid headgroups or on the cytoskeletal proteins.
Autoimmune bone marrow environment severely inhibits B cell development by inducing extensive cell death and inhibiting proliferation

The spontaneous scurfy (sf) mutation in mice results in a complete loss of Tregs, leading to a lethal, multi-system autoimmune syndrome. We have carefully examined B lymphopoiesis in sf mice. Paradoxically, the B cell numbers at all developmental stages including pro-B, pre-B, immature and mature B cells are significantly decreased in the BM and spleen of sf mice, compared to that of wild-type littermate controls. The developing B cells in sf mice exhibit profoundly elevated cell death induced by down-regulation of Bcl-XL expression and up-regulation of Fas expression. In addition, the clonal expansion of pre-B and immature B cells in sf mice is significantly reduced compared to wild-type controls. Foxp3 expression is not detectable in all stages of developing B cells in wild-type mice, indicating that the defects are B-cell extrinsic, which is further supported by the recovery of B cell maturation in BM chimeric mice. Remarkably, IFN-γ production is significantly elevated in numerous cell types in the BM of sf mice. Taken together, these results indicate that the autoimmune inflammatory marrow environment has dramatic inhibitory effects on B cell development by inducing apoptosis and suppressing proliferation of developing B cells.
An evaluation of a modified nystatin vaginal tablet in a multi-centre study.

SummaryA multi-centre, double-blind controlled study in eleven hospitals was carried out to assess the efficacy, tolerance and patients' acceptance of a new ‘Mycostatin’ effer-vescent vaginal tablet (E.V.T.). One hundred and ninety-one patients received the effervescent tablet and 96 patients the currently-available ‘Mycostatin’ pessary. Both formulations, containing 100,000 units of nystatin per pessary or tablet, were initially prescribed as one tablet or pessary nocte for 14 days. The patients selected had signs and symptoms of candidal vaginitis confirmed by either a positive wet smear or culture for Candida albicans.The new effervescent formulation disintegrated and dispersed completely, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the active material throughout the vaginal walls (p =0.002). After 14 days treatment 87% of the patients were clinically and mycologically clear of candidal vaginitis. A further 7 days therapy with one E.V.T. twice daily resulted in a complete cure in all but 5 patients (2....
Tuning the Au(I)-mediated inhibition of cathepsin B through ligand substitutions

It has been over 80 years since the antiarthritic properties of gold(I) complexes were first recognized. However, a detailed understanding of their mechanism of action has been slow to develop. One likely biological target of gold(I) is the cathepsin family of lysosomal cysteine proteases, enzymes involved in the inflammation and joint destruction that are hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have previously shown that analogs of auranofin, a clinically available antiarthritic drug, inhibit cathepsin B. In this study, the extent to which the steric and electronic properties of the phosphine ligand can be modified to obtain enhanced potency against cathepsin B is investigated.
On the “Information” Lost by Using a t-Test when the Population Variance is Known

Abstract This note calls attention to the use of the power function as a means of determining how much “information” is lost by using some other test in place of the most powerful test of a given hypothesis. As an example of the method, the case of using a t-test for the mean of a normal population with known variance is analyzed.
Effect of soil pH on cation and anion solubility

Abstract The effect of soil pH on the exchangeability and solubility of soil cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, and NH4‐N) and anions (NO3‐N, Cl, and P) was investigated for 80 soils, spanning a wide range in physical and chemical properties and taxonomic groups. This information is needed from environmental and agronomic standpoints to estimate the effect of changes in soil pH on leachability and plant availability of soil nutrients. Soils were incubated with varying amounts of acid (H2SO4) and base (CaCO3) for up to 30 days. Although acid and base amendments had no consistent effect on cation exchangeability (as determined by neutral NH4OAc), amounts of water‐soluble Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4‐N, and P decreased, while NO3‐N and Cl increased with an increase in soil pH. The increase in cation solubility was attributed to an increase in the negative charge of the soil surface associated with the base addition. The change in surface electrostatic potential had the opposite effect on amounts of NO3‐N and Cl in solution, with...
The elastic modulus of Matrigel™ as determined by atomic force microscopy

Recent studies indicate that the biophysical properties of the cellular microenvironment strongly influence a variety of fundamental cell behaviors. The extracellular matrix's (ECM) response to mechanical force, described mathematically as the elastic modulus, is believed to play a particularly critical role in regulatory and pathological cell behaviors. The basement membrane (BM) is a specialization of the ECM that serves as the immediate interface for many cell types (e.g. all epithelial cells) and through which cells are connected to the underlying stroma. Matrigel is a commercially available BM-like complex and serves as an easily accessible experimental simulant of native BMs. However, the local elastic modulus of Matrigel has not been defined under physiological conditions. Here we present the procedures and results of indentation tests performed on Matrigel with atomic force microscopy (AFM) in an aqueous, temperature controlled environment. The average modulus value was found to be approximately 450 Pa. However, this result is considerably higher than macroscopic shear storage moduli reported in the scientific literature. The reason for this discrepancy is believed to result from differences in test methods and the tendency of Matrigel to soften at temperatures below 37 degrees C.
Effect of Porosity on Resistance of Epoxy Coatings to Cold-Wall Blistering

Abstract Six epoxy-based coating systems were tested for their resistance to degradation in the form of “cold-wall” blistering. The coatings were applied to type 1010 steel (UNS G10100) substrates ...
LIS1 and XLIS (DCX) Mutations Cause Most Classical Lissencephaly, but Different Patterns of Malformation

Classical lissencephaly (LIS) is a neuronal migration disorder resulting in brain malformation, epilepsy and mental retardation. Deletions or mutations of LIS1 on 17p13.3 and mutations in XLIS ( DCX ) on Xq22.3-q23 produce LIS. Direct DNA sequencing of LIS1 and XLIS was performed in 25 children with sporadic LIS and no deletion of LIS1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mutations of LIS1 were found by sequencing ( n = 8) and Southern blot ( n = 2) in a total of 10 patients (40%) of both sexes and mutations of XLIS in five males (20%). Combined with previous data, deletions or mutations of these two genes account for approximately 76% of isolated LIS. These data demonstrate that LIS1 and XLIS mutations cause the majority of, though not all, human LIS. The mutations in LIS1 were predicted to result in protein truncation in six of eight patients and splice site mutations in two, all of which disrupt one or more of the seven WD40 repeats contained in the LIS1 protein. Point mutations in XLIS identified the C-terminal serine/proline-rich region as potentially important for protein function. The patients with mutations were included in a genotype-phenotype analysis of 32 subjects with deletions or other mutations of these two genes. Whereas the brain malformation due to LIS1 mutations was more severe over the parietal and occipital regions, XLIS mutations produced the reverse gradient, which was more severe over the frontal cortex. The distinct LIS patterns suggest that LIS1 and XLIS may be part of overlapping, but distinct, signaling pathways that promote neuronal migration.
Phorbol ester-mediated pulmonary artery endothelial barrier dysfunction through regulation of actin cytoskeletal mechanics

The mechanisms of phorbol ester- and thrombin-mediated pulmonary artery endothelial barrier dysfunction were compared. Phorbol ester dibutyrate (PDBU) mediated slow force velocity and less force th...