cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Population: Older Adults

The ability of modern medical care to successfully treat acute infections, trauma, and other medical emergencies has allowed many Americans to live into old age, when the focus of medical treatment is now largely on the management of chronic illness. Chronic conditions are more common in adults aged 65 years and over than in younger adults. The key objectives of care for older adults with chronic health problems are (1) to help the individual maintain his or her quality of life, (2) to support relatives and other caregivers, and (3) to arrest or slow down the rate at which functional abilities are lost. The approach to the assessment and management of chronic illness in older adults requires the clinician to consider several distinctive factors such as frailty, geriatric syndromes, iatrogenic illness, health literacy, social support, decision-making capacity, rehabilitation, and the integration of long-term services and social supports. Over the past 20 years, a wide range of care models directed at providing improved quality of care, at lower cost to older adults with multiple chronic illnesses, have been developed and tested. These care innovations have been implemented in a variety of settings, hospitals, transitions/post-acute-nursing homes, and outpatient care. Many of these models have a strong evidence base, but have not been widely disseminated. Health-care providers can learn the principles central to the provision of excellent care to chronically ill older adults.
Political Ecologies of Dynamic Wetlands: Hydrosocial Waterscapes in the Okavango Delta

Research within geography and related disciplines has directed much attention to the coupled interactions between social and ecological systems. These studies have usefully analyzed the multifacete...
Recent Advances In Curved Wide Plate Testing And Implications For Strain-Based Design

The wide plate test has been used for about a half century to assess the structural significance of weld defects. Early work mostly utilized plate specimens, but within the last 20 years the curved wide plate test (CWPT) has become popular for pipeline girth weld testing. Even more recently, the CWPT has been used to measure girth weld strain capacity for strain-based design applications. Considering that the wide plate test was not originally intended for assessment of structures loaded well into the plastic regime, it is appropriate to consider improvements and new approaches that may be applicable to high strain applications. This paper presents recent CWPT results on X80, X100, and X120 girth welds. A non-contact photographic measuring system was used to quantify surface strains. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to optimize specimen geometry by increasing specimen length-to-width ratio which suppresses premature strain localization in the pipe body. This is particularly useful for testing high strength steels. Unloading compliance in combination with FEA was used to assess crack growth. Compliance transfer functions were developed and tearing resistance was quantified using the CWPT. It was found that tearing can initiate at low levels (~0.5%) of plastic strain. Welds with high tearing resistance are useful for strain based design applications.
CAPTURING THE RUSSIAN ADJECTIVE

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on capturing of the Russian adjective. In Russian, there are two forms of qualitative adjective, namely, the long form and the short form. The short form is used in predicate position only, while the long form may be used in predicate position or prenominally as an attributive adjective. The morphological process that relates the two forms is so transparently productive that nearly every qualitative adjective may be said to have both forms, although one or the other may rarely or never be used owing to semantic considerations. Regular adjectives behave differently from the participles in that long-form adjectives may appear in predicate position. Scientific laws and similar statements invariably contain short-form adjectives or verbs, and not long-form adjectives, in predicate position. Sentences with infinitives or certain quantifier phrases as subjects also disallow long forms in the predicate. Many of the syntactic peculiarities of short forms have been presented as similarities to verbs. The absolute-relative distinction between short- and long-form adjectives helps explain the fact that predicate adjectives in scientific laws and in sentences with certain kinds of abstract subjects must be in their short forms. A grammar like Montague's predicts that the syntactic and semantic facts will coincide in this sort of way. The syntax and semantics work side by side in such a way that any two expressions that are the same syntactically will be the same semantically, though not necessarily vice versa. Identical complex semantic types that differ syntactically are distinguished by varying the number of slashes between the components of their syntactic categories.
Determination of Malachite Green Residues in the Eggs, Fry, and Adult Muscle Tissue of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Malachite green, an effective antifungal therapeutant used in fish culture, is a known teratogen. We developed a method to simultaneously detect both the chromatic and leuco forms of malachite green residues in the eggs, fry, and adult muscle tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Homogenates of these tissues were fortified with [14C] malachite green chloride and extracted with 1% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitrile or in methanol. The extracts were partitioned with chloroform, dried, redissolved in mobile phase, and analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) with postcolumn oxidation of leuco malachite green to the chromatic form. LC fractions were collected every 30 s for quantitation by scintillation counting. Recoveries of total [14C] malachite green chloride residue were 85 and 98% in eggs fortified with labeled malachite green at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.00 microgram/g, respectively; 68% in fry similarly fortified at a concentration of 0.65 microgram/g; and 66% in muscle homogenate similarly fortified at a level of 1.00 microgram/g. The method was tested under operational conditions by exposing adult rainbow trout to 1.00 mg/L [14C] malachite green chloride bath for 1 h. Muscle samples analyzed by sample oxidation and scintillation counting contained 1.3 and 0.5 microgram/g total malachite green chloride residues immediately after exposure and after a 5-day withdrawal period, respectively.
Lost circulation and filter cake evolution: Impact of dynamic wellbore conditions and wellbore strengthening implications

Abstract Lost circulation events and mud filtration in drilling operations have been investigated over the years because they lead to non-drilling time (NDT) and increase the overall well cost. Solutions have been offered from the addition of fluid loss control additives, the use of lost circulation materials (LCM), advanced pills, to novel solutions and technologies such as wellbore strengthening, casing while drilling (CwD), and managed pressure drilling (MPD). However, lithology complexities, geothermal and geochemical effects, and wellbore drilling dynamics continue to push the boundaries to enhance available preventative and mitigation strategies. In this study, pore and fracture-scale mud invasions are investigated and the results are used in characterizing filter cake wellbore strengthening. The methods used have been described in detail in the paper. The theoretical and experimental investigations revealed that wellbore temperature, drill string rotary speed, fracture width, rock permeability and porosity, LCM type, and LCM concentration are critical factors influencing filter cake evolution. SEM image and elemental maps of selected samples showed near-wellbore pore plugging by granular LCM. More than a 50% reduction in losses through a 2000 μm fracture width was recorded and concentration thresholds were established for the granular and fibrous LCM's, based on dynamic wellbore conditions. The numerical results showed that the rock permeability and filter cake permeability profiles largely control the changes in a wellbore hoop stress profile. This integrated approach will provide extensive details which will help inform decision making and select critical parameters for drilling different lithologies, loss prone zones, and achieving wellbore strengthening.
Rails-Next-to-Trails: A Methodology for Selecting Appropriate Safety Treatments at Complex Multimodal Intersections

There are more than 212,000 at-grade railroad crossings in the United States. Several feature paths running adjacent to the railroad tracks, and crossing a highway; they serve urban areas, recreati...
Phase Ib study of rebastinib plus antitubulin therapy with paclitaxel or eribulin in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

TPS2611Background: TMEM (Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis) are microanatomic structures formed by a Mena-expressing tumor cell, Tie2-expressing macrophage, and endothelial cell in direct conten...
Political regimes, investment and electoral uncertainty

Abstract This study looks at firm’s investment spending in fixed and intangible assets around three types of national elections: presidential, joint presidential and legislative, and parliamentary elections. Investment in fixed assets declines by up to 2.3% during presidential elections, and 4.43% in joint presidential and legislative elections years. On the other hand, intangible investment decreases by 4.47% in parliamentary election years. Moreover, investment responses to electoral shocks differ markedly within political systems and countries’ institutional settings. Investment levels shift significantly downward in pre- and resume in postelection years. The electoral effect results in a net loss in investment over the election cycle.
Use of a thermomechanical analyzer

The ThermoMechanical Analyzer (TMA) is a sensitive instrument that measures dimensional changes such as those occurring during glass transitions. Knowledge of the glass transition temperature (Tg) may provide a better understanding of many food systems. Cookie dough is a food system that appears to be affected greatly by an apparent glass transition of the flour protein. Hard-wheat-flour cookie doughs underwent an apparent glass transition at a lower temperature (71 ‡C) than did soft-wheat-flour cookie doughs (78‡C). Decreasing the sugar level in the dough decreased both the set time and the apparentTg. Set time and apparentTg were highly correlated (r=0.971 soft;r=0.989 hard).
Treatment of Serotonin Syndrome

The serotonin syndrome is a rare iatrogenic disorder cause by high dose or combinations of serotonergic agents. The most common combination today is paroxetine and tramadol. The features are motor, most prominently myoclonus and clonus, mental status abnormalities, and autonomic dysfunction. The main differential is neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The key to treatment is recognition of the syndrome and stopping the causative agents. Supportive measures and medications may be necessary; however, in most cases improvement occurs in hours to days of stopping the serotonergic agents.
National Variation in Increased Infectious Risk Kidney Offer Acceptance.

Background Despite providing survival benefit, increased risk for infectious disease (IRD) kidney offers are declined at 1.5 times the rate of non-IRD kidneys. Elucidating sources of variation in IRD kidney offer acceptance may highlight opportunities to expand use of these life-saving organs. Methods To explore center-level variation in offer acceptance, we studied 6765 transplanted IRD kidneys offered to 187 transplant centers between 2009 and 2017 using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data. We used multilevel logistic regression to determine characteristics associated with offer acceptance and to calculate the median odds ratio (MOR) of acceptance (higher MOR indicates greater heterogeneity). Results Higher quality kidneys (per 10 units kidney donor profile index; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-0.95), higher yearly volume (per 10 deceased donor kidney transplants; aOR, 1.08, 95% CI, 1.06-1.10), smaller waitlist size (per 100 candidates; aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98), and fewer transplant centers in the donor service area (per center; aOR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.91) were associated with greater odds of IRD acceptance. Adjusting for donor and center characteristics, we found wide heterogeneity in IRD offer acceptance (MOR, 1.96). In other words, if listed at a center with more aggressive acceptance practices, a candidate could be 2 times more likely to have an IRD kidney offer accepted. Conclusions Wide national variation in IRD kidney offer acceptance limits access to life-saving kidneys for many transplant candidates.
Pan-Trk immunohistochemistry reliably identifies ETV6-NTRK3 fusion in secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland

Secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland is a newly recognized entity that morphologically resembles breast secretory carcinoma and has a characteristic t(12;15)(p13;q25) ETV6-NTRK3 translocation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses can detect the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion; however, both tests are expensive and not widely available. In this study, we aimed to determine whether pan-Trk immunohistochemistry (IHC) could detect ETV6-NTRK3 fusions as reliably as RT-PCR and FISH. We performed pan-Trk IHC in 70 salivary gland cancer samples, including secretory carcinomas, acinic cell carcinomas, and hybrid carcinomas. Nineteen tumors exhibited positive pan-Trk staining, including 16 secretory carcinomas, 2 hybrid carcinomas with a secretory carcinoma component, and 1 acinic cell carcinoma. Pan-Trk IHC staining was localized in the nucleus in 16 (84.2%) cases and in the cytoplasm and/or membrane in 3 (15.8%) cases. RT-PCR analysis for the ETV6-NTRK3 transcript was conducted in 45 samples; the fusion transcript was present in 11 of 12 secretory carcinomas and absent in 32 acinic cell carcinomas and 1 mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Pan-Trk IHC was positive in 10 of 11 salivary tumors that were positive for ETV6-NTRK3 by RT-PCR and negative in all 34 tumors that were negative for the fusion by RT-PCR. Therefore, in comparison with RT-PCR, pan-Trk IHC had a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 100%. In conclusion, our data showed that pan-Trk IHC is a reasonable screening test for diagnosing secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland.
Cost Optimization of Battery and Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Dispatching Solar PV Power

This paper aims to optimize the cost of a battery and supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for dispatching solar power at one-hour increments for an entire day for megawatt-scale grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) arrays. A low-pass filter (LPF) is utilized to allocate the power between a battery and a supercapacitor (SC). The cost optimization of the HESS is calculated based on the time constant of the LPF through extensive simulations in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Curve fitting and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques are implemented to seek the optimum value of the LPF time constant. A fuzzy logic controller as a function of battery state of charge is developed to estimate the grid reference power for each one-hour dispatching period. Since the ambient temperature and PV cell temperature are different, this study also considers the relationship between them and presents their effects on energy storage cost calculations.
Initial Control Strategies for Conflicting Automatic Safety Systems in General Aviation

Despite improvements in technology and safety systems, general aviation remains a relatively unsafe method of travel. According to 2019 US government statistics, Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) and Loss of Control Inflight (LOC-I) are the top two contributors for aircraft total loses and number of fatalities in general aviation. Fortunately, automatic safety systems which have the potential to decrease terrain collision accidents have been recently introduced into production as are automatic methods to avoid aerodynamic stall and other precursors to loss of control accidents. However, the union of these systems into a single control mechanism carries as-of-yet unquantified risk and potential for emergent or undesired behavior. Therefore, the research presented in this paper focuses on potential control strategies for combining automatic terrain avoidance and automatically securing controlled flight which maximizes certain desirable characteristics. This work presents initial analyses of conflicting safety constraints and architectural choices, and their impacts on the overall safety of a fixed-wing general aviation aircraft. The primary interest of this paper is to address the sequence of states and control inputs in which both safety systems request control of the aircraft concurrently leading to a conflict compromising the vehicle's safety and will evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of using specific switching strategies and control blending. After the initial phase of identifying relevant cases of conflicts, we analyze those cases to show the effectiveness of a mitigation approach based on switched-system control. The paper will also provide data in order to direct system designers as to the best approach to solve these types of problems given their individual set of requirements. The study is conducted in a realtime six degree of freedom (6DoF) flight simulation using a Cessna 172 aircraft model.
Mitochondrial Genomes of the United States Distribution of Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Reveal a Major Phylogeographic Break at the Great Plains Suture Zone

We examined phylogeographic structure in gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) across the United States to identify the location of secondary contact zone(s) between eastern and western lineages and investigate the possibility of additional cryptic intraspecific divergences. We generated and analyzed complete mitochondrial genome sequence data from 75 samples and partial control region mitochondrial DNA sequences from 378 samples to investigate levels of genetic diversity and structure through population- and individual-based analyses including estimates of divergence (FST and SAMOVA), median joining networks, and phylogenies. We used complete mitochondrial genomes to infer phylogenetic relationships and date divergence times of major lineages of Urocyon in the USA. Despite broad-scale sampling, we did not recover additional major lineages of Urocyon within the USA, but identified a deep east-west split (~0.8 million years) with secondary contact at the Great Plains Suture Zone and confirmed the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) is nested within U. cinereoargenteus. Genetic diversity declined at northern latitudes in the eastern USA, a pattern concordant with post-glacial recolonization and range expansion. Beyond the east-west divergence, morphologically-based subspecies did not form monophyletic groups, though unique haplotypes were often geographically limited. Gray foxes in the USA displayed a deep, cryptic divergence suggesting taxonomic revision is needed. Secondary contact at a common phylogeographic break, the Great Plains Suture Zone, where environmental variables show a sharp cline, suggests ongoing evolutionary processes may reinforce this divergence. Follow-up study with nuclear markers should investigate whether hybridization is occurring along the suture zone and characterize contemporary population structure to help identify conservation units. Comparative work on other wide-ranging carnivores in the region should test whether similar evolutionary patterns and processes are occurring.
The Statistics of Vortex Lines

The loop models at \(n=1\) have the special property that the nodes are uncorrelated (in the absence of the extra interaction described in the previous chapter) so that the critical behaviour is purely geometrical.
Process Synthesis with Heat and Power Integration of Thermochemical Coal, Biomass, and Natural Gas Hybrid Energy Processes

Abstract A thermochemical based process superstructure was created to consider various process alternatives to convert biomass, coal, and natural gas to liquid (CBGTL) transportation fuels. Using binary variables to model process decisions and constraints to model mass and energy conservation, phase and chemical equilibrium, and process stream splitting, a mixed-integer non-linear optimization model is developed to determine the topology of the CBGTL refinery that produced the lowest-cost fuels. The mathematical model includes a simultaneous heat and power integration which uses a series of heat engines to recover electricity from the process waste heat. Using herbaceous biomass (switchgrass), low-volatile bituminous coal, and natural gas, two case studies are presented to investigate the effect of CO 2 sequestration and greenhouse gas reduction targets on the CBGTL process topology.
A complete solution classification and unified algorithmic treatment for the one- and two-step asymmetric S-transverse mass \( {\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{T}2} \) event scale statistic

The M T2, or “s-transverse mass”, statistic was developed to associate a parent mass scale to a missing transverse energy signature, given that escaping particles are generally expected in pairs, while collider experiments are sensitive to just a single transverse momentum vector sum. This document focuses on the generalized $$ {\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{T}2} $$ extension of that statistic to asymmetric one- and two-step decay chains, with arbitrary child particle masses and upstream missing transverse momentum. It provides a unified theoretical formulation, complete solution classification, taxonomy of critical points, and technical algorithmic prescription for treatment of the $$ {\tilde{M}}_{\mathrm{T}2} $$ event scale. An implementation of the described algorithm is available for download, and is also a deployable component of the author’s selection cut software package AEACuS (Algorithmic Event Arbiter and Cut Selector). appendices address combinatoric event assembly, algorithm validation, and a complete pseudocode.
IL-23 transduced bone marrow derived neural stem cells exhibit anti-tumor function in glioma model

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5998 Fetal neural stem cells (NSC) are capable of tracking migrating glioma cells and deliver therapeutic molecules into the infiltrating tumor foci. In the present study we derived NSC from the bone marrow of adult C57bl/6 mice. The derived NSC grew as neurospheres morphologically indistinguishable from the fetal NSC and expressed NSC markers. Upon in vitro differentiation, the bone marrow derived NSC (BM-NSC) were capable of producing progenies of three lineages, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes. We genetically manipulated these BM-NSC to express a recently discovered cytokine IL-23 that consists of a heterodimer of the IL-12 p40 subunit and a novel 19-kDa protein, termed p19. The single chain form of IL-23 was constructed into a replication-deficient adenoviral vector (RAd-IL23) and the vector was used to transduce the BM-NSC. IL-23 expression from the transduced cells was detected by ELISA and RT-PCR in vitro . Intracranial implantation of the RAd-IL23 transduced BM-NSC into the intracranial GL26 glioma model C57bl/6 mice, IL-23 expression was detectable in situ . About 60% of glioma model C57bl/6 mice were survived after intratumoral implantation of RAd-IL23 transduced BM-NSC. In contrast, all the glioma model mice were died after intratumoral implantation of empty vector (RAd-Intron) transduced BM-NSC with an average survival time of 30±4.7 days. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay for the mice survived of glioma model demonstrated that spleen cells from these mice had a specific CTL activity against GL26 cells but not P815 cells. Even at 4 weeks after the BM-NSC implantation into the glioma model mice, there was a tumor specific CTL activity detected in mice with implantation of RAd-IL23 transduced BM-NSC, but not in the control mice implanted with RAd-Intron transduced BM-NSC. Furthermore, the mice survived of glioma model could still maintain at tumor-free condition ever following another two times GL26 cells rechallenging. Intratumoral implantation of RAd-IL23 transduced BM-NSC could not rescue the intracranial GL26 glioma-bearing athymic nude mice, but did increase the survival time by 5 days compared with glioma-bearing nude mice accepted intratumoral implantation of the RAd-Intron transduced BM-NSC. After natural killer (NK) cells depletion, there was no statistically survival time difference between glioma-bearing nude mice implanted with either RAd-IL23 or RAd-Intron transduced BM-NSC. Taken together, these data suggest that BM-NSC would be a tumor tracking vehicle for targeting refractory, migratory, invasive brain tumors to deliver therapeutic molecules into tumors. IL-23 as a novel cytokine could be an effective molecules for brain tumor immunotherapy. In combination with the tumor tracking property of NSC, IL-23 mainly exerts its anti-tumor function through T cells activity. In addition, NK cells are also crucial for establishing IL-23 activity against brain tumors.
A Snapshot of Music History Teaching to Undergraduate Music Majors, 2011–2012: Curricula, Methods, Assessment, and Objectives

A survey of 232 music history teachers representing 204 institutions in the U.S. and Canada gathered descriptive data on the design, teaching methods, assessment and objectives for music history for undergraduate music majors in 2011–2012. On average, 8.5% (i.e. nine of 120 credits) of a typical music major’s degree is in music history. Students most often begin in the second year. The most common curriculum features only a chronological survey (n=81), while 37 add a one-course introduction and 21 add a menu of topics courses to the survey. Lecture is the most frequently used teaching method, but topics courses are more likely to use non-textbook readings, whole-group discussion, and guided listening than lecture. Examinations were the most significant mode of assessment by a large margin, followed by short writing assignments, participation/attendance, and fieldwork, oral histories, or interviews. Respondents preferred such traditional objectives as “trace the basic chronology of western art music” over objectives focusing on popular or world music, instruments, or performers, although cultural context was second on the list. Rankings of other objectives showed little variance. The author suggests that cultural changes and new research directions may challenge the traditional cast of music history teaching.
S1-S2 vibronic coupling in trans-1,3,5-hexatriene. I. Electronic structure calculations

The estimates for the vertical excitation energy of the 2 1A1 state of cis-1,3,5-hexatriene (CHT) vary considerably and provide a good example of the difficulties that can arise in determining transition energies. The great uncertainty is surprising if one considers that this state has already been characterized by high resolution techniques such as resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy in free jet expansions. A theoretical analysis of this problem is clearly needed and the present work, along with the following paper, represents an effort to investigate the nature of the 2 1A1 and 1 1B1 states of CHT. It is shown that a combination of ab initio electronic structure and quantum-mechanical wave packet calculations is required to systematically approach a question as involved as locating the energetical position of the 2 1A1 level. We characterize the energy dependence of the 1 1A1, 2 1A1, and 1 1B1 states of CHT as a function of the in-plane normal coord...
Full state sliding mode trajectory tracking control for general planar vessel models

A novel trajectory tracking sliding mode control law for general planar underactuated autonomous vessel models is presented where all six position and velocity states are asymptotically stabilized. The approach is based on defining a transitional trajectory vector function which can be used to reduce the sixth order system to a fourth order one with two control inputs. It is then shown that the stabilization of the reduced order system guarantees asymptotic stability of all six system states where the only restriction for reference trajectory is that it must satisfy the vessel's nonholonomic constraint. The most important advantages of the approach are that it does not require any specific structure for the forcing functions such as hydrodynamic damping, it is robust to modeling uncertainties and disturbances, and it can be applied to models with diagonal and non-diagonal mass matrices. Simulation results are presented for an autonomous surface vessel.
Late Effects of Cancer Treatments

With continued advances in strategies to detect cancer early and treat it effectively, along with the aging of the population, the number of individuals living years beyond a cancer diagnosis can be expected to continue to increase. Statistical trends show that, in the absence of other competing causes of death, 64% of adults diagnosed with cancer today can expect to be alive in 5 years.1, 2, 3, 4 Relative 5-year survival rates for those diagnosed as children (age less than 19 years) are even higher, with almost 79% of childhood cancer survivors estimated to be alive at 5 years and 75% at 10 years.5
Upregulation of endothelial cell notch ligand jagged 1 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast cancer (58.2)

Angiogenesis and the establishment of a vascular network by tumor-associated endothelial cells (ECs) are well-described in cancer. Although ECs play an essential role in tumorigenesis by constructi...
Effect of Enzymes on the Composition and Structure of Chromobacterium violaceum Cell Envelopes

Cell envelopes of Chromobacterium violaceum were isolated and treated under controlled conditions with trypsin, Pronase, lipase, phospholipase C, lysozyme, and a mixture of enzymes produced by a bacteriolytic Pseudomonas sp. After each enzyme treatment, losses in dry weight, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid, and total phosphorus were determined. Electron-microscopic examination of the enzyme-treated envelopes indicated complete or partial loss of envelope rigidity or some envelope fragmentation, or both. Each enzyme hydrolyzed at least one envelope component and liberated several others into the supernatant fluid, where they appeared as nondialyzable particulate components, identified by means of electron microscopy. Unlike the other enzymes, the Pseudomonas sp. enzyme mixture partially liberated all major envelope components except phosphorus, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxy octonic acid. In spite of these large losses, the envelopes preserved some features of their integrity and elongated shape.
Goal Attainment Scaling: A Method for Evaluating Special Education Services

Goal attainment scaling (GAS) is presented in this paper as a useful approach for evaluating special education services at the local education agency (LEA) level. Utilization of the approach by school practitioners allows for individualization of program goals for a range of special education service programs. In the paper, the nature and scope of the GAS method are described, its applications to evaluating special education services at the LEA level are reported, and considerations in the implementation of the approach are discussed.
Do as I Say, Not as I Do: Improving the image of the physical education profession

(2012). Do as I Say, Not as I Do: Improving the image of the physical education profession. Strategies: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 11-13.
Thickness and temperature dependence of the leakage current in hafnium-based Si SOI MOSFETs

Abstract The dependence on oxide thickness and temperature of the gate-leakage current density (Jg) in metal-gate/hafnium-based-oxide/Si SOI n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically to identify the leakage mechanism(s). Fowler–Nordheim (FN) tunneling is found to be the dominant leakage mechanism at high bias (Vg > 1.5 V) at all measured temperatures, the slope of the FN plot corresponding to an oxide barrier-height decreasing almost linearly with increasing temperature. This ‘effective’ barrier lowering is caused by the thermal heating of the Fermi–Dirac source distribution function in the cathode. On the contrary, around the operating bias (Vg ≈ 0.5–1 V for nFETs, 1–1.5 V for pFETs), Poole–Frenkel (PF) emission is dominant, especially at high temperatures. However, strong nonlinearities seen in the In (Jg)−1/T-plots at low Vg (
A ROLE FOR RNA HELICASE A IN POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF HIV TYPE 1

Retroviruses must bypass the tight coupling of splicing and nuclear export of mRNA in their replication cycle because unspliced genomic RNA and incompletely spliced mRNA must be exported to the cytoplasm for packaging or translation. This process is mediated by a cis-acting constitutive transport element (CTE) for simple retroviruses and by the trans-acting viral protein Rev in concert with its response element (RRE) for complex retroviruses (e.g., HIV). Recently, we identified RNA helicase A (RHA) as a potential cellular cofactor for CTE. Here, we report that RHA also plays a role in Rev/RRE-mediated gene expression and HIV replication. RHA binds weakly to HIV-1 RRE independently of Rev. Overexpression of RHA, but not of an RHA mutant lacking helicase activity, increased both Rev/RRE- and CTE-dependent gene expression and the levels of unspliced HIV mRNA. Microinjection of antibodies to RHA into nuclei dramatically inhibited both CTE- and Rev-dependent gene expression in human cells. Exogenous RHA cDNA, but not the mutant RHA, rescued this inhibition. We propose that RHA is required to release both CTE- and RRE-containing mRNA from spliceosomes before completion of splicing, thus freeing them for nuclear export.
Research Activities at U.S. Government Agencies in Subsurface Reactive Transport Modeling

The fate of contaminants in the environment is controlled by both chemical reactions and transport phenomena in the subsurface. Our ability to understand the significance of these processes over time requires an accurate conceptual model that incorporates the various mechanisms of coupled chemical and physical processes. Adsorption, desorption, ion exchange, precipitation, dissolution, growth, solid solution, redox, microbial activity, and other processes are often incorporated into reactive transport models for the prediction of contaminant fate and transport. U.S. federal agencies use such models to evaluate contaminant transport and provide guidance to decision makers and regulators for treatment issues. We provide summaries of selected research projects and programs to demonstrate the level of activity in various applications and to present examples of recent advances in subsurface reactive transport modeling.
Anomalous Temperature Dependence for a Partial Vapor Pressure

In a limited temperature range the partial pressure of gallium subsulfide (Ga2S) above gallium sesquisulfide (Ga2S3) increases when the temperature is decreased. The anomaly in the partial pressure is caused by changes with temperature in the equilibrium compositions of two solid phases that coexist at 1228° ± 3°K. At this temperature the solids differ in sulfur content by 0.4 atomic percent sulfur.
Erratum to ‘Self-assembly of dendritic structures’

Abstract There have been some impressive achievements in the past 1–2 years in the area of self-assembled dendritic structures. The most notable include self-assembly by non-covalent interactions as reported by Zimmerman, Frechet, and others, Percec’s ground-breaking discovery of self-assembling liquid crystalline materials based on dendritic compounds, and the accomplishments of Crooks, among others, in the area of dendritic self-assembled monolayers.
Poverty is multidimensional. But what are we going to do about it

Since the pioneering works of Bourguignon and Chakravarty [4] and Tsui [8], interest in multidimensional poverty measurement has been growing. A number of indices have been proposed, including the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of Alkire and Santos [3], which was featured in the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2010 [9]. But these new indices have not been welcomed universally: one forceful critique is that multidimensional poverty indices pay insufficient attention to the trade-offs— or marginal rates of substitution—between different dimensions of well-being when aggregating across them [7]. Some of the debate between proponents and skeptics of multidimensional poverty measurement was featured in the Forum Section in the last issue of this Journal [2, 6, 7]. Those articles actually suggest strong agreement on at least one basic point: “poverty is multidimensional” ([7], p. 236). As a state, poverty is characterized by multiple deprivations: low consumption and inadequate living standards, but also often poor health, a shortened lifespan, limited access to education, knowledge and information, and powerlessness in various domains. This much seems to be beyond dispute. The question is what to do about it, in measurement terms. Some, like Bourguignon and Chakravarty [4] and Alkire and Foster [1], have proposed scalar indices that seek to combine, in a single number, information from those various dimensions. Ravallion [7], on the other hand, seems to suggest a ‘dashboard approach’, whereby
Controllability for a class of area-preserving twist maps

Abstract In this paper, we study controllability of two-dimensional integrable twist maps with bounded area-preserving time-dependent (control) perturbations. In contrast to the time-independent perturbation case of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem, there are no invariant sets other than the whole phase space if the perturbation is made a function of time. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for global controllability of these maps.
Maximizing Land Use during Switchgrass Establishment in the North Central United States

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown under three differing establishment methods was evaluated for yield, quality, and potential ethanol production across seven environments in Wisconsin and Michigan. The three establishment methods included: (i) June seeding into fallow ground; (ii) June seeding following winter rye (Secale cereale L.) forage; and (iii) August seeding following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planting switchgrass in June was successful following the rye forage crop, but planting in August after wheat resulted in complete stand loss. While harvested biomass in a two-cut system was equal to or greater than that realized in a one-cut system (6.9 vs. 6.8 Mg ha–¹), biomass quality for ethanol production was highest following a killing frost (226 vs. 224 g ethanol kg–¹ biomass). The higher overall biomass production in the two-cut system generally compensated for this difference however, with ethanol yields similar between the two systems (1950 vs. 1970 L ethanol ha–¹ for the two- and one-cut system, respectively). In addition to ethanol production, we found that forage nutritive value in the first cut of the two-cut system was of sufficient quality to satisfy the dietary needs of several classes of livestock. Harvesting established switchgrass for hay with an early season cutting in a two-cut system provides producers with an alternative forage source while not affecting total seasonal biomass yield if harvested at the appropriate growth stage and cutting height to leave sufficient photosynthetic material for regrowth.
Thermodynamic study of the adsorbed hydrogen phase in Cu-based metal-organic frameworks at cryogenic temperatures

The hydrogen adsorption properties of two isostructural copper-based microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials which differ in the length of the bridging ligands were investigated over the 50–100 K and 0–40 bar ranges. The measured excess adsorption isotherms were analyzed in terms of adsorption enthalpies, adsorbed phase densities and volumes. The characteristic excess maximum was found to be displaced to lower pressures and to vary less as a function of temperature on the material with the shorter ligand. This behaviour could be explained, on the basis of enthalpy calculations, by an enhanced hydrogen affinity in smaller pores. On the other hand, it was also found that the material with the shorter ligand has a reduced storage capacity. This observation could be explained, from measurements near saturation, by a reduction of both adsorbed phase density and volume. Despite their structural difference, both MOFs adsorbed hydrogen near saturation under an incompressible phase reaching bulk liquid densities. These properties suggest that repulsive forces may ultimately limit the packing of supercritical molecules in small pores despite apparently stronger solid–gas interactions.
Effect of normal saline infusion on the diagnostic utility of base deficit in identifying major injury in trauma patients

Background Base deficit (BD) is a reliable marker of metabolic acidosis and is useful in gauging hemorrhage after trauma. Resuscitation with chloride-rich solutions such as normal saline (NS) can cause a dilutional acidosis, possibly confounding the interpretation of BD. Objectives To test the diagnostic utility of BD in distinguishing minor from major injury after administration of NS. Methods This was a prospective observational study at a Level 1 trauma center. The authors enrolled patients with significant mechanism of injury and measured BD at triage (BD-0) and at four hours after triage (BD-4). Major injury was defined by any of the following: injury severity score of ≥15, drop in hematocrit of ≥10 points, or the patient requiring a blood transfusion. Patients were divided into a low-volume (NS < 2L) and a high-volume (NS ≥ 2L) group. Data were reported as mean (±SD). Student's t- and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves tested the utility of BD-4 in differentiating minor from major injury in the study groups. Results Four hundred eighty-nine trauma patients (mean age, 36 [± 18] yr) were enrolled; 82% were male, and 34% had penetrating injury. Major-(20%) compared with minor-(80%) injury patients were significantly (p = 0.0001) more acidotic (BD-0 mean difference: −3.3 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI] =−2.5 to −4.2). The high-volume group (n = 174) received 3,342 (±1,821) mL, and the low-volume group (n = 315) received 621 (±509) mL of NS. Areas under the ROC curves for the high-volume (0.63; 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.74) and low-volume (0.73; 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.86) groups were not significantly different from each other. Conclusions Base deficit was able to distinguish minor from major injury after four hours of resuscitation, irrespective of the volume of NS infused.
Recent advances in studies of meteorites using cosmogenic radionuclides

Abstract The use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to measure cosmogenic radionuclides in meteorites has greatly enabled studies of cosmic-ray exposure histories. The high sensitivity of AMS has allowed measurements of samples that are very small or have very low activities. AMS measurements have much better accuracy and precision than usually possible with decay counting. AMS allows the routine measurements of many long-lived radionuclides, including some with half-lives not regularly measured previously or some made by neutron-capture reactions (such as 36Cl, 41Ca and 59Ni). These advancements have enabled many meteorite studies that previously were not often done, such as terrestrial ages. All aspects of a meteorite's cosmic-ray exposure history, its ages and geometries, now can be better studied.
Notes on Lepraria s.l. (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) in North America: New species, new reports, and preliminary keys

Six new species of Lepraria are described from North America: L. barbatica, L. cryophila, L. disjuncta, L. moroziana, L. terricola, and L. xanthonica. Lepraria torii is discussed and its range extended to include boreal eastern North America. Lepraria aurescens is reported as new to North America from Florida. Preliminary keys to the genus in North America are presented.
Two-Port Synthesis for Retrofit Design of Electric Ship Control Surface Actuation Systems

This paper presents an approach for using two-port circuit synthesis methods as a basis for designing actuator subsystems. The development of this methodology is generally motivated by problems in retrofit design, where technology reinsertion is required to replace legacy systems, or for early stage design in new mechatronic systems. The particular problem of electric ship control surface actuation is used as an example application. A procedure that integrates two-port network synthesis methods with a model-basis conveyed using bond graphs is presented and applied to the problem of synthesizing a candidate actuation system for a submarine control surface. Studying the control surface actuator problem shows that a synthesis method is capable of providing insight into balancing passive compensation with actuation (active elements). The ability to partition active and passive system elements suggests promise in developing a means for integrating passive energy storage with actuation subsystems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Flow Structure and Heat Transfer in a Stagnation Flow CVD Reactor

An experimental study is undertaken to investigate the flow structure and heat transfer in a stagnation flow chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor at atmospheric pressure. It is critical to develop models that predict flow patterns in such a reactor to achieve uniform deposition across the substrate. Free convection can negatively affect the gas flow as cold inlet gas impinges on the heated substrate, leading to vortices and disturbances in the normal flow path. This experimental research will be used to understand the buoyancy-induced and momentum driven flow structure encountered in an impinging jet CVD reactor. Investigations are conducted for various operating and design parameters. A modified stagnation flow reactor is built where the height between the inlet and substrate is reduced when compared with a prototypical stagnation flow reactor. By operating such a reactor at certain Reynolds and Grashof numbers, it is feasible to sustain smooth and vortex free flow at atmospheric pressure. The modified stagnation flow reactor is compared with other stagnation flow geometries with either a varied inlet length or varied heights between the inlet and substrate. Comparisons are made to understand the impact of such geometric changes on the flow structure and the thermal boundary layer. In addition, heat transfer correlations are obtained for the substrate temperature. Overall, the results obtained provide guidelines for curbing the effects of buoyancy and for improving the flow field to obtain greater film uniformity when operating a stagnation flow CVD reactor at atmospheric pressure.
Towards more transmission asset utilization through real-time path rating

Ratings of transmission paths, typically determined in an offline environment, are static and conservative, leading to underutilization of transmission assets, higher costs of system operation and renewable energy integration, and lower efficiency. With the ever-increasing transmission congestion costs and new challenges from renewable integration, increasing the transfer capability of existing transmission lines is essential. Real-time path rating provides a promising approach to enabling additional power transfer capability and fully utilizing transmission assets. In this paper, the feasibility of real-time path rating is investigated, by introducing several promising computational technologies to achieve such a capability. Various benefits expected from real-time path rating, such as increased transfer capability and reduced total generation cost, are demonstrated through simulations conducted on the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system model.