cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern matching and parallel processing with CCD technology

A fully parallel charge coupled device (CCD) memory chip of N address lines is presented. It detects, in just one clock cycle, a perfect matching between input pattern and any of the stored patterns. It detects in fewer than N cycles the best matching in case a perfect one does not exist. The charge packets, representing binary words, are generated by external pulses that are applied to the chip through data input lines and then are compared to the data applied to the address lines. The chip architecture is described. This chip is suitable for applications in pattern recognition, Kanerva memories, data decoders, and other systems that require peak detection or Hamming distance calculation. Typical results expected in these kinds of implementations based on similar devices are reported. >
The effect of the earth's radiation belts on an optical system.

Photoelectric optical imaging system survival in earth radiation belt, noting noise level and total energy absorption
Methoxypsoralen phototherapy oftransitional cell carcinoma

Abstract Objectives. The goal of this research was to assess whether methoxypsoralencompounds in combination with ultraviolet light were effective in preventing cellular proliferation in an in vitro model of human transitional cell carcinoma. Methods. Three methoxypsoralen compounds, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and 4′-aminomethyl 4,5′-8′-trimethylpsoralen (AMT), were added in vitro to T-24 transitional cell carcinoma cells. Psoralens directly bind to DNA, cross-linking the strands when exposed to ultraviolet light and thereby prevent cellular division. Results. In vitro activity was demonstrated utilizing AMT and ultraviolet radiation at 320 to 340 nm, preventing cellular proliferation in T-24 transitional cell carcinoma. Conclusions. Methoxypsoralen compounds in combination with ultraviolet light are effective in preventing proliferation of bladder carcinoma cells in vitro. This therapy may prove to be effective in clinical early stage transitional cell carcinoma and warrants further assessment.
Economics and the American voter: Past, present, future

The time horizon of economic voting is unsettled. Each aggregate time series study offers a different specification, virtually all retrospective. The survey research, which does look at individuals, mostly assumes that economic voters are myopic and retrospective. Unfortunately, the available data have permitted the testing of few rival hypotheses. However, new data from the Surveys of Consumer Attitudes allow further exploration. These rich surveys show that, at least in the 1984 elections, the American voter did respond to immediate past economic conditions. And more noteworthy, they responded strongly to future economic expectations, whether personal or collective, short-term or long-term. These sharp prospective results call into question standard explanations of economic voting, which have relied on some variant of retrospective theory.
Epicuticular hydrocarbon composition of gallito (Pedilanthus macrocarpus) from Baja California and Sonora, Mexico

Abstract Gallito is a dominant euphorbiaceous desert shrub native to the southern Sonoran Desert and along the coastal plains into northern Sinaloa as well as in the plains of southern Baja California. It has a waxy layer coating its succulent leafless stems. Objective of our study was to elucidate the variation in the hydrocarbon composition of gallito for its possible use as an agricultural non-food industrial product. Air-dried gallito (Pedilanthus macrocarpus Bent.) stems harvested in Baja California and Sonora (Mexico) were analysed using GC-MS techniques for their saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes). Hydrocarbon composition ranged from C21 to C35.The largest components were tritriacontane C33 with 36.9–51.6% for the peninsular and 59.8–65.4% for the mainland, as well as hentriacontane C31 with 41.1–56.2% for the peninsular and 7.5–9.6% for the mainland Sonoran populations. Peaks C31, C33, C29 and C34 were most obvious between the peninsular and mainland populations. Plant to plant variations within a given population were observed, as were stem to stem variations within a single plant.
The 35-day Periodicity of Hercules X-1

E model of a rapidly rotating magnetized neutron star in orbit about the companion star HZ Herculis seems to provide a coherent explanation for the 1.24 s pulsation period and for the 1.7 d eclipse period (refs. 1–4 and unpublished work of F. K. Lamb and colleagues and Yu. Gnedin and R. Sunyaev). But the 35 d cycle remains enigmatic. Brecher5 has suggested that free precession of the neutron star might cause the rotating pencil beam of the X-ray pulsar to miss the Earth periodically. But, even leaving aside the difficult question of what may cause a spinning neutron star to precess with a 35 d period, the model is unsatisfactory. For example, the large duty cycle of the 1.24 s pulse suggests a rather wide opening angle for the X-ray beam. If the beam has azimuthal symmetry about the magnetic pole, it is difficult to understand the profile of the 11 to 12 d active phase of the 35 d cycle. The precession hypothesis encounters further difficulty with the observation that the 35 d cycle is not strictly periodic—the rapid onset of the active phase is observed to fluctuate by a few days6.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a behavioral case formulation

The interviewing skills of many behavior therapists are inadequate and several possible reasons are discussed. The present manuscript focuses on construction of initial clinical hypotheses. A strategy for developing and testing initial hypotheses is presented and illustrated by transcripts from a complex case. The transcript is taken from the initial interviews with a 26 year old woman presenting the problems of emotional distress related to thoughts of harming others, and anxiety concerning her difficulty in controlling physical aggression. A behavioral analysis of the origins and maintaining factors indicated that while the patient's compulsions were a vehicle to manage anxiety, the wellspring of her attempts to exert control over her thoughts was a fear of anger, loss of control, negative evaluation, criticism, and rejection. Distal and proximal predisposing events were examined in order to help explain the development of this maladaptive behavioral pattern, and to plan therapeutic strategy.
Electrocyclic Ring Openings of 2-Furylcarbene and Related Carbenes: A Comparison between Pseudopericyclic and Coarctate Reactions

Ring openings of 2-furylcarbene (5a), 2-pyrrolylcarbene (5b), 1-cyclopenta-1,3-dienylcarbene (5c), and of 11, as well as of the 3- and five-membered ring vinylogs (7a, 7c, 9a, 9c) were investigated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The reactions of 5a, 5c, and 11 were also studied at the G2(MP2) level. This work provides the first comparison of pseudopericyclic and coarctate orbital topologies in concerted reactions. The ring openings of 5a, 5b, 11 and their vinylogs have pseudopericyclic (but not coarctate) topologies, while the ring openings of 5c and vinylogs are pericyclic and can be described as coarctate. The transition structure geometry for the ring opening of 5c is not well described by MP2 theory. The G2(MP2) barrier for this ring opening is estimated to be 6.4 kcal/mol, significantly higher than that calculated by Sun and Wong. The ring opening is an eight-electron, Mobius, conrotatory process, not the six-electron, Huckel process described by Herges in his original work describing coarc...
Comment: Neoliberal stories of racial redemption

Have the Civil Rights movements and the change associated with them been used to the advantage of powerful interests in ways that conflict with and contradict the reforms won by the movements? Has post-Civil Rights era sensitivity to race and "myths" of racial progress-in particular issues of equality-actually helped paper over the social problems challenging many African Americans and African American communities? My answer to both questions is "yes." However, the use of race and rhetoric of racial redemption in the service of elites and powerful interests is nothing new, and Professor Baca seems to agree with this in his paper "Neoliberal stories of racial redemption." Nevertheless, critique of how civil rights policies mesh with and support neoliberalism alone does not help us grasp the pervasiveness of the confluence, nor does it suggest feasible alternatives to the convergence. Indeed, this "critical" approach is not vastly different from the kind of critiques presented by the analysts who Professor Baca sees as glorifying Civil Rights and Fordism, while demonizing conservatism and neoliberalism. People can use race to oppress, liberate, and maintain a status quo. Ideologies and policies attendant to neoliberalism, conservatism, and civil rights only tap the surface of the elaborate and contradictory make-up of race. This mix of race and politics must not be divorced of people's conflicted awareness of their situation, or the possibilities of upending elite hegemony over resources and ideas. I want to offer a different angle on Professor Baca's argument. During 1981, I briefly worked in a motor pool, cleaning and servicing vehicles. My supervisor was an unremarkable Black man, perhaps 20 years older than I (I want to emphasize race, so from here on I will use "Black" rather than African American). This fellow, let's call him Jeff, won election as a state representative in the late 1990s to a district that is home to a large number of Black people, many of them suffering from low literacy, high rates of violent crime, high
Enzymatic changes in the healing rat achilles tendon

Abstract The tenotomized rat Achilles tendon has been used as a medium to study the biochemical response of tendons to injury. Injury to one part of the tendon produces changes characteristic of repair throughout the entire length of the tissue. During the first 12–36 hr following tenotomy, glycolysis, the pentose shunt, and the citric-acid-cycle enzymes are stimulated throughout the tendon, with enrichment of marker enzymes associated with new collagen and mucopolysaccharide formation. The most significant changes in these enzyme patterns and in the levels of lysosomal enzymes changes which are indicative of repair or remodeling of the tendon occurred during the first 6 weeks following injury and are most marked near the site of tenotomy.
Morningness/Eveningness and menstrual symptoms in adolescent females.

Abstract Objective Two types of sleep preference have been supported in the literature. Morning types awaken early and are refreshed upon waking, whereas Evening types rise later and have more erratic sleep schedules. Sleep affects menstrual functioning in adult women. However, there is scant research on the association between sleep preference and menstrual functioning in adolescents. Thus, the present study examined the association between sleep preference and menstrual functioning in 210 adolescent girls (11–17 years old). Methods Data represent baseline measures from a longitudinal study examining the association of psychological functioning and smoking with reproductive and bone health. Measures included the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ), regularity and duration of menstrual cycles, and the Morningness/Eveningness scale (measuring sleep preference). MSQ factor scores were used in analyses: abdominal pain, negative affect/somatic complaints, back pain, and anxiety/fatigue. Results The results from hierarchical linear regression analyses showed significant associations between Evening preference and more symptoms of abdominal pain ( P P P P Conclusion Adolescent girls with Evening preference experience more menstrual symptoms than those with Morning preference. Future research should include sleep preference in studies of health and behavior particularly in adolescence when there is a normative shift toward Evening preference.
Poissonization and universal compression of envelope classes

Poisson sampling is a method for eliminating dependence among symbols in a random sequence. It helps improve algorithm design, strengthen bounds, and simplify proofs. We relate the redundancy of fixed-length and Poisson-sampled sequences, use this result to derive a simple formula for the redundancy of general envelope classes, and apply this formula to obtain simple and tight bounds on the redundancy of powerlaw and exponential envelope classes, in particular answering a question posed in [1].
Expression of Myelin Protein Genes and Other Myelin Components in an Oligodendrocytic Cell Line Conditionally Immortalized with a Temperature‐Sensitive Retrovirus

We have conditionally immortalized oligodendrocytes isolated from normal and shiverer primary mouse brain cultures through the use of the retroviral vector ZIPSVtsA58. This vector encodes an immortalizing thermolabile simian virus 40 large T antigen (Tag) and allows for clonal selection by conferring neomycin (G418) resistance. We isolated 14 shiverer and 10 normal lines that expressed the early oligodendrocyte marker 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase mRNA. These cell lines grew continuously at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C) and displayed Tag nuclear immunostaining. On shifting to nonpermissive temperatures (39 degrees C), the cells showed rapid arrested cell growth and loss of Tag staining. One line (N20.1) engineered from normal oligodendrocytes also expressed myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) mRNAs, genes normally expressed by mature, differentiated oligodendrocytes. No differences in any of the myelin-specific protein mRNA levels were observed in N20.1 cells grown at 39 degrees C for > 9 days compared with cells maintained at 34 degrees C. Immunocytochemical staining revealed N20.1 cells to be positive for the oligodendrocyte surface markers--galactocerebroside, A007, and A2B5. However, MBP and PLP polypeptides could not be detected by western blot or immunocytochemical staining at either the permissive or nonpermissive temperature. Cell-free protein synthesis experiments indicated that the MBP mRNAs isolated from N20.1 cells were translatable and directed the synthesis of the 17-, 18.5-, and 21.5-kDa MBP isoforms. Analysis of the PLP/DM20 gene splice products by polymerase chain reaction indicated that the expression of DM20 mRNA predominated over that of PLP mRNA in this cell line. Because the cell line expressed the MBP and PLP genes, it represents a "mature" oligodendrocyte, but the splicing patterns of these genes indicate that it is at an early stage of "maturation." This cell line has now been passaged > 40 times with fidelity of phenotype and genotype.
Smooth versus discontinuous mechanisms

Abstract This note provides an example of a social choice rule which can be implemented in Nash-equilibrium strategies by a discontinuous mechanism, while there does not exist a smooth implementing mechanism.
Three-dimensional lossless digital signature embedding for the integrity of volumetric images

Our previous study presented a lossless digital signature embedding (LDSE) method for assuring the integrity of 2D medical images in network transit or during archival. With the advent of multi-detector CT scanners and volume acquisition technologies, a PACS exam can now potentially generate hundreds, even thousands, of images. To perform the 2D LDSE method on each individual image in the volume would be extremely time consuming and inefficient. For this reason, a novel 3D LDSE method has been investigated for 3D image volumes. The method begins with generating a single digital signature (DS) of the entire volume. Embedding of the DS is performed by first identifying a bit stream from the image volume based on the correlation of 3D pixel values. The bit stream is compressed using lossless compression methods and the DS is concatenated with the compressed bit stream. This concatenated bit stream is then embedded within the original image volume. During the verification process, the embedded bit stream is extracted and utilized to recover the original bit stream and the original DS. The original bit stream can be used to restore the image volume which in turn can be used in the verification of the DS. In addition, to 3D LDSE embedding methodology for image volumes, a new procedure is developed to address clinical workflow for 3D image volumes. Experimental results demonstrated that the 3D LDSE method can assure the integrity of 3D image volume efficiently and effectively. In addition, a 3D clinical image workflow procedure was demonstrated.
Changes in the content of human aortic glycoproteins and acid mucopolysaccharides in atherosclerosis.

Abstract The concentration of glycoproteins (GP) and acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) in apparently normal and atherosclerotic regions of human aortae taken at autopsy was determined both in terms of intimal surface area and dry, defatted, ash-free residue weight (DDAF). Variability due to age was excluded by choosing samples within the same age group. Total GP concentration increased significantly in atherosclerotic tissue as evidenced by increase in total neutral sugars, hexosamine and sialic acid both in terms of surface area and DDAF. The total uronic acid content was not altered. However, the ratio of sulfated:non-sulfated AMPS was significantly higher in atherosclerotic regions indicating that sulfated AMPS concentration is increased in atherosclerotic plaques at the expense of hyaluronic acid. These observations suggest that increased GP-concentration may have a functional role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.
The Research and Design of Intelligent Community Energy Management System

Community energy management system is the development trend and an important part of the future intelligent community. For the construction objective, this paper introduces the general construction scheme of community energy management system, and the specific design schemes of the system's hardware structure, software architecture,communication mode are described in detail. The system will implement information integration and monitoring of the intelligent community, optimal allocation and coordinate control of energy, so as to provide users with safe and green electric power service.
Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidation of C8-Arylamine Adducts of 2‘-Deoxyguanosine

The electrochemical and chemical oxidation of a series of C8-arylamine adducts of 2‘-deoxyguanosine has been examined. The oxidations were found to be reversible by cyclic and square-wave voltammetry in both aqueous buffer and aprotic organic solvent. The mechanism of the oxidation in protic media was either one- or two-electron, depending on the aryl group. The chemical oxidation resulted in guanidinohydantoin and spiroiminodihydantoin rearrangement products similar to those observed for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2‘-deoxyguanosine.
Epidermal growth factor-like material in rat submandibular gland

By using an antiserum specific for mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF), only the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells revealed immunochemical staining in rat submandibular glands. There was no regular sexual difference in the frequency or size of immunoreactive cells. Extracts of gland contained an antigen which showed a complete cross-reactivity with mouse EGF in radioimmunoassays. The relative amounts of EGF, determined by a heterologous radioimmunoassay, were not significantly different in the glands of rats of the two sexes. Administration of testosterone caused an increase, in both sexes, in the number of GCT cells stained for EGF and in the amount of EGF in the gland. There was no significant sexual differeence in these two parameters after androgen treatment.
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Protects the Heart From Ischemic Damage

Background—The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) comprises 2 structurally distinct multiprotein complexes, mTOR complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Deregulation of mTOR signaling occurs during and contributes to the severity of myocardial damage from ischemic heart disease. However, the relative roles of mTORC1 versus mTORC2 in the pathogenesis of ischemic damage are unknown. Methods and Results—Combined pharmacological and molecular approaches were used to alter the balance of mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in cultured cardiac myocytes and in mouse hearts subjected to conditions that mimic ischemic heart disease. The importance of mTOR signaling in cardiac protection was demonstrated by pharmacological inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with Torin1, which led to increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and tissue damage after myocardial infarction. Predominant mTORC1 signaling mediated by suppression of mTORC2 with Rictor similarly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and tissue damage after myocardial infa...
A soft-constrained recursive-like adaptive noise canceller

The adaptive adjustment algorithm for a prior art recursive-like noise canceller must incorporate a constraint that prevents convergence to the useless trivial solution. This constraint can also prevent convergence to the best attainable solution. An alternative to the prior-art hard-constrained recursive-like canceller, that "softens" the constraint by making it adaptive, is proposed.
Proplatelet formation: unraveling the megakaryocyte swan song

Comment on Schulze et al, page [3868][1] Schulze and colleagues have used novel mice and elegant fluorescent microscopy to demonstrate that the megakaryocyte membrane demarcation system provides a reservoir for the extensive lipid membrane required for platelet biogenesis. In 1906, James Wright[1
The Bed And Breakfast And Small Inn Industry Of The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts: An Exploratory Survey

The status of the bed and breakfast and small inn lodging industry in the Common wealth of Massachusetts was examined. Factors considered to be important were age and size of establishiments, organizational format, rate structure, occupancy rates, guests served, and management staff. Specifically, the study was undertaken to explore various industry characteristics specific to bed and breakfast establishments within Massachusetts and to determine whether any specific relationships or differences existed within the industry according to variables such as regional location, rate structure, and seasonal business patterns.
An Approach for Screening Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Drinking Water Using an Immobilized Enzyme Assay

Abstract A simple, inexpensive, and sensitive method for detecting organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides is reported. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was immobilized to Porex® Lateral‐Flo™ membrane material and remained active for several months at room temperature. The assay was sensitive to a number of OP and carbamate insecticides. Tap water and bottled water matrices showed no effect on the assay. The change in optical density could be determined using an optical plate reader or by visual examination compared to a control and blank. The detection limit for paraoxon by visual examination was 10 ppb. #The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development (ORD), has funded and performed the research described. This manuscript has been subjected to the EPA's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the US EPA.
Vibrational spectra of individual millimeter-size membrane patches using miniature infrared waveguides.

We have used miniature planar IR waveguides, consisting of Ge strips 30–50 microm thick and 2 mm wide, as evanescent-wave sensors to detect the mid-(IR) evanescent-wave absorbance spectra of small areas of biomolecular monolayers and multilayers. Examples include picomolar quantities of an integral transmembrane protein (bacteriorhodopsin) and lipid (dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine). IR bands due to the protein and lipid components of the plasma membrane of individual 1.5-mm-diameter devitellinized Xenopus laevis oocytes, submerged in buffer and sticking to the waveguide surface, were also detected. A significant improvement in sensitivity was observed, as compared to previous sizes and geometries of evanescent-wave sensors (e.g., commercially available internal reflection elements or tapered optical fibers). These measurements suggest the feasibility of using such miniature supported planar IR waveguides to observe structural changes in transmembrane proteins functioning in vivo in single cells.
GPX1 gene Pro200Leu polymorphism, erythrocyte GPX activity, and cancer risk.

A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) gene Pro200Leu (rs1050450) polymorphism on cancer risk. A comprehensive search was performed to identify all studies on the association of GPX1 gene Pro200Leu polymorphism with cancer risk. The fixed or random effect pooled measure was selected based on homogeneity test among studies. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated using the I 2. Potential sources of between-study heterogeneity were explored by meta-regression and the sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was estimated using Egger’s linear regression test. 35 published articles with 36 results were identified involving 16,920 cases and 19,946 controls. Results from the articles that both obeyed Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in controls and met high quality design, showed no significant association of GPX1 gene Pro200Leu polymorphism with cancer risk in any of dominant (OR = 1.05, 95 %CI = 0.98–1.12), recessive (OR = 1.04 (0.95–1.13), and TT versus CC (OR = 1.05, 95 %CI = 0.97–1.15) models, and the findings were consistent considering the stratified analysis by cancer type. However, multivariate-adjusted ORs from articles that both obeyed Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in controls and met high quality design, showed a significant association considering dominant (OR = 1.22, 95 %CI = 1.06–1.41), TT versus CC (OR = 1.16, 95 %CI = 1.02–1.32) models, and a marginally significant association was found considering TC versus CC (OR = 1.11, 95 %CI = 0.99–1.25) model. And compared with the CC genotype, the erythrocyte GPX activity was significantly lower for TT genotype: the standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.37, 95 %CI = (−0.624, −0.118), and CT genotype: SMD = −0.19, 95 %CI = (−0.37, −0.002). The association of GPX1 gene Pro200Leu polymorphism with cancer risk might be influenced by confounders.
An experimental study of a mesoscale vortex colliding with topography of varying geometry in a rotating fluid

The interaction of a self-propagating barotropic cyclonic vortex with an obstacle has been investigated and the conditions for a vortex to bifurcate into two vortices determined. As in a previous study, after a self-propagating cyclonic vortex came into contact with the obstacle, fluid peeled off the outer edge of the vortex and a so-called “streamer” went around the obstacle in a counterclockwise direction. Under certain conditions, this fluid formed a new cyclonic vortex in the wake of the obstacle, causing bifurcation of the original vortex into two vortices. In the present study we performed three sets of idealized laboratory experiments with the aim of investigating the importance on the bifurcation mechanism of the obstacle’s horizontal cross sectional geometry, the influence of the height of the obstacle, and the importance of the slope of the obstacle sidewalls. The present results suggest that bifurcation occurs only when the obstacle height is equal or larger than 85% of the vortex height and that steep sloping sidewalls do not influence the bifurcation mechanism. In addition, experiments performed using an obstacle with an elliptical horizontal cross section revealed that the relevant parameter governing the occurrence of bifurcation is the length which the “streamer” has to travel around the obstacle, and not the dimension of the obstacle in the direction orthogonal to the motion of the vortex. Collisions of oceanic mesoscale vortices with seamounts often result in major modifications of their structure, having significant impacts on the redistribution of water properties. Observations of a “Meddy” bifurcating after colliding with the Irving Seamount in the Canary Basin show behavior similar to these idealized laboratory experiments. This suggests that these results could be used to explain and predict the outcome of a vortex colliding with seamounts of varying geometry in the ocean.
Iterative determination and matching of part groups and machine cells: optimization and successive approximations

Abstract In the literature of production engineering the terminology “group technology” is taken to indicate the formation of part groups that expedite and economize production, while “cellular manufacturing” refers to the creating of subsets of machines whose essential autonomy and simplicity is intended to yield similar rewards. Ordinarily, though relevant to the identical objectives, the two problems have been approached separately. The present paper develops mathematical formulations of these coupled problems and a computationally feasible, iterative algorithm for solving both within a single procedure. While groups and cells are built up successively and heuristically, the formulational effort is upon the group to cell assignment problem, the sequence of optimal solutions to which drives the successive approximations. Fairly loose assumptions eliminate the complexity of the discrete programming problems that result, and nothing beyond linear programming is required. The impact upon problem structure of the realities of the manufacturing environment is discussed.
Drivers of R&D investment: The interaction of behavioral theory and managerial incentives

Abstract This research explores the interaction of behavioral theory and agency theory, investigating their joint effects on firm-level R&D investment. Based on the logic of organizational routines driving R&D investment, we rely on the effects of organizational slack, performance relative to aspirations and distance from bankruptcy as the foundation for our research model. We argue that managerial incentives moderate the relationships between these behavioral theory variables and R&D investment, albeit in contrasting directions. Specifically, we hypothesize that stock option pay positively moderates these relationships while managerial stock ownership has a negative moderating effect. Using panel data for 573 publicly-traded manufacturing firms, we find support for several of our hypotheses, highlighting the interdependence of these two perspectives on R&D investment.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A THERMALLY STABLE AMINOPHENYLALANE: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF Ph3Al·N(H2)t-Bu. A RARE Al-N MONOMER

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of Ph3Al·N(H2)t-Bu, I, has been determined. The title compound was prepared in high yield from reaction of Ph3Al with H2N(t-Bu) in hexane. Refinement of 813 observed reflections converged at R = 0.086. The Al-N bond distance is determined to be 1.98 (2)A while the aluminium atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Compound I represents the first structural characterization of a triarylaluminum-primary amine monomer. Moreover, the title compound exhibits unusual thermal stability.
Electrical conductivity in strontium titanate

Abstract The electrical conductivity of polycrystalline SrTiO3 was determined for the oxygen partial pressure range of 10° to 10−22 atm and temperature range of 800 to 1050°C. The data were found to be proportional to the −1 6 th power of the oxygen partial pressure for the oxygen pressure range 10−15–10−22 atm, proportional to P −1 4 O 2 for the oxygen pressure range 10−8–10−15 atm, and proportional to P +1 4 O 2 for the oxygen pressure range 100–10−3 atm. These data are consistent with the presence of very small amounts of acceptor impurities in SrTiO3.
Safety and immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus purified fusion protein-2 vaccine in pregnant women.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study was carried out to determine the safety and immunogenicity of RSV PFP-2 vaccine (Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines, NY) in 35 healthy women in the third trimester of pregnancy and their offspring. Infants were followed during their first RSV season for occurrence and severity of respiratory illnesses. RSV-PFP-2 vaccine was safe and well tolerated by pregnant women. Mild pain at the site of injection occurred in 65% of PFP-2 and 13% of placebo recipients (P=0.005). There were no systemic reactions, fever, or serious adverse events associated with vaccine administration in mothers. All 35 infants were born healthy, and there were no differences among the groups in perinatal or neonatal outcomes, growth and development in the first year of life. During the RSV season, there was no increase in the frequency or morbidity associated with respiratory tract illnesses in infants of vaccine recipients. 15/20 (75%) vaccine recipients had a response to PFP-2 by Western blot vs. 0/15 placebo recipients (P or =4 fold rise in IgG ELISA Ab after immunization with PFP-2 vs. 0/15 placebo recipients (P or =3 weeks. There was no evidence of enhanced T-cell or cytokine activity in infants of vaccine recipients vs. infants of placebo recipients. Vaccine specific anti-F IgA and IgG concentrations in breast milk were higher in mothers who received RSV-PFP-2.
Location dependent, intragenic recombination in maize

With the use of chromosome interchanges, the waxy (wx) locus on chromosome 9 has been relocated to various positions in the maize genome. Four wx alleles, wx C, wx B, wx 90, and wx H21, were crossed to six chromosome translocation stocks (four with break points proximal to wx and, two distal to wx). Of the 26 possible homozygous translocation heteroallelic combinations, the results of eight are available in this report. In most instances, the frequencies of wx intragenic recombination of the rearranged chromosomes were lower than that of the control. A significant difference in degree of reduction in recombination values is found for different heteroallelic combinations at the same location and in one instance for the same heteroallelic combination at a different chromosome position. The linear order of the 4 wx mutants within the wx cistron is wx C-wx H21-wx 90 (wx B). Additional effects from both genetic background and seasonal factors of the different plantings also are observed.
Biological and chemical sensing with electronic THz techniques

The terahertz regime (0.1 to 10 THz) is rich with emerging possibilities in sensing, imaging and communications, with unique applications to screening for weapons, explosives and biohazards, imaging of concealed objects, water content and skin. Here we present initial surveys to evaluate the possibility of sensing bacterial spores and chemical material using field-deployable electronic terahertz techniques that use short-pulse generation and coherent detection based on nonlinear transmission lines and diode sampling bridges. We also review the barriers and approaches to achieving greater sensing-at-a-distance (stand-off) capabilities for THz sensing systems. We have made several reflection measurements of metallic and non-metallic targets in our laboratory, and have observed high contrast relative to reflection from skin. In particular, we have taken small quantities of materials such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and several variants of Bacillus spores, and measured them in transmission and in reflection using a broadband pulsed electronic THz reflectometer. The pattern of reflection versus frequency gives rise to signatures that indicate specificity of the target. Although more work needs to be done to reduce the effects of standing waves through time gating or attenuators, the possibility of mapping out this contrast for imaging and detection is very attractive.
In vivo and in vitro effects of 20‐hydroxyecdysone and methoprene on diapause maintenance and reproductive development in Musca autumnalis

Abstract. Face flies overwinter as adults in reproductive diapause. Administration of 20-hyroxyecdysone and/or methoprene induced reproductive development in diapausing flies which were maintained in a diapause-inducing environment. Hormone effects were additive and female flies were more sensitive than males. Release of vitellogenin from cultured fat body was stimulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone or methoprene. Transfer of flies from diapause to diapause-breaking environments induced some to break diapause, but this decreased with the time flies had been in a diapause-inducing environment. In contrast, topical application of methoprene to diapausing flies induced reproductive development irrespective of their ages even when they were kept in the diapause-inducing environment for 80 day degrees above a 12°C base temperature (14.5 days). Therefore diapause induction must depend on hormone levels less than some threshold level. The putative threshold varied according to diapause propensities of different genetic lines. Lines showing high frequencies of diapause required greater amounts of methoprene for reproductive development in diapause conditions than did lines showing low frequencies of diapause.
Preclinical Imaging of Mammary Intraepithelial Neoplasia with Positron Emission Tomography

Small-animal imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) has become a valuable tool for evaluating preclinical models of breast cancer and other diseases. In this review, we examine a number of issues related to preclinical imaging studies with PET, using transgenic models of ductal carcinoma in situ and metastasis as specific examples. We discuss imaging components such as reconstruction, normalization, and extraction of quantitative parameters. We also analyze the effect of longitudinal correlations on cohort size and present some simple statistical techniques for determining cohort sizes that may be helpful in designing preclinical imaging studies. We describe studies that are greatly facilitated by access to non-invasive imaging data including a study involving multiple endpoints and another investigating metastasis. We conclude with a brief survey of emerging approaches in small-animal PET imaging.
Energy bands, Compton profile, and optical conductivity of vanadium

A self-consistent calculations of energy bands in vanadium has been performed using the linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals method. The basis contained 13 s-type, ten p-type, five d-type, and one f-type Gaussian orbitals. A local exchange potential of the Kohn-Sham form was included. Results are presented for the band structure, density of states, Compton profile, and optical conductivity.
Partitioning of selected trace elements in coal combustion products from two coal-burning power plants in the United States

Abstract Samples of feed coal (FC), bottom ash (BA), economizer fly ash (EFA), and fly ash (FA) were collected from power plants in the Central Appalachian basin and Colorado Plateau to determine the partitioning of As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se in coal combustion products (CCPs). The Appalachian plant burns a high-sulfur (about 3.9 wt.%) bituminous coal from the Upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh coal bed and operates with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), with flue gas temperatures of about 163 °C in the ESPs. At this plant, As, Pb, Hg, and Se have the greatest median concentrations in FA samples, compared to BA and EFA. A mass balance (not including the FGD process) suggests that the following percentages of trace elements are captured in FA: As (48%), Cr (58%), Pb (54%), Se (20%), and Hg (2%). The relatively high temperatures of the flue gas in the ESPs and low amounts of unburned C in FA (0.5% loss-on-ignition for FA) may have led to the low amount of Hg captured in FA. The Colorado Plateau plant burns a blend of three low-S (about 0.74 wt.%) bituminous coals from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and operates with fabric filters (FFs). Flue gas temperatures in the baghouses are about 104 °C. The elements As, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Se have the greatest median concentrations in the fine-grained fly ash product (FAP) produced by cyclone separators, compared to the other CCPs at this plant. The median concentration of Hg in FA (0.0983 ppm) at the Colorado Plateau plant is significantly higher than that for the Appalachian plant (0.0315 ppm); this higher concentration is related to the efficiency of FFs in Hg capture, the relatively low temperatures of flue gas in the baghouses (particularly in downstream compartments), and the amount of unburned C in FA (0.29% loss-on-ignition for FA).
Building a Homepage for Your Economics Class

If you have not yet built a homepage for your economics class because you are intimidated by the technology, do not see the benefit, or simply do not have the time, this article will be of interest to you. My goal is to convince you that a class homepage is worth the effort, easy to do, and even fun. First, a word on terminology. A homepage is technically an entry point or first page for a collection of linked hypertext pages, which perhaps more correctly should be termed a Web site. I will use the word homepage to refer to this collection of pages, or to a single page within this collection of pages. Before reading on, take a minute to visit the homepages I created for three of my economics classes:
Mitochondrial dynamics, cell death and the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease

The structure and function of the mitochondrial network is regulated by mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, transport and degradation. A well-maintained balance of these processes (mitochondrial dynamics) is essential for neuronal signaling, plasticity and transmitter release. Core proteins of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery play important roles in the regulation of apoptosis, and mutations or abnormal expression of these factors are associated with inherited and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie the development of neuropathology. The recessive Parkinsonism-linked genes PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin maintain mitochondrial integrity by regulating diverse aspects of mitochondrial function, including membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, cristae structure, respiratory activity, and mtDNA integrity. In addition, Parkin is crucial for autophagy-dependent clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. In the absence of PINK1 or Parkin, cells often develop fragmented mitochondria. Whereas excessive fission may cause apoptosis, coordinated induction of fission and autophagy is believed to facilitate the removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy, and has been observed in some types of cells. Compensatory mechanisms may also occur in mice lacking PINK1 that, in contrast to cells and Drosophila, have only mild mitochondrial dysfunction and lack dopaminergic neuron loss. A better understanding of the relationship between the specific changes in mitochondrial dynamics/turnover and cell death will be instrumental to identify potentially neuroprotective pathways steering PINK1-deficient cells towards survival. Such pathways may be manipulated in the future by specific drugs to treat PD and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal mitochondrial function and dynamics.
Direct computation of the dyadic autocorrelation function

Abstract An efficient method for computing the dyadic-time-shift invariant autocorrelation function is presented. The algorithm is based upon recognition of the symmetry properties of the ‘inflection types’ which occur in a mod 2 addition table.
Developmental patterns of laryngeal and respiratory function for speech production.

Summary Estimates of subglottal air pressure, laryngeal airflow, and laryngeal airway resistance from syllable repetitions of children and adults were used in describing developmental changes in these variables and in hypothesizing corresponding changes in respiratory function. A trend was found for pressure and resistance to decrease with increases in flow from preschool age through adulthood. These patterns could be explained by the smaller size of laryngeal airway structures and increased expiratory muscle forces during speech in the younger subjects. When the subglottal air pressures were combined with published data on air volume expired during speech and recoil pressures of the respiratory system, hypothetical functions were derived for respiratory muscle forces and the work of speech breathing. These functions predict (a) a developmental shift from the use of net expiratory muscle force in the speech of preschool children to the adult patterns of combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle forces, and (b) the expiratory work of speech breathing is greater in preschool children than in older children and adults.
Effects of refrigeration or freezing on survival of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in under-cooked ground beef

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, inoculated into ground beef, was heat-shocked at 46 °C for 60 min to enhance stress adaptations and simulate sublethal minimal cooking conditions. The effects of refrigeration at 4 °C or freezing at −20 °C were examined on pathogen survival prior to or following mild cooking at 60 °C. D 10 -values for heat-shocked samples were elevated as compared to nonheat-shocked controls. Refrigerated and frozen storage did not influence the observed effects. Cellular injury of survivors increased with timed exposure to 60 °C. The effects of refrigerated and frozen storage on heat-adapted L. monocytogenes in ground beef did not decrease the potential of the food-borne pathogen to survive additional low temperature cooking of food and raised concerns over the food safety of contaminated, temperature-abused foods.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of biological photolysis products: kilohertz photolysis and soft X-ray applications

In this study, we report the first kilohertz laser photolysis of carbonmonoxy myoglobin (MbCO), studied by hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS, iron K-edge at ∼7 keV). In addition, traditional frozen photolysis of MbCO has also been evaluated, alternatively, with soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (iron L-edge at <1 keV). Changes in the K absorption edge position, the pre-K 1s–3d feature and the K-edge XANES spectra have been clearly observed following the photodissociation of MbCO, which shows the structural/electronic changes in between MbCO and its photolysis product Mb*CO, and demonstrates the advanced capacities of our apparatus in monitoring and/or characterizing biological photolysis products. On the other hand, the iron L-edge XAS have shown clearer differences (than K-edge XAS) on the electronic information between the bound MbCO and the photolyzed Mb*CO. The results from these two approaches have been compared and discussed. Practical issues related to the use of kilohertz laser with biological samples, and with synchrotron radiation beamlines, have also been discussed. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Assembly of F0 Sector of Escherichia coli H+ ATP Synthase INTERDEPENDENCE OF SUBUNIT INSERTION INTO THE MEMBRANE

The F0 sector of the Escherichia coli H+ transporting ATP synthase is composed of a complex of three subunits, each of which traverses the inner membrane. We have studied the interdependence of subunit insertion into the membrane in a series of chromosomal mutants in which the primary mutation prevented insertion of one of the F0 subunits. Subunit insertion was assessed using Western blots of mutant membrane preparations. Subunit b and subunit c were found to insert into the membrane independently of the other two F0 subunits. On the other hand, subunit a was not inserted into membranes that lacked either subunit b or subunit c. The conclusion that subunit a insertion is dependent upon the co-insertion of subunits b and c differs from the conclusion of several studies, where subunits were expressed from multicopy plasmids.