cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workplace Bullying and the Role Restorative Practices Can Play in Preventing and Addressing the Problem

This article builds on my previous work on K-12 bullying and bullying in college and universities. Much like school bullying, workplace bullying, including violence and harassment, disrupts individuals and the companies for which they work. Currently, companies, policymakers and academics around the world struggle with the best approach for addressing this inappropriate behavior. In a recent article, Professor David Yamada invited academics and practitioners to consider how therapeutic jurisprudence may impact the problem of workplace bullying. Accepting Professor Yamada’s invitation to join in this dialogue, I urge companies and policymakers that seek guidance on this issue to look to forward-thinking schools and juvenile justice systems that incorporate restorative principles and practices. These institutions report positive results and less problem behavior after using restorative practices. Companies likewise can benefit from using restorative practices when addressing bullying. This article documents the prevalence of workplace bullying and the human and capital costs of such behavior. The article then briefly describes the concept of restorative practices and analyzes the benefits and opportunities the approach would have in the context of workplace bullying. The final section of the article explores potential roadblocks to implementing restorative practices in the workplace and concludes by offering concrete ideas on future steps companies and policymakers should take to implement restorative practices.
SURFACE ACTIVE MATERIAL (SAM) COMPLIANCE CHANGES DURING REACOVERY FROM EXPERMENTAL HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

It is not known whether recovery from HMD begins in spite of a deficiency of SAM or only after return to some critical value. Eight of 12 M. nemestrina primates delivered at 80% of normal gestation developed HMD and were sacrificed at defined stages in their recovery. Postmortem deflation stability (%total lung capacity [TLC] at P=10cm H2O pressure) and diphosphatidylcholine (DPC) quantities in unlavaged lung tissue and in bronchoalveolar lavage were compared to controls as well as four healthy term 3-4 week old infants. We conclude that 1) the disparity between tissue and lavage DPC quantities in animals with HMD suggests a problem in release of SAM rather than tissue production and 2) clinical recovery and improvement in deflation stability occur despite DPC levels that are quite low compared to control but similar to older infants. (1Supported by NIH#HL19187 and #RR00166, 2Fellow of American Lung Association)
Study of deep electronic states in CdTe solar cells through the detection and DLTS treatment of slow transients

We have designed and built a temperature controlled sample stage with automated data acquisition software to detect and study thin film solar cell deep electronic states (DES) with capacitance transients (CTr) that have characteristic times ranging from seconds to hours. Our studies on thin film CdTe solar cells regularly detect DES with concentrations exceeding the doping level and with characteristic times in the tens to hundreds of seconds at room temperature. An example is given of how this high concentration of DES with slow characteristic times can provide misleading C-V profile measurements. Also described are preliminary observations of Meyer-Neldel rule behavior and DLTS analysis of CdTe cells with and without copper and CdCl/sub 2/ treatment.
Women Leaders in Sport

(2010). Women Leaders in Sport. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 6-8.
Immediate mandibular reconstruction of a 5 cm defect using rhBMP-2 after partial mandibulectomy in a dog.

Objective— To report treatment of a complex odontoma of the mandible by partial mandibulectomy and immediate surgical reconstruction using bridging plate fixation with a synthetic graft. Study Design— Clinical case report. Animals— A 4-year-old male castrated cocker spaniel. Methods— Immediate reconstruction of the left mandible (5 cm gap) was performed after complete excision of a complex odontoma. Locking plate fixation was applied immediately before complete excision of the mass. Fixation was removed, then after partial mandibulectomy, including all abnormal tissue, restored to achieve occlusion. The resulting mandibular defect was filled with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) delivered in an absorbable collagen sponge containing hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate granules (compression resistant matrix [CRM]). Results— New bone growth was evident radiographically and on palpation at 3 months. Bony remodeling was evident during follow-up examinations up to 26 months. Bone collected by biopsy at the graft site at 7 months had robust new bone formation and evidence of continued remodeling. Only minor complications (repeated intraoral plate exposure) were encountered postoperatively and were easily resolved. Conclusions— An osteoinductive factor (rhBMP-2/CRM) was successfully used as a graft substitute in immediate reconstruction of a large mandibular defect. Clinical Relevance— Immediate reconstruction of large mandibular defects with osteoinductive materials as a graft substitute may be a viable alternative to partial mandibular resection or radiation therapy for benign odontogenic tumors in dogs.
Light-induced absorbance changes of cytochromes and other pigments in pea chloroplasts and chloroplast fragments. I. The effect of red and near far-red actinic light and of ruby laser flashes.

Abstract Light-induced spectral changes in the region 540 to 580 nm were studied by means of dual-wavelength differential spectrophotometry and by a Q-switched ruby laser flash technique in intact chloroplasts, swollen chloroplasts, and chloroplast fragments. In intact chloroplasts the major spectral components are attributed to cytochrome f (photo-oxidized), an unknown pigment with a broad band (decrease in absorbance) centered around 572 nm, and possibly a b -type cytochrome (photo-oxidized). In swollen chloroplasts and chloroplast fragments the photo-oxidation of cytochrome f is modified, cytochrome b 6 is photoreduced, and the P-572 response is diminished. The changeover from the intact to the swollen response is brought about by the addition to the suspension medium of certain cations of which sodium, with an effect beginning at about 10 m m , is the most potent. Laser flashes onto dense suspensions of high-salt chloroplasts produced fast ( t 1 2 , 300 μsec) oxidation of cytochrome f, even in the absence of ascorbate and slower ( t 1 2 , 5 msec) reduction of a b -type cytochrome. However, it is suspected that cations leaking from the chloroplasts in these dense suspensions modified the cytochrome responses.
Tooth bleaching in children and teens.

Many parents are surprised when their children’s primary incisors are lost and replaced with larger, darker, and yellower permanent incisors. The primary (deciduous) teeth are usually so white that they are known universally as “milk teeth.” When parents are told the facts about the normal color differences between the respective dentitions, and how apparent that is in the “esthetic zone,” they usually are quite disappointed. However both parents and their children are pleased to learn about dental bleaching and how successful it can be for children and teens.
The mass dependence of CO and HI emission in SC galaxies

A comparison of the gas properties of late-type Virgo spirals reveals that both the CO and HI properties vary systematically with galaxy mass. Sc galaxies which are fainter than the brightest Virgo Sc's by 2 or more optical magnitudes have at least 4 times less CO emission per unit area. Some of these low mass spiral galaxies have more of their interstellar gas in the atomic phase than do massive spirals. In roughly half of these CO-poor, low mass spirals, the azimuthally-averaged HI surface densities exceed 1021 atoms cm−2, which is the maximum observed in the most massive Sc galaxies. A subset of these exhibit HI radial profiles which increase continuously toward the center, like the total (i.e. HI+H2) gas profiles in the most massive Sc's. The gas mass quantity which correlates best with the far-infrared luminosity is the sum of atomic and molecular gas within the optical diameter, indicating that low mass spirals have a greater fraction of their FIR-emitting dust associated with atomic gas than do high mass spirals. Apparently, gas in the lower mass spirals does not enter and remain in the molecular phase as easily as it does in more massive spirals. Reasons why the M(HI)/M(H2) ratio might vary systematically with galaxy mass are discussed.
Theory and evidence about the origin of cosmological structure

I adopt the view that exact uniformity is a natural symmetry for the Universe near the singularity. There is, however a fundamental graininess of matter on quantum scales, and these lectures explore the possibility that this graininess can lead to the observed astronomical inhomogeneity up to galaxy cluster scales. During a phase transition, quantum discreteness can be amplified by many orders of magnitude. I discuss three specific examples — formation of ‘strings’ at the unification epoch (10-20 sec) in a hot Universe, bubble formation in vacuum phase transitions of spontaneously broken gauge theories, and shattering of a pion condensate at nuclear density (10-5 sec) in a cold Universe. The latter process has the advantage of using only known physics and naturally producing a generation of pregalactic stars without any arbitrary initial fluctuations, but the disadvanage of abandoning the elegant predictions of hot Big Bang nucleosynthesis. These theories and others may be distinguished by observations of the microwave background anisotropy, which may in principle show directly whether fluctuations existed in the initial state, and indirectly whether the entropy is truly primordial.
Stat3 activity in melanoma cells affects migration of immune effector cells and nitric oxide-mediated antitumor effects.

Infiltration of immune effector cells in tumors is critical for antitumor immune responses. However, what regulates immune cell infiltration of tumors remains to be identified. Stat3 is constitutively activated with high frequency in diverse cancers, promoting tumor cell growth and survival. Blocking Stat3 signaling in tumors in vivo results in tumor growth inhibition that involves killing of nontransfected tumor cells and infiltration of immune effector cells, suggesting that Stat3 activity in tumor cells might affect immune cell recruitment. However, dying tumor cells can also attract immune cells. In this study, we show in isogenic murine melanomas that natural Stat3 activity is associated with tumor growth and reduction of T cell infiltration. Blocking Stat3 signaling in the melanoma cells containing high Stat3 activity results in expression of multiple chemoattractants, leading to increased migration of lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. In addition, blocking Stat3 triggers tumor cells to produce soluble factors capable of activating macrophage production of NO in vitro and in vivo. TNF-α and IFN-β, which are secreted by Stat3-inhibited tumor cells, are able to activate macrophage NO production, whereas neutralizing TNF-α in the tumor supernatant from Stat3-blocked tumor cells abrogates nitrite production. Moreover, interrupting Stat3 signaling in tumor cells leads to macrophage-mediated, nitrite-dependent cytostatic activity against nontransduced tumor cells. These results suggest that tumor Stat3 activity affects recruitment of diverse immune effectors and it can be manipulated to activate the effector phase of innate immune responses.
Demographic Trends and Advocacy Experiences of Gay–Straight Alliance Advisors

Using an ecological model, the individual-, school-, and sociocultural-level characteristics that affect gay–straight alliance (GSA) advisors were examined in the current study. The formation of GSAs has been one way that schools have sought to improve the school climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Limited information is available about the demographics and experiences of GSA advisors who lead these clubs. GSA advisors are on the front line of LGBT advocacy in schools. The purpose of this study is to add to the minimal literature on GSA advisors by describing the demographics and the experiences of the largest known sample of GSA advisors in the research literature. In the current study, 262 GSA advisors provided information through a 67-item survey about their demographic characteristics and their experiences advocating for LGBT youth in schools. The results suggested this sample of advisors was a demographically homogenous group. Exploratory factor analysis identified two d...
Butterfly wings shaped by a molecular cookie cutter: evolutionary radiation of lepidopteran wing shapes associated with a derived Cut/wingless wing margin boundary system

SUMMARY Butterflies and moths show a remarkable diversity of specialized wing shapes, yet little is known about the molecular basis of wing shape determination. To learn more about this process we examined the expression of dorsoventral (DV) boundary candidate genes in developing wings of several species of Lepidoptera. We found that the transcription factor Cut and mRNA for the signaling molecule wingless (wg) are strongly co-expressed in a discrete zone around the larval wing disc margin. Surprisingly, the expression boundary of Cut and wg clearly presages complex future adult wing shapes, including the hindwing tails of swallowtail butterflies, very early in final-instar wing disc development. During pupal wing development the cells in this zone undergo apoptosis, thereby defining the actual margin of the adult wing. Comparison with gene expression in beetle and fly wings suggests that this delineation of a topologically independent boundary running parallel to the DV boundary is a derived feature of Lepidoptera. We propose that the developmental decoupling of wing margin determination and DV boundary formation was a major developmental innovation that facilitated the radiation of specialized wing shapes in moths and butterflies.
Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol by a Salt-Requiring Bacterium

Bacterium T-52, cultured on ethylene glycol, readily oxidized glycolate and glyoxylate and exhibited elevated activities of ethylene glycol dehydrogenase and glycolate oxidase. Labeled glyoxylate was identified in reaction mixtures containing [14C]-ethylene glycol, but no glycolate was detected. The most likely pathway of ethylene glycol catabolism by bacterium T-52 is sequential oxidation to glycolate and glyoxylate.
Human telomerase: biogenesis, trafficking, recruitment, and activation

Telomerase is the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the extension of telomeric DNA in eukaryotes. Recent work has begun to reveal key aspects of the assembly of the human telomerase complex, its intracellular trafficking involving Cajal bodies, and its recruitment to telomeres. Once telomerase has been recruited to the telomere, it appears to undergo a separate activation step, which may include an increase in its repeat addition processivity. This review covers human telomerase biogenesis, trafficking, and activation, comparing key aspects with the analogous events in other species.
Field-based measures of head impacts in high school football athletes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent technological advances have allowed the in-vivo measurement of impacts sustained to the head during helmeted sports. These measurements are of interest to researchers and clinicians for their potential to understand both the underlying mechanics of concussive injuries and the potential for real-time injury diagnostics. Following an overview of impact biomechanics, this review will evaluate the following: in-vivo technology being used in American football players; impact frequencies and magnitudes; and the biomechanical threshold for concussion. RECENT FINDINGS: The average high school athlete sustains over 650 impacts in a season, and the level at which concussion occurs is approximately 100 g and 5500 rad/s/s. SUMMARY: High school athletes sustain a significant number of head impacts each year. The impacts are similar in both volume and magnitude when compared with collegiate athletes. The magnitude of impact that results in concussion is also the same at both levels of play, although the collegiate athlete may have a higher injury tolerance. Language: en
Impact of sentinel lymph node mapping on relative charges in patients with early-stage breast cancer.

Background: The introduction of SLNB has allowed accurate staging in early-stage breast carcinomas and has minimized the number of unnecessary ALNDs. Intraoperative frozen-section analysis is a fundamental component of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) procedure. Some patients have positive nodes on frozen-section analysis and thus undergo a conventional axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) at the time of the SLNB. A few patients have negative nodes on frozen-section analysis but have subsequent evidence of metastases on final pathologic examination. The purpose of our study was 2-fold: to compare the hospital-related charges of patients undergoing staging by SLNB with those of patients undergoing conventional ALND and to assess whether the different outcomes associated with SLNB adversely affect the charges incurred with this procedure.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and factors affecting the shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in dairy cattle

A.C. F ITZGERALD, T .S. E DRINGTON, M .L. L OOPER, T .R. C ALLAWAY, K .J. G ENOVESE, K .M. B ISCHOFF, J . L . M C R E Y N O L D S , J . D . T H O M A S , R . C . A N D E R S O N A N D D . J . N I S B E T . 2003. Aims: To examine factors affecting faecal shedding of the foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in dairy cattle and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates. Methods: Faecal samples were obtained in replicate from lactating (LAC; n ¼ 60) and non-lactating (NLAC; n ¼ 60) Holstein cattle to determine influence of heat stress, parity, lactation status (LAC vs NLAC) and stage of lactation [£60 or >60 days in milk (DIM)] and cultured for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. A portion of the recovered isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution technique. Results: No effects of heat stress were observed. Lactating cows shed more (P 0 AE10) bacterial shedding in NLAC cows. Cows £60 DIM shed more (P 60 DIM. Seventeen Salmonella serotypes were identified with the most prevalent being Senftenberg (18%), Newport (17%) and Anatum (15%). Seventy-nine of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one of the seven antibiotics. Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to 11 different antibiotics with multiple resistance to nine or more antibiotics observed in five isolates. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrated differences in the shedding patterns of foodborne pathogens due to the stage of the milk production cycle and may help identify times when on-farm pathogen control would be the most effective.
Joining of highly aluminum-doped lanthanum strontium manganese oxide with tetragonal zirconia by plastic deformation

Aluminum-doped lanthanum strontium manganese oxide, La0.77Sr0.20Al0.9Mn0.1O3 (LSAM), was joined to stabilized tetragonal zirconia polymorph YTZP (ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03 by a uniaxial stress (3–6 MPa) and high-temperature (1250–1350 °C) bonding method that initiates grainboundary sliding between the ceramic components. The flow stress of LSAM was larger than that of La0.8Sr0.2Mn0.3 under the same test conditions. Electron microscopy confirmed that intergranular penetration occurred at the joining plane, leading to effective bonding between the two dissimilar ceramics. Raman spectral maps of the joining planes obtained with 2-D Raman microscopy demonstrated the absence of any new phases at the interface. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
SCYTONEMIN, A CYANOBACTERIAL SHEATH PIGMENT, PROTECTS AGAINST UVC RADIATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY PHOTOSYNTHETIC LIFE

During the Precambrian, ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, including UVC wavelengths (190–280 nm), was considerably higher than present because of the lack of absorbing gases (e.g. O2 and O3) in the atmosphere. High UV flux would have been damaging to photosynthetic organisms exposed to solar radiation. Nevertheless, fossil evidence indicates that cyanobacteria-like ancestors may have evolved as early as 3.5 × 109 yr ago, and were common in shallow marine habitats by 2.5 × 109 years ago. Scytonemin, a cyanobacterial extracellular sheath pigment, strongly absorbs UVC radiation. Exposure to high-irradiance conditions caused cells to synthesize scytonemin and resulted in decreased UVC inhibition of photosynthetic carbon uptake. It was further demonstrated that scytonemin alone was sufficient for substantial protection against UVC damage. This represents the first experimental demonstration of biological protection against UVC radiation in cyanobacteria. These results suggest that scytonemin may have evolved during the Precambrian and allowed colonization of exposed, shallow-water and terrestrial habitats by cyanobacteria or their oxygenic ancestors.
Kōko seamount: A major guyot at the southern end of the Emperor seamounts

Abstract Kōko seamount is an exceptionally large guyot situated at 35°30′N, 171°45′E, at the southern end of the Emperor seamount chain. An accurate survey of Kōko seamount and two successful dredge hauls from near its summit were made by R/V “Thomas Washington” in August 1971. The dredge hauls included samples of a wide variety of unusual igneous rocks and coral reef debris. The significance of the occurrence of coral reef debris capping a guyot which is now both too deep and too far north for active reef growth is discussed briefly.
Wind instruments and headaches

The authors illustrate the cases of two children with headaches, one diagnosed with Chiari type 1 malformation and the other with hydrocephalus, who played wind instruments. Both patients manifested that their headaches worsened with the efforts made during playing their musical instruments. We briefly comment on the probable role played by this activity on the patients’ intracranial pressure and hypothesize that the headaches might be influenced by increases in their intracranial pressure related to Valsalva maneuvers. We had serious doubts on if we should advise our young patients about giving up playing their music instruments.
Amanita phalloides poisoning

A Vietnamese family living in the Pacific Northwest harvested several wild mushrooms grown in their front lawn. All three in the family suffered from delayed GI symptoms starting approximately 12 h after ingestion. One patient died and two developed hepatic injury. We provide photography and describe common characteristics of Amanita phalloides mushroom.
“NEW MYCOTOXINS” AND THEIR POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE IN FOODS

Mycotoxins, other than aflatoxin, are reviewed for their potential implication as food contaminants. Additionally, diseases possibly caused by unknown mycotoxins, are discussed.
Bilateral paramediastinal post-traumatic lung cysts

Unilateral post-traumatic and paramediastinal lung cysts are uncommon. Conservative therapeutic measures are usually sufficient. This report describes a patient whose bilateral post-traumatic paramediastinal lung cysts, a previously undescribed entity, were presumed to be bilateral hemidiaphragmatic hernias and, consequently, led to unnecessary surgery. (Chest 1990; 97:242-44)
A comparison of two perturbation methods for vibrations of systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities

Discreatizing the nonlinear partial differential equations of vibration problems and then solving the resulting ordinary differential equations by perturbation techniques is a quite common method. The disereatization process simplifies the equations much and the ordinary differential equations are easier to handle. However the process may lead to inaccurate results in the case of quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The issue was first discussed by Nayfeh, Nayfeh and Mook [1]. They considered the nonlinear dynamic response of a relief valve and showed the discreapancies between the two methods for this specific problem. Pakdemirli, Nayfeh and Nayfeh [2] presented the discreapancies between the methods for a nonlinear cable vibration problem. A summary of the related work done up to now has been presented by Nayfeh, Nayfeh and Pakdemirli [3].
Clathrin couture: fashioning distinctive membrane coats at the cell surface.

Eukaryotic cells utilize intricate mechanisms for the uptake and intracellular sorting of various macromolecules, such as membrane components and extracellular proteins. Microscopic imaging studies have helped considerably to describe and define important steps of the uptake process. It has been shown that the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane is studded with small, domed assemblages of peripheral membrane proteins. These constitute transitory sorting stations that dynamically remodel the composition of the cell surface in response to both intracellular and extracellular stimuli. Typically, within a minute of forming, these assemblages invaginate to generate “buds” that then detach, generating small (∼60 nm), membrane-bound transport vesicles that deliver their contents (often receptors) to specific intracellular compartments—namely acceptor early endosomes—for further dissemination within the cell (Figure 1). This invagination and sorting process is called endocytosis, and although several morphologically and structurally distinct endocytic sorting assemblies occur at the surface of most cells [1], perhaps the most recognizable are polyhedral clathrin-coated structures. First identified to be cargo-selective transport carriers during yolk uptake and storage within oocytes of blood-fed mosquitoes [2], clathrin-coated vesicles are now known to support many vital cellular processes, ranging from nutrient uptake, cellular locomotion, and transcriptional regulation and proliferation to complex developmental morphogenetic events. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis also seems important for the efficacy of anti-receptor monoclonal antibody-based tumor therapy [3] and for susceptibility to double-stranded RNA–mediated gene silencing [4]. Figure 1 Clathrin-regulated uptake and the endocytic pathway.
Towards Subcellular Tissue Sampling by Near-Field Laser Ablation: A `Protein Microscope' to Map Peptide Distributions in Cells

We report on the development of a new instrument, dubbed a `Protein Microscope,' that uses near-field optical techniques to increase the spatial resolution of atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (AP-MALDI). This functions as a novel front-end for time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Standard protein identification techniques involve homogenization of a tissue sample, which destroys all spatial and temporal information about the expressed proteins. Our new NSOM-based instrument will allow the identification and mapping of proteins expressed in intact cells and tissues, which is of great interest as protein expression connects genomic information with the functioning of an organism. This poster will focus on the development of near-field-based ablation of sub-cellular-sized regions of tissue and plant samples.
Stress management and resilience training among Department of Medicine faculty: a pilot randomized clinical trial.

Background Physician distress is common and related to numerous factors involving physicians’ personal and professional lives. The present study was designed to assess the effect of a Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) program for increasing resiliency and quality of life, and decreasing stress and anxiety among Department of Medicine (DOM) physicians at a tertiary care medical center.
The effect of age and parity on the development of equine chronic endometrial disease

The results of a retrospective analysis of 3,804 endometrial biopsy specimens collected from non-pregnant mares during the course of routine equine stud farm practice demonstrates a significant and practically useful correlation between the severity of chronic degenerative endometrial disease (CDE) diagnosed and age of mare at the time of examination. There were significant correlations between the number of foals born and the mares' barren years prior to biopsy and the severity of CDE, but the differences were not sufficiently large to be useful. Correlations between the severity of chronic infiltrative endometritis (CIE) and age or pre-biopsy parity were minimal. The results suggest that using similar histopathological criteria to those used by Kenney and Doig (1986), mares up to nine years of age should have no signs of CDE, mares up to 13 years of age should have no more than mild signs, mares up to 15 years of age should have no more than moderate signs and mares aged 17 years or older are likely to have severe signs. We believe that these guidelines are a useful, objective aid for formulating a breeding prognosis.
Use of anticoagulation in cadaver renal transplants.

Abstract The effect of anticoagulation was studied in 92 consecutive cadaver renal transplants performed in 90 patients from 1977 to 1980. Patients were randomized to receive prophylactic anticoagulation with warfarin and antiplatelet drugs beginning on the second post-transplant day, or therapeutic heparin for acute rejection episodes with vascular involvement, only. These patients were later converted to long-term anticoagulation with warfarin and antiplatelet drugs. All first rejection episodes were diagnosed by percutaneous renal biopsy and scored as to the degree of cellular infiltrate and vascular change. Immunosuppression consisted of azathioprine, prednisone, methylprednisolone, and, in 19 patients, antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) given for 14 days post-transplant. Rejection episodes were treated in 76 patients. Severe rejection did not respond to any form of treatment and all these grafts failed in less than 3 months. Severe cellular rejection did not occur in ALG-treated patients. Heparin treatment improved the 3-month graft survival in patients with acute rejection and mild vascular changes but did not alter the results in any other category. Chronic rejection was not prevented by any method of anticoagulation. Bleeding complications occurred in 18.4% of patients receiving warfarin and 7.7% of the patients receiving heparin. Anticoagulation with heparin may be useful in the treatment of acute rejection with mild vascular changes. Biopsy-proven severe rejection accurately predicts early graft failure regardless of treatment and should prompt transplant nephrectomy.
Tracking of Blood Pressure From Childhood to Adulthood A Systematic Review and Meta–Regression Analysis

Background— A large number of studies have examined the tracking of blood pressure (BP) from childhood to adulthood, but the reported findings are inconsistent and few systematic analyses have been conducted. Methods and Results— We conducted a systematic search of PubMed for studies that examined the tracking of BP from childhood to adulthood published between January 1970 and July 2006. From 301 retrieved papers, 50 cohort studies met our inclusion criteria and provided 617 data points (Pearson/Spearman correlation coefficients) for systolic BP (SBP) and 547 data points for diastolic BP (DBP) for our meta-analysis. Information on sample characteristics and BP measurement protocols was extracted. Fisher z transformation and random-effects meta–regression analysis were conducted. The reported BP tracking correlation coefficients varied from −0.12 to 0.80 for SBP and from −0.16 to 0.70 for DBP, with an average of 0.38 for SBP and 0.28 for DBP. BP tracking varied significantly by baseline age and length of ...
Unsupervised semantic markup of literature for biodiversity digital libraries

This paper reports the further development of machine learning techniques for semantic markup of biodiversity literature, especially morphological descriptions of living organisms such as those hosted at efloras.org and algaebase.org. Syntactic parsing and supervised machine learning techniques have been explored by earlier research. Limitations of these techniques promoted our investigation of an unsupervised learning approach that combines the strength of earlier techniques and avoids the limitations. Semantic markup at the organ and character levels is discussed. Research on semantic markup of natural heritage literature has direct impact on the development of semantic-based access in biodiversity digital libraries.
Computer display of colored three-dimensional objects

A television-based computer display system is described which uses a minicomputer to calculate scan lines of the display image. A display resolution of 512 lines by 512 positions is achieved with each position definable with 15 bits of color information (over 32,000 colors). The scan conversion process incorporates hidden surface removal, calculation of intersections, surface shading and, optionally, perspective. Object description must be by polygonal planar surfaces; the surfaces can have a solid color and are considered opaque. Object complexity is limited only by main storage size.The design criteria which motivated the system architecture are discussed along with pertinent details on the particular implementation. The system described effectively mates minicomputer technology with that of the television industry to produce an economical, fast turnaround, color display system for 2-D and 3-D computer graphics. This system relies upon a special scan-line generator and upon a skillful hardware/software trade-off to achieve an economical and realistic color display device.Performance data and examples of display objects are given.
Identification of SR2211: a potent synthetic RORγ selective modulator

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that display canonical domain structure with highly conserved DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains. The identification of the endogenous ligands for several receptors remains elusive or is controversial, and thus these receptors are classified as orphans. One such orphan receptor is the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ). An isoform of RORγ, RORγt, has been shown to be essential for the expression of Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and the differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathology of several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genetic ablation of RORγ alone or in combination with RORα in mice led to impaired Th17 differentiation and protected the mice from development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Here we describe SR2211, a selective RORγ modulator that potently inhibits production of IL-17 in cells.
Communication Behaviors to Implement Innovations: How Do AEC Teams Communicate in IPD Projects?

Implementing any innovation successfully is a challenge. In addition to commonly reported climate and values-fit constructs, this study proposes that communication behaviors (i.e., monitoring, chal...
Distinguishing natural from anthropogenic stress in plants: physiology, fluorescence and hyperspectral reflectance

Explosives released into the environment from munitions production, processing facilities, or buried unexploded ordnances can be absorbed by surrounding roots and induce toxic effects in leaves and stems. Research into the mechanisms with which explosives disrupt physiological processes could provide methods for discrimination of anthropogenic and natural stresses. Our objectives were to experimentally evaluate the effects of natural stress and explosives on plant physiology and to link differences among treatments to changes in hyperspectral reflectance for possible remote detection. Photosynthesis, water relations, chlorophyll fluorescence, and hyperspectral reflectance were measured following four experimental treatments (drought, salinity, trinitrotoluene and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine) on two woody species. Principal Components Analyses of physiological and hyperspectral results were used to evaluate the differences among treatments. Explosives induced different physiological responses compared to natural stress responses. Stomatal regulation over photosynthesis occurred due to natural stress, influencing energy dissipation pathways of excess light. Photosynthetic declines in explosives were likely the result of metabolic dysfunction. Select hyperspectral indices could discriminate natural stressors from explosives using changes in the red and near-infrared spectral region. These results show the possibility of using variations in energy dissipation and hyperspectral reflectance to detect plants exposed to explosives in a laboratory setting and are promising for field application using plants as phytosensors to detect explosives contamination in soil.
Reacting to functional changes in service-oriented enterprises

In this paper, we focus on the changes that trigger the modification of a service-oriented enterprisepsilas functionality. We present a framework that helps an SOE automatically modify its functional schema based on a change specification. The central component of this framework is a change reaction manager. It provides mechanisms to interpret a change specification, modify the member services in an SOE, and rearrange their cooperation correspondingly. A domain knowledge provider offers the semantics that facilitates the change reaction process. We also use a logging mechanism to keep track of the change reaction process.
Environmental Aspects of Coal-Fueled Diesel Engines

Conventional diesel engines are considered by some to be contributors to environmental problems since they emit NO{sub x}, a suspected acid rain precursor. Initial testing has shown that CWS-fueled diesels emit substantially reduced NO{sub x} emissions. While emissions of particulates and SO{sub x} may be potentially higher with coal fuels, assessment of the control technology indicates excellent potential for meeting existing and future standards for these emissions. As a result of activities managed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, the economic and technical feasibility of CWS-fueled diesel engines has been determined. The development of CWS-fueled systems will necessitate the application of hot gas cleanup contaminant control technology to ensure that the systems burn coal in an environmentally sound manner. The objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental concerns, emission goals, and the control methodologies, devices, and strategies that will be used to ensure CWS-fueled diesel engines will meet current and potential environmental standards.
Extension of the Rorschach–Hazlewood Theoretical Model for Spin–Lattice Relaxation in Biological Systems to Low Frequencies

Abstract The water–biopolymer cross-relaxation model, proposed by H. E. Rorschach and C. F. Hazlewood (RH) [ J. Magn. Reson. 70, 79 (1986)], explains the Larmor frequency dependence of T 1 in many biological systems. However, the RH theory fails at low Larmor frequencies. In this paper, a more general version of the RH theory has been developed. This theory is valid at all frequencies. Use of the new expression for the spin–lattice relaxation rate (1/ T 1 ), earlier published experimental data in H 2 O/D 2 O bovine serum albumin, which had been measured over a wide frequency range (10 kHz to 100 MHz), were fitted over the entire frequency range. The agreement between theory and the experimental data is excellent. Theoretical expressions for the rotating-frame spin–lattice relaxation rate (1/ T 1ρ ) were also obtained.
An empirical analysis of factors affecting adolescent attachment in adoptive families with homosexual and straight parents

Abstract Data were collected on 154 adoptive families with gay/lesbian and straight adoptive parents (154 parent respondents and 210 adolescent respondents). This study was principally interested in factors affecting adolescent attachment including parent sexual orientation, adolescent and parent life satisfaction, and parent level of relationship satisfaction with their adopted child as well as other key parent, child and adoption characteristics. The results suggest that higher level of adopted adolescent attachment to parents is not related to adoptive parent sexual orientation. Adolescent attachment to parents is related to adolescent life satisfaction; parent level of relationship satisfaction with their adopted child, number of placements prior to adoption, and adolescent's current age. Adolescent life satisfaction, like level of attachment is an indicator of youth well-being. This variable was found to have a significant relationship with parent level of relationship satisfaction with their adopted child. The results also indicated parent's level of relationship satisfaction with their adopted child was related to parent life satisfaction. The variable child's age at adoption was found to have significant relationships with parent life satisfaction, parent's level of relationship satisfaction with their adopted child, and number of placements prior to adoption. Implications for policy, practice, education and further research are discussed.
The Dollar-Pound Exchange Rate During the First Nine Months of World War II

Between August 25, 1939 and June 7, 1940, there was a free market for British pounds in New York. German success at the outset of World War II caused the value of free sterling to fall relative to the official exchange rate. This imposed an externality that made it more difficult for Britain to finance the war. Eventually, the externality became large enough that Britain chose to take extreme measures to abolish it, even at the expense of tarnishing the reputation of London’s financial markets. We collected daily data to investigate how the market reacted to war news and to policy changes. Using methods developed by Bai and Perron (Econometrica 66:47–78, 1998; Journal of Applied Econometrics 18:1–22, 2003), we find 17 breaks in the exchange rate. Fourteen are associated with military events and three are associated with policy changes. The episode illustrates how markets can fail to serve the public interest during times of war.
Cholelithiasis and perforated gallbladder in an infant

An infant presented with abdominal distension and failure to thrive. This patient was a 3.5-month-old, ex-26-week premature infant at the time of presentation who required supplemental parenteral nutrition until day 9 of life. Workup found ascites and a complex cystic mass in the porta hepatis. A perforated gallbladder with gallstones was found at laparotomy. The gallstones were removed, and the bed of the gallbladder was drained. Output from the drain was minimal by postoperative day 6, and the drain subsequently was removed. The child did well postoperatively; hematologic and metabolic workups were unrevealing. Perforation of the gallbladder is an exceedingly uncommon finding in infants. Appropriate management includes laparotomy and drainage of the gallbladder bed.
Absolute determination of surface atomic concentration by Reflection Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (REELS)

Abstract Reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) is proposed as a method of determining individual atomic concentrations at a surface. A basic procedure for absolute surface quantitative analysis is described; applied to a GaAs(110) surface, it gives the atomic concentration to an accuracy of better than 20%. A 45% increase of the oxygen concentration measured at a MgO(110) surface is believed to represent monolayer adsorption on the surface. Values of the electron mean travelling distance (MTD) and the plasmon-loss mean free path (MFP) have been determined for GaAs and MgO in the reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) geometry. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the coated film on a crystal surface can be measured with REELS technique.
Effects of Mental Model Quality on Collaborative System Performance

This ongoing study is exploring how varying levels of user mental model quality influence performance with an imperfect automated system (navigational aid). The number and types of errors produced by participants is of particular interest along with how mental models influence user trust and reliance with automation. The design attempts to manipulate the acquisition of mental models by varying exposure to the task environment between groups. A high acquisition group, low acquisition group, and no acquisition group navigated the confines of a simulated city with the help of an automated aid performing at two levels of reliability. Implications of this study could influence the design of automated systems and their associated user training programs. Additionally, this study could spur additional research into the effects of mental model quality on automated system performance. Language: en
Spatio-temporal epidemiology: principles and opportunities.

Space–time analysis of disease data has historically involved the search for patterns in aggregated data to identify how regions of high and low risk change through time. Space–time analysis of aggregated data has great value, but represents only a subset of space–time epidemiologic applications. Technological advances for tracking and mapping individuals (e.g., global positioning systems) have introduced mobile populations as an important element in space–time epidemiology. We review five domains critical to the developing field of spatio-temporal epidemiology: (1) spatio-temporal epidemiologic theory, (2) selection of appropriate spatial scale of analysis, (3) choice of spatial/spatio-temporal method for pattern identification, (4) individual-level exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies, and (5) assessment and consideration of locational and attribute uncertainty. This review provides an introduction to principles of space–time epidemiology and highlights future research opportunities.
Synthesis and characterization of silver nanospheres in mixed surfactant solution

Abstract We report the synthesis of silver nanospheres in CTAB/NH3 mixed-surfactant solutions. By reducing silver nitrate with l -ascorbic acid in an aqueous solution in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and ammonia, silver particles having a near uniform spherical morphology are formed in a few minutes. The XRD spectrum shows peaks pertinent to the silver cubic structure with nanoparticles oriented along their (111) planes. The UV–vis spectrum shows the characteristic plasmon absorption peak at 422 nm. The morphology is studied using High Resolution Scanning electron microscope. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of the nanoparticles dispersion confirms the presence of silver and TEM analysis confirms the average size of nano spheres and the findings corroborated with XRD and HRSEM results.
A novel property of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

The reaction of cyanide with the oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria is strongly inhibited by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This inhibition is strictly dependent on the ATP concentration and is insensitive to changes in the concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and orthophosphate. It is completely prevented by oligomycin or uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. This ATP effect is proposed to result from a structural interaction of ATP synthetase with cytochrome c oxidase, such that the formation of an ATP complex of the synthetase results in a decrease in the affinity of the oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase for cyanide in the formation of an intermediate in the overall measured cyanide reaction.