cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Library orientation and instruction—1990

The following is an annotated list of materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources, research, and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the seventeenth to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items, in English published in 1990. A few are not annotated because the compiler could not obtain copies of them for this review.
Equine Stromal and Endothelial Keratopathies: Medical Management of Stromal Abscesses, Eosinophilic Keratitis, Calcific Band Keratopathy, Striate Band Opacities, and Endotheliitis in the Horse

This review discusses the diagnosis and medical treatment of stromal abscesses, eosinophilic keratitis, calcific band keratopathy, striate band opacities, and endotheliitis. These are common and important stromal and endothelial keratopathies of the horse cornea. Stromal abscesses are associated with infection, leukocytic invasion of the stroma, loss of tissue and tear film proteinase homeostasis, and severe iridocyclitis. Eosinophils infiltrate the epithelium and stroma in response to unknown stimuli in eosinophilic keratitis. Calcium is deposited in the stroma and epithelium secondary to chronic equine recurrent uveitis in calcific band keratopathy. Band opacities may be related to trauma or glaucoma. Endotheliitis is a poorly understood group of diseases characterized by persistent edema.
Some Aspects of Creative Reading

(1957). Some Aspects of Creative Reading. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 495-508.
Analysis of thermodynamic processes involving hydrogen

There is a need to explore potential hazard scenarios associated with several specific thermodynamic processes involving the storage and use of hydrogen subjected to thermal exposures. A potential real-life scenario is the heating of a hydrogen storage vessel abroad a hydrogen-powered vehicle in an automobile fire or in an accident at a refueling station. The effect of thermal exposures on these thermodynamic processes has been examined using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) REFPROP, Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties, database. The thermodynamic processes considered are isochoric (constant density) heating, isenthalpic expansion, and isentropic expansion. In addition, isochoric heating followed by either an isenthalpic or isentropic expansion process is also discussed. The initial fill density of a hydrogen system has a significant effect on the subsequent thermodynamic processes. From a standpoint of fire safety, a hydrogen system subjected to thermal exposure or preheating before an isenthalpic expansion would potentially increase the risk of fire, especially when the exposure temperature is very close to the hydrogen autoignition temperature.
Inference from intrinsic bayes' procedures under model selection and uncertainty

In this article, we present a fully coherent and consistent objective Bayesian analysis of the linear regression model using intrinsic priors. The intrinsic prior is a scaled mixture of g-priors and promotes shrinkage toward the subspace defined by a base (or null) model. While it has been established that the intrinsic prior provides consistent model selectors across a range of models, the posterior distribution of the model parameters has not previously been investigated. We prove that the posterior distribution of the model parameters is consistent under both model selection and model averaging when the number of regressors is fixed. Further, we derive tractable expressions for the intrinsic posterior distribution as well as sampling algorithms for both a selected model and model averaging. We compare the intrinsic prior to other mixtures of g-priors and provide details on the consistency properties of modified versions of the Zellner–Siow prior and hyper g-priors. Supplementary materials for this arti...
Public Health Practice Competency Improvement Among Nurses

Background Recommendations for improving public health workforce competency led to an academic–practice partnership project conducted to improve competency for providing essential public health services among public health nurses. Purpose To measure competency for public health practice at baseline, identify factors associated with higher competency, document change in competency over 4 years, and assess differential effects associated with project participation. Methods Perceived competency was assessed using a validated instrument administered through online surveys at baseline (2007) and 4-year follow-up (2011). Analysis was completed in 2014. Overall means and SDs were calculated for each domain in the competency scale. Differences in means by role were tested using multivariate analysis of variance. Factors associated with higher competency were identified using regression analysis. Mean comparisons between baseline and follow-up were tested using paired samples t test and ANCOVA was used to test differential effects of project participation. Results Baseline competency levels were low in most domains. Managers reported higher competency in all domains compared to staff. Mean scores in all domains were higher on follow-up than baseline. Factors associated with higher competency in some domains included expected frequency of performance, higher degree, and younger age. Participants in project activities had higher mean competency scores than those who did not, with statistically significant differences ( p Conclusions Participation in workforce development can contribute to improved perceived competency for public health practice among nurses. Continued investment in workforce development aimed at improving competency and additional research on competency assessment is warranted.
Gender-Stereotyped Lessons About Emotion in Family Narratives

The present study investigated the prevalence of gender-stereotyped messages in family stories told to preschool age children. Based on previous research and theory it was expected that mothers would frame their stories with sadness and fathers would frame their stories with themes of anger. It was further expected that sons and daughters would be presented with stories that differed in emotional themes. One hundred and twenty families with preschool age children participated in the study. Mothers and fathers were asked to tell their child a story about when they were disappointed as a child. Two hundred and four stories were coded for themes of sadness, anger, mixed sadness and anger, and no emotional frame. Contrary to predictions, there were relatively few stories told with an anger frame. Mothers overall tended to tell disappointment stories with a frame of sadness. Fathers overall were more likely to use no emotional frame in their stories. Mothers were more likely to tell stories with sadness frames to their daughters than to sons. Two examples are provided that illustrate an instrumental focus of fathers' stories and the emotional content of mothers' stories. The process of creating meaningful stories may be an important avenue that parents use to impart gender-related values to their children.
Establishment and production from thinned mature deciduous-forest silvopastures in Appalachia

Small Appalachian hill farms may benefit economically by expanding grazing lands into some of their under-utilized forested acreages. Our objective was to study the forage production potential of forest to silvopasture conversion. We thinned a white oak dominated mature second growth forested area establishing two orchardgrass-perennial ryegrass-white clover silvopasture replications for comparison with two nearby open pasture replications. After thinning trees, silvopastures were limed, fertilized and seeded. Sheep were fed hay and corn scattered across the area to facilitate removal of residual understory vegetation, disruption of litter layer and incorporation of applied materials into surface soil. Each area was divided into multiple paddocks and rotationally grazed by sheep. Two 1 m2 herbage mass samples were taken from each paddock prior to animal grazing. There was no significant difference in soil moisture between silvopastures and open pastures however, there was adequate rainfall to prevent drought all 3 years. The two silvopastures received 42 and 51% of total daily incident PAR compared to the open field. Total dry forage mass yield from open pasture over the 3 years averaged 11,200 kg ha−1 y−1 and from silvopasture 6,640 kg ha−1 y−1. Silvopastures, however, had a higher PAR use efficiency (PARUE) than open pasture. Hill farms could increase grazing acreages without sacrificing all benefits from trees on the landscape by converting some areas to silvopasture.
Cigarette smoke inhibits oocyte cumulus complex pick-up by the oviduct in vitro independent of ciliary beat frequency

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of acute exposure to mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke solutions on oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate in explants of hamster oviducts using a newly developed in vitro assay. Experiments were performed in handmade perfusion chambers using infundibula from hamster oviducts and oocyte cumulus complexes harvested from mature ovarian follicles. Oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate was measured by placing a stained oocyte cumulus complex at the base of the infundibulum and recording the length of time needed for the complex to traverse a defined path to the ostium. Addition of either whole MS or SS smoke solutions to the perfusion chamber caused a dose dependent decrease in oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate. Unexpectedly, upon washout of smoke solutions with control medium, oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate continued to decline. The gas phase of MS smoke is more inhibitory than the particulate phase, while SS gas and particulate phases inhibit oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate at equivalent doses. Ciliary beat frequency and oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate were measured using the same infundibular explants to determine if smoke solutions decrease oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate by inhibiting ciliary beat frequency. Ciliary beat frequency decreased in MS smoke solutions and recovered either partially or completely after washout of the smoke solutions. SS smoke solutions either produced no change in ciliary beat frequency or stimulated ciliary beat frequency. Oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate decreased in both MS and SS smoke solutions and further declined during washout when ciliary beat frequency was equivalent to or higher than controls. These data show that oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate and ciliary beat frequency can be uncoupled and that smoke solutions inhibit oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate by affecting factors in addition to ciliary beat frequency. Possible reasons for the smoke induced decrease in oocyte cumulus complex pick-up rate are discussed. These results may explain the increased incidence of tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy observed in women who smoke.
Space-borne 3He refrigerator

A space-compatible He-3 refrigerator is being developed for cooling the bolometric detectors of the Far Infrared Photometer (FIRP) in the Infrared Telescope in Space (IRTS). The refrigerator is self-contained and compact, and can be recycled in zero gravity with low power dissipation (20 mW or less). A laboratory prototype that contains 2 STP cu dm of He-3 has been successfully cycled upside-down, i.e., against gravity, thus proving the feasibility of the cycle in zero gravity. Sintered copper confines the He-3 to the evaporator during the low temperature phase. Temperatures as low as 280 mK have been achieved with this configuration. Other types of porous material which have lower mass density are currently under investigation.
Corticosteroids in serum of Rana catesbeiana during development and metamorphosis

Radioimmunoassays (RIA) for aldosterone (ALDO), corticosterone (B), and cortisol (F) were used to measure corticosteroids in serum of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and of young and adult frogs. Because of the uncertain identity of the cortisol-like material in the RIA, it was designated “F.” Serum ALDO was detectable in tadpoles by stage VII and it remained at about 2 ng/ml in most stages until midclimax; then its concentration rose to high levels in froglets and frogs. Serum B appeared later in development (by stage XII) and its concentration increased rapidly to an initial peak at stage XVII. The B concentration increased again after midclimax coincident with the rise in ALDO. After stage XV serum B concentration was about 10 times higher than ALDO in most samples. Serum “F” was detectable by stage V and the concentration rose gradually to stage XIV; then it increased more rapidly until midclimax, whereupon its concentration fell precipitously to reach low levels in froglets and adults. A single injection of ACTH (0.1 IU/tadpole) failed to increase serum ALDO, B, or “F” in premetamorphic larvae, but it caused a significant elevation of the two glucocorticoids in prometamorphic animals. Chronic treatment with ACTH or thyroxine (T4) increased the serum levels of the three steroids. Treatment with ACTH plus T4 markedly increased ALDO and B responses to the ACTH but the “F” response was diminished. We interpret the results to indicate that low levels of thyroid hormones (TH) sensitize the interrenal to stimulation by ACTH. Higher levels of TH and/or longer exposure to these hormones further enhance the ALDO and B responses while inhibiting the “F” response. The TH may also alter peripheral metabolism and/or clearance of the steroids to produce the changes which were observed. In either case, our results indicate that TH-induced maturation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-interrenal axis contributes to the control of development and metamorphosis in anurans. The pattern of serum B and “F” appears to be related to developmental events, such as hind leg growth and gut and tail regression, but the serum pattern of ALDO did not show any such relationship.
The Rise of the Poor, Weak, and Wicked: Poor Care, Punishment, Religion, and Patriarchy in Leipzig, 1700-1730

This article explores the construction and administration of a new, large combination poor house, orphanage, insane asylum, and penitentiary named St. George in the central German city of Leipzig from 1700 onward. This case study contributes to discussions about early modern poor care and punishment in two ways. First, it explores interactions among various groups involved with the house, especially the city council, propertied citizens, and inmates of the house. Relating different perspectives of these groups not only illuminates the workings of poor care and punishment, but also allows for a broader exploration of the relative positions and authority of men and women from different social groups in the city. The sources available on St. George, unusually rich, provide a rare opportunity to compare pronouncements by councilors, propertied citizens, and inmates on one subject. Second, the article explores how religion shaped the ideology and practice of poor care and punishment. This bears on the first issue, since religion structured many of the interactions among social groups.
Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Multiple NonUniformly Coupled Microstrips and Other Transmission Lines

Analysis and design techniques for nonuniform coupled line multiport networks are formulated. Techniques presented include the use of an enhanced piece-wise uniform stepped impedance model for general nonuniformly coupled line structures and a simple yet accurate CAD compatible SPICE model developed for identical nonuniformly coupled lines. Computed and measured results for typical structures are included to illustrate the distortion and cross-talk noise associated with coupled microstrip interconnects in microwave and high speed digital circuits.
Psychological Processes in a Three-Stage Solutions Test —Preparation, Production, Revision—Administered under Warm-Up, Neutral, and Criteria-Cued Instructions, Respectively

Summary Volunteer male and female college students (N = 217) rated themselves on Sciortino's Inventory of Psychological Processes (IPP-3) immediately after the preparation, the production, and the revision stages of the Solutions Test. The preparation stage was administered under “warm-up” instructions, the production stage under “neutral” instructions, and the revision stage under “criteria-cued” instructions. Ss' combined scores on the IPP-3 from the preparation, production, and revision stages of the Solutions Test were, first, subjected to a principal components analysis, and, then, rotated according to Kaiser's varimax procedure. Six varimax factors were extracted: crossfertilization, frustration, evaluated refinement, excitement, motivated thinking, and freewheeled thinking. The factor scores of each of the six extracted factors from the preparation, production, and revision stages of the Solutions Test were subjected to an analysis of variance for repeated measures. The results show that of the 18 ...
Site-specific radical formation in DNA induced by Cu(II)–H2O2 oxidizing system, using ESR, immuno-spin trapping, LC-MS, and MS/MS

Oxidative stress-related damage to the DNA macromolecule produces a multitude of lesions that are implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, reproductive cell death, and aging. Many of these lesions have been studied and characterized by various techniques. Of the techniques that are available, the comet assay, HPLC-EC, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, and especially HPLC-MS/MS remain the most widely used and have provided invaluable information on these lesions. However, accurate measurement of DNA damage has been a matter of debate. In particular, there have been reports of artifactual oxidation leading to erroneously high damage estimates. Further, most of these techniques measure the end product of a sequence of events and thus provide only limited information on the initial radical mechanism. We report here a qualitative measurement of DNA damage induced by a Cu(II)-H₂O₂ oxidizing system using immuno-spin trapping (IST) with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), MS, and MS/MS. The radical generated is trapped by DMPO immediately upon formation. The DMPO adduct formed is initially EPR active but subsequently is oxidized to the stable nitrone, which can then be detected by IST and further characterized by MS and MS/MS.
Input validation analysis and testing

This research addresses the problem of statically analyzing input command syntax as defined in interface and requirements specifications and then generating test cases for dynamic input validation testing. The IVAT (Input Validation Analysis and Testing) technique has been developed, a proof-of-concept tool (MICASA) has been implemented, and a case study validation has been performed. Empirical validation on large-scale industrial software (from the Tomahawk Cruise Missile) shows that as compared with senior, experienced analysts and testers, MICASA found more syntactic requirement specification defects, generated test cases with higher syntactic coverage, and found additional defects. The experienced analysts found more semantic defects than MICASA, and the experienced testers' cases found 7.4 defects per test case as opposed to an average of 4.6 defects found by MICASA test cases. Additionally, the MICASA tool performed at less cost.
The Role of Labor Struggle in the Shifting Ethnic Composition of Labor Markets

One dominant theme of the current immigration debate is that immigrants (and particularly the undocumented) fill jobs that nobody wants. While it is sometimes recognized that immigrants fill occupa...
On the structure of the multi-mode filters for passive wavefront curvature ranging in a distributed array system

This work presents some new results on the structures of, and our interpretation on, the multi-rank filters used for passive wavefront curvature (WFC) ranging. Such a WFC ranging systems uses a large-scale distributed arrays with many spatially separated modular arrays, operating under environments subject to a spatial coherence loss. Working on the modular array level beamformed data, the multi-rank filters along with the weighting coefficients provide further spatial filtering capability to rake in spatial coherence existing in the distorted wavefronts impinging on different modular arrays. Such multi-rank filters can improve ranging performance through different combining schemes, beyond what achieved by the bearing-only based triangulation. For a real-valued inter-module spatial coherence matrix, the derived multi-rank filters follow a nicely balanced structure comprised of in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) modes with varying spatial directions. The results provide a simple solution for us to discovering levels of coherence existing in different modes for multi-mode combining.
Benchmarking a Coupled Immersed-Boundary-Finite-Element Solver for Large-Scale Flow-Induced Deformation

CD = dimensionless mean drag coefficient, 2F D= fU meanD F D = drag force per unit spanwise length on the cylinder and plate, Nm 1 D = diameter of the cylinder, m E = dimensionless Young’s modulus, E = fU mean f = dimensionless oscillation frequency of the plate, f D=Umean Re = Reynolds number, fUmeanD= Umean = mean velocity at the left boundary of the channel, ms 1 V = dimensionless dilatational wave speed inside the structure, E= s= f p
Cancer Survivors’ Spiritual Well-Being and Use of Complementary Methods: A Report from the American Cancer Society’s Studies of Cancer Survivors

We examined associations between spiritual well-being and CAM use among 4,139 cancer survivors. We also explored the classification of religious/spiritual practices (R/S) as CAMs and alternative subscale structures of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp). We evaluated three aspects of spirituality, Faith, Peace, and Meaning, and use of 19 CAMs in 5 domains. Mind–body methods were subdivided into R/S and non-R/S. All FACIT-Sp factors were associated with CAM use, but in different directions: Meaning and Faith were positively associated; Peace was negatively associated. Peace was negatively associated with R/S CAMs, but not non-R/S CAMs. The prevalence of CAM use dropped from 79.3 to 64.8% when R/S items were excluded. These findings confirm an association between spiritual well-being and CAM use, including some non-R/S CAMs, and provide evidence of the benefits of using the three-factor FACIT-Sp solution and treating R/S CAMs as a separate category.
Echelle Spectroscopy of a Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow at z = 3.969: A New Probe of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Media in the Young Universe

We present an echelle spectrum of the Swift GRB 050730, obtained 4 hr after the burst using the MIKE spectrograph on the Magellan Clay telescope when the afterglow was at R = 17.7. The spectrum reveals a forest of absorption features superposed on a simple power-law shaped continuum, best described as f?(?) ?? with ? = 1.88 ? 0.01 over ? = 7000-9000 ?. We identify the gamma-ray burst (GRB) host at zGRB = 3.96855 based on the hydrogen Lyman absorption series, narrow absorption lines due to heavy ions such as O I, C II, Si II, S II, Ni II, Fe II, C IV, Si IV, and N V, and fine-structure transitions such as O I*, O I**, Si II*, C II*, and Fe II*. Together these transitions allow us to study the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the GRB host. The principal results are as follows. (1) We estimate a neutral hydrogen column density of log N(H ) = 22.15 ? 0.05 in the host. (2) The associated metal lines exhibit multiple components over a velocity range of ~80 km s-1, with >90% of the neutral gas confined in 20 km s-1. (3) Comparisons between different ionic transitions show that the host has little or no dust depletion and has 1/100 solar metallicity. (4) The absorbing gas has much higher density than that of intervening damped Ly? absorption (DLA) systems. In addition, we report the identification of an intervening DLA system at zDLA = 3.56439 with log N(H ) = 20.3 ? 0.1 and <5% solar metallicity, a Lyman limit system at zLLS = 3.02209 with log N(H ) = 19.9 ? 0.1, a strong Mg II absorber at z = 2.25313, and a pair of Mg II absorbers at z = 1.7731, 57 km s-1 apart. We demonstrate that rapid echelle spectroscopy of GRB afterglows helps to reveal a wealth of information in the ISM and the intergalactic medium along the sight line, which, when followed up with late-time deep imaging, will allow us to uncover a sample of distant galaxies with known ISM properties to constrain galaxy formation models.
Rural location and exposure to minority stress among sexual minorities in the United States

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of studies on minority stress among sexual minorities. Few of these studies have explored the ways in which regional or spatial factors influenced the amount of minority stress that lesbians, gay men and bisexuals (LGBs) endure. To see if living in rural and small towns creates stressful social environments for LGBs in the United States, this study analysed the associations between location and three distal minority stress outcomes, as well as feelings of connectedness to the LGB community. In a sample of self-identified LGBs (N = 285), this study found that rural contexts and small towns often presented harsher social climates for sexual minorities compared with urban locales. LGBs who resided in rural areas tended to feel less connected to LGB communities and experienced higher levels of felt stigma and enacted discrimination. Small town inhabitants displayed some similar patterns, but also reported lower levels of enacted discrimination than expected. ...
Dexamethasone alters arachidonate release from human epithelial cells by induction of p11 protein synthesis and inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity.

The effect of the glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, on arachidonic acid (AA) release and on protein levels of p11 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) was studied in two epithelial cell lines, HeLa cells and BEAS-2B cells. Dexamethasone treatment of HeLa cells and BEAS-2B cells increased cellular p11 protein and mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. It had little effect on levels of cPLA2 protein. In order to determine if increased p11 protein expression resulted in increased interaction between p11 and cPLA2, anti-cPLA2 antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate p11.cPLA2 complexes and Western blots of the immunoprecipitate were used to detect p11. In cells treated with dexamethasone, more p11 was detected in the anti-cPLA2 immunoprecipitate compared with control cells. Dexamethasone treatment of HeLa cells prelabeled with [3H]AA decreased the release of [3H]AA under basal conditions and after stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 (10(-6) M). In order to determine if altering the p11 protein levels in HeLa cells independent of glucocorticosteroid treatment could also produce an effect on [3H]AA release, cells were stably transfected with plasmids expressing either p11 antisense mRNA or p11 mRNA. Cloned HeLa cells expressing p11 antisense mRNA exhibited less cellular p11 protein compared with control cells and greater [3H]AA release compared with cells transfected with a control vector. Cloned HeLa cells stably transfected with a p11 expression vector exhibited increased p11 cellular protein and diminished [3H]AA release under basal conditions and in response to A23187. Therefore, dexamethasone alteration of epithelial cell AA release may be due in part to induction of p11 protein expression.
Novel enantioselective synthesis of platelet activating factor and its enantiomer via ring opening of glycidyl tosylate with 1-hexadecanol

Abstract (2 R )- and (2 S )-Glycidyl tosylates 3 and 3′ were used to synthesize platelet activating factor 1 and its enantiomer 2 in very high optical purity via the ring-opened ether-linked glycerol tosylate 4 and 4′ .
Chronic, Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Case Report and Review of the Literature

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an unusual inflammatory process involving multiple osseous sites, often recurrently. The authors recently diagnosed CRMO in an 8-year-old girl who had complained of toe pain for several weeks. A number of other involved, asymptomatic areas were discovered by bone scan. Biopsy of the lesions did not reveal any pathogens. Antibiotics and inflammatory agents were not used, and the patient recovered. A review of previously reported cases of CRMO showed 1) that this entity affects children almost exclusively, 2) that from two to 18 sites, usually in the extremities, can be affected at one time, and 3) that about 20 percent of the patients develop a pustular rash on their palms and soles. Other than an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, there are no consistent laboratory abnormalities, and cultures of affected bone are negative. Histopathology typically shows a chronic inflammatory response, sometimes with granulomas. Antiinflammatory agents and antibiotics offer little consistent beneficial effect. The disease is self-limited, and patients usually recover fully, although exacerbations may occur. In the proper clinical setting, CRMO should be considered, since recognition of this entity avoids costly and potentially harmful diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
What Is the Frequency of Vascular Injury After Knee Dislocation

Background Vascular injury secondary to an acute knee dislocation is a known complication. However, there exist wide discrepancies in the reported rate of vascular injury in this setting.
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION, MITOSIS, AND CYTOKINESIS IN THE ULOTRICHALEAN ALGA, KLEBSORMIDIUM1,2,3

SUMMARY Mitosis, cytokinesis, and cellular organization during interphase are described. Interphase cells possess a single microbody-like organdie which occurs between, and is appressed to, the chloroplast and nucleus. The microbody-like organelle divides during mitosis and. the division of the chloroplast. Anaphase is unusual in that chromosome-to-spindle pole distance remains constant even though the 2 groups of chromosomes become widely separated. When anaphase is half completed, a vacuole forms in the interzonal region and appears to be involved in further separation of the chromosomes. Vacuolar development is also involved with events of early interphase. The cytology of K. flaccidum is compared to those of Ulothrix fimbriata and Stigeoclonium helveticum. The comparison, does not support the present classification of the 3 species, and indicates the value of comparative fine structural studies in the classification of ulotrichalean algae.
Networking Capability, Network Structure, and New Product Development Performance

Considering the strategic effects of networking relationships on firm performance, it is important to understand how networking capability drives and exerts its impact on network structural relationships, which in turn affect new product development (NPD) performance. Grounded on dynamic capability view of the firm, we theorized that networking capability fosters NPD and plays a significant role in developing and affecting network structural relationships on NPD performance. We disaggregate networking capability into network partner finding capability and network managing capability. We tested our theoretical predictions, and the findings offer novel insights into the ability of firms in building network structural relationships that enable the firms to successfully develop and commercialize new products. We find that strong ties and bridge ties positively affect NPD performance only when firms have adequate networking capability (managing). Also, we illustrate that strong ties and bridge ties, respectively, mediate the positive relationship between networking capability (finding) and NPD performance. In addition, the findings demonstrate that the synergy of strong ties and bridge ties has highest impact on NPD performance when networking capability (managing) is high. This study, thus, suggests that networking capability and network structure need to be simultaneously considered and integrated to better account for performance.
PKC- η mediates glioblastoma cell proliferation through the Akt and mTOR signaling pathways

We previously demonstrated that protein kinase C-η (PKC-η) mediates a phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced proliferative response in human glioblastoma (GBM) cells. In this report, we show that PMA-stimulated activation of PKC-η in U-251 GBM cells resulted in activation of both Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways and an increase in cell proliferation. Expression of a kinase dead PKC-η (PKC-ηKR) construct reduced the basal and PMA-evoked proliferation of PKC-η-expressing U-251 GBM cells, as well as abrogated the PMA-induced activation of Akt, mTOR, and the mTOR targets 4E-BP1 and STAT-3. Treatment of cells with the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 (10 μ M) or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (10 nM) also reduced PMA-induced proliferation and cell-cycle progression. Expression of a constitutively active PKC-η (PKC-ηΔNPS) construct in a GBM cell line with no endogenous PKC-η (U-1242) also provided evidence that PKC-η targets the Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Moreover, activation of 4E-BP1 and STAT-3 in both PMA-treated U-251 and PKC-ηΔNPS-expressing U-1242 GBM cells was inhibited by rapamycin. However, activation of Akt, but not mTOR was inhibited by the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. This study identifies Akt and mTOR as downstream targets of PKC-η that are involved in GBM cell proliferation.
The planter class and the debate over Chinese immigration to Brazil 1850-1893.

As the nineteenth century witnessed the implementation of one measure after another which led inexorably to the abolition of Brazilia slavery in 1888 the planters and landowners found themselves compelled to seek alternative sources of manpower. During the second half of the nineteenth century the recruitment of Amerindians and Asians and the compulsion of Europeans or poor Brazilians into long-term contracts appeared to be a viable solution. But the planters long accustomed to treating even free laborers as slaves proved their own worst enemies: free laborers in time evaded their grasp only to have the labor shortage exacerbated. (excerpt)
Nonwaking Responses to Waking Stressors: Dreams and Nightmares1

A distinction between self-reported dreams and nightmares made it possible to test the relative sensitivity of these nonwaking cognitions to different kinds of life stressors including combat expasure, childhood and adolescent stressom, and recent life events. Survey interview data were collected on 442 men from the cohort eligible for military duty during the Vietnam Conflict who varied in their partiapation in that war. Dreams were over 3.5 times more prevalent than nightmares. Nevertheless, it was the prevalence, frequency, and content of nightmares, not dreams, that were consistently associated with life stresors. Links between nonwaking cognitions and life stressors are explored with regard to hypothesized mechanisms involving affect and cognition, wish fulfillment, and working-through processes.
AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF WINTERS' PYRIDINE REISSERT ANALOG

(1985). AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF WINTERS' PYRIDINE REISSERT ANALOG. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 60-62.
A Model for ``The Tragedy of the Commons''

A formal dynamic model which represents the assumptions in Hardin's paper, ``The Tragedy of the Commons,'' exhibits his conclusions explicitly. The calculus serves as an adequate language for the model, but its conclusions are exhibited graphically with the aid of a simulation language and computation. Technological solutions to the ``tragedy'' necessarily fail; coercive solutions admit a range of possibilities. Limitation of the use of the ``commons'' may prove more successful than taxation for the use of the ``commons.'' The model lays both assumptions and conclusions open to critical examination, and serves as a useful teaching tool.
Does end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring detect respiratory events prior to current sedation monitoring practices?

Objectives: The value of ventilation monitoring with end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) to anticipate acute respiratory events during emergency department (ED) procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is unclear. The authors sought to determine if ETCO2 monitoring would reveal findings indicating an acute respiratory event earlier than indicated by current monitoring practices. Methods: The study included a prospective convenience sample of ED patients undergoing PSA. Clinicians performed ED PSA procedures with generally accepted patient monitoring, including oxygen saturation (SpO2), and clinical ventilation assessment. A study investigator recorded ETCO2 levels and respiratory events during each PSA procedure, with clinical providers blinded to ETCO2 levels. Acute respiratory events were defined as SpO2≤92%, increases in the amount of supplemental oxygen provided, use of bag-valve mask or oral/nasal airway for ventilatory assistance, repositioning or airway alignment maneuvers, and use of physical or verbal means to stimulate patients with depressed ventilation or apnea, and reversal agent administration. Results: Enrollment was stopped after independent review of 20 acute respiratory events in 60 patient sedation encounters (33%). Abnormal ETCO2 findings were documented in 36 patients (60%). Seventeen patients (85%) with acute respiratory events demonstrated ETCO2 findings indicative of hypoventilation or apnea during PSA. Abnormal ETCO2 findings were documented before changes in SpO2 or clinically observed hypoventilation in 14 patients (70%) with acute respiratory events. Conclusions: Abnormal ETCO2 findings were observed with many acute respiratory events. A majority of patients with acute respiratory events had ETCO2 abnormalities that occurred before oxygen desaturation or observed hypoventilation.
AWAKE FIBREOPTIC INTUBATION IN THE PATIENT AT HIGH RISK OF ASPIRATION

This report describes our experiences with 129 awake oral and nasal fibreoptic intubations in 123 patients considered to be at high risk of aspiration of gastric contents. l.v. sedation was used on all but six occasions. Local anaesthesia was applied to the larynx and trachea through the working channel of the fibrescope on 85 occasions, and by transtracheal injection on 29. Rigid laryngoscopy was necessary after fibreoptic laryngoscopy failed in one patient (with a bleeding peptic ulcer) who vomited a large amount of fresh and clotted blood. No other patient regurgitated during the procedure, and no patient developed evidence of aspiration.
Comparison of gas and solution phase intrinsic rate constants for electron transfer of tetraalkylhydrazines

Rate constants for 40 gas-phase electron transfer reactions at 550 K between 22 tetraalkylhydrazines are fitted using Marcus cross rate theory, and compared with previous studies in acetonitrile solution. The relative reactivities are surprisingly similar in the gas phase and in solution. Strong cation–neutral association in the gas phase appears to lessen striking electronic effects previously reported for similar reactions in solution. The relative reactivities of 1,2-dimethylhexahydropyridazine ([6]Me2) and 1,2-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine ([u6]Me2) switch between solution and the gas phase. It is suggested that this may occur because gas-phase ion–dipole complexes are much more tightly bound than are encounter complexes in solution, allowing a conformational change to the more reactive conformation of [u6]Me2 in the gas phase, but not in solution.
Radar geology of the Shelleng-Numan area in Nigeria. An evaluation

Abstract The extent to which radar imagery could be used in mapping the geology and structure of the Shelleng sheet (GSN 175) in Nigeria was investigated. Attention was focused on interpretation utilizing standard photographic interpretation techniques. Radar strip images served as the main data source with LANDS AT imagery from different seasons and years used as supplementary data. A radar mosaic served as the base map. The study shows that radar is an effective tool in mapping some new structures and in stratigraphic mapping. However, discriminating between the different basement rock types was not possible from the radar data alone.
In Situ Studies of the Primary Immune Response to (4-Hydroxy-3-Nitrophenyl)Acetyl. V. Affinity Maturation Develops in Two Stages of Clonal Selection

To examine the role of germinal centers (GCs) in the generation and selection of high affinity antibody-forming cells (AFCs), we have analyzed the average affinity of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-specific AFCs and serum antibodies both during and after the GC phase of the immune response. In addition, the genetics of NP-binding AFCs were followed to monitor the generation and selection of high affinity AFCs at the clonal level. NP-binding AFCs gradually accumulate in bone marrow (BM) after immunization and BM becomes the predominant locale of specific AFCs in the late primary response. Although the average affinity of NP-specific BM AFCs rapidly increased while GCs were present (GC phase), the affinity of both BM AFCs and serum antibodies continued to increase even after GCs waned (post-GC phase). Affinity maturation in the post-GC phase was also reflected in a shift in the distribution of somatic mutations as well as in the CDR3 sequences of BM AFC antibody heavy chain genes. Disruption of GCs by injection of antibody specific for CD154 (CD40 ligand) decreased the average affinity of subsequent BM AFCs, suggesting that GCs generate the precursors of high affinity BM AFCs; inhibition of CD154-dependent cellular interactions after the GC reaction was complete had no effect on high affinity BM AFCs. Interestingly, limited affinity maturation in the BM AFC compartment still occurs during the late primary response even after treatment with anti-CD154 antibody. Thus, GCs are necessary for the generation of high affinity AFC precursors but are not the only sites for the affinity-driven clonal selection responsible for the maturation of humoral immune responses.
Depletion of alveolar macrophages prolongs survival in response to acute pneumovirus infection

Alveolar macrophages are immunoregulatory effector cells that interact directly with respiratory virus pathogens in vivo. We examined the role of alveolar macrophages in acute infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a rodent pneumovirus that replicates the clinical sequelae of severe human respiratory syncytial virus disease. We show that PVM replicates in primary mouse macrophage culture, releasing infectious virions and proinflammatory cytokines. Alveolar macrophages isolated from PVM-infected mice express activation markers Clec43 and CD86, cytokines TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and numerous CC and CXC chemokines. Alveolar macrophage depletion prior to PVM infection results in small but statistically significant increases in virus recovery but paradoxically prolonged survival. In parallel, macrophage depleted PVM-infected mice exhibit enhanced NK cell recruitment and increased production of IFNγ by NK, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results suggest a protective, immunomodulatory role for IFNγ, as overproduction secondary to macrophage depletion may promote survival despite increased virus recovery.
Murchison presolar carbon grains of different density fractions: A Raman spectroscopic perspective

Abstract Raman analyses are reported of μm-sized areas of 103 individual carbonaceous presolar grains (“graphite grains”) from three different density fractions of the Murchison meteorite. Few of the grains (2 or 3 of each density fraction) have Raman spectra typical for non-crystalline sp2-bonded carbon (i.e., “organic carbon”) with extremely wide 1st-order and no (or very subdued) 2nd-order peaks, similar to the ones found for terrestrial kerogens. Based on depth profiles of isotopic ratios measured with the NanoSIMS, it is unlikely that such kerogen-type Raman signatures are caused by contamination of the presolar grains with insoluble organic material from the Murchison matrix that stuck to the surfaces of the grains. Rather, the kerogen-type grains are considered to be a new type of presolar carbon grains, which are made up of organic (PAH-like) sp2-bonded carbon. However, most of the other studied presolar carbon grains (95 of 103) have spectra with very narrow 1st-order peaks (called D and G peaks) and very strong 2nd-order peaks typical for inorganic sp2-bonded carbon. Based on their D/G intensity ratios, those grains were grouped into the following Raman types: (fairly well ordered) “graphite” (D/G 1.1), and “unusual sp2-bonded graphitic carbon” (with extremely intense 2nd-order peaks relative to the 1st-order peaks). Grains from the low-density fraction KFA1 (2.05–2.10 g/cm3) have predominantly “cauliflower” morphology and Raman spectra characteristic of either very disordered graphite or “glassy carbon” (i.e., the latter is amorphous from the Raman spectroscopic perspective), whereas most grains from the high-density fraction KFC1 (2.15–2.20 g/cm3) have “onion” morphology and Raman spectra characteristic of well-crystalline graphite. The KFB1 grains with intermediate density (2.10–2.15 g/cm3) are mixed, both in terms of their morphology and their Raman spectra but are closer to KFC1 than to KFA1 grains. The correlation of the Raman results with both morphology and isotopic data show that presolar sp2-bonded carbon grains from different stellar sources differ in their crystalline structure. Grains that dominate the high density fractions and whose isotopic ratios indicate an origin in AGB stars consist of well crystallized graphite, whereas grains that dominate the low-density fraction and whose isotopic ratios indicate a supernova origin consist of very disordered graphite or even of amorphous “glassy carbon”.
The International Materials Conference in Retrospect

Introduction, 267. — I. "Exporting as little, importing as much as possible," 268. — II. The results of the policy of "exporting as little, importing as much as possible," 273. — III. The policy of equitable distribution, 275. — IV. Organization and nature of the International Materials Conference, 278. — V. Operations other than allocation recommendations of the Commodity Committees, 281. — VI. Distribution plans of the IMC Commodity Committees, 281. — VII. Summary and conclusion: significance of the Korean emergency experience, 286.
Thermal conductivity of unconventional superconductors in the vortex state.

Generalizing a theory of Houghton and Maki for clean type-II superconductors to the case of unconventional superconductors, we study systematically the anisotropy in the thermal conductivity in the vortex state in the immediate vicinity of [ital B]=[ital H][sub [ital c]2]([ital T]) the upper critical field. The result is compared with recent experimental data on [ital K][sub [ital j]][sup [ital i]] in a single crystal of UPt[sub 3], where [ital i] and [ital j] are the directions of the magnetic field and the heat current. Among superconducting wave functions (i.e., [ital l][le]3 and belonging to [ital D][sub 6] symmetry), polar ([ital A][sub 1[ital u]]) and hybrid ([ital E][sub 1[ital g]]) terms describe consistently the anisotropy between [ital K][sub [ital b]][sup [ital b]] and [ital K][sub [ital b]][sup [ital a]]. However, none of them appears to describe the anisotropy between [ital K][sub [ital b]][sup [ital c]] and [ital K][sub [ital b]][sup [ital a]].
Single frequency acoustically tailored Raman fiber amplifier

We present experimental results of a single-stage Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) for guide star application. SBS suppression was achieved through the acoustic tailoring of the core of a polarization-maintaining single-mode conventional fiber. The core was also doped for enhanced Raman gain. This fiber was utilized in a counter-pumped amplifier configuration to generate 1178 nm light with a linewidth 2 sodium line. Due to the SBS suppressing characteristics of the fiber, the RFA provided 11.2 W of 1178 nm signal when seeded with 15 mW. Application of a thermal gradient allowed for further power scaling leading to 18.3 W. Our measurement of the linewidth at the highest output power indicated no spectral broadening.