cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory Processing in Primate Brains

The auditory system of humans and other primates resembles those of other mammals at early stages of processing, in that the mechanisms of the transformation of sound pressure waves into movements of the basilar membrane and stimulation of the auditory receptor cells are similar, as are the functions of brain stem nuclei as they use differences in the intensities and timing of sounds to the two ears to extract information about the location of sound sources, and use activation along the receptor surface and phase timing of neuron spikes to signal sound frequencies. At the cortical level, auditory cortex is organized somewhat differently than other mammals, with a core of three primary areas, termed A1, R (rostral area), and RT (rostrotemporal area). These areas distribute information to a surrounding belt of seven or eight secondary areas, named by location relative to core areas. The belt areas in turn project to a lateral parabelt auditory region, divided into rostral and caudal segments. Both monkeys and humans appear to have a similar arrangement of core, belt, and parabelt areas. Overall, the core areas have neurons more selective for stimulus parameters such as sound frequency, while belt and especially parabelt areas have neurons more responsive to the meaning of sounds. More rostral core, belt, and parabelt regions appear to be stepwise more specialized for voices and communication sounds, while more caudal areas are thought to be more involved in localizing sounds for attention and action. Neurons in even core areas are influenced by visual stimuli and direction of gaze, and the caudal belt areas are responsive to both somatosensory and auditory stimuli. Belt areas provide auditory information to parietal cortex, polysensory cortex of the temporal lobe, and several locations of frontal cortex, including a lateral prefrontal region where neurons are responsive to vocalization and faces. Some auditory connections even reach visual areas. Humans have major specializations of the left cerebral hemisphere for language and speech. Keywords: auditory cortex; cochlea; inferior colliculus; thalamus; multisensory
Writing Across the Curriculum: Strategies to Improve the Writing Skills of Nursing Students.

Background Writing across the curriculum (WAC) is a strategy in which writing instruction occurs in classes outside of composition, literature, and other English courses. This literature review was conducted to identify and synthesize the peer-reviewed literature about WAC in nursing education. Methods The team performed searches of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL Plus With Full Text, and ERIC for articles published between January 2003 and April 2014. A combination of Medical Subject Heading terms (or equivalent) and keywords were used to create the database search strategies. Results There were 48 articles that discussed WAC. Most of the papers described writing courses in nursing programs, strategies to teach writing to nursing students, and writing activities or assignments within nursing courses. High-level evidence examining the impact of writing strategies and exercises in courses and occurring across the curriculum was lacking. Only 18 (37.5%) of these papers were evaluative; most of the databased articles were either author observations or perceptions of changes in students' writing ability, or low-level research studies. Conclusions Strategies, assignments, and courses intended to promote writing skills of nursing students were documented in this literature review; however, further evaluation is needed to determine which are most effective. Hawks Turner Derouin Hueckel Leonardelli Oermann.
Rapid multiplicity rise as a function of momentum transfer in multicomponent models

It is shown that the average multiplicity exhibits a rapid rise as a function of t (the momentum transfer between the initial and leading particle) in multicomponent models in marked contrast to multiperipheral models where a slow decrease is predicted. (auth)
IF-THEN-ELSE considered harmful

Although the if-then-else construct for flow of control is simple in some senses, and certainly superior to unrestricted GO TO logic, the indefinite replication of this structure leads to undesireable program constructs. Other, more extensible control structures may be added to programming languages, while regulating the unrestricted use of if-then-else, in such a way as to reduce the complexity of programs.
Random forest-based prediction of protein sumoylation sites from sequence features

Protein sumoylation play essential roles in the eukaryotic cell and any alterations in this process may cause various human diseases. This paper describes a new machine learning approach for the sumoylation site prediction from protein sequence information. Random Forests (RFs), which can handle a large number of input variables and avoid model overfitting, were trained with the data collected from literature. To construct accurate classifiers, forty sequence features were selected for input vector encoding. The results suggested that RF classifier performance was affected by the sequence context of sumoylation sites, and the use of eighteen residues with the core motif ψKXE in the middle gave the highest performance (ROC AUC = 0.9328). The RF classifiers were also found to outperform support vector machine (SVM) models on the same dataset. Thus, the RF algorithm appears to be the best choice for accurate prediction of protein sumoylation sites from sequence features.
A rab protein regulates the localization of secretory granules in AtT-20 cells

Low molecular weight (LMW) GTP-binding proteins are hypothesized to play a role in the vectorial transport of intracellular vesicles. Mutational studies in yeast and subcellular localization in mammalian cells suggest that a family of LMW GTP-binding proteins, termed rab, target intracellular vesicles to their appropriate acceptor compartment. In this report, we demonstrate that an elasmobranch homologue of rab3A, o-rab3, plays a significant role in the sequestration of regulated secretory vesicles. When transfected into the murine endocrine cell line AtT-20, the wild-type o-rab3 protein is localized exclusively to the tips of the processes, a region of the cell known to accumulate proteins associated with regulated secretory vesicles. Two mutations, Gln81 to Leu (Q81L) and Asn135 Ile (N135I), which alter GTP binding or rate of hydrolysis, blocked the localization of the o-rab3 protein to the tips of cell processes. These mutations also hindered the sequestration of ACTH-containing secretory vesicles to the process tips but did not affect the basal or stimulated release of ACTH. Moreover, the sequestration of the protein VAMP to the process tip was also hindered by the mutation. The results demonstrate a role for the rab3 proteins in localization, sequestration, and storage of secretory vesicles near their release site.
Methods of studying heterophase conditions in resinous materials

The paper discusses polymer materials and synthetic resins as multiphase or heterophase materials. They contain three-dimensional, insoluble, non-volatile phase material, as well as soluble and volatile material, which can act as “sweller” for the insoluble phase. As long as the insoluble phase is in a relatively low concentration, the resins are glassy, fusible without decomposition, and thermoplastic. They are like “frozen” solutions of the various phases. As the concentration of the insoluble phase increases, the resins turn insoluble. These gelling, thermosetting materials can be dispersed in strong “sweller fluids”; and from these dispersions, the three-dimensional material can be precipitated and further investigated. Methods are being discussed.
The Bollywood Song and Dance, or Making a Culinary Theatre from Dung-Cakes and Dust

Along with the melodrama, another (western) form that is used to position the Bollywood film within an antediluvian context is the musical, particularly as exemplified by Hollywood's “Golden Years”...
Erythropoiesis in the bone marrow of the fetal rabbit.

Although the extravascular origin of erythrocytes from undifferentiated mesenchymal or reticular cells in mammalian bone marrow is generally accepted, the morphological evidence on which this concept is based has not conclusively ruled out the possibility of endothelial cell contributions to erythropoeisis or of the preferential localization of developing erythrocytes within endothelial cell-lined spaces. Since conventional methods of tissue preparation have produced artifacts which obscure the fine details of marrow architecture, the re-examination of this problem using newer histological and fixation methods permits a more critical study of the bone marrow in nearly artifact free sections. Ribs and long bones of 65 rabbits, ranging from 18 days of gestation to the second day after birth were removed, fixed intact with 10% aqueous acrolein, decalcified in 5% aqueous nitric acid and embedded in plexiglass-methacrylate. Two micron sections stained with toluidine blue were examined with the light microscope. Serial paraffin sections of formal-Zenker fixed material also were examined. Morphological studies conclusively indicate that erythrocytes develop extravascularly arising from mesenchymal or reticular cells in the fetal bone marrow. Mature erythrocytes enter the circulation through discontinuities in the sinusoidal walls. Neither endothelial cells or blood-borne lymphocytes make an apparent contribution to erythropoiesis. The first hemopoietic cells to form in the fetal marrow are determined and develop along the erythrocytic line. These proerythroblasts initially arise randomly in the marrow parenchyma and are not in obvious association with the sinusoids. Subsequent maturation and proliferation of the primitive erythrocytic cells result in the formation of colonies of erythrocytic cells at all stages of development. As these colonies enlarge, the erythrocytic elements come in close association with the sinusoids. In later stages of marrow development, developing erythrocytic and granulocytic cells become intermixed and more randomly associated in the extravascular space of the marrow.
Solitary wave generation during solidification

Abstract The nonlinear stage of instability of a planar solid-liquid interface in free solidification, which results in formation of a cell-like pre-dentritic structure, exhibits a new phenomenon absent during the linear growth of the instabilities. It is found that cellular growth is accompanied by generation of solitary waves propagating away from cell tip regions along the interface with increasing amplitudes, terminating in the valleys between adjacent cells. A fully time dependent numerical code is used to integrate in time the standard thermodiffusion model from stochastic initial conditions.
The effect of hemodialysis on visual field test in patients with chronic renal failure.

Purpose. To investigate the visual field with FASTPAC 30-2 program before and after hemodialysis in patients with end stage renal disease. Materials and methods. Twenty eyes of 20 patients on regular hemodialysis were included in the study group. Twenty eyes of 20 healthy patients were chosen as control group. Intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured one hour before and one hour after the same hemodialysis session, and visual field was tested at the same times. Results. When IOP was compared before and after hemodialysis, no statistically significant difference was found (p > 0.05), however Mean Deviation (MD) (p = 0.008) improved after hemodialysis. When we compared first global indices of the control group with pre-hemodialysis global indices, we noted significant difference in MD (p = 0.009). Conclusion. Visual field testing should be done after hemodialysis in patients who are on regular hemodialysis program.
Passive scalar roughness lengths for atmospheric boundary layer flow over complex, fractal topographies

When modeling atmospheric boundary layer flow over rough landscapes, surface fluxes of flow quantities (momentum, temperature, etc.) can be described with equilibrium logarithmic law expressions, all of which require specification of a roughness length that is, physically, the elevation at which the flow quantity equals its surface value. In high Reynolds number flows, such as the atmospheric boundary layer, inertial forces associated with turbulent eddy motions are responsible for surface momentum fluxes (form, or pressure drag). Surface scalar fluxes, on the other hand, occur exclusively via diffusion in the immediate vicinity of the topography—the interfacial region—before being advected by turbulent eddy motions into the bulk of the flow. Owing to this difference in surface transfer mechanism, the passive scalar roughness length, $$z_{0S}$$ , is known to be less than the momentum roughness length, $$z_0$$ . In this work, classical relations are used to specify $$z_{0S}$$ during large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow over aerodynamically rough, synthetic, fractal topographies which exhibit power-law height energy spectrum, $$E_h (k) \sim k^{\beta _s}$$ , where $$\beta _s$$ is a (predefined) spectral exponent. These topographies are convenient since they resemble natural landscapes and $$\beta _s$$ can be varied to change the topography’s aerodynamic roughness (the study considers a suite of topographies with $$-2.4 \le \beta _s \le -1.2$$ , where $$-2.4$$ and $$-1.2$$ are the “most smooth” and “most rough” cases, respectively, corresponding with roughness Reynolds number, $$Re_0 \approx 10$$ and $$300$$ ). It is often assumed that $$z_{0S}/z_{0} \approx 10^{-1}$$ for all $$Re_0$$ . But results from this work show that the roughness length ratio, $$z_{0S}/z_{0}$$ , depends strongly on $$Re_0$$ , ranging between $$10^{-3}$$ and $$10^{-1}$$ .
A new mechanism for reactions of carbenes and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes

Abstract Reactions of tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptane (1) with dihalocarbenes and bromine are reported. A new side bond opening mechanism for reactions of carbenes and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes is proposed.
Resistance of Calves to Reinfection with Eimeria bovis

SYNOPSIS. An immunity to reinfection with E. bovis was demonstrated in 3 experiments involving 60 calves. This immunity develops rapidly, as indicated by resistance to a challenge given 14 days after the immunizing inoculation. In 3 groups of 3 to 6 young calves each, immunity was still present to a moderate degree 2 to 3 months after inoculation; in one group of 5 animals about a year old there was apparently a high degree of immunity about 7 months after the last inoculation. In one experiment an immunizing inoculum of 10,000 oocysts did not produce as much immunity as 50,000 oocysts. In 2 experiments there appeared to be little difference in the immunity produced by a single inoculation of 50,000 as compared with 100,000 oocysts, but inoculation with 100,000 oocysts, resulted in substantially longer and more severe illness than 50,000 oocysts. There appeared to be no appreciable difference in clinical symptoms or development of immunity between calves given a single immunizing inoculum and those given the same number of oocysts in 5 equal inocula on successive days. Treatment with sulfamethazine and sulfamerazine (Merameth) 13 to 15 days after inoculation alleviated the clinical symptoms of coccidiosis without interfering appreciably with the development of immunity. In one experiment with 7 calves, no beneficial effect was noted from 1 or 2 transfusions of 500 ml. of plasma and leucocytes from immune calves into 4 calves 1 and 12 days or 11 days after a challenge inoculation.
Distribution of interstitial retinol‐binding protein (IRBP) in the vertebrates

Immunoblots of interphotoreceptor matrix preparations from 20 species belonging to six vertebrate classes were probed with antibodies against bovine interstitial retinol-binding protein (b-IRBP). Each preparation displayed an immunoreactive protein band. In the Osteichthyes, the apparent Mr of this band was 67,600 +/- 2,700 (mean +/- SD, n = 8). In two of the Osteichthyes, the band was resolved into a closely spaced doublet. Including previously published data for five mammals and one amphibian, species from the other classes (Chondrichthyes, one species; Amphibia, four species; Reptilia, one species; Aves, one species; Mammalia, nine species) had IRBPs with Mr that averaged 2.0 times that of the Osteichthyes, namely 134,200 +/- 8,600 (mean +/- SD, n = 17). Frog IRBP was very similar to mammalian IRBP in terms of its immunohistochemical distribution (determined with rabbit anti-frog IRBP antibodies), its molecular weight (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel-filtration chromatography), retinol- and concanavalin A-binding ability, and because it was synthesized and secreted in vitro by the isolated retina but not by the pigmented layers of eye. Goldfish IRBP apparently binds exogenous (3H)-retinol but does not bind concanavalin A and has about half the Mr of frog IRBP. The occurrence of IRBP-like proteins cross-reacting with anti b-IRBP antibodies in the interphotoreceptor matrix of all six major vertebrate classes is consistent with the hypothesis that IRBP is an important element in the vertebrate visual cycle.
A WAVE‐OPTICS EFFECT WHICH ENHANCES LIGHT ABSORPTION BY CHLOROPHYLL IN VIVO

Light is widely thought to move through cells and tissues as rays. Actually light is inherently wave-like; ray motion is a special simple case of wave motion. To determine how well rays simulate light propagation and gradients within cells, absorption and scattering by particles were calculated with two sets of equations: one based on wave propagation within the particle and the other based on ray propagation. The ray model is found to substantially describe absorption at all particle size levels; however, it does not correctly describe scattering. Furthermore, for biological cells and structures larger than λ, the wave equations predict absorption cross sections which are 8–10% larger than expected on the basis of ray optics and extraction data: i.e. absorption is increased by a peculiar wave optics effect. This effect must enhance the efficiency with which the plants collect light energy for photosynthesis. The effect should be accounted for in corrections for the sieve effect.
Determination of the area of skin capable of being covered by the application of 250 mg of 5% imiquimod cream.

Background. Five percent imiquimod cream is FDA-approved for the treatment of genital and perianal warts and actinic Keratosis. The manufacturer recommends that a single sachet containing 250 mg of 5% imiquimod cream (12.5 mg of imiquimod) is adequate for a single use and is sufficient to cover a wart area of up to 20 cm2. Objective. To determine the maximal area of skin that can be evenly covered by 250 mg of 5% imiquimod cream that is contained in one single-use sachet. Methods. The contents of one 250-mg single-use sachet of 5% imiquimod cream were mixed with less than 1 mg of fluorescein sodium. The cream was applied evenly onto the abdomen of two Yorkshire female pigs and onto the medial and lateral aspects of the upper left arm of a human subject. The area of application was then measured. Results. The average area obtained on the pig skin was 196 cm2. The area covered on the human subject was 386 cm2. Conclusion. We have found that one sachet of 250 mg of 5% imiquimod cream can be applied to an area of skin up to 386 cm2. In light of the increasing use of 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of cutaneous diseases, such as actinic keratoses, which affect larger areas of skin than genital warts, a more efficient use of 5% imiquimod cream may make this medication a more cost-effective treatment modality.
Drug Use and Delinquent Behavior of Small Town and Rural Youth

Little is known about the relationship between drug use and involvement in other types of delinquent activities among small town and rural youth. The findings presented here are based on responses to a self-report type questionnaire concerning delinquent acts administered to ninth through twelfth grade students at two high schools in Fremont County, Wyoming. The data indicate that there is a significant relationship between drug use and the commission of numerous other forms of delinquent behavior for both male and female students studied. In addition, the data lead to the conclusion that drug users tend to have poorer relationships with both their parents and the school than is the case with non-users.
Sequence‐specific DNA binding activities of nuclear matrix proteins of mammalian lens epithelial cells

This study examines matrix and nonmatrix nuclear proteins of the rabbit lens epithelial cells. The nuclear matrix proteins were isolated by modified Penman technique, which requires presence of detergents and nucleases, whereas nonmatrix nuclear proteins were obtained by high salt extraction. The data from these experiments revealed presence of DNA binding activities for SP-1 and OCT-1 proteins in both matrix and non-matrix compartments of rabbit lens epithelial cells. Comparison of the relative abundance of SP-1 and OCT-1 binding activities in nuclear matrix and nonmatrix fraction suggest the distribution between these two compartment is cell type specific and possibly related to the control of cell growth. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Urachal cystadenoma with abundant glycogen: ultrastructural study.

A cystadenoma arose in the urachus of a 32-year-old man. The mass was a multilocular cystic tumor filled with light yellow mucoid material. It was located in the anterior abdominal wall between the umbilicus and the dome of the urinary bladder. Overall, the mass was 14 cm × 8 cm × 5 cm, with the largest internal cyst being 6 cm in diameter. The lesion was characterized histologically by columnar cells with focal cellular and nuclear stratification. Ultrastructural examination revealed columnar cells with abundant glycogen, moderately pleomorphic microvilli without prominent filamentous cores, and apical mucin vacuoles. Nuclei had pleomorphic contours. An intact basal lamina was present. A similar urachal cystadenoma has not been described.
Cortisol in dried blood screening specimens from newborns with raised 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and congenital adrenal hyperplasia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in newborns has become a routine part of many programmes by measuring levels of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in the newborn filter-paper blood specimen. Unfortunately, raised levels of 17-OHP, which are largely the consequence of cross-reacting metabolites, are also found in low birth weight, premature and ill neonates. We speculated that differences in concen_trations of cortisol in the newborn screening specimen would aid in distinguishing between CAH positive and CAH negative infants among those with raised levels of 17-OHP. DESIGN Comparison of cortisol concen_trations was made between newborns with CAH and those without but with raised 17-OHP levels. PATIENTS Newborn filter-paper blood specimens from 31 infants with transient 17-OHP elevations and 16 infants with confirmed CAH were analysed for cortisol. In addition, assay performance was validated by comparing cortisol values obtained from dried whole blood on filter-paper with the corresponding plasma from 31 adults and six neonates. MEASUREMENTS Cortisol in filter-paper blood specimens was determined by adapting a commercial radioimmunoassay kit that had been designed for the determination of cortisol in serum. RESULTS The mean cortisol level in the CAH negative group was significantly higher than the mean value in the group with documented CAH (means 1190 ± 795 nmol/l vs 627 ± 210 nmol/l; P < 0.01). However, approximately half of the CAH negative infants had cortisol values that overlapped those from the CAH positive group. There was no relationship between the magnitude of the 17-OHP elevation and cortisol concen_trations. CONCLUSION The measurements of cortisol in dried blood on filter-paper using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit has been shown to be reliable and simple to carry out. The level of cortisol in newborn blood specimens can be used to exclude some infants with elevated 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels from further testing for CAH. However, overlapping cortisol values between CAH positive and negative infants precludes the assay of cortisol from being used routinely as a reliable means of decision making.
Crossing boundaries in research and teacher education: Reflections of a white researcher in urban schools and communities

In this article, the author uses insights gained from reflection on a qualitative research project to raise issues about the introduction of preservice teachers to urban schooling. In particular, she examines her experiences as a White, middle-class researcher as she conducted research with students of color in a poor urban school and community. She documents the ways her roles and relationships inside the research project shifted and how issues of power and control became more apparent as she followed students from school to their workplaces and community settings. She uses this analysis to raise questions about what happens when a predominantly White, female, middle-class group of preservice teachers from the suburbs is introduced to the challenges and rewards of teaching in urban settings. She suggests the need to transform the roles and relationships between students and teachers, particularly with respect to issues of race and class in teaching and research.
Ochotona(Lagomorpha) from Late Quaternary Cave Deposits in Eastern North America

Abstract Pikas (Ochtona)—small gnawing mammals, related to rabbits—range today throughout parts of the Northern Hemisphere, but had a wider distribution during the Pleistocene. Nine caves from northeastern North America (a region not occupied by pikas today) have Pleistocene deposits containing remains ofOchotona.We examine 526 fossil specimens (ranging in age from approximately 850,000 to 8670 yr B.P.) from five of these caves. Two morphological forms ofOchotonalived in northeastern North America during the late Pleistocene—a large species (probablyO. whartoni) and a small species (probablyO. princeps).Ochotonaof glacial age are not necessarily indicative of talus slopes and mesic communities.O. princeps-like of the Irvingtonian of West Virginia were living with an amphibian-reptilian assemblage found in the area today, implying winters not much, if at all, colder than at present. Late glacial and postglacial change in climate south of the ice sheets in effect would have isolatedOchotonain eastern North America, where they were unable to retreat to the west or north. Whereas western pika had the option of moving up in elevation, into boreal islands, eastern forms became restricted to ever-diminishing habitats, culminating in extinction and extirpation. Radiocarbon ages imply thatOchotonalived in eastern North America during the late Pleistocene (late Rancholabrean) and into the earliest Holocene. We describe the youngest remains ofOchotonain eastern North America and the youngest for the extinct large form,O. whartoni.
Distributed Deception: An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Deceptive Communication in a Computer-Mediated Environment

This research examines the impact of computer-mediated communication, distributed communication, and knowledge of prior baseline behavior on an individualâ€™s propensity to make veracity judgments. This study found that more detection confidence can come from knowledge of a personâ€™s prior baseline behavior, being proximally located, the type of communication media used, and perceived relational closeness. These factors indirectly lead to less deception detection through more detection confidence and reliance on the truth bias, a fundamental belief in the truthfulness of others, even in a compute- mediated environment.
Placental mRNA in maternal plasma as a predictor of ectopic pregnancy.

Objective To measure and compare placental mRNA expression in the maternal circulation among women with intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies.
Mössbauer study of NpI3K2C8H8 reactions

Abstract The products of reactions between NpI 3 and K 2 COT (COT 2− equals C 8 H 8 2− , the cyclooctatetraenyl dianion) were examined by Mossbauer spectroscopy, and the compound Np(COT)I· x THF (isomer shift, +3.83 cm/sec) was inferred as one product. This compound decomposed on desolvation and did not react with TlC 5 H 5 at room temperature.
CH and C‐atom time histories in dilute hydrocarbon pyrolysis: Measurements and kinetics calculations

CH and C-atom concentration-time histories were measured during pyrolysis of highly dilute mixtures (6 to 100 ppm) of ethane or methane in argon behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range 2500 to 3800 K and pressure range 0.5 to 1.3 atm. CH was detected using narrow-linewidth laser absorption at 431 nm. C-atom concentrations were measured using atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS) at 156.1 nm. These data allow improved understanding of dilute hydrocarbon pyrolysis. A pyrolysis reaction mechanism was developed which fits essential characteristics of the CH and C-atom profiles (time to peak, peak concentration, and 50% decay time) within ±25%. Critical reactions for which rate coefficient data were not previously available are: Best-fit rate coefficients, valid over the range 2500 to 3800 K, are: k4 = 5.0 × 1015 exp(−42800 K/T), k5 = 4.0 × 1015 exp(−41800 K/T), k6 = 1.3 × 1014 exp(−29700 K/T), and k7 = 1.9 × 1014 exp(−33700 K/T) cm3 mol−1 s−1
Electro-optic coefficients of 500 pm/V and beyond for organic materials

Theoretical guidance, provided by quantum and statistical mechanical calculations, has aided the recent realization of electro-optic coefficients of greater than 300 pm/V (at 1.3 microns wavelength). This articles attempts to provide physical insight into those recent results and to explore avenues for the further improvement of electro-optic activity by structural modification, including to values of 500 pm/V and beyond. While large electro-optic coefficients are a necessary condition for extensive practical application of organic electro-optic materials, they are not a sufficient condition. Adequate thermal and photochemical stability, modest to low optical loss, and processability are important additional requirements. This article also examines such properties and suggests routes to achieving improved auxiliary properties.
Conservation Laws in General Relativity

The conservation laws are examined from the transformation properties of the Lagrangian. The energy-momentum complex obtained has mixed indices, ${{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, whereas a symmetric quantity ${\mathcal{T}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is required for the definition of angular momentum. Such a symmetric quantity has been constructed by Landau and Lifshitz. In the course of examining the relationship between these quantities, two hierarchies of complexes ${{T}_{(n)\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and ${{\mathcal{T}}_{(n)}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ are constructed. Under linear coordinate transformations the former are tensor densities of weight ($n+1$) and the latter of weight ($n+2$). For $n=0$ these reduce to the canonical ${{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and the Landau-Lifshitz ${\mathcal{T}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$, respectively.By requiring the energy-momentum complex to generate the coordinate transformations, and the total energy and momentum to form a free vector, one can identify the canonical complex ${{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ as the appropriate quantity to describe the energy and momentum of the field plus matter. Similarly, by requiring the total angular momentum to behave as a free antisymmetric tensor, one can construct, in the usual manner, an appropriate quantity from ${{\mathcal{T}}_{(\ensuremath{-}1)}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$. The angular momentum complex so defined differs from that proposed by Landau and Lifshitz as well as from an independent construction by Bergmann and Thomson.
The True Challenge of Generating Continual Quality Improvement

Continual quality improvement (CQI) or total quality management (TQM) is currently the "rage" in American management. This essay argues that CQI/TQM will be just another management fad unless executives recognize the true challenges of CQI: (a) to marry inquiry and action in a way that transforms our current paradigms of both science and power; (b) to guide the organization and most of its managers through multiple developmental transformations, requiring at least a decade; and (c) to accept that, even as a leader and a proponent of CQI, openness to self-transformation is necessary as a condition for exercising transforming power.
Rapid tolerance to the motor effects of p-chloroamphetamine in rats.

Studies were designed to test the hypothesis that tolerance to the effect of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on motor activity in rats would develop with repeated injections. In related biochemical studies the effects of single or repeated doses of PCA on the in vitro synaptosomal uptake of3H-NE and3H-DA and on the in vivo metabolism of intraventricularly administered3H-NE and3H-DA were investigated. The administration of 10 mg/kg of PCA induced a complex behavioral syndrome, which was quantified by scoring specific symptoms after direct observation. In agreement with previous data, this syndrome appears to be mediated by a release of 5-HT since pretreatment with PCA prevented its development on subsequent injection of the drug. After the administration of lower doses of PCA, total motor activity as measured in activity cages increased, and tolerance to this effect also developed rapidly. For example, pretreatment with 5 mg/kg of PCA greatly attenuated the stimulant effect of a subsequent dose of 3 or 5 mg/kg of the drug. Moreover, the degree of tolerance was the same if the time between the 2 injections was 1 day or 2 weeks, suggesting that 5-HT release is also involved in the tolerance to the motor effects of lower doses of the drug. Moreover, biochemical studies of the response of catecholaminergic neurons to PCA suggest that tolerance does not develop to the effects on DA and NE neurons on repeated injection of PCA.
Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder: Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract There is extensive preclinical and clinical support for the hypothesis that hyperactivity of noradrenergic neuronal systems is related to the pathophysiology of some forms of human anxiety. In the present investigation, the behavioral, biochemical, and cardiovascular responses to the α 2 -adrenergic receptor antagonist, yohimbine, was determined in 20 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and 20 healthy subjects. The responses to yohimbine were generally similar in the two groups except there was a trend for the yohimbine-induced increase in plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol to be less in the GAD patients. These findings contrast with previous studies of the effects of yohimbine in panic disorder patients and, thereby, support a neurobiological distinction between these two disorders.
Management of ingested foreign objects and food bolus impactions

Abstract This review article is intended to aid the clinician in the evaluation and management of older children and adult patients with possible foreign object ingestion and/or food bolus impaction. A literature search was performed in June 1993 on the Medline using Medlars II, the National Library of Medicine's National Interactive Retrieval Service. This search generated 181 citations. References chosen for review were English-language citations from the gastroenterology, otolaryngology, general surgical, and radiological literature. As little or no data exist from well-designed prospective trials, emphasis was given to results from large series. In preparing this manuscript several drafts were distributed to the members of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Standards of Practice Committee, and to national experts on the subject for critical review. (Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:33-8.)
Up a Creek? Here's a Paddle: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Resources for New or Occasional Library Instructors.

Abstract This article provides resources for those library instructors who find themselves teaching even though they have only minimal formal training in the field of education. Due to the increasing importance of information literacy, library instruction has become a vital facet of most community college and university library programs and, often, librarians with little or no library instruction training are asked to design and implement courses for their students. Fortunately, the professional library literature on this topic is plentiful and can provide both theoretical and practical help for library instructors in the areas of learning theory, technology use and teaching/presentation style.
103 slip in MoSi2

Abstract {103}⟨331⟩ slip is found to be activated in MoSi2 single crystals by deformation along [001] in uniaxial compression at 1000°C. The {103} slip plane has been determined by slip trace analysis. Observations by transmission electron microscopy reveal the presence of screw dislocations with a Burgers vector of ½⟨331⟩. However, ½⟨331⟩ dislocations of mixed character lying along the ⟨ 010 ⟩ direction are observed to have decomposed into two other perfect dislocations by the energetically favourable reaction ½⟨ 331 ⟩→½⟨111⟩ + ⟨110⟩. The occurrence of such dislocation decomposition explains the difficulty of observing ½⟨331⟩ dislocations in previous work. The ½⟨331⟩ screw dislocations have been examined by weak-beam dark-field microscopy but dissociation into three ½⟨331⟩ collinear partials could not be detected.
FOURIER TRANSFORM DOUBLE-QUANTUM NMR IN SOLIDS

An approach to high-resolution NMR of deuterium in solids is described. The $m=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}1$ transition is excited by a double-quantum process and the decay of coherence $Q(\ensuremath{\tau})$ is monitored. Fourier transformation yields a deuterium spectrum devoid of quadrupole broadening, and if the deuterium nuclei are dilute, the double-quantum spectrum is a high-resolution one. The technique is applied to a single crystal of oxalic acid dihydrate enriched to \ensuremath{\sim} 10% in deuterium, and the carboxyl and the water deuterium shifts are indeed resolved.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October–December, 1996

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 237 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1996. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward [Dziewonski, A.M., Woodward, R.L., 1992. in: Emert, H., Harjes, H.-P. (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging. Plenum, 19, pp. 785–797.]. A new model of anelastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom [Durek, J.J., Ekstrom, G., 1996, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 86, 144–158] is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
The Impact of Distraction Mitigation Strategies on Driving Performance

OBJECTIVES: An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of distraction mitigation strategies on drivers' performance and productivity while engaged in an in-vehicle information system task. BACKGROUND: Previous studies show that in-vehicle tasks undermine driver safety and there is a need to mitigate driver distraction. METHOD: An advising strategy that alerts drivers to potential dangers and a locking strategy that prevents the driver from continuing the distracting task were presented to 16 middle-aged and 12 older drivers in a driving simulator in two modes (auditory, visual) and two road conditions (curves, braking events). RESULTS: Distraction was a problem for both age groups. Visual distractions were more detrimental than auditory ones for curve negotiation, as depicted by more erratic steering, F (6, 155) = 26.76, p Keywords: Driver distraction Language: en
Desvenlafaxine: A new serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder

Abstract Background: Desvenlafaxine succinate, a serotonin—norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in February 2008 for the treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Desvenlafaxine is the third SNRI approved by the FDA for this indication. Objective: This article reviews the available information for desvenlafaxine, focusing on its pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile. Methods: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (1950–March 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2009), ISI Web of Knowledge (1996–March 2009), and EMBASE (1974–March 2009) was conducted using the terms desvenlafaxine , O- desmethylvenlafaxine , and Pristiq . Reference lists of articles were reviewed for other relevant publications. Abstracts of unpublished clinical studies presented at the American Psychiatric Association annual meetings (2004–2008) were included in the review; also included were data from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency Web sites. Results: After oral administration, desvenlafaxine reaches T max in 7 to 8 hours and is slowly eliminated, with t ½ values of 9 to 15 hours. With once-daily dosing, steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved within 4 to 5 days. Alternate-day dosing should be implemented in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance, ≤30 mL/min) and those with end-stage renal disease. In patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment, daily doses should not exceed 100 mg. Nine short-term studies of desvenlafaxine have been conducted but only 8 were published. These 8 clinical studies evaluated oral desvenlafaxine 50 to 400 mg/d using randomized controlled trials for the treatment of MDD in adult outpatients. Significantly greater efficacy in the reduction of depressive symptoms was found in patients taking desvenlafaxine 50 mg/d ( P 50 mg/d. Preliminary data support desvenlafaxine's efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms. Desvenlafaxine was generally well tolerated in clinical trials; the most common adverse events were nausea, suicidal ideation, and changes in blood pressure and weight. Conclusions: Desvenlafaxine 50 mg/d has been found to be efficacious and generally well tolerated in short-term trials for the treatment of adults with MDD. Further studies are needed to determine des-venlafaxine's role in the management of MDD and its efficacy compared with other antidepressants.
5-Methylcytosine content of nuclear DNA during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis and in carcinomas which result.

Abstract The 5-methylcytosine content of nuclear DNA from nuclear hepatocellular tissues was determined during various phases of hepatic regeneration and carcinogenesis. DNA from premalignant nodules and primary hepatocellular carcinomas induced by exposure to acetylaminofluorene, as well as PHC induced by diethylnitrosamine was undermethylated by 20%, 45%, and 32.5% respectively. Since a 12.5% hypomethylation occurred during the DNA synthetic phase of hepatic regeneration, the effect of cell proliferation on DNA-methylation in malignancies was examined in transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas. The DNA from two transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma lines was less methylated than predicted rates of cell division in these tumors. This finding suggested that an aberration in endogenous DNA methylation may occur during neoplastic transformation.
Rotational excitation of CO by collisions with He, H, and H2 under conditions in interstellar clouds

Cross sections for rotational excitation of small molecules by low-energy collisions with helium and hydrogen can currently be obtained via accurate numerical solution of the quantum equations that describe both intermolecular forces and collision dynamics. The relevant methods are discussed in some detail and applied to compute excitation rates for carbon monoxide. These calculations also predict collision-induced spectral pressure-broadening constants which are in excellent agreement with available experimental data.
An Autoregressive Model Approach to Two-Dimensional Shape Classification

In this paper, a method of classifying objects is reported that is based on the use of autoregressive (AR) model parameters which represent the shapes of boundaries detected in digitized binary images of the objects. The object identification technique is insensitive to object size and orientation. Three pattern recognition algorithms that assign object names to unlabelled sets of AR model parameters were tested and the results compared. Isolated object tests were performed on five sets of shapes, including eight industrial shapes (mostly taken from the recognition literature), and recognition accuracies of 100 percent were obtained for all pattern sets at some model order in the range 1 to 10. Test results indicate the ability of the technique developed in this work to recognize partially occluded objects. Processing-speed measurements show that the method is fast in the recognition mode. The results of a number of object recognition tests are presented. The recognition technique was realized with Fortran programs, Imaging Technology, Inc. image-processing boards, and a PDP 11/60 computer. The computer algorithms are described.
Timely offloading of result-data in HPC centers

High performance computing is facing an exponential growth in job output dataset sizes. This implies a significant commitment of supercomputing center resources---most notably, precious scratch space---in handling data staging and offloading. However, the scratch area is typically managed using simple "purge policies", without sophisticated "end-user data services" that are required to balance center's resource consumption and user serviceability. End-user data services such as offloading are performed using point-to-point transfers that are unable to reconcile center's purge and users delivery deadlines, unable to adapt to changing dynamics in the end-to-end data path and are not fault-tolerant.We propose a robust framework for the timely, decentralized offload of result data, addressing the aforementioned significant gaps in extant direct-transfer-based offloading. The decentralized offload is achieved using an overlay of user-specified intermediate nodes and well known landmark nodes. These nodes serve as a means both to provide multiple data-flow paths, thereby maximizing bandwidth as well as provide fail-over capabilities for the offload. We have implemented our techniques within a production job scheduler (PBS) and data transfer tool (BitTorrent), and our evaluation shows that the offloading times can be significantly reduced (90.2% for a 2.1 GB file), while also meeting center-user Service Level Agreements.