cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of a two layer metal system built with selective CVD W plugs and elevated temperature, sputtered Al(Cu)

To study these issues, we used a double level metal vehicle with ranges of metal 1 pitch (1.75-3.0pm), metal 2 pitch (3.0-4.5pm) and via sizes (0.75p-1)~ to (1.5pt~1)~. The vehicle was built with a 1OX Mine stepper, BPSG under metal 1 and plasma TEOS from an AMT5000 as the interlevel dielectric. The AMT 5000 "integrated process" (in situ deposition and sputter etch) was used to reduce topography. To fill the vias, selective CVD W and hot (325-475OC) sputtered AlCu were used. The effects of via aspect ratios were examined by using different via sizes and ILD thicknesses. A TiW cap was used over metal layers to reduce reflectivity and as a seed layer for the CVD W. The test vehicle had via chains increasing in number from 10 to 10,000 vias and the via resistance was calculated by subtracting the effects of the metal 1 and metal 2 sheet resistance. The (0.75pn1)~ vias on the wafers heated to 325OC during the AI sputter deposition were open due to the high aspect ratios. The (0.75pn-1)~ vias filled with hot (>45OoC) sputtered AlCu had via resistances of -0.OSWvia and scaled with increasing area to -0.05 and -0.03Wvia for the (1.O~m)~ and (1.25~m)~ vias respectively. The distribution for the lot is shown in Fig. la. The distribution across a wafer was 56Oh for the smallest vias and 2-4% for the (1.25~m)~ vias. However, X-sectional SEMs show many vias have small voids. Although this apparently had little effect electrically, it will be a reliability problem in high current applications. The via chains using W to achieve an -100% via fill, had excellent results. All chains were continuous and the average resistancehia was 0.33, 0.19 and 0.13Q for the (0.75~m)~, (1 .0prn)2 and (1.25~m)~ via chains, respectively. The standard deviation across a wafer in each case was less than 2%. The lot distribution is shown in Fig.lb. When the W via fills were ~75% on the smallest vias, the step coverage from 325OC sputtered AlCu was poor; causing some opens and an increase in the mean and standard deviation of the Wvia. On larger vias with the same percent fill, the chains were continuous, but the resistance was greater than the 100°/o fills. This is an issue when the vias have different depths due to underlying topography. TIG. la FIG. lb
Developing authentic leadership in organizations: some insights and observations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the emerging concept of authentic leadership and provide some insights into its domain and development in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The paper sees that authentic leadership has become a recent buzzword finding its way into scientific journals, popular press, and newspaper columns.Findings – The paper finds that the study of authentic leadership is relatively new; a working definition, a method of measurement, and criterion‐based studies do not yet exist. As such, attempting to develop authentic leaders may only result in leaders who are trained to superficially exhibit authentic leadership behaviors.Originality/value – The paper shows that when authentic leadership has been defined and is measurable, development of this type of leadership can begin. Until then, attempting to develop authentic leadership may result in negative outcomes.
Decreasing incidence rates of primary central nervous system lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Incidence rates of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) in the U.S. were reported to have increased dramatically during the 1980s and early 1990s. Recent reports portray a continuation of this trend. With potential etiologic factors related to immunosuppression changing, the authors hypothesized that the incidence of PCNSL would be stabilizing. METHODS The authors analyzed age specific, gender specific, and race specific PCNSL incidence rates from 1973–1998 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. To estimate the impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and organ transplantation on PCNSL trends, the authors evaluated incidence data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV [human immunodeficiency virus]/AIDS Surveillance Report, and the United Network for Organ Sharing. RESULTS PCNSL incidence rates decreased from a peak of 10.2 per 1 million person-years in 1995 to 5.1 per 1 million person-years in 1998, a decrease that was largely attributable to a decrease in the incidence of the disease in males age ≤ 59 years. The annual rate among those age ≥ 60 years essentially has remained unchanged since 1994, at approximately 16 per 1 million person-years. Since the early 1980s, regardless of age, PCNSL incidence rates were higher in males than in females, and higher in blacks than in whites. Concordant with PCNSL trends, AIDS rates have decreased since their peak in 1993. However, the rate of solid organ transplantations has increased steadily since 1990. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to recent reports of a progressively increasing incidence, the authors found that PCNSL rates have been decreasing in the majority of demographic groups in the U.S since the mid-1990s. A notable exception was observed in the highest PCNSL risk group, those age ≥ 60 years. Cancer 2002;95:193–202. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10643
Reaction of ergosteryl acetate with maleic anhydride and preparation of 5,7-ergostadien-3β-ol

An improved, large scale synthesis of the ergosteryl acetate-maleic anhydride Diels-Alder adduct and its pyrolysis are described. The complex mixture obtained by reaction of the two constituents was refluxed with methanol to convert the succinic anhydride derivatives, formed by the “ene” reaction, to soluble half esters, leaving the insoluble Diels-Alder adduct largely unchanged. The latter was hydrogenated and pyrolyzed in vacuo to yield 5,7-ergostadienyl acetate together with lesser quantities of the acetates of 7,9(11)-ergostadien-3β-ol, 6,8(9)-ergostadien-3β-ol, and 8,14-ergostadien-3β-ol. These components were separated and purified by argentation column chromatography and crystallization.
Rearrangements of the aminoalkylation products of tetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2-thione

The nature of the compounds afforded by the rearrangement of the aminopropylation and aminoethylation products of tetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2-thione (I) has been investigated. In both instances compounds that can be considered to result from ring opening at either the C-O or C-S bond of a hypothetical bicyclic intermediate of structure IV were obtained. The compounds required for identification of the rearrangement products have been prepared by the reaction of the 2-methylthio derivatives of 2-thiazoline, 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine, and 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine with the appropriate hydroxyalkylamine or mercaptoalkylamine.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THICK DEPOSITS OF COLLUVIUM ON HILLSLOPES: A CASE STUDY INVOLVING THE USE OF POLLEN ANALYSIS IN THE COASTAL MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

Distinct bedrock hollows with a colluvial fill are common in soil-mantled hillslopes. It has been proposed that these hollows are sites of recurrent emptying by landsliding and subsequent slower refilling with colluvium. On a hillslope in Northern California we have quantified the time since emptying and the three-dimensional configurations of the underlying bedrock surface. Correlation of the pollen record in the colluvium with a nearby pollen core from a lake with an accurate age control indicates that the oldest colluvium was deposited 11,000 to 13,500 years in the bedrock hollow. Since then deposition of colluvium in the hollow has been equivalent to 1.5 m of landscape lowering in the surrounding source area and to a local lowering rate of about 0.1 mm/yr. The longitudinal profile of the hollow is concave upward, a form that causes the groundwater flow to rise toward the surface downslope, leading to saturation and possibly to landsliding.
SEM analysis of leaf epicuticular waxes of Sedum section Gormania (Crassulaceae)

Epicuticular leaf waxes in the 12 taxa classified inSedum, sect.Gormania show variation in size, shape, and frequency. All of the taxa exhibit wax platelets, but the platelets in the three putative relicts (S. albomarginatum, S. moranii, S. oblanceolatum) are larger than those in related taxa, and those inS. paradisum are poorly developed. Interspecific hybrids tend to show wax patterns intermediate between those of their respective parents. Hypothetical hybrid origins for the four polyploid taxa in the section have been supported previously by morphological and reproductive data and are further clarified by leaf wax data.
Miscarriage and mental health: Results of two population-based studies

A miscarriage may have a sustained negative effect on mental health. Our aim was to analyze the association of the history and, if any, the number of miscarriages with mental health. The participants were women from two population-based studies, the Finnish Health 2000 survey and the National FINRISK 2002 Survey. Data were collected with a set of self-reported questionnaires, a clinical health examination and/or a home interview. A modified Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) and other non-structured interviews were used for the assessment of mental health. A diagnosis of depressive disorder and the presence of depressive symptoms were more prevalent among women with a history of miscarriage. In both datasets the higher the number of miscarriages was, the worse the current state of mood was and the higher the frequency of a psychiatric diagnosis was. These results suggest that a miscarriage, and in particular the number of miscarriages, contributes to mental health in a negative way for long.
Tunability of the Adhesion of Water Drops on a Superhydrophobic Paper Surface via Selective Plasma Etching

We report the fabrication of a sticky superhydrophobic paper surface with extremely high contact angle hysteresis: advancing contact angle ∼150° (superhydrophobic) and receding contact angle ∼10° (superhydrophilic). In addition, we report the controlled tunability of the contact angle hysteresis from 149.8 ± 5.8° to 3.5 ± 1.1°, while maintaining superhydrophobicity, as defined through an advancing contact angle above 150°. The hysteresis was tuned through the controlled fabrication of nano-scale features on the paper fibers via selective plasma etching. The variations in contact angle hysteresis are attributed to a transition of the liquid–surface interaction from a Wenzel state to a Cassie state on the nano-scale, while maintaining a Cassie state on the micro-scale. Superhydrophobic cellulosic surfaces with tunable stickiness or adhesion have potential applications in the control of aqueous drop mobility and the transfer of drops on inexpensive, renewable substrates.
SOLIDIFICATION OF A BINARY ALLOY FROM A COLD WIRE OR PIPE: MODELING OF THE MIXED-PHASE REGION

This paper presents a theoretical study of the heat and mass transfer phenomena occurring during the solidification of a binary alloy from a thin cold wire or pipe modeled as a line heat sink. The study accounts for the existence of a mixed-phase region (mushy zone) separating the solid from the liquid regions. The mushy zone consists of a complex mixture of liquid and dendrites, whose composition depends on both position and time and cannot be prescribed a priori. The growth rate of the mushy zone (which has a paramount effect on the structure of the resulting solid) depends on the heat and mass transport processes that govern the solidification phenomenon. The results of this study illuminate the dependence of the temperature, concentration, and liquid fraction distributions in the mushy zone on several dimensionless groups of the problem. The study also found that the growth rate or even the very existence of the mixed-phase region is controlled by the values of these dimensionless groups.
Pyridium as a Source of Interference in Vitamin C Determinations

The method commonly employed for determination of vitamin C in the body fluids makes use of Tillmans'1 indicator, 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol. This is not specific for the vitamin but under controlled conditions is practically so. Substances normally present in urine, namely cysteine, glutathione, and ergothioneine,2 may reduce the dye, but Abbasy and coworkers3 have reported that the non-specific titer did not rise above 3 to 6 mg. per day for the average person. In many specimens from our patients, where vitamin C was excluded from the diet, total excretion of “vitamin C” varied from less than one to 4 mg. in 24-hour specimens. Such interference, therefore, seems to be unimportant in the majority of cases. We have found, however, that Pyridium, (phenylazo-diamino-pyridine hydrochloride), a commonly used medication for disorders of the urinary tract, may constitute a serious source of error in blood4 and urine5 determinations of the vitamin.In one instance, a patient's excretion following a test dose, ...
Colorimetric determination of osmium (VI) with 1-naphthylamine-3,5,7-trisulfonic acid

Abstract An investigation has been made of the organic compound, 1-naphthylamine-3,5,7-trisulfonic acid, for use as a colorimetric reagent for the determination of trace quantities of osniiun(Vl). When this compound is added to an osmium (OsO4-2) solution, a violet colored organo-osmium complex is formed which has highest sensitivity at wavelength 560 mμ. The complex reaches maximum color intensity after four hours. The solution should be brought to pH 1.5 and maintained at tins pH with a buffer, after maximum color development. The colored complex conforms to Beer's law over an osmium concentration range of 0 to 6 p.p.m. Its absorbance is not affected by either excess reagent (up to a 7 : 1 ratio) or by temperature variation over the range 15° to 35° C. Many metallic ions interfere with the color reaction and hence require a separation, of osmium from these ions. The nature of the complex in solution was studied by the following three methods: (1) mole ratio, (2) continuous variations and (3) slope ratio. All three methods indicate a ratio of reagent to osmium of 2 to 1. A procedure for the colorimetric determination of osmium(VI) has been developed; it has a sensitivity of 1 part osmium in 15,000,000 parts of solution, with good precision.
Determinants of infant visual fixation: Evidence for a two-process theory

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamics of the human infant's (4 months old) visual fixation. The general finding that, over a series of trials, infants fixate longer to a complex than to a simple stimulus was replicated. The function relating fixation time to trials was shown to be nonmonotonic when the stimulus was complex (fixation time increased between Trials 1 and 2 and then decreased), but was monotonic when the stimulus was simple (it decreased systematically over trials). Additional experiments indicated that (a) the nonmonotonic function associated with the complex stimulus was eliminated when the interval separating Trials 1 and 2 was increased from 10 to 20 or 30 s (Experiment 2), and (b) the difference in fixation time between the complex and the simple stimulus was eliminated by controlling their effects in a within-subjects design (Experiment 3). These data challenge the prevailing cognitive-schema theories as a complete account of the dynamics of the infant's visual fixation. A two-process theory that accounts for these data was proposed.
Study of tissue oxygen supply rate in a macroscopic photodynamic therapy singlet oxygen model

An appropriate expression for the oxygen supply rate (Γs) is required for the macroscopic modeling of the complex mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT). It is unrealistic to model the actual heterogeneous tumor microvascular networks coupled with the PDT processes because of the large computational requirement. In this study, a theoretical microscopic model based on uniformly distributed Krogh cylinders is used to calculate Γs=g (1−[O32]/[O32]0) that can replace the complex modeling of blood vasculature while maintaining a reasonable resemblance to reality; g is the maximum oxygen supply rate and [O32]/[O32]0 is the volume-average tissue oxygen concentration normalized to its value prior to PDT. The model incorporates kinetic equations of oxygen diffusion and convection within capillaries and oxygen saturation from oxyhemoglobin. Oxygen supply to the tissue is via diffusion from the uniformly distributed blood vessels. Oxygen can also diffuse along the radius and the longitudinal axis of the cylinder within tissue. The relations of Γs to [3O2]/[3O2]0 are examined for a biologically reasonable range of the physiological parameters for the microvasculature and several light fluence rates (ϕ). The results show a linear relationship between Γs and [3O2]/[3O2]0, independent of ϕ and photochemical parameters; the obtained g ranges from 0.4 to 1390 μM/s.
Financial Aid and For-Profit Colleges: Does Aid Encourage Entry?.

Concerns over rising college tuition and slow economic growth have brought renewed attention to the role of federal and state financial aid programs in opening access to education. Despite a large body of literature examining the effects of grant aid on four-year and public two-year college enrollment, for-profit colleges—particularly the vast majority that offer two-year degrees and certificates—have largely been ignored. Using panel data methods and a new administrative data set of for-profit colleges operating in California between 1989 and 2003, I assess the impact of the federal Pell Grant program, the G.I. Bill, and California's Cal Grant program on the net number of for-profit colleges per county. The results suggest that for both Pell and Cal Grants, increases in the per-student maximum award encourage for-profit entry. This relationship is particularly strong in counties with high adult poverty levels, where more students are eligible for aid. Further, these gains in the private sector do not appear to come at the expense of the public sector. Rather, public community colleges also experience enrollment gains as the generosity of Pell and Cal Grants increases, although this reaction appears to be weaker than the reaction of for-profits. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Possible resonance scattering window for CO symmetric charge transfer

Abstract Comparison of scattering contour diagrams of CO + /CO symmetric charge transfer generated in low-energy crossed-beam experiments shows anomalous results at 1.1 eV collision energy as compared to results at 0.8 and 2.3 eV collision energy. Similarity with Ar + /N 2 at 0.9±0.15 eV and Ar + /O 2 near 0.85 eV may indicate a quantum-mechanical scattering resonance for CO + /CO near 1 eV was postulated for these previous two systems.
Ultrafast spectroscopy of high-lying excited states via eight-wave mixing

We demonstrate the use of eight-wave mixing (8WM) with femtosecond laser pulses for the detection of the high-lying D state of ethylene (C2H4) gas. The D state is reached through three-photon absorption of 427 nm light followed by a delayed single-photon probe interaction with the ionization continuum, resulting in an overall 8WM process. This scheme allows the detection of high-lying states with both spatial and temporal resolution before a thermal grating can form. Alternatively, by using a nanosecond delay between pulses, the induced thermal grating may be studied after the population grating has decayed. We verify the precise 8WM nature of this process and show how to use it to study the excited-state dynamics of ethylene and to measure the profile of an ethylene flow.
CryptoCope Rearrangement of 1,3-Dicyano-5-phenyl-4,4-d2-hexa-2,5-diene. Chameleonic or Centauric?

The “centauric” model for evaluation of the effect of radical-stabilizing perturbations on the Cope rearrangement conjectures independent action of substituents that make conflicting electronic demands on the two halves of the transition region. The present test of this conjecture compares 1,3-dicyano-[5-protio]-hexa-1,5-diene (1(H)) and 2-phenylhexa-1,5-diene, with 1,3-dicyano-5-phenylhexa-1,5-diene (1(Ph)). Thermochemical information required for a proper comparison includes new data of the van't Hoff type on conjugative interaction of cyano with the carbon−carbon double bond, reevaluation of the radical-stabilizing potential of the cyano group on secondary and allyl radicals, comparison with the (reevaluated) stabilizing effect of cyano in “nodal” positions of the Cope transition region, and determination of the enthalpy and entropy of activation of the cryptoCope rearrangement of otherwise Cope-incompetent, thermodynamically more stable hexa-2,5-dienes related by prototropy to the Cope-competent hexa-...
Myogenic differentiation is dependent on both the kinase function and the N-terminal sequence of mammalian target of rapamycin.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase known to control initiation of translation through two downstream pathways: eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1)/eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (S6K1). We previously showed in C2C12 murine myoblasts that rapamycin arrests cells in G1phase and completely inhibits terminal myogenesis. To elucidate the pathways that regulate myogenesis, we established stable C2C12 cell lines that express rapamycin-resistant mTOR mutants (mTORrr; S2035I) that have N-terminal deletions (Δ10 or Δ91) or are full-length kinase-dead mTORrr proteins. Additional clones expressing a constitutively active S6K1 were also studied. Our results show that Δ10mTORrr signals 4E-BP1 and permits rapamycin-treated myoblasts to differentiate, confirming the mTOR dependence of the inhibition of myogenesis by rapamycin. C2C12 cells expressing either Δ91mTORrr or kinase-dead mTORrr(D2338A) could not phosphorylate 4E-BP1 in the presence of rapamycin and could not abrogate the inhibition of myogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that both the kinase function of mTOR and the N terminus (residues 11–91, containing part of the first HEAT domain) are essential for myogenic differentiation. In contrast, constitutive activation of S6K1 does not abrogate rapamycin inhibition of either proliferation or myogenic differentiation.
LINEAR VS. NON–LINEAR MODELS OF THE FORMATION OF AFFECTIVE REACTIONS: THE CASE OF JOB ENLARGEMENT

Numerous researchers have now considered the impact of task characteristics on employee responses. However, relatively little is known about how information regarding individual task dimensions is processed to arrive at an overall judgment. Most studies simply consider the role of individual job characteristics or arbitarily apply a particular combinatory model. In the rare instances where alternative models have been simultaneously considered, there has been some apparent confusion regarding the meaning of models and/or interpretation of findings. The current study explored alternative combinatory models of human evaluative judgments. Data on task dimensions and employee affective responses were collected from subjects in two samples, one in a manufacturing firm and one in a Division of Corrections. Task dimension scores were combined by use of compensatory, conjunctive, and disjunctive models. Multiple regression was used to examine relationships between resultant scores and various affective response indices. All three models exhibited generally significant predictive ability. The linear compensatory model was found to be as powerful a predictor of evaluative judgments as were non-linear alternatives. Implications of findings are presented.
The role of the large-scale Arctic Ocean circulation in the transport of contaminants

Abstract The key features of the large-scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean are reviewed based on distributions of hydrographic parameters and natural and anthropogenic trace substances. Salinity and mass balances, as well as a combination of the tracers tritium and δ 18 O, suggest a mean residence time of the shelf waters in the Siberian seas of about 3 years. Potential pathways of pollutants released to the Siberian shelf seas from the dumpsites or from river runoff are inferred from the distributions of δ 18 O and salinity. Transit times needed for dissolved contaminants to cross the central Arctic basins (several years to one or two decades in near-surface waters) and mean residence times of contaminants in the intermediate (several decades) and deep waters (several centuries) are estimated from the distribution of transient tracers (tritium and its radioactive decay product, 3 He) and “steady-state” tracers ( 14 C and 39 Ar).
Analysis of Spark Versus Non-Spark Mediated SR Calcium Leak using a Langevin Description of Stochastic Calcium Release

Markov chain models of the coupled gating of intracellular calcium channels are used to study the stochastic dynamics of SR calcium release and whole cell calcium homeostasis [see e.g., Hartman et al. AJP Heart Circ Physiol 299(6):H1996-2008, 2010]. However, the large number of channels per release site (100-250) results in a combinatorial state space explosion that causes whole cell models that enumerate the Markov chain state space to be computationally intensive. We present an alternative Langevin formulation, i.e., a system of stochastic ordinary differential equations, for the stochastic dynamics of calcium release sites composed of many identical channels. The Langevin formulation accurately reproduces the stationary distribution for the fraction of open channels determined from the corresponding Markov chain model and over a wide range of parameters yields similar spark properties (e.g., the distribution of spark amplitude and duration). We present a whole cell model of calcium homeostasis that incorporates the Langevin description of stochastic calcium release by coupling the associated Fokker-Planck equation to concentration balance equations for bulk myoplasmic and network SR calcium under the assumption of rapid equilibration of diadic subspace and junctional SR calcium. We found that myoplasmic and SR calcium increased both spark and non-spark mediated SR calcium leak, consistent with a recent experimental study [Bovo et al. J Physiol 589(24) 6039-6050, 2011]. Future work will investigate SR calcium leak during intracellular calcium transients and extensions of this modeling approach.
Pathological changes produced by Fusobacterium necrophorum in experimental infection of mice

Abstract The pathological changes associated with an animal model (mouse) for the production of hepatic abscesses by experimental infections of Fusobacterium necrophorum are described. The abscess progresses from coagulative necrosis to a true abscess with encapsulated pus in 10 days. An additional finding with this model is the presence of multinucleated giant cells in a mildly enlarged spleen. The pathological infection with F. necrophorum is discussed with emphasis on the aetiology and pathogenesis of the hepatic lesions.
Evaluating temporal and spatial margins of safety in galahs

When approached by a potential predator, individuals must decide when to flee. Individuals could assess risk by monitoring their distance from an approaching threat or by monitoring the expected time that the predator would take to reach them. Theory predicts, and empirical studies support the hypothesis, that some species may maintain a temporal margin of safety and therefore monitor the expected time a predator would take to reach them. We systematically walked towards galahs, Cacatua roseicapilla, an Australian parrot, and varied our approach speed. If galahs maintain a temporal margin of safety, we expected them to flush at a greater distance in response to the fast approach. We found, however, no support for the temporal margin of safety hypothesis. Rather, we found evidence that galahs are sensitive to distance in a novel way: after being alerted, they flushed when humans approached to within 44% of the alert distance. Our result differs from traditional models of spatial margins of safety because it suggests that animals will take flight after being approached to within about half the alert distance. By doing so, individuals maintain a dynamic spatial margin of safety and may reduce costs associated with ongoing monitoring of predation risk.
Unintentional injury: A major health problem for young children and youth

This article reviews data on childhood injury and explains how unintentional injuries have become the leading health problem for young children in the United States and a major health problem in teenage years. The article discusses the major types of childhood injuries, trends over time, and variations by location and social, behavioral, and familial risk factors. Results of epidemiological and sociobehavioral research on injury are followed by a discussion of policy considerations in the attempts to deal with childhood injury and its consequences. This includes a discussion of major ways to prevent injuries, a review of government activities, and recommendations for future efforts.
The mobility of some organophosphorus sheep dip insecticides in soil

The technique of soil thin-layer chromatography has been adapted to permit the use of repeated or prolonged irrigation procedures so that the mobility characteristics of relatively non-mobile insecticides may be studied. The procedure has been used to study the relative movement of organophosphorus insecticides such as chlorfenvinphos, trithion, delnav and dichlofenthion which are widely used as sheep dips.
Release of highly water-soluble medicinal compounds from inert, heterogeneous matrixes. II: Melt

The release from matrixes compressed from melts of hydrogenated castor oil and ephedrine hydrochloride or procaine hydrochloride has been studied and is compared with the release from matrixes prepared by compression of physical mixtures. In both, the release is dependent on the square root of time; however, the release is slower from the matrix prepared by the melt process. Parameters that affect the release are compared. The independence of release from stirring speed and the greater tortuosity of the matrix prepared by the melt process indicate that the release is by a matrix diffusion mechanism. In contrast, boundary layer diffusion is operative in the release from the matrixes prepared by compression of physical mixtures. It is demonstrated that for a given formulation, the method of processing may alter the mechanism and rate of release.
Hyperthermia induces the ER stress pathway.

Background The ER chaperone GRP78/BiP is a homolog of the Hsp70 family of heat shock proteins, yet GRP78/BiP is not induced by heat shock but instead by ER stress. However, previous studies had not considered more physiologically relevant temperature elevation associated with febrile hyperthermia. In this report we examine the response of GRP78/BiP and other components of the ER stress pathway in cells exposed to 40°C. Methodology AD293 cells were exposed to 43°C heat shock to confirm inhibition of the ER stress response genes. Five mammalian cell types, including AD293 cells, were then exposed to 40°C hyperthermia for various time periods and induction of the ER stress pathway was assessed. Principal Findings The inhibition of the ER stress pathway by heat shock (43°C) was confirmed. In contrast cells subjected to more mild temperature elevation (40°C) showed either a partial or full ER stress pathway induction as determined by downstream targets of the three arms of the ER stress pathway as well as a heat shock response. Cells deficient for Perk or Gcn2 exhibit great sensitivity to ER stress induction by hyperthermia. Conclusions The ER stress pathway is induced partially or fully as a consequence of hyperthermia in parallel with induction of Hsp70. These findings suggest that the ER and cytoplasm of cells contain parallel pathways to coordinately regulate adaptation to febrile hyperthermia associated with disease or infection.
Immunoregulation of human natural killer cells (NK) by corticosteroids: Inhibitory effect of culture supernatants

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into HNK-l + and HNK-l − subpopulations and examined for the effects of prednisolone (PRD) on natural killer cell activities in vitro. Preculture of HNK-l + lymphocytes with PRD (10 −6 to 10 −8 mol/L) for 72 hours resulted in a significant reduction of cytotoxic functions. When peripheral blood lymphocytes were first precultured with PRD and then separated into HNK-l + and HNK-l − subpopulations, both could suppress the target binding and lytic activities of fresh large granular lymphocytes with the HNK-l + cells demonstrating greater inhibition than the HNK-l − cells. Moreover, PRD-treated cells demonstrated greater suppression of target binding and cytotexicity than identical subpopulations cultured without PRD. Culture supernatants of lymphocytes treated with 10 −6 to 10 −9 mol/L concentrations of PRD contain PRD-induced soluble suppressor factor that significantly inhibited the natural killer activity of allogeneic lymphocytes against different targets. PRD-induced soluble suppressor factor was not cytotoxic itself, and suppression was evident at various effector-to-target cell ratios. These studies indicate that in addition to being directly immunosuppressive, corticosteroids may also induce immunoregulatory lymphocytes to secrete a suppressive lymphokine.
Volcanic stratigraphy of the Los Azufres geothermal area, Mexico

Abstract The Los Azufres volcanic center, located 200 km northwest of Mexico City, is one of a number of Pleistocene silicic volcanic centers with active geothermal systems that lie north of the axis of the Mexican Neovolcanic Belt. Silicic volcanism began approximately 1 m.y. ago with eruption of the Agua Fria rhyodacite to high-silica rhyolite lava domes and flows. They are covered by rhyodacite and dacite lava domes and flows of the San Andres volcano, dated at 0.3 m.y. A north- to northeast-trending set of high-angle, normal faults is offset by a younger and more prominent east-trending set that parallels the principal regional structural trend. These faults cut all but the youngest volcanic rocks of the center, the Yerbabuena rhyodacites to high-silica rhyolites. These morphologically well-preserved lava domes are approximately 0.15 m.y. old and are probably associated with air-fall tuffs that blanket the western portion of the volcanic center. Two episodes of high heat flow suggested by studies of drill-core samples and fluids from the Los Azufres geothermal field may correspond to two different episodes of magma injection to high levels, the most recent one resulting in eruption of the Yerbabuena lavas.
Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium efflux from isolated renal cortical tubules: Evidence for cyclic AMP mediation

Abstract Effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) upon cyclic AMP and calcium efflux in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters were investigated. PTH caused a rapid rise in cyclic AMP levels, temporally preceding an increase in calcium efflux. Increases in both cyclic AMP levels and calcium efflux were noted over an identical PTH concentration range (0.007–0.7 U/ml). Other peptide hormones tested which had no effect upon cyclic AMP levels did not enhance efflux of calcium. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor methyl isobutylxanthine (MIX) was utilized in other studies to potentiate the cyclic AMP response, and produce a range of cyclic AMP concentrations in response to PTH. In these experiments a range of calcium efflux responses was noted which closely paralleled changes in cyclic AMP. Direct addition of cyclic AMP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP to isolated renal tubules caused increased efflux of calcium, while addition of 5'-AMP did not. These results indicate a role for cyclic AMP as a mediator of PTH-induced calcium efflux in this system and suggest that cyclic AMP may mediate the action of this hormone in enhancing renal conservation of calcium in vivo.
Education and Work Preferences of African Diaspora Women in the United States

Contemporary women from technological cultures are often perceived as self- rather than family- or relationship-oriented. Whether true or false, this perception creates problems in communication between males and females in the United States, especially in communities where black women grounded in African-world views attempt to respond to conflicting western cultural orientations. Issues of marriage, child-care, economics, employment, career advancement, and race relations have often contributed to the nexus of confusion surrounding the education and work of black women in a highly industrialised society.
Increasing Quality of Life and Reducing HIV Burden: The PATH+ Intervention

The heightened risk of persons with serious mental illness (SMI) to contract and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a public health problem. Our objective was test the effectiveness of a community-based advanced practice nurse intervention to promote adherence to HIV and psychiatric treatment regimens call Preventing AIDS Through Health for Positives (PATH+). We enrolled 238 HIV-positive subjects with SMI who were in treatment at community HIV provider agencies from 2004 to 2009. Participants in the intervention group were assigned an advanced practice nurse who provided community-based care management at a minimum of one visit/week and coordinated their medical and mental healthcare for 12 months. A parallel process latent growth curve model using three data points for biomarkers (baseline, 12 and 24 months) and five data points for health related quality of life (baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months) showed moderate to excellent fit for modeling changes in CD4, viral load, and mental and physical SF-12 subscales. Results suggest that positive effects for PATH+ persisted at 24 months; 12 months after the intervention ended. This project demonstrates the effectiveness of a nurse-led, community-based, individually tailored adherence intervention. We demonstrated improved outcomes in individuals with HIV/SMI and regarding health-related quality of life and reductions in disease burden.
Incorporating social impact on new product adoption in choice modeling: A case study in green vehicles

Abstract While discrete choice analysis is prevalent in capturing consumer preferences and describing their choice behaviors in product design, the traditional choice modeling approach assumes that each individual makes independent decisions, without considering the social impact. However, empirical studies show that choice is social – influenced by many factors beyond engineering performance of a product and consumer attributes. To alleviate this limitation, we propose a new choice modeling framework to capture the dynamic influence from social networks on consumer adoption of new products. By introducing social influence attributes into a choice utility function, social network simulation is integrated with the traditional discrete choice analysis in a three-stage process. Our study shows the need for considering social impact in forecasting new product adoption. Using hybrid electric vehicles as an example, our work illustrates the procedure of social network construction, social influence evaluation, and choice model estimation based on data from the National Household Travel Survey. Our study also demonstrates several interesting findings on the dynamic nature of new technology adoption and how social networks may influence hybrid electric vehicle adoption.
Cancer cure with organ preservation using radiation therapy.

In 1985, the American Cancer Society has anticipated that 910,000 new cases of invasive cancer will be diagnosed in the United States. More than 37% of those patients can be treated for cure with organ preservation using radiation therapy. The basic biologic background for such an approach to the problem is well established. Clinical data to substantiate the validity of the concept date from 1902 to the present. Without question, organ preservation is becoming a major and important concept in the management of the patient with cancer, and new and innovative techniques for treatment are enabling the organ to be preserved, the cancer to be cured, and appropriate cosmesis and function to be preserved. Many tumor sites are appropriate for this treatment technique, including the breast, the eye, the larynx, and the prostate. In 1985, there has been new emphasis on the successful treatment of cancer with the preservation of the organ intact. The maxim to offer the patient the maximum potential for cure with the...
RNA polymerase: potent linear competitive inhibition by D arabinose-5-triphosphate compared to non-inhibition by 5' ara-ATP.

Abstract D-arabinose-5-triphosphate is a potent linear competitive inhibitor (K i = 60 μM) for substrates of E. coli RNA polymerase [E.C.2.7.7.6] in an in vitro transcription system employing AD111 DNA as template. In contrast the corresponding nucleotide triphosphate (5′ Ara-ATP) is without effect on the system. These facts coupled with other kinetic studies support the suggestion that the pentose triphosphate moiety of the normal substrate are bound at the catalytic site of the polymerase in the 3′ endo ribose conformation and require the 2′ hydroxyl in the axial position.
Analysis of airframe/engine interactions - An integrated control perspective

Techniques for the analysis of the dynamic interactions between airframe/engine dynamical systems are presented. Critical coupling terms are developed that determine the significance of these interactions with regard to the closed loop stability and performance of the feedback systems. A conceptual model is first used to indicate the potential sources of the coupling, how the coupling manifests itself, and how the magnitudes of these critical coupling terms are used to quantify the effects of the airframe/engine interactions. A case study is also presented involving an unstable airframe with thrust vectoring for attitude control. It is shown for this system with classical, decentralized control laws that there is little airframe/engine interaction, and the stability and performance with those control laws is not affected. Implications of parameter uncertainty in the coupling dynamics is also discussed, and effects of these parameter variations are also demonstrated to be small for this vehicle configuration.
TH-D-350-07: A 15 Year History of the First Accredited Physics Residency Program: Lessons Learned

Purpose: When the AAPM Report Number 36, “Guidelines for Residency Programs”, was published our institution created a program in Radiation Oncology. This report summarizes our 15 year history. Method and Materials: In 1993, our institution formalized our training approach and established Radiation Oncology Physics Residencies. In 1997, the program became the first accredited by CAMPEP. The program was re‐accredited in 2003. Over time we've tried to improve our program and modernize as technologies advance. We've tracked administrative aspects, particularly, the success of our graduates in terms of employment and board certification, and our applicant pool's background. Results: For the 27 individuals that have entered our program, 12 had been post‐doctoral fellows, 6 had graduated non‐CAMPEP programs, 4 graduated from CAMPEP accredited programs, and 4 had established careers. Twenty physicists have graduated (15 PhD, 15 MS), two failed to complete the program, and one departed due to medical issues. Of the graduates, 14 are at academic facilities and 6 are in non‐academic practice. Every graduate that has taken the ABR/ABMP exam, written and oral have passed at every stage on their1st attempt. Over the past 5 years, there have been 352 applicants for the position(s) that were available. Of these, 49% have been newly graduating physicists with only a small minority (9% of total applicants) graduating from CAMPEP‐accredited programs. Of the applicants 1/3 held post‐docs, 12% were established in a career, and 6% were from overseas. Some changes we've made over the years have been to establish more customized and advanced rotations (i.e. IMRT,IGRT) and to increase testing frequency. Conclusion: The majority of applicants have come from non‐CAMPEP accredited graduate programs, while we have primarily accepted and graduated applicants with post doctoral backgrounds. Our program is sufficiently dynamic to adapt to technological advancements and undergo continuous improvement.
Guar and locust bean gums as partial replacers of all-purpose flour in bread :an objective and sensory evaluation

All purpose flour was partially replaced with locust bean (LBG) and guar gums at 0% (control), 2% and 4% replacement levels in a bread product. All bread treatments were evaluated objectively and subjectively. Two percent LBG replacement significantly increased standing height. Firmness of bread was significantly firmer. Crumb color was not significantly different for any of the 5 bread treatments. Crust color was not significantly different for any of the 5 bread treatments. Crust color, however, was significantly lighter for the control in comparison with the 2% and 4% guar and 4% LBG breads. Two percent guar produced a more even cell size distribution throughout the bread crumb. For all 5 bread formulations moistures were not significantly different. Sensory evaluation revealed a significant difference between the control and 4% LBG. Neither the control nor 4% LBG breads were not significantly preferred. Both gums were found to retard bread staling; 2% LBG was the most effective.
The estimation of resonance integrals

Abstract Resonance parameters are now known for quite a large number of nuclei. Using this data, an attempt is made to predict the parameters for nuclei on which measurements have not been made, and, in particular the resonance integrals of these nuclei are estimated; these estimated resonance integrals are then compared with the experimentally determined values.
Concurrent radiation with irinotecan and carboplatin in intermediate- and high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma: A report on toxicity and efficacy from a prospective pilot phase II study†

Background Irinotecan is highly active against rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), yet its tolerability and efficacy in combination with radiation is unknown. We examined local control and toxicities in RMS patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) in combination with radiosensitizing agents irinotecan + carboplatin (I + C). Procedure From 11/2003 to 1/2011, 60 patients were enrolled on a pilot phase II protocol with newly diagnosed intermediate- or high-risk RMS at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Induction therapy consisted of two cycles of I + C followed by three cycles of vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. At week 13, 47 patients received definitive primary-site RT or post-operative RT with two concurrent cycles of I + C. Median RT dose was 50.4 Gy (range 30.6–50.4 Gy). Radiation-related toxicities were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. Results Median age of the cohort was 9 years. With median follow-up of 32 months, 2.5 year actuarial local control was 89%. Among all patients, grades 3 and 4 dermatitis were observed in 11% and 4%, respectively. Among parameningeal, orbit, and other head/neck sites, rates of grades 3 and 4 mucositis were 20% and 10%, respectively. Among abdomen/pelvis sites, 12% developed grade 3 diarrhea and 6% developed grade 3 cystitis. No treatment breaks were necessary. Conclusions Preliminary results of irinotecan and carboplatin administered with concurrent RT in intermediate- and high-risk RMS demonstrated favorable tolerability, efficacy, and local control. Reduced rates of acute grades 3–4 mucositis were observed when compared with historical results. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:242–247. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.