cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juvenile hormone III suppresses forkhead of transcription factor in the fat body and reduces fat accumulation in the diapausing mosquito, Culex pipiens

Juvenile hormone (JH) controls diverse physiological and developmental events including diapause and nutrient metabolism. The focal point of endocrine regulation in adult reproductive diapause is initiated by a halt of JH synthesis. In diapausing females of the mosquito Culex pipiens, the other key molecular event is the signalling pathway from insulin to forkhead of transcription factor (FOXO). We hypothesized that a halt of JH synthesis is related to activation of FOXO, which results in increasing lipid reserves in the fat body at the onset of the diapause programme. In this study, the full-length sequence of the foxo gene in C. pipiens was characterized, and the protein abundance pattern of the foxo gene product was analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. FOXO was much more abundant in the fat body of diapausing females than in the fat body of nondiapausing females; much lower levels were present in other adult tissues. When we topically applied JH III to diapause-destined females, FOXO was suppressed, and fat accumulation was reduced, suggesting an interaction between JH synthesis and FOXO that is critical for expression of the diapause phenotype.
The efficacy of prototyping under time constraints

Iterative prototyping helps designers refine their ideas and discover previously unknown issues and opportunities. However, the time constraints of production schedules can discourage iteration in favor of realization. Is this tradeoff prudent? This paper investigates if - under tight time constraints - iterating multiple times provides more benefit than a single iteration. A between-subjects study manipulates participants' ability to iterate on a design task. Participants in the iteration condition outperformed those in the non-iteration condition. Participants with prior experience with the task performed better. Notably, participants in the iteration condition without prior task experience performed as well as non-iterating participants with prior task experience.
Optimal impulse control of portfolios

An investor has the opportunity of holding shares in n risky assets and one nonrisky asset at every time in a fixed interval [t, T]. The risky assets are governed by a stochastic differential equation. At random instants of his choice he may intervene in order to rebalance his portfolio and consume a nonnegative amount of money. Fixed and variable transactions costs are incurred upon intervention. At time T all remaining wealth is consumed. The solution to the problem of maximizing total utility of consumption is given by way of quasi-variational inequalities for the value function. With probability one the investor only intervenes finitely many times. Indication of the solution of the quasi-variational inequalities in the case of one risky asset with log-normal prices is given, together with a description of a discretization procedure.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for children and young adolescents: mortality benefit confirmed—what’s next?

The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator can present significant psychological difficulties for some younger patients, not least because of increased lifestyle disruption and the likely experience of shock The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the treatment of choice for potentially life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Consistent with the adult clinical trial data for both primary and secondary prevention, Gradaus and colleagues1 followed children and young adolescents with ICDs for an average of four years and found that the children’s total survival was excellent (95.8%). The demonstrated mortality benefit demonstrated by Gradaus and colleagues1 in this issue of Heart allows us to turn our attention to psychosocial issues and quality of life (QoL) of young ICD patients.2 We reported that younger age and greater frequency of ICD firings were the two most commonly reported ICD specific risk factors for psychological distress.3 Younger patients (50 years and younger) may experience greater problems because of increased lifestyle disruption and distressing social comparisons.2 In addition to adjusting to the risk of potentially life threatening arrhythmias, young patients must deal with the …
Dermatologic Surgery Complications

Dermatologic surgery is often performed in an outpatient surgical suite with local anesthesia, and moderate to advanced dermatologic procedures may be done without monitoring vital signs. A sound knowledge of the common dermatologic surgery complications is essential to a safe surgical practice. For example, identifying at-risk patients is key to preventing avoidable complications. Complications are to be expected in high volume practices. However, complications should be approached with well-rounded knowledge and managed accordingly. This chapter presents several of the most common surgical considerations for safe surgery and prevention and management of emergencies in dermatologic surgery.
Age, Brain Damage, and Performance

Intensive investigation of the research literature reveals two relatively consistent results with respect to the effects of brain damage upon behavior. The first is that, following brain damage, the long-term deficits in behavior are rarely as severe as the initial or short-term deficits. In other words, a certain degree of recovery or sparing of function typically occurs following neural trauma (Stein, Rosen, and Butters, 1974). Superimposed upon this general principle, the research literature also frequently reveals that brain damage sustained early in life is often associated with less deleterious effects upon behavior than are found for similar brain damage sustained by the more mature animal. This notion is exemplified by the differential language deficits which follow trauma to neural language regions in young, as opposed to mature, humans. When such neural trauma is sustained early in life, relatively normal language capacity is eventually achieved; however, similar neural damage leads to severe and persistent language difficulties when inflicted in more mature humans. The notion that the infant brain displays greater “plasticity” than the adult brain has almost achieved the status of a principle. We will discuss this issue in the remainder of this chapter in an attempt to determine the validity of the infant plasticity notion.
Assessment of earthquake location accuracy and confidence region estimates using known nuclear tests

I have used the known epicenters and depths of 307 nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and 75 tests at the East Kazakhstan Test Site to compare the distances between actual and calculated hypocenters (mislocations) with calculated location confidence limits (errors). Each test was located using its ISC-compiled P first arrivals, a starting depth of 33 km and the IASP91 velocity model. I also applied azimuth and incident angle-dependent station corrections to the arrival times. The most accurately located tests are those at the Kazakhstan Test Site, where all of the mislocations in latitude and longitude are less than ±10 km and 90% of the depth mislocations are less than 20 km. Bayesian confidence limits calculated from the least-squares covariance matrix satisfactorily account for these mislocations. At the Nevada Test Site, 90% of the mislocations are less than ±9 km in longitude, ±15 km in latitude, and 33 km in depth. The overestimates in depth are compensated for by origin times that are 2 to 5 sec late. The larger mislocations at NTS occur in spite of the fact that the closest recording sites are less than 200 km away, compared to 1800 km away at the Kazakhstan Test Site. A significant fraction of the depth mislocations at NTS are much larger than their calculated errors. I interpret this failure of the calculated errors to adequately account for the NTS mislocations as being due to systematically late arrivals at northwestern American stations relative to the predicted IASP91 values. By using a locally determined three-layer velocity model for the travel times of phases recorded at distances of less than 1500 km, I was able to reduce 90% of the depth mislocations to less than 11 km as well as significantly reducing the latitude, longitude, and origin time mislocations. I conclude that differences between the IASP91 model and velocities in the vicinity of the explosions may introduce a significant bias into the determined depths of nuclear tests. A similar bias would therefore be expected in the similarly determined depths of shallow earthquakes.
Determinación De La Viscosidad A Partir De La Relación De T1Lm/T2Lm De Rmn

En el presente trabajo se muestran los conceptos basicos de los mecanismos de relajacion T1 y T2 que conducen a describir R, la razon de T1 sobre T2, como funcion de la viscosidad, variable esta sumamente importante en la caracterizacion de crudos, especialmente pesados. El resultado de un analisis de datos tomados de la literatura revela que R puede ser representado como una funcion de potencia de la viscosidad: R=0.308*η0.312. R se acerca al valor de dos, para petroleos de viscosidad alrededor 200 cP, aumentando luego hasta valores proximos a diez para viscosidades de 50k cP a 100k cP para 2 MHz de frecuencia de Larmor del hidrogeno. La dependencia R-viscosidad puede explicarse mediante un modelo de relajacion basado en interacciones dipolo-dipolo intramoleculares, considerando que los dipolos cercanos, y no los distantes, son los que mas contribuyen al decaimiento de la relajacion dentro de una molecula. El mecanismo de relajacion se expresa en ecuaciones T1 y T2 como una funcion del producto de la frecuencia de Larmor por el tiempo de correlacion, el cual se asume guarda conexion con la viscosidad. Con datos experimentales de laboratorio se corrobora la validez de la inversion matematica utilizada para determinar R.
Extraretinal photocontrol of oviposition in pinealectomized domestic fowl.

SummaryOviposition response to photo-period was studied in normal, pinealecto-mized, enucleated, and enucleated-pinealectomized chickens. Oviposition pattern in all of the treatments responded to reversal and shifts in the light-dark cycle. Hooded enucleated and enucleated-pinealectomized birds showed the same oviposition response to light reversal as the birds with eyes intact. Oviposition pattern, though entrained by the photoperiod, indicated a definite pattern within the photoperiod. Some birds in all of the treatments exhibited a free-running circadian pattern of oviposition in continuous light. These data demonstrate that photocontrol of oviposition in the chicken occurs without eyes or pineal and that the pineal is not necessary for free-running circadian pattern of oviposition.
BODY DRAG, FEATHER DRAG AND INTERFERENCE DRAG OF THE MOUNTING STRUT IN A PEREGRINE FALCON, FALCO PEREGRINUS

1. 1. The mean, minimum drag coefficients ( C D,B) of a frozen, wingless peregrine falcon body and a smooth-surfaced model of the body were 0.24 and 0.14, respectively, at air speeds between 10.0 and 14.5 ms−1. These values were measured with a drag balance in a wind tunnel, and use the maximum crosssectional area of the body as a reference area. The difference between the values indicates the effect of the feathers on body drag. Both values for CD,B a r e lower than those predicted from most other studies of avian body drag, which yield estimates of CD,B up to 0.41. 2. 2. Several factors must be controlled to measure minimum drag on a frozen body. These include the condition of the feathers, the angle of the head and tail relative to the direction of air flow, and the interference drag generated by the drag balance and the strut on which the body is mounted. 3. 3. This study describes techniques for measuring the interference drag generated by (a) the drag balance and mounting strut together and (b) the mounting strut alone. Corrections for interference drag may reduce the apparent body drag by more than 20%. 4. 4. A gliding Harris' hawk ( Parabuteo unicinctus ), which has a body similar to that of the falcon in size and proportions, has an estimated body drag coefficient of 0.18. This value can be used to compute the profile drag coefficients of Harris' hawk wings when combined with data for this species in the adjoining paper (Tucker and Heine, 1990).
French Urbanism in the Middle East

While only seldom mentioned, France has always played an active role in efforts to shape the spatial and physical structures of the Middle East. This does not imply the presence of large-scale spatial or physical projects of the genre found in other locales with a history of French control. One reason for this is the fact that the French did not view the Middle-East as the valuable prize of colonization that other regions such as Indochina and Africa were. Another reason is the fact that the Middle-East has a rich history of human settlements in particular and built space in general that predated the French colonial enterprise. Nevertheless, marks of French urbanism are difficult to miss in the region. This chapter discusses the genesis and evolution of the most conspicuous of these marks.
Research Note: Surveys of World Social Forum Participants Show Influence of Place and Base in the Global Public Sphere

This article examines survey findings on the political characteristics of attendees of the 2005 and 2007 World Social Forum meetings and the 2007 U.S. Social Forum in Atlanta. At each meeting, social forum attendees were generally less satisfied with the major institutions shaping the global economy and more active within social movements compared to the general population. Nevertheless, there was considerable variation in the political views and activities of attendees across these three venues, attesting to the importance of the forum location and local organizers for shaping participant composition. Differences between respondents from the host city and country and international respondents varied across venues, but local respondents were generally less radical, had fewer affiliations to political organizations, and protested less compared to other respondents.
Biliary obstruction in the newborn

Looking at the problem of biliary atresia from the vantage point of 30 years’ experience with the lesion, we can say with certainty that the jaundiced baby who has had no extrahepatic bile duct has been the most disappointing patient for the surgeon in the whole realm of lesions theoretically correctable by a surgical procedure.
Evidence for a Vessel Wall Defect in Immuno-thrombocytopenic Hamsters

Experimental purpura was produced in the hamster by administration of anti-platelet serum obtained from rabbits previously injected with hamster platelets. Spontaneous petechiae and generalized bleeding were observed. The derangement in the hemostatic mechanism has been analyzed by study of the changes in blood, bone marrow and vessel walls. The platelet count in peripheral blood fell from 9.02 ± 0.85 (x 105) to 0.66 ± 0.32 (x 105) at 24 hours after 2.0 ml. intravenous injection of antiplatelet serum. The red cell and hemoglobin values dropped to 50 per cent before death related to generalized bleeding occurred. Significant changes were seen in the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow. The bleeding time and clot retraction were extended. Evidence for a defect in the vessel wall has been shown by the microelectrode, moccasin snake venom and negative pressure tests. The cause of bleeding has been postulated as a double defect resulting from a decrease of platelets in the circulation and an alteration in the integrity of the vessel wall or perivascular supporting sheath.
Wave Front Correction and Post-Detection Image Reconstruction Under Anisoplanatic Conditions with a Scene-Based Wave Front Sensor

Improving images measured through anisoplanatic turbulence conditions for horizontal and down-looking imaging applications remains a challenge in image science. We have found that on-axis adaptive optics correction of images measured under anisoplanatic conditions followed by multi-frame blind deconvoution (MFBD)-based image reconstruction provides superior final images compared to the raw data or MFBD without predection compensation. The major challenge to on-axis compensation has been the lack of a beacon for wave front sensing. In this paper we examine the utility of the scene-based wave front sensor developed in the field of solar astronomy for using an extended object as the beacon for wave front sensing.
Guidance for Assessment of Poliovirus Vaccination Status and Vaccination of Children Who Have Received Poliovirus Vaccine Outside the United States

In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio). Since then, wild poliovirus (WPV) cases have declined by >99.9%, from an estimated 350,000 cases of polio each year to 74 cases in two countries in 2015 (1). This decrease was achieved primarily through the use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV), which contains types 1, 2, and 3 live, attenuated polioviruses. Since 2000, the United States has exclusively used inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), which contains all three poliovirus types (2,3). In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) set a target of a polio-free world by 2018 (4). Of the three WPV types, type 2 was declared eradicated in September 2015. To remove the risk for infection with circulating type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV), which can lead to paralysis similar to that caused by WPV, all OPV-using countries simultaneously switched in April 2016 from tOPV to bivalent OPV (bOPV), which contains only types 1 and 3 polioviruses (5). This report summarizes current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations for poliovirus vaccination and provides CDC guidance, in the context of the switch from tOPV to bOPV, regarding assessment of vaccination status and vaccination of children who might have received poliovirus vaccine outside the United States, to ensure that children living in the United States (including immigrants and refugees) are protected against all three poliovirus types. This guidance is not new policy and does not change the recommendations of ACIP for poliovirus vaccination in the United States. Children living in the United States who might have received poliovirus vaccination outside the United States should meet ACIP recommendations for poliovirus vaccination, which require protection against all three poliovirus types by age-appropriate vaccination with IPV or tOPV. In the absence of vaccination records indicating receipt of these vaccines, only vaccination or revaccination in accordance with the age-appropriate U.S. IPV schedule is recommended. Serology to assess immunity for children with no or questionable documentation of poliovirus vaccination will no longer be an available option and therefore is no longer recommended, because of increasingly limited availability of antibody testing against type 2 poliovirus.
Entwicklungsmethoden für agentenbasierte Systeme

Neben den Konzepten und Plattformen fur agentenbasierte Systeme spielen Entwicklungsmethoden eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Realisierung von Systemen. Daher betrachtet dieses Kapitel den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft im Bereich Software Engineering fur agentenbasierte Systeme und bringt diese in Zusammenhang mit Automatisierungstechnik. Dabei wird insbesondere auch versucht ausgehend von den existierenden Methoden eine vereinheitliche Sichtweise auf die Entwicklung von agentenbasierten Systemen fur die Automatisierungstechnik zu erlangen.
Some Problems on Dynamic/Periodic Graphs

A dynamic graph is a (locally finite) infinite graph G = (V, E) in which the vertex set is V = {ip:i=1,…, n and p ∈ ℤ}, where ℤ is the set of integers, and the edge set has the following periodic property: (ip, jr) is an edge of E if and only if (ip+1, jr+1) is an edge of E. Dynamic graphs may model a wide range of periodic combinatorial optimization problems in workforce scheduling, vehicle routing, and production scheduling. Here we provide polynomial time algorithms for several elementary problems including the following: determining the connected components, determining the strongly connected components, determining an eulerian path if one exists, and determining a 2-coloring if one exists. (Here, the polynomial is in the finite number of bits needed to describe a dynamic graph.) In each case the problem on the dynamic graphs reduces to a related (but distinct) problem on a finite graph.
Cortical superficial siderosis and first-ever cerebral hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Objective: To investigate whether cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) is associated with increased risk of future first-ever symptomatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) presenting with neurologic symptoms and without ICH. Methods: Consecutive patients meeting modified Boston criteria for probable CAA in the absence of ICH from a single-center cohort were analyzed. cSS and other small vessel disease MRI markers were assessed according to recent consensus recommendations. Patients were followed prospectively for future incident symptomatic lobar ICH. Prespecified Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate cSS and first-ever lobar ICH risk adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The cohort included 236 patients with probable CAA without lobar ICH at baseline. cSS prevalence was 34%. During a median follow-up of 3.26 years (interquartile range 1.42–5.50 years), 27 of 236 patients (11.4%) experienced a first-ever symptomatic lobar ICH. cSS was a predictor of time until first ICH ( p = 0.0007, log-rank test). The risk of symptomatic ICH at 5 years of follow-up was 19% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11%–32%) for patients with cSS at baseline vs 6% (95% CI 3%–12%) for patients without cSS. In multivariable Cox regression models, cSS presence was the only independent predictor of increased symptomatic ICH risk during follow-up (HR 4.04; 95% CI 1.73–9.44, p = 0.001), after adjusting for age, lobar cerebral microbleeds burden, and white matter hyperintensities. Conclusions: cSS is consistently associated with an increased risk of future lobar ICH in CAA with potentially important clinical implications for patient care decisions such as antithrombotic use.
Isotemporal Analysis of the Association of Objectively Measured Physical Activity With Depressive Symptoms: Results From Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

Background:The burden of depression among Hispanics/Latinos indicates the need to identify factors related to depressive symptoms. This paper examines the relationship of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) with depressive symptoms in Hispanic/Latinos.Methods:The Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a population-based, cohort study of Hispanic/Latinos in 4 United States metropolitan areas. Objectively measured PA was coded into: sedentary behavior (SB), light-intensity (LPA), moderate-intensity (MPA), and vigorous-intensity (VPA); and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10 assessed depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis utilizing isotemporal substitution, adjusted for relevant covariates, examined PA as predictors of depressive symptoms.Results:Substitution of 1 hour of SB with VPA resulted in a significant decrease in depressive symptoms (β = –1.215, P = .021). Similar decreases were observed when VPA replaced LPA (β = –1.212, P = ...
Proposed variations of the stepped-wedge design can be used to accommodate multiple interventions.

Abstract Objectives Stepped-wedge design (SWD) cluster-randomized trials have traditionally been used for evaluating a single intervention. We aimed to explore design variants suitable for evaluating multiple interventions in an SWD trial. Study Design and Setting We identified four specific variants of the traditional SWD that would allow two interventions to be conducted within a single cluster-randomized trial: concurrent, replacement, supplementation, and factorial SWDs. These variants were chosen to flexibly accommodate study characteristics that limit a one-size-fits-all approach for multiple interventions. Results In the concurrent SWD, each cluster receives only one intervention, unlike the other variants. The replacement SWD supports two interventions that will not or cannot be used at the same time. The supplementation SWD is appropriate when the second intervention requires the presence of the first intervention, and the factorial SWD supports the evaluation of intervention interactions. The precision for estimating intervention effects varies across the four variants. Conclusion Selection of the appropriate design variant should be driven by the research question while considering the trade-off between the number of steps, number of clusters, restrictions for concurrent implementation of the interventions, lingering effects of each intervention, and precision of the intervention effect estimates.
Timing of First Alcohol Use and First Sex in Male and Female Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose We examined associations between timing of first alcohol use and first sexual intercourse in adolescent males and potential differences in observed associations between males and females. Methods Data were drawn from 4,079 male and 4,059 female participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, aged 12–16 years at the first assessment. Cox proportional hazards regression models were estimated predicting age at first sexual intercourse from age at first alcohol use, without and with adjustment for correlated sociodemographic and individual- and family-level risk factors. Analyses were conducted separately for males and females, with interactions between alcohol use and respondent sex (female vs. male) modeled in subsidiary analyses. Results Onset of first drink was strongly predictive of earlier sexual intercourse for both males and females, with effects of drinking most pronounced for females during early adolescence. Conclusions Results highlight age at first alcohol use as an important predictor of sexual onset in male as well as female adolescents and suggest that effective prevention efforts focusing on delay of sexual intercourse might also focus on delay on alcohol use.
What we are called to do ‘when the unthinkable becomes the thinkable and the impossible really happens’*

Writing this article has been challenging and frustrating, as each passing day brings new assaults against the fundamental values of a democratic society. The core values associated with responsibl...
Targeted Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones) in Telemedicine

Abstract Introduction: Advances in technology have revolutionized the medical field and changed the way healthcare is delivered. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the next wave of technological a...
Grazing enhances belowground carbon allocation, microbial biomass, and soil carbon in a subtropical grassland.

Despite the large contribution of rangeland and pasture to global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, there is considerable uncertainty about the impact of large herbivore grazing on SOC, especially for understudied subtropical grazing lands. It is well known that root system inputs are the source of most grassland SOC, but the impact of grazing on partitioning of carbon allocation to root tissue production compared to fine root exudation is unclear. Given that different forms of root C have differing implications for SOC synthesis and decomposition, this represents a significant gap in knowledge. Root exudates should contribute to SOC primarily after microbial assimilation, and thus promote microbial contributions to SOC based on stabilization of microbial necromass, whereas root litter deposition contributes directly as plant-derived SOC following microbial decomposition. Here, we used in situ isotope pulse-chase methodology paired with plant and soil sampling to link plant carbon allocation patterns with SOC pools in replicated long-term grazing exclosures in subtropical pasture in Florida, USA. We quantified allocation of carbon to root tissue and measured root exudation across grazed and ungrazed plots and quantified lignin phenols to assess the relative contribution of microbial vs. plant products to total SOC. We found that grazing exclusion was associated with dramatically less overall belowground allocation, with lower root biomass, fine root exudates, and microbial biomass. Concurrently, grazed pasture contained greater total SOC, and a larger fraction of SOC that originated from plant tissue deposition, suggesting that higher root litter deposition under grazing promotes greater SOC. We conclude that grazing effects on SOC depend on root system biomass, a pattern that may generalize to other C4-dominated grasslands, especially in the subtropics. Improved understanding of ecological factors underlying root system biomass may be the key to forecasting SOC and optimizing grazing management to enhance SOC accumulation.
Symmetry breaking and localization in a random Schwinger model with commensuration

We numerically investigate a lattice-regularized version of quantum electrodynamics in one spatial dimension (Schwinger model). We work at a density where lattice commensuration effects are important and preclude analytic solution of the problem by bosonization. We therefore numerically investigate the interplay of confinement, lattice commensuration, and disorder in the form of a random chemical potential. We begin by pointing out that the ground state at commensurate filling spontaneously breaks the translational symmetry of the lattice. This feature is absent in the conventional lattice regularization, which breaks the relevant symmetry explicitly, but is present in an alternative (symmetric) regularization that we introduce. Remarkably, the spontaneous symmetry breaking survives the addition of a random chemical potential (which explicitly breaks the relevant symmetry), in apparent contradiction of the Imry-Ma theorem, which forbids symmetry breaking in one dimension with this kind of disorder. We identify the long-range interaction as the key ingredient enabling the system to evade Imry-Ma constraints. We examine spatially resolved energy level statistics for the disordered system, which suggest that the low-energy Hilbert space exhibits ergodicity breaking, with level statistics that fail to follow random matrix theory. A careful examination of the structure of the first excited state reveals that disorder-induced localization is responsible for the deviations from random matrix theory and further reveals that the elementary excitations are charge neutral and therefore not long range interacting.
Radiative Equilibrium of a Gaseous Nebula

For radiatively ionized plasmas with densities exceeding about 102 electrons/cm3, the relaxation times of relevant physical processes are such that we can usually regard a given volume element as being in a steady state. If we can neglect mechanical effects, particularly energy gained or lost by compression or expansion, we can impose the condition of radiative equilibrium or energy balance. The amount of energy absorbed in each volume element then equals the amount emitted.
Statistical Analysis of RFI and Missed Detection in Aquarius Radiometer Measurements

The Aquarius/SAC-D mission operated between August 2011 and June 2015 with the main goal of providing global estimates of sea surface salinity (SSS). It comprised both active and passive microwave sensors operating at L-band to observe the same surface area almost simultaneously. Measurements from both instruments underwent subsequent filtering to mitigate the effect of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). However, RFI cannot always be detected, especially when the level of interfering signals is comparable to that of the natural surface emission. A study was performed here to assess the amount of missed detection in certain ocean region where low-level interference is a problem. The approach is to estimate the statistics of RFI starting from the acquired antenna temperature samples. The statistics are then used to simulate RFI and study its detection by the RFI filter. The results of this simulation are compared with the RFI actually detected in the acquired samples to provide an estimate of the level of missed detection.
Energy, Climate Change and EU Development Policy

Energy is a major focus of EU development policies due to the strong correlation between development and energy. In the context of the sustainability paradigm, energy has become even more important due to the sector’s central role in the fight against climate change. As the largest international donor, the EU contributes to the multilateral energy aid agenda with its own programs and initiatives. While their main purpose is development assistance in the traditional way, the growing economic and geopolitical influence of “emerging donors” and their alternative approach to development assistance, which is strongly beneficial to their own interests, has had an impact on EU development policies. Thus, this chapter analyzes European energy aid in the context of an increasingly climate change-focused multilateral development agenda and a changing geopolitical environment.
Satisfaction in Intensive Care Unit Telemedicine Programs

For well over a decade, intensive care unit (ICU) telemedicine programs have been providing care to patients and families and an invaluable service to many receiving sites that are otherwise outside the traditional reach of high-quality critical care. It will be important that during this growth, outcomes regarding the unique services provided by ICU telemedicine are accurately measured, not the least of which is nursing, provider, and patient and family satisfaction. More work is required to ensure that the voices of those most intimately affected by ICU telemedicine services are heard and that programs are evaluated and adapted in response to these outcomes.
Association Between Organic Food Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk: Findings from the Sister Study (P18-038-19)

Objectives Diet is a source of exposure to pesticides. Organic food consumption may lower cancer risk, possibly due to decreased exposure to pesticides. Few studies have investigated the association between organic food consumption and cancer risk and evidence on the risk of breast cancer is limited.
Using AR Mechanics and Emergent Narratives to Tell Better Stories

In games like BioShock and Half-Life 2, most storytelling does not happen with words. Graphic design, sound design, environmental architecture, and experiential cues put the player in the space, tell the story, and teach users to play the game. Together, these components tell the player what to afraid of, when to run or when to approach with caution, when to draw your gun, and when to jump on a monster’s head.
Abstract 2360: Association of telomere length with colorectal cancer risk and prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide structures at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes. Both shortened as well as elongated telomeres can cause chromosomal instability, thereby influencing the risk and prognosis of several cancers, including colorectal cancer. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to quantitatively assess the association of telomere length with colorectal cancer risk and survival. Following the PRISMA guidelines and using relevant MeSH terms, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases through November 20, 2019 to identify full-text English articles investigating the association of telomere length with colorectal cancer risk and survival. Odds ratios (OR), hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted from the included studies. As the model parametrization differed across studies, we converted all effect estimates into ORs for longest vs shortest quartile. Using the R software “meta”, we calculated overall risk estimates and 95% CIs using a random-effects model and assessed the inter-study heterogeneity using the Cochrane9s Q- test and the I2- statistic. Potential publication bias was assessed by constructing a funnel plot. Results: Of the 385 articles identified from the three databases, 12 studies from Europe, Asia and the United States were eligible for meta-analysis (risk: 8 case-control studies; survival: 4 cohort studies), contributing a total of 34,120 patients for risk analysis and 1,247 patients for survival analysis. In risk-related meta-analysis, we did not observe evidence of an association between leukocyte telomere length and risk of colorectal cancer [overall OR (95% CI): 1.02 (0.96-1.08), P-value =0.50]. This lack of evidence of a relationship did not change even after excluding the two studies with a U-shaped pattern of association between telomere length and risk. Substantial heterogeneity among included studies (I2=68% and Q-test p Discussion: This meta-analysis did not provide conclusive evidence of an association between telomere length and colorectal cancer risk or survival, though the number of published studies on survival are limited. Future larger studies, evaluating a potentially non-linear relationship between telomeres and colorectal cancer and accounting for age, are required to better understand the role of telomeres in colorectal cancer etiology and progression. Citation Format: Svenja Pauleck, Jennifer Sinnot, Richard Viskochil, Benjamin Haaland, Sheetal Hardikar. Association of telomere length with colorectal cancer risk and prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2360.
Opioid use disorder treatment for people experiencing homelessness: A scoping review.

Abstract Background The opioid-related overdose epidemic remains a persistent public health problem in the United States and has been accelerated by the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. Existing, evidence-based treatment options for opioid use disorder (OUD) are broadly underutilized, particularly by people experiencing homelessness (PEH). PEH are also more likely to misuse and overdose on opioids. To better understand current gaps and disparities in OUD treatment experienced by PEH and efforts to address them, we synthesized the literature reporting on the intersection of housing status and OUD treatment. Methods We conducted a scoping review of the literature from the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science Core Collection. We included studies describing treatment-related outcomes specific to PEH and articles assessing OUD treatment interventions tailored to this population. Relevant findings were compiled via thematic analysis and narratively synthesized. Results 60 articles met our inclusion criteria, including 43 descriptive and 17 intervention-focused studies. These studies demonstrated that PEH experience more barriers to OUD treatment than their housed counterparts and access inpatient and detoxification treatment more commonly than pharmacotherapy. However, the reviewed literature indicated that PEH have similar outcomes once engaged in pharmacotherapy. Efficacious interventions for PEH were low-barrier and targeted, with housing interventions also demonstrating benefit. Conclusions PEH have diminished access to evidence-based OUD treatment, particularly medications, and require targeted approaches to improve engagement and retention. To mitigate the disproportionate opioid-related morbidity and mortality PEH experience, innovative, flexible, and interdisciplinary OUD treatment models are necessary, with housing support playing an important role.
Diversity Training Goals, Limitations, and Promise: A Review of the Multidisciplinary Literature.

In this review, we utilize a narrative approach to synthesize the multidisciplinary literature on diversity training. In examining hundreds of articles on the topic, we discovered that the literature is amorphous and complex and does not allow us to reach decisive conclusions regarding best practices in diversity training. We note that scholars of diversity training, when testing the efficacy of their approaches, too often use proxy measures for success that are far removed from the types of consequential outcomes that reflect the purported goals of such trainings. We suggest that the enthusiasm for, and monetary investment in, diversity training has outpaced the available evidence that such programs are effective in achieving their goals. We recommend that researchers and practitioners work together for future investigations to propel the science of diversity training forward. We conclude with a roadmap for how to create a more rigorous and relevant science of diversity training. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Imitation and Catharsis

Certainly our society has achieved its present state of aesthetic development as the result of a process of cumulative change from earlier states; it may be, as I have suggested, that this change follows a rather definite pattern. Evidently the individual recapitulates this — or a portion of this — development during his own history. Further each occasion of appreciation is an activity which moves through a characteristic cycle of development. This activity was called (chapter III) a movement among analogues. The nature of this movement remains to be investigated.
Supervision of Experienced Agency Workers

A descriptive study explored the current state of supervision of experienced social workers in agencies. Demographic information as well as answers pertaining to the quantity, format, content, and assessment of supervision were received from 198 respondents. A significant amount of individual, on-going supervision by social workers continues to be provided in agencies. The positive assessment of supervision included its ability to provide a supportive relationship, increase clinical skills, help meet job requirements, add to professional development, and enhance personal growth. Experienced practitioners continue to want clinical supervision, value autonomy in obtaining it but often feel that social work supervision lacks consistent expertise. Implications for the profession are discussed. A group of process-oriented clinicians with a strong interest in supervision began meeting in the early 1980's to discuss agency-based supervision of master's level social workers. The focus of interest quickly became t...
Genetic analysis of the leucine region in Escherichia coli B-r: gene-enzyme assignments.

Abstract Genetic mapping by transduction and conjugation using F− and F′ strains carrying either point mutations in the l-arabinose or leucine regions or ara-leu fusion-deletion mutations has resulted in a detailed genetic map of the arabinose-leucine region of Escherichia coli B/r. These studies have identified four genes in the leucine region having the same order as found in Salmonella typhimurium: ara... leuDCBA.
Human Capital between Generalists and Specialists: How Does It Impact Innovation?

While human capital theory and upper echelon theory predicts that a firm should innovate better when its CEO possess more human capital, this relationship has been difficult to measure empirically. As a result, little is known about the part that individual CEO plays in explaining innovation performance. In this paper, using a unique dataset on S&P 500 CEO human capital between 1996 and 2003, I examine whether the CEO specific human capital having a critical firm expertise or science expertise affects firm innovation. This paper aims to empirically explore the effects of science specific human capital and firm specific human capital on innovation efficiency. My findings support the idea that CEOs that gather more specific human capital promote better innovation for the firm. I also find that science-specialists CEOs promote innovation performance than firm-specialists CEOs and generalists CEO. My analyses indicate that both types of human capital do matter in the context of innovation. I offer an alternative view of how intangible special human capital promotes firm outcomes by comparative advantages.
Topical dimethylsulfoxide may prevent tissue damage from anthracycline extravasation.

The optimal management of anthracycline extravasation remains unclear. Traditional topical measures to reduce local tissue damage, including corticosteroids, sodium bicarbonate, and ice applications, have not consistently demonstrated beneficial effects. This report describes our experience with four adult patients who suffered anthracycline extravasation and were treated with a regimen of ice, local glucocorticoid injection, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 55%–99% applied topically every 2–4h after extravasation for a minimum of 3 days. In all four cases, pain and erythema resolved within 2 days; in no case did tissue necrosis or skin ulceration occur. Topical DMSO is a safe, inexpensive agent that appears to reduce the risk of anthracycline-induced tissue damage. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose and schedule of DMSO application and to assess its efficacy in extravasation injuries from other vesicants.
The effectiveness of derivative-free hybrid methods for black-box optimisation

Black-box optimisation problems are common in many applications of science and engineering. However, they are complicated in the sense that derivatives are unavailable and approximate derivatives are often unreliable. Moreover, evaluation the objective function and/or the constraints typically requires the results of a computationally expensive simulation. Derivative-free methods have emerged as invaluable for finding solutions to these problems. A wide variety of methods have been developed and each has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we consider a hybrid approach to optimisation which allows the combining of beneficial elements of multiple methods in order to more efficiently search the design space. In this paper, we will first describe four derivative-free optimisation approaches – asynchronous parallel pattern search (APPS), implicit filtering, dividing rectangles (DIRECT), and a genetic algorithm (GA). We will also describe how statistical emulation can be used as an alternative to traditional optimisation. We will give the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Then, we will explain how these five approaches are used to form the hybrids APPS-TGP, DIRECT-IFFCO, DIRECT-TGP, and EAGLS which exploiting the advantages and overcoming the disadvantages of the underlying methods. We also include references to papers which illustrate practical examples of these methods.
Computer simulations of laser hot spots and implosion symmetry kiniform phase plate experiments on Nova

LASNEX computer code simulations have been performed for radiation symmetry experiments on the Nova laser with vacuum and gas-filled hohlraum targets [R. L. Kauffman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 1927 (1998)]. In previous experiments with unsmoothed laser beams, the symmetry was substantially shifted by deflection of the laser beams. In these experiments, laser beams have been smoothed with Kiniform Phase Plates in an attempt to remove deflection of the beams. The experiments have shown that this smoothing significantly improves the agreement with LASNEX calculations of implosion symmetry. The images of laser produced hot spots on the inside of the hohlraum case have been found to differ from LASNEX calculations, suggesting that some beam deflection or self-focusing may still be present or that emission from interpenetrating plasmas is an important component of the images. The measured neutron yields are in good agreement with simulations for vacuum hohlraums but are far different for gas-filled hohlraums.
The Players They are A-Changin': The Rise of Older MMO Gamers

To learn more about demographic characteristics, play behaviors, and motivations of massively multiplayer online gamers over the age of 50, researchers administered a questionnaire to 32,261 Wizard...