cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence monitoring of unstained protein bands in acrylamide gel

Abstract A general method for detecting and quantitation of unstained protein bands in an electrophoretic supporting gel is described. The fluorescence emission of the aromatic amino acids is monitored with the aid of a simple mechanism for advancing the tube of gel past the slit of a fluorometer. This procedure is presently being utilized for the routine surveying of protein separations. It should also lend itself to the automatic clinical analysis of serum proteins.
Autoxidation of tissue lipids. I. Incorporation of dietary fatty acids and formation of monocarbonyl compounds in adipose tissue lipids of the vitamin E-deficient rat.

Male weanling rats were fed vitamin E-deficient and vitamin E-supplemented diets containing 5% corn oil or cod-liver oil for 16 weeks, after which their adipose tissue lipids were extracted and analyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere for carbonyl compounds and fatty acids.
Middlemen and agents in the procurement of paddy: Institutional arrangements from the rural Philippines

Abstract Using transaction cost economics (TCE) as the framework of analysis, this article examines some of the specific institutional arrangements that arise when small, village-based paddy traders and local farmers are used as middlemen and commission agents, respectively, to procure paddy supplies for large rice millers, traders, and retailers/wholesalers in the rural Philippines. I find that the institutional arrangements examined in this article generally conform to the propositions set forth in the TCE literature. That is, as trnsactions involve specific investments in capital or knowledge, the governance structure will tend to be specific and bilateral, while more standard transactions are best governed by the market. In addition, this article also discusses why one form of contracting mode may be preferred to alternative contracting modes.
Application of a flow-through catalytic membrane reactor (FTCMR) for the destruction of a chemical warfare simulant

Abstract In this study the flow-through catalytic membrane reactor (FTCMR) concept is applied in the thermal oxidation of a chemical warfare simulant, namely dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), in air. Preliminary experiments under different DMMP feed concentrations and reactor temperatures (373–573 K) have demonstrated the potential advantage of the FTCMR concept in the catalytic oxidation of DMMP. Complete destruction of various concentrations of DMMP in air was achieved at lower temperatures, with the FTCMR showing superior performance when compared to a wall-coated, plug-flow reactor (monolith) containing the same amount of catalytic metal. A mathematical model has also been developed in order to provide a better understanding of the fundamental transport phenomena underpinning the FTCMR operation. The model makes use of the Dusty-Gas formulation of transport, and incorporates continuum and Knudsen diffusion, as well as viscous flow as the mechanisms for gas transport through the porous membrane. The model is used for identifying the advantages of the FTCMR concept in comparison with the wall-coated catalytic monolith, and also for investigating some of the limitations, which may exist in applying this concept for the complete oxidation of chemical warfare simulants. The results of the model support the superiority of the FTCMR concept over the more conventional plug-flow monolith reactor.
A Review and Conceptual Framework for Integrating Leadership into Clinical Practice

Context: The purpose of this review is to assess leadership education and practice in athletic training. Leadership is a critical component of athletic training and health care. Leadership research in athletic training is dramatically behind other health care professions. Objective: To develop a model for integrating leadership behavior and education into clinical practice and athletic training education that is based on review of leadership literature within athletic training and to introduce a conceptual framework from which to base future dialogue and by which to describe and assess the demonstration of leadership within athletic training. Data Source: PubMed and CINAHL served as the data sources for the allied health fields and were limited to athletic training and nursing. Other data sources included EBSCO Business Source Complete, ERIC, and leadership and management texts. Data Synthesis: The role and presence of leadership behaviors and skills in athletic training journals were reviewed and summarized. A general overview of the various leadership theories is presented. Conclusions: Leadership behavior can facilitate the transfer of professional behavior and performance from classroom to clinical practice; however, leadership may be perceived to be less important than clinical skills. A model for integrating leadership into athletic training is presented with implications for practice. As athletic training continues to evolve, the need to formalize leadership development for athletic trainers may be warranted. Focusing on the structure and function of leadership behaviors and content may help advance athletic training and align it with other health professions relative to leadership research.
Coupled shear-torsional motion of a rubber support system

The finite amplitude, coupled shear-torsional motion of a circular disk supported between identical rubber spring cylinders is studied. The material of the springs is assumed to be an incompressible elastic material. The oscillatory motion oscillatory of the disk is studied for two different cases. In the first case, the material of the spring is assumed to be an incompressible elastic material whose response functions are constants. Typical examples include the Mooney-Rivlin model. The motion of the disk in this case is governed by two independent equations whose closed form solutions are noted. For the second case, the material of the spring is assumed to be an incompressible quadratic material. The motion oscillatory of the disk in this case is governed by two coupled nonlinear differential equations. The stability properties of small shearing oscillation superimposed on finite torsion and small torsional oscillation superimposed on finite shearing are studied.
Toxicology tests with aquatic animals need to consider the trophic transfer of metals

Water quality criteria for metals have largely been based on toxicity tests in which organisms are exposed to dissolved metals, often at concentrations that exceed by several orders of magnitude those which are found even in contaminated waters; these tests assume that ecological impacts can be extrapolated from acute toxicity assessments. We have shown that when marine copepods are exposed to metals (Ag, Cd, Hg, Se, Zn) through their diet the reproductive capacity decreases by up to 75% because fewer eggs are produced and the hatching success of the eggs which are produced is diminished. These sublethal effects occur at metal concentrations that are 2-3 orders of magnitude below acutely toxic concentrations. Metals accumulated in copepods by trophic transfer deposit in internal tissues, and only modest increases above background levels can depress reproductive capability. Metals accumulated from the dissolved phase deposit primarily on external surfaces, where they have negligible effects at environmentally realistic concentrations. Toxicity tests must consider the bioaccumulation of metals from dietary exposure in order to account for sublethal effects at metal concentrations that are comparable to those in contaminated waters.
The Value of Civility

This essay argues for civility's vital place in contemporary urban life. Contrary to many critics who see civility as a conservative or nostalgic virtue deployed to repress difference and frustrate...
Principal nilpotent pairs in a semisimple Lie algebra 1

This is the first of a series of papers devoted to certain pairs of commuting nilpotent elements in a semisimple Lie algebra that enjoy quite remarkable properties and which are expected to play a major role in Representation theory. The properties of these pairs and their role is similar to those of the principal nilpotents. Each principal nilpotent pair gives rise to a harmonic polynomial on the Cartesian square of the Cartan subalgebra, that transforms under an irreducible representation of the Weyl group. In the special case of ?? n the conjugacy classes of principal nilpotent pairs and the irreducible representations of the symmetric group, S n , are both parametrised (in a compatible way) by Young diagrams. In general, our theory provides a natural generalization to arbitrary Weyl groups of the classical construction of simple S n -modules in terms of Young’s symmetrisers. First results towards a complete classification of all principal nilpotent pairs in a simple Lie algebra are presented at the end of this paper in an Appendix, written by A. Elashvili and D. Panyushev.
Analysis of boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow in porous media with non-uniform porosity

Abstract An analytical model is presented for the two-phase transport which results from bottom heating of a liquid-saturated porous medium whose porosity varies with height. In this model, the difference between the bottom and the ambient porosity levels is assumed to diminish exponentially. Such a distribution may arise, for example, due to non-uniform distribution of particle sizes in a particle bed. The model applies to flows driven by both buoyancy and capillary effects. Numerical solution of the governing equations for a steam-water system indicates that variation of the porosity profile strongly affects the height of the two-phase zone and the temperature difference across the two-phase layer. Decreasing the porosity locally near the heated surface may increase or decrease the length of the two-phase zone depending on the size of the region of decreased porosity. In addition, decreasing the porosity near the surface is found to significantly increase the temperature difference across the two-phase zone, whereas increasing the porosity at the surface has the opposite effect. The lower-limit of heat flux at which capillary forces affect the two-phase transport has also been calculated. The computed results indicate that even when the region of porosity variation is small, this limit can be changed significantly when the porosity profile near the surface is altered.
Effect of liver transplantation on spleen size, collateral veins, and platelet counts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of liver transplantation on the spleen size, spontaneous splenorenal shunt (SRS) function, and platelet counts in patients with hypersplenism. Between December 2001 and February 2007, 462 adult patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTX) at our institution. Of these patients, CT or MRI information was reviewed retrospectively in 55 patients. Volume measurements of the spleen and liver, spleen/liver volume ratio (S/L ratio), presence and size of SRS, and platelet counts were evaluated before and after OLTX. Mean spleen volume decreased from 827 ± 463 ml to 662 ± 376 ml after OLTX (p 0.35 was not as good as that in the group with S/L ratio 0.35 tend to have lower platelet counts after OLTX.
Determinants of adult age differences on synthetic work performance.

Synthetic work research is designed to simulate complex work activities by requiring participants to perform several concurrent tasks. The current project consisted of 2 studies in which adults of different ages performed 4 tasks during 25 sessions in a synthetic work situation in 5-min periods across 3 days. Large age differences were evident in the total score in both studies, and they were maintained across all stages of practice. Detailed analyses revealed that with increased age adults in this time management activity were less likely to perform self-paced tasks and to attempt difficult auditory discrimination judgments. Very little independent age-related influences were evident after the initial few sessions on the task. More than 70% of the age-related variance after nearly 2 hr of practice was shared with measures of processing speed obtained before performing the tasks. These results suggest that age-related differences in basic processing efficiency may be responsible for a large proportion of the age-related influences on the performance of moderately complex activities presumed to be similar to those likely to be encountered in a variety of work situations. A potential implication of the results of these studies is that increased age is likely to be a disadvantage in at least the initial phases of performance in many jobs.'
Measurement of the Solubilities of Vinylic Monomers in Water

In aqueous emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization, the product may be dependent upon the ability of the monomer(s) to diffuse across the continuous aqueous phase. This, in turn, is dependent upon the solubility of the monomer in the aqueous phase. Reference solubilities are often difficult to find or measure using different methods and temperatures. This paper presents the solubilities of a number of low-solubility monomers at 60 °C, using the multiple headspace extraction gas chromatography technique described by Chai et al. (J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, in press). The data were collected under uniform conditions and provide a base for judging relative solubilities. These data will be useful not only as absolute measurements of water solubility but also as a tool to judge the relative solubilities of various monomers.
Exchange bias relaxation in reverse magnetic fields

The time dependence associated with the so-called exchange bias in coupled polycrystalline ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic films has been suspected as arising from antiferromagnetic domain dynamics. In this paper we present a quantitative description of the nucleation and growth of antiferromagnetic domains based on the Kolmogorov-Avrami model, which describes the time dependence of the exchange bias in all the systems for which data could be found.
Acute renal failure following low osmolality radiocontrast dye

It is hoped that recently released low osmolality radiocontrast agents (RCAs) will have a lower nephrotoxic potential, since dye nephropathy may be related to hyperosmolality. We report here 2 cases of typical oliguric dye nephropathy in patients without risk factors for dye nephropathy. These cases show that these new agents do have nephrotoxic potential.
ACTION AND ASPECT IN ENGLISH VERB EXPRESSIONS

It is well known that some English verbs and expansions thereof name states rather than events or processes. It is also known that linked to the inherent durative aspect of stative verbs there is another, nonaspectual, feature: such verbs are not used with an active (agential) subject. However, we must not conclude from this that nonstative verbs necessarily name activities. It is easy to find examples of events and processes which are not activities. The co-occurrence restrictions which define aspectual categories such as event or process are quite distinct from those which lead to the activity-nonactivity categorization. The system must include both dimensions.
Laser microirradiation of cerebellar neurons in culture. Electrophysiological and morphological effects.

Electrophysiological and ultrastructural effects of focused laser radiation on neurons from neonatal rat cerebellum in tissue culture are reported. Action potentials were elicited by an extracellular current pulse train. The stimulator voltage required for half-maximum response frequency was measured as a function of the energy delivered by a single laser pulse. Above a “threshold” laser energy, the cell response to stimulation became negligible for all stimulator voltages. Electron micrographs of cells revealed that the mitochondria are preferentially damaged at an energy comparable to the electrophysiological threshold. The damaged mitochondria showed swollen matrix space and disrupted cristae membranes. Higher laser energies resulted in damage to other cytoplasmic structures. The results are consistent with a model that assumes that light interaction with the nerve cells proceeds by local heating of the mitochondria and nearby structures and leads to an increased conductance of the membrane to some ionic species.
Resolution issues in optical diffusion tomography

Objects hidden in human tissue can be imaged using optical diffusion tomography. Here we demonstrate that high modulation frequencies lead to better spatial resolution for the measured data in comparison to the data with low modulation frequencies, whereas the converse is true for postprocessed images. Furthermore, based on the turbid-media version of diffraction tomography, we can also characterize the hidden object using low-frequency (or DC) data measured in a planar geometry.
Purpose in life and reduced incidence of stroke in older adults: 'The Health and Retirement Study'.

Abstract Objective To determine whether purpose in life is associated with reduced stroke incidence among older adults after adjusting for relevant sociodemographic, behavioral, biological, and psychosocial factors. Methods We used prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel study of American adults over the age of 50. 6739 adults who were stroke-free at baseline were examined. A multiple imputation technique was used to account for missing data. Purpose in life was measured using a validated adaptation of Ryff and Keyes' Scales of Psychological Well-Being. After controlling for a comprehensive list of covariates, we assessed the odds of stroke incidence over a four-year period. We used psychological and covariate data collected in 2006, along with occurrences of stroke reported in 2008, 2010, and during exit interviews. Covariates included sociodemographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, total wealth, functional status), health behaviors (smoking, exercise, alcohol use), biological factors (hypertension, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, heart disease), negative psychological factors (depression, anxiety, cynical hostility, negative affect), and positive psychological factors (optimism, positive affect, and social participation). Results Greater baseline purpose in life was associated with a reduced likelihood of stroke during the four-year follow-up. In a model that adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, total wealth, and functional status, each standard deviation increase in purpose was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 0.78 for stroke (95% CI, 0.67–0.91, p = .002). Purpose remained significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of stroke after adjusting for several additional covariates including: health behaviors, biological factors, and psychological factors. Conclusion Among older American adults, greater purpose in life is linked with a lower risk of stroke.
Complications of esophagoscopy in an academic training program

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of flexible versus rigid esophagoscopy in an academic training setting. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary academic training center. Subjects and Methods A retrospective medical record review was performed on all adult patients undergoing esophagoscopy from 2002 to 2007. Results A total of 546 procedures were performed with flexible (n = 276) or rigid (n = 270) endoscopes. Seven esophageal perforations (2.6%) occurred, all in association with rigid endoscopy and all in patients with a history of head and neck cancer. Esophageal perforation rates were associated with attending level of experience. There were no deaths. No synchronous esophageal cancers were found in any patient undergoing panendoscopy for the evaluation of a head and neck cancer. Conclusion The 2.6 percent esophageal perforation rate observed in this study is higher than that typically reported for rigid esophagoscopy. When performed as part of routine panendoscopy, no synchronous esophageal tumors were found, questioning the value of esophagoscopy in this setting. All perforations occurred in patients with a history of head and neck cancer and were associated with the level of the surgeon's experience in performing rigid endoscopy.
Facilitating human interaction in an online programming course

Human/human interaction is a critical component of learning in many domains including introductory computer programming. For on-campus courses, lectures and problem sessions provide opportunities for students to interact with the instructor(s) and their peers. For online courses, opportunities for human/human interaction are more limited and usually correspond to activities like forum postings and online study groups. For online programming courses, the situation is potentially even worse since many of the computational tools designed to facilitate learning to program, such as unit testing, emphasize human/machine interaction and can be frustrating for beginning students. In this paper, the authors describe their experience in teaching an introductory programming MOOC. The guiding philosophy for this course is that learning to program should be a social experience that emphasizes human/human interaction, not human/machine interaction. Both the tools and assessment methods deployed in this course were chosen to help achieve this goal. In particular, this paper discusses a key tool that supports human/human interaction and several aspects of the course that contributed to its success.
X-ray lithography: Part I&#8212;Design criteria for optimizing resist energy absorption; part II&#8212;Pattern replication with polymer masks

An X-ray lithography system is analyzed in terms of maximizing the absorbed energy density in the resist. The individual factors, such as X-ray quantum efficiency, electron-beam energy, wavelength, power dissipated in the anode, and the possible use of an X-ray window are discussed. It is shown that K-line radiation from an Al or Si source is the most efficient for mask membranes of either Si or a thin polymer film without an X-ray window and for a thin Be window. For thick Be windows, L-line radiation sources become more efficient. Fabrication procedures have been developed in our Laboratories for polymer film X-ray masks using both photo and electron-beam lithography. The advantages and disadvantages of such masks are discussed. Etched SiO 2 patterns made using polymer film masks show excellent replication of the mask patterns.
Short tandem repeats are associated with diverse mRNAs encoding membrane-targeted proteins.

Within the genomes of multicellular organisms, short tandem repeating sequences (STRs) are ubiquitous, yet usage patterns remain obscure. The repeats (AC)n and (GU)n appear frequently in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). To investigate STR usage patterns, we used three approaches: (1) comparisons of individual mRNA database sequences including annotations and linked references, (2) statistical analysis of complete, UTR databases and (3) study of a large gene family, the aquaporins. Among 500 (AC)n- or (GU)n-containing mRNAs, 58 (12%) had known functions. Of these, 50 (86%) encoded proteins whose activities involved membranes or lipids, including integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, ion channels, lipid enzymes, receptors and secreted proteins. A control sequence (AU)n also occurred in mRNAs, but only 5% encoded membrane-related functions. Investigation of all reported 3′ UTR sequences, demonstrated that the STR (AC)n was 9 times more common in mRNAs encoding membrane functions than in the total UTR database (P < 0.001). Similarly, (GU)n was 8 times more common in membrane-function mRNAs than in the total database (P < 0.001). These observations suggest that (AC)n and (GU)n may be UTR signals for some mRNAs encoding membrane-targeted proteins. This article contains supplementary material which may be viewed at the BioEssays website at http://www.interscience.wiley. com/jpages/0265-9247/suppmat/index.html. BioEssays 26:434–444, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discussion of Protein Symposium

Abstract The 3 invited and 14 poster presentations provided information on digestion and metabolism of protein and effects of protein on milk yield. Flow of amino acids to the small intestine is determined by ruminal degradation of dietary protein and synthesis of microbial protein. These are dynamic processes that cannot be described by static transfer coefficients. Flux of ruminal ammonia is the primary determinant of nitrogen economy. Sources of ammonia include degraded dietary protein, degraded microbial protein, saliva, protozoal excretion, and endogenous protein. Ammonia leaves the rumen by absorption, by incorporation into microbial cells that leave the rumen, and in fluids passing out of the rumen. Intestinal absorption of amino acids appears relatively constant over a wide range of diets. Proportions of fecal protein that are of dietary and of metabolic origin are not defined well. Metabolic fecal protein is the most variable factor in the new protein systems. Information on utilization of absorbed amino acids is limited. Protein can increase milk yield by providing more amino acids, by increasing available energy, and by altering efficiency of utilization of absorbed nutrients. There is need for additional information on the comparative lactational value of protein sources, amounts of protein that maximize economic return, and the lactational value of protecting proteins and amino acids from ruminal degradation. Adverse effects of excess protein on production and reproduction warrant further investigation. New systems of protein evaluation provide a framework for formulating diets from digestive and metabolic processes. Metabolically, dairy cows are in dynamic state with patterns of nutrient use and demand changing with the lactation cycle. Because information on digestion and metabolism of protein in dairy cattle is limited, we rely heavily upon data from nonlactating cattle and sheep. As additional information becomes available, dynamic models of protein nutrition will be used to provide recommendations for specific phases of the lactation cycle rather than for milk production per se.
Practical phase identification by convergent beam electron diffraction

The purpose of this article is to present a practical guide to the identification of phases in the analytical electron microscope with the aid of convergent beam electron diffraction. There is included a step-by-step approach to phase analysis, from the possible choices of the form of the specimen through how to explore reciprocal space in order to perform a full phase identification, either by symmetry analysis or by simple comparison of a pattern observed in the microscope with a previously recorded pattern (fingerprinting). There is a strong emphasis on practical hints and useful shortcuts.
The effect of clay slimes on coal flotation, part I: The nature of the clay

Abstract The role of slimes in coal flotation has been the subject of controversy in the literature, and the present study is designed to determine the effect of the nature of the clay on coal flotation. Kaolinite and illite, which do not significantly depress coal flotation, contaminate the floated clean coal largely by carry-over with the froth, though electrostatic attachment to the coal contributes in a lesser way to the ash content of the froth. Bentonite greatly depresses all but the most hydrophobic of coals by armour-coating of the bubbles, preventing coarse particle attachment, and increasing slime coatings, all because of its high surface area, charged sites, and ion-exchange-capacity. Common clay dispersants were found to depress coal flotation. Fuel oil improves coal recovery in the presence of clay slimes, but the ash and pyrite content of the floated coal also increases.
Effects of intraoral prosthetics on swallowing in patients with oral cancer.

The swallowing patterns of four patients with oral cancer with intraoral palate reshaping/lowering prostheses were studied with and without their prostheses 3 months postoperatively. The prostheses resulted in improved swallow efficiency, increased duration of tongue contact to the pharyngeal wall, and improved speed of movement of the bolus from the valleculae to the pyriform sinus. These results emphasize the effects of the tongue on the pharyngeal as well as oral stage of the swallow.
In situ SAXS studies of the structural changes of sepiolite clay and sepiolite-carbon composites with temperature.

In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies have been conducted to monitor the structural changes of sepiolite clay upon heating. The samples were heated first under nitrogen to establish the temperature at which pure sepiolite folds. Then, propylene was incorporated into the sepiolite channels and carbonized in situ. SAXS results indicate that the incorporation of carbon raises the structural stability of sepiolite in that the folding temperature increases from 465 °C to near 550 °C.
A review of conceptual models for assistive technology outcomes research and practice.

Predictive conceptual models help us frame research questions, interpret results, and guide clinical practice. Although numerous models have appeared in the assistive technology (AT) literature, none has been shown to predict AT usage. The lack of a valid predictive model indicates the need for development of new approaches to modeling AT outcomes. This article proposes a user-centered conceptual model that predicts AT usage as a function of the perceived relative advantages of AT. Device usage is not modeled as a one-time, all-or-nothing proposition, but as a decision process recurring over time. The influence of parallel interventions working concurrently with, or as an alternative to, AT is a central consideration that ultimately drives AT usage. Usage is shown as a proximal influence on AT impact, and AT impact is shown to be a predictor of future use. Research is cited supporting various elements of the new model.
Directional separation and the size cue to distance.

The effectiveness of the relative size cue to distance as a function of directional separation was investigated with the successive presentation of two luminous frames of the same shape but different visual angle. Either 0° or 180° of separation occurred between the successive presentations. In Exp. I the frames at 5 feet were viewed monocularly through a restrictive aperture. In Exp. II, the same frames were viewed monocularly through a lens such that the frames were at an accommodative distance of 100 feet. Reports of both the size and distance of the frames were obtained in each of the experiments. The results were analyzed in terms of the absolute size cue to distance occurring on the first presentations as well as the relative size cue to distance occurring between presentations. There was a tendency (not always statistically significant) to report the smaller frame at a farther distance than the larger frame, but only in Exp. II is there evidence that this tendency was greater on second than on first presentations. Therefore in Exp. II the relative size cue to distance was demonstrated to occur independently of the absolute size cue and it occurred at least as readily for the 180° as for the 0° separation between successive presentations. In both experiments the results from the size reports provide evidence for the presence of the relative size cue between successive presentations for both the 180° and 0° separations. It is concluded that the relative size cue is as effective when O must turn 180° to view the successive stimuli as when the successive stimuli are presented along the same line of sight. The procedure that is sometimes used of employing large directional separations in an attempt to avoid the relative size cue is, therefore, considered to be inappropriate. The results of the study were discussed in relation to a distinction between cognitive and perceptual processes in judgments of size and distance. Both the data of the present study and other results in the literature such as the size-distance paradox were analyzed in terms of a schema in which perceptual processes provided a basis for the rapid utilization of cognitive information.
Comments on "A Measure of Computational Work"

This note indicates some difficulties in applying the above paper's1computational "work measure."
Possible insomnia predicts some risky behaviors among adolescents when controlling for depressive symptoms

This study investigated whether previously reported links between sleep and risk taking among adolescents (E. M. O'Brien & J. A. Mindell, 2005) are associated-concurrently, longitudinally, or both-with sleep or underlying depression. The present study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 4,353 adolescents in the United States who had participated in Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (J. R. Udry, 1998). In the present study, grade, gender, depressive symptoms, and possible insomnia served as predictor variables to calculate the odds ratios for 4 categories of risky behaviors. After the authors accounted for other predictors, possible insomnia significantly predicted smoking, delinquency (within each wave but not longitudinally), and drinking and driving (Wave II and longitudinally). Possible insomnia may contribute to some types of risky behaviors over the effects of depressive symptoms.
A well‐layered Earth

Shortly after its accretion, Earth was both hot and heterogeneous, according to Don Anderson of the Seismological Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, President-Elect of AGU. In a talk to be presented at the 1987 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Anderson draws on advances in seismology, petrology, and geochemistry for a hypothesis that Earth's mantle has been well differentiated, made up of concentric layers of different kinds of rock, throughout its history.
Salmonella test positive and negative carcinogens show different effects on intrachromosomal recombination in G2 cell cycle arrested yeast cells

There is considerable controversy about the extrapolation of results obtained with high doses of chemicals in long-term and animal carcinogenesis studies to the low doses human beings are exposed to. In the present study, we compare the effect of Salmonella test positive carcinogens, ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and gamma-rays versus Salmonella test negative carcinogens, benzene, safrole, urethane, thiourea and carbon tetrachloride over a dose range of 10(4)-fold on the frequency of intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This short-term test is positive with both kinds of carcinogens. The Salmonella test negative carcinogens safrole, benzene and carbon tetrachloride induced intrachromosomal recombination to much higher levels in G2 arrested cells compared to growing cells; the reverse was true for the Salmonella test positive carcinogens. The Salmonella test positive carcinogens caused an almost linear dose response for induction of intrachromosomal recombination starting at a dose 100- to 1000-fold below the lowest toxic dose. In contrast, all Salmonella test negative carcinogens showed a sharp threshold below which no effect was detected, and the first effective dose for induction of intrachromosomal recombination was the first toxic dose.
A real-time meteorological-based troposphere (RMT) correction with integrity bound for long baseline DGPS

This paper concentrates on the analysis of a real-time meteorological (MET)-based troposphere (RMT) model where MET data are used in real-time to provide troposphere error corrections with a bounded level of integrity for a prototype National Differential Global Positioning System-High Performance (NDGPS-HP) architecture. Toward this goal, three aspects are studied for this approach: sensitivity analysis, accuracy assessment, and integrity analysis. A Hopfield zenith delay and Chao mapping function models were chosen as a good compromise between accuracy and complexity in the integrity analysis. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the Hopfield model is mostly sensitive to hot humid conditions, which is compounded slightly more and where some relative humidity sensors are less accurate. The accuracy assessment was performed with respect to both absolute and relative accuracy. In the absolute accuracy assessment, the comparison was made in terms of zenith troposphere delay estimation error, with respect to the International GPS Service (IGS) final troposphere zenith path delay (ZPD) product, which was used as the true ZPD. For locations where IGS stations are not available, a relative accuracy assessment was performed whereby comparisons were made in terms of GPS double difference (DD) carrier-phase troposphere correction residuals using various techniques. The accuracy assessment results indicate that the RMT has insignificant differences from the prototype National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) troposphere error forecast model. An integrity analysis was performed, which presents integrity bounds for the RMT that can be applied to a NDGPS-HP architecture in which integrity requirements exist. The overriding goal of this effort was to establish a preliminary real-time troposphere error estimation model, with defined levels of integrity in its troposphere error estimation that can be included in an NDGPS-HP architecture, where integrity is a key system requirement. The conclusion is drawn that the RMT model may be well suited for a variety of users within a NDGPS-HP architecture.
Female Fertility and the Body Fat Connection

Female Fertility and the Body Fat Connection. By Rose E. Frisch. University of Chicago Press 2002.
Audiogenic seizures and brain extracts: enhancement by extracts from C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming.

Abstract Donor C57BL/6J mice were given audiogenic priming (AP) by exposure to noise at 16 days of age (T o ) and sacrified at intervals from 1 hr to 18 days thereafter. Brains from AP and littermate non-AP mice were extracted in 1 M acetic acid, and passed through a filter with a nominal mol. wt. cutoff of 10,000 daltons. The filtrates were lyophilized and resuspended in H 2 O (0.1 ml/brain). Recipient C57BL/6J mice were also exposed to 30 sec of 127 ± 2 dBA at 16 days of age, and injected IP with one brain-equivalent of extracts from either AP or non-AP donors immediately thereafter. All recipients were tested for convulsability at 18 days of age. There were no differences in audiogenic convulsion rates between groups given AP or non-AP extracts from donors sacrificed 1 to 4 hr after T o . Recipient convulsion rates were higher in AP relative to non-AP extract-injected mice when AP donors were sacrificed 1 to 18 days after T o . The extract taken from donors 1 day after T o appears more potent than extract taken either before or later.
Theoretical studies of droplet deformation in finite Reynolds number flows

A numerical technique is presented for the study of drops and particles in three-dimensional flows. Solutions have been obtained for uniform flow past drops, and for linear shear flows past particles and drops. The results indicate that, at low Reynolds (Re) and finite Weber (We) numbers, the drops deform to spherical cap shapes; as the Reynolds number is increased, the shapes become ellipsoidal. Coincident with the ellipsoidal shapes is the appearance of a detached recirculating eddy on the downstream side of the drop. For non-zero shear rates, the lift coefficient is approximately constant over a wide range of intermediate Reynolds numbers. At low Reynolds numbers and shear rates, the lift coefficient varies as Re-1/2 for constant shear rate.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transport of electron thermal energy in high temperature plasmas

The nature of the anomalous transport of electron thermal energy in existing experiments on magnetically confined toroidal plasmas is discussed and a new form of the relevant electron thermal conductivity, that is consistent with the observed temperature profiles, is presented.
Histone H2B subtypes are dispensable during the yeast cell cycle

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two histone H2B protein subtypes, H2B1 and H2B2, which differ at 4 of 130 amino acids. We describe experiments that test whether both histone H2B subtypes are required for the completion of any stage in the yeast life cycle. Frameshift mutations were introduced into cloned copies of the H2B1 and H2B2 genes. These altered genes were integrated into the yeast genome by transformation and replaced the wild-type genes through recombination. We thus obtained strains that lacked functional H2B1 or H2B2 proteins. These mutant strains survive as haploids and homozygous diploids. During vegetative growth, they divide at the same rate as wild-type cells and are able to mate, sporulate and germinate. The h2b1 − cells grew more slowly after germination than h2b2 − or wild-type spores, but otherwise the mutants were indistinguishable from each other or from wild-type cells. We also attempted to make a strain that was mutant in both genes for H2B. We examined spores derived from a diploid that is heterozygous for both histone mutations. The two genes assort independently, so we expect one in four spores to be h2b1 − h2b2 − . Of 61 spore colonies examined, none was mutant at both loci. Our results indicate that the double mutant can germinate and bud once but cannot grow further. Since the yeast life cycle can be completed in the absence of either but not both histone H2B subtypes, we conclude that neither protein has a unique essential function.
Atomic and Electronic Structure Investigations of HfO2/SiO2/Si Gate Stacks Using Aberration‐Corrected STEM

Aberration correction in scanning transmission electron microscopy represents a major breakthrough in transmission electron microscopy, enabling the formation of sub‐Angstrom probe sizes. Thus, electron microscopy achieved single atom sensitivity. Here, we show how this technique with its unique spatial resolution in combination with high‐resolution electron energy‐loss spectroscopy can be used to investigate atomic and electronic structures of semiconductor interfaces with single atom sensitivity. We employ a Si/HfO2/SiO2/Si high‐k dielectric interface to show the presence of single Hf atoms in the SiO2 interlayer. Furthermore, we demonstrate how local dielectric properties and local band structure information can be obtained by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy.
NO DEPTH TO NEUROGLOBIN

![Figure][1] Discovered less than a decade ago, and reported in all vertebrate phyla, the function of the oxygen-binding neuronal heme protein neuroglobin has yet to be determined. Suggested roles include oxygen storage or transport, regenerating NAD+ under anaerobic conditions, or acting as
Quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus

This study reports the impact of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the quality of life of 37 SLE patients by using two quality of life (QOL) instruments, the Sickness Impact Profile and the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2. Findings suggested that SLE affects all areas that are considered essential for QOL including alertness behavior, recreation/pastime, sleep and rest, home management, social interaction, and emotional balance. Findings suggest that in the management of chronic illnesses such as SLE, QOL assessments may provide health care professionals with data that would enhance the likelihood of designing holistic interventions.
Parvovirus B19 replication in human umbilical cord blood cells

Abstract The human parvovirus B19 is now known to be one of the causative agents of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and spontaneous abortions in pregnant women. The presence of the viral proteins and antibodies in fetuses of B19-infected women suggests that the virus can cross the placental barrier. In order to gain an insight into the mechanism of intrauterine fetal infection and the virus-induced hydrops fetalis, we examined whether human umbilical cord blood cells were permissive for B19 replication. Cord blood cells were infected with B1 9 in vitro, and Southern blot analyses of low Mr DNA isolated from these cells revealed the presence of the characteristic replicative intermediates of B19 DNA. In addition, B19 genome expression in cord blood cells was detected by Northern blot analysis. Quantitative DNA dot blot analysis of culture supernatants documented complete assembly and release of B19 progeny virions in these cells. The progeny virions were biologically active in secondary infections of normal human bone marrow cells. The human umbilical cord blood cells may be a useful alternative to bone marrow and fetal liver culture systems for further studies on B19 since the need for bone marrow donors is obviated and, unlike fetal tissues, there are no ethical questions associated with the experimental use of cord blood because it is normally discarded. These studies also suggest that the umbilical cord blood may be a site for active replication of parvovirus B19 in vivo and may thus provide a means for transmission of the virus during intrauterine fetal infections.
The formation of radiolabeled N1- and N8-acetylspermidine in various rat organs following [14C]spermidine administration.

Abstract 1. 1. To detect the in vivo formation of acetylspermidine, three female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with 20 μCi of [14C]spermidine. 2. 2. Twenty-four hours after the injection of the radiolabel, the kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, stomach and thymus were removed under Halothane anesthesia. 3. 3. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the pooled radiolabeled extracts from each tissue demonstrated the presence of a 14C-labeled material which co-chromatographed with an acetylspermidine standard. 4. 4. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the HPLC eluent demonstrated the presence of both radio-labeled N1- and N8-acetylspermidine in the tissues. 5. 5. Concentrations of labeled acetylspermidine ranged from 0.27 to 1.9% of the total tissue radiolabel. 6. 6. The N1- to N8-acetylspermidine ratio in tissues ranged from approx. 5 to 1 in the thymus to 1.5 to 1 in the liver.
Digital beamforming in ultrasound

The effects on array gain and sidelobe level of a practical digital beamforming (DBF) processor under the wideband conditions typical of ultrasound is discussed. It is concluded that a relatively simple design that replaces each analog delay line with a tapped, digital shift register (DSR) and a digital phase shift operation adjusted for midband will provide the desired performance, provided that the sampling rate of the signal at the input to the DSR is 4 to 10 times the bandwidth. More realistically, when nonidealized passbands are taken into account and the typical condition whereby the transducer frequency is about twice the bandwidth is considered, the rule of thumb for the sampling rate is that it must be 4 to 10 times the transducer frequency. >