cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naturalistic Changes in Subjective Distress Outside of Therapy

Objectives To establish the effectiveness or efficacy of psychological interventions, it is important to understand the nature of changes that occur in the absence of therapy. Design In this study, clinically distressed college students from 2 universities (n = 228) completed the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ)-45.2 on a weekly basis throughout a single semester. Results Although 56.6% of the sample made no change or deteriorated, 43.4% made a reliable improvement. Change status was predicted by previous therapy experience and length of study participation. Multilevel growth modeling also indicated that participants’ OQ-45.2 scores decreased over time (following a cubic trend) and the amount of decrease was associated with Time 1 OQ-45.2 scores. Conclusions Limitations of the study and further implications for treatment outcome research are discussed.
Load-sharing at the wrist following radial head replacement with a metal implant. A cadaveric study.

To The Editor: I am writing with regard to the article entitled “Load-Sharing at the Wrist Following Radial Head Replacement with a Metal Implant. A Cadaveric Study” (2004;86:1023-30), by Markolf et al. The conclusion of Markolf and colleagues to “insert the thickest radial head implant possible” is, in my view, incorrect. Metallic radial head implants are currently in wide use and are effective for stabilizing the elbow and forearm after fracture-dislocation. However, the main drawbacks of metallic radial head implants include capitellar wear, lateral gapping of the ulnohumeral joint, and synovitis (see the case report by Van Riet et al.1 in the same issue of The Journal ). These are usually only a problem when the radial head implant is too large. The issue of whether radial head resection affects function of the wrist or distal radioulnar joint …
Cellular processing of the interleukin-2 fusion toxin DAB486-IL-2 and efficient delivery of diphtheria fragment A to the cytosol of target cells requires Arg194.

We have used site-directed mutagenesis to examine the role played by Arg191, Arg193, and Arg194 of the fusion toxin DAB486-IL-2 in the intoxication of high affinity interleukin-2 receptor-bearing T-lymphocytes. These arginine residues are positioned in the proteolytically sensitive 14-amino acid loop subtended by the disulfide bond between Cys187 and Cys202 in this fusion toxin. DAB486-IL-2 was formed by the genetic substitution of the native diphtheria toxin receptor binding domain with human interleukin-2 (Williams, D.P., Parker, K., Bacha, P., Bishai, W., Borowski, M., Genbauffe, F., Strom, T.B., and Murphy, J.R. (1987) Protein Eng. 1, 493-498). We demonstrate that substitution of Arg194 with Gly results in a 1000-fold loss of DAB486-IL-2 potency. Since trypsin "nicking" of the Gly194 mutant restores biologic activity, we conclude that Arg194 is required for the cellular processing of the fusion toxin which results in the release of fragment A into the cytosol.
Networking Methods for Project Planning and Control

A synthesis of current ideas, research trends, and findings is made on some of the better known and other newly developed networking techniques for project management. Using Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) ad a basis of comparison, methods such as Decision Critical Path Method (DCPM), linear flow graphs, and Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) are introduced and examined in the light of their application to construction projects. Salient similarities and differences among these methods as well as the capabilities and limitations of each are pointed out. Sufficient information on the mathematical algorithms used in the newer techniques previously mentioned and the necessary steps to use them are provided. Finally, examples of application to civil engineering problems illustrating the use of each method are presented.
Orthographic and Semantic Processing in Young Readers.

This investigation examined orthographic and semantic processing during reading acquisition. Children in first through fourth grade were presented with a target word and two response alternatives, and were asked to identify the semantic match. Words were presented in four conditions: an exact match and unrelated foil (STONE - STONE - EARS), an exact match and an orthographic neighbor foil (STONE - STONE - STOVE), a synonym match and an unrelated foil (STONE - ROCK - EARS), and a synonym match and an orthographic neighbor foil (STONE - ROCK - STOVE). Accuracy and reaction time results suggest that orthographic and semantic processing follow a two-step acquisition pattern. First, the orthographic component of reading develops quickly, however, forming strong conceptual links from orthographic to semantic representations follows a protracted trajectory, which matures between the third and fourth grade. These results are consistent with research that suggests younger children rely on more concrete, perceptual systems and then transition to more flexible, abstract cognition.
Calibration of the Infrared Tully-Fisher Relation and the Global Value of the Hubble Constant

Among existing secondary distance indicators, the IR Tully-Fisher relation is probably the most reliable available for measuring the far flung Hubble flow. Absolute calibration of the method, however, remains highly uncertain owing to the poor state of nearby galaxy distances. A coordinated ground-based and space attack on this problem, primarily involving Cepheids, holds out great promise for a measurement of the Hubble constant good to ten percent.
Utilizing co-occurrence patterns for semantic concept detection in images

Semantic concept detection is an important open problem in concept-based image understanding. In this paper, we develop a method inspired by social network analysis to solve the semantic concept detection problem. The novel idea proposed is the detection and utilization of concept co-occurrence patterns as contextual clues for improving individual concept detection. We detect the patterns as hierarchical communities by graph modularity optimization in a network with nodes and edges representing individual concepts and co-occurrence relationships. We evaluate the effect of detected co-occurrence patterns in the application scenario of automatic image annotation. Experimental results on SUN'09 and OSR datasets demonstrate our approach achieves significant improvements over popular baselines.
Tutorial: Automated Formal Methods with PVS, SAL, and Yices

This full-day tutorial provides an introduction to automated formal methods using modern tools and methods. PVS is a comprehensive system for formal specification and analysis. It provides an attractive specification language based on higher order logic extended with dependent types and structural and predicate subtypes, and includes constructs for recursively defined abstract data types, recursive functions, inductive relations, and tabular specifications, as well as traditional logical formulas. Analysis capabilities include very strong typechecking (which can involve theorem proving), direct execution (at speeds within a factor of five of hand-crafted C), random testing, theorem proving, and symbolic model checking (with predicate abstraction). The PVS theorem prover provides powerful automation including rewriting and decision procedures for real and integer arithmetic, and is scriptable. Properties to be verified can be expressed as individual logical formulas, as CTL properties (for model checking), or as theory interpretations. The system is supported by massive built-in and user-provided libraries of specifications for mathematics and computer science.
Reticuloendotheliosis, a Myeloproliferative Disorder of Cats: A Comparison with Lymphocytic Leukemia:

Leukoproliferative diseases are common in cats and involve a variety of cell types. One such disorder, an anatomical entity of unknown etiology, is characterized by severe progressive anemia and proliferation of undifferentiated (reticulum) cells in bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes. Malignant behavior of the abnormal cells is not obvious, and the descriptive term, reticuloendotheliosis, is suggested for the disorder until the etiology is known.Clinical, hematologic and post mortem findings in 10 cats with reticuloendotheliosis are compared in this report with those in 10 cats with lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical findings are not distinctive and are similar in both conditions, but the diseases can be distinguished by hematologic and post mortem studies. Cats with reticuloendotheliosis are characterized by persistence of totally undifferentiated cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Between 15.7 and 76.8% of these cells were found in the bone marrow and up to 55% in the peripheral blood. N...
Dynamic creep and pre-conditioning of the Achilles tendon in-vivo

Abstract Warm-up exercises are often advocated prior to strenuous exercise, but the warm-up duration and effect on muscle–tendon behavior are not well defined. The gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon complexes of 18 subjects were studied to quantify the dynamic creep response of the Achilles tendon in-vivo and the warm-up dose required for the Achilles tendon to achieve steady-state behavior. A custom testing chamber was used to determine each subject's maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) during an isometric ankle plantar flexion effort. The subject's right knee and ankle were immobilized for one hour. Subjects then performed over seven minutes of cyclic isometric ankle plantar flexion efforts equal to 25–35% of their MVC at a frequency of 0.75 Hz. Ankle plantar flexion effort and images from dual ultrasound probes located over the gastrocnemius muscle–Achilles tendon and the calcaneus–Achilles tendon junction were acquired for eight seconds at the start of each sequential minute of the activity. Ultrasound images were analyzed to quantify the average relative Achilles tendon strain at 25% MVC force ( e 25%MVC ) for each minute. The e 25%MVC increased from 0.3% at the start of activity to 3.3% after seven minutes, giving a total dynamic creep of ~3.0%. The e 25%MVC increased by more than 0.56% per minute for the first five minutes and increased by less than 0.13% per minute thereafter. Therefore, following a period of inactivity, a low intensity warm-up lasting at least six minutes or producing 270 loading cycles is required for an Achilles tendon to reach a relatively steady-state behavior.
New procedure for molecular-weight determination by vapour-phase osmometry

Abstract Inconsistent results on molecular weights determined by different methods reported in the recent literature prompted this study. A detailed investigation of the behaviour of benzil-chloroform solutions and fourteen other systems resulted in a major revision of the experimental procedure used in the VPO method for molecular-weight determination. The revision was based on a clear recognition of a ‘rectilinear region’ and a ‘curved region’ in the relation between the osmometer readout (ΔV) and non-volatile solute concentration. Only the rectilinear region shows a direct relation between ΔV and the number of solute molecules in an infinitely dilute concentration range, a fact which has not been clearly identified before. A method of determining a concentration range for the rectilinear region was devised and used to develop a simpler experimental procedure. Molecular weights of eleven model compounds were checked using the new procedure. Molecular weights of two coal-derived liquid fractions were also determined and the presence of association in their mixture was examined. Shortcomings in the present theory and two other experimental procedures are pointed out. Molecular weights of model compounds including those in the experiments quoted ranged from 122 to 1238.
Comparing Markov Chains Simulated in Parallel

We investigate the dependence induced among multiple Markov chains when they are simulated in parallel using a shared Poisson stream of potential event occurrences. One expects this dependence to facilitate comparisons among systems; our results support this intuition. We give conditions on the transition structure of the individual chains implying that the coupled process is an associated Markov chain. Association implies that variance is reduced in comparing increasing functions of the chains, relative to independent simulations, through a routine argument. We also give an apparently new application of association to the problem of selecting the better of two systems from limited data. Under conditions, the probability of incorrect selection is asymptotically smaller when the systems compared are associated than when they are independent. This suggests a further advantage to linking multiple systems through parallel simulation.
Determinantal formulae for matrix completions associated with chordal graphs

Abstract Let A be a partial positive definite Hermitian matrix, and let G ( A ) be the undirected graph of the specified off-diagonal entries of A . When G ( A ) is a chordal graph, we present an explicit determinantal formula for the (unique) determinant-maximizing positive definite completion (maximum-entropy completion) of A . In order to do this, we first give a characterization of a chordal graph in terms of the existence of a proper spanning tree T of the intersection graph of its set of maximal cliques. The formula for the maximum determinant is then a quotient of products of specified principal minors of A , in which each minor in the numerator corresponds to a maximal clique of G ( A ) while each minor in the denominator corresponds to the intersection of two maximal cliques associated with an edge of T . We next show that the denominator terms can be identified graph-theoretically with the minimal vertex separators of G ( A ), and that these terms are independent of the particular proper spanning tree T . Then an alternative formula is given for the maximum determinant as an “inclusion-exclusion”-like ratio of principal minors associated with the maximal cliques of G ( A ). Finally, we show that the entries of the determinant-maximizing completion may be calculated by solving a sequence of simple one-variable maximization problems.
The renin-angiotensin system in rats with hereditary hydronephrosis

The renin-angotensin system was studied in rats suffering from hereditary hydronephrosis in which normal blood pressure, hyperkalemia, and damage to the renal medulla and distal tubules were found. An increased serum creatinine level, decreased creatinine clearance and increased 24 hrs urine volume were observed in rats with bilateral hydronephrosis. When compared to rats with normal kidneys, bilaterally hydronephrotic animals exhibited elevated plasma renin activity (9.9±1.3/S.E./ng AI/ml/hr vs. 2.4±0.4 in rats with normal kidneys), and decreased renal renin concentration (78±4 μg AII/g vs. 132±5). No correlation between the extent of kidney damage and renal renin concentration was found. After the hyperkalemia of the hydronephrotic rats was corrected, there were significant increases in both plasma renin activity and renal renin concentration, but the renal renin concentration remained significantly lower than that observed in animals with normal kidneys. The results suggest that renin production and/or storage capacity are diminished in hydronephrotic kidneys.
The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis.

The actor-observer hypothesis (E. E. Jones & R. E. Nisbett, 1971) states that people tend to explain their own behavior with situation causes and other people's behavior with person causes. Widely known in psychology, this asymmetry has been described as robust, firmly established, and pervasive. However, a meta-analysis on 173 published studies revealed average effect sizes from d = -0.016 to d = 0.095. A moderator analysis showed that the asymmetry held only when the actor was portrayed as highly idiosyncratic, when hypothetical events were explained, when actor and observer were intimates, or when free-response explanations were coded. In addition, the asymmetry held for negative events, but a reverse asymmetry held for positive events. This valence effect may indicate a self-serving pattern in attribution, but across valence, no actor-observer asymmetry exists.
Determination of soil exchangeable-cation loss and weathering rates using Sr isotopes

To assess the response of forests to a changing chemical environment, a means is needed for separating the total cation export from the watershed into a component derived from mineral weathering reactions and a component due to the removal of exchangeable (plant-available) cations in the soil1–3. We show that this separation may be possible by using 87Sr/86Sr ratios as a tracer of cation sources in stream water. Our measurements from a high-elevation forest ecosystem in the Adirondack mountains, New York, indicate that mineral weathering reactions contribute about 70% and soil cation-exchange reactions about 30% of annual strontium exports. Based on these results and the ratios of major cations to strontium in the local glacial till, we estimate the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ owing to weathering. The present weathering rate seems adequate to replace annual losses of cations from the total soil exchangeable pool, suggesting that the watershed is not in immediate danger of acidification from atmospheric deposition. But as our strontium isotope data indicate that 50–60% of the strontium in the organic-soil-horizon exchangeable and vegetation cation pools has an atmospheric origin, reduction of atmospheric cation inputs4 coupled with continued strong-acid anion inputs5 may result in significant depletion of this cation reservoir.
Environmental Factors Contributing to Wrongdoing in Medicine: A Criterion-Based Review of Studies and Cases

In this paper we describe our approach to understanding wrongdoing in medical research and practice, which involves the statistical analysis of coded data from a large set of published cases. We focus on understanding the environmental factors that predict the kind and the severity of wrongdoing in medicine. Through review of empirical and theoretical literature, consultation with experts, the application of criminological theory, and ongoing analysis of our first 60 cases, we hypothesize that 10 contextual features of the medical environment (including financial rewards, oversight failures, and patients belonging to vulnerable groups) may contribute to professional wrongdoing. We define each variable, examine data supporting our hypothesis, and present a brief case synopsis from our study that illustrates the potential influence of the variable. Finally, we discuss limitations of the resulting framework and directions for future research.
There is more to life than death.

In classic medical decision analysis, when outcomes are uncertain and risk is involved, the “best” choice is the one with the “highest expected utility.” The outcome usually measured is death, which is readily determined and quantified. But what of other key outcomes?
Molecular imaging for guiding oncologic prognosis and therapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

AbstractIn the past 30 years, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (ACA) has increased significantly. Sadly, advances in treatment have not followed the same trend, and the prognosis for patients with esophageal ACA remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate of only 15%. Like most cancers, early detection is the key to improving prognosis, but this outcome has proven difficult in the esophagus for several reasons: 1) patients present with advanced disease because “alarm symptoms,” such as dysphagia, occur at a late stage, and 2) high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early ACA are not visible on routine surveillance endoscopy. Currently, the recommended surveillance strategy involves collection of random biopsies, an imperfect technique that is limited by sampling error and is infrequently used because of the considerable time and cost it requires. Even in patients with biopsy-proven dysplasia, adequate guidance for clinical management decisions is still lacking. Dysplasia alone is not an entirely reliable b...
Cooperative Salt Bridge Stabilization of Gas-Phase Zwitterions in Neutral Arginine Clusters

Both theory and experiment support a nonionic structure for monomeric arginine, with the zwitterionic structure predicted to be less stable by only 2.8 kcal/mol. We report here first principles quantum mechanics calculations (at the B3LYP/CCPVTZ(−F)2+//B3LYP/6-31G** level) which indicate that the neutral arginine dimer and trimer have all arginine in the zwitterionic state. The zwitterionic tautomer of the dimer is 10 kcal/mol more stable than the best nonionic form, even though each forms six hydrogen bonds involving both guanidinium groups interacting with the carboxylate groups. The most stable form of the neutral trimer of arginine has all arginine in the zwitterionic state, with a total of 12 hydrogen bonds involving interactions of the guanidinium and carboxylate groups between adjacent molecules. The additional coulomb energy derived from the salt bridges in the zwitterionic tautomers of the dimer and trimer more than compensates for the energetic cost of generating zwitterionic arginine. This is t...
Effect of hydrogen on the properties of polycrystalline diamond thin films

Abstract Microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition has been used to grow undoped and doped diamond on molybdenum and silicon substrates. Current-voltage ( I — V ) characteristics, secondary electron emission and depth profiles for various elements by secondary ion mass spectrometry of diamond films have been measured before and after annealing in nitrogen gas at 425°C. We have analyzed the films for morphology and chemical nature by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy respectively. Hydrogen present in the as-deposited diamond films resulted in a decrease in the electrical resistivity and an increase in secondary electron yield. Furthermore, we have observed an increase in resistivity and decrease in yield on annealing. Comparison of these results is presented in this paper.
Biogenic silica record in the sediments of Little Round Lake, Ontario

The biogenic silica (BSi) record has been determined in the sediments of Little Round Lake, Ontario in order to review its postglacial development and study the relationship between BSi and diatoms. BSi concentrations in the sediment stratigraphy were found to correspond for the most part to the trophic history of Little Round Lake. Calculation of accumulation rates for BSi improved the correspondence of the BSi profile to the trophic history. Thus, BSi is a valuable paleoindicator when concentration and flux profiles are considered concurrently. Regression analysis of BSi and diatoms revealed that the concentration of BSi in the sediments was not a simple function of diatom numbers or biovolume, but that factors such as a correction for the rate of dissolution and abundance of chrysophycean scales and cysts were also important.
Does rising consumer debt signal future recessions?: Testing the causal relationship between consumer debt and the economy

This paper examines the relationship between measures of the consumer debt burden and various economic indicators. The consumer loan delinquency rate is useful in predicting consumer spending on durable goods and retail sales, while various economic indicators are useful in predicting the ratio of consumer installment credit to disposable income. The results provide no evidence for the hypothesis that a rising consumer debt burden signals any slowdown in the growth of consumer spending and the economy. Instead, the results indicate that rising consumer indebtedness is a normal occurrence in an economic expansion. It remains to be seen whether innovations in credit card usage, along with the growing use of substitutes for traditional consumer loans, will have an impact on the causal relationship between consumer debt and the economy.
Identification of novel vascular endothelial-specific genes by the microarray analysis of the zebrafish cloche mutants.

The zebrafish cloche (clo) mutation affects the earliest known step in differentiation of blood and endothelial cells in vertebrates. We established clo/gata1-GFP transgenic line with erythroid-specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, which allowed differentiation of clo and wild-type siblings at the midsomitogenesis stages before morphologically visible phenotypes appeared. To discover novel genes potentially involved in hematopoietic and vascular development, we performed microarray analysis of more than 15 000 zebrafish genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in clo mutant embryos. We isolated the full-length sequences and determined the expression patterns for 8 novel cDNAs that were significantly down-regulated in clo–/– embryos. Dual specificity phosphatase 5 (dusp5), cadherin 5 (cdh5; VE-cadherin), aquaporin 8 (aqp8), adrenomedullin receptor (admr), complement receptor C1qR-like (crl), scavenger receptor class F, member 1 (scarf1), and ETS1-like protein (etsrp) were specifically expressed in the vascular endothelial cells, while retinol binding protein 4 (rbp4) was expressed in the yolk syncytial layer and the hypochord. Further functional studies of these novel genes should help to elucidate critical early steps leading to the formation of vertebrate blood vessels.
Degenerate Harmonic Maps and Liquid Crystals

The equilibrium theory of nematic liquid crystals can be formulated as a variational problem: The equilibrium state of a nematic liquid crystal is represented by a map u: Ω R3 → S2 which minimizes the energy integral $$ \begin{gathered} \int\limits_{\Omega } {{{\text{k}}_{{1}}}{{{\text{(div}}\,{\text{n)}}}^{{2}}}{ + }{{\text{k}}_{{2}}}{\text{(n}}\bullet {\text{curl}}\,{\text{n)}}{}^2} + {{\text{k}}_3}\parallel {\text{n}}\,{\text{x curl}}\,{\text{n}}{\parallel^2} \hfill \\ + ({{\text{k}}_2} + {{\text{k}}_4})[{\text{tr(}}\nabla {\text{n}}{{)}^2} - {{(}\nabla \bullet {\text{n)}}^2}] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ In the special case when k1 = k2 = k3 and k4 = 0, it turns out to be a harmonic map from Ω ⊂ R3 into S2. (See [Ha] for more details)
Automated determination of vitamin C in some fortified foodstuffs

An automated method for the determination of ascorbic acid has been applied to a variety of vitamin fortified food products. The method is based on the reduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol by ascorbic acid and shows a detection limit of 0.006 mg/ml with a linear absorbance relationship to 0.200 mg/ml. The method was applied to vitamin fortified cereal products, soya protein snacks and beverage concentrates over a broad range of vitamin levels. The results compared favourably with potentiometric titration for the majority of products studied. It has been shown that the automated procedure is the method of choice for the determination of ascorbic acid in the large number of food products studied.
Evaluation of a capture zone overlay method for designing groundwater remediation systems

Simplified approaches are often used to model the removal of groundwater contamination. These approaches can yield poor remediation schemes because they incorrectly portray the effects of multiple pumping wells. In this study, a pumping configuration designed by graphically overlaying capture zones having an identical, quasi-elliptical shape was evaluated with a numerical mass transport model. After a 3-year period (within which the hypothetical aquifer was to be remediated) the contaminant mass had been reduced by 77%. Due to stagnation zones which developed between extraction wells, approximately 15 years of pumping was required to remediate the aquifer with the overlay configuration. An alternative design, consisting of an extraction well between two injection wells along the long axis of the plume, removed the contaminant within the 3-year design period.
Normative values for the Voice Handicap Index-10

Summary Objectives The objective of this study was to elucidate the normative values for the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) questionnaire. Methods VHI questionnaires were completed by 190 subjects without voice complaints. The results were then analyzed for mean, standard error of the mean (SEM), and standard deviation (SD) for both the original VHI and VHI-10 subset questionnaires. Outliers were defined as being more than three standard deviations above the mean. Results Analysis of 156 VHI questionnaires revealed a mean of 6.86 (SEM=0.79, SD=9.88) for the normative values. One hundred fifty-eight VHI-10 questionnaires were analyzed to show a mean of 2.83 (SEM=0.31, SD=3.93) for the normative values. Conclusions This study offers normative data for the VHI-10 that has been missing in the literature. A VHI-10 score >11 should be considered abnormal.
Inhibition of effector cell functions in natural killer cell activity (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in mice by normal and cancer sera

Effector cells mediating natural killer (NK) cell activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been receiving considerable interest recently as they may represent an additional cellular defense mechanism against maglinancy. Spleen cells from normal young C3H (MTV+) female mice were found to have relatively high natural killer (NK) activities toward RL 1 and YAC-1 tumor cell lines and high antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activities toward chicken RBC and SB tumor targets. Serum inhibition of NK and ADCC activities was either not demonstrable or only seen at low levels in the young mice. Following injection of a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma that grew progressively in these mice, both NK and ADCC activities decreased and serummediated inhibition of both NK and ADCC increased as the tumors grew. NK and ADCC activities declined with age in C3H (MTV+) mice, and the serum inhibition of NK and ADCC activities of young mice increased with age. Aging mice, however, which had developed spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma, although having increased levels of inhibitor against both NK and ADCC activities and decreased NK and ADCC activities of their spleen cells as compared to young normal mice, did not have different levels from those of aging mice which had not developed the mammary tumor. Correlation was poor between the amount of serum inhibitor(s) on NK and ADCC activities. NK versus RL 1 and ADCC for chicken RBC were not correlated, but NK versus YAC-1 and ADCC for the tumor cell line SB appeared to be correlated. Decreasing NK and ADCC and increasing serum inhibitory activity toward these functions appeared to correlate with tumor progression. Sera from transplantable tumor-bearing young C3H mice contained increased amounts of circulating immune complexes, but the amount of circulating immune complexes was only weakly correlated with the serum inhibition of NK activity of spleen cells from young animals by sera from tumor-bearing young mice. These findings indicate that a serum blocking factor(s) that can inhibit natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity or antibody-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro must be considered in analyzing host resistance to tumor growth.
Immunogold probe for the light-microscopic phenotyping of human mast cells and basophils

Abstract A method is presented whereby light microscopic phenotyping of human basophils and lung mast cells was obtained by simultaneous labeling of surface antigens with specific mouse monoclonal antibodies and an anti-mouse IgG immunogold probe and histochemical staining with alcian blue, a highly specific stain f for these cells' granules. The double labeling technique offers a useful immunohistochemical method for the phenotyping of basophils and mast cells in impure cell preparations. The procedure is relatively simple and requires small cell samples while providing accurate information on functional and differentiation markers. Preliminary results of human lung mast cell and peripheral blood basophil phenotyping discloses class I histocompatibility antigens on both cell types and class II antigen HLA DR on 10–20% of mast cells alone. Lung mast cells also unexpectedly exhibit the leukocyte marker HLE-1.
The kinetics of lanthanide tartrate complex formation

The rate constants for the formation of 1:1 lanthanide tartrate complexes have been determined using a pressure jump apparatus. The forward and reverse rates were measured at different temperatures and the activation parameters calculated. The forward rate constants, kf, ranged from 5·6 × 108 M−1 sec−1 for samarium to 1·9 × 108M−1 sec−1 for lutetium. The values for kfK0 are about two orders of magnitude smaller than the water exchange rates. This suggests that the rate controlling step is the ring closure reaction. The kinetic parameters for the lanthanide tartrate formation reactions are compared to those of other lanthanide systems reported in the literature. The possible mechanisms for the lanthanide complexation reaction involving different types of ligands are discussed.
Glucose tolerance in the horse, pony and donkey

Abstract Glucose tolerance tests were conducted on seven donkeys, seven horses and seven ponies. The average initial plasma glucose value for all equines was 86.8 mg/dl. The values increased approximately two-fold by 2 hours after oral glucose administration. Plasma glucose values for horses and ponies returned to near initial values within 6 hours (87 and 82 mg/dl, respectively), but the donkeys remained higher (114 mg/dl) (P
Seasonal variations in nitric acid, nitrate, strong aerosol acidity, and ammonia in an urban area

Abstract Measurements of nitric acid, participate nitrate, strong aerosol acidity, and ammonia were made in Warren, Michigan for a one year period. Seasonal variations of these species were examined. The greatest variation was for ammonia, which was 8.5 times higher in summer than winter. The least variation was for particulate nitrate which had a summer maximum only 1.8 times higher than the spring minimum. Factors accounting for the seasonal variations are discussed. Errors affecting filter and impactor methods for the collection of nitrate were examined. It was found that ammonium nitrate volatilization from filters and impactors can cause large errors in summertime measurements. The errors are not significant during the winter.
Electron-correlation-induced transverse delocalization and longitudinal confinement in excited states of phenyl-substituted polyacetylenes

Electron-electron interactions in general lead to both ground-state and excited-state confinement. We show, however, that in phenyl-substituted polyacetylenes electron-electron interactions cause enhanced delocalization of quasiparticles in the optically excited state from the backbone polyene chain into the phenyl groups, which in turn leads to enhanced confinement in the chain direction. This cooperative delocalization confinement lowers the energy of the one-photon state and raises the relative energy of the lowest two-photon state. The two-photon state is slightly below the optical state in monophenyl-substituted polyacetylenes, but above the optical state in diphenyl-substituted polyacetylenes, thereby explaining the strong photoluminescence of the latter class of materials. We present a detailed mechanism of the crossover in the energies of the one- and two-photon states in these systems. In addition, we calculate the optical-absorption spectra over a wide wavelength region, and make specific predictions for the polarizations of low- and high-energy transitions that can be tested on oriented samples. Within existing theories of light emission from $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated polymers, strong photoluminescence should be restricted to materials whose optical gaps are larger than that of trans-polyacetylene. The present work shows that, conceptually at least, it is possible to have light emission from systems with smaller optical gaps.
Verification of Cache Coherence Protocols by Aggregation of Distributed Transactions

This paper presents a method to verify the correctness of protocols and distributed algorithms. The method compares a state graph of the implementation with a specification which is a state graph representing the desired abstract behavior. The steps in the specification correspond to atomic transactions, which are not atomic in the implementation. The method relies on an aggregation function, which is a type of abstraction function that aggregates the steps of each transaction in the implementation into a single atomic transaction in the specification. The key idea in defining the aggregation function is that it must complete atomic transactions which have committed but are not finished. This paper illustrates the method on a directory-based cache coherence protocol developed for the Stanford FLASH multiprocessor. The coherence protocol consisting of more than a hundred different kinds of implementation steps has been reduced to a specification with six kinds of atomic transactions. Based on the reduced behavior, it is very easy to prove crucial properties of the protocol including data consistency of cached copies at the user level. This is the first correctness proof verified by a theorem-prover for a cache coherence protocol of this complexity. The aggregation method is also used to prove that the reduced protocol satisfies a desired memory consistency model.
Techniques to identify clinical contexts during automated data analysis.

The interpretation of automatically collected data to produce intelligent alarms and identify particular conditions is nearly impossible without identifying the specific context in which the data are obtained. Shifts in clinical context occur because of changes in the patient’s physiologic state, or due to the passage of time, or due to changes imposed by therapeutic intervention such as surgery. Techniques to identify such changes in clinical context are discussed with particular attention to the application of cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and statistical predictors. An example of these analyses applied to EEG data is presented, showing an unexpected hysteresis of EEG behavior in response to an hypoxic challenge.
Progress Toward Development of Low-Temperature Microwave Refractive Index Gas Thermometry at NRC

Progress toward the development of a low-temperature microwave refractive index gas thermometry implementation for primary thermometry at NRC is reported. A prototype quasi-spherical copper resonator has been integrated into a cryogenic system with a 5 K base temperature, and preliminary microwave measurements in vacuum have been completed to characterize the resonator between 5 K and 297 K. The dependence of experimental results on spectral fitting background terms, 1st- and 2nd-order shape corrections, and waveguide corrections has also been explored. The current NRC results agree with previous room-temperature measurements on the same resonator at NIST, and indicate no significant change in resonator shape between room temperature and low temperature. The temperature dependences of the resonator electrical conductivity and linear thermal expansion coefficient, as obtained from the microwave resonances, agree with published literature values for oxygen-free high-conductivity copper measured using other techniques.
The CIA & Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy – By David M. Barrett

The ability of scholars to record and analyze the history of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has been hampered for decades by the government's refusal to release the necessary archival materi...
Recent progress on external occulter technology for imaging exosolar planets

Imaging planets orbiting nearby stars requires a system for suppressing the host starlight by at least ten orders of magnitude. One such approach uses an external occulter, a satellite flying far from the telescope and employing a large screen, or starshade, to suppress the incoming starlight. This trades the added complexity of building the precisely shaped starshade and flying it in formation against simplifications in the telescope since extremely precise wavefront control is no longer necessary. Much progress has been made recently in designing, testing and manufacturing starshade technology. In this paper we describe the design of starshades and report on recent accomplishments in manufacturing and measuring a prototype occulter petal as part of NASA's first Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions (TDEM) program. We demonstrate that the as-built petal is consistent with a full-size occulter achieving better than 10−10 contrast. We also discuss laboratory testing at the Princeton Occulter Testbed. These experiments use sub-scale, long-distance beam propagation to verify the diffraction analysis associated with occulter starlight suppression. We demonstrate roughly 10−10 suppression in the laboratory and discuss the important challenges and limitations.
Photoionization and photoelectron angular distribution for H2

Abstract Photoionization of H2(1Σg+) in a vibrational υ″ and rotational N″ state into H2+(2Σg+) in a vibrational υ′ and rotational N′ state is studied theoretically. The differential cross section, after summing over the final states, is expressed in the well-known simple form of ( σ T 4π )[1 + βP 2 ( cos θ)] . Parallel expressions are obtained for H2+ in a specific υ′ state (in terms of σ(υ′) and β(υ′)) and for H2+ in a rotational fine level υ′N′ (in terms of σ(υ′N′) and β(υ′N′)). Asymmetry parameters β, β(υ′) and β υ′N′), which are expressed in terms of Racah and Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and electronic transition moments, can be reduced approximately to 2 lineary polarized light and to -1 for unpolarized light. Using single-center electronic wave functions and including partial eaves l = 1, 3, and 5, σ(υ′) and β(υ′) are computed as a function of υ′ at 584 A. The computed σ(υ′) divided by the Frank-Condon overlap, in agreement with experimental results, increases monotonically with υ′; σT and β are computed in the incident photon energy range of 600–4000 A and the results compare favorably with previous calculations.
Fragrance material review on methyl ionone (mixture of isomers)

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of methyl ionone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Intrinsic cardiac rate regulation in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated spontaneously beating ventricles of five adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, and two mature rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, have been perfused in vitro with small volumes of Ringer's solution in order to determine whether or not the hearts of these species possessed an intrinsic pressure-sensitive regulatory mechanism in their pacemakers. 2. 2. In the lamprey hearts, 79 per cent, and in the trout hearts, 77 per cent of the experiments yielded positive results. A total of 135 observations were recorded from the seven hearts studied from the two species. 3. 3. The data consistently indicate that the pacemakers of both lamprey and trout hearts exhibit property of intrinsic rate regulation. 4. 4. It is concluded that this inherent pacemaker adaptive mechanism represents an ancient phylogenetic development.
Playback Studies of Affiliative Vocalizing in Captive Squirrel Monkeys: Familiarity as a Cue To Response

1. A captive social group of squirrel monkeys in an outdoor habitat was presented with recorded chuck calls obtained from conspecific neighbors, neighbors of another Saimiri species, conspecific strangers, and members of the target group itself. 2. Responses to playback of chucks from their own group members were indistinguishable (in frequency, type, and latency) from those made to spontaneously emitted chucks. 3. The most familiar chucks (own group playbacks) received affiliative (chuck) responses as frequently as did spontaneously emitted chucks. Chuck playbacks from neighbors (conspecific or not) and strangers got significantly fewer chuck responses. 4. Chuck playbacks from conspecific neighbors received responses indicating mild interest, those from neighbors of another species received agonistic vocal responses, and those from conspecific strangers received both mild interest and agonism. 5. Own group chucks with multiple repeating elements elicited a higher response rate than single element chucks. This effect did not obtain for playbacks from animals outside the target group. 6. Results suggest that playback techniques can be successful with close range affiliative vocalizations like the chuck and that familiarity, species identity, and acoustic structure are all important variables.
When good deeds leave a bad taste. Negative inferences from ethical food claims

Consumer research has demonstrated halo effects arising from advertising claims on food packaging (e.g., "organic," "no cholesterol") that promote misperceiving products more positively on other dimensions (e.g., low-calorie, low-fat). However, little research has explored the conditions under which such claims might give rise to more negative rather than positive evaluations. This paper highlights two domains of judgment in which an ethical or values-based claim ("organic") can promote negative impressions. In Study 1, participants judged organic foods relative to conventional foods on healthfulness and expected taste quality. Results suggest that whereas organics are perceived as more healthful than conventional foods (consistent with previous findings), they are also perceived as less tasty, especially among participants low in environmental concern. In Study 2, participants judged the effectiveness of a formula drink intended to help alleviate malnourishment that was described as organic or not, depending on experimental condition. Results showed that participants high in environmental concern (who typically evaluate organic products positively) judged the drink more negatively (i.e., as less effective) when it was described as "organic." Discussion focuses on possible mechanisms for these effects, as well as the moderating role of judgment type and perceivers' values in halo effects more broadly.
Home sewers' satisfaction with fit of apparel patterns

Purpose – The paper seeks to explore home sewers' satisfaction with the fit of garments made from home sewing patterns and to provide useful information to the home sewing industry to improve products and services for the target consumer.Design/methodology/approach – Home sewers attending home sewing expos in the states of Minnesota and Washington were surveyed to determine satisfaction with fit of home sewing patterns and to determine factors that may affect satisfaction with the patterns.Findings – The results clearly indicate that these respondents were frustrated with the fit of home sewing patterns and that their efforts to adjust patterns for better fit were typically not successful.Research limitations/implications – The limited sample does not allow generalization, but may lend some insight into problems the home sewing pattern industry may have in attracting and maintaining customer loyalty.Originality/value – Although there are many studies demonstrating consumer dissatisfaction with the fit of ...