cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
19 – Conduct Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the information from the research studies conducted on the conduct problems (CP) in children, with the application of this information in clinical practice. It reviews available behavioral assessment strategies for CP, considerations when selecting assessment methods (that is, clinical utility), developmental factors to consider in behavioral assessment of CP, and the relationship between behavioral assessment data, and case conceptualization and treatment. Finally, it provides a case example of the application of behavioral assessment methods to CP. Various behavioral assessment methods are available to assist the clinician working with youth with CP, and their families. While historically, behavioral assessment relied primarily on idiographic methods of assessment, modern behavioral assessment involves a blend of idiographic and nomothetic approaches. Such an approach is consistent with the developmental psychopathology approach to understanding childhood difficulties, which is increasingly permeating thinking about child psychopathology. As research continues to provide information about the presentation of CP and the variables impacting their development and maintenance, researchers also continue to focus on psychometrically sound, clinically relevant assessment instruments and practices.
Improving Transportation Impact Analyses for Subsidized Affordable housing developments: A data collection and analysis of motorized vehicle and person trip generation

Abstract Transportation impact analyses begin with a trip generation estimation process—estimating motorized vehicle and person trip counts coming and going from the proposed site. Data commonly used is often insensitive to urban contexts (such as employment densities) and socioeconomic conditions. This insensitivity results in sometimes exaggerated estimates, an increase associated transportation impact fees, and a need for additional mitigation of impacts which may further hinder land development. In this study, we collected and analyzed person and motorized vehicle count data from 26 affordable housing developments in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Counts were regressed upon site and built environment characteristics known to influence site-level travel behavior (e.g., parking supply, employment density), and regressions were validated using externally collected data. The findings indicate the average square footage of dwelling units, parking ratios, and nearby retail employment densities to be important predictors. The findings also indicate that increasing the parking supply from one space to two for each dwelling unit will result in a significant predicted increase of approximately 0.26 and 0.18 motorized vehicle trips per dwelling unit for AM and PM peak periods, respectively. These findings reiterate the need for trip generation methodologies sensitive to the built environment and sociodemographics.
Genetic and Developmental Influences on Infant Mouse Ultrasonic Calling. I. A Diallel Analysis of the Calls of 3-Day Olds

Ultrasonic calls produced by young mice reliably elicit investigation and retrieval by adults. While there are large individual differences in the characteristics of these calls, little work has been done to partition that variation. We completed a 4 × 4 diallel cross and Hayman analyses on several characteristics of these cries. The major result was the detection of directional dominance toward a higher rate of calling, longer calls, and calls of lower overall frequency with a greater bandwidth. Within the context of biometrical genetic theory, we conclude that calls with such characteristics may have important fitness value. Extending this idea, we propose that within the population sampled for this study (the animals of the four inbred strains and 12 F1 hybrid groups), the calls most effectively eliciting investigation and retrieval would be calls with the average hybrid values of the diallel cross.
Developing a Reduced 240-Bus WECC Dynamic Model for Frequency Response Study of High Renewable Integration

The ongoing changes in the generation resource mix, driven by the rapid adoption of inverter-based resources (IBR) as well as the early retirement of synchronous generators, are bringing new challenges to the planning and operation of bulk electric power systems. Consequently, there is an increasing need to understand, design, and quantify the reliability service provision from IBRs by performing integrated scheduling and dynamic simulations. However, test systems that have consistent scheduling and dynamic models rarely exist largely because of the decoupled nature of the two simulations on a synchronous generator-dominated system. This paper develops the dynamic model of a reduced Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system. In conjunction with the existing scheduling model, it is suitable for integrating scheduling and dynamic simulations. The reduced 240-bus WECC model reflects the generation resource mix of the Western Interconnection as of 2018. Moreover, the developed dynamic model is validated against field frequency events measured by FNET/GridEye and preserves the dominant inter-area oscillation mode in WECC.
3132 – IMPACT OF THE INFLAMED BONE MARROW NICHE ON THE PROGRESSION OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASIA

Bcr/Abl-negative myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) is characterized by driver mutations in MPL, CALR, or JAK2, as well as an inflammatory microenvironment. The acquisition of clonal abnormalities and secondary mutations in MPN patients can progress the disease to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), resulting in bone marrow (BM) fibrosis and BM failure. For these patients, treatment options fall short and do not include approaches to prevent leukemic transformation. Our group has developed an animal model for inflammation where loss of RBPJ/Notch signaling in the BM niche leads to upregulation of miR155 and an accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines. We propose to use this model (RBPJKO mouse) to study the influence of chronic inflammation on JAK2V617F-driven MPN progression. We hypothesize that chronic inflammation in the BM niche: i) promotes proliferation and genomic instability in hematopoietic cells; and ii) cooperates with preexisting genetic mutations such as JAK2V617F to promote clonal expansion and selection, accelerating disease progression. Our preliminary studies indicate that JAK2V617F hematopoietic cells drive a more aggressive disease when exposed to chronic inflammation following transplant into RBPJKO inflamed BM niches. Indeed, JAK2V617F/RBPJKO recipients exhibited accelerated neutrophilia, higher myeloid skewing and increased bone marrow cellularity and splenomegaly, when compared to JAK2V617F/RBPJWT recipients. By using alkaline comet assay and gH2Ax foci, we also demonstrate that JAK2V617F cooperates with the inflamed BM niche to promote more DNA single- and double-strand breaks in Lin- progenitors in vivo. To further study these events, we optimized an in vitro model in which WT and JAK2V617F BM Lin- progenitors are co-cultured with RBPJKO or RBPJWT BM-derived stroma. JAK2V617F cells showed increased proliferation, mitochondrial ROS accumulation, elevated 53BP1 foci and increased γH2AX MFI when exposed to the inflammatory conditions supported by RBPJKO stroma. Taken together, these data suggest that chronic inflammation can accentuate the MPN phenotype, promote replicative stress and lead to buildup of DNA-damaging ROS in JAK2V617F MPN cells. This work has the potential to provide us with new insights into the mechanisms of MPN progression and the opportunity to identify new therapeutic approaches.
Disseminating Resources Online for Teaching Sex Education to People with Developmental Disabilities

Sex education is important for individuals with developmental disabilities; however, it is difficult for educators to find resources to support them when teaching sex education. A website, asdsexed.org, was developed to disseminate sex education resources. Using analytic data from the website we explored how dissemination occurs online. We identified (1) how visitors were referred to the website; (2) what search terms were used to look for sex education resources; (3) what content was most frequently viewed; and (4) how visitors engaged with the content. Search engines were the top referrer. Variations on the phrase “body parts” were the most frequently recorded terms. Free lesson plans were the most viewed content. Privacy social stories were the most engaged with content. Online dissemination was a complex undertaking but did allow for potential sex educators to be connected with research-based resources.
Pilot study of a manualized behavioral coaching program to improve dance performance.

Dance instructors have limited access to training and professional development in behavioral coaching. Manualized interventions have the potential benefits of being readily accessible and affordable to dance instructors wanting to implement evidence-based behavioral coaching procedures. This study examined the potential efficacy of a manualized behavioral coaching intervention, the POINTE Program, to improve student dance performance. Four dance instructors and 4 students, ages 6 to 13 years participated. A multiple baseline design across skills was used to evaluate the student outcomes. The instructors successfully used the POINTE Program to identify target dance skills and select behavioral coaching procedures, and implemented selected coaching procedures with fidelity. Their implementation of behavioral coaching procedures (e.g., auditory feedback, video modeling with video feedback) resulted in improved target dance skills for all students. The results offer initial evidence of the efficacy of using a manualized behavioral coaching program designed to increase dance performance.
Immunoglobulin transport in B cell development.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of B cell differentiation process with emphasis on features of the pathway that are relevant from the perspective of immunoglobulin transport. It also describes the regulation of transport during the process of differentiation and discusses mechanisms of protein trafficking and cell biology. The B lymphocyte differentiation pathway is considered one of the best-studied models of eukaryotic differentiation. The goal of B lymphocyte differentiation is to generate a wide range of antigen-responsive cells that can respond to antigen by secreting specific antibodies. Each B cell clone must express a single cell surface antigen receptor to maintain clonal specificity; self-reactive B cell clones must be either eliminated or rendered anergic. The sites of B lymphocyte generation are the spleen and the liver before birth and the bone marrow in adult life. The earliest identifiable precursor of a B cell is a pro-B lymphocyte; a pro-B cell is committed to the B lineage, but has not yet undergone any rearrangements at the H-chain locus.
Surface Studies of Na-β-Alumina

Studies of the thermal desorption of ions from β-alumina (a-c plane) have been extended to the case of an ion-etched surface and a Cu-contaminated surface. The desorption spectra from the ion-etched surface have both time and temperature dependence, both of which suggest either ion interactions with adsorbates on the surface or that the ions are mobile on such a surface, which differs from an “untreated” surface. A series of K desorption spectra are presented to illustrate the effects of doping the surface. Doping the surface with Cu results in marked changes in the K spectra. Certain K sites appear to be totally undisturbed while others are either displaced by Cu or transformer by the presence of a Cu atom into a more weakly binding site. Implications of such results on the study of surface contamination of solid electrolytes in technological are that the details of a specific contaminant effect on a surface are readily measurable in detail. Due to the complexity of the data, considerably better surface definition is needed before a detailed model can be derived. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) are now being used to assure a controlled and well defined surface at all points in the experiment. LEED results on the cleaved a-b plane of β-alumina have shown that this surface is well ordered and much more stable than the corresponding α-alumina surface. Changes in LEED patterns due to deposited ions are also readily apparent and suggest long range ordering of the ions.
Simplified Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Systems of Conservation Laws with Convex Extension

Simplified forms of the space-time discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and discontinuous Galerkin least-squares (DGLS) finite element method are developed and analyzed. The new formulations exploit simplifying properties of entropy endowed conservation law systems while retaining the favorable energy properties associated with symmetric variable formulations.
Pharmaceutical Benefits of Ginkgo Biloba (Tree Of Life): A Review.

Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species and can live as long as 1,000 years and grow to a height of 120 feet. For thousands of years, leaves from the Ginkgo biloba tree have been a common treatment in Chinese medicine. In the U.S., many take ginkgo supplements in the belief that they will improve memory and sharpen thinking. Flavonoids and terpenoids are the mainly pharmacologically active groups of compounds present in the Ginkgo leaf extract. Different herbal dosage form like extract, Infusion, capsule and tincture are available in market. KEY WORDS: Ginkgo biloba, Flavonoids, Maidenhair Tree, Antioxidant
Job Security and Income Smoothing: An Empirical Test of the Fudenberg and Tirole (1995) Model

Fudenberg and Tirole (1995) analytically demonstrate that income smoothing can arise in equilibrium if managers are concerned about job security. Consistent with their model, DeFond and Park (1997) show that managers smooth income in consideration of both current and future relative performance. We provide more direct evidence on whether job security results in income smoothing. More specifically, we hypothesize that the extent of income smoothing will vary directly with managers' job security concerns (proxied by the degree of competition in firms' product markets, product durability, and capital intensity). Our results are consistent with our predictions and add to the literature on income smoothing.
The impact of automotive transportation on the environment and legislative measures for its control: United States experience

The central theme of this article relates to the legislative steps taken by the Government of the United States and its promulgation and enforcement of environmental quality standards in response to the nationwide concern with respect to the detrimental impact of automotive transportation upon the environment. Three aspects of this degrading impact are covered: pollution of the atmosphere by emissions from motor vehicles; scarring of the natural beauty of the landscape contiguous to highways, and the emission of physiologically harmful noise by automotive vehicles moving upon highways and streets, especially heavy duty trucks and tractor‐trailer units. The concluding sections direct attention to the need for cooperative action on the part of the Federal, State and local governments, automotive and oil industries and an aroused populace in the formulation and the rigid enforcement of corrective environmental policies and practices, pertaining to automotive transportation.
Public Sector Pensions in Nebraska: Are Cash Balance Plans the Answer?

Nebraska presents what could be a model for public sector pension reform, the so-called “cash balance” plan that offers some of the better aspects of both traditional defined benefit pensions and the defined contribution, 401(k)-type plans that dominate in the private sector. In this study we examine the factors that make cash balance plans attractive as well as examining some of their potential shortfalls. Cash balance plans offer far greater portability than defined benefit pensions, allowing public employers to attract young mobile employees and removing current disincentives for mid-career employees to leave. However, cash balance plans share with defined benefit pensions a set of accounting rules that economists almost universally believe to understate pension liabilities and hide the investment risks that are borne by taxpayers. In the case of Nebraska's cash balance plans, this arises through the government’s guarantee of a 5 percent annual return on account balances regardless of the returns available in the market. Such a guarantee, which resembles a financial product known as a “put option,” is easily priced and shows the true costs of the Nebraska cash balance plan to be far greater than currently understood. While the cash balance plan claims to be 95 percent funded, when the market value of the rate of return guarantee is included the plan is only around 50 percent funded. Claims by pension managers that market values do not apply to government plans are not supported by the vast majority of economists. A pure defined contribution plan in which participants bear the investment risk would be more transparent in terms of the costs imposed on government budgets and the taxpayer.
Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy using echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass as the reference standard: Comparison of standard criteria, computer diagnosis and physician interpretation

Electrocardiographic findings of left ventricular hypertrophy were compared with echocardiographic left ventricular mass in 148 patients to assess performance of standard electrocardiographic criteria, the IBM Bonner program and physician interpretation. On echocardiography, 43% of the patients had left ventricular hypertrophy (left ventricular mass > 215 g). Sokolow-Lyon voltage (S in V1+ R in V5or V6) and Romhilt-Estes point score correlated modestly with left ventricular mass (r = 0.40, p It is concluded that: 1) computer diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy by the IBM Bonner program is no more accurate than diagnosis by Sokolow-Lyon or Romhilt-Estes criteria, and 2) physician recognition of left ventricular hypertrophy is more accurate. This suggests that additional information about left ventricular hypertrophy is present in the electrocardiogram that is not detectable by standard criteria or the IBM computer program.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel delayed rectifier potassium channel from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): expression in taste buds.

The gustatory system of channel catfish is widely studied for its sensitivity to amino acids. As a first step in identifying the molecular components that play a role in taste transduction in catfish, we cloned the full-length cDNA for Kv2-catfish, a novel K+ channel that is expressed in taste buds. The deduced amino acid sequence is 816 residues, and shares a 56–59% sequence identity with Kv2.1 and Kv2.2, the other members of the vertebrate Kv2 subfamily of voltage-gated K+ channels. The Kv2-catfish RNA was expressed in taste buds, brain, skeletal muscle, kidney, intestine and gills, and its gene is represented as a single copy in the catfish genome. Recombinant channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes were selective for K+, and were inhibited by tetraethylammonium applied to the extracellular side of the membrane during two-electrode voltage clamp analysis with a 50% inhibitory constant of 6.1 mm. The channels showed voltage-dependent activation, and did not inactivate within 200 ms. Functionally, Kv2-catfish is a voltage-gated, delayed rectifier K+ channel, and its primary structure is the most divergent sequence identified among the vertebrate members of the Kv2 subfamily of K+ channels, being related equally well to Kv2.1 and Kv2.2.
Thermodynamics of Solutions with Liquid Crystal Solvenets. VI. The Effect of Organic Solutes on the Selective Reflection of Visible Light by Cholesteric Mixtures

Abstract Solute thermodynamic data been obtained by gas-luquid chromatography for dilute solutions of a variety of organic solutes in cholesteric mixtures comprised of cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, and cholesteryl nonanoate. These data are analyzed in light of a previous study by J. L. Fergason on the same cholesteric mixtures and solutes, where shifts in the wavevlength of maximum reflectance of the cholesteric solvents were induced by small amounts of solute. Correlations between the wavelength shifts and thermodynamic data are found for the chlorinated methanes. Nonrandom mixing may explain why correlations are not observed between the wavelength shifts and thermodynamic data for dissimilar solutes. A comparison of wavelength shift data normalized to equal mole fractions of disolved solute reveals that hydrogen bonding, dipolar interactions, and small molecular size favor large shifts to longer wavelengths of reflected light.
The vulnerabilities of age: burns in children and older adults.

BACKGROUND: Both children and older adults are thought to sustain burns serious enough to warrant hospitalization disproportionately more often than other age groups, but the incidence, injury characteristics, and outcome have not been precisely defined. METHODS: Patients hospitalized with a burn diagnosis were identified from hospital discharge data from California, Florida, New Jersey, and New York for the 5-year period 2000-2004. RESULTS: In those states, 60,024 residents were hospitalized with a diagnosis of burn and/or inhalation injury according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. Using population data from the United States Census 2000, we found that the average annual incidence of hospitalization with a burn diagnosis in these 4 states was 155 per million (per M) (95% confidence interval,153-158). There were 13,453 children under 15 years of age: incidence, 163 per M (range, 157-169). Of these 9508 (70%) were under 5 years of age: incidence, 363 per M (range, 347-379). In contrast, there were 10,686 patients 65 years of age or older: incidence, 214 per M (range, 205-224), of whom 2091 were at least 85 years old: incidence, 347 per M (range, 314-380). The incidence of hospitalization with a burn diagnosis for patients 15 to 64 years of age was 141 per M (range, 138-145). Compared with children younger than 15 years, patients aged 65 years and older more often had flame burns (odds ratio [OR], 2.12), burns of 20% or more of body surface area (OR, 2.41), inhalation injury (OR, 2.88), respiratory failure (OR, 4.48), and death (OR, 16.53), all P Language: en
How to Avoid Language Breakdown? Circumlocution!.

ABSTRACT Circumlocution can prevent communication breakdown and is a required function at the Advanced level on the ACTFL Oral Proficiency scale. To encourage this communicative strategy, the researchers conducted a study of two intermediate college French classes. One class was encouraged to circumlocute; the other was not. Pretests and posttests measured gains in circumlocution. At the end of the term, both groups had significantly improved their ability to circumlocute. Although statistical results did not differ significantly between the two groups, qualitative data revealed that the experimental group learned to focus better on the salient features of lexical items and, therefore, to circumlocute more efficiently. Circumlocution games to encourage both linguistic competence and cognitive flexibility are included.
Panel 5: Chemical processes at the ocean bottom

Abstract Novel techniques and existing knowledge from chemical research that could be applied to understanding processes at the ocean bottom are by and large analytical, but not entirely. Microelectrodes developed for both the study of electron transfer at interfaces and for application in medical research could be readily modified to investigate gradients at the sediment-water interface. The body of knowledge assembled for, and derived from, election transfer research should be a valuable resource of understanding the mechanisms of redox reactions that occur in the ocean. Chemiluminescent methods for measuring metals in seawater would become much more generally applicable if additional luminescing compounds that chelate metals with great specificity could be identified or synthesized. Collaboration with analytical chemists might enable the development of this method to a wide variety of marine analytical problems. Recent advances in optical detector technology should catalize the adaptation of chemiluminescent methods to in situ analysis. A variety of separation techniques developed for chemical research could be applied to the problems of separating both dissolved and particulate organic matter from their natural matrices. If this can be accomplished it will remove a major barrier in the characterization of organic matter in the ocean. A potential approach for determining the biochemical character of this material after separation is degradation using bacterial enzymes, and then identification of subunits of the polymers by techniques such as 13 C-NMR. Relatively recent application of GC-MS and high pressure liquid chromatography to marine organic analysis has already produced more data than is interpretable by marine organic chemists. Chemometric and statistical methods developed by chemists to maximize data interpretation could be used to interpret large data sets plan future experimental approaches. High analytical precision and extremely low detection limits are prerequisites for solving many of the problems associated with hydrothermal circulation and paleoceanography. Some examples of emerging analytical methodology for improving these are echelle spectrography coupled with highly sensitive charge transfer device detectors to enable determination of elemental ratios at high precision, and ICP-mass spectrometry which achieves very low detection limits for some elements.
Optimal expressions in Indian English

This paper presents an account of sociolinguistic–syntactic variation in Indian English. It focuses on the differences between Standard Indian English (SIE) and Indian Vernacular English (IVE), restricting the discussion to the syntax of wh-questions, Focus constructions, null subjects and objects (pro drop), and null expletive subjects. The major claim of this paper is that the differences between the observed patterns of generalization in SIE and IVE are best accounted for in a conceptualization of grammar that is based on a general notion of priority of syntactic constraints on well-formedness. This optimality-theoretic (OT) conceptualization (Grimshaw, 1997; Prince & Smolensky, 1993) is able to capture the following generalizations: (a) IVE is just as systematic and logical as SIE; (b) the grammars of IVE and SIE are bound by the same set of grammatical constraints; and (c) the differences between the two varieties is a function of how each grammar prioritizes these constraints. This paper thus also presents a strong argument for using OT as a framework for research on language variation and use.
Electromagnetic Corrections to the B 12 -N 12 β-Spectrum Ratio

It has recently been suggested1 that a precise comparison of the β spectra of B^(12) and N^(12) transitions to the ground state of C^(12) would provide a test of the nature of the vector interaction in β decay. Let the spectrum of each transition, divided by the corresponding Fermi spectrum, be called S(E), where E is the total energy of the β ray.
The Siting of Churches and Mosques as an Indicator of Christian–Muslim Relations

The state of relations between Christians and Muslims can be difficult to assess, particularly on a micro scale. Analysing where and why places of worship are located can be an important indicator of the complexities of inter-religious relations. This paper uses examples and case studies from across time and space to demonstrate how changes to the religious landscape can help ascertain degrees of tolerance and intolerance. These changes can come about through such methods as allowing mosques or churches to be built as a sign of tolerance, destroying or converting mosques or churches as a sign of intolerance, building a place of worship adjacent to another place of worship out of either respect or a sense of superiority, and limiting the location in order to keep the minority religious group in its place.
Rural‐Urban Differences in End‐of‐life Care: The Use of Feeding Tubes

: Efforts to improve end-of-life care have increased during the past decade. The goals of these efforts include increasing patient autonomy and reducing or more selectively using intensive medical interventions near the end of life. In this light, examination of community-to-community variations in end-of-life practices may serve to clarify the values and goals of different populations, as well as the roles of patients, families and professionals in bringing about specific patterns of medical care. This study examined the use of feeding tubes among Kansas nursing home residents between Jan. 1, 1994, and June 30, 1998 (n=78,895), using the Minimum Data Set. Residents with very severe, persistent and irreversible cognitive impairment (n =4,847) were included in the study population. The location of nursing homes in urban, midsize and rural counties was an independent variable. Feeding tubes were used in 19.3 percent of the urban nursing home residents, 8.0 percent of the residents in midsize counties and 6.4 percent of the rural residents. The rate of feeding tube use was significantly higher in urban counties for most subpopulations, including men, women, whites, nonwhites, and those eligible and ineligible for Medicaid. The observed rural-urban differences in feeding tube use near the end of life may be associated with differences in access to surgical or nursing services, differences in the relationships between providers and consumers of care in different communities or differences in rural and urban cultures. Qualitative research may be useful in clarifying the roles of each of these factors.
Neonatal adaptation: cardiac adrenergic effector mechanisms after birth in newborn sheep.

ABSTRACT: At birth, there is a marked increase in circulating plasma catecholamine concentrations. This increase is critical to many of the physiologic adjustments to postnatal life. Because the levels observed are higher than those seen in most other physiologic conditions in adults, previous investigators have suggested that the newborn is less sensitive to adrenergic stimulation or that desensitization to adrenergic stimulation occurs rapidly. To investigate this question, we designed experiments to measure myocardial β-adrenergic receptor density and sensitivity before and after exposure to the catecholamine surge at birth in term newborn sheep. We also measured the status of sympathetic innervation, reflected by myocardial norepinephrine content. At birth, plasma catecholamines increased 4- to 6-fold with associated increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output. Myocardial β-adrenergic receptor at birth (135 fmol/mg protein) did not change significantly by 6 h of life (157 fmol/mg protein). Myocardial adenyl cyclase activity, reflecting receptor sensitivity, and myocardial sympathetic innervation also did not change. These results suggest that, despite exposure to sustained adrenergic stimulation, myocardial adrenergic effector mechanisms do not change in the newborn sheep at birth.
Purification and Characterization of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2-Encoded Uracil-DNA Glycosylase

The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) was from the nuclei of infected KB cells using ion exchange, affinity, and chromatofocusing chromatography techniques. Chromatography on DNA cellulose revealed two distinct HSV-2-encoded UNGs. One species, designated A, was purified approximately 324-fold, while the second species, designated B, was purified approximately 130-fold. The HSV UNG species B was observed to unidirectionally convert to the A species, suggesting that the B species binding to DNA cellulose may be the result of an association with other DNA binding proteins. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that both species A and B had molecular weights of 32,000. The HSV-2-encoded UNGs could be distinguished from the cellular nuclear UNG based upon differences in their behavior on the chromatography matrixes and by their molecular weights. There were no significant differences in the biochemical properties of the HSV-2-encoded or nuclear UNGs. Furthermore, all of these UNGs reacted with a monoclonal antibody produced against the human placental UNG. These data support recent studies, at both the DNA and the amino acid levels, which have demonstrated that this enzyme is highly conserved between species.
Development of Ability to ask Questions under Specific Testing Conditions

(1962). Development of Ability to ask Questions under Specific Testing Conditions. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 83-90.
Parametric instability of a plasma driven by a high frequency, finite wavelength wave

Abstract This paper examines the parametric instability of an unmagnetized electron-ion plasma driven by a large amplitude wave whose frequency ω o is close to ω p .
Dietary supplementation with pollen enhances survival and Collembola boosts fitness of a web‐building spider

Uncertainties exist about the value of non-prey food for predators that are commonly food-limited, and the dietary conditions where non-prey foods are beneficial for carnivorous species. Prior studies show that large quantities of pollen grains are intercepted in the webs of web-building spiders. We examined the nutritional benefits of pollen as a non-prey food for a common ground-dwelling, sheet web-building spider, Mermessus fradeorum (Berland) (Araneae: Linyphiidae). These predators were provided diets of prey or no prey in the presence and absence of pollen. Treatment effects were quantified by measuring predator body nutrient composition, survival, body size, and offspring production. Per unit dry weight, pollen had less nitrogen and lipids than prey, although relative quantities of these nutrients per meal were not measured. Dietary treatments altered the body tissue composition of the spiders, leading to the highest N content and lipid reserves in spiders provided with Collembola. Supplementing diets with pollen increased both juvenile and adult survival, and the greatest survivorship and offspring production was observed when spiders were provided diets of Collembola supplemented with pollen. Our results show that Collembola are high-quality prey for spiders and pollen has positive effects on nutritional status and survival of a carnivorous species. Foraging on plant material potentially promotes population growth at early and late developmental stages by supplementing diets of poor-quality prey, and preventing starvation when prey are scarce.
Treatment of chemical diabetes mellitus with sulfonylurea compounds

EFORE DISCUSSING the use of sulfonylurea compounds in the treatment of chemical diabetes, we must ask ourselves whether there is any evidence to indicate that mild carbohydrate intolerance may be harmful. Although this is a controversial question, there is some evidence that this may be true. There are four studies which give epidemiologic evidence. One is the Tecumsah, Michigan study. Dr. Ostrander, Dr. Epstein, and colleagues have shown that there is an excellent correlation between elevated blood sugar levels and the prevalence of coronary artery disease and generally of arteriosclerotic vascular disease.l*” This does not establish a cause and effect relationship necessarily, but it does establish a very strong correlation. Another epidemiologic study is the Bedford study, published by Keen et a1.3*4 Individuals with chemical diabetes as well as those with what was termed “borderline diabetes” were compared with control subjects. “Borderline diabetics,” by this definition, are individuals who had venous whole blood sugar levels between 120 and 200 mg/100 ml 2 hr after a 50-g carbohydrate load. In these groups there was a correlation between blood sugar levels and the incidence of arterial disease. In addition to epidemiologic studies, there are studies of patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. One study involved patients (mean age 46 yr) with coronary artery disease established by angiography.5 Abnormality of carbohydrate tolerance was found in 64% of those patients; abnormal lipid levels existed in about 51% of those patients. 6 Combining both sets of observations, about 85% of all the patients with coronary heart disease had one or the other of these metabolic abnormalities. In another study of patients with coronary artery disease established by coronary arteriography, there was a 63% incidence of an abnormality of glucose tolerance, while 74% of the patients had an elevation of serum lipids. 7 Abnormalities of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism were found in 91% of the patients.
Comparative study of NO removal in surface-plasma and volume-plasma reactors based on pulsed corona discharges.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) conversion has been studied for two different types of atmospheric-pressure pulsed-corona discharges, one generates a surface-plasma and the other provides a volume-plasma. For both types of discharges the energy cost for NO removal increases with decreasing oxygen concentration and initial concentration of NO. However, the energy cost for volume plasmas for 50% NO removal, EC50, from air was found to be 120 eV/molecule, whereas for the surface plasma, it was only 70 eV/molecule. A smaller difference in energy cost, but a higher efficiency for removal of NO was obtained in a pure nitrogen atmosphere, where NO formation is restricted due to the lack of oxygen. For the volume plasma, EC50 in this case was measured at 50 eV/molecule, and for the surface plasma it was 40 eV/molecule. Besides the higher NO removal efficiency of surface plasmas compared to volume plasmas, the energy efficiency of surface-plasmas was found to be almost independent of the amount of electrical energy deposited in the discharge, whereas the efficiency for volume plasmas decreases considerably with increasing energy. This indicates the possibility of operating surface plasma discharges at high energy densities and in more compact reactors than conventional volume discharges.
5-Iodonaphthyl-1-azide labeling of plasma membrane proteins adjacent to specific sites via energy transfer

We have examined conditions optimal for 5-iodonaphthyl-1-azide (INA4) labeling of membrane proteins proximal to known membrane sites. Membrane-bound INA can be indirectly activated by energy transfer from visible chromophores. We demonstrate that the efficiency of this sensitized activation is enhanced by use of triplet-forming chromophores such as eosin and by deoxygenation. Variation of sensitized activation efficiency with INA concentration indicates that the critical distance for eosin-INA energy transfer in solution is 8-14 A. We suggest that photosensitization occurs through triplet exchange and present an improved labeling protocol based on these findings. This protocol was used to examine whether different accessory proteins are associated with isolated and crosslinked Type I Fc epsilon receptors on 2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells. 2H3 cells were incubated with eosin-conjugated IgE and irradiated at 514 nm yielding [125I]INA derivatized peptides at 53, 38, 34, and 29 kDa. Crosslinking IgE with mouse anti-rat IgE prior to irradiation labeled three additional proteins at 60, 54, and 43 kDa. These results demonstrate the utility of sensitized INA labeling in characterizing protein-protein interactions in membranes of intact cells and indicate the importance of considering photophysical factors when selecting sensitizers and reaction conditions. We discuss estimation of the size of the membrane region surrounding a sensitizing chromophore within which INA labeling of membrane proteins occurs.
SYNTHETIC STUDIES OF ANTITUMOR MACROLIDE RHIZOXIN : STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESES OF THE C(1)-C(9) AND C(12)-C(26) SUBUNITS

A triply convergent synthetic approach which culminates in the enantioselective syntheses of the C(1)−C(9) and C(12)−C(26) subunits of the macrolide antitumor agent rhizoxin is described. The central C(12)−C(20) subunit 4 has been prepared efficiently via diastereoselective enzymatic acetate hydrolysis of 15 with porcine pancreatic lipase, a chelation-controlled Ireland−Claisen rearrangement (10 → 12) combined with kinetic bromolactonization (12 → 14), and Mitsunobu inversion (23 → 26) to introduce the three contiguous C(15)−C(17) stereocenters. Formation of the C(18)−C(19) trisubstituted (E)-olefin was achieved by a stereoselective Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons reaction. The central segment 4 and the oxazole chromophore side chain 3 were coupled using another highly stereoselective Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons reaction. Two different lactone subunits [C(1)−C(9) segment 5 and C(3)−C(10) segment 47] were also prepared, employing a thermodynamically controlled diastereotopic group differentiation tactic for establishi...
Krypton entrapment in pulse-biased sputter-deposited metals☆

A supported gas discharge sputtering system was constructed to investigate krypton entrapment in high-rate sputter-deposited thick films. Krypton entrapment was studied as a function of substrate and target voltage for nickel, aluminum, titanium and iron deposits. Control of substrate and target voltages was achieved with pulse circuits capable of adjusting the pulse duration and repetition rate. A water-cooled cylindrical copper substrate 15 cm in diameter was used to collect the sputtered metal from a 9-cm diameter cylindrical target. To observe the immediate effect of changes in sputtering parameters on gas trapping, as well as measure the total gas trapped, a sensitive mass flow indicator was installed in the krypton supply of the dynamically pumped system. Data relating krypton content to substrate bias conditions and deposition rate are discussed in light of the theory of Carter, Colligon and Leck on ion absorption in the presence of sputtering. Krypton contents > 2 at.% were found in the metals studied, all of which were deposited at rates exceeding 1 nm/sec. Computed krypton concentrations agreed with concentrations in samples that were analyzed chemically.
Homodimeric quaternary structure is required for the in vivo function and thermal stability of saccharomyces cerevisiae and schizosaccharomyces pombe RNA triphosphatases

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cet1 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pct1 are the essential RNA triphosphatase components of the mRNA capping apparatus of budding and fission yeast, respectively. Cet1 and Pct1 share a baroque active site architecture and a homodimeric quaternary structure. The active site is located within a topologically closed hydrophilic beta-barrel (the triphosphate tunnel) that rests on a globular core domain (the pedestal) composed of elements from both protomers of the homodimer. Earlier studies of the effects of alanine cluster mutations at the crystallographic dimer interface of Cet1 suggested that homodimerization is important for triphosphatase function in vivo, albeit not for catalysis. Here, we studied the effects of 14 single-alanine mutations on Cet1 activity and thereby pinpointed Asp280 as a critical side chain required for dimer formation. We find that disruption of the dimer interface is lethal in vivo and renders Cet1 activity thermolabile at physiological temperatures in vitro. In addition, we identify individual residues within the pedestal domain (Ile470, Leu519, Ile520, Phe523, Leu524, and Ile530) that stabilize Cet1 in vivo and in vitro. In the case of Pct1, we show that dimerization depends on the peptide segment 41VPKIEMNFLN50 located immediately prior to the start of the Pct1 catalytic domain. Deletion of this peptide converts Pct1 into a catalytically active monomer that is defective in vivo in S. pombe and hypersensitive to thermal inactivation in vitro. Our findings suggest an explanation for the conservation of quaternary structure in fungal RNA triphosphatases, whereby the delicate tunnel architecture of the active site is stabilized by the homodimeric pedestal domain.
Characterization of dairy waste streams, current treatment practices, and potential for biological nutrient removal

Abstract Fifteen milk processing plants in the Upper Midwest of the United States participated in a study to obtain information on general process operation, waste generation and treatment practices, chemical usage, and wastewater characteristics. Long term data on wastewater characteristics were obtained for 8 of the 15 dairy plants, and a 24-h composite wastewater sample was characterized in detail for each plant. Wastewater flow rates and characteristics varied greatly among and within plants and were not easily predictable even when detailed information on processing operations was available. In addition, the contribution of milk and milk products to the waste streams was underestimated by plant operators. The use of caustic soda, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid for cleaning had a significant impact on wastewater characteristics, despite the implementation of changes in chemical usage practices during recent years. In particular, the use of phosphoric acid based cleaning products has been reduced to eliminate or decrease discharge fines. It was determined that most of the on site treatment facilities require renovations and/or operational changes to comply with current and future discharge regulations, especially with respect to nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels in their waste streams. It was concluded that biological nutrient removal of dairy wastewaters should be feasible given the relatively high concentrations of easily degradable organics, the generally favorable organic matter to total phosphorus ratio, and the very favorable organic matter to nitrogen ratio.
Lipid composition of bovine retinal outer segment fragments

Abstract The lipid content and composition of highly purified preparations of bovine retinal outer segment fragments are given. Almost half of the retinal outer segment fragments is lipid on a weight basis; most of the lipid is phospholipid. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine are the major retinal outer segment phospholipids, although small but significant amounts of phosphatidylinositol and sphingomyelin are also present. The retinal outer segment fatty acids contain an unusually high concentration (approx. 50%) of highly unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. The predominant fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), accounts for 37% of the fatty acids; docosatetraenoic acid (22:4), 7% and arachidonic acid (20:4), 8%. Palmilic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), the most abundant saturated fatty acids, account for at least 10 and 16%, respectively.
Tools of the trade: The use of the self in psychotherapy

The public image of the typical psychoanalyst has been given expression in many jokes and satirical comments such as, "He always answers a question with a question," or "I knew he was alive because I could hear him breathing." That image has been consistent with the classical analytic role of the blank screen which discloses no personal facts, reveals no emotions, but simply mirrors the projections of the patient. But there has been an evolution in the conception of the role of the therapist from mirror to participant observer to human being or, as Michels (1986) puts it, "from authority to collaborator" (p. 288). Each succeeding role does not displace the former, as in the Kuhnian (1962) sense of a succeeding paradigm overthrowing a former one, but rather exists alongside of the others. That is, most analysts seem to function in each role at some time with the same patient and to varying degrees with different patients. Of course, the analyst's theoretical allegiance might be expected to govern the predominance of one role over others. In any case, each succeeding role does involve a greater degree of involvement on the part of the analyst than the former one.