cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Algorithm for Blade Loss Simulations Using a High Fidelity Ball Bearing and Damper Model

This paper presents a novel approach for blade loss simulation of an aircraft gas turbine rotor mounted on rolling element bearings with squeeze film dampers. The modal truncation augmentation (MTA) method provides an efficient tool for modeling this large order system with localized nonlinearities in the ball bearings. The gas turbine engine, which is composed of the power turbine and gas generator rotors, is modeled with 38 lumped masses. A nonlinear angular contact bearing model is employed, which has ball and race degrees of freedom and uses a modified Hertzian contact force between the races and balls. This combines a dry contact force and an equivalent viscous damping force. Prediction of the maximum contact load and the corresponding stress on an elliptical contact area between the races and balls is made during the blade loss simulations. A finite-element based squeeze film damper (SFD), which determines the pressure profile of oil film and calculates damper forces for any type of whirl orbit, is developed, verified, and utilized in the simulations. The new approach is shown to provide efficient and accurate predictions of whirl amplitudes, maximum contact load and stress in the bearings, transmissibility, the maximum and minimum damper pressures and amount of unbalance force for incipient oil film cavitation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Enhanced light-conversion efficiency of titanium-dioxide dye-sensitized solar cells with the addition of indium-tin-oxide and fluorine-tin-oxide nanoparticles in electrode films

We prepared of electrodes that consist of TiO2 with addition of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) nanoparticles and the application of such electrodes on dye-sensitized solar cell. As compared to TiO2 alone, the addition of ITO and FTO nanoparticles resulted in an efficiency improvement of ~ 20% up to ~ 54% for the TiO2- ITO and TiO2-FTO systems, respectively. This improvement was partly attributed to a slightly enhanced dye-adsorption behavior and a change in the TiO2 surface chemistry due to the presence of ITO or FTO nanoparticles.
An Injection for the Ehrenpreis Rogers-Ramanujan Problem

Garsia and Milne used their elegant involution principle to give a bijective proof of the first Rogers?Ramanujan identity. We give an injection as called for by Ehrenpreis of the partitions ofninto parts of the forms 5m+2 and 5m+3 into the partitions ofninto parts of the forms 5m+1 and 5m+4. As observed by Ehrenpreis, Andrews and Baxter, this gives a potential start to a Rogers?Ramanujan bijection and a new partition identity involving partitions into parts ?3 with difference between parts at least 2. Our potential bijection does not agree with the Garsia?Milne bijection.
Electronic transitions in tetrahedral cobalt(II) observed by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy

Abstract We report the first observation by tunneling spectroscopy of d-d transitions in a tetrahedral complex. Both the 4A2(F) → 4T2(F) and the 4A2(F) → 4T1(F) multiplets are observed. These electronic transitions are very strong features, having integrated intensities several times larger than a typical CH or OH stretching band.
The effects of the Reynolds number and width ratio on the flow distribution in manifolds of liquid cooling modules for electronic packaging

A uniform coolant distribution in the manifold of a liquid cooling module is necessary to eliminate local hot spots in electronic packaging. A numerical study was conducted to determine the effects of the Reynolds number and width ratio Dc/Dd (defined as the ratio of the combining header width to the dividing header width) on the coolant distribution in a parallel flow manifold. Of the four width ratios (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0), the maximum channel flow rate to the minimum channel flow rate was 1.2. Regardless of the width ratio, the flow distribution is strongly dependent on the Reynolds number. It is concluded that a proper combination of the Reynolds number, Dc/Dd, and the area ratio, AR, is required to produce a uniform flow distribution in a manifold.
Identification of Proteins from a Cell Wall Fraction of the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana Insights into Silica Structure Formation

Diatoms are unicellular eucaryotic algae with cell walls containing silica, intricately and ornately structured on the nanometer scale. Overall silica structure is formed by expansion and molding of the membrane-bound silica deposition vesicle. Although molecular details of silica polymerization are being clarified, we have limited insight into molecular components of the silica deposition vesicle, particularly of membrane-associated proteins that may be involved in structure formation. To identify such proteins, we refined existing procedures to isolate an enriched cell wall fraction from the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, the first diatom with a sequenced genome. We applied tandem mass spectrometric analysis to this fraction, identifying 31 proteins for further evaluation. mRNA levels for genes encoding these proteins were monitored during synchronized progression through the cell cycle and compared with two previously identified silaffin genes (involved in silica polymerization) having distinct mRNA patterns that served as markers for cell wall formation. Of the 31 proteins identified, 10 had mRNA patterns that correlated with the silaffins, 13 had patterns that did not, and seven had patterns that correlated but also showed additional features. The possible involvements of these proteins in cell wall synthesis are discussed. In particular, glutamate acetyltransferase was identified, prompting an analysis of mRNA patterns for other genes in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway and identification of those induced during cell wall synthesis. Application of a specific enzymatic inhibitor for ornithine decarboxylase resulted in dramatic alteration of silica structure, confirming the involvement of polyamines and demonstrating that manipulation of proteins involved in cell wall synthesis can alter structure. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic analysis of a diatom, and furthermore we identified new candidate genes involved in structure formation and directly demonstrated the involvement of one enzyme (and its gene) in the structure formation process.
Transmural Distribution of Three-Dimensional Systolic Strains in Stunned Myocardium

Background Regional function in stunned myocardium is usually thought to be more depressed in the endocardium than the epicardium. This has been attributed to the greater loss of blood flow at the endocardium during ischemia. Methods and Results We measured transmural distributions of 3D systolic strains relative to local myofiber axes in open-chest anesthetized dogs before 15 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and during 2 hours of reperfusion. During ischemia, regional myocardial blood flow was reduced 84% at the endocardium and 32% at the epicardium (P<0.005, n=7), but changes in end-systolic fiber length from baseline were transmurally uniform. Relative to baseline, radial segments in stunned tissue were significantly thinner at the endocardium than the epicardium at end systole (24±5% versus 16±3%; P<0.05, n=8), consistent with previous reports. Unlike radial and cross-fiber segments, however, the increase of end-systolic fiber lengths in stunned myocardium had no significa...
DIVISION OF LABOR: CALIFORNIA'S RENEWED BUDGET CRISIS SPLITS THE UNION MOVEMENT

In an earlier article, I discussed and examined the odd morphing of California's state budget crisis of the early 2000s into a fight between Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger with public-sector unions over a series of ballot initiatives. By making an enemy of the labor movement, the governor provoked a massive campaign against his initiatives. Below I describe a different strategy taken by the governor in the context of the California budget crisis of 2008–2009.
On the spectral radius of (0,1)-matrices

We determine the maximum spectral radius for (0,1)-matrices with k2 andk2+1 1's, respectively, and for symmetric (0,1)-matrices with zero trace and e=k21's (graphs with e edges). In all cases, equality is characterized.
Impact of Auditory and Visual Distractors upon Manual Assembly Task Learning among Older Workers with Different Levels of Spatial Reasoning and Field Dependence

We examined the impact of age upon learning a manual assembly task in the presence of visual and auditory distractors in males and females ranging in age between 18 and 65 years. Task learning, as measured by time to asymptote as well as error rate. Both metrics were affected by distractors when both auditory and visual distraction loads were present, and only in older subjects who possessed low spatial reasoning ability. Older subjects who possessed excellent spatial reasoning capability performed competitively with younger subjects. Recommendations for use of spatial reasoning and field dependence in future aging-related psychomotor task learning research are provided and practical use of these findings are discussed.
Immigration from Mexico into the math/science pipeline in American education

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore generational differences in math/science enrollment and achievement among Mexican-American students and the role of family and school contexts in these differences. Methods. We applied survey regression techniques to data from 12,020 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results. Native-born Mexican-American students had lower math/science enrollment than their peers, especially after differences in family and school contexts were taken into account. Mexican-American immigrants had lower achievement when enrolled in such classes, but this was explained by their greater level of family and school disadvantages. Conclusions. Persistence and success in the math/science pipeline, a mechanism of social mobility in the modern economy, would likely be enhanced in the fast-growing population of Mexican-American students by improvements in family resources and school organization. By creating economic and social opportunities, the educational system is a mechanism for social mobility. How this process occurs, however, has changed considerably over the last century. Historically, the most secure sector of the American economy was manufacturing, and a general high school education allowed individuals and groups to improve their social position by accessing this sector. As this sector has shrunk in recent decades,
Induction of cytochromes P450 and mixed-function oxidase activity by polychlorinated biphenyls and β-naphthoflavone in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract 1. 1. Hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activities consistently were increased and cytochrome P450 content and ethoxycoumarin-O-deethykase activity sometimes were increased in carp injected with Aroclor 1254 or β-naphthoflavone as compared to corn oil vehicle alone. 2. 2. Hepatic microsomal deethylase activities and cytochrome P450 content were not significantly elevated by injection with 2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl as compared to corn oil above. 3. 3. Kidney microsomal deethylase activities as compared to corn oil injected were unaffected by these ag agents except that Aroclor 1254 significantly elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. 4. 4. Control and induced hepatic microsomal benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activities were unaffected by metyrapone but were significantly inhibited by α-naphthoflavone added in vitro. 5. 5. Patterns of carp hepatic microsomal enzyme activities and responses to inhibitors resemble those seen in hepatic microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene induced mammalian species, i.e. are cytochrome P448-like.
Design and implementation of the ATLAS TRT front end electronics

Abstract The ATLAS TRT subsystem is comprised of 380,000 4 mm straw tube sensors ranging in length from 30 to 80 cm. Polypropelene plastic layers between straws and a xenon-based gas mixture in the straws allow the straws to be used for both tracking and transition radiation detection. Detector-mounted electronics with data sparsification was chosen to minimize the cable plant inside the super-conducting solenoid of the ATLAS inner tracker. The “on detector” environment required a small footprint, low noise, low power and radiation-tolerant readout capable of triggering at rates up to 20 MHz with an analog signal dynamic range of >300 times the discriminator setting. For tracking, a position resolution better than 150 μm requires leading edge trigger timing with ∼1 ns precision and for transition radiation detection, a charge collection time long enough to integrate the direct and reflected signal from the unterminated straw tube is needed for position-independent energy measurement. These goals have been achieved employing two custom Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICS) and board design techniques that successfully separate analog and digital functionality while providing an integral part of the straw tube shielding.
Molecular theory of weak polyelectrolyte thin films

In this work, we extend the recently developed Molecular Theory of Weak Polyelectrolyte Gels to study hydrogel films. This approach explicitly accounts for all of the physicochemical interactions determining the thermodynamic equilibrium of these films and it incorporates molecular details of the polymer network. In particular, we applied this theoretical framework to investigate the response of a thin film of cross-linked hydrophilic polyacid chains to variations in external stimuli such as pH, salt concentration and applied electric potential. Swelling of the polyacid gel film is a continuous but sharp transition that occurs in a narrow range of bulk pH, around the pKa of the acid monomers. The width of this transition range depends on the salt concentration. The gel swells if the bulk pH is larger than the pKa of the monomers and it collapses otherwise. Swelling, however, is not due to a high degree of dissociation in the network, since the swollen gel can have very low degree of electric charge, but the result of the complex balance between the acid–base equilibrium, the gel molecular organization, and the resulting electrostatic interactions. The region close to the surface (up to a few nanometres-thick), the center of the gel, and the interface between the film and the solution have different chemical compositions, which are each different from that of the bulk solution in equilibrium with the film. In particular, the pH in all these regions can be controlled by changing the bulk pH and salt concentration. In addition, there is a gradient of pH going from the solution inside the film, whose magnitude can be tuned by varying bulk pH and salt concentration. In the region near the surface, both the pH and total charge density can be controlled by applying an electric potential. The thin film behaves as an electric insulating material. We calculated the potential of mean force for the insertion of charged nanoparticles inside the hydrogel film. Depending on the electric charge and size of the nanoparticle, there can be an attractive well or a repulsive barrier of several kBT for the nanoparticle to enter the gel from the solution. These findings are relevant in the design of a variety of functional devices using hydrogel films.
Risks to the children born to mothers with autoimmune diseases

This article reviews current information regarding the development and long-term effects on children born to women with connective tissue diseases. There are few data on specific effects attributed to the underlying maternal disease, but fetal growth restriction and preterm birth are relatively common. Antenatal use of prednisone as treatment for these disorders appears to be safe, and most children have developed normally. However, there is growing concern that prolonged fetal exposure to other glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone or betamethasone may lead to decreased growth and abnormal neuronal development. Low birth weight is reportedly associated with long-term medical complications such as adult-onset hypertension. Evidence also suggests that immunosuppressive agents taken during pregnancy might predispose the progeny to autoimmune disorders, malignancies and reproductive problems. Further research is warranted to determine that there are no unrecognized long-term risks to the offspring of these women.
1024 x 1024 Si: as IBC detector arrays for MID-IR astronomy

1K x 1K Si:As Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) arrays have been developed by Raytheon Vision Systems for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). These devices are also suitable for other low-background applications. The Si:As IBC detectors have a pixel dimension of 25 μm and respond to infrared radiation between 5 and 28 μm. Detector performance results are discussed, including response and dark current as a function of detector bias and relative spectral response. The features of the matching 1024 x 1024 Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC) features are discussed. Noise data from the University of Rochester are shown with the ROIC operating at 7 K. Sensor Chip Assembly (SCA) data are presented showing noise, response uniformity, and dark current. Design details of a companion 1024 x 1024 array suitable for high-background, ground-based astronomy will also be revealed for the first time. This array will have a large well capacity and be capable of high frame rates.
Towards optimized acquisition scheme for multiprojection correlation imaging of breast cancer.

Rationale and Objectives Correlation imaging (CI) is a form of multiprojection imaging in which multiple images of a patient are acquired from slightly different angles. Information from these images is combined to make the final diagnosis. A critical factor affecting the performance of CI is its data acquisition scheme, because nonoptimized acquisition may distort pathologic indicators. The authors describe a computer-aided detection (CADe) methodology to optimize the acquisition scheme of CI for superior diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods Images from 106 subjects were used. For each subject, 25 angular projections of a single breast were acquired. Projection images were supplemented with a simulated 3-mm three-dimensional lesion. Each projection was then processed using a traditional CADe algorithm at high sensitivity, followed by the reduction of false-positives by combining the geometric correlation information available from the multiple images. The performance of the CI system was determined in terms of free-response receiver-operating characteristic curves and the areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves. For optimization, the components of acquisition, such as the number of projections and their angular span, were systematically changed to investigate which of the many possible combinations maximized the obtainable CADe sensitivity and specificity. Results The performance of the CI system was improved by increasing the angular span. Increasing the number of angular projections beyond a certain number did not improve performance. Maximum performance was obtained between 7 and 10 projections spanning a maximum angular arc of 45°. Conclusion The findings suggest the existence of an optimum acquisition scheme for CI of the breast. CADe results confirmed earlier predictions on the basis of observer models. An optimized CI system may be an important diagnostic tool for improved breast cancer detection.
Experimental Verification of the Thermodynamics of Critical Aspects of the Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina. Part II: Thermogravimetric Study of the Reaction of Al 2 O 3 –C Mixtures and the Al 2 O 3 –Al 4 C 3 Phase Diagram

The thermodynamics of several aspects of the carbothermic reduction of alumina have been examined. In Part I, the results of measuring the evolved CO from the reaction between Al2O3 and C mixtures were used to determine the temperature and carbon contents for carbide formation at alumina saturation and at carbide saturation in the Al2O3–Al4C3 system. In this part of the paper, results are presented for a thermogravimetric study of the reactions of Al2O3 with carbon, as well as those for the determination of the Al2O3 liquidus line and the Al2O3–Al4O4C eutectic in the Al2O3–Al4C3 phase diagram. The critical temperature for Al2O3 and C to react, producing gas at 1 atm., was in agreement with that predicted from thermodynamics and measured in Part I of this paper. However, the Al2O3 liquidus appeared to be steeper and the eutectic temperature lower than the predicted phase diagram.
Biologic treatments for systemic rheumatic diseases

Many rheumatologic disorders, most notably Sjogren's syndrome, are associated with dental complications and in some cases oral diseases may trigger or drive connective tissue disease. During the past three decades the treatment in rheumatology was revolutionized by the introduction of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases have led to the discovery of critical mechanisms of inflammation and autoimmunity and the invention of new target-specific biologic agents. In this review, we will summarize the current state of biologic therapies in rheumatology and discuss the implications of these on oral health and disease.
Anisomycin impairs long-term working memory in a delayed alternation task

A long-term temporal component of working memory of rats trained on the radial maze has been shown to be susceptible to disruption by the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin. It is not clear whether protein synthesis played a role in working memory because accurate performance on the radial maze required the storage of a large amount of information, or because the information was to be held in store for relatively long periods of time. This experiment tested these hypotheses by assessing the effect of anisomycin on choice accuracy in a comparatively simple spatial delayed alternation task. Results indicate that under the present training conditions, protein involvement in working memory is related more to the length of the retention interval than to the amount of information retained.
Cyclic GMP-dependent Stimulation of Serotonin Transport Does Not Involve Direct Transporter Phosphorylation by cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase

The serotonin transporter (SERT) is responsible for reuptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) after its exocytotic release from neurons. It is the primary target for antidepressants and stimulants, including “ecstasy” (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). SERT is regulated by several processes, including a cyclic GMP signaling pathway involving nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Here, we show that SERT was phosphorylated in a PKG Iα-dependent manner in vitro, but that SERT was not a direct substrate of PKG. We generated an analog-sensitive gatekeeper residue mutant of PKG Iα (M438G) that efficiently used the ATP analog N6-benzyl-ATP. This mutant, but not the wild type (WT) kinase, used the ATP analog to phosphorylate both a model peptide substrate as well as an established protein substrate of PKG (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein). PKG Iα M438G effectively substituted for the WT kinase in stimulating SERT-mediated 5-hydroxytryptamine transport in cultured cells. Addition of either WT or mutant PKG Iα M438G to membranes containing SERT in vitro led to radiolabel incorporation from [γ-33P]ATP but not from similarly labeled N6-benzyl-ATP, indicating that SERT was phosphorylated by another kinase that could not utilize the ATP analog. These results are consistent with the proposed SERT phosphorylation site, Thr-276, being highly divergent from the consensus PKG phosphorylation site sequence, which we verified through peptide library screening. Another proposed SERT kinase, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, could not substitute for PKG in this assay, and p38 inhibitors did not block PKG-dependent phosphorylation of SERT. The results suggest that PKG initiates a kinase cascade that leads to phosphorylation of SERT by an as yet unidentified protein kinase.
Microglia are activated to become competent antigen presenting and effector cells in the inflammatory environment of the Theiler's virus model of multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is a well-characterized murine model of the chronic-progressive form of human multiple sclerosis (MS) characterized by the activation of myelin-specific autoreactive CD4 Th1 cells via epitope spreading. To gain an understanding of the potential role of central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells in the presentation of endogenous myelin epitopes, we determined the individual antigen presentation and effector potential of resident microglia vs. infiltrating macrophages in the CNS of mice with ongoing TMEV-IDD by performing functional analysis of these populations separated to high purity by flow cytometric sorting based on their level of CD45 expression. Unlike microglia from naive mice, peptide-pulsed CD45lo microglia isolated at the onset of clinical disease were as efficient as CNS-infiltrating CD45hi macrophages in activating proliferation and IFN-γ production by myelin-peptide specific Th1 cells. In contrast, during the chronic stages of TMEV-IDD, CNS-infiltrating macrophages were more highly activated than the resident microglia as reflected both by higher expression of cell surface molecules associated with APC function and enhanced functional ability of spinal cord-infiltrating macrophages to stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro. Interestingly, both microglia and infiltrating macrophages expressed similar profiles of effector molecules such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 p40, TNF-α, and iNOS. Collectively, this is the first report comparing the antigen-presenting phenotype and function of microglia and infiltrating macrophages in a virus-induced model of CNS demyelination demonstrating that the resident microglia are capable APCs and may play an important role in antigen presentation at the onset of clinical disease and contribute to effector myelin destruction.
Electrocardiogram Changes Suggestive of Coronary Artery Disease in Pneumothorax: Their Reversibility With Upright Posture

Spontaneous pneumothorax is an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. Unless evidence of pneumothorax is sought carefully, this diagnosis may be missed on physical examination. In recent months, we have seen several patients with pneumothorax in whom complaints of chest pain and dyspnea, coupled with an abnormal electrocardiogram, raised the diagnostic possibility of myocardial infarction. We wish to draw attention to the ECG abnormalities associated with pneumothorax and to the useful sign of normalization of the ECG when the patient is in the sitting position. Patient Summaries Patient 1 (141-75-02). —A 20-year-old man experienced, during exertion, the sudden onset of nonradiating pain in the left anterior portion of the chest, associated with moderate dyspnea and sweating. On physical examination, he was a thin, muscular man in moderate respiratory distress with a blood pressure of 140/80 mm Hg; pulse rate, 90 beats per minute; respirations, 30/min; and
Confined space reduced graphite oxide doped with sulfur as metal-free oxygen reduction catalyst

Reduced GO in confined space of silica gel nanopores doped with sulfur shows high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium and exhibits a superior tolerance to the presence of methanol. Even though the partially reduced GO with hydroquinone structures is a good catalysts for ORR, it shows instability in KOH. The good performance of S-doped material is linked to the coexistence of sulfur and oxygen on the surface in equal atomic quantities and a unique porosity being the replica of the silica pores. The former leads to the positive charge on the carbon atoms, which are the reaction sites. Hydrophobicity of the surface and small pores enhance adsorption of O2.
Grounding of D-C structures and enclosures

THE GROUNDING of supporting structures and enclosures for d-c power circuits and apparatus has been a controversial subject ever since metal-enclosed power rectifiers and switchgear came into use in the electrochemical and other industries. Many users of d-c equipment naturally followed the well-established a-c practice of solidly grounding enclosures through a low-resistance conductor. Relatively few of these equipments included sensitive grounding protective relays. Many cases of serious injury and damage resulting from ground faults that might have been avoided by the use of grounding protective relays have been described earlier.1
Effect of Sch1000 in allergen-induced asthma.

Summary Carefully controlled allergen inhalation tests were carried out in twelve subjects to provoke early asthmatic responses with a mean maximum FEV1 fall of 30·7 ± 5·2% (mean ± s.d.). Four subjects had additional late asthmatic responses with a maximum mean FEV1 fall of 21·0 ± 5·9%. The tests were repeated at intervals of 7 days in an identical way, following inhalation of Sch1000 (80 μg) and placebo, each given 45 min before the onset of the early asthmatic response. This dose of Sch1000 produced a marked and uniform inhibition of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the same subjects. The allergen-induced responses were reproducible in eleven out of the twelve subjects; the coefficient of variation for the decrease in FEV1 in the early responses being ±7% and in the late response ±43%. Sch1000 produced a slight and variable inhibition of early asthmatic responses (P<0·02) and no inhibition of late asthmatic responses. We examined the relationship between the degree of inhibition of the early asthmatic response by Sch1000 and: (a) the degree of inhibition produced by Sch1000 on histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction; (b) the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity measured by inhaled histamine and methacholine; and (c) the degree of bronchodilatation produced by Sch1000. No relationship was found.
Bisphosphonates for metastatic bone pain.

Bisphosphonates are a class of medications used increasingly to help manage pain due to boney metastases in cancer patens. Newer bisphosphonates used in this way are reviewed and the pharmacokinetics are compared.
Phase conjugate wavefront generation by forced Rayleigh scattering

Phase conjugate wavefront generation with efficiency up to 4% at 355 nm has been demonstrated in liquid media containing nonsaturating absorbers. Experimental results are qualitatively consistent with a simple theory of transient forced Rayleigh scattering which predicts the efficiency to depend upon the solvent, the square of the pump intensity and upon the beam quality but not upon the absorbing species.
Moving on Up: The Rooney Rule and Minority Hiring in the NFL

Abstract Detecting and quantifying racial discrimination in the labor market is difficult. The sports industry offers a wealth of data and specific hiring practices which mitigates this difficulty. The Rooney Rule requires National Football League teams to interview at least one minority candidate when hiring a head coach. We examine a unique data set of high-level assistant coaches (offensive and defensive coordinators) from the beginning of the 1970 season through the beginning of the 2009 season to determine whether race is a factor in NFL teams' decisions to promote these assistants to head coach. Using logit and hazard models that control for age, experience and performance, we conclude that conditional on a coach reaching coordinator status, there is no evidence that race influences head coach hiring decisions. We also find no evidence that the Rooney Rule has increased the number of minority head coaches.
BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES OF THE QUIET SUN AND NEW MOON AT THE 6 mm WAVELENGTH.

Absolute brightness temperatures and brightness temperature ratios of a quiet region near the center of the solar disk and the central region of the new moon were measured simultaneously at the 6 mm wavelength. The measured quiet sun/new moon brightness temperature ratios and reported central brightness temperatures of the new moon confirm the measured brightness temperature of the quiet sun at the 6 mm wavelength. Reported central brightness temperatures of the new moon are tabulated and graphed as a function of frequency and wavelength. The equation of a linear regression line for the reported measurements is given for estimating the brightness temperature of the new moon at any millimeter wavelength. Estimated brightness temperatures of the new moon and measured quiet sun/new moon ratios are used to estimate solar brightness temperatures at several millimeter wavelengths. The solar brightness temperatures, the regression line, and the Van de Hulst theoretical model are presented graphically as a function of frequency and wavelength. The regression line equation is given for estimating solar brightness temperatures at any wavelength in the 6 to 1 mm wavelength interval and is solved for the wavelength of the measured ratios. Reported solar brightness temperatures in the millimeter wavelength region are tabulated. The measured temperatures in the 6 to 1 mm wavelength interval and a linear regression line are presented graphically as a function of frequency and wavelength. The regression line equation is given and solved for the solar brightness temperatures at the 6 mm wavelength.
Distribution of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine in proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus

Abstract The two native phosphoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus, NS and M, have a specific distribution of phosphoamino acids. The major one in each protein is phosphoserine. The NS NS tein is enriched for phosphothreonine, whereas the M protein contains most of the phosphotyrosine. Of the four VSV proteins phosphorylated in vitro , all have phosphotyrosine as well as phosphoserine. The NS protein appears to be the only one with phosphorylated threonine residues. When cellular and VSV proteins are compared, the relative abundance of phosphotyrosine is enriched in VSV proteins. This is further enhanced after in vitro phosphorylation. The presence of phosphotyrosine and the differential spectra of phosphoamino acids in individual VSV proteins may be crucial determinants of their intracellular location and function.
Use of robotic technology for diathrodial joint research.

Knowledge of diarthrodial joint mechanics and specific function of the ligaments are needed in order to understand injury mechanisms, improve surgical procedures and design better post-surgical rehabilitation protocols. To facilitate these needs, a robotic/universal force-moment sensor (UFS) testing system was developed to measure joint kinematics in multiple degree-of-freedom and in in situ forces in the ligaments. When operated in the position control mode, the testing system applies a known load to the intact joint while the motion and force data are recorded. After transection of a ligament, the recorded motion for the intact joint is repeated and new force and moment data is recorded by the UFS. Since the robot reproduces the identical initial position as well as path of joint motion before and after a ligament is transected, the in situ force in the ligament is the difference between the two sets of force and moment data. In force control mode, a known force is applied to the intact knee while the kinematics are recorded. After ligament transection, the same force is applied while the changes in kinematics are again recorded. Testing in this mode is similar to a clinical examination that diagnoses ligament injury. To date, this testing system has been used for experimental studies that examine the anterior cruciate ligament & posterior cruciate ligament of the knee and ligaments of the shoulder. A three-dimensional finite element model has also been constructed based on CT/MRI scans of a knee specimen and validated using data obtained with the testing system. Once in vivo kinematics (such as during gait analysis or throwing activities) are available, the robotic/UFS testing system can be programmed to reproduce these joint kinematics on young human cadaveric specimens in order to generate a database for in situ forces in the ligaments, or ligament replacement grafts. With appropriate computational models, the stresses nd strains in these tissues in vivo can also be determined. Potential applications of this combined approach include pre-operative surgical planning, improvement of surgical procedures as well as development of appropriate post-operative rehabilitation protocols.
Integrator regulates transcriptional initiation and pause release following activation

In unicellular organisms, initiation is the rate-limiting step in transcription; in metazoan organisms, the transition from initiation to productive elongation is also important. Here, we show that the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-associated multiprotein complex, Integrator, plays a critical role in both initiation and the release of paused RNAPII at immediate early genes (IEGs) following transcriptional activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human cells. Integrator is recruited to the IEGs in a signal-dependent manner and is required to engage and recruit the super elongation complex (SEC) to EGF-responsive genes to allow release of paused RNAPII and productive transcription elongation.
Brackets and slashes, stars and dots: understanding the notation of linguistic types

Abstract The standard by which token expressions are classified as linguistically type equivalent has persistently attracted both philosophical speculation and linguistic inquiry. Yet while psychophysical, perceptual, structural and semantic accounts have all competed for preeminence, one problem affects every theoretical position: how to actually refer to a linguistic type. The notational technique of phonetic brackets and phonemic slash bars, while developed and deployed within linguistics, was also independently conceived of by the philosopher Wilfrid Sellars [Philosoph. Stud. 1 (1950) 24] in the form of his “star” and better known “dot” quotes. This convergence between phonological theory and philosophical semantics, and the significance of a concretized notation for referring to linguistic types, is highlighted by relating the Descriptivist failure to “reduce the phoneme” within American Structural linguistics to the philosophical challenge (Quine, W.V. 1953. From a Logical Point of View. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) to provide a non-semantic reduction of analytic equivalence.
Civic networks for sustainable regions – Innovative practices and emergent theory

This article presents an alternative way of thinking about how regional sustainability might be accomplished. It starts from the premise that metropolitan regions can be understood as self-organizing complex systems if they have certain characteristics. When observed through this framework, sustainability shifts from being an end state to being a continuing process of adaptation that maintains the system or even improves its performance through learning and innovation. This article explores these ideas by investigating four Collaborative Regional Initiatives (CRIs), voluntary networks of civic leaders in California. We compare them across six themes: fit to region, theory of change, role of research, leadership, network structure, and activity. We use these elements as a conceptual framework to tell each CRI's unique and interesting story, while at the same time comparing them along common dimensions. Drawing on complexity science, we use the stories of these CRIs to develop theory about how such networks...
Amplification by host cell factors of a sequence contained within the herpes simplex virus 1 genome.

Abstract We report that a cloned 1620-base-pair (bp) DNA fragment mapping in the BamHI O fragment of herpes simplex virus 1 DNA is amplified after transfection into uninfected cells. The DNA fragment maps entirely within a portion of the open reading frame encoding the large subunit of the viral ribonucleotide reductase and does not contain any of the known lytic origins of viral DNA synthesis. Amplification of this sequence in transfected cells results in accumulation of full-sized Dpn I-resistant plasmids containing the sequence in Hirt extracts of low molecular weight DNA. Subfragments of the 1620-bp fragment were not amplified, whereas larger fragments containing the intact 1620-bp fragment were amplified. The amplification of the fragment in MCF7 cells, which express steroid receptors, was stimulated by the addition of estrogen to the medium. Addition of progesterone, dexamethasone, or testosterone was ineffective. The viral genome therefore contains at least one origin of DNA synthesis capable of supporting replication of viral DNA by cellular factors. The existence of such a host origin of DNA replication in the viral genome was predicted by the hypothesis that viral DNA is amplified by cellular enzymes in sensory neurons harboring latent virus; the link between these sequences and amplification of viral DNA during latency remains to be proven.
Drug‐induced limb dysplasias in fetal rabbits

Pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were treated on gestation day 12 with 19.2 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX), 750 mg/kg hydroxyurea (HU), or 1,500 mg/kg acetazolamide. Rabbits were killed either 2-32 hours posttreatment for histological analysis of embryos or at day 29 for gross and skeletal examination of fetuses. tmtx produced cleft palate, hydrocephalus, and fore- and hindlimb reduction defects. Histological analysis revealed pyknosis and edema in mesenchymal tissues at four to eight hours following treatment. The apical ectodermal ridges (AER) of treated embryos permanently lost their characteristic pseudostratified organization. By 32 hours the limb buds had regained their normal appearance except for the AER. HU affected all fetuses with skull and facial anomalies as well as severe reduction deformities of all limbs. Histologically HU-treated embryos had numerous, basophilic, intercellular granules (presumably cell debris) which appeared within two to four hours in the limb bud mesenchyme, neural tube, and dorsal root ganglion. The architecture of the AER was unchanged. Acetazolamide produced bilateral retarded ossification or possible aplasia of the first metacarpal and talus in nearly 80% of fetuses. Microscopic examination disclosed no apparent alterations in limb-bud morphology. Methyl green-pyronin Y staining called attention to green intracellular droplets within the endoderm of the trachea and bronchi at two hours posttreatment. It was concluded that the three drugs do not produce limb dysplasias by a common teratogenic mechanism.
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate Mallory Denk body formation in the livers of drug-primed mice

The mechanism of Mallory Denk body formation is still not fully understood, but growing evidence implicates epigenetic mechanisms in MDB formation. In a previous study the epigenetic memory of MDB formation remained intact for at least 4 months after withdrawal from the DDC diet. In the present study, mice were fed a diet containing DDC or a diet containing DDC and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) to investigate the epigenetic memory of MDB formation. DDC feeding caused an increase in histone 3 acetylation, a decrease in histone 3 trimethylation, and an increase in histone ubiquitinylation. The addition of SAMe to the DDC diet prevented the DDC induced decrease of H3K4 and H3K9 trimethylation and the increase in histone ubiquitinylation. Changes in histone modifying enzymes (HATs and HDACs), were also found in the liver nuclear extracts of the DDC/SAMe fed mice. Data mining of microarray analysis confirmed that gene expression changed with DDC refeeding, particularly the SAMe metabolizing enzymes, Mat2a, AMD, AHCY and Mthfr. SAMe supplementation prevented the decrease of AHCY and GNMT, and prevented the increase in Mthfr, which provides a mechanism to explain how DDC inhibits methylation of histones. The results indicate that SAMe prevented the epigenetic cellular memory involved in the MDB formation.
Innate cellular fluorescence reflects alterations in cellular proliferation.

Background and Objective The objective of this study was to examine the question of whether unique spectral patterns were associated with cell proliferation and could be identified by comparing the fluorescence pattern of slow to rapid growing cells. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Three in vitro model systems, (A431 cells inhibited by EGF, serum-starved 3T3 fibroblasts, and normal oral epithelial cells exposed to TGFβ), were analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy. Growth status was monitored by cell number, 3H-thymidine incorporation, and flow cytometry. Results The excitation spectra (λex 240–430 nm, λem 450 nm) effectively distinguished slow and rapid growing cells in all three systems. Statistical analysis of the ratios of the main broad peak (320–350 nm) to a point on the down-slope of the curve at 370 nm was statistically significant. Ratios in the emission scan (λex 340 nm, λem 360–660 nm) could separate slow and rapid growing A431 and oral epithelial cells (P=0.0001 and P=0.023, respectively), but not slow and fast growing 3T3 cells (P=0.56). Conclusion Innate cellular fluorescence has the potential to discriminate proliferating and nonproliferating cell populations. Lasers Surg. Medicine 20:319–331, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linearity of quasi-homogeneous partially coherent imagery

Imaging under quasi-homogeneous (Carter–Wolf-model) partially coherent illumination is shown to be linear. The effective transfer function is shown to be a cross section of the transmission cross coefficient that characterizes nonlinear imaging with a Schell-model partially coherent illumination.
Weber's concept of rationalization and the electronic revolution in western classical music

In examining the electronic revolution in Western Classical music, this article considers many of the important issues which Weber addresses in his work on the sociology of music—particularly the definitional problems related to Weber's concept of rationalization and the disenchantment of the world. The article examines Weber's concepts of rational action and rationalization in relation to music, then through analysis of developments in electronic music, raises questions regarding Weber's conclusions regarding the effect of rationalization in Western culture.
Sound orientation behavior in cats. I. Localization of broadband noise

Behavioral experiments measured the accuracy of the cat's voluntary head orientation responses to bursts of broadband noise at 104 locations in the frontal sound field. Cats were presented sound stimuli at randomly selected locations and received a food reward for releasing a lever when a light-emitting diode (LED) flashed at the same location. Head movements to the perceived location of the acoustic stimulus, and therefore expected location of the LED cue, were tracked by an electromagnetic sensor. Orientation responses to single sound bursts were directed to within 5 degrees of the azimuth and elevation of sounds within 15 degrees of the immediate frontal field and did not change for burst durations of 40, 100, and 200 ms. An increasing underestimation of target location was observed as the sound stimulus moved to more lateral azimuths and higher elevations. The "undershoot" phenomenon was reduced by allowing subjects to track paired stimulus bursts that repeated from the same location. These effects of sound location on the accuracy of orientation responses are predicted by the availability of mid-frequency spectral cues for sound localization.