cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive longevity in two species of polychaetous annelids

Polychaetes reproduce many different ways. Regardless of the method of reproduction very little is known on how long an individual, which reproduces multiple times, can live. In attempt to answer this question two species of laboratory reared polychaetes, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Dinophilus gyrociliatus , were selected for this study. The female N. arenaceodentata lays her eggs in a tube, then dies. The male incubates the embryos for 21–25 days and is capable of reproducing again. One male spawned nine times, but the eggs were not fertilized the eighth and ninth time. He lived 13 months. D. gyrociliatus is a minute species which lays two sizes of eggs within a capsule. The smaller ovum develops into a male, fertilizes the larger sized female ova within the capsule, and then dies. The maximum number of capsules and female ova occurred during the first three egg layings then decreased. The oldest worm reproduced 11 times and lived 63 days. Morphological changes with age were noted in both species.
Age, Ethnicity, and Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Another Stitch in the Patchwork.

The frequency with which clinicians encounter patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and its association with ischemic stroke make estimation of the risk borne by individuals a daily issue in contemporary cardiology practice across the globe. In the balance lies the decision to employ
MEAT GOAT ENTERPRISE EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Meat goat enterprise efficiency was estimated using an input distance function (IDF) by applying stochastic production frontier techniques for the southeastern U.S. region. We found increasing returns to scale and scope economies for southeastern U.S. meat goat enterprises. Mean technical efficiency was 0.81. Our results suggest southeastern U.S. meat goat enterprises can be scale efficient if their size of operation is >~60 goats or >40 breeding does. Cost and IDF analyses show input expenses decreased substantially with increasing scale of operations in southeastern U.S. meat goat production. Empirical Monte Carlo simulation techniques show consistency of small-sample properties for the IDF.
463 Anti -Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) Antibodies Together with Anti-HLA Donor Specific Antibodies (HLA-DSA) Identify Patients at Risk for Immune Complication in Heart Transplant

Anti -Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) Antibodies Together with Anti-HLA Donor Specific Antibodies (HLA-DSA) Identify Patients at Risk for Immune Complication in Heart Transplant K. Cao, C.-H. Lai, S.V. Flores, M. Rafiei, J. Mirocha, M. Haas, G. Ong, M. Naim, Q. Wang, L. Constanza, J. Patel, N.L. Reinsmoen, J. Kobashigawa. HLA Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Biostatistics Core, Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Tachyphylaxis to Epinephrine and Its Modification by Cocaine.

Summary and conclusions1) It has been demonstrated that tachyphylaxis to epinephrine, in contradiction to earlier reports, can be made to occur both in cats and dogs; that repeated injections of large doses are required; that at a constant rate of administration, the logarithm of the tachyphylactic cumulative dose is inversely related to the size of the fixed dose per injection; that tachyphylaxis occurs only at the expense of the pressor response to the drug and not to changes in basal blood pressure level; that the tachyphylactic animal, whether cocainized or not, is protected against otherwise single lethal doses of epinephrine; and that tachyphylaxis is a reversible phenomenon. 2) It was found that cocaine very significantly accelerates the development of tachyphylaxis to epinephrine. This finding is interpreted as furnishing evidence for the existence of an important homeostatic mechanism which, by reducing the concentration of active circulating catecholamines moderates their physiological effect. T...
High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC): An Exploration Strategy for Venus

Humans are on their way to becoming a spacefaring civilization, and Venus presents an intriguing destination for expanding humanity’s journey beyond Earth. The atmosphere of Venus is a suitable environment for both further scientific study and future human exploration. Fifty kilometers above the Venusian surface is one of the most hospitable, Earthlike locations in the Solar System; the pressure, density, gravity, and radiation protection are all similar to Earth surface conditions. A recent internal NASA study of a High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) led to the development of an evolutionary program for the exploration of Venus, with a focus on the mission architecture and vehicle concepts for robotic missions and 30-day crewed missions into the Venusian atmosphere. Initial analysis has shown that both robotic and human exploration of the Venusian atmosphere is feasible contingent on the development of key capabilities: human-scale aeroentry vehicles, high dynamic pressure supersonic decelerators, long-duration cryogenic storage, Venus and Earth aerocapture, and rapid airship inflation (during the descent). Many of these capabilities are complementary to previously and currently considered Mars architectures, and their development would be enabling to voyages to either planet. Ultimately, with its relatively hospitable upper atmosphere, Venus can play a role in humanity’s future in space.
Why do women have rheumatic disease

If gonadal hormones are responsible for the female predominance (gender discrepancy, sexual dimorphism) that characterizes most autoimmune rheumatic diseases, pregnancy should be a particularly vulnerable period for onset of new disease as well as for exacerbation of established disease. Currently available data support neither the contention: that pregnancy increases incidence nor that it worsens severity of the common illnesses. Moreover, many illnesses pathogenetically similar to rheumatic diseases have the same hormonal background but are not characterized by sexual dimorphism. In nonrheumatic sexually dimorphic illnesses an environmental, behavioral, or genetic reason for gender discrepancy is usually present. To explain sexual dimorphism in the autoimmune rheumatic diseases, the fields of environmental, genetic, chromosomal, and in utero sex differentiation need further exploration.
Separate streams or probabilistic inference? What the N400 can tell us about the comprehension of events.

ABSTRACTSince the early 2000s, several event-related potential studies have challenged the assumption that we always use syntactic contextual information to influence semantic processing of incoming words, as reflected by the N400 component. One approach for explaining these findings is to posit distinct semantic and syntactic processing mechanisms, each with distinct time courses. While this approach can explain specific datasets, it cannot account for the wider body of findings. I propose an alternative explanation: a dynamic generative framework in which our goal is to infer the underlying event that best explains the set of inputs encountered at any given time. Within this framework, combinations of semantic and syntactic cues with varying reliabilities are used as evidence to weight probabilistic hypotheses about this event. I further argue that the computational principles of this framework can be extended to understand how we infer situation models during discourse comprehension, and intended messa...
Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis Differentiation

The distinguishing features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (DEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are reviewed by researchers at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and University of Zagreb, Croatia.
The protean manifestations of Crohn's disease.

Clinically important metabolic consequences of ileal dysfunction secondary to inflammatory bowel disease, surgical bypass, or resection of inflamed bowel include gallstones, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, and diarrhea. At present not much can be done clinically to increase the bile salt pool reduced by ileal dysfunction. A reduction in dietary fat intake markedly decreases proximal intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary oxalate in patients with ileal resection and may be of value in patents with hyperoxaluria.Diarrhea associated with excretion of less than 20 gm of fecal fat daily may be caused by a bile salt-induced impairment in colonic water and electrolyte transport: a gratifying clinical response may be observed when cholestyramine is administered. Medium-chain triglyceride substitution may become necessary to reduce diarrhea associated with clinically significant steatorrhea.—AR
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS ON CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the in vitro effects of natural killer cells on Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans). In a series of experiments, NK cell reactivities of splenic cell populations were varied by nylon wool passage, varying donor mouse strains, using different aged mice, treating splenic cell donors with poly I:C or Corynebacterium parvum, and discontinuous Percoll gradient fractionation of the spleen cells. In each case, the NK reactivity of the effector cell pool was determined by using a 4 h 51Cr-release assay with YAC-1 targets with an effector:target ratio of 50:1, and the ability of the effector cells to inhibit the growth of cryptococci was measured by incubating C. neoformans isolate 184 with the effector cells at an E:T ratio of 500:1 for 18 h prior to enumerating the viable cryptococci by a plating technique. Although the numbers of C. neoformans cells increased in the assay vessels over the next 20 h, the % inhibition of cryptococci growth did not change significantly. It appears that the event that effects C. neoformans growth occurs relatively early in the incubation period and is detectable up to 24 h after mixing of effector and target cells.
Attachment Style and the Risks of Seeking Social Support: Variations between Friends and Siblings

ABSTRACTGiven the essential role of supportive communication in close relationships, this study examined the perceived risks of seeking social support as both the consequence of attachment style and predictor of relational quality in the peer relationships of friends and siblings. Participants (N = 224) completed survey measures reporting on either a friend or sibling relationship. Results suggest securely attached individuals perceived less risks of seeking support from friends and siblings, which correlated with increased relational quality. Avoidant individuals perceived greater risks of seeking support from friends, but attachment was unrelated to seeking support from siblings.
Ultrafast excited state dynamics in green fluorescent protein chromophore

The textbook picture of photo-induced cis-trans isomerization in unsaturated hydrocarbons is one-dimensional, focusing on simple torsion about a C=C bond. The resulting large amplitude motion seems inconsistent with the steric constraints imposed by protein environments. This observation led to many proposals for minimal-volume photoisomerization pathways in protein environments. Recent work has shown that the mechanism for photoisomerization is considerably more complicated than simple torsion, implying that the inconsistency mentioned above may be only apparent. In fact, photoisomerization often involves both torsion and pyramidalization, leading to excited state dynamics much more akin to a “slicing” motion as opposed to the “sweeping” motion most naturally envisioned for a simple torsion. Thus, the question is to what extent the protein environment modifies the photochemical reaction pathway associated with photoisomerization. This chapter discusses theoretical studies of photoisomerization in the chromophore of green fluorescent protein (GFP).
Effect of Microwave Processing on the Crystallization and Energy Density of BaO-Na2O-Nb2O5-SiO2-B2O3 Glass-Ceramics

Barium sodium niobate (BNN) glass-ceramics were successfully synthesized through a controlled crystallization method, using both a conventional and a microwave hybrid heating process. The dielectric properties of glass-ceramics devitrified at different temperatures and conditions were measured. It was found that the dielectric constant increased with higher crystallization temperature, from 750°C to 1000°C, and that growth of the crystalline phase above 900°C was essential to enhancing the relative permittivity and overall energy storage properties of the material. The highest energy storage was found for materials crystallized conventionally at 1000°C with a discharge energy density of 0.13 J/cm3 at a maximum field of 100 kV/cm. Rapid microwave heating was found to not give significant enhancement in dielectric properties, and coarsening of the ferroelectric crystals was found to be critical for higher energy storage.
Modern radiotherapy using image guidance for unresectable non-small cell lung cancer can improve outcomes in patients treated with chemoradiation therapy

Background: To investigate the impact of advances in image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) on the outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 91 patients with NSCLC treated with definitive CRT using image guidance with daily orthogonal kilovoltage (kV) imaging compared to standard weekly megavoltage (MV) portal verifications. Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival and locoregional failure were computed and stratified by image guidance techniques. Log-rank tests were used to compare strata. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to identify risk factors for worse mortality and locoregional control. Results: Fifty-four percent (n=49) of patients received weekly MV portal imaging, while 46% (n=42) underwent IGRT using daily orthogonal kV imaging. kV IGRT was associated with longer median survival (36.4 months) compared to MV imaging (14.9 months; P=0.01). kV imaging was also marginally associated with lower risk of locoregional failure. Median time to local progression in patients imaged with kV was 21.4 months compared to 10.9 months (P=0.065) for those treated with MV portal imaging. Conclusions: Daily kV imaging appears to be marginally associated with better survival and disease control when compared to MV imaging. Given the small study size and the numerable factors tested, these finding require additional confirmation.
Dynamic changes in absolute immature platelet count suggest the presence of a coexisting immune process in the setting of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated the usefulness of absolute immature platelet counts (A-IPCs) in the management and diagnostic algorithm of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Specifically a threefold increase in A-IPC from baseline may be diagnostic of TTP. Here, A-IPC was used to understand a coexisting immune dysregulation complicating TTP treatment. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old previously healthy female was admitted with altered mental status, petechiae, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and schistocytes on peripheral smear. Daily therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and corticosteroids were started for suspected TTP supported by ADAMTS13 activity of less than 5%, inhibitor more than 8, and more than threefold A-IPC increase from baseline post-TPE initiation. Despite daily TPE, the patient had significant and unexpected decreases in platelet (PLT) counts and A-IPCs during her hospital course. After each PLT count decline, response to TPE and immunosuppression led to increasingly prolonged count recovery with subsequent episodes. Decreases in both PLTs and A-IPCs indicated that both mature and immature PLTs were being cleared from circulation. Recovery occurred once A-IPC dynamics indicated restored negative feedback in relation to PLT count. CONCLUSION Serial monitoring of A-IPC dynamics was indicative of coexisting processes in the setting of ADAMTS13 deficiency. Uncoupling of the expected A-IPC and PLT count seen in TTP suggested the presence of such an immune process in addition to TTP with high ADAMTS13 inhibitor. Monitoring of A-IPC is a clinically valuable, rapid, and noninvasive thrombopoietic measurement when TTP is suspected.
Prolonged radiation duration in women with cervical cancer: A population-based analysis of associated factors and impact on survival.

6518 Background: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends that radiotherapy (RT) for treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) finish within 8 weeks (wks). Although RT durati...
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Primary Infection and Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis

In this chapter, we will review the clinical manifestations of intrathoracic tuberculosis (TB), including pathophysiology and clinical features of primary and secondary or reactivation TB. Specific topics discussed are the physical examination, and microbiological, radiological, and immunological tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB and latent TB infection. A detailed discussion of the microbiology of TB, clinical manifestations of extrapulmonary TB, and considerations for special populations, including individuals with HIV co-infection and pediatric patients, may be found elsewhere in this book.
Larson, Reed and Richards, Maryse, H. (1994), Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents

(1997). Larson, Reed and Richards, Maryse, H. (1994), Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 135-137.
Rural Macrocell Path Loss Models for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications

Little is known about millimeter wave (mmWave) path loss in rural areas with tall base station antennas; yet, as shown here, surprisingly long distances (greater than 10 km) can be achieved in clear weather with less than 1 W of power. This paper studies past rural macrocell (RMa) propagation models and the current third generation partnership project (3GPP) RMa path loss models for frequencies from 0.5 to 30 GHz adopted from the International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). We show that 3GPP and ITU-R RMa path loss models were derived for frequencies below 6 GHz, yet are being asserted for use up to 30 GHz. Until this paper, there has not been published data to support mmWave RMa path loss models. In this paper, 73-GHz measurements in rural Virginia are used to develop a new RMa path loss model that is more accurate and easier to apply for varying transmitter antenna heights than the existing 3GPP/ITU-R RMa path loss models, and may be used for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz. The measurement system used here has a measurement range comparable to a wideband (800-MHz radio frequency bandwidth) channel sounder with 21.7-dBW effective isotropic radiated power. Measured data verify a new path loss model that uses a close-in free space reference distance with a novel height-dependent path loss exponent (CIH model). This work shows that the CIH model is accurate and stable, and is frequency-independent beyond the first meter of propagation, and effectively models the path loss dependence on base station height in rural channels.
Dramatic Behaviors of the Effective Teacher

This study provides strong evidence that certain dramatic style behaviors systematically covary with whether one is perceived as an effective teacher. Almost 500 students evaluated target teachers,...
Success Through Community Cultural Wealth: Reflections From Black Female College Athletes at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) and a Historically White Institution (HWI)

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Black female college athletes at a Division I historically Black college/university (HBCU) and historically White institution (HWI) and identify key influences that facilitated their academic achievement and positive educational experiences. Two focus groups and eight individual interviews were conducted with three Black female college athletes at a HBCU and five Black female college athletes at a HWI. An 8-item demographic questionnaire was administered to obtain information related to the participants’ personal backgrounds. Yosso’s (2005) community cultural wealth framework was incorporated to highlight individual and environmental influences that contributed to participants’ positive educational and developmental outcomes. Findings revealed participants accessed and leveraged various forms of familial, resistant, aspirational, social, and navigational capital to overcome challenges and excel in college. Implications for policy and practice are...
RIGHT ATRIAL STRAIN BY SPECKLE-TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PREDICTS MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease with variable progression. Prediction of risk remains challenging. We hypothesized that quantification of RA function by strain echocardiography has prognostic value. We studied 151 patients with pre-capillary primary PAH by speckle
Identification of patients at high risk for post-discharge venous thromboembolism after hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery: which patients benefit from extended thromboprophylaxis?

Abstract Background The objective of the current study was to define risk factors associated with the 30-day post-operative risk of VTE after HPB surgery and create a model to identify patients at highest risk of post-discharge VTE. Methods Patients who underwent hepatectomy or pancreatectomy in the ACS-NSQIP Participant Use Files 2011–2015 were identified. Logistic regression modeling was used; a model to predict post-discharge VTE was developed. Model discrimination was tested using area under the curve (AUC). Results Among 48,860 patients, the overall 30-day incidence of VTE after hepatectomy and pancreatectomy was 3.2% (n = 1580) with 1.1% (n = 543) of VTE events occurring after discharge. Patients who developed post-discharge VTE were more likely to be white, had a higher median BMI, have undergone pancreatic surgery, had longer median operative times, and to have had a transfusion. A weighted prediction model demonstrated good calibration and fair discrimination (AUC = 0.63). A score of ≥−4.50 had maximum sensitivity and specificity, resulting in 44% of patients being treating with prophylaxis for an overall VTE risk of 1.1%. Conclusions Utilizing independent factors associated with post-discharge VTE, a prediction model was able to stratify patients according to risk of VTE and may help identify patients who are most likely to benefit from pharmacoprophylaxis.
Fertilization and Early Embryonic Errors

Whole-body chimeras arise due to aberrant processes during fertilization and early embryogenesis. The genetically distinct cell populations may be distributed through the organism in varying relative proportions in different tissues giving rise to highly variably manifestations of chimerism. In many cases several equally valid mechanisms could have resulted in the observed genetic abnormalities. Cases of individuals with distinct cell lines may represent true chimerism and true mosaicism or may be considered on a spectrum in between the two. Dispermic chimeras have to date been the most widely identified group of whole-body chimeras because the distinct genetic contribution from the two sperm is quite easily identified.
Why One Needs to Analyze Data

In this chapter you will find a collection of examples of phenomena where the randomness plays an essential role. Browse through them at your leisure, experiment with the data provided, and use this opportunity to ease your way into Mathematica. The idea is to get a general feel for the issues to be discussed later in the book in greater detail.
Neurohistology and Neuroanatomic Techniques

One of the most prominent characteristics of nervous tissue is the great flexibility with which it responds to various stimuli. This unique feature of the nervous system can easily be appreciated in light of its histology. Basically, the nervous system is built up of billions of neurons that are connected to each other by means of processes — dendrites and axons — of variable length and arrangement. The nervous tissue thus forms a complicated network of pathways and neuronal circuits for the transmission chemoelectric impulses.
After Myriad: Reconsidering the Incentives for Innovation in the Biotech Industry

35 U.S.C. § 101 allows a patent for “any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.” Recently, the Supreme Court issued several key decisions affecting the doctrine of patentable subject matter under § 101. Starting with Bilski v. Kappos (2011), and continuing with Mayo Collaborative Services, Inc. v. Prometheus Laboratories (2012), Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013) and, most recently, Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International (2014), every year has brought another major change to the way in which the Court assesses patentability. In Myriad, the Court directly addressed the patentability of isolated genetic material. Due to the underlying biological phenomena involved, this decision split genetic material into two groups. Large, complex animal, plant, and fungal genes remain patentable under some limited circumstances, while viral, bacterial, and simple eukaryotic genes are categorically unpatentable. The biotechnology industry evolved in an era in which gene patents were freely granted. As a result, legal and regulatory pathways have emerged that allow existing biotechnology products to be protected in many of the same ways as traditional pharmaceutical products. However, entirely new areas of biotechnology, those emerging in the shadow of Myriad, may be threatened by a deprivation of the incentives and protection that the patent system offers. This Note discusses one such new area of biotechnology, non-coding RNA therapeutics and diagnostics, and the ways in which the categorical exclusion of some * J.D., University of Michigan, 2015 (expected); Ph.D., Biology, University of Oregon, 2004; B.A., Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1997. Thanks to Professor Rebecca S. Eisenberg for productive discussions and to Keith Lim and Micah Siegel Wallace for editorial assistance. Errors are the sole responsibility of the author.
Network Throughput and Reliability: Preventing Hazards and Attacks Through Gaming—Part 2: A Research Agenda

It is clear from the discussions in the previous chapter that, while there has been work done on improving network throughput and reliability, only a plethora of literature discusses a unified model to address both hazards and attacks. This is the motivation behind the previous chapter and the current one, where an attempt is made to bridge this gap. In spite of our initial modeling and computational experiments, no one has yet established the formal conditions under which a Pareto Nash equilibrium exists to prevent both hazards and attacks. Such an equilibrium includes the necessary posturing to discourage terrorist attacks, and to perform preventive maintenance and upgrade on our critical civil infrastructure ahead of a hazard. Meanwhile, general principles of how to best defend systems of specific types against intelligent attacks are emerging that can help system managers to allocate resources to best defend their systems. The research framework outlined in this chapter will gain insights into hazards and attack mitigation for a variety of infrastructure networks. In addition, there is much that can be done in the behavioral science perspective.
General Strategies for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxygenated Natural Products

Several years ago we initiated a program that was directed toward the design and development of general strategies that could be expeditiously applied to the formulation of concise, total syntheses of enantiomerically pure, oxygenated natural products. Some targets of considerable interest and obvious importance in this regard include: KDO (3 deoxy-D-manno-octulopyranosate) (1), which is a higher monosaccharide found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria;1,2 the antibiotic tirandamycin A (2) as well as its degradation product tirandamycic acid (3);3,4 Prelog-Djerassi lactone (4), which is obtained from the degradation of several macrolide antibiotics including methymycin (5);5,6other medicinally important macrolide antibiotics such as the erythromycins A (6) and B (7);5,7 and the ansa antibiotics macbecin (8) and herbimycin A (9), which are potential anticancer agents.8,9
Experimental Nonlinear Identification of a Single Mode of a Transversely Excited Beam

A procedure is presented for using a primary resonance excitation in experimentally identifying the nonlinear parameters of a model approximating the response of a cantilevered beam by a single mode. The model accounts for cubic inertia and stiffness nonlinearities and quadratic damping. The method of multiple scales is used to determine the frequency-response function for the system. Experimental frequency- and amplitude-sweep data is compared with the prediction of the frequency-response function in a least-squares curve-fitting algorithm. The algorithm is improved by making use of experimentally known information about the location of the bifurcation points. The method is validated by using the extracted parameters to predict the force-response curves at other nearby frequencies.
Optimizing cloud solutioning design

Abstract The economics of the cloud model has been encouraging IT enterprises to migrate from on-premise environments to public, private, or hybrid cloud solutions. To perform such a migration, a cloud offering needs to be chosen and a cloud solution needs to be built. In industrial settings, cloud designers may spend days or even weeks to come up with an acceptable cloud solution at a low cost/price. Like any manual process, it is obvious that such a cloud solution design process is error prone, time consuming, and does not guarantee an optimal output, e.g. a solution with a minimum cost/price. Different from existing works that solve the problem from the user’s angle, we solve it from the cloud provider’s prospective, who aims at offering customized cloud solutions for different user requirements at low costs. Such difference requires a unique way of problem modeling. Through analyzing real business data, we abstract the problem into a general attribute–value combinations and formulate a powerful integer programming optimization model to solve it. The general form of the optimization model allows various definitions of customer requirements as well as cloud offerings. Our novel optimization approach for cloud solution design satisfies client requirements, cloud offering constraints, and produces a solution at a minimum cost in a short time, if one exists. We evaluated our solution on realistic data against two baseline approaches. The numerical results show both the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach as well as its practical potential.
Economic Model-Based Control of Sustainable Buildings with Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Systems Considering Battery Degradation Costs

This paper presents a model-based predictive control approach for operation of sustainable buildings with on-site photovoltaic and battery systems. A battery life span is highly dependent on the operation strategy. To capture the battery capacity loss during operation, a simplified battery cost formulation, derived from a physically-based battery degradation model, is implemented in the control optimization. A model predictive control problem is formulated to find the balance between the building utility cost and the battery life cycle cost. To reduce computational complexities, a set of piece-wise linear fits are used to approximate the battery capacity degradation and a convex formulation is derived for the control problem. Simulation test results have shown that the proposed strategy could reduce the battery degradation rate by 40 % and the total operation cost by 9% to 16% under time-of-use electricity tariffs.
Measuring the Energetic Costs of Embryonic Development.

What are the thermodynamic costs of development? In this issue of Developmental Cell, Rodenfels et al. (2019) demonstrate that the high energetic cost of coordinated cell division that is regulated by phospho-signaling gives rise to a measurable periodicity in the heat dissipated during zebrafish embryogenesis.
Assessing Teachers’ Classroom Management Competency: A Case Study of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Secondary:

One popular observational instrument to evaluate teaching is the Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Secondary (CLASS-S). Yet, the secondary version of the CLASS poorly discriminates classroom mana...
Transitional cores and fuel cycle analyses in support of MIT reactor low enriched uranium fuel conversion

Abstract The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor (MITR) is a research reactor in Cambridge, Massachusetts designed primarily for experiments using neutron beam and in-core irradiation facilities. At 6 MW, it delivers neutron flux and energy spectrum comparable to power light water reactors (LWRs) in a compact core using highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel. In the framework of non-proliferation policy, research and test reactors have started a program to convert HEU fuel to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. A new type of LEU fuel based on a high density alloy of uranium and molybdenum (U-10Mo) is expected to allow conversion of U.S. high performance research reactors (USHPRRs) like the MITR. The Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) for the MITR LEU conversion has been submitted and currently under review by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). A transition core plan, from 22 fresh LEU fuel elements (i.e., beginning-of-life) gradually to 24 of them arranged in an equilibrium configuration, is expected to serve as an appendix chapter in the final SAR. The current study presents the fuel cycle development, which eventually leads to the transition core plan. The results confirm the equilibrium state, where both the shim bank movement (i.e., core reactivity) as well as the content of fissile materials stabilize, can be achieved by fixed-pattern fuel management. Fission density has been evaluated for a number of fully discharged LEU fuel elements, using a best-estimate approach. The fuel cycle calculations also generate power profiles at each core state. A steady-state thermal-hydraulic safety analysis has thus been performed, where onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) is considered as the safety criterion. The results confirm significant margin to ONB at all analyzed transition and equilibrium fuel cycle states.
A brief history of heat measurements by calorimetry with emphasis on the thermochemistry of metallic and metal-nonmetal compounds

Abstract A brief summary of the history of heat measurements is assessed from the Graeco-Roman time period to the first quantitative heat measurement in the 18th century. The concept of heat as energy is emphasized as a milestone in the development. The development of the modern calorimeters are summarized. Illustrations show the different types of equipment as designed for a variety of aims and purpose. In chronological order we illustrated the calorimeters by Lavoisier(1789), by Kawakami(1927), by Kubaschewski and Walter(1939), by Calvet(1950), by Kleppa(1955–2006), by Ticknor and Bever(1954), by Gachon(1979), by Cacciamani(1995), by Jung(2003) and by Navrotsky(2016). We discussed the theoretical and practical significance of calorimetry. The types of calorimetry measurements are briefly described. We also illustrated the international aspect of the use of this technique by showing some of the countries having actively participated in this effort. As a conclusion we compared to what extent the experimental measurements agree with theoretical predictions.
Symposium on Just Responsibility: Ackerly response

It is a profound compliment that Robyn Eckersley, Michael Goodhart, Luis Cabrera, and Kristi Kenyon have engaged so thoughtfully with the arguments of Just Responsibility. In their treatments, the ...
How Long Will the Relief Check Last

The money from relief checks will likely not last very long, even for low-income households.
Chapter 8 – BLOCKS

Publisher Summary Ordinary generating functions do not carry enough information about the structure of graphs, so the appropriate basic technique for counting blocks involves sums of cycle indexes of groups of graphs. This approach is implicit in Redfield's decomposition theorem and is fully developed in Robinson's solution to this problem. Robinson's method can also be used to enumerate graphs with given blocks, connected graphs with no end points, acyclic digraphs, and other kinds of graphs. This chapter presents a generalization of Redfield's Lemma, which is important to prove the composition theorem. To state the composition theorem, it is necessary to generalize the definition of the composition or wreath product of permutation groups.
Chapter 4 – Somatosensory System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the specific features of the somatosensory system. This includes the anatomical organization of the classical and the nonclassical somatosensory systems, followed by discussions of the physiology of these systems. The somatosensory system provides information about touch, vibration, temperature of the skin, and pain. The classical somatosensory system consists of receptors that respond to innocuous stimulation and produce a conscious perception. The ascending sensory pathways are the dorsal column system of the spinal cord and the trigeminal sensory system. These pathways proceed to the thalamic relay nuclei from which connections project to the somatosensory cerebral cortices. The receptors for the somatosensory system are endings of afferent nerve fibers. Specialized regions of the membranes of these nerve endings are sensitive to specific modalities of stimulation. The output of the receptors in the skin communicates several forms of fine touch and vibration through the dorsal column system and the rostral trigeminal system to higher centers of the central nervous system. The dorsal column system mainly communicates innocuous stimulations such as touch, vibration of the skin, and cool or warmth. Noxious stimulation, such as that causing the sensation of pain, heat, and cold, are communicated by the anterior-lateral system and the caudal trigeminal system. The chapter concludes with a special section on the perception and physiology of pain.
The Promise of Well-Being for the Net Generation

Children’s psychological well-being has been a major focus of positive psychology. Educators’ attention has heightened as research consistently reveals the importance of well-being and academic achievement. For example, in a 23-country sample, Sznitmanet al. found a 0.586 correlation between well-being and achievement. Incredibly, they also found that raising a child’s well-being could counter the effects of poverty on academic achievement. Well-being has psychological and behavioral benefits to children and adolescents as well.
Alectinib-associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a potentially fatal drug reaction with multiorgan system and cutaneous involvement. Mortality is approximately 10%, usually from fulminant hepatitis with hepatic necrosis.1 The syndrome is most frequently associated with anticonvulsants and sulfonamides.1 We present a case of DRESS syndrome after initiation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor, alectinib, a first-line agent for metastatic anaplastic lymphoma kinase–positive non–small cell lung carcinoma. Cutaneous reactions with alectinib are uncommon, and to our knowledge, alectinib-associated DRESS syndrome has not been previously reported.
Deep representation learning of patient data from Electronic Health Records (EHR): A systematic review

Abstract Objectives Patient representation learning refers to learning a dense mathematical representation of a patient that encodes meaningful information from Electronic Health Records (EHRs). This is generally performed using advanced deep learning methods. This study presents a systematic review of this field and provides both qualitative and quantitative analyses from a methodological perspective. Methods We identified studies developing patient representations from EHRs with deep learning methods from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital Library, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Xplore Digital Library. After screening 363 articles, 49 papers were included for a comprehensive data collection. Results Publications developing patient representations almost doubled each year from 2015 until 2019. We noticed a typical workflow starting with feeding raw data, applying deep learning models, and ending with clinical outcome predictions as evaluations of the learned representations. Specifically, learning representations from structured EHR data was dominant (37 out of 49 studies). Recurrent Neural Networks were widely applied as the deep learning architecture (Long short-term memory: 13 studies, Gated recurrent unit: 11 studies). Learning was mainly performed in a supervised manner (30 studies) optimized with cross-entropy loss. Disease prediction was the most common application and evaluation (31 studies). Benchmark datasets were mostly unavailable (28 studies) due to privacy concerns of EHR data, and code availability was assured in 20 studies. Discussion & Conclusion The existing predictive models mainly focus on the prediction of single diseases, rather than considering the complex mechanisms of patients from a holistic review. We show the importance and feasibility of learning comprehensive representations of patient EHR data through a systematic review. Advances in patient representation learning techniques will be essential for powering patient-level EHR analyses. Future work will still be devoted to leveraging the richness and potential of available EHR data. Reproducibility and transparency of reported results will hopefully improve. Knowledge distillation and advanced learning techniques will be exploited to assist the capability of learning patient representation further.
Fatty acid oxidation and autophagy promote endoxifen resistance and counter the effect of AKT inhibition in ER-positive breast cancer cells.

Tamoxifen (TAM) is the first-line endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC). However, acquired resistance occurs in ∼50% cases. Meanwhile, although the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a viable target for treatment of endocrine therapy-refractory patients, complex signaling feedback loops exist, which can counter the effectiveness of inhibitors of this pathway. Here, we analyzed signaling pathways and metabolism in ER+ MCF7 BC cell line and their TAM-resistant derivatives that are co-resistant to endoxifen using immunoblotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the Agilent Seahorse XF Analyzer. We found that activation of AKT and the energy-sensing kinase AMPK was increased in TAM and endoxifen-resistant cells. Furthermore, ERRα/PGC-1β and their target genes MCAD and CPT-1 were increased and regulated by AMPK, which coincided with increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and autophagy in TAM-resistant cells. Inhibition of AKT feedback activates AMPK and ERRα/PGC-1β-MCAD/CPT-1 with a consequent increase in FAO and autophagy that counters the therapeutic effect of endoxifen and AKT inhibitors. Therefore, our results indicate increased activation of AKT and AMPK with metabolic reprogramming and increased autophagy in TAM-resistant cells. Simultaneous inhibition of AKT and FAO/autophagy is necessary to fully sensitize resistant cells to endoxifen.
Histologic and molecular features in pathologic human menisci from knees with and without osteoarthritis

The objective of this study was to evaluate histologic and molecular features of meniscus degeneration in cohorts of patients with and without osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Menisci were obtained from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for OA (TKA) or arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) for a torn knee meniscus. Degenerative meniscal tears were among the most common tear type in the APM group based on the pattern. Using an integrative workflow for molecular evaluation of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, human menisci underwent blinded histologic evaluation and NanoString gene expression analyses. Histology revealed increased proteoglycan content in TKA menisci compared to APM menisci, but otherwise no significant differences in the total pathology score or sub-scores between patients based on age or cohort. NanoString analyses revealed differential expression of genes primarily associated with the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, cell cycle, and apoptosis. These data provide new insights into histological and molecular features of meniscus degeneration in patients with and without knee OA. Histologic assessment of menisci showed similar severity of overall degeneration between cohorts, but there were differences at the molecular level. The dysregulated pathways identified in this study could contribute to early-onset meniscus degeneration, or to a predisposition to meniscus tears and subsequent knee OA. Further studies that validate genes and pathways uncovered in this study will allow us to evaluate novel approaches to assess and treat meniscal degeneration.
Does Rural Living in Early Life Increase the Risk for Reduced Cognitive Functioning in Later Life

BACKGROUND There is a robust consensus, most recently articulated in the 2020 Lancet Commission, that the roots of dementia can be traced to early life, and that the path to prevention may start there as well. Indeed, a growing body of research demonstrates that early life disadvantage may influence the risk for later life dementia and cognitive decline. A still understudied risk, however, is early life rural residence, a plausible pathway given related economic and educational disadvantages, as well as associations between later life rural living and lower levels of cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVE We aim to examine whether living in rural environments during early life has long term implications for cognitive health in later life. METHODS We employed the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, which tracked 1 in every 3 high school graduates from the class of 1957, from infancy to ∼age 72. The data include a rich array of prospectively collected early life data, unique among existing studies, as well as later life measures of cognitive functioning. RESULTS We found a robust relationship between early life rural residence, especially living on a farm, and long-term risk for reduced cognitive performance on recall and fluency tasks. Controls for adolescent cognitive functioning, APOEɛ2 and APOEɛ4, as well as childhood and adult factors, ranging from early life socioeconomic conditions to later life health and rural and farm residency, did not alter the findings. CONCLUSION Rural living in early life is an independent risk for lower levels of cognitive functioning in later life.
Influence of Magnetic Moment on Single Atom Catalytic Activation Energy Barriers

Design of the molecular environment of single atom catalysts (SAC) is promising for achieving high catalytic activity without expensive and scarce platinum-group metals (PGM). We utilize a first principles approach to examine how the spin state of the SAC and reactants can affect catalytic energy barriers of V, Fe, Mo, and Ta on two different graphene defects with differing magnetic moments. Spin polarized projected density of states and climbing image nudged elastic band calculations demonstrate relatively lower activation energy barriers for systems with higher spin state asymmetry near the Fermi energy; CO oxidation on Ta and V SAC have decreases in activation barrier energies of 27% and 44%, respectively.