cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similarity reasoning for the semantic web based on fuzzy concept lattices: An informal approach

Similarity Reasoning in the presence of vague information is becoming fundamental in several research areas and, in particular, in the Semantic Web. Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis (FFCA) is a generalization of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) for modeling uncertainty information. Although FFCA has become very interesting for supporting different activities for the development of the Semantic Web, in the literature it is usually addressed at a technical level and intended for a restricted audience. This paper proposes a similarity measure for FFCA concepts. The key notions underlying the proposed approach are presented informally, in order to reach a broad audience of readers.
Overclaiming and the medial prefrontal cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study

The tendency to claim more knowledge than one actually has is common and well documented; however, little research has focused on the neural mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. The goal of the present study was to investigate the cortical correlates of overclaiming. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), supplementary motor area, and precuneus during the presentation of a series of words that participants were told made up a cultural IQ test. However, participants were not informed that 50% of the words were actually fabricated. False claiming was reduced following MPFC TMS. Furthermore, reaction time decreases following MPFC TMS indicated that participants engaged in less reflection during the task, suggesting a potential reduction in social monitoring of behavior.
Thinking beyond the tumor cell: Nf1 haploinsufficiency in the tumor environment

Deletion of both copies of the Nf1 gene in Schwann cells combined with Nf1 heterozygosity in the tumor environment promotes neurofibroma formation in mice.
Krypton Red Laser Photocoagulation of Subretinal Neovascular Membranes Located Within the Foveal Avascular Zone

Abstract Fifty-one eyes with senile macular degeneration and a well-defined subretinal neovascular membrane located within 250 um from the center of the foveal avascular zone were treated with krypton red laser photocoagulation. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 18 months (mean, 10 months). The eyes were divided into two groups based upon the location of the neovascular membrane. Group I (juxtafoveal membrane 1 to 250 microns from the center of the foveal avascular zone) contained 26 eyes. Following treatment the visual acuity in 16 of the 26 eyes (62%) improved by two or more lines on the Snellen chart or stabilized. Group II (subfoveal membrane present under the center of the foveal avascular zone) contained 25 eyes. Following treatment only 7 of 25 eyes (28%) improved by two or more Snellen lines or maintained their pretreatment visual acuity. Of 16 eyes that had a pretreatment visual acuity of 20/100 or better, only 2 eyes (12%) remained in this group following treatment.
Modulation of microRNA 21, 125 b and 451 expression by quercetin intake and exercise in mice fed atherogenic diet

Abstract Introduction Quercetin is shown to exhibits wide range of metabolic functions including its antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties. Paradoxically, exercise which induces a severe oxidative stress resulting in the depletion of plasma and tissue antioxidants is an important deterrent of CVD. We therefore hypothesized that the combination of quercetin and exercise would have favorable impact at the cellular level by augmenting antioxidant/anti-inflammatory pathways involving set of microRNAs signaling. The discovery of microRNAs (miRs), a little more than a decade ago, has dramatically changed our perspective of gene expression regulation, and has provided a unique opportunity for researchers to address some of these unexplained metabolic ambiguities. Study design Forty C57BL6 LDL −/− mice fed atherogenic diet. Mice were divided into four groups (10 each) as follows: control mice (NN), left untreated; control quercetin group (NQ), orally supplied with 100 μg/day of quercetin without exercising; exercise group without quercetin (NE), and exercise group with quercetin (EQ) supplements. The exercise groups were run on a treadmill for 30 minutes, 15 m/m/5 days/week for 30 days. All animals were on atherogenic diet containing 1.5% cholesterol with total 42% Fat Kcal Diet. At the end of the month of treatment, mice were sacrificed, liver, and aorta were collected for genes micRNAs analysis. Results miR-21 was significantly ( P P P Conclusion Exercise and quercetin intake modulates the expression of miR-21, 125b and 451.
Effect of lamellarity and size on calorimetric phase transitions in single component phosphatidylcholine vesicles.

Abstract Nano-differential scanning calorimetry (nano-DSC) is a powerful tool in the investigation of unilamellar (small unilamellar, SUVs, or large unilamellar, LUVs) vesicles, as well as lipids on supported bilayers, since it measures the main gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature (Tm), enthalpies and entropies. In order to assign these transitions in single component systems, where Tm often occurred as a doublet, nano-DSC, dynamic light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) data were compared. The two Tms were not attributable to decoupled phase transitions between the two leaflets of the bilayer, i.e. nano-DSC measurements were not able to distinguish between the outer and inner leaflets of the vesicle bilayers. Instead, the two Tms were attributed to mixtures of oligolamellar and unilamellar vesicles, as confirmed by cryo-TEM images. Tm for the oligolamellar vesicles was assigned to the peak closest to that of the parent multilamellar vesicle (MLV) peak. The other transition was higher than that of the parent MLVs for 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and increased in temperature as the vesicle size decreased, while it was lower in temperature than that of the parent MLVs for 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and decreased as the vesicle size decreased. These subtle shifts arose due to small differences in the values of ΔH and ΔS, since Tm is determined by their ratio (ΔH/ΔS). It was not possible to completely eliminate oligolamellar structures for MLVs extruded with the 200 nm pore size filter, even after 120 passes, while these structures were eliminated for MLVs extruded through the 50 nm pore size filter.
Frequency and distribution of DNA fragmentation as a marker of cell death in chronic liver diseases.

To study the early stages of cell death in various types of chronic liver injury, liver biopsies from a total of 26 patients, including 7 with chronic hepatitis C(CHC), 4 with chronic hepatitis B(CHB), 7 with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 4 with autoimmune or drug hepatitis(AI/DH), and 4 with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC), were examined by an in situ nucleotidyl transferase assay (ISNTA), which detects DNA fragmentation. Positive nuclei in hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells were counted in all parenchymal areas, excluding triads and areas of fibrosis, using a computer with Sigmascan software. The number of positive hepatocytes/mm2 was similar in the biopsies of patients with CHC, CHB, ALD and AI/DH, but significantly lower in PBC. The number of positive sinusoidal lining cells/mm2 was significantly greater in biopsies with CHC compared to CHB, ALD, AI/DH and PBC. Double staining revealed that the ISNTA-positive sinusoidal lining cells were also CD68 positive, indicating that they were Kupffer cells. The frequency of ISNTA positivity did not correlate with serum AST or ALT levels, steatosis, cell swelling or cirrhosis. ISNTA-positive hepatocytes were more frequent than acidophilic bodies in every disease category. We conclude that apoptosis may be a common pathway of cell death in different liver diseases, that the high frequency of DNA fragmentation in Kupffer cells in CHC suggests that during chronic hepatitis C infection activated Kupffer cells may be subject to regulatory control by apoptosis and that ISNTA is more sensitive than acidophilic bodies in assessing the degree of cell injury in the liver.
Bianisotropic Effective Parameters of Optical Metamagnetics and Negative-Index Materials

Approaches to the adequate homogenization of optical metamaterials are becoming more and more complex, primarily due to an increased understanding of the role of asymmetric electrical and magnetic responses, in addition to the nonlocal effects of the surrounding medium, even in the simplest case of plane-wave illumination. The current trend in developing such advanced homogenization descriptions often relies on utilizing bianisotropic models as a base on top of which novel optical characterization techniques can be built. In this paper, we first briefly review general principles for developing a bianisotropic homogenization approach. Second, we present several examples validating and illustrating our approach using single-period passive and active optical metamaterials. We also show that the substrate may have a significant effect on the bianisotropic characteristics of otherwise symmetric passive and active metamaterials.
Fabrication of Micron Scale Magnetic Nickel Features by Selective Area Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition

We demonstrate that it is possible to deposit a wide range of magnetic features, using photoassisted and electron radiation induced selective area organometallic chemical vapor deposition. Large arrays of identical micron to nano scale Ni features were deposited by these methods. Their magnetic properties were studied by alternating gradient force magnetometry as well as magnetic force microscopy. Our morphological and magnetic measurements show that the structures are spatially well defined, and the magnetic properties are related to the structural shapes of the features.
Jejunal atresia in twins with presumed congenital rubella.

Abstract An atretic segment of jejunum was resected from twin, premature, female infants with evidence of congenital rubella. The frequent association of proliferative vascular lesions in infants with rubella, and the importance of intrauterine vascular insufficiency in the pathogenesis of intestinal atresia, suggest that the jejunal defects resulted from infection during gestation.
Leukocyte relaxation properties

Study of the mechanical properties of leukocytes is useful to understand their passage through narrow capillaries and interaction with other cells. Leukocytes are known to be viscoelastic and their properties have been established by micropipette aspiration techniques. Here, the recovery of leukocytes to their normal spherical form is studied after prolonged deformation in a pipette which is large enough to permit complete entry of the leukocyte. The recovery history is characterized by the time history of the major diameter (d1) and minor diameter (d2). When the cell is removed from the pipette, it shows initially a small rapid recoil followed by a slower asymptotic recovery to the spherical shape. In the presence of cell activation and formation of pseudopods, the time history for recovery is prolonged compared with passive cell recovery. If a protopod pre-existed during the holding period, the recovery only begins when the protopod starts to retract.
Post-receptor actions of somatomedin on chondrocyte collagen biosynthesis.

Abstract The anabolic effects of human somatomedin C on freshly isolated Swarm chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were studied. Physiological concentrations (2–34 nM) of somatomedin, but not growth hormone, stimulated the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into collagen and non-collagen proteins. RNA and proteoglycans. The 120% increase in radiolabeling of collagen with [ 3 H]proline by 10 nM somatomedin C was not due to changes in the rate of [ 3 H]proline uptake. Similarly, the specific activity of newly synthesized [ 3 H]proline-labeled collagen was not increased by 10 nM somatomedin C, indicating that changes in proline pool size or compartmentalization of [ 3 H]proline were not involved. Somatomedin C had no effect on the rate of [ 3 H]collagen degradation. The ability of somatomedin C to stimulate collagen synthesis was unaffected by concentrations of actinomycin D which inhibited chondrocyte RNA synthesis 90% or more. These results demonstrate that somatomedin exerts a general anabolic effect on chondrosarcoma chondrocyte metabolism. The fact that somatomedin C stimulates chondrocyte collagen synthesis in the absence of RNA synthesis suggests that this effect may be at the post-transcriptional level.
“I have never spent time to think about what i have gained from my projects”: Linking portfolio development and life-long learning

With NSF funding, we have been exploring students' conceptions of life-long learning and how the construction of professional portfolios can contribute to preparing students to engage in life-long learning. In this paper, we discuss broad ideas related to life-long learning, the role of self-awareness in life-long learning, and the potential for portfolio construction to support life-long learning generally and the development of self-awareness specifically. Our paper includes both a literature review related to these topics as well as themes resulting from an analysis of interviews with students concerning these topics. We close by suggesting implications.
Challenges of education in engineering

The article discussed the present challenges of engineering education and the role it plays in the society. It tackled some important issues in engineering education including the decreasing interest of American High School graduates in engineering program and solution to this problem by promoting engineering education via the Internet.
Laboratory studies of the effect of sorbed oil on proton nuclear magnetic resonance

Proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) measurements were made of T1 and T2 relaxation times of water in saturated sands containing varying amounts of sorbed oil on the grain surfaces. The porosity, surface area, and grain density of the sands and the relaxation times of the extracted pore water were also determined experimentally. Sorption of oil changed the relaxation time of water in the saturated sands through changes in surface area and surface relaxivity, the parameter used to quantify the ability of the surface of the pore space to reduce NMR relaxation times. In some cases the addition of oil to the surfaces decreased the surface area, an observation that suggested the oil was coating the surface in a way to reduce surface roughness. When larger amounts of oil were added to the surface, surface area increased. The changes in surface relaxivity with the amount of sorbed oil were governed by the relaxivity of the clean, oil‐free surfaces. In the Wedron sand, with a surface relaxivity typical of natu...
A novel specificity for the primer–template pairing requirement in Tetrahymena telomerase

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase with a built‐in RNA template. Base pairing between the templating domain of telomerase RNA and a telomeric DNA primer is normally a characteristic of elongation of telomeric DNA. Here we demonstrate the mechanism by which Tetrahymena telomerase bypasses a requirement for template–primer pairing in order to add telomeric DNA de novo to completely non‐telomeric DNA primers. We show that this reaction initiates by copying the template residue at the 3′ boundary of the telomerase RNA template sequence. Unexpectedly, as the RNA template moves through the telomerase catalytic center, the number of required potential Watson–Crick base pairs between RNA template and DNA primer increases from zero to five. We propose that this unprecedented position specificity of a base pairing potential requirement in a polymerase underlies the chromosome healing mechanism of telomerase, and reflects constraints inherent in an internal template.
Testing Predictive Validity of the Communication Composite of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales.

This study tested the predictive validity of the Communication Composite of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales as a predictor of expressive vocabulary. The Communication Composite consi...
Information and Access: Modeling the Nexus of the Academic Preparation and Financial Aid Literatures

Research concerning the determinants affecting access to postsecondary education has primarily been conducted in two spheres: academic preparation and financial aid. Although these two strands of literature are often treated as oppositional hypotheses, they need not be. This article fuses the two bodies of research while discussing the relatively untreated role of information concerning both academic preparation and financial aid as an important determinant in a student's probability of accessing postsecondary education. The evolution of empirical models regarding important determinants in postsecondary access are presented with the proposition of next steps, including the role of information, that will allow for a more fully specified model in studying what variables affect whether a student continues her education after high school graduation.
Calibration Of A Helium-Cooled LWIR Spectrometer For Exo-Atmospheric Airglow Measurements

The calibration of a cryogenic infrared spectrometer is described. The calibration data are obtained in two facilities that simulate the vacuum and cold background of the upper atmosphere in an attempt to duplicate the conditions under which the measurements are to be made. These facilities provide for a distant small-area source and an extended-area source calibration. The sensor has a free spectral range of 7.3 to 22.7 µm, 2-3% resolution, a noise equivalent sterance (radiance) of about 4.5 x 10-11 W cm-2sr-1 µm-1 at 15 µm and obtains 2-scans/s. The measurement equation is derived from the calibration data as L(λ) = C(λ)[3.36 x 10-9 V + 1.1 x 10-12 V2] W cm-2 sr-1 µm-1 where C(λ) varies from unity upward, and the precision and accuracy are estimated at ± 7 to 12% and 13 to 16% (depending upon the wavelength) respectively.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The perpetual oversight of hatchery programs

Abstract A major concern by fisheries biologists and managers has been the perception that hatchery fish are inferior to wild fish, and belief that the hatchery fish tend to degrade natural populations. These perceptions are not without foundation, but the problems are the fault of how we have managed hatcheries, and not with either the concept or the potential which hatcheries can offer. The oversight that we have demonstrated consistently throughout our history of fisheries management has been to ignore the fact that fish populations are an integral component in a complex environmental system. If we neglect the requirements that populations have, and hence the traits they allow them to synchronize their life history with specific environmental constraints, failure is certain. Although appropriate technology is the key in producing healthy hatchery fish, the critical component for success of the hatchery concept is the seed stock used for propagation. Every effort must be made to work with the negative gene pool and avoid contamination from other brood sources to maintain stock synchrony with the environment.
Monoclonal antibody-based therapy of neuroblastoma.

Metastatic solid tumors in children are difficult to cure. Despite intensive chemoradiotherapy plus aggressive surgery, eradicating these diseases has remained a formidable challenge. Differentiation therapy and monoclonal antibody (mAb) may improve the outlook of patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma. The idiotype network appears to represent one component of a complex mechanism for success with mAb immunotherapy. Ongoing strategies to genetically re-engineer mAbs may offer new treatment possibilities against some of these deadly cancers in pediatrics.
Influences of temperature and Mg:Ca ratio on CaCO3 precipitates from seawater

The Mg:Ca ratio at which the calcium carbonate mineral that has pseudohomogeneously precipitated from seawater changes from calcite to aragonite was experimentally determined as a function of temperature. Results indicate a dramatic change in the critical Mg:Ca ratio over a relatively small temperature range. For example, in normal seawater with a Mg:Ca of 5:1, the critical temperature is 6 ± 3 °C. At a temperature of 25 °C, however, Mg:Ca must be less than 1:4 ± 0.1 for calcite to form. These data indicate that paleoclimatic conditions at the time of carbonate deposition must be considered when attempting to make inferences about variation in other factors, such as paleo- P CO 2 ( P = pressure) and paleo-Mg:Ca ratios, that may control carbonate mineral formation by abiotic processes. However, the inverse relation between inferred global paleoclimatic conditions and the dominant type of CaCO 3 polymorph being abiotically deposited (i.e., warm conditions and low-Mg calcite, versus cool conditions and aragonite) suggest that substantial changes must have taken place in ocean chemistry over Phanerozoic time.
Judgment processes in motivation: Anchoring and adjustment effects on judgment and behavior.

Abstract The behavioral correlates of human judgment have received little attention from judgment and decision making researchers. One behavioral domain that provides for the study of judgment-behavior relations is task motivation (i.e., the allocation of time and effort to a task). Judgments of contingent relations are primary components of several theories of motivation, including expectancy theories and the theory of behavior in organizations proposed by Naylor, Pritchard, and Ilgen (1980) . The characteristics of heuristic judgment processes are hypothesized to affect contingency judgments and thus behavioral allocations of time and effort. This paper examines the effects of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic upon (a) judgments of future effort and performance and (b) upon actual allocations of time and effort using several types of anchoring information. Results indicate that both irrelevant and relevant information have strong anchoring effects on effort and performance judgments, but do not have concomitant effects on behavior. Implications for the role of judgment in motivation and for the link between judgment and behavior are discussed.
Regenerating the periodontium: is there a magic formula?

Structured Abstract Authors – Foster BL, Somerman MJ Objective – Left untreated, periodontal disease results in destruction of periodontal tissues including cementum, bone and the periodontal ligament, and subsequently, tooth loss. Increased research efforts focused on understanding periodontal disease at the cellular, molecular and clinical level have resulted in improved modalities for arresting disease progression; however, outcomes of existing procedures are not predictable and often disappointing. Critical to improving the predictability of regenerative therapies is targeting studies toward enhancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular events required to restore periodontal tissues. Design – Toward this goal our laboratory has focused on defining cells, mechanisms and factors regulating development of periodontal tissues, using in vitro and in vivo rodent models. Results and Conclusion – Results from these studies have enabled us to identify attractive candidate factors/cells including: 1) products secreted by epithelial cells that act on mesenchymal cells (amelogenins): we observed that both follicle cells and cementoblasts are responsive to amelogenin-like molecules resulting in changes in the expression of genes associated with cell maturation; 2) morphogens (bone morphogenetic proteins, BMP): we report that follicle cells respond differently to BMPs vs. cementoblasts, depending on dose of and specific BMP used; 3) phosphates: existing data suggest that phosphates act as signaling molecules regulating the expression of genes associated with cementoblast maturation. Knowledge gained from these studies has provided insight as to the cells/factors required for designing improved regenerative therapies.
Intracellular Accumulation of Insoluble, Newly Synthesized Aβn-42 in Amyloid Precursor Protein-transfected Cells That Have Been Treated with Aβ1–42

Our early study indicates that intracellular Abeta1-42 aggregates are resistant to degradation and accumulate as an insoluble residue in lysosomes, where they alter the normal catabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to cause the accumulation of insoluble APP and amyloidogenic fragments. In this study, we examined whether the addition of exogenous Abeta1-42 also leads to the accumulation of newly synthesized intracellular Abeta. Here we describe that newly synthesized Abeta, especially Abetan-42, is generated from metabolically labeled APP and accumulates in the insoluble fraction of cell lysates after Abeta1-42 treatment. These results suggest that intracellular Abeta may derive from a solid phase, intracellular pathway. In contrast to the pathway that primarily produces secreted Abeta1-40, the solid-phase intracellular pathway preferentially produces Abetan-42 with ragged amino termini. Biochemical studies and amino acid sequencing analyses indicate that these intracellular Abeta also share the same types of Abeta structures that accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients, suggesting that a significant fraction of the amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease may arise by this solid-phase pathway.
The Effect of Dissolved Ozone on the Corrosion Behavior of Cu-30Ni and Type 304L Stainless Steel in 0.5 N NaCl Solutions

Abstract Electrochemical experiments on the effect of dissolved ozone on the corrosion behavior of Cu-30Ni and type 304L (UNS S30403) stainless steel have been performed in 0.5 N NaCl solutions at room temperature. The experiments performed included measurements of the corrosion potential as a function of time and ozone concentrations, cyclic polarization experiments, iso-potential measurements of current densities and Auger electron spectroscopy studies of the chemical composition of the corrosion product films. The results of these experiments have shown that for both the Cu-based alloy and the stainless steel, the corrosion potential exhibits a marked shift to more noble values (∼300 mv) for ozone concentrations less the 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L. At higher ozone concentrations, the corrosion potential is virtually independent of the level of ozone dissolved in the solution. In addition to the shift in the corrosion potential, the presence of dissolved ozone resulted in a reduction in the corrosion rate for the ...
Reproductive death of Chinese hamster V79 cells after exposure to chemical inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

Abstract 1. 1. The results of this study have contributed to the definition of three categories of chemical inhibitors of DNA replication in mammalian cells. 2. 2. Inhibitors of replicon cluster initiation [4-nitroquinoline-. N -oxide (4-NQO), etoposide (VP-16), teniposide (VM-26), amsacrine ( m -AMSA), N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrozoguanidine (MNNG), cis -Pt(II)diammine diehloride ( cis -Pdd)], which needed similar doses to produce a slow and persistent (up to 4 hr) inhibition of DNA synthesis, followed by significant cell killing. 3. 3. Inhibitors of DNA replication by indirect action [3-aminobezamide (3-AB), cycloheximide (CHX), puromycin (PRC), bisbenzimide Hoechst No. 33258 (H-33258)], that showed reduced cytotoxic effects, and caused a slow (60 min) and reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis. 4. 4. Inhibitors of formation and/or polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides [5-aminouracil (5-AU), bisbenzimide Hoechst No. 33342 (H-33342)], which induced a fast (20 min) and reversible suppression of DNA replication, associated with limited cell killing.
Esthetic preference for rectangles of vertical and horizontal orientation

Esthetic preference for vertical and horizontal rectangles was tested. The study was stimulated by renewed interest in television screen aspect ratios. Previous work by Schiffman (1966, 1969, 1978) on rectangle orientation had resulted in contradictory findings. In the present study, pairs of slides of identical solid-colored rectangles that varied only in horizontal or vertical orientation were embedded in a larger protocol of similar slide pairs and presented to 183 male and female undergraduate volunteers. Other slide stimuli were also presented and tested for preference and self-reports of relaxation upon viewing. The findings demonstrate no evidence of any predisposition toward a preference for one orientation over the other.
The meanings of tuberculosis for Mexican migrant farmworkers in the United States

The timely diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is an important public health problem in both developed and developing nations. In the United States, migrant farmworkers are estimated to be about six times more likely than other employed adults to develop tuberculosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate explanatory models of tuberculosis among Mexican migrant farmworkers working in western New York state. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 farmworkers using an open-ended question format. All interviews were conducted in migrant camps and were audio-taped, translated and transcribed by the researcher. Data analysis was performed using Glaser and Strauss' grounded theory method of analysis which involves continuous and simultaneous data collection, coding, and analysis. Study participants included 21 males and 5 females ranging in age from 18 to 65. Respondents had worked as migrant farmworkers an average of 10 years and had an average of five years of schooling. Two-thirds of the participants had previously attended a tuberculosis education program, and four had received treatment for tuberculosis infection in the past. Farmworkers' explanations of tuberculosis etiology, severity, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and social significance are described as well as their beliefs about tuberculosis skin testing and the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. Migrant farmworkers' explanatory models were similar in many aspects to the medical model of tuberculosis, although farmworkers had numerous misconceptions about BCG vaccination. Health care workers should be aware that Mexican migrant farmworkers may have beliefs about tuberculosis that are very compatible with participation in testing and treatment programs if such programs are made accessible to them.
The Use of the Amplatzer Plug to Treat Dysphagia Lusoria Caused by an Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery

Emerging technology with endovascular techniques has expanded our armamentarium to treat the aberrant right subclavian artery. We describe a hybrid technique using an Amplatzer plug in combination with a carotid subclavian bypass to treat a patient with dysphagia lusoria.
Inactivation of the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 by 5′-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoylinosine at 65° C is accompanied by modification of β-tyrosine-364

A major radioactive peptide, T1, was resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography from a tryptic digest prepared from the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 which had been inactivated with p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl[3H]inosine. Two radioactive peptides, T1P1 and T1P2, were isolated from a peptic digest of T1 by high-performance liquid chromatography. The sequences of T1P1 and T1P2 were shown to be E-E-H-X-Q-V-A-R and E-E-H-X-Q, respectively, where X corresponds to derivatized Tyr-364 of the β subunit.
Effect of shear stress on86Rb+ efflux from calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells

The effect of flow-induced shear stress on membrane K+ permeability was investigated by measuring86Rb+ efflux in cultured calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Cells were subjected to step changes in shear stress from 1 dyn/cm2 to 2.4, 4.8, or 10 dyn/cm2 in a parallel-plate flow chamber. Increasing shear stress produced a graded, transient increase in86Rb+ efflux which peaked within 1 min and subsequently declined rapidly toward pre-stimulus levels. Upon returning shear stress to 1 dyn/cm2,86Rb+ efflux initially decreased, but returned slowly to basal values. In contrast, application of bradykinin at a constant shear stress of 1 dyn/cm2 produced a transient increase in86Rb+ efflux that was followed by a sustained elevated phase during which time efflux gradually returned to pre-stimulus levels. In order to exclude the possibility that the transient increase in86Rb+ efflux with shear stress simply reflects a flow-dependent change in the washout of radiotracer, the transient convection-diffusion equation was solved using finite element simulation. When the flux of86Rb+ from the cell monolayer was assumed to be constant with time, the mathematical model predicted an increase in efflux rate coefficients upon step increases in flow that were only 7–19% of that observed experimentally. The numerical predictions correlated well with the experimentally obtained peaks when the flux of86Rb+ from the cell monolayer was simultaneously increased with flow to a new steady value. These simulations however, could not predict the transient nature of the response to increased shear stress. The results from the computer modeling suggest that the transient increase in86Rb+ efflux does not reflect a washout phenomenon and supports the hypothesis that shear stress produces a graded, transient increase in the K+ permeability of vascular endothelial cells.
Anisotropic spin fluctuations in CeCoIn5

Abstract CeCoIn5 is an unconventional heavy fermion superconductor with a relatively large transition temperature T c = 2.3 K . NMR measurements of the spin lattice relaxation rate at the In(1) site reveal a significant anisotropy of the fluctuating hyperfine fields, which reverses below 30 K. These results suggest that two-dimensional fluctuations of the Ce 4f moments are relevant for the superconducting pairing.
A 64-bit planar double-diffused monolithic memory chip

A 40-ns access bipolar monolithic memory of 2021 words × 144 bits capacity has been developed and incorporated in a computing system. The design and structure of a 64-bit silicon chip will be presented and some aspects of the organization and circuit design discussed.
On the formulation of high-frequency dissipative time-stepping algorithms for nonlinear dynamics. Part II: second-order methods

We present in this paper the formulation of a new high-frequency dissipative time-stepping algorithm for nonlinear elastodynamics that is second-order accurate in time. The new scheme exhibits unconditional energy dissipation and momentum conservation (and thus the given name of energy-dissipative, momentum-conserving second-order scheme (EDMC-2)), leading also to the conservation of the relative equilibria of the underlying physical system. The unconditional character of these properties applies not only with respect to the time step size but, equally important, with respect to the considered elastic potential. Moreover, the dissipation properties are fully controlled through an algorithmic parameter, reducing to existing fully conserving schemes, if desired. The design of the new algorithm is described in detail, including a complete analysis of its dissipation/conservation properties in the fully nonlinear range of finite elasticity. To motivate the different constructions that lead to the dissipative properties of the final scheme, the same arguments are used first in the construction of new linear time-stepping algorithms for the system of linear elastodynamics, including first- and second-order schemes. The new schemes exhibit a rigorous decay of the physical energy, with the second-order schemes formulated in a general two-stage formula accommodating the aforementioned control parameter in the dissipation of the energy. A complete spectral analysis of the new schemes is presented in this linear range to evaluate their different numerical properties. In particular, the dissipative character of the proposed schemes in the high-frequency range is fully demonstrated. In fact, it is shown that the new second-order scheme is L-stable. Most remarkably, the extension of these ideas to the nonlinear range is accomplished avoiding the use of multi-stage formulae, given the freedom gained in using general nonlinear relations, while preserving the conservation laws of the momenta and the corresponding relative equilibria. Several representative numerical simulations are presented in the context of nonlinear elastodynamics to evaluate the performance of the newly proposed schemes.
Automated Quantification of the Spatial Extent of Perfusion Defects and Viability on Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

The spatial extent of hypoperfusion or viability is important in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that computerized pixel intensity threshold analysis (PITA) could be used for the automated analysis of perfusion defect size during myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). For calibration studies, MCE was performed in 6 dogs undergoing ischemia and reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by PITA, which automatically calculates the percentage of pixels within the myocardium that fail to exceed a predetermined threshold of maximum contrast enhancement. A threshold of 10% of maximum yielded infarct sizes that most closely correlated with those determined by histologic staining. For clinical validation, MCE was performed in 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for measurement of risk area; and within 5 days and at 4 weeks after PCI to determine infarct size. The defect size by PITA with a 10% threshold value closely correlated with those measured by expert reader planimetry on background-subtracted color-coded image sets ( r = 0.95, P
Adolescent cannabinoid treatment negatively affects reproductive behavior in female rats

Abstract Sex differences in the neurobehavioral effects of chronic cannabinoid exposure suggest that gonadal hormones may modify cannabinoid activity. The current experiment assessed the impact of combined cannabinoid and estradiol treatment in ovariectomized, adolescent female rats on subsequent adult sexual behavior. Female Long-Evans rats were administered daily injections of either the cannabinoid agonist, CP 55,940 (0.4 mg/kg), or vehicle from post-natal day (PND) 40–49. Half of each treatment group also received daily injections of estradiol (50 μg/kg) or sesame oil vehicle from PND 39–49. Beginning on PND 74, subjects' reproductive behavior, including receptivity, proceptivity, and pacing, was assessed via a fifteen-minute paced mating test. There were significant main effects of estradiol treatment on rate of hop-darts emitted, number of arena crossings, and ejaculations received during the paced mating test. Overall, estradiol-treated females produced higher and more typical levels of sexual behavior. There were significant interactions between hormone and cannabinoid treatment on lordosis quotient, percentage of exits following male sexual stimulation, and contact-return latency for intromissions. Adolescent cannabinoid treatment detrimentally impacted the display of female receptivity and pacing, but only within estradiol-treated subjects. We discuss possible interpretations of these results, including potential mechanisms by which adolescent cannabinoid exposure might disrupt the normal development of female reproductive behavior.
Intensities in the Harmonic Band of Hydrogen Chloride

Measurement of absorption intensities.\char22{}The intensities of the first nine lines of the negative branch of the first harmonic absorption band of HCl at 1.76\ensuremath{\mu} have been measured with a prism spectrograph, using a galvanometer and thermo-relay to observe thermopile voltages. The positive branch, not being resolvable, was measured as a whole. The areas under the lines in a plot of percent absorption against frequency were obtained for 5 different tube lengths, namely 74.5, 25.0, 14.96, 9.90 and 4.88 cm and the integrated absorption coefficient of each line was calculated from the slope of the curve of area against tube length at the origin by methods developed by Bourgin. The probable error of the intensity measurements for the stronger lines was 6 percent.
Nonlevelable sets and immune sets in the accepting density hierarchy inNP

The complexity theoretic concept of levelability is introduced to the accepting density hierarchy inNP. A setA inNP islevelable with respect to densityu(n) if for every polynomial-time nondeterministic Turing machine (NTM)M that acceptsA there is a better NTMM′ forA that improves the accepting density ofM infinitely often from the density belowu(n) tou(n). We investigate the structural properties of nonlevelable sets inNP. A nonlevelable set must have a maximal complexity core, and its maximal cores must have relatively low complexity. Most naturalNP-complete sets are paddable and hence levelable with respect to the two lowest levels in the accepting density hierarchy. A relativized accepting density hierarchy is constructed to demonstrate the possibility of the existence of nonlevelable sets at each level of the hierarchy.
Enabling Operational Autonomy for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Scalability

O PERATIONALautonomy for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is the decision-making capacity of theUAV to attain operational objectives. As the level of operational autonomy (LOA) increases, the uncertainties faced by the vehicle increase combinatorially, as does the complexity of its decision making, as seen in Table 1 [1]. The scope and complexity of UAVmissions havemade autonomous real-time operation in unstructured environments elusive [2,3]. Hence, the dependence on multiple human operators per UAV is perhaps the largest cost component of operating them [4]. Operator attention and effort are subject to fatigue and error [5], and operators are subject to severe stresses, especially in combat operations, something that can be avoided if tasks are suitably automated [6]. There aremany efforts underway to increase the autonomyofUAVs [1,7,8]. The difficulties arise from the propagation of several uncertainties, many dynamic, into the performance of these systems: map errors, modeling errors, sensor errors, errors of actuation, wind gusts, electromagnetic (EM) and acoustic interference, enemy maneuvers, and cyberattacks [9]. Arbitrary combinations of these uncertainties make it impossible to predict the performance of most battlefield systems as they are operated today. Several research efforts into autonomous systems involve heuristic solutions to combinatorial optimization problems that do not supply guarantees in real time [10], even if solved in real time [11], where genetic algorithms (GAs) were solved on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Although [12,13] give a solution for even multiple traveling salesman problem (mTSP)-type problems to minimize mission completion time using modified GAs, the solution achieved is not the best for surveillance in the sense that some routes are overlapped.However, if themission is the attacking of targets, the avoidance of route overlaps is not an important constraint compared to the timing, visitation angle, and collision avoidance as studied in [14], where GAs are again used for optimization. In this work, we convert a large class of integrated surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) problems for passive targets in mapped regions to mTSPs [15], which are solved offline to provide several alternative solutions stored offline for online use.We construct an end-to-end framework integrating existing algorithms where available, and developing our own where necessary, to solve this class of problems. Our framework incorporates vehicle dynamics andmission constraints so the GA solving themTSP-only searches over feasible solutions. In the terms of Table 1, we aim at an LOA of 5. We formulate the problem class in Sec. II, mapping it to a discrete combinatorial optimization problem in Secs. III and IV, and decomposition of mTSPs for a team of UAVs to traveling salesman problems (TSPs) for m UAVs via partitioning of space in Sec. V. Scalability in the sense of computational timewith the number ofmap features andUAVs is discussed in Sec. VI, andwe conclude in Sec. VII with several questions that our work has opened up.
Part two: Carrying out a thorough assessment

Linda Nazarko explains how holistic assessment and documentation enable us to plan wound care effectively, improve quality of life and reduce workload.
Epidemiology and resource utilization in pediatric facial fractures

BACKGROUND: Pediatric facial fractures, although uncommon, have a significant impact on public health and the US economy by the coexistence of other injuries and developmental deformities. Violence is one of the most frequent mechanisms leading to facial fracture. Teaching hospitals, while educating future medical professionals, have been linked to greater resource utilization in differing scenarios. This study was designed to compare the differences in patient characteristics and outcomes between teaching and non-teaching hospitals for violence-related pediatric facial fractures. METHODS: Using the 2000-2009 Kids' Inpatient Database, 3881 patients younger than 18 years were identified with facial fracture and external cause of injury code for assault, fight, or abuse. Patients admitted at teaching hospitals were compared to those admitted at non-teaching hospitals in terms of demographics, injuries, and outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 76.2% of patients had been treated at teaching hospitals. Compared to those treated at non-teaching hospitals, these patients were more likely to be younger, non-white, covered by Medicaid, from lower income zip codes, and have thoracic injuries; but mortality rate was not significantly different. After adjusting for potential confounders, teaching status of the hospital was not found as a predictor of either longer lengths of stay (LOS) or charges. CONCLUSIONS: There is an insignificant difference between LOS and charges at teaching and non-teaching hospitals after controlling for patient demographics. This suggests that the longer LOS observed at teaching hospitals is related to these institutions being more often involved in the care of underserved populations and patients with more severe injuries. Language: en
Earth’S habitable loop: Water, atmospheric structure, the geomagnetic field and plate tectonics

Complex and intelligent life developed on Earth because it has retained sufficient water, primarily in liquid form, for several billion years. The loss of Earth’s water to outer space is limited by a cold trap at the top of its thick troposphere. Earth maintains a thick troposphere because the dipolar geomagnetic field deflects the solar wind, preventing ionized particles from heating the upper atmosphere and lowering the tropopause. Earth’s magnetic field is sustained by the dynamo action of convective motions within the outer core, which require a large flux of heat from core to mantle. Plate-tectonics, which provides the required rate of planetary cooling over billions of years, requires the presence of liquid water to make the plates ductile and to lubricate the plate boundaries. The sustained, coupled interaction of liquid water, atmospheric structure, the geomagnetic field and plate tectonics forms a feedback-loop which maintains Earth’s long-term habitability.
Improving the precision of INCA by preventing spurious cycles

The Inequality Necessary Condition Analyzer (INCA) is a finite-state verification tool that has been able to check properties of some very large concurrent systems. INCA checks a property of a concurrent system by generating a system of inequalities that must have integer solutions if the property can be violated. There may, however, be integer solutions to the inequalities that do not correspond to an execution violating the property. INCA thus accepts the possibility of an inconclusive result in exchange for greater tractability. We describe here a method for eliminating one of the two main sources of these inconclusive results.