cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An influence of extremal edges on boundary extension

Studies have shown that people consistently remember seeing more of a studied scene than was physically present (e.g., Intraub & Richardson Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 179-187, 1989). This scene memory error, known as boundary extension, has been suggested to occur due to an observer's failure to differentiate between the contributing sources of information, including the sensory input, amodal continuation beyond the view boundaries, and contextual associations with the main objects and depicted scene locations (Intraub, 2010). Here, "scenes" made of abstract shapes on random-dot backgrounds, previously shown to elicit boundary extension (McDunn, Siddiqui, & Brown Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 370-375, 2014), were compared with versions made with extremal edges (Palmer & Ghose Psychological Science, 19, 77-84, 2008) added to their borders, in order to examine how boundary extension is influenced when amodal continuation at the borders' view boundaries is manipulated in this way. Extremal edges were expected to reduce boundary extension as compared to the same scenes without them, because extremal edge boundaries explicitly indicate an image's end (i.e., they do not continue past the view boundary). A large and a small difference (16 % and 40 %) between the close and wide-angle views shown during the experiment were tested to examine the effects of both boundary extension and normalization with and without extremal edges. Images without extremal edges elicited typical boundary extension for the 16 % size change condition, whereas the 40 % condition showed signs of normalization. With extremal edges, a reduced amount of boundary extension occurred for the 16 % condition, and only normalization was found for the 40 % condition. Our findings support and highlight the importance of amodal continuation at the view boundaries as a component of boundary extension.
The effect of certain biologically active substances upon photosynthesis and dark CO2 fixation

The influence of certain antibiotics and other biochemically active substances on CO2 fixation in the dark and in the light was studied by C14 tracer techniques. Dinitrophenol stopped both processes, whereas antifolics did not show any influence on the rate or the pattern in CO2 fixation by Scenedesmus obliquus under the conditions of our experiments. Chloromycetin did not alter the velocity of CO2 uptake in the dark or in the light. Penicillin did not alter the total uptake of CO2 but apparently altered the metabolic pattern in dark fixation, e.g. the decrease in the amount of radioactive malic acid formed. In control experiments it was confirmed that malic acid becomes strongly labeled during dark CO2 fixation. Pyrithiamine had no significant influence on total dark fixation, although it lowered the activity of the malic acid spot. Aureomycin hydrochloride had an inhibiting effect on dark fixation in concentrations of about 10−3M. It accelerated photosynthesis about two times in 3 × 10−5M concentration and six times in 1.5 × 10−4M and higher concentrations. Terramycin hydrochloride showed a similar behaviour. Probably part of this effect is due to shifts in pH and another part to increased buffering capacity. While it was possible to eliminate the direct pH effect, it is difficult to estimate the influence of the buffer capacity. Analysis of the chromatograms of the products formed revealed that the activity in most of the products found in short period photosynthesis was increased proportionally. However, addition of aureomycin produced an abnormally high increase in sucrose. Phosphate increased the amount of alanine produced. A short discussion of these phenomena has been given.
Paradox: Holarchical view of system of systems engineering management

This paper focuses on a method of developing a framework for effective System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) management.While developing the management process in dealing with SoSE, we are searching for ways to engineer multiple integrated complex systems, which can be concurrently, highly emergent and effectively governable. The authors propose to utilize the "holarchical view" methodology to identify and examine this essential phenomenon of paradoxes of SoSE management. The proposed method is based on the Boardman-Sauser five distinguishing characteristics of Autonomy, Belonging, Connectivty, Diversity, and Emergence. The outcome of this research would influence further studies on the topic and greatly contribute to the SoSE body of knowledge.
Selection for resistance to phallolysin, a cytolytic toxin from the death-cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides)

Phallolysin-resistant variants are readily selected from unmutagenized populations of mouse fibroblasts. They exhibit partial cross-resistance to wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin with a saccharide specificity similar to phallolysin. These results are consistent with phallolysin acting by binding to cell surface glycoprotein receptors rather than by interacting directly with lipid components of the membrane.
INCIDENCE OF FAT AND BONE MARROW EMBOLISM WITH THE USE OF INTRAOSSEOUS INFUSION DURING CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION. † 264

INCIDENCE OF FAT AND BONE MARROW EMBOLISM WITH THE USE OF INTRAOSSEOUS INFUSION DURING CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION. † 264
Low-frequency noise characteristics of lattice-matched (x=0.53) and strained (x>0.53) In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/InxGa/sub 1-/xAs HEMT's

Extensive bias-dependent and temperature-dependent low-frequency (LF) noise measurements were performed on lattice-matched and strained In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As(0.53 >
Proposed LEED Credit for Electrical Load Shedding

Abstract The cost of energy is a significant percentage of the operating expense for most buildings. Energy used within buildings is supplied primarily by electricity. Demand for electricity used in industrial and agricultural applications is frequently leveled by shifting portions of peak loads to non-peak periods. Leveling electrical loads reduces the utility's carbon footprint and the cost of generating power. Resulting savings are commonly shared with customers through economic incentives. Similar techniques can be applied to control the energy demand of buildings, with benefits for both the electrical utility and electricity users. This paper provides an overview of electrical load-shedding techniques, outlines some of the benefits and problems associated with each, and discusses how some of these techniques are currently being applied to reduce the total electrical load for buildings. The paper also proposes a LEED credit which provides an incentive for owners and tenants to incorporate one or more ...
Nonprofit Sales Tax Exemption Where Do States Draw the Line

Full text is not available due to publisher’s copyright restrictions. WSU users can access the article via database licensed by University Libraries: http://libcat.wichita.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1332002
Aspects of Kinship Change in a Modernizing Turkish Town

This paper examines aspects of kinship change in a Turkish town which has recently undergone a series of dramatic changes including the input of a modern sugar refinery and increased social and economic integration with the more urban and advanced cities of Turkey. A more dynamic and relevant approach to the study of kinship change is proposed which deals with people's goals, the ways these goals change through time, and the ways individuals interact with their kin to attain these goals.This study finds that within the context of a more modern socioeconomic structure basic kinship goals such as postmarital residence, ideal household composition, and spouse selection have changed and that "participant" kinship is becoming progressively confined to the nuclear family. These changes have had a positive consequence for the ethnic integration of the community.
River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean

Satellite images have long revealed the surface expression of large amplitude internal waves that propagate along density interfaces beneath the sea surface. Internal waves are typically the most energetic high-frequency events in the coastal ocean, displacing water parcels by up to 100 m and generating strong currents and turbulence that mix nutrients into near-surface waters for biological utilization. While internal waves are known to be generated by tidal currents over ocean-bottom topography, they have also been observed frequently in the absence of any apparent tide-topography interactions. Here we present repeated measurements of velocity, density and acoustic backscatter across the Columbia River plume front. These show how internal waves can be generated from a river plume that flows as a gravity current into the coastal ocean. We find that the convergence of horizontal velocities at the plume front causes frontal growth and subsequent displacement downward of near-surface waters. Individual freely propagating waves are released from the river plume front when the front's propagation speed decreases below the wave speed in the water ahead of it. This mechanism generates internal waves of similar amplitude and steepness as internal waves from tide-topography interactions observed elsewhere, and is therefore important to the understanding of coastal ocean mixing.
The influence of growth conditions on the composition of some cell wall components of Aerobacter aerogenes.

With a chemostat culture, both the bacterial growth rate and the growth environment can be independently varied between wide limits. Changing the growth rate of Aerobacter aerogenes organisms (in either a glycerol-limited medium or a Mg2+-limited medium) affected the bacterial cell wall content; invariably slow growing organisms were smaller than faster growing ones and had a higher cell wall/biomass ratio. Changing the growth rate also influenced the composition of the walls but in this respect glycerol-limited organisms and Mg2+-limited organisms behaved differently. Thus, whereas increasing the growth rate of glycerol-limited cultures caused the cell wall 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) and heptose contents to increase progressively, with Mg2+-limited cultures they decreased. Furthermore, although KDO and heptose are both components of the lipopolysaccharide layer, their ratio varied with growth rate, and with the nature of the growth-limitation, indicating changes in the lipopolysaccharide composition. These results are discussed with particular reference to the influence of environment on cell wall content and composition, and the use of continuous culture for the production of bacterial vaccines.
Adolescent pregnancies and problems.

Abstract Adolescent pregnancy is a critical world-wide problem. This paper defines the subject, overviews international and national statistical data, identifies the problems and the effect of the scope of these problems on a society, emphasizes the role of maternal nutrition and its effect on birth weight and pregnancy outcome, discusses the components of comprehensive health care before, during, and after pregnancy, and suggests approaches and services which have proven effective in giving care to adolescents.
METALLIC HYDROGEN: A HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR.

Application of the BCS theory to the proposed metallic modification of hydrogen suggests that it will be a high-temperature superconductor. This prediction has interesting astrophysical consequences, as well as implications for the possible development of a superconductor for use at elevated temperatures.
Peer Review: The Year in Review

As another year at JGIM draws to a close, we want to thank and acknowledge the many talented people who have served as peer reviewers for JGIM over the past 12 months. Peer review remains an imperfect process, just okay at detecting error and abysmal at detecting fraud. Nevertheless, traditional peer review seems here to stay: few leading journals or editors are currently pushing for its demise. So while the idea of open source review appeals to our sense of transparency and fairness, for now we will continue to rely on our large panel of expert volunteer peer reviewers (and outstanding Deputy Editors) to help ensure the quality and fidelity of what we publish.
Effects of various substituted hydrazones and hydrazines of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate on brain glutamate decarboxylase.

Abstract In addition to pyridoxal-5'-phosphate hydrazone (I), the following substituted hydrazones of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate were prepared: l -glutamyl-γ-hydrazone (II), isonicotinylhydrazone (III) and thiosemicarbazone (IV). The pyridoxal-5'-phosphate oxime-O-acetic acid was also prepared. The substituted hydrazines corresponding to I–IV and the reduced oxime-O-acetic acid were prepared by reduction of the hydra-zones with sodium borohydride. All the hydrazones and the oxime were tested against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) from mouse brain. The hydrazones were found to have coenzymatic activity corresponding to 62–87 per cent of the activity measured for pyridoxal phosphate under identical assay conditions. The coenzymatic activity of the four derivatives was in the following order: III > II > I > IV. The oxime-O-acetic acid not only was devoid of coenzymatic activity, but it actually inhibited GAD activity to the extent of 50 per cent. The substituted hydrazines tested under identical conditions had no coenzymatic or inhibitory effect. The reduced oxime-O-acetic acid also inhibited GAD activity. Injected i.p. I and II caused fatal convulsions and produced a notable decrease in brain GAD if assayed without pyridoxal phosphate. III had a slight inhibitory effect on GAD and no convulsant action. With added pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the activity was about the same as that recorded for control animals. The thiosemicarbazone. the oxime, and all the substituted hydrazines had little or no effect on GAD activity under these conditions and they did not produce convulsions. I, II and III inhibited brain pyridoxal kinase to some extent. Injected intraperitoneally, only I and II had a significant (30–36 per cent) inhibitory effect on brain pyridoxal kinase. Of the substituted hydrazines, only the one corresponding to II had a slight (9 per cent) inhibitory effect. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of activation of GAD in vitro by the hydrazones, and attempts are made to correlate the convulsant action of I and II with their effect in vivo upon GAD and pyridoxal kinase.
Information technology and international business: Theory and strategic development

Over the years, two fundamental counteracting forces have shaped the nature of international business operations and research. The same counteracting forces have been revisited by many authors in such terms as bstandardization vs. adaptationQ (1960s–70s), bglobalization vs. localizationQ (1970s–80s), and then bglobal integration vs. local responsivenessQ (1980s–90s). If the recent explosive growth of information technology (IT) is considered, we could suggest a new IT-relevant one, bonline scale vs. offline sensitivity,Q to the litany of the supply-side and demand-side counteracting forces that shape the nature of international business. Although terms have changed, the quintessence of the strategic dilemma that globally operating companies face has not changed and may even remain unchanged for years to come. Are these terms just fashionable dichotomous (either/or) concepts of the time without some deep meanings? Or has something inherently changed in the nature of global strategy and competition under the influence of IT? Indeed, more recent views suggest these counteracting forces are no longer an either/or issue. Forward-looking, proactive firms have the ability and willingness to accomplish both tasks simultaneously. As a result, changes wrought by IT are profound and need to be expressly incorporated in international business (IB) theory development. Theoretical concepts (e.g., transaction costs, information asymmetry, and cultural distance) and operational concepts (e.g.,
A new surface viscometer of high sensitivity. III. Stearic acid at the oil/water interface

Abstract In a theoretical section the hydrodynamic theory of the knife-in-wall surface shear viscometer is extended to the oil/water interface. The theory is restricted to laminar flow of a Newtonian interface undergoing shear strains only. In a subsequent experimental section, the theory is applied to absorption films of stearic acid at the cyclohexane/water interface. At a fixed concentration of stearic acid in cyclohexane, the interfacial shear viscosity is shown to vary as changes are made in either the pH of the aqueous substrate or the temperature of the system. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the interfacial viscosity rises from pH 5.5 to a dramatic maximum at pH 9.0. At pH > 9.0 the interface rapidly becomes less viscous as the pH is further increased. The change in the interfacial state at pH 9 is also coincident with a precipitous drop in the interfacial tension. When the aqueous phase is held at pH 9.0 and the system slowly warmed, an abrupt decrease in the interfacial viscosity occurs at 21.7°C. This “melting” point proves to be quite reproducible and is independent of the direction of temperature change. At T 22.0°C the viscosity remains fairly constant with T.
Complexity-simplicity: II. Birth order and sex differences

The preferences of 224 Ss for polygons of varying degrees of complexity were analyzed in terms of Ss’ birth order and sex. Analysis of variance indicated that sex was a highly significant determinant of complexity preference, with females tending to prefer more complexity than males, and, in addition, there was a significant sex × birth order interaction, with first bom males preferring more complexity than later born males, but later born females preferring more complexity than first bom females.
Impact of substance abuse and child maltreatment training on service utilization in a rural setting

Substance abuse and child maltreatment have been recognized as co-morbid problems encountered in families presenting in the child protective services (CPS) system. Nonetheless, utilization rates of substance abuse treatment services have generally lagged well behind what the research would suggest are prevalence rates for substance abuse disorders in this population, suggesting problems in recognition and referral practices among CPS workers. In response to this, 25 training programs were funded by the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. This study reports data from one program. Trainees indicated a high level of satisfaction and demonstrated significant knowledge gains. More importantly, utilization of substance abuse services increased significantly across time in a multi-county region receiving training relative to a comparison region receiving none. The gain was limited, suggesting that while increased knowledge may translate into increased service utilization, additional barriers to accessing needed services must also be addressed.
Changes in plasma levels of testosterone during male-male interactions in the song sparrow, Melospiza melodia: time course and specificity of response

Previous investigations have shown that malemale interactions over territory boundaries result in an increase in plasma levels of testosterone (T). In order to determine the time course of this increase following an agonistic challenge, male song sparrows, Zonotrichia (= Melospiza) melodia, were exposed to simulated territorial intrusions. Responding males were captured at intervals after onset of the intrusion for up to 60 min. Plasma levels of T were elevated by 10 min after onset of the challenge, and remained high in birds sampled 10–60 min after onset of the intrusion. In addition, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) increased and were significantly elevated after 10 min of stimulation. The results suggest that at least the prolonged elevation of T secretion precipitated by a male-male interaction was mediated via an increase in LH release. However, the initial surge of T levels in plasma may be LH independent. p Investigations of captive birds confirmed that circulating LH and T levels increased when male song sparrows were challenged by a conspecific male. Challenges involving a male house sparrow, Passer domesticus, had no effect suggesting that responses to male intrusions were species characteristic and not a result of general arousal. Further, auditory stimuli (vocalizations) alone, and visual stimuli (a devocalized male) alone were less effective in stimulating an increase in secretion of T than a combination of auditory and visual stimuli.
Evaluation of a new high-viscosity octylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for laceration repair: a randomized, clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE Tissue adhesives have recently been approved for skin closure. Their low viscosity may result in inadvertent migration. The authors compared the tendency of the adhesive to migrate after laceration closure with a high- or low-viscosity octylcyanoacrylate (OCA). METHODS This was a randomized, clinical trial set in university and community-based emergency departments. Participants included patients with simple traumatic lacerations. Patients were randomized to laceration closure with low- or high-viscosity OCA tissue adhesive. The outcome measured was immediate adhesive migration (interobserver agreement, kappa = 0.90). Data analysis was performed with proportions compared with chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Eighty-four patients were randomized to low- (n = 42) or high- (n = 42) viscosity OCA tissue adhesive. Groups were similar in baseline patient and wound characteristics. The high-viscosity OCA was less likely to migrate than the lower-viscosity agent (21% vs. 78%, p < 0.001; odds ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.5). The proportion of patients who noted a sensation of heat during OCA application was higher in the high-viscosity groups (44% vs. 26% respectively, p = 0.11); however, all such patients in both groups would use the device again. At 14 days, there were no wound infections in either group. There was one dehiscence in the high-viscosity group. CONCLUSIONS The high-viscosity OCA tissue adhesive was less likely to migrate than the lower-viscosity device. Wound dehiscence and infection rates were acceptably low in both treatment groups.
Mitigating Risk from Abnormal Loads and Progressive Collapse

A progressive collapse initiates as a result of local structural damage and develops, in a chain reaction mechanism, into a failure that is disproportionate to the initiating local damage. Such collapses can be initiated by many causes. Changes in building practices to address low probability/high consequence events and to lessen building vulnerability to progressive collapse currently are receiving considerable attention in the professional engineering community and in standard-writing groups in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. Procedures for identifying and screening specific threat scenarios, for assessing the capability of a building to withstand local damage without a general structural collapse developing, and for assessing and mitigating the risk of progressive collapse can be developed using concepts of probabilistic risk assessment. This paper provides a framework for addressing issues related to low probability/high consequence events in building practice, summarizes strategies for progressive collapse risk mitigation, and identifies challenges for implementing general provisions in national standards such as ASCE Standard 7, Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.
A content review of campus police vehicle pursuit policies at large institutions of higher education

Campus crime and related issues have received considerable attention from the various legislative bodies, the media and social science researchers over the last two decades. Much of the attention has been focused on campus police with regard to their ability to protect the campus community. Civil liability lawsuits against campus police departments and their host institutions are not uncommon today. As campus policing has evolved from a watchman/security orientation to more of a full‐service model, it is incumbent that policies used to guide officers in high liability areas be comprehensive. Having comprehensive policies in the high liability areas may also aid in the defense of civil liability lawsuits. One such high liability area is vehicle pursuits. While the general policing literature has focused considerable attention on this topic, campus police guidelines have not been collected or systematically reviewed. The present study examines the content of the vehicle pursuit policies from 67 of the largest 100 campus police departments, serving communities with high student enrollments and often a substantial number of roadways throughout their boundaries. It is certainly foreseeable that from time to time campus police will become engaged in vehicle pursuits. While pursuits by campus police may be relatively infrequent events, policies governing officer decision making are none the less critical. A profile of these policies is developed for review by practitioners and researchers alike. It is believed to be the first such examination of this important policy area within the context of campus policing.
Effect of dietary chlorophyll derivatives on mutagenesis and tumor cell growth

Much attention in recent years has been given to the antigenotoxicity of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, however, is known to be converted into pheophytin, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbide in processed vegetable food and following ingestion by humans. Studies were conducted on the antimutagenic and tumoricidal potencies of these compounds. All the chlorophyll derivatives tested exhibit identical antimutagenic effect towards 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), suggesting that the porphyrin nucleus may complex directly with the mutagen. It does not exclude, however, another mechanism of activity involving inactivation the enzymatic transformation of 3-MC. In contrast, the action of N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) depends upon structural differences between the chlorophyll derivatives. It is significantly lower when the phytol-containing pheophytin and pyropheophytin are tested as to that of the phytol-lacking pheophorbide. The higher concentrations of the chlorophyll derivatives were required to reduce the mutagenicity of MNNG than needed for 3-MC. The cytotoxicity of chlorophyll derivatives against tumor cells also was evaluated. The cellular uptake and inhibition of myeloma cell multiplicity were found to be greater for pheophorbide than for pheophytin. Calculated on the amount of cell associated chlorophyll derivative, however, pheophytin was more cytostatic/cytotoxic than pheophorbide. The results presented in this report indicate that food sources that yield chlorophyll derivatives may play a significant role in cancer prevention. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:313-322, 1999.
Methods for determining the water and cement content of fresh concrete

Quality control of concrete has taken many forms in past years. The most traditional method has been to conduct compression tests on hardened cylinders or cubes. Although this has been a satisfactory method, it has one major deficiency, and that is the testing is done after the concrete has set. If the concrete does not meet specifications, then costly and time consuming reconstruction must take place. Several accelerated testing techniques have been developed recently, and although these tests are accomplished in one or two days, as compared to the usual 28 days, they still are conducted on hardened concrete. The ideal test, of course, is a test that can be conducted on the plastic or fresh concrete. It is these methods of analysis that are being discussed in this paper.
Autophagic aggregates resembling granulovacuolar degeneration in a Drosophila model of tauopathy

apoptosis following Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in neuronal cells. Dysfunctions in apoptosis and autophagy have been implicated in the neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Autophagy in AD pathogenesis has been shown to play a role in amyloid processing through the endosomal-lysosomal system. Apoptosis may contribute to the neuronal cell loss observed in AD; however, there is limited evidence of the apoptotic process proceeding to terminal completion.AlthoughAb1-42 has been shown to induce apoptosis in neurons and may be an early factor in AD, our previous investigations demonstrated that neurons infectedwith Chlamydia pneumoniae are resistant to apoptosis, and that Ab1-42 is induced following this infection. Thus, these studies address infection as an initiator/trigger or inhibitor for the processes of autophagy and apoptosis observed inAlzheimer’s disease. Methods: SKNMC neuronal cells obtained from ATCC were infected with the AR39 strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae at an MOI 1⁄4 1 for 24, 48, and 72 hrs and were analyzed using Real-time PCR arrays from SABiosciences specific for autophagy and apoptosis genetic markers. Results: Some major genes associated with apoptosis such as BID, DAPK1, TP53, TP73 were down regulated by 72 hrs post-infection. Genes associated with the regulation of autophagic vacuole formation such as ATG3, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG9A, ATG9B, ATG12, IRGM, and BECN1 were upregulated within 72 hrs post-infection. With regards to genes involved with co-regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, BNIP3 was significantly up-regulated within 48-72 hrs post-infection. Of the genes linking autophagosomes to lysosomes, FAM176A was up-regulated throughout 24-72 hrs post-infection. Conclusions:Modulation of autophagy and apoptosis genes occurs in neuronal cells at 24, 48, and 72 hrs post-infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. These genetic changes lead to dysfunction in these basic cellular processes; dysfunction in these processes has been shown to contribute to the neuropathology of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. This work will allow future studies to further focus on the apoptotic and autophagic pathways to better understand how a pathogen such as Chlamydia pneumoniae plays a role in the development of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
First reliability test of a surface micromachined microengine using SHiMMeR

The first-ever reliability stress test on surface micromachined microengines developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has been completed. We stressed 41 microengines at 36,000 RPM and inspected the functionality at 60 RPM. We have observed an infant mortality region, a region of low failure rate (useful life), and no signs of wearout in the data. The reliability data are presented and interpreted using standard reliability methods. Failure analysis results on the stressed microengines are presented. In our effort to study the reliability of MEMS, we need to observe the failures of large numbers of parts to determine the failure modes. To facilitate testing of large numbers of micromachines. The Sandia High Volume Measurement of Micromachine Reliability (SHiMMeR) system has computer controlled positioning and the capability to inspect moving parts. The development of this parallel testing system is discussed in detail.
Viral hepatitis in minorities

Treatment protocols for chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus have different outcomes among various ethnic groups. Outcome information has been slowed by the limited number of trials aimed at the various ethnic minorities. The current opinion is that there is a vast difference in treatment success with antiviral therapies, especially with African-American men suffering from chronic HCV. This article investigates the up-to-date information in treatment outcomes for the two diseases, and liver transplant survivals.
Dose fractionation effects in plateau-phase cultures of C3H 10T1/2 cells and their transformed counterparts

A comparison of gamma-ray dose fractionation effects was made using plateau-phase cultures of C3H 10T1/2 cells and their transformed counterparts in an attempt to simulate basically similar populations of cells that differ primarily in their turnover rates. The status of cell populations with respect to their turnover rates may be an important factor influencing dose fractionation effects in early- and late-responding tissues. In this cell culture system, the rate of cell turnover was approximately three times higher for the plateau-phase transformed cultures. While the single acute dose survival curves for log-phase cells were indistinguishable, there were significant differences between the survival curves for plateau-phase cultures of the two cell types. These differences were qualitatively similar to the differences recently postulated for the survival of target cells governing early and late tissue responses. Both cell lines had a similar capacity for repair of sublethal damage, but untransformed cells had a much greater capacity to repair potentially lethal damage in plateau phase. Further, untransformed plateau-phase cultures were much more sensitive to a radiation-induced G1 (or G0 to G1) delay than transformed cultures. Multifraction survival curves were determined for both cell lines for doses per fraction ranging from 9.0 to 0.8 Gy, and from these isoeffect curves of log total dose versus dose per fraction were derived. The isoeffect curve for the slowly cycling, untransformed cells was found to be appreciably steeper than that for the more rapidly cycling transformed cells, a finding consistent with previously reported differences in dose fractionation isoeffect curves for early- and late-responding tissues in vivo.
High rates of alcohol use and history of physical and sexual abuse among women outpatients

A total of 189 consecutive new women patients were surveyed at an adult psychiatric outpatient clinic which did not have a specific program for the treatment of alcoholics. Twenty-seven patients (14%) reported a history of heavy alcohol consumption measured by scores of 10 or more on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), but only 16 had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence made by a clinician. Those with a self-reported history of physical and/or sexual abuse had significantly higher scores on the MAST than those with no such history. When the first abuse occurred before the age of 18 years and there was no recent reported abuse, the association of abuse and high MAST scores persisted, suggesting that early physical or sexual abuse may be associated with current levels of alcohol use.
Higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino men who have sex with men than non-Latino men who have sex with men: data from the Urban Men's Health Study.

Abstract Objective: The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino adult men who have sex with men who live in the US was estimated because a history of childhood sexual abuse increases HIV sexual risk behaviors and other negative health outcomes in adulthood. Method: The Urban Men's Health Study is a random-digit telephone probability survey of 2881 adult men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 18 years or older residing in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Self-reported history of childhood sexual abuse was the main outcome measure gathered from 2692 MSM. Results: A significantly higher proportion of Latino MSM reported sexual abuse before age 13 (22%) than did non-Latino MSM (11%). Conclusions: Latino MSM are twice as likely to report a history of childhood sexual abuse than are non-Latino MSM. Given the association between childhood sexual abuse and increased risk for HIV and other negative health outcomes, health providers must remain vigilant to the possibility of childhood sexual abuse histories among their Latino patients.
Non-linear viscoelasticity based on free volume consideration

Abstract Many advanced engineering problems suffer from inadequate solution because the appropriate constitutive behavior for the materials involved is not available. This is certainly true where polymers are concerned because in many situations involving failure analysis the non-linear viscoelastic material properties become important. In this paper a non-linear viscoelastic constitutive law is considered. It starts from the assumption that linear viscoelasticity is appropriate under infinitesimal strains and that the material description must revert to this case. The non-linearity of this development is derived from the stress dependent time response in the deformation process. The physical basis for the description derives from the observation that stress induced dilatation effects the mobility of molecular chains through changing the free volume in the polymer. Test data for polyvinyl acetate are compared with computations under conditions of relaxation and constant strain rate deformation. Excellent agreement is obtained between the proposed model and experiments. This agreement would indicate that the free volume model is definitely a possible way of describing non-linear viscoelastic behavior under small to moderate strains.
Phylogenetic assessment of filoviruses: how many lineages of Marburg virus?

Filoviruses have to date been considered as consisting of one diverse genus (Ebola viruses) and one undifferentiated genus (Marburg virus). We reconsider this idea by means of detailed phylogenetic analyses of sequence data available for the Filoviridae: using coalescent simulations, we ascertain that two Marburg isolates (termed the “RAVN” strain) represent a quite-distinct lineage that should be considered in studies of biogeography and host associations, and may merit recognition at the level of species. In contrast, filovirus isolates recently obtained from bat tissues are not distinct from previously known strains, and should be considered as drawn from the same population. Implications for understanding the transmission geography and host associations of these viruses are discussed.
Chondrocytes and Fibrochondrocytes Differentially Process Aggrecan During De Novo Extracellular Matrix Assembly

The material properties of articular cartilage and meniscal fibrocartilage depend on the composition and ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aggrecan is the predominant large proteoglycan in these tissues, and confers compressive stiffness through immobilization of negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG). The abundance of sGAG is in part regulated by cell-mediated proteolysis of the aggrecan core protein, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family cytokines upregulate aggrecan synthesis in chondrocytes and fibrochondrocytes. The function(s) of aggrecan and mechanisms of aggrecan processing in the meniscus, however, are not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine tissue-specific kinetics and mechanisms of TGF-β-induced aggrecan turnover using the cell-agarose culture system. In addition, the tissue-specific functional implications of increased proteoglycan production were evaluated in terms of construct material properties.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Tamoxifen, a chloride channel blocker, reduces glutamate and aspartate release from the ischemic cerebral cortex.

The effects of the anti-estrogen, anion channel blocker, tamoxifen on amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex was investigated using a cortical cup technique. Tamoxifen (20 μM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid), applied topically, inhibited the ischemia-evoked efflux of aspartate, glutamate, taurine and phosphoethanolamine. Reductions in the ischemia-evoked levels of these amino acids suggest that tamoxifen may attenuate chloride-related osmotic cell swelling and the associated regulatory volume decrease (RVD) release of amino acids.
Mutational analysis reveals Escherichia coli oriC interacts with both DnaA-ATP and DnaA-ADP during pre-RC assembly

Prior to initiating DNA synthesis, E. coli oriC switches from ORC, comprising initiator DnaA bound at three high affinity sites, to pre-RC, when additional DnaA molecules interact with low affinity sites. Two types of low affinity sites exist; R boxes that bind DnaA-ATP and DnaA-ADP with equal affinity, and I-sites with a 3–4 fold preference for DnaA-ATP. To assess the regulatory role of weak DnaA interactions during pre-RC assembly in vivo, we compared the behavior of plasmid-borne wild-type oriC with mutants having an increased or decreased number of DnaA-ATP discriminatory I-sites. Increasing the number of discriminatory sites by replacing R5M with I2 inactivated extrachromosomal oriC function. Mutants with no discriminatory sites perturbed host growth and rapidly replaced wild-type chromosomal oriC, but normal function returned if one I-site was restored at either the I2, I3 or R5M position. These observations are consistent with assembly of E. coli pre-RC in vivo from mixtures of DnaA-ATP and DnaA-ADP, with I-site interactions coupling pre-RC assembly to DnaA-ATP levels.
Anterior cervical osteophytes as a cause of pharyngeal stage dysphagia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the association of anterior cervical osteophytes impairing epiglottic movement as an etiology of pharyngeal stage dysphagia. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review. SETTING: An academic affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PATIENTS: Veterans 60 years of age or older referred to speech pathology for dysphagia evaluation. RESULTS: Of 376 veterans evaluated consecutively since 1990, 40 patients had dysphagia determined to be secondary to cervical bony protuberances. The evaluation and management of three cases with functional consequences at level C3–5 with no dysphagia etiology present are described. CONCLUSION: Cervical osteophytes need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:1003–1007, 1998.
Hormonal Activation of the Insect Brain

A new endocrine function has been shown to play a role in insect morphogenesis. The hormone named proctodone is secreted by specialized cells of the hindgut and appears to affect the brain, resulting in the activation of the brain hormone-producing system. Proctodone has been found in two lepidopterous species-Ostrinia nubilalis and Galleria mellonella. In the O. nubilalis, proctodone plays a part in both photoperiodism and diapause.
Acquired ventricular septal defect after myocardial infarction: Detection by combined two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography

8. Winsberg F, Gabor GE, Hernberg JG, Weiss B: Fluttering of the mitral valve in aortic insufliciency. Circulation 41:225, 1970. Johnson AD, Gosink BB: Oscillation of left ventricular structures in aortic regurgitation. J Clin Ultrasound 5:21, 1977. Cope GD, Kisslo JA, Johnston ML, Meyers S: Diastolic vibration of the interventricular septum in aortic insufficiency. Circulation 51:589, 1975. Das G, Lee CC, Weissler AM: Echocardiographic manifestations of ruptured aortic valvular leaflets in the absence of valvular vegetations. Chest 72:464, 1977. Botvinick EH, Shiller NB, Wickramasekaran R, et al: Echocardiographic demonstration of early mitral valve closure in severe aortic insufficiency: Its clinical implications. Circulation 51:836, 1975. Weaver WF, Wilson CS, Rourke T, Caudhill CC: Middiastolic aortic valve opening in severe aortic insufficiency. Circulation 55:145, 1977. Robertson WS. Stewart J. Armstrone WF, Chazal RA. Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H: Reverse domingof anterior mitral leaflet with severe aortic regurgitation (abstr). Circulation 68:11365, 1983. Nakao S, Tanaka H, Tahara M, Yoshimura S, Sakurai S, Tei C: An experimental study on the mechanism of echocardiographic findings in aortic regurgitation with special reference to the direction of the regurgitant jet (abstr). Circulation 65:11-205, 1979. Brief Communications 427
Comorbid Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Military Personnel: Correlation With Polysomnographic Variables

ABSTRACT Objectives: Military personnel undergoing polysomnography are typically diagnosed only with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Comorbid insomnia with OSA is a well-established, underappreciated diagnosis. We sought to determine if military personnel with mild OSA met clinical criteria for insomnia and if there was a pattern of polysomnogram (PSG) variables that identified insomnia in these patients. Methods: Retrospective chart review of military personnel with mild OSA; cluster analysis to describe PSG variables. Results: 206 personnel assessed, predominately male (96.6%), mean age 36.5 ± 8.14 years, body mass index 30.2 ± 3.66 kg/m2 and apnea hypopnea index of 8.44 ± 2.92 per hour; 167 (81.1%) met criteria for insomnia. Cluster analysis identified a group of patients (N = 52) with PSG variables of increased wakefulness after sleep onset 77.3 minutes (27.7) (p < 0.001) and decreased sleep efficiency 82.6% (5.82) (p < 0.001) consistent with insomnia. Patients in this group were more likely to meet cr...
Synthesis and purification of trisulphoindigo and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic determination of trisulphoindigo in FD & C Blue No.2

Abstract The effect of temperature on product formation during the sulphonation of indigo with concentrated sulphuric acid and 30 % fuming sulphuric acid was studied with the aid of high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Trisulphoindigo was prepared by the sulphonation of indigo with concentrated sulphuric acid at 160°C. The di- and tetra-sulphoindigo side products formed during the reaction were removed by preparative HPLC to yield a product of high chromatographic purity. The trisulphoindigo content of the food dye FD & C Blue No. 2 and the purity of commercially available trisulphoindigo were determined by HPLC analysis.
Laminar diffusion flames under micro-gravity conditions

Laminar methane and propane gas-jet diffusion flames have been theoretically and experimentally studied at NASA-Lewis under microgravity conditions. It is noted that laminar diffusion flames are strongly affected by the combined effects of kinetics, radiation, and such transient phenomena as flame ignition, stabilization, and extinction. Observations on the distinctive nature of the flame color and luminosity parameters in microgravity are presented, and flame behavior under transient, high-deceleration rates is discussed. Test hardware and instrumentation design are described.
Computerization of Data Deduction in Shearography

This paper presents some preliminary success in computerizing data deduction in shearography. Computeriza is made possible by the introduction of a fringe carrier technique which removes the ambiguities in fringe interpretation. The technique is based on superposing a set of carrier fringes upon the deformation fringes. The resulting fringe pattern has monotonically increasing fringe orders, thus allowing the fringe orders to be determined in a straightforward mariner and without ambiguity. It is demonstrated that the data deduction process can be computerized. By digitizing the deformed carrier fringe pattern, the displacement derivatives can be automatically deduced by means of digital image processing.