cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baumann angle and radial-ulnar overlap: a radiographic study to control for the angle of the x-ray beam.

Background Baumann's angle (BA) is the most common radiographic measurement used to assess coronal plane alignment of the distal humerus. However, it can vary greatly based on the x-ray beam angle, which can lead to multiple radiographs causing excessive radiation exposure, cost, and discomfort for the acutely injured child. The lateral capitellohumeral angle is a measure of sagittal plane alignment, and its variability has been reported. In this study, we sought to determine whether there were surrogate measures that could act as internal controls for the angle of the x-ray beam to give an accurate BA. Methods Elbow radiographs from uninjured children stratified by age into 6 groups were reviewed. BA and lateral capitellohumeral angle as well as several predetermined measurements that could be potential surrogate measures for the angle of the x-ray beam were performed. Statistical significance was found between BA and radial-ulnar overlap (RUO), which was analyzed further and plotted in linear graph fashion. Results The Pearson correlation coefficient (0.58) between BA and RUO was significant at P=0.001. The average BA was 71±7.2 degrees (1 SD) and the average RUO was 0.34±0.26. The following linear graph equation was obtained to define the relationship between RUO and BA: BA=12.36 (RUO)+67. Further derivation gives us an equation to "correct" BA for a given RUO: corrected BA=measured BA-12.36 (RUO-0.34). Application of this formula lessened the SD of BA from 7.2 to 5.9 degrees and decreased the percentage of BA measurements outside of 1 SD from 30% to 14%. Conclusions RUO is a reliable surrogate measure to control for the angle of the x-ray beam and improve the reliability when measuring BA that can be easily applied in the clinical setting. Clinical relevance The ability to accurately correct the BA based on a given RUO gives the physician the confidence to adequately interpret imperfect radiographs in the emergency room setting and minimize repeat radiographs.
The effect of nutrient and water additions on elemental mobility through small tundra watersheds

The objective was to quantify elemental movement through small tundra watersheds as affected by nutrient and water additions. Nutrient (slow-release NPK fertilizer) and water additions were applied to small tundra watersheds along Imnavait Creek Northern Alaska. Suction lysimeters and weired watersheds were used to monitor elemental mobility. Elemental concentrations in undisturbed watersheds were similar to Hubbard Brook watersheds except for NO3-N which was much higher and PO4-P which was lower in the Hubbard Brook watersheds. The water addition treatment led to a significant increase in Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn and SO4 concentrations which was attributed to contamination originating from within the water distribution system. Increased elemental concentrations in the irrigated watersheds were found up to 85 m below the point of application. Ammonium and NO3 originating from the fertilizer were detected 6 m below the application point within two weeks of application. The NH4 and NO3 concentrations remained above background levels for two field seasons following fertilization. Both the irrigation and fertilization studies show that disturbances in tundra ecosystems may spread far beyond the initially impacted area both with respect to time and space.
Temperature dependent conformational changes in calmodulin

Calcium bound calmodulin undergoes a reversible conformational change in the temperature range (22-28 degrees C). The transition temperature depends upon the concentration of calcium bound to calmodulin. The transition occurs at higher temperature (28 degrees C) in fully Ca2+ bound calmodulin as compared to those with lower Ca2+ concentrations (22 degrees C). The sequence of filling the four Ca2+ binding sites is different for the two temperature dependent conformers.
Functional neuroimaging: review of methods and applications to acupuncture research

Abstract Functional neuroimaging techniques represent an innovative technological advance in recent neuroscience research. The non-invasive nature of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have made it possible to visualize not only the structure but also the function of the brain. Pioneering researchers have begun to apply these methods to acupuncture research. As the sensitivity and resolution of functional imaging technology continues to advance, there will be increasing opportunities for researchers to explore neural correlates of acupuncture efficacy as well as acupuncture's biological mechanisms. This paper provides an overview of recent developments in neuroimaging methods, introduces basic assumptions, limitations and advantages of selected methods, and discusses applications to acupuncture research and study design issues.
NMR and NQR study of atomic motion below 500 K in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7

Measurements of the intensity of the {sup 63}Cu NQR and quadrupolar-satellite NMR at elevated temperatures are reported for the planar Cu(2) sites in samples of nominal composition YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}. It is observed that spin-echo intensities decrease dramatically between room temperature and 500 K and that the onset of intensity loss occurs at lower temperatures in more defective samples. Measurements of the spin-echo decay rates reveal that the intensity loss is associated with loss of phase coherence exceeding that expected from spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation. By means of a simple, illustrative model, these effects can be attributed to changes in the local atomic environment, presumed to be caused by motion of oxygen atoms in the Cu(1) layer. These motions occur on a time scale on the order of 10 {mu}s at 500 K and their probability is enhanced at lower temperatures by the presence of structural defects. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Recent progress of efficient deep UV‐LEDs by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy

We report the development of efficient AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet (UV) LEDs emitting in the wavelength range from 320 nm to 265 nm by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By growing the AlGaN well layers under Ga-rich conditions to produce strong band structure potential fluctuations, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the quantum wells, which are used as the active region of the UV LEDs, was found to be as high as 32%. Unpackaged deep UV-LEDs emitting at 273 nm were found to have an optical output power of 0.35 mW and 1.3 mW under DC and AC injection current of 20 mA and 100 mA respectively. The maximum external quantum efficiency under DC injection was measured to be 0.4%. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Automatic Sampler for Obtaining Discrete Samples from the Output of a Continuous-Flow Analyzer

SUMMARY The ORNL Analytical Chemistry Division has developed a partially automated procedure for assay of transfer ribonucleic acids that utilizes the reaction between a tRNA and a 14C-tagged amino acid, followed by precipitation and counting of the reaction product on a filter-paper disk. In this procedure, a Technicon AutoAnalyzer is used to take tRNA samples, mix them with the amino acid and suitable buffers and enzymes, and incubate the mixture. After incubation, segments of ca. 56-[I volume are transferred from the AutoAnalyzer output stream to small filter-paper disks by an output sampler of our design. This is done by alternately pressing the tip of the output tube against a paper disk for a measured time, and against the orifice of a waste aspirator. The output sampler is synchronized with the Technicon input sampler by using a dye in the rinsing solution that is picked up between samples at the input; barren zones of the product stream are colored, and sample-rich zones remain nearly colorless. T...
Sociodemographic disparities in supplemental service utilization among male methadone patients

The high prevalence of health and psychosocial needs among methadone treatment patients has prompted efforts to supplement methadone treatment with additional services. Research has generally focused on linking supplemental service utilization to drug treatment outcomes, with fewer studies aimed at understanding supplemental service utilization itself. This study with randomly selected male methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) patients examined associations between sociodemographic factors and supplemental service utilization while controlling for need for services and treatment duration. Findings indicate that MMTP patients who are African American, Latino, uninsured, or have less education were less likely to report any supplemental service utilization. Hypotheses positing sociodemographic differences in regular vs. occasional service utilization were not supported. There is a need to improve access to supplemental services for minority and disadvantaged MMTP patients, and MMTPs may represent an important venue to address health disparities in general.
Far from a Point in the F4(q)Geometry

We take the long-root geometry associated with the Chevalley groupF4 (q), q even, and consider the subgeometry induced on the set of points at maximal distance from a given point. We shall describe this geometry and in particular determine the parameters of a 12-class association scheme on its point set obtained by joining certain classes of a group scheme.
Truth and Lies in the Stravinskyan Sense: Oedipus Rex

Daniel Albright argues that Stravinsky's opera “Oedipus Rex” is about the subjugation of Dionysus by Apollo. Stravinsky accomplishes this subjugation through a kind of thanatography that extends the logic of death to the opera's words, music and drama. Albright situates his analysis of “Oedipus Rex” against Adorno's disparaging comments about Stravinsky, finding within the logic of Adorno's critique that Stravinsky has given us the death-head of opera itself.
Segmentation of suspicious clustered microcalcifications in mammograms.

We have developed a multistage computer-aided diagnosis(CAD) scheme for the automated segmentation of suspicious microcalcification clusters in digital mammograms. The scheme consisted of three main processing steps. First, the breast region was segmented and its high-frequency content was enhanced using unsharp masking. In the second step, individual microcalcifications were segmented using local histogram analysis on overlapping subimages. For this step, eight histogram features were extracted for each subimage and were used as input to a fuzzy rule-based classifier that identified subimages containing microcalcifications and assigned the appropriate thresholds to segment any microcalcifications within them. The final step clustered the segmented microcalcifications and extracted the following features for each cluster: the number of microcalcifications, the average distance between microcalcifications, and the average number of times pixels in the cluster were segmented in the second step. Fuzzy logic rules incorporating the cluster features were designed to remove nonsuspicious clusters, defined as those with typically benign characteristics. A database of 98 images, with 48 images containing one or more microcalcification clusters, provided training and testing sets to optimize the parameters and evaluate the CAD scheme, respectively. The results showed a true positive rate of 93.2% and an average of 0.73 false positive clusters per image. A comparison of our results with other reported segmentation results on the same database showed comparable sensitivity and at the same time an improved false positive rate. The performance of the CAD scheme is encouraging for its use as an automatic tool for efficient and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer.
Examples of atmospheric characterization using hyperspectral data in the VNIR, SWIR and MWIR

A conventional approach to HSI processing and exploitation has been to first perform atmospheric compensation so that surface features can be properly characterized. In this paper, the application of visible and IR spectral information to atmospheric characterization is discussed and illustrated with hyperspectral data in the VNIR, SWIR and MWIR data. AVIRIS and ARES data are utilized. The Airborne Visible-InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor contains 224 bands, each with a spectral bandwidth of approximately 10 nm, allowing it to cover the entire range between 4 and 2.5 mm. For a NASA ER-2 flight altitude of 20 km, each pixel is 20 m in size, yielding a ground swath width of approximately 10 km. The Airborne Remote Earth Sensing (ARES) sensor was flown on a NASA WB-57 aircraft operated from approximately 15 km altitude. Spectral radiance data from 2.0 to 6.0 micrometers in 75 contiguous bands were collected. Pixel resolution is approximately 17 by 4.5 m2 with a swath width of 800 m. Examples of data applications include atmospheric water vapor retrieval, aerosol characterization, delineation of natural and manmade clouds/plumes, and cloud depiction. It is illustrated that though each application may only require a few spectral bands, the ultimate strength of HSI exploitation lies in the simultaneous and adaptive retrievals of atmospheric and surface features. Inter-relationships among different bands are also demonstrated and these are the physical basis for the optimal exploitation of spectral information.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dimethylpyrrolidinium, a catalyst for organic electroreductions

Abstract The electroreduction of dimethylpyrrolidinium (DMP+) in diglyme on mercury cathodes was investigated. It was found to proceed via a fast one-electron transfer resulting in an insoluble “amalgam”. The DMP+ amalgam was reactive and transferred electrons to suitable substrate with regeneration of DMP+. Thus DMP+ could be used as a catalyst for electroreduction and this possibility was studied. It was found to be a suitable catalyst for the reduction of several difficult-to-reduce substrates (E1/2
MMTP — multimedia multiplexing transport protocol

Multimedia data has special requirements that are hard to be met on mobile hosts due to potentially low bandwidth and disruptions due to host mobility. Such limited communication capabilities of mobile hosts can be offset by the simultaneous use of multiple link layer technologies. MMTP is a member of a suite of protocols that share the novel characteristic of aggregating bandwidth from multiple link-layer channels. The use of multiple channels to transport user data provides five key benefits: (1) a fatter pipe,(2) a fast feedback path, (3) the retransmission of selected lost messages, without delaying the playout of the data stream, (4) less sensitivity to minor bandwidth fluctuations on any one individual channel, and (5) smooth vertical handoffs for active data streams.MMTP is a rate-based protocol designed for transferring multimedia data on mobile systems, and makes simultaneous use of every communication channel available to send data at the required rate. Transmission in MMTP is governed by two mechanisms. The first is a set of rate control protocols associated with each outgoing channel. The second is a scheduling algorithm that places incoming packets on the appropriate channel. MMTP is link-layer aware protocol that uses bandwidth estimation for congestion control, and relays to the application information needed for rate adaptation. In this paper, we show that the quality of data transmission can be improved through the use of MMTP through experimental comparisons with data transmitted via UDP. We also demonstrate the economy of bandwidth: MMTP only sends packets that it estimates will arrive within the packet deadline, thus decreasing the number of late packets that will be discarded at the receiver.
Resonance Raman Scattering of Laser Radiation by Vibrational Modes of Carotenoid Pigment Molecules in Intact Plant Tissues

WE report here the detection of resonance Raman (RR)1–11 scattering of laser radiation from vibrational modes in the molecules of the carotenoid pigments12–14 lycopene and β-carotene in intact plant samples (Figs. 1a and b). Resonance enhancement is obtained in the Raman spectra of pigments excited at wavelengths in the region of electronic absorption. The effect is manifest in a conspicuous gain in the scattering efficiency from some of the vibrational modes of the pigment. The scattered light becomes sufficiently intense to overcome the increased absorption losses of both the exciting and the scattered radiation. In this study we have demonstrated this effect in heterogeneous (tissue) samples, in which the pigment is just one constituent.
Comparison of the effects of fenfluramine and other anorectic agents in different feeding and drinking paradigms in rats

Abstract Fenfluramine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the food intake of rats following food deprivation, administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), and during tail pressure. This suggests that fenfluramine has relatively general anorectic potency. Other “serotonergic” anorectics were studied for comparison. In a second experiment we determined that norfenfluramine and quipazine greatly suppressed food intake following food deprivation but, at the same doses, had relatively small effects on water intake following water deprivation. This was true for intraperitoneal and cerebroventricular routes of administration. The data have relevance for specificity of action of these agents and for the possible contribution of dopamine antagonist properties.
Iodine-xenon studies of Allende inclusions - Eggs and the Pink Angel

The I-Xe systems of six Allende inclusions (five Eggs and the Pink Angel) appear to have been altered by nonnebular secondary processes. Evidence for this includes temperature-ordered variations in the initial I isotopic composition within several objects (with older apparent I-Xe ages associated with higher extraction temperatures) and the absence of primitive I-Xe ages. The span of apparent ages seen in Allende objects (10 Myr or more) is probably too long to reflect any nebular process, so at least some alteration probably occurred ont the parent body. The range in initial (Pu-244)/(U-238) ratios for the Eggs (0.003-0.014) includes the current best estimates of the bulk solar system value (0.004-0.007). For Egg 3, the Pu/U ratio varies by a factor of two between extractions, probably the result of fractionation of Pu from U among different phases.
Climate impacts of systematic errors in the simulation of the path of the North Atlantic Current

[1] Experiments employing an adjustment of the pressure field in the ocean component of a coupled climate system model are undertaken in both ocean-only and coupled experiments to assess the climatic impacts of reducing the systematic errors in the North Atlantic Current. This conservative and adiabatic adjustment process substantially decreases North Atlantic Ocean SST biases and locally reverses the associated surface heat flux balance in both model configurations. Ice concentrations in the Labrador Sea increase as the oceanic surface heat fluxes are displaced by the adjustment. Downstream, in the Nordic Seas, the subsurface ocean responds favorably to this adjustment, as the vertical profiles of potential temperature and salinity converge towards the observations. Atmospheric stationary wave patterns show a modest improvement, with a slight weakening of the excessively deep Icelandic low. Further unresolved errors in the coupled model framework potentially contribute to the continued presence of biases in the North Atlantic.
Galactosemia, a congenital defect in a nucleotide transferase

Abstract Galactosemia seems to furnish an example of a congenital human metabolic disease in which a specific enzyme is missing. The enzyme which catalyzes the exchange of α-galactose- I -phosphate with uridinediphospho-glucose, forming α-glucose- I -phosphate and uridinediphospho-galactose is absent in blood from galactosemic subjects. It is known that this enzymic exchange is an important reaction by which administered galactose is used in general carbohydrate metabolism. Several of the metabolic manifestations of the disease might readily be explained on the basis of this enzymatic defect.
Liberal Citizenship and the Search for Overlapping Consensus: The Case of Muslim Minorities

In this article I seek to establish what political liberalism demands of Muslim citizens living as minorities in liberal states by way of a doctrinal affirmation of citizenship. This is an inquiry of a special nature. My interests are not directly in what policies a liberal state should have, nor in what practices on the part of citizens are compatible with justice and equality, but rather in what views emerging from a comprehensive doctrine are reasonable responses to the liberal terms of social cooperation. My aim is to establish with as much precision as possible when it can be said that there is a consensus on the terms of social cooperation in a liberal society and thus that the comprehensive doctrine in question is providing its adherents with moral reasons for endorsing those terms. Thus, this is an inquiry into liberal political theory, but one inspired by the special concerns, misgivings and anxieties of a particular comprehensive doctrine.
Suppression of virus lesions by rust infection

Abstract Rust-infected bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var Pinto) suppressed tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) lesion formation when virus inoculation was made on the same tissue 26 hours or more after rust inoculation but not at 16 hours or less. When lesions were suppressed, necrosis developed later in the leaf veins. Rust-and-virus-infected leaves supported the same amount of enhanced virus multiplication whether lesions were suppressed or not. Lesions were not suppressed in rust-infected tissue if virus inoculation was immediately preceded by immersion of the leaves in water at 50°C for 10 seconds. Fluorescent metabolites peculiar to the necrotic virus reaction were present in all leaves with necrotic virus lesions, whether the leaves were infected with rust or not. These compounds were not found in leaves where virus lesion formation was suppressed by rust infection. Lesion suppresion could not be related to changes in ascorbic acid content induced by the rust infections.
Range dynamics of small mammals along an elevational gradient over an 80‐year interval

One expected response to observed global warming is an upslope shift of species elevational ranges. Here, we document changes in the elevational distributions of the small mammals within the Ruby Mountains in northeastern Nevada over an 80-year interval. We quantified range shifts by comparing distributional records from recent comprehensive field surveys (2006-2008) to earlier surveys (1927-1929) conducted at identical and nearby locations. Collector field notes from the historical surveys provided detailed trapping records and locality information, and museum specimens enabled confirmation of species' identifications. To ensure that observed shifts in range did not result from sampling bias, we employed a binomial likelihood model (introduced here) using likelihood ratios to calculate confidence intervals around observed range limits. Climate data indicate increases in both precipitation and summer maximum temperature between sampling periods. Increases in winter minimum temperatures were only evident at mid to high elevations. Consistent with predictions of change associated with climate warming, we document upslope range shifts for only two mesic-adapted species. In contrast, no xeric-adapted species expanded their ranges upslope. Rather, they showed either static distributions over time or downslope contraction or expansion. We attribute these unexpected findings to widespread land-use driven habitat change at lower elevations. Failure to account for land-use induced changes in both baseline assessments and in predicting shifts in species distributions may provide misleading objectives for conservation policies and management practices.
Avoidance and treatment of complications of teflon injection of the vocal cord

Summary The best way to avoid complications with Teflon injection of the vocal cord, as with any other surgical procedure, is proper patient selection and technique. Indications, techniques, and treatment of complications are discussed
Milankovitch climatic signals in Lower Triassic (Olenekian) peritidal carbonate successions, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China

Abstract Meter-scale peritidal carbonate strata from an isolated platform in the Nanpanjiang Basin of South China were tested for the presence of periodic or quasi-periodic climatic signals. These signals provide information on factors controlling cyclic sedimentation in the equatorial eastern Tethys during the Early Triassic greenhouse period. Parasequences are composed of shallowing-upward successions of subtidal facies, including skeletal packstone and grainstone, calcimicrobial boundstone, and oolitic packstone and grainstone, intertidal laminated lutite and ribbon rock, and rare supratidal microbial laminite. Parasequence stacking patterns display three orders of cyclicity, suggesting hierarchical stratigraphic relationships. Gamma analysis of Kominz and Bond [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 48 (1990) 233–244] was used to estimate facies-dependent thickness–time conversion factors (i.e. γ s), and to construct γ -tuned and γ -untuned time series for two stratigraphic sections. Spectra of these time series indicate the presence of quasi-periodic signals, with prominent short-eccentricity (94.9–131.2 kyr), short-obliquity (35.8 kyr), and long-precessional index (21.2 kyr) peaks, and minor long-eccentricity (412.9 kyr), long-obliquity (45.3 kyr), short-precessional index (17.7 kyr), and constructional-tone (9.7 kyr) peaks when calibrated on the γ -tuned spectra. Thus, Milankovitch climatic forcing probably greatly influenced sedimentation. The calibration indicates that the subtidal facies has a sedimentation rate of 24.6–30.7 cm/kyr and the intertidal–supratidal facies has a rate of 2.7–6.0 cm/kyr. The estimated duration of deposition of the two sections is 1139–1423 kyr, and corresponds to a stratigraphic completeness of 32–92%. The completeness is much greater than that of icehouse stratigraphic records. We speculate that variations in carbonate productivity and environmental conditions driven by Milankovitch climatic forcing, combined with low-amplitude sea-level fluctuations, were likely major controls on cyclic sedimentation. Furthermore, evolutional spectra of the two sections show that dominant Milankovitch climatic forcings varied from short-eccentricity, obliquity, to long-precessional index during the course of sedimentation. Some spectral differences between the two sections suggest variations in depositional/recording mechanisms of Milankovitch climatic signals between platform interior and windward platform margin.
“Stretchable” electronics: Does one really need a good thermal expansion (contraction) match between the silicon die and the plastic carrier?

Simple analytical (“mathematical”) stress models are developed for a silicon die embedded into, or surface mounted onto, a thin “stretchable” plastic carrier. We consider a situation when the die/carrier assembly is manufactured at an elevated temperature, then cooled down to a low (say, room) temperature and then subjected to an external tensile load applied to the carrier. The induced stresses are due therefore to the combined action of the thermal and the mechanical loading. We evaluate the stress in the die and the interfacial stresses. The developed models can be used in the stress/strain analyses and physical design of the assemblies of the type in question in large area (‘stretchable’) electronics. The models indicate particularly that appreciable stress relief could be expected if regular (high expansion) carrier materials are employed. In such a situation the compressive thermal stresses in the die will be compensated, to a greater or lesser extent, by the tensile external loading. Our models can be used also in the design of the experimental setups (e.g., when deciding on the appropriate location of the strain gages), and in the analysis (interpretation) of the test data.
Spinal cord infarction after solitary rib fracture

This article presents two cases of spinal cord ischemia and infarction following traumatic injury to the ribs and resulting in severe neurologic deficits. The mechanism of injury and diagnostic methods are discussed.
Adaptation of Reovirus to Growth in the Presence of Protease Inhibitor E64 Segregates with a Mutation in the Carboxy Terminus of Viral Outer-Capsid Protein ς3

Reovirus virions are internalized into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Within the endocytic compartment, the viral outer capsid undergoes acid-dependent proteolysis leading to degradation of ς3 protein and proteolytic cleavage of μ1/μ1C protein. E64 is a specific inhibitor of cysteine-containing proteases that blocks disassembly of reovirus virions. To identify domains in reovirus proteins that influence susceptibility to E64-mediated inhibition of disassembly, we selected variant viruses by serial passage of strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) in murine L929 cells treated with E64. E64-adapted variant viruses (D-EA viruses) produced 7- to 17-fold-greater yields than T3D did after infection of cells treated with 100 μM E64. Viral genes that segregate with growth of D-EA viruses in the presence of E64 were identified by using reassortant viruses isolated from independent crosses of E64-sensitive strain type 1 Lang and two prototype D-EA viruses. Growth of reassortant viruses in the presence of E64 segregated with the S4 gene, which encodes outer-capsid protein ς3. Sequence analysis of S4 genes of three D-EA viruses isolated from independent passage series revealed a common tyrosine-to-histidine mutation at amino acid 354 in the deduced amino acid sequence of ς3. Proteolysis of D-EA virions by endocytic protease cathepsin L occurred with faster kinetics than proteolysis of wild-type T3D virions. Treatment of D-EA virions, but not T3D virions, with cathepsin D resulted in proteolysis of ς3, a property that also was found to segregate with the D-EA S4 gene. These results indicate that a region in ς3 protein containing amino acid 354 influences susceptibility of ς3 to proteolysis during reovirus disassembly.
Hyporesponsiveness of “naive” (CD45RA+) human T cells to multiple receptor-mediated stimuli but augmentation of responses by co-stimuli

Much remains to be clarified regarding the functional capacities of the two major reciprocal subsets of human CD4+ cells which we interpret to be naive and memory cells. CD4+ naive (CD45RA+, LFA-3−) and memory (CD45R0+, LFA-3+) cells were rigorously purified by immunomagnetic negative selection. Their proliferation was measured in response to four protocols of receptor-mediated activation: soluble anti-CD3 mAb, plastic-immobilized anti-CD3 mAb, activating pairs of anti-CD2 mAb, and “superantigens” staphyloccocal entero-toxins A and B (SEA and SEB). Naive cells proliferated much less than memory cells to each of these four regimens although their capacity to respond was demonstrated by strong PHA-induced proliferation. Although three of the regimens depend on autologous monocytes, poorer naive cell responses are also observed to anti-CD3 mAb immobilized on plastic in the absence of monocytes; this implies an intrinsic hyporesponsiveness of naive cells, independent of theirpotentially weaker interaction with monocytes. Naive cells proliferated less than memory cells to superantigens SEA and SEB over a wide dose range; this assumes particular importance because such superantigens are believed to more closely mimic antigen-specific stimulation than anti-CD3 mAb. The possibility was explored that hyporesponsiveness of naive cells reflects the fact that naive cells require additional co-stimuli to facilitate their activation. In support of this concept, we observed that proliferation of naive cells to anti-CD3 mAb and SEA or SEB (but not to anti-CD2 mAb pairs) was consistently enhanced by pre-activation of monocytes present in the culture. Naive cell proliferative responses were augmented further in cultures supplemented with interleukin (IL) 1β and IL 6 or exposed to the co-stimulating mAb anti-CD28 and anti-CD44. The pattern of augmentation was dependent on the specific triggering regimen: anti-CD44 mAb was particularly effective in augmenting the response to superantigens, anti-CD28 mAb for the anti-CD3 response and IL 1β/IL 6 for that induced by anti-CD2 mAb pairs. With particular combinations of stimulus/co-stimuli naive cell proliferation was as strong as that of memory cells. We interpret these findings to indicate that naive cells are capable of responding to antigen, but that such responses are critically dependent on the available co-stimuli in vivo.
Control of Heart Rate by the Autonomic Nervous System STUDIES IN MAN ON THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN BARORECEPTOR MECHANISMS AND EXERCISE

The control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system was investigated in conscious human subjects by observing the effects of β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol, of parasympathetic blockade with atropine, and of combined sympathetic and parasympathetic blockade. The increase in heart rate with mild exercise in supine men was mediated predominantly by a decrease in parasympathetic activity; at higher levels of work, however, sympathetic stimulation also contributed to cardiac acceleration. When the response to 80° head-up tilt was compared with the response to exercise in the same subject supine, it appeared that the attainment of an equivalent heart rate was associated with a significantly greater degree of sympathetic activity during tilting than during exercise. Although heart rate was always higher at any given pressure during exercise than it had been at rest, the changes in heart rate that followed alterations in arterial pressure were found to be of similar magnitudes at rest and during exe...
Preparation of single or double-network chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) gel films through selectively cross-linking method

Abstract A selectively cross-linking method, which is based on the “di–diol” interaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) and borate and the strong electrostatic interaction between chitosan and tripolyphosphate, was developed. Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) films cross-linked separately with borate, tripolyphosphate and borate/tripolyphosphate were then prepared in terms of this method. Water vapor permeation, mechanical strength, surface morphology and molecular interactions of the films were studied by water permeation test, texture test, atomic force microscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. With the introduction of cross-linking structure, there is a large improvement in elastic modulus from 271 ± 14.2 to 551 ± 14.7 MPa and a large decrease in water vapor permeability from (5.41 ± 0.21) × 10−7 g/m h Pa to (3.12 ± 0.24) × 10−7 g/m h Pa of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) films. The surface morphology of the cross-linked films exhibits a nanoparticle aggregation structure. The size and aggregation behavior of these nanoparticles are strongly related to the type of cross-linker. Furthermore, ATR-FTIR results indicate that strong interaction between polymer matrix and cross-linker exists in our system. This work provides a simple and efficient way to prepare chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) films with controllable network structure.
Towards understanding the superfluid behavior in double layer graphene nanostructures

The unique electronic properties that are found in graphene layers have been touted as an attractive means to not only study fundamental physical principles but to design new types of electronic and optical information processing technologies. Of the physical observables present in graphene which may be exploited for device technologies, the proposed superfluid phase transition of indirectly bound excitons in closely spaced layers of graphene is one of the most exciting. Nevertheless, the superfluid phase of double layer graphene remains a poorly understood quantity. In this work, we theoretically investigate the properties of the superfluid phase in double layer graphene systems via two disparate methods: path-integral quantum Monte Carlo and non-equilibrium Green's functions. We show that the superfluid phase in double layer graphene persists up to ambient temperatures in spinless systems. When we increase the number of degrees of freedom in the system to include spin, we find that the screening effectiveness is suppressed by intralayer correlations resulting in higher transition temperatures than previously predicted. Furthermore, we estimate the magnitude of the interlayer currents that the superfluid can sustain under non-ideal conditions by considering the effects of layer disorder and the electron-phonon interaction. We show that the superfluid dynamics is significantly affected not only by the total amount of disorder but also depends very heavily on the location of the disorder in the layers. When the electron-phonon interaction is included, we demonstrate that for high layer carrier densities the electron-phonon interaction does not affect superfluid flow but degrades the transport properties significantly as the layer carrier concentration decreases.
Language Anxiety and Counseling Self-Efficacy

A total of 120 master's-level counseling students were given the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale and the Counselor Self-Estimate Inventory. Significance was found for all 3 hypotheses: (a) nonnative English-speaking students have significantly more language anxiety than native English-speaking students, (b) nonnative English-speaking students’ language anxiety was negatively correlated with counseling self-efficacy, and (c) native English- and nonnative English-speaking students significantly differed in their perceptions of counseling self-efficacy. Se administraron la Escala de Ansiedad en Clase de Lengua Extranjera y el Inventario de Autoestimacion de Consejeros a un total de 120 estudiantes de master en consejeria. Se encontro significacion para las 3 hipotesis siguientes: (a) los estudiantes cuya lengua nativa no es el ingles sufren un nivel considerablemente mas alto de ansiedad a causa del idioma que los hablantes nativos de ingles, (b) la ansiedad a causa del idioma de los estudiantes cuya lengua nativa no es el ingles mostro una correlacion negativa con la autoeficacia en consejeria y (c) los grupos de estudiantes nativos y no nativos en ingles mostraron diferencias significativas en sus percepciones de autoeficacia en consejeria.
Social Norms about a Health Issue in Work Group Networks

The purpose of this study is to advance theorizing about how small groups understand health issues through the use of social network analysis. To achieve this goal, an adapted cognitive social structure examines group social norms around a specific health issue, H1N1 flu prevention. As predicted, individual’s attitudes, self-efficacy, and perceived social norms were each positively associated with behavioral intentions for at least one of the H1N1 health behaviors studied. Moreover, collective norms of the whole group were also associated with behavioral intentions, even after controlling for how individual group members perceive those norms. For members of work groups in which pairs were perceived to agree in their support for H1N1 vaccination, the effect of individually perceived group norms on behavioral intentions was stronger than for groups with less agreement.
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF THE COLOBUS MONKEYS OF UGANDA

From August 1997 to July 2003, we collected 2,103 fecal samples from free-ranging individuals of the 3 colobus monkey species of Uganda—the endangered red colobus ( Piliocolobus tephrosceles), the eastern black-and-white colobus (Co- lobus guereza), and the Angolan black-and-white colobus (C. angolensis)—to identify and determine the prevalence of gastro- intestinal parasites. Helminth eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts were isolated by sodium nitrate flotation and fecal sedimentation. Coprocultures facilitated identification of helminths. Seven nematodes (Strongyloides fulleborni, S. stercoralis, Oesophagostomum sp., an unidentified strongyle, Trichuris sp., Ascaris sp., and Colobenterobius sp.), 1 cestode (Bertiella sp.), 1 trematode (Dicro- coeliidae), and 3 protozoans (Entamoeba coli, E. histolytica, and Giardia lamblia) were detected. Seasonal patterns of infection were not apparent for any parasite species infecting colobus monkeys. Prevalence of S. fulleborni was higher in adult male compared to adult female red colobus, but prevalence did not differ for any other shared parasite species between age and sex classes.
Extraction of periodic multivariate signals: mapping of voltage-dependent dye fluorescence in the mouse heart

In many experimental circumstances, heart dynamics are, to a good approximation, periodic. For this reason, it makes sense to use high-resolution methods in the frequency domain to visualize the spectrum of imaging data of the heart and to estimate the deterministic signal content and extract the periodic signal from background noise in experimental data. In this paper, we describe the first application of a new method that we call cardiac rhythm analysis which uses a combination of principal component analysis and multitaper harmonic analysis to extract periodic, deterministic signals from high-resolution imaging data of cardiac electrical activity. We show that this method significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio of our recordings, allowing for better visualization of signal dynamics and more accurate quantification of the properties of electrical conduction. We visualize the spectra of three cardiac data sets of mouse hearts exhibiting sinus rhythm, paced rhythm and monomorphic tachycardia. Then, for pedagogical purposes, we investigate the tachycardia more closely, demonstrating the presence of two distinct periodicities in the re-entrant tachycardia. Analysis of the tachycardia shows that cardiac rhythm analysis not only allows for better visualization of electrical activity, but also provides new opportunities to study multiple periodicities in signal dynamics.
Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact

Abstract Results of about 100 hydrodynamic simulations of potential Moon-forming impacts are presented, focusing on the “late impact” scenario in which the lunar forming impact occurs near the very end of Earth's accretion (Canup and Asphaug, 2001, Nature 412, 708–712). A new equation of state is utilized that includes a treatment of molecular vapor (“M-ANEOS”; Melosh, 2000, in: Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 31st, p. 1903). The sensitivity of impact outcome to collision conditions is assessed, in particular how the mass, angular momentum, composition and origin (target vs. impactor) of the material placed into circumterrestrial orbit vary with impact angle, speed, impactor-to-target mass ratio, and initial thermal state of the colliding objects. The most favorable conditions for producing a sufficiently massive and iron-depleted protolunar disk involve collisions with an impact angle near 45 degrees and an impactor velocity at infinity ∼ lunar-sized satellites and a system angular momentum similar to that of the Earth–Moon system. Among these, those that leave the Earth >95% accreted after the Moon-forming impact are favored here, implying a giant impactor mass between 0.11 and 0.14 Earth masses.
Imagining the State and Building the Nation: The Case of Nineteenth‐Century Argentina

This work analyzes the interplay betw een the development of the state in nineteenth-century Argentina and the attempts to forge a sense of nation within a significant portion of the population. By distinguishing between the two concepts – state-building and nation-building – the study follows their different developmental paths. The historical literature is reviewed revealing two themes: a record of great economic and cultural development made possible by an elite inspired by liberal ideas derived pr incipally from Eur ope, as contrasted with a conser vative and nationalist view that celebrated the rural and native cultural norms. Regardless of their ideological perspectives, however, both sides shared a great deal of authoritarian traits and implemented measures aimed at establishing and maintaining social control through force.
Consumption‐Focused Self‐Expression Word of Mouth: A New Scale and Its Role in Consumer Research

This research represents the first systematic empirical examination of the motivation to spread word of mouth about consumption activities in order to self-express, a phenomenon that has been observed in both the academic literature and the popular press. Consumption-focused self-expression is a motivation to engage in word-of-mouth communication that is distinct from other word-of-mouth motivations that have been discussed in the literature. This work defines consumption-focused self-expression word of mouth as communication about one's consumption activities for the purpose of expressing one's self-concept and attracting attention to oneself. A scale to measure consumption-focused self-expression word of mouth is developed and shown to exhibit a consistent scale structure, acceptable reliability, and convergent, discriminant, nomological, and predictive validity. Scores on the consumption-focused self-expression word-of-mouth scale are shown to predict differences in the quantity and nature of consumers’ actual word-of-mouth communications via the social networking Web site Facebook.
From the Chartreuse Kid to the Wise Old Gnome of Tennis: Age Stereotypes as Frames Describing Andre Agassi at the U.S. Open:

Communication and aging scholars have examined media portrayals of older adults but have not yet examined media representations of aging athletes. This study examines New York Times coverage of the U.S. Open, specifically focusing on how that coverage reports Andre Agassi_s age in six different years between 1990 and 2005. Factual and implied age reference categories emerged from the data.The number of age references decreased when Agassi is the typical age for competitive tennis but increased when his level of play is atypical for his age, whether too young or too old. Qualitative analysis further revealed complex and frequently stereotypical portrayals of young and old age. The results highlight how aging stereotypes functions as media frames for athletes.
Depressant Agent from Walnut Hulls

Crushed unripe walnut hulls (Juglans nigra), when extracted with ether, yield an extract which sedates or at least depresses the movements of Daphnia magna, leopard frogs, perch, catfish, goldfish, mice, rats, and rabbits. One purified depressant compound, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (juglone), has been isolated and tested on most of these species.
Construction of DNA Polyhedra and Knots Through Symmetry Minimization

The goals of supramolecular chemistry include structural control on the nanometer scale comparable to that enjoyed by craft workers on the macroscopic scale.1 The ability to join, couple or weave two molecules together to produce a structure with the same certainty enjoyed by a carpenter, a plumber or a garment worker, would increase greatly the efficiency of materials scientists, chemists, and molecular biologists. Chemists have learned that it is not as simple to create structures from molecules as it is from macroscopic objects: They must rely on intrinsic propensities of precursors, because there are no nails, screws, or threads available to form bonds between atoms. Furthermore, the laws of physics do not permit all conceivable separations of atomic nuclei. In contrast, the components in biological systems often self-assemble spontaneously, by using complementary surfaces to form cohesive structures.
Blood Cell Aggregation and Pulmonary Embolism

The lung is the organ of the mammal in which gas exchanges between inspired air and the blood take place. When an alveolus in a living lung is viewed under magnification of 200X, air and blood appear to be the main components, and the supporting stroma is rather skimpy. Blood flows through the pulmonary microcirculation, which consists of pulmonary arterioles, capillaries, and venules.