cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cycling cis Golgi Protein Mediates Endosome-to-Golgi Traffic

Toxins can invade cells by using a direct endosome-to-Golgi endocytic pathway that bypasses late endosomes/prelysosomes. This is also a route used by endogenous proteins, including GPP130, which is an integral membrane protein retrieved via the bypass pathway from endosomes to its steady-state location in the cis-Golgi. An RNA interference-based test revealed that GPP130 was required for efficient exit of Shiga toxin B-fragment from endosomes en route to the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, two proteins whose Golgi targeting depends on endosome-to-Golgi retrieval in the bypass pathway accumulated in early/recycling endosomes in the absence of GPP130. GPP130 activity seemed specific to bypass pathway trafficking because the targeting of other tested proteins, including those retrieved to the Golgi via the more conventional late endosome route, was unaltered. Thus, a distally cycling Golgi protein mediates exit from endosomes and thereby underlies Shiga toxin invasion and retrieval-based targeting of other cycling Golgi proteins.
Does recent global warming suggest an enhanced greenhouse effect

Considerable controversy has been generated by the observation that the Earth's climate has warmed over the last century. Public policy decisions hinge on the question of whether this trend is natural climate variability or the result of the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. The strength of the enhanced greenhouse effect depends, in large part, on the uncertain value of climate sensitivity. In this paper climate sensitivity is estimated from the global temperature record by assuming models for greenhouse forcing, climate response to forcing, and climate variability. We find optimal estimates of climate sensitivity are remarkably insensitive to assumptions, at least for forcing excluding the effect of aerosols, and these values are considerably less than most predictions arising from General Circulation Models (GCM's). It is, however, the statistical significance of these estimates that is sensitive to assumptions about climate variability. Assuming climate variability with a time scale of a decade or less, climate sensitivity is estimated to be significantly greater than zero, but also significantly lower than that predicted by GCM's. Climate variability with a century time scale is consistent with both the recent temperature record and the pre-instrumental record for the last millenium; if this type of variability is assumed, the estimate of climate sensitivity has a confidence band wide enough to encompass both zero and typical values obtained by GCM's. With century time-scale variability it will be several decades before confident estimates can be made.
Integrated nondestructive testing approach for damage detection and quantification in structural components

Reliable damage detection and quantification is a difficult process because of its dynamic and multi-scale nature, which combined with material complexities and countless other sources of uncertainty often inhibits a single non-destructive testing (NDT) technique to successfully evaluate the extension of deterioration in critical structural components. This paper presents an integrated non-destructive testing approach (INDT) for effective damage identification relying on the intelligent integration of the Acoustic Emission (AE), Guided Ultrasonic Waves (GUW) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) methods. The proposed system has been utilized to identify wire breaks in seven-wire steel strands and crack initiation and development in masonry concrete walls and is based on the cross-correlation of heterogeneous damage-related NDT features. Conventional AE monitoring relies on damage monitoring by evaluating multiple extracted and/or computed features as a function of load/time. In addition, advanced post-processing methods including mathematical algorithms for statistical analysis and classification have been suggested to improve the robustness of AE in damage identification. Unfortunately, such approaches are often found to be unsuccessful, due to challenging environmental and operational conditions, as well as when used on actual civil structural components, such as bridge cables and masonry walls. This paper presents the framework for successful correlation of AE features with GUW and mechanical parameters such as full field strain maps, which can provide a route towards actual cross-validated damage assessment, capable to detect the initiation and track the development of damage in structures. The presented INDT approach could lead to reliable damage identification approaches in mechanical, aerospace and civil infrastructure applications.
Master or slave: The complex relationship of RBP2 and pRb

The retinoblastoma protein or its regulators are altered in most human cancers. Although commonly thought of as solely a repressor of E2F-dependent transcription and cell cycle progression, pRb has gained notoriety in recent years as a key actor in cellular differentiation programs. In the June issue of Molecular Cell, Benevolenskaya et al. report that a long-known but poorly understood pRb interactor, RBP2, acts as an inhibitor of differentiation contributing to pRb's role as a coordinator of differentiation and cell cycle exit. Loss of pRb may unleash RBP2, maintaining cells in a poorly differentiated progenitor state that is prerequisite to tumor formation.
Comprehensive treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit disorders: the state of the art

Abstract The literature on the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Disorder is reviewed. The outcome of pharmacologic and psychological interventions, alone and in combination, are examined. Guidelines for clinical practice and directions for future research are suggested.
The dissociation quotients of formic acid in sodium chloride solutions to 200°C

The dissociation quotients of formic acid were measured potentiometrically from 25 to 200[degrees]C in NaCl solutions at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mol-kg[sup [minus]1]. The experiments were carried out in a concentration cell with hydrogen electrodes. The resulting molal acid dissociation quotients for formic acid, as well as a set of infinite dilution literature values and a calorimetrically-determined enthalpy of reaction, were fitted by an empirical equation involving an extended Debye Hueckel term and seven adjustable parameters involving functions of temperature and ionic strength. This regressional analysis yielded the following thermodynamic quantities for 25[degrees]C: logK = [minus]3.755[plus minus]0.002, [Delta]H[degrees] = [minus]0.09[plus minus]0.15 kJ-mol[sup [minus]1], [Delta]S[degrees] = [minus]72.2[plus minus]0.5 J-K[sup [minus]1]-mol[sup [minus]1], and [Delta]C[degrees][sub p] = [minus]147[plus minus]4 J-K[sup [minus]1]-mol[sup [minus]1]. The isocoulombic form of the equilibrium constant is recommended for extrapolation to higher temperatures. 29 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
DFT study on the radical anions formed by primaquine and its derivatives.

The electron affinities (EA) of the 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drug primaquine and several of its metabolites were studied using the density functional theory method. We first considered six substituents at the 5-position, −CH3, −OH, −OCH3, −Ph, −OPh, and −CHO. We found that in the gas phase the adiabatic EAs are similar to that of the parent primaquine for the −CH3, −OH, and −OCH3 substituents. In contrast, the −Ph, −OPh, and −CHO substituents all markedly increase the adiabatic EA. However, only the −CHO substituted compound is predicted to form a stable covalently bound radical anion in the gas phase due to its significant positive vertical EA relative to that of the parent primaquine. In addition, when the 8-position is substituted by the N-hydroxyl group or a quinone-imine structure is formed, the electron capture ability is significantly increased. In aqueous solution, all these molecules have significantly larger adiabatic EAs than in the gas phase. In addition, all of the vertical EAs are posit...
University Historic Clothing Museums and Collections: Practices and Strategies

University historic dress collections and museums provide unique opportunities to actively fulfill critical mission statements of the university, including possibilities for research projects, prov...
National survey of the in vitro spectrum of piperacillin-tazobactam tested against more than 40,000 aerobic clinical isolates from 236 medical centers

Hospital microbiology laboratories from 41 states participated in a bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility study comparing in vitro results generated by the standardized disk diffusion method. Over 41,000 freshly isolated aerobic and facultative strains, representing all specimen types (except stools and urines), were tested for their susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam and 21 other antimicrobial agents. Enterococcus spp. was the second or third most common isolate from intraabdominal, gynecologic, and cutaneous infections, confirming its growing importance as a nosocomial pathogen. Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolate overall, despite the exclusion of urinary tract specimens from the study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the second most prevalent species, ranking first in frequency of recovery from lower-respiratory-tract specimens. Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active beta-lactamase inhibitor combination tested against Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae was similar to that of ampicillin-sulbactam (95-97% susceptible). Imipenem and piperacillin-tazobactam displayed similar spectrums of activity against Gram-positive organisms and Haemophilus influenzae. Against Enterobacteriaceae, piperacillin-tazobactam and ceftazidime exhibited similarly wide spectrums of activity, but with some gaps, particularly among Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter freundii. In this large-scale in vitro study, piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem displayed the widest antimicrobial spectrums, inhibiting > 90% of all isolates tested.
Dimensional attributes in enhanced hardness of nanocrystalline Ta–V nanolaminates

The scaling of microstructure to the nanoscale is a well-known method of enhancing the physical properties of many materials. New findings reveal a 10-fold enhancement in the hardness of nanocrystalline Ta and V nanolaminates is attributable to grain size effects, more so than the layer pair spacing. A Hall–Petch relationship of hardness with grain size appears in these body-centred-cubic nanocrystalline structures.
Ideology, Social Justice, And Social Work Research

Abstract This paper discusses the role of ideology in science and social research. The influence of ideology is examined through the explication of three metaphors: the metaphor of the machine, the metaphor of the market, and secular utilitarianism. The implications of these metaphors for social work research and particularly for social justice are discussed. The paper concludes with a brief proposal for exploring new ideologies as a basis for social work research.
Outcome assessment of patients undergoing maxillofacial procedures for the treatment of sleep apnea: comparison of subjective and objective results

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the subjective findings of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to the objective findings of the overnight sleep study (OSS) in 57 patients who underwent phase I and phase II surgery for the correction of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients and methods Forty-two patients in phase I category (hyoid suspension, palatal surgery, and/or genioglossus advancement) and 15 patients in phase II category (maxillomandibular advancement) were examined. All patients had an OSS and completion of an ESS preoperatively and at a minimum of 8 weeks postoperatively. The results of each test were evaluated to examine any relationship between the improvements of the findings of the OSS to the changes in the ESS. Results Using accepted criteria, phase I surgery produced an 80% success rate and phase II surgery produced a greater than 95% success rate in both the respiratory disturbance index and the ESS. Conclusions 1) Both phase I and phase II procedures are effective in treating OSA. 2) Phase II appears to be more effective in treating OSA using both objective and subjective evaluations. 3) Improvement in ESS scores and excessive daytime sleepiness seems to parallel the improvement in OSS scores in patients undergoing surgical correction of OSA.
Observer Kalman Filter Identification for Output-Only Systems Using Interactive Structural Modal Identification Toolsuite

AbstractSeveral modal identification techniques have been developed in the past few decades, and their use is rapidly expanding due to new focus on the instrumentation of major structures. This paper focuses on the expansion of the eigenvalue realization algorithm (ERA)–observer Kalman filter identification (OKID) to identify modal parameters of output-only systems (OO) by splitting the state-space model into deterministic and stochastic subsystems (ERA-OKID-OO). The performance is then compared with other output-only identification methods in terms of the level of accuracy and efficiency. A newly developed software package [Structural Modal Identification Toolsuite (SMIT)] is used to provide a uniform and convenient way of utilizing several system identification (SID) methods, including variations of ERA, auto-regressive with exogenous terms (ARX) models, system realization using information matrix (SRIM), and numerical algorithms for subspace state space system identification (N4SID). The main purpose o...
Segmentation method for three-dimensional visualization of microscopic objects imaged with a confocal laser scanning microscope

This paper is a revision of a paper presented at the SPIE conference on Medical Imaging 2005: Physiology, Function, and Structure from Medical Images, Feb. 2005, San Diego, California. The paper presented there appears (unrefereed) in SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5746. Segmentation, or separating an image into distinct objects, is the key to creating 3-D renderings from serial slice images. This is typically a manual process requiring trained persons to tediously outline and isolate the objects in each image. We describe a template-based semiautomatic segmentation method to aid in the segmentation process and 3-D reconstruction of microscopic objects recorded with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The simple and robust algorithm is based on the creation of a user-defined object template, followed by automatic segmentation of the object in each of the remaining image slices. The user guides the process by selecting the initial image slice for the object template, and labeling the object of interest. The algorithm is applied to mathematically defined shapes to verify the performance of the software. The algorithm is then applied to biological samples, including neurons in the common housefly. It is the quest to further understand the visual system of the housefly that provides the opportunity to develop this segmentation algorithm. Further application of this algorithm may extend to other registered and aligned serial section datasets with high contrast objects.
The Impact of Adopting International Accounting Standards on the Harmonization of Accounting Practices

Abstract Over the past few decades numerous organizations have been actively participating in the efforts to improve the comparability of financial reporting. Many studies have discussed the benefits and drawbacks of comparability. This study investigated the affect on the harmonization, or comparability, of accounting practices when a sample of companies choose to use international accounting standards (IASs) when preparing financial reports. This study analyzed trends in the I index, a measure of concentration for the use of a particular accounting practice introduced by van der Tas, to determine if the choice of accounting methods by a sample of Swiss companies became more aligned with a sample of companies from three other countries. The study included a control sample of Swiss companies that did not switch from reporting using local Swiss standards during the same time period, 1988 through 1995. Four accounting practices were included; depreciation, inventory, financial statement cost basis, and consolidation practices. The practices used were compared with a sample of companies from three countries; Japan, the UK, and the US. The results indicated that across the 8-year period, the majority of the I indices comparisons were positive and statistically significant. However, the results did not support that these increases were due primarily to the adoption of IASs.
The rotationally-resolved oxygen afterglow, 373–474 nm

Abstract Microdensitometer traces of the oxygen-argon afterglow spectrum obtained by Degen et al. (1968, Identification Atlas of Molecular Spectra, 6. The O 2 A 3 Σ u + − X 3 Σ g − Herzberg I system. York University, Toronto, Canada) are presented. They show rotationally-resolved bands of the A 3 Σ u + − X 3 Σ g − , A ′ 3 Δ u − a 1 Δ g , and c 1 Σ u − − X 3 Σ g − systems, in the 373–474 nm region. Relative populations of and O( 1 S) in O 2 , He/O 2 , and Ar/O 2 afterglows are discussed.
Vibroimpact molding of large silicon carbide shapes

Vibroimpact compaction methods were used to prepare large complicated shapes which in terms of quality (density and variations in density) are better than those made by tamping.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in critical care areas.

Whereas methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an ever-increasing endemic nosocomial infection responsible for over 55% of infections in critical care settings, the available treatments are becoming less effective. Nurses need to be equipped with the evidence-based knowledge and tools available to curtail the rise of MRSA infections. This article provides a general overview of MRSA, its evolution, risk factors, disease development, and reviews guidelines for infection control and strategies for culture change.
Nonbounding and Slaman triples

Abstract We consider the relationship of the lattice-theoretic properties and the jump-theoretic properties satisfied by a recursively enumerable Turing degree. The existence is shown of a high2 r.e. degree which does not bound what we call the base of any Slaman triple.
Combining emotion and facial nonmanual signals in synthesized american sign language

Translating from English to American Sign Language (ASL) requires an avatar to display synthesized ASL. Essential to the language are nonmanual signals that appear on the face. Previous avatars were hampered by an inability to portray emotion and facial nonmanual signals that occur at the same time. A new animation system addresses this challenge. Animations produced by the new system were tested with 40 members of the Deaf community in the United States. For each animation, participants were able to identify both nonmanual signals and emotional states. Co-occurring question nonmanuals and affect information were distinguishable, which is particularly striking because the two processes can move an avatar's brows in opposing directions.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and early Eocene climate: A general circulation modeling sensitivity study

Abstract The early Eocene was the warmest time interval of the past 65 million years. We have investigated the hypothesis that the warm climate of the early Eocene may have been caused by higher-than-present levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). We have used an atmospheric general circulation model, the NCAR genesis model, coupled to a land surface model and a mixed layer ocean, to examine the sensitivity of early Eocene climate to varying levels of atmospheric CO2. Model cases contained a description of the early Eocene Earth and included either 300, 560, or 1680 ppm atmospheric CO2. Climate responses to increased atmospheric CO2 include (1) increased mean annual global temperature by 2–6°C, and decreased latitudinal surface temperature gradients; (2) maximum warming at high latitudes, especially in the winter season; (3) increased mean global precipitation; (4) increased high latitude clouds. In comparison with geological paleoclimate data, the climate response to increased CO2 does not appear to explain completely the early Eocene latitudinal surface temperature gradient; for example, with the 1680 ppm CO2 case, high latitude oceans and continents are minimally warm enough to match paleoclimate data, while low latitude regions are overly warm when compared to sea surface temperature reconstructions. We conclude that CO2 was very likely at least double the present level during the early Eocene and contributed to the overall character of early Eocene climate. However, consideration of increased poleward oceanic heat transport and/or other factors, may be required to produce model results that more closely agree with marine and terrestrial paleoclimate data, especially at low latitudes.
From NEMO1D and NEMO3D to OMEN: Moving towards atomistic 3-D quantum transport in nano-scale semiconductors

Lessons learned in 15 years of NEMO development starting from quantitative and predictive resonant tunneling diode (RTD) to multi-million atom electronic structure modeling and the path for OMEN are laid out. The recent OMEN capabilities enable realistically large 3D atomistic nano-scale device simulation.
Gene expression profile of endotoxin-stimulated leukocytes of the term new born: control of cytokine gene expression by interleukin-10.

Introduction Increasing evidence now supports the association between the fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) with the pathogenesis of preterm labor, intraventricular hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) and mononuclear cell (MONOs) infiltration of the placenta is associated with these disorders. The aim of this study was to reveal cell-specific differences in gene expression and cytokine release in response to endotoxin that would elucidate inflammatory control mechanisms in the newly born. Methods PMNs and MONOs were separately isolated from the same cord blood sample. A genome-wide microarray screened for gene expression and related pathways at 4 h of LPS stimulation (n = 5). RT-qPCR and ELISA were performed for selected cytokines at 4 h and 18 h of LPS stimulation. Results Compared to PMNs, MONOs had a greater diversity and more robust gene expression that included pro-inflammatory (PI) cytokines, chemokines and growth factors at 4 h. Only MONOs had genes changing expression (all up regulated including interleukin-10) that were clustered in the JAK/STAT pathway. Pre-incubation with IL-10 antibody, for LPS-stimulated MONOs, led to up regulated PI and IL-10 gene expression and release of PI cytokines after 4 h. Discussion The present study suggests a dominant role of MONO gene expression in control of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome at 4 hrs of LPS stimulation. LPS-stimulated MONOs but not PMNs of the newborn have the ability to inhibit PI cytokine gene expression by latent IL-10 release.
Mechanism of estrogen action in glycogen synthesis.

Abstract Estrogen treatment produced a rapid increase in the free-glucose concentration of the rat uterus. Comparison of the expansion of the glucose space with the expansion of the chloride space (used as an index of extracellular volume) revealed that glucose accumulated in intracellular water. Similar endogenous glucose transport shifts were produced by estrogen in both normoglycemic and alloxan-treated hyperglycemic rats.
Diagnostic Differences Among Women With Long-Term Serious Mental Illness

Despite evidence that gender and race/ethnicity matter in the relation between functioning and diagnosis, studies often fail to separate results for women or to include sufficient non-Whites for analyses. The present study investigated personal characteristics, contextual factors, and current functioning of women (N 379) across major diagnostic groups. Using statistical controls for race, multivariate analyses indicated significant differences across diagnoses. In paired comparison tests, women with major depression had significantly higher education, higher socioeconomic status, less severe clinical histories, and better current status. Women with schizoaffective diagnoses were most impaired in functioning, and women with schizophrenia diagnoses were most positive in their subjective perceptions. Analyses explored alternative explanations for these differences. Implications for treatment and research are presented.
The development of the General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS)

The General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) is a programming system designed for the simulation of discrete systems. These are systems that can be modeled as a series of state changes that occur instantaneously, usually over a period of time. Complexities in their analysis arise because there are many elements in the system, and there is competition for limited system resources. The simulation technique uses numerical computation methods to follow the system elements through their changes of state, and predicts properties of the system from measurements on the model.GPSS came into existence rapidly, with virtually no planning, and surprisingly little effort. It came rapidly because it filled an urgent need that left little time for exploring alternatives. The lack of planning came from a happy coincidence of a solution meeting its problem at the right time. The economy of effort was based on a background of experience in the type of application for which the language was designed, both on the part of the designer and the early users.
MBE growth of tensile-strained Ge quantum wells and quantum dots

Germanium (Ge) has gained much interest due to the potential of becoming a direct band gap material and an efficient light source for the future complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible photonic integrated circuits. In this paper, highly biaxial tensile strained Ge quantum wells (QWs) and quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy are presented. Through relaxed step-graded InGaAs buffer layers with a larger lattice constant, up to 2.3% tensile-strained Ge QWs as well as up to 2.46% tensile-strained Ge QDs are obtained. Characterizations show the good material quality as well as low threading dislocation density. A strong increase of photoluminescence (PL) with highly tensile strained Ge layers at low temperature suggests the existence of a direct band gap semiconductor.
The Development of Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma During Endoscopic Surveillance of Barrett’s Esophagus

The Development of Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma During Endoscopic Surveillance of Barrett's Esophagus
Saint-Venant end effects for plane deformation of sandwich strips

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that the routine application of Saint-Venant's principle in the solution of elasticity problems for sandwich type structures is not justified in general. This is illustrated in the context of the plane problem of elasticity for a sandwich strip composed of two dissimilar isotropic materials. The exponential decay of end effects is characterized in terms of a complex eigenvalue. For the case of a sandwich with relatively soft middle core, the characteristic decay length is shown to be much greater than that for an homogeneous isotropic strip. The results are analogous to those obtained previously by the authors for highly anisotropic and composite materials.
Descriptive Drinking Norms: For Whom Does Reference Group Matter?*

Objective:Perceived descriptive drinking norms often differ from actual norms and are positively related to personal consumption. However, it is not clear how normative perceptions vary with specificity of the reference group. Are drinking norms more accurate and more closely related to drinking behavior as reference group specificity increases? Do these relationships vary as a function of participant demographics? The present study examined the relationship between perceived descriptive norms and drinking behavior by ethnicity (Asian or White), sex, and fraternity/sorority status.Method:Participants were 2,699 (58% female) White (75%) or Asian (25%) undergraduates from two universities who reported their own alcohol use and perceived descriptive norms for eight reference groups: "typical student"; same sex, ethnicity, or fraternity/sorority status; and all combinations of these three factors.Results:Participants generally reported the highest perceived norms for the most distal reference group (typical s...
Is the computer a functional alternative to traditional media

Past research has proposed the functional equivalence principle as a theoretical explanation for the phenomenon of time displacement between old and new media. Using a unique media deprivation paradigm, this study tested this proposition in the context of the time displacement effects of computers on traditional media. Subjects were asked to give up using computers (except for schoolwork) and watching television respectively for a day. The results showed that giving up computer use did not increase time allotted to other media. On the contrary, giving up viewing television increased time spent with other traditional media.
Influences of watershed geomorphology on extent and composition of riparian vegetation

Question: How strongly do watershed morphometry and geology influence the extent and composition of vegetation along riparian corridors? Location: Eighteen upland watersheds in central Nevada, USA. Methods: Watershed (drainage basin) morphometry and geology were derived from digital data sets (DEMs and geologic maps). Riparian corridors were classified into five vegetation types (riparian forest, riparian shrub, wet/mesic meadow, dry meadow and shrub dry meadow) using high-resolution aerial photography. Regression and multivariate analyses were used to relate geomorphic characteristics to riparian vegetation extent and composition. Results: Riparian extent ranged from 0.4% to 3.6% of watershed area, was positively related to percentage intrusive bedrock and drainage density, and was negatively related to percentage carbonate bedrock and relative stream power. Riparian forest and shrub types occupied more than 75% of the riparian corridor in 12 of 18 watersheds; meadow types comprised a smaller proportion. Watershed size, topography and geology were important in predicting riparian composition. Riparian forest and shrub types were more abundant in small, rugged watersheds of high relief. Meadow types were more abundant in large, low gradient and less rugged watersheds. The importance of woody vegetation increased with more volcanic and intrusive bedrock, whereas meadow vegetation increased with increasing alluvium, carbonate and metasedimentary rock types. Conclusions: Watershed geomorphology significantly constrains extent and abundance of woody versus herbaceous vegetation within the riparian corridor. Watershed variables related to riparian vegetation are likely indicators of run-off regimes or water and sediment transport. Consideration of relationships between watershed-scale geomorphology and riparian vegetation can improve prediction and inform restoration efforts.
Double strand break rejoining by mammalian mitochondrial extracts

DNA end-joining was measured by incubating linearized plasmid DNA with mitochondrial protein extracts. A spectrum of end-joined molecules ranging from re-circularized monomer to dimer and higher molecular weight forms was observed. The DNA end-joining reaction required ATP and Mg2+, and was inhibited by sodium chloride. Both cohesive- and blunt-ended DNA molecules were end-joined, although the former were more efficient substrates. Molecular analysis of rejoined molecules revealed that >95% of the linearized DNA were precisely end-joined. The few imprecisely end-joined molecules recovered, sustained deletions that spanned direct repeat sequences. The deletions observed are strikingly similar to those present in mitochondrial genomes of patients with Kearns-Sayre or Pearson syndromes, certain ophthalmic myopathies and the aged. These results suggest that mammalian mitochondria possess a DNA double strand break repair activity similar to that seen in the nucleus, and that this repair pathway may play a role in the generation of mitochondrial DNA deletions associated with a number of human pathologies.
Factors influencing corporate online identity: a new paradigm

Electronic commerce research has shown that a very wide variety of factors such as website quality and vendor reputation influence consumer behaviors and outcomes. These behaviors and outcomes include: trust, intention to transact, and return visits. However, these factors are typically studied in isolation and often show conflicting results. This paper proposes a unifying model of online identity (or e-image) that combines the various factors that influence user perceptions of an e-business. Survey results support the importance of a wide variety of e-image factors when forming impressions online and show that while information content is the foremost concern for most users, the importance of other factors varies depending on the role of the user in establishing a relationship with the owner of the online identity.
Optimizing stack frame accesses for processors with restricted addressing modes

Random access to local variables stored in a stack frame is more difficult for compiled functions when the target processor lacks register-plus-offset addressing. One alternative technique employs a roving pointer which the program increments or decrements as needed between stack accesses. Processors which support auto-increment and auto-decrement addressing modes are often capable of performing these increments for free when consecutive accesses are to adjacent stack locations. For these processors, the compiler's chosen ordering for the local variables in the stack frame can substantially affect the execution speed of the compiled program. This paper is concerned with finding an ordering for the local variables in the frame that maximizes the likelihood that two consecutive references at run-time will be to the same or to adjacent stack locations. We have formulated a solution to this problem in terms of finding a Hamiltonian path in a graph. Although this problem is NP-complete in general, we have developed a heuristic algorithm that delivers good results with acceptable performance.
When do researchers collaborate? Toward a model of collaboration propensity

This exploratory study compares two approaches to understanding the “collaboration propensity” of individual researchers. On the one hand, social comparisons of disciplines would suggest that collaboration is a function of orientation toward individual versus collective responsibility for discovery. A contrasting approach would hold that collaboration depends on the work researchers are engaged in—when it is useful to collaborate, they will do so regardless of the social climate. Results presented here suggest that this latter approach is potentially more powerful but that there are complexities in measurement and operationalization that urge a more nuanced treatment of collaboration propensity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Plasma Oxytocin in Women and Plasma Vasopressin in Men Biomarkers of Distressed Pair-Bond Relationships?

Young adults in couple (pair-bond) relationships reported on the positive and negative aspects of their relationships and had blood drawn and assayed for oxytocin and vasopressin. Elevated plasma oxytocin was associated with distress in the pair-bond relationship for women, but not for men. Vasopressin, which is closely related to oxytocin in molecular structure and significantly related to male pair-bond behavior in animal studies, was elevated in men experiencing distress in the pair-bond relationship, but not in women. Controlling for estradiol and testosterone did not alter these findings. We conclude that plasma oxytocin in women and plasma vasopressin in men may be biomarkers of distressed pair-bond relationships.
Clinical History–Driven Diagnosis of Allergic Diseases: Utilizing in vitro IgE Testing

This case illustrates the importance of a thorough clinical history in providing an interpretation of previously collected IgE antibody serology as part of a workup for allergic disease. Although a yellow-jacket sting was the allergenic insult that led the patient to the emergency department, nonindicated IgE antibody serology tests were ordered that subsequently required interpretation. This report systematically evaluates the relative significance of previously measured IgE antibody serology responses to 4 major allergen groups (inhalants [aeroallergens], foods, venoms, and drugs) within the context of the patient's history. An algorithm that takes into account the pretest likelihood of disease and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the available IgE antibody tests is proposed for decisions about further IgE testing. This case study concludes that selection of testing methods, extract and molecular allergen specificities, and the final interpretation of the results from tests of sensitization such as serological (in vitro) IgE antibody assays requires knowledge of test parameters and clinical judgments based largely on a carefully collected clinical history and physical examination.
Channel Assignment and Load Distribution in a Power-Managed Wlan

For a wireless local area network (WLAN), we propose an algorithm based on power management of access points (APs) to improve load distribution and provide an improved channel assignment. We formulate an algorithm that adjusts the transmitted power of the beacon packets of the most congested access point (MCAP). The transmitted power of the data packets is not altered thus avoiding auto-rating. The algorithm then determines a user assignment that distributes the load efficiently. Finally, we apply a channel assignment algorithm to each AP with the objective of minimizing the total interference over the WLAN. Results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of significantly reducing the congestion at the MCAPs, providing better load distribution, and enhancing channel assignment.
Examining Principals' Perceptions of Their Influence on Science Achievement

This study surveyed a random sample of elementary principals in Texas. The 85 principals completed an anonymous online survey with both closed and open ended questions. Findings are presented as descriptive statistics of rating scale items and patterns and themes that emerged from the responses to the open ended questions. Participants described leadership behaviors they perceived to influence students’ performance on the 5 th grade state science exam. Principals described, for example, their involvement in building the capacity of staff to plan and deliver effective science instruction and how they organized (e.g. departmentalized vs. self-contained) science classes for increased student learning. Further, the principals indicated their concerns about high stakes testing as they repeatedly referred to their involvement in benchmark testing and providing remedial instruction for students.
Phenobarbital and Intraventricular Hemorrhage

To the Editor.— In their study of the effect of prophylactic phenobarbital on intraventricular hemorrhage, Bedard and coworkers1 utilize a powerful and efficient statistical method known as sequential analysis. In addition to performing the analysis correctly, it is important to describe this method clearly and accurately since it may be unfamilar to nonstatisticians. We believe there are errors in the illustration of the sequential plan (their figure, p 436) that may confuse others who wish to use this experimental design or who are trying to interpret their results.
Computer generation of fibrillation in a 3-dimensional model of heart

A three-dimensional (3-D) model of electrical propagation in the heart is presented. The model is constructed by discretizing a real dog heart into 1473 cubic elements with 3-mm sides. Each cellular element can be in one of five states: excitable, three relatively refractory, and unexcitable. In the excitable or relatively refractory states an element can propagate, with varying velocities, the electrical excitation in 3 D to its neighbors. Pacing this model results in normal action potentials and propagation, while extra simulation results in fibrillation. The simulations show that fibrillation results from rapid re-excitation of cellular elements and dispersion refractory states in the cell population. >
Not just a theory--the utility of mathematical models in evolutionary biology.

Summary Progress in science often begins with verbal hypotheses meant to explain why certain biological phenomena exist. An important purpose of mathematical models in evolutionary research, as in many other fields, is to act as ‘‘proof-of-concept’’ tests of the logic in verbal explanations, paralleling the way in which empirical data are used to test hypotheses. Because not all subfields of biology use mathematics for this purpose, misunderstandings of the function of proofof-concept modeling are common. In the hope of facilitating communication, we discuss the role of proof-of-concept modeling in evolutionary biology.
MAGNETIC IDENTIFICATION OF HEADLIGHT GLASS

Magnetic susceptibility measurements over the temperature range 4 to 300K have been used to identify and distinguish among various samples of headlight glass. With a few exceptions, it is found that the technique can be useful in such applications and that improvements in accuracy, which are possible, would even eliminate these exceptions. The method is also applicable to the identification of other types of sample of forensic sceince interest such as soils, window glass, and metals.
An Incremental Approach to the Analysis and Transformation of Workflows Using Region Trees

The analysis of workflows in terms of structural correctness is important for ensuring the quality of workflow models. Typically, this analysis is only one step in a larger development process, followed by further transformation steps that lead from high-level models to more refined models until the workflow can finally be deployed on the underlying workflow engine of the production system. For practical and scalable applications, both analysis and transformation of workflows must be integrated to allow incremental changes of larger workflows. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a region tree (RT) for workflow models that can be used as the central data structure for both workflow analysis and workflow transformation. An RT is similar to a program structure tree and imposes a hierarchy of regions as an overlay structure onto the workflow model. It allows an incremental approach to the analysis and transformation of workflows, and thereby, significantly reduces the overhead because individual regions can be dealt with separately. The RT is built using a set of region-growing rules. The set of rules presented here is shown to be correct and complete in the sense that a workflow is region-reducible as defined through these rules if and only if it is semantically sound.
Enrichment of cell populations containing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity by free flow electrophoresis

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is an enzyme that has been utilized as a biochemical marker for following certain leukemia patients during treatment and remission. The potential usefulness of this enzyme in predicting the onset of relapse before any morphological indications has been demonstrated in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients in blast phase of the disease. In order to be able to detect low levels of TdT activity, especially during remission phase, we have used the technique of free flow electrophoresis to enrich cell populations containing TdT. With this technique we have achieved up to 20-fold enrichment of TdT-positive cell populations from normal human bone marrow, cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast phase of the disease. TdT positive cells were not detected in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and B cell lines. This technique should prove to be useful in early detection of relapse in patients in remission and for enrichment of cell populations containing other biochemical markers.
Thirteen-year follow-up of large recurrent unicystic ameloblastoma of the mandible in a 15-year-old boy ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★

The intraosseous ameloblastoma of the jaws occurs most often in the fourth and fifth decades of life.1 Its occurrence in children and adolescents younger than 18 years is uncommon, accounting for only 14.6% of 206 cases of ameloblastomas in 1 study.2 The unicystic ameloblastoma is considered a variant of the solid or multicystic ameloblastoma, accounting for 6% to 15% of all intraosseous ameloblastomas.3-5 This lesion occurs in a younger age group, with slightly more than 50% of cases occurring in patients in the second decade of life.4 In more than 90% of cases, the unicystic ameloblastoma is located in the mandible,5 with 77% located in the molar ramus region in 1 study.6 Clinically and radiographically, the unicystic ameloblastoma often has the appearance of a dentigerous cyst.7 It has a less aggressive clinical behavior than the solid or multicystic ameloblastoma, allowing for more conservative treatment.2,8 Enucleation, curettage, or both, of the unicystic ameloblastoma results in only a 15% to 20% recurrence rate,7,9 compared with a rate as high as 90% rate for the solid variant treated in this manner.3 This conservative approach to treatment is important in the age group affected with the unicystic variant, because in a younger person, growth of the jaws is not completed and the more radical resections that are necessary with solid ameloblastomas could lead to deformity and dysfunction.10 In this report, we describe the 13-year follow-up after conservative treatment of a unicystic ameloblastoma with recurrence in a 15-year-old boy.
Angiographic suppression of the artery of Adamkiewicz by venous hypertension resolving after embolization in a case of spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula

A case of complete angiographic suppression of the artery of Adamkiewicz and anterior spinal artery in a patient with a spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is reported. Slow flow AVFs typically present with progressive myelopathy secondary to spinal venous hypertension (SVH). The lack of a normal venous phase during angiography and its restoration after treatment is commonly observed with these lesions, yet a similar phenomenon seems exceptional at the arterial level. Right T11 intercostal artery angiograms obtained before and after treatment of a left L4 epidural AVF documented the initial suppression of the artery of Adamkiewicz and anterior spinal artery, and their normal appearance immediately after correction of the SVH by embolization. This report confirms that SVH can angiographically suppress prominent and functionally important spinal arteries, re-emphasizing the potential role played by secondary arterial changes in SVH induced myelopathy. This hemodynamic phenomenon also represents a potential pitfall during diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures.