cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the economic potential for agricultural soil carbon sequestration in the Central United States using an aggregate econometric-process simulation model

The purpose of this paper is to develop and apply a new method to assess economic potential for agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation. This method uses secondary economic data and conventional econometric production models, combined with estimates of soil carbon stocks derived from biophysical simulation models such as Century, to construct economic simulation models that estimate economic potential for carbon sequestration. Using this method, simulations for the central United States show that reduction in fallow and conservation tillage adoption in the wheat-pasture system could generate up to about 1.7 million MgC/yr, whereas increased adoption of conservation tillage in the corn–soy–feed system could generate up to about 6.2 million MgC/yr at a price of $200/MgC. About half of this potential could be achieved at relatively low carbon prices (in the range of $50 per ton). The model used in this analysis produced estimates of economic potential for soil carbon sequestration potential similar to results produced by much more data-intensive, field-scale models, suggesting that this simpler, aggregate modeling approach can produce credible estimates of soil carbon sequestration potential. Carbon rates were found to vary substantially over the region. Using average carbon rates for the region, the model produced carbon sequestration estimates within about 10% of those based on county-specific carbon rates, suggesting that effects of spatial heterogeneity in carbon rates may average out over a large region such as the central United States. However, the average carbon rates produced large prediction errors for individual counties, showing that estimates of carbon rates do need to be matched to the spatial scale of analysis. Transaction costs were found to have a potentially important impact on soil carbon supply at low carbon prices, particularly when carbon rates are low, but this effect diminishes as carbon prices increase.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PREY SELECTION: COMMENT ON METHODOLOGY

Summa?y.-Factors controlling predatory attack are not well understood. Research has implicated pelage-substrate contrast, movement, proximity, etc. The present smdy illustrates the divergence of results when all combinarions of two pelage and two substrates are used in a predator-prey study. Locating a white mouse on a light-colored substrate required about 6 times as long as other color/substrate combinations. Life scientists have debated the many theoretical considerations associated with natural selection. The significance of animal coloration is one such consideration which has ". . . played a prominent part in biological history since the days of Darwin and Wallace" (Sumner, 1935). In this context, much research has involved an experimental analysis of predator selection for different prey species phenotypes. Dice ( 1947), Mueller ( 1968), Kaufman ( 1974), and Snyder ( 1975 ) have been concerned with the role of perceived conspicuousness in prey selection by avian predators. Experiments by these and others (Brown, 1965) suggest that a selective disadvantage, exists for prey animals that contrast with their environment. Studies with non-avian predators, on the other hand, have not shown differential selection against contrast. For example, Askew, Musimeci, Sloane, and Stephan ( 1970) investigating prey selection by the anole (Anolis carolinensir) and Smith and Watson (1972) investigating corn snake (Elaphe quttato) selection for different phenotypes of the house mouse (Mus muscz~lus) concluded that prey-environment contrast was a minor factor in prey selection by these terrestrial predators. These reports concluded that movement of prey and prey-predator proximity were the most important variables in their respective studies. In spite of the obvious differences in ecological niche that avian and non-avian predators occupy researchers have tried to present findings generalizable to all. Problems of design and technique increase when mammalian predators are involved, however, this paper is intended to make a point with some illustrative data concerning adequate control procedures in an investigation of prey-environrnent color contrast as a factor in prey detection by a feral housecat (Felis domertica) . An unpublished study conducted earlier in which a cat was allowed to choose between white and black mice offered simultaneously on a dark substrate suggested that prey movement and/or proximity influenced selection more than contrasc. Procedures were then devised to control and manipulate only contrasc
679: Prenatal smoke exposure: effects on placental gene expression and auditory system

disparities. In this project, birth outcomes were examined for clients served by the Healthy Babies program in the Sedgwick County Health Department. The target population was women living in 3 zip codes with high rates of prematurity and infant mortality in Wichita, KS. Educational and social services were provided under the federallyfunded Northeast Wichita Healthy Start Initiative (NEWHSI). In the present analysis, NEWHSI clients were compared to non-NEWHSI clients residing within the same 3 high-risk zip codes. STUDY DESIGN: De-identified birth certificate data from 2005 and 2006 were used to compare birth outcomes for non-Hispanic white, black and Hispanic women living in NEWHSI target zip code areas (n 3,644 of whom 106 were NEWHSI clients). The main outcome measures were very low birth weight ( 1500g), moderately low birth weight (1500g2500g), preterm birth ( 37 weeks) and prenatal care. RESULTS: Most Healthy Babies NEWHSI clients received prenatal care within the 1st trimester and 100% received some prenatal care; findings were similar for non-clients. NEWHSI clients were more likely to be teen mothers than women in the community (e.g. in 2006, 25% vs. 4.2%, respectively, p .001). Rates of very low birth weight were 2.7% for non-clients and 0% for NEWHSI clients. The rate of preterm birth decreased among NEWHSI clients from 11% in 2005 to 3% in 2006. CONCLUSION: Healthy Babies NEWHSI clients had a high rate of teen and first-time mothers yet displayed similar or better prenatal care and birth outcomes as non-clients. Results indicate that the NEWHSI program was successful in recruiting at-risk mothers. Findings reveal a continued need for preventive efforts such as the Healthy Babies NEWHSI program to work toward improving poor birth outcomes in the community.
Comparative in vitro activity of cefoperazone and various combinations of cefoperazone/sulbactam

Abstract Cefoperazone with 2 and 4 μg/ml of sulbactam and in a 2:1 ratio was tested against 1258 clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as against Gram-negative bacilli that had stably derepressed Type I β-lactamase or that were hyperproductive of non-Type I β-lactamases. The 2:1 cefoperazone/sulbactam combination was the most potent combination tested. With this combination cefoperazone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 27 of 40 (67%) of the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas species and 64 of 67 (95%) of clinical isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae were reduced from ⩾64 μ g/ml by at least two-fold. In contrast, cefoperazone MICs of ⩾64 μ g/ml remained unchanged for 26 (65%) and 24 (60%) of Pseudomonas species and 35 (52%) and 30 (45%) of the Enterobacteriaceae in the presence of 2 and 4 μg/ml of sulbactam, respectively. Cefoperazone/sulbactam in the 2:1 ratio was also the most active combination against the mutants derepressed for Type I β-lactamase. Although the 2:1 combination of cefoperazone/sulbactam had the greatest potency in vitro, it remains to be seen whether this combination is predictive of clinical outcome from treatment of cefoperazone-resistant Gram-negative bacilli with cefoperazone/sulbactam
Acceleration waves in generalized elastic-plastic continua

Mandel's theory of acceleration waves in three-dimensional elastic-plastic continua is extended, using a strain-space formulation, to generalized plastic continua undergoing large deformations. The effect of potentially large hydrostatic pressures is thereby brought out.
Recovery of left ventricular function in peripartum cardiomyopathy.

REFERENCES 1. Reddy K, Gupta M, Hamby RZ: Multiple coronary arteriosystemic fistulas. Am J Cardiol 19’74;33:304. 2. Kinard SA: Hypoplasia of the coronary sinus with coronary venous drainage into the left ventricle by way of the Thebesian system. Chest 1975;68:384. 3. Rose AG: Multiple coronary arterioventricular fistulae. Circulation 1978;58:178. 4. Chia EL, Chan ALK, Tan LKA, Ng RAL, Chiang SP: Coronary artery-left ventricular fistula. Cardiology 1981; 68:167. 5. Martens *J, Haseldoncks C, Werf F, Geest H: Silent left and right coronary artery-left ventricular fistulas: An unusual prominent Thebesian system. Acta Cardiologica 1983; 38:139. 6. Cha SD, Singer E, Maranbao V, Goldberg H: Silent coronary artery-left ventricular fistula: A disorder of the Thebesian system? Angiology 1978;29:169. 7. Kiso I. Itoh T. Morishita M. Kato K. Ishikura Y: Blood flow and pressure measurements of right’ coronary artery to left ventricular fistula. Thorax 1978;33:253. 8. Ahmed SS, Haider B, Regan TJ: Silent left coronary arterycamera1 fistula: Probable cause of myocardial ischemia. AM HEART .J 1982:104:869. 9. Cheng TO: Left coronary artery-to-left ventricular fistula: Demonstration of coronary steal phenomenon. AM HEART J 1982;104:870.
Laparoscopic Management of Extra-Adrenal Pheochromocytoma

ABSTRACTPurpose: Laparoscopic management of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma presents a unique surgical challenge due to variable anatomical presentation and potential catecholamine surge during operative manipulation. We report our experience with laparoscopic removal of extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas.Materials and Methods: Between 1999 and 2002, 5 patients presented with retroperitoneal extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. Of the patients 2 had a history of von Hippel-Lindau disease, and the remaining 3 patients were diagnosed with sporadic extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma during hypertension evaluation. Although 4 patients had a history of hypertension, only 2 reported symptoms (episodic flushing, headaches, blurred vision) associated with excess catecholamine production. All patients had markedly increased preoperative urinary and plasma normetanephrine and/or norepinephrine levels, and 3 had positive I131 metaiodobenzylguanidine scan. In each case tumor was accurately identified on computerized tomography b...
Time-dependent vertical gas—liquid flow in packed beds

Abstract An operating diagram approach to estimating detailed features of one-dimensional pulsing flow is described, and the model predictions are compared with experimental data on cocurrent downflow. A detailed analysis of the local and global bifurcations associated with vertical two-phase flow is presented bringing forth the underlying structure driving the time-dependent flow.
RECENT ADVANCES IN SUPERSTRING PERTURBATION THEORY

Recent advances made in the understading of the Ramond-Neveu-Schwarz formulation of superstring perturbation theory are reviewed. The role of chiral splitting, in terms of which a consistent GSO projected formula is obtained to all loop orders, is explained. Equivalence of the manifestly convariant Polyakov amplitudes with the manifestly unitary light-cone amplitudes is shown, thus establishing unitarity of the covariant approach and Lorentz invariance of the light-cone approach. Some implications for string theory and quantum gravity are pointed out.
Aspects of Thioanhydhide Chemistry

Abstract Cyclic anhydrides constitute one of the most thoroughly studied classes of organic compounds. In contrast, very little is as yet known concerning the thiocarbonyl analogs of cyclic anhydrides. In this lecture, the present status of thionoanhydride chemistry will be reviewed, with emphasis on studies from our laboratory.
Electron-impact ionization of NO, NO2, and N2O

Abstract We measured absolute cross-sections for the electron-impact ionization and dissociative ionization of the three nitrogen–oxygen compounds NO, NO2, and N2O from threshold to 200 eV using the fast-neutral-beam technique. In spite of the importance of these molecules in combustion, low-temperature plasmas, pollution control, and planetary atmospheres, the database of absolute total and partial electron-impact ionization cross-sections for these species is not very comprehensive and existing data reveal some discrepancies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that absolute partial ionization cross-sections for all three species have been measured by the same group using the same experimental technique and apparatus. Comparisons with other available measured and calculated ionization cross-section data are made.
Half-fringe photoelasticity for orthotropic materials

Abstract The objective of this paper is to establish a completely new approach to the photoelastic analysis of photo-orthotropic models. A new technique has been developed that utilizes digital image analysis procedures to resolve small differences in the low level birefringence of photo-orthotropic materials. This approach allows model materials to be selected not for their high birefringence response, but rather for their ability to model prototype behavior accurately. Another advantage of the proposed system is the possibility of using low loads, thus eliminating problems associated with nonlinear behavior and creep. The half-fringe-photoelasticity system is briefly described, and its capabilities are outlined. Results for an orthotropic half-plane loaded by a concentrated load and for a disk under diametral compression are also presented.
Nitrotyrosine internal standard for amino acid analysis.

Abstract 3-Nitrotyrosine is shown to be suitable as an internal standard for amino acid analysis. It is stable to acid hydrolysis, gives a color yield of 1.01 with ninhydrin which obeys Beer's Law, elutes in a position which is resolved from other amino acids on both Spinco and Durrum amino acid analyzers, and is commercially available. A method is also described for the preparation of a stable, pure, standardized stock solution of 3-nitrotyrosine.
IgBLAST: an immunoglobulin variable domain sequence analysis tool

The variable domain of an immunoglobulin (IG) sequence is encoded by multiple genes, including the variable (V) gene, the diversity (D) gene and the joining (J) gene. Analysis of IG sequences typically requires identification of each gene, as well as a comparison of sequence variations in the context of defined regions. General purpose tools, such as the BLAST program, have only limited use for such tasks, as the rearranged nature of an IG sequence and the variable length of each gene requires multiple rounds of BLAST searches for a single IG sequence. Additionally, manual assembly of different genes is difficult and error-prone. To address these issues and to facilitate other common tasks in analysing IG sequences, we have developed the sequence analysis tool IgBLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/). With this tool, users can view the matches to the germline V, D and J genes, details at rearrangement junctions, the delineation of IG V domain framework regions and complementarity determining regions. IgBLAST has the capability to analyse nucleotide and protein sequences and can process sequences in batches. Furthermore, IgBLAST allows searches against the germline gene databases and other sequence databases simultaneously to minimize the chance of missing possibly the best matching germline V gene.
Helium Separation Using Porous Graphene Membranes

Graphene has been demonstrated to be impermeable to gases but can be made selectively permeable by introduction of pores. The permeability of a recently synthesized porous graphene structure to He, Ne, and CH4 is studied using MP2/cc-pVTZ potential energy surfaces. The role of quantum and classical transmission effects as a function of temperature are investigated. At room temperature, there is a 20 and 16% increase in transmission due to quantum tunneling for 3He and 4He, respectively, over the purely classical result. The large differences in classical barrier heights for transmission through this membrane (0.523, 1.245, and 4.832 eV for He, Ne, and CH4, respectively) allow for highly selective separation. This is proposed as an economical means of separating He from the other noble gases and alkanes present in natural gas.
A large-strain finite element formulation for biological tissues with application to mitral valve leaflet tissue mechanics

This paper presents a finite element formulation suitable for large-strain modeling of biological tissues and uses this formulation to implement an accurate finite element model for mitral valve leaflet tissue. First, an experimentally derived strain energy function is obtained from literature. This function is implemented in finite elements using the mixed pressure-displacement formulation. A modification is made to aid in maintaining positive definiteness of the stiffness matrix at low strains. The numerical implementation is shown to be accurate in representing the analytical model of material behavior. The mixed formulation is useful for modeling of soft biological tissues in general, and the model presented here is applicable to finite element simulation of mitral valve mechanics.
Comparison of 2′,3′‐Cyclic Nucleotide 3′‐Phosphodiesterase and the Major Component of Wolfgram Protein W1

: Wolfgram protein preparations from myelin are heterogeneous mixtures having major components with molecular weights in the 43,000 to 60,000 range. Through the use of an SDS-slab gel electrophoretic system of high resolving power, the Wolfgram 1 (W1) component described by Nussbaum et al. (1977) has been resolved into two components; bovine Wla and Wlb proteins are found to have mobilities identical to those of the two 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (2′,3′-CN 3′-ase) components, CNa and CNb (Drummond, 1979). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with bovine 2′,3′-CN 3′-ase demonstrates that CNa and CNb are antigenically indistinguishable. Rat and bovine Wolfgram proteins Wla and Wlb, but not the W2 proteins, display cross reactivity with antiserum directed against bovine 2′,3′-CN 3′-ase. Chymotryptic and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease peptide profiles indicate structural similarities between proteins CNa -Wla and CNb-Wlb. It is concluded that an inactivated form of 2′,3′-CN 3′-ase is a major component of Wolfgram protein W1. These results are consistent with the studies on the histochemical localization of rat W1 protein by Roussel et al. (1977, 1978).
Cost-effectiveness analysis of flexible optical scopes for tracheal intubation: a descriptive comparative study of reusable and single-use scopes.

Abstract Study Objective To calculate the costs per intubation of reusable fiberoptic scopes versus single-use intubation scopes. Design Open-label retrospective study. Setting University-affiliated hospital. Measurements The one-year intubation records of intubations performed with reusable intubation scopes, the one-year maintenance costs of these scopes, and their three-year repair cost records were analyzed. A total of 166 intubations were performed with reusable fiberoptic scopes in 2009. Calculations to assess the costs per intubation based on the documented records at our institution were made. The total cost of an intubation, the repair-to-intubation ratio, and the repair cost per intubation were determined. Main Results The total cost of an intubation at our institution in 2009, using reusable scopes, was $119.75 [US dollars (USD)], which included $20.15 (purchasing), $53.48 (repair), $33.16 (maintenance), and $12.96 (labor). The repair-to-intubation ratio was 1:55. Repair costs were $53.48 per intubation and $2,959.44 per instance of repair. Conclusions The Ambu aScope, a single-use intubation scope, is a new addition to video laryngoscopy. The price should range within 10% of our intubation cost ($120.00 to $132.00 per single-use intubation scope).
The effects of geometrical factors on microdosimetric probability distributions of energy deposition

Abstract It is shown that energy deposited by external radiation in a simulated critical site, analogous to that of an integrated circuit, can be significantly altered by changing its shape as well as the magnitude of the volume, area or thickness. By a judicious choice of the shape of a sensitive site, the relative numbers of critical events can be reduced significantly without an increase in the volume of the device. Probability distributions for energy deposition (microdosimetric spectra) in a unit-density plastic volume have been calculated for exposures to monoenergetic neutrons with energies of 1 and 14 MeV to illustrate the dependency on shape as well as volume of both the distributions of events and the mean energies deposited.
Handwritten numerical recognition based on multiple algorithms

Abstract In this paper, the authors combine two algorithms for application to the recognition of unconstrained isolated handwritten numerals. The first algorithm employs a modified quadratic discriminant function utilizing direction sensitive spatial features of the numeral image. The second algorithm utilizes features derived from the profile of the character in a structural configuration to recognize the numerals. While both algorithms yield very low error rates, the authors combine the two algorithms in different ways to study the best polling strategy and realize very low error rates (0.2% or less) and rejection rates below 4%.
What can we do with a linear optical logic gate

In an earlier paper [H.J. Caulfield, J. Westphal, The logic of optics and the optics of logic, Information Sciences 162 (2004) 21-33], we considered a simple interferometer (initially conceived as Mach-Zehnder) with two uniform intensity mutually coherent inputs. By encoding those inputs with phases 0 and @p representing Boolean 0 and 1 and identifying the detected values of the outputs as logical Boolean values, we found that the outputs could be identified as the Boolean operations XOR and COINC (sometimes called XNOR). Here, we show that this seemingly simple interferometer can perform many additional functions if we use phases to interpret its outputs. But the XOR/COINC are the only non-trivial logic gate we can get no matter how we cascade Mach-Zehnder interferometers. We also generalize those operations upwards (to three or four arguments). We show that the three argument interferometer or four-argument interferometer cannot produce a Fredkin gate or its variation.
Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species

Stormwater ponds have become common features of modern development and often represent significant amounts of open space in urbanized areas. Although stormwater ponds may provide habitat for wildlife, factors responsible for producing variation in wildlife use of ponds have received limited attention. To investigate the role of variation in species tolerances of pollutants in structuring pond-breeding amphibian assemblages, we exposed species tolerant (Bufo americanus) and not tolerant (Rana sylvatica) of urbanization to pond sediments in laboratory microcosms. Pond microcosms had elevated sediment metal levels and chloride water concentrations. Among R. sylvatica embryos, exposure to pond sediments resulted in 100% mortality. In contrast, B. americanus embryos and larvae experienced only sublethal effects (i.e., reduced size at metamorphosis) due to pond sediment exposure. Our results suggest variation in pollutant tolerance among early developmental stages of amphibians may act in concert with terrestrial habitat availability to structure amphibian assemblages associated with stormwater ponds.
Multiple Comparisons among Means

Abstract Methods for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for all possible linear contrasts among several means of normally distributed variables have been given by Scheffe and Tukey. In this paper the possibility is considered of picking in advance a number (say m) of linear contrasts among k means, and then estimating these m linear contrasts by confidence intervals based on a Student t statistic, in such a way that the overall confidence level for the m intervals is greater than or equal to a preassigned value. It is found that for some values of k, and for m not too large, intervals obtained in this way are shorter than those using the F distribution or the Studentized range. When this is so, the experimenter may be willing to select the linear combinations in advance which he wishes to estimate in order to have m shorter intervals instead of an infinite number of longer intervals.
Long-Life Fatigue Test Results for Two Nickel-Base Structural Alloys

The results are reported of fatigue tests on two nickel--base alloys, hot-cold-worked and stress-relieved nickel--chrome--iron Alloy 600 and mill-annealed nickel--chrome--moly--iron Alloy 625 in which S-N data were obtained in the life range of 10/sup 6/ to 10/sup 10/ cycles. The tests were conducted in air at 600/sup 0/F, in the reversed membrane loading mode, at a frequency of approx. 1850 Hz. An electromagnetic, closed loop servo-controlled machine was built to perform the tests. A description of the machine is given.
Conpseudosimilarity and consemisimilarity over a division ring

Abstract It is shown that for n × n matrices over a division ring which is finite dimensional over its center, the notions of consimilarity, conpseudosimilarity and consemisimilarity are all equivalent, provided the conjugation is strong.
A short short form of the WISC and WAIS for screening purposes.

The primary consideration in deciding whether to use a short form in place of the Full Scale WISC or WAIS is the specific purpose to which the results will be put. For a comprehensive assessment of intellectual functioning, no one would seriously advocate the use of a short form, but to obtain an IQ for screening purposes, there are combinations of three or even two subtesrs that may suffice, as Wechsler (1958) himself has observed. The purpose of the present note is to consider one such short form, Vocabulary and Block Des~gn (V-BD). This particular combination was selected for several reasons, notably the high correlations of these two subtesrs with the Full Scale over a wide age range and their consistenrly high reliabilities. The correlation between the sum of scaled scores on V-BD and the Full Scale score was determined for three age groups in both the WISC and WAIS standardization samples, and four age groups from the WAIS standardization for older persons. All the necessary data were available from the published tables of subtest intercorrelations (Wechsler, 1949; Wechsler, 1955; Doppelt & Wallace, 1955). The regressions were tested and found homogeneous for both tests, and so the pooled
How do people update? The effects of local weather fluctuations on beliefs about global warming

Global warming has become a controversial public policy issue in spite of broad scientific consensus that it is real and that human activity is a contributing factor. It is likely that public consensus is also needed to support policies that might counteract it. It is therefore important to understand how people form and update their beliefs about climate change. Using unique survey data on beliefs about the occurrence of the effects of global warming, I estimate how local temperature fluctuations influence what individuals believe about these effects. I find that some features of the updating process are consistent with rational updating. I also test explicitly for the presence of several heuristics known to affect belief formation and find strong evidence for representativeness, some evidence for availability, and no evidence for spreading activation. I find that very short-run temperature fluctuations (1 day–2 weeks) have no effect on beliefs about the occurrence of global warming, but that longer-run fluctuations (1 month–1 year) are significant predictors of beliefs. Only respondents with a conservative political ideology are affected by temperature abnormalities.
A Surface Treatment for Ti-6AI-4V

Abstract A simple nonchromate surface treatment that was developed for aluminum alloys (STAB (3)) has been found to provide Ti-6A1-4V, bonded with epoxy adhesives, with good hydrothermal endurance. The simplest form of the treatment is to degrease, dip in caustic soda, hard [i. e., forceful) spray-rinse and dry. Although STAB (3) for aluminum was satisfactory with a room temperature dip in caustic soda, the solution temperature should be greater than 40°C for Ti-6A1-4V. A steel wool scrub prior to the NaOH dip enhances durability. Surface property measurements following the surface treatment indicate that a porous oxide layer is formed on top of a 300A barrier layer. The durability of this treatment is attributed to mechanical interlocking between the adhesive and the porous oxide (hydroxide) and to the chemical stability of the oxide (hydroxide) under hydrothermal stress.
Modeling of the unsteady force for shock-particle interaction

The interaction between a particle and a shock wave leads to unsteady forces that can be an order of magnitude larger than the quasi-steady force in the flow field behind the shock wave. Simple models for the unsteady force have so far not been proposed because of the complicated flow field during the interaction. Here, a simple model is presented based on the work of Parmar et al. (Phil Trans R Soc A 366:2161–2175, 2008). Comparisons with experimental and computational data for both stationary spheres and spheres set in motion by shock waves show good agreement in terms of the magnitude of the peak and the duration of the unsteady force.
Phytosterols and vascular disease

Phytosterols or plant sterols have long been known to lower serum cholesterol concentrations by competing with dietary and biliary cholesterol for intestinal absorption. Food products containing phytosterols and phytostanols are now available to assist in lowering blood cholesterol levels. In contrast to these possibly beneficial effects of plant sterols, a rare genetic condition called sitosterolemia, an autosomal recessive disorder also known as phytosterolemia, is characterized by over absorption of phytosterols and premature coronary artery and aortic valve disease. Phytosterols have also recently been identified in atheromatous plaque obtained from individuals with apparently normal absorption of plant sterols raising the possibility that phytosterols are a novel atherosclerotic risk factor. This article reviews phytosterols and their relationship to vascular disease.
On the use of Gaussian shell type basis orbitals for single-center expansions. I. Evaluation of integrals

Formulas are derived for all Hamiltonian integrals required for molecular computations using a novel basis for single-center expansions. The basis orbitals depend exponentially upon α(r − ρ)2 where r and ρ are the distance from center to electron and to a variationally scaled spherical shell, respectively. Comparisons are made between these so-called Gaussian shell orbitals (GSO) and the conventional GTO and STO bases for single-center calculations. A preliminary comparison on H using a single GSO, a non-integer STO, and a GTO gives the optimized energies: −0.51089 a.u., −0.50504 a.u., and −0.50422 a.u., respectively.
Polymer systems in geothermal applications

The feasibility of using a copolymer composed of styrene, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide or methacrylamide in the formation of a high-strength thermally and chemically stable polymer concrete for use in geothermal environments has been demonstrated. Specimens produced with the copolymer in conjunction with an aggregate containing sand and portland cement had compressive strengths in the range of 25,000 to 30,000 psi at 20°C and were thermally stable up to ∼240°C. A study of the effect of monomer concentration on the properties of the polymer concrete indicated that the optimum concentration is in the range of 12 to 13 wt. %. Increased monomer concentrations lead to a nonuniform polymer distribution within the composite, resulting in a deterioration of the properties. The optimum properties are obtained when the monomer is used in conjunction with an aggregate containing 70 to 80 wt. % silica sand and 20 to 30 wt. % portland cement. The results from laboratory and field evaluations in progress indicate that the materials can be used for pipe or as protective liners on pipe and vessels in electric generating and direct utilization geothermal processes.
Single domain antibodies as blood–brain barrier delivery vectors

Abstract Antibodies against various receptors that undergo transcytosis across brain capillary endothelium including transferrin, insulin growth factor and low-density lipoprotein receptors have been used as vectors to deliver drugs or therapeutic peptides into the brain. In this study, recently discovered llama single domain antibody FC5 that transmigrates across cerebral endothelial cells (CEC) in vitro and blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vivo was engineered to provide ‘linker’ groups for conjugation with large molecules. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-tagged IgG was chemically attached to FC5 through an engineered free cysteine (cysFC5) and HRP-IgG-cysFC5 construct was shown to transmigrate across in vitro BBB model. Transmigration of FC5 across CEC was enhanced by pentamerizing FC5. Pentameric FC5 also demonstrated increased binding to microdissected human, mouse and rat brain vessels.
High-energy femtosecond fiber lasers

This article will review several new modes of pulse formation and propagation in fiber lasers. These modes exist with large normal cavity dispersion. Self-similar evolution can stabilize high-energy pulses in fiber lasers, and this leads to order-of-magnitude increases in performance: fiber lasers that generate 10-nJ pulses of 100-fs duration are now possible. Pulse-shaping based on spectral filtering of a phase-modulated pulse yields similar performance, from lasers that have no intracavity dispersion control. These new modes feature highly-chirped pulses in the laser cavity. Instruments based on these new pulse-shaping mechanisms offer performance that is comparable to that of solid-state lasers but with the major practical advantages of fiber.
On the aesthetics of inversion and osculation

The goal of this article is to present an informal introduction and tutorial on certain graphical aspects of inversion and osculation for the non-mathematician and to present artistic renditions using these methods.
The Measurement of Translation Ability

prose, for example, general technical and le- gal texts as well as highly colloquial writing. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 06:01:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 466 The Modern Language Journal 76 (1992)
A satellite mobility model for Qualnet network simulations

Because of the near ubiquitous communication available to network nodes beneath a satellites footprint, satellite network technology has enjoyed a recent and substantial increase in interest from academia, government, and commercial sectors. However, the benefit resulting from being beneath the satellite footprint comes at the cost of a substantial propogation delay, as well as other challenging network characteristics. To study networking over satellites, researchers need a network simulation tool that is capable of modeling existing and proposed satellite networks. This paper addresses the network modeling problem by adding an open source satellite mobility model (SatMob) suitable for Low/Medium Earth Orbit (LEO/MEO) satellites to Qualnet network simulation tool. We perform a basic set of experiments commonly found in network research by using an existing mobility model and SatMob. Our results indicate that our model yields an appreciable improvement over an existing Qualnet approach.
On the Performance of Multi-robot Target Tracking

In this paper, we study the accuracy of cooperative localization and target tracking (CLATT) in a team of mobile robots, and derive analytical upper bounds for the position uncertainty. The obtained bounds provide a description of the asymptotic positioning performance of the robots and the targets as a function of the sensor characteristics and the structure of the graph of relative position measurements. By employing an extended Kalman filter (EKF) formulation for data fusion, two key asymptotic results are derived. The first provides the guaranteed worst-case positioning accuracy, whereas the second determines an upper bound on the expected covariance of the estimates. We investigate the effects of jointly estimating the targets' and the robots' position, and demonstrate that it results in better accuracy for the robots' position estimates. The theoretical results are confirmed both in simulation and experimentally.
Thrombomodulin and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in Endocardium of Rapidly Paced Rat Atria

Background— Atrial fibrillation (AF) is well known as one of the cardiogenic causes for thromboembolism. Although decreased flow and hypercoagulable state of the blood in the fibrillating atrium have been emphasized as the underlying mechanisms, endocardial dysfunction in maintaining the local coagulation balance could also contribute to the thrombogenesis in AF. Methods and Results— The paroxysmal AF model was created by rapid atrial pacing in anesthetized rats. To test the hypothesis that AF induces local coagulation imbalance by disturbing the atrial endocardial function, the gene expression of intrinsic anticoagulant factors, thrombomodulin (TM) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), were determined by means of ribonuclease protection assay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Rapid atrial pacing for 8 hours significantly decreased TM and TFPI mRNA levels in the left atrium but not in the ventricle, leading to the downregulation of their immunoreactive proteins. Immunohistochemical analys...
Normal length of the human fetal gastrointestinal tract.

Little information is available on the normal length of the gastrointestinal tract in fetuses or on factors that may affect its growth. To determine normal growth patterns of the fetal intestine, 58 fetuses received in the Central Laboratory for Human Embryology between January 1, 1987, and July 1, 1988, in which no abnormalities were noted on autopsy, were studied. The gastrointestinal tract was removed from the fetus en bloc from the esophagogastric junction to the pelvic floor and dissected. Measurements of stomach, small and large intestines, and appendix length were made and correlated with gestational age as determined by footlength. Overall growth of the gastrointestinal tract as well as that of each component was linear with respect to gestational age. In addition, five fetuses with omphalocele, 16 with cardiac malformations, and 20 with chromosomal abnormalities were studied. The total lengths of the gastrointestinal tracts in the first group were below the normal range in four of five fetuses. T...
Ziprasidone: The Fifth Atypical Antipsychotic

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of ziprasidone as a treatment for schizophrenia.DATA SOURCES:Information was selected from a MEDLINE search (July 2000–October 2001) of English-language medical literature using ziprasidone as the search term. Manual searches of pertinent journal article references, request for medical information from Pfizer, and access of the Web site of the Food and Drug Administration were also performed.STUDY SELECTION:All available published information regarding the pertinent characteristics of ziprasidone were considered for selection.DATA EXTRACTION:Pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies were selected to provide a comprehensive description of these characteristics. Clinical investigations were evaluated for design, sample size, diagnosis, duration, and outcome. Data from all investigations were selected by 1 author and reviewed by both authors.DATA SYNTHESIS:Ziprasidone is a benzisothiazolyl piperazine—type atypical a...
Vorticity generation by short‐crested wave breaking

[1] Eddies and vortices associated with breaking waves rapidly disperse pollution, nutrients, and terrestrial material along the coast. Although theory and numerical models suggest that vorticity is generated near the ends of a breaking wave crest, this hypothesis has not been tested in the field. Here we report the first observations of wave-generated vertical vorticity (e.g., horizontal eddies), and find that individual short-crested breaking waves generate significant vorticity [O(0.01 s−1)] in the surfzone. Left- and right-handed wave ends generate vorticity of opposite sign, consistent with theory. In contrast to theory, the observed vorticity also increases inside the breaking crest, possibly owing to onshore advection of vorticity generated at previous stages of breaking or from the shape of the breaking region. Short-crested breaking transferred energy from incident waves to lower frequency rotational motions that are a primary mechanism for dispersion near the shoreline.
Art, Ecology and Art Education: Locating Art Education in a Critical Place-based Pedagogy

In contemporary life and education, the local is marginalized in favor of large-scale economies of consumption that are indifferent to ecological concerns. The consequences of neglecting local human and natural communities include a degraded habitat, loss of wilderness, alienation, rootlessness, and lack of connection to communities. Critical place-based pedagogy provides a robust framework for the theory and practice of art education that is concerned with ecological issues. This article locates art education within a critical pedagogy of place as a prelude to describing contemporary art and art education that is engaged with ecological issues.
Determination of Enantiomeric Compositions of Analytes Using Novel Fluorescent Chiral Molecular Micelles and Steady State Fluorescence Measurements

Novel fluorescent chiral molecular micelles (FCMMs) were synthesized, characterized, and employed as chiral selectors for enantiomeric recognition of non-fluorescent chiral molecules using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the fluorescence technique allowed for investigation of low concentrations of chiral selector (3.0 × 10−5 M) and analyte (5.0 × 10−6 M) to be used in these studies. The chiral interactions of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine in the presence of FCMMs poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-tryptophanate) [poly-l-SUW], poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-tyrosinate) [poly-l-SUY], and poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-phenylalininate) [poly-SUF] were based on diastereomeric complex formation. Poly-l-SUW had a significant fluorescence emission spectral difference as compared to poly-l-SUY and poly-l-SUF for the enantiomeric recognition of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine. Studies with the hydrophobic molecule α-pinene suggested that poly-l-SUY and poly-l-SUF had better chiral discrimination ability for hydrophobic analytes as compared to hydrophilic analytes. Partial-least-squares regression modeling (PLS-1) was used to correlate changes in the fluorescence emission spectra of poly-l-SUW due to varying enantiomeric compositions of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine for a set of calibration samples. Validation of the calibration regression models was determined by use of a set of independently prepared samples of the same concentration of chiral selector and analyte with varying enantiomeric composition. Prediction ability was evaluated by use of the root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE) and was found to range from 2.04 to 4.06%.
Absolute control of chirality unnecessary for wide-narrow-wide graphene field effect transistor

In contrast with carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) suffer from edge roughness that dilutes its chirality dependence, creating a single inverse power law curve relating energy-bandgap and width. Thus all narrow nanoribbons (>10nm) are semiconducting while all wide nanoribbons are metallic. Our model which combines well-benchmarked semi-empirical Extended Huckel Theory (EHT)-based electronic structure with an atomistic theory for quantum transport to illustrate this dilution of chirality dependence not-predicted by simplified tight-binding theory with ideal GNRs, but observed in experiments (Fig.1) [1, 2].
Radiogenic isotopes: systematics and applications to earth surface processes and chemical stratigraphy

Radiogenic isotopes have wide application to chemical stratigraphy, geochronology, provenance studies, and studies of temporal changes in Earth surface processes. This paper briefly reviews the principles of radiogenic isotope geochemistry and the distribution of a number of elements of interest in the environment, and then uses this information to explore the range of applications to chemical stratigraphy and other fundamental subjects of sedimentary geology. Many of these applications center on the reconstruction of secular variations in paleoseawater isotope signals. These ‘‘seawater isotope curves’’ can be used for stratigraphic correlation and to assess changes through Earth history in processes such as tectonic uplift, climate change, biogeochemical cycling, ocean circulation, crustal growth, and surface water evolution. Understanding the modern biogeochemical cycle of the element/isotope system of interest is essential for gaining the maximum information regarding the operation of ancient cycles. The main sources of uncertainty for reconstructing seawater isotope curves involve diagenetic alteration, sample impurities, and errors in age assignments. Rigorous sample selection criteria and pretreatment methods are keys to reconstructing the most accurate seawater isotope curves. Applications are discussed for the Rb – Sr, Sm – Nd, La – Ce, Lu – Hf, Re – Os, U – Th – Pb, K – Ar, and cosmogenic isotope systems. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Extension of efficient, swept-integration-based conservative remapping method for meshes with changing connectivity

Remapping is one of the essential parts of most arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian methods. Here, we extend the idea of swept integration introduced in (J. Comput. Phys. 2003; 184(1):266-298) to meshes with connectivity changing in Voronoi-like manner. To demonstrate properties of the developed method, we present several numerical examples.
Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial

OBJECTIVE Blood pressure ranges associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in advanced type 2 diabetes are not clear. Our objective was to determine whether baseline and follow-up (On-Study) systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and SBP combined with DBP predict CVD events in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants in the VADT ( n = 1,791) with hypertension received stepped treatment to maintain blood pressure below the target of 130/80 mmHg in standard and intensive glycemic treatment groups. Blood pressure levels of all subjects at baseline and On-Study were analyzed to detect associations with CVD risk. The primary outcome was the time from randomization to the first occurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, surgery for vascular disease, inoperable coronary disease, amputation for ischemic gangrene, or CVD death. RESULTS Separated SBP ≥140 mmHg had significant risk at baseline (hazards ratio [HR] 1.508, P P = 0.002). DBP P P P = 0.03) and On-Study (HR 2.042, P = 0.003) and nearly all SBP with DBP CONCLUSIONS Increased risk of CVD events with SBP ≥140 mmHg emphasizes the urgency for treatment of systolic hypertension. Increased risk with DBP