cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Researching Community Information Needs

This chapter provides a brief overview of major theory-driven approaches contributing to the evaluation of community information needs and the extent to which those needs are met in a given context. The frameworks outlined here are grounded in: (1) communication ecology and multilevel approaches; (2) economics research, market, and audience analyses; (3) information inequality and digital exclusion; (4) mass communication and content analysis; and (5) computational social science and network analysis. While this list is by no means exhaustive, much of the relevant academic, industry, and policy research falls into one or more of those five categories.
Ablation Techniques in a Patient with a Right Accessory Pulmonary Vein. Is it Always Feasible

A 32-year-old woman with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation had two pulmomary vein isolation procedures over 1 year, by means of the circular multipolar duty-cycled radiofrequency PVAC in the first and the Thermocool ® SmartTouch TM catheter in the second procedure. Following both procedures, the patient remained highly symptomatic on a weekly to monthly basis and a third procedure by using the second generation of cryoballoon Arctic Front Advance TM . Right inferior pulmonary vein was completely reconnected and an extreme hockey stick configuration was necessary in order to achieve complete occlusion and isolation. Thirty months later the patient remains symptom free in the absence of any therapy.
The presence of symptoms of testosterone deficiency in the exercise-hypogonadal male condition and the role of nutrition

High volumes of aerobic exercise have been associated with reduced testosterone (T), known as the exercise-hypogonadal male condition (EHMC). Although the presence of low T has been identified, few studies have assessed the presence of androgen-deficient symptoms. The purpose of this investigation is to assess men exhibiting EHMC and evaluate their hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, the presence of hypogonadal symptoms, and also investigate a possible contribution of inadequate nutrition to the condition. A cross-sectional design compared 9 long-distance runners exhibiting EHMC to 8 non-active controls. Comparisons included serum T, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and cortisol, the Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) questionnaire score, bone mineral density (BMD), and a food frequency questionnaire. Mean T was significantly reduced in the EHMC group (EHMC 9.2 nmol L−1 vs. CONT 16.2 nmol L−1). The EHMC group demonstrated significantly higher AMS scores (EHMC 27.1 ± 7.3 vs. CONT 19.7 ± 2.5). There were no differences in bone density, although 3 cases of osteopenia were noted for EHMC in the lumbar spine, 1 in the right femur, and 1 in the radius. Energy availability was significantly reduced in EHMC (EHMC 27.2 ± 12.7 vs. CONT 45.4 ± 18.2 kcal d FFM−1). Men exhibiting EHMC do appear to present with symptoms associated with androgen deficiency. For the most part, these symptoms are limited to those reported on the AMS questionnaire, although there are also some cases of clinically low BMD. It is possible that inadequate energy intake is contributing to this condition.
The Unmet Medical Needs of Correctional Populations in the United States

The goal of this study was to document the health needs of members in the criminal justice system and the capacity of the system to meet those needs. Using data from the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices survey, we estimated the number of adults under correctional control who need medical care and the capacity of the correctional system to provide needed care. A mailed survey of 431 adult correctional agencies and administrators was used to define the capacity and techniques of the correctional system to meet the medical needs of the offender population. Most offenders in jail and prison received tuberculosis screening, physical health services, and mental health screening and treatment. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and provision of detoxification or methadone maintenance were universally absent, regardless of criminal justice setting. Community corrections settings were lacking in most health care areas. Prisons and jails are constitutionally mandated to provide health care; however, community corrections agencies are not federally required to provide health services. While community correction settings have the lowest provision of health care services, prisons and jails also demonstrate a deficiency in most services, but particularly for STD screening, substance abuse detoxification, and opioid maintenance therapies.
Wavelength-dependent optical properties of melanosomes in retinal pigmented epithelium and their changes with melanin bleaching: a numerical study

In this paper, we present the first numerical study on full metrics of wavelength-dependent optical properties of melanosomes in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. T-matrix method was used to simulate the spheroidal shapes of mature melanosomes, and the complex refractive index was calculated by a subtractive Kramers-Kronig relation for melanin. The validity of the method was first confirmed by Mie theory, and corroborated by a comparison between visible light and near infrared (NIR) optical coherence tomography (OCT) on human retinal imaging. We also studied the changes of melanosome optical properties due to melanin bleaching by numerically reducing the absorption of melanin. This study implies a unique approach to detect melanin changes specifically in RPE by a spectroscopic contrast of optical coherence tomography.
Factors associated with use of disease modifying agents for rheumatoid arthritis in the National Hospital and Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

Abstract Objective We examined the treatment patterns among adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and identified factors influencing access to traditional and biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Methods We analyzed visits recorded in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2005–2014 with a RA diagnosis. The primary outcome was DMARD use (traditional and/or biological). We included prescriptions of all RA-related treatments such as traditional and biological DMARDs, glucocorticoids, gold preparations, immunosuppressants, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Covariates in the logistic regression models included age, gender, race/ethnicity, type of healthcare coverage, provider type, geographic region, and number of comorbidities. Results Among 1405 visits with a RA diagnosis, 60.4% (n=807) were prescribed DMARDs and 23.8% (n=334) biological DMARDs. In fully adjusted models, females have 1.57 times higher odds of any DMARD use (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02–2.46). Also, Medicare beneficiaries as compared to privately insured have 2.31 times higher odds of receiving any DMARDs (95% CI: 1.40–3.82), while visits with specialist versus general physician are 2.38 times more associated with any DMARD use (95% CI: 1.37–4.14). For biological DMARDs, Medicare beneficiaries were at 2.58 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.42–4.70) than privately insured, while visits with specialist are at 3.37 times higher odds than general physician (95% CI: 1.40–8.23). Conclusion Visits with a specialist and Medicare beneficiaries were significantly associated with any/biological DMARD use. Additionally, contrary to prior evidence, race/ethnicity was not associated with any/biological DMARD use, which may indicate reduction in disparity of treatment access.
Identification, Coding, and Reimbursement of Pediatric Malnutrition at an Urban Academic Medical Center.

Background The American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition released a pediatric malnutrition consensus statement in 2014 recommending the use of z-scores as indicators for identification and documentation of malnutrition. A shift in focus is needed on standardizing pediatric malnutrition language at institutions nationwide to make study data comparable. With this standardized language, establishment of institutional baselines for identification, coding, and reimbursement of pediatric malnutrition is crucial to measure process improvements. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among pediatric patients at an urban academic medical center, the frequency of malnutrition codes used, and the reimbursement impact of coding for malnutrition. Methods Electronic medical records of pediatric patients admitted from January 2013 to December 2015 were reviewed. Malnutrition was identified based on registered dietitian identification and z-score. Patients given a malnutrition-related International Classification of Diseases code upon discharge were identified. A reimbursement calculation was performed: the malnutrition-related International Classification of Diseases code was removed to determine the difference in reimbursement with vs without the code. Results Of the 1,532 admissions included in this study, 464 (30%) were identified as malnourished. A total of 152 (33%) malnourished patients were given a malnutrition-related secondary diagnosis. The calculation revealed that coding for malnutrition resulted in an additional $27,665.70 to the medical center. Conclusion Malnutrition coding may have a significant financial impact and processes improvement efforts can be made to improve malnutrition coding.
Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Functional Knee Instability Following an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

PURPOSE: Functional knee instability, which is defined as repetitive episodes of the knee “giving way” during physical activity, has received great attention to identify mechanisms due to serious pathological complications. Growing evidence suggests that insufficient neural adaptation in the central nervous system (CNS) may result in permanent functional deficits in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The purpose of this review was to address neurophysiological mechanisms underlying functional joint instability following an anterior cruciate ligament rupture. METHODS: Previous studies conducted from PubMed with particular emphasis on mechanisms underlying joint instability and neuromuscular control deficits after an anterior cruciate ligament were reviewed. RESULTS: Inappropriate neuromuscular control, inconsistent correlations between joint laxity and functional outcomes, and altered neural activation in the brain during proprioceptive tasks may underscore the idea that persistent functional joint instability is an indication not only of the peripheral deafferentation input, but also neuromechanical decoupling between the injured ACL and CNS due to neuroplasticity. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent functional instability can develop following knee joint injury due to altered neural processing in the CNS. Therefore, it must be considered for improving patient outcomes, minimizing functional disability, and returning to one’s chosen physical activity in ACL patients.
Quasar Absorption Lines in the Far Ultraviolet: An Untapped Gold Mine for Galaxy Evolution Studies

This white paper emphasizes the potential of QSO absorption lines in the rest-frame far/extreme UV at rest-frame wavelengths from ~500 to 2000 A. In this wavelength range, species such as Ne VIII, Na IX, and Mg X can be detected, providing diagnostics of gas with temperatures >> 10^{6} K, as well as banks of adjacent ions such as O I, O II, O III, O IV, O V, and O VI (and similarly N I - N V; S II - S VI; Ne II - Ne VIII, etc.), which constrain physical conditions with unprecedented precision. A UV spectrograph with good sensitivity down to observed wavelengths of 1000 A can detect these new probes in absorption systems with redshift z(abs) > 0.3, and at these redshifts, the detailed relationships between the absorbers and nearby galaxies and large-scale environment can be studied from the ground. By observing QSOs at z = 1.0 - 1.5, HST has started to exploit extreme-UV QSO absorption lines, but HST can only reach a small number of these targets. A future, more sensitive UV spectrograph could open up this new discovery space.
A pedagogical regular-expression engine

Most major programming languages support regular expressions, but the features, performance, and matching behavior depend on the engine. Therefore we think it is pedagogically useful for students to see how a regular expression engine works, and for that purpose, the simpler the engine the better. We present a regular-expression engine written in 70 lines of Python 2.7, of which only 44 relate to matching. The engine is driven by the structure of the regular expression and tracks sets of all possible ending positions of a match. We believe it is much simpler than an implementation using backtracking or based on finite automata. The engine runs in polynomial time, always finds the longest possible match, and can be trivially modified to find the shortest possible match. Its expressive power is exactly that of the regular languages; it does not support nonregular features like backreferences. However, it does support general intersection and complement, powerful operators unavailable in most engines. There are a number of obvious extensions to the engine that would make excellent student projects.
Considering the Orange legacy: patterns of political participation in the Euromaidan Revolution

ABSTRACTThe proximity of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution (2004) andEuromaidan Revolution (2014) provides an opportunity to considerwhy some individuals remain active across protest cycles whileothers defect. Many social movement scholars explain differentialparticipation in terms of micro-structural, biographical, or cognitivefactors. Others rely on rational choice theories of collective actionbased on coordination. Testing competing explanations arecomplicated because the variables included in structural andagency-based models are often the same, although the underlyingcausal mechanisms are different. In this article, I argue that thekey to understanding the role of agency and structure in protestparticipation is to relax strong assumptions about the unified natureof society and consider the multiple paths to participation. Thisapproach suggests that both structural and agency-based causalmechanisms can influence political engagement depending onindividual experiences, identities, and perceptions of events.
Abstract WP352: Self-Releasing Safety Belt Leads to Falls Reduction on Acute Stroke Unit

Intro: In 2015, a 21-bed acute stroke unit within a Comprehensive Stroke Center at an academic medical facility experienced a stark increase in their falls rate. A monthly average of 4.58 falls per 1,000 patient days was recorded for 2015, which was an increase over the two previous years. Methods: Various options were discussed to address the high rate of falls based on the unit population and the types of falls. After discovering an increase in falls from the bedside chair it was decided to implement use of a self-releasing safety belt when the patients were out of bed to the chair. The belts incorporated an alarm tied into the call bell system that would be triggered when released. This allowed for an additional layer of alarm to elicit a staff response to the room prior to a patient falling. Nursing and therapy staffs were educated on the utilization of these self-releasing belts when assisting any patient from bed to chair. Every patient admitted with the diagnosis of stroke utilized these belts whil...
Do process simulations during episodic future thinking enhance the reduction of delay discounting for middle income participants and those living in poverty

Two studies examined whether episodic future thinking (EFT; pre-experiencing future events) reduces discounting of future rewards (DD). No studies have investigated whether process simulations (i.e., simulating the process of executing a future event) amplify EFT's reduction of DD. Study 1 examined the effect of incorporating process simulations into EFT (N = 42, Mage = 43.27; 91% female, family income = $75,976) using a 2 × 2 factorial design with type of episodic thinking (process, nonprocess/general) and temporal perspective (EFT, episodic recent thinking) as between-subjects factors. Study 2 replicated Study 1 in a sample of adults living in poverty (N = 36; Mage = 38.44, 88% female; family income = $25,625). The results of both studies showed EFT reduced DD, but process-oriented EFT did not amplify the effect of EFT. Our findings suggest the key ingredient in EFT's effect on DD is self-projection into the future. This was also the first study to show EFT improves DD in a sample living in poverty.
Functionalism, Fragmentation, and the Future of International (Trade) Law

This paper makes three related points. First, in order to achieve efficient levels and types of international cooperation, it will be necessary to overcome fragmentation, both in international legislation and in international adjudication. Second, WTO dispute settlement has avoided making cross-sectoral trade-offs that would effectively overcome fragmentation, in part because it generally avoids evaluation of regulatory rationales, and in part because its mandate does not allow application of international law beyond the covered agreements. Third, even if we overcame the fragmentation problem in legislation and adjudication, we would still need to move toward majority voting to reach an efficient level of international law-making.
Abstract B195: Chemical probes for exploring muropeptide-pattern recognition receptor interactions in cells

Peptidoglycan fragments from the bacterial cell wall activate innate immune signaling pathways and limits infections in animals. Indeed, recent studies from the Hang and Mucida laboratories have shown that E. faecium secreted peptidoglycan hydrolase (SagA) generates smaller peptidoglycan fragments, muropeptides, which can enhance host epithelial barrier integrity and enteric pathogen tolerance. However, the direct biochemical interactions of muropeptides with their proposed pattern recognition receptors have been challenging to characterize. Here, I report the chemical synthesis of photoaffinity probes for the analysis of muropeptide-pattern recognition receptor interactions in cells. These studies reveal direct biochemical interactions of muropeptide with pattern recognition receptors and other potential cofactors in mammalian cells. Further characterization of muropeptide-pattern recognition receptor and cofactor complexes will be important for elucidating fundamental mechanisms of innate immunity and inflammation-associated diseases and cancer. Citation Format: Yen-Chih Wang. Chemical probes for exploring muropeptide-pattern recognition receptor interactions in cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B195.
An institutional North Star: the role of values in presidential communication and decision-making

Mission statements have been a staple of higher education institutions for decades, but little is known of how they are used as a tool for institutional decision-making. Using three distinct data s...
Role and Efficacy of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is diagnosed in over 32,000 patients and associated with over 7000 deaths annually [1]. Despite advances in surgical, reconstructive and adjuvant therapy, 5-year overall survival remains at 60% [2]. Surgical resection of the primary tumor is the standard treatment for local control. Management of the neck traditionally was based on presence of clinical adenopathy (cN+) or clinically negative nodes (cN0). Neck dissection is and remains the standard first line regional therapy for cN+ disease in OCSCC [2]. Over the last 2 decades there has been a transition from the “Halstedian” approach to resection with de-escalation from radical neck dissection to modified radical neck dissection to selective neck dissection without a decrease of regional control and improved functional outcomes and quality of life [3].
Optimizing Clock Drawing Scoring Criteria: Development of the West Haven-Yale Clock Drawing Test.

Background/objectives The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a widely used measure, which has been included as a recommended cognitive screen for driving evaluations. This study aimed to develop an optimized scoring method-the West Haven-Yale CDT (WHY-CDT)-based on the scoring methods of Freund and Royall's CLOX, the latter of which is significantly associated with executive control functions. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Greater New Haven, Connecticut, area. Participants A total of 237 adults, aged 70 years and older, who had a current driver's license and drove at least once a month. Measurements Clock drawings were independently scored using both scoring systems, as well as a qualitative-based 5-point gestalt score. Interrater reliability was calculated using Light's κ for dichotomous variables and intraclass correlations for continuous variables. A categorical principal component analysis was conducted to determine which items from the Freund and Royall scoring systems should be retained in the modified system, with the Kuder-Richardson test used to assess internal consistency (reliability). Results The majority of the quantitative scoring items had moderate to almost perfect interrater reliability, with excellent interrater reliability for the qualitative gestalt score. The final scoring method retained seven items from the Freund and Royall versions, of which over 85% were from the latter. Internal consistency was fair to acceptable for the WHY-CDT's two dichotomously scored subscales, but poor for both the Freund and Royall scoring methods. Conclusions The WHY-CDT is a simple scoring method that combines elements of the Freund and Royall methods, as well as an overall gestalt score, and has strong interrater reliability. Future directions for use of this modified system are discussed. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2129-2133, 2019.
Evaluation of Estimation Approaches on the Quality and Robustness of Collision Warning Systems

Vehicle safety is one of the most challenging aspect of future-generation autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles. Collision warning systems (CCWs), as a proposed solution framework, can be relied as the main structure to address the issues in this area. In this framework, information plays a very important role. Each vehicle has access to its own information immediately. However, another vehicle information is available through a wireless communication. Data loss is very common issue for such communication approach. As a consequence, CCW would suffer from providing late or false detection awareness. Robust estimation of lost data is of this paper interest which its goal is to reconstruct or estimate lost network data from previous available or estimated data as close to actual values as possible under different rate of lost. In this paper, we will investigate and evaluate three different algorithms including constant velocity, constant acceleration and Kalman estimator for this purpose. We make a comparison between their performance which reveals the ability of them in term of accuracy and robustness for estimation and prediction based on previous samples which at the end affects the quality of CCW in awareness generation.
Tumor Cell-Derived IL1β Promotes Desmoplasia and Immune Suppression in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive malignancy typified by a highly stromal and weakly immunogenic tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor evolution and contributes to therapeutic resistance. Here, we demonstrate that PDA tumor cell-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is essential for the establishment of the pro-tumorigenic PDA microenvironment. Tumor cell-derived IL-1β promoted the activation and secretory phenotype of quiescent pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) and established an immunosuppressive milieu mediated by M2 macrophages, MDSCs, CD1dhiCD5+ regulatory B cells and Th17 cells. Loss of tumor cell-derived IL-1 signaling in tumor stroma enabled intra-tumoral infiltration and activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, attenuated growth of pancreatic neoplasia and conferred survival advantage to PDA bearing mice. Accordingly, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-1β significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of α-PD-1, and was accompanied by increased tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Tumor cell expression of IL-1β in vivo was driven by microbial-dependent activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and subsequent engagement of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, these findings identify a hitherto unappreciated role for tumor cell-derived IL-1β in orchestrating an immune modulatory program that supports pancreatic tumorigenesis.
Effects of motion on correlations of pulse-echo ultrasound signals: Applications in delay estimation and aperture coherence

The correlation between two pulse-echo ultrasound signals is used to achieve a wide range of ultrasound techniques, such as Doppler imaging and elastography. Prior theoretical descriptions of pulse-echo correlations were restricted to stationary scatterers. Here, a theory for the correlation of moving scatterers is presented. An expression is derived for the correlation of two pulse-echo signals with arbitrary transmit and receive apertures acquired from a medium undergoing bulk motion using the Fresnel approximation. The derivation is shown to coincide with prior derivations in the absence of scatterer motion. The theory was compared against simulations in applications of phase-shift estimation and aperture coherence measurements. The phase-shift estimate and jitter were accurately predicted under axial and transverse motion for focused transmit apertures and for sequential and interleaved synthetic transmit apertures. The theory also accurately predicted how motion affects the correlation coefficient between receive aperture elements for a synthetic transmit aperture. The presented theory provides a framework for analyzing the correlations of arbitrary pulse-echo configurations for applications in which scatterer motion is expected.
CofActor: A light- and stress-gated optogenetic clustering tool to study disease-associated cytoskeletal dynamics in living cells.

The hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, including neural fibrils, reactive oxygen species, and cofilin–actin rods, present numerous challenges in the development of in vivo diagnostic tools. Biomarkers such as β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils and Tau tangles in Alzheimer's disease are accessible only via invasive cerebrospinal fluid assays, and reactive oxygen species can be fleeting and challenging to monitor in vivo. Although remaining a challenge for in vivo detection, the protein–protein interactions underlying these disease-specific biomarkers present opportunities for the engineering of in vitro pathology-sensitive biosensors. These tools can be useful for investigating early stage events in neurodegenerative diseases in both cellular and animal models and may lead to clinically useful reagents. Here, we report a light- and cellular stress–gated protein switch based on cofilin–actin rod formation, occurring in stressed neurons in the Alzheimer's disease brain and following ischemia. By coupling the stress-sensitive cofilin–actin interaction with the light-responsive Cry2-CIB blue-light switch, referred to hereafter as the CofActor, we accomplished both light- and energetic/oxidative stress–gated control of this interaction. Site-directed mutagenesis of both cofilin and actin revealed residues critical for sustaining or abrogating the light- and stress-gated response. Of note, the switch response varied depending on whether cellular stress was generated via glycolytic inhibition or by both glycolytic inhibition and azide-induced ATP depletion. We also demonstrate light- and cellular stress–gated switch function in cultured hippocampal neurons. CofActor holds promise for the tracking of early stage events in neurodegeneration and for investigating actin's interactions with other proteins during cellular stress.
Watching and controlling energy transport in dense materials on nanometer scales

The ability of energy carriers to move within and between atoms and molecules underlies virtually all material function. Understanding and controlling energy flow requires observing it on ultrasmall and ultrafast spatiotemporal scales, where energetic and structural roadblocks dictate the fate of energy carriers. I will describe a new optical ultrafast microscope based on stroboscopic elastic scattering that allows direct visualization of energy carrier transport in 3D with few-nm spatial precision and picosecond temporal resolution. I will demonstrate the wide applicability of the method for watching all forms of energy carriers – free charges, excitons, phonons and ions – move in materials ranging from silicon to conjugated polymers via 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and metal halide perovskites. Beyond quantifying carrier mobilities, our approach directly correlates material resistivities to local morphology, shedding light on how disorder affects transport pathways in 3D.
Interactive sound propagation for dynamic scenes using 2D wave simulation

We present a technique to model wave-based sound propagation to complement visual animation in fully dynamic scenes. We employ 2D wave simulation that captures geometry-based diffraction effects such as obstruction, reverberation, and directivity of perceptually-salient initial sound at the source and listener. We show real-time performance on a single CPU core on modestly-sized scenes that are nevertheless topologically complex. Our key ideas are to exploit reciprocity and use a perceptual encoding and rendering framework. These allow the use of low-frequency finite-difference simulations on static scene snapshots. Our results show plausible audio variation that remains robust to motion and geometry changes. We suggest that wave solvers can be a practical approach to real-time dynamic acoustics. We share the complete C++ code of our "Planeverb" system.
Named-Data Transport: An End-to-End Approach for an Information-Centric IP Internet

Named-Data Transport (NDT) is introduced to provide efficient content delivery by name over the existing IP Internet. NDT consists of the integration of three end-to-end architectural components: The first connection-free reliable transport protocol, the Named-Data Transport Protocol (NDTP); minor extensions to the Domain Name System (DNS) to include records containing manifests describing content; and transparent caches that track pending requests for content. NDT uses receiver-driven requests (Interests) to request content and NDT proxies that provide transparent caching of content while enforcing privacy. The performance of NDT, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Named-Data Networking (NDN) is compared using off-the-shelf implementations in the ns-3 simulator. The results demonstrate that NDT outperforms TCP and is as efficient as NDN, but without making any changes to the existing Internet routing infrastructure.
Enthusiasm and anger in history

The article aims at contributing to the unification of history and psychology by studying the expressions of anger and enthusiasm in several historical contexts. These mainly include France and Ame...
Grey matter correlates of susceptibility to scams in community-dwelling older adults

Susceptibility to scams is a significant issue among older adults, even among those with intact cognition. Age-related changes in brain macrostructure may be associated with susceptibility to scams; however, this has yet to be explored. Based on previous work implicating frontal and temporal lobe functioning as important in decision making, we tested the hypothesis that susceptibility to scams is associated with smaller grey matter volume in frontal and temporal lobe regions in a large community-dwelling cohort of non-demented older adults. Participants (N = 327, mean age = 81.55, mean education = 15.30, 78.9 % female) completed a self-report measure used to assess susceptibility to scams and an MRI brain scan. Results indicated an inverse association between overall grey matter and susceptibility to scams in models adjusted for age, education, and sex; and in models further adjusted for cognitive function. No significant associations were observed for white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, or total brain volume. Models adjusted for age, education, and sex revealed seven clusters showing smaller grey matter in the right parahippocampal/hippocampal/fusiform, left middle temporal, left orbitofrontal, right ventromedial prefrontal, right middle temporal, right precuneus, and right dorsolateral prefrontal regions. In models further adjusted for cognitive function, results revealed three significant clusters showing smaller grey matter in the right parahippocampal/hippocampal/fusiform, right hippocampal, and right middle temporal regions. Lower grey matter concentration in specific brain regions may be associated with susceptibility to scams, even after adjusting for cognitive ability. Future research is needed to determine whether grey matter reductions in these regions may be a biomarker for susceptibility to scams in old age.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Adaptation and Survival in the Urogenital Tract

Uncomplicated gonorrhea is most commonly an acute urogenital infection involving the urethra in men and the endocervix in women of reproductive age. Upon entering the urogenital tract, Neisseria gonorrhoeae adheres to columnar epithelial cells, a step that presumably enables the gonococcus to withstand the flushing force of urine and the constant shedding of cervical mucus. Transcriptional regulation of genes in response to environmental stimuli in the mucus layer may coordinate adaptation of this pathogen to nutritionally different microenvironments and to physiological stress induced by nonspecific host defenses. The major pilin subunit, PilE, is encoded by one or two expression loci (pilE) on the chromosome. This chapter focuses on the survival mechanisms utilized by the gonococcus specifically in the context of the urogenital mucosa. The isolation of a gonococcal fur mutant by Thomas and Sparling facilitated the identification of numerous fur-dependent iron-induced (Fip) and iron-repressed (Frp) proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis; from this work one might predict the existence of gonococcal virulence genes that are regulated by iron but not involved in iron uptake. Insights from these studies have fostered theories regarding the functions of these molecules and the role of variable gene expression in gonococcal adaptation and transmission. The development of animal models for studying specific aspects of gonococcal infection in a female background should also be pursued, incorporating transgenic mice when possible to better mimic human infection.
The influence of seed dispersal mechanisms on the genetic structure of tropical tree populations

Seed dispersal mechanisms should have a direct impact on the genetic structure of populations. Species whose seeds are dispersed near the maternal plant (e.g. gravity or wind dispersal) or species whose seeds are deposited in clumps or patches should have more fine-scale genetic structure than species whose seeds are dispersed singly by mobile animals. Furthermore, due to the overlap of seed shadows, species with high adult densities should have less genetic structure than species with lower densities. Allozyme analyses of three tropical tree species belonging to the moist tropical forest of Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama, were used to describe variation in the scale and intensity of genetic structure within their populations. The genetic structure of seedlings and immature trees in the low-density, wind-dispersed species (Platypodium elegans) was the coarsest and strongest whereas genetic structure in a population of Swartzia simplex var. ochnacea (high density, bird-dispersed) was both the finest and the weakest. The genetic structure of Alseis blackiana, a high-density, wind-dispersed species was intermediate in both degree and scale. In P. elegans and A. blackiana, which had ‘J’ shaped size distributions, the significant genetic structure seen in the smaller and intermediate diameter classes disappeared in the largest diameter class. The loss of genetic structure was not observed in S. simplex, a species with a more even size distribution.
Tunnel junction integrated ultraviolet nanowire LEDs

Efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) and Deep UV LEDs are mainly hindered by poor dopant ionization in wide bandgap AlGaN. Polarization induced doping via composition grading has been used to increase the amount of ionized dopants [1, 2]. Composition gradient over the full composition range is limited by the small critical thickness of the epitaxial graded layer in planar thin films. However, nanowires can accommodate significantly large amount of strain due to large surface to volume ratio [3]. Taking this advantage, previously, polarization induced doping in whole composition range is demonstrated to fabricate UV and deep UV LEDs using catalyst-free nanowires grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy on silicon wafers [4, 5]. Due to majority N-face (0001) crystallographic direction of the nanowires polarization induced nanowire light emitting diodes (PINLEDs) needs to be grown on p-type silicon substrate which suffers from large turn-on voltage and poor hole injection at the p-Si/p-GaN interface due to large valence band discontinuity [6, 7]. In this work, we integrate an InGaN tunnel junction (TJ) at the base of the PINLEDs to lower the turn-on voltage and increase hole injection into the p-graded region of the PINLEDs.
Patch mosaic for fast motion deblurring

This paper proposes using a mosaic image patches composed of the most informative edges found in the original blurry image for the purpose of estimating a motion blur kernel with minimum computational cost. To select these patches we develop a new image analysis tool to efficiently locate informative patches we call the informative-edge map. The combination of patch mosaic and informative patch selection enables a new motion blur kernel estimation algorithm to recover blur kernels far more quickly and accurately than existing state-of-the-art methods. We also show that patch mosaic can form a framework for reducing the computation time of other motion deblurring algorithms with minimal modification. Experimental results with various test images show that our algorithm to be 5-100 times faster than previously published blind motion deblurring algorithms while achieving equal or better estimation accuracy.
Transmit-receive (T/R) isolation enhancement with an indented antenna array

This paper presents a T/R isolation enhancement technique that takes advantage of the different phase delay characteristics of the T/R paths in an indented antenna array. The purpose is to enhance the T/R isolation from what is offered by circulators as well as to overcome the antenna reflection power without limiting the choices of antenna polarizations and radiation patterns. The essential idea of indented array is to offset the antenna element away from the broadside of the array aperture so that the leakage signal and reflection from each individual antenna is cancelled when combined. An eight-element antenna array is designed and co-simulated with feeding network in ADS. The simulation results show 18dB average isolation improvement and 20dB return loss improvement of the eight-element antenna array.
Base Excision Repair

Publisher Summary The covalent structure of the nucleobases in DNA and RNA directly provides the information for all genetic transactions. Living systems expend considerable energy in an ongoing struggle against spontaneous genetic change. The most wide-ranging threat to genetic integrity is posed by the attack of environmental agents on DNA nucleobases, thereby resulting in their spontaneous covalent modification. Nucleobases are subject to the attack of oxidants, alkylating agents, ultraviolet (UV) light, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The solvent water that endows DNA can cause hydrolytic damage to DNA bases. The enzymes responsible for catalyzing the initiation of base excision repair (BER) are designated as DNA glycosylases because they catalyze the cleavage of the glycosidic bond linking a lesion nucleobase to the DNA backbone. DNA glycosylases fall into two mechanistic classes: monofunctional DNA and bifunctional DNA. A wide variety of damaged DNA bases result from the attack of various environmental agents. Roles of BER enzymes in other processes are discussed in the chapter.
Constraint-Based Termination Analysis for Cyclic Active Database Rules

There are many situations where cyclic rule activations-- where some set of active database rules may be activated repeatedly until the database satisfies some condition--arise naturally. However, most existing approaches to termination analysis of active rules, which typically rely on checking that the triggering graph for the rules is acyclic, cannot infer termination for such rules. We present a constraint-based approach to termination analysis that is able to handle such cyclic rule activations for a wide class of rules.
Isolation and Serological Characterization of a Cell Wall Antigen of Rothia dentocariosa

A soluble polysaccharide antigen from the cell wall of Rothia dentocariosa ATCC 17931 has been isolated, purified and characterized by serological and chemical procedures. The polysaccharide (RPS) was found to be located at the surface of cells grown under diverse environmental conditions, and could be easily detected on cells in pure culture or in clinical samples from humans and experimentally infected hamsters by fluorescent-antibody techniques. Fructose, glucose, galactose, and ribose were the major constituents of RPS. Although purified RPS was not immunogenic in rabbits, it was presumed to be a major antigen of the cell because it could specifically absorb approximately one-third of the antibody nitrogen in antisera prepared against whole cells of R. dentocariosa. Haptene inhibition studies indicated that fructose was the principal determinant of serological specificity in RPS. This polysaccharide was found to be serologically unique and did not cross-react with the polysaccharides and surface polymers of other oral actinomycetes and filamentous organisms.
Combination of adoptive cell transfer, anti-PD-L1 and anti-LAG-3 antibodies for the treatment of recurrent tumors: Better with more

Tumor recurrence may result from the exhaustion of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific T cells, which often occurs upon chronic antigen stimulation. We have recently shown that the blockade of the T-cell inhibitory receptors PD-L1 and LAG-3 restores TAA-specific CD4+ T-cell functions in mice bearing recurrent neoplasms, resulting in robust antineoplastic effects.
Effects of electronic structure on the hydration of PbNO3+ and SrNO3+ ion pairs

Hydration of PbNO3+ and SrNO3+ with up to 30 water molecules was investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and with theory. These ions are the same size, yet the IRPD spectra of these ion pairs for n = 2–8 are significantly different. Bands in the bonded O–H region (∼3000–3550 cm−1) indicate that the onset of a second hydration shell begins at n = 5 for PbNO3+ and n = 6 for SrNO3+. Spectra for [PbNO3]+(H2O)2–5 and [SrNO3]+(H2O)3–6 indicate that the structures of clusters with Pb(II) are hemidirected with a void in the coordinate sphere. A natural bond orbital analysis of [PbNO3]+(H2O)5 indicates that the anisotropic solvation of the ion is due to a region of asymmetric electron density on Pb(II) that can be explained by charge transfer from the nitrate and water ligands into unoccupied p-orbitals on Pb(II). There are differences in the IRPD spectra of PbNO3+ and SrNO3+ with up to 25 water molecules attached. IR intensity in the bonded O–H region is blue-shifted by ∼50 cm−1 in nanodrops containing SrNO3+ compared to those containing PbNO3+, indicative of a greater perturbation of the water H-bond network by strontium. The free O–H stretches of surface water molecules in nanodrops containing 10, 15, 20, and 25 water molecules are red-shifted by ∼3–8 cm−1 for PbNO3+ compared to those for SrNO3+, consistent with more charge transfer between water molecules and Pb(II). These results demonstrate that the different electronic structure of these ions significantly influences how they are solvated.
Deflection-Force Measurements and Observations on Kevlar 29® Parachute Fabrics1:

Deflection-force relations for plain weave Kevlar® fabrics have been determined under conditions of uniaxial loading. In these experiments, the loading is stopped at a given level and a portion of the fabric is encapsulated. The fabric is then unloaded, sectioned, and photographed. Measurements on the photographs reveal the changes in weave geometry and yarn cross section with loading. The initial geometrical data are used in a large deformation mechanical model, which couples yarn bending and stretching effects to predict theoretical displacement-force relations for the fabric. Experimental and theoretical deflection-force curves are in good agreement; they show that during initial loading the response is dominated by yarn bending, while for large loads the response is dominated by yarn stretching.
Impaired Gallbladder Emptying Before Gallstone Formation in the Prairie Dog

Several human and experimental observations suggest that gallbladder stasis is an important link between the hepatic secretion of cholesterol saturated bile and the formation of cholesterol gallstones. In the cholesterol-fed prairie dog model, gallbladder stasis occurs before gallstone formation. In this study we sought to determine the specific defects in extrahepatic biliary physiology responsible for gallbladder stasis in this model. Adult male prairie dogs were fed either a trace cholesterol or a 0.4% cholesterol-enriched diet. In acute terminal experiments; gallbladder contents were examined for cholesterol crystals and gallstones, and gallbladder function was determined at rest and in response to intravenous cholecystokinin-octapeptide. The following alterations in gallbladder function developed concurrently with biliary cholesterol crystallization, but before gallstone formation: (a) decreased gallbladder emptying, (b) increased intragallbladder pressure in response to cholecystokinin-octapeptide, (c) increased cystic duct closing pressure, and (d) increased resistance to outflow through the cystic duct.
Laying the foundations for computer science

This paper has three primary goals: Stimulate the discussion of possible skills which might be incorporated into the K-12 curriculum in order to provide students with a foundation for the study of computer science.Stimulate the discussion of strategies for incorporating into the K-12 curriculum the fundamental skills needed by students pursuing topics in the computer science discipline.Present a possible set of fundamental skills.