cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Products and mechanism of the reaction of OH radicals with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the presence of NO.

Alkanes are important constituents of gasoline fuel and vehicle exhaust, with branched alkanes comprising a significant fraction of the total alkanes observed in urban areas. Using a relative rate method, a rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with 2,3,4-trimethylpentane of (6.84+/-0.12) x 10(-12) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) at 298+/-2 K was measured, where the indicated error is two least-squares standard deviations and does not include the uncertainty in the rate constant for the n-octane reference compound. Products of the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with 2,3,4-trimethylpentane in the presence of NO at 298+/-2 K and atmospheric pressure of air have been investigated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), combined gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS), and in situ atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS). Products identified and quantified by GC-FID and GC-MS were (molar yields given in parentheses): acetaldehyde (47+/-6%), acetone (76+/-11%), 3-methyl-2-butanone (41+/-5%), 3-methyl-2-butyl nitrate (1.6+/-0.2%), and 2-propyl nitrate (6.2+/-0.8%). These compounds account for 69+/-6% of the reaction products, as carbon. Additional products observed by API-MS analyses using positive and negative ion modes were C5- and C8-hydroxynitrates and a C8-hydroxycarbonyl, which, together with the predicted formation of octyl nitrates, account for some or all of the remaining products. The product distribution is compared to those for the linear and branched C8-alkanes n-octane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
Surface plasmons on a large-amplitude doubly periodically corrugated surface

On the basis of the Rayleigh hypothesis we have derived the dispersion relation for surface plasmons propagating in an arbitrary direction along a doubly periodically corrugated metal surface, and have solved it numerically. The system considered consists of a vacuum in the region ${x}_{3}g\ensuremath{\zeta}({x}_{1}, {x}_{2})$. The surface-profile function $\ensuremath{\zeta}({x}_{1}, {x}_{2})$ is periodic in both ${x}_{1}$ and ${x}_{2}$. In our numerical calculations it was chosen to have the form $\ensuremath{\zeta}({x}_{1}, {x}_{2})={\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}(cos(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}{x}_{1}}{a})$+$cos(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}{x}_{2}}{a}))$, while $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ was assumed to be given by $1\ensuremath{-}(\frac{{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}})$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ is the bulk-plasma frequency of the metal. The frequencies of the surface plasmons in this system were calculated for wave vectors ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ along symmetry directions in the irreducible part of the two-dimensional first Brillouin zone defined by the periodicity of $\ensuremath{\zeta}({x}_{1}, {x}_{2})$. For each value of ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ there is an infinity of branches of the dispersion curve with frequencies above and below the dispersion curve for surface plasmons on a flat surface, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{sp}}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}})=\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}$. We have considered corrugation strengths $\frac{{\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}}{a}$ up to a value of 0.25, for which the largest frequency shift with respect to ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{sp}}$, at $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}=(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{a}, \frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{a})$, is over 45%.
Modeling Particle Deposition in Extrathoracic Airways

The extrathoracic (ET) airways filter, warm, and humidify the inspired air and provide olfactory function. These multiple functions are reflected in its complex anatomy and physiology. The ET airways form the first line of defense against inhaled pollutants, both gaseous as well as particulate. To accurately assess the risk posed by inhaled particulate matter to the lung, it is essential to understand the filtering efficiency of the ET airways. In this paper computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the airflow patterns and the thermodynamics of the ET airways. We detail the procedure to develop a computer reconstruction of the ET airways and the computer model to simulate the flow variable. Using this information we compute the particle trajectories, for both hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic aerosols, and use this data to evaluate the particle deposition pattern in the ET airways. The model predicts high relative humidity conditions in the ET airways. The model also shows that the high relative humi...
Cation Binding by Humic Substances.

EDWARD TIPPING. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 2002. Hardback, 434 pp., $95.00. ISBN 0-19-551550-1. An extensive research literature exists on humic substances (HS) and their role in the environment. Many books have been published on HS, but only few on the interaction of HS with
The future of Java™ game development

The purpose of this paper is to assess the Java™ programming language's suitability for future video game development. Although there are many factors that may be considered in this assessment, the focus of this study is on performance. The aim of the benchmark discussed in this paper is to compare the performance of Java's™ implementation of window based programs using Swing versus applications that take advantage of full-screen exclusive mode.
The benefits and risks of exercise training in patients with chronic coronary artery disease.

WILLIAM Heberden, in his Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases published in 1802, had "little or nothing to advance..." for the treatment of angina pectoris but did know of one patient "who set himself a task of sawing wood for half an hour every day and was nearly cured." 1 Heberden's observation that physical training can nearly cure angina in some patients has been confirmed in recent studies, 2-4 and physical training remains one of the most effective methods for improving the functional capacity and psychological well-being of selected patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This article summarizes the effect of CAD on exercise tolerance and the benefits and risks of exercise training in patients with CAD. ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO EXERCISE Healthy Subjects A brief review of the normal cardiovascular response to exercise is necessary to understand how CAD alters exercise performance. Functional capacity during dynamic exercise
Effect of Indomethacin on the Development of Proliferative Gill Disease

Abstract After parenteral treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to mature spores of an Aurantiactinomyxon sp. demonstrated to be the etiological agent of proliferative gill disease (PGD). Fish that received indomethacin at a dose of 2.0 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight within 0.5 h before exposure to the myxozoan and again at 24 h postexposure had significantly (P < 0.05) less severe gill lesions 7 d after exposure than fish that received the drug vehicle alone. Fish that received 0.5 mg indomethacin/kg had moderately severe lesions. All fish were confirmed to be infected with the organism associated with PGD by microscopic examination of gills 4 or 7 d postexposure. These results suggest that products of the cyclooxygenase pathway (e.g., prostaglandins) participate in the pathophysiologic host response to PGD.
Utility of Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) as Indicators of Habitat Disturbance in Minnesota

ABSTRACT Over 300,000 caddisfly specimens were collected from nearly 250 aquatic habitats throughout Minnesota in 1999–2001. Over 200 caddisfly species were tested with binomial regression analysis to determine if their presence indicated relatively disturbed or undisturbed habitats. Presence of three species, Cheumatopsyche campyla, Hydropsyche bidens, and Potamyia flava (Hydropsychidae), was correlated with habitat disturbance, particularly the disturbance of lakes and small streams. These three species may be useful in identifying ecosystem disturbance in Minnesota and in adjacent states and provinces. Presence of thirteen additional species was correlated with both undisturbed and high latitude habitats. These species may be valuable as indicators of undisturbed habitats, but their responses to latitude and habitat disturbance must first be separated from each other.
A Comparative Analysis of Transarterial Downstaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Chemoembolization Versus Radioembolization

Chemoembolization and other ablative therapies are routinely utilized in downstaging from United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) T3 to T2, thus potentially making patients transplant candidates under the UNOS model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) upgrade for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was undertaken to compare the downstaging efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus transarterial radioembolization. Eighty-six patients were treated with either TACE (n = 43) or transarterial radioembolization with Yttrium-90 microspheres (TARE-Y90; n = 43). Median tumor size was similar (TACE: 5.7 cm, TARE-Y90: 5.6 cm). Partial response rates favored TARE-Y90 versus TACE (61% vs. 37%). Downstaging to UNOS T2 was achieved in 31% of TACE and 58% of TARE-Y90 patients. Time to progression according to UNOS criteria was similar for both groups (18.2 months for TACE vs. 33.3 months for TARE-Y90, p = 0.098). Event-free survival was significantly greater for TARE-Y90 than TACE (17.7 vs. 7.1 months, p = 0.0017). Overall survival favored TARE-Y90 compared to TACE (censored 35.7/18.7 months; p = 0.18; uncensored 41.6/19.2 months; p = 0.008). In conclusion, TARE-Y90 appears to outperform TACE for downstaging HCC from UNOS T3 to T2.
Differential Infection of Polarized Epithelial Cell Lines by Sialic Acid-Dependent and Sialic Acid-Independent Rotavirus Strains

Infection of epithelial cells by some animal rotaviruses, but not human or most animal rotaviruses, requires the presence of N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid (SA) on the cell surface for efficient infectivity. To further understand how rotaviruses enter susceptible cells, six different polarized epithelial cell lines, grown on permeable filter membrane supports containing 0.4-microm pores, were infected apically or basolaterally with SA-independent or SA-dependent rotaviruses. SA-independent rotaviruses applied apically or basolaterally were capable of efficiently infecting both sides of the epithelium of all six polarized cell lines tested, while SA-dependent rotaviruses only infected efficiently through the apical surface of five of the polarized cell lines tested. Regardless of the route of virus entry, SA-dependent and SA-independent rotaviruses were released almost exclusively from the apical domain of the plasma membrane of polarized cells before monolayer disruption or cell lysis. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of cells decreased at the same time, irrespective of whether infection with SA-independent rotaviruses occurred apically or basolaterally. The TER of cells infected apically with SA-dependent rotaviruses decreased earlier than that of cells infected basolaterally. Rotavirus infection decreased TER before the appearance of cytopathic effect and cell death and resulted in an increase in the paracellular permeability to [(3)H]inulin as a function of loss of TER. The presence of SA residues on either the apical or basolateral side was determined using a Texas Red-conjugated lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which binds SA residues. WGA bound exclusively to SA residues on the apical surface of the cells, confirming the requirement for SA residues on the apical cell membrane for efficient infectivity of SA-dependent rotaviruses. These results indicate that the rotavirus SA-independent cellular receptor is present on both sides of the epithelium, but SA-dependent and SA-independent rotavirus strains infect polarized epithelial cells by different mechanisms, which may be relevant for pathogenesis and selection of vaccine strains. Finally, rotavirus-induced alterations of the epithelial barrier and paracellular permeability suggest that common mechanisms of pathogenesis may exist between viral and bacterial pathogens of the intestinal tract.
Generalized Cauchy formulas and numerical differentiation

In this paper, a general theory for numerical approximation formulas is developed which encompasses classical polynomial approximations as well as approximations involving transcendental functions. Assuming analyticity, it is shown that a large number of specific approximation formulas may be derived from the same basic complex contour integral, only one part of the integral needing adjustment to lead from one approximation formula to another. In particular, these formulas are developed for application to numerical differentiation and lead in a rather natural progression from Cauchy’s formula for derivatives to a series for the differentiation of bandlimited functions. In the following section, the basic integral form is introduced and applied to derive several specific functional approximation formulas. This integral also serves as a representation for truncation error, and a general representation of error for derivatives is presented in Section 3. At the end of that section, we list a special case of that representation as the generalized Cauchy formula. In Section 4, that formula is applied and related to each of the corresponding functional approximation formulas from Section 2. General convergence questions are treated in the final section, and a modified form of the derivative expansion from the cardinal series is listed in closing.
Technology and the undergraduate medical curriculum.

Instruction of medical students in the use of technologic procedures in clinical medicine has emerged in recent years on a more or less piecemeal basis. Individual technologies are introduced as the teaching hospital acquires the requisite equipment and personnel; as experience is gained by faculty and attending staff some sense emerges of the indications, contraindications, risks, accuracy, and usefulness of a procedure, which then is transmitted to housestaff and students. Instruction is likely to occur on a case-by-case basis, supplemented occasionally by conferences or formal presentations, generally oriented around major innovations, such as computerized transaxial tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. As relevant clinical literature appears, it is used to reiterate and expand the available information base of trainees, but to a considerably greater extent for housestaff than for students. Ultimately what emerges is a pattern of use, a gestalt, for each technology, reflecting the synthesis of the available information and clinical experience with the procedure in the particular institution. In view of the enormous number and variety of technologies available, the task of the student or house officer in acquiring even basic familiarity with those in common use is formidable. A coherent approach to instruction in the use of technologic procedures is required. Students need, and medical faculties must find, a way to provide intellectual systems for incorporating technologies into the clinical armamentarium in a manner that permits them to be maximally useful.
Electron microprobe characterization of phosphorus containing deposits on used automotive catalyst surfaces

Abstract Four catalyst samples from in-use vehicles with severely deteriorated performance were characterized using an electron probe microanalyzer to help explain the possible deactivation mechanism. Cross-sections of the samples were examined to reveal the morphology of glazes in washcoat surfaces. A major effort was made to ensure that the data collected had adequate accuracy and were truly representative of the samples in study. Over 600 data points were collected from dense glazes and contaminated γ-alumina particles in four samples. These data were plotted against the atomic percentage of Al+Ce, which can be used as a measure of the penetration of the contaminants into γ-alumina particles. These plots allow positive identification of the amin contaminants present in various locations in a washcoat. Coupled with the morphological information, it is then possible to point out the likely deactivation mechanism in these catalysts. The deactivation was probably due to either the formation of an impervious glaze on the washcoat surface, the sintering of γ-alumina particles by a glassy phase in the washcoat, or simply the poisoning from lead.
On the Tropospheric Measurements of Ozone by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II, version 6.1) in the Tropics

Tropospheric measurements of ozone from SAGE II (version 6.1) in the tropics have been analyzed using 12 years of data (1985-1990, 1994-1999). The seasonally averaged vertical profiles of the ozone mixing ratio in the upper troposphere have been presented for the first time from satellite measurements. These profiles show qualitative similarities with corresponding seasonal mean ozonesonde profiles at northern and southern tropical stations and are about 40-50% less than the sonde values. Despite this systematic offset, the measurements appear to be consistent with a zonal wave one pattern in the upper tropospheric column ozone and with the recently predicted summertime ozone enhancement over the Middle East. These results thus affirm the usefulness of the occultation method in studying tropospheric ozone.
Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid hormone economy in rats.

In selenium-deficient rats, peripheral T4 to T3 conversion is markedly decreased due to the loss of the selenoprotein, type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (5'D-I). Despite the marked increase in circulating T4 that results from this loss of 5'D-I, serum T3 concentrations in selenium-deficient rats remain in the normal range. To determine the physiological mechanism(s) that maintains circulating T3 when peripheral T4 to T3 conversion is impaired, we examined the interrelationships between selenium intake and the metabolism of T3 and T4 in the rat. In euthyroid rats, selenium deficiency caused the expected loss of 5'D-I, with a 52% increase in serum T4, which paralleled an increase in the T4 biological half-life. Consistent with the prolonged t1/2 of T4, short term thyroidectomy (48 h) in selenium-deficient rats failed to decrease serum T4 concentrations to the levels observed in short term thyroidectomized, selenium-supplemented rats. Short term thyroidectomy also caused an expected 33% decrease in liver 5'...
Training pathways for occupational medicine.

Objective: Consider the funding, organization, and applicant pool for occupational medicine residency training positions concerns in the United States. Methods: Postgraduate training models are compared for responsiveness to competence and workforce needs, including traditional residency, nontraditional residency, postdoctoral fellowship, extended courses, multiple certificate preparation, continuing medical education, “executive MPH,” and implicit education (learning from consultants in the course of practice). Results: Educational models differ in comprehensiveness, crossdisciplinary experience, socialization to core professional values, financial requirements, accessibility to physicians currently in practice, potential number of trainees, and short- and long-term impact on training outcomes. Conclusion: There are tradeoffs between the benefits of comprehensive program standards and the benefit of facilitated training access by reducing barriers or requirements. Recognizing and understanding assumptions about training in our discipline may inform future choices.
Advanced Distillation Curve Measurement with a Model Predictive Temperature Controller

In previous work, several significant improvements in the measurement of distillation curves for complex fluids were introduced. The modifications to the classical measurement provide for (1) temperature and volume measurement(s) of low uncertainty, and most important, (2) a composition-explicit data channel in addition to the usual temperature–volume relationship. This latter modification is achieved with a new sampling approach that allows precise qualitative as well as quantitative analyses of each fraction, on the fly. In the new approach, the distillation temperature is measured in two locations. The temperature is measured in the usual location, at the bottom of the take-off in the distillation head, but it is also measured directly in the fluid. We have further modified our developmental instrument to incorporate a model predictive temperature controller. In response to either an equation-of-state calculation or a previous distillation curve, the programmable temperature controller increases the fluid temperature to achieve a constant mass flow rate of vapor through the distillation head. This approach eliminates the aberrations that one typically encounters in the data due to fluctuations in distillation rate, often referred to as hesitation. Thus, we can collect data from two temperature channels: one a true state point measurement (measured directly in the fluid) and the other comparable to previous data (measured in the head).
Improved bounds for routing and sorting on multi-dimensional meshes

We show improved bounds for 1–1 routing and sorting on multi-dimensional meshes and tori. In particular, we give a fairly simple deterministic algorithm for sorting on the d-dimensional mesh of side length n that achieves a running time of 3dn/2+o(n) for the d-dimensional mesh and torus, respectively, that make one copy of each element. We also show lower bounds for sorting with respect to a large class of indexing schemes, under a model of the mesh where each processor can hold an arbitrary number of packets. Finally, we describe algorithms for permutation routing whose running times come very close to the diameter lower bound.
Matrix proteolytic activity during wound healing: modulation by acute ethanol exposure.

BACKGROUND Clinical studies demonstrate that intoxicated patients exhibit an increased incidence of wound healing complications. Previous studies in a murine excisional wound model revealed that acute ethanol exposure impairs the wound healing response, causing decreased angiogenesis and a significant reduction in wound collagen content. METHODS Using the same murine model of excisional wounding, we examined the effect of a single dose of ethanol on the overall collagen content and collagen type I and type III mRNA expression, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) production, and levels of several components of the extracellular matrix proteolytic cascade. RESULTS Wounds from ethanol-treated mice exhibited a significant decrease in collagen and in the production of collagen type I mRNA compared with saline controls. Exposure to ethanol also caused significant increase in wound TGF-beta by day 2 after injury (1.69 +/- 0.29 vs 12.34 +/- 3.97 pg/microg protein, p<0.01). In addition, wounds from mice exposed to ethanol had significantly increased levels of active urokinase plasminogen activator at day 7, (205.10 +/- 48.79 vs 642.70 +/- 159.80 pg/microg protein, p<0.001). The level of matrix metalloproteinase-8, a collagen type I proteinase, was 2.2-fold higher in wounds of ethanol-treated mice compared with control at day 7 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that a single dose of ethanol decreases collagen production, increases the production of TGF-beta and increases levels of matrix degrading enzymes. This alteration in protease balance may partially explain the impaired wound healing that follows acute alcohol intoxication.
The Hands of the Animator: Rotoscopic Projection, Condensation, and Repetition Automatism in the Fleischer Apparatus

This article is concerned with the affective relationship among bodies and film technologies in the process of building and using filmmaking instruments, taking as its object the early Rotoscope, a...
A Continuum Approximation Approach to Reliable Facility Location Design under Correlated Probabilistic Disruptions

This paper studies the reliable uncapacitated fixed charge location problem (RUFL) where facilities are subject to spatially correlated disruptions that occur with location-dependent probabilities (due to reasons such as natural or man-made disasters). If a facility fails, its customers are diverted to other facilities and incur excessive transportation cost. We develop a continuum approximation (CA) model to minimize the sum of initial facility construction costs and expected customer transportation costs under normal and failure scenarios. The paper presents ways to formulate the correlation among adjacent facility disruptions, and incorporates such correlations into the CA model. Numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate how the proposed model can be used to optimize facility location design, and how the correlations influence the total system cost.
Cross-sectional area of the carpal canal proximal and distal to the wrist flexion crease.

Purpose The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to locate the position of the distal wrist flexion crease with respect to the carpal bones, specifically the proximal pole of the capitate, and (2) to determine the cross-sectional area of the carpal canal proximal and distal to the wrist flexion crease to enable us to determine whether or not there is a focal area of narrowing that would provide an anatomic basis for the proximal extent of carpal tunnel release. Methods This study had 2 parts. The first part was a plain radiographic study of 21 uninjured wrists in 12 volunteers that defined the position of the distal wrist flexion crease with respect to the carpus. The second part was a magnetic resonance imaging study of 13 wrists in asymptomatic volunteers that measured the cross-sectional area of the carpal canal proximal and distal to the wrist flexion crease. Results In 19 of 21 wrists the distal wrist flexion crease was within 2 mm of the proximal pole of the capitate. We noted a gradual increase in the area of the carpal canal moving proximal from its narrowest point. There was no significant increase in area until approximately 23 mm proximal to the narrowest point. Conclusions We noted no focal area of narrowing in the cross-sectional area of the carpal canal either proximal or distal to the wrist flexion crease.
Electrophoretic Properties of Casein from Sterilized Milk Stored at Different Temperatures

Summary High-temperature short-time sterilization of milk did not hydrolyze the proteins but it denatured some serum proteins which were precipitated with the casein, and either moved at the same mobility at pH 8.7 as α-casein, or was associated with it and increased the area under the peak. A split in α-casein appeared in some cases during storage. Preheating, order of homogenization and storage temperatures, and time affected the relative areas of α- and β -casein from sterile milk. The amount of α-casein plus denatured serum proteins did not change greatly during storage for milk preheated at either 140 or 180° F., and homogenized either before or after sterilization. The mobilities varied for α-casein from milk preheated to 180° F., homogenized either before or after sterilization; but those for milk preheated to 140° F. and otherwise treated similarly were unchanged. The amount of β -casein from sterile milks varied with the preheating and storage temperatures and homogenization. The breakdown of β -casein to a new component, X, with a mobility near that of γ-casein, and more noncasein and nonprotein nitrogen in milk preheated to 140° F., was greatest at 100, intermediate at 70, and least at 40° F. storage. This breakdown occurred, also, in milk preheated to 180° F., but was insufficient to increase noncasein and nonprotein nitrogen. The breakdown of β -casein may be caused by a protease.
Effects of elevated temperature and [CO2] on photosynthesis, leaf respiration, and biomass accumulation of Pinus taeda seedlings at a cool and a warm site within the species’ current range

We examined the influence of elevated temperature (ambient +2 °C) and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) (700 µmol·mol–1), applied singly and in combination, on biomass accumulation and the temp...
UHV microscopy of surfaces

Results are reported using UHV electron microscopy to determine the role of background gases in influencing surface damage experiments and on the gold (001) surface prepared by ion-beam cleaning/thinning and annealing. In maximum valence oxides the end product is a higher-symmetry oxide or metal in UHV, but in a non-UHV environment secondary reactions take place. No evidence is found for electronic damage of non-maximal valence oxides, only sputtering and electron-stimulated reactions. For the gold (001) surface we have reproduced conventional surface-science preparations using ion-beam cleaning and annealing to produce the known reconstructed hexagonal monolayer on the surface.
TRUTH, REFLECTION, AND HIERARCHIES

A common objection to hierarchical approaches to truth is that they fragment the concept of truth. This paper defends hierarchical approaches in general against the objection of fragmentation. It argues that the fragmentation required is familiar and unprob-lematic, via a comparison with mathematical proof. Furthermore, it offers an explanation of the source and nature of the fragmentation of truth. Fragmentation arises because the concept exhibits a kind of failure of closure under reflection. This paper offers a more precise characterization of the reflection involved, first in the setting of formal theories of truth, and then in a more general setting.
A comparison of fixed point designs and time-varying observers for scheduling repetitive controllers

This paper presents two distinct methods of designing scheduled repetitive controllers for the case where the frequency of the disturbance is slowly varying and when it is rapidly varying. In both cases the plant is subjected to random and periodic disturbances. The first method uses set points to design a family of controllers and then interpolates between them online. The conditions for designing sub-optimal gains are given. The second method utilizes results from time-varying Riccati equations to design a time-varying observer. It is shown via simulation that the time-varying Riccati method is superior but at a greater computational cost.
Anticolonial Nationalism in French West Africa: What Made Guinea Unique?

In a 1958 constitutional referendum, Guinea was the only French territory to reject continued colonial subordination in favor of immediate independence. Why did Guinea alone reject the constitution that laid the foundations for France's Fifth Republic? What factors stimulated political parties in other territories to accept the prolongation of French tutelage, even as activists elsewhere on the continent were agitating for independence? Focusing on the eight territories of French West Africa, this article argues that the Guinean branch of the Rassemblement Democratique Africain, which led the campaign for the "no" vote, differed from other dominant parties in French West Africa in several important ways. These differences, along with the relative power of the colonial chieftaincy, contributed to Guinea's unique stance in the 1958 referendum.
EUIm: A message passing library for the IBM power visualization system

The author describes ongoing work to port a message passing library standardized for existing distributed memory machines to shared memory architectures, termed EUIm. This research has practical value since applications primarily intended for distributed memory, EUI based message passing systems can now port to shared memory architectures, such as the IBM Power Visualization System (PVS). This implementation is shown to be efficient for message passing applications even when an application's performance is largely a function of message passing latency. The semantics of the software library is such that ports can be done with little or no modifications to the user's existing application. Additionally, the ability to migrate applications from one parallel architecture to another will provide convenience as well as portability.
Ultrastructural Study of the Development of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer, 1965) (Protozoa, Microsporida) in Larvae of the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with Emphasis on Sporogony

The ultrastructure of the life cycle of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) was studied in Heliothis (Helicoverpa) zea larvae raised at temperatures ranging from 15° C to 30° C. In contrast to the description of the type species, both patterns of development (Nosema-like and Thelohania-like) that characterize the genus Vairimorpha were present at all temperatures examined. No temperature-related differences in the ultrastructure of Vairimorpha necatrix were observed; however, the effects of temperature variation were apparent in 1) the time between inoculation with V. necatrix and the initiation of the parasite life cycle and 2) the duration (or length) of the parasite life cycle. An additional form of the parasite, that of a diplokaryon in a sporophorous vesicle, was present during early sporogony. The nuclei of the diplokaryon separated followed by cytokinesis, forming two monokaryotic parasites, and eventually two plasmodia, within the sporophorous vesicle. This pattern of development is characteristic neither of Nosema nor Thelohania, nor has it been described for Vairimorpha.
Diversity multiplexing trade-off for opportunistic multiple access relay channel

This work studies the multiple access relay channel (MARC), specifically it explores the effect of multiuser diversity on the diversity multiplexing trade-off (DMT) performance of the MARC. A new opportunistic channel access communication scheme is proposed where the user selection depends only on the source-destination channels coefficients. This is proven to be DMT optimal. Both non-orthogonal and orthogonal relay transmission are studied under various cooperation protocols. This work does not assume CSI at the transmitters and assumes only 1-bit feedback from the destination to the sources.
Detection and Characterization of Some New Basic Proteins in Chicken Postsynaptic Densities

Chicken brain postsynaptic density (PSD) polypeptides, obtained by treating synaptosomes with 0.5% Triton X-100 and then further purified on a sucrose gradient, are demonstrated to contain four basic proteins of 76K (pI greater than 9.2), 58K (pI 8.1-8.8, heterogeneous), 40K (pI 9.0), and 24K (pI 8.9). Nonequilibrium pH gradient-sodium dodecyl sulfate two-dimensional gels further reveal six more basic proteins with pI values higher than 9.2: 76K, 52K, 47K, 45K, 36K, and 34K. These basic proteins are a major part of the total chicken PSD polypeptides appearing on the gels. Some of these basic proteins (58K, 52K, 47K, 36K, 24K, and two at 76K) are distinguishable from those of brain mitochondria, the major contaminant. The 40K and 34K proteins may be common mitochondrial polypeptides. The 45K protein is probably a mitochondrial contaminant. A number of proteins including 76K (synapsin I-like protein) and 58K, along with some other minor ones, can be phosphorylated by endogenous protein kinase(s) in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, and [gamma-32P]ATP. No PSD basic proteins bind Ca2+.
Dynamic vectorization in the E2 dynamic multicore architecture

Previous research has shown that Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) instruction set architectures (ISA) allow for power efficient performance scaling. In this paper we describe the preliminary design of a new dynamic multicore processor called E2 that utilizes an EDGE ISA to allow for the dynamic composition of physical cores into logical processors. We provide details of E2's support for dynamic reconfigurability and show how the EDGE ISA facilities outof- order vector execution.
The role of national boundaries in a cross‐national labour market

The author examines the role of national boundaries in a cross-national labor market with a focus on the emigration of workers from the West Indies to countries with more developed economies. The extent to which the advanced capitalist nations control migratory movements and the effects of this control on development in the countries of origin are studied (SUMMARY IN FRE GER SPA) (ANNOTATION)
The effect of multiple shocks on canine cardiac defibrillation.

FLAKER, G., ET AL.: The Effect of Multiple Shocks on Canine Cardiac Defibrillation. To determine if multiple shocks adversely affect the success of later shocks compared with early shocks, we analyzed the success rates of initial shocks (defibrillation attempts 1–5), first half shocks (defibrillation attempts 1–20) and second half shocks [defibrillation attempts 21–40) in a canine model. Epicardial patches were placed on the right and left ventricle in 28 dogs. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by a 60-Hz shock. After 30 seconds, defibrillation was attempted using 7, 12, 13, or 18 joules with either a uniphasic or biphasic rectangular waveform. The uniphasic waveform was 5 msec in duration; the biphasic waveform was 10 msec, with the lagging 5-msec pulse one-half the amplitude of the leading 5-msec pulse. For uniphasic shocks, the right ventricular patch was positive; for biphasic shocks, the right ventricular patch was positive during the leading 5 msec of the shock and negative during the lagging milliseconds. A total of 960 fibrillation episodes were evaluated; no dog was involved in more than 40 fibrillation episodes. The success rates of defibrillation attempts 1–5, defibrillation attempts 1–20, and defibrillation attempts 21–40 were similar at 12, 13, and 18 joules. This information supports the continued use of up to 40 fibrillation trials in canine cardiac defibrillation. However, at 7 joules defibrillation attempts 21–40 were more successful than defibrillation attempts 1–5, and 1–20. With our methodology, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that low energy shocks create a “sensitizing” effect on cardiac tissue, allowing more successful defibrillation with repeated shocks.
The Yobotics-IHMC Lower Body Humanoid Robot

This video highlights work to date on the Yobotics-IHMC Lower Body Humanoid Robot. The robot is a twelve degree-of-freedom robot with force controllable Series Elastic Actuators at each degree of freedom. Control algorithms utilize Virtual Model Control, and foot placement is determined using Capture Regions. The robot can recover from moderate disturbances and walk on flat ground. Ongoing work is focused on improving robustness to disturbances, walking more quickly and efficiently, and walking over rough terrain.
Acquisition and Processing Methods for a Bedside Cardiac SPECT Imaging System

We have developed a compact and mobile gamma imaging system that is designed for both PET and SPECT acquisitions within a bedside environment, such as an intensive care unit, surgical suite, or emergency room. This paper describes the SPECT performance evaluation of the system for cardiac imaging, including both Tc-99m and F-18 radionuclides. For cardiac F-18 imaging in a bedside environment, the 511 keV SPECT approach using high energy collimation and anterior 180 degree acquisition has the advantages of not requiring a detector to be positioned beneath the bed and greatly reducing attenuation effects. In this study, we evaluated SPECT reconstructed image quality using an anthropomorphic dynamic cardiac phantom filled with Tc-99m and F-18 separately. The specific issues that were addressed in this study included the following: 1) mitigating septal penetration effects with the 511 keV photons using de-convolution filtering, 2) reducing truncation effects due to the relatively small field-of-view of the camera using angle-dependent center-of-rotation shifts, and 3) investigating the effects of reduced angular sampling and angular range. We found that reducing angular sampling to 28 projections through 135 degrees with Tc-99m and 25 projections through 180 degrees with F-18 showed all features of the myocardium.
The Sequential Probability Ratio Test

We begin by recalling the Neyman-Pearson Lemma for testing a simple hypothesis against a simple alternative. Let x denote a (discrete or continuous) random variable (or vector) with probability density function f.
Music for Anxiety Reduction and Performance Enhancement in Nursing Simulation

Abstract Background Performance anxiety related to nursing simulation can potentially impede student learning. Method This study employed a randomized control group pretest–posttest design to examine the effect of music listening on anxiety, self-efficacy, and performance among baccalaureate nursing students undergoing simulation testing (N = 38; Mage = 23.05, standard deviation = 3.41). Results Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and state-trait anxiety scores were significantly lower in the experimental group, F(3, 35) = 6.55, p = .02, η2 = 0.27, whereas instructor performance ratings were significantly higher than the control condition (p = .009). No differences were seen on self-efficacy scores (p = .37). Conclusions The intervention has the potential to reduce anxiety, improve performance, and facilitate learning in simulation testing experiences.
High-intensity light for circadian adaptation to a 12-h shift of the sleep schedule

Male subjects had their sleep schedules shifted 12 h to accommodate eight or more consecutive simulated night shifts. They were exposed to artificial light (approximately 5,000 lux, 3- to 6-h durations) each night, slept at home in very dark bedrooms during the day, and wore dark welders goggles whenever they went outside during daylight. Body temperature was continuously measured, and daily questionnaires provided estimates of sleep time and mood. The circadian temperature rhythm phase shifted, usually approximately 2 h/day, in 21 of 24 subjects. The temperature rhythms of the other three subjects appeared to remain entrained to the 24-h zeitgebers. In the subjects whose temperature rhythms shifted, the direction of shift (advance or delay) depended on the timing of light exposure relative to the baseline temperature phase, consistent with a phase-response curve. Sleep was disturbed, and fatigue was increased during the first few days after the shift of the sleep-wake schedule.
Update on New and Emerging Treatments for Schizophrenia

Although there has been more than 50 years of development, there remains a great need for better antipsychotic medications. This article looks at the recent advances in treatment of schizophrenia. New hypotheses have been suggested that may replace or complement the dopamine hypotheses. The article explores the different novel drugs that impact some of the key neurotransmitter systems currently. Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors and α-7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators constitute the majority. The marketing of these medications eventually may result in change about how schizophrenia is treated.
Girls Are Equal Too : Education, Body Politics, and the Making of Teenage Feminism

This paper traces the origins, tactics, and reception of teenage feminism between the late-1960s and mid-1970s. Letters and essays written by teenage girls during this time demonstrate how girls saw feminism as a tool to challenge gender role socialization and build a supportive and collaborative community of girl activists within this revolutionary context. When compared to male or adult peers, teenage feminists during the Second Wave were perceived as illegitimate and inconsequential (Graham in Young activists: American high school students in the age of protest. Northern Illinois University Press, Dekalb, 2006]. These perceptions have inadvertently positioned teenage feminism as a post-Second Wave “girl power” movement (Snyder in Sisterhood interrupted: from radical women to girls gone wild. Palgrave Macmillan, New York City, 2008; Siegel in Signs 34(1):175–196, 2007]. However, using primary sources written by girls, this paper illuminates how teenage and adult feminists created space within the women’s liberation movement to identify, discuss, and combat the particular gender oppressions experienced by adolescent girls. Through consciousness-raising groups, essays, and direct actions, teenage feminists focused on the materiality of sexual objectification and gender discrimination. Framing their own form of body politics, they fought against sex-specific dress codes, sex segregation in schools, courses, and sports, as well as lack of access to sex education and birth control. Teenage and adult feminists argued that these gendered customs trained girls for subservience that prevented them from attaining full citizenship. Vivid personal narratives by girls illuminate the impacts of feminism on their gender identity and relations. Ultimately, by challenging age divisions between the adult-dominated face of the Second Wave and the girl-focused Third Wave, this paper uses the voices of teenage girls to shed light on an earlier movement of “girl power” that has yet to be excavated.
There But for the Grace of God Counterfactuals Influence Religious Belief and Images of the Divine

Past research suggests that thinking counterfactually leads to a perception that major life events are fated or predetermined. We hypothesized that a perception that events are fated will activate ...
Annular Dark Field Imaging in Stem

Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF STEM) is chemically sensitive at high spatial resolution (e.g., 1.8A at 100keV). Images can be digitally acquired and recorded, permitting quantitative analysis. It is particularly powerful when used in combination with complementary analysis modes such as x-ray microanalysis and transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy. Critical to the interpretation of these data is an understanding and determination of the electron probe intensity, shape and propagation characteristics inside the specimen. Quantitative measurements of diffraction patterns and images in comparison with computer-based simulations (including phonon scattering) provide a basis for developing that information. Results of a series of studies are reviewed that address questions such as defocus and other instrumental factors, and also the formation of channeling peaks that appear on the atomic columns along zone axes. For example, along Si(100) a peak forms and penetrates over 500A whereas along Ge(100) it developes rapidly but disappears in less than 200A. In higher atomic number elements, the penetration is even less (e.g. 1 OA for In).
Bilateral Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica: A Case Report

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica is a rare disorder of cartilage growth. Classically, the disease involves a single limb and is isolated to the medial or lateral half of that limb. A patient is described who presented with classic findings of this disease but involvement of both ankles.
Navigating THEMIS to the ARTEMIS Low-Energy Lunar Transfer Trajectory

THEMIS – a NASA Medium Explorer (MIDEX) mission – is a five-spacecraft constellation launched in February 2007 to study magnetospheric phenomena leading to the aurora borealis. During the primary mission phase, completed in the summer of 2009, all five spacecraft collected science data in synchronized, highly elliptical Earth orbits. Both mission design and efficient navigation and flight operations during the primary mission resulted in appreciable fuel reserves. Therefore, an ambitious mission extension, ARTEMIS, became feasible. ARTEMIS involves transferring the outer two spacecraft from Earth to lunar orbits where they will conduct measurements of the Moon’s interaction with the solar wind and its crustal magnetic fields. Earth departure of these two spacecraft is accomplished by successively raising the apogees of their orbits until lunar perturbations become the dominant forces significantly altering their trajectories. This orbit raise sequence requires over forty maneuvering events, with multiple lunar approaches and fly-bys, before setting the two spacecraft on low-energy transfer trajectories to lunar orbit in February and March 2010. This paper addresses overcoming the navigation and operational challenges presented by the ARTEMIS mission, consisting of two spacecraft that were not designed to leave Earth orbits.