cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Study of Assortative Mating: Theory, Data, and Analysis

Assortative mating provides an indicator of integration and fragmentation in modern societies, and of shifting social boundaries between groups. Assortative mating is expressed in both marital homogamy (likes marrying likes) and heterogamy, variously labeled exogamy, out-marriage, or intermarriage. The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate the great progress—both conceptually and methodologically—in studies of assortative mating over the past 25 years. It provides a forward-looking view of key research questions on assortative mating in rapidly globalizing societies and emerging data analytical problems that increasingly require new data, measurement frameworks, and statistical or empirical approaches. The rise of cross-cutting social circles in an increasingly globalized environment, in an age of the internet of growing interpersonal connectivity (i.e., social media), and on-going reductions in the constraints of space suggest new research questions that will create new opportunities for innovation and build on a rich theoretical and research tradition in family demography.
The Legionella Effector Kinase LegK7 Hijacks the Host Hippo Pathway to Promote Infection.

Summary The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila encodes translocated effector proteins that modify host cell processes to support bacterial survival and growth. Here, we show that the L. pneumophila effector protein LegK7 hijacks the conserved Hippo signaling pathway by molecularly mimicking host Hippo kinase (MST1 in mammals), which is the key regulator of pathway activation. LegK7, like Hippo/MST1, phosphorylates the scaffolding protein MOB1, which triggers a signaling cascade resulting in the degradation of the transcriptional regulators TAZ and YAP1. Transcriptome analysis revealed that LegK7-mediated targeting of TAZ and YAP1 alters the transcriptional profile of mammalian macrophages, a key cellular target of L. pneumophila infection. Specifically, genes targeted by the transcription factor PPARγ, which is regulated by TAZ, displayed altered expression, and continuous interference with PPARγ activity rendered macrophages less permissive to L. pneumophila intracellular growth. Thus, a conserved L. pneumophila effector kinase exploits the Hippo pathway to promote bacterial growth and infection.
Chapter 17 - Solid and Hazardous Waste Law

This chapter discusses the environmental protection laws implemented by administrative agencies such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state departments of natural resources. The chapter addresses solid waste law in two major sections: nonhazardous waste and hazardous waste. The most significant solid waste disposal regulations were developed under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. This federal statute, which amended the elementary Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, reflected the concerns about: protecting public health and the environment from solid waste disposal, filling the loopholes in existing surface water and air quality laws, ensuring adequate land disposal of residues from air pollution technologies and sludge from wastewater treatment processes, and promoting resource conservation and recovery. The EPA developed both operational and performance standards to minimize the effect of solid waste disposal on floodplains; endangered and threatened species; surface water quality; groundwater quality; food-chain crops; air quality; and health and safety. The hazardous waste law is discussed as statutory law, specifically in terms of the compensation for victims of improper hazardous waste disposal and efforts to regulate the generation, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste. Some of the acts discussed in the chapter include Clean Water Act, Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Price-Anderson Act, Deepwater Ports Act, Spill Compensation and Control Act, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, and Toxic Substances Control Act. The EPA guidelines for generator, transporter, and waste disposal facilities of hazardous waste are also discussed in the chapter.
A Developmental Perspective on Behaviors of New Faculty Transition into Higher Education

Context: The responsibilities of new faculty members can be stressful because of the expectations of research, teaching, service, and for some, administration. The strain from transition and role complexity can impact faculty members' perceptions of the experience and therefore professional development. Objective: To understand how individual characteristics and behaviors influenced development of new faculty during their transition from doctoral students to faculty members. Design: Qualitative phenomenology study. Setting: Higher education institutions with Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-accredited athletic training programs. Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen junior faculty (7 males, 9 females, age = 32 ± 3.5 years) representing 7 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts and 14 different higher education institutions participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): A semistructured telephone interview protocol was used to examine the experiences of junior faculty within t...
Hospital Readmissions Among Post-acute Nursing Home Residents: Does Obesity Matter?

Abstract Objectives To explore profiles of obese residents who receive post-acute care in nursing homes (NHs) and to assess the relationship between obesity and hospital readmissions and how it is modified by individual comorbidities, age, and type of index hospitalizations. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting and participants Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who were newly admitted to free-standing US NHs after an acute inpatient episode between 2011 and 2014 (N = 2,323,019). Measures The Minimum Data Set 3.0 were linked with Medicare data. The outcome variable was 30-day hospital readmission from an NH. Residents were categorized into 3 groups based on their body mass index (BMI): nonobese, mildly obese, moderate-to-severely obese. We tested the relationship between obesity and 30-day readmissions by fixed-effects logit models and stratified analyses by the type of index hospitalization and residents' age. Results Forty percent of the identified residents were admitted after a surgical episode, and the rest were admitted after a medical episode. The overall relationship between obesity and readmissions suggested that obesity was associated with higher risks of readmission among the oldest old (≥85 years) residents but with lower risks of readmission among the youngest group (65-74 years). After accounting for individual co-covariates, the association between obesity and readmissions among the oldest old residents became weaker; the adjusted odds ratio was 1.061 (P = .049) and 1.004 (P = .829) for moderate-to-severely obese patients with surgical and medical index hospitalizations, respectively. The protective effect of obesity among younger residents reduced after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions/Relevance The relationship between obesity and hospital readmission among post-acute residents could be affected by comorbidities, age, and the type of index hospitalization. Further studies are also warranted to understand how to effectively measure NH quality outcomes, including hospital readmissions, so that policies targeting at quality improvement can successfully achieve their goals without unintended consequences.
Undoing Indian Law One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism and Tribal Sovereignty

Introduction 1178 I. Minimalism and the Core of the Court 1182 II. Indian Law’s Normative and Doctrinal Backdrop 1190 A. Indian Law Origins 1193 B. Supreme Court Cases in the Era of Self-Determination.1205 III. Minimalism, Lack-of-Interest Convergence, and the Current Court’s Indian Law Cases 1215 A. Strate v. A-1 Contractors: Minimalist Divestiture of Tribal Court Jurisdiction 1216 B. South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe: Minimalist Minimizing Tribal Territory 1223 C. Broad and Shallow Indian Law: Cass County v. Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians and Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government 1227 D. Atkinson Trading Company v. Shirley, and Nevada v. Hicks: Closing the Conversation About Tribal Jurisdiction Over Non-Indians? 1233 E. The Rest of the Minimalist Era Indian Cases: Some Convergence, but Some Cause for Optimism? 1238 IV. Redeeming Minimalism by Reviving Indian Law 1254 Conclusion 1266
Twitter vs News: Concern Analysis of the 2018 California Wildfire Event

During disasters, discover people's concerns dynamically is crucial to disaster rescue and relief. In this paper, we propose a social media based framework to analyze people's concerns, to access the importance and to track the dynamic changes of these concerns. To better understand people's concerns across platforms and to monitor the dynamics, we make comparisons between Tweets and news on the mentioned aspects and disclosed some interesting findings. Specifically, we take 2018 Camp Fire, the most destructive wildfire on record in history of California as a case study. We find that despite their keen attentions towards the disaster, social media and news media focus on different aspects of the disaster, so are the contents and dynamic changes of their concerns.
Design of a Pd–Au Nitrite Reduction Catalyst by Identifying and Optimizing Active Ensembles

Nitrate (NO3–) is a ubiquitous contaminant in groundwater that causes serious public health issues around the world. Though various strategies are able to reduce NO3– to nitrite (NO2–), a rational catalyst design strategy for NO2– removal has not been found, in part because of the complicated reaction network of nitrate chemistry. In this study, we show, through catalytic modeling with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, that the performance of mono- and bimetallic surfaces for nitrite reduction can be rapidly screened using N, N2, and NH3 binding energies as reactivity descriptors. With a number of active surface atomic ensembles identified for nitrite reduction, we have designed a series of “metal-on-metal” bimetallics with optimized surface reactivity and a maximum number of active sites. Choosing Pd-on-Au nanoparticles (NPs) as candidate catalysts, both theory and experiment find that a thin monolayer of Pd-on-Au NPs (size: ∼4 nm) leads to high nitrite reduction performance, outperforming pu...
Digital Futures Past — The Long Arc of Big Data in Medicine

Digital Futures Past Half a century ago, physicians and engineers shared a dream that computers would be able to deduce diagnoses, store medical records, and circulate information. Today, many fund...
Super High Frequency Lateral-Field-Excited Aluminum Nitride Cross-Sectional Lamé Mode Resonators

This paper reports on the first demonstration of super high frequency (SHF) lateral-field-excited (LFE) aluminum nitride (AlN) cross-sectional Lame mode resonators (CLMRs). A simple 2-mask process was used to fabricate LFE AlN CLMRs operating at 4.2 GHz with an electromechanical-coupling coefficient k t 2 of 1.2 %, providing > 20 MHz filter bandwidth. Anchor loss is reduced to provide 2X higher quality factor (Q m > 1150) implemented with a small termination impedance of 160 Ω. Such important features render AlN LFE CLMRs promising candidates for low-cost yet high-performance wireless communication technologies, such as LTE‐Advanced contiguous carrier aggregation which requires up to 20 MHz bandwidth.
NURBS-based microstructure design for organic photovoltaics

Abstract The microstructure – spatial distribution of electron donor and acceptor domains – plays an important role in determining the photo current in thin film organic solar cells (OSCs). Optimizing the microstructure can lead to higher photo current generation, and is an active area of experimental research. There has been recent progress in framing OSC microstructure design as a computational design problem. However, most current approaches to microstructure optimization are based on volumetric distribution of material, which makes the design space very large. In contrast, we frame the microstructure design optimization problem in terms of designing the interface between the donor and acceptor regions, and thus pose it as a surface representation and optimization problem. This results in substantially reduced number of design variables, thus enabling use of standard optimization tools. In this work, we address the efficient design of OSC microstructure by using surface and curve modeling techniques to model the donor–acceptor interface, and use meta-heuristic, gradient-free optimization techniques to optimize the microstructure for maximum short circuit current generation. Our modeling framework consists of three major components: (1) geometric modeling of OSC microstructure that uses Non-Uniform Rational B-spline (NURBS) curves and surfaces to construct the free-form donor–acceptor interface, (2) photo-current generation modeling that uses a parallel, finite-element based exciton–drift–diffusion (XDD) model, and (3) optimization that utilizes genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize the OSCs microstructure via exploration of the NURBS representation. We apply these methods for the optimization of both 2D and 3D microstructures. Results show substantial improvement in current density compared to the bulk-heterojunction microstructures. These results provide promising microstructures for experimental groups to fabricate. The proposed surface representation approach seems to be a promising approach for interface design in engineered systems.
A Device to Measure Snow Specific Surface Area Using SWIR Reflectance

Optical grain size (OGS) and specific surface area (SSA) are key parameters for measuring the atmospheric interactions of snow, as well as tracking metamorphosis and allowing for the ground truthing of remote sensing data. This paper describes a device using a shortwave infrared camera with changeable optical bandpass filters (centered at 1300 nm and 1550 nm) that can be used to quickly measure the spectral albedo over an area of 0.25 m2 and from it derive SSA. The device and method are compared with measurements taken by a field spectral radiometer. The instrument is designed to be towed and powered by a four wheeled autonomous ground vehicle, and is built to run and collect data for hours or days without human intervention.
Integration of DNA Copy Number and Gene Expression Alterations Reveal Novel Insights into the Molecular Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by a profound genomic instability and a highly variable clinical course. To comprehensively analyze the effects of copy number alterations on gene activity and prognosis, we applied novel bioinformatics and computational approaches to integrate high-resolution aCGH data (Agilent 244K array) and gene expression profiling data (Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 array) from CD138-selected plasma cells from 92 newly diagnosed MM treated with high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation. We identified what we have termed the “atom region” (AR). ARs are found throughout the genome and define recurrent breakpoint boundaries of sub-chromosomal loss or gain. Genes coding for miRNAs were significantly enriched in regions of the genome defined by ARs. Although many AR-related breakpoints lie in intergenic regions, and thus capture whole genes, a substantial number were identified within genes, making these genes strong candidate disease genes. We found that gain of 1q and loss of 1p represent the most significant copy number alterations linked to early disease-related death. Importantly, 1q gains and 1p loss were significantly linked to a recently described 70-gene expression model of high-risk disease predominated by increased expression of genes mapping to 1q and reduced expression of genes mapping to 1p (1). Gain of 1q and loss of 1p were also highly correlated with a gene-expression-based proliferation index widely used across many tumor types. We provide evidence that gain of 8q24 was also highly correlated with the 70-gene high-risk score, but not the proliferation index. 8q24 gains and survival were linked to elevated expression of EIF2C2/AGO2, a master regulator of microRNA expression and maturation and an overexpressed gene previously identified in our 70-gene high-risk model (1). Interestingly, although the expression of MYC, which also maps to 8q24, was related to copy number changes, its expression was not related to survival. Given the importance of AGO2 in B-cell development (2), and miRNAs in cancer, detailed functional studies of the potential role of AGO2 in MM are underway.
Molecular Pathways of Colon Inflammation Induced by Cancer Immunotherapy

Summary Checkpoint blockade with antibodies specific for the PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitory receptors can induce durable responses in a wide range of human cancers. However, the immunological mechanisms responsible for severe inflammatory side effects remain poorly understood. Here we report a comprehensive single-cell analysis of immune cell populations in colitis, a common and severe side effect of checkpoint blockade. We observed a striking accumulation of CD8 T cells with highly cytotoxic and proliferative states and no evidence of regulatory T cell depletion. T cell receptor (TCR) sequence analysis demonstrated that a substantial fraction of colitis-associated CD8 T cells originated from tissue-resident populations, explaining the frequently early onset of colitis symptoms following treatment initiation. Our analysis also identified cytokines, chemokines, and surface receptors that could serve as therapeutic targets for colitis and potentially other inflammatory side effects of checkpoint blockade.
The Coevolution of Language, Brains, and Technology

As illustrated in Fig. 5.1, estimates for the timing of the emergence of language in humans vary dramatically, from as recently as 100,000 years ago to more than 3 million years. I’ll soon get to the specifics, but what I want you to think about now is how very far apart these estimates are.
Revisiting the gas kinematics in SSA22 Lyman-α Blob 1 with radiative transfer modelling in a multiphase, clumpy medium

We present new observations of Lyman-α (Lyα) Blob 1 (LAB1) in the SSA22 protocluster region (z = 3.09) using the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) and the Keck Multi-object Spectrometer for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE). By applying matched filtering to the KCWI datacube, we have created a narrow-band Lyα image and identified several prominent features. By comparing the spatial distributions and intensities of Lyα and Hβ, we find that recombination of photo-ionized HI gas followed by resonant scattering is sufficient to explain all the observed Lyα/Hβ ratios. We further decode the spatially-resolved Lyα profiles using both moment maps and Monte-Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) modeling. By fitting a set of multiphase, 'clumpy' models to the observed Lyα profiles, we are able to reasonably constrain many parameters, namely the HI number density in the inter-clump medium (ICM), the cloud volume filling factor, the random velocity and outflow velocity of the clumps, the HI outflow velocity of the ICM and the local systemic redshift. Our model has successfully reproduced the diverse Lyα morphologies at different locations, and the main results are: (1) The observed Lyα spectra require relatively few clumps per line-of-sight as they have significant fluxes at the line center; (2) The velocity dispersion of the clumps yields a significant broadening of the spectra as observed; (3) The clump bulk outflow can also cause additional broadening if the HI in the ICM is optically thick; (4) The HI in the ICM is responsible for the absorption feature close to the Lyα line center.
Structurally Asymmetric Porous Carbon Materials with Ordered Top Surface Layers from Nonequilibrium Block Copolymer Self-Assembly

Inorganic materials with asymmetric pore structures provide increased accessibility and flux, making them attractive for applications in energy conversion and storage, separations, and catalysis. N...
Modeling Haptic Communication in Cooperative Teams

A means to communicate by touch is established when two humans grasp a common rigid object, and such communication is thought to play a role in the superior performance two humans acting together are able to demonstrate over either agent acting alone. But the superior performance demonstrated by dyads, whether in making point-to-point movements or tracking unpredictable targets, is strictly empirical to date. Mechanistic accounts for the performance improvement and explanations relying on haptic communication have been lacking. In this paper we develop a model of haptic communication across a linkage connecting two agents that provides an explicit means for the dyad to achieve a higher loop gain than either agent acting alone and higher than the two agents acting together without haptic feedback. We show that haptic communication closes an additional feedback loop through the linkage and the sensorimotor control systems of both agents. This feedback loop contributes a new factor to the loop gain and thus a definitive mechanism for the dyad to improve performance. Our model predicts higher internal forces with haptic communication, which have previously been observed. Additional testable hypotheses emerge from the model and create a promising future means to transfer human-human dyad behaviors to human-robot teams.
311. Endoskopisch-percutane Gastrostomie (EPG)

Die endoskopische Anlage einer Gastrostomie in Lokalanasthesie mit percutanem Durchzug eines Pezzer-Katheters bedeutet eine Bereicherung der Behandlungsmoglichkeiten. Indikationen bestehen nicht nur in der Dysphagie bei stenosierenden Prozessen; Schluckstorungen aus neurologischer Ursache wie bei Schddelhirnverletzten waren bei 27 unserer 33 Patienten der AnlaB zur EPG. Die gravierende Komplikation einer sondeninduzierten Refluxoesophagitis last sich durch den Wegfall der Magensonde vermeiden. Die Gastrostomie kann wahlweise auch zur Drainage dienen. Weitere Vorzuge sind die sichere Methodik, die Einfachheit des Verfahrens and die Unabhangigkeit von Formeldiaten.
Patterns of vegetation composition and diversity in pine-dominated ecosystems of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina: Implications for ecosystem restoration ☆

Abstract Terrestrial ecosystems of the Atlantic coastal plain have experienced considerable change over the past two centuries, largely due to agricultural activities and fire suppression and exclusion. Many areas that were once dominated by open longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woodlands now support closed canopy stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) with a dense midstory of broadleaved shrubs and trees. In recent years, efforts to restore the herbaceous plant communities typically found in fire-maintained longleaf pine woodlands have focused on the use of midstory thinning to produce savanna-like conditions and to facilitate the restoration of historical fire regimes through prescribed burning. Previous efforts to restore longleaf pine stands have focused on the potential of fire-suppressed longleaf pine woodlands, which have been met with some success. However, it is unclear what the potential is for loblolly pine stands to act as a ’surrogate’ environment for the restoration of the often species-rich herbaceous layer of longleaf pine woodlands. To assess the effectiveness of longleaf pine restoration treatments in existing loblolly pine stands, we analyzed the drivers of plant community composition in loblolly pine stands with mechanical midstory removal treatments, untreated loblolly pine stands, longleaf pine stands, and pond pine dominated high-pocosin systems. We sampled 75 plots, from which more than 200 individual plant taxa were identified, with species richness (number of species per 0.1 ha) ranging from 9 in pond pine pocosins to 118 in longleaf pine woodlands. Plant species richness and composition varied in response to soil properties, with the first NMS ordination axis correlated with soil properties related to soil moisture and organic matter content (SOM), and the second NMS ordination axis correlated to the concentration of certain soil nutrients (P, Ca), the variability of which may be due, in part, to historic fertilizer applications. While stand types were largely distinct from each other in their vegetation composition, there was nevertheless some compositional overlap among some longleaf and loblolly pine stands. Areas of compositional overlap appear to have somewhat similar soil properties, whereby the soils found in overlapping loblolly pine stands were closer to those found in longleaf pine stands (i.e. low SOM content). Thus, an assessment of the soil properties of loblolly pine stands may allow for an identification of candidate sites for which longleaf pine restoration treatments may be most effective.
Why Do MSW Students Evaluate Practice the Way They Do

Abstract Practice evaluation strategies range in style from the formal-analytic tools of single-subject designs, software applications such as Singwin, rapid assessment instruments, case notes, and evidence-based practice algorithms, to the everyday informal-interactive tools of clinical supervision, consultation with colleagues, use of client statements, and experience. Studies have suggested that social work students, who are still in training and under clinical supervision, prefer and use most often informal-interactive tools to evaluate practice effectiveness. Despite three decades of promulgating formal-analytic tools in social work education, researchers have yet to develop a theoretical framework to help clinical supervisors interpret the informal-interactive tool preference among social work students. Drawing on advances in the cognitive sciences, the purpose of this study is to use a dual-process theory to interpret the informal-interactive tool preference among 87 second-year MSW students.
Development of an Adhesion Assay and Characterization of an Adhesion-Deficient Mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens

A sand column adhesion assay was developed which distinguishes the adhesion abilities of a number of pseudomonads isolated from fine sandy loam. Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 which adhered at >90% of the total cells added was subjected to transposon Tn5 insertion mutagenesis. From 2,500 Pf0-1::Tn5 mutants examined in the sand column assay, two adhesion-deficient Pf0-1 mutants showing <50% attachment were isolated. Marker exchange analysis of one of these mutants, Pf0-5, confirmed that the decreased adhesion was linked to the Tn5 insertion in the chromosome. The growth rate of Pf0-5 in enriched media and sterile soil was similar to that of the wild type; in minimal medium, however, Pf0-5 grew faster. In a soil column assay, less Pf0-5 than wild-type bacteria were recovered, suggesting a decreased ability to persist in soil. A 34-kilodalton major outer membrane protein present in the wild type was missing in Pf0-5. Transmission electron microscopy of the cell surface revealed that the wild-type possessed polar flagella which were absent in the mutant.
A Correction and Prima Facie Test of the Canonical Theory of Share Tenancy

We show that Stiglitz’s (1974) classic principal-agency theory of share tenancy does not imply, as commonly supposed, that the incidence of share tenancy increases with the tenant’s degree of risk aversion nor that share contracts are superior to fixed-lease contracts for risk averse farmers. When the model is parameterized based on previous studies of Philippine agriculture, it predicts that fixed-lease contracts will be chosen when the farmers have slight or severe risk aversion and share contracts will be chosen for moderately risk averse farmers, albeit with tenant shares of 80% or higher. In contrast, the highest observed sharing rates in the study area were in the neighborhood of 2/3, with most farmers contracted on 50:50 sharing arrangements. We conclude that the riskaversion vs. moral hazard theory is incomplete. Rent contracts must have additional disadvantages and/or share tenancy additional benefits that are not accounted for by static principal-agency theory.
Nuclear arrhenius-type plots

Arrhenius-type plots for a multifragmentation process, defined as the transverse energy dependence of the single-fragment emission probability $[\mathrm{ln}({1/p}_{b})\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{vs}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/\sqrt{{E}_{t}}]$, have been studied by examining the relationship of the parameters ${p}_{b}$ and ${E}_{t}$ to the intermediate-mass fragment multiplicity $〈n〉$. The linearity of these plots reflects the correlation of the fragment multiplicity with the transverse energy. These plots contain equivalent information as ${N}_{c}$ vs $〈n〉$ plots and do not provide thermal scaling information about fragment production contained in true Arrhenius plots.
A Review of: “Beyond the Multiplex: Cinema, New Technologies, and the Home by B. Klinger”

In the 1960's and 1970's, the first generation of cinema studies scholars at places like the University of Wisconsin could choose from among more than a dozen screenings of classic and contemporary...
Studies on Protein Stability With T4 Lysozyme

A series of mutants of phage T4 lysozyme have been constructed and have permitted a systematic analysis of different aspects of protein stability and folding. One striking result has been the ability of the protein to accommodate changes at many sites, yet still fold and retain activity. This shows that many amino acids in the sequence of the protein are nonessential for protein folding and stability. Such amino acids appear, predominantly, to be those that are mobile and/or largely exposed to solvent. Even though buried residues seem to be more important, it is still possible to change these as well. In some cases individual amino acids have been replaced. In other cases it has been found that a combination of substitutions permits repacking of the core. Such repacking is associated with adjustments of both the main chain and side chains. Only rarely do side chains rotate into radically new orientations. Taken together, substitutions of core residues confirm the overall importance of the hydrophobic effect as the dominant factor in stabilizing the folded structures of proteins. "Cavity-creating" substitutions of the form Leu-->Ala show, as expected, that the burial of the bulky leucine side chain within the core of the protein confers greater hydrophobic stabilization than is the case for the smaller alanine side chain. Leu-->Ala substitutions that create large cavities are especially destabilizing because they result in a loss of both hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions. In cases where the protein relaxes to reduce the size of the putative cavity, alternative van der Waals interactions are generated and the overall destabilization of the protein may be less severe than in cases where a large cavity is formed.
Effects of Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide on Pest Control in Open Field Nursery Production of Perennial Fruit and Nut Plants

Nursery producers of perennial fruit and nut plants rely on preplant fumigation to meet regulatory requirements designed to ensure nematode-free planting stock. In the past, preplant treatments with methyl bromide or high rates of 1,3-dichloropropene were the preferred treatments. However, the phase out of methyl bromide due to environmental concerns and evolving regulations on the use of 1,3-dichloropropene has increased the need for effective and economical alternative fumigation treatments in open field nursery production. A field trial was conducted in a commercial nursery to test weed and nematode control with several tarped and untarped preplant applications of 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and iodomethane in comparison with methyl bromide. Crop safety and nematode infestation were evaluated on a wide range of tree, vine, and berry nursery stock. No fall fumigation treatment in this study resulted in measurable injury to spring-planted nursery stock. There were few statistical differences between methyl bromide and the other fumigation treatments in crop establishment, crop quality, or nematode level at planting 5 months after treatment, although some untarped treatments had detectable levels of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). At grape (Vitus vinifera) and bramble (Rubus spp.) harvest after the first growing season, few statistical differences were noted in the number of nematodes isolated from roots; however, only methyl bromide had nondetectable levels in all varieties. The highest nematode levels were usually found in untarped iodomethane:chloropicrin and untarped chloropicrin plots. At tree harvest 26 months after fumigation, root-knot nematodes were isolated from the roots of highly susceptible tree varieties in several iodomethane:chloropicrin treatments and in chloropicrin alone plots. Untarped applications did not provide commercially acceptable control of weeds or root-knot nematode in this trial. Tarped applications of 30:70 and 50:50 iodomethane:chloropicrin provided nematode control similar to 1,3-dichloropropene, although not as good as methyl bromide. Iodomethane:chloropicrin combinations have been registered in other states and should be considered for use in California perennial fruit and nut crop nurseries as an alternative to methyl bromide.
Physical and chemical studies of myxomyosin, an ATP-sensitive protein in cytoplasm.

Abstract The size and shape of myxomyosin, an ATP-sensitive protein isolated from a myxomycete, have been investigated by viscosity, sedimentation, birefringence and electron microscope measurements. These studies show that the myxomyosin molecule is a long rigid rod which, in the electron micrographs, appears in a distribution of sizes whose most frequent dimensions are 4000–5000 A in length by 70 A in diameter. The molecular weight based on viscosity and sedimentation data is six million. The myxomyosin molecule does not change in size or shape in the presence of ATP. The effect of ATP on the viscosity of the myxomyosin solution is best understood in terms of a reduction of a concentration-dependent interaction between myxomyosin molecules. Myxomyosin, substantially free of RNA, can be prepared by including a treatment with pancreatic ribonuclease in the preparative procedure. The myxomyosin concentrates contain less impurity, are more viscous, and are more responsive to ATP than myxomyosin prepared without the enzyme. It is concluded that nucleic acid is not essential to the interaction of myxomyosin with ATP.
Decay of H atoms excited in small electric fields.

The branching ratios for radiative decay of H atoms excited in small electric fields (0--5 Vcm) have been calculated for the nl states up to n = 6. A simple computational procedure was employed, allowing only for Stark-effect mixing of levels with the same values of the quantum numbers (n,j,m/sub j/). The results are compared with more detailed calculations available for 3l-state decay made using the density-matrix formalism, and new calculations of this type reported here for 4l-state decay. In conjunction with theory, this allowed the domain of validity of the simple computational procedure to be established as a function of n. The results show that the branching ratios depend quite strongly on electric-field magnitude, pointing to the need to exercise caution in measurements of H emissions, and in application of the available data to other problems.
Scientists measure Arctic Ozone Hole

A possible ozone hole has opened in the Arctic stratosphere, according to research published in the November 15 issue of Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists report that ozone values in the northern polar region set record low levels during the spring of 1997. They speculate that the record ozone depletion may have been caused by a fundamental shift in polar climatology and an unusual springtime cooling trend of the lower Arctic stratosphere. Long-term records of total ozone from both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite instrument and from groundbased observations show a continuing decrease over the last several years, according to the papers. Chlorine gases, particularly the radical CIO, have been conclusively identified as the cause of the ozone depletion.
Assessment of Field Reentry Exposure to Pesticides: Limitations, Uncertainties, and Alternatives

ABSTRACT There are many complex scientific as well as regulatory issues associated with the assessment of field reentry exposure to pesticides. These issues largely come from the limitations and uncertainties inherent in the simplified algorithm that many regulatory agencies use to estimate the reentry exposure. The main objective of this Perspective Article is to bring out these issues systematically in an open forum for further consideration by the exposure assessment community. Accordingly, in this Perspective Article, the simplified algorithm is elaborated first to provide a basic understanding for the complex issues involved. Both the limitations and the uncertainties revolving around this algorithm's real-time application are then discussed extensively, including those specific to monitoring dermal residues in a study trial, measuring dislodgeable foliar residues, and dealing with dislodgeability as well as transferability of foliar residues. The discussion ends by proposing a more practical alterna...
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the lower lip: a report of a case and review of the literature

Background Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a relatively uncommon skin appendage tumor which shows evidence of both pilar and sweat gland differentiation. This locally aggressive and deeply infiltrative malignancy shows a strong predilection for the head and neck region, particularly the midfacial area, and displays a high rate of recurrence if not completely excised. Clinically, these lesions present as firm subcutaneous nodules that may mimic scars or other benign lesions. Characteristic microscopic features include islands of small basaloid keratinocytes with a bland cytologic appearance, keratin-filled cysts, eccrine ductal structures, deeply infiltrative growth, and perineural invasion, all within a background of desmoplastic stroma. The histologic differential diagnosis includes such neoplasms as syringoma and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. Objective The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence and clinical and histologic features of microcystic adnexal carcinoma and to present a case involving the lower lip. Case report We report a case of microcystic adnexal carcinoma presenting in the lower lip of a 71-year-old male. The lesion presented as a persistent scar-like subcutaneous mass of the lower lip without evidence of a skin or mucosal surface lesion. The patient was treated by surgical excision and remains disease-free 21 months after excision. Conclusion Although microcystic adnexal carcinoma is an uncommon skin appendage tumor, it shows a very strong predilection for the head and neck region. In addition, these lesions are very locally aggressive. The clinical and histologic presentations often mimic other, often benign, lesions, and it is imperative that both the clinician and pathologist be aware of its features so that prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment occurs.
Recession of glaciers in Glacier National Park, Montana

Recent detailed mapping by the National Park Service of several glaciers in Glacier National Park, Montana, has yielded much information about the volume-shrinkage of these glaciers since the area was mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1900–02. To date, three glaciers, Grinnell, Sperry, and Jackson have been mapped by the plane-table-and-stadia method on a scale of 1:2400. The work was begun late in August 1937 with the mapping of Grinnell Glacier [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], Sperry was mapped in August 1938, and Jackson in August 1939. A resurvey of each glacier every five years is contemplated, so that an accurate check on the total amount of ice-shrinkage may be maintained.
The Emergence of Service Science: Toward Systematic Service Innovations to Accelerate Co‐Creation of Value

The current growth of the service sector in global economies is unparalleled in human history—by scale and speed of labor migration. Even large manufacturing firms are seeing dramatic shifts in percent revenue derived from services. The need for service innovations to fuel further economic growth and to raise the quality and productivity levels of services has never been greater. Services are moving to center stage in the global arena, especially knowledge-intensive business services aimed at business performance transformation. One challenge to systematic service innovation is the interdisciplinary nature of service, integrating technology, business, social, and client (demand) innovations. This paper describes the emergence of service science, a new interdisciplinary area of study that aims to address the challenge of becoming more systematic about innovating in service.
High-Performance Micromachined Inductors Tunable by Lead Zirconate Titanate Actuators

This letter documents the design, microfabrication, and testing of integrated and continuously tuned radiofrequency copper (Cu) inductors with low-power large-throw lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) actuators. The devices, with inductances in the 3-10-nil range, achieved high-quality factors, Q >; 10 (1-6 Gilz range), and tuning ratios as high as 2.6:1 at 20-V actuation with nanowatt-power consumption. This was enabled by the monolithic integration of three electroplated Cu layers (~10 μm per layer) and PZT microelectromechanical system actuators. Two tunable inductor design types, positively and negatively coupled designs, and the tradeoff between tuning ratio and inductor Q are considered.
Parents’ preferences for participation in decisions made regarding their child’s anaesthetic care

Summary Background: The traditional paternalistic approach to medical decision-making is moving towards a climate of greater patient and/or surrogate involvement. Despite this, there is considerable debate regarding patient preferences for participation in medical decisionmaking and its effect on patient satisfaction and outcome. This study was designed to examine parents’ preferences for participation in decisions regarding their child’s anaesthetic care and to determine if active participation is associated with greater parental satisfaction. Methods: Three hundred and eight parents of children scheduled to undergo elective surgical procedures were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing information regarding their preferences for participation in decisions made regarding their child’s anaesthetic care. Parents were classified as being passive, shared, or active decision makers. Results: Overall, parents evidenced a preference for shared decisionmaking with the anaesthetist. Parents preferred to be passive with respect to intraoperative pain management but active with respect to their presence when their child wakes up. There were no differences between active, shared and passive decision-makers with respect to their satisfaction with anaesthetic care and their participation in decision-making. However, 32.1% of parents stated that they would have preferred more involvement in decision-making. These parents were significantly less satisfied with their child’s care than those who felt that their participation had been adequate. Conclusions: This study highlights specific areas in which parents would prefer a more active role in decision-making and, as such, may serve to focus anaesthetists’ efforts to educate parents with respect to the various options available for their child’s care.
On solving four-dimensional SU (2) gauge theory by numerically finding its partition function

Abstract We demonstrate a method to directly simulate the partition function of non-abelian lattice theories. We determine the partition function of the SU(2) lattice gauge theory in four dimensions both for the full SU(2) group and the 120 element icosahedral subgroup on a variety of lattice actions for lattices of size up to 4 4 . All the phenomena (transitions, crossovers, etc.) of these theories are readily observed in our simulation. In addition, even from small lattice simulations, we can distinguish potential critical behavior from rapid changes in order parameters. With the Wilson and adjoint actions we also see a clear line of zeros pointing to the zero temperature ( g 0 2 = 0) fixed point of this theory. We discuss how a finite size scaling analysis of the position of such zeros would yield the beta function of the theory.
Caspases: the proteases of the apoptotic pathway

Apoptosis, a morphologically defined form of physiological cell death, is implemented by a death machinery whose executionary arm is a family of cysteine proteases called caspases. These death proteases are part of a proteolytic caspase cascade that is activated by diverse apoptotic stimuli from outside and inside of the cell. The cell death machinery is evolutionarily conserved and composed of caspases and their regulatory components that include activators and repressors. These key components of the death machinery are linked to signaling pathways that are activated by either ligation of death receptors expressed at the cell surface or intracellular death signals. Caspases are normally present in the cell as proenzymes that require limited proteolysis for activation of enzymatic activity. Recent studies suggest that the basic mechanism of caspase activation is conserved in evolution. Binding of initiator caspase precursors to activator molecules appears to promote procaspase oligomerization and autoactivation. Enzymatic activation of initiator caspases leads to proteolytic activation of downstream (effector) caspases and cleavage of a number of vital proteins, resulting in the orderly demise and removal of the cell.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection, Part I

Abstract Prosthetic joint infection (PJI), although a rare complication of primary or revision arthroplasty, is reported more frequently as the number patients undergoing arthroplasty increases. Accurate diagnosis of PJI is essential for adequate management and outcome. Although multiple tests have been applied, in some cases, differentiation of PJI from aseptic loosening of the prosthesis remains a challenge. Here, we review the current diagnostic laboratory modalities used for the diagnosis PJI. In Part I of this two-part article, components of the preoperative evaluation of the patient and the histology of the intraoperative evaluation were discussed. Part II of the article discusses the remaining components of the intraoperative evaluation, including periprosthetic tissue and sonicate fluid cultures. In addition, recent investigational approaches for the diagnosis of PJI, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and management of PJIs are reviewed.
Cleaning up and invigorating the civil service

Reliable quantitative estimates are not available of: (1) the quality of civil service performance and changes therein as the result of development projects, or (2) the importance of civil service performance for various development outcomes. Nonetheless, anecdotal evidence indicates that in some countries government performance has indeed collapsed, with calamitous effects on development. Although poor government performance is theoretically overdetermined—there are many possible causes, which we cannot disentangle in practice—a plausible story can be told based on institutional economics, using such concepts as information, incentives, and credible commitment. This version of both problems and solutions is supported by examples of successful reforms. The article argues that “institutional adjustment’ deserves more consideration as a basis for reforms. Two practical examples are discussed in some detail: improving incentives in the public sector and strategies to combat corruption. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.