cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural Intelligence and Experiences in International Engineering Programs

Given increasingly globalized economic trends and the global nature of many of the most pressing humanitarian problems the world faces, this full paper addresses engineers’ needs to be prepared with the skills and competencies necessary to work with diverse clients and peers and on projects that span international borders.To foster such skills, engineering schools across the country are offering more international engineering programs at the undergraduate level. These programs, charged with the important task of preparing future engineers for globalized work, need to be appropriately evaluated to determine their effectiveness in promoting intercultural outcomes. Similarly, it is important to understand which aspects of these programs are most essential to helping foster intercultural outcomes in students. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the following research questions: 1) Is there a significant change in students’ cultural intelligence before and after they participate in international engineering programs, and 2) What relationships exist between students’ cultural intelligence and their experiences in intercultural educational programs, when controlling for student characteristics and program variables?The answers to both questions are of great importance to the field of engineering, as they provide evidence to inform decisions around how to create, modify, and structure international programs in engineering. We found that participants’ cultural intelligence as measured by the Cultural Intelligence Survey [13] significantly grew from pretest to posttest on the overall cultural intelligence (CQ) measure, as well as all four cultural intelligence dimensions. We also found that students’ experiences abroad— specifically the frequency with which they built relationships and had meaningful conversations about culture with locals—was positively related to an increase in CQ score from pretest to posttest. Together, these findings suggest that not only are international programs in engineering successful in promoting intercultural outcomes, but also that students’ frequency of interaction with local people is an important component of successful international programs.These findings have the potential to shape a range of international programs to better meet the needs of both future engineers and the clients, employers, and members of society that stand to benefit from their readiness to tackle global engineering challenges.
Accuracy assessment of the quiet-time ionospheric F2 peak parameters as derived from COSMIC-2 multi-GNSS radio occultation measurements

The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate 2 (COSMIC-2) mission was launched into a low-inclination (24°) orbit on June 25, 2019. Six satellites, each with an advanced Tri-GNSS Radio-Occultation Receiver System (TGRS), provide a global and uniform data coverage of the equatorial region with several thousand electron density profiles daily. The COSMIC-2 electron density profiles, and specifically the derived ionospheric F2 peak parameters, are properly validated in this study with reliable “truth” observations. For this purpose, we used manually scaled ionograms from 29 ground-based ionosondes located globally at low and middle latitudes. For this validation campaign, we considered only geomagnetically quiet conditions in order to establish benchmark level of the new mission’s ionospheric observation quality and to evaluate the operational capability of the COSMIC-2 Radio Occultation (RO) payload at the background of normal day-to-day variability of the ionosphere. For reliable colocations between two independent techniques, we selected only COSMIC-2 RO profiles whose F2 peak point coordinates were within 5° of the closest ionosonde. Our comparison of the ionospheric F2 peak height (hmF2) derived from COSMIC-2 RO and ground-based ionosonde measurements showed a very good agreement, with a mean of ~5 and ~2 km at low and middle latitudes, respectively, while RMS error was of ~23 and ~14 km, respectively. That range corresponds to a deviation of only 6–9% from the reference, ionosonde observations. Examination of representative collocation events with multiple (2–5) simultaneous RO tracks near the same ionosonde with different RO geometry, multi-satellite and multi-GNSS combination give us observational evidence that COSMIC-2 RO-based EDPs derived from GPS and GLONAS links show good self-consistency in terms of the ionospheric F2 peak values and electron density profile shape. We can conclude that COSMIC-2 provides high quality data for specification the ionospheric electron density at the F2 peak region.
A General Approach to Robust Controller Analysis and Synthesis.

Robust controller synthesis attracts reviving research interest, driven by the rise of learning-based systems where uncertainty and perturbation are ubiquitous. Facing an uncertain situation, a robustly stabilizing controller should maintain stability while operating under a perturbed system deviating from its nominal specification. There have been numerous results for robust controller synthesis in multiple forms and with various goals, including mu-synthesis, robust primal-dual Youla, robust input-output, and robust system level parameterizations. However, their connections with one another are not clear, and we lack a general approach to robust controller analysis and synthesis. To serve this purpose, we derive robust stability conditions for general systems and formulate the general robust controller synthesis problem. The conditions hinge on the realization-stability lemma, a recent analysis tool that unifies existing controller synthesis methods. Not only can the conditions infer a wide range of existing robust results, but they also lead to easier derivations of new ones. Together, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the conditions and provide a unified approach to robust controller analysis and synthesis.
Preparing Paraprofessionals to Become Teachers: A Study Examining the Effect of Catalytic Interventions:

New York State, in all of its regions, has a growing number of diverse public-school students, including many immigrant groups, accounting for a significant change in the ethnic and racial demograp...
Chemical validation of a druggable site on Hsp27/HSPB1 using in silico solvent mapping and biophysical methods

Abstract Destabilizing mutations in small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are linked to multiple diseases; however, sHsps are conformationally dynamic, lack enzymatic function and have no endogenous chemical ligands. These factors render sHsps as classically “undruggable” targets and make it particularly challenging to identify molecules that might bind and stabilize them. To explore potential solutions, we designed a multi-pronged screening workflow involving a combination of computational and biophysical ligand-discovery platforms. Using the core domain of the sHsp family member Hsp27/HSPB1 (Hsp27c) as a target, we applied mixed solvent molecular dynamics (MixMD) to predict three possible binding sites, which we confirmed using NMR-based solvent mapping. Using this knowledge, we then used NMR spectroscopy to carry out a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) screen, ultimately identifying two fragments that bind to one of these sites. A medicinal chemistry effort improved the affinity of one fragment by ~50-fold (16 µM), while maintaining good ligand efficiency (~0.32 kcal/mol/non-hydrogen atom). Finally, we found that binding to this site partially restored the stability of disease-associated Hsp27 variants, in a redox-dependent manner. Together, these experiments suggest a new and unexpected binding site on Hsp27, which might be exploited to build chemical probes.
Internal Medicine-Paediatrics residents' application of life design principles to career decisions.

Background Residency is an important time for career planning. Little is known about how trainees make career decisions during this formative period. Objective The objective of this study was to understand whether ‘design thinking’ activities help to inform Internal Medicine–Paediatrics (Med-Peds) residents’ career decisions. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey of a national sample of fourth-year Med-Peds residents in May–July 2019 covering intended career, helpfulness of ‘life design’ strategies used to inform career decision and confidence with intended career plans. Bivariate analyses were performed to evaluate associations between used strategies and confidence with career plans. Results A total of 86/145 (59%) of residents responded to the survey. The most helpful activities for clarifying career decisions were immersive exposure to the career during residency, and reflecting on compatibility of careers with their views of life and work. Finding the right mentor was associated with higher confidence in one’s intended career path (p Conclusion This national survey of graduating Med-Peds residents reveals that proactive life design strategies were helpful in bringing clarity to their decision and were associated with higher confidence in intended career plans. These data should be of interest to residency training programmes in their efforts to support trainees with their career decisions.
Victimized Again: How the Reentry Process Perpetuates Violence Against Survivors of Domestic Abuse

Inspired by my practice, this piece describes how community supervision can decrease safety and increase violence for reentering victims of battering by eliminating or limiting their options.
The Lack of Sexual Health Education in Medical Training Leaves Students and Residents Feeling Unprepared.

ABSTRACT Background Despite physicians frequently caring for patients with sexual health issues, only 50% of United States medical schools require formal education in sexual medicine, and there are currently no guidelines pertaining to this with research which found that medical trainees are ill-equipped to provide sexual healthcare. Aim This study aims to identify areas to improve sexual health training in order to increase physician confidence and competence in evaluating and training patients with sexual health problems. Methods A prospective survey was sent via REDCap to medical students (n = 190, 68.6%), residents (n = 75, 27.1%), and fellows (n = 11, 3.9%) via a known listserv. Participants (N = 276, ∼15% response rate) were asked to provide demographic information, whether they received sexual health training during medical school and rate their confidence in addressing patients’ sexual health concerns. Outcomes Medical students and residents currently do not receive sufficient education on sexual health and medicine, particularly in fields outside of OB-GYN and Urology, leaving them underqualified and less confident than needed for adequate patient care. Results 65.6% of trainees reported receiving formal sexual health education, while 13.9% received informal education, and 20.6% received no education during medical school. Although trainees desire to understand a patients’ sexual health (P .1). Clinical Implications More efforts should be made to integrate sexual health education into medical school curriculum. Strengths & Limitations The strength of this study includes specific evaluation of medical student and resident confidence level with 15 individual sexual health topics. The limitations include that the demographic was regionally confined to the Midwest of the United States and women were more strongly represented among medical students. Conclusion Due to the lack of standardized education, medical trainees (except for Urology and OB-GYN residents) feel unprepared to treat patients with sexual health issues, and medical schools should make sexual health education mandatory. Beebe S, Payne N, Posid T, et al. The Lack of Sexual Health Education in Medical Training Leaves Students and Residents Feeling Unprepared. J Sex Med 2021;18:1998–2004.
Cytoplasmic extracts from the eggs of sea urchins and clams for the study of microtubule-associated motility and bundling.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes clarified cytoplasmic extracts made from the eggs of sea urchins or clams that are used to study microtubule-associated translocation and bundling in the presence of soluble cytoplasmic proteins. In the extracts, microtubules made from endogenous tubulin both translocate across coverslips and bundle to each other. In addition, the microtubules serve as a substrate for the bidirectional movement of organelles. Sea urchin oocytes and eggs are a rich source of the cytoskeletal components necessary for the rapid cell divisions following fertilization. Three of the materials stockpiled for postfertilization events include tubulin, microtubule-associated proteins, and microtubule motor proteins. Sea urchin egg fertilization should be carried out in ATA seawater to allow for removal of the fertilization membrane. The oocytes of the surf clam Spisula solidissima can be collected in quantities suitable for biochemical studies and are excellent cytological specimens. The mature Spisula oocyte has an intact germinal vesicle with a tetraploid complement of partially condensed chromosomes. The proximity in time between fertilization and the first meiotic division allows the harvesting of cells in high cell cycle synchrony.
Multi-Robot Team Design for Real-World Applications

Real-world applications that are ideal for robotic solutions are very complex and challenging. Many of these applications are set in dynamic environments that require capabilities distributed in functionality, space, or time. These applications, therefore, often require teams of robots to work together cooperatively to successfully address the mission. While much research in recent years has addressed the issues of autonomous robots and multi-robot cooperation, current robotics technology is still far from achieving many of these real world applications. We believe that two primary reasons for this technology gap are that (1) previous work has not adequately addressed the issues of fault tolerance and adaptivity in multi-robot teams, and (2) existing robotics research is often geared at specific applications, and is not easily generalized to different, but related, applications. This paper addresses these issues by first describing the design issues of key importance in these real-world cooperative robotics applications — fault tolerance, reliability, adaptivity, and coherence. We then present a general architecture addressing these design issues — called ALLIANCE that facilitates multi-robot cooperation of small- to medium-sized teams in dynamic environments, performing missions composed of loosely coupled subtasks. We illustrate an implementation of ALLIANCE in a real-world application, called Bounding Overwatch, and then discuss how this architecture addresses our key design issues.
United States v. Bond and Information-Forcing Defaults: The Work that Presumptions Do

This article, written for a symposium on Bond v. United States, connects the law and economics of contract interpretation to the Supreme Court’s modern practice of creating statutory interpretive presumptions. The paper compares information-forcing defaults, both majoritarian and penal, to contract rules that allow parties to design mechanisms to deal with future contingencies about which no party has special knowledge. Delegation rules allow parties to specify a set of contingencies that, upon realization, entitle a selected third party to supplement the contract to incorporate post-contractual information. From a welfare perspective, information-forcing defaults and delegations are complements, each desirable under specified conditions. But, as to any particular issue, these strategies are contradictory. Choosing a delegate to resolve downstream problems reduces a party’s incentive to disclose relevant information at the time of contracting. The challenge thus becomes determining the conditions, both in theory and in practice, where each approach is likely to optimize the value of a contract. The paper then looks at several informal models of how Congress and the federal judiciary operate, and in particular at how they interact dynamically with respect to statutory interpretation. It then identifies the circumstances under each model that would support a conclusion that Court’s current trend may contribute to the social good. It argues that none of the areas where presumptions have emerged satisfy the requirements for a delegation of downstream lawmaking to the courts based on unknown information. In contrast, statutory presumptions against encroachments into areas of core state competence (Bond), extraterritorial effect of regulation (Morrison and Kiobel), violations of international law (Charming Betsy), and constitutional confrontations (Catholic Bishop) reflect a plausible majoritarian default of avoiding conflicts with parallel legal regimes. The presumption against implied causes of action, by contrast, reflects a penal default based on the need to promote transparency and accountability in lawmaking.
Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Summary: The biomarkers discussed in this review are promising and might lead to improved diagnosis and risk stratifi ca- tion of patients with ACS, however their clinical application requires further studies. It is important to defi ne their clinical role as diagnostic markers, their predictive value and the specifi city, standardization and detection limits of the assays. Introduction term "acute coronary syndrome" (ACS) encompasses a range of thrombotic coronary artery diseases, including unstable angina (UA) and both ST-segment elevation (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Current estimates are that 1.7 million patients with ACS are admitted each year to hospitals in the United States (American Heart Association: 2004 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update). Of these, only one-quarter present with STEMI; three quarter, or approximately 1.4 million patients, have UA or NSTEMI. It's further estimated that 4% of patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) have an inadequate discharge with considerable risk of cardiac events at home for patients (Lee TH et al. 1987). It is evident that the epidemiological importance of the phenomenon, the potentially lethal consequences for the patient, and the economical and legal implications for clinicians make the need of an adequate strategy of diagnostic and therapeutic management, including risk stratifi cation and prevention of possible new events. However, the defi nition of the assessment protocol in the evaluation of patients with chest pain or other symptoms suspected for ACS is diffi cult. ACS requires early identifi cation, adequate risk strati- fi cation and management: patients with ongoing chest pain and persistent ST-segment elevation (or new-onset left bundle branch block) require immediately recanalization by fi brinolytic treatment or primary angioplasty in patients with chest pain and EKG abnormalities suggesting acute ischemic heart disease, the strategy is to value the likelihood of ACS and to confi rm or rule out myocardial necrosis, to alleviate ischemia and symptoms, to observe with serial EKG, to repeat measurements of markers of myocardial necrosis and to initiate appropriate therapy. However, suggested approach consistent of history, EKG and serum cardiac markers determination is time-consuming and not necessarily accurate: clinical presentation of ACS is often atypical, EKG abnormalities are not always present (Pope JH et al. 1998) and markers of myocardial necrosis may be negative at admission. Recent investigations have indicated that increases in several biomarkers upstream may provide earlier assessment of overall patient risk, help in identifying the adequate diagnostic and therapeutic
Abstract 14944: Elevated Peak Immune Monitoring Early After Transplantation is Associated with Angiographic Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Introduction: Early immune monitoring (IM) as measured by adenosine triphosphate release from activated lymphocytes is associated with coronary plaque progression by intravascular ultrasound. Hypot...
Simulation of trans-nasal endoscopy of the middle ear for visualization of cholesteatoma

Cholesteatomas are benign lesions that form in the middle ear (ME). The standard of care is surgical removal. The traditional clinical approach for identifying cholesteatomas, visualization via a trans-aural approach, must be done in the operating room. This constraint complicates early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Trans-nasal endoscopy of the ME may permit less invasive visualization as it could potentially be done in an outpatient setting. In this work, we propose a technique to quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of a trans-nasal endoscope for identifying cholesteatomas. Our approach is to quantify the surface area of MEs segmented in 6 CT volumes that is visible from a virtual endoscope inserted trans-nasally. Our preliminary results indicate that cholesteatomas located in certain sub-regions of the ME could indeed be well-visualized with a trans-nasal endoscope. Such an approach could have significant impact by facilitating earlier diagnosis and more frequent post-treatment monitoring of cholesteatomas.
Why the Standards Movement Failed: An Educational and Political Diagnosis of Its Failure and the Implications for School Reform

In the first paper, “How Well Does the Standards Movement Measure Up?,” I documented the movement’s failure in diverse areas—academic achievement, equality of opportunity, quality of learning, and graduation rates—and described its harmful effects on students and school culture. In this paper, I diagnose the reasons for the failure and propose an alternative agenda for school reform. I link the failure of the standards movement to its faulty premises, historical myopia, and embrace of test-driven accountability. As part of the audit culture and the conservative restoration, the movement ended up pushing a data-driven, authoritarian form of schooling. Its advocates blamed educational problems on a retreat from standards, for which there was little evidence, while ignoring the long-standing, deep structure of schooling that had caused persistent achievement problems throughout the 20 th century. Drawing on reproduction theories and analyses of the neoliberal reform project, I make the case for repealing NCLB and Race to the Top and outline a progressive framework for reconstructing schools.
Transgenic Pest and Beneficial Insects for Pest Management Programs

Genetic manipulation with recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methods requires methods for efficient and stable insertion of foreign genes into the genome of an insect and the availability of useful genes, as well as appropriate promoters and other regulatory elements to obtain effective expression of the inserted gene in both space and time. Transgenic insect strains developed for these projects should be contained in a laboratory with effective procedures until permits are obtained from appropriate regulatory authorities that would allow their release into the environment. A number of steps involved in a program designed to control pest insects through transgenic methods are discussed in the chapter. Many pest management programs, especially those involving replacement of pest populations by transgenic population, require permanent establishment in the environment and may require the use of “drive” mechanisms. Several drive mechanisms, such as the release of active transposable elements or Wolbachia , have been proposed, but an analysis of the potential risk issues associated with them is conducted yet.
PCA-PMC: a novel use of a priori knowledge for fast parallel model combination

This paper describes an algorithm to reduce computational complexity of the parallel model combination (PMC) method for robust speech recognition while retaining the same level of performance. Although, PMC is effective in composing a noise corrupted acoustic model from clean speech and noise models, the intense computational complexity limits its use in real-time use. The novel approach here is to encode the clean models using principal component analysis (PCA) and pre-compute the prototype vectors and matrices for the means and covariances in the linear spectral-domain using rectangular DCT and inverse DCT matrices. Therefore, transformation into the linear spectral domain is reduced to finding the projection of each vector in the eigen space of means and covariances followed by a linear combination of vectors and matrices obtained from the projections. Furthermore, the eigen space allows a better trade-off for reducing computational complexity versus accuracy. The computational savings are demonstrated both analytically and through experimental evaluations. Experiments using context independent phone recognition with TIMIT data shows that the new PMC framework can outperforms the baseline method by a factor of 1.9 with the same level of accuracy.
Managing patients with lumbar drainage devices

All nurses who care for patients with LDDs must have demonstrated initial competency with LDDs and should participate in periodic in-service training to maintain that competency. Clearly an educated critical care nurse is the most essential partner that a patient with an LDD can have for preventing complications and ensuring that the best outcomes for the patient are achieved. Nurses caring for patients with an LDD must have a clear institution-specific policy and procedure available to guide the care of these patients.
Plant defenses against parasitic plants show similarities to those induced by herbivores and pathogens

Herbivores and pathogens come quickly to mind when one thinks of the biotic challenges faced by plants. Important but less appreciated enemies are parasitic plants, which can have important consequences for the fitness and survival of their hosts. Our knowledge of plant perception, signaling, and response to herbivores and pathogens has expanded rapidly in recent years, but information is generally lacking for parasitic species. In a recent paper we reported that some of the same defense responses induced by herbivores and pathogens--notably increases in jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and a hypersensitive-like response (HLR)--also occur in tomato plants upon attack by the parasitic plant Cuscuta pentagona (field dodder). Parasitism induced a distinct pattern of JA and SA accumulation, and growth trials using genetically-altered tomato hosts suggested that both JA and SA govern effective defenses against the parasite, though the extent of the response varied with host plant age. Here we discuss similarities between the induced responses we observed in response to Cuscuta parasitism to those previously described for herbivores and pathogens and present new data showing that trichomes should be added to the list of plant defenses that act against multiple enemies and across Kingdoms.
Deleterious Effect of Chemotherapy on Measures of Insulin Resistance in Patients with Newly-Diagnosed Invasive Breast Cancer.

Background: Women treated with early stage breast cancer often gain weight in the two years following diagnosis, with adjuvant chemotherapy, younger age, lower body mass index (BMI) and pretreatment menopausal status being associated factors (Breast J 2007; 13:258). The effect of insulin resistance on treatment-related weight gain, and of treatment on measures of insulin resistance, are unclear.Purpose: To prospectively study weight gain in women receiving adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer and assess changes in body mass index, body composition, and explore the relationship between markers of insulin resistance, cancer therapy, exercise and weight gain.Methods: Prospective, observational study of non-diabetic women with early-stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy. Fasting insulin, glucose, and triglycerides, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference were obtained at baseline before adjuvant therapy, and at 6, and 12 months. Patients completed nutrition and exercise logs using the Nutritionist-Pro program. Insulin resistance was calculated using the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Waist/hip ratio (WHR) was used as a surrogate for percent body fat.Results: Complete data available for 95 patients are reported regarding weight change at 6 months (mean 0.4 kg, 95%CI -0.3, 1.0; p=.23 compared to baseline) and 12 months (0.9 kg, 95%CI 0.4, 1.8, p=.04 compared with baseline). Mean baseline HOMA-IR was 2.3 (95%CI 1.9, 2.7); mean baseline WHR was 0.82 (95%CI 0.81, 0.84). Six-month HOMA-IR tended to increase (by mean 0.34, p=.06) as did glucose/insulin ratio (p=.05). Waist measurement (p=.96) and WHR (p=.52) were unchanged. Chemotherapy-treated patients exhibited adverse changes compared with others (mean change for chemotherapy-treated and no chemotherapy for HOMA-IR: 0.53 vs. -0.64, p=.005; glucose/insulin: -2.1 vs. 2.7, p=.003; waist: 0.37 vs. -1.94 cm, p=.08; WHR: 0.001 vs. -0.024, p=.06). Age, BMI, hormonal therapy, or types of breast surgery were not associated with significant changes. Exercising patients demonstrated lower HOMA-IR and WHR, and greater glucose/insulin ratios at baseline, but exercise (aerobic, strength, or any exercise) was not associated with significant change at 6 and 12 months for any of these variables. While differences disappeared at 12 months despite further weight gain repeated measures analysis of variance confirmed the effect of chemotherapy over time for HOMA-IR (p=.048), glucose/insulin (p=.038) and WHR (p=.050).Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that patients completing chemotherapy within 6 months of baseline appear to experience at least short-term changes in metabolism suggestive of insulin resistance. These adverse changes may help explain weight gain associated with adjuvant chemotherapy, and merit further prospective study. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1054.
The Precordial Movements in Adults with Pulmonic Stenosis

The precordial movements were studied in 24 adults with pulmonic stenosis. All patients were studied by cardiac catheterization. Normal kinetocardiographic criteria were applied to the patients with pulmonic stenosis. These provided a measure of the magnitude of atrial movements and relative amplitude and duration of movements associated with ventricular systole. Twenty-two patients had abnormal ventricular systolic movements by these criteria. These increased systolic movements are attributed to right ventricular overload. However, the location of these movements was frequently in areas generally considered as reflecting left ventricular activity. Possible explanations for this apparent paradox are discussed. There was a predictable relation between the motions associated with atrial contraction and the right ventricular pressure.
Quantum information technology

Abstract A new quantum information technology (QIT) could emerge in the future, based on current research in the fields of quantum information processing and communication 1 , 2 , 3 (QIPC). In contrast to conventional IT, where quantum mechanics plays a support role in improving the building blocks, fundamental quantum phenomena play a central role in QIPC — information is stored, processed, and communicated according to the laws of quantum physics. This additional freedom could enable future QIT to perform tasks we will never achieve with ordinary IT. Today many people are familiar with at least the consequences of Moore’s Law — the fastest computer in the shops doubles in speed about every 18 months to two years. This exponential progress, first noted 4 by Gordon Moore — cofounder and former CEO of Intel — in 1965, has continued ever since. But it cannot go on forever. Hurdles exist, for example: silicon will hit problems, with oxide thinness or track width 5 ; new materials or even new paradigms, such as self-assembled nano-devices or molecular electronics, will be needed; lots of dollars will be required as Moore’s second law tells us that fabrication costs are also growing exponentially. However, even if the hurdles can be overcome, we will eventually run into nature.
Inhibition of oöcyte development during pregnancy in the cockroach Eublaberus posticus

Abstract The corpora allata are inhibited during pregnancy in ovoviviparous Eublaberus posticus, and yolk is not deposited in the basal oocytes for the entire or almost the entire gestation period. Precocious oocyte development occurs if the ootheca is removed but this can be prevented by substituting a plastic ootheca for the true egg case in the uterus. Implantation of a uterus containing an ootheca into the abdomen of a female whose ootheca is removed does not prevent precocious oocyte development even though many of the eggs in the implant grow and stretch the donor uterus. These experiments argue against the hypothesis that an ‘agent’ from the uterine eggs or stretched uterus inhibits the activity of the corpora allata (CA), and supports the hypothesis that inhibition from the uterus is mechanical. Cyclical activity of neurosecretory cells in certain abdominal ganglia in one species of ovoviviparous cockroach has been correlated with the cyclical inhibition of the oocytes during pregnancy. Mechanoreceptors are found in the uteri of several ovoviviparous species including Eublaberus. In Eublaberus transecting the nerve cord between various ganglia in pregnant females only results in a marked decrease in the percentage of famales showing precocious oocyte development when the nerves posterior to the sixth abdominal ganglion are severed. However, the results are the same if these nerves are severed after removing the ootheca. It is suggested that pressure of the ootheca on mechanoreceptors in the uterus, or cessation of pressure (after removal of the ootheca), result in sensory information being transmitted to the last abdominal ganglion which affect the CA, perhaps indirectly by controlling the activity of the neurosecretory cells in various abdominal ganglia.
Maximum Reduction in Cold Strip Rolling

An analytical equation is derived for the prediction of maximum reductions possible as dependent on the process variables. The results of this equation are presented in graphical form for a wide ra...
Activation, attention, and short-term memory

The premise of this paper is that the popular term "short-term memory" (STM) is vague because it is used to refer to either (1) the set of representations from long-term memory currently in a state of heightened activation or (2) the focus of attention or content of awareness. A more coherent conception of STM is hierarchical, with the focus of attention depicted as a subset of the activated portion of long-term memory. Research issues are discussed to illustrate that this simple conception of STM leads to testable predictions and useful lines of inquiry.
Neutron scattering studies of RENi2B2C: magnetic structures and lattice dynamics

Neutron diffraction techniques have been used to study the magnetic structure of DyNi2B2C. The measurements, performed on single crystals of this compound depleted in the neutron absorbing nuclei, show that below approximately 10A' the compound is a simple collinear antiferromagnet. The moments are aligned ferromagnetically in each rare-earth carbon layer perpendicular to the c-axis with the magnetic moments of two consecutive layers aligned in opposite directions. In con­ trast to the case of both HoNi-iBoC and ErNioBoC no modulation along the a* direction was observed in this compound.
Zen, Yoga, And Sports: Eastern Philosophy For Western Athletes

(1977). Zen, Yoga, And Sports: Eastern Philosophy For Western Athletes. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 68-82.
Algorithmic image reconstruction using itérative phase retrieval schema

X-ray diffraction is potentially a strong candidate for biological imaging since it can in principle reconstruct thick samples at resolutions close to the diffraction limit of the radiation. Due to the non-crystalline nature of such samples. one seeks a phasing method other than that of traditional crystallography; such a method exists in the use of an iterative algorithm based on oversampling [1]. One of the tasks faced by an iterative method is to know when the iteration has given a faithful reconstruction. Past algorithms of this type [1, 2, 3| have employed the basic Fienup iterative schema [4]. In this paper we report on the use of a newer iterative schema due to Elser [5]; our computer simulations on real and complex test objects using Elser's schema show that his reconstruction-error function is a reliable measurement of the reconstruction. We also report that a magnitude-based histogram constraint can dramatically speed up the convergence of the reconstruction process.
Echocardiographic and Survival Studies in Mice Undergoing Endotoxic Shock: Effects of Genetic Ablation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Pharmacologic Antagonism of Platelet-Activating Factor

Evidence implicating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the alterations of cardiac function characteristic of septic shock has come mostly from studies on anesthetized animals, isolated hearts, cultured myocytes, or hosts treated with pharmacologic inhibitors that lack complete specificity for iNOS. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) can participate in the induction of iNOS and has also been implicated in cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. The present studies assessed cardiac function in a model of sepsis in awake mice in which the gene for iNOS was either normal or selectively disrupted. Mice of each genotype were treated with parenteral fluids or with a highly specific antagonist of PAF. Endotoxic shock was induced by challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after priming with heat-killed Propionobacterium acnes. Wild-type mice increased stroke volume and cardiac output in response to LPS. These changes were absent in iNOS-deficient mice. When treated with parenteral fluids, LPS-challenged wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice both had a marked reduction in cardiac output. Antagonism of PAF had no effect on echocardiographic indices in wild-type mice, but selectively overcame the bradycardia and reduced cardiac output elicited by fluid administration in LPS-shocked, iNOS-deficient mice. Thus, there are major cardiovascular effects of PAF that are shared by rather than mediated by iNOS. Neither complete iNOS deficiency nor antagonism of PAF improved survival, whether tested as single or combined intervention. On the contrary, complete deficiency of iNOS was detrimental to survival. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that iNOS deficiency might improve survival if the deficiency were specific but partial. For this, we used mice with one normal and one disrupted gene for iNOS. No survival advantage was evident for these iNOS heterozygotes. Thus, partial or complete inhibition of iNOS, with or without antagonism of PAF, afforded no evident benefit beyond the previously demonstrated reduction in hypotension. Finally, these studies demonstrate that echocardiography preceded by acclimatization is feasible in unanesthetized mice, a finding which should expand the value of genetically manipulated animals for analysis of cardiac function.
Macroeconomic Determinants of the Vote in Presidential Elections

In a 1971 paper Kramer attempted to establish empirically that macroeconomic variables have a significant impact on the vote shares received by Democratic and Republican congressional candidates. He found mixed results, with the growth rate in per capita real income and the inflation rate being important determinants of vote shares, and with the unemployment rate being statistically unimportant. Subsequent studies in this area have also found mixed and some times conflicting results. By using levels of macroeconomic variables rather than rates of change and by examining vote shares in presidential rather than congressional elections, m this paper we were able to detect a consistent and statistically significant relationship between macroeconomic variables and the vote by party in presidential elections.
Kadua haupuensis (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae), a new endemic species from Kaua’i, Hawaiian Islands

The new species Kadua haupuensis is described and illustrated from the isolated Mt. Ha’upu region of Kaua’i, Hawaiian Islands. This new species belongs to Kadua subg. Kadua sect. Wiegmannia. It is characterized by a subdioecious (leaky dioecious) breeding system and appears most closely related to another apparently dioecious species endemic to Kaua’i, Kadua flynnii, with which it is compared. Although the only original wild population is critically endangered and may possibly be extinct, this new species has been successfully propagated and is currently secure in cultivation.
Laser optogalvanic effect in radio-frequency discharges

The laser optogalvanic (LOG) technique is an extremely versatile and sensitive detection/spectroscopic tool.Full exploitation of this technique requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the generationof LOG signals. The temporal profile of a LOG signal consists, in general of two overlapping but distinctlygenerated components, one mediated by ionization rate changes and the other by acoustic effects. Thesecomponents, when resolved, can provide considerable information about various excited states and plasmaprocesses. Some sample results are presented for neon and iodine, and the use of energy level diagrams for the
An Introduction to Ramanujan's “Lost” Notebook

(1979). An Introduction to Ramanujan's “Lost” Notebook. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 89-108.
Estrogenic effects of phenolic compounds on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in MCF-7 cells and uterine glutathione peroxidase in rats

In this study, we tested phenolic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-octylphenol (OP) and 4-propylphenol (PP) by using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in estrogen sensitive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in female immature Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. This study was designed to investigate whether phenolic compounds have estrogenic effects in these useful screening methods for endocrine disruptors. We chose 6 h as the incubation period for the G6PD assay through a preliminary experiment using 17beta-estradiol (E2). Above the concentration of 1 x 10(-8) M, BPA significantly increased the G6PD activity in a concentration-dependent manner, relative to the control. NP (over the concentration of 1 x 10(-9) M) also enhanced the G6PD activity by about 1.8 times that of the control. OP produced weaker effects on G6PD than NP, and showed a tendency to increase the G6PD activity. PP did not affect the G6PD activity. These results show that BPA and NP have the effect of enhancing G6PD activities in MCF-7 cells. In the in vivo GPx assay, both BPA and E2 significantly increased the uterus wet weights and dramatically enhanced uterine GPx activities in immature female rats in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with NP (500 mg/kg/day) increased significantly both the uterine GPx activity and the uterus wet weights in immature female rats. OP (500 mg/kg/day) also caused a significant increase in uterine GPx activity, but had no effect on the uterus wet weights. This finding indicates that the change in uterine GPx activities could be a more sensitive parameter than that of uterus wet weights in immature rats. This study implies that phenolic compounds have a weak estrogenic effects.
The formation of supported bimetallic catalysts. II. The application of a quantitative DSC technique

In the first part of this study, the authors developed a quantitative technique using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the enthalpies of various gas-solid reactions. This technique has been applied to the reduction reactions of unsupported and supported Pt and Ru precursors. The mechanisms of these reductions were investigated by measuring temperatures, enthalpies, and weight losses during the reduction process. The effect of the support was evaluated by considering changes in temperatures and enthalpies of reduction upon supporting on silica. The reduction of pure RuCl{sub 3} occurs by a simple one-step reduction process. A complex mechanism is observed for the reduction of pure H{sub 2}PtCl{sub 6}. The reduction behavior of the supported precursors is in agreement with complex Ru surface speciation and the formation of PtCl{sub 4} as an intermediate in the reduction process. Air-dried samples suggest the formation of PtCl{sub 4} as a surface species prior to reduction. All bimetallic clusters were found to have an exothermic enthalpy of clustering. 27 refs.
Using Clinical Simulation to Enhance Culturally Competent Nursing Care: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Increasing multicultural diversity generates a challenge on providing culturally competent (CC) care for both nurses and patients. Multicultural nursing education is the key to achieve new perspectives in nursing care, and therefore, it has gained importance lately. As nurse educators play a significant role in developing the nursing workforce to meet cultural awareness, knowledge, and competency in students, they must appropriately provide culturally specific nursing care, which is customized to fit the patient's own cultural values, beliefs, traditions, practices, and lifestyles. Clinical simulation is an effective educational tool in nursing education to master the principles of CC nursing care. The author conducted a literature review to identify the best practices in the utilization of simulation to enhance CC nursing care. Results revealed that the use of simulation can support CC nursing care by providing a safe environment to conduct a cultural assessment, elicit students' attitudes toward cross-cultural situations, and improve communication, critical thinking, and nursing skills. With these skills, one can recognize cross-cultural issues in interviewing, communicating medical information, and providing treatment and CC nursing care for patients from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. Gaps in research still exist regarding the effectiveness of clinical simulation to enhance CC nursing care.
The clinical effectiveness of reflectance optical spectroscopy for the in vivo diagnosis of oral lesions

Optical spectroscopy devices are being developed and tested for the screening and diagnosis of oral precancer and cancer lesions. This study reports a device that uses white light for detection of suspicious lesions and green-amber light at 545 nm that detect tissue vascularity on patients with several suspicious oral lesions. The clinical grading of vascularity was compared to the histological grading of the biopsied lesions using specific biomarkers. Such a device, in the hands of dentists and other health professionals, could greatly increase the number of oral cancerous lesions detected in early phase. The purpose of this study is to correlate the clinical grading of tissue vascularity in several oral suspicious lesions using the Identafi(®) system with the histological grading of the biopsied lesions using specific vascular markers. Twenty-one patients with various oral lesions were enrolled in the study. The lesions were visualized using Identafi(®) device with white light illumination, followed by visualization of tissue autofluorescence and tissue reflectance. Tissue biopsied was obtained from the all lesions and both histopathological and immunohistochemical studies using a vascular endothelial biomarker (CD34) were performed on these tissue samples. The clinical vascular grading using the green-amber light at 545 nm and the expression pattern and intensity of staining for CD34 in the different biopsies varied depending on lesions, grading ranged from 1 to 3. The increase in vascularity was observed in abnormal tissues when compared to normal mucosa, but this increase was not limited to carcinoma only as hyperkeratosis and other oral diseases, such as lichen planus, also showed increase in vascularity. Optical spectroscopy is a promising technology for the detection of oral mucosal abnormalities; however, further investigations with a larger population group is required to evaluate the usefulness of these devices in differentiating benign lesions from potentially malignant lesions.