cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Observations of Sediment Erosion from a Bottom Resting Flume

Abstract A small portable flume was designed and constructed to measure in situ erosion velocities. Preliminary results from deployments in Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and Lake Ontario show that the flume can produce and measure the velocities required to erode fine-grained material from the lake bottom. Shear stresses required for erosion (calculated from the measured velocities) varied from 0.03 to 1.34 dynes/cm 2 . As the flow velocity increases, erosion appears to occur as discrete episodes rather than continuously. Before flume results can be used to predict a sediment's resistance to erosion, both extensive measurements of sediment properties and comparisons of flume results to naturally-occurring erosion events are needed.
TRIPOD (TRoglitazone In the Prevention Of Diabetes): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of troglitazone in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus

The TRoglitazone In the Prevention Of Diabetes (TRIPOD) trial is a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked study. The primary aim of the TRIPOD trial is to test the hypothesis that chronic administration of troglitazone to nondiabetic women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will improve whole-body insulin sensitivity and reduce the incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Because troglitazone is already known to lower blood glucose concentrations in persons who have developed NIDDM, an additional aim of the project will be to determine whether early intervention with troglitazone will achieve better final glycemic control than can be achieved by later intervention. In addition, since troglitazone treatment is expected to improve insulin sensitivity and may prevent or delay a decline in glucose tolerance, we also plan to determine whether long-term troglitazone treatment alters the development or progression of atherosclerosis. In this article we describe the experiment's design, the study's endpoints and methods for determining those endpoints, methods for assessing quality of life, and proposed methods for statistical analyses. The unique two-phase study design of the TRIPOD trial will permit testing not only of the biological question about reversal of insulin resistance and prevention of diabetes, but also of the clinical question about whether early intervention is superior to late intervention. Results from this trial will have an important impact on the monitoring and treatment of patients at high risk for NIDDM.
Solar Imaging Radio Array (SIRA): a multispacecraft mission

The Solar Imaging Radio Array (SIRA) is a mission to perform aperture synthesis imaging of low frequency solar, magnetospheric, and astrophysical radio bursts. The primary science targets are coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which drive shock waves that may produce radio emission. A space-based interferometer is required, because the frequencies of observation (<15 MHz) are cutoff by the ionosphere. SIRA will require a 12 to 16 microsatellite constellation to establish a sufficient number of baselines with separations on the order of kilometers. The microsats will be located quasi-randomly on a spherical shell, initially of diameter 10 km or less. The baseline microsat, as presented here, is 3-axis stabilized with a body-mounted, earth-directed high gain antenna and an articulated solar array; this design was developed by the Integrated Mission Design Center (IMDC) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). A retrograde orbit at a distance of ~500,000 km from Earth was selected as the preferred orbit because the 8 Mbps downlink requirement is easy to meet, while keeping the constellation sufficiently distant from terrestrial radio interference. Also, the retrograde orbit permits imaging of terrestrial magnetospheric radio sources from varied perspectives. The SIRA mission serves as a pathfinder for space-based satellite constellations and for spacecraft interferometry at shorter wavelengths. It will be proposed to the NASA MIDEX proposal opportunity in mid-2005.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Associated Colorectal Neoplasia.

Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s colitis have a greater risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Many studies have described the evolving epidemiology and risk factors for CRC in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent evidence indicates that the incidence has been decreasing with the advancement of medical and surgical therapies, and surveillance has emerged as the foundation of prevention. Chemoprophylaxis is another area of research; however, given the limited efficacy of these agents, they are only being used in conjunction with endoscopic surveillance. Our ability to formulate effective strategies for the prevention of this dreaded complication expands as more is discovered of the molecular events underlying IBD carcinogenesis. Management strategies are constantly updated as new evidence and endoscopic techniques emerge. In this paper, we review the literature regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors and chemoprophylaxis as well as the latest consensus guidelines for management of dysplasia and neoplasia in IBD patients.
Particle-wall collision in a viscoelastic fluid

In this study, we present experimental results on particle-wall collision in viscoelastic fluids. A sphere is released in a tank filled with poly(ethylene-oxide) (PEO) mixed with water with varying concentrations up to 1.5 %. The effect of Stokes and Deborah numbers on the rebound velocity of a spherical particle colliding onto a wall is considered. It has been observed that the slope at which the coefficient of restitution increases with Stokes number is smaller for higher Deborah numbers. Higher rebound occurs for higher PEO concentration at the same stokes number. However, the results for the coefficient of restitution in polymeric liquids can be collapsed together with the Newtonian fluid behaviour if one defines the Stokes number based on the local strain rate.
Photodissociation of O2 and H2O in the middle atmosphere: Comparison of numerical methods and impact on model O3 and OH

We have compared three photochemical diurnal models of O3 and OH in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere which use different techniques for calculating the absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation by the O2 Schumann-Runge bands. One model uses a detailed line-by-line representation of the O2 cross section from 1750-2050 A, while the two others use lower resolution, parameterized cross sections. Using the parameterized cross sections, the calculated O3 profiles for both day and night agree with those obtained from the line-by-line model to within 6%. This appears to eliminate inaccuracies in the parameterized O2 cross section as a major cause of previously reported model O3 deficits. A portion of the residual differences from the line-by-line model are attributed to inaccuracies in the calculated H2O photolysis rate. A parameterized H2O cross section is offered which improves the accuracy of this calculation.
Death certificate reporting of colon and rectal cancers.

To the Editor. —Cancer mortality data have been used in a variety of epidemiological studies, including analyses of time trends and geographic variations, ecological correlations, casecontrol studies, and for ascertainment of outcomes in cohort studies. The validity of these studies in large part depends on the quality of information reported on the death certificates. The accuracy of death certificate reporting of cancer causes of death has been examined previously, and it has been noted that sizable numbers of reported colon cancer deaths were actually rectal in origin, and vice versa. 1-3 Comparing certificate-reported causes of death with the hospital cancer diagnoses from the Second 1 and Third National Cancer Surveys as reported in Percy et al 2 and additional data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program 4 at the National Cancer Institute, we found that during the period 1947 through 1986, an increasing proportion of rectal cancer was
Biphasic effects of acetylstrophanthidin on automaticity in guinea pig ventricular muscle.

Abstract The effects of acetylstrophanthidin (AS) on depolarization-induced automaticity and contractility of guinea pig papillary muscle were studied in a single sucrose gap chamber with microelectrode and current-clamp techniques. The concentration used, 1.4–1.8 μM, never induced automaticity in preparations at their normal resting potential. Twenty min after superfusion with AS, action potential duration (APD) was prolonged and the force of contraction increased. These were associated with an increase in slope of phase 4 depolarization and an increase in the membrane resistance (R m ) of muscles depolarized with small constant current pulses. With longer (50–80 min) periods of AS superfusion, APD became shorter, R m decreased to less than predrug values, and in depolarized preparations, the slope of phase 4 decreased. Contractility remained unchanged throughout this second phase. All of these effects were fully reversible upon 60 min of superfusion with AS-free Tyrode solution. We suggest that the biphasic effects of AS on the automaticity of depolarized ventricular muscle cells are caused by an initial decrease followed by a later increase in transmembrane potassium conductance.
Digital synthesis of linear-FM chirp waveforms: comments on performance and enhancements

The advent of high-speed large gate-count Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) components facilitates the implementation of high-performance parametric digital waveform generators for radar applications. One such waveform is the popular Linear-FM chirp. The state-of-the-art allows us to generate high-fidelity precision wideband Linear-FM chirp waveforms with relative ease, and furthermore enhance these waveforms with a number of features including spectral notches, phase equalization, compound pulses, and more. Design equations are presented as well as a number of feature enhancements.
Auction allocation of computing resources

Standard methods for allocating computing resources normally employ schedulers and either queue or priority schemes. Alternative methods utilizing marketlike processes are being investigated, with direct applicability to evolving distributed systems. In this article, we present results of simulations of an auction allocation is which computing tasks are provided sufficient intelligence to acquire resources by offering, bidding, and exchanging them for funds.
High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Saccharin in Artificial Sweeteners and Pharmaceuticals

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for determining saccharin in various formulations. The method is fast, precise, and accurate and is specific for saccharin in the presence of its most likely impurities and degradation products. Reversed-phase chromatography on a micro-C18 column is utilized with an internal standard, and detection is by UV absorption at 280 nm.
Evaluation of radiation necrosis and malignant glioma in rat models using diffusion tensor MR imaging

Standard MRI cannot distinguish between radiation necrosis and tumor progression; however, this distinction is critical in the assessment of tumor response to therapy. In this study, one delayed radiation necrosis model (dose, 40 Gy; radiation field, 10 × 10 mm2; n = 13) and two orthotopic glioma models in rats (9L gliosarcoma, n =8; human glioma xenografts, n = 5) were compared using multiple diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices. A visible isotropic apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) pattern was observed in the lesion due to radiation necrosis, which consisted of a hypointense central zone and a hyperintense peripheral zone. There were significantly lower ADC, parallel diffusivity, and perpendicular diffusivity in the necrotic central zone than in the peripheral zone (all P < 0.001). When radiation-induced necrosis was compared with viable tumor, radiation necrosis had significantly lower ADC than 9L gliosarcoma and human glioma xenografts (both P < 0.01) in the central zone, and significantly lower fractional anisotropy than 9L gliosarcoma (P = 0.005) and human glioma xenografts (P = 0.012) in the peripheral zone. Histological analysis revealed parenchymal coagulative necrosis in the central zone, and damaged vessels and reactive astrogliosis in the peripheral zone. These data suggest that qualitative and quantitative analysis of the DTI maps can provide useful information by which to distinguish between radiation necrosis and viable glioma.
Effects of alloying elements on thermal expansions of γ-Ni and γ′-Ni3Al by first-principles calculations

Abstract The effects of alloying elements (Al, Cr, Hf, Pt, Y, and Zr) on the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of face-centered-cubic Ni (γ) and L1 2 -Ni 3 Al (γ′) phases have been investigated in terms of the first-principles quasi-harmonic approach by considering both the vibrational and thermal electronic contributions. By combining the present CTE data and the compositions and phase fractions of γ and γ′, the CTE for some Ni–Al-base alloys are predicted and compared with available experimental measurements in the literature, showing good agreement. It is observed that the addition of Pt is effective in reducing the CTE of both γ and γ′ phases, resulting in lower expansion mismatch between the bond coat and the thermally grown oxide alumina layer, as shown by the predicted CTE of Ni–22 Al– x Pt (at.%) alloys ( x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30).
Calcium-channel blockers in prophylaxis and treatment of asthma

Calcium-channel blocking drugs do not induce bronchoconstriction in susceptible persons with cardiac disease and concomitant hyperreactive airways (such as asthma or chronic bronchitis). The ways in which calcium blockers might in fact play a beneficial role in preventing bronchoconstriction or inducing bronchodilation in asthma are explored. Nifedipine and verapamil have been shown to inhibit the bronchoconstriction provoked by exercise, histamine, methacholine and antigen. The potential mechanisms by which this protective effect is mediated--whether by direct action on tracheobronchial smooth muscle, inhibition of release of mediators from activated mast cells or both--are examined by reviewing in vitro studies of both cell systems. Calcium blockers also exhibit some bronchodilating activity in vitro. Early clinical trials of these drugs in ambulatory asthmatic patients have shown little, if any, therapeutic benefit, but results must be considered preliminary in view of the nature of the short-term, small-scale trials performed to date. Regardless of their therapeutic potential in obstructive lung diseases, the calcium-channel blockers offer a powerful probe into the role of calcium in the physiologic make-up of airways and, in particular, the pathophysiologic features of airway hyperreactivity.
The Transport of Suspended Particulates as a Function of Wind Direction and Atmospheric Conditions

Linear regression of high volume air sampler data and various meteorological parameters was used to determine a suspended particulate air pollution climatology for Albany, NY. A new method for exhibiting associations between wind direction and pollutant levels using correlation coefficients is presented. Correlations between wind direction distribution frequency and other meteorological parameters is employed to help explain differences in correlations for direction with suspended particulate levels. Results show that high particulate concentrations correlate well with southerly wind flow throughout the study area, regardless of relative location of receptor to local sources. This suggests that ambient background concentrations inherent in different air masses more consistently affected suspended particulate levels than did the diffusion from local sources during the study period. Maximum particulate advection occurs under conditions of good mixing of the boundary layer and moderate wind speeds and is enh...
Resveratrol sensitizes melanomas to TRAIL through modulation of antiapoptotic gene expression

Although many human melanomas express the death receptors TRAIL-R2/DR5 or TRAIL-R1/DR4 on cell surface, they often exhibit resistance to exogenous TRAIL. One of the main contributors to TRAIL-resistance of melanoma cells is upregulation of transcription factors STAT3 and NF-κB that control the expression of antiapoptotic genes, including cFLIP and Bcl-xL. On the other hand, the JNK-cJun pathway is involved in the negative regulation of cFLIP (a caspase-8 inhibitor) expression. Our observations indicated that resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin, decreased STAT3 and NF-κB activation, while activating JNK-cJun that finally suppressed expression of cFLIP and Bcl-xL proteins and increased sensitivity to exogenous TRAIL in DR5-positive melanomas. Interestingly, resveratrol did not increase surface expression of DR5 in human melanomas, while γ-irradiation or sodium arsenite treatment substantially upregulated DR5 expression. Hence, an initial increase in DR5 surface expression (either by γ-irradiation or arsenite), and subsequent downregulation of antiapoptotic cFLIP and Bcl-xL (by resveratrol), appear to constitute an efficient approach to reactivate apoptotic death pathways in TRAIL-resistant human melanomas. In spite of partial suppression of mitochondrial function and the mitochondrial death pathway, melanoma cells still retain the potential to undergo the DR5-mediated, caspase-8-dependent death pathway that could be accelerated by either an increase in DR5 surface expression or suppression of cFLIP. Taken together, these results suggest that resveratrol, in combination with TRAIL, may have a significant efficacy in the treatment of human melanomas.
Optimal adaptive server allocation in a network

Abstract This paper considers an adaptive version of the problem of Klimov. There are N nodes with a Bernoulli routing and exogenous Poisson arrival processes. The service times are independent and are identically distributed in each node, with an unknown distribution. There is a single server to be allocated in a nonpre-emptive way to the customers. The problem is to minimize the long term average waiting cost per unit of time, for given cost rates in the nodes. The result is that the certainty equivalence controller, that assigns the server optimally assuming that the sample means of the service times are the correct means, is optimal. The analysis is based on results about last exit times of random walks.
Some effects of context on the comprehension of ambiguous sentences

Ambiguous and unambiguous sentences were presented to 80 subjects in Experiment I. Half of the ambiguous sentences had contexts which biased the interpretation of the ambiguity and half had neutral contexts. The subjects monitored the sentences for a specified target phoneme and reaction times (RTs) for the monitoring responses were collected. In both neutral and biased contexts the RTs were longer when the target phoneme occurred shortly after an ambiguous word than when it occurred after an unambiguous control word. The results were the same both for those subjects who noticed that the sentences were ambiguous and for those who did not. Experiment II replicated Experiment I. Mechanisms of sentence processing were discussed and a model patterned after common sense was discarded.
Protein sensing with SERS: insulin variants and phosphorylation detection

Spectral differences of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) were observed for human insulin versus analog and for phosphorylated protein versus unphosphorylated. Adaptive silver films enable soft protein deposition and improved SERS enhancement. This allows to detect small structural differences of proteins at sub-monolayer density.
Higher order terms in asymptotic elastoplastic mode-III crack tip solutions

A two-term expansion of the solution in the near tip region of a mode-III crack is developed. TheJ2-deformation plasticity theory with power-law hardening is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the continuum. It is shown that when the hardening exponentn is greater than 5, the effects of elasticity enter the solution to third order or higher and that the secondr exponent in the stress expansion is given by\(t = 0.5{{\left( {\sqrt {n^2 + 34n + 1} - n - 3} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {\sqrt {n^2 + 34n + 1} - n - 3} \right)} {(n + 1)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {(n + 1)}}\). However, when the hardening exponent is less than or equal to 5, the effects of elasticity enter the stress solution to second order,t=(n−2)/(n+1), and the magnitude of the second term in the expansion is determined by theJ-integral.
The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the cosmetic results after primary radiation treatment for early stage breast cancer

Abstract Breast cancer patients treated by primary radiation therapy who have positive axillary lymph nodes now typically receive adjuvant chemotherapy. In order to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the response of the breast to radiation treatment, we compared the cosmetic results of 49 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and 206 patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. A variety of chemotherapy regimens were employed, most commonly a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). The median followup time for all patients was 33 months. Cosmetic results were scored by the physician at each follow-up evaluation as excellent, good, and fair or poor, depending on the presence and extent of radiation-related changes in the treated breast. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were less likely to have an excellent overall cosmetic result than patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. At 24 months 24% of these patients had an excellent cosmetic result compared with 64% of patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy ( p = 0.0002). This difference was due primarily to a shift in chemotherapy-treated patients from an excellent to a good overall cosmetic result. Breast retraction was noted to be the most frequent determinant of a fair or poor cosmetic result and was more common in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. At 24 months, 62% of these patients had evidence of breast retraction compared with 44% of patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy ( p =0.06). We conclude from this preliminary analysis that adjuvant chemotherapy modifies the response of the breast to radiation, most notably by increasing the development of retraction.
Numerical Model of Heat Transfer in a Rod Bundle With Helical Wire Wrap Spacers

A practical solution to the problem of predicting operating temperatures for nuclear fuel assemblies contining wirewrapped fuel pins spaced in a triangular array is presented. It is shown that the flow field predictions for the subpitch length (below 12 in. for these data) agree with experimental data obtined from prototypic LMFBR model fuel assembly tests. (auth)
Cosmogenic Radionuclide Production Rates in Argon in the Stratosphere

SPALLATION reactions of cosmic-rays with atmospheric argon produce radionuclides with half-lives ranging from seconds to millions of years. Radionuclides resulting from these reactions in the atmosphere that have been observed to date include 10Be (2.7 × 106 yr), 36Cl (3.1 × 105 yr), 14C (5,568 yr), 32Si (∼ 700 yr), 3H (12.3 yr), 22Na (2.6 yr), 35S (88 days), 7Be (53 days), 33P (25 days), 32P (14.3 days), 28Mg (21.3 h), 24Na (15 h), 38S (2.9 h), 31Si (2.62 h), 39Cl (55 min), 38Cl (37 min), 34mCl (32 min).
Functional Expression and Characterization of Aedes aegypti Dopachrome Conversion Enzyme

A full-length mosquito dopachrome conversion enzyme (DCE) and its truncated form lacking the last 54 carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues are expressed using a baculovirus/insect cell expression system. The full-length recombinant DCE displayed multiple bands during native PAGE with substrate staining, but only one active band was detected when the truncated recombinant DCE was analyzed under identical analysis conditions. Our data suggest that the last 50 some carboxyl-terminal residues are involved in the polymerization of the DCE molecules and that the proposed DCE isozymes likely reflect the presence of multimers of the same DCE molecules. The significance of the recombinant DCE in accelerating the melanization pathway is demonstrated by a rapid production of melanin in a dopa and tyrosinase reaction mixture in the presence of recombinant DCE. The DCE sequence data obtained in our previous study, together with results of functional expression and biochemical characterization achieved in this study, provide a necessary reference for the study of other insect DCEs.
Laparoscopic Repair of Inguinal Hernias

For patients with recurrent inguinal hernia, or bilateral inguinal hernia, or for women, laparoscopic repair offers significant advantages over open techniques with regard to recurrence risk, pain, and recovery. For unilateral first-time hernias, either laparoscopic or open repair with mesh can offer excellent results. The major drawback of laparoscopy is that the technique requires a significant number of cases to master. For surgeons in group practice, it makes sense to have one surgeon in the group perform laparoscopic repairs so that experience can be concentrated. For others, the best technique remains the approach that the surgeon is most comfortable and experienced performing.
Social and Dietary Changes Associated with Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk

Women’s dietary behaviour and physical activity have changed as they have entered the workplace in developed and developing countries around the world. Women now manage dual roles, one at work and ...
Assessing the Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements: The Case of the 1985 Helsinki Protocol

The last few decades have been marked by the emergence of a number of environmental protection regimes in the international arena. We know little about the effectiveness of these regimes, however, largely because such evaluations face the formidable obstacles of a scarcity of time series data on environmental quality, a complex mix of nonpolicy factors that affect environmental quality, and the fact that participation in nearly all international environmental agreements is voluntary, which means that policy effectiveness must be estimated from self-selected samples. In this article we assess the effects of the 1985 Helsinki Protocol for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions in Europe, paying particularly close attention to the obstacles noted above. We find that while nations ratifying the Helsinki Protocol have experienced significant emission reductions, the protocol itself has had no discernible effect on emissions. We end the article by discussing the implication of these results for the effectiveness of international environmental regimes in general.
Thermal behavior of a novel micro-fuel cell-based methanol concentration sensor

Abstract Methanol concentration sensors are a key component in the development of direct methanol fuel cells. This paper describes a novel micro-fuel cell based methanol sensor, in which a methanol solution’s energy content is converted into thermal and electrical energy. A zero-dimensional mathematical model is provided to predict the thermal behavior of the sensor. This model reveals a linear correlation between the sensor’s maximum temperature rise and its heat production rate. The sensor’s thermal behavior was investigated experimentally under three different operation modes: (1) constant resistance, (2) constant current, and (3) constant voltage. The experimental results showed that the sensor’s maximum temperature rise had a linear relationship with methanol concentrations up to 10 mol/L. These results also confirmed the assumption of the mathematical model, namely that the heat production rate of the sensor is a linear function of methanol concentration. Therefore, the maximum temperature rise can be used as an indicator of methanol concentration.
A game theoretical approach to modeling energy consumption with consumer preference

We propose a new game theoretical equilibrium model to analyze residential users' electricity consumption behavior in smart grid where energy usage and price data are exchanged between users and utilities via advanced communication. Consideration is given to users' possible preference on convenience over cost-saving under the real-time pricing in smart grid, and each user is assumed to have a preferred time window for using a particular appliance. As a result, each user (player) in the proposed energy consumption game wishes to maximize a payoff or utility consisting of two parts: the negative of electricity cost and the convenience of using appliances during their preferred time windows. Extensive numerical tests suggest that users with less flexibility on their preferred usage times have larger impact on the system performance at equilibrium. This provide insights for utilities to design their pricing based demand response schemes.
Dark current measurements in a CMOS imager

We present data for the dark current of a commercially available CMOS image sensor for different gain settings and bias offsets over the temperature range of 295 to 340 K and exposure times of 0 to 500 ms. The analysis of hot pixels shows two different sources of dark current. One source results in hot pixels with high but constant count for exposure times smaller than the frame time. Other hot pixels exhibit a linear increase with exposure time. We discuss how these hot pixels can be used to calculate the dark current for all pixels. Finally, we show that for low bias settings with universally zero counts for the dark frame one still needs to correct for dark current. The correction of thermal noise can therefore result in dark frames with negative pixel values. We show how one can calculate dark frames with negative pixel count.
CBITS: Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools

Developed out a community participatory research partnership with schools, the Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools Program is a targeted intervention for school children who have experienced a traumatic or violent event and have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. This article describes the original development of the program, with its emphasis on student diversity and school culture. The authors describe the program and its elements, as well as developments over the past decade of work that include modifications for special populations, implementation and dissemination activities, and research on these efforts.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in free convection

Abstract The problem of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in laminar free convection from a vertical flat plate is investigated theoretically. An integral method is used to find solutions for zero wall velocity and for a mass-transfer velocity at the wall, with the wall either insulated or held at a constant temperature. The zero-wall-velocity solution is compared with existing solutions and data for simultaneous heat and mass transfer, heat transfer alone and mass transfer alone.
Ultracold alkali atoms in optical lattices: A new type of quantum crystals?

Similarities between alkali gases in optical lattices with non-integer occupation of the lattice sites and quantum crystals are explored. The analogy with the vacancy liquid provides an alternative explanation to the Mott transition for the recent experiment on the phase transition in the lattice. The vacancy liquid can undergo BEC with T c within experimental reach. Direct and vacancy-assisted mechanisms of the band motion for hyperfine impurities are discussed. The presence of vacancies can result in the spatial decomposition of the system into pure hyperfine components. Below BEC for the vacancies, the impurity component resembles 3 He in 3 He - Hell mixtures.
An experimental study of body surface Laplacian maps during ventricular activation in man

The objective of this investigation is to explore the feasibility of obtaining body surface Laplacian maps (BSLMs) using an array of unipolar electrodes. Body surface Laplacian maps (BSLMs) were investigated over the anterolateral chest of 12 healthy human subjects. 150 unipolar disk electrodes were used to record the potentials over the chest. The Laplacian ECG was estimated from recorded potentials using a 5-point finite difference estimation algorithm. Multiple areas of positive and negative activities were observed in all subjects. Consistent occurrence of sequential activities was observed in nearly all subjects. More spatial detail was observed in the BSLMs as compared with the potential maps in all subjects. The present results demonstrate that the present protocol provides an easy-to-use method to measure the BSLMs over the anterolateral chest in man.
Towards Quantification of Functional Breast Images Using Dedicated SPECT With Non-Traditional Acquisition Trajectories

Quantification of radiotracer uptake in breast lesions can provide valuable information to physicians in deciding patient care or determining treatment efficacy. Physical processes (e.g., scatter, attenuation), detector/collimator characteristics, sampling and acquisition trajectories, and reconstruction artifacts contribute to an incorrect measurement of absolute tracer activity and distribution. For these experiments, a cylinder with three syringes of varying radioactivity concentration, and a fillable 800 mL breast with two lesion phantoms containing aqueous 99mTc pertechnetate were imaged using the SPECT sub-system of the dual-modality SPECT-CT dedicated breast scanner. SPECT images were collected using a compact CZT camera with various 3D acquisitions including vertical axis of rotation, 30° tilted, and complex sinusoidal trajectories. Different energy windows around the photopeak were quantitatively compared, along with appropriate scatter energy windows, to determine the best quantification accuracy after attenuation and dual-window scatter correction. Measured activity concentrations in the reconstructed images for syringes with greater than 10 μCi/mL corresponded to within 10% of the actual dose calibrator measured activity concentration for ±4% and ±8% photopeak energy windows. The same energy windows yielded lesion quantification results within 10% in the breast phantom as well. Results for the more complete complex sinsusoidal trajectory are similar to the simple vertical axis acquisition, and additionally allows both anterior chest wall sampling, no image distortion, and reasonably accurate quantification.
Latency Reduction during Telemetry Transmission in Brain-Machine Interfaces

Advanced array processing techniques are becoming an indispensable requirement for integrating the rapid developments in wireless high-density electronic interfaces to the central nervous system with computational neuroscience. This work aims at describing a systems approach for latency reduction in telemetry-linked brain machine interfaces to enable real-time transmission of high volumes of neural data. We show that the tradeoff between transmission bit rate and processing complexity requires a smart processing mechanism to strip the redundancy and extract the useful information early in the data stream. The results presented demonstrate that space-time processing offers tremendous savings in communication costs compared to on-chip spike detection followed by off-chip classification. They also demonstrate that the performance asymptotically approaches that of on-chip spike detection and sorting. Detailed performance evaluation is described
The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA): applications for globalization

Translation of documentation has traditionally been a major expense in the globalization process, especially if translations are required for multiple languages. The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML-based architecture for creating topic-based and information-typed content. It provides a number of features that, in addition to supporting high-quality information delivery, allows for more efficient and reliable localization of information. This article provides both an introduction to DITA and a discussion of DITA features that enhance document globalization.
Closed-form reconstruction of images from irregular 2-D discrete Fourier samples using the Good-Thomas FFT

The problem of reconstructing an image from irregular (not on a cartesian grid) samples of its 2-D DTFT arises in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in which the 2-D DTFT is known only on part of a polar raster. It also arises in limited angle tomography, in which the 2-D DTFT is known in a bowtie region. Reconstruction requires either nearest-neighbor interpolation or solution of a large linear system of equations, both of which are computationally intensive and can lead to errors due to poor conditioning of the problem. An explicit formula does not seem to exist, since there is no 2-D Lagrange interpolation formula. This paper uses the Good-Thomas FFT to unwrap the 2-D problem into a 1-D problem, to which the 1-D Lagrange interpolation formula can be applied, either directly or recursively (the latter is much faster). This approach results in a sufficient condition to ensure a unique reconstruction.
Rotating Target for Intense 14-MeV Neutron Source

The previously described intense source of 14- MeV neutrons has been observed to produce a source strength of 3 × 1012 s-1, and a flux density of 7 × 1011 cm-2 s-1 on a small sample. Development work is in progress to increase the intensity further.
Link analysis for collaborative knowledge building

We present an ongoing research project utilizing navigation and hyperlink data to aid collaborative knowledge building. We allow collaborators to personally organize documents and other research resources and make references to them. We combine their personal organizations and references to develop a unified, hierarchical categorization of these resources. We analyze collaborators' navigations to identify prominent research activities as well as the key documents related to these activities. We examine prominence over time to identify research trends.
Identification of Amino Acid Residues Critical for the Src-homology 2 Domain-dependent Docking of Stat2 to the Interferon α Receptor

The interaction between Src-homology 2 domains (SH2) domains and phosphorylated tyrosine residues serves a critical role in intracellular signaling. In addition to the phosphotyrosine, adjacent residues are critical mediators of the specificity of this interaction. Upon treatment of cells with interferon α (IFNα), the IFNaR1 subunit of the IFNα receptor becomes tyrosine phosphorylated at position 466. The region surrounding phosphorylated tyrosine 466 subsequently acts as a docking site for the SH2 domain of Stat2, facilitating phosphorylation of the latter and, thus, the transduction of the IFNα signal. In this report site-specific mutagenesis was employed to analyze the nature of the interaction between the SH2 domain of Stat2 and the region surrounding tyrosine 466 on IFNaR1. Mutation of the valine at the +1 position carboxyl-terminal to tyrosine 466 or of the serine at the +5 position inhibits the association of Stat2 with phosphorylated IFNaR1. Moreover, receptors mutated at either of these two positions act in a dominant manner to decrease IFNα signaling, as assayed by both Stat2 phosphorylation and expression of an IFNα-responsive reporter. The demonstration that these two residues are critical in mediating the interaction between Stat2 and IFNaR1 suggests that STAT proteins might utilize a structurally distinct subset of SH2 domains to mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus.
Deviation of layer normal from rubbing direction in SSF-LC

Abstract Deviation angle δ of the layer normal away from the rubbing direction in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal(SSF-LC) was studied using liquid crystal(LC) mixtures possessing smectic A(SmA) phase and cells with one rubbed substrate. The dependence of δ on the properties of LC, cell spacing, temperature, and external field suggested that δ originated from the twist in the nematic phase and electroclinic effect in SmA phase due to the surface field.
Obstetric emergencies precipitated by malignant brain tumors.

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to present a case series of pregnancy-associated malignant brain tumors. Study Design: A review was conducted from 1978-1998 at 5 hospitals. Results: Ten women were diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor during pregnancy (n = 8) or post partum (n = 2). Patients diagnosed antenatally exhibited severe symptoms, manifest between 27 and 32 weeks' gestation. Six were emergently delivered of their infants because of maternal deterioration, and 2 were delivered electively in the early third trimester after documentation of fetal pulmonary maturity. There were 4 maternal deaths and 1 neonatal death; all of the other infants maintained viability. Conclusions: Malignant brain tumors rarely occur in pregnancy. In contrast to reports that describe an indolent course, each of the 8 antenatal patients experienced a neurologic crisis. If symptoms are amenable to pharmacologic control, we advocate delivery in the early third trimester after documentation of fetal pulmonary maturity. To minimize temporal lobe or cerebellar herniation in neurologically unstable patients, a consideration should be made for cesarean delivery with the patient under general anesthesia, followed by immediate neurosurgical decompression. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1215-21.)
EFFECTS OF FOREST ROADS ON THE ABUNDANCE AND ACTIVITY OF TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS

One of the major effects of deforestation is the creation of numerous edge zones where remaining forest meets nonforest habitat. At this interface, edge effects on forest habitats can include altered abiotic conditions, changes in rates of competition and predation, and altered community structure. While the edge effects resulting from clear- cuts and other open habitats are well-studied, little is known about the comparative edge effects of forest roads. We studied the effects of forest roads on the abundance, surface activity, and body condition of red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) and slimy salamanders (P. glutinosus and P. cylindraceus) in the Southern Appalachians of Virginia. We conducted surveys for salamanders at 21 sites where gravel roads bisected mature forest. These sites were divided into three data sets based on region and year of survey. We also carried out an enclosure experiment to determine whether road edges influenced the surface activity and detectability of red-backed salamanders. We found fewer red-backed salaman- ders near roads in all three data sets. These edge effects extended ,20 m into the forest in two of the three data sets but increased linearly out to 80 m in the data set collected during an unusually dry period. In contrast, slimy salamanders showed no clear responses to forest-road edges and had significantly different responses than those of red-backed salamanders. Within our experimental enclosures, red-backed salamander detectability did not differ between edge and interior habitats, suggesting that the patterns we observed were not simply due to changes in salamander activity patterns. Like red-backed salamander counts, soil moisture and cover object area also tended to decrease near roads. The steepness of the gradient in soil moisture was a significant predictor of the steepness of the decline in salamander counts, while there was no significant relationship between the decreases in cover object area and decreases in salamander counts. Collectively, these results show that edge effects from forest roads may be comparable to edge effects from clear-cuts or other types of silvicultural edges. Additionally, they suggest that, for terrestrial salamanders, variation in the magnitude of edge effects may be related to variation in soil moisture. Management approaches that minimize soil desiccation associated with road building and maintenance may reduce the impacts of roads on amphibian populations in adjacent forest.
Metformin-stimulated AMPK-α1 promotes microvascular repair in acute lung injury

Acute lung injury secondary to sepsis is a leading cause of mortality in sepsis-related death. Present therapies are not effective in reversing endothelial cell dysfunction, which plays a key role in increased vascular permeability and compromised lung function. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a molecular sensor important for detection and mediation of cellular adaptations to vascular disruptive stimuli. In this study, we sought to determine the role of AMPK in resolving increased endothelial permeability in the sepsis-injured lung. AMPK function was determined in vivo using a rat model of endotoxin-induced lung injury, ex vivo using the isolated lung, and in vitro using cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). AMPK stimulation using N1-(α-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-aminoimidizole-4-carboxamide or metformin decreased the LPS-induced increase in permeability, as determined by filtration coefficient (Kf) measurements, and resolved edema as indicated by decreased wet-to-dry ratios. The role of AMPK in the endothelial response to LPS was determined by shRNA designed to decrease expression of the AMPK-α1 isoform in capillary endothelial cells. Permeability, wounding, and barrier resistance assays using PMVECs identified AMPK-α1 as the molecule responsible for the beneficial effects of AMPK in the lung. Our findings provide novel evidence for AMPK-α1 as a vascular repair mechanism important in the pulmonary response to sepsis and identify a role for metformin treatment in the management of capillary injury.
Low-loss 2- and 4-bit TTD MEMS phase shifters based on SP4T switches

2- and 4-bit microelectromechanical system (MEMS) X- to K/sub u/-band true-time-delay phase shifters with a very low insertion loss are described. The phase shifters are fabricated on 200-/spl mu/m GaAs substrates and the low loss is achieved using MEMS SP4T switches, which reduce the number of switches in the signal path by half when compared to conventional designs with SP2T switches. Measurements indicate an insertion loss of -0.6/spl plusmn/0.3 and -1.2/spl plusmn/0.5 dB at 10 GHz for the 2- and 4-bit designs, respectively. The measured losses agreed very well with Momentum simulations and are the lowest reported to date. The 2-bit phase shifter performed well from dc-18 GHz, with -0.8/spl plusmn/0.3-dB insertion loss at 18 GHz and a return loss of <-10.5 dB over dc-18 GHz.
Contrasts and Interactions Redux: Five Easy Pieces

This reply to Abelson (this issue) and Petty, Fabrigar, Wegener, and Priester (this issue) is couched within the framework of five basic principles advising that we (1) hang on to what we predicted long enough to test it (Tarzan's leap), (2) be wary of beguiling statistical designs that may not address the question of interest (the Sirens' song), (3) not allow well-worn habits of thinking to ensnare our perceptions (Lavoisier's crease), (4) weigh the possibility of more than one correct hypothesis (the dayyan's decree), and (5) not confuse unplanned with planned contrasts (the archer's aim)