cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigations of Bio-Inspired Blade Designs to Reduce Broadband Noise in Aircraft Engines and Wind Turbines

The unprecedented growth in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), civil aviation, and wind turbines gives a new dimension to the problem of noise emitted by these machines the noise problem will no longer be limited to spatial pockets near airports or wind farms. UAVs will be flying a few hundred feet over our houses and landing in our front yards. Wind turbines similarly will be in much closer proximity to our homes with the five-fold increase in wind energy capacity envisioned by the Department of Energy. The increased number and proximity of these machines to humans is bound to exacerbate the aerodynamic noise issue. The adverse effects on health of noise in general, aircraft noise, and wind turbine noise, are well known. With such widespread impact, noise reduction is no longer a nice-to-have, but an enabling technology for next-generation energy and propulsion machines. Efforts to silence these machines will undoubtedly have a significant impact on our lives. Nature inspires great innovations. Bio-mimicry has already provided some outstanding innovations in a variety of engineering applications. Termite mounds have inspired temperature-regulated buildings, the hydrophobic lotus leaf has inspired self-cleaning paints, the kingfisher bird has inspired Japan’s Shinkasen (high-speed train), etc. One such biological marvel that is yet to find its due application in engineering is the night owl with its ability to fly silently. Of all the vehicles known to man only the owl is capable of almost silent flight. One species of the night owl the common barn owl (Tyto alba) is particularly adept at flying silently. Henceforth, the common barn owl shall be referred to as the owl. The owl has evolved for over 20 million years to perfect its silent flight. Ornithologists have reported the unusually quiet flight of the owl as early as in the 1930s. It is likely that the acoustic stealth capability (“hush kit”) of the owl has been known for much longer. The owl needs to have silent flight for two reasons: (1) to aurally locate the prey in the dark; this supplements its brilliant vision, and (2) to avoid aural detection by the prey. The owl is completely inaudible in its flight if it is more than 3 meters away. Early investigations have reported three key anatomical features (unique feather adaptations) of the owl that enable its acoustically silent flight:
Relationship of cerebral and myocardial intracellular pH to blood pH during hypothermia

The regulation of tissue pH during hypothermia is important for cellular homeostasis. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between blood pH and intracellular pH in the brain and heart during hypothermia in sheep and to compare these data with those in humans. Intracellular pH (pHi) was determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data collected from the heart and brain of sheep during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Alpha-stat and pH-stat blood pH management schemes were compared. When the blood pH was held constant (pH stat), the pHi of the heart increased from 7.01 +/- 0.01 at 37 degrees C to 7.18 +/- 0.02 at 26 degrees C, and the pHi of the brain increased from 7.04 +/- 0.02 at 37 degrees C to 7.23 +/- 0.02 at 26 degrees C and to 7.32 +/- 0.04 at 20 degrees C. Alpha-stat pH management resulted in similar increases in pH to that found with pH-stat [heart: 7.00 +/- 0.02 at 37 degrees C to 7.19 +/- 0.03 at 26 degrees C; brain: 7.07 +/- 0.02 at 37 degrees C to 7.29 +/- 0.02 at 26 degrees C, and 7.32 +/- 0.03 at 20 degrees C]. The tissue pH of the heart in humans showed similar findings during blood pH-stat regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Laboratory Investigation of Dyslipidemia

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of illness and death in the United States. Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism (dyslipidemia) predispose patients to premature atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemias can be classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol levels can cause premature atherosclerosis, and high triglyceride levels can result in pancreatitis. The laboratory investigations that are useful in the diagnosis and management of dyslipidemia include measurement of cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, both directly and through calculation. Useful tests that can be done in the laboratory to exclude secondary causes of dyslipidemia are measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone, blood glucose, liver enzymes, creatinine, and plasma and urine protein.
The myxamoebae of Didymium iridis and Physarum polycephalum are immortal

(1992). The Myxamoebae of Didymium Iridis and Physarum Polycephalum are Immortal. Mycologia: Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 116-118.
Theoretical analysis of the influence of magnetic domain walls on longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance in tensile strained (Ga,Mn)As epilayers

We present a theoretical analysis of recent experimental measurements of magnetoresistance in ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ epilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The model reproduces the field-antisymmetric anomalies observed in the longitudinal magnetoresistance in the planar geometry (magnetic field in the epilayer plane and parallel to the current density), as well as the unusual shape of the accompanying transverse magnetoresistance. The magnetoresistance characteristics are attributed to circulating currents created by the presence of magnetic domain walls.
Comparison of Postnatal Brain Development in Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and Pine Voles (Microtus pinetorum)

Previous studies on behavioral maturation and responses to neonatal administration of hydrocortisone in meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) and pine voles ( M. pinetorum ) raised the possibility that temporal development of the brain might differ in these two closely related species. This hypothesis was tested by measuring changes in brain mass (whole brain, cerebrum, and cerebellum) and thymidine kinase activity (an index of mitotic activity) in the cerebrum and cerebellum of both species from day 2 to day 35 postpartum. Brain mass and enzyme activity indicated an accelerated rate of brain development in meadow voles compared to pine voles, particularly during the first 1–2 weeks of postnatal life. This conclusion was further supported by results of brain-body mass allometry performed on the same subjects. Finally, encephalization quotients calculated for adult (65-day-old) animals revealed that meadow voles but not pine voles possess smaller brains relative to their body masses than expected.
Chemical Releasers of Social Behavior. VII. The Isolation of 2-Heptanone from Conomyrma pyramica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) and Its Modus Operandi as a Releaser of Alarm and Digging Behavior

The anal glands of Conomyrma pyramica (Roger) produce 2-heptanone. This alkanone is a strong releaser of alarm in this dolichoderine species. Typical alarm behavior is produced also by homologous 2-alkanones with a chain length of 6–9 carbon atoms. Movement of the carbonyl group toward the center of the heptanone chain causes only a slight diminution in alarm-releasing activity. 2-Heptanone is a powerful attractant for workers of C. pyramica at both low and high concentrations and can attract workers over distances exceeding 6 ft. Ants respond to this ketone with a peculiar lurching behavior which is particularly evident as workers approach the ketonic source. Workers are repelled when they approach centers of high ketone concentration and they will not enter their nest when a high concentration of 2-heptanone is applied to the nest opening. On the other hand, the introduction of lower concentrations of 2-heptanone into the nest can release escape behavior in workers of C. pyramica . In addition, this alkanone releases strong digging behavior in workers. The possibility that this alarm pheromone may function also in a defensive capacity and the suitability of fairly short-chain aliphatic ketones as releasers of alarm are discussed.
Pediatric intraocular lens power calculations.

Purpose of review To implant an appropriate intraocular lens (IOL) in a child, we must measure the eye well, calculate the IOL power accurately and predict the refractive change of the pseudophakic eye to maturity. The present review will concentrate on recent studies dealing with these issues. Recent findings Immersion A-scan biometry is superior in measuring the axial length of children. Current IOL power calculation formulas are very accurate in adults, but significantly less accurate in children. Several studies point to the high prediction errors encountered particularly in shorter eyes with all available IOL formulas. Postoperative refraction target remains controversial, but low degrees of overcorrection (i.e. hyperopia) may not adversely affect eventual best-corrected visual acuity. Summary Although pediatric IOL power calculations suffer from significant prediction error, these errors can be decreased by careful preoperative measurements. IOL power calculation formulas are most accurate in the older, more 'adult'-sized eye. The smallest eyes have the most prediction error with all available formulas. Individual circumstances and parental concerns must be factored into the choice of a postoperative refractive target.
Viability of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in relation to streamflow regulation in Terrell Creek, Washington

iv Acknowledgements v List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Appendix A Tables x Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined. Study Area 14 Methods 17 Smolt Trap 17 Instream Temperature Data Collection 24 Flow Manipulation and Discharge Measurements 26 Toe-width 30 Results 33 Smolt trap 33 Smolt Production and Smolt Production Potential 43 Temperature 45 Discharge Measurements 53 Toe-width 56 Discussion 64 Literature Cited 76 Appendix A: 7DADM Temperatures 82
Association of radiological evidence of frontal sinus disease with the presence of frontal pain.

BackgroundRhinosinusitis is a common cause of frontal pain. We evaluated the relationship between frontal pain and the type and degree of frontal sinus disease in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patie...
A Model of Cumulative Causation

In Chapter 2, it was suggested that there exists a close correspondence between hysteresis and the principle of cumulative causation associated with authors such as Kaldor. This correspondence suggests that the work of Kaldor may represent a useful point of departure for our attempt to construct a hysteretic model of long-run macroeconomic dynamics. The aim of this chapter is to explore this possibility in detail.
Is mild cognitive impairment bridging the gap between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease?

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is one label applied to cognitive dysfunction that is beyond normal aging but of insufficient magnitude to qualify for the diagnosis dementia. Various opinions exist about the proportion of people who fall in this boundary condition, the rate at which they will progress to a full dementia syndrome, and the nature and extent of cognitive impairment at the time of MCI diagnosis. There are at least four important dimensions along which studies of boundary conditions must be compared in order to understand the discrepant findings. The first is the population frame sampled to establish MCI cohorts. The second is the nature of memory complaints. The third and fourth respectively, are the type of memory assessment and number and type of other cognitive domains assessed to identify and follow these groups. The contributions of each of these dimensions to the diagnosis of MCI and it’s outcome are discussed.
A situation awareness assistant for human deep space exploration

This paper presents the development and testing of a Virtual Camera (VC) system to improve astronaut and mission operations situation awareness while exploring other planetary bodies. In this embodiment, the VC is implemented using a tablet-based computer system to navigate through interactive database application. It is claimed that the advanced interaction media capability of the VC can improve situation awareness as the distribution of human space exploration roles change in deep space exploration. The VC is being developed and tested for usability and capability to improve situation awareness. Work completed thus far as well as what is needed to complete the project will be described. Planned testing will also be described.
Zero to 1,600 m/s in 40 microns: Sensitive pulse shaping for materials characterization on Z

Abstract Dynamic materials properties experiments on Sandia National Laboratories Z Machine require increasingly precise electrical current pulse shaping. In the experiment described here, a copper flyer plate is accelerated from rest to 1,600 m/s over a 40 micron flight gap in 50 ns. This flyer then impacts a cerium sample, shock melting the cerium, before subsequent quasi-isentropic ramping to mega-bar pressures. Through predictive simulations, postdicted analysis, and a new computational tool for characterizing inherent Z Machine timing accuracy, qualitative estimates of pulse controllability and experimental design robustness are arrived upon.
Robot-Assisted Socio-Emotional Intervention Framework for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper presents a novel robot-assisted intervention framework designed to target sensory processing and emotion regulation difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder. Three types of systems are utilized to provide scalable robotic interactions with gesture-based and character-based socio-emotional expressions. The intervention framework includes (1) an emotional interaction and regulation game in mobile computing settings, (2) interactive robotic sessions with socio-emotional scenarios, and (3) gesture identification games to measure emotion processing and verbal skills in socio-emotional settings. This paper also presents preliminary results obtained from a pilot study conducted to evaluate the three interventions.
Layered-up regulation in the developing brain.

Modification of messenger RNAs through a process called m6A methylation facilitates dynamic temporal regulation of RNA levels in neural precursor cells, enabling fine-tuning of developing neuronal circuits in the brain. Modification of messenger RNAs through a process called m6A methylation facilitates dynamic temporal regulation of RNA levels in neural precursor cells, enabling fine-tuning of developing neuronal circuits in the brain.
Isolating Mechanisms and Speciation

There are several different ways in which the behavior of an animal can be involved in isolating mechanisms that keep species apart. These can be characterized by the stage in a potential hybridization event at which they occur. Premating isolation can occur by behaviors that lead to temporal isolation, habitat choice, or mate choice for conspecifics. Postmating-prezygotic isolation can involve behaviors that prevent fertilization after mating. Finally, hybrids may exhibit maladaptive behaviors that lower survival or fertility, leading to postzygotic isolation. The evolution of these isolating mechanisms is expected to differ if populations are in allopatry versus sympatry.
Conservation of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development

Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is a term that is now part of the vocabulary of policymakers, academics, lawyers, and laypeople, and yet its full meaning is often not understood. Although Agenda 21 does not define biodiversity, the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity defines it as “the variability among living organisms from all sources... and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems” (Johnson 1993).
Performance Evaluation of Cutting Fluids with Carbon Nano-Onions as Lubricant Additives

Abstract In machining of high precision automotive parts, the dimensional variation of the cutting process is very critical. The demand for high quality and fully automated production places a lot of emphasis on the cutting process, which has a major contribution to part quality. Cutting fluid has been a key factor to machining performance and a key contributor to increase the effectiveness of machining systems. In this way, cutting fluids play an important role in minimizing production time, cost, and energy in different machining operations. Maintaining and operating the cutting fluid supplies is a huge cost driver and an environmental challenge. Carbon onion nanoparticles have been successfully developed with high tribology performance and mixed in metalworking fluids (MWF) to improve the performance of the fluids. Even though the trend has been to use less MWF, which is dry or MQL whenever possible, MWF are still utilized in large volumes. The literature has reported several cases of very successful use of nanofluids in machining operations for various tough-to-machine materials. To enhance the coolant, nanoparticles such as carbon nano-onions are mixed in the oil and water-based MWF. The paper presents the results from several tests performed during the evaluation of the above nanoparticles in oil and water based cutting fluids in machining processes.
Effects of platelet dysfunction and platelet transfusion on outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients.

Objective: Platelet inhibition in traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be due to injury or antiplatelet medication use pre-injury. This study aims to identify factors associated with increased platelet...
Single crystalline substrates for III- V growth via exfoliation of bulk single crystals

To enable widespread deployment of GaAs PV, the cost of single crystal substrates must be dramatically reduced. Here we present an indium-bonded exfoliation technique that produces substrates for III- V growth by exfoliation of macroscopic single crystals. Beginning with a search of available substrates, we identified several model materials that are lattice matched to III- Vs. Bi 2 Se 3 single crystals were grown via the Bridgman technique in order to demonstrate our exfoliation method. From a centimeter diameter single crystal, up to eleven substrates with RMS roughness of 0.04 nm in a 20x20 micron region were exfoliated using this method. Large area AFM scans determined a terrace length of $\pmb{72}\mu \mathbf{m}$ between step edges. Thicknesses were determined to range from $\pmb{40-160}\mu \mathbf{m}$ using cross-sectional SEM. This exfoliation technique opens the door to the widespread study of layered materials as epitaxial substrates.
Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cell Phenotypes Associated with Exacerbation Risk in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Rationale: Worsening of symptoms often occurs during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, which increases morbidity and mortality of patients. Recent work suggests some patie...
Powerful Friends: EPSA, Hughes, and Cooperative Federalism for State Renewable Energy Policy

Until recently, the Supreme Court interpreted the Federal Power Act (FPA) to draw an impermeable boundary between the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Contract (FERC) and those of state public utility commissions. But the Court's recent decisions in FERC v. Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA) and Hughes v. Talen Energy Marketing, LLC appear to relax the formalistic test traditionally used to resolve that boundary, upholding a "program of cooperative federalism" and creating a zone of concurrent jurisdiction. Both cases vindicate federal authority against claims for state jurisdiction, but by acknowledging the degree to which the traditional domains of FERC and the states interweave and by endorsing cooperative federalism under the FPA, their combination also suggests an expanded zone of influence for the states. Hughes even ends with a direct invitation to the states to continue innovating. This invitation likely strikes a chord with states like New York and California, which have recently adopted among the most aggressive renewable energy mandates in the United States. This Note examines, through the lens of state policymakers in New York and California, the extent to which the new jurisprudence will help states to reach their ambitious renewable energy goals in the absence of a comprehensive federal policy. Achieving these goals will likely require the use of programs that straddle the traditional federal–state jurisdictional divide. This Note analyzes four such policy tools: net metering, feed-in tariffs, mandatory bilateral contracting, and limitations on out-of-state power. It concludes that EPSA and Hughes give states that plan to enact these policies significant legal ground to stand on. But each of these tools will still require FERC's support to be optimally successful. Without it, achieving states' ambitious goals may remain just out of reach.
Reconstructing and Decomposing Protein Energy Landscapes to Organize Structure Spaces and Reveal Biologically-active States

The concept of energy landscape has become a useful construction in protein modeling due to its ability to relate structures and structural dynamics to function. While great progress is being made in probing energy landscapes, it remains unclear how to reconstruct the landscape from computed structures. Recently, our laboratories have made headway in this direction via concepts from topological and statistical analysis of spatial data. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to reconstruct the underlying energy landscape populated by computed/sampled energy-evaluated structures of a molecule and decompose it into basins of attraction. We demonstrate that such a construction not only allows deep analysis of the efficacy of a structure computation algorithm and the energy function it employs in the first place, but, more importantly, makes important steps toward addressing the open decoy selection problem in template-free protein structure prediction.
In vitro hemodynamic assessment of a novel polymeric transcatheter aortic valve.

Abstract Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a life-saving alternative to surgical intervention. However, the identification of features associated with poor outcomes, including residual paravalvular leakage (PVL), leaflet calcification, and subclinical leaflet thrombosis, are cause to be concerned about valve durablilty (Mylotte and Piazza, 2015a, 2015b; Dasi et al., 2017; Makkar et al., 2015; Kheradvar et al., 2015a). The aim of this study is to optimize the potential of a hyaluronan (HA) enhanced polymeric transcatheter aortic valve (HA-TAV) that has promised to reduce blood damage causing-turbulent flow while maintaining durability. HA-enhanced linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) leaflets were sutured to novel cobalt chromium stents, size 26 mm balloon expandable stents. Hemodynamic performance was assessed in a left heart simulator under physiological pressure and flow conditions and compared to a 26 mm Medtronic Evolut and 26 mm Edwards SAPIEN 3. High-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry (PIV) were performed. The HA-TAV demonstrated an effective orifice area (EOA) within one standard deviation of the leading valve, SAPIEN 3.The regurgitant fraction (RF) of the HA-TAV (11.23 ± 0.55%) is decreased in comparison the Evolut (15.74 ± 0.73%) and slightly higher than the SAPIEN 3 (10.92 ± 0.11%), which is considered trace regurgitation according to valve standards. A decreased number of higher principal Reynolds shear stresses were shown for the HA-TAV at each cardiac phase. The HA-TAV is directly comparable and in some cases superior to the leading commercially available prosthetic heart valves in in-vitro hemodynamic testing.
Unbiased estimators for random design regression

In linear regression we wish to estimate the optimum linear least squares predictor for a distribution over d-dimensional input points and real-valued responses, based on a small sample. Under standard random design analysis, where the sample is drawn i.i.d. from the input distribution, the least squares solution for that sample can be viewed as the natural estimator of the optimum. Unfortunately, this estimator almost always incurs an undesirable bias coming from the randomness of the input points. In this paper we show that it is possible to draw a non-i.i.d. sample of input points such that, regardless of the response model, the least squares solution is an unbiased estimator of the optimum. Moreover, this sample can be produced efficiently by augmenting a previously drawn i.i.d. sample with an additional set of d points drawn jointly from the input distribution rescaled by the squared volume spanned by the points. Motivated by this, we develop a theoretical framework for studying volume-rescaled sampling, and in the process prove a number of new matrix expectation identities. We use them to show that for any input distribution and $\epsilon>0$ there is a random design consisting of $O(d\log d+ d/\epsilon)$ points from which an unbiased estimator can be constructed whose square loss over the entire distribution is with high probability bounded by $1+\epsilon$ times the loss of the optimum. We provide efficient algorithms for generating such unbiased estimators in a number of practical settings and support our claims experimentally.
The physical health costs of positive adaptation to childhood adversity

Theories of allostatic load suggest that recurrent adaptive adjustments in contexts of adversity may have a negative impact on physical well-being. To test this hypothesis, this study evaluated 6-y...
Closed reduction of severely displaced radial neck fractures in children.

Severely displaced radial neck fractures in skeletally immature children are rare and can be difficult to reduce. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results using our reduction maneuver. From October 2011 to December 2015, 26 children with radial neck fractures(O’Brien type II, III and Judet type III, IV) were treated at our institute. All patients underwent percutaneous K-wire leverage and radial intramedullary pinning in an average surgery time of 35 mins (15–80 min). The injured arm was immobilized at the functional position with plaster for 4–6 weeks, evaluated clinically and radiologically. The Metaizeau classification and Mayo elbow performance score were used to evaluate the radiological and clinical results, respectively. Percutaneous K-wire leverage and radial intramedullary pinning were performed for 26 patients. No patients were treated with open reduction. Twenty four patients were followed up for a mean of 33 (range 12–53 months) months. There were 15 girls and 9 boys with ages ranging from 1.5 to 12 years and an average age of 7.2 years. Percutaneous K-wire leverage reduction and intramedullary pinning were successfully used in an average total surgery time of 35 mins (range 15–80 min). In total, 2 cases (O’Brien type III and Judet type IVb, angulation = 90°) needed the additional maneuver. Bone union was achieved in all patients within a mean time of 4.2 weeks. The clinical results were evaluated basing on the Mayo elbow performance score, and there were 23 excellent results and one good result. There were no refractures and no incidences of nonunion, suture infection, iatrogenic radial nerve injury, asymptomatic enlargements of the radial head or growth arrest in the proximal radial epiphysis. Our modified percutaneous leverage technique with radial intramedullary fixation may be successfully used to avoid open reduction.
Distributed Data Analytics Framework for Cluster Analysis of Parking Violation

In this research, we employed distributed systems to explore the similarities in parking ticket records using unsupervised machine learning algorithms on a large dataset. Using 37 million ticket records (9 GB) collected by the New York City Department of Finance, we applied an algorithm to cluster existing tickets and dive deeper to find the distribution of precincts within different clusters. Amazon Web Services including S3, EC2 and EMR, and tools like MongoDB and Apache Spark were used in this endeavor. In this study, computational time and cost for different EMR settings were evaluated. We conclude that there are significant computational advantages to using distributed systems when implementing unsupervised learning on a large dataset as well as storing and managing data. We also observed that it is time efficient for a cluster with more workers instead of fewer workers with large memory space for the utilized data set. However we observed a trade-off between the execution time and the total cost for the cluster configuration.
STAT6 expression and trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer.

e13006Background: Approximately 20% of breast cancers are HER2-positive. Trastuzumab has improved patient outcomes significantly for these cancers. However, acquired resistance occurs in almost all...
Where Are All the Single Ladies? Marital Status and Women's Organizations’ Rule-making Campaigns

Leading up to the 2016 election, single women were heralded as the “hot” new constituency. With unmarried women posed to comprise approximately half of the population of adult women and 23% of the electorate (Traister 2016), pundits claimed that the rising number of single women could transform American politics. Building on this recent enthusiasm about single women, this study provides one of the first systematic analyses of how contemporary women's organizations represent single women by analyzing 1,021 comments that women's organizations submitted to rule makers between 2007 and 2013. Using automated text analyses and a series of statistical analyses, it shows that despite the rising numbers of American single women, women's organizations only very rarely explicitly refer to single women during their comment writing campaigns, preferring to highlight the experiences of married mothers instead. Moreover, it shows that the political context unexpectedly has little to no effect on the degree to which women's organizations focus on single women, possibly because they so rarely mention them at all. Altogether, the results suggest that for single women to become politically powerful, they will need more than just large numbers; they may also need niche organizations that can help them organize and articulate their broader policy needs.
Physically Unclonable and Reconfigurable Computing System (PURCS) for Hardware Security Applications

A physically unclonable and reconfigurable computing system is introduced which provides both logic locking and authentication of devices. A chaotic oscillator is required to generate the chaotic signals and can produce different Boolean functions using different tuning parameters, including a control bit, iteration number, threshold voltage, and bifurcation parameter. The aim of this article is to build a hybrid computing system with the mixed implementation of standard logic gates and reconfigurable chaos-based logic gates. The tuning parameters of the oscillator make up the secret key for logic locking. Process variation due to fabrication can be leveraged to generate unique keys for each chip. The whole computing system exhibits physical unclonable function (PUF) characteristics and can be used to generate challenge–response pairs (CRPs) for authenticating devices. We have used ISCAS’85 combinational benchmark circuits to demonstrate the results. The Hamming distance between correct and wrong outputs is calculated to ensure that 50% of the output bits are flipped when the wrong key is applied. A Boolean SAT attack has been carried out on the system and it displays exponential complexity with an increase in the total number of chaos gates and key size of each chaos gate. The hybrid system demonstrates near-ideal PUF metrics, including uniqueness, uniformity, and bit aliasing. Common machine learning attacks have been executed on the CRPs generated from the whole system and results show that the proposed chaos-based PUF is robust against modeling attacks. The hybrid system has significantly less overhead compared to traditional systems containing both logic locking and PUF circuitry.
Teacher Evaluation and Teacher Turnover in Equilibrium: Evidence from DC Public Schools.

Teacher turnover is an enduring concern in education policy and can incur substantial costs to students. Policies often address turnover broadly, yet effects turn on net differences in the effectiv...
Planar max flow maps and determination of lanes with clearance

One main challenge in multi-agent navigation is to generate trajectories minimizing bottlenecks in environments cluttered with obstacles. In this paper we approach this problem globally by taking into account the maximum flow capacity of a given polygonal environment. Given the difficulty in solving the continuous maximum flow of a planar environment, we present in this paper a GPU-based methodology which leads to practical methods for computing maximum flow maps in arbitrary two-dimensional polygonal domains. Once a flow map representation is obtained, lanes can be extracted and optimized in length while keeping constant the flow capacity achieved by the system of trajectories. This work extends our previous work on max flow maps by presenting a clearance-based flow generation method which takes into account the size of the agents at the flow generation phase. In this way we ensure that the maximum possible number of lanes with the needed clearance is always obtained, a property that was found to not be always obtained with our previous method. As a result we are able to generate trajectories of maximum flow from source to sink edges across a generic set of polygonal obstacles, enabling the deployment of large numbers of agents utilizing the maximum flow capacity of a continuous description of the environment and eliminating bottlenecks.
Sensitivity to Ingroup and Outgroup Norms in the Association Between Commonality and Morality

Abstract Emerging research suggests that people infer that common behaviors are moral and vice versa. We investigated the role of group membership in these inferences regarding commonality and morality. In Study 1, participants expected a target character to infer that behaviors that were common among their ingroup were particularly moral. However, the extent to which behaviors were common among the target character's outgroup did not influence expectations about morality. Study 2 reversed this test, finding that participants expected a target character to infer that behaviors considered moral among their ingroup were particularly common, regardless of how moral their outgroup perceived those behaviors to be. While Studies 1–2 relied on fictitious behaviors performed by novel groups, Studies 3–4 generalized these results to health behaviors performed by members of different racial groups. When answering from another person's perspective (Study 3) and from their own perspective (Study 4), participants reported that the more common behaviors were among their ingroup, the more moral those behaviors were. This effect was significantly weaker for perceptions regarding outgroup norms, although outgroup norms did exert some effect in this real-world context. Taken together, these results highlight the complex integration of ingroup and outgroup norms in socio-moral cognition.
Evaluation of Dry-Heat Cookery Method on Volatile Flavor Compound Development and Consumer Evaluation of Six Beef Muscles

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of dry-heat cookery on beef flavor development of multiple beef muscles. Beef strip loins, top sirloin butts, paired tenderloins, paired shoulder clods, and chuck rolls were collected from USDA Low Choice carcasses (Small00–Small100 marbling; N = 20). Subprimals were wet aged in the absence of light for 21 d at 0°C to 4°C. Subprimals were fabricated into 2.54-cm-thick steaks representative of the following muscles: Gluteus medius, Infraspinatus, Longissimus lumborum, Psoas major, Serratus ventralis, and Triceps brachii and randomly assigned to one of 4 dry-heat cookery methods: charbroiler grill (CHAR), clamshell grill (CLAM), convection oven (OVEN), and salamander broiler (SALA). Steaks were cooked to a medium degree of doneness (71°C) on the randomly assigned cooking method. Untrained consumer panelists (N = 300) evaluated each sample for flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall liking. No interactions were observed between cooking method and muscle (P ≥ 0.344) for any palatability traits evaluated. Consumers preferred CHAR steaks (P 0.05) to CLAM steaks for overall liking. CHAR steaks produced a greater concentration of Maillard compounds compared with the other cooking methods. Steaks cooked using OVEN and SALA (P < 0.05) produced more lipid oxidation products. Additionally, CHAR steaks produced the greatest (P < 0.05) total volatile production compared with all other treatments, which may be a result of the combination of Maillard reaction products and the lipid degradation products.
Advanced Node DTCO in the EUV Era

EUV lithography has finally made it into high-volume manufacturing and this has reset the approach to leading-edge Design Technology Co-Optimization. ArF immersion lithography multi-pass patterning was on course to push the technology design rules to be so restrictive, that design optimization would become a clear second priority. EUV lithography restores the balance between design optimization for performance, power, and area scale, along with technology optimization for yield and cost. However, due to the late introduction of EUV, this balance may be short-lived, and further rapid improvement in EUV lithography capability is highly anticipated.
Early pregnancy essential and non-essential metal mixtures and gestational glucose concentrations in the 2nd trimester: Results from project viva

Abstract Metals are involved in glucose metabolism, and some may alter glycemic regulation. However, joint effects of essential and non-essential metals on glucose concentrations during pregnancy are unclear. This study explored the joint associations of pregnancy exposures to essential (copper, magnesium, manganese, selenium, zinc) and non-essential (arsenic, barium, cadmium, cesium, lead, mercury) metals with gestational glucose concentrations using 1,311 women enrolled 1999–2002 in Project Viva, a Boston, MA-area pregnancy cohort. The study measured erythrocyte metal concentrations from 1st trimester blood samples and used glucose concentrations measured 1 h after non-fasting 50-gram glucose challenge tests (GCT) from clinical gestational diabetes screening at 26–28 weeks gestation. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation were applied to model the associations of metal mixtures—including their interactions—with glucose concentrations post-GCT. We tested for reproducibility of BKMR results using generalized additive models. The BKMR model showed an inverse U-shaped association for barium and a linear inverse association for mercury. Specifically, estimated mean glucose concentrations were highest around 75th percentile of barium concentrations [2.1 (95% confidence interval: −0.2, 4.4) mg/dL higher comparing to the 25th percentile], and each interquartile range increase of erythrocyte mercury was associated with 1.9 mg/dL lower mean glucose concentrations (95% credible interval: −4.2, 0.4). Quantile g-computation showed joint associations of all metals, essential-metals, and non-essential metals on gestational glucose concentrations were all null, however, we observed evidences of interaction for barium and lead. Overall, we found early pregnancy barium and mercury erythrocytic concentrations were associated with altered post-load glucose concentrations in later pregnancy, with potential interactions between barium and lead.
Evolution, Speciation, and the Genetic Structure of Island Populations

Islands have long been recognized as the best places on earth for investigating evolutionary processes. Darwin (1859) formulated his ideas about natural selection and evolution during his field studies of the organisms on the Galapagos Islands. Life forms on islands epitomize nature’s creativity as evidenced by the explosive radiation and the tremendous numbers of species in many groups of organisms that have evolved on islands. On the other hand, island ecosystems also epitomize nature’s vulnerability as evidenced by the high rate of extinction. Many of these island ecosystems are faced with an extinction crisis primarily due to the ecological fragility of islands. Thus, islands are extremely important not only for the field of Evolutionary Biology but also for the field of Conservation Biology, and the plants and animals that have evolved on islands have given scientists the opportunity to research on both these areas of biology.
Studies on gastrin secretion in vitro from cultures of rat pyloric antrum: Effects of agents modifying the microtubular-microfilament system

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of microtubular-microfilament (MT-MF) modifying agents on gastrin release from antral mucosal cells maintained for 3 days under tissue culture conditions. Gastrin levels in the media, determined by radioimmunoassay, were monitored at hourly intervals for 6–8-hr periods. Colchicine, 1 mM, produced mild depression in media gastrin levels and completely inhibited dcAMP-theophylline-induced gastrin release. Ethyl alcohol depressed secretion of gastrin. Conversely, colchicine at 0.01 mM, significantly increased levels of gastrin. Gastrin levels were also significantly increased by tetracaine, 1 mM, and by deuterium oxide, 75% and 37.5%. Cytochalasin D had little effect on resting gastrin levels. Results of these experiments indicate response of gastrin-producing cells maintained under these conditions to a number of test agents; that the secretory responses of gastrin cells to the MT-MF modifying agents are similar to those of other endocrine cells in which concommitant changes in the MT-MF system have been studied, providing support for the proposal that this system is involved in the sequence of intracellular events which leads to gastrin secretion.
Partial characterization of a lysU mutant of Escherichia coli K-12

The Escherichia coli K-12 strain GNB10181 shows no inducible lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) activity. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of the polypeptides synthesized by this strain indicates that the normal lysU gene product, LysU, is absent. When both GNB10181 and its parent, MC4100, were grown at elevated temperatures (42 to 45 degrees C) no significant difference between their growth rates was observed. The lysU mutation was transferred to other E. coli K-12 backgrounds by using P1 transduction. The lysU transductants behaved comparably to their lysU+ parents at different growth temperatures. Therefore, the LysU proteins does not appear to be essential for growth at high temperatures, at least under the conditions examined here. In addition, lysU transductants were found to be defective for inducible lysine decarboxylase, (LDC), inducible arginine decarboxylase (ADI), and melibiose utilization (Mel), which are all missing in GNB10181. Complementation of the above missing functions was achieved by using the Clarke-Carbon plasmids pLC4-5 (LysU LDC) and pLC17-38 (LysU Mel ADI). From these experiments, it appears that GNB10181 has suffered a chromosomal deletion between 93.4 and 93.7 min, which includes the lysU gene. By using plasmid pLC17-38, the position of ADI on two-dimensional gels was identified. Finally, lysS delta lysU double mutants were constructed which can potentially be used as positive selection agents for the isolation of LysRS genes from other sources. Images
Continuity and Change in Emotional Reactivity in Rhesus Monkeys Throughout the Prepubertal Period

We examined continuity and change in emotional reactiviy as assessed by hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity in rhesus monkeys. Plasma samples were obtained from mother-peer–reared and surrogate-peer–reared monkeys and assayed for cortisol concentrations at 5 time points in infancy. Both plasma and saliva samples were collected for cortisol assay from the same monkeys as 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old juveniles, respectively. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased during the first 5 months of life and decreased from 1 to 3 years of age. Females consistently had higher plasma cortisol concentrations than males. Plasma cortisol concentrations were lower in surrogate-peer–reared than mother-peer–reared monkeys during the first month of life. Juvenile plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly correlated with infant cortisol levels at all but the earliest time point. Analysis of salivary cortisol from a subset of animals showed a similar age-related decline and the presence of a significant rearing effect, with lower concentrations in surrogate-peer–reared juveniles, but no sex difference. Salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations in these animals were significantly correlated.
Grape and wine phenolics: Observations and recent findings. Cien. Inv. Agr. 35(2):107-120.

What consumers taste in wine is the culmination of management practices from the vineyard to the glass. as researchers, in order to have control over the composition of wine at the time of consumption, it is important to understand how production practices affect wine chemistry. Because phenolic compounds are so important to the overall quality of wine, they are the subject of intense investigation throughout the world. this review is a summary of current knowledge and some recent findings that have taken place in this area. Lo que los consumidores prueban en el vino es la culminacion de practicas de manejo que parten en el vinedo y concluyen en la copa. Como investigadores, para tener un control sobre la composicion del vino al momento del consumo, es importante comprender como afectan las practicas de manejo la composicion quimica del vino. Debido a que los compuestos fenolicos tienen tal importancia sobre la calidad fi nal del vino, estos compuestos han sido objeto de una intensa investigacion mundial. Esta revision de literatura es un resumen del conocimiento actual y de algunos descubrimientos recientes que han ocurrido en esta area.
Barriers to a collaborative, multidisciplinary pedagogy [software development teams]

Large-scale software development requires the contributions of people with diverse skills. For example, on software development projects one might often find software engineers, technical writers, human factors engineers, graphic designers and marketing representatives. This paper traces some key problems which educators face in preparing students to participate in such multidisciplinary software development teams.
White-collar offenders and the jail experience: a comparative analysis

The incarceration experiences of white-collar offenders have received relatively little attention among criminological researchers, and the research that has been conducted has focused on offenders’ experiences in prisons rather than jails. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap by examining approximately 6500 inmates incarcerated in local jails, comparing those classified as white-collar offenders to violent and other non-violent offenders. The differences between offender types based on demographics, psychological adjustment (i.e., mental health issues since arrival to jail), and behavioral adjustment (i.e., institutional misconduct) are examined to see whether white-collar inmates have more difficulty than others adjusting to the jail environment (consistent with the special sensitivity hypothesis). Findings suggest that white-collar jail inmates do not appear to experience symptoms indicative of poor psychological or behavioral adjustment to the jail environment. Implications for policy and fu...