cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catatonia in Down syndrome; a treatable cause of regression

Objective The main aim of this case series report is to alert physicians to the occurrence of catatonia in Down syndrome (DS). A second aim is to stimulate the study of regression in DS and of catatonia. A subset of individuals with DS is noted to experience unexplained regression in behavior, mood, activities of daily living, motor activities, and intellectual functioning during adolescence or young adulthood. Depression, early onset Alzheimer's, or just "the Down syndrome" are often blamed after general medical causes have been ruled out. Clinicians are generally unaware that catatonia, which can cause these symptoms, may occur in DS. Study design Four DS adolescents who experienced regression are reported. Laboratory tests intended to rule out causes of motor and cognitive regression were within normal limits. Based on the presence of multiple motor disturbances (slowing and/or increased motor activity, grimacing, posturing), the individuals were diagnosed with unspecified catatonia and treated with anti-catatonic treatments (benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]). Results All four cases were treated with a benzodiazepine combined with ECT and recovered their baseline functioning. Conclusion We suspect catatonia is a common cause of unexplained deterioration in adolescents and young adults with DS. Moreover, pediatricians and others who care for individuals with DS are generally unfamiliar with the catatonia diagnosis outside schizophrenia, resulting in misdiagnosis and years of morbidity. Alerting physicians to catatonia in DS is essential to prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and identification of the frequency and course of this disorder.
Ethical decision making in the medical profession: An application of the theory of planned behavior

The present study applied Ajzen's (1985) theory of planned behavior to the explanation of ethical decision making. Nurses in three hospitals were provided with scenarios that depicted inadequate patient care and asked if they would report health professionals responsible for the situation. Study results suggest that the theory of planned behavior can explain a significant amount of variation in the intent to report a colleague. Attitude toward performing the behavior explained a large portion of the variance; subjective norms explained a moderate amount of the variance; and, perceived behavioral control added little to the explanation of variance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Design and Performance of a Wideband Radio Telescope for the GAVRT Program

A wideband Radio Telescope was designed and built for use in the Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope (GAVRT) program. It uses an existing 34-m antenna retrofitted with a tertiary offset mirror placed at the vertex of the main reflector. It can be rotated to allow using two feeds that cover the 0.5-14-GHz band. The feed for 4.0-14.0 GHz is a cryogenically cooled, commercially available, open-boundary quadridge horn from ETS-Lindgren. Coverage from 0.5 to 4.0 GHz is provided by an uncooled lower frequency version of the same feed that uses a cooled LNA. The measured aperture efficiency is greater than 40% over much of the band.
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain

Social psychologists possess considerable enthusiasm and expertise in the study of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, having commenced in the 1920s and 1930s. Research and theory in the next three to four decades focused on motivation, followed by a reactively exclusive focus on cognition in the 1970s and early 1980s, in turn followed by a 1990s joint focus on cognition and motivation. Throughout, intra-individual conflict analyses have alternated with contextual analyses, though both clearly have merit. Based on a social evolutionary viewpoint, a few core social motives (belonging, understanding, controlling, enhancing, and trusting) account for much current research on interpersonal category-based responses. Trends for the future should entail more emphasis on behavior, more sensitivity to cultural specificities and universals, as well as budding efforts on neural mechanisms of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of pancreatic masses.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis of pancreatic tumors can be problematic. This study aimed to determine the performance of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS FNA) in pancreatic malignancy when prior biopsies performed by CT guidance or ERCP were negative. METHODS: A total of 185 patients with known or suspected pancreatic masses were prospectively evaluated with EUS FNA. Before EUS FNA, all patients were evaluated with abdominal CT (61 with CT-guided biopsy) and 91 with ERCP (41 had brushings or biopsy). RESULTS: EUS had greater sensitivity than CT in detecting a mass (99% vs 57%, p < 0.0001). In 58 patients with negative CT-guided biopsies, EUS FNA had 90% sensitivity for malignancy, 50% specificity for benign disease and 84% accuracy. Similarly, in 36 patients with negative ERCP tissue sampling, results for EUS FNA were 94%, 67% and 92%, respectively. Complications were mild and infrequent (0.5%). CONCLUSION: EUS FNA of pancreatic masses safely and accurately diagnoses pancreatic malignancy when prior biopsy techniques have been unsuccessful.
Fast disambiguation of superimposed images for increased field of view

Many infrared optical systems in wide-ranging applications such as surveillance and security frequently require large fields of view. Often this necessitates a focal plane array (FPA) with a large number of pixels, which, in general, is very expensive. In this paper, we propose a method for increasing the field of view without increasing the pixel resolution of the FPA by superimposing the multiple subimages within a scene and disambiguating the observed data to reconstruct the original scene. This technique, in effect, allows each subimage of the scene to share a single FPA, thereby increasing the field of view without compromising resolution. To disambiguate the subimages, we develop wavelet regularized reconstruction methods which encourage sparsity in the solution. We present results from numerical experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (IgM-MUS) was diagnosed in 213 Mayo Clinic patients who were residents of 11 counties in southeastern Minnesota from 1960 to 1994. During long-term follow-up, 29 (14%) developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 17), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM; n = 6), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 3), and AL amyloidosis (n = 3) with relative risks of 15-, 262-, 6-, and 16-fold, respectively. The cumulative probability of progression to one of these disorders was 10% at 5 years, 18% at 10 years, and 24% at 15 years, approximately 1.5% per year. Smoldering WM was identified in 48 patients at Mayo Clinic from 1974 to 1995. During follow-up, 33 of the 48 patients progressed to symptomatic WM. The median time to progression was 4.6 years. The risk of progression to WM was 6% at 1 year, 39% at 3 years, and 55% at 5 years.
Invited Commentary: Influenza Vaccine and Guillain-Barré Syndrome—Is There a Risk?

After a new reassortant swine influenza A H1N1 virus caused outbreaks in Mexico and the United States in 2009, a vaccine was prepared from this virus to immunize the entire US population. Surveillance for Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) after receipt of this vaccine was carried out in 3 populations: the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, the 10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program sites, and a network of large insurance companies. These studies found a small increase of approximately 1 case of GBS per million vaccinees above the baseline rate, which is similar to that observed after administration of seasonal influenza vaccines over the past several years. Enhanced surveillance for GBS was conducted in 2009-2010 because of the experience in 1976 of 362 GBS cases' occurring during the 6 weeks after influenza vaccination of 45 million persons, an 8.8-fold increase over background rates. The 1976 mass immunization had been conducted to prevent an influenza epidemic from another swine influenza A H1N1 recombinant virus. It can be concluded from these recent studies that influenza vaccination overall is of public health benefit, helping to reduce mortality and prevent the thousands of deaths that occur from annual seasonal influenza outbreaks, despite the possibility of a small increased risk of GBS associated with influenza vaccines.
AT1 receptors prevent salt-induced vascular dysfunction in isolated middle cerebral arteries of 2 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats.

Two kidney–1 clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension is an excellent experimental model to study renal vascular hypertension, a serious and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Animals with 2K1C hypertension exhibit substantial elevations in plasma renin activity (PRA) and circulating angiotensin II (ANG II) levels that reach peak levels around 4 weeks after clipping.1,2 In contrast with 2K1C hypertension, several other forms of hypertension are characterized by low renin3 concomitant with endothelial dysfunction.4,5 One of the most devastating consequences of hypertension and high salt (HS) diet is stroke. Dysregulation of cerebral vascular relaxation can have other disastrous consequences, and vascular-related factors (including oxidant stress) have been proposed to contribute to several varieties of cognitive dysfunction and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.6 Importantly, endothelial dysfunction has been shown to be a powerful prognostic indicator of adverse cardiovascular events, including stroke, independent of blood pressure.7 Although the ability of supraphysiological levels of ANG II to cause endothelial dysfunction and increase vascular oxidant stress is well known,8 there is increasing evidence that salt-induced suppression of plasma ANG II also leads to endothelial dysfunction, vascular oxidant stress, and impaired vascular relaxation.9–12 Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats, a rodent model of chronically lowered renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity,13 exhibit a similar vascular phenotype, even when they are normotensive and maintained on a normal salt (NS) diet.14 In light of these disparate observations, this study addressed the following questions: (i) what is the effect of short-term exposure to HS diet on cerebral vascular function in rats with 2K1C Goldblatt hypertension; and (ii) do the elevated PRA and increased circulating ANG II levels in 2K1C hypertension exacerbate or ameliorate salt-induced vascular dysfunction in cerebral arteries?
Gravity anomalies and the origin of the Puerto Rico Trench

The Puerto Rico Trench is assumed to be caused by a downwards bending of the Atlantic lithosphere. The gravitational body force that acts on a flap of lithosphere, hanging in the aesthenosphere and more dense than it, pulls the lithosphere down at the trench. Gravity anomalies are modelled assuming that the crustal thicknesses of the Atlantic and Caribbean Oceans are constant (but different) and that the Atlantic Ocean floor seaward of the outer rise, Puerto Rico, and the Caribbean Sea floor are each in isostatic equlibrium. The residual gravity anomalies are then consistent with the existence of a subcrustal dense mass, that could be the hanging slab of lithosphere. The value of this excess mass depends upon more arbitrary assumptions for the crustal mass in the Puerto Rico Trench and its landward wall, but if the other assumptions above are realistic, the dense mass is required and is adequate to bend the surface down at the trench.
Sketching the interference wall: A linear programming approach

In this paper, we study the fundamental performance for detecting a signal in the presence of interference and noise. A Gaussian noise model with zero mean and fixed variance is assumed, where the probability distribution of the interference exhibits uncertainty. Among our interests are the “regions of detection performance” (RODP) due to the presence of interference. The RODP represents a set of possible P MD (P FA ) values under various interference power levels and a fixed noise power level. We adopt the linear programming (LP) approach to obtain tight bounds on probability of missed detection (P MD ) and probability of false alarm (P FA ) per node and at the fusion site. Although classical moment-bound theory delivers identical results for the basic problem setup (e.g. one node), our interpretation based on LP appears to be more succinct and may be generalized to different scenarios. Within certain interference level, the fusion-based detection system yields concave upper boundary and convex lower boundary of RODP, both are tight bounds and functions of interference power. Our results may applicable in hierarchical fusion or other detection-driven scenarios.
Visual and Linguistic Nihilism

Although unprecedented in its harnessing of the secret powers of community and earth, tragedy is tragically conquered by the real tyrants of history (in Greece and after). Abstract disciplines that emerge from money and its accompanying visual essence such as philosophy initiate in an important, if still unacknowledged primal manufacturing of consent: the first intellectual betrayal of western civilisation. Loss of the Dionysian spirit and its linguistic nucleus then increases not only during the Roman Empire, but also with the advent of Judeo-Christianity. By Medieval time, Christian theology and humanism reinforce a still more abstract, alienated concept of humankind. Coupled with the depoliticalisation and (literally) demonisation of Dionysus is the erasure of any trace of the god’s socio-political potential to confront money as a lethal visual media.
Something old, something new: Integrating canonical works in a German Studies curriculum

This essay focuses on advanced-level German instruction and advocates an open, flexible approach to integrating the recommendations of the much-discussed 2007 MLA report on “Foreign Languages and Higher Education.” Specifically, language, literature, film, and cultural studies are combined to allow for the development of transcultural competence at the advanced level, while also fostering advanced capacities in German. Informing the discussion is an examination of changing demands on German Studies curricula and their inclusion or exclusion of canonical material. Bringing together a wide range of cultural products facilitates students' consideration of cultural/historical contexts, relationships and similarities and differences among characters, and connections to the students' own experiences. Student goal-setting, assessment, and evaluation help to direct the trajectory of the advanced course, avoiding the common problem of underdefined or undertheorized pedagogies past the intermediate level.
Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiovascular Autonomic Control in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is causally related to abnormal cardiovascular autonomic control in adults, but this has not been established in pediatric OSAS. The goal of this study was to quantify autonomic system dysfunction, as manifested by cardiovascular response abnormalities, in children with OSAS. During wakefulness, we continuously measured the ECG, arterial blood pressure and airflow in each subject. These measurements were made during the following conditions: spontaneous breathing in the supine posture (baseline), spontaneous breathing in the standing posture (orthostatic stress); tracking of the subject's own prior spontaneous breathing pattern while supine (mental stress), and during a cold face challenge. Using spectral analysis and modeling techniques, we sought to computationally delineate the physiological mechanisms that mediate these abnormalities. Our preliminary results suggest that the autonomic effects of pediatric OSAS differ from those in adult in that parasympathetic activity remains relatively normal despite the elevated peripheral sympathetic drive
Climate and the origin of quartz arenites

ABSTRACT Holocene fluvial sands derived from the same type of crystalline parent rocks in humid-temperate and arid/semi-arid climates have distinct compositions. For a particular climate and parent rock, the similarity in composition of the fluvial sands and the sand-size fraction of soils collected from the associated interfluves indicates that climatically controlled weathering of a specific parent rock type is a primary control of sand composition. Published estimates of the magnitude of destruction of lithic fragments and feldspars associated with stream transport and deposition in a beach/coastal dune environment permit the simulation of quantitative approximations of compositional maturation of sand. For transport distances of <75 km the simulated maturation does not significantly modify the distinctive climatic imprints on composition. However, simulated maturation due to deposition in beach/coastal dune environment effectively destroys the climatic imprint. Although marine processes are highly capable of mechanically destroying lithic fragments and feldspar, our study suggests that large-scale production of first-cycle quartz arenites in such an environment is not probable. Only a rare, unique combination of extreme conditions of climate (tropical), relief (low), and sedimentation rate (slow) can give rise to first-cycle quartz arenites. Therefore we conclude that the bulk of ancient quartz arenite is multicycle in origin.
Cold atmospheric plasma treatment selectively targets head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells

The treatment of locoregional recurrence (LRR) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) often requires a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Survival outcomes are poor and the treatment outcomes are morbid. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is an ionized gas produced at room temperature under laboratory conditions. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with a CAP jet device selectively targets cancer cells using in vitro melanoma and in vivo bladder cancer models. In the present study, we wished to examine CAP selectivity in HNSCC in vitro models, and to explore its potential for use as a minimally invasive surgical approach that allows for specific cancer cell or tumor tissue ablation without affecting the surrounding healthy cells and tissues. Four HNSCC cell lines (JHU-022, JHU-028, JHU-029, SCC25) and 2 normal oral cavity epithelial cell lines (OKF6 and NOKsi) were subjected to cold plasma treatment for durations of 10, 30 and 45 sec, and a helium flow of 20 l/min-1 for 10 sec was used as a positive treatment control. We showed that cold plasma selectively diminished HNSCC cell viability in a dose-response manner, as evidenced by MTT assays; the viability of the OKF6 cells was not affected by the cold plasma. The results of colony formation assays also revealed a cell-specific response to cold plasma application. Western blot analysis did not provide evidence that the cleavage of PARP occurred following cold plasma treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that cold plasma application selectively impairs HNSCC cell lines through non-apoptotic mechanisms, while having a minimal effect on normal oral cavity epithelial cell lines.
An efficient timer-based hard handoff algorithm for cellular networks

We introduce a new hard handoff algorithm that employs local averaging, a drop timer, and hysteresis. The proposed algorithm achieves better performance than conventional hysteresis-based handoff algorithms that employ exponential averaging, particularly in microcellular environments. We develop an analytical model and an efficient numerical procedure to evaluate accurately the performance and evaluation technique greatly simplify the practical task of dimensioning the cellular network for optimum performance.
"Decipher its noises for us": Understanding Sycorax's Island in Marina Warner's Indigo

The Marina Warner’s novel Indigo, or Mapping the Waters (1992) explores the effects of colonialism on the islanders of Liamuiga and the Everard family through a complex retelling of Shakespeare’s The Tempest that spans over three hundred years. Much like the appropriative novels of Gloria Naylor, in which past and present blend and meld, Indigo also suggests that time is not linear in its development. The subtitle, or Mapping the Waters, positions a sense of place at the crux of Warner’s novel. Moving back and forth between the twentieth century and the dawn of the seventeenth century, the novel also shifts between London and the Caribbean, suggesting the global import of Shakespeare’s late romance. The scene, in the Burkean sense, influences the actions of the characters as they struggle to be heard in their respective settings. Language also affects the ways in which these characters come to terms with their personal histories. Ultimately, the novel seeks to displace the hopelessness of Caliban’s decree in The Tempest —“You taught me language, and my profit on’t / Is I know how to curse” (1.2.364-65)— by giving a voice to the people silenced by colonialism.
Association of Etonogestrel-Releasing Contraceptive Implant with Reduced Weight Gain in an Exclusively Breastfed Infant: Report and Literature Review

Abstract Background: Studies have not found that hormonal contraceptive implants adversely affect breastfeeding, but theoretical concerns exist. Methods: We reported a case of reduced weight gain in an exclusively breastfed infant in association with placement of (ENG)-releasing contraceptive implant (Nexplanon) to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS). We further queried reports to FAERS and reviewed published studies of the ENG implant during breastfeeding. Results: A breastfeeding mother received an ENG implant at 4 weeks postpartum. Her infant was exclusively breastfeeding. One month after implant placement, the infant had lost 145 g, dropping from the 44th percentile to the 6th percentile for growth. During this period, the mother had not returned to work or decreased frequency of feeding. During a 2-year period of FAERS reports, we found one other report of reduced milk supply following ENG implant placement. Among 108 breastfeeding women studied while using the ENG implant, there was one ...
Convection from Ice Roughness with Varying Flux Boundary Conditions

During in-flight aircraft icing, the solidification process cannot proceed without latent energy being removed from the water. Regions on the aircraft surface where the convection rates are highest will exhibit the greatest rates of ice accumulation. Thus, ice accretion codes such as LEWICE require accurate predictions of the enhanced convection coefficients caused by the ice roughness condition. In the current implementation of LEWICE, the model used for predicting convective heat transfer employs an integral approach that essentially treats the solid-vapor boundary as an isothermal boundary. However, given variable supercooling along the surface and as a result of the complex flow field, the true boundary condition associated with an icing solid-vapor interface is neither constant temperature nor constant flux. Surfaces with roughness are also thought to be more sensitive to the thermal boundary conditions because the roughness elements protrude through the boundary layer and interact with the flow at many elevations in the boundary layer. Further complicating the icing process, the roughness condition is variable along the surface in the direction of the flow. In this study, the convection coefficients associated with nominally non-accelerating flow over a smooth surface and three surfaces with representative ice roughness were measured. The boundary conditions studied include 1) a constant flux condition, 2) a step-wise increasing flux condition, 3) a step-wise decreasing flux condition, and 4) an unheated starting length followed by a constant flux condition. The results for the smooth surface follow the classical predictions for convective heat transfer. The rough surface results demonstrate the importance of the thermal boundary conditions and importance of the smooth-starting distance for a given surface roughness distribution. Surprisingly, the differences in the roughness heat transfer enhancement above the smoothturbulent correlations for the constant flux and unheated starting length cases were not significant for the three rough surfaces studied.
Heterogeneities of flow in stochastically generated porous media

Heterogeneous flows are observed to result from variations in the geometry and topology of pore structures within stochastically generated three dimensional porous media. A stochastic procedure generates media comprising complex networks of connected pores. Inside each pore space, the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically integrated until steady state velocity and pressure fields are attained. The intricate pore structures exert spatially variable resistance on the fluid, and resulting velocity fields have a wide range of magnitudes and directions. Spatially nonuniform fluid fluxes are observed, resulting in principal pathways of flow through the media. In some realizations, up to 25% of the flux occurs in 5% of the pore space depending on porosity. The degree of heterogeneity in the flow is quantified over a range of porosities by tracking particle trajectories and calculating their attributes including tortuosity, length, and first passage time. A representative elementary volume is first computed so the dependence of particle based attributes on the size of the domain through which they are followed is minimal. High correlations between the dimensionless quantities of porosity and tortuosity are calculated and a logarithmic relationship is proposed. As the porosity of a medium increases the flow field becomes more uniform.
Partitioning of Sr, Ba, Rb, Y, and LREE between plagioclase and peraluminous silicic magma

Trace-element partition coefficients between plagioclase and coexisting glass/matrix have been determined for twenty-nine rhyodacite-rhyolite samples from nine volcanic centers. Strontium partition coefficients form two clear positive trends when plotted against the An content of plagioclase. One trend has a steep slope with D Sr between 5.6 and 15.8 (T1), whereas the other trend has a gentle slope with D Sr between 1.2 and 7.6 (T2). Barium partition coefficients show similar patterns: a steeply sloped trend is formed by samples with D Ba between 1.6 and 8.8, and a gently sloped trend by samples with D Ba <1. D Sr and D Ba in plagioclase correlate positively, and both D Sr and D Ba correlate positively with temperature. Samples with large D Sr and D Ba are all from rocks with <1 wt% CaO. These rocks are peraluminous and also have low total Sr and Ba. Partition coefficients for Sr and Ba are influenced by whole-rock CaO in high-Al rhyolite systems. Where these systems have low CaO, the opportunity increases for other divalent cations to enter the plagioclase structure. Strontium and Ba will then enter the M position of plagioclase to balance the charge deficiency caused by the substitution of Al for Si. Because of the potent influence of whole-rock composition on Sr and Ba partitioning for low CaO rocks, values of partition coefficients in petrogenetic modeling needs to be selected carefully.
HIV/AIDS in Jinjiang District,2007-2010

Objective To comprehend epidemiological characteristic of HIV/AIDS in Jinjiang district and thus to provide evidence for preventive measures of AIDS.Methods Descriptive statistical methods were applied to analyze the HIV/AIDS data of Jinjiang district from 2007 to 2010.Results Of total 221 HIV/AIDS cases,32 were HIV with yearly increasing: 1 in 2007 and 5,9,17 in each followed year respectively.Sexual contact transmission showed a priority portion of 186 cased accounting for 84.16%.Of 221 cases,202(94.1%) were male while 19(8.60%) were female.A total number of 191 cases within 20-45 years old took the greatest portion(86.43%);professional proportions were mainly housework,housekeeping and commercial service(15.84% each),workman(8.14%).Conclusion The number of HIV/AIDS cases rose apparently in Jinjiang district through 2007-2010 with sexual transmission as main transmission way,indicating key preventive measures in future should focus on young adults and homosexuals.Comprehensive work as monitoring,publicity and prevention should be strengthened.
Fluctuating ambient temperature for weaned pigs: effects on performance and immunological and endocrinological functions.

Following weaning at 3 wk of age, crossbred barrows and gilts were housed in temperature-controlled rooms for a 5-d adjustment period at 35 degrees C, then assigned to receive constant ambient temperature (CT) or fluctuating ambient temperature (FT) treatment for the nursery phase of the experiment. Pigs in FT received 12 h at 35 degrees C and 12 h at 15 degrees C daily for the initial 2 wk of the experiment, then 12 h at 29 degrees C and 12 h at 9 degrees C daily for the final 2 wk. Pigs in CT received 35 degrees C and 29 degrees C continuously for the first and final 2 wk, respectively. Weekly growth performance, feed intake and feed-conversion efficiency were not affected by treatment. Plasma glucose, serum cortisol, monocyte phagocytic function and antibody response to a commercial E. coli bacterin were similar in pigs exposed to CT and FT treatments. Concentrations of insulin in serum were similar between treatments at 0, 1 and 3 wk but were increased for pigs in FT at 2 (P less than .05) and 4 wk (P less than .01). Numbers of lymphocytes, band neutrophils and monocytes in pigs were not influenced by ambient temperature treatment. However, numbers of mature neutrophils for pigs in FT were increased (P less than .05) at 1 and 3 wk of treatment. Eosinophils were also elevated in FT pigs at 4 wk of treatment. Pairs of littermate pigs that had been given CT and FT treatments were selected randomly to continue on the finishing phase of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Protein-induced modulation of renin secretion is mediated by prostaglandins

Dietary protein restriction inhibits glomerular prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and lowers plasma renin activity (PRA). To investigate the role of PG in mediating protein-induced alterations in renin secretion, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed isocaloric diets providing either a standard 20% protein or a low-protein (6%) diet for 3 wk. An additional group of rats received a PG synthesis inhibitor, meclofenamate (25 mg/l), in the drinking water along with the 20% protein diet. Both protein restriction and meclofenamate administration significantly (P less than 0.025) lowered glomerular PGE2 production. Compared with standard protein intake, low protein intake lowered basal PRA (3.96 +/- 0.16 vs. 1.58 +/- 0.12 ng.ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.001), stimulated PRA (11.6 +/- 2.3 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.7 ng.ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.025), renal venous PRA (10.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 7.02 +/- 0.72 ng.ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.02), and plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) levels (52 +/- 5 vs. 24 +/- 3 pg/ml, P less than 0.01), while augmenting renal tissue renin content (2.36 +/- 0.21 vs. 3.56 +/- 0.30 micrograms/mg protein, P less than 0.005). Changes in plasma and renal tissue renin on meclofenamate treatment were similar to those observed on 6% protein diet. Both protein restriction and meclofenamate administration increased the glomerular ANG II receptor number, while the receptor affinity was unchanged. Thus protein restriction lowers PRA by impairing release of renin into circulation. This impairment in renin release is mediated by PG.
It's Creepy, But it Doesn't Bother Me

Undergraduates interviewed about privacy concerns related to online data collection made apparently contradictory statements. The same issue could evoke concern or not in the span of an interview, sometimes even a single sentence. Drawing on dual-process theories from psychology, we argue that some of the apparent contradictions can be resolved if privacy concern is divided into two components we call intuitive concern, a "gut feeling," and considered concern, produced by a weighing of risks and benefits. Consistent with previous explanations of the so-called privacy paradox, we argue that people may express high considered concern when prompted, but in practice act on low intuitive concern without a considered assessment. We also suggest a new explanation: a considered assessment can override an intuitive assessment of high concern without eliminating it. Here, people may choose rationally to accept a privacy risk but still express intuitive concern when prompted.
Optimized Route Capability (ORC) Intelligent Offloading of Congested Arrival Routes

The Optimized Route Capability (ORC) concept is designed to enable intelligent offloading of congested arrival routes. When ORC predicts arrival route congestion as projected excess arrival meter fix delay, automation offers decision support to traffic managers by identifying candidate flights to strategically reroute to alternate meter fixes and alleviate the congestion. This concept was applied to a model of arrival operations into Houston International Airport. An arrival rush from the Northeast was simulated in fast-time to analyze ORC algorithm behavior. The results demonstrate how strategically rerouting a few flights to alternate meter fixes not only has the potential to manage meter fix delay (and possibly the need for traffic management initiatives applied upstream), but may also increase airport capacity utilization and reduce total flight delay.
In a World of Warfare: Indians and the Wars for Empire

The contest for North America was not simply a battle between Indians and Europeans. Various European powers—England, France, Spain, Holland, Sweden, and even Russia on the northwest coast—had imperial ambitions on the continent and competed with one another at the same time as they endeavored to establish a hold on the lands of the Indians. By the late seventeenth century, the contest in eastern North America had boiled down to a struggle for empire among the French in Canada and the upper Ohio Valley, the English on the eastern seaboard, and the Spaniards in Florida and the lower Mississippi Valley. Competition between the European nations required that they compete in turn for the allegiance of different Indian nations. Indian nations thus had to pursue diplomatic negotiations with different English colonies as well as different European nations, and Indian people became entangled in European colonial wars fought in North America at the same time as they were fighting to keep their lands clear of European settlers.
Helen (Lena) Stavridou Astin (1932–2015).

This article memorializes Helen (Lena) Stavridou Astin, who died at her home October 27, 2015 after a long illness. As only the second woman to earn a doctorate in psychology at the University of Maryland, Lena opened the door for other women. Her 1969 classic book, The Woman Doctorate in America, was the first to provide data to counteract the belief that highly educated women drop out of the labor force to concentrate on family. Within the American Psychological Association, Lena was the first chair of what became the Committee on Women in Psychology and the second president of the Division on the Psychology of Women (Division 35). She also served on several American Psychological Association governance boards. During her early years, she worked at the National Academy of Science, the Bureau of Social Science Research, and University Research Associates.
Analytical bit-error-rate analysis for multi-tone sinusoidal jitter from power supply noise

The transmitter (TX) jitter is critical to the performance of both differential and single-ended signal interfaces. The multi-tone sinusoidal jitter due to the power supply noise accounts for a major portion of the TX jitter. An analytical bit-error-rate method is proposed for accurately evaluating the impact from the multi-tone sinusoidal jitter to the channel performance, which is important for channel design and optimization. The proposed method can accurately capture the channel amplification effect and be seamlessly incorporated into the existing formulation that handles random jitter, deterministic jitter, and duty cycle distortion, etc.
Dietary Phosphorus and Bone Disease

The intake of phosphorus from foods, both inorganic and organic sources, may exert an adverse effect on the homeostatic regulation of calcium as well as of phosphate if it is too high or too low. This effect is especially true when the ratio of dietary calcium to dietary phosphorus is below 0.5–1 or greater than 1.5–1. These skewed dietary ratios stimulate hormonal responses of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) that result from altered serum concentrations of ionic calcium (Ca2+) and ionic phosphate (Pi2−). Skeletal responses to these hormones result in changes in bone, both cortical and cancellous, that may contribute to suboptimal structure and function. When phosphorus intake is too high, phosphate-induced bone loss may if the abnormal dietary intake pattern becomes prolonged; these conditions are referred to as hyperparathyroid-induced osteopenia or osteoporosis. High phosphorus intakes are of less concern in those individuals with reasonably healthy renal function because of the normal responses of FGF-23 and PTH that promptly act following meals. In those with declining renal function, as well as in chronic renal failure, concerns of bone loss from high phosphate intakes remain.
Comparison of Thermal Decomposition of Polystyrene Products vs. Bio-Based Polymer Aerogels

Samples of polystyrene (PS), extended polystyrene foam (EPS foam), and 3 bio-based foam-like polymer/clay aerogels were produced, and examined under pyrolysis conditions. The polystyrene products produced pyrolysis products including toluene, styrene, benzaldehyde, and 4-phenyl-1-butyne; all consistent with previous reports. These highly flammable volatiles would be further expected to combust under flame conditions, producing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; prior work suggests that carbon monoxide poses the greatest health risk from the burning of both polystyrene and EPS. Pectin and alginate carbohydrate polymer aerogels, subjected to the same pyrolysis conditions as the polystyrene materials, produced products which were generally consistent with prior literature, and presented only moderate known health risks (similar to those of the EPS pyrolysis). As with PS and EPS foams, the alginate and pectin aerogel by-products are flammable, and are expected to be converted to carbon oxides. Casein, a milk-derived protein, generated organic nitriles and aromatic compounds under pyrolysis conditions, again consistent with literature for proteins in general. While none of the bio-based pyrolysis products of this study pose known significant health risks, it is possible that some of nitriles could be converted to hydrogen cyanide, leading to the recommendation that such protein-based products be further investigated prior to implementation in consumer/civil engineering applications.
Revealing out-of-equilibrium hidden phases in Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 by applying stress

We predict that the application of biaxial tensile strain will uncover an antiferromagnetic metallic hidden phase in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. By using hybrid density functional theory we applied uniaxial and biaxial strains and identified a variety of phases. We found that tensile strain can reduce by up to half the stress needed to expose hidden phases compared to the use of uniaxial compressive strain. In addition, our results demonstrate that while elongation and compression of the octahedra induce magnetic phase transitions, tilting of the octahedra leads to a metal-to-insulator transition, indicating that the different hidden phases can be accessed by applying strain.
Choledochal Malformations and Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction: A European Perspective

Choledochal malformation (CM) may be defined as morphological abnormality of the biliary tract characterised by dilatation in the absence of acute mechanical obstruction. Bile duct maljunction with the incoming pancreatic duct and formation of a long common channel is a recognised element of CM. This allows free intermixing of pancreatic juice and bile, although the how dynamic this relationship is remains unknown. We have established that there is an inverse relationship of choledochal pressure and bile amylase (as a surrogate of reflux) and that the key component of damage to the biliary epithelium is pressure generated.
Geometric Hitting Set and Disk Cover

Min-Sensor-Cover is a special case of Min-Set-Cover, which can be seen as Min-Set-Cover in a geometric case with the base set formed by all targets and all given subsets of targets induced by sensing disks. When all sensing disks have the same size, a classic result indicates that Min-Sensor-Cover has PTAS. In this chapter, we introduce some related results in case that sensing disks may have different sizes. Those results may lead us to a sequence of research works on coverage and connected coverage with different sizes of sensing disks.
New Palpable Mass in Right Breast

A 55-year-old postmenopausal female presents with a new mass in her right breast. She states that the mass has been there for about 3 months and has slowly grown in size. She first noticed it when she was taking a shower. The mass is not painful. She reports no nipple discharge, no nipple inversion, and no skin changes. She had her first menstrual period at age 11. Her only pregnancy was at age 35. Her mother and sister both had breast cancer. On physical examination, she has a 2 cm palpable, hard, ill-defined, immobile, non-tender mass in the upper outer quadrant of her right breast. There is no palpable axillary or supraclavicular adenopathy.
6-Chloro-5-[4-(1-Hydroxycyclobutyl)Phenyl]-1H-Indole-3-Carboxylic Acid is a Highly Selective Substrate for Glucuronidation by UGT1A1, Relative to β-Estradiol.

6-Chloro-5-[4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)phenyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (PF-06409577) is a direct activator of the human β1-containing adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (ΑMPK) isoforms. The clearance mechanism of PF-06409577 in animals and humans involves uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT)–mediated glucuronidation to an acyl glucuronide metabolite of PF-06409577 [(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl)oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid (M1)], which retains selective activation of human β1-containing AMPK isoforms. This paper describes a detailed characterization of the human UGT isoform(s) responsible for glucuronidation of PF-06409577 to M1. Studies using a panel of 13 human recombinant UGT (hrUGT) enzymes indicated that PF-06409577 was converted to M1 in a highly selective fashion by UGT1A1, which was further verified in human liver microsomes treated with specific chemical inhibitors, and in different UGT1A1 expressers. Conversion of PF-06409577 to M1 by UGT1A1 occurred in a relatively selective fashion, compared with β-estradiol (ES), a conventional probe substrate of UGT1A1. The Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) and Vmax values describing the formation of M1 from PF-06409577 in hrUGT1A1 and microsomal preparations from human intestine, liver, and kidney ranged from 131 to 212 μM (KM) and 107–3834 pmol/min per milligram (Vmax) in the presence of 2% bovine serum albumin. Relative activity factors (RAF) were determined for UGT1A1 using PF-06409577 and ES to enable estimation of intrinsic clearance from various tissues. RAF values from PF-06409577 and ES were generally comparable with the exception of intestinal microsomes, where ES overestimated the RAF of UGT1A1 due to glucuronidation by intestinal UGT1A8 and UGT1A10. Our results suggest the potential utility of PF-06409477 as a selective probe UGT1A1 substrate for UGT reaction phenotyping and inhibition studies in preclinical discovery/development.
Truth Seeking: The Lenahan Case and the Search for a Human Rights Remedy

It was not until Lenahan v. United States that many U.S. domestic violence advocates incorporated the human rights framework in a conscious and organized way. Part I of this essay addresses the role of determining truth as part of human rights remedies. Truth is essential so that all involved may provide appropriate remedies to those harmed, as well as to open a gateway to whatever level of healing and change is possible under the circumstances. Part II discusses the procedural history of Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales and explores the comparative findings and goals of the U.S. legal system within the human rights framework. The U.S. and IACHR Gonzales-Lenahan cases are used as comparative exemplars. The application of truth seeking principles to the Lenahan case is then discussed. Part III addresses needed change within the U.S. civil law systems if the country is to affectively adopt a human rights perspective in matters of domestic violence and other human rights abuses.
Splenic flexure mobilization for sigmoid and low anterior resections in the minimally invasive era: How often and at what cost?

Abstract Background Splenic flexure mobilization (SFM) increases left colonic reach for a better vascularized and tension-free anastomosis. Open SFM is challenging due to anatomic position. Minimally invasive SFM improves visualization and minimizes splenic traction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all sigmoid and low anterior resections (LAR) by a colorectal surgical group over 10-year period. We analyzed indications, surgical methods and perioperative outcomes of open and MIS SFM cohorts. Results 793 patients were included; 122 (15.5%) open, 671 (84.5%) MIS (60% laparoscopic-assisted (LA), 40% hand-assisted (HA)). Overall, indications were cancer (56%), diverticulitis (31%), and other benign diseases (13%). Compared to MIS, open cases had more complex disease (45% vs. 18%, p Conclusions Our SFM rate was high in the MIS group, with a low overall complication rate. Of note, the anastomotic leak/abscess rate was 3%, and may be related to the high SFM rate. It is the authors’ opinion that a major advantage of MIS is to facilitate SFM, hence SFM is more likely to be performed with these methods compared to open procedures.