cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-lasting daytime equatorial plasma bubbles observed by the C/NOFS satellite

[1] We report the first observations of long-lasting daytime equatorial plasma bubbles with the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. The most unusual features of the plasma bubbles are the persistence from the post-midnight sector through the afternoon sector and the extremely long lifetime of 12 h. In one case, the plasma bubbles were generated at 02:00–03:00 LT near the end of the main phase of a moderate magnetic storm and detected by C/NOFS over eight successive orbits, and the decrease of the ion density inside the bubbles was still as large as ~30% at 14:00–15:00 LT. In another case, one group of plasma bubbles was generated near the sunset terminator and existed over the entire nighttime until the post-sunrise sector (06:00–08:00 LT), and another group of plasma bubbles was first detected at 04:00–06:00 LT and lasted until ~11:00 LT. The latter group of bubbles occurred following a sharp northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) near the end of the main phase of a weak magnetic storm, and the overshielding electric field caused by the IMF northward turning and the storm time disturbance dynamo might both have contributed to the generation of the bubbles. The plasma bubbles reached 800 km or higher in altitude during daytime. The high altitudes may be critical for the long lifetime of the bubbles: the photo-ionization rate decreases rapidly with altitude. The photo-ionization process may take a long time to produce enough new plasma particles to fill the daytime bubbles at high altitudes.
Pulmonary venous blood sampling significantly increases the yield of circulating tumor cells in early-stage lung cancer

Abstract Objective To identify circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients with early-stage lung cancer and to show that sampling pulmonary vein (PV) blood using microfluidic chip technology will yield significantly more CTCs. Improving early detection of lung cancer is critical to improving lung cancer survival. Reproducible detection of CTCs is limited currently in early stage tumors. Methods Patients undergoing pulmonary resection had PV blood drawn before resection. Peripheral blood was sampled at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative times. Samples were analyzed on microfluidic chips using antibody-based capture. Results A total of 32 patients with primary lung cancer were evaluated. Twenty patients had 1 or more CTCs detected in at least 1 sample (62.5%). The mean number of CTCs from peripheral vein sources at the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative time points was 1.3, 1.9, and 0.6 respectively. The average number of CTCs in the PV was 340.0 (range, 0.0-5422.50; P > .01). When PV CTCs were present, the number of CTCs was correlated with pathological tumor size ( P = .0236). The number of PV CTCs was not correlated with any other clinical feature (eg, smoking status, preoperative or postoperative stage). Furthermore, the number of PV CTCs was significantly higher when preoperative bronchoscopic biopsy was performed, compared with computed tomography–guided biopsy ( P = .0311). Seven patients had evidence of CTC clusters, or microemboli. Conclusions With a single vein draining the entire tumor basin, lung cancers are unique, allowing the high-yield isolation of CTCs from the PV. This method may facilitate future studies to improve the detection and analysis of early-stage lung CTCs.
Twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence associated with decreased fetal cerebral vascular impedance

Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Objectives: Twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence affects 1% of monochorionic twin pregnancies and is caused by abnormal vascular connections between a pump twin and an acardiac mass. The effects of abnormal vascular connections on cerebral vasculature in the pump twin are unknown. We hypothesize that abnormal cerebral vascular impedance, as assessed by the pulsatility index (PI), is present in pump twins and that fetal intervention alters cerebral impedance. Methods: Fetal echocardiograms performed between 2010 and 2013 in pregnancies diagnosed with TRAP (n = 19), recorded at presentation, and uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies (controls, n = 18; 36 fetuses) were analyzed. In all subjects, the middle cerebral artery (MCA)-PI, combined cardiac output (CCO) and cardiothoracic ratio were calculated, and the values for cases and controls were compared. Results: The mean gestational age at the time of echocardiography was 20 weeks in both groups. MCA-PI was lower in TRAP cases than in controls (1.55 (95%CI, 1.47-1.64) vs 1.74 (95% CI, 1.65-1.82), respectively; P = 0.004). CCO in TRAP cases was mildly elevated for gestational age (199.7 (95%CI, 138.4-261.1) mL/min) compared with that of controls (131.4 (95%CI, 102.2-160.7) mL/min). In six TRAP cases with a second echocardiogram available, the mean MCA-PI increased after intervention, from 1.5 (95%CI, 1.3-1.7) to 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4-2.2). Conclusions: TRAP pump twins have lower cerebral vascular impedance than do controls, suggestive of a brain-sparing effect. MCA-PI appeared to increase in a small group of pump twins after intervention. These findings suggest a fetal cerebral autoregulatory response to a high cardiac output state that begins to change after fetal intervention. The long-term implications for neurodevelopmental outcome warrant further study.
Development and survival of Th17 cells within the intestines: the influence of microbiome- and diet-derived signals

Th17 cells have emerged as important mediators of host defense and homeostasis at barrier sites, particularly the intestines, where the greatest number and diversity of the microbiota reside. A critical balance exists between protection of the host from its own microbiota and pathogens and the development of immune-mediated disease. Breaches of local innate immune defenses provide critical stimuli for the induction of Th17 cell development, and additional cues within these tissues promote Th17 cell survival and/or plasticity. Normally, this results in eradication of the microbial threat and restitution of homeostasis. When dysregulated, however, Th17 cells can cause a range of immune-mediated diseases, whether directed against Ags derived from the microbiota, such as in inflammatory bowel disease, or against self-Ags in a range of autoimmune diseases. This review highlights recent discoveries that provide new insights into ways in which environmental signals impact Th17 cell development and function in the intestines.
Multicultural Counseling Competencies = Ethical Practice

The adoption of the Competencies is indicative of ethical and culturally responsive practices. Historical marginalization based on ethnic, racial, cultural, and socioeconomic differences and scientific racism have adversely affected the mental health professions and clients deserving of services.A rationale for the adoption of the Competencies is articulated based on existing research and examples of application of the Competencies. Rebuttals are made to criticisms about the Competencies by Weinrach and Thomas (2002). Viewing the Competencies as a living document indicates their future evolution as a set of culturally universal and culturally relative guidelines for the mental health professions.
Revision of the southeast Asian soldier-fly genus Parastratiosphecomyia Brunetti, 1923 (Diptera, Stratiomyidae, Pachygastrinae)

The genus Parastratiosphecomyia Brunetti is revised with the description of two new species: Parastratiosphecomyia freidbergi sp. n. from India and Parastratiosphecomyia rozkosnyi sp. n. from Laos and Thailand. All four species in the genus are illustrated and a key to species is provided. Type localities of previously described taxa are briefly discussed.
Workload-Cognizant Impact Analysis and its Applications in Error Detection and Tolerance in Modern Microprocessors

The objective of the research presented in this talk is to investigate the relative importance of errors in a modern microprocessor based on the impact that they incur on the execution of typical workload. Such information can prove immensely useful in allocating resources to enhance on-line testability and error resilience through concurrent error detection/correction methods. Indeed, modern microprocessors exhibit an inherent effectiveness in suppressing a significant percentage of errors and preventing them from interfering with correct program execution (i.e. application-level masking). Therefore, understanding and leveraging the correlation between low-level errors and their instruction-level impact is crucial towards developing cost-effective mitigation methods. To this end, I will first report on an extensive fault simulation infrastructure that we developed around a superscalar, dynamicallyscheduled, out-of-order, Alpha-like microprocessor, which supports execution of SPEC2000 integer benchmarks and enables the aforementioned correlation study. Then, I will demonstrate the utility of this information in developing cost-effective concurrent error detection and soft error mitigation methods for modern microprocessors. Finally, I will discuss the application of workload-cognizant impact analysis in identifying and dealing with faults that do not affect functional correctness but simply slow down program execution in modern microprocessors (i.e. performance faults).
Clinical application of infrared thermography in the diagnosis of appendicitis

Abstract To determine the clinical usefulness of infrared skin temperatures in diagnosing appendicitis, the authors conducted a prospective study of 86 adult and pediatric emergency department (ED) patients presenting during a 4-month study period with acute right lower abdominal pain. Skin temperature readings (FirstTemp digital thermometer, Intelligent Medical Systems, Inc, Carlsbad, CA) were taken from the right lower abdominal quadrant and a corresponding position on the left. An unpaired t test was used to determine if there was a significant difference between the right and left lower quadrants in patients with appendicitis. Discharged patients were followed up by telephone to determine any subsequent morbidity. A total of 23 patients had appendicitis confirmed by surgery; 63 subjects had other medical diagnoses. There was no significant skin temperature differential between the lower abdominal quadrants in either patient group (0.0°C vs 0.1°C; P > .5). Three patients had a skin temperature on the right that was at least 1°C warmer than on the left; none of these patients had appendicitis. The results suggest that infrared thermography is not a sensitive diagnostic test for acute appendicitis in the ED population.
Improving the efficiency of policies to reduce CO2 emissions

Abstract The problem of designing a comprehensive and efficient policy package to reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases is more complicated than suggested in the existing economic literature. Most studies have failed to adequately evaluate practical implementation issues which affect the cost and effectiveness of climate change policies. Unless a wide array of implementation problems are considered, misleading conclusions may be drawn about the potential cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce CO2 emissions. In this paper, we examine three different implementation issues. First, we consider how the cost-effectiveness of different energy taxes varies as a function of the level of the market at which they are imposed. Second, we examine the question of how to integrate different policy tools into an efficient policy package. Third, we place this analysis into a broader context that focuses on all greenhouse gases and is not limited to CO2. By enlarging the set of greenhouse gases under consideration, the set of control options is enlarged and the potential for identifying more cost-effective policies increases. The results, taken together, suggest the importance of considering practical implementation issues when identifying climate change policies. A piecemeal approach to policy formation that fails to consider these issues is likely to be inefficient and unnecessarily costly.
Event driven service composition for pervasive computing

Pervasive Computing plays an integral role in our daily life. As pervasive services become increasingly important to be able to capture context, it is reasonable to speculate that dynamic representations for composition of services is very much needed. Such representations may typically include activities or functional modules that are not only temporal but also responsive to each other. Such actions may be associated with actors who execute them, spatial and temporal information, information-flow and background objects. Consequently, one may model an activity network that depicts causal relations between activities and has the capability of embedding the semantic relations of these activities with other contextual entities. In this paper we discuss a new way of representing such dynamic workflows with a novel data structure called Activity Logic Graphs (ALGs). We introduce a novel design of an architecture that grasps the semantics of activities (or events) in dynamic pervasive environments, maps that to a collaboration of services (as ALGs) in order to recognize specific situations (known as Situation Boundaries) that has risen out of the events, and implements the recognition process using an efficient indexing technique. We test the model with a set of ALGs and report experimental results on the queries that are essential for service composition.
Fluence in 1064-nm laser beams: its determination by photography with Polaroid film.

Exposure fluences that have been measured with 1064-nm pulses having duratio ns from 0.15 ns to 50 ns are presented and the use of Polariod film as an absolute diagnostic is discussed.
TNF-α decreases expression of Thrombomudulin and endothelial protein C receptor in human endothelial cells

Introduction. Thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) are intrinsic anticoagulant factors of normal endothelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of TNF-α on TM and EPCR gene expression in human endothelial cells as well as the effect of a spice and coloring food compound curcumin as a potential therapeutic agent. Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured without or with TNF-α (2.0 ng/ml) for different times. The expression of TM and EPCR was determined by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Dose-dependent study of TNF-α in 6 h culture was also performed. Blocking effect of anti-inflammatory agent curcumin (5, 10, and 25 μM) on TNF-α was determined. Results. HUVECs treated with TNF-α (2.0 ng/ml) reduced TM mRNA levels by 80, 97, 94, and 97% at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively (P < 0.01). Dose-dependent study showed that TM mRNA levels of HUVECs were decreased by 86, 89, 92, 91, and 94% after treatment of TNF-α (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 ng/ml) for 6 h, respectively (P < 0.01). TM protein levels were significantly reduced by 69% in TNF-α-treated cells as compared to controls (P < 0.01). Secreted protein and activity of TM in the supernatant of HUVEC cultures were also significantly reduced after TNF-α treatment. In addition, EPCR mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in TNF-α-treated group as compared to controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these effects were observed in other types of endothelial cells from human coronary arteries, lungs, and skins. Curcumin effectively blocked these effects of TNF-α on down regulation of TM and EPCR. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that TNF-α significantly decreases expression of TM and EPCR at both mRNA and protein levels in several human endothelial cells. Curcumin can effectively block TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction. This study suggests a new molecular mechanism of inflammation associated thrombosis and a new strategy to prevent this problem.
Distribution of aseismic slip rate on the Hayward fault inferred from seismic and geodetic data

[1] We solve for the slip rate distribution on the Hayward fault by performing a least squares inversion of geodetic and seismic data sets. Our analysis focuses on the northern 60 km of the fault. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 13 independent ERS interferograms are stacked to obtain range change rates from 1992 to 2000. Horizontal surface displacement rates at 141 bench marks are measured using GPS from 1994 to 2003. Surface creep observations and estimates of deep slip rates determined from characteristic repeating earthquake sequences are also incorporated in the inversion. The fault is discretized into 283 triangular dislocation elements that approximate the nonplanar attributes of the fault surface. South of the city of Hayward, a steeply, east dipping fault geometry accommodates the divergence of the surface trace and the microseismicity at depth. The inferred slip rate distribution is consistent with a fault that creeps aseismically at a rate of ∼5 mm/yr to a depth of 4–6 km. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data require an aseismic slip rate that approaches the geologic slip rate on the northernmost fault segment beneath Point Pinole, although the InSAR data might be complicated by a small dip-slip component at this location. A low slip rate patch of <1 mm/yr is inferred beneath San Leandro consistent with the source location of the 1868 earthquake. We calculate that the entire fault is accumulating a slip rate deficit equivalent to a Mw = 6.77 ± 0.05 per century. However, this estimate of potential coseismic moment represents an upper bound because we do not know how much of the accumulated strain will be released through aseismic processes such as afterslip.
Polymorphisms in genes hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-17b type 2 and type 4 and endometrial cancer risk

Objective Hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-17b (HSD17b) genes control the last step in estrogen biosynthesis. The isoenzymes HSD17b2 and HSD17b4 in the uterus preferentially catalyze the conversion of estradiol, the most potent and active form of estrogen, to estrone, the inactive form of estrogen. Endometrial adenocarcinoma is linked to excessive exposure to estrogens. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes HSD17b2 and HSD17b4 may alter the enzyme activity, estradiol levels and risk of disease.
Role of calcium in acute hyperthermic myocardial injury.

INTRODUCTION We hypothesized that intracellular calcium overload may play an important role in heat-induced myocardial injury. This postulate was investigated using a model of isolated guinea pig papillary muscle in which resting tension was measured as an indirect indicator of cytosolic free-calcium concentration and the fluorescence changes of Fluo-3 AM dye was measured as a direct indicator of cytosolic free-calcium concentration. METHODS AND RESULTS Excised guinea pig right ventricular papillary muscles were attached to a force transducer in a high-flow tissue bath and superfused with Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees C. The temperature was rapidly changed to between 38.0 degrees and 56.0 degrees C for 60 seconds and then returned to 37.0 degrees C. Hyperthermia caused a reversible increase in resting tension at temperatures between 45 degrees and 50 degrees C and irreversible contracture at > or =50 degrees C. Rapid cooling contracture experiments and experiments measuring fluorescence of myocytes loaded with 5 microM Fluo-3 AM dye demonstrated that the hyperthermia-induced rise in resting tension was likely due to an increase in intracellular calcium content. Inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump with 20 microM thapsigargin resulted in irreversible contracture of the papillary muscles at temperatures between 45 degrees and 50 degrees C and significant increases in Fluo-3 fluorescence at 48 degrees C. Blockade of sarcolemmal calcium channels with 0.5 mM cadmium or 40 microM verapamil did not attenuate the heat-induced increase in resting tension and Fluo-3 fluorescence. CONCLUSION Hyperthermia causes an increase in resting tension of cardiac muscle that most likely is mediated by a calcium channel-independent increase in calcium permeability of the sarcolemmal membrane and/or release of stored intracellular calcium.
Association of titin and myosin heavy chain in developing skeletal muscle.

Abstract To understand molecular interactions that organize developing myofibrils, we examined the biosynthesis and interaction of titin and myosin heavy chain in cultures of developing muscle. Use of pulse-labeling, immunoprecipitation, and a reversible cross-linking procedure demonstrates that within minutes of synthesis, titin and myosin heavy chain can be chemically cross-linked into very large, detergent-resistant complexes retaining many features of intact myotubes. These complexes, predominantly of titin and myosin, occur very early in myofibrillogenesis as well as later. These data suggest that synthesis and assembly of titin and myosin are temporally and spatially coordinated in nascent myofibrils and support the hypothesis that titin molecules help to organize sarcomere formation.
Energy from forest biomass — Its effect on forest management practices in Canada

Abstract In any consideration of the use of biomass for energy in Canada and its effect on forest management practices, it should be understood that a major change in the energy system is involved. There will be a change from a highly organised production and delivery system controlled from outside the country's borders to production and delivery systems which are highly localised within forest regions within Canada and where the investments and the benefits accruing from them remain within the localities. Because of the highly localised and regional aspects of the production of energy from biomass it is not realistic to consider it on a Canada-wide basis. On a macroscale, Canada has ample biomass over and above conventional uses for energy purposes but locally it can be in short supply. For this reason availability of biomass in sufficient quantity and at an acceptable cost must be considered on a site-specific basis.
Enzymatic activation of the Bacillus sphaericus mosquito larvicidal toxin.

Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal toxin was activated by trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and mosquito gut homogenates to a form which was cytotoxic to cultured mosquito cells. Gut extracts from highly resistant Aedes aegypti larvae were as effective in activating this toxin as extracts from the highly sensitive species Culex quinquefasciatus. Activation altered the apparent molecular weight of the toxin by ca. 2–4 kDa.
OralCandida albicans in bone marrow transplant patients given chlorhexidine rinses: Occurrence and susceptibilities to the agent

The tongue and buccal mucosa of 26 bone marrow transplant recipients given three 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) oral rinses daily for 8 weeks were sampled weekly for oral Candida albicans. Putative C. albicans colony-forming units on selective bismuth sulfite glucose glycine yeast agar plates were identified with the API 20C system. The CHX minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oral C. albicans isolates obtained at all 8 sample weeks was determined with a microbroth dilution sensitivity assay. The CHX MIC range for yeast isolates selected randomly at all sample weeks was up to 2.5 to up to 20 micrograms/ml (mean MIC less than or equal to 8.5 micrograms/ml). The CHX MIC range for isolates at week 1 was less than or equal to 5 to less than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml (mean MIC less than or equal to 7.9 micrograms/ml) compared with less than or equal to 2.5 to less than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml at week 8 (mean MIC less than or equal to 8.8 micrograms/ml). Therefore the persistence of oral C. albicans in bone marrow transplant recipients using CHX rinses was due neither to low CHX susceptibilities nor to the development of resistance to the agent.
Counter-ion polarization and low frequency, low electric field intensity biological effects

Abstract By analysis of published experimental data for the dielectric properties of tissue at extremely low frequencies it is shown that the “thermal noise problem” is much less severe for field effects depending on counter-ion polarization than for effects that require a change of transmembrane potential. Application of dielectric mixture theory and the theory of counter-ion polarization is used to show that the fraction of charges near the cell surface involved in counter-ion polarization is of the order of 10−6 at the thermal noise limit when the frequency of the applied field is 15 Hz, It is also shown that the exponential decay distance for polarization-related charge motion can be more than 50% of the intercell spacing. Thus extremely low frequency electric fields that cause counter-ion polarization can affect the ionic environment of those membrane-embedded proteins which extend far into the intercellular medium and can possibly also influence cell-to-cell communication.
Molecular simulation with variable protonation states at constant pH

A new method is presented for performing molecular simulations at constant pH. The method is a Monte Carlo procedure where trial moves consist of relatively short molecular dynamics trajectories, using a time-dependent potential energy that interpolates between the old and new protonation states. Conformations and protonation states are sampled from the correct statistical ensemble independent of the trial-move trajectory length, which may be adjusted to optimize efficiency. Because moves are not instantaneous, the method does not require the use of a continuum solvation model. It should also be useful in describing buried titratable groups that are not directly exposed to solvent, but have strong interactions with neighboring hydrogen bond partners. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated for a simple test case: constant-pH simulations of acetic acid in aqueous solution with an explicit representation of water molecules.
Can Descriptive Representation Change Beliefs about a Stigmatized Group? Evidence from Rural India

Can descriptive representation for a stigmatized group change the beliefs and intentions of members of dominant groups? To address this question, I focus on quotas (reservations) that allow members of the scheduled castes to access key executive positions in India's village institutions. To measure the psychological effect of reservations, I combine a natural experiment with an innovative MP3-player-based self-administered survey that measures various beliefs and behavioral intentions. Results provide credible causal evidence that reservations affect the psychology of members of dominant castes. Even though villagers living in reserved villages continue to think poorly of members of the scheduled castes (stereotypes do not improve), reservation affects two other types of beliefs: perceived social norms of interactions and perceived legal norms of interactions. These changes in beliefs in turn appear to have far-reaching consequences for intercaste relations, as villagers’ discriminatory intentions also decrease under reservation.
Islam and Christianity between tolerance and acceptance

Basic to the understanding of Christianity and Islam as faith‐identities are their principles of ultimate power or authority. For both, ultimate power belongs to God alone, and human authority must reflect this divine power. In both a tension exists between these two powers which determined the course of their respective histories and interaction with one another. While in both religions tolerance is a fundamental principle based on the imperative of love and respect for human life and dignity, the Qur'an clearly advocates mutual acceptance and cooperation among the people of the Book: Jews, Christians and Muslims. This is evidenced in the term ahl al‐kitab, the family of the Book, which includes all the children of Abraham.
Comparing the slopes of two independent regression lines when there is complete heteroscedasticity

For two independent groups, let (X1j, Y1j), …, (Xnjj, Ynjj) be a random sample from some bivariate distribution corresponding to the jth group, and assume that Yij = β1jXij + β0j + eij. Type I heteroscedasticity is defined to be a situation where for fixed j, ɛij does not have a common variance. That is, the variance of eij depends on the value of X. Type II heteroscedasticity is taken to mean that the variance differs between groups. That is, the variance of ei1 is not equal to the variance of ei2 even when Xi1 = Xi2. Complete heteroscedasticity refers to a situation where there is both type I and II heteroscedasticity. This paper considers the problem of computing a confidence interval for β11 — β12, the difference between the slopes, when there is complete heteroscedasticity. Some results on computing a confidence interval for the difference between the intercepts are reported as well. The one method found to give good results is used to reanalyse some data from a study dealing with pygmalion in the classroom.
Earth observations in the twenty-first century

Some of the achievements of earth observations from past space missions are described. Also discussed are the achievements to be anticipated from currently approved and planned earth observation missions. In looking forward to what the objectives of earth observations from space are expected to be in the future, together with what technology is expected to enable, what the earth observing program will look like during the first part of the twenty-first century is discussed. It is concluded that a key part of this program will be long-term observations holistically viewing the earth system.
SRFR1, a suppressor of effector-triggered immunity, encodes a conserved tetratricopeptide repeat protein with similarity to transcriptional repressors.

Summary Effector-triggered immunity provides plants with strong protection from pathogens. However, this response has the potential to be highly deleterious to the host and needs to be tightly controlled. The molecular mechanisms in the plant that regulate the balance between activation and suppression of resistance are not fully understood. Previously, we identified Arabidopsis suppressor of rps4-RLD 1 (srfr1) mutants with enhanced resistance to the bacterial effector AvrRps4. These mutants were recessive and retained full susceptibility to virulent bacteria, suggesting that SRFR1 functions as a negative regulator and that AvrRps4-triggered immunity was specifically enhanced in the mutants. Consistent with this, we show here that the response to flagellin, an elicitor of basal resistance, is unaltered in srfr1-1. In contrast, resistance to AvrRps4 in srfr1-1 requires EDS1, a central regulator of effector-triggered immunity via multiple resistance genes. SRFR1 is a single-copy gene encoding a pioneer tetratricopeptide repeat protein conserved between plants and animals. The SRFR1 tetratricopeptide repeat domain shows sequence similarity to those of transcriptional repressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. Indeed, a sub-pool of SRFR1 transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells localizes to the nucleus. Identification of SRFR1 may therefore provide insight into the regulation of the transcriptional reprogramming that is activated by effector-triggered immunity.
Lack of antiviral effect of a short course of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive agent that is widely used in the management of liver transplant recipients. MMF inhibits the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase that has been shown to have in vitro antiviral properties against flaviviruses, suggesting the possibility that it might also inhibit the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The goal of this short-term dose escalation study was to assess the antiviral effects of MMF on HCV replication. Patients with chronic hepatitis C who had not undergone liver transplantation were randomized to 8 weeks of treatment with one of four mycophenolate dose regimens (1000 mg orally twice daily, 500 mg orally twice daily, 250 mg orally twice daily, or a matched oral placebo twice daily). All groups were double-blinded. Quantitative HCV RNA levels and serum alanine aminotransferase were assessed at baseline, at weeks 2, 4, and 8 of dosing, and at weeks 4 and 8 of follow-up. Thirty patients met inclusion criteria, enrolled, and were randomized. HCV RNA levels did not change significantly during treatment. Specifically, no subject became virus negative or had a one-log decrease in virus level. Serum aminotransferase level did not normalize in any subject. The most common side effects were headache, nausea, and diarrhea. Mycophenolate alone does not appear to have a significant antiviral or biochemical effect in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
The effect of cytosine arabinoside on the frequency of single-strand breaks in DNA of mammalian cells following irradiation or chemical treatment.

Abstract 1-β- d -Arabinofuranosyl cytosine (araC), a pyrimidine nucleoside analog used in the treatment of malignant tumors [1,2], inhibits ultraviolet repair of DNA in a reversible manner. The inhibition occurs during the resynthesis-ligation step and is apparent at all sites undergoing repair. By use of araC it was possible to substantiate the reported observation that the initial velocities of ultraviolet repair are dose dependent and that hamster and human cells are more efficient that mouse cells in excising DNA damage after fluences of less than 50 J/m 2 . araC does not strongly inhibit γ-ray-induced repair, although alkali-labile sites are removed more slowly in araC-treated cells. Repair of damage to DNA by N- methyl -N- nitrosoguanidine , mitomycin C, 4-nitroquinoline oxide and 8-hydroxyquinoline is strongly inhibited by araC.
Implementing Process-Oriented, Guided-Inquiry Learning for the First Time: Adaptations and Short-Term Impacts on Students' Attitude and Performance.

Innovative, research-based instructional practices are critical to transforming the conventional undergraduate instructional landscape into a student-centered learning environment. Research on dissemination of innovation indicates that instructors often adapt rather than adopt these practices. These adaptations can lead to the loss of critical elements of the practice, which may affect its effectiveness. Process-oriented, guided-inquiry learning (POGIL) is a research-based instructional practice that has been widely disseminated for the past two decades. However, few studies have investigated practitioners’ adaptations of POGIL and the impact of these adaptations on expected outcomes measured during recommended implementations of POGIL. In this study, we explore the impact of the implementation of POGIL in discussion sections of a general chemistry and an organic chemistry course on students’ grades, retention, attitude toward chemistry, self-efficacy in chemistry, and attitude toward the learning environ...
Degradation of Monocarbonyls from Autoxidizing Lipids

In an attempt to account for carbonyls found in oxidized lipid systems, but not theoretically predicted from the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides, a member from each of the monocarbonyl classes commonly observed in oxidizing lipids was oxidized at 45C in a Warburg apparatus and the carbonyl products studied. The carbonyl compounds used weren-nonanal,n-non-2-enal,n-hepta-2,4-dienal andn-oct-1-en-3-one. Nonanal was relatively stable to oxidation and was oxidized to nonanoic acid. Oct-1-en-3-one did not absorb oxygen during a 52-hr period; however, the unsaturated aldehydes oxidized at faster rates than methyl linoleate or linolenate. Non-2-enal upon absorption of 0.5 mole of oxygen was oxidized almost quantitatively to non-2-enoic acid. Hepta-2,4-dienal was polymerized at 0.5 mole of oxygen uptake. In addition both of the unsaturated aldehydes produced shorter chain mono- and dicarbonyls as oxidative degradation products. The identification of these compounds helps to explain the presence of carbonyls in oxidizing lipids and model systems that are not accountable through the decomposition of theoretically predictable isomeric hydroperoxide esters. The relatively large yield of malonaldehyde from the oxidized dienal suggests that these carbonyls may serve as a major source of malonaldehyde in oxidizing diene esters. Significant quantities of malonaldehyde are not observed in methyl linoleate until late stages of oxidation, and the dienals formed through degradation of primary hydroperoxides may in turn oxidize to give malonaldehyde.
Photolysis of an Intrachain Peptide Disulfide Bond: Primary and Secondary Processes, Formation of H2S, and Hydrogen Transfer Reactions

The photodissociation of intrachain disulfide bonds in a model peptide and salmon calcitonin generates a series of cyclic peptide products following the generation of a CysS• thiyl radical pair. Key to the formation of these cyclic products are disproportionation and reversible hydrogen atom transfer reactions as well as secondary photoreactions, which lead to C−S bond breakage of primary photoproducts. Depending on the wavelength of the incident light, disulfides ultimately convert into cyclic thioethers. An important photolytic product is H2S, which is highly relevant for the production and storage of protein pharmaceuticals, where H2S can catalyze disulfide scrambling and protein degradation.
ELECTRONIC CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR HEAVY IONS AT HIGH VELOCITIES

The equilibrium electronic charge-state distributions of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ ions in Zapon at energies between 1.59 and 10.5 MeV/nucleon are measured. The nonequilibrium charge distributions for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{40}$ ions at 10.2 MeV/nucleon are also given. The experimental technique used makes possible measurements of charge states that comprise less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ of the total beam. The equilibrium charge data are satisfactorily interpreted by, and lend support to, the phenomenological theory of Dmitriev. It is found possible to present the ratio of loss to capture cross sections for the $1K$, $2K$, and $1L$ electrons and the mean ionic charge for all ions in terms of universal functions involving the ion velocity and ionic and nuclear charge. The relative values of the absolute cross sections for the loss and capture of single electrons by ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{40}$ ions are interpreted by simple statistical arguments.
Ovulation triggers activation of Drosophila oocytes.

Drosophila melanogaster mature oocytes in ovaries are arrested at metaphase I of meiosis. Eggs that have reached the uterus have released this arrest. It was not known where in the female reproductive tract egg activation occurs and what triggers it. We investigated when and where the egg is activated in Drosophila in vivo and at what meiotic stage the egg is fertilized. We found that changes in the egg's envelope's permeability, one feature of activation, initiate during ovulation, even while most of the egg is still within the ovary. The egg becomes impermeable as it proceeds down the oviducts; the process is complete by the time the egg is in the uterus. Cross-linking of vitelline membrane protein sV23 also increases progressively as the egg moves through the oviducts and the uterus. Activation also triggers meiosis to resume before the egg reaches the uterus, such that the earliest eggs that reach the uterus are in anaphase I. We discuss models for Drosophila egg activation in vivo.
Acts of Enjoyment: Rhetoric, Žižek, and the Return of the Subject, Thomas Rickert

Rhetorical theory is amply supplied with warnings against the seductive power of pleasure to persuade, but it has paid less attention to pleasure's role in resisting persuasion. Wordsworth, who is ...
Identification and neuropeptide content of trigeminal neurons innervating the rat nasal epithelium

Abstract Trigeminal ganglia provides sensory innervation to the rat nasal cavity. The purpose of this study was to identify the location and characterize the neuropeptide content of trigeminal neurons that project specifically to the rat nasal epithelium. The right nasal cavity was instilled with 4 μ l of rhodamine-labelled latex microspheres. Seven, 10 or 14 days after tracer instillation, both trigeminal ganglia were removed and prepared for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunocytochemistry. Neurons labelled with microspheres were located in the trigeminal ganglia at the division of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves and were only found on the side ipsilateral to the instillation. The percentage of labelled cell body profiles in the right trigeminal ganglia averaged 1.61±.04% at seven days, 1.54±.01% at 10 days, and 1.65±.02% at 14 days after instillation. These values were not statistically different, but the fluorescence intensity in labelled neurons was increased after 14 days. The right trigeminal ganglia contained a mean of 166±13.81 labelled cell body profiles representing 1.60±.09% of the total. Of the labelled profiles, 81.6±3.27% were immunoreactive for substance P and 35.2±4.00% for calcitonin gene-related peptide. Sections of nasal mucosa showed that the microspheres were localized only in the epithelial layer and did not enter the lamina propria indicating that the microsphere transport was confined to nerve fibres present in the epithelial layer. These studies have identified specific neurons in the trigeminal ganglia that project to the nasal epithelium. Most of the neurons retrogradely labelled from the nasal cavity contained substance P but some contained calcitonin gene-related peptide, suggesting that the nasal epithelium is predominantly targeted by substance P-containing neurons.
Review of Duck Hematology

Abstract INFORMATION on blood values of normal domestic and wild ducks has appeared sporadically in the literature over the period from the early part of the twentieth century to the present time. Very few authors have dealt with a comprehensive study of the total blood picture. Of those values covered in this report, most of the data has been obtained from isolated papers dealing with a wide variety of normal and pathologic conditions of ducks. PACKED CELL VOLUME Albritton (1952) reported a packed cell volume (PCV) of 39.5 percent as an estimated universal mean compiled from several authors, but makes no sex, age, or species distinction. Rodman et al. (1957) using blood from the wing vein and the Strumia microhematocrit method determined the packed cell volumes of six White Pekin ducks weighing 2.2 to 3.2 kg. Although they observed higher values in males than females, they did not mention the ages …
Comparison of global positioning system (GPS) tracking and parent-report diaries to characterize children's time–location patterns

Respondent error, low resolution, and study participant burden are known limitations of diary timelines used in exposure studies such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS). Recent advances in global positioning system (GPS) technology have produced tracking devices sufficiently portable, functional and affordable to utilize in exposure assessment science. In this study, a differentially corrected GPS (dGPS) tracking device was compared to the NHEXAS diary timeline. The study also explored how GPS can be used to evaluate and improve such diary timelines by determining which location categories and which respondents are least likely to record "correct" time-location responses. A total of 31 children ages 3-5 years old wore a dGPS device for all waking hours on a weekend day while their parents completed the NHEXAS diary timeline to document the child's time-location pattern. Parents misclassified child time-location approximately 48% of the time using the NHEXAS timeline in comparison to dGPS. Overall concordance between methods was marginal (kappa=0.33-0.35). The dGPS device found that on average, children spent 76% of the 24-h study period in the home. The diary underestimated time the child spent in the home by 17%, while overestimating time spent inside other locations, outside at home, outside in other locations, and time spent in transit. Diary data for time spent outside at home and time in transit had the lowest response concordance with dGPS. The diaries of stay-at-home mothers and mothers working unskilled labor jobs had lower concordance with dGPS than did those of the other participants. The ability of dGPS tracking to collect continuous rather than categorical (ordinal) data was also demonstrated. It is concluded that automated GPS tracking measurements can improve the quality and collection efficiency of time-location data in exposure assessment studies, albeit for small cohorts.
Uniformly loaded circular plate supported at discrete points

Abstract General expressions for determining the deflection of a uniformly loaded circular plate supported at discrete points equally spaced along the circumference of a concentric circle are derived in this paper. Based on these expressions, numerical results have been calculated for the deflection at several points for the special cases of plates with three and four supports for a series of several support-circles of different sizes. These results are presented in tabulated form and in graphs for easy reference.
Alteration of cell permeability barriers by amphotericin B-deoxycholate (fungizone) in vitro.

Abstract The anti-fungal preparation, Fungizonc, a mixture of approximately equal weights of the antibiotic amphotericin B and the ionic detergent sodium deoxycholate, was found to alter significantly the cell membranes of two murine leukemia cell lines. These alterations caused promotion of uptake of actinomycin D and affected two-phase aqcuous polymer partitioning. These effects were mainly caused by the deoxycholate component of Fungizone.
Jamaica Bay studies III: Abiotic determinants of distribution and abundance of gulls (Larus)

Abstract The distribution and abundance of gulls were examined at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge (New York) from 31 May 1978 to 31 May 1979. Gulls were found to be affected by tidal, temporal and weather-related factors. The distribution of gulls was affected primarily by tidal factors on the bay, and by temporal (seasonal, circadian) and weather-related factors on the freshwater ponds. The most important weather-related factors were temperature, wind velocity and wind direction. Herring ( L. argentatus ), great black-backed ( L. fuscus ) and ring-billed gulls ( L. delawarensis ) fed on the bay at low tides, and used the ponds at high tide. Laughing gulls ( L. atricilla ) fed on the bay at low tide and on rising tides. Herring and great black-backed gulls were present all year, but were most abundant in the winter, ring-billed gulls were abundant in spring and early fall, and laughing gulls were present in the summer following the breeding season but were absent in winter. Gulls used the ponds during high velocity, north winds, when they usually rested or preened. Multiple regression models were used to determine the factors explaining the variability in the numbers of gulls. Temporal variables were important contributors to accounting for the variability in the numbers of great black-backed and herring gulls only; tidal variables were significant for great black-backed and herring gulls on the bay, and for ring-billed and laughing gulls on all areas; and weather variables were significant for all species.