cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Linguistics for the Evolution and Neurobiology of Language

This article raises questions about the kind of linguistic data that is relevant to evolutionary and neurobiological accounts of language. We would not want to demand an account of the evolution and current neurobiology of human movement provide an explanation for how an Olympic skater is able to do a triple Lutz. We also would not want to burden an account of the evolution and neurobiology of language with the necessity to explain the form of utterances made possible by writing. In both cases, the brain (nervous system) requires years of specialized training to produce the behavior. And in neither case would we have identified the evolutionary and neurobiological phenomenon we wish to understand. This article discusses problems in identifying "what evolved" in language evolution and in identifying the kind of language the brain processes today when it comprehends, produces, and acquires "what evolved.'
Comment: Is international consensus on brain death achievable?

The wide diversity of brain death practices and perceptions throughout the world catalogued by Wahlster et al.1 raises the question of whether agreement on international standards and practices of brain death is an achievable goal. Worldwide concurrence on death determination criteria can enhance public confidence in physicians' ability to determine death by eliminating the possibility that patients declared dead in one jurisdiction would be considered alive in another. International harmonization also is a constructive step toward improving global systems of organ transplantation. But as the WHO has found,2 formidable medical and societal barriers must be overcome before such consensus becomes possible.
Optimizing diagnostic verification processes

Demonstrations of avionics system and subsystem diagnostic capability are performed before a system or subsystem is verified. This ordinarily happens during the system design and demonstration phase of a program. In the case of aircraft or ground vehicles, there are several subsystem demonstrations, followed by a single system-level event. By the time a system or subsystem is ready for a functional demonstration of its diagnostic capability, there is already significant programmatic inertia towards achieving the next programmatic or contractual milestone. There is typically not enough available manpower, time-on-system, or even funding to test every possible fault in a given system or subsystem. Indeed, testing only the "relevant" faults, which the system's diagnostics have been built to address, can be a hugely time-consuming effort. Due to these constraints, diagnostic demonstrations are sometimes not conducted in a scientifically robust manner. Sometimes, certain testing techniques are used in an effort to expedite testing. These techniques include: emulating hardware faults and their detection circuitry in software, selecting only those faults which are easy to test or guaranteed to work, and choosing faults which do not significantly stress the diagnostics system. This paper describes a survey of diagnostic program managers in an attempt to characterize, and suggest remedies for, the time and budget-constrained fashion in which avionics diagnostics systems are functionally demonstrated today.
Another generalization of the Kruskal-Katona theorem

Let [m]n denote the set of all n-tuples of the integers {0, 1, …, m − 1}, partially ordered by defining x = (x1, …, xn) to precede y = (y1, …, yn) if for each i either xi = yi or yi = m − 1. The rank of x is |{i|xi = m − 1}| the cardinality of {i|xi = m − 1}, and [m]in denotes the rank l elements of [m]n. If A is a subset of [m]ln, then ΔA denotes the elements of [m]l − 1n which precede at least one element of A. For fixed integers k and l, an algorithm is given for calculating min |ΔA|, where the minimum is taken over all k-element subsets oar of A of [m]ln. The Kruskal—Katona Theorem is the m = 2 case.
Delayed near-fatal hemorrhage after Nuss bar displacement

A novel case of Nuss bar displacement with near-fatal hemorrhage 3 months after insertion and 3 weeks after unreported bar movement is presented. Salient features of presentation, evaluation, and treatment are described including how to divide the bar from an intrathoracic approach.
The Treatment of Humorous Responses in the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study: A Note on the Revised (1950) Instructions

(1950). The Treatment of Humorous Responses in the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study: A Note on the Revised (1950) Instructions. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 139-143.
Audiological assessment, rehabilitation, and spatial hearing considerations associated with visual impairment in adults: an overview.

The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness and interest among audiologists regarding the needs of adults who have both hearing loss and visual impairment, particularly people who are blind ...
Diversity in Protein Associations of the Spectrin-based Membrane Skeleton of Nonerythroid Cells

The purpose of this review is to summarize recent progress in understanding interactions of spectrin with membranes from brain and other tissues. Spectrin has at least two choices in linkages with the membrane, one through ankyrin, which in turn is associated with integral membrane proteins, and another linkage directly with integral membrane sites identified recently in brain membranes. Some of the integral membrane protein sites in brain bind preferentially with one spectrin isoform, while some can interact with both erythroid and the general isoform of spectrin. Ankyrin also has different isoforms, and these exhibit specificity in binding to spectrin isoforms and associate with distinct integral membrane proteins. The membrane binding sites for ankyrin include several integral membrane proteins, which are differentially expressed in different cells: the anion exchanger of intercalated cells of mammalian kidney, the sodium/potassium ATPase of kidney, and the voltage-dependent sodium channel of neurons. Ankyrin is present in many other cell types and it is likely that additional ankyrin-binding proteins will be identified. Each of the proteins that now are candidates for ankyrin binding proteins are ion channels or transporters and are localized in specialized cellular domains. The polarized localization of the ankyrin-associated membrane proteins is an essential aspect of their function at a physiological level. Spectrin and ankyrin thus exhibit an unsuspected diversity in protein linkages and have the potential for cell domain-specific interactions with a variety of membrane proteins.
Electric field stimulation can increase protein synthesis in articular cartilage explants

It has been hypothesized that the electric fields associated with the dynamic loading of cartilage may affect its growth, remodeling, and biosynthesis. While the application of exogenous fields has been shown to modulate cartilage biosynthesis, it is not known what range of field magnitudes and frequencies can alter biosynthesis and how they relate to the magnitudes and frequencies of endogenous fields. Such information is necessary to understand and identify mechanisms by which fields may act on cartilage metabolism. In this study, incorporation of 35S-methionine was used as a marker for electric field-induced changes in chondrocyte protein synthesis in disks of cartilage from the femoropatellar groove of 1 to 2-week-old calves. The cartilage was stimulated sinusoidally at 1, 10, 100, 10(3), and 10(4) Hz with current densities of 10-30 mA/cm2. Incorporation was assessed in control disks maintained in the absence of applied current at 37, 41, and 43 degrees C. The possibility that applied currents would induce synthesis of the same stress proteins that are caused by heating or other mechanisms was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examination of gel fluorographs. Total radiolabel incorporation in cartilage that had been stimulated relative to incorporation in the controls increased with current density magnitudes greater than 10 mA/cm2. The increase was greatest at 100 Hz and 1 kHz, and it depended on the position on the joint surface from which the cartilage samples were taken. Together, these results suggest that endogenous electric fields could affect cartilage biosynthesis. Stress proteins were not induced at any current density when the electrodes were electrically connected but chemically isolated from the media by agarose bridges. Stress proteins were observed for disks incubated at temperatures greater than 39 degrees C (no field) and when the stimulating platinum electrodes were in direct contact with the media bathing the cartilage disks. Therefore, the increase in incorporation of 35S-methionine due to applied fields with the use of chemically isolated electrodes did not appear to be associated with stress response.
Aerobic marine bacteria and the corrosion of carbon steel in sea-water

Abstract Comparisons have been made of corrosion rates calculated from polarization measurements of 1016 carbon steel specimens exposed to aerated sea-water drawn fresh from a local tidal channel and water from the same source, but Millipore filtered to remove living microbiota. No significant differences were found in the corrosion rates in the two environments. Aerobic bacteria capable of forming mucusoid material on sea-water plate count agar were obtained from the oxides on the surface of carbon steel exposed to untreated sea-water, but no coherent “slime film” was observed by dye stain, light microscopy, or scanning electron microscopy. Simulated “slimed” specimens showed significantly lower calculated corrosion rates. Scanning electron micrographs of oxide accumulations are shown.
Power calculations for generalized linear models in observational longitudinal studies: A simulation approach in SAS

Repeated measurements arising from longitudinal studies occur frequently in applied research. Methods to calculate power in the context of repeated measures are available for experimental settings where the covariate of interest is a discrete treatment indicator. However, no closed form expression exists to calculate power for generalized linear models with non-zero within-cluster correlation that are common in epidemiological and observational studies in which the covariate of interest varies over time and is often measured on a continuous scale, and where the researchers control for several potential confounders. We describe a Monte Carlo simulation approach conducted to calculate power, and illustrate its application in two models frequently encountered in practice, the normal linear mixed model, and the logistic regression model, both with repeated measurements and non-zero within-cluster correlation. This approach can be used to calculate the effect on power of changing various simulation conditions controlled by the researcher, such as sample size, within-cluster correlation structure, smallest meaningful difference to detect, and distributional assumptions.
Unique Ethical Concerns in Clinical Trials Comparing Psychosocial and Psychopharmalogical Interventions

In recent years, there has been a particular emphasis placed on conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the relative efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. This article addresses relevant ethical considerations in the conduct of these treatment trials, with a focus on RCTs with children. Ethical concerns, including therapeutic misconception, treatment preference, therapeutic equipoise, structure of treatments, and balancing risks versus benefits, are introduced through a clinical scenario and discussed as they relate to psychotherapy versus medication RCTs. In each case, suggestions are made for researchers seeking to minimize the impact of these ethical concerns on research participants.
DISLOCATION SUBSTRUCTURE INDUCED BY CREEP IN MOLYBDENUM SINGLE CRYSTALS.

Abstract The dislocation substructure formed during creep of molybdenum single crystals of 〈110〉 axial orientation was investigated. The strain dependence of the substructure was examined by etch-pitting techniques after creep at 900 psi and 1650°C. Transmission electron microscopy studies were performed on specimens after creep to various strains at 2000 psi and 1410°C. The etch-pitting studies showed that the substructure consisted of bands of narrow subgrains separated by bands of coarser subgrains. This general structure persisted for all creep strains. The transmission electron microscopy studies showed that edge dislocations predominated in the creep substructure. The sub-boundaries were identified as {111} tilt boundaries composed of dislocations from the two predominant slip directions. Short segments of {100} tilt boundaries were associated with the {111} tilt boundaries. Etch-pitting showed that the density of the dislocations not associated with the sub-boundaries decreased with increasing creep strain. The nonuniformity of the slip deformation was related to the nonuniformity of the substructure and to the influence of long-range stress fields of tilt boundaries on dislocation glide.
Early Cases of Code-Switching in Mexican-Heritage Children: Linguistic and Sociopragmatic Considerations

Reasons for code-switching in young children range from the linguistic (single-word borrowings that appear to be translation equivalents or to fill gaps in lexical knowledge) to more complex sociolinguistic and sociocognitive factors, such as desiring affiliative interactions. We looked at patterns of code-switching in narratives derived from prompted story stems from 97 Mexican-heritage children between 54–67 months. Code-switches were categorized into two broad categories: code-mixings, or single-word borrowings, and code-changes that appeared to have a sociopragmatic purpose. Most code-switches took the form of single-word borrowings. Some, however, were sociopragmatic in nature, such as the child code-switching to try to gain the interviewer's attention or to change speaking roles, suggesting these young children have the facility to use their two languages strategically for both linguistic and nonlinguistic purposes from a very early age.
Corrigendum to “Transdermal drug pharmacokinetics in man: Interindividual variability and partial prediction” [Int. J. Pharm. 367 (1–2) (2009) 1–15]

Abstract The original article to which this Corrigendum refers was published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics 367 (1–2) (2009) 1–15.
Photoelectronic Circuit Applications

A photoelectronic circuit consists of a combination of electroluminescent cells and photoconductors, interconnected by electrical as well as optical paths. A study is made of the properties of electroluminescent cells and photoconductors, and of the applications of these elements to the design of switching circuits. The asymmetrical bistable stage is taken up in detail, and analyzed with a view to determining its advantages and disadvantages. It is shown that this stage suffers from the inherent disadvantage that any improvement in the speed of turn-on results in a deterioration of the recovery characteristic. Furthermore, the switching requirements for turn-on and turn-off are dissimilar. A symmetrical version of this circuit is also presented; this circuit eliminates many of the disadvantages of the asymmetrical version, and also considerably speeds up the recovery characteristic without increasing the turn-on time. Circuits are developed for performing the logical operations of transmission, negation, conjunction and disjunction, and their principles of operation are described. In conclusion, techniques are developed for the synthesis of over-all computing operations, such as those of a half-adder, even parity checker, and a shift register.
Flame inhibition by halogen compounds

Flame-structure studies of CH4−O2 flames inhibited with HCl, HBr, and Cl2 as well as a normal CH4−O2 flame for comparison are reported. Composition and rate profiles are given. The results provide confirmation of an inhibition mechanism proposed previously. Comparisons of CH4 and O2 disappearance rates, H2 and CO2 appearance rates, and OH and H2 concentrations indicate that, in the inhibited flame, the main reaction does not begin until a higher temperature has been reached, but the rates and radical concentration actually attain higher peak values. The major effect of the inhibitor is to react with hydrogen atoms in non-chain-carrying reactions and thus prevent the chain-branching reaction, H+O2→OH+O, from generating radicals. Small amounts of inhibitor can compete for hydrogen atoms with the large amounts of O2 because the activation energy of the inhibition reactions are low while the activation of the chain-branching reaction is relatively high. Quantitative arguments are presented to indicate that Cl atoms, but not Br atoms, react with CH4 in flames in the temperature range of 1800°–2000°K.
Intracardiac and extracardiac potential distributions during ventricular ectopic beats

The authors measured and displayed three-dimensional potential distributions and wavefront configurations in the thickness of the left ventricular wall of isolated dog hearts immersed in a cylindrical or torso-shaped tank. They also determined the potential distribution in the extracardiac conducting volume. The results are consistent with the predictions of the oblique dipole layer model of the excitation wavefront. Currents flowing from the wavefront toward the resting tissue were generated exclusively by the portions of the wavefront that spread along fibers, except when the wavefront area propagating across fibers was very large compared to the portion spreading along fibers. The presence of insulating boundaries strongly affected the distribution of positive and negative areas around the wavefront. >
The influence of T-stress on plasticity induced crack closure under plane strain conditions

Abstract A small scale yielding two-parameter modified boundary layer analysis is performed to study the occurrence of plasticity induced fatigue crack closure under constant amplitude plane strain conditions. A wide range of T-stress and KI levels are considered in the finite element analysis with the purpose of exploring the behavior of the crack opening stress. The influence of the T-stress on crack closure is shown. Crack closure was observed for some values of T-stress, while other values of T-stress resulted in an absence of closure under steady-state conditions.
Monopoly Price Dispersion Under Demand Uncertainty

When a monopolist sets its price before its demand is known, then it may set more than one price and limit the availability of its output at lower prices. This article adds demand uncertainty and price rigidities to the standard model of monopoly pricing. When there are two states of demand and the ex post monopoly price is greater when demand is high then the monopolist's optimal ex ante pricing strategy is to set two prices and limit purchases at the lower price.
Simple edge basis functions for open-ended bodies of revolution

A relatively simple and widely-used basis function in the method of moments solution for surface currents on a conducting scatterer is the piecewise linear function (triangle function). However, the triangle function does not exhibit the proper edge behavior for surface current and charge at a conducting knife-edge. The proper edge behavior is incorporated into the basis function set via a minor modification. The effect of the modified basis set on the computation of the axial electric field in the aperture of open-ended bodies of revolution is considered. Both straight and tapered cylinders are investigated. The convergence properties of the edge-modified triangle basis set are found to be superior to those of the normal triangle basis function set.
MISR Dark Water aerosol retrievals: operational algorithm sensitivity to particle non-sphericity

Abstract. The aim of this study is to theoretically investigate the sensitivity of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) operational (version 22) Dark Water retrieval algorithm to aerosol non-sphericity over the global oceans under actual observing conditions, accounting for current algorithm assumptions. Non-spherical (dust) aerosol models, which were introduced in version 16 of the MISR aerosol product, improved the quality and coverage of retrievals in dusty regions. Due to the sensitivity of the retrieval to the presence of non-spherical aerosols, the MISR aerosol product has been successfully used to track the location and evolution of mineral dust plumes from the Sahara across the Atlantic, for example. However, the MISR global non-spherical aerosol optical depth (AOD) fraction product has been found to have several climatological artifacts superimposed on valid detections of mineral dust, including high non-spherical fraction in the Southern Ocean and seasonally variable bands of high non-sphericity. In this paper we introduce a formal approach to examine the ability of the operational MISR Dark Water algorithm to distinguish among various spherical and non-spherical particles as a function of the variable MISR viewing geometry. We demonstrate the following under the criteria currently implemented: (1) Dark Water retrieval sensitivity to particle non-sphericity decreases for AOD below about 0.1 primarily due to an unnecessarily large lower bound imposed on the uncertainty in MISR observations at low light levels, and improves when this lower bound is removed; (2) Dark Water retrievals are able to distinguish between the spherical and non-spherical particles currently used for all MISR viewing geometries when the AOD exceeds 0.1; (3) the sensitivity of the MISR retrievals to aerosol non-sphericity varies in a complex way that depends on the sampling of the scattering phase function and the contribution from multiple scattering; and (4) non-sphericity artifacts occur at those view-illumination geometries where dust aerosols are indistinguishable from certain types of cirrus particles. Based on these results, we suggest that interested parties use caution with the version 22 MISR Dark Water aerosol non-sphericity product in situations where cirrus may be present.
The decline of textile prices in England and British America prior to industrialization

D espite high inflation, English textile prices did not rise, and in some cases fell substantially between the second half of the sixteenth and the early eighteenth century. We usually associate such drops in textile prices with mechanization and the factory system of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, not with the rural industries of the early modern period. Textile prices in the I3 colonies fell even more substantially between the later seventeenth and the later eighteenth century. The issue of price is important for a number of reasons, not the least being its impact upon material well-being. Lower prices for a particular good usually render it more affordable for consumers. On the other hand, a lower priced commodity can mean a poorer standard of living for the producers, if their income remains constant or falls, while the costs of other goods rise. Because textile workers represented a sizeable proportion of the manufacturing population during the early modern period, the impact of changing prices on their welfare must be considered.
Cardiovascular regulation and lesions of the central nervous system

The central nervous system has an important role in the second-to-second regulation of cardiac activity and vasomotor tone. Central lesions that lead to a disturbance in autonomic activity tend to cause electrocardiographic and pathological evidence of myocardial damage, cardiac arrhythmias, and disturbances of arterial blood pressure regulation. To a great extent such cardiovascular disturbances result from alterations in sympathetic activity. Similar alterations in sympathetic activity can occur under conditions of emotional stress and precipitate cardiac arrhythmias that can themselves lead to the syndrome of sudden death. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that central neural mechanisms may be involved in this important human syndrome, but no central lesion has yet been identified to account for it. Recent experimental evidence, derived from hypertension research, suggests that chemical disturbances in the central nervous system, without accompanying structural lesions, may be found to explain cardiovascular disturbances such as sudden death and hypertension.
Microvascular reactivity after crystalloid, cold blood, and warm blood cardioplegic arrest

Background. The effects of three techniques of cardioplegic arrest on endothelium-dependent microvascular function of the right and left ventricles were examined in a canine model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods. Oxygenated cold crystalloid cardioplegia and cold blood cardioplegia groups, (n = 11 each) had hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (28°C), topical cooling, antegrade arrest, and intermittent antegrade delivery. A warm blood cardioplegia group (n = 11) had normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (37°C), antegrade arrest, and continuous antegrade delivery. All groups underwent cardioplegic arrest for 1 hour followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. Dogs that did not have instrumentation were used as controls (n = 10). Coronary microvessels (100 to 200 μm in internal diameter) were examined in a pressurized, no-flow state with video microscopic imaging and electronic dimension analysis. Results. Ischemic arrest with cold crystalloid cardioplegia significantly ( p p Conclusions. Cardioplegic arrest with cold blood cardioplegia preserved the endothelium-dependent response in the right and left ventricles, whereas cold crystalloid cardioplegia impairs this response. Warm blood cardioplegia preserved the endothelium-dependent response in the left ventricle, but this response was reduced in the right ventricle. This suggests that blood cardioplegia and hypothermia may be important in protection of microvascular endothelium and that the right ventricle may be more vulnerable to damage than the left ventricle.
Changing Patterns of Expression and Subcellular Localization of TrkB in the Developing Visual System

Neurotrophins play important roles in the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of CNS neurons. To begin to investigate specific roles for these factors in the mammalian visual system, we have examined the cellular localization of the neurotrophin receptor trkB within the developing cerebral cortex and thalamus of the ferret using extracellular domain-specific antibodies. At prenatal ages (gestation is 41 d), trkB-immunostained fibers were observed in the internal capsule and as two distinct fascicles within the intermediate zone of the cerebral cortex. The staining of these fiber tracts declined with increasing age, whereas soma and dendrite staining of cortical neurons was first evident in early postnatal life and increased during subsequent development. Staining of subplate neurons [by prenatal day 5 (P5)] was followed by staining of cortical layer 5 neurons (at P10). By P31, trkB immunoreactivity was particularly prominent in layers 3 and 5 but was absent from subplate neurons. Staining included cells, especially pyramidal neurons, in all cortical layers by P45, and this pattern was maintained into adulthood. The optic tract and fibers within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were also strongly trkB immunoreactive at prenatal ages. Cellular staining of a subset of LGN neurons, those within the C-layers and perigeniculate nucleus, was apparent by P10 and maintained until P45, when the adult pattern of highly trkB-immunoreactive neurons in all layers of the LGN first appeared. The pattern of trkB immunoreactivity suggests that specific subsets of cortical and thalamic neurons may respond to neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and/or NT-4/5 at discrete developmental times and locations. The appearance of trkB on axon fibers early in development and then on cell bodies and dendritic processes later is consistent with roles for both long-range and local, including autocrine and/or paracrine, delivery of neurotrophins in cell survival and maturation.
The Persuasive Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Information in a Context of Value Relevance

These studies investigated how the verbal and nonverbal content of a message affected value-based attitudes. Participants viewed a speaker who advocated a policy change at their own university (high-personal-relevance condition) or another university (low-personal-relevance condition) on an issue relevant to participants' values. Verbal content of the message (strong or weak arguments) and nonverbal behavior of the speaker (negative or natural) were varied. A negative delivery led to impressions of the speaker as less likable, assured, and expert, but it had no effect on attitudes. Increasing personal relevance led to more negative attitudes, but argument strength affected the attitudes and thoughts of both low- and high-personal-relevance participants. Results suggested that for a value-relevant topic, lowering personal relevance did not reduce extensive processing of verbal content.
Pedogenically enhanced magnetic susceptibility variations preserved in Paleozoic loessite

Magnetic susceptibility variations observed in Quaternary loess sequences of China have been linked to pedogenesis and used to characterize terrestrial climatic variations through glacial-interglacial transitions. To date, however, magnetic studies of loess sequences have been applied exclusively to Quaternary deposits. Here we demonstrate preservation of magnetic susceptibility variations in an upper Paleozoic loessite sequence of western North America. Magnetic susceptibility through a continuously exposed test section of the loessite varies by more than an order of magnitude: low values occur in unaltered loessite horizons, and high values are found in sedimentologically confirmed or suspected paleosol horizons. Low-temperature remanence and hysteresis data indicate that the susceptibility variations between paleosol and loessite horizons relate to differences in concentration and grain size of the magnetic carrier. These results are consistent with in situ formation of ultra-fine-grained (superparamagnetic) material during pedogenesis. We suggest that these susceptibility variations relate to periodic pedogenesis linked to late Paleozoic climatic fluctuations in low latitudes of western Pangea.
Genome resequencing and bioinformatic analysis of SNP containing candidate genes in the autoimmune vitiligo Smyth line chicken model

The Smyth line (SL) chicken is the only animal model for autoimmune vitiligo that spontaneously displays all clinical and biological manifestations of the human disorder. To understand the genetic components underlying the susceptibility to develop SL vitiligo (SLV), whole genome resequencing analysis was performed in SLV chickens compared with non-vitiliginous parental Brown line (BL) chickens, which maintain a very low incidence rate of vitiligo. Illumina sequencing technology and reference based assembly on Red Jungle Fowl genome sequences were used. Results of genome resequencing of pooled DNA of each 10 BL and SL chickens reached 5.1x and 7.0x coverage, respectively. The total number of SNPs was 4.8 and 5.5 million in BL and SL genome, respectively. Through a series of filtering processes, a total of ~1 million unique SNPs were found in the SL alone. Eventually of the 156 reliable marker SNPs, which can induce non-synonymous-, frameshift-, nonsense-, and no-start mutations in amino acid sequences in proteins, 139 genes were chosen for further analysis. Of these, 14 randomly chosen SNPs were examined for SNP verification by PCR and Sanger sequencing to detect SNP positions in 20 BL and 70 SL chickens. The results of the analysis of the 14 SNPs clearly showed differential frequencies of nucleotide bases in the SNP positions between BL and SL chickens. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the 156 most reliable marker SNPs included genes involved in dermatological diseases/conditions such as ADAMTS13, ASPM, ATP6V0A2, BRCA2, COL12A1, GRM5, LRP2, OBSCN, PLAU, RNF168, STAB2, and XIRP1. Intermolecular gene network analysis revealed that candidate genes identified in SLV play a role in networks centered on protein kinases (MAPK, ERK1/2, PKC, PRKDC), phosphatase (PPP1CA), ubiquitinylation (UBC) and amyloid production (APP). Various potential genetic markers showing amino acid changes and potential roles in vitiligo development were identified in the SLV chicken through genome resequencing. The genetic markers and bioinformatic interpretations of amino acid mutations found in SLV chickens may provide insight into the genetic component responsible for the onset and the progression of autoimmune vitiligo and serve as valuable markers to develop diagnostic tools to detect vitiligo susceptibility.
Partiality of Memberships in Categories and Audiences

Recent theory and research have reconceptualized categories in markets and in other settings as part of the languages developed to characterize roles in a producer-audience interface. An important development in this work is the characterization of memberships in producer categories and in audiences as potentially partial. Producers often are regarded as members in a category to varying degrees, and audience members share to varying degrees in consensus about the applicability and meanings of category labels. Such partiality gives rise to fuzziness in boundaries, which has implications for the emergence and persistence of categories. A fast-developing literature has explored these implications empirically.
Development of the siphonous green alga Penicillus and the Espera state

The thallus of Penicillus is composed of two filament types: axial filaments of indeterminate growth and laterals of determinate growth. In vegetative reproduction new plants arise from horizontal rhizoids. Four stages can be distinguished in development. In the primordium stage the tip of a rhizoid swells and forms a primordium. In the germling stage ascending and descending axial filaments arise from the primordium, the former grow into a fascicle and give rise to lateral saccate branches, each of which forms an ascending and a descending arm and branches further into rhizoid-like branchlets. Together these structures constitute the foundation of the stipe. At the same time the descending axial filaments elongate and become main rhizoidal filaments with lateral rhizoidal branchlets. In the early juvenile stage the stipe is formed. The elongating ascending axial filaments form a medulla while their laterals produce a cortex. In the late juvenile stage the axial filaments form the capitulum. The Espera state of Penicillus lacks a stipe since the ascending axial filaments do not join in a fascicle. Espera has been grown in laboratory cultures from Penicillus plants collected in the Caribbean region and also been found uncommonly in nature in this area. This state may be a response to environmental stress. The flattening of thalli and their orientation perpendicular to the direction of waves are discussed. A comparison of Penicillus and Codium indicates that at least two types of development exist in multiaxial Eusiphoniidae.
Iclaprim, a Novel Diaminopyrimidine for the Treatment of Resistant Gram-Positive Infections

ObjectiveTo review the pharmacology, microbiology, in vitro susceptibility, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial data, safety, and tolerability of iclaprim, a novel dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor.Data SourcesA MEDLINE search was conducted from 1966 through December 2008. Additional sources included abstracts from meetings of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and the Infectious Diseases Society of America from 2001 to 2008 and information available from the manufacturer's Web site.Study Selection And Data ExtractionIn vitro and clinical studies, in addition to Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials, were included.Data SynthesisIclaprim, a novel diaminopyrimidine and DHFR antagonist, has a mechanism of action similar to that of trimethoprim. It has in vitro activity mainly against gram-positive organisms, including resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, oral and intravenous administration of iclaprim was effective and well tolerated for the tre...
Correlation and consistency of pain severity ratings by teenagers using different pain scales

Study objectives: The assessment and measurement of pain for most clinical applications currently relies on the use of pain scales. The faces scale and the 10-cm visual analog scale (10-cm VAS) are the 2 scales that have been studied the most in the literature. A casual 0 to 10 scale (Casual 10) is commonly used in clinical practice in which patients are asked to rank their pain from 0 to 10. It is often assumed that the numeric values are roughly equivalent across these 3 scales. Study results using the 10-cm VAS are often extrapolated to be valid for other pain scales. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this extrapolation is valid by studying the correlation and consistency of pain severity ratings by adolescents using these 3 pain scales. There are also some validity concerns in that adolescents might exaggerate their pain levels (assign higher numeric values) because their previous pain experience consists of only mild pain experiences. Methods: This was a prospective survey of teenaged volunteers (convenience sample) who were asked to recall the last time they had an immunization or tuberculosis test. They were then asked to rank their pain level on the Casual 10, the faces scale, and the 10-cm VAS, using the descriptive method most commonly used when these scales are applied to clinical subjects. Results: The first 51 teen surveys are summarized; there were 17 male and 34 female participants, with a mean age 15.1 years. The mean Casual 10 value (3.2, range 0 to 8) was significantly higher than the mean faces value (2.6, range 0 to 6, P =.003) and the mean 10-cm VAS value (2.6, range 0 to 8, P =.001). Comparison of the Casual 10 and the 10-cm VAS yielded the following: 26 (51%) participants gave identical values, 6 (12%) gave lower Casual 10 values, and 19 (37%) gave lower 10-cm VAS values (and for 12 subjects, the difference was ≥2 units). Conclusion: Pain severity ranking using the Casual 10 scale is significantly different from the faces and 10-cm VAS scales. Higher Casual 10 values suggest that it has a tendency to overestimate pain values, which suggests that most of the conclusions drawn from pain studies using the 10-cm VAS cannot necessarily be applied to Casual 10 scores, which are the most common pain scores obtained in clinical practice.
Expected Equity Returns and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

To provide an empirical basis for the study of expectations, we have undertaken survey research measuring in probabilistic terms the beliefs that Americans hold about equity returns in the year ahead. This paper presents new findings on the expected returns reported in the 2004 Health and Retirement Study. We find substantial heterogeneity of reported beliefs, but, strikingly, nearly two-thirds of respondents report no better than a 50-50 chance of a positive nominal return. As in our earlier work, expected returns decline with age and are higher for men than for women. We find here that the probability of holding stocks increases substantially as the perceived chance of a positive return increases. These findings are potentially of considerable importance for portfolio choice. Prepared for presentation at the 21 st Annual Congress of the European Economic Association in Vienna, Austria.
Development of a higher-order model for a roll simulator

A four degree-of-freedom model of a roll simulator is developed. The roll simulator consists of a sled-platform assembly, where a recreational off-highway vehicle (ROV) is mounted to the platform which has the freedom to rotate up to 90 degrees. The purpose of the roll simulator is to re-create rollover manoeuvres ascertained from in-field vehicle dynamic experiments. Previous studies developed a two degree-of-freedom model; one for translational and one for rotational motion. This study expands on that model and increases the number of degrees-of-freedom to more closely emulate the roll simulator. The model incorporates non-linear stiffness models of the wire ropes and enables the model to have three translational degrees-of-freedom and one rotational degree- of-freedom. The equations of motion (EOM) are numerically simulated using Matlab’s Simulink. Comparisons are made with experimental data derived from the roll simulator to validate the model.
Esters of Aminoalcohols Derived from 3 - Azabicyclo[3.2.2] nonane

A series of esters of the type I and II was prepared utilizing 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane. The pharmacological testing of one of these esters is reported.
Convergence analysis of a new class of flexible hybrid concatenated codes

This paper focuses on a new class of flexible hybrid concatenated codes which are able to achieve any desired bit error rate performance between that of a parallel and serial concatenated convolutional code. The main contribution of this paper is a convergence analysis of the decoder, which is facilitated by an alternative representation of the code structure and an extrinsic information (EXIT) chart. In addition to giving some insight into the behavior and design of this particular type of hybrid code, this paper also provides new insight into the relationship between parallel and serial concatenated codes as well as the hybrid concatenated code proposed by Divsalar and Pollara [1997].
Connecting small RNAs and Aging

Small RNAs have a wide range of functions and recent studies have found connections between these molecules and aging pathways. However, the process to systematically characterize this relationship is slow. Prediction tools can be used to expedite this process by finding new genes and pathways that cross talk with each other. Using phylogenetic and systems analysis, connections between small RNAs and aging were proven and new genes that may be related to aging were identified. This type of analysis can be applied to many different pathways in order to fully characterize the role of small RNAs.
Multidimensional Bias Analysis

The preceding three chapters have described the techniques for conducting simple bias analysis to assess errors caused by selection bias, residual confounding, or misclassification. However, simple bias analysis implies that the researcher has one and only one estimate to assign to each of the values for the error model’s bias parameters. In many situations, that is not the case. There are many bias parameters for which validation data do not exist, so the values assigned to the bias parameter are educated guesses. In this situation, the analyst is better served by making more than one educated guess for each value and then combining values in different sets. In other situations, multiple different measures of the bias parameter may exist, and there may be no basis for the analyst to select just one as the best estimate of the truth from among those available. For example, when both internal and external validation studies have been conducted, or there were multiple external estimates each in populations slightly different to the one under study, the analyst has no basis to select one value for the bias parameter over another. Frequently, internal estimates are more useful than external estimates because they derive from the same source population as yielded the study’s estimate of association. If there is the possibility of selection bias into the internal validation study, however, then it is possible that the subjects included in the validation study do not provide a good estimate of the bias parameter in the remainder of the study population. In this situation, the analyst may want to use values informed by all of the available validation studies as independent estimates.
Psychological Approaches to Wisdom and Its Development

Wisdom is an age-old concept transcending Western philosophy and modern psychology. Philosophers and theologians have long discussed the topic, and laypeople from all cultures form opinions about it. Recently, however, theorists from multiple disciplines have developed a renewed interest in wisdom. In contemporary psychology, lifespan developmental psychologists have initiated empirical investigations of this phenomenon. The impressive growth in the psychological literature has progressed to multiple theoretical approaches.
Structural modeling of HTS tapes and cables

Abstract Structural finite element analysis (FEA) has been used as an insightful tool to investigate the electromechanical behavior of HTS REBCO tapes and twisted stacked-tape cables under tension, torsion, bending and combined loads. A novel technique was developed for modeling the layered composite structure of the 2G tapes with structural solid-shell elements in ANSYS®. The FEA models produced detailed strain information for the REBCO superconducting layer which was then paired with an analytical model to predict the critical current performance of the 2G HTS tapes under various loads. Two commercially available HTS tapes (SuperPower and SuNAM) under tension, torsion and combined tension–torsion were first analyzed with FEA and compared with available experimental results at 77 K. A sharp critical current degradation was experienced at the yield strength of the tapes under tension and below a 100 mm twist-pitch under torsion. Combined tension–torsion loads had a more gradual degradation of critical current for twist-pitches of 115 mm or shorter but had a negligible difference compared to pure tension for longer twist-pitches. Using the structural solid-shell technique for modeling 2G tapes in ANSYS®, an FEA methodology for simulating full scale three-dimensional HTS stacked-tape cables under pure bending was created. A model of a Twisted-Stacked Tape Cable (TSTC), a configuration first proposed at MIT, was initially developed and then adapted to the slotted-core HTS Cable-In-Conduit Conductor produced by the ENEA laboratory in Italy. The numerical axial strain of the HTS REBCO tapes within the cables as calculated by FEA were found to agree with an analytical model for two cases: perfect-slip (frictionless) and no-slip (bonded). The ENEA CICC model was also compared with recent experimental critical current data at 77 K and was found to match best using a low friction coefficient of 0.02 indicating that the tapes within the cable freely slide with respect to each other helping to reduce the axial strain during bending.
Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Data Mining in Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the science of managing, mining, and interpreting information from biological data. Various genome projects have contributed to an exponential growth in DNA and protein sequence databases. Rapid advances in high-throughput technologies, such as microarrays, mass spectrometry and new/next-generation sequencing, can monitor quantitatively the presence or activity of thousands of genes, RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and compounds in a given biological state. The ongoing influx of these data, the pressing need to address complex biomedical challenge, and the gap between the two have collectively created exciting opportunities for data mining researchers.