cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of cloud condensation and giant cloud condensation nuclei on the development of precipitating trade wind cumuli in a large eddy simulation

[1] To investigate the effects of both cloud condensational nuclei (CCN) and giant CCN (GCCN), the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was used to investigate the effects of various CCN and GCCN concentrations on the development of precipitating trade wind cumuli in a large eddy simulation (LES) framework. The sounding to initialize the LES was taken from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Experiment archive for 11 January 2005. Several sensitivity experiments were performed in which two levels of CCN (GCCN) concentrations were used: 100 (0.01) and 1000 (0.1) cm−3 corresponding to low and high values, respectively. Both CCN and GCCN can affect the precipitation processes. With low GCCN concentration, raising the CCN concentration from low to high reduced the precipitation rate as well as the accumulated precipitation due to the presence of a large number of small cloud droplets that are inefficient in forming drizzle. However, GCCN can have a greater response in increasing the precipitation rate and accumulation when the cloud system has a high CCN concentration. The total cloud coverage (TCC) was reduced for the higher CCN concentration experiments because of the susceptibility of evaporation of cloud droplets in the upper parts of the cloud as a result of entrainment. On the other hand, the TCC was increased for the higher GCCN concentration experiments. For this trade wind cumuli case, the time- and domain-averaged albedo changed very slightly with increased [CCN] and/or [GCCN] because of a compensating increase/decrease among the optical depth, liquid water path, cloud coverage, and cloud droplet concentration.
E-Books—The Future of Reading and Ultimate Book Publishing

The author provides an introduction and historical development of electronic books, or e-books. The prevailing confusion regarding terminology of e-book as a format or a device is clarified. The main features for the four models of e-books—RocketBook, SoftBook, EveryBook, and Librius—are comparedin a tabular form followed by the unique features of each e-book. The advantages and disadvantages of e-books are discussed in detail. Main drawbacks and current problems associated with e-books are examined. The proprietary issues, format and encryption standards, and copyright problems connected with e-books are explored. New technological breakthrough of e-ink and e-paper are highlighted. Some new ventures in e-books industry such as netLibrary, market potentials, and the future of e-books are discussed in detail.
Copper, zinc, and iron status of female swimmers

Abstract Twelve female swimmers underwent assessment of nutritionalstatus at the start and end of a competitive season to determine the influence of physical training on trace element nutriture. Fat free mass increased (p
Worry changes decisionf making: The effect of negative thoughts on cognitive processing

The present studies demonstrate that daily worry level is predictive of cognitive processing differences and that these differences are an effect of negative thoughts. In Study 1, worriers (those who reported 50% or greater daily worry) and non-worriers performed a categorization task. The groups did not differ when the stimulus was a clear member or non-member of the category. Worriers showed a significant disruption in processing as the ambiguity of the category membership increased. Study 2 demonstrated that the disruption arose as a result of increased levels of negative thoughts. Worriers and non-worriers were assigned to two conditions, either O-worry ("Relax and let your mind wander for 15 minutes") or 15-worry ("Worry as you typically would for 15 minutes"). Non-worriers evidenced the same disruptive effects in the 15-worry condition as worriers in that condition and worriers in Study 1. Similarly, worriers in the O-worry condition showed a reduction in disruptive effects. The findings are taken as indicating that worry is accompanied by changes in cognitive processing and that these changes are similar for worriers and non-worriers.
Early detection of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed after reaching an advanced stage, in part because of the nonspecific nature of the presenting symptoms. A method of early detection is urgently needed because of the stark difference in long-term survival between early- and late-stage disease. A useful screening test must be easy to perform, low cost, safe and have high positive-predictive value in order to reduce the number of unnecessary invasive procedures performed. A variety of modalities – from pelvic examination to transvaginal ultrasound to cancer antigen 125 to serum biomarker panels and proteomic and other novel approaches – have been explored as possible tests to detect early disease. To date, an effective screening approach has yet to be introduced to clinical practice. Here, the authors evaluate the approaches and highlight promising areas of new research aimed at improving early detection of ovarian cancer.
Specialized intercellular junctions in tumor cells. An electron microscope study of mouse sarcoma cells.

Specialized intercellular junctions have been observed in 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas. These junctions are of two morphologic types and appear to be focal in nature. The first type consists of an approximation of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to within 200 A of one another. In the junctional region the intercellular space and the adjacent cytoplasm are of increased density. The second type of junction is more complex, the intercellular space being of greater width and containing a dense central plaque. The intercellular space and the adjacent cytoplasm are of increased density. Such junctions may serve a role in structural support of the tumor mass.
Recovering shape from a single image of a mirrored surface from curvature constraints

This paper presents models and algorithms for estimating the shape of a mirrored surface from a single image of that surface, rendered under an unknown, natural illumination. While the unconstrained nature of this problem seems to make shape recovery impossible, the curvature of the surface cause characteristic image patterns to appear. These image patterns can be used to estimate how the surface curves in different directions. We show how these estimates can be used to produce constraints that can be used to estimate the shape of the surface. This approach is demonstrated on simple surfaces rendered under both natural and synthetic illuminations.
Lifetime measurements of some states in 53Mn

Abstract The lifetimes of fourteen levels in 53Mn have been extracted by use of the Doppler shift attenuation (DSA) method. The states were populated by the 50Cr(α, pγ)53Mn reaction at Eα = 8–9 MeV. In order to reduce the uncertainty in the lifetimes of these states, an evaluation of the stopping-power in chromium for Mn ions was made by comparing the lifetime measurements extracted by the DSA method for the 1.53 MeV state in 55Mn populated by the 52Cr(α, pγ) reaction, with an independent measurement made by resonance fluorescence.
Epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists: novel therapy for the treatment of high-grade gliomas.

OVERACTIVATION OF EPIDERMAL growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been recognized as an important step in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple forms of cancer of epithelial origin. This knowledge has led to a surge of interest in novel anticancer therapies targeting key constituents of the EGFR signal transduction pathway. Several molecular strategies have been developed recently to modulate either EGFR or the downstream signal beyond the cell surface receptor. The important role of aberrant EGFR signaling in the progression of malignani gliomas makes EGFR-targeted therapies of particular interest in this form of cancer. The use of anti-EGFR therapies against malignant brain tumors, although in its infancy, promises to yield exciting results as these new drugs probably will enhance the usetuiness of existing therapies.
A mesh optimization algorithm to decrease the maximum interpolation error of linear triangular finite elements

We present a mesh optimization algorithm for adaptively improving the finite element interpolation of a function of interest. The algorithm minimizes an objective function by swapping edges and moving nodes. Numerical experiments are performed on model problems. The results illustrate that the mesh optimization algorithm can reduce the W 1,∞ semi-norm of the interpolation error. For these examples, the L 2, L ∞, and H 1 norms decreased also.
Foraging tactics of an aquatic insect: Partial consumption of prey

Abstract Optimal patch foraging theory has recently been used to model partial consumption of prey by predators (Cook & Cockrell 1978; Sih 1980). I tested several predictions of this model with larvae of the predaceous diving beetle Dytiscus verticalis, which are predators of anuran tapdoles. The results of the study supported the qualitative predictions of the model. The prediction of decreasing search time with increasing prey density was confirmed. Handling time and the amount ingested per prey item also decreased with decreasing search time. A quantitative test of the optimal foraging model revealed that it accurately predicted handling times when prey densities were high but failed to do so at low prey densities. Two hypotheses based on mean extraction rates are proposed in an attempt to explain these results.
Fabrication and High‐Temperature Phase Stability of Mo(Al,Si)2—MoSi2 Intermetallics

A two-step processing technique was used to make dense, homogeneous intermetallics in the Mo(Al,Si)2—MoSi2 system. A variation of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis was used, in which starting pellets were nucleated at room temperature to make intermetallic powders from metallic precursors, followed by uniaxial hot pressing at 1600°—1800°C to achieve densification. The samples were held at the hot-pressing temperatures for several hours; therefore, this study also provided qualitative phase-stability information. The solubility limit of Al for Si in MoSi2 was <5% at 1800°C. Samples that had 10% Al substituted for Si yielded approximately equal amounts of MoSi2 and Mo(Al,Si)2.
A model of general systems

Abstract In this paper a mathematical model of general systems with not only one, but also more than one relation between the objects of the systems, was introduced. Among others, the concepts of partial systems, similarity of systems, embeddability of systems and free sum of systems were introduced. The following theorem was proved: there is no system whose object set consists of all systems.
Roadside Geology of Georgia by Pamela J. W. Gore and William Witherspoon. Mountain Press, Missoula, MT; www.mountain-press.com. 347 pages; 2013; $24 plus postage (softbound).

Roadside Geology of Georgia, the latest addition to the Roadside Geology Series, reflects Mountain Press's recent trend to offer higher quality guides with more information and better illustrations...
Internal reconstruction: Scope and limits

Abstract In this paper, primarily, the distributional approach to internal reconstruction is critically examined. When there is an alternation between sounds X in E 1 and Y in E 2 , is the change involved X → Y, E 2 or Y → X/F 1 ? If X and Y are in complementary distribution, the distributional evidence makes no predictions for internal reconstruction. When X occurs only in E 1 but Y occurs in E 1 as well as E 2 the distributional evidence leads us to reconstruct X as the original sound and X → Y/E 2 as the sound change involved. It is shown how some such neutralization patterns which go back to earlier complementary distribution patterns can make wrong predictions. Several other fundamental questions concerning internal reconstructions are dealt with. It is argued that the assumption of a non-alternating stage for an alternation is justified. The objection that internal reconstruction implies an earlier stage of the language without any alternations is shown to be a misconception. The possibility of internal reconstruction without alternations is explored. The nature of the distortion of certain historical developments in synchronic phonological structure is pointed out.
MATING PROPENSITIES FROM DIFFERENT RATIOS OF MALE AND FEMALE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Increasing the total number of flies in a laboratory container to form skewed ratios of high males or females, resulted in a higher proportion of mating pairs and their formation earlier. There were significant female ratio effects on the proportion of flies forming mating pairs. Male ratio effects were not statistically significant but suggested a trend similar to female effects. View this article in BioOne
How “Deserving” Are the Most Vulnerable Homeless?

These thoughts on poverty relate to the strengths and needs of shelter programs that lead people who are homeless to self-sufficiency. Demographic data from 4,000 homeless shelter guests over a 4-year period gave evidence that the shelter was an important part of a suburban social service delivery system. It met the short-term needs of many who were homeless. The irony is that the same program developed to help homeless individuals attain self-sufficiency appears to set up many of the most vulnerable to fail, specifically mothers and their children and those addicted to alcohol and drugs.
Screening active factors in supersaturated designs

Identification of active factors in supersaturated designs (SSDs) has been the subject of much recent study. Although several methods have been previously proposed, a solution to the problem beyond one or two active factors still seems to be unsatisfactory. The smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty function for variable selection has nice theoretical properties, but due to its nonconvex nature, it poses computational issues in model fitting. As a result, so far it has not shown much promise for SSDs. Another issue regarding its inefficiency, particularly for SSDs, has been the method used for choosing the SCAD sparsity tuning parameter. The selection of the SCAD sparsity tuning parameter using the AIC and BIC information criteria, generalized cross-validation, and a recently proposed method based on the norm of the error in the solution of systems of linear equations are investigated. This is performed in conjunction with a recently developed more efficient algorithm for implementing the SCAD penalty. The small sample bias-corrected cAIC is found to yield a model size closer to the true model size. Results of the numerical study and real data analyses reveal that the SCAD is a valuable tool for identifying active factors in SSDs.
Design and Analysis of Micromachined Thermosyphon for Cooling of High-Power InP HBT Circuits

Integrated InP heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are used as a high-speed switch in high-power radio frequency (RF) circuits for microwave wireless communications. The power dissipation of each of these devices often reaches as high as 1 W, raising concerns for their thermal reliability. The relatively poor thermal conductivity of InP prohibits effective spreading of heat within the device substrate. To address this problem, this work proposes a novel microfluidic device called the “micro thermosyphon” for cooling the InP-based microwave circuits. This paper describes the concept of the micro thermosyphon and presents its design and analysis, accounting for the large surface tension effect of the working fluid at the micrometer scale. Our simulation suggests that the proposed device could remove a heat flux density as large as 25 W/cm2 from a high-power InP HBT circuit while maintaining the circuit temperature lower than 100 °C. The micro thermosyphon is a fully passive cooling device suited for achieving effective on-chip cooling without requiring any drive power. Experimental work is currently being under way to validate the device performance.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effect of environmental pollutants and their metabolites on a soil mycobacterium

The relative toxicity of seven major ground-water pollutants (benzene, chlorobenzene, propylbenzene, ethylbenzene, trichloroethylene, toluene, and styrene) and their metabolites to a soil mycobacterium (Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB-5) that can catabolize all of these pollutants was determined. The metabolites of chlorobenzene, styrene and trichloroethylene degradation (4-chlorophenol, styrene oxide, and 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, respectively) were less toxic to M. vaccae than was their parent compound. The pollutants propylbenzene, ethylbenzene and benzene were less toxic than their metabolites (4-propylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, and phenol). Metabolites were also examined for their ability to interfere with the biodegradation of selected groundwater pollutants. The metabolites of ethylbenzene, propylbenzene and chlorobenzene biotransformation by M. vaccae were found to adversely affect biodegradation by M. vaccae. Toluene degradation by M. vaccae was inhibited by 4-chlorophenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol at 0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.4 mm, respectively.
Gender differences in the incidence of rural to urban migration: evidence from Kenya.

This article examines gender differences in the incidence of rural to urban migration in developing countries, particularly those of Sub‐Saharan Africa. The study distinguishes itself from current migration literature by suggesting that the gain in returns to observable attributes, as a result of migration, may differ by gender and could provide an explanation for gender differences in migration. Using data from Kenya, we estimate the urban‐to‐rural wage gap, separately for each gender, and decompose the gap into the components due to urban to rural differences in observable attributes and differences in returns to observable attributes. We find that the portion of the wage gap that is due to the gain in returns to observable attributes is larger for males, suggesting that males receive larger monetary returns as a result of migration and, consequently, have greater incentive to migrate to urban areas.
In utero tobacco exposure is associated with modified effects of maternal factors on fetal growth

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate whether maternal tobacco use is associated with an attenuation in fetal birthweight among women with nutritional and uteroplacental constraints. Study Design A population-based retrospective analysis of term (37 weeks or longer) singleton pregnancies delivered in Utah from 1991 to 2001. Birthweight (BW) and percent small for gestational age (SGA) (less than 10% for gestational age) among self-identified smokers and nonsmokers were compared. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to measure the association of maternal smoking with delivery of an SGA infant controlling for potential confounders across maternal strata. Results Among the 424,912 gestations, 37,076 occurred in self-identified smokers. Mean BW was significantly less and the prevalence of SGA infants was significantly greater in tobacco-exposed infants across all maternal BMI strata ( P P P Conclusion Self-identified tobacco use increases the risk of a SGA infant at term across maternal strata.
pH-Responsive Layered Hydrogel Microcapsules as Gold Nanoreactors

We demonstrate that layered hydrogel poly(methacrylic acid) capsules (PMAA), produced from hydrogen-bonded (PMAA/poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PMAA/PVPON) multilayer precursors through cross-linking with ethylenediamine (EDA), can facilitate in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles within hydrogel walls under ambient conditions. The necessary amine groups are available within the (PMAA) shells due to one-end attached cross-linker molecules. We also show that the nanoparticle size can be controlled through changing the pH-dependent balance of amine/ammonium groups in the ionic cross-links within the shells. Importantly, the pH-responsive properties of the ultrathin hydrogel shells are preserved after gold nanoparticle synthesis within the capsule walls. The reported in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles within the ultrathin and pH-responsive shells can find a potential use for straightforward and facile fabrication of the hybrid organic−gold nanomaterials for biochemical sensing and delivery applications.
Semantic network representations in rule-based inference systems

Rule-based inference systems allow judgmental knowledge about a specific problem domain to be represented as a collection of discrete rules. Each rule states that if certain premises are known, then certain conclusions can be inferred. An important design issue concerns the representational form for the premises and conclusions of the rules. We describe a rule-based system that uses a partitioned semantic network representation for the premises and conclusions.
Strategic consequences of nuclear proliferation in South Asia: Outlook from the United States

(1985). Strategic consequences of nuclear proliferation in South Asia: Outlook from the United States. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 8, Strategic Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia, pp. 28-39.
Fish Health Assessment Index Study of Four Reservoirs in West‐Central Georgia

Abstract I investigated differences in a modified fish health assessment index (FHAI) among reservoirs, sections of reservoir (lower, middle, and upper), periods (summer 2000, winter 2001, summer 2001, and winter 2002), and species (bluegill Lepomis machrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) in four west-central Georgia Piedmont reservoirs to explore the feasibility of adapting the FHAI in Georgia as an addendum to agency-standardized sampling protocols for identifying problem reservoirs and problem areas in reservoirs. Mean fish health varied significantly over time across reservoirs, sections of reservoirs, and species. Lakewide sampling was necessary to adequately characterize overall reservoir health. Fish health of both species responded similarly to poorer areas; however, fewer bluegills than largemouth bass per sample achieved the same level of precision. The collection of 45 fish lakewide of each species per sampling period yielded a precision level approaching 20–25% of the true fish...
Crack propagation resistance is similar under static and cyclic loading in crosslinked UHMWPE: a pilot study.

Background Recent work suggests crack phenomena (eg, crack initiation and propagation) in UHMWPE do not depend on cyclic damage mechanisms. Materials for which crack phenomena occur in static (noncyclic) mode should exhibit similar crack propagation behavior under static and cyclic loading conditions.
Abstract 3196: The role of Ga12 and Thromboxane receptor beta interaction in bladder cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC In the United States, it is predicted that there will be over 70,000 new cases of bladder cancer this year. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and eighth in women. Our lab has identified that Thromboxane receptor beta (TPβ) plays a role in bladder cancer progression. Our studies have previously shown that TPβ can induce malignant transformation in the immortalized non-transformed bladder cell line, SV-HUC. TPβ is a G-protein coupled receptor that is over-expressed in bladder cancer tumors and high levels of TPβ in bladder cancer patients correlate with decreased survival. G-proteins, such as Gα12, are involved in second messenger cascades that influence a variety of cellular functions, including transcription and motility. Constitutive activation of Gα12 has been shown to induce malignant transformation. Gα12 messenger RNA and protein are expressed in bladder cell lines and paraffin-embedded tissue obtained from bladder cancer patients. This study was designed to elucidate the TPβ and Gα12 dependent pathways that contribute to bladder cancer progression. We found that treatment with TP agonist, U46619, increases cell migration, while treatment with TP antagonist, GR32191, blocks agonist dependent increase in cell migration. We observe that knockdown of Gα12 with shRNA partially reduces U46619-induced cell migration and MAP kinase signaling. Together our results suggest that TPβ mediated malignant phenotypes are in part modulated by Gα12. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3196.
Neutron reflectivity of linear-dendritic diblock copolymer monolayers

Specular neutron reflectivity has been used to investigate the structure of monolayers formed from linear-dendritic diblock copolymers at an air-water interface. The dendritic block copolymers consist of a linear poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block of 2000 molecular weight linked to a third or fourth generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendron. The dendritic end groups were functionalized with deuterated stearic acid to make the dendritic block hydrophobic, resulting in a macroamphiphile. Results indicate that stable monolayers are formed with PEO resting on the subphase and stearate groups extending into the air. In general, at low surface concentrations the PEO block intermixes with the PAMAM dendron, whereas at high surface concentrations the PAMAM forms a distinct layer above the PEO. The ordering of the stearate groups functionalized on the dendrimer was dependent on generation. Stearate groups form a distinct ordered layer which is separate from the third generation PAMAM dendron, whereas the stearate groups are intermixed with fourth generation PAMAM segments due to the curvature of the higher generation dendron. The PEO block becomes intermixed with the water subphase if the monolayer is held at constant area for at least 10 h. These finding are consistent with earlier published studies of pressure-area isotherms of these systems on the Langmuir-Blodgett trough.
Use of Strip-Strip-Block Design for Multi-Stage Processes to Reduce Costs of Experimentation

A strip-strip-block design is proposed for use in investigating the effects of factors, and their interactions, in three-stage industrial processes.
Combined virtual and real robotic test-bed for single operator control of multiple robots

Teams of heterogeneous robots with different dynamics or capabilities could perform a variety of tasks such as multipoint surveillance, cooperative transport and explorations in hazardous environments. In this study, we work with heterogeneous robots of semi-autonomous ground and aerial robots for contaminant localization. We developed a human interface system which linked every real robot to its virtual counterpart. A novel virtual interface has been integrated with Augmented Reality that can monitor the position and sensory information from video feed of ground and aerial robots in the 3D virtual environment, and improve user situational awareness. An operator can efficiently control the real multi-robots using the Drag-to-Move method on the virtual multi-robots. This enables an operator to control groups of heterogeneous robots in a collaborative way for allowing more contaminant sources to be pursued simultaneously. The advanced feature of the virtual interface system is guarded teleoperation. This can be used to prevent operators from accidently driving multiple robots into walls and other objects. Moreover, the feature of the image guidance and tracking is able to reduce operator workload.
Penetrating left thoracoabdominal trauma: the incidence and clinical presentation of diaphragm injuries.

Objective The objective of this study was to (1) determine the incidence of diaphragmatic injuries in penetrating left thoracoabdominal trauma and (2) evaluate the role of laparoscopy in detecting clinically occult diaphragmatic injuries.Patients and Methods One hundred nineteen consecutive patients
Flexed-knee gait in children with cerebral palsy: a 10-year follow-up study

Background While several studies have evaluated the short-term effectiveness of conservative and surgical treatment of flexed-knee gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP), few have explored the long-term outcomes using gait analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine, through gait analysis, the 10-year outcomes of flexed-knee gait in children with CP.
On first countable, countably compact spaces II: remainders in a van Douwen construction and P-ideals

Abstract Call a separable, locally compact, locally countable, countably compact, noncompact space a van Douwen space . Let the remainder of such a space be its set of nonisolated points. We show that it is independent of ZFC that there are van Douwen spaces of cardinality c whose remainder is ω-bounded. If we assume the consistency of a little more than a huge cardinal, we can remove the cardinality restriction, i.e., it is independent whether there are van Douwen spaces whose remainder is ω-bounded. The proofs involve special kinds of P -ideals, and some results are shown about them and the dual P -filters. In particular: in the Laver and “dominating reals” models, every P -point is a T -point.
Protein structure, spectral properties, and photobiological function of lumazine protein

Protein sequence analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fluorescence dynamics have been applied in a determination of the interactions of the lumazine derivative with the amino acid residues in the proposed ligand binding site of lumazine protein. It is these interactions that `tune' the excited state properties of the bound lumazine so that it can perform its photobiological function as the emitter of bioluminescence in Photobacterium species. A three- way sequence alignment shows that lumazine protein is homologous with the yellow- fluorescent protein of Vibrio fischeri and the riboflavin synthase from Bacillus subtilis. This last enzyme is ubiquitous in procaryotes, and utilizes two of these same lumazines as substrates for the production of riboflavin. By analogy with riboflavin synthase, a short sequence in the lumazine protein has been suggested as the ligand binding site. In riboflavin synthase there is a second binding site, but this is absent in lumazine protein, thus negating any synthase activity for this protein. Hydrogen bonds to the residues in this binding domain and `freeze' the lumazine structure into the highly polar tautomer deduced from NMR evidence. This also accounts for the rigidity of binding shown by the 23 ns (2 degree(s)C) rotational correlation time of the bound ligand as well as the strong blue shift of the fluorescence maximum, from 490 nm free to 475 nm when bound.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effects of a Stationary Surface Pocket on EHL Line Contact Start-Up

In this paper, the start-up process of line contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication with a stationary central surface pocket is studied. The solution of the pressure profile and film thickness distribution in the contact area is achieved by using a mixed lubricated-solid contact model. The mass balance of pocket lubricant flow is enforced by using a simple algorithm which adjusts the pocket cavitation boundary. With the surface pocket in the center of contact, the Hertzian contact area is divided into two micro-EHL contacts: the inlet micro-EHL contact and the outlet micro-EHL contact. The amount of lubricant trapped inside the pocket determines the overall start-up behavior If the lubricant trapped is less than a critical amount, the two micro-EHL contact would be in start-up condition in serial the lubricant film builds up in the inlet micro-EHL contact area first and then the lubricant film builds up in the outlet micro-EHL contact after the inlet lubricant flow fills the pocket. The start-up time in this case is longer than the start-up time for smooth surface start-up. If the lubricant trapped is more than the critical amount, the two micro-EHL contact would be in start-up condition in parallel: a lubricant film builds up in the inlet micro-EHL contact and at the same time a lubricant film builds up in the outlet micro-EHL contact. The start-up time in this case is much smaller than that of the smooth surface start-up. Compared with the smooth surface start-up condition, because the solid contact vanishes faster, there would be less frictional heat generated in the contact area and thus the surface temperature rise during the start-up process would be much smaller. These effects could prove beneficial in applications with frequent start and stop or oscillating running conditions, in which direct solid to solid contact occurs at the start (restart) of motion.
Consent and Compensation: A Social Compact for Smallpox Vaccine Policy in the Event of an Attack

In the event of a widespread biological attack involving smallpox, it may not only be morally permissible, but morally obligatory, to dispense with the ordinary requirements of informed consent for vaccination. The government should also commit to educating the public about the vaccine, distributing the vaccine efficiently and fairly, and ensuring access to health care to those who experience adverse events as a result of vaccination. In addition, the government should provide a program of financial compensation for any persons who experience permanent disability as a consequence of vaccination and for the families of those who die as a result of vaccination.
Some Patterns of Identification and Otherness

The notion of the lived body is perhaps one of the most important contributions which phenomenology has made to philosophy. Within the Western philosophical tradition, important works often seem to have sprung full- blown from disembodied spirits, much as Athena is said to have sprung from the head of Zeus. A sense of embodiment often seems to be entirely lacking in recent analytic philosophical writings on the mind/body problem and on personal identity. The first section of this chapter addresses this point in more detail.
Single-scattering-cluster description of substrate x-ray photoelectron diffraction and its relationship to kikuchi bands

Abstract Single-scattering-cluster (SSC) calculations of core-level azimuthal X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) from Cu(001) have been performed and are compared to both experimental data and calculated Kikuchi-band profiles associated with several low-index planes. The sensitivity of such SSC calculations to several input parameters is investigated; in particular, the effect of varying electron mean free path and the number of emitting layers is considered. In the limit of large electron mean free paths, it is shown that the SSC model includes sharp features which represent Bragg reflections from various low-index planes. For a range of mean free paths including the shortest expected experimentally, the SSC results also yield profiles very similar to those of Kikuchi bands, and the two models are thus shown to represent different descriptions of the same forward scattering and diffraction phenomena. However, empirical mean free paths in XPD are found to be only about 1 2 - 3 4 of typical tabulated values, so that such Bragg-associated features are only weakly visible in experimental data. Such phenomena should nonetheless generally be present in XPD results obtained at high angular resolution and from systems with ≳ 5–10 atomic layers.
Electromagnetic pulse propagation in a weakly nonlinear plasma

An investigation of the propagation of electromagnetic pulses in a weakly nonlinear, cold, collisionless plasma is described. It is found that a transverse electromagnetic pulse generates, through nonlinear effects, a small amplitude, longitudinal electric pulse field. The transient behavior of this longitudinal electric field is studied. One particular case is considered in detail: the nonlinear generation of a longitudinal electric field by a transverse electromagnetic pulse which is excited by a suddenly turned-on cosinusoidal electric field of frequency \omega_{0} . Computer plots of numerical calculations of the second-order transient longitudinal field are presented.
Sudden hearing loss from PDE-5 inhibitors: A possible cellular stress etiology.

Objectives: Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE) inhibitors are a relatively new class of drugs introduced in 1998 for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary artery hypertension. Recent concerns regarding these drugs and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) have resulted in an FDA requirement for more stringent labeling. In this report, we further investigate the potential link between SSHL and use of these drugs. Study Design: Report of two cases and review of FDA postmarketing data. Methods: Retrospective review. Results: Twenty-five patients were evaluated in our study with a variable amount of information available on each patient. Fifteen patients (88%) experienced the event within 24 hours of taking a PDE-5 inhibitor. Eight patients (32%) had associated vertigo concurrently with their hearing loss. Ninety-six percent of reported cases were unilateral. Complete resolution of hearing was noted in five patients (20%), whereas three other patients (12%) had at least partial improvement. Therefore, eight patients (32%) had documented improvement in their hearing from initial presentation. Conclusions: Although the data are inconclusive, there is a potential link between PDE-5 inhibitor use and SSHL. Otolaryngologists should, therefore, inquire regarding PDE-5 inhibitor use as a potential cause of SSHL. Although there is currently no direct evidence for a mechanism of this side effect, we postulate that it is related to the prolonged effects of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within the cochlea.
Social conflict and social cooperation: simulating “the tragedy of the commons”

This article reports a design and the results of its implementation to simulate "the Tragedy of the Commons" in a college classroom setting. Interesting results and implications were found and discussed.
Estimates of gene flow in forest trees

Qualitative and quantitative estimates of gene flow were obtained for fourteen gymnosperm and seven angiosperm forest tree species. High levels of gene flow were prevalent among gymnosperms while these levels varied from high to low among angiosperms. In both groups, species with greater pollen dispersal abilities appear to maintain high levels of gene flow. A detailed analysis of population structure in relation to gene flow was carried out on a gymnosperm species (Pinus rigida) and two angiosperm subspecies (Eucalyptus caesia ssp. caesia and ssp. magna). The results suggested that populations of many species may be concatenated systems bound by gene flow, and the overall levels of gene flow may be influenced by either single or clusters of populations. Different levels of gene flow was found between two closely related species of E. caesia growing under similar ecological conditions, suggesting a plausible link between pollinator behaviour and pollen flow.
Standardization and scaling of the 122-item fear Survey Schedule

The 122-item Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) was standardized, item analyzed, and scaled to provide normative data for use by both researchers and psychotherapists. A Z-score transformation was performed on each item which has the effect of differentially weighting raw score ratings as a function of the average rating on each item. The total scaled score, therefore, reflects a composite of individual ratings relative to average ratings rather than a simple accumulation of raw scores. Also, if an investigator uses the scoring system presented here, he can eliminate any number of items and still have comparison norms since the grand mean will always be equal to three times the number of items used, and a rough estimate of the standard deviation for any number of items can be readily calculated. Finally, implications for the building of hierarchies in systematic desensitization are discussed.
Molecular dynamics simulation of temperature and strain rate effects on the elastic properties of bimetallic Pd-Pt nanowires

Molecular dynamics simulation is used to investigate the mechanical properties of infinitely long, cylindrical bimetallic Pd-Pt nanowires, with an approximate diameter of $1.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and two different compositions (25% and 50% Pt). The nanowires are subjected to uniaxial tensile strain along the [001] axis with varying strain rates of $0.05%\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $5.0%\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, at simulation temperatures of 50 and $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, to study the effects of strain rates and thermal conditions on the deformation characteristics and mechanical properties of the nanowire. The deformation and rupture mechanism of these nanowires is explored in detail. Comparisons to the behavior exhibited by pure Pd and Pt nanowires of similar diameter are also made. The effect of lattice mismatch on the observed deformation modes in bimetallic nanowires is also discussed. Our simulations indicate that Pd-Pt alloy nanowires of various compositions, with little lattice mismatch between Pd and Pt atoms, undergo similar deformation and rupture upon uniaxial stretching. It is found that yielding and fracture mechanisms depend on the applied strain rate as well as atomic arrangement and temperature. At low temperature and strain rate, where crystal order and stability are highly preserved, the calculated stress-strain response of pure Pt and Pd as well as Pd-Pt alloy nanowires showed clear periodic, stepwise dislocation-relaxation behavior. Crystalline to amorphous transformation takes place at high strain rates $(5%\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$, with amorphous melting detected at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Deformation of nanowires at higher strain rates and low temperature, where the superplasticity characteristic is significantly enhanced, results in the development of a multishell helical structure. Mechanical properties of the alloy nanowires are significantly different from those of bulk phase and are dictated by the applied strain rate, temperature, alloy composition, as well as the structural rearrangement associated with nanowire elongation. We find that Young's modulus of both the single component as well as alloy nanowires depends on the applied strain rate and is about 70%--75% of the bulk value. Ductility of the studied nanowires showed a nonmonotonic variation with Pd composition at low strain rates and was significantly enhanced for wires developing and rearranging into a multishell helical structure which occurred at higher strain rates. The Poisson ratio of Pd rich alloys is 60%--70% of its bulk value, whereas that of Pt rich alloys is not significantly changed at the nanoscale. The calculated differences in the nanowire mechanical properties are shown to have significant effect on their applicability in areas such as sensing and catalysis.
Values education and the criminal justice curriculum

Despite their pervasive role in the practice of criminal justice, values are deemphasized in the criminal justice curriculum. We describe an effort in curricular reform which corrected this neglect by incorporating values education into the introductory course. The goals of values education are discussed. We review the general design requirements, teaching techniques, and course materials which, in our experience, work best in a revamped course. We emphasize the advantages of selectivity in topics, small class size, participatory teaching, probative discussion, and case studies.
The BCL6 RD2 Domain Governs Commitment of Activated B Cells to Form Germinal Centers

Summary To understand how the Bcl6 transcriptional repressor functions in the immune system, we disrupted its RD2 repression domain in mice. Bcl6 RD2 MUT mice exhibit a complete loss of germinal center (GC) formation but retain normal extrafollicular responses. Bcl6 RD2 MUT antigen-engaged B cells migrate to the interfollicular zone and interact with cognate T helper cells. However, these cells fail to complete early GC-commitment differentiation and coalesce as nascent GC aggregates. Bcl6 directly binds and represses trafficking receptors S1pr1 and Gpr183 by recruiting Hdac2 through the RD2 domain. Deregulation of these genes impairs B cell migration and may contribute to GC failure in Bcl6 RD2 MUT mice. The development of functional GC-T FH cells was partially impaired in Bcl6 RD2 MUT mice. In contrast to Bcl6 −/− mice, Bcl6 RD2 MUT animals experience no inflammatory disease or macrophage deregulation. These results reveal an essential role for RD2 repression in early GC commitment and striking biochemical specificity in Bcl6 control of humoral and innate immune-cell phenotypes.
Under One Roof: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Model for Spinal Cord Injury Research

Concentrating a wide range of spinal cord injury (SCI) research laboratories in a single location to accelerate progress and draw attention to the promise of SCI research has made The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis one of the most publicly recognized and often controversial research groups in the neurosciences. A “Center of Excellence” at the University of Miami School of Medicine, the Miami Project also serves as a model for SCI research programs being developed nationally and internationally. Founded in 1985, the Miami Project set out on an unprecedented path—to develop a research center dedicated to improving treatments for SCI by bridging basic and clinical science. In doing so, neurosurgeon Barth Green, M.D., enlisted not only a multidisciplinary team of scientists but also a devoted following of financial donors and volunteer research subjects, and support from the University of Miami and Florida legislature. Highly visible spokespersons, including cofounder ex-Miami Dolphin Nick Buoniconti and his...
Azalea toxicity: an overrated problem?

One-hundred-and-fifty-two azalea Ingestions reported to two regional poison centers over a three year period are reviewed. Twenty eight exposures were the result of sucking nectar from the flower; ...
An integral heuristic

This paper gives a heuristic derivation of the skein relation for the Homfly polynomial in an integral formalism. The derivation is formally correct but highly simplified. In the light of Witten's proposal for invariants of links via functional integrals, it is useful to have a formal pattern to compare with the complexities of the full approach. The formalism is a heuristic. However, it is closely related to the actual structure of the Witten functional integral.
Transmission fatigue of the rabbit diaphragm.

Abstract This study evaluates the role of transmission fatigue of the diaphragm in rabbits subjected to inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) sufficiently severe to increase peak tidal airway pressure to about 50% of that elicited by 100 Hz phrenic nerve stimulation. After 58 ± 14 in of IRL, the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) responses to phrenic nerve stimulation at 20, 60, and 100 Hz were reduced by approximately one third. In contrast, IRL induced no significant change in the response to direct diaphragm stimulation (in the presence of transient neuromuscular blockade). Although respiratory acidosis occurred during IRL (pH 7.04 ± 0.04, PCO2 90 ± 10, PO2 131 ± 38), it was not sufficient to explain the reduced contractility. In a separate series of experiments, the diaphragm compound action potential elicited by unilateral phrenic nerve stimuli was recorded by implanted diaphragm electrodes and the Pdi elicited by contralateral phrenic nerve stimulation at 100 Hz was measured. Both action potential amplitude and Pdi declined during IRL and both improved after 10 min of recovery. These findings demonstrate that transmission fatigue plays a major role in rabbit diaphragm fatigue induced by spontaneous breathing against inspiratory resistance.