cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TONICITY-VOLUME RELATIONS IN PARTIALLY HEMOLYZED HYPOTONIC SYSTEMS

The linear relation between the red cell volume V and the reciprocal of the tonicity T of a hypotonic medium is not the linear one expected on the basis of the van't Hoff-Mariotte law, particularly when a fraction p of the cells are hemolyzed and the volume V/(1 - p) of the (1 - p) cells which remain intact is considered. In systems of relatively high tonicity in which p is zero, the relation is linear but its slope is usually too small; at lower tonicities in which p has a value between zero and 0.35, the volumes are larger than those expected on the basis of the van't Hoff-Mariotte law, while at still smaller tonicities they are much smaller than expected. The volume measurements referred to are made with a high speed hematocrit; the results obtained in systems containing relatively high and relatively low volume concentrations of cells are contrasted with each other, and allowance is made in the calculations for the volume of the hypotonic medium surrounding the cells being limited. Attempts are made at an explanation of the anomalous results in terms of incomplete packing, of a stepwise as opposed to an all-or-none loss of Hb from the cells, of a heterogeneity in the swelling properties of the cells of the population, of a loss of osmotically active substances from the intact cells, and of the red cell ghost having some degree of rigidity. These explanations are not satisfying, although some of them in combination may account for the phenomena observed. It seems likely that the structures involved in the hemolytic process (cells and ghosts) have different properties in different tonicity ranges and even when the same tonicity is established in systems which are dense, as opposed to dilute, with respect to cell concentration. The form of the tonicity-volume relation can be changed substantially, although not in the direction of greater linearity, by treating the cells with resorcinol, colloidal silicic acid, iodoacetate, or sodium oxalate. Small changes in pH, exposure to temperatures as high as 37 degrees C., allowing the cells to stand for periods up to 24 hours, or the substitution of hypotonic plasma for hypotonic NaCl-buffer, produce, on the other hand, only minor changes in the tonicity-volume relation.
Familial restrictive cardiomyopathy with skeletal abnormalities

A family is described in which 5 of 9 living children were found to have restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with skeletal muscle and orthopedic abnormalities. In the absence of another identifiable etiology, a genetic cause for restrictive cardiomyopathy in this family is probable. Consistent with the poor prognosis encountered for children with restrictive cardiomyopathy, 2 children in this family died, whereas a third was symptomatic by age 3 years.
Using Client Satisfaction to Improve Case Management Services for the Elderly

Although client satisfaction has long been an important form of program evaluation, one of the major limitations regarding client satisfaction studies has been the inability to provide concrete fee...
Economic Determinants of Land Invasions

This study estimates the effect of economic conditions on redistributive conflict. We examine land invasions in Brazil using a panel data set with over 50,000 municipality-year observations. Adverse eco- nomic shocks, instrumented by rainfall, cause the rural poor to invade and occupy large landholdings. This effect exhibits substantial heterogeneity by land inequality and land tenure systems, but not by other observable variables. In highly unequal municipalities, negative income shocks cause twice as many land invasions as in municipalities with average land inequality. Cross-sectional estimates using fine within-region variation also suggest the importance of land inequality in explaining redistributive conflict. I. Introduction C ONFLICT over land is endemic to many rural econo- mies. In environments marked by a highly skewed distribution of property, incomplete land and credit markets, poorly or unevenly enforced property rights, and weak political institutions, agents often resort to extralegal means to improve their economic positions. The poor frequently invade private properties and occupy them until either forcibly expelled or granted official titles. Land conflict, which is prevalent in many countries such as Brazil, South Africa, Uganda, and Venezuela, may distort the allocation of resources in the agricultural sector away from productive uses and thereby contribute to the persistence of rural poverty. How do economic conditions affect this redistrib- utive conflict? This paper explores this question using a rich municipal- level data set of 5,299 land invasions from 1988 to 2004 in Brazil. We follow Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti (2004) by using rainfall as a source of exogenous variation to study the relationship between income and conflict, and we find that adverse economic shocks cause the rural poor to invade large landholdings. This effect exhibits considerable het- erogeneity by land inequality and land tenure systems. In highly unequal municipalities, negative income shocks cause twice as many land invasions as in municipalities with average land inequality. The effect of income shocks is even stronger in highly polarized municipalities, as measured by the degree of bimodality in the land distribution. Cross- sectional estimates using fine within-region variation also suggest the importance of land inequality in explaining redistributive conflict. We also find that income shocks cause significantly more land invasions in municipalities with a greater proportion of land under fixed-rent contracts. By contrast, we find no evidence of heterogeneity on a range of other political and socioeconomic variables, including political competition, sharecropping, police expenditures, and social welfare spending. Recent microeconometric studies have examined two
A field-deployable compound-specific isotope analyzer based on quantum cascade laser and hollow waveguide

A field deployable Compound Specific Isotope Analyzer (CSIA) coupled with capillary chromatogrpahy based on Quantum Cascade (QC) lasers and Hollow Waveguide (HWG) with precision and chemical resolution matching mature Mass Spectroscopy has been achieved in our laboratory. The system could realize 0.3 per mil accuracy for 12C/13C for a Gas Chromatography (GC) peak lasting as short as 5 seconds with carbon molar concentration in the GC peak less than 0.5%. Spectroscopic advantages of HWG when working with QC lasers, i.e. single mode transmission, noiseless measurement and small sample volume, are compared with traditional free space and multipass spectroscopy methods.
Advances in metal forming processes

Abstract In order to remaincompetitive with other manufacturing processes, metal forming processes are being improved by using computer-aided techniques and by developing novel tooling designs to increase part complexity and precision. In addition to the application of CAD/CAM, which is fairly common in industry, expert systems and metal flow simulation techniques are being developed and introduced to practice. This paper describes some of the advances achieved in metal forming research and gives practical examples of computer simulations in forging.
Magnetic properties of RE x Mo6Se8 compounds between 0.7 and 295 K

Magnetization measurements are reported for seven members of the series of compounds RExMo6Se8 (x≈1; RE=La, Ce, Pr, Eu, Gd, Yb, and Lu). These measurements establish that Ce, Pr, and Gd ions are trivalent in these compounds, but that Eu and Yb are primarily divalent, in agreement with crystallographic data. Large deviations of the susceptibilities for CeMo6Se8, PrMo6Se8, and YbMo6Se8 from Curie-Weiss behavior above 10 K are attributed predominantly to crystal field effects, and quantitative agreement between crystal field theory and the experimental data was obtained for CeMo6Se8 above 25 K. Further, we find for Gd1.2Mo6Se8 an unusually small spin exchange interaction between the Gd ions and conduction electrons, consistent with previous estimates of this quantity based on superconductivity data. For the Gd, Eu, and Ce compounds, the low-temperature data indicate very small Curie-Weiss temperatures of −1.7, −0.6, and +0.4 K, respectively. No evidence for magnetic ordering of the RE ions in any of the above compounds was observed, with the exception of CeMo6Se8, for which the magnetization data at 0.7–1.3 K suggest the onset of ferromagnetic order.
Tissue-Selective Regulation of Aromatase Expression by Calcitriol: Implications for Breast Cancer Therapy

Aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis, is critical for the progression of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (BCa) in postmenopausal women. We show that calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, regulates the expression of aromatase in a tissue-selective manner. Calcitriol significantly decreased aromatase expression in human BCa cells and adipocytes and caused substantial increases in human osteosarcoma cells (a bone cell model exhibiting osteoblast phenotype in culture) and modest increases in ovarian cancer cells. Calcitriol administration to immunocompromised mice bearing human BCa xenografts decreased aromatase mRNA levels in the tumors and the surrounding mammary adipose tissue but did not alter ovarian aromatase expression. In BCa cells, calcitriol also reduced the levels of prostaglandins (PGs), major stimulators of aromatase transcription, by suppressing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (which catalyzes PG synthesis) and increasing that of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (which catalyzes PG degradation). The mechanism of aromatase down-regulation by calcitriol in BCa cells is therefore 2-fold: a direct repression of aromatase transcription via promoter II through the vitamin D-response elements identified in this promoter and an indirect suppression by reducing the levels of PGs. Combinations of calcitriol with three different aromatase inhibitors (AIs) caused enhanced inhibition of BCa cell growth. The combination of calcitriol and an AI may have potential benefits for BCa therapy. In addition to augmenting the ability of AIs to inhibit BCa growth, calcitriol acting as a selective aromatase modulator that increases aromatase expression in bone would reduce the estrogen deprivation in bone caused by the AIs, thus ameliorating the AI-induced side effect of osteoporosis.
EFFECTS OF AGE, SEX, AND BRIGHTNESS OF FIELD ON OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIORS OF RATS

48 male and 48 female Holtzman rats, ages 50, 100, and 150 days, were tested in a black or white open field to determine the effect of varying brightness of the field upon ambulation and defecation scores. There were significant negative correlations between all ambulation and defecation scores, except for the 50-day-old animals. Ambulation scores decreased over trials for all animals; defecation scores remained the same. Trials did not interact with age, sex, or brightness on either measure. In both fields females crossed more squares than males at ages 100 and 150 days, but there were no sex differences in ambulation at age 50 days. Most notable was a sex difference as a function of brightness of field; whereas male scores did not differ, females ambulated significantly more and tended to defecate less in the white field. Results are described in terms of the need for standardization of the open field.
On Springer's correspondence for simple groups of type E n ( n = 6, 7, 8)

Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over complex numbers. To each unipotent element u e G (up to conjugacy) and to the unit representation of the group of components of the centralizer of u, Springer (11), (12) associates an irreducible representation of the Weyl group W of G. The tensor product of that representation with the sign representation will be denoted ρu. (This agrees with the notation of (5).) This representation may be realized as a subspace of the cohomology in dimension 2β(u) of the variety of Borel subgroups containing u, where β(u) = dim . For example, when u = 1, ρu is the sign representation of W. The map u → ρu defines an injective map from the set of unipotent conjugacy classes in G to the set of irreducible representations of W (up to isomorphism). Our purpose is to describe this map in the case where G is simple of type Eu (n = 6, 7, 8). (When G is classical or of type F4, this map is described by Shoji (9), (10); the case where G is of type G2 is contained in (11).
Low frequency display emissions-a new standard

A review is given of standards and guidelines dealing with low frequency emissions from visual display units. It is followed by a description of a new formal Swedish standard and a report of progress towards the development of it into a formal, pragmatic, world-wide standard. Finally, it is suggested that the IEEE adopt the new Swedish standard in place of the existing P1140 document or any update of it. The documents discussed include SS 436 14 90 (edition 2), MPR 1990:8 and MPR 1990:10 (together known colloquially as MPR2), IEEE P-1140, TCO-91 and JEIDA G-15-1993.
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF THE PATHOGEN PANDORA NEOAPHIDIS (R.&H.) HUMBER (ZYGOMYCETES: ENTOMOPHTHORALES) ON THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ACYRTHOSIPHON APHIDS IN ALFALFA

A fungal outbreak of Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudiere and Hennebert) Humber (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae) caused maximum daily mortality of 6 and 34%, respectively, in sympatric populations of Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera, Aphididae). This epidemic suppressed the A. pisum population but not the A. kondoi population. The results suggest that low level infections in A. kondoi may greatly increase the inoculum available for transmission to the highly susceptible A. pisum.
On lognormal random variables: I-the characteristic function

The characteristic function of a lognormal random variable is calculated in closed form as a rapidly convergent series of Hermite functions in a logarithmic variable. The series coefficients are Nielsen numbers, defined recursively in terms of Riemann zeta functions. Divergence problems are avoided by deriving a functional differential equation, solving the equation by a de Bruijn integral transform, expanding the resulting reciprocal Gamma function kernel in a series, and then invoking a convergent termwise integration. Applications of the results and methods to the distribution of a sum of independent, not necessarily identical lognormal variables are discussed. The result is that a sum of lognormals is distributed as a sum of products of lognormal distributions. The case of two lognormal variables is outlined in some detail.
Response of Smallmouth Bass to Sustained Removals of Northern Pikeminnow in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers

Abstract We describe the response of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu density, year-class strength, consumption of juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp., mortality, relative weight, and growth to sustained removals of northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis in the lower Columbia and Snake rivers. Although fishery exploitation of northern pikeminnow (250 mm fork length and larger) averaged 12.1% annually from 1991 to 1996, we detected no response by smallmouth bass. Density of smallmouth bass varied among years, but we found no evidence of increased density concurrent with removals of northern pikeminnow. Year-class strength of smallmouth bass also varied, and variations were similar among areas; however, we found no trend of increasing year-class strength. Consumption of juvenile salmonids by smallmouth bass was zero for 74 of our 104 estimates and did not appear to increase over time. Estimates of mortality varied among areas, but we found no differences among years for any area. Relative weight...
Crystal structures of the catalytic domain of phosphodiesterase 4B complexed with AMP, 8-Br-AMP, and rolipram.

Abstract Phosphodiesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the intracellular second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP) into the corresponding 5′-nucleotide. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), the major cAMP-specific PDE in inflammatory and immune cells, is an attractive target for the treatment of asthma and COPD. We have determined crystal structures of the catalytic domain of PDE4B complexed with AMP (2.0 A), 8-Br-AMP (2.13 A) and the potent inhibitor rolipram (2.0 A). All the ligands bind in the same hydrophobic pocket and can interact directly with the active site metal ions. The identity of these metal ions was examined using X-ray anomalous difference data. The structure of the AMP complex confirms the location of the catalytic site and allowed us to speculate about the detailed mechanism of catalysis. The high-resolution structures provided the experimental insight into the nucleotide selectivity of phosphodiesterase. 8-Br-AMP binds in the syn conformation to the enzyme and demonstrates an alternative nucleotide-binding mode. Rolipram occupies much of the AMP-binding site and forms two hydrogen bonds with Gln443 similar to the nucleotides.
A Goal Programming Approach To Human Resource Planning With A Concentration On Promotion Policy

Goal programming will be employed to assist human resource managers in identifying a promotion policy that will provide a desired future distribution of managers at various levels in an organization. The goal programming model will be developed and exemplified for a small firm with only two job classifications. Model inputs include the current inventory of managers and a desired future distribution of these managers. The model output will be an identified “optimal” promotion policy that will achieve the desired future assignments of managers.
Clinical and angiographic determinants of initial percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty success.

Clinical and anatomic determinants of primary success of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were retrospectively evaluated in 299 pa tients. Successful angioplasty (residual stenosis <5...
The Ordovician zone index conodont Amorphognathus ordovicicus Branson & Mehl, 1933 from its type locality and the evolution of the genus Amorphognathus Branson & Mehl, 1933

The 2003 rediscovery of the long ‘lost’ Ozora, Missouri classical conodont locality of Branson & Mehl (1933b), from which the world’s first Late Ordovician conodont fauna was described, has made it possible to obtain topotype specimens of the several important conodont species introduced by Branson and Mehl from this site. A taxonomic reassessment of the Ozora conodont fauna indicates that it includes at least 14 multi-element species, eight of which were previously known from this locality. Several specimens of the taxonomically diagnostic M element of the biostratigraphical key species Amorphognathus ordovicicus were recovered. This element was previously not known from the type locality of the species at Ozora. A general review of the evolution of the genus Amorphognathus shows that some elements, particularly the M and Pa elements, exhibit relatively rapid gradual morphological changes that are helpfull for distinguishing a series of biostratigraphically useful species through the Upper Ordovician (Sandbian–Hirnantian) interval. No ancestor of Amorphognathus has yet been identified but currently available data suggest that the genus appeared in the latest Darriwilian or earliest Sandbian and went extinct in the late Hirnantian. None of the Early Silurian platform genera appears to be closely related to Amorphognathus.
Control of gene expression at the onset of bovine embryonic development.

The objective of this study was to examine the timing and mechanisms involved in transcription initiation in bovine embryos. Transcriptional activity and its regulation were explored by labeling 1-cell zygotes and 2-cell embryos with [ 3 H]uridine in the presence or absence of alpha-amanitin, aphidicolin, and tricostatin A (TSA) (inhibitors of mRNA synthesis, DNA replication, and histone deacetylases, respectively) followed by a total RNA isolation and determination of [ 3 H]uridine incorporation. We also analyzed translation of zygotic/embryonic mRNAs by labeling zygotes and 2-cell embryos with [ 35 S]methionine in the presence or absence of alpha-amanitin, aphidicolin, and TSA followed by two-dimensional PAGE and autoradiography. We show that bovine 1-cell zygotes and 2-cell embryos are transcriptionally and translationally active. The first and second rounds of DNA replication are important regulators of early gene expression as the inhibition of DNA replication resulted in a dramatic decrease in both transcriptional and translational activity. Moreover, acetylation of histones plays an important role in this early gene activation at the onset of embryonic development in the cow.
Coupled magnetic field and viscoelasticity of ferrogel

Composed of a soft polymer matrix and magnetic filler particles, ferrogel is a smart material responsive to magnetic fields. Due to the viscoelasticity of the matrix, the behaviors of ferrogel are usually rate-dependent. Very few models with coupled magnetic field and viscoelasticity exist in the literature, and even fewer are capable of reliable predictions. Based on the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, a field theory is developed to describe the magneto-viscoelastic property of ferrogel. The theory provides a guideline for experimental characterizations and structural designs of ferrogel-based devices. A specific material model is then selected and the theory is implemented in a finite-element code. As numerical examples, the responses of a ferrogel in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields are analyzed. The dynamic response of a ferrogel to cyclic magnetic fields is also studied, and the prediction agrees with our experimental results. In the reversible limit, our theory recovers existing models for elastic ferrogel, and is capable of capturing some instability phenomena.
The state of solid state device noise research

Abstract A survey is given of noise in solid state devices. The paper starts with a discussion of noise in Schottky barrier diodes, especially its infrared aspects. A short discussion is given of noise in metal-oxide-metal diodes. Noise in p-n diodes is discussed, including evidence for high injection effects, and the noise due to generation and recombination processes in the space charge region are dealt with. The discussion on noise in transistors includes high-injection effects and low-temperature phenomena. Noise in JFETs and MOSFETs is dealt with, including hot electron effects and g-r noise. Noise in single and double injection space charge limited solid state diodes is discussed. A final section deals with noise in Josephson junctions. In most instants it is indicated where further theoretical and (or) experimental work is needed.
The Supercooled Liquid of the Bulk Metallic Glass Forming Zr46.25Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 Alloy on Long Time Scales

The relaxation from the amorphous state into the supercooled liquid state was investigated in the bulk metallic glass forming Zr 46.75 Ti 8.25 Cu 7.5 Ni 10 Be 27.5 alloy. Viscosity relaxation as well as enthalpy recovery after isothermal annealing were measured at temperatures below the calorimetrically observed glass transition. The viscosity relaxes into states that obey the same Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann relation as the data obtained at higher temperatures in the supercooled liquid. On a time scale longer than the relaxation time the alloy reaches the supercooled liquid state below the calorimetric glass transition. Enthalpy recovery experiments after relaxation in the same temperature range show that the enthalpy of the material also reaches a value that corresponds to the supercooled liquid state. The observed glass transition in this strong liquid is of purely kinetic nature and reflects the increasing relaxation time with undercooling. A metastable amorphous equilibrium state could not be observed in this strong liquid but a metastable supercooled liquid state on a long time scale.
Unwilling Grooms in Fourteenth-century Lucca:

Quantitative studies of tax and court records have suggested that medieval Italian marriage negotiations involved a powerful older groom who might easily dominate his much younger bride. This article complicates this picture by qualitatively analyzing two marriage disputes from fourteenth-century Lucca featuring young boys depicted as passive victims of arranged marriages and forced consent. These unwilling grooms, who lacked the power and agency belonging to the average medieval Italian man, reveal that litigants and their representatives constructed the identity of unwilling grooms from a palette of options relying on the intersection of age, gender, and social status. Language: en
Exploiting Mitochondria In Vivo as Chemical Reaction Chambers Dependent on Membrane Potential

Recently in Cell Metabolism, Logan et al. (2016) exploit membrane potential-dependent mitochondrial accumulation of charged precursors, causing them to combine by "click" chemistry 1,000,000 times faster than without accumulation to generate an ultrasensitive indicator for membrane potentials and foreshadow targeted drug synthesis in vivo.
ARROW-DOT SCORES OF DRUG ADDICTS SELECTING GENERAL OR YOGA THERAPY

Recently he re have been indications (2, 3 ) that drug addicts are receptive to relaxation and meditation techniques as therapeutic modalities. Further, that yoga therapy (1 ) may alleviate psychosomatic disorders. As a previous investigation ( 5 ) showed particular treatment modalities may be selected by certain personality types, it was considered valuable to specify further the selection of varying treatments in relation to personalicy attributes; therefore, addicts selected either yoga or general therapy programs. Significant differences were expected berween groups on the Arrow-Dot Test and differences in number of requests for detoxification by 22 Ss at a private methadone clinic, Rehabilitation for Addicts in Distress, Phila., Pa. Ss were administered the Arrow-Dot ( 4 ) . Due to the limitations for individual testing within the clinic setting, the test w a administered as a group test during one session rather than as standardized. Twelve Ss ( 8 male and 4 female), with a mean age of 25.75 yr. and a range of 19 to 49 yr., chose weekly general therapy. This approach focused on re-evaluation of personal and interpersonal goals. Ten Ss (7 male and 3 female), with a mean age of 27.90 yr. and a range of 19 to 39 yr., chose weekly yoga therapy, consisting of relaxation techniques, yoga exercises, and mantra chancing. Yoga therapy means and SDs for I. E and S measures, respectively. were 4.45k 4.16. 16.65&5.43. 1.9022.82. and for ~ene ra l therapy were 5.6623.51, 13.4125.10, 3.9113.91. Analysis by one-way analysi; of variance' able 1 ) showed no significant differences between groups. Therefore. the hypothesis that differing personalities may select particular treatments was not supported. However, although almost perfect at-
Microstructure and Properties of High-purity Polycrystalline cBN

Microstructural features and some properties of high-purity polycrystalline cBN synthesized from hBN by the direct conversion method were investigated. A fine-grained (<0.5μm) and homogeneous high-purity polycrystalline cBN was obtained at 7.7GPa and 2200-2400°C. At lower pressure and lower temperature than these conditions, compressed hBN remained in the polycrystalline sintered body. Some cBN grains became larger rapidly at higher temperature above 2400°C, and inhomogeneous microstructure was formed. The fine-grained and homogeneous polycrystalline cBN had higher hardness and TRS, compared with the coarse-grained and inhomogeneous polycrystalline cBN. The thermal conductivity of the polycrystalline cBN increased with increasing grain size or synthesis temperature. The thermal conductivity of the fine-grained polycrystalline cBN, however, was 3 to 4 times higher than conventional cBN compacts containing binder materials. The fine-grained and homogeneous high-purity cBN is expected to have high potential in cutting tool applications because of its excellent mechanical and thermal properties.
Weight Suppression in Bulimia Nervosa: Associations with Biology and Behavior

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a serious eating disorder that can persist for years and contribute to medical complications and increased mortality, underscoring the need to better understand factors maintaining this disorder. Higher levels of weight suppression (WS) have been found to predict both the onset and maintenance of BN; however, no studies have examined mechanisms that may account for the effects of WS on BN. We hypothesized that high WS would lead to reduced leptin levels, which may increase risk of binge eating by modulating reward responses to food. The current study examined the relationship between WS, leptin levels, and the reinforcing value of food in women with BN (n = 32) and noneating disorder controls (n = 30). Participants provided information on WS, completed a fasting blood draw to obtain serum leptin, and completed a progressive ratio task to measure the reinforcing value of food. Individuals with BN had greater WS (p < .01) and reinforcing food value (p < .05) compared with controls. Additionally, higher WS was associated with both lower leptin (p < .05) and increased reinforcing value of food (p < .05). Contrary to hypotheses, BN and control participants did not differ on leptin levels, and leptin levels were not significantly associated with the reinforcing value of food. Findings support that efforts to conform to the thin ideal may alter drive to consume rewarding foods and leave women vulnerable to binge episodes. However, mechanisms through which WS contributes to food reward and binge eating remain unknown.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of health education on iodine deficiency disorders in Gansu province in 2011

Objective To understand the cognitive level of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD)knowledge among people,to evaluate the effectiveness of health education on IDD,and to provide basic information for the development of control strategies in Gansu.Methods According to "central government's subsidies to local public health education technical solutions of iodine deficiency disorders in Gansu province",30 counties were selected,and 3 townships in each project county were selected to carry out health education.Awareness rate of knowledge about IDD was investigated in primary school students and women,respectively.Results Awareness rate of primary school students and women was raised via various form of health education.The average awareness rate of primary school students and women increased from 64.18% and 63.04% to 93.60% and 84.74% and were increased by 29.42% and 21.70%,respectively.Conclusions The effect of health education was apparent,but to achieve the health behavior of the masses health education was needed to be carried out again and again.
Chemo-mechanical pushing of proteins along single-stranded DNA

Single-stranded (ss)DNA binding (SSB) proteins bind with high affinity to ssDNA generated during DNA replication, recombination, and repair; however, these SSBs must eventually be displaced from or reorganized along the ssDNA. One potential mechanism for reorganization is for an ssDNA translocase (ATP-dependent motor) to push the SSB along ssDNA. Here we use single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to detect such pushing events. When Cy5-labeled Escherichia coli (Ec) SSB is bound to surface-immobilized 3′-Cy3–labeled ssDNA, a fluctuating FRET signal is observed, consistent with random diffusion of SSB along the ssDNA. Addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1, a 5′ to 3′ ssDNA translocase, results in the appearance of isolated, irregularly spaced saw-tooth FRET spikes only in the presence of ATP. These FRET spikes result from translocase-induced directional (5′ to 3′) pushing of the SSB toward the 3′ ssDNA end, followed by displacement of the SSB from the DNA end. Similar ATP-dependent pushing events, but in the opposite (3′ to 5′) direction, are observed with EcRep and EcUvrD (both 3′ to 5′ ssDNA translocases). Simulations indicate that these events reflect active pushing by the translocase. The ability of translocases to chemo-mechanically push heterologous SSB proteins along ssDNA provides a potential mechanism for reorganization and clearance of tightly bound SSBs from ssDNA.
Education Research: The pod system An innovative strategy to reform residency teaching sessions in neurology

The foundational principles of adult learning theory, which include self-directed learning, experiential learning, and situated learning, can be applied to resident teaching, allowing the residents to control their own learning experience.1 The activity theory of learning expands learning from acquisition of knowledge to participation to assure a dynamic context for the learning environments. Acquiring knowledge, i.e., knowing, requires legitimate participation in the learning environment that is dynamic and continues over time.2 Statistical analysis performed by Meredith Akerman, MS, Associate Biostatistician, North Shore–LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research.
Processing Sequential Sensor Data

This book is an overview of the fascinating field of ubiquitous computing. Since this field is rapidly progressing, the book is aimed at people who want to explore it as researchers or track its evolution. Intended for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals interested in ubiquitous computing research, the book covers the major fundamentals and research in the key areas that shape the field. Each chapter is a tutorial that provides readers with an introduction to an important subset of ubiquitous computing and also contains many valuable references to relevant research papers. The field of ubiquitous computing is simultaneously young and broad. Research papers in the field commonly reference Mark Weiser, who famously coined the term “ubiquitous computing” in his Scientific American article in 1991. This is considered the start of the research area, and it has grown to encompass a broad array of technologies since then. While the field is broad, there are well-established conferences and researchers devoted to it. We chose eleven of the most prominent ubiquitous computing research devotees to contribute chapters to this book in their area of expertise. Given the field’s breadth, it would be difficult to find one person who can expertly cover it all. Some of the chapter authors teach ubiquitous computing at universities. All of them are intimately involved in research in their specialty. Working in the area means they have the experience to not only describe the fundamental research issues, but to also explain practical ways to accomplish research and publish papers in the field.
The RVN’s role in educating and supporting clients in managing behavioural problems in their pet

AbstractThe RCVS Code of Conduct outlines the terms under which veterinary nurses must practice. One responsibility requires that registered veterinary nurses must give adequate care in order to provide the best standards of welfare for their patients. Given that significant numbers of welfare problems can be related to behaviour-related problems, it can be argued that there should be a greater focus on behaviour during clinics in order to promote a better quality of life for patients.
α2δ-3 Is Required for Rapid Transsynaptic Homeostatic Signaling

The homeostatic modulation of neurotransmitter release, termed presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP), is a fundamental type of neuromodulation, conserved from Drosophila to humans, that stabilizes information transfer at synaptic connections throughout the nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that α2δ-3, an auxiliary subunit of the presynaptic calcium channel, is required for PHP. The α2δ gene family has been linked to chronic pain, epilepsy, autism, and the action of two psychiatric drugs: gabapentin and pregabalin. We demonstrate that loss of α2δ-3 blocks both the rapid induction and sustained expression of PHP due to a failure to potentiate presynaptic calcium influx and the RIM-dependent readily releasable vesicle pool. These deficits are independent of α2δ-3-mediated regulation of baseline calcium influx and presynaptic action potential waveform. α2δ proteins reside at the extracellular face of presynaptic release sites throughout the nervous system, a site ideal for mediating rapid, transsynaptic homeostatic signaling in health and disease.
Measurements of Reflectivity by Explosive Signals

Two types of reflectivity measurements were made in support of a long range acoustics propagation experiment. The objective was to obtain low frequency third octave reflection coefficients on a sloping bottom. The two types were made by (1) varying the depth of the shots at constant range and (2) varying the range of surface shots for the purpose of changing the angle of incidence. The direct and reflected arrivals were processed by a fast Fourier transform technique. The display of the arrivals and their transforms give insight to some of the reasons for the wide variability that is observed in the third octave reflection coefficients that were measured here and those reported by others. The variability in the data and the resulting uncertainty in reflection coefficients lead to the conclusion that both types of measurements yield unsatisfactory results for use in low frequency propagation models.
Strategies of Containment: Regulatory Rhetoric and Heretical Space in the Theodosian Code

This article investigates the ideological dimensions of an expressly spatialized discourse of Christian heresy in late antiquity as articulated in the laws of the Theodosian Code . It argues that efforts to legislate heresy in spatial terms served both to reify its seemingly uncontrollable, protean nature, while also distinguishing heresy as a dangerous social contagion from heresy as a cognitive condition. To legislate heresy in the language of space and place was an attempt to regularize it, to subject it to conditions that could be usefully legislated against, maybe even with a modicum of tolerance in a narrowly defined spaced. The laws within the Code deployed different rhetorics and logics to describe and regulate the spaces of the heretics. The heretics were denied space altogether and thus exposed, permitted secluded spaces and contained, and pushed out of the world altogether and thus made oblivious. In these different rhetorical maneuvers, the Code produced a protracted struggle to define the very terms of its heretical control. In codifying efforts to manage such a diverse and diffuse mass of heretics, the Code produced not a singular orthodoxy, but various orthodoxies or strategies of heretical containment. Efforts to control the heretics, in short, produced competing and complementary orthodoxies.
Observers for Nonlinear Systems: Introduction to Part 1 of the Special Issue

Most geometric control design methods for nonlinear systems assume that all state variables are available for feedback in real time. Unfortunately, the entire state is usually too expensive or impossible to measure, and some form of estimation is necessary. Unlike linear timeinvariant systems where the state estimation problem is analogous to the control design problem, the design of a stable observer is a significant and separate challenge for nonlinear systems.
Security as a Service for Cloud-Enabled Internet of Controlled Things Under Advanced Persistent Threats: A Contract Design Approach

In this paper, we aim to establish a holistic framework that integrates the cyber-physical layers of a cloud-enabled Internet of Controlled Things (IoCT) through the lens of contract theory. At the physical layer, the device uses cloud services to operate the system. The quality of cloud services is unknown to the device, and hence the device designs a menu of contracts to enable a reliable and incentive-compatible service. Based on the received contracts, the cloud service provider (SP) serves the device by determining its optimal cyber defense strategy. A contract-based FlipCloud game is used to assess the security risk and the cloud quality of service (QoS) under advanced persistent threats. The contract design approach creates a pricing mechanism for on-demand security as a service for cloud-enabled IoCT. By focusing on high and low QoS types of cloud SPs, we find that the contract design can be divided into two regimes (regimes I and II) with respect to the provided cloud QoS. Specifically, the physical devices whose optimal contracts are in regime I always request the best possible cloud security service. In contrast, the device only asks for a cloud security level that can stabilize the system when the optimal contracts lie in regime II. We illustrate the obtained results via case studies of a cloud-enabled smart home.
Will Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standard help? Modeling CAFE's impact on market share of electric vehicles

Abstract The purpose of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards is to enhance the fuel efficiency of passenger vehicles in the United States. Although these standards had been set constant for years, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) set increasing CAFE standards in 2011 based on vehicle's footprint, requiring vehicle manufacturers to improve the fuel economy of the vehicles they produce. This resulting improvement in vehicle fuel economy is likely to influence consumers’ decisions regarding new vehicle purchases, while the stringent CAFE standards are also likely to affect manufacturers’ production costs and benefits. In addition, the government provides various incentives to support the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), including electric vehicles (EVs), which in turn will likewise influences consumers’ decisions regarding purchasing a new vehicle. An agent-based model is developed in this paper to estimate the potential future market shares of EVs considering the existing inherent uncertainties under different policy scenarios, including the footprint-based CAFE regulation. The results show that, if implemented effectively in conjunction with the available government incentives, the CAFE regulation can accelerate EV market penetration and help the U.S. to move away from conventional vehicles, thus reducing fossil fuel dependency.
The rate of velocity development associates with muscle echo intensity, but not muscle cross-sectional area in older men.

The examination of mechanisms contributing to the age-related reductions in rapid velocity development is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) on plantarflexor rate of velocity development (RVD) in older adults. Twenty-two men (mean ± SD age = 69 ± 3 years) performed three maximal plantarflexion voluntary isokinetic muscle actions at a velocity of 2.09 rad · s−1. Peak RVD was determined as the peak derivative of the velocity–time curve from the onset of velocity development to the onset of the load range. B-mode ultrasound was used to examine CSA and EI from the lateral and medial gastrocnemius. Plantarflexor RVD was related to EI (r = −0.491, P = 0.020), but not CSA (r = −0.003, P = 0.989). The findings of the present investigation suggest that alterations in muscle tissue composition (i.e., increase in intramuscular fat and/or fibrous tissue) may influence the ability of older adults to rapidly accelerate their limb.
Using a Web‐Based Diary Method to Estimate Risks and Benefits from Fish Consumption

Accurate estimates of the amount and type of fish people eat are necessary to determine the health benefits and risks of consuming fish, and to assess compliance with fish consumption guidelines issued for fish affected by chemical contaminants. We developed a web-based and mobile-phone-enabled diary methodology to collect detailed fish consumption information for two 16-week periods in the summers of 2014 and 2015. We recruited study participants from two populations living in the Great Lakes region-women of childbearing age (WCBA) and urban residents who had purchased fishing licenses. In this article, we describe the methodology in detail and provide evidence related to participation rates, the representativeness of our sample over time, and both convergent validity and reliability of the data collection methods. Overall, 56% of WCBA and 50% of urban anglers provided complete data across both data collection periods. Among those who provided information at the beginning of Year 2, 97% of both audiences provided information throughout the entire 16-week period. Those who participated throughout the two-year period were slightly older on average (1.9-2.5 years) than other members of our original samples. We conclude that using diaries with web and smartphone technology, combined with incentives and persistent communication, has strong potential for assessing fish consumption in other areas of the country or for situations where the potential risks associated with fish consumption are substantial and the cost can be justified.
Infection risk assessment in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty

To determine the incidence and to identify potential risk factors for in-hospital and late infections, as well as for deep periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following TKA. We identified 17,959 patients treated with primary TKA between 2000 and 2009. We recorded patient demographics, comorbidities and in-hospital complications. The rates of in-hospital, late, and deep PJIs were determined. Different logistic regression models were built to identify risk factors for each of the above types of infection. The rates for in-hospital, post-discharge, and deep PJI were 0.65%, 0.41%, and 0.26%, respectively. Younger age, allogeneic blood transfusion, liver disease, and unilateral or staged bilateral TKA were risk factors for in-hospital infection. Renal and pulmonary disease, urinary tract infection, wound dehiscence, and prior in-hospital infection were risk factors for post-discharge infection. Male gender, history of in-hospital infection, prolonged length of stay, and pulmonary disease were identified as risk factors for deep PJI. Despite low infection rates after primary TKA, there are patients at higher risk that would benefit by addressing modifiable risk factors for both in-hospital or post-discharge infections, including deep PJIs.
Analyzing China's Guiding Case No. 79 Under Section 1 of Sherman Act - A Per Se Tying Violation or Not?

In China’s Guiding Case No. 79, Wu Xiaoqin v. Shaanxi BC & TV Network (Group) Co., Ltd., the Supreme People’s Court of China held that Defendant BC & TV Network engaged in tie-in sales, tying basic TV programs to paid TV programs, and thus violated article 17.1.5 of China’s Anti-Monopoly Law. This Comment analyzes this case under Section 1 of the U.S. Sherman Act and shows how a U.S. court might analyze it differently. After analyzing each element required for a tying agreement, this Comment concludes that a U.S. court is unlikely to hold that the alleged tying arrangement is a per se violation of the federal antitrust law.
Parental Age at Conception and the Relationship with Severity of Autism Symptoms.

Previous research has examined the relationship between advanced parental age at conception and the incidence of autism, and has noted strong relationships between advanced parental age and other d...