cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A national survey on physician trainee participation in pediatric interfacility transport

OBJECTIVES To ascertain the national experience regarding which physician trainees are allowed to participate in pediatric interfacility transports and what is considered adequate education and training for physician trainees prior to participating in the transport of children. DESIGN Self-administered electronic survey. SETTING Pediatric transport teams listed with the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Transport Medicine. SUBJECTS Leaders of U.S. pediatric transport teams. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-four of the 90 U.S. teams surveyed (49%) responded. Thirty-nine (89%) were university hospital-affiliated. Most programs (26/43, 60%) allowed trainees to participate in pediatric transport in some capacity. Mandatory transport rotations were reported for pediatric critical care (PICU) fellows (9/42, 21%), neonatology (neonatal ICU) fellows (6/42, 14%), pediatric emergency medicine fellows (4/41, 10%), emergency medicine residents (3/43, 7%), and pediatric residents (2/43, 5%). Fellow participation was reported by 19 of 28 programs (68%) with PICU fellowships, 12 of 25 programs (48%) with pediatric emergency medicine fellowships, and 10 of 34 programs (29%) with neonatal ICU fellowships. Transport programs with greater than or equal to 1,000 annual incoming transports were more likely to include PICU and pediatric emergency medicine fellows as providers (p = 0.04; 95% CI, 1.04-25.71 and p = 0.02; 95% CI, 1.31-53.75). Most commonly, trainees functioned as medical control physicians (86%), provided minute-to-minute medical direction for critically ill patients (62%), performed intubations (52%), and were code leaders for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport (52%). Most transport programs required pediatric residents, PICU, and pediatric emergency medicine fellows to complete a PICU rotation prior to participating in pediatric transports. The majority of transport programs did not use any metrics to determine airway proficiency of physician trainees. CONCLUSIONS There is heterogeneity with regard to the types of physician trainees allowed to participate in pediatric interfacility transports, the roles played by physician trainees during pediatric transport, and the training (or lack thereof) provided to physician trainees prior to their participating in pediatric transports.
Design Guidelines and Evaluation

This chapter focuses on quality factors, design principles, and guidelines that must be taken into account when stakeholders are creating or evaluating wearable solutions. The patterns and interaction paradigms described were extracted from the scientific literature and industrial domains as well. By explaining what approaches can be employed to evaluate wearable technologies, using different methods for data collection and different criteria for assessment, this chapter provides readers with a comprehensive list of design principles that can inform decisions from designers, developers, and investigators when creating novel wearable technologies or evaluating existing ones. While some of the design principles are targeted at industry experts, others focus on scientific research. Concerning evaluation, this chapter also provides readers with examples of scales, questionnaires, metrics, and questions that can be employed when assessing technology to better understand the user perspective and experience when interacting with a device. Theoretical definitions as well as illustrative examples are presented. This chapter concludes with design challenges and considerations that must be taken into account during the interaction design and evaluation.
Using Japanese Lesson Study to Merge Inservice Professional Development and Preservice Clinical Experiences

For many years, lesson study has been woven into the professional lives of Japanese teachers. Recently, it has become more widespread in the U.S. Core elements of Japanese Lesson Study include coll...
Baseline investigation on mortality from malignant tumor from 2006 to 2009 around Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant,Liaoning Province

objective To understand the baseline data of mortality from malignant tumor from 2006 to 2009 around Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant in Wafangdian City,Liaoning Province,so as to provide scientific basis for evaluating the impact of normal operation of nuclear power plant on the health of the residents nearby.Methods Thirty small towns near Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant were divided into 5 investigated areas according to the distances away therefrom(0.,10.,20-,30-,and 40-km).The data about from malignant tumor were obtained from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Wafangdian.The mortality distribution of difierent malignant tumors was analyzed,including the radiosensitive malignant tumors,especially leukemia,breast cancer,and thyroid gland cancer in different area,gender,and age groups.Results The mortality from malignant tumor was 151.97/105,and the standardized mortality rate(SMR)was 97.76/105.The mortality from malignant tumor among the males was 188.28/105(with the SMR of 116.76/105),and that among the females was 113.47/105(with the SMR of 75.89/105).with a sex ratio of 1.71.The first five cancers in the rank of death causes were lung,liver,stomach,colorectal,and esophageal cancers with mortality of 46.19/105,23.51/105,20.30/105,8.06/105 and 5.45/105,respectively.The mortality from mal.ignant tumor in the areas around the nuclear power plant from the near to the distant were 99.85/105, 137.40/105,138.73/105,156.30/105,and 154.16/105,respectively.The mortality from radiosensitive malignant tumors,leukemia,breast cancer,and thyroid gland cancer were 4.57/105,4.06/105,and 0.26/105,respectively.Conclusions Lung cancer and digestive tract malignant tumors are the main causes of death from malignant tumors in Wafangdian area before the nuclear power plant began to operate.There are no significant differences in the mortality distribution of malignant tumors among different areas,genders,and age groups.There are not significant differences in the mortality distribution of leukemia and breast cancer among different areas and age groups. Key words: Nuclear power plant; Malignant tumor; Mortality
Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity interacts with soil nutrients to predict plant growth despite weak plant-soil feedbacks

Plant-soil feedbacks are the result of multiple abiotic and biotic mechanisms. However, few studies have addressed how feedbacks vary based on abiotic context or attempted to identify microbiota responsible for feedbacks. We investigated whether plant-soil feedbacks of an ectomycorrhizal tree (Quercus macrocarpa) varied based on soil nutrient status and whether fungal community composition and diversity could explain feedback patterns. We inoculated Q. macrocarpa seedlings with field-sampled soils taken from five soil origins – including heterospecific and conspecific trees and an old field – which were profiled using fungal DNA metabarcoding. There was a positive home vs. away plant-soil feedback, though feedbacks with individual hosts were not significant regardless of fertilization. Still, hosts harbored distinctive fungal communities that were predictive of plant growth. There was a growth promotive effect of ectomycorrhizal OTU diversity that was weakened with fertilization, suggesting context-dependent relationships between plant growth and a guild of fungal mutualists. Our results demonstrate that the host-specific accumulation of functionally important soil microbes is not always sufficient to drive species level plant-soil feedbacks. Our data provide support for a role of ECM fungal diversity in mediating plant growth responses, though it is unclear whether this effect was direct or indirect.
The technopolitics of energy transitions: Materiality, expertise, and fixed capital in Japan’s power grid disputes:

This article examines recent controversies in Japan surrounding access to the power grid by renewable energy producers to think through the possibilities of a political ecology of socio-technical s...
Fouling in membrane filtration for juice processing

Pressure-driven membrane filtration is an essential part in the juice industry as a tool for clarification and concentration due to its low-temperature treatment, high selectivity, and lower energy consumption. However, membrane fouling compromises these benefits as fouling significantly reduces the membrane performance and durability, hence increasing the operating and maintenance costs. This paper reviews the recent advances related to membrane fouling in juice processing in the light of the growing interest towards sustainable processes characterized by high economic viability and low environmental impact. This review focuses on the characteristics of membrane fouling, factors affecting membrane fouling, and techniques used to mitigate membrane fouling. Future trends and challenges for the technology development to address membrane fouling in juice processing are also discussed.
Toward AI-enabled augmented reality to enhance the safety of highway work zones: Feasibility, requirements, and challenges

Abstract Highway work zones are considered among the most hazardous working environments. In 2018 alone, 124 workers lost their lives to fatal accidents. The lack of predictive safety systems that notify workers of upcoming dangers in advance is a major reason to blame in the highway maintenance and operation community. This article presents an integrative design framework for bringing recent advances in Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance the safety of highway workers through real-time multimodal notifications on-spot. To this end, this article conceptualizes and co-designs three major pillars: (1) AR user interface design for multimodal notification, (2) real-time AI at the edge for vehicle detection/classification from distance, and (3) real-time wireless communication in work zone setting to enable latency-aware operation between AI and AR components. Our early results demonstrate that we can achieve 24.83 FPS end-to-end execution latency on the Xavier AGX Jetson board with 48.7% mAP on BDD100K dataset, and a real-time communication covering 120 meters with an average latency of 5.1 ms at the farthest distance. Our mixed-method user research also reveals an acceptable level of excitement and engagement from the body of highway workers toward both the proposed technology and the designed user interface. Overall, this article provides a proof-of-concept toward AI-enabled AR safety systems in highway work zones.
Topographies of Hope: Social Justice, Outdoor Environmental Education, and Accomplice-ship

This chapter explores outdoor environmental education (OEE) and opportunities for OEE educators to contribute to topographies of hope relevant to issues of social (in)justices. As the opening quote encourages, the chapter adopts a hopeful tenor to envisioning future possibilities. The chapter offers insights into social justice and OEE. The concepts of microagressions, unconscious bias, privilege, oppression, and intersectionality are reviewed with examples provided. The chapter explores the skills and growth-oriented mindset of many OEE educators and the ways in which these capacities can positively contribute to (re)landscaping future terrains. The final section offers both individual and programmatic recommendations for engaging in social activism, with a focus on intentional social justice accomplice-ship and advocacy.
Incorporation of Si and Sn donors in β-Ga2O3 through surface reconstructions

Tin and silicon incorporate on gallium sites in Ga 2O 3 and act as shallow donors. The monoclinic structure of Ga 2O 3 has two inequivalent Ga sites; density functional theory calculations for bulk show that Sn prefers the octahedral site, while Si prefers the tetrahedral site. Experiments have indicated that Si and Sn can also incorporate on the thermodynamically less preferred site. We use density functional theory to study the adsorption of Si and Sn and also the co-adsorption of these impurities with Ga and O adatoms on the Ga 2O 3(010) surface. We identify a number of surface reconstructions in which Si adatoms prefer octahedral sites and Sn adatoms prefer tetrahedral sites. By applying the electron counting rule, we also study the mechanisms of the preferred adsorption sites for Si and Sn. We conclude that Si and Sn can also occupy the thermodynamically unfavored site due to surface reconstructions during the growth, which potentially leads to Si and Sn occupying both octahedral and tetrahedral sites in Ga 2O 3.
Synchrony-desynchrony in the tripartite model of fear: Predicting treatment outcome in clinically phobic children.

Abstract The tripartite model of fear posits that the fear response entails three loosely coupled components: subjective distress, behavioral avoidance, and physiological arousal. The concept of synchrony vs. desynchrony describes the degree to which changes in the activation of these components vary together (synchrony), independently, or inversely (both forms of desynchrony) over time. The present study assessed synchrony–desynchrony and its relationship to treatment outcome in a sample of 98 children with specific phobias both prior to and 1 week after receiving one-session treatment, a 3 h cognitive-behavioral intervention. The results suggest an overall pattern of desynchronous change whereby youth improved on behavioral avoidance and subjective distress following treatment, but their level of cardiovascular reactivity remained stable. However, we found evidence that synchronous change on the behavioral avoidance and subjective distress components was related to better treatment outcome, whereas desynchronous change on these components was related to poorer treatment outcome. These findings suggest that a fuller understanding of the three response systems and their interrelations in phobic youth may assist us in the assessment and treatment of these disorders, potentially leading to a more person-centered approach and eventually to enhanced treatment outcomes.
ABUSE: PKI for real-world email trust

Current PKI-based email systems (such as X.509 S/MIME and PGP/ MIME) potentially enable a recipient to determine a name and organizational affiliation of the sender. This information can suffice for a trust decision when the recipient already knows the sender--but how can a recipient decide whether or not trust email from a new correspondent? Current systems are not expressive enough to capture the real ways that trust flows in these sorts of scenarios. To solve this problem, we begin by applying concepts from social science research to a variety of such cases from interesting application domains; primarily, crisis management in the North American power grid. We have examined transcripts of telephone calls made between grid management personnel during the August 2003 North American blackout and extracted several different classes of trust flows from these real-world scenarios. Combining this knowledge with some design patterns from HCISEC, we develop criteria for a system that will enable humans apply these same methods of trust-building in the digital world. We then present the design and prototype of Attribute-Based, Usefully Secure Email (ABUSE)--and present experimental evaluation showing that it solves the problem.
Outcome of head trauma: age and post-traumatic seizures.

A series of 307 head-injured children (0-14 yr) was followed from the acute phase for up to six years with a separate group of 220 non-injured siblings as control. The neurological, EEG, psychometric and psychiatric findings were analysed. Here we discuss the influence of age at time of injury with respect to post traumatic seizures. Overall incidence of early seizures (during first week) was 15% and of late seizures (one week to six years) was 5%. Youngest children (0-2 yr), however, had a low frequency (3%) of early seizures, but 11% frequency of late seizures. The frequency of early seizures was higher and frequency of the late seizures was lower in children than in adults with either closed or penetrating injuries. Comparison of these data with those of other investigators suggested that the overall incidence of early seizures in children 2-14 yr of age is higher than in adults, whereas the late occurrence of seizures appears to be lower than that in adults. The pattern, however, in the youngest children 0-2 yr of age resembles that of adults (particularly adults with penetrating injuries). Language: en
Chapter II The activation of trans-acting factors in response to hypo- and hyper-osmotic stress in mammalian cells

This chapter discusses the two trans-acting factors in the context of the effect of osmotic stress on gene expression—tonicity-responsive enhancer element binding protein (TonEBP) and heat shock transcription factor (HSF) . The osmotic stress-induced HSF activation is unique in various ways: (1) it is induced within minutes after osmotic stress, (2) it is inducible by both hypo- and hyper-osmolarity, and (3) it is uncoupled from transcriptional activation. Except for TonEBP, which has yet to be fully identified, HSF is the only known DNA binding protein that is responsive to osmotic stress. Unlike TonEBP, which responds only to hyper-osmotic stress, HSF activation is sensitive to both hypo and hyper-osmotic stress. In view of its sensitivity to both temperature and osmolarity changes, HSF can be considered not only as a molecular thermostat, but also as a molecular osmometer. HSF activation (trimerization and DNA binding) occurs rapidly within minutes under both heat stress and osmotic stress. In contrast, TonEBP activation—as measured by Tone binding activity—occurs more slowly, usually 6–10 h after hyperosmotic stress.
Joseph Manuel Guileyardo, MD: a conversation with the editor.

Dr. Joe Guileyardo is presently the chief of the autopsy service at Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas (BUMC). He was born on April 15, 1952, in Bogalusa, Louisiana, and grew up there. At age 18, he and his family moved to Hammond, Louisiana, where he attended Southeastern Louisiana University. In 1973, he entered Louisiana State University (LSU) Medical School in New Orleans, graduating in December 1976. His residency in anatomic and clinical pathology was at the Charity Hospital of Louisiana, LSU Division, from January 1977 until December 1980. He joined the LSU pathology faculty upon completion of his residency training, and then in 1982 he moved back to Hammond as pathologist for Seventh Ward General Hospital. Also during this time he served as coroner's pathologist for Tangiaphoa Parish. In 1989, he moved to Dallas for his fellowship in forensic pathology at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences. He then entered active duty with the Army, serving as an Armed Forces medical examiner during the Gulf War before returning to Dallas as deputy chief medical examiner for Dallas County, a position that he held for the next 10 years. In 2001, he established his private forensic consulting firm in Dallas and remains its director.
Chinese in Mexico City in 1635

It may be interesting to learn that even before the end of the Ming dynasty, numbers of Chinese had already arrived in Mexico. On June 22, 1635, the municipal council (cabildo) of Mexico City studied a petition which had been submitted to the viceroy by the Spanish barbers in the capital. The latter protested against the “excesses” and “inconveniences” to the “Republic” resulting from the practises of Chinese barbers. The viceroy passed along the complaint and asked for the advice of the city government.
Simple examples of non-generating Girsanov processes

Let B(t), 0≤t≤∞ be a Brownian motion on (ω, F, P) with with B0=0. Let F(t), 0≤t≤∞ be its filtration, with F(∞)=F. We construct, simple examples of probability measures P′≈P for which this filtration is not generated by the corresponding Girsanov process, but is nevertheless generated by some process which is a Brownian motion for the measure P′.
A thermophysical mathematical model of steady-draw smoking and predictions of overall cigarette behavior

Abstract Manipulation of the effeluent smoke composition from a cigarette will be facilitated by a working model of the combustion and smoke formation process. A first step toward such a model is presented. For simplicity, the situation considered here is steady-draw smoking from ignition. A one-dimensional model of the actual two-dimensional burning process is derived from the usual conservation laws (mass, momentum, energy, species). The chemical processes are simplified by the concept of grouping of reactions. The model thus includes only a one-step char oxidation reaction and a one-step pyrolysis reaction; the kinetic parameters of these are obtained by thermal analysis of tobacco. Other input parameters, notably convective heat transfer coefficient, are measured values. Model predictions of the effects of flow rate and oxygen concentration on burning rate and pressure drop are compared with experiment. Reasonable agreement is found for these overall behavior parameters.
On vibrational lineshapes of adsorbed molecules

Abstract The possible information content in lineshapes observed in vibrational spectroscopy of molecules adsorbed on surfaces is considered by drawing analogies with similar situations in other spectroscopic areas where the systematics are more completely understood. When possible, simple physical models are introduced which illustrate the points to be stressed. Particular emphasis is placed on the relative roles of T 1 (dissipative decay) versus T ' 2 (pure dephasing) processes in determining linewidths, on the roles of substrate electron-hole pairs, phonons, and photons in T 1 processes, and possible ways to establish which broadening mechanism is operative in a given situation. A particular kind of dephasing that is important for vibrational lineshapes in molecular crystals, so called exchange-coupling, is suggested as playing a significant role for molecular adsorbates as well. Some recent experimental studies are analyzed in the light of concepts introduced in this paper.
Gender difference in access and intervention outcomes: the case for women with disabilities.

Purpose. This study replicated the one that was conducted 30 years ago to determine systematic gender differences in access and outcomes of vocational rehabilitation services (VRS).Methods. Unlike the original study that was confined to Region V, this study examined case management data from 653,206 cases that were closed by State VRS in 2004 in all states. It used a t-test to analyse gender differences in access to VRS and intervention outcomes in education, employment, earnings and dependence on public support. The study also conducted multivariate analysis to determine the effects of gender on VRS intervention outcomes.Results. The study found differences similar to those found 30 years ago. Although women had better educational outcomes, they had lower employment and earnings and greater dependence on needs-based public support than did men. A disturbing finding is that the gender employment and earnings gaps were wider after VRS interventions than before. After controlling for other factors, the stud...
A COMPARISON OF OBSERVED SCORE AND TRUE SCORE EQUATING METHODS FOR REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES AND SAMPLES MATCHED ON AN ANCHOR TEST1

This paper addresses the sample invariant properties of four equating methods (Tucker and Levine linear equating, Equipercentile equating through an anchor test, and three-parameter item response theory equating). Equating results across two sampling conditions, “representative” sample and “matched” sample, were compared to determine which equating procedures produced the most consistent results. In the representative sample condition, equatings were based on old-form and new-form samples that differed in ability; in the matched sample condition, the old-form sample was selected to match the anchor test score distribution of the new-form sample. Results for the item response theory equating method differed for representative and matched samples, as did the equating results for Levine and Equipercentile methods. Results based on the Tucker observed-score equating method were found to be essentially the same across representative and matched sample conditions. Results for the four equating methods tended to converge under the matched sample condition. The last section of this paper offers tentative explanations for the findings.
Single vs Dual Vessel Porcine Extracorporeal Liver Perfusion

Abstract Background. The use of porcine extracorporeal liver perfusion (PECLP) to provide temporary hepatic support for patients in fulminant hepatic failure has been limited by the fact that individual perfusions can be sustained for only a few hours. Inadequate liver function and/or hemodynamic instability are the major contributing factors for early interruption of PECLP. Recent reports suggest that the choice of single (portal vein only) vs dual (portal vein and hepatic artery) vessel perfusion may influence the duration of perfusion. We hypothesize that PECLP with single vessel perfusion (SVP) is associated with worse liver function and greater hemodynamic instability than PECLP with dual vessel perfusion (DVP). Materials and methods. To eliminate the potentially confounding influences of liver failure and xenograft rejection, liver isografts procured from White-Landrace pig donors were perfused by either SVP or DVP via an extracorporeal circuit established with normal White-Landrace pig recipients. The function of perfused livers was evaluated by measuring production of bile and Factors V and VIII, clearance of ammonia and lactate, and extraction of O2 at baseline and at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after initiation of PECLP. The impact of PECLP on recipient hemodynamic status was assessed by monitoring BP, heart rate, urine output, O2 saturation, etc. Among other parameters evaluated were serum albumin and total protein and hepatic release of IL-1β and nitric oxide to assess their possible contributions to hemodynamic instability. Results. DVP and SVP livers cleared ammonia and lactate similarly. Both approaches were associated with progressive hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia. DVP livers produced more bile and Factor V and were associated with less recipient hypotension and IL-1β and NO release than SVP livers. Conclusions. Livers with DVP function better than livers with SVP. The duration of PECLP can be limited by recipient hypotension, although this complication is less severe with DVP than with SVP.
Root iron‐reduction capacity for genotypic evaluation of iron efficiency in soybean

Abstract Genetic resistance to Fe‐deficiency chlorosis is the most viable and economical means to overcome this problem in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but current field evaluation is slowed and constrained by soil heterogeneity and environmental fluctuation. Highly resistant (Fe‐efficient) cultivars have been shown to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ more actively by the roots under Fe‐deficiency stress than highly susceptible genotypes. The objective of this study was to determine if Fe3+ reduction could be used to predict the degree of resistance or susceptibility to Fe‐deficiency chlorosis. Thirteen genotypes (both commercial and experimental) with known field susceptibility ratings were grown in a growth chamber in modified Hoagland solution. The more Fe‐efficient genotypes reduced Fe3+ earlier and to a greater extent than the less Fe‐efficient types. The sum of the seven daily Fe3+ reduction measurements was negatively correlated with field chlorosis ratings, as high as ‐0.864 (p > 0.01), and was a good pre...
Synergistic inhibition of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase by guanosine tetraphosphate and histidine

Abstract In the presence of partially inhibiting concentrations of the feedback inhibitor histidine guanosine-5′-diphosphate-3′-diphosphate becomes a potent inhibitor of the residual activity of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium . Inhibition by guanosine tetraphosphate is higher order and slowly reversible. Inhibition does not occur in the absence of histidine. This effect constitutes an important control on the rate of histidine biosynthesis in response to the general aminoacid nutritional state of the cell.
Molecular events involved in transcriptional activation of heat shock genes become progressively refractory to heat stimulation during aging of human diploid fibroblasts

We examined the induction, by heat shock, of heat shock transcription factor (HSTF) DNA-binding and hsp 70 gene promoter activities during aging of the IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts. Cells with population doubling level (PDL) ranging from 15-48 were heat shocked at temperatures of 39, 42, and 45 degrees C for various time periods; the binding of HSTF to its consensus DNA was determined by gel retardation assay and the promoter activity of the human hsp 70 gene was analyzed by transient expression of reporter gene activity. We observed that the induction of HSE-binding activity was inversely related to the PDL of the cells used. Importantly, as cells progress through their life span, a higher temperature and a longer period of heat shock were needed to evoke an optimal increase in HSE-binding activity. A substantial and rapid (within 30 min) increase in HSE-binding activity was observed when PDL 20 cells were heat shocked at 39, 42, or 45 degrees C. However, PDL 35 cells did not respond to 39 degrees C, and PDL 48 cells responded slowly to heat shock at 45 degrees C, but not 39 or 42 degrees C. Experiments on the heat induced increase in hsp 70 promoter driven reporter gene expression provided similar information on the age-dependent decrease in transcriptional activation of hsps. These results were further corroborated by quantitation of the abundance of mRNA of hsp 70. Analysis of the cAMP induced expression of the rat somatostatin promoter driven CAT gene provided evidence that the decrease in transcriptional activation of hsps in aging diploid cells was not a reflection of a generalized dysfunction of signal transduction. We conclude that functional changes in the heat shock response occur before cells lose their capacity to replicate, and we suggest that these changes are likely to have a central role in the expression of the aging phenotype.
Biological and physico-chemical properties of an atypical mutant of tobacco mosaic virus.

A mutant of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was isolated from a population of TMV-RNA molecules inactivated to 0.1% level of survival by treatment with nitrous acid This mutant is poorly transported in “Samsun” tobacco and induces chlorotic spots, oak-leaf patterns, ringspots and necrosis. Rate zonal sucrose density-gradient and equilibrium sedimentations in sucrose and CsCl indicate that the purified mutant preparations contain a heterogenous population of particles including some “free” coat protein. These vary in length, but approximately 5–10% are infectious rods of standard (15×300 nm) dimensions. Purified mutant RNA contain an overabundance of fragmented and a few infectious molecules. Compared to the parent strain, the mutant capsid protein contains two additional residues of arginine and one of glycine, but lacks one residue each of glutamic acid (or glutamine), serine and threonine. These observations and other data based on temperature sensitivity, exposure to urea and serology indicate that the mutant particles are inherently unstable and break during the purification procedure.
Course and classroom scheduling: an interactive computer graphics approach

Abstract This paper introduces a new, interactive, computer graphics approach to the problem of constructing and modifying course and classroom schedules. The system demonstrates that graphics symbols on a computer display can represent schedule information. Manipulation of the icons is interpreted by the system as scheduling commands which automatically update the data base, test schedule constraints for feasibility, and immediately redisplay the newly modified information in graphic form. A course is moved in time and place (classroom) by the movement of the corresponding icon (rectangle) on the computer screen. The shape of the icon is a function of the type and length of the course. The system speeds and simplifies schedule development over present manual methods, and over the present use of traditional electronic spreadsheets, but does not completely automate the schedule process.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Adiabatic Shear Bands in Metals under Low-Velocity Impact Conditions

Adiabatic shear bands are localized regions of intense plastic deformation that form when materials are subjected to high-strain-rate loading and are generally considered to be precursors to fracture. The objectives of this paper were to study adiabatic shear bands generated in commercially pure titanium and pearlitic AISI4140 steel utilizing a controlled- penetration impact setup and to model the dynamic shearband formation process using a Lagrangian finite- element code. Results showed that utilization of the controlled- penetration impact experimental apparatus significantly lowered the required impact velocity for formation of adiabatic shear bands in the materials tested. The length and location of the formed shear bands were controllable and extremely sensitive to the prescribed depth of penetration, allowing for the generation of crack- free shear bands. Microhardness testing of the band material revealed it to be considerably harder than the surrounding material, which possibly indicates rapid quenching of the heated band material. The finite- element simulation results showed that it is possible to realistically model adiabatic shear banding for a range of different materials.
Dietary Responses to a Hypertension Diagnosis: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010

Dietary modification has been shown to substantially reduce blood pressure among people with hypertension. This article uses data from the 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 cross-sections of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine the extent to which a hypertension diagnosis can influence individuals’ dietary choices. Several models were estimated to clarify the association of a hypertension diagnosis with dietary factors related to hypertension management. A comparison group of individuals at risk for developing hypertension was used. Results suggest that individuals who received a recent diagnosis of hypertension are more likely to have lower intakes of some dietary factors important in blood pressure management, including sodium. The results also highlight a discrepancy between added salt use and dietary sodium intake. While more recent hypertensive patients tended to consume lower levels of dietary sodium, patients diagnosed longer ago tended to use less added salt. Given that t...
Balanced factorial designs with two-way elimination of heterogeneity

SUMMARY Balanced factorial designs which permit two-way elimination of heterogeneity are defined, and the combinatorial conditions for such designs are derived. Methods of constructing two-way balanced factorial designs are given. In particular, for s a prime power and > 3, a method is given to construct an s x s balanced factorial design with s(s -1) columns and s(s -1) rows such that none of the main effects is confounded with either row effects or column effects.
THE GIBBS FREE ENERGY OF NUKUNDAMITE (Cu3.38Fe0.62S4): A CORRECTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIA

The Gibbs free energy of formation of nukundamite (Cu 3.38 Fe 0.62 S 4 ) was calculated from published experimental studies of the reaction 3.25 Cu 3.38 Fe 0.62 S 4 + S 2 = 11 CuS + 2 FeS 2 in order to correct an erroneous expression in the published record. The correct expression describing the Gibbs free energy of formation (kJ·mol −1 ) of nukundamite relative to the elements and ideal S 2 gas is Δ f G° nukundamite, T(K) = −549.75 + 0.23242 T + 3.1284 T 0.5 , with an uncertainty of 0.6%. An evaluation of the phase equilibria of nukundamite with associated phases in the system Cu–Fe–S as a function of temperature and sulfur fugacity indicates that nukundamite is stable from 224 to 501°C at high sulfidation states. At its greatest extent, at 434°C, the stability field of nukundamite is only 0.4 log f (S 2 ) units wide, which explains its rarity. Equilibria between nukundamite and bornite, which limit the stability of both phases, involve bornite compositions that deviate significantly from stoichiometric Cu 5 FeS 4 . Under equilibrium conditions in the system Cu–Fe–S, nukundamite + chalcopyrite is not a stable assemblage at any temperature.
Proton-induced production of eta on nuclei.

The features of the ({ital p},{ital p}{prime}{eta}) reaction are examined for incident proton energies between 0.8 and 1.6 GeV. Reactions are calculated for exclusive transitions in which the continuum proton and {eta} are observed in coincidence. This process should be dominated by transitions {ital N}+{ital N}{r arrow}{ital N}+{ital N}+{eta} involving intermediate excitation of one of the nucleons to an {ital N}(1535) isobar. We take phenomenological amplitudes for the process {pi}+{ital N}{r arrow}{eta}+{ital N} in the nuclear medium. A theoretical formalism for the reaction amplitudes is derived and examined in detail. Nuclear distortions of the hadrons are estimated in the eikonal approximation. The theoretical cross sections are shown to be dominated by a single production amplitude. This results in the prediction that {eta} production should occur entirely through {Delta}{ital T}=1 non-normal parity nuclear transitions; i.e., that the nuclear states excited should show the spin-isospin characteristics of the exchanged meson. Peak reaction cross sections are predicted to have a strong dependence on the incident proton energy. Expected peak cross sections, for a target like {sup 16}O, are on the order of 1 {mu}b/sr{sup 2} MeV.
Review and Characterization of Best Candidate Isotopes for Burnup Analysis and Monitoring of Irradiated Fuel

Abstract This research is an extension of feasibility study of MOX fuel online burnup analysis. A multitude of fission products identified as candidates have been scrutinized for their suitability of burnup analysis and spent fuel analysis. Best isotopes obtained for analysis by investigating half-life, fission yield, branching ratios, production modes, thermal neutron absorption cross section and fuel matrix diffusivity. 132I and 97Nb are identified as good isotope candidates for on-line burnup analysis. 132I is also a good candidate for plutonium/uranium discrimination due to the large difference in the fission yield of the isotope. For interim storage monitoring the well-established cesium isotopes appears to be the best choices unless the data gaps are addressed. Other alternate for cesium for interim monitoring is 131I, 140La, and 95Nb at the present time. Selection of one over the other choice must be made based on application. For the long-term storage monitoring 94Nb is the only attractive candidate. It has a low diffusion rate of ∼10−11 cm2/s, an almost zero neutron absorption cross section making it burnup history independent and decent gamma yield of 1.44E−09. In addition, the paper also identifies the data gaps for developing a robust burnup analysis tool using gamma spectroscopy.
The prevalence of burning mouth syndrome: a population-based study

Background Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as symptoms of persistent burning in the mouth without objective findings accounting for the symptoms.
Integration of inverted ingaas MSM array on Si substrate through low temperature wafer bonding

An array of inverted InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors has been integrated into a silicon substrate using a low temperature In-Au wafer bonding technique. The total thickness of the bonding metal layers is less than 1 μm. It is shown that the photocurrent of the back illuminated InGaAs MSM photodetectors after bonding increases by 70% compared to the front illuminated MSM measured prior to bonding while the dark current reduces slightly after bonding.
Trace metals in scallops from within and around two ocean disposal sites

Abstract The areal distributions of the concentrations of 13 metals in sea scallop tissues were examined in the vicinity of two ocean disposal sites located off the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Patterns of metals distribution show that: 1. (1) Five specific metals may be used as identification tags for individual wastes diposed at the two sites, and 2. (2) disposed materials tend to be transported by currents south and southwest from the disposal sites, and 3. (3) biological availability and potential toxicity of metals pose a threat to marine biota.
Multiagent learning is not the answer. It is the question

The article by Shoham, Powers, and Grenager called ''If multi-agent learning is the answer, what is the question?'' does a great job of laying out the current state of the art and open issues at the intersection of game theory and artificial intelligence (AI). However, from the AI perspective, the term ''multiagent learning'' applies more broadly than can be usefully framed in game theoretic terms. In this larger context, how (and perhaps whether) multiagent learning can be usefully applied in complex domains is still a large open question.
Rural Middle School Nutrition and Physical Activity Environments and the Change in Body Mass Index During Adolescence

BACKGROUND For rural adolescents, schools are among the few places where environmental interventions can promote health outside of the home. The goal of this study was to assess the nutrition and physical activity (N&PA) environments of schools attended by a birth cohort and examine the association with change in body mass index (BMI) from sixth to eighth grade. METHODS Using data from adolescents of a rural New York State birth cohort (N = 281), we used linear mixed models to identify N&PA environments associated with change in BMI. We also examined family income trajectory as a potential modifier to consider how the association between school environment and change in BMI might differ depending on income. RESULTS We found considerable heterogeneity in environments within and between schools. Among students with low-income trajectories, reductions in BMI z-scores were associated with school environments that promote better physical education (PE) and general (non-PE, non-sport) physical activity. Schools with better sports environments were associated with reductions in BMI for some students, but not lower-income students. CONCLUSIONS School environments may have differing effects on students depending on their socioeconomic status. Strategies are needed to identify and address barriers that impair low-income students' access to health-promoting school resources.
Antibodies against conserved antigens provide opportunities for reform in influenza vaccine design.

High-performance neutralizing antibody against influenza virus typically recognizes the globular head region of its hemagglutinin (HA) envelope glycoprotein. To date, approved human vaccination strategies have assumed a divine-right of such antibodies as a sole means of preventing the consequences of this infection. However, frequent amino-acid changes in the HA globular head allow for efficient immune evasion. Consequently, vaccines inducing such neutralizing antibodies need to be annually re-designed and re-administered at a great expense. These vaccines furthermore provide little-to-no immunity against antigenic-shift strains, which arise from complete replacement of HA or of neuraminidase genes, and pose pandemic risks. To address these issues, laboratory research has focused on inducing immunity effective against all strains, regardless of changes in the HA globular head. Despite prior dogma that such cross-protection needs to be induced by cellular immunity alone, several advances in recent years demonstrate that antibodies of other specificities are capable of cross-strain protection in mice. This review discusses the reactivity, induction, efficacy, and mechanisms of antibodies that react with poorly accessible epitopes in the HA stalk, with the matrix 2 membrane ion channel, and even with the internal nucleoprotein. These advances warrant further investigation of the inducibility and efficacy of such revolutionary antibody strategies in humans.
Mechanisms and Structural Parameters Affecting the Interlaminar Stress Field in Laminates with Ply Drop-offs

The mechanisms and structural parameters affecting the interlaminar stress field in laminates with ply drop-offs have been investigated to help better understand the effects of different parameters in such laminates. Based on equilibrium considerations, two fundamental mechanisms that give rise to interlaminar stresses have been identified: the termination effect, caused by the load transfer from the terminated ply group to the continuous ply groups; and the offset effect, caused by the redistribution of the load in the outer continuous ply groups through an offset in the through-thickness direction from the undropped region to the dropped region. The characteristics of the two mechanisms and the factors that affect the inter-laminar stress field caused by these mechanisms are described by considering two specific laminate configurations in which these mechanisms can be isolated. Factors of particular importance are the magnitudes of the far-field loads in the terminated and outer continuous ply groups, t...
Anti-Hormonal Agents: 3. HPLC of Cyproterone Acetate

Abstract A procedure is described for the reverse phase HPLC analysis of the anti-androgenic steroid cyproterone acetate in tablets containing 5 and 10 mg dosages. Samples of these tablets stored for more than 10 years showed no sign of deterioration.
Correlating the Mechanical Properties of a Continuous Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic‐Matrix Composite to the Sliding Resistance of the Fibers

The sliding resistance of NICALON fibers (SiC) in a lithium aluminosilicate (LAS III) glass-ceramic matrix has been correlated with the mechanical properties of the composite. Push-down measurements of the sliding resistance for individual fibers show an order of magnitude increase when the ceramic composite is annealed in air for 4 h at 800°C. Such increases are correlated with a loss of toughness, a reduction in the ultimate strength, and an increase in the matrix cracking stress of the composite, as measured using tension tests and bend tests of bulk samples.
Spanish Language Use and Attitudes: A Study of Two New York City Communities.

This article presents the results of a comparative study of two Hispanic communities in New York City: Washington Heights and Elmhurst/Corona. Our data on language proficiency, language use, and attitudes were gathered using a sociolinguistic questionnaire. However, the study benefited from the interactive process established between the researchers and the communities which they studied and in which they live and work. Our data are analyzed along three dimensions. First, we compare data for the two Spanish-speaking communities. We discuss how the social status and the ethnic configuration of the community affect linguistic and attitudinal behaviors. Then, we analyze the data according to national origin. We discuss how the five nationality groups included in our study - Central Americans, Cubans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, and South Americans differ in language proficiency, language use, and language attitudes. Finally, we compare the data for Dominicans in Washington Heights to that of Dominicans in Elmhurst/Corona. We examine how national origin and the language surround of the ethnic community interact in order to determine language use and attitudes. Some of the findings here differ from what may be supposed of such cases. We suggest socioeducational and language policies for Hispanics in the United States based on the results of this study. (Sociology of language, sociolinguistics, language planning, ethnic studies, sociology, education of