cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of Ingenol

The ingenane diterpenes are a structurally complex and biologically important class of naturally occurring compounds. The first section of this review introduces ingenol, the flagstone member of the ingenane diterpenes. The second section describes the studies directed toward the total synthesis of ingenol from our laboratory, culminating in the first total synthesis of ingenol. The final sections present subsequent total syntheses from Tanino and Kuwajima, Wood, and Baran, highlighting their unique approaches to the establishment of the trans-intrabridgehead stereochemistry that represents the most challenging structural feature in the synthesis of ingenol.
Association of air pollutants, airborne occupational exposures, and chronic rhinosinusitis disease severity

Background Previous work has shown that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) severity may be associated with particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5 ) and black carbon (BC) in CRS patients without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Data regarding occupational exposures, however, are lacking. We assessed the impact of PM2.5 , BC, as well as occupational airborne exposure on CRS disease severity. Methods Patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), CRSsNP, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) were identified from an institutionwide database. Spatial modeling from 37 pollutant monitoring sites in Allegheny County was used to estimate exposures. Patient occupations using the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC10) and airborne occupation exposures to vapors, gases, dusts, fumes, fibers and mists (VGDFFiM) or diesel fumes were recorded. Disease severity was measured by modified Lund-Mackay score (LMS), systemic corticosteroid therapy, and incidence of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Results Two hundred thirty-four patients were included (CRSwNP, n = 113; CRSsNP, n = 96; AERD, n = 25). The prevalence of AERD among those with CRSwNP was 18%. Patients exposed to VGDFFiM or diesel fumes required higher steroid doses vs nonexposed patients (p = 0.015 and p = 0.03, respectively); patients with VGDFFiM levels >5% were more likely to undergo FESS vs nonexposed patients (p = 0.0378). There was no difference in PM2.5 and BC with regard to disease severity and FESS between CRSwNP, CRSsNP, and AERD patients. Steroid use was significantly higher in CRSwNP and AERD vs CRSsNP (p = 0.001). LMS was significantly higher in AERD as compared with CRSwNP and CRSsNP (p = 0.001). Conclusion Occupational airborne exposure to VGDFFiM correlated with increased prevalence of FESS and need for corticosteroids in CRS patients. There was no difference in PM2.5 and BC levels and disease severity outcome measures between CRS subtypes in this subset.
More than Nothing: Examining the Worldview Influences of Nonreligious College Students

Nonreligious individuals are often defined by their absence of a religious worldview rather than the worldview that might take its place. This study examines data from a unique survey that asked a representative sample of first-year college students to identify important influences on their worldview at the beginning and end of the year. Cross-sectional analyses show that nonreligious students are less likely than religious students to identify family background or cultural traditions as important worldview influences, but are more likely to say that sexual orientation is an important influence on their worldview. Longitudinal analyses show that individuals who were nonreligious at a previous time are less likely to identify family as an important influence at a later time regardless of whether they are still nonreligious. Individuals who become nonreligious over time shift their perceived worldview influences away from religious beliefs and cultural traditions to philosophical traditions. These findings help contribute to our understanding of the content and dynamics of secular worldviews.
The Microbial Quality of Pork Carcass during Storage

ObjectivesTo assess the microbial quality of pork carcasses held for up to 21 d prior to fabrication.Materials and MethodsThe right sides of 20 freshly harvested pork carcasses were held in a carcass cooler for 21 d. Cooler temperature was measured every hour using a data logger. Three carcass locations (flank, shoulder, and jowl) were surface sampled on d 1, 7, 14, and 21 after slaughter using a stainless-steel meat corer. A 21.6 cm2 area corer was used to obtain flank and shoulder samples, and a 9.6 cm2 area corer was used to collect jowl samples. Each location had 4 sites that were randomly assigned for each sampling day. Meat sample cores were placed in sterile stomacher bags with 50 mL peptone water for microbiological analysis. An additional sample immediately adjacent to the shoulder incised sample was collected using the 9.6 cm2 area corer for moisture determination. The carcass pH was determined using a pH probe inserted 1.5 cm deep into the shoulder. Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), yeast, and mold populations were enumerated in duplicate on petrifilm. APC data was analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measures. The carcass side was considered to be a random blocking factor. Moisture and pH were analyzed as repeated measures over time with carcass side as the subject. Because the majority of observations for EB, yeast, and mold were below the detection limit (DL), these variables were analyzed as binary responses (1 = above DL and 0 = below DL) using Fisher’s exact test in SAS Proc FREQ (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC).ResultsThe carcass cooler temperature averaged –0.7°C over the 21 d hanging period. The carcass surface moisture content declined (P 0.05) for APC. There was no day effect (P > 0.05) for APC; however, there was a location effect (P 0.05) for EB or mold populations, but there was a location (P 0.05) were above the DL.ConclusionPork carcass sides could be held in a carcass cooler for up 21 d at –0.7°C without compromising microbial quality.
Use of HCV-Positive Livers in HCV-Negative Recipients.

Introduction There are only limited data on the survival outcomes after transplanting HCV RNA-positive liver into HCV RNA-negative recipients. The objective of our study was to determine whether there were graft and patient survival differences when HCV-negative patients received HCV RNA (nucleic acid amplification testing [NAT] positive)-positive liver grafts. Methods We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing data sets from January 2014 to December 2018, and recipients (N = 24,724) were stratified into 6 groups based on the status of HCV antibody and RNA of recipients and donors. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the relationship between groups and 1-year post-LT graft or patient survival. Results During the study period, 1,358 recipients received NAT-positive liver grafts. Two hundred ten of the recipients were HCV negative. During the same period, 707 HCV antibody-positive but NAT-negative grafts were transplanted into 516 HCV-positive and 191 HCV-negative recipients. There were no differences in survival in HCV-positive recipients whether they received NAT-positive grafts (n = 1,148) or HCV antibody-negative/NAT-negative grafts (n = 6,321). Recipients of grafts from HCV antibody-positive/NAT-negative donors had similar survival whether recipients were HCV-negative patients (n = 191) or HCV-positive patients (n = 516), and their survival probabilities were similar to those of HCV-negative recipients (n = 6,321) receiving grafts from HCV antibody-negative/NAT-negative donors. Patient survival was lower (P = 0.049) when HCV-negative recipients (n = 210) received NAT-positive grafts compared with HCV-positive patients (n = 1,148) receiving NAT-positive grafts; however, when adjusted for recipient and donor characteristics, the difference was not significant. Discussion HCV-negative recipients receiving HCV-positive liver grafts (NAT positive) have excellent 1-year survival outcomes.
Reactor and fuel cycle performance of light water reactor fuel with 235U enrichments above 5

Abstract Recent advances in nuclear fuel materials research, particularly on the topic of accident-tolerant fuels, have brought up potential opportunities for expanding the operating envelope of existing light water reactors. As many of the performance improvements offered by these technologies may be most fully realized by increasing fuel enrichment beyond the standard 5% limit, this paper examines the potential reactor performance and fuel cycle performance of low-enriched uranium oxide fueled light water reactors by generically considering pressurized water reactors with 235U enrichment from 5 to 7%. Advanced cladding, including accident-tolerant cladding, has the potential to increase fuel burnup limits related to hydrogen in the cladding that coincide with those limits associated with end-of-life reactivity. Therefore, higher enrichment will be necessary in order to realize the higher fuel burnups. This work includes evaluation of the fuel cycle length, discharge burnup, reactivity coefficients, and fuel cycle performance, including radioactive waste and environmental impact metrics per unit energy generated. The analysis was performed using the evaluation metrics from the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Fuel Cycle Evaluation and Screening Study. The reactor performance and safety analysis show that enrichments between 5 and 7% would have similar fuel temperature and moderator temperature coefficients. However, the soluble boron coefficient would decrease in magnitude, requiring more corrosive boric acid in the coolant or other methods of reactivity control during the fuel cycle. At these higher enrichments the maximum burnup at the rim of the fuel pellet would increase by almost a factor of two, which is expected to impact the formation of high-burnup structure in the fuel and the corresponding thermo-mechanical fuel properties. The fuel cycle performance assessment shows that increasing enrichment reduces the quantity of high-level waste disposed per unit energy generated, but it increases the natural resource requirements normalized to a gigawatt-electricity-per-year basis. Another impact is the slightly higher discharge burnup, resulting in somewhat different activity levels of the spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste radioactivity at 100 and 100,000 years after fuel discharge. The environmental impacts—including land use, water use, carbon emission, and radiological exposure—are of the same magnitude per unit energy generated. However, the impacts are distributed differently. Less than 5% enrichment has marginally more impact on the back-end of the fuel cycle, and greater than 5% enrichment has marginally more impact on the front-end of the fuel cycle. Ultimately, no neutronic or reactor safety hindrances to employing light water reactor fuel with enrichments greater than 5% are identified; given the achievable reactor performance benefits with advanced fuels, further practical exploration of increased enrichment fuel is recommended.
Family Biometerics: Similar But Different

Tongue biometrics has some similarities within families due to genetics, just as fingerprints and toeprints do. Tongue biometrics offers not only a more unique identification tool upon death. The tongue also has the potential to provide secure access. One day, we may see the Transportation Security Authority (TSA) and CLEAR using it to get through airport security lines instead of Real IDs, passports, and retinal scans.
Abstract TP106: Automated Assessment of Behavioral Function After Experimental Stroke

Introduction: Manual scoring of behavior tests is commonly used for assessing motor deficits after stroke, however, it is labor intensive and subject to bias. These limitations lead to inconsistent...
SEQUENTIAL IMPORTANCE SAMPLING FOR MULTIRESOLUTION KINGMAN-TAJIMA COALESCENT COUNTING.

Statistical inference of evolutionary parameters from molecular sequence data relies on coalescent models to account for the shared genealogical ancestry of the samples. However, inferential algorithms do not scale to available data sets. A strategy to improve computational efficiency is to rely on simpler coalescent and mutation models, resulting in smaller hidden state spaces. An estimate of the cardinality of the state space of genealogical trees at different resolutions is essential to decide the best modeling strategy for a given dataset. To our knowledge, there is neither an exact nor approximate method to determine these cardinalities. We propose a sequential importance sampling algorithm to estimate the cardinality of the sample space of genealogical trees under different coalescent resolutions. Our sampling scheme proceeds sequentially across the set of combinatorial constraints imposed by the data which, in this work, are completely linked sequences of DNA at a nonrecombining segment. We analyze the cardinality of different genealogical tree spaces on simulations to study the settings that favor coarser resolutions. We apply our method to estimate the cardinality of genealogical tree spaces from mtDNA data from the 1000 genomes and a sample from a Melanesian population at the $\beta $-globin locus.
Tyranny by Collusive Minorities

Contemporary politics in most western countries can be modeled with two dominant left and right factions, with some third parties, some of whom are non-interventionists. Although unsuccessful, they occasionally claim widespread support. Treating such claims as valid I develop a model of political competition relying on asymmetric preferences and the ability to trade votes, or logroll, to show why majority non-interventionist positions fail against interventionist minorities. This loss would occur even in the presence of majority support for the libertarian position on any given issue. This result explains any multi-issue outcome in which an overall majority opinion is not implemented.
Remember Those in Prison: A Session with Malcolm Carter

African Americans are incarcerated at an exponentially higher rate than any other racial group [Wacquant, Loic. “Deadly Symbiosis: Rethinking Race and Imprisonment in Twenty-First Century America.”...
Understanding the process of knowledge accumulation and entrepreneurial learning in startups

This paper investigates the process of how entrepreneurs learn. The study uses longitudinal data on about 5,000 startups and presents evidence that entrepreneurial learning happens rapidly in the i...
IT-enabled Intangibles and IT Capabilities: A Study from the Resource-based view and IS Strategy Perspective

The strategic value of IT and the role of IT capabilities have been strongly emphasized in the literature. Prior research employed the resource-based view to examine the strategic value of IT and IT capabilities using three distinct IT resources: IT infrastructures, human IT resources, and IT-enabled intangibles. It should be noted, however, that the link between IT-enabled intangibles and IT capabilities remains elusive. The purpose of this study is to broaden understanding with respect to the strategic value of IT by examining the ambiguous relationships between IT-enabled intangibles and IT capabilities. Drawing on thinking in IS strategy and the resource-based view literature, this study proposes a model to argue that the type of IS strategy – IS innovator and IS conservative – would have different impacts on how companies employ IT-enabled intangibles to utilize their IT capabilities.
3D Printing Hydrogel-Based Soft and Biohybrid Actuators: A Mini-Review on Fabrication Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are candidate building blocks for soft robotic applications due to many of their unique properties, including tunable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in developing soft and biohybrid actuators using naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels to address the increasing demands for machines capable of interacting with fragile biological systems. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, either as a standalone manufacturing process or integrated with traditional fabrication techniques, have enabled the development of hydrogel-based actuators with on-demand geometry and actuation modalities. This mini-review surveys existing research efforts to inspire the development of novel fabrication techniques using hydrogel building blocks and identify potential future directions. In this article, existing 3D fabrication techniques for hydrogel actuators are first examined. Next, existing actuation mechanisms, including pneumatic, hydraulic, ionic, dehydration-rehydration, and cell-powered actuation, are reviewed with their benefits and limitations discussed. Subsequently, the applications of hydrogel-based actuators, including compliant handling of fragile items, micro-swimmers, wearable devices, and origami structures, are described. Finally, challenges in fabricating functional actuators using existing techniques are discussed.
Legally astute managers as a source of value in organizations

Abstract The legal and compliance departments in organizations have more influence than ever before. Why then are companies so vulnerable to legal liability? The problem may not be with talented legal professionals, but with the lack of legal knowledge held by MBAs and other business school graduates that make day-to-day decisions in modern organizations. Firms can close this knowledge gap and minimize legal liability by training their managers in legal astuteness, the ability of a manager to successfully address legal issues, by instilling four essential traits: respecting the rule of law, recognizing legal issues, resolving problems proactively, and reporting complex legal issues to experts. Job candidates should also be screened for traits of legal astuteness. A legally astute candidate, especially a graduate of a business school that requires legal education for all its students, can be a cultural ambassador for legal astuteness and a valuable liaison between legal and compliance departments and the candidate’s functional area. A legally ignorant candidate will require significant training and a frank assessment of the legal risk they bring to the organization. Modern firms in today’s legal environment face two choices: hire a legally astute manager now or deal with a compliance headache later.
Control Charts for the Median and Interquartile Range

This paper advocates the use of a new type of nonparametric control charts for the median and interquartile range based on jackknifed histograms.
Occurrence and recall rates of fertility discussions with young breast cancer patients.

Fertility preservation is an important issue for premenopausal cancer patients; however, not all patients receive counseling about chemotherapy-induced infertility and potential mitigation strategies. We aimed to identify characteristics of premenopausal breast cancer patients less likely to receive fertility counseling. We also investigated patient recall of chart-documented fertility discussions and patient attitudes toward fertility preservation. The study was approved by our institution’s Institutional Review Board. All female patients with invasive primary breast cancer of any type, aged 40 or younger at the time of diagnosis, who were diagnosed during or up to 5 years prior to the study period were eligible. The study was conducted between February 2012 and October 2013. Enrolled patients completed an anonymous survey, and their medical charts were subsequently reviewed to identify provider documentation of fertility discussions, referral to fertility specialists, or implementation of fertility preservation. Patient comments regarding their fertility were solicited and examined thematically. Forty-nine patients consented to participate. Fertility discussions were documented by providers in 55 % of patients. Patients aged over 35 and multiparous patients were significantly less likely than their counterparts (p < 0.01 in both cases) to have had chart-documented fertility discussions. Only 52 % of patients with chart-documented discussions recalled having had such a conversation. Patient comments highlighted the difficulty of considering fertility at the time of diagnosis and also the risks and obstacles facing fertility preservation. Despite increasing awareness, fertility is not universally discussed with premenopausal breast cancer patients at the time of diagnosis; older and multiparous patients are at particular risk of not receiving fertility counseling. Even when such discussions are documented, only about half of patients recall the conversation. Patient-reported barriers to fertility preservation include lack of education combined with the stress of diagnosis, financial costs, and perceived treatment toxicities.
Experimental Comparison of Terahertz and Infrared Signaling in Laboratory-Controlled Rain

In order to analyze the impairments of terahertz (THz) and infrared (IR) links caused by attenuation through rain, THz and IR free-space communication channels at 625 GHz and 1550 nm, respectively, with a maximum data rate of 2.5 Gb/s have been developed in our lab. These two links are spatially superimposed and propagate through the same weather conditions. The performance of both channels is analyzed by measuring the power and bit error rates (BERs) in each link. A weather emulating chamber is designed that can generate controllable rain. Under the same conditions, attenuation by rain exhibits higher but comparable performance degradation in the THz channel. Analysis of power attenuation and BERs performance for both links is presented. Numerical simulations of THz and IR attenuation under different rain conditions are conducted and compared with experimental results.
Internships: An Established Mechanism for Increasing Employability

In their lead article, Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser (2013) suggested that the topic of employability has been below the radar of most, if not all, industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists' research activities. Although we agree that research addressing employability is scarce in the mainstream I–O journals, we argue that I–O psychologists involved in the training of future I–O psychologists have addressed the employability of their graduates as a sustainability factor for I–O graduate programs (Munson, Phillips, Clark, & Mueller-Hanson, 2004). In addition, those who teach undergraduates, including undergraduates with an interest in the I–O area, also establish internships to enhance the employability of their graduates (e.g., Bott, Stuhlmacher, & Powaser, 2006; Carducci et al., 1987).
Absorption of group A Streptococcus anti-M typing sera with broken cells.

Group A streptococcus anti-M typing sera that cannot be made specific by absorption with whole streptococcus cells have been absorbed with the soluble and insoluble fractions of ruptured heterologous cells. The technique has been used successfully for preparing specific anti-M sera against eight serotypes of group A streptococcus. The method involves breakage of the absorbing cells in the presence of the antiserum, and incubation of the mixture at 37 C for 1 hr, followed by 3 to 5 days of incubation at 4 C. The procedure is useful for preparing specific antiserum from certain lots of unabsorbed antiserum that otherwise would have to be discarded because of undesirable cross-reactivity.
The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs.

Several bioassays were conducted with young chicks and pigs fed phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets. With diets for chicks containing .62% Ca and .42% P (.10% available P), graded doses of a citric acid + sodium citrate (1:1, wt:wt) mixture (0, 1, 2, 4, or 6% of diet) resulted in linear (P .10). The positive responses to phytase were much greater than those to citric acid in both pig experiments. Thus, dietary citric acid effectively improved phytate P utilization in chicks but had a much smaller effect in pigs.
Photographic and lightning mapping observations of a blue starter over a New Mexico thunderstorm

[1] On 4 August 2010 a small blue starter was observed over an active thunderstorm in west-central New Mexico. The storm was of normal polarity with upper positive charge over midlevel negative charge. The event was visually observed and photographed, and mapped by the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) at Langmuir Laboratory. The blue starter occurred during a seven-stroke negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flash that was detected by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), and data from the LMA show that it initiated between upper positive charge and inferred negative screening charge at the cloud top. Upward positive streamers of the blue starter emerged from the cloud top at 15.2 km altitude and reached a terminal altitude of ∼17 km. The observation confirms that blue starters can be initiated by the electric field changes associated with −CG flashes, which enhance the electric field between upper positive charge and negative screening charge. It also confirms that the upward leaders and streamers of blue starters in normal-polarity storms are of positive polarity.
Predator-prey interactions between two amphibian species: effects of insecticide exposure

The presence of environmental contaminants may alter predator-prey interactions among aquatic species by altering activity levels of predators or prey, or by altering predator avoidance behavior. The outcome of a predatory encounter may be dependent upon whether both species are exposed to a contaminant simultaneously, or whether exposure occurs only in one of the species. In a laboratory experiment, I used the insecticide carbaryl to examine predation of southern leopard frog tadpoles (Rana sphenocephala) by adult red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) under four conditions: both tadpoles and newts exposed, neither tadpoles nor newts exposed, and either newts or tadpoles only exposed. After one hour, exposed newts consumed half as many tadpoles as non-exposed newts. Carbaryl potentially affected newt activity enough to reduce time spent searching for prey, or may have altered the speed and coordination necessary to capture tadpoles. After six hours, non-exposed and exposed newts consumed similar numbers of tadpoles, most likely indicating recovery from exposure. After 24 h, predation rates were lowest when both newts and tadpoles were simultaneously either exposed or not exposed, and were greatest when newts and tadpoles were not exposed simultaneously. This study suggests that when tadpoles and newts are exposed to a sublethal level of a contaminant simultaneously, that predation rates do not differ from those observed under natural conditions, but exposure of either predator or prey at different times can disrupt predator-prey dynamics.
Case study on design of regulatory policies for sustainable emission reduction

Current environmental regulations typically follow a command-and-control approach mandating the installation of state-of-the-art abatement technology and hard emission thresholds. However, this type of regulation does not encourage process improvement and technological research to cut down emissions below compliance levels. On the other hand, market-based environmental regulatory models stimulate continued improvement of cleaner manufacturing practices by creating economic incentives for sustained emission reduction. This paper aims at furnishing regulators and manufacturers with a tool to assess the impact of future regulatory scenarios. In order to assess the impact of different regulations, this paper proposes a holistic model for commodity chemicals, pharmaceutical and specialties manufacturing operations including standard recycle and treatment options. This proposed work employs realistic chemical engineering models of pollution abatement operations in order to assess the feasibility of a treatment option, estimate its cost and expected emissions. Furthermore, this work introduces rigorous mathematical optimization techniques for designing regional emission reduction efforts at reasonable cost to manufacturers. This approach will offer plant managers a systematic tool to ascertain expected compliance cost of new environmental regulations and regulators a systematic methodology to design regulations considering manufacturers' budgets.
Skilled care requirements for elderly patients after coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVES: To examine the extent to which elderly in-dividuals use various skilled care facilities after coronaryartery bypass grafting (CABG).DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: State of Michigan from 1997 to 1998.PARTICIPANTS: Residents aged 65 and older enrolled inMedicare who underwent CABG.MEASUREMENTS: Cumulative incidence of admissionwithin 100 days of hospital discharge, relative risk (RR) ofadmission, readmission or extended stay at a skilled carefacility, and length of stay in a skilled care facility.RESULTS: Fiftypercentofpatients aged80 andolder useda skilled care facility after CABG, with most requiring ad-mission to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) or readmission toan acute-care hospital within 100 days after discharge. Pa-tients aged 80 and older had a significantly higher risk ofadmission to a SNF (adjusted RR53.3, 95% conﬁdenceinterval (CI)52.8–4.0)thandid thoseaged65to69,asdidpatients aged 75 to 79 (adjusted RR52.2, 95% CI51.8–2.6) and those aged 70 to 74 (adjusted RR51.5, 95%CI51.3–1.8). The length of time spent in skilled care fa-cilities significantly increased with age (mean days513.3for aged 65–69, 16.9 for 70–74, 19.6 for 75–79, and 22.9for 80 and older; Po.001).CONCLUSION: Older patients are more likely to be ad-mitted to a SNF, be readmitted to an acute-care hospital,and have longer institutional stays after CABG. When bal-ancing the risks and beneﬁts of CABG, physicians, patients,families, and policy-makers need to carefully consider thelikelihoodoffollow-upinstitutionalcareinelderlypatients.J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1133–1137, 2005.Keywords:aged;long-term care; skilled nursingfacilities;health resources; Medicare; aftercare
Llindar de dolor

En una primera parte del articulo hemos resaltado la importancia de definir el punto de referencia del que se parte en todo estudio sobre dolor experimental. En la segunda parte hemos resaltado los factores que influyen en la percepcion del umbral doloroso y otros factores cuya influencia es dudosa. La ultima parte es una aproximacion a los estudios existentes sobre el umbral doloroso en los animales.
Sirolimus is an Usual Drug for Drug-eluting Stents but a New Drug for Drug-eluting Balloons

he drug-eluting balloon is a promising device to address the unmet needs of the current treatment of cardiovascular disease through catheters. In Europe, drug-eluting balloons from several manufacturers have been approved for use in clinical practice, and abundant evidence on the treatment of both peripheral vascular disease and coronary artery disease has been published.
Modeling and observation of polarimetric SAR response to dry snow

Snow water equivalence (SWE) is one of the most important parameters for hydrological investigations. In this study, the authors show (1) a method of using stereological technique to determine snow parameters for microwave modeling, (2) comparison of NASA/JPL AIRSAR measurements with the model predictions and the numerical simulations of the relationships between the backscattering signals and snow physical parameters. The results indicate that the relationship between the co-polarization signals and snow water equivalence can be either positive or negative depending on the snow physical parameters, ground surface parameters and incidence angle. At C-band, the major scattering source is the interface between the snow and ground. X-band or higher frequency SAR sensor is needed for snow depth measurement. >
Client-Side Visualization of Internet Forums for Information Retrieval

This paper presented a method to visualize Internet forums on the client side. Enhancement to web browsing was proposed to solve problems in information retrieval from forums. Specifically, visualization of structural information provided useful overviews for web browsing. A conceptual model described forums as three-dimensional spaces with information objects as points and web browsing as movements in the spaces. A series of diagrams were proposed to provide overviews for users' web browsing movements. Implementation of the visualization system and examples of the diagrams were presented in the paper.
Food Partitioning between Young of the Year of Two Sympatric Tui Chub Morphs

Abstract The hypothesis that young of the year of two sympatric morphs of tui chub Gila bicolor were trophically indistinguishable was tested in Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Based on gill-raker counts, young-of-the-year tui chubs longer than 25 mm fork length could be separated into distinct morphs, G. b. obesa (fewer gill rakers) and G. b. pectinifer. Undesignated juveniles shorter than 26 mm, collected from depths 1 m and less, ate primarily zooplankton plus small quantities of macroinvertebrates. Among G. b. obesa, consumption of macroinvertebrates, principally chironomids, rose to 41% for fish 26–50 mm long and to 62% for fish 51–75 mm long. Among G. b. pectinifer, diets of fish 26–50 mm and 51–75 mm long contained 93 and 100% zooplankton, respectively. As young of the two morphs grew larger, their gill-raker distributions became nonoverlapping. Divergence in food selection accompanied the shift in numbers of gill rakers. Our results suggest that sympatric morphological variants of polytypic fishes like tui ...
Thio- versus oxo-derivatives of DNA bases: theoretical study on possible mutagenic effect of sulfur atom

The molecular structures, energetics and mechanisms of proton transfer in 9-methyl-2N-substituted guanines and thioguanines have been studied at the gas phase (QCISD/cc-pVDZ//B3lyp/6-31G(d,p)) and polar solvent (IEFPCM//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)) environments. Calculations predict the height of the proton transfer barrier for the thione → thiol reactions to be approximately 2–3 times lower than that for the keto → enol process. Similarly, presence of sufficiently long 2N substituent with the terminal OH group reduces the barrier. The polar media (water) significantly stabilizes thione and keto forms. Tautomeric concentration ratio and rate constants have also been calculated for all the considered processes.
Use of a palatal flap for torus reduction.

P R alatal tori are present in approximately 25% of all emales, which is twice the incidence in males. hese bony masses have an unknown etiology, and ost do not require any removal. However, there are ndications for their removal. These include: an exremely large torus filling the palatal vault, a torus that xtends beyond the posterior dam area, traumatized ucosa over the torus, deep bony undercuts, intererence with speech or deglutition, and psychological onsiderations. Traditionally most surgeons will reove a palatal torus by making an anteroposterior ncision over the middle of the torus with Y-shaped eleasing incisions at each end. After removal of the orus and closure of the incision, a palatal stent or enture is used for patient comfort and to prevent ematoma formation. One of the problems encounered when using this technique is adequate access, in articular with larger palatal tori. This can lead to amage to the adjacent tissue by burs or other instruents. In the literature, the palatal flap has been nfrequently described, and largely forgotten as an lternative technique. In this article, we describe this imple technique that provides better access and less ikelihood of traumatizing the palatal mucosa.
Microanalysis of plastic strain

Abstract A technique for quantifying surface shear strains associated with plastic contact damage has been developed. A complete stereographic mapping of rotational transformations is determined using transmission electron microscopy from trace analysis of contours or convergent beam electron diffraction. A high resolution, quantitative surface mapping technique such as atomic force microscopy is then used to determine local declination. These measurements produce 5 of the 6 necessary relationships to determine completely the first order shear displacements; the sixth relationship must be determined using symmetry and continuity requirements. These techniques are applied to a model system, microindentation of AlN. Surface deformation associated with these indentations consists of a simple (engineering) shear, γ = 0.38, operating about axes coincident with the outer indentation edges and forming an inert layer or ‘dead metal cap’ immediately beneath the indenter tip.
Creativity and Solution-Focused Counseling for a Child with Chronic Illness.

Children living with chronic illnesses deal with a unique set of challenges, specifically when living in a hospital setting. This counseling experience illustrates how a counselor intern used creativity and solution-focused counseling for goal-setting and exceptional outcomes with a 7-year-old client restricted to a hospital room. The authors describe specific applications of solution-focused techniques and imagination, spontaneity, and creative play to spark hope in the future for one young client.
EMG area scaling and velocity modulations in a spatiotemporally constrained movement.

Research examining the electromyographic (EMG) burst structure of rapid discrete limb movements has led to discordant findings concerning agonist burst duration. Some research has shown that duration varies as a function of movement speed while other research has shown burst constancy. Unfortunately, much of this research may be confounded by not carefully controlling movement termination accuracy and movement time (MT). Due to these potential problems, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of strict spatiotemporal constraints on EMG characteristics of a rapid elbow flexion-extension response under two movement extent conditions across five different MTs. Results revealed that a decreased MT was accompanied by a decreased agonist (biceps) burst duration and increased agonist burst amplitude. The burst duration and amplitude both increased as the movement extent increased with MT held constant. None of three current theoretical perspectives of rapid movement control (the impulse-timing model, the speed-control system hypothesis, or the speed-sensitive strategy) could fully account for these results. Instead, a control strategy was exhibited in which moving faster was accomplished by relative scaling of burst area via concomitant expansion of burst amplitude and compression of burst duration.
The acute toxicity of selected metals to the freshwater mussel, Anodonta imbecilis

The mussel fauna of many North American waters is declining, probably due to a combination of factors. The factors may include channelization and impoundment of rivers where the mussels once thrived, as well as the influx of pesticides and metal pollution from surrounding watersheds. Much is known about the effects of metal pollution on zooplankton and aquatic insects, but little is known about the response of freshwater mussels. With more and more species of mussels being listed as threatened or endangered, it is important that we begin to determine their range of sensitivity to pollutants so we can better protect them. Mussels have been labeled insensitive to metals because they can survive while containing high body burdens. However, almost no direct measurement of metal toxicity has been reported for unionid mussels. What little we do know has come from tests with adult mussels. In response to the need for such information, a series of laboratory toxicity tests were performed to assess the sensitivity of Anodonta imbecilis to six metals, a metal-containing effluent and four metal mixtures. Acute toxicity tests were performed on juvenile mussels reared in the laboratory. Overall, mussels were found to be as sensitive to metals as zooplankton and more sensitive than commonly tested fish and aquatic insects.
Quantifying soil health and tomato crop productivity in urban community and market gardens

Food production in cities offers a framework for local self-reliance and resilience. However, there are concerns about urban soil quality and a general lack of data on productivity in urban gardens. This study investigated soil health via a comprehensive nematode food web analysis and crop productivity via tomato fruit yield in community and market gardens in Cleveland, Ohio, USA over a two-year period. Results revealed that market gardens had significantly higher soil organic matter (SOM) and NH4-N than community gardens in 2011. While there was no difference between market gardens and community gardens in terms of nematode abundances (except bacteria-feeding nematodes in 2011), market gardens had higher nematode combined maturity index than community gardens in 2011. However, plant-parasitic index was lower in market gardens than in community gardens in 2011. There was no difference in tomato fruit yield in either year between the garden types, but tomato growth responses including leaf dry weight ratio, and plant surface area differed between market and community gardens in 2012. Different weather and related soil and growing conditions likely contributed to the large variation observed between 2011 and 2012; still, soils in market gardens tended to support greater growth and yield than community gardens. Regardless, there was no direct evidence that the gardens were nutrient limited, thereby minimizing the potential for nutrient limitations to contribute to yield differences. Overall, fruit yield ranged from 1.47 to 15.72 kg/m2, which is consistent with U.S. national average for commercial production systems.
Flux determinations and physiological response in the exposure of red spruce to gaseous hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and sulphur dioxide

We report on the 3-week exposure of a branch of a forest-grown red spruce (Picea rubens) sapling to the combination of gaseous hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and sulphur dioxide. The exposure was conducted continuously using concentrations of H 2 O 2 , O 3 , and SO 2 that have been observed during the summertime on the summit of Whiteface Mountain, New York. Fluxes of H 2 O, CO 2 , and the three pollutants were determined throughout the exposure. At weekly intervals, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, and hydrocarbon emissions were made. The response of the branch was compared to an equivalent branch of the same tree which received no pollutants but was otherwise treated identically. The exposure produced no visible injury symptoms but did produce an increase in dark respiration; the respiration rate more than doubled during the 21-day exposure period. Net photosynthesis was unaffected for both the experimental and the control branches. Nighttime fluxes of SO 2 and H 2 O 2 to external plant surfaces were significant. The stomatal component of O 3 uptake by the branch displayed a linear increase during the experiment, and showed no evidence of saturating. Daytime and nighttime fluxes of H 2 O 2 were increasing at the end of the experiment. We observed that isoprene is emitted from red spruce, but saw no clear-cut change in emission rate in response to the exposure experiment. Possible relationships between our experimental results and observations of red spruce decline in the forests of the northeastern United States are suggested for further investigation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.00004.x
The Development of a Clinical Measure of Compliance with Hand Rehabilitation

An exploratory study was conducted to develop a valid, clinical measure of compliance with hand rehabilitation that could serve as an alternative or an adjunct to other measures of compliance. Sixty-one hand-injured adults gave written reports of their levels of compliance with home exercises. In addition, the patients demonstrated their exercises to a hand therapist who rated the proficiency of exercise performance. It was predicted that self-reported ratings of exercise compliance would correlate positively with exercise proficiency. The hypothesis was partially supported. The compliance-proficiency correlation was positive, r(48) = .35, p < .01, for the portion of the sample that reported compliant or undercompliant behavior. This moderate correlation provides preliminary evidence that an exercise proficiency evaluation is a valid clinical indicator of compliance with home exercises, which has clinical and research applications.
CD8-positive lymphocytes in graft-versus-host disease of humanized NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice

Immunocompromised mice that can support a human immune system are an increasingly important model for the investigation of haemopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) development and human infectious disease. NOD-SCID IL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice engrafted with human fetal liver and thymus prior to HSPC engraftment, commonly known as NSG-bone marrow-liver-thymus (NSG-hu-BLT) mice, are one such model and have robust reconstitution of human leucocytes within the peripheral blood and tissues. Four NSG-hu-BLT mice were submitted for diagnostic necropsy examination following the development of alopecia, pruritus and lethargy after HSPC engraftment. Histopathology revealed multifocal to coalescing single keratinocyte cell death in the epidermis and follicles with dermatitis and mild dermal fibrosis. Single-cell hepatocyte cell death was present in three cases, with various degrees of portal fibrosis. In the skin and liver, cell death was associated with lymphocytes that reacted with anti-human CD45, CD3 and CD8 antibodies, consistent with a diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). This study expands on recently reported microscopical features of GvHD in NSG-hu-BLT mice and suggests a role for CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the progression of the disease. NSG-hu-BLT mice represent an excellent model of GvHD, but its prevalence may compromise their use in other fields of biomedical research.
Characterization and biological effects of cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta

The ovaries of endoparasitic species of braconid and ichneumonid wasps contain large numbers of polydnavirus (PDV) virions that replicate in specialized calyx cells of the ovaries and are injected into the host larva during parasitization. In the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata that parasitizes the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the total amount of viral DNA present in the ovaries was determined to be 25–75 ng. Analysis of viral DNA on 0.4% agarose gels showed that the genome was comprised of 15–20 circles of double-stranded DNA. SDS-PAGE analyses showed that a large number (>30) of structural polypeptides were present in the virions, and analysis of the venom likewise showed that multiple components were present. The major size classes of venom proteins differed from those present in the PDV. However, Western blots using polyclonal PDV antibodies showed that some cross-reacting PDV-like proteins were present in the venom, perhaps explaining the mild PDV-enhancing effect of the venom. Injection of PDV into unparasitized larvae provoked pronounced alterations in their growth, development, pigmentation, and hemolymph proteins. A densely staining band of hemolymph proteins of approximately 18–20 kD appeared in large amounts relative to other hemolymph proteins several days following injection of PDV; this band was undetectable in naturally parasitized larvae. Eggs which had been washed extensively to remove PDVs were encapsulated following injection, but development of the host still was disrupted, usually in the post-wandering prepupal stage. Thus, neither the parasites nor their host survived, despite mobilization of an “effective” host response.© 1994 WiIey-Liss, Inc.