cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high‐sensitivity laboratory system for measuring the microwave properties of gases under simulated conditions for planetary atmospheres

[1] A system for measuring the microwave properties of gases under simulated conditions for planetary atmospheres has been under continuous development at Georgia Tech for over 2 decades (see, e.g., DeBoer and Steffes, 1996). The measurements from this system form the basis for accurately modeling the microwave properties of gases under various planetary conditions, which are essential in determining the presence and concentration of such gases through various microwave remote sensing techniques. This system consists of two independent configurations, one capable of measuring gas mixtures up to pressures of 3 bars at frequencies from 22 to 40 GHz, and another capable of pressures up to 12 bars over the frequency range from 1.5 to 24.1 GHz. The former configuration exhibits maximum 2-σ sensitivities in absorptivity of 0.25 dB/km and in refractivity of 2.0, while the latter configuration exhibits maximum 2-σ sensitivities in absorptivity ranging from 0.01 dB/km at 1.5 GHz (20 cm) to 1.0 dB/km at 24.1 GHz (1.25 cm) and in refractivity from 0.05 at 1.5 GHz to 3.13 at 24.1 GHz.
Surface acoustic wave devices: a rewarding past, a significant present, and a promising future

The concept of a thin-film metal interleaved comb structure (interdigital transducer) on a polished piezoelectric plate, was first introduced in 1965 as an efficient means for the generation and detection of surface acoustic waves. There followed a wealth of ideas and a flurry of developments which produced frequency and time domain devices significantly enhancing the signal processing capabilities of microwave systems. These devices, many of which were first implemented in military radar and communication systems, covered a frequency range from 10 MHz to well over 1.0 GHz. Today, the diversity of SAW device applications in electronic products, the number of manufacturers, the total number of devices manufactured, and the employees worldwide involved in the design, development, and manufacture of SAW devices, speaks of a very robust technology with a promising future. This paper reviews the basic piezoelectric substrate based device concepts, characterize present activities, and take a look at where SAW technology is headed in the near future.
The scale and organization of ancient Maya water management

The archaeological remains of ancient water storage and irrigation technologies are often prominent features on the landscape. Dams, canals, and irrigation ditches required great amounts of labor to build and maintain and are often associated with centralized, state-level management. But these more visible features existed alongside smaller water management technologies that were often managed at the community or household level. In the Maya area in southern Mesoamerica, evidence of these ancient technologies is found in the form of small dams, reservoirs and other water storage features, wells, irrigation canals, and agricultural terraces. A review of the literature reveals that these technologies are ubiquitous in the Maya area during the period from the Middle Preclassic to the Terminal Classic (400 B.C. to A.D. 1000) when the ancient Maya civilization reached its peak of population and political complexity. Small-scale water management technologies inform us both how the ancient Maya utilized and managed their resources, and also provide insight into political and social organization. WIREs Water 2014, 1:449–467. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1042 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Problems with modern economics

Modern macroeconomics has become vague, subjective, uncertain, and unhelpful in policy formation, revealing too much faith in automatic corrections of markets. Criticisms can be made, in particular, about the use of rational expectations, principal agent analysis, and monetarism. Modern econometrics can be criticized for diversion of attention away from the central role of statistical specification of the probability distribution of error together with economic specification of structural relationships towards preoccupation with the statistical properties of individual or small subgroups of economic variables, which are the very objects of the whole econometric investigation. The unquestioning reliance on cointegration and leadlag studies of causations in simple, bivariate relationships have taken attention away from the role of economics in specifying multivariate nonlinear systems. Some comments are made on the use of high-frequency data for improving econometric forecasting.
CANONICAL SAMPLING OF CLASSICAL PHASE SPACE : APPLICATION TO MOLECULAR VIBRATION-ROTATION DYNAMICS

We analyze a recently introduced method for canonically sampling classical phase space using Nose-Hoover chain constant temperature molecular dynamics. An advantage of this method is that a thermal ensemble can be generated without the use of a Monte–Carlo rejection procedure. The method is shown to give thermal distributions for two realistic molecular model systems, representing H2O and CF3NO, including rotational degrees of freedom. We demonstrate how the method can be extended to generate a “bithermal” sampling in which the rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom have different effective temperatures and how to adapt the results to include excitation of an initial thermal ensemble by a monochromatic light source. We also suggest a method for approximating the corresponding quantum distribution through a simple scaling of the classical distribution.
Strategies for constructing complementary DNA for cloning.

Abstract We have examined alternative approaches to existing methods for synthesizing complementary DNA suitable for molecular cloning. One model of construction is presented in which ribonucleotides are added to the 3′ end of complementary DNA prior to synthesis of the second DNA strand. The hairpin structure at one end of the molecule is then opened by treatment with RNaase or alkali. This method would eliminate the normal requirement for single-strand specific nucleases and thus shows promise as a means for preserving the 5′ end sequences of mRNA in recombinant complementary DNA studies. Another technique for constructing complementary DNA is proposed in which no cleavage step is required. Instead, a hairpin, double-stranded DNA is extended with a homopolymer at the 3′ end, and displacement or “third-strand” synthesis by the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I is primed by an oligonucleotide hybridized to the homopolymer. The end result should be an inverted repeat with two-fold rotational symmetry. The mRNA 5′ end sequences represent the center of symmetry. Cloned, symmetrical DNA should facilitate subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis. Furthermore, the symmetrical molecule may serve as an intermediate in continued DNA synthesis provided the homopolymer chain is sufficiently longer than the primer, thus leading to mRNA sequence amplification in vitro . Alternative options with attendant advantages and disadvantages are given at each stage in the construction schemes. These strategies, along with established procedures, offer a repertoire from which researchers may select in order to fill their specific needs.
Expression of Das-1 in primary lung adenocarcinomas represents reactivation of an oncofetal pulmonary antigen.

Objective: The monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated as mAb Das-1 was generated against a colonic epithelial protein. It reacts with bronchiolar epithelium and submucosal glands and weakly with alveolar lining cells of fetal lung. Adult alveolar epithelium is, however, nonreactive for mAb Das-1. The present study was designed to evaluate the immunoexpression of Das-1 and to correlate it with the histomorphology of primary lung adenocarcinomas and intestinal metaplasia. Methods: Eighty-four cases of primary lung adenocarcinomas were reviewed and categorized according to histologic grade and subtype. Immunohistochemical staining with mAb Das-1 was performed with normal colon as control. Results: Expression of Das-1 in the submucosal bronchial glands also served as internal control. Strong and diffuse staining was seen in 33 of the 84 cases of adenocarcinomas (39%). Conclusions: Expression of Das-1 was seen in primary lung adenocarcinomas even though adult alveolar epithelium is negative. Staining with mAb Das-1 was seen regardless of the grade or histological subtype of the lung adenocarcinomas. As most primary lung adenocarcinomas are not of bronchial gland origin, expression of Das-1 represents activation of oncofetal antigens.
Wilms tumor suppressor 1 (WT1) and early growth response 1 (EGR1) are regulators of STIM1 expression.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is a key evolutionarily conserved process whereby decreases in endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content lead to the influx of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane. How this process is regulated in specific tumor cell types is poorly understood. In an effort to address this concern, we obtained and tested primary Wilms tumor cells, finding no detectable SOCE in this cell type. Analysis of the expression levels of STIM1 and ORAI1 (the molecular mediators of SOC) revealed poor STIM1 expression. Analysis of the STIM1 promoter using the TESS search system (University of Pennsylvania) revealed four putative response elements to the zinc-finger proteins WT1 (Wilms tumor suppressor 1) and EGR1 (early growth response 1). Either overexpression of WT1 or knockdown of EGR1 resulted in loss of STIM1 expression and a resultant decrease in SOCE. Furthermore, examination of Egr1 knock-out animals revealed loss of STIM1 expression in multiple tissues. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we reveal direct binding of both WT1 and EGR1 to putative response elements located within 500 bp of the transcriptional start site of STIM1. Considering that WT1 and EGR1 are well described oncogenes and tumor suppressors, these observations may reveal new mechanisms responsible for distinct Ca2+ signals in cancer cells.
Engineering strategies for drug delivery [Introduction to the special issue]

A drug is a molecule that changes physiological functions when absorbed into the cells or tissues of a living organism. It can be used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases or to enhance physical or mental health. However, the discovery of a drug is an expensive, long, and challenging process. It can take 15 years for a big pharmaceutical company to spend more than US$500 million for developing a new drug. Despite the high cost, many drugs themselves can only provide the human being with modest desired effects. Moreover, almost all drugs can cause side effects when they act in the body. Therefore, there is a clear need to maximize the efficacy of a drug and simultaneously reduce its side effects. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to find a way to help drugs to primarily reach the target area of the body (e.g., solid tumors). Drug delivery is the right discipline for studying methods for administering drugs in a safe and efficient manner. The success of this discipline relies on different expertises from chemists, biologists, and engineers. In this special issue of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, we will particularly illustrate the significance of engineering knowledge in drug delivery through a collection of six articles from experts in the field.
Inappropriate Dieting Behaviors and Related Lifestyle Factors in Young Adults: Are College Students Different?

Abstract Completed mail surveys were used to determine the presence of inappropriate dieting behaviors, which included use of diet pills, powders, or restrictive diets, induced vomiting, or laxative use to get rid of food eaten. The subjects were a random sample of young adults in Michigan, 18 to 24 years, divided into subgroups of male and female college students, nonstudents, and college graduates. Fifty men and 51 women completed mail surveys after an initial telephone contact. The findings showed that 33.3% of women and 8% of men reported use of inappropriate dieting behaviors. College men and women reported the greatest use of inappropriate dieting behaviors (9.7% and 43.3%, respectively) but were the most physically active. Young adults who had never been to college were the heaviest (body mass index [kg/m2] = 25.0 and 27.6, for men and women, respectively). The study findings led to the question whether the collegiate environment combines with stage of development to precipitate use of inappropriate dieting behaviors. Overweight and smoking were health risks for young adults who had not attended college. Thus, there is a need to target health education efforts to young adults outside the college environment as well as on college campuses.
Glutamate and cysteinylglycine effects on NMDA receptors: Inhibition by ethanol

Abstract Glutamate, the endogenous neurotransmitter at the NMDA receptor, and cysteinylglycine are formed as byproducts of glutathione (GSH) metabolism by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. Glutamate and cysteinylglycine were investigated in Fura-2-loaded whole-brain neonatal ( i ), and 3) the effects of cysteinylglycine on ethanol's inhibition of Glu-[Ca 2+ ] i . Glu-[Ca 2+ ] i (EC 50 = 0.7 μM) in these cells was highly specific for NMDA receptor-operated calcium channels as they were dependent on extracellular calcium, enhanced by glycine, and blocked by magnesium, APV, and ethanol. However, because cysteinylglycine did not potentiate Glu-[Ca 2+ ] i nor reverse ethanol inhibition of Glu-[Ca 2+ ] i , it does not appear to act as a glycine coagonist or change the inhibitory sensitivity of ethanol to Glu-[Ca 2+] i .
Effect of Concanavalin A on the Functional Activity of Hemolytic Antibody

Concanavalin A (Con A), either in solution or insolubilized by covalent binding to Sepharose 4B, can inhibit the ability of fluid phase 19S, but not 7S, anti-Forssman antibody to sensitize sheep red cells (E) toward lysis by excess guinea pig complement. The efficiency of 19S antibody is unaffected when E are treated with Con A before sensitization or when antibody sensitized cells (EA) are exposed to the lectin before complement is added. Although whole complement activity is retained on a column of Con A-Sepharose, cell bound lectin did not act as a complement fixing antibody. Consistent with this result, there was no difference in the amount of C1 fixed by E and E-Con A, or by EA and EA-Con A.
FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS UNDER CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION IN THE SOUTHERN FREE STATE AREA CONSIDERING PRICE, PRODUCTION AND FINANCIAL RISKS / 'n Ontleding van die finansiële uitvoerhaarheid van alternatiewe gewaswisselboustelsels onder spilpuntbesproeiing in die Suid-Vrystaat substreek met inagneming van prys-, produksie- en finansiële risiko

Abstract Fourteen typical crop rotation systems were evaluated over a period of 10 years. The irrigation systems were used to irrigate 60 ha of sandy soils. Various degrees of double cropping were considered. A procedure was followed to generate distributions of prices for the relevant crops. The crop yield distributions were generated by the PUTU-simulation model. The annual after-tax cash now was calculated for the different crop rotation systems for each year of the ten year period for two static pumping heights and three different equity ratios. The results indicate that all crop rotation systems are infeasible for a 30/70 equity ratio for positive pumping heights. For a 80/20 equity ratio 14 crop rotation systems are feasible.
Integration Properties of the Focusing Schlieren Deflectometer

The integration properties of focusing schlieren deflectometry (FSD) are theoretically an d experimentally examined. An analytic expression for the spread function, the parameter that quantifies the focusing capability of the focusing schlieren system, is derived. It is shown that the spread function depends on both the physical characteristics of the focusing schlieren system and the length scales of features in the flow being examined. This is demonstrated by FSD measurements made of a turbulent helium jet that issues into quiescent air.
Helping families with end-of-life care in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Alzheimer's disease is a chronic process of gradual deterioration of cognitive ability. While this is clearly a tragedy for the individual and the family, the prolonged nature of the disease allows the clinician an opportunity to plan for progressive stages of the disease including the final stages of care. This article reviews opportunities for assisting families in the care of their ill relatives with Alzheimer's disease. Data Sources: Review articles on end-of-life care and Alzheimer's disease obtained on a search from Ovid on March 2, 2006. Only English-language review articles were included in the search. Study Selection: Articles were included in the review if they offered clinically relevant material for assisting families in end-of-life care in Alzheimer's disease. Articles between 1998 and 2006 were included. Approximately 10% of the articles listed were included in the review. Data Synthesis: Clinicians should discuss with family members choices to be made at the end of life in Alzheimer's disease care and work with the family to ensure these wishes are followed. The geriatric psychiatrist plays a central role in these discussions. Other members of the health care team, including nursing care, hospice care, and social work coordinators, all coordinate efforts to deliver optimal end-of-life care. This leads not only to better and more humane care, but also to a cost savings in America's burgeoning health care budget. Conclusion: Geriatric psychiatrists can play a central role in assisting families in managing end-of-life care in Alzheimer's disease.
A comparative study of laser beam characteristics in blood and saline media.

Abstract Little Information is available concerning the influences on laser radiation exerted by the various media through which lasing is done. The effects of saline solution and blood on argon laser beam divergence and projection were studied. In addition, the resulting effects on arterial tissue were evaluated after lasing through these media. This was performed with the fiber tip held in various positions relative to the arterial wall. The presence of blood, even in a diluted form, increased beam divergence and reduced forward projection. Perpendicular lasing through saline solution resulted in crater diameters similar in size to the core diameter of the fiber used irrespective of energy levels (424 ± 97 μm at energy = 2 W × 5 seconds and 490 ± 80 μm at energy = 2 W × 10 seconds). In contrast, lasing through blood produced much wider craters that increased in size with the higher energy level (878 ± 215 μm at 2 W × 5 seconds and 1,294 ± 314 μm at 2 W × 10 seconds). Arterial wall damage could also be inflicted at a greater distance when lasing through blood than through saline solution. Lasing arterial tissue through blood with the fiber tip held parallel to and in contact with the arterial wall resulted in wide craters when lasing was performed in a “static” as well as a “dynamic” fashion. Lasing through saline solution in these positions produced no visible damage to the arterial wall. These results provide some guidelines that may be useful in the clinical application of Argon laser revascularization.
Isolation and composition of proteins from leaves of plants grown in Ceylon.

Proteins were isolated from fresh leaves of twelve plant species grown in Ceylon. Contents of total N, non-protein N and protein N in the original leaves, and protein N in the isolated protein were determined and the percentage extractability of N was calculated. Analyses of the protein isolates for total N, ash, Ca, Fe and all the amino acids are reported. The protein isolates were rich in all but one of the amino acids namely methionine. However, the lysine contents were greater than in some standard proteins. The protein scores were comparable to the standard proteins. The percentage extractability ranged from 9.3 to 91 %. A high proportion of the nitrogen Was found as non-protein. It was concluded that the proteins from the leaves examined could provide a dietary supplement.
Nephrotoxicity and hyperkalemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with pentamidine.

Introduction Recently, the use of pentamidine has risen because of its efficacy in managing patients with acquired immunodefiency syndrome (AIDS) and Pneumocystis carinii infection. We undertook a retrospective analysis of the charts of 22 patients with AIDS given pentamidine when they were hospitalized over a two-year period. Patients and methods Collectively, these 22 patients were admitted 28 times during this period and received a total of 23 courses of pentamidine. During five of these admissions, pentamidine was not given. The duration of therapy ranged from five to 33 days (mean: 13.4 days). Three admissions were excluded because of insufficient laboratory data or concomitant use of therapies that could affect the parameters being studied. Results In 19 of the remaining 20 admissions, the patients treated with pentamidine were observed to have elevations of potassium (5.1 to 8.7 mEq/L), creatinine (1.5 to 11.8 mg/dL), and blood urea nitrogen (27 to 183 mg/dL), and a decrease in serum bicarbonate (14 to 21 mEq/L). Of the 19 patients exhibiting these abnormalities, most required sodium polystyrene sulfonate and two required dialysis. During the admissions when pentamidine was not given, hyperkalemia was not observed. After discontinuation of pentamidine therapy, these metabolic derangements normalized in all patients except for one who died while still in acute renal failure. Four patients received more than one course of therapy and upon reinstitution of pentamidine treatment, the same metabolic abnormalities recurred. Clusion In conclusion, pentamidine is more nephrotoxic in patients with AIDS than previously reported in other subjects and can cause lifethreatening hyperkalemia.
Operations research activities in Germany

Abstract The paper briefly reviews the activities of the OR societies, education, research, and practice of OR in Germany.
Verbal discrimination reversal as a function of overlearning and percentage of items reversed: An extension

The Ss received either 0 or 50% postcriterial trials on a verbal discrimination task. Following original training 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the items received a reversed reinforcement contingency. Main effects of degree of training and of percentage of items reversed were significant. The speed with which 100% reversal was obtained suggested that Ss utilized a “concept of reversal” in this task.
SU‐GG‐I‐65: The Effect of Measurement Location On In‐Air CTDI Values

Purpose: To experimentally investigate the variation of CTDIair with radial distance from the scanner isocenter. Method and Materials: Radiation dose measurements were obtained on a Siemens Sensation 16 CTscanner operated with both the head and body beam filtration filters. Measurements were made of CTDIair (mGy/mAs) as a function of the radial distance r from the CTscanner isocenter. The radial profile CTDIair(r) was fit to a third order polynomial which permitted the average CTDI over any radius to be obtained analytically. Results: At r = 8 cm, values of CTDIair relative to the isocenter were 0.824 and 0.838 for the head and body filters, respectively; at r = 16 cm, the values of CTDIair relative to the isocenter were 0.521 and 0.546 for the head and body filters, respectively. Values of CTDIair averaged over an 8 cm radial distance were ∼0.91 × CTDIair(0), and averaged over a 16 cm radial distance were ∼ 0.74 × CTDIair(0). Conclusion: Quantification of variations of CTDIair(r) are of interest because: (a) this parameter quantifies the performance and effectiveness of beam shaping filters; (b) CTDIair data can be used to obtain Tissue Air Ratios that can estimate organ doses in CT.
Health hazards for children at work

The International Labor Office has estimated that there are 250 million child laborers (5-14 years old) worldwide, with more than 120 million of these working full-time. The issue is complex; child labor is an economic and social reality in many developing countries. Children may provide 25% or more of a family's total income, and many traditional cultures include child labor as an integral part of the child's socialization and achievement of status in the local community. Governments may regard child labor as a key factor in keeping their economy competitively viable through the provision of cheap labor for commercial interests. And yet child labor violates children's rights and exposes them to increased health risks. Children who work full-time do not attend school and thereby lose their inherent right to an education. They may come from families ravaged by poverty, live in dilapidated housing, have unsafe water supplies, poor sanitation, and inadequate nutritious food. Working children are vulnerable to anemia, fatigue, early initiation of tobacco smoking, and other health problems. Manual labor exposes children to injury and also to poisoning from chemicals such as solvents, pesticides, metals, caustic agents used on the job, to fumes and dust, and other toxic, work-related byproducts. The International Labor Organization has sought to control the most abusive of child labor practices throughout the world. Solutions to this complex and intractable worldwide problem will also require infrastructure changes in the economic and social incentives to child labor, enlightened public health policies, and community-level advocacy and involvement.
Prevalence of bilateral partial seizure foci and implications for electroencephalographic telemetry monitoring and epilepsy surgery

Most patients with partial seizures of temporolimbic onset have predominantly unilateral seizure foci, which partly accounts for the success of unilateral temporal lobectomy. The prevalence of bilateral foci is not known. "Discordant" seizures are those which arise from the contralateral side from the usual focus. "Concordance" is the fraction of seizures which arise from the majority side, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0. From observations of seizures recorded in an epilepsy monitoring unit, a model of the patient population can be determined by non-linear least squares methods. Six hundred and five seizures from 57 consecutive patients with non-lesional temporolimbic epilepsy were studied. In the model population, 15% of patients have concordance of less than 70%, and 80% have concordance > 90%. Using Bayes' theorem, the observation of 5 concordant seizures implies a 95% chance of the patient having a concordance of at least 90%. If one discordant seizure is recorded, then to reach the 95% confidence level of 90% concordance requires a total of 11 concordant seizures. For the smaller group of patients with strictly unilateral interictal spikes, only 4 concordant seizures need to be recorded to achieve the same level of confidence of unilaterality. Interpretation of telemetry studies requires knowledge of the patient population.
Forecasting wireless communication technologies

The purpose of the paper is to present a formal comparison of a variety of multiple regression models in technology forecasting for wireless communication. We compare results obtained from multiple regression models to determine whether they provide a superior fitting and forecasting performance. Both techniques predict the year of wireless communication technology introduction from the first (1G) to fourth (4G) generations. This paper intends to identify the key parameters impacting the growth of wireless communications. The comparison of technology forecasting approaches benefits future researchers and practitioners when developing a prediction of future wireless communication technologies. The items of focus will be to understand the relationship between variable selection and model fit. Because the forecasting error was successfully reduced from previous approaches, the quadratic regression methodology is applied to the forecasting of future technology commercialisation. In this study, the data will s...
Characterization of coprecipitated nickel on silica methanation catalysts by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract An X-ray photoemission spectroscopy study of a series of standard nickel compounds (Ni, NiO, Ni(OH)2, NiSiO3) and silica-supported nickel methanation catalysts has been conducted. The binding energies and spectral shapes of the standard samples provide a data base which has been used to understand the catalyst spectra. The activity and thermal stability of coprecipitated nickel catalysts has been attributed to the metal-support interaction. This interaction has been observed in two coprecipitated nickel-on-silica catalysts. The nickel spectra closely resemble those of amorphous NiSiO3. The interaction varies somewhat between the two catalysts studied as evidenced by differences in their reducibility.
Kinetics of CoSi2 from evaporated silicon

2 MeV4He+ backscattering spectrometry and CuK α x-ray diffraction were used to study CoSi2 formed by annealing at temperatures between 405° and 500 °C from CoSi with evaporated Si films. A laterally uniform layer of CoSi2 forms, in contrast to the laterally nonuniform CoSi2 layer that is obtained on single crystal Si substrates. The thickness of the CoSi2 film formed is proportional to the square root of time at a fixed temperature. The activation energy of this reaction is about 2.3 eV.
Putting context into search and search into context

It is very challenging task to understand a short query, especially if that query is considered in isolation. Luckily, queries do magically appear in a search box -- rather, they are issued by real people, trying to accomplish a task, at a given point in time and space, and this "context" can be used to aid query understanding. Traditionally search engines have returned the same results to everyone who asks the same question. However, using a single ranking for everyone, in every context limits how well a search engine can do. In this talk I outline a framework to quantify the "potential for personalization", that can be used to characterize the extent to which different people have the same (or different) intents for a query. I then describe several examples of how we represent and use different kinds of context to improve search quality. Finally I conclude by highlighting some important challenges in developing such systems at Web scale including system optimization, evaluation, transparency and serendipity.
Conserved amino acid sequences confer nuclear localization upon the prophet of Pit-1 pituitary transcription factor protein

Prophet of Pit-1 (PROP1) is a homeodomain transcription factor essential for development of the mammalian anterior pituitary gland. Studies of human patients and animal models with mutations in their Prop1 genes have established that PROP1 is required for the correct development or sustained function of the hormone-secreting cells that regulate physiological pathways controlling growth, reproduction, metabolism, and the stress response. By comparative analysis of mammalian Prop1 genes and their encoded proteins, including cloning the ovine Prop1 gene and its products, we demonstrate that two conserved basic regions (B1 and B2) of the PROP1 protein located within the homeodomain are required for nuclear localization, DNA binding, and target gene activation. Interestingly, missense mutations in the human Prop1 gene causing amino acid changes in both the B1 and B2 regions have been associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) diseases, suggesting that disruption of nuclear localization may be part of the molecular basis of such diseases. The ovine Prop1 gene has three exons and two introns, a different structure compared with that of the bovine gene. Two alleles of the ovine gene were found to encode protein products with different carboxyl terminal domain sequences. We demonstrate that the two alleles are distributed in different breeds of sheep. Finally, we show for the first time that the PROP1 protein is associated with the nuclear matrix.
Teaching Experience Necessary for Counselors

In this article, the current status of the teaching experience requirement for counselors is pre sented ; opposing arguments on the requirement are examined; research evidence on the effects of tea...
A decision support system for rule discovery in social networks

Abstract Automatic rule discovery of membership in and relations between classes or categories, from given examples and counter-examples, is an important objective in many areas of computing. We have established a fairly general purpose programming environment for inductive rule discovery. It can be used, for example, as a high-level decision support system for social and cultural anthropologists. The program hypothesizes and then asserts rules that govern (permit or prohibit) social interactions and relations in human societies. We also describe the domain-independent facilities of the decision support system offered to the user and how the program works.
Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Mitigation Strategies of Cognitive Deficits in Aging with HIV: Implications for Practice and Research

Highly active antiretroviral therapy has given the chance to those living with HIV to keep on living, allowing them the opportunity to age and perhaps age successfully. Yet, there are severe challenges to successful aging with HIV, one of which is cognitive deficits. Nearly half of those with HIV experience cognitive deficits that can interfere with everyday functioning, medical decision making, and quality of life. Given that cognitive deficits develop with more frequency and intensity with increasing age, concerns mount that as people age with HIV, they may experience more severe cognitive deficits. These concerns become especially germane given that by 2015, 50% of those with HIV will be 50 and older, and this older cohort of adults is expected to grow. As such, this paper focuses on the etiologies of such cognitive deficits within the context of cognitive reserve and neuroplasticity. From this, evidence-based and hypothetical prevention (i.e., cognitive prescriptions), rehabilitation (i.e., speed of processing training), and mitigation (i.e., spaced retrieval method) strategies are reviewed. Implications for nursing practice and research are posited.
Electric-field effects on H- photodetachment partial cross sections above 13.4 eV.

When static electric fields (F\ensuremath{\le}90 kV/cm) were applied to the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ photodetachment interaction region, new structure and lowered thresholds for production of neutral hydrogen were observed. Relative partial cross sections were measured by detection of excited states of the fragment neutral hydrogen atom H(N=4, 5, or 6) resulting from laser interaction with relativistic ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions. Downward shifts in the onset of excited hydrogen production are observed to increase with field strength, and agree with a recent hyperspherical coordinate interpretation of Zhou and Lin [Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3294 (1992)]. Field-induced window-type resonance structure is observed both below and above the zero-field threshold (ZFT) energy. Quenching of high-lying autoionizing states was also monitored, providing evidence of field-induced tunneling by resonances lying just below the associated ZFT.
A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Open-Water Evaporation in Small Wetlands

We compared evaporation measurements from a floating pan, land pan, chamber, and the Priestley-Taylor (PT) equation. Floating pan, land pan, and meteorological data were collected from June 6 to July 21, 2005, at a small wetland in the Canadian River alluvium in central Oklahoma, USA. Evaporation measured with the floating pan compared favorably to 12 h chamber measurements. Differences between chamber and floating pan rates ranged from −0.2 to 0.3 mm, mean of 0.1 mm. The difference between chamber and land pan rates ranged from 0.8 to 2.0 mm, mean of 1.5 mm. The mean chamber-to-floating pan ratio was 0.97 and the mean chamber-to-land pan ratio was 0.73. The chamber-to-floating pan ratio of 0.97 indicates the use of a floating pan to measure evaporation in small limited-fetch water bodies is an appropriate and accurate method for the site investigated. One-sided Paired t-Tests indicate daily floating pan rates were significantly less than land pan and PT rates. A two-sided Paired t-Test indicated there was no significant difference between land pan and PT values. The PT equation tends to overestimate evaporation during times when the air is of low drying power and tends to underestimate as drying power increases.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate analogs and β-adrenergic agonists induce the synthesis of the major surfactant apoprotein in human fetal lung in vitro

The use of beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of preterm labor has been found to be associated with a decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature newborns. beta-Sympathomimetic agents, which activate adenylate cyclase and increase tissue cAMP levels, as well as cAMP analogs stimulate surfactant glycerophospholipid synthesis and secretion by fetal lung tissue. In the present study, we used antibodies directed against the major human pulmonary surfactant apoprotein, a 35,000-dalton glycoprotein, to evaluate the effects of the cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) and the beta-adrenergic agonist terbutaline on surfactant apoprotein synthesis in human fetal lung explants in organ culture. By use of immunoblot analysis, we found that Bt2cAMP (1 mM) markedly stimulated accumulation of the major surfactant apoprotein in human fetal lung explants, as did terbutaline. Bt2cAMP treatment also increased the relative rate of incorporation of [35S]methionine into the major surfactant apoprotein. The Bt2cAMP-induced increase in surfactant apoprotein synthesis and accumulation was associated with an increase in the levels of translatable surfactant apoprotein mRNA. Morphometric analysis at both the light and electron microscopic levels was used to evaluate the effects of Bt2cAMP on the morphology of the human fetal lung in vitro. After 48-h incubation with Bt2cAMP, the prealveolar ducts of the fetal lung explants were enlarged greatly, and the relative amount of interalveolar connective tissue was reduced compared to those in control tissues. The volume density of type II cells in the Bt2cAMP-treated explants was significantly greater than that in control explants at this time point; however, after 4 and 6 days of incubation, the volume density of type II cells in control and Bt2cAMP-treated tissues was similar, and the lumina of the prealveolar ducts of control tissues had a volume density similar to that of Bt2cAMP-treated explants. Bt2cAMP also had pronounced effects on the ultrastructural morphology of the human fetal lung explants. Large quantities of secreted lamellar bodies and tubular myelin were observed in the lumina of the prealveolar ducts of the Bt2cAMP-treated tissue. Few lamellar bodies and no tubular myelin were observed in the lumina of the prealveolar ducts of control tissues. These findings suggest that cAMP may serve an important regulatory role in the synthesis and secretion of the major surfactant apoprotein by human fetal lung.
Patterns of Development in Spanish L2 Pragmatic Acquisition: An Analysis of Novice Learners' Production of Directives

This article investigates from an acquisitional approach the development of pragmatic competence by novice learners of second language (L2) Spanish. Specifically, it examines the acquisition of various strategies (e.g., head acts, use of softeners, formality marking, and hearer-oriented directives) to realize Spanish directives. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data detected patterns in the learners' directive production. The analysis considered factors such as instruction, L2 grammatical competence, and the influence of the first language (L1) to illustrate the patterns of development of L2 pragmatics at lower proficiency levels. The results show (a) verb forms with increased morphological complexity replaced lower level directive strategies, possibly as a result of the expansion of L2 grammatical competence; (b) pragmatic competence seems to precede grammatical competence; and (c) the L1 pragmatic system appears to play a role in interpreting and processing new L2 data for use in production.
A Hybrid Broad-Band EEG Frequency Analyzer for Use in Long-Term Experiments

A broad-band EEG frequency analyzer system is described which has been designed for the continuous analysis of experiments lasting several hours. It allows the quantitative measurement of the time course of the effects of various centrally active drugs on the EEG. Analog frequency analysis coupled with digital output provides an efficient means of data collection. Subsequent reduction of data is a accomplished by statistical techniques described elsewhere.
Pink Moon: The petrogenesis of pink spinel anorthosites and implications concerning Mg-suite magmatism

Abstract NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) has identified and characterized a new lunar rock type termed pink spinel anorthosite (PSA) ( Pieters et al., 2011 ). Dominated by anorthitic feldspar and rich in MgAl 2 O 4 spinel, PSA appears to have an unusually low modal abundance of mafic silicates, distinguishing it from known lunar spinel-bearing samples. The interaction between basaltic melts and the lunar crust and/or assimilation of anorthitic plagioclase have been proposed as a possible mechanism for PSA formation ( Gross and Treiman, 2011; Prissel et al., 2012 ). To test these hypotheses, we have performed laboratory experiments exploring magma–wallrock interactions within the lunar crust. Lunar basaltic melts were reacted with anorthite at 1400 °C and pressures between 0.05–1.05 GPa. Results indicate that PSA spinel compositions are best explained via the interaction between Mg-suite parental melts and anorthositic crust. Mare basalts and picritic lunar glasses produce spinels too rich in Fe and Cr to be consistent with the M 3 observations. The experiments suggest that PSA represents a new member of the plutonic Mg-suite. If true, PSA can be used as a proxy for spectrally identifying areas of Mg-suite magmatism on the Moon. Moreover, the presence of PSA on both the lunar nearside and farside ( Pieters et al., in press ) indicates Mg-suite magmatism may have occurred on a global scale. In turn, this implies that KREEP is not required for Mg-suite petrogenesis (as KREEP is constrained to the nearside of the Moon) and is only necessary to explain the chemical make-up of nearside Mg-suite samples.
The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Therapy on Cataract Formation

A study of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects was performed to evaluate the possible association of diabetes mellitus with cataract formation. Parameters investigated included cataract incidence and type model of diabetic therapy, degree of diabetic control, duration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity. Diabetes mellitus was found to be correlated with posterior subcapsular cataract formation, as was duration of diabetic disease. Race, degree of metabolic control, and age of onset of disease did not appear to be correlated with cataract formation. Oral hypoglycemic agent therapy was significantly associated with posterior subcapsular cataract formation. The African variant of G-6-PD deficiency appeared to protect against cataract formation in diabetic patients. The most important overall factor in cataractogenesis proved to be age. Posterior subcapsular cataracts were associated with corticosteroid therapy, presence of diabetes mellitus, and oral hypoglycemic agent therapy.
Forgiveness within the Big Five personality model

Abstract Research has begun to explore the relationship of dispositional forgiveness to personality traits [McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington Jr., E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships II: theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603.]. Personality research has generally focused on the Big Five model of personality, but there is evidence that prediction in personality is aided by using the underlying primary factors of the Big Five. This study examined, in students from religious and public universities, the relationships of five and 16 factors of personality to four dimensions of dispositional forgiveness — forgiveness of others, receiving others’ forgiveness, forgiveness of self, and receiving God’s forgiveness. The results confirmed that personality, particularly neuroticism versus emotional stability, correlates with many aspects of dispositional forgiveness, and that the use of a greater number of personality factors aids in understanding dispositional forgiveness.
Stereoregular polymerization of 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, and 4-vinylbiphenyl

1-Vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 4-vinylbiphenyl, and styrene were polymerized with Et3Al–TiCl4, Et2AlCl–TiCl3, and Et3Al–TiCl3 catalyst systems. The latter catalyst system gave polymers in 75–95% conversion which were at least 90% isotactic. Extraction with 2-butanone (MEK) separated the atactic from the isotactic fractions. The polymers were characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Resting electrocardiograms as baseline tests: impact on the management of elderly patients.

Abstract purpose: We evaluated management decisions of house staff in a university hospital emergency department (ED) to determine the impact of baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) results on the care of elderly patients. subjects and methods: The study employed a prospective before-after research design. The subjects included internal medicine house staff assigned to the ED and the 47 elderly patients treated by them during 58 ED visits. The measures of impact on patient care included how often and in what ways comparison of baseline and ED ECG results changed the house staff's diagnostic impressions and treatment plans. To determine changes, we asked house staff to indicate their impressions and management plans before and after comparing baseline and ED ECG results. In addition, a panel of faculty members used a modification of the nominal group process to determine treatment changes and to estimate benefit to patients from the changes. results: House staff indicated that baseline ECG results led them to change diagnostic impressions during 13 (22%) and treatment plans during eight (14%) of the 58 visits. Six of the patients benefited from the treatment changes. The faculty judges indicated that baseline ECG findings would have altered their diagnostic impressions in eight (14%) and treatment decisions in three (5%) of the 58 cases, one of which would have benefited from the change. All patients for whom there were changes of impression or plan had prior histories of cardiovascular disease. conclusion: We conclude that baseline ECGs provide ED house staff with diagnostic information that often leads to changes in management of elderly patients with prior histories of cardiovascular disease. Future studies should evaluate the efficacy of baseline ECGs in patients without such histories.
Magneto-optics of interacting electrons in quantum dots

Abstract We study the electronic states of an exciton coupled to interacting electrons in a quantum dot in a strong magnetic field. The exciton is composed of a localized valence hole and a photoexcited electron. The exciton is strongly coupled to the electron system because the hole binds a photo-excited electron and one of the electrons from the quantum dot. Detailed calculations for an exciton coupled to one- and two-electron dots are presented.