cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF A BENEFICIAL ALLELE UNDER PARTIAL SELFING AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION.

Classical population genetics has often focused on the dynamics of one or a few genes in isolation from the rest of the genome. Recently, however, there has been a recognition that the selective environment of a gene includes the entire genome (Charlesworth 1994; Peck 1994; Barton 1995). This study investigates the influence of a genomic trait, inbreeding depression, on the evolution of a beneficial allele at a single locus under partial selfing. Much of the effect of inbreeding depression is accounted for by its reduction of the selfing rate experienced in the population. In addition, however, I find evidence for a secondary consequence of a genomic background of inbreeding depression under partial selfing, namely, associations between the beneficial allele and the background. These associations, while small, may have a measurable effect on the evolution of advantageous alleles in a background of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is the decrement in fitness associated with inbreeding compared to outbreeding. In selfcompatible plants, this is generally measured as 8 = 1 (wslwO), where wi is the average fitness of selfed progeny and w0 is the average fitness of outcrossed progeny. Inbreeding depression has been studied extensively as an important factor in the evolution of self-fertilization in plants, and is thought to be present in most sexual species (Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1987). Experimental evidence now generally supports the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of the inbreeding depression observed in plants is due to recurrent mutation to deleterious recessive or nearly recessive alleles at many loci (Crow 1993; Ritland 1996). An important property of this form of inbreeding depression is that it is dynamic and interacts with the breeding system, so that the input of new mutations is balanced by a "purging" of recessives through exposure to selection due to the increase in homozygosity that accompanies self-fertilization (Lande and Schemske 1985). Evolution in partially selfing populations has features that distinguish it from evolution in random-mating populations, both from a single-locus and a multilocus perspective. At a single locus, levels of dominance and inbreeding can interact to affect the fate of individual alleles. In a phenomenon known as Haldane's Sieve, recessive beneficial mu-
Cross-inoculation specificity ofPsophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC

Only legumes of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, including the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) were found to form nodules in a temperate zone soil with no previous history of legume cropping. Isolates from root nodules from uninoculated winged beans grown in the field only nodulated legumes in the cowpea cross-inoculation group.Rhizobium japonicum formed ineffective nodules with the winged bean.
Gossip, Self-Monitoring, and Fashion Consumer Groups

The purpose of this study was to examine tendency to gossip and self-monitoring among fashion consumer groups. Word-of-mouth is acknowledged as a powerful force in transmission of fashion product i...
Structure and Properties of Silicon Carbide Implanted with Chromium

The effects of implanting chromium at fluences of up to 2.6 × 10 16 /cm 2 on the structure and properties of single- and polycrystalline samples of SiC were studied. The material turned amorphous due to the implantation. The hardness decreased by as much as 25% and the fracture toughness increased by approximately 10% due to the implantation. The most interesting finding was that the material swells by as much as 30% upon implantation of some 2 × 10 16 Cr-ions/cm 2 .
Pest-Free Period and Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Control of Walnut Husk Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Stone Fruits Exported to New Zealand

We propose a period free of walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis Cornpleta Cresson, from the beginning of stone fruit harvest in spring through 1 July for peaches, nectarines, and plums exported to New Zealand. The pest-free period was verified by the first seasonal emergence of adults trapped in a ‘Eureka’ walnut orchard in Merced County, Calif., in July 1990, and by emergence of adults from wild-type pupae reared in the laboratory. Pherocon AM traps baited with ammonium carbonate were more effective than emergence cages placed over the soil to determine first adult emergence. The status of peaches as a host was evaluated in the field and although adults were trapped in a ‘Carson’ peach orchard adjacent to a walnut orchard, pupae were not reared from fruit that had fallen from the trees nor were pupae found in the soil. Methyl bromide fumigation was evaluated as a quarantine treatment for use when the pest-free period is not in effect. At LD50s and doses to cause 100% mortality of the eggs and larvae in peaches, the late third instar was the least susceptible stage to methyl bromide. Cornplete mortality of 2,203 late third instars in ‘Fairtime’ peaches was attained in a large-scale test of a proposed quarantine treatment of 40 g/m3 methyl bromide for 2 h at ≥21°C and 50% (vol/vol) load under a forced-air system for peaches packed in two-tray shipping containers exported to New Zealand. Organic bromide residues were <0.001 ppm after 7 d in storage at 2.5°C. Inorganic bromide residues were below the U.S. tolerance level of 20 ppm.
Near Surface CO2 Detection in an Inductively Coupled Plasma Facility Using Diode Laser Absorption

Uncertainty exists as to whether appreciable amounts of CO2 are formed by surface recombination for Mars entry vehicles. It is well understood that highly catalytic thermal protection system (TPS) material can lead to nearly two times the heat flux to the vehicle surface as a non-catalytic material. Conservative design practice assumes a supercatalytic surface to accommodate this uncertainty. Risk avoidance leads to oversized TPS geometries that add mass to entry vehicle designs that could be otherwise employed. Determining whether significant near surface production of CO2 occurs at trajectory heating conditions would add significant insight. The University of Vermont (UVM) has developed a 30kW Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Facility to provide a pure high temperature plasma environment for aerospace material testing and gas-surface interaction chemistry investigations. The goal of the present work is to develop and test a diode laser absorption spectroscopy (DLAS) sensor to target near sample surface CO2 concentrations. A DFB diode laser at 2744 nm with a tuning range of around 3 nm is chosen as the light source. Current investigations show no appreciable amount of CO2 near a highly catalytic surface (water cooled copper) within the sensors’ detectivity limits. Work is ongoing to further improve these sensitivity limitations.
An Armenian Version of Athanasius's Letter to Epictetus

The following Armenian text of Athanasius's Letter to Epictetus is found in two manuscripts of the Mechitarists at Vienna:A. Cod. 629, ff. 66a–73b, 19th century, notragir, copied from an 18th century archetype at Ispahan.B. Cod. 648, ff. 102b–105b, paper, 14th century, bolorgir, without word division and badly worm-eaten.The version is different from that published by Tajezi, and belongs to an Armenian corpus of Athanasian writings compiled early in the eighth century. I have added a collation with Ludwig's edition of the Greek, but have deliberately refrained from discussing at length its relation to other textual authorities.
Injectable Selenium: Effect on the Primary Immune Response of Mice

SummarySodium selenite administered to mice ip (ca. 5 μg Se) enhances the primary immune response to the sheep red blood cell antigen. Enhancement of the primary immune response is greatest when Se is administered prior to or simultaneously with the sheep red blood cell antigen.
The Necessity of Carbon Dioxide for the Growth of Bacteria, Yeasts and Molds

The subject of bacterial metabolism is at present in a vague and unsatisfactory state. We know that carbon is the structural unit of living material, and that bacteria, in common with all living things, require, in addition to this element, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and inorganic salts. It is usually stated that a certain degradation of organic material takes place, and that the products are absorbed into the bacterial cell, where they are resynthesized into the complex substances which compose protoplasm. Just how far this degradation proceeds before absorption takes place, and in what form the structural materials are taken into the cell, has never been clearly defined.
Influence of Noise on the Audition of the Workers in a Gum-Making Factory

[Objective] To reveal the characteristics of noise in the gum-making process and its effect on the auditory system and the cardiovascular system of the noise-exposed workers and explore relevant countermeasures. [Methods] Through detecting the noise intensity in the workshops and the protection facilities against occupational diseases, the occupational physical examination result of 114 workers was analyzed. [Results] The noise intensity in the sugar-grinding workshop, gum-making workshop, gum-packing workshop and the gum-molding workshop were 93.9~97.1 dB (A), 88.3~100.6 dB (A), 79.8~92.8 dB (A) and 86.0~86.4 dB (A) respectively, 87% of the workshops exceeded the national hygienic standard; the rates of hearing loss and auditory injuries among the workers was 35.98% and 0.9% respectively.[Conclusion] To strengthen the individual health protection, improve the work environment and reduce the harm of noise on the workers' auditory system are the major effective measures.
The report to Congress on the appropriate federal role in assuring access by medical students, residents, and practicing physicians to adequate training in nutrition.

The Congress has had a long-time concern about the adequacy of nutrition education provided medical students and physicians during their training. Attempts over three decades to address this deficiency have been largely ineffective. Yet, recent changes in the delivery of health care from inpatient to outpatient services require physicians be competent in both applied nutrition and patient counseling. The importance of patient counseling is underscored by the surveys of the National Center for Health Statistics which reveal that overweight for the U.S. population has increased between the early 60s and the late 80s. These findings suggest that the Healthy People 2000 objective of reducing the prevalence of overweight may not be met. Congress evidenced its concern about the nutrition education in the medical curriculum in Section 302 of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act of 1990 that required a report on the subject from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. The Division of Medicine in the Health Resources and Services Administration, an agency of the Public Health Service, responded by compiling the report. The report to Congress focuses on two issues--why it has been so difficult to increase the nutrition content of medical school curriculums and, if the Federal Government intervenes, what strategies might be effective.
Artifacts produced by boron trifluoride methanolysis of a synthetic lecithin containing cyclopropane fatty acids (1-2-dihydrosterculoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine)

It is shown that methanolysis of dihydrosterculoyl lecithin with boron trifluoride–methanol introduces artifacts which are absent if the methyl ester is prepared by saponification of the lipid followed by treatment with diazomethane.
Beckett Reads the Eighteenth Century

Three myths about Beckett’s university education and subsequent reading underlie and (I believe) distort a great deal of criticism of his work: 1. that at Trinity College Dublin, as an Honors student in Modern Literature, focusing on French and Italian, Beckett would have studied little or no English literature; 2. that in turning away in 1938 from his native Ireland and, after the war, in rejecting his native language, Beckett turned his back also on English literature; and 3. that in order to become a writer of poems, plays, and novels, Beckett had in a sense to reject the scholarly learning, methodology, and style he had learned at Trinity.
Retaliation in Perspective

C riminal retaliation cannot be understood fully without reference to the socio-cultural context that provides much of the motivating force for its exercise. At a minimum, that context shapes offenders' judgments about what constitutes a meaningful affront, how serious it is, and what action should be taken in response. The underworld of urban street criminals is characterized by “aggressive regulative rules” (Baron, Forde, and Kennedy 2001) that promote a normative environment in which everyone is hypersensitive to inter-personal slights, however minor they may appear to outsiders. Small provocations produce disproportionately intense reactions because street identities are objectively shallow, based almost exclusively on the respect actors can command in inter-personal encounters. By refusing to take a perceived slight “lying down,” and striking back effectively, offenders earn “street credibility” and a trans-situational identity as someone not to be crossed. In the extra-legal setting of the urban street corner, respect is all about toughness, and toughness flows from the ability to inspire fear. Fear has currency that transcends the cathartic or the sensual; it allows you to get what you want from others while protecting yourself from the advances of would-be predators. To inspire fear is to create an illusion of dire consequences. This is not to deny the reality of objective threat, but rather to suggest that human beings seldom assess risk dispassionately. The tendency for people to focus on the perceived magnitude of potential consequences, as opposed to the statistical probability of suffering those consequences, is well recognized.
Testing the Vascular Invasive Ability of Cancer Cells in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)

Cancer cell vascular invasion and extravasation is a hallmark of metastatic progression. Traditional in vitro models of cancer cell invasion of endothelia typically lack the fluid dynamics that invading cells are otherwise exposed to in vivo. However, in vivo systems such as mouse models, though more physiologically relevant, require longer experimental timescales and present unique challenges associated with monitoring and data analysis. Here we describe a zebrafish assay that seeks to bridge this technical gap by allowing for the rapid assessment of cancer cell vascular invasion and extravasation. The approach involves injecting fluorescent cancer cells into the precardiac sinus of transparent 2-day old zebrafish embryos whose vasculature is marked by a contrasting fluorescent reporter. Following injection, the cancer cells must survive in circulation and subsequently extravasate from vessels into tissues in the caudal region of the embryo. Extravasated cancer cells are efficiently identified and scored in live embryos via fluorescence imaging at a fixed timepoint. This technique can be modified to study intravasation and/or competition amongst a heterogeneous mixture of cancer cells by changing the injection site to the yolk sac. Together, these methods can evaluate a hallmark behavior of cancer cells and help uncover mechanisms indicative of malignant progression to the metastatic phenotype.
Effects of Direct Systematic Instruction on Google Glass Orientation with Individuals with Intellectual Disability.

Glass, designed by Google, is a fairly new wearable and mobile technology that projects an image into a glass prism above the eye and is currently in beta testing. A touch pad on the side of Glass ...
Preliminary Results of Reduced Intensity Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (RI ALLOSCT) followed by a Dose Escalation of Targeted Consolidative Immunotherapy with Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (GO) in Pediatric Recipients with CD33+ AML.

Myeloablative (MA) AlloSCT has been successfully used to treat childhood AML but may be associated with significant toxicity and recurrent disease (Woods et al, Blood 2001). Reduced intensity (RI) AlloSCT may offer a less toxic approach to patients with AML/MDS (Taussig et al, J Clin Oncol 2003); however, RI may be associated with an increased risk of relapse. CD33, a sialic acid cell surface receptor, is expressed in 80% of AML, especially FAB subtypes M1-M6 (Sievers et al, Blood 1999). GO, a recombinant humanized CD33 antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, is internalized after binding to CD33, releasing calicheamicin and causing cell death. GO has induced responses in over 30% of adult patients with recurrent CD33+ AML but may be associated with liver sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS), especially when used in combination with MA AlloSCT (Sievers et al, J Clin Oncol 2001). We therefore hypothesized that RI AlloSCT followed by GO might reduce overall toxicity compared to MA AlloSCT and reduce the relapse rate in pediatric patients with CD33+ AML. We are currently studying the feasibility and toxicity of RI AlloSCT followed by a dose escalation of GO (4.5, 6.0, 7.5 mg/m 2 x 2 doses starting 8–10 weeks after AlloSCT), in pediatric patients with average risk AML. Four patients with CD33+ AML (M4/M5, M5, M4, and M0) in CR1 (3) and CR2 (1) were transplanted using a RI conditioning regimen of fludarabine 30 mg/m 2 for 6 days, and busulfan 3.2 mg/kg ( BBMT 2004). The donor sources were: 2 6/6 HLA matched peripheral blood stem cell family donors, 1 6/6 sibling cord blood, and 1 4/6 unrelated cord blood. Day 30 and Day 60 donor chimerism for these patients were 98%, 98%, 98%, 14% and 95%, 85%, 92%, 0% respectively. All 4 patients had CR bone marrows on Day 60. Median time to ANC≥500/ml 3 x 2 days and platelet count≥500/ml 3 x 7 days, untransfused, was 15 days (7–17) and 11 days (1–42), respectively. The first 3 patients went on to receive consolidation therapy post AlloSCT with 1 (n=1) and 2 (n=2) doses of GO at dose level one, 4.5 mg/m 2 followed by GM-CSF (250 mcg/m 2 /d until ANC≥2500); all patients tolerated RIAlloSCT without grade 3–4 toxicity. All patients experienced grade IV neutropenia following each dose of GO. ANC recovery after first GO was achieved on day 18, 14, and 18, and day 14 and 13, after the second dose. Grade IV thrombocytopenia was only observed with dose 1 in 1 patient. No patients have developed SOS and all have maintained >80% donor chimerism. In summary, the administration of GO post RI Allo in pediatric recipients with average risk AML is feasible and well tolerated with minimal toxicity. The MTD has yet to be determined for GO post RI AlloSCT for CD33+ AML. Studies are underway to determine the change, if any, in minimal residual disease (MRD) by WT1 gene expression before and after GO consolidation therapy post RI AlloSCT.
Academic achievement and metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Management of type 1 diabetes in adolescence is a complex task requiring self-control within individual and interpersonal domains. This is similarly requisite for academic achievement. Grade point ...
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS DOWNSTREAM OF A SHALLOW BUMP: COMPUTATION AND EXPERIMENT

Measurements of the velocity field created by a shallow bump on a wall revealed that an energy peak in the spanwise spectrum associated with the driver decays and an initially small‐amplitude secondary mode rapidly grows with distance downstream of the bump. Linear theories could not provide an explanation for this growing mode. The present Navier–Stokes simulation replicates and confirms the experimental results. Insight into the structure of the flow was obtained from a study of the results of the calculations and is presented.
Did you know Medicare does not usually include a dental benefit? Findings from a multisite investigation of oral health literacy.

Objectives Medicare does not usually include a dental benefit. Adults who are unaware of this fact risk unanticipated expenses after retirement. This report will explore the sociodemographic and oral health literacy determinants of this knowledge. Methods Data came from the Multi-Site Oral Health Literacy Research Study, a survey of patients presenting to two university dental clinics. Sociodemographic descriptors included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, and dental insurance status. Oral health literacy was measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine and Dentistry (REALM-D). Results Only 34 percent of respondents knew the correct answer to the Medicare question. Knowledge was significantly associated with age, race/ethnicity, education level (bivariate only), and REALM-D score. Conclusions Policymakers and those assisting in Medicare enrollment should ensure information regarding dental coverage is communicated in ways that individuals of varying literacy, language, and culture understand what is necessary to make appropriate decisions.
Familial and Special Twin Influences on Cigarette Use Initiation.

Background Shared experiences within families play an important role in the initiation of cigarette use among adolescents. Behavioral genetic studies using various samples have implicated that the shared environment that twins experience is an important source of influence on whether adolescents initiate cigarette use. Whether the special twin environment, in addition to the shared environment, contributes significantly to making twin siblings more similar in cigarette initiation, and whether the influence of the special twin environment persists into adulthood, is less clear. Methods Data for this study came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health. Twin, full-, and half-sibling pairs between the ages of 12 and 33 were separated into three age groups, with about 3,000 individuals in each age group. The proportion of variance in cigarette use initiation explained by genetic, shared, special twin, and unique environmental factors were examined. Results The results of separate age-moderated univariate variance decomposition models indicate that the special twin environment does not significantly contribute to the variance in cigarette use initiation in adolescence or young adulthood. Conclusion Factors shared by individuals in a family, but that are not specific to being a twin, are important in determining whether adolescents will initiate the use of cigarettes.
Texts, Tasks, and Talk

The subject of this chapter is, of course, the teaching vignettes as they’re represented in the descriptions and class dialogues provided by the teachers and their critical friends, but, somewhat paradoxically, it’s also about the ways in which it’s possible to ‘read’ these representations in writing without the writer disappearing.
Stereoselective Olefin Cyclopropanation under Aerobic Conditions with an Artificial Enzyme Incorporating an Iron-Chlorin e6 Cofactor

Myoglobin has recently emerged as a promising biocatalyst for catalyzing carbene-mediated cyclopropanation, a synthetically valuable transformation not found in nature. Having naturally evolved for binding dioxygen, the carbene transferase activity of this metalloprotein is severely inhibited by it, imposing the need for strictly anaerobic conditions to conduct these reactions. In this report, we describe how substitution of the native heme cofactor with an iron-chlorin e6 complex enabled the development of a biocatalyst capable of promoting the cyclopropanation of vinylarenes with high catalytic efficiency (up to 6970 TON), turnover rate (>2000 turnovers/min), and stereoselectivity (up to 99% de and ee) in the presence of oxygen. The artificial metalloenzyme can be recombinantly expressed in bacterial cells, enabling its application also in the context of whole-cell biotransformations. This work makes available a robust and easy-to-use oxygen-tolerant biocatalyst for asymmetric cyclopropanations and demo...
Housing privatization in Romania

Over the past three decades, Romanian housing rights changed from a strictly managed public stock to one governed by individual decision-making. And while it is typical that widespread private ownership provides a basis for a well-functioning housing market, in Romania this has not been the case. Indeed, rather than creating a market that spontaneously allocates resources efficiently, housing privatization in Romania has created exclusion rights, thus creating an Anti-commons problem. This problem can have effects similar to those of the tragedy of the Commons in which those who share a common good overuse it. In the Anti-commons, in contrast, if too many owners have the right to exclude others from use of a resource, the resource is underused. In both cases, the rights allocation wastes resources.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for patients with calcified ipsilateral renal arterial or abdominal aortic aneurysms.

AbstractA total of 4 patients with renal or upper ureteral calculi associated with ipsilateral calcified renal arterial or abdominal aortic aneurysms underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. One patient with a renal artery aneurysm had a solitary kidney. Linear distance from the calcified aneurysm to the stone, calculated by computerized and plain tomography, ranged between 4.6 and 6.5cm. (mean 5.3). Treatment was accomplished on an unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotriptor using 900 to 2,400 shock waves (mean 1,575) at 18kv. There were no complications of treatment and all 4 patients were discharged from the hospital within 24 hours, at which time radiographic examination revealed excellent stone comminution without change in the calcified aneurysm. With followup as long as 30 months, no adverse effects of therapy have become evident. We conclude that the presence of an ipsilateral calcified aneurysm may not necessarily preclude treatment of renal or upper ureteral calculi with extracorporeal shock wav...
Effect of Covalent Functionalization on Young’s Modulus of a Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube

Effective utilization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements in composites necessitates good interfacial bonding with the surround matrix material. The covalent functionalization of CNTs is an effective method to enhance this bonding. However, covalent bonds introduced by a functional group may alter the pristine structure of the CNT and lower its mechanical properties. Here we study the effect of hydrogen (–H), hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COOH), and amine (–NH2) functionalization on Young’s modulus of a single-wall CNT (SWCNT) using molecular mechanics (MM) simulations with the MM3 potential and the software TINKER. Both pristine and functionalized SWCNTs have been deformed in simple tension. From the strain energy of deformation vs. the axial strain curves, the value of Young’s modulus has been derived as a function of the functionalization group and the amount of functionalization. It is found that Young’s modulus decreases by about 30 % with 20 % of functionalization, the reduction is essentially proportional to the increase in the percentage of the functionalization material and is nearly the same for each of the four functional groups studied.
Studies with Tryptophan in Solid-Phase Synthesis

The basic concept of solid-phase synthesis (Merrifield, 1963) is engagingly simple. The synthetic reactions required for the lengthening of a polymer chain are performed while the growing chain is bound through a covalent link to an insoluble support which allows convenient purification by washing. By its very simplicity, however, the chosen methodology imposes stringent restrictions on the use of the synthetic arsenal which peptide chemists have developed. The use of a modified benzyl ester link between the polymer support and the C-terminus of the growing peptide chain determines the type of protecting groups which may be used on the α-amino group, i. e., a group which is more labile than the ester link and can be removed without cleaving the chain from the support such as the t-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) (Merrifield, 1964) and the o-nitrophenylsulfenyl (NPS) (Kessler and Iselin, 1966; Najjar and Merrifield, 1966). The choice of amino-protecting group and its method of removal restrict still further the choice of sidechain-protecting groups.
Relativistic Effects on NMR Parameters

For heavy atoms, and for molecules with heavy atoms, a theoretical description of the electronic structure needs to consider the finite speed of light and Einstein’s special relativity. This chapter provides a brief introduction to special relativity and to relativistic methods in quantum chemistry. It is shown how these methods can be used to calculate NMR chemical shifts and indirect spin–spin coupling constants (J-coupling). A number of examples are discussed where relativistic effects have a significant influence on these NMR parameters. In some cases for example, for indirect spin–spin coupling involving 199Hg, relativistic effects may be larger than the total value calculated with a nonrelativistic method.
Playability evaluation of a virtual bowed string instrument

Driving a bowed string physical model using a bow controller, we explore the potentials of using the real gestures of a violinist to simulate violin sound using a virtual instrument. After a description of the software and hardware developed, preliminary results and future work are discussed.
Through-the-Body Localization of Implanted Biochip in Wearable Nano-Biosensing Networks

Recent developments of nanotechnology are enabling new smart health monitoring and diagnosis systems based on wearable nano-biosensing networks. Such systems consist of at least one biochip implanted inside the human body and a wearable device that can activate nanosensors on the biochip and take measurements. Due to the motion of the human body, the wearable device may become misaligned with the implanted biochip. Since passive nanosensors and weak signals are utilized to protect biological tissues, such misalignment can significantly impact the sensing accuracy and even feasibility. Therefore, the relative position between wearable device and the implant has to be determined so that the wearable device can compensate the impacts of misalignment. There are two critical problems of through-the-body localization: 1) reflections from the biochip behind biological tissues are shadowed by reflections from tissues, which tend to dominate a long duration of time, and 2) the position of the implanted biochip cannot be calculated with a specific model of biological tissues. In this paper, a through-the-body (TTB) localization mechanism is proposed to estimate the position of implanted biochip without a priori knowledge of biological tissues of human body. The localization mechanism utilizes spatial filtering to mitigate reflections from biological tissues and uses support vector machine (SVM) regression to estimate the position of the implanted biochip. Through the analytical modeling and numerical simulations, it is shown that the reflections from biological tissues can be effectively mitigated by spatial filtering and SVM regression can estimate the position of the implant with high accuracy.
The Role of Vascular Imaging to Advance Clinical Care and Research in Large-Vessel Vasculitis

The two main forms of large-vessel vasculitis (LVV) are giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK). Vascular imaging can characterize disease activity and disease extent in LVV. This review critically analyzes the clinical utility of vascular imaging in LVV and highlights how imaging may be incorporated into the management and study of these conditions. There are multiple imaging modalities available to assess LVV including ultrasonography, CT angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). As these techniques are refined, imaging may be increasingly useful to evaluate the cranial arteries and the aorta and its primary branches. In addition, vascular imaging may be useful to monitor disease activity and may have prognostic value to predict future clinical events. There are strengths and weaknesses associated with vascular imaging that should be considered when evaluating patients with LVV. Vascular imaging will likely play an increasingly important role in the clinical management of patients and the conduct of research in LVV and may ultimately be incorporated as outcome measures in clinical trials in these conditions.
Machining Multilayer Circuit Boards: Part 2

Drilling is the first process step in creating a plated‐through hole (PTH). The purpose of the PTH is for electrically interconnecting two or more circuit locations and/or providing a means for electrical and mechanical connection of components to the MLCB.
Outcomes of melanoma soft parts/clear cell sarcoma (MSP/CCS) patients (pts) with immune and targeted therapies.

e21046Background: Overall survival (OS) for pts with cutaneous melanoma has vastly improved with checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) and targeted therapy (TT), but less is known about outcomes of other rar...
Reply to “Comment on ‘Identification of Edible Oils by Principal Component Analysis of 1H NMR Spectra’”

Additional student-acquired untargeted PCA data are presented, and potential variations on a NMR-based oil classification laboratory are discussed. While unambiguous sample identification is easily achieved without feature selection, the use of published peak lists is a viable alternate approach to variable reduction prior to PCA analysis. Individual instructors can evaluate whether an unbiased or a targeted approach best fits their pedagogical goals.
VIIRS-Derived Inherent Optical Property Data over Global Coastal and Inland Waters Using the NIR-based Approach

In open ocean and coastal/inland waters, the normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nL w (λ) are determined by water inherent optical properties (IOPs). However, for coastal/inland waters, the complex feature of the water IOPs makes it challenging for accurate retrieval of IOPs from satellite measurements. In this paper, we overview the recent progress for deriving accurate water IOPs and suspended particle size distribution (PSD) over global turbid coastal and inland waters. We show that water reflectance model in coastal and inland waters can be significantly simplified at the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, thus particle backscattering coefficient b bp (λ), phytoplankton absorption coefficient a ph (λ), and dissolved and detrital absorption coefficient a dg (λ) can be derived from nL w (λ) spectra from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) observations. Specifically, the coefficient b bp (λ) and PSD in global highly turbid water can be characterized and quantified. We show that b bp (λ), a ph (λ), and a dg (λ) values derived using the NIR IOP algorithm match well with the true values in turbid coastal and inland waters. An IOP algorithm that combines the NIR-based IOP algorithm for coastal/inland waters and the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm (QAA) IOP algorithm for the open ocean is proposed to derive b bp (λ), a ph (λ), and a dg (λ) for global ocean. Using China’s east coastal region, Amazon River Estuary, and La Plata River Estuary as examples, we demonstrate that the combined IOP algorithm can produce high-quality b bp (λ), a ph (λ), and a dg (λ) data, as well as PSD products for both turbid coastal/inland waters and open ocean from VIIRS-derived nL w (λ) spectra.
High-Temperature Nanoindentation of SiC/SiC Composites

The results of high-temperature nanoindentation testing on both a control and a neutron-irradiated silicon carbide matrix silicon carbide fiber composite sample are presented. The mechanical properties of the chemical vapor-infiltrated matrix were observed to have slightly increased in hardness and slightly decreased in elastic modulus after irradiation. Tyranno SA3 fiber behavior results are inconclusive, possibly because residual graphite in the fibers resulting from the manufacturing process produced a large scatter in the data. This work also demonstrates the capability to measure the individual components of fabricated composites at elevated temperature, which should provide inputs for modeling the macro-scale behavior of the composites.
Ecological∼Enactivism Through the Lens of Japanese Philosophy

The enactive and ecological approaches to embodied cognitive science are on a collision course. While both draw inspiration from similar views in psychology and phenomenology, the two approaches initially held seemingly contradictory views and points of focus. Early enactivists saw value in the ecological approach but insisted that the two schools remain distinct. While ecological psychology challenged the common foes of mental representation and mind-body dualism, it seemingly did so at the cost of the autonomy of the agent. This is evidence that the early enactive and ecological approaches told different stories about how agents and environments interact. Whereas the enactive approach broadly focuses on agency and the organism's resilience to environmental perturbations, the ecological approach insists that organisms are best understood in terms of the organism-environment system and at the ecological scale. Historically, this tension created space for harsh criticisms from both sides and for some ecological psychologists to dismiss enactivism altogether. Despite their differences, both approaches use dynamic systems theory to explain the interactions between embodied agents and the environment or contextual milieu in which they are embedded. This has led some scholars to focus on the complementary elements of each approach and argue that the two schools are allies, thus rejecting the historical disagreements between the two approaches and calling for an ecological-enactive synthesis. The attempts to synthesize the approaches are noteworthy and should be considered steps in the right direction but are potentially problematic. If the two schools are merely synthesized to some form of ecological-enactivism, then something of value from both approaches could be lost. This is analogous to the hasty comparison between two seemingly similar schools of thought found in early attempts at East-West comparative philosophy. I argue that the relationship between the enactive and ecological approaches is both complementary and contrary and is thus best understood in terms of complementarity. Given the complexity of complementarity I will unpack the notion in steps. I will begin with the exploration of analogous concepts in Japanese Philosophy and gradually build a lens through which both agent environment and ecological enactive complementarities can be understood.
Anatomy and Function of the Primate Entorhinal Cortex.

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a critical element of the hippocampal formation located within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in primates. The EC has historically received attention for being the pri...
Where will they grow from here? Association between height at 24 months and adult attained height in a population with a high prevalence of linear growth restriction.

This was a longitudinal observational cohort study to investigate the association of stunting at 24 months of age and attained adult height. A cohort of 104 Peruvian males (n=47) and females (n=57) was studied from 24 months to after puberty in a rural community in the Peruvian Amazon located 15 km southeast from the urban center of Iquitos. Anthropometric measures were made at 24 months and after puberty. Height for Age Z (HAZ) Scores were calculated and compared to assess the association of HAZ score at 24 months and adult height. 67.7% of males and 54.1% of females who were stunted at 24 m (HAZ -2.0) after puberty, whereas 6.25% of males and 6.06% of females who were not stunted at 24 m (HAZ>-2.0) became stunted (HAZ<-2.0) after puberty. The first 1000 days are not the only critical window for growth promotion. Global and national initiatives to reduce stunting should not exclusively focus on the first two years of life, but also work to promote the nutritional initiatives to promote optimal nutrition and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.
A Primer on the Role of the University’s Attorney

This article is a discussion of the role of the University Counsel (sometimes called the General Counsel) as “adviser, officer, administrator, and agent” in the university setting. The article discusses the nature of the “fiduciary duty” in university governance and describes several of the substantive areas of the law with which the University Counsel must become familiar: faculty employment and tenure discussions; share governance; sponsored research; student rights; and the many issues relating to college athletics.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Multi-Institutional Review of Pediatric Patients Who Underwent HSCT

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare but serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The purpose of our study is to estimate the incidence, prevalence, and analyze the risk factors and outcome of TMA in children receiving HSCT. Patients under the age of 21 who underwent HSCT at one of the 42 Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) hospitals from 2000-2012 were analyzed, including demographics, hospitalizations, TMA, and other HSCT-related complications. From 2000 to 2012, a total of 12,369 unique pediatric patients who received HSCT were identified. Among these, 93 (0.8%) children were identified to have the diagnosis of TMA. TMA was significantly associated with allogeneic HSCT, peripheral blood stem cell trasnplants (PBSCT), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV6), fungal infection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and veno-occlusive disease (VOD) (p = 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of mortality showed only HHV6 was an independent risk factor associated with increased mortality in patients with TMA (hazard ratio: 2.86 [1.01, 8.39], p = 0.05). The prevalence of TMA in our study is 0.8% with a mortality in our pediatric TMA cohort of 30%, which is in contrast to the higher mortality reported in previously published, small-case series. HHV6 emerged as not only a risk factor for TMA but also as associated with increased mortality in these patients.
Female rats display greater nicotine withdrawal-induced cellular activation of a central portion of the interpeduncular nucleus versus males: A study of Fos immunoreactivity within provisionally assigned interpeduncular subnuclei.

Abstract Background The interpeduncular nucleus (>1840) (IPN) has been shown to modulate the behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal in male rodents. To date, the contribution of this brain structure to sex differences in withdrawal is largely unexplored. Methods This study compared neuronal activation, as reported by observable Fos expression in the IPN of nicotine-dependent female and male rats experiencing withdrawal. We provisionally localized the Fos-expressing cells to certain IPN subnuclei within Swanson’s standardized brain atlas (2018). Adult female and male rats were prepared with a pump that delivered nicotine (3.2 mg/kg/day; base) continuously. Controls received a sham surgery. Fourteen days later, the rats received administration of saline or the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg; salt), and physical signs and anxiety-like behavior were assessed. The rats were then euthanized and brain sections containing the IPN were processed for Fos immunofluorescence to infer the possible IPN subnuclei displaying differential activation between sexes. Results Both female and male rats displayed withdrawal-induced Fos expression within the IPN. Compared to males, female rats displayed greater numbers of withdrawal-induced Fos-positive cells within a circumscribed portion of the IPN that may fall within the cytoarchitectural boundaries of the central subnucleus (>1840) (IPNc). The withdrawal-induced activation of the IPN was correlated with negative affective states in females, but not males. Conclusion These data suggest that a centrally located group of IPN cells, presumably situated partly or completely within the IPNc, play a role in modulating sex differences in negative affective states produced by withdrawal.
Real-time imaging of nanoscale electrochemical Ni etching under thermal conditions.

The ability to vary the temperature of an electrochemical cell provides opportunities to control reaction rates and pathways and to drive processes that are inaccessible at ambient temperature. Here, we explore the effect of temperature on electrochemical etching of Ni–Pt bimetallic nanoparticles. To observe the process at nanoscale resolution we use liquid cell transmission electron microscopy with a modified liquid cell that enables simultaneous heating and biasing. By controlling the cell temperature, we demonstrate that the reaction rate and dissolution potential of the electrochemical Ni etching process can be changed. The in situ measurements suggest that the destabilization of the native nickel oxide layer is the slow step prior to subsequent fast Ni removal in the electrochemical Ni dissolution process. These experiments highlight the importance of in situ structural characterization under electrochemical and thermal conditions as a strategy to provide deeper insights into nanomaterial transformations as a function of temperature and potential.
The relationship between young children’s transitions and power: ‘Why are all the doors locked? I don’t feel free … I am not in charge of me anymore'

Increasing attention to the relationships between transitions, power, spaces, and schooling, this article explores the disjuncture between seemingly liberal concepts in transition processes and hie...
Use of Nasal Airflow-Inducing Maneuver with olfactory training in patients with post-laryngectomy anosmia: a pilot study

Up to 75% of patients who have undergone a total laryngectomy (TL) suffer from hyposmia or anosmia. The only intervention currently available is the Nasal Airflow-Inducing Maneuver (NAIM), which ha...
Data-centric workflows in government: a new avenue of research?

A focus on organizing and implementing workflows in government from a standpoint of data awareness, or even data centricity might provide opportunities to address several of the challenges facing governments efforts to improve government effectiveness and efficiency as well as interoperation between government entities. The notion of data-aware, as opposed to data-unaware, or just process-centric workflows, is based on taking into account and using the particular enactments and instance-specific data in the workflow itself and beyond its single instance. In other words, on the one hand, workflows "process" data; however, through their enactments and instances, on the other hand, workflows "are" data--ready as inputs for other workflows including cross-process enactment mining and analyses.To be useful as a strategy in government, we need to explore how data-centric approaches can tackle the specific challenges of government such as the ill-structured or semi-structured workflows found in emergency and disaster response management and we need to better understand the specific constraints, under which (intra- and cross-agency) data-centric workflows can be designed and implemented. This paper lays out a research agenda that will inform questions about the issues with and the potential of the data-centric approach in the context of government.