cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunogens from a synthetic hexasaccharide fragment of the O-SP of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa

Abstract The known 5-(methoxycarbonyl)pentyl α-glycoside of the hexasaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa 24 was newly prepared. The efficiency of construction of the hexasaccharide from the disaccharide glycosyl acceptor 6 and each of the two tetrasaccharide glycosyl donors 16, and 18, as an alternative to the iterative coupling of the disaccharide glycosyl donor 7 with 6, was evaluated. Compound 24 was treated with each of hydrazine hydrate, ethylenediamine, and hexamethylenediamine to give ligands 25, 27, and 29, respectively, equipped with different linkers. Reaction of the foregoing compounds with squaric acid diethyl ester, and the reactions of the thus formed monoesters 26, 28, and 30 with BSA were evaluated. The rate of formation of the corresponding monoester was higher with hydrazide 25 than with amines 27 and 29, whose reaction rates were virtually the same. Reactions of squaric acid derivatives 26, 28, and 30 with BSA were conducted under the same conditions (reaction temperature, ligand–BSA ratio, and concentration with respect to the hapten) and targeted for neoglycoconjugates with 24–BSA ratio of ∼5. Monitoring the conversions by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry in conjunction with the ProteinChip® system made it possible to conduct the conjugations in controlled fashion, and to terminate the reactions when the desired carbohydrate–protein ratios were reached. Products from 26, 28, and 30, neoglycoconjugates 31–33, containing 4.9, 5.0, and 5.1 moles of 24/BSA, respectively, were obtained in 87–93% yields. When the conjugation started with the initial molar carbohydrate–protein ratio of 15:1, the final molar carbohydrate–BSA ratio reached after 14 days with ligands 26, 28, and 30 was 9.0, 11.0, and 9.1, respectively.
Expectations, learning and macroeconomic persistence ☆

Abstract Monetary DGSE models under rational expectations typically require large degrees of features as habit formation in consumption and inflation indexation to match the inertia of macroeconomic variables. This paper presents an estimated model that departs from rational expectations and nests learning by economic agents, habits, and indexation. Bayesian methods facilitate the joint estimation of the learning gain coefficient together with the ‘deep’ parameters of the economy. The empirical results show that when learning replaces rational expectations, the estimated degrees of habits and indexation drop closer to zero, suggesting that persistence arises in the model economy mainly from expectations and learning.
Revisiting ENSO Coupled Instability Theory and SST Error Growth in a Fully Coupled Model

AbstractA coupled model framework is presented to isolate coupled instability induced SST error growth in the ENSO region. The modeling framework using CCSM4 allows for seasonal ensembles of initialized simulations that are utilized to quantify the spatial and temporal behavior of coupled instabilities and the associated implications for ENSO predictability. The experimental design allows for unstable growth of initial perturbations that are not prescribed, and several cases exhibit sufficiently rapid growth to produce ENSO events that do not require a previous ENSO event, large-scale wind trigger, or subsurface heat content precursor. Without these precursors, however, ENSO amplitude is reduced.The initial error growth exhibits strong seasonality with fastest growth during spring and summer and also dependence on the initialization month with the fastest growth occurring in the July ensemble. Peak growth precedes the peak error, and evidence suggests that the final state error may be sensitive to a sligh...
Localization Computation of One-Point Disk Invariants of Projective Calabi–Yau Complete Intersections

We define one-point disk invariants of a smooth projective Calabi–Yau complete intersection in the presence of an anti-holomorphic involution via localization. We show that these invariants are rational numbers and obtain a formula for them which confirms, in particular, a conjecture by Jinzenji–Shimizu [(Int J Geom Method M 11(1):1456005, 2014), Conjecture 1].
Neutrino cross section measurements @ SciBooNE

We report measurements of cross sections of neutrinos of 0.7 GeV average energy scattering off a carbon target cross sections with by the SciBooNE experiment at Fermilab. These measurements are important inputs for current and future accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments in the interpretation of neutrino oscillation signals.
Radiative-gasdynamic coupling and nonequilibrium effect behind reflected shock waves

Results of calculations for the flowfields behind reflected shock waves in nitrogen resulting from incident shock velocities of 8 and 11 km /sec and initial pressures of 10 ~3 and 10 ~2 cm of Hg are presented. In obtaining these results the radiative properties of the gas have been represented by an approximate nongray absorption coefficient model, and the exchange of momentum and energy due to collisions between particles has been included. During the first microsecond after reflection the radiative cooling is strong enough to cause the end-wall pressure to decrease as much as 50% before increasing to its equilibrium value. The cooling also induces a velocity acceleration towards the wall and accelerates chemical and thermal relaxation. In the region immediately behind the shock wave the electron temperature is much lower than the heavy particle temperature, but even in the near equilibrium region next to the wall the electron temperature remains about two percent below the heavy particle temperature. Comparison calculations demonstrate that two temperature effects must be included to accurately predict end-wall pressure, radiative heat transfer, and radiative-gasdynamic coupling effects.
Synthesis and X‐ray crystal structures of chiral, nonracemic 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazines

The Ephedra-based oxadiazines (IV), (VII) and (VIII) are synthesized as potential tools for conducting asymmetric syntheses via intramolecular chiral relay.
An emulated computer with assembler for teaching undergraduate computer architecture

An eight-bit computer has been designed using an open source logic emulation package called "Multimedia Logic" from www.softronix.com. The intent of the project was to make clear to computer science students how the data path and control lines work to provide computer functionality.This computer is an excellent teaching aid because:1. All registers, ALU outputs, control lines, and memory outputs are instrumented.2. Instructions can be executed with a single step switch or run with a clock.3. The architecture is quite simple, with separate memory devices for data and instructions.4. It is supported with an assembler patterned after the MIPS assembler used with the SPIM simulator.5. An ASCII output display is available.The instruction set designed for this computer includes: Add from memory, Add immediate, Load from memory to the input register, save from the output register to memory, jump to the address given by the immediate, jump to the address given by the immediate if the last add produced a zero result, and halt.The design includes an instruction format of three bits of operation code followed by five bits of immediate.Using this design as a launching point, students have been encouraged to design their own computers. Some excellent designs have been submitted. These include an elaborate multi-cycle 16-bit design, and many application specific designs.This paper provides details of this computer design, assembler and example programs as well as descriptions of designs submitted by students.
Superconductivity in a new family of organic conductors

Evidence for superconductivity in (BEDT-TTF) 4 (ReO 4) 2 [where BEDT-TTF is bis(eth-ylenedithiolo)tetrathiafulvalenel near 2 K for pressures above 4 kbar is reported. This is the first unambiguous observation of superconductivity in a sulphur-donor organic system. At higher pressures the transition temperature decreases rapidly, dT c,/dP~- 0.3 K/kbar. At low pressures this material exhibits a first-order metal-insulator transition, postulated to result from a change in the arrangement of the anions which are ordered at room temperature.
High-order Compact Schemes with Filters on Multi-block Domains

This paper presents the results of using high-order compact schemes with a high-order filter on multi-block domains. The Linearized Euler Equations (LEE) are solved on a uniform mesh for benchmark problems in one and two dimensions. Also a two dimensional mixing layer is solved by using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). Three different boundary schemes are compared. The results compare well with the exact solutions and single-block domain results. The effect of the number of points of overlap among the subdomains is investigated. Having four points of overlap is chosen as a compromise between accuracy and efficiency.
Navier-Stokes solutions for an oscillating double-delta wing

An upwind-biased implicit scheme is used to investigate steady-state and unsteady Navier-Stokes solutions of the vortical flow over a double-delta wing configuration. The governing equations are solved numerically with a fully upwind, implicit, iterative, and factorized numerical scheme. Steady-state solutions for fixed angles of attack and unsteady solutions for a sinusoidal oscillatory motion are obtained. The steady-state solutions on the baseline grid are in agreement with the experiment, and grid refinements show some improvements of the predictions. The higher-order accuracy of the present scheme yields equivalent solutions on smaller grid densities compared to solutions obtained with a second-order accurate method on larger grids. As the angle of attack increases, the grid resolution requirements for adequate resolution of the leeward-side vortical flowfield become very severe. The unsteady solutions are in general agreement with the measurements and show a qualitative correlation with the experiment.
Synthesis on soluble polymers: new reactions and the construction of small molecules

To avoid the heterogeneous reaction conditions of solid-phase chemistry, liquid-phase synthesis provides homogeneity through the use of soluble polymer supports that can be selectively precipitated and filtered to achieve product purification. Peptides, oligonucleotides, and oligosaccharides have been synthesized by this method. Furthermore, combinatorial libraries of small molecules have been produced by liquid-phase synthesis to aid in the search for new pharmaceutical agents including compounds active against HIV. Soluble polymeric reagents have also been developed for greater ease and efficiency in organic synthesis.
Interjected sounds in deaf children's speech.

Recordings and phonetic transcriptions of deaf children's speech were examined for nonstandard interjected elements associated with consonant production. Vowel release of both stop consonants and fricatives is found in word‐final position and between abutting or normally blended sounds, particularly where assimilation ordinarily occurs, such as between stops or between a stop and fricative. A lateral /1/ is also used as a release. Stop positions are arrived at too slowly, introducing a fricative of similar place and voice. A stop released with overeffort produces an affricate. A fricative may be preceded by a stop of similar place and voice. Cessation of nasality without movement from a position produces a plosive following the nasal sound. Extra nasals are inserted before or after a stop in the same place. The substitutions in deaf children's speech often result from undershoot of the articulatory target. Some interjected elements apparently represent overshoot, which may be due to conscious effort at articulatory placement, while others stem from slowness of movement of the articulators.
A Model of Investment under Uncertainty: Modern Irrigation Technology and Emerging Markets in Water

This article develops a stochastic dynamic model of irrigation technology adoption. It predicts that farms will not invest in modern technologies unless the expected present value of investment exceeds the cost by a potentially large hurdle rate. The article also demonstrates that, contrary to common belief, water markets can delay adoption. The introduction of a market should induce farms with abundant (scarce) water supplies to adopt earlier (later) than they would otherwise. This article was motivated by evidence that, contrary to NPV predictions, farms wait until random events such as drought drive returns significantly above costs before investing in modern irrigation technologies. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Positive Deviance on the Ethical Continuum: Green Mountain Coffee as a Case Study in Conscientious Capitalism

Increasingly, stories are emerging about businesses that engage in ethical behaviors above and beyond mere compliance with regulations. These positive deviations along the ethical continuum provide an opportunity to explore how some companies’ business philosophy leads them to pursue an array of outcomes beyond the bottom line. This paper presents a case study of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, the leading ethical company in the United States as rated by Forbes magazine, exploring the company culture and operating philosophy from a perspective of conscientious capitalism. The three underlying assumptions of conscientious capitalism are: (1) interconnectedness between individuals, businesses, and global society; (2) wealth as a holistically understood state rather than solely a financial status; and (3) relevant time spanning multiple generations. Implications are offered for commerce, business practitioners, and educators.
Results on improved KS dynamical configurations: spectrum, decay constants, etc.

Abstract The MILC Collaboration has been producing ensembles of lattice configurations with three dynamical flavors for the past few years. There are now results for three lattice spacings for a variety of light and strange quark masses, ranging down to m l = 0.1 m s , where m s is the dynamical strange quark mass and m l is the common mass of the a and d quarks. Recently, the Fermilab, HPQCD, MILC and UKQCD collaborations have presented a summary of results obtained using these lattices. Compared with quenched results, these new calculations show great improvement in agreement with experiment. This talk addresses the technical improvements that make these calculations possible and provides additional details of calculations not presented in the initial summary. We demonstrate that a wide range of hadronic observables can now be calculated to 2–3% accuracy.
Tektites and Geomagnetic Reversals

THE microscopic glassy objects which occur in sediments deposited in the Australasian area during and shortly after the last magnetic polarity reversal are apparently tektites (see succeeding communication). The last reversal occurred 0.7 × 106 yr ago: potassium–argon dates1 indicate that the Australasian tektites were formed 0.7 × 106 yr ago. The tektites were formed and deposited at the same time as the geomagnetic field reversed, and so both phenomena could have a common cause.
False or fitting recognition? The use of high performance bonuses in motivating organizational achievements

This research undertakes a theoretical and empirical examination of (high performance bonus) systems in government, that is, incentive payments awarded by the federal government to state organizations or statewide programs to motivate and recognize high performance achievements. The paper draws from a multidisciplinary literature on incentives in organizations to first derive implications for the design and implementation of high performance bonus systems. An empirical analysis of the Workforce Investment Act performance bonus system and its effectiveness in recognizing and rewarding performance follows. The results of the theoretical and empirical investigation suggest that high performance bonus systems are more likely to encourage misrepresentation of performance and other strategic behaviors than to recognize and motivate exceptional performance or performance improvements. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Preparation and properties of sol-gel derived PZT thin films for decoupling capacitor applications

Abstract The use of ceramic thin films as decoupling capacitors offers the possibility of capacitor integration within the integrated circuit (IC) package, and potentially, directly onto the IC itself. Since these configurations minimize series inductance, higher operational speeds are possible. In the present study we have investigated the dielectric and leakage characteristics of sol-gel PZT films. For compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary, dielectric constants of 1000, and loss tangents of about 0.02, were observed. The current-voltage behavior of the capacitors was characterized by a non-linear response, and significant asymmetry in both the leakage and breakdown characteristics as a function of bias sign was observed. Breakdown fields for PZT 53/47 thin films were typically ∼800 kV/cm at 25°C. We have also studied the effects of La and Nb dopant additions and alternate firing strategies on film leakage characteristics. Donor doping at 2–5 mol% lowered leakage currents by a factor of 103 F...
An analytical technique for studying the anomalous roll behavior of re-entry vehicles

Anomalous roll behavior of a spinning re-entry vehicle is examined in detail for the case of a vehicle having a simple compound asymmetry consisting of a lateral center-of-gravity offset combined with an aerodynamic trim angle of attack. The analysis is made utilizing a fast analytical roll response program developed from the linearized equations of motion of a spinning vehicle. The results show that persistent roll resonance is obtained at first resonance with the minimum aerodynamic asymmetry if the asymmetry creates a trim force that lies in-plane with the center-of-gravity offset. A criterion is developed which defines this minimum in-plane aerodynamic asymmetry for the special case of a constant flightpath entry into an exponential atmosphere with constant aerodynamic coefficients. A suggested method of treating Mach-number-dependent aerodynamic coefficients is also presented. Selected six-degree-of-freedom trajectory calculations are used to verify important analytical results.
Customer positivity and participation in services: an empirical test in a health care context

Many service interactions require customers to actively participate, yet customers often do not participate at levels that optimize their outcomes, particularly in health care. To gain insight into how customers shape a service experience with highly uncertain outcomes, we construct a model on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The model is used to empirically assess how situation-specific emotions and customer participation during a health care service experience affect perceptions of the service provider. The model is tested using data from 190 medical clinic customers. Consistent with theory, results reveal that as customers’ relative affect levels become more positive, levels of participation increase as well. In turn, higher levels of positivity and participation improve customer perceptions of the quality of the service provider and satisfaction with the co-produced service experience. Implications of this research focus managers on designing services to help clients manage their emotions in ways that facilitate positivity and participation and thus improve service perceptions.
Anytime merging of appearance-based maps

We consider the problem of merging together multiple appearance-based maps independently built by a team of robots jointly exploring an indoor environment. Due to the lack of accepted metrics to evaluate the quality of merged appearance-based maps, we propose to use algebraic connectivity for this purpose, and we discuss why this is an appropriate measure. Next, we introduce QuickConnect, an anytime algorithm aiming to maximize the given metric and we show how it can merge couple of maps, as well as multiple maps at the same time. The proposed algorithm has been implemented and tested on a fully functioning robotic system building appearance-based maps using a bag of words approach. QuickConnect outperforms alternative methods and features a convenient tradeoff between accuracy and speed.
An Applied Study Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Translate Common Verbal Phrases to Numerical Probabilities

This is an applied study of how to develop a standardized set of useful verbal probability phrases for communication purposes within an expert community. The analysis extends the previous research in two ways. First, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to assess the relative weights associated with the verbal phrases employed by a group of thirty financial strategy experts at a major Wall Street firm. Second, a quadratic least-squares technique is used to map these relative weights onto a subjective probability scale. The result was a consistent scaling of probabilistic phrases that the analysts prefer and actually use. This methodology can be used to minimize the problems associated with the use of probabilistic phrases by a group of experts who interact daily and who share assumptions, working knowledge and values. # 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of Sandstone Acidizing of a Damaged Perforation

A mathematical model was developed to study the effect of acidizing on the productivity of a single perforation penetrating a sandstone reservoir as a function of the distribution of damage around the perforation. Assuming the perforation to be ellipsoidal, the authors derived a 2D model that describes the single-phase flow of an acid through a perforated sandstone that contains two pseudochemical minerals dissolving at different rates. This paper presents cases that show the effectiveness of acidizing in removing both drilling-fluid damage and perforation damage. The most effective stimulation occurs when the perforation damage is removed by the acid.
Extrasolar Planet Eccentricities from Scattering in the Presence of Residual Gas Disks

Gravitational scattering between massive planets has been invoked to explain the eccentricity distribution of extrasolar planets. For scattering to occur, the planets must either form in—or migrate into—an unstable configuration. In either case, it is likely that a residual gas disk, with a mass comparable to that of the planets, will be present when scattering occurs. Using explicit hydrodynamic simulations, we study the impact of gas disks on the outcome of two-planet scattering. We assume a specific model in which the planets are driven toward instability by gravitational torques from an outer low-mass disk. We find that the accretion of mass and angular momentum that occurs when a scattered planet impacts the disk can strongly influence the subsequent dynamics by reducing the number of close encounters. The eccentricity of the innermost surviving planet at the epoch when the system becomes Hill stable is not substantially altered from the gas-free case, but the outer planet is circularized by its interaction with the disk. The signature of scattering initiated by gas disk migration is thus a high fraction of low-eccentricity planets at larger radii accompanying known eccentric planets. Subsequent secular evolution of the two planets in the presence of damping can further damp both eccentricities, and tends to push systems away from apsidal alignment and toward antialignment. We note that the late burst of accretion when the outer planet impacts the disk is in principle observable, probably via detection of a strong near-IR excess in systems with otherwise weak disk and stellar accretion signatures.
Planning Tools For Estimating Radiation Exposure At The National Ignition Facility

A set of computational tools was developed to help estimate and minimize potential radiation exposure to workers from material activation in the National Ignition Facility (NIF). AAMI (Automated ALARA-MCNP Interface) provides an efficient, automated mechanism to perform the series of calculations required to create dose rate maps for the entire facility with minimal manual user input. NEET (NIF Exposure Estimation Tool) is a web application that combines the information computed by AAMI with a given shot schedule to compute and display the dose rate maps as a function of time. AAMI and NEET are currently used as work planning tools to determine stay-out times for workers following a given shot or set of shots, and to help in estimating integrated doses associated with performing various maintenance activities inside the target bay. Dose rate maps of the target bay were generated following a low-yield 10{sup 16} D-T shot and will be presented in this paper.
Computation of Galois groups associated to the 2-class towers of some quadratic fields

Abstract The p-group generation algorithm from computational group theory is used to obtain information about large quotients of the pro-2 group G= Gal (k nr,2 /k) for k= Q ( d ) with d=−445,−1015,−1595,−2379. In each case we are able to narrow the identity of G down to one of a finite number of explicitly given finite groups. From this follow several results regarding the corresponding 2-class tower.
Local Presence, Scale and Vertical Integration: Brands as Signals

The positioning of a property along a given rent-vacancy signaling frontier depends on its ownership, branding, and quality. Confirmation of a separating equilibrium occurs if the quality from the branding, itself dependent on costly management decisions, results in rent differentials. For institutional-grade apartments in metro Atlanta, Georgia, local presence, scale, and vertical integration are productive in improving quality, signaled by branding. Even after adjustment for self-selection and physical characteristics, branded properties achieve gross rents at least 8% higher than unbranded properties with no sacrifice in occupancy. Given that branding depends on management decisions, then rents and occupancy do not depend on hedonic physical characteristics alone.
Studies on charge distribution and valence tautomerism in transition metal complexes of catecholate and semiquinonate ligands

Transition metal complexes containing first row metal ions chelated by catecholate (Cat) and semiquinonate (SQ) ligands have been found to have localized electronic structures with quinone ligands bonded in both SQ and Cat electronic forms. In exceptional cases the balance of metal and quinone orbital energies is sufficiently close as to permit magnetic and spectroscopic observations on isomers differing in charge distribution together under equilibrium conditions. Equilibria occurring between Mn(SQ−) and Mn+1(Cat2−) redox isomers have been observed in solution and in the solid state for complexes of Co, Mn, and Cu. The temperature range over which equilibria may be observed, is defined by enthalpy and entropy changes associated, mainly, with changes in charge and spin-state of the metal ion. This effect has been considered as an example of valence tautomerism (VT). In this review we present an overview of recent research on complexes of quinone ligands that exhibit reversible shifts in charge distribution under equilibrium conditions.
Deformation and Failure in Stochastic Fibrous Networks: Scale, Dimension and Application

There is an extensive literature on identification and analysis of representative volume elements (RVE’s) in order to bound intrinsic materials properties in porous and nonporous solids. However, in such analyses there is often an implicit assumption made that solution of several large classes of linear scientific problems can be simultaneous achieved simply via a single solution of Laplace's equation for the domain. We find, however, that for an extremely technologically significant class of disordered fibrous/particular structures, the transport properties and the mechanical properties cannot simultaneously be found using a single field solution. Specifically, alterations in microstructure during loading of the material can produce different degrees of effects on mechanical load transfer and conductivity. The details of load transfer within stochastic, porous arrays are critical in understanding their likely properties, which we have shown to exhibit large variability. Nonetheless, through thoughtful use of stochastic finite element simulation, we are able to provide technologically useful guidance on material synthesis, construction, and estimations of lifetime in several key contexts. In doing so, we have addressed several mathematical issues of solution of field equations around singularities produced by phase contrast, boundary condition choice and material contrast, and geometric features inherent in fused structures. This work is a summary of some of our key findings on the subject, and suggests a roadmap for new areas of study, based both on our simulations and on our experiments on materials used in battery systems.
Valuation of internal growth opportunities: The case of a biotechnology company

Internal growth opportunities are valued as a real option. In this model, a firm gains access to productive technology by successfully completing a basic R&D project before its competitors and introducing a new product into the market. R&D strategically impacts the speed of innovation. The existence of competition lowers the expected time of discovery. Both project value and capital expenditure-the strike price of the option, are considered stochastic. The volatility of the strike price and the cost of hedging it, project value and risk, and the firm's success rate are shown to have positive impact on growth value, whereas the time of innovation, the strike price, and the correlation of project value with strike price have a negative effect.
Preliminary experience with laparoscopic intestinal surgery for Crohn's disease

Background Laparoscopic techniques are being applied to the surgical management of various intestinal conditions, but few reports describe their use with Crohn's disease. Patients and methods Over a 2-year period, 31 selected patients with Crohn's disease underwent laparoscopic intestinal surgery: 18 women and 13 men, with a median age of 39 years (range 22 to 79). Indications for operation included: primary terminal ileitis (13); recurrent ileitis (2); Crohn's colitis (3); rectovaginal fistula (6); and severe perianal disease (7). Resections were laparoscopically assisted with division of mesentery and anastomosis performed extracorporeally. Diversion procedures were performed using a two-cannula technique. Results Twenty-five of 31 procedures were completed laparoscopically: loop ileostomy or colostomy (12); ileocecectomy (10); segmental colon resection (2); and total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (1). Six cases were converted to conventional surgery secondary to extensive adhesions from prior surgery (2) or severe Inflammation (4). No case was converted because of intraoperative complication. Median operative time for diversion procedures was 53 minutes (range 20 to 90) and for resections 195 minutes (range 90 to 380). Median blood loss was 100 mL (range 10 to 500), and there were no intraoperative complications. Only 1 postoperative complication occurred: a myocardial infarction. Median times to passage of flatus and bowel movement were both 3 days (range 1 to 6). Median time to discharge was 6 days (2 to 21) for diversion patients, and 6 days (3 to 7) for resected patients. Conclusions Laparoscopic intestinal surgery, both for resection and diversion, is feasible and safe for the management of selected patients with Crohn's disease. To determine if real advantages exist for laparoscopy in the surgical treatment of Crohn's disease, further study is needed.
CP violation and mixing results from FNAL E791

Abstract We review results from FNAL E791 concerning D0-D0 mixing and CP violation in D meson decays. We have searched for mixing in semileptonic D0 → K+l− ν decays and in hadronic D0 → K+π− and D0 → K+π−π+π− decays. We have searched for CP violation in D0 → K+K−/π+π− and D+ → φπ+/K*0K+/K+K−π+/π+π−π+ decays. Finally, we have measured the difference in decay widths ΔΓ between the two mass-eigenstates of the D0-D0 system. This parameter affects the rate of D0-D0 mixing. We combine our results with those from other experiments to obtain confidence intervals incorporating all published experimental data.
Reverse) Engineering Vacuum Alignment

In the presence of spontaneous symmetry breaking, the alignment of the vacuum with respect to the gauge group is often controlled by quadratically divergent operators in the low energy non-linear sigma model. In principle the magnitudes and signs of these operators can be changed by making different assumptions about the ultraviolet physics, but in practice all known ways of regulating these theories preserve the naive vacuum alignment. We show that by ``integrating in'' different sets of heavy spin-one fields, it is possible to UV extend certain non-linear sigma models into two distinct UV insensitive theories. These UV extensions have identical low energy degrees of freedom but different radiative potentials, making it possible to engineer two different vacuum alignments for the original non-linear sigma model. Our construction employs ``non-square'' theory spaces which generically violate the common lore that the preferred vacuum alignment preserves the maximal gauge symmetry. By UV extending the SO(9)/(SO(4) × SO(5)) little Higgs model, we find a radiative potential that deviates from the naive expectation but does not stabilize the correct vacuum for proper electroweak symmetry breaking.
A HANDS‐ON APPROACH TO TEACHING PROGRAM EVALUATION

This article examines the changing nature of program evaluation and the way in which program evaluation is taught to MPA students. Drawing on her experience at George Washington University, the authors explains an approach to teaching program evaluation that has received a great deal of positive feedback. The approach has its foundation, real-world, hands-on evaluation by the students, which gives them invaluable experience. Furthermore, because there is extensive instructor involvement, the author asserts that the experience proves also to be of value to the professor.
Radical Cation Diels–Alder Cycloadditions by Visible Light Photocatalysis

Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes promote the efficient radical cation Diels–Alder cycloaddition of electron-rich dienophiles upon irradiation with visible light. These reactions enable facile [4 + 2] cycloadditions that would be electronically mismatched under thermal conditions. Key to the success of this methodology is the availability of ligand-modified ruthenium complexes that enable rational tuning of the electrochemical properties of the catalyst without significantly perturbing the overall photophysical properties of the system.
Improved Mock Galaxy Catalogs for the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey from Subhalo Abundance and Environment Matching

We develop empirical methods for modeling the galaxy population and populating cosmological N-body simulations with mock galaxies according to the observed properties of galaxies in survey data. We use these techniques to produce a new set of mock catalogs for the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey based on the output of the high-resolution Bolshoi simulation, as well as two other simulations with different cosmological parameters, all of which we release for public use. The mock-catalog creation technique uses subhalo abundance matching to assign galaxy luminosities to simulated dark-matter halos. It then adds color information to the resulting mock galaxies in a manner that depends on the local galaxy density, in order to reproduce the measured color-environment relation in the data. In the course of constructing the catalogs, we test various models for including scatter in the relation between halo mass and galaxy luminosity, within the abundance-matching framework. We find that there is no constant-scatter model that can simultaneously reproduce both the luminosity function and the autocorrelation function of DEEP2. This result has implications for galaxy-formation theory, and it restricts the range of contexts in which the mock catalogs can be usefully applied. Nevertheless, careful comparisons show that our new mock catalogs accurately reproduce a wide range of the other properties of the DEEP2 catalog, suggesting that they can be used to gain a detailed understanding of various selection effects in DEEP2.
An efficient dipolar-cycloaddition route to the pterosin family of sesquiterpenes

Abstract A short synthesis of several members of the pterosin family of sesquiterpenes is described in which the key step involves a dipolar-cycloaddition using a carbonyl ylide.
Gravity mediation retrofitted

Most discussion of metastable dynamical supersymmetry breaking (MDSB) has focussed on low energy breaking, as in gauge mediation. It is of interest to consider possible implications for intermediate scale breaking (“gravity mediation”), especially as the early LHC results suggest the possibility that supersymmetry, if broken at relatively low energies, might be tuned. A somewhat high scale for susy breaking could ameliorate the usual flavor problems of gravity mediation, resolve the question of cosmological moduli, and account for a Higgs with mass well above M Z . We study MDSB in gravity mediation, especially retrofitted models in which discrete R symmetries play an important role, considering questions including implications of symmetries for B and A terms, and the genericity of split supersymmetry.
A two Higgs doublet model for the top quark

Abstract A two Higgs doublet model with special Yukawa interactions for the top quark and a softly broken discrete symmetry in the Higgs potential is proposed. In this model, the top quark is much heavier than the other quarks and leptons because it couples to a Higgs doublet with a much larger vacuum expectation value. The electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron is evaluated with loop diagrams of the third generation fermions as well as the charm quark. The D 0 - D 0 mixing generated from flavor changing neutral Higgs interactions is estimated. The electron EDM and the D 0 - D 0 mixing can be significantly enhanced for a large tan β ≡ vν 2 v vν 1 v .
A signal-jamming model of persuasion: interest group funded policy research

This article analyzes a simple model of policy making under uncertainty in the presence of an interest group that may fund and lobby research. In the model, if research is not disclosed via lobbying it enters the public domain and, subsequently, is randomly observed by the policy maker (PM). Consequently, the interest group strategically chooses both whether to fund research and whether to lobby it versus let it be randomly observed. The main result is that for a range of parameter values, in equilibrium the interest group sometimes funds, but never lobbies, research. This behavior effectively “jams” the public signal of the PM, making the policy choice worse on average. This occurs despite all research being unbiased. The results provide qualified theoretical support for the value of research funding transparency and implications for the interpretation of interest group funded research.
Stability of Stable Areas

Instrumentation and stability analysis of stable test areas are investigated in this paper. Seismometer output via conditioning electronics is monitored by a correlator and a spectrum analyzer. Outputs of these instruments are displayed as probability density functions and spectral densities, which are generated for three parameters; acceleration, velocity, and displacement. A tiltmeter system records signals to indicate small angular motions about the level axes of the test pad. A computer aided x-y plot reducer helps in analysis of these data. Seismic noise data generate integrated spectras for all three functions and tilt data show the peak diurnal angular motion. Final correlations of these results are hand calculated for comparison with accelerometer and gyro error state equations. As a result of the stability analysis, a grading system has been devised to give "stability merit" to tested pads.
On Quasiregular Linearizers

Linearization is a well-known concept in complex dynamics. If $$p$$ is a polynomial and $$z_0$$ is a repelling fixed point, then there is an entire function $$L$$ which conjugates $$p$$ to the linear map $$z\mapsto p^{\prime }(z_0)z$$ . This notion of linearization carries over into the quasiregular setting, in the context of repelling fixed points of uniformly quasiregular mappings. In this article, we investigate how linearizers arising from the same uqr mapping and the same repelling fixed point are related. In particular, any linearizer arising from a uqr solution to a Schroder equation is shown to be automorphic with respect to some quasiconformal group.
Calculation of Ionic Conductivity Activation Energies in Ionic Oxide Glasses from Spectroscopic Data.

Abstract Activation energies for ionic conduction in inorganic oxide glasses are related to cation-motion vibrational band frequencies from the far infrared spectra of the glasses, and the calculated and observed values are compared.
Meaningful Use and Certification of Health Information Technology: What about Safety?:

Health information technology (HIT) is becoming increasingly prevalent in medical offices and facilities. Like President George W. Bush before him, President Obama announced a plan to computerize all Americans’ medical records by 2014. Computerization is certain to transform American health care, but to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks, the federal government must provide appropriate oversight. President Obama’s stimulus legislation, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), dedicated $63,750 per clinician under the Medicaid program.
A Novel Approach to Marine Wind Speed Assessment Using Synthetic Aperture Radar

This paper describes a product that allows one to assess the lower and upper bounds on synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based marine wind speed. The SAR-based wind speed fields of the current research are generated using scatterometry techniques and, thus, depend on a priori knowledge of the wind direction field. The assessment product described here consists of a pair of wind speed images bounding the wind speed range consistent with the observed SAR data. The minimum wind speed field is generated by setting the wind direction field to be directly opposite to the radar look direction. The maximum wind speed field is generated by setting the wind direction field to be perpendicular to the radar look direction. Although the assessment product could be generated using any marine SAR scene, it is expected to be most useful in coastal regions where the large concentration of maritime operations requires accurate, high-resolution wind speed data and when uncertainty in the a priori knowledge of the wind direction precludes the generation of accurate SAR-based wind speed fields. The assessment product is demonstrated using a case in the northern Gulf of Alaska where synoptic-scale and mesoscale meteorological events coexist. The corresponding range of possible SAR-based wind speed is large enough to have operational significance to mariners and weather forecasters. It is recommended that the product become available to the public through an appropriate government outlet.
Gender differences in job separation rates and employment stability: New evidence from employer-employee data

Abstract I analyze the job separation process to learn about gender differences in job separation rates and employment stability. An essential finding is that employer-employee data are required to identify gender differences in job separation probabilities because of labor market segregation. Failure to recognize this may potentially lead to statistical discrimination. Three important empirical results are obtained from the analysis. First, women have higher unconditional job separation probabilities. Second, there are no gender differences in job separation probabilities for employees working in similar workplaces. Finally, women's employment stability is relatively low because they are more likely to move from a job and into unemployment or out of the labor force, and less likely to make job-to-job transitions.
Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances to NGC 4214, UGC 685, and UGC 5456

We have used WFPC2 VRI observations to calculate the distances to three nearby galaxies, NGC 4214, UGC 685, and UGC 5456, using the tip of the red giant branch method. Our values for NGC 4214 (2.94 ± 0.18 Mpc) and UGC 685 (4.79 ± 0.30 Mpc) are the most precise measurements of the distances to these objects ever made. For UGC 5456 the data do not allow us to reach a decisive conclusion since there are two possible solutions, one leading toward a short distance around 3.8 Mpc and another one toward a long distance of 5.6 Mpc or more.
Water-soluble fluorescent silver nanoclusters

Ag nanoclusters consist of several to roughly a hundred atoms and possess sizes comparable to the Fermi wavelength of electrons; they exhibit molecule-like properties, including discrete electronic transitions and strong fluorescence. These nanoclusters are of significant interest because they provide the bridge between atomic and nanoparticle behavior in noble metals. Since the first observations of photoluminescence from Ag nanoclusters, substantial effort has been made to prepare Ag nanoclusters and explore their potential applications. The synthesis of well-defined Ag nanoclusters, however, is difficult due to aggregation of nanoclusters, especially in aqueous solutions. In this Research News article, we highlight some recent progress on solution-based synthesis of water-soluble Ag nanoclusters using radiolytic, chemical reduction and photochemical approaches to prepare fluorescent Ag nanoclusters.
DECAY OF COHERENCE AND ENTANGLEMENT OF A SUPERPOSITION STATE FOR A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE SYSTEM IN AN ARBITRARY HEAT BATH

We consider the case of a pair of particles initially in a superposition state corresponding to a separated pair of wave packets. In contrast to a previous related work, we avoid a master equation approach and we calculate exactly the time development of this non-Gaussian state due to interaction with an arbitrary heat bath. We find that coherence decays continuously, as expected. We then investigate entanglement and find that at a finite time the system becomes separable (not entangled). Thus, we see that entanglement sudden death is also prevalent in continuous variable systems which should raise concern for the designers of entangled systems.
Recovery From Linear Measurements With Complexity-Matching Universal Signal Estimation

We study the compressed sensing (CS) signal estimation problem where an input signal is measured via a linear matrix multiplication under additive noise. While this setup usually assumes sparsity or compressibility in the input signal during recovery, the signal structure that can be leveraged is often not known a priori. In this paper, we consider universal CS recovery, where the statistics of a stationary ergodic signal source are estimated simultaneously with the signal itself. Inspired by Kolmogorov complexity and minimum description length, we focus on a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation framework that leverages universal priors to match the complexity of the source. Our framework can also be applied to general linear inverse problems where more measurements than in CS might be needed. We provide theoretical results that support the algorithmic feasibility of universal MAP estimation using a Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation, which is computationally challenging. We incorporate some techniques to accelerate the algorithm while providing comparable and in many cases better reconstruction quality than existing algorithms. Experimental results show the promise of universality in CS, particularly for low-complexity sources that do not exhibit standard sparsity or compressibility.