cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Total Diet Study: How Improved Analytical Methods Affect Monitoring Data

Abstract In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) began updating the digestion/extraction and the determinative methods for nutrient and toxic elements. The analytical methods for iodine, manganese, and selenium were all updated to inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) from colorimetric determination, inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission mass spectrometry (ICP–AES), and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS), respectively. With updates in digestion/extraction and determinative methods, new limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were determined. The changes in methods for iodine, manganese, and selenium analysis were evaluated by determining the proportion of results above the LOQ, below the LOD (non-detects or NDs), and between the LOD and LOQ (trace values), in data generated before and after the changes. Selenium showed little change in the proportion of NDs, higher proportions of trace values, and lower proportions of results above the LOQ. Iodine and manganese had lower proportions of NDs and trace values and higher proportions of results above the LOQ. Updating methods can have various effects on data and potentially how data are utilized. These results indicate that these new methods are an improvement on the old methods and validate the changes made to the methodology.
Linux Security: A Survey

Linux is used in a large variety of situations, from private homes on personal machines to businesses storing personal data on servers. This operating system is often seen as more secure than Windows or Mac OS X, but this does not mean that there are no security concerns to be had when running it. Attackers can crack simple passwords over a network, vulnerabilities can be exploited if firewalls do not close enough ports, and malware can be downloaded and run on a Linux system. In addition, sensitive information can be accessed through physical or network access if proper permissions are not set on the files or directories containing it. However, most of these attacks can be prevented by keeping a system up to date, maintaining a secure firewall, using an antivirus, making complex passwords, and setting strong file permissions. This paper presents a list of methods for securing a Linux system from both external and internal threats.
NOAA Scatterometer Wind Retrievals from the Scatsat-1 Mission

In this paper, we present the SCATSAT-1 wind data processor developed by NOAA. The sigma0 from L1B produced by ISRO was used as an input to our processor. Ocean surface wind vector products are produced at the grid resolutions of 12.5 km and 25 km. We experimented with different objective functions and the number of solutions. The ambiguity removal method utilized in our processor is the Two-Dimensional Variational Ambiguity Removal (2DVAR). The rain flag algorithm was developed based on the Bayes’ theorem by calculating the rain probability given the rain sensitive parameter threshold.Finally, we validated our Scatsat-1 wind retrievals by both statistical analyses and visual inspection of the wind field for meteorological consistency to determine which objective function produced the best results. The performance of the Scatsat-1 wind retrievals compared to the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) winds shows reasonable wind speed and wind direction biases and standard deviation differences.
Phonological ambiguity vs the biuniqueness condition

Abstract: It is shown that distinct intended pronunciations may have non-distinct realizations, and that a stimulus may be perceived as having different phonemic shapes in different contexts (Phonological Ambiguity). Thus, the phoneme used in speech perception studies is not the biunique phoneme which was abandoned after Halle (1959). It is argued that theoretical phonology must again incorporate a phonemic level of representation, and that it must be predictive of phonological identifications.
Assessing Perceived Discrimination as Reported by Black and White Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer

Although a number of factors contribute to racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes, perceived discrimination in healthcare may be a key factor that hinders positive interactions and negatively impacts patient outcomes. The goals of our study were to (1) assess the prevalence of perceived discrimination as reported by breast cancer patients and (2) identify factors related to discrimination in women overall as well as by race. This study is a secondary analysis of a larger study, “Narrowing the Gaps in Adjuvant Therapy,” where a convenience sample of 359 women completed one telephone survey assessing sociodemographics, and attitudes and beliefs concerning breast cancer treatments and care. Chi-square analysis was used to assess the relationship of categorical variables with perceived discrimination, while the F-test was employed for continuous variables. Logistic regression determined predictors of perceived discrimination, a dichotomous variable (none vs. any). A majority of women were Black (58%), privately insured (85%), and had at least a Bachelor’s degree (48%). Discrimination was reported by 32.4% of women, with significantly more Black women reporting discrimination than White women. Insurance status, attitudes toward treatment, and distress factors were significantly related to perceived discrimination. In the logistic model, women who were less trusting of their providers (OR = 0.863 [0.751, 0.993], p = .021) and Black women (OR = 7.241 [0.751, 0.993], p = .039) were more likely to report incidences of discrimination. Our findings suggest a need to understand Black survivor’s experiences with healthcare. Similarly, future work must focus on identifying ways to improve provider trust amongst breast cancer survivors.
Structural durability of stiffened composite shells

The durability of a stiffened composite cylindrical shell panel is investigated under several loading conditions. An integrated computer code is utilized for the simulation of load induced structural degradation. Damage initiation, growth, and accumulation up to the stage of propagation to fracture are included in the computational simulation. Results indicate significant differences in the degradation paths for different loading cases. The effects of combined loading on structural durability and ultimate structural strength of a stiffened shell are assessed.
On the uniqueness of fully informative rational expectations equilibria

This paper analyzes two equivalent equilibrium notions under asymmetric information: risk neutral rational expectations equilibria (rn-REE), and common knowledge equilibria. We show that the set of fully informative rn-REE is a singleton, and we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of partially informative rn-REE. In a companion paper (DeMarzo and Skiadas (1996)) we show that equilibrium prices for the larger class of quasi-complete economies can be characterized as rn-REE. Examples of quasi-complete economies include the type of economies for which demand aggregation in the sense of Gorman is possible (with or without asymmetric information), the setting of the Milgrom and Stokey no-trade theorem, an economy giving rise to the CAPM with asymmetric information but no normality assumptions, the simple exponential-normal model of Grossman (1976), and a case of no aggregate endowment risk. In the common-knowledge context, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a common knowledge posterior estimate, given common priors, to coincide with the full communication posterior estimate.
A biharmonic polynomial airy stress function for the square-end adhesive layer and sandwich core

Abstract Accurate analysis of the stress, strain, and deformation fields in the square ended adhesive layer or square ended sandwich structure core requires a full elasticity solution. To this end a polynomial Airy stress function that satisfies all displacement boundary conditions, all stress free boundary conditions, and point equilibrium is proposed. The remaining requirement of a full elasticity solution, strain compatibility, is satisfied through a Galerkin approximation of the biharmonic equation on the Polynomial Airy stress function. To explore the utility of this Biharmonic Polynomial solution, the stress fields are explored for the case of idealized simple shear. The peel, shear, and longitudinal normal stress fields are found to be finite, differentiable, and convergent throughout the domain including the sharp corners of the elastic medium. The resulting stress components are compared to the Goland-Reissner Model, the Closed Form Higher Order (CFHO) model, and the Decoupled Biharmonic (DB) model. It is found that previous models significantly underestimate the peak peel stress, and with it the peak von Mises stress and the peak Principal stress values that drive the failure envelope for ductile and brittle materials, respectively.
Identification of a Ni 16 Ti 11 Precipitate Phase within Nickel-Rich, Nickel-Titanium-Based Alloys

A "cubic Ni3Ti2" precipitate phase recently reported to exist within NiTi and NiTiNb alloys is documented to also form within a Ni56Ti36Hf8 alloy upon aging. Using transmission electron microscopy and ab intio density functional theory techniques, the phase is more precisely identified to be Ni16Ti11 with symmetry of the pm3m space group and a lattice parameter a = 8.816 A. In this structure, nickel atoms preferentially segregate to the perimeter lattice sites of the 54-atom unit cell.
Hospital-Initiated Care Bundle, Posthospitalization Care, and Outcomes in Adults with Asthma Exacerbation

Background Hospitalization for asthma exacerbation is an opportune setting for initiating preventive efforts. However, hospital-initiated preventive asthma care remains underdeveloped and its effectiveness is uncertain. Objective To examine the effectiveness of a hospital-initiated asthma care bundle on posthospitalization asthma care and clinical outcomes. Methods Prospective multicenter study of adults (18-54 years) hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 2017 to 2019. During the hospitalization, we implemented an asthma-care bundle (inpatient laboratory testing, asthma education, and discharge care), and prospectively measured chronic asthma care (eg, immunoglobulin E testing, specialist care) and asthma exacerbation (ie, systemic corticosteroid use, emergency department [ED] visit, hospitalizations) outcomes. By applying a self-controlled case series method, we examined within-person changes in these outcomes before (2-year period) and after (1-year period) the bundle implementation. Results Of 103 adults hospitalized for asthma exacerbation, the median age was 40 years and 72% were female. Compared with the preimplementation period, the postimplementation period had improved posthospitalized asthma care, including serum specific immunoglobulin E testing (rate ratio [RR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.99-4.84; P = .051) and evaluation by asthma specialist (RR 2.66; 95% CI 1.77-4.04; P Conclusions After hospital-initiated care bundle implementation, patients had improved posthospitalization care and reduced rates of asthma exacerbation.
Cardiac Outcomes in Isolated Heart and Simultaneous Kidney and Heart Transplants in the United States.

Introduction Kidney dysfunction is not uncommon in patients with advanced heart failure. Simultaneous kidney and heart transplants (SKHTs) have gained acceptance as a treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure and severe kidney dysfunction. United States saw a rise of 650% in SKHT from 2000 to 2019. Despite increasing number of SKHT, the selection criteria remain poorly defined and vary across transplant centers. Methods We evaluated patient and cardiac allograft survival for SKHT and heart transplant alone (HTA) using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. We then performed a subgroup analysis in recipients with post-transplant acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) and compared outcomes between SKHT and HTA recipients. Results Although patient survival was comparable between SKHT and HTA groups (12.4 vs. 11.3 years), patients dependent on dialysis pretransplant derived greater survival advantage from SKHT as compared with HTA (12.4 vs. 9.9 years). Cardiac graft survival was better in SKHT (12.5 vs. 11.2 years). Among patients who developed acute kidney injury requiring RRT postoperatively, SKHT recipients had a significantly better survival (11.9 vs. 2.7 years). Conclusion Our data support consideration of SKHT in dialysis-dependent heart transplant candidates and suggest that patients who are at increased risk of requiring RRT after heart transplant may benefit from SKHT.
Dynamics of the Dirac-Born-Infeld spike soliton

We compare oscillations of a fundamental string ending on a D3-brane in two different settings: (1) a test-string radially threading the horizon of an extremal black D3-brane and (2) the spike soliton of the DBI effective action for a D3-brane. Previous work has shown that overall transverse modes of the test-string appear as l = 0 modes of the transverse scalar fields of the DBI system. We identify DBI world-volume degrees of freedom that have dynamics matching those of the test-string relative transverse modes. We show that there is a map, resembling T-duality, between relative and overall transverse modes for the teststring that interchanges Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions and implies equality of the absorption coefficients for both modes. We give generalsolutions to the overall and relative transverse parts of the DBI coupled gauge and scalar system and calculate absorption coefficients for the higher angular momentum modes in the low frequency limit. We find that there is a nonzero amplitude for l > 0 modes to travel out to infinity along the spike, demonstrating that the spike remains effectively 3 + 1-dimensional.
“Styled by Their Perceptions”: Black Adolescent Girls Interpret Representations of Black Females in Popular Culture

Identity formation is a critical process shaping the lives of adolescents and can present distinct challenges for Black adolescent girls who are positioned in society to negotiate ideals of self when presented with false and incomplete images representing Black girlhood. Researchers have found distorted images of Black femininity derived from history, including the mammy, jezebel, and Sapphire, are still pervasive in contemporary media outlets that are often viewed by adolescent girls. The current qualitative interview study examined literate interpretations of current media representations depicting Black girlhood from eight adolescent girls. Findings show that participants believed that Black girlhood is portrayed as being judged by their hair; is seen as angry, loud, and violent; and is sexualized. Following the interview, the girls used their pens to write against each of these portrayals and also to write toward social change. The ways the girls desired to be represented were in opposition to the way...
Target recognition theory for laser radar imaging

Statistical communication theory is used to develop the structure and performance of quasi-optimal recognition processors for 3D coherent laser radar range imagery. Generalized likelihood-ratio tests and receiver operating characteristics are presented for detection and recognition scenarios involving a variety of unknown object and background parameters.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The facial displays of leaders: Toward an ethology of human politics.

Introduction Can human behavior be studied experimentally from the perspective of human ethology? This paper presents evidence which shows that socially important categories of nonverbal behavior can be defined in objective terms, integrating ethological research on primate social displays with studies of human expressive behavior in social psychology. Focusing on facial displays, we show that three categories of displays---called here 'happiness/reassurance', 'anger/threat', and 'fear/evasion'--have distinctive features that affect the emotions and attitudes of viewers. When presented with videotapes of a powerful leader exhibiting these different kinds of facial displays, viewers describe the leader's expressive behavior in ways consistent with the objective criteria used to select the stimuli. Further, the viewer's description of these displays was not influenced by their prior attitudes toward the leader, even though he is well known and controversial. We also find that the same dimensions of expressive behavior are communicated by facial cues, by the spoken message, by the combination of sound and image, by the image accompanied by filtered sound (so that paravocal cues are heard but the meaning is obscured), and even by the written text being read silently. While viewers describe expressive behavior in a way that is consistent with the objective classification of non-verbal behavior, their emotional responses are more complex. Verbal self-reports of emotion are the result of an interaction between previous attitudes toward the leader and the display that has been observed. Hence, even though all the viewers describe a particular display in the same way, supporters report emotional reactions to these displays which differ from those of critics. The results are particularly significant because, at the psychophysioiogical level, different kinds of expressive displays elicit distinct patterns of response that did not vary for both critics and supporters. These physiological reactions include both autonomic changes associated with arousal and changes in the tension of facial muscles known to
Antisera for Organ-Proteins:

SummaryPrecipitins for blood proteins disappeared from the circulating blood of rabbits immunized with renal and hepatic tissue as soon as these antigens are exhausted from the injected-tissue depots. The exhaustion of the tissue-proteins usually takes a much longer time. This provides a method for the preparation of tissue antisera. Extracts of fresh liver and kidney do not give precipitative reactions with the antisera, but the autolyzed products of these organs do, Liver-autolysate seems to have an antigenic factor in common with the autolysate of kidney, pancreas, spleen, adrenals, and thyroids. Kidney-autolysate has an antigenic factor in common with liver but not with any of the other above-mentioned organ-autolysates.
Pathways to Mental Health Services for Children and Youth in the Child Welfare System: A Focus on Social Workers’ Referral

Case abstraction was used to collect data from court reports to examine characteristics that predict referral to mental health services by court and child welfare social workers and whether referral to mental health services was a significant determinant of service utilization. Home placement and multiple types of abuse were significant predictors of a referral to mental health services by the court social worker and age and reported sexual abuse were significant in the utilization of services. Practice and policy implications are discussed.
Micromechanics of hardening of elastic-plastic crystals with elastic inclusions: I - Dilute concentration

Abstract We propose a micromechanical model for elastic–plastic deformation of crystals containing elastic inclusions. The model is based on a novel method for calculation of elastic strain energy associated with incompatible deformation in the matrix and in the inclusion, whereby this energy is interpreted as the interaction energy of geometrically necessary dislocation loops (Mesarovic, S.Dj., 2005. Energy, configurational forces and characteristics lengths, associated with the continuum description of geometrically necessary dislocations. Int. J. Plasticity 21, 1855–1889), which are geometrically equivalent to the incompatible strain. The method is general, easily applied to complex geometries and particle interactions, and – it often yields analytic solutions. In this communication, we analyze the simple case of dilute concentration of inclusions. The resulting model is remarkably simple; it falls within the framework of classical crystal plasticity with a specific elastic–plastic constitutive law that accounts for shape of inclusions.
Shortcut formulas for output, income and employment multipliers

Although Input-Output models provide a method to measure the output, income, and employment impacts of an industry sector on its regional economy, the extensive data requirements make the construction of an accurate survey based input-output model extremely expensive. Using the “random matrix approach,” this paper derives and empirically tests shortcut formulas for output, income, and employment impacts that closely approximate the actual effects.
The Use of Combination Lipid Therapy in a County Health System

Background:With the paucity of clinical outcomes trials and guidelines to make compelling recommendations regarding the treatment of dyslipidemia beyond statin monotherapy, we present a descriptive analysis of the combination lipid-lowering therapies being used at a large county hospital system.Objective:To provide a descriptive evaluation of the comparative effectiveness and safety of various combination lipid therapies in conjunction with a statin.Methods:Patients of a county health system who received at least 3 months of combination lipid therapy in conjunction with a statin during a 1-year period were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective chart review. The main outcome was a descriptive analysis of the comparative effectiveness among combination lipid therapies, as evidenced by fasting lipid panels.Results:A total of 834 patients were included in the analysis. Approximately 88% were on 1 additional lipid-modifying agent beyond a statin; 2 or 3 additional medications were much less common. Fish...
Abstract 5232: Phosphatidylethanolamine is a marker of tumor vasculature and can be used as a target for optical imaging

New imaging agents are needed that home rapidly to tumors and saturate their target molecules with the unbound residue then clearing rapidly from the blood stream. Such agents should enable rapid detection of tumors. We have found that a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding peptide known as duramycin is an effective targeting moiety for construction of tumor-specific imaging agents. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is one of two major phospholipids that present in the inner leaflet of the cell membranes, the other being phosphatidylserine (PS). We have previously demonstrated that oxidative stress conditions within the tumor microenvironment cause PS to flip to the outer leaflet in tumor endothelial cells. The exposed PS provides a highly specific marker of tumor vasculature. Since PE and PS distribution within the membrane is co-regulated, we hypothesized that PE would also be a marker of tumor vasculature. To target exposed PE, we generated several biotinylated duramycin constructs. Biotinylated duramycin bound to PE which became exposed on endothelial cells after they had been subjected to oxidative stresses. When the biotinylated duramycin was injected intravenously into mice bearing different types of tumors it rapidly localized to tumor vasculature and did not bind blood vessels in normal tissues. Next, we conjugated duramycin conjugated to a near-infrared fluophore (IRDye 800CW) and used it for optical imaging of subcutaneous RM-1 prostate tumors in mice. The duramycin-targeted near infrared probe efficiently labeled tumors and did not accumulate in non-target tissues giving clear detection of the tumors. These results show that PE exposure, like PS exposure, is a marker of tumor vasculature in many types of cancer. Duramycin labeled with detectable probes may have broad application in cancer imaging. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5232.
Intraindividual variation of running economy in highly trained and moderately trained males

Previous studies of intraindividual variation in running economy have not compared within-subject variability between groups of runners differing in training level, nor have they considered the workload of the submaximal but relative to the lactate breakpoint. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess intraindividual variation in submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2) during steady rate treadmill running below the lactate breakpoint in highly trained (n = 7) and moderately trained (n = 8) male runners. Subjects completed a discontinuous VO2 max protocol with blood sampling to determine the lactate breakpoint. Three 15 minute level treadmill bouts at approximately 88% of the lactate breakpoint were then performed. Time of day, day of the week, diet, and and footwear were controlled within each subject across the three tests. Statistically significant differences were found between groups in VO2 max, relative fat, training mileage, and 10 km race time (p 0.05). The mean coefficient of variation for all 15 subjects was 1.90%. After accounting for technological error, biological variation was found to comprise approximately 94% of the intraindividual variation in running economy. In comparison to other studies, these results suggest that workloads below the lactate breakpoint may allow more stable measures of running economy to be obtained.
IEX-1, an immediate early gene, increases the rate of apoptosis in keratinocytes.

IEX-1, an immediate early gene, is widely expressed in epithelial and endothelial tissues, and is altered by a variety of growth regulatory factors. We have shown that expression of IEX-1 in keratinocytes increases the growth rate of these cells. The effects of IEX-1 on apoptosis, however, are unclear. To clarify the effects of IEX-1 on apoptosis, we investigated the effects of IEX-1 expression in keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in the basal state and after the induction of cellular stress. Under normal, non-stressed conditions, both control (HaCaT) and IEX-1-transfected (IEX–HaCaT) cell lines showed no significant differences in the activity of a key apoptotic enzyme, caspase 3 despite significantly higher levels of IEX-1 expression. IEX–HaCaT cells grew faster than HaCaT cells. When both cell lines were irradiated with ultraviolet B radiation, caspase 3 activity increased to a greater extent in the IEX–HaCaT cells than in HaCaT cells. Camptothecin increased caspase 3 activity twice as much in the IEX–HaCaT cells when compared to HaCaT cells. When histone-complex DNA fragments were measured in IEX–HaCaT or HaCaT cells following UVB irradiation or treatment with camptothecin, significantly higher amounts of nucleosomes were seen in the IEX–HaCaT transfected cells. Likewise, serum deprivation induced higher degrees of apoptosis in IEX–HaCaT cells than in HaCaT cells. We conclude that overexpression of IEX-1 in HaCaT keratinocytes increases the growth rate of cells under basal conditions; in the basal state the rate of apoptosis is unchanged. However, the rate of apoptosis increases in IEX-1 overexpressing HaCaT keratinocytes after cells are subjected to stress.
Long-Lasting and Transgenerational Effects of an Environmental Enrichment on Memory Formation

It has long been believed that genetically-determined, but not environmentally-acquired, phenotypes can be inherited. However, a large number of recent studies have reported that phenotypes acquired from an animal’s environment can be transmitted to the next generation. Moreover, epidemiology studies have hinted that a similar phenomenon occurs in humans. This type of inheritance does not involve gene mutations that change DNA sequence. Instead, it is thought that epigenetic changes in chromatin, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, occur. In this review, we will focus on one exciting new example of this phenomenon, transfer across generations of enhanced synaptic plasticity and memory formation induced by exposure to an “enriched” environment.
Low membrane resistance in sucrose gap--a parallel leakage path.

Abstract The high resistance lobster axon appears to be very leaky under voltage clamp in sucrose gap because of a parallel leakage current. The parallel current rectifies and depends on holding potential.
The Human PICD Gene Encodes a Cytoplasmic and Peroxisomal NADP+-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Human PICD was identified by homology probing the data base of expressed sequence tags with the protein sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Idp3p, a peroxisomal NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The human PICD cDNA contains a 1242-base pair open reading frame, and its deduced protein sequence is 59% identical to yeast Idp3p. Expression of PICD partially rescued the fatty acid growth defect of the yeast idp3 deletion mutant suggesting that PICD is functionally homologous to Idp3p. Kinetic studies on bacterially expressed PICD demonstrated that this enzyme catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate with a specific activity of 22.5 units/mg and that PICD displayed K(M) values of 76 microM for isocitrate and 112 microM for NADP(+). In subcellular fractionation experiments, we found PICD in both peroxisomes and cytoplasm of human and rat liver cells, with approximately 27% of total PICD protein associated with peroxisomes. The presence of PICD in mammalian peroxisomes suggests roles in the regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as the conversion of 2, 4-dienoyl-CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as in peroxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid. As for cytoplasmic PICD, the phenotypes of patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (Luzzatto, L., and Mehta, A. (1995) in The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease (Scriver, C. R., Beaudet, A. L., Sly, W. S., and Valle, D., eds) Vol. 3, 7th Ed., pp. 3367-3398, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York) suggest that PICD serves a significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production, particularly under conditions that do not favor the use of the hexose monophosphate shunt (Luzzatto et al.).
Dominant Ideologies, Neoliberal Jesuses, and the Academic Study of Religion

Editor's introduction to the issue. This issue includes a panel on James Crossley's book, Jesus in an Age of Neoliberalism (with responses by Justin Tse, Ian Henderson, and Roland Boer as well as a reply by James Crossley). This issue also includes an article on Pauline pseudepigraphy by Gregory Fewster and a pedagogical article by Erica Martin on effectively teaching extroverted and introverted students.
Semi‐IPN asymmetric membranes based on polyether imide (ULTEM) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate for gaseous separation

Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) formed with commercial polyether imide (ULTEM®, PEI) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were used to make asymmetric membranes. The effect of increasing amount of PEGDA on the bulk and the gas separation properties of semi-IPN membranes were studied. The formation of IPNs was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The 5% weight loss temperature decreased and the percent weight loss of the first step increased with increase in the PEGDA content, which indicated the incorporation of more poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments to the semi-IPNs. The microscopic experiments revealed the change in morphology with change in PEGDA content. The Scanning electron micrographs exhibited typical finger-like voids in the sub layer, which is characteristic morphology of asymmetric membranes. The increase in PEGDA content up to 5.7 wt % increased the CO2/N2 selectivity of the semi-IPN after which the selectivity decreased and permeance increased. Although, the increase in the polar poly (ethylene glycol) molecules is expected to render better CO2 selectivity, the performance of the membrane was found to decrease as PEGDA content exceeded 5.7% for the given ratio. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Rapid local acceleration of relativistic radiation-belt electrons by magnetospheric chorus

Recent analysis of satellite data obtained during the 9 October 2012 geomagnetic storm identified the development of peaks in electron phase space density, which are compelling evidence for local electron acceleration in the heart of the outer radiation belt, but are inconsistent with acceleration by inward radial diffusive transport. However, the precise physical mechanism responsible for the acceleration on 9 October was not identified. Previous modelling has indicated that a magnetospheric electromagnetic emission known as chorus could be a potential candidate for local electron acceleration, but a definitive resolution of the importance of chorus for radiation-belt acceleration was not possible because of limitations in the energy range and resolution of previous electron observations and the lack of a dynamic global wave model. Here we report high-resolution electron observations obtained during the 9 October storm and demonstrate, using a two-dimensional simulation performed with a recently developed time-varying data-driven model, that chorus scattering explains the temporal evolution of both the energy and angular distribution of the observed relativistic electron flux increase. Our detailed modelling demonstrates the remarkable efficiency of wave acceleration in the Earth's outer radiation belt, and the results presented have potential application to Jupiter, Saturn and other magnetized astrophysical objects.
Schistosoma mansoni: tracer studies in mice.

Abstract Mice with patent Schistosoma mansoni infections were injected via the tail vein with peroxidase and Thorotrast, and the ingestion of these tracers by the worms was followed over time. Both tracers are found initially in the crypts of the dorsal tegument of the male; however, the disappearance of the peroxidatic activity from the crypts, presumably by digestion of the peroxidase, occurs prior to the disappearance of the Thorotrast. Only Thorotrast appears in the cecal lumen, and the amount is greater in the female than in the male. Little tracer is ever found between the pair in the gynecophoric canal, and no tracer was ever found in the cytoplasm of the worms. These results suggest that while the tegumental and cecal surfaces are cytoarchitecturally identical in both sexes, they may in fact exhibit functional specializations.
The fate of a charm quark pair moving through a plasma

Abstract We present a simple quark-gluon plasma motivated model of J/ψ suppression in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, which gives good agreement with the recent CERN NA38 data of 200 GeV/A heavy-ion collisions. We also briefly discuss the modification of static Debye screening in a relativistic abelian plasma.
Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve

The first comprehensive account is given of this popular fossil site near Radstock in Avon, formerly a colliery tip and now a temporary geological nature reserve. The history and geology of the tipped material (Upper Carboniferous: Westphalian D) is explored and the significant fauna (dominated by terrestrial arthropods including insects and ‘spiders’) is interpreted.
The impact of the Civil War and of emancipation on Southern agriculture

There is a widespread belief, which has been encouraged by historians’ treatment of the Reconstruction period, that the Civil War devastated the South; that the loss of human life, work animals and other livestock was enormous; that the destruction of houses, barns, fences, bridges, railroads, and levees paralyzed agriculture; that the burning of cities, factories, warehouses and wharves crippled the Southern economy. The well-known stories of Sherman’s march to the sea; the burning of Richmond, Atlanta, Columbia, and Charleston; the raids into northern Alabama; and other, less dramatic, incidents add to the popular image of widespread destruction. Every account of the Reconst~ction period comments on this devastation, and a number of historians and economists have asserted that the loss of Southern capital from the war severely affected the economic recovery of the South-l According to the best available estimates, the per capita income of the South fell dramatically during the War decade and then grew sluggishly thereafter. Richard Easterlin (1960), whose pioneering work on regional income trends remains the most authoritative, noted that: “[IIn every southern state, the 1880 level of per capita income o~ginat~g in commodity production and distribution was below, or at best only slightly above that
Delineating the structural precursors and cognitive consequences of personal powerlessness : the Filipino woman's experience

Adopting a structural-cognitive perspective and path analysis, this study demonstrates that personal powerlessness generates sequelae of maladaptive cognitions, namely, low self-esteem, low success expectancies and a weak motivation for self-improvement. Despite adverse structural and natural forces, Bicolano women exhibited self-efficacy, high self-esteem, and strong propensity for self-improvement, albeit expressing low success expectancies. These constructive cognitions can be attributed to the women's strong achievement ethic, high educational attainment, and supportive kinship system. These factors also compensate for the depressive effects of low success expectancies on the motivation for self-improvement. Implications for empowerment strategies and cognitive literature are discussed.
Trihalomethane levels in chlorinated Michigan drinking water

Abstract Recently, new concerns have been raised regarding the effect of chlorination on organics in natural and wastewaters. Because chlorine is widely used in drinking water and wastewater treatment processes, power plant cooling water chlorination, household and commercial laundering, and paper pulp bleaching, chlorinated organic chemicals are inadvertently produced and dispersed widely in the environment. Numerous organic chemicals, dissolved and particulate, are present in natural and wastewaters and can react with chlorine oxidizing agents. Trihalomethanes ( thm ), such as bromoform, dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, and chloroform, are formed by reactions of organic precursors with chlorine. They have been found in drinking water at concentrations of the order of chloroform. In general, total trihalomethane ( tthm ) concentrations in finished drinking water are higher where surface waters are the source of raw water and prechlorination is a practical method of purification. Because the presence of thm is finished drinking waters may represent a health hazard, the quantity of these compounds in Michigan surface and groundwaters was assessed and a predictive model was developed between the hydrogen ion concentration and the chlorine dose applied to purify water. Raw and finished drinking water from 40 Michigan treatment plants was analyzed for tthm concentrations by the liquid-liquid extraction method. The samples ranged from undetectable to 281.8 μg/l with a mean of 44.0 μg/l and a median of 20.5 μg/l. The range and median values are lower than those of the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) and the National Organics Monitoring Survey (NOMS) undertaken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloroform was usually present in the highest concentrations followed by bromodichloromethane, dibromomethane and bromoform. The quantity of chlorine influences the amount of tthm formed. After adjustment for this parameter, treated drinking water supplies drawn from surface water had significantly higher tthm levels than either the Great Lakes or groundwater. The tthm levels of the Great Lakes and groundwater were significantly different only when chlorine dose effect was not accounted for, perhaps because the organic levels are low compared with surface water. However, when chlorinated, the Great Lakes water tended to have higher TTHM levels than did groundwater.
Neuroendocrine activity and memory-related impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder

This article reviews memory-related impairments in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder and their possible association to neuroendocrine alterations seen in this disorder. The neuroendocrine profile in PTSD first described in chronically ill combat veterans is characterized by lower basal cortisol levels, higher glucocorticoid receptor number, enhanced sensitivity to exogenous steroids, and increased variation in basal cortisol levels over the diurnal cycle. The generalizability and time course of these neuroendocrine alterations are explored in longitudinal studies and studies in other traumatized populations. These studies suggest that at least some aspects of this neuroendocrine profile can also be seen in other populations, including women, children, and victims of childhood trauma. Additionally, the alterations may be present early in the course of illness, perhaps even in the immediate aftermath of trauma, and may continue to be manifest in elderly trauma survivors. The mechanisms by which these neuroendocrine alterations may influence the formation and processing of traumatic memories are discussed.
Anteromedial ridging of the femoral intercondylar notch: an anatomic study of 170 archival skeletal specimens.

Purpose (1) To identify the relationship between anteromedial notch ridging, a recently identified non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factor, and patient demographics in a general population. (2) To characterize the symmetry of the femoral notch between knees.
Analysis of Solids Obtained by Evaporation of Card Room Humidifier Water

Solid particles generated by evaporation of humidifier water contribute significantly to the total dust concentration in typical cotton processing environments. Water samples obtained from a model card room at North Carolina State University contain about 114 ppm of solids, 87% of which is inorganic. The presence of organic material is confirmed by titrating the water samples with a KMnO4 solution. About 7% of the inorganic fraction is insoluble in HCl. Analysis of the soluble inorganic solids by atomic absorption spectroscppy revealed that the major elements detected are Ca, Na, K, Cu, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, and Zn. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to analyze the insoluble portions and showed that the most abundant elements are the same as in the soluble portion, except that no Zn was detected. Photomicrographs of these insoluble solids show that these particles exist in aggregates, some of which have a crystal morphology. EDAX® analyses of the particles with crystalline morp...
Effects of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors on Transcription and Ocular Circadian Rhythm of Aplysia

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) mediate cell-cycle phase transitions. Recently, CDKs have been associated with non-cell-cycle roles such as DNA repair, transcription, and phosphate metabolism in yeast. The cyclical processes, circadian rhythms and the eukaryotic cell cycle, are similar in many respects. It is possible that a kinase like CDK is involved in the control of circadian rhythms. In this study, the effects of CDK inhibitors (olomoucine, roscovitine, and butyrolactone I) on the Aplysia ocular circadian rhythm were investigated. Continuous treatments with olomoucine (10 microM) lengthened the free-running period of the rhythm, and pulse treatments of olomoucine (6 h, 100 microM) delayed the rhythm. The effects of olomoucine on the rhythm were qualitatively similar to those of a reversible inhibitor of transcription, 5,6-dichloro-beta-1-ribobenzimidazole. Subsequently, olomoucine was found to inhibit RNA synthesis in the eye of Aplysia and Bulla. All of the other CDK inhibitors used in this study also inhibited transcription in the eye of Aplysia, and their effects on transcription correlated with their effects on the circadian rhythm. This study adds substantial evidence to that previously obtained by using 5,6-dichloro-beta-1-ribobenzimidazole for a role of transcription in the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythmicity in the eye of Aplysia. Also, these results indicate that caution is warranted in interpreting results obtained by using CDK inhibitors, because these drugs appear to inhibit transcription as well as CDKs.
Amniotic fluid index predicts the relief of variable decelerations after amnioinfusion bolus

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether intrapartum amniotic fluid index before amnioinfusion can be used to predict response to therapeutic amnioinfusion. STUDY DESIGN: Intrapartum patients (n = 85) with repetitive variable decelerations in fetal heart rate that necessitated amnioinfusion (10 ml/min for 60 minutes) underwent determination of amniotic fluid index before and after bolus amnioinfusion. The fetal heart tracing was scored (scorer blinded to amniotic fluid index values) for number and characteristics of variable decelerations before and 1 hour after initiation of amnioinfusion. The amnioinfusion was considered successful if it resulted in a decrease of ≥50% in total number of variable decelerations or a decrease of ≥50% in the rate of atypical or severe variable decelerations after administration of the bolus. Spontaneous vaginal births before completion of administration of the bolus (n = 18) were excluded from analysis. The probability of success of amnioinfusion in relation to amniotic fluid index was analyzed with the χ2 test for progressive sequence. RESULTS: The mean amniotic fluid index before amnioinfusion was 6.2 ± 3.3 cm. An amniotic fluid index of ≤5 cm was present in 40% of patients (27/67), and an amniotic fluid index of ≤8 cm was present in 72% of patients (48/67). The probability of success of amnioinfusion decreased with increasing amniotic fluid index before amnioinfusion (76% [16/21] when initial amniotic fluid index was 0 to 4 cm, 63% [17/27] when initial amniotic fluid index was 4 to 8 cm, 44% [7/16] when initial amniotic fluid index was 8 to 12 cm, and 33% [1/3] when initial amniotic fluid index was >12 cm, p = 0.03). The incidence of nuchal cords or true umbilical cord knots increased in relation to amniotic fluid index before amnioinfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Amniotic fluid index before amnioinfusion can be used to predict the success of amnioinfusion for relief of variable decelerations in fetal heart rate. Failure of amnioinfusion at a high amniotic fluid index before amnioinfusion may be explained by the increased prevalence of nuchal cords or true knots in the umbilical cord. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1066-70.)
Sergestes Similis Hansen and S. Consobrinus N. Sp. (Decapoda) From the Northeastern Pacific 1)

Isaacs-Kidd Trawl Fange aus dem nordostlichen Pazifik enthalten viele dekapode Krebse der Familie Sergestidae, vor allen Dingen Sergestes (Sergestes) similis Hansen und Sergestes (Sergestes) consobrinus n. sp. Die erstgenannte Art, die in grosser Anzahl bis zu 60 m Tiefe vor Kalifornien und im ganzen Golf von Alaska gefangen wurde, wird mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der ausseren Geschlechtsorgane nachbeschrieben. S. consobrinus, vor Kalifornien in Tiefen bis zu 400 m gefangen, ist mit S. edwardsi Kroyer eng verwandt. S. consobrinus unterscheidet sich von letzterer Art durch grossere Lange, Form des dritten Maxillipeds und Form und Bewaffnung der Arme des Petasmas.
FATIGUE RESEARCH WITH DISCRIMINATING SPECIMENS

When more than one variable has an effect on fatigue life, a test with a suitably designed specimen can discriminate between theories of interaction as to their correctness. A small number of tests can determine the interaction coefficient. This paper discusses the application of such specimens to discriminate between three theories for out-of-phase torsion and bending. It also shows applications of such specimens to determine the increase of bending fatigue strength by peening, to determine the mean stress effect on bending fatigue, and to discriminate between the maximum shear stress and the octahedral shear stress as criteria for in-phase bending and torsion. The advantages of discriminating specimens are explained.