cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution and transport of airborne particulate matter and inorganic components in Great Britain

Abstract Daily measurements of total suspended particulate matter, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and fluoride components were made during the heating and nonheating season at 6 primary and 5 secondary sites in Great Britain. Samples were collected with high volume air samplers operating for 24-h periods. The degree of association between the inorganic components was markedly influenced by the total suspended particulate concentration. A strong relationship was found between sulfate and ammonium concentrations at the primary sites. Wind direction was the most important factor in the particulate concentration levels in Great Britain. During stagnation conditions or when the wind was predominantly from an easterly or southern direction, i.e. from the northern European continent, particulate levels were highest. However, when the wind was predominantly from a westerly direction, i.e. the Atlantic Ocean, particulate levels were lowest. A discussion of particle size and particulate transport is given.
Impulsive Trajectories from Earth to Callisto–Io–Ganymede Triple Flyby Jovian Capture

Triple-satellite-aided capture sequences use gravity-assist flybys of three of Jupiter’s four massive Galilean moons to help capture a spacecraft into orbit about Jupiter. A novel triple-satellite-aided capture uses sequential flybys of Callisto, Io, and Ganymede to reduce the ΔV required to capture into orbit about Jupiter. An optimal broken-plane maneuver is added between Earth and Jupiter to form a complete chemical/impulsive interplanetary trajectory from Earth to Jupiter. Such a trajectory can yield significant fuel savings over single and double-flyby capture schemes while maintaining a brief and simple interplanetary transfer phase. The developed methods maintain flexibility for adaptation to similar launch, cruise, and capture conditions.
Prognosis in Sturge-Weber Disease: Comparison of Unihemispheric and Bihemispheric Involvement:

One hundred two patients with Sturge-Weber disease who were seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1942 and 1986 were studied retrospectively to determine the difference in prognosis between unihemispheric (88 patients) and bihemispheric (14 patients) involvement. Seizures occurred in 63 with unihemispheric involvement and 13 with bihemispheric; the mean age at onset of seizures was 24 months in the former and 6 months in the latter. Of the total group, 19% were severely or moderately mentally retarded, 27% were mentally retarded but educable, and 45% had average intelligence. In the bihemispheric involvement group, 46% were severely or moderately mentally retarded, 38% were retarded but educable, and only 8% had average intelligence. Bilateral involvement of the brain by Sturge-Weber disease is associated with earlier onset of seizures and worse prognosis for mental development compared with unilateral involvement.
Obstetric providers' knowledge, awareness, and use of CDC'S HIV testing recommendations and One Test. Two Lives.™.

This study examined the impact of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) One Test. Two Lives.™ (OTTL) campaign on key outcomes related to CDC’s revised HIV testing recommendations and the use of the campaign materials. Data from three cross-sectional surveys were used to assess the effect of OTTL on Obstetricians/Gynecologists’ (OB/GYN) HIV knowledge and practice. A 2-year combined sample of 500 OB/GYNs completed DocStyles, a Web-based survey for physicians, and 575 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Fellows completed an ACOG survey. The surveys were similar in focus but did not contain the same items. Data were analyzed using cross-tabulations, χ2 analyses, and logistic regression. There was a 20% recall of exposure to OTTL with DocStyles and 25% with ACOG. DocStyles respondents reporting having seen OTTL materials were significantly more likely to report awareness of CDC’s recommendations [χ2(1) = 25.43, P < .001] and include HIV testing as a regular screening test for all patients [χ2(1) = 4.98, P < .05]. ACOG respondents not using the materials indicated high levels of willingness to use the materials—63.0 to 71.5%, depending on the material. Of the ACOG sample, 68.1% correctly answered the knowledge items regarding the recommendations. However, a significant relationship between correct knowledge and campaign exposure was not found. Overall, results suggest that OTTL is instrumental in raising awareness and implementation of the testing recommendations and plays an important role in facilitating HIV testing practices with obstetric providers and their patients.
Evaluation of Porous ZrO2‐SiO2 and Monazite Coatings Using NextelTM 720‐Fiber‐Reinforced Blackglas™ Minicomposites

A procedure was developed to fabricate oxide-fiber-reinforced minicomposites with a dense matrix and evaluate two oxidation-resistant interface coatings, porous oxide (zirconia-silica mixture) and monazite. The coatings were evaluated using NextelTM 720-fiber-reinforced BlackglasTM-matrix minicomposites. Boron nitride (BN) coated and uncoated fibers were used as controls for comparison. The evaluation was based on ultimate failure strengths, fractography, and fiber pushin tests. All the composites that used fiber coatings had ultimate strengths significantly better than the control that used uncoated fibers. In addition, porous-oxide-coated fibers were found to be similar to BN-coated fibers in strength, fractography, and fiber pushin behavior. Monazite-coated fibers resulted in similar ultimate strengths but showed no appreciable fiber pullout. Fiber pushin tests showed that monazite debonds readily but frictional resistance is higher than for BN or porous oxide fiber coatings.
Composition of essential oils of some lipidote Rhododendrons

Abstract Essential oils from leaves of 43 species of Rhododendron comprising 21 subsections were generally complex, and contained a number of compounds that were not identified. Caryophyllene, humulene, and one or more eudesmol isomers were the most commonly identified constituents. α-Pinene was the major component in eight of the oils, and germacrone was the major component in five of the oils. Monoterpenes were the major components of the oils in eight of the 12 species of subsection Triflora that were examined. Sesquiterpenes were major components in about 80% of the other 31 species.
Emphasizing some little-used theorems in introductory network analysis

This paper promotes the use of some little-used but most valuable theorems that are available to students in introductory network analysis: the voltage and current shifting theorems; the voltage and current source theorems; the reduction theorem; and the substitution theorem. Examples illustrate how these theorems can be used to solve for one or more variables in the many networks that contain dependent as well as independent sources. Network simplification techniques are maximized and the use of equations is minimized. A more extensive use of the duality concept is also recommended.
Changes in intracuff pressure of a cuffed endotracheal tube during surgery for congenital heart disease using cardiopulmonary bypass.

Summary Background With the development of newer polyurethane cuffed endotracheal tubes (cETTs), there has been a shift in clinical practice among pediatric anesthesiologists. Despite improvements in design, excessive inflation of the cuff can still compromise tracheal mucosal perfusion. Several perioperative factors can affect the intracuff pressure (CP), and there is no consensus on safe CP in pediatric patients undergoing repair of congenital cardiac disease (CHD) utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In the current study, the CP was continuously monitored in pediatric patients undergoing surgery for CHD. Methods After IRB approval, this observational study was conducted on pediatric patients who underwent repair of CHD using CPB with a cETT in place. After anesthetic induction and endotracheal intubation, the cuff was inflated using the air leak technique while maintaining a continuous positive airway pressure of 20 cmH2O. After inflation, the CP was continuously monitored throughout the procedure. In addition, temperature and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were also recorded. Results The study included 33 patients who ranged in age from 1 month to 15.3 years. Their weight ranged from 4.0 to 83.6 kg. Six patients were excluded from the analysis due to the need to add or remove air from the cuff, leaving 27 patients for data analysis for cuff pressure over time. The baseline CP at the time of inflation was 16.1 ± 7.6 cmH2O. With the use of CPB and initiation of hypothermia, when compared to the baseline, the CP decreased by −0.7 ± 5.8 cmH2O at 35–37°C, −9.1 ± 8.4 cmH2O at 31–33°C, −7.8 ± 6.2 cmH2O at 27–29°C, and −11.1 ± 6.0 cmH2O at <27°C. With rewarming, the CP increased back to the baseline level (−3.5 ± 7.0 cmH2O). Conclusion There was a significant decrease in the CP during CPB and associated hypothermia. This may offer some protection for mucosal perfusion during CPB which is usually associated with lower than normal MAP. However, the decrease in the CP may compromise the tracheal seal which may not offer the intended protection for the airway from aspiration.
Impact of thermoelectric phenomena on phase-change memory performance metrics and scaling

The coupled transport of heat and electrical current, or thermoelectric phenomena, can strongly influence the temperature distribution and figures of merit for phase-change memory (PCM). This paper simulates PCM devices with careful attention to thermoelectric transport and the resulting impact on programming current during the reset operation. The electrothermal simulations consider Thomson heating within the phase-change material and Peltier heating at the electrode interface. Using representative values for the Thomson and Seebeck coefficients extracted from our past measurements of these properties, we predict a cell temperature increase of 44% and a decrease in the programming current of 16%. Scaling arguments indicate that the impact of thermoelectric phenomena becomes greater with smaller dimensions due to enhanced thermal confinement. This work estimates the scaling of this reduction in programming current as electrode contact areas are reduced down to 10 nm × 10 nm. Precise understanding of thermoelectric phenomena and their impact on device performance is a critical part of PCM design strategies.
Thermally stable imaging channeled spectropolarimetry.

Channeled spectropolarimetry can measure the complete polarization state of light as a function of wavelength. Typically, a channeled spectropolarimeter uses high order retarders made of uniaxial crystal to amplitude modulate the measured spectrum with the spectrally-dependent Stokes polarization information. A primary limitation of conventional channeled spectropolarimeters is related to the thermal variability of the retarders. Thermal variation often forces frequent system recalibration, particularly for field deployed systems. However, implementing thermally stable retarders results in an athermal channeled spectropolarimeter that relieves the need for frequent recalibration. Past work has addressed this issue by developing athermalized retarders using two or more uniaxial crystals. Recently, a retarder made of biaxial KTP and cut at a thermally insensitive angle was used to produce an athermal channeled spectropolarimeter. This paper presents the results of the biaxial crystal system and compares the two thermal stabilization techniques in the context of producing an imaging thermally stable channeled spectropolarimeter. A preliminary design for a snapshot imaging channeled spectropolarimeter is also presented.
Locating benefits: decision-spaces, resource access and equity in US community-based forestry.

Abstract In the US, the Ford Foundation’s Community-based Forestry Demonstration Program (2000–2005) promoted an internationally prominent model of community forestry centered on the simultaneous, balanced pursuit of ecological, economic and social goals (often symbolized as the “three-legged stool,” or “triple bottom line”). This paper develops an alternative framework for analysis that emphasizes the causal precedence of shifts in power relations, specifically the devolution of resource access and decision-making authority, rather than environmental, social and economic outcomes. These outcomes are not necessarily beneficial, and any benefits realized seldom occur simultaneously. Rather, they can be envisioned as the floors of a house erected sequentially on a foundation of resource access and control. While no universal claim is made, the “house” model proves an apt fit for many community-based forestry initiatives, including the two case studies presented. Who among the differentiated social groups within a community gained access to resources and decision-making influence largely predicted who gained individually. Nonetheless, indirect benefits felt at community and higher scales were significant. The findings further indicate that community forestry generally will not advance social equity unless it specifically targets marginalized groups. Crucially, equity is understood to embrace not only distributional justice, but also capacity-building and empowerment.
Why's My Boss Always Holding Me Down? A Meta-Analysis of Power Effects on Performance Evaluations

One factor with potential links to performance evaluation is evaluator power. In a meta-analytic review of the available literature, the relation between power and performance evaluation was examined. Results indicate that as power levels increase, evaluations of others become increasingly negative and evaluations of the self become increasingly positive. We examined moderators of these relations, and methodological variables caused the most differences in effect sizes across studies. The article addresses implications of these findings for businesses and social psychological theories of power.
Calculation of the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of aluminum.

The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of aluminum is studied by self-consistently calculating the phonon frequencies and the electron-phonon coupling as functions of volume. The rapid change in ${T}_{c}$ with pressure in aluminum is reproduced well by the calculation.
Mississippi elementary school teachers' perspectives on providing nutrition competencies under the framework of their school wellness policy.

Abstract Objective Identify elementary teachers' implementation of nutrition competencies as part of their school wellness policies (SWP) guided by Organizational Change Theory (OCT) constructs. Methods A 32-item, cross-sectional survey was distributed through a Web link e-mailed to teachers in Mississippi public elementary schools. Response rate was 34% (n = 947) from 30 schools. Principal component factor analysis for inter-item correlations and theoretical fit to OCT was used with internal consistency reliability coefficients determined using Cronbach's α for Likert-type scales. Results A majority of teachers (85.5%) favors their SWPs and has transitioned through the unfreezing stage. Lack of teacher input, time, resources, and recognition for providing nutrition education reflects that teachers do not have support for transitioning through the moving stage. Conclusions and Implications Use of evaluation tools to facilitate teachers' progress through the moving stage into the refreezing stage would be advantageous in supporting organizational change as school administrations implement SWPs.
Clouds over Soot Evaporation: Errors in Modeling Laser-Induced Incandescence of Soot

The ambiguity and incorrect treatment of the evaporation term among some Lll models in the literature are discussed. This study does not suggest that the correct formulation presented for the evaporation model is adequate, or that it reflects the soot evaporation process under intense evaporation. The emphasis is that the current evaporation model must be used correctly in the evaluation of the LIl model against experimental data. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the significance of the molecular weight associated with the heat of evaporation and the thermal velocity of carbon vapor on the results obtained with the evaporation model. Other errors frequently repeated in the literature are also identified.
The linguistic knowledge in a morphological segmentation procedure for German

Abstract A system was developed for the automatic segmentation of German words into morphs. The main linguistic knowledge sources used by the system are a word syntax and a morph dictionary. The syntax is written in the formalism of right linear regular grammars and comprises approximately 1400 rules describing the set of those sequences of morph classes which underlie syntactically well-formed words. The morph dictionary contains almost 11000 morphs. Each morph is assigned to up to six morph classes. Statistical evaluations with 6000 test words showed that more than 99% of the segmented words get a correct segmentation.
Chronic opiate use during methadone detoxification: Effects of a dose increase treatment

The effects of administering high methadone doses during detoxification treatment were examined on illicit opiate use and treatment retention in chronic opiate supplementors. Twenty-six applicants to a 90-day outpatient detoxification program who delivered 50% or more opiate-positive urine samples during treatment weeks 2 and 3 were randomly assigned to receive a constant 30-mg dose through treatment week 10 or an increase to 60 mg in week 4 with gradual reduction to 30 mg by week 10. Dosage for both groups was reduced to 0 mg during weeks 11–13. Treatment retention was better for experimental (median = 86 days) than for control (median = 41 days) subjects, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the dose increase group, percent opiate-positive urines decreased from 80% to 62% during the first two weeks of dose increase (t = 2.39, P < 0.05); opiate positive rates for the control group remained above 80%. A 20% between group difference in percent of opiate positive urine tests persisted through study week 10 in subjects (N = 5 control, 7 experimental) who remained in treatment this long. Although the blind dose increase did improve treatment outcome, we concluded that the magnitude of the effect in this population of chronic opiate supplementors was insufficient to judge the procedure clinically useful.
“EVIDENCE” AND MIDWIFERY PRACTICE

Evidence-based care has become the new standard in the clinical disciplines. It represents a paradigm shift for clinicians, toward greater inclusion of research findings in patient care decisions. Randomized trials are the “gold standard” in clinical research and provide the strongest evidence for a treatment or intervention. But, randomized trials have limitations and cannot address all important clinical questions. Research using observational, descriptive, and qualitative methods also has a place in generating evidence for practice. Balancing the needs of individual women against what is learned from research with groups or populations is a challenge for midwives.
Robo and Frazzled/DCC mediate dendritic guidance at the CNS midline

Neuronal connectivity is established by the axo-dendritic polarity, correct guidance and targeting of neurons. Unlike for axons, the mechanisms responsible for directed outgrowth of dendrites are not well understood. Using single-cell labeling, we describe specific guidance defects in dendrites of identified neurons in frazzled, robo, netrin and commissureless mutant embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. We found that the cell-surface molecules Frazzled and Robo work as guidance molecules not only for axons but also for dendrites as they navigate within the CNS. Furthermore, we report that each neuron showed a cell-autonomous and independent use of guidance molecules.
Fourier-domain angle-resolved low coherence interferometry through an endoscopic fiber bundle for light-scattering spectroscopy

We present a novel endoscopic fiber bundle probe incorporated in a Fourier-domain angle-resolved low coherence interferometry system for the measurement of depth-resolved angular scattering distributions to permit the determination of scatterer size via elastic scattering properties. Depth resolution is achieved with a superluminescent diode via a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The sample is illuminated with a collimated beam, and a Fourier plane image of the backscattered light is collected by a coherent fiber bundle. The angular scattering distribution relayed by the fiber bundle is mixed with the reference field and made to coincide with the input slit of an imaging spectrograph. The data collected are processed in real time, producing a depth-resolved angular scattering distribution in 0.37 s. The data are used to determine the sizes of polystyrene microspheres with subwavelength precision and accuracy.
Bridging the Gap: Towards an Understanding of Young Children's Thinking in Multiage Groups.

Abstract Multiage settings are alternative educational groupings that promote complexity in young children's thinking. Grouping children across ages and grades encourages interconnectedness in social and intellectual development. This study compared the academic achievement of one group of multiage students to national norms on standardized achievement tests. The Stanford Achievement Test, 9th edition, was used as the standardized instrument. Analysis of the data revealed no significant difference in scores in reading and mathematics. However, a difference did exist in language scores. In addition, mixed group processing of linguistic and nonlinguistic problems from Odyssey of the Mind were analyzed, using independent samples t test for creativity, group cooperation, and problem solving. Significant levels of interaction were found.
Synthesis and structures of zinc alkoxo, aryloxo and hydroxo complexes with an amidodiamine ligand

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of zinc complexes bearing an amidodiamine ligand, (EtO)4Zn3[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2 (1), [(Et3CO)ZnN(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2 (2) and [(2,6-iPr2C6H3O)ZnN(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2 (3), [(Me3Si)2N]Zn[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2] (4) and [(Me3Si)2N]2Zn2(OH)[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2] (5), are reported. Compounds 1–3 are synthesised in the reactions of {Zn[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2]2}2 with 2 equiv. of ethanol, 3-ethyl-3-pentanol and 2,6-diisopropylphenol, respectively. Compound 4 is obtained by the reaction of Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with HN(CH2CH2NMe2)2, and compound 5 is synthesised by reacting 4 with 1 equiv. of H2O. Compound 4 is characterized by NMR and MS while all of the other compounds are characterized with NMR, MS, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a trinuclear species containing a Zn3N2O2 core. Compounds 2 and 3 are dimeric with planar Zn2N2 rings. Compound 5 is dimeric with a planar Zn2NO ring.
Increasing the supply of soybeans

The increase in supply and use of soybeans during the past 40 years has been a dramatic change in world agriculture—the “Dark Green Evolution.” The driving forces have been expanding population and income levels, increasing demand for protein and edible oils, pressures on other crop prices, and production and utilization research. The large growth of supply has been in temperate areas of North and South America, where increases will continue but at much slower rates than in the past. Production will increase in tropical and subtropical areas and soybeans will truly become a worldwide commercial crop. The rate of increase in supply will depend largely on the magnitude and effectiveness of research, education and developmental programs designed to exploit the full potential of the soybean to upgrade diets and alleviate the growing world malnutrition problem.
Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders

Do economic sanctions destabilize the governments they target? A form of foreign pressure, sanctions are typically meant to alter the policies of other countries. There is much pessimism on whether they ever work. This article shows that economic pressure works in at least one respect: it destabilizes the leaders it targets. I present a theoretical argument that explains why destabilization is a necessary condition for successful coercion. I find evidence that pressure destabilizes in a large panel of cross-country time-series data. The destabilization finding indicates that sanctions may be more effective at altering policies than we think. I conclude by noting that greater optimism regarding the effectiveness of sanctions should be balanced by a careful consideration of the policy's real and sizeable costs for those caught in the middle.
Pre- and postprandial pyridostigmine and oxiracetam effects on growth hormone secretion in anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that food ingestion is not capable of inhibiting the GHRH-induced GH release in anorexia nervosa, at variance with what is observed in normal subjects. Moreover, a cholinergic alteration has been hypothesized in this disorder. In a group of 24 anorectic patients in a stabilized phase of the illness, we tested, before and after a standard meal, the GH response to GHRH alone and after pre-treatment with pyridostigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, and, on a different day, with oxiracetam, which stimulates the central cholinergic neurones. The GH response to GHRH was significantly increased by both drugs in a fasting state. The postprandial response was not significantly modified by pyridostigmine nor by oxiracetam. Neither of these compounds was able to enhance the postprandial GH ‘paradoxical’ response to GHRH in anorectic patients. The lack of effect of both drugs postprandially also suggests a suppression of somatostatinergic activity.
Optical constants of germanium.

The authors have attempted to assess the disagreement of various investigators on the optical properties of germanium in the far uv. The analyis subjected the reported data, out to about 25 eV, to the following tests: (1) an internal consistency check when possible by applying the Kronig–Kramers dispersion relations to the optical constants; (2) an evaluation of the optical oscillator strength distribution for the spectrum under study; (3) correlation of the values of Im(1/∊*) from the optical data with the characteristic electron energy loss spectrum for the material; and (4) evaluation of the oscillator strength sum for the electron energy loss distribution. A set of optical constants derived from the characteristic electron energy loss data is presented and discussed. Also, an estimate of the source of errors incurred in the application of the Kronig–Kramers dispersion relations are given and discussed in terms of optical data.
Near-CSP plastic ball grid array

Abstract The mold array process plastic ball grid array continues to demonstrate progress as a cost-effective, medium to high performance electronics package. Highly manufacturable and reliable solutions to the challenges of molding up to several hundred packages at one time as well as subsequent singulation of the packages have been found. JEDEC moisture performance at up to Level 1 with 220°C reflow temperatures has been qualified for production. Thermal performance remains critically dependent on die size, package size, and motherboard construction.
Detection and follow‐up of carcinoma of the urinary bladder by flow cytometry

Automated flow cytometry (FCM) has been used to study saline bladder irrigation specimens from nearly 400 patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the two-year period March 1979–March 1981. These include 36 patients with papilloma, 35 with noninvasive papillary transitional cell carcinoma, 71 with flat carcinoma in situ, and 52 with invasive carcinoma of the bladder, as well as 110 well patients with a history of low-stage bladder tumors (98 had two or more examinations) and 100 patients without neoplastic disease of the bladder. The false-positive rate for patients with normal bladders or non-neoplastic bladder diseases was 2% (two patients); both had severe cystitis and bladder calculi. The false-negative rate for the group with histologically proven tumors was 18%; excluding papilloma it was 7%. A FCM diagnosis of bladder tumor antedated the development of cystoscopically visible tumor by up to 12 months in 18 patients. Fourteen additional patients have positive FCM at present with or without positive conventional cytology and continue to be followed. These data suggest that FCM can provide an objective quantitative measure of the exfoliated epithelial cells in bladder irrigation specimens, and is at least as sensitive and specific as conventional urine cytology for the detection of cancer cells. An interpretation of each specimen is recorded on a computer-generated hard copy replica of the two-dimensional scattergrams, or pseudo-three-dimensionl projection of the data and used by the clinician as a permanent report of that specimen. FCM has a practical application in the detection and diagnosis of bladder carcinoma among subjects at high risk, and is of value in monitoring the course of this disease and anticipating recurrence following conservative treatment.
Structural properties of hybrid triplex of polycation deoxyribonucleic S-methylthiourea (DNmt) strands with a complementary DNA strand, probed by nanosecond molecular dynamics.

Abstract The replacement of phosphodiester linkages of the polyanion DNA with S-methylthiourea linkers provides the polycation deoxyribonucleic S-methylthiourea (DNmt). Molecular dynamics studies to 1,220 ps of the hybrid triplex formed from octameric DNmt strands d(Tmt)8 with a complementary DNA oligomer strand d(Ap)8 have been carried out with explicit water solvent and Na counterions under periodic boundary conditions using the CHARMM force field and the Ewald summation method. The Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding patterns of the A/T tracts remained intact without any structural restraints for triplex structures throughout the simulation. The duplex portion of the triplex structure equilibrated at a B-DNA conformation in terms of the helical rise and other helical parameters. The dynamic structures of the DNmt·DNA·DNmt triplex were determined by examining histograms from the last 800 ps of the dynamics run. These included the hydrogen-bonding pattern (sequence recognition), three-centered bi...
Taxonomic implications of the discovery of calyptrate species of Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae)

Two heretofore unrecognized species ofMyrceugenia are transferred to the genus. Both are calyptrate, a condition until now unknown in the genus. The differences betweenMyrceugenia and other calyptrate genera of the Myrciinae are indicated. The calyptrate species ofMyrceugenia are hypothesized to be only distantly related to each other, but both show close morphological similarity to certain non-calyptrate species. Thus, the calyptra appears to have evolved on two separate occasions inMyrceugenia. It is suggested that the open calyx versus the closed calyx is not a reliable criterion for distinguishing genera.
Polydrug Use and Self Control among Men and Women in Prisons.

This article describes research conducted to examine the patterns of alcohol and drug use and self concepts of incarcerated adult offenders in relation to age, gender, and ethnicity in a western state. The purpose of this research was to estimate the extent and variety of alcohol and drug use in the prison population and design a data collection instrument. Individual interviews with every newly admitted sentenced felon (N = 157 men and 39 women) were conducted. Inmates reported nearly universal alcohol use and marijuana use and extensive use of cocaine, crack, heroin, crystal methamphetamine (ice) and using various other schedule drugs, usually in combination with alcohol and other drugs. The problem for the interviewers was not how to elicit admissions of drug use but how to categorize the large number of combinations. Polydrug use, often in combination with alcohol, is the rule, not the exception. Starting, switching and quitting, and combining or substituting drugs is reported by the vast majority of inmates. While patterns varied, it was difficult to discern a special class of drug addicts among the inmates. Our findings suggest that large percentages of prison inmates are frequent substance abusers, perceive problems from use, but are often not interested in drug treatment in prison. Many inmates who by their own reports seem appropriate for alcohol or drug treatment do not seek treatment. This is not influenced by the extent of drug use or experience with previous treatment. Female prisoners seem to be more often and more extensively involved in addicting drugs than male prisoners. This is particularly problematic because there are very few specialized treatment or training programs for women offenders. Since drug use is very widespread, urine monitoring is increasing and continued criminalization of all drugs except alcohol enjoys wide support, correctional agencies must search to develop effective and affordable strategies for dealing with drug use.
Mechanically stabilized walls over soft clay: Geosynthetic to prevent deep-seated failures

Abstract Mechanically stabilized walls can sometimes be economically constructed over poor foundations such as a soft clay. A major design concern in such a case, however, is the stability against deep-seated failure where the potential slip surface passes through the unreinforced backfill and the clayey foundation. To attain a prescribed safety margin against deep-seated instability, a high-strength geosynthetic sheet, placed at the backfill-clay interface, can be used. The objective of this paper is to present an analysis method which enables the user to determine the required distribution of tensile resistance of the reinforcing sheet and therefore can be used as a design tool. The analysis is based on limit-equilibrium and by virtue of the mechanism used it is rigorous in the sense that no statical assumptions are utilized. Its predictions compare favorably with some conventional methods; its application, however, is easier. It is demonstrated how the analysis results can be condensed into a useful format of design charts. Since the direction of the reinforcement's tensile resistance is not known, a zone is suggested within which is the probably required distribution of this force.
Providing tablets as collaborative-task workspace for human-robot interaction

In a recent conference on assistive technology in special education and rehabilitation, over 54 percentage of the sessions were directly or indirectly involved with tablets. Following this trend, many traditional assistive technologies are now transitioning from standalone devices into apps on mobile devices. As such, this paper follows this trend by discussing transforming a tablet into an HRI research platform where our robotic system engages the user in social interaction by learning how to operate a given app (task) using guidance from the user. The objective is to engage the robot within the context of the user's task by understanding the task's underlying rules and structures. An overview of the HRI toolkit is presented and a knowledge-based approach in modeling a task is discussed where previously learned cases are reused to solve a new problem.
Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction by Microjet Injection

The effect of microjet (μjet) injection on the noise from supersonic jets is investigated. One convergent and three convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzles, covering design Mach numbers (MD) 1.0 to 2.2, are used in the study; all nozzles have the same exit diameter (D). The μjets are injected perpendicular to the primary jet at the nozzle lip from six equally-spaced ports; each port has a diameter of 0.0054D. Effects in the over-expanded and under-expanded regimes as well as one case of fully expanded condition are explored. Relative to the effect on subsonic jets, larger reduction in the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) is achieved in most supersonic conditions. While the injection readily eliminates screech tones with the convergent nozzle it becomes increasingly ineffective in screech reduction with nozzles of higher MD. With all nozzles, the injection is often found to amplify the broadband shock-associated noise; the overall noise reduction occurs due to a suppression of broadband levels especially at...
The integration of T cell migration, differentiation and function

T cells function locally. Accordingly, T cells' recognition of antigen, their subsequent activation and differentiation, and their role in the processes of infection control, tumour eradication, autoimmunity, allergy and alloreactivity are intrinsically coupled with migration. Recent discoveries revise our understanding of the regulation and patterns of T cell trafficking and reveal limitations in current paradigms. Here, we review classic and emerging concepts, highlight the challenge of integrating new observations with existing T cell classification schemes and summarize the heuristic framework provided by viewing T cell differentiation and function first through the prism of migration.
Recognition of Early Cementation of Aragonitic Skeletal Carbonates

UNTIL recently, most calcitic cement of limestones was widely regarded as subaerial in origin. The importance of aragonite and high-Mg calcite as cement in marine environments is being increasingly recognized by carbonate sedimentologists1–3. Certain types of calcitic cements are widely regarded as results of neomorphic replacement of previously aragonitic cements4–7. In a study of early diagenesis of skeletal carbonates (Miami and Key Largo Limestones, Pleistocene, S. Florida)8, we have encountered what appears to be a textural criterion for recognition of early submarine aragonitic cementation (see Lindholm9 for recognition of original mineralogy on chemical criteria).
A Small Analog Computer for Continuous Measurement of Intracellular Ion Activities

The operation of liquid ion exchanger microelectrodes that allows measurement of internal potassium and chloride activities in identifiable neurons has been described. A computer that solves the logarithmic equation necessary for computation of these activities has been constructed and tested successfully. The great value of the computer is that it permits continuous measurement of these activities. When the internal ion activities change, such continuous measurement allows calculation of potassium and chloride permeabilities in single neurons.
Comments on “the OZI rule does not apply to baryons”

Abstract We demonstrate that the arguments made by Ellis, Gabathuler and Karliner that meson-baryon couplings could evade the OZI rule are irrelevant to the arguments we have made before. This is so since even if we assume that meson-baryon couplings can violate OZI, we clearly demonstrate that the coupling involved in our π − p→ φφ n is ππ → φφ which does not involve meson-baryon couplings.Thus our arguments that the g T (2010), g T′ (2300), g T″ (2340) are naturally explained in the context of QCD by the hypothesis that one to three glueballs are produced in the intermediate state are not affected by arguments made by Ellis et al.
The database paradox: Unlimited information and the false blessing of “objectivity”

It is possible that the universe of available information will become so large that some teachers might actually control their students' command of it the way the mapmaker controls the explorer in the wilderness. We must resist this temptation: our interest should not be to limit the alternatives that students see, but to make sure that they are able to make responsible judgments. We must educate students for intellectual autonomy, not discipleship, so they can navigate for themselves in the wilderness of information. We must present our considered views, of course, but for an audience that more and more will judge them in light of their alternatives. Enhanced access to information will make us comic figures if we present our own views as if our critics were silent. Educating students for autonomy is not as easy as typing keywords at a terminal and catching a cascade of citations in a basket; it requires real teaching.
Derivation of the 12-lead electrocardiogram and 3-lead vectorcardiogram

Abstract Objective The cardiac dipolar field is represented by the measured 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and 3-lead vectorcardiogram (VCG). The objective is to derive the 12-lead ECG and 3-lead VCG from 3 measured leads acquired from only 5 electrodes. Methods This is a retrospective blinded study comparing measured and derived ECG and VCG tracings. A nonlinear optimization model was used to synthesize the derived 12-lead ECG and 3-lead derived VCG from leads I, II, and V 2 . A total of 367 measured 12-lead electrocardiograms and 3-lead vectorcardiograms of varying morphologies were acquired from archived digital ECG databases. All tracings were interpreted by 2 blinded physician reference standards. The derived vs measured tracings were compared quantitatively using Pearson correlation and root mean square error. Qualitative comparisons were determined by physician percent agreement analysis and adjudication. Results The correlations between the measured and derived ECGs and VCGs were high ( r =0.867). No clinically significant differences were noted in 98.1% of cases. Electrocardiographic rate, rhythm, segment, axis, and acute myocardial infarction interpretations showed 100% correlation. Root mean square error compared favorably against other synthesis techniques. Overall percent agreements for the various ECG morphologies were noted to be 98.4% to 100%. Conclusions The 12-lead ECG and 3-lead VCG can be derived accurately from 3 measured leads with high quantitative and qualitative correlations. These derived tracings can be acquired instantaneously and displayed in real time from a cardiac rhythm monitor. This will allow for immediate, on-demand, convenient, and cost-effective acquisition and analysis of the 12-lead ECG and 3-lead VCG in areas of acute patient care.
Observation of Significant Optical Gain in Inverted Atomic Hydrogen

Significant optical gain at 121.57 nm, the Lyman-..cap alpha.. spectral line in inverted atomic hydrogen, was observed.
Providing rapid access to EOS data via Data Pools

As the EOSDIS archives grow, it could easily become more difficult for users to find and retrieve the data they need and to quickly get that data into a form they can use. NASA has been developing capabilities to address this concern over the past year and recently deployed an initial set of capabilities to its major Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs). The solution, called Data Pools, makes a significant portion of the data in the EOSDIS archives available on-line for immediate access, and provides several innovative data navigation, tailoring and rapid access services to help users quickly find just the data they need, get it into a form they can use, and then quickly retrieve the data. This paper describes the Data Pool architecture, and its approach to addressing data location, tailoring and retrieval difficulties that could have eventually plagued EOSDIS users. The paper also discusses how the Data Pools architecture could be expanded to provide a cost-effective evolutionary architecture for EOSDIS.
IPET and FETR: experimental approach for studying molecular structure dynamics by cryo-electron tomography of a single-molecule structure.

The dynamic personalities and structural heterogeneity of proteins are essential for proper functioning. Structural determination of dynamic/heterogeneous proteins is limited by conventional approaches of X-ray and electron microscopy (EM) of single-particle reconstruction that require an average from thousands to millions different molecules. Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) is an approach to determine three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a single and unique biological object such as bacteria and cells, by imaging the object from a series of tilting angles. However, cconventional reconstruction methods use large-size whole-micrographs that are limited by reconstruction resolution (lower than 20 A), especially for small and low-symmetric molecule (<400 kDa). In this study, we demonstrated the adverse effects from image distortion and the measuring tilt-errors (including tilt-axis and tilt-angle errors) both play a major role in limiting the reconstruction resolution. Therefore, we developed a “focused electron tomography reconstruction” (FETR) algorithm to improve the resolution by decreasing the reconstructing image size so that it contains only a single-instance protein. FETR can tolerate certain levels of image-distortion and measuring tilt-errors, and can also precisely determine the translational parameters via an iterative refinement process that contains a series of automatically generated dynamic filters and masks. To describe this method, a set of simulated cryoET images was employed; to validate this approach, the real experimental images from negative-staining and cryoET were used. Since this approach can obtain the structure of a single-instance molecule/particle, we named it individual-particle electron tomography (IPET) as a new robust strategy/approach that does not require a pre-given initial model, class averaging of multiple molecules or an extended ordered lattice, but can tolerate small tilt-errors for high-resolution single “snapshot” molecule structure determination. Thus, FETR/IPET provides a completely new opportunity for a single-molecule structure determination, and could be used to study the dynamic character and equilibrium fluctuation of macromolecules.
Critical thresholds in a relaxation model for traffic flows

In this paper, we consider a hyperbolic relaxation system arising from a dynamic continuum traYc flow model. The equilibrium characteristic speed resonates with one characteristic speed of the full relaxation system in this model. Thus the usual sub-characteristic con- dition only holds marginally. In spite of this obstacle, we prove global in time regularity and finite time singularity formation of solutions si- multaneously by showing the critical threshold phenomena associated with the underlying relaxation system. We identify five upper thresh- olds for finite time singularity in solutions and three lower thresholds for global existence of smooth solutions. The set of initial data leading to global smooth solutions is large, in particular allowing initial velocity of negative slope. Our results show that the shorter the drivers' respond- ing time to the traYc, the larger the set of initial conditions leading to global smooth solutions which correctly predicts the empirical findings for traY cfl ows.
Lesbianas in the Borderlands Shifting Identities and Imagined Communities

This article explores the experiences of Latina lesbian migrants living in the United States. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 15 Latina lesbian migrants, I argue that Latinas' sexual, racial, and class identities are continuously shifting as the process of migration repositions them in a new system of racial inequality. Their sexual identities are altered as migrants often silence their lesbian existence when negotiating relationships with families of origin. Lesbianas establish borderland spaces for themselves where they gain sexual autonomy but where their identities are in flux. These spaces are “imagined communities” because while lesbianas envision them to provide solidarity, in practice the borderlands are riddled with inequalities and tensions. Despite this, the borderlands allow lesbianas to develop a mestiza consciousness.