cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis for children in the RIVUR trial

We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent recurrent UTIs in children with vesicoureteral reflux based on the RIVUR trial. A decision tree model compared strategies of antimicrobial prophylaxis vs. placebo in children with reflux using results from the RIVUR trial. Risk reduction was 50% based on intention to treat analysis. Costs were based on Medicare reimbursement and data in literature. The model incorporated costs of medications, imaging and complications such as pyelonephritis, likelihood of surgery and loss of work. One- and two-way sensitivity analyses were performed evaluating the effect of changing variables on the cost-effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing recurrent UTIs. Mean costs were higher for treatment vs. placebo at $3092 and $2932, respectively, with 12.7 fewer infections per 100 children. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that antibiotics would be cost equivalent if the yearly medical cost was $386, rate of recurrent UTI increased to 32%, antibiotic risk reduction was 63%, or rate of pyelonephritis in the placebo group was 48%. Two-way analyses modifying antibiotic cost, risk reduction of antibiotics and probability of infection showed areas where antibiotics could be more cost-effective than placebo. Antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with marginally higher costs compared with placebo, but significantly fewer infections. A slight decrease in antibiotic cost or increase in recurrent UTIs on placebo may result in prophylaxis being more cost-effective. We recognize that the marginal overall cost in antibiotics may have a substantial impact on the quality of life for the individual patient and family.
Dielectric domain distribution on Au nanoparticles revealed by localized surface plasmon resonance

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoparticles has been proven to be sensitive to their dielectric environment and molecular binding, but less is known about the capability of LSPR towards differentiating homogeneous versus segregated molecular distribution on the nanoparticle surface. Using silica on Au nanospheres to mimic the dielectric change caused by molecules on the nanosphere surface, we have discovered that the LSPR of Au nanospheres is sensitive to the distribution of dielectric domains. We grew discrete silica domains or a continuous shell on the Au nanosphere surface and observed that the discrete domains of silica induced very little shift in the LSPR while the uniform shell caused a drastic shift. Theoretical modeling further confirmed that even when the volume of the silica was kept the same, the discrete domains had much smaller impact on the LSPR of Au nanospheres than the continuous shell. Moreover, for an anisotropic Au nanorod, the simulation results show that the LSPR is more sensitive to the dielectric change at the ends (“hot spot”) than the sides. The study suggests that the LSPR of metal nanoparticles can be conveniently used as an indirect method to reveal the dielectric distribution on the nanoparticles.
Use of adjuvant radiotherapy in women with stage I endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus: A National Cancer Database study.

e17107Background: Randomized controlled trials have consistently shown that the use of post-operative radiotherapy in stage I endometrial cancer leads to a reduction in the incidence of pelvic recu...
Cognitive profile analysis in school psychology: History, issues, and continued concerns

Intelligence testing remains a fixture in school psychology training and practice. Despite their popularity, the use of IQ tests is not without controversy and researchers have long debated how these measures should be interpreted with children and adolescents. A controversial aspect of this debate relates to the utility of cognitive profile analysis, a class of interpretive methods that encourage practitioners to make diagnostic decisions and/or treatment recommendations based on the strengths and weaknesses observed in ability score profiles. Whereas numerous empirical studies and reviews have challenged long-standing assumptions about the utility of these methods, much of this literature is nearly two decades old and new profile analysis methods (e.g., XBA, PSW) have been proffered. To help update the field's understanding of these issues, the present review traces the historical development of cognitive profile analysis and (re)introduces readers to a body of research evidence suggesting new and continued concerns with the use of these methods in school psychology practice. It is believed that this review will serve as a useful resource to practitioners and trainers for understanding and promoting a countering view on these matters.
Behavioral Health Service Use by Military Children During Afghanistan and Iraq Wars

Medical claims were analyzed from 2810 military children who visited a civilian emergency department (ED) or hospital from 2000 to 2014 with behavioral health as the primary diagnosis and TRICARE as the primary/secondary payer. Visit prevalence was estimated annually and categorized: 2000–2002 (pre-deployment), 2003–2008 (first post-deployment), 2009–2014 (second post-deployment). Age was categorized: preschoolers (0–4 years), school-aged (5–11 years), adolescents (12–17 years). During Afghanistan and Iraq wars, 2562 military children received 4607 behavioral health visits. School-aged children’s mental health visits increased from 61 to 246 from pre-deployment to the second post-deployment period. Adolescents’ substance use disorder (SUD) visits increased almost 5-fold from pre-deployment to the first post-deployment period. Mental disorders had increased odds (OR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.86–4.61) of being treated during hospitalizations than in EDs. Adolescents had increased odds of SUD treatment in EDs (OR = 2.92, 95% CI 1.85–4.60) compared to hospitalizations. Implications for integrated behavioral health and school behavioral health interventions are discussed.
Villous tumors of the duodenum and jejunum. Report of four cases and review of the literature.

Three cases of villous tumors of the duodenum and one case of villous tumor of the jejunum are reported, and the literature of villous adenomas of the small intestine is reviewed. The clinical manifestations of villous adenomas of the small intestine are nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints, intestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction including intussusception, and biliary tract involvement with obstructive jaundice. Roentgenographic study of the upper gastrointestinal tract will confirm the diagnosis in most instances. In the absence of evidence of malignancy, simple excision or a limited resection is the effective treatment.
A fast, miniaturised in-vitro assay developed for quantification of lipase enzyme activity

The discovery of allosteric modulators is a multi-disciplinary approach, which is time- and cost-intensive. High-throughput screening combined with novel computational tools can reduce these factor...
Reliable Electricity Grids and Renewable Source of Energy

The electric power grid is rapidly changing due to the penetration of renewable energy sources, primarily solar and wind, into the supply mix. This has major economic implications and will greatly influence the demand curves that nuclear or fossil plants will see in the future. The only solution for taking advantage of intermittent sources like solar and wind is to develop some form of energy storage. Both electrical and heat forms of storage may be possible. Ultimately cost will determine how each of these storage technologies is implemented. Some power conversion systems will be more efficient than others.
An analysis of anterior mandibular anatomy by using cone beam computed tomography: A study of 225 mandibular images

Abstract Statement of problem The anterior mandible has conventionally been deemed as a safe zone for dental implants. However, with the evolution of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), several anatomic challenges have been identified that, if violated, can lead to surgical complications, including life-threatening hemorrhage. Purpose The purpose of this observational clinical study was to obtain standardized average values for the location of the sublingual artery (SLA), submental artery (SMA), and mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and to determine whether differences exist between dentate and edentulous individuals. In addition, the prevalence of these anatomic landmarks on CBCT images was determined. An additional objective was to study the cross-sectional morphology of the anterior mandible. Material and methods CBCT images of 125 edentulous and 100 dentate patients were studied at the anterior mandible for the prevalence of SLA, SMA, and MIC. Measurements of these 3 structures were then made from the inferior cortical border of the mandible to the superior border of each structure to obtain average anatomic measurements. The cross-sectional shapes of anterior mandibles were then categorized, and the prevalence of each shape in this sample was calculated. Results The prevalence of SLA across all 225 CBCT images was 100% for edentulous patients and 98% for dentate patients. The SLA was located approximately 15 mm above the inferior border of the mandible. The prevalence of SMA was 94% for edentulous patients and 88% for dentate patients. The SMA was located approximately 5 mm above the inferior border of the mandible. The prevalence of MIC was 61% for edentulous patients and 59% for dentate patients. The MIC was located approximately 11 mm above the inferior border of the mandible in edentulous patients and approximately 14 mm above the inferior border of the mandible in dentate patients. Five distinct shapes were observed for the cross-sectional morphology of the anterior mandible: hourglass (1%), pear (53%), sickle (4%), ovoid (26%), and triangular (17%). The distance from the crest of the residual ridge to a minimum 6-mm width in the anterior mandible was approximately 4 mm. Conclusions The SLA and SMA vascular structures were consistently identified in the anterior mandible on CBCT images, both in dentate and edentulous patients, whereas the mandibular incisive canal was not consistently visualized. Average values from the inferior border of the mandible to the SLA, SMA, and MIC were computable. The cross-sectional morphology of the anterior mandible is diverse in dentate and edentulous mandibles, with pear shaped being the most common in both. These findings should be taken into consideration when dental implants are planned in the anterior mandible.
Prophecy and Powerlessness

This essay attempts to answer questions faced by social movements about whether “prophetic” struggles for justice are necessarily destined either for failure (if they do not win power) or corruptio...
Mentoring takes on different forms as we physically distance, but personally engage

I am writing this late with this first issue and apologize. I too am becoming accustomed to the new normal we are in, it seems, for a while, as we all are staying in due to the very issues of daily...
Simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in source water and tap water by performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector tandem fluorescence detector combined with solid phase extraction

Objective To establish a rapid method for simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in source water and tap water by performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with ultraviolet detector(UV) tandem fluorescence detector(FLR). Methods Source water was filtered by GF/C glass fiber filters and tap water were added ascorbic acid of 60 mg per liter to remove the residual chlorine when sampling. 500 mL water sample were sampled and adjusted pH 2 with phosphoric acid, then 10 mL methanol were added. Then samples were concentrated by styrene stilbene polymer solid phase extraction column, after loading samples, 50 percent methanol aqueous solution adjust pH 2 were used for washing bottle and the washed solution were continuum loaded. Then 80 percent methanol aqueous solution was used for removing impurity interference and elution with dichloromethane. The eluent was nitrogen blow to near dry after adding 100 μL 10 percent tween-20 methanol solutions(m/V). Acetonitrile was used for reconstitution, and then separated by PAH chromatography column using acetonitrile and pure water at gradient elution, and detected by UV tandem FLR detector. Results The linear ranges of 16 PAHs were 0. 5 to 500 ng/mL and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0. 999. The method detection limit and limits of quantification were 0. 3 to 5. 0 ng/L and 1. 2 to 20. 0 ng/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 67. 2%-114. 1% with the relative standard deviations ranging from 1. 5%-14. 0%(n=6). Then the established method was used for the determination of 17 water samples, 8 kinds, 6 kinds and 7 kinds of PAHs were detected in source water, tap water and pipe net tap water, respectively. Conclusion The method is rapid, sensitive and selective, and has been successfully applied for determination of 16 PAHs in source water and tap water.
Measuring microfluidic flow rates: Monotonicity, convexity, and uncertainty

Abstract We consider a class of non-linear integro-differential equations describing microfluidic measurements. We prove that under reasonable conditions, solutions to these equations are convex functions of a flow-rate parameter ξ used in metrology. The key elements of our analysis are: (i) elevation of ξ to an independent variable through reformulation of the problem as a partial-differential equation (PDE); and (ii) extension of techniques from the theory of ordinary differential equations to the PDE setting.
A theoretical study of polymorphism in VQIVYK fibrils.

Abstract The VQIVYK fragment from the Tau protein, also known as PHF6, is essential for aggregation of Tau into neurofibrillary lesions associated with neurodegenerative diseases. VQIVYK itself forms amyloid fibrils composed of paired β-sheets. Therefore, the full Tau protein and VQIVYK fibrils have been intensively investigated. A central issue in these studies is polymorphism, the ability of a protein to fold into more than one structure. Using all-atom molecular simulations, we generate five stable polymorphs of VQIVYK fibrils, establish their relative free energy with umbrella sampling methods, and identify the side chain interactions that provide stability. The two most stable polymorphs, which have nearly equal free energy, are formed by interdigitation of the mostly hydrophobic VIY “face” sides of the β-sheets. Another stable polymorph is formed by interdigitation of the QVK “back” sides. When we turn to examine structures from cryo-electron microscopy experiments on Tau filaments taken from diseased patients or generated in vitro, we find that the pattern of side chain interactions found in the two most stable face-to-face as well as the back-to-back polymorphs are recapitulated in amyloid structures of the full protein. Thus, our studies suggest that the interactions stabilizing PHF6 fibrils explain the amyloidogenicity of the VQIVYK motif within the full Tau protein and provide justification for the use of VQIVYK fibrils as a test bed for the design of molecules that identify or inhibit amyloid structures.
Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

This chapter will introduce equivalent circuits and go over the Thevenin equivalent circuit and the Norton equivalent circuit. Two circuits are called to be equivalent if they behave the same for the outside world. The Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source and a resistor. The Norton equivalent circuit consists of a current source and a resistor.
Eliminating Dysfunctional Boundaries and Mapping Educational Practice: Toward Integration, Infusion, and Inclusiveness in Comparative Education

This chapter discusses the boundaries that traditionally kept comparative education marginalized in United States schools of education and how those boundaries have been breached as other areas of education research have been enhanced by comparative study. The perspective is different from some other chapters in this volume, which focus on macro level theory and discourse and are less concerned with what comparative education actually means at the grassroots level of faculties of education and pre-university schools. The theory of Pierre Bourdieu is used to explain why such a ghetto previously existed even though dysfunctional. In earlier years the basic mapping of educational practice, which could have served as the basis for integration of comparative study with other areas of educational inquiry, was neglected in the Comparative and International Education Society (CIES). Instead, this mapping was left to international assessment studies to initiate outside the purview of the CIES organization and largely without its support. Two examples show how what could be called the most important developments in comparative education took place outside CIES in efforts to expand comparative study to other domains of educational research. One is the story of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) and progress made in mapping educational practices and outcomes across countries. The other example focuses on efforts at Michigan State University (MSU) to reduce dysfunctional boundaries in developing an international dimension throughout the College of Education. Finally, the development of the Special Interest Groups (SIGs) in CIES is analyzed as evidence that the organization has at last endorsed and put into practice more integration, infusion, and inclusiveness.
Colorblind Spots in Qualitative Methods Training

Academia, like many other institutions, is experiencing a racial reckoning. As part of this reckoning, members of institutions of higher education are reflecting on how their structures and culture...
Machine learning classification approach for formation delineation at the basin-scale

Abstract Machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches have rapidly gained popularity for use in many subsurface energy applications. They are seen as novel methods that may enhance existing capabilities, providing for improved efficiency in exploration and production operations. Furthermore, their integration into reservoir management workflows may shape the future landscape of the energy industry. This study implements a framework that generates predictive models using multiple machine learning classification-based algorithms which can identify specific stratigraphic units (i.e., formations) as a function of total vertical depth and spatial positioning. The framework is applied in a case study to 13 specific formations of interest (Upper Spraberry through Atoka / Morrow reservoirs) in the Midland Basin, West Texas, United States; a prominent hydrocarbon producing sub-basin of the larger Permian Basin. The study dataset consists of over 275,000 records and includes data fields like formation identifier, true vertical depth (in feet) of formations observed, and latitude and longitude coordinates (in decimal degrees). A subset of 134,374 data records were relevant to the 13 distinct formations of interest and were extracted and used for machine learning model training, validation, and testing. Four supervised learning approaches including random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), support vector machine (SVM), and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) were evaluated and their prediction accuracy compared. The best performing model was ultimately built on the RF algorithm and is capable of an overall prediction accuracy of 93 percent on holdout data. The RF-based model demonstrated high prediction accuracy for major oil and gas producing zones including the San Andres, Upper Spraberry, Lower Spraberry, Clearfork, and Wolfcamp at 98, 94, 89, 94, and 94 percent respectively. Overall, the resulting data-driven model provides a robust, cost-effective approach which can complement contemporary reservoir management approaches for multiple subsurface energy applications.
Comparative studies of the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex and its subunits. Kinetics of partial reactions and the number of binding sites for acetyl and malonyl groups.

Abstract The fatty acid synthetase complex of pigeon liver has been dissociated (greater than 95%) into half-molecular weight subunits by dialyzing against Tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.3, containing 1 mm 2-mercaptoethanol or 1 mm dithiothreitol. The dissociated enzyme has very little activity for the synthesis of palmitic acid. However, it can be reassociated by dialysis against 0.2 m potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, containing 10 mm dithiothreitol. The reassociated enzyme has the same sedimentation coefficient and the same specific activity for fatty acid synthesis as the untreated complex. Comparisons have been made between the complex and the mixture of subunits for each of the partial reactions of fatty acid synthesis. Acetyl- and malonyl-CoA-pantetheine transacylase activities are, respectively, 30 and 50% lower in the dissociated enzyme than in the complex. The Km(app) values for the complex and the subunits are quite similar for the reduction of S-acetoacetyl-N-acetyl cysteamine, dehydration of β-hydroxybutyryl-N-acetyl cysteamine, and the deacylation of palmityl-CoA. The Vmax values for these three reactions are also either identical for both enzyme species or approximately 30% lower for the dissociated units. The Vmax/Km(app) value for the reduction of crotonyl-N-acetyl cysteamine by the subunits is at least 50% of the value obtained with undissociated enzyme. The most significant difference between the two enzyme species is the absence of the condensation-CO2 exchange reaction (between malonyl-CoA, caproyl-CoA (hexanoyl-CoA), coenzyme-A, and NaH14CO3) in the dissociated enzyme. The transfer of acetyl and malonyl groups (from their CoA esters) to the different sites on the complex and dissociated enzyme has also been compared. The covalent binding of acetyl groups to the cysteine-SH site, which is essential for the condensation reaction, is eliminated in the dissociated enzyme, whereas the extent of transfer to the hydroxyl and the 4'-phosphopantetheine-SH sites is either unchanged or is enhanced. The covalent binding of malonyl groups to the hydroxyl site of the dissociated enzyme is unaffected, whereas transfer to the 4'-phosphopantetheine site is appreciably reduced. The dissociation process does not appear to have drastically altered the spatial arrangement around the "active site" of all of the component enzymes except those associated with the transfer of the acetyl group to the cysteine-SH site, and possibly those involved in the condensation-CO2 exchange reaction.
Law Library Faculty Services Websites: Top Sites and Services Advertised

This paper contains the results of an empirical analysis and review of the 200 American Bar Association (ABA) accredited law school library web pages to evaluate communication of library services with law school faculty. The top 11 library websites were identified using criteria such as research support staffing, publishing support, teaching support, and research services. Additionally, library research services, research support staffing, publishing support, and teaching support were evaluated across all 200 schools. Suggestions for best practices are included.
Hydride Complexes of the Transition Metals

The topic Hydride Complexes of the Transition Metals is reviewed with emphasis on structure and bonding, spectroscopy, energetics, synthesis, and reactions. Terminal, bridging, and cluster hydrides are covered, together with dihydrogen complexes and nonclassical hydrides. Keywords: dihydrogen complex; hydride complex; bridging hydride; cluster hydride; NMR spectroscopy; nonclassical hydride
The Divine and Mystical Realm: Removing Chinese Christianity from the Fixed Structures of Mission Church and Clergy

Indigenous Chinese preacher Watchman Nee is considered to have had the greatest theological influence on China’s vibrant house church movement, yet there are few studies detailing his influence on church practices. This paper analyzes the writings of Watchman Nee and other Local Church members to show how Nee contextualized the message of Western missionaries to China, using subaltern strategies of returning to scriptural fundamentals and reducing the scale of organization and worship. He divested mission Christianity of its hegemonic trappings and created flexible Christian practices, which take place in the ‘divine and mystical realm,’ out of reach from ‘worldly’ power structures.
Structure and function of retinal ganglion cells innervating the cat's geniculate wing: an in vitro study

We have examined in vitro the morphology and visual response properties of retinal ganglion cells innervating a component of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus known as the geniculate wing (or retinorecipient zone of the pulvinar). Ganglion cells were first labeled in situ by retrograde transport of fluorescent microspheres from the geniculate wing. Labeled cells were injected intracellular with Lucifer yellow and biocytin in the isolated retina and visualized immunohistochemically. With one exception, stained cells appeared to belong to a single morphological class that corresponded closely to the epsilon cell of earlier descriptions (Leventhal et al., 1980; Rodieck and Watanabe, 1986). They had somas comparable in size to those of beta cells and large, sparse dendritic trees that ramified in the inner (ON) sublayer of the inner plexiform layer. Dendritic fields increased in size with eccentricity, but only within the central retina, and were among the largest so far reported for cat ganglion cells, exceeding those of alpha cells at most eccentricities. Dendritic profiles were typically elliptical with long axes pointing toward the area centralis. Axons were about as thick as those of beta cells and thicker than those of other varieties of non-alpha, non-beta ganglion cells. We recorded extracellularly from microsphere-labeled wing-projecting ganglion cells in a superfused, flattened eyecup preparation. All such cells exhibited sustained responses to standing contrast and had very large, concentric receptive fields with ON-centers and OFF-surrounds. Their response to gratings showed that they have relatively poor spatial resolution and a moderate amount of nonlinearity of spatial summation. These cells thus have many physiological response properties in common with ganglion cells previously termed "on-center tonic W-cells," "on-center sluggish sustained cells," and "Q-cells." These findings indicate that ganglion cells innervating the cat's geniculate wing form a structurally and functionally homogeneous class. Their large dendritic and receptive fields and low-pass spatial frequency tuning suggest that fine spatial resolution is not required for the execution of their functional role(s).
Iron, nitrogen and phosphorus interactions in two cultivars of soybeans grown in a calcareous soil

Abstract Hawkeye (resistant to iron chlorosis) and PI54619–5–1 (susceptible to iron chlorosis) soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown in calcareous Hacienda loam soil (fine‐loam, mixed, thermic Aquic Natrargid) for 26 days in a glasshouse. Objectives of the study included an evaluation of iron chlorosis as phosphorus and nitrogen were varied. The 2×2×2 factorial study with Fe, P and N (with and without each) provided the possibility for a look at three deficiencies simultaneously with some assessment of the use of the Colby (1968) technique for multiple stresses acting simultaneously. Iron addition (2 μg/g soil as FeEDDHA) overcame iron deficiency and increased yields. Nitrogen (200 μg N/g soil as NH4NO3) increased yields only when both iron and phosphorus were also applied with one cultivar (Hawkeye); nitrogen increased yield in combination with iron or with iron plus phosphorus with the second cultivar (PI54619–5–1). Phosphorus (100 μg P/g soil as CaH2PO4), on the average, had no effect on yields of eithe...
Separation Characteristics of On‐chip Biopolymer Membranes

Abstract Research in miniaturization of microfluidic devices and total analysis systems for chemical and biological applications has been active for more than a decade. Sample size and processing time have decreased dramatically, while sensitivity has increased, along with the ability to run multiple tests in parallel. However, sensitivity depends in most cases on the purification or enrichment of the sample prior to loading onto a device. Filtration is performed either prior to sample loading or through membranes adhered to the substrate. Currently, these membranes cannot be patterned to micrometer resolution and the adhesion process may be incompatible with the fabrication and/or may introduce contaminants to the process. We have developed a process to incorporate filtration onto microfluidic devices that is compatible with microfabrication methods and is suitable for biological applications. We cast cellulose acetate membranes directly onto silicon wafers without the use of adhesives and studied the fi...
Neuron‐specific growth cone properties as seen in identified neurons of Helisoma

By using cell-cultured identified neurons of the snail Helisoma, we demonstrate that the growth cones of different neurons are intrinsically different from one another in terms of their structure, behavior, and response to environmental signals. Structurally neuron 5 has a greater number of filopodia per growth cone, has shorter filopodia, and has a smaller interfilopodial distance than neuron 19. Behaviorally, the growth cones of neuron 5 advance over the substratum at a faster rate than those of neuron 19; and the growth cones of neuron 19, but not of neuron 5, respond to the presence of serotonin in their environment by retracting their filopodia. In addition to such intrinsic differences between the growth cones of different neurons, we also demonstrate that the separate growth cones of a single neuron, while having identical properties, can act independently of one another. Focal application of serotonin to a growth cone causes only a localized retraction of that growth cones' filopodia. Other growth cones that are attached to the same neuron but that are not exposed to serotonin retain their normal structural features.
The prediction of vapor—liquid equilibrium from heat of mixing data for binary hydrocarbon—ketone mixtures

Abstract The method of Hanks et al. for predicting vapor—liquid equilibrium (VLE) from heat of mixing (hE) data was successfully applied to binary hydrocarbon—ketone mixtures. The LEMF model for the excess free energy was found to be the most adequate to correlate experimental gE and hE data simultaneously for these mixtures. The predicted vapor-liquid equilibrium values were compared to experimental values and good agreement was found. The dependence of the accuracy of the VLE data predictions on the experimental uncertainties of heat of mixing data and on the set of parameters obtained by fitting these data to the algebraic equation for hE is discussed.
Triton's surface-atmosphere energy balance

A model encompassing the turbulent transfer of sensible heat as well as insolation, reradiation, and latent heat transport is presently used to investigate the energetics of the surface-atmosphere system of Triton. Under the assumption of a physically plausible range of heat transfer coefficients, the atmospheric temperature 1 km above the surface is found to be 1-3 K hotter than the Triton surface. The observed N2 frosts must have an emissivity lower than unity in order to match a frost temperature at the surface of about 38 K.
“Shiseidô’s ‘Empire of Beauty’: Marketing Japanese Modernity in Northeast Asia, 1932-1945”

According to a 2011 news release by the company, "Shiseido is focusing on expanding sales in emerging markets with the aim of becoming 'a global player representing Asia with its origins in Japan'." [1] The cosmopolitan image of the company overlaying its Japanese identity lends itself to intriguing prewar parallels and debates over cultures representing both East and West. As noted by Frank Dikotter in his study of early Republican Era (1912-1949) Chinese material culture: "The endless circulation, domestication and recycling of objects with the advent of the global economy has frequently offended the guardians of cultural barriers: the notion of 'hybridity' has been used to perpetuate the illusion of 'authenticity'." [2] This hybrid "Empire of Beauty" rather than purely Japanese idea of beauty unveiled in Russia, along with Shiseido's new Asian focus, are in fact much older business concepts dating back to the early 20th century. Not surprisingly, like other Japanese companies in the 1930s, Shiseido also began its advent into emerging markets in the prewar period, where the progress of cosmetic penetration into northeast Asia paralleled imperial Japan's military intrusions. In addition, Shiseido’s unique modernist visual culture sold images of an empire of beauty, where women consumers on the continent helped support an emerging politics of national identity in their product choices. The company's intersection of modernist advertising and national propaganda reveals the multifaceted interests of organizations like Shiseido involved in marketing the Japanese empire and its appealing modernity. [1] Shiseido News Release, "Shiseido to Introduce Corporate Culture and Promote Sales at Event in Russia,", 1. [2] Dikotter, Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China , 5.
A Two Dimensional Phenomenological Model for Damage of Arteries

Loss of mechanical strength of arteries can manifest itself in many ways including rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, burst of saccular aneurisms, rupture of artery/graft anastomosis, and traumatic rupture of aorta by impact loading due to automobile accidents. In all cases the fracture of the tissue leads to sudden cardiovascular events that often have a lethal end. To date there are insufficient experimental data on the mechanical strength of healthy and diseased vascular tissue. Most of the results refer to the failure properties from uniaxial quasi-static tensile tests on strips and rings. It was found that the tensile strength is different in the circumferential and longitudinal direction especially when it is determined from strain controlled dynamic tests [1]. Results form load-controlled fatigue tests have shown a gradual softening of the arterial tissue, development of a residual (plastic) deformation, and existence of S-N curve [2]. However, the information from uniaxial tests is not sufficient to predict the damage of tubular segments due to coupling between circumferential and longitudinal stress via constitutive equations and deformed geometry. Moreover, the mechanisms of arterial tissue failure remain unknown.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Motif mutation of bradykinin B2 receptor second intracellular loop and proximal C terminus is critical for signal transduction, internalization, and resensitization.

Abstract In the search for the structural elements participating in signal transduction, internalization, and resensitization of the bradykinin B2 receptor, we identified two critical motifs, one in the second intracellular loop (IC2), the other in the proximal C terminus. We previously described the contribution of tyrosines within each of the two motifs (Tyr131 and Tyr322) to signal transduction and receptor internalization (Prado, G. N., Taylor, L., and Polgar, P. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14638–14642). Here, we investigate the effect of exchanging both tyrosine residues simultaneously for alanine, phenylalanine, or serine, termed YAYA (Y131A/Y322A), YFYF (Y131F/Y322F), and YSYS (Y131S/Y322S) receptors, respectively. All of these mutants bound bradykinin (BK) normally, with a K d of approximately 1.1 nm. However, although phosphoinositide (PI) turnover in response to BK by Y131A and Y131S proved negligible, the YAYA mutant returned BK-activated PI turnover to wild type (WT). In contrast, PI turnover with YSYS remained unresponsive to BK. Importantly, the pattern of BK-activated arachidonate release differed markedly in the mutant receptors. For example, whereas Y131S ablated BK-activated arachidonic acid release, conversion of this mutant to YSYS returned the BK-activated receptor function to a level above that of WT. However, YAYA showed only a partial recovery from the poor BK response of Y131A. These and additional results suggest that Tyr131and Tyr322 interact cooperatively in conjunction with at least two separate signaling functions. Given these results, a molecular model of the receptor was generated with the IC2 and the proximal C terminus in close spatial proximity. Conformations were identified to provide structural explanation for these observations. The conserved Thr137 in the IC2 was next substituted with proline (T137P) to prevent phosphorylation at this position or with aspartate (T137D) to emulate phosphorylation. The T137P mutant demonstrated no change from WT with respect to either BK-activated PI turnover or arachidonic acid release. However, the mutant exhibited a markedly reduced capacity to internalize. It also resensitized poorly. The T137D mutant lacked both BK responsive activities. However, it internalized and resensitized normally, as did WT. These final results suggest that Thr137 is functioning as a switch in termination of signal transduction and the initiation of internalization.
An Explanation for the Placebo Effect

The elegant computational model of addiction described by A. D. Redish in his Report “Addiction as a computational process gone awry” (10 Dec. 2004, p. [1944][1]) has the potential to provide an explanation for the placebo effect. In the temporal-difference reinforcement learning model (TDRL),
Unpacking reliability: The success of Robert Bosch, GmbH in constructing antilock braking systems as reliable products

This paper focuses on the process of negotiating standards of reliable performance in the introduction of a new technology as a way to explain the eventual success of one device over its competitors. Using the introduction of the antilock braking system as a case study, the author examines three systems, produced by Dunlop, Kelsey‐Hayes, and Bendix, which failed to achieve success on the market and contrasts them with the work of engineers at Robert Bosch, GmbH, whose ABS became the dominant antilock technology by the 1980s. An important aspect of the social construction of technology, the problem of reliability is one only addressed through a network of social and technical factors.
Noninvasive perioperative monitoring of carotid endarterectomy

Abstract Doppler ultrasound and supraorbital photoplethysmography were used to screen 79 patients undergoing 87 carotid endarterectomies in the perioperative period. Supraorbital photoplethysmography permitted continual monitoring of ophthalmic artery flow dynamics throughout the operation on 14 patients. The ratio of supraorbital pulse amplitude during and prior to carotid clamping correlated well with the carotid back (stump) pressure (R = 0.87, P
Externally verifiable code execution

Using hardware- and software-based techniques to realize a primitive for externally verifiable code execution.
Enzyme Abnormalities in Red Cells

Summary. Hereditary deficiencies involving eight enzymes of the Embden-Meyer-hof pathway, at least five involving the hexosemonophosphate shunt, and GSH metabolism, and at least two involving nucleotide metabolism, are known to be associated with haemolytic syndromes in man. Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency is also recognized, but is not associated with haemolysis. In addition, markedly aberrant enzyme activity ratios characterize a variety of dyserythropoietic disorders, both hereditary and acquired. In some disorders, haemolysis is the sole clinical manifestation; in others, dysfunction of the nervous system, the heart, the skeletal muscle, and the leucocytes may occur. The red cell may also mirror enzymopathies having expression in non-haematopoietic tissues without a haemolytic syndrome being present. While double heterozygosity for two separate enzymopathies or for an enzymopathy and hereditary spherocytosis or elliptocytosis is recognized in a number of cases, clinical manifestations have thus far appeared minimal or non-existent. In a recently described haemolytic syndrome uniquely large accumulations of cytidine and uridine nucleotides have been noted secondary to a severe deficiency of a pyrimidine specific 5’nucleotidase.
A model for recording the microcirculatory changes associated with standardized electrical injury of skeletal muscle

The rate of major limb amputation following high voltage electrical injury remains high despite a decrease in mortality rate. Several theories about the pathophysiology of electrical injury have been discussed in the literature and different clinical regimens have been attempted to decrease the high amputation rate. However, to date, the overall tissue response after electrical injury remains incompletely understood with nothing new to offer these unfortunate patients. We have developed a rat gracilis muscle intravital microscopy preparation in order to better understand the mechanisms of this injury. A standardized 40-V stimulation of 10-sec duration was applied to the anterior belly of the gracilis muscle which translated into a current load of 30 mA. The current density was 750 mA/cm2. Sequential intravital assessment of microcirculatory changes before injury, as well as 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after injury was performed. Consistent findings included initial cessation of blood flow in many capillary beds, focal flow reversal, venous and arterial vascular spasm. Restitution of microvascular flow varied from several minutes to 1 hr and was preceded by vasodilation at 5-15 min following the injury (+16.9 microns from baseline at 15 min). Starting at 30 min progressive vasoconstriction was noted (-0.8 micron from baseline at 30 min, -31.3 microns from baseline at 4 hr). High resolution observation of neutrophil behavior showed an increase in the number of these cells adherent to venular endothelium in areas exhibiting circulatory disturbances (+11.4 cells at 5 min, +15 cells at 4 hr). The standardization of this model allows a quantitative method of evaluating the microcirculatory changes associated with electrical injury and of studying ways to prevent tissue damage. The microcirculatory changes induced by electrical injury were similar to those reported in ischemia-reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle.
Parameterization: a case study

This paper describes the parameterization of a simple Ada program. Ada was designed to include many programming language constructs that facilitate the development of parameterized software abstractions. By presenting parameterization as a series of incremental steps that separate and refine data abstractions, this paper illustrates certain Ada language features, programming design decisions, and tradeoffs that need to be taken into consideration when developing adaptable, reusable software. Once the parameterization process is quantified, a description of how existing programs can be automatically parameterized is presented.
The Psychological Basis of Historical Explanation: Reenactment, Simulation, and the Fusion of Horizons

In this article I will challenge a received orthodoxy in the philosophy of social science by showing that Collingwood was right in insisting that reenactment is epistemically central for historical explanations of individual agency. Situating Collingwood within the context of the debate between simulation theory and what has come to be called “theory theory” in contemporary philosophy of mind and psychology, I will develop two systematic arguments that attempt to show the essential importance of reenactment for our understanding of rational agency. I will furthermore show that Gadamer’s influential critique of the reenactment model distinguishes insufficiently between the interpretation of certain types of texts and the explanation of individual actions. In providing an account of individual agency, we are committed to a realistic understanding of our ordinary scheme of action-explanations and have thus to recognize the centrality of reenactment. Nevertheless, Collingwood’s emphasis on reenactment is certainly one-sided. I will demonstrate its limitations even for accounting for individual agency, and show how it has to be supplemented by various theoretical considerations, by analyzing the different explanatory strategies that Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen use to explain the behavior of the ordinary men in Reserve Battalion 101 during World War II.
Measurement Modifications for Assessing Organizational Climate in Hospitals

The degree to which the Halpin and Croft Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire generalizes from business and educational settings to hospital settings was investigated. Two criteria were...
A theoretical and computational comparison of “equivalent” mixed‐integer formulations

This paper provides a theoretical and computational comparison of alternative mixed integer programming formulations for optimization problems involving certain types of economy-of-scale functions. Such functions arise in a broad range of applications from such diverse areas as vendor selection and communications network design. A “nonstandard” problem formulation is shown to be superior in several respects to the traditional formulation of problems in this class.
The effects of the Furman and Gregg decisions on black-white execution ratios in the South

Using data from the Espy and Smykla file on executions in the United States, this study examined the effects of the Furman and Gregg decisions on Black-white execution ratios in the South. The southern states were divided into two subregions (core and periphery). The system established in Gregg had the desired effect of reducing the most apparent and visible form of discrimination in capital sentencing. It lowered the disparity in Black-white execution ratios. On the surface, bias in capital punishment was controlled because the race of the offender was no longer a determining factor. Blacks were no longer more likely to be executed than whites. Indeed, in both subregions, following Gregg the number of executions of whites actually exceeded that of Blacks. However, the Gregg decision has not eliminated discrimination by victim (white), which emerged as a factor.
Rotating Savings and Credit Associations, Credit Markets and Efficiency

This paper examines the allocative performance of rotating savings and credit associations (roscas), a financial institution which is observed world-wide. We develop a model in which individuals save for an indivisible good and study roscas which distribute funds using random allocation and bidding. The allocations achieved by the two types of rosca are compared with that achieved by a credit market and with efficient allocations more generally. We find that neither type of rosca is efficient and that individuals are better off with a credit market than a bidding rosca. Nonetheless, a random rosca may sometimes yield a higher level of ex ante expected utility to prospective participants than would a credit market. I. INTRODUCTION Rotating savings and credit associations (roscas) are a widely observed institution for financial intermediation. They are found all over the world, particularly in developing countries, and have heretofore received scant attention from economists.' This paper and its companion piece (Besley, Coate and Loury (1993)) constitute a first attempt to analyse their economic role and performance. Roscas come in two main forms. The first type allocates funds randomly. In a random rosca, members commit to putting a fixed sum of money into a "pot" for each period of the rosca's life. Lots are drawn and the pot is randomly allocated to one of the members. In the next period, the process repeats itself, with each previous winner excluded from the draw. The process continues until each rosca member has received the pot once. At this point, the rosca is either disbanded or begins over again. Individuals may also form a bidding rosca in which the pot is allocated via a bidding procedure. The individual who