cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Features of infratentorial-predominant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurotoxic process that typically occurs in the setting of immune dysregulation. In contrast to the characteristic pattern involving parieto-occipital and posterior frontal regions, predominant involvement of the infratentorial brain occurs in a minority of PRES patients. We examined six patients with infratentorial predominant posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (IPPRES) relative to those with typical PRES in terms of clinical factors of toxicity and outcomes. We review the current understanding of PRES pathophysiology. An institutional database of PRES patients was created through an IRB-approved search of the electronic record from 2007 to 2012. MR images were reviewed and classified by two neuro radiologists. Clinical data including laboratory data, blood pressure, and discharge outcome were collected through review of existing electronic medical records. Characteristics of the two groups were compared. Six cases among 80 PRES patients displayed an atypical distribution of signal abnormality predominantly involving the infratentorial brain. In IPPRES patients, signal abnormalities within the supratentorial brain, when present, showed a predominantly central distribution rather than the typical peripheral distribution. IPPRES patients showed higher rates of extreme hypertension, renal dysfunction, abnormal serum calcium, and abnormal serum magnesium relative to typical PRES patients. Outcomes were similar between the two groups. In our small series, IPPRES differs from typical PRES patients not only in the distribution of imaging abnormalities but also in rates of extreme hypertension and several laboratory indices. Despite these differences, clinical outcome in the IPPRES group was similar to that of typical PRES.
Modularizing fault-tolerant protocols

Fault-tolerant protocols such as group multicast and membership are important abstractions that help simplify the development of distributed operating systems with fault-tolerance requirements. Unfortunately, these protocols are often very complicated in their own right, which makes their design and implementation a non-trivial task. If the power of these abstractions is to be effectively utilized in future systems, further efforts to improve our understanding of these protocols and their fundamental properties are needed.Our current research is addressing these issues by applying modularization techniques to fault-tolerant protocols. Our approach is based on identifying orthogonal properties of a given protocol, and then realizing these properties as separate modules within a standard system framework. For example, group multicast protocols are often defined to be some combination of reliability, atomicity, and consistent ordering; reliability is the property that a given message is always delivered, atomicity that either all group members or no group member receives the message, and consistent ordering that all group members see the same (causal or total) order of messages. Our goal is to develop a new model for fault-tolerant protocols that will facilitate such modularization, and hence, make it easier to understand both the properties themselves and their inherent dependencies. This research builds on previous work involving Psync [Pete89] and Consul [Mish91, Mish92].
Determinants of S&P 500 index option returns

We analyze common factors that affect returns on S&P 500 index options and find that 93% of the variation in option returns can be explained by three factors, which respectively account for 87%, 4%, and 2% of the variation in option returns. Furthermore, we test diffusion option pricing models by using mean–variance spanning properties implied in the models. The spanning tests reject one-factor diffusion models, as well as the hypothesis that the underlying asset and an equally weighted option index span options. Our results fail to reject that the underlying asset and an at-the-money option can span out-of-the-money options, but does reject that they span in-the-money options.
AGING IN A BAKONGO CULTURE

The Bakongo tribe resides in Lower Zaire, the southern part of Congo-Brazzaville and the northern part of Angola. The term mbuta (plural is bambuta) means "old" or "older than oneself." It is a term of respect. The aging intervene in all the important life situations: marriage, witchcraft, magic, native palavers, etc. They have the authority and represent the tribe. The mbuta is an ideal that everyone likes to realize. Although the youth subscribe to modern western ideas, they still unconsciously fear the authority and the power of the aging.
`Burned Like a Tattoo': High School Social Categories and `American Culture'

This article is part of a larger ethnographic and ethnohistorical project on social class in the US, as tracked through the lives of my own high school graduating class, the Class of `58 of Weequahic High School in Newark, New Jersey. In this article I focus on the underlying logic of high school social/prestige categories, and on the durability of those categories over the course of the 20th century. I argue for the centrality of both social class and what Americans call `personality' in the production and reproduction of those categories. I go on to suggest that the durability of the high school social categories may be explained by the fact that their underlying logic is nothing other than the logic of hegemonic `American culture' as a whole.
Maternal Perceptions of the Effexts of Physical and Occupational Therapy Services on Caregiving Competency

Physcial and occupational therapy (PT and OT) services for children with disabilities have shifted from a medical model to a family-centered model. Underlying this change are the assumptions that the family is the most critical component in promoting a child's development, and that PT and OT services should support parents' goals and needs to be most benficial. The purpose of this study was to examine adoptive mothers' perceptions of the effect of PT and OT services on one aspect of parenting-caregiving competency. A qualitative methodology was chosen, using semistructured interviews with mothers and therapists. Results suggest that while traditional therapeutic activities such as the provision of adaptive equipment and exercise programs are important, the mother-therapist relationship and effective communication are essential components in fostering perceived confidence and competence of family members.
Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Radical Cystectomy: Does Timing of Transfusion Affect Bladder Cancer Mortality?

Abstract Background While perioperative blood transfusion (BT) has been associated with adverse outcomes in multiple malignancies, the importance of BT timing has not been established. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate whether intraoperative BT is associated with worse cancer outcomes in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC). Design, setting, and participants Outcomes from two independent cohorts of consecutive patients with bladder cancer treated with RC were analyzed. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival were estimated and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of BT timing with cancer outcomes. Results and limitations In the primary cohort of 360 patients, 241 (67%) received perioperative BT, including 162 intraoperatively and 79 postoperatively. Five-year CSS was 44% among patients who received an intraoperative BT versus 64% for patients who received postoperative BT ( p =0.0005). After multivariate analysis, intraoperative BT was associated with an increased risk of cancer mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.93; p =0.02), while receipt of postoperative BT was not ( p =0.60). In the validation cohort of 1770 patients, 1100 (62%) received perioperative BT with a median postoperative follow-up of 11 yr (interquartile range: 8.0–15.7). Five-year RFS ( p p p =0.001), cancer-specific mortality (HR: 1.55; p =0.0001), and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.40; p Conclusions Intraoperative BT is associated with increased risk of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality. Patient summary In this study, the effects of blood transfusion on bladder cancer surgery outcomes were evaluated. Intraoperative blood transfusion, but not postoperative transfusion, was associated with higher rates of recurrence and cancer-specific mortality.
Examination of changes in interpersonal stress as a factor in disease exacerbations among women with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective: This study examined the effects of change in interpersonal stress on disease activity among 41 women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Measures of everyday stressful events and perceived stress were collected weekly for twelve weeks and related to disease activity in a series of pooled time-series regression analyses. Results: Increases in the number of interpersonal stressors in the same week and one week prior were associated with increases in disease activity. Pain from joint tenderness also was significantly related to a decrease in stressful events one week later. A subgroup of 20 patients showed a significant increase in interpersonal stress from baseline during the course of the study. For this group, significant elevations in DR+CD3 cells, sIL-2R, clinician's rating of disease, and self-reports of joint tenderness were found during the week of increased interpersonal stress. Conclusions: Interpersonal stress appears to be associated with increases in disease activity among RA patients
Regulation of Peripheral-typë binding sites for benzodiazepines in the pineal gland

The density of “peripheral-type” binding sites for benzodiazepines (PBS) in the rat pineal gland was reduced by −50% three weeks after superior cervical gangllonectomy or exposure to constant light; the apparent affinity of [ 3 H]Ro 5-4864 (the prototype ligand for these sites) remained unchanged. In contrast, neither the density of PBS nor the apparent affinity of [ 3 H]Ro 5-4864 for these sites was altered in crebral cortex by these procedures. The demonstration that PBS density is under neural control in the pineal gland suggests that these sites may have a physiologic role. The high density of PBS in pineal (~24 pmol/mg protein) suggests that this tissue may be a useful model to study both the physiologic and pharmacologic function of these sites.
Single-strand conformational polymorphism and direct sequencing applied to carrier testing in families with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing were used to confirm or deny carrier status in three families with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) enzyme deficiency. Two male probands with “late onset” OTC deficiency, whose “private” mutations were previously characterized, inherited the mutations form their heterozygous mothers. One of the heterozygous mothers had a false negative allopurinol test. Three female siblings of the two male probands were tested, one proved to be a carrier of the respective mutation while the other two were found to have normal alleles. In the third family, the proband was a female with “late onset” presentation of OTC deficiency. We found a new point mutation in this girl consisting of a guanine-tocytosine transversion at nucleotide 520 resulting in a substitution of proline for alanine at amino acid 142 of the mature OTC protein. We confirmed that this mutation occurred spontaneously and that neither of the two parents carries this mutation. We conclude that SSCP, in conjunction with direct sequencing, is a useful technique that can be practically applied for carrier testing in families with OTC deficiency.
Surface faulting in Imperial Valley during the earthquake swarm of January–February, 1975

abstract Surface ruptures formed along a 10.4-km segment of the Brawley fault during the earthquake swarm of January and February, 1975, in central Imperial Valley, California. This newly recognized fault appears to branch northward from the Imperial fault about 8 km east-northeast of El Centro. Displacement at the surface was apparently vertical and reached a maximum of probably more than 0.2 m at Keystone Road. En echelon cracking suggested an incipient right-lateral component, but roads and irrigation canals were not laterally offset by the faulting. Surface cracks and most of the displacement probably developed suddenly at the time of the largest shock ( M 4.7) in the swarm on January 23. At Harris Road, vertical movement continued at least until March 24, but significant afterslip across the fault zone may have ceased by February 13. Vertical movement after the 13th apparently took the form of a relative subsidence centered on the fault with no important net slip across the fault. Pre-1975 historic displacements on the Brawley fault occurred in 1940 at the time of the M 7.1 Imperial Valley earthquake and probably as intermittent creep between 1940 and 1975.
Metabolism of phosphatidylinositol in the frog retina

Abstract The synthesis and the turnover of phosphatidylinositol in frog retinal rod outer segments and microsomes were studied by following the time course of incorporation into lipids of the following radioactive precursors: [3H]glycerol, 33PO4, and [3H]inositol. 1. 1. Although all precursors were incorporated into lipid, glycerol was the only true pulse of radioactive substrate because the precursor pools of phosphate and inositol in the retina have a slow rate of turnover. 2. 2. A precursor-product relationship exists between retinal microsomes and rod outer segments for phosphatidylinositol synthesized from glycerol. 3. 3. The specific activity in the rod outer segment phosphatidylinositol derived from labeled glycerol was ten times that of the other glycerolipids. Since the labeled precursor for each phospholipid class is derived from a common pool of glycerol 3-phosphate, the synthesis rate of phosphatidylinositol in the retina is much greater than that of the other phospholipids. 4. 4. Two pools of phosphatidylinositol were identified in the rod outer segments; one turned over with a t 1 2 of about 3.5 days, while the other turned over at the same rate as the other phospholipids labeled with glycerol. 5. 5. Turnover of phosphatidylinositol in the rod outer segments after glycerol injection was followed by an increase in specific radioactivity in 1,2-diacylglycerols, consistent with the latter being a lipolytic product of phosphatidylinositol in these membranes. 6. 6. The present studies demonstrate a unique metabolism of phosphatidylinositol in the rod outer segments compared to the other phospholipids, and it is suggested that the rapid turnover of this phospholipid may be related to membrane fusion events associated with the assembly and/or turnover of rod outer segment membranes.
Transient infrared temperature measurements of liquid-fuel surfaces: results of studies of flames spread over liquids

An infrared thermograph technique with an 8–12-µm spectral range was used to measure transient two-dimensional profiles of liquid (1-propanol) surface temperatures. An IR camera was placed over the liquid, allowing us to observe the fuel surface through propanol vapor. To use this technique, one must know the emissivity of the liquid surface and the IR absorption of both the liquid propanol and the propanol vapor. The emissivity of the liquid propanol was determined with a fine thermocouple temperature measurement, IR absorption with the propanol vapor was calibrated with a blackbody source, and IR absorption with a liquid propanol was theoretically estimated. The accuracy of our infrared thermograph technique proved to be better than 97% in detecting the liquid-surface temperature with a temperature sensitivity of 0.1 °C and a time response of 30 ms.
Redescription of the hermit-crab sponge Spongosorites suberitoides Diaz, Pomponi and van Soest (Demospongiae: Halichondrida: Halichondriidae)

The sponge partner in a little-known halichondrid sponge-hermit crab association, located in the northeast corner of the Gulf of Mexico, has been identified, and compared with sponges in similar associations from the western Atlantic and other locations. Examination of new material coupled with ecological information has resulted in a redescription of Spongosorites suberitoides, originally described from North Carolina and Venezuela. The systematic position and evolutionary convergence of association with hermit crabs in suberitid and halichondrid sponges is discussed.
Attrition at referral among heroin addicts.

(1973). Attrition at Referral Among Heroin Addicts. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 839-846.
Yiddish and Voting Rights in New York, 1915 and 1921

La jida kaj vocdonaj rajtoj en Novjorko, 1915 kaj 1921Same kiel hispanparolantoj en Usono hodiau, parolantoj de la jida tuj antau kaj post la Unua Mondmilito devis fronti diversajn reakciajn klopodojn limigi ilian potencon en la balotado. Amendo al la Konstitucio de la Stato Novjorko, pri alfabeteco en la angla por balotantoj, estis fine starigita en 1921, malgrau protestoj de certaj reprezentaj judoj kaj jidaj eldonajoj surbaze de kultura demokratio kaj proleta partopreno. Aliaj, tarnen, akceptis la bezonon uzi la anglan kaj ne interpretis la devigon pri anglalingva alfabeteco kiel konstitucian au kulturan demandon aparte gravan al usonaj judoj au al la estonteco de la jida lingvo en Ameriko. Minoritatoj generale kaj enmigraj minoritatoj aparte estas ofte tro nesekuraj por fronti la cefan fluon kaj strebi por la plena akceptigo de la propra kultura identeco au ec pluralisma kunidento. Tiu manko de unueco igas ilin des pli neefikaj en la penoj kontraui klopodojn limigi etnolingvan demokration.
Excitation spectra of CaAr, SrAr and BaAr molecules in a supersonic jet

Abstract Laser-induced excitation spectra of CaAr, SrAr, and BaAr produced in a supersonic jet apparatus were determined in the vicinity of the lowest 1 S 0 - 1 P 0 resonance lines of the free metal atoms. Spectroscopic constants of the X 1 Σ + and A 1 Π states of these molecules were determined and compared to those of the analogous MgAr states.
Evaluation and dynamic allocation of AS/RS control rules: A simulation study

The goal of this research is to investigate the performance of an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS) which is operated using different control rules. Two phases of study are conducted. Phase 1 evaluates the efficiency of different rules for stacker control, storage-location assignment and job sequencing. Phase 2 studies the impact of these rules on the performance of the AS/RS using a multipass simulation approach. In this paper, the methodology of investigation is discussed, the results are presented and analysed, and suggestions for future study are made.
Serum hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations in horses heterozygous for combined immunodeficiency

Summary A group of diseases termed combined immunodeficiency (CID) results in a severe form of immunodeficiency. While CID in humans has two genetics bases, in Arabian it is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Kettler et al. (1989) determined that uric acid was significantly (p 0.05) between carrier and non-carrier horse's serum levels of hypoxanthine or xanthine. These data, combined with our previous ones suggest that an enzymatic lesion in the purine salvage pathway may occur at the urate oxidase step. Zusammenfassung Serum-Hypoxanthin- und -Xanthin-Spiegel in Pferden mit Heterozygotie fur kombinierte Immundefizienz Kombinierte Immundefizienz (CID), die zu einer schweren Krankheit fuhrt, hat beim Menschen zwei genetische Ursachen, wird aber bei Araberpferden autosomal rezessiv vererbt. Kettler u. Ma. (1989) fanden den Harnsaureserumspiegel in Ubertragern signifikant hoher als in freien Tieren. Hier wurden mit Hypoxanthin und Xanthin zwei andere Produkte des biochemischen Pfades bestimmt, jedoch keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zu Nicht-Tragern der CID gefunden. Die Ergebnisse zusammen mit unseren fruheren lassen vermuten, das der Enzymmangel im Purinpfad auf der Harnsaureoxidationsstufe existiert.
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT TREATMENT OF MINORS

In most emergency departments (EDs) in the United States, pediatric patients represent between 10% and 40% of the total patient volume. A wide range of problems are likely to be encountered, and emergency physicians must develop excellent skills to address not only the medical nature of these problems but also any concomitant psychosocial issues. ED encounters with younger children almost invariably take place with the parent or caretaker. When working with adolescent minors, however, the patient also plays a important role in the communication and decision-making process. This article focuses primarily on issues that arise in the care of adolescent or preadolescent minors, and addresses the principles outlined in those encounters.
Dealing with interconnect process variations

Historically, transistor process variations have been studied in great detail. As interconnect becomes a significant portion of circuit performance, signal integrity, power integrity and chip reliability, study of interconnect process variations has gained increased importance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of types and sources of all aspects interconnect process variations, including VIA, contact, metal, dielectric barriers and low-k dielectrics. Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) induced variations and etch induced variations in metal topography are covered. Both systematic and random process variations are discussed. Impact of these interconnect process variations on RC delay, circuit delay, crosstalk noise, voltage drop and EM are discussed. Methods to determine intra-level/inter-level variations and their impact on potential circuit hazards are covered.
Propofol selectively alters GluA1 AMPA receptor phosphorylation in the hippocampus but not prefrontal cortex in young and aged mice.

Propofol is a commonly used general anesthetic agent which has been previously shown to enhance the inhibitory GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system. In addition to the GABAergic element, the excitatory transmission may be another central molecular site impacted by propofol. Increasing evidence implies that the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor represents an excitatory amino acid receptor subtype subjected to the regulation by propofol. Indeed, in this study, we found that a single injection of propofol at an anesthetic dose increased AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit phosphorylation in young (2–3 months old) and aged (20–21 months old) mice in vivo. Propofol caused an increase in GluA1 phosphorylation in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. The propofol effect was also site-selective as the drug elevated GluA1 phosphorylation at serine 831 (S831) but not serine 845. Interestingly, while propofol induced a moderate and transient increase in S831 phosphorylation in young mice, the drug caused a substantial and sustained S831 phosphorylation in aged animals. Total GluA1 abundance remained stable in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in both young and aged mice in response to propofol. These results provide evidence supporting the sensitivity of GluA1 AMPA receptors to propofol. A single dose of propofol was able to upregulate GluA1 phosphorylation in the confined hippocampus in an age-dependent manner.
Hostile press, need achievement and task difficulty.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of task difficulty on achievement when ability and two types of motivation, Hostile Press and need achievement, are varied. It was found that Ss of high Hostile Press generally achieved more than Ss of high need achievement and the latter more than Ss of low need achievement. Ss of both high Hostile Press and high need achievement tended to prefer the more difficult tasks.
Dose‐related thermal antinociceptive effects of intravenous hydromorphone in cats

Abstract Objective To describe the dose-related thermal antinociceptive effects of intravenous (IV) hydromorphone in cats. Study design Randomized, blinded, crossover design. Animals Seven adult cats (3.5–7.4 kg), two spayed females, and five neutered males. Methods Hydromorphone (0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 mg kg−1) was administered IV. Skin temperature and thermal threshold were measured before and at selected time points to 720 minutes post-administration. Statistical analysis of mean thermal threshold and skin temperatures over time for each dose and between doses was by way of a split-plot model and post hoc Bonferroni t-tests. p Results A significant difference from baseline for mean thermal threshold was identified for the 0.05 mg kg−1 dose (5–80 minutes, peak thermal threshold 46.9 ± 6.2 °C) and 0.1 mg kg−1 dose (5–200 minutes, peak thermal threshold 54.9 ±0.2 °C). The thermal threshold was significantly greater after the 0.1 mg kg−1 dose from 5 to 200 minutes compared to the 0.025 mg kg−1 and 0.5 mg kg−1 doses. The thermal threshold was significantly greater from 35 to 80 minutes for the 0.05 mg kg−1 dose when compared with the 0.025 mg kg−1 dose. Skin temperature was significantly increased from 35 to 140 minutes following the 0.1 mg kg−1 dose. Conclusions A dose-related antinociceptive effect was demonstrated for IV hydromorphone in cats. Clinical relevance Hydromorphone at doses less than 0.1 mg kg−1 has a modest antinociceptive effect and a short duration of action. At a dose of 0.1 mg kg−1 IV, onset of analgesia is rapid with a clinically useful duration of effect, but is associated with a rise in skin temperature.
Bacteriophage remediation of bacterial pathogens in aquaculture: a review of the technology

Bacteriophages have been proposed as an alternative to antibiotic usage and several studies on their application in aquaculture have been reported. This review highlights progress to date on phage therapies for the following fish and shellfish diseases and associated pathogens: hemorrhagic septicemia (Aeromonas hydrophila) in loaches, furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) in trout and salmon, edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella tarda) in eel, columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnare) in catfish, rainbow trout fry syndrome or cold water disease (Flavobacterium psychrophilum) in trout and salmon, lactococcosis (Lactococcus spp.) in yellowtail, ulcerative skin lesions (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in freshwater catfish, bacterial hemorrhagic ascites disease (Pseudomonas plecoglossicida) in ayu fish, streptococcosis (Streptococcus iniae) in flounder, and luminescent vibriosis (Vibrio harveyi) in shrimp. Information is reviewed on phage specificity, host resistance, routes of administration, and dosing of fish and shellfish. Limitations in phage research are described and recommended guidelines are provided for conducting future phage studies involving fish and shellfish.
Chart Documentation by General Physicians of the Glaucoma Medications Taken by Their Patients

Purpose To estimate the frequency of documentation of glaucoma medications by primary care physicians. Design Cross-sectional, observational study. Methods The general medical records of 100 patients of one glaucoma specialist were reviewed. We recorded whether the mention of eyedrops appeared in the medical record. Results The median number of glaucoma medications used was 2.5 (range 1 to 5). Fifty-five (55%, 95% confidence interval: 45%–65%) of the medical records of the primary physicians mentioned eyedrops. α-Agonists were statistically less frequently documented (13%) in the general medical record than β-adrenergic blockers (47%) and prostaglandins (44%). Conclusion Almost half of the charts of these primary physicians had no documentation of any eyedrop use by their patients with glaucoma. An important step in reducing drug-induced side effects and interactions with other medications would be better recognition by primary physicians of the ophthalmic drugs used by their patients.
A Clarke tax tâtonnement that converges to the Lindahl allocation

This paper uses the Clarke mechanism to construct an incentive compatible t âtonnement process which converges to the Lindahl allocation of a stylized public good economy when consumers have quadratic preferences. We show truth-telling to be an ex-post perfect equilibrium in the infinite horizon game induced by the tâtonnement.
One-year reduction and longitudinal analysis of carotid intima-media thickness associated with colestipol/niacin therapy.

The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study has reported significant reduction of coronary artery disease and of carotid arterial intima-media thickness (IMT) at 2 and 4 years with colestipol/niacin therapy. We now report on treatment effects on carotid IMT at 6 months and 1 year. One hundred eighty-eight nonsmoking men, aged 40 to 59 years, with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to colestipol/niacin plus diet therapy or placebo plus diet therapy. Computerized image processing of carotid ultrasound films was used to measure IMT in the right common carotid artery. Treatment group comparisons were made at 6 months and 1 year (46 and 33 subjects, respectively, with baseline and 6-month or 1-year ultrasound measures). The time course of the treatment effect on carotid IMT was estimated using the complete sample of 78 subjects with baseline and on-trial data. No significant treatment group differences on carotid IMT were found at 6 months. At 1 year, the treated group showed significant reduction of carotid IMT (P = .01 between groups). The placebo group showed continuing progression of IMT during the 4-year study period (estimated progression rate, 0.018 mm/y). The treated group showed reduction of IMT during the first 3 years and a plateau during the remainder of the study. Reduction of carotid IMT was found with aggressive lipid-lowering therapy. Ultrasound measures of IMT offer a noninvasive and precise measure of early carotid atherosclerosis that will decrease sample size requirements, potentially decrease dropout rates, and widen the study population of antiatherosclerotic clinical trials.
Upper crustal structure and axial topography at intermediate spreading ridges: Seismic constraints from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge

[1] We use multichannel seismic reflection data to image the upper crustal structure of 0–620 ka crust along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. The study area comprises two segments spreading at intermediate rate with an axial high morphology with narrow (Cleft) and wide (Vance) axial summit grabens (ASG). Along most of the axis of both segments we image the top of an axial magma chamber (AMC). The AMC along Cleft deepens from south to north, from 2.0 km beneath the RIDGE Cleft Observatory and hydrothermal vents near the southern end of the segment to 2.3 km at the northern end near the site of the 1980s eruptive event. Along the Vance segment, the AMC also deepens from south to north, from 2.4 to 2.7 km. Seismic layer 2A, interpreted as the basaltic extrusive layer, is 250–300 m thick at the ridge axis along the Cleft segment and 300–350 m thick along the axis of the Vance segment. However, off-axis layer 2A is similar in both segments (500–600 m), indicating ∼90% and ∼60% off-axis thickening at the Cleft and Vance segments, respectively. Half of the thickening occurs sharply at the walls of the ASG, with the remaining thickening occurring within 3–4 km of the ASG. Along the full length of both segments, layer 2A is thinner within the ASG, compared to the ridge flanks. Previous studies argued that the ASG is a cyclic feature formed by alternating periods of magmatism and tectonic extension. Our observations agree with the evolving nature of the ASG. However, we suggest that its evolution is related to large changes in axial morphology produced by small fluctuations in magma supply. Thus the ASG, rather than being formed by excess volcanism, is a rifted flexural axial high. The changes in axial morphology affect the distribution of lava flows along the ridge flanks, as indicated by the pattern of layer 2A thickness. The fluctuations in magma supply may occur at all spreading rates, but its effects on crustal structure and axial morphology are most pronounced along intermediate spreading rate ridges.
4‐(1‐Methylethyl)‐3‐(1‐oxoethyl)‐2‐thiazolidinethione

[102831-92-5] C9H15NOS2 (MW 217.34) InChI = 1S/C9H15NOS2/c1-4-8(11)10-7(6(2)3)5-13-9(10)12/h6-7H,4-5H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = LUMSKZAOAHMEGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (versatile chiral auxiliary for asymmetric alkylation and propionate aldol additions) Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: yellow crystalline solid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special precautions necessary.
Determining factors of thermoelectric properties of semiconductor nanowires

It is widely accepted that low dimensionality of semiconductor heterostructures and nanostructures can significantly improve their thermoelectric efficiency. However, what is less well understood is the precise role of electronic and lattice transport coefficients in the improvement. We differentiate and analyze the electronic and lattice contributions to the enhancement by using a nearly parameter-free theory of the thermoelectric properties of semiconductor nanowires. By combining molecular dynamics, density functional theory, and Boltzmann transport theory methods, we provide a complete picture for the competing factors of thermoelectric figure of merit. As an example, we study the thermoelectric properties of ZnO and Si nanowires. We find that the figure of merit can be increased as much as 30 times in 8-A-diameter ZnO nanowires and 20 times in 12-A-diameter Si nanowires, compared with the bulk. Decoupling of thermoelectric contributions reveals that the reduction of lattice thermal conductivity is the predominant factor in the improvement of thermoelectric properties in nanowires. While the lattice contribution to the efficiency enhancement consistently becomes larger with decreasing size of nanowires, the electronic contribution is relatively small in ZnO and disadvantageous in Si.
Quality of information functions for networked applications

In this paper we propose a framework for providing quality of information (QoI) aware networking. QoI quantifies how useful information is for an application. Its value is comprised of both intrinsic and contextual attributes related to the information. Intrinsic attributes include freshness and accuracy of the information. Contextual metrics include completeness and timeliness. To design network control algorithms, such as resource control algorithms, attributes of data must be mapped to QoI. Then, network algorithms may deliver the data in such a way that the ultimate information derived from the data is of sufficient quality for its purpose. We propose our QoI framework, and present the concept of QoI functions that capture tradeoffs between different attributes of QoI. We use optical character recognition (OCR) as an exemplar image processing application. We focus on two attributes of QoI for the OCR application: accuracy and timeliness. We show how network controls and data processing, such as error recovery and compression, operating on data, impact the QoI delivered to a recipient. We then show how reductions in the required QoI may have a drastic impact on the amount of network resources required to support a QoI-aware transaction.
Between Craft and Method: Meaning and Inter-subjectivity in Oral History Analysis

1 This paper has three overarching aims: to contextualise oral history within larger debates over methods in the social sciences; to highlight the peculiar strengths as well as complexities of oral history as a method; and finally to elucidate some of these methodological issues through insights drawn from analysis of oral histories of two elderly Bengali Muslim women.
MulRF: a software package for phylogenetic analysis using multi-copy gene trees

SUMMARY MulRF is a platform-independent software package for phylogenetic analysis using multi-copy gene trees. It seeks the species tree that minimizes the Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance to the input trees using a generalization of the RF distance to multi-labeled trees. The underlying generic tree distance measure and fast running time make MulRF useful for inferring phylogenies from large collections of gene trees, in which multiple evolutionary processes as well as phylogenetic error may contribute to gene tree discord. MulRF implements several features for customizing the species tree search and assessing the results, and it provides a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) with tree visualization. The species tree search is implemented in C++ and the GUI in Java Swing. AVAILABILITY MulRF's executable as well as sample datasets and manual are available at http://genome.cs.iastate.edu/CBL/MulRF/, and the source code is available at https://github.com/ruchiherself/MulRFRepo. CONTACT ruchic@ufl.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Learning Disabled Students' Conformity Responses to Prosocial and Antisocial Situations

Junior-high school aged learning disabled and nondisabled students rated their willingness to conform to peer pressure to engage in antisocial and prosocial actions. In addition, students indicated how many friends they had, how supportive they perceived their peers and parents to be, and how often they participated in antisocial actions with friends. The results indicated that while learning disabled and nondisabled children did not differ in their estimates of likely conformity to engaging in prosocial behaviors, the learning disabled subjects rated themselves more likely to engage in antisocial actions with friends. While learning disabled children estimated having somewhat fewer friends than nondisabled students, the groups did not differ in their perceptions of peer and parent supportiveness. Results are discussed in terms of factors which may affect learning disabled adolescents' social behaviors.
Management of malignant biliary stricture with self-expanding metallic stent

Background: Self-expanding metallic mesh stents are designed to remain patent longer than polyethylene (PE) stents, which generally clog in 3 to 4 months. Though more expensive, metal stents may therefore be a better choice for malignant strictures.
Optimizing Permselectivity for Neutral Carrier Membrane Electrodes

Abstract A new format: solvent, support and surface coating, has been discovered which greatly improves the response time and linearity of response of valinomycin-based potassium ion selective electrodes. With the new system completely Nernstian responses are obtained up to 0.1 M for aqueous potassium salt solutions of oil insoluble through slightly oil soluble anions (fluoride through perchlorate in the Hofmeister series), and nearly Nernstian responses are obtained for potassium salts having more oil soluble anions, including picrate. Electrodes using the new format have characteristic short response times (30 secs. for 90% steady state), long life-times and freedom from “memory effects”.
An interconnect channel design methodology for high performance integrated circuits

On-chip communication is becoming a bottleneck for high performance designs. Conventional interconnect design methodology does not account for architectures and/or communication schemes that require storage buffers (first-in-first-out queues or FIFOs) in the interconnect channel. For example, FIFOs and flow-control are needed for Network-on-Chip, high performance ASICs and multiple clock domain designs. These IC implementation architectures require an efficient methodology to determine the size of the FIFOs in the channel since the FIFO sizes affect system performance. In this work we devised a methodology to size the FIFOs in an interconnect channel containing one or more FIFOs connected in series. We show that the sizing of the FIFOs in the channel is a function of system parameters such as data production rate and consumption rate, data burstiness, number of channel stages etc. and we also quantify their effect on performance. For a single clock design, we have developed an efficient algorithm which reduces the search space for the optimal sizing of the FIFOs in the channel.
Humoral stimulators of granulocyte production.

These studies were designed to determine whether colony stimulating factor (CSF) and diffusible granulocytopoietic stimulator (DGS) represented a single substance which stimulates the production of granulocytes in vitro and in vivo. The effect of endogenous CSF upon DGS activity was studied after injection of 40 µg endotoxin. This resuited in both DGS activity and high serum CSF levels, but the time of appearance and duration of the two activities followed different patterns. In particular, CSF peaked and was declining 24 hr following endotoxin at which time DGS was not yet detectable. Then, as serum CSF fell, the DGS activity rose. These data support the concept that the DGS activity detectable with short term Millipore chamber cultures is not due to CSF and suggests the effects of CSF in vitro and DGS in vivo are due to different factors.
Cervical spine evaluation in the bluntly injured patient

Abstract Background Cervical spine injuries causing spinal cord trauma are rare in blunt trauma yet lead to devastating morbidity and mortality when they occur. There exists considerable debate in the literature about the best way for clinicians to proceed in ruling out cervical spine injuries in alert or obtunded blunt trauma patients. Methods We reviewed the current literature and practice management guidelines to generate clinical recommendations for the detection and clearance of cervical spine injuries in the blunt trauma patient. Results The NEXUS and Canadian C-Spine Rules are clinical tools to guide in the clearance of the cervical spine of patients who have sustained low risk trauma and who are pain free, with the Canadian C-Spine Rules having superior sensitivity and specificity. In the alert, high risk patient with pain (or without, if over the age of 65 years), follow up imaging is required. The best imaging modality to use is Computerized Tomography (CT) of the cervical spine. In the obtunded trauma patient, CT clearance of c-spine injury is adequate, unless there is soft tissue injury or any non-bony abnormalities detected. At such point, definitive clearance may be obtained with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Conclusions It is imperative to assume cervical spine injury in the blunt trauma patient. Clinical decision rules for cervical clearance may be used in low risk patients, avoiding imaging. High risk patients require imaging in the form of CT scan of the cervical spine.
Alcohol, Excitotoxicity and Adult Brain Damage: An Experimentally Unproven Chain-of-Events.

It has been claimed over the years—most recently in this journal and several others—that neuronal degeneration in adult brain arising during chronic alcohol exposure is, or is likely to be, via “excitotoxicity” (Chandrasekar, 2013; Mehta et al., 2013; Crews and Vetreno, 2014). A purpose of this opinion piece is to reinforce a view, noted earlier (Collins and Neafsey, 2012), that an excitotoxic mechanism underlying alcoholic neurodamage in the mature brain has never been experimentally proven in vivo. Indeed, pharmacological results in neuronal degeneration studies with repetitively intoxicated (binged) adult rats indicate that the excitotoxic route is insignificant—more about this later.
Specific glucocorticoid receptors in thymus cells. Localization in the nucleus and extraction of the cortisol-receptor complex.

Abstract Specific glucocorticoid receptors previously identified in rat thymus cells by measurements of steroid binding to whole cells are found to be located largely, if not entirely, in the nucleus. Localization is accomplished by showing that cortisol-3H, that is specifically bound to whole cells, remains with the nuclei (identified as such by electron microscopy) after cell membranes and cytoplasmic materials are removed by hypotonic shock in 1.5 mm MgCl2 at 3°. The cortisol-receptor complex has been extracted from nuclei and separated from free cortisol by gel chromatography. It is rapidly degraded by Pronase. The rate at which cortisol dissociated at 37° from the isolated complex, and from nuclei, is indistinguishable from the characteristic slow rate at which specifically bound cortisol dissociates from whole cells, showing that this latter rate is an intrinsic property of the cortisol-receptor complex. The rate at which cortisol associates specifically with whole cells at 37° is indistinguishable from the rate at which it appears in the nuclear receptor complex.
In situ measurements of plasma properties during gas-condensation of Cu nanoparticles

Since the mean, standard deviation, and modality of nanoparticle size distributions can vary greatly between similar input conditions (e.g., power and gas flow rate), plasma diagnostics were carried out in situ using a double-sided, planar Langmuir probe to determine the effect the plasma has on the heating of clusters and their final size distributions. The formation of Cu nanoparticles was analyzed using cluster-plasma physics, which relates the processes of condensation and evaporation to internal plasma properties (e.g., electron temperature and density). Monitoring these plasma properties while depositing Cu nanoparticles with different size distributions revealed a negative correlation between average particle size and electron temperature. Furthermore, the modality of the size distributions also correlated with the modality of the electron energy distributions. It was found that the maximum cluster temperature reached during plasma heating and the material's evaporation point regulates the growth process inside the plasma. In the case of Cu, size distributions with average sizes of 8.2, 17.3, and 24.9 nm in diameter were monitored with the Langmuir probe, and from the measurements made, the cluster temperatures for each deposition were calculated to be 1028, 1009, and 863 K. These values are then compared with the onset evaporation temperature of particles of this size, which was estimated to be 1059, 1068, and 1071 K. Thus, when the cluster temperature is too close to the evaporation temperature, less particle growth occurs, resulting in the formation of smaller particles.
Individual and National Psychology: A Problem in the Army Area Study

replace the method of force-i.e., consolidation by conquest-with peaceful social planning. Also, the necessity of building the political organizations of the world into ever greater consolidations may itself be challenged. It is by no means certain that mankind will be happier in large empires than in small self-governing republics. The Swiss are a happy and prosperous people. It is perhaps reasonable to suppose that different circumstances may call for political and economic units of varying sizes. Nor it is necessary to have a universal political consolidation in order to have a universal tolerant and friendly culture throughout the world. We seem to be growing rapidly toward the latter without first achieving the former. Perhaps after all it is the dictators and the economic imperialists who wish to consolidate the whole world, or as much of it as possible, under a single political control. Certainly, as it looks now, the peace which they might finally achieve would not produce a world order, but rather destroy it by the impoverishment of mankind and the destruction of our civilization. At best it might be only the peace of a desert. And it might be savagery, which would be no peace at all. But if this last proposal for the achievement of an ordered and peaceful world-peace through conquest and consolidation-is not the true solution of the problem, which of the other six methods can we adopt? Or is there some other means not yet discovered by which we can achieve the desired end?