cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect evaluation of iodine deficiency disorders prevention on children aged 8 to 10 in Linxia Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu

Objective The effect evaluation on children aged 8 to 10 of Iodine Deficiency Disorders(IDD) prevention in Linxia.Methods According to the east,west,south,north and middle position in each county,a village and a primary school were selected.Eighty(forty in 2010) 8 to 10-year-old students in each school were randomly selected to check thyroid in 2006 and 2010,and among them 20 students were colle cted urine samples to determine urinary iodine in 2010.Twenty edible salt samples from each household in each village were collected to test salt iodine.Results Consumption rate of qualified iodized salt of Linxia was increased from 83.2% to 94.6%,the goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 was declined from 10.3% to 4.2%,the median of urinary iodine were 209.76 μg/L,50 μg/L ratio were 6.73%.Conclusion The effect was obvious by taking the comprehensive prevention and control measures of IDD.The level of urinary iodine of children was appropriate,consumption rate of qualified iodized salt and the goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 had reached national standard for eliminating IDD.However,situation in some counties was still severe.
Determination of drug permeability in a flat or distended stirred intestine : prediction of fraction dose absorbed in humans after oral administration

Equations published earlier to calculate intestinal permeability (P) from in situ or in vivo studies and to predict fraction of dose absorbed (F) after oral administration may often be based on some physiologically and pharmacokinetically unrealistic assumptions; for example, (a) the intestine behaving like a "fully" distended, rigid, cylindrical tube without any intrinsic motility or stirring, (b) no accumulation of drug in gut wall or tissue, (c) lack of blood flow effect on permeability, (d) lack of back diffusion from absorptive cell to lumen, (e) a smooth surface area for absorption, and (f) a well-defined luminal concentration profile. An alternative, simple, realistic organ clearance approach is described here to re-define and calculate P as apparent absorptive permeability or absorptive clearance per unit gross surface area and to predict F based on either human or animal data. The approach may prove particularly valuable in view of the insignificant impact of "unstirred" water layer on F. The small intestine in humans and animals is found to be very flat overall (only about 10 of 30% distension in fasting state). The human intestinal luminal flow after normal dosing is estimated at about 3 ml/min, sixfold higher than 0.5 ml/min proposed by others. The direct consequence of an early assumption that dimensionless P is the same between human and rat is pointed out; the permeability coefficient being 7-10 times higher in rats than in humans, that is, however, not supported by experimental data. The apparent success of a widely used approach to estimate F based on rat data is rationalized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Handbook of Neurocritical Care

Handbook of neurocritical care / , Handbook of neurocritical care / , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
It's not just what you know but who you know: Social capital theory and academic library outreach

ABSTRACTThe concept of social capital and its contribution to success and well-being in a variety of settings has potential for academic library outreach. Research has found that those with extensive and varied networks of social relationships can benefit in myriad ways, including academic and professional achievement. A connection has also been found between lower levels of social capital and negative effects on individuals as well as communities generally. Academic libraries are strategically positioned to enhance the social capital of their users, effecting positive differences in engagement, retention, and success after graduation.
Rearrangement of Benzylic Trichloroacetimidates to Benzylic Trichloroacetamides

The rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates is a well-known transformation, but the corresponding rearrangement of benzylic trichloroacetimidates has not been explored as a method for the synthesis of benzylic amines. Conditions that provide the trichloroacetamide product from a benzylic trichloroacetimidate in high yield have been developed. Methods were also investigated to transform the trichloroacetamide product directly into the corresponding amine, carbamate, and urea. A cationic mechanism for the rearrangement is implicated by the available data.
On the Origins of the Electronic Cigarette: British American Tobacco’s Project Ariel (1962–1967)

Electronic cigarettes are advertised as the latest technological gadget-the smoking equivalent of smart phones. I challenge this sense of novelty by tracing their history to the 1960s, when researchers at British American Tobacco first recognized that smokers' brains were dependent on nicotine. This discovery enabled British American Tobacco to develop a novel kind of smoking device under the codename "Ariel" between 1962 and 1967. Whereas filters were meant to eliminate specific harmful constituents of tobacco smoke, Project Ariel tried to reduce smoking to its alkaloid essence: nicotine. By heating instead of burning tobacco, the scientists working on Ariel managed to produce an aerosol smoking device that delivered nicotine with very little tar while retaining the look and feel of a cigarette. However, after receiving two patents for Ariel, British American Tobacco ultimately decided to abandon the project to avoid endangering cigarettes, its main product. Today, as e-cigarettes are surging in popularity, it is worth revisiting Ariel because it is not just an episode in the history of aerosol smoking devices but its starting point.
Strategies for the Primary Prevention of Adolescent Suicide

Adolescent suicide and suicide prevention have come to be much discussed, written about, and even researched topics. This article provides an overview of research and programs aimed specifically at...
Probe Effects in Gas Turbine Combustor Emission Measurements

Abstract : Four geometrically distinct, stainless steel probes are used to study the concentrations of CO, HC,, NO, and NOX at several different radial and two different axial positions within a simplified gas turbine combustor. The probes are all water cooled but do not employ an aerodynamic quench. They are designed to assess the effect of tip shape, tip to body proximity, and probe entry point on measured pollutant concentrations. Though probe entry point and tip to body proximity are shown to imperceptibly affect the pollutant concentrations, probe tip geometry has a marked impact on the measured pollutant levels. Specifically, the aerodynamic, tapered-tip probe yields depressed CO and HC, and elevated NO concetrations compared to other three blunt-tipped probes. Regarding reproducibility, the pollutant concentratins measured with one of the blunt-tipped probes in this study are compared to pollutant levels measured with the same probe three years ago Tuttle, et al. 1975). CO and HC are shown to be the most reproducible species, while NO and NOX acceptably but less accurately agree with past studies. (Author)
Towards a Hybrid Human-Computer Scientific Information Extraction Pipeline

The emerging field of materials informatics has the potential to greatly reduce time-to-market and development costs for new materials. The success of such efforts hinges on access to large, high-quality databases of material properties. However, many such data are only to be found encoded in text within esoteric scientific articles, a situation that makes automated extraction difficult and manual extraction time-consuming and error-prone. To address this challenge, we present a hybrid Information Extraction (IE) pipeline to improve the machine-human partnership with respect to extraction quality and person-hours, through a combination of rule-based, machine learning, and crowdsourcing approaches. Our goal is to leverage computer and human strengths to alleviate the burden on human curators by automating initial extraction tasks before prioritizing and assigning specialized curation tasks to humans with different levels of training: using non-experts for straightforward tasks such as validation of higher accuracy results (e.g., completing partial facts) and domain experts for low-certainty results (e.g., reviewing specialized compound labels). To validate our approaches, we focus on the task of extracting the glass transition temperature of polymers from published articles. Applying our approaches to 6 090 articles, we have so far extracted 259 refined data values. We project that this number will grow considerably as we tune our methods and process more articles, to exceed that found in standard, expert-curated polymer data handbooks while also being easier to keep up-to-date. The freely available data can be found on our Polymer Properties Predictor and Database website at http://pppdb.uchicago.edu.
A Godunov-Type Numerical Scheme for Hyperbolic Heat Conduction

An understanding of the transient thermal response is of great importance for material processing using high-intensity laser radiation, cryogenic engineering, high-intensity electromagnetic irradiation of a solid, and high-rate heat transfer in rarefied media. Due to the tremendous temperature gradients that are developed within the medium in an extremely short period of time or at absolute zero temperature for these industrial applications, a knowledge of the temperature distribution is necessary to understand and improve their processes. The classical Fourier heat conduction equation fails in this regard and it needs to be replaced with the hyperbolic heat conduction equation to account for the finite propagation velocity of a thermal wave within the medium under consideration. In recent years much attention has been paid to the solution of the hyperbolic heat conduction because of its importance in various applications mentioned above.
Selective Adenylyl Cyclase Type 1 Inhibitors as Potential Opioid Alternatives For Chronic Pain

Selective Adenylyl Cyclase Type 1 Inhibitors as Potential Opioid Alternatives For Chronic Pain
Chapter three Regulation of anthocyanin pigmentation

Summary As we begin to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, we must remember that evolution and selective had significant opportunities to explore new ways to color plants, flowers, and seeds. Model plant systems such as maize, petunia, and Arabidopsis will continue to provide the framework to understand how pigment accumulation is controlled. However, it is important to investigate how nature has exploited variations in these central prototypes to provide the amazing diversity found today in the type and distribution of anthocyanin pigments.
Microbial Endocrinology: A Personal Journey

The development of Microbial Endocrinology is covered from a decidedly personal perspective. Specific focus is given to the role of Microbial Endocrinology in the evolutionary symbiosis between man and microbe as it relates to both health and disease. Future avenues of research are suggested.
Anterior pericardial tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis.

Congenital tracheal stenosis may be a life-threatening anomaly not relieved by airway intubation. Over the past 7 years, anterior pericardial tracheoplasty has been used at our institution for treatment of congenital long-segment tracheal stenosis in infants with impending airway obstruction. Case histories of eight patients undergoing nine anterior pericardial tracheoplasties have been reviewed to assess this technique. Of these patients, six have required preoperative tracheal intubation before repair to maintain ventilation. The surgical technique of anterior pericardial tracheoplasty includes a median sternotomy approach with partial normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. An anterior tracheotomy through all hypoplastic rings allows enlargement with autologous pericardium to 1.5 times the predicted normal diameter. After insertion, the pericardium and hypoplastic tracheal cartilages are suspended to surrounding mediastinal structures, which prevents airway collapse. Seven of eight infants have survived without tracheoplasty dehiscence or wound infections. Five were ultimately extubated and are currently free of symptoms from 6 months to 5 years after anterior pericardial tracheoplasty. The other two survivors had residual stenosis as a result of complications of prior tracheostomy. One of these patients has undergone a successful second anterior pericardial tracheoplasty and is currently extubated and well. The other is palliated at 6 months with a tracheostomy awaiting a second anterior pericardial tracheoplasty. Our review of anterior pericardial tracheoplasty has demonstrated the safety, utility, and at least medium-term benefit of this procedure in infants of any age and weight.
An Interpretive Study of the Metaphors Male Coronary Artery Surgery Patients Use to Describe the Surgical Experience

Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of mortality and premature morbidity in the United States, accounting for over 50% of the reported yearly deaths. Approximately 560,000 Americans succumb each year from myocardial infarctions, with another 4.6 million of the population reporting either a history of angina or myocardial infarction [1]. In response to this major health problem, myocardial revascularization via coronary artery bypass grafting has emerged as one of the most dramatic, invasive, as well as disputed, treatment modalities for the management of coronary artery disease.
Strategies of Electron Probe Data Reduction

The purpose of data reduction procedures in electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is to transform the measured x-ray intensities into mass fraction estimates of the elements present. A variety of approaches are used at present, and in each approach, changes in constants, parameters and algorithms may affect the accuracy of the results. In what follows, I will first discuss the classical case of analysis of a flat, semi-infinite and homogeneous specimen. We will consider the goal of data reduction, the events in a target, and methods and procedures. I aim at giving a balanced overview of the present state-of-art, and I will try to rationalize my preferences.
Surgical Strategies in Trauma to the Head, Face and Neck

The initial evaluation begins, as always, with an assessment of the patient’s airway. Direct penetrating injury to the larynx or trachea can cause airway obstruction or disruption, making endotracheal intubation difficult or impossible. When penetrating injury to the airway is suspected, regardless of the presenting symptoms, it should be assumed that the patient has a difficult airway and appropriate intubation adjuncts such as an indirect laryngoscope (e.g., GlideScope), fiberoptic bronchoscope, or laryngeal mask airway should be on hand. As increasing number of intubation attempts is associated with poorer outcomes, the most experienced person available should attempt the initial intubation and the surgeon should be prepared for immediate cricothyroidotomy if intubation fails. In some cases, the patient may require a surgical airway during prehospital management. In addition to open surgical technique, a variety of commercially available needle cricothyroidotomy kits exist; however, evidence suggests that primary surgical technique may have the highest success rate and should preferentially be performed. In the setting of a large anterior neck wound, if the defect to the trachea can be identified, the distal trachea may be directly intubated through the wound. It is essential to confirm the patency of the surgical airway upon arrival in the emergency department and to assess the need for emergent revision due to malpositioning and associated airway injury or for hemorrhage control.
Imagining Institutional Care, Practicing Domestic Care: Inscriptions around Aging in Southern Ghana

Elder care has become a significant national conversation in Ghana due to urban and international migration, lower birth rates, family nuclearization, and longer life spans. In the rural towns of Ghana’s Eastern Region, new elder care practices and discourses are emerging. These age-inscriptions signal the agency of older persons, which is often neglected and overlooked. Discursively, older adults express curiosity about Western care facilities, a heterodox idea in relation to the orthodox position expressed by the Ghanaian government and NGOs which support kin care for older adults. Through this heterodox discourse, aged persons are able to critique the state and the church for not providing care and re-imagine a Western institution as fitting their locally constructed needs. On the other hand, pragmatically, aged persons and their children are adapting existing practices of adolescent fosterage to help provide elder care, a practice which is not discursively elaborated, and is therefore alterodox. Both age-inscriptions are less articulated than standardized discourses about the significance of adult children’s care, the orthodox position. This paper therefore illustrates how social change in norms occurs, through older people’s anxiety about their own aging, the use of their imagination, and their refashioning of existing care practices.
Artificial intelligence/machine learning in manufacturing and inspection: A GE perspective

At GE Research, we are combining “physics” with artificial intelligence and machine learning to advance manufacturing design, processing, and inspection, turning innovative technologies into real products and solutions across our industrial portfolio. This article provides a snapshot of how this physical plus digital transformation is evolving at GE.
Visible-light harvesting pyrene-based MOFs as efficient ROS generators

The utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in organic transformations is of great interest due to their superior oxidative abilities under mild conditions. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed as photosensitizers to transfer molecular oxygen to ROS for photochemical synthesis. However, visible-light responsive MOFs for oxygen activation remains scarce. Now we design and synthesize two porous MOFs, namely, PCN-822(M) (M = Zr, Hf), which are constructed by a 4,5,9,10-(K-region) substituted pyrene-based ligand, 4,4′,4′′,4′′′-((2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene-4,5,9,10-tetrayl)tetrakis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))-tetrabenzoate (BPETB4−). With the extended π-conjugated pyrene moieties isolated on the struts, the derived MOFs are highly responsive to visible light, possessing a broad-band adsorption from 225–650 nm. As a result, the MOFs can be applied as efficient ROS generators under visible-light irradiation, and the hafnium-based MOF, PCN-822(Hf), can promote the oxidation of amines to imines by activating molecular oxygen via synergistic photo-induced energy and charge transfer.
A Communication-aware Information Measure for Cooperative Information Gathering by Robotic Sensor Networks

Computing communication-aware information for cooperative information gathering of multi-agent systems is important but still remains a challenge. In this paper, a mathematical formulation is presented for a communication-aware information measure for problems with non-linear dynamics and non-Gaussian distributions. This paper also presents a particle method for computation of the information measure in order to approximate target state and measurement PDFs given communication-aware measurements. The presented approach is assessed through simulations by comparing with the perfect communication scenario. The simulation results show how communication-aware information is different from the information under perfect communication and how imperfect communication affects the information measure.
On-Chip Integrated Single Photon Source-Optically Resonant Metastructure Based Scalable Quantum Optical Circuits

We present an approach to realizing on-chip optical quantum information processing (QIP) systems comprising (1) single photon source (SPS) arrays, here based on a new class of ordered single quantum dots of controlled size and shape named Mesa-top Single Quantum Dots (MTSQDs) that are naturally integrable in scalable architectures with (2) on-chip light manipulating units (LMUs) based upon either the conventional 2D photonic crystal platform or metastructures made of subwavelength size dielectric building blocks (DBBs) whose collective Mie-like optical resonances provide, simultaneously, all the needed light manipulating functions. The MTSQDs can provide high spectral uniformity with as-grown pairs emitting within $300\mu $ eV—thus calling for exploration of pathways for implementing on-chip SPS-SPS coupling for quantum entanglement. To this end, we present here simulation results for two different DBB-based implementations of scalable photon entanglement in MTSQD-DBB LMU coupled system.: (1) DBB array based nanoantenna-waveguide-beamsplitter-beamcombiner metastructures around the MTSQD SPSs that exploit primarily their collective magnetic dipole mode to simultaneously provide Purcell enhancement, enhanced emission directionality, waveguiding, beamspliting and beamcombining, thus enabling on-chip path entanglement via indirect coupling between the SPSs; (2) two MTSQDs coupled directly via the collective magnetic dipole mode of a back-to-back nanoantenna-waveguide structure. In either case, the long-distance coupled MTSQD-DBB structural units constitute the primitives for building complex quantum optical circuits.
Electronic Waste and the Special Case of Lead-Free Piezoelectrics: A Call for Legislative Action

The United States is one of the world's largest producers of electronic waste (e-waste) but has no current federal framework for its management or recycling. Recent European e-waste legislation has motivated scientific researchers to develop lead-free materials for electronic devices, such as lead-free piezoelectric alternatives to Lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Motivated by the case study of PZT alternatives, three major issues surrounding US e-waste regulation are identified: the current patchwork of state-by-state recycling policy, the lack of academic and industry cooperation to introduce lead-free alternative electronics, and the failure to manage and classify hazardous electronic materials and their alternatives through a full life-cycle perspective. A targeted, three-pronged solution toward more comprehensive federal e-waste policy is proposed: (1) Re-introduce S. 1397 Electronic Device Recycling Research and Development Act to enable the National Academy of Science to research effective ways of establishing a federal recycling program; (2) Propose the National Science Foundation submit a proposal for a “lead-free electronics and sustainable materials for the 21st century” Industry-University Cooperation Research Center (IUCRC); and (3) Work with international standards development organizations to manage and classify e-waste using life-cycle analysis.
Fault Analysis of a Transformer Tripping and Protection Rejection

Two-phase ground short circuit occurred on 35kV side of main transformer in a 220 kV substation. The low voltage side 301 circuit breaker did not jump off. Then the differential protection of the main transformer is started, which causes tripping of the three sides of the main transformer and no load loss. In this paper, the primary equipment, secondary equipment and monitoring background information related to the fault are investigated and analyzed in detail, and the causes and development process of the fault are restored. Because of the special fault, in order to avoid the similar situation happening again, some suggestions are put forward for the improvement of the merged intelligent device.
Christian Higher Education: Faith, Teaching, and Learning in the Evangelical Tradition: Edited by David S. Dockery and Christopher W. Morgan. Wheaton: Crossway Publishing, 2018. ISBN 9781433556531. $50.00.

It is difficult to fix a starting point—perhaps the publication of Mark Noll’s The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind?—but for several decades now evangelicals have been thinking in earnest about the ...
HIV Stigma and Its Associations with Longitudinal Health Outcomes Among Persons Living with HIV with a History of Unhealthy Alcohol Use.

This study examined the demographic and clinical correlates of HIV stigma and evaluated how HIV stigma was associated with physical and mental health outcomes one year later in a primary-care based cohort of persons living with HIV (PLHIV; N = 584). HIV stigma was measured using a modified Berger HIV stigma scale, which includes four subscales: (1) personalized stigma; (2) disclosure concerns; (3) negative self-image; and (4) concerns around public attitudes towards PLHIV. Physical and mental health were assessed using the 12-item short form survey (SF-12). Compared to whites, African Americans were more likely to have higher personalized stigma scores (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.54 [95% confidence interval 1.10–2.15]), disclosure concerns (aPR 1.40 [1.03–1.92]), and concerns with public attitudes about PLHIV (aPR 1.61 [1.11–2.34]). Hispanic/Latinx participants were more likely to have concerns around public attitudes towards PLHIV (aPR 1.50 [1.11–2.02]) than whites. Compared to men, women were more likely to have higher negative self-image scores (aPR 1.50 [1.08–2.08]). Higher stigma scores were associated with poorer subsequent self-reported physical and mental health functional status. Our findings highlight the substantial need for addressing HIV stigma, particularly among minority subgroups.
Cybersecurity, Digital Trade, and Data Flows: Re-thinking a Role for International Trade Rules

Trade and cybersecurity are increasingly intertwined. Global data flows and digital technologies accelerate the global connectivity of businesses, governments, and supply chains. Yet, this digital connectivity increases exposure to cyberattacks. The potential costs of cyberattack have underpinned a turn to conceiving of cybersecurity as a national security threat and to using trade and investment restrictions to reduce the risk of cyber-attack. Cybersecurity measures are, however, likely to constitute barriers to data flows and digital trade. The turn to using trade policy to address cybersecurity threats creates two distinct challenges for the WTO and FTAs. The first is the challenge of distinguishing genuine cybersecurity measures from disguised protectionism. The second is how to deal with growth in trade restrictions for legitimate cybersecurity purposes. The approach to the national security exception The WTO and FTA national security exception is poorly designed to deal with these trade policy challenges. This paper analyzes the implication of the WTO panel finding in Russia-Transit case to show why the national security exception and generally exception provisions are poorly designed to deal with cybersecurity-based trade restrictions. The paper concludes by outlining new trade rules and mechanisms for cooperation.
The Influence of Parental Skills on Children Executive Performance in the Chilean Context

The relationship between parenting styles and executive functioning in children has been well established. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of specific parental skills on children’s executive functions. The main goal of our study was to investigate the existence of association and/or the effect of specific dimensions of parental skills on children’s global and domain-specific executive functions. A non-experimental ex post facto design was implemented, which included a sample of ninety-six parent/child dyads. Parents completed a positive parenting scale, whereas primary schoolchildren were assessed in six executive domains. Pearson’s correlation, regression models, and one-way ANOVA analyses were performed. Results showed significant associations between most parental skills dimensions and children’s EFs specific domains. Regression analyses showed good predictive capacity of protective skills when predicting children’s planning and problem-solving, global executive and semantic fluency. ANOVA analyses showed significant effects of protective and formative skills on children’s executive performance. However, we did not observe any significant effects of parental skills on children’s phonological fluency, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. Our results identify which dimensions of parental skills could contribute to the development of executive functions in children. We highlight the influence of protective skills on children’s executive performance. In light of our findings, we suggest potential areas of future research, such as the effectiveness of positive parenting training and its benefits on children’s executive development. Our findings also provide evidence to develop programs for parents that promote the acquisition and/or strengthening of positive parenting, which favor the cognitive development of children.
Development and Characteristic Test of a 500kV Wideband Highvoltage Divider

A 500kV wide-band high-voltage divider for transient overvoltage measurement was developed. To improve the accuracy of the overvoltage measuement, the high-voltage arm of the developed voltage divider is based on a standard capacitor. By arranging equalizing electrodes reasonably inside the standard capacitor, the field strength distribution inside the voltage divider is optimized, and the overall size of the voltage divider is reduced. In order to optimize the dynamic performance of the voltage divider, it is equipped with excellent low-voltage arm components. The consistency of scale factor under AC voltage and impulse voltage for the divider is good. It can measure AC voltage with linearity of 0.2‰ under 500kV and measure lightning impulse voltage with linearity of 3‰ under 1200kV. The difference between AC voltage scale factor and impulse voltage scale factor is less than 0.01%. It can be used to measure transient overvoltage in substation and calibrate the noncontact transient voltage sensor and electric field sensor for field test.
The 2020 election and its aftermath: Love, lies, and ensorceling leadership:

Though Donald Trump decisively lost the 2020 US presidential election, his mob-inciting charisma created a large and devoted base unusual in American politics. Insights from Sigmund Freud’s account...
microRNAs as Novel Therapeutics in Cancer

In the last 20 years, the functional roles for miRNAs in gene regulation have been well established. MiRNAs act as regulators in virtually all biological pathways and thus have been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer. They are particularly relevant in regulating the basic hallmarks of cancer, including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Despite the substantial progress made in identifying the molecular mechanisms driving the deregulation of miRNAs in cancer, the clinical translation of these important molecules to therapy remains in its infancy. The paucity of vehicles available for the safe and efficient delivery of miRNAs and ongoing concerns for toxicity remain major obstacles to clinical application. Novel formulations and the development of new vectors have significantly improved the stability of oligonucleotides, increasing the effectiveness of therapy. Furthermore, the use of specific moieties for delivery in target tissues or cells has increased the specificity of treatment. The use of new technologies has allowed small but important steps toward more specific therapeutic delivery in tumor tissues and cells. Although a long road remains, the path ahead holds great potential. Currently, a few miRNA drugs are under investigation in human clinical trials with promising results ahead.
Reduced order models for nonlinear radiative transfer based on moment equations and POD/DMD of Eddington tensor.

A new group of reduced-order models (ROMs) for nonlinear thermal radiative transfer (TRT) problems is presented. They are formulated by means of the nonlinear projective approach and data compression techniques. The nonlinear projection is applied to the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) to derive a hierarchy of low-order moment equations. The Eddington (quasidiffusion) tensor that provides exact closure for the system of moment equations is approximated via one of several data-based methods of model-order reduction. These methods are the (i) proper orthogonal decomposition, (ii) dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), (iii) an equilibrium-subtracted DMD variant. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of these ROMs for the simulation of evolving radiation and heat waves. Results show these models to be accurate even with very low-rank representations of the Eddington tensor. As the rank of the approximation is increased, the errors of solutions generated by the ROMs gradually decreases.
Aging and the Life Course

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses why gerontology needs the life-course perspective and how life-course principles, methods, and data will continue to change the face of research on aging. Families are the front and center in a life-course perspective because they are the primary setting in which individuals of many ages are assembled together and have relationships for several years. The life chances and options of individuals are intimately tied to family members, and the experiences of particular family members or generations may have ripple effects throughout the extended family matrix. A life-course perspective on families also emphasizes three types of temporal location: individual, family, and historical time. There are strong natural links between the life-course perspective and the study of health and illness, for which the strongest body of empirical evidence exists on the connections between earlier and later experiences and statuses. The chapter concludes with a few additional thoughts on how life-course ideas might be infused into gerontology to both broaden and deepen the existing views and knowledge base.
Multilingual Topic Detection and Tracking: Successful Research Enabled by Corpora and Evaluation

Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) refers to automatic techniques for locating topically related material in streams of data such as newswire and broadcast news. DARPA-sponsored research has made enormous progress during the past three years, and the tasks have been made progressively more difficult and realistic. Well-designed corpora and objective performance evaluations have enabled this success.
The specific substance from Diplococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Methyl 6-O-acetyl-β- d -galactofuranoside has been prepared. It strongly inhibits the antigen-antibody precipitation in the homologous Diplococcus pneumoniae Type 34 immune system. The parent methyl β- d -galactofuranoside does not inhibit this precipitation. This result suggests very strongly that the acetyl groups in the capsular polysaccharide of D. pneumoniae Type 34 are located on O-6 of the internal d -galactofuranosyl residues.
Task interdependencies in design-to-time real-time scheduling

Design-to-time is an approach to real-time scheduling in situations where mUltiple methods exist for many tasks that the system needs to solve. Often Ithese methods will have relationships with one other, such as the execution of one method enabling the execution of another, or the use of a rough approximation by one method affecting the performance of a method that uses its result. Most previous work in the scheduling of real-time AI tasks has ignored these relationships. This paper presents an optimal design-to-time scheduler for particular kinds of relationships that occur in an actual AI application, and examines the performance of that scheduler in a simulation environment that models the tasks of that application.
Toward a Conceptualist Solution of the Grounding Problem

This paper defends a conceptualist answer to the question how objects come by their modal properties. It isolates the controversial metaphysical assumptions that are needed to get ontological conceptualism off the ground, outlines the conceptualist answer to the question and shows that conceptualism is not in as bad a shape as some critics have maintained.
Fragmentation in specialist care and stage III colon cancer.

BACKGROUND Patients with cancer frequently transition between different types of specialists and across care settings. This study explored how frequently the surgical and medical oncology care of stage III colon cancer patients occurred across more than 1 hospital and whether this was associated with mortality and costs. METHODS This was a retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare cohort study of 9075 stage III colon cancer patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 who had received both surgical and medical oncology care within 1 year of their diagnosis. Patients were assigned to the hospital at which they had undergone their cancer surgery and to their oncologist's primary hospital, and then they were characterized according to whether these hospitals were the same or different. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, subhazards for colon cancer–specific mortality, and costs of care at 12 months. RESULTS Thirty-seven percent of the patients received their surgical and medical oncology care from different hospitals. Rural patients were less likely than urban patients to receive medical oncology care from the same hospital (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.90). Care from the same hospital was not associated with reduced all-cause or colon cancer–specific mortality but resulted in lower costs (8% of the median cost) at 12 months (dollars saved, $5493; 95% confidence interval, $1799-$9525). CONCLUSIONS The delivery of surgical and medical oncology care at the same hospital was associated with lower costs; however, reforms seeking to improve outcomes and lower costs through the integration of complex care will need to address the significant proportion of patients receiving care at more than 1 hospital. Cancer 2015;121:3316–3324. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of a hand-wrist exoskeleton, READAPT, via kinematic analysis of redundant pointing tasks

Training coordinated hand and wrist movement is invaluable during post-neurological injury due to the anatomical, biomechanical, and functional couplings of these joints. This paper presents a novel rehabilitation device for coordinated hand and wrist movement. As a first step towards validating the new device as a measurement tool, the device transparency was assessed through kinematic analysis of a redundant finger pointing task requiring synergistic movement of the wrist and finger joints. The preliminary results of this new methodology showed that wearing the robot affects the kinematic coupling of the wrist and finger for unconstrained pointing tasks. However, further experiments specifying a subset of the solution manifold did not exhibit the same difference between robot and no robot trials. The experiments and analysis form a promising method for the characterization of multi-articular wearable robots as measurement tools in robotic rehabilitation.
Theoretical electron scattering amplitudes and spin polarizations: Selected targets, electron energies 100 to 1500 eV*

In order to investigate the influence of the spin in elastic low-energy electron scattering from gaseous atoms, the Dirac equation was solved numerically. The complex scattering amplitudes, which describe the scattering process, are given. From the tables it is possible to determine such quantities as the clastic differential cross section, the spin polarization of elastically scattered electrons, the asymmetry of scattered electrons when the incoming electrons are already polarized, and the change of the polarization vector in a scattering experiment. Relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater scattering potentials were used. The exchange of the incoming electron with the atomic electrons was not taken into account since it contributes very little except at the smallest angles where the wave-functions are already quite uncertain. Because of this the scattering factors for ϑ
The Electronic Properties of TTF-TCNQ

The class of solids known as organic charge transfer salts has received considerable attention in recent years. This interest arises from the novelty of the systems as well as from the fact that the flat planar molecules involved lead to anisotropic structures and therefore to pseudo one-dimensional electronic properties. The existence of real physical systems1–3 which have the properties of one-dimensional metals is particularly important because of the exciting possibilities associated with the one-dimensional electron gas.4–10 The pseudo one-dimensionality of the electronic properties of tetrathiofulvalinium tetracyanoquinodimethan (TTF-TCNQ) has been established experimentally by a variety of measurements.3,11–15 As a highly conducting organic metal which remains metallic to relatively low temperatures,11, 15, 16 this system is at the focus of work directed toward understanding the nature of the metallic state in pseudo one-dimensional conductors. More generally, the existence of a class of materials made up of organic molecules as fundamental units allows the possibility of utilizing the flexibility of organic chemistry to design and synthesize molecules with particular characteristics with the intent of achieving a desired bulk solid state property.
The MOSS VHF/UHF spaceborne SAR system testbed

Summary form only given. This paper details our recent development of a system prototype for a spaceborne sensor that addresses the current NASA science priority of measuring soil moisture "under a substantial vegetation canopy and reaching a useful depth within the uppermost soil layer". The mission is named MOSS, for the Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface. It will enable measurement and derivation of data products not obtained from any other current, planned, or proposed instrument, with a solution that offers high science value through a low-mass and, in the long-term, low-cost approach. The proposed system is a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) operating at the two low frequencies of 435 MHz (UHF, P-band) and 137 MHz (VHF) to enable sensing through vegetation and down into soil. The future mission scenario is achieved from a Sun synchronous orbit of 1313 km altitude, with a swath width of 430 km, incidence angle ranges of 17-30 degrees, resolution of 1 km, and a 7-day exact repeat consistent with the temporal scale of variations of the subcanopy and subsurface soil moisture. We describe a tower-based test-bed that we have developed to validate the spaceborne measurement concept. The processing software, including polarimetric calibration aspects, is detailed, and example science products are presented. The procedures and algorithms to estimate subsurface moisture are presented in detail, and the use an iterative estimation procedure is explained. The results are validated by comparing against detailed ground truth.
Scattered Data Interpolation and Applications: A Tutorial and Survey

The multivariate scattered data interpolation problem is introduced and the reasons for the difficulty of the problem compared to the one dimensional case are discussed. Basic ideas for interpolation (or approximation) of scattered data are introduced. Various types of data sets and some strategies for dealing with some of them are given. Readily available algorithms for the solution of the problem are discussed and suitability for various types of data, along with discussion of situations where they have been useful is given. Some related ideas are briefly mentioned. Throughout there are bountiful references to the existing literature.
Remote Control of Mobile Robot using the Virtual Reality

In this paper we present the simulation and manipulation of teleoperation system for remote control of mobile robot using the Virtual Reality (VR). The objective of this work is to allow the operator to control and supervise a unicycle type mobile robot. In this research we followed three ways: The use of articulated robotic mobile on the Web, the design of remote environment for the experimentation using the network for the mobile robot and the architecture of control is proposed to facilitate the piloting of the robot. This work proposes a hardware and software architecture based on communication and information technologies to control the virtual robot to improve the control towards the remote robot. A path planning method is integrated to the remote control system. Results show the real possibilities offered by this manipulation, in order to follow a trajectory of the robot and to create applications with a distance access to facilities through networks like the Internet and wireless.
The pathophysiology of neurofibromatosis. I. Resistance in vitro to 3-nitrotyrosine as an expression of the mutation.

The in vitro expression of the autosomal dominant mutation responsible for neurofibromatosis was probed using the amino acid analogue 3-nitrotyrosine as a cell culture selective agent. The presence of 3-nitrotyrosine in culture medium led to inhibition of growth and cell death among normal skin fibroblasts in log phase growth, whereas cell strains derived from six different patients' neurofibromas or skin cells, or both, exhibited a consistently enhanced ability to survive under the same conditions. At 0.8 mM 3-nitrotyrosine, four patient-derived skin fibroblast strains could be differentiated from five strains of control skin fibroblasts with a high level of confidence (P<0.0000). In the same way four neurofibroma-derived fibroblast strains were differentiated from control skin fibroblasts (P<0.0022). Neurofibroma-derived cells were not different from control cells when treated with 5-fluorotryptophan orp-fluorophenylalanine.
Analysis of fatty acids in mouse cells using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed to analyze various fatty acids in recombinant mouse L cells. These fatty acids were the metabolites of oleic acid. A process was developed to extract fatty acids from the cell samples before RP-HPLC analysis. The samples were first saponified with 0.5 M NaOH in 96% ethanol then extracted with acidified ethyl acetate. After extraction, the sample was dried and dissolved in HPLC-grade methanol. After centrifugation to remove insoluble impurities, the sample was applied to a C18RP-HPLC column using a gradient of acetonitrile (ACN)-H2O. The eluted fatty acids were monitored by ultraviolet (UV) absorption at 195 nm and identified by retention time and adsorption spectrum comparison. This method successfully resolved various fatty acids and provided a tool for the elucidation of the fatty acid metabolic pathway in the cells.
Vector Finite Element Analysis of Optical Guides with Transverse Magnetic Fields

The most widely used finite element formulation for the vector analysis of dielectric/optical guides uses the three vector H fields [1] or the three vector E fields. The major problem with these formulations is that the divergence condition for these fields is not satisfied, with resultant spurious modes. Rahman and Dȧvis [1] have used the penalty method of separating the spurious modes from the genuine modes, by adding the divergence condition matrix to the wave equation matrix with a penalty factor. The method requires that each case is run several times with different values of the penalty factor, and the spurious modes are identified as their values change with the penalty parameter. Thus, a single wavelength solution may require as many as three or four runs to resolve the genuine modes. The alternative adopted by several groups [2], [3], [4] uses edge elements for the transverse fields, which specifies the direction of the field between any two nodes, but retains the shape functions for the z-directed axial field, the magnitudes to be determined by the solution of the problem.