cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perioperative Outcomes After Use of Iliac Branch Devices Compared With Hypogastric Occlusion or Open Surgery for Elective Treatment of Aortoiliac Aneurysms in the NSQIP Database.

Background Iliac branch devices (IBDs) can treat iliac and aortoiliac aneurysms (AIAs) less invasively than open surgery (OS) and preserve pelvic perfusion. Our hypothesis was that the rates of perioperative complications after treatment for AIAs are similar between IBDs and hypogastric occlusion with coil and cover (C&C), and lower than OS. Methods We identified patients undergoing elective AIA repair by IBD, C&C, and OS (all with infrarenal clamps) within the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) vascular aneurysm specific Participant User Files (2012–2016). Baseline characteristics, procedural variables, and 30-day outcomes were compared. The primary outcomes were any major complication or death. Secondary outcomes included minor complications, total operative time, total and intensive care unit length of stay (LOS), and reinterventions. Multivariable logistic regression assessed differences in major complications between IBD and C&C/OS after adjusting for patient and procedural variables. Results We identified 593 patients (83% men, mean age 71.6 ± 9 years) undergoing elective AIA repair (IBD = 283, C&C = 118, and OS = 192). Patient age and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification varied significantly between groups. Mean aneurysm diameter was higher for OS and similar between IBD and C&C (5.9 cm vs. 5.5 cm and 5.2 cm, respectively, P Conclusions The use of IBDs for elective treatment of AIAs is associated with favorable perioperative outcomes and a lower rate of major complications compared with OS, primarily because of fewer transfusions. IBDs use has perioperative outcomes similar to C&C with the associated benefit of preserving pelvic perfusion. Pending long-term durability results for this technique, IBDs appear to be associated with several perioperative advantages in patients with AIAs compared with OS and C&C.
Nuclear genomes of two magnoliids

Magnoliid genomes provide novel insight into early angiosperm evolution, showing how whole-genome duplication and proliferation of transposable elements have shaped these genomes. Now, two papers giving differing views of early angiosperm phylogeny, raise questions about the relationships among eudicots, monocots and magnoliids.
Synthesis of saccharin-glycoconjugates targeting carbonic anhydrase using a one-pot cyclization/deprotection strategy

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) has been identified as a biomarker and drug target for several malignant tumors due to its role in cancer cell growth and proliferation. Simple cyclic sulfonamides, like saccharin (SAC), have shown up to a 60-fold selectivity towards CA IX over other ubiquitous CA isoforms, with greater selectivity obtained applying the “tail-approach” to derivatize SAC with a methylene triazole linker that connected to a “tail” beta glucoside. These modifications of SAC led to an increased selectivity of more than 1000-fold towards CA IX, whereas clinically available CA inhibitors show little to no isoform selectivity. As part of our interest in the development of new CA inhibitors, we found the existing synthetic protocol, which relies on a N-tert-butyl saccharin intermediate, to be problematic in the final deprotection steps. We therefore describe an alternative approach to the synthesis of these compounds featuring a gentle “one pot” deprotection/cyclization as the final synthetic step, and report new galactosyl and glucosyl conjugates with low to mid nM inhibition of CA IX.
A versatile method for producing labeled or unlabeled Aβ55, Aβ40, and other β-amyloid family peptides.

Abstract We present a straightforward, versatile method for expressing and purifying β-amyloid (Aβ40) and transmembrane peptides derived from β-amyloid precursor protein (Aβ55). In principle, these methods should be applicable to other types of strongly aggregating peptides. We start with a DNA plasmid encoding a HexaHis tag with a flexible, hydrophilic linker sequence, followed by a cleavage site, and then Aβ peptides. The HexaHis tag rather than a protein fusion partner (e.g., GST) obviates the need for a folded protein in affinity purification. Second, we present two cleavage methods, using either Factor Xa or BNPS-Skatole. Although the latter procedure requires subsequent reduction of the product, we describe methods for minimizing side reactions. Because the use of BNPS-Skatole obviates the need for a folded protein in the cleavage reaction, it is compatible with harsh conditions (e.g., inclusion of detergents and denaturants) needed to solubilize the fusion proteins; such conditions tend to inactivate Factor Xa. Finally, we also describe purification strategies for Aβ40 and Aβ55 using FPLC and/or reverse phase HPLC. Yields of peptide after these BNPS-Skatole cleavage and peptide reduction, though subquantitative, greatly exceed those obtained using Factor Xa cleavage, as the reaction of BNPS-Skatole is insensitive to the presence of detergents and denaturants, and therefore can be used to produce highly aggregative and low solubility peptides such as Aβ55. Trp is a low abundance amino acid in proteins generally, and for peptides like Aβ55, and other transmembane peptides lacking Trp in relevant positions, this cleavage method remains a useful option.
Report Writing and Oral Reporting

Effective report writing is taking on increased importance for practicing psychologists. Psychological reports are routinely made available to parents, judges, lawyers, and other nonpsychologists, creating the opportunity for improper interpretation of the results by untrained individuals. Oftentimes, misconceptions, such as parents or others who cling to the notion that the IQ is an entirely genetically based and fixed entity, about intellectual assessment and the nature of intelligence tests make it imperative that psychologists communicate clearly, both orally and in writing.
Dream Chasers: The Draw and the Downside of Following House Price Signals

We study labor re-allocation during the 2000s house price boom using detailed career-path data for 32 million workers. We show large flows of workers into realty from virtually all parts of the skill, wage, and education spectrums, especially following instances of strong local house price growth. Those drawn in during the peak ended up in careers paying substantially less than non-entrants that were working in the same occupation and MSA. Comparing within entrants, those in areas with higher non-fundamental house price growth end up in significantly lower-paying occupations. These disparities persist through the end of our sample in 2017.
Class Capacity and Cross-Gender Solidarity: Women’s Organizing in an Egyptian Textile Company:

Neoliberal restructuring and the feminization of export-led industries are often associated with the disempowerment of women in the workplace. Surprisingly, this disempowerment was not the case wit...
Habitability of Earth-mass Planets and Moons in the Kepler-16 System

We demonstrate that habitable Earth-mass planets and moons can exist in the Kepler-16 system, known to host a Saturn-mass planet around a stellar binary, by investigating their orbital stability in the standard and extended habitable zone (HZ). We find that Earth-mass planets in satellite-like (S-type) orbits are possible within the standard HZ in direct vicinity of Kepler-16b, thus constituting habitable exomoons. However, Earth-mass planets cannot exist in planetary-like (P-type) orbits around the two stellar components within the standard HZ. Yet, P-type Earth-mass planets can exist superior to the Saturnian planet in the extended HZ pertaining to considerably enhanced back-warming in the planetary atmosphere if facilitated. We briefly discuss the potential detectability of such habitable Earth-mass moons and planets positioned in satellite and planetary orbits, respectively. The range of inferior and superior P-type orbits in the HZ is between 0.657-0.71 AU and 0.95-1.02 AU, respectively.
Physiological Factors Affecting Lung Deposition.

Ventilation and mechanics of breathing are an integral part of respiratory physiology that directly affect aerosol transport and deposition in the lung. Although natural breathing pattern varies wi...
Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Harnessing Herd Immunity for Malaria Elimination.

Transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV) prevent community spread of malaria by targeting mosquito sexual stage parasites, a life-cycle bottleneck, and will be used in elimination programs. TBV rely on...
The effect of particulate additive mixtures on the tribological performance of phosphonium-based ionic liquid lubricants

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) represent a new class of green lubricants that exhibit superior lubrication performance compared to conventional lubricants. Further, solid particle additives, particularly lamellar solid particles to enhance the tribological properties of base oils, are well known. In the current investigation, various sizes, shapes, and types of lamellar solid particles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added in Phosphonium-based ILs. The tribological properties of these lubricant mixtures were evaluated using a pin-on-disk test. It was revealed that within ILs, particle size was independent of particle material, where the nano sized particles exhibited improved tribological properties. The influence of particulate additives was empirically modeled by a fractal function using a fractal dimensions based on the particle size and the surface roughness.
Probable Dexmedetomidine Induced Diabetes Insipidus: A Case Review.

What is known and objective: Despite increased use of dexmedetomidine as a light sedative in the ICU setting, diabetes insipidus (DI) secondary to a dexmedetomidine infusion has rarely been reporte...
Mechanical and thermal properties of low temperature sintered silicon carbide using a preceramic polymer as binder

Silicon carbide is used for a variety of applications, however, sintering still remains a challenge due to the high temperature and pressure required as well as the need for sintering aids. The use of preceramic polymers as binder is a promising technique for pressureless low-temperature sintering of SiC without sintering aids. However, the mechanical and thermophysical properties as well as the microstructure of bodies sintered through this technique has not been extensively documented. One of the main polymers which has gained attention in the past few years as a SiC preceramic is allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS). Here, using AHPCS as binder, silicon carbide pellets were sintered at temperatures as low as 930 °C, and the microstructural, mechanical, and thermophysical property characterization is presented. Compared to conventionally sintered SiC, the material shows similar fracture toughness, lower hardness, strength, and thermal conductivity. The observed properties are explained as a result of residual porosity combined with amorphous SiC at the grain boundaries.
Genome Functions of Tannerella forsythia in Bacterial Communities

This chapter predicts and highlights the genome functions of Tannerella forsythia related to bacterial community development. The major intent is to identify putative genes that are likely to be important in T. forsythia interactions with the members of the bacterial community. The chapter focuses on a predicted function derived from the recently completed T. forsythia genome. It was demonstrated that T. forsythia growth required an exogenous source of N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). Investigation of the genome functions that assist T. forsythia in scavenging MurNAc from coinhabiting species could lead to the identification of novel mechanisms for MurNAc uptake in bacteria, as well as to the design of novel strategies for blocking MurNAc uptake by T. forsythia and controlling periodontitis. The chapter talks about surface components, surface layer (S-layer) glycoproteins, and LRR proteins. Only a few virulence factors have been identified in T. forsythia. The metabolic conditions of the host could influence T. forsythia growth and virulence gene expression. Recent studies have shown that expression of the T. forsythia virulence protein BspA and its homologues is affected in response to environmental cues. T. forsythia possesses several conjugative transposon (CTn) elements belonging to the Bacteroides CTnDOT family. In the near future, computational approaches supported by direct laboratory experimentation will be necessary to decipher some of the complex bacterial interactions.
Barack Obama and the American Public: The First 18 Months

How did Barack Obama, a “center-left pragmatic reformer” advocating “a moderately activist government constrained by a sense of trade-offs” polarize the public and the Congress so quickly and so thoroughly during his first 18 months in office? First, Americans were polarized from the start in their opinions of Obama and his agenda; the coalitions supporting and opposing the Obama administration as of the first half of 2010 look remarkably like the rival electoral coalitions of 2008. Second, the deep recession and high unemployment have fueled a combination of anger and anxiety that has left many Americans looking for someone to blame, and, as exemplified by the “Tea Party” movement, susceptible to conspiracy theories fingering various culprits. Third, Republican leaders, aiming to revive their electoral fortunes, made the strategic decision to court the Tea Party enthusiasts and sympathizers rather than trying to broaden their party’s appeal to moderates (the strategy seems to be working for 2010). Fourth, inverting the pattern of the Bush administration, Obama’s policies toward Iraq and Afghanistan have attracted considerable bipartisan support, but this has done nothing to narrow partisan differences in evaluations of his overall performance, which have been dominated by polarized reactions to his domestic more controversial initiatives, particularly on economic stimulus and health care.
The Flow at the Rear of a Two-Dimensional Supersonic Airfoil

The flow at the rear of a two-dimensional airfoil moving at supersonic speed is of interest from a stability standpoint, since the tail surfaces are likely to be influenced by this flow field. The flow angle immediately behind the trailing edge of a flat plate airfoil and an airfoil with thickness has been calculated herein on the basis of oblique shock and Prandtl-Meyer wave theory. The deflection angle of the flat plate airfoil a t a given Mach Number is shown to first order to vary as the fourth power of the angle of attack. The magnitude of the flow deflection between Mach Numbers of 1.2 to 5.0 is extremely small, being always less than 0.06° for an angle of attack of 0.1 rad. (5.73°). The mechanism of the return of the flow downstream of the airfoil to the free-stream direction is also discussed. The problem of the flow deflection immediately rearward of the two-dimensional supersonic airfoil has been previously treated in R. & M. No. 1930; the results of that paper, however, appear to be in error.
Local Convergence of (Exact and Inexact) Iterative Aggregation

Iterative aggregation methods are studied in two cases: the solution of linear systems of equaitons and finding stationary distributions of Markov Chains. Local convergence proofs are outlined for the exact method, as well as for the method were the system in the smaller space is solved only approximately.
Vorticity generation and attenuation as vortices convect through a premixed flame

Abstract A sequence of PIV images shows the time history of both the vorticity field and the velocity field as vortices of different strength convect through a premixed flame. The vortices represent individual eddies in turbulent flow; the goal is to understand how each eddy wrinkles the flame and how the flame also may alter the eddy. It is found that weak vortices are completely attenuated primarily due to volume expansion. Strong vortices do survive flame passage, but only if they can weaken the flame due to stretch effects. Intense flame-generated vorticity is measured which has a magnitude that exceeds that of the incident vortex in some cases. The flame-generated vorticity in the products induces a velocity field that tends to reduce the amplitude of flame wrinkling; thus it acts as an additional flame-stabilizing mechanism. This mechanism affects the wrinkling process and should be included in models. A new nondimensional vorticity enhancement parameter ( E ) is suggested as a way to estimate the effect of vortex size, strength, Reynolds number, and Froude number on vorticity attenuation and production. Measurements are made for E approximately equal to 0, −1, and −2, corresponding to no change in vorticity, total attenuation of the vortex, and flame-generated vorticity, respectively. Buoyancy forces are important in one case that is considered, but not in other cases. The results can be used to quantify the size of the small eddies that can be neglected in large eddy simulations; the role of small eddies is estimated in one example.
Approaches to Results-Based Funding in Tertiary Education: Identifying Finance Reform Options for Chile

Unrealized potential exists for increasing accountability and transparency in Chilean tertiary education by allocating resources based on achieved results rather than historical precedence and political negotiation. Against this background, the authors profile approaches to results-based funding of tertiary education to identify efficacious finance reform options for Chile. International experience shows that financing by results is not a ready-made concept, but a broad label that offers a menu of design options. To decipher results-based funding, the authors cover all phases in designing and implementing a results-based funding system and highlight strengths and weaknesses of concepts, such as taximeter funding, performance contracts, and formula-based allocations.
Components of Statistical Thinking and Implications for Instruction and Assessment

This paper focuses on a third arm of statistical development: statistical thinking. After surveying recent definitions of statistical thinking, implications for teaching beginning students (includi...
Spin configuration of Gd13 clusters.

The structure and spin configuration of a Gd{sub 13} cluster has been examined using theoretical electronic structure calculations and a Heisenberg model. The structure calculations show that the ground state geometry of the cluster has an hcp arrangement with a slightly reduced nearest-neighbor distance compared to bulk and an average moment of 7.8 {mu}{sub {ital B}}/atom. The Heisenberg model is calculated using an RKKY-like interaction. The effects of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling for the nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interaction, respectively, is investigated. It is shown that for a range of interaction strengths the spins assume a canted configuration. This effect leads to lower net magnetization of the cluster, and accounts for the anomalous low moments of Gd{sub {ital n}} clusters which have been experimentally observed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Surface remeshing with robust high-order reconstruction

Remeshing is an important problem in variety of applications, such as finite element methods and geometry processing. Surface remeshing poses some unique challenges, as it must deliver not only good mesh quality but also good geometric accuracy. For applications such as finite elements with high-order elements (quadratic or cubic elements), the geometry must be preserved to high-order (third-order or higher) accuracy, since low-order accuracy may undermine the convergence of numerical computations. The problem is particularly challenging if the CAD model is not available for the underlying geometry, and is even more so if the surface meshes contain some inverted elements. We describe remeshing strategies that can simultaneously produce high-quality triangular meshes, untangling mildly folded triangles and preserve the geometry to high-order of accuracy. Our approach extends our earlier works on high-order surface reconstruction and mesh optimization by enhancing its robustness with a geometric limiter for under-resolved geometries. We also integrate high-order surface reconstruction with surface mesh adaptation techniques, which alter the number of triangles and nodes. We demonstrate the utilization of our method to meshes for high-order finite elements, biomedical image-based surface meshes, and complex interface meshes in fluid simulations.
Knowledge about glaucoma and barriers to follow-up care in a community glaucoma screening program

Abstract Objective: To assess perceived barriers to glaucoma follow-up care, including the lack of glaucoma knowledge and the lack of health care access, among participants in a community glaucoma screening program. Design: Community survey. Participants: Two hundred forty-three consecutive participants in a series of free glaucoma screenings between November 2002 and August 2003. Methods: The survey consisted of 20 questions designed to elicit knowledge of glaucoma and perception of potential barriers to follow-up care. Our aim was to find correlations between patient demographics and knowledge of glaucoma as well as perceived potential barriers to follow-up care. The data were analyzed using SPSS, v. 10.1. Results: The average age of the respondents was 70 years, and females predominated (66%). About half of the respondents knew of an eye doctor in their neighborhood, and 60% had had an eye examination in the past year. Two hundred twenty-two (91%) indicated they could get to an eye doctor if the screening examination indicated they needed a follow-up examination. Two hundred twenty (90.5%) had medical insurance. One hundred seventy-eight (73%) of the participants had heard of glaucoma; 71 (29%) identified an accurate definition of glaucoma. The level of education and the language spoken at home were correlated with both glaucoma awareness ( p p p p Conclusions: In this population, a lack of adequate education about glaucoma may be more significantly associated with poor follow-up rates than a lack of access to care in those identified as glaucoma suspects.
Real Time Characterization of Catalysis by On‐Line Electrochemistry/Mass Spectrometry. Investigation of Quinone Electrocatalysis of Amine Oxidation

Electrochemistry (EC) on-line with mass spectrometry (MS), with a particle beam (PB) liquid interface (EC/PB/MS), has been successfully applied to the investigation of the electrocatalytic type reaction, the oxidation of an amine, dimethylaminopyridine, by a quinone, dopamine. The investigation, of the reaction pathway, by EC/PB/MS supports catalytic type oxidation of the amine via formation of an intermediate quinone-amine adduct. EC/PB/MS allowed verification of the reaction pathway, through the identification of the intermediate, and the products of the oxidation, in close to real time, by EC/MS on-line. Oxidation of the adduct has been estimated as the limiting kinetic step in the reaction.
Etiologies and sequelae of excessive daytime sleepiness

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), the primary complaint of patients seen in sleep clinics, affects up to 12% of the general population. The effects of EDS can be debilitating and even life threatening. Patients with EDS may exhibit psychosocial distress, decreased work or school performance, and increased risk for accidents. The differential diagnosis of EDS requires objective assessments, such as polysomnography and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. There are four major causes of EDS: (1) central nervous system (CNS) pathologic abnormalities, such as narcolepsy and idiopathic CNS hypersomnia; (2) qualitative or quantitative sleep deficiencies, such as sleep apnea and insufficient nocturnal sleep; (3) misalignments of the body's circadian pacemaker with the environment (eg. jet lag or shift work); and (4) drugs, which can increase sleepiness either therapeutically or as a side effect. Depending on etiology, management strategies for EDS include extension of time in bed, naps, surgery, various medical devices (eg, oral appliances, continuous positive airway pressure), and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy is generally achieved with stimulants, such as amphetamine sulfate, methylphenidate, and pemoline or newer, safer compounds like modafinil.
Summary of Savonius wind turbine development and future applications for small-scale power generation

Wind turbine use is expanding throughout the world as a means to provide electricity without contributing to the increase in global-warming gases. Most commonly, very large, horizontal-axis turbines are constructed in fleets that are connected to national-level electrical grid systems. More recently, there has been a desire for more local, small-scale power production that can be used to power very specific pieces of equipment or buildings. Some of the small-scale turbines are designed differently from their larger counterparts—they are driven by drag forces rather than by lift. Drag-driven turbines are typically called Savonius turbines. This paper, which presents a historical perspective on Savonius turbines, will illustrate their potential for providing local power. Finally, we will discuss recent developments in analysis methods which intend to optimize Savonius turbines for powering cellular communication towers in developing parts of the world.
Membrane-bound messenger RNA and polysomes in sporulating bacteria

By employing DNA hybridization, stable membrane-bound mRNA has been demonstrated in sporulating bacteria. Only membrane-bound polysomes were found in sporulating cells treated with actinomycin. These polysomes have the same size distribution as those in untreated cells and are apparently involved in the synthesis of the structural proteins of spores.
Randomized comparison of anatomical versus voltage guided ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus for atrial flutter

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this prospective study was to compare radiofrequency catheter ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus using a strictly anatomic approach to an approach guided by a bipolar voltage map to avoid high voltage zones in the cavotricuspid isthmus. Background It is not clear whether local atrial electrogram amplitude influences the achievement of complete cavotricuspid isthmus block during radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial flutter. Methods Thirty-two patients with atrial flutter were randomized to cavotricuspid isthmus ablation using an anatomical approach (group I, 16 patients) or guided by a bipolar voltage map (group II, 16 patients). A 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system and an 8-mm-tip ablation catheter were used in all patients. With the anatomical approach, an ablation line was created in the cavotricuspid isthmus at a 6 o'clock position in the 45 degree left anterior oblique projection. During voltage-guided ablation, a high-density bipolar voltage map of the cavotricuspid isthmus was created, and then contiguous applications of radiofrequency energy were delivered to create an ablation line through the cavotricuspid isthmus sites with the lowest bipolar voltage. Results Complete cavotricuspid isthmus conduction block was achieved in 100% of patients in each group. The mean maximum voltages along the line were 3.6 ± 1.5 mV in group I, and 1.2 ± 0.9 mV in group II ( P P = .2). During a mean follow-up of 177 ± 40 days, there were no recurrences of atrial flutter in either group. There were no complications in either group. Conclusions When cavotricuspid isthmus ablation for atrial flutter is performed with an 8-mm-tip catheter, complete block can be achieved in all patients regardless of local voltage. Ablation of high voltage zones is not associated with a higher recurrence rate. Therefore, anatomic ablation without voltage mapping is the preferred initial approach for cavotricuspid isthmus ablation.
Weathering Geomorphology: Theoretical and Methodological Themes

The history of geomorphic thought may be summarized as a series of dominant theoretical or methodological trends consisting of natural law and classification, W. M. Davis's geographical cycle and denudation chronology, process geomorphology, systems analysis, and the more contemporary nonlinear dynamical systems approaches. This history may be an apt description of the development of certain geomorphic subfields over the last 100 years, but it does not properly describe the history of rock weathering research. Despite being an integral component of much geomorphic work, the focus of weathering geomorphology has been on qualitative research, with less emphasis on geomorphic theory. This anomalous development is in part a reflection of the specific research questions addressed and the availability or adoption of analytical techniques. Additionally, the differing path reflects the applied nature of the research conducted and disciplinary differences between weathering researchers and other geomorphologists. ...
Mechanical properties of silica aerogels

Abstract Aerogels are extremely low density solids that are characterized by a high porosity and pore sizes in the order of nanometers. The mechanical behavior of silica aerogel was investigated with hardness, compression, tension and shear tests. The influences of testing conditions, storage environment and age were examined, with particular attention paid to the effects of processing parameters, including fiber-reinforcement. Good correlation was found between hardness and compressive strength over a wide range of processing parameters. Increasing fiber reinforcement generally retarded shrinkage during fabrication and yielded smaller matrix densities for a given target density. For a given fiber content, hardness, compressive strength and elastic moduli increased and strain at fracture decreased with increasing matrix density. In the lower ranges of matrix density, fiber reinforcement increased strain at fracture and elastic moduli. The mechanical response was also sensitive to environment and storage history. With age, the compressive strength and elastic moduli increased while the strain at fracture decreased. Tension and shear results indicate that shear strength of aerogels exceeds tensile strength which is consistent with brittle materials response.
Parametric frailty models for clustered data with arbitrary censoring: application to effect of male circumcision on HPV clearance.

Background In epidemiological studies, subjects are often followed for a period during which study outcomes are measured at selected time points, such as by diagnostic testing performed on biological samples collected at each visit. Although test results may indicate the presence or absence of a disease or condition, they cannot provide information on when exactly it occurred. Such study designs generate arbitrarily censored time-to-event data, which can include left, interval and right censoring. Adding to this complexity, the data may be clustered such that observations within the same cluster are not independent, such as time to recovery of an infectious disease of family or community members. This data structure is observed when evaluating circumcision's effect on clearance of penile high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections using data collected from the male circumcision(MC) trial conducted in Rakai, Uganda, where the multiple infections within individual and HPV testings performed at trial follow-up visits gave rise to the clustered data with arbitrary censoring.
Thin-layer chromatography of homologues and vinylogues of higher fatty aldehydes, dimethyl acetals, and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

A method is described for the separation of fatty aldehydes, aldehyde dimethyl acetals and methyl esters of fatty acids into classes by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Separations of individual members of long-chain even-numbered saturated fatty aldehydes, their dimethyl acetals and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and the C18 unsaturated aldehydes (oleyl, linoleyl, and linolenyl) and their corresponding derivatives were achieved by reversed-phase partition thin-layer chromatography. The critical pairs having identical RF values in the reversed-phase system were separated by adsorption chromatography using silver nitrate-impregnated Silica Gel G plates. With this technique the cis-trans isomers also could be separated as shown by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives.
Can temporal fine structure represent the fundamental frequency of unresolved harmonics

At least two modes of pitch perception exist: in one, the fundamental frequency (F0) of harmonic complex tones is estimated using the temporal fine structure (TFS) of individual low-order resolved harmonics; in the other, F0 is derived from the temporal envelope of high-order unresolved harmonics that interact in the auditory periphery. Pitch is typically more accurate in the former than in the latter mode. Another possibility is that pitch can sometimes be coded via the TFS from unresolved harmonics. A recent study supporting this third possibility [Moore et al. (2006a). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 480–490] based its conclusion on a condition where phase interaction effects (implying unresolved harmonics) accompanied accurate F0 discrimination (implying TFS processing). The present study tests whether these results were influenced by audible distortion products. Experiment 1 replicated the original results, obtained using a low-level background noise. However, experiments 2–4 found no evidence for the use of TFS cues with unresolved harmonics when the background noise level was raised, or the stimulus level was lowered, to render distortion inaudible. Experiment 5 measured the presence and phase dependence of audible distortion products. The results provide no evidence that TFS cues are used to code the F0 of unresolved harmonics.
Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation: an essential component of FcεRI signaling

Mast cell and basophil activation can be achieved by antigen-mediated aggregation of cell surface FceRI molecules. At least two signaling pathways are triggered by this activation. Both involve tyrosine phosphorylation. This aspect of FceRI signaling is examined here in detail and its position in a complex network of post-binding events assessed.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 relieves chromatin-mediated repression of the α-fetoprotein gene

The α-fetoprotein gene (AFP) is tightly regulated at the tissue-specific level, with expression confined to endoderm-derived cells. We have reconstituted AFP transcription on chromatin-assembled DNA templates in vitro. Our studies show that chromatin assembly is essential for hepatic-specific expression of the AFP gene. While nucleosome-free AFP DNA is robustly transcribed in vitro by both cervical (HeLa) and hepatocellular (HepG2) carcinoma extracts, the general transcription factors and transactivators present in HeLa extract cannot relieve chromatin-mediated repression of AFP. In contrast, preincubation with either HepG2 extract or HeLa extract supplemented with recombinant hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 α (HNF3α), a hepatic-enriched factor expressed very early during liver development, is sufficient to confer transcriptional activation on a chromatin-repressed AFP template. Transient transfection studies illustrate that HNF3α can activate AFP expression in a non-liver cellular environment, confirming a pivotal role for HNF3α in establishing hepatic-specific gene expression. Restriction enzyme accessibility assays reveal that HNF3α promotes the assembly of an open chromatin structure at the AFP promoter. Combined, these functional and structural data suggest that chromatin assembly establishes a barrier to block inappropriate expression of AFP in non-hepatic tissues and that tissue-specific factors, such as HNF3α, are required to alleviate the chromatin-mediated repression.
Safety and Outcomes of Test Doses for the Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions: A 5-Year Retrospective Review

Background Graded challenges are the criterion standard for evaluating adverse drug reactions (ADR). Evidence-based guidelines regarding the optimal number of steps for challenges are lacking. Objective To determine the safety and outcomes of 1- or 2-step test doses among patients with ADRs seen by the allergy/immunology consult service and to compare the outcomes of 1- or 2-step test doses with multistep challenges performed during the same time period. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all 1- or 2-step test doses and multistep challenges at a single academic center between 2008 and 2013. Patient demographics, symptoms of initial ADRs, and outcomes of test doses and multistep challenges were reviewed. ADRs were classified by type and were graded by severity. Outcomes of 1- or 2-step test doses were compared with multistep challenges. Results We identified 456 patients who underwent 497 one- or 2-step test doses (mean age, 51 years; 67.5% female patients). The most common drugs that prompted test doses were β-lactams (62%). The majority of patients (n = 444 [89%]) did not experience any ADRs during test doses. ADRs that occurred during test doses (n = 53 [11%]) were most commonly non-immune-mediated (45%) or IgE-mediated (32%), with grade 1 or 2 severity (100%). Forty-nine percent of ADRs during test doses did not receive any treatment. The ADR rate during multistep challenges (10/82 [12%]) was similar to test doses. Conclusion One- or 2-step test doses were safe for evaluation of ADRs. Multistep challenges did not confer added safety. Furthermore, 1- or 2-step test doses did not raise concern for induction of tolerance.
Firearms and fido: Ownership of injurious means of protection

Abstract A growing body of theory and research has emerged on the sources of ownership of firearms for defensive purposes. It contrast, little attention has been given to ownership of other means of protection that also are potentially injurious. To address this omission in the literature, this study examined the ownership not only of guns but also of watchdogs. Based on a survey of 509 residents of Edmond, Oklahoma, the analysis assessed the utility of the “fear and loathing” and “collective security” perspectives in accounting for ownership of these differing forms of potentially injurious means of protection against crime. The analysis was unsuccessful in accounting for ownership of watchdogs, but support was found for the “fear and loathing” explanation of firearm ownership.
Volatile/mobile trace elements in Karoonda /C4/ chondrite

Concentrations of ten volatile/mobile trace elements and of nonvolatile Co in the Karoonda (C4) meteorite were determined, and the atomic abundances relative to C1 are compared with values for the Murchison (C2) and Allende (C3) meteorites. Empirical Bi, In, and Tl data for Karoonda and heated Allende and Murchison are compared with theoretical curves for condensation from a gas of cosmic composition at low pressures. It is suggested that Karoonda might derive from low-temperature open-system metamorphism of pristine C3-like material.
The reactions of O(1D) and HO with CH3OH

Abstract N2O was photolyzed at 2139 A in the presence of CH3OH and CO. The O(1D) produced in the photolysis could react with CH3OH to produce HO radicals, and thus the reactions of both O(1D) and HO could be studied. The reaction of O(1D) with CH3OH was found to give HO 46 ± 10% of the time and O(3P)
Metanephric stromal tumor with urothelial extension.

The most common pediatric renal neoplasm, Wilms tumor, is composed of blastemal, stromal and epithelial components. Less frequently encountered are stromal tumors, including congenital mesoblastic nephroma, clear cell sarcoma and rhabdoid tumors of the kidney. Of these neoplasms only congenital mesoblastic nephroma is potentially a benign lesion, although local recurrence and distant metastasis are possible.1 Recently a new benign renal neoplasm, metanephric stromal tumor, has been recognized. This neoplasm resembles congenital mesoblastic nephroma and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney but may be related to Wilms tumor. Pediatric renal tumors are often found during evaluation for a palpable abdominal mass. Other less frequent presentations include gross hematuria and/or passage of debris, either of which may indicate tumor extension into the collecting system. Of 31 children with metanephric stromal tumor described in the literature 2 have had botryoid extension within the renal pelvis.2 We report a case of metanephric stromal tumor with continuous extension through the bladder to the prostatic urethra. To our knowledge this is the first such reported case requiring cystotomy to remove the entire lesion.
Interpretation of jet mixing using fractals

replaced the circular cylinder by an equilateral triangular one, with one of its flat surfaces facing upstream and an edge pointing downstream. Then the span wise crossflow is found to disappear; the stream wise acceleration around the two sharp edges of the triangle apparently washes the vortices downstream too rapidly to allow the formation of the secondary span wise transport. With regard to the fluid-dynamical details, cross-transport through the vortex core appears to stem from two sources: 1) the solenoidal property of vorticity, and 2) the no-slip condition on a solid surface. (For a demonstration of this, see Ref. 1.) It is indeed from the latter condition, by which the normal component of vorticity is reduced to zero, in combination with the former property that excludes the possibility of the vortex tubes ending on any stationary solid surface. This results in the enlargement, toward the surface, of the cross-sectional area of the vortex tube; the area change, together with the noslip condition again, causes the variation of the swirl velocity in the direction of the vortex axis. This change in the circumferential velocity sets up, in turn, the pressure gradient along the vortex core, which then induces the cross transport. In addition to the preceding mechanism, which is applicable even to a stationary fluid, the sheared velocity profile within the boundary layer over the side walls may further enhance the foregoing effect, in much the same manner as discussed in Ref. 5.
The dielectric constant of water: influence of the quadrupole moment

Abstract We examine the suggestion that the very high dielectric constant of water is associated with the absence of a significant component of the quadrupole tensor along the direction of the dipole moment. We find that although ⊖ zz ≈ 0, there is a large “effective axial” moment ⊖ eff zz .
An elastic-plastic stress analysis of a polymeric subsurface with a thin layer under normal and tangential loading

Abstract A finite element method was employed to investigate stress and strain distributions in the subsurface of high density polyethylene (HDPE) by an elastic-plastic analysis. Various equivalent stress and strain contours in the subsurface area under the asperity contact were obtained for three kinds of HDPE, i.e. gamma-ray-irradiated HDPE, helium-plasma-treated HDPE, and untreated HDPE. It was assumed that the untreated HDPE has a soft surface layer over the bulk, the plasma-treated HDPE has a hard surface layer, and the gamma-irradiated HDPE has a homogeneous surface area owing to uniform cross-linking. Wear mechanisms of untreated and irradiated HDPE were explained qualitatively based on the plastic deformation and the strength of the material.
Creation and implementation of department-wide structured reports: an analysis of the impact on error rate in radiology reports.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare textual error rates and subtypes in radiology reports before and after implementation of department-wide structured reports. Randomly selected radiology reports that were generated following the implementation of department-wide structured reports were evaluated for textual errors by two radiologists. For each report, the text was compared to the corresponding audio file. Errors in each report were tabulated and classified. Error rates were compared to results from a prior study performed prior to implementation of structured reports. Calculated error rates included the average number of errors per report, average number of nongrammatical errors per report, the percentage of reports with an error, and the percentage of reports with a nongrammatical error. Identical versions of voice-recognition software were used for both studies. A total of 644 radiology reports were randomly evaluated as part of this study. There was a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of reports with nongrammatical errors (33 to 26 %; p = 0.024). The likelihood of at least one missense omission error (omission errors that changed the meaning of a phrase or sentence) occurring in a report was significantly reduced from 3.5 to 1.2 % (p = 0.0175). A statistically significant reduction in the likelihood of at least one comission error (retained statements from a standardized report that contradict the dictated findings or impression) occurring in a report was also observed (3.9 to 0.8 %; p = 0.0007). Carefully constructed structured reports can help to reduce certain error types in radiology reports.
Stifle or stimulate? The effects of communication task structure on apprehensive and non‐apprehensive students

The structure of communication assignments is an aspect of the class environment almost completely within the control of the educator, yet it is often overlooked as an influence on apprehensive and non‐apprehensive students. Although there are indications that structured tasks are helpful to apprehensive students, less attention has been directed toward potential debilitative effects of structure on non‐apprehensive students. The results of this study suggest an interaction between trait CA and task structure. Suggestions for structure‐added and structure‐reduced communication assignments are outlined to enhance the learning environment of students with varying levels of communication apprehension.
Silicon interfaces with high temperature superconductors

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study vapor-deposition and growth of Si overlayers on polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 − x and (PbBi)2Sr2 − xCa1 + xCu2O8 − y. Interface reactions at low coverage for both superconductors were characterized by O withdrawal from the near-surface region of the superconductors and oxidation of the Si adatoms. Oxygen loss from the substrate resulted in substantial disruption and reduction of the nominal Cu oxidation state from 2 + to 1 + . Disruption and O loss were more extensive for YBa2Cu3O7 − x, demonstrating the higher surface stability of (PbBi)2Sr2 − xCa1 + xCu2O8 − y. Surface modification for Si/YBa2Cu3O7 − x resulted in the loss of Cu-O derived states near the Fermi level and a shift of the Fermi level in the resulting gap. A Si film formed on the reacted interface region as O redistribution was kinetically limited at higher coverages.
Failure of Dietary Dimethylsulfoxide to Protect Against Aflatoxin in Young Broiler Chickens

Abstract A factorial experiment for dietary aflatoxin (0 and 10 μg/g) and dimethylsulfoxide (0, .5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/g) revealed that aflatoxin decreased (P