cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Recovery from the Effect of Relative Stimulus Validity

Abstract Acquisition-failure theories and expression-failure theories of conditioning provide divergent explanations of cue competition effects. The present research examined the underlying basis of the effect of relative stimulus validity through a procedure that has sometimes revealed latent associations in other cue competition situations. In Experiment 1, a long retention interval (21 days) was inserted between relative validity training and subsequent testing, and what could be interpreted as a spontaneous recovery from the relative validity effect was observed. However, the behavioral recovery observed in Experiment 1 was also explicable in terms of differences in stimulus generalization. Experiment 2 evaluated this alternative explanation of Experiment 1 and found it wanting. The results are discussed in the framework of acquisition-failure and expression-failure theories of cue competition.
Class numbers of complex quadratic fields

Abstract Congruence conditions on the class numbers of complex quadratic fields have recently been studied by various investigators, including Barrucand and Cohn, Hasse, and the author. In this paper, we study the class number of Q (√ − pq ), where p ≡ q (mod 4) are distinct primes.
Identification of a mitochondrial phosphoprotein in brain synaptic membrane preparations.

Abstract: A 41,000-dalton phosphoprotein in crude synaptosomal membrane fractions is characterized by its unique divalent and monovalent cation regulation. It is identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as the phosphoprotein whose phosphorylation is enhanced by repetitive electrical stimulation of hippocampal brain slices. After sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation, this phosphoprotein is found in the mitochondrial subfraction. This suggests that the electrically produced changes in the level of phosphorylation of the 41,000-dalton polypeptide are probably effects on cellular energetics rather than on specialized neural membrane function.
Gait changes with the use of Heelys: a case study.

Heelys shoes are a novel athletic shoe with a concealed wheel. They have been popular among youths since their introduction in 2000. This case study serves as a first look into the biomechanical implications of Heelys shoes on gait. Pressure readings of the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot during ambulation in regular athletic-shoe walking, Heelys without the wheel walking, Heelys with the wheel walking, and Heelys skating with the wheel were recorded on a single subject using the Pedar X System. A visual gait analysis was also performed on the subject. The resulting data show increased forefoot and rearfoot pressure while walking with the Heelys with the wheel. The visual gait analysis showed a diminished heel strike and a more rapid forefoot loading. These results demonstrate that Heelys do in fact affect the biomechanics of gait. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(3): 247–250, 2009)
Satellite deoxyribonucleic acid from Bacillus cereus strain T.

DNA isolated from exponentially growing cultures of Bacillus cereus T has a single component (density 1.696 g cm-3) in a cesium chloride density gradient whereas DNA isolated from spores shortly after the initiation of germination has two components: a major one (density 1.696 g cm-3) and a satellite (density, 1.725 g cm-3). The DNA of both components is doublestranded. By the first cell division there is no satellite DNA.
Comparison of immature (rapid harvest) and mature Rous sarcoma virus particles

Abstract RSV-Prague was harvested from transformed chick embryo fibroblasts 5, 10, 20, 60, and 180 min after release and compared with virus harvested after 12 and 24 hr with respect to the nature of its RNA, polypeptide constitution, and ability to use its own RNA and added DNA as primer/template for DNA synthesis. The following results were obtained: 1. a. Immature (5 min) virus contained little 68S RNA. The principal component of the native RNA of such virus was rather heterogeneous, with a median sedimentation coefficient of 55–60S; in addition, several other components were also present. In the denatured state immature virus RNA consisted of approximately equal parts of very homogeneous 36S RNA, RNA which sedimented between 36S and 4S, and 4S RNA. By contrast, the native RNA of mature (24 hr) virus consisted mostly of a homogeneous 68S component, which on denaturation yielded a heterogeneous population of molecules sedimenting between 36S and 4S. The RNA of virus at intermediate stages of maturity yielded profiles intermediate between these two patterns. 2. b. Immature (5 min) virus particles contained 26 readily identifiable polypeptides; mature (24 hr) virus particles contained only 13. Virus particles of intermediate age contained intermediate numbers of polypeptides. No precursor—product relationships were discernible; rather, it appeared that 13 polypeptides were lost during maturation and aging. 3. c. The ability of immature (5 min) virus particles to synthesize DNA was not enhanced by the addition of detergent (Triton X-100); on the other hand, the addition of calf thymus DNA as exogenous primer/template profoundly stimulated DNA synthesis. The reverse was true for mature 24-hr virus. This suggested that the location of the enzyme(s) responsible for DNA synthesis differed in immature and mature virus particles, and implied that the RNA of immature virus particles might not be in the proper configuration necessary for serving as a primer/template for DNA synthesis.
Semi-empirical device model for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells

We present a device model for the hydrazine processed kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cell with a world record efficiency of ∼12.6%. Detailed comparison of the simulation results, performed using wxAMPS software, to the measured device parameters shows that our model captures the vast majority of experimental observations, including VOC, JSC, FF, and efficiency under normal operating conditions, and temperature vs. VOC, sun intensity vs. VOC, and quantum efficiency. Moreover, our model is consistent with material properties derived from various techniques. Interestingly, this model does not have any interface defects/states, suggesting that all the experimentally observed features can be accounted for by the bulk properties of CZTSSe. An electrical (mobility) gap that is smaller than the optical gap is critical to fit the VOC data. These findings point to the importance of tail states in CZTSSe solar cells.
Foot Biomechanics During Walking and Running

Objective To describe the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and to explain how movement and gait are integrated in the foot during walking and running. Design We review the anatomy and the biomechanical adaptations of the foot during walking and running. Material and Methods Illustrations are presented to depict these biomechanics. Results The human foot is an intricate mechanism that cushions the body and adapts to uneven surfaces. It provides traction for movement, awareness of joint and body position for balance, and leverage for propulsion. Conclusion With an understanding of the factors discussed herein, clinicians will have more knowledge to evaluate foot problems.
Load Sharing Among Plantar Structures in the Foot: A Computational Analysis of Arch Stability

The passive support structure of the medial arch of the foot is a complex three dimensional amalgamation of small but highly detailed bones surrounded by a complex tight weave of ligamentous connective tissue. This structure preserves the shape of the foot and dissipates loads in day to day walking over a lifetime. Though the entirety of the structure is functionally important, there are several components under scrutiny due to their location, size, and prominent role in arch strength.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Experiences with the design and construction of wideband spectral line and pulsar instrumentation with CASPER hardware and software: the digital backend system

NRAO recently built the Digital Backend System (DIBAS) for the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory's (SHAO) 65 meter radio telescope. The machine was created from the design of the VErsatile GBT Astronomical Spec- trometer (VEGAS) by adding pulsar search and timing modes to complement the VEGAS spectral line modes. Together the pulsar and spectral line modes cover all anticipated science requirements for the 65 meter, except VLBI. This paper introduces the radio telescope backend and explores the project management challenges of the project. These include managing the high level of reuse of existing FPGA designs, an aggressive schedule for the project, and the software design constraints imposed on the project.
Droplet-size effects in light scattering from polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films

The effects of droplet size on light scattering by polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Rayleigh-Gans calculations for a collection of droplets which scatter independently predict that backscattering at wavelength (lambda) will be maximized when the droplet radius is about (lambda) /7. These calculations are consistent with hemispherical transmittance and reflectance measurements on PDLC films with controlled droplet sizes in which multiple scattering is known to be important. These measurements indicate that solar attenuation by PDLC films will probably be greatest when the droplet size is chosen to maximize backscattering of visible radiation. This choice also increases solar attenuation due to absorption of radiation trapped inside a PDLC film by total internal reflection.
Disorders of androgen synthesis--from cholesterol to dehydroepiandrosterone.

Androgens and estrogens are primarily made from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is made from cholesterol via four steps. First, cholesterol enters the mitochondria with the assistance of the ster
Prejudice and Urban Social Participation Reconsidered

In a pilot study of New Haven males (Curtis et al.), we reported a negative association between the amount of social participation (particularly of primary types of social interaction based in secondary types of structures) and prejudice towards ethnic minorities. Strictly causal conclusions were precluded because the data were monochronic, but our primary interest was in the effect of relative isolation on the person (specifically through reducing his opportunities for social learning), which in turn, was thought to produce prejudice towards ethnic minorities. We found that men who reported extensive personal contacts with those whom they met in secondary settings (such as contact with neighbors or work associates) were lower in prejudice against ethnic minorities than those with limited contacts. What happens to empirical suggestions from pilot studies? To be accepted as empirical generalizations on which to ground theory, pilot study results should be tested repeatedly under varying conditions. Here we provide such tests, and fail to support the findings of the New Haven study as an empirical generalization. However, a condition of the initial study, namely the high proportion of blacks in New Haven, may explain why the generalization could not be extended to other communities: possibly the number of blacks in the area may be a condition for the effect of social participation on prejudice.
A mathematical theory of antenna arrays with randomly spaced elements

Various probabilistic properties of a large antenna array with randomly spaced elements have been studied. It is found that for almost all cases of practical interest the required number of elements is closely related to the desired sidelobe level and is almost independent of the aperture dimension, the resolution (or the beamwidth) depends mainly on the aperture dimension, and the directive gain is proportional to the number of elements used if the average spacing is large. As a consequence the number of elements required is considerably less than that with uniform spacings. Starting with a given number of elements and a given aperture size, it is possible to improve the resolution by a factor of ten, a hundred, or more by spreading these elements over a larger aperture with little risk in obtaining a much higher sidelobe level and a lower directive gain. In fact, this method offers a solution which is optimum in a certain statistical sense, i.e., all sidelobes are of equal level with equal probability. In addition, this analysis also gives a simple estimate of the sidelobe level of most nonuniformly spaced antenna arrays. In a number of such arrays studied by various investigators with high speed computers, the agreement found is remarkable.
The SRY high-mobility-group box recognizes DNA by partial intercalation in the minor groove: a topological mechanism of sequence specificity.

Abstract SRY, a putative transcription factor encoded by the sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome, regulates a genetic switch in male development. Impairment of this switch leads to intersex abnormalities of the newborn and is observed in association with mutations in the SRY DNA-binding domain [the high-mobility-group (HMG) box]. Here we show that the SRY HMG box exhibits a novel mechanism of DNA recognition: partial intercalation of a nonpolar side chain in the DNA minor groove. Base stacking (but not base pairing) is interrupted at the site of insertion. Sequence specificity reflects topological requirements of partial intercalation rather than direct readout of base-specific functional groups. Our results predict that the SRY HMG box inserts an alpha-helix into a widened minor groove at the center of a sharp DNA bend. A similar mechanism may underlie binding of SRY and homologous HMG proteins to four-way junctions (Holliday intermediates) and other noncanonical DNA structures.
Intersecting Brane Worlds and Their Effective Interactions

In this review we describe the general geometrical framework of brane world constructions in orientifolds of type IIA string theory with D6-branes wrapping 3-cycles in a Calabi-Yau 3-fold. These branes generically intersect in points, and the patterns of intersections govern the chiral fermion spectra and issues of gauge and supersymmetry breaking in the low energy effective gauge theory on their world volume. We also specialize the discussion for the case of orbifold backgrounds with intersecting D6-branes. Then, in the second part of the paper, we discuss parts of the effective action of intersecting brane world models. Specifically we first compute from the Born-Infeld action of the wrapped D-branes the tree-level, D-term scalar potential, which is important for the stability of the considered backgrounds as well as for questions related to supersymmetry breaking. Second, we review the recent computation of one-loop gauge threshold corrections in intersecting brane world models, which are needed in order to give precise predictions for the values of the gauge couplings at low energies.
The use of self-monitoring as a training technique

Professionals, para-professionals, students, and volunteers are being called upon to implement specialized educational programs with autistic and other severely developmentally disabled children. The present study assessed the effects of self-monitoring by undergraduate tutors on the frequency of reinforcement delivered to seven autistic children. In all cases, the frequency of reinforcement increased during self-monitoring. In addition, each child demonstrated greater play behavior during the intervention phase.
Wernicke Encephalopathy in Nonalcoholic Patients

ABSTRACT Background Wernicke encephalopathy is associated with patients that have a history of alcohol abuse and other malnourished states. However, clinicians may be less likely to recognize this condition in nonalcoholic patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the cause, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of nonalcoholic patients with Wernicke encephalopathy. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all cases of Wernicke disease from 1984 to 1999 evaluated at a rural university hospital. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients diagnosed clinically with this disorder who improved after the administration of thiamin. Patients were also included in the series if they had classic pathologic findings of the disease on autopsy even without a prior clinical diagnosis. Results Twelve patients were identified. Alcohol abuse was noted in only 50%. The patients without a history of alcohol abuse had other malnourished states, such as end-stage cancer, intractable vomiting after gastric reduction procedure, and prolonged hospital courses on intravenous fluids without other sources of nutrition. The mortality rate was 4 of 12 (33%) but due to multiple causes. Autopsies were performed on all 4 patients. Three of these 4 patients had no history of alcohol abuse. Two of the nonalcoholic patients were not diagnosed until autopsy, whereas all the patients with a history of alcohol abuse were diagnosed clinically. Discussion Our study reveals that Wernicke encephalopathy continues to be a rare but life-threatening condition often overlooked in the nonalcoholic population, resulting in the further progression of an easily treatable condition.
The Meanings of Research: Kids as Subjects and Kids as Inquirers:

This article helps problematize the category of childhood as well as our habits of making summary statements about children as research participants. Drawing on data from a 2-year ethnographic study of an urban elementary school that combined conventional interview and observation research on kids with efforts to enlist kids as researchers, the article suggests that even relatively young people have experiences with "research" in the course of their everyday and institutional activities that shape how they interpret and participate in our research endeavors (a point ignored generally, not just in the case of kids). The article makes a case for articulating participant inquiry with researcher- driven inquiry as a way of opening up new questions and new understandings of participants' worlds and their links to researchers' worlds.
MR Detection of Cortical Spreading Depression Immediately After Focal Ischemia in the Rat

The suture model for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to induce acute ischemia in rats remotely within a magnetic resonance (MRI) scanner. Serial MR diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) was performed during remote MCAO using an echo planar imaging technique. MR perfusion imaging was performed before and after occlusion using the bolus tracking technique. Transient apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes were detected in six of seven rats as early as 2.7 ± 1.5 min post MCAO. ADC values declined transiently to 70.1 ± 6.0% of control and recovered to 95.5 ± 6.8% of control within 3.3 ± 2.9 min. These ADC changes propagated bidirectionally away from the ischemic core with a speed of 3.0 ± 1.1 mm/min. Transient ADC decreases only occurred in ischemic areas characterized by moderately decreased tissue perfusion. Propagation toward cortical regions with severe tissue perfusion deficits was not detected. DWI can detect the earliest dynamic, reversible ADC changes in the ischemic tissue. The speed of propagation of the decreasing ADC wave, the waveform characteristics, and the occurrence in moderately perturbated tissue are compatible with cortical spreading depression.
The effect of diphenylhydantoin on sodium, potassium, magnesium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in microsomal fractions of rat and guinea pig brain and on whole homogenates of human brain.

Abstract Microsomal fractions were prepared from rat and guinea pig cerebral cortex. The Na, K, Mg-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K, Mg-activated ATPase) activity of these fractions was consistently inhibited by diphenylhydantoin in concentration of 10 −4 M during experiments in vitro . Ouabain-induced inhibition was also increased by the addition of diphenylhydantoin. Neither diphenylhydantoin nor ouabain in concentrations up to 10 −3 M had any effect on Mg-activated ATPase activity. Whole homogenates of human cerebral cortex showed similar reactions.
Perception of the [m]-[n] distinction in CV syllables.

This study complements earlier experiments on the perception of the [m]–[n] distinction in CV syllables [B. H. Repp, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 1987–1999 (1986); B. H. Repp, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1525–1538 (1987)]. Six talkers produced VC syllables consisting of [m] or [n] preceded by [i,a,u]. In listening experiments, these syllables were truncated from the beginning and/or from the end, or waveform portions surrounding the point of closure were replaced with noise, so as to map out the distribution of the place of articulation information for consonant perception. These manipulations revealed that the vocalic formant transitions alone conveyed about as much place of articulation information as did the nasal murmur alone, and both signal portions were about as informative in VC as in CV syllables. Nevertheless, full VC syllables were less accurately identified than full CV syllables, especially in female speech. The reason for this was hypothesized to be the relative absence of a salient spectral change b...
Dose escalation and dose preference in extended-access heroin self-administration in Lewis and Fischer rats.

Rationale A genetic component may be involved in different stages of the progression of drug addiction. Heroin users escalate unit doses and frequency of self-administration events over time. Rats that self-administer drugs of abuse over extended sessions escalate the amount of drug infused over days.
Production and assay of ovine T cell growth factor by concanavalin A stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes.

Abstract Conditions for the production and assay of ovine T cell growth factor (TCGF) activity were evaluated. Peripheral blood leukocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in the presence of 2% autologous serum or serum-free media. Supernatants were harvested after 30 hr and concentrated for further characterization. A 28 hr proliferation assay with 2.5 × 104 24 hr Con A blasts per well was optimal for detection of TCGF. Peak TCGF activity occurred with a 30–37KD molecular weight fraction. Production and assay of TCGF were performed under autologous conditions to reduce background stimulation which occurred when fetal bovine serum was present. This methodology required no cell lines or inbred animals and should be adaptable to the study of immunostimulatory molecules of other outbred species.
LARGE MAGNETORESISTANCE AND FINITE-SIZE EFFECTS IN ELECTRODEPOSITED SINGLE-CRYSTAL BI THIN FILMS

Trigonal-axis oriented single-crystal Bi thin films have been made by electrodeposition followed by suitable annealing. Very large magnetoresistance with ratios as much as 1500 at 5 K and 2.9 at 300 K under 5 T, Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations, and finite-size effects have been observed.
New Vision for the Role of Emergency Medical Services

Abstract Thirty years ago, the National Academy of Science paper, Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, created EMS as we know it today. The document has served us well, but recent shifts in health care require new insights, goals, skills, and resources for continued success in EMS. The 1996 document EMS: Agenda for the Future merges the many facets of EMS into a common vision and lays out 3 areas for change—building bridges, creating infrastructure, and developing new tools and resources. Emergency physicians' leadership is essential to steer the EMS community toward a productive future that will strengthen the nation's emergency medical safety net for the next 30 years. [Martinez R: New vision for the role of emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med November 1998;32:594-599.]
Different central opioid receptor subtype antagonists modify maltose dextrin and deprivation-induced water intake in sham feeding and sham drinking rats.

Different central opioid receptor subtypes participate in the mediation of intakes of simple (sucrose: μ, κ1 and complex (maltose dextrin: μ) carbohydrates as well as deprivation-induced water intake (μ) under real-feeding and real-drinking conditions. An identical pattern of μ and κ1 mediation of sucrose intake was observed in sham-feeding rats as well, suggesting their actions on orosensory mechanisms supporting sucose intake. The present study examined whether centrally administered general (naltrexone: 1–50 μg), μ (β-funaltrexamine: 1–20 μg), μ1 (naloxonazine: 50 μg), κ1 (nor-binaltorphamine: 1–20 μg), δ1 ([d-Ala2, Leu5, Cys6]-enkephalin: 10–40 μg) or δ22 (naltrindole isothiocyanate: 20 μg) opioid subtype antagonists altered either maltose dextrin (10%) intake during sham feeding or deprivation (24 h)-induced water intake during sham drinking in rats with gastric fistulas. Sham feeding significantly increased maltose dextrin intake (180%) and sham drinking significantly increased deprivation-induced water intake (256%) over a 60 min time course. Naltrexone significantly and dose-dependently reduced maltose dextrin intake (78%) in sham feeding rats, and deprivation-induced water intake (51%) in sham drinking rats. Maltose dextrin intake in sham feeding rats was significantly reduced by either κ1 (69%) or δ1 (59%) opioid antagonism, was significantly increased by μ1 antagonism (43%), and was not significantly affected by either μ or δ2 opioid antagonism. Deprivation-induced water intake in sham drinking rats was significantly reduced by either μ (41%), μ1 (28%), δ1 (48%) or δ8 (28%) opioid antagonism, but was not significantly affected by κ1 opioid antagonism. The difference in opioid receptor subtype mediation of maltose dextrin intake in real feeding and sham feeding conditions suggest that κ1 and δ1 receptors are involved in the orosensory mechanisms supporting maltose dextrin intake, while μ receptors are involved in the ingestive and post-ingestive mechanisms supporting maltose dextrin intake. The different patterns of opioid involvement in sucrose and maltose dextrin intake in sham feeding and real feeding conditions provide further support for the hypothesis that at least two different carbohydrate taste systems exist. The difference in opioid receptor subtype mediation of deprivation-induced water intake in real drinking and sham drinking conditions may reflect the removal in the sham drinking condition of a μ-mediated prerestorative satiety mechanism, and the unmasking of other opioid-mediated signalling mechanisms.
Topography of visual event-related potentials during geometric and phonetic discriminations.

Abstract Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained to letters during 3 tasks that involved a SIMPLE RESPONSE (SR) to each letter presentation, a FORM discrimination of the letters that formed a closed loop, and a RHYME discrimination of the letters that rhymed with the letter ‘v’. The first task only required detection of the letters, the FORM task required a visual-spatial analysis. and the RHYME task, a grapheme-phoneme conversion of the letters followed by a determination of rhyming characteristics. The SR ERPs were morphologically different from the discriminative ERPs, notably by the absence of N2 and P3. The difference wave forms between the discrimination and SR conditions and between the targets and non-targets indicated differential topographies of components associated with the FORM and RHYME tasks in the 300 msec latency region. In both of these tasks, components exhibited distributions localized primarily in the occipital regions, whereas in the RHYME task they extended more anteriorly and encompassed temporo-parietal regions. Thus, although the stimulus presentation was visual, the requirement of a visual-auditory conversion in the RHYME task resulted in activity that was more proximal to auditory regions than when only a FORM analysis of the letters was required.
Crossover from the exact factor to the Boltzmann factor

We derive the exact physical statistics of a system in thermal equilibrium with different environments—a gas, a spin, and a Boltzmann environment. The crossover from the exact factor to the Boltzmann factor is parametrized by scaled energy variables. The precise conditions that generate the Boltzmann factor emerge naturally. Such an analytic representation of the exact factor, the crossover, and the Boltzmann limit are not found in the standard model-free derivations of the Boltzmann factor.
Strong association of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene (ADH1B) with alcohol dependence and alcohol-induced medical diseases

Background The alcohol dehydrogenase 1B gene ( ADH1B ) is hypothesized to affect predisposition to alcohol dependence (AD) and abuse. A variant of the ADH1B gene (rs1229984 or Arg48His; previously referred to as Arg [*1] and His [*1]) has been reported to be associated with reduced rates of alcohol and drug dependence. Different studies have produced inconclusive results regarding association between rs1229984 (or rs2066702) and substance dependence. Methods Using the cumulative association study literature from the past 21 years from both English- and Chinese-language publications, this meta-analysis seeks to clarify the contradictory findings and to examine whether the aggregate data provide new evidence of significant association. Results The results, based on a large sample size (9638 cases and 9517 controls), suggested strong associations with alcohol dependence and abuse as well as alcohol-induced liver diseases, with an allelic (Arg vs. His) p value being 1 × 10 −36 and odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) 2.06 (1.84–2.31) under the random effects model. The dominant and recessive models produced larger ORs of 2.17 and 3.05, respectively. When more stringent criteria and subgroup analyses were imposed, the associations remained consistent and were strongest in various Asian groups (allelic p = 7 × 10 −42 and OR (95% CI) = 2.24 [1.99–2.51] with ORs of 2.16 and 4.11 for dominant and recessive models, respectively). Conclusions Our findings provide further strong evidence for the involvement of the ADH1B gene in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence and abuse as well as for some alcohol-induced medical diseases in the multiple ethnic populations—in particular, certain Asian populations.
A "labial" feature analyzer in speech perception*

A selective adaptation experiment was conducted to determine the ability of various adapting stimuli to alter the perception of a series of 13 synthetic speech syllables. The synthetic test syllables, which varied acoustically in the starting frequency and direction of second- and third-formant transitions, included stop consonant distinctions ofplace of articulation for the syllable types [bae], [dae], and [gae]. A systematic adaptation effect was produced in the locus of the bae-bae phonetic boundary for these stimuli after repetitive listening to each of the following adapting syllables: [bae], [phae], [mae], and [vae], indicating that perception ofplace distinctions among the stop consonants can be altered even by repetitive listening to certain speech sounds not belonging to the stop-consonant class.
Computer-aided nucleic acid secondary structure modeling incorporating enzymatic digestion data

We present a computer-aided method for determining nucleic acid secondary structure. The method utilizes a program which has the capability to filter matrix diagonal data on the basis of diagonal length, stabilization energy, and chemical and enzymatic data. The program also allows the user to assign selected regions of the structure as uniquely single-stranded or paired, and to filter out "trade-off" structures on the basis of such pairing. In order to demonstrate the utility of the program we present a preliminary secondary structure for the 3' end of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 (AMV-4 RNA). This structure is based on an analysis which includes the use of in vitro partial enzymatic digestion of the RNA.
Why we should not add readonly to Java (yet)

In this paper, I examine some of reasons that “readonly” style qualifiers have been proposed for Java, and also the principles behind the rules for these new qualifiers. I find that there is a mismatch between some of the motivating problems and the proposed solutions. Thus I urge Java designers to proceed with caution when adopting a solution to these sets of problems.
Observations of reflectance distribution around sunglint from a coastal ocean platform.

A scanning spectral photometer is deployed on a rigid coastal ocean platform to measure upwelling solar radiances from the sea surface at nine elevation angles spanning 150° of azimuth. Measured radiance distributions at 500 nm wavelength have been compared with traditional model simulations employing the Cox and Munk distribution of wave slopes. The model captures the general features of the observed angular reflectance distributions, but: (a) the observed peak value of sunglint near the specular direction is larger than simulated, except for a very calm sea; the model-measurement differences increase with wind speed and are largest for low solar elevation; (b) the observed sunglint is wider than simulated. In contrast to some previous studies, our results do not show a clear dependence of the mean square sea-surface slope on stability (air-sea temperature difference).
Neurologic Complications Following Spinal Anesthesia with LidocaineA Prospective Revieiv of 10,440 Cases

A group of 10,440 patients received lidocaine for spinal anesthesia. No patient developed a major central nervous problem, such as arachnoiditis or cauda equina syndrome. Eight patients had symptoms of abducens paralysis, which disappeared before they left the hospital; 367 patients (3.5 per cent) s
The Cape Cod Land Bank: the use of a land acquisition strategy to preserve a Massachusetts coastal region

Abstract Registered voters of Barnstable County, Massachusetts, voted on November 3, 1998 to establish the Cape Cod Open Space Land Acquisition Program for this coastal region of 15 towns. Known locally as the Cape Cod Land Bank, the legislation is intended “to protect public drinking water supplies, acquire open space and conservation land, provide bicycling and walking trails, and enhance opportunities for recreation” on Cape Cod. The idea of a Cape Cod land bank grew from the experience of neighboring Nantucket Island. Despite the existence of numerous planning tools, such as building restrictions, zoning bylaws, subdivision regulations, and historic district designations, rapid development threatened the island. In the early 1980s, other management tools were explored. Nantucket integrated two ideas — a tax on real estate sales and land-banking (buying land while its affordable and saving it for future use) — into the country's first land bank. Revenues collected are used to purchase land, which is preserved as open space rather than developed. The Cape Cod Land Bank includes an excise tax on real estate bills, matched by $15 million in state funds (Gerwin, Saving Cape Cod, Commonwealth, Summer 1999). This case study chronicles the land bank process and implementation issues and challenges readers to assess its potential to preserve Cape Cod's quality of life.
Efficient solutions schemes for interface problems

Abstract A computationally efficient two-level iterative scheme is proposed for the solution of the interface problems with Lagrange multipliers, where the oscillatory part of the solution is resolved by means off smoothing using a new, efficient preconditioner whereas the smooth component of the solution is captured by the collocation-based problem on the auxilliary grid, that is solved directly using a sparse direct solver. A simple adaptive feature is built into the proposed solution method in order to guarantee convergence for ill-conditioned problems. Nmerical results presented for example problems including that of a Boeing crown panel show that the proposed tww-level solution technique outperfrmsnce the standard, single level iterative and direect solvers.
Preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) over CoOx/CeO2 in hydrogen-rich streams: Effect of cobalt loading

PROX reaction over Co catalysts supported on ceria nano-particles was investigated with a special focus on the effect of Co loading. High surface area ceria nano-particles were prepared through a precipitation technique using cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide. Co incorporation was achieved using a wet impregnation method in aqueous media. Catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, dispersion measurements, and in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Activity and selectivity of CoOx/CeO2 catalysts with different Co loadings showed higher Co loadings to favor higher CO oxidation at the expense of oxygen selectivity. Higher activation energies for H2 oxidation compared to CO oxidation were observed, regardless of the Co loading, implying a higher temperature sensitivity for the H2 oxidation reaction. The Co phase was identified as Co3O4 and was stable in the reducing environments present in PROX reactions.
Ascorbate Deficiency Impairs Sodium Transport by Distal Lung Epithelia ♦ 1954

Deficiency of antioxidants has been shown to increase the incidence and severity of ARDS and the propensity for acute edematous lung injury. This study examines the effect of ascorbate (Asc) deficiency on lung epithelial sodium transport. Adult guinea pigs were fed Asc-deficient diet for 7, 14, and 21 days to create mild, moderate, and severe Asc deficiency. The patch-clamp technique was used to study single-channel activity in alveolar type II (AT II) cells. Asc deficiency was confirmed by the significantly lower Asc levels in plasma, lung tissue, and AT-II cells, and by decreased hydroxylation of proline and lysine in Asc-deficient animals. Table 1 shows the effect of Asc deficiency on the probability of finding open sodium channels. There was a two-fold increase in the probability of finding no channel activity in cell-attached apical patches from 14 and 21 days (not 7 days) Asc- deficient animals (Table 1). Addition of Asc to the culture medium and culture of AT-II cells on type IV collagen resulted in partial restoration of channel activity. Table 2 shows patches with no activity in control and 21-day deficient animals. The level of Asc deficiency seen in these animals has been reported in chronic asthmatics, premature infants, and in chronic smokers. We speculate that clinially-relevant levels of Asc deficiency may impair sodium transport mechanisms in the distal lung epithelia resulting in an increased propensity for pulmonary edema.
Pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel administered by hyperthermic retrograde isolated lung perfusion techniques

Abstract Objective: Although paclitaxel is widely used as a systemic agent for the treatment of solid tumors, limited information is available concerning administration of this taxane by regional techniques. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity of paclitaxel administered by hyperthermic retrograde isolated lung perfusion techniques to ascertain its potential for the regional therapy of unresectable pulmonary neoplasms. Methods: Adult sheep underwent 90 minutes of retrograde isolated lung perfusion with escalating doses of paclitaxel and moderate hyperthermia using a protein-free, oxygenated extracorporeal circuit and a steady perfusion pressure of 14 to 16 mm Hg. An additional animal received paclitaxel by means of 1-hour central venous infusion. Paclitaxel concentrations in lung tissues, perfusates, and systemic circulation were determined by high-performance liquid chromotography techniques. Cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in cancer cells and in normal human bronchial epithelial cells was evaluated in vitro using 4, 5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl-25-dipagnyl tetrazolium bromide assays. Lung tissues were examined by hematoxylin-and-eosin techniques. Results: Paclitaxel concentrations (maximum concentration and area under the plasma concentration time curve) in perfused tissues increased with escalating perfusate doses. Uptake of drug into lung parenchyma appeared saturable at high paclitaxel exposure; a substantial pharmacokinetic advantage was observed. Paclitaxel concentrations in systemic circulation were undetectable or exceedingly low after perfusion. Histopathologic examination of lung tissues harvested 3 hours after completion of isolated lung perfusion revealed no immediate toxicity, even at a paclitaxel exposure 20-fold higher than that achievable after 1 hour of intravenous administration at the maximum tolerable dose in human subjects. Moderate hyperthermia enhanced paclitaxel-mediated cytotoxicity 5- to 100-fold in cultured cancer lines. No paclitaxel toxicity was observed in cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to paclitaxel under normothermic or hyperthermic conditions. Conclusions: These data support further evaluation of paclitaxel administered by hyperthermic retrograde isolated lung perfusion techniques for the treatment of unresectable malignant pulmonary tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:686-94
Reliability of Sensors Based on Nanowire Networks With Either an Equilateral Triangle Lattice or a Hexagonal Lattice Structure

Nanowires have a great potential in many industrial applications, including electronics and sensors. Palladium nanowire network-based hydrogen sensors have been found to outperform their counterparts that consist of an individual nanowire or palladium thin or thick films. However, reliability issues still need to be addressed. In this paper, we consider hydrogen gas sensors based on a nanowire network with either an equilateral triangle lattice or a hexagonal lattice structure. We then provide the reliability behavior of the nanosensor under each model. Our findings reveal that one can improve the reliability function by considering a network of nanowires rather than a single nanowire. Among many other applications, our results can also be used to assess the reliability of any nanosystem/ nanodevice where one of our proposed structures is a reasonable choice. What distinguishes our work from related work are the unique difficulties that the nanocomponents introduce to the evaluation of reliability and the way that we define reliability over cycles of hydrogen gas.
Self-potential: The ugly duckling of environmental geophysics

Self-potential (SP) is the method that everyone knows about but nobody seems to appreciate. Out of more than 850 papers published in the Symposium for the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP) between 1988 and 2001, 63 included SP as a key word, but most mentioned it only in passing.
Fat suppression for 1H MRSI at 7T using spectrally selective adiabatic inversion recovery.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) at 7T offers many advantages, including increased SNR and spectral resolution. However, technical difficulties associated with operating at high fields, such as increased B1 and B0 inhomogeneity, severe chemical shift localization error, and converging T1 values, make the suppression of the broad lipid peaks which can obscure targeted metabolite signals, particularly challenging. Conventional short tau inversion recovery can successfully suppress fat without restricting the selected volume, but only with significant metabolite signal loss. In this work, we have designed two new pulses for frequency-selective inversion recovery that achieve B1-insensitive fat suppression without degrading the signal from the major metabolites of interest. The first is a spectrally selective adiabatic pulse to be used in a volumetric 1H MRSI sequence and the second is a spatial-spectral adiabatic pulse geared toward multi-slice 1H MRSI. Partial interior volume selection may be used in addition to the pulses, to exclude areas with severe B0 inhomogeneity. Some differences in the spectral profile as well as degree of suppression make each pulse valuable for different applications. 7T phantom and in vivo data show that both pulses significantly suppress fat, while leaving most of the metabolite signal intact. Magn Reson Med 59:980–988, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Locus coeruleus lesions potentiate neurotoxic effects of MPTP in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

The observation that Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neuronal degeneration suggests that the LC noradrenergic system may be involved in the pathogenesis and natural progression of the destruction of the substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. The relationship of these two systems was examined by injection of subtoxic doses of MPTP into unilateral LC 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned mice. A significant loss of dopaminergic cells was only found in the SN on the side of the LC lesions. These results suggest that the LC may have protective effects on SN dopaminergic neurons.
Critical Communication Challenges For the New Century

This article, with minor modifications, was the author's presidential address to the 53rd annual conference of the International Communication Association. It presents several critical communication challenges for the early 21st century. First, it outlines the root causes of 3 classic divides that provide context for these challenges: theory versus practice, persuasion versus entertainment, and East versus West. The author suggests pathways toward syntheses of these divides, then discusses 3 communication challenges of particular interest to the author: legitimization and advancement of entertainment theory, redefinition and expansion of research on the digital divide, and development of a science of diplomatic communication.
African American Youths and Drugs: A Time to Pursue a Mental Health Approach:

Some statistical information suggests that White youths do not possess and use drugs as much as African American youths. This impression is given by the racial proportion of juveniles who are handled by juvenile courts and incarcerated in juvenile correctional institutions for drug offenses. However, other statistical information reveals that this impression is erroneous. The author reviews these statistics and recommends a mental health approach to decrease the proportion of African American youths incarceratedfor drug offenses.
The Role of Thoracoscopy in the Management of Retained Thoracic Collections After Trauma

Abstract Background . Retained hemothorax and infected thoracic collections after trauma can be seen in up to 20% of patients initially treated with tube thoracostomy and have traditionally been treated nonoperatively, often with prolonged hospital stays. Methods . Twenty-five patients with retained thoracic collections were reviewed. They underwent 26 thoracoscopies to evacuate undrained blood with or without infection. Results . In 19 patients (76%), the collections were evacuated thoracoscopically. In 4 patients the procedure was converted to an open thoracotomy, and 2 patients required additional procedures to drain these collections. Failure of thoracoscopy correlated with the time between injury and operation and the type of collection, but not with the mechanism of injury. When thoracoscopy was performed in less than 7 days after admission, no cases of empyema were noted at operation. Conclusions . Videothoracoscopy is an accurate, safe, and reliable operative therapy to evacuate retained thoracic collections. In 90% of the patients in whom the procedure was completed, good results were obtained, reducing hospital stay and possible complications. Videothoracoscopy should be the initial treatment in trauma patients with retained thoracic collections and should be used earlier and more frequently in these patients. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:940–3)