cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirically Verified Thermodynamic Model of Gate Capacitance and Threshold Voltage of Nanoelectronic MOS Devices With Applications to $\hbox{HfO}_{2}$ and $\hbox{ZrO}_{2}$ Gate Insulators

A thermodynamic variational model derived by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy of the MOS device is presented. The model incorporates an anisotropic permittivity tensor and accommodates a correction for quantum-mechanical charge confinement at the dielectric/substrate interface. The energy associated with the fringe field that is adjacent to the oxide is of critical importance in the behavior of small devices. This feature is explicitly included in our model. The model is verified using empirical and technology-computer-aided-design-generated capacitance-voltage data obtained on MOS devices with ZrO2, HfO2, and SiO2 gate insulators. The model includes considerations for an interfacial low-k interface layer between the silicon substrate and the high-k dielectric. This consideration enables the estimation of the equivalent oxide thickness. The significance of sidewall capacitance effects is apparent in our modeling of the threshold voltage (Vth) for MOS capacitors with effective channel length at 30 nm and below. In these devices, a variation in high-k permittivity produces large differences in Vth. This effect is also observed in the variance of Vth, due to dopant fluctuation under the gate.
Examining alternative End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) therapies through simulation

To examine the costs and effects of alternative treatments for End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), we constructed a simulation model which estimates patient survival and lifetime cost for those with ESRD. The model, written in the INS simulation language, considers home and center hemodialysis as well as live related and cadaver donor transplantation. After the model was validated, the cost per life year gained for each therapy was computed. Center hemodialysis was found to have the poorest cost-effectiveness and shifts from center hemodialysis could save society up to $284 million annually. We conclude that the model may be very helpful in designing cost-effective care for End-Stage Renal Disease.
Uncertainty, Risk Aversion, and Optimal Defense Against Interruptions in Supply

Recent international conflicts have resurrected concerns about how to manage supply disruptions or sudden escalation of need for energy, and other critical imports such as vaccines or military components. Major proactive measures prominently include support of domestic production, and accumulation of reserves or maintenance of stand-by production. This paper develops a clear transparent method for comparing instruments and for identifying the optimum policy mix. We show how a country's risk aversion influences the best mix of policies, and interacts unexpectedly with the degree of risk itself. Specifically, high-risk aversion and low risk are shown to favor domestic production support as the better defense and disfavor stockpiling (and conversely). In clarifying a country’s best policy response to risks of supply interruption, this analysis predicts how income level and risk aversion characteristics should shape arguments for and against interference with free trade on grounds of "national security."
Nonprogressive sperm motility is characteristic of most complete t haplotypes in the mouse.

Epididymal sperm from male mice carrying tw32 (t12 complementation group) exhibit a peculiar nonprogressive type of motility called ‘dancing’; sperm from congenie wild-type mice do not. To determine whether this effect was unique to tw32 or common to all t haplotypes, sperm from mice carrying other t haplotypes were examined. A male was considered to have nonprogressive sperm if more than 20% of the motile sperm had nonprogressive trajectories. The mean percentage of nonprogressive but motile sperm for 33 wild-type and Brachyury males of various genetic backgrounds was 4. All males carrying tw12 (tw1 complementation group), tw5 or tw73, and 56% of males carrying t0 or tLub1 had nonprogressive motile sperm. Five per cent of males carrying t chromatin or a deletion in the proximal (to the centromere) half of the t complex had nonprogressive motile sperm, but all males carrying t chromatin in the distal half of the t complex had nonprogressive motile sperm. These observations suggest that the factor or factors causing nonprogressive sperm motility may be common to all complete t haplotypes, and located in the distal region of the t complex.
Tunis G. Campbell, Sr. (1812–1891)

Tunis G. Campbell left us with two manuscripts that mark his progress as a leader among men, from head waiter in New York in 1837 to state senator in Georgia in 1868. Along the way, he became radicalized, due in part to the relentless efforts of the redeemers to stifle his indomitable spirit and to frustrate his efforts to turn freedmen into free men.
Photoemission studies of Zn, Co, and Gd substituted YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract Zn and Co substitute for Cu in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ at the plane and chain sites, respectively. We report a high resolution angle-resolved photoemission study on Zn and Co substituted YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ single crystals to determine the effects on electronic structure. The valence states near E F along Γ-S are virtually unaffected by the substitutions for samples that are superconducting. However, the spectral weight near E F disappears for a higher Co-doped, non-superconducting crystal. The results are compared with earlier studies on pure YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ with controlled oxygen stoichiometry. Measurement on Gd-123 crystals with reduced oxygen stoichiometries show gradual reduction of spectral weight for a band along Γ-Y(X), in contrast to the results for the bands along Γ-S. The differences are probably due to a different admix of Cu-O chain and plane characters in these bands. We also measured Gd 4f resonance spectra, which exhibit complex structure, indicating the presence of Gd atoms in chemically inequivalent (probably bulk and near surface) sites.
Multimodal information fusion for robust heart beat detection

QRS detection based on ECG signal is the most straightforward method for heart beat detection. However, existing QRS detection methods do not work well when ECG signal is contaminated or missing. Other physiological signals also contain information about cardiac activity and ECG. Their information can be explored for robust heart beat detection. As part of the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2014, this study proposed a multimodal information fusion framework for robust heart beat detection. The framework consisted of three steps: 1) QRS detection. 2) Remove spurious QRS detection using pulsatile signal if it is available. 3) Refine the remaining beat detection and interpolate missed beats. Results show that the algorithm can sufficiently reduce spurious QRS detection and accurately fill in missed beats.
Strategies for Teaching About Trauma to Graduate Social Work Students

Actual exposure to the details of trauma within the classroom setting is considered to be a necessary part of preparation for social work practice with traumatized clients. This article reviews the reasons why it is important for faculty to understand students’ possible reactions to exposure to trauma content. One factor believed to increase the risk of vicarious traumatization is a personal history of trauma. To determine the actual prevalence of early trauma in the lives of MSW students, 162 MSW students at one metropolitan university completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Survey during their final semester. The results show that nearly 80% of the students reported at least 1 ACE and that 27.3% had 4 or more ACEs. Only 22.4% of the students had no adverse experiences. Taking these findings into account, this article explores 13 teaching strategies that are intended to reduce the risk of vicarious traumatization that may interfere with learning. In addition, recommendations are presented for c...
Distinctive activation mechanisms and functions for protein kinase Cδ

PKCdelta (protein kinase Cdelta) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in growth regulation and tissue remodelling. Traditional models of PKC activation have focused on lipid cofactors and anchoring proteins that localize the active conformation of PKCdelta to membranes, in close proximity with its target substrates. However, recent studies identify a distinct mode for PKCdelta activation involving tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases. The tyrosine-phosphorylated form of PKCdelta (which accumulates in the soluble fraction of cells exposed to oxidant stress) displays lipid-independent kinase activity and is uniquely positioned to phosphorylate target substrates throughout the cell (not just on lipid membranes). This review summarizes (1) recent progress towards understanding structure-activity relationships for PKCdelta, with a particular focus on the stimuli that induce (and the distinct functional consequences that result from) tyrosine phosphorylation events in PKCdelta's regulatory, hinge and catalytic domains; (2) current concepts regarding the role of tyrosine phosphorylation as a mechanism to regulate PKCdelta localization and actions in mitochondrial and nuclear compartments; and (3) recent literature delineating distinct roles for PKCdelta (relative to other PKC isoforms) in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and programmed cell death (including studies in PKCdelta-/- mice that implicate PKCdelta in immune function and cardiovascular remodelling). Collectively, these studies argue that the conventional model for PKCdelta activation must be broadened to allow for stimulus-specific differences in PKCdelta signalling during growth factor stimulation and oxidant stress.
Oocyte Pickup by the Mammalian Oviduct

The transportation of mammalian oocytes into the oviduct is governed by ciliary beating and proper adhesion of the OCC matrix to the tips of the infundibular cilia. Ciliary beating alone can transport small particles such as spores but is not sufficient for OCC pickup. Proper adhesion is particularly important for entry of the OCC into the ostium, during which time the OCC matrix is compressed and the oocyte becomes eccentrically positioned. Chemicals in cigarette smoke affect both ciliary beat frequency and adhesion, and the effects on adhesion are not readily reversible.
Laboratory Evaluation of Novaluron as a Development Site Treatment for Controlling Larval Horn Flies, House Flies, and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

A granular formulation of novaluron (Novaluron 0.2G, 0.2% [AI]), a newer benzoylphenyl urea insecticide, was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling the larval stage of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.); house flies, Musca domestica L.; and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), in cow manure. Various rates and insecticide placement locations (top, middle, and bottom of manure) were evaluated in this study and all combinations of these variables reduced adult emergence of all three species when compared with the untreated controls. The presence of deformed pupae indicated that novaluron had an insect growth regulator effect on the developing fly larvae. Top, middle, or bottom application rates of 0.125, 0.195, 0.25, and 0.375 g novaluron onto manure samples, reduced adult horn fly emergence by >90%. Middle and bottom application rates of 0.195, 0.25, and 0.375 g novaluron reduced adult house fly emergence >93%. All rates and placement combinations resulted in >98% reduction of adult stable fly emergence. The level of control efficacy observed against these three fly species along with the ease of use of a granular formulation, make this product an ideal candidate for use in an integrated livestock pest management program.
Comparative Patterns of Predation by Cougars and Recolonizing Wolves in Montana's Madison Range

Abstract Numerous studies have documented how prey may use antipredator strategies to reduce the risk of predation from a single predator. However, when a recolonizing predator enters an already complex predator–prey system, specific antipredator behaviors may conflict and avoidance of one predator may enhance vulnerability to another. We studied the patterns of prey selection by recolonizing wolves (Canis lupus) and cougars (Puma concolor) in response to prey resource selection in the northern Madison Range, Montana, USA. Elk (Cervus elaphus) were the primary prey for wolves, and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were the primary prey for cougars, but elk made up an increasingly greater proportion of cougar kills annually. Although both predators preyed disproportionately on male elk, wolves were most likely to prey on males in poor physical condition. Although we found that the predators partitioned hunting habitats, structural complexity at wolf kill sites increased over time, whereas complexity of couga...
Reliability of Measurements Obtained With Four Tests for Patellofemoral Alignment

Background and Purpose. A series of patellofemoral (PF) alignment tests have been described that are used to determine when and how PF taping techniques should be applied. The reliability of measurements obtained with these tests has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the intertester reliability of measurements obtained with four PF alignment tests: medial/lateral displacement, medial/lateral tilt, medial/lateral rotation, and anterior tilt. Subjects. Twelve physical therapists from four clinics served as testers. A total of 66 patients were evaluated. Methods. Paired testers performed all four PF alignment tests on the same patient. The intertester reliability of judgments for each of the PF alignment tests was determined by a kappa correlation coefficient. Results. Kappa correlation coefficients ranged from .10 to .36 for the four PF alignment tests. Conclusion and Discussion. These findings suggest that the reliability of measurements obtained with the PF alignment tests described in this report ranged from poor to fair. Potential factors affecting the reliability of these measurements are discussed. Alternative methods for deciding when and how to apply PF taping techniques are also discussed.
Gastrocnemius tendinosis—A frequent finding on MRI knee examination

Abstract Objective Gastrocnemius tendinosis (GT) is one potential cause for posterior knee pain, commonly overlooked on clinical examinations and imaging. This study assesses the frequency of GT on MR imaging in a convenience sample based on a database search and associations with other articular pathologies and clinical findings. Subjects and methods With IRB approval, retrospective review was completed on 300 randomly selected MR knee exams performed from February 2009 to June 2010. Following de-identification, axial T2 and sagittal PD images, with or without fat suppression, were reviewed by 2 radiologists. The gastrocnemius tendon femoral attachments were graded as normal, mild (few cysts, thickening, intermediate signal) or severe GT (multiple cysts, marrow edema, tear). Select associated MR findings of internal derangement were documented. Clinical charts were reviewed for clinical presentation, physical exam findings, and select demographics. Results The inter-observer reliability for presence/grading of GT was very high (kappa statistic = 0.97). Frequency of GT was 50.33%, most frequently involving medial head of gastrocnemius (63.6%). Grades of GT were 41.7% and 17.2% for mild and severe respectively. Univariate analysis showed statistically significant relationship between grade of GT with arthrosis (p = 0.05) and clinical joint effusion (p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed higher odds of severe GT for individuals with medial plus lateral GT. Statistical significance was noted for presence of both GT and ACL tear (13.9%; p = 0.02). Conclusion Significant findings of our analysis included GT presented with predominant involvement of medial head of gastrocnemius tendon, mild in severity, strong association with ACL tear, presented frequently as posterior knee pain, limited joint motion and clinical joint effusion. However, there was no statistically significant association between demographic features and medical comorbidities in the patients. Increased understanding of frequency of GT allows more accurate reporting of MR knee exam and systematic search for associated abnormalities.
Investigating value creation in a community of practice with social network analysis in a hybrid online graduate education program

This study reports an analysis of 10 years in the life of the Internet-based Master in Educational Technology program (iMET) at Sacramento State University. iMET is a hybrid educational technology master’s program delivered 20% face to face and 80% online. The program has achieved a high degree of success, with a course completion rate of 93% and a graduation rate of 84%. iMET is based on Lave and Wenger’s seminal community of practice (CoP) model, which is identified by faculty and students as key to the program’s success. This study applied a value creation framework (VCF) created by Wenger, Trayner, and de Laat for assessing value creation in a CoP. The article presents detailed information concerning the framework and how it was applied. It then outlines how a social network analysis led to findings that value was created in the iMET CoP and how the value created led to a sustained CoP currently entering its 13th year.
The distribution of antigenic determinants in rat skin collagen.

Immunological studies of rat skin collagen were carried out with a sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay. Hyperimmune rabbit antisera to rat skin collagen and isolated α2 chains were used. Iodine-labeled α chains and CNBr-produced peptides served as test antigens, and native collagen, α chains, and CNBr peptides were employed as inhibitors in the assay. The α1 and α2 chains were immunologically distinct. Although the α1 chain was not immunogenic, antibodies to α1 were detected in antisera to the intact collagen molecule. The major antigenic determinant of the α1 chain was located in α1-CB6 which constitutes the carboxy-terminal region of the chain. The α2 chain contained two non-cross-reacting antigenic determinants, one in the amino-terminal region (α2-CB1) and the other in the carboxy-terminal region (α2-CB5) of the chain. The native collagen molecule was less effective than isolated α chains in inhibiting binding of labeled peptides to antisera, indicating that antigenic determinants were less accessible in the triple helical molecule. These immunologic studies are consistent with preliminary comparative biochemical data which indicate that interspecies structural differences in collagen predominate at both the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends of the chains.
Sustained Hypertension in Dahl Rats: Negative Correlation of Agonist Response to Blood Pressure

Abstract The perfused mesenteric vasculature of Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high salt diet for 5 days (prehypertensive or early hypertensive) is selectively supersensitive to norepinephrine. The present goal was to determine whether that supersensitivity was maintained as hypertension developed. Littermates of salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats (Dahl Brookhaven strain) were followed on low or high salt for up to 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was elevated in the salt-sensitive, high salt rats after 3 or 6 weeks but not after 5 days of the diet. The perfused mesenteric vascular beds from salt-sensitive rats were supersensitive to norepinephrine and nerve stimulation but not to potassium chloride when the rats had been maintained for 5 days or 3 weeks on the high salt diet. However, responses to norepinephrine declined after 6 weeks of the high salt diet. To determine whether sustained high blood pressure has a negative effect on mesenteric vascular responses, we conducted additional experiments with perfused mesenteric vascular beds from salt-sensitive Brookhaven (high salt, 5 weeks) and Rapp (high salt, 6 weeks) animals. Both groups exhibited significant negative correlations between in vivo systolic pressure and maximal responses of mesenteric vessels to norepinephrine and potassium chloride. We suggest that sustained hypertension in Dahl rats has a negative effect on the contractility of the mesenteric arterial system that, by 5 to 6 weeks, masks the initial supersensitivity to norepinephrine. No effects of any diet on the dilating responses of the mesenteric vessels to acetylcholine were observed in any group.
What have We Learned about Topochemical Diacetylene Polymerizations

A series of five polydiacetylenes have been synthesized via topochemical polymerizations of the corresponding monomers. The requisite structural parameters for the polymerization were achieved by the use of a host–guest co-crystal strategy. The atom trajectories of the polymerization reactions are discussed.
A new approach for clustering network modules for delay minimization

In recent years there has been an extensive interest in clustering the modules of a network so that the maximum delay from any primary input to any primary output is minimized. Clusters have a maximum capacity, pin limitations and modules have different implementations. Furthermore, different implementations may have different areas. All existing CAD frameworks initially select an implementation of each module, and at a later stage they cluster the modules. We present an approach that clusters the nodes, while considering their alternative implementations, so that we further minimize the maximum delay after the clustering. Our approach is based on optimal algorithms for restricted versions of this complex problem in circuit design, and outperforms the conventional approach, which first obtains an implementation for each circuit module without considering clustering and then, in a later step, performs clustering.
A Simple and Effective Method for Capturing Viable Adult Blueberry Maggot Flies, Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a widely distributed pest of lowand highbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and Vaccinium corymbosum L., respectively) (Vacciniaceae) within the northeastern and midwestern United States, as well as Canada. Given its economic importance, the fly has been the target of considerable research with respect to the development of monitoring and control strategies within the context of integrated pest management (Prokopy and Coli, 1978; Liburd et al., 1998a, b, 2000). Several attempts have been made to develop and refine blueberry maggot fly monitoring programs in order to forecast the presence of infestations in commercial blueberry plantings (Liburd et al., 1998a, 2000). The current monitoring practices employed by commercial growers of lowand highbush blueberries involve the deployment of ammonium-baited Pherocon AM yellow sticky panels or green and red sticky spheres (Prokopy and Coli, 1978; Liburd et al., 1998a). Such practices allow growers to detect fly emergence for more accurate timing of sprays. The blueberry maggot is also a member of the R. pomonella (Walsh) sibling species complex and has been used as part of a long-running study system by evolutionary biologists for investigating the mechanisms of speciation in sympatry (Feder and Bush, 1989). The blueberry maggot fly completes larval development inside blueberry fruit and undergoes an obligate annual diapause, making laboratory-rearing difficult. To our knowledge, a continuously-reared laboratory colony of blueberry maggot does not exist. The blueberry maggot has been the subject of many laboratory studies investigating toxicity of potential insecticides (Ayyappath et al, 2000; Stelinski et al, 2001; Liburd et al, 2003). Other laboratory investigations have focused on the antennal sensitivity and oviposition preference of blueberry maggot flies with reference to host-plant related chemical cues (Frey and Bush, 1996). In these laboratory studies, the investigators have relied on the use of adult flies reared from larvae collected the previous year from infested fruit. We describe here a simple and effective method for capturing viable male and female blueberry maggot fly adults in both abandoned and commercial highbush blueberry Vaccinium spp. plantations. Such field-captured, live blueberry maggot flies could be used in the laboratory for toxicological studies, electrophysiological investigations, behavioral assays or in genetic analyses of specific populations. Potentially, this technique could also be adopted for other tephritid species of broad interest.
Synthesis and Metal Ion Affinities of a Binucleating Polyamine: Reversible Formation of a Cobalt Dioyxgen Complex

The synthesis of m-xylyltrien(l,3-bis(2,5,8,11-tetraazaundecyl)-henzene) is described. Potentiometric equilibrium studies of the stability constants of this binucleating ligand with Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) are reported.1 Equilibrium data are determined for the formation of mononuclear and dinuclear chelates of these metal ions, as well as several protonated and hydroxo chelates. The oxygenation constant of the binuclear Co(II) complex is reported. The cobalt dioxygen complex was found2,3 to undergo first order degradation at 50°C and 0.1 M ionic strength. Rate constants are reported as a function of p[H].
Nationalism in British Colonial Burma

Four Factors will influence British colonial policy in Burma: (1) public opinion in various countries of the world; (2) liberal thought in England itself; (3) Japan's occupation of Burma; and (4) the growth of nationalism within Burma.Though all these factors are important, this discussion will be concerned with only the last, namely, Burmese nationalism and its development. Burmese nationalism is of fairly recent origin. After the annexation of Burma by the British in 1886, there was no nationalistic movement revolving about the dethroned Burmese king or the royal family. It was not until after the first World War that the Burmans showed any marked interest in national politics. In 1923,after certain reforms had been introduced organizations of a nationalist character known as wunthanu were formed. The avowed purpose of these groups was to obtain a larger voice in local administration.
A Spin-on Dielectric Material for High Aspect Ratio Gap Fill

This communication describes the results of a potential spin-on glass (SOG) solution for narrow and high aspect ratio trench fill in both shallow trench isolation (STI) and premetal dielectric (PMD) applications. We have focused our development work on a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ, (HSiO3/2)n) material, which offers the advantage of a carbon free gap fill solution. The main challenge for carbon-free SOG materials is to achieve material densification in the nano-scale gaps during thermal processing that of the gap filled material during the wet cleaning steps. This paper reports some approaches and findings on material densification in the nano-scale gaps and the results of subsequent wet etch tests.
Dynamical systems probabilistic risk assessment

Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is the primary tool used to risk-inform nuclear power regulatory and licensing activities. Risk-informed regulations are intended to reduce inherent conservatism in regulatory metrics (e.g., allowable operating conditions and technical specifications) which are built into the regulatory framework by quantifying both the total risk profile as well as the change in the risk profile caused by an event or action (e.g., in-service inspection procedures or power uprates). Dynamical Systems (DS) analysis has been used to understand unintended time-dependent feedbacks in both industrial and organizational settings. In dynamical systems analysis, feedback loops can be characterized and studied as a function of time to describe the changes to the reliability of plant Structures, Systems and Components (SSCs). While DS has been used in many subject areas, some even within the PRA community, it has not been applied toward creating long-time horizon, dynamic PRAs (with time scales ranging between days and decades depending upon the analysis). Understanding slowly developing dynamic effects, such as wear-out, on SSC reliabilities may be instrumental in ensuring a safely and reliably operating nuclear fleet. Improving the estimation of a plant's continuously changing risk profile will allow for more meaningful risk insights, greater stakeholder confidence more » in risk insights, and increased operational flexibility. « less
Aqueous Binary Lanthanide(III) Nitrate Ln(NO3)3 Electrolytes Revisited: Extended Pitzer and Bromley Treatments

To date, only limited thermodynamic models describing activity coefficients of the aqueous solutions of lanthanide ions are available. This work expands the existing experimental osmotic coefficient data obtained by classical isopiestic technique for the aqueous binary trivalent lanthanide nitrate Ln(NO3)3 solutions using a combination of water activity and vapor pressure osmometry measurements. The combined osmotic coefficient database for each aqueous lanthanide nitrate at 25 °C, consisting of literature available data as well as data obtained in this work, was used to test the validity of Pitzer and Bromley thermodynamic models for the accurate prediction of mean molal activity coefficients of the Ln(NO3)3 solutions in wide concentration ranges. The new and improved Pitzer and Bromley parameters were calculated. It was established that the Ln(NO3)3 activity coefficients in the solutions with ionic strength up to 12 mol kg–1 can be estimated by both Pitzer and single-parameter Bromley models, even thoug...
Formate-Assisted Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin

A new method for the fast pyrolysis of lignin is presented. The addition of calcium formate to lignin prior to fast pyrolysis results in deoxyhydrogenation of the lignin during pyrolysis. In the inert atmosphere, the calcium formate thermally decomposes to form hydrogen, which facilitates the chemical transformation in situ. The process occurs at atmospheric pressure and without catalysts. There are several immediate benefits to this method for fast pyrolysis of lignins, including improvements in lignin feeding to the pyrolysis reactor, an increase in liquid yield, and an increase in the carbon yield in the oil phase of the liquid product. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated that methoxy groups were removed from the lignin with the addition of calcium formate. Therefore, the primary products of this method are alkylated phenols.
CALIBRATION OF BRANCHED ESTUARY MODELS

Unsteady flow models of one-dimensional channels or of channel networks are commonly calibrated using a combination of stage (water surface elevation) and discharge observations. In tidally influenced areas these observations may extend in time over several tidal cycles. Where there is an important mean flow discharge such as in a river harbor, observations must be repeated for a number of representative mean flow conditions. Stage observations are commonly collected using recorders coupled to water surface floats mounted at various points on the channel banks. The initial costs of purchasing the recorders, installing them, and in the leveling necessary to determine datum are the primary expenses involved in collecting stage observations. For these observations the cost per observation decreases as the number increases. In tidally influenced channels, accurate one-dimensional instantaneous discharge measurements are difficult if not impossible to obtain because of the rapidly changing flow velocity. In many locations, discharge measurements cannot be made throughout a tidal cycle because of safety restrictions. Finally, with respect to stage information, the cost of collecting discharge information can be extremely high. In addition, the cost per observation does not decrease with the number of observations. With respect to the boundary conditions used to drive them, there are two main classes of unsteady flow models, the stage-stage models and the discharge-stage models. The former are driven by inputs of stage at all important external boundary points. The primary purpose of the stage-stage model is to determine the time history, or an average value of downstream discharge. Discharge-stage models are driven upstream by steady or time variable observed or hypothetical discharges and downstream by observed or hypothetical stages. This type of model is used primarily in conjunction with solute transport models in predicting the location and concentration of dissolved substances, as in dissolved oxygen modeling.
Activity of Insecticides Applied to Turfgrass To Control Adult Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

A bioassay was developed to determine the efficacy of insecticides against adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), on turfgrass. Activity was assessed by exposing adult fleas to treated and untreated disks of turf for 24 h, 1 and 7 d after treatment. Filter paper, a representative nonwaxy, porous substrate was bioassayed in similar fashion 1 d after treatment to confirm insecticide activity. Results demonstrated the relative efficacy of insecticides applied to turf at different rates as well as differences among insecticides. Of 10 insecticides tested, chlorpyrifos wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrates consistently provided greatest kill of adult fleas. Although initially active, pyrethroid insecticides and diazinon generally showed significant declines in residual activity by day 7. Possible reasons for differences in activity are discussed.
The Influence of Attitudes on Nurse Recruitment

The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative data as a basis for the development of a nurse recruitment program. Quantitative measures were designed utilizing Fishbein’s Expectancy Value Model and assessed using Chi-Square Analysis, and Facotr Analysis. Fishbein’s Model provided a list of attributes, identified by the nurses as being of highest importance when making an employment decision. Further, the model represented the degree of importance the nurses attached to each respective attribute. Cross tabulation of the data was performed through Chi-Square Analysis in order to examine the interrelationships among the attributes. The use of factor analysis provided a means to evaluate the attributes in terms of their synergistic effects when communicated to the nurses as a unified set. Also identified in the study were the information sources most influential in the nurse’s employment decision. In conclusion, from the perspective of a nurse recruiter, internal and external recommendations were made to successfully attract potential employees.
Evidence for production of oxidizing radicals by the particulate O-2-forming system from human neutrophils.

The particulate O-2-forming system from human neutrophils was found to oxidize methional and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid (KMB) to ethylene, indicating the formation by this system of strongly oxidizing radicals. Conforming this interpretation was the observation that ethylene production was inhibited by the radical scavengers benzoate, ethanol, and mannitol. Ethylene production was also sharply reduced by superoxide dismutase, implicatin O-2 as a precursor of oxidizing radicals. In our system catalase only partially inhibited ethylene generation from either methional or KMB, suggesting that oxidizing radicals are generated at least in part by the reacton of O-2 with compounds other than H2O2. We propose that in neutrophils oxidizing radicals are formed in a reaction between O-2 and a peroxide according to the following equation: O-2 + ROOH leads to RO . + OH- + O2, in which ROOH may be hydrogen peroxide, an alkyl peroxide, or an acyl peroxide (i.e., a peroxy acid).
Comparative efficacy of different neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer

Objective Comparative efficacy of FOLFOX4( oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin) and DOF( oxaliplatin + docetaxel + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin) in patients with gastric cancer.Methods Sixty cases of gastric cancer patients diagnosed from Jiangsu Shuyang Mercy Hospital were selected and divided into observation group and control group,and each group has 30 cases. Observation group treated with modified FOLFOX4 regimen,while control group treated with DOF program. After two cycles of chemotherapy,the clinical efficacy of the two groups were assessed and adverse reactions were recorded. Results In observation group,clinical total effective rate was 60. 0%,tumor control rate was83. 0%; In control group,clinical total effective rate was 68. 0%,tumor control rate was 89. 0%; the differences had no statistically significant( P 0. 05). The cases of nausea,vomiting and leukopenia in observation group were significantly lower than that in control group,with significant difference( P 0. 05).The difference of the other side effects were not statistically significant( P 0. 05). The differences of patients with D2 lymph node dissection rates and R0 clearance in two groups were not statistically significant( P 0. 05). For 26 cases of gastric cancer patients with R0 resection were follow-uped. 15 patients in the observation group,median survival time was 40. 0 months,1-yr survival rate was 92. 0%,3-yr survival rate was 76. 0%; there are 11 cases in the control group,the median survival time was 42. 2 months,one-year survival was 96. 0% clinical,3-yr survival rate was 85. 0%. Independent risk factors affecting prognosis was tumor-node-metastasis staging. Conclusion DOF scheme generally has good effect,can be promoted and used in clinical practice,and postoperative TNM staging is the most important independent risk factors for prognosis.
Minding the Mechanisms: A Discussion of How Mindfulness Leads to Positive Outcomes at Work

Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) asserted that the many benefits of mindfulness practices have been underutilized and understudied at work. We agree with the focal article's stance that more research is needed on mindfulness at work. We extend this argument to include a request that future research pays attention to the mechanisms responsible for the effects of mindfulness at work. In this commentary, we (a) briefly discuss the practical importance of understanding the mechanisms by which mindfulness practices lead to positive outcomes, (b) outline the mediating mechanisms proposed by the leading theoretical model of mindfulness effects and how those mediators apply to work, and (c) argue that more rigorous, empirical research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which mindfulness practices lead to positive work outcomes.
Reflections on Faith and Film in Hail, Caesar!

While Hail, Caesar! written, directed, and produced by Ethan and Joel Coen initially appears to be merely a light satire of classic Hollywood of the 40s and 50s, it also comments upon several kinds...
Obesity in children and adolescents

Die Pravalenz der Adipositas und Ubergewicht ist weltweit im Zunehmen begriffen und aufgrund verschiedener neuer Studien ist auch das Krankheitspotential des erhohten Korpergewichts ins Zentrum des Interesses geruckt. Ubergewichtige Kinder sind oftmals auch im Erwachsenenalter ubergewichtig und entsprechend ist eine Therapie und vor allem auch die Pravention fruhzeitig im Leben notwendig. In diesem Artikel soll die Bedeutung des Ubergewichtes im Kindesalter, die Risikofaktoren fur Ubergewicht bei Kindern, sowie Therapie als auch praventive Ansatze, wie z.B. Verhaltensmodifikation, korperliche Aktivitat, Ernahrung diskutiert werden.
Effects of morphologies of carbon nanofillers on the interfacial and deformation behavior of polymer nanocomposites – A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Carbon based nanofillers such as carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) have emerged as new potential filler materials for tailoring the material properties of composites at the molecular level. The objectives of this study were to understand the effects of morphologies of different types of nanofillers on the interfacial and bulk deformation behaviors of polymer nanocomposites and the inter-correlations between these behaviors. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to achieve the research objective. It was demonstrated that, due to the mechanical interlocking induced by its serrated surface, CNF was most effective in shear traction transfer and offered largest sliding resistance at the filler/matrix interface. The smooth surface of CNT and GNP resulted in poor resistance to sliding separation, but, unlike CNT and CNF, GNP could resist normal separation and had an interfacial normal strength that was higher than the shear strength. Both the interfacial and bulk mechanical behaviors were demonstrated to be a manifestation of the morphologies of the nanofillers, their orientation with respect to the loading direction, the loading mode, i.e., tension vs. compression, and the deformation-induced rotation of the nanofillers.
Is There a Link Between Chronic Ankle Instability and Postural Instability

OBJECTIVE: To provide clinicians and researchers with an expanded perspective on the association between functional ankle instability and postural control. DATA SOURCES: I searched MEDLINE and SPORT Discus for the years 1966-2001 using the key words ankle, instability, and balance. Additional information was obtained from cross-referencing pertinent articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Conflicting reports have been published about whether postural control is disrupted in people with chronic ankle instability. The variety of testing methods and operational definitions used by various investigators make drawing a consensus difficult. In contrast, the results of investigations considering postural-control strategy disruptions in persons with chronic ankle instability have been compatible. Depending upon the effectiveness of an altered strategy, postural-control deficiencies may fail to be revealed in the absence of challenging tasks and environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: If we accept the idea that postural control is disrupted after orthopaedic injury, the next step becomes identifying the causative factors within the postural-control system. Experimental evidence surrounding the role of lateral ankle-ligament mechanoreceptors in posture suggests that they cannot be the sole source of the alterations revealed. Consideration should be directed to other potential areas within the postural-control system, as outlined in the text, during ankle evaluations and rehabilitation.
Calcium metabolism in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana).

Non-feeding bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles can maintain their body Ca concentration in artificial pond waters containing a range of Ca concentrations. The rate of uptake of 45Ca increases when the tadpoles are preadapted to a low-Ca pond water and declines when they are pre-adapted to high Ca. Measurement of drinking rate shows that drinking could account for only 5% of the influx. From in vitro experiments, it is estimated that about 70% of the influx occurs accoss the gills, and about 25% through the skin. Calcitonin decreases accumulation of 45Ca while 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 increases it; parathyroid hormone was without effect. Efflux of 45Ca was unchanged by calcitonin or parathyroid hormone.
Development of one-cell porcine embryos to the blastocyst stage in simple media.

Porcine embryos were flushed from mated donors and examined for cleavage stage. One- and two-cell embryos were randomly allotted to one of the five following in vitro treatments: M199 with Earle's salts, a modified Tyrode's medium (TL), TL supplemented with 10 mM N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (TLH), TLH supplemented with 5.5 mM glucose (TLHG), or TLH supplemented with 5 mM glutamine (TLHGL). The bicarbonate concentration of TLH, TLHG, and TLHGL was 2 mM, compared with the 25 mM concentration in M199 and TL. Embryos in M199 and TL were incubated in 95% air:5% CO2 at 39 degrees C. Those in the remaining three treatments were incubated in air at 39 degrees C. Embryos incubated in TL and M199 did not develop past the four- to eight-cell stage, whereas the proportions of embryos developing to the compact morula or blastocyst stage by d 7 of culture in the other treatments were as follows: TLHG, 49.1%; TLHGL, 59.4%; TLH, 63.5% (P less than .005). These results indicate that porcine embryos can be cultured from the one-cell stage to blastocyst in a simple HEPES-buffered medium in air. The ability of porcine embryos to develop without supplemental CO2 may be an important finding for use in situations in which embryos must be transported for long periods before embryo transfer.
Credit Markets: CDS Engineering

This chapter illustrates credit derivatives. Credit derivatives have had a revolutionary effect on financial engineering. This is true in two respects. First, liquid credit derivatives permit stripping, pricing, and trading the last major component in financial instruments—namely, the credit risk. With credit derivatives, synthetics for almost any instrument can be built. Second, credit quants and financial engineers play a special role. Major broker-dealers had started organizing the credit market after the development of major instruments such as options, swaps, constant maturity swaps, and swaptions was complete. New knowledge and skills were already in place. Credit markets were developed and new instruments were structured using this expertise. At the end, most of the new innovations were put in place in credit markets and in structured credit.
Interactions among Organic Soil Amendments, Plants, and Insect Herbivores

Population levels of a variety of insect species, including the Colorado potato beetle, are often lower on plants grown in soils fertilized with manure and compost compared to the soils fertilized with synthetic fertilizers. Organic soil amendments make potato plants less suitable as Colorado potato beetle hosts, with negative effects including lower fecundity, fewer larvae surviving past the first instar, slower development of immature stages, and reduced foliage consumption by larvae and adults. Three major hypotheses attempt to explain the observed phenomenon. The mineral balance hypothesis and induced defense hypothesis attribute this phenomenon to enhanced plant resistance, while the natural enemy hypothesis suggests a build-up in the populations of natural enemies on amended plots. The three hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and, at least in some cases, different mechanisms may be complementary to each other.