cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives and Parameterizations Commentary on Benjamin Kerr and Peter Godfrey-Smith's ``Individualist and Multi-Level Perspectives on Selection in Structured Populations''

We have two main objections to Kerr and Godfrey-Smith's (2002) meticulous analysis. First, they misunderstand the position we took in Unto Others – we do not claim that individual-level statements about the evolution of altruism are always unexplanatory and always fail to capture causal relationships. Second, Kerr and Godfrey-Smith characterize the individual and the multi-level perspectives in terms of different sets of parameters. In particular, they do not allow the multi-level perspective to use the individual fitness parameters αi and βi. We don't see why the multi-level perspective prevents one from thinking in these terms. Kerr and Godfrey-Smith's argument that Uyenoyama and Feldman's (1980, 1992) definition of altruism belongs more to the individualist perspective than it does to the multi-level perspective is an artifact of their choice of parameters; the same point applies to their argument about the individualism inherent in the idea of Class I and Class II fitness structures.
Heat Resistance Correlated with DNA Content in Bacillus megaterium Spores.

Two subpopulations of Bacillus megaterium spores (1.360 and 1.355 g/ml) were obtained by density gradient centrifugation. The heavier spores had a higher thermoresistance (e.g., D80 = 186 versus 81 min) and a higher DNA content (1.25 × 10−14 versus 0.65 × 10−14 g per spore, apparently corresponding to digenomic versus monogenomic spores). No appreciable differences were found in the mineral and dipicolinic acid contents or in the inactivation kinetics of the two subpopulations. The implications of the findings are discussed with regard to mechanisms of heat resistance and of inactivation.
Guess LOD approach: sufficient conditions for robustness

Analysis of genetic linkage between a disease and a marker locus requires specifying a genetic model describing both the inheritance pattern and the gene frequencies of the marker and trait loci. Misspecification of the genetic model is likely for etiologically complex diseases. In previous work we have shown through analytic studies that misspecifying the genetic model for disease inheritance does not lead to excess false-positive evidence for genetic linkage provided the genetic marker alleles of all pedigree members are known, or can be inferred without bias from the data. Here, under various selection or ascertainment schemes we extend these previous results to situations in which the genetic model for the marker locus may be incorrect. We provide sufficient conditions for the asymptotic unbiased estimation of the recombination fraction under the null hypothesis of no linkage, and also conditions for the limiting distribution of the likelihood ratio test for no linkage to be chi-squared. Through simulation studies we document some situations under which asymptotic bias can result when the genetic model is misspecified. Among those situations under which an excess of false-positive evidence for genetic linkage can be generated, the most common is failure to provide accurate estimates of the marker allele frequencies. We show that in most cases false-positive evidence for genetic linkage is unlikely to result solely from the misspecification of the genetic model for disease or trait inheritance.
Corruption in Higher Education: Causes, Consequences, Reforms

Certain cases from any single country might provide examples for consideration of corruption issues for other countries or regions. Corruption cases and the strategies of fighting them in Georgian flagship universities might be noteworthy and useful for other countries facing similar problems.The paper discusses the features of corruption in higher education system in Georgia and the ways to decrease its prevalence. It emphasizes the importance of the aspirations of the country to join NATO in its effectiveness to conduct higher education reforms and to fight corruption. The paper also analyses the three interventions that have served to combat corruption in Georgian higher education. These interventions are: the initiation of Unified National Entrance Examinations, a new system to accredit higher education institutions, and the restructuring of higher education staff. The paper makes a suggestion that these reforms shattered the complacency and confidence of corrupt individuals, decreased the level of familiarity with corrupt systems and channels, increased the risk of bribe taking, and made the re-channeling of corrupt practices risky and expensive. The conclusion summarizes the key findings, discusses the implications of the reforms, and offers recommendations for further actions.
Current strategies for prediction of retention in high-performance liquid chromatography

The desire to model chromatographic retention derives from both theoretical and practical needs. There are fundamental questions concerning the interactions of molecules in separation systems and the modeling of chromatographic retentions is critical for methods development. This paper reviews the current strategies for predicting retention in HPLC with emphasis on RP-HPLC. Three main categories are discussed: methods utilizing a physical model, methods which assume no model, and methods with an abstract or hidden model. The theoretical background, practical application, and relative merits of each approach are discussed.
Mini-Councils: A Solution to Fieldwork Supervision

In 1977, the Occupational Therapy faculty at San Jose State University, with support from a Special Improvement Grant, embarked on a 3-year curriculum revision. One issue of particular concern was the need to devise a system for involving the clinical faculty in the revision process regardless of geographic relationship to the university. The system that evolved became known as Mini-Councils, regional groups consisting of students and clinical and academic faculty who participate in fieldwork experience at the University. Mini-Councils replaced the on-site visit system and shifted the emphasis from supervision of individual students to discussion groups focusing on general educational issues of mutual concern to faculty and students. The Mini-Councils have also strengthened the relationship between academic and clinical educators by providing a practical, efficient means of maintaining contact with students in fieldwork, and by helping integrate academic and clinical education.
Why we should care about the social determinants of health.

I agree with some of the key points in the article by Preda and Voigt (2015), yet I disagree with the main point of the article as I understand it. Specifically, I agree that avoidability is neithe...
Spinal cord origin of innervation to the bladder and urethra of the dog.

Abstract Spinal segmental origins of parasympathetic innervation to the bladder and somatic innervation to the urethra were determined in 10 dogs. Spinal origins of sympathetic innervation to the bladder were determined in 8 dogs. Parasympathetic evoked responses were recorded from S1 to Cd1. Dorsal rootlet responses were recorded from an average length of 0.5 segment per animal and ventral rootlet responses from an average of two segments per animal. Somatic evoked responses were recorded from L6 to Cd1. Dorsal rootlet responses were recorded from an average of two segments per animal. Ventral rootlet responses were recorded from an average of 2.25 segments per animal. Sympathetic evoked responses were recorded from L1 to L4. Dorsal and ventral rootlet responses were recorded from an average of two segments per animal. Contralateral responses were recorded from dorsal rootlets in five animals averaging 1.5 segments per animal. Contralateral responses were recorded from ventral rootlets in 0.25 segment in one animal. Anatomically the innervation of the bladder and urethra of the dog is very similar to that of the cat.
Gamma ray production cross sections from the bombardment of Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe with medium energy neutrons

Gamma ray production cross sections for the stronger gamma rays from nuclei excited by neutron bombardment of Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe have been measured using a time analyzed, quasi-mono-energetic neutron beam and a high-purity germanium detector. The results for neutron energies of 6.5, 17.4, 22.2, 32.5, 42.1 and 64.5 MeV are presented.
On branching quantifiers in English

One of Hintikka's aims, in the paper Hintikka (1974),3 was to show that there are simple sentences of English which contain essential uses of branching quantification. If he is correct, it is a discovery with significant implications for linguistics, for the philosophy of natural language, and perhaps even for mathematical logic. Philosophically, it would influence our views of the ontological commitment inherent in specific natural language constructions, since branching quantification is a way of hiding quantification over various kinds of abstract abstract objects (functions from individuals to individuals, sets of individuals, etc.). Linguistically, the discovery of branching quantification would force us to re-examine, and perhaps re-interpret, Frege's principle of compositionality according to which the meaning of a given expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent phrases. For example, the meaning of a branching quantifier expression of logic like:
Configuration-sensitive molecular sensing on doped graphene sheets

We show by molecular dynamics simulations that configuration-sensitive molecular spectroscopy can be realized on optimally doped graphene sheets vibrated by an oscillatory electric field. High selectivity of the spectroscopy is achieved by maximizing Coulombic binding between the detected molecule and a specific nest, formed for this molecule on the graphene sheet by substituting selected carbon atoms with boron and nitrogen dopants. One can detect binding of different isomers to the nest from the frequency shifts of selected vibrational modes of the combined system. As an illustrative example, we simulate detection of hexanitrostilbene enantiomers in chiral nests formed on graphene.
Nuclear receptor modifications and endocrine cell proliferation.

Heritable and reversible changes in gene expression can occur without alterations in DNA sequence largely dependent upon the position of a gene within an accessible (euchromatic) chromatin environment. This position effect variegation in Drosophila and S. pombe, and higher order chromatin structure regulation in yeast, is orchestrated by modifier genes of the Su(var) group (e.g. histone deacetylases (HDACs), protein phosphatases) and enhancer E(var) group (e.g. ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling proteins). Higher order chromatin structure is regulated in part by covalent modification of the N-terminal histone tails of chromatin and histone tails in turn serve as platforms for recruitment of signaling modules that include non-histone proteins such as HP1 and NuRD. As the enzymes governing chromatin structure through covalent modifications of histones (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination) can also target non-histone substrates, a mechanism is in place by which epigenetic regulatory processes can affect the function of these alternate substrates. The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily consists of conserved modular transcriptional regulators. Herein, we review the functional properties of nuclear receptors regulated by their direct acetylation including ligand-dependent activation, cellular growth and apoptosis.
Novel use of an endovascular embolectomy device for retrograde suction decompression-assisted clip ligation of a large paraclinoid aneurysm: technical case report.

Objective Several different methodologies for proximal occlusion and retrograde suction decompression of large paraclinoid aneurysms have been reported previously. In this article, we describe the novel use of an endovascular embolectomy device (F.A.S.T. funnel catheter; Genesis Medical Interventional, Inc., Redwood City, CA) for temporary internal carotid artery occlusion and suction decompression of an intracranial aneurysm to facilitate surgical clip ligation. The combination of atraumatic occlusion technology and large lumen size makes this technique safer and easier. Clinical presentation A 53-year-old woman with progressive headaches underwent computed tomographic angiography, which revealed an unruptured large left paraclinoid aneurysm. Cerebral angiography confirmed the diagnosis. The patient did not tolerate a balloon test occlusion for therapeutic Hunterian internal carotid occlusion. The patient was subsequently taken to the operating room for a craniotomy and clip ligation of the aneurysm. Intervention A standard left pterional craniotomy was performed with opening of the sylvian fissure and exposure of the left paraclinoid aneurysm. Intraoperative angiography with introduction of a new endovascular embolectomy device was performed. The device was deployed to achieve temporary occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery, and aspiration through the central lumen allowed for retrograde suction decompression of the aneurysm. Collapse of the aneurysm through this technique permitted visualization of the aneurysmal neck with successful clip ligation. Conclusion A new endovascular embolectomy device can be used to safely perform suction decompression of large paraclinoid aneurysms to facilitate clip ligation.
Validation and verification of deep-space missions

The growing technical complexity of and increased cost pressure on deep-space science missions poses challenges for the system engineering discipline of mission validation and verification. In the wake of several recent mission failures, the aerospace community is still searching for a stable middle ground between the highly-reliable yet cost-prohibitive approaches of the past and cheaper but excessively risky methods of project implementation.
Examination of Fatty-Acid Exchanged Layered Double Hydroxides as Supports for Photochemical Assemblies

The incorporation of titanium oxide into the interlayers of a myristic acid exchanged lithium aluminum layered double hydroxide was done by partitioning of titanium butoxide into the interlayer, followed by hydrolysis under ambient conditions. Upon excitation with near-ultraviolet radiation in the presence of viologens and thiocyanate ion, viologen radical is formed. Cationic viologen radicals were held onto the solid surface, indicating that the titanium oxide is negatively charged. [Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrinato]zinc(II)(ZnTPPC) was ion exchanged into the interlayers. Electronic spectral changes upon incorporation suggest that the ZnTPPC is in the monomeric form. In the presence of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a sacrificial electron donor, the interlayer ZnTPPC was capable of reducing viologen molecules in solution upon visible radiation. Yields of viologen radical were higher for neutral viologens than cationic viologens, presumably due to the restricted access of cations into the interlayer space. The sensitization of the titanium oxide by ZnTPPC was also possible, resulting in viologen radicals upon visible light excitation. The anionic nature of the titanium oxide was exploited to confirm that sensitization was indeed taking place. 27 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.
Characterization of Thixotropic Behavior of Soft Cheeses

Time-dependent structural decay (γ) of four different spreadable cheeses was established using a Wells-Brookfield cone and plate viscometer. The γ values were determined at constant values of shear rate, (10 set−1 to 200 sec−1). The products studied were two samples of commercial Neufchatel cheese (one plain and one chocolate flavored) and two different saqples of cheese prepared using the Maubois, Mocquot and Vassal (MMV) method, which utilizes milk concentrated by ultrafiltration. All samples presented a structural decay characterizable by two different rate constants. Yield stress for Neufchatel cheese was observed to be one-third of the values obtained for MMV cheeses.
Alamethicin Suppresses Methanogenesis and Promotes Acetogenesis in Bioelectrochemical Systems

ABSTRACT Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems with mixed cultures often generate a variety of gaseous and soluble chemicals. Methane is the primary end product in mixed-culture MES because it is the thermodynamically most favorable reduction product of CO 2 . Here, we show that the peptaibol alamethicin selectively suppressed the growth of methanogens in mixed-culture MES systems, resulting in a shift of the solution and cathode communities to an acetate-producing system dominated by Sporomusa, a known acetogenic genus in MES systems. Archaea in the methane-producing control were dominated by Methanobrevibacter species, but no Archaea were detected in the alamethicin-treated reactors. No methane was detected in the mixed-culture reactors treated with alamethicin over 10 cycles (∼3 days each). Instead, acetate was produced at an average rate of 115 nmol ml −1 day −1 , similar to the rate reported previously for pure cultures of Sporomusa ovata on biocathodes. Mixed-culture control reactors without alamethicin generated methane at nearly 100% coulombic recovery, and no acetate was detected. These results show that alamethicin is effective for the suppression of methanogen growth in MES systems and that its use enables the production of industrially relevant organic compounds by the inhibition of methanogenesis.
Fabrication of ZnO nanorods and nanotubes in aqueous solutions

A novel aqueous solution method has been developed for growing well-aligned crystalline ZnO nanorods (NRs) and nanotubes (NTs) on a variety of substrates including Si wafers, poly(ethylene terephth...
HMB‐45 recognizes stimulated melanocytes

A monoclonal antibody (HMB-45) was previously reported to bind to melanoma cells, and the junctional component of nevus cells, but not to normal adult melanocytes. We have tested HMB-45 binding in several conditions under which melanocyte stimulation might be expected in adults, i.e. 3 simple lentigines, 2 solar lentigines, 7 recent surgical scars (from re-excision of non-melanocytic tumors), 2 surgical scars from re-excisions of melanomas (after complete primary excisions), 9 hemangiomas from non-sun-exposed skin, 1 basal cell carcinoma, 1 acute ecchymosis, 1 keloid, and 1 dermatofibroma. Positive controls included 6 malignant melanomas and 1 fetal skin sample. Melanocytes were strongly positively stained overlying hemangiomas, within or near recent surgical scars of melanocytic and non-melanocytic tumor re-excisions, near basal cell carcinoma, and in fetal skin. Melanocytes either were not stained or were stained only focally for trace amounts in the normal skin near the new margins of the wide re-excision specimens for melanoma, i.e., at a distance from the scar, in the simple lentigines and in the fibrotic lesions. Thus, HMB-45 is staining an antigen which appears in adult melanocytes during stimulation and in fetal skin, as well as in melanomas. This stimulation is associated with conditions that would have increased vascularity, suggesting a melanocyte response to a plasma factor, or other endothelial cell derived factor. HMB-45 would not be a useful marker for residual melanoma cells in melanoma re-excision specimens.
Incorporation of aluminum and oxygen in dimethylaluminum methoxide doped GaAs during organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract Dimethylaluminum methoxide (DMA1MO) was used as a deep level dopant source in GaAs epilayers grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). The compound is stable, does not exhibit gas phase reactions in all investigated deposition conditions, and does not degrade surface morphology even at doping levels in excess of 10 19 cm -3 . Incorporation of aluminum and oxygen into the epilayer was studied by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) on multi-layered samples as a function of growth conditions: growth temperature, reactor pressure, dopant mole fraction in the gas phase, and growth rate. Both oxygen and aluminum are incorporated during deposition with oxygen concentration always lower but approaching that of aluminum at temperatures below 500°C. At higher growth temperatures, [O]/[Al] ratio decreases exponentially with activation energy of 2.0 eV. Incorporation of oxygen exhibits superlinear behavior at higher DMA1MO mole fractions.
Functional characterization of naturally occurring mutant androgen receptors from subjects with complete androgen insensitivity

Mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) are thought to cause complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) in 46,XY human subjects who have a female phenotype despite normal adult male concentrations of plasma testosterone. Assays of AR binding in cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with CAIS show either an apparent absence of AR (AR−) or normal levels of AR (AR+) binding. In several subjects with CAIS, AR−, no gross AR mutation was detected by Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA and normal sized 10 kilobase mRNA was present on Northern blots of poly(A+) RNA from cultured genital skin fibroblasts. We have used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify individual exons within the human AR gene of subjects with CAIS and have identified point mutations in three subjects. In one AR− subject (R774C), amino acid 774 was changed from arginine (CGC) to cysteine (TGC), in another AR− subject (R831Q), arginine (CGA) was changed to glutamine (CAA) at position 831, and in an AR+ subject (V866M) a methionine (ATG) was s...
The possible involvement of cytochrome b5 in the oxidation of lauric acid by microsomes from kidney cortex and liver of rats

Abstract Antibody against NADPH-cytochrome c reductase inhibited the NADPH-dependent omega and penultimate hydroxylation of lauric acid by microsomes from kidney cortex and liver of rats, but did not inhibit the NADH-dependent hydroxylation of lauric acid. By contrast, an antibody against cytochrome b5 inhibited both the NADH and the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of lauric acid by these microsomal preparations. Although the antibody against cytochrome b5 did not inhibit NADPH-oxidation, this lack of inhibition could not be attributed to the presence of an endogenous substrate or an uncoupling inhibitor in the antibody preparation. These findings suggest that NADPH-cytochrome c reductase mediates the NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of lauric acid but not its NADH-dependent hydroxylation, whereas cytochrome b5 plays a role in both the NADPH and the NADH-dependent hydroxylation of the fatty acid.
Potential significance of plasma viscosity and hematocrit variations in myocardial ischemia

Abstract A simplified theoretical model of the myocardial circulation has been developed. This model indicates that elevated values of fibrinogen and plasma viscosity may play a significant detrimental role following myocardial infarction. It is suggested that modification of plasma viscosity through a reduction of fibrinogen concentration may be a useful clinical technique in cardiology. Infarct size studies in animals, such as those of Maroko, Ginks, and associates, 41,42 in which fibrinogen levels are purposely varied, should be useful in testing these predictions.
A silver lining to stroke: does ischemia generate new cortical interneurons?

New work identifies a latent population of neuronal progenitor cells in neocortical layer 1 of adult rats. These cells proliferate in response to forebrain ischemia, then integrate into the cortical network as interneurons.
A financial analysis of integration in aquaculture production : the case of hybrid striped bass

Abstract The increasing market demand for hybrid striped bass has created an ideal opportunity for the industry to grow. Hybrid striped bass production can be categorized in a number of production systems i.e., (1) hatchery spawning, egg and fry production, (2) growth of fry to phase I fingerlings (1–2 inches), (3) production of phase II fingerlings (6–8 inches), (4) grow-out of phase II fingerlings to 1.5-pound market size. A hybrid striped bass enterprise can specialize in one of the four stages of production or may integrate in any combination thereof. It is important to analyze the economic tradeoffs between specialization (individual stages) or integration (combination of individual stages) in pond culture production, as well as to evaluate the overall financial feasibility and associated risks of each respective production configuration. This study has found that the expected returns for the aquaculture producer were relatively substantial. However, the wide fluctuation in expected returns indicated that the aquaculture producer faces a significant amount of risk. Vertical integration appeared to minimize the large deviations of the expected returns.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE DOUBLE-DIFFUSION TECHNIQUE AS A TOOL IN DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOME MYXOMYCETES, ORDER PHYSARALES'

A B S T R A C T Double-diffusion technique was used to investigate myxomycete relatior,ships within the order Physarales. Extracts of plasmodia of 22 slime mold isolates were reacted with five aintisera produced to plasmodia of Didymium nigr ipes, Physar eUla oblonga, Physarum polycephalum, Physarum gyrosum and Fuligo septica. Two isolates of Fuligo septica tested alike. Four isolates of Physarum pusillum did not test alike, and nio valid conclusion of the relation-ship of this species
Studies on the reaction of benzene and other hydrocarbons with aluminium trichloride. Effect of catalytically activated hydrogen

Abstract A detailed analysis of the volatile hydrocarbons obtained from the reaction of benzene and AlCl 3 was performed. Several experiments point to the intermediacy of phenylcyclohexane as a primary product. 13 C- 12 C exchange was observed using a 1:1 mixture of 13 C 6 H 6 and 12 C 6 H 6 . Hydrogenation was predominant when polybenzenoids were reacted with AlCl 3 in the presence of PtO 2 /H 2 . Cycloalkanes, however, undergo mainly ring contraction reactions.
SU-E-J-56: Statistical Modeling for Quantitative Evaluation of Automatic Anatomy Segmentation in Radiotherapy

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate automatic anatomy segmentation for radiotherapy using a statistical model that can account for the observer variations and to provide a graphical visualization of the segmentation performance. Methods: We proposed to use the binary statistical behavior of voxel overlap to evaluate the performance of segmentation. A statistical model parameterized on a Beta distribution was built upon the observations of the volume overlap between the automatic segmentation and the manual reference contours. A statistical performance profile (SPP) was estimated from the model using the generalized maximum likelihood approach. The SPP defined the probability density function characterizing the distribution of performance values. This method was applied to evaluating auto‐contour propagation for 10 head‐and‐neck cancer patients with a total of 122 daily CT scans. One physician contoured the parotid glands on each daily CT from scratch and modified from deformed contours automatically propagated from the planning CT using a deformable image registration method. Results: The SPP curves characterizing the overlap between deformed contours and manual contours for both parotids showed a mean performance of 0.71 with standard deviation of 0.07. They also showed that the probability of performance value above 0.90 is almost 0. This demonstrated the high intra‐observer variations in contouring head‐and‐neck patients. The SPP curves for the modified contours showed a high performance for both parotids, with mean value around 0.98 and standard deviation of 0.05. The probability of performance value above 0.99 was around 80%. This indicated that the auto‐propagated contours matched well with the physician's judgment. On the other hand, it confirmed that the intra‐observer variations in the manual reference contours had a great impact on the evaluation. Conclusions: We developed a statistical modeling method for evaluating automatic segmentation. The method can quantify the impact of observer variations and graphically visualize the segmentation performance.
Concurrent Therapies: a Model for Collaboration Between Psychoanalysts and Other Therapists

Many psychoanalysts treat individuals who are simultaneously in couples therapy or whose partners are in individual therapy. If such cases stall, some analysts may seek consultation from a colleague, though most have accepted the tacit historical prohibition against communication between therapists treating members of the same family. Experience, however, suggests that a certain form of communication between such therapists can have a powerfully enhancing effect on the concurrent therapies. After a review of the literature, the advantages, disadvantages, and impediments to collaborative cross-communication are examined. A model is then presented for use in ongoing discussion between therapists, and is illustrated with two clinical examples. The proposed model centers on the transference-countertransference configurations within the therapeutic field, and serves as an organizer highlighting areas for discussion.
Multi-modality optical imaging of ovarian cancer in a post-menopausal mouse model

Our goal is to use optical imaging to detect cancer development on the sub cellular scale. By determining the microscopic changes that precede ovarian cancer we hope to develop a minimally invasive screening test for high risk patients. A mouse ovarian cancer model has been developed by treating mice with 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide to induce ovarian failure and 7, 12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to induce ovarian cancer. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) we have obtained co-registered en face images of sixty-seven mouse ovaries ex vivo and forty-two ovaries in vivo. Preliminary analysis indicates that OCT and MPM can visualize ovarian microstructure. During the next year we will be completing a long term survival study using post-menopausal mice that have been treated with DMBA to induce cancer and imaged in vivo at time points before and after treatment.
The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by peritoneal cells

Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that TNF plays a critical role in mediating the TCDD-induced enhanced inflammatory response to intraperitoneal (i.p.) sheep red blood cells. The current studies were designed to evaluate the effects of TCDD on TNF production by ex-vivo peritoneal cells and a peritoneal macrophage cell line (IC-21) stimulated with LPS. In support of the hypothesis that TCDD can act directly on the peritoneal macrophage to increase TNF production, following pretreatment with TCDD, both ex-vivo peritoneal cells and IC-21 cells produced increased levels of bioactive TNF when stimulated with LPS. Flow cytometric analyses of IC-21 cells indicate that TCDD exposure increases intracellular production and secretion of TNF but does not alter levels of membrane associated TNF.
Lessons for prison re-entry from the feminist movement

The convict criminology and prisoner re-entry movements are at a seminal moment in their development. This moment shares many characteristics with the feminist movements of the 1970s and 1980s. In the interest of not repeating the missteps of the past, the author believes that is important to draw from the lessons of the earlier feminist movement. For the prisoner re-entry movement, the experience of the rape crisis centers and domestic violence shelters in becoming aligned with the state is of particular importance. Convict criminology can benefit from the lessons of intersection theory and begin to draw on the diversity that exists within the community of formerly incarcerated individuals
The Src pathway as a therapeutic strategy

The protein and activity levels of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src are elevated in many cancers. In addition, Src has been shown to be involved in the regulation of important cellular processes including migration, survival and proliferation. Given the participation of Src in many diverse cell functions and the data implicating Src in tumor formation, there has been significant effort to develop Src inhibitors. Here, we review the cell culture, animal and clinical studies that document the use and specificity of Src inhibitors.
Guest packing motifs within a supramolecular nanocapsule and a covalent analogue.

Two hosts that utilize the hydrophobic effect to assemble and/or encapsulate guest molecules were studied. The hosts, octa-acid (OA) and hexalene diamine-linked octa-acid (HOA), were shown to complex a broad range of n-alkanes up to n-hexacosane (C26H54). A combination of 1H NMR, NMR diffusion, COSY, and NOESY experiments revealed four different guest packing motifs, depending on the size of the guest and the nature of the host. As a function of guest size, smooth transitions from one motif to the next were observed and allowed qualification of their relative stabilities. Furthermore, although the two hosts engender ostensibly identical encapsulation environments, their different assembly properties lead to quite distinct packing-motif profiles, i.e., how the motifs change as a function of guest size.
Minimum leakage vector computation using weighted partial MaxSAT

Aggressive scaling of CMOS technology has enabled faster and smaller designs but has posed new challenges. In the deep-submicron era, leakage power has become a major contributor to the overall power dissipation of an IC. In this paper, we present a weighted partial Max-SAT (WPMax-SAT) based approach to find the minimum leakage vector (MLV) of a combinational design. In its exact form, this technique computes the input vector which gives the lowest leakage for a combinational design. For large designs, the exact WPMax-SAT based technique may require large runtimes. Therefore, for such designs, the exact technique is run for a fixed amount of time followed by a guided random search around the best leakage vector computed by the WPMax-SAT solver. We also present a variant of our approach in which the MLV is generated by including the effect of random variations in leakage due to variations in process, voltage and temperature (PVT). Experimental results on ISCAS85 and MCNC91 benchmark circuits show that for larger circuits on average, our method reports a 3.62% improvement in mean, 4.20% improvement in standard deviation and 3.67% improvement in μ + 3✻σ leakage of the circuit under PVT variations, compared to a random vector based MLV determination approach (with the same runtime as the random vector based approach).
Humor in advertising: A behavioral perspective

Humorous appeals are used extensively in television, radio, and print advertising. This article examines the effectiveness of humor in accomplishing specific communications and sales objectives. A brief review of the literature on humorous advertising research is presented. The author argues that previous unsuccessful applications of light-hearted messages are attributable, in part, to our incomplete knowledge of how consumers process humorously conveyed information. The discussion focuses on the importance of recognizing and managing variables which mediate the impact of humor on audience response and on the need for further development and testing of behavioral theory as keys to the effective utilization of humor in advertising.
Experimental evidence for self-organized criticality in tokamak plasma turbulence

Abstract Measurements of plasma turbulence spectra and particle flux from the DIII-D tokamak exhibit significant agreement with predictions of self-organized criticality (SOC) modeling. Power spectra of density n , potential gf, and particle flux Γ, are observed to have three regions of frequency dependence: f0, f−1 and f−4. In addition, the particle flux probability distribution displays a Γ−1 scaling over two decades in Γ. These results provide the first evidence that the plasma is in a state consistent with SOC models and place a constraint on plasma transport models.
On Liouville's equation and its occurrence in mathematical astrophysics

Liouville's equation (uxy = exp uin canonical form) is examined in a variety of different contexts, taken mostly from areas in astrophysics. Since they are based on the existing literature, these examples provide an interesting introduction to the philosophy and practice of advanced mathematical modelling.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY

SYNOPSIS In the fresh water and marine sponges, the Golgi apparatus in the collar cells in each type is differently arranged. In the former there are contractile vacuoles which have no direct connection with the Golgi apparatus; in the latter there are apparently non-contractile bound vacuoles surrounded by a lamel-lated osmiophile material; the vacuoles presumably form a water reserve. In the amœbocytes of both types of sponges, the Golgi apparatus is in the form of dictyosomes flattened against the nuclear membrane, and in fresh water sponges these dictyosomes have no direct connection with contractile vacuoles.
A radiometric assay for trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase.

Abstract A specific and sensitive radiometric assay has been developed for the measurement of trehalose-6-phosphate (trehalose-6-P) synthetase activity. With either [ 14 C]glucose-6-P or UDP-[ 14 C]glucose as substrate, products unique to the synthetase reaction, i.e., trehalose-6-P and trehalose, may be quantitated after charcoal column chromatography by either high-voltage paper electrophoresis or thin-layer chromatography. Some of the characteristics of this assay for synthetase activity which render it more reliable than colorimetric methods based on nucleoside diphosphate production are: (i) absolute product specificity; no other enzyme besides the synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of trehalose-6-P; (ii) greater sensitivity at low levels of product; and (iii) insensitivity to competing side reactions known to interfere with the colorimetric assay (e.g., polyribonucleotide phosphorylase-catalyzed synthesis or polymerization of nucleoside diphosphates).
Glycolipids and myelin proteins in human oligodendrogliomas.

We studied myelin proteins and glycolipids in 24 human oligodendrogliomas (16 pure, eight mixed), including two grade I, 13 grade II, five grade III, and four grade IV Tumours with a 1b ganglioside content (GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b) over 30% of total gangliosides occur more frequently in the WHO grade I II and (47%) and grade III (40%) than in the grade IV (25%) group; there was no difference in the amounts of total ganglioside or individual gangliosides between pure and mixed oligodendrogliomas. The presence of 6′-LM1 correlated with higher grades of tumours (χ2 p≃0.02); however, 3′-LM1 and total neolacto-series gangliosides did not correlate with grade. Immunohistochemical studies of oligodendrocyte and myelin markers (GalCer, sulfatide, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein) using specific antibodies showed only a very small proportion of tumour cells staining. These data do not support the hypothesis that tumours classified as oligodendrogliomas are derived from mature oligodendrocytes.
Effects of flesh attachment on bone breaking and of phosphorus concentration on performance of broilers hatched from young and old flocks

Two experiments were conducted to 1) assess any differences on breaking force in bones with or without flesh attachment and 2) determine the effects of dietary nonphytate phosphorus (npP) concentration, maternal flock age, and chick sex on live performance and tibia strength of broilers. For experiment 1, sixty chicks were placed in battery cages and selected weekly for removal of both tibiae (15 chicks/wk). Raw flesh was either completely cut from the bone or left intact and broken using a texture analyzer. For experiment 2, Ross 708 chicks (1,220) were hatched of 25- and 65-wk-old breeder flocks, separated by sex, vaccinated, and placed on used bedding across 64 floor pens (18 males or 17 females/pen, 8 repitions/treatment). Through 28 d, all birds were fed corn-soybean meal diets (22% CP, 3,086 kcal/kg) adequate in all nutrients but npP, which was included at either 0.35 or 0.50%. Individual BW and pen feed consumption (FC) were recorded weekly and corrected for mortality. Each week, 24 birds/treatment were killed for tibia evaluation. Experiment 1 resulted in no differences in breaking force, whether flesh remained or was removed from the bone. In experiment 2, BW was increased with an increase in npP (P < 0.001) at the end of the experiment. Both BW and FC were increased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 28 d of age in chicks from the 65-wk-old breeder flock. Males had increased (P < 0.001) final BW, FC, and tibia breaking forces. Breaking forces were also improved (P < 0.001) when npP was increased or chicks were hatched from older breeder flocks. Interactions were present (P < 0.05) for npP concentration x 25-wk breeder flock 7- to 21-d BW gain (BWG) and 0- to 28-d FC, npP x chick sex 7- to 14-d BWG and 21- to 28-d feed conversion ratio, and breeder flock age x chick sex 0 d BW and 7- to 14-d BWG. These results indicate that broiler growth and performance can be affected by maternal flock age, chick sex, and dietary npP.
Physical conditions in the ultraviolet absorbers of IRAS F22456-5125

We present the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray spectra observed with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the XMM-Newton satellite, respectively, of the low-z Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS F22456 – 5125. This object shows absorption from five distinct, narrow kinematic components that span a significant range in velocity (~0 to –700 km s–1) and ionization (Lyman series, C III, N III, and O VI). We also show that three of the five kinematic components in these lines appear to be saturated in Lyβ λ1026 and that all five components show evidence of saturation in the O VI doublet lines λλ1032, 1038. Further, all five components show evidence for partial covering due to the absorption seen in the O VI doublet. This object is peculiar because it shows no evidence for corresponding X-ray absorption to the UV absorption in the X-ray spectrum, which violates the 1:1 correlation known for low-z active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We perform photoionization modeling of the UV absorption lines and predict that the O VII column density should be small, which would produce little to no absorption in agreement with the X-ray observation. We also examine the UV variability of the continuum flux for this object (an increase of a factor of 6). As the absorption components lack variability, we find a lower limit of ~20 kpc for the distance for the absorbers from the central AGN.
Street-Rats and Gutter-Snipes: Child Pickpockets and Street Culture in New York City, 1850–1900

For over half a century, the street child was an inescapable fixture of the nineteenth-century industrial city. Lacking formal education, adult supervision, and sometimes even a home, such youths were derided as "rats," "gamins," "Arabs," "urchins" and "gutter-snipes." In a country which identified geographic mobility and physical movement as freedom, the street kid represented the logical nightmare---the replacement of community, familial and even spiritual bonds with the rootless individualism of the nomad. Street children by necessity developed a confrontational and oppositional subculture relative to adult authority, while simultaneously adopting certain entrepreneurial behaviors as a survival strategy. Struggling to negotiate a terrain between personal autonomy and adult authority, between self-sufficiency and economic dependence, child pickpockets thus cultivated their own conception of freedom and independence.
Margaret Atwood's dystopic fiction and the contradictions of neoliberal freedom

Margaret Atwood's MadAddam trilogy marks an emergent literary critique of neoliberalism which has emerged over the last 25 years, primarily in dystopian and science fiction. Rather than calling out neoliberalism for a hyporcitical statism, or for creating a kind of unfreedom all to easily envisioned as dictatorship, she shows us the tyranny inherent in its utopian idea of freedom, which ultimately restricts human action through diffuse channels based in quotidian realms. As such, the trilogy parts company with the earlier antifascist analytic that marked her earlier work The Handmaid's Tale. While affirming the didactic value of speculative fiction as a means of contesting neoliberal utopianism, this article also contends that if one takes Atwood's critiques too literally, they – like the wider popular tendency they inscribe – cause us to underestimate the continued importance of the centralised nation-state in maintaining capitalist social relations.
COMPLEX VARIABLE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR TORSION OF COMPOSITE SHAFTS

The problem of torsion of composite shafts consisting of a cylindrical matrix surrounding a finite number of inclusions is solved by using the complex variable boundary element method. The method consists in reducing the problem to the solution of a singular integral equation in terms of an analytic function of a complex variable using the Cauchy integral. The resulting integral equation is then solved numerically by discretizing the boundaries into segments called complex boundary elements and replacing the analytic function on the boundaries by interpolating function. Numerical examples are given for a square shaft with a circular inclusion, and for an elliptic shaft with two elliptic inclusions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropological Advocacy in the Hopi‐Navajo Land Dispute

The text of this commentary is derived from a talk given at the 86th annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, November 1987.
Natural convection effects in a catalytic reactor

Abstract Analytic methods are derived for predicting the rate of chemical reaction as a function of time in a catalytic reactor where the rate of reaction depends on both diffusion and free convection of the reactant to the catalytic surface. An iterative procedure for solving partial differential equations is used to obtain analytic expressions for the stream function, concentration, and temperature profiles in a cavity reactor in which a catalytic reaction occurs at the side walls. The coupled partial differential equations for the stream function, concentration and temperature are also solved by the method of finite differences on a digital computer. Excellent agreement between the analytic and numerical results is obtained. The heat generated at the catalytic surface causes temperature gradients, which result in density gradients, which produce free convection. An analytic expression is derived which shows how the effective rate of reaction depends on the parameters of the system.