cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topological Methods for Visualizing Vortical Flows

The paper describes the application of topological methods to the visualization of vortical flow patterns that arise in simulations from Computational Fluid Dynamics. Two techniques are presented: the first is concerned with the exploration of complicated, instanta- neous flow structures while the second one permits the visualization of their temporal evolu- tion in large-scale transient simulations. In both cases the mathematical framework is derived from the notion of parametric topology. This yields a unified formalism that permits to effi- ciently address the challenges raised by typical flow problems. The benefits of this approach are demonstrated in the analysis and visualization of transient vortical flows that undergo the phenomenon of vortex breakdown.
Pentose Phosphate (Hexose Mono Phosphate) Pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway is the major source of nicotanamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for reductive biosynthesis and is the source of ribose-5-P for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. Its reactions are usually viewed in two segments. In the first, glucose-6-P is irreversibly oxidized, generating NADPH and pentose-5-P. In the second, the pentose-5-P is reversibly converted through a series of rearrangements to intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. The pathway is in the cytosol.
Failure Mechanisms of Shallow Tunnel in Sandy Ground

The deformations and failure mechanisms of the tunnel face in a shallow ground were studied using a geotechnical centrifuge. The test setup comprised of a half section of tunnel of diameter (D) of 10 cm with a movable rigid face plate, both created using 3D printing technique. The plate was attached to a displacement-control actuator which moved into the tunnel to generate ground failure. In the testings, the ground of Nevada sand was prepared in a rigid test box to render different shallow burial depths C simulating C/D ratios of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. Dry, moist (5% water content), and saturated conditions were considered. The transparent wall of the test box allowed direct visualization and recording of deformations, and subsequent image analysis. The C/D ratios and water contents affected the vertical stress distribution in the ground. The observed failure surfaces were comparable with the mechanisms proposed by Horn.
Conditional Congruence Closure over Uninterpreted and Interpreted Symbols

A framework for generating congruence closure and conditional congruence closure of ground terms over uninterpreted as well as interpreted symbols satisfying various properties is proposed. It is based on some of the key concepts from Kapur’s congruence closure algorithm (RTA97) for ground equations based on introducing new symbols for all nonconstant subterms appearing in the equation set and using ground completion on uninterpreted constants and purified equalities over interpreted symbols belonging to different theories. In the original signature, the resulting rewrite systems may be nonterminating but they still generate canonical forms. A byproduct of this framework is a constant Horn completion algorithm using which ground canonical Horn rewrite systems can be generated for conditional ground theories.
CORONARY FLOW INFLUENCES TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE LEAFLET THROMBOSIS RISK

Transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) thrombosis has led to concerns of stroke and valve durability. Flow stasis in the neo-sinus is an identified risk factor, but the influence of coronary flow on the neo-sinus remains unstudied. Post-procedural, 4DCT data of CoreValve (CV), Evolut R, Evolut Pro and
Histórias do Ensino do Desenho

The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci,1 copilados e editados dos manuscritos originais por Jean Paul Richter sao evidencias cabais de que para Leonardo o desenho era fundamental em todas as suas multiplas atividades.Contudo nos dias atuais ha um desinteresse enorme por pesquisas que esclarecam a importância do desenho para profissionais projetistas, para o cotidiano das pessoas, para o desenvolvimento da cognicao e na educacao para as Artes, para o Design, para a Arquitetura.Ate mesmo o desenho da crianca tao estudado ate a decada de 80 tem sido esquecido. De Luquet (1913) a Claire Golumb (1992)3 muita pesquisa confiavel foi produzida sobre a evolucao do desenho livre da crianca, mas o que se escreve e se vende hoje sao meras receitas para aprender a desenhar, entre elas o livro Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain Workbook (1998)4.Os exercicios que Betty Edwards propoe neste livro produzem bons resultados por serem desinibidores da expressao, mas cientificamente nenhuma pesquisa demonstrou que realmente ativam o lado direito do cerebro.
Putting the Dissemination and Implementation in Infectious Diseases

Dissemination and implementation science seeks generalizable knowledge about closing the gap between clinical discovery and actual use in routine practice and public health. The field of infectious diseases enjoys an abundance of highly efficacious interventions (eg, antimicrobial agents, human immunodeficiency virus treatment) which are not adequately used in routine care, thereby missing critical opportunities to improve population health. In this article, we summarize salient features of dissemination and implementation science, reviewing definitions and methodologies for infectious diseases clinicians and researchers. We give examples of the limited use of dissemination and implementation science in infectious diseases thus far, suggest opportunities for application, and provide resources for interested readers to use and apply to their own research and practice.
Decision Analysis of Transplantation for Patients with Myelodysplasia: "Who Should We Transplant Today?"

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous hematological disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical presentation, cytogenetic, and somatic gene mutations and the risk of transformation to acute leukemia. Management options include observation, supportive care, blood transfusion, administration of growth factors and/or hypomethylating agents, and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) either upfront or after disease progression. Currently, HCT is the only curative therapy available for patients with MDS, with multiple factors such as donor availability, patient, and disease characteristics being involved in making the decision to proceed with transplant. In this article, we summarize (1) overall prognosis and natural history of MDS, (2) currently available non-HCT therapy with a focus on hypomethylating agents (HMA), (3) outcomes after HCT in patients with MDS, (4) factors to be considered to proceed to HCT for treatment of MDS, and (5) more recent/ongoing studies relevant to HCT decision-making processes.
Rad21l1 cohesin subunit is dispensable for spermatogenesis but not oogenesis in zebrafish

During meiosis I, ring-shaped cohesin complexes play important roles in aiding the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes. RAD21L is a meiosis-specific vertebrate cohesin that is required for spermatogenesis in mice but is dispensable for oogenesis in young animals. The role of this cohesin in other vertebrate models has not been explored. Here, we tested if the zebrafish homolog Rad21l1 is required for meiotic chromosome dynamics during spermatogenesis and oogenesis. We found that Rad21l1 localizes to unsynapsed chromosome axes. It is also found between the axes of the mature tripartite synaptonemal complex (SC) in both sexes. We knocked out rad21l1 and found that nearly all rad21l1-/- mutants develop as fertile males, suggesting that the mutation causes a defect in juvenile oogenesis, since insufficient oocyte production triggers female to male sex reversal in zebrafish. Sex reversal was partially suppressed by mutation of the checkpoint gene tp53, suggesting that the rad21l1 mutation activates Tp53-mediated apoptosis or arrest in females. This response, however, is not linked to a defect in repairing Spo11-induced double-strand breaks since deletion of spo11 does not suppress the sex reversal phenotype. Compared to tp53 single mutant controls, rad21l1-/- tp53-/- double mutant females produce poor quality eggs that often die or develop into malformed embryos. Overall, these results indicate that the absence of rad21l1-/- females is due to a checkpoint-mediated response and highlight a role for a meiotic-specific cohesin subunit in oogenesis but not spermatogenesis.
Parallel Bootstrap and Inference for Means

This article discusses the parallel implementation of the bootstrap algorithms on an iPSC/2 hypercube computer. The speec_up of the parallel computations is illustrated with the data generated from terminating simulation and regenerative simulation of a queueing system. It is found that the savings in execution time is most significant in computation intensive cases. Of course this is precisely where parallel processing will be most desired.
Understanding Bias and Dispersion in Forecasts: The Role of Motivated Reasoning

This paper reports the results of an experiment showing that individuals who have stakes in the earnings performance they are forecasting tend to generate forecasts that are more dispersed and more biased when the news they are evaluating indicates earnings performance inconsistent with their preferences. These effects work partly through participants' beliefs about potential bias in the news they evaluate. Participants who prefer lower earnings are more skeptical of optimistic bias in news and provide lower forecasts than participants who prefer higher earnings. After controlling for the effect of participant beliefs about biased news, the forecasts of participants with a preference for lower (higher) earnings performance are still relatively pessimistic (optimistic). Forecasters also take the preference-consistent news more at face value, whereas they rely relatively more on their idiosyncratic beliefs when news is preference inconsistent. Because beliefs about optimistic bias differ across individuals, preference-inconsistent news induces more dispersed forecasts by magnifying that source of disagreement. Because their beliefs are influenced by the direction of their earnings preferences, preference-inconsistent news also induces more biased forecasts by magnifying that source of bias. Stakes, therefore, lead to predictable bias and dispersion. This bias-dispersion link provides an ex ante predictor of bias in forecasts because forecast dispersion is immediately observable, whereas bias is only measurable ex post. These results shed light on the causes of dispersion in forecasts and suggest directions for analytical models of heterogeneous beliefs.
Structural variation of alpha-synuclein with temperature by a coarse-grained approach with knowledge-based interactions

Despite enormous efforts, our understanding the structure and dynamics of α-synuclein (ASN), a disordered protein (that plays a key role in neurodegenerative disease) is far from complete. In order to better understand sequence-structure-property relationships in α-SYNUCLEIN we have developed a coarse-grained model using knowledge-based residue-residue interactions and used it to study the structure of free ASN as a function of temperature (T) with a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation. Snapshots of the simulation and contour contact maps show changes in structure formation due to self-assembly as a function of temperature. Variations in the residue mobility profiles reveal clear distinction among three segments along the protein sequence. The N-terminal (1-60) and C-terminal (96-140) regions contain the least mobile residues, which are separated by the higher mobility non-amyloid component (NAC) (61-95). Our analysis of the intra-protein contact profile shows a higher frequency of residue aggregation (clumping) in the N-terminal region relative to that in the C-terminal region, with little or no aggregation in the NAC region. The radius of gyration (Rg) of ASN decays monotonically with decreasing the temperature, consistent with the finding of Allison et al. (JACS, 2009). Our analysis of the structure function provides an insight into the mass (N) distribution of ASN, and the dimensionality (D) of the structure as a function of temperature. We find that the globular structure with D ≈ 3 at low T, a random coil, D ≈ 2 at high T and in between (2 ≤ D ≤ 3) at the intermediate temperatures. The magnitudes of D are in agreement with experimental estimates (J. Biological Chem 2002).
Deciphering and correcting impaired respiratory virus-specific immunity caused by vitamin A deficiency (VIR2P.1017)

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a leading contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently we have shown that VAD in mice impairs mucosal IgA responses in the upper respiratory tract during both paramyxovirus and influenza virus vaccination, thus impeding a first defense against these pathogens at their point of entry. The key vitamin A metabolite responsible for normal immune function is retinoic acid (RA). Previously, RA was believed to be produced predominantly by gut dendritic cells expressing aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A), an enzyme required for metabolism of RA from RA precursors. However, we found that epithelial cells of the respiratory tract autonomously produce ALDH1A. These cells also produce IL-6 and GM-CSF and can facilitate IgA production from activated splenocytes in vitro. Further in vitro analyses demonstrated that outcomes of vitamin A supplementation were affected by a variety of factors including concentration and type of vitamin A metabolite, as well as cells targeted. Based on these results, we supplemented a respiratory virus vaccine with a single intranasal dose of retinol, retinyl palmitate, or a combination of IL-6 and GM-CSF in VAD mice, and observed enhanced virus-specific mucosal IgA. In total, our data provide insight into the role of vitamin A in virus-specific immunity, while defining feasible methods for the correction of impaired mucosal immune responses in individuals with VAD.
Courts, Congress and Public Policy, Part I: The FDA, the Courts and the Regulation of Tobacco

We test the public policy impact of court decisions relative to Congress and the executive by examining the FDA's proposals to regulate tobacco products. To measure impact we utilize an event study methodology that measures how a court decision affects the returns of selected publicly traded firms. This approach allows us to sort out the decisiveness of court decisions that occur in the shadow of the executive and congressional power, as well as to sort out the power of judges within the judicial hierarchy. We find that courts, including District Courts, have the ability to affect significantly the expected profits of firms.
Abstract 834: The microtubule-disrupting drug BNC105 is a potent inducer of acute apoptosis in CLL

The cytotoxicity of microtubule-disrupting drugs such as the vinca alkaloids has generally been considered to occur during mitosis. However, we have reported that vinca alkaloids can induce apoptosis rapidly ( ABT-199 increased apoptosis levels in CLL cells and various leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, the addition of BNC105 partially overcame stroma-mediated resistance to ABT-199 in CLL cells suggesting potential efficacy of this combination in the lymph node microenvironment. Survival of normal lymphocytes was not affected by BNC alone or in combination, even though JNK was activated. These results suggest BNC105 is an excellent candidate for clinical trials to induce acute apoptosis in hematopoietic malignancies. Citation Format: Darcy J.P. Bates, Edmundo J. Feris, Alexey V. Danilov, Alan Eastman. The microtubule-disrupting drug BNC105 is a potent inducer of acute apoptosis in CLL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 834. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-834
On-orbit performance of the 12 GHz, 200 watt transmitter experiment package for CTS

Performance characteristics from on-orbit tests of the Transmitter Experiment Package (TEP) for the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) are presented. The TEP consists of a Power Processing System (PPS), an Output Stage Tube (OST), and a Variable Conductance Heat Pipe System (VCHPS), all of which are described. The OST is a coupled-cavity traveling-wave tube with a multistage depressed collector and a stepped velocity-tapered slow-wave structure for efficiency enhancement. It has an RF output power of 240 W and an overall efficiency of 51.5% at a center band frequency of 12.080 GHz. The PPS provides the required operating voltages, regulation, control, and protection for the OST. It has a measured dc-dc conversion efficiency of 86.5% to 88.5%. The VCHPS consists of a fin radiator and three dual-artery stainless steel heat pipes using methanol and a mixture of inert gases. Test results presented include efficiencies, RF output power, frequency response, and performance with single and multiple (two) carriers frequency-modulated by video signals.
Identification, cloning, and expression of the Escherichia coli pyrazinamidase and nicotinamidase gene, pncA.

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the three most important drugs for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. The antibacterial activity of PZA requires a bacterial enzyme, pyrazinamidase (PZAase), which hydrolyzes PZA to form pyrazinoic acid and ammonia. Most PZA-resistant clinical M. tuberculosis isolates lack PZAase activity. With the goal of eventually identifying and characterizing the M.tuberculosis PZAase gene, we began with the more tractable organism, Escherichia coli, which also has PZAase activity. We screened a transposon-generated E. coli insertion mutant library, using a qualitative PZAase assay. Two PZAase-negative mutants out of 4,000 colonies screened were identified. In each mutant, the transposon interrupted the same 639-bp open reading frame (ORF), ORF1. The expression of ORF1 on a multicopy plasmid complemented a PZAase-negative mutant, leading to PZAase activity levels approximately 10-fold greater than those of the wild type. PZA has a structure similar to that of nicotinamide, a pyridine nucleotide cycle intermediate, so we tested our strains for nicotinamidase activity (EC 3.5.1.19) (genetic locus pncA). The construct with multiple plasmid copies of ORF1 had an approximately 10-fold increase in levels of nicotinamidase activity. This overexpressing strain could utilize nicotinamide as a sole nitrogen source, through wild-type E. coli cannot. We conclude that a single E. coli enzyme accounts for both PZAase and nicotinamidase activities and that ORF1 is the E.coli PZAase and nicotinamidase gene, pncA.
Ribonuclease Protection Assay

Sequence-specific hybridization probes of high specific activity are prepared by cloning the probe sequence downstream of a bacteriophage promoter. The plasmid is cleaved with a restriction enzyme, and the plasmid DNA is transcribed with bacteriophage RNA polymerase, which efficiently transcribes the cloned sequence into a discrete RNA species of known specific activity and high abundance. The RNA is purified by removal of the DNA template, protein, and the unincorporated label. Alternatively, the probe is purified by gel electrophoresis, as described in a support protocol. The probe RNA is hybridized to sample RNAs and the hybridization reactions are treated with ribonuclease to remove free probe, leaving intact fragments of probe annealed to homologous sequences in the sample RNA. These fragments are analyzed by electrophoresis on a sequencing gel and the presence of the target mRNA is revealed by the appearance of an appropriately sized fragment of the probe.
Joint Entity and Relation Extraction Using Card-Pyramid Parsing

Both entity and relation extraction can benefit from being performed jointly, allowing each task to correct the errors of the other. We present a new method for joint entity and relation extraction using a graph we call a "card-pyramid." This graph compactly encodes all possible entities and relations in a sentence, reducing the task of their joint extraction to jointly labeling its nodes. We give an efficient labeling algorithm that is analogous to parsing using dynamic programming. Experimental results show improved results for our joint extraction method compared to a pipelined approach.
Comparison between RYGB, DS, and VSG effect on glucose homeostasis.

Our group has reported a high incidence of reactive hypoglycemia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with specific interest in postprandial insulin and the ratio of 1- to 2-h serum glucose levels. The purpose of this study is to compare the 6-month response to oral glucose challenge in patients undergoing RYGB, duodenal switch (DS), and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Thirty-eight patients meeting the NIH criteria for bariatric surgery who have reached the 6-month postoperative mark are the basis of this report. Preoperatively and at 6 months follow-up, patients underwent blood draw to determine levels of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, C peptide, and 2 h oral liquid glucose challenge test (OGTT). HOMA-IR and 1 to 2 h ratios of glucose and fasting to 1 h ratio of insulin were calculated. All patients underwent a successful laparoscopic bariatric procedure (VSG =13, DS =13, and RYGB = 12). All operations reduced BMI, HgbA1c, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin. HOMA IR and glucose tolerance improved with all procedures. In response to OGTT at 6 months, there was a 20-fold increase in insulin at 1 h in RYGB, which was not seen in DS. At 6 months, 1-h insulin was markedly lower in DS (p < .05), yet HbA1C was also lower in DS (p < .05). This resulted in 1- to 2-h glucose ratio of 1.9 for RYGB, 1.8 for VSG, and 1.3 for DS (p < .05). All operations improve insulin sensitivity and decrease HgbA1c. Six-month weight loss was substantial in all groups between 22–29% excess body weight. RYGB results in marked rise in glucose following challenge with corresponding rise in 1-h insulin. VSG has a similar response to RYGB. In comparison, at 6 months following surgery, DS causes a much lower rise in 1-h insulin, with this difference being statistically significant at p < .05. As a result, DS results in a less abrupt reduction in blood glucose. Although 1-h insulin is lower, DS patients had the lowest HbA1C at 6 months (p < .05). We believe that these findings have important implications for the choice of bariatric procedure for both diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Semiclassical Fourier transform for quantum computation.

It is shown that the Fourier transform preceding the final measurement in Shor's algorithm for factorization on a quantum computer can be carried out in a semiclassical way by using the ``classical'' (macroscopic) signal resulting from measuring one bit to determine the type of measurement carried out on the next bit, and so forth. In this way all the two-bit gates in the Fourier transform can be replaced by a smaller number of one-bit gates controlled by classical signals. This suggests that it may be worthwhile looking for other uses of semiclassical methods in quantum computing.
Experience With Selegiline and Levodopa in Advanced Parkinson's Disease

We compared the results of treatment with selegiline (deprenyl, Eldepryl) in 17 patients with advanced Stage 4 Parkinson Disease (PD) who were on levodopa (as Sinemet) with 65 Stage 2 or 3 patients with early PD who were also on levodopa. The first group consisted of 17 patients with advanced Stage 4 PD without response fluctuations ("wearing off" or "on off" phenomena). Their mean age was 72.1 +/- 7.5 years, their mean duration of PD was 7.4 +/- 3.2 years. The second group consisted of 65 patients with Stage 2 or 3 PD who had recently been started on levodopa. Their mean age was 63 +/- 12.1 years, their mean duration of PD was 7.4 +/- 3.2 years. The mean dose of selegiline was 10.0 +/- 1.8 mg per day (range 5-20 mg). The mean duration of treatment was 1.5 +/- 0.8 years. During the four years of observation 55.3 +/- 8.0% of the Stage 2 or 3 patients improved while only 14.3 +/- 13.5% of the Stage 4 patients improved. This difference was significant (p less than 0.05). During this time 22.0 +/- 6.7% of the Stage 2 or 3 patients worsened and 60.7 +/- of the Stage 4 patients worsened. This degree of worsening was significant (p less than 0.05). Adverse effects were minor and reversible. Our observations suggest that selegiline is more effective (higher percent of patients improving, lower percent of patients worsening) when it is added earlier with patients on levodopa than when it is added later.
Human Brat Ortholog TRIM3 Is a Tumor Suppressor That Regulates Asymmetric Cell Division in Glioblastoma

Cancer stem cells, capable of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, influence tumor behavior through a complex balance of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Mechanisms regulating the dynamics of stem cells and their progeny in human cancer are poorly understood. In Drosophila, mutation of brain tumor (brat) leads to loss of normal asymmetric cell division by developing neural cells and results in a massively enlarged brain composed of neuroblasts with neoplastic properties. Brat promotes asymmetric cell division and directs neural differentiation at least partially through its suppression on Myc. We identified TRIM3 (11p15.5) as a human ortholog of Drosophila brat and demonstrate its regulation of asymmetric cell division and stem cell properties of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly malignant human brain tumor. TRIM3 gene expression is markedly reduced in human GBM samples, neurosphere cultures, and cell lines and its reconstitution impairs growth properties in vitro and in vivo. TRIM3 expression attenuates stem-like qualities of primary GBM cultures, including neurosphere formation and the expression of stem cell markers CD133, Nestin, and Nanog. In GBM stem cells, TRIM3 expression leads to a greater percentage dividing asymmetrically rather than symmetrically. As with Brat in Drosophila, TRIM3 suppresses c-Myc expression and activity in human glioma cell lines. We also demonstrate a strong regulation of Musashi-Notch signaling by TRIM3 in GBM neurospheres and neural stem cells that may better explain its effect on stem cell dynamics. We conclude that TRIM3 acts as a tumor suppressor in GBM by restoring asymmetric cell division.
Natural killer cell defects resulting from thermal injury.

Abstract Peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBL) from thermal injury patients were examined for their ability to mediate spontaneous (NK) cytotoxic activity against K.562 tumor cells. NK cell numbers were quantitated in burn patients using the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibody Leu-7 and an Ortho cell sorter. NK activity of burn patients was only 30% of control levels. Thus, at a 50:1 effector:target cell ratio, burn patients' PBL gave a mean of 18% killing as compared to 60% killing mediated by control PBL (14 individuals). Pretreatment of PBL with interferon-γ or interferon-α enhanced NK activity of normal PBL but had no effect on the NK activity of PBL from burn patients. The number of cells bearing antigen recognized by Leu-7 was variable in burn patients, with some patients having decreased (
Novel Liposome Immunoassays for Detecting Antigens, Antibodies, and Haptens

AbstractRecent developments in immunochemical techniques have resulted in a new ultrasensitive analytical method known as liposome immunoassay (LIA). Liposomes are key elements in performing LIAs, as discussed in this review. they are sspecifically designed to participate in immune reactions. A variety of chemical markers described to participate in immune reactions. A variety of chemical markers described can be encapsulated in liposomes and used as quantitative indicators of reactions occurring. Details are given of liposomal agglutination and lysis that are essential LIA ingredients. Basic designs for determining reaction rates, measuring immune complexes, and quantitating analytes are evaluated. Vesicle formation, marker encapsulation, and liposomal lysis are presented to provide a better understanding of LIA performance.Basic principles of LIAs are described which include homogeneous, heterogeneous, competitive, and direct techniques. Cytolytic and complement-mediated LIAs are also compared. Advantag...
Effectiveness of in situ damage localization methods using sparse ultrasonic sensor arrays

Sparse ultrasonic arrays spatially distributed over a large area of a structure have been proposed and tested in the laboratory for in situ detection and localization of damage. Detection algorithms are typically based upon comparison to a baseline, where differences not explained by benign environmental effects are interpreted as damage. Most localization methods are either based upon an arrival time analysis of differenced signals or spatial distribution of a damage index. Triangulation and delay-and-sum type methods fall into the first category and, under ideal conditions, can accurately locate discrete damage such as a single crack. Methods in the second category do not rely on precise timing of scattered signals, but are limited in their ability to precisely locate discrete damage using a small number of sensors. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of both types of methods for locating a single site of discrete damage, and considers the degradation in performance resulting from errors in both wave speed and transducer locations.
The Making of Yosemite: James Mason Hutchings and the Origin of America's Most Popular National Park. By Jen A. Huntley. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2011. Pp. ix, 232. $34.95.)

In her new book, author Jen A. Huntley explores the efforts and hardships of James Mason Hutchings to establish and promote Yosemite as an American tourist destination. In doing so, Huntley casts H...
Higher-Order Effects in the Allowed Beta Decay of F 20

It has been proposed by Gell-Mann(1) that the usual vector interaction in beta decay should be modified by addition of a small correction term due to the effect of virtual meson currents around the nucleons. This term in proportional to the difference of the anomalous magnetic moments of protons and neutrons and is of the order of 0.1% per Mev beta energy.
Homogeneity of Subpopulations and Simpson's Paradox

Abstract Pooling of information from subpopulations achieves data compactification, but some characteristics of the data are lost in the process. The greatest danger in amalgamating contingency tables is the possibility of a resulting paradox. Many such have been noted since 1903, when Yule first noticed this phenomenon. We note three types of paradoxes. The definition of homogeneity proposed here is a sufficient condition to avoid Yule's Reversal Paradox. We look at interpretations of this definition and some examples. We also explore the connection of this definition with Lindley and Novick's necessary condition for the paradox.
Deposition of reactive oxygen metabolites onto and within living tumor cells during neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

In this study we test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen metabolites are delivered from neutrophils to simultaneously both the cell surface and cytosol of opsonized YAC erythroleukemic target cells. Using 5′ (or 6′) carboxyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihy-drofluorescein (H2-CDCF) diacetate as starting material, we synthesized its succinimidyl ester derivative. H2-CDCF-conjugated IgG prepared from the succinimidyl ester derivative was used to opsonize targets. In vitro studies have shown that H2-CDCF becomes fluorescent upon exposure to reactive oxygen metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide. Using video intensified epifluorescence microscopy, we observed that reactive oxygen metabolites are deposited on tumor cell membranes during neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This deposition process is catalase sensitive. The role of reactive oxygen metabolites produced by neutrophils in triggering the oxidation of H2-CDCF is further supported by the observation that neutrophils from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients did not affect target fluorescence. YAC tumor cells were also labeled with dihydrorhodamine 123 or dihydrotetramethylrosamine. The oxidized forms of these reagents were found within the cytoplasm of YAC cells. During ADCC normal neutrophils, but not neutrophils obtained from CGD patients, triggered the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 and dihydrotetramethyl-rosamine within tumor cells. Using two-color automated epifluorescence micros-copy, we could not detect temporal intermediates with fluorescence in only one compartment, i.e., either solely on the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that reactive oxygen metabolites cross target membranes (<12) sec. These studies show that reactive oxygen metabolites are deposited both onto and into tumor cells during ADCC, wherein both compartments could become vulnerable to oxidant-mediated damage. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emplacement of the Santa Rita Flat pluton as a pluton-scale saddle reef: Comment and Reply

[Vines and Law (2000)][1] interpreted the Jurassic Santa Rita Flat pluton in the Inyo Mountains in east-central California as a large-scale saddle reef emplaced in the core of a broad, south-southeast–plunging syncline. This interpretation, however, is incompatible with the geometry and probable
Patient use of removable partial dentures: Two- and four-year telephone interviews

Two telephone surveys requested patients to report on their use of removable partial dentures that were constructed by undergraduate dental students. In the first survey, of the 431 patients called, 290 were contacted and interviewed 24 to 33 months after their removable partial denture(s) had been inserted. Of these, 258 patients reported using their prostheses and 238 had no apparent problems. In the second survey, the 238 trouble-free removable partial denture wearers from the first survey were called and 169 were contacted and interviewed 48 to 57 months after the removable partial dentures had been inserted. Of these, 156 reported still using their prosthesis and 152 had no apparent problems. These data are provided, along with some interpretive caveats, for dentists to use in discussing treatment options with patients.
THE SAGA OF MAGLEV

Abstract Magnetic levitation, or MAGLEV for short, is a technology that has had considerable effort expended on its development during the past 15 years. Although intended primarily for high-speed ground transportation, it has the potential for other applications. Its advantages over conventional steel-wheel steel-rail are higher possible speeds, reduced roadbed maintenance, less noise and, since it is all electric, reduced dependence on petroleum. The U.S. was one of the early contributors to the technology as part of the response to the High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965. After the U.S. terminated its activity on MAGLEV in 1975, development continued in several countries, most notably Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany. Both of those countries now have systems nearing the application stage. This paper discusses the technology, describes the major national programs and examines the rise and fall of the U.S. program of MAGLEV.
Metabolic Flux and the Regulation of Mammalian Cell Growth

The study of normal mammalian cell growth and the defects that contribute to disease pathogenesis links metabolism to cell growth. Here, we visit several aspects of growth-promoting metabolism, emphasizing recent advances in our understanding of how alterations in glucose metabolism affect cytosolic and mitochondrial redox potential and ATP generation. These alterations drive cell proliferation not only through supporting biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and maintaining redox potential but also through initiating signaling mechanisms that are still poorly characterized. The evolutionary basis of these additional layers of growth control is also discussed.
Analysis of silva: A model for forecasting the effects of SO2 pollution and fire on western coniferous forests

Abstract A forest succession simulator, SILVA, has been developed for the mixed-conifer forest type of the Sierra Nevada, California, to simulate the effects of SO 2 and fire on forest dynamics. SILVA was developed by extensively modifying a northeastern U.S. simulator. The state variables of the model are the diameters at breast height (dbh) of each tree on a forest stand. Ponderosa pine is found to be a relatively stable dominant for the site used in the simulations. White fir and sugar pine are relatively stable subordinate species. Incense-cedar shows a slowly fluctuating time-series. Sensitivity analyses suggest that parameters determining growth rates are of major importance and changes in such parameters can often produce a relative effect on basal area larger than their relative change. Factor affecting fire induced mortality are of lesser importance. The effects of competition change the relative magnitude of the calculated sensitivities during the time course of the simulation. Relative rankings of parameters according to their sensitivities also change during the time course of the simulation. Those parameters that exhibit large changes in sensitivity are also important in determining the outcome of competition. We investigated the convergence of the means of the time series of each species. The dominant ponderosa pine converged relatively rapidly with the number of runs. The subordinate species such as white fir converged much more slowly.
Using Real Datasets for Interdisciplinary Business/Economics Projects

The workplace's global and dynamic nature allows and requires improved approaches for providing business and economics education. In this article, the authors explore ways of enhancing students' understanding of course material by using nontraditional, real-world datasets of particular interest to them. Teaching at a historically Black university, the authors used one such database, the ING Gazelle Index, which measures the business confidence of small, fast-growing African-American firms. Instructors reviewed student papers based on this Index and analyzed a postproject survey taken by the students. There are a variety of lesser-known economic indices and other data sources that can be used in a similar manner.
An Improved Synthesis of 4-Cycloheptenone

Abstract A previous paper2 described the chemistry of 1-aza-4-cyclo-octene 1 which we prepared from 4-cycloheptenone 2 according to the method of Bahurel et al.3 This procedure involves the condensation of cis-1,4-dichloro-2-butene with ethyl sodio-acetoacetate, yielding, a mixture of four isomers 3–6. The entire mixture is then heated with aqueous potassium hydroxide under reflux for four hours. Under these conditions 5 undergoes decarbethoxylation to yield 4-acetylcyclopentene 7, while 3 yields 2, presumatly by Cope rearrangement atid decarbethoxylation (2 is present in almost negligiblequantity but was reported3 to also yield 2).
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the rat and cat carotid body: a light and electron microscopic study.

Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) was used to study the synthesis and storage sites of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in the rat and cat carotid bodies. In the rat carotid body some parenchymal cells exhibited strong DBH-like immunoreactivity (DBH-I), while others displayed only faint DBH-I. In a typical parenchymal cell cluster, most cells with strong DBH-I were irregular in shape and appeared to partially surround those with weak DBH-I which usually were rounded in contour. In the cat carotid body most parenchymal cells showed a strong to moderate DBH-I. In both the rat and cat carotid bodies varicose nerve fibres with DBH-I were associated primarily with blood vessels. All autonomic ganglion cells examined, which were associated with the rat carotid body, showed DBH-I. Electron microscopy revealed that most DBH-I in the strongly positive cells of the rat carotid body was associated with dense granules (possibly corresponding to dense-cored vesicles of various sizes), although some was found in other sites. In oval cells with less DBH-I, reactivity resided in some of the large granules. In the cat carotid body the glomus cells contained more granules of various sizes and shapes than did those of the rat carotid body. Most of the cat glomus cell granules exhibited DBH-I activity. Our results indicate that some of glomus cells in the rat and most of the glomus cells in the cat contain DBH and therefore may be sites of norepinephrine synthesis.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN DRUG USE AMONG POLYSUBSTANCE USERS

Background Available evidence indicates women with substance use disorders may experience more rapid progression through usage milestones (telescoping). The few investigations of sex differences in treatment-seeking populations often focus on single substances and typically do not account for significant polysubstance abuse. The current study examined sex differences in a heterogeneous sample of treatment seeking polysubstance users. We examined patterns of drug use, age at drug use milestones (e.g., initial use, regular use), and progression rates between milestones. Nicotine and alcohol use were also evaluated.
Electric Thrust Device Requirements for Interplanetary Spacecraft

This paper discusses the requirements that must be met by electric thrust devices in order to be used with interplanetary spacecraft. Two missions, a Mars orbiter and a Jupiter capture, chosen as representative of the time periods following 1965 and 1970, respectively, are analyzed to determine the thrust and specific impulse requirements of an electric propulsion system. The state of the art of electric thrust devices is discussed, and it is concluded that, with expected advances, ion motors can meet all of the requirements of interplanetary missions, with magnetohydrodynamic motors a promising backup.
Light-induced Fos expression is attenuated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of serotonin 1B receptor knockout mice.

Abstract The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a circadian oscillator that receives a dense serotonergic innervation from the median raphe nucleus. Serotonin (5-HT) modulates the effects of light on circadian behavior by acting on 5-HT 1B receptors on retinohypothalamic (RHT) terminals in the SCN. Activation of 5-HT 1B presynaptic receptors on RHT terminals inhibits glutamate release. However, 5-HT 1B receptor knockout (5-HT 1B KO) mice have attenuated behavioral responses to light [P.J. Sollars, M.D. Ogilvie, A.M. Simpson, G.E. Pickard, Photic entrainment is altered in the 5-HT 1B receptor knockout mouse, J. Biol. Rhythms 21 (2006) 21–32]. To assess the cellular response of the 5-HT 1B KO SCN to light, light-induced Fos expression was analyzed in 5-HT 1B KO and wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the distribution of melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells that contribute the majority of axons to the RHT was examined in 5-HT 1B KO mice and compared to that of WT mice. Light-induced Fos expression in the SCN was reduced in 5-HT 1B KO mice compared to WT mice at circadian time (CT) 16 and CT 23 in a manner similar to the reduction previously described in light-induced behavioral phase shifts. The number of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells was similar in WT and 5-HT 1B KO mice. These data taken together with previous data suggest that functional removal of the 5-HT 1B receptor results in reduced functional light input to the SCN.
Can Ukraine Have a History

Ukraine's emerging national narratives, like those of other newly independent states, need to find their place among and within other, sometimes conflicting, established narratives.
Assessment of genetic relationships among rhododendron species, varieties and hybrids by RAPD analysis

Abstract Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have the potential to reveal genetic similarity among plants. RAPD profiles of thirteen rhododendron hybrids, species and cultivars were analyzed to study their genetic relationships. The cluster analysis grouped together varieties and/or hybrids in accordance with their known genetic relationship. For instance, two varieties of Rhododendron yakushimanum , var. Mist Maiden and var. Ken Janeck, clustered together while R. yakushimanum var. Pink Parasol clustered with a hybrid of Pink Parasol × Rhododendron smirnowii . These three varieties and the hybrid then clustered with R. smirnowii . Similarly, the other hybrids with common parents showed a closer genetic relatedness with each other than with other rhododendrons. The sequence homology of two amplification products was studied by Southern hybridization. The amplification fragment OPL07 660 of four Rhododendron species, Rhododendron Anna Baldsiefens, Rhododendron arborescens , Rhododendron atlanticum , and Rhododendron poukhanense were homologous to each other. In contrast to this, amplification product OPL03 900 of R. Anna Baldsiefens has no homology to any other amplification product. The genetic relationship revealed from cluster analysis on the basis of RAPD profiles was similar to their known genetic makeup.
Clue derivation and selection activities in a robot vision system

This paper presents a new Al approach to general robot vision problems. Specifically, a structure is defined for the inference engine that includes clue-derivation and clue-selection components. The development addressed the role that these components play in the recognition process and the natural learning that occurs in the framework of the clue- selection process.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
To Teach and To Learn

A few personal observations on how languages can be modernized to meet changing conditions. Emphasizes the necessity of the teacher learning and growing constantly. Learning a new language or attending a language summer school are among the suggested means of growth.
Multi-Gbit I/O and interconnect co-design for power efficient links

The co-design of a 10Gb/s 45nm CMOS transceiver and low-loss interconnect for parallel links demonstrates 1.4–2.4pJ/bit I/O power efficiency. A C4 bump pattern with an effective 20∶3 signal to ground ratio is implemented with on-die transmission line routing to escape from the I/O circuitry to the package-die interface. Top-of-the-package connector based (TPCB) interconnects, including high density interconnect (HDI), bonded polyimide (PI) flex, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) flex and micro-twinax cables, are trace length matched in bundles of 9 or 10 I/O lanes to minimize clocking power while requiring only 2-tap TX equalization and 106–373mVpp-diff TX swing. The link measured maximum lane-to-lane phase mismatch ranged from 6ps to 22ps.
Challenges Facing High-Volume Interlibrary Loan Operations: Baseline Data and Trends in the CIC Consortium

Interlibrary loan managers of a consortial group of large academic libraries presented a comprehensive report of their collective activities to their library directors to provide a better picture of their libraries’ resource-sharing activities, issues, and trends. The report covered three years of data and addressed trends in overall volume, turnaround time, serials-holding data in OCLC, lending audiovisual materials, reasons for unfilled lending requests, and resource-sharing aspects of electronic licensing. The study documents the importance of technical service’s role in maintaining accurate OCLC holdings and in facilitating union listing, two activities that have a tremendous impact on ILL effectiveness and efficiency. It also demonstrates that presenting common issues collectively to top administrators resulted in changes that might not have been achieved so easily at single institutions. This paper summarizes the report on consortial resource sharing, lists the report’s four recommendations, and reviews the positive changes in the participating libraries’ resource-sharing practices six months later.