cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emission Characteristics of Syngas Flames

Synthesis gas or "Syngas" is being recognized as a viable energy source worldwide, particularly for stationary power generation due to its wide flexibility in fuel sources and superior pollutants characteristics. Although its composition may vary significantly, it generally contains CO and H2 as the dominant fuel components with varying amount of methane and diluents. There are, however, gaps in the fundamental understanding of syngas combustion and emissions, as most previous research has focused on flames burning individual fuel components such as H2 and CH4 , rather than syngas mixtures. To ensure the environmental feasibility of syngas, the harmful emission, especially NOx, must comply with current and future regulations. In addition, the combustion of syngas occurs at elevated pressures and inlet temperatures. Most published research has considered the combustion of syngas constituents at atmospheric conditions. This paper presents a numerical investigation to gain fundamental understanding of combustion and emission characteristics of syngas with varying composition, pressure and inlet temperatures. Two representative syngas fuel mixtures, 50% H2 /50% CO and 5% H2 / 95% CO (% vol.), are chosen based on fuel composition data from multiple power generation plants worldwide. Three detailed chemical kinetic models are used namely, GRI 3.0, Davis and Dryer mechanisms. Results indicate that for both representative mixtures an increase in reactant temperature leads to a significant increase in NOx due to increase in flame temperature caused by an increase in inlet temperature. As the pressure is increased from 1 to 6 atm, the peak NO increases rapidly, and then becomes nearly independent of pressure. This can be attributed to a similar trend in radical species responsible for NO production such as HCN and OH which both show the most significant increase at low pressures. The emission index for these flames is also found to follow a similar behavior with pressure.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Regulation of cell lipid metabolism and accumulation III. The lipid content of mammalian cells and the response to the lipogenic activity of rabbit serum

Abstract Total lipid was isolated from five mammalian cell lines maintained on a chemically defined medium plus horse serum. The lipid was separated quantitatively into four fractions by silicic acid chromatography and the results expressed as μg cell lipid per μg cell protein. The polar lipid constituent was in all cases a function of the protein content according to the relationship, polar lipid=0.154 × protein. The S. E. of the constant was ±0.003. The levels of the free cholesterol and hydrocarbon plus sterol ester fractions, while much smaller, were also approximately the same in all cells. Significant differences were observed, however, in the cell triglyceride to protein ratios which ranged from 0.01 to 0.05. Cells with triglyceride to protein ratios of 0.03 or more invariably contained large numbers of cytoplasmic lipid-rich particles. Substitution of rabbit serum for horse serum in the medium had no marked effect on the lipid pattern of three of the cell lines but caused a five- to tenfold increase in the triglyceride content of the rabbit liver cell and the L cell without comparable changes in their other lipid fractions. The effect of rabbit serum on the triglyceride content of these two cells was completely reversible. The lipogenic activity of rabbit serum was independent of the triglyceride and total lipid concentrations of the medium, the growth rate, and the population density. The lipogenic factor(s) was nondialyzable and was neither inhibited nor augmented by horse serum. It is concluded that a quantitative relationship exists between the polar lipid and protein constituents of a variety of mammalian cells when grown under identical environmental conditions, and that the triglyceride and total lipid content of these cells is determined by their ‘genetic’ constitution and the chemical nature of the external environment.
Quality strategy, strategic control systems, and organizational performance

Despite calls for greater management accounting involvement in the implementation and monitoring of strategic plans, prior studies suggest that few American or European firms employ formal strategic control systems. Using survey data from the automotive and computer industries in Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States, we examine whether organizations following a quality-oriented strategy have adopted the strategic control practices discussed in the quality management literature. Our results indicate that organizations placing greater emphasis on quality in their strategic plans do tend to make greater use of quality-related strategic control practices. However, we find no evidence to support the claim that Japanese organizations link their control systems more closely to competitive strategies than organizations in the other countries. Instead, Japanese manufacturers appear to make greater use of many of the strategic control practices regardless of their organization's strategic emphasis The performance consequences of the strategic control practices vary somewhat by industry, suggesting that strategic control systems should be adapted to the organization's competitive environment. Finally, several strategic control practices are negatively associated with performance, consistent with claims that formal strategic control systems can actually hinder performance in some circumstances by focusing attention on formal and rigid action plans, targets, and information gathering when flexible and creative strategic responses may be more appropriate.
A comment on the service-for-prestige theory of leadership

Successful collective action often depends on the presence of leaders, who bear greater responsibility than other group members for the logistics of coordination, monitoring of effort, and reward and punishment. Leaders may be expected to shoulder more risk, are vulnerable to retaliation from sanctioned group members, and suffer greater reputational damage from failed collective action. What then motivates individuals to be leaders? From an evolutionary perspective, the answer is not straightforward since most of human history occurred in societies lacking significant disparities in material wealth and institutions that grant leaders coercive power. One possibility is that group members share costs by distributing leadership roles over iterations of collective action. However, this is uncommon where inter-individual differences in leadership ability have an impact on collective action. Whether in small-scale egalitarian societies or large-scale stratified societies, group members typically prefer leaders who are superlative in traits such as physical size, knowledge, and prosociality (von Rueden et al., in press).
A numerical model of steady-state permeate flux during cross-flow ultrafiltration

The mass transport mechanisms during cross-flow ultrafiltration (UF) are mathematically expressed using the two-dimensional convective diffusion equation where the axial diffusion term is neglected for an axial Peclet number much greater than the transverse Peclet number. A numerical scheme is presented to solve the steady-state two-dimensional convective diffusion equation for the case of known uniform permeate flux. However, in the actual cross-flow UF process, the permeate flux along the axial direction is unknown and usually decreases with axial distance. Therefore, an iterative algorithm is developed to predict the steady-state permeate flux based on the assumption that the concentration at membrane surface cannot exceed a certain limiting value. Using the numerical model with an effective diffusion coefficient, which is considered to be the sum of molecular diffusion and shear-induced hydrodynamic diffusion coefficients, the effects of particle size, feed concentration, and axial velocity on the steady-state permeate flux were investigated.
Studies in detergency correlation

In alkaline cleaning solutions of ca. pH 12 containing either a primary alcohol sulphate, a straight chain alkyl aryl sulphonate, or a fatty acid soap, detergent efficiency is increased synergistically by the addition of nonionic agents the HLB values of which lie within certain ranges. Those cleaners containing the anionic surfactant with the highest HLB exhibit the most synergism. In such cleaners, increasing detergency is directly related to increasing surface tension and critical micelle concentration of the unbuilt anionic surfactant, and to increasing surface tension of the nonionic surfactant. Asphalt soil removal, judged the resultant of the combined properties of penetrability, peptization, and wetting, was used to indicate detergent synergism in the aqueous alkaline cleaners studied.
The Migration Transition in Asia

"This theoretical discussion of the migration transition in Asia develops a framework to understand the turning point from labor exporter to labor importer experienced by the Asian NIES [newly industrialized economies] (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan). The author concludes that the NIEs' demand for labor curve shifted rapidly, primarily due to export-led growth of a labor-intensive character. Because these economies are well integrated, improvements in labor market conditions in individual sectors are transmitted to all workers, discouraging emigration."
Flood routing in channels with flood plains

Experimental data on unsteady flows in a channel with flood plains obtained in a laboratory test facility are presented. Flood flow at the upstream end of the channel was produced by an electrically actuated butterfly valve in the supply pipe. Water level variations were recorded at nine stations along the channel using capacitance probes and a computerized data acquisition system. Tests were conducted for various initial conditions, and duration and peak of the flood wave. Complete data for two tests are presented which may be used to verify numerical models. A one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate flood flow. The model solves the St. Venant equations by using the Preissmann four-point implicit finite-difference scheme. The suitability of two procedures for approximating the channel cross-section is investigated: (1) the flow velocity over the flood plains is negligible, the flood plain acts as storage only and does not contribute to the momentum (the flood plains and the main channel are separated by a vertical line at their interface and the division line is not included in the wetted perimeter); (2) the entire channel section contributes to momentum flux, the entire channel section has uniform average flow velocity and the non-uniform velocity is taken into consideration by a momentum coefficient. Although comparisons between the computed and experimental results are satisfactory in both cases, Approximation (1) gives better results than Approximation (2).
DOUBLE PARTON FRAGMENTATION FUNCTION AND ITS EVOLUTION IN QUARKONIUM PRODUCTION

We summarize the results of a recent study on a new perturbative QCD factorization formalism for the production of heavy quarkonia of large transverse momentum pT at collider energies. Such a new factorization formalism includes both the leading power (LP) and next-to-leading power (NLP) contributions to the cross section in the expansion for heavy quark mass mQ. For the NLP contribution, the so-called double parton fragmentation functions are involved, whose evolution equations have been derived. We estimate fragmentation functions in the non-relativistic QCD formalism, and found that their contribution reproduce the bulk of the large enhancement found in explicit NLO calculations in the color singlet model. Heavy quarkonia produced from NLP channels prefer longitudinal polarization, in contrast to the single parton fragmentation function. This might shed some light on the heavy quarkonium polarization puzzle.
The Optimal Aiming Line

Track and field athletes have traditionally pursued performance optimization in an artistic rather than a scientific manner. But many of the tactical decisions made by athletes in these events, most of which are currently made by intuition, can be analysed quantitatively to provide optimal results for the participants.
The Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 as a Novel Effector of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Activation

Abstract Activating mutations within fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), a receptor tyrosine kinase, are responsible for human skeletal dysplasias including achondroplasia and the neonatal lethal syndromes thanatophoric dysplasia types I and II. Several of these same FGFR3 mutations have also been identified somatically in human cancers, including multiple myeloma, bladder carcinoma, and cervical cancer. The molecular pathways exploited by FGFR3 to stimulate abnormal proliferation during neoplasia are unclear. The nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2 (proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2) has been shown previously to regulate apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Here we describe a novel interaction between FGFR3 and Pyk2, mediated by the juxtamembrane domain of FGFR3 and the kinase domain of Pyk2. Within the FGFR family, Pyk2 also interacted significantly with FGFR2. Overexpression of Pyk2 alone led to its spontaneous activation and tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in activation of Stat5B, indicated by the reporter GFP-Stat5B. These effects were completely dependent upon Tyr402, the autophosphorylation site of Pyk2, which allows recruitment of Src family members for further activating phosphorylations at other sites on Pyk2. In the presence of activated FGFR3, the activation of Pyk2 itself became independent of Tyr402, indicating that FGFR3 activation circumvents the requirement for c-Src recruitment at Tyr402 of Pyk2. We also examined the role of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in antagonizing Pyk2 activation. Taken together, these results suggest that signaling pathways regulated by FGFR3 may converge with Pyk2-dependent pathways to provide maximal activation of Stat5B.
Photoacoustic imaging: a potential tool to detect early indicators of metastasis

The metastasis of cancer is a multistage process involving complex biological interactions and difficult to predict outcomes. Accurate assessment of the extent of metastasis is critical for clinical practice; unfortunately, medical imaging methods capable of identifying the early stages of invasion and metastasis are lacking. Photoacoustic imaging is capable of providing noninvasive, real-time imaging of significant anatomical and physiological changes. indicating the progression of cancer invasion and metastasis. Preclinically, photoacoustic methods have been used to image lymphatic anatomy, including the sentinel lymph nodes, to identify circulating tumor cells within vasculature and to detect micrometastases. Progress has begun toward the development of clinically applicable photoacoustic imaging systems to assist with the determination of cancer stage and likelihood of metastatic invasion.
Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation reduces excess mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation reduces excess mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Background Diabetic renal disease continues to be the most significant cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. Renal transplantation improves diabetic ESRD patient survival; however, the diabetic state remains associated with poor patient survival. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation can restore normoglycemia and thus may improve outcomes. Methods We assessed the impact of SPK on age-range–matched type 1 diabetic patients who underwent renal transplantation at a single center. The observed/expected life span and annual mortality rates (AMRs) were used as measures of survival. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to analyze the impact of potential variables on mortality in SPK recipients. Results SPK transplantation ( N = 335) increased the observed/expected life span compared with diabetic cadaveric (DM-Cad, N = 147) and live-donor (DM-Live, N = 160) transplant recipients ( P = 0.004) and significantly reduced the AMRs (SPK, 1.5%; DM-Cad, 6.27%; DM-Live, 3.65%, P = 0.008, SPK vs. other DM). Moreover, the SPK observed/expected life span and AMR were not significantly different from that of age-range–matched nondiabetic transplant recipients ( N = 492). The only variable that was significantly associated with patient survival was discharge serum creatinine (relative risk 1.16, P ≤ 0.0154). Conclusion These data demonstrate that SPK improves the ability for type 1 diabetic patients to live more of their expected life span. This suggests that glycemic control, even as a late intervention in a diabetic patient's lifetime, may beneficially affect survival.
Developing the concept of a geostationary platform

A geostationary platform concept with a proliferation of low-cost earth stations is discussed. Candidate platform concepts, servicing, life, and Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV) options are considered. A Life Cycle Costing model is used to select the minimum cost concept meeting program criteria. It is concluded that the geostationary platform concept is a practical and economical approach to providing expanding communication services within the limitations imposed by the available frequency spectrum and orbital arc.
Comparison of THz and near-IR scattering effects from air-solid interfaces

Scattering attenuation from roughened glass surfaces is studied experimentally in the near-IR and THz regions. The IR attenuation is substantial — up to 3-dB per interface in the 1.55-micron region — on samples having ∼1-μm RMS surface roughness. The same samples show negligible scattering attenuation in the THz region. This is important for biomedical applications, such as skin-burn and corneal sensing, for which THz and IR technologies are competing for acceptance.
Vocal Recognition in Mexican Free-Tailed Bats: Do Pups Recognize Mothers?

Abstract Mother Mexican free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana, produce ‘directive’ calls while searching for pups inside cave maternity roosts. These calls consist of highly repetitive pulses of sound uttered in rapid sequence. Calls are sufficiently intense that they are perceptible above the substantial background noise within roosts at distances of at least 1 m. Calls are stereotyped within individuals, and statistically discriminable between individuals. These characteristics are expected for vocalizations that function for mother—pup reunions, and are shared with directive calls described previously in other bats. Mother T. b. mexicana directive calls are statistically no less discriminable than are the isolation calls of pups. Playback experiments, using recordings made inside the cave colony, show that pups perceive directive calls and are strongly attracted to them.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE ARC OF MARCH 8-9, 1970.

Abstract Optical measurements of the emissions from O ( 1 D ) , O ( 1 S ) and N ( 2 D ) states during the arc event of March 8–9, 1970, are reported. Neutral kinetic temperatures derived from ( OI ) 6300 A emission line profiles indicate a slight, near 100°K, heating of the atmosphere within the arc region. ( NI ) 5200 A radiation from within the arc with an emission rate of about 0.2 R was measured, and from this measurement an estimate of N ( 4 S ) concentration of 2.5 × 107cm−3, at 240 km, was obtained. Calculated peak height emissions as well as experimental measurements, for ( OI ) 6300 A , showed the arc to be about 500 km for most of the observations decaying at the end of the observations to about 400 km. The ( OI ) 6300 A height of peak emission was found to be strongly correlated with the peak electron concentration, and weakly with height of maximum electron concentration. ( OI ) 5577 A emission associated with the arc was observed, in agreement with the previously proposed electron thermal conduction mechanism, and apparently as well as with the soft electron precipitation mechanism, for the excitation of optical emission leadings to arcs.
Analogues of the Inhoffen–Lythgoe diol with anti-proliferative activity

Abstract The anti-proliferative activity of a series of ester- and amide-linked Inhoffen–Lythgoe side chain analogues is reported. Whereas the Inhoffen–Lythgoe diol was inactive in these studies, a number of aromatic and aliphatic ester-linked side chains demonstrated modest in vitro growth inhibition in two human cancepar cell lines, U87MG (glioblastoma) and HT-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma). Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated the most active aromatic ( 13 ) and aliphatic ( 25 and 29 ) substituted analogues were approximately equipotent in U87MG and HT-29 cells. Further evaluation of 13 , 25 , and 29 indicated these analogues do not activate canonical vitamin D signaling nor antagonize Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Thus, the cellular mechanism(s) that govern the anti-proliferative activity for this class of truncated vitamin D-based structures appears to be different from classical mechanisms previously identified for these scaffolds.
Further evidence on the screening hypothesis

Abstract In two recent studies that have appeared in this journal, Katz and Ziderman (1980) and Psacharopoulos (1979) investigate the screening hypothesis using different methodologies and data sources (nation-wide household surveys for Israel and the United Kingdom, respectively). For this paper, we employ data for the United States and extend their analysis. Our general conclusion is that, regardless of the techniques used to test for its existence, the screening hypothesis draws no empirical support from United States data.
Trace element model studies of Nyanzian greenstone belts, western Kenya

Abstract The Archean greenstone belts of the Nyanzian System in western Kenya are composed principally of andesite with minor tholeiitic basalt and siliceous volcanics. The Nyanzian tholeiite is an intermediate-K tholeiite with a flat REE pattern. There are two chemically-distinct andesites: a low-K andesite (Andesite I) and a high-K andesite (Andesite II). The REE pattern of the Andesite II is enriched in light REE and depleted in heavy REE relative to Andesite I. Major and trace element calculations indicate an origin for the Nyanzian tholeiite by 35–40% equilibrium melting of a lherzolite source followed by 10% shallow fractional crystallization. Similar calculations best explain Andesite I and Andesite II by 20 and 5% melting, respectively, of an ecologite or garnet amphibolite source of Nyanzian tholeiite composition. The rhyolite may have formed either by 20–30% partial melting of a siliceous granulite or by 20–30% fractional crystallization of a granodiorite parent magma. With respect to total exposure areas, the Nyanzian volcanics have significantly less tholeiite and more Andesite and siliceous volcanics than other Archean greenstone belts. If these abundances are representative, two models are proposed to explain the anomalous abundances of Andesite and siliceous volcanics. The first model involves an Archaen upper mantle with a relatively low geothermal gradient beneath Kenya, while the second model involves a relatively cool mantle plume. Both models inhibit ascent of a significant amount of primary tholeiite to the surface and prevent formation of secondary tholeiite. Other Archean greenstone terranes with higher mantle geotherms or hotter mantle plumes would receive higher proportions of mafic and ultramafic magmas.
Supersymmetry restoration in the compactified O(16) ⊗ O (16)' heterotic string theory

Abstract We consider twisted compactifications of the O(16) ⊗ O(16)' heterotic string from ten to nine dimensions. We construct a model that interpolates between the O(16) ⊗ O(16)' model at large radii of the compact dimension, and the spontaneously broken E 8 ⊗E' 8 heterotic superstring at small radii. Further compactification leads to a four-dimensional model with an exponentially suppressed one-loop cosmological constant at small radii. The notion of duality between strings at small and large radii of the compact dimensions is clarified.
Tectonics, alteration and the fractal distribution of hydrothermal veins in the lower ocean crust

Abstract Gabbros from Hole 735B preserve the igneous, structural and metamorphic history beneath the Southwest Indian Ridge down to middle amphibolite facies conditions. The gabbro was isolated from the zone of lithospheric necking by detachment faulting, unroofing and block uplift at the inside-corner high of the Atlantis II Transform. Lower crustal accretion, as preserved in the core, is a complex integration of igneous, hydrothermal and tectonic processes. Alteration began at anhydrous granulite conditions as surface faulting penetrated the brittle-ductile transition to form brittle-ductile shear zones. In the amphibolite facies, hydrous alteration around these zones was extensive, while undeformed sections remained virtually unaltered. Amphibole veins formed during the brittle-ductile deformation have a high fractal dimension, reflecting an unclustered distribution, consistent with high strain and cracking rates in the zone of lithospheric necking beneath the ridge. However, the fractal dimensions of the two major gneissic amphibolite zones in Hole 735B are different and suggest that they represent discrete fault zones formed at different times. Below middle amphibolite facies a dramatic drop in the extent of alteration reflects cooling, cracking and alteration under static conditions, similar to layered intrusions. Initially, fracture and vein formation exploited undeformed sections, where elastic strain accumulated during cooling from high temperatures was unrelieved by recrystallization. Plagioclase-diopside veins formed at this time have the same orientation as higher temperature veins, but a mineralogy reflecting much lower rock permeabilities, and a low fractal dimension, reflecting a tight clustering of veins, as would be anticipated for crack formation at low strain rates. Late zeolite and carbonate veins and irregular, smectite-lined, near-vertical cracks also have a very low fractal dimension, reflecting clustering appropriate to low strain, near static conditions. These, however, show no preference for undeformed sections of the core and are oriented with subvertical and subhorizontal maxima. This indicates crack formation under the present day stress field. Thus, elastic strain, due to cooling from high temperatures and extension during lithospheric necking, dissipated after plagioclase-diopside vein formation.
Serum PCB profiles in Native Americans from Wisconsin based on region, diet, age, and gender: Implications for epidemiology studies.

Abstract Background Different PCB congeners and different mixtures of congeners have been demonstrated to have different biological actions. More complete characterization of congener profiles in exposure sources may assist in predicting health outcomes. Methods Thirty-six (36) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured by gas chromatography isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in 314 serum samples from Native Americans in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. Five dietary groups were established based on the quantity and species of fish consumed and the waters from which the fish were caught. Multivariate statistical methods were able to resolve gender and dietary differences in PCB homologue and PCB congener patterns. Results Females had higher proportions of lower chlorinated homologues, including a consistently higher proportion of pentaCB 118. The relative presence of the very labile and volatile PCB 18, above 1% of the total PCB in females from the minimal fish consumption and “other” groups, suggests possible exposure to PCBs in the atmosphere. The dietary group consuming predatory fishes from Lakes Michigan and Superior had the highest serum concentrations of total PCB (mean of 3.1 ng/ml) and the most distinct congener profile. The two dietary groups least dependent on fishing or fishing mostly from inland lakes (non-Great Lakes) had the lowest total PCB concentrations, both with means of 1.4 ng/ml. Conclusions These serum PCB concentrations were less than those found in earlier studies of fish consumers in the Great Lakes region and may reflect the decrease in PCBs in these lakes.
Institutional Issues in Traveler Information Dissemination: Lessons Learned from the TravInfo Field Operational Test

TravInfo is a multimodal traveler information system covering the San Francisco Bay Area. The system was intended to “collect and integrate available real-time data on all modes of surface transportation and...broadly disseminate the data through an open system designed to meet the needs of Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) firms” (Bay Area Ad Hoc IVHS Committee, 1992). This paper documents the institutional evaluation of TravInfo, covering the period from 1992 to 1997. It is based on interviews with key project members (three-waves), review of all meeting minutes, and first-hand observation of the organization throughout the period. TravInfo's primary successes have come in developing a network of public and private professionals, who have collaborated on ITS projects in a variety of venues. Unfortunately, however, TravInfo has not accomplished most of its initial objectives, largely due to a variety of institutional problems. Though some of the problems might be attributed to bad luck. the maj...
Factors influencing pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthesis from glutamate by rat intestinal mucosa mitochondria☆

Factors influencing pyrroline 5-carboxylate (P5C) synthesis from glutamate by a subcellular fraction enriched in mitochondria of rat small intestinal mucosa have been studied. P5C synthesis decreased rapidly if this subcellular fraction was preincubated at 20 degrees C in the absence of substrates; this effect suggests that the enzyme(s) catalyzing P5C synthesis from glutamate (P5C synthase) is unstable in the absence of substrates. In the presence of substrates P5C synthesis increased linearly for the first 30 min of incubation, suggesting that the substrates promote enzyme stability. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is an effective inhibitor of P5C synthase whereas pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal are not inhibitory. Potassium phosphate, KCl, and KBr each inhibited P5C synthase but potassium-Hepes (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) did not. Potassium phosphate was the most potent inhibitor followed by KBr, and then KCl. These results suggest P5C synthase is sensitive to anion inhibition. Both L-ornithine and D-ornithine inhibited P5C synthase; L-proline did not inhibit. Several analogs of ornithine and proline were also tested and none was found to inhibit P5C synthase; the inhibition by ornithine is, therefore, rather specific and it may prove to contribute to the regulation of metabolism of these amino acids.
The combinatorial synthesis of a 30,752-compound library: discovery of SAR around the endothelin antagonist, FR-139,317

Abstract A combinatorial library of 30,752 compounds has been synthesised from a set of 32 natural and unnatural amino acids. The library was designed to include the known endothelin antagonist, FR-139,317, as a positive control, and this and a number of close analogues were shown to be the most potent compounds. Thus, combinatorial libraries may be used both to discover leads and rapidly explore SAR. A combinatorial library of 30,752 compounds has been synthesised from a set of 32 natural and unnatural amino acids. The library was designed to include the known endothelin antagonist, FR-139,317, as a positive control, and this and a number of close analogues were shown to be the most potent compounds. Thus, combinatorial libraries may be used both to discover leads and rapidly explore SAR.
Microfabricated recurve bimetallic actuator

The objective of this work was to develop a thermally-driven bimetallic actuator for application in high temperature environments. The actuator was designed to drive distributed air flow control valves in a gas turbine combustor. The valves control localized cooling air flows in response to rises in temperature, leading to more uniform and complete combustion. The actuator is a passive thermo-mechanical device formed from bimorph elements concatenated in a recurve architecture to obtain the required forces and deflections. An electroplating process for depositing an Invar-like alloy in deep recess was developed and used in the fabrication of prototypes. Fabrication of additional prototypes and testing are continuing.
On final choice functions

Abstract A choice function h is said to be a final choice function if hh = h . We shall count the all final choice functions on a finite set X . We consider a semigroup of all fuzzy rational choice functions on X .
Effects of glucagon upon rat liver mitochondria in vivo.

SummaryAfter intraperitoneal injections of glucagon into adult male rats it was found that hepatic mitochondrial protein as well as cyto-chromes aaz, b, c1, and c were significantly reduced when expressed per gram liver or per 100 g body wt. The concentrations of the cyto-chromes paralleled the loss of mitochondrial protein. However, enzymatic activity of cytochrome oxidase, which is presumably a measure of cytochrome aa3, decreased more than mitochondrial protein indicating that spec-trophotometric assays of cytochrome aa3 may measure an inactive form of this enzyme.
Postnatal development of human brainstem potentials during the first year of life

Resume Des potentiels moyens du tronc cerebral, evoques par stimuli auditifs, ont ete enregistres a partir d'electrodes situees sur le scalp chez des nouveaux-nes et des nourrissons âges de 6 semaines, 3 mois, 6 mois et 1 an, de meme que chez des adultes normaux. Les processus auditifs qui se referent a la transmission peripherique (PT) et a la transmission centrale (CT) se maturent a des vitesses differentes au cours de la premiere annee de la vie. Vers la 6eme semaine, les PT ont atteint la latence adulte. Par opposition, les CT transmis par le tronc cerebral n'atteignent celle de l'adulte qu'a l'âge de 1 an environ. En outre la forme du BEP montre un rythme independent de developpement. La configuration adulte remplace la reponse infantile entre le 3eme et le 6eme mois. Malgre une variabilite inter-sujet considerable de l'amplitude du BEP au cours de la periode neo-natale, un pattern morphologique global peut etre aisement decele. Des resultats preliminaires revelent que le BEP est tres resistant a l'habituation apres presentation continue de stimulations. L'evolution longitudinale de plusieurs bebes confirme les donnees transversales.
Estimating House Price Growth with Repeat Sales Data: What's the Aim of the Game?

Abstract Since the seminal work of M. Bailey, R. Muth, and H. Nourse (1963,J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.58,933–942), numerous articles have been written about repeat sales and other methods for constructing house price indices. Our justification for producing yet another paper on this subject is to reemphasize fundamentals. We focus on the basic building blocks—asking questions about what the underlying target is, how repeat sales goes about estimating the target, and when a particular index might be used in practice—rather than on more complex, higher level concerns such as statistical or modeling accuracy. We find that much of the debate over index methodology can be distilled to implicit and largely unrecognized disagreement over the desired target or the intended application. Consequently, we contend that paying greater heed to fundamental questions offers significant rewards to both researchers and practitioners.
Computational analysis of bending strain in single chains of β-PVDF

Hartree–Fock calculations on 20 carbon atom chains of β-phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were done as a function of bending strain. The results can be modeled in terms of a classical energy versus strain curve resulting in a pseudomodulus (310 GPa) comparable to the Young's modulus calculated for stretching along carbon atom chain (199 GPa). The model also shows that the minimum energy state of a single chain of the polymer is not linear in the all-trans geometry and that a significant strain energy is stored in natural thin films. This suggests that energy can be captured from bending motions in β-PVDF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1493–1495, 2011
Benign fatty tumors: classification, clinical course, imaging appearance, and treatment

Liposarcoma is a relatively common soft tissue malignancy with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and imaging appearances. Several subtypes are described, ranging from lesions nearly entirely composed of mature adipose tissue, to tumors with very sparse adipose elements. The imaging appearance of these fatty masses is frequently sufficiently characteristic to allow a specific diagnosis, while in other cases, although a specific diagnosis is not achievable, a meaningful limited differential diagnosis can be established. The purpose of this paper is to review the spectrum of malignant fatty tumors, highlighting the current classification system, clinical presentation and behavior, treatment and spectrum of imaging appearances. The imaging review will emphasize CT scanning and MR imaging, and will stress differentiating radiologic features.
Letter by Cundiff Regarding Editorial, “Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Another Heparin Controversy”

My opinion piece in Stroke challenged the evidence basis for anticoagulant drug treatment for cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT).1 Thanks to Dr Selim2 for his rebuttal. Based on my systematic review of the limited available evidence divulged by CVT study authors in published articles and personal e-mails, my article detailed the case against anticoagulants: Dr Selim2 concedes that “the efficacy of anticoagulation in CVT has not been unequivocally proven.” However, he provides justification for anticoagulants based on the theory that they can prevent CVT propagation and thereby prevent ICHs. Although full-dose heparin has …
Dealing with the Nastiness: Mixing Feminism and Criminal Law in the Review of Cases of Battered Incarcerated Women - A Tenth-Year Reflection

In 1990, Ohio governor Richard Celeste granted clemency to twenty-eight incarcerated battered women. This article describes the author's involvement with the clemency decisions and gives an overview of the plight of battered women in society at that time. Supreme Court cases dealing with battered women are also discussed, as well as the future of feminism and criminal law in working to resolve the problem of domestic violence.
Incidence, natural history, and patterns of locoregional recurrence in gastric cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

Purpose To retrospectively determine the incidence and patterns (in-field, marginal, or out-of-field) of locoregional gastric cancer recurrence in patients who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy and to determine the outcome in these patients. Methods and Materials Between 1994 and 2004, 149 patients with gastric carcinoma were treated according to institutional protocols with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Ultimately, 105 patients had an R0 resection. Of these 105 patients, 65 received preoperative chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy and 40 received preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Most (96%) of these patients received 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy during radiotherapy, and the median radiation dose was 45 Gy. We retrospectively identified and classified the patterns of locoregional recurrence. Results The 3-year actuarial incidence of locoregional recurrence was 13%, with locoregional disease recurring as any part of the failure pattern in 14 patients. Most (64%) of the evaluable locoregional recurrences were in-field. Of the 4 patients with a marginal recurrence, 2 had had inadequate coverage of the regional nodal volumes on their oblique fields. The pathologic complete response rate was 23%. A pathologic complete response was the only statistically significant predictor of locoregional control. Conclusion Patients with gastric cancer who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy had low rates of locoregional recurrence. This strategy merits prospective multi-institutional and randomized evaluation.
Flow Boiling in Silicon Microchannel Heat Sinks

The local flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in microchannel heat sinks are investigated with a dielectric fluid, Fluorinert FC-77. The effect of channel size on flow boiling is studied for mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1600 kg/m2s for seven different test pieces consisting of parallel microchannels with nominal widths ranging from 100 to 5850 mum, all with a depth of 400 mum. High-speed visualizations are performed simultaneously with the local measurements of the temperature and pressure drop to investigate the flow boiling patterns and the conditions for transition between different regimes. The results of this study show that for microchannels of width 400 mum and greater, the heat transfer coefficients corresponding to a fixed wall heat flux as well as the boiling curves are independent of channel size, and have a weak dependence on channel width for smaller microchannels. This is consistent with the visualizations which show that flow regimes in microchannels of width 400 mum and larger are similar, while those in the 100 mum wide microchannels are distinctly different. Also, unlike the 100 mum wide microchannels, in which bubble nucleation at the walls is suppressed at a relatively low heat flux, nucleate boiling is dominant over a wide range of heat fluxes for microchannels of width 400 mum and larger.
A taxonomy of replay attacks [cryptographic protocols]

This paper presents a taxonomy of replay attacks on cryptographic protocols in terms of message origin and destination. The taxonomy is independent of any method used to analyze or prevent such attacks. It is also complete in the sense that any replay attack is composed entirely of elements classified by the taxonomy. The classification of attacks is illustrated using both new and previously known attacks on protocols. The taxonomy is also used to discuss the appropriateness of particular countermeasures and protocol analysis methods to particular kinds of replays. >
Current Readings on Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass

Historically, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in performing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been the "gold standard" in coronary revascularization. However, with greater understanding of the inflammatory effects of CPB and the increased risks of strokes in atherosclerotic or calcified aortas, there has been a growing interest in less-invasive approaches to the standard conventional technique. One such approach is performing coronary revascularization without using CPB, also known as off-pump CABG (OPCAB). Several studies have reported that OPCAB is a safe and effective technique that avoids the significant morbidity associated with the use of CPB, whereas other studies report no overall advantage with the avoidance of CPB in coronary revascularization and a trend toward better outcomes in patients undergoing the conventional on-pump technique. The controversial topic of on-pump vs OPCAB has been the subject of ongoing debate for over a decade. This article reviews current literature and hopefully provides an unbiased guide for assessing the values, benefits, and risks of both the techniques.
An adaptive, non-uniform cache structure for wire-delay dominated on-chip caches

Growing wire delays will force substantive changes in the designs of large caches. Traditional cache architectures assume that each level in the cache hierarchy has a single, uniform access time. Increases in on-chip communication delays will make the hit time of large on-chip caches a function of a line's physical location within the cache. Consequently, cache access times will become a continuum of latencies rather than a single discrete latency. This non-uniformity can be exploited to provide faster access to cache lines in the portions of the cache that reside closer to the processor. In this paper, we evaluate a series of cache designs that provides fast hits to multi-megabyte cache memories. We first propose physical designs for these Non-Uniform Cache Architectures (NUCAs). We extend these physical designs with logical policies that allow important data to migrate toward the processor within the same level of the cache. We show that, for multi-megabyte level-two caches, an adaptive, dynamic NUCA design achieves 1.5 times the IPC of a Uniform Cache Architecture of any size, outperforms the best static NUCA scheme by 11%, outperforms the best three-level hierarchy--while using less silicon area--by 13%, and comes within 13% of an ideal minimal hit latency solution.
Copper, Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese Availability from Land‐based Endowments A Perspective

Estimates of land-based demonstrated resources of cobalt, copper, manganese, and nickel would indicate adequate supply for many years to come based on current levels of annual consumption. However, when these resource estimates are disaggregated, much of this resource is found to occur in a limited number of producing mines. Almost all of the cobalt in these resources coexists with either nickel or copper, and as such, will be available only to the degree extraction of these two metals from existing mines is economical. Finally, current projections of excess capacity in existing mines for all four metals, coupled with additional inferred resources at these mines and yet to be exploited resources in known economical deposits, would lead one to conclude that, from this perspective, the mining of sea bed nodules is not likely to occur until well into the next century.
An integrated individual, community, and structural intervention to reduce HIV/STI risks among female sex workers in China

Background We assessed the effectiveness of an integrated individual, community, and structural intervention to reduce risks of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs).