cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of real-time flow structures in gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid flow systems using electrical capacitance tomography (ECT)

Abstract The real-time cross-sectional distributions of the gas holdups in gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid systems are measured using electrical capacitance tomography. For the gas–liquid system, air as the gas phase and both Norpar 15 (paraffin) and Paratherm as the liquid phases are used. Polystyrene beads whose permittivity is similar to that of Paratherm are used as the solid phase in the gas–liquid–solid system. The three-phase system is essentially a dielectrically two-phase system enabling measurement of the gas holdup in the gas–liquid–solid system independent of the other two phases. A new reconstruction algorithm based on a modified Hopfield dynamic neural network optimization technique developed by the authors is used to reconstruct the tomographic data to obtain the cross-sectional distribution of the gas holdup. The real-time flow structure and bubbles flow behavior in the two- and three-phase systems are discussed along with the effects of the gas velocity and the solid particles.
The adsorption and elution of parainfluenza 2 virus.

On adsorption to formalinized guinea pig red cells and elution, the hemagglutination (HA) titer of parainfluenza 2 virus increased 8- to 16-fold. Using Tween-ether (TE) treatment, it was determined that 50% of the total hemagglutinin was recovered in the first eluates, even though they contained only 5.5 to 18% of the total infectious particles. Disruption of virus particles has been postulated to explain these findings.
Optical characterization of structurally graded Si 1−x Ge x :H thin films

High efficiency thin film silicon solar cells consist of multiple junctions with hydrogenated amorphous silicon, silicon germanium alloys, and nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) absorbers. Uniformity over large areas is challenging for nc-Si:H and an accurate method of mapping material quality via a technique like ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is desirable. In situ, real time SE (RTSE) measurements during growth show material evolves from amorphous to nanocrystalline, which complicates the analysis of single SE measurements. Information from RTSE has been applied to develop procedures to accurately extract the thickness at which nanocrystallites initially appear and coalesce from single SE measurements.
A two-body problem of classical electrodynamics: the one-dimensional case

Abstract The equations of motion for the two-body problem of classical electrodynamics can be formulated by substituting the expressions for the field of a moving charge, calculated from the Lienard-Wiechert potentials, into the Lorentz-Abraham force law. In this paper, radiation reaction is omitted and the charges are assumed to move along the x-axis. Due to the finite speed of propagation, c, of electrical effects, the differential equations involve time delays, which depend upon the unknown trajectories. Thus the equations of motion are not ordinary differential equations, and one does not determine a unique solution for t > t0 by merely specifying the positions and velocities of the charges at t0. One specifies rather arbitrary initial trajectories of the two charges over some appropriate interval [α, t0], where α t0 unless and until the charges collide. Moreover the solution depends continuously on the given initial trajectories. It is also shown that two point charges of like sign cannot collide, while two point charges of opposite signs may or may not collide, depending upon the initial data. Moreover, in the event of a collision, the velocities of the two charges become +c and −c at the instant of collision. The effect of an external electric field in the x-direction is also considered.
Duplications Complicate Genetic Mapping of Rf4, a Restorer Gene for cms-C Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Corn

Previous studies of the genetics of fertility restoration for C-type cytoplasmic male sterility (cms-C) in corn (Zea mays L.) have produced conflicting results. The objective of this study was to localize the restorer gene(s) for cms-C using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Rf4, a single dominant restorer gene for cms-C found in inbred A619, was localized to Chromosome 8, ≈2 centimorgans from an RFLP marker locus, NPI114A. The presence in corn of extensive nucleotide duplication complicated the analysis. Because the region of Chromosome 8 near Rf4 is duplicated on Chromosome 3, an additional restorer gene for cms-C may eventually be found on Chromosome 3. Joint contribution of the USDA-ARS and the North Carolina Agric. Res. Serv.
Photon Decay of Hyperons

The photon mode of decay of the EPSILON /sup +/ and LAMBDA /sup O/ is examined. The lifetime and angular distributions of the decay products are written in terms of the three physical parameters of the problem without restriction as to invariance under space reflection, charge conjugation, or time reversal. Am estimats of these parameters is made by use of perturbation theory, and, although ambiguous, it indicates that this mode may soon be experimentally detectable. (auth)
Thermal stability of self-supported nanolayered Cu/Nb films

We report the development of thermally stable nanoscale layered structures in sputter deposited Cu/Nb multilayered films with 75 nm individual layer thickness, vacuum annealed at temperatures of 800°C or lower. The continuity of the layered structure was maintained and layer thickness unchanged in the annealed films. The nanolayers were observed to be offset by shear at the triple-point junctions that had equilibrium groove angles and were aligned in a zigzag pattern. A mechanism is proposed for the evolution of this ‘anchored’ structure that may be resistant to further morphological instability.
Histopathology and ultrastructure of busulfan-induced cataract.

A 49-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia developed dense posterior subcapsular cataracts and punctate cortical opacities after five years of busulfan (Myleran) therapy.
Inhibition of inner ear ornithine decarboxylase by neomycin in-vitro

Abstract We quantitated the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in homogenates and subcellular fractions of inner ear tissues from the rat and guinea pig and demonstrate inhibition of cochlear ODC by the aminoglycoside neomycin. Subcellular fractionation showed the enzyme associated with the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction in each of the tissues: Specific activities of ODC, defined as α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)-sensitive decarboxylation of ornithine, in the supernatant fractions of combined inner ear tissues were: guinea pig=44 ± 4 pmoles CO2 produced/hour/mg protein, and rat=133 ± 30. In the guinea pig, supernatant fractions of the lateral wall tissues (stria vascularis and spiral ligament) had specific activities of 62 ± 25, those of the organ of Corti (plus Vlllth nerve) 64 ± 41. The ototoxic aminoglycoside neomycin produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ODC with half-maximal inhibition observed at 50 μM drug and almost complete inhibition at 100 μM. This is the first report of the presence of ODC in the inner ear and its inhibition by neomycin. Since both the ODC-inhibitors, DFMO and neomycin, can cause hearing loss in patients and experimental animals it is suggested that inhibition of ODC may be an important factor in the ototoxicity of these drugs.
The peripheral blood smear in patients with sickle cell trait: A morphologic observation

It has been documented that individuals with sickle-cell trait (SCT) usually possess a normal complete blood cell count (CBC) and normal RBC morphology in the peripheral blood smear (PBS). We, however, have observed that the PBS of patients with SCT contains variable numbers of abnormally shaped RBCs (aRBCs), characterized by an elongated shape with tapered ends. To investigate whether these aRBCs are an invariable finding, the PBS of 71 patients with SCT and 72 patients without SCT were compared via light microscopy. Ninety-six percent of the study group had aRBCs in their PBS compared with 4% of the control group. The majority of the control group (96%) had no aRBCs (0%) in their PBS.
Family-supportive organization perceptions: Validation of an abbreviated measure and theory extension.

Although the concept of family-supportive organization perceptions has been well received in the literature, the actual construct has been relatively understudied. In the present study, we accomplish two goals. First using confirmatory factor analysis, we report on the validation of an abbreviated six-item measure of family-supportive organization perceptions that demonstrates limited measurement error. Second, we link role theory, social support resource theory, and the direct effects model of social support, to suggest that the way in which family-supportive organization perceptions affect work-family conflict is via experiences of domain overload. Contrary to the direct effects model of social support, family-supportive organization perceptions do not differentially impact work and family overload. Consistent with social support resource theory though, the effects of family-supportive organization perceptions on work-to-family and family to-work conflict are fully mediated via work and family overload (respectively). Avenues for future research incorporating family-supportive organization perceptions are also considered.
Recording motion picture sound tracks using a computer output film recorder

The use of computer graphics equipment to draw sound tracks directly on film is discussed. This method of recording enables the computer user to add sound to his movies using equipment and techniques with which he is familiar. It introduces problems from two sources, the incremental movement of the film and the detailed control over the recorded wave shapes that must be exercised by the programmer. Examples of some of these problems, with suggested solutions, are given.
Hydrolysis of nerve gas by squid-type diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate hydrolyzing enzyme on agarose resin

An enzyme purified from squid nerve that hydrolyzes the cholinesterase inhibitor diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) has now been coupled to agarose beads. A column of this agarose-DFPase hydrolyzes the nerve gas 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Soman). Although the more inhibitory of the four diastereoisomers of Soman are hydrolyzed least rapidly, a column of sufficient length will accomplish 95 percent hydrolysis whether measured by fluoride release or loss of cholinesterase-inhibiting power. The results suggest a means for detoxifying unwanted chemical warfare agents.
Weakly-Coupled non-Abelian Anyons in Three Dimensions

We introduce a Hamiltonian coupling Majorana fermion degrees of freedom to a quantum dimer model. We argue that, in three dimensions, this model has deconfined quasiparticles supporting Majorana zero modes obeying nontrivial statistics. We introduce two effective field theory descriptions of this deconfined phase in which the excitations have Coulomb interactions. A key feature of this system is the existence of topologically nontrivial fermionic excitations, called ``Hopfions'' because, in a suitable continuum limit of the dimer model, such excitations correspond to the Hopf map and are related to excitations identified by Ran et al. [Phys. Rev. B 84, 184501 (2011)]. We identify corresponding topological invariants of the quantum dimer model (with or without fermions) that are present even on lattices with trivial topology. The Hopfion energy gap depends upon the phase of the model. We briefly comment on the possibility of a phase with a gapped, deconfined ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ gauge field, as may arise on the stacked triangular lattice.
Surface-charge reversed capillary zone electrophoresis of inorganic and organic anions.

Anions commonly found in biological fluids such as chloride, citrate, phosphate, bicarbonate, lactate, aspartate and glutamate, were determined within 60 s by means of capillary zone electrophoresis and indirect UV detection using 10 mM of chromate, pH 8.0, as both carrier electrolyte and chromophore. The lower mass detection limit was 0.5 pmol. In order to avoid a gradual shift of the pH and, in consequence, drifting ionic mobilities due to the formation of hydroxyl ions at the cathode, 1 mM of 5,5-diethylbarbiturate was added to the background electrolyte. Moreover, fused silica capillaries were coated with a 0.0003% solution of hexadimethrine bromide for two minutes between runs to reverse electroendosmotic flow which otherwise would counteract the electrophoretic migration of the anions and, hence, increase time of analysis. It is concluded that charge-reversed capillary zone electrophoresis in concert with indirect UV detection is superior to ion chromatography and conductivity detection in the determination of inorganic and organic anions in biological fluids both with regard to selectivity, sensitivity and speed of analysis1 .
The absolute frequency of labeled N-6-methyladenosine in HeLa cell messenger RNA decreases with label time☆

Abstract When HeLa cells were labeled with either [3H]adenosine or H332PO4, the absolute frequency of m6A (N-6-methyladenosine) decreased 2 to 2.5-fold between a short and long label. The frequency of caps (m7GpppXmpYp) remained constant at a level which suggests that most if not all mRNAs are capped in either a short or a long label. Since the inhibition of heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis with either actinomycin D or 5,6-dichloro-I-β- d -ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole halted the labeling of both m6A and caps within 10 to 15 minutes and no direct cytoplasmic addition of m6A could be detected, m6A must be lost faster than caps from the cytoplasmic mRNA. This preferential loss could be due to one or more of the following: (1) a m6A demethylase; (2) excision of m6A containing sequences followed by splicing of the remaining parts of the mRNA; or (3) a minority of the mRNA with a high frequency of m6A leaving the cytoplasmic compartment rapidly, presumably by being degraded.
Resolution And Invariance Criteria For Object Pattern Recognition

We overview progress toward implementing a simulation system, being designed at Honeywell, to demonstrate robust recognition of planar shapes and textures in a scene irrespective of their variable appearance in the image as affected by a priori unknown perspective, position, orientation, size, range, illumination, and partial occlusion. The system is based on a theory that two of the authors have previously proposed for invariant visual form recognition. Besides describing the advanced image representation to be employed, we also introduce a pattern detection/association subsystem that allows one to directly use invariant visual patterns to "address out" related information from a distributed associative memory.
Bifurcation Analysis of Nuclear-Coupled Thermal Hydraulics of BWR Using BIFDD

Stability and bifurcation analyses of nuclear-coupled thermal hydraulic instability in BWR has been performed using a semi-analytical method. The BWR model used in this study consists of three parts: neutron kinetics, fuel rod heat conduction and single and two-phase heated channel thermal hydraulics. Point reactor model is currently being used for neutron kinetics and will be extended in the future to higher order lambda or omega-mode. In the heat conduction part, a piecewise quadratic approximation to radial temperature distribution in fuel pellet and cladding is assumed. ODEs for the expansion coefficients of the quadratic spatial profiles are developed by applying variational principle. Similar to the heat conduction model, the spatial enthalpy distribution in the single phase region and steam quality in the two-phase region in the BWR core are approximated by quadratic polynomials. Two-phase flow is modeled using the homogeneous equilibrium model. A bifurcation analysis code, BIFDD, is then used to perform the analysis for the stability boundary (SB) and the nature of Poincare-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation (PAH-B). Results in control-rod-induced-reactivity—inlet-subcooling-number space show that both super or sub-critical bifurcation can occur along the SB—the subcritical bifurcation occurs for very small or very large subcooling number values; super-critical PAH-B occurs for intermediate values of subcooling number.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A 3D Field-Scale Streamline-Based Reservoir Simulator

The authors present a new streamline-based simulator applicable to field scale flow. The method is three dimensional (3D) and accounts for changing well conditions that result from infill drilling and well conversions, heterogeneity, mobility effects, and gravity effects. The key feature of the simulator is that fluid transport occurs on a streamline grid rather than between the discrete gridblocks on which the pressure field is solved. The streamline grid dynamically changes as the mobility field and boundary conditions dictate. A general numerical solver moves the fluids forward in space and time along each streamline. Multiphase gravity effects are accounted for by an operator-splitting technique that also requires a numerical solver. Because fluid transport is decoupled from the underlying grid, the method is computationally efficient and very large time-steps can be taken without loss in solution accuracy. The authors present results of the streamline-based simulator applied to tracer, waterflooding, and first-contact miscible (FCM) displacements in two and three dimensions. Where possible, comparisons with conventional methods indicate that the streamline model minimizes numerical diffusion and is up to two orders of magnitude faster. They also demonstrate the efficiency of the method on a field-scale, million-gridblock, 36-well waterflood that includes a pattern-modification planmore » to improve oil recovery. Lastly, they present results of the method applied to the House Mountain waterflood in Canada.« less
Turbulent Mixing, Spectral Evolution and Dynamics in a Warm Cumulus Cloud

Abstract The analysis of Paluch suggests that some cumuli contain cloudy air from only two sources: cloud base and cloud top. A framework is presented for the investigation of droplet spectral evolution in clouds composed of air from only these two sources. The key is the investigation of the dependence of droplet concentration N on the fraction of cloud base air F in a sample of cloudy air. This N-vs-F analysis is coupled with an investigation of droplet spectral parameters to infer the types and scales of entrainment and mixing events. The technique is used in a case study of a small, nonprecipitating continental cumulus cloud which was sampled during the 1981 CCOPE project in eastern Montana. The mixing between cloudy and entrained air in this cloud often appears to occur without total removal of droplets, although there is evidence that total evaporation occurs in some regions with low liquid water content. The observed droplet spectra are compared with those calculated from an adiabatic parcel model....
Exercise in Middle-Aged Adults: Self-Efficacy and Self-Presentational Outcomes

Abstract Background . Whereas self-efficacy expectations have been identified as important determinants of exercise participation patterns, little empirical work that examines efficacy expectations as outcomes of exercise participation or their theoretical relationship to other psychological outcomes associated with exercise has been conducted. In the context of middle-aged males and females, the present study attempted to integrate social cognitive and impression management perspectives with respect to anxiety associated with exercise. Methods . Formerly sedentary subjects participated in a B-month exercise program with assessments of physique anxiety, efficacy, outcome expectations, and anthropometric variables prior to and following the program. Results . Both acute bouts and long-term participation in exercise resulted in significant increases in self-efficacy. In turn, these changes in efficacy and initial positive outcome expectations were significant predictors of reductions in physique anxiety, even when controlling for the influence of gender and reductions in body fat, weight, and circumferences. Conclusions . The findings are discussed in terms of the implications for structure and content of exercise environments and the utility of the proposed theoretical integration. Strategies for enhancing beliefs regarding health and fitness outcomes associated with exercise rather than appearance outcomes may be required to maximize reductions in negative body image.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of giant cell tumor of soft tissue (soft tissue giant cell tumor of low malignant potential)

Giant cell tumor of soft tissue is an uncommon neoplasm. To our knowledge, its cytopathology obtained using the fine-needle aspiration biopsy technique has not been previously described. We report an example of the fine-needle aspiration cytology of giant cell tumor of soft tissue in a 40-year-old woman, and correlate it with the corresponding tissue specimen.
The effect of a gravitational induction force on the stellar orbits in galaxies

This paper explores the effect of a gravitational induction force, similar to gravito-electromagnetism but of several orders of magnitude larger, on a spiral galaxy. This would provide, because of the huge amount of mass currents associated with spirals, a rather large gravitational induction force. Standard gravitational dynamics is modified by adding an anti-symmetric force tensor analogous to electromagnetism. By choosing a special free space solution to the Einstein field equations, it was found that the resulting force field would drop off by an r −1 rather than an r −2 rule. Thus this new induction force would grow to dominance over the large distances associated with galaxies. Any r −1 force will produce the flat rotation curves that are observed in disk galaxies as well as explain the Tully-Fisher relationship. It would also explain why the inner core of the spirals remain Newtonian. Quite surprisingly, this simple hypothesis also seems to offer explanations for many other observed phenomena as well.
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from Aorta with Prinzmetal’s Angina: A Postoperative Dilemma Successfully Managed

Anomalous aortic origin of one of the coronary arteries is uncommon. There have been few reports of the left coronary artery arising from the noncoronary sinus. The occurrence of Prinzmetal’s angina in association with anomalous aortic origin is extremely rare. We report a case of such a combination and discuss the diagnostic options and therapeutic decision making.
Ligands and Signaling Through Receptor-Type Tyrosine Phosphatases

Virtually every aspect of cellular proliferation and differentiation is regulated by changes in tyrosine phosphorylation. Tyrosine phosphorylation, in turn, is controlled by the opposing activities of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTKs are often transmembrane proteins (receptor PTKs) whose enzymatic activities and signaling functions are tightly regulated by the binding of specific ligands. A variety of transmembrane PTPs has also been identified; these proteins are called receptor PTPs (RPTPs), but in most cases their roles as receptors are very poorly understood. This review discusses the evidence that RPTPs are actually receptors for extrinsic ligands, and the extent to which interactions with putative ligands are known or suspected to cause changes in enzymatic activity. Finally, some of the RPTP substrates believed to be physiologically important are described. The evidence gathered to date suggests that models derived from studies of receptor PTKs may be too simple to account for the diversity and complexity of mechanisms through which ligand binding controls RPTP function.
Energy balance in muscle activity: Simulations of ATPase coupled to oxidative phosphorylation and to creatine kinase

Energy balance refers to the dynamic homeostasis of ATP and related forms of chemical potential within cells. This regulation is accomplished mainly by oxidative metabolism in most mammals. This homeostasis matches dynamically the energy demands of cellular ATPases (net decrease in chemical potential energy) with the energy supply by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (net increase in chemical potential energy). Muscle cells are distinguished from most other cell types in their ability to attain energy balance with more than a 10-fold range of ATPase demand. Creatine kinase maintains a near to equilibrium flux: PCr + ADP ATP + Cr. One important function of creatine kinase is to buffer ATP and ADP concentrations. A system of differential equations describe the coupled operation of cellular ATPase, creatine kinase and oxidative phosphorylation. These equations used experimentally measured concentrations of relevant metabolites and enzyme activities to simulate energy balance in muscle cells. The principle of energy balance is adequately illustrated by simulations with only a three component system.
Validation of a LC-MS/MS Method for Quantifying Urinary Nicotine, Six Nicotine Metabolites and the Minor Tobacco Alkaloids—Anatabine and Anabasine—in Smokers' Urine

Tobacco use is a major contributor to premature morbidity and mortality. The measurement of nicotine and its metabolites in urine is a valuable tool for evaluating nicotine exposure and for nicotine metabolic profiling—i.e., metabolite ratios. In addition, the minor tobacco alkaloids—anabasine and anatabine—can be useful for monitoring compliance in smoking cessation programs that use nicotine replacement therapy. Because of an increasing demand for the measurement of urinary nicotine metabolites, we developed a rapid, low-cost method that uses isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for simultaneously quantifying nicotine, six nicotine metabolites, and two minor tobacco alkaloids in smokers' urine. This method enzymatically hydrolyzes conjugated nicotine (primarily glucuronides) and its metabolites. We then use acetone pretreatment to precipitate matrix components (endogenous proteins, salts, phospholipids, and exogenous enzyme) that may interfere with LC-MS/MS analysis. Subsequently, analytes (nicotine, cotinine, hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, nornicotine, cotinine N-oxide, nicotine 1′-N-oxide, anatabine, and anabasine) are chromatographically resolved within a cycle time of 13.5 minutes. The optimized assay produces linear responses across the analyte concentrations typically found in urine collected from daily smokers. Because matrix ion suppression may influence accuracy, we include a discussion of conventions employed in this procedure to minimize matrix interferences. Simplicity, low cost, low maintenance combined with high mean metabolite recovery (76–99%), specificity, accuracy (0–10% bias) and reproducibility (2–9% C.V.) make this method ideal for large high through-put studies.
A smart magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent responsive to adenosine based on a DNA aptamer-conjugated gadolinium complex

We report a general strategy for developing a smart MRI contrast agent for the sensing of small molecules such as adenosine based on a DNA aptamer that is conjugated to a Gd compound and a protein streptavidin. The binding of adenosine to its aptamer results in the dissociation of the Gd compound from the large protein, leading to decreases in the rotational correlation time and thus change of MRI contrast.
Working the flow

Availability-based technologies can help offset some limitations of mobile devices while improving workflow and productivity for users.
Special drawing rights, the dollar, and the institutionalist approach to reserve currency status

Barry J. Eichengreen. Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Eric Helleiner and Jonathan...
Predicting transport by Lagrangian coherent structures with a high-order method

Recent developments in identifying Lagrangian coherent structures from finite-time velocity data have provided a theoretical basis for understanding chaotic transport in general flows with aperiodic dependence on time. As these theoretical developments are extended and applied to more complex flows, an accurate and general numerical method for computing these structures is needed to exploit these ideas for engineering applications. We present an unstructured high-order hp/spectral-element method for solving the two-dimensional compressible form of the Navier–Stokes equations. A corresponding high-order particle tracking method is also developed for extracting the Lagrangian coherent structures from the numerically computed velocity fields. Two different techniques are used; the first computes the direct Lyapunov exponent from an unstructured initial particle distribution, providing easier resolution of structures located close to physical boundaries, whereas the second advects a small material line initialized close to a Lagrangian saddle point to delineate these structures. We demonstrate our algorithm on simulations of a bluff-body flow at a Reynolds number of Re = 150 and a Mach number of M = 0.2 with and without flow forcing. We show that, in the unforced flow, periodic vortex shedding is predicted by our numerical simulations that is in stark contrast to the aperiodic flow field in the case with forcing. An analysis of the Lagrangian structures reveals a transport barrier that inhibits cross-wake transport in the unforced flow. The transport barrier is broken with forcing, producing enhanced transport properties by chaotic advection and consequently improved mixing of advected scalars within the wake.
Psychological Theories of Immigration

Psychology provides a theoretical perspective for the analysis of human behavior and the social environment resulting from immigration. Acculturation outcomes have been of primary interest within the field of psychology as they connect to immigrant well-being. This review expands the focus from acculturation outcomes to the frameworks of acculturative stress, cultural learning, attachment theory, and ethnic identity to further explore the individual and social factors impacting immigrant psychological well-being. A review of each framework's interpretation for the varied immigrant adaptation responses is included. In addition, the coping strategies or mediating factors presented by each framework in connection to immigrant adaptation within a new environment are discussed. This review concludes with suggestions for psychological frameworks to expand their research in the immigrant experience to further contribute to the knowledge base of human behavior and the social environment.
Cancellation of digraphs over the direct product

In 1971 Lovasz proved the following cancellation law concerning the direct product of digraphs. If A, B and C are digraphs, and C admits no homomorphism into a disjoint union of directed cycles, then AxC@?BxC implies A@?B. On the other hand, if such a homomorphism exists, then there are pairs A@?@?B for which AxC@?BxC. This gives exact conditions on C that govern whether cancellation is guaranteed to hold or fail. Left unresolved was the question of what conditions on A (or B) force AxC@?BxC@?A@?B, or, more generally, what relationships between A and C (or B and C) guarantee this. Even if C has a homomorphism into a collection of directed cycles, can there still be restrictions on A and C that guarantee cancellation? We characterize the exact conditions. We use a construction called the factorialA! of a digraph A. Given digraphs A and C, the digraph A! carries information that determines the complete set of solutions X to the digraph equation AxC@?XxC. We state the exact conditions under which there is only one solution X (namely X@?A) and that is the situation in which cancellation holds.
Cervical spine injury biomechanics: Applications for under body blast loadings in military environments

Abstract Background While cervical spine injury biomechanics reviews in motor vehicle and sports environments are available, there is a paucity of studies in military loadings. This article presents an analysis on the biomechanics and applications of cervical spine injury research with an emphasis on human tolerance for underbody blast loadings in the military. Methods Following a brief review of published military studies on the occurrence and identification of field trauma, postmortem human subject investigations are described using whole body, intact head–neck complex, osteo-ligamentous cervical spine with head, subaxial cervical column, and isolated segments subjected to differing types of dynamic loadings (electrohydraulic and pendulum impact devices, free-fall drops). Findings Spine injuries have shown an increasing trend over the years, explosive devices are one of the primary causal agents and trauma is attributed to vertical loads. Injuries, mechanisms and tolerances are discussed under these loads. Probability-based injury risk curves are included based on loading rate, direction and age. Interpretation A unique advantage of human cadaver tests is the ability to obtain fundamental data to delineate injury biomechanics and establish human tolerance and injury criteria. Definitions of tolerances of the spine under vertical loads based on injuries have implications in clinical and biomechanical applications. Primary outputs such as forces and moments can be used to derive secondary variables such as the neck injury criterion. Implications are discussed for designing anthropomorphic test devices that may be used to predict injuries in underbody blast environments and improve the safety of military personnel.
CoCam: A collaborative content sharing framework based on opportunistic P2P networking

In this paper, we propose CoCam, a framework for mobile phones that enables uncoordinated real-time image and video collaboration between different users sharing the same context, in the same physical location. CoCam addresses the complexity and difficulty introduced when users wish to collaborate, create, and share media contents at the same time. CoCam is based on a middleware that creates a self-organizing ad-hoc network within the context of a shared event in a proximal physical space (a common scene). This middleware automatically handles the context detection, as well as the network configuration and peer discovery. It also enables real-time content sharing while reducing the burden of complicated settings and configurations by the users. As a result of operation tests and user study with the prototype implementation, we have verified that CoCam is feasible and has the potential to enrich the users' experience when sharing contents in an event scenario.
The effects of gonadotrophins on the metabolism of ovaries from prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Abstract The oxygen uptake of ovaries from prairie dogs was significantly higher during Stage III of the estrous cycle than during the long anestrous period. Injections of FSH into anestrous prairie dogs increased the oxygen consumption of their ovaries. Hemiovariectomy of anestrous animals for 1 week during the anestrous period did not increase either the weight or oxygen consumption of their remaining ovaries. The injection of FSH into hemiovariectomized prairie dogs increased both the weight and oxygen consumption of the remaining ovary. The addition of substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in vitro increased the oxygen consumption of ovaries from anestrous animals. Armour FSH added alone or two preparations of NIH FSH added in the presence of substrates in vitro increased the oxygen consumption of anestrous ovaries. NIH LH S1 added in vitro in the presence of substrates did not increase oxygen consumption. NIH FSH and NIH LH B1 acted together to increase the oxygen consumption in the absence of substrates.
Notes on the main band fine structure of a dilute, disordered binary chain

Abstract It is shown that fine structure exists in the main band of the frequency spectrum of spectrum of a dilute, disordered binary chain and that an approximate theory of Wu accounts for the general features of this structure.
Nuclear properties according to the Thomas-Fermi model☆

In order to formulate a statistical model of nuclear properties we combine the Thomas-Fermi assumption of two fermions per h3 of phase space with an effective interaction between nucleons that contains seven adjustable parameters. After allowing for shell effects, an even-odd correction and a congruence energy (“Wigner Term”), six of the seven parameters were fitted to 1654 ground state masses of nuclei with N, Z ⩾ 8, together with a constraint that ensures agreement with measured values of the nuclear surface diffuseness. The RMS deviation in the fit to masses was 0.655 MeV, and the calculated values exhibit no drastic discrepancies even for A = 3. Calculated sizes of nuclear charge distributions agree closely with measurements. Calculated fission barriers were compared with 40 measured values down to 75Br. For Z ⩾ 88 the agreement is almost perfect. For Z < 88 the trend of the measurements seems to confirm the expectation that the congruence energy should double its magnitude for strongly necked-in saddle-point shapes. A seventh (density-dependence) parameter in the effective interaction can be adjusted to ensure fair agreement with the measured energy-dependence of the optical model potential in the range from −70 MeV to 180 MeV. The model is used to predict properties of nuclear and neutron matter (including their compressibilities). A table of some 9000 calculated ground state masses of nuclei up to Z = 135 has been prepared.
Mg coordination by amino acid side chains is not required for assembly and function of the special pair in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers

A conserved histidine serves as the axial ligand to the Mg of bacteriochlorophylls in the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) and many other photosynthetic systems. The histidine axial ligands to each and both bacteriochlorophylls of the special-pair primary electron donor of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides RC have been replaced with glycine to create a cavity. In each case, RCs assemble and a normal special-pair comprised of Mg-containing bacteriochlorophylls is formed, as judged by many different spectroscopic and functional probes (e.g., absorption and Stark spectra, *P decay kinetics, P+QA- recombination rate, and the redox potential of P). In contrast with heme proteins, where this strategy has been exploited to introduce exogenous organic ligands that can greatly affect the functional properties of the protein [DePillis, G. D., Decatur, S. M., Barrick, D., & Boxer, S. G. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 6981−6982], addition of exogenous imidazole, pyridine, and ethanethiol has no measurable effect on the f...
Clustering of place of birth for women with breast cancer: differences by tumor characteristics.

There is increasing evidence that exposures in early life affect breast cancer risk, and that breast cancer etiology differs by tumor subtype. If environmental exposures in early life contribute to risk, it is expected that there would be clustering of women with breast cancer by their place of birth, and that clustering might differ by subtype. We examined spatial associations between place of birth and breast cancer by subtype, using hormone receptor status and molecular profiles of breast tumors. Data were drawn from the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer study, a population-based case–control study of incident, pathologically confirmed breast cancer (1996–2001) in Erie and Niagara Counties. Included were women born in the study area (579 cases and 931 controls). Clustering of breast cancer subgroups relative to controls was examined by the k-function method in groups stratified by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status, and by DNA methylation status and p53 mutation status, and the k-function difference was used to compare relative spatial aggregation and spatial range of the difference between case subgroups and controls. We found a tendency to cluster among ER positive, PR positive, and HER2 negative cases (i.e., luminal A subtype), especially among premenopausal women, but not among the other groups defined by hormonal receptor status, or by either methylation or p53 mutation status. While our findings cannot rule out clustering of cases by birth place because of shared behaviors related to residence location, they also suggest that early life environmental exposures may affect subsequent breast cancer risk, and that premenopausal breast tumors of the luminal A subtype may be more affected by these early life exposures than other subtypes.
Weight Loss in Alzheimer's Disease

In order to determine whether weight loss is a core symptom or secondary manifestation of Alzheimer's disease, we analyzed weight change in 81 outpatients with Alzheimer's disease. During a mean 2.9 years of observation, the mean absolute weight loss was 1.9 +/- 0.8 kg, and the mean weight loss per year was 0.7 +/- 0.3 kg. Although statistically significant (P < .05), the mean absolute weight loss was only 3% of initial body weight. Data analyses revealed that weight change was significantly (P < .0001) correlated with decreased independence in self-feeding. Weight change was not related to duration of dementia, clinical measures of dementia severity, psychiatric symptoms, or medications. These observations support the view that weight loss is a consequence of Alzheimer's disease and does not reflect specific brain lesions.
The Effects of a PC Simulation Added to Digital Military Training

This paper asks the question: What advantages and disadvantages will be gained from adding a video game to the training and retention regime of a US Army computer-based report and command system. The core response to this question is not found in simply better training but in more a realistic workload, more realistic timeline, and more engaging training environment. The addition of these variables was not reported to speed-up or retain the knowledge longer, but it did increase the users desire to train and increase the users preparation for using the training in a real world environment.
Objective evaluation of symptomatic alkaline reflux after antrectomy

The purpose of this study was to compare the endoscopic and histologic findings in gastric mucosa, the total bile acids in the gastric contents, and the gastric emptying of a solid food in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients after vagotomy and antrectomy. Eleven male patients with typical symptoms of alkaline reflux were compared to six asymptomatic patients. There were no significant differences between the groups in output or concentrations of bile acid in fasting gastric juices. Evidence for gastritis by endoscopic or histologic features was present in asymptomatic as well as symptomatic patients. Gastric emptying of radiolabeled liver was faster in the symptomatic group, but the difference was not significant. In conclusion, these tests do not distinguish between patients with symptoms of alkaline reflux and asymptomatic patients after vagotomy and antrectomy.
Contrasts between the vibronic contributions in the tris-(2,2'-bipyridyl)osmium(II) emission spectrum and the implications of resonance-Raman parameters.

The emission spectrum of the tris-(2,2'-bipyridine)osmium(II) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited-state frozen solution at 77 K differs qualitatively from that expected based on its reported resonance-Raman (rR) parameters in that (1) the dominant vibronic contributions to the emission spectrum are in the low frequency regime (corresponding to nuclear displacements in largely to metal-ligand vibrational modes) and these contributions are negligible in the rR; and (2) the amplitude of the emission sideband components that correspond to envelopes of largely bpy centered vibrational modes is about 40% of that expected (relative to the amplitude observed for the band origin) for a simple vibronic progression in these modes. The distortions in low frequency vibrational modes are attributable to configurational mixing between metal centered (LF) and MLCT excited states, and the small amplitudes of the bpy-mode vibronic components may be a consequence of some intrinsic differences of the distortions of the 3 MLCT and 1 MLCT excited states such as the zero-field splitting of the 3 MLCT excited state and the different distortions of these excited-state components.
Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events: comparison of two protocols.

Background We assessed the accuracy of two electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) protocols for predicting coronary events. Methods and Results In 1994, 24 months after enrollment in a longitudinal study, 326 high-risk adults underwent both 3- and 6-mm image-slice thickness EBCT scanning and were followed up for 32.0±4.0 additional months. Events were defined as either coronary death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization. We monitored these subjects for the 32-month postscanning period with yearly phone calls and acquisition of records for all hospital admissions. At the time of scanning, 11 subjects (3%) had already suffered 12 events (5 infarctions and 7 revascularizations) during the 24-month prescanning period. During the postscanning period, 18 subjects (6%) suffered 23 events (5 coronary deaths, 6 infarctions, and 12 revascularizations). Thus, 28 subjects (9%) suffered 35 events. Calcium quantities calculated for both protocols, performed on the same subjects, were sorted in ascending order...
Related Functions of Haber and Estar

Author's summary.— Haber and estar have come to an almost stable division of the locative field. The division of function which they now share is based on the concept of definiteness and indefiniteness. When the entity to be located is grammatically definite estar translates “to be”; when the entity is indefinite haber translates “to be.” This division of function contradicts the statement found in most grammars that haber “stresses mere existence.”
A stability criterion for general systems

The direct method of Liapunov characterizes stability properties of sets in dynamical systems in terms of the existence of corresponding real-valued “Liapunov functions”. The traditional limitation of Liapunov functions to real values has blocked the extension of this approach to more general systems. In this paper, a stability concept analogous to classical uniform stability is defined as a relationship between a quasiorder and a uniformity on the same set, and it is shown that stability in this sense occurs if and only if there exists a Liapunov function taking values in a certain partially ordered uniform space associated with the given uniformity and called its retracted scale. A few general properties of scales and retracted scales are discussed, and the continuity of the Liapunov functions is briefly considered.
Latent tuberculosis may persist for over 40 years.

EDITOR—The recurrence of tuberculous disease emphasises the failure of antimycobacterial treatment based on isoniazid to eradicate latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We present the follow up of a patient originally reported on in 1953 as a survivor of advanced tuberculous meningitis.1 The original case heralded the remarkable impact of isoniazid in the treatment of tuberculosis. The genomes of M …
Speaker and gender normalization for continuous-density hidden Markov models

We describe a speaker-cluster normalization algorithm that we applied to both gender-normalization and speaker-normalization. To achieve parameter sharing the acoustic space is partitioned into classes. A maximum likelihood approach has been proposed under which the data between the distribution mean and its corresponding acoustic class is mostly speaker-independent, whereas the means of the acoustic classes are mostly speaker-dependent. When applied to gender-normalization the error rate reduction approaches that of a gender-dependent system but with half the number of parameters. For a speaker-normalized system, a 30% decrease in error rate was obtained in a batch recognition experiment in a context-dependent continuous-density HMM system.