cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of resonant capture

Resonant capture describes the behavior of a weakly coupled multi-degree-of-freedom system when two or more of its uncoupled frequencies become locked in resonance. Flow on the region of phase space near the resonance (the resonance manifold) involves a region bounded by a separatrix in the uncoupled (e = 0) system. Capture corresponds to motions which appear to cross into the interior of the separated region for e > 0.
Rigid External Le Fort I Distraction Followed by Secondary Bone Grafting for Maxillary Advancements in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate.

INTRODUCTION Maxillary hypoplasia after cleft lip and palate (CLP) repair can result in significant functional and aesthetic impairments. Le Fort I osteotomy & advancement and Le Fort I distraction osteogenesis are standard treatment options for individuals with CLP-associated midface retrusion. However, both of these modalities continue to be associated with a high relapse rate. This study describes surgical outcomes of a 2-stage technique utilizing distraction osteogenesis combined with bone grafting and rigid fixation, which may optimize skeletal stability by reducing relapse. METHODS A retrospective review of CLP patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia evaluated by a single surgeon from 2003 to 2014 was performed. Twenty-one subjects were identified that underwent maxillary advancement via a 2-stage technique: (1) Le Fort I external rigid distraction using a HALO device, followed by (2) autologous iliac crest bone graft application and plate-fixation. Post-operative cephalograms were taken on average 1-year following surgery. RESULTS Twelve subjects met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. A distraction rate of 1 mm/day was achieved with an average of 14 mm of maxillary advancement. Average increase in SNA was +9.03°, with an increase from 71.84° to 80.88° (normal = 82.0°, P value <0.0001), with no significant change in SNB, and a +9.63° change in ANB from -7.76° to 1.88° (normal = 1.6°, P value <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The described 2-step procedure had similar cephalometric improvements as compared to distraction osteogenesis alone. However, successive bone grafting and rigid fixation as a second procedure may help ameliorate relapse risk and optimize the correction of maxillary hypoplasia in susceptible populations.
¡Sí se Puede en Colaboración! Increasing College Placement Rates of Low-income Students:

Background/ContextToday we have moved from the debate of student opportunity to post-secondary educational setting to 100% access. That is, today's high school settings have been charged with prepa...
Food, Energy and Water (FEW) Nexus Modeling Framework

As the global population soars from today’s 7.3 billion to an estimated 10 billion by 2050 of which 400 million to the US, the demand for Food, Energy and Water (FEW) are expected to more than double. Such an increase in population and consequently, in the demand for FEW resources will undoubtedly be a global challenge. Food, energy and water for smart sustainable cities involve a multi-scale challenge problem. The three dynamic interacting infrastructures require a mathematical framework for analyzing such a large complex system. Technology innovation at the nexus and quantifying the nexus are two critical solutions in this research area. This paper focuses on quantifying and modeling the nexus by proposing a Leontief input-output model. It further uses network analysis to investigate the networks of FEW interdependencies from the input-output model.
Hormonal Regulation of Fat Body Function in Vitro

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of the functional activity of the fat body as it is influenced by hormones in short-term organ culture. Fat body of many holometabola disaggregates during metamorphosis. It is evident that the fat body is one of the major tissues responsible for carrying out much of the activity in the life of the insect. The cyclic changes in vitellogenin synthesis during successive vitellogenic cycles are the result of fluctuations in the amount of vitellogenin mRNA during the cycle. The synthesis of vitellogenin by the fat body and its release in the hemolymph and uptake by the growing oocytes are coordinately interrelated phenomena. The first evidence that the synthesis of vitellogenin by the fat body is regulated on the transcriptional level was obtained with the use of actinomycin D.
Smart Resource Management: Civic Engagement and Food Recovery

Food waste is a prevalent issue worldwide. Close to 15 percent of households in the U.S. are food insecure. The U.S. wastes up to 40 percent of food, disposing not only food, but also wasting precious resources ranging from land, water, labor, and energy in the production and transportation of food from farm to consumers. At the University of Washington (UW), a research group in the department of Human Centered Design &Engineering (HCDE) designed a solution to food waste by creating an interactive, responsive open source website (Meal Matchup) to facilitate food donation and connect dining hall managers, local shelters, and student deliverers. This paper focuses on the consequences of food waste as well as how Meal Matchup manages resources and helps deliver leftover food to those in need through the use of technology, volunteerism, and civic engagement.
Impact of trisomy 13 and 18 on airway anomalies and pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery.

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence and influence of clinically significant airway and/or respiratory abnormalities in patients with trisomy 13 and 18 undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective, case-control cohort study of all patients with known trisomy 13 or 18 who underwent cardiac operations at our institution from 1994 to 2014. Cases were matched 3:1 by age, surgical date, and cardiac lesion with nontrisomy 13/18 patients. Baseline clinical characteristics and patient outcomes, including postoperative course and management were compared. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Fisher exact test as appropriate were used to determine significant differences. Results In the 14 trisomy 13/18 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, there was an increased incidence of postoperative complications. Specifically, 93% had airway or pulmonary complications, including prolonged mechanical ventilation (n = 8), prolonged noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (n = 6), re-intubation (n = 7), tracheitis/pneumonia (n = 6), and tracheostomy (n = 2). The duration of intubation was longer (7.5 vs 2 days; P Conclusions Although most trisomy 13/18 patients survive cardiac surgery, these patients have an increased incidence of airway complications, requiring longer intensive respiratory support postoperatively that contributes to longer length of stay. Parental guidance before cardiac surgery should include a discussion about postoperative airway management.
Recent advances in preclinical models for lung squamous cell carcinoma

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) represents a major subtype of non-small cell lung cancer with limited treatment options. Previous studies have elucidated the complex genetic landscape of LUSC and revealed multiple altered genes and pathways. However, in stark contrast to lung adenocarcinoma, few targetable driver mutations have been established so far and targeted therapies for LUSC remain unsuccessful. Immunotherapy has revolutionized LUSC treatment and is currently approved as the new standard of care. To gain a better understanding of the LUSC biology, improved modeling systems are urgently needed. Preclinical models, particularly those mimicking human disease with an intact tumor immune microenvironment, are an invaluable tool to study cancer development and evaluate new therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss recent advances in LUSC preclinical models, with a focus on genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and organoids, in the context of evolving precision medicine and immunotherapy.
Materiality and Audit Risk Modelling: Financial Management Perspective

Risk is closely associated with return of investments and materiality. Investments with considerably higher risk normally attract a higher rate of return. Whereas, higher level of risk needs a higher threshold of materiality. There are occasions in which financial managers, fail to take the materiality effects in the process of risk evaluation. This paper assesses risk in the auditing context. Audit risk models established by researchers reveal that there is a need to look into the effects of materiality. An extension on the existing audit models, to incorporate the effects of materiality is made. With this, 128 permutations were resulted. It is understandably that auditors may not be cost benefit for auditors to evaluate all the 128 possible outcomes before the issuance of audit reports; however, this by no means prevent auditors being sued for negligence due to neglecting one of the possible audit outcomes. This model could seriously be served as a reference to both auditors and financial managers in the light of evaluating risk.
Transvenous embolization of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas

Abstract Indications and procedural techniques for successful transvenous embolization of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are reviewed. A brief historic context for transvenous embolization is presented. We discuss important anatomical considerations and present illustrative cases for ideal scenarios and more challenging transvenous approaches.
Vulnerability Politics: The Uses and Abuses of Precarity in Political Debate: by Katie Oliviero, New York UP, 2018, 343 pp., $30.00 (paper), ISBN: 978-1479855841

Rhetoric is again dominating the humanities. Even so, sometimes deeply rhetorical books are not identified as such. Katie Oliviero’s Vulnerability Politics: The Uses and Abuses of Precarity in Poli...
Tracking Acoustic and Electrophysiological Changes Associated with CKD-induced Cardiac and Valvular Remodeling in a Mouse Model

Objective: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a higher risk of developing heart and valvular diseases than the general population. Non-invasive screening methods are needed to identi...
Deployable and Reconfigurable Miura-Ori Reflectarray for Mission-Flexible Satellite Applications

A novel foldable and reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RA), operating at 8.425GHz for deep space communications based on an extended Miura-Ori origami pattern is presented. The aperture leverages the properties of subdivision and a folding feature to create a packable and reconfigurable antenna capable of changing its beam from a single pencil beam to a multi-beam aperture with beamsteering ability. A mechanical and theoretical EM analysis is carried out supported by a numerical algorithm using array theory. The results show that the proposed reflectarray can achieve a high packing efficiency of 92%. This RA provides a pencil beam in the broadside at (θ = 0°, ϕ = 0) in its flat configuration and multi-beam (dual, triple and quad-beams) depending on its folding angle. For CubeSat applications, the key advantages of this RA are its decreased stowage volume, reconfigurable EM performance, beamsteering capabilities, low fabrication cost, and reduced complexity.
Mitochondrial TRAK adaptors coordinate dynein and kinesin motility

In neurons, mitochondria are transported to distal regions for supplying energy and buffer calcium. Mitochondrial transport is mediated by Miro and TRAK adaptors that recruit kinesin and dynein-dynactin. To understand how mitochondria are transported by these opposing motors and stalled at regions with elevated calcium levels, we reconstituted the mitochondrial transport machinery in vitro. We show that the coiled-coil domain of TRAK activates dynein-dynactin motility, but kinesin requires an additional factor to efficiently transport Miro/TRAK. Unexpectedly, TRAK adaptors that recruit both motors move towards the plus-end, whereas kinesin is excluded from binding TRAK transported by dynein-dynactin. The assembly and motility of the transport machinery are not affected by calcium. Instead, the mitochondrial docking protein syntaphilin is sufficient to oppose the forces generated by kinesin and stall the motility. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how mitochondria are transported by the coordinated action of motors and statically anchored to regions with high neuronal activity.
Natural speech processing: An analysis using event-related brain potentials

In two experiments, event-related brain potentials were collected as subjects listened to spoken sentences. In the first, all words were presented as connected (natural) speech. In the second, there was a 750-msec interstimulus interval (ISI) separating each of the words. Three types of senten-ending words were used: best completions (contextually meaningful), unrelated anomalies (contextually meaningless), and related anomalies (contextually meaningless but related to the best completion). In both experiments, large N400s were found for the unrelated and related anomalies, relative to those found for the best-completion final words, although the effect was earlier and more prolonged for unrelated anomalies. The auditory N400 effect onset earlier in the natural-speech experiment than it did in either the 750-msec ISI experiment or previous visual studies.
Ecology of Vertebrate Nutrition

Vertebrate nutritional ecology is the study of the interrelationships between food resources in the environment and the consumptive use of these food resources by vertebrate animals. Consumptive use includes how vertebrate animals procure, digest, absorb and metabolise available foods in the environment to satisfy their requirements for health, growth and reproduction. The challenge for wild vertebrates is to satisfy their nutritional requirements in an environment that often varies in food availability and quality. Vertebrate animals have evolved a diverse and interesting suite of solutions to the problem(s) of acquiring necessary nutrients and energy in a world where food often does not want to be eaten. Key Concepts: Vertebrates require certain amounts of energy, protein, as well as about 38 micronutrients including 10 essential amino acids, 1–3 essential fatty acids, 13 vitamins and at least 14 essential minerals. Energy requirements (kJ day−1) of vertebrates increase with body mass of the animal in a predictable allometric manner (slope≈0.72), although birds on average have higher energy requirements for a given body size than mammals. Protein requirements of vertebrates depend on protein quality (i.e. amino acid composition of dietary protein) because animals require a balanced profile of essential amino acids relative to their needs so that normal rates of protein synthesis are maintained. Vertebrate animals can grow normally on a diet without carbohydrates provided they consume adequate fats that include the few essential fatty acids. Bill morphology in birds, and tooth and jaw structure in all other vertebrate classes are impressively diverse and provide excellent examples of evolutionary design in relation to procuring food. The chemical breakdown of ingested food involves specific enzymes that digest each of the three major types of macronutrients: proteases for digestion of protein, carbohydrases for digestion of carbohydrates and lipases for digestion of fats. Absorption of digested macronutrients and micronutrients by the intestine involves several processes including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Changes in specific activity of digestive enzymes and the absorption rate of digested nutrients by the intestine in response to diet changes provide strong evidence for adaptive modulation of digestive features. The evolution of enlarged portions of the gut to house symbiotic microbes was crucial in the radiation of herbivorous vertebrates because it provided the appropriate conditions for microbial fermentation to have significant nutritional benefits. Contemporary research is providing new insights into the importance of phenotypic plasticity and flexibility in the metabolism, physiology and behaviour of wild animals and how this influences an animal's ability to satisfy its nutritional needs in their natural environment. Keywords: ecology; nutrition; vertebrate; digestion
Energetic and Topological Analyses of Cooperative σH- and πH-Bonding Interactions

A recent high-level ab initio study (J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 567) analyzed the formation of cooperative πH- and σH-bonding motifs in MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p)-optimized complexes of either one or two water molecules with ethene, propene, or allyl alcohol. The present study explores energetics and electron density redistributions associated with hydrogen bonding interactions in these clusters. Despite a substantial correlation component in the binding energy, the nonadditive three-body term, a descriptor of cooperative effects, is completely accounted for at the Hartree−Fock level. Natural bond orbital analysis attributes this cooperativity to the nonadditive character of charge-transfer interactions among local bond orbitals. Topological analysis of the electron density performed using Bader's theory of atoms in molecules confirms the closed shell, hydrogen-bonding nature of OH···π interactions and indicates their additional floppiness compared to conventional hydrogen bonds. The extension of these calculat...
Characterizing the framework demetallation of environmentally relevant zeolites using IR, NMR and neutron diffraction techniques

Results of characterization studies monitoring the sequential chemical bond breaking events, local site symmetry, and long range structural modifications of specific zeolites (H-ZSM-5, TS-1) during hydrothermal treatment of these catalyst materials are described. These characterization techniques include infrared spectroscopy of selected probe molecules, magic angle spinning NMR spectrosopy, and powder neutron diffraction. Information regarding selected examples from each of these techniques is presented and the inherent strengths of each is discussed. The experimental insight into the chemical and structural modifications of high surface area microporous catalyst materials as a function of deactivation conditions (hydrothermal conditioning) is highlighted.
A Review of “Eels at the Edge: Science, Status, and Conservation Concerns”

Eels at the Edge is the published proceedings of the International Eel Symposium held in Quebec City in 2003. The symposium was organized by the editors, John Casselman and David Cairns, both of wh...
Environmental Law and the Loss of Paradise

This book review explores the central idea “now traveling the planet,” “that ordinary people have the right to go to court to defend their environment.” It examines Professor Oliver Houck’s new book recounting eight cases from eight countries where attorneys went to court to protect irreplaceable landscapes and preserve national treasures. At a time when policymakers are preoccupied with the size of footprints (carbon footprints, water footprints, development footprints), the book advances an argument for no footprints at all. The review examines Houck's contribution to the growing literature about the nature of international lawmaking and transboundary legal process, and argues that his case studies help to ground that literature. The review also explores how the comparative cases demonstrate the importance of environmental democracy and challenge ideas of sustainable development.
Comparing the dynamics of stomatal networks to the problem-solving dynamics of cellular computers

Is the adaptive response to environmental stimuli of a biological system lacking a central nervous system a result of a formal computation? If so, these biological systems must conform to a different set of computational rules than those associated with central processing. To explore this idea, we examined the dynamics of stomatal patchiness in leaves. Stomata—tiny pores on the surface of a leaf—are biological processing units that a plant uses to solve an optimization problem—maximize CO 2 assimilation and minimize H 2 O loss. Under some conditions, groups of stomata coordinate in both space and time producing motile patches that can be visualized with chlorophyll fluorescence. These patches suggest that stomata are nonautonomous and that they form a network presumably engaged in the optimization task. In this study, we show that stomatal dynamics are statistically and qualitatively comparable to the emergent, collective, problem-solving dynamics of cellular computing systems.
The Ambivalent Consumer: A Sequential Investigation of Response Amplification in Buyer-Seller Encounters

Consumers have become increasingly skeptical about salespeople’s persuasion attempts. Nonetheless, during the decision-making process, consumers depend on the aid of salespeople because of their knowledge. This dependence can result in consumer ambivalence toward the sales encounter—consumers may feel torn between their distrust and suspicion toward salespeople, and yet they need their help and expertise to make an informed decision. Using both qualitative and sequential experimental methods, we investigate how ambivalence manifests itself in the buyer-seller encounter, how and when it can be reduced, and its effect on attitudes and intent to purchase. Our results demonstrate that positive message amplification can be a potential help but also a hindrance in the initial buyer-seller encounter. Specifically, we found that ambivalent consumers responded more favorably to positive information provided by the salesperson after the interaction. This result may have emerged because consumers are more skeptical ...
Microbalance, Electrochemical Quartz Crystal

The need for direct measurement of interfacial events at solid surfaces under ambient conditions has provoked surface scientists and electrochemists to develop direct in situ methods. Such processes include electroless or electrochemical metal deposition, insertion of ions into polymer ion-exchange films, growth of oxide films on metals, or the loss of material from corrosion processes. An increasing interest in molecular films has prompted development of methods for measuring adsorption of molecules from vapor or liquid phases. Many of these processes share a common feature, namely they are accompanied by changes in mass at the solid surface. During the 1990s a new analytical method for the in situ examination of interfacial electrode processes, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), has emerged that has substantially influenced electrochemical science. This method relies on a single crystal of quartz that has been cut into a thin wafer and coated with gold electrodes on both sides. These electrodes are used to provide an alternating electric field so that the crystal is vibrated at a specific resonant frequency, while one of the electrodes is simultaneously used as a working electrode in an electrochemical cell. The resonant frequency shifts upon changes in mass that occur on the working electrode during an electrochemical process, with sensitivity as high as 100 pg cm−2 of electrode area. Recent developments also have illustrated that the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is capable of measuring the viscosity and density of liquids near the QCM surface. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a fundamental understanding of the EQCM and several illustrative examples of applications that demonstrate its unique capabilities, as well as the technical details required to build this apparatus.
Integrating Peer Providers into Traditional Service Settings: The Jigsaw Strategy in Action

Gates and Akabas (2007) identify several practical strategies for easing peer providers into traditional mental health agencies based on interview data collected from 21 agencies in New York City. Policy strategies, which can be enacted immediately, include agency adoption of a recovery orientation, minimization of peer versus professional job distinctions, and peer provider job security, dignity, and control over disclosure of disabilities. Practice strategies, which require time to establish and become routine, include clear job tasks, sharing of client information between peer and nonpeer staff, cooperative service planning, and supervision of peer providers by professionals. Ideally, recovery-oriented policies facilitate peer provider integration as they are realized through empowering agency practices.
Discovering Data Mining: From Concept to Implementation

This book teaches newcomers all they need to know to profit from today's powerful data mining technologies.Through extensive case studies and examples, you'll learn how companies are using data mining right now to achieve powerful results -- and how you can do it, too. Learn how data mining can help you build intimate relationships with customers that haven't existed for generations. Discover which areas of your business can benefit from data mining; the business, social and technical issues involved; how to prevent fraud and abuse; and how to make the most of outside consultants. The book also demonstrates IBM's powerful new Intelligent Miner tool and shows how it can be applied.Business and systems analysts; strategic planners; marketing executives; and other managers who can benefit from data mining.
The impact of services on electronic commerce

There are significant shifts, both at business and technology levels, toward services. Companies are deconstructing their functions and requirements in terms of explicit services, and then managing their value nets accordingly. Service-oriented architectures, supported by Web service standards and technologies, are rapidly becoming a standard approach for enterprise IT systems. The many functions needed to support real commerce (pricing, fulfillment, marketing, supply chain, customer relationship, etc.) were formulated in terms of Web services. The talk discussed the implications for performance, control, and interactions among actors and activities.
High Glycemic Index Carbohydrate Diet Alters the Diurnal Rhythm of Leptin But Not Insulin Concentrations

Morning serum leptin values in humans are inconsistently altered by diet, and the molecular mechanisms controlling the diurnal leptin pattern remain unexplained. We determined whether leptin values after meals or the leptin diurnal pattern was altered by the type of carbohydrate (CHO) ingested in diets containing either 20% or 30% fat. In a randomized, crossover study design, nine healthy lean adults ate one of four isocaloric diets for 8 days. Diets contained 15% protein: A, high glycemic index (GI) CHO, 30% fat; B, low GI CHO, 30% fat; C, high GI CHO, 20% fat; and D, low GI CHO, 20% fat. Serum glucose, insulin, and leptin were measured at intervals on Day 8 for 24 hr, and on Day 9 during an oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). Although the 24-hr glucose and insulin profiles did not differ with the diets, diets A and C altered the serum leptin diurnal pattern. In contrast to the usual evening rise in leptin concentration, which begins after 2200 hr, diets A and C caused a rise in leptin beginning at 1300 hr. The area under the curve for leptin between 1230 and 2400 hr was 17% greater for diets A and C. During the GTT, leptin concentrations were similar for each diet. These results suggest that the pattern and amount of leptin secretion may be altered by high GI CHO or the simple sugar content of the diet, unrelated to differences in insulin concentration, that high GI foods may have little or no effect on serum insulin in the context of a mixed meal, and that a single 0800-hr leptin value may not be sufficient to reveal a diet-induced change in leptin secretion
The Evolution of Ribosomal DNA Divergent Paralogues and Phylogenetic Implications

Although nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats evolve together through concerted evolution, some genomes contain a considerable diversity of paralogous rDNA. This diversity includes not only multiple functional loci but also putative pseudogenes and recombinants. We examined the occurrence of divergent paralogues and recombinants in Gossypium, Nicotiana, Tripsacum, Winteraceae, and Zea ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Some of the divergent paralogues are probably rDNA pseudogenes, since they have low predicted secondary structure stability, high substitution rates, and many deamination-driven substitutions at methylation sites. Under standard PCR conditions, the low stability paralogues amplified well, while many high-stability paralogues amplified poorly. Under highly denaturing PCR conditions (i.e., with dimethylsulfoxide), both low- and high-stability paralogues amplified well. We also found recombination between divergent paralogues. For phylogenetics, divergent ribosomal paralogues can aid in reconstructing ancestral states and thus serve as good outgroups. Divergent paralogues can also provide companion rDNA phylogenies. However, phylogeneticists must discriminate among families of divergent paralogues and recombinants or suffer from muddled and inaccurate organismal phylogenies.
Hematopoiesis in Steady-State versus Stress: Self-Renewal, Lineage Fate Choice, and the Conversion of Danger Signals into Cytokine Signals in Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) replenish the innate and adaptive immune compartments throughout life. Although significant progress has defined the major transcription factors that regulate lineage specification, the architectural proteins that globally coordinate DNA methylation, histone modification, and changes in gene expression are poorly defined. Provocative new studies establish the chromatin organizer special AT-rich binding protein 1 (Satb1) as one such global regulator in LT-HSCs. Satb1 is a nuclear organizer that partitions chromatin through the formation of cage-like structures. By integrating epigenetic and transcriptional pathways, Satb1 coordinates LT-HSC division, self-renewal, and lymphoid potential. Unexpected among the assortment of genes under Satb1 control in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are cytokines, a finding that takes on additional importance with the provocative finding that short-term HSCs and downstream multipotent progenitors are potent and biologically relevant cytokine secretors during stress-mediated hematopoiesis. Together, these studies reveal a new mechanism of fate regulation and an unforeseen functional capability of HSCs.
Ultrastructural Analysis of the Early Development of Teratocarcinomas

Genital ridges of 12-day embryos of strain 129 mice were transplanted into the testes of adult mice of the same strain. Of the transplants that differentiated into fetal testes, 80% contained intratubular teratocarcinomas by the 7th day after transplantation. These teratocarcinomas were studied ultrastructurally, daily from the 7th-14th day following transplantation, to gain information about the histogenesis of the tumors and the mode of development of multipotent cells. The embryonal carcinoma cells, which are the stem cells of teratocarcinomas, so closely resembled primordial germ cells that the former appeared to be derived from the latter. The cytoplasm of these multipotential cells was characterized by large numbers of dispersed ribosomes and polysomes with few membranous organelles other than mitochondria. Among the earliest signs of differentiation was the development of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, followed by modification of the plasma membrane.
Management of prescription and nonprescription drug use during pregnancy.

Objective. To assess screening and treatment patterns of obstetrician-gynecologists regarding medication use during pregnancy.Methods. A questionnaire was mailed to 770 members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists who participate in the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network.Results. The response rate was 58%. Most respondents reported always asking pregnant patients about use of over-the-counter (OTC) (86%) and prescription (98%) drugs; 24% reported not always asking about alternative medications. Far fewer reported always asking nonpregnant patients about use of alcohol (67%), illegal drugs (51%) and OTC medications (52%) than pregnant patients. Two-fifths (41%) reported prescribing a medication during pregnancy for which they had insufficient information about potential effects on the fetus; nearly half (47%) reported that there are medical conditions for which they would like to prescribe medications but do not due to insufficient safety information. Physician responses indica...
The metabolism of drugs by regenerating liver.

Abstract Liver during and immediately following the rapid regeneration caused by partial hepatectomy is deficient in ability to oxidize the side-chain of hexobarbital, oxidize the ring-sulfur of chlorpromazine, and reduce the nitro-group of p -nitrobenzoic acid. Full recovery of these enzyme activities occurs at about the same time as complete regeneration of hepatic mass (approx. 10 days after operation). The rate of O-dealkylation of codeine is affected only during the first (and most rapid) phase of regeneration; following this period of rapid regeneration (approx. 4 days after operation), this enzyme activity is the same as in unoperated control animals. The lower enzyme activities are not caused by a lack of known cofactors or by the presence of inhibitors. Sham-operation affects the rates of metabolism of hexobarbital and chlorpromazine, but not those of codeine or p -nitrobenzoic acid. The effects of sham-operation are significantly less than those of partial hepatectomy.
The anchoring mechanism of a bluff-body stabilized laminar premixed flame

Abstract The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanism of the laminar premixed flame anchoring near a heat-conducting bluff-body. We use unsteady, fully resolved, two-dimensional simulations with detailed chemical kinetics and species transport for methane–air combustion. No artificial flame anchoring boundary conditions were imposed. Simulations show a shear-layer stabilized flame just downstream of the bluff-body, with a recirculation zone formed by the products of combustion. A steel bluff-body resulted in a slightly larger recirculation zone than a ceramic bluff-body; the size of which grew as the equivalence ratio was decreased. A significant departure from the conventional two-zone flame-structure is shown in the anchoring region. In this region, the reaction zone is associated with a large negative energy convection (directed from products to reactants) resulting in a negative flame-displacement speed. It is shown that the premixed flame anchors at an immediate downstream location near the bluff-body where favorable ignition conditions are established; a region associated with (1) a sufficiently high temperature impacted by the conjugate heat exchange between the heat-conducting bluff-body and the hot reacting flow and (2) a locally maximum stoichiometry characterized by the preferential diffusion effects.
Severe life-threatening Ehrlichia chaffeensis infections transmitted through solid organ transplantation.

Background Donor-derived infections from organ transplantation are rare occurrences with preoperative screening practices. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-borne illness, transmitted through solid organ transplantation has not been reported previously to our knowledge. We present cases of 2 renal allograft recipients who developed severe E. chaffeensis infection after receipt of organs from a common deceased donor. Methods The 2 renal transplant patients who developed E. chaffeensis infection are reported in case study format with review of the literature. Results Approximately 3 weeks after renal transplantation, both patients developed an acute febrile illness and rapid clinical decline. Recipient A underwent an extensive infectious workup that revealed positive E. chaffeensis DNA from polymerase chain reaction on peripheral blood. Recipient B's clinical team obtained acute and convalescent antibody titers for E. chaffeensis, which demonstrated acute infection. Recipients A and B were treated with doxycycline and tigecycline, respectively, with clinical cure. Conclusions These cases demonstrate that tick-borne pathogens, such as E. chaffeensis, can be transmitted through renal transplantation. E. chaffeensis can be associated with excessive morbidity and mortality, commonly owing to delay in diagnosis and poor response to non-tetracycline antibiotics. In populations with endemic tick-borne illness, donors should be questioned about tick exposure, and appropriate antibiotics can be administered if indicated.
Spatial chirping of wavevector mismatch in LiNbO/sub 3/ segmented waveguides for engineering of specific second-harmonic generation detuning curves for cascading applications

A new aspect of second-order nonlinearities, namely the generation of large nonlinear phase shifts from cascading, has prompted a great deal of interest. To date high throughput all optical switching using cascaded second-order nonlinearities has been experimentally demonstrated in temperature-tuned waveguide second-harmonic generation (SHG). The success of these devices is based on the spatial nonuniform wavevector distribution and the unique nonlinear phase shift introduced by the temperature tuning method used for phase matching. With the development of quasi-phase-matching (QPM) techniques it is now possible to achieve the required, flexible, grating-assisted phase matching at almost any wavelength by spatial control of the grating period.
Miradas: Contextos para conversar y escribir by MEJÍA, CLAUDIA M., & CONCHITA L. DAVIS

The article reviews the book "Miradas: Contextos para conversar y escribir," by Claudia M. Mejia and Conchita L. Davis.
Urinary retention after orthotopic neobladder substitution in females.

Purpose: Urinary retention is a common complication after orthotopic neobladder urinary diversion. We reviewed a case series of women who underwent neobladder creation and discuss anatomical findings, and urinary retention etiology and prevention.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all orthotopic neobladder urinary diversions in female patients performed at our institution from 1999 through 2010. We abstracted baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, operative information, and postoperative clinical, urodynamic, imaging and secondary procedure followup. We defined urinary retention as the need for intermittent catheterization.Results: We identified 21 female patients who underwent neobladder diversion. Median age at cystectomy was 62 years (range 43 to 77). Median followup was 3 years (range 3 to 138 months). Of the patients 14 underwent ileocolic diversion, 6 underwent Studer ileal diversion and 1 underwent preservation of a right colon augmentation. All patients u...
Cheddar whey processing and source: II. Effect on non‐fat ice cream and yoghurt1

Summary Cheddar whey obtained from milk from either a Jersey (J) or a mixed (M) herd was used to observe the effect of whey source (WSr) and whey processing (WPr) on dairy product quality. These were (i) ultrafiltered, vacuum-evaporated and spray-dried after lactose crystallization (UFVECSD) and (ii) vacuum-evaporated and spray-dried after lactose crystallization (VECSD). These were used to replace non-fat dry milk (NDM) in vanilla-flavoured non-fat yoghurt and non-fat ice cream at 20, 60, 80 and 90% (w/w solids). Physicochemical and sensory properties of products were assessed on days 1, 15 and 30. In yoghurt, regardless of WSr, pH and titrable acidity were similar in treatments compared to control. All whey protein concentrates (WPCs) decreased apparent viscosity and syneresis. Conversely, penetration increased with increased WPC usage. All, except 20% VECSD, detrimentally affected texture. Syneresis was improved by both WSr and WPr but was better improved by WPr; UFVECSD was the best with regard to syneresis reduction. Yoghurt flavour appeared WSr dependent with J-WPCs improving it most. On the contrary, texture appeared WPr dependent with all VECSDs markedly improving this parameter. In non-fat ice cream, all WPCs decreased mix pH and increased centrifugal drainage. Jersey VECSD decreased apparent viscosity at >60% usage. Both UFVECSDs at 60% usage level improved melting resistance. Body and texture were improved by all VECSDs showing significant influence of WPr. Data indicated that both WSr and WPr impacted different attributes of dairy product quality.
Orexin A activates retrotrapezoid neurons in mice.

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), located at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, contains glutamatergic Phox2b-expressing interneurons that have central respiratory chemoreceptor properties. RTN also operates as a relay for hypothalamic pathways that regulate breathing, one of which probably originates from the orexinergic neurons (Dias et al., 2009. J. Physiol. 587, 2059–2067). The present study explores this hypothesis at the cellular level. Using immunohistochemistry in adult Phox2b-eGFP transgenic mice, we demonstrate the presence of numerous close appositions between orexin-containing axonal varicosities and RTN chemoreceptor neurons. Using electrophysiological recordings in slices from neonatal (P6-P10) Phox2b-eGFP mice, we show that orexin A produces a robust dose-dependent excitation of the acid-sensitive RTN neurons (ED50 ∼250 nM). These data support the idea that RTN neurons are a point of convergence for several groups of CNS neurons that contribute to respiratory chemoreflexes, now including serotonergic and orexinergic neurons.
Indigenous Conflict Management Traditions and Industrial Peace: A Leveraging Model

Industrial peace benefits business, government, and society. Cooperative relations between management and labor provide a stable operating environment for business, greater harmony in society, and a greater capacity by government to attract and retain foreign direct investment. Building industrial peace, however, is said to be one of the most challenging aspects of globalization, particularly for emerging economies, since market opening pressures create or exacerbate confrontational employment relations. We propose that businesses can foster industrial peace while simultaneously promoting their own effectiveness by leveraging indigenous conflict management traditions for use in the firm. Drawing on management, industrial relations, anthropology, and international development literature, we present a leveraging model with brief case studies from Sri Lanka. This model illustrates the systematic surfacing, applying and mainstreaming of indigenous conflict management traditions at the enterprise level in orde...
Land of Linking

The electronic linking of scholarly materials has increasingly become both confusing and exciting. An understanding of the basics of linking technologies such as the OpenURL and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) allows librarians to better serve their constituencies. Vendors also continue to offer linking alternatives to those libraries unable to purchase link resolvers, and a knowledge of these alternatives permits librarians to make informed decisions about a comprehensive and integrated linking plan for their libraries' electronic resources.
Pragmatic Tools to Assist Leaders: The Use of Metrics and Spider Diagrams

This article points out that although leaders need vision, charisma and other lofty ideals, they also need pragmatic tools to get the job done. Two such tools are the use of metrics to objectively measure performance of key result areas and then the use of these measurements to construct a spider diagram that allows visualization of strengths and weaknesses in order to more effectively develop strategic plans. Metrics and spider diagrams are pragmatic tools that can be used by leaders in order to effectively compete in today's hyper competitive environment.
Inhibition and extinction of explosions in heterogeneous mixtures

The mass concentrations of various inhibitors required to extinguish explosions in stoichiometric methane-air and coal dust-air mixtures were measured in laboratory-scale systems of 8- and 20-L volumes. The additives studied were N 2 , CF 3 Br, CaCO 3 , KHCO 3 , and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 . The experimental method involved spherically-developing, adiabatic explosions at constant volume in which the test mixtures were taken to conditions of complete extinction. Strong, pyrotechnic ignition energies in the range of hundreds to thousands of joules were used in order to insure that inerting limits were truly independent of ignition energy. The order of effectiveness for the inhibitors was phosphate>nitrogen>CF 3 Br>carbonates. Essentially the same relative order of effectiveness was observed against methane as against coal dust; however, much higher absolute concentrations of the solid additives were required against methane than against coal dust. The phosphate, which was the most effective against either coal dust or methane, required 100 g/m 3 of the 7 μm powder to inert the most reactive coal dust concentration, and 280 g/m 3 of the same size powder was needed to extinguish stoichiometric methane. A preliminary theoretical analysis is presented based on a comparison of the measured inerting levels with those predicted from adiabatic, equilibrium thermodynamics using the established concept of limit flame temperatures. Three categories of thermodynamic systems are involved: fully-homogeneous ones, singly-heterogeneous ones, and doubly-heterogeneous ones. There are two types of singly-heterogeneous systems: those involving a solid fuel only and those involving a solid inhibitor only. The flammability and/or extinction behavior in the heterogeneous cases is controlled by limitations on the rates of devolatilization of the solid phase reactants. Preliminary data are presented for the rates of devolatilization of particles of coal dust, NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , and CaCO 3 pyrolyzed by a laser flux which simulates the flame heating flux. The data show that their measured rates of devolatilization are consistent with the inhibitor's measured effectiveness in extinguishing explosions.
Karyometric, cytophotometric and histoenzymatic studies on neuroglia of rats treated with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU/lomoustine).

Summary CCNU is a cytostatic drug, a nitrosourea derivative, used — among others - in therapy of tumors of the central nervous system. Even if the drug is regarded safe for central and peripheral nervous systems, a possibility of harmful effects of CCNU on the central nervous system should be examined caused by the affinity of all nitrosourea derivatives to lipids. This has prompted us to study the drug effect on neuroglia cells in corpus callosum and gyrus cinguli. The drug was administered to rats by the intragastric route in four doses — one dose a week. Three doses of 2.5 mg each were followed by one dose of 5 mg. Some brains were isolated for the studies, and paraffin sections were prepared for karyometric as well as cytophotometric studies and for section staining according to Nissl and Kluver-Barrer techniques 8 days after the last dosage. Brains of other experimental rats served for preparing cryostat sections for demonstration of phosphatase and esterase activities. The studies, conducted after CCNU administration, documented a significant decrease in size of oligodendroglia nuclei and an increase in size of astroglia nuclei. DNA content of neuroglia nuclei was markedly decreased. Histoenzymatic changes in experimental animals were not very pronounced and included a slight increase in TPPase and nonspecific esterase activities as well as a decrease in ATPase activity. Despite the changes in neuroglia cells no damage to corpus callosum myelin sheaths was observed.