cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Assessment and Management of Adult Obesity

Overweight and obesity are the most common medical problems seen in primary care practice, affecting >68% of adults and 33.0% of children and adolescents in the United States.1,2 Obesity is a risk factor for several of the leading causes of preventable death, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and many types of cancer. Thus, successful treatment and control of obesity should be major imperatives. However, multiple studies have shown that detection and counseling rates among physicians remain low.3–6 Thus, a gap exists between the need to provide obesity care and the actual provision of care. In this article, current recommendations for the medical evaluation of the obese adult patient are reviewed, followed by management approaches to using lifestyle therapy, pharmacotherapy, and surgery. Few other chronic public health conditions parallel the prevalence of overweight and obesity. They affect two thirds of adults and one third of children and adolescents in the United States.1,2 Minority racial and ethnic groups are especially affected; nearly 76.6% of blacks and 80% of Mexican Americans are overweight or obese.1 Per capita medical expenditures and the cost of both absenteeism and presenteeism (workers being on the job but, because of medical conditions, not fully functioning) attributable to obesity range from $1143 (obese I men) to $6684 (obese III women).7 Clinically, determination of height and weight functions as a simple and inexpensive surrogate measure for percent body fat when the values are entered into the Quetlet index (weight [kg]/height [m2]), commonly referred to as body mass index (BMI).8,9 Categorization of patients by BMI also serves as a useful risk estimate for morbidity and mortality that is supported by multiple population studies.10,11 The relationship is particularly striking for the development of …
Rot fluoreszierende Proteine: spezielle Anwendungen in der Bildgebung und Perspektiven

Wahrend der letzten Jahre wurden zahlreiche rotverschoben fluoreszierende Proteine (RFPs) entwickelt. Die verbesserten RFPs eroffnen einmalige Moglichkeiten, biologische Vorgange auf Molekulebene ebenso zu verfolgen wie in gesamten Organismen. Hier wird die Beziehung zwischen den Eigenschaften von RFPs unterschiedlichen Phanotyps und ihren Anwendungen in verschiedenen Abbildungstechniken beschrieben. Bereits eingefuhrte und in der Entwicklung befindliche Bildgebungsverfahren werden in Zusammenhang mit herkommlichen RFPs, mit im langwelligen Rot fluoreszierenden Proteinen, RFPs mit einer grosen Stokes-Verschiebung, fluoreszierenden Schaltuhren, irreversibel lichtaktivierbaren und reversibel mit Licht schaltbaren RFPs besprochen. Vorteile und Grenzen spezifischer RFPs werden fur jedes Verfahren aufgezeigt. Aktuelle Fortschritte beim Verstandnis der chemischen Umwandlungen roter Chromophore geben einen Ausblick auf kunftige RFP-Phanotypen und die damit jeweils moglichen neuen Abbildungsverfahren.
The Settlement Experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, Speculation, and the Ecology Model

L'A. s'interesse a l'implantation de la communaute latino-americaine a Chicago, aux Etats-Unis. Il presente un certain nombre de donnees collectees en 1990 dans cette ville. Il montre que la situation de cette communaute reflete celle de l'Amerique latine en generale et la domination exercee par les Etats-Unis sur cette region. Il montre que cette communaute est victime d'un phenomene de segregation residentielle ainsi que de la speculation immobiliere. Il examine enfin l'implantation de la communaute latino-americaine au sein de la ville de Chicago en utilisant un modele ecologique
Carotenoid-sensitized photosynthesis: Quantum efficiency, fluorescence and energy transfer

The observation in the early 1940s that the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in a diatom was almost the same whether incident light was absorbed by chlorophyll a or by fucoxanthol sparked subsequent investigations of the variety of chloroplast pigments and in a diversity of photosynthetic organisms. Subsequent fluorimetric measurements provided the first relevant observation on the existence of excitation energy transfer in photosynthesis. These and some other experiments prior to the classical work of Arnold and Oppenheimer [(1950) J Gen Physiol 33: 423–435] and of Duysens [(1952) Doctoral thesis, State University of Utrecht, the Netherlands] are reviewed here.
Counting and arithmetic principles first

The meaning and function of counting are subservient to the arithmetic principles of ordering, addition, and subtraction for positive cardinal values. Beginning language learners can take advantage of their nonverbal knowledge of counting and arithmetic principles to acquire sufficient knowledge of their initial verbal instantiations and move onto a relevant learning path to assimilate input for more advanced, abstract understandings.
Embryonic transcription factors in human breast cancer

Growing evidence suggests that breast cancer cells often reactivate latent developmental programs in order to efficiently execute the multi-step process of tumorigenesis. This review focuses on key transcriptional regulators of embryonic development that are deregulated in breast cancer and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins control carcinogenesis. Reminiscent of their function during development, embryonic transcription factors regulate changes in gene expression that promote tumor cell growth, cell survival and motility, as well as a morphogenetic process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is implicated in both breast metastasis and tumor recurrence. Because of their pivotal roles in breast tumor progression, these factors represent valuable new biomarkers for breast cancer detection as well as promising new targets for anti-invasive drugs.
Compound formation is constrained by morphology: A reply to Seidenberg, MacDonald, & Haskell

Why do compounds containing regular plurals, such as rats-infested, sound so much worse than corresponding compounds containing irregular plurals, such as mice-infested? Berent and Pinker (2007) reported five experiments showing that this theoretically important effect hinges on the morphological structure of the plurals, not their phonological properties, as had been claimed by Haskell, MacDonald, and Seidenberg (2003). In this note we reply to a critique by these authors. We show that the connectionist model they invoke to explain the data has nothing to do with compounding but exploits fortuitous properties of adjectives, and that our experimental results disconfirm explicit predictions the authors had made. We also present new analyses which answer the authors’ methodological objections. We conclude that the interaction of compounding with regularity is a robust effect, unconfounded with phonology or semantics.
Snakes move their scales to increase friction

Abstract Snakes can climb a range of surfaces, from tree trunks to brick walls, using a hitherto poorly understood mechanism. The bellies of snakes are covered in a series of flexible scales that can be activated by the snake to prevent sliding. It is previously shown that conscious snakes can use this ability to double their friction coefficient relative to unconscious snakes. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we give further evidence that snakes actuate their belly scales. We perform experiments where we slide snakes backwards atop an array of pillars. Our theoretical model suggests that snakes that do not apply an opening moment to their scales should have quite short contact with these pillars. In our experiments, snakes slide their ventral scales down the pillars, prolonging contact. Our modeling suggests that this phenomenon can only occur if snakes apply a moment at the scale base. We hope this result encourages further research in actively-generated friction.
An Independent-Flow-Field Model for SDOF Nonlinear Structural System: Part I — Identification and Comparisons

An independent-flow-field (IFF) model selected in this study to investigate the nonlinear response behavior of a medium-scale, experimental, submerged, moored structure is validated via parametric studies. Bifurcations in experimental responses are frequently observed and the associated nonlinear primary and secondary resonances are identified in frequency response diagrams. Distinct from previous investigations, this study intends to identify a set of “best-fit” constant coefficients for predictions and comparisons over the entire wave frequencies examined. It is concluded that the small-body, IFF model predicts reasonably well the nonlinear, moored and submerged structural response subjected to regular waves.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
From linear story generation to branching story graphs

Narrative is an important part of the way we interact with and make sense of the world. Interactive narrative systems tell stories in a virtual world in which the user is an interactive participant. Since the behaviors the user performs in the virtual world can affect the way in which a storyline unfolds, interactive narrative systems often use a branching story structure where non-interactive story presentations are interleaved with user decision points. An alternative approach – narrative mediation – represents story as a linear progression of events with anticipated user actions and system-controlled agent actions together in a partially-ordered plan. For every possible way the user can violate the story plan, an alternative story plan is generated. If narrative mediation is powerful enough to express the same interactive stories as systems that use branching story structures, then linear narrative generation techniques can be applied to interactive narrative generation with the use of narrative mediation. This paper sketches out a proof that narrative mediation is at least as powerful as acyclic branching story structures.
Introduction to Special Issue School-Based Approaches to Promote Complete Mental Health: School Psychologists Working to Foster Students’ Thriving Well‐being

This article presents the rationale for and the manuscripts included in a special issue of Contemporary School Psychology, entitled: “School-Based Approaches to Promote Complete Mental Health: School psychologists working to foster students’ thriving well‐being.”
Deleterious effect of cyclosporins on the ischemic kidney in the rat and the protection by the calcium antagonist verapamil.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity has been suggested to be aggravated in the presence of ischemia, as occurs after renal transplantation. Cyclosporine G (CsG) may be less nephrotoxic than CsA. This study evaluated in the rat (1) the effect of CsA and CsG on blood flow and the function of the kidney subjected to 60 min of warm ischemia and (2) the protective effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil (VP). After left nephrectomy, ischemia was induced in the right kidney by the clamping of the kidney pedicle for 60 min, which resulted in a significant increase in serum creatinine (SCr) to 2.30 +/- 0.25 mg/dL by Day 1 with 25% mortality by Day 7. The administration of CsA or CsG (20 mg/kg i.v. daily for 7 days) after 60 min of renal ischemia significantly increased SCr and mortality compared with ischemia alone. In another set of experiments, 60 min of warm ischemia was applied to the right kidney and RBF was measured in both kidneys with a laser Doppler flowmeter. Blood flow in the ischemic kidney returned to the preischemic level by 15 min after the removal of the vascular clamp in the control animals. In contrast, in animals treated with CsA, a significant decrease in RBF was seen in both kidneys; however, blood flow in the ischemic kidney was significantly lower than that in the nonischemic kidney. CsG also decreased RBF in both kidneys, although in the left (nonischemic) kidney, RBF remained significantly higher with CsG than with CsA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension impairs nitric oxide-induced NKCC2 inhibition in thick ascending limbs

In thick ascending limbs (THALs), nitric oxide (NO) decreases NaCl reabsorption via cGMP-mediated inhibition of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). In angiotensin (ANG II)-induced hypertension, endothe...
THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AS A CORRELATED CHARACTER UNDER SYMPATRIC CONDITIONS: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE.

A set of experiments is described that tests the general hypothesis that sympatric speciation is genetically feasible whenever reproductive isolation evolves indirectly as a correlated character. We specifically test the hypothesis that disruptive selection on habitat preference can lead to sympatric speciation when individuals mate locally within their selected habitat. Drosophila melanogaster was used as a model system. A 35-generation experiment using a complex habitat maze led to complete reproductive isolation between subpopulations using different spatiotemporal habitats. The reproductive isolation that developed over the course of the experiment was a result of offspring returning to mate in the habitat type selected by their parents, i.e., a gradual breakdown in migration between habitats.
Lifetime of the 2 + 1759-keV State in Al 26 via the Na 23 ( α , n γ ) Al 26 Reaction

Lifetimes of excited states in $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ have been investigated by the recoil-distance method using the $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ reaction. To obtain information on the population of states in $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ by this reaction, a Ge(Li) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrum was measured in coincidence with neutrons. A mean life $\ensuremath{\tau}=5.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1$ psec.was obtained for the ${2}^{+}$ 1759-keV state in $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$.
Submarine groundwater discharge as a possible formation mechanism for permafrost-associated gas hydrate on the circum-Arctic continental shelf

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a large-scale, buoyancy-driven, offshore flow of terrestrial groundwater. If SGD occurs within the permafrost-bearing sediments of the circum-Arctic shelf, such fluid circulation may transport large amounts of dissolved methane to the circum-Arctic shelf, aiding the formation of permafrost-associated gas hydrate. We investigate the feasibility of this new permafrost-associated gas hydrate formation mechanism with a 2-D, multiphase fluid flow model, using the Canadian Beaufort Shelf as an example. The numerical model includes freeze/thaw permafrost processes and predicts the unsteady, 2-D methane solubility field for hydrate inventory calculations. Model results show that widespread, low-saturation hydrate deposits accumulate within and below submarine permafrost, even if offshore-flowing groundwater is undersaturated in methane gas. While intrapermafrost hydrate inventory varies widely depending on permafrost extent, subpermafrost hydrate stability remains largely intact across consecutive glacial cycles, allowing widespread subpermafrost accumulation over time. Methane gas escape to the sediment surface (atmosphere) is predicted along the seaward permafrost boundary during the early to middle years of each glacial epoch; however, if free gas is trapped within the forming permafrost layer instead, venting may be delayed until ocean transgression deepens the permafrost table during interglacial periods, and may be related to the spatial distribution of observed pingo-like features (PLFs) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Shallow, gas-charged sediments are predicted above the gas hydrate stability zone at the midshelf to shelf edge and the upper slope, where a gap in hydrate stability allows free gas to accumulate and numerous PLFs have been observed.
How Menthol Alters Tobacco-Smoking Behavior: A Biological Perspective.

Mentholated cigarettes gained popularity in the 1950s and were often marketed as “healthy” cigarettes, attributable to their pleasurable mint flavor and cooling sensation in the mouth, lungs, and throat. While it is clear that nicotine is the primary psychoactive component in tobacco cigarettes, recent work has suggested that menthol may also play a role in exacerbating smoking behavior, despite original health claims. Recent evidence highlights four distinct biological mechanisms that can alter smoking behavior: 1) menthol acts to reduce the initially aversive experiences associated with tobacco smoking; 2) menthol can serve as a highly reinforcing sensory cue when associated with nicotine and promote smoking behavior; 3) menthol's actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may change the reinforcing value of nicotine; and 4) menthol can alter nicotine metabolism, thus increasing nicotine bioavailability. The purpose of this review is to highlight and evaluate potential biological mechanisms by which menthol can alter smoking behavior.
Identification of the Pain Patient

Spine cases are some of the most common surgeries performed by neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons in the USA. Based on the literature, 40 % of patients will suffer from chronic pain following a spinal surgery. It is well established that chronic pain is undertreated and that earlier pain management intervention may lead to better clinical outcomes. Paradoxically, many spine surgeons are unaware of the extent of pain therapies available outside of surgery, nor how to engage patients in a multimodal, multidisciplinary, comprehensive, combined surgical and nonsurgical treatment paradigm. As one of this book’s goals is to educate spine surgeons on comprehensive care, the first chapter of this book focuses on “identification of the pain patient,” which is the first essential step in successfully engaging the spine patient into this treatment paradigm. Identification of the pain patient requires recognition of a patient suffering from spine-related pain early on. Because spine pain is often accompanied by loss of function and quality of life, earlier recognition and intervention will not only lead to a better clinical outcome but may also prevent disability.
Development of Feedback Control Prosthetic and Orthotic Devices

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of science and technology in the development of devices—orthotic and prosthetic—with which a disabled person may regain to some degree functions lost through disease or accident. Orthotic/prosthetic devices—orthoses and prostheses—have been found in the earliest recorded histories. The crutch, perhaps just a forked tree branch, may be found in early Egyptian pictorial records. When one examines the use of external power and electronic control systems in assistive devices for weakened limbs or as replacements for those that have been lost, he discovers the need to consider the overall man-machine system. It becomes clear that the problems associated with power, communication, and control are those that are most difficult to overcome and that these problems are virtually identical in externally powered prosthetic and orthotic devices. The human being and his assistive device comprise a man-machine system. When the orthotic or prosthetic system uses external power and is operated by means of feedback control, it comprises a cybernetic system in the true sense of the term.
‘Why do your people do things that just aren’t right’? Latinas/os and race relations at a community clinic in el Nuevo south

ABSTRACTIn el nuevo South, the immigration of Latinas/os complicates our understanding of relations between races. Drawing on 18 months of participant observation, I explore how the employees of a community clinic decided to regulate health-care access and how race and the perception of ‘who is entitled’ figured into their practices. My study shows how racial conflicts influence access to public resources, such as health care, and how those conflicts stem from constructions of citizenship, social membership, and belonging. This article sheds light on race relations in a new immigrant destination, explores workplace conditions that might incite racial conflict, and highlights racialised constructions of citizenship and belonging. It concludes that the resulting stressful work conditions at the clinic, lack of resources, and threat from ‘the other’ fomented racial conflict between African-Americans and Latinas.
Early Childhood Authentic and Performance-Based Assessment

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss authentic, also known as performance-based, measures and methods that can be applied with infants, toddlers, and young children as alternatives to norm-referenced tests. These measures and methods provide meaningful information about young children’s functioning in real-life environments. In addition to describing characteristics of authentic assessment, this chapter details specific types, including embedded methods, transdisciplinary play-based assessment, mediated approaches, and curriculum-based assessment. Following in-depth discussion of different authentic assessment techniques and instruments, practical and systematic challenges are described. This chapter concludes with implications for clinicians, including a table of instruments that summarizes domains of assessment, theoretical rationale, strengths, and limitations.
Chemokine Interactions with Astrocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the effects of chemokines on astrocytes and the potential receptors responsible for these interactions. Chemokines stimulate a variety of astrocyte responses in vitro, including cell migration, cytokine and chemokine production, and modulation of heterologous receptors. In vivo evidence supporting each type of response was reported using genetically engineered mouse models in which chemokine expression was targeted to the central nervous system (CNS) or in inflammatory diseases affecting the CNS. Accumulating data suggest several additional chemokine and orphan receptors are also present on astrocytes. The sources and biological function of chemokines along with their cognate receptors on leukocytes are well described. Although there is ample evidence at the RNA and protein level that chemokine receptors are expressed on astrocytes, the functional significance of these astrocyte receptors remains an item of conjecture. Most astrocyte chemokine receptors are expressed in both primates and rodents, but species differences may regulate receptor distribution for some chemokine receptors. The signaling mechanisms responsible for triggering astrocyte responses are under investigation, with preliminary data hinting that distinct signaling pathways may differentially control astrocyte responsiveness. The receptor modulation that accompanies chemokine stimulation further contributes to the dynamic nature of astrocytes.
Histone Deacetylases Are Essential for Chromatin Condensation and Enucleation in Mammalian Erythroblasts

Abstract In the last steps of differentiation mammalian erythroid cells undergo chromatin condensation and enucleation; the latter process does not occur in other vertebrates. Enucleation was critical for the evolution of mammals, as it permits an enhanced hemoglobin concentration – and thus oxygen- carrying capacity – in mammalian red blood cells. We previously reported that Rac GTPases and their downstream forming target mDia2 are required for mouse fetal erythroblast enucleation. We also found that the nucleus undergoes a gradual ~10- fold decrease in volume during erythropoiesis. Since histone deacetylases (HDACs) play important roles in chromatin condensation, we hypothesized that HDACs are involved in mammalian erythroblast enucleation. To test this hypothesis, we purified E13.5 mouse fetal TER119 negative erythroblasts and cultured them in fibronectin-coated plates. Cells were then treated with Trichostatin A (TSA), a pan-HDAC inhibitor, at different times during erythropoiesis. TSA completely blocked enucleation and kinetic studies showed this inhibitory effect occurred earlier than the step catalyzed by the Rac-mDia2 pathway. This indicates that chromatin condensation is required for the final extrusion of the nucleus. We further investigated the activity ofHDAC6 specifically, since HDAC6 is known to interact with mDia2. We found that mDia2is acetylated in vitro and in vivo and that HDAC6 interacts with and deacetylates mDia2. Treatment of purified TER119 negative mouse fetal erythroblasts with a specific HDAC6inhibitor partially blocked enucleation. We conclude that histone deacetylase activities are essential for mammalian erythroblasts to undergo enucleation and that HDACs act both on chromatin condensation and mDia2 deacetylation to promote enucleation.
Predicting the Macroscopic Fracture Energy of Epoxy Resins from Atomistic Molecular Simulations

Predicting the macroscopic fracture energy of highly cross-linked glassy polymers from atomistic simulations is challenging due to the size of the process zone being large in these systems. Here, we present a scale-bridging approach that links atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to macroscopic fracture properties on the basis of a continuum fracture mechanics model for two different epoxy materials. Our approach reveals that the fracture energy of epoxy resins strongly depends on the functionality of epoxy resin and the component ratio between the curing agent (amine) and epoxide. The most intriguing part of our study is that we demonstrate that the fracture energy exhibits a maximum value within the range of conversion degrees considered (from 65% to 95%), which can be attributed to the combined effects of structural rigidity and postyield deformability. Our study provides physical insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern the fracture characteristics of epoxy resins and demonstrates the suc...
A longitudinal study on the alteration of consumer perceptions and the use of pilot medication

Abstract In 2010, the United States’ Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approved the use of four antidepressant medications that could be prescribed to pilots on active flight duty, provided the pilot adhered to detailed policies and protocols. These medications were praised by many in the aviation community who were concerned with pilots underreporting mental health issues or engaging in self-medication. The purpose of this study was to complete a follow-up to a study, initially conducted prior to a 2015 Germanwings accident where a European commercial airliner crashed in an alleged case of pilot suicide. In the previous study, consumers were asked their willingness to fly when their pilot was taking various medications (fluoxetine, loratadine, ibuprofen or clonidine); and the findings suggest that the fluoxetine condition produces the lowest willingness to fly scores. The current study was replicated longitudinally in the weeks following the Germanwings accident. The findings of the current study reveal a significant drop in willingness to fly scores for the fluoxetine condition immediately after the accident; however, there is no significant change to the other medications. After 12-weeks, the fluoxetine condition returns to its pre-accident levels.
The Role of Autonomy to Implement Customer Decisions on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention in Retail Employees: A Multiple-Case Study

The problem of employee turnover in the retail industry is well documented. Empowered employees provide positive experiences and therefore retention rates increase as well as employee commitment to the organisation. This qualitative study sought to document and describes how retail employees perceive the role of autonomy to implement customer decisions and the effect on job satisfaction and turnover intent. A descriptive multiple-case research design was used and data were collected through multiple sources. The study indicates real-world connections between autonomy, empowerment, job satisfaction, and the intent to quit, identifying characteristics that affect such employee intentions. The results contribute to understanding how employee empowerment can increase employee job satisfaction, thereby increasing retention rates, and how empowerment provides positive customer value in a highly competitive industry.
Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Weed Management on Yield Performance of BRRI Hybrid Dhan3 Under AWD Irrigation System

Experiment was carried out at the Agronomy field of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, during the period from December 2014 to May 2015 to investigate the response of different levels of N and methods of weeding on weed abundance and grain yield of BRRI hybrid dhan3 under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation condition. The treatments consisted of five N levels viz.,0, 60, 120,180 and 240 kg N ha-1 and four different weed control methods viz., Pre-emergence herbicide followed by 1HW, Pre-emergence followed by post emergence herbicide, Weed free by 3 hand weedings and Unweeded (control). The experiment was laid out in factorial RCB design with three replication. Pre-emergence application of prefer 18WP (Bensulfuran Methyl + Acetachlor) and post emergence herbicide Dhaman 300wp (Bispyribac sodium 18% + Bensulfuran methyl 12%) followed by one hand weeding effectively control all weeds (78-93%). In the experimental field, sedges and grass weeds were highly dominant over treatments. Based on summed dominance ratio (SDR), the most dominant weed species could be arranged in the order of Echinochloa crus-galli > Scirpus juncoides > Cynodon dactylon > Cyperus difformis > Marselia minuta > Monochoria vaginalis. Interaction of nitrogen levels and weeding methods had significant response on yield and yield components of hybrid rice. The highest (7.61 t ha -1 ) grain yield was obtained from the combination @ 180 kg N ha -1 with weed free treatments. Comparable higher grain yield was obtained from the combination of pre emergence herbicide of bensulfuranm methyl + acetachlor) + one hand weeding with 180 kg N ha (7.48 t ha -1 ) and the combination of pre + post-emergence herbicide (Bispyribac sodium 18% + Bensulfuran methyl 12%) with 180 kg N ha-1 (7.56t ha -1 ). The estimated optimum dose of nitrogen for Pre EH, Post EH and 3HW (weed free) were 173, 189.1 and 189.4 kg N ha -1 respectively for BRRI hybrid dhan3 under AWD irrigation system. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2017, 20(1): 13-24
Lateral Position Error Reduction Using Misalignment-Sensing Coils in Inductive Power Transfer Systems

Inductive power transfer (IPT) remains one of the most common ways to achieve wireless power transmission, operating on the same electromagnetic principle as electrical transformers but with an air core instead of an iron core. IPT has been implemented in many applications, including wireless charging of consumer products like smartphones and electric vehicles. However, one challenge with using IPT is ensuring precise alignment between the primary and secondary coils of the system so that maximum power transfer can take place. In this paper, the use of misalignment-sensing coils to detect and correct lateral misalignments in an IPT system is modeled and tested. The sensing coils exploit magnetic-field symmetry to give a nonlinear measurement of misalignment direction and magnitude. Experiments using such sensing coils give a misalignment sensing resolution better than 1 mm when applied to a commercial smartphone wireless charger. Voltage readings from the sensing coils are used for closed-loop control of an experimental two-dimensional coil positioner that can reduce lateral misalignments as large as 35 mm to less than 1.4 mm, allowing for effective power transfer. A similar sensing coil concept can be used to reduce lateral misalignments in scaled IPT systems, such as electric-vehicle wireless chargers.
Endangered Amazon: An Indigenous Tribe Fights Back Against Hydropower Development in the Tapajós Valley

Robert WalkerOne of Amazonia's most pristine waterways, the Tapajos River, is under a development threat that holds implications for the entire basin. This threat stems from an infrastructure plan ...
Tissue Engineering: Multiscaled Representation of Tissue Architecture and Function

Replacement of a lost or failed organ is a long-standing problem in medicine. Research in the field of tissue engineering is progressing rapidly towards the replacement of numerous organs. Each organ is a complex system, and analysis of an organ requires understanding of phenomena over a range of length scale. This chapter provides an overview of the multiscale analysis currently used and under development in the field of tissue engineering.
Stromal-epithelial paracrine interactions in the neoplastic rat and human prostate.

Homotypic paracrine interactions in the rat and human prostate have been investigated using prostatic stromal cells and neoplastic epithelial cells (PA-III, rat; TSU-prl, human). Secretory proteins prepared from each cell type were used to determine the dose dependent regulation of growth (DNA synthesis) of the corresponding homotypic responder cell, as determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. PA-III secretory protein stimulated rat stromal cell proliferation by 1.8-fold. This stimulatory activity of PA-III protein on stromal cell proliferation was partially reduced (approximately 35%) by treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) antibody, whereas neither acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) antibody nor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) antibody immunoneutralized the stimulatory activity of PA-III cell protein. In the corresponding opposite interaction, rat stromal cell protein modulated PA-III growth in a biphasic manner. At lower concentrations of stromal cell protein (1.25 ug/ml) PA-III cell growth was stimulated by 1.6-fold, whereas at higher concentrations of protein (100 ug/ml) PA-III cell growth was inhibited to 60%. Treatment of the stromal cell protein (1.25 ug/ml and 100 ug/ml) with NGF antibody reduced PA-III cell relative growth to approximately 30% and 5%, respectively. bFGF antibody treatment of stromal cell protein at 1.25 ug/ml did not influence relative growth, whereas bFGF antibody treatment of 100 ug/ml stromal cell protein reduced relative growth by an additional 40%. Treatment of the stromal cell protein (1.25 ug/ml and 100 ug/ml) with aFGF antibodies reduced relative growth from that observed at these two protein concentrations by approximately 50% in both cases. Human epithelial TSU-prl protein stimulated human stromal cell proliferation approximately 1.7-fold. Treatment of TSU-prl protein with NGF antibody resulted in stimulation of human stromal cell proliferation (4-fold). In the corresponding opposite interaction, human stromal cell secretory protein stimulated TSU-prl epithelial cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner up to a maximum of 2.6-fold. This stimulation of TSU-prl proliferation by stromal cell secretory protein was reduced to 20% of maximal levels by treatment with antibody against NGF, whereas antibodies against bFGF and aFGF did not significantly influence the stimulatory effect of stromal cell secretory protein mediated proliferation of TSU-prl cells. These results suggest that prostatic stromal cells and neoplastic epithelial cells secrete several paracrine factors. One of these factors is nerve growth factor-like, and appears to have a major non-neurotrophic influence on the paracrine regulation of prostatic growth.
Modification of ball mill simulator models to allow for unequal residence times

Equations are derived to allow for different mean velocities of axial flow for different sizes of particles in fully mixed ball mills. The equations are modified to allow for the exit classification that occurs in grate-discharge autogenous and semiautogenous tumbling mills. An approximate treatment is given that applies for other forms of residence time distribution, provided that the mill contents are close to fully mixed.
Molecules of Deregulated Cell Cycle Control in Cancer

Our overall aim is to identify and characterize basic mechanisms responsible for defective growth control of cancer cells. Much evidence now supports our earlier hypothesis1 that normal cell proliferation is controlled just prior to the sudden onset of DNA synthesis and related biochemical processes. Deregulation is dependent upon a mechanism normally controlling passage of cells through a restriction point located in late G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (cdks), retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and others have been implicated in passage through G1 into S phase. We conclude that deranged expression of cyclins, particularly of cyclin E, contributes to defective growth control of cancer cells.
Abstract WP148: ApoA-I Mimetic Peptide Reduces Vascular and White Matter Damage After Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Diabetes mellitus leads to a higher risk of ischemic stroke and worse functional outcome compared to the general population. We investigate whether L-4F, an economical apolipoprotein A-I mimetic pe...
A model assessing the effectiveness of direct-toconsumer advertising: integration of concepts and measures from marketing and healthcare

The advertising of prescription medications directly to consumers (DTC advertising) has become a familiar practice in the USA. As with all advertising spending, key questions include: how effective is this advertising?; what are the best ways to measure advertising effectiveness? This paper identifies key effectiveness measures that are appropriate for the unique situation of DTC advertising, and presents these measures in a unified framework. In addition, it briefly describes candidate predictors of DTC ad effectiveness. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of DTC advertising, the paper integrates concepts and measures from the fields of marketing and healthcare.
Magnetization Transfer Imaging Is Unaffected by Decreases in Renal Perfusion in Swine.

Objectives Multiparametric renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance elastography, and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI), is valuable in the noninvasive assessment of renal fibrosis. However, hemodynamic changes in diseased kidneys may impede their ability to measure renal fibrosis. Because MTI assesses directly tissue content of macromolecules, we test the hypothesis that MTI would be insensitive to renal hemodynamic changes in swine kidneys with acute graded ischemia. Materials and methods Seven domestic pigs underwent placement of an inflatable silicone cuff around the right renal artery to induce graded renal ischemia. Multiparametric MRI was performed at baseline, 50%, 75%, and 100% renal artery stenosis as well as reperfusion. Measurements included regional perfusion, R2*, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), stiffness, and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) using arterial spin-labeled MRI, blood oxygenation-dependent MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance elastography, and MTI, respectively. Histology was performed to rule out renal fibrosis. Results During graded ischemia, decreases in renal perfusion were accompanied with elevated R2*, decreased ADC, and stiffness, whereas no statistically significant changes were observed in the MTR. No fibrosis was detected by histology. After release of the obstruction, renal perfusion showed only partial recovery, associated with return of kidney R2*, ADC, and stiffness to baseline levels, whereas cortical MTR decreased slightly. Conclusions Renal MTI is insensitive to decreases in renal perfusion and may offer reliable assessment of renal structural changes.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy-behind patient-centered learning curves.

A critical component of the management of patients with localized and locoregional esophageal cancer is surgical resection. The morbidity and mortality associated with open esophagectomy has led to the adoption of minimally invasive approaches (1). As a result, a growing body of research has demonstrated that minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is associated with lower early perioperative morbidity [e.g., pulmonary insufficiency and infection (2)] and mortality (3) than historically reported after open esophagectomy. Importantly, MIE is also associated with similar oncologic outcomes, regardless of stage of disease (4).
CT perfusion core and ASPECT score prediction of outcomes in DEFUSE 3.

BackgroundThe role of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) for thrombectomy patient selection and prognostication in late time windows is unknown.AimsWe compared baseline ASPECTS and cor...
Chapter 3 – Pinniped Evolution and Systematics

Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) are defined as a monophyletic lineage using anatomical characters. The affinities, origin, and diversification of both stem and crown pinnipeds are reviewed. Controversies regarding their relationship to other carnivores, the relationships among various pinniped lineages, and the alliance of an extinct pinniped clade, the desmatophocids, are also considered.
Measurement of the Internal Carotid Artery Cross-Sectional Area: Systematic Differences Depending on Grayscale, Power Doppler, and Color Doppler Techniques

OBJECTIVES To determine how measurements of the internal carotid artery (ICA) cross-sectional area will differ systematically when obtained by grayscale, color Doppler, and power Doppler imaging. METHODS A total of 451 patients had greater than 40% diameter stenosis in at least a single ICA. Anteroposterior and transverse luminal diameters were measured in 609 arteries on grayscale, color, and power Doppler transverse images of the carotid bulb and proximal and distal ICAs. Cross-sectional areas were calculated and compared by a repeated-measures analysis of variance model to assess for significant differences. RESULTS Mean ICA cross-sectional areas ± SDs as measured by grayscale, power Doppler, and color Doppler imaging were 122 ± 81, 122 ± 79, and 125 ± 79 mm2 , respectively. The mean ICA area estimated by color Doppler imaging was significantly greater than that estimated by power Doppler imaging (P < .0001) and grayscale imaging (P = .02). Area estimates on grayscale and power Doppler images were not significantly different (P = .99). After accounting for the correlation of repeated measurements within single vessels, color Doppler estimates of the luminal area were on average 3.44 and 9.5 mm2 greater than grayscale and power Doppler estimates. Relative cross-sectional area estimates were on average 9.4% greater with color Doppler imaging at smaller luminal diameters (<60 mm2 ) compared with larger luminal diameters. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of the ICA cross-sectional area by color Doppler imaging were significantly greater than those obtained by power Doppler or grayscale imaging. This difference should be considered when stenosis estimates are confirmed or graded by luminal measurements.
Cyclic Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene): Efficient Catalytic Synthesis of a Transparent Cyclic Polymer

Cyclic polymers possess properties that are significantly different from their linear analogs, such as higher densities, smaller hydrodynamic volumes, and higher glass transition temperatures. Poly...
Structural and Functional Diversity of Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Transporters

Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are a global threat with many common infections becoming increasingly difficult to eliminate. While significant effort has gone into the development of potent biocides, the effectiveness of many first-line antibiotics has been diminished due to adaptive resistance mechanisms. Bacterial membrane proteins belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily play significant roles in mediating bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. They participate in multidrug efflux and cell wall biogenesis to transform bacterial pathogens into "superbugs" that are resistant even to last resort antibiotics. In this review, we summarize the RND superfamily of efflux transporters with a primary focus on the assembly and function of the inner membrane pumps. These pumps are critical for extrusion of antibiotics from the cell as well as the transport of lipid moieties to the outer membrane to establish membrane rigidity and stability. We analyze recently solved structures of bacterial inner membrane efflux pumps as to how they bind and transport their substrates. Our cumulative data indicate that these RND membrane proteins are able to utilize different oligomerization states to achieve particular activities, including forming MDR pumps and cell wall remodeling machineries, to ensure bacterial survival. This mechanistic insight, combined with simulated docking techniques, allows for the design and optimization of new efflux pump inhibitors to more effectively treat infections that today are difficult or impossible to cure.
The Joy of Religion: Exploring the Nature of Pleasure in Spiritual Life

All religions describe spiritual experience as pleasant, and the goal of the religious pursuit as profoundly joyful. But many religions also condemn sensory pleasures and the desire for objects of pleasure. In this book, Ariel Glucklich resolves this apparent contradiction by showing how religious practices that instill self-control and discipline transform one type of pleasure into the pleasures of mastery and play. Using historical data and psychological analysis, he details how the rituals, mystical practices, moral teachings, and sacred texts of the world's religions act as psychological instruments that induce well-being. Glucklich also shows that in promoting joy and pleasure, religion also strengthens social bonds and enhances an individual's pursuit of meaning.
A cold atom interferometry sensor platform based on diffractive optics and integrated photonics

We report the current progress in the development of a compact, deployable cold-atom interferometry sensor platform towards atomic sensors for position, navigation, and time (PNT) applications. A simplified atomic sensor head with diffractive optics, an alignment-free optical package, and photonic-integrated-circuit (PIC) compatible laser architecture [1] are essential for its compactness and deployability. This cold-atom sensor platform can be generally applied to gravimeters, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and clocks, and the sensor platform includes significant engineering efforts in the development of grating-mirror magneto-optical traps (G-MOTs), custom titanium vacuum package with passive pumping, and silicon photonics multi-channel on-chip single sideband modulators.
Remote Conversations To Enhance Class Experience in the Time of COVID: Co-Teaching with a Wingman Model

Remote delivery poses numerous challenges, particularly for discussion-based classes. Here, we describe a class management model that uses a conversational approach between instructional coleaders to introduce topics and facilitate student discussions. The conversational approach enabled us to model various aspects of the scientific process, such as asking questions and generating hypotheses, aimed at an emergent subject, such as COVID-19. Students' feedback was positive, noting how the class enabled them to connect their existing knowledge with the daily influx of new insights about SARS-CoV-2. While our class focuses on COVID-19-related topics, this model of a conversational style class can be easily implemented for other course topics.