cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Nova XTE J1550-564: Discovery of a Quasi-periodic Oscillation near 185 HZ

We have investigated the X-ray timing properties of XTE J1550-564 during 60 Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Proportional Counter Array observations made between 1998 September 18 and November 28. We detect quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) near 185 Hz during four time intervals. The QPO widths (FWHM) are ~50 Hz, and the rms amplitudes are ~1% of the mean flux at 2-30 keV. This is the third Galactic black hole candidate known to exhibit a transient X-ray timing signature above 50 Hz, following the 67 Hz QPO in GRS 1915+105 and the 300 Hz QPO in GRO J1655-40. However, unlike the previous cases, which appear to show stationary frequencies, the QPO frequency in XTE J1550-564 must vary by at least ~10% to be consistent with observations. The occurrences and properties of the QPO were insensitive to large changes in the X-ray intensity (1.5-6.8 crab). However, the QPO appearance was accompanied by changes in the energy spectrum, namely, an increase in the temperature and a decrease in the normalization of the thermal component. The QPO is also closely related to the hard X-ray power-law component of the energy spectrum since the fractional amplitude of the QPO increases with photon energy. The fast QPOs in accreting black hole binaries are thought to be effects of general relativity; however, the relevance of the specific physical models that have been proposed remains largely uncertain. Low-frequency QPOs in the range 3-13 Hz were often observed. Occasionally, at high luminosity, the rms QPO amplitude was ~15% of the flux, a level previously reached only by GRS 1915+105. These extraordinary oscillations have a coherence parameter (ν/Δν) in the range 4-12 and are tied to the power-law component in the energy spectrum.
Release of peptides from sustained delivery systems (microcapsules and microparticles) in vivo. A histological and immunohistochemical study.

Sustained delivery systems (microcapsules, microparticles, or implants) developed for once a month administration of peptides are efficacious and convenient. Long acting formulations of several bioactive peptides are based on microcapasules of a biodegradable polymer poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), but a better understanding is required of the mechanism of the peptide release from the microcapsules, which is assumed to be primarily by diffusion through pores. In order to clarify this mechanism, microcapsules and microparticles of the agonist [D-Trp6]-LHRH and microcapsules of the LHRH antagonist SB-75 were given i.m. to rats 2 h and 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days before histological and immunohistochemical investigation. Signs of biodegradation of the PLG matrix could be seen the first day after the injection, in a form of vacuole development in the interior of the particles and connected with the presence of macrophages within the matrix. The microcapsules showed excellent tissue-compatibility, and no significant foreign body reaction was detected. Immunohistochemical study on the microcapsules revealed no visible decrease in peptide concentration in the remnants of the matrix even 2 weeks after the injection. Evaluation of serum [D-Trp6]-LHRH showed that after an initial burst, both microcapsules and microparticles maintained elevated serum [D-Trp6]-LHRH levels for more than 3 weeks. Our results suggest that the previously proposed mechanisms do not reflect the experimental findings, particularly for the insoluble peptides. The peptide release from the PLG microcapsules or microparticles appears to be controlled mostly by the speed of the biodegradation of the polymer matrix and the diffusion of the peptides from the PGL is negligible.
Applying Research on Teacher Clarity

In this article, Cruickshank highlights selected findings from the research on teacher clarity. He then projects from the findings a set of implications for teacher education programming and for faculty instructional practices. In the final section, he identifies a series of clarity-related issues that warrant research attention.
No question of denial.

Like many physicians, I believed that belonging to the profession conferred some sort of immunity to disease—illness only happened to patients.
ETHICAL RELATIVISM, SOCIO‐ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN DIGNITY

Introduction Relativism of all shades and kinds is in fashion. For some decades, it has been trying to enter the very bastion of the academic heartland by questioning the prevailing cognitive realism in the philosophy of science (Kuhn, Feyerabend). More recently a somewhat different and stronger version of relativism has made some extraordinary advances in literary criticism (the movement of “deconstruction”) and spawned some controversy in the field of law (critical legal studies). The same tendencies have now emerged in architecture (Jencks). More alarmingly, perhaps, in the social sciences we observe a brand new interest in so‐ called “post‐modern” perspectives: post‐modern ethnography in anthropology (Tylor), new voices in sociology (Lash and Urri), and, of course, also the novel ideas representing economics as discourse with a distinctly post‐modern flavor (Amariglio; Rossetti; Milberg; Ruccio).
Why Do Educational Research? Creating Dreamspaces for Social Justice: A Rejoinder to “A Light Shines in Steel Town: Response to He, Phillion, and Roberge’s Review of Language, Culture, and Power: Bilingual Families and the Struggle for Quality Education” (Lourdes Diaz Soto and Erik Malewski)

(2001). Why Do Educational Research? Creating Dreamspaces for Social Justice: A Rejoinder to “A Light Shines in Steel Town: Response to He, Phillion, and Roberge’s Review of Language, Culture, and Power: Bilingual Families and the Struggle for Quality Education” (Lourdes Diaz Soto and Erik Malewski) Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 59-63.
Rapid flow, isolated renal perfusion.

Abstract Rapid flow, isolated perfusion of the kidney has been extended from 5 minutes to several hours, and even to 22 hours in the case of in vitro perfusion. In accomplishing this it was found that the block that occurs 5 minutes after perfusion begins could be eliminated by prior filtration of the perfusate through a glass-wool filter. A second perfusion block occurred 20 to 40 minutes after the onset of perfusion. This block could be eliminated by the addition of a serotonin antagonist, UML-491, to the perfusate. The cause of the first block is most probably platelet aggregates. It is not established whether the second block is caused by further platelet aggregation or by the vasoconstrictor effects of serotonin. A marked decrease in circulating platelets occurred in 5 of the experiments during the first 10 minutes of perfusion, but subsequent changes were either minimal or absent. Kidneys that are perfused for 3 or 4 hours in situ function normally after contralateral nephrectomy. Subsequent examination, however, reveals focal areas of cortical scarring. Reimplantation of kidneys which have been perfused 8 hours has been unsuccessful because a severe clotting defect develops in the recipient dog which results in exsanguination. The kidneys, however, appear to be viable and capable of regaining function.
Robillarda phragmitis Cunnell in estuarine waters

The sphaeropsidaceous fungus Robillarda phragmitis Cunnell was collected on wood submerged in the fresh and brackish water sectors of a North Carolina estuary. The fungus also occurs on Phragmites culms in the upper reaches of the same estuary.
Special Purpose Incremental and Parallel Computing Applied to Photogrammetric Instrumentation

Precision data reduction and transformation from stereo aerial photographs can sometimes require a number of photogrammetric instruments operating together in real time. When some of these instruments are at times peripheral to a central one and at other times operated off line it is convenient to have them self contained with special purpose fixed program computing hardware, examples of which are discussed.
Regional expression of Par-4 mRNA and protein after fluid percussion brain injury in the rat.

Regional levels of prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) protein and mRNA were measured after lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury in rats. Immunochemical studies indicated that Par-4 immunoreactivity (ir) is present in cortical neurons and hippocampal CA1-CA3 pyramidal neurons in uninjured rats. Increases of Par-4-ir were observed in the CA3 neurons of the ipsilateral hippocampus (IH), but not in injured left cortex (IC) at 48 h after FP brain injury. Levels of the Par-4 mRNA measured by RT-PCR assay and protein measured by Western blot procedure were significantly increased in the injured IC and IH, but not in the contralateral right cortex and hippocampus after brain injury. Levels of both Par-4 protein and mRNA were significantly increased in the IC and IH as early as 2 h and stayed elevated at 24 and 48 h after injury. These data show that the induction of proapoptotic Par-4 mRNA and protein occurs only in the IC and IH that have been observed to undergo apoptosis and neuronal cell loss after lateral FP brain injury. Because increased expression of Par-4 has been observed to contribute to apoptosis and cell death in cultured neurons, the present temporal pattern of Par-4 expression is consistent with a role for Par-4 in apoptosis and neuronal cell death after traumatic brain injury.
A Model for Run-In and Other Transitions in Sliding Friction

The mathematical framework for a sliding friction model for run-in and other tribological transitions is presented. The semiempirical model was developed to portray the commonly observed shapes, durations, and variations in kinetic friction coefficient versus sliding time curves. Terms in the model involve material properties and physical interface conditions such as transfer, debris accumulation, and surface roughness. The forms of individual terms are adjustable through the use of systemspecific scaling parameters in order to provide enough modeling flexibility to treat a variety of possible tribological conditions. Effects of such conditions as lubrication efficiency loss over time, and temperature build-up can be incorporated by modification of appropriate terms. Illustrative plots using the framework with several combined contributions are compared with experimental data from previous work. The basic framework of the model can be further developed to incorporate sub-models for specific sliding friction contributions and, in so doing, reduce the number of empirical system parameters required to model actual tribosystem behavior.
The behavior of ozone near the stratopause from two years of BUV observations

Two years of Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet data have been recalibrated and reprocessed. A Laplace transform inversion was applied to radiances at 2876 A and below for 560,000 individual scans for the period April 1970-May 1972. The behavior of ozone near 50 km as a function of time, latitude, and longitude is presented. The high-latitude 1-mbar ozone mixing ratio is maximum at the winter solstice, about 10 microgram/g and is minimum at the summer solstice, about 4 microgram/g. Below 30 deg latitude the ozone is fairly constant at 4 microgram/g. Ozone variability is large in winter and spring and small in summer and fall.
Response of Streams to Structural Uplift: ABSTRACT

Drainage anomalies over structural uplifts in regions of low relief (less than about 150 ft local relief) and unconsolidated rocks are of 2 types--drainage pattern anomalies and single-channel anomalies. Field studies and model investigations have revealed certain basic stream responses to local uplift. In areas of generally uniform regional slope, local reversals or marked divergences of drainage pattern from the regional slope are structurally significant. Radial drainage patterns (full 360° radial patterns) are always anomalous. Concentric drainage is due to the exposure of beds of different resistance and may, or may not, be present. If the unconsolidated material is uniform or very poorly bedded, the local shifting or deflection of drainage is significant, but i well-bedded rocks it may be merely homoclinal shifting downdip. Marked local, opposed drainage deflections are apparently due to almost continuous uplift favoring continuous lateral shifting rather than accelerated incision. In unconsolidated rocks, the most important single-channel response to slight structural uplift is the local channel width-depth ratio. Changes in this ratio may be seen on aerial photographs. Such changes, however, may also be due to changes in lithology or in tributary streams. Decreases in gradient (such as upstream from a structure) result in increased channel width-depth ratio and increases in gradient decrease width-depth ratio. Meander compression or local changes in sinuosity may be due to structure or lithologic difference. Color aerial photography may aid in distinguishing structural and lithologic causes of single-channel features. End_of_Article - Last_Page 636------------
Towards a theory of autonomous reconstitution of compromised cyber-systems

Effective reconstitution approaches for cyber systems are needed to keep critical infrastructure operational in the face of an intelligent adversary. The reconstitution response, including recovery and adaptation, may require significant reconfiguration of the system at all levels to render the cyber-system resilient to ongoing and future attacks or faults while maintaining continuity of operations. A theoretical basis for optimal dynamic reconstitution is needed to address the challenge of ensuring that dynamic reconstitution is optimal with respect to resilience metrics, and is being developed and evaluated in this project. Such a framework provides the technical basis for evaluating cyber-defense and reconstitution approaches. This paper describes a preliminary framework that may be used to develop and evaluate concepts for effective autonomous reconstitution of compromised cyber systems.
Family history: A comprehensive genetic risk assessment method for the chronic conditions of adulthood

Targeting individuals with increased risk for common, chronic disease can improve the efficiency and efficacy of preventive efforts by improving the predictability of screening tests and participant compliance. Individuals with the greatest risk for these disorders are those with a genetic susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a single, comprehensive family history as a method for stratifying risk for many preventable, common genetic disorders. Family histories obtained in a prenatal diagnostic clinic were reviewed regarding cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and several cancers; 42.5% of individuals reported a family history for at least one of the disorders under study. Familial coronary artery disease was most commonly reported (29% of participants), followed by noninsulin-dependent diabetes (14%). Qualitative characterization of disease susceptibility was also accomplished using family history data. For example, occurrence of different cancers within pedigrees was suggestive of familial cancer syndromes, and clustering of noninsulin-dependent diabetes and cardiovascular disease suggested an insulin resistance syndrome. Depending on the specific disease, 5 to 15% of at-risk individuals had a moderately increased risk (2 to 5 times the population risk), and approximately 1 to 10% had a high risk (absolute risks approaching 50%). Family history reports of common, chronic disease are prevalent among the population at large, and collection and interpretation of comprehensive family history data is a feasible, initial method for risk stratification for many preventable, chronic conditions. These findings may have important implications for disease prevention and management.
Walks in rigid environments

Abstract We consider a motion of the particle in a random configuration of scatterers on a lattice. There is a feedback of the particle on an environment which is characterized by its rigidity r. The type of a scatterer at a site of the lattice changes after the rth visit of the particle to this site. We show that in one-dimensional lattice the particle will eventually propagate in one direction with a random velocity if a rigidity is an odd number and it will oscillate (about origin) with an unbounded amplitude if r is an even number. The average velocity of propagation and the expected time until the first passage through a given site of the lattice are computed.
An Assessment of Evaluation Designs Case Studies of 12 Large Federal Evaluations

This article provides a critical review of the quality of 12 recent large federal program evaluations. The review focused on elements of the evaluation design, inclusion of evaluation expertise amo...
Factors Affecting Practical Nursing Student Attrition

This study investigated factors that affect student attrition for 151 students in a practical nursing program. The academic variables studied were scores on preadmission tests and grades in required prerequisite courses. The demographic variables included age, gender, and race. The analysis of the data obtained from student records revealed a statistically significant difference between the retention and attrition student groups for the variables of race, preadmission test scores, and prerequisite course grades. Recommendations for a retention program to reduce attrition were made based on the findings of this study.
TU‐A‐19A‐01: Image Registration I: Deformable Image Registration, Contour Propagation and Dose Mapping: 101 and 201

Deformable image registration, contour propagation and dose mapping have become common, possibly essential tools for modern image-guided radiation therapy. Historically, these tools have been largely developed at academic medical centers and used in a rather limited and well controlled fashion. Today these tools are now available to the radiotherapy community at large, both as stand-alone applications and as integrated components of both treatment planning and treatment delivery systems. Unfortunately, the details of how these tools work and their limitations are not generally documented or described by the vendors that provide them. Although “it looks right”, determining that unphysical deformations may have occurred is crucial. Because of this, understanding how and when to use, and not use these tools to support everyday clinical decisions is far from straight forward. The goal of this session will be to present both the theory (basic and advanced) and practical clinical use of deformable image registration, contour propagation and dose mapping. To the extent possible, the “secret sauce” that different vendor use to produce reasonable/acceptable results will be described. A detailed explanation of the possible sources of errors and actual examples of these will be presented. Knowing the underlying principles of the process and understanding the confounding factors will help the practicing medical physicist be better able to make decisions (about making decisions) using these tools available. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the basic (101) and advanced (201) principles of deformable image registration, contour propagation and dose mapping data mapping. 2. Understand the sources and impact of errors in registration and data mapping and the methods for evaluating the performance of these tools. 3. Understand the clinical use and value of these tools, especially when used as a “black box”.
SOIL POPULATIONS OF ASPERGILLUS SPECIES FROM SECTION FLAVI ALONG A TRANSECT THROUGH PEANUT-GROWING REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

Soil populations of Aspergillus species from section Flavi, several of which produce aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid, were examined from 166 cultivated fields along a transect extending from east...
Development of PCR method specific for Marek's Disease Virus

Abstract A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) was developed. This assay was able to detect MDV in inoculated chick kidney cells at dilutions of 10 -5 . Negative PCR results were obtained using uninoculated chick cells, Marek's Disease Vaccine (SB), Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT) and Fowl Laryngotracheitis Vaccine (LT). Bursae, feathers and kidneys from MDV infected chickens were positive in the PCR assay. The same tissues from normal chickens were negative. This method required only 0·5 h for sample preparatory, 3 h for PCR application and 1 h for electrophoresis. Internal probe hybridization confirmed that the PCR products are from MDV, but this hybridization will not be necessary for future MDV detection.
Fertility preservation in the male with cancer

This article reviews the current concepts, recommendations, and principles of fertility preservation in men with cancer. Obstacles to sperm banking are addressed, as well as future directions for fertility-preserving technologies. All cancer therapies—chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery—are potential threats to a man’s reproductive potential. Additionally, cancer itself can impair spermatogenesis. Thus, sperm cryopreservation prior to initiating life-saving cancer treatment offers men and their families the best chances to father biologically-related children and should be offered to all men with cancer before treatment. Better patient and provider education, as well as deliberate, coordinated strategies at comprehensive cancer care centers, are necessary to make fertility preservation for male cancer patients a priority during pre-treatment planning.
Context as a factor in categorization of personal documents

The aim of this research is to look for a theoretical basis for the observed behavior of users organizing their digital documents. Participants (academics who do not work as classifiers or indexers) are asked to categorize their documents while describing their thought processes. Interviews are used to add additional data, and subjects' file structures are examined. Analysis may show the influence of situational context on categorization behavior.
Light‐dark discrimination and reversal learning in early postnatal kittens

During the early postnatal period kittens were trained in a visual discrimination task involving light-dark stimuli in order to determine the age of onset of visual control of learned behavior. A Y water maze was used with escape from water as the reinforcer. The results indicate that kittens are able to master the discrimination within the 5th week of life. The relevance of this result to electro physiological measures of maturation is discussed.
Two current seismic quiescences within 40 km of Tokyo

Summary Two highly significant seismic quiescence anomalies that started in 1993.0 exist currently within about 40 km of Tokyo. They are located in central Saitama province at 35.99°N/139.56°E and in Tokyo Bay, south of Funabashi, at 35-59°N/l39.94°E The radii of the anomalous volumes are approximately 15 km, centred at about 25 and 20 km depth, respectively. The seismicity rate during the quiescence was less than 10 per cent background rate in both cases. The significance of these quiescences, measured by the standard deviate Z-test, comparing the rate of the last three years to the backgound rate, is higher than for any other rate changes present in the catalogue (Zmax= 7.5 and 7.2 respectively). However, episodes of highly significant quiescences, which could have been interpreted as precursors but were not followed by main shocks, also exist in the data set. A third seismic quiescence was found to be in progress since 1993.3 ± 0.5 in NW Saitama province at 36.18°N/139.22°E. It has a radius of 14 km and is less significant than the other two anomalies (Zmax= 6.8). In a polygon that covers the areas of all three quiescences defined above, the seismicity rate since 1994 is only 30 per cent of the previous background rate (i.e. 100 earthquakes that would normally have occurred did not). This analysis is based on the earthquake catalogue of the National Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention for the years 1980-1996.2 and Mmin= 1.0, as well as for the years 1986.2-1996.2 with Mmin= 0.1. The anomalies are equally clear in the clustered and in the full catalogues. To avoid contamination by explosions, only nighttime data (19:00 to 7:00 hours local time) were used. The frequency-magnitude distributions in the quiescent volumes at central Saitama. NW Saitama and Funabashi have b-values of 1.3, 1.5 and 1.1, respectively. Based on the hypothesis that crustal volumes with high b-values may not be capable of M6 + earthquakes, these three quiescent volumes may be ruled out as source volumes for main shocks of these magnitudes. Using lilt seismic quiescence hypothesis alone, it is a reasonable interpretation to suggest that M = 6.5 ± 0.5 earthquakes are expected to terminate each of the three quiescences within 1 year ± 1 year from now, with a 50 per cent probability each. The interpretation that all three quiet volumes could rupture together in a large earthquake seems less likely. However, based on the information that the quiescences are located in volumes with b-values above the average b= 0.8, it can be argued that the three current quiescences are false alarms. The fact that these two lines of evidence allow opposing interpretations in these cases shows that neither hypothesis is sufficiently tested. Thus, the quiescence hypothesis is not advanced enough for issuing earthquake predictions. Nevertheless, it is important that scientific tests of prediction scenarios are formulated in real time, so we can learn how to modify our hypotheses to make them useful for prediction in the future.
Polarization memory effect and visibility improvement of targets in turbid media

The backscattering of circularly polarized (CP) light has been investigated using experiments and an analytical cumulant solution of the vector radiative transfer equation. The expression of the exact spatial cumulants of light distribution function has been derived. Both experimental and theoretical studies show that the helicity of the incident circular polarization is maintained in the light backscattered from large particle suspensions. Reflection from an embedded target inside the turbid medium reverses the helicity of the incident circular polarization. Polarization memory imaging makes use of this difference in helicity between light reflected from the target and that from the scattering medium and significantly enhances the image contrast by selecting out the circularly cross-polarized light. We experimentally demonstrate the superior image quality for target inside large polystyrene particle suspensions in water.
Capture of benzhydryl chloride ion pairs by cobalt nitrate

Abstract A case is presented where a transition metal salt, Co(NO3)2, intervenes in the solvolysis of benzhydryl chloride, after the rate determining ionization step. This is in contrast to the behavior of other salts which intervene early and promote the ionization reaction. This novel behavior of Co(NO3)2 permits for the first time the detection of two ion pair intermediates in the solvolysis of an alkyl chloride which generates an open carbonium ion.
Modeling of grain growth in two dimensions

Abstract A detailed consideration of the time-dependent bivariate distribution P R , n ; t in both the grain size R, and the number of sides n of the grain in two dimensions is given. Using this formalism and the von Neumann law, an explicit form of the Fokker–Planck equation for the marginal distribution F R , t is provided. Based on available experimental evidence an explicit form of bivariate distribution is also constructed and its consequences are examined. Bivariate analysis shows the crucial importance of the correlation between the grain size and its number of sides and provides a more fundamental underpinning to modeling of Grain Growth.
Occurrence of Estrogenic Nonylphenols in the Urban and Coastal Atmosphere of the Lower Hudson River Estuary

Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) have been widely used as surfactants in many industrial and household applications. However, NPEOs biodegradation in water leads to the formation of estrogenic nonylphenols (NPs). To date, NPs have only been reported in aquatic environments. In this paper, the occurrence of NPs in coastal and urban atmospheres is reported for the first time. Water-to-air volatilization of NPs from estuarine waters is a source of NPs to the estuarine atmosphere. Furthermore, the high concentrations found in the coastal atmosphere of the New York−New Jersey Bight (2.2−70 ng m-3) suggests that the NPs occurrence in the atmosphere may be an important human and ecosystem health issue in urban, industrial, and coastal-impacted areas receiving treated sewage effluents.
Long-term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor.

Our objective was to investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the VIM nucleus of the thalamus in essential tremor. Forty-nine patients were evaluated for DBS between December 1993 and March 1998. Tremor was assessed by a clinical rating scale at 3 and 12 months and then yearly. Three patients were not implanted, seven were explanted prior to 24 months, 11 were lost to long-term follow-up, and three died from unrelated causes. Twenty-five patients were evaluated with follow-up greater than or equal to 2 years. The last postsurgical follow-up occurred on average 40.2 +/- 14.7 months after surgery. Tremor scores were significantly improved with stimulation on at the long-term follow-up as compared to baseline. There was no change in tremor scores from baseline to long-term follow-up with stimulation off. There was no significant change in any stimulus parameters from 3 months to the long-term follow-up. Three patients had asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages and one patient had postoperative seizures. Stimulus-related adverse reactions were mild and easily controlled with changes in stimulus parameters. Device-related complications were common and required repeated surgical procedures. Unilateral DBS of the thalamus has long-term efficacy in some patients for treatment of essential tremor. However, this therapy is compromised by loss of efficacy in some patients and device complications which increase the risk of additional surgical procedures.
TRENDS IN THE INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN PETROCHEMICALS

The United States, Western Europe, Japan and other historically important producers of commodity petrochemicals have lost the cost advantage in the world markets to certain energy rich industrially developing nations. This wilt cause major restructuring of the world industry. Here we report on a quantitative study of the trends and limits of future changes in the production and trade in petrochemicals
Notetaking and review: The research and its implications

Notetaking and review are positively related to academic achievement, but many students record too few notes to benefit fully from these activities. This paper presents ten factors that may constrain notetaking and review, and provides corresponding implications for improving these study behaviors and for conducting further research. Some instructional implications are that students should record more extensive and conceptual notes and that instructors can help students by organizing their presentations, reducing lecture rate, pausing for notetaking, emphasizing key ideas and encouraging alternate frameworks for notetaking and review. Instructors can also facilitate learning by providing learners with notes for review and with knowledge about testing. In addition, instructors should consider the cognitive processing differences among students because certain learners are likely to find notetaking dysfunctional relative to other means of acquisition. The implications for research focus on determining the optimal notetaking and review activities.
Volcanic turbidity, skylight scattering functions, sky polarization, and twilights in New England during 1983

Continuous measurements of turbidity, skylight, solar aureole, and sky polarization have shown significant changes in optical effects since the spread of the El Chichon eruption volcanic cloud to northern mid-latitudes in late Oct. 1982. These effects persisted during 1983 except for the fading of twilight colors.
Cholinergic function in lumbar aluminum myelopathy.

To determine whether perikaryal neurofilamentous accumulation in cho­ linergic neurons is associated with a deficit in cholinergic function , we developed a new model of aluminum-induced neurofibrillary degeneration, referred to as focal lumbar aluminum myelopathy. The model is produced by direct intramedullary mi­ croinjection of AICI), which results in a characteristic neurological syndrome. Four weeks after injections, affected rabbits show extensive neurofilamentous lesions of both large and small neurons in the lumbar spinal cord, including a majority of anterior horn cells. These animals are capable of long-term survival. Posterior tibial nerve morphometry in these rabbits revealed no significant loss of myelinated fibers. Choline acetyltransfcrase (ChAT) activity in the sciatic nerve was decreased 39%, from 45.70 ± 2.36 nmol ACh/hour/3-mm segment in acid-injected controls to 17.72 ± 1.94 in aluminum-intoxicated rabbits . The rate of accumulation of ChAT activity proximal to a sciatic nerve ligature was significantly greater in the aluminum-treated rabbits, although the total amount of ChAT activity accumulating in a 24-hour period did not differ from controls . We conclude that aluminum-induced accumulation of neurofilaments in cholinergic perikarya is associated with a sharp decrease of ChAT activity in the axons of those cells and possibly with a compensatory increase in the rate of delivery of the enzyme.
Closed reduction and fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous stabilization of displaced subcondylar mandible fractures

Background Displaced subcondylar fractures of the mandible are difficult to treat. Open reduction with internal fixation carries significant risks including devascularization of the condylar segment, facial nerve injury, and scarring. Closed treatment with mandibular-maxillary fixation alone accepts a misaligned fracture and relies on joint remodeling. Both techniques carry risk for long-term temporomandibular joint arthritis and pain. In no other area of fracture treatment in adults is nonanatomic fracture reduction accepted as the standard of care when there is a misaligned joint. The purpose of this study was to evaluate closed reduction and fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous stabilization of subcondylar fractures. Methods Fresh cadaver dissections were performed after fractures were created. Kirschner wires were placed in the condylar segment as "joysticks" to manipulate the condylar segment. Fluoroscopy confirmed that the condylar segment was easily manipulated. Seven patients with subcondylar fractures were treated. Two Kirschner wires were placed in the condylar segment and, along with jaw manipulations, were used to reduce the fractures in six of the seven patients. Results Manipulation of the condylar segment with the "joystick" was possible. Reductions were obtained in six of seven cases and additional Kirschner wires were used to stabilize the condyle with the fracture aligned, joint reduced, and mandibular height restored. All patients were placed in mandibular-maxillary fixation for 2 to 3 weeks. After release of mandibular-maxillary fixation, the mandible was midline through the arch of rotation in the patients who were treated. There were no complications from the procedure. Conclusions Closed reduction of subcondylar fractures with a Kirschner wire "joystick" is possible in most cases. This method achieves anatomic reduction and restores mandibular height utilizing minimally invasive techniques with no need for novel equipment or expensive plating systems. There is minimal risk associated with the procedure and minimal additional operative time is required. The advantages of a reduced fracture are substantial and easily obtained with this minimally invasive technique.
SECONDARY STANDARD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY.

A method has been developed for the determination of glyceryl trinitrate by infrared analysis using benzoic acid as a secondary standard. The results of analyses of an adsorbate and of tablets agreed within 1.0 per cent with results obtained by the U.S.P. assay procedure and within 3.0 per cent with results obtained by a phenoldisulfonic acid colorimetric procedure.
Solubilization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from rat and chicken liver microsomes.

Abstract A simple, efficient, freeze-thaw procedure for the solubilization of liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase has been developed. Microsomes of chicken or rat liver were prepared by homogenization in buffer containing 100 m m sucrose, 50 m m KCl, 40 m m KH 2 PO 4 , 30 m m EDTA, and 2 m m DTT, pH 7.2 (buffer A). The homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 g (15 min), and the microsomes were separated from the supernatant by centrifugation at 100,000 g (60 min). The isolated microsomes were frozen, either by dry ice-acetone or by storage in a freezer at −20°C. The frozen microsomes were permitted to thaw at room temperature, homogenized in buffer A, and centrifuged at 100,000 g (60 min). The extraction was repeated and the combined supernatants contained 70 to 90% of the microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity. The yield of enzyme activity by the freeze-thaw technique is equal to or greater than previously reported methodologies and is significantly easier to perform. This procedure is particularly suited to the preparation of large quantities of solubilized enzyme for isolation and characterization of HMG-CoA reductase. In addition, this method does not require the use of detergents, sonification, or other procedures which might partially inactivate or alter the molecular properties of the enzyme.
Scattering ofα-particles from nuclei

Nach einem Uberblick uber dieRutherfordsche Theorie der Ablenkung von α-Teilchen im elektrostatischen Feld des Atomkernes wird auf kurzliche Streuexperimente hingewiesen. Die Streuung von α-Teilchen an schweren Kernen ist einem optischen Beugungsphanomen ahnlich. Resonanzen wie sie in der Streuung an leichten Kernen beobachtet werden, sind akustischen Resonanzen vergleichbar.
Effects of Advancing Age and Hearing Loss on Gaps-in-Noise Test Performance

Purpose The present study evaluated the effects of advancing age and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) on approximate temporal gap detection thresholds obtained from the Gaps-in-Noise (GIN; Musiek ...
Effect of Sire and System of Mating on Estimated Embryonic Loss

Summary A total of 837 services were analyzed for the effects of sire and system of mating on estimated embryonic mortality by 150 days of gestation. The sire had a highly significant effect on the rate of embryonic death in the females to which he was bred. Outbred embryos had an estimated death rate of 19.8% by 150 days as compared-to 22.3% for inbred embryos. Outbred dams had 19.2% embryonic death by 150 days, whereas embryonic mortality in inbred dams was 28.4%. Although the difference between outbreds and inbreds was not statistically significant in either case, the trend was for inbreeding of either embryos or dams, particularly the latter, to increase embryonic mortality.
Reactions of urea phosphate in calcareous and alkaline soils: II. effects on soil sodium and salinity

Abstract Large areas of agricultural land, containing alkalinity and salinity problems, are potentially suitable for crop production with little alteration of their chemical properties. This study was conducted to determine and compare the effectiveness of urea phosphate (UP) in reducing soil salinity and alkalinity with sulfur foam (SF), phosphoric solution (PHP), and a mixture of SF and UP (Mix) on leaching soil sodium (Na) and salinity on two saline sodic soils (Pima L and Crot CL) in columns. Each of these amendments was applied at rates of one and two equivalent amounts of the exchangeable sodium (Naex). Urea phosphate was as effective as PHP or Mix treatments in reducing soil salinity and alkalinity in Pima and Crot soils. No difference was found between rates of application (1 and 2 equivalent amount of Naex) except for soil pH. The decrease in soil salinity was similar to the decrease in pH levels; both decreases followed this order: PHP, UP, Mix, SF, and control treatments. No significant differe...
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES OF THE B AND A STARS II. GAMMA GEMINORUM, HD 60825, 7 SEXTANTIS, HR 4817, AND HR 5780

We extend fine analyses of the B and A stars, gamma Geminorum, 7 Sextantis, HR 4817, and HR 5780 using additional spectroscopic data from the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) coude feed telescope with a TI CCD, camera 5, and grating A, and ATLAS9 model atmospheres. In addition we study HD 60825, which had colors similar to the FHB A stars, but was found to be a Population I star. HD 60825, as is gamma Gem, is a sharp-lined early-A star with nearly solar derived abundances. HR 5780 and 7 Sex are also examples of stars which for the most part have solar abundances. The newly derived abundances for HR 4817 reveal important differences with respect to 53 Tau, a somewhat similar HgMn star.
Mathematical laboratories: a new power for the physical and social sciences

The concept of a mathematical laboratory has been developing throughout the lifetime of computers. The capabilities made available in systems supporting these laboratories range from symbolic integration, differentiation, polynomial and power series manipulation; through mathematical simulation; to direct control experimental systems. About 1961 two trends, one toward what has become known as on-line computation, the other toward time sharing gained enough recognition to develop national support and subsequently have come to represent what is now known as modern computation. An on-line system provides interactive facilities by which a user can exert deterministic influence over the computation sequence; a time-sharing system provides a means by which partial computations on several different problems may be interleaved in time and share facilities according to predetermined sharing algorithms. For reasons of economy it is hard to put a single user in direct personal control (on-line, that is) of a large scale computer. It is equally or more difficult to get adequate computation power for significant scientific applications out of any small scale economical computer. Consequently, on-line computing has come to depend upon time-sharing as its justifiable mode of implementation. On the other hand, valuable on-line applications have formed one of the major reasons for pushing forward the development of time-sharing systems. At present, both efforts have reached such a stage of fruition that one finds many systems incorporating selective aspects of the early experimental systems of both types.In this chapter, we will bring out some of the key features of highly interactive direct control systems that have implications for continuing design effort aimed at furthering the development of experimental mathematical laboratories. We then present a brief description of the foundations of an existing facility at the University of California at Santa Barbara and illustrate its use in a typical application. Finally, we discuss some extension of the system which will provide deeper power for future experimental applications.
Perspectives on Collaborative Research and Education in Media Arts

Abstract Digital arts is by nature a hybrid practice, integrating the poetics, aesthetics and conceptual strategies of art with the logical, systematic methods of technological processes from engineering and the sciences. This article reviews the development of interdisciplinary, collaborative arts-engineering research and education at the University of California at Santa Barbara, focusing on the Media Arts & Technology graduate program from a visual/spatial arts perspective.
Vibration rotation bands of 15N18O

Abstract A sample of the isotopic nitric oxide molecule 15 N 18 O has been prepared, and the absorption spectrum studied in the infrared under high resolution for the first time. Wavelength measurements and analyses of the 1-0 band at 5.58 μ and the 2-0 band at 2.81 μ yield the following molecular constants (in cm −1 ): B e =1.5560 1 α e R =0.0153 2 D e =4. 7 ×10 −6 A o =125.6 6 A 1 =125.2 3 A 2 =125.1 o ω e =1818.94 1 ω e ξ e =12.81 7 The linear dependence of the spin-orbit coupling constant A upon the vibrational quantum number v is similar to the results for other isotopic species of the nitric oxide molecule. An overlapping impurity band at 5.43 μ was identified as the 1-0 band of 15 N 16 O. The theoretical vibrational and rotational isotopic relations were verified to within observational accuracy.
Perception of Interpersonal Behaviors Across Cultures

Cross-cultural psychology has played a very important role in identifying, describing, and even explaining psychological structures that are involved in the perception of interpersonal behavior. This chapter reviews work based on the research paradigm of subjective culture, which establishes that at least three interpersonal dimensions have been identified across cultures and historical periods: Association-Dissociation, Superordination-Subordination, and Intimacy-Formality. These three dimensions are often conceptualized as psychological universals, a notion that raises the question of the origins of the dimensions. By starting with the fundamental assumption that all social behavior is based on resource exchange, the chapter reviews a framework that attempts to account for the emergence of social meanings through time. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol5/iss4/1
Mediators in the International Marketplace: U.S. Advertising in Latin America in the Early Twentieth Century

In the early twentieth century, companies relied on advertising to inform international audiences about their products and services, just as they do today. The J. Walter Thompson Company, a New York–based advertising agency, entered the global stage early, and by 1928 Thompson advertisements had appeared in twenty-six languages in over forty countries. Reaching international audiences and expanding their tastes required an understanding of local cultures and the ways in which they conducted their businesses, and advertisers often had to act as mediators for their clients. The J. Walter Thompson Company's efforts in Argentina provide an excellent case study of how both “local” and “global” messages of consumption were understood–and often misinterpreted–when they were transmitted to other countries from the United States.