cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive knowledge transfer for multiple instance learning in image classification

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a popular learning technique in various vision tasks including image classification. However, most existing MIL methods do not consider the problem of insufficient examples in the given target category. In this case, it is difficult for traditional MIL methods to build an accurate classifier due to the lack of training examples. Motivated by the empirical success of transfer learning, this paper proposes a novel approach of Adaptive Knowledge Transfer for Multiple Instance Learning (AKT-MIL) in image classification. The new method transfers cross-category knowledge from source categories under multiple instance setting for boosting the learning process. A unified learning framework with a data-dependent mixture model is designed to adaptively combine the transferred knowledge from sources with a weak classifier built in the target domain. Based on this framework, an iterative coordinate descent method with Constraint Concave-Convex Programming (CCCP) is proposed as the optimization procedure. An extensive set of experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AKT-MIL approach substantially outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms on two benchmark datasets, especially in the scenario when very few training examples are available in the target domain.
Home non-invasive ventilation (NIV): Identification of patients at risk of non-adherence at setup

Rationale: Patients need to acquire specific skills for the use of home NIV. Patients unable to learn such skills may not be able to successfully apply their NIV affecting adherence. Effective training requires an adequate learning approach. Aims: To establish a test to identify patients at risk of Non-Adherence to NIV (NANI). Methods: Prospective audit conducted in Lane Fox Respiratory Unit, London from 02/2015 and 12/2015 including all patients admitted for home NIV setup and expected to be independent in it9s use on discharge. Baseline assessments were performed at home NIV initiation. Visual analogue scale were used to assess patients own understanding and perception of skills. Medical team (physicians and nurses) evaluated patient skills and graded the likelihood of NIV use. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6 weeks. The NANI test was built using baseline assessments. Results: 104 patients completed follow-up; baseline characteristics. At follow-up, mean use of NIV was 4.5±3.4 hours/day. The NANI test had a sensitivity of 83%, specifity of 68%, positive predictive value of 68% and negative predictive value of 83% to identify patients with a compliance below 4hours/day. Conclusion: The use of the NANI test can help identify patients that would benefit from enhanced training at NIV setup.
Evolution of photonic integrated circuits

Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) are evolving rapidly for applications from interconnects to sensors. We present the evolution of four different platforms for photonic integration: pure III-V/InP, pure SOI (monolithic silicon photonics), III-V heterogeneously integrated on SOI (heterogeneous integration), and III-V epitaxially grown on silicon. Presently, thousands of optical devices are integrated into PICs to achieve multiterabit per second transceivers, LIDARs, and chemical sensors.
Three-Hour Bundle Compliance and Outcomes in Patients With Undiagnosed Severe Sepsis

Background The aim of this study was to compare completion of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign 3-hour treatment recommendations and patient-centered outcomes between patients with severe sepsis who received a sepsis-specific diagnosis code with those who did not. Methods This was a retrospective cohort analysis of adult patients admitted through an academic medical center ED who received an antibiotic and met criteria for severe sepsis. We measured and compared the Surviving Sepsis Campaign 3-hour treatment recommendations along with patient-centered outcomes in patients who were diagnosed with severe sepsis and those who were not. Results A total of 5,631 patients were identified (60.6 ± 17.2 years of age; 48.9% women). Less than half (32.8%) received an International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, diagnosis code of 995.92. Completion of all four bundle components in Conclusions Severe sepsis continues to be an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition. Patients who were diagnosed had higher treatment rates yet experienced worse outcomes. Continued investigation is needed to identify factors contributing to diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in patients with severe sepsis.
Boons, authority, and imagination: A reading of “The World Is Too Much with Us”

“The World Is Too Much with Us,” written circa 1802 and first published in Poems, in Two Volumes in 1807, is one of the most widely known poems today by Romantic poet William Wordsworth. It is comm...
Bioactive Ceramics: Theory and Clinical Applications

Twenty five years of development of bioactive ceramics are reviewed with emphasis on: 1) the sequence of interfacial reactions between implant and tissue, 2) relation of clinical applications to the composition, structure and physical form of the implant (bulk, powders, coatings, composites). Two classes of bioactivity are proposed: Class A bioactive implants are osteoproductive due to both intracellular and extracellular factors and Class B bioactive implants that are osteoconductive due to extracellular factors. Future directions of the field are proposed including: 1) use of biomolecular design of bioactive surfaces to achieve regeneration of tissues, and 2) biomechanical design of bioactive composites to create optimized interfacial gradients in strength, toughness and elastic properties.
Population structure of the Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii) in California

Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii) is a wide-ranging subspecies found throughout the western United States. Of the 5 subspecies currently recognized within C. townsendii, 2 are federally endangered and 2 others are considered species of concern. In California, C. t. townsendii is a species of concern given its loss of habitat and presumed limited dispersal capabilities. Here, we investigated the genetic structure and diversity of a group of maternity colonies across the Inyo-White Mountains in west-central California. Analysis of both nuclear (microsatellite loci) and mitochondrial (D-loop fragment) data show a lack of structure across the study region and significant isolation-by-distance, supporting gene flow among maternity colonies in a stepping stone pattern. The maternity colonies in our sampling region are thus part of 1 genetically healthy, panmictic population. Despite the overall genetic viability of C. t. townsendii in this region, we suggest maintaining the connection between colonies is a crucial step in the management and persistence of the subspecies.
A Technical Comment on Li and Koedel (2017): Author Response:

In this short note we respond to Judson Laughter’s technical comment on our 2017 published article in Educational Researcher.
Application of multi-agent coordination methods to the design of space debris mitigation tours

Abstract The growth in the number of defunct and fragmented objects near to the Earth poses a growing hazard to launch operations as well as existing on-orbit assets. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of active debris mitigation campaigns upon the growth of debris populations, but comparatively fewer investigations incorporate specific mission scenarios. Furthermore, while many active mitigation methods have been proposed, certain classes of debris objects are amenable to mitigation campaigns employing chaser spacecraft with existing chemical and low-thrust propulsive technologies. This investigation incorporates an ant colony optimization routing algorithm and multi-agent coordination via auctions into a debris mitigation tour scheme suitable for preliminary mission design and analysis as well as spacecraft flight operations.
Structural, Chemical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties of n-Type NbFeSb

We report on the structural, chemical, electrical, and thermal properties of n-type polycrystalline NbFeSb synthesized by induction melting of the elements. Although several studies on p-type condu...
Image analysis-based closed loop quality control for additive manufacturing with fused filament fabrication

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is a powerful technology for fabrication of components with complex geometries using a variety of materials. However, one of the major challenges in the AM industry is how to ensure product quality and consistency by detecting and then mitigating the defects, which otherwise can severely deteriorate the quality of AM products and even the sustainability of AM technology. Although optimizing machine parameter settings offline and post-processing of AM products can improve the quality, the effects may be still limited, particularly for the parts with complex geometries. The objective of this study is to develop an image-based closed-loop quality control system for a typical AM process, namely, fused filament fabrication (FFF). This system is implemented by a customized online image acquisition system with a proposed image diagnosis-based feedback quality control method. Based on this novel approach, the typical quality issues can be addressed by efficient and effective defect mitigation via online automatic machine parameter adjustment. The case studies based on an actual FFF platform demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach.
Recurrent abdominal pain due to chronic appendiceal disease

Recurrent appendicitis and chronic appendicitis are the subjects of much controversy, but long-standing inflammation of the appendix and surrounding tissues has been reported in rare instances. We have described two patients, both with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, who subsequently were shown to have chronic appendiceal disease. Appendiceal disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with recurrent abdominal pain.
Innovative Activity in Minority-Owned and Women-Owned Businesses

Link and Wright (2015) and Andersen, Bray, and Link (2017), building on the earlier pioneering work of a number of scholars—including Mansfield and Wagner (1975), Rubenstein, Chakrabarti, O’Keffe, Souder, and Young (1976), Pinto and Mantel (1990), Calantone, Anthony Benedetto, and Divine (1993), Kumar, Persud, and Kumar (1996), van der Panne, van Beers, and Kleinknecht (2003), Shepherd and Wiklund (2006), Nixon, Harrington, and Parker (2012), and Wilson, Wright, and Altanlar (2013)—proffered a number of hypotheses related to covariates with the likelihood of a research project failing or succeeding. None of these hypotheses, which are listed below, relates ownership race or ownership gender to the likelihood of a research project being a failure or a success. Still, these hypothesis signal independent variables that might be explored in an empirical model of the likelihood of a research project being discontinued.
Estimation in Multiple Regression

We first review the basic theory on crisp multiple linear regression. For simplicity let us work with only two independent variables x 1 and x 2. Our development, throughout this chapter, and the next two chapters, follows [1]. We have some data (x 1i, x 2i, y i), 1 ≤ i ≤ n, on three variables x1, x2 and Y. Notice that we start with crisp data and not fuzzy data. The values of x 1 and x 2 are known in advance and Y is a random variable. We assume that there is no uncertainty in the x 1 and x 2 data. We can not predict a future value of Y with certainty so we decide to focus on the mean of Y, E(Y). We assume that E(Y) is a linear function of x 1 and x 2, say E(Y) = a+bx 1+cx 2. Our model is $$\mathop Y\nolimits_i = a + b\mathop x\nolimits_{1i} + c\mathop x\nolimits_{2i} + \mathop \in \nolimits_i $$ (25.1) 1 ≤ i ≤ n. The basic regression equation for the mean of Y is y = a+bx 1+cx 2 and now we wish to estimate the values of a, b and c.
Permanent Tooth Crown and Root Fractures

School-aged children spend more time away from home than their younger siblings, are more likely to participate in sports and other activities that increase their risk for falls. In the preadolescent and adolescent age group, teeth are more likely to fracture than to experience luxation, due to denser alveolar bone. Maxillary incisors remain the most commonly injured teeth, particularly when the child has excessive maxillary overjet. In older adolescents, car accidents and violence add to the risk for trauma including dental trauma. There is some evidence that income and social inequality contribute to the risk for traumatic dental injury in the United States and other countries. In immature teeth, there is a possibility for pulp regeneration and avoidance of root canal treatment. Because of this possibility, it is essential that dentists are aware of the guidelines and provide appropriate treatment in a timely way.
Effects of a computer-based learning environment that teaches older adults how to install a smart home system

Abstract In this study, we examined the teaching effectiveness of three strategies (trial-and-error, textbook, and combination) via a computer-based learning environment (CBLE) that teaches smart-home installation (SHiB). One hundred and twenty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of the strategies and tested with SHiB CBLE. Findings revealed that participants in the combination condition performed significantly better than those in the textbook (control) group with medium effect-size (g = 0.70). Senior participants in the trial-and-error group performed significantly better than those in the control condition with large effect-size (g = 0.89). Younger participants in the combination condition performed significantly better than those in the control condition with medium effect-size (g = 0.70). Results suggest that the teaching strategies had differential effects due to age groups.
Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Colonic Source

Acute GI bleeding is a prevalent condition responsible for significant morbidity, mortality, and overall health care burden in the United States and globally. Obscure GIB is defined as recurrent or persistent evidence of blood loss after negative endoscopic assessment. The purpose of this review is to further examine colonic sources of obscure GI bleeding with regard to epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy, rebleeding rate, and areas in need of further study. Newer diagnostic modalities like video capsule endoscopy have shown the importance of continued investigation of colonic bleeding after negative colonoscopy, but the risk of rebleeding has not changed significantly over time. New practice recommendations for lower GI bleeding may increase the yield of evaluation. Obscure lower GI bleeding causes significant morbidity even though it is a common problem usually caused by common colonic lesions, including diverticulosis, gastrointestinal angiodysplastic lesions, colitis, or colon cancer.
Pressure abnormalities in patients with Zenker's diverticulum using pharyngeal high‐resolution manometry

Objectives Zenker's diverticulum is associated with reduced cricopharyngeal compliance and abnormal intrabolus pressure. However, it is unclear how the pharynx compensates for these deficits. Developments in manometric technology have improved our ability to capture pharyngeal pressure events. This study aims to describe the pharyngeal-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) pressure profile during swallowing in patients with Zenker's diverticulum. Methods High-resolution manometry was performed on 11 patients with symptomatic Zenker's diverticulum and 11 age- and sex-matched healthy controls during 10 mL liquid swallowing tasks. Pharyngeal and UES pressure magnitudes, durations, and integrals were compared between patients and controls using independent t tests. Other manometric parameters, including residual UES pressure at the time of maximum tongue base pressure and pharyngeal-UES pressure gradient, were also evaluated. A case example using three-dimensional high-resolution manometry is presented. Results Compared with healthy controls, patients with Zenker's diverticulum exhibited pressure abnormalities in the UES region. While baseline and pre-opening maximum pressures were not different, residual pressures were elevated (P = .001). Pharyngeal-UES pressure gradients did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion This study used high-resolution manometry to characterize pharyngeal pressure dynamics in patients with Zenker's diverticulum. The changes occurring at the cricopharyngeus appear to result in persistent UES pressurization during UES opening, rather than high tonic resting pressure. Pharyngeal-UES pressure gradients, critical to bolus passage, were also preserved in this patient population. Level of evidence 3b.
Digital Coaching Strategies to Facilitate Behavioral Change in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

CONTEXT In this systematic review, we focus on the clinical impact of digital tools for providing health coaching, education, and facilitating behavior in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Our approach was designed to provide insights for clinicians and health care systems that are considering adopting such digital tools. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched the CINAHL, Scopus, and Ovid/MEDLINE databases using PRISMA guidelines for studies that reported digital coaching strategies for management and prevention of type 2 diabetes published from January 2014 to June 2019. Articles were reviewed by 2 independent blinded reviewers. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We found that 20 of 21 studies in our analysis showed statistically significant improvements in at least one measure of diabetes control including HbA1c, weight loss, fasting blood glucose, and BMI. Studies that reported weight loss percentage from baseline at 1 year reported values ranging from -3.04% to -8.98%, similar to outcomes with traditional coaching in the Diabetes Prevention Program (N = 4). Additionally, all studies that included a comparison group of in-person or telephone-based coaching showed statistically better or similar outcomes in the digital coaching group (N = 5). CONCLUSIONS The evidence reported in this systematic review suggests that digital health coaching offers a promising strategy for long-term management and prevention of type 2 diabetes in diverse populations with similar benefits to in-person or telephone-based health coaching. We argue that, with the potential to treat large numbers of individuals in diverse geographic locations, digital coaching offers a promising solution to the rapid increase in diabetes prevalence.
Function of the Pedicellate Spikelet and Awn in Sorghum and Related Grasses

ABSTRACT Sorghum and its relatives in the grass tribe Andropogoneae bear their flowers in pairs of spikelets. Seed is borne by the bisexual sessile spikelet, which sits directly on the inflorescence stem, while the other spikelet sits on a stalk (pedicel) and is sterile or staminate. Additionally, one floral bract (lemma) of the sessile spikelet often produces a long extension, the awn. The functions of the pedicellate spikelet and the awn are unknown. Pedicellate spikelets display extensive stomata on the surface of their enclosing bracts (glumes), whereas sessile spikelet glumes have few stomata, and the awn contains none. These observations suggest that pedicellate spikelets may be photosynthetic. We used radioactive and stable isotopes of carbon in pulse-chase and LC-MS/MS experiments, as well as RNA-seq of metabolically important enzymes to test the hypothesis that the pedicellate spikelet and awn provide photosynthate to the seed-bearing spikelet. Our results show that the pedicellate spikelet assimilates carbon into 4-carbon and Calvin cycle intermediates; carbon is translocated to the sessile spikelet, which is largely heterotrophic. The awn shows no evidence of photosynthesis. These results also apply to distantly related species of Andropogoneae. Finally, we show that removal of pedicellate spikelets in sorghum significantly reduces yield by ca. 5%, whereas the effect of awn removal is not significant. Thus, pedicellate spikelets affect yield in the cultivated species and most likely fitness in the wild ones.
Back to the Phenomenology of Technical Life

This essay is a response to Robert Scharff’s “Before Empirical Turns and Transcendental Inquiry: pre-philosophical Considerations”. Scharff digs beneath the empirico-transcendental debate between Ihde and Stiegler in order to critique this debate’s Cartesian presuppositions. He uses the work of Nietzsche and the early Heidegger to further his critique. There is much to like in Scharff’s rich and intricate analytic interpretation but this is also the crux of my critique. The detour into Nietzsche’s and the early Heidegger’s work is ultimately unnecessary. If Scharff looks closer, he will see that Feenberg’s revised theory of instrumentalization already accomplishes the return to technical experience and the critique of Cartesian techno scientific rationality that Scharff desires.
Models for Treating Post-traumatic Headache

To discuss the treatment of post-traumatic headache (PTH) and how to choose pharmacotherapy based upon known pathophysiology. Preclinical models of traumatic brain injury are finally revealing some of the mechanisms of PTH, including the significant role that inflammatory neuropeptides like calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play in the initiation and persistence of symptoms. To effectively treat post-traumatic headache (PTH), one needs to understand the pathophysiology behind the initiation and persistence of symptoms. Recent animal models are starting to elucidate these mechanisms, but effective treatment will also likely rely on the identification of patients who are most at risk for persistent PTH. Trials of early, targeted therapy for at-risk patients will be needed to validate these hypotheses. Additionally, high powered clinical trials are lacking in the field of persistent PTH for medications that are known to be effective in primary headache disorders. Effective treatment for persistent PTH also requires understanding how headache interacts with the complex nature of persistent post-concussion symptoms, as this disease often necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach. Regardless, with the knowledge gained by new PTH models cited in this paper, and an increasing availability of novel headache medications, more effective treatment models are on the horizon.
Combining Simulation and Male Urogenital Teaching Associates to Increase NP Student's Clinical Knowledge and Confidence

Abstract Background Nurse practitioner (NP) programs use skills-based activities such as structured simulations and instructional sessions to prepare students for clinical practice. NP students often have limited opportunities to perform sensitive exams during their clinical experiences. This study combined simulation and Male Urogenital Teaching Associate (MUTA) instruction to evaluate student's preparedness, knowledge, perceived learning, and confidence in diagnosing/managing urogenital complaints. Sample Twenty-six NP students entering their first clinical course completed a simulation/MUTA clinical encounter. Methods The encounter included a pre-brief, simulation, urogenital examination instructional session, learning activities, and debrief. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed on pre-test/post-test and post-evaluation questionnaires. Results Data revealed a statistically significant difference in student's confidence postintervention. Students reported an increase in knowledge and preparedness. Conclusions There is a paucity of evidence on the use of simulation with MUTA instruction in NP curriculum. Findings suggests that a combined simulation/MUTA instruction can meet student needs and increase preparedness, knowledge, and confidence.
Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2-5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011-2018.

Family income may influence nutrient and food group intakes among preschool children, thus increasing risk of nutrient deficiencies. This study compared nutrient and food group intakes and diet quality among a U.S. sample of children 2–5 years of age by family income to poverty ratio (PIR) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018) data (n = 2249). Regression analyses were used to compare dietary intakes based on proxy-reported 24-h dietary recalls and Healthy Eating Index-2015 total scores by low PIR versus mid-high PIR levels adjusted for covariates. PIR levels varied by child race/ethnicity and household reference person’s sex, marital status, and education. More than half of the children in the low PIR group (56%) were reported to have received WIC benefits in the past year. Marginally lower calcium (p = 0.008) and lower fiber intakes, lower total HEI-2015 scores, and lower intakes of fruits and whole grain foods (all p < 0.007) were observed among children in low PIR households compared to mid-high PIR households. However, iron intakes were higher (p = 0.0003) among children in low PIR households compared to mid-high PIR households. Lack of other differences in nutrient and food group intakes may be attributable to WIC benefits.
Sequential Models of Sodium Channel Gating

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the advantages of state diagrams in the description of ionic-channel behavior and discusses the means available for determining the number of states and the rate constants of the transitions among them. Several means are available for determining the number of states and the rates of the transitions among them: (1) the measurement of macroscopic and single channel ionic currents and (2) the measurement of gating current. The four-state model is the simplest and is compatible with the macroscopic current kinetics in the squid giant axon. The mathematical description of the histograms that summarize single-channel kinetics is very similar to that for the time course of macroscopic current. With the exception of the closed time histogram, macroscopic currents and single-channel histograms give little information about the transition rates among closed states.In addition, gating current gives information about all steps in the activation sequence that involves charge movement.
Cytoplasmic alterations in amebae treated with actinomycin D. A comparison with the effects of surgical enucleation.

The fate of cytoplasmic membranes was followed in amebae treated with actinomycin D. Samples were prepared for electron microscopy daily for five days. Untreated cells contained multiple Golgi bodies $1 μ in diameter, and both tubules and short cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum 500–2000 A wide. After three to 4 days of actinomycin treatment, the number and size of Golgi bodies were decreased. In addition, the granular endoplasmic reticulum formed cisternae that were both longer and narrower than those found in untreated cells. Some of these cisternae partially or completely encircled areas of cytoplasm. The results are compared with those obtained following surgical enucleation of amebae [1]. The possibility that RNA synthesized in the nucleus is important in maintaining the usual form of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum is discussed.
Evaluating the effectiveness of micro-hydropower projects in Nepal

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MICRO-HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN NEPAL by Shradha Upadhayay Nepal is one of the world's poorest countries. One of its most pressing environmental concerns is its need for stable, community-managed power. Because extending the Nepalese national power grid would be expensive and problematic, microhydro projects have proven to be an economical and efficient alternative in the effort to power remote villages deep in the mountains. However, the efficiency of many of these projects is debatable. This study investigates the efficacy of community-based microhydro projects in two remote villages, Luwang Ghalel and Ghandruk, as well as the role of public participation in these projects. This report employs a case study methodology, with data collection taking the form of interviews, surveys, and document reviews. The results of this study show that micro-hydro projects are a temporary solution at best. Based on internationally accepted criteria, both the technical performance and the level of public participation at both projects were found to be very low. Gender, caste, ethnic group, and socio-economic stratification have also seen an unequal distribution of the project benefits. Our findings indicate that both the Nepalese government and associated non-governmental organizations must make significant policy changes if they hope to achieve success in future development work with community-based micro-hydro projects.
Addressing Health Disparities Through Patient Education: The Development of Culturally-Tailored Health Education Materials at Puentes de Salud

The availability of culturally appropriate written health information is essential for promoting health in diverse populations. Lack of English fluency has been shown to negatively impact health outcomes for Latinos in the United States. The authors conducted a needs assessment at a clinic serving Latino immigrants, focusing on patients' health and previous experiences with written health information. Based on these results and a literature review, we developed 10 Spanish language brochures to better serve the target population. This article outlines the process of developing and implementing this intervention, which can serve as a model for similar projects targeting diverse populations.
Pixel Matching and Motion Segementation in Image Sequences

This paper presents a coarse-to-fine algorithm to obtain pixel trajectories in a long image sequence and to segment it into subsets corresponding to distinctly moving objects. Much of the previous related work has addressed the computation of optical flow over two frames or sparse feature trajectories in sequences. The features used are often small in number and restrictive assumptions are made about them such as the visibility of features in all the frames. The algorithm described here uses a coarse scale point feature detector to form a 3-D dot pattern in the spatio temporal space. The trajectories are extracted as 3-D curves-formed by the points using perceptual grouping. Increasingly dense correspondences are obtained iteratively from the sparse feature trajectories. At the finest level, which is the focus of this paper, all pixels are matched and the finest boundaries of the moving objects are obtained.
Internet content filtering using isotonic separation on content category ratings

The World Wide Web has enabled anybody with a low cost Internet connection to access vast information repositories. Some of these repositories contain information (e.g., hate speech and pornography) that is considered objectionable, especially for children to view. Several efforts---legal and technical---are underway to protect children and the generic public from accessing this type of content. We propose a technical approach utilizing a recently proposed technique called isotonic separation for filtering with content metadata if they satisfy monotone conditions. We illustrate this approach using a category rating method of PICS. In essence, we formulate the Internet content filtering problem as a classification problem on content metadata and report on experiments we conducted with the isotonic separation technique.
The community of macrolepidopterous larvae at Cooper's rock state forest, West Virginia : a baseline study

During 1984 and 1985 macrolepidopterous larvae were collected by pole pruning of foliage of black birch, mixed oaks, black cherry, and red maple at Cooper’s Rock State Forest in northern West Virginia. A total of 3027 larvae representing 100 species in 14 families was collected. The most abundant species were the noctuids Polia latex (Gn.) and Morrisonia confusa (Hbn.), and the geometrids Probole amicaria (H.-S.), Itame pustularia (Gn.), and Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.). Of the 100 total species of larvae, 43 were recorded from birch, 61 from mixed oaks, 63 from black cherry, and 57 from red maple.
Anticipating catalytic oxidation reactions on gold at high pressure (including liquid phase) from ultrahigh vacuum studies

Evidence for the mechanistic link between low pressure studies and the high pressure, aqueous phase, catalytic partial oxidation reactions of ethanol on gold is provided. The oxidation of ethanol on gold (111) leads to the formation of ethyl acetate and acetic acid, as was also reported for this reaction over supported gold catalysts in aqueous phase. This reaction follows a pattern previously observed in ultrahigh vacuum on both silver and gold single crystals. The formation of both acetic acid and ethyl acetate in solution can be anticipated from prior experiments on single-crystal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, showing a strong parallel between the oxidation behavior of gold under these extremely different conditions. This parallel suggests that other oxidation reactions on gold may be anticipated from previous studies at low pressure and may serve as a guide for their prediction even in the liquid phase.
Asymptotic Behavior of Form Factors of Composite Particles

Form factors for composite nucleons are studied in the large-momentum-transfer limit. It is argued that multiparticle intermediate states in the dispersion relation, containing arbitrarily large numbers of particles, must be included even to begin to estimate the asymptotic behavior. In the simplest approximation, this physical idea can be implemented using the ladder approximation in the nucleon legs of the form factor. The resulting form factors behave essentially like t^-2 both for spin-0 and spin-½ nucleons.
Mathematically modeling the repair of heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes as affected by temperature, pH, and salt concentration

Abstract Heat-injured cells of Listeria monocytogenes were inoculated into Listeria repair broth (LRB) adjusted to various pH levels (4.2, 5.0, 6.6, 8.0 and 9.6) and salt concentrations (0.5%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% w v ) at controlled temperatures (4, 10, 22, 37 and 43 °C) in a complete factorial manner (53). Repair of the injured microorganisms was evaluated using selective and non-selective plating media. The Gompertz parameters, which were generated by fitting the equation with the bacterial counts, were used to calculate the repair percentage as a function of time from which the repair time was estimated. All growth curves fit the Gompertz equation well (R2 ≥ 0.972). A first-order model described the repair trend closely (R2 = 0.989 ± 0.011). Heat-injured Listeria could fully repair in LRB only under 63 of 125 conditions tested during 21 days of incubation. Refrigeration temperature was the most effective means to prevent the repair of heat-injured Listeria. The minimum temperature required for repair increased with an increase in NaCl concentration. The pH ranges at which the repair could occur were narrower at 4 and 10 °C than those at higher temperature. The repair was observed in media containing 10% NaCl between temperatures of 22 and 43 °C at pH 6.6.
Hereditary Isolated Glucocorticoid Deficiency Associated with Reye's Syndrome• 506

The hallmarks of Reye's Syndrome which include hyperammonemia, elevated liver enzymes and progressive encephalopathy, have been associated with certain inherited metabolic disorders, thus, current recommendations are to screen atypical Reye's Syndrome cases for defects in amino acid, organic acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Hereditary isolated glucocorticoid deficiency(HIGD) is characterized by undetectable cortisol levels, normal mineralocorticoids and elevated ACTH levels while molecular analysis has demonstrated a point mutation in the MC2R gene of the ACTH receptor in some cases. The presenting symptoms of HIGD in early childhood have been hypoglycemia and/or hyperpigmentation. A 3 5/12 year male with expressive language delay and at least one previous unexplained episode of ataxia had a metabolic evaluation which yielded normal levels of plasma carnitine and non diagnostic urine for amino and organic acids. At 3 10/12 years he presented with 24 hours of vomiting followed by diarrhea and seizures. No aspirin had been given. He was lethargic and stimulation produced asymmetric decorticate posturing. Initial glucose was 28 mg/dl, maximal AST 163 U/L (<58), and NH4 126 μmol/L (10-47). Stool for Rotavirus was positive. The urine contained 30H butyric acid, adipic and suberic acids. Neurologic findings were not immediately reversed by normalization of blood glucose nor administration of dexamethasone. The EEG was reported to be consistent with diffuse cerebral dysfunction of a moderate degree compatible with State I to II Reye's Syndrome. Recovery occurred over 24-48 hours. At 4 2/12 years, after a seizure with ketotic hypoglycemia, cortisol was undetectable with ACTH of 2655 pg/ml(normal adult 9-52) while electrolytes and plasma renin activity were normal. There was no cortisol response to exogenous ACTH stimulation. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes and amplified by PCR with primers flanking the entire MC2R coding region. Single stranded DNA was generated by PCR and sequenced which revealed a homozygous Ser-74-Ile mutation of the MC2R gene. Two cases have been previously described with a postmortem diagnosis of HIGD following a Reye-like episode. This is the first case of Reye's Syndrome associated with HIGD due to an MC2R gene mutation. Determination of a cortisol level is recommended as part of the evaluation for metabolic disorders associated with Reye's Syndrome.
Manifest Anxiety and Tachistoscopic Recognition of Facial Photographs

The purpose of rhis study was to explore some interpersonal perceptions of high (H.A.) and low (L.A.) anxiety Ss using rachistoscopic exposures of facial photographs. The study was derived from the frequently stated ( 1, 4) position that many of the reactions of chronically anxious individuals are selective for fear-inducing, potentially dangerous stimuli. Specifically, it was hypothesized that H.A. Ss would tend to have lower rhresholds for hoscile than for friendly faces, the former presumably being an interpersonal type of dangerous stimuli (2, 3). Additional hypotheses based on the potential effects of increased threat predicted: (a) a comparatively faster recognition of hostile faces by H.A. Ss when involved in an impending evaluation of ego-relevant behavior than when no future evaluation was structured (Future Involvement variable) ; knd ! b) that prior communication of favorable or unfavorable evaluations to the H.A. Ss would result in comparatively faster recognition of hostile faces than if no such information were given (Prior Involvement variable). SUB j ECTS The sample was composed of 96 university students taken from introductory sections in psychology. Half of these were defined as H.A. Ss based on the fact that they scored in the upper 20% of the author's distribution of 618 college students on the Taylor Scale of Manifest Anxiety. The remaining half had scored in the lowest 20% and were defined as L.A. Ss. 8 Ss from each of these extremes were nonsystematically assigned to a combination of one of two conditions of Future Involvement and one of three conditions of Prior Involvement. Ss were also equally divided by sex but since this variable never yielded significant differences no further reference will be made to it. PROCEDURE The first part of the experiment involved the selection of the hoscile and friendly pictures to be used as critical tachistoscopic stimuli. Defining these faces was achieved individually for each S by a rating procedure which took place during class periods prior to the experiment proper. 32 photographs of unfamiliar male faces, controlled for pose, dress, and other factors extrinsic to facial features, were shown by projection to the classes in sets of 8 photo
Crack closure load measurements for microcracks developed during the fatigue of Al 2219-T851

A compliance technique is utilized to determine the closure load for surface microcracks of one grain size and smaller produced by fully reversed loading fatigue of Al 2219-T851. Specimens are fatigued in flexure in air at 5, 18, and 45 pct relative humidities. Scanning electron microscopy is then utilized to measure crack compliance for selected microcracks and crack closure load is inferred from the break point in the linear relationship between crack opening and applied stress. For zero applied load the microcracks are found to be partially opened and a linear relationship is found between the closure load measured for the microcracks and the zero load crack opening normalized to crack length. This relationship holds regardless of the ambient humidity during fatigue, although there are significant changes in the zero load crack openings developed with humidity. An empirical relationship between the irregularity of the microcrack propagation path as affected by humidity and crack opening at zero load is also identified, which can be used to estimate crack closure load from crack dimensional parameters measured at the specimen surface.
Sulfur in vacuum: sublimation effects on frozen melts, and applications to Io's surface and torus

Vacuum sublimation effects on solid sulfur yield a form of the element that is white at room temperature, is fluffy in texture, and forms on frozen sulfur in vacuum through differential evaporation of molecular species in the solid. This vacuum sulfur should exist in large quantity on Io, if the solid free sulfur there has solidified from a melt; a sulfur volcanism model for Io is accordingly developed on this basis which implies that the color and spectra of different sulfur regions of Io could indicate their relative crystallization ages and cooling histories. The flux of sublimating hotspot sulfur appears consistent with estimated turnover rates of the Io surface.
19F,13C Correlations in a Highly Fluorinated Alkyl Chain and Coupling Constant Signs at the Fluorocarbon/Hydrocarbon Interface

The first 19F,13C HMQC correlations with full carbon decoupling and the first HMBC correlations using fluorine detection methods are reported, and combined with 19F-decoupled 13C data and 19F, 19F COSY and TOCSY to derive the 19F and 13C assignments for the highly fluorinated alkanol 8,8,8 7,7 6,6 5,5 4,4 3,3-tridecafluorooctan-1-ol. The analyses of unique sets of multiple 19F,13C and 1H,13C cross peaks provides information about the relative signs of the coupling constants at the fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon interface. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrodynamics in the low and middle latitude ionosphere: a tutorial

Electric fields in the low and middle latitude ionosphere result from currents driven internally by neutral winds and gravity, and externally by applied potentials. The resulting internal electric polarization fields arise from the need to make the total current divergence free. By considering the current drivers many of the attributes of the observed ion and electron drifts can be understood including the E- and F-region dynamos, the initial growth of ionospheric depletions, and effects from high latitudes. Such an exercise leads to an overall understanding of the governing principles. However, it is necessary to know all the large-scale spatial gradients in the drivers, many of which are presently unknown, in order to unravel the outstanding mysteries of the electrodynamics of the region.
Impaired Olfaction and Risk of Delirium or Cognitive Decline After Cardiac Surgery

Objectives To determine the prevalence of impaired olfaction in individuals presenting for cardiac surgery and the independent association between impaired olfaction and postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. Design Nested prospective cohort study. Setting Academic hospital. Participants Individuals undergoing coronary artery bypass, valve surgery, or both (n = 165). Measurements Olfaction was measured using the Brief Smell Identification Test, with impaired olfaction defined as an olfactory score below the fifth percentile of normative data. Delirium was assessed using a validated chart review method. Cognitive performance was assessed using a neuropsychological testing battery at baseline and 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. Results Impaired olfaction was identified in 54 of 165 participants (33%) before surgery. Impaired olfaction was associated with greater adjusted risk of postoperative delirium (relative risk = 1.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–3.09, P = .009). There was no association between impaired olfaction and change in composite cognitive score in the overall study population. Conclusion Impaired olfaction is prevalent in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with greater adjusted risk of postoperative delirium but not cognitive decline. Impaired olfaction may identify unrecognized vulnerability to postoperative delirium in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery.
Unified computational methods for regression analysis of zero-inflated and bound-inflated data

Bounded data with excess observations at the boundary are common in many areas of application. Various individual cases of inflated mixture models have been studied in the literature for bound-inflated data, yet the computational methods have been developed separately for each type of model. In this article we use a common framework for computing these models, and expand the range of models for both discrete and semi-continuous data with point inflation at the lower boundary. The quasi-Newton and EM algorithms are adapted and compared for estimation of model parameters. The numerical Hessian and generalized Louis method are investigated as means for computing standard errors after optimization. Correlated data are included in this framework via generalized estimating equations. The estimation of parameters and effectiveness of standard errors are demonstrated through simulation and in the analysis of data from an ultrasound bioeffect study. The unified approach enables reliable computation for a wide class of inflated mixture models and comparison of competing models.
Newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency: pilot study and follow-up of identified cases

Abstract Biotinidase deficiency is an inborn error of biotin recycling that can result in an organic aciduria and developmental delay, seizures, alopecia, hypotonia and hearing loss. Early presymptomatic biotin treatment may prevent these complications and, on that basis, newborn screening for the disorder has been developed. In Massachusetts we conducted a one-year pilot study of newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency. Among 99,398 screened neonates, we identified three with profound biotinidase deficiency (1:33,000) and seven with partial deficiency (1:14,000). None of the infants had biochemical or clinical complications when evaluated. The three with profound deficiency were begun on biotin therapy and have thrived. Those with partial deficiency have received no therapy and have had normal growth and development. Transient biotinidase deficiency was overrepresented among low birth weight infants, as expected. Just as this pilot study ended, an infant in a neighboring state was diagnosed with biotinidase deficiency after coming to attention because of seizures, developmental delay and hearing loss. His newborn blood specimen retrieved from storage gave no activity on biotinidase screening. Newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency is effective in identifying cases and probably is of value in preventing irreversible complications from this disorder in at least some of the identified infants.