cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-state survey of consumer food-handling and food-consumption practices

Abstract Introduction: In the United States, foodborne infections cause an estimated 6.5–33 million illnesses a year. Also included in the burden of foodborne illnesses are sequelae such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and reactive arthritis. Surveillance for risky food-handling and food-consumption practices can be used to identify high-risk populations, develop educational efforts, and evaluate progress toward risk reduction. Design: In 1995 and 1996, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System interviews of 19,356 adults in eight states (1995: Colorado, Florida, Missouri, New York, and Tennessee; 1996: Indiana, New Jersey, and South Dakota) included questions related to food-handling and/or food-consumption practices. Risky food-handling and food-consumption practices were not uncommon. Overall, 19% of respondents did not adequately wash hands or cutting boards after contact with raw meat or chicken. During the previous year, 20% ate pink hamburgers, 50% ate undercooked eggs, 8% ate raw oysters, and 1% drank raw milk. Men were more likely to report risky practices than women. The prevalence of most risky behaviors increased with increasing socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Targeted education efforts may reduce the frequency of these behaviors. Periodic surveillance can be used to assess effectiveness. In addition to consumer education, prevention efforts are needed throughout the food chain including on the farm, in processing, distribution, and at retail.
Stretching short biopolymers by fields and forces

We study the mechanical properties of semiflexible polymers when the contour length of the polymer is comparable to its persistence length. We compute the exact average end-to-end distance and shape of the polymer for different boundary conditions, and show that boundary effects can lead to significant deviations from the well-known long-polymer results. We also consider the case of stretching a uniformly charged biopolymer by an electric field, for which we compute the average extension and the average shape, which is shown to be trumpetlike. Our results also apply to long biopolymers when thermal fluctuations have been smoothed out by a large applied field or force.
Progress toward a practical skywave sea-state radar

Recent advances in propagation modeling, ionospheric diagnostics, and signal processing have helped overcome the limitations the ionosphere imposes on sea-state measurements with HF skywave radar. Wind-direction fields in tropical storms can be routinely mapped under most ionospheric conditions, but waveheight and wave-spectrum extraction is more sensitive to ionospheric distortions and requires care in signal processing and in selecting an ionospheric path. Spot measurements with a high-resolution radar have verified its ability to measure (in order of increasing difficulty) wind-direction fields, rms waveheight, and the scalar ocean-wave spectrum at ranges up to 3000 km using one ionospheric hop. Although such a radar can in principle map these quantities over millions of square kilometers of an ocean area, the time required to do so under various ionospheric conditions remains to be determined. A minimum objective of one map of rms waveheight per day seems attainable.
A Spline-Based Framework for Perfect Reconstruction AM-FM Models

For the first time, we present a multicomponent perfect reconstruction AM-FM image model that is fully consistent with human visual perception. We design a separable perfect reconstruction wavelet filterbank based on the discrete Coiflet and implement it in a maximally decimated parallel structure characterized by excellent joint space-frequency localization. Using the zeros in the channel response magnitudes, we further decompose each channel into a sum of highly localized, non-separable orientation selective sub-channels. We fit the responses of these sub-channels with nonlinear spline models and apply error-free continuous demodulation algorithms to obtain a new perfect reconstruction AM-FM model. This is significant because the new model could be used as the basis for a new theory of modulation domain image processing
Children of Battered Women: Developmental and Learning Profiles:

Children in battered women's shelters have been shown to have more behavior problems than their peers but limited information is available about their development. A pilot survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of developmental or academic problems in children of residents of a battered women's shelter. Demographic data, medical and school histories and responses to standardized developmental or behavioral surveys were obtained from 39 mothers of 76 children. Two-thirds of the children were victims of abuse. On the Minnesota Child Development Inventory, the mean General Developmental Quotient (DQ) of 28 preschool children was 98; however, 39% had developmental delays by test criteria. Of 46 school-aged children, 21 (46%) had evidence of academic problems, including grade repetition, failing grades and need for special educational services. On the Louisville Behavior Checklist, 75% of 48 children had behavior problems. Children in a battered women's shelter are likely to experience academic and behavioral problems; however, further study is needed to elucidate etiological factors.
Astronomical demonstration of an optical vortex coronagraph.

Using an optical vortex coronagraph and simple adaptive optics techniques, we have made the first convincing demonstration of an optical vortex coronagraph that is coupled to a star gazing telescope. We suppressed by 97% the primary star of a resolvable binary system, Cor Caroli. The stars had an angular separation of 1.9λ/D at our imaging camera. The secondary star suffered no suppression from the vortex lens.
Amplitude only compensation for failed antenna array using particle swarm optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) procedure has been applied to find out a compensation for degraded pattern of a failed antenna array by amplitude only perturbation of few of the unfailed elements. The optimization technique finds the optimum amplitude levels of some of the unfailed elements in the array, so that the compensated pattern will match with the pattern of the original array, though not perfectly, but up to a satisfactory level. The reason for applying PSO is that it is simple to code and has small computational cost as compared to other soft-computing techniques. The developed formulation is tested for a 16-element linear broadside array.
Neurological and neurocognitive function of HIV-infected children commenced on antiretroviral therapy

Results: At enrolment, the mean (±SD) age was 60±46 months, 17 (44%) and 22 (56%) had Centers for Disease Control (CDC) clinical category B and C disease respectively, and 36 (92%) had severe immunosuppression. At the start of HAART no child had cranial nerve or cerebellar dysfunction, but 13/29 (33.3%) had evidence of motor dysfunction. By 6 months 1 child had developed cerebellar dysfunction, but there was no statistically significant change in the frequency of motor dysfunction. Mean baseline performances on cognitive testing were generally subnormal. Between 33% and 81% of the children recorded subnormal intelligence quotients on various cognitive tests. Mean performances did not change significantly after 6 months of HAART. Conclusion: Neurological and neurocognitive deficits are frequent in HIV-infected children. The prevalence and extent of deficits did not change significantly in response to short-term HAART, indicating neither spontaneous improvement nor deterioration during early treatment.
Measurement and analysis of thermal hysteresis in resonators and TCXOs

The resonators from anomalous TCXOs (temperature-compensated crystal oscillators) were temperature-cycled apart from the oscillators. Analysis of the resonator frequency versus temperature data, to account for thermal lag between the resonator and the external thermometer, showed that the inherent hysteresis of the resonator is much lower than that of the TCXO and has a different temperature dependence. A model was developed that accounts for both the normally encountered and anomalous thermal hysteresis. The model can separate apparent hysteresis from true hysteresis. This analysis can be used for allowing more accurate characterization and specification of TCXOs and resonators and for prediction of behavior under dynamic temperature conditions. >
The role of cytokines in Schwann cell damage, protection, and repair

Cytokines, proteins that are secreted by many cells, including inflammatory and glial cells, mediate interactions between cells, generally through paracrine and autocrine networks. Their effects are highly pleiotropic, with overlap of some activities. The pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), especially the classic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy form, seems to involve lymphocytes and macrophages, which are rich sources of cytokines. Macrophages likely have a role in the pathogenesis of the primarily axonal, less inflammatory forms of GBS. Cytokines appear to be involved in damage to Schwann cells, myelin, and axons, although the exact roles of the different cytokines is uncertain. There is increasing evidence that cytokines, including some proinflammatory cytokines that ordinarily cause damage, may also protect the cells of the peripheral nervous system and aid in its repair. The evolution of inflammatory and demyelinating disorders, including the degree of recovery, is probably dependent on the interactions of the different cytokines.
The role of writing in effective team projects: students and professionals differ

This paper describes the results of an NSF funded study of 17 student teams in computer science and technical writing classes. Observations and interviews with students are contrasted with the practices of experienced professional engineers. The results suggest major differences between how students and professionals view the role of written communication in team projects. Students viewed teamwork almost exclusively in terms of verbal communication and rarely produced managerial documents such as meeting minutes and task lists- even when explicitly encouraged to do. By contrast, professional engineers see such documentation as essential to project success. Student teams also used ineffective strategies for coauthoring documents, often trying to write major sections of text synchronously as a group. Finally, student evaluations of their teammates' written contributions were often inaccurate. Recommendations for structuring classroom team projects are presented
Human-inspired control of bipedal robots via control lyapunov functions and quadratic programs

This paper briefly presents the process of formally achieving bipedal robotic walking through controller synthesis inspired by human locomotion. Motivated by the hierarchical control present in humans, we begin by viewing the human as a "black box" and describe outputs, or virtual constraints, that appear to characterize human walking. By considering the equivalent outputs for the bipedal robot, a nonlinear controller can be constructed that drives the outputs of the robot to the outputs of the human; moreover, the parameters of this controller can be optimized so that stable robotic walking is provably achieved while simultaneously producing outputs of the robot that are as close as possible to those of a human. Finally, considering a control Lyapunov function based representation of these outputs allows for the class of controllers that provably achieve stable robotic walking can be greatly enlarged. The end result is the generation of bipedal robotic walking that is remarkably human-like and is experimentally realizable, as evidenced by the implementation of the resulting controllers on multiple robotic platforms.
Channel Aware Target Localization With Quantized Data in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a new maximum-likelihood (ML) target localization approach which uses quantized sensor data as well as wireless channel statistics in a wireless sensor network. The novelty of our approach comes from the fact that statistics of imperfect wireless channels between sensors and the fusion center along with some physical layer design parameters are incorporated in the localization algorithm. We call this approach ldquochannel-aware target localization.rdquo ML target location estimators are derived for different wireless channel models and receiver architectures. Furthermore, we derive the Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for our proposed channel-aware ML location estimators. Simulation results are presented to show that the performance of the channel-aware ML location estimators are quite close to their theoretical performance bounds even with relatively small number of sensors and their performance is superior compared to that of the channel-unaware ML estimators.
Spin-exchange rates in electron–hydrogen collisions

The spin temperature of neutral hydrogen, which determines the optical depth and brightness of the 21-cm line, is determined by the competition between radiative and collisional processes. Here, we examine the role of proton‐hydrogen collisions in setting the spin temperature. We use recent fully quantum-mechanical calculations of the relevant cross-sections, which allow us to present accurate results over the entire physically relevant temperature range 1‐10 4 K. For kinetic temperatures T K 100 K, the proton‐hydrogen rate coefficient exceeds that for hydrogen‐hydrogen collisions by about a factor of 2. However, at low temperatures (T K 5 K) H‐H + collisions become several thousand times more efficient than H‐H and even more important than H‐e − collisions.
AIMS- a Metal Additive-Hybrid Manufacturing System: System Architecture and Attributes

This paper presents an integrated hybrid manufacturing approach to enhance and accelerate the adoption of metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) by adding a direct digital subtractive process to the production that is capable of improving the form, location and position tolerance of critical part features as well as improving surface finish. The hybrid system, AIMS (Additive systems Integrated with subtractive MethodS) can be integrated with existing metal AM systems without any significant modifications. The intent of this paper is to: 1) detail the system architecture, 2) highlight the process requirements, and 3) illustrate the sequential functions from development of CAD models through AM processing, to subtractive post-processing and corresponding process monitoring. Attributes of individual components such as physical and computational requirements associated with each discrete step of the overall process is presented. Advantages and current limitations of AIMS are also noted. The developed models provide insight into how the overall process-flow could be affected by errors (variability) due to both physical and data transfer across multiple systems. This paper also presents a generalized use of AIMS-for a variety of part geometries, noting materials and processing efficiencies associated with this unique hybrid method.
Periods on the Fermat Curve

We return to the special case of the Fermat curve, and compute the period lattice explicitly in terms of the basis for the differentials of first kind given in Chapter II.
Where Two Are Fighting, the Third Wins: Stronger Selection Facilitates Greater Polymorphism in Traits Conferring Competition-Dispersal Tradeoffs

A major conundrum in evolution is that, despite natural selection, polymorphism is still omnipresent in nature: Numerous species exhibit multiple morphs, namely several abundant values of an important trait. Polymorphism is particularly prevalent in asymmetric traits, which are beneficial to their carrier in disruptive competitive interference but at the same time bear disadvantages in other aspects, such as greater mortality or lower fecundity. Here we focus on asymmetric traits in which a better competitor disperses fewer offspring in the absence of competition. We report a general pattern in which polymorphic populations emerge when disruptive selection increases: The stronger the selection, the greater the number of morphs that evolve. This pattern is general and is insensitive to the form of the fitness function. The pattern is somewhat counterintuitive since directional selection is excepted to sharpen the trait distribution and thereby reduce its diversity (but note that similar patterns were suggested in studies that demonstrated increased biodiversity as local selection increases in ecological communities). We explain the underlying mechanism in which stronger selection drives the population towards more competitive values of the trait, which in turn reduces the population density, thereby enabling lesser competitors to stably persist with reduced need to directly compete. Thus, we believe that the pattern is more general and may apply to asymmetric traits more broadly. This robust pattern suggests a comparative, unified explanation to a variety of polymorphic traits in nature.
Synchrotron X-ray investigation of α-Chlorohemin, C 34 H 32 ClFeN 4 O 4 , an Fe-porphyrin

Abstract X-ray data of a powder sample of α-chlorohemin (a member of the porphyrin family), C34H32ClFeN4O4, was collected using synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Photon Source (APS, Argonne National Laboratory). Rietveld Refinement and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed for obtaining the structure including positions of hydrogen atoms. The structure was found to be P 1 ¯ , Z = 2; at 100K the lattice parameters are a = 11.22468(6) A, b = 13.93930(8) A, c = 10.79818(9) A, α = 99.6672(6)°, β = 108.4124(8)°, γ = 106.7175(6)°, and V = 1471.713(19) A3, and at 295K, a = 11.43217(7) A, b = 14.06412(10) A, c = 10.85390(9) A, α = 98.6655(7)°, β = 108.6294(8)°, γ = 107.5025(7)°, and V = 1517.21(2) A3, Dx = 1.427 g/cm3. Experimental reference X-ray patterns have also been determined, which will be included in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF).
Effect of the intervention on health literacy of urban residents

Objective To understand the health literacy status of urban residents in Wuhan,and to assess the effect of intervention on community health literacy.Methods The multi-stage stratified sampling method was carried out to select the sample population.In the meantime.base-line survey and interventional assessment were carried out to compare the effect of intervention.Results It was found that before and after intervention residents' awareness rate of general health literacy was 73.31%,76.72% respectively,(significant difference).The awareness rate of general health was 77.86%、81.12%.resoectively.The rate of health behavior formation was 67.86%,70.52%;respectively,and the rate of technical ability formation was 68.65%、73.50%.respectively.The three dimensions of the differences were statistically significant.Conclusions After the intervention,knowledge of health literacy for urban residents has greatly improved,the effect is obvious;skills of health literacy have kept improving,but not obvious.while the behavioral health literacy decreased..Therefore,health education intervention should be timely strengthened,and focus should be on health behavior and skill demonstrations.
SOIL, SUBSOIL, AND FOREST COMPOSITION IN SOUTH-CENTRAL MICHIGAN, USA

Although soil texture is an important predictor of upland forest composition in southern Michigan, the relationship in some areas is weak and other environmental factors may exert stronger control on species composition. One of these may be concealed subsoil lithology where coarse-textured glaciofluvial sediments are buried beneath finer-textured till. Samples of forest composition, soil, and subsoil characteristics from 48 less-disturbed woodlots in the south-central Lower Peninsula reveal that upland oaks and hickories are predominant where the till veneer is thin and sand and gravel are relatively near the surface. Where till is relatively thick and outwash is deeply buried, woodlot composition is sugar maple-beech. In each of these cases, soil texture is unrelated to stand composition. The likely effect of buried near-surface glaciofluvial sediments is moisture stress such that xeric species dominate these drier sites. The influence of subsoil on forest geography is a significant new finding with rega...
Approximating individual risk of infection in a Markov chain epidemic network model with a deterministic system

In the Markov chain model of infectious diseases in a connected network of heterogeneous individuals, the computation of the risk of infection for each individual and the expected size of the infected population over time is an NP-hard problem. We show that the individual risk of infection over time can be approximated by orbits of a nonlinear discrete dynamical system on a phase space of dimension equal to the number of individuals in the network. An upper bound for the eradication rate of the infectious disease in the network is also obtained.
Hospital-Based Therapy Dog Walking for Adolescents with Orthopedic Limitations: A Pilot Study

Nine out of 10 adolescents fail to achieve recommended levels of aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity leading to deleterious consequences for individuals and a public health epidemic....
Plant olfaction: using analytical chemistry to elucidate mechanisms of plant growth and interaction

Growing evidence suggests that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in plant-plant, plant-microbe and plant-environment interactions. Demonstrating such mechanisms requires the use of innovative analytical techniques to monitor VOCs in and above soils. In this issue, Waters et al. provide experimental evidence that stolons of the woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca, forage for nutrient-rich soil patches by a chemotropic mechanism. These experimental results not only help clarify the means by which this clonal plant locates nutrients in a heterogeneous environment, but also demonstrate the power of using the tools of modern analytical chemistry to elucidate plant-plant and plant-environment interactions.
A Precise Description of the Logic

This chapter presents the precise description of the logic. The set of variable and function symbols is influenced by conventions of half a dozen different Lisp systems. The set of axioms is unnecessarily large from the purely logical viewpoint. A general purpose quantifier over finite domains is provided; even though recursively defined functions suffice. An interpreter for the logic is embedded in the logic, and every new function symbol must be axiomatically tied to the interpreter. The metalanguage is greatly complicated by the necessity of describing the correspondence between terms and objects. Using the formal syntax, one presents the axioms and rules of inference for propositional calculus with equality, the foundation of theory. Next one embeds propositional calculus and equality in the term structure of the logic by defining functional analogs of the propositional operators. One completes the set of axioms by defining general purpose quantifier function, which—much like the mapping functions of Lisp—includes among its arguments objects denoting terms that are evaluated with the interpreter.
A Comparative Study of Adsorption and Diffusion of Vapor Alcohols and Alcohols From Aqueous Solutions in Silicalite

The adsorption isotherms and intracrystalline diffusivities of vapor alcohols and alcohols from aqueous solutions in silicalite were experimentally determined. The adsorption isotherms for the alcohols in liquid phase are well predicted from the vapor phase isotherm data using the analogy theory. The intracrystalline diffusivities in liquid phase exhibit the same trend as those in the vapor phase at near saturation loading. The estimated difference of heats of immersion between alcohols and water in silicalite varies from 6.3 to 7.3 KJ/mol. The activation energy for liquid intracrystalline diffusion in silicalite ranges from 5.7 to 21 KJ/mol and increases with decreasing intracrystalline diffusivity.
Learning to Teach English Language Learners: A Study of Elementary School Teachers’ Sense‐Making in an ELL Endorsement Program

Using Jarvis's (2009) framework of adult learning, this study examines how in-service elementary school teachers make sense of instruction that is responsive to multilingual learners. Case studies of two teachers reveal their nuanced attempts to improve practice during a 1-year, graduate-level, add-on certification program for teaching English language learners (ELLs). Findings show that different critical learning experiences afforded the two teachers opportunities to interrupt their assumptions and subsequently refine their instruction as they resolved to support ELLs. This study sheds light on teachers’ ongoing sense-making throughout a yearlong ELL endorsement program. Implications for teacher education and professional development research are discussed.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer: Potential roles of ATF5 and the mitochondrial UPR

Mitochondria form a cellular network of organelles, or cellular compartments, that efficiently couple nutrients to energy production in the form of ATP. As cancer cells rely heavily on glycolysis, historically mitochondria and the cellular pathways in place to maintain mitochondrial activities were thought to be more relevant to diseases observed in non-dividing cells such as muscles and neurons. However, more recently it has become clear that cancers rely heavily on mitochondrial activities including lipid, nucleotide and amino acid synthesis, suppression of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis as well as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for growth and survival. Considering the variety of conditions and stresses that cancer cell mitochondria may incur such as hypoxia, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial genome mutagenesis, we examine potential roles for a mitochondrial-protective transcriptional response known as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in cancer cell biology.
Debunking the Delusion That Precision Oncology Is an Illusion.

Many of the major advances in oncology over the past 2 decades are attributable to precision medicine, defined as biomarker‐driven treatment. Whether the results of precision medicine are real or an illusion is discussed here.
Atrial cardiopathy: a mechanism of cryptogenic stroke.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cryptogenic stroke accounts for approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes. Recently, atrial cardiopathy diagnosed by the presence of one of its serum, imaging, or electrocardiogram biomarkers has been shown to be associated with ischemic stroke, particularly of embolic subtypes.Areas covered: This paper aims to summarize data on occult atrial fibrillation and stroke, provide an overview on mechanisms, such as inflammation and fibrosis, of stroke in atrial cardiopathy, critically review data on biomarkers of atrial cardiopathy and their association with stroke, and suggest therapeutic implications, including directions for future research.Expert commentary: Atrial cardiopathy may constitute one of the mechanisms in cryptogenic stroke, and patients with evidence of atrial cardiopathy constitute a group of patients in whom clinical trials are warranted to test anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy to reduce stroke recurrence risk. In addition, more studies are needed to determine ...
3‐D range of motion envelopes reveal interacting degrees of freedom in avian hind limb joints

Measuring range of motion (ROM) is a valuable technique that can link bone morphology to joint function in both extant and extinct taxa. ROM results are commonly presented as tables or graphs of maxima and minima for each rotational degree of freedom. We investigate the interactions among three degrees of freedom using X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to measure ROM of the main hind limb joints of Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris). By plotting each rotation on an axis, we generate three-dimensional ROM volumes or envelopes composed of hundreds of extreme joint positions for the hip, knee, and intertarsal joints. We find that the shapes of ROM volumes can be quite complex, and that the contribution of long-axis rotation is often substantial. Plotting in vivo poses from individual birds executing different behaviors shows varying use of potential rotational combinations within their ROM envelopes. XROMM can provide unprecedented high-resolution data on the spatial relationship of skeletal elements and thereby illuminate/elucidate the complex ways in which soft and hard tissues interact to produce functional joints. In joints with three rotational degrees of freedom, two-dimensional representations of ROM (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) are incomplete.
Air pollutant exposure field modeling using air quality model-data fusion methods and comparison with satellite AOD-derived fields: application over North Carolina, USA

In order to generate air-pollutant exposure fields for health studies, a data fusion (DF) approach is developed that combines observations from ambient monitors and simulated data from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. These resulting fields capture the spatiotemporal information provided by the air quality model, as well as the finer temporal scale variations from the pollutant observations and decrease model biases. Here, the approach is applied to develop daily concentration fields for PM2.5 total mass, five major particulate species (OC, EC, SO4 2−, NO3 −, and NH4 +), and three gaseous pollutants (CO, NO x , and NO2) from 2006 to 2008 over North Carolina (USA). Several data withholding methods are then conducted to evaluate the data fusion method, and the results suggest that typical approaches may overestimate the ability of spatiotemporal estimation methods to capture pollutant concentrations in areas with limited or no monitors. The results show improvements in capturing spatial and temporal variability compared with CMAQ results. Evaluation tests for PM2.5 led to an R 2 of 0.95 (no withholding) and 0.82 when using 10% random data withholding. If spatially based data withholding is used, the R 2 is 0.73. Comparisons of DF-developed PM2.5 total mass concentration with the spatiotemporal fields derived from two other methods (both use satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data) find that, in this case, the data fusion fields have slightly less overall error, with an RMSE of 1.28 compared with 3.06 μg/m3 (two-stage statistical model) and 2.74 (neural network-based hybrid model). Applying the Integrated Mobile Source Indicator (IMSI) method shows that the data fusion fields can be used to estimate mobile source impacts. Overall, the growing availability of chemically detailed air quality model fields and the accuracy of the DF field, suggest that this approach is better able to provide spatiotemporal pollutant fields for gaseous and speciated particulate pollutants for health and planning studies.
The Ethics of Big Data and Nursing Science

Big data is a scientific, social, and technological trend referring to the process and size of datasets available for analysis. Ethical implications arise as healthcare disciplines, including nursing, struggle over questions of informed consent, privacy, ownership of data, and its possible use in epistemology. The author offers straight-thinking possibilities for the use of big data in nursing science.
Ultraviolet Irradiation of Blood: "The Cure That Time Forgot"?

Ultraviolet blood irradiation (UBI) was extensively used in the 1940s and 1950s to treat many diseases including septicemia, pneumonia, tuberculosis, arthritis, asthma and even poliomyelitis. The early studies were carried out by several physicians in USA and published in the American Journal of Surgery. However with the development of antibiotics, UBI use declined and it has now been called “the cure that time forgot”. Later studies were mostly performed by Russian workers and in other Eastern countries and the modern view in Western countries is that UBI remains highly controversial.
Current weakening control of coreless AFPM motor drives for solar race cars with a three-port bi-directional DC/DC converter

Solar race cars require compact components operating at high efficiency. This paper proposes the use of a coreless axial flux permanent magnet machine, which has the attributes of low stator mass, negligible core loss and virtually zero cogging torque, as the propulsion motor. A three-phase inverter with its dc bus fed from a three-port DC/DC converter, which accepts inputs from a solar panel and battery powers the propulsion motor. Galium nitride (GaN) devices are used in the three-port converter, allowing very high switching frequencies thereby reducing the size of the transformer which provides galvanic isolation between the two sources and output. The three-port converter ensures operation of the solar panel at its maximum power point and also allows bi-directional power flow between the propulsion motor and battery depending on operating conditions. Operation over a wide range of speeds, which is required by the solar race car application, is achieved by the new approach of current weakening. This method involves raising the dc bus voltage of the motor side inverter at speeds exceeding the rated.
Underresolved absorption spectroscopy of OH radicals in flames using broadband UV LEDs

Abstract A broadband absorption spectroscopy diagnostic based on underresolution of the spectral absorption lines is evaluated for the inference of species mole fraction and temperature in combustion systems from spectral fitting. The approach uses spectrally broadband UV light emitting diodes and leverages low resolution, small form factor spectrometers. Through this combination, the method can be used to develop high precision measurement sensors. The challenges of underresolved spectroscopy are explored and addressed using spectral derivative fitting, which is found to generate measurements with high precision and accuracy. The diagnostic is demonstrated with experimental measurements of gas temperature and OH mole fraction in atmospheric air/methane premixed laminar flat flames. Measurements exhibit high precision, good agreement with 1-D flame simulations, and high repeatability. A newly developed model of uncertainty in underresolved spectroscopy is applied to estimate two-dimensional confidence regions for the measurements. The results of the uncertainty analysis indicate that the errors in the outputs of the spectral fitting procedure are correlated. The implications of the correlation between uncertainties for measurement interpretation are discussed.
Evidence Review for Teacher Praise to Improve Students' Classroom Behavior.

In this study, a systematic review was conducted to examine the evidence base for teacher praise for students without severe disabilities in K–12 classroom settings. Specifically, reviewers followed standards presented by the Council for Exceptional Children and the What Works Clearinghouse to evaluate the methodological quality of 30 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Only 11 studies were rated as being methodologically sound. The review team then classified effects of the 11 methodologically sound studies and provided an overall evidence-based classification for the practice using both sets of standards. Results indicated there is currently insufficient evidence to identify teacher praise as an evidence-based practice for this population of students. A further evaluation of this research base provided no discernable patterns for when and for whom teacher praise is likely to be effective. Implications for practice and future research are provided.
Computational Challenges in Mechanical Systems Simulation

The numerical solution of the differential-algebraic equations of motion of mechanical systems offers many computational challenges. In this paper we describe progress which has been made in understanding the formulation of the equations of motion from the viewpoint of numerical stability, outline some of the difficulties which must be resolved for efficient and reliable numerical methods in real-time simulation of mechanical systems, and propose some solutions.
New Calculations of β4 (M Shell) in Tellurium

Publisher Summary A large number of measurements for the M shell indicate a significant discrepancy between the available calculations and the experimental data. Because of the relatively small magnitude of the radial functions for the M shells at the nucleus, the finite nuclear size effects are not expected to be significant. The chapter describes an empirical procedure that is useful when results of calculations are not available; this is hardly a substitute for calculated values using a realistic screening model. To understand the agreement between theoretical results and experimental data, the exact wave functions can be compared with those of the point-nucleus Coulomb potential. The calculations illustrated in the chapter show that the realistic physical model is adequate and the calculated internal conversion coefficients for the M shell are in agreement with the accurate experimental data.
Effect of Selected Octadeoxyribonucleotides and 6-Amino-1,2 Benzopyrone on Poly(ADP-Ribose) Transferase Activity

Polymerization of ADP-ribose from NAD+ by poly(ADP-ribose) transferase is initiated by auto-mono-ADP-ribosylation of the enzyme followed by ADP-ribose transfer to other acceptor proteins and subsequent elongation (1). DNA is required as a coenzyme, and an enzyme-associated DNA, defined as sDNA (2), can be isolated which is more efficient than crude calf thymus DNA (3). It was reported that introduction of cleavage sites into double-stranded DNA coincides with an increased rate of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis (4). However, only a few poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferase molecules (as located by electron microscopy) are at the ends of sDNA (2), and the existence of highly fragmented DNA does not inevitably coincide with a high rate of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (5). Furthermore, maximal activation of the enzyme in the nucleus may be catalyzed by “short DNA pieces” not detectable by methods which are suitable for assay of DNA fragmentation (6). We have observed that hormonal action in vivo and in cell cultures coincides with a decrease in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation without a diminution of enzyme content (7). Since a specific interaction between hormone-receptor complexes and certain DNA sequences is well known [7], we assumed that the observed correlation between hormone action and decreased rates of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may suggest altered binding sites for the enzyme on DNA sequences (or structures) that are less efficient coenzymes for polyADP(ribose) transferase than the DNA sites prior to hormone action.
Effective Width of Orthotropic Plate

Slab-column structural systems are often analyzed for lateral loads imposed by earthquake or wind by assuming that an ..effective width.. of the slab acts as a beam. The usefulness of this approach is attested to by the large number of publications that have approach is attested to by the large number of publications that have appeared on this subject. Current finite element technology makes it possible, in principle, to analyze the original structure. However, unless one has access to a structural analysis program with substructuring capabilities, the cost, both in data preparation and in processing time, makes the analysis very unattractive economically. Even in those cases where a more exact analysis may be desirable as a final check, the effective width concept is useful in the preliminary design stage.
Designing Powerful Environments to Examine and Support Teacher Competencies for Models and Modelling

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight how work focusing on student‐level modelling and idea development can also serve as a powerful context to investigate parallel and interacting modelling processes at the teacher level. We assert that expertise in teaching is partly reflected in how teachers interpret and respond to classroom situations—in what they see and recognize, as well as in what they do. To establish a setting for extended studies of teacher‐level modelling, different research groups have found it desirable to move beyond single‐activity implementations in one of several ways. We begin our description of this work by identifying several values or beliefs about the nature of mathematical thinking and learning and corresponding instructional practices, which comprise key teacher competencies for the teaching and learning of modelling that have been emphasized by these projects. Then, we describe three different extensions from previous reports of our ongoing research, each aimed at examining and supporting students’ and teachers’ models and modelling over long time‐scales, such as the level of an entire course. Our results suggest that, in course‐sized studies of student development, significant powerful changes can also occur in teacher‐level competencies for the teaching and learning of modelling. One reason for this teacher‐level development is that in our student‐level modelling activities, students naturally express important aspects of their thinking in forms that can be observed directly by both teachers and researchers. Insights about the nature of students’ thinking have proven to be a powerful impetus to encourage important aspects of teacher development. Furthermore, course‐sized research sites enable us to directly observe significant teacher competencies that cannot be seen in studies focusing on single modelling activities.
A Tri-Modular Human-on-the-Loop Framework for Intelligent Smart Grid Cyber-Attack Visualization

To minimize the effort required by human security operators in understanding and resolving attacks on the smart grid cyber-physical system, automated detection, prevention and mitigation tools have been integrated into the infrastructure. However, existing visualization frameworks at command and control centers present information from such tools in a nonintuitive, non-contextual format, reducing the situation awareness and timeliness of decisions. There is a need for frameworks that can contextualize the data in a human-understandable format prior to visualizing. To this end, the paper conducts a high-level review of existing literature, and introduces a conceptual human-on-the-loop framework of three modules: data analyzer comprising Kafka, Apache Spark and R, classifier comprising a deep neural network, and situation-aware decision-maker comprising a learning-based cognitive model. Preliminary proof of concept is shown for data analyzer by applying it to contextualize alerts from multiple photovoltaic systems in Florida.
When prisoners dare to become scholars: prison education as resistance

As an introduction to this special issue on prison education, this article seeks to radically reframe how academic literature addresses and understands the carceral classroom. The primary lens through which prison education is evaluated is as a means of reducing recidivism. In this rhetorical autoethnography, we write back against that assertion, arguing that prison education is far more than a tool for crime reduction. Using a series of autoethnographic glimpses, we offer a view inside the classroom behind bars and demonstrate that prison education is a means of resistance. By choosing to attend classes, prisoners defy gendered norms of hegemonic masculinity in order to resist the societal norm that prisoner lives do not matter.
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages & Applications

Welcome to the 2014 ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA). The research papers in this year's conference reflect the breadth of today's software landscape. Anything and everything related to programming is fair game for OOPSLA: we have contributions related to object-oriented, functional, concurrent and distributed, web, mobile, and domain-specific programming systems. Further, the research results range from core theoretical foundations to practical languages, libraries, and tools to experimental studies. This year OOPSLA continued the two-phase selection process that was initiated for last year's conference, with the goal of improving the quality of accepted papers. In the first reviewing phase a set of papers was conditionally accepted, and all other papers were rejected. Authors of conditionally accepted papers were provided with the usual committee reviews along with a set of mandatory revisions. After two months, the authors provided a second submission. The second reviewing phase assessed how well the mandatory revisions were performed by the authors in order to determine the final accept/reject status of each paper. There were 186 submissions, 53 of which were conditionally accepted in the first phase. The intent and expectation was that the mandatory revisions could be adequately addressed within two months and hence that conditionally accepted papers would be accepted in the second phase. In the end, 52 papers were accepted for publication, resulting in a 28% acceptance rate. Of the 186 submissions, 16 included members of the Program Committee as co-authors. These papers were reviewed by a separate External Review Committee, using the same two-phase selection process described above. In the end, six of these submissions were accepted for publication.
The psychological wellbeing of the Lebanese society lies between incremental suicide rates and financial stress.

Abstract Suicide rates have been suspected to increase in Lebanon during the last couple of years. While these rates might be increasing due to an increase in the probability of declaring suicide, it seems important to study why suicide, as a phenomenon, might be possibly increasing in the Lebanese society. One of the most important reasons behind this rise in suicide rates could be related to the economical crisis that has been striking the country for more than two years.
Sentinel Node Biopsy in Young Patients with Atypical Melanocytic Tumors of the Head and Neck.

ObjectiveTo examine the diagnostic value of the sentinel lymph node biopsy in pediatric through young adult head and neck melanocytic tumors of unknown malignant potential.Study DesignRetrospective...
The Annual Big Girl/Big Boy Exchange

Several years ago, when I had a painful cyst on my ovary, my family doctor referred me to an OB/GYN. He is not the physician I would have chosen. I prefer female doctors, but I was anxious to get care quickly, and the physician seemed knowledgeable and willing to discuss options with me, so I stuck with him for future yearly exams. I did not want to seem sexist by insisting on a female physician.
Change in self-efficacy, eating behaviors and food cravings during two years of calorie restriction in humans without obesity.

Abstract Calorie restriction (CR) enhances longevity in humans who are normal weight, overweight and obese. While dietary regimens can change self-efficacy, eating behaviors, and food cravings in individuals with obesity, the responses of these measures to prolonged CR in individuals who are exclusively not obese is unknown. The aim of this analysis was to test the effects of a two-year CR intervention on self-efficacy and eating attitudes and behaviors in humans without obesity by analyzing data from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy Phase 2 (CALERIE 2) study. Participants (n = 218, BMI range = 21.3–29.0 kg/m2) were randomized to a 25% CR group or an ad libitum (AL) group. Eating attitudes and behaviors and self-efficacy were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline, month 12, and month 24. Dietary restraint and self-efficacy increased in the CR compared to the AL group (ES ≥ 0.32). Increased self-efficacy was negatively related to weight change (ρ