cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Space-Time Extension of Centrally Produced Hadronic Matter Using the Intensity Interferometer Technique in pp Interactions at 28.5 GeV/ c

We have measured in the central region, the ratio of negative pion pairs to that of negative-positive pion pairs as a function of the Kopylov variables. A correlation was observed. From the shape of the correlation function we determined the radius $r$ and life-time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of the centrally produced hadronic matter parallel and perpendicular to the collision axis to be ${r}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}={0.73}_{\ensuremath{-}0.11}^{+0.10}$ fm, ${r}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}={1.65}_{\ensuremath{-}0.99}^{+3.56}$ fm, and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=({1.97}_{\ensuremath{-}0.56}^{+0.57})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ sec.
Localized Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Candidate Materials for High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Containers in U.S.: A Critical Literature Review

Three iron-based to nickel-based austenitic alloys and three copper-based alloys are being considered in the United States of America as candidate materials for the fabrication of high-level radioactive waste containers. The austenitic alloys are Types 304L and 316L stainless steels as well as the high-nickel material Alloy 825. The copper-based alloys are CDA 102 (oxygen-free copper), CDA 613 (Cu-7A1), and CDA 715 (Cu-3ONi). Waste in the forms of spent fuel assemblies from reactors and borosilicate glass will be sent to a proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The decay of radionuclides will result in the generation of substantial heat and in gamma radiation.
An Evidence-Based Model of Multidisciplinary Care for Patients and Families Affected by Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

In 2002 a consensus statement pertaining to the management of classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency was jointly produced by the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology. One of the recommendations of this consensus was that centers should maintain multidisciplinary teams for providing care and support to these patients and their families. However, the specifics for how this should be accomplished were not addressed in the original consensus statement. Here we interpret and translate the 2002 consensus statement recommendations into medical, surgical and mental health protocols. Additionally, we provide preliminary evidence that such protocols result in improved care and support for patients and families.
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-Stabilized Pd Nanoparticles: Factors Governing Crystallite Morphology and Secondary Aggregate Structure

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based amine ligands are used as capping agents in the reductive growth of Pd nanocrystallites, and the effects of the specific form of the ligand on the structure of both the secondary aggregate and the primary metal nanoparticle are explored. Secondary aggregates of the ligand capped Pd particles are seen to form a uniform structure only if (a) the POSS ligand is totally functionalized with amine groups and (b) the amine groups are in the hydrochloride form. By casting these results in the context of density functional theory calculations, we show that the morphology of Pd core−shell nanomaterials is determined by the ratio of self-interaction potentials of the ligands to their interaction with solvent. The structures of the primary metal crystallites are also shown to be sensitive to the amine ligand in the hydrochloride form. Our results further show that the POSS versions of a ligand will frequently form precipitating capped metal nanoparticle structures, wh...
Asymptotic evaluation of cross sections by functional integration methods

It is shown that high-energy inclusive and semi-inclusive cross sections can be calculated directly from field theories using functional integration techniques. The cross sections are related to certain classical solutions of the field equations. A single solution of the field equations satisfying all constraints was found when the method was applied to a phi/sup 4/ quantum field theory. This solution gives an inclusive cross section with Feynman scaling and a reasonable transverse-momentum distribution in the semiclassical approximation.
Flow visualization by redox-reaction dyes

Colour generation by a direct oxidation or reduction reaction at an electrode in aqueous solution does not generate gas, as is necessary to obtain a pH change. Flow visualization in a closed apparatus or porous medium is therefore possible without the interference of bubbles or a detectable density change. A series of anthraquinone sulphonic acid salts has been found that produce good colours upon reduction at a cathode in mildly alkaline solution. Some are soluble enough to be used in salt gradients and react well below the potential needed to evolve hydrogen, so the electrode remains in stable condition. Platinum is not necessary for the cathode, is indeed undesirable. A number of commercial redox dyes that produce colour upon oxidation were also tested. The most practical is methylene blue, which needs a powerful reducing agent to be decolourised. It is instantly reoxidised by dissolved air, a feature that may be useful in studies of gas/liquid transfer or entrainment across stratified boundaries.
Hatcheries and the Future of Salmon in the Northwest

Abstract Artificial propagation is often seen as a way to maintain and increase or augment fish stocks that have suffered from habitat loss and overexploitation. Large-scale hatchery programs for salmonids in the Pacific Northwest have largely failed to provide the anticipated benefits; rather than benefiting the salmon populations, these programs may pose the greatest single threat to the long-term maintenance of salmonids. Fisheries scientists, by promoting hatchery technology and giving hatchery tours, have misled the public into thinking that hatcheries are necessary and can truly compensate for habitat loss. I argue that hatchery programs that attempt to add additional fish to existing healthy wild stocks are ill advised and highly dangerous.
A partnership approach for Electronic Data Capture in small-scale clinical trials

Amid researchers' growing need for study data management, the CTSA-funded Institute for Translational Health Sciences developed an approach to combine technical and scientific resources with small-scale clinical trials researchers in order to make Electronic Data Capture more efficient. In a 2-year qualitative evaluation we found that the importance of ease of use and training materials outweighed number of features and functionality. EDC systems we evaluated were Catalyst Web Tools, OpenClinica and REDCap. We also found that two other systems, Caisis and LabKey, did not meet the specific user needs of the study group.
Solution conformations of wild-type and mutated Bak BH3 peptides via dynamical conformational sampling and implication to their binding to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins

The BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain of the Bcl-2 family of proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of programmed cell death, or apoptosis. A 16-residue peptide derived from the BH3 domain of the proapoptotic protein Bak potently binds to the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. While this Bak BH3 peptide adopts a well-defined helical conformation in the experimental NMR solution structure in complex with Bcl-xL, it does not adopt a stable helical conformation in water. Experimental structural determination of peptides without a stable and well-defined solution conformation remains a difficult task. In this paper, we investigated the solution conformations of this Bak BH3 peptide through extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water using a recently developed self-guided MD simulation (SGMD) method. Our simulations showed that the Bak peptide exhibits a partially formed helical structure with a fairly stable 6-residue helical segment at the N terminus and a less stable approximately 4-residue helical segment at the C terminus. Additionally, we also performed extensive SGMD simulations of two mutated Bak peptides, in which the arginine residue at position 5 is mutated to either an alanine or a glycine residue (R5A or R5G mutant) to investigate the influence of mutation on the solution conformations of the Bak peptide. We found that the R5G mutation greatly affects the solution conformations of the peptide, and the overall helix ratio decreases by a factor of 2 as compared to the wild-type Bak peptide. In contrast, the R5A mutation does not affect significantly the peptide solution conformations observed in the wild type. By use of a fluorescence-polarization-based binding assay, we quantitatively determined the binding affinities of these three Bak BH3 peptides to Bcl-xL protein. We found that the R5G and R5A mutants are 24 and 6 times less potent than the wild-type Bak peptide, respectively, suggesting that the helical ratio of the peptides is an important but not the only factor for their binding to Bcl-xL. Analysis of representative conformations of the R5A mutant suggested that the relatively stable helical segment close to the N terminus may greatly facilitate its binding to Bcl-xL.
The problem of preterm birth: effective primary prevention

Preterm birth is an increasingly large public health problem, exacting a high societal cost. Reducing the rate of preterm birth is a priority. An inability to predict preterm delivery with any accuracy, or incomplete understanding of the etiologies of preterm birth, does not preclude effective preventive intervention. There is strong scientific evidence supporting the relationship between the physiologic stress response and pathologic pathways and cascades preceding preterm birth. A large, modifiable set of conditions facing the population of pregnant women can potentially activate this pathway. In the past 30 years, France has decreased its rate of preterm birth through a prevention program extended to the entire population of pregnant women. It is based on education, improvement of the social and working conditions of pregnant women, careful self-monitoring during pregnancy, and short-term lifestyle changes. A broad and unified approach to the problem of preterm birth in the United States, with changes in the culture surrounding pregnancy, including prenatal care, public attitude, and healthcare policy, is warranted.
The effect of NaCl intake on 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity in the rabbit kidney.

Abstract Renal 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity from rabbits fed 0.3 g or 2.5 g NaCl per 100 g chow was measured in both centrifuged homogenates and in purified enzyme fractions. There was no salt related increase in 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity. PGA 1 -glutathione, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde were better substrates for the purified 9-ketoprostaglandin reductases tha was PGE 2 . Several carbonyl reductases were isolated which used PGA 1 -glutathione, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, but not PGE 2 , as substrates. Although PGA 1 -glutathione was a more faithful indicator of PGE 2 -related 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity than either 9,10-phenanthrenequinone or 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, it did not always provide an accurate estimate of that activity.
Character, civil society and prospects for democracy

In this article a framework is developed for comparing a number of present-day societies in terms of their ability to produce social order and moral character. America is compared with Europe, and then, in less detail, to Latin America and the Islamic world. Reference is also made to Alain Touraine's What is democracy? to show a present-day French perspective on democracy. The place of the middle class in America and in Europe in providing compromise solutions for their societies is noted, together with the possible relationship between social and political democracy, and how they may converge and diverge. Cultural elements involved in the production of social order are taken into account. Reference is made to the different checks and balances in different societies between the central and local government and local communities, as well as between elites and the masses. This reflects the cultural factors as well as the degree of bureaucratisation of these societies. Finally, there is a summary of various principles of honour governing differing structures of political power derived from the Baron de Montesquieu's The spirit of the laws.
Pharmacology of the new target-specific oral anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulation therapy is transforming with the advent of the target specific oral anticoagulants, particularly, the direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors. These agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety and offer several potential advantages over current standard of care therapy, warfarin. Nevertheless, the pharmacology between the newly approved oral anticoagulants differs and must be considered for appropriate management and patient selection. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban are discussed in detail, which may translate into considerable clinical implications.
Glutamine distribution in mitochondria from normal and acidotic rat kidneys

Mitochondria from control and acidotic rat renal cortex were incubated with labeled compounds to determine the distribution of L-glutamine. The mitochondrial preparations lacked detectable phosphate-independent glutaminase activity. In control mitochondria, the distribution of glutamine exceeded that of mannitol by 8% without an added energy source in the medium and by 9.9% when tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and ascorbate were present. The distribution of D-ribose (MW 150) was similar to that of L-glutamine (MW 146), indicating that these molecules penetrate into a slightly larger space than D-mannitol (MW 182). Inhibition of phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity with 5 mM glutamate did not alter the volume of glutamine distribution. In mitochondria from chronically acidotic rats, the glutamine/mannitol ratio was 1.03 in the absence of an energy source. With an energy source this ratio fell to 0.88 due to metabolism of glutamine during the separation process. Inhibition of glutamine metabolism with glutamate or alpha-ketoglutarate resulted in distribution ratios of 1.07 and 0.97, respectively. It is concluded that, although glutamine/mannitol ratios greater than 1.00 can be demonstrated in rat kidney mitochondria, such a finding may arise from causes other than the presence of free glutamine in the matrix space. Thus, it has yet to be established whether the inner membrane carrier for glutamine releases glutamine or glutamate into the matrix space.
Evidence for electronic localization in YBa2−yLayCu3Ox

Abstract Electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power, magnetic susceptibility and neutron scattering experiments on YBa 2− y La y Cu 3 O x , with y = 1, show that this compound is neither superconductive nor magnetically ordered but are consistent with it being an electronically localized system.
Micro scale laser shock processing of metallic components

Laser shock processing of copper using focused laser beam size about ten microns is investigated for its feasibility and capability to impart desirable residual stress distributions into the target material in order to improve the fatigue life of the material. Shock pressure and strain/stress are properly modeled to reflect the micro scale involved, and the high strain rate and ultrahigh pressure involved. Numerical solutions of the model are experimentally validated in terms of the geometry of the shock-generated plastic deformation on target material surfaces as well as the average in-depth strains under various conditions. The residual stress distributions can be further influenced by shocking at different locations with certain spacing. The potential of applying the technique to micro components, such as micro gears fabricated using MEMS is demonstrated. The investigation also lays groundwork for possible combination of the micro scale laser shock processing with laser micromachining processes to offset the undesirable residual stress often induced by such machining processes.
The natural history of breast cancer with more than 10 positive nodes

Background Experimental protocols are being used increasingly to treat breast cancer with >10 positive nodes. An appreciation of the natural history of this disease is crucial for choosing the optimal therapeutic approach. Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 141 patients who had breast cancer with >10 positive nodes and received definitive therapy at our institution in the years 1969 through 1991. Because therapy evolved during this period, we compared the results from 1969 through 1981 to those from 1982 through 1991. Results Ninety-one patients (65%) were ≥50 years of age. Fifty-four (38%) were estrogen receptor (ER) positive, the remainder were ER negative or ER status unknown. Fifty-seven (40%) had 10 to 15 positive nodes, 63 (45%) had 16 to 25, and 21 (15%) had >25. The ratio of positive nodes to total nodes was 75% in 70. One hundred thirty-four patients (95%) underwent modified or radical mastectomy. Forty (28%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, including 16 (11%) of 58 patients treated prior to 1981. Eleven patients (8%) were treated with adjuvant radiation therapy. The median survival for all patients was 52 months, with an actuarial survival of 29% at 10 years. Patients treated after 1981 had significantly improved survival. They lived a median of 68 months postoperatively, as compared to 41 months among patients treated earlier. Conclusions This is a high-risk group of patients, yet there is a small subset who can obtain a long survival with standard treatment modalities.
A test of a hierarchical signalling model in song sparrows

Hierarchical signalling may be a common adaptation for aggressive signalling. In this strategy an animal progresses through a series of discretely different signals of escalating level of threat before eventually proceeding to physical aggression. A model of such hierarchical aggressive signalling has been proposed for song sparrows, Melospiza melodia , in which a core part of the sequence is: song type match → soft song → attack. The model predicts that song type matching is a strong predictor of soft song, but only a weak predictor of attack. We used a two-part playback design to test these predictions, with an initial edge playback from just off the subject's territory using a song type that the subject could match, followed by a centre playback from a speaker placed well within the territory. Each male was tested twice with this design. We found that matching the edge playback did not predict soft song production at the centre. A second strong threat, wing waving, was actually negatively associated with matching. Matching the edge playback also was not associated with physical measures of aggression such as approach and latency to approach. Thus, this particular model of hierarchical aggressive signalling was not supported for our study population. Song type matching in our study population may have some function not associated with aggressive signalling to the matched individual, or no function at all.
Effects of repeated brief coronary occlusion on regional left ventricular function and dimension in dogs.

Abstract The cumulative effects of repeated, bried episodes of regional ischemia on myocardial function and dimension were examined in 14 open-chest dogs. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 5 minutes, followed by 10 minutes of reflow, repeated 16 times, and then 1 hour recovery. Systolic function decreased progressively in segments made repetitively ischemic and remained depressed even after 1 hour of recovery. Average systolic shortening decreased 20% from baseline after recovery from the first occlusion, 82% after the 8th, 91% after the 16th, and 104% after the 1 hour recovery (p
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation

![Figure][1] A 59-year-old female who had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma received treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone. Subsequently, she underwent autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Two months later she was admitted with a urinary tract infection complicated by
Some Considerations in the Use of Fish Growth Data Based upon Scale Studies

Abstract In comparing growth data it is frequently necessary to convert standard lengths to fork or total lengths. The deviations of calculated from observed lengths in three series of data indicated that with samples of 15 or more fish the errors of conversion were small when the conversion factors are based upon the same fish or fish from the same area measured by the same biologist. Mean lengths based on 15 or more fish would have a deviation of less than 1 percent under such conditions. When conversion factors based upon fish from other areas measured by other biologists were used the error was as much as 4 to 5 percent. The differences in body-scale relationships between fish of the same species from different collections make further study necessary. A standard deviation of about 3.5 percent was noted in calculated growths from paired scales in several series of fishes. Comparison of lengths at capture avoids errors due to body-scale relationship but introduces difficulties due to differences in tim...
Kinetic and Safety Studies on Intrathecally Infused Recombinant-Methionyl Human Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Dogs

To define the kinetics and safety of spinally infused recombinant-methionyl human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (r-metHuBDNF), beagle dogs were prepared with lumbar intrathecal catheters passed through the cisternal membrane to the L1-L4 lumbar level. For kinetic studies, r-metHuBDNF was delivered by bolus or infusion through one catheter and lumbar CSF was sampled periodically through a second. As a lumbar bolus, r-metHuBDNF displayed a biphasic clearance with t(1/2)a = 0.7 hr and t(1/2)b = 7. 9 hr. Lumbar to cisternal concentrations after bolus delivery were approximately 60:1. For safety studies, dogs received continuous intrathecal infusion (2.4 ml/day) for 28 days of saline (n = 6), r-metHuBDNF at 200 (n = 6), 800 (n = 6), or 2000 (n = 7) microg/day. Control dogs showed no changes. Intrathecally infused r-metHuBDNF produced a dose-dependent increase in muscle tone and decreased coordination. Low-dose r-metHuBDNF was associated with moderate increases in muscle tone after 22-28 days of infusion. No clinically important changes were noted in rectal temperature, arterial pressure, respiration and heart rate, body weight, food consumption, stool or urine output, or change in blood chemistries measured throughout the study. Cisternal CSF protein and glucose sampled at 28 days were not different between dose groups and all cultures were negative. Histopathological examination of the spinal cord typically revealed some degree of chronic inflammation around the catheter, including fibrotic adhesions and focal accumulations of lymphoid and plasma cells, but these effects were not dose dependent. In other dogs receiving r-metHuBDNF (2000 or 4000 microg/day), termination of infusion resulted in significant recovery.
Numerical Modeling of Flow-Induced Suspension Vibrations in Hard Disk Drives

The problem of flow-induced vibrations of suspensions in a hard disk drive is studied numerically. The 2D unsteady flow field is calculated by solving the continuity and momentum equations for a fluid with constant physical properties. In addition, a 2D vibration analysis is employed to study the flowinduced oscillations of the suspension. The calculated aerodynamic loads are used to determine the response of the suspension and, consequently, the magnetic head positioning error.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Mechanisms of mediator release from human skin mast cells upon stimulation by the bradykinin analog, [DArg0-Hyp3-DPhe7]bradykinin.

Abstract We have used the bradykinin analog, [ d Arg0-Hyp3- d Phe7]-bradykinin, as a model stimulus with which to examine peptide-induced mediator release from human skin mast cells (SMC) and to compare it with IgE-mediated release from the same cells. The bradykinin analog was an effective histamine secretagogue, inducing a comparable maximal level of release to that observed for anti-IgE. By contrast to anti-IgE, however, [ d Arg0-Hyp3- d Phe7]-bradykinin did not stimulate marked release of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) from these cells. In experiments where cells were exposed to both stimuli simultaneously, histamine release was additive, while PGD2 release was the same as that observed for anti-IgE alone. The kinetics of [ d Arg0-Hyp3- d Phe7]-bradykinin-stimulated histamine release were rapid, with 50% of maximal release being achieved within 30sec, compared to 2–3 min for anti-IgE. Interestingly, when both stimuli were applied simultaneously, the kinetics of release were intermediate between those of either stimulus alone. Studies of the signal transduction pathways that may be involved in [ d Arg0-Hyp3- d Phe7]-bradykinin-induced histamine release revealed striking differences to results obtained with anti-IgE. While agents that increase intracellular cyclic AMP have a pronounced inhibitory effect on IgE-mediated release, forskolin, isobutylmethylxanthine and isoproterenol were all totally ineffective at inhibiting histamine release induced by the bradykinin analog. Similarly, staurosporine, a relatively selective inhibitor of protein kinase C, and the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) an activator of this enzyme, both have pronounced effects on IgE-mediated histamine release from SMC but were completely inactive with regard to [ d Arg0-Hyp3- d Phe7]-bradykinin-stimulated release. SMC stimulated with this peptide showed characteristic changes in intracellular free calcium levels, as assessed by digital video microscopy. This response differs from that induced by anti-IgE in that it had a more rapid onset, achieved a lower peak, and decayed much more rapidly. Analysis at the single cell level showed that cells that responded in this fashion upon exposure to the bradykinin analog were capable of showing an additional response upon subsequent exposure to anti-IgE. We conclude that histamine release from SMC in response to [ d Arg0-Hyp3- d Phe7]-bradykinin occurs via a completely different mechanism from that in response to IgE-mediated stimuli. Peptide-induced release is rapid and is not susceptible to pharmacologie manipulation of intracellular cyclic AMP or protein kinase C but utilizes a rapid transient shift in intracellular calcium concentrations as part of its signal transduction pathway.
Photoelectron imaging: an experimental window into electronic structure.

Photoelectron imaging is finding increasingly widespread use in probing electronic structure and chemical dynamics. In this tutorial review, two benchmark systems, H− and I−, are used to introduce essential concepts linking photoelectron images of negative ions with parent electronic structure. For pedagogical reasons, a qualitative approach based upon spectroscopic selection rules is emphasized in interpreting the images. This approach is extended to molecular systems, highlighting that even qualitative interpretation of results can lead to significant chemical insights.
Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region

A gene-specific transcription factor, called USF, has been partially purified from HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Addition of USF results in a 10 to 20 fold increase in transcription from the adenovirus major late promoter in an in vitro system reconstituted with transcription factors TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, and RNA polymerase II. Binding of USF to the promoter inhibits DNAase I cleavages over a 20 base pair region just upstream of the -45 to +35 region shown previously to interact with TFIID. More discriminating footprint analyses using methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II) as the cleaving agent indicate that USF interacts primarily with the small palindromic DNA sequence GGCCACGTGACC located between positions -63 and -52 of the major late promoter, while TFIID interacts primarily with a 10 base pair DNA region centered on the consensus TATA sequence. Dissociation rate measurements indicate a cooperative interaction between USF and TFIID when simultaneously bound to the promoter DNA.
New approach to 3D time-resolved angiography

TRICKS is an acquisition and reconstruction method capable of generating 3D time-resolved angiograms. Arguably, the main problem with TRICKS is the way it handles the outer regions of the k-space matrix, leading to artifacts at the edges of blood vessels. An alternative to the data- processing stage of TRICKS, designed to better represent edges and small vessels, is presented here. A weakness of the new approach is an increased sensitivity to motion compared to TRICKS. Since this method can use the same data as TRICKS, a hybrid reconstruction method could conceivably be developed where the advantages of both approaches are combined. Magn Reson Med 47:1022-1025, 2002.
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator FDA Safety Advisories: Impact on Patient Mortality and Morbidity

Background A significant proportion of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have been subject to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisories. The impact of device advisories on mortality or patient care is poorly understood. Although estimated risks of ICD generators under advisory are low, dependency on ICD therapies to prevent sudden death justifies the assessment of long-term mortality. Objective To test the association of FDA advisory status with long-term mortality. Methods The study was a retrospective, single-center review of clinical outcomes, including device malfunctions, in patients from implantation to either explant or death. Patients with ICDs first implanted at Cleveland Clinic between August 1996 and May 2004 who became subject to FDA advisories on ICD generators were identified. Mortality was determined by using the Social Security Death Index. Results In 1644 consecutive patients receiving first ICD implants, 704 (43%) became subject to an FDA advisory, of which 172 (10.5%) were class I and 532 (32.3%) were class II. ICDs were explanted before advisory notifications in 14.0% of class I and 10.1% of class II advisories. Among ICDs under advisory, 28 (4.0%) advisory-related and 15 non–advisory- related malfunctions were documented. Over a median follow-up of 70 months, 814 patients died. Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival rate was 65.6% overall, and 64.2, 61.1, and 69.3% in patients with no, class I, and class II advisories, respectively ( P = .17). Conclusions ICD advisories impacted 43% of the patients. Advisory-related malfunctions affected 4% within the combined advisory group. Based on a conservative management strategy, ICDs under advisory were not associated with increased mortality over a background of significant disease-related mortality.
Two Inverse Problems in Spectroscopy with Partially Coherent Sources and the Scaling Law

Two formulae are derived which make it possible to determine the normalized source spectrum and the degree of spectral coherence of any planar, secondary, quasi-homogeneous source of a certain class, from the knowledge of the far-zone spectrum of the radiated field. The results are illustrated by computed curves. The new inversion formulas are also used to derive a generalized version of a scaling law (1986, Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 1370) for the invariance of the normalized spectrum of light on propagation in free space.
Effects of subacute experimental trypanosomal myocarditis upon right and left ventricular pressures

In order to elucidate the possible mechanism of preferential involvement and dilatation of the right ventricle and clinical predominance of right ventricular failure in myocarditis, right and left ventricular pressures were measured in 21 anaesthetized C3H mice with experimental subacute myocarditis on day 80 after inoculation with Trypanosoma cruzi and in 15 control animals. Myocarditis was accompanied by significant bradycardia, at 504 ± 20 beats/min, compared with 600 ± 12 beats/min in control animals. Whereas right ventricular systolic pressure was unaltered in myocarditis, left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly reduced from 102 ± 3·5 to 82 ± 4·4 mm Hg. Myocarditis was associated with significant elevations of both right and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, from 2·0 ± 0·4 to 6·7 ± 0·4 mm Hg, and from 3·2 ±0·5 to 7·3 ± 0·5 mm Hg, respectively. It is postulated that the relative increase in right ventricular workload compared with a decrease in left ventricular load plays a pathogenetic role in the dominance of right ventricular involvement and failure.
Interaction of immunoactive monokines (interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor) in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis.

Abstract Mytilus edulis has been the subject of recent studies to determine whether the relationship between the immune and neuroendocrine systems seen in vertebrates also exists in invertebrates. The effects of mammalian monokines were studied in Mytilus immunocytes previously shown to produce and react to opioid peptides. These invertebrate cells respond to interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), both in vitro and in vivo, in a manner similar to that of human granulocytes. As in the mammalian monokine network, the effect of IL-1 on the immunocytes is brought about, at least in part, by its stimulatory effect on the formation of TNF. In addition, the presence of immunoreactive IL-1 and TNF in Mytilus hemolymph was demonstrated.
The Combined Treatment of PTSD with Borderline Personality Disorder

Psychotherapies are currently the front-line approach to treating individuals with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Of the available psychotherapeutic treatment options, those that have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and shown to be efficacious in reducing PTSD among individuals with BPD include: Prolonged Exposure (PE), Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), DBT for PTSD (DBT-PTSD), and DBT with the DBT Prolonged Exposure protocol (DBT + DBT PE). In addition, Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) has shown preliminary evidence of effectiveness in an open trial. The available research indicates that individuals with a primary diagnosis of PTSD and mild or sub-threshold BPD (e.g., without suicidal or serious self-injurious behavior or other severe comorbidities) can be effectively treated via brief (9–14 session), single-diagnosis treatments such as PE and CPT that focus solely on treating PTSD. PE and CPT appear to be comparably efficacious for individuals with PTSD and mild BPD. Individuals with PTSD and a moderate level of BPD (e.g., active non-suicidal self-injury [NSSI] without recent life-threatening behavior, some significant comorbidities) have shown good outcomes in DBT-PTSD, a 12-week, residential, phase-based treatment that targets comorbid problems (e.g., emotion dysregulation, psychosocial impairment) before and after addressing PTSD. Finally, individuals with PTSD and a severe level of BPD (e.g., with recent and/or acute suicidal behavior, serious NSSI and multiple severe comorbidities) have been effectively treated in longer-term (one year), integrated treatments such as DBT and DBT + DBT PE that concurrently target BPD, PTSD, and other related problems. Of these integrated treatments, DBT + DBT PE appears to be more efficacious than DBT alone in improving PTSD, suicidal and self-injurious behavior, and other trauma-related outcomes among severe BPD patients.
Chitinases and chitobiases from the american lobster (Homarus americanus)

1. 1. Three exochitinases (A, B1, B2) and two chitobiases (-1, -2) were purified to homogeneity from the gastric juice of the lobster Homarus americanus. 2. 2. The amino acid compositions were obtained; all five enzymes are rich in Asx and Glx residues, and chitinase A, with chitobiase-2 are glycoproteins. 3. 3. The mol. wts of each of the three chitinases are ca 66,000; those of the chitobiases ca 116,000. 4. 4. The five enzymes all have pI's above 9.3. 5. 5. From inhibition studies both the chitobiases probably require carboxyllic acid and sulphydryl residues for activity. 6. 6. The results from the chitinases are less conclusive but suggest similar dependences.
The Future of Medical Dosimetry

The world of health care delivery is becoming increasingly complex. The purpose of this manuscript is to analyze current metrics and analytically predict future practices and principles of medical dosimetry. The results indicate five potential areas precipitating change factors: a) evolutionary and revolutionary thinking processes, b) social factors, c) economic factors, d) political factors, and e) technological factors. Outcomes indicate that significant changes will occur in the job structure and content of being a practicing medical dosimetrist. Discussion indicates potential variables that can occur within each process and change factor and how the predicted outcomes can deviate from normative values. Finally, based on predicted outcomes, future opportunities for medical dosimetrists are given.
Inhibition of energy metabolism by 3-nitropropionic acid activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Abstract 3-Nitropropionic acid (1 mM), which inhibits succinate dehydrogenase activity and reduces cellular energy, produces in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampal region CAl a hyperpolarization for variable lengths of time before evoking an irreversible depolarization. Hyperpolarization is caused by an increased potassium conductance that is attenuated by glibenclamide (1–10 μM), a selective antagonist of ATP-sensitive potassium channels: in contrast,diazoxide (0.5 mM), an agonist at this channel, induces a hyperpolarization in CA1 neurons of rat hippocampal slices. The transient hyperpolarization after prolonged (ca. 1 h) application of 3 NPA is followed by a depolarization that incompletely reversed by brief application of the glutamate antagonists ( d -2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), 6,7-dichloroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 3-(±)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7Cl-KYN)). Early application of glibenclamide (within the initial 5 min) blocked or reduced hyperpolarization and accelerated the depolarization. These data suggest that metabolic inhibition by 3-NPA initially activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Events other than activation of glutamate receptors participate in the final depolarization resulting from uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
Autoantibodies in Hepatitis C Infection: What Do They Mean?

Non–organ-specific autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies, anti–smooth muscle antibodies, and anti–liver/kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies, are present in about one third of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Two theories of autoantibody generation in patients with hepatitis C are proposed. The first proposes that the binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81 on B-lymphocytes lowers the activation threshold of these cells, thus facilitating the production of autoantibodies. The second proposes that the autoantibodies are produced through molecular mimicry. Unfortunately, the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies remains controversial. In addition, whether the autoantibodies can adversely affect treatment outcomes when patients receive interferon-α is unclear. Although the presence of autoantibodies in patients with hepatitis C is not considered a contraindication to interferon therapy, patients should be monitored carefully while on therapy.
The Indications for and Outcome in Pediatric Keratoplasty: A Multicenter Study

Purpose: A multicenter study was undertaken to delineate the indications for and outcome of pediatric keratoplasty. Methods: The authors retrospectively studied 164 grafts in 131 eyes of 108 children younger than 12 years of age, with an average follow-up of 45 months. Multivariate linear and logistic regression was performed to evaluate potential risk factors for poor visual outcome and graft failure. Graft survival was depicted in terms of the KaplanMeier survival curve. Results: Corneal opacities were grouped into three diagnostic categories: congenital (64%), traumatic (17%), and acquired nontraumatic (19%) opacities. Overall graft survival was 80% at 12 months and 67% at 24 months postoperatively. There was no significant difference in retention of clarity among diagnostic groups. Vitrectomy-lensectomy, regrafts, and postoperative complications were associated significantly with poor allograft survival. Eighteen percent of all eyes had worse vision at the time of the last visit than preoperatively. Amblyopia treatment was the only independently significant prognosticator for visual improvement after surgery. Timing of keratoplasty was not demonstrated to be associated with visual outcome. Visual acuity in 33% of eyes that could be quantified was better than 20/200 at the last visit, whereas 62% of eyes retained full graft clarity. Conclusion: The authors conclude that keratoplasty can be successful in most children, especially when combined with appropriate amblyopia management.
Scientific knowledge, public knowledge, and public policy: genred formation and disruption of knowledge for acting about global warming

Knowledge is produced, stored and accessed in specific genres associated with different activity systems. Coordinated action among diverse groups is facilitated by alignment of knowledge across spheres. Our knowledge of the environment has been created in recent history by the interaction of discourses in military, scientific, public, political, corporate and governmental spheres, although these spheres do not always work in concert and there exist significant obstacles and even resistances to communication of knowledge across boundaries. Citizen concerns have been crucial over the last sixty years in creating environmental knowledge from the perspective of citizens, in contrast to governmental or corporate interests, even though government has since taken on major responsibilities for the production, dissemination and authentication of environmental information. Those with a desire to disrupt remedial action on the environment have found disrupting the knowledge functions of the government an important tool.
Structural features of cell-wall polymers of the apple

Abstract Cell-wall material was isolated from ripe-apple cortical tissues by sequential extraction with aqueous 1.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate and aqueous 90% methyl sulphoxide. The wall material, which contained ∼1% of protein, with proline and hydroxyproline as the preponderant amino acids, was sequentially extracted with water at 80°, oxalate at 80°, m KOH at 1°, and m and 4 m KOH at 20°, to leave a residue of α-cellulose, which was associated with an appreciable amount of arabinose-rich pectic material. The depectinated material was also extracted with 6 m guanidinium thiocyanate at 20° to solubilise preferentially polysaccharides rich in mannose. The hot-water-soluble pectic substances were richer in arabinose compared with the oxalate-soluble ones and were resolved into five fractions by anion-exchange chromatography. The bulk of the hemicelluloses, which were xyloglucans, were solubilised by 4 m KOH. The alkali-soluble hemicellulose polymers were resolved by anion-exchange chromatography into polysaccharides, mainly xyloglucans, arabinoxylan-pectic-xyloglucan, and arabinoxylan-pectic complexes. Small amounts of polysaccharide-protein-polyphenol complexes (where the polysaccharide moieties were arabinoxylans), pectic substances, and xyloglucans were also present. The glycosidic linkages of the above polymers were determined by methylation analysis. The general structural features of the cell-wall polymers are discussed.
Canine nonresponders to alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction and quantitative restoration of the response by aspirin I-3.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is characterized by considerable variability in rate of response (pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR] as a function of time under hypoxia). To further define this response, forty-five closed chest dogs were anaesthetized (pentobarbitone sodium), intubated, and mechanically ventilated. Constant left lower lobar pulmonary artery flow was maintained through a balloon tipped 14F catheter via an extracorporeal pump at a rate to achieve lobar pulmonary artery pressure (Plobar) equal to main pulmonary artery pressure (PPA) and thereafter held constant. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (PLVED) was measured by left ventricular catheter and lobar pulmonary artery flow rate (Q) by flow meter. Lobar PVR (mmHg/min per 1) was calculated every 15 min. Ventilation with 10% oxygen (O2) separated two groups based on the increase in PVR over time: twenty-two rapid hypoxic responders [HR] (slope= delta PVR/delta min greater than 0.3) and twenty-three slow or nonresponders [NR] (slope less than 0.1). The twenty-three NR were divided into two groups. Ten NR dogs (NR control) had no change in mean PVR (23.9, s.d. = 8.2, to 24.1, s.d. = 9.6) over a mean of 78 min and were used as controls. Thirteen NR dogs (NR ASA) had no change in mean PVR (32.9, s.d. = 9.5, to 32.3, s.d. = 9.8) over 75 min and were given aspirin (ASA), 10-15 mg/kg intra-arterially. The NR ASA group mean PVR then increased from 32.3 (s.d. = 9.8) to 59.1 (s.d. = 23.9, 82.9% increase, P less than 0.01) over a mean of 54 min. The mean PVR for the twenty-two HR rose from 39.8 (s.d. = 34.0) to 64.5 (s.d. = 36.6, 62.1% increase, P less than 0.01) over a mean of 72 min. The slopes of rate of response for HR (0.66) and for NR ASA (0.88) were not significantly different. The absolute values of PVR reached after plateau for HR and for NR ASA (after ASA) were also not different. Aspirin restored the NR capability to develop pulmonary vasoconstriction in response to alveolar hypoxia. The rate of response and the absolute level of response reached were also restored by aspirin.
Ligand-activated thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors inhibit growth factor receptor promoter expression

Thyroid hormone (T3) and retinoic acid (RA) receptors mediate ligand-dependent inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and c-erbB2/neu promoter activities. Ligand-activated T3 and RA receptors act via a 36 bp 5' fragment of the EGF receptor gene in vivo and, in the presence of nuclear extract, bind with high affinity to this region in vitro. Both ligand binding and DNA binding domains of T3 and RA receptors are required for promoter inhibition. When both receptors are expressed in the presence of a single ligand, inhibition is reversed, indicating that the hormone-activated receptor is competed by the unliganded receptor. These results suggest that ligand regulates transcriptional inhibitory functions of the T3 and RA receptors and describe novel regulation of growth factor receptor gene expression.
Role of Stratum Corneum Lipid Fluidity in Transdermal Drug Flux

Fatty acids are effective penetration enhancers for the transdermal delivery of certain co-applied drugs. In order to assess the mechanism of enhancement, spectrometric, calorimetric, and flux techniques were used to study porcine stratum comeum following treatment with a series of cis- and trans-positional isomers of octadecenoic acid. Results obtained from spectrometric and calorimetric measurements show increased lipid fluidity following treatment of the stratum corneum with the cis monoenoic acids which have the site of unsaturation centrally located. Under similar conditions, these same cis monounsaturated acids resulted in enhancement of salicyclic acid flux through procine skin. The striking parallelism between flux and fluidity measurements suggests that transdermal drug flux may be ultimately related to stratum corneum lipid structure.