cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in bicycling-related head injuries in children after implementation of a community-based bike helmet campaign.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a community-based bike helmet promotion campaign on bike helmet use and related head injuries in children (0 to 14 years of age) in a large North American city. Methods: The authors established a multifaceted, multidisciplined, community-based campaign to promote bike helmet use by children in 1989. The goals were to increase helmet use by 100% per year, to reduce fatal bike-related head injuries by 50% overall, and to explore the feasibility of legislation mandating helmet use. Helmet use was measured by standardized field observations repeated annually in a single borough within the metropolitan area. To estimate head injury incidence, the number of admissions to hospital for the treatment of bike-related head injuries in a regional trauma registry, which included all residents in the target population was used. The authors were unable to control for changes in exposure to bicycling or in the criteria for admissions to hospital for the treatment of head injuries during the study period. Results: The bike helmet use rate rose from 4% in 1990 to 67% in 1996. The number of head injury admissions fell from 46 in 1990 to 24 in 1996. Legislation requiring helmet use by all children went into effect in October 1995. Conclusions: Bike helmet use increased significantly during the first 4 years of the campaign and again after the helmet law was implemented. The total number of bike-related head injury admissions declined by more than 50%. The campaign achieved all of its goals except for a 50% reduction in fatal head injuries, which were too infrequent for analysis. J Pediatr Surg 35:688-689. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Molecular weight determination of fowlpox virus DNA by electron microscopy.

Abstract Fowlpox virus (FP) when gently treated with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) alone releases part of the viral genome from the capsid. The DNA associated with the degraded virus was measured from electron micrographs and compared with extracted DNA purified by column chromatography. The contour length of the purified molecules was found to be approximately 100 μ, while the DNA attached to the virus ghosts averaged about 72 μ, thus indicating incomplete release of the molecule in the absence of chemical purification. The size of purified molecules derived from measurement of contour lengths approximates that obtained from analytical ultracentrifugation and chemical determination of the mass of DNA per virion. It is concluded that FP contains a single linear molecule of DNA having a molecular weight of nearly 200 × 10 6 daltons and is the largest viral nucleic acid molecule yet known.
An optimal redistributive capital income tax formula for an economy with public investment

Abstract An optimal redistributive capital income tax formula is derived for an economy where a benevolent government is actively involved in capital accumulation. The tax does not necessarily vanish asymptotically. Its magnitude depends crucially on the technology parameters.
Topological Redox Isomers: Surface Chemistry of Zeolite-Encapsulated Co(salen) and [Fe(bpy)3]2+ Complexes

The electroactivity of zeolite-encapsulated redox-active transition metal complexes, {M(L)}Z, was explored for Co(salen) and [Fe(bpy)3]2+ formed in NaY zeolite (where salen = N,N‘-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine and bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine). The zeolite boundary was characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry in nonaqueous electrolyte at either zeolite-modified electrodes (ZMEs) or a stirred microheterogeneous dispersion of the redox-modified zeolite. Voltammetric incongruities arising for {M(L)}Z studied as a ZME rather than as a dispersion are attributed to changes imposed on the redox-modified zeolite by the mechanical force used to prepare a ZME. An increase in the time in which a mixture of {[Fe(bpy)3]2+}NaY and carbon are either ground or pressed produces improved peak resolution and an initial but short-lived increase in the magnitude of the voltammetric peak currents. Cyclic voltammetry of a stirred dispersion of {M(L)}Z particles at a large surface area electrod...
Cyclohexane dehydrogenation over a strained-layer Cu/Ru catalyst

The present studies are part of a continuing effort to identify those properties of a bimetallic system which can be related to its special catalytic properties. The specific model system of Cu and Ru was chosen due to the immiscibility of these two metals as well as the pivotal role played by this metal pair in historical bimetallic studies. The immiscibility of these two metals facilitates coverage determination by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and circumvents the many complications associated with the assay of alloy surface composition. The results are discussed from previous studies which have addressed the geometric and electronic structure of Cu overlayers on Ru(0001), the adsorption of CO and H/sub 2/ on submonolayer-to-multilayer deposits of Cu, as well as the measurement of the high-pressure kinetics of the methanation and ethane hydrogenolysis reactions on this model bimetallic catalyst. These results suggest that Ru specific rates for methanation and ethane hydrogenolysis on supported Cu/Ru catalysts approximate those values found for pure Ru. As a consequence, the rates for the cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction on supported Cu/Ru, similarly corrected, must exceed those specific rates found for pure Ru. (The uncorrected specific rates for the supported Cu/Ru system remain essentially unchanged upon addition ofmore » Cu to Ru.) An activity enhancement for cyclohexane dehydrogenation in the mixed Cu/Ru system relative to pure Ru is most surprising given that Cu is less active for this reaction than Ru. In this note, the authors report just such an activity enhancement for the addition of Cu to a model Ru(0001) catalyst. 16 references.« less
EVOLVING COOPERATION : STRATEGIES AS HIERARCHIES OF RULES

To better understand the evolutionary dynamics of cooperative strategies and their behavioral components in populations subjected to individual selection, a new classifier-system model (EvA) was developed. In EvA, strategies are encoded as algorithms composed of a fixed number of rules relating behavior remembered from the recent past to the present action to be taken. Each algorithm is the genotype of an individual within the population, and these individuals play the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game against each other to determine their relative contributions to the next generation. The rules are hierarchical, with more specific rules, when they apply, overriding more general rules. Maximal mutual cooperation was obtained when interaction sequences for each pair of individuals playing the game were long, when only the immediately preceeding plays in the game were remembered, and when the algorithms consisted of an intermediate number of rules (20-40). Under other conditions, mutual cooperation was reduced--even becoming less frequent than would be expected if behavior were completely random, with very few rules per algorithm. The algorithms that evolved could sometimes be recognized as Tit-For-Tat, Simpleton, or other well-known strategies; but when memory of several previous events was invoked by algorithms based on a substantial number of rules, the resulting strategies were considerably more complex. This approach shows considerable promise for providing a much deeper understanding of how cooperation may evolve in nature. Moreover, classifier-system models could prove to be broadly useful for addressing many optimization questions in biology.
Evaluation of Foam-based Warm Mix Asphalt Modified with Nano-sized Hydrated Lime Using Multiple Creep and Recovery Tests

One of the objectives of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of Nano-sized Hydrated Lime (NHL) modification on the creep and recovery behavior of foam-based Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) produced using Advera®. Also, the study investigates the creep and recovery behavior at multiple testing conditions. NHL with a particle size of 50-nm and Regular Hydrated Lime (RHL) were added to the asphalt binder at the ratios of 5% and 20%, respectively. The creep and recovery behavior was investigated based on: 1) the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test, and 2) ten cycles creep and recovery proposed tests performed at different conditions: 3Pa (creep for 100 sec. and 600 sec. recovery), 10Pa (creep for 20 sec. and 600 sec. recovery), and 50Pa (creep for 1 sec and 300 sec. recovery). Advera® foaming slightly increased the non-recoverable compliance (Jnr) of the original binder. Adding NHL in smaller amounts can produce asphalt materials with improved creep and recovery behavior in comparison to RHL. Comparing the MSCR test and proposed creep and recovery methodology, the Jnr seemed dependent on the creep and recovery times.
Metabolic pathway profiling of mitochondrial respiratory chain mutants in C. elegans.

Abstract Caenorhabditis elegans affords a model of primary mitochondrial dysfunction that provides insight into cellular adaptations which accompany mutations in nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins. To this end, we characterized genome-wide expression profiles of C. elegans strains with mutations in nuclear-encoded subunits of respiratory chain complexes. Our goal was to detect concordant changes among clusters of genes that comprise defined metabolic pathways. Results indicate that respiratory chain mutants significantly upregulate a variety of basic cellular metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, as well as cellular defense pathways such as the metabolism of P450 and glutathione. To further confirm and extend expression analysis findings, quantitation of whole worm free amino acid levels was performed in C. elegans mitochondrial mutants for subunits of complexes I, II, and III. Significant differences were seen for 13 of 16 amino acid levels in complex I mutants compared with controls, as well as overarching similarities among profiles of complex I, II, and III mutants compared with controls. The specific pattern of amino acid alterations observed provides novel evidence to suggest that an increase in glutamate-linked transamination reactions caused by the failure of NAD + -dependent ketoacid oxidation occurs in primary mitochondrial respiratory chain mutants. Recognition of consistent alterations both among patterns of nuclear gene expression for multiple biochemical pathways and in quantitative amino acid profiles in a translational genetic model of mitochondrial dysfunction allows insight into the complex pathogenesis underlying primary mitochondrial disease. Such knowledge may enable the development of a metabolomic profiling diagnostic tool applicable to human mitochondrial disease.
Law and Society in Seattle: Law-Related Education as Culturally Responsive Teaching

In this article, I provide a portrait (Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot and Jessica Hoffman Davis 1997) of a renowned law-related education (LRE) program, its teacher, and four of its student-participants. Following the portrait, I discuss theoretical explanations for the success of ethnic-minority students in this and other LRE programs. These explanations include the nature of law as a difficult subject, the many convergences between culturally responsive teaching and LRE, and the relation of the content and methods of LRE to the cultural capital, interests, backgrounds, and ethnic identities of the students. I conclude with a discussion of the reciprocal nature of these processes, research on white teachers who are successful in multicultural contexts, the importance of challenging, accelerated classes, and an argument for expanding research on culturally responsive teaching and the achievement of students of color to include attention to the methods and materials of LRE.
Teaching and Learning Health Literacy in a Doctor of Pharmacy Program

Objective. To evaluate the impact of health literacy (HL) activities incorporated into a required, first professional year (P1), patient-centered communication course on pharmacy students’ knowledge, abilities, confidence, and attitudes related to HL. Design. Integrated, active-learning HL activities were incorporated into the course. Students’ knowledge and abilities were assessed with course evaluations. Students’ knowledge, confidence levels, and attitudes were evaluated by a precourse and postcourse survey. Third professional year (P3) students who did not complete HL activities were also surveyed. Assessment. Almost all students “met” or “exceeded” expectations (the top 2 levels of achievement on the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) grading rubrics) on HL course evaluations. Survey results showed significant improvement in P1 students’ knowledge, confidence, and attitudes related to HL after completing the course. First year students (postcourse) rated their confidence levels and attitudes higher than P3 students. Conclusion. The use of integrated, active-learning activities is effective at improving P1 pharmacy students’ knowledge, abilities, confidence levels, and attitudes related to HL.
An evolutionary interpretation of the effect of gender and sexual orientation on human mate selection preferences, as indicated by an analysis of personal advertisements

Sexual selection and parental investment theory have been used to study mate selection for many years and for much of that time has been applied to humans, with the prediction that humans will follow the general mammalian pattern. One aspect of human mate selection that has received much less attention is that of same sex mate selection. The present study used an analysis of 800 personal advertisements from print and online media to determine the mate selection criteria of four mating groups — males seeking females (MF), females seeking males (FM), males seeking males (MM) and females seeking females (FF). Consistent with results of earlier studies, heterosexual males (MF) in our study preferred significantly younger partners than heterosexual females (FM), offered physical attractiveness significantly less often than FM, sought resources significantly less often than FM and indicated a willingness to make a commitment significantly more often than FM. Homosexual females (FF) differed from heterosexual females by the same four criteria and in the same direction as heterosexual males, in clear contrast to hypotheses suggesting that homosexuals only differ from heterosexuals of the same gender in choice of sexual object. Homosexual males (MM) differed from heterosexual males in only two criteria, both of which exhibited an exaggerated male pattern, possibly because MM are unaffected by the sexual strategies of females; MM sought attractiveness (even) more than MF and offered resources less than MF. Homosexual men, thus, exhibited no evidence of selection on the mate preference characteristics predicted by sexual selection theory. In contrast, the proximate mate selection preferences of female homosexuals were consistent with the assumption that in their case procreation is irrelevant to mate selection.
How Basic Can You Be? The Evolution of Research on Gender Stereotypes

The study of gender stereotypes evolved from earlier research on racial and ethnic beliefs. Moving from an initial focus on the descriptive characteristics associated with women and men, investigators of gender stereotypes have used the framework of social cognition to analyze structure and process. The utility of this research for understanding sexual harassment is discussed in terms of (a) gender subtypes that emphasize sexuality, and (b) contextual factors that prime gender stereotypes and subtypes. An understanding of these basic phenomena can inform organizational policies and legal efforts aimed at “taming” the hostile work environment and reducing the occurrence of sexual harassment.
Perfect--the enemy of good.

Our article has limitations, which we thoroughly describe. However, as the article highlights, wheelchairs are requiring repairs much too often, the repairs are causing significant consequences for users, and the problem is getting worse. The commentary concludes that producing a strong study will be difficult and of limited value, but offers no call for better, larger studies or suggestions for improvements. We believe there is much to be learned from our data, and our conclusion is that we need to do better. We need more information, larger cohorts, and better methods. It is the best way to cause changes that will positively impact the millions of wheelchair users around the world.
Provably Near-Optimal Sampling-Based Policies for Stochastic Inventory Control Models

In this paper, we consider two fundamental inventory models, the single-period newsvendor problem and its multiperiod extension, but under the assumption that the explicit demand distributions are not known and that the only information available is a set of independent samples drawn from the true distributions. Under the assumption that the demand distributions are given explicitly, these models are well studied and relatively straightforward to solve. However, in most real-life scenarios, the true demand distributions are not available, or they are too complex to work with. Thus, a sampling-driven algorithmic framework is very attractive, both in practice and in theory. We shall describe how to compute sampling-based policies, that is, policies that are computed based only on observed samples of the demands without any access to, or assumptions on, the true demand distributions. Moreover, we establish bounds on the number of samples required to guarantee that, with high probability, the expected cost of the sampling-based policies is arbitrarily close (i.e., with arbitrarily small relative error) compared to the expected cost of the optimal policies, which have full access to the demand distributions. The bounds that we develop are general, easy to compute, and do not depend at all on the specific demand distributions.
Validation of engine combustion models against detailed in-cylinder optical diagnostics data for a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine

AbstractThree different approaches for modelling in-cylinder compression-ignition engine processes for partially premixed combustion modes are compared with experimentally observed cylinder pressure and in-cylinder images of liquid- and vapour-fuel penetration, ignition, combustion, and soot formation in an optically accessible heavy-duty direct injection engine. A multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model for engine combustion, KIVA-3V, served as a common platform into which three different combustion submodels were integrated: (1) characteristic time combustion (KIVA-CTC); (2) representative interactive flamelet (KIVA-RIF); and (3) direct integration using detailed chemistry (KIVA-CHEMKIN). Three different engine operating strategies with significant premixing of fuel and air prior to ignition were investigated: Low-temperature combustion achieved by charge dilution, with fuel injection either (1) early, or (2) late in the engine cycle, and (3) long ignition delay, high-temperature combustion...
Neonatal gastrointestinal masses arising late in gestation

Gastrointestinal masses arising late in gestation form a small but important subgroup of neonatal abdominal masses. Thirteen infants were seen in the first day of life with abdominal distension or a mass. They had radiographic evidence of a mass and intestinal obstruction, and had masses containing meconium, liquid, or necrotic bowel in association with peritonitis. Results indicated a varied etiology. Six cases seemed to belong to one of three previously described entities: volvulus with pseudocyst formation, cystic meconium peritonitis, or segmental dilatation of the bowel. The other seven had features common to two or more of these entities.
Expression of mRNA and proteins for GnRH I and II and their receptors in primate corpus luteum during menstrual cycle

The differential expression of mRNA and protein of GnRH I, II and their receptors (RI and RII) in the monkey corpus luteum (CL) were measured during different stages of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle as an initial step towards considering the role and regulation of GnRH (I and II) system during luteinization and luteolysis in primates. RT-PCR confirmed the sequence identity of PCR products and real time PCR quantified specific mRNA expressions. Proteins were localized by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Changes in mRNA expression patterns of GnRH I and II (increased) and GnRH RII (decreased) were maximal at mid-late to late stages, that is, at CL regression, where as GnRH RI was low during the entire luteal phase. However, RT-PCR and IHC studies confirmed the presence of GnRH RI at both mRNA and protein levels, respectively. IHC results showed the presence of GnRH I, II and their receptors in steroidogenic cells (granulose-luteal cells and thecal-luteal cells) across the luteal phase. Hence, GnRH I and II systems may have a role on both luteinization (from early to mid stages of CL) and luteolysis (from mid-late to very-late stages of CL). These novel findings suggest that monkey luteal GnRH system may have a role in fertility regulation in paracrine and/or autocrine manner.
Literature as History: The Lives and Deaths of Richard Milhous Slurrie and Walter Bodmor Nixon

The enduring success of any roman-a-clef owes to the ghost of the real world lurking, like a palimpsest, behind the storyworld. Barring a few counterfactual twists, Richard Condon's Death of a Politician follows the chequered career of a dead-ringer for Richard Milhous Nixon through the war-scam 1940s, the red scare 1950s, and the freewheeling-dealing 1960s. Square the revisionist drive of Condon's political fiction with the premise of historical veracity, and you may wonder where sober fact ends and fiction begins. How much of Nixon lies in Walter Bodmor Slurrie? How much of Nixon's banker and confidant “Bebe” Rebozo lies in Slurrie's banker and confidant “Kiddo” Cardozo? How much of the Miami mobster Mayer Lansky lies in Cardozo's boss, Miami mobster Abner Danzig? How much of their crass venality and control is the figment of Condon's imagination? Better still, how much is true? In my article I set out to answer all these questions, using Condon's roman-a-clef as a springboard for analysis of salient aspects of the Nixon presidency and of American electoral politics in general.
DIRECT-SIMULATION MONTE CARLO MODELS FOR HIGH-ENERGY INELASTIC PROCESSES.

Three Monte Carlo models are presented for providing descriptions of center-of-mass angular distributions, longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions, and effective-mass distributions for multiparticle final states produced in high-energy inelastic processes. They are applied specifically to the reaction pp → ppπ+π−, and the results are compared with experimental data for this reaction at incident-proton laboratory momenta of 22 GeV/c and 10 GeV/c. One of the models I involves a virtual dissociation of the target (projectile) into pπ+π− with projectile (target) involved only to the extent that its longitudinal momentum is reduced sufficiently to permit the target (projectile) associated pπ+π− to be freed in the final state with overall energy-momentum conservation. A second model II has the target (projectile) dissociating into pπ+ and the projectile (target) dissociating into pπ−. Both I and II include additional exchanged systems to provide transverse-momentum transfer from the target to projectile system. The last model III is based on a virtual dissociation of both target and projectile into a proton and another system (mass taken as zero). These two systems combine and decay into π+ and π−. It is shown that a particular combination of I and III provides a good qualitative description of the ppπ+π− data at both 10 GeV/c and 22 GeV/c.
Using Large Monolingual and Bilingual Corpora to Improve Coordination Disambiguation

Resolving coordination ambiguity is a classic hard problem. This paper looks at co-ordination disambiguation in complex noun phrases (NPs). Parsers trained on the Penn Treebank are reporting impressive numbers these days, but they don't do very well on this problem (79%). We explore systems trained using three types of corpora: (1) annotated (e.g. the Penn Treebank), (2) bitexts (e.g. Europarl), and (3) unannotated monolingual (e.g. Google N-grams). Size matters: (1) is a million words, (2) is potentially billions of words and (3) is potentially trillions of words. The unannotated monolingual data is helpful when the ambiguity can be resolved through associations among the lexical items. The bilingual data is helpful when the ambiguity can be resolved by the order of words in the translation. We train separate classifiers with monolingual and bilingual features and iteratively improve them via co-training. The co-trained classifier achieves close to 96% accuracy on Treebank data and makes 20% fewer errors than a supervised system trained with Treebank annotations.
Toxicity of δ-phenothrin and resmethrin to non-target insects

BACKGROUND: The susceptibility of adult house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), adult convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens (Gu´ erin-M´ eneville), and larval fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), to resmethrin and δ-phenothrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was evaluated in a laboratory bioassay procedure. RESULTS:The1 dayLC50 valuesforresmethrin +PBOwere23.2,32.08and307.18 ngcm −2 forA.domesticus,H.convergensand S.frugiperdarespectively.The1 dayLC50 valuesfor δ-phenothrin +PBOwere26.9,74.91and228.57 ngcm −2 forA.domesticus, H.convergensandS.frugiperdarespectively.Theregressionrelationshipbetweenspeciesmortalityandconcentrationexplained 51–81% ofthevariationforresmethrin +PBOand72–97% ofthevariationfor δ-phenothrin +PBO.TheLC50 valuesdecreased with time for these insecticides for all surrogate species. In terms of sensitivities among the insects to resmethrin + PBO and δ-phenothrin + PBO, A.domesticuswas most sensitive, followed byH.convergensand thenS.frugiperda. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that resmethrin + PBO was generally more toxic than δ-phenothrin + PBO. Based on the results, A. domesticus seems to be a good surrogate species for estimating potential non-target terrestrial insect impacts from exposure to pyrethroids used in public health applications. c � 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Angiogenesis defects and mesenchymal apoptosis in mice lacking SMAD5

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signals are mediated by a family of at least nine SMAD proteins, of which SMAD5 is thought to relay signals of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. To investigate the role of SMAD5 during vertebrate development and tumorigenesis, we disrupted the Smad5 gene by homologous recombination. We showed that Smad5 was expressed predominantly in mesenchyme and somites during embryogenesis, and in many tissues of the adult. Mice homozygous for the mutation died between days 10.5 and 11.5 of gestation due to defects in angiogenesis. The mutant yolk sacs lacked normal vasculature and had irregularly distributed blood cells, although they contained hematopoietic precursors capable of erythroid differentiation. Smad5 mutant embryos had enlarged blood vessels surrounded by decreased numbers of vascular smooth muscle cells, suffered massive apoptosis of mesenchymal cells, and were unable to direct angiogenesis in vitro. These data suggest that SMAD5 may regulate endothelium-mesenchyme interactions during angiogenesis and that it is essential for mesenchymal survival.
Mechanistic Understanding for the Greater Sensitivity of Monkeys to Antisense Oligonucleotide–Mediated Complement Activation Compared with Humans

Differences in sensitivity of monkeys and humans to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-induced complement alternative pathway (AP) activation were evaluated in monkeys, humans, and in serum using biochemical assays. Transient AP activation was evident in monkeys at higher doses of two 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) ASOs (ISIS 426115 and ISIS 183750). No evidence of AP activation was observed in humans for either ASO, even with plasma ASO concentrations that reached the threshold for activation in monkeys. The absence of complement activation in humans is consistent with a query of the Isis Clinical Safety Database containing 767 subjects. The in vivo difference in sensitivity was confirmed in vitro, as monkey and human serum exposed to increasing concentrations of ASO indicated that monkeys were more sensitive to AP activation with this class of compounds. The mechanistic basis for the greater sensitivity of monkeys to AP activation by 2'-MOE ASO was evaluated using purified human or monkey factor H protein. The binding affinities between a representative 2'-MOE ASO and either purified protein are similar. However, the IC50 of fluid-phase complement inhibition for monkey factor H is about 3-fold greater than that for human protein using either monkey serum or factor H-depleted human serum. Interestingly, there is a sequence variant in the monkey complement factor H gene similar to a single nucleotide polymorphism in humans that is correlated with decreased factor H protein function. These findings show that monkeys are more sensitive to 2'-MOE ASO-mediated complement activation than humans likely because of differences in factor H inhibitory capacity.
Photoinactivation of the F1-ATPase from Spinach Chloroplasts by Dequalinium Is Accompanied by Derivatization of Methionine β183

Abstract In contrast to the F1-ATPases from bovine mitochondria and the thermophilic Bacillus PS3, which are reversibly inhibited by dequalinium in the absence of irradiation, the Mg2+-ATPase activity of heat- or dithiothreitol-activated chloroplast F1 (CF1) from spinach chloroplasts is slightly stimulated by dequalinium. Conversely, dequalinium is a partial inhibitor (maximal inhibition is 85–90%) of the Ca2+-ATPase of CF1 activated by heat, dithiothreitol, or octylglucoside. The Mg2+- and Ca2+-ATPase activities of CF1 respond differently in the presence of lauryl dimethylamine oxide (LDAO) in the assay medium. Whereas the Mg2+-ATPase activity of heat- or dithiothreitol-activated CF1 is stimulated up to 14-fold by increasing concentrations of LDAO, the Ca2+-ATPase is inhibited in a biphasic manner by increasing concentrations of LDAO. In the presence of LDAO, dequalinium does not stimulate the heat-activated Mg2+-ATPase over that promoted by LDAO alone. That dequalinium slightly stimulates Mg2+-ATPase activity although it inhibits Ca2+-ATPase activity can be reconciled by assuming that dequalinium binds to two sites in CF1, a stimulatory site that also binds LDAO and an inhibitory site. By acting as a partial inhibitor of the Mg2+-ATPase activity that it activates, the combined effect of dequalinium is modest stimulation. Irradiation of heat- or dithiothreitol-activated CF1 or the α3β3γ subcomplex of CF1 in the presence of 12 μm dequalinium led to rapid photoinactivation. ATP and ADP, separately or in combination with Mg2+, protect against photoinactivation. After photoinactivating the α3β3γ subcomplex of CF1 with [14C]dequalinium, tryptic and peptic digests of the isolated, derivatized β subunit were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. Sequencing of the isolated, radioactive tryptic and peptic peptides revealed that Metβ183, which is at or near the catalytic site, is derivatized in a single β subunit when CF1 is photoinactivated with [14C]dequalinium.
DARHT2 X-ray converter target system comparison

Four short current pulses with various pulse widths and spacing will be delivered to the X-ray converter target on the second-axis of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT-II) facility. To ensure that the DARHT-II multi-pulse target will provide enough target material for X-ray production for all four pulses, the target needs either to survive the strike of four electron pulses or to accommodate target replenishment. A distributed target may survive hitting of four electron pulses. For target replenishment, two types of target configurations are being considered: stationary target systems with beam repositioning and dynamic moving target systems. We compare these three target systems and their radiographic performance.
Active Learning Improves Student Performance in a Respiratory Physiology Lab

This study assessed the effectiveness of the introduction of active learning exercises into the anatomy and physiologycurriculum in a community college setting. Specifically, the incorporation of a spirometry-based respiratoryphysiology lab resulted in improved student performance in two concepts (respiratory volumes and the hallmarks ofrespiratory diseases) but not a third (the relationship between volume, pressure and airflow). Anonymous post-labsurveys indicated that the modification increased student’s interest in the subject and encouraged interactive learningas well as the use of technology in the classroom. However, although test sections outperformed control sections inthe lab midterm, the difference was statistically insignificant, presumably due to the fact that respiratory conceptsonly accounted for less than 20% of the exam.
C‐Reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Aggressive Periodontitis

Background: Sera from patients with periodontal infections contain elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to periodontally healthy individuals. Most studies to date have included patients with chronic periodontitis, and few investigators have studied CRP levels in subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The purpose of this study was to determine the relative levels of serum CRP in AgP patients and periodontally healthy subjects and to examine patients’ characteristics that might account for intergroup differences. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 93 patients with generalized AgP (GAgP), from 97 patients with localized AgP (LAgP), and from 91 healthy controls (non-periodontitis [NP]). Periodontal examination consisted of plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding index, and attachment loss measurements. Current smoking was assessed by determination of serum cotinine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum CRP levels were determined using a high-sensitivity ELISA assay. Results: The three groups were significantly different from one another (P <0.0001). The 95% confidence interval for serum CRP concentrations were as follows: NP, 0.65919 (0.4901 to 0.8869); LAgP, 1.10138 (0.8265 to 1.468); and GAgP, 2.05318 (1.5313 to 2.7538) mg/l. CRP levels in both LAgP and GAgP subjects were significantly greater than those in NP subjects, and levels in GAgP were significantly greater than those in LAgP. Following adjustment of the data for periodontal and demographic variables and current smoking, both mean probing depth and periodontal diagnosis remained correlated with CRP levels. Conclusions: Patients with AgP have statistically significant elevations in serum CRP levels compared to subjects without periodontitis. Elevated CRP in these subjects might represent a contribution of periodontal infections to systemic inflammation in relatively young individuals. J Periodontol 2006;77: 933-939.
Bridging Social Constraint and Social Action to Design Organizations for Innovation

Organization studies offers conflicting design ideas to organize large firms in mature industries for sustained product innovation. These conflicts arise in part from the bifurcation in theory between social constraint and social action, even though structuration views emphasize that neither exists without the other. Designs based on social constraint emphasize boundaries, authority, and reward mechanisms, while designs based on social action emphasize emergence, knowledgeable action, and self-fulfillment. This analysis applies a design science framework to reveal the incommensurate construction principles in the bifurcated designs. Construction principles are imperative statements for action that bridge organization theory and organization design, and highlight deeper meanings behind design guidelines. The construction principles for innovation evoke different patterns of managerial work, emphasizing either direct managerial agency while constraining employees or indirect shaping and enabling. I develop ...
Improving contact area between the peritoneum and intraperitoneal therapeutic solutions.

A general assumption in peritoneal dialysis or intraperitoneal chemotherapy has been that a volume of 2 to 3 L in the human is sufficient to make contact with the entire anatomic peritoneum. On the basis of our previous experimental work and that of others, it was hypothesized that only a fraction of the anatomic peritoneum was in contact with the therapeutic solution in the cavity over a short period of time. It was also hypothesized that use of agitation of the experimental animal or a surfactant in the dialysis fluid would increase the contact area of the intraperitoneal solution. These hypotheses were tested by developing a method to measure the peritoneal contact area simultaneously with the anatomic peritoneal area. Anesthetized mice (25 to 35 g) received an injection of a relatively large volume (10 ml) of isotonic solution containing a radiolabeled protein that adhered to the peritoneum with which it came in contact. After a dwell of 1 to 24 h, the animal was killed and frozen. Cross sections of the abdominal and pelvic cavities were cut and placed against film to develop into autoradiograms, which represent the linear dimension of fluid contact in each sampling plane. The tissue sections that corresponded to the autoradiograms were stained to display the linear dimension of the anatomic peritoneum in the sampling plane. By imaging both the autoradiogram and the corresponding histologic slide, an estimate of the ratio of the contact area to anatomic area in each plane can be calculated (R(mean) = average of all ratios). Applying this method to mice that were dialyzed with an isotonic salt solution under quiescent conditions for 1 h produced R(mean) = 0.43 +/- 0.03. With rapid shaking of the animal, R(mean) = 0.54 +/- 0.03 (P: 0.90. In further study of the effect of the concentration of DSS on contact area, there was a direct correlation of R(mean) with concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.05% DSS. It is concluded that less than half of the mouse peritoneum is in contact with a large volume of solution in the peritoneal cavity. Maneuvers such as agitation and use of surfactant in the intraperitoneal solution increase the fraction of contact area. Also demonstrated was a direct dose-response of contact area versus intraperitoneal concentration of DSS, which may be useful in intraperitoneal therapies of peritoneal dialysis or intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
A Requirement for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Pseudopod Extension

Phagocytosis requires actin assembly and pseudopod extension, two cellular events that coincide spatially and temporally. The signal transduction events underlying both processes may be distinct. We tested whether phagocytic signaling resembles that of growth factor receptors, which induce actin polymerization via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis was accompanied by a rapid increase in the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in vivo, and addition of wortmannin (WM) or LY294002, two inhibitors of PI 3-kinase(s), inhibited phagocytosis but not Fcgamma receptor-directed actin polymerization. However, both compounds prevented maximal pseudopod extension, suggesting that PI 3-kinase inhibition produced a limitation in membrane required for pseudopod extension. Availability of plasma membrane was not limiting for phagocytosis, because blockade of ingestion in the presence of WM was not overcome by reducing the number of particles adhering to macrophages. However, decreasing bead size, and hence the magnitude of pseudopod extension required for particle engulfment, relieved the inhibition of phagocytosis in the presence of WM or LY294002 by up to 80%. The block in phagocytosis of large particles occurred before phagosomal closure, because both compounds inhibited spreading of macrophages on substrate-bound IgG. Macrophage spreading on IgG was accompanied by exocytic insertion of membrane from an intracellular source, as measured by the dye FM1-43. These results indicate that one or more isoforms of PI 3 kinase are required for maximal pseudopod extension but not phagocytosis per se. We suggest that PI 3-kinase is required for coordinating exocytic membrane insertion and pseudopod extension.
Bromate−1,4-Cyclohexanedione−Ferroin Gas-Free Oscillating Reaction. 1. Basic Features and Crossing Wave Patterns in a Reaction−Diffusion System without Gel

We present a study of the bromate−1,4-cyclohexanedione−ferroin oscillating reaction in both well-stirred and reaction−diffusion systems. We investigate the dependence of the system dynamics on the initial reagent concentrations, with the initial concentration of ferroin varied from 0 to 5 × 10-3 M, and show that the system behaves like a typical BZ oscillator if the concentration of ferroin exceeds 5 × 10-5 M. We demonstrate spontaneous formation of spiral waves and transverse wave fronts in quasi-two-dimensional systems and formation of crossing wave patterns in thin layers of solution open to air.
HOW MUCH DO HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK PRACTICES MATTER? A META-ANALYSIS OF THEIR EFFECTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Although there is growing evidence that high performance work practices (HPWPs) affect organizational performance, varying sample characteristics, research designs, practices examined, and organizational performance measures used has led extant findings to vary dramatically, making the size of the overall effect difficult to estimate. We use meta-analysis to estimate the effect size and test whether effects are larger for (a) HPWP systems versus individual practices, (b) operational versus financial performance measures, and (c) manufacturing versus service organizations. Statistical aggregation of 92 studies reveals an overall correlation that we estimate at .20. Also, the relationship is stronger when researchers examine systems of HPWPs and among manufacturers, but it appears invariant across performance measures. We use our findings as a basis to offer 4 suggestions intended to shape research practices such that future meta-analyses might answer today's emerging questions.
NATO at Sixty: America Between Law and War

NATO was founded to counter the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Treaty Organization. Both have been gone for over twenty years. So why is NATO still here? Part of the explanation may lie in Americans’ strong belief in the efficacy of military force. NATO remains associated in Americans’ minds with the greatest time of U.S. military power. Yet, the United States also has a strong commitment to the rule of law. The country appears overdue for a return to this other commitment. We should not be surprised to soon see the United States promoting international law again—and that could mean finally shutting down NATO.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and the nutmeg lung pattern in utero: a cause and effect relationship or prognostic indicator?

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the third most common cause of critical congenital heart disease in newborns, and one of the most challenging forms to treat. Secondary pulmonary lymphangiectasia has been recognized in association with HLHS, an appearance described on fetal MRI as the “nutmeg lung.” To investigate the association of fetal nutmeg lung with HLHS survival. A retrospective search of the fetal MRI database was performed. The nutmeg lung pattern was defined as T2 heterogeneous signal with tubular structures radiating peripherally from the hila. Postnatal echocardiograms and charts were reviewed. Forty-four fetal MR studies met inclusion criteria, of which 4 patients (9%) had the nutmeg lung pattern and 3 of whom also had restrictive lesions. Mortality in this nutmeg lung group was 100% by 5 months of age. Of the 40 patients without nutmeg lung, mortality/orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) was 35%. Of these 40 patients without nutmeg lung, 5 had restriction on echo, 3 of whom died/had OHT before 5 months of age (60% of patients with restriction and non-nutmeg lung). There was a significantly higher incidence of restrictive lesions (P = 0.02) and mortality/OHT (P = 0.02) in patients with nutmeg lung compared to those without. The nutmeg lung MR appearance in HLHS fetuses is associated with increased mortality/OHT (100% in the first 5 months of life compared to 35% with HLHS alone). Not all patients with restrictive lesions develop nutmeg lung, and outcome is not as poor when restriction is present in isolation. Dedicated evaluation for nutmeg lung pattern on fetal MR studies may be useful to guide prognostication and aid clinicians in counseling parents of fetuses with HLHS.
Wind Speed Power Spectrum Analysis for Bushland, Texas, USA:

Numerous papers and publications on wind turbulence have referenced the wind speed spectrum presented by Isaac Van der Hoven in his article entitled Power Spectrum of Horizontal Wind Speed Spectrum in the Frequency Range from 0.0007 to 900 Cycles per Hour (Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 14, 1957, p. 160). Van der Hoven used data measured at different heights between 91 and 125 meters, and represented the high frequency end of the spectrum with data from the peak wind speed hour of hurricane Connie (13 August 1955). Because the data were collected in such special conditions we should question the use of his power spectrum in the wind industry. We computed a power spectrum for Bushland, Texas, from 13 years of hourly average data, 1 year of 5 minute average data, and 2 particularly gusty day's 1 second average data all collected at a height of 10 metres.While the general shape is similar to the Van der Hoven spectrum, few of his peaks were found in the Bushland spectrum.
Pyrite Nanocrystal Solar Cells: Promising, or Fool’s Gold?

Pyrite-phase iron sulfide (FeS2) nanocrystals were synthesized to form solvent-based dispersions, or “solar paint,” to fabricate photovoltaic devices (PVs). Nanocrystals were sprayed onto substrates as absorber layers in devices with several different architectures, including Schottky barrier, heterojunction, and organic/inorganic hybrid architectures, to explore their viability as a PV material. None of the devices exhibited PV response. XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the pyrite composition and phase purity of the nanocrystals. The electrical conductivity of the nanocrystal films was about 4 to 5 S/cm, more typical of metal nanocrystal films than semiconductor nanocrystal films, and the lack of PV response appears to derive from the highly conductive surface-related defects in pyrite that have been proposed.
Optimized Metal-Organic-Framework Nanospheres for Drug Delivery: Evaluation of Small-Molecule Encapsulation

We have developed a general synthetic route to encapsulate small molecules in monodisperse zeolitic imid-azolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanospheres for drug delivery. Electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis show that the small-molecule-encapsulated ZIF-8 nanospheres are uniform 70 nm particles with single-crystalline structure. Several small molecules, including fluorescein and the anticancer drug camptothecin, were encapsulated inside of the ZIF-8 framework. Evaluation of fluorescein-encapsulated ZIF-8 nanospheres in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line demonstrated cell internalization and minimal cytotoxicity. The 70 nm particle size facilitates cellular uptake, and the pH-responsive dissociation of the ZIF-8 framework likely results in endosomal release of the small-molecule cargo, thereby rendering the ZIF-8 scaffold an ideal drug delivery vehicle. To confirm this, we demonstrate that camptothecin encapsulated ZIF-8 particles show enhanced cell death, indicative of internaliza...