cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collagen content and types in the intestinal strictures of Crohn's disease

The collagen content and the relative amount of collagen types were quantitated in control intestine as well as in both inflamed and strictured intestine resected from patients with Crohn's disease. The major collagen type in control intestine was type I (68%), followed by types III (20%) and V (12%). In strictured intestine both collagen content and the relative amount of type V collagen were significantly increased compared with control intestine. Histologic studies demonstrated that in strictured specimens there was a striking proliferation of smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae associated with an accumulation of collagen in the submucosa. The thickness of the muscularis propria was also increased. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated small amounts of type V collagen in the submucosa of control bowel. In contrast, large amounts of type V collagen were seen in the fibrotic, expanded submucosa of strictured bowel, particularly in the areas where smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae had proliferated. Intestinal strictures in Crohn's disease are therefore characterized by an accumulation of collagen, a proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and an increase in type V collagen, a collagen type produced in relatively large amounts by smooth muscle cells. These changes appear to result in both a loss of the normal compliance of the intestine and a thickening of the intestine wall, resulting ultimately in the intestinal obstruction so frequently seen in patients with Crohn's disease.
A Brief Demographic Portrait

A demographic portrait, with particular emphasis on school-related issues, points to the dire situation of Latino/a education. According to the 2010 Census, the number of Hispanics (the term used in government data) currently was 50,477,594 million, an increase of 43 percent since 2000, making this group the fastest growing of all ethnic/racial groups in the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Latinos/as represent 16 percent of the total U.S. population, meaning that they are the largest so-called “minority” group in the nation. Approximately 63 percent of Latinos/as living in the U.S. are of Mexican origin, 9 percent are Puerto Rican, 3.5 percent are Cuban, 3 percent are Salvadoran and 2.8 percent are Dominican, with smaller percentages of other Central American, South American or other Hispanic origin (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010).
Short-Term Effects of Sanctioning Reform on Parole Officers' Revocation Decisions

Parole officials have traditionally been afforded considerable discretion when making sanctioning decisions to be able to tailor sanctions according to substantively rational concerns such as individuals’ unique needs and situations. However, the application of substantive rationality in sanctioning can also generate unwanted disparities because sanctioning decisions may be based on extralegal factors that parole officials consider relevant. Concerns regarding disparate treatment of offender groups have prompted a number of states to consider adopting administrative violation response policies that emphasize formal rationality and uniformity by restricting parole officers’ discretion and structuring sanctioning decisions according to legally relevant criteria. By emphasizing formal rationality in sanctioning, structured sanction policies present a dilemma for parole officersFuniformity versus individualized treatment. In 2005, the state of Ohio implemented an administrative violation response policy designed to reduce parole officers’ reliance on revocation hearings and promote uniformity in sanctioning decisions. This study involved an examination of whether Ohio’s shift to structured sanctioning coincided with differences in legal and extralegal effects on parole officers’ decisions to pursue revocation hearings. Analyses of data collected before and after the implementation of the policy revealed a reduction in the number of revocation hearings officers pursued. Only modest increases in uniformity were observed, however, because there was little disparity resulting from officers’ hearing decisions before the policy was put in place. These findings are discussed within perspectives on justice system actors’ decision making. In most states, parole supervision was founded on progressive ideals regarding individualized punishment, case management, and rehabilitation; and historically, parole officials have been afforded considerable discretion to individualize offender treat
A comparative study of the oxidation characteristics of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and n-butylcyclohexane at high temperatures

Abstract Ignition delay times were measured behind reflected shock waves for cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and n-butylcyclohexane at 1.5 and 3 atm, equivalence ratios near 1 and 0.5, and temperatures between 1280 and 1480 K. The observed ignition delay times can be summarized as follows: methylcyclohexane > n-butylcyclohexane ≈ cyclohexane. Several reasons are suggested to explain the ordering of the ignition delay times for these three naphthenes. We believe that this work provides the first set of ignition delay time data for n-butylcyclohexane. In addition, H2O and OH time-histories were recorded during the oxidation of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, n-butylcyclohexane, iso-octane and n-heptane under similar test conditions. OH time-histories near time zero are distinctive for each type of fuel studied, and these early-time OH profiles provides critical insight into the influence of molecular structures on ignition behavior, particularly in the case of the cycloalkanes. Comparisons of measured time-histories with simulations from recent cycloalkane oxidation mechanisms are also presented.
Solvation effects upon the thermodynamic substrate activity; correlation with the kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions. II. More complex interactions of alpha-chymotrypsin with dioxane and acetone which are also competitive inhibitors.

Abstract It is shown that the effects of the addition of various amounts of dioxane and acetone (solvent modifiers) upon the α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of methylhippurate can be explained in terms of three factors. (A) The effects of the above modifiers on the chemical potential of the substrate. (B) The solvent modifiers dioxane and acetone also act as classical competitive inhibitors. The means of sorting out these contributions is presented. (C) The alterations of the chemical potentials or for free energies of the enzyme, enzyme-substrate complex, and/or other intermediates by the added modifiers appear to cancel out with the substrate used here.
Stabilization and post‐translational modification of microtubules during cellular morphogenesis

This review discusses the possible role of α-tubulin detyrosination, a reversible post-translational modification that occurs at the protein's C-terminus, in cellular morphogenesis. Higher eukaryotic cells possess a cyclic post-translational mechanism by which dynamic microtubules are differentiated from their more stable counterparts; a tubulin-specific carboxypeptidase detyrosinates tubulin protomers within microtubules, while the reverse reaction, tyrosination, is performed on the soluble protomer by a second tubulin-specific enzyme, tubulin tyrosine ligase. In general, the turnover of microtubules in undifferentiated, proliferating cells is so rapid that the microtubules accumulate very little detyrosinated tubulin; that is, they are enriched in tyrosinated tubulin. However, an early event common to at least three well-studied morphogenetic events myogenesis, neuritogenesis, and directed cell motility is the elaboration of a polarized array of stable microtubules that become enriched in detyrosinated tubulin. The formation of this specialized array of microtubules in specific locations in cells undergoing morphogenesis suggests that it plays an important role in generating cellular asymmetries.
Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: a review of the recent literature

A large body of research has documented public attitudes toward people with mental illness. The current attitudes of the people who provide services to those with psychiatric disorders are important to understand, as well. The authors review what studies over the past 5 years reveal about the attitudes of psychiatric professionals. Empirical studies of the attitudes of mental health professionals, published since 2004, were identified and reviewed. Only 19 such studies were found. Most of these studies revealed overall positive attitudes among mental health professionals. However, evidence of negative attitudes and expectations was also found, particularly with respect to social acceptance of people with mental illness. Results indicate a need for greater research attention to mental health professionals' views and for improved attitudes among caregivers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNase I-resistant DNA-dependent protein kinase activity in Xenopus oocytes.

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase consisting of a catalytic subunit p460 (DNA-PKcs), and a DNA binding component termed Ku. DNA-PK plays a role in transcription, nonhomologous recombination, and DNA repair. Several reports have demonstrated that binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is required for the activation of DNA-PK. To date, very few reports suggest the possibility that an alternative pathway of DNA-PK activation exists without the requirement of dsDNA. In this study, direct biochemical evidence is presented to support this notion. Here, Xenopus oocytes were used as a model system because they offer the advantage of a manual enucleation process providing an extract that can be termed purely ‘cytoplasmic’ and the isolated nuclei (germinal vesicles) can be used to make nuclear extracts. Specific antibody-mediated pulled-down DNA-PK activity was assayed in the cytoplasmic extracts to evaluate the enzyme activity in the presence and absence of DNA. DNase I treatment did not affect the DNA-PK activity. Analyses of the association of nicked DNA with the pulled-down DNA-PK by radiolabeling the associated nicked DNA provided evidence that the cytoplasmic DNA-PK is catalytically active in absence of DNA. These results suggest that potential mechanisms occurring outside of the nucleus might activate DNA-PK, and therefore, could reveal novel functions of this enzyme.
Effects of castration and gonadal hormones on hypothalamic content of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF).

The effects of castration, estradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate, progesterone and combined estrogen-progesterone treatment were determined on hypothalamic LRF content in mature male and female rats. LRF activity was tested by incubating hypothalamic extract from the differently treated rats with pituitaries of male rats for 1 hr. The medium was later assayed for LH by the OAAD method of Parlow. The results indicate that castration for 21 days in male rats elicited a 2.5-fold increase in hypothalamic LRF content, whereas daily subcutaneous injections of 1 mg of testosterone propionate prevented the elevation in hypothalamic LRF content in castrate rats. In female rats, castration for 21 days resulted in a significant reduction in hypothalamic LRF content, to only 30% of that present in intact rats. Subcutaneous injections of 0.8 μg of estradiol benzoate daily for 21 days significantly depressed hypothalamic LRF content in ovariectomized rats. The pituitaries of ovariectomized rats showed a out a 4-f...
Children's emotional and physiological responses to interadult angry behavior: The role of history of interparental hostility

Relations between history of marital discord and responses to interadult angry behavior were examined in preschoolers. Children watched/listened to an angry interaction between two adults, while their heart rate (HR) and skin conductance response (SCR) and skin conductance level (SCL) were monitored; then they were interviewed about their emotional responses to the argument. Children were also videotaped during the session and their overt behavioral distress responses were coded. In comparison to children from low-conflict homes, children from highconflict homes (a) exhibited more overt behavioral distress in response to the argument, and (b) perceived the angry interaction as less negative in affect Children's HR reactivity to the angry interaction was influenced by both marital conflict and the gender of the subject. In comparison to girls from lowconflict homes, those from high-conflict homes exhibited more HR reactivity to the argument. For boys, physical violence in the home was negatively associated with HR reactivity.
Timing and Extent of Late Quaternary Paleolakes in the Trans-Pecos Closed Basin, West Texas and South-Central New Mexico

The Trans-Pecos Closed Basin is a hydrographically closed region covering 20,000 km2centered on Salt Basin, 160 km east of El Paso, Texas. Geomorphic and limnetic evidence have been used to identify four major highstands for Lake King during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Additional geomorphic features from a second, recently identified, paleolake, Lake Sacramento, have been found in the Beargrass subbasin, a nested subbasin approximately 75 km northwest of Salt Basin. Radiocarbon ages of the organic material in Lake King sediments date four abrupt climate changes and rapid lacustrine transgressions during the LGM with a quasi-periodicity of 2000 yr. Geomorphic evidence in the Beargrass subbasin identifies lake cycles contemporaneous with those in Lake King. The dates for these transgressions correlate with the dates of freshening events identified by researchers in paleolake basins elsewhere in New Mexico. The quasi-periodicity of the events approximates that of Dansgaard–Oeschger events identified from Greenland ice cores. The contemporaneity of the Trans-Pecos transgressions with transgressive events in other basins in the region suggests that paleolakes in the region were in phase with respect to abrupt climate changes during the latter stages of the LGM.
A Quantitative Analysis of Grouped Single-Phased Induction Motors

A quantitative evaluation of the effect of single-phasing on three-phase induction motors has eluded engineers with an interest or responsibility in this problem area. Although the classical analysis for such an evaluation based on symmetrical components has been generally known, the complex nature of the problem solution did not become feasible until computer programs were developed. The results of a computer-aided study are presented. Quantitative data related to motor voltage and current as well as stator and rotor heat losses?as influenced by system stiffness and motor mechanical loading?are offered in graphical format. The data included are limited to grouped induction motors whose single-phasing is due to the blowing of a fuse in the primary of a delta-wye-connected supply transformer.
Two-primary analogues of Selick's theorem and the Kahn-Priddy theorem for the 3-sphere

THE MAIN result of this paper is a 2-primary decomposition of a certain loop space analogous to that given in Theorem 4 of [17] for odd primes by Selick. A corollary is an analogue of the Kahn-Priddy theorem for the 3-sphere. Throughout this paper all spaces are localized at the prime 2 unless otherwise stated. Let 2: 0X + RX denote the H-space squaring map for the based loop space RX. (QX) {2} denotes the homotopy theoretic fibre of 2. W, is the homotopy theoretic fibre of the double suspension E2: S’“-r + QzSz”+‘, S3 (3 ) is the 3-connected cover of S3, and fi:S” is the component of the base-point in Q”S”.
The amygdala to periaqueductal gray pathway: plastic changes induced by audiogenic kindling and reversal by gabapentin.

Abstract Repeated, periodic induction of AGS (AGS kindling) in GEPR-9s increases seizure duration and induces an additional generalized clonus phase [post-tonic clonus (PTC)], which involves expansion of the localized brainstem AGS network to the amygdala. The pathway between central amygdala (CeA) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is implicated in several disorders, including pain and anxiety. This pathway is also implicated in the network of audiogenic seizures (AGS) in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-9s). We examined AGS kindling-induced changes in vlPAG extracellular action potentials evoked by electrical stimuli in CeA in awake, behaving GEPR-9s, using chronically-implanted stimulation electrodes in CeA and microwire recording electrodes in vlPAG. The effect of gabapentin, an anticonvulsant drug that is also effective in pain and anxiety disorders, on the CeA to vlPAG pathway in AGS-kindled GEPR-9s was also evaluated. Electrical stimulation in CeA evoked consistent, short latency and intensity-dependent vlPAG neuronal firing increases. However, in AGS-kindled GEPR-9s these responses showed a precipitous firing increase with increasing stimulus intensity, as compared to non-kindled GEPR-9s. Gabapentin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced vlPAG neuronal responses to CeA stimulation to pre-AGS-kindled levels and reversibly blocked PTC in AGS-kindled GEPR-9s. These data suggest that the amygdala to vlPAG pathway may be critical in mediating the emergence of PTC during AGS kindling. The ability of gabapentin to suppress this pathway may be important for its anticonvulsant effects in AGS-kindled GEPR-9s, and this effect may contribute to gabapentin′s effectiveness in anxiety and pain in which the amygdala to PAG pathway is also implicated.
Air filtration for the spray drying of dairy products.

Abstract The production and manufacturing of dry milk which is completely safe for human consumption requires the product to be free of any pathogenic microorganisms. The attainment of this goal requires complete control of product contamination during manufacturing. The large number of product-air contact points during spray drying, instantizing, and packaging indicates that air-borne contamination may be of significant importance. A considerable portion of the air-borne contamination during dry milk manufacturing can be eliminated by direct air filtration. Ultra-high efficiency air filters will remove essentially all microorganisms from an air supply. However, the selection of the filter to be used in dry milk plant applications is dependent on a balance between efficiency desired and filter costs, which include initial cost and costs of operation and maintenance.
Modification of Aniline Containing Proteins Using an Oxidative Coupling Strategy

A new bioconjugation reaction has been developed based on the chemoselective modification of anilines through an oxidative coupling pathway. Aryl amines were installed on the surface of protein substrates through lysine acylation reactions or through the use of native chemical ligation techniques. Upon exposure to NaIO4 in aqueous buffer, the anilines coupled rapidly to the aromatic rings of N,N-dialkyl-N'-acyl-p-phenylenediamines. The identities of the reaction products were confirmed using ESI-MS and through comparison to small molecule analogs. Control experiments indicated that none of the native amino acids participated in the reaction. The resulting bioconjugates were found to be stable toward hydrolysis from pH 4 to pH 11 and in the presence of many commonly used oxidants, reductants, and nucleophiles. A fluorescent phenylenediamine reagent was synthesized for the selective detection of aniline labeled proteins in mixtures, and the reaction was used to append the C-terminus of the green fluorescent protein with a single PEG chain. When combined with techniques for the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins, this bioorthogonal coupling method should prove useful for a number of applications requiring a high degree of labeling specificity.
Heat-shock disruption of trans-splicing in trypanosomes: effect on Hsp70, Hsp85 and tubulin mRNA synthesis

The synthesis of most, if not all, mRNA in trypanosomes involves the splicing in trans of two RNA molecules. One of these includes the common 5' mini-exon or spliced-leader sequence, while the other contains the complete protein-coding exon sequence for a given gene. We have recently shown that trans-splicing of tubulin transcripts is disrupted by heat shock, whereas trans-splicing of Hsp70 mRNA continues unabated, despite the increased expression of this latter gene [Muhich and Boothroyd, Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (1988) 3837-3846]. In this report we show that, in addition to being polyadenylated, the dimeric beta-alpha tubulin transcripts which accumulate as a result of heat shock have a correctly processed 5'-end (through mini-exon addition), and that the extent of disruption is proportional to the degree of heat shock. We further show that mRNA levels for two evolutionarily-conserved heat-shock proteins, Hsp70 and Hsp85, are increased under the splicing-disruptive conditions of heat shock.
Mutational Analysis of the GB Virus B Internal Ribosome Entry Site

GB virus B (GBV-B) is a recently discovered hepatotropic flavivirus that is distantly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). We show here that translation of its polyprotein is initiated by internal entry of ribosomes on GBV-B RNA. We analyzed the translational activity of dicistronic RNA transcripts containing wild-type or mutated 5′ nontranslated GBV-B RNA (5′NTR) segments, placed between the coding sequences of two reporter proteins, in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in vivo in transfected BT7-H cells. We related these results to a previously proposed model of the secondary structure of the GBV-B 5′NTR (M. Honda, et al. RNA 2:955–968, 1996). We identified an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) bounded at its 5′ end by structural domain II, a location analogous to the 5′ limit of the IRES in both the HCV and pestivirus 5′NTRs. Mutational analysis confirmed the structure proposed for domain II of GBV-B RNA, and demonstrated that optimal IRES-mediated translation is dependent on each of the putative RNA hairpins in this domain, including two stem-loops not present in the HCV or pestivirus structures. IRES activity was also absolutely dependent on (i) phylogenetically conserved, adenosine-containing bulge loops in domain III and (ii) the primary nucleotide sequence of stem-loop IIIe. IRES-directed translation was inhibited by a series of point mutations predicted to stabilize stem-loop IV, which contains the initiator AUG codon in its loop segment. A reporter gene was translated most efficiently when fused directly to the initiator AUG codon, with no intervening downstream GBV-B sequence. This finding indicates that the 3′ limit of the GBV-B IRES is at the initiator AUG and that it does not require downstream polyprotein-coding sequence as suggested for the HCV IRES. These results show that the GBV-B IRES, while sharing a common general structure, differs both structurally and functionally from other flavivirus IRES elements.
Methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Do the benefits outweigh the risks

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases resulting in chronic idiopathic peripheral arthritis. The aetiology of JRA is unclear, and current pharmacotherapy is ameliorative rather than curative. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are given initially, but only one-third to one-fourth of patients are managed adequately with these agents. Advanced therapeutic drugs, frequently referred to as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or second-line agents, are given to the child with aggressive or resistant disease. Among these, the antimetabolite methotrexate has proven to be the most effective in alleviating articular disease manifestations and reducing laboratory parameters of inflammation. When given orally in low dosages (10 to 15 mg/m2/week), methotrexate is well tolerated, without evidence of substantial bone marrow suppression or severe hepatotoxicity. Extensive long term tolerability data are not yet available for children, but longitudinal studies in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggest that the drug may be given safely for extended periods in many patients. Paediatric rheumatologists are beginning to give higher dosages of methotrexate (up to 1 mg/kg/week) parenterally with some success. The long term consequences of higher dose methotrexate in children are unknown. Methotrexate has now become, and will probably remain for some time, the drug of first choice for children with recalcitrant JRA.
Copper deficiency in long-term parenteral nutrition.

An infant with ileal atresia and a postoperative short bowel syndrome was maintained intermittently for the first 8 1/2 months of life by total parenteral nutrition. At 7 1/2 months of age she developed signs of copper deficiency which responded promptly to copper supplementation. This rare dietary deficiency is the first reported during the course of total parenteral nutrition.
Multiple issue publics in the high-choice media environment: media use, online activity, and political knowledge

This study examines the role of membership in multiple issue publics by understanding its relationship to media use, online activity, and political knowledge. Using data from Taiwan's 2008 Social Change Survey, the study shows that members of multiple issue publics was positively associated with television watching, political talk show watching, and online news reading. In addition, they were found to engage in specific online activities, including information browsing, information exchanging, information gathering, taking part in forum discussions, and blogging. Therefore, members of multiple issue publics tend to use media with a high level of selectivity and engage in online activities that allow them to express opinions, gain knowledge, or discuss issues with others. A curvilinear relationship was explored and found between multiple issue-public membership and general political knowledge. This demonstrates that individuals' ability to process information may not extend beyond certain boundaries, no ma...
Specific Language Impairment as a Clinical Category

Many children are diagnosed as "specifically language-impaired" principally on the basis of their low scores relative to the norm on language measures. Yet it is often assumed that such children mu...
Optimal Multi-Level Lot Sizing for Requirements Planning Systems

The wide spread use of advanced information systems such as Material Requirements Planning MRP has significantly altered the practice of dependent demand inventory management. Recent research has focused on development of multi-level lot sizing heuristics for such systems. In this paper, we develop an optimal procedure for the multi-period, multi-product, multi-level lot sizing problem by modeling the system as a constrained generalized network with fixed charge arcs and side constraints. The network permits us to relax some of the more restrictive assumptions of previous models such as those designed for product structures with single sources or successors. The solution to the resulting minimum cost flow problem yields optimal lot sizing decisions for all purchases as well as manufactured goods and components in all periods over a finite planning horizon. A simple illustration, beginning with a master production schedule and bills of material, illustrates the suitablility of this approach for modeling complex requirements planning systems. Optimal solutions obtained by this method may also be useful in comparing results obtained from future heuristic approaches which may be more computationally efficient.
Thermal management in pyrometer modules for automotive applications

Thermopile pyrometer modules are the state of the art for contactless temperature measurement in automotive applications. Here sensors have to operate precisely in a challenging thermal environment. While the compensation of the steady state ambient temperature is a well known technique in thermopile radiation temperature sensors, transient thermal effects are still an issue. The change of the ambient temperature as well as temperature flow through the sensor can lead to substantial errors due to unwanted thermal gradients within the device. In the thermopile chip they leads to an error signal since the measurement principle is based on quantifying thermal gradients of the chip that result from the detected IR-radiation. Thermal gradients in the cap and between cap and thermopile chip lead to an exchange of heat radiation between thermopile chip and cap that is erroneously detected and thus also leads to errors. Different methods were developed that separately or in combination allow for a significant improvement of the accuracy and signal stability. The methods are based on the reduction of thermal gradients within the thermopile chip and the entire sensor device (isothermal, high thermal mass cap), reduction of radiation exchange between the sensor chip and the housing (low emissive inner cap surface) and prediction and software compensation of the error signal.
1035. Short G-Rich Oligonucleotides as a Therapeutic for Huntingtonss Disease

Huntington's Disease (HD) is an inherited autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which neuronal tissue degenerates. The pathogenesis of the disease appears to center on the development of protein aggregates that arise initially from the misfolding of the mutant HD protein. Mutant huntingtin (Htt) is produced by HD genes that contain an increased number of glutamine codons and this expansion leads to the production of a protein that misfolds. Recentstudies suggest that mutant Htt can nucleate protein aggregation and interfere with a multitude of normal cellular functions. As such, efforts to find a therapy for HD have focused on agents that disrupt or block the Htt aggregation pathway. Here, we show that short guanosine monomeric oligonucleotides capable of adopting a G- quartet structure, are effective inhibitors of Htt aggregation. Using a structure/function approach, we have identified a potentially active structure for GROs that block Htt aggregation. By utilizing a biochemical/immunoblotting assay as an initial screen, we identified a 20-mer, all G-oligonucleotide (HDG) as an active molecule. Subsequent testing in a cell-based assay revealed that HDG was an effective inhibitor of aggregation of a fusion protein, comprised of a mutant Htt fragment and green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Taken together, our results suggest that monomeric G-oligonucleotides, capable of adopting a G-quartet conformation are effective inhibitors of Htt aggregation. These results reveal a brand new class of molecular medicine agents for development as therapeutics for Huntington's Disease.
Effect of Heat upon Electrophoresis and Ultracentrifugal Sedimentation Properties of Skimmilk Protein Fractions

Abstract Skimmilk was centrifuged at 11,700× g , 46,900× g , and 92,000× g and the supernatant and sediment fractions were incorporated into phosphate buffer or treated with potassium oxalate to remove calcium and disperse the proteins. They were examined by free-boundary electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal sedimentation. Heating skimmilk (88 C-10min) had little effect upon electrophoretic properties of the three protein sediment fractions, but reduced the magnitude of the differences in electrophoretic composition of the supernatant fractions. These results indicate that interaction of α-casein with β-lactoglobulin is favored among the smaller skimmilk protein particles. Skimmilk and its sediment and supernatant fractions all exhibited two ultra-centrifugal sedimentation components at pH 6.98 and 25C. Oxalate treatment of unheated skimmilk increased Component I from 28 to 57% of the pattern area and reduced its sedimentation constant from 12.7 to 6.9 S. Heating skimmilk increased Component I from 28 to 83% of the pattern area and reduced its sedimentation constant to 6.7 S. The sedimentation patterns of heated skimmilk protein fractions were relatively unaffected by the oxalate treatment. No evidence of 25-48 S casein-serum protein complex particles was obtained in any of the heated skimmilk fractions.
Simulation of the South American climate by a coupled model with super‑parameterized convection

The simulation of the climate over South America by a coupled ocean–atmosphere model with embedded cloud resolving model is studied on different time scales. The mean climate and the variability over South America as simulated by the superparameterized Community Climate System Model version 3 (SP-CCSM) are compared with those in the observation and in the control simulation of the CCSM3 (CT-CCSM) which employs conventional scheme of convection parameterization. The CT-CCSM is able to simulate only the longer period seasonal oscillation (SO) while the SP-CCSM is successful in simulating both the SO and the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). The spatial structure and the propagation of the oscillations are better in the SP-CCSM. Both models are able to simulate the observed low-frequency modes of variability related to El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). While the ENSO mode in the CT-CCSM has more regular variability with a biennial time scale, the SP-CCSM simulates the ENSO mode with more irregular variability and time scale closer to the observation. The spatial structure, the relation with the Pacific and the regional variations of the observed PDO mode are better simulated by the SP-CCSM than the CT-CCSM.
Marital quality and power processes among Black couples.

The primary purpose qf this study was to examine the association between spousal power structure and marital quality in black married couples. Two self-report and ffbur behavioral power measures were used to classify couples as husband-dominant, egalitarian, or wife-dominant. Marital quality was assessed by measures of global marital satisfaction, positive regard for the spouse, and reciprocity. A MANO VA with power structure as the independent variable and the marital quality indices as dependent variables was perfobrmed for each of the power measures. These analyses showed that the three powerpatterns were associated with dferent levels of marital quality, with husband-dominant couples frequently reporting the highest marital quality. In another analysis of these data, a stepwise regression with marital quality as the criterion and husband-wife differences on power measures as the predictor variables indicated that power balance or husband-wife difference in power was predictive of marital quality: similarity in self-reported power but dissimilarity in behavioral power was associated with higher marital quality. Results are discussed for their relevance to previous research on power processes in black couples and to measurement problems in the assessment qf spousal power distribution.
Communications on the theory of diffusion and reaction—I A complete parametric study of the first-order, irreversible exothermic reaction in a flat slab of catalyst

Calculations over a wide range of parameter values show the complete structure of the solution of the diffusion and reaction problem mentioned in the title. This provides a valuable background of material against which some of the approximate criteria of uniqueness and stability may be tested. It is shown that the uniqueness criteria proposed by Luss and Amundson are remarkably good.
Comparative ab initio study of the structures and stabilities of the ethane dication C2H62+ and its silicon analogues Si2H62+ and CSiH62+

Ab initio MP2/6-311G** and QCISD(T)/6-311G** levels as well as Gaussian-2 theory were used to perform a comparative study of the structures and stabilities of the ethane dication C2H62+ and its silicon analogues Si2H62+ and CSiH62+. Similar to previous HF/6-31G* results, our present calculations also indicate that the two-electron three-center (2e−3c) bonded carbonium−carbenium structure 1 is more stable than the doubly hydrogen bridged diborane-type structure 2 by about 12 kcal/mol. For the silicon analogue Si2H62+ the calculations, however, indicate that the 2e−3c bonded siliconium−silicenium structure 8 is about 9 kcal/mol less stable than doubly hydrogen bridged structure 9. Similar results were also computed for carbon−silicon mixed CSiH62+ dication structures. These studies are in agreement with the more electropositive character of silicon compared to carbon. Possible dissociation paths of the minimum structures were also calculated.
Personality differences between women police recruits, their male counterparts, and the general female population

Presently police manager and their recruiting staff are using an increasing number of screening tools including psychological testing during the hiring processes. Prior research suggests that gender is often ignored in the review of testing results. This could lead to problems in the interpretation of results. This research investigates the existence, if any, in the pre-socialization personality differences between male and female police recruits as well as between female police recruits and the general population of females. Subjects (N=104) were from a multi-agency training facility in a southern state. Subjects completed the MMPI-2 at the beginning of their police academy training to control for any socialization effects the training may have. The diagnostic clinical scales, the content scales, and the gender scales of the MMPI-2 were subjected to independent discriminant function analyses to determine if differences between male and female recruits exist. Scale 5 (Mf), GM, and GF were analyzed via t-tests to determine if differences between the female recruits and women in the normative sample exist. All discriminant functions were significant at the .05 level. Scales that differentiated male and female recruits were: Ma (Scale 9), ASP, FRS, BIZ, Mf (Scale, 5), and GF. Female recruits differed from the female normative sample on only GF (recruits were lower). It is suggested that future research focus on the predictive power of the content scales for continuation in the police field. It is also suggested that future research investigate the flexibility of the gender constructs throughout the policing career.
Failure of oxygen to influence the metabolism or distribution of cyanide or of thiosulfate in mice

Abstract In an attempt to explain a previously reported potentiation of the effects of cyanide antagonists by oxygen the distribution of 35S-labelled thiosulfate in mice maintained under air or under pure oxygen at one atmosphere was examined. No differences which could be related to oxygen were found in the distribution of either inner or outer 35S-labelled thiosulfate in terms of the radioactivity of blood or various tissues. When mice were maintained under air or under oxygen and pretreated with thiosulfate followed by cyanide, no differences were found in the blood concentration of cyanide or of thiocyanate. Oxygen had no effect on cyanide-induced mortality in mice pretreated with thiosulfate.
Optimal design of minimum-power stimuli for phase models of neuron oscillators

In this paper, we study optimal control problems of spiking neurons whose dynamics are described by a phase model. We design minimum-power current stimuli (controls) that lead to targeted spiking times. In particular, we consider bounded control amplitude and characterize the range of possible spiking times determined by the bound, which can be chosen sufficiently small within the range where the phase model is valid. We show that for a given bound the corresponding feasible spiking times are optimally achieved by piecewise continuous controls. We present analytic expressions with numerical simulations of the minimum-power stimuli for several phase models. We demonstrate the applicability of our method with an experimentally determined phase response curve.
The Design and Testing of RoboClam: A Machine Used to Investigate and Optimize Razor Clam-Inspired Burrowing Mechanisms for Engineering Applications

Razor clams (Ensis directus) are one of nature’s most adept burrowing organisms, able to dig to 70cm at nearly 1cm/s using only 0.21J/cm. Ensis reduces burrowing drag by using motions of its shell to fluidize a thin layer of substrate around its body. Although these shell motions have an energetic cost, moving through fluidized rather than packed soil results in exponentially lower overall energy consumption. This paper describes the design and testing of RoboClam, a device that mimics Ensis digging methods to understand the limits of razor clam-inspired burrowing, how they scale for different environments and conditions, and how they can be transferred into engineering applications. Using a genetic optimization solver, we found that RoboClam’s most efficient digging motion mimicked Ensis shell kinematics and yielded a power law relationship between digging energy and depth of n = 1.17, very close to the ideal value of n = 1. Pushing through static soil has a theoretical energy-depth power law of n = 2, which means that Ensis-inspired burrowing motions can provide exponentially higher energy efficiency and nearly depth-independent drag resistance.© 2009 ASME
Relation of Protein I and Colony Opacity to Serum Killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Serum bactericidal tests were done for isogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae that formed transparent or opaque colonies. Analysis of the data from individual strains showed that the molecular weight of protein I was a highly significant, but not universal, determinant of serum sensitivity or resistance. N. gonorrhoeae organisms with high-molecular-weight protein I were more serum-sensitive. Multivariate analysis of the data from 43 strains indicated that N. gonorrhoeae organisms from transparent colonies were more serum-resistant than isogenic organisms from opaque colonies (P = 0.01). Survivors of bactericidal reactions in which the initial inoculum was from opaque colonies tended to form transparent colonies. Bactericidal action by sera from men was highly associated (P less than 0.02) with the molecular weight of protein I and with the presence of protein II bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas bactericidal action by sera from women was associated only with the molecular weight of protein I.
Influences on the Simon effect of prior practice with spatially incompatible mappings: transfer within and between horizontal and vertical dimensions.

The Simon effect refers to the fact that for tasks in which stimulus location is irrelevant and a nonspatial attribute is relevant, responses are typically faster when stimulus and response locations correspond than when they do not. Two experiments examined the influence of prior practice with an incompatible relevant spatial mapping on the Simon effect as a function of the dimension (vertical or horizontal) along which the stimuli and responses varied in practice and transfer sessions. With 72 practice trials, the Simon effect in the transfer session was eliminated only when the spatial dimension was horizontal for both practice and transfer. With 600 practice trials, the Simon effect was eliminated for all combinations of practice and transfer dimensions, with noncorresponding responses showing an advantage when the dimension was horizontal for both practice and transfer. Within-dimension transfer effects for the horizontal dimension after a small amount of practice can be attributed to reactivation of specific stimulus—response associations defined for the practice task. However, the between-dimension transfer effects evident after a larger amount of practice cannot be explained in this manner and suggest that the subjects acquired a general procedure of responding opposite to the stimulus location.
Crack closure under high load-ratio conditions for Inconel-718 near threshold behavior

Abstract Fatigue-crack-growth (FCG) rate tests were conducted on compact specimens made of an Inconel-718 alloy to study the behavior over a wide range in load ratios (0.1 ⩽ R ⩽ 0.95) and a constant K max test condition. Previous research had indicated that high R (>0.7) and constant K max test conditions near threshold conditions were suspected to be crack-closure-free and that any differences were attributed to K max effects. During a test at a load ratio of 0.7, strain gages were placed near and ahead of the crack tip to measure crack-opening loads from local load-strain records during crack growth. In addition, a back-face strain (BFS) gage was also used to monitor crack lengths and to measure crack-opening loads from remote load-strain records during the same test. The BFS gage indicated that the crack was fully open (no crack closure), but the local load-strain records indicated significant amounts of crack closure. The crack-opening loads were increasing as the crack approached threshold conditions at R = 0.7. Based on these measurements, crack-closure-free FCG data (Δ K eff against rate) were calculated. The Δ K eff -rate data fell at lower Δ K values and higher rates than the constant K max test results. In addition, constant R tests at extremely high R (0.9 and 0.95) were also performed and compared with the constant K max test results. The constant R test results at 0.95 agreed well with the Δ K eff -rate data, while the R = 0.9 data agreed well with constant K max test data in the low-rate regime. These results imply that the R = 0.7 test had a significant amount of crack closure as the threshold was approached, while the R = 0.9 and K max test results may have had a small amount of crack closure, and may not be closure free, as originally suspected. Under the high load-ratio conditions ( R ⩾ 0.7), it is suspected that the crack surfaces are developing debris-induced crack closure from contacting surfaces, which corresponded to darkening of the fatigue surfaces in the near-threshold regime. Tests at low R also showed darkening of the fatigue surfaces only in the near-threshold regime. These results suggest that the Δ K eff against rate relation may be nearly a unique function over a wide range of R in the threshold regime.
High-Throughput Screening of Protein Surface Activity via Flow Injection Analysis-PH Gradient-Dynamic Surface Tension Detection

Using flow injection analysis (FIA), a pH gradient is blended in real time with a protein sample as the pH-dependent protein surface activity is measured by a dynamic surface tension detector (FIA-pH-DSTD). This instrumental system was developed as a high-throughput method for the screening of protein surface activity at the air/liquid interface as a function of pH. This method utilizes the continuous flow, drop-based dynamic surface tension detector in combination with flow injection sample introduction and blending of a steady-state concentration of protein sample with a pH gradient ranging from pH 2.0 to pH 11.5. Dynamic surface tension is measured through the differential pressure across the air/liquid interface of repeatedly growing and detaching drops. Continuous surface tension measurement is achieved for each eluting drop of 2-s length (2 μL), providing insight into both the kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of molecular orientation processes at the liquid/air interface. Three-dimensional data a...
A genetic algorithm for determining the location of structural impacts

The spectral-element method, which is very suitable for solving force-identification problems, is combined with a stochastic genetic algorithm to give a scheme that can locate the source of structural impacts. The results are demonstrated with experimental data from the impact of an aluminum beam.
Nurses' Uniform Color and Feelings/Emotions in School-Aged Children Receiving Health Care

Children may fear nurses wearing white uniforms. When emotions and uniform color were studied in 233 children, many positive emotions were most often associated with blue, bold pink-patterned, or yellow-patterned tops (all p ≤ .002). Negative emotions were not associated with uniform top colors (all p p