cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine mapping titin's C-zone: Matching cardiac myosin-binding protein C stripes with titin's super-repeats

Titin is largely comprised of serially-linked immunoglobulin (Ig) and fibronectin type-III (Fn3) domains. Many of these domains are arranged in an 11 domain super-repeat pattern that is repeated 11 times, forming the so-named titin C-zone in the A-band region of the sarcomere. Each super-repeat is thought to provide binding sites for thick filament proteins, such as cMyBP-C (cardiac myosin-binding protein C). However, it remains to be established which of titin's 11 C-zone super-repeats anchor cMyBP-C as titin contains 11 super-repeats and cMyBP-C is found in 9 stripes only. To study the layout of titin's C-zone in relation to MyBP-C, immunolabeling studies were performed on mouse skinned myocardium with antibodies to titin and cMyBP-C, using both immuno-electron microscopy and super-resolution optical microscopy. Results indicate that cMyBP-C locates near the interface between titin's C-zone super-repeats. Studies on a mouse model in which two of titin's C-zone repeats have been genetically deleted support that the first Ig domain of a super-repeat is important for anchoring cMyBP-C but also Fn3 domains located at the end of the preceding repeat. Furthermore, not all super-repeat interfaces are equal as the interface between super-repeat 1 and 2 (close to titin's D-zone) does not contain cMyBP-C. Finally, titin's C-zone does not extend all the way to the bare zone but instead terminates at the level of the second myosin crown. This study enhances insights in the molecular layout of the C-zone of titin, its relation to cMyBP-C, and its possible roles in cardiomyopathies.
A comparative study of rigid-lid and level-set methods for LES of open-channel flows: morphodynamics

Computational modeling of open-channel flows is usually carried out using the rigid-lid (RL) assumption to prescribe the water surface. Such an approach deems more appropriate for sub-critical flow regimes with Froude number ≪ 1. When the Froude number is locally high, e.g. flows around hydraulic structures, the free-surface fluctuations affect the induced hydrodynamics. Indeed, prior investigations on the effect of the RL assumption on large-eddy simulation (LES) of open-channel flows around bridge abutments revealed that such an assumption may influence both the first and second order turbulence statistics. In this work, we investigate the effect of the RL assumption on bed-morphodynamics calculations. The fully coupled flow and bed morphodynamics virtual flow simulator (VFS-Geophysics) model is herein employed to numerically investigate the sediment transport around a laboratory-scale model of abutment. Numerical simulations using a mass-conserving level-set (LS) method and a RL assumption are performed to evaluate the influence of free-surface elevation on the computed bed-morphodynamics at a Reynolds number of 7.9 × 104. We also conducted an experimental study to observe the scour development around the abutment model. The instantaneous scour patterns and bed profiles computed with the LS and RL are compared with the measurements. The mean absolute errors of bed-profile predictions at or near quasi-equilibrium of bed evolution, for the LS and RL computed results, are about 4.1% and 4.7%, respectively. Despite the differences in flow field computations of the two methods, the computed bed morphology appeared relatively insensitive to the two numerical approaches. However, the computational cost of the coupled LES-LS-morphodynamics is at least one order of magnitude greater than that of the LES-RL-morphodynamics.
Photo sensing and quorum sensing are integrated to control bacterial group behaviors

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa transitions between the free-swimming state and the sessile biofilm mode during its pathogenic lifestyle. We show that quorum sensing represses P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence by activating expression of genes encoding the KinB-AlgB two-component system. Phospho-AlgB represses biofilm and virulence genes, while KinB dephosphorylates, and thereby, inactivates AlgB. We discover that the photoreceptor BphP is the kinase that, in response to light, phosphorylates and activates AlgB. Indeed, exposing P. aeruginosa to light represses biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. To our knowledge, P. aeruginosa was not previously known to detect light. The KinB-AlgB-BphP module is present in all Pseudomonads, and we demonstrate that AlgB is the cognate response regulator for BphP in diverse bacterial phyla. We propose that KinB-AlgB-BphP constitutes a “three-component” system and AlgB is the node at which varied sensory information is integrated. This study sets the stage for light-mediated control of P. aeruginosa infectivity.
Contemporary Comprehensive Monitoring of Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients

Abstract The use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has increased substantially over the past few decades. Today’s clinicians now have a powerful means with which to salvage a growing population of patients at risk for cardiopulmonary collapse. At the same time, patients supported with VA ECMO have become increasingly more complex. The successful use of VA ECMO depends not only on selecting the appropriate patients, but also on effectively navigating a potential torrent of device- and patient-related complications until ECMO is no longer needed. A multitude of monitoring tools are now available to help the treatment team determine the adequacy of care, to detect problems, and to anticipate recovery. Monitoring with devices such as the Swan-Ganz catheter, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, chest radiography, and near-infrared spectroscopy can provide useful information to complement routine clinical care. Leveraging data derived from the ECMO circuit itself also can be instrumental in both evaluating the sufficiency of support and troubleshooting complications. Each of these tools, however, has its own unique sets of limitations and liabilities. A thorough understanding of these risks and benefits is critical to the contemporary care of the individual managed with VA ECMO. In addition, more research is needed to establish optimal evidence-based care pathways and best-practice principles for using these devices to improve patient outcomes.
Psychiatric Symptoms: Prevalence, Co-occurrence, and Functioning Among Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns at Age 10 Years.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the percentage of children born extremely preterm (EP) who screen positive for ≥1 DSM-IV psychiatric disorders, the co-occurrence of and sex-related differences in these classifications, and the functional correlates of psychiatric symptoms. METHODS The Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) Study is a prospective cohort follow-up of children born <28 weeks' gestation. For 871 10-year-old children, parents completed the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4), a child educational/medical history questionnaire, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). RESULTS At age 10 years, ELGANs were more likely to screen positive for a number of psychiatric disorders when compared with normative expectations on the CSI-4, with a few sex-related differences. Fifteen percent of participants screened positive for 1 disorder, 7% for 2, 3% for 3, and 4% for ≥4 psychiatric disorders. Compared with children who did not screen positive for psychiatric disorders, children who screened positive for ≥3 psychiatric disorders were approximately twice as likely to have repeated a grade, have an individualized educational program, have an individual school aide, and to require special remediation classes. Children who screened positive for any psychiatric disorder were 4 times more likely to use 1 or more psychotropic medication, and those who screened positive for ≥2 psychiatric disorders had lower PedsQL scores. CONCLUSION Among 10-year-old children born EP, rates of psychiatric symptoms exceeded normative expectation, and children who screened positive for more than 1 psychiatric disorder were at increased risk of having multiple functional impairments.
Obesity and depressive symptoms in college women: analysis of body image experiences and comparison to non-obese women

The primary focus of this study was to understand obesity and depressive symptoms in college women. Using non-obese women as a contrast group, obese and non-obese women were compared on body image ...
Comparison of the greenhouse effect between Earth and Venus using multiple atmospheric layer models

To better understand the mechanisms of global warming, we developed a one atmospheric layer model for Earth and a multiple atmospheric layer model (N = 111) for Venus. Earth’s greenhouse gas atmosphere has an average of 78.9% absorption efficiency of terrestrial radiation (f = 0.789), while we assume Venus’ atmosphere has a near 100% absorption efficiency (f = 1) due to its denser, CO2-rich atmosphere. Viewing the atmospheric layers as blackbodies, we modeled the surface temperature of Earth and Venus, both of which are able to predict the respective actual planetary temperatures. The consistency (δ < 1%) between the modeled surface temperature and the observed surface temperature of these two planets suggest that the multiple layer greenhouse gas atmosphere mechanism could explain Venus’ runaway global warming and scorching temperature. The results of these two models suggest that if Earth continues to experience uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and its negative outcomes may be further exacerbated.
Induction of Neutralizing Responses against Autologous Virus in Maternal HIV Vaccine Trials.

ABSTRACT A maternal vaccine capable of boosting neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses directed against circulating viruses in HIV-infected pregnant women could effectively decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV. However, it is not known if an HIV envelope (Env) vaccine administered to infected pregnant women could enhance autologous virus neutralization and thereby reduce this risk of vertical HIV transmission. Here, we assessed autologous virus NAb responses in maternal plasma samples obtained from AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group (AVEG) protocols 104 and 102, representing historical phase I safety and immunogenicity trials of recombinant HIV Env subunit vaccines administered to HIV-infected pregnant women (ClinicalTrials registration no. NCT00001041). Maternal HIV Env-specific plasma binding and neutralizing antibody responses were characterized before and after vaccination in 15 AVEG 104 (n = 10 vaccine recipients, n = 5 placebo recipients) and 2 AVEG 102 (n = 1 vaccine recipient, n = 1 placebo recipient) participants. Single-genome amplification (SGA) was used to obtain HIV env gene sequences of autologous maternal viruses for pseudovirus production and neutralization sensitivity testing in pre- and postvaccination plasma of HIV-infected pregnant vaccine recipients (n = 6 gp120, n = 1 gp160) and placebo recipients (n = 3). We detected an increase in Env subunit MN gp120-specific IgG binding in the group of vaccine recipients between the first immunization visit and the last visit at delivery (P = 0.027, 2-sided Wilcoxon test). While no difference was observed in the levels of autologous virus neutralization potency between groups, in both groups maternal plasma collected at delivery more effectively neutralized autologous viruses from early pregnancy than late pregnancy. Immunization strategies capable of further enhancing these autologous virus NAb responses in pregnant women will be important to block vertical transmission of HIV. IMPORTANCE Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) has effectively reduced but not eliminated the burden of mother-to-child transmission of HIV across the globe, as an estimated 160,000 children were newly infected with HIV in 2018. Thus, additional preventive strategies beyond ART will be required to close the remaining gap and end the pediatric HIV epidemic. A maternal active immunization strategy that synergizes with maternal ART could further reduce infant HIV infections. In this study, we found that two historic HIV Env vaccines did not enhance the ability of HIV-infected pregnant women to neutralize autologous viruses. Therefore, next-generation maternal HIV vaccine candidates must employ alternate approaches to achieve potent neutralizing antibody and perhaps nonneutralizing antibody responses to effectively impede vertical virus transmission. Moreover, these approaches must reflect the broad diversity of HIV strains and widespread availability of ART worldwide.
Prevalence and associated factors with depression and anxiety in prisoners in South of Brazil

Abstract Background Brazil has the third largest prison population in the world. Research in the world has confirmed a high prevalence of mental disorders in this population. Objective To identify prevalence and associated factors with depression and anxiety in prisoners of the closed prison system. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with 643 prisoners were interviewed in six prisons in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To evaluate depression and anxiety, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI) was used and sociodemographic, inprisonment and lifestyle habits variables were also collected. Results The prevalence of depression found in the study was 20.6% (95% CI: 17.5-23.8) and of anxiety was 19.9% (95% CI: 16.8-23.0). The following were identified as risk factors for depression: being female, having a history of mental illness, non-white skin color, having a religion, not receiving visits, smoking, using drugs and not performing physical activities. Risk factors for anxiety were: being female, having a history of mental illness, a family history of mental illness, smoking and using drugs. Discussion The study confirmed the high rates of depression and anxiety in the population deprived of liberty. In addition, women were twice as likely to have both disorders compared to men.
Social change, out-migration, and exit from farming in Nepal

Though international out-migration is widespread, little evidence exists regarding the consequences for economic change in sending countries, particularly in the densely populated agricultural areas of Asia. We examine associations between labor out-migration, remittances, and agricultural change in Nepal. Existing studies of this important population-environment relationship generally ignore the role of local community context, which is known to shape demographic behavior and likely exit from farming as well. Research offers opposing views of the consequences of out-migration for agricultural change - (1) loss of farm labor reduces engagement in agriculture, versus (2) loosening credit constraints from remittances increases engagement in agriculture - and indicates that both mechanisms likely operate simultaneously. Both of these mechanisms are likely to be shaped by changes in local context. Using multilevel dynamic models, we estimate associations between out-migration and remittances by household members and subsequent exit from farming, controlling for variations in community context. Results suggest international out-migration is associated with higher odds of exit from farming and simultaneously remittances are associated with lower odds of exit from farming. Results are robust against several key variations in model specification, including controls for household characteristics and local community context. However, local community context exerts an important independent influence on the hazard of exit from farming.
Oncologic Outcomes Following Transoral Robotic Surgery for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Carcinoma in Older Patients.

Importance While early epidemiologic studies ascribed increases in the incidence of human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal cancers to middle-aged patients, recent analyses have demonstrated an increasing median age of diagnosis. Treatment of patients older than 70 years is controversial as their inclusion in the practice-defining clinical trials has been limited and the survival benefit conferred by chemotherapy may be outweighed by treatment toxic effects. Objective To assess the oncologic outcomes of older adults with human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal cancer who underwent upfront transoral robotic surgery and pathologic characteristics–guided adjuvant therapy in a large cohort of patients with close follow-up. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted in a tertiary care academic medical center between January 1, 2010, and December 30, 2017. Patients aged 70 years or older at time of diagnosis with biopsy-proven and surgically resectable p16-positive oropharyngeal cancers were included. Data analysis was conducted from March 1 to June 1, 2020. Exposures Transoral robotic surgery oropharyngeal resection and neck dissection with pathologic characteristic-guided adjuvant therapy. Main Outcomes and Measures Three-year estimates of disease-specific survival, overall survival, and disease-free survival, as well as rates of adjuvant therapy (radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy) and perioperative complications. Results Seventy-seven patients were included (median age, 73.0; interquartile range, 71.0-76.0; range, 70-89 years); of these, 58 were men (75.3%). Perioperative mortality was 1.3% and the rate of oropharyngeal hemorrhage was 2.6%. Twenty-seven patients (35.1%) underwent postoperative radiotherapy and 20 patients (26.0%) underwent postoperative chemoradiotherapy. The median length of follow-up was 39.6 (range, 0.1-96.2) months, and the 3-year estimates of survival were 92.4% (95% CI, 82.4%-96.9%) for disease-specific survival, 90.0% (95% CI, 79.4%-95.0%) for overall survival, and 84.3% (95% CI, 73.4%-91.0%) for disease-free survival. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cohort study suggest that transoral robotic surgery and pathologic characteristic–guided adjuvant therapy can provide beneficial survival outcomes, infrequent perioperative mortality, and, for most carefully selected older adults, obviate the need for chemotherapy.
Improving Address Translation in Multi-GPUs via Sharing and Spilling aware TLB Design

In recent years, the ever-growing application complexity and input dataset sizes have driven the popularity of multi-GPU systems as a desirable computing platform for many application domains. While employing multiple GPUs intuitively exposes substantial parallelism for the application acceleration, the delivered performance rarely scales with the number of GPUs. One of the major challenges behind is the address translation efficiency. Many prior works focus on CPUs or single GPU execution scenarios while the address translation in multi-GPU systems receives little attention. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive investigation of the address translation efficiency in both “single-application-multi-GPU” and “multi-application-multi-GPU” execution paradigms. Based on our observations, we propose a new TLB hierarchy design, called least-TLB, tailored for multi-GPU systems and effectively improves the TLB performance with minimal hardware overheads. Experimental results on 9 single-application workloads and 10 multi-application workloads indicate the proposed least-TLB improves the performances, on average, by 23.5% and 16.3%, respectively.
Damage Mechanisms of Chemically Strengthened Glass Bars Due to High-Velocity Ball Impact

Ball impact experiments were conducted on unstrengthened and strengthened glass bars at 261 and 345m/s, respectively. Damage propagation was recorded using a high-speed camera at frame rates of 281,000 frames per second. Immediately after the ball impact on the unstrengthened glass, the damage front reached a maximum velocity of 1,967m/s before falling to zero within a short distance. However, the longitudinal wave created due to the impact continued down the bar towards the rear-end. Upon reflection from the rear-end of the bar, a secondary damage front was initiated at 3,192m/s, which eventually arrested. On the other hand, the damage front in the strengthened glass reached a maximum of 2,275m/s immediately after impact, and then stabilized at 1,921m/s until the bar was consumed. It was determined that the stored elastic energy in the strengthened glass fueled the self-sustained damage and allowed it to propagate at a near constant rate. For both glasses, high-speed imaging allowed for observation of energy dissipation modes such as fracture propagation (fracture surface area), radial bar dilation, and high velocity jetting of fine glass particles at the impact site. In addition to the triangular dilation observed in the unstrengthened glass at the impact site, the strengthening process also led to uniform dilation of the entire rod.
REVENUE AND TAXATION General Provisions: Develop Taxpayer Bill of Rights

The Act requires the Commissioner of Revenue to develop a statement describing, in simple language, taxpayer rights, procedures for enforcing those rights, and notifications that the taxpayer will receive courteous and responsive service. The Act further provides for distribution of the statement.
Open and Positive Attitudes toward Teaching

This chapter argues that the most important thing for a nonnative English-speaking teacher is to have an open and positive attitude toward students. A teacher's willingness to work out problems with individual students, coupled with openness to students’ ideas and criticism, should help improve students’ negative attitudes toward the teacher, which, in turn, should result in better learning outcomes and teaching evaluations.
6‐Methoxy‐β‐Tetralone

6-Methoxy-β-tetralone reactant: 36.9 g. (0.200 mole) of (4-methoxyphenyl)acetyl chloride product: 6-methoxy-β-tetralone solvent: Matheson, Coleman and Bell dichloromethane reactant: (4-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., m.p. 85–86.5°) Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous; (4-methoxyphenyl)acetyl chloride, preparation of
What Should Teachers Know About Technology? A Revised Look at the ISTE Foundations

AbstractThe 1989 alliance between the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) and the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) paved the way for significant changes in policies concerning the incorporation of technology within teacher education. The technology specialty programs and unit revisions adopted by NCATE have formally signaled that technology is an essential component of teacher education that must be accommodated. The cornerstone of all NCATE programs is the ISTE Foundations, which outline what every teacher should know about and be able to do with technology. By themselves, the Foundations have served as models for technology planning and infusion in teacher education across the United States. In 1996, the ISTE group completed a major review and revision of the 1992 Foundations, resulting in a structured set of competencies and performance indicators as foundational elements for all teachers. The revised Foundations are presented along with discussio...
Solid-particle erosion of mgo and a hardened Mg alloy

Solid-particle erosion studies were conducted on polycrystalline MgO. a hardened Mg alloy (WE43A-T6). and the same alloy that had been anodized to produce a surface layer of Mg-based oxides. Angular alumina particles of nominal diameter 63 μm traveling at 60 m/s impacted the targets at 20 or 90°. Steady-state erosion rates were determined as weight lost from a sample per weight of impacting particles. Under these conditions, the oxide coating on the WE43A-T6 alloy was removed quickly. The erosion rates of the three base materials were similar for impact at 20°. but the rates of the MgO were substantially higher for impact at normal incidence. The anodized alloy eroded measurably faster than the as-heat-treated alloy. The data and observations by scanning electron microscopy indicated that, for all conditions, the MgO eroded primarily by brittle fracture and the alloys eroded by ductile mechanisms.
Probing dark matter distribution with gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics

The Lenses Structure and Dynamics (LSD) Survey aims at measuring the luminous and dark matter distribution of high redshift early-type galaxies by combining gravitational lens analysis with newly determined velocity dispersion profiles. Here we describe the first results from the LSD survey, a measurement of the internal structure of the lens galaxy in MG2016+112 (z=1.004). The relevance of this measurement to the cosmological model is briefly discussed, in particular in the context of E/S0 galaxy formation and evolution, the existence and shape of universal dark matter profiles, and the measurement of the Hubble constant from gravitational time delay.
Epithelial Pre‐cancers and Cancers, Optical Technologies for Detection and Diagnosis of

In this article, the authors focus on optical technologies that have the potential to dramatically improve the detection and classification of epithelial precancers and cancers. Epithelial precancers are associated with a variety of morphologic and molecular changes, which currently can only be assessed through invasive, painful biopsy and subsequent histologic analysis. In addition to visual inspection and histology, a growing number of optical techniques are being applied to the detection of precancerous changes in vivo without the need for biopsy, and may serve as diagnostic tools in the future as diagnostic algorithms are further developed. Optical technologies are ideally suited to detect cancer-related changes because they can noninvasively detect biochemical and morphologic changes with subcellular resolution throughout the entire epithelial thickness. With optical technologies, diagnosis can be achieved in real time using automated techniques. This article reviews recent developments in reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy, reflectance and fluorescence confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence microscopy. For each emerging technology, the basic principles and the current and potential applications in early cancer detection and diagnosis are reviewed. The potential of optical molecular imaging using exogenous contrast agents to enhance molecular features within tissue that are important for precancer and cancer diagnosis are also reviewed. Finally, future improvements needed to advance optical technologies into widespread clinical use for precancer detection and diagnostic classification are outlined. Keywords: diagnosis; classification; optical technologies; spectroscopy; confocal microscopy; optical coherence tomography; optical coherence microscopy; contrast
Pseudohermaphroditism, nephron disorder and wilms' tumor: a unifying concept.

Barakat, A. Y., Papadopoulou, Z. L., Chandra, R. S., Hollerman, C. E., and Calcagno, P. L.: Pseudohermaphroditism, nephron disorder, and Wilms9 tumor: A unifying concept. Pediatrics, 54:366, 1974. The authors inadvertently omitted to credit Figure 3 (p. 368) to Dr. Robert W. Miller.
Red/green opponency in the rhesus macaque ERG spectral sensitivity is reduced by bicuculline.

Spectral-sensitivity curves were derived from the a−, b−, and d−waves of rhesus monkey ERGs after injection of bicuculline, strychnine, or no drug. Without drug injection, the a− and d−wave curves were well-fit by an additive model of weighted photoreceptor absorption spectra, while the b−wave curve requires inhibitory terms to produce an adequate fit. Bicuculline, but not strychnine, reduced the weight assigned to the inhibitory terms in a dose-dependent fashion, to the point that no inhibition was evident. The results suggest that GABAergic synapses are required for the expression of red/green color opponency in primate bipolar cells.
A universal coefficient theorem for categories with kernels

Let o ~ be the category whose objects are the free abelian groups with prescribed bases, thus the object F with basis B may be identified with the coproduct Z| ~ Z b where Zb=Z for every beB. f: Z| Z| is a b~B morphism in Y if on each summand Z lz| Z| of the coproduct Z| f(lz| ~ (zb,. lz)| Z--, Z| b'eB' where all but a finite number of the integers z b, are zero. The category ~ is clearly preadditive. Let qq be the category of abelian groups. Consider the functor U: ~'-+ ~r defined by:
Social Hierarchy and Depression: The Role of Emotion Suppression

ABSTRACT Position in the social hierarchy is a major determinant of health outcomes. We examined the associations between aspects of social hierarchy and depressive symptoms with a specific focus on one potential psychological mechanism: emotion suppression. Suppressing negative emotion has mental health costs, but individuals with low social power and low social status may use these strategies to avoid conflict. Study 1 assessed perceived social power, tendency to suppress negative emotion, and depressive symptoms in a community sample of women. Low social power was related to greater depressive symptoms, and this relationship was partially mediated by emotion suppression. Study 2 examined education as a proxy for social hierarchy position, anger suppression, and depressive symptoms in a national, longitudinal cohort study (The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults [CARDIA] study; Cutter et al., 1991). Much as in Study 1, low education levels were correlated with greater depressive symptoms, a...
Comparison of the utility of two approaches to sex-balanced interest scales for college women

Abstract This study was designed to compare two approaches to sex-balanced assessment of the Holland personality types in college women. The two approaches, SCII same-sex percentile equivalent (Interpretive Comment) scores and UNIACT sex-balanced scale scores, were compared in terms of the degree to which the objective of sex balance was achieved and the extent of criterion-related validity for subjects expressing various types of occupational preferences. Subjects, 184 undergraduate women, were administered the SCII and the UNIACT. Subjects were assigned to criterion groups based on the Holland code describing their current occupational choice, and choices were classified as traditional, moderately traditional, and nontraditional based on the percentage of women in each occupation. Results indicated generally comparable levels of validity and sex balance for the two inventories. On both inventories, scores on the Enterprising and Conventional and, to a lesser extent, Artistic and Social themes were most consistent with occupational choices. In contrast, subjects choosing occupations in the Investigative and Realistic areas were less likely to obtain correspondent Holland theme scores. Subjects choosing nontraditional (for females) occupations were more likely to obtain a congruent Holland personality description than were those choosing traditionally female occupations, but this effect was more pronounced when the UNIACT, versus the SCII, was used to assess personality type. Implications for further research and for the counseling use of these interest inventories are discussed.
Inhibition of Rat Cardiac Muscle Contraction and Mitochondrial Respiration by Endogenous Peroxynitrite Formation During Posthypoxic Reoxygenation

Abstract—This study was designed to investigate the potential role of endogenous peroxynitrite (ONOO−) formation in the inhibition of cardiac muscle contractility and mitochondrial respiration during posthypoxic reoxygenation. Isometric contraction of isolated rat left ventricular posterior papillary muscle was virtually eliminated at the end of an exposure to 15 minutes of hypoxia and remained 40±5% depressed an hour after the reintroduction of O2. O2 uptake by rat left ventricular cardiac muscle, measured by a Clark-type O2 electrode, was also inhibited by 24±2% at 10 minutes after reoxygenation. The inhibition of contractility and respiration during posthypoxic reoxygenation was markedly attenuated by the NO synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine, exogenous superoxide dismutase, and the ONOO− scavenger urate but not by the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol. Generation of ONOO− with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) plus the superoxide-releasing agent pyrogallol caused an irreversible i...
Surface Modification for Enhancing Antibody Binding on Polymer-Based Microfluidic Device for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

A novel surface treatment method using poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), an amine-bearing polymer, was developed to enhance antibody binding on the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic immunoassay device. By treating the PMMA surface of the microchannel on the microfluidic device with PEI, 10 times more active antibodies can be bound to the microchannel surface as compared to those without treatment or treated with the small amine-bearing molecule, hexamethylenediamine (HMD). Consequently, PEI surface modification greatly improved the immunoassay performance of the microfluidic device, making it more sensitive and reliable in the detection of IgG. The improvement can be attributed to the spacer effect as well as the functional amine groups provided by the polymeric PEI molecules. Due to the smaller dimensions (140 × 125 μm) of the microchannel, the time required for antibody diffusion and adsorption onto the microchannel surface was reduced to only several minutes, which was 10 times faster than the sim...
Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and obesity are among a growing list of conditions that have been designated as major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). While CVD risk factors are well known to enhance the development of atherosclerotic lesions in large arteries, there is also evidence that the structure and function of microscopic blood vessels can be profoundly altered by these conditions. The diverse responses of the microvasculature to CVD risk factors include oxidative stress, enhanced leukocyte- and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion, impaired endothelial barrier function, altered capillary proliferation, enhanced thrombosis, and vasomotor dysfunction. Emerging evidence indicates that a low-grade systemic inflammatory response that results from risk factor-induced cell activation and cell-cell interactions may underlie the phenotypic changes induced by risk factor exposure. A consequence of the altered microvascular phenotype and systemic inflammatory response is an enhanced vulnerability of tissues to the deleterious effects of secondary oxidative and inflammatory stresses, such as ischemia and reperfusion. Future efforts to develop therapies that prevent the harmful effects of risk factor-induced inflammation should focus on the microcirculation.
Circular dichroism of micrococcal nuclease-treated calf thymus chromatin (soluble chromatin) in presence of CH3HgOH.

Abstract Exposing (soluble) calf thymus chromatin and, as reference, protein-free native calf thymus DNA (both in 0.01 M Na+, pH 6.8, 25°C) to increasing concentrations of CH3HgOH produces cooperative transitions in their CD spectra. In the case of chromatin, and there especially at low concentrations of methylmercury, they are due to reactions affecting the relative orientation of the bases in the constituent DNA, without disrupting base-pairing. In the case of protein-free DNA, and with chromatin at higher methylmercury concentrations, the CD changes signal collapse of the DNA secondary structure. Primary data (molar ellipticities [θ], zero-ellipticity points, and rotational strengths R) are presented as a function of methylmercury concentration and wavelength. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings of this laboratory regarding methylmercury-DNA and methylmercury-chromatin interactions, and it is pointed out that the structural alterations observed with chromatin at low levels of methylmercury may very well be the primary events in a chain that is responsible for the teratogenic and clastogenic damages caused by organic mercury.
Singular Charge Density at the Center of the Pion

We relate the three-dimensional infinite momentum frame spatial charge density of the pion to its electromagnetic form factor ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}({Q}^{2})$. Diverse treatments of the measured form factor data including phenomenological fits, nonrelativistic quark models, the application of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD), QCD sum rules, holographic QCD, and the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model all lead to the result that the charge density at the center of the pion has a logarithmic divergence. Relativistic constituent quark models do not display this singularity. Future measurements planned for larger values of ${Q}^{2}$ may determine whether or not a singularity actually occurs.
Myocardial function in hearts with transgenic overexpression of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5.

Abstract Background . Chronic heart failure is associated with impairment of the myocardial β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) system. In this study, the effects of G protein–coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) overexpression on myocardial performance were directly assessed in the hearts of transgenic mice using an isolated work-performing murine heart preparation and computerized analysis of functional data. Methods . A controlled experimental study was performed to evaluate cardiac function in both transgenic mice with a 30-fold overexpression of GRK5 (n = 9, 23 to 29 g) and littermate controls (n = 10, 22 to 29 g). Preload-dependent cardiac output, contractility, stroke work, stroke volume, and heart rate were compared between the two groups. Results . Significant decreases in preload-dependent cardiac output and contractility were observed in the mice with GRK5 overexpression when compared with control group mice and occurred in association with significant decreases in stroke work and stroke volume. There was no significant difference in the average heart rate between the two groups. Conclusions . These data suggest that GRK5 upregulation may be partially responsible for alterations in myocardial function in chronic heart failure.
Effects of potassium depletion on renal tubular chloride transport in the rat

Effects of potassium depletion on renal tubular chloride transport in the rat. Potassium depletion (KD) causes renal chloride-wasting. To investigate the effects of KD on renal tubular reabsorption of chloride, balance, clearance, micropuncture, and microinjection studies were performed on potassium-depleted rats. KD was produced by omitting potassium from the diet and by administration of DOC A on days 2 and 3; rats were studied on days 9 to 12. Diets were chloride-free in both control and KD groups. In the KD group, balance experiments confirmed greater chloride depletion and continued chloride-wasting, and clearance studies showed an increased FE Cl . Muscle potassium was reduced by 27% as compared to control. Whole kidney and single nephron GFR were reduced in KD rats to 72 and 74% of control. Fractional (6 ± 6% vs. 22 ± 4%, P
A review of the methods of measuring the strength of whiskers and their role in reinforcing ductile metal matrices.

d = diam, in. E = Young's modulus, psi G = shear modulus, psi L = fiber length, in. L' = ineffectual length (function of composite strain), in. Lc = critical fiber length, in. S = fracture stress, psi V — volume fraction /3 = effective fiber strength factor for fibers in a matrix ( S f * ) / ( S f ) fi' = effective fiber strength factor for fibers in a bundle 7 = empirical factor accounting for matrix work-hardening a, (Trnf = tensile stress, psi 07oo — tensile stress of infinitely long fiber T — shear stress, psi { } = average quantity
The old and the new: successful vaccines of the 20th century and approaches to making vaccines for the important diseases of the 21st century.

Overall, the success of developing vaccines against acute diseases in the 20th century has laid the groundwork for vaccine development for chronic diseases in the 21st century. It is clear that we are still identifying the appropriate immunogens for inclusion in vaccines for chronic diseases and once identified our progress in enhancing the immune response is crucial for controlling these conditions either as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines. We now enter a second ‘golden age’ of vaccinology in the enhanced understanding of common diseases, vaccine development against chronic noninfectious diseases, and in better integrating advances in biology, genomics, immunology, molecular biology, and virology.
Determinants of ventricular refractory periods in children with congenital heart disease: effects of cycle length and age.

Abstract Ventricular effective refractory periods (ERP) and functional refractory periods (FRP) were determined by programmed ventricular extrastimulation in 63 pediatric patients with a spectrum of congenital heart disorders. Of these 63 children (ages 8 months to 18 years), 38 were preoperative, 17 had repair of their cardiac lesion via right ventriculotomy, and eight were postoperative without a ventriculotomy. We demonstrated that there was a linear relationship between the cycle length and ventricular refractory periods. The regression equations 73 + 0.29 × cycle length (msec) for the ventricular ERP (msec) and 80 + 0.30 × cycle length (msec) for ventricular FRP (msec) were found to define the determined properties of ventricular refractory periods (VRP) in children. These VRP characteristics were independent of age in children less than 13 years of age.
Experience and validity of clinical judgment: The illusory correlation.

Mental health experts often justify diagnostic and predictive judgments on the basis of “years of experience” with a particular type of person. Justification by experience is common in legal settings, and can have profound consequences for the person about whom such judgments are made. However, research shows that the validity of clinical judgment and amount of clinical experience are unrelated. The role of experience in learning varies as a function of what is to be learned. Experiments show that learning conceptual categories depends upon: (1) the learner's having clear hypotheses about the possible rule for category membership prior to receiving feedback about which instances belong to the category, and, (2) the systematic nature of such feedback, especially about erroneous categorizations. Since neither of these conditions is satisfied in clinical contexts in psychology, the subsequent failure of experience per se to enhance diagnostic or predictive validity is unsurprising. Claims that “I can tell on the basis of my experience with people of a particular type (e.g., child abusers) that this person is of that type (e.g., a child abuser)” are simply invalid.
Measured bandwidth of resonant patch antennas supported by a conducting sphere with comparisons to Chu's limit

In this work, we discuss the measurement process and construction of a unique antenna having a spherical shape. Measured data are then presented from which the antenna's bandwidth can be determined. The antenna(s) are patch antennas with canonical spherical shapes supported by and underlying conducting sphere, Figure 1a. The unique nature of the feed precludes stored energy from existing inside the sphere and allows the antenna to approach, but not exceed, Chu's limit, Figure 1b. Chu's limit estimates the Q of electrically small antennas using the stored energy external to a sphere that encompasses the antenna. However, the stored energy inside the encompassing sphere is neglected, (e.g., a sphere encompassing a dipole.) The addition of this energy would raise the value of Q reducing the theoretical lowest possible bandwidth. Accordingly any calculation of Q is lower that can be achieved in practice.
High sensitivity of Mycobacterium species to the bactericidal activity by polylysine

Bactericidal effects of polylysine on different bacterial species were measured. Marked differences in sensitivity were observed. Based on the concentration of polylysine required to reduce cell viability by 50%, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were found to be the most sensitive and Escherichia coli the most resistant. In addition, two Gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus salivarius exhibited significant differences in sensitivity which suggests that the relationship between sensitivity towards polylysine and bacterial cell type is not necessarily a function of the overall cell envelope structure. The high sensitivity of mycobacteria suggests the possible use of polylysine. or a conjugate of polylysine and another agent in anti-mycobacterial drug design.
Use of Conventional Fishery Models to Assess Entrainment and Impingement of Three Lake Michigan Fish Species

Abstract Two conventional fishery stock assessment models, the surplus-production model and the dynamic-pool model, were applied to assess the impacts of water withdrawals by electricity-generating plants, industries, and municipalities on the standing stocks and yields of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and yellow perch Perca flavescens in Lake Michigan. Impingement and entrainment estimates were based on data collected at 15 power plants. The surplus-production model was fitted to the three populations with catch and effort data from the commercial fisheries. Dynamic-pool model parameters were estimated from published data. The numbers entrained and impinged are large, but the proportions of the standing stocks impinged and the proportions of the eggs and larvae entrained are small. The reductions in biomass of the stocks and in maximum sustainable yields are larger than the proportions impinged. The reductions in biomass, based on 1975 data and an assumed full water withdraw...
Algebraic and topological entropy on lie groups

This paper starts with some examples and quick results on the topological entropy of continuous functions. It discusses the topological entropy on Lie groups and proves their shift properties. It proves Fried's conjecture h(@[email protected]) <- h(@f)+h(@c) for affine maps on Lie groups. Moreover, @f and @c do not have to commute. As a corollary, it proves that entropy is invariant with isometric endomorphisms of Lie groups. Also, it discusses algebraic entropy on elementary Abelian groups and Lie groups. It proves that the topological entropy is preserved when projected from Lie group lib to its quotient space compact Lie group ^S^^^1 for continuous functions lifted from the quotient space and shows that algebraic entropy in general is strictly less than topological entropy.
Atomic-scale view of motion on surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to obtain an atomic-scale view of the motion of adsorbates on surfaces. For sufficiently slow diffusion, we have followed this motion in real time. For faster adsorbate motion we were able to observe the partial and transient occupancy of surface sites on the time scale of our measurements. For lateral motion induced by surface processes such as adsorption or chemical reaction, we were able to analyze the final positions of the adsorbates or reaction products in order to measure the distances covered and to elucidate the means by which energy is accommodated to the surface.