cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition delay fault test pattern generation considering supply voltage noise in a SOC design

Due to shrinking technology, increasing functional frequency and density, and reduced noise margins with supply voltage scaling, the sensitivity of designs to supply voltage noise is increasing. The supply noise is much larger during at-speed delay test compared to normal circuit operation since large number of transitions occur within a short time frame. Existing commercial ATPG tools do not consider the excessive supply noise that might occur in the design during test pattern generation. In this paper, we first present a case study of a SOC design and show detailed IR-drop analysis, measurement and its effects on design performance during at-speed test. We then propose a novel method to measure the average power of at-speed test patterns, referred to as switching cycle average power (SCAP). A new practical pattern generation methodology is proposed to generate supply noise tolerant delay test patterns using existing capabilities in commercial ATPG tools. The results demonstrate that the new patterns generated using our technique will minimize the supply noise effects on path delay.
Intranasal Delivery of Apelin-13 Is Neuroprotective and Promotes Angiogenesis After Ischemic Stroke in Mice.

Apelin is a peptide originally isolated from bovine stomach tissue extracts and identified as an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor; recent work showed that apelin ameliorates the ischemic injur...
The 1984 Presidential Address

Tonight, I wish to speak to you about posture. Not posture in the context that we as physical therapists think of it. Instead, I would like to discuss how we as individuals mentally posture ourselves, how we collectively frame the posture of the Association in our efforts to express our mission and purpose to the public, and how the public perceives us and our Association. Certainly, we and our Association face some pressing issues. Sound strategies must be developed or refined to tackle each of these. The House, the Board, the components, and our appointed groups continue to grapple with the best approaches. My chosen theme on posture will reflect not the intricacies of our specific strategies, but an overall stance that should influence all that we do. To illustrate how we should mold this stance, let me use examples of two major items from our agenda.…
Algebraic Properties of Cauchy Singular Integral Operators on the Unit Circle

In this paper we study algebraic properties of singular integral operators with Cauchy kernel on the $L^{2}$ space of the unit circle. We give an operator equation characterization for this class of Cauchy singular integral operators. This characterization provides a direct connection between the singular integral operators and multiplication operators. We then use this characterization to study when two Cauchy singular integral operators commute. Our approach also leads to generalizations of several results on normal Cauchy singular integral operators obtained recently by Nakazi and Yamamoto.
Catastrophic Intracranial Hemorrhages after IV tPA in a Patient with Insidious Onset of Fever and Back Pain

Infective endocarditis is associated with unstable infective vegetations, which have a propensity to embolize and cause embolic events, such as stroke. Many cases present with an embolic event as the first sign of infective endocarditis. We present a patient who had a history of recent and persistent fever, an acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA), and severe, multifocal intracerebral hemorrhage as a complication of tPA treatment. Suspected infective endocarditis in a stroke patient should most likely be considered a contraindication to IV tPA.
THE ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF THE MUTANT SOOTY IN POPULATIONS OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM

The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of a mutant allele in populations of Tribolium castaneum Herbst in an effort to gain some insight into the mechanisms of selection. The study was undertaken from both a genetical and an ecological point of view. The population growth curves and the proportions of life-history stages were determined for populations begun with adults at varying gene frequencies of the mutant allele. The changes in gene and zygotic frequencies and in population structure were recorded at regular intervals and related to the results of experiments assaying the effects of various biological components that may be involved in the selection process. The interrelations of ecological and genetical factors in determining the outcome of a selection process have not received the attention they deserve. Laboratory and field observations have empirically validated many of the predictions regarding natural selection made in population genetic theory, but little light has been shed on how selection operates. Selection is
Rarefaction and Taxonomic Diversity

Rarefaction is a technique that corrects for unbalanced sample sizes, which are often a major problem in comparisons of diversity. The rarefaction curve is the expected number of higher taxonomic groups, such as families or genera, represented in a random selection of lower taxonomic units, such as species or individuals. The shapes of these curves are analyzed by finding the best possible uniform upper and lower bounds for a fixed number of units and groups. The position of a rarefaction curve between these limits provides a natural measure of evenness of diversity. Asymptotic formulae are also given. The results are applied to the distribution of species within families of recent echinoids and bivalves.
A priori estimates for a generalized Monge–Ampère PDE on some compact Kähler manifolds

We study a fully non-linear PDE involving a linear combination of symmetric polynomials of the Kahler form on a Kahler manifold. A a priori estimate is proven in general and a gradient estimate is proven in certain cases. Independently, we also provide a method-of-continuity proof via a path of Kahler metrics to recover the existence of solutions in some of the known cases. Known results are then applied to an analytic problem arising from Chern–Weil theory and to a special Lagrangian-type equation arising from mirror symmetry.
Study of Uridine 5'-Diphosphate (UDP)-Galactopyranose Mutase Using UDP-5-Fluorogalactopyranose as a Probe: Incubation Results and Mechanistic Implications.

Uridine 5′-diphosphate-5-fluorogalactopyranose (UDP-5F-Galp, 7) was synthesized, and its effect on UDP-Galp mutase (UGM) was investigated. UGM facilitated the hydrolysis of 7 to yield UDP and 5-oxogalactose (24), but no 11 was detected. 19F NMR and trapping experiments demonstrated that the reaction involves the initial formation of a substrate–cofactor adduct followed by decomposition of the resulting C5 gem-fluorohydrin to generate a 5-oxo intermediate (10). The results support the current mechanistic proposal for UGM and suggest new directions for designing mechanism-based inhibitors.
System Properties of Stochastic Networks: Controllability and Optimality

In this chapter, we first examine the pertinent necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability and observability of protocols over random networks. The randomness could be presented in the network topology, e.g., whether two nodes are connected based on a random distribution. The randomness could also be contributed by the randomly selected input and/or output nodes. We, then, present a framework for designing estimator and feedback controllers for observing and directing a group of agents adopting a consensus-based protocol over random networks. We will discuss the adopted protocols as they are introduced.
An investigation of single-crystal PbTe for nuclear radiation detector applications

Lead chalcogenide materials, with high atomic numbers for favorable detection efficiency and narrow band-gaps for fine energy resolution, hold promise as a medium for the detection of ionizing radiation. Their viability as a material basis for detectors is assessed by characterizing p-type lead telluride (PbTe) in single crystal form. Following mechanical polishing and chemical etching of the material, metallic electrodes were deposited and current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the material were investigated at both room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. High charge carrier concentrations were calculated and shallow depletion layers were developed. Alpha particles, from an 241Am source were impinged upon the PbTe crystal, and an energy spectrum was obtained which demonstrated the positive response of the material to the incident quanta.
Inhalation of gas metal arc–stainless steel welding fume promotes lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice

Epidemiologic studies suggest an increased risk of lung cancer with exposure to welding fumes, but controlled animal studies are needed to support this association. Oropharyngeal aspiration of collected “aged” gas metal arc–stainless steel (GMA–SS) welding fume has been shown by our laboratory to promote lung tumor formation in vivo using a two-stage initiation–promotion model. Our objective in this study was to determine whether inhalation of freshly generated GMA-SS welding fume also acts as a lung tumor promoter in lung tumor-susceptible mice. Male A/J mice received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of corn oil or the chemical initiator 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA; 10 µg/g) and 1 week later were exposed by whole-body inhalation to air or GMA-SS welding aerosols for 4 h/d × 4 d/w × 9 w at a target concentration of 40 mg/m3. Lung nodules were enumerated at 30 weeks post-initiation. GMA-SS fume significantly promoted lung tumor multiplicity in A/J mice initiated with MCA (16.11 ± 1.18) compared to MCA/air-exposed mice (7.93 ± 0.82). Histopathological analysis found that the increased number of lung nodules in the MCA/GMA-SS group were hyperplasias and adenomas, which was consistent with developing lung tumorigenesis. Metal deposition analysis in the lung revealed a lower deposited dose, approximately fivefold compared to our previous aspiration study, still elicited a significant lung tumorigenic response. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that inhaling GMA-SS welding fume promotes lung tumorigenesis in vivo which is consistent with the epidemiologic studies that show welders may be at an increased risk for lung cancer.
Fidelity scorecard: evaluation of a caregiver-delivered symptom management intervention.

Aim To evaluate and quantify the intervention fidelity of a symptom management protocol through implementation of a scorecard, using an exemplar study of caregiver-delivered reflexology for people with breast cancer. Background Studies on caregiver-delivered symptom management interventions seldom include adequate information on protocol fidelity, contributing to potentially suboptimal provision of the therapeutic intervention, hindering reproducibility and generalizability of the results. Design Fidelity assessment of a 4-week intervention protocol in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with data collection between 2012 - 2016. Methods The National Institutes of Health Behaviour Change Consortium (NIH-BCC) conceptual model for intervention fidelity guided the study. The five NIH-BCC fidelity elements are: (1) dose; (2) provider training; (3) intervention delivery; (4) intervention receipt; and (5) enactment. To illustrate the elements, an intervention protocol was deconstructed and each element quantified using a newly developed fidelity scorecard. Results Mean scores and frequency distributions were derived for the scorecard elements. For dose, the mean number of sessions was 4·4, 96% used the correct intervention duration and 29% had 4 weeks with at least one session. Provider training was achieved at 80% of the maximum score, intervention delivery was 96%, intervention receipt was 99% and enactment indicated moderate adoption at 3·8 sessions per patient. The sample mean score was 15·4 out of 16, indicating the high overall fidelity. Conclusion Research findings that include description of how fidelity is both addressed and evaluated are necessary for clinical translation. Clinicians can confidently recommend symptom management strategies to patients and caregivers when fidelity standards are explicitly reported and measured.
Associations of Incident Cardiovascular Events With Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep in Older Men, for the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men Study (MrOS Sleep Study)

Study objectives Both restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) may be associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the individual contributions of these factors to adverse CVD outcomes are unknown. Methods During the MrOS Sleep Study, 2823 men (mean age = 76.3 years) participated in a comprehensive sleep assessment from 2000 to 2002. RLS was identified by self-report of a physician diagnosis of RLS. A periodic limb movement of sleep index (PLMI) was derived from unattended in-home polysomnography. Incident cardiovascular events were centrally adjudicated during 8.7 ± 2.6 years of follow-up. The primary outcome was all-cause CVD; secondary outcomes included incident myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular disease. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adjusted for multiple covariates, including PLMI, to examine if there were independent associations of RLS and PLMI to the outcomes. Results Physician-diagnosed RLS was reported by 2.2% and a PLMI ≥ 15 was found in 59.6% of men. RLS was not associated with the composite CVD outcome. RLS was significantly associated with incident MI (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.02, 95% CI, 1.04-3.91) even after adjustment for multiple covariates. Results were only modestly attenuated when PLMI was added to the model. PLMI also was found to predict incident MI (per SD increase in PLMI, HR = 1.14, 95% CI, 1.00-1.30, p = .05), and was materially unchanged after addition of RLS. Conclusions The independent risk that RLS confers for MI suggests a role for non-PLMS factors such as sleep disturbance, shared genetic factors, or PLM-independent sympathetic hyperactivity.
A Challenge for Higher Education: Preparing Competent Global Leaders

The current US agenda for global learning encompasses institutions of higher education, faculty, and students. Few institutions, however, have strategically embraced the challenge of developing a mission or agenda for global learning. Even more evident is the need for institutions offering advanced degree programs in leadership to commit to, and strategically create globally sensitive campus communities and assist faculty in developing global mindset competencies that can be transferred to students through pedagogy and practice. Strategic institutional, infrastructural development, support, and resources are a prerequisite in preparing faculty to prepare students and future leaders with global mindset competencies and skills. Institutional deductive and inductive strategic planning initiatives are needed so that current and future leaders can effectively navigate with confidence and efficacy the global landscape and effectively lead international and multinational businesses. Strategies and specific recommendations to address the institutional globalization challenge are highlighted to encourage current and future academic institutional and economic viability and competitiveness.
Resolution of the carbon contamination problem in ion irradiation experiments

Abstract The widely experienced problem of carbon uptake in samples during ion irradiation was systematically investigated to identify the source of carbon and to develop mitigation techniques. Possible sources of carbon included carbon ions or neutrals incorporated into the ion beam, hydrocarbons in the vacuum system, and carbon species on the sample and fixture surfaces. Secondary ion mass spectrometry, atom probe tomography, elastic backscattering spectrometry, and principally, nuclear reaction analysis, were used to profile carbon in a variety of substrates prior to and following irradiation with Fe 2+ ions at high temperature. Ion irradiation of high purity Si and Ni, and also of alloy 800H coated with a thin film of alumina eliminated the ion beam as the source of carbon. Hydrocarbons in the vacuum and/or on the sample and fixtures was the source of the carbon that became incorporated into the samples during irradiation. Plasma cleaning of the sample and sample stage, and incorporation of a liquid nitrogen cold trap both individually and especially in combination, completely eliminated the uptake of carbon during heavy ion irradiation. While less convenient, coating the sample with a thin film of alumina was also effective in eliminating carbon incorporation.
Does Precooling With Whole-Body Immersion Affect Thermal Sensation or Perceived Exertion? A Critically Appraised Topic.

Clinical Scenario: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a potentially deadly heat illness and poses a significant health risk to athletes; EHS survival rates are near 100% if properly recognized and tre...
To Seek Out New Forms of Knowledge: Viewing Star Trek as an Introduction to Cognitive Science and Ways of Thinking About Narrative, Theory of Mind, and Difference

Introducing the combined perspectives of a cross-disciplinary approach can enhance the study of narrative in the college classroom. While cognitive psychologists have posited that theory of mind, or the functioning of a mirror mechanism to engage empathy, is more likely to occur through literary fiction than through popular fiction, the various iterations and episodes of Star Trek provide ways to experience empathy and respect for difference. To begin to explore the strange new worlds now available to us through the fMRI and the research of neuroscientists, and to apply these ways of knowing to an analysis of narrative can contribute to an enriched understanding of how texts work as cognitive functions worthy of study as such. Further, a consideration of metaphor as a method of bridging differences can occur through an examination of examples from Star Trek. With these interpretive tools, we can introduce new modes of thinking about narrative and difference.
The three-dimensional Gantt chart

Developing useful models can be thought of as a process that produces more and more precise representations of the problem at hand. In particular, a problem solving project often involves successively developing a problem statement, formal model, model instance, algorithm output, and final presentation. Yet the field of operations research has traditionally concentrated only on developing the models and algorithms. The representations used for the other project phases have usually been ad hoc. When well done, however, e.g., in spreadsheets, representations can both significantly aid the decision maker and expand the use of OR techniques. One of the principal contributions of the research in Decision Support Systems has been its emphasis on tools to support the development of these representations. OR has both a challenge and an opportunity to move from the art of representation to a science of representation. This paper illustrates this point with an example. The example presents a new representation for ...
Treatment response assessment of metastatic prostate cancer with FDG PET/CT

1908 Objectives To quantitatively assess treatment-related changes in lymph node (LN) and bone (B) lesion morphology and metabolism on FDG PET/CT. Methods 37 men with met prostate cancer underwent FDG PET/CT before and 1-y after initiation of new therapy. Abnormal LNs and B sites on baseline PET were defined when lesion maxSUV was >= ref liver avg SUV. B lesions on CT with uptake =1 cm. Changes in LNs, as assessed by EORTC and RECIST 1.0, were compared only for those nodes that were concordantly abnormal on both PET and CT. Changes in B lesion metabolism were analyzed using EORTC criteria. Response results were graphically displayed by waterfall plots. For each category of response (CR, PR, SD, PD), relationship between individual B lesion change in maxSUV and change in CT density (maxHU) was also analyzed using Chi-square test. Results 21 LNs were abnormal on both PET and CT. Comparing EORTC and RECIST 1.0 categorizations of response were as follows: CR 8 vs. 5, PR 4 vs. 3, SD 4 vs. 8, and PD 5 vs. 5, respectively. 192 B lesions were detected on baseline scan and included for EORTC analysis; 63 CR, 35 PR, 29 SD, and 65 PD (including 42 new lesions). When analyzing the relationship between 150 B lesions that had both baseline and follow-up values for SUV and CT density, following patterns were noted. Of 113 B lesions with treatment-related decline in SUV (CR, PR, and 15 SD), HU increased in 95 (84.1%) and decreased in 18 (15.9%)(p Conclusions For LN metastases, FDG PET with EORTC analysis results in more treatment responders than CT with RECIST 1.0 analysis. For B metastases, decline in lesion metabolism in response to treatment is associated with increasing sclerosis. Research Support Supported by NIH/NCI Grant No. R01-CA111613 (H. Jadvar)
Movement Disorders; Cognitive and Behavioral Characteristics

Cognitive and behavioral deficits have become increasingly recognized as playing a significant role in many movement disorders. The variability in the type and degree of cognitive and behavioral symptomatology among these diseases is most likely due to differences in how the pathological process affects the brain's structural integrity, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry. In this article, the cognitive and behavioral features as well as the underlying pathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and Huntington's disease are described.
Optimization of lignocellulosic based diesel

Abstract In this paper we present the superstructure optimization for the production of FT-diesel via gasification of lignocellulosic material, switchgrass. We propose a superstructure of alternatives including two types of gasification, two reforming technologies and different gas clean-up processes. The reactors involved in the process, WGSR, FT-reactor and hydrocracking are modelled using reduced order models. We optimize the superstructure using a special decomposition technique. The results indicate that the optimal process involves the use of indirect low pressure gasifier, followed by steam reforming without need for further H2:CO composition adjustment. The process produces diesel at $0.72/gal ($0.19/L).
Strength limits in mesoscaled 3Y-TZP ceramics for micro-surgical instruments.

Abstract Micro-surgical instruments are a new application for mesoscale ceramics formed using the lost mold-rapid infiltration forming (LM-RIF) process. Instrument strength and reliability are the foremost concerns for this sensitive application. It is hypothesized that increasing grain size can improve the damage tolerance of the parts associated with the transformation toughening in the 3Y-TZP material, while retaining high strength. In this work, mesoscale bend bars (314 × 22 × 18 µm) of 3Y-TZP fabricated using the LM-RIF process were heat treated at 1400 °C for 1 h, 8 h, or 16 h, respectively, to obtain samples with different grain sizes. Strength tests were performed under three-point bending and results were evaluated using Weibull statistics. Fractographic and confocal Raman spectroscopic analyses were carried out to interpret the data. Experimental findings showed that the characteristic strength decreased with increasing grain size contrary to the damage tolerance hypothesis. An Orowan-Petch model was recalled to correlate the strength with the flaw size to grain size ratio. At fine grain sizes the strength was controlled by the flaws introduced by the LM-RIF process, whereas at large grain sizes the strength become more grain size controlled. Although larger-grained samples did have a higher propensity to transform, and thus increase toughening, exaggerated grain growth in some of the specimens tested caused an additional flaw population which led to an overall lower strength. Finally, based on the experimental observations and fracture mechanics considerations, we believe that an upper bound of ∼2.5 GPa exists for the strength of mesoscale as-fabricated 3Y-TZP ceramic parts.
PUBLIC UTILITIES AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Electrical Service: Require Long Range Energy Resource Planning and Certification of Plant Facilities, Long-Term Power Purchases, and Demand-Side Capacity Options

The Act requires that regulated electric utilities submit to the Public Service Commission an integrated resource plan for meeting long-range energy needs, which the Commission must approve or devise a plan of its own. The Act also requires that the Commission certify the construction or sale of electric plants, purchases of long-term electric power, and expenditures for demand-side capacity options before the electric utility takes any of these actions. Once the Commission orders certification of such an action by the electric utility, the utility can automatically recover, with certain exceptions, the costs of such action from ratepayers.
Fixational microsaccades: A quantitative and objective measure of disability in multiple sclerosis:

Background:Objective tools for prognosis and disease progression monitoring in multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. The visuomotor system could be used to track motor dysfunction at the micron scal...
Distributed Multi-Hop Traffic Engineering via Stochastic Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning

Multi-hop networks (e.g., mesh, ad-hoc, and sensor networks) are important and cost-efficient communication backbones. Over the last few years wireless data traffic has drastically increased due to the changes in the way today's society creates, shares, and consumes information. This demands the efficient and intelligent utilization of limited network resources to optimize network performance. Traffic engineering (TE) optimizes network performance and enables optimal forwarding and routing rules to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements for a large volume of traffic flows. This paper proposes a distributed model-free TE solution based on stochastic policy gradient reinforcement learning (RL), which aims to learn a stochastic routing policy for each router so that each router can send a packet to the next-hop router according to the learned optimal probability. The proposed policy-gradient solution naturally leads to multi-path TE strategies, which can effectively distribute the high traffic loads among all available routing paths to minimize the E2E delay. Moreover, a distributed software-defined networking architecture is proposed, which enables the fast prototyping of the proposed multi-agent actor-critic TE (MA-AC TE) algorithm and in-nature supports automated TE through multi-agent RL learning.
Formation of Fe(III)–As(V) complexes: effect on the solubility of ferric hydroxide precipitates and molecular structural identification

Ferric iron (Fe(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) generally co-exist in natural waters. Also, Fe(III) chemicals are widely used for treatment of As(V) in water. This paper reported the existence of Fe(III)–As(V) complexes, which are molecular clusters containing only one iron atom with sizes of less than 1 nm, typically considered as soluble species. The formation of Fe(III)–As(V) complexes varies with the change of pH. Specifically, the soluble Fe(III)–As(V) complex formed at acidic conditions (pH 5 with the Fe : As mole ratio of 1 : 2. DFT calculation identified that these soluble Fe(III)–As(V) complexes were in a monodentate configuration. The chloride was found to be coordinated with the Fe(III)–As(V) complexes, which improved their thermodynamic stability. The existence of these soluble complexes promoted the solubility of Fe(III) at neutral pH (i.e., total soluble Fe(III) increased to 0.73 mM (∼41 mg L−1) with an initial 0.1 M Fe(III)). The findings in this study shed new light on the understanding of the transport and fate of Fe(III) and As(V) in natural water systems, as well as the As(V) leaching from the sludge produced in the Fe(III)-based As(V) removal techniques.
Mindfulness as a Tool for Place-Based Educators.

Recent theoretical research suggests that socio-cognitive mindfulness and place-based education, when used together, may have a synergistic benefit. The purpose of the study was to examine how mindfulness influences the experience of educators engaged in place-based teaching. A qualitative, constructivist grounded theory approach was used to guide data collection and analysis related to teachers at a school that has placed-based education (PBE) as a central theme. The study design included a workshop about mindfulness with follow-up instructional emails sent throughout the semester, via which data were collected. Multiple interviews with each of the three teachers explored how they constructed meaning around their experiences using socio-cognitive mindfulness and PBE together. Results indicated that practiced together, mindfulness and PBE created a synergy that benefited the learning environment by enhancing PBE planning and allowing teachers to experience place more deeply all the while providing a richer problem-posing format for content delivery. Educators may find mindful place-based education to be a tool that deepens the learning experience for instructors and students.
Male circumcision as an example of bioethics as (immaterial) social ethics

Summary The medicalization of male circumcision has created opportunity for bioethicists and medical societies to debate the moral value of circumcision through a bioethics framework, predominantly that of principlism. The difficulty with this debate, however, is that it does not speak to the religious motivations or reasons for why those who observe the religious ritual of circumcision do so. Given the axiological gap between bioethicists’ understanding of circumcision and that of religious communities, religious and secular ethicists suffer from an inability to converse about the ethics of the issue, both due to each sides’ different frame of reference as well as from a lack of receptivity on both sides to the arguments made by others. This essay will focus on the perennial controversy of ethical discourse in a multicultural environment, with particular attention to when two groups interpret an action – and the normative implications of that action – differently. Through the case of male circumcision, I will show how ethicists on both sides of the debate speak past each other regarding the crux of their arguments.
Correction to: Announcing the Shape Memory and Superelasticity 2019 Editor’s Choice Selections

This correction is to correct the spelling of an author referenced in the article. The reference should appear as: Bonsignore C, Shamimi A, Duerig T (2019) The role of parent phase compliance on the fatigue lifetime of Ni–Ti. Shape Mem Superelast 5:407–414
A review of articles in the Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science (JGSMS) special issue on Marketing Management in International Contexts

This is a review of four articles published in the JGSMS 2019 special issue on Marketing Management in International Contexts. All papers published in this special issue were peer-reviewed, with ov...
Richter, Manfred 1905–1990

Richter was born on August 7, 1905, in Dresden, Germany, where he studied technical physics under Robert Luther at the Technical University from 1924 to 1933. The subject of his doctoral dissertation was Goethe’s Farbenlehre as related to scientific problems [1]. In 1927, as an assistant in the department of color research of the German Institute of Textile Research and following Helmholtz’s assistant Arthur Konig, he developed an international bibliography of publications in color science, an effort he continued until the mid-1950s [2]. In 1934, he began work in the laboratories of the lamp manufacturer OSRAM in Berlin. In 1943, he transitioned to the Materialprufungsanstalt (Office for testing of materials, later named Bundesanstalt fur Materialprufung (BAM)), where he remained until 1962 and where he organized a color research laboratory. In 1941, he was asked by Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN, German institute for industrial standards) to develop a standard color system and atlas, an effort that kept him occupied for an extended period. It is known today as DIN6164. He was also a professor at the Institut fur Lichttechnik (Institute for lighting technology) of the Berlin Technical University. In 1949, he was a founding member of the Fachnormenausschuss Farbe (FNF, Color standards committee) [3]. He was a leading member of Deutsche farbwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft (DfwG, German society for color science, founded in 1974) and a leading force for the journal Die Farbe (1951–2003). He was a member of the directorial board of the International Association of Colour (AIC) and active in several research committees of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). His passing on April 20, 1990 was the result of a traffic accident.
A Location-based Approach for Distributed Kiosk Design

Electronic kiosk interface design and implementation metrics have been well established. The problem arises when more than one kiosk is utilized in a different location within the same geographic proximity using the same basic informational parameters. This manuscript describes the design implications of a distributed kiosk environment from the standpoint of a field experiment. The log files from 2 kiosks deployed in the same building are analyzed for correlations among kiosk location and information required. The results show that while kiosk systems deployed in “primary entrances” should have a broad view of pertinent information, kiosks deployed in more remote locations should have information pertinent to that area initially presented to the individual. This research provides both confirmatory evidence and a checklist of implementation decision points for those who wish to implement a distributed kiosk architecture.
Effects of Amine and Anhydride Curing Agents on the VARTM Matrix Processing Properties

To ensure successful application of composite structure for aerospace vehicles, it is necessary to develop material systems that meet a variety of requirements. The industry has recently developed a number of low-viscosity epoxy resins to meet the processing requirements associated with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) of aerospace components. The curing kinetics and viscosity of two of these resins, an amine-cured epoxy system, Applied Poleramic, Inc. VR-56-4 1, and an anhydride-cured epoxy system, A.T.A.R.D. Laboratories SI-ZG-5A, have been characterized for application in the VARTM process. Simulations were carried out using the process model, COMPRO, to examine heat transfer, curing kinetics and viscosity for different panel thicknesses and cure cycles. Results of these simulations indicate that the two resins have significantly different curing behaviors and flow characteristics.
Hyaluronidase: A review of its therapeutic use in pediatrics

Summary 1. Hyaluronidase facilitates fluid absorption. 2. Five hundred viscosity units is the dose of choice. 3. Sensitivity and toxicity are relatively low. 4. It has been of value in clyses, in sterility, in hastening the administration of drugs given subcutaneously, in treatment of sinus conditions with penicillin, in intramuscular pyelography, and in local anesthesia for surgery, ophthalmology, tonsillectomies, and pelvic procedures. 5. It has been tried but its value has not been determined in hydrocephalus, in urinary calculi, in otitic cerumen and in mucus from the nasal and tracheobronchial tracts. 6. It is hindered in its action by salicylates and other inhibitors as well as by heat. 7. Five reasons for its failure of action at times are offered. 8. Five possible complications attending its use are given. 9. Five clinical contraindications to its unrestricted use are noted. 10. Advantages for its administration are enumerated.
Scaling reinforcement learning to robotics by exploiting the subsumption architecture

Abstract Making robots learn complex tasks from reinforcement seems attractive, but a number of problems are encountered in practice. The learning converges slowly because rewards are infrequent, and it is difficult to find effective ways of encoding state history. This paper shows how these problems are overcome by using a subsumption architecture: each module can be given its own simple reward function, and state history information can be easily encoded in a module's applicability predicate. A real robot called OBELIX (see Figure 1) is described that learns several component behaviors in an example task involving pushing boxes. An experimental study demonstrates the feasibility of the subsumption-based approach, and its superiority to a monolithic architecture.
Capture-recapture estimates of the undercount of workplace injuries and illnesses: sensitivity analysis.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, capture-recapture methods have been applied to state Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) and workers' compensation data, but uncertainties arise because of population differences between the two sources, likely source dependence, and concerns about the accuracy of case linkage. METHODS: We linked SOII and workers' compensation records for California and used capture-recapture methods to estimate the proportion of injuries and illnesses involving at least 4 days away from work captured by each source. We then did a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Assuming source independence, estimates of the proportion of injuries and illnesses involving at least 4 days away from work captured by the SOII varied from 42.4% to 49.0%, while workers' compensation estimates were between 76.9% and 77.6%. Re-estimating SOII capture rates assuming source dependence (OR = 3) reduced capture estimates substantially. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated capture rates remained low after changing several of the underlying assumptions. Positive source dependence had the greatest impact. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Dynamics of interconnection development within visual cortex

Two kinds of dynamic processes take place in neural networks. One involves the change with time of the activity of each neuron. The other involves the change in the strength of the connections (synapses) between neurons. When a neural network is learning or developing, both processes take place, and their dynamics interact. A theoretical framework is developed to help understand the combined activity and synapse dynamics for a class of adaptive networks. The methods are illustrated by using them to describe the development of orientation-selective cells in the cat primary visual cortex. Within this model, the column structure of different orientation-selective neurons originates from feedback pathways within an area of the cortex, rather than feedforward pathways between areas. >
Interaction between internal natural convection in an enclosure and an external natural convection boundary-layer flow

Abstract An analysis in made of natural convection in a square enclosure, of which one vertical wall is cooled by an external natural convection boundary-layer flow. The other vertical wall is maintained at a uniform temperature while the horizontal walls are adiabatic. The resulting conjugate internal-external natural-convection problem was solved numerically for Grashof numbers between 103 and 107 and for a Prandtl number of 0.7. Approximate solutions were also obtained using a model which avoids conjugatetype computations. For comparison purposes, a set of solutions were carried out for the standard naturalconvection enclosure problem characterized by prescribed uniform temperatures on the vertical walls and adiabatic horizontal walls. For the overall heat transfer characteristics encompassing both the internal and external flows, the average Nusselt number displayed a power-law dependence on the Grashof number given by ¯Nu = 0.0907 Gr0.285 for Gr ≥ 104. These Nusselt numbers are about sixty per cent of those for the standard enclosure, at common values of the respective Grashof numbers. The local heat flux variations along the convectively cooled wall were found to be appreciably smaller than those along the heated isothermal wall, reflecting the counterflow nature of the heat exchange between the internal and external flows. In addition, the temperature variations along the convectively cooled wall increased with increasing Grashof number. The Grashof number also decisively affected the temperature distributions along the adiabatic walls. Streamline maps revealed little difference between the flow fields adjacent to the thermally active and thermally passive walls at low Grashof numbers, but marked differences were in evidence at high Grashof numbers. For the external natural convection, the local heat transfer coefficients were generally larger than those predicted by the local application of the classical isothermal-plate heat transfer coefficient formula.
What Media Critics Reveal About Journalism: Palestine Media Watch and U.S. News Media

In September 2000 Palestine Media Watch (PMW), a group of activists who were critical of American journalism’s coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, began to lobby journalists to revise their coverage. They lobbied by appealing to professional journalism’s ideal-typical traits and by bombarding news organizations with complaints. This study examines the period between 2000 and 2004 when PMW lobbied newsworkers and does so in order to uncover what journalistic responses to PMW—what criticisms journalists legitimized and what criticisms they rejected—reveal about journalism’s professional ideology. The study finds that journalism’s ideal-typical traits possess a core-like quality that allows critics to make professionally resonating criticisms but that journalism’s fluidity often prevents these criticisms from achieving a “journalistically useful” level in which coverage revisions result. Journalism’s ideal-typical traits are so fluid, in fact, that professional journalists will often denigrate thei...
Evidence that nitric oxide acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter supplying taenia from the guinea‐pig caecum

Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibres are abundant within taenia of the guinea-pig caecum, but there is little previous evidence supporting a direct role for nitric oxide (NO) in responses to enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation. In this study we have attempted to identify an NO-dependent component of inhibitory transmission in isolated taenia coli. Isometric tension was recorded in the presence of atropine and guanethidine (both 1 μM). Tone was raised with histamine (1 μM), and intrinsic inhibitory neurons stimulated using either a nicotinic agonist (1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide; DMPP) or electrical field stimulation (EFS). DMPP (1–100 μM) produced concentration-dependent biphasic relaxations, comprising an initial peak relaxation followed by a sustained relaxation. Responses to DMPP were antagonized by tetrodotoxin (1 μM) or apamin (0.3 μM) and abolished by hexamethonium (300 μM). L-nitro-arginine (L-NOARG; 100 μM) and oxyhaemoglobin (2%) both significantly reduced sustained relaxations produced by DMPP. EFS (5 Hz, 30 s) also produced biphasic relaxations. Both L-NOARG and an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (ODQ, 1–10 μM) reduced the sustained component of EFS responses. Two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine-nitric oxide adduct (DENO), produced concentration-dependent relaxations. Responses to SNP and DENO were antagonized by ODQ (1 μM) and by apamin (0.3 μM). These results suggest that NO contributes directly to a component of inhibitory transmission in guinea-pig taenia coli. The actions of NO appear to be mediated via cyclic GMP synthesis, and may involve activation of small conductance calcium activated K+ channels. A role for NO is most evident during sustained relaxations evoked by longer stimulus trains or chemical stimulation of intrinsic neurons. British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 127, 1495–1501; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702674
Conductance in Coulomb blockaded molecules—fingerprints of wave-particle duality?

In molecular electronics it is common to use the so called “NEGF-DFT” prescription where the mean-field describing electron–electron interactions is identified with the “Kohn–Sham potential” from density functional theory (DFT). However, a large number of experimentally observed molecular current–voltage (I–V) characteristics belong to the Coulomb blocade (CB) limit, and exhibit evidence of a rich interplay between charge quantization and size quantization, i.e. between particle and wave aspects of an electron. Although, NEGF-DFT techniques take into account the wave nature of electrons, they are essentially one-electron potentials and are inadequate to describe Coulomb blockade regime, especially under non-equilibrium conditions. Here, we present simple examples to illustrate the fact that such mean-field theories that may describe equilibrium properties do not necessarily describe non-equilibrium properties (like current flow) as well. While weak coupling with contacts and the associated charge quantiza...
Cycloheximide produces adult-like retention deficits of prior learning in infant mice

Abstract Utilizing a dosage of cycloheximide which was found to inhibit cerebral protein synthesis by almost 90% after injection, separate groups of 13-day-old mice received either cycloheximide or saline followed by 0 (control), 15, or 25 training trials in a discriminated shock-escape T-maze. Twenty-four hr later, each mouse was treated with cycloheximide or saline and tested for retention by an additional 25 trials in the T-maze. As reflected by correct choice-point turns, the results suggest that whereas saline treated mice demonstrated reliable retention of prior learning, cycloheximide treated mice exhibited memory impairment; cycloheximide per se had no effect on performance during either original training or retest. A final experiment indicated that this memory impairment was not due to cycloheximide's general debilitating side effects at the time of retention testing. Taken together, these data suggest that protein synthesis inhibition during training impaired consolidation and/or retrieval processes involved in memory. The biochemical and behavioral effects following cycloheximide injection in 13–14-day-old mice in the present study parallel those reported with adult animals and lend indirect support to the hypothesis that the 24-hr memory capacity exhibited by these young mice reflects the early functioning of those processes involved in adult long-term memory.
Novel roles for caspase-8 in IL-1β and inflammasome regulation.

Caspase-8 is an initiator and apical activator caspase that plays a central role in apoptosis. Caspase-8–deficient mice are embryonic lethal, which makes study of caspase-8 in primary immune cells difficult. Recent advances have rescued caspase-8–deficient mice by crossing them to mice deficient in receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3). These genetic tools have made it possible to study the role of caspase-8 in vivo and in primary immune cells. Several recent studies have identified novel roles for caspase-8 in modulating IL-1β and inflammation, showing that caspase-8 directly regulates IL-1β independent of inflammasomes or indirectly through the regulation of inflammasomes, depending on the stimulus or stimuli that initiate the signaling cascade. Here, we address recent findings on caspase-8 and its role in modulating IL-1β and inflammation.
N-Acetylcysteine interacts with copper to generate hydrogen peroxide and selectively induce cancer cell death

A variety of metal-binding compounds have been found to exert anti-cancer activity. We postulated that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is a membrane-permeable metal-binding compound, might have anti-cancer activity in the presence of metals. We found that NAC/Cu(II) significantly alters growth and induces apoptosis in human cancer lines, yet NAC/Zn(II) and NAC/Fe(III) do not. We further confirmed that this cytotoxicity of NAC/ Cu(II) is attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings indicate that the combination of Cu(II) and thiols generates cytotoxic ROS that induce apoptosis in cancer cells. They also indicate a fourth class of anti-neoplastic metal-binding compounds, the ‘‘ROS generator”.