cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisotropice superfluid fraction of 3 He A 1 phase

The superfluid fraction of3He a1 phase is computed from measurements of the velocity of spin/entropy waves induced in a cylindrical chamber, for two different directions of the magnetic field: parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the chamber. The ratio of the superfluid fractions in the parallel and perpendicular orientations is 1.85, and does not depend on the field between 1 and 5 Tesla. We adapt a theoretical texture model to account for the superfluid flow, and the results are consistent with the above ratio and direct estimates of superfluid velocity.
Pericyte coverage of retinal and cerebral capillaries.

We performed electron microscopic morphometric analyses on capillaries from macular and peripheral retinas of five adult cynomolgous monkeys and three elderly human subjects. Measurements from the monkey retinal capillaries were compared to those made on capillaries from frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cerebral cortex of the same animals. We measured the percent coverage of the endothelial lining of the capillaries by pericyte processes, as well as the ratio of the cytoplasmic areas of pericytes and endothelial cells. In addition, we compared the thickness of the capillary basement membranes in three regions: overlying pericytes; overlying endothelial cells; and interposed between pericytes and endothelial cells. In both monkey and human retinas, pericyte processes covered >85% of the circumference of the capillary endothelial tube, whereas pericyte coverage of monkey cerebral capillaries was highly significantly (P < 0.001) less than that of capillaries in either the macular or peripheral retina. The ratio of pericyte to endothelial cell cytoplasmic areas also was lower in the monkey cerebral cortex than in the retina, though the statistical significance was less than that of the length measurements. In all tissues measured, both from monkeys and humans, the portions of the capillary basement membranes interposed between pericytes and endothelial cells were highly significantly (P < 0.0001) thinner than the regions of capillary basement membranes covering pericytes and endothelial cells. Considering functions that have been proposed for pericytes, these measurements suggest that regional control of microcirculatory flow and of blood-tissue barrier integrity, as well as control of endothelial cell proliferation, should be much greater in the retina than in the cerebral cortex. Thinner basement membranes between pericytes and endothelial cells may permit more cell membrane contacts between these cells, thus facilitating such control. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:999-1007,1990
ON THE DEGREES OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS OF CHEVALLEY GROUPS

Publisher Summary J. A. Green defined a semi linear automorphism J on the generic algebra A of a group G with a BN-pair and applied it to the dimension functions of constituents of 1 . This chapter presents generalizations of his results for (untwisted) Chevalley groups by associating J with the linear character of A that corresponds to the Steinberg character of G and defining an analogue Jτ of J associated with each linear character τ of A. The chapter presents the application of each automorphism Jτ to dimension functions of arbitrary characters in the principal series of G.
Wave Propagation SHM with PWAS Transducers

This chapter deals with the use of PWAS transducers to detect structural damage using wave propagation techniques. This application of PWAS technology builds on the wealth of knowledge accumulated in the conventional nondestructive inspection (NDI), nondestructive testing (NDT), and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) fields. The main difference between the PWAS approach and the conventional NDE approach is that the PWAS approach uses permanently attached unobtrusive, minimally intrusive PWAS transducers, whereas the conventional NDE approach uses relatively large and expensive conventional ultrasonic transducers. For this reason, the PWAS approach leads to embedded ultrasonic NDE which will facilitate on-demand interrogation of the structure to determine its current state of health and predict the remaining life. The chapter reviews the guided-wave NDE results and then presents 1-D and 2-D modeling and experiments of embedded NDE using PWAS transducers which are used as both transmitters and receivers of ultrasonic guided waves. Pitch-catch, pulse-echo, acoustic emission, and impact detection techniques are presented. Subsequently, the chapter presents some practical applications of PWAS wave propagation SHM for damage detection in various structures. The time-reversal approach to damage detection is also presented both theoretically and experimentally.
Piecewise structural diffusion defined on shape index for noise reduction in dual-energy CT images

The increasing radiation dose in dual-energy CT (DE-CT) scanning due to the double exposures at 80 kVp and 140 kVp is a major concern in the application of DE-CT. This paper presents a novel image-space denoising method, called piecewise structural diffusion (PSD), for the reduction of noise in low-dose DE-CT images. Three principle structures (plate, ridge, and cap) and their corresponding diffusion tensors are formulated based on the eigenvalues of a Hessian matrix. The local diffusion tensor that is piecewise-defined on the domain of shape index is composed by a linear combination of two diffusion tensors of the associated principle structures. A single diffusion tensor calculated from the fused DE-CT image is applied to both high- and low-energy images. In the DE-CT colon phantom study, we demonstrated that DE-CT images filtered by PSD yielded the similar image quality with half of radiation doses.
Isolation and characterization of a naturally occurring multidrug-resistant strain of the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum

Soil-transmitted nematodes infect over a billion people and place several billion more at risk of infection. Hookworm disease is the most significant of these soil-transmitted nematodes, with over 500 million people infected. Hookworm infection can result in debilitating and sometimes fatal iron-deficiency anemia, which is particularly devastating in children and pregnant women. Currently, hookworms and other soil-transmitted nematodes are controlled by administration of a single dose of a benzimidazole to targeted populations in endemic areas. While effective, people are quickly re-infected, necessitating frequent treatment. Widespread exposure to anthelmintic drugs can place significant selective pressure on parasitic nematodes to generate resistance, which has severely compromised benzimidazole anthelmintics for control of livestock nematodes in many areas of the world. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first naturally occurring multidrug-resistant strain of the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. We reveal that this isolate is resistant to fenbendazole at the clinical dosage of 50 mg/kg for 3 days. Our data shows that this strain harbors a fixed, single base pair mutation at amino acid 167 of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene, and by using CRISPR/Cas9 we demonstrate that introduction of this mutation into the corresponding amino acid in the orthologous β-tubulin gene of Caenorhabditis elegans confers a similar level of resistance to thiabendazole. We also show that the isolate is resistant to the macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic ivermectin. Understanding the mechanism of anthelmintic resistance is important for rational design of control strategies to maintain the usefulness of current drugs, and to monitor the emergence of resistance. The isolate we describe represents the first multidrug-resistant strain of A. caninum reported, and our data reveal a resistance marker that can emerge naturally in response to heavy anthelminthic treatment.
Sums of L-functions over rational function fields

Friedberg, Hoffstein and Lieman have constructed two related multiple Dirichlet series from quadratic and higher-order L-functions and Gauss sums. We compute these multiple Dirichlet series explicitly in the case of the rational function field. This is done by utilizing the functional equation of the L-functions and the functional equation relating the two multiple Dirichlet series. We also point out a very simple correspondence between these series and their p-parts.
Cryo-EM, XFELs and the structure conundrum in structural biology.

Single-particle techniques offer an unprecedented opportunity to understand the role of structural variability in biological function. They also call into question the meaning of ‘a structure’ and its relevance to function.
Mentoring and Supervising International Students in School Counseling Programs.

Graduate counseling programs in the United States have increased their population of international students. However, limited studies have addressed the challenges of international students, specifically in school counseling programs. Considering the cultural disparities that exist for international school counseling students and the challenges associated with being an international student in general, this article identifies and delineates a culturally appropriate mentoring and supervision model that has the potential to shape the experiences of international students in school counseling training programs. The model presented through a case study argues that intentional mentoring and supervision for international school counseling students enhance productivity during students’ field experiences in U.S. school systems.
The Demographics of Fractures and Dislocations Across the Entire United States due to Common Sports and Recreational Activities.

Background:There exists little nationwide data regarding fracture and dislocation patterns across a wide variety of sporting activities for all ages and sexes.Hypothesis:Participant demographics (a...
Catalytic Enantio- and Regioselective Addition of Nucleophiles in the Intermolecular Hydrofunctionalization of 1,3-Dienes

Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of small-molecule building blocks with allylic stereogenic centers is an important objective in organic synthesis, but preparing this motif wherein the adjacent...
Efficient Greenhouse Temperature Control with Data-Driven Robust Model Predictive Control

Appropriate greenhouse temperature should be maintained to ensure crop production while minimizing energy consumption. Even though weather forecasts could provide a certain amount of information to improve control performance, it is not perfect and forecast error may cause the temperature to deviate from the acceptable range. To inherent uncertainty in weather that affects control accuracy, this paper develops a data-driven robust model predictive control (MPC) approach for greenhouse temperature control. The dynamic model is obtained from thermal resistance-capacitance modeling derived by the Building Resistance-Capacitance Modeling (BRCM) toolbox. Uncertainty sets of ambient temperature and solar radiation are captured by support vector clustering technique, and they are further tuned for better quality by training-calibration procedure. A case study that implements the carefully chosen uncertainty sets on robust model predictive control shows that the data-driven robust MPC has better control performance compared to rule-based control, certainty equivalent MPC, and robust MPC.
The Role of Tea in Sleep Improvement and Cancer Prevention

Abstract Tea is a beverage that has historically been used to treat health issues—including sleep problems. Although there is adequate research to suggest that there is a relationship between tea and sleep, the extent of this relationship, based on experimental findings, has not been widely investigated. Research conducted on a variety of teas such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), chamomile, green tea, and others, demonstrate that tea may have the ability to improve certain aspects of sleep—such as sleep quality and increased sleep time. Additionally, chemical components of tea, like polyphenols, have been shown to give tea its assumed anticarcinogenic properties. More research is needed to further elucidate both tea's anticarcinogenic and sleep-related properties. This chapter examines some of the research findings on tea and its relationship to sleep and cancer.
Incubation Temperature Affects Duckling Body Size and Food Consumption Despite No Effect on Associated Feeding Behaviors.

Developmental conditions can have consequences for offspring fitness. For example, small changes ( 1°C) that differences in offspring phenotypes within broods should result. A potential consequence of within-nest incubation temperature variation is inequality in behaviors that could cause differences in resource acquisition within broods. To investigate this, we incubated wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs at one of two ecologically-relevant incubation temperatures (35°C or 36°C), formed mixed-incubation temperature broods after ducklings hatched, and conducted trials to measure duckling behaviors associated with acquisition of heat (one trial) or food (three trials). Contrary to our predictions, we found no effect of incubation temperature on duckling behaviors (e.g., time spent occupying heat source, frequency of feeding bouts). However, we found evidence that ducklings incubated at the higher temperature consumed more food during the 1-h feeding trials, and grew faster in body mass and structural size (culmen and tarsus) throughout the study, than those incubated at the lower temperature. Apparent food consumption during the trials was positively related to culmen length, suggesting that differences in food consumption may be driven by structural size. This could result in positive feedback, which would amplify size differences between offspring incubated at different temperatures. Thus, our study identifies incubation temperature as a mechanism by which fitness-related phenotypic differences can be generated and even amplified within avian broods.
Leveraging health system telehealth and informatics infrastructure to create a continuum of services for COVID-19 screening, testing, and treatment.

Objectives We describe our approach in using health information technology to provide a continuum of services during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 challenges and needs required health systems to rapidly redesign the delivery of care. Materials and methods Our health system deployed 4 COVID-19 telehealth programs and 4 biomedical informatics innovations to screen and care for COVID-19 patients. Using programmatic and electronic health record data, we describe the implementation and initial utilization. Results Through collaboration across multidisciplinary teams and strategic planning, 4 telehealth program initiatives have been deployed in response to COVID-19: virtual urgent care screening, remote patient monitoring for COVID-19-positive patients, continuous virtual monitoring to reduce workforce risk and utilization of personal protective equipment, and the transition of outpatient care to telehealth. Biomedical informatics was integral to our institutional response in supporting clinical care through new and reconfigured technologies. Through linking the telehealth systems and the electronic health record, we have the ability to monitor and track patients through a continuum of COVID-19 services. Discussion COVID-19 has facilitated the rapid expansion and utilization of telehealth and health informatics services. We anticipate that patients and providers will view enhanced telehealth services as an essential aspect of the healthcare system. Continuation of telehealth payment models at the federal and private levels will be a key factor in whether this new uptake is sustained. Conclusions There are substantial benefits in utilizing telehealth during the COVID-19, including the ability to rapidly scale the number of patients being screened and providing continuity of care.
Increasing Medical Student Engagement through Virtual Rotations in Radiation Oncology.

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected medical student clerkships and education around the country. A virtual medical student clerkship was created to integrate didactic education with disease specific lectures for medical students, contouring, and hands on learning with telehealth. Twelve medical students in their 3rd and 4th year were enrolled in this 2 week elective from April 27, 2020 to June 5, 2020. There was significant improvement of overall knowledge about the field of radiation oncology from pre elective to post elective (P < .001). Feedback included enjoying direct exposure to contouring, telehealth, and time with residents. Overall this 2 week rotation was successful in integrating radiation oncology virtually for medical students. This is now being expanded to multiple institutions as an educational resource and future rotations for medical students.
Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations Increase in Newly Paired Male Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

The role by which the gut microbiome influences host health (e.g., energy equilibrium and immune system) may be partly mediated by short-chain fatty acids, which are bacterial fermentation products from the dietary fibers. However, little is known about longitudinal changes in gut microbiome metabolites during cohabitation alongside social contact. In common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), the gut microbiome community is influenced by social contact, as newly paired males and females develop convergent microbial profiles. Here, we monitored the dynamics of short-chain fatty acid concentrations in common marmoset feces from the prepairing (PRE) to postpairing (POST) stages. In males, we observed that the concentrations of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate significantly increased in the POST stage compared to the PRE stage. However, no significant changes were found in females. We further found that the propionate concentration was significantly positively correlated with the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium in the male feces. Thus, the sex difference in the changes in the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids might be related to sex-biased gut microbiome transmission after pairing. We suggest that the significant changes in the gut microbiomes and some short-chain fatty acids of the common marmoset during cohabitation may contribute to physiological homeostasis during pairing.IMPORTANCE This study addressed a knowledge gap about longitudinal changes in the gut microbiome metabolites during animal pairing. This research in the laboratory common marmoset can control for the confounding factors such as diet and other environmental conditions. Phascolarctobacterium showed the highest contribution to the sex-biased transmission of the female to the male after pairing. Here, we observed the sex difference in the increase in short-chain fatty acid concentration in the feces of newly paired marmosets, which may be caused by the sex-biased gut microbiome transmission after pairing.
Fabrication and Testing of Soy-Based Polyurethane Foam with Flame Retardant Properties

Bio-based foams, particularly soy-based polyurethane, have gained a lot of traction for residential and commercial applications. Since the soy-based foam is widely used as insulation material in the construction industry, it must exhibit superior mechanical, insulation, and fire-retardant properties. In this study, soy-based PU foams were prepared with the addition of nanoclay (Cloisite Na +) in five different concentrations varying from 2 to 10%. The foam was fabricated using 100% soy-based polyol. The effects of adding nanoclay were investigated on the thermal, mechanical, and flame retardant properties of the foam. The fabricated foam samples were tested for differences in their morphology due to the addition of nanoclays using a scanning electron microscope. It was observed that with the addition of the nanoclays, the cell size of the foams was reduced and became more uniform. So, significant improvement was found in the mechanical strength of the foam samples. Also, it was observed that adding of nanoclays lead to the formation of a char layer during combustion. The char layer was effective in reducing the rate of burning of the foam by 38%. Overall, it was concluded that the addition of nanoclays resulted in the soy-based PU foam with superior mechanical and flame retardant properties.
Musings on the Sidelines: Leadership and Learning During the Tenure-Track Experience

This chapter is a self-reflective narrative of the trials and triumphs of earning promotion and tenure at an urban university in the mid-southern United States. As such, this is an examination of the inherent spaces where leadership is received, and leadership is given during this probationary period in academia. Particular attention will be paid to the uniqueness of this urban university where spaces for significant personal growth for assistant professors are created that are rarely found at other institutions, yet this uniqueness places a great amount of pressure on junior faculty members to embark on leadership roles typically reserved for senior/tenured professors at other universities. In the end, this chapter delves into the intensity of learning and leading during the tenure-track years.
Children's and Adults' Beliefs about the Stability of Traits from Infancy to Adulthood: Contributions of Age and Executive Function.

Abstract We examined developmental differences and sources of variability in trait reasoning. Four- to 10-year-olds and adults (N = 198) rated how mean or nice “medium-mean” and “medium-nice” babies, kids, and teenagers were earlier in their lifetime and would be at older ages. Participants expected nice-labeled characters to be nice throughout their lives (participant age effects were null). In contrast, we documented age-related differences in judgments about meanness. With increasing participant age, individuals expected that meanness present in infancy, childhood, and adolescence would persist into adulthood. We discovered a curvilinear pattern in assessments of whether meanness originates during infancy: Four- to 5-year-olds and adults expected mean-labeled kids and teenagers to have been nicer as babies than did 6- to 10-year-olds. Controlling for age and working memory, participants with better inhibitory control more frequently expected mean-labeled individuals to remain mean across the lifespan, but inhibitory control was unrelated to judgments about nice-labeled individuals.
Focus Induced Tunnel Vision in Managerial Judgment and Decision Making: The Peril and the Antidote

Managers often must assess singular strategic options. Four studies of such assessments demonstrate a tunnel vision effect: Focal managerial options often are favored in an evidentially unjustifiable manner. Study 1 concerns new product development, and demonstrates that a prototype that has become focal tends to be judged overly favorably, and is chosen for launch with unwarranted enthusiasm. Study 2 shows that this tunnel vision effect generalizes to judgments and decisions about general strategy. Study 3 focuses on the information search patterns underlying the effect, and Study 4 replicates the tunnel vision effect among experienced executives, and demonstrates the utility of a debiasing procedure. Data in all of the studies implicate selective processing as the driver of the tunnel vision effect, and further understanding of how selective processing affects choice. Several alternative operationalizations of the empirically tested debasing procedure are discussed.
Cost and impact of weak medium term policies in the electricity system in Western North America

Abstract We study the cost and lock in of carbon intensive technologies due to weak medium-term policies. We use SWITCH WECC—a power system capacity expansion optimization model with high temporal and geographical resolution. We test three carbon cap scenarios. For each scenario, we optimize the power system for a medium timeframe (2030) and a long timeframe (2050). In the medium timeframe optimizations, by 2030 coal replaces gas power. This occurs because the long optimization foresees the stronger carbon cap in 2050. Therefore, it is optimal to transition towards cleaner technologies as early as 2030. The medium-term optimization has higher costs in 2040 and 2050 compared to the long optimization. Therefore, to minimize total costs to reduce emissions by 80 % in 2050, we should optimize until 2050 or have stronger carbon cap policies by 2030 (such as 26 % carbon emissions reductions from 1990 levels by 2030 across the WECC).
Weight Management Outcomes of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder Seeking Treatment from a Multidisciplinary Team

Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are at an increased risk for developing obesity when compared to their typically developing peers. Given higher prevalence of obesity in youth with ASD, understanding factors relating to success in obesity treatment provides insight into implementing efficacious treatments for youth. The current study examines age, sleep, and metabolic factors potentially affecting success in 74 youth (Mage = 11.66) attending a multidisciplinary weight management treatment program over a year. Multilevel modeling indicated that higher baseline BMI class category, medications at baseline, and absence of sleep difficulties predicted greater reduction in BMI after a year of treatment.
1HN, 13C, and 15N backbone resonance assignments of the SET/TAF-1β/I2PP2A oncoprotein (residues 23-225).

SET (TAF-1β/I2PP2A) is a ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional protein that plays a role in regulating diverse cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, migration, apoptosis, transcription, and DNA repair. SET expression is ubiquitous across all cell types. However, it is overexpressed or post-translationally modified in several solid tumors and blood cancers, where expression levels are correlated with worsening clinical outcomes. SET exerts its oncogenic effects primarily through the formation of antagonistic protein complexes with the tumor suppressor, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and the well-known metastasis suppressor, nm23-H1. PP2A inhibition is often observed as a secondary driver of tumorigenesis and metastasis in human cancers. Preclinical studies have shown that the pharmacological reactivation of PP2A combined with potent inhibitors of the primary driver oncogene produces synergistic cell death and decreased drug resistance. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors of the SET-PP2A interaction presents an attractive approach to reactivation of PP2A, and thereby, tumor suppression. NMR provides a unique platform to investigate protein targets in their natively folded state to identify protein and small-molecule ligands and report on the protein internal dynamics. The backbone 1HN, 13C, and 15N NMR resonance assignments were completed for the 204 amino acid nucleosome assembly protein-1 (NAP-1) domain of the human SET oncoprotein (residues 23–225). These assignments provide a vital first step toward the development of novel PP2A reactivators via SET-selective inhibition.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of CrNb, CrNbTi, and CrNbTaTi concentrated refractory alloys

Abstract The microstructures and mechanical properties in compression (25 °C, 1000 °C and 1200 °C) of CrNb, CrNbTi and CrNbTaTi are reported. The CrNb alloy consisted of a Cr2Nb Laves phase matrix and Nb-rich BCC precipitates. After additions of Ti (CrNbTi alloy) the microstructure inverts to a Ti-rich BCC matrix, with Laves phase precipitates inside the matrix phase. Further additions of Ta to CrNbTi refined and decreased the volume fraction of the Laves phase particles in the CrNbTaTi alloy. CrNb exhibited limited ductility at 25 °C and 1000 °C, but became very ductile at 1200 °C and offered the highest compressive strength at all studied temperatures. CrNbTi and CrNbTaTi had better ductility, but suffered from a reduction in compressive strength.
A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Enterprise Governance in the Maya Biosphere Reserve

This study focused upon the governance characteristics of Community Forest Enterprises (CFEs) in the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR). The MBR is an excellent location for studying CFE governance due t...
Aggressive Listening: The Key to Employee Warnings

Given the possibilities for organizational disasters, managers need a new perspective on how to elicit employee concerns. Far more effective than suggestion boxes, aggressive listening requires managers to meet with their subordinates to ask about any possible threats to the organization. Then, of course, a system must be in place to route each such concern to an individual able to act on it, as well as to provide for follow-up and communication back to the relevant employee(s). An effort of this kind, the authors say, has value beyond the warnings obtained: it demonstrates managerial humility and empowers employees.
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy: An Overview

Intraoperative radiation therapy continues to be a developing technology even though it had its beginnings in the early 1900s. (Beck, 1909). It developed as a means of enhancing the therapeutic ratio. The optimum use of IORT is still currently unknown. Additional controlled prospective trials are necessary to identify methods of treatment, potential hazards, and its use in treating less aggressive disease.
Chaos in neural systems: from epilepsy to neurocomputing

An overview of how chaos can be utilized in living neuronal systems is presented with examples gleaned from experiments involving the maintenance of chaos in rat hippocampal slices, the use of chaotic circuits to create logic gates and the use of patch clamped leech neurons for logical operations.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Spermatic Cord

There have been 24 previous cases reported of rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. Two thirds of these cases were in children under 18 years of age. The presence of transillumination, such as in our patient, does not rule out the existence of a solid tumor.
6.6.3 Testing—Let Me Count the Ways: Taguchi versus Combinatorial Design

Testers face the challenge of doing as much testing as possible within the available, and usually constrained, schedule. It is not practical to exhaustively test all combinations of system test cases. There are methods that generate a small subset of test cases that provide good coverage of the test domain. This paper discusses the author's experience with two such methods—Taguchi (orthogonal array) techniques and the Combinatorial Design Method (CDM). The CDM has proven to be more flexible for system level testing of commercial satellite ground systems.
Improving similarity measures for short segments of text

In this paper we improve previous work on measuring the similarity of short segments of text in two ways. First, we introduce a Web-relevance similarity measure and demonstrate its effectiveness. This measure extends the Web-kernel similarity function introduced by Sahami and Heilman (2006) by using relevance weighted inner-product of term occurrences rather than TF×IDF. Second, we show that one can further improve the accuracy of similarity measures by using a machine learning approach. Our methods outperform other state-of-the-art methods in a general query suggestion task for multiple evaluation metrics.
A blind particle filtering detector for joint channel estimation, tracking and data detection over flat fading channels

A new particle filtering detector is proposed for joint estimation of channel model coefficients, channel tracking, and signal detection over flat Rayleigh fading channels. The detector employs a hybrid importance function and a mixture Kalman filter which result in a highly efficient implementation. In addition, by considering the practical limitation of the system and physical interpretation of the adopted AR(2) channel model, we realize a fully blind particle filtering implementation. Simulation are provided to show the performance of the proposed detector.
Nested multigrid vector and scalar potential finite element method for three‐dimensional time‐harmonic electromagnetic analysis

[1] A new finite element methodology is presented for fast and robust numerical simulation of three-dimensional electromagnetic wave phenomena. The new methodology combines nested multigrid techniques with the ungauged vector and scalar potential formulation of the finite element method. The finite element modeling is performed on nested meshes over the computational domain of interest. The iterative solution of the finite element matrix on the finest mesh is performed using the conjugate gradient method, while the nested multigrid vector and scalar potential algorithm acts as the preconditioner for the iterative solver. Numerical experiments from the application of the new methodology to three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering are used to demonstrate its superior numerical convergence and efficient memory usage.
Unparticle-Higgs field mixing: Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein resonances, seesaw mechanism, and spinodal instabilities

Motivated by slow-roll inflationary cosmology we study a scalar unparticle weakly coupled to a Higgs field in the broken symmetry phase. The mixing between the unparticle and the Higgs field results in a seesaw type matrix and the mixing angles feature a Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect as a consequence of the unparticle field being noncanonical. We find two (MSW) resonances for small and large spacelike momenta. The unparticlelike mode features a nearly flat potential with spinodal instabilities and a large expectation value. An effective potential for the unparticlelike field is generated from the Higgs potential, but with couplings suppressed by a large power of the small seesaw ratio. The dispersion relation for the Higgs-like mode features an imaginary part even at ''tree level'' as a consequence of the fact that the unparticle field describes a multiparticle continuum. Mixed unparticle-Higgs propagators reveal the possibility of oscillations, albeit with short coherence lengths. The results are generalized to the case in which the unparticle features a mass gap, in which case a low energy MSW resonance may occur for lightlike momenta depending on the scales. Unparticle-Higgs mixing leads to an effective unparticle potential of the new-inflation form. Slow-roll variables are suppressed by seesaw ratiosmore » and the anomalous dimensions and favor a red spectrum of scalar perturbations consistent with cosmic microwave background data.« less
Geochemistry and Geology of Helium

Publisher Summary There are many interesting problems in the geochemistry of the rare gases, one of which is their scarcity in terrestrial materials as compared with their abundance in the solar and stellar atmospheres. The causes that govern the scarcity of rare gases on earth are discussed in this chapter. Coexistence of helium with some natural gases presents another geochemical problem. A number of theories to explain the origin of helium in natural gases are proposed in the chapter. On a broad scale, these theories assume that either: (1) all or part of the helium is derived from the disintegration of radionuclides, or (2) it is mostly primordial—that is, helium was trapped during the degassing stage of the formation of the earth. These theories have many shortcomings. A helium-generating mechanism to overcome these shortcomings is presented in the chapter. A considerable amount of work has been done on the material balance of helium between the earth, the atmosphere, and space, but little on the mode of migration of the helium within the earth's crust to the atmosphere. Several possible modes of migration are considered in this chapter and conclusions are drawn for that type of migration that is the most probable. The chapter considers the individual role the geometric factors and their importance. It also discusses the accumulation or entrapment, of Helium.
What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next?

What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next? Katherine Verdery. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 298 pp.
Present Bias: Lessons Learned and To Be Learned†

While present bias is an old idea, it only took hold in economics following David Laibson's (1994) dissertation. Over the past 20 years, research has led to a much better theoretical understanding of present bias, when and how to apply it, and which ancillary assumptions are appropriate in different contexts. Empirical analyses have demonstrated how present bias can improve our understanding of behavior in various economic field contexts. Nonetheless, there is still much to learn. In this paper, we give our assessment of some lessons learned, and to be learned.
SEX AND THE SINGLE CELL. I. ON THE ACTION OF MAJOR LOCI AFFECTING SEX DETERMINATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster is under the control of the X chromosome:autosome ratio and at least four major regulatory genes: transformer (tra), transformer-2 (tra-2), doublesex (dsx) and intersex (ix). Attention is focused here on the roles of these four loci in sex determination. By examining the sexual phenotype of clones of homozygous mutant cells produced by mitotic recombination in flies heterozygous for a given recessive sex-determination mutant, we have shown that the tra, tra-2 and dsx loci determine sex in a cell-autonomous manner. The effect of removing the wild-type allele of each locus (by mitotic recombination) at a number of times during development has been used to determine when the wild-type alleles of the tra, tra-2 and dsx loci have been transcribed sufficiently to support normal sexual development. The wild-type alleles of all three loci are needed into the early pupal period for normal sex determination in the cells that produce the sexually dimorphic (in pigmentation) cuticle of the fifth and sixth dorsal abdominal segments. tra(+) and tra-2(+) cease being needed shortly before the termination of cell division in the abdomen, whereas dsx(+) is required at least until the end of division. By contrast, in the foreleg, the wild-type alleles of tra(+) and tra-2(+) have functioned sufficiently for normal sexual differentiation to occur by about 24 to 48 hours before pupariation, but dsx(+) is required in the foreleg at least until pupariation.--A comparison of the phenotypes produced in mutant/deficiency and homozygous mutant-bearing flies shows that dsx, tra-2 and tra mutants result in a loss of wild-type function and probably represent null alleles at these genes.-All possible homozygous doublemutant combinations of ix, tra-2 and dsx have been constructed and reveal a clear pattern of epistasis: dsx > tra, tra-2 > ix. We conclude that these genes function in a single pathway that determines sex. The data suggest that these mutants are major regulatory loci that control the batteries of genes necessary for the development of many, and perhaps all, secondary sexual characteristics.-The striking similarities between the properties of these loci and those of the homeotic loci that determine segmental and subsegmental specialization during development suggest that the basic mechanisms of regulation are the same in the two situations. The phenotypes and interactions of these sex-determination mutants provide the basis for the model of how the wild-type alleles of these loci act together to effect normal sex determination. Implications of these observations for the function of other homeotic loci are discussed.
Application of catastrophe theory to describe voltage collapse in power systems

Catastrophe theory gives a qualitative description of how sudden effects can arise from the smooth change of parameters in a system. According to Thom's classification theory, in any system governed by a potential and in which the system's behavior is determined by no more than four controls, only seven qualitatively different types of discontinuities are possible. These are called elementary catastrophes. The applicability of the theory to describe voltage stability in terms of one of the elementary catastrophes is explored. >
A mélange of curves – further dialogue about species–area relationships

Scheiner (2003) presented a classification of species–area curves into six types based on the pattern of sampling and how the data are combined to form the curves. Gray et al. (2004) contended that five of those types should be termed ‘species-accumulation curves’, reserving ‘species–area curve’ for those based on island-type data. Their proposition contradicts 70 years of usage and confounds curves that are area-explicit with those that are area-undefined. In exploring these issues, I highlight additional aspects of species–area and species-accumulation curves, including the assumption of nesting in Type IV (island) curves, how to convert area-unspecified curves into area curves, and the effects of the grain of the analysis on the properties of the curve. Further exploration, theoretical development, and dialogue are needed before we will understand all the biology that species–area curves summarize.
Tannin inhibition of protein kinase C in airway epithelium.

Tannin, a polydisperse polyphenol extracted from cotton bracts (CBE), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of byssinosis, a lung disease of mill workers. CBE tannin inhibits chloride secretion in airway epithelial cells by means of an unknown mechanism(s). Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) in airway cells increases chloride secretion. The effect of tannin on this PKC pathway was examined, using canine tracheal epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers. PMA addition (10 nM) to the mucosal bath resulted in a 0.36 ± 0.07 μEq/cm2 · h (mean ± SEM, n = 20) increase in short-circuit current (Isc) and a 0.38 ± 0.17 μEq/cm2 · h increase in net chloride secretion (Jnet). The inactive 4α-phorbol had no effect. Tannin addition to the mucosal bath produced a dose-dependent decrease in Isc and Jnet. In tissues pretreated with 2–50 μg/ml tannin, and subsequently stimulated with PMA, tannin inhibited PMA stimulation of chloride secretion beginning at a tannin concentration of 10 μg/ml (0.09 ± 0.05 μEq/cm2 · h [n = 10] increase in Isc and 0.08 ± 0.03 μEq/cm2 · h increase in Jnet with PMA after tannin pretreatment). At 50 μg/ml tannin, the stimulatory effect of PMA was completely abolished. The known PKC inhibitor, H-7 (20 μM), inhibited PMA stimulation, while chelerythrine (2 μM) had not effect on PMA-stimulated Isc and Jnet, and calphostin C was toxic to the airway epithelium. In membrane fragments, 2.5 μg/ml tannin inhibited the rate of histone III phosphorylation by PMA from 32.1 ± 4.4 nmol/mg protein per min to 20.1 ± 2.7 nmol/mg protein per min (n = 7). In bovine airway cells, tannin pretreatment (2.5 μg/ml) decreased the cytosolic activity of PKC but had no effect on PKC translocation to the membrane. We conclude that tannin inhibits chloride secretion in airway epithelial cells in part by inhibiting PKC.
India: A History

The first single-volume history of India since the 1950s, combining narrative pace and skill with social, economic and cultural analysis. Five millennia of the sub-continent's history are interpreted by one of our finest writers on India and the Far East. Older, richer and more distinctive than almost any other, India's culture furnishes all that the historian could wish for in the way of continuity and diversity. The peoples of the Indian subcontinent, while sharing a common history and culture, are not now, and never have been, a single unitary state; the book accommodates Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as other embryonic nation states like the Sikh Punjab, Muslim Kashmir and Assam. Above all, the colonial era is seen in the overall context of Indian history, and the legacy of the 1947 partition is examined from the standpoint of today.
Parallel sorting machines: their speed and efficiency

A unified approach for analyzing and classifying parallel sorting machines is discussed. The approach accounts for a number of important factors that have significant impacts on the measure of the size and complexities of parallel sorters. These factors include the sorter architectures, sequential/parallel input, single/multiple passes, and the base of the comparitors. An efficiency measure is also introduced to describe the optimality and other general characteristics of the sorters. Finally, a new sorter with the time complexity of O(c*logbN), where b is an arbitrary base, is proposed. Its efficiency is independent of the number of processors, the size of the list, and the maximum value in the list.
Transient model verification of wind turbines

This paper addresses the verification of generic dynamic wind turbine models in three different commercial transient stability packages. The paper shows that while the general form of the responses are similar, there are some significant differences. Results are provided for the four different generic wind turbine models using single machine infinite bus equivalents for each model.
High throughput imaging to the diatom Cyclotella cryptica demonstrates substantial cell-to-cell variability in the rate and extent of triacylglycerol accumulation

Abstract In microalgal cultures, most analyses of cellular processes are done in bulk, on the entire population of cells. Information gained from this is representative of the mean; however, it obscures the richness of cell-to-cell variation, which is a well-documented phenomenon. Using imaging flow cytometry, we evaluate changes in triacylglycerol (TAG) content and chlorophyll resulting from silicon or nitrogen deprivation in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica. This approach allows detailed interrogation of large numbers of individual cells and reveals cell-to-cell variation. This study demonstrates several previously undescribed phenomena related to TAG accumulation in microalgae. First, the rate of TAG accumulation varies over time, with a faster rate occurring at the latter stage of the process, resulting in hyperaccumulation in which the majority of the cell volume is comprised of lipid droplets. In C. cryptica and other diatoms this hyperaccumulation occurs strictly under autotrophic conditions. Second, there are distinct responses to silicon or nitrogen limitation, and variation within a given type of limitation treatment. Under most conditions there is a large spread in the population when measuring either chlorophyll or TAG. Heterogeneity within the total population indicates that caution should be taken in interpreting bulk measurements for a variety of variables (TAG, transcript, protein, metabolites, etc.) related to cellular responses. However, a potential means to couple subpopulation-level responses with bulk analysis approaches is described, which could take advantage of the nuances observed during the TAG accumulation process.
Induction of the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 66 KD soluble protein by DMSO in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that a 66 KD cytoplasmic protein (TPP 66) is newly phosphorylated on tyrosine when human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are incubated with a variety of agents that activate these cells or augment activation by known mitogens. Since DMSO has been shown to activate tyrosine specific protein kinases we have examined the role of this agent on the phosphorylation of TPP 66. 5 to 40% DMSO induced the phosphorylation of TPP 66 with the maximal increase in phosphorylation seen at 20%. Concentrations greater than 40% were inhibitory. Phosphorylation of TPP 66 in DMSO treated cells could be detected as early as 2 min following the addition of DMSO, with increased [ 32 P]O 4 incorporation over the next 60 min. The phosphorylation was on tyrosine residues demonstrated by base hydrolysis of TPP 66 extracted from the gels followed by single dimension high voltage electrophoresis. Since DMSO augments activation of T lymphocytes by lectins, this data provides further support for a critical role for the tyrosine phosphorylation of TPP 66 in the mediation of modulation of T lymphocyte activation.