cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide production and protein oxidation in mouse peritoneal macrophages are affected by glutathione peroxidase-1 gene knockout

Abstract This study investigated the role of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) in protein oxidation in peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages isolated from both wild-type (WT) and GPX1 knockout (KO) mice were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml) and interferon-γ (IFN, 10 U/ml for 24 or 48 h in the presence or absence of 1 μM diquat (DQ), 250 μM aminoguanidine (AG, an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase), and (or) 100 μM diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC, an inhibitor of Cu,Zn-SOD). In the KO macrophages, there was no protein band detected by Western blot with anti-GPX1 antibody and 98% reduction in total GPX activity compared with WT cells. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was greatly enhanced after 24 h by GPX1 knockout and DQ, but inhibited by AG or DETC. Protein carbonyl formation in total cell extract was clearly associated with NO synthesis as higher levels of protein carbonyl were detected in activated KO than WT macrophages, and DQ enhanced slightly while AG or DETC virtually blocked its formation. A similarly marginal effect of GPX1 KO was observed on protein nitration. The LPS/IFN/DQ-induced DNA fragmentation was blocked by AG, but not by DETC. Cell viability at 48 h was decreased by the LPS/IFN activation and further reduced by the addition of DQ, but restored by AG. In conclusion, GPX1 affects the NO production in activated peritoneal macrophages and protects these cells against NO-associated protein oxidation.
An international study of human handedness: the data.

Human handedness has been the subject of systematic study since 1646, but there is no agreement among researchers as to who can be considered a left-hander, what is the etiology of left-handedness, or what the proportion of left-handedness is in the world's population. This article reports the results of a handedness survey administered to 12,000 subjects in 17 countries, the largest handedness survey attemped. The paper discusses methods for determining handedness, the probability of a genetic component for handedness, and the relationship of sex, birth order, multiple birth, and first-degree relative's handedness on subject's handedness. A hypothesis for the etiology of left-handedness is presented.
Power electronics in future electrical power grids

Power electronics may substantially improve the controllability and stability of electrical power grids. The high costs for system installation and maintenance as well as the relatively poor reliability of power electronics equipment compared to the traditional equipment make it difficult to be used widely in existing power grids. However, this situation may change if some new proposed designs of electrical power grids become realistic. This paper gives a discussion about power electronics in the future power grids.
Field focusing n.m.r. (FONAR) and the formation of chemical images in man.

The first proposals for n.m r. scanning in medical diagnosis were made by Damadian (1971 a ; 1972) and were followed by Lauterbur (1973). Damadian’s method of scanning used the principle that the forced precessions of a nuclear magnetization under radio frequency (r.f.) driving field specify the conditions for obtaining spatial resolution of the signal producing domains of a nuclear resonance sample. Sufficient coupling of the nuclear spins to the radiation field to produce a signal detectable by r.f. spectroscopy requires that the stringent Bohr frequency condition, hv = µH 0 /I , be met. It became possible to construct, with the aid of direct current auxiliary coils, a small volume, called the resonance aperture, inside the applied static field of the magnetic resonance experiment. The correct value of H 0 for the applied frequency is restricted to this aperture. The technique (Damadian 1972) was developed to provide a method for non-surgically detecting chemical abnormalities in the diseased organs of patients (Damadian 1971 a ). The first n.m.r. scans of normal patients and of those with malignant disease are discussed.
Is There a Fundamental Bound on the Rate at Which Information Can Be Processed

It is shown that the laws of physics impose no fundamental bound on the rate at which information can be processed. Recent claims that quantum effects impose such bounds are discussed and shown to be erroneous.
Optimization-based simulation of nonsmooth rigid multibody dynamics

We present a time-stepping method to simulate rigid multibody dynamics with inelastic collision, contact, and friction. The method progresses with fixed time step without backtracking for collision and solves at every step a strictly convex quadratic program. We prove that a solution sequence of the method converges to the solution of a measure differential inclusion. We present numerical results for a few examples, and we illustrate the difference between the results from our scheme and previous, linear-complementarity-based time-stepping schemes.
Atomic contributions to friction and load for tip-self-assembled monolayers interactions

Scanning force microscopies SFM are being routinely used to examine the mechanical and tribological properties of materials with the goal of obtaining information, such as Young’s Moduli and shear strengths from the experimental data Unertl, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 17, 1779 1999. Analysis of data obtained from an SFM experiment typically requires the use of continuum mechanics models to extract materials properties. When applying these models care must be taken to ensure that the experimental conditions meet the requirements of the model being applied. For example, despite many successful applications of the Johnson-KendallRoberts JKR model to SFM data, it does not take into account the presence of a compliant layer on the sample surface. Recent AFM experiments that examined the friction of self-assembled monolayers SAMs have confirmed that friction versus load data cannot be fit by the JKR model. The authors suggest that the penetration of the SAM by the tip gives rise to an additional contribution to friction due to “plowing” Flater et al., Langmuir 23, 9242 2007. Herein, molecular-dynamics simulations are used to study atomic contact forces between a spherical tip in sliding contact with a SAM. These simulations show that different regions around the tip contribute in unanticipated ways to the total friction between the tip and the monolayer and allow for the number and location of monolayer atoms contributing friction to be determined. The use of atomic contact forces within the monolayer, instead of forces on the rigid tip layers, allows for the contributions to friction force and load to be deconvoluted into forces that resist repel and assist attract tip motion. The findings presented here yield insight into the AFM experiments of SAMs and may have important consequences for the adaptation of continuum contact models for the contact between a sphere and surface where penetration into the sample is possible.
Time-dependent effects of amphetamine on feeding in rats

Following administration of a moderate dose of amphetamine, rats appear to pass through a sequence of physiological/psychological states, including stimulant and depressant states. The present research evaluated whether these states could be inferred from time-dependent changes in feeding-related measures. Male rats were housed in individual stations (light-dark 12-12 h, free access to water) where, at 3-h intervals, they could respond for food for 1 h. The work requirement was fixed ratio 1, and each lever press produced six 94-mg food pellets. When the pattern of responding for food stabilized across the light-dark cycle, a series of 6 or 7 tests was run. During each test, rats received a saline treatment (1.0 ml/kg, subcutaneously) followed by a 48-h monitoring period, and then they received an amphetamine treatment (2.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously) followed by a 72-h monitoring period. Different groups were treated at either light onset or light offset. Lever presses and head-in-feeding-bin responses were monitored throughout these tests. Administration of amphetamine at light onset and at light offset produced cumulative food intake functions having four regions: post-treatment hours 1-6 (hypophagia), 7-12 (normal intake), 13-27 (hypophagia), and 28 and beyond (normal intake). The sequence, duration, and quality of the amphetamine-induced changes in food intake resembled those formerly seen in cue state and activity, and provided further evidence of a transient withdrawal state 20-24 h post-amphetamine treatment.
Unifying the criteria of elastic stability of solids.

The elastic stability criterion formulated by Born is based on the convexity requirement of the equilibrium free energy F of a stress-free crystal under small strain fluctuation, that demands the elastic constant tensor C to be positive definite, |C| > 0. For a crystal subject to an external stress, Hill specifies that for the crystal to be stable, the difference between its internal energy change δE and the work done to the system δW must be positive, i.e. δE − δW > 0. Polanyi, Frenkel, and Orowan proposed a different stability criterion based on stress increment for a loaded system, τ(e + Δe) − τ(e) > 0 until the limit is reached at dτ/de = 0. Although known empirically, the formal connection between the different criteria has not been established rigorously. Using finite deformation theory, we show quite simply that the different formulations of the stability criteria originate from the same necessary condition for the convexity of the free energy of the system subject to external loading, f = F − W. However, in practice caution must be taken in implementation of the different criteria; they may lead to quite different results, especially when stability bifurcation occurs.
Shell model study of Li6 with the Gammel and Thaler two nucleon potential

Abstract An intermediate coupling shell model calculation has been carried out on the energy spectrum of the Li6 nucleus using the Gammel and Thaler potential for the two nucleon interactions. The effect of the repulsive core has been calculated using Moshinsky's perturbation method. A comparison of the calculated and the experimental levels of the Li6 shows that the energies arising from the singlet even and triplet odd GT potentials are in agreement with the experiment, while a large discrepancy with the experiment arises from the triplet even central GT potential. In view of the uncertainty in the GT triplet even potential parameters, a modification of these parameters is introduced such that a fit to the Li6 spectrum is obtained, leaving all the other GT potential parameters unchanged. In addition, the quadrupole moment of Li6 calculated with the modified GT potential is in agreement with the experimental value. Our modified potential is quite similar to the effective potentials of other shell model studies. The spin orbit force in a nucleus, which is necessary to explain a large number of nuclear properties, is found to arise from the triplet odd GT spin orbit potential in our work.
RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown within specific cell types

In plants, RNA interference (RNAi)-induced gene silencing can spread from the initiation site to nearby cells. The silencing signal moves from cell-to-cell through plasmodesmata and, over long distances, through the phloem. In this study, we employed a nuclear-localized GFP fusion protein to visualize the pattern of gene silencing induced by three different transgenes expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in Arabidopsis root tips. In all cases, we found that dsRNA-induced silencing did not spread from the silencing initiation site to adjacent cells. In the first set of experiments, in a transgenic background expressing nuclear-localized GFP within a contiguous cell layer that included endodermis, cortex/endodermis (joint) initial (CEI) cells and the quiescent center (QC) cells, expression of the marker gene was silenced specifically in the QC cells without affecting gene expression in the adjacent CEI and endodermal cells. The next two sets of experiments examined the knockdown of two endogenous genes. We observed that silencing was completely restricted to the QC and endodermal cells within which the dsRNA transgenes were expressed. Overall, these results accentuate one important aspect of RNAi-induced gene silencing, that it can be cell autonomous, and demonstrated the feasibility of selective gene knockdown within specific cell types.
Halogen chemisorption, the pairwise diffusion of I, and trapping by defects on Si(1 0 0)

Abstract Halogen molecules dissociatively chemisorb on Si(1 0 0)-(2 × 1), and the bonding structures that they adopt can be elucidated with scanning tunneling microscopy. Of the Cl, Br, and I group, Cl has the highest single atom diffusion barrier, and both single and paired adatoms are observed at 295 K. The barrier is smaller for Br, and the adatoms can interrogate the surface until they form pairs, which are then immobile, or are trapped at C-type defects. The barrier is smallest for I, allowing the formation of pairs and trapped states, but the pairs are mobile at ambient temperature. Their motion is thermally activated, the events are random, and the diffusivities along and across the dimer row are ∼0.42 and ∼0.17 A 2 /s at 295 K. The respective energy barriers for pairwise diffusion are ∼0.76 and ∼0.82 eV, assuming an attempt frequency of 10 12 s −1 . Studies over long times reveal that pairwise diffusion at low coverage is ultimately quenched by the increasing density of C-type defects, i.e. the increasing amounts of dissociated H 2 O.
Quantifying Cell-to-Cell Variations in Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium ion batteries have conventionally been manufactured in small capacities but large volumes for consumer electronics applications. More recently, the industry has seen a surge in the individual cell capacities, as well as the number of cells used to build modules and packs. Reducing cell-to-cell and lot-to-lot variations has been identified as one of the major means to reduce the rejection rate when building the packs as well as to improve pack durability. The tight quality control measures have been passed on from the pack manufactures to the companies building the individual cells and in turn to the components. This paper identifies a quantitative procedure utilizing impedance spectroscopy, a commonly used tool, to determine the effects of material variability on the cell performance, to compare the relative importance of uncertainties in the component properties, and to suggest a rational procedure to set quality control specifications for the various components of a cell, that will reduce cell-to-cell variability, while preventing undue requirements on uniformity that often result in excessive cost of manufacturing but have a limited impact on the cells' performance.
Improving accuracy in face tracking user interfaces using consumer devices

Using face and head movements to control a computer can be especially helpful for users who, for various reasons, cannot effectively use common input devices with their hands. Using vision-based consumer devices makes such a user interface readily available and allows its use to be non-intrusive. However, a characteristic problem with this system is accurate control. Consumer devices capture already small face movements at a resolution that is usually lower than the screen resolution. Computer vision algorithms and technologies that enable such also introduce noise, adversely affecting usability. This paper describes how different components of this perceptual user interface contribute to the problem of accuracy and presents potential solutions. This interface was implemented with different configurations and was statistically evaluated to support the analysis. The different configurations include, among other things, the use of 2D and depth images from consumer devices, different input styles, and the use of the Kalman filter.
HIGGS PHYSICS AT THE LHC

A SM-like Higgs boson can be produced in a variety of channels at the LHC. By combining information from production via gluon fusion and weak boson fusion, various partial widths and the total Higgs boson width can be extracted. Expected accuracies for 200 fb-1 of data are in the 10% range.
A Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Population Model and Once‐Daily Dosing Algorithm for Neonates

Study Objective. To develop a gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates younger than 10 days. Design. Prospective, open-label study. Setting. Neonatal intensive care unit. Patients. One hundred thirty-nine neonates prescribed gentamicin. Measurements and Main Results. Gentamicin peak and trough serum concentrations were collected from 139 neonates divided into three groups who were receiving one of the following intravenous 24-hour gentamicin regimens during the first 10 days of life, based on gestational age and birth weight (group 1, 34 wks, 4 mg/kg). A structural model was developed in ADAPT II software using a MAP Bayesian approach. Final population parameter estimates were calculated using iterative two-stage analysis. The median (range) gestational age and birth weight, respectively, were 32 weeks (23–42 wks) and 1.92 kg (0.47–5.00 kg). The final one-compartmental linear model had a median (range) gentamicin total clearance, half-life, and volume of distribution of 0.0709 L/hour (0.0151–0.246 L/hr), 8.59 hours (4.88–16.9 hrs), and 0.262 L (0.0903–0.929 L), respectively. Total clearance increased as gestational age increased (p<0.001). Group 1 (10.2 hrs) had a significantly longer half-life than either group 2 (8.89 hrs, p<0.01) or group 3 (6.98 hrs, p<0.01). Total clearance was associated with gestational age and birth weight: clearance (L/hr) = (0.00504 + [0.00108 · gestational age]) · birth weight (coefficient of determination [r2] = 0.897), and volume of distribution was associated with birth weight (r2 = 0.700). The following dosing algorithm was designed to reach a therapeutic 24hour area under the curve (87.5 mg/L·hr) in neonates during the first 10 days after birth: 24-hour gentamicin dose (mg) = (0.441 + [0.0945 · gestational age]) · birth weight. Conclusion. This dosing algorithm provides a new approach for determining initial gentamicin dosing regimens in neonates; however, clinical validation is required.
Rigging the deck: Selecting good problems for expert-novice card-sorting experiments

A seminal study by Chi et al. firmly established the paradigm that novices categorize physics problems by ``surface features'' (e.g., ``incline,'' ``pendulum,'' ``projectile motion,'' etc.), while experts use ``deep structure'' (e.g., ``energy conservation,'' ``Newton 2,'' etc.). Yet, efforts to replicate the study frequently fail, since the ability to distinguish experts from novices turns out to be highly sensitive to the problem set being used. Exactly what properties of problems are most important in problem sets that discriminate experts from novices in a measurable way? To answer this question, we studied the categorizations by known physics experts and novices using a large, diverse set of problems. This set needed to be large so that we could determine how well experts and novices could be discriminated by considering both small subsets using an exhaustive Monte Carlo approach and larger subsets using simulated annealing. We found that the number of questions required to accurately classify experts and novices can be surprisingly small so long as the problem set is carefully crafted to be composed of problems with particular pedagogical and contextual features. Finally, we found that not only was what you ask (deep structure) important, but also how you ask it (problem context).
Teaching Information Literacy to Generation Y.

Summary Whether they are called the Nintendo Generation, Millennials, or Generation, contemporary 17- to 19-year-olds bring unique learning style preferences and worldviews with them when they come to libraries' information literacy classes. Prominent among their preferences are visual and kinesthetic learning styles. They have incredibly positive views of technologies' potentialities and their own abilities with technologies. Like all students, they learn more effectively when taught in accordance with their learning style preferences and when their worldviews are acknowledged. Changing teaching methods andmaterials for an information literacy course at California State University, Hayward, to accommodate better Generation learners correlated with improvements in students' attitudes and performances.
Ranking Production Potential Based on Key Geological Drivers - Bakken Case Study

The Bakken Play is a lithologically complex, mixed carbonate-clastic and low porosity-permeability petroleum system comprised of juxtaposed source rocks and reservoir intervals. The play spans variable source maturity, reservoir pressure and temperature, and fluid type. The target reservoirs are thin (below seismic resolution), gently-dipping and variably affected by subtle structure, faults or natural fractures.
The role of antimatter in big-bang cosmology

Big bang cosmology is discussed with reference to both its strong points and gaps. Characteristics of a spectral component of red shifted gamma-radiation from cosmological matter-antimatter annihilation show a flattening of the gamma-ray spectrum in the vicinity of 1 MeV, an increased gamma-ray flux between 1 and 100 MeV, and a very steep spectrum between 50 and 135 MeV. This data fits well with the theoretical predictions in energy and intensity.
Human Language and Other Semiotic Systems

I would like to begin with a familiar and elementary conceptual distinction between two quite different questions: (1) what is a human language? (2) what is a language?
Tympanic-membrane and malleus-incus-complex co-adaptations for high-frequency hearing in mammals.

The development of the unique capacity for high-frequency hearing in many mammals was due in part to changes in the middle ear, such as the evolution of three distinct middle-ear bones and distinct radial and circumferential collagen fiber layers in the eardrum. Ossicular moment(s) of inertia (MOI) and principal rotational axes, as well as eardrum surface areas, were calculated from micro-CT-based 3-D reconstructions of human, cat, chinchilla, and guinea pig temporal bones. For guinea pig and chinchilla, the fused malleus–incus complex rotates about an anterior–posterior axis, due to the relatively lightweight ossicles and bilateral symmetry of the eardrum. For human and cat, however, the MOI calculated for the unfused malleus are 5–6 times smaller for rotations about an inferior–superior axis than for rotations about the other two orthogonal axes. It is argued that these preferred motions, along with the presence of a mobile malleus–incus joint and asymmetric eardrum, enable efficient high-frequency sound transmission in spite of the relatively large ossicular masses of these species. This work argues that the upper-frequency hearing limit of a given mammalian species can in part be understood in terms of morphological co-adaptations of the eardrum and ossicular chain.
A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM THE MARBLED SALAMANDER, AMBYSTOMA OPACUM (CAUDATA: AMBYSTOMATIDAE), FROM NORTHERN LOUISIANA

Between December 2002 and June 2004, 10 marbled salamanders, Ambystoma opacum, were examined for coccidian parasites. Salamanders were collected in Bradley (n = 2), Little River (n = 1), Miller (n = 1), and Sevier (n = 1) Counties, Arkansas; Webster Parish, Louisiana (n = 2); and Bowie (n = 1) and Nacogdoches (n = 2) Counties, Texas. Two of 10 (20%) A. opacum from Louisiana harbored an undescribed species of Eimeria. Oocysts of Eimeria trauthi n. sp. were ellipsoidal, 36.6 × 33.1 (33–40 × 29–37) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.1. Polar granule(s) and micropyle were absent. Oocyst residuum was composed of hundreds of loosely packed homogenous granules of various sizes enclosing a vacuole. Sporocysts were elongate-ellipsoidal, 20.8 × 8.1 (19–22 × 7–9) μm; shape index 2.6. Sporocyst residuum was spherical and composed of a cluster of granules often membrane-bound. This is the first time a coccidium has been reported from an amphibian species in Louisiana and the second time a coccidium ha...
Increased bone marrow blood flow in rabbits with acute hemolytic anemia

The bone marrow blood flow in the femur of the rabbit with acute hemolytic anemia was measured by the radioactive microsphere method. Acute hemolytic anemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine. An increase in the bone marrow blood flow was detected three days after the induction of anemia and continued for about one week. The bone marrow blood flow of the anemic rabbit (66 ml/min/100 g marrow) was about three times that of the control (20 ml/min/100 g marrow). The increased blood flow to the bone marrow appeared to be correlated to the increased erythropoietic activity.
Analysis for light atoms produced in the bulk phase of a tubular palladium/silver alloy cathode working electrode

Abstract Experiments designed to detect the production of trace amounts of helium and/or tritium in the interior of a palladium/silver electrode during electrolysis of LiOD solutions are described. Electrolysis products that diffused through the evacuated tubular electrode were concentrated by reaction of H2, HD and D2 with CuO, then analyzed by mass spectroscopy and radiometry. The limit of detection for 4He was 1 × 1011 atoms. No evidence for production of helium or tritium by “cold fusion” was detected.
An improved colorimetric assay for vicinal diol determination by Ti(III) and its utilization for reporting microbial O-demethylation

A simple assay for quantifying O-demethylation activity is desired for investigating the microbial utilization of phenylmethylethers. Detailed experiments showed that the titanium (III) nitrilotriacetate–vicinal diol colorimetric assay produced better results when Ti(III) and vicinal diols were mixed at ratios closer to 1:1 within the appropriate pH range and when the absorbance was measured at the wavelength of maximum absorbance. Vanillate was found to be a better substrate than syringate and ferulate for the determination of O-demethylating activity by Ti(III). The Ti(III) colorimetric assay was sensitive, detecting as low as 10 μM of vicinal diol. A low concentration (<0.25 mM) of Ti(III) did not inhibit the growth of acetogens on phenylmethylethers. Ti(III) was found as a reliable intrinsic indicator for enumerating O-demethylating microorganisms in environmental samples by the most probable number (MPN) method. The improved Ti(III)–vicinal diol colorimetric assay offers a sensitive, convenient, and cost-effective approach for studying microbial O-demethylation activity and population density.
The potential role and mechanisms of distilled water-induced hypotonic shock on malignant cells.

* Corresponding author. Department of Sur St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Tel.: þ1 314 747 97 E-mail address: margenthalerj@wudosis. 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.01.014 Intraoperative lavage is a common practice that has been widely performed since its first description in the 1900s [1]. The intent is to dilute and remove debris, bacteria, tumor cells, and so forth from the operative cavity. Furthermore, peritoneal lavage with distilled water has been described after abdominal surgery for various cancers, with the hypothesis that the hypotonic shock conferred to potential free cancer cells may result in cell lysis and prevention of peritoneal seeding [2e5]. However, to date, there have been few data that describe the specific mechanism by which this occurs, or whether it results in efficacious cytocidal activity at all. Iitaka et al [6] investigated the role and mechanism of distilled water peritoneal lavage in three human gastric cancer cell lines. Peritoneal metastatic recurrence occurs in approximately 50% of patients with serosally invasive gastric cancer despite curative-intent resection. Peritoneal metastasis is thought to develop as a result of free peritoneal cancer cells shed from serosally based invasive tumors or via lymphatic drainage of isolated tumor cells. Thus, effective peritoneal lavage is potentially clinically important during gastric cancer resection, specifically because the shed cancer cells can be viable and tumorigenic. In their study, Iitaka et al
Modeling genetic inheritance of copy number variations

Copy number variations (CNVs) are being used as genetic markers or functional candidates in gene-mapping studies. However, unlike single nucleotide polymorphism or microsatellite genotyping techniques, most CNV detection methods are limited to detecting total copy numbers, rather than copy number in each of the two homologous chromosomes. To address this issue, we developed a statistical framework for intensity-based CNV detection platforms using family data. Our algorithm identifies CNVs for a family simultaneously, thus avoiding the generation of calls with Mendelian inconsistency while maintaining the ability to detect de novo CNVs. Applications to simulated data and real data indicate that our method significantly improves both call rates and accuracy of boundary inference, compared to existing approaches. We further illustrate the use of Mendelian inheritance to infer SNP allele compositions in each of the two homologous chromosomes in CNV regions using real data. Finally, we applied our method to a set of families genotyped using both the Illumina HumanHap550 and Affymetrix genome-wide 5.0 arrays to demonstrate its performance on both inherited and de novo CNVs. In conclusion, our method produces accurate CNV calls, gives probabilistic estimates of CNV transmission and builds a solid foundation for the development of linkage and association tests utilizing CNVs.
First-principles study of the adsorption of sulfur on Pt(111): S core-level shifts and the nature of the Pt-S bond

The adsorption of a sulfur atom and a sulfur molecule on the Pt(111) surface is investigated through the first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (FLAPW) and pseudopotential calculations. Different sulfur coverages (0.25, 0.33, and 1 ML) and several adsorption geometries are considered. It is found that, for atomic sulfur, the S-Pt bond is weakened with the increase of sulfur coverage and the most stable adsorption site changes from fcc-hollow site to atop site. The S $2p$ core levels shift to higher binding energy with the increase of S coverage. The Pt $4f$ core levels are stabilized upon interaction with the S adsorbate, and yet the Pt to S charge transfer is not substantial in many cases. S adsorption induces significant decreases in the density of Pt $5d$ states near the Fermi energy. For the case of ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ adsorption, the S-S bond length is 2.1 \AA{} with one atom near an atop position and the other on a mixed bridge-hollow site. The adsorption energy is close to 44 kcal/mol.
Evaluation of a Fundamental Approach for the Statistical Analysis of Fracture

Generalized relations between the strength distribution function and derivatives of the fracture probability are developed for five widely used testing methods for measuring the strengths of ceramic materials. The derived relations for three of these methods are used to analyze room-temperature fracture strength data for hot-pressed silicon nitride. Fracture of this material is shown to be controlled by internal flaws at strength levels up to and including the range where the tensile and flexural distributions overlap, but it is primarily surface-flaw-controlled toward the upper end of the flexural distribution.
Regional electronic bulletin board system: Three years of experience with continuing medical education

An electronic bulletin board system was established to enhance communication among the Chiefs of Professional Education of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California Region. Initial growth in participation was rapid but reached a plateau at 10% of the total physician group. Further expansion was slowed by limited equipment availability, physicians' lack of familiarity with the benefits and requirements of the technology, and perceived lack of real utility due to reluctance to transact business by this new system. Technological innovation in information management may take several years to penetrate corporate culture.
Multimodality imaging of giant prolapsing left atrial myxoma.

Through a case of a very large left atrial myxoma diagnosed in a 53-year-old woman, we feature the complementary value of multimodality imaging. Two-dimensional echocardiography continues to be the principal imaging modality for intracardiac masses due to its accessibility and ability to provide basic information on mass morphology, position, and mobility. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography offers more precise assessment of tumor size and attachment. Cardiac magnetic resonance allows superior tissue characterization, particularly important in differentiating a myxoma from a thrombus. Appropriate use of these various non-invasive imaging modalities is a safe and comprehensive preoperative diagnostic approach for patients with intracardiac masses.
Storage of light-driven transthylakoid proton motive force as an electric field (Δψ) under steady-state conditions in intact cells of Chlamydomonasreinhardtii

Proton motive force (pmf) is physiologically stored as either a ΔpH or a membrane potential (Δψ) across bacterial and mitochondrial energetic membranes. In the case of chloroplasts, previous work (Cruz et al. 2001, Biochemistry 40: 1226–1237) indicates that Δψ is a significant fraction of pmf, in vivo, and in vitro as long as the activities of counterions are relatively low. Kinetic analysis of light-induced changes in the electrochromic shift (ECS) in intact leaves was consistent with these observations. In this work, we took advantage of the spectroscopic properties of the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to demonstrate that light-driven Δψ was stored in vivo over the hours time scale. Analysis of the light-induced ECS kinetics suggested that the steady-state Δψ in 400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 red light was between 20 and 90 mV and that this represented about 60% of the light-induced increase in pmf. By extrapolation, it was surmised that about half of total (basal and light-induced) pmf is held as Δψ. It is hypothesized that Δψ is stabilized either by maintaining low chloroplast ionic strength or by active membrane ion transporters. In addition to the strong implications for regulation of photosynthesis by the xanthophyll cycle, these results imply that pmf partitioning is important across a wide range of species.
Corporate campaigns: The perversion of the regulatory process

Regulatory agencies thus play a major role in union comprehensive corporate campaigns. The willingness of these agencies to adopt the union-assistance role is sometime motivated by bias, often by ignorance of the union’s true purpose, and sometimes by the legislation involved. Even when the last is the case, there is little excuse for some regulatory action in the union behalf. For example, the NLRB’s lopsided actions in the Caterpillar case challenge both common sense and common considerations of fair play. The EPA’s role in rushing to the aid of unions when state agencies, after laborious examinations of the issues, found no violations or impediments, calls loudly for congressional action. And OSHA’s rush to inspect facilities where a labor dispute exits, but where no serious safety or health faults were previously found or complained about, needs to be rethought and revamped.
‘Usual and customary’ practice versus the recommendations of experts: clinician noncompliance in the prevention of bacterial endocarditis

The authors of this article hope to alert practicing dentists of the inconsistencies with the American Heart Association’s recommendations for managing patients at risk for bacterial endocarditis found in a representative sample of 578 general practitioner respondents. Recommendations for compliance are included. Data were collected from a representative sample of American general practitioners to ascertain adherence to the recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA) concerning management of patients at risk for bacterial endocarditis. Inconsistencies were found in the prescribing of appropriate risk-related therapies such as proper timing, selection of antibiotics, and associated dosages. It is suggested that clinicians’ compliance level with these recommendations may be raised by a careful reading of the AHA’s latest findings.
Pensieve: augmenting human memory

Human memory is fallible. We remember certain things, while we completely forget others. Some of the events we experience end up stored in our episodic memory, others disappear completely. Even those stored, very often remain inaccessible, since we do not have reliable mechanisms to retrieve them when required. In this paper we describe Pensieve, a system for augmenting episodic memory, that facilitates capturing of events and retrieving them later, using various relevant cues and associative browsing.
Gonadal influence on agonistic behavior in the male domestic rat

Abstract The influence of androgen on agonistic behavior of the laboratory rat was investigated. Castrate males were tested with intact partners at 2-week intervals in neutral observation cages. The castrates were untreated in the first test, testosterone propionate treated in the second, and untreated again in the third test. Testosterone propionate treatment markedly increased the level of interaction between the pairs. Untreated castrate rats not only lacked the tendency to initiate conflict, but also failed to evoke aggressive responses from intact males. Castrate rats fought successfully if such conflict was precipitated, but this was rare. A second experiment tested the interaction between a home cage testing situation and the dependence of agonistic behavior on androgens. Male rats kept for 2 weeks in observation cages, were tested for agonistic behavior after the introduction of intruders; the frequency of occurrence of 15 behavioral acts was recorded. Residents were then castrated, allowed 2 weeks for recovery and retested. After the second test a 10-mg pellet of testosterone propionate was implanted subcutaneously; two additional weeks were allowed and a third test was performed. A third experiment identical to the second, except that testosterone propionate was not administered, was also performed. The expression of agonistic behavior was potentiated by androgen; aggressiveness and dominance were also greatly influenced by residence in the home cage.
Detection algorithms for hyperspectral imaging applications

We introduce key concepts and issues including the effects of atmospheric propagation upon the data, spectral variability, mixed pixels, and the distinction between classification and detection algorithms. Detection algorithms for full pixel targets are developed using the likelihood ratio approach. Subpixel target detection, which is more challenging due to background interference, is pursued using both statistical and subspace models for the description of spectral variability. Finally, we provide some results which illustrate the performance of some detection algorithms using real hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data. Furthermore, we illustrate the potential deviation of HSI data from normality and point to some distributions that may serve in the development of algorithms with better or more robust performance. We therefore focus on detection algorithms that assume multivariate normal distribution models for HSI data.
HOSPITALIZATIONS IN SINGLE VENTRICLE PATIENTS IN THE UNITED STATES: PREVALENCE AND OUTCOMES FROM 2000 TO 2006

Survival among children with single ventricle (SV) heart disease is high, but morbidity remains substantial. However, few population-based data exist on SV disease throughout childhood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the burden of disease based on number of hospitalizations in the
Effect of Crystal Orientation on Plastic Deformation of Magnesium Oxide

Stress-strain data for single crystals of MgO tested in compression with 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 loading axes are presented for temperatures ranging from 26〉 to 1250°C. Stress-strain data for polycrystalline MgO are also presented over the same temperature range. Single crystals with a 〈111〉 loading axis were found to deform plastically on the {100}〈110〉 slip systems at temperatures above 350°C. The total strain at fracture for polycrystalline MgO at room temperature was about 0.6%; above 600°C it was about 2%. The general inability of the {110}〈110〉 slip systems of this structure to satisfy the Taylor requirement, i.e., the necessity of five independent slip systems, ease of cleavage, and slip nonuniformity, limits polycrystalline ductility at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, slip can occur on {100}〈110〉 slip systems, thus providing the additional slip, systems necessary to satisfy Taylor's criterion; also, stress-induced climb and high dislocation mobility inhibit cleavage fracture.
Top Ten Potentially Dangerous Exercises

(1987). Top Ten Potentially Dangerous Exercises. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 29-33.
Approach to quality assurance/quality control in the organic chemicals industry monitoring program

The implementation of the 1977 Clean Water Act requires the development of guidelines for the control of specific toxic pollutants in industrial discharges. To meet this mandate, new analytical pro...
Electrochemical QCM Studies of Aluminum Deposition and Alloy Formation on Au(111) in Ambient Temperature Molten Salts/Benzene Mixtures

Certain aspects of the electrochemical deposition of Al on Au electrodes from ambient-temperature acidic AlCl 3 /1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIC) melts have been examined in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). These experiments were performed using benzene as a cosolvent to decrease the very high viscosity of the neat molten salt. A linear correlation was found between the change in the frequency of the QCM and the amount of electrodeposited Al for amounts of Al ranging from 0.05 to 0.27 μg/cm 2 . This observation suggests that within this mass range the films are relatively smooth and rigidly bound to the underlying substrate. For lower masses, the plot was also linear, except that the slope was significantly smaller than that expected based on the weight of Al, a phenomenon attributed to mass compensation. Large deviations from linearity were observed when the amount of deposited Al increased beyond 0.27 μg/cm 2 . This behavior is consistent with the growth of discrete Al clusters leading to increased surface roughness and to liquid entrapment within the cluster array, which contributes to the frequency changes measured by the QCM. Long times were required for the mass of the Au electrode to return to its original value following deposition and stripping, which is consistent with the formation of bulk Al/Au alloys as has been earlier proposed.
A new questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease

for outpatients, 0.70 [interquartile range, 0.59 to 0.81]; median Œ for population sample, 0.70 [interquartile range, 0.60 to 0.81]) and validity (median Œ, 0.62 [interquartile range, 0.49 to 0.74]) were acceptable. • Conclusion: Our initial results suggest that this questionnaire is valid and should be applicable in population-based studies to assess gastroesophageal reflux disease. (Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69:539-547)
Comparison of Cosmesis following Healing by Surgical Closure and Second Intention

When deciding on whether to surgically close a wound or allow granulation and epithelialization to occur, it is necessary to evaluate each patient individually. The patient's needs and desires, along with cost effectiveness, immediate versus delayed gratification, and convalescent time must all be considered. Also, the skill of the surgeon and the resources available to both the surgeon and the patient must be taken into consideration.
Symplectic maps, variational principles, and transport

Symplectic maps are the discrete-time analog of Hamiltonian motion. They arise in many applications including accelerator, chemical, condensed-matter, plasma, and fluid physics. Twist maps correspond to Hamiltonians for which the velocity is a monotonic function of the canonical momentum. Twist maps have a Lagrangian variational formulation. One-parameter families of twist maps typically exhibit the full range of possible dynamics-from simple or integrable motion to complex or chaotic motion. One class of orbits, the minimizing orbits, can be found throughout this transition; the properties of the minimizing orbits are discussed in detail. Among these orbits are the periodic and quasiperiodic orbits, which form a scaffold in the phase space and constrain the motion of the remaining orbits. The theory of transport deals with the motion of ensembles of trajectories. The variational principle provides an efficient technique for computing the flux escaping from regions bounded by partial barriers formed from minimizing orbits. Unsolved problems in the theory of transport include the explanation for algebraic tails in correlation functions, and its extension to maps of more than two dimensions.
Requirements for a new object-oriented methodology

Abstract Object-oriented components, such as languages, engines, persistent storages, and development environments, are not sufficient for developing high quality object-oriented applications. New formal methodologies, based on object-oriented concepts, also need to be developed that address all life cycle phases. A preliminary list of requirements for such an object-oriented methodology is proposed. From this new methodology, practical techniques and tools can be developed that increase productivity using the new object-oriented technologies.
Professional development as intellectual activity: Features of the learning environment and evidence of teachers’ intellectual engagement

Abstract Professional development has moved from the periphery of teachers’ professional lives to center stage, more recently seen as the key to educational reform. Considerable time and money have been invested in professional development with little effect on teachers’ practices in ways that improve student learning. Some argue that the focus of professional development has been overly concerned with technique and power, ignoring the fundamental tools of teaching work—knowledge and intellect. This research describes a professional development program for 16 experienced elementary school educators that focused on teacher learning. Data were collected over 18 months and qualitatively analyzed for setting features and learning processes indicative of an intellectual focus. Five setting features were identified: (a) a warrant for thinking and studying, (b) models of thoughtfulness in the environment, (c) access to superior mediation, (d) maintaining a focus on learning, and (e) acknowledging barriers to tho...