cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Displacement-length scaling relations for faults on the terrestrial planets

Displacement-length (D/L)scaling relations for normal and thrust faults from Mars, and thrust faults from Mercury, for which sufficiently accurate measurements are available, are consistently smaller than terrestrial D/L ratios by a factor of about 5, regardless of fault type (i.e. normal or thrust). We demonstrate that D/L ratios for faults scale, to first order, with planetary gravity. In particular, confining pressure modulates: (1) the magnitude of shear driving stress on the fault; (2) the shear yield strength of near-tip rock; and (3) the Young's (or shear) modulus of crustal rock. In general, all three factors decrease with gravity for the same rock type and pore-pressure state (e.g. wet conditions). Faults on planets with lower surface gravities, such as Mars and Mercury, demonstrate systematically smaller D/L ratios than faults on larger planets, such as Earth. Smaller D/L ratios of faults on Venus and the Moon are predicted by this approach, and we infer still smaller values of D/L ratio for faults on icy satellites in the outer solar system. Collection of additional displacement-length and down-dip height data from terrestrial normal, strike-slip, and thrust faults, located within fold-and-thrust belts, plate margins, and continental interiors, is required to evaluate the influence of fault shape and progressive deformation on the scaling relations for faults from Earth and elsewhere.
Stereolithographic modeling technology applied to tumor resection.

One of the goals of mandibular reconstruction after tumor resection is a return to premorbid form and function. The typical reconstruction includes a titanium bone plate and bone replacement with a graft or vascularized flap. Stereolithography (SLA), which began to be used in the 1980s, 1,2 is a valuable adjunct to traditional methods of treatment planning for reconstruction following resection of tumors, developmental abnormalities, or trauma reconstruction. 3 SLA uses computer technology and medical image processing techniques to generate a complex plastic 3-dimensional (3D) model from computed tomography (CT) scans. When stereolithographic technology is incorporated into the reconstruction procedure, the workup and operative phases can be improved and treatment can be enhanced. SLA technology can be applied to the correction of congenital craniofacial anomalies, dentofacial deformities, and maxillofacial defects resulting from trauma or tumor resection. The accuracy of SLA models has been well documented. 2,4‐6 The process involves CT scans, computers, and acrylic photo polymerizing resin. In addition to resin, these models (or custom-made implants) can be fabricated from a starch-cellulose material (as for patient 1), hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphate cements, or other plastics. Resin tends to be sturdier; starch models are more friable and must be handled more carefully to avoid crumbling of the material. Even though the starch models are less expensive than the resin models, the handling characteristics make the resin models more desirable when using them for planning reconstructive surgeries. In addition, the resin models can be sterilized and brought to the operating field; starch models would be destroyed by autoclave temperatures. The basic components of the stereolithographic apparatus include a controlling computer, an ultraviolet laser with optics, galvanometer-coupled mirrors, a liquid polymer tank, and a movable platform within the tank. Accurate stereolithographic models (SLMs) are influenced by numerous steps in the design process, and care must be taken in each step if the process is to generate a model that is free of fabrication errors. When models are made from nonresin materials, laser printer technology is used to layer the powdered material intermittently with a liquid phase adhesive. These 3D models can be used to preshape metallic implants that will be used in surgery. The length of implant plates and the number and lengths of required screws can be planned before surgery. 7 It is also possible to plan osteotomies by performing a surgical rehearsal on the model itself. Such a rehearsal allows measurement of the displacement of all bone segments and anticipation of the size and the form of bone grafts; using these techniques requires the development of reference points so that sectioned portions of the model can be replaced into their original positions (eg, using plaster or dental stone to create a base around the uncut model). This article presents a case series to show the use of stereolithography in mandibular tumor reconstruction.
Xenografts as Models of Clonal Selection and Acquired Resistance to Therapy

Featured Article: Ding L, Ellis MJ, Li S, Larson DE, Chen K, Wallis JW, et al. Genome remodeling in a basal-like breast cancer metastasis and xenograft. Nature 2010; 464:999–1005.2 In our 2010 Nature article featured here, we described a next-generation sequencing-based whole-genome study to compare 4 related genomes from a single patient: a primary triple negative breast cancer, its counterpart xenograft [or “patient-derived xenograft” (PDX)], and a brain metastasis that occurred upon disease progression, all compared with the blood-derived normal DNA. This comparison identified a high degree of genomic similarity between all 3 tumor samples, and for the first time in a solid tissue malignancy we explored the alterations in genomic heterogeneity that occurred in the transitions from primary to metastatic disease, and from primary to PDX. Effectively, we demonstrated that somatic structural alterations remained constant across all 3 tumor genomes but that there were changes in clonality (inferred from the allele frequencies of point mutations) when comparing the primary to the metastasis and to the …
Aspects of the morphological evolution in thermal barrier coatings and the intrinsic thermal mismatch therein

Abstract The evolution of interfacial deformations and stresses in thermal barrier coatings due to the formation of the thermally grown oxide and the intrinsic thermal mismatch is investigated. The study focuses on systems that are prone to displacement instabilities of the thermally grown oxide and numerical models spanning a range of properties are investigated. Material changes in the Pt-modified aluminide bond-coat, such as martensitic transformation and the change from β- to γ′-grains, are considered. The numerical simulations show that when the mismatch is large enough to cause overall yielding in the bond-coat, the thermal expansion of the substrate (the superalloy) will rule the system response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the stresses and the interfacial deformation—thus the coating's lifetime—may be optimized if the martensitic transition temperature can be controlled for bond-coats undergoing such transformations. However, we show that due to the sensitivity of the system, this is unlikely to be successful for a real material system.
Transferability of the Valence Ionization Intensities of Chemical Functional Groups between Molecules

The transferability of the valence ionization intensities of chemical functional groups is investigated with three common laboratory ionization sources (Ne Iα, 16.7 eV; He Iα, 21.2 eV; and He IIα, 40.8 eV) for a series ofmolecules. Each molecule contains two different functional groups that are well separated electronically and spatially by an alkane chain linker. The optimum length of the alkane chain between the functional groups is investigated. In this initial study, the functional groups are RCl, RBr, RSH, and RFc, where R is an alkane chain and Fc is ferrocene with an alkane chain bonded to one cyclopentadienyl ring. An additional feature of this study is that each functional group contains a molecular orbital with nearly pure atomic character, allowing comparison to theoretical atomic ionization cross-section ratios. In general, the observed photoelectron intensity changes are more gradual than those predicted by either theoretical atomic photoionization cross sections or by a complete Gelius analysis based on molecular orbital compositions obtained from electronic structure calculations. Experimentally, there is a high degree of transferability of the relative ionization intensities of the chemical functional groups between the molecules of this set. These results indicate that an empirical library of the relative ionization cross sections of chemical functional groups as a function of photon energy will be a useful aid to the study of more complex molecules and will provide an experimental foundation for further theoretical studies of molecular photoelectron cross sections.
Folkways and Stateways: Continuing Dilemmas of Housing, Race, and Place

This review essay reviews: Rochdale Village: Robert Moses, 6,000 Families, and New York City's Great Experiment in Integrated Housing, by Peter Eisenstadt; Racial Beachhead: Diversity and Democracy in a Military Town - Seaside, California, by Carol Lynn McKibben; White Flight/Black Flight: The Dynamics of Racial Change in an American Neighborhood, by Rachael A. Woldoff.
The real objective of Mendel's paper

According to the traditional account Mendel's paper on pea hybrids reported a study of inheritance and its laws. Hence, Mendel came to be known as “The Father of Genetics”. This paper demonstrates that, in fact, Mendel's objective in his research was finding the empirical laws which describe the formation of hybrids and the development of their offspring over several generations. Having found these laws (and not the laws of inheritance that he is generally credited with) he proposed a theoretical scheme involving the formation of germinal and pollen cells in hybrids and their combination in fertilization competent to explain why his laws took the form that they did. Mendel's research shows a pattern of development closely paralleling the stages of empirical investigation beginning at the level of qualitative description in common language rising through four levels of increasing abstraction and culminating in a fifth level, his simple mechanical theory. This mechanism met all the tests that a theory of this type must pass. In that respect Mendel was highly successful and this success might be the reason why he did not push his theory to a higher level, a sixth level involving the use of particulate determiners; despite this fact, Mendel was credited with having taken exactly that step.
Spatio-temporal patterns of the decline of freshwater mussels in the Little South Fork Cumberland River, USA

The Little South Fork Cumberland River, Kentucky and Tennessee, USA, was a globally important conservation refugium for freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) because it supported an intact example (26 species) of the unique Cumberland River mussel fauna including imperiled species. We used previous surveys and our 1997–1998 survey to reconstruct the historical fauna, to describe spatio-temporal patterns of density and number of species, and to evaluate the probable sequence and cause of observed mussel declines. We were specifically interested in better understanding how mussel assemblages respond to chronic disturbances, and how these changes manifest in persistence patterns. Density and numbers of species declined steadily from 1981 to 1998, but declines occurred first in the lower river (early 1980s), followed by declines in the upper river (late 1980s to early 1990s). Of the total species recorded from the Little South Fork, 17 (65%) are seemingly extirpated and five others appear near extirpation. Declines are associated with at least two, temporally distinct major insults. Lower river declines are associated with surface mining, whereas, oil extraction activities are implicated in upper river declines. Regardless of causal factors, species persistence was primarily a function of predecline population size with only the most numerous and widespread species surviving. At this time, the river appears lost as a conservation refugium for mussels despite its remoteness, predominantly forested watershed, and several layers of existing statutory and regulatory environmental safeguards. We suggest that the river could be restored and mussels reintroduced if an interagency task force is formed to identify and mitigate specific stressors now affecting most mussel species in the river.
The redox antimalarial dihydroartemisinin targets human metastatic melanoma cells but not primary melanocytes with induction of NOXA-dependent apoptosis

Recent research suggests that altered redox control of melanoma cell survival, proliferation, and invasiveness represents a chemical vulnerability that can be targeted by pharmacological modulation of cellular oxidative stress. The endoperoxide artemisinin and semisynthetic artemisinin-derivatives including dihydroartemisinin (DHA) constitute a major class of antimalarials that kill plasmodium parasites through induction of iron-dependent oxidative stress. Here, we demonstrate that DHA may serve as a redox chemotherapeutic that selectively induces melanoma cell apoptosis without compromising viability of primary human melanocytes. Cultured human metastatic melanoma cells (A375, G361, LOX) were sensitive to DHA-induced apoptosis with upregulation of cellular oxidative stress, phosphatidylserine externalization, and activational cleavage of procaspase 3. Expression array analysis revealed DHA-induced upregulation of oxidative and genotoxic stress response genes (GADD45A, GADD153, CDKN1A, PMAIP1, HMOX1, EGR1) in A375 cells. DHA exposure caused early upregulation of the BH3-only protein NOXA, a proapototic member of the Bcl2 family encoded by PMAIP1, and genetic antagonism (siRNA targeting PMAIP1) rescued melanoma cells from apoptosis indicating a causative role of NOXA-upregulation in DHA-induced melanoma cell death. Comet analysis revealed early DHA-induction of genotoxic stress accompanied by p53 activational phosphorylation (Ser 15). In primary human epidermal melanocytes, viability was not compromised by DHA, and oxidative stress, comet tail moment, and PMAIP1 (NOXA) expression remained unaltered. Taken together, these data demonstrate that metastatic melanoma cells display a specific vulnerability to DHA-induced NOXA-dependent apoptosis and suggest feasibility of future anti-melanoma intervention using artemisinin-derived clinical redox antimalarials.
Telling a Similar Story Twice? NCVS/UCR Convergence in Serious Violent Crime Rates in Rural, Suburban, and Urban Places (1973–2010)

This study examines UCR and NCVS serious violence crime trends in urban, suburban, and rural areas, and assesses the extent to which discrepancies in the two data series are due to victim reporting or police crime-recording practices. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the rural data series. NCVS data for 1973–2010 are used to estimate subnational rates of serious violence and comparable rates for crimes that victims said were reported to police, and these estimates are compared to subnational UCR data. Time-series cointegration analysis is used to assess convergence in the NCVS and UCR series along with descriptive comparative analyses. The degree of convergence in UCR and NCVS trends was found to vary across areas; however this was not due to differences in rates of reporting to police. Suburban and urban UCR and NCVS trends converged with and without adjustment for police reporting. Little evidence of NCVS/UCR series convergence was found in rural areas even after victim reporting was taken into account. The recording and production of crime data by the police appears to contribute to subnational differences in the convergence between the UCR and NCVS series. The findings suggest rural crime trend analysis should not be based solely on UCR data. To illustrate the difference between conclusions based on UCR and NCVS rural violence trends, we find that poverty rates have a large, significant association with rural violence as measured in the NCVS, but are unrelated to UCR rates.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Spontaneous transformation by a Y strain variant in liquid medium

Abstract A variant of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi which exhibits a high frequency (≅90%) of epimastigote-to-trypomastigote transformation when cultured under normal conditions in liquid medium has been isolated. Eight single-cell isolates (clones) of this variant all exhibited this high level of transformation. These T. cruzi stocks can be used to obtain large quantities of trypomastigotes for biochemical, morphological, and immunological studies and for studies concerned with the mechanism of epimastigote-to-trypomastigote transformation.
Getting “More Bang for the Buck”: Symbolic Value of Monetary Rewards in Organizations

Practitioners view monetary rewards as an important and powerful motivational tool. Yet organizational research has focused primarily on the economic value of these rewards. In this essay, the auth...
Closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia: basis for less invasive cardiac surgery.

Abstract Background . We developed a method of closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass to arrest and protect the heart with cardioplegic solution. This method was used in 54 dogs and the results were retrospectively analyzed. Methods . Bypass cannulas were placed in the right femoral vessels. A balloon occlusion catheter was passed via the left femoral artery and positioned in the ascending aorta. A pulmonary artery vent was placed via the jugular vein. In 17 of the dogs retrograde cardioplegia was provided with a percutaneous coronary sinus catheter. Results . Cardiopulmonary bypass time was 111 ± 27 minutes (mean ± standard deviation) and cardiac arrest time was 66 ± 21 minutes. Preoperative cardiac outputs were 2.9 ± 0.70 L/min and postoperative outputs were 2.9 ± 0.65 L/min ( p = not significant). Twenty-one–French and 23F femoral arterial cannulas that allowed coaxial placement of the ascending aortic balloon catheter were tested in 3 male calves. Line pressures were higher, but not clinically limiting, with the balloon catheter placed coaxially. Conclusions . Adequate cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia can be achieved in the dog without opening the chest, facilitating less invasive cardiac operations. A human clinical trial is in progress. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1748–54)
EFFECT OF MATERNAL HYPOCAPNIA EUCAPNIA ON THE FOETUS DURING CAESAREAN SECTION

SUMMARY Studies were made to ascertain the influence of maternal ventilation on foetal oxygen tension and acid-base status during Caesarean section under general anaesthesia. The anaesthetic technique of nitrous oxide, muscle rclaxants and mechanical ventilation was used. In the first group of 15 cases using this technique, maternal respiratory alkalaemia as the result of hyperventilation was observed. In the second group of 23 cases using a similar technique, in which 2% carbon dioxide was added to the inspired gas mixture and the carbon dioxide absorber in the circle system bypassed, maternal Pco2 and pH were maintained within normal limits Maternal hypocapnia, when compared with maternal eucapnia, was associated with a significant decrease in foetal blood Po, increases in base deficit, lower 1-minute Apgar scores, and a delay in the onset of rhythmic neonatal breathing. Using the carbon dioxide rebreathing method described, undesirable effects of maternal alkalaemia could be prevented.
Use of modified clays for the removal and disposal of chlorinated dioxins and other priority pollutants from industrial wastewaters

Abstract The dynamics of adsorption and elution of octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD) on modified clay adsorbents has been studied. In batch type experiments, a rapid approach to sorption equilibrium (within hours) as well as a Freudlich type sorption isotherm were noted. In packed bed sorption experiments using a step input of adsorbate concentration, no breakthrough was observed under a variety of volumetric flow rates suggesting multilayer adsorption of dioxins on modified clay sorbents. Elution of sorbed dioxin with carrier solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF) exhibited two peaks indicating heterogeneity of modified clay sorbents. Finally, successive sorption/elution/sorption experiments reveal that modified clay sorbents can be regenerated and reused.
A propensity-matched comparison of the incidence of new-onset postoperative atrial arrhythmias in cardiac and noncardiac thoracic surgery patients.

Objective The primary aim of this investigation was to compare the incidence of new-onset postoperative atrial arrhythmias (POAAs) in cardiac versus noncardiac thoracic surgery patients. A subgroup analysis also was performed in the cardiac surgery patients comparing POAAs in patients who underwent cardiac surgery on and off cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Design This was a retrospective study using the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia patient registry. All patients (n = 33,500) undergoing cardiac (n = 29,057) and noncardiac thoracic (n = 4,443) surgeries between 1993 and 2004 were identified from the patient registry. Two propensity-matched comparisons for the incidence of POAAs were made: (1) in cardiac surgery patients versus noncardiac thoracic surgery patients and (2) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with versus without CPB. Setting A large metropolitan multidisciplinary clinic. Participants Patients. Intervention No interventions were done because this was a retrospective study. Measurements and Main Results The cardiac patients had a significantly higher incidence of POAAs when compared with noncardiac thoracic surgery patients (11.6% v 7.5%, p Conclusion The incidence of new-onset POAAs was higher in patients undergoing cardiac surgery than in patients undergoing noncardiac thoracic surgery in propensity-matched patient groups. CPB was not associated with new-onset POAAs.
The structure of hematite (α-Fe2O3) (001) surfaces in aqueous media: scanning tunneling microscopy and resonant tunneling calculations of coexisting O and Fe terminations

The iron oxide–water interface is of interest not only in geochemical and environmental processes, but also in fields ranging from corrosion to photocatalysis. The structure of α-Fe2O3 (001) surfaces is not fully understood, and questions have arisen recently concerning different terminations of (001) terraces; a so-called Fe-termination is expected, but under some conditions an O-termination may also be possible. Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) studies report evidence for an O-termination in coexistence with an Fe-termination, but other studies find no evidence for an O-termination. Molecular mechanics studies suggest that an O-termination should be possible in an aqueous environment. An O-termination could result from dissolution; if Fe atoms were to dissolve from an Fe-termination, an O-termination would presumably result (and vice-versa). We imaged hematite (001) surfaces in air and aqueous solution using STM. To aid interpretation of the images, we use a resonant tunneling model (RTM) parameterized using ab initio calculations. Our STM and RTM results are consistent with mixed O- and Fe-terminated (001) surfaces. For acid-etched surfaces we find evidence for a periodic (with wavelength of 2.2 ± 0.2 nm) arrangement of nominal O- and Fe-terminated domains. Two different borders between domains should occur, one in which the Fe-termination is high relative to the O-termination, and the reverse. The different domain borders have significantly different heights, consistent with RTM calculations. This agreement allows us to conclude that the Fe-termination is topographically high on most terraces. Surface domains are observed in aqueous solutions at the atomic scale, and appear to be very unreactive on tens-of-seconds time scales at pH 1.
Television viewing as a global risk factor for childhood obesity.

The recent report from Stanford University Medical Center on children’s food consumption during television viewing [1] adds a new and important facet to the risk of television viewing. Television viewing is a risk factor for pandemic childhood obesity not only in the United States including Hispanic–American children [2] but also in Australia [3], China [4], Italy [5], Japan [6], Norway [7] and United Arab Emirates [8] that has been well documented. The association is usually attributed to decreased physical activity during television viewing. But the article by Matheson et al. [1] pointed out another mechanism that was far less well emphasized and publicized, namely, overeating or consuming unhealthy foods during television viewing. Thus television viewing contributes to obesity not only from the demand side of the equation (less physical activity during television viewing) but also the supply side (more food consumption during television viewing). This association obviously has important clinical implications in devising interventions in preventing childhood obesity.
Anomalous reactivity of certain HL-A typing sera with leukemic lymphocytes.

Certain anti-HL–A sera react more frequently with lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukmia than with normal lymphocytes. Selected antisera for most but not necessarily all HL–A specificities may show this hyperreactivity. Antisera to the W19 and possibly the HL–A27 complexes seem to be involved more often than are others. CLL lymphocytes can be typed accurately only if a sufficiently large number of antisera of each specificity are employed. Cross-absorption analysis of sera EV, Thorsby-FJH, and THA, using normal and CLL lymphocytes, yields evidence for six or more additional antigenic factors on CLL cells which are not obviously related to the HL–A system. Possible interpretations of these findings involve cross reactions within the HL–A system, reactivity with postulated non-HL–A receptors on cell surfaces, with antigens specific for different varieties or subdivisions of chronic lymphatic leukemia (leukemia type-specific antigens), or with T-cell or B-cell antigen systems that might be more abundantly expressed on leukemic than on normal cells. While a few anti-HL–A sera are shown to have anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, such antibodies do not suffice to explain the anomalous reactions.
Relationships between the use of test results and US students’ academic performance

In this study, we examined relationships between the use of test results and US students’ math, reading, and science performance in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009. Based on a literature review, we hypothesized that the 16 items in the PISA school questionnaire, which are related to the use of test results, can be categorized according to 4 factors. We validated this hypothesized factor structure using a confirmatory factor analysis and then obtained composite scores for each factor. As revealed by a multilevel analysis, when student and school demographic variables were controlled for, using test results to hold schools accountable to authority and the public was significantly positively related to students’ performance across all 3 subjects. No statistically significant relationship, however, was detected between students’ performance and the following uses of test scores: informing parents of their children’s performance, providing information for instructional purposes, ...
The role of CD4-dependent signaling in interleukin-16 induced c-Fos expression and facilitation of neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons

Neuronal interleukin 16 (NIL-16) is the larger neural-specific splice variant of the interleukin-16 (IL16) gene and shows restricted expression to post-mitotic neurons of the mammalian hippocampus and cerebellum. Although the N-terminus of NIL-16 is unique to the neuronal variant, the C-terminus is identical to pro-IL-16, the IL-16 precursor expressed primarily in T-cells. IL-16 was originally described as a proinflammatory cytokine and has diverse immunoregulatory effects which involve signaling through CD4. NIL-16-expressing neurons can secrete IL-16 and may express CD4; moreover, treatment of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGCs) with IL-16 increases the expression of c-Fos, an immediate-early gene which transcriptionally regulates genes directing survival, proliferation, and growth. Taken together, we hypothesize that IL-16 functions as a neuroregulatory cytokine which signals through neuronal CD4 receptors. In this study, we investigated the role of CD4 in IL-16-induced c-Fos expression in CGCs, as well as the effects of IL-16 on neuronal survival and growth. We detected components involved in IL-16-signaling in lymphocytes, including CD4 and the associated tyrosine kinase p56(lck), in CGCs using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. We also show that IL-16 induces c-Fos expression in wild-type CGCs, but not CD4-deficient CGCs or following inhibition of p56(lck). Finally, treatment of CGCs with IL-16 enhanced neurite outgrowth, an effect also observed in CD4-deficient CGCs. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-16-signaling affects neuronal gene expression and growth through CD4-dependent and independent pathways.
ON THE USE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA

This paper reviews the use of archaeological and documentary sources in the understanding of the past in Island Southeast Asia. The relationship between these two sources of data (and data sources that cross the boundaries of these categories) has varied over time, depending on the availability of data, changing interpretive strategies and scholarly trends and influences. The wealth of documentary sources relevant to Island Southeast Asia's past, and the increasing availability of detailed archaeological data have increased the potential to understand the past in this region from a variety of points of view. While this potential has not yet been fully realized, in part due to an unsophisticated use of these separate lines of evidence, recent scholarship has pushed the boundaries and revealed new information and insights into this history. Cet article passe en revue l'utilisation de sources documentaires et archeologiques dans la connaissance du passe des iles du Sud-Est asiatique. La relation entre ces deux sources d'information (et les sources qui depassent les limites de ces deux categories) a evolue au fil du temps en fonction de la disponibilite des donnees, des changements dans les strategies d'interpretation et des tendances et influences academiques. La richesse des sources documentaires utiles dans l'etude du passe des iles du Sud-Est asiatique, et la disponibilite croissante de donnees archeologiques detaillees ont permis, a plusieurs niveaux, de faciliter la comprehension du passe de cette region. Bien que ce potentiel n'ait pas encore ete completement exploite, en partie a cause d'une utilisation peu raffinee de ces distinctes categories de preuves, des etudes universitaires recentes ont repousse ces limites et ont devoile de nouveaux indices, permettant ainsi de mieux penetrer l'histoire des iles du Sud-Est asiatique.
Using choice-making opportunities to increase activity engagement in individuals with dementia.

Structured choice-making procedures, referred to as preference assessments, have been frequently used to identify reinforcers for individuals with developmental disabilities; however, few studies have examined the use of preference assessments with older adults with dementia. This study evaluated the utility of 4 versions of a 2-choice preference assessment for identifying items and activities associated with high levels of engagement in clients at an adult day care program. The same 8 items were presented in 4 formats (ie, verbal, pictorial, textual, tangible), and items from each assessment were ranked with respect to the subsequent level of participant engagement with each item. Correlations were computed between the preference hierarchy and subsequent engagement levels for each format. The format with the highest correlation coefficient was subsequently used in interventions in which frequent structured choice opportunities were presented throughout the day to increase engagement. For 3 of 4 participa...
Overexpression and substrate specificity studies of phosphodeoxyribomutase and thymidine phosphorylase

Abstract The gene encoding phosphodeoxyribomutase and thymidine phosphorylase [EC 2.4.2.4] from Escherichia coli were excised from plasmid pVH19 utilizing AvaI restriction enzyme and ligated to the expression vector pKK-226 containing the E. coli tac promoter. Introduction of the resulting plasmid pCB-11 into E. coli JM105 allowed for the overexpression of both enzymes upon induction with isopropylthiogalactoside. A 3-L fermentation of this E. coli strain produced 1500 and 75,000 units, respectively, of the mutase and nucleoside phosphorylase. Substrate specificity studies indicate that the mutase accepts d -ribose 5-phosphate and d -arabinose 5-phosphate as substrates in addition to its natural substrate 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate. Thymidine phosphorylase showed, however, narrow substrate specificity on the pentose moiety. Only α- d -2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate was accepted as substrate. α- d -Ribose 1-phosphate and α- d -arabinose 1-phosphate are not acceptable based on a coupled enzymatic assay. d 2,3-Dideoxyribose 5-phosphate was not converted to nucleoside based on the coupled enzymatic reactions using phosphodeoxyribomutase and thymidine or purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Measurement of fatigue in cancer, stroke, and HIV using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-F) scale.

Abstract Objective Given the importance of fatigue in cancer, stroke and HIV, we sought to assess the measurement properties of a single, well-described fatigue scale in these populations. We hypothesized that the psychometric properties of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy — Fatigue (FACIT-F) subscale would be favorable and that the scale could serve as a useful indicator of fatigue in these populations. Methods Patients were eligible for the study if they were outpatients, aged 18 or older, with a diagnosis of cancer (n = 297), stroke (n = 51), or HIV/AIDS (n = 51). All participants were able to understand and speak English. Patients answered study-related questions, including the FACIT-F using a touch-screen laptop, assisted by the research assistant as necessary. Clinical information was abstracted from patients' medical records. Results Item-level statistics on the FACIT-F were similar across the groups and internal consistency reliability was uniformly high (α > 0.91). Correlations with performance status ratings were statistically significant across the groups (range r = − 0.28 to − 0.80). Fatigue scores were moderately to highly correlated with general quality of life (range r = 0.66–0.80) in patients with cancer, stroke, and HIV. Divergent validity was supported in low correlations with variables not expected to correlate with fatigue. Conclusions Originally developed to assess cancer-related fatigue, the FACIT-F has utility as a measure of fatigue in other populations, such as stroke and HIV. Ongoing research will soon allow for comparison of FACIT-F scores to those obtained using the fatigue measures from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®; www.nihpromis.org ) initiative.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy was cost-effective when started at age 50 years but not at 65 years

Source Citation Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Liu H, Salpeter EE. The cost-effectiveness of hormone therapy in younger and older postmenopausal women. Am J Med. 2009;122:42-52. 19114171
National growth in simulation training within emergency medicine residency programs, 2003-2008.

Objectives: The use of medical simulation has grown dramatically over the past decade, yet national data on the prevalence and growth of use among individual specialty training programs are lacking. The objectives of this study were to describe the current role of simulation training in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs and to quantify growth in use of the technology over the past 5 years. Methods: In follow-up of a 2006 study (2003 data), the authors distributed an updated survey to program directors (PDs) of all 179 EM residency programs operating in early 2008 (140 Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education [ACGME]-approved allopathic programs and 39 American Osteopathic Association [AOA]-accredited osteopathic programs). The brief survey borrowed from the prior instrument, was edited and revised, and then distributed at a national PDs meeting. Subsequent follow-up was conducted by e-mail and telephone. The survey concentrated on technology-enhanced simulation modalities beyond routine static trainers or standardized patient-actors (high-fidelity mannequin simulation, part-task/procedural simulation, and dynamic screen-based simulation). Results: A total of 134 EM residency programs completed the updated survey, yielding an overall response rate of 75%. A total of 122 (91%) use some form of simulation in their residency training. One-hundred fourteen (85%) specifically use mannequin-simulators, compared to 33 (29%) in 2003 (p < 0.001). Mannequin-simulators are now owned by 58 (43%) of the programs, whereas only 9 (8%) had primary responsibility for such equipment in 2003 (p < 0.001). Fifty-eight (43%) of the programs reported that annual resident simulation use now averages more than 10 hours per year. Conclusions: Use of medical simulation has grown significantly in EM residency programs in the past 5 years and is now widespread among training programs across the country.
Diversity Knowledge in Science Teacher Education-Translating Concept to Instruction: An Example Specific to African Americans

Science education reforms promote access to quality science education for all students. Outcome disparities in various measures indicate that such access remains elusive for African Americans. Cultural incongruence is one among many explanations for this previously described inaccessibility. The intent of this article is not to report additional research findings, but to translate the information provided in the literature into an instructional form that science teacher educators can employ in the preparation of prospective science teachers or the further development of practicing ones. Pivoting around a role play, the authors discuss communication within African American communities, its incongruence with the discourse patterns typically valued and reinforced in school science, and the importance of such knowledge for science teacher educators.
Instructions and Group Versus Individual Reinforcement in Modifying Disruptive Group Behavior.

Head Start children were matched into two groups on the basis of rates of disruptive behavior during rest periods. Attempts were made to modify their behavior using either individual or group token reinforcement procedures. While the reinforcement procedures reduced inappropriate behavior somewhat, the addition of instructions to the reinforcement reduced the inappropriate behavior to near zero for both groups. Instructions alone, however, were ineffective in controlling behavior. Type of reinforcement (group or individual) did not produce differential effects. While experimental control over the target behavior was demonstrated, there was little carryover from the experimental room to the regular classroom. Even when treatment was introduced into the regular class, follow-up results showed that with time the target behavior approximated pretreatment levels. The results suggest that (a) the combination of instructions and reinforcement is much more effective than either one of these alone, (b) behavior change is specific to the environmental contingencies, and (c) the group reinforcement technique, which is much more easily implemented, was at least as effective as individual reinforcement in the present study.
Particle-in-cell plasma oscillations with 4 to 256 cells

Summary form only given. Questions arise on changing the numbers of grid cells used in our XES1 periodic electrostatic code, using first order (linear) weighting, with two electrons, excited in the fundamental model by an initial velocity. We present graphs of the two particles in space, E(x), rho(x), and phi(x) with 0<x<L. We start with a coarse grid of 4 cells, then 16, 64 and finally a fine grid of 256 cells. The two particles motion are periodic, initiated by =1, making for elliptic motion in space, and periods near 2pi, for omega set equal to 1 at t=0. The charge densities start as broad triangles, narrowing to fit one or two cells (spikes). The oscillation periods are close to 2pi in all runs, as shown in the final graph
Effect of Sucrose on Proteolysis in Yogurt During Incubation and Storage

Abstract The influence of sucrose on proteolysis in yogurt during incubation and storage was investigated using five different commercial yogurt cultures. Proteolysis was monitored by liberation of alpha amino groups. Addition of 15% sucrose to milk inhibited proteolysis and acid production by the cultures during the last 2 h of incubation. Isometric illustrations of the combined effects of sucrose and storage time at 4°C on proteolysis showed that proteolysis was dependent on sucrose and storage time in each culture. However, the effects of sucrose and storage time on proteolysis differed with each culture. For some cultures, the combined effects of sucrose and storage time on proteolysis were dependent on the amount of milk fat in the milk. By determining the effect of processing variables on the degree of proteolysis in yogurt, it may be possible to predict the degree of proteolysis under defined conditions. These results may lead to strategies to minimize proteolysis and improve yogurt quality.
Abstract 3161: Non-cell autonomous regulation of collective invasion be an epigenetically distinct subpopulation of tumor cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Diverse genetic and epigenetic traits can promote variant behaviors in subpopulations of cells within primary tumors. In some cases, these heterogeneous subpopulations may compete against each other for clonal dominance to improve tumor fitness. By comparison, the extent to which tumor cell subpopulations cooperate during malignant progression is not well understood. Here, we find that a commensal relationship can exist between epigentically distinct subpopulations of tumor cells during collective invasion. Using quantitive phenotypic analysis and live-cell imaging, we discovered that a subpopulation of cells, termed trailblazer cells, has an enhanced ability to collectively invade. Trailblazer phenotype was heritable and trailblazer subpopulations were derived from 5 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. The percentage of trailblazers cells within a population ranged from between 0.5% and 90% of the parental population. Gene expression profiling identified a 29-gene expression signature that distinguished trailblazer cells from non-trailblazer cells and identified patients with poor outcome, A cohort of genes trailblazer signature genes were necessary for the formation of actin-rich projections that facilitate path generation during collective invasion. In addition, the trailblazer gene DOCK10 was necessary for spontaneous metastasis to the lung. The path generating function of a small subpopulation of trailblazer cells was sufficient to induce the collective invasion of large population of naturally occurring non-trailblazer cells in organotypic culture. Trailblazer cells were also sufficient to induce the invasion of a mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ. Taken together, our results suggest that a rare subpopulation of tumor cells with an enhanced ability to collectively invade can promote metastatic progression through cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Thus, our results support a paradigm shift towards identifying both the cell autonomous and the non cell-autonomous regulatory mechanisms of cell biological processes within heterogeneous tumors to understand neoplastic progression and develop new intervention modalities. Citation Format: Amanda Prechtl, Jill Westcott, Tuyen Dang, Erin Maine, Gray Pearson. Non-cell autonomous regulation of collective invasion be an epigenetically distinct subpopulation of tumor cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3161. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3161
Relationship of race-ethnicity, body mass index, and economic strain with longitudinal self-report of physical functioning: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation

Abstract Purpose This study examined progression and improvement of physical functioning limitations during the mid-life and whether race-ethnicity, economic strain, or body mass index were associated with these changes. Methods Women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation with one or more measure of self-reported physical functioning, categorized as no, some, or substantial limitations, between study visits 4 and 12 were included ( n = 2497). Results When women were aged 56–66 years, almost 50% reported limitations in functioning. African American women were more likely to report substantial (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.52) and Chinese women were more likely to report some limitations (odds ratio, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.22–3.36) compared with Caucasian women. Economic strain and obesity predicted limitations. The probability of worsening ranged from 6% to 22% and of improving ranged from 11% to 30%. Caucasian and Japanese women had the highest probability of remaining fully functional (80% and 84%, respectively) compared with 71% of African American women. Conclusions Race-ethnicity, obesity, and economic strain were associated with prevalence and onset of physical functioning limitations. Functional improvement is common, even among vulnerable subgroups of women. Future studies should characterize predictors of decline and improvement so that interventions can sustain functioning even in the context of many known immutable risk factors.
An International Partnership Promoting Psychological Well-Being in Sri Lankan Schools.

This article illustrates the application of psychological and educational consultation in an international setting. With the goal of promoting psychological well-being of the school-age population, a partnership was formed between an American school psychologist and a Sri Lankan educational sociologist and teacher educator. The partners, or co-consultants, engaged in a recursive research–intervention process using participatory culture-specific system consultation to learn the culture; conduct formative research; form partnerships in selected systems; and subsequently develop culture- and context-specific conceptual models, interventions, and assessment/evaluation measures for promoting the psychological well-being of students in Sri Lankan schools. This article describes the stages of the collaborative work across almost two decades and the challenges and benefits inherent in international partnerships.
Underpotentially Deposited Copper Promotes Self-Assembly of Alkanephosphonate Monolayers on Gold Substrates

Gold surfaces that had been previously modified electrochemically by the underpotential deposition (upd) of a monolayer of copper adsorb alkanephosphonic acids from solution to form oriented monolayers. While bare gold surfaces do not adsorb alkanephosphonic acids, a layer of copper at less than a monolayer is sufficient to alter the chemisorptive properties of the gold substrate. Octadecanephosphonic acid forms oriented oleophobic monolayers on the Au/Cu(upd) surface that are stable in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The alkanephosphonate films on Au/Cu(upd) are less densely packed than those that form on copper, but the Au/Cu(upd) substrate offers greater tolerance against oxidation and greater convenience of use. Electroactive monolayers can be formed on Au/Cu(upd) using 11-ferrocenylundecanephosphonic acid, where the assembled films exhibit the reversible electrochemical signature of the ferrocenyl group and a surface coverage of ∼4.0 × 10-10 mol/cm2.