cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective suppression of adipose tissue apoE expression impacts systemic metabolic phenotype and adipose tissue inflammation

apoE is a multi-functional protein expressed in several cell types and in several organs. It is highly expressed in adipose tissue, where it is important for modulating adipocyte lipid flux and gene expression in isolated adipocytes. In order to investigate a potential systemic role for apoE that is produced in adipose tissue, mice were generated with selective suppression of adipose tissue apoE expression and normal circulating apoE levels. These mice had less adipose tissue with smaller adipocytes containing fewer lipids, but no change in adipocyte number compared with control mice. Adipocyte TG synthesis in the presence of apoE-containing VLDL was markedly impaired. Adipocyte caveolin and leptin gene expression were reduced, but adiponectin, PGC-1, and CPT-1 gene expression were increased. Mice with selective suppression of adipose tissue apoE had lower fasting lipid, insulin, and glucose levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were consistent with increased insulin sensitivity. Lipid storage in muscle, heart, and liver was significantly reduced. Adipose tissue macrophage inflammatory activation was markedly diminished with suppression of adipose tissue apoE expression. Our results establish a novel effect of adipose tissue apoE expression, distinct from circulating apoE, on systemic substrate metabolism and adipose tissue inflammatory state.
Application of AD7730 in High-Accuracy Electronic Balance

The inputs of the analog signals of AD7730 with the double channels of whole difference is directly linked to output of sensor. The high-accuracy electronic balance is made up of bridge type strength sensor, basic voltage circuit, AD7730, ARM single chip. The same sampled point was sampled many times with the electron balance through the serial communication on the chip, and then root mean square was calculated to gain higher accuracy and make the resolution rate reach mg grade.
Current Status of Medical Treatment of Gallstones

Medical dissolution of gallstones is feasible and has worked in clinical practice. Despite the low morbidity and mortality of elective surgery, medical dissolution of gallstones is a viable alternative. As with most medical decisions, however, the pros and cons of any therapy for cholelithiasis will ultimately be a decision based on the physician, the patient, and the situation.
Intelligent Mobile App for You-Tube Video Selection

The usage of mobile devices has increased dramatically in recent years. These devices serve us in many practical ways and provide us with many services – many of them in real-time and “on demand”. The delivery of streaming audio, streaming video and internet content to these devices has become common place. One of the most popular sources of video/audio content is You-Tube – where billions of videos are uploaded and accessed each day. An increasing challenge is to locate the desired video from among many dozens of possibilities. This paper introduces an intelligent mobile application that utilizes the You-Tube Application Programming Interface (API) in developing a novel algorithm for selecting the most appropriate video associated with a song title and artist. The test case used in this application is the domain of all the top 40 popular songs (as provided by Billboard Inc.) from 1970 to present – resulting in approximately 14,000 possible songs. The application described in this work invokes the You-Tube API based on 3 different criteria – most popular video, most relevant video and a key word search of the video’s comments. These criteria are then merged in a voting algorithm thus providing the best possible video pertaining to a song title and artist. This system, implemented for iOS 9 using XCode and Swift, allows the user to choose from thousands of song titles and provide a “music on demand” system therefore playing the best possible video associated with the song title and artist. Results for the app consist of randomly selecting 50 songs from each year (1867 total) and verifying that the most appropriate video was selected.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum in Undiagnosed Gitelman's Syndrome.

Introduction. Gitelman’s syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive inherited defect in the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCCT) in the renal distal convoluted tubule. Physiologic changes of pregnancy promote renal potassium wasting, but serum potassium levels are kept in the physiologic range by increased levels of progesterone, which resist kaliuresis. In the presence of GS, this compensatory mechanism is easily overwhelmed, resulting in profound hypokalemia. We present a case of an 18-year-old primigravida with undiagnosed GS who presented with hyperemesis gravidarum in her 7th week of pregnancy. This report adds to the limited experience with GS in pregnancy as reported in literature and provides additional information on medical management that leads to successful maternal and fetal outcomes.
Nuclear Resonance Studies of Structural Equilibria in Solutions of Nickel(II) Complexes

Recent work (1–7) has demonstrated that in solutions of non-coordinating solvents certain general types of four-coordinate nickel(II) complexes undergo a rapid dynamic structural equilibrium between planar and tetrahedral confi — gurations. This existence of this equilibrium has already been demonstrated in the cases of bis(N, N-disubstituted-aminotroponeimine) (5), bis(N-substituted-salicylaldimine) (1, 2, 6), and bis(N-substituted-o-hydroxynaphthal - dimine) (3, 7) complexes. For these general types of complexes it has been shown (2 – 5) that an analysis of the isotropic proton hyperfine contact shifts (8) manifested in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra leads to an evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔF, ΔH, ΔS) of the structural change, and to a determination of the spin density distribution in the π-system of the coordinated ligand.
The Power of Place: Social Network Characteristics, Perceived Neighborhood Features, and Psychological Distress Among African Americans in the Historic Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

African American neighborhoods have been historically targeted for urban renewal projects, which impact social composition and resident's health. The Hill District in Pittsburgh, PA is such a neighborhood. This research sought to investigate the extent to which social networks and perceived neighborhood social cohesion and safety were associated with psychological distress among residents in an African American neighborhood undergoing urban renewal, before the implementation of major neighborhood changes. Findings revealed a modest, significant inverse association between social network size and psychological distress (β = -0.006, p < .01), even after controlling for age, employment, education, and income. Perceived neighborhood safety predicted decreased psychological distress (β = -1.438, p < .01), but not social cohesion, which is consistent with past research. Findings suggest that social networks protect against psychological distress, but neighborhood perceptions are also paramount.
Deterrence of biological and chemical warfare: a review of policy options.

The deployment of biological and chemical weapons by aggressor states is not a hypothetical scenario but a life-threatening contingency. Although Iraq was deterred from using its biological and chemical weapons during Operation Desert Storm, what forms of deterrence must be considered in preventing the use of these weapons of mass destruction in the future? Traditional deterrents against their use have ranged from the threat of a military response to the ratification of diplomatic treaties and agreements. An overall strategy to deter the use of these weapons includes an additional, less frequently discussed approach-force protection-which encompasses defensive biomedical countermeasures (e.g., antibiotics, drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tests) and nonmedical protective devices (e.g., masks, specialized clothing/shelters, detectors). A combined, integrated approach to deterrence is reviewed in this article with regard to current policies and the roles played by Department of Defense research and development programs for biological and chemical defense.
Reliability Aspects of Functional Communication

The object of our studies are functionally heterogeneous systems consisting of a large number of workstations and servers interconnected by a broadcast channel or a token passing ring. We focus on the communication issues in such systems. A functional communication model is proposed in [9] and several types of systems based upon the model are described in [7], [10], [11], and [12]. The functional communication model has three layers, the physical layer, the remote execution layer and the application layer, it is a model which supports directly the client-server paradigm. From the communication standpoint the system allows data packets with usual addresses, and packets with functional addresses. From the high level services point of view, the system consists of a pool of services, each service being identified by a unique service id. A client views the system as consisting of service groups every such group containing the set of servers capable to perform a given service. New servers may be added to a group or may be deleted from it without any change in the client representation of the system, as long as the group is not empty. The location of the server or the identity of the process performing the service are not relevant. Systems based upon the functional communication model are simpler, more reliable and secure.
Performance evaluation in finite production run-based serial lines with geometric machines

A production run is usually referred to as a group of identical or similar goods that is produced by a particular manufacturing process. In various manufacturing industries, the manufacturing activity is carried out by deploying a series of production runs of different products according to customer orders. In this paper, we consider finite production run-based manufacturing in serial lines with machines obeying the geometric reliability model and buffers having finite capacity. For one-machine case, exact Markovian analysis approach is used. Closed-form formulae are derived to calculate the transient performance of the production line during the processing of a finite-size production run as well as mean of its completion time. For two- and multi-machine lines, an aggregation-based computationally efficient approach is proposed to approximate the system performance measures. The accuracy of the algorithms developed are justified using numerical simulations.
Thrombocytopenia Predicts for Poor Survival In Patients with Lower Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Abstract 4021 The incidence of thrombocytopenia in MDS is reported to be as high as 40–60% in various reports and is more commonly seen in patients presenting with higher risk disease (∼80%) by International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) compared to Int-1 (∼50%) or low risk MDS (12%). Thrombocytopenic MDS patients are at an increased risk of bleeding and hemorrhagic complications have been reported in 3– 50% patients with fatal hemorrhage occurring in 14–20% cases. The prognostic significance of thrombocytopenia in lower risk MDS patients (low+Int-1 risk) has not been clearly defined. To determine whether thrombocytopenia in lower risk MDS patients affects survival, we performed a retrospective study of 1,402 patients diagnosed with MDS between 1987 and 2010. Of these, 687 patients were classified by IPSS as follows: 22%(151/687) were identified as having low risk, 44% (301/687) had Int-1 risk, 4% 26/387) had Int-2, and 30% (209/687) had high risk disease. The overall incidence of thrombocytopenia (platelets Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Autophagy and Ferroptosis—What Is the Connection?

Purpose of Review Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation system and plays a dual role in cell death, depending on context and phase. Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death that mainly depends on iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. In this review, we summarize the processes of autophagy and ferroptosis and discuss their crosstalk mechanisms at the molecular level.
Household Decision Making Among Married Women in Kenya: A Latent Class Analysis

The present study examines the decision-making process among 4931 married Kenyan women. Using the Latent Class Analytical method, three household decision-making profiles were isolated. A majority of the women (45.6%) were in the category classified as Egalitarian and viewed decisions, other than those related to food, as a joint effort between spouses. The second largest group (28.9%) included women classified as Independent who made all household decisions other than the way in which to spend the husband’s money. The third group (25.5%) was classified as Conservative and viewed household decisions as basically a man’s responsibility, apart from decisions involving food to cook. Regarding multivariate analysis, most of the significant findings concerned the comparison of Conservatives with Egalitarians in which women were found to be less likely to endorse being Conservative with decisions. Their education, occupation, spouse education, and residence were found to significantly reduce the endorsement of Conservatism as compared to Egalitarianism. Contrary to expectation, those in rural as opposed to urban areas had increased likelihood of endorsing Egalitarianism compared to Conservatism. In a comparison of Independent versus Egalitarian classifications, women’s participation in the labor force and household headship were found to significantly increase the odds of endorsement of Independence rather than Egalitarianism. Decision making among Kenyan women in general was found to be diverse and did not reflect the often touted overarching patriarchal structure.
Behavior of Concrete-Filled Hybrid Large Rupture Strain FRP Tubes Under Cyclic Axial Compression

This paper experimentally investigates the behavior of concrete filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) cylinders under cyclic axial compression. The FRP used in this study were either Glass FRP or hybrid Large Rupture Strain (LRS-FRP) and conventional Glass FRP (GFRP). LRS-FRP are manufactured out of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) obtained from recycled plastics. Hence, they are much cheaper and environment-friendly than conventional GFRP or carbon FRP (CFRP). LRS-FRP has high tensile rupture strain (usually greater than 5%) compared to 1-2% for GFRP and CFRP. This study presents the results of a total of 5 specimens having different confinement ratios to investigate the behavior of concrete filled LRS-FRP or hybrid LRS-FRP and GFRP tubes in terms of ductility, ultimate strain, and strength improvement. The results showed that using LRS-FRP significantly improved the ductility of the confined concrete. However, the improvement in strength was limited. The hybrid confinement improves both the ductility and strength.
Low testosterone at first prostate-specific antigen failure and assessment of risk of death in men with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer treated on prospective clinical trials.

Background Low testosterone at the time of diagnosis of prostate cancer has been associated with a worse prognosis. Whether this is true and how to define the best treatment approach at the time of first prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure to the authors' knowledge has not been elucidated to date and was studied herein. Methods Between 1995 and 2001, a total of 58 men with unfavorable-risk PC who were treated on clinical trials with radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) had available testosterone levels at the time of PSA failure. Cox and Fine and Gray regressions were performed to ascertain whether low versus normal testosterone was associated with the risk of PC-specific mortality, other-cause mortality, and all-cause mortality adjusting for age, salvage ADT, and known PC prognostic factors. Results After a median follow-up of 6.68 years after PSA failure, 31 men (53.4%) had died; 10 of PC (32.3%), of which 8 of 11 (72.7%) versus 2 of 47 (4.3%) deaths occurred in men with low versus normal testosterone at the time of PSA failure, respectively. A significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.54; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.04-6.21 [P = .04]) and PC-specific mortality (AHR, 13.71; 95% CI, 2.4-78.16 [P = .003]), with a reciprocal trend toward a decreased risk of other-cause mortality (AHR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.02-1.55 [P = .12]) was observed in men with low versus normal testosterone. Conclusions Low, but not necessarily castrate, testosterone levels at the time of PSA failure confer a very poor prognosis. These observations provide evidence to support testosterone testing at the time of PSA failure. Given prolonged survival when abiraterone or docetaxel is added to ADT in men with castrate-sensitive metastatic PC and possibly localized high-risk PC provides a rationale supporting their use with ADT in men with low testosterone in the setting of a phase 2 trial. Cancer 2018;124:1383-90. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Proportion of patients with cancer among high-cost Medicare beneficiaries: Who they are and what drives their spending.

Abstract Background A small proportion of patients account for the majority of health care spending. Of this group, little is known about what proportion have a cancer diagnosis and how their spending pattern compares to those without cancer. Methods Using national Medicare data of enrollees 65 or older, we identified patients in the top decile of spending in 2014 and designated them as high-cost. We used ICD-9 codes to identify patients with a cancer diagnosis and examined cancer prevalence among both high-cost and non-high-cost patients. We examined patterns of spending for high-cost patients with and without cancer. Results While 14.8% of all Medicare beneficiaries have a cancer diagnosis, we found that the prevalence of a cancer diagnosis was much higher among high-cost patients (32.5% versus 12.9% of non-high-cost patients). Thus, having a cancer diagnosis was associated with a 3.1 times greater odds of being high-cost, even after accounting for age (odds ratio 3.09, 95% CI 3.07–3.11; P Conclusions There is a high prevalence of cancer diagnoses among high-cost Medicare patients. Implications Programs that target high-cost patients may need to customize interventions based on whether the patient has a cancer diagnosis.
Predicting the Time Course of Ventricular Dilation and Thickening Using a Rapid Compartmental Model

The ability to predict long-term growth and remodeling of the heart in individual patients could have important clinical implications, but the time to customize and run current models makes them impractical for routine clinical use. Therefore, we adapted a published growth relation for use in a compartmental model of the left ventricle (LV). The model was coupled to a circuit model of the circulation to simulate hemodynamic overload in dogs. We automatically tuned control and acute model parameters based on experimentally reported hemodynamic data and fit growth parameters to changes in LV dimensions from two experimental overload studies (one pressure, one volume). The fitted model successfully predicted the reported time course of LV dilation and thickening not only in independent studies of pressure and volume overload but also following myocardial infarction. Implemented in MATLAB on a desktop PC, the model required just 6 min to simulate 3 months of growth.
Optimization of Titanium Nitride Films using Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition

We investigate the quality of atomic layer deposited Titanium nitride thin films and find metallicity close to high quality sputtered films on both sapphire and silicon for a deposition temperature of 375°C.
Stability: Von Neumann Test

This chapter examines the Von Neumann test for stability. It is applicable to finite difference schemes for partial differential equations. It yields knowledge of whether the difference scheme is stable. The Von Neumann test determines if the difference scheme for a partial differential equation is stable. For difference schemes with constant coefficients, the test consists of examining all exponential solutions to determine whether they grow exponentially in the time variable even when the initial values are bounded functions of the space variable. It is found that if any of them do increase without limit then the method is unstable. This test can also be applied to equations with variable coefficients by introducing new, constant coefficients equal to the frozen values of the original ones at some specific point of interest.
Developmental Perspectives in Child Psychopathology

Although it is obvious to any student of child development that behavior, whether “normal” or “abnormal,” must be examined within a developmental context, it is only recently that child psychiatry and clinical child psychology have paid more than lip service to this notion. Both theory and nomenclature were originally adapted from work with adults, and the important changes in behavior and cognitive capacity that occur as a function of physical maturation and psychological development were largely overlooked. Instead, attempts were made to extend adult models downward, and theories of adult psychopathology were unsuccessfully adapted to childhood problems.
Characterization of Pulmonary Artery Blood Velocity Patterns in Lambs

Optimal management of patients with congenital heart disease often depends on the ability to assess pulmonary vascular impairment and monitor pulmonary hemodynamics. Need for improved techniques has prompted investigations of relationships between abnormal pulmonary circulations and pulmonary artery blood velocity patterns that can be observed noninvasively with pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Features commonly associated with pulmonary hypertension in humans (observed in the main pulmonary artery) are increased flow reversal [1,2], decreased rise time (time from onset of systole to peak velocity)[3–6] and a velocity waveform with a triangular or skewed shape, [7] as illustrated in Figure 1. Unfortunately, none of the techniques derived for estimating pulmonary pressure and flow solely from features of pulmonary velocity waveforms has been proven sufficiently reliable to be widely adopted in clinical practice. Failure has been attributed to individual variability and changing flow patterns in various parts of the pulmonary trunk [8,9]. Though studies examining the effects of acutely altered pulmonary hemodynamics on velocity patterns in animals have been reported, [10–12] surprisingly little work has been reported using animal models with chronically altered hemodynamics. Thus the goal of this report is to describe progress made in our laboratory in examining the velocity patterns in animal models of chronically elevated pulmonary blood pressure and flow, which are more analogous to the patient population of interest.
“It Was Really Tough”—Exploring the Feelings of Isolation and Cultural Dissonance With Black American Males at a Predominantly White Institution:

Black American males and low socioeconomic status students face a gauntlet of obstacles when pursuing their college degrees. These young men do not earn degrees at the same rate as their peers. As ...
Striving in common: a regional equity framework for urban schools

Does it make sense to examine education policy separately from urban policy and planning? Can a new theory be generated from bringing these two worlds together?Authors Jennifer Jellison Holme and K...
Hidden Markov model in multiple testing on dependent count data

Multiple testing on dependent count data faces two basic modelling elements: the choice of distributions under the null and the non-null states and the modelling of the dependence structure across ...
Intraoperative Tobramycin Powder Prevents Enterobacter cloacae Surgical Site Infections in a Rabbit Model of Internal Fixation.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative tobramycin powder in preventing surgical site infection (SSI) and implant colonization with Enterobacter cloacae in a rabbit fixation model. Gram-negative rods, particularly Enterobacter species, comprise an increasing percentage of SSI at our institution. METHODS Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits underwent surgical fixation of the left tibia with implantation of a plate and screws. The surgical site and implant were inoculated with 1 × 107 CFUs E. cloacae. The selected E. cloacae isolate was resistant to tobramycin and capable of forming biofilms. Nine rabbits received 125 mg tobramycin powder directly into the surgical site, overlying the implant. The control group was untreated. Fourteen days postinfection, the tibiae and implants were explanted. Radiographs were taken with and without the implants in place. One tibia from each group was examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The remaining tibiae and implants were morselized or sonicated, respectively, and plated on agar to determine infection burden. Data were analyzed with Fisher exact tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS No bone infection or implant colonization occurred in the tobramycin-treated group. In the control group, 7 of 8 rabbits developed bone infections (P = 0.001), and 4 of 8 implants were colonized (P = 0.07). No gross disruption of the normal bone architecture was observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative tobramycin powder applied at the time of contamination prevented bone infection with E. cloacae in this rabbit fixation model. The results are encouraging because the E. cloacae isolate was tobramycin-resistant, demonstrating the utility of intraoperative powdered antibiotics.
Defining a Minimum Clinically Important Difference in Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Lumbar Tubular Microdecompression Patients

ABSTRACT Background Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are critical tools used in the assessment and reporting of surgical outcomes. However, significant differences in PROM scores have not been shown to consistently correlate with clinical improvement from the physician or patient perspective. Defining a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for PROMs offers interpretation of surgical outcomes with an emphasis on patient-centered feedback. The goal of this study was to define a MCID for the following PROMs in lumbar tubular microdecompression (LTMD) patients: the EuroQol-Five Dimensions (EQ-5D) index, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), leg pain visual analog scale (VAS), and low back pain VAS. Methods This study examined 235 index LTMD patients with PROMs collected at preoperative evaluation and 1-year follow-up. Using an anchor-based approach with patient satisfaction index, a receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to define a MCID in the EQ-5D index, ODI, leg pain VAS, and low back pain VAS. Results The patients had a mean age of 65.18 ± 12.81 years, and 47.7% were male. The MCID values for the EQ-5D, ODI, leg pain VAS, and low back pain VAS are 0.219, 15.0–16.5, 0.5, and 2.5–3.5, respectively. Conclusions This study helps define a MCID for the EQ-5D index in LTMD patients. Given its ease of administration and economic relevance, further characterization of the EQ-5D index may warrant its use as a potential alternative or adjunct to the routinely collected PROMs following spine surgery. Level of Evidence 3.
The Learning Effects of Monitoring

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the relationship between monitoring, decision making, and learning among lower-level employees. We exploit a field-research setting in which business units vary in the “tightness” with which they monitor employee decisions. We find that tighter monitoring gives rise to implicit incentives in the form of sharp increases in employee termination linked to “excessive” use of decision-rights. Consistent with these implicit incentives, we find that employees in tightly monitored business units are less likely than their loosely monitored counterparts to: (1) use decision-rights; and (2) adjust for hard information, in the form of historical performance data, in their decisions. These decision-making patterns are associated with large and systematic differences in learning rates across business units. Learning is concentrated in business units with “loose monitoring” and entirely absent in those with “tight monitoring.” The results are consistent with an experimentation hypothes...
The effects of urban land cover dynamics on urban heat Island intensity and temporal trends

Assessments of surface urban heat island (UHI) have focused on using remote sensing and land cover data to quantify UHI intensity and spatial distribution within a certain time period by including ...
Addressing School Safety Through Comprehensive School Climate Approaches

School climate has received considerable attention in the literature and educational policy as a potential target for school improvement and school safety efforts. This paper provides a critical re...
What do novice faculty need to transition successfully to the nurse faculty role? An integrative review.

OBJECTIVES The objective was to describe and illustrate what is known about the needs of novice nursing faculty as they transition into the faculty role. The worldwide nursing shortage is partly due to the lack of faculty, and one reason for that lack is the reported difficulty of transitioning into the faculty role. METHODS An integrative review of the literature was conducted. RESULTS Results demonstrated that new faculty are either intentionally supported in their new environment, with successful development of their skills and career, or they are unintentionally unsupported, which leaves them languishing and reduces intent to stay. CONCLUSIONS Despite gaps in the literature and a low level of strength of evidence, the review offers implications for managing and maintaining relationships with novice faculty to facilitate their ultimate success. Institutions should aim to have in place identified elements that ensure novice faculty are intentionally supported rather than unintentionally unsupported.
Economic Criteria for Setting Environmental Standards

This paper includes aspects of economic regulations and discussions of some of the legal aspects affecting those regulations.The discussions are based on US and EU examples and introduce several aspects and consequences of the combined role of economics and law in attempts to regulate pollution emissions and exposures to reduce risk to health and the environment. Keywords: cost effectiveness; cost–benefit analysis; feasibility analysis; statutory law; case law
Bīrūnī’s Thought and Legacy

This is a survey article on the thought and legacy of the celebrated Muslim scientist and polymath Abū al-Bīrūnī. It provides a brief background on his life and times, key contributions, scholarly method, ethics, and assesses his legacy in light of recent publications. Aspects that are highlighted are the interplay of science and religion in reference to Ibn Rushd and Ghazālī, the critical reception of Aristotle in classical Islam in relation to Ibn Sīnā, and the influence of the Arabic intellectual culture on Western Europe.
Linux Operating System

The Linux operating system occupies a special position in the world of computer science. Unlike the great majority of operating systems, which are produced by commercial developers and sold at a profit, Linux is produced and maintained by a coterie of enthusiastic volunteers, and is distributed with no license fees whatsoever. It is available in several versions that run with nearly identical look and feel on a diverse group of hardware platforms. Linux is famed both for its stability and for its efficiency, often running for months, or occasionally years at a time without having to be rebooted, while also achieving excellent performance. It conveys many of the properties of UNIX that have made that operating system extremely popular among computer science professionals. Linux source code is as freely available as the executable code, thus giving users complete freedom to modify and adapt the operating system to the special needs of their systems. Linux maintains the tradition of openness and voluntarism that originally characterized the UNIX world, while at the same time avoiding the concomitant fragmentation experienced by UNIX into a variety of dialects. Linux is likely to continue to increase in importance. Keywords: kernel; multitasking; open source; operating system; shell; UNIX operating system
Selected Results in Hadronic Final State Physics at HERA

This presentation reports recent results from the hadronic final state in DIS at HERA. Forward jet and $\pi^0$ production have been measured by the H1 experiment. The forward jet production cross section shows significant deviation from the predictions based on DGLAP evolution. The forward $\pi^0$ data discriminate between different QCD models and are best described by models which take into account the partonic substructure of virtual photons. Inclusive $K_s^0K_s^0$ production in $ep$ has been studied with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 120 pb$^{-1}$. Two states are observed at masses of 1537 MeV and 1726 MeV as well as an enhancement around 1300 MeV. The state at 1537 MeV is consistent with the well established $f_2^\prime(1525)$. The state at 1726 MeV may be the glueball candidate $f_0(1710)$.
Dealing with Difficult People

Tips and Techniques for Enhancing Communication Evelyn, the charge nurse for the day shift, tensed as she saw Dr. Crush step off the elevator. Dr. Crush had a reputation in the hospital as being difficult to work with. He was known to verbally attack nurses and bully them to get what he wanted. It had evolved to the point where nurses were refusing to take care of his patients in order to avoid contact with him.
The Present Environment: A Geographic Summary

This chapter describes the present environment of Europe: topography, climate, and characteristic associations of plants, animals, and soils. It introduces the reader to the geography of the continent, develops the environmental background for the societies of the last 9,000 years, and provides a point of departure against which we can compare the environments of the more distant past.
Stability of fuzzy control systems

Stability of a class of fuzzy control systems is analyzed by replacing the fuzzy controller with an appropriate describing function. Nonlinear analytical expressions for fuzzy controllers are derived. These expressions are numerically approximated by describing functions. The Nyquist stability criterion is used to determine the stability of the fuzzy control system. Numerical examples illustrate the methodology. >
Evolution with diverse preferences

We introduce best response dynamics for settings where players' preferences are diverse. Under these dynamics, which are defined on the space of Bayesian strategies, rest points and Bayesian Nash equilibria are identical. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solution trajectories to these dynamics, and provide methods of analyzing the dynamics which are based on aggregation. Finally, we apply these techniques to prove a dynamic version of Harsanyi's (1973) purification theorem.
Physiological Diversity and Distributions of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Deep Cretaceous Sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain

A series of 23 intact core segments was obtained from two distinct deep subsurface geological formations, the Middendorf and the Cape Fear formations, underlying the southeastern coastal plain of South Carolina. The Middendorf formation in this region consists of permeable, saturated, sandy sediments; the Cape Fear formation consists mainly of less permeable sediments. The core segments were separated by vertical distances ranging from several centimeters to 48 m. Aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria were enumerated on a dilute medium, and populations ranged from 3.1 to 6.4 log CFU g of sediment-1 in the Middendorf cores and from below detection to 4.3 log CFU g-1 in the Cape Fear cores. A total of 198 morphologically distinct colony types were isolated, purified, and subjected to 108 different physiological measurements. The isolates from the two formations were distinct (i.e., they produced substantially different response patterns to the various physiological measurements), as were those in different core samples from the same formation. Cluster analysis revealed 21 different biotypes based on similarities of 75% or higher in response patterns to 21 physiological assays. One biotype contained 57 (29%) of the subsurface isolates, 10 biotypes contained 5 or more isolates, and the remainder had 4 or fewer. The organic compounds that were most commonly metabolized by the subsurface bacteria included Tween 40 (85%) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (60%). Organic acids, in general, were also commonly metabolized by the subsurface bacteria. Isolates from the Cape Fear core segments were capable of metabolizing a higher percentage of the substrates than were bacteria isolated from the Middendorf formation. Although the heterogeneous distributions of bacteria in deep subsurface sediments may make it difficult to use aquifer microcosms to predict in situ biotransformation rates, the diversity of the physiological properties of these organisms offers promise for in situ remediation of contaminants.
Code generation for receding horizon control

Receding horizon control (RHC), also known as model predictive control (MPC), is a general purpose control scheme that involves repeatedly solving a constrained optimization problem, using predictions of future costs, disturbances, and constraints over a moving time horizon to choose the control action. RHC handles constraints, such as limits on control variables, in a direct and natural way, and generates sophisticated feed-forward actions. The main disadvantage of RHC is that an optimization problem has to be solved at each step, which leads many control engineers to think that it can only be used for systems with slow sampling (say, less than one Hz). Several techniques have recently been developed to get around this problem. In one approach, called explicit MPC, the optimization problem is solved analytically and explicitly, so evaluating the control policy requires only a lookup table search. Another approach, which is our focus here, is to exploit the structure in the optimization problem to solve it efficiently. This approach has previously been applied in several specific cases, using custom, hand written code. However, this requires significant development time, and specialist knowledge of optimization and numerical algorithms. Recent developments in convex optimization code generation have made the task much easier and quicker. With code generation, the RHC policy is specified in a high-level language, then automatically transformed into source code for a custom solver. The custom solver is typically orders of magnitude faster than a generic solver, solving in milliseconds or microseconds on standard processors, making it possible to use RHC policies at kilohertz rates. In this paper we demonstrate code generation with two simple control examples. They show a range of problems that may be handled by RHC. In every case, we show a speedup of several hundred times from generic parser-solvers.
Influence of Mucoid Coating on Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Lungs

Pulmonary infection with mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in present in the majority of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic lung disease. It has been postulated that this mucoid coating may act to decrease lung clearance of Pseudomonas by limiting access of phagocytes, antibodies, and antibiotics to the bacteria. To determine whether mucoid coating of Pseudomonas might decrease intrapulmonary killing, groups of guinea pigs were infected with intrabronchial instillations of equivalent numbers of mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas. For this study, mucoid strains of Pseudomonas were obtained from cystic fibrosis sputa and passaged on blood agar plates to obtain their nonmucoid revertants. Animals were then sacrificed at timed intervals after infection, and quantitative cultures were performed on lung homogenates. In all cases, mucoid challenge strains retained their mucoid morphology after passage in guinea pig lungs. No difference in killing of mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas could be detected at 6, 24, or 48 h after lung infection. Further challenge studies used guinea pigs that were either prevaccinated with lipopolysaccharide P. aeruginosa vaccine or else treated with tobramycin sulfate after infection. Nonvaccinated or untreated controls had reduced intrapulmonary killing of Pseudomonas compared with vaccinees or treated groups (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). However, there were no differences in pulmonary killing of mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas in the presence of either specific antibodies or antibiotic. We conclude from these studies that mucoid coating of Pseudomonas does not selectively impede mechanisms of intrapulmonary killing in guinea pig lungs.
High-resolution Doppler imager: instrument performance from late 1991 to mid-1999

The High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite has been providing measurements of the wind field in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere since November 1991. Mesospheric temperatures, ozone and O( 1 D) densities, and stratospheric aerosol extinctions coefficients, are also retrieved. The instrument characteristics have been carefully monitored by frequent calibrations during the nearly eight years of operation. The instrument sensitivity showed a significant decrease (close to 50% in some cases) during the first seven and a half years of operation which was caused by the piezoelectric-controlled etalons slowly drifting from a parallel state. A recalibration of the etalons in late 1998 resulted in close to a complete recovery of the instrument sensitivity. The loss of sensitivity was linear with time, with discrete changes occurring at times. Careful modeling of the data permits a determination of the sensitivity as a function of time, allowing the data to be corrected for this systematic effect.
Student Perceptions of Financial Literacy: Relevance to Practice

ABSTRACT The relevance of financial literacy to social work has been framed almost exclusively in the context of poverty relief, but this study expands this framework to the evidence linking financial stress, not merely poverty, to adverse client outcomes. Using a new 15-item, quantitative instrument, student (N= 1,506) perceptions were collected. Respondents demonstrated a moderate awareness of the relevance of financial literacy in 11 of 15 problem issues commonly encountered in practice, indicating a moderate receptivity to financial education. Future research should clarify the contours of financial knowledge that is required to assist clients.
ALTERATION OF CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES AFFECTS POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES ADHESIVENESS

Striking spontaneous polarization of surface glycoproteins following exposure to Concanavalin A occurs in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PWN) In the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (C-H) which is associated with the absence of microtubules as visualized by the transmission electron microscope. We now show that impaired microtubule assembly also correlated not only with reduced chemotaxis and degranulation but with decreased granulocyte adherence (GA) as well. GA was measured by filtering purified PMN over nylon fibers contained in a ppsteur pipette and quantitating the percentage of PMN adhering to the fibers. GA in normal mink and mice was 74±1% and 64%; whereas, it was reduced in C-H mink and mice to 40±1%; and 32% respectively. Drugs previously shown to inhibit microtubule assembly in PMN were examined. GA was decreased to 27±6%, 29±2% and 19±9% with 10−5M colchicine, 5 uM dlamide, 500 uM tertiary butyrylhydroperoxide respectively in human PMN compared to nonnal values of 43±2%. When 5 ug/ml of cytochnlasin B was incubated with human PMN, a drug known to inhibit microfilamcnt polymerization, GA was also reduced to 33%. These studies support the notion that impairment of either cytoplasmic microtubule or microfilament assembly will lead to alterations in the surface properties of PMN membrane which, in turn, will affect the ability of the PMN to adhere to activated surfaces.
Roy Porter Student Prize Essay: More than Quacks: Seeking Medical Care in Late Colonial New Spain

This article draws upon letters to a colonial physician, contemporary printed medical advice and published medical texts to confirm that formal medical assistance and information about treatment options were available in late colonial New Spain. Publications approved and supervised by the government, doctors, and pharmacies provided up-to-date medical treatments, and individuals actively sought health care from physicians and pharmacists, and expected relief from their ailments. A tradition of government participation in public health in Spain supported structures in New Spain where the latest European advances joined local traditions and experimentation. Although historians may question the effectiveness of any particular cure or treatment, they must accept that individuals in late colonial New Spain participated in their own health care and expected relief from their ailments.
Perceived Workload between the Keybowl and the Qwerty Keyboard

The Keybowl alphanumeric input device was designed and developed to totally eliminate finger movement and drastically reduce wrist motion. Typing without finger movement requires a typist to adapt to a new method of key activation. This new method requires new mental, physical, and temporal demands, associated with new levels of performance, effort, and frustration. Together these requirements are measured to produce an overall measure of workload. Keybowl workload requirements are somewhat different than QWERTY keyboard workload requirements. With the significant reduction of finger and wrist motion comes concern over how much workload is expected in re-learning to type with the Keybowl. Typing workload was analyzed via the NASA Task Load Index. Typing workload analyses were performed to determine how the two groups of subjects (Keybowl and QWERTY) compared in terms of overall workload.
The influence of rhetoric on the social science theories of Giambattista Vico and David Hume

(1970). The influence of rhetoric on the social science theories of Giambattista Vico and David Hume. Western Speech: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 170-180.
Nuclear type II [3H]estradiol binding sites: a histone H3-H4 complex.

Abstract [ 3 H]luteolin covalently labels two forms (11 kDa and 35 kDa proteins) of type II binding sites in rat uterine nuclear extracts [K. Shoulars, T. Brown, M. Alejandro, J. Crowley, B. Markaverich, Identification of rat uterine nuclear type II [ 3 H]estradiol binding sites as histone H4, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296 (2002) 1083–1090]. The 11 kDa protein was identified as histone H4. Levels of the 35 kDa protein were insufficient for sequencing; however, this protein was recognized by anti-histone H4 antibodies. Histones H3 and H4 exist as dimers in vivo (mw ≫ 35 kDa) and we suspected the 35 kDa [ 3 H]luteolin-labeled protein in uterine nuclear extracts might be a complex of histones H3 and H4. This manuscript describes methods for the purification of commercially available calf thymus core histones that retain [ 3 H]luteolin binding activity and are of sufficient purity for recombination studies. Mixing experiments with pure H3 and H4 from calf thymus demonstrate that a 35 kDa H3–H4 dimer capable of binding [ 3 H]luteolin is generated and this protein appears equivalent to the 35 kDa [ 3 H]luteolin binding protein in rat uterine nuclear extracts. If this is the case, type II site ligands including MeHPLA, luteolin, and other bioflavonoids and phytoestrogens may control histone-dependent gene transcription and cellular proliferation via binding to and modulating core histone/nucleosome function.