cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hooded: Binyam Mohamed and the State Secrets Privilege

The use of the state secrets doctrine in cases involving enemy combatants ought to be subjected to further review in order to ensure that it is not utilized in a way that protects the U.S. government from allegations of wrongdoing. R. (Mohamed) v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs sheds light on the problems associated with the doctrine’s use in its analysis of the validity of disclosure of evidence pertaining to an individual detained as an enemy combatant. The reasoning by the English Court of Appeal suggests that there was no real threat to either U.S. or English intelligence or military secrets in disclosing the relevant documents, and that the doctrine was employed in error. This Comment suggests that the use of the state secrets doctrine and the control principle in this case serves to deny democratic accountability by violating an individual’s right of access to the court.
Semantic flexibility and core meaning

The role of context in semantic flexibility is examined through the use of salience ratings of independently weighted nominal properties. Changes in context produce changes in the salience ratings of properties, which in turn are assumed to reflect changes in instantiated meaning. A Variable Feature approach is used to identify and describe variation of peripheral properties as well as more stable central properties. The idea of core context is presented to explain properties that appear to be neither peripheral nor central.
Use of γ -zirconium phosphate for Cs removal from radioactive waste

Radiation stability of synthetic organic ion-exchange resins is not sufficient for the processing of very highly radioactive solutions because these solutions cause significant changes in the capacity and selectivity by hydrolysis of functional groups, chain scission and changes in degree of crosslinking1,2. Among the inorganic ion exchangers, zeolites and clay minerals have been used in decontaminating radioactive waste solutions3–6 because of their high ion-exchange capacity, selectivity and presumably their radiation stability7; however, their use is limited because of their instability in mildly acid solutions1. Another class of materials—insoluble acid salts formed by polybasic acids and certain hydrolysable polyvalent cations— also possess cation exchange properties. These salts include phosphates, arsenates, tungstates and molybdates of zirconium, thorium, titanium and other metals2. Among these insoluble acid salts, zirconium phosphate gels have been investigated8 very extensively. Crystalline phases of zirconium phosphate were first prepared in 1964 and 1968 from gels on refluxing in phosphoric acid by Clearfield and co-workers9,10. We report here the discovery of crystalline γ-zirconium phosphate as a highly selective caesium ion sieve which can be used to separate 137Cs from accident waste water or from circulating water in nuclear reactors.
Activity of identified cerebral neuron correlates with food-induced arousal in Aplysia.

Abstract Firing of the cerebral-pedal regulator neuron, C-PR, evokes a constellation of responses which are characteristic of the food-induced arousal state that occurs following exposure of Aplysia to seaweed. To provide further evidence that C-PR plays a role in generating the food-induced arousal state, extracellular recordings from the cerebral-pedal connective, which contains the axon of C-PR, were obtained in freely moving animals. The C-PR spike in the connective recorded in vivo was then identified by comparing the wave form to that obtained by firing C-PR in an in vitro preparation. We report here that C-PR activity is evoked by food stimulation, and increased firing of the C-PR is closely correlated with appetitive head lifting, the first manifestation of the food arousal state.
Cytomegalovirus vaccines fail to induce epithelial entry neutralizing antibodies comparable to natural infection

Antibodies that neutralize cytomegalovirus (CMV) entry into fibroblasts are predominantly directed against epitopes within virion glycoproteins that are required for attachment and entry. However, the mechanism of CMV entry into epithelial and endothelial cells differs from fibroblast entry. Using assays that simultaneously measured neutralizing activities against CMV entry into fibroblasts and epithelial cells, we found that human immune sera and CMV-hyperimmuneglobulins have on on average 48-fold higher neutralizing activities against epithelial cell entry compared to fibroblast entry, suggesting that natural CMV infections elicit neutralizing antibodies that are epithelial entry-specific. This activity could not be adsorbed with recombinant gB. The Towne vaccine and the gB/MF59 subunit vaccine induced epithelial entry-specific neutralizing activities that were on on average 28-fold (Towne) or 15-fold (gB/MF59) lower than those observed following natural infection. These results suggest that CMV vaccine efficacy may be enhanced by the induction of epithelial entry-specific neutralizing antibodies.
Ex-vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells: Preliminary results in breast cancer

Ex-vivo expanded progenitor cells have been proposed as a source of cells to support high-dose chemotherapy and to decrease or eliminate the period of neutropenia following transplantation. To date, no clinical studies using ex vivo expanded cells, have demonstrated any decrease in the time to neutrophil or platelet recovery, although a number of clinical studies have been performed using a variety of growth factor cocktails and culture conditions. Over the past 6 years we have developed a static culture system that results in optimal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells. We have initiated a clinical study to evaluate this culture system in breast cancer patients receiving peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) to support high-dose chemotherapy. CD34 selected cells were cultured for 10 days in 800 ml of defined media (Amgen Inc.) containing 100 ng/ml each of rhSCF, rhG-CSF and rhMGDF in 1L teflon bags (American Fluoroseal) at 20,000 to 50,000 cells per ml. After culture the cells were washed with 3 volumes of PBS to remove all media and growth factors and reinfused on day 0 of transplant followed by daily administration of rhG-CSF. On day +1 the patients received an unexpanded PBPC product to ensure the durability of the graft. Patients transplanted with expanded PBPC cells recovered neutrophil counts (ANC > 500/microl) as early as day 4 post transplant with a median of 6 days (range 4 to 14 days). In comparison, our historical control group of patients (N=175) had a median time to neutrophil engraftment of 9 days (range 7 to 24 days). A second cohort of patients were transplanted with expanded cells alone and a similar rapid engraftment was obtained. The first patients are now over 70 days post transplant with durable engraftment. No effect on platelet recovery has been observed in any patients to date. These data demonstrate that PBPC expanded under the conditions defined can significantly shorten the time to engraftment of neutrophils.
Development of a new transcervical artificial insemination method for sheep: effects of a new transcervical artificial insemination catheter and traversing the cervix on semen quality and fertility

The difficulty of traversing the cervix severely limits transcervical artificial insemination (TC AI) in sheep. Cervical trauma and poorly designed instruments can reduce fertility after AI. To overcome problems associated with TC AI, we developed a new TC AI catheter. Three bench experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the new TC AI catheter on semen quality independent of the effects of moving the catheter through the cervix. In each of the three bench experiments, the standard laparoscopic instrument for intrauterine AI in sheep was used as the control for the TC AI catheter. In Experiment 1, the total volume of semen extender expelled and void volumes for both types of AI instrument (TC versus laparoscopic) were determined. In Experiment 2, the effects of each type of AI instrument (TC versus laparoscopic) on semen quality, estimated as percentage motility and percentage forward progressive motility, of frozen-thawed semen was determined. In Experiment 3, the effects of both types of AI instrument (TC versus laparoscopic) on number of spermatozoa expelled was determined. The type of AI instrument affected neither semen quality nor the number of spermatozoa expelled. However, void volume differed (P 0.01) ovum and embryo recovery rate (mean = 87.3%), fertilization rate (59.3%), or Day 3 pregnancy rate (mean = 66.6%). We conclude from these data that the use of our new TC AI catheter for TC AI or intrauterine AI should not impair the success of AI in sheep.
Energy Deposition and Hard X-Ray Source Motions in the 2002 July 23 γ-Ray Flare

Reconnection models of solar flares predict a systematic motion of hard X-ray (HXR) footpoints as magnetic energy is released and electrons are accelerated. While the correlation of the HXR flux with the apparent motion of the footpoints has previously been investigated, we derive and investigate for the first time the correlation between cumulative deposited energy at the footpoints and their separation. Providing excellent statistics, data from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager of the 2002 July 23 flare are re-analyzed. The data show an excellent correlation for most of the time intervals. However, despite the good correlation, for some time ranges the derived amount of released magnetic energy is far too small to account for the energy in HXR-producing electrons.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. XC. candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. I. 2-amino-5-(benzenesulfonamidopropyl)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol with substituents on the benzene ring†

2-Amino-5-[p- (bromoacetamidomethyl)benzenesulfonamidopropyl]-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (XV) was synthesized by acylation of 2-amino-5-aminopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (III) with p-cyanobenzenesulfonyl chloride followed by catalytic reduction and reaction of the resultant aminomethyl group with p-nitrophenyl bromoacetate. A second irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, namely 2-amino-5-[p-(bromoacetyl)benzene-sulfonamidopropyl]-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (XVI), was synthesized by acylation of in with p-acetylbenzenesulfonyl chloride followed by bromination. Both XV and XVI were good reversible inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase and inactivated the enzyme when the candidate compound was incubated with the enzyme. Iodoacetamide, which does not form a complex with enzyme, could inactivate thymidylate synthetase almost as well as XV; therefore it appears that XV inactivated the enzyme by a random bimolecular mechanism rather than by the desired active-site-directed mechanism via an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Similar conclusions were reached with XVI since phenacyl bromide could inactivate the enzyme somewhat more rapidly than XVI.
The effect of CO2/H2O on the formation of soot particles in the homogeneous environment of a rapid compression facility

Abstract Previous investigations show that soot particle volume fraction and number density were significantly reduced by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diluents CO 2 and H 2 O. However, these investigations were often convoluted by their experimental flame configurations and primarily focused on soot volume fraction rather than soot inception. To isolate the effects on soot inception and the corresponding chemistry, the current study measured the reactivity of CO 2 (up to 9.5% volume fraction) for both C 2 H 2 (1.00% volume fraction) and CH 4 (1.85% volume fraction) fuels in homogeneous mixtures. Computed effect of H 2 O on these and other fuels are also presented. Experiments were performed at high temperature (1640 K and 1770 K) and high equivalence ratios ( Φ = 55 and 75) to understand the effect of CO 2 on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and formation of nascent soot particles with negligible oxygen influence. Experimental results show that CO 2 enhanced the soot inception rate when added to C 2 H 2 but had an undetectable affect on CH 4 . Gas chromatography confirmed that CO 2 increases CO mole fraction and reduces C 2 H 2 fuel concentration. Chemical kinetic simulations showed that the C 2 H 2 was being converted to soot precursors. CO 2 enhanced the soot inception rate for C 2 H 2 by producing OH radicals. Images of nascent soot particles produced in the presence of CO 2 were used to determine the size of PAH molecules in the particles and particle morphology. Both attributes were similar to particles formed without CO 2 . CO 2 had little impact on the long reaction pathway from CH 4 to PAH molecules because H and CH 3 radicals propagated these reactions more readily than OH radicals.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM ION ON THE RESPONSE OF THE RAT UTERUS TO NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES AND ANALOGUES1

Absolute oxytocic potencies of highly purified neurohypophysial hormones and analogues were determined on isolated rat uteri suspended in van Dyke-Hastings solution. Assays were performed in bath solutions with and without magnesium ions. In a concentration of 0.5 mM/1. magnesium ions were found to augment the response to the U.S.P. Standard, oxytocin, lysine and arginine vasopressins and all the analogues tested, but there was considerable variation between substances in the degree to which this potentiation occurred. Advantages inherent to the solution of van Dyke and Hastings are discussed, and reasons are presented for utilizing this solution without magnesium for assays of oxytocin and posterior pituitary extracts. DALE'S discovery of the oxytocic action of posterior pituitary extract (1) was followed in 1913 by Dale and Laidlaw's description of a method of assaying such extracts on isolated, virgin guinea pig uteri (2).
Automatic identification of magnetic clouds and cloud-like regions at 1 AU: occurrence rate and other properties

Abstract. A scheme is presented whose purpose is twofold: (1) to enable the automatic identification of an interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) passing Earth from real-time measurements of solar wind magnetic field and plasma quantities or (2) for on-ground post-data collection MC identification ("detection" mode). In the real-time ("prediction") mode the scheme should be applicable to data from a spacecraft upstream of Earth, such as ACE, or to that of any near real-time field and plasma monitoring platform in the solar wind at/near 1AU. The initial identification of a candidate MC-complex is carried out by examining proton plasma beta, degree of small-scale smoothness of the magnetic field's directional change, duration of a candidate structure, thermal speed, and field strength. In a final stage, there is a test for large-scale B-field smoothness within the candidate regions that were identified in the first stage. The scheme was applied to WIND data over the period 1995 through mid-August of 2003 (i.e. over 8.6 years), in order to determine its effectiveness in identifying MC passages of any type (i.e. N S, S N, all S, all N, etc. types). (N S refers to the B component of the magnetic field going from north (+) to south (-) in GSE coordinates.) The distribution of these MC types for WIND is provided. The results of the scheme are compared to WIND MCs previously identified by visual inspection (called MFI MCs) with relatively good agreement, in the sense of capturing a large percentage of MFI MCs, but at the expense of finding a large percentage of "false positives". The scheme is shown to be able to find some previously ignored MCs among the false positives. It should be effective in helping to identify in real time most N S MCs for magnetic storm forecasting. The N S type of MC is expected to be most prevalent in solar cycle 24, which should start around 2007. The scheme is likely to be applicable to solar wind measurements taken well within 1 AU to well beyond it. Keywords. Interplanetary physics (Interplanetary magnetic fields; Solar wind plasma) – Magnetospheric physics (Solar wind-magnetosphere interactions)
Suggestions for a mathematical biophysics of some psychoses.

We may consider that most of the human behavior is a set of learned responses to certain patterns which recur frequently in the course of human life. Some “abnormal” events or experiences may result in the learning of abnormal responses, and thus in abnormal behavior. The “abnormal” responses may begin to be learned after some of the normal response patterns have been fairly well established. The development of both normal and abnormal behavior may thus be represented by learning curves of the type studied by H. D. Landahl. Applying some of the results of the theory of learning curves and considering that the normal and abnormal reactions may reciprocally inhibit each other, a quantitative theory of some psychoses may be developed. In particular, the effects of shock may be deduced from the assumption that they cause the more recently learned abnormal reactions to be “unlearned” more readily, than the earlier learned “normal” reactions. The effectiveness of shock treatments as a function of the duraction of psychosis is discussed from this point of view.
DNA-functionalized nanotube membranes with single-base mismatch selectivity.

We describe synthetic membranes in which the molecular recognition chemistry used to accomplish selective permeation is DNA hybridization. These membranes contain template-synthesized gold nanotubes with inside diameters of 12 nanometers, and a “transporter” DNA-hairpin molecule is attached to the inside walls of these nanotubes. These DNA-functionalized nanotube membranes selectively recognize and transport the DNA strand that is complementary to the transporter strand, relative to DNA strands that are not complementary to the transporter. Under optimal conditions, single-base mismatch transport selectivity can be obtained.
Multiaccess interference cancellation receiver for time-hopping ultrawideband communication

In this paper, a low complexity coherent joint maximum-likelihood detection receiver is developed for cancelling multiaccess interference in impulse radio (IR) based ultrawideband (UWB) wireless communication systems. Unlike previous joint demodulation receivers, where the complexity is enormous and the other users' codes are required, the proposed approach does not need to know the time hopping (TH) codes of the other users which makes it a very attractive solution. The performance of joint demodulation receiver depends on the ability to estimate the channel coefficients of desired and interfering users. A novel and practical algorithm for estimating multiple users' channel responses is developed. The performance of the proposed algorithms are tested through computer simulations and the results are compared with the performance of the conventional single user UWB receiver. It is observed that the proposed joint demodulation receiver provides significant performance gains with respect to conventional single user receiver.
Stress and Sleep Duration Predict Headache Severity in Chronic Headache Sufferers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the time-series relationships between stress, sleep duration, and headache pain among patients with chronic headaches. Sleep and stress have long been recognized as potential triggers of episodic headache (<15 headache days/month), though prospective evidence is inconsistent and absent in patients diagnosed with chronic headaches (≥15 days/month). We reanalyzed data from a 28-day observational study of chronic migraine (n=33) and chronic tension-type headache (n=22) sufferers. Patients completed the Daily Stress Inventory and recorded headache and sleep variables using a daily sleep/headache diary. Stress ratings, duration of previous nights' sleep, and headache severity were modeled using a series of linear mixed models with random effects to account for individual differences in observed associations. Models were displayed using contour plots. Two consecutive days of either high stress or low sleep were strongly predictive of headache, whereas 2 days of low stress or adequate sleep were protective. When patterns of stress or sleep were divergent across days, headache risk was increased only when the earlier day was characterized by high stress or poor sleep. As predicted, headache activity in the combined model was highest when high stress and low sleep occurred concurrently during the prior 2 days, denoting an additive effect. Future research is needed to expand on current findings among chronic headache patients and to develop individualized models that account for multiple simultaneous influences of headache trigger factors.
Crystallization and properties of glasses prepared from Illinois coal fly ash

Glasses synthesized from Illinois coal fly ash by conventional melt quenching were recrystallized by suitable nucleation and crystal growth heat treatments. The microstructure and selected properties of the glasses and crystallized glasses were investigated using scanning and scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM, STEM), Mossbauer spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystallization of the fly ash glasses without the aid of added nucleating agents was possible up to a maximum of ∼23 vol %. The crystalline phase was tentatively identified on the basis of STEM microanalysis as a combination of ferroaugite [(Ca, Fe2+)(Al, Fe3+)2SiO6] and potassium melilite [KCaAlSi2O7]. Comparative results of the thermal expansion, density and microhardness of the glass and crystallized glass are reported along with the Young's modulus of a glass fibre pulled from the fly ash melt.
Effects of surface-coupled polyethylene oxide on human macrophage adhesion and foreign body giant cell formation in vitro.

Surface immobilized polyethylene oxide (PEO) has been shown to efficiently reduce protein adsorption and cellular adhesion, resulting in a biologically passive surface. To explore the in vitro effects of surface immobilized PEO on the human inflammatory cells, macrophages, and foreign body giant cells (FBGCs), we developed a diisocyanate-based method for coupling PEO to amine-modified glass, a surface previously shown to enhance macrophage adhesion and FBGC formation. Contact angle analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of PEO molecules bound to the surface and revealed that PEO molecular weight significantly influenced the efficiency of PEO coupling. We used a 10-day human monocyte culture protocol to demonstrate that the presence of surface coupled PEO molecules does not significantly decrease initial monocyte density or monocyte-derived macrophage density after 3 days. However, PEO-coupled surfaces significantly reduced long-term monocyte-derived macrophage density and virtually eliminated interleukin-4-induced FBGC formation observed at day 10. The cellular response to these PEO-coupled surfaces was related to the molecular weight of the PEO chains, which was varied between 200 Da and 18.5 kDa. These results suggest that an optimized PEO surface treatment may be effective in reducing inflammatory cell adhesion and possible degradation during the inflammatory response to an implanted biomedical device.
Type I Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor Binds to and Activates Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

We have examined the interaction of transforming growth factor (TGF)beta receptors with phosphatidylinositol 3-(PI3) kinase in epithelial cells. In COS7 cells, treatment with TGFbeta increased PI3 kinase activity as measured by the ability of p85-associated immune complexes to phosphorylate inositides in vitro. Both type I and type II TGFbeta receptors (TbetaR) associated with p85, but the association of TbetaRII appeared to be constitutive. The interaction of TbetaRI with p85 was induced by treatment with TGFbeta. The receptor association with PI3 kinase was not direct as (35)S-labeled rabbit reticulocyte p85 did not couple with fusion proteins containing type I and type II receptors. A kinase-dead, dominant-negative mutant of TbetaRII blocked ligand-induced p85-TbetaRI association and PI3 kinase activity. In TbetaRI-null R1B cells, TGFbeta did not stimulate PI3 kinase activity. This stimulation was restored upon reconstitution of TbetaRI by transfection. In R1B and NMuMG epithelial cells, overexpression of a dominant active mutant form of TbetaRI markedly enhanced ligand-independent PI3 kinase activity, which was blocked by the addition of the TbetaRI kinase inhibitor LY580276, suggesting a causal link between TbetaRI function and PI3 kinase. Overexpressed Smad7 also prevented ligand-induced PI3 kinase activity. Taken together, these data suggest that 1) TGFbeta receptors can indirectly associate with p85, 2) both receptors are required for ligand-induced PI3 kinase activation, and 3) the activated TbetaRI serine-threonine kinase can potently induce PI3 kinase activity.
Strengthening blends of Poly(lactic acid) and starch with methylenediphenyl diisocyanate

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer, but its applications are limited by its high cost. Blending granular starch with PLA reduces the cost, but the blend has poor strength properties. In this study, a 55/45 (w/w) mixture of PLA (weight-average molecular weight = 120,000 Da) and dried wheat starch was blended thermally in an intensive mixer with or without a low level of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Blends with MDI had enhanced mechanical properties that could be explained by the in situ formation of a block copolymer acting as a compatibilizer. Scanning electron micrographs showed reduced interfacial tension between the two phases. The presence of MDI also enhanced the mechanical properties of the blend at temperatures above the glass-transition temperature. Water uptakes by the PLA/starch blends with and without MDI did not differ. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1761–1767, 2001
Distribution and frequency of mating types in the asexual fungus Septoria passerinii

Four hundred and sixty-nine Septoria passerinii isolates sampled from 15 widely distributed fields in North Dakota and two in western Minnesota were used to analyze the distribution and frequency of mating type idiomorphs using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Two sites, Williston, North Dakota, and Langdon, North Dakota, were sampled in a hierarchical fashion, and the remaining 15 sites were sampled in a random stratified fashion. The χ2 test revealed that, with clone-corrected data, equal frequencies of both mating types occurred within the whole field at both Williston and Langdon as well as at 11 of 15 sites sampled with a random stratified method. Only one of the two mating types was found at each of four sites. In two of those sites, this finding could have resulted from small sample sizes rather than evolutionary forces. Equal frequencies of the two mating types are consistent with a sexually reproducing population. From the results of this study, we conclude that, despite a teleomorph never ...
Mathematical models of biological patterns: Lessons from Hamilton's selfish herd

Mathematical models of biological patterns are central to contemporary biology. This paper aims to consider what these models contribute to biology through the detailed consideration of an important case: Hamilton’s selfish herd. While highly abstract and idealized, Hamilton’s models have generated an extensive amount of research and have arguably led to an accurate understanding of an important factor in the evolution of gregarious behaviors like herding and flocking. I propose an account of what these models are able to achieve and how they can support a successful scientific research program. I argue that the way these models are interpreted is central to the success of such programs.
Ratio of Horizontal Branch Stars to Red Giant Stars in Globular Clusters

Horizontal branch and red giant stars ratio estimated in globular clusters for He abundance
On ‘possibility’ A response to ‘How Is Anthropology Going?’

The article originates in a response to discuss ‘How Is Anthropology Going?’. Perceiving a new pattern in the almost 90 years looking backward and forward from my own undergraduate training, I conc...
Product Oriented Sensitivity Analysis for Multi-Station Compliant Assemblies

Dimensional variation in assembled products directly affects product performance. To reduce dimensional variation it is necessary that an assembly be robust. A robust assembly is less sensitive to input variation from the product and process components such as incoming parts, subassemblies, fixtures and welding guns. In order to effectively understand the sensitivity of an assembly to input variation, an appropriate set of metrics must be defined. In this paper, three product oriented indices including pattern sensitivity index, component sensitivity index and station sensitivity index are defined. These indices can be utilized to measure the variation influence of a pattern, an individual part and/or component, and components at a particular station to the dimensional quality of a final assembly. Additionally, the relationships among these sensitivity indices are established. Based on these relationships, the ranges of the sensitivity indices are derived. Finally, a case study of a sheet metal assembly is presented and discussed to illustrate the applicability of these metrics.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A calcium-independent chloride current activated by hyperpolarization in Xenopus oocytes

Hyperpolarization of oocytes of Xenopus laevis usually elicits mainly passive currents. However, when polarized to potentials more negative than about -100 mV, oocytes obtained from some donors show a relatively well maintained current that is carried mainly by chloride ions. This response does not depend upon external calcium, and is thus clearly different from the calcium-dependent transient chloride current previously described.
Cross relaxation in liquid methanol.

Abstract The cross relaxation rate for intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions between methyl protons in liquid methanol at 0 °C was measured and compared to the rate predicted from MD simulations of the experimental system. The experimental and calculated values agree well, even though the translational diffusion coefficient and bulk viscosity of the sample are not well-predicted by the simulations.
CALISTO: the Cryogenic Aperture Large Infrared Space Telescope Observatory

CALISTO, the Cryogenic Aperture Large Infrared Space Telescope Observatory, will enable extraordinarily high sensitivity far-infrared continuum and moderate (R ~ 1000) resolution spectroscopic observations at wavelengths from ~30µm to ~300 μm - the wavelengths between those accessible by JWST and future ground based facilities. CALISTO's observations will provide vital information about a wide range of important astronomical questions including (1) the first stars and initial heavy element production in the universe; (2) structures in the universe traced by H2 emission; (3) the evolution of galaxies and the star formation within them (4) the formation of planetary systems through observations of protostellar and debris disks; (5) the outermost portions of our solar system through observations of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) and the Oort cloud. With optics cooled to below 5 K, the photon fluctuations from the astronomical background (Zodiacal, Galactic, and extragalactic) exceed those from the telescope. Detectors with a noise equivalent power below that set by the background will make possible astronomical-background-limited sensitivity through the submillimeter/far-infrared region. CALISTO builds on studies for the SAFIR (Single Aperture Far Infrared) telescope mission, employing a 4m x 6m off-axis Gregorian telescope which has a simple deployment using an Atlas V launch vehicle. The unblocked telescope with a cold stop has minimal sidelobes and scattering. The clean beam will allow astronomical background limited observations over a large fraction of the sky, which is what is required to achieve CALISTO's exciting science goals. The maximum angular resolution varies from 1.2" at 30 µm to 12" at 300 μm. The 5σ 1 hr detectable fluxes are uS(dν/ν = 1.0) = 2.2x10-20 Wm-2, and uS(dν/ν = 0.001) = 6.2x10-22 Wm-2. The 8 beams per source confusion limit at 70 μm is estimated to be 5 μJy. We discuss CALISTO optics, performance, instrument complement, and mission design, and give an overview of key science goals and required technology development to enable this promising far IR/submm mission.
Beliefs about generic drugs among elderly adults in hospital-based primary care practices.

Objective This study aimed to characterize seniors’ beliefs about generic drugs, and examine potential correlates of these beliefs, including socioeconomic and health status variables, health literacy, and physician communication skills.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN WITH REPEATED ILLEGITIMACIES: DESCRIPTIVE ASPECTS*

Personality and social aspects of 20 women with three or more illegitimacies were investigated simultaneously by three specialties. In this preliminary report, data indicate a predominant pattern of periodic dyscontrol with a chronic undertone of self-defeating social relations. Mental retardation does not appear to be a significant factor. Family and social settings were often contributory to their difficulties.
Population: Current status and policy options

Abstract This paper summarizes the current status and options in population affairs, particularly with respect to efforts to balance fertility rates with prospects for improving human welfare in the developing countries. It traces the historic increase of official attention to population matters since 1960 including the establishment of population policies and action programs, the development of personnel and of training and research institutions, the increases in knowledge in biomedicine and contraceptive technology, public health and action programs, demography and social science, and the increase in population assistance. The paper centers on the problem of lowered growth through fertility reduction but also considers issues of mortality and population distribution in developing countries. Population trends in developed countries, including the increased adoption of pronatalist policies, are also discussed. The paper is arranged in two main parts: first, a picture of where we are, or seem to be; then a picture of what lies ahead in demographic trends and policy choices.
Temperature acclimation in respiratory and cytochrome c oxidase activity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract 1. 1. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to experimental temperatures of 12, 18, 24, 30 or 36°C for a 4-week period were used to investigate the effect of temperature acclimation on the frequency of opercular movement (FOM), growth and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity in heart, liver and muscle. 2. 2. An exponential relationship between FOM and temperature after the first week (1010 =1.76) disappeared after the second week. 3. 3. The initially high FOM at temperatures of 30 or 36°C and the low FOM at 18 or 12°C changed over 4 weeks to approach the FOM of fish at 24°C. 4. 4. This change in the relationship of FOM to temperature from highly dependent to independent appeared to be thermal compensation. 5. 5. Heart and liver CCO activities were significantly affected by temperature, with the lowest activity at the approximate optimum temperature for growth, 24°C. 6. 6. Highest CCO activities for heart and liver occurred at both the highest and lowest temperatures. 7. 7. Among the three tissues, heart CCO activity was generally the highest and most affected by acclimation temperature. 8. 8. Muscle tissue had the lowest CCO activity and was unaffected by temperature. 9. 9. The high CCO activity at a cold acclimation of temperature 12°C was probably due to thermal compensation and the high activity at 36°C may have been a result of thermal stress.
An exchange for all things? An inquiry into the scholarship of fire

Fire was once considered a founding element and an informing principle for analysis of the world. Today it is neither. Its study resides primarily in those countries that have both public lands, which hold fire, and scientific institutions, with which to study it. In particular, forestry has long claimed fire as a speciality and continues to harbour the most practical experience regarding it. In fact, fire may deserve better, and can give more. A case, not entirely whimsical, can be made for a programme of ‘fire studies’ that could span the many forms of scholarship that share an interest in humanity’s species monopoly over fire’s manipulation.
Surface charge enhanced carbon electrodes for stable and efficient capacitive deionization using inverted adsorption–desorption behavior

Unsustainable and inefficient capacitive deionization (CDI) performance has been observed through CDI operation with carbon xerogel (CX) electrodes for 50 hours using a constant-voltage charging method. This behavior is primarily accounted for by changes in the surface chemistry for the studied material via oxidation of the carbon electrodes in an aqueous solution. In order to improve performance stability, we have developed a novel CDI system using an anode with net negative surface charges and a cathode with net positive surface charges. As a result, salt separation in this system is achieved in an opposing manner to the conventional CDI system, e.g., when the system is charged using a power source, cations and anions are desorbed at the anode and cathode, respectively. This system is named the inverted capacitive deionization (i-CDI) system. Most importantly, salt separation in the i-CDI system was maintained for over 600 hours, which is approximately an increase of 530% in lifetime compared to a CDI system operated under similar conditions. This enhanced performance stability is attributed to the use of oxidized anodes in the i-CDI system, which limits the possibility for loss in separation performance due to carbon oxidation in an aqueous solution.
On the Measurement of Participation Equality

Participation equality is often a key process construct in research models that examine the effects of group support systems (GSS) technology and e-collaboration. GSS are generally thought to reduce the dispersion of participation among team members and thus make participation more equally distributed. However, research conclusions in the literature regarding participation equality are not always consistent with this finding. Researchers have used a variety of approaches to operationalize participation equality including unit-based measures, such as the standard deviation, and dimensionless measures such as the Gini coefficient and the coefficient of variation. Researchers have also varied in their measurement of participation units with some counting phenomena such as comments, words, or remarks. The authors report on an exploratory study that demonstrates conditions in which research conclusions regarding the participation equality construct are dependent on both the participation unit analyzed and whether a unit-based or dimensionless measure is used to compute participation equality. The authors conclude with recommendations for researchers investigating participation equality and practitioners that seek to measure and track participation equality in their collaborative work practices.
The arylsulfonylureas and diabetes mellitus.

Recently a great deal of interest has been aroused by reports of two remarkable compounds which can induce a lowering of the blood sugar level when taken by mouth. These substances have the following names and structural formulae: Carbutamide, which is a sulfonamide, was originally tested for antibacterial action. In some of the subjects receiving it, symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia developed and a lowered concentration of blood sugar was demonstrated. In retrospect, this phenomen should not have been unforeseen, because as early as 1942 depression of the blood sugar level following administration of a sulfonamide had been reported, although the mechanisms involved were not further investigated. Carbutamide and tolbutamide appear to have essentially the same actions. Carbutamide is weakly antibacterial and also slightly goitrogenic in rats when given in large amounts. The latter action appears essentially negligible in humans. Both compounds cause a lowering of the blood sugar level in healthy animals...
INFLUENCE OF SENSORY ABILITIES ON THE INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE OF THE ELDERLY

The function of sensory abilities in personal space research has been all but neglected. Elderly people experience a decline in sensory functioning as a result of the aging process or illness. Vision, hearing, and mobility were examined in relation to an elderly sample's perception of strength and aggression and established interpersonal distance. Results indicate that age, gender, and mobility play an important role in interpersonal distance. Methodological findings offer insights for future studies in personal space research.
Nonhuman Primate Model of the Effect of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Cerebral Cortical Development

To investigate the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the corticogenesis in primates we developed a monkey model in which pregnant animals received 10 mg/kg cocaine orally twice a day from the 40th to the 102nd day of pregnancy. The animals gave birth at term, and brains of the 2-month and 1.5-year-old infants were examined. Examination revealed the structural abnormalities throughout the cerebral cortex that would be expected from modulation of the nonselectively diffusing circulation-derived monoamines. They include: (1) reduction in the number of cortical cells, which most likely reflects abnormal cell proliferation; (2) inappropriate positioning of cortical neurons, which resulted from alterations in migration of cortical cells; and (3) altered glial morphology. The structural alterations were accompanied by abnormalities in animal temperament reminiscent of those seen in human infants of drug-abusing mothers. As predicted by the morphologic studies, we found that cocaine treatment produced significant changes in the levels of monoamines and their receptors in all laminae of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions of the fetal cerebral wall. This indicates that cocaine abuse by pregnant human mothers may affect the global levels of monoamines in the fetal brain and, in doing so, interfere with a broad range of developmental events regulated by these chemicals.
Spillover effects, cost savings, R&D and the use of brand extensions

Abstract Introducing a new product as a brand extension can both lower the cost of introduction and create a spillover effect that depends on its realized quality level. We show that these two facts along with a model of R&D in the presence of marketing uncertainty, explain the empirical observation that firms introduce brand extensions later than new-name products. Our theory also explains the otherwise puzzling empirical observation that brand extensions that enter early in the product life cycle succeed less often than do early entering new-name products.
Synthesis and Properties of an Unusual New High-Symmetry Osmium−Palladium Carbonyl Cluster Complex

The new tetrahedral complex Os4(CO)12[Pd(PBut3)]4, 3, was obtained from the reaction of Os3(CO)12 with Pd(PBut3)2 in octane solution at reflux. Compound 3 was characterized by IR, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The electronic structure of 3 was evaluated by Fenske–Hall molecular orbital analysis. Compound 3 is electronically unsaturated and reacts with hydrogen at room temperature to yield the known compound Os4(CO)12(μ-H)4, 4.
Finite basis theorem for rings and algebras satisfying a central condition

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring with 1, and let T be an R-algebra, not necessarily associative. We show that if, for some positive integer n, Tn ⊆ Z(T), the center of T, then all the polynomial identities satisfied by T are finitely based, that is, logical consequences of a fixed finite subset of them. Immediate corollaries are the varieties of rings generated by a nilpotent ring, an αn-ring, or commutative rings are finitely based.
Changes in Blood Pressure and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Mexican‐Americans from 1982–1984 to 1993–1994

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 10-year changes in blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors among older Mexican-Americans. DESIGN: Comparative analyses of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) and the Hispanic EPESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly). Both of these were population-based studies using a multistage stratified probability sampling design of noninstitutionalized persons. SETTING: Five US states in the southwest: Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 216 Mexican-Americans aged 65 to 74 from the 1982–1984 HHANES and 3050 Mexican- Americans aged 65+ from the 1993–1994 Hispanic EPESE. MEASUREMENTS: Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure; cigarette smoking; high levels of alcohol use; body mass index and obesity; self-reported heart attack, stroke, and diabetes; hypertension. RESULTS: Among 65- to 74-year-old Mexican-Americans, there was a decrease over time in the percent of those who smoked cigarettes from 27.60% to 13.96% and a decrease in mean systolic blood pressure level. The percent of subjects categorized as obese or severely obese increased significantly, as did the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, increasing from 20.06% in 1982–1984 to 29.82% in 1993–1994. Mean diastolic blood pressure increased from 77.15 mm Hg in 1982–1984 to 81.21 mm Hg in 1993–1994. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest major changes in cardiovascular risk factors between 1982–1984 and 1993- 1994 among older Mexican-Americans.
Endocannabinoids Generated by Ca2+ or by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Appear to Arise from Different Pools of Diacylglycerol Lipase

The identity and subcellular sources of endocannabinoids (eCBs) will shape their ability to affect synaptic transmission and, ultimately, behavior. Recent discoveries support the conclusion that 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, 2-AG, is the major signaling eCB, however, some important issues remain open. 2-AG can be synthesized by a mechanism that is strictly Ca2+-dependent, and another that is initiated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and facilitated by Ca2+. An important question is whether or not the 2-AG in these cases is synthesized by the same pool of diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLα). Using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques in CA1 pyramidal cells in acute in vitro rat hippocampal slices, we investigated two mechanistically distinct eCB-mediated responses to address this issue. We now report that pharmacological inhibitors of DGLα have quantitatively different effects on eCB-mediated responses triggered by different stimuli, suggesting that functional, and perhaps physical, distinctions among pools of DAGLα exist.
Mixed convection in porous media adjacent to a vertical uniform heat flux surface

Analyse numerique de la convection mixte dans un milieu poreux le long d'une surface verticale a flux thermique uniforme a de grandes distances a l'aval du bord d'attaque
Is there J-Curve effect in the commodity trade between Korea and rest of the world?

Previous studies that investigated the short-run and long-run effects of depreciation of the Korean won on the Korean trade balance with the rest of the world have not been able to discover significant effects. Suspecting that these studies suffer from aggregation bias, we disaggregate Korean trade flows with the rest of the world by commodity and consider the response of trade balances of 148 industries to changes in the real effective exchange rate of the won. We find that in the short run the trade balance of 91 industries are affected by exchange rate changes. However, the short-run effects last into favorable long-run only in 26 industries, a unique finding that is absent from the literature.