cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perforin and granzymes work in synergy to mediate cholangiocyte injury in experimental biliary atresia

Background & Aims Biliary atresia represents obstructive cholangiopathy in infants progressing rapidly to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Activated NK cells expressing Nkg2d have been linked to bile duct injury and obstruction by establishing contact with cholangiocytes. To define the mechanisms used by cytotoxic cells, we investigated the role of perforin and granzymes in a neonatal mouse model of rotavirus (RRV)-induced biliary atresia. Methods We used complementary cell lysis assays, flow cytometric analyses, quantitative PCRs and in vivo systems to determine the mechanisms of bile duct epithelial injury and the control of the tissue phenotype in experimental biliary atresia. Results RRV-infected hepatic NK and CD8 T cells increased the expression of perforin and injured cholangiocytes in short-term culture in a perforin-dependent fashion. However, the loss of perforin in vivo delayed but did not prevent the obstruction of bile ducts. Based on the increased expression of granzymes by perforin-deficient cytotoxic cells in long-term cytolytic assays, we found that the inhibition of granzymes by nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175) blocked cholangiocyte lysis. Administration of FUT-175 to perforin-deficient mice after RRV infection decreased the development of jaundice, minimized epithelial injury, and improved long-term survival. However, the inhibition of granzymes alone in wild-type mice was not sufficient to prevent the atresia phenotype in newborn mice. In infants with biliary atresia, hepatic Granzymes A and B mRNA, but not Perforin , increased at the time of portoenterostomy. Conclusions Perforin and granzymes have complementary roles mediating epithelial injury by NK and CD8 T cells. The prevention of experimental biliary atresia can only be achieved by inhibiting both granules.
Three-dimensional Flow in Cavity at Yaw

Abstract This study introduces a “building block” prototype model of three-dimensional (3-D) flows about protrusions and cavities with an arbitrary angle between the external flow and rigid elements. The considered flow in a 3-D cavity has the lid of cavity moving along the lid diagonal (Case A). The proposed case is taken as a typical representative of essentially 3-D highly separated vortical flows having simple single-block rectangular geometry of computational domain. This 3-D lid-driven cavity flow is studied by numerical solution of the 3-D viscous Navier–Stocks equations using FLUENT software with second-order upwind schemes for convective terms. Computational results are compared to the classical benchmark case where the lid moves in the direction parallel to the cavity side walls (Case B).The volume and plane integrals of momentum in the direction of lid motion and perpendicular to it are introduced to compare cases in a quantitative way. The integral momentum of the secondary flow (transverse to the lid motion) appears to be about an order of magnitude larger than that in Case B. In the proposed flow, the number and strength of secondary vortices depend substantially on the Re number of the flow whereas in Case B only one pair of secondary vortices appears for arbitrary Re number. For a rectangular 3-D 3:1:1 cavity, the integral momentum of the secondary flow in Case A is an order of magnitude larger than that in the Case B. The flowfield in Case A includes a curvilinear separation line and non-symmetrical vortices.
Nonlinearly coupled KdV equations describing the interaction of equatorial and midlatitude Rossby waves

Amplitude equations governing the nonlinear resonant interaction of equatorial baroclinic and barotropic Rossby waves were derived by Majda and Biello and used as a model for long range interactions (teleconnections) between the tropical and midlatitude troposphere. An overview of that derivation is presented and geared to readers versed in nonlinear wave theory, but not in atmospheric sciences. In the course of the derivation, two other sets of asymptotic equations are presented: the long equatorial wave equations and the weakly nonlinear, long equatorial wave equations. A linear transformation recasts the amplitude equations as nonlinear and linearly coupled KdV equations governing the amplitude of two types of modes, each of which consists of a coupled tropical/midlatitude flow. In the limit of Rossby waves with equal dispersion, the transformed amplitude equations become two KdV equations coupled only through nonlinear fluxes. Four numerical integrations are presented which show (i) the interaction of two solitons, one from either mode, (ii) and (iii) the interaction of a soliton in the presence of different mean wind shears, and (iv) the interaction of two solitons mediated by the presence of a mean wind shear.
Thermodynamic Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions: Part 2. Excess Molar Volumes of Binary Mixtures Containing 1,1-Oxybisbutane

Abstract Excess molar volumes of binary 1,1-oxybisbutane + n-heptane, 1,1-oxybisbutane + cyclohexane, 1,1-oxybisbutane + n-octane, 1,1-oxybisbutane + chlorobenzene and 1,1-oxybisbutane + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K. For the first three systems, V m E is positive throughout the entire concentration range. V m E is negative for binary mixtures containing 1,1-oxybisbutane with chlorobenzene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
How Constant Momentum Acceleration Decouples Energy and Space Focusing in Distance–of–Flight and Time–of–Flight Mass Spectrometries

Resolution in time–of–flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is ordinarily limited by the initial energy and space distributions within an instrument’s acceleration region and by the length of the field–free flight zone. With gaseous ion sources, these distributions lead to systematic flight–time errors that cannot be simultaneously corrected with conventional static–field ion–focusing devices (i.e., an ion mirror). It is known that initial energy and space distributions produce non–linearly correlated errors in both ion velocity and exit time from the acceleration region. Here we reinvestigate an old acceleration technique, constant–momentum acceleration (CMA), to decouple the effects of initial energy and space distributions. In CMA, only initial ion energies (and not their positions) affect the velocity ions gain. Therefore, with CMA, the spatial distribution within the acceleration region can be manipulated without creating ion–velocity error. The velocity differences caused by a spread in initial ion energy can be corrected with an ion mirror. We discuss here the use of CMA and independent focusing of energy and space distributions for both distance–of–flight mass spectrometry (DOFMS) and TOFMS. Performance characteristics of our CMA–DOFMS and CMA–TOFMS instrument, fitted with a glow–discharge ionization source, are described. In CMA–DOFMS, resolving powers (FWHM) of greater than 1000 are achieved for atomic ions with a flight length of 285 mm. In CMA–TOFMS, only ions over a narrow range of m/z values can be energy–focused; however, the technique offers improved resolution for these focused ions, with resolving powers of greater than 2000 for a separation distance of 350 mm.
Identification and partial characterization of putative taurine receptor proteins from the olfactory organ of the spiny lobster

To explore the initial stages of olfactory transduction, we have used biochemical techniques to characterize proteins associated with the dendritic plasma membrane from the olfactory receptor neurons of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. In particular, we have studied proteins that interact with taurine, an amino acid that is an important odorant for this species. The cross-linker bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3) was used to covalently link [3H]-taurine to cell surface proteins on membrane from the aesthetasc (olfactory) sensilla of the lateral filament of the antennule. A radioligand-receptor binding assay was used to show that this cross-linkage was highly specific for taurine at 0.2 mM BS3. In inhibition studies, of all the unlabeled odorants tested at excess concentrations (taurine, L-glutamate, adenosine-5'-monophosphate), only taurine significantly inhibited the cross-linkage of [3H]-taurine to the membrane. Membranes containing cross-linked proteins were solubilized, and proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE and examined with autoradiography. Bands with molecular weights of 100, 82, 62, 51, and 34kD were evident on the gels. However, only the 100 and 62 kD bands were consistently labeled with [3H]-taurine, and this labeling was completely inhibited in the presence of excess unlabeled taurine but not adenosine-5'monophosphate. The taurine-evoked behavioral search response of spiny lobsters was significantly reduced following treatment of their antennules with BS3 + taurine as compared with animals treated with BS3 alone, suggesting that the taurine-labeled binding proteins include taurine receptor proteins involved in the first stage of olfactory transduction.
Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of tantalum thin films: the growth and film properties

Abstract Ta thin films were grown by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) on Si and SiO2 substrates. The deposition processes and film properties were investigated as a function of various key growth kinetic parameters, including TaCl5 exposure time, atomic hydrogen exposure time, hydrogen flow, and growth temperatures. The growth rate increases with increasing TaCl5 exposure time to saturate at approximately 0.08 A/cycle. Cl content and resistivity, which are closely related each other, are strong function of H exposure time and growth temperature. Low resistivity and low Cl content films were obtained at a low substrate temperature of 150 °C. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction show that the grown films are amorphous. H and Cl contents decrease with increasing annealing temperature and intermixing of Ta and Si substrates was observed only at high annealing temperature of 900 °C. The growth mechanisms and thermal stability of PE-ALD Ta thin films are discussed based upon these results.
Body elemental composition of the neonate: New reference data.

The total body elemental content of seventeen neonates at postmortem was examined; deaths had occurred within 10 days of birth. Body weights ranged from 510 to 4,050 g at examination; gestational ages at birth ranged from 24 to 42 weeks. Nondestructive in situ procedures were used: 40 K counting and delayed-gamma neutron activation analysis. The total body content of K, Ca, P, Na, and Cl was measured and compared with estimates for the reference fetus model. Body elemental contents were significantly correlated with body weight (r = 0.92-0.98, P < 0.001). These data will be useful in determining postnatal nutritional needs. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Tale of Two Planets

Most of Earth's volcanism occurs at plate boundaries—mid-ocean ridges and island arcs. Most of the ^3He and other noble gases also are expelled from the interior at these locations. A small amount, compared to the global budget, of magma (<10%) and ^3He («1%) escapes at mid-plate volcanoes, the so-called “hotspots.” Locations of hotspots are controlled by stresses and cracks, not by deep, narrow mantle upwellings. Most, or all, of Earth's volatile inventory appears to have been brought in by a late veneer. The high ^3He content and high He/Ne and He/Ar ratios of mid-ocean ridge basalts, plus the excess ^(129)Xe and ^(136)Xe, suggest that the ridge basalt reservoir is relatively undegassed and that there is no primordial undegassed reservoir. The two prevailing views of the origin of Earth are summarized in the context of this information.
The demand for a justification of induction

Perhaps Russell did raise a fruitless question in his well-known discussion of the justifying of induction. Still, it would not be a trivial matter to show why his question was fruitless. And, as a fact, his critics have usually supposed that they were addressing themselves to his question in pur suing the problem of induction in their own more promising ways. At the risk of muddying the waters after the very vigorous and prolonged discussion to which Russell's early comments have been submitted, I suggest that there have been all along two distinct questions telescoped as the problem of justifying the principle of induction, neither one of which is properly concerned with justification; and that particular inductions, which do require justification, are confused with the principle of induction, which, on the argument to be presented, does not stand in need of justification. A review of Russell's remarks will, I believe, bear the claim out and illuminate the problem in a useful way. At one place, Russell says: The problem we have to discuss is whether there is any reason for be lieving in what is called 'the uniformity of nature'. The belief in the uniformity of nature is the belief that everything that has happened or will happen is an instance of some general law to which there are no exceptions 1). And, at another, he says: But science habitually assumes, at least as a working hypothesis, that general rules which have exceptions can be replaced by general rules which have no exceptions 2). I wish to emphasize that Russell speaks here, altogether characteristic ally, of justifying a quite special 'belief or 'hypothesis' which he takes to be a true belief 3). Presumably, Russell thinks of the principle in much the same way in which he thinks of general inductive laws of nature,
Immunoassay of human plasma apolipoprotein B

A specific and precise double antibody immunoassay for human plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) was developed and applied in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was ca. 9%. The distributions of total apoB and low density lipoprotein (LDL) apoB in a randomly selected, healthy, fasting population (n = 349) was slightly skewed with a mean total apoB of 81 mg/100 ml and LDL apoB of 72 mg/100 ml. The 90th percentile cutoffs for total apoB and LDL apoB were 106 and 97 mg/100 ml, respectively. Regarding total apoB, women showed a statistically significant increase (r = 0.463, p less than 0.001) with age (30-65) and an average annual increment of plasma apoB of 1.1 mg/100 ml. In contrast, men showed only a slight increase of apoB from the 4th to 5th decade, with an average annual increment of 0.7 mg/100 ml (r = 0.201, 0.02 less than p less than 0.05). Similarly, regarding LDL apoB, women showed an increase of 1.0 mg/100 ml/year from the 4th to 7th decade (r = 0.501, p less than 0.001), whereas men's LDL apoB did not increase significantly with age (r = 0.114, 0.2 less than p less than 0.3, for ages 30-49). Six of ten normal young subjects showed essentially no physiological variation in fasting apoB levels over a 10-wk period, whereas four had a variation of ca. 5% or less. LDL apoB represented ca. 90% of the total apoB in normolipidemic and type II plasma samples (86% in type IV samples) but only 68% in type III plasmas (n = 7). The ratios of LDL cholesterol-LDL apoB were similar for the random and hyperlipoproteinemic groups, ranging from a high of 1.8 for type IIa to a low of 1.5 for type IV. The ratio of cholesterol to apoB was significantly elevated (p less than 0.002) in the d less than 1.006 fraction of the type III plasma samples compared to the random and type II groups.
First principles study of aluminum-oxygen complexes in silicon

The atomic structure and electronic properties of aluminum-related defect complexes in silicon are investigated using first-principles calculations. Various configurations of Al-O complexes containing interstitial and substitutional Al atoms and interstitial O atoms are studied. We find that interstitial Al atoms induce deep gap states. The formation energies of interstitial AlO complexes could be much lower than that of interstitial Al under oxygen-rich conditions. We propose that the formation of Al-O complexes may explain the experimental observation that the coexistence of Al and O results in reduced lifetime in Si wafers.
THE USE OF MAGNETIC PROBES IN PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS

Abstract The technique of magnetic probing of magnetohydrodynamic systems is examined in relation to other diagnostic means. Procedures for extracting plasma data from magnetic field plots are outlined, together with specific examples. Limitations of this type of measurement, particularly for very hot plasmas, are discussed.
Columnar defect pinning in untwinned single crystal YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract The pinning by columnar defects produced by 1.0 GeV U ion bombardment alongthe c-axis of an untwinned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 single crystal is characterized. The accommodation angle is nearly 90° at low field, the resistivity anisotropy is reversed, and the onset of pinning occurs well into the fluctuation regime. The anisotropy and strength of the pinning are compared to that of twin boundaries.
An alkaline phosphatase-linked assay for ribonucleases

Abstract A convenient and rapid assay for ribonucleases has been developed using commerical unlabeled materials. This assay detected less than 1 ng of RNase A. The assay was also applied to RNase T 1 and micrococcal nuclease. The phosphate end groups generated at the cleavage sites of the RNA substrate were measured by incubating with excess alkaline phosphatase and determining the phosphate released. Initial reaction rates were measured and accurate units of activity established, which is not possible with most RNase assays. Commercial preparations of alkaline phosphatase from E. coli are contaminated with RNase. A procedure was described for removal of RNase from the alkaline phosphatase preparations.
Fluoride uptake by hydroxyapatite formed by the hydrolysis of α- tricalcium phosphate

Although there is interest in forming synthetic analogs of hard tissues at physiologic temperature, significant gaps in knowledge exist with respect to the mechanisms by which precursor solids convert to apatites and also with respect to the apatite compositions that may be formed. In this study calcium-deficient HAp [Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5OH] was prepared by hydrolysis of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), α-Ca3(PO4)2. The kinetics of HAp formation were studied as a function of temperature by isothermal calorimetry. TCP hydrolyzed completely within about 12 h, and the hydrolysis reaction evolved 133 kJ/mol of HAp formed. Although the kinetics of hydrolysis exhibited a strong temperature dependence, the mechanistic path taken appeared independent of temperature. The fluoridation of hydroxyapatite compositions having Ca/P ratios higher than 1.59 previously has been investigated. However, little work has been done on the fluoridation of more calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5OH was formed at temperatures between 37.4° and 55°C to vary its morphology. These preparations then were reacted in NaF solution and the kinetics of fluoride incorporation studied. Solution chemical analyses were used to determine the amounts of fluoride incorporated. The extent of hydroxyl replacement by fluoride ranged from 17 to 72% and correlated with the surface area of the parent HAp. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 458–464, 1998.
An Overview of Magnetron Plasma Polymerization for the Most Successful Industrial Scale Operation of Plasma Polymerization

Magnetron-AF (e.g., 15 kHz) plasma polymerization with a coaxial circular arrangement of magnetic field has a unique advantage that no deposition occurs onto a part of electrode surface corresponding to the toroidal glow, which enable us to operate the stable magnetron plasma polymerization continuously for a long period of time. Together with the confined glow that remarkably reduces the contamination of the reactor; the magnetron plasma polymerization has been shown to be one of the most effective modes of plasma polymerization in industrial scale operation. When the magnetron plasma polymerization is used in laboratory experiments, successful operations can be easily scaled up to industrial scale operations by maintaining parameters of the magnetron discharge and, if necessary, increasing the number of discharge units, in stead of enlarging the discharge unit.
Linopirdine reduces stimulus intensity threshold for induction of long-term potentiation in the Schaffer collateral/CA1 pathway in rat hippocampal slices.

Abstract Linopirdine, a putative cognition enhancing agent, increases neurotransmitter release and blocks M-current in rat brain. Its effects on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer collateral/CA1 pathway were investigated using standard, extracellular recording techniques in the rat hippocampal slice preparation. When using a half maximal stimulus intensity for tetanic stimulation, a 30 min exposure to 3 or 10 μ M linopirdine exerted no significant effect on excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope, post-tetanic potentiation or LTP. In contrast, when a weak stimulus was employed, linopirdine enhanced the incidence and amplitude of LTP in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that linopirdine reduced stimulus intensity threshold for induction of LTP, an effect which may be mediated by its ability to enhance presynaptic glutamate release and cause CA1 membrane depolarization.
Flow Between Eccentric Rotating Cylinders

Etude numerique. La taille des tourbillons de decollement et la position des points de decollement et de recollement dependent du nombre de Reynolds
How Well are We Helping Problem Gamblers? An Update to the Evidence Base Supporting Problem Gambling Treatment

Evidence based medicine developed to link clinical practice and policy decisions to evidence, so that effective treatments are maximized and ineffective treatments minimized. The objective was to evaluate current status of problem gambling treatment evidence base. The method was literature review of problem gambling treatment articles published from 2003 through 2006. The evidence base for gambling treatment remains limited. No treatment, either psychosocial or pharmacologic fulfills the current standards for efficacy. Articles published in this time period provide more support for the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment and use of opioid antagonists. The current evidence base is not sufficient to support the goal of community evidence based treatment. Three types of studies are needed: replication studies of the possibly efficacious treatments by independent investigators, effectiveness studies of the possibly efficacious treatments with community populations and clinicians, and outcome studies of community treatment programs to serve as benchmarks.
Natural Language Processing Techniques in Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Status and Instructional Issues

The role of natural language processing (NLP) techniques, such as parsing and semantic analysis, is described within current language tutoring systems. Significant trends are distinguished in the exploitation of these techniques, design issues and tradeoffs are examined, and current and potential contributions of NLP technology are discussed with respect to instructional theory and educational practice. Limitations and problems are addressed in using NLP tools for teaching, and approaches to assessment are considered.
Software defined optical network

Software define network, which has good potential for packet-switched IP network, is currently not available on circuit-switched transport network. This paper introduces the concept of software define optical network that applies SDN-like features to optical transport network, and reviews key enabling technologies at various layers, such as variable transponder, flexible switching node, control applications, and open interface with circuit extension.
A placebo‐controlled trial of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic (rhCNTF) factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Preclinical investigations indicated that recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rhCNTF) may have potential as therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of rhCNTF in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 570 patients with ALS. Patients were randomized to receive 0.5, 2, or 5 micrograms/kg/day rhCNTF, or placebo, for 6 months. The primary efficacy end point was the change from baseline to the last on-treatment value of a combination megascore for limb strength (maximum voluntary isometric contraction) and pulmonary function. Secondary end points included individual arm and leg megascores, pulmonary function tests, an activities-of-daily-living outcome measure, and survival. The four treatment groups were similar at baseline with respect to age, sex, disease duration, and muscle strength values. At all doses tested, rhCNTF had no beneficial effect on the primary or secondary end points. Certain adverse events, as follows, appeared to be dose related: injection site reactions, cough, asthenia, nausea, anorexia, weight loss, and increased salivation. There was an increased number of deaths at the highest dose level. rhCNTF had no beneficial effect on any measure of ALS progression. There were increased adverse events in the 5 micrograms/kg group and increased deaths.
Localization of immunogenic domains in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope.

Researchers from Harvard Universitys School of Public Health in Boston Massachusetts aimed to define highly immunogenic domains in the extracellular protein of the HIV-2 envelope. They used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to amplify 6 contiguous segments of the entire glycoprotein envelope of the ST strain of HIV-2 (minimal cytopathicity compared with other HIV strains). Once amplified the researcher cloned the 6 segments into the bacterial expression vector p806. They used the Western blot analysis on a panel of 48 HIV-2 positive and 22 HIV-2 negative serum samples (1:1000 dilution) from Senegal to localize the relative immunogenic reactivity of different regions of the envelope recombinant proteins. The results revealed that ST11-12 and ST15-16 were reactive with 95.8% and 97.9% of the HIV-2 positive samples respectively. They found similar results with serum from other West African countries. Therefore this research showed that ST11-12 and ST15-16 are highly immunogenic domains in the HIV-2 ST envelope. (The recombinant protein ST15-16 is located at the amino end of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp36 and ST11-12 is in the middle of the extracellular glycoprotein gp36 and ST11-12 is in the middle of the extracellular glycoprotein gp120.) In addition the researchers used the Western blot analysis to screen a panel of HIV-1 positive sera. They learned that none of the HIV-1 positive serum samples cross reacted with ST 11-12. In conclusion ST11-12 can be used as an additional type-specific serologic marker for HIV-2 infection.
Effect of iron limitation on photosynthesis in a marine diatom

The response of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum ,tricornutum to Fe deficiency was evaluated in the context of fundamental physiological models of growth and photosynthesis. Fe deficiency induced chlorosis, which decreased Chl a : C ratios and Chl a-specific light-saturated photosynthesis (P,“). In contrast to Pme, (Ye was slightly increased under Fe deficiency, and photosynthesis in Fedeficient cells became light-saturated at lower irradiances than in Fe-replete cells grown at the same irradiance. Fe deficiency increased the in vivo absorption cross section normalized to Chl a (a*), but decreased the maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (4,). Thus, the product a* &,,, which equals the Chl a-specific initial slope of the photosynthlesis-irradiance curve (@), was less sensitive to Fe limitation than was a* or 4, alone. Using a pump-and-probe fluorometer, we found that Fe deficiency reduced the maximum fluorescence yield (A@,,), which is consistent with the reduction in &, but increased the absorption cross section of photosystem 2 (gps2). Immunoassays of proteins separated electrophoretically indicated that the reduction in maximum fluorescence yields was accompanied by a reduction in the relative abundance of D 1, the photosystem 2 reaction center protein. Light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCP) and the large and small subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase were not affected by Fe deficiency. Changes in the abundance of Dl relative to LHCP suggest an increase in the fraction of nonfunctional reaction centers under Felimited conditions. Fe-deficient cells, growing at ~20% of their maximum growth rate, had reduced cellular C, N, and P contents, but maintained C : N : P ratios at the Redfield proportions. These results imply that C : N : P ratios do not provide an unequivocal index of relative growth rate.
Internal mammary sentinel nodes in primary breast cancer

For over a century, there has been considerable interest in the management of regional lymph node metastasis in patients with primary breast cancer. Since the advent of sentinel lymph node biopsies, there has been renewed interest in the management of patients with metastasis to the internal mammary nodes. The appropriate management of these patients has not yet been established. Some investigators propose that biopsy of the internal mammary sentinel node may provide additional prognostic information which might be used to guide the administration of systemic adjuvant therapy. Additionally, it has been suggested that patients with metastasis to the internal mammary sentinel node may benefit from radiotherapy to the internal mammary nodal chain. Clinical trials are needed to resolve these issues. Internal mammary sentinel node biopsy in patients with primary breast cancer should be considered investigational, and conducted only in the context of clinical trials.
CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF THE MEROZYGOSITY IN A PARTIALLY DIPLOID MUTANT OF PNEUMOCOCCUS

A sulfonamide-resistant mutant of pneumococcus, sul r-c, displays a genetic instability, regularly segregating to wild type. DNA extracts of derivatives of the strain possess transforming activities for both the mutant and wild-type alleles, establishing that the strain is a partial diploid. The linkage of sulr-c to str r-61, a stable chromosomal marker, was established, thus defining a chromosomal locus for sulr-c. DNA isolated from sulr-c cells transforms two mutant recipient strains at the same low efficiency as it does a wild-type recipient, although the mutant property of these strains makes them capable of integrating classical "low-efficiency" donor markers equally as efficiently as "high efficiency" markers. Hence sulr-c must have a different basis for its low efficiency than do classical low efficiency point mutations. We suggest that the DNA in the region of the sulr-c mutation has a structural abnormality which leads both to its frequent segregation during growth and its difficulty in efficiently mediating genetic transformation.
A note on winter temperature variations in a shallow seagrass flat1

Hourly temperature readings over a 69-day period in winter 1973–1974 are used to characterize both diurnal and longer period temperature variations in a shallow seagrass flat along the Texas coast. The average diurnal temperature variation has a range of about 2.4°C and includes 8 h of warming, starting at about 0800, followed by 16 h of relatively slow cooling. Longer term, quasi-periodic temperature variations occur at intervals of 11–13 days in response to frontal passages. Temperatures fall between 8° and 14°C in the first 2 days following the frontal passage, before rapid warming begins.
Quality monitoring of optical signals influenced by chromatic dispersion in a transmission fiber using averaged Q-factor evaluation

We evaluated the averaged Q-factor for optical signals distorted by chromatic dispersion in a transmission fiber. This letter confirms that our method has sensitivity to bit error rate degradation due to both the signal-to-noise ratio degradation of pulse distorted signals and pulse distortion itself. It also explains how fault detection in an optical network system can be done with this method.
Bit-fixing in pseudorandom sequences for scan BIST

A low-overhead scheme for achieving complete (100%) fault coverage during built-in self test of circuits with scan is presented. It does not require modifying the function logic and does not degrade system performance (beyond using scan). Deterministic test cubes that detect the random-pattern-resistant (r.p.r.) faults are embedded in a pseudorandom sequence of bits generated by a linear feedback shift register (LFSR). This is accomplished by altering the pseudorandom sequence by adding logic at the LFSR's serial output to "fix" certain bits. A procedure for synthesizing the bit-fixing logic for embedding the test cubes is described. Experimental results indicate that complete fault coverage can be obtained with low hardware overhead. Further reduction in overhead is possible by using a special correlating automatic test pattern generation procedure that is described for finding test cubes for the r.p.r. faults in a way that maximizes bitwise correlation.
Current-density distribution in solid-rotor induction motor

The interaction between the eddy currents induced in the solid cylindrical rotor steel structure and the revolving field of the airgap produces the electrodynamic torque. The polyphase induction machine with solid-iron rotor offers advantages in ease of manufacture, in high torque per ampere at standstill, in withstanding high rotational stresses, and in operating in unusual environments. It is the purpose of this paper to present an approximate three-dimensional nonlinear numerical analysis of the solid-rotor induction motor for finding the three-dimensional current-density distribution in the solid rotor, in order to calculate the performance characteristics, based on finite-difference iterative techniques.
A Shared Vision

Abstract Certain past presidential addresses have focused on differences that exist within our geography profession while others have concentrated on research results from particular subdisciplinary areas of our field. Serious financial vicissitudes over the past few years have brought clearly to the forefront our need to emphasize those aspects that bind us together rather than separate us. My purpose then is to illustrate, by means of three examples, how many of our subdisciplines are interconnected. More specifically, useful roles that climatology may play in cultural, historical, and medical geography are examined. A call is made for all geographers to evaluate how their own subdisciplines can contribute to problem solving in other areas of our field. Such intradisciplinary efforts should serve to bind us more closely together and provide us with a more unified image as a profession.
Private Lands Programs and Lessons Learned in Illinois

State wildlife agencies commonly offer private landowners cost-share and technical assistance to improve habitat, but the cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes of these efforts are rarely evaluated. In 1998, we began a 3-part, statewide evaluation of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources' (IDNR; USA) Private Land Wildlife Habitat Management Program (hereafter the program) as it functioned from 1986 to 1996. We sent a mail-back questionnaire to IDNR biologists to collect information on their perceptions of the program. We sent a separate mail-back questionnaire to private landholders who participated in the program to ascertain their demographic profile, motivations for participation, and attitudes regarding the program. We also conducted on-site evaluations of private properties that were managed under the guidance of the program. We conducted our study to 1) assess if the program effectively assisted participants in establishing and maintaining wildlife habitat, and 2) determine factors associated with optimal management of wildlife habitat on private lands to refine the program and improve effectiveness. We found significant differences between participants in their land use priorities and motivations for managing wildlife and in the resources available to participants to establish and maintain habitat. Our results indicate that although financial incentives may increase participation in private lands initiatives, improving technical and material assistance to landholders is essential for maintaining quality wildlife habitat over the long-term.
Capturing heterogeneity in gene expression studies by surrogate variable analysis.

It has unambiguously been shown that genetic, environmental, demographic, and technical factors may have substantial effects on gene expression levels. In addition to the measured variable(s) of interest, there will tend to be sources of signal due to factors that are unknown, unmeasured, or too complicated to capture through simple models. We show that failing to incorporate these sources of heterogeneity into an analysis can have widespread and detrimental effects on the study. Not only can this reduce power or induce unwanted dependence across genes, but it can also introduce sources of spurious signal to many genes. This phenomenon is true even for well-designed, randomized studies. We introduce “surrogate variable analysis” (SVA) to overcome the problems caused by heterogeneity in expression studies. SVA can be applied in conjunction with standard analysis techniques to accurately capture the relationship between expression and any modeled variables of interest. We apply SVA to disease class, time course, and genetics of gene expression studies. We show that SVA increases the biological accuracy and reproducibility of analyses in genome-wide expression studies.
Joint Inference and Disambiguation of Implicit Sentiments via Implicature Constraints

This paper addresses implicit opinions expressed via inference over explicit sentiments and events that positively/negatively affect entities (goodFor/badFor, gfbf events). We incorporate the inferences developed by implicature rules into an optimization framework, to jointly improve sentiment detection toward entities and disambiguate components of gfbf events. The framework simultaneously beats the baselines by more than 10 points in F-measure on sentiment detection and more than 7 points in accuracy on gfbf polarity disambiguation.
Implementation of quantitative perfusion imaging techniques for functional brain mapping using pulsed arterial spin labeling.

We describe here experimental considerations in the implementation of quantitative perfusion imaging techniques for functional MRI using pulsed arterial spin labeling. Three tagging techniques: EPISTAR, PICORE, and FAIR are found to give very similar perfusion results despite large differences in static tissue contrast. Two major sources of systematic error in the perfusion measurement are identified: the transit delay from the tagging region to the imaging slice; and the inclusion of intravascular tagged signal. A modified technique called QUIPSS II is described that decreases sensitivity to these effects by explicitly controlling the time width of the tag bolus and imaging after the bolus is entirely deposited into the slice. With appropriate saturation pulses the pulse sequence can be arranged so as to allow for simultaneous collection of perfusion and BOLD data that can be cleanly separated. Such perfusion and BOLD signals reveal differences in spatial location and dynamics that may be useful both for functional brain mapping and for study of the BOLD contrast mechanism. The implementation of multislice perfusion imaging introduces additional complications, primarily in the elimination of signal from static tissue. In pulsed ASL, this appears to be related to the slice profile of the inversion tag pulse in the presence of relaxation, rather than magnetization transfer effects as in continuous arterial spin labeling, and can be alleviated with careful adjustment of inversion pulse parameters. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicast Rendezvous in Fast-Varying DSA Networks

Establishing communications between devices in a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) system requires the communicating parties to “rendezvous” before transmitting data packets. Frequency hopping (FH) is an effective rendezvous method that does not rely on a predetermined control channel. Previous FH-based rendezvous designs mainly target unicast rendezvous, and do not intrinsically support multicast rendezvous , where a group of nodes need to rendezvous simultaneously. Furthermore, these designs do not account for fast primary user (PU) dynamics, leading to long time-to-rendezvous (TTR). In this paper, we exploit the uniform $k$ -arbiter and Chinese Remainder Theorem quorum systems to develop three FH-based multicast rendezvous algorithms, which provide different tradeoffs between rendezvous efficiency (e.g., low TTR) and security (e.g., robustness to node compromise). Our rendezvous algorithms are tailored for asynchronous and spectrum-heterogeneous DSA systems. To account for fast PU dynamics, we develop an algorithm for adapting the proposed FH designs on the fly. This adaptation is done through efficient mechanisms for channel ordering and quorum selection. Our simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed rendezvous algorithms, their PU detection accuracy, and their robustness to insider attacks.
Digestive enzyme targeted polymer therapeutic: MIT WO2007103364

The basic claims of this application involve methods that use a polymer to deliver therapeutic molecules in a targeted fashion using a polymeric carrier, drug and a biologically degradable linker. The release of therapeutic molecule is in response to digestive enzymes that are overexpressed in diseased tissues in the body. Further claims, of the sixteen included, define the digestive enzymes and drug–polymer linkages that may be used and specify tumors as the disease of particular interest. Preclinical examples presented support the idea that this therapeutic design has merit. There does not seem to have a single clinical candidate but future work is expected to develop these molecules into clinical products for cancer and particularly cancer treatment combined with radiation.
The positional behavior of pygmy marmosets ( Cebuella pygmaea ) in northwestern Bolivia

Pygmy marmosets are distinctive given their diminutive body size, their year-round reliance upon exudates, and their use of morphologically adapted tegulae to engage in a high degree of claw-clinging behaviors associated with exudate exploitation. This project examined the positional behavior and habitat preferences of one group of pygmy marmosets in a secondary forest within the Department of Pando, northwestern Bolivia. Results from this study indicate that pygmy marmosets primarily use claw-clinging during feeding (89.6%) with preferential use of large vertical trunks. Claw-clinging was also the dominant postural mode during exudate foraging (43.1%) with preferential use of large vertical trunks. Quadrupedalism was the dominant locomotor mode during travel (55.7%) with preferential use of bamboo and medium-sized substrates. These results support previous notions that claw-climbing is a solution to overcome the constraints of small body size while suggesting that quadrupedalism is a habitat-dependent locomotor mode.
Low Eccentricity Earth Satellite KAM Tori

The accuracy of a new theory of Earth satellite motion is assessed across inclination and orbital altitude. This theory is based on periodic orbits in the zonal potential, with a Floquet solution for nearby motion, augmented by perturbation solutions for other perturbing forces. It is completely numerical and well adapted to the rich computational environments of today. Its root mean square error is generally in the tens of meters over a one day data arc, for eccentricities less than e = 0.1. The perturbation methods fail near geopotential resonances, but the theory has been adapted to handle the vicinity of a resonance without significant loss of accuracy. The geometric structure of the solution is also explored, and it is shown that most orbits in the full geopotential are static structures that rotate with the Earth’s rotation. Geopotential KAM tori shrink down to a two dimensional surface as the analog of zero eccentricity orbits. A first attempt is made at visualizing the torus over the Earth’s surface. Precision calculation of low eccentricity KAM tori may lead to much decreased stationkeeping costs for Walker constellations.
Pirate Thy Neighbor: The Protectionist Roots of International Copyright

In recent years, many policymakers have pushed for a stronger international standard of copyright recognition and enforcement, as embodied in international agreements such as TRIPS. Proponents argue, in part, that stronger laws will encourage economic development in both developed and developing countries by ensuring all inventors, scientists, and creators have incentives to innovate. However, history is inconsistent with this narrative. Countries have been able to develop and innovate under a variety of legal rules with varying degrees of respect for copyright. The strength of copyright laws increases endogenously according to the position of domestic publishing interests. These interests develop by first pirating foreign works and ultimately push to strengthen copyright laws to protect themselves from future competition once they are strong enough. I use case studies from the history of the U.S., U.K., and Germany to demonstrate the progression of copyright laws according to the relative position of domestic publishers.
Determination of the Rate Constant for the NH2(X2B1) + NH2(X2B1) Reaction at Low Pressure and 293 K

The rate constant for the reaction NH(2)(X(2)B(1)) + NH(2)(X(2)B(1)) --> products was measured in CF(4), N(2) and Ar carrier gases at 293 +/- 2 K over a pressure range from 2 to 10 Torr. The NH(2) radical was produced by the 193 nm photolysis of NH(3) dilute in the carrier gas. Both the loss of NH(3) and its subsequent recovery and the production of NH(2) and subsequent reaction were monitored simultaneously following the photolysis laser pulse. Both species were detected using quantitative time-resolved high-resolution absorption spectroscopy. The NH(3) molecule was monitored in the NIR using a rotation transition of the nu(1) + nu(3) first combination band near 1500 nm, and the NH(2) radical was monitored using the (1)2(21) <-- (1)3(31) rotational transition of the (0,7,0)A(2)A(1) <-- (0,0,0) X(2)B(1) band near 675 nm. The low-pressure rate constant showed a linear dependence on pressure. The slope of the pressure dependence was dominated by a recombination rate constant for NH(2) + NH(2) given by (8.0 +/- 0.5) x 10(-29), (5.7 +/- 0.7) x 10(-29), and (3.9 +/- 0.4) x 10(-29) cm(6) molecule(-2) s(-1) in CF(4), N(2), and Ar bath gases, respectively, where the uncertainties are +/-2sigma in the scatter of the measurements. The average of the three independent measurements of the sum of the disproportionation rate constants (the zero pressure rate constant) was (3.4 +/- 6) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), where the uncertainty is +/-2sigma in the scatter of the measurements.
Blood Sugar in Infections with Trypanosoma Lewisi

(1929). Blood Sugar in Infections with Trypanosoma Lewisi. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 307-313.
Multivariate Image Analysis (MIA) for Industrial Flare Combustion Control

A new approach for flare monitoring is proposed so that flare combustion efficiency can be predicted online in industrial plants. Multivariate image analysis (MIA), which is based on principal component analysis (PCA) and projection to latent structures (PLS), has been applied to flare combustion systems in order to predict their resulting combustion efficiencies, as a function of the crosswind velocity, using simulated results, and as a function of steam or air flow rates, using experimental tests of a full-size flare. The results show that a multivariate regression model based on flare color images can be used to predict the flare performance over a range of operating conditions for steam-assisted flares. Therefore, simple two-dimensional color images of industrial flares may be a fast, accurate, and inexpensive approach for online monitoring of these industrial combustion systems. This would allow for developing effective flare control and mitigation strategies.