cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing your mind about seeing a brand that you never saw: Implications for brand attitudes

Two field experiments examine the attitudinal consequences of consumers changing their minds about previously seeing brands when in fact they have not. In the first study, an increase in false brand awareness, holding brand exposure constant, is found to result in more favorable brand attitudes. In the second study, changes in false brand awareness were found to mediate the development of defensive thoughts in which respondents self-justify changing their minds. Defensive thoughts, in turn, mediate the development of brand attitudes. The results suggest that simple changes in one's subjective probability of previously seeing a brand independent of actual exposure can have significant attitudinal consequences for that brand. This is due to the generation of self-justifying cognitions. Individual change scores are further found to have greater theoretical and empirical utility than static measures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of Rb 87 and Cs 133

We report the formation of a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of {sup 87}Rb and {sup 133}Cs in the same trapping potential. Our method exploits the efficient sympathetic cooling of {sup 133}Cs via elastic collisions with {sup 87}Rb, initially in a magnetic quadrupole trap and subsequently in a levitated optical trap. The two condensates each contain up to 2x10{sup 4} atoms and exhibit a striking phase separation, revealing the mixture to be immiscible due to strong repulsive interspecies interactions. Sacrificing all the {sup 87}Rb during the cooling, we create single-species {sup 133}Cs condensates of up to 6x10{sup 4} atoms.
HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOAUTOGRAPHY OF PHLORIZIN-3H IN RINGS OF HAMSTER INTESTINE

Quantitative light microscope radioautographs of galactose-3H and phlorizin-3H were prepared from freeze-dried plastic-embedded hamster small intestine incubated in vitro. The usual uphill epithelial cell accumulation of galactose accompanied by a somewhat smaller lamina propria accumulation was observed in control tissue incubated 3 min in 1 mM galactose-3H. The addition of 5 x 10-4 M phlorizin to the medium blocked uphill accumulation, but did not prevent galactose equilibration with the epithelial cells. The galactose content of the lamina propria was considerably less than the galactose content of the epithelial cell. Varying the phlorizin-3H content of the medium from 0.6 to 60 µM revealed a brush border binding of phlorizin which followed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a half-saturation constant of 13 µM and a maximum binding of 84 µmoles of phlorizin/liter of microvilli or 2.6 x 106 sites/epithelial cell. The phlorizin content of the epithelial cell compartment, excluding microvilli, never exceeded 10% that of the medium after 20 min of incubation. These findings directly support the view that phlorizin is a nontransported inhibitor which binds glucose-galactose carriers at the surface of epithelial cell microvilli.
An experiment in model building.

Computer simulation has become a standard tool for the analysis of individual choice behavior. The authors introduced elementry simulation techniques to professors of economics and business administration and explored their ability to develop computer models for binary choice behavior.
Of Friendship: Revisiting Friendships between Men in American Literature:

Traditionally, scholarship on men and masculinities has promoted the association of masculinity with emotional repression and containment. Moreover, emotional expressivity by men, when acknowledged...
Nurses's knowledge of heart failure education principles.

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine nurses' knowledge of heart failure (HF) self-management education principles. Design: The study was exploratory and descriptive and included a convenience sample. Setting: Research took place in a large midwestern health care system that included a university-based hospital, community hospitals, and home or palliative care. Subjects: Subjects included 300 nurses who provide care to patients with HF. Outcome Measure: The outcome measures included overall and topic specific perceptions of basic information important to HF self-management. Topics included diet, fluids or weight, signs or symptoms of worsening condition, medications, and exercise. Intervention: A 20-item, true or false written survey was administered between February 2000 and April 2000. Results: Of the 300 nurses surveyed, 92% were registered nurses and 8% were licensed practical nurses; 38% worked in a large university-based hospital; 44% were employed at 5 community hospitals; and 18% worked in home or hospice-palliative care. Mean HF self-management knowledge score was 15.2 ± 2.0. Registered nurses scored significantly higher than licensed practical nurses (15.3 vs 14.1; P =.004). Individual questions with overall scores 30% and ≤75% were related to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory inhibitor use (49%), potassium-based salt substitute use (52%), rest vs activity (72%), and lean delicatessen meat use in a low sodium diet (75%). In questions with scores <30%, nurses requested more information only 5% to 8% of the time. Overall analysis of variance indicated differences by work experience. HF nurses (primary population) scored higher than critical-care, medical-surgical, or telemetry floor nurses (16.2 ± 1.7; 15.1 ± 1.8; and 14.7 ± 2.0, respectively; P <.001); home care nurses scored higher than hospital or palliative care nurses (15.9 ± 1.5; 15.1 ± 2.0; and 14.0 ± 1.5, respectively; P =.006). Conclusion: Nurses may not be properly educated in HF self-management principles and must be provided with the right information so they can improve the quality and amount of information they offer to patients. Nurses who are better prepared to educate patients with HF may be more likely to carry out this nursing function as a part of their daily job role. (Heart Lung® 2002;31:102-12.)
Using a computer simulation in the research, training, and evaluation of school psychologists

A computer program, School Psychologist Simulation, is described. The program presents users with information and events such as might be encountered in a real school setting regarding schoolchildren referred to the school psychologist; users can practice the skills needed by a school psychologist in the assessment of the case. The participant then submits a report detailing assessment, recommendations, and reasoning for the case in either essay or multiple-choice format. An additional program permits the instructor to customize the material presented to the user by modifying the case material of a specific child and/or by altering the forms displayed to the user in all cases.
Differential chemistry (structure), mechanism of action, and pharmacology of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors.

Abstract Objective To review the pharmacology (absorption, metabolism, distribution, elimination, and contraindications) of incretin-based agents currently available and in regulatory review for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Data sources Medline search of all relevant clinical and review articles. Study selection English-language articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were reviewed for relevance. Data extraction Data pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors were extracted and used. Data synthesis Incretin hormones are secreted from the gastrointestinal tract following meal ingestion, the two most important of which are glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1. Patients with type 2 diabetes have an impaired response to GIP, while intravenous GLP-1 has been shown to increase insulin secretion in response to elevated glucose levels. Incretin-based agents include GLP-1 receptor agonists, which mimic endogenous GLP-1, and DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin), which inhibit the breakdown of endogenous incretin hormones. GLP-1 receptor agonists stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and suppress glucagon secretion with a low risk of hypoglycemia. The GLP-1 receptor agonists are further differentiated as either human analogues (e.g., liraglutide) or synthetic exendin-based mimetics (e.g., exenatide). These agents delay gastric emptying and may beneficially affect satiety and are thus associated with weight reduction. Conclusion GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors facilitate therapy intensification and achievement of established glycemic goals. They enhance postprandial and fasting glycemic control, and use may improve beta-cell function and possibly preserve beta-cell mass. GLP-1 receptor agonists may also have favorable effects on blood pressure. They may be introduced as adjuncts to ongoing therapy with conventional agents with a potential benefit of slowing the progression of type 2 diabetes.
The permutoassociahedron, Mac Lane's coherence theorem and asymptotic zones for the KZ equation

Abstract We construct a combinatorial CW-complex KP n whose vertices correspond to all possible bracketings of all possible permutations of n letters A 1 ,…, A n . This structure is implicitly present in Mac Lane's coherence theorem for symmetric and braided monoidal categories. It also fits very naturally in the framework of the study of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations initiated by V. Drinfel'd. We show that KP n is a combinatorial ( n − 1)-ball and establish its connection with the Grothendieck-Knudsen moduli space of stable n -pointed curves of genus 0.
Microvascular Responses to Norepinephrine and Vasopressin during Halothane Anesthesia in the Rat

This experiment was designed to determine the microvascular responses to the two known naturally occurring vasoconstrictors, norepinephrine (NE) and vasopressin, at known levels of central vasomotor activity before, during and after halothane anesthesia. The responses to topical application of NE and vasopressin were studied in the microvasculature of the mesentery and cremaster muscle, using microscopic methods. Neural (CNS) stimulation was accomplished through electrodes chronically implanted in vasoactive sites of the forebrain and midbrain. The increase in blood pressure in response to CNS stimulation was decreased during halothane anesthesia (32.4 +/- 5.4 per cent before and 24.7 +/- 6.1 per cent during; P less than 0.001). There was no significant change in the steady-state diameter of the microvasculature under study during or after halothane anesthesia. Marked abatement of arteriolar vasoconstriction in response to CNS stimulation was seen prior to halothane. However, the same target vessel showed increased constriction in response to topically applied NE (from 32.3 +/- 4.7 to 53.2 +/- 7.8 per cent; P less than 0.01) during halothane anesthesia. By contrast, the response to vasopressin decreased (from 42.4 +/- 5.7 to 1.0 +/- 6 per cent; P less than 0.001) with halothane. The precise mechanism(s) underlying the described hypersensitivity to NE and hyposensitivity to vasopressin in the same vascular structure during halothane anesthesia remains undetermined.
The Von Restorff Isolation Effect in Response and Serial Order Learning

Summary With an alternate study-test procedure, 254 college students attempted either to free-recall or rearrange in order items of an 11-CVC serial list to a criterion of two consecutive perfect trials. Ss learned the list with or without an isolate which was placed on each of the 11 serial positions. The main findings were as follows: (a) While the reconstruction condition required fewer study trials to criterion than the free-recall condition, the isolation effect occurred equally in both conditions. (b) The isolation effect was a function of the serial position; the effect was greater at the central positions than at the peripherals in free-recall and this trend was essentially reversed in the reconstruction condition. (c) In free-recall, no reliable and systematic spreading effect was obtained for the items immediately preceding and following the isolate; however, a positive spreading effect occurred concurrently with the isolation effect in the reconstruction condition. The isolation effect has been...
Polyelectrolyte and molecular host ion self-assembly to multilayer thin films : An approach to thin film chemical sensors

Multilayer molecular films of polyelectrolyte/calixarene and polyelectrolyte/cyclodextrin hosts were fabricated by alternating adsorption of charged species in aqueous solutions onto a substrate (quartz or silicon wafer). This layer-by-layer molecular deposition approach has been successfully used to integrate molecular recognition reagents into polymer films as chemically selective layers for surface acoustic wave (SAW) chemical sensing applications. The resulting sensors have high sensitivity and selectivity to the organic vapors studied. The films were characterized with SEM, infrared and UV-vis spectroscopy, and monitored by SAW devices. These measurements revealed that the deposition process is highly reproducible and the resulting films are uniform and stable.
LEUKOCYTE COUNTS AND ACTIVATION IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE AND NORMOTENSIVE RATS

The etiology for the progressive organ injury in hypertension is largely speculative. Recent studies have shown that leukocytes play a key role in several cardiovascular diseases. As an initial step toward investigating the role of leukocytes in hypertension, we measured leukocyte counts and spontaneous activation of granulocytes of freshly drawn unseparated blood samples in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in their normotensive counterpart, Wistar-Kyoto rats. The animals were derived from one breeder in the United States and from two breeders in Europe. Total leukocyte counts in young, mature, and old hypertensive rats were 50-100% above the controls. The number of granulocytes in mature and old spontaneously hypertensive rats in more than 100% elevated compared with control rats. In young hypertensive rats the mean granulocyte count was only slightly elevated. The number of spontaneously activated granulocytes, as detected by the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, increases with age in both species; in mature spontaneously hypertensive rats, it is more than 300% above the values in the controls. Furthermore, in mature hypertensive rats the number of monocytes, activated monocytes, and the lymphocyte count are also significantly elevated over the values in the normotensive controls. It is proposed that these elevated leukocyte counts may constitute an enhanced risk for organ injury in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
Mating type regulates the radiation-associated stimulation of reciprocal translocation events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Both ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiation were observed to stimulate mitotic, ectopic recombination between his3 recombinational substrates, generating reciprocal translocations in Saccharomyces cervisiae (yeast). The stimulation was greatest in diploid strains competent for sporulation and depends upon both the ploidy of the strain and heterozygosity at the MAT locus. The difference in levels of stimulation between MATa/MATα diploid and MATα haploid strains increases when cells are exposed to higher levels of UV radiation (sevenfold at 150 J/m2), whereas when cells are exposed to higher levels of ionizing radiation (23.4 krad), only a twofold difference is observed. When the MATα gene was introduced by DNA transformation into a MATa/matα::LEU2 + diploid, the levels of radiation-induced ectopic recombination approach those obtained in a strain that is heterozygous at MAT. Conversely, when the MATA gene was introduced by DNA transformation into a MATα haploid, no enhanced stimulation of ectopic recombination was observed when cells were irradiated with ionizing radiation but a threefold enhancement was observed when cells were irradiated with UV The increase in radiation-stimulated ectopic recombination resulting from heterozygosity at MAT correlated with greater spontaneous ectopic recombination and higher levels of viability after irradiation. We suggest that MAT functions that have been previously shown to control the level of mitotic, allelic recombination (homolog recombination) also control the level of mitotic, radiation-stimulated ectopic recombination between short dispersed repetitive sequences on non-homologous chromosomes.
Synthesis and crystal structure of bis-µ-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-methyl-α- phenylbenzylideneiminato-N,O)-bis[ethanol(nitrato-O,O′)nickel(II)]: a new type of nickel(II) dimer

The title complex (4) is formed by reaction of nickel(II) dinitrate hexahydrate and triethoxymethane (tem) with bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-methyl-α-phenylbenzylideneiminato)nickel(II); its crystal and molecular structure were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The two nickel atoms are in distorted octahedral environments with a shared edge formed by the phenolic oxygens of the Schiff-base ligands, each of which bonds to both metal atoms. Like the Schiff-base ligands, the nitrato-groups are bidentate, and an ethanol molecule bonded at oxygen completes the octahedron. The ethanol is formed by the reaction of hydrate water with tem. These results are in contrast with those of related nickel complexes and nickel nitrate which form trinuclear complexes, in which the solvent plays no part. An analogous reaction proceeds in other solvents. e.g. ethanol and methanol, but the product is difficult to control because water and solvent molecules compete for the sixth ligand position on the metal.Crystals of (4) Are triclinic, space group P, unit-cell parameters: a= 8.969(7), b= 9.601(3), c= 11.926(7)A, α= 100.32(5), β= 92.12(7), γ= 114.01(3)°, Z= 1 dimer. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method from diffractometer data, and refined by least squares to R 0.029 for 2 090 observed reflections.
Pro: Monitoring of nasopharyngeal and rectal temperatures is an adequate guide of brain cooling before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

HE CONVENTIONAL approach to temperature monitoring in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is continuous monitoring of rectal and nasopharyngeal temperature. Nasopharyngeal (TNP) and rectal (Tar) temperature monitoring allows a clinical assessment of patient cooling, especially cerebral cooling. Because brain protection is primarily dependent on reductions in cerebral metabolism, conventional monitoring of TNP and Tar should be an accurate representation of brain temperature and reflect cerebral metabolic changes. Recent evidence, however, does not support this monitoring technique as an effective method for providing cerebral protection. Evidence from laboratory and clinical metabolic studies and recent outcome data suggest that TNP and Tar monitoring are not enough. Current data support the fact that T&Tar monitoring does not accurately reflect cerebral cooling or cerebral metabolic activity. Clinical outcome data strongly suggest that incomplete cerebral cooling is a source for post-DHCA neurologic and neuropsychologic dysfunction. Furthermore, there are clinically useful monitors that, when used in conjunction with conventional temperature monitoring, provide a better assessment of cerebral metabolism prior to initiating DHCA.
Attachment of Rhizobium to Legume Roots as the Basis for Specific Interactions

Experiments were conducted to elucidate the basis of the observation that different strains of Rhizobium infect particular legumes. Rhizobia specific for a variety of legumes were grown with 13PO2−4 and exposed to pea roots (Pisum sativum L.), R. leguminosarum 128C53, which nodulates pea, did not attach to the roots in greater numbers than those strains of rhizobia incapable of infecting pea roots. A complex of R. leguminosarum 128C53 conjugated to a fluorochrome-labeled antibody exhibited a striking attachment to the tips of pea root hairs, where infection normally occurs, but this fluorescent complex also bound to the root hairs of Canavalia en siformis DC., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., Trifolium pratense L., and Medicago sativa L., which are not infected by this bacterium. A reproducible, quantitative technique developed for studying interactions between fluorochrome-labeled lectins and rhizobia revealed no relationship between lectin-Rhizobium interactions and the capacity to infect a plant. The data are interpreted as suggesting that simple attachment of Rhizobium to a legume root is not the basis of host-symbiont specificity in this system.
“iTrainers” – Novel and Inexpensive Alternatives to Traditional Laparoscopic Box Trainers

Objective To evaluate the use of 2 inexpensive laparoscopic trainers (iTrainers) constructed of easily attainable materials and portable tablets (iPads). Methods Two different laparoscopic trainers were constructed using a cardboard box, thumbtacks, and Velcro tape (box trainer). A separate box was constructed using the same supplies with a 3-ring binder (binder trainer). An iPad was used as the camera and monitor for both trainers. A total of 10 participants, including 4 junior surgical residents, 4 senior surgical residents, and 2 surgical staff, completed 3 Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) tasks using the 2 “iTrainers.” Participants then completed the same tasks on a traditional FLS box trainer. All 10 participants were asked to complete a 13-question survey after the exercises. Results All the participants (100%) had access to an “iPad” for the visualization component. The 10 participants completed all 3 tasks on all 3 trainers. Senior residents outperformed junior residents on 6 of the 9 total tasks. Attending surgeons outperformed all residents on all tasks and trainers. Survey results revealed the cardboard box “iTrainer” to be the most practical and easiest to construct. Conclusion “iTrainers” are an inexpensive and easy-to-construct alternative to traditional box trainers that might have construct validity as demonstrated in this trial. The box trainer might be easier to construct and have more similarities to the FLS trainer than the binder iTrainer.
Neutrino emission from Goldstone modes in dense quark matter

We calculate neutrino emissivities from the decay and scattering of Goldstone bosons in the color-flavor-locked (CFL) phase of quarks at high baryon density. Interactions in the CFL phase are described by an effective low-energy theory. For temperatures in the tens of keV range, relevant to the long-term cooling of neutron stars, the emissivities involving Goldstone bosons dominate over those involving quarks, because gaps in the CFL phase are $\ensuremath{\sim}100\mathrm{MeV}$ while the masses of Goldstone modes are on the order of 10 MeV. For the same reason, the specific heat of the CFL phase is also dominated by the Goldstone modes. Notwithstanding this, both the emissivity and the specific heat from the massive modes remain rather small, because of their extremely small number densities. The values of the emissivity and the specific heat imply that the time scale for the cooling of the CFL core is $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{26}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{r},$ which makes the CFL phase invisible as the exterior layers of normal matter surrounding the core will continue to cool through significantly more rapid processes. If the CFL phase appears during the evolution of a protoneutron star, neutrino interactions with Goldstone bosons are expected to be significantly more important since temperatures are high enough $(\ensuremath{\sim}20--40\mathrm{MeV})$ to admit large number densities of Goldstone modes.
Effect of in situ ethanol removal on fermentation of D-xylose by Pachysolen tannophilus

In situ removal of ethanol in the fermentation of D-xylose by Pachysolen tannophilus has been found to be effective in raising the fermentation rate. The improvement in fermentation rate was primarily due to rapid cell growth and the high cell concentration achieved under reduced ethanol inhibition. The ethanol level in broth had little effect on the specific ethanol productivity of cells or the terminal yield of ethanol. As a means of ethanol separation, adsorption by hydrophobic silicalite was convenient and effective in that silicalite-broth contact did not create any ill effects on thefermentation.
OPTICAL PROCESSING WITH PHOTOREFRACTIVE COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS

Photorefractive compound semiconductors are attractive for optical processing because of fast material response, compatibility with semiconductor lasers, and availability of cross polarization diffraction for enhancing signal-to-noise ratio. This paper presents a collection of recent experimental results on optical processing using photorefractive GaAs and InP. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using photorefractive compound semiconductors as dynamic holographic interaction media for optical processing applications.
The effect of fatigue on the accuracy of standardized patients’ checklist recording

Background: One major concern in the use of standardized patients (SPs) to assess clinical competency is whether fatigue affects the accuracy of SPs’ checklist recording. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess how fatigue affects clinical competency. Methods: In this study, 10 SPs each interacted with as many as 21 residents in a 12‐hr period. All the encounters were videotaped for subsequent review. Results: Although most SPs subjectively experienced a certain degree of fatigue, their accuracy in checklist recording did not seem to be affected. No significant differences in checklist scores were detected between morning and afternoon encounters, between the first 5 and the last 5 encounters, and throughout the day. Item agreement scores between actual test and videotaped review also did not differ significantly. Conclusion: We concluded that fatigue does not seem to systematically affect the accuracy of SPs’ checklist recording. This finding is of potential importance to organizations that may ...
Demo: Turning a Mobile Device into a Mouse in the Air

A mouse has been one of the most successful user interfaces due to its intuitive use. As more devices are equipped with displays and offer rich options for users to choose from, a traditional mouse that requires a surface to operate is no longer sufficient. While different types of air mice are available in the market, they rely on accelerometers and gyroscopes, which significantly limit the accuracy and ease of use. In this paper, we develop a system that can accurately track hand movement to realize a mouse. A unique advantage of our scheme is that it achieves high tracking accuracy using the existing hardware already available in the mobile devices (e.g., smart phones and smart watches) and equipment to be controlled (e.g., smart TVs). More specifically, our approach sends inaudible sound pulses at a few selected frequencies, and uses the frequency shifts to estimate the speed and distance traveled. We then develop techniques to quickly calibrate the distance between speakers and narrow down the device's initial position using its movement trajectory. Based on the information, we continuously track the device's new position in real time. This is feasible because many devices, such as smart TVs, PCs, and laptops, already have multiple speakers. When only one speaker is available, we can leverage the frequency shift of sound along with the phase of received WiFi signal to enable tracking. Our evaluation and user study demonstrate that our system achieves high tracking accuracy (e.g., median error of around 1.4 cm) and ease of use.
Current and theoretical maximum well-to-wheels exergy efficiency of options to power vehicles with natural gas

Lower prices and increased supply of natural gas from hydraulic fracturing could lead to widespread use of natural gas in transportation. There are three primary ways that natural gas could be used in personal vehicles: compressed natural gas (CNG) in a combustion engine, as a source of hydrogen for a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), and to generate electricity for a battery electric vehicle (BEV). In this work, we compare these three paths by analyzing their current and theoretical maximum well-to-wheels (WTW) exergy efficiencies. Each pathway begins with the extraction of natural gas and ends with delivery of work to the vehicle’s wheels. The best current and theoretical maximum well-to-wheels exergy efficiencies for CNG, FCEV, and BEV pathways are found to be 31%/63%, 25%/87% and 44%/84% respectively. The largest exergy destruction for the CNG pathway occurs within the vehicle’s internal combustion engine (ICE) plant, which has a best current efficiency of 35%. For the FCEV pathway the main current sources of exergy destruction are the reforming stage and within the fuel cell engine plant, with best current efficiencies of 69% and 50% respectively. For the BEV pathway, the largest exergetic loss occurs during the conversion from natural gas to electricity at a combined cycle power plant, with a best current efficiency of 59%. While the theoretical maximum succeeds in identifying process steps that limit efficiency, it does not inform how much progress could be made to improve efficiency with what effort.
Progesterone and 5α-Pregnane-3,20-Dione in Peripheral Blood of Normal Young Women. Daily Measurements Throughout the Menstrual Cycle

The peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione were measured daily throughout the ovarian cycle of five presumptively ovulatory women. The concentrations of progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione during the follicular phase were 0.11 ± 0.02 ng/mI (mean ± se) and 0.16 ± 0.01 ng/mI, respectively. In four of these women the concentrations of both progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione began to rise immediately after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak and reached maximal concentrations five to eight days later (progesterone: 8.6 to 19.9 ng/mI; 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione: 1.4 to 2.8 ng/mI). The luteal phases in these women, measured from the day of the LH peak to the onset of the next menses, varied from 13 to 18 days. In the other woman with a late LH surge (day 27 of the cycle) the peak concentrations of progesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione were reached four days after the LH peak (8.9 ng/mI and 0.8 ng/mI, respectively). The luteal phase in this woman was 11 days. From the re...
Polysubstance Use and Heroin Relapse Among Adolescents Following Residential Treatment

This study examined posttreatment patterns of polysubstance use and heroin relapse in a sample of 43 adolescents (ages 14–20) entering short-term residential treatment for primary heroin use. At 12-month follow-up, youths that achieved heroin abstinence (N = 19) were significantly less likely than youths that relapsed to heroin (N = 24) to endorse polysubstance use and cannabis, cocaine, or benzodiazepine use. Furthermore, heroin-abstinent youths significantly reduced their cannabis and cocaine use across the study period while youths that relapsed made initial reductions before returning to their pretreatment levels of use for these drugs. Clinical implications for heroin-using youths and areas for future research are discussed.
Family background characteristics and school adjustment problems

Primary grade children identified by teachers as having selected family characteristics were compared on teacher ratings of school maladjustment. Children pressured to achieve academic success coped with school demands in a significantly more shy, anxious, and immature fashion than children from homes lacking educational stimulation. The latter group experienced greater difficulty in mastering basic academic skills. Children from rejecting parents had more serious acting out, aggressive problems than did children from overprotective parents. The latter group, however, experience anxiety and interpersonal discomfort. Treatment implications of these data focus primarily upon increased involvement of parents and families in school mental health programs.
Energetics of interstitial oxygen in β-TiX (X = transition elements) alloys using first principles methods

Abstract The energetics of interstitial oxygen (O) in β-Ti and β-Ti–X alloys (X = 3 d -, 4 d -, or 5 d -transition elements) was studied using first principles methods based on density functional theory (DFT). For small concentrations of X (=1.8 at.%), the insertion energy E ins X for interstitial oxygen along the three transition series follows a similar trend: it first decreases reaching a minimum between Groups 4 and 5 elements, then increases to reach a maximum for Group 8 elements (Fe, Ru, Os) before decreasing further. Except for the early transition elements, the interaction between X and O is repulsive. The lattice strain is found to be the dominant contribution to the insertion energy and can explain the trends along the three series. Using the calculated energetics and the lattice strain due to interstitial oxygen, a model is constructed to determine trends in maximum oxygen solubility C O, max in β-Ti–X alloys. The C O, max X decreases in the middle of each transition series.
Lack of Effect of Lactobacillus GG on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Objectives To assess the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in adults and, secondarily, to assess the effect of coadministered Lactobacillus GG on the number of tests performed to determine the cause of diarrhea. Patients and Methods In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from July 1998 to October 1999, 302 hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics were randomized to receive Lactobacillus GG, 20 × 109 CFU/d, or placebo for 14 days. Subjects recorded the number of stools and their consistency daily for 21 days. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who developed diarrhea in the first 21 days after enrollment. Weekly telephone follow-up was also performed. Results were analyzed in an intention-to-treat fashion. Results Diarrhea developed in 39 (29.3%) of 133 patients randomized to receive Lactobacillus GG and in 40 (29.9%) of 134 patients randomized to receive placebo (P=.93). No additional difference in the rate of occurrence of diarrhea was found between treatment and placebo patients in a subgroup analysis of those treated with β-lactam vs non-β-lactam antibiotics. Too few patients had stool cultures, additional laboratory tests for diarrhea, or a positive diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection to assess between-group differences. Conclusion Lactobacillus GG in a dose of 20 × 109 CFU/d did not reduce the rate of occurrence of diarrhea in this sample of 267 adult patients taking antibiotics initially administered in the hospital setting.
Triggers for self-abuse: a qualitative study.

Deliberate acts of self-abuse evoke strong feelings among nurses. The purpose of this research was to describe how self-abusing women in a locked, state psychiatric hospital defined self-abuse in the context of their lives. The social constructionist framework informed the methodology of narrative analysis. Nine women were interviewed over 3 months for a total of 43 interviews. Four themes or linkages were identified: their pleas to be listened to and receive help, specific triggers for self-abusive behavior, the causes of the self-abusive behavior, and how to stop the self-abuse. Specific triggers were identified as well as suggested nursing interventions.
Pharmacokinetics of a 3 mg/kg Body Weight Loading Dose of Gentamicin or Tobramycin in Critically III Patients

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and adequacy of gentamicin or tobramycin after administration of a loading dose of 3 mg/kg body weight in 14 critically ill patients with presumed sepsis. Therapeutic blood levels after loading dose were obtained in 13 of the 14 patients. Measured volume of distribution, serum half-life, and elimination rate constant were significantly different from values calculated by using standard formulae. All the patients tolerated the dose well without significant deterioration in renal function. Based on the present study, we conclude that administration of 3 mg/kg body weight loading dose of gentamicin or tobramycin in critically ill patients with sepsis would result in earlier therapeutic drug levels.
The relationship of locus of control, self-control, and acceptable noise levels for young listeners with normal hearing

AbstractObjective: Background noise acceptance while listening to speech, assessed via the acceptable noise level (ANL) measure, has been shown to be an accurate predictor of hearing-aid success. No specific listener characteristics have been identified as being related to a listener's ability to accept background noise. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not locus of control and self-control are related to ANL. Design: Correlational design. Study sample: Participants were seventy young adults (21 male, 49 female; aged 19 to 39 years) with normal hearing. Participants completed psychological profiles that evaluated locus of control and self-control and their ANLs were measured. Results: Results revealed correlations between ANL and self-control. Listeners with higher levels of self-control accepted more background noise than listeners with lower levels of self-control. Conclusions: This research suggests that exercises aimed at strengthening a listener's auditory self-control may lead t...
Life history and vocational interests

Abstract To obtain some information concerning the antecedents of various forms of vocational interests, scores on the 22 basic interest scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) were correlated with 389 life history or autobiographical data items. Items yielding significant correlations were clustered on the basis of item content. The clusters obtained for the business management, science, and adventure scales are presented and discussed. Subsequently, certain general conclusions are drawn concerning the life history correlates of inventoried vocational interests.
Stability of the singly resonant optical parametric oscillator

We show that plane-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillators exhibit a temporal modulation instability when pumped a certain number of times above threshold. Previously, this instability threshold was predicted, with a model neglecting variations in pump power, to occur at around 4.61 times oscillation threshold. We consider here the full self-consistent interaction between pump, signal, and idler sidebands and find that in some spectral regions the instability threshold can be lower than previously predicted, in some cases even comparable to the oscillation threshold, preventing single mode operation at high conversion efficiency. We examine the behavior of the instability for typical regions of operation, and find that both group velocity mismatches and group velocity dispersion have a significant effect. The instability can be suppressed by a suitable choice of intracavity etalon, the design constraints of which are determined.
Relaxin-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression is associated with activation of the NF-κB pathway in human THP-1 cells

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and relaxin (RLX) are reported to play an important role in tissue remodeling and wound repair. When macrophages populate wound sites, they secrete biologically active substances, including MMPs. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is important in MMP gene regulation in macrophage cells. Thus, a monocyte/macrophage cell line, THP-1, was used to study the molecular mechanism of RLX action on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. After 24 h incubation with porcine RLX (100 ng/ml), conditioned media (CM) and THP-1 cells were collected. Gelatin zymography demonstrated an increase in pro-MMP-9 activity in response to RLX in CM, and no significant change in pro-MMP-2 expression was observed. Immunoblot analysis also revealed an increase in pro-MMP-9 in CM from RLX-treated THP-1 cells. Gel EMSA showed that NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was elevated in THP-1 cells treated with RLX for 10 min and reached a peak at 30 min. The NF-kappaB DNA complex was supershifted using antibodies against NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65. Increased expression of the p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits was also detected in THP-1 cells after RLX treatment. Incubation with RLX (90 min) reduced THP-1 expression of the NF-kappaB inhibitor protein, IkappaB-alpha. Using a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarmate (PDTC) inhibited nuclear binding of NF-kappaB. Pre-exposure to PDTC suppressed pro-MMP-9 activity and protein levels in RLX-treated THP-1 cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that RLX-induced tissue remodeling through increasing MMP-9 expression is dependent on NF-kappaB activation.
Tracing the origins of widespread highland species: a case of Neogene diversification across the Mexican sierras in an endemic lizard

The evolutionary history of the Mexican sierras has been shaped by various geological and climatic events over the past several million years. The relative impacts of these historical events on diversification in highland taxa, however, remain largely uncertain owing to a paucity of studies on broadly-distributed montane species. We investigated the origins of genetic diversification in widely-distributed endemic alligator lizards in the genus Barisia to help develop a better understanding of the complex processes structuring biological diversity in the Mexican highlands. We estimated lineage divergence dates and the diversification rate from mitochondrial DNA sequences, and combined divergence dates with reconstructions of ancestral geographical ranges to track lineage diversification across geography through time. Based on our results, we inferred ten geographically structured, well supported mitochondrial lineages within Barisia. Diversification of a widely-distributed ancestor appears tied to the formation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt across central Mexico during the Miocene and Pliocene. The formation of filter barriers such as major river drainages may have later subdivided lineages. The results of the present study provide additional support for the increasing number of studies that suggest Neogene events heavily impacted genetic diversification in widespread montane taxa. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 382‐394.
Quantum oscillations in the semiclassical fermion μ-space density

Abstract An approximation is constructed to the phase space, or Wigner, distribution function for a one-dimensional dense Fermi gas in a potential well. The quantum oscillations occurring near the turning line are expressed in terms of a simple universal function, suitable for incorporation into a Thomas-Fermi self-consistent scheme.
Individual and Population Responses to Environments

The degree to which an insect or other organism becomes integrated into the environment is dependent in part upon how long the species has occupied it. The extent to which a species becomes a resident of a certain community is a function of many factors, of which the following often prevail: (1) the number and abundance of ecologically similar and/or closely related species present in the community, (2) the ability of the species to obtain sufficient resources for survival and breeding, (3) the ability of the species to withstand biotic mortality agents such as pathogenic microorganisms, predators, and parasites, and (4) the ability to cope with shifts in (1) through (3) resulting from seasonality and to cope with the abiotic changes in the environment brought into play by seasonality.
Five cardiac hormones decrease the number of human small-cell lung cancer cells

Background Four peptide hormones of a family of six hormones, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-natriuretic peptide (CNP), long acting natriuretic peptide (LANP), vessel dilator and kaliuretic peptide, significantly decrease the number of adenocarcinoma cells in culture. The present investigation was designed to determine whether these peptide hormones’ effects are specific to adenocarcinomas or whether they might decrease the number of cancer cells of a different type of cancer, i.e. small-cell lung cancer. Methods and materials These six hormones were evaluated for their ability to decrease the number and/or proliferation of human small-cell lung cancer cells in culture for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Results Within 24 h, vessel dilator, LANP, kaliuretic peptide, ANP and their intracellular mediator cyclic GMP, each at 1 µM, decreased the number of small-cell lung cancer cells by 63% (P < 0·001), 21% (P < 0·05), 30% (P < 0·05), 39% (P < 0·05), and 31% (P < 0·05), respectively. There was no proliferation in the 3 days following this decrease in cell number. These same hormones decreased DNA synthesis 68% to 82% (P < 0·001). Brain natriuretic peptide and CNP did not decrease the number of small-cell lung cancer cells or inhibit their DNA synthesis at 1 µM or 10 µM concentrations. Dose-response curves revealed that at 100 µM, the vessel dilator decreased 92% of the cancer cells in 24 h while BNP had no effect, but CNP caused a 39% decrease. Western blots revealed that the natriuretic peptide receptors A- and C- were present in these cancer cells. Conclusions Five peptide hormones significantly decrease the number of human small-cell lung cancer cells within 24 h and inhibit their proliferation for at least 96 h. Their mechanism of doing so involves inhibition of DNA synthesis mediated in part by cyclic GMP.
Looking inside the ocean skin: differential absorption techniques to sense the interface temperature gradient

The crucial role the air/sea interface plays in heat and gas transfers and satellite sea surface temperatures is well known. A full understanding of interface effects is delayed by the difficulties of making measurements inside this thin (/spl sim/1.0 mm) and erratically moving zone. Atmospheric sounding interferometers have been developed which use the frequency variations in atmospheric absorption to retrieve the temperature profiles (Smith et al., 1983). Using a similar strategy, such instruments have "sounded" the interface temperature gradient. Frequency variations of water's absorptive properties have been used to measure the temperature gradient inside the interface (McKeown, 1995). The measurement extends less than 1.0 mm into the water; however, it is precisely this zone that is the most relevant to heat and gas transfers and the most difficult to sample. This technique also avoids the problems of thinness and erratic motion that plague mechanical measurements. The water molecule has quantum resonance features which cause the optical properties to vary with frequency. For example, the absorption coefficient drops 7 orders of magnitude from infrared to optical frequencies. A useful parameter is the inverse of the absorption coefficient, called the effective optical depth or EOD. EOD quantifies the range of depths in which a frequency's radiation originates. Since the radiant flux ofa 300 K ocean is weak at 2.2 /spl mu/m, the 3.8 /spl mu/m region is the most practical for existing instruments. To explore the technique, the radiance spectrum emitted from a small well known water body was measured in a laboratory setting. Temperature change over time measured by thermistors allowed calculation of the interface heat flow and the gradient required by that flow (required gradient) to be known. Since gradient measurement is the goal, the brightness temperature spectra were plotted at a frequency's EOD rather than the frequency itself. This plot, called a "spectral gradient", facilitates comparison of two gradients.