cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overidentification in a Nonrecursive Model

This chapter discusses the over identification in a nonrecursive model. Neither two-stage least squares (2SLS) nor any other methods of estimation is a cure for underidentification, because the identification problem does not arise from sampling errors but from difficulties of a logical kind. It is shown that some special method of estimation is both required and feasible whenever a model contains one or more overidentified equations. There are several other statistically efficient methods besides 2SLS for estimating overidentified equations or, in the case of some methods, for estimating all equations in the model at once. The chapter also discusses the problem of testing overidentifying restriction(s). It is suggested that the result of the original test of the overidentifying restriction is of no help in deciding as to which (if not some other) route to take.
Is It Safe to Prep the External Fixator In Situ During Second-Stage Pilon Surgical Treatment?

Objective To evaluate the infection rate of our protocol of prepping the external fixator in situ during definitive second-stage pilon fracture open reduction internal fixation. Design Retrospective clinical investigation. Setting Academic Level 1 Trauma Center. Patients/participants Out of 229 patients with distal tibia fractures presenting to our institution from 1999 to 2014, 100 were treated in a 2-stage fashion utilizing this protocol. Intervention Prepping the external fixator into the surgical field during the second-stage/definitive open reduction internal fixation procedure. Main outcome measurement The rates of deep and superficial infections after definitive fixation. Results The deep infection rate was 13%, and the superficial infection rate was 11%. Conclusions Infection rates using this protocol are comparable to previously reported infection rates for two-stage surgical treatment of pilon fractures. This protocol provides the treating surgeon information about an alternative method to streamline definitive fixation. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Smart and Private Social Activity Invitation Framework Based on Historical Data from Smart Devices

Modern social networks bring people together and help facilitate the organization of various group activities. Inspired by the recent work by Ai et al. [2], we design a smart and private social activity invitation framework based on historical data from smart devices. Our paradigm aims at helping users organize group activities in a smart and efficient way while finding compromises to satisfy all involved parties. Compared with Ai et al.’s work [2], our framework is more realistic, whereby users report their personal information to the app server, which is used to provide organizing services to registered members. The app server, however, is untrustworthy and could be motivated by factors such as advertising revenue. Therefore, the app may advertise itself by providing aggregate statistical information about current users to attract new users. This creates a dilemma between the existing users’ concerns about personal privacy and the app developers’ agenda. Our framework ameliorates this conflict by securing existing users’ information under a state-of-the-art privacy concept – differential privacy – guaranteeing quality services to existing users, while also allowing the server to give informative answers to new potential users. In addition, the proposed framework encourages less active or isolated users via a new method based on perturbed graphs. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework performs well.
Stop Managing, Start Coaching! How Performance Coaching Can Enhance Commitment and Improve Productivity

(1998). Stop Managing, Start Coaching! How Performance Coaching Can Enhance Commitment and Improve Productivity. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 122-124.
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula with distal esophageal stenosis Preoperative Diagnosis

This is a presentation of a case of preoperative diagnosis of apparent esophageal atresia and an apparent distal and tracheoesophageal fistula from a peripheral hospital. After surgery, histopathologic findings showed the absence of cartilage and bronchial glands, suggesting the etiology as a fibromuscular stenosis.
The Economic Effect of Trademarks

The primary objective of this paper is the description and evaluation of the economic effects t e use of trade-marks in a economy such as urs. The topic is challenging, b t its very nature makes it difficult to do much more than put forth a set of speculations which defy an ultimate empirical test. The only argument in support of the thesis I shall expound is this: the thesis follows in a straight-forwa d fashion from the main tenets of economic doctrine, at least some aspects of which may be considered testable or verifiable.
Community-Resilience-Based Design of the Built Environment

AbstractCurrent design codes and standards in the United States focus on the design of individual facilities and do not account for other coupled physical and nonphysical infrastructure. This does ...
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from legacy spills at an Alaskan Arctic site underlain by permafrost

Abstract Widespread polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination resulting from petroleum spills at military and industrial sites along the Arctic Ocean Coast is a major issue in the Alaskan Arctic. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consist of one or more fused aromatic rings and comprise a major portion of petroleum products like fuels. PAHs are commonly found in a variety of geomedia and are considered environmentally persistent, toxic, and carcinogenic. In the present study, the subsurface distribution of PAHs was investigated at a former U.S. Department of the Navy site in northern Alaska using laser-induced fluorescence coupled with ultraviolet optical screening tool (LIF-UVOST). The former Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) study site has historical presence just outside the city of Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly Barrow) and has a long history of petroleum spills since the early 1950s primarily at the Airstrip and Powerhouse sites. To determine the extent of PAH accumulation in the subsurface a total of 143 vertical soil profiles were characterized using LIF-UVOST during September 2015 (87 at the Airstrip site and 56 at the Powerhouse site). We also compared the intensities of different wavelengths (350 versus 500 nm) to estimate spill source and we found a substantial accumulation of PAHs in the surface and subsurface at both sites and vertical distribution of PAHs was primarily heterogeneous, varying as a function of probing locations and soil depth. Both sites were found to have no correlation between depth of the maximum fluorescence signal and depth of the probing refusal depth (top of permafrost). Using LIF-UVOST for the direct chemical sensing of PAHs proved to be a useful tool and revealed unique signature PAH fluorescence responses when comparing 350 and 500 nm intensities between the Airstrip and Powerhouse sites, likely attributable to the original source of the spill. Results from this project can be directly used for other potential studies, including planning remediation strategies and investigating local bodies of water for PAH transport.
Control of Pratylenchus vulnus on American Boxwood

Post-plant applications of Nemacur 15G, Vydate 10G, Furadan 10G, and Temik 15G controlled lesion nematode, Pratylenchus vulnus, on roots of Amencan boxwood. Combination of fall and spring nematode applications provided season long nematode control. One year after application, significant increases in shoot numbers and plant growth occurred with treated plants compared to nontreated plants.
Updated medical care cost estimates for HPV-associated cancers: implications for cost-effectiveness analyses of HPV vaccination in the United States

Estimates of medical care costs for cervical and other cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) are higher in studies published in recent years than in studies published before 2012. The ...
Structural and chemical properties of half-sandwich rhodium complexes supported by the bis(2-pyridyl)methane ligand

[Cp*Rh] complexes (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) supported by bidentate chelating ligands are a useful class of compounds for studies of redox chemistry and catalysis. Here, we show that the bis(2-pyridyl)methane ligand, also known as dipyridylmethane or dpma, can support [Cp*Rh] complexes in the formally +III and +II rhodium oxidation states. Specifically, two new rhodium complexes ([Cp*Rh(dpma)(L)]n+, L = Cl−, CH3CN) have been isolated and structurally characterized, and the properties of the complexes have been compared with those of [Cp*Rh] complexes bearing the related dimethyldipyridylmethane (Me2dpma) ligand. Complex [Cp*Rh(dpma)(NCCH3)]2+ displays a quasireversible rhodium(III/II) reduction by cyclic voltammetry; related electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies confirm access to the unusual rhodium(II) oxidation state. Further reduction to the formally rhodium(I) oxidation state, however, is followed by deprotonation of dpma, as observed in electrochemical studies and chemical reduction experiments. This reactivity can be understood to occur as a consequence of the presence of doubly benzylic protons in the dpma ligand, since use of the analogous Me2dpma enables reduction to rhodium(I) without involvement of ligand deprotonation. These findings highlight the important role of the ligand backbone substitution pattern in influencing the stability of highly-reduced complexes, a key class of metal species for study of electron and proton management in catalysis.
Examples of Mid-Nineteenth-Century Business Ethics in America

Americans of the mid-nineteenth century struggled with a volatile economy. Attitudes toward bankrupts changed from moral reproach to widespread acceptance. Purveyors of quack medicines have thrived for millennia. The desire to be cured of illness and debility has proved enduring. Food vendors, too, faced temptations to adulterate their products, often with their customers’ knowledge and consent. Wars raised different aspects of business ethics. The Civil War corruption was a continuation and amplification of previous corruption and a harbinger of the widespread shenanigans of the Gilded Age.
Information and Resource Sharing in Reinforcement Learning Agents Subject to Risk

Risk aversion (RA), which emerges as an inherent consequence of reinforcement learning (RL), is potentially beneficial or harmful depending on circumstances. RA may help an agent avold negative outcomes it cannot afford or may lead to inefficient behavior through excessive risk premium payouts. Here we investigate information and resource sharing as potential mechanisms for dealing with RA within groups of homogeneous RL agents. We find that RL with information sharing allows agents to more accurately estimate expected value than does individual RL, which leads to behavior that is less risk averse. In harsh-risk environments this loss of RA can lead to detrimental outcomes for individuals or groups, whereas in hospitable-risk environments information sharing tends to benefit both individuals and groups. Resource sharing, for its part, tends to protect individuals against the detrimental effects of risk, but can lead to population extinction in harsh-risk environments.
Pesticide residue intake from fruits and vegetables and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort study.

Abstract Intake of conventionally-grown fruits and vegetables with higher levels of pesticide residue contamination has been associated with poorer semen quality and lower probability of live birth among couples undergoing fertility treatment. We examined the association between dietary intake of pesticide residues and fecundability, the per cycle probability of conception, in a preconception cohort of pregnancy planners. We enrolled women aged 21–45 years who were attempting to conceive without use of fertility treatment into Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) from June 2013 through September 2019. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire on demographics, lifestyle factors, and medical and reproductive histories, and bimonthly follow-up questionnaires for up to 12 months or until reported conception. Ten days after baseline, participants completed the National Cancer Institute’s Diet History Questionnaire II, a validated food frequency questionnaire. Using data from the USDA Pesticide Data Program, we classified fruits and vegetables as having high or low pesticide residues using a validated method. We examined the relation between greater intake of high- and low-pesticide residue fruits and vegetables with fecundability using proportional probabilities regression models, adjusted for potential confounders and accounting for consumption of organic produce. We restricted our analysis to 5234 women who had been attempting conception for ≤6 cycles at study entry, and further stratified by pregnancy attempt time at study entry (
Ring current development

Abstract This chapter describes the properties of ring current source populations as well as transport processes that lead to ring current formation. During geomagnetic activity, the ring current intensity is highly sensitive to variations in the plasma source populations and to the processes that transport the plasma to form the ring current. The major source of electrons and ions to the ring current is the plasma sheet. In the plasma sheet, ions such as H+, O+, He+, and N+ that originate from the solar wind and/or the ionosphere comingle, and their spectral distributions vary with solar and magnetic activity. The bulk properties of plasma sheet particles have been analyzed from several observational studies and a few empirical models of bulk plasma sheet properties have been developed. The charged particles from the plasma sheet gyrate, bounce, and drift within the dynamic inner magnetospheric electric and magnetic fields. Although the particle and fields system is electrodynamic, charged particles of different energies (∼1 keV to several hundreds of keV) respond differently to electric and magnetic field variations on slower (∼ 30 min to several hours) and more rapid (∼1 to 10’s min) time scales. The concepts of convective and diffusive transport with regard to ring current formation are described. Field variations can be localized and transient, particularly during substorms, and may lead to localized and bursty injection of particles in the inner plasma sheet to the inner magnetosphere. Such transport processes and their effects on the formation of the ring current are described.
Opioid withdrawal produces sex-specific effects on fentanyl-vs.-food choice and mesolimbic transcription

Background: Opioid withdrawal is a key driver of opioid addiction and an obstacle to recovery. However, withdrawal effects on opioid reinforcement and mesolimbic neuroadaptation are understudied and the role of sex is largely unknown. Methods: Male (n=10) and female (n=9) rats responded under a fentanyl-vs.-food choice procedure during daily 2h sessions. In addition to the daily choice sessions, rats were provided extended access to fentanyl during 12h sessions. After two weeks of this self-administration regimen, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of a subset of rats were subjected to RNA sequencing. In the remaining rats, a third week of this self-administration regimen was conducted, during which methadone effects on fentanyl-vs.-food choice were determined. Results: Prior to opioid dependence, male and female rats similarly allocated responding between fentanyl and food. Abstinence from extended fentanyl access elicited a similar increase in somatic withdrawal signs in both sexes. Despite similar withdrawal signs and extended access fentanyl intake, opioid withdrawal was accompanied by a maladaptive increase in fentanyl choice in males, but not females. Behavioral sex differences corresponded with transcriptional hyperfunction in the NAc and VTA of opioid-withdrawn females relative to males. Methadone blocked withdrawal-associated increases in fentanyl choice in males, but failed to further decrease fentanyl choice in females. Conclusions: These results provide foundational evidence of sex-specific neuroadaptations to opioid withdrawal, which may be relevant to the female-specific resilience to withdrawal-associated increases in opioid choice and aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Provider Attitudes and Practices Regarding Intrauterine System (IUS) Insertion in Adolescents With and Without Bleeding Disorders for Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding.

ABSTRACT Study Objective Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) may be the sentinel event for identifying a patient with a bleeding disorder (BD). The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) has been proposed as a treatment for HMB in adolescents with and without BDs; however, no standard protocols for LNG IUS insertion in these populations exist. Providers were surveyed regarding the use of the LNG IUS in adolescents with HMB, with and without BD. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures An institutional review board−approved survey assessing provider attitudes, LNG IUS insertion practices, and patient outcomes in adolescents with HMB, with and without BD, was electronically distributed to 3523 providers in the fields of hematology, adolescent medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology. Descriptive analysis was performed. Results A total of 312 respondents across all 3 specialties completed the survey. Nearly 100% of respondents considered the LNG IUS safe and effective treatment for adolescents with HMB, both with and without BD. Additionally, 66% of providers chose LNG IUS as the ideal treatment for HMB in patients with BD. Differences were noted in clinical setting for LNG IUS insertion, peri-procedural medication use, and post-procedure follow-up among specialties. Providers across all specialties reported low complication rates related to IUS insertion and use in both patient groups. Conclusion Providers considered the LNG IUS safe and effective treatment for HMB in adolescents with and without a diagnosed BD. Practice patterns regarding LNG IUS insertion in this population vary. Further research is necessary to explore IUS outcomes in adolescent patients with HMB, with and without BD, and to inform evidence-based protocols for LNG IUS insertion.
NAD(H)-PEG Swing Arms Improve Both the Activities and Stabilities of Modularly-Assembled Transhydrogenases Designed with Predictable Selectivities.

Protein engineering has been used to enhance the activities, selectivities, and stabilities of enzymes. Frequently tradeoffs are observed, where improvements in some features can come at the expense of others. Nature uses modular assembly of active sites for complex, multi-step reactions, and natural "swing arm" mechanisms have evolved to transfer intermediates between active sites. Biomimetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) swing arms modified with NAD(H) have been explored to introduce synthetic swing arms into fused oxidoreductases. Here we report that increasing NAD(H)-PEG swing arms can improve the activity of synthetic formate:malate oxidoreductases as well as the thermal and operational stabilities of the biocatalysts. The modular assembly approach enables the K M values of new enzymes to be predictable, based on the parental enzymes. We describe four unique synthetic transhydrogenases that have no native homologs, and this platform could be easily extended for the predictive design of additional synthetic cofactor-independent transhydrogenases.
Methods of Generating Entangled Photon Pairs

We examined the regular methods of creating knotted photon sets. Our company initially centered upon the nuclear resource, the very first discovered knotted photon resource that creates the photon sets automatically. Our company at that point researched the nonlinear optics procedure: parametric down-conversion. And various other resources like four-wave mixing were actually gone over. The document is actually separated and it also delivers a thorough study of the natural science as well as appropriate procedures about the complicated photon production.
Optimizing Emergency Stroke Transport Strategies Using Physiological Models.

Background and Purpose: The criteria for choosing between drip and ship and mothership transport strategies in emergency stroke care is widely debated. Although existing data-driven probability mod...
Integrative Xylem Analysis of Chaparral Shrubs

Chaparral shrub communities have been model systems for ecophysiological studies for more than 40 years, including examination of xylem in a range of contexts from mechanistic studies to ecological and evolutionary analyses. One of the advantages to studying chaparral shrubs is their clear environmental context, which places strong selection on xylem traits to tolerate drought and freeze/thaw stress. This chapter briefly reviews some of the main themes of studies that have sought to understand how xylem traits are adaptive in a Mediterranean-type climate. Chaparral species have been the focus of several important ecological xylem anatomy studies by Sherwin Carlquist and he has established clear links between certain anatomical traits and xylem safety, particularly as safety relates to the type of imperforate tracheary element in the background tissue of the xylem. In this chapter, some of these ideas were tested using a database of xylem safety and efficiency measures from 47 chaparral species. Carlquist’s ideas are evaluated and discussed in the context of current models of the factors that control the trade-off between xylem safety and efficiency.
Thoughts on Humane Genetics

Davenport's Dream . 21st Century Reflections on Heredity and Eugenics. By Jan A. Witkowski and John R. Inglis, Eds. . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2008. 520 pp. $55. ISBN 9780879697563. This volume combines a reprint of Charles Davenport's 1911 Heredity in Relation to Eugenics with discussions of its themes\---|including human genetic variation, mental illness, nature versus nurture, and human evolution\---|in a contemporary context.
Transcriptomic and proteomic dynamics in the metabolism of a diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 during a diurnal light-dark cycle.

Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 is an excellent cyanobacterial model organism with great potential to be applied as a biocatalyst for the production of high value compounds. Like other unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterial species, it has a tightly regulated metabolism synchronized to the light–dark cycle. Utilizing transcriptomic and proteomic methods, we quantified the relationships between transcription and translation underlying central and secondary metabolism in response to nitrogen free, 12 hour light and 12 hour dark conditions. By combining mass-spectrometry based proteomics and RNA-sequencing transcriptomics, we quantitatively measured a total of 6766 mRNAs and 1322 proteins at four time points across a 24 hour light–dark cycle. Photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and carbon storage relevant genes were expressed during the preceding light or dark period, concurrent with measured nitrogenase activity in the late light period. We describe many instances of disparity in peak mRNA and protein abundances, and strong correlation of light dependent expression of both antisense and CRISPR-related gene expression. The proteins for nitrogenase and the pentose phosphate pathway were highest in the dark, whereas those for glycolysis and the TCA cycle were more prominent in the light. Interestingly, one copy of the psbA gene encoding the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center protein D1 (psbA4) was highly upregulated only in the dark. This protein likely cannot catalyze O2 evolution and so may be used by the cell to keep PSII intact during N2 fixation. The CRISPR elements were found exclusively at the ends of the large plasmid and we speculate that their presence is crucial to the maintenance of this plasmid. This investigation of parallel transcriptional and translational activity within Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 provided quantitative information on expression levels of metabolic pathways relevant to engineering efforts. The identification of expression patterns for both mRNA and protein affords a basis for improving biofuel production in this strain and for further genetic manipulations. Expression analysis of the genes encoded on the 6 plasmids provided insight into the possible acquisition and maintenance of some of these extra-chromosomal elements.
The Believing Game or Methodological Believing

In Writing Without Teachers I laid down a rule for what I called teacherless classes: no arguing. If a reader responds to your writing by saying something that seems wrong, don’t disagree, don’t argue, just listen and try to see your text through that reader’s eyes. The same when readers disagree with each other. “Eat like an owl: take in everything and trust your innards to digest what’s useful and discard what’s not” (this was a later formulation in Writing With Power 264). But, as I was in the process of finishing that book in 1972, it struck me that many readers would feel that it was an intellectual scandal to outlaw what people feel is the foundation of good thinking: disagreement and argument. I decided I needed to write a theoretical justification of “no arguing.” I clearly failed with Joe Harris who made exactly this critique in 1996: “[S]tudents in his workshops . . . do not seem to be held answerable to each other as intellectuals” (31). But I didn’t want theoretical writing to clutter up a very practical down-to-earth book, so I made it a long appendix essay. Ever since then, I’ve been chewing on the believing game: this seems to be my seventh essay (see Works Cited). Looking back on my career, I now see the believing game at the core of all my work. I still struggle with how to name it. In my second essay, I tried a fancier more theoretically self-conscious term: methodological believing. But then I worried that this was needlessly pretentious–and I like the irreverence of game. Yet, now as I write this essay, methodological seems central. In what follows, I give a short definition of the believing game, then a tiny history of believing and doubting, and finally three arguments for the believing game.
Pore-size dependence and characteristics of water diffusion in slitlike micropores.

The temperature dependence of the dynamics of water inside microporous activated carbon fibers (ACF) is investigated by means of incoherent elastic and quasielastic neutron-scattering techniques. The aim is to evaluate the effect of increasing pore size on the water dynamics in these primarily hydrophobic slit-shaped channels. Using two different micropore sizes (∼12 and 18 A, denoted, respectively, ACF-10 and ACF-20), a clear suppression of the mobility of the water molecules is observed as the pore gap or temperature decreases. This suppression is accompanied by a systematic dependence of the average translational diffusion coefficient D(r) and relaxation time 〈τ(0)〉 of the restricted water on pore size and temperature. The observed D(r) values are tested against a proposed scaling law, in which the translational diffusion coefficient D(r) of water within a porous matrix was found to depend solely on two single parameters, a temperature-independent translational diffusion coefficient D(c) associated with the water bound to the pore walls and the ratio θ of this strictly confined water to the total water inside the pore, yielding unique characteristic parameters for water transport in these carbon channels across the investigated temperature range.
Permeability to carbohydrates of human chorion laeve in vitro

Abstract The permeability of the human chorion laeve to several carbohydrates has been studied. With a concentration gradient from 5 to 300 μM per milliliter, the quantity of D-arabinose transferred was proportional to the gradient. No differences in the permeability constants for several pentoses and oligosaccharides could be found. Sucrose and raffinose crossed the chorion laeve. The rate of carbohydrate transfer was similar regardless of direction of transfer. The diffusion coefficient of the carbohydrates was approximately 0.2 × 10 −5 cm. 2 /sec.
Desistance and Legitimacy: The Impact of Offender Notification Meetings on Recidivism Among High Risk Offenders

Objective: Legitimacy-based approaches to crime prevention operate under the assumption that individuals — including violent offenders — are more likely to comply with the law when they believe that the law and its agents are legitimate and act in ways that seem inherently “fair” and “just.” While mounting evidence finds an association between such legitimacy-based programs and reductions in aggregate levels of crime and violence, no study has investigated whether such programs influence individual offending. This study evaluates the effectiveness of one such program — Project Safe Neighborhoods’ (PSN) Offender Notification Meetings — at reducing individual recidivism among a population of returning prisoners in Chicago. Methods: This study uses a quasi-experimental design and two types of survival analyses (Cox hazard models and competing risk models) to evaluate the effects of PSN on the subsequent recidivism of program participants relative to the control group.Results: Cox hazard models and competing risk models suggest that involvement in PSN significantly reduces the risk of subsequent incarceration. In fact, participation in PSN Offender Notification Forums is associated with a significant lengthening of the time that offenders remain on the street and out of prison.Conclusion: This study provides some of the first individual-level evidence of the efficacy of such programs on patterns of individual offending. Results suggest that interventions such as these do indeed reduce rates of recidivism in the treatment group.
Retrieving Knowledge in E-government: The Prospects of Ontology for Regulatory Domain Record Keeping Systems

If e-Government systems are to achieve the anticipated goals of storing, manipulating, di using, and preserving knowledge, then these systems must incorporate mechanisms for domain-specific information. One often overlooked asset for this activity is the knowledge embedded within and between records and legacy record keeping systems; however, lacking government-wide documentation management systems and subject specific resource description, timely retrieval of relevant records is impossible. This paper explores the benefit of ontologies for improved retrieval of subject domain knowledge. Historical records and recording keeping systems were reviewed for this purpose. Structural and semantic information was derived, from which requirements for an ontology in the subject domain of export control regulation were identified. Class, subclass, instance, and relationships were identified and modelled via an Entity Relationship Diagram. Through this exercise, it is clear that e-Government systems hold great potential for circumventing past information management de ciencies, and ontologies may have a role in the transition from information systems to knowledge systems.
Lone Star Tarnished: A Critical Look at Texas Politics and Public Policy

Part I: The Great State of Texas? 1. The Texas Way 2. Texas: The Myth vs. The Reality 3. Demographic Change and Its Implications Part II: The Reality Thus Far 4. Jobs, Income, and Wealth in Texas 5. Public Education in Texas 6. Health and Human Services in Texas 7. Crime and Punishment in Texas 8. Good Roads, Highways, and Transportation in Texas 9. Energy and the Environment in Texas Part III: The Coming Reality 10. The Way Forward
Disability Diversity Training in the Workplace: Systematic Review and Future Directions

Purpose Misinformation and negative attitudes toward disability contribute to lower employment rates among people with disabilities. Diversity training is an intervention intended to improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice. We conducted a systematic review to determine the use and effectiveness of disability diversity training aimed at improving employment outcomes for employees with disabilities. Methods Five databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies of disability diversity training interventions provided within the workplace. Studies identified for inclusion were assessed for quality of methodology. Results Of the total of 1322 articles identified by the search, three studies met the criteria for inclusion. Two of the three articles focused specifically on training to improve outcomes related to workplace injuries among existing employees. The other study provided an initial test of a more general disability diversity training program. Conclusions There is currently a lack of empirically validated diversity training programs that focus specifically on disability. A number of disability diversity trainings and resources exist, but none have been well researched. Related literature on diversity training and disability awareness suggests the possibility for enhancing diversity training practices through training design, content, participant, and outcomes considerations. By integrating best practices in workplace diversity training with existing disability training resources, practitioners and researchers may be able to design effective disability diversity training programs.
Transitional Case Management: A Method for Establishing Self-Advocacy and Reducing Hospital Readmissions in COPD Patients:

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present challenges to the nursing profession. These patients have a high demand for education regarding the management of medications and other aspects of care. A review of the literature shows that a reproducibly effective method for managing these patients outside the hospital setting has not yet been established, and a high percentage of these patients are commonly discharged from the hospital and then quickly readmitted for COPDrelated diagnoses. Good Samaritan Hospital has recently started using a program commonly referred to as transitional case management.This program involves visiting patients initially in the hospital, and then at home, to teach them how to manage their medications, establish a personal health record, and recognize early symptoms of illness so that proper treatment may prevent acute illness. The program is unique in that it assesses a patient’s ability to demonstrate self-management of his or her disease.
Thermoregulation in four Australian lizards of the genus Egernia (Sauria: Scincidae)

Mean thermal preferenda for the head and body were found to be similar in Egernia whitei, E. cunninghami, and E. bungana (range in x TH= 33.6o -33.8o C; range in x TB= 34.0o-35.3oC). However, those for E. majors were significantly lower (xTH= 31.1o C, x TB=32.9oC). Significant differences were found between mean head and body preferred temperatures in E. cunninghami and E. major. Higher temperatures were tolerated by the body than the head in all four species. Gaping was not observed to occur prior to cessation of respiration in any of the four species during radiant or solar heating. Based upon thermal preferenda and critical thermal maxima data, thermal safety margins for body temperature were calculated for E. whitei and E. cunninghami Postural orientation to the sun's rays increased and decreased heat gain. The seeking of shade was the most effective method employed by all four species for reducing head and body temperature.
Effects of finite size in 4π-recoil proportional counters☆

Abstract An analysis of finite size effects in 4π proton-recoil proportional counters is given from the viewpoint of an unfolding problem. The response function is determined empirically. Experimental and analytical methods used to obtain proportional counter response functions are described. Iterative unfolding is employed to obtain distortion-free proton-recoil spectra from about 0.5 MeV upwards; an energy region subject to increasingly severe wall-and-end effect corrections.
Floor Laying—a Heritable and Environmentally Influenced Trait of the Domestic Fowl

Abstract Floor laying is the tendency for pullets not to lay in conventional nests. If trap nesting is involved, this behavioral trait is responsible for an underestimate of the birds’ egg laying ability. A marked increase in floor layers early accompanied intense inbreeding of lines originating from two random bred control populations (Cornell Controls and Regional Reds) in contrast with other lines from the same stock but not inbred. This suggested a heritable basis for the trait. The results of breeding tests provided evidence for the expression of a genetic basis for differences between floor laying and non-floor laying pullets when maintained under certain environments. Certain management variables studied affected the expression of this trait. One of these concerned method of rearing—confinement, in contrast with free range, was intimately associated with a greater floor layer incidence. Two laying house locations also differed significantly in the proportion of floor layers recognized. More light and aisle nest arrangement may have been responsible for the consistent greater incidence at one location. Significant differences were noted between lines as well as their single crosses with respect to floor laying. No significant interactions were detected between the genotypes and management variables studied.
The case against using ordinal numbers for gestational age.

Abstract Objective: Use of ordinal numbers (eg, twelfth) instead of cardinal numbers (eg, twelve) to measure gestational age often leads to clinical confusion. We conducted this study to document the prevalence of ambiguous or contradictory use of ordinal numbers for gestational age and to discuss some clinical implications. Materials and Methods: We reviewed a convenience sample of standard texts in obstetrics and in abortion and examined a random sample of articles on abortion. Results: Imprecise or incorrect use of ordinal numbers for gestational age was common: Eight of nine (89%) obstetrics texts and all six abortion texts had this problem. The corresponding Fig. 1 for the abortion articles was 32 of 88 (36%). Conclusion: Use of ordinal numbers for gestational age introduces information bias (misclassification) into the scientific literature. More importantly, it may lead to clinical errors related to the timing of administration of antenatal corticosteroids and the upper limit for induced abortions. Gestational age measurements should use only cardinal numbers (eg, twelve) of completed days or weeks from the last menstrual period. Clinicians should abandon use of ordinal numbers for gestational age.
THE FORMATION OF MYELOMA PROTEIN BY A MOUSE PLASMA CELL TUMOR

The origin of the myeloma protein found in mice bearing the plasma cell tumor X5563 has been investigated. Specific activity-time curves of the myeloma proteins isolated from the tumor and from the plasma of these animals were compared following intravenous injection of L-lysine-C14. The results indicate that myeloma protein is synthesized in the plasma cell tumor.
Propagation of Sound in Two-Dimensional He 3

"Surface sound" has been observed for the first time, in ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ adsorbed on the free surface of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. Measurements of the surface-sound velocity and surface tension are used to obtain new values for the effective mass $M=(1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1){m}_{3}$ and binding energy $\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}}{{k}_{B}}=2.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ K of the adsorbed ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$.
Accurate assessment of mother & infant sleep: how many diary days are required?

Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the number of days of diary data collection needed to reliably measure mother and infant sleep-wake pattern. Study design and methods Twenty healthy adult mothers and their healthy term gestation infants age 4 to 10 weeks postnatal participated in a single group, cross-sectional design. Mothers completed a paper and pencil sleep-wake diary divided into 15-minute time periods. Data were collected in the home environment over a 4-day period. Mother and infant sleep and wake as well as infant feeding and cry were summarized and compared using between 1 and 4 days of data. Reliability was evaluated by correlating results obtained using from 1 to 4 days of data. Results Mean values for mother and infant sleep and activity variables did not differ significantly by day. Correlation among values calculated using increases in number of days of data showed adequate reliability (r > or = 0.80) when 3 days of data were used. Clinical implications Clinical measures should be valid and reliable. Due to day-to-day changes in maternal and infant sleep-wake pattern, a diary collected over 1 day may not provide adequate sleep information. These study findings indicate that 3 days of diary data are sufficient to reliably measure mother and infant sleep patterns. When using a diary to assess maternal and infant sleep-wake pattern in clinical practice or in clinically-based research, a 3-day period is suggested.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway and Sexual Differentiation of Neuroendocrine Functions

Historically, much of the research on health effects of environmental pollutants focused on ascertaining whether compounds were carcinogenic. More recent findings show that environmental contaminants also exert insidious effects by disrupting hormone action. Of particular concern are findings that developmental exposure to dioxins, chemicals that act through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, permanently alters sexually differentiated neural functions in animal models. In this review, we focus on mechanisms through which dioxins disrupt neuroendocrine development as exemplified by effects on a brain region critical for ovulation in rodents. We also provide evidence that dysregulation of GABAergic neural development may be a general mechanism underlying a broad spectrum of effects seen after perinatal dioxin exposure.
Wind-Driven Currents in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract An analysis is made of the ensemble mean ageostrophic near-surface circulation measured by 1503 Lagrangian drifters drogued to 15-m depth in the tropical Pacific between 1987 and 1994. It was found that the physical model of the wind-driven currents in a weakly stratified upper layer, in which the Richardson number remains near unity, accounts for 40% of the vector variance of the observations. In such a model, the amplitude of the current is proportional to u∗(N/f)1/2 and the depth scale of the wind-driven layer is proportional to u∗(N/f)−1/2. When the ageostrophic currents at 15-m depth are binned by the scaled Ekman depth, a net rotation of 0.87 radians was observed through the layer depth. These measurements suggest that the vertical austausch coefficient of the upper ocean is proportional to u2∗/N. Ekman proposed such a model based on two reports of wind-driven currents in 1905 at widely separated latitudes.
A multifrontal algorithm for the solution of large systems of equations using network-based parallel computing

Abstract A multifrontal algorithm for solving large sparse systems of equations has been developed and implemented in a distributed computing environment. The Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) software was used to combine several networked workstations into a single parallel computational resource. The motivation for this work was the need for solving efficiently the large systems of equations arising in Finite Element Analysis of transport and reaction processes underlying the chemical vapor deposition of thin films. Both out-of-core and in-core computations produce significant speedups for a flow and heat transfer problem using up to 7 networked workstations in a parallel mode. The performance of the algorithm was found to deteriorate rapidly as the granularity of the problem decreased. Thus, it is desirable to scale up the problem size with the number of processors to achieve respectable speedups with the proposed multifrontal technique. The intrinsic fault tolerance capabilities of the PVM software were implemented for completing the computations when one or more workstations became unavailable during a run.
A Field Theory of Weak Interactions. I

Higher order weak-interaction effects are studied in the framework of vector meson field theory. We find that such effects may be observable even at low energy. The cause of this can be traced precisely to the unrenormalizability of the theory in the sense of conventional perturbation expansions. These expansions are circumvented by new techniques for summing the most singular parts of perturbation graphs. In this first paper we study in detail the infinite subset of uncrossed ladder graphs. Purely leptonic processes are considered to begin with. The corresponding Bethe-Salpeter equation is soluble by a new iteration scheme. In leading order we reproduce the conventional zero-energy results provided ${g}^{2}$ is replaced by $\frac{3{g}^{2}}{4}$. ($g=\mathrm{bare}\mathrm{meson}\mathrm{lepton}\mathrm{coupling}\mathrm{constant}$). An argument is presented which leads to the conjecture that this result is valid for larger classes of graphs. However, there exist energy-dependent deviations from the conventional second-order results. These are in principle observable in $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay. The applicability of the theory to semileptonic and nonleptonic phenomena depends on properties of the baryon and meson currents and on the effects of the strong interactions. Preliminary considerations along these lines are given.
Comparative Transoral Dural Closure Techniques: A Canine Model

A watertight dural closure is difficult to achieve after transoral-transclival operation for ventral intradural lesions at the craniocervical junction. These procedures have a high morbidity and mortality from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula, meningitis, and abscess. We used a canine model to test three different techniques of dural closure after transoral intradural operation: primary suture closure, laser patch weld, and fibrin glue patch closures. The primary suture closure technique was inadequate. All eight leaked CSF at the time of operation, and five had radiographic leaks and were incompetent at autopsy. All seven of the laser closures leaked CSF at operation, yet only one was incompetent at autopsy. The fibrin glue technique was superior and provided a solid seal at operation, even with repeated Valsalva maneuvers to 40 mm Hg. The immediate and persistent seal at operation is clinically significant because it may prevent CSF leak, meningitis, and abscess formation in human patients after transoral surgery. Fibrin glue is excellent for repairing complex dural defects and merits evaluation in clinical trials.
Calcium and ATP regulation of ion transport in larval frog skin.

Ion transport measured as short circuit current (Isc) across the skin of larval frogs is activated by amiloride, acetylcholine, and ATP. In many epithelia, ATP stimulation of Isc involves an increase in intracellular calcium. To define the role of changes in intracellular calcium in ATP stimulation of Isc in larval frog skin, epithelial cells were loaded with calcium by adding 5 μM ionomycin to a 2 mM calcium apical Ringer's solution. Calcium loading had no observable effect on baseline Isc or on stimulation by ATP. Minimizing changes in intracellular calcium by loading the cell with the calcium chelator BAPTA also had no measurable effect on ATP stimulation of Isc. When the apical side was bathed with Ca2+-free Ringer's solution, ionomycin increased Isc up to 15 μA. This increase was partially blocked by 2 mM Ca2+, 2 mM Mg2+, and 10 μM W-7. Other experiments showed that baseline-stimulated and ATP-stimulated Isc were always larger in 2 mM Mg2+ Ringer's compared to 2 mM Ca2+. In dissociated cells bathed in 2 mM Ca2+ Ringer's, ATP had no effect on intracellular calcium as measured by Fluo-LR fluorescence changes. In conclusion, ATP apparently stimulates Isc without concomitant changes in intracellular calcium. This is consistent with a directly ligand-gated receptor at the apical membrane with P2X-like characteristics.