cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitations in Liquid Helium at Negative Pressures

In this article we will discuss the behavior of liquid helium at negative pressures, with particular emphasis on the dispersion curve for phonons and rotons. We will show that even though the amount of experimental work so far performed on helium in a state of tension is quite small, it is possible to deduce the main features of the variation of the dispersion curve with pressure in surprising detail. Furthermore, the results of the analysis provide a new perspective on the behavior of helium for positive pressure.
Reactive dopamine metabolites and neurotoxicity: implications for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease occurs in approximately one percent of individuals over the age of 55. It is characterized by the presence of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Pathologically, the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is the progressive degeneration of the dopamine (DA)-containing neurons of the nigrostriatal projection. Neurological deficits associated with the loss of DA neurons do not appear until the degeneration is extensive, presumably due to compensatory properties of the remaining DA neurons and their targets (Bernheimer et al., 1973; Zigmond et al., 1984). The mechanism responsible for the degenerative process is not known, although factors such as genetic predisposition and environmental toxins have been proposed to play a role (Agid et al., 1993). There is also growing evidence that endogenous factors such as oxidative stress and DA itself may contribute to the neurodegenerative process (Cohen, 1983; Agid et al., 1993; Zigmond et al., 1992).
Open versus closed minds: the effect of dogmatism on an analyst's problem-solving behavior

Developing successful information systems depends in part on the approach and attitude of systems analysts toward solving user problems. “Understanding human behavior is a prerequisite to the succe...
OBDD: Overlapping Balancing Domain Decomposition Methods and Generalizations to the Helmholtz Equation

Jung-Han Kimn and Marcus Sarkis 1 Department of Mathematics and the Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. kimn@math.lsu.edu 2 Instituto Nacional de Matematica Pura e Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA. msarkis@fluid.impa.br. Research supported in part by CNPQ (Brazil) under grant 305539/2003-8 and by the U.S. NSF under grant CGR 9984404.
Computational Studies of the αBB Approach

In this chapter, we discuss the algorithmic issues of the αBB global optimization approach, along with its implementation and a variety of computational studies. Section 13.1 focuses on the important issues of branching strategies and variable bound updates. Section 13.2 describes the implementation of the αBB. Finally, section 13.3 presents extensive computational studies on literature, engineering design and stability problems. The material presented in this chapter is based on the work of Adjiman et al. (1998b).
Four quantitative metrics describing narrative conflict

Conflict is an essential element of interesting stories. In previous work, we proposed a formal model of narrative conflict along with 4 quantitative dimensions which can be used to distinguish one conflict from another based on context: balance, directness, intensity, and resolution. This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to measure how well these metrics predict the responses of human readers when asked to measure these same values in a set of four stories. We conclude that our metrics are able to rank stories similarly to human readers for each of these four dimensions.
Anglo-Norman Money in Context

The present study is the second in a series of inquiries into the specificity of money names in the history of English. the time frame is the Anglo-Norman period (1066 - 1500).The paper explores two distinct concepts -- that of money as an abstract ideal construct and the concept of the Coin reprsented by sets of nummulary tokens. The entrality of cognitive conepts allows us to establish a link between socio-historical factors and actuation of naming, i.e. to study medieval onomasiological patterns in all complexity of social, cognitive, and ideological aspects. Semiotic study of Anglo-Norman coinage gives an isight into the meaning of messages Kings of England and France tried to communicate to each other and their subjects through coin iconography employing a set of elaborate images based on culturally preferred symbolic elements. By studying references to medieval coinage in various literary genres, we propose to outline some of the contours of new metaphoricity based on the concept of money and new mercantile ideology.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.32.0.19597
Private authentication

Frequently, communication between two principals reveals their identities and presence to third parties. These privacy breaches can occur even if security protocols are in use; indeed, they may even be caused by security protocols. However, with some care, security protocols can provide authentication for principals that wish to communicate while protecting them from monitoring by third parties. This paper discusses the problem of private authentication and presents two protocols for private authentication of mobile principals. In particular, our protocols allow two mobile principals to communicate when they meet at a location if they wish to do so, without the danger of tracking by third parties. The protocols do not make the (dubious) assumption that the principals share a long-term secret or that they get help from an infrastructure of ubiquitous on-line authorities.
Automated sensorless single-shot closed-loop adaptive optics microscopy with feedback from computational adaptive optics

Traditional wavefront-sensor-based adaptive optics (AO) techniques face numerous challenges that cause poor performance in scattering samples. Sensorless closed-loop AO techniques overcome these challenges by optimizing an image metric at different states of a deformable mirror (DM). This requires acquisition of a series of images continuously for optimization − an arduous task in dynamic in vivo samples. We present a technique where the different states of the DM are instead simulated using computational adaptive optics (CAO). The optimal wavefront is estimated by performing CAO on an initial volume to minimize an image metric, and then the pattern is translated to the DM. In this paper, we have demonstrated this technique on a spectral-domain optical coherence microscope for three applications: real-time depth-wise aberration correction, single-shot volumetric aberration correction, and extension of depth-of-focus. Our technique overcomes the disadvantages of sensor-based AO, reduces the number of image acquisitions compared to traditional sensorless AO, and retains the advantages of both computational and hardware-based AO.
On the prediction of critical heat flux using a physics-informed machine learning-aided framework

Abstract The critical heat flux (CHF) corresponding to the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) crisis is essential to the design and safety of a two-phase flow boiling system. Despite the abundance of predictive tools available to the thermal engineering community, the path for an accurate, robust CHF model remains elusive due to lack of consensus on the DNB triggering mechanism. This work aims to apply a physics-informed machine learning (ML)-aided hybrid framework to achieve superior predictive capabilities. Such a hybrid approach takes advantage of existing understanding in the field of interest (i.e., domain knowledge) and uses ML to capture undiscovered information from the mismatch between the actual and domain knowledge-predicted target. A detailed case study is carried out with an extensive DNB-specific CHF database to demonstrate (1) the improved performance of the hybrid approach as compared to traditional domain knowledge-based models, and (2) the hybrid model’s superior generalization capabilities over standalone ML methods across a wide range of flow conditions. The hybrid framework could also readily extend its applicability domain and complexity on the fly, showing an elevated level of flexibility and robustness. Based on the case study conclusions, the window-type extrapolation mapping methodology is further proposed to better inform high-cost experimental work.
Chemical Pathology of Tay-Sachs Disease in the Fetus

Prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease not only offers a means for effective pregnancy management, but it also provides a unique opportunity to study the disease early in fetal development (1). This paper will describe some of the chemical features of three cases of fetal Tay-Sachs disease (2). It will also include some preliminary studies on enzyme replacement with cultured fetal Tay-Sachs disease fibroblasts.
Exploring mindfulness and its psychosocial correlates in a population of low-income, female, tobacco smokers with young children

Background: Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the US and smoking rates are high in low-income populations (28% vs. 17% of those living above the poverty line).1,2 Consequently, low-income groups have elevated tobacco-related disease risk exacerbating health disparities.3,4 Mindfulness has been associated with positive effects on psychosocial, physical and mental health outcomes, which has increased interest in using mindfulness as an adjunctive treatment for smoking cessation and relapse prevention.5,6 However, research on mindfulness in relation to such factors in underserved populations is lacking. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this research is to investigate the psychometric qualities and correlates of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS-R)7 in a sample of low-income, mostly minority women who smoke cigarettes. It is hypothesized that the CAMS-R will be reliable, and mindfulness will be associated with known barriers to cessation. Methods: Secondary analysis of self-report data from 12-month follow-up in a large, randomized smoking cessation trial, Babies Living Safe and Smokefree,8 was used to explore mindfulness and its relationship to known cessation barriers and facilitators. Temple University IRB approval was received before data collection. CAMS-R items were summed to create a composite score. Results: The sample of women (N=187) was mostly (72%) African American, average age was 30 years old, ~28% had less than a high school degree/GED and on average smoked ~9 cigarettes/day. The CAMS-R was reliable (α=.74). Zero-order correlations showed higher mindfulness was significantly correlated with greater social support (p < .01). Higher mindfulness was significantly correlated with lower depressive symptoms, social constraints, household chaos, sleep disturbances, childhood trauma, life stressors, and chronic mental, and physical health conditions (p's < .01 except physical health p < .05). Conclusions/Relevance: The sample had higher CAMS-R scores compared to central tendency scores in broader populations. The high scores may indicate an amenable characteristic of mindfulness that could be trained for interventions. Yet, more research is needed on feasibility/acceptability in this population. Higher mindfulness is inversely related to many negative health and psychosocial factors which are known barriers to cessation, as well as positively related to social support, an important facilitator of cessation. The interplay between social support and mindfulness should be explored, as each is theorized as a “stress buffer.” research should investigate psychosocial factors as potential mediators in mindfulness interventions for smoking cessation targeting vulnerable female smokers.
Microbiome maturation during a unique developmental window

Shortly after birth, mammals are colonized by a multitude of microbes derived from the mother and the environment. Studies in model organisms have demonstrated that the structure and composition of the gut microbiome of offspring steadily mature with increasing diversity during nursing and weaning (Sommer & Backhed, 2013). This period of microbiome assembly is critical for young mammals because the gut microbes they acquire will help train their immune system (Lathrop et al., 2011) with potential long-lasting effects on their health (Cox et al., 2014). In an article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Stoffel et al. (2020) investigated the gut microbiota of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) during a key developmental window. A month after giving birth, elephant seal mothers stop nursing their pups and return to the sea. As a consequence, their pups go from a diet of milk rich in fat to abruptly enter a post weaning fasting period which lasts for about two months while they remain with the colony. This particular life-history trait therefore offered the authors a unique and exciting opportunity to evaluate intrinsic factors contributing to gut microbiota development in a wild marine mammal.
Local Anesthesia Prior to Ultrasound-Guided Hip Joint Injections: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Bacteriostatic Saline versus Buffered Lidocaine.

Background Ultrasound (US)-guided hip joint injections are commonly performed for patients with suspected or known intra-articular hip pain. Lidocaine is a well-established local anesthetic used prior to hip joint injections, but it is often associated with discomfort during infiltration. Bacteriostatic saline is an alternative local anesthetic that has been shown to be less painful during infiltration for superficial injections. Objective To compare infiltrative pain and anesthetic efficacy of bacteriostatic saline (0.9% benzyl alcohol) with a standard local anesthetic (buffered 1% lidocaine) used for local anesthesia prior to US-guided intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections. Design Double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Participants Sixty eight patients age 18-80 (mean 54.8) years referred for US-guided intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections. Intervention Patients were randomized to receive a US-guided hip joint corticosteroid injection using either bacteriostatic saline or buffered 1% lidocaine for preinjection local anesthesia. Main outcome measures Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain (0-100) during local anesthetic infiltration as well as during the intra-articular injection. Adverse events were also recorded. Results There were no significant differences between bacteriostatic saline and buffered lidocaine with respect to pain during local anesthetic infiltration or during the subsequent intra-articular injection. Pain VAS during local anesthetic infiltration was 13.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.8, 18.5) in the bacteriostatic saline group and 14.0 (95% CI 9.4, 18.5) in the buffered 1% lidocaine group (P = .82). Furthermore, pain VAS during the intra-articular injection was 20.7 (95% CI 14.1, 27.3) in the bacteriostatic saline group and 15.7 (95% CI 10.9, 20.3) in the buffered 1% lidocaine group (P = .57). No adverse events occurred. Conclusions Bacteriostatic saline is a safe and comparably effective alternative to buffered 1% lidocaine for local anesthesia before US-guided hip joint injections and may be considered for subcutaneous/periarticular anesthesia during similar musculoskeletal procedures.
Initial pilot testing of a smartphone app for detection of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

176Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side effect that manifests in the hands or feet primarily as numbness or tingling but can also have motor or painful com...
Gynecologic large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A review.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) are rare, aggressive high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms within the neuroendocrine cell lineage spectrum. This manuscript provides a detailed review of ...
Probability hypothesis density filter with uncertainty in the probability of detection

Abstract The space around the earth is becoming increasingly populated. Efficient tracking algorithms are hence integral to protect active space assets from collisions. Ground-based measurements are the primary source of information for any tracking algorithm. Multi-Target Tracking (MTT) algorithms use the measurements to jointly estimate the number of objects and their states in a surveillance scene. MTT has mainly been developed by two approaches: the track-based approach and the population-based approach. Population-based approaches are formulated using Finite Set Statistics (FISST) and have been widely researched in the past decade. A critical component of the population-based algorithms is the probability of detection ( p D ), which determines how likely it is that a measurement can be obtained from an object. p D is usually modeled as a constant quantity, when it is exactly known. This assumption is not valid in the space environment, where p D depends on the state of the object, the object’s attitude and the materials used to make it. Such information is often vague or unknown for space objects. This research focuses on designing a p D model that takes into account the state dependency of p D and, most importantly, the uncertainty in p D . The MTT algorithm considered in this work is the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density (GM-PHD) filter. A variation of GM-PHD filter that incorporates the uncertainty and the state dependency of p D is developed and validated in this work. Results are validated via simulations of an orbital tracking scenario.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of growth of woody plant species (birch and willows) on the foreland of a retreating glacier in southern Iceland

The forelands of retreating glaciers are invaluable natural laboratories in which to explore the processes of primary succession. Numerous studies have been conducted on foreland chronosequences to identify temporal and spatial trends of the successional communities. This study focused on the spatio-temporal distribution of three woody plant species on the foreland of a retreating glacier in southern Iceland where historical observations provide precise age control of the moraines. To evaluate colonization and successional trends, we examined which species increase in abundance with time and tested the role of proximity to a seed source in colonization. Additionally, we quantified the rate at which biomass carbon is added to the landscape. The density of stems of Betula pubescens increases with moraine age across the foreland chronosequence while the density of stems of both Salix lanata and Salix phylicifolia decreases. We found low statistical significance to the relationship between the density of B. pubescens and distance from a forested ridge nor did we find a relationship between the lengths of the stems and the moraine ages. Woody biomass increased fastest during early successional stages and reached a maximum of 28.5 g C m− 2 on the oldest moraine. Early colonization of moraines was controlled by environmental filters which favored both Salix species. Colonization by B. pubescens followed as environmental factors, e.g., favorable soil properties, improved. We found no conclusive evidence that proximity to a potential source of B. pubescens propagules was a significant factor in controlling colonization. The assumption that the abundance of individuals increased with time through later successional stages proved valid for B. pubescens, but not for either species of Salix. These findings are consistent with the classical spatial successional model of community homogenization. Thus, general successional processes at the landscape scale control the temporal dynamics of individual species.
The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act At 10–A Stocktaking

On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (a.k.a. “Obamacare”). The purpose of BPCIA was to create in biologics a regime similar to that of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (Hatch-Waxman Act) and, in so doing, to open biologics markets to competition and, subsequently, lower the price of these expensive and increasingly important pharmaceuticals. Using original data, this Essay takes stock of the decade that has passed since the enactment of BPCIA. The Essay surveys the state of competition in United States biologics markets, entry of follow-on biologics into these markets, and the effects such entry has had on biologics prices. The Essay’s main findings are that, as of March 23, 2020—exactly ten years since the signing of BPCIA into law—the FDA has approved a total of 26 follow-on biologics deemed biosimilar to 9 original products (ratio: 2.63 follow-on/original products), with only 16 of these deemed biosimilar to 7 original products (ratio: 1.78 follow-on/original products) actually available on the market. None of these follow-on products has been approved as interchangeable with their reference products, which means that substitution of the 7 original products with one of their 16 approved biosimilars cannot be done automatically. The price of these products was 10-37% lower than the price of the original biologic, with the average price savings being 24% or 27%. All 35 approved follow-on and reference products are owned by a total of 11 pharmaceutical companies. The number of years of market exclusivity of the 9 original biologics before the approval of the first biosimilar ranged between 13.5-28.92 with an average of 18.27 years or 15.33-29.42 with an average of 19.87 years before the launch of the first competing biosimilar. The Essay further puts forward a new method of measuring comparative levels of competition in drug markets by comparing the ratio of total approved follow-on products per total approved original products at certain critical benchmarks. Using this measurement tool, the Essay compares BPCIA’s track record with the levels of competition in small-molecule drugs before and after the Hatch-Waxman Act, showing that that BPCIA significantly underperforms in comparison and fails to instigate levels of competition that would lead to significant price drops and increase access to biologics in the United States. A short survey of the main likely reasons for BPCIA’s underperformance follows. The Essay concludes by presenting the following question: if BPCIA’s current track record is (still) not enough to convince that it is failing to meet its goals, what more would it take to reach such a conclusion and how much longer should policymakers wait before it is possible to surmise that BPCIA in its current form has failed to significantly increase access to biologics in the United States.
Behavioral activation, affect, and self-efficacy in the context of alcohol treatment for women with elevated depressive symptoms.

Women with Alcohol use disorder (AUD) are more likely than men to have co-occurring depression, drink to cope with negative affect (NA), and cite negative affect as a contributor to relapse. Among AUD treatment seekers, low behavioral activation, NA, and reduced self-efficacy in abstaining from alcohol (e.g., in tempting situations) are relapse risk factors. This study investigated the association between behavioral activation, affective states, and self-efficacy among treatment-seeking women. Participants were 70 women (M = 40.50, SD = 11.59 years of age) with elevated depressive symptoms seeking AUD treatment. The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) was used to assess environmental engagement. The Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy (AASE) scale was used to assess temptation to drink in contexts of positive and negative affect, and general positive and negative affect were assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Results indicated that behavioral activation was directly correlated with positive affect (PA; r = .62, p < .001) and inversely correlated with depression (r = -.35, p = .004), negative affect (r = -.39, p = .001), and temptation to drink in the context of negative affect (r = -.33, p = .006). After controlling for depressive symptoms, behavioral activation continued to be associated with greater general positive affect (β = .595, p < .001) and lower temptation to drink in the context of negative affect (β = -.348 p = .008). Our results suggest a nuanced association between behavioral activation, negative affect, and temptations to drink that is not accounted by depressive symptoms. Self-efficacy to abstain from drinking in a negative affect context should be considered when designing AUD interventions for women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Ebay and the Blackberry®: A Media Coverage Case Study

Patent owners, potential infringers, and the courts will continue to work through the implications of the Supreme Court's 2006 decision in eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. for some time. We look back, however, at media coverage relating to injunctions, trolls, and the U.S. patent system generally, in the months preceding the Court's decision. We show that although eBay featured prominently in news and editorial coverage while it was pending at the Court, it could not compete in the media with another patent case pending at the same time: the case that threatened to darken the Blackberry®. Further, we note that several of the most prominent media messages relating to the litigation between NTP, Inc. and Blackberry® service provider Research in Motion, Ltd. - that trolls shouldn't be able to enforce their patent rights, that patent quality is poor, and that patents on components should not confer injunction rights - reverberated in the Kennedy concurrence in eBay.
The cost of closure: logical realism, anti-exceptionalism, and theoretical equivalence

Philosophers of science often assume that logically equivalent theories are theoretically equivalent. I argue that two theses, anti-exceptionalism about logic (which says, roughly, that logic is not a priori, that it is revisable, and that it is not special or set apart from other human inquiry) and logical realism (which says, roughly, that differences in logic reflect genuine metaphysical differences in the world) make trouble for this commitment, as well as a closely related commitment to theories being closed under logical consequence. I provide three arguments. The first two show that anti-exceptionalism about logic provides an epistemic challenge to both the closure and the equivalence claims; the third shows that logical realism provides a metaphysical challenge to both the closure and the equivalence claims. Along the way, I show that there are important methodological upshots for metaphysicians and philosophers of logic, in particular, lessons about certain conceptions of naturalism as constraining the possibilities for metaphysics and the philosophy of logic.
The Stream of Violence: A New Approach to Domestic Violence Personal Jurisdiction

There is a split among state courts about whether personal jurisdiction over an alleged domestic violence perpetrator is required in order to obtain a civil protection order preventing the defendant from contacting the victim. Some courts have held that such orders interfere with the defendant’s liberty interests, and therefore personal jurisdiction is a requirement under the Due Process Clause for the validity of such orders. Other courts have held that personal jurisdiction is not required because such protection orders are analogous to custody and divorce orders which have historically been entered by courts without establishing personal jurisdiction over the other party under the “status exception.” This Article argues that the focus on the status exception is misplaced and that instead, courts should reframe the way they look at personal jurisdiction in domestic violence cases by applying the principals embedded in the stream of commerce doctrine and the effects test. Drawing upon common threads from each line of cases, the Article proposes a test for domestic violence jurisdiction that focuses on the knowledge of the defendant about the victim’s likely destination if she is forced to flee to another state.
History, Discourse and Ghosts

Pandemonium and Parade is a historico-cultural analysis documenting the transformations of y kai as a discourse in Japan from the Tokugawa era (1603–1868) up to the present. Y kai are monsters, spi...
Evidence of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease Brain and Antioxidant Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia in the elderly. Although the initiating events are still unknown, it is clear that AD, at least in its sporadic form, results from the combination of genetic risk factors with different epigenetic events. Among them, a growing body of evidence suggests that an imbalance between free radical formation and destruction is involved in AD pathogenesis. This concept originally derived from the free radical hypothesis of aging, which states that the age-related accumulation of free radicals results in damaged cell components. The fact that age is a key risk factor in AD provides support for this hypothesis. There is a long list of surrogate markers, which includes lipid, DNA, and protein oxidation, of oxidant stress-mediated injury that have been reported as elevated in the AD brain. Moreover, epidemiologic studies show that dietary intake of natural or synthetic products with a putative antioxidant effect, such as (but not only) vitamin E, reduces the risk of AD. On the other hand, antioxidative intervention studies in animal models of AD-like amyloidosis show a significant reduction in amyloid beta deposition and behavioral improvements. However, a randomized clinical trial of vitamin E supplementation in AD patients shows only a marginal positive effect. Another study reports no effect of vitamin E on the rate of progression of AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. This article will review both promises and caveats of the available data and propose future directions to be taken for addressing them.
Design Sensitivity Analysis of Dynamics of Built-Up Structures Using Ritz and Mode Acceleration Methods

In this paper, a unified continuum-based sizing design sensitivity analysis (DSA) method is developed for transient dynamic responses and eigenvectors of largescale built-up structures. Using the direct differentiation method, the variational equation of the built-up structure is differentiated with respect to design variables to obtain a variational design sensitivity equation in which the design sensitivity of the transient response is unknown. For large scale built-up structures, the same superposition method that is used to reduce the dimension of the finite element matrix equation can also be used to reduce the dimension of the design sensitivity equation. A continuum-based sizing DSA method for eigenvectors is developed by taking design derivatives of the variational equation of eigenvalue problems. Accuracy and efficiency is improved by adding load dependent Ritz vectors (LDRV) to the minimal eigenbasis. The continuum-based DSA methods can be implemented outside established finite element analysis (FEA) codes by post-processing analysis data, and it does not require information on the stiffness, damping, and mass matrices and their derivatives. Moreover the method is efficient since it does not require derivatives of basis vectors. Either the LDRV method or mode acceleration method (MAM) can be used for both analysis and design sensitivity analysis. Examples show that the same basis vectors that are used for analysis of the built-up structure are suitable for analysis of the design sensitivity equation. Also, numerical examples for eigenvector DSA indicate that adding two LDRVs to the minimal eigenbasis is recommended.
The 2750 Å electronic band system of phenol: Calculation of out-of-plane frequencies and sequence intensities

Abstract Force constant calculations are reported for the out-of-plane vibrational modes of phenol in its electronic ground state and first singlet excited state at 36349 cm −1 , using a limited potential energy matrix of 22 nonzero elements. These calculations, which are exploratory in nature, were undertaken in an attempt to evaluate three questions of general interest, namely, (i) Can the intensity of the Δ v = 0 transitions (sequences) in an electronic spectrum be harnessed to check the assignment of nontotally symmetrical vibrations? (ii) Does the fact that the out-of-plane vibration frequencies of phenol in its electronic ground state are essentially the same as those of fluorobenzene indicate that the OH torsion is only loosely coupled to the phenyl modes? (iii) Is a C 2 v classification of practical value for the out-of-plane modes of phenol in either electronic state? It is found that (i) and (ii) can be answered affirmatively, with slight reservations. The C 2 v species are of some value in classifying displacements in the phenyl group, but may be misleading if applied indiscriminately.
Chemical and X-ray crystallographic characterization of the reaction products in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane to p-toluquinone

The product 2 in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of one equivalent of diazomethane to p-toluquinone (1) was determined by 250 MHz nmr spectra to be approximately 85% 6-methyl-1-H-indazole-4,7-dione (2b). X-ray crystallographic analysis was employed in the characterization of 1,6-dimethyl-1-H-indazole-4,7-dione (4a), which was the major 1-N-methyl regioisomer in the methylation of the cycloaddition mixture 2 with diazomethane. Methylation of the cycloaddition product 2 with diazomethane also provided a regioisomeric mixture of the 2-N-methyl derivatives 5. This mixture was synthesized for characterization by an independent method which utilized the cycloaddition of 3-methylsydnone (10) to toluquinone (1). 1,5,6-Trimethyl-1-H-ind-azole-4,7-dione (9) was found to be a minor product in the reaction of diazomethane with the cycloaddition product 2.
Intranasal gene delivery for treating Parkinson's disease: overcoming the blood-brain barrier.

Introduction: Developing a disease-modifying gene therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been a high priority for over a decade. However, due to the inability of large biomolecules to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the only means of delivery to the brain has been intracerebral infusion. Intranasal administration offers a non-surgical means of bypassing the BBB to deliver neurotrophic factors, and the genes encoding them, directly to the brain.Areas covered: This review summarizes: i) evidence demonstrating intranasal delivery to the brain of a number of biomolecules having therapeutic potential for various CNS disorders; and ii) evidence demonstrating neuroprotective efficacy of a subset of biomolecules specifically for PD. The intersection of these two spheres represents the area of opportunity for development of new intranasal gene therapies for PD. To that end, our laboratory showed that intranasal administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or plasmid DNA nanoparticle...
A Revised Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index

AbstractThis study investigates why OLR plays a small role in the Real-time Multivariate (Madden–Julian oscillation) MJO (RMM) index and how to improve it. The RMM index consists of the first two leading principal components (PCs) of a covariance matrix, which is constructed by combined daily anomalies of OLR and zonal winds at 850 (U850) and 200 hPa (U200) in the tropics after being normalized with their globally averaged standard deviations of 15.3 W m−2, 1.8 m s−1, and 4.9 m s−1, respectively. This covariance matrix is reasoned mathematically close to a correlation matrix. Both matrices substantially suppress the overall contribution of OLR and make the index more dynamical and nearly transparent to the convective initiation of the MJO. A covariance matrix that does not use normalized anomalies leads to the other extreme where OLR plays a dominant role while U850 and U200 are minor. Numerous tests indicate that a simple scaling of the anomalies (i.e., 2 W m−2, 1 m s−1, and 1 m s−1) can better balance t...
Systems biology analysis of Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 ethanol stress responses

Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 is a capable ethanogenic bacterium with high ethanol productivity and high level of ethanol tolerance. Previous studies indicated that several stress-related proteins and changes in the ZM4 membrane lipid composition may contribute to ethanol tolerance. However, the molecular mechanisms of ethanol stress response have not been elucidated fully. In this study, ethanol stress responses were investigated using systems biology tools. Medium supplementation with an initial 47.3 g/L (6% v/v) ethanol reduced Z. mobilis ZM4 glucose consumption, growth rate and ethanol productivity compared to that of untreated controls. Metabolomic profiling showed that ethanol-treated ZM4 cells accumulated greater amounts of glycerol during the entire fermentation process, which may indicate an important role for this metabolite. A proteomic analysis of early exponential growth identified about one thousand proteins, or approximately 56% of the predicted ZM4 proteome. Proteins related to metabolism and stress response such as chaperones and key regulators were more abundant in the early ethanol stress condition. Transcriptomic studies indicated the response of ZM4 to ethanol is dynamic, complex and involves many genes from all the different functional categories. There were fewer genes significantly differentially expressed in the exponential phase compared to that of stationary phase and early stationarymore » phase. Most down-regulated genes were related to translation and ribosome biogenesis, while the ethanol-upregulated genes were mostly related to cellular processes and metabolism. Correlations among the transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolism were examined and among significantly expressed genes or proteins, we observe higher correlation coefficients when fold-change values are higher. This systems biology study elucidates key Z. mobilis ZM4 metabolites, genes and proteins that form the foundation of its distinctive physiology and its multifaceted response to ethanol stress.« less
Perpendicular Deformation of a Near-Single-Crystal Triblock Copolymer with a Cylindrical Morphology. 1. Synchrotron SAXS

A poly(styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene) (SIS) triblock copolymer with a polystyrene (PS) cylinder morphology was processed via roll-casting to produce a near single-crystal texture. Deformation experiments normal to the cylinder axis were carried out using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with the beam both parallel and perpendicular to the cylinder axis. In situ measurement of load and displacement enabled morphological information to be mapped to the stress−strain curve. Results indicate that the deformation proceeds in two stages. Deformation to strains of approximately 100−130% is nearly affine. The rubber matrix extends along the stretching direction (SD) while contraction occurs almost exclusively along the neutral direction due to the constraint imposed by the aligned PS cylinders. A measured Poisson's ratio of 0.9 compares favorably with a value of 1 expected for a perfect composite. At deformations beyond 130% an X-pattern is observed at perpendicular incidence. The angle betw...
Multiple model estimation for control of a phased array radar

Since phased array radars have the ability to perform adaptive sampling by the radar beam, proper control of the radar has the potential for significantly improving many aspects associated with the tracking of multiple maneuvering targets. The technique proposed in this paper uses the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm to track maneuvering targets and control the sampling time and energy levels. Since the output of the IMM algorithm better represents the accuracy of the state estimates during a maneuver than a single model filter, the IMM algorithm is used to compute and on-line measure of tracking performance to determine the scheduling time of the next track update sample period in order to maintain a given level of performance. The sample time is computed as the one positive root of a polynomial equation of the sample period. The model probabilities of the IMM algorithm are also used to schedule the energy level of a radar dwell. As a result, the update times for the filter are a function of track filter performance and the target trajectory. Algorithms for computing the sample time and energy level using the output of the IMM algorithm are developed in this paper. Performance comparisons are given for the IMM algorithm using constant data rates, scheduled energy levels, and adaptive data rates.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The genetics of music accomplishment: Evidence for gene–environment correlation and interaction

Theories of skilled performance that emphasize training history, such as K. Anders Ericsson and colleagues’ deliberate-practice theory, have received a great deal of recent attention in both the scientific literature and the popular press. Twin studies, however, have demonstrated evidence for moderate-to-strong genetic influences on skilled performance. Focusing on musical accomplishment in a sample of over 800 pairs of twins, we found evidence for gene–environment correlation, in the form of a genetic effect on music practice. However, only about one quarter of the genetic effect on music accomplishment was explained by this genetic effect on music practice, suggesting that genetically influenced factors other than practice contribute to individual differences in music accomplishment. We also found evidence for gene–environment interaction, such that genetic effects on music accomplishment were most pronounced among those engaging in music practice, suggesting that genetic potentials for skilled performance are most fully expressed and fostered by practice.
(Re)Constructing Arguments: Classical Rhetoric and Roman Engineering Reflected in Vitruvius'"De Architectura.".

Augustus is often described as the emperor who transformed Rome from a city of brick to a city of marble. When he returned victorious to Rome in BCE 29, Augustus embarked on a project to rebuild Rome with the splendor its new imperial status demanded. Despite the tranquility and prosperity enjoyed by most Romans during the Early Empire, many also felt a sense of loss. Much had changed in their social order at the end of the Republic. The nobility and the lower classes began to share more interests and Roman society took on a more egalitarian and commercial nature. Under Emperor Augustus, the function of rhetoric was stripped from legislative arenas and confined mainly to legal courts and ceremonial competitions. In the spirit of renewed patriotism and pragmatism, principles of rhetoric were also applied to writing about technical subjects, such as engineering and architecture. Both Vitruvius and Cicero used his writing to persuade Roman citizens to reclaim their heritage: of building arts in Vitruvius' ca...
Effect of Aqueous Solution Chemistry on the Accelerated Cracking of Lithographically Patterned Arrays of Copper and Nanoporous Thin-Films

The effect of moisture and aqueous solution chemistry on the rate of crack growth in lithographically patterned arrays of copper and low dielectric constant (LKD) materials is reported. Crack growth in the direction orthogonal to the features is demonstrated to fail at significantly increased loads compared to parallel cracking. Decreasing feature width is also shown to increase the structures resistance to fracture, particularly at reduced loads. The chemical interactions and mechanisms of energy dissipation are discussed.
Helium-ion-induced radiation damage in LiNbO 3 thin-film electro-optic modulators

Helium-ion-induced radiation damage in a LiNbO3-thin-film (10 μm-thick) modulator is experimentally investigated. The results demonstrate a degradation of the device performance in the presence of He+ irradiation at doses of ≥ 1016 cm−2. The experiments also show that the presence of the He+ stopping region, which determines the degree of overlap between the ion-damaged region and the guided optical mode, plays a major role in determining the degree of degradation in modulation performance. Our measurements showed that the higher overlap can lead to an additional ~5.5 dB propagation loss. The irradiation-induced change of crystal-film anisotropy(no−ne)of ~36% was observed for the highest dose used in the experiments. The relevant device extinction ratio, VπL, and device insertion loss, as well the damage mechanisms of each of these parameters are also reported and discussed.
Serial kinematic analysis of the trunk and limb joints after anterior cruciate ligament transection: Temporal, spatial, and angular changes in a canine model of osteoarthritis.

Abstract To help elucidate how sensation-mediated kinematics modulate the rate of development of osteoarthritis in the unstable knee, we have examined the serial kinematic changes in hind- and forelimb joints, and alterations in vertical movement of the rump, in six dogs followed for 26 weeks after unilateral anterior curciate ligament transection. Although marked changes in the temporal parameters occurred in treadmill gait acutely in all four limbs, by the sixth postoperative week the stance and swing durations had returned to within ±10% of the baseline values, where they remained until sacrifice. As the cruciate-deficient limb contacted the treadmill surface, the amount of flexion (yield) of the unstable knee and ipsilateral ankle was reduced 10–20° ( P P P P
An approximate model for the graded-base transistor

Abstract The graded-base region of a conventional diffused-base transistor can be approximately modeled as two uniformly-doped regions, one heavily-doped near the surface and the other lightly-doped. This fundamental idea, combined with the Fletcher boundary conditions and the ambipolar approach, yields a one-dimensional analytical model for the graded-base transistor. For downward operation, this model—called the n+pp−n+ transistor model—has only slight advantages as compared with existing analytical models such as the conventional uniform-base transistor model. For upward operation, the n+pp−n+ transitor model has significant advantages.
Can You Keep Them? Strategies to Attract and Retain Nursing Students From Diverse Populations: Best Practices in Nursing Education:

There have been a number of articles addressing diversity in nursing programs and the nursing workforce. However, few of the programs have reviewed the best practices to attract and retain nursing students. This article delineates a number of programs and then makes suggestions for the best practices for nursing schools.
George Cruikshank's Comic Alphabet (1836) and the Audience “Á la Mode”

In 1836, Great Britain's leading graphic artist chose a potentially ironic site to represent his dominance: the back cover of an alphabet book. As the coda for his Comic Alphabet George Cruikshank ...
Correlates of body satisfaction and self-concept in third- and sixth-graders

The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between body satisfaction and self-concept in elementary school children. Participants were twentythree boys and twenty-eight girls from the third and sixth grades of a rural public school. Demographic information, body satisfaction scores, self-concept scores, and measures of parental attitudes were obtained from the participants through a questionnaire. It was hypothesized that body satisfaction and self-concept would be related in elementary school children. It was expected that this relationship would be impacted by grade, sex, and parental attitudes. A significant relationship existed between body satisfaction and self-concept in girls, but not boys. No grade differences were detected in the relationship. Body satisfaction was significantly correlated with body criticism from peers among sixth graders. A parent's body satisfaction appeared to be a significant predictor of the body satisfaction of his/her opposite sex child for both third — and sixth-graders.