cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversible choroidal vascular insufficiency without infarction in temporal arteritis

A 71-year-old woman with a history of weight loss and jaw claudication complained of fluctuating vision in her right eye. She was confirmed as having temporal arteritis by an elevated Westergren sedimentation rate and a positive temporal artery biopsy. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated delayed choroidal perfusion of the macular circulation. Her symptoms and angiographic findings were quickly reversed with systemic steroids.
Effect of the orientation of interplanetary shock on the geomagnetic sudden commencement

[1] The rise time of the geomagnetic sudden commencement (SC) in low latitudes generally lies within a range from 2 to 10 min. An SC observed on 15 December 1995 was remarkable because it had an extremely long rise time of ∼30 min, although as seen by Wind, the interplanetary shock responsible for the SC was sharp as usual. The amplitude of the SC was consistent with the estimated value experimentally deduced from the increase in the solar wind dynamic pressure, implying that a complete compression of the magnetosphere occurred. However, the in situ measurement of the magnetotail by Geotail exhibited this event as an unusually gradual compression compared with a typical SC. Even this gradual compression of the magnetosphere produced a preliminary impulse on the ground that was lengthy, small, but detectable at auroral latitudes. The multisatellite observations of the interplanetary shock and the SC signals indicate that the shock normal was highly inclined duskward. Thus the orientation of the interplanetary shock or discontinuity is important in determining the SC field observed on the ground. Even if the local measurement of the solar wind dynamic pressure at a spacecraft appears to be rapid, a tilted pressure front could require many minutes to compress the forward part of the magnetosphere, producing a long rise time. Thus we can not predict the speed of the magnetospheric responses on the basis of the real-time solar wind observations without knowing the orientation of the causative shock/discontinuity.
On the reported emission from the T2 state during ECL of 9,10-diphenylanthracene

Abstract The long wavelength component of the emission occurring during the electron transfer reaction of the electrogenerated radical ions of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) in acetonitrile and 1,2-dimethoxyethane solutions, previously attributed to T2 → T1 emission, was investigated. Several sources contributing to detection of emission at wavelengths beyond 620 nm are discussed and the major source is attributed to a stable product formed by a small amount of decomposition of DPA radical cation.
State estimation in distribution system considering effects of AMI data

State Estimation (SE), being a key component of Energy Management Systems (EMS), plays an essential role in operating power distribution systems. The Weighted Least Squares (WLS) based methods, among many others, have been most widely used in conventional distribution system state estimation. The increasing deployment of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), which provides more frequent measurements from more points, enables improvement for the WLS state estimators. This paper aims at quantifying the impacts of AMI data on a typical WLS state estimator, through simulation on a 16-bus overhead radial system under various conditions. Beyond demonstrating the improvement in estimation accuracy, our evaluations quantitatively characterize the behavior of WLS estimator leveraged with AMI data.
A Potential Vorticity and Wave Activity Diagnosis of Optimal Perturbation Evolution

Abstract A diagnosis of singular vector (SV) evolution (computed for the L2 streamfunction norm) in the Eady model using potential vorticity (PV) and Eliassen–Palm (E–P) flux diagnostics is performed. In addition, a partitioning of the vertical component of the E–P flux vector based on the results of the piecewise PV inversion is introduced to better elucidate the fundamental mechanisms for SV amplification. The initial PV structures of the Eady model SVs on both the long- and shortwave sides of the Eady model shortwave cutoff are characterized by initially upshear tilted interior PV anomalies. The results of the PV and the E–P flux diagnostics for optimal perturbations reveal a three-stage process for the SV evolution: 1) a superposition of interior PV anomalies (diagnosed by a positive vertical component of the E–P flux), 2) a subsequent intensification (characterized by maxima in the E–P flux near the boundaries) of the SV boundary potential temperature anomalies (BTAs) by winds attributed to interior ...
Compressive sensing of sparse radio frequency signals using optical mixing.

We demonstrate an optical mixing system for measuring properties of sparse radio frequency (RF) signals using compressive sensing (CS). Two types of sparse RF signals are investigated: (1) a signal that consists of a few 0.4 ns pulses in a 26.8 ns window and (2) a signal that consists of a few sinusoids at different frequencies. The RF is modulated onto the intensity of a repetitively pulsed, wavelength-chirped optical field, and time-wavelength-space mapping is used to map the optical field onto a 118-pixel, one-dimensional spatial light modulator (SLM). The SLM pixels are programmed with a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) to form one row of the CS measurement matrix, and the optical throughput is integrated with a photodiode to obtain one value of the CS measurement vector. Then the PRBS is changed to form the second row of the mixing matrix and a second value of the measurement vector is obtained. This process is performed 118 times so that we can vary the dimensions of the CS measurement matrix from 1×118 to 118×118 (square). We use the penalized l(1) norm method with stopping parameter λ (also called basis pursuit denoising) to recover pulsed or sinusoidal RF signals as a function of the small dimension of the measurement matrix and stopping parameter. For a square matrix, we also find that penalized l(1) norm recovery performs better than conventional recovery using matrix inversion.
Expectancy Versus Performance in Hypnosis

(1946). Expectancy Versus Performance in Hypnosis. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 99-119.
Empiric antibiotic therapy for seawater injuries: a four-seasonal analysis.

Background Previous seawater studies found Vibrio species associated with morbidity, suggesting that seawater-contaminated wounds should be treated early. The purpose of this study was to identify common seawater pathogens and antibiotic sensitivities to provide empiric antibiotic therapy until patient-specific culture results are available. Methods Seasonal samples were collected from 25 Galveston beach locations and cultured. Colonies were identified and sensitivities were performed using MicroScan Positive and Negative Breakpoint Combo Panels. Results In the fall (28.3 degrees C), of 15 species isolated, the three most common isolates were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and cefepime. Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. In the winter (11.1 degrees C), of 14 species isolated, the three most common isolates were Enterobacter agglomerans, E. faecium, and E. coli. Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and cefepime. Most Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, levofloxacin, penicillin, and ampicillin. In the spring (26.6 degrees C), of 14 species isolated, the three most common isolates were E. coli, Bacillus species, and E. faecium. Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and cefepime. Most Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and levofloxacin. In the summer (29.7 degrees C), of 17 bacterial species isolated, the three most common isolates were Bacillus species, Enterobacter cloacae, and K. pneumoniae. Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to cefepime, lomefloxacin, and levofloxacin. Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, levofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Conclusions Cultured pathogens were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, or levofloxacin. The authors recommend a combination of penicillin or ampicillin with levofloxacin for empiric antibiotic coverage for seawater-contaminated injuries.
On the Inversion of Integral Transforms Associated with Sturm-Liouville Problems

Consider the Sturm-Liouville boundary-value problem 1. (1) y″ − q(x) y = −t2y, −∞ < a ⩽ x ⩽ b < ∞ 2. (2) y(a) cos α + y′(a) sin α = 0 3. (3) y(b) cos β + y′(b) sin β = 0, where q(x) is continuous on [a, b]. Let φ(x, t) be a solution of either the initial-value problem (1) and (2) or (1) and (3). In this paper we develop two techniques to invert the integral F(t) = ∝abf(x) φ(x, t) dx, where f(x) ϵ L2(a, b); one technique is based on the construction of some biorthogonal sequence of functions and the other is based on Poisson's summation formula.
Interactions between mean flow and finite-amplitude mesoscale eddies in a barotropic ocean

Abstract For the purpose of deriving an analytical parametrization, oceanic mesoscale eddies are represented as a horizontally propagating wave field in a non-uniform environment. The mathematical analysis rests upon the assumption of scale disparity between a short eddy scale and a long mean-flow scale. The novelty resides in the treatment of finite-amplitude eddies, which, moreover, form either a band-like or a cell-like pattern. A barotropic ocean is chosen as a first step to illustrate the mathematical analysis, but dissipation is included. The main result is an analytical derivation of a mesoscale-eddy parametrization: the mean-flow equation contains Reynolds-stress terms which are computed from parameters of the eddy field, which, in turn, are predicted by separate evolution equations. Due to restrictive assumptions (barotropy, orthogonal waves,…), the parametrization established here should be viewed only as a first step toward the design of a more practical parameterization for large-scale modelling.
Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome. Therapeutic and diagnostic implications.

• Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome is a newly recognized bleeding diathesis thought to be caused by autoantibodies to the von Willebrand factor. Acquired von Willebrand's syndrome has been reported in association with lymphoproliferative disorders and benign monoclonal gammopathies. Clinical features and laboratory abnormalities of this disease are similar to congenital von Willebrand's disease, but the optimal treatment may differ. We describe a 75-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and recurrent epistaxis and also discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of both the congenital and acquired disorders. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117:106-108)
Regiochemistry of nucleophilic attack by the guanine 2-amino group at the ring positions of nitrenium ions derived from carcinogenic polycyclic arylamines and nitroarenes: molecular orbital calculations and simple models.

Semiempirical AM1 molecular orbital calculations are used to compute the energetics of addition of the guanine 2-amino group to alternative ring positions of aryl nitrenium ions with the general st...
Control of a flexible rotor active magnetic bearing test rig: a characteristic model based all-coefficient adaptive control approach

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) have found a wide range of applications in high-speed rotating machinery industry. The instability and nonlinearity of AMBs make controller designs difficult, and when AMBs are coupled with a flexible rotor, the resulting complex dynamics make the problems of stabilization and disturbance rejection, which are critical for a stable and smooth operation of the rotor AMB system, even more difficult. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control dominates the current AMB applications in the field. Even though PID controllers are easy to implement, there are critical performance limitations associated with them that prevent the more advanced applications of AMBs, which usually require stronger robustness and performance offered by modern control methods such as H-infinity control and µ-synthesis. However, these advanced control designs rely heavily on the relatively accurate plant models and uncertainty characterizations, which are sometimes difficult to obtain. In this paper, we explore and report on the use of the characteristic model based all-coefficient adaptive control method to stabilize a flexible rotor AMB test rig. In spite of the simple structure of such a characteristic model based all-coefficient adaptive controller, both simulation and experimental results show its strong performance.
Overview of the Space Launch System Transonic Buffet Environment Test Program

Fluctuating aerodynamic loads are a significant concern for the structural design of a launch vehicle, particularly while traversing the transonic flight environment. At these trajectory conditions, unsteady aerodynamic pressures can excite the vehicle dynamic modes of vibration and result in high structural bending moments and vibratory environments. To ensure that vehicle structural components and subsystems possess adequate strength, stress, and fatigue margins in the presence of buffet and other environments, buffet forcing functions are required to conduct the coupled load analysis of the launch vehicle. The accepted method to obtain these buffet forcing functions is to perform wind-tunnel testing of a rigid model that is heavily instrumented with unsteady pressure transducers designed to measure the buffet environment within the desired frequency range. Two wind-tunnel tests of a 3 percent scale rigid buffet model have been conducted at the Langley Research Center Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT) as part of the Space Launch System (SLS) buffet test program. The SLS buffet models have been instrumented with as many as 472 unsteady pressure transducers to resolve the buffet forcing functions of this multi-body configuration through integration of the individual pressure time histories. This paper will discuss test program development, instrumentation, data acquisition, test implementation, data analysis techniques, and several methods explored to mitigate high buffet environment encountered during the test program. Preliminary buffet environments will be presented and compared using normalized sectional buffet forcing function root-meansquared levels along the vehicle centerline.
Cytokines in Kidney Disease: The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β

Cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are peptide factors that regulate embryogenesis, development, inflammation, tissue repair, and carcinogenesis. Growing evidence indicates that dysregulation of cytokine actions may underlie the pathogenesis of serious autoimmune, degenerative, and fibrotic diseases. Studies in a model of acute mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis show that overproduction of TGF-β is the cause of pathologic accumulation of extracellular matrix in the nephritic glomeruli. Transforming growth factor-β acts to increase matrix production, inhibit matrix degradation, and modulate matrix receptors in the glomerulonephritic rats. It may also play a role in the glomerular matrix build-up that is a central feature of diabetic nephropathy. Elevated expression of TGF-β mRNA and TGF-β protein were found in the glomeruli of diabetic rats along with increased levels of proteoglycans and other matrix components that are known to be induced by TGF-β. The study of human diabetic glomeruli has also shown markedly elevated levels of TGF-ft protein. Glomeruli from normal kidneys and nonprogressive kidney disorders were negative. The striking ability of TGF-β to cause exuberant matrix formation may be due to the fact that TGF-β can induce its own production by resident cells at a site of injury. Thus, the potential for TGF-β to do harm may be due to this autoinduction mechanism whereby TGF-β expression can become chronic, creating a vicious circle. As the role that TGF-ft plays in chronic fibrotic diseases becomes better understood, it is likely that TGF-β inhibitors will become important future drugs for treating these conditions. To date, TGF-β activity has been successfully blocked in the kidney, in the skin, and in the central nervous system by neutralizing antibodies. In each case, inhibiting TGFβ significantly decreased the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix but did not interfere with normal tissue repair. Recently, it has been discovered that the proteoglycan decorin may be a natural regulator of TGF-β. Injection of recombinant human decorin into glomerulonephritic rats significantly blocked extracellular matrix build-up in the nephritic glomeruli and suppressed the development of proteinuria. Since decorin is a natural human compound that can be produced as a recombinant molecule, it is likely not to be immunogenic compared with antibodies. Decorin offers hope as a treatment for chronic diseases associated with the overproduction of TGF-β.
Migraine and its treatment with 5-HT1B/1D agonists (triptans).

Purpose To review the epidemiology and clinical features of migraine and to discuss the use of the 5-HT1B/1D agonists (triptans) in the treatment of moderate to severe migraine. Data Sources A Medline search was conducted for relevant recent articles on migraine and the efficacy and safety of the triptans. Conclusions With the advent of a standardized classification system for headache to simplify migraine diagnosis, new approaches to treatment, and effective new therapies, such as the triptans, many patients have obtained significant relief from the pain and disability associated with migraine. Implications for Practice The key to successful migraine management is to provide the most effective treatment at the earliest possible time. Under the step-care approach to migraine management, the mildest and most conservative treatment was recommended as a first step, without regard for the degree of the patient's pain or disability. This approach has been replaced by stratified care, in which migraine management is based on the severity of the patient's pain and disability. Under the stratified approach, patients with moderate or severe migraine would be prescribed effective migraine-specific drugs, such as the triptans, as first-line therapy.
Light-scattering experiments and theory of homogeneous nucleation in condensing supersonic flow

Experimental results of condensation of water vapor by homogeneous nucleation are shown. A supersonic nozzle is used for expanding moist air. Condensation sets in at high supersaturation and is initiated by homogeneous nucleation. By standard gasdynamic measurements, in conjunction with a solution of the equations of motion, the thermodynamic state in the condensation zone and the bulk properties of the condensate can be determined. We find near 210°K finely dispersed small ice clusters. Direct measurements of the number of clusters using a Helium-Neon laser light scattering system are performed. A textbook situation of Rayleigh light scattering prevails. By two different methods, a comparison of experimental results may be made with the theory of homogeneous nucleation. In addition, cluster growth is discussed since it enters one of the comparisons. Within certain margins of error on properties of the critical nuclei, in particular, their surface free energy, the results agree well with the classical theory of Volmer et al .
Are Gay Men and Lesbians Discriminated Against When Applying for Jobs? A Four-City, Internet-Based Field Experiment

An Internet-based field experiment was conducted to examine potential hiring discrimination based on sexual orientation; specifically, the "first contact" between job applicants and employers was looked at. In response to Internet job postings on CareerBuilder.com®, more than 4,600 resumes were sent to employers in 4 U.S. cities: Philadelphia, Chicago, Dallas, and San Francisco. The resumes varied randomly with regard to gender, implied sexual orientation, and other characteristics. Two hypotheses were tested: first, that employers' response rates vary by the applicants' assumed sexuality; and second, that employers' Response Rates by Sexuality vary by city. Effects of city were controlled for to hold constant any variation in labor market conditions in the 4 cities. Based on employer responses to the applications, it was concluded that there is no evidence that gay men or lesbians are discriminated against in their first encounter with employers, and no significant variation across cities in these encounters was found. Implications of these results for the literature on hiring discrimination based on sexual orientation, the strengths and limitations of the research, and the potential for the Internet-based field experiment design in future studies of discrimination are discussed.
Two-frequency Lidar technique for mesospheric Na temperature measurements

This paper describes a new two-frequency lidar for measuring Na temperature profiles. The laser oscillator is tuned to the two operating frequencies by observing the Doppler-free structure of the Na D2 fluorescence spectrum in a vapor cell. The lidar technique and initial observations of the temperature profile between 82 and 102 km are described. Absolute temperature accuracies at the Na layer peak of better than + or - 3 K with a vertical resolution of 1 km and an integration period of approximately 5 min were achieved.
Bending single-walled carbon nanotubes into nanorings using a Pickering emulsion-based process

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanorings have been fabricated on a large scale using a Pickering emulsion-based process. The formation mechanism was attributed to liquid/liquid interface-induced SWCNT bending. Mechanical analysis shows that curved water/1,2-dichlorobenzene interface created during the miniemulsion process is sufficient to bend the SWCNT into closed rings. Raman spectroscopy was used to study SWCNT structural change after the nanoring formation. It was shown that compressive and tensile strains were introduced in these rings. We anticipate that a variety of functionalized SWCNT nanorings can be fabricated using our method for various applications.
Precise Call Graphs for C Programs with Function Pointers

The use of pointers presents serious problems for software productivity tools for software understanding, restructuring, and testing. Pointers enable indirect memory accesses through pointer dereferences, as well as indirect procedure calls (e.g., through function pointers in C). Such indirect accesses and calls can be disambiguated with pointer analysis. In this paper we evaluate the precision of one specific pointer analysis (the FA pointer analysis by Zhang et al.) for the purposes of call graph construction for C programs with function pointers. The analysis is incorporated in a production-strength code-browsing tool from Siemens Corporate Research in which the program call graph is used as a primary tool for code understanding. The FA pointer analysis uses an inexpensive, almost-linear, flow- and context-insensitive algorithm. To measure analysis precision, we compare the call graph constructed by this analysis with the most precise call graph obtainable by a large category of existing pointer analyses. Surprisingly, for all our data programs the FA analysis achieves the best possible precision. This result indicates that for the purposes of call graph construction, inexpensive pointer analyses may provide precision comparable to the precision of expensive pointer analyses.
Design and cellular internalization of genetically engineered polypeptide nanoparticles displaying adenovirus knob domain

Hepatocytes and acinar cells exhibit high-efficiency, fiber-dependent internalization of adenovirus; however, viral capsids have unpredictable immunological effects and are challenging to develop into targeted drug carriers. To exploit this internalization pathway and minimize the use of viral proteins, we developed a simple gene product that self assembles nanoparticles decorated with the knob domain of adenovirus serotype 5 fiber protein. The most significant advantages of this platform include: (i) compatibility with genetic engineering; (ii) no bioconjugate chemistry is required to link fusion proteins to the nanoparticle surface; and (iii) it can direct the reversible assembly of large nanoparticles, which are monodisperse, multivalent, and biodegradable. These particles are predominantly composed from diblock copolymers of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). ELPs have unique phase transition behavior, whereby they self-assemble above a transition temperature that is simple to control. The diblock ELP described contains two motifs with distinct transition temperatures, which assemble nanoparticles at physiological temperatures. Analysis by non-denaturing-PAGE demonstrated that the purified knob-ELP formed trimers or dimers, which is a property of the native knob/fiber protein. Dynamic light scattering indicated that the diblock copolymer, with or without knob, is able to self assemble into nanoparticles ~40 nm in diameter. To examine the functionality of knob-ELP, their uptake was assessed in a hepatocyte cell-line that expresses the receptor for adenovirus serotype 5 fiber and knob, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Both plain ELP and knob-ELP were bound to the outside of hepatocytes; however, the knob-ELP fusion protein exhibits more internalization and localization to lysosomes of hepatocytes. These findings suggest that functional fusion proteins may only minimally influence the assembly temperature and diameter of ELP nanoparticles. These results are a proof-of-principal that large fusion proteins (>10 kDa) can be assembled by diblock ELPs without the need for bioconjugate chemistry, which greatly simplifies the design and evaluation of targeted drug carriers.
High-Throughput, Laser-based Alginate Microbead Fabrication and Patterning

Laser direct-write (LDW) is a biofabrication technique that was developed to produce cell patterns of high spatial resolution. We present an adaptation to this technique to rapidly create alginate microbeads in large, precise arrays, with and without encapsulated cells. It is further demonstrated that we maintain a high degree of spatial control in these large fabricated patterns. Rapid and precisely alginate microbead deposition on a planar surface, enabled by LDW, cannot be accomplished by other techniques. The spatial precision of this LDW will enable bottom-up tissue engineering fabrication and large biological studies based on the placement of cell-encapsulated microbeads.
Taste prestimulation increases the chorda tympani nerve response to menthol

Electrophysiological recordings of the summated response of the chorda tympani nerve to menthol stimulation of the tongue were obtained from 15 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The chorda tympani nerve response to menthol was of short duration, ending within 2.5 s after stimulus onset, leaving the receptors in a state of insensitivity to subsequent menthol stimulation. Rinse durations with deionized-distilled water up to 10 min failed to bring the receptors back to their original prestimulus state. Although stimulation with menthol prevented taste receptors from responding to subsequent presentations of menthol, the chorda tympani nerve would respond normally to NaCl, NH4Cl, KCl, sodium acetate, glucose, citric acid, and quinine-HCl solutions. Prior stimulation with one of these taste solutions resulted in the recovery of the menthol response. The magnitude of the recovered menthol response depended on the magnitude of the phasic response elicited by the preceding taste stimulus. A general explanation involving possible reception and transduction mechanisms was offered to account for menthol's unexpected stimulatory effects on the chorda tympani nerve.
Current concepts: immunology. Monocytes and macrophages.

MACROPHAGES play a central and essential part in the immune response by presenting antigen to lymphocytes during the development of specific immunity and by serving as supportive, "accessory" cells...
Computing Design Rationales by Interpreting Simulations

We describe an approach for automatically computing a class of design rationales. Our focus is computing the purposes of the geometric features on the parts of a device. This is accomplished by first simulating the device with the feature in question removed and comparing this to a simulation of the nominal device. The differences between the simulations are indicative of the behaviors that the feature ultimately causes. Fundamental principles of mechanics are then used to construct a causal explanation that describes how the feature causes these behaviors. This explanation constitutes one of the rationales for the feature. We have implemented a computer program called ExplainIT that uses this approach to compute rationales and we have tested it on various examples.
Measurement and potential applications of induced triploidy in Pacific salmon

Abstract Sterile triploids potentially could be useful in salmon culture because of the management options available with a sterile population and the ease with which triploidy can be induced. Heat shock applied for 10 min in a temperature range of 28–30° C and initiated 10 min following fertilization of eggs induced triploidy in coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook (O. tshawytscha), and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon, and in reciprocal hybrids between chinook and pink salmon as assessed by flow cytometric ploidy analyses. Moderate to high frequencies of triploid embryos were observed in all treated lots ranging from 58% (pink salmon) to 84% (one family lot of coho salmon). A substantial reduction in the frequency of triploid individuals between the eyed egg stage and 17 months was observed in one of two family lots of coho salmon. Significantly greater mean weight was observed at 17 months for diploid coho salmon (16.6 g) when compared to their triploid siblings (14.5 g). Mortality related to heat shock was observed primarily in coho salmon. Three triploid individuals were observed among 20 untreated pink salmon suggesting that triploid pink salmon may not be rare in natural populations.
Games of status

In a study intended to point toward possible applications of game-theoretic reasoning to sociological problems, mathematical models are used initially to examine the results of two-person nonconstant sum games in which a single value, status, is maximized, and subsequently to examine the results of multi-person games. The two-person, single-value-maximizing game quickly demonstrates behavior to be purely competitive. The multi-person game illustrates possibilities of coalition behavior, as demonstrated elsewhere in game theory, which includes the possibility of combinations against individual players, but the outcomes are highly sensitive to the values assigned to status factors, as in peck orders and potlatches. The relationship between games of status and simple games is examined also.
A Numerical Evaluation of the Stochastic Completeness of the Kinetic Coagulation Equation

The stochastic completeness of the kinetic coagulation equation depends on the extent of correlations between particle properties. Such correlations are induced by the coalescence process that causes spatial inhomogeneities in the number concentration of the particles, and are particularly strong in poorly mixed suspensions. A Monte Carlo simulation of the coalescence process is used to evaluate the suitability of the kinetic coagulation equation to simulate the coalescence process using Brownian diffusion, fluid shear and differential sedimentation collision kernels. It is demonstrated that the outcome of the kinetic equation matches well the true stochastic averages, unless the number concentration of particles involved is very small. In that case, the discrepancies between the two approaches are substantial in the large end of the particle size spectrum.
Application of a neural network based feedwater controller to helical steam generators

Abstract In current generation pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the control of steam generator level experiences challenges over the full range of plant operating conditions. These challenges can be particularly troublesome in the low power range where the feedwater is highly subcooled and minor changes in the feed flow may cause oscillations in the SG level, potentially leading to reactor trip. The IRIS reactor concept adds additional challenges to the feedwater control problem as a result of a steam generator design where neither level or steam generator mass inventory can be measured directly. Neural networks have demonstrated capabilities to capture a wide range of dynamic signal transformation and non-linear problems. In this paper a detailed engineering simulation of plant response is used to develop and test neural control methods for the IRIS feedwater control problem. The established neural network mass estimator has demonstrated the capability to predict the steam generator mass under transient conditions, especially at low power levels, which is considered the most challenging region for a full range feed water controller.
One-multiplier adaptive lattice algorithm for recursive filters

The formulation of one-multiplier lattice structures of the Gray-Markel type forinfinite impulse response filters is reviewed. Several special cases of this formulation — including the well-known Gray-Markel normalized lattice—are presented as scaled polynomial versions of the two-multiplier lattice. A new adaptive algorithm is presented for updating the parameters of one-multiplier lattice structured recursive filters. The LMS-based algorithm requires fewer computations than earlier reported algorithms [1]–[4].
Performance Limitations in Mechatronic Systems With Friction

In this paper we consider a simple model for systems with friction. The model includes differential equations with discontinuous right-hand side. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solution, and also discuss performance limitations caused by friction associated with tracking limitations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Fate and Free Will in Error Traces

The ability to generate counterexamples for failing properties is often cited as one of the strengths of model checking. However, it is often difficult to interpret long error traces in which many variables appear. Besides, a traditional error trace presents only one possible behavior of the system causing the failure, with no further annotation. Our objective is to identify some structure in the error trace to make debugging easier. We present an enhanced error trace as an alternation of fated (forced) and free segments. The fated segments show unavoidable progress toward the error while the free segments show choices that, if avoided, may have prevented the error. Hence, the demarcation into segments tends to highlight critical events. The segmentation of a trace raises the questions of whether the fated segment should indeed be inevitable and whether the free segments are critical in causing the error. Addressing these questions may help the user to better analyze the failure of the property.
SU‐E‐T‐71: Modified Machine Uptime Calculation for a Modern LINAC

Purpose: to calculate uptime for a modern linear accelerator(LINAC). Method and Materials Current Method: LINAC uptime is not only a major factor that influences the cost of running the facility but also influences associated service contracts. LINAC uptime according to LINAC manufacturer e.g. Elekta is: Uptime = (BaseTime — Down Time)/BaseTime This is an age old formula. Maturity of latest LINACs and redundancy of available components significantly reduced downtime. Interesting point to consider is the actual improvements in quality and speed of treatment caused by many new add‐on features. Proposed Method: Delays that are generally not considered as machine downtime but influence the treatment time and costs are: • Improperly tuned dose rate causing control system resets • Artifacts in KV or MV images • Patient Positioning System movements • MLC movements that cause system resets during treatment. Corrections are proposed to the above formula as follows: Uptime = (BaseTime — DownTime — OverAllDelayTime)/BaseTime Where OverallDelaytime = Sigma Di . ‘Di’ is delay due to ith “inconvenience”, such as the one listed above. Cost of such inconveniences in one year: Yearly Operating Loss = Sigma DiL ‘L’ is the cost per minute of therapists operating the accelerator. Other issues not controlled by LINAC vendors and to be factored into the service contracts of appropriate entities: • Chillers that maintain tap water temperature • Humidity levels in the facility • Distilled water levels • Treatment room door and camera operations • Linac sequencer problems, e.g. • communication errors • software issues • hardware issues Results: The proposed method accurately represents LINAC Uptime. Conclusions: Uptime is significantly less than current calculations.
Reducing Driving Under the Influence Recidivism in Massachusetts

This article compares the effects of treatment and jail sentences on DUI recidivism among offenders. The effectiveness of an ignition interlock system in reducing recidivism is also considered.
ABIOTIC VS. BIOTIC INFLUENCES ON HABITAT SELECTION OF COEXISTING SPECIES: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS?

Species are commonly segregated along gradients of microclimate and veg- etation. I explore the question of whether segregation is the result of microhabitat parti- tioning (biotic effects) or choice of differing microclimates (abiotic effects). I explored this question for four ground-nesting bird species that are segregated along a microclimate and vegetation gradient in Arizona. Birds shifted position of their nests on the microhabitat and microclimate gradient in response to changing precipitation over nine years. Similarly, annual bird abundance varied with precipitation across 12 yr. Those shifts in abundance and nesting microhabitat with changing precipitation demonstrate the importance of abiotic influences on bird distributions and habitat choice. However, nest-site shifts and micro- habitat use also appear to be influenced by interactions among coexisting species. Moreover, shifts in habitat use by all species caused nest predation (i.e., biotic) costs that increased with increasing distance along the microclimate gradient. These results indicate that abiotic and biotic costs can strongly interact to influence microhabitat choice and abundances of coexisting species. Global climate change impacts have been considered largely in terms of simple distributional shifts, but these results indicate that shifts can also increase biotic costs when species move into habitat types for which they are poorly adapted or that create new biotic interactions.
A method for making very small, quantifiable micropipette injections of axonal tracer substances

A method is described for injecting small amounts of axonal tracer substances into the central nervous system. Injected volumes can be quantified to within about 1 nl. The major component of the system is an inexpensive, disposable, glass microsyringe which can be pulled to a fine tip using a conventional glass microelectrode puller. The small deadspace in the syringe allows for ease of filling and minimum waste of the tracer.
Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) for the SORCE mission

The Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) will measure the solar spectral irradiance from 0.2- to 2.0 µm with an accuracy of 300 ppm (1?) and a precision of 100 ppm. The SIM will be launched in 2002 on the EOS SORCE mission (SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment). This instrument is a Fery prism spectrometer with an Electrical Substitution Radiometer (ESR) as the primary detector, and 4 additional photodiodes detectors. SIM incorporates the following design features. 1) Two independent spectrometer channels coupled with a periscope/calibrator mechanism to monitor changes in prism transmission in-flight. 2) A closed-loop wavelength drive provides precise position knowledge in the spectrometer focal plane. 3) An ESR to maintain the long-term absolute calibration of the instrument. The ESR consists of back-to-back 1x10-mm2 diamond bolometers blackened with nickel phosphorous and mounted at the center of a spherical cavity to increase the effective bolometer blackness. A shutter located in front of the spectrometer entrance slit modulates the solar signal at 0.1 Hz; the ESR synchronously detects light at the shutter fundamental. The bolometer bridge control, electrical power replacement, ESR temperature regulation, prism rotation, and shutter actuation are all under digital signal processor control.
Introduction: the measures of waves

AbstractThe aftershocks of the spring of 2011 in Japan led the nation into a paralysis of futureshock. But as the aftershocks continued and news of more radiation seeped out of the cracks in the tightly sealed industrial-political power generator, it became clear that the idea that the earthquake has brought a new reality to Japan must itself be resisted. Indeed what is now evident is that little has changed, despite renewed urgency to respond.Although the waves of disaster in Japan unfolding from 11 March caught everyone off guard, in some significant ways Japan was already prepared. Such preparedness can be read into Japan's long history of dealing with disasters, twenty years of economic stagnation and the growing prevalence of mysticism and eschatology in pop culture in the wake of the Kobe earthquake and Aum Shinrikyō attacks on the Tokyo subway. So, rather than a rupture, an anomalous event, the series of catastrophes of the spring 2011 that appeared as if out of the blue could be narrativized in re...
TInMANN: the integer Markovian artificial neural network

A massively parallel, all-digital, stochastic digital architecture called TInMANN is described. It performs competitive and Kohonen types of learning at rates as high as 145000 training examples per second regardless of network size. Simulations of TInMANN, both with and without its conscience mechanism activated, demonstrate its effectiveness on a number of example problems. >
A Cost-Effective and Rational Surgical Approach to Patients With Snoring, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, or Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome†

The past decade has seen several innovations in the surgical techniques available for treatment of patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Outpatient techniques such as laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) and more aggressive procedures designed to address hypopharyngeal and base of tongue obstruction (genioglossus advancement and hyoid myotomy) have been developed and proven successful. We describe the efficacy of LAUP for snoring (72.7%), upper airway resistance syndrome (81.8%), and mild (mean [+/-SD] respiratory disturbance index [RDI] = 12 +/- 8.1) obstructive sleep apnea (41.7%) in 56 patients who underwent 132 LAUP procedures in a 26-month period. Thirty-two patients with more significant obstructive sleep apnea (mean RDI = 41.8 +/- 23.1) underwent multilevel pharyngeal surgery consisting of genioglossus advancement and hyoid myotomy combined with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. The surgical success rate in this group of patients was 85.7% when commonly accepted criteria were applied. We recommend a stratified surgical approach to patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Progressively worse airway obstruction marked by multilevel pharyngeal collapse and more severe sleep-disordered breathing is treated with incrementally more aggressive surgery addressing multiple areas of the upper airway.
ON COMPARISONS BETWEEN COMPUTED AND OBSERVED GRAIN BOUNDARY STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES IN METALS

A detailed assessment is given of the extent to which agreement has been obtained between experimentally observed and calculated structures and/or properties of grain boundaries in metals. All of the calculations employed pair-wise interaction models. Published work as well as new results obtained by the authors are cited. Topics include: boundary width; primary and secondary relaxations (i.e., grain boundary dislocations); magnitude of the boundary energy; lattice translations across the boundary and atomic positions in the boundary core; and fast diffusion in boundaries. It is concluded in general that the pair-potential modeling has been a valuable tool in grain boundary research and has often produced detailed results which are in at least semi-quantitative agreement with observations. However, in some cases the agreement is poor and as might be expected, it is clear that the technique is not capable of producing realistic results in all cases. Various problems are pointed out and discussed.
Authenticity and the construct's dimensions in public relations and communication research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define the construct authenticity and its dimensions and to propose an index to measure levels of authenticity in organisational messages and actions, as well as perceived authenticity from the stakeholders' perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a comprehensive literature review.Findings – The construct authenticity and its dimensions are defined from a multidisciplinary perspective, including literature from advertising, communication studies, marketing, and public relations.Research limitations/implications – Items for an authenticity index are proposed. Such a scale could be used to measure the effectiveness of public relations efforts and techniques and, therefore, the perceived authenticity of organisations, including its actions, operations, product, services, and spokespeople in the mind of stakeholders.Practical implications – The consistency between authentic claims, offerings, and promises and the management philosophy and...
Variable temperature neutron diffraction and X-ray charge density studies of tetraacetylethane.

Single crystal neutron diffraction data have been collected on a sample of enolized 3,4-diacetyl-2,5-hexanedione (tetraacetylethane, TAE) at five temperatures between 20 and 298 K to characterize the temperature-dependent behavior of the short, strong, intramolecular hydrogen bond. Upon decreasing the temperature from 298 K to 20 K, the O2−H1 distance decreases from 1.171(11) to 1.081(2) A and the O1···H1 distance increases from 1.327(10) to 1.416(6) A. The convergence of the C−O bond lengths from inequivalent distances at low temperature to identical values (1.285(4) A) at 298 K is consistent with a resonance-assisted hydrogen bond. However, a rigid bond analysis indicates that the structure at 298 K is disordered. The disorder vanishes at lower temperatures. Short intermolecular C−H···O contacts may be responsible for the ordering at low temperature. The intramolecular O···O distance (2.432 ± 0.006 A) does not change with temperature. X-ray data at 20 K were measured to analyze the charge density and to...
Serious Video Games: Games for Education and Health

Every game in the market is made in an effort to play, produce, teach, motivate, socialize, communicate and educate different cultures. The gamer is exposed to different types of games that can be categorized into a casual game, serious game and advergame. Serious games include games for training, games for education, games for science and research, games for production and games for work. Serious games do not necessarily lead to the production of a game [1]. They are mainly used to ensure better health and educational environment. They also provide a tool for creating jobs and making life easier in arts, design, therapy, generic software engineering, healthcare and more. Serious games are made intentionally for learning. In this paper, I will be discussing in-depth the two most crucial categories of serious games namely games for education and games for health.
Cognitions of Work Unit Structure

An improved conceptual and empirical approach to identifying dimensions of work unit structure is proposed and tested. Multidimensional scaling procedures utilizing input data from 180 unit respond...