cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speed of sound, molar volume, and molar isobaric heat capacity for binary liquid mixtures: analysis in terms of van der Waals's one-fluid theory

Abstract The speed of sound and excess molar isobaric heat capacity at 298.15 K, and the excess molar volume at 303.15 K are reported for ( n -dodecane + n -hexane). The results, in combination with the excess molar volume at 298.15 K published previously, are used to obtain the interaction parameters a 12 and b 12 for the mixture treated as a pure fluid obeying a generalized van der Waals's equation of state. Similar analyses, using results from our previous investigations, are presented for (di- n -propylether + n -heptane) and (benzene + cyclohexane).
Studies on the Late Quaternary Vegetation History of Northeastern Kansas

Two marshes near Muscotah and Arrington, Atchison County, northeastern Kansas, yielded a pollen sequence covering the last 25,000 yrs of vegetation development. The earliest pollen spectra are comparable with surface pollen spectra from southern Saskatchewan and southeastern Manitoba and might indicate a rather open vegetation but with some pine, spruce, and birch as the most important tree species, with local stands of alder and willow. This type of vegetation changed about 23,000 yrs ago to a spruce forest, which prevailed in the region until at least 15,000 yrs ago. Because of a hiatus, the vegetation changes resulting in the spread of a mixed deciduous forest and prairie, which was present in the region from 11,000 to 9,000 yrs ago, remain unknown. Prairie vegetation, with perhaps a few trees along the valleys, covered the region until about 5,000 yrs ago, when a re-expansion of deciduous trees began in the lowlands.
Optical two-way time and frequency transfer over free space

Using two-way exchange between coherent frequency combs, each phase-locked to the local optical oscillator, optical time–frequency transfer is demonstrated in free space across a 2-km-long link, with a timing deviation of 1 fs, a residual instability below 10−18 at 1,000 s and systematic offsets below 4 × 10−19.
OEIS complex (omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects) in monozygotic twins.

The omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects (OEIS) complex is a consistent and recognizable pattern of midline abdominal and pelvic defects. It is rare, affecting 1 in 200,000 to 400,000 pregnancies and is even rarer in twin gestations. This is an autopsy study of OEIS complex in monozygotic twins after pregnancy termination at 20 weeks of gestation. Unremarkable family history but concordance of monozygotic twins for the defects may support the theory that early malformation complexes, e.g., OEIS, and monozygotic twinning are manifestations of the same disturbance of early blastogenesis.
Issues of validity in tests of English as a world language: whose standards?

ABSTRACT: Despite the current extensive research on many variables associated with English language testing, little attention has been focused on the inherent variability in the linguistic ‘norms’ for Standard English that are generally tested. This paper examines data from domains of Standard English in several native-speaker (e.g. British) and non-native (e.g. Malaysian) varieties of English, focusing on linguistic and attitudinal factors leading to changes in these norms. It then discusses implications of these changes for test construction aimed at assessing proficiency in English as a global language, particularly through such standardized instruments as the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC).
Chromatographic studies of metal complexes. Part VI. Investigation of the effect of electrolytes on thin-layer chromatography

The octahedral cationic CoIII complexes [Co(ida)(bigH)2]+, [Co(glyO)(bigH)2]2+, [Co(α-alanO)(bigH)2]2+, [Co(β-alanO)BigH)2]2+ and Co(PhbigH)3]3+, where idaH2=iminodiacetic acid, glyOH=glycine, α-alanOH=α-alanine, β-alanOH=β-alanine and PhbigH=phenylbiguanide, were studied by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel in solutions of different electrolytes (NaCl, NaBr, NaI, Na2SO4, Na2S2O3, NaNO2 and NaNO3). Among other factors, the movement of the cationic complexes was found to be dependent on the surface tension and equivalent conductance of the developer electrolyte.
Mating patterns, mate choice, and birth season heterosexual relationships in free-ranging rhesus macaques

Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming, or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
The mPer2 clock gene modulates cocaine actions in the mouse circadian system.

Cocaine is a potent disruptor of photic and non-photic pathways for circadian entrainment of the master circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These actions of cocaine likely involve its modulation of molecular (clock gene) components for SCN clock timekeeping. At present, however, the physiological basis of such an interaction is unclear. To address this question, we compared photic and non-photic phase-resetting responses between wild-type (WT) and Per2 mutant mice expressing nonfunctional PER2 protein to systemic and intra-SCN cocaine administrations. In the systemic trials, cocaine was administered i.p. (20 mg/kg) either at midday or prior to a light pulse in the early night to assess its non-photic and photic behavioral phase-resetting actions, respectively. In the intra-SCN trial, cocaine was administered by reverse microdialysis at midday to determine if the SCN is a direct target for its non-photic phase-resetting action. Non-photic phase-advancing responses to i.p. cocaine at midday were significantly (~3.5-fold) greater in Per2 mutants than WTs. However, the phase-advancing action of intra-SCN cocaine perfusion at midday did not differ between genotypes. In the light pulse trial, Per2 mutants exhibited larger photic phase-delays than did WTs, and the attenuating action of cocaine on this response was proportionately larger than in WTs. These data indicate that the Per2 clock gene is a potent modulator of cocaine’s actions in the circadian system. With regard to non-photic phase-resetting, the SCN is confirmed as a direct target of cocaine action; however, Per2 modulation of this effect likely occurs outside of the SCN.
Computers and the humanities courses: Philosophical bases and approach

The Vassar Workshop generated considerable debate on questions such as whether humanities students need to learn programming, whether to teach programming before or after introductory packaged programs, and the depth of knowledge required in related areas such as statistics. The arguments reflected two distinct philosophies concerning the goals of training humanities students in computing. Although they were not expounded, these philosophies directly influenced the opinions on specific issues that were discussed at the Workshop. This article will summarize each of these philosophies and consider the arguments of the workshop participants related to them. However, it is first necessary to define certain assumptions assumptions underlying the discussion at Vassar about the need for computers and the humanities
Kainate receptors and RNA editing in cholinergic neurons.

Parasympathetic ganglia are considered simple relay systems that have cholinergic input and output, with modulation occurring centrally. Greater complexity is suggested, however, by our showing here that avian ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons also express a different excitatory receptor type –ionotropic glutamate receptors of the kainate subtype (KARs). This is the first report of glutamate receptor expression in the CG and KAR expression in any cholinergic neuron. We show that KARs form functional channels on CG neurons. KARs localize to CG neuron axons and somata as well as axons and terminals of pre-synaptic inputs to the CG. Glutamate transporters are expressed on Schwann cells that surround synapses on neuronal somata, and may provide a local source of glutamate. CG neurons express multiple KAR subunit mRNAs (GluR5, GluR7, and KA1), and their relative levels change dramatically during axon outgrowth and synaptic differentiation. The developmental role for KARs may depend upon their calcium permeability, a property regulated by mRNA editing. We show GluR5 editing increases predominantly at the time CG axons contact peripheral targets. Our data suggest that glutamatergic signaling may function as a local circuit mechanism to modulate excitability and calcium signaling during synapse formation and maturation in the CG in vivo.
Dombeya gautieri (Dombeyaceae), a remarkable new species from Madagascar

Dombeya gautieri Dorr & Skema sp. nov. is described from Madagascar and illustrated. It is remarkable for its pinnatipartite leaves, reduced number of fertile stamens, petaloid staminodes, deeply divided style, and minute, 2-carpellate ovary.
Homicide linked to moderate repetitive stresses kindling limbic seizures in 14 cases of limbic psychotic trigger reaction

Abstract Sixteen criteria are discussed regarding a recently proposed new syndrome: Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction (LPTR). Included are well-remembered, motiveless, unplanned homicidal acts, committed with flat affect, brief psychosis, and autonomic arousal. LPTR implicates partial limbic seizures, which do not quantitatively impair consciousness and memory. Such seizures are likely “kindled” by highly individualized specific trigger stimuli, reviving past repetitive mild to moderate stresses.
Defining performance limits for polymeric EO modulators

Optimizing the performance of organic electro-optic modulator materials requires the consideration of many issues including the optimization of chromophore molecular hyperpolarizability, the effective translation of molecular electro-optic activity to macroscopic electro-optic activity, the stabilization of induced electro-optic activity, the processing of bulk materials into active buried channel waveguides of appropriate dimensions, and the integration of polymeric electro-optic circuitry with semiconductor electronics and silica fiber optics. The utilization of theoretical methods to design chromophores and optimize processing protocols is reviewed. Device performance is defined by material optical loss, thermal stability, photochemical stability, and processability as well as by electro-optic activity.
Resolving the α-effect in gas phase SN2 reactions: A Marcus theory approach

Abstract Recently we reported experimental validation of the α-effect in the gas phase. However, an earlier study by our group showed a lack of enhanced reactivity in a series of S N 2 reactions of α-nucleophiles with methyl chloride conflicting with computational predictions. In an attempt to resolve these discrepancies, we investigate the S N 2 reactions for methyl chloride of low exothermicity where the smaller thermodynamic component of the activation barrier may expose α-nucleophilicity. The efficiencies for the reactions of several normal nucleophiles [C 6 H 5 O − , HC(O)O − , CH 3 C(O)O − ] and alpha-nucleophiles [HC(O)OO − , CH 3 C(O)OO − ] with CH 3 Cl are added to our previous Bronsted plot of normal and α-nucleophile reactions with methyl chloride. While the presence of an α-effect is suggested in some of the reactions with methyl chloride at lower basicities, the homologous properties of the “normal” ions in this region deviate from straight-chain alkoxides making the definition of “normal” reactivity more difficult. Application of Marcus theory provides insight into the intrinsic nature of the α-effect and how easily intrinsic differences can be masked. Computational barriers were utilized to estimate an “average” Marcus intrinsic barrier for several reactions at two different levels of theory. The “average” intrinsic barrier for the identity reaction of HOO − lies roughly 15 kJ mol −1 below those of the “normal” nucleophiles, but this intrinsic difference is a maximum that can be significantly masked by leaving group barrier contributions to the overall Marcus activation barrier and thermodynamic driving forces. Variations in the intrinsic Marcus barriers of the anion(s) defining “normal” reactivity will play a key role in the magnitude of the α-effect. Significantly lower electron affinities (∼0.6 eV) are associated with the formation of the α-oxyanions compared to the normal oxyanions (X + e − → X − ) suggesting that the ease of charge transfer between the nucleophile and transition state is responsible for the lower barriers of the α-nucleophiles.
Molar vs Molecular Approaches to Reward Schedule and Serial Learning Phenomena

Abstract In Experiment 1 all rats received identical series of rewarded and nonrewarded trials in a black runway and in a white runway. A grouping cue, a change in runway brightness, was introduced on a rewarded trial that followed either a single nonrewarded trial (Group N1) or four successive nonrewarded trials (Group N4). Over a series of four nonrewarded trials terminating in reward, Group N1 ran slower than Group N4 on Trial 2 but faster than Group N4 on Trial 4. In Experiment 2, slower running occurred when the grouping cue occurred on Trial 4 of a consistent reward schedule rather than on Trial 4 of a partial reward schedule. These findings were shown to be inconsistent with three theories that attempt to explain reward schedule data in terms of some overall characteristic of the schedule such as percentage of reward (molar theories). The data are consistent with the sequential view that recommends decomposing reward schedules into more elementary memory units (a molecular theory). In particular the data demonstrate that the effects of an overall reward schedule on behavior are determined by the more specific reward schedules associated with each memory component of the schedule. Importantly, the findings suggest that reward schedule investigations and serial learning investigations are, theoretically speaking, identical. Accordingly, the findings strongly discourage the common practice of reward schedule theories ignoring serial learning data and of serial learning theories ignoring reward schedule data.
Toward the synthesis of xestocyclamine A: investigation of double Michael reaction and direct aza Diels–Alder reaction

Abstract An efficient synthesis of the isoquinuclidone core of xestocyclamine A is described. The key step is a direct aza Diels–Alder reaction of enone 14 and p -anisidine to assemble the isoquinuclidone core of xestocyclamine A.
ANALYSIS OF STERYL GLUCOSIDES IN FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BY SOLID‐PHASE EXTRACTION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

A method to quantify b -sitosterol (BSS) and b -sitosteryl glucoside (BSSG) in dietary supplements containing added BSS and BSSG was developed and also validated for the analysis of naturally occurring free and esterified sterols and steryl glucosides in foods. Steryl glucosides were extracted with hexane-diethyl ether (1 : 1, v/v) after the alkaline saponification of a powdered supplement or of total lipid extracts of whole wheat flour, granola bars, soybeans, flaxseed, dried figs, peanut butter, lyophilized mixed vegetables, almonds, pine nuts and a diet homogenate. An oil-based supplement was analyzed directly. Steryl glucosides were isolated by solid-phase extraction, derivatized and quantified as trimethylsilyl ethers using capillary gas chromatography (GC) with a 5% diphenyl - 95% dimethylpolysiloxane column. Recovery studies using a commercially available mixed steryl glucoside standard and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses validated the method. Approximately 2‐36 mg/100 g (9‐37%) of total sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol in the foods was contributed by the glucosides.
Properties of isolated active γF subunits of foetal haemoglobin

Abstract Physiologically active γ F chains were isolated from foetal haemoglobin by our differential mercuration procedure, a modification of the method of Bucci & Fronticelli (1965), and their properties were studied. Identification of the subunits was by gel electrophoresis, tryptic peptide mapping and on the basis of the well-resolved tryptophan fine-structure absorption band in the ultraviolet. Sedimentation analysis showed that the isolated subunits existed in a tetrameric state. The number of the reactive SH groups was estimated as one per chain, which shows that all the SH groups of the chain are fully reactive. The oxygen equilibrium was characterized by an increased affinity toward oxygen, and absence of haem-haem interaction and the Bohr effect. The oxygen affinity was found to be lower than that of the β A subunit. These findings are essentially the same as those for other single subunit haemoglobins. The subunit was less resistant to alkaline denaturation in the deoxy form than in the oxy form, and the same was also found in foetal haemoglobin.
Aging effect and nitrogen distribution in diamond nanoparticles

Abstract This paper is focused on understanding the behavior of diamond particle aging effect and nitrogen atoms behavior in isolated diamond nanoparticles. Aging is a crucial effect that is observed in as-grown individual nanoparticles only. This effect was investigated for as-grown nanodiamond particles exposed and non-exposed to field emission experiments. It was shown that under field emission exposure the sp2 fraction in as-grown structures starts increasing from the surface of the particles and this process continues up to the whole particle phase transition. Nitrogen is potentially a donor dopant in diamond but there were no experimental results describing the nitrogen behavior in diamond nanoparticles, in large part, due to the nanometer scale of the structures. In this paper the clear indications of nitrogen impurities imbedded in bulk of nanodiamond are presented. By field electron emission measurements it was shown that a single isolated diamond particle on a metal tip substantially increases the emission voltage. The major characterization techniques are Z-contrast imaging using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Horseshoe Crab Spawning Activity in Delaware Bay, USA, After Harvest Reduction: A Mixed-Model Analysis

A Delaware Bay, USA, standardized survey of spawning horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, was carried out in 1999 − 2013 through a citizen science network. Previous trend analyses of the data were at the state (DE or NJ) or bay-wide levels. Here, an alternative mixed-model regression analysis was used to estimate trends in female and male spawning densities at the beach level (n = 26) with the objective of inferring their causes. For females, there was no overall trend and no single explanation applies to the temporal and spatial patterns in their densities. Individual beaches that initially had higher densities tended to experience a decrease, while beaches that initially had lower densities tended to experience an increase. As a result, densities of spawning females at the end of the study period were relatively similar among beaches, suggesting a redistribution of females among the beaches over the study period. For males, there was a positive overall trend in spawning abundance from 1999 to 2013, and this increase occurred broadly among beaches. Moreover, the beaches with below-average initial male density tended to have the greatest increases. Possible explanations for these patterns include harvest reduction, sampling artifact, habitat change, density-dependent habitat selection, or mate selection. The broad and significant increase in male spawning density, which occurred after enactment of harvest controls, is consistent with the harvest reduction explanation, but there is no single explanation for the temporal or spatial pattern in female densities. These results highlight the continued value of a citizen-science-based spawning survey in understanding horseshoe crab ecology and conservation.
Abstract 3791: Secreted plectin-rich exosomes from pancreatic cancer cells promote tumor aggressiveness.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Background & Aims: We recently demonstrated that the aberrant extracellular localization of the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin is a robust biomarker for the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most aggressive malignancies. Exosomes are nanometer-sized particles containing cytoplasm and plasma membrane that are secreted by both normal and cancerous cells. Recently the importance of exosomes in cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment has been demonstrated. Fusion of exosomes to the cellular membrane in either a paracrine or autocrine manner can result in aberrant protein localization. Here, we assess the mechanism for plectin mislocalization and its functional role in PDAC. Methods: A plectin-binding assay was developed to assess the presence of cell-surface localized plectin. To examine their potential contribution to aberrant extracellular localization of plectin, we determined whether plectin was present in PDAC-secreted exosomes collected by ultracentrifugation and evaluated by immunoblotting. Based on these observations, we then determined whether exosomes with or without plectin altered gross phenotypic tumor characteristics in vitro in tumor stromal and endothelial cells. Finally, we tested the ability to alter outgrowth kinetics by directly injecting exosomes with or without plectin in tumors in vivo. Results: Plectin was localized on the cell surface as well as present in exosomes derived from PDAC cell lines but not from non-transformed human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells. Plectin presence in the exosomes hinged on the expression of integrin β4, a protein known to interact with cytosolic plectin. shRNA and overexpression studies collectively demonstrated a positive role of plectin and its localization in the exosomes in proliferation, migration, and invasion of PDAC cells and migratory capacity of microenvironment cells. Finally, plectin-rich exosomes enhanced in vivo tumor growth. Conclusions: Plectin is expressed in PDAC and is aberrantly localized to the cell surface via exosomes in an integrin β4-dependent manner. Additionally, plectin-rich exosomes induce pronounced increase in tumor growth in vitro and in vivo further they increased invasion and migration in vitro. Plectin-positive exosomes had profound effects on stromal and endothelial cells. Because cell surface plectin has been shown to be a biomarker for transition of pre-invasive to invasive PDAC, the elucidation of the mechanisms of its deregulation may provide important insights for successful detection and management of PDAC. Citation Format: Soo J. Shin. Secreted plectin-rich exosomes from pancreatic cancer cells promote tumor aggressiveness. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3791. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3791
Metal fuel cells [Zn-air fuel cells]

The author describes a zinc-air fuel cell system which may be used for everything from electric vehicles (EVs) to backup generators, and may also provide practical and efficient energy storage.
Trace metal distributions off the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea

Dissolved trace metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn), inorganic nutrients (PO4, H4SiO4), and chlorophyll a were measured at 19 stations along a surface water transect from the Antarctic Peninsula into the Weddell Sea. The range of concentrations of metals and nutrients measured along the western rim of the Weddell Sea were consistent with previous results from the Southern Ocean. Metal levels measured in the Weddell Sea showed two distinct patterns: (1) metals (Al, Co, and Pb) that generally had lower levels in the Weddell Sea; and (2) dissolved constituents (Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, PO4, H4SiO4) that showed an enrichment in the Weddell Sea, as compared to other ocean basins. While this dichotomy suggested that high metal concentrations may result from natural processes, the impact of anthropogenic processes on metal levels in Antarctic waters is also evident. A comparison of the stable lead isotopic composition reported for surface waters of the Weddell Sea and our Southern Hemisphere aerosol samples suggested that the cycling of Pb in those waters has been influenced by industrial Pb from South America. The importance of biological activity on the cycling of bioactive metals in the Weddell Sea was suggested by the inverse relationship between chl a concentrations and trace metal residence time. A strong linear relationship between Cd and PO4 was observed, as in other oceans. The Cd/PO4 ratio along the western rim of the Weddell Sea was consistent with previous ratios reported for the northern part of the Weddell Sea and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. However, those ratios were significantly higher than the previously reported Cd/PO4 ratio for the southern part of the Weddell Sea, suggesting that Cd/PO4 ratios within the same oceanographic basin are susceptible to temporal and spatial variability. We also showed that the Ag/Cu ratio could potentially be used as a geochemical tracer of different water masses in the world ocean. The Ag/Cu ratio in the Weddell Sea was essentially the same as the ratio reported for the Pacific Ocean, suggesting that Weddell Sea surface waters may influence the composition of trace metals in subsurface waters of the Pacific.
Quantifying an early signature of the industrial revolution from lead concentrations and isotopes in soils of Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract During the early industrial revolution, mining and smelting of ores and coal combustion released significant amounts of lead (Pb) into the atmosphere. While many researchers have documented high Pb concentrations in topsoils due to gasoline combustion between 1940s and 1980s, little work has focused on the extent of Pb and other heavy metal deposition into soils during the early industrial period. Here, we report Pb, cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) concentrations and Pb isotope ratios of soils, sediments, parent bedrock, and waters collected from a small, currently pristine watershed (Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory) in Pennsylvania (United States of America). Our results show that Pb in the soil comprises an addition profile, i.e. more Pb is present in the soil than is present in the equivalent parent bedrock. All three investigated soil profiles at Shale Hills on the same hillslope have Pb inventories (∼400–600 μg cm−2) attributed to atmospheric deposition. Cd and Zn concentrations in these soils show similar addition profiles due to atmospheric deposition. Based on Pb isotopic ratios, the most likely source of the added Pb is coal burning and ore smelting during local iron production in the early 19th century, roughly coincident with the construction of the U.S. transcontinental railroad. Mass balance and diffusive transport modeling were used to quantify Pb deposition rates and redistribution. These model results are consistent with the hypothesis that from ∼1850s to 1920s, coal burning and ore smelting in local iron blasting furnaces significantly increased the local Pb emissions so that Pb deposition rates in soils were in the range of 6–10 μg cm−2 yr−1. These values are comparable to Pb deposition rates found in other areas with early and intensive industrial activities (e.g. since the ∼1860s in Australia). Our new Pb, Cd, and Zn concentrations and Pb isotope results, in combination with the previously observed manganese (Mn) enrichment at Shale Hills, document that early industrial point sources contaminated local soils with metals that remain even today in topsoils with large sorption capacities. Where these metals are retained, their depth profiles provide a mean to infer the history of metal additions and redistributions.
An Integrated Aircraft Design and Performance Prediction Tool - Design, Validation, and Demonstration

When starting on an aircraft design process, it could prove powerful to be able to employ a design tool which has the ability to predict an aircraft’s aerodynamic, longitudinal static stability, and flight performance characteristics without paying the large time penalty typically associated with these efforts. An integrated aircraft design code, iFly, was created in order to serve as a design tool which presents data to compare different aircraft with varying airfoils, engines, aerodynamic devices, planform features, and dimensions with respect to their aerodynamic coefficients, longitudinal static stability characteristics, and basic flight performance qualities while completing a simple flight mission. Executing the user-friendly graphic user interface, the user has the ability to define and generate numerous aircraft of varying configuration and size to run analysis on and compare results. The ability of iFly to perform a multi-aircraft analysis based on a set of user-defined iteration parameters of chosen aircraft dimensions, allows for the user to select a configuration that has been optimized with regards to its specific mission requirements and objectives. After the user has defined the aircraft geometry and features, iFly predicts aerodynamic coefficients for the particular configuration using an advanced potential flow code. Once these coefficients are generated, the aircraft configuration is ‘flown’ through a user-defined basic flight mission, and the subsequent performance parameters are collected. Predicted aerodynamic and flight performances that are generated using iFly agree well with experimental data from several small-scale Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs), and a potential flow code XFLR5. In addition, the potential of iFly is demonstrated with the design process of Saint Louis University’s Advanced Class and Micro Class entries to the 2011 Society of Automotive Engineers’ Aero Design Competition. The code validation of iFly and the example of the SAE Aero Design aircraft, demonstrate the possibility of the code to greatly reduce the time cost of the aircraft design process by providing reliable aerodynamic and performance data.
DEMOGRAPHIC POLARIZATION OF HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN SIX MAJOR UNITED STATES METROPOLITAN AREAS

This paper extends current discourse on urban poverty by providing evidence of the demographic polarization of housing affordability in metropolitan areas. Findings from the 1990 Census indicate that American society has become increasingly polarized with respect to income and employment opportunities. It also has become more racially and ethnically diverse, particularly in metropolitan areas. Frey (1995) described the new spatial distribution of the population as an emerging “demographic balkanization” because of pronounced spatial segmentation of the population by race, class, ethnicity, and age across metropolitan areas. This spatial segmentation is the direct result of immigration, regional migration, and the differential cost of living. In this paper, I extend these ideas by addressing the issue of housing affordability in selected metropolitan areas. The urban housing market is the arena that links poverty and geography. The demographic diversity of housing affordability within metropolitan areas is...
The Cost of Antidumping: the Devil is in the Details

We argue that the costs of antidumping (AD) protection are substantially higher than standard tariff analysis would suggest. First, since AD duties are often adjusted during administrative reviews, the welfare cost of AD duties increases over time. These adjustments effectively transfer heavily distorted AD revenue to foreign firms. Second, AD duties are more costly than simply the visible costs of AD protection. There are significant additional costs associated with the prospect of protection imposed when foreign and domestic firms alter their profit maximizing behavior in order to influence the outcome of potential AD investigations. These costs may exceed the direct cost of AD duties.
Modulation of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects by dopamine D1 agonists in rhesus monkeys

Dopamine (DA) D(1) agonists are classified as high- or low-efficacy on the basis of in vitro functional measures as compared to DA. In monkeys self-administering cocaine, high-efficacy D(1) agonists have been shown to have reinforcing effects, while low-efficacy agonists do not. However, the relationship between D(1) agonist efficacy and cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects, particularly in rhesus monkeys, is not clear. The present study investigated the discriminative stimulus effects of a high- (SKF 81297) and a low-efficacy (SKF 38393) D(1) agonist in rhesus monkeys (n=4) trained to discriminate cocaine from saline using a two-lever drug discrimination procedure. In a second experiment, the effects of agonist pretreatments, as well as pretreatment with a D(1) antagonist, on cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects were evaluated. SKF 81297 (0.01-1.7 mg/kg) fully substituted for cocaine in three of four animals (> 80% cocaine-appropriate responding), while SKF 38393 (0.3-10 mg/kg) occasioned < 50% cocaine-appropriate responding in all subjects. When given as a pretreatment, neither agonist altered cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects at the doses tested. In contrast, the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 attenuated cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects. These results indicate that D(1) agonists have cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rhesus monkeys that are consistent with their in vitro efficacies. However, when given in combination with cocaine, D(1) agonist efficacy does not appear to be a major factor in modifying cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects.
Addressing Population Health and Health Inequalities: The Role of Fundamental Causes

Objectives. As a case study of the impact of universal versus targeted interventions on population health and health inequalities, we used simulations to examine (1) whether universal or targeted manipulations of collective efficacy better reduced population-level rates and racial/ethnic inequalities in violent victimization; and (2) whether experiments reduced disparities without addressing fundamental causes.Methods. We applied agent-based simulation techniques to the specific example of an intervention on neighborhood collective efficacy to reduce population-level rates and racial/ethnic inequalities in violent victimization. The agent population consisted of 4000 individuals aged 18 years and older with sociodemographic characteristics assigned to match distributions of the adult population in New York City according to the 2000 US Census.Results. Universal experiments reduced rates of victimization more than targeted experiments. However, neither experiment reduced inequalities. To reduce inequalitie...
Copying Nature's Mechanism for the Decarboxylation of β-Keto Acids into Catalytic Antibodies by Reactive Immunization

Reactive immunization was used to generate catalytic antibodies that use the enamine mechanism common to the natural class I aldolase enzymes. In order to investigate the possibility of exploiting the imine and enamine intermediates programmed into antibody catalysts by reactive immunization and the features which antibody aldolases share with naturally evolved catalysts, we have studied their ability to catalyze the decarboxylation of structurally related β-keto acids. Both aldolase antibodies were shown to efficiently catalyze the decarboxylation of two hapten-related β-keto acids with rate enhancements (kcat/kuncat) between 4959 and 14 774. Inhibition studies support the role of an essential lysine residue in the active site of the antibodies and the formation of a cyanide accessible imine intermediate in the mechanism. Investigation of the decarboxylation reaction of 2-{3‘-(4‘‘-acetamidophenyl)propyl}acetoacetic acid, 4, to 6-(4‘-acetamidophenyl)-2-hexanone, 12, in the presence of 18O-labeled water by...
Sterol and fatty acid composition of the clam,Codakia orbicularis, with chemoautotrophic symbionts

Codakia orbicularis may obtain nutrients from chemoautolithotrophic bacteria. The chemical composition of theC. orbicularis was investigated because of this unusual source of nutrition, and because it is a human food source in the Caribbean. The lipid fraction of these molluscs is discussed in detail. Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for only 11–15% of the total fatty acids, and non-methylene interrupted dienes are present as high as 9.5%. Cholesterol represents about 45% of the total sterols present.
Ingenol Mebutate: An Emerging Therapy in the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses

Ingenol mebutate gel, derived from the sap of the Euphorbia peplus plant, recently has been investigated as a potential topical treatment for actinic keratoses. The medication is proposed to have a dual mechanism of action: rapid lesion necrosis followed by lesion-specific, neutrophil-mediated, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. A literature review of the data from phase II and III clinical trials reveals that ingenol mebutate gel is an efficacious and safe therapy for actinic keratoses when used on areas of skin up to 25 cm2. Further research is needed to compare directly ingenol mebutate gel to other treatments available for actinic keratoses, as well as to establish safety and efficacy for application on larger areas of skin.
Bin1 ablation increases susceptibility to cancer during aging, particularly lung cancer.

Age is the major risk factor for cancer, but few genetic pathways that modify cancer incidence during aging have been described. Bin1 is a prototypic member of the BAR adapter gene family that functions in vesicle dynamics and nuclear processes. Bin1 limits oncogenesis and is often attenuated in human cancers, but its role in cancer suppression has yet to be evaluated fully in vivo . In the mouse, homozygous deletion of Bin1 causes developmental lethality, so to assess this role, we examined cancer incidence in mosaic null mice generated by a modified Cre-lox technology. During study of these animals, one notable phenotype was an extended period of female fecundity during aging, with mosaic null animals retaining reproductive capability until the age of 17.3 ± 1.1 months. Through 1 year of age, cancer incidence was unaffected by Bin1 ablation; however, by 18 to 20 months of age, ∼50% of mosaic mice presented with lung adenocarcinoma and ∼10% with hepatocarcinoma. Aging mosaic mice also displayed a higher incidence of inflammation and/or premalignant lesions, especially in the heart and prostate. In mice where colon tumors were initiated by a ras -activating carcinogen, Bin1 ablation facilitated progression to more aggressive invasive status. In cases of human lung and colon cancers, immunohistochemical analyses evidenced frequent attenuation of Bin1 expression, paralleling observations in other solid tumors. Taken together, our findings highlight an important role for Bin1 as a negative modifier of inflammation and cancer susceptibility during aging. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7605–12]
Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt marsh vegetation: Belowground biomass1

Root growth increased during the early growing season in Spartina alterniflora salt marsh plots. While fertilization with nitrogenous fertilizer did not affect initial growth, a marked decrease in root biomass followed the spring peak particularly where nutrient doses were highest. A sharp reduction in roots occurred in enriched areas covered by Spartina patens, although, as with S. alterniflora, aboveground biomass increased. Roots disappeared during autumn leaving rhizomes as the only part of the plants to overwinter. The maximum standing crop for roots was 0–2 cm deep, for rhizomes 2–5 cm. Net annual underground production was calculated from annual increments in dead matter belowground. Total production, underground and aboveground, exceeds that of any marine vegetation, ranging from 3,900 to 6,600 g m‒2 yr‒1 in S. alterniflora areas and 3,200 to 6,200 g m‒2 yr‒1 in S. patens areas. Fertilization increased production particularly aboveground where dead plant parts are subject to export.
Informed consent: Legal theory and clinical practice

Appelbaum, P. S., Lidz, C.W., and Meisel, A. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1987), 286 pages, $27.95.
Imperfect Victories: The Legal Tenacity of the Omaha Tribe, 1945-1995

The Omaha Tribe of Nebraska has borne more than its fair share of the burden created by the federal government's wildly vacillating Indian policy. Mark R. Scherer's "Imperfect Victories" provides a detailed examination of the Omahas' tenacious efforts to overcome the damaging effects of shifting directions in federal policy during the last fifty years. The Omahas' struggles are particularly significant because the tribe often bore the initial impact of experimental legislation that would later be implemented nationally. Scherer details the disastrous consequences of postwar federal legislation that transferred control over Indian affairs to state authorities as a precursor to the wholesale termination of Indian tribalism. The legislation brought jurisdictional turmoil to the Omaha reservation and placed the Omahas in chronic conflict with local law enforcement agencies. As the tribe fought to become the first Indian group in the nation to escape the effects of that law through retrocession, they waged equally notable struggles for the redress of past wrongs with the Indian Claims Commission and in the federal courts. Scherer demonstrates that the Omahas' successes in those campaigns have been at best imperfect victories, coming only after years of hardship and failing to eliminate many underlying tensions and problems. Mark R. Scherer is an adjunct instructor of history at the University of Nebraska, an instructor of law at the College of Saint Mary, and a practicing attorney.
The State of Non-Traditional Authorship Attribution Studies—2012: Some Problems and Solutions

In 1998, an article appeared in Computers and the Humanities with the following abstract: The statement, “Results of most non traditional authorship attribution studies are not accepted as definitive,” is explicated. A variety of problems in these studies are listed and discussed: studies governed by expediency; a lack of competent research; flawed statistical techniques; corrupted primary data; lack of expertise in allied fields; a dilettantish approach; inadequate treatment of errors. Various solutions are suggested: construct a correct and complete experimental design; educate the practitioners; study style in its totality; identify and educate the gatekeepers; develop a complete theoretical framework; form an association of practitioners.1 1Rudman, “State of Authorship Studies,” 351. Fourteen years later we can see a muddled but gradual advancement in some areas.2However, all of the old problems not only remain but many have been exacerbated. A slew of new, unproven methodologies, new problems, and ne...
Theory and applications of the generalized Born solvation model in macromolecular simulations.

Generalized Born (GB) models provide an attractive way to include some thermodynamic aspects of aqueous solvation into simulations that do not explicitly model the solvent molecules. Here we discuss our recent experience with this model, presenting in detail the way it is implemented and parallelized in the AMBER molecular modeling code. We compare results using the GB model (or GB plus a surface-area based "hydrophobic" term) to explicit solvent simulations for a 10 base-pair DNA oligomer, and for the 108-residue protein thioredoxin. A slight modification of our earlier suggested parameters makes the GB results more like those found in explicit solvent, primarily by slightly increasing the strength of NH [bond] O and NH [bond] N internal hydrogen bonds. Timing and energy stability results are reported, with an eye toward using these model for simulations of larger macromolecular systems and longer time scales.
Grain sorghum response to plant residue‐recycled iron and other iron sources

Abstract Inorganic Fe sources applied to the soil are usually not effective for correcting iron chlorosis unless extremely high rates are used. Certain synthetic chelates and some organically complexed Fe compounds are somewhat effective in soil applications but their use is not economically feasible except on high cash value crops, gardens and ornamentals. The most effective correction of Fe chlorosis on field crops is foliar spray applications with Fe compounds. However, in severe chlorosis, several separate spray applications may be needed. Field experiments were conducted on two soils supporting severely and slightly Fe chlorotic grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to determine the agronomic effectiveness of various Fe sources. Plant complexed Fe sources using post‐harvest grain sorghum stubble and iron‐efficient Amaranthus spp plants were compared with a synthetic chelate for efficacy in correcting Fe chlorosis on grain sorghum. Industrial byproducts containing acid and Fe were also compared. S...
Intimate Hierarchies and Qur'anic Saliva (Tëfli): Textuality in a Senegalese Ethnomedical Encounter

This article examines the multimodal textuality of a videotaped ethnomedical encounter between a Senegalese healer and his patient and considers these findings in light of metadiscourses on healing that were collected in interviews. The article demonstrates how a cultural figure of the healing process is precipitated out of patterns of co-occurrence (or "textures") of linguistic, paralinguistic, and nonlinguistic semiotic devices and suggests that this approach is well equipped to illuminate ethnomedical practice in Senegal and elsewhere.
Investigation of the Impacts of Gamma Radiolysis on an Advanced TALSPEAK Separation

The advanced TALSPEAK process is a selective solvent extraction that utilizes 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]) to separate lanthanide elements from trivalent actinides, which are held back in the aqueous phase by N-hydroxylethyl-N,N’,N’-ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA) buffered by citric acid. Gamma irradiation of an experiment containing Eu(III) and Am(III) as representative lanthanide and actinide elements resulted in higher distribution ratios of both and separation factors which decreased in an exponential fashion with increasing dose. Analysis of the reagents showed that the HEDTA concentration also decreased in an exponential fashion, strongly suggesting that degradation was correlated with loss of separation selectivity. In contrast, the concentration of citrate was unaffected, and while the concentration of HEH[EHP] did decrease, its dose-dependent kinetic profile indicated that it was not limiting partitioning. A second set of experiments were conducted using a...