cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in aging and long-term care

Abstract Several recent social, cultural, economic, and demographic trends affect the contemporary long-term care system in the United States. These trends include an increasingly diverse aging population, with a growing need for services and demand for care provided in home and community-based settings. This chapter describes consumers and their informal care partners as well as challenges and ethical issues in long-term care. Included in this discussion is a focus on an increasing number of special populations needing this care. The chapter concludes with implications for future research, policy, practice, and theory. A key emphasis is on current efforts to improve quality across the continuum of long-term care, including implications of recent directives of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Affordable Care Act aimed at promoting person-centered care in both institutional and community-based long-term care settings. Recommendations are made for using a critical lens when implementing and evaluating person-centered care initiatives and when conducting research.
Capturing the legacy of the U.S.-China EcoPartnerships program

Author(s): Szum, C | Abstract: Under the Ten Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment between the Governments of the United States and China, the two countries implemented a highly successful U.S.-China EcoPartnerships program. The program helped to grow 45 U.S.-China subnational partnerships and accelerate breakthroughs in technology and policy to achieve shared goals in clean air, clean water, and waste reduction. With the culmination of the U.S.-China EcoPartnerships program in January 2021, this article captures the legacy of this impressive program by providing insights into its unique structure; the diverse set of projects that comprised U.S.-China EcoPartnerships; its commercial and environmental impacts; and the lessons that can be applied to future bilateral and multilateral subnational environmental programs.
COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Report of Nebulized Nitroglycerin and Systemic Thrombolysis For Right Ventricular Failure.

Abstract Background Acute respiratory compromise caused by complications of COVID-19, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or thromboembolic disease, is a complex syndrome with unique challenges in treatment. Management often requires time and intensive care through a multiprofessional, multispecialty approach. Initial management is particularly challenging within the limited-resource environment of the emergency department (ED). The emergency physician's toolbox of treatments with reasonably rapid onset remains limited to respiratory support, prone positioning, steroids, and anticoagulation. Case Report We present a case of a patient with COVID-19 complicated by ARDS and bilateral pulmonary emboli with severe right ventricular dysfunction and systemic hypotension treated with nebulized nitroglycerin and systemic thrombolytic therapy in the ED. Serial evaluation of right ventricular function using point of care ultrasound over the next 2 h showed improvement of function with both agents as well as improvement in the patient's respiratory rate and work of breathing. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case describes a novel use of a widely available medication for patients with COVID-19–induced right ventricular dysfunction. Nebulized nitroglycerin may be an option to improve right ventricular function when other inhaled pulmonary vasodilators are not available in the initial ED setting. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
The Palatal Approach for Direct Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation: A Case Report.

Introduction The traditional techniques of maxillary sinus floor elevation via a direct or indirect approach are suitable for the majority of cases. However, in cases of unfavorable anatomy and/or a thick lateral bony wall, we propose here a new approach for sinus floor elevation. Case presentation Forty-two-year-old female presents for sinus floor elevation after a failed attempt due to anatomical limitations and intraoperative complications. During the second surgical procedure, the access to the sinus membrane was performed from the palatal side due to thickness of the buccal wall ranging from 6 to 9 mm and the presence of septa. The sinus augmentation was successful, allowing for future implant placement. Conclusion In selected cases, when the anatomy of the maxillary sinus poses limitations and the lateral wall thickness requires significant bone removal, the palatal approach is a valid alternative to the traditional sinus augmentation techniques.
Strategies for Introductory Health Literacy Education Using Fundamental, Case-based, and Simulated Learning Experiences in Undergraduate Health Education

This feature article describes strategies for designing and facilitating an introductory health literacy education mini unit using a compendium of fundamental, case-based, and simulated learning ex...
Surgical Management of Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses: Analysis of Operative Indications, Settings, and Outcomes

Objectives The role of surgery in management of sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma (SNRMS) has traditionally been limited, owing to anatomic and technological challenges and the established role of systemic therapy. Herein, we report our institutional experience with surgical management of SNRMS, with a particular focus on operative approaches, extent and outcomes. Design This study is a retrospective cohort study. Setting This study was conducted at a single-institution, academic center. Participants Patients of any age with histologically confirmed RMS of the nasal cavity, maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, or sphenoid sinus, nasolacrimal duct, or nasopharynx presenting between 1994 and 2020 were included in this study. Main Outcome Measures Demographics, tumor characteristics, operative settings, complications and recurrence, and survival outcomes were the primary outcomes of this study. Results Our study cohort comprised of 29 patients (mean [range] age: 27.0 [3.1–65.7], n = 12 [41%] female). Tumors of the nasal cavity (n = 10, 35%) and ethmoid sinuses (n = 10, 35%) and those with alveolar histology (n = 21, 72%) predominated. Patients who had surgery as part of their treatment (n = 13, 45%) had improved distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) overall (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.98, p = 0.05) as compared with those who did not have surgery. Surgical approaches included open (n = 7), endoscopic (n = 4), and combined (n = 2). Eight of these 13 patients (62%) had an R0 resection. Additionally, surgical salvage of recurrent disease was employed in five patients (17%). Conclusion SNRMS is an aggressive malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and spread requiring a multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes. Our data supports an expanding role for surgery for SNRMS given its feasibility, tolerability, and potential to improve outcomes.
The Abundances and Excitation of Interstellar Molecules

Publisher Summary The fundamental importance of interstellar chemistry lies in its relation to the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, and planetary systems. Its particular hazards are that interstellar clouds lie so far from Earth and terrestrial experience and that they evidently exist in states very far from thermodynamic equilibrium. The primary destruction process in regions exposed to ultraviolet starlight is spontaneous radiative dissociation where absorptions in the Lyman and Werner lines are followed by fluorescence into the vibrational continuum of the ground electronic state. External starlight is excluded from the interior regions of thick clouds by absorption due to dust and to molecules in the outer layers. The distribution of hydrogen molecules among their excited vibrational and rotational levels can be used to probe temperature, density, and intensity of ultraviolet light in interstellar clouds. The population distribution is governed by the distribution upon formation, relaxation by slow vibration rotation transitions, absorption of ultraviolet radiation and subsequent fluorescence, inelastic collisions, and reactive collisions.
Neurohumoral mechanisms in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension in rats

This brief review describes the role of neural and non-neural mechanisms during different phases of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. There are contradictory data for and against a role of the sympathetic nervous system and neurohumoral agents, including endothelin and vasopressin. Elucidating the factors responsible for DOCA-salt hypertension will be helpful in understanding the causes of hypertension resulting from hypervolaemia, hyperaldosteronism and high salt intake.
Tracked ultrasound elastography (TrUE)

This paper presents a robust framework for freehand ultrasound elastography to cope with uncertainties of freehand palpation using the information from an external tracker. In order to improve the quality of the elasticity images, the proposed method selects a few image pairs such that in each pair the lateral and out-of-plane motions are minimized. It controls the strain rate by choosing the axial motion to be close to a given optimum value. The tracking data also enables fusing multiple strain images that are taken roughly from the same location. This method can be adopted for various trackers and strain estimation algorithms. In this work, we show the results for two tracking systems of electromagnetic (EM) and optical tracker. Using phantom and ex-vivo animal experiments, we show that the proposed techniques significantly improve the elasticity images and reduce the dependency to the hand motion of user.
Challenges in estimating trends in Arctic surface-based inversions from radiosonde data

[1] Because of potential connections between changes in the characteristics of surface-based inversions (SBIs) and other Arctic climate trends, and because of the availability of radiosonde observations from the 1950s to present, one might seek to investigate Arctic SBI trends using radiosonde data. However, changes in observational methods, particularly those affecting sounding vertical resolution, introduce artificial changes in radiosonde representations of SBIs that degrade trend estimates. SBI intensity and depth data are particularly sensitive to this problem, but frequency of SBI occurrence is more robust. Most previous investigations of Arctic SBI trends have erroneously neglected or dismissed this issue. Based on SBI data from the few Arctic stations with homogeneous records during 1990–2009, most trends are not statistically significant, and no clear patterns of SBI change emerge. Among the significant trends, we find SBI intensity trends are positively associated with SBI depth trends, but negatively correlated with the surface temperature trends.
Numerical analysis of electrical response: Biased small-signal a.c. response for systems with one or two blocking electrodes

Abstract The small-signal a.c. response of systems with two blocking electrodes, or one blocking and one ohmic electrode, subject to an external steady voltage bias is examined. The electrolyte is unsupported and may contain one or two mobile charge carrier species. The small-signal response displays features which are readily associated with the redistribution of charge within the system caused by the external bias and the injection of charge into a system with one non-blocking electrode. A procedure is given for approximating the small-signal response of a system containing many Debye lengths from the small-signal response of a thinner system. In a addition to describing the impedance and admittance of an initially flat-band system subject to an external bias, the results obtained are also applicable to a limiting case of an unbiased system with intrinsic space charge (Frenkel) layers. An equivalent circuit is found which usually provides an adequate approximate representation of the system response, and the physical interpretation of the circuit parameters is discussed.
Regulation of Cobamide-dependent Ribonucleotide Reductase by Allosteric Effectors and Divalent Cations

Abstract Factors regulating the rate behavior and substrate specificity of purified cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase of Lactobacillus leichmannii have been examined in detail. Reduction of each of the four common ribonucleoside triphosphates (cytidine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and guanosine triphosphate) is maximally stimulated by a different deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. These deoxyribonucleotides, conveniently termed "prime" effectors, are: deoxyadenosine triphosphate for CTP reduction; deoxycytidine triphosphate for UTP reduction; deoxyguanosine triphosphate for ATP reduction; and thymidine triphosphate for GTP reduction. Only ATP and GTP are actively reduced in the absence of added effector; in both cases, however, reduction is enhanced by prime effector. Deoxyribonucleotides that are not prime effectors for a given reduction may be negative or weakly positive effectors. Effector nucleotides are active at low concentrations (viz. 10-4 m); they are not replaceable by the corresponding diphosphates and monophosphates; and they are in competition with one another for an enzymatic binding site other than the catalytic site. Thus, they are allosteric effectors. Kinetic studies with substrate mixtures suggest the presence of a single catalytic site, but are inconclusive because the reduction product of one substrate (or the substrate itself) may be a positive or negative effector for reduction of the other substrate. Divalent cations (Mg++, Ca++, and Mn++) also have significant stimulatory and inhibitory effects that vary with the substrate, the effector, and the sequence of cation and effector addition. The results indicate that this enzyme, previously shown to be derepressed when folate-free cells are grown in thymine-free medium (and probably repressed by intracellular dTTP), is also subject to a complex network of positive and negative feedback effects in which allosteric effector nucleotides and divalent cations, presumably through modifications of the physical state of the enzyme, determine which ribonucleotides are reduced. It is concluded that these effects may maintain the balance of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis in vivo.
Elements of a Computable General Equilibrium Model

In this chapter, we deconstruct the computable general equilibrium model and describe its core elements. These include sets, endogenous and exogenous variables, exogenous parameters, behavioral and identity equations, and model closure. We describe prices, price normalization, price transmission, and the numeraire. We explain how the CGE model runs and how to carry out an experiment. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is a system of mathematical equations that describes an economy as a whole and the interactions among its parts. A model this comprehensive is more complex than the bicycle industry model we built in Chapter 1, but it need not be a “black box.” In this chapter, our objective is to introduce, at a general level, the model's elements and mechanics. Even so, for many students, it may suffice to skim this chapter and return to it as needed as your modeling skills progress. For now, we also set aside any consideration of the economic theory that governs behavior in the model. Here, we do not consider how the model describes the motivations behind producers’ decisions about how much to produce or consumers’ decisions about how much to buy, or a nation's choice between consumption of its domestic production and imported goods. Of course, the economic properties of a CGE model are its real heart and soul, but they also present a much broader area of study; most of the other chapters in this book address this study. In this chapter, we deconstruct the CGE model to describe its core elements. We show that a CGE model and the simple bicycle model share many features, such as exogenous and endogenous variables, market-clearing constraints, and identity and behavioral equations. We explain and compare linearized and nonlinear expressions of the behavioural equations in a CGE model. We describe how the price of a single good changes as it moves along the supply chain from producers to consumers and the implications for price transmission. We explain the practice of normalizing prices and the role of the price numeraire. We introduce model closure, which is the decision about which variables are exogenous and which are endogenous. We also describe how the CGE model runs by explaining the sequence of model calibration or consistency check, baseline model solution, and model experiment.
Research Framework and Dimensions for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Educational Technology Systems in Learning Outcomes.

AbstractWhat is the most appropriate technology to use? In what educational context is a particular technology most effective? How effective is the chosen technology? The answers to these questions and others are critical in establishing the value added to the student’s learning and achievement with the use of educational technology. However, these questions are rarely addressed. And, if they are, the results are often unclear, because of the lack of a clear evaluation framework. In this article, we will present and briefly describe a general framework for evaluating the effectiveness of educational technology in enhancing student learning and achievement.
p‐Chlorobenzyl Bromide

[622-95-7] C7H6BrCl (MW 205.48) InChI = 1S/C7H6BrCl/c8-5-6-1-3-7(9)4-2-6/h1-4H,5H2 InChIKey = KQNBRMUBPRGXSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a stable protecting group for hydroxyl functions, removable by Pd-catalyzed amination followed by acid treatment, as well as for p-chlorobenzylation of heterofunctional groups and nucleophilic carbons) Alternate Name: α-bromo-4-chlorotoluene, 1-bromomethyl-4-chloro-benzene, 1-Chloro-4-bromomethyl-benzene. Physical Data: mp 48–52 °C, bp 108–110 °C (at 12 Torr). Solubility: soluble in ether and most organic solvents, insoluble in water. Form Supplied in: light yellow, crystalline solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Preparative Methods: bromination of 4-chlorotoluene with NBS in CCl4, using benzoyl peroxide as initiator 1 or with NaBrO3/NaHSO3 reagent in ethyl acetate.2 Commercially available. Purification: crystallization from ethanol, methanol, and petroleum ether. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive, lachrymator, moisture sensitive, stored under nitrogen, causes burns, irritant to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Disposal: contact a licensed professional waste disposal service for disposal of this material. Dissolve or mix with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and a scrubber.
Macrophages that kill glioma cells expressing the membrane form of macrophage colony stimulating factor are resistant to prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-10

Abstract Malignant rat T9 glioma cells retrovirally transduced with the membrane form of macrophage colony stimulating factor (mM-CSF) were killed by bone marrow derived macrophages in 24 h cytotoxicity assays. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE) and interleukin-10 (IL10) were tested for their ability to block this tumoricidal reaction. Only at very high nonphysiological concentrations of PGE (10 −5 and 10 −6 M) was this cytotoxicity inhibited. Use of high doses of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, also prevented macrophages from killing the mM-CSF transduced target cells. IL10 did not alter the killing potential of the mM-CSF tumoricidal macrophages, even though IL10 reduced the production of nitric oxide by macrophages in response to tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide. IL10 enhanced the growth of bone marrow macrophages suggesting that IL10 has a complex role in the regulation of tumoricidal macrophages. Thus, the mM-CSF may be an ideal agent to treat tumors that utilize either of these two immunosuppressive defense mechanisms that may block other forms of treatment.
The chick retinal pigment epithelium grown on permeable support demonstrates functional polarity.

Abstract The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the chick embryo was cultured on permeable support. Using confluent cultures and analysis of the incubation medium, the present study demonstrates that RPE cells cultured on permeable membrane retain functional polarity, a characteristic of the RPE in vivo. The degree of intercellular permeability in the confluent RPE cultures was estimated by following [3H]inulin movement from the apical side to the basal side of the cultures. Twenty-four hours after exposure of the apical side of the culture to [3H]inulin, the 3H concentration in the apical medium remained at 3.4 to 4.4 times of that in the basal medium. The barrier function of RPE disappears in the presence of EDTA. Net unidirectional fluid movement from the apical side of the cultures to the basal side of the cultures is regularly observed in confluent RPE cultures. The rate varies among different preparations of cultures and the highest is 1.60–1.84 μl/cm2/h. When cultures are given 26 h of [35S]methionine, more than 20 bands with molecular weights ranging from 20,000 to >250,000 Da can be detected in the medium as assessed by autoradiography of SDS-polyacrylamide gels. While six macromolecules appear to be equally concentrated in the basal medium and the apical medium, the majority are in higher concentration in the basal medium. Analysis of the 10% TCA-precipitable fraction of the medium showed that the specific activities in the apical medium and basal medium were 24.0±0.4×106 and 46.4±0.2×106 (mean ± SEM, N = 8) cpm/ml/mg RPE protein, respectively. When cultures react with VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), the elevated intracellular cyclic AMP is extruded into the medium bathing the cells. However, the rate of extrusion into the basal medium is twice as fast as that into the apical medium. Electron microscopy of the confluent RPE cultures shows morphological polarization of the cells. The intercellular spaces appear to be closed at the apical side of the cells by junctional complexes consisting of tight junctions, zonular adherens junctions, and gap junctions.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in glomeruli of rat renal cortex

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in glomeruli of rat renal cortex. The presence and properties of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDIE) and cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDIE) were studied in glomeruli isolated from rat renal cortex by sieving and density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of cGMP-PDIE was higher than the specific activity of cAMP-PDIE in glomeruli; in tubules and renal cortical slices, the specific activity of cAMP-PDIE was higher than that of cGMP-PDIE. In homogenates, × 100,000g supernate of homogenate (cytosol) and × 100,000g pellet (membrane fraction) from glomeruli, the specific activity of cGMP-PDIE was significantly higher than it was in analogous preparations from tubules or renal cortical slices. Cyclic 3′,5′-GMP (10 -6 M to 10 -5 M) stimulated glomerular cAMP-PDIE, but it was without effect on cAMP-PDIE from tubules. Structural analogs of cyclic 3′,5′-GMP or 5′-GMP did not stimulate glomerular cAMP-PDIE. Cyclic 3′,5′-AMP slightly inhibited cGMP-PDIE from both glomeruli and tubules. N 6 -,2′-O-dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-AMP inhibited cAMP-PDIE, but not cGMP-PDIE. The addition of calcium increased the activity of cGMP-PDIE, mainly in tubules, but was without effect on cAMP-PDIE. These results suggest the predominance of cyclic 3′,5′-GMP catabolism in glomeruli in comparison with other cortical structures, and they demonstrate that both the specific activities and regulatory properties of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in glomeruli differ markedly from tubules or unfractionated renal cortical tissue.
Production Teams and Producing Racial Diversity in Workplace Relationships

Production teams have become a dominant form of work organization as labor markets have become increasingly diverse. This transition likely affects coworker networks—possibly undermining entrenched patterns of workplace segregation. Contact theory suggests that teams can foster network diversity when workers cooperate and share values emphasizing mutual respect. Yet variants of conflict theory, including the critical teams literature, contend that the benefits of teamwork may be eroded by associated factors, including peer discipline, work intensification, and job insecurity. This study uses 2006 General Social Survey data to assess whether and how teamwork affects the racial diversity of worker acquaintance networks, contrasting worker- and manager-directed teams. We find a positive relationship between teams and diversity, but only when teams are worker directed. Despite countervailing tendencies highlighted in the literature, teams foster greater cooperation between workers, which in turn promotes cross-racial friendships. African Americans tend to receive the greatest diversity payoffs from teams. These findings suggest that teamwork can undermine segregation, though only with certain implementations and with variation across groups.
Rapid multiple microdetermination of carbon and hydrogen

A technique has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carbon and hydrogen in at least four independent samples. A largediameter furnace and small combustion tubes make it possible to position at least four combustion tubes in the furnace at one time. An operator can analyze eight samples in one hour (7 1/2 minutes per analysis). The low cost of the apparatus and the relatively small amount of bench space needed make this technique especially advantageous for low-budget industrial, governmental, and academic laboratories.
Recent advances in therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Sarcomas comprise less than 1% of all cancers. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common form of sarcoma and can vary in size and clinical outcome from an incidental finding at operation to life-threatening metastatic disease. Surgery is the standard of care for primary disease, and the oral drug imatinib is the standard of care for metastatic disease. Sunitinib was approved in the United States in early 2006 for GIST that is refractory to imatinib. The pathology of GIST, surgical options for primary and metastatic disease, and findings leading to the use of imatinib and sunitinib for GIST are highlighted in this review.
Craniotomy for central nervous system metastases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Background. Although central nervous system (CNS) metastases from epithelial ovarian carcinoma are rare, recent studies indicate that the incidence may be increasing. Numerous series have reported various modalities for treatment with median survivals of 3 to 5 months, but the role of craniotomy has not been specifically addressed. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent craniotomy between 1989 and 2001 for pathologically confirmed recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer metastatic to the CNS. Results. We identified 14 patients who had a mean age at diagnosis of 59.3 years (range, 45 to 70). Distribution by stage and grade was as follows: Stage I, 0; II, 1; III, 12; and IV, 1; and grade 1,0; 2,4; and 3,10. Histologic distribution was as follows: papillary serous, 9; endometrioid, 2; mixed papillary serous and endometrioid, 1; carcinosarcoma, 1; and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 1. Six patients had optimal primary cytoreduction, while 7 had suboptimal primary cytoreduction. All patients received initial platinum-based chemotherapy. Ten of 14 patients underwent second-look evaluation, and in 8 patients the findings were negative. The median time from initial diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma to CNS relapse was 3.5 years (range, 1.3 to 8.2). In 7 patients (50%), the CNS recurrence was the first site of relapse. Eight patients (57%) had extracranial disease at the time of craniotomy. Distribution of CNS lesions were as follows: supratentorial, 12; and cerebellar, 2. The mean operative time for craniotomy was 178 min (range, 70 to 305). The average blood loss was 125 mL (range, 20 to 250). The only major operative complications were deep vein thromboses that developed in two patients. No patient developed a neurologic deficit as a result of craniotomy. One patient died of progressive disease 37 days after surgery. Postoperative treatment included whole-brain radiation in 11 patients, chemotherapy in 4, and hormonal therapy in 4. Four patients (29%) had a CNS relapse after craniotomy. The median survival of patients after craniotomy was 18 months, and the 1- and 2-year survival rates were 66% (95% confidence interval (CI): 43–100) and 39% (95% CI: 17–90), respectively. Conclusions. Despite optimal cytoreduction, platinum-based chemotherapy, and negative second-look surgical assessment, patients with ovarian cancer can fail distantly with CNS metastases. Craniotomy with adjuvant radiation therapy can provide control of brain metastases in the majority of these patients and may result in improved survival over radiation therapy alone in selected patients.
Direct measurement of isothermal compressibility of amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The isothermal compressibilities of the chalcogenide glasses Te15Ge3As2, Te15Ge2As3 and As2Se3 have been measured to 5 kbar by direct measurement of the change in sample length using a differential transformer placed inside the hydrostatic pressure vessel. Calibration data was obtained from the measurement of the compressibilities of alkali halide single crystals. For Te15Ge3As2, the isothermal compressibility was found to be 6.00 × 10−12 − 0.7 × 10−22P cm2/dyne; for Te15Ge2As3, 5.58 × 10−12 + 0.3 × 10−22P cm2/dyne; for As2Se3, 6.30 × 10−12 − 0.8 × 10−22P cm2/dyne where P is the pressure in dynes/cm2. Errors are near 5%.
Antigenic relationship of Ibaraki, bluetongue, and epizootic Hemorrhagic disease viruses

Abstract Ibaraki virus, which causes a bluetongue-like disease of cattle in Japan, was compared antigenically with the four serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) found in the U.S. and with the two serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). No antigenic relationship was found between Ibaraki virus and BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 in tests for group or serotype-specific antigens. However, Ibaraki virus and EHDV were related antigenically. The agar gel precipitin and indirect fluorescent antibody tests for group antigens showed two-way cross relationships between Ibaraki virus and EHDV serotypes 1 and 2. The more restrictive serotype-specific neutralization test revealed that antigenic relatedness was stronger between Ibaraki virus and the serotype 2 (Alberta strain) of EHDV than between Ibaraki virus and the serotype 1 (New Jersey strain) of EHDV.
Managerial accounting systems and organizational control: A role perspective

Abstract This paper proposes a new way of viewing the relationship between managerial accounting systems and organizational control. This is done to provide a structure around which control processes may be observed and research conducted. In the context of role theory several propositions are advanced in order to explain the relationship. Namely, it is noted that managerial accounting systems are useful in communicating role expectations, are important to motivation, and are useful in communicating organizational climate. Also, several factors concerning managerial style and social context were seen to influence the operativeness of these propositions.
Happy birthday, electron.

The article discusses the historical significance of an electron theory proposed by Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in 1892. The author notes that in the 19th century electrons were only an idea, arguing that Lorentz's achievement was the purification of the message of Maxwell's equations, which was a mathematical summary of everything known about electricity and magnetism created in 1864 by physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
Red Cell Morphologic Alterations in Cats With Hepatic Disease

Medical records from 39 cats with hepatic disease, examined at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, between 1987 and 1992 were retrospectively evaluated for alterations in red blood cell (RBC) morphology. Diagnoses included: hepatic lipidosis, neoplasia, cholangiohepatitis, hepatitis/hepatopathy, systemic histoplasmosis, and portocaval shunt. A total of 56 laboratory data sets were studied which included complete blood counts and serum chemistry results. Stained blood smears were evaluated from 51 of the data sets. Twenty-two cats (56%) were determined to have poikilocytosis on the basis of blood smear evaluation. Eleven (28%) cats had moderate to marked poikilocytosis (2+ to 4+). Acanthocytes accounted for 62.6 -/+ 22.1% of morphologically abnormal RBC and were observed in blood smears from 100% of cats with poikilocytosis. Elliptocytes (ovalocytes) comprised 19.5 -/+ 15.8% of poikilocytes and were found in smears from 82% of cats with poikilocytosis. Keratocytes (7.0 -/+ 6.8%), schistocytes (3.6 -/+ 4.4%), and blister cells (2.6 -/+ 6.4%) were present in lower numbers and in fewer cats. Serum total cholesterol values were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in cats with moderate to marked alterations in RBC morphology. Cats with hepatic lipidosis were significantly (p < 0.04) more likely to have poikilocytosis than cats with other types of hepatic disease.
Effects of centrally acting beta adrenergic agonists on discrete trial conditioned avoidance behavior in rats

The acute effects of centrally acting beta adrenergic agonists on discrete trial conditioned avoidance responding in rats were examined. Clenbuterol (0.01–3.0 mg/kg), salbutamol (0.01–30 mg/kg), and prenalterol (30–300 mg/kg) suppressed avoidance responding in a dose-dependent manner at doses that did not produce escape failures. For comparative purposes, the effects of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (1.0–30 mg/kg) and the antipsychotic haloperidol (0.03–0.3 mg/kg) were similarly assessed. Both compounds suppressed avoidance responding in a dose-dependent manner. Only haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg) produced escape failures. Administered alone, the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol (1.0 and 10 mg/kg) did not affect avoidance behavior. When administered prior to clenbuterol (0.1 mg/kg), salbutamol (1.0 mg/kg), or prenalterol (100 mg/kg), propranolol antagonized the beta adrenergic agonist-induced suppression of avoidance responding. The suppressive effect of desipramine (3.0 mg/kg) on avoidance performance only tended to be attenuated by propranolol. Propranolol had no effect on the ability of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) to reduce avoidance responding. These results suggest that the effects of the beta adrenergic agonists clenbuterol, salbutamol, and prenalterol on discrete trial avoidance behavior are mediated, in part, through agonist interactions with beta adrenergic receptors.
CT scans through metal scanning technique versus hardware composition.

Abstract Objective: Streak artifact on CT scans of metal containing areas has been a long standing problem. Although several artifact reducing methods have been used to improve image quality, most have been limited by requiring specialized equipment or lengthy complex calculations that are not automated. Others have shown that increasing the beam energy results in increased thickness of metal that may be imaged by CT without severe image degradation. We have studied the image quality of bone surrounding metal both with titanium and cobalt-chrome prostheses using various scanning techniques. Methods: In a double blind fashion, 28 radiology residents and attendings were surveyed as to the best technique for imaging bone detail surrounding metal. A series of images was arranged of an implanted titanium prosthesis, a cobalt-chrome prosthesis and a pelvis repaired with stainless steel pelvic reconstruction plates. Scans were performed using three techniques: 120 kVp, 170 mA, 2 s, 360° rotation, 140 kVp,140 mA, 3 s, 360° rotation, 140 kVp, 140 mA, 4 s, 420° rotation. Results: Titanium was superior to cobalt-chrome (p
Large‐scale hybrid simulations of the magnetotail during reconnection

Large-scale, 2-D hybrid simulations are used to investigate the ion kinetic physics associated with quasi steady-state reconnection in the magnetotail. The simulations encompass a significant portion (20 × 120 RE) of the tail. After formation of transient plasmoids, the results show the features of fast Petschek-type reconnection. There are two pairs of thin transition layers attached to the x-point which divert and accelerate the flow within a few ion inertial lengths. These transition layers do not quite conform to the properties of the expected slow shocks. The reason for this appears to be the fact that the ion dissipation scale is comparable to the thickness of the developing plasma sheet. As a result, we find signatures of only partially thermalized, counterstreaming ions in what resembles the plasma sheet boundary layer. A fast ion beam forms immediately upstream of the boundary layer. The results are consistent with the notion that slow shocks or similar transition layers are responsible for the heating and formation of the central plasma sheet and for the ion beams observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer.
Confirmation of heptachlor epoxide and octachlor epoxide in milk via fused silica gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A method for the mass spectral confirmation of heptachlor epoxide and octachlor epoxide in milk is described. The method includes the use of a 30 m × 0.25 mm DB-1701 fused silica gas chromatography column combined with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. By using this technique, confirmation of these compounds in milk can be performed at a level of 0.1 parts-per-million in milk fat.
of the aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis

Two DNA fragments (3941 and 7152 base pairs) from the procaryotic endosymbiont (Buchnera) of the aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis were cloned and sequenced. The smaller fragment contained trpEG and the larger fragment contained trpDC(F)BA, genes coding for enzymes of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway which convert chorismate to tryptophan. Both of these gene clusters were present as one copy on the endosymbiont chromosome and probably constitute two transcription units. The deduced amino acid sequences of the proteins was 51-61% identical to the corresponding proteins were previously studied in Buchnera of the aphid Schizaphis graminum. In this endosymbiont, trpEG is amplified and located on a plasmid, whereas, in the endosymbiont of S. chinensis, as in other eubacteria, trpEG occurs as a single copy on the bacterial chromosome. Implications of these findings for the evolution of this mutualistic association are discussed.
Seasonal detection of human viruses and coliphage in Newport Bay, California.

Recent studies have shown that the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) currently used to indicate water quality in the coastal environment may be inadequate to reflect human viral contamination. Coliphage was suggested as a better indicator of human viral pollution and was proposed by the U.S. EPA as an alternative indicator for fecal pollution in groundwater. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of FIB, F+ coliphage, and PCR-detectable human adenovirus and enterovirus for an entire year at 15 locations around the Newport Bay watershed, an important southern California estuary for water recreation and an ecological reserve. Peak concentrations and prevalences of FIB and F+ coliphage were associated with winter storms (wet weather). Human adenoviruses and enteroviruses, however, were detected by PCR in ∼5% of samples collected in the summer (dry weather) but only once in wet weather. These results demonstrated that FIB and coliphage have similar seasonal and freshwater-to-saltwater distribution patterns, while the detection of human viruses depends on a distribution pattern that is the opposite of that of FIB and coliphage. This research suggested that coliphage and FIB share similar environmental sources, while sources of human viruses in Newport Bay are perhaps different.
Resource planning and a depot location model for electric power restoration

Abstract The purpose of this research is to develop a depot location model to manage the resources needed for efficient and economic power restoration in an area which has experienced an outage. Determining the optimal number of depots, optimal location of depots, and the optimal number of repair crews and/or equipment is of significant importance in power restoration operations. The problem is studied on two levels: first, the general problem simultaneously locates depots and determines the amount of the resources to be shipped from the depots to each point in order to minimize the total transportation cost. The second problem adds new depots to an area where depots already exist. This decision-making is a trade-off between whether or not it is necessary to establish new depots. The mathematical models for both cases are developed on an incremental basis as the problems become complex and new scenarios become apparent. An optimal solution strategy is presented following each problem. The results show that the optimal model can be used by power restoration management. For a large size problem, a heuristic can help the analysts/planners obtain an approximate optimal solution. In this investigation, a two-phase heuristic for the depot location is developed. Some computational results are discussed for both optimal and heuristic solutions.
Why Is the Linking C−C Bond in Tetrahedranyltetrahedrane so Short?

The block-localized wave function (BLW) method has been employed to probe the origin of the very short linking C−C bond (1.436 A) in tetrahedranyltetrahedrane. Computations show that the vicinal hyperconjugative interactions between the two tetrahedranyl groups is stronger than the conjugation in butadiene, and if there were no hyperconjugation effect, the bond distance would be 1.491 A. Thus, both the hybridization mode and hyperconjugative interactions contribute to the shortening of the central C−C bond in tetrahedranyltetrahedrane.
Multiple targets of miR-302 and miR-372 promote reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells

The embryonic stem cell-specific cell cycle-regulating (ESCC) family of microRNAs (miRNAs) enhances reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Here we show that the human ESCC miRNA orthologs hsa-miR-302b and hsa-miR-372 promote human somatic cell reprogramming. Furthermore, these miRNAs repress multiple target genes, with downregulation of individual targets only partially recapitulating the total miRNA effects. These targets regulate various cellular processes, including cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epigenetic regulation and vesicular transport. ESCC miRNAs have a known role in regulating the unique embryonic stem cell cycle. We show that they also increase the kinetics of mesenchymal-epithelial transition during reprogramming and block TGFβ-induced EMT of human epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that the ESCC miRNAs promote dedifferentiation by acting on multiple downstream pathways. We propose that individual miRNAs generally act through numerous pathways that synergize to regulate and enforce cell fate decisions.
EFFECT OF RAT MEDIAN EMINENCE EXTRACTS ON PITUITARY ACTH CONTENT IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS.

The pattern of the changes in the concentration of adenohypophysial ACTH after a single intracarotid injection of median eminence extract was studied in normal and adrenalectomized rats. In normal animals pituitary ACTH content increased slightly 1.25 min after the injection, but subsequently decreased, reaching a concentration 36 % that of control animals 40 min later. Increasing the dose of median eminence extract caused a very marked increase in pituitary ACTH concentration 1.25 min after its administration. In adrenalectomized rats the concentration of ACTH in the pituitary showed a 3- fold increase within 2.5 min and had returned to the pre-injection level within 40 min of the administration of the extract. It is concluded that the close similarity in the pattern of the changes in pituitary ACTH content after stress or after the administration of median eminence extracts suggests that the median eminence plays an important role in bringing about the changes in ACTH synthesis and secretion caused by s...
Mediums and messages: an argument against biotechnical enhancement of soldiers in the armies of liberal democracies

Assuming that one believes that individuals and states can morally defend values, beliefs, and institutions with force (in short, that just wars are morally possible), one logically wants just combatants to possess the physical, mental, and spiritual capacities that will enable them to win the war. On the other hand, being a just combatant in a just war does not morally entitle that combatant to do anything to win that war. The moral requirement for just combatants to fight justly is codified in international law of war and in state-specific legal documents such as the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice. While it is almost unequivocally clear to soldiers and civilians who soldiers cannot harm in the performance of their duties, and why these people are exempt from harm, it is less clear what the state itself (assuming throughout the discussion that the state is a just combatant in a just war) can morally do to its own soldiers to enhance their chances of victory: can the state do anything to soldiers to give them an advantage on the field of battle? For United States soldiers and their counterparts in most Western liberal democracies, the answer is obviously no. Deeply embedded social and cultural norms in Western democracies mandate that the state set and enforce rigid lines which drill sergeants and earnest commanders cannot cross, even in the name of combat readiness, grounding these norms in notion of basic rights appealed to in the U.S. Constitution. In this essay, I argue against some types of drug-induced internal biotechnical enhancement of soldiers on the grounds that, in the present state of technology, it is not reasonable to suppose that the military can perform such enhancement operations on soldiers without causing irrevocable psychological damage that would certainly and unjustifiably alienate the soldiers from the very society they serve.
Wavelength tuning in active surface-emitting harmonic generators and applications for spatially addressable coherent detection

Active surface-emitting harmonic generators based on monolithic integration of InGaAs/GaAs single-quantum-well (SQW) lasers with multilayered nonlinear waveguides have been fabricated. Wavelength tuning of the integrated SQW laser in active/passive segmented devices has been investigated and used to control the emission angle of the harmonic light for application as spatially addressable coherent detectors.