cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Three Cow-side Tests for Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Fresh Cows

Subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle can lead to economic losses through decreased milk production, decreased reproductive performance, increased risk of displaced abomasum and increased risk of clinical ketosis. For early detection of the disease, there is a need for rapid and accurate diagnostic tests. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of three cow-side diagnostic tests for the detection of subclinical ketosis in fresh dairy cows, compared to the gold standard serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). The cow-side tests were: (1) a commonly used test strip detecting acetoacetate in urine (Ketostix, Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, Indiana, USA), (2) a commonly used powder test used on milk, also detecting acetoacetate (KetoCheck, Great States Animal Health, St. Joseph, Missouri, USA), and (3) a milk test strip detecting BHBA (KetoTest, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, distributed by Elanco Animal Health/Provel, Guelph, Ontario, Canada).
2d TQFTs and baby universes

In this work, we extend the 2d topological gravity model of [1] to have as its bulk action any open/closed TQFT obeying Atiyah’s axioms. The holographic duals of these topological gravity models are ensembles of 1d topological theories with random dimension. Specifically, we find that the TQFT Hilbert space splits into sectors, between which correlators of boundary observables factorize, and that the corresponding sectors of the boundary theory have dimensions independently chosen from different Poisson distributions. As a special case, we study in detail the gravity model built from the bulk action of 2d Dijkgraaf-Witten theory, with or without end-of-the-world branes, and for arbitrary finite group G. The dual of this Dijkgraaf-Witten gravity model can be interpreted as a 1d topological theory whose Hilbert space is a random representation of G and whose aforementioned sectors are labeled by the irreducible representations of G. These holographic interpretations of our gravity models require projecting out negative-norm states from the baby universe Hilbert space, which in [1] was achieved by the (only seemingly) ad hoc solution of adding a nonlocal boundary term to the bulk action. In order to place their solution in the completely local framework of a TQFT with defects, we couple the boundaries of the gravity model to an auxiliary 2d TQFT in a non-gravitational (i.e. fixed topology) region. In this framework, the difficulty of negative-norm states can be remedied in a local way by the introduction of a defect line between the gravitational and non-gravitational regions. The gravity model is then holographically dual to an ensemble of boundary conditions in an open/closed TQFT without gravity.
Simplified, Shear Induced Generation of Double Emulsions for Robust Compartmentalization during Single Genome Analysis

Drop microfluidics has driven innovations for high throughput, low input analysis techniques such as single-cell RNA-seq. However, the instability of single emulsion (SE) drops occasionally causes significant merging during drop processing, limiting most applications to single-step reactions in drops. Here, we show that double emulsion (DE) drops address this critical limitation and completely prevent content mixing, which is essential for single entity analysis. DEs show excellent stability during thermal cycling. More importantly, DEs undergo rupture into the continuous phase instead of merging, preventing content mixing and eliminating unstable drops from the downstream analysis. Due to the lack of drop merging, the monodispersity of drops is maintained throughout a workflow, enabling the deterministic manipulation of drops downstream. We also developed a simple, one-layer fabrication method for DE drop makers. This design is powerful as it allows robust production of single-core DEs at a wide range of flow rates and better control over the shell thickness, both of which have been significant limitations of conventional two-layer devices. This approach makes the fabrication of DE devices much more accessible, facilitating its broader adoption. Finally, we show that DE droplets effectively maintain the compartmentalization of single virus genomes during PCR-based amplification and barcoding, while SEs mixed contents due to merging. With their resistance to content mixing, DE drops have key advantages for multistep reactions in drops, which is limited in SEs due to merging and content mixing.
Exceptional Transparency Window in a Finite Alternating Stack of Ag and CuCl Films

I show that the transmission coefficient of light propagating normally to the face of a stack of thin alternating films of silver and CuCl may exhibit a narrow exceptional transparency window at a frequency slightly lower than the excitonic resonance frequency. This window is caused by the coupling of the plasmon mode of the metal with the excitonic mode of the semiconductor and is principally due in the present system to the strong oscillator strength and the narrow width of the CuCl excitonic mode.
Intuitive dimensional analyses of the energy and atomic number dependences of the cross sections for radiation interaction with matter

Scattering cross sections of radiation interactions with matter form the foundation for diagnostic x-ray imaging, nuclear medicine, and radiotherapy. These cross sections are typically presented as numerical charts in medical physics literature or complicated formulas in quantum electrodynamics literature. There seems to be a lack of comprehensible explanations for these cross section coefficients. Intuitive dimensional estimations of the dependences on photon energy and atomic number for radiation matter interaction cross sections are provided using elementary concepts of classical and quantum physics for Compton scattering, Rayleigh scattering, photoelectric effects, and pair production. This easy-to-understand approach is found to yield dimensional relations similar to that derived from quantum electrodynamics.
Resonance Raman-spectroscopic studies of the hapten features involved in the binding of 2,4-dinitrophenyl haptens by the mouse myeloma proteins MOPC 315 and MOPC 460

The binding of four dinitrophenyl haptens to the mouse myeloma proteins MOPC 315 IgA (immunoglobulin A) and MOPC 460IgA was studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Isotopic substitution with 15N and 2H was used to assign features in the resonance Raman spectra of the free haptens. Changes in each of these features on binding to the proteins could then be attributed to interactions of the proteins9 binding sites with either the p-NO2 or the o-NO2/amine regions of the haptens. The interactions between a given hapten and MOPC 315 IgA are often quite distinct from those between the same hapten and MOPC 460 IgA. Moreover, for both antibodies the nature of the R side chain in a Dnp-NHR (Dnp, 2,4-dinitrophenyl) compound appears to modify the interactions between the Dnp chromophore and the protein. Thus, with the haptens studied, there is no unique set of contacts between the Dnp group and the binding site. The contacts expected between epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and the site on MOPC 315 IgA, on the basis of a recent model for this site [Dwek, Wain-Hobson, Dower, Gettins, Sutton, Perkins & Givol (1977) Nature (London) 266, 31–37] were not detected. However, the contacts between this hapten and the site on MOPC 460 IgA were closer to those predicted by the model for MOPC 315 IgA.
Passive lumbar tissue loading during trunk bending at three speeds: An in vivo study.

Abstract Background Low back disorders are closely related with the magnitude of mechanical loading on human spine. However, spinal loading contributed by the lumbar passive tissues is still not well understood. In this study, the effect of motion speed on lumbar passive moment output was investigated. In addition, the increase of lumbar passive moment during trunk bending was modeled. Methods Twelve volunteers performed trunk-bending motions at three different speeds. Trunk kinematics and muscle activities were collected and used to estimate instantaneous spinal loading and the corresponding lumbar passive moment. The lumbar passive moments at different ranges of trunk motion were compared at different speed levels and the relationship between lumbar passive moment lumbar flexion was modeled. Findings A non-linear, two-stage pattern of increase in lumbar passive moment was evident during trunk flexion. However, the effect of motion speed was not significant on lumbar passive moments or any of the model parameters. Interpretation As reported previously, distinct lumbar ligaments may begin to generate tension at differing extents of trunk flexion, and this could be the cause of the observed two-stage increasing pattern of lumbar passive moment. The current results also suggest that changes in tissue strain rate may not have a significant impact on the total passive moment output at the relatively slow trunk motions examined here.
A VARIANCE COMPONENT APPROACH TO INDUSTRY COST ANALYSIS

Cost and volume data used in long-run cost studies often are observations from a single cross-section on firms or the average of multiple observations for each firm [1, 3, 5]. Averaging costs and volume over a time series is designed to eliminate the effect of short-run disturbances on the estimated long-run cost function. This practice results in a loss of information on the cost effects of short-run disturbances and significantly reduces the potential degrees of freedom that could result from pooling cross-sectional time-series data. In order to pool data, binary variables for each firm previously have been used to account for short-run fixed firm effects [4].
Optimization of lasing in semiconductor micro-stadiums

We studied experimentally and numerically how the cavity shape affects the lasing frequency and lasing threshold in semiconductor micro-stadiums. We found there exist optimal deformations at which the lasing threshold is minimized.
Linear Time-Invariant Controller Design for Two-Channel Decentralized Control Systems

This paper analyzes a linear time-invariant 2-channel decentralized control system with a 2×2 strictly proper plant. It presents an algorithm for the algebraic design of a class of decentralized compensators which stabilize the given plant.
Evaluating Emotions: What are the Prospects for a Stoic Revival?

Adverse, even dire events and circumstances are our inevitable lot in life as human beings, and we usually suffer mightily on their account. Some among us even become engaged in enterprises whose basic nature involves confronting such events and circumstances*in combat, for example, or the military more generally. But are the pains that we experience due to such adversities perhaps avoidable? Might it be possible to erect within our psyches an impenetrable barrier to suffering, or at least something approaching this? And would not such unassailability be among the greatest possible boons to humankind? The Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome gave affirmative answers to these questions, arguing that a mental discipline of rational thinking could insulate us from the psychic storms that ordinarily accompany life’s travails. In Stoic Warriors, however, Nancy Sherman develops a position that is skeptical regarding not only whether such invulnerable self-mastery is possible, but also whether it would even be advantageous, in particular for those who live the military life. Her book is a measured, but unrelenting, defense of certain ‘negative’ emotions that the Stoics would think us better rid of*most notably anger, fear, and grief, to which the three central chapters of the book are devoted. In Sherman’s view, these emotions, at least when shorn of their excessive varieties, are salutary for psychological health, ethical conduct, and human community. Asking present-day leaders, policymakers, and citizens to consider whether we might glean something of value from a neglected ancient tradition of practical philosophizing about how humans can best live and be is certainly a worthy project. Stoic Warriors is interesting, topical, and accessible, and the book deserves to find a place on many bedside tables. It is directed at a broad
Preferences and utilities for health states after treatment for oropharyngeal cancer: Transoral robotic surgery versus definitive (chemo)radiotherapy

Background Treatment of oropharyngeal cancer with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) or definitive (chemo)radiotherapy impacts quality of life. Utility scores are needed for quality of life and economic comparisons. Methods Fifty healthy subjects and 9 experts reviewed scenarios describing treatment (TORS alone or with adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy [CRT], definitive radiotherapy, and CRT), complications, remission, and recurrences. Utilities were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) and standard gamble (SG) techniques. Treatments were compared using paired comparisons and demographic variability was assessed. Results TORS had higher SG utilities than radiotherapy (p = .001) and CRT (p < .001) and was preferred in paired comparisons (p < .001 for both) for healthy subjects. Utilities did not vary by demographic group and correlated between experts and subjects (VAS r = 0.95; p < .001; SG r = 0.97; p < .001). Conclusion TORS has higher utility scores than CRT. Utilities can be used for cost–utility analyses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 923–933, 2014
Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents.

During the three-year period beginning in early 1972, nine previously healthy children, ages 8 to 15 years, presented with manifestations of life-threatening septicemia due to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus . In no patient was a predisposing cause for such infection, such as immunologic deficiency, drug abuse, or previous antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy, discovered. Seven patients manifested evidence of bone and/or joint infection, while eight had pulmonary disease of varying degrees of severity, characterized initially by multiple small septic pulmonary emboli. One patient succumbed to the pulmonary complications of her disease. S. aureus was recovered from specimens of blood (seven patients), joint fluid (four), bone (four), pleural fluid (two), urine (one), sputum (one), and pericardial fluid (one). All organisms isolated were methicillin-sensitive; isolates from only one patient were penicillin-sensitive. In several instances, lack of clinical response was related to delay in adequate surgical drainage of infected material. Review of hospital records for the preceding five-year period failed to reveal similar cases of severe systemic staphylococcal infection in healthy adolescents. Although no direct evidence for a causal relationship is available, the occurrence of these cases corresponds temporally with implementation of restrictions upon the use of hexachlorophene.
Presumed REM sleep behavior disorder arising from cataplexy and wakeful dreaming

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is an injurious parasomnia occasionally associated with narcolepsy. RBD usually occurs within REM sleep. We report a case of RBD in a narcoleptic patient arising from cataplexy and wakeful dreaming. The problem of state boundary control inherent in narcolepsy together with the pharmacological effects of tricyclic antidepressants used to treat cataplexy are usually the reason of RBD in narcoleptics. By similar mechanism our patient has presumed RBD out of REM intrusions into wakefulness.
Comparative assessment of bone mineral measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography.

A measurement of bone mass is the single most important determinant of future fracture. However, controversy exists as to which technique (dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or peripheral quanitative computed tomography (pQCT)), and which site of skeletal measurement (axial vs appendicular) provides the best prediction of fracture risk. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the ability of pQCT to predict bone mass of the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and distal forearm measured using DXA, and (2) to compare the ability of DXA and pQCT to discriminate prevalent fractures in women with established osteoporosis. One hundred and sixty-five women were studied, including 47 with established osteoporosis (vertebral, hip or Colles' fractures) as well as 118 who had bone mass measurements to assess osteoporosis risk. Each subject had bone mass measured by DXA at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, and at the distal radius by both DXA and pQCT. In women with fractures, bone mass, when expressed as a standardized score, was in general lower using DXA compared with the appendicular skeleton measured using pQCT. Bone mass determinations at all sites were significantly correlated with each other. The highest correlation coefficients were observed within the axial skeleton. In women with fractures, the highest odds ratios were observed at skeletal regions measured using DXA. Likewise, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were comparable at all skeletal regions measured using DXA; and were significantly greater than the areas under the ROC curves for pQCT measurements. In summary, the strongest discriminators of prevalent fractures were measurements using DXA. Measurements of bone mass at the appendicular skeleton, using either DXA or pQCT, were poorly associated with axial bone mass. PQCT has the poorer ability to discriminate persons with fractures, and appears to be less sensitive than measurements using DXA.
Protection from lethal murine graft-versus-host disease without compromise of alloengraftment using transgenic donor T cells expressing a thymidine kinase suicide gene

￻Donor T cells play a pivotal role in facilitating alloengraftment but also cause graftversus-host disease (GVHD). Ex vivo Tcell depletion (TCD) of donor marrow is the most effective strategy for reducing GVHD but can compromise engraftment. This study examined an approach whereby donor T cells are selectively eliminated in vivo after transplantation using transgenic mice in which a thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene is targeted to the T cell using a CD3 promoter/ enhancer construct. Lethally irradiated B10.BR mice transplanted with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐incompatible TCD C57BL/6 (B6) bone marrow (BM) plus TK1 T cells were protected from GVHD after treatment with ganciclovir (GCV) in a schedule-dependent fashion. To examine the effect of GCV treatment on alloengraftment, sublethally irradiated AKR mice underwent transplantation with TCD B6 BM plus limiting numbers (5 3 105 )o f B6 TK1 T cells. Animals treated with GCV had comparable donor engraftment but significantly reduced GVHD when compared with untreated mice. These mice also had a significantly increased number of donor splenic T cells when assessed 4 weeks after bone marrow transplantation. Thus, the administration of GCV did not render recipients T-cell deficient, but rather enhanced lymphocyte recovery. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from GCV-treated chimeric mice into secondary AKR recipients failed to cause GVHD indicating that donor T cells were tolerant of recipient alloantigens. These studies demonstrate that administration of TK gene‐modified donor T cells can be used as an approach to mitigate GVHD without compromising alloengraftment. (Blood. 2001;97:2506-2513)
Pressure-ridges and collapse-depressions on the McCartys Basalt Flow, New Mexico

In an area approximately two miles long, near the terminus of the McCartys Flow, there are about 100 collapse-depressions. The largest depression is nearly a mile long and in places as much as 300 feet wide, whereas the smallest is only a few feet in diameter. They may be as much as 28 feet deep. They are formed by the collapse of the roofs of lava-tunnels.
Hydrogen pressures, phase behavior and structure in systems of calcium hydride with lanthanide hydrides at equimolar metal composition

Hydrogen dissociation pressures have been measured for the quasibinary systems Cao0.5Ln0.5Hn, where Ln = Pr, Nd, Gd, Y and n ≈ 1.8–2.3, at 300–450 °C and 0.1–1.0 atm. Considerable hysteresis and nonequilibrium were found. X-ray crystal structure determinations were made at room temperature on certain quenched and annealed samples. The Pr system showed complete solid solution formation at the higher temperatures and some separation into two f.c.c. phases at room temperature; the Nd system showed extensive solutions at higher temperatures and large separation into two f.c.c. phases at room temperature. Increasing nonstoichiometry was found in the series Pr, Nd, Gd; hexagonal GdH3 was not found. The Y system behaved as a mechanical mixture of CaH2 and YH2-YH3. Analogies to the systems YbH2-YbH2.5 and to certain lanthanide difluoride systems are noted. Evidence is presented for a possible role of oxyhydride phases as an impurity in lanthanide hydrides.
Engendering Gendered Knowledge: Assessing the Academic Appropriation of Hegemonic Masculinity

The appropriation of concepts long established as salient contributions to gender theory and research recently has come under scholarly scrutiny. In this article, the author contributes to this dissection of crucial gender concepts by assessing the recent academic appropriation of the reformulated concept of “hegemonic masculinity” and how this appropriation engenders gendered knowledge. The author first briefly revisits the concept of hegemonic masculinity as reformulated by Connell and Messerschmidt. Following this, the author examines selected studies to illustrate how hegemonic masculinity has been appropriated differently, how this dissimilarity is significant for the production of gendered knowledge, and how several new directions in the appropriations extend gendered knowledge on hegemonic masculinity. Finally, the author discusses the relevance of all his conclusions to the wider debates over the concept of hegemonic masculinity and posits how these conclusions arguably impact future feminist/gend...
Effect of Pavement Type on Overlay Roughness Progression

This paper investigates the impact of overlay type (asphalt and concrete) on the progression of pavement roughness as described by the international roughness index (IRI). Pavement roughness is defined as deformities or irregularities found at the pavement surface affecting the smoothness of a ride. Both overlays in this study are asphalt: one placed on asphalt paved roads and one placed on top of prior concrete pavement. Data were collected from nine states using data in the Long-Term Pavement Performance database (GPS6 and GPS7). Only U.S. states and Canadian provinces that have both GPS6 and GPS7 sections are considered for analysis. Pavement factors (overlay age, temperature, freezing index, and overlay thickness) that significantly impact overlay performance in U.S. and Canadian environments have been used for analysis. Multivariate regression analysis was used to compare the effect of key variables (age, temperature, freezing index, and surface thickness) on IRI. Results show that there is a significant difference between overlay types in terms of the effect of key variables on IRI. Asphalt on concrete overlay has a significantly better IRI performance in terms of age, temperature, and surface thickness. Asphalt on asphalt overlay has a significantly better performance in terms of freezing index. This suggests that when age, temperature, and surface thickness are considered, asphalt on concrete provides a better IRI. Asphalt on asphalt provides a better IRI for freezing index.
Five (plus or minus 2) Guiding Principles of Improvisational Performance Relevant to the Practice, Research and Teaching of Therapy

Abstract This paper provides a brief history of improvisational theater, beginning with its roots in pre-literate oral traditions. Five (more or less) key elements of improvisational theater are presented and explained. These five themes include: (1) relational action; (2) contextual sensitivity; (3) problem solving experience; (4) narrative patterns; and (5) no rules, no failures. How these five elements are relevant to the practice, research and teaching of family therapy is then discussed.
Potential Improvements in Shock-Mitigation Efficacy of a Polyurea-Augmented Advanced Combat Helmet

The design of the currently used Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) has been optimized to attain maximum protection against ballistic impacts (fragments, shrapnel, etc.) and hard-surface collisions. However, the ability of the ACH to protect soldiers against blast loading appears not to be as effective. Polyurea, a micro-segregated elastomeric copolymer has shown superior shock-mitigation capabilities. In the present work, a combined Eulerian/Lagrangian transient non-linear dynamics computational fluid/solid interaction analysis is used to investigate potential shock-mitigation benefits which may result from different polyurea-based design augmentations of the ACH. Specific augmentations include replacement of the currently used suspension-pad material with polyurea and the introduction of a thin polyurea internal lining/external coating to the ACH shell. Effectiveness of different ACH designs was quantified by: (a) establishing the main forms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); (b) identifying the key mechanical causes for these injuries; and (c) quantifying the extents of reductions in the magnitude of these mechanical causes. The results obtained show that while the ACH with a 2-mm-thick polyurea internal lining displays the best blast mitigation performance, it does not provide sufficient protection against mTBI.
Control and characterization of picosecond pulse trains from a microresonator frequency comb

Using disk-like quartz microresonators we generated an optical frequency comb with 36 GHz mode spacing at 1560 nm. By addressing the amplitude and phase of comb lines we observed near transform-limited 2.5 ps pulses.
Fixed-Range Optimal Trajectories of Supersonic Aircraft by First-Order Expansions

A near-optimal guidance law that generates minimum-fuel, minimum-time, or direct operating cost e xed-range trajectories for supersonic transport aircraft is developed. The approach uses singular perturbation techniques to timescaledecoupletheequationsofmotion into threesetsof dynamics, twoofwhicharestudied here:weight /range and energy. The two-point boundary-value problems obtained by application of the maximum principle to the dynamic systems are solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Both the weight /range and the energy dynamic solutions are carried out to e rst order. The two solutions are combined using the matching principletoformauniformlyvalidapproximationofthefulle xed-rangetrajectory.Resultsshowthattheminimumfuel trajectory has three segments: a minimum-fuel energy climb, a cruise climb, and a minimum-drag glide. The minimum-timetrajectory also has three segments: a maximum dynamicpressureclimb, a constant altitudecruise, andamaximumdynamicpressuredescent.Theminimumdirectoperatingcosttrajectoryisanoptimalcombination of the preceding two trajectories. It is shown that for representative costs of fuel and e ight time, the minimum direct operating cost trajectory is very similar to the minimum-fuel trajectory.
Corrections to Bottom Pressure Records for Dynamic Temperature Response

Abstract Factory calibration of Digiquartz™ transducers allows for static temperature corrections, assuming that the temperature changes slowly enough during deployment that the gauge is always in thermal equilibrium. Deep ocean bottom pressure recorders used by the NOAA/PMEL Tsunami Project are sometimes deployed in environments where assumptions of thermal equilibrium do not hold. In these cases the static temperature correction is not sufficient; pressure signals arise that are due purely to dynamic changes in the temperature of the gauge itself. Previous authors have determined the dynamic response of a transducer by subjecting it to known temperature-forcing functions in the laboratory and measuring the pressure response. The authors have developed a method of estimating the temperature response by relating the pressure signal to the time derivative of temperature. This relationship has been explored both with field and laboratory data. Once the parameters describing this relationship have been deter...
Nucleophosmin regulates cell cycle progression and stress response in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.

Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a multifunctional protein frequently overexpressed in actively proliferating cells. Strong evidence indicates that NPM is required for embryonic development and genomic stability. Here we report that NPM enhances the proliferative potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and increases their survival upon stress challenge. Both short term liquid culture and clonogenic progenitor cell assays show a selective expansion of NPM-overexpressing HSCs. Interestingly, HSCs infected with NPM retrovirus show significantly reduced commitment to myeloid differentiation compared with vector-transduced cells, and majority of the NPM-overexpressing cells remains primitive during a 5-day culture. Bone marrow transplantation experiments demonstrate that NPM promotes the self-renewal of long term repopulating HSCs while attenuated their commitment to myeloid differentiation. NPM overexpression induces rapid entry of HSCs into the cell cycle and suppresses the expression of several negative cell cycle regulators that are associated with G1-to-S transition. NPM knockdown elevates expression of these negative regulators and exacerbates stress-induced cell cycle arrest. Finally, overexpression of NPM promotes the survival and recovery of HSCs and progenitors after exposure to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and hematopoietic injury both in vivo and in vitro. DNA repair kinetics study suggests that NPM has a role in reducing the susceptibility of chromosomal DNA to damage rather than promoting DNA damage repair. Together, these results indicate that NPM plays an important role in hematopoiesis via mechanisms involving modulation of HSC/progenitor cell cycle progression and stress response.
Beyond Anomie: Alienation and Crime

This paper argues that anomie theories are aspects of the more comprehensive, but neglected theory of alienation. The dominant dimension of anomie theories (particularly Durkheim’s version) is normlessness, which is only one of five dimensions of alienation theory. A practical implication of this insight is that anomie theory relies heavily on a Durkheimian focus on the role of normlessness in guiding criminal justice policy, while the other dimensions of alienation theory-powerlessness, meaninglessness, isolation and self-estrangement—have been deemphasized or ignored. By including all dimensions of the alienation concept, an integrated theory of crime and more effective crime control strategies can be formulated.
Endogenous UVA-photosensitizers: mediators of skin photodamage and novel targets for skin photoprotection

Endogenous chromophores in human skin serve as photosensitizers involved in skin photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Absorption of solar photons, particularly in the UVA region, induces the formation of photoexcited states of skin photosensitizers with subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), organic free radicals and other toxic photoproducts that mediate skin photooxidative stress. The complexity of endogenous skin photosensitizers with regard to molecular structure, pathways of formation, mechanisms of action, and the diversity of relevant skin targets has hampered progress in this area of photobiology and most likely contributed to an underestimation of the importance of endogenous sensitizers in skin photodamage. Recently, UVA-fluorophores in extracellular matrix proteins formed posttranslationally as a consequence of enzymatic maturation or spontaneous chemical damage during chronological and actinic aging have been identified as an abundant source of light-driven ROS formation in skin upstream of photooxidative cellular stress. Importantly, sensitized skin cell photodamage by this bystander mechanism occurs after photoexcitation of sensitizers contained in skin structural proteins without direct cellular photon absorption thereby enhancing the potency and range of phototoxic UVA action in deeper layers of skin. The causative role of photoexcited states in skin photodamage suggests that direct molecular antagonism of photosensitization reactions using physical quenchers of photoexcited states offers a novel chemopreventive opportunity for skin photoprotection.
Dynamics of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends

Diffusion and viscosity measurements were performed on compatible mixtures of PS and PVME. Elastic recoil detection studies show that the diffusion coefficient, D G , of deuterated polystyrene (PS-d) chains into highly entangled mixtures of PS/PVME is well described by D G ∼M −2 , where M is the molecular weight of the PS-d chains. Under conditions of T-T g =100°C, where T g is the glass transition temperature of the blend, the composition dependence of the friction factor of the PS-d chains exhibited a very large positive deviation from predictions made by the rule of additivity
Tetranuclear manganese carboxylate complexes with a trigonal pyramidal metal topology via controlled potential electrolysis.

Controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) procedures are described that provide access to complexes with a [Mn4(μ3-O)3(μ3-O2CR)]6+ core (3MnIII,MnIV) and a trigonal pyramidal metal topology, starting from species containing the [Mn4(μ3-O)2]8+ core (4MnIII). [Mn4O2(O2CMe)6(py)2(dbm)2] (6): triclinic, P1, a = 10.868(3) A, b = 13.864(3) A, c = 10.625(3) A, α = 108.62(1)°, β = 118.98(1)°, γ = 89.34(2)°, V = 1307 A3, Z = 1, T = −131 °C, R (Rw) = 3.24 (3.70)%. [Mn4O2(O2CPh)6(py)(dbm)2] (8): monoclinic, P21/c, a = 14.743(6) A, b = 15.536(8) A, c = 30.006(13) A, β = 102.79(1)°, V = 6702 A3, Z = 4, T = −155 °C, R (Rw) = 4.32 (4.44)%. Both 6 and 8 contain a [Mn4O2]8+ core; 8 only has one py group, the fourth MnIII site being five-coordinate. (NBun4)[Mn4O2(O2CPh)7(dbm)2] (10) is available from two related procedures. CPE of 10 at 0.65 V vs ferrocene in MeCN leads to precipitation of [Mn4O3(O2CPh)4(dbm)3] (11); similarly, CPE of 6 at 0.84 V in MeCN/CH2Cl2 (3:1 v/v) gives [Mn4O3(O2CMe)4(dbm)3] (12). Complex 11: mono...
A successive approximation algorithm for stochastic control problems

We consider optimal stochastic control problems in which the state variables are governed by Ito equations. A successive approximation algorithm for optimal stochastic control is obtained. This algorithm, together with the existing numerical methods for parabolic or elliptic PDEs, provides numerical schemes for the solution of Bellman equations.
Dimerization of aromatic ureido pyrimidinedione derivatives: observation of an unexpected tautomer in the solid state

Ureido pyrimidinedione derivatives with phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl substituents form stable dimers via quadruple hydrogen bonding, but the 1-naphthyl derivative presents an unexpected tautomer in the solid state.
Claiming Race and Racelessness in International Studies

During an undergraduate class discussion in a university-wide general education course on Cross-Cultural Communication required of all students majoring in International Studies (IS), one student asserted that “the benefits [of colonialism] outweighed the costs...[the Javanese] gained railroads, laws, etc. OK, sometimes they [Dutch] didn’t follow their own laws but the Dutch helped develop Java.” This point was met with immediate disbelief, “Excuse me? I cannot believe you just said that!” The first discussant then tried to explain further by asking the rest of the class to “Look at the big picture. [Dutch colonial rule that served as a backdrop to an interracial love story set in the East Indies] introduced economic development, gender equality…” A third student chimed in to offer support, “I agree. Don’t get mad with me but look at the U.S. in Iraq. We are helping to instil human rights, democracy.” This prompted yet another student's appeal that the class link their discussion to that of an earlier week in which they explored the relationship between historiography and identity: “How different is this from Turner's thesis [recap of Frederick Turner's thesis outlining the rationale and perceived positive outcomes of westward expansion in U.S. history]? Remember we said that we were cheated by high school textbooks? Why are people of color always inferior in the eyes of whites?” The above excerpt from a class discussion exposes the seductive-repulsive power of “race” that elicits both clarity and confusion in this generation of undergraduate students. On the one hand, many readily will draw from their everyday experiences and observations to make the claim that their society has transcended its ugly racial past, leading at least to two seemingly logical conclusions: the United States is race neutral in the conduct of its foreign policy, and there no longer is the need …
The Brown-Peterson homology of the classifying spaces BO and BO(n)

Abstract We give the complete solutions of the Brown-Peterson algebras of the classifying spaces BO and BO ( n ).
Toward teraflops performance in supercomputing

In partnership with leading petroleum companies, Cray Research established supercomputing as a mainstream production tool for applications such as seismic data processing and reservoir simulation. But to tackle even more demanding “grand challenge” problems—such as 3-D prestack depth migration, multimillion‐cell reservoir simulations, and applications that integrate several scientific disciplines into one computational problem—the industry will need to exploit the potential of massively parallel processing (MPP) technology.
A non‐redundant role for MKP5 in limiting ROS production and preventing LPS‐induced vascular injury

There are at least 11 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) and only 3 major groups of MAPKs, raising the question of whether these phosphatases have non-redundant functions in vivo. Using a modified mouse model of local Shwartzman reaction, we found that deletion of the MKP5 gene, but not the MKP1 gene, led to robust and accelerated vascular inflammatory responses to a single dose of LPS injection. Depletion of neutrophils significantly reduced the vascular injury in Mkp5−/− mice, whereas adoptive transfer of Mkp5−/− neutrophils replicated the LPS-induced skin lesions in wild-type recipients. Neutrophils isolated from Mkp5−/− mice exhibited augmented p38 MAPK activation and increased superoxide generation on activation. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, significantly reduced p47phox phosphorylation and diminished superoxide production in neutrophils. p38 MAPK phosphorylated mouse p47phox, and deletion of the p47phox gene ablated the LPS-induced vascular injury in Mkp5−/− mice. Collectively, these results show an earlier unrecognized and non-redundant function of MKP5 in restraining p38 MAPK-mediated neutrophil oxidant production, thereby preventing LPS-induced vascular injury.
Oscillation in ergodic theory

In this paper we establish a variety of square function inequalities and study other operators which measure the oscillation of a sequence of ergodic averages. These results imply the pointwise ergodic theorem and give additional information such as control of the number of upcrossings of the ergodic averages. Related results for differentiation and for the connection between differentiation operators and the dyadic martingale are also established.
Weaving a tangled web: The psychology of deception and self deception in psychogenic pain

Accounting for the unusual economy of secondary gain or reinforcement, understanding abnormal illness behavior and evaluating for the role of the unconscious and primary gain are three important problems which complicate the understanding of psychogenic pain. These problems might be addressed in part by an examination of the experimental studies of the social psychology of deception of self and others. The forced compliance situation, in which subjects who lie for a certain level of compensation persist in telling the lie in other settings, is one of the best studied of these experimental situations. Ways in which this experimental work might apply to problems in understanding pain patients are explored. Possible applications of this research to treatment are discussed along with areas for further research.
Sex-Specific Heritability of Spontaneous Lipid Levels in an Extended Pedigree of Indian-Origin Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

The rhesus macaque is an important model for human atherosclerosis but genetic determinants of relevant phenotypes have not yet been investigated in this species. Because lipid levels are well-established and heritable risk factors for human atherosclerosis, our goal was to assess the heritability of lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in a single, extended pedigree of 1,289 Indian-origin rhesus macaques. Additionally, because increasing evidence supports sex differences in the genetic architecture of lipid levels and lipid metabolism in humans and macaques, we also explored sex-specific heritability for all lipid measures investigated in this study. Using standard methods, we measured lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels from fasted plasma in a sample of 193 pedigreed rhesus macaques selected for membership in large, paternal half-sib cohorts, and maintained on a low-fat, low cholesterol chow diet. Employing a variance components approach, we found moderate heritability for total cholesterol (h2=0.257, P=0.032), LDL cholesterol (h2=0.252, P=0.030), and triglyceride levels (h2=0.197, P=0.034) in the full sample. However, stratification by sex (N=68 males, N=125 females) revealed substantial sex-specific heritability for total cholesterol (0.644, P=0.004, females only), HDL cholesterol (0.843, P=0.0008, females only), VLDL cholesterol (0.482, P=0.018, males only), and triglyceride levels (0.705, P=0.001, males only) that was obscured or absent when sexes were combined in the full sample. We conclude that genes contribute to spontaneous variation in circulating lipid levels in the Indian-origin rhesus macaque in a sex-specific manner, and that the rhesus macaque is likely to be a valuable model for sex-specific genetic effects on lipid risk factors for human atherosclerosis. These findings are a first-ever report of heritability for cholesterol levels in this species, and support the need for expanded analysis of these traits in this population.
Revascularization of the right coronary artery

Abstract This study was undertaken to evalulate revascularization of the right coronary artery with regard to factors that enter into the decision to graft less significant lesions, such as graft flow, graft patency and progression of proximal disease. The results of grafting the right coronary artery were studied in 23 patients with lesions reducing luminal diameter by less than 50 percent (Group 1), 35 patients with luminal narrowing of 50 to 70 percent (Group 2) and 112 patients with greater than 70 percent luminal narrowing (Group 3). At operation there was no significant difference in saphenous vein graft flows among the three groups. Postoperatively the mean follow-up period was 20, 27 and 26 months, respectively. Graft patency was not significantly different among the three groups. Progression of the proximal lesion was studied and compared with that in 71 ungrafted right coronary arteries, 60 with less than 50 percent stenosis and 11 with more than 50 percent stenosis. Among vessels with less than 50 percent narrowing, the proximal lesion showed progression in 26 percent of the ungrafted vessels and in 83 percent of the grafted vessels (P
K shell internal conversion coefficients at threshold

Abstract Coulomb field effects on K shell internal conversion coefficients for threshold values of the gamma-ray energy are investigated using exact wave functions to describe both the bound and the continuum state electrons. Exact results for the internal conversion coefficients are obtained in terms of gamma functions and confluent hypergeometric functions. To facilitate numerical evaluation, the exact result is expanded in a series in αZ and the first three terms of this series are retained. The dominant terms are identical to the expressions obtained by Drell and by Dancoff and Morrison, in the non-relativistic approximation. Terms of order αZ times the dominant term are shown to be zero but the α2Z2 corrections to the non-relativistic results are seen to bring the analytical results into closer agreement with the numerical results of Spinrad. The effects of finite nuclear size and screening are also considered.
An algebraic–analytic framework for measurement theory

Abstract The goal of this paper is to present an algebraic–analytic framework for (static and dynamic) deterministic measurement theory, which we find to be fully adequate in engineering and natural science applications. The starting point of this paradigm is the notion of a quantity algebra of a measured system and that of a measuring instrument, underlying the causal linkages in classical ‘system + instrument’ interactions. This approach is then further enriched by providing a superimposed data lattice of measurement outcomes, intended to handle the information flow from the measured system to its measurand’s instrument. The original motivation for this algebraic–analytic setting for measurement was the authors’ earlier work (including Batitsky (1998) [1] , Domotor (1992) [10] , Domotor and Batitsky (2008) [11] ), in which they express various concerns about the foundational adequacy of the well-known representational theory of measurement, henceforth acronymed RTM for short. There is a growing body of arguments and evidence, showing that, by and large, real-world measurements in the natural sciences and technology do not conform to the philosophical and mathematical assumptions of RTM. To make precise what we mean by all this, we begin by recalling the gist of our previous discussions of the philosophical rights and wrongs of the representational view of measurement. Then we move on to present an alternative algebraic–analytic measurement theory which, we believe, offers a natural account of classical deterministic measurement. The technical roots of our approach – though more in spirit than in detail – can be found in the algebraic approaches to quantum field theory, first developed and advocated by Haag and Kastler [15] . The principal innovation in our approach to classical measurement theory is the representation of instrument-based measurement processes in terms of product dynamical quantity algebras and superimposed data lattices of measurement outcomes.
Effects of Thermocline Displacement Upon Subsurface Chlorophyll Maxima in Lake Michigan

Abstract Thermocline displacements from equilibrium were significantly correlated to changes in the depth position of a subsurface chlorophyll maxima at a nearshore station in Lake Michigan. These observations emphasize the large physically induced spatial and temporal variability of this concentrated phytoplankton biomass in the nearshore areas of the Great Lakes.
An Innovation‐Based Fluid Mechanics Design and Fabrication Laboratory

As part of a four-week fluid mechanics laboratory, Mechanical Engineering students were challenged to design and manufacture the least restrictive flow nozzle for a standard test condition within several design constraints. The Nozzle Design Challenge (NDC) combined analysis, design, manufacturing, and experimentation. The positive student responses to the NDC were overwhelming. Formal evaluation of the NDC included the measured nozzle flow rates and the amount of time spent in the laboratory. The highest flow rate nozzle allowed substantially more flow than the nozzle with a 1-inch diameter hole used for demonstration. Every group spent more time in the laboratory than was scheduled, which may indicate high levels of motivation for the project. The examination scores covering the principles learned in this laboratory were compared to the previous semester's students who did not perform the innovation-based design and fabrication project. After blocking out the effects of GPA, the results indicate that the students who undertook the design experience performed significantly better on the examination.