cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disaster Research and Social Network Analysis: Examples of the Scientific Understanding of Human Dynamics at the National Science Foundation

How can knowledge about human behavior be accumulated effectively? How does the funding agency best assure that scientific research is effectively organized? This paper was stimulated by a meeting of nine researchers who received small grants from NSF to conduct empirical analysis of individuals affected by the hurricane disasters (Katrina and Rita) of 2005. Two of the authors are NSF program directors (one is a former director) who will discuss the philosophy and intentions of funding programs on social dynamics of disasters following the 2005 hurricanes. We discuss how NSF funding supported studies of these disasters and what was expected from the funded projects. And we will summarize the type of projects, the kinds of new scientific knowledge that has been gained, and describe what problems remain to be addressed. This paper was written by researchers who were program directors of the National Science Foundation during 2006. Larry Suter is currently a program director in the Division of Research, Evaluation and Communication, of the Education and Human Resources Directorate. Thomas Birkland was a program director for the Infrastucture Management and Hazards Response Program in the Division for Civil, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Innovation in the Engineering Directorate, and is now the Director of
Persons with Severe Mental Disorders in the Criminal Justice System: Challenges and Opportunities

Persons with schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders are at risk for falling through the cracks between the criminal justice and mental health systems. This article is based on a panel discussion between representatives from both systems that recently convened at a regional conference to discuss integration of services. The purpose of the panel discussion was to identify challenges and opportunities related to integrating mental health and criminal justice services at each phase of the criminal justice process. A synopsis of the discussion is presented, along with new models of service delivery designed to prevent the inappropriate arrest and incarceration of persons with severe mental disorders.
Gabriel Valansi: neoliberal nights in Buenos Aires

Este estudo examina a fotografia urbana de Gabriel Valansi, cujo trabalho constitui a tentativa de fotografar os efeitos desastrosos do neoliberalismo na Argentina. Ao fotogratfar o "lixo" do neoliberalismo, Valansi demonstra as delocalizacoes sociais e culturais que tem produzido.
Gelation of bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin ; effects of pH, salts and thiol reagents

Abstract The formation of heat-induced gels from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) under different conditions was studied. The minimum protein concentration required for formation of self-supporting gels in 100 m m Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8·0) following heating at 90°C for 15 min was 4% for BSA and 5% for β-Lg. Maximum gel hardness for both BSA and β-Lg occurred at pH 65. The hardness of β-Lg gels reached a maximum with the addition of 20–40 m m NaCl or 2 m m CaCl 2 , while BSA was at a maximum with 5 m m CaCl 2 but were unaffected by NaCl. The hardness of β-Lg gels decreased slightly upon addition of various anions of sodium (between 50 and 100 m m ). The effects followed the lyotropic series. Addition of N -ethyl-maleimide (NEM) decreased gel strength of BSA, while the gel hardness of β-Lg increased slightly with 5 m m NEM but decreased at higher NEM levels. Dithiothreitol (DTT), at 5 and 2 m m , respectively, enhanced gel hardness of BSA and β-Lg gels. Higher DTT levels significantly decreased gel hardness for both BSA and β-Lg. These results indicated that disulfide bonds are important in BSA gels, while electrostatic interactions and disulfide bonds are involved in the formation and maintenance of β-Lg gels.
Droplet deformation in dispersions with unequal viscosities and zero interfacial tension

An analytical model is presented for the deformation of an ellipsoidal Newtonian droplet, suspended in another Newtonian fluid with different viscosity and zero interfacial tension. The theory is exact for any linear velocity field, and is not limited to small deformations. It encompasses some well-known special cases, such as Jeffery's equation for solid axisymmetric particles and Taylor's small-deformation theory for droplets. Example calculations exhibit droplet stretching, reorientation, and tumbling, and provide a reasonable match to available experimental data on transient and steady droplet shapes. The corresponding rheological theory for dilute dispersions is also derived, in a form that explicitly includes the effects of microstructure on dispersion rheology.
Chinese Industrial Firms under Reform

State-owned industrial enterprises in China underwent far-reaching changes during the 1980s. Reforms altered the operating environment, financial arrangements, business and administrative relationships, and internal structure and motivation of firms. This book, a compilation of detailed case studies, analyzes how reforms and other changes in the economic system affected the behavior and performance of enterprises. The authors develop the following themes that emerge from the case studies: (a) how changing market conditions influence the actions of enterprises; (b) how directive planning by government agencies hinders the reform process; (c) how enterprise objectives are molded by the strong emphasis on worker's interests in the urban state-owned economy; (d) how reforms affect the constraints faced by firms in pursuing their objectives, often leading to unanticipated consequences; (e) how lack of financial discipline weakens incentives and undermines reforms; and (f) how the fragmented, overlapping, and confusing system of bureaucratic supervision inhibits business decision-making. The case studies illustrate that continuing government administrative control over enterprises brings with it fundamental problems and that partial reform can induce distortions.
Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (Comt) in Skin of Patients with Psoriasis *

Activity of the enzyme COMT in involved areas of skin of patients with psoriasis is much greater than in uninvolved areas of skin of the same patients, or in skill of normal individuals. The relation between activity of the enzyme, high epidermal cell turnover and the distinctive vasodilatation of the capillaries in the dermis is discussed.
Is it possible for myocardial perfusion imaging to avoid missing any patients with high-risk coronary disease?

As powerful as standard stress SPECT radionuclide MPI is in diagnosing CAD, risk-stratifying patients, and guiding effective management in large cohorts, it still too often misses high-risk disease in individual patients. Whereas incorporation of non-perfusion pattern findings can help identify more patients at risk for a catastrophic cardiac event, such techniques still do not identify all patients, and they too often misidentify patients who do not have such disease. Better methods are needed to rectify this important limitation of radionuclide MPI, and advances in technology have much promise in this regard.
Zenker's diverticula: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and flexible endoscopic management

Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) is the most common type of diverticulum in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Most patients are elderly and present with symptoms of dysphagia. Serious complications include aspiration and malnutrition. The most common treatments are open surgical diverticulectomy with or without cricopharyngeal myotomy and rigid endoscopic myotomy. Recently, cricopharyngeal myotomy using flexible endoscopes has been described as a treatment option for symptomatic ZD. In this article we describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and review the techniques and outcome following flexible endoscopic management of Zenker's diverticulum.
A new integral equation method for direct electromagnetic scattering in homogeneous media and its numerical confirmation

In this paper, we derive a new integral equation method for direct electromagnetic scattering in homogeneous media and present a numerical confirmation of the new method via a computer simulation. The new integral equation method is based on a paper written by DeSanto [1], originally for scattering from an infinite rough surface separating homogeneous dielectric half-spaces. Here, it is applied to a bounded scatterer, which can be an ohmic conductor or a dielectric, with some simplification of the continuity conditions for the fields. The new integral equation method is developed by choosing the electric field and its normal derivative as boundary unknowns, which are not the usual boundary unknowns. The new integral equation method may provide significant computational advantages over the standard Stratton–Chu method [2] because it leads to a 50% sparse, rather than 100% dense, impedance (collocation) matrix. Our theoretical development of the new integral equation method is exact.
Androgen Induction of β-Glucuronidase Translational Yield in Submaxillary Gland of B6.N Mice

Androgens induce the synthesis of murine β-glucuronidase (GUS) 10-fold in the submaxillary gland of B6 · PAC-Gusn mice without a concomitant increase in GUS mRNA levels. Since the rate of GUS synthesis per mRNA molecule, or translational yield, is a function of both the efficiency with which the message is translated and the fraction of newly made polypeptides that are incorporated into GUS tetramers, we conclude that androgen induces at least one of these components in the submaxillary gland of B6.N mice. Genetic variation in the submaxillary gland induction response was tested for using six congenic mice strains, each carrying a different haplotype of the Gus gene complex on a C57BL/6J genetic background. The results indicate that the DNA sequences determining androgen responsiveness of the Gus gene in the submaxillary gland are linked to the Gus gene complex and that the DNA sequences determining the submaxillary gland response are distinct from those determining the androgen induction of GUS mRNA in k...
Transient Activation of the PI3K-AKT Pathway by Hepatitis C Virus to Enhance Viral Entry

The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in cell growth and metabolism. Here we report that hepatitis C virus (HCV) transiently activates the PI3K-AKT pathway. This activation was observed as early as 15 min postinfection, peaked by 30 min, and became undetectable at 24 h postinfection. The activation of AKT could also be mediated by UV-inactivated HCV, HCV pseudoparticle, and the ectodomain of the HCV E2 envelope protein. Because antibodies directed against CD81 and claudin-1, but not antibodies directed against scavenger receptor class B type I or occludin, could also activate AKT, the interaction between HCV E2 and its two co-receptors CD81 and claudin-1 probably triggered the activation of AKT. This activation of AKT by HCV was important for HCV infectivity, because the silencing of AKT by siRNA or the treatment of cells with its inhibitors or with the inhibitor of its upstream regulator PI3K significantly inhibited HCV infection, whereas the expression of constitutively active AKT enhanced HCV infection. The PI3K-AKT pathway is probably involved in HCV entry, because the inhibition of this pathway could inhibit the entry of HCV pseudoparticle but not the VSV pseudoparticle into cells. Furthermore, the treatment of cells with the AKT inhibitor AKT-V prior to HCV infection inhibited HCV infection, whereas the treatment after HCV infection had no obvious effect. Taken together, our studies indicated that HCV transiently activates the PI3K-AKT pathway to facilitate its entry. These results provide important information for understanding HCV replication and pathogenesis and raised the possibility of targeting this cellular pathway to treat HCV patients.
Open Packing for Infected Pancreatic Necrosis

Due to truly remarkable improvements in critical care medicine, early deaths from severe acute pancreatitis have become decidedly rare. Today, the majority of deaths from acute pancreatitis occur late in the course of the disease and are overwhelmingly dur to secondary bacterial infection of damaged pancreatic tissues [1, 2]. Not all bacterial pancreatic infections carry the same risk for affected patients, however. Of the three recognized forms of secondary bacterial infections (infected pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, and infected pancreatic necrosis), infected necrosis is the most common, the most severe, and the most lethal [3–6]. Accordingly, accurate and consistent definitions of secondary pancreatic infections are necessary for appropriate therapy, and to provide coherent patient populations for comparison of management options [7].
A Leed Investigation of (111) Oriented Si, Ge and GaAs Surfaces Following Pulsed Laser Irradiation

The low energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns obtained from clean (111) oriented Si, Ge and GaAs single crystals subsequent to their irradiation with the output of a pulsed ruby laser in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment suggest that metastable (1×1) surface structures are produced in the regrowth process. Conventional LEED analyses of the Si and Ge surfaces suggest that they terminate in registry with the bulk but that the two outermost interlayer spacings differ from those of the bulk. For the case of Si these changes are a contraction of 25.5 ± 2.5% and an expansion of 3.2 ± 1.5% between the first and second and second and third layers respectively.
One-Phase Algorithm for Continuous Wave TOF Machine Vision Applications

During the last years, time-of-flight (TOF) sensors achieved a significant impact onto research fields in machine vision. In comparison to other common 3-D sensing devices, they combine the advantages of active sensors providing accurate distance measurements and camera-based systems recording a 2-D matrix at a high frame rate. In this paper, a new approach is presented which increases the range calculation time by a factor of four. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is well suited for real-time processing of the range images of continuous wave TOF cameras.
Decomposition approaches for the efficient solution of short-term scheduling problems

The solution of large-scale scheduling problems involving the production of hundreds different products using a variety of process unit operations are typical for chemical and pharmaceutical companies. These problems however are translated to mathematical models involving a computationally infeasible number of variables and constraints independent of the mathematical modeling approach one choose to follow. In this paper, the continuous-time formulation proposed by Ierapetritou and Floudas (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 (1998) 4341) is used as a basic scheduling model. A number of different heuristic-based decomposition approaches are presented including time-based decomposition, required production method and resource-based decomposition. Lagrangean relaxation (LR) and Lagrangean decomposition (LD) are then employed that give rise to an upper bound of the original scheduling problem. Finally, an iterative solution framework is proposed that exploits the lower bound obtained through the heuristic-based approaches and the upper bound based on the LR and LD to result in a refined schedule for large-scale scheduling problems. Two examples are used to illustrate the application of the approaches presented and compare their efficiencies.
Functional characteristics of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C was purified from the culture medium of B. thuringiensis to high specific activity using a procedure we recently described for purification of PI-PLC from B. cereus (Volwerk et al. (1989) J. Cell. Biochem. 39, 315-325). The purified enzymes from B. thuringiensis and B. cereus have similar specific activities towards hydrolysis of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol, and also towards hydrolysis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-containing membrane anchor of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. These results indicate very similar catalytic properties for the structurally homologous PI-specific phospholipases C secreted by these bacilli.
Strain screen and haplotype association mapping of wheel running in inbred mouse strains

Previous genetic association studies of physical activity, in both animal and human models, have been limited in number of subjects and genetically homozygous strains used as well as number of genomic markers available for analysis. Expansion of the available mouse physical activity strain screens and the recently published dense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map of the mouse genome (≈8.3 million SNPs) and associated statistical methods allowed us to construct a more generalizable map of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with physical activity. Specifically, we measured wheel running activity in male and female mice (average age 9 wk) in 41 inbred strains and used activity data from 38 of these strains in a haplotype association mapping analysis to determine QTL associated with activity. As seen previously, there was a large range of activity patterns among the strains, with the highest and lowest strains differing significantly in daily distance run (27.4-fold), duration of activity (23.6-fold), and speed (2.9-fold). On a daily basis, female mice ran further (24%), longer (13%), and faster (11%). Twelve QTL were identified, with three (on Chr. 12, 18, and 19) in both male and female mice, five specific to males, and four specific to females. Eight of the 12 QTL, including the 3 general QTL found for both sexes, fell into intergenic areas. The results of this study further support the findings of a moderate to high heritability of physical activity and add general genomic areas applicable to a large number of mouse strains that can be further mined for candidate genes associated with regulation of physical activity. Additionally, results suggest that potential genetic mechanisms arising from traditional noncoding regions of the genome may be involved in regulation of physical activity.
Basinal and prodeltaic communities of the early Carboniferous Borden Formation in Northern Kentucky and Southern Indiana (U.S.A.)

Abstract Basinal and prodeltaic rocks of the Early Carboniferous (Early Mississipian) Borden Formation each contain a distinctive community type. The stratigraphic and geographic occurrence of these communities was physically controlled by the level of dissolved oxygen in sea water and by the proximity of submarine fan valleys. The older, basinal community (Coral Ridge fauna) was dominated by deposit-feeding molluscs. A variety of evidence suggests this fauna lived in a reduced oxygen (dysaerobic) environment: (1) many stunted individuals, (2) low diversity, (3) dominance by deposit-feeders, and (4) replacement of CaCO 3 skeletons by pyrite, marcasite, and siderite. The younger, prodeltaic community (Button Mold Knob fauna) was a high-diversity community dominated by suspension-feeders living under conditions of normal oxygenation. Diversity and abundance data for this community were assembled from 74 bulk samples. Paleoecologic reconstruction of this community is based on these data. The dominant groups of crinoids were non-pinnulate, probably in response to the optimum mode of feeding in the low-energy prodeltaic environment. A population study of the brachiopod Rhipidomella oweni (Hall and Clarke) indicates high juvenille mortality that probably was caused by smothering in mud. The tabulate coral Cladochonus crassus (M'Coy) was an extremely abundant element of the community. The data set for C. crassus indicates that this coral had a three-dimensional growth form with a mean of 678 corallites per corallum. The patchy distribution of fossils at one site on the ancient prodeltaic sea floor was studied by use of contour maps and trend surfaces. The brachiopod R. oweni was distributed in clusters that in general were mutually exclusive of crinoids. The significance of this mutual exclusion is uncertain, but there is some evidence for biological interaction. Settlement sites on the sea floor had a large-scale patchy distribution. This may be a function of the inability of suspension-feeding larvae to settle directly in the mud. Once sites were fortuitously established, the skeletal debris of earlier generations provided larval settlement sites. The trophic structure of the prodeltaic community suggests partitioning of food resources by tiering above the substrate. Each trophic group is dominated by one or two species, except for the crinoids. The crinoids showed the greatest species equitability because the wide range of filtration fan morphologies allowed a complex division of food resources.
A multiple species approach to sequential learning: are you a man or a mouse?

We have developed a method for studying list learning in animals and humans, and we use variants of the task to examine list learning in rats, mice, and humans. This method holds several advantages over other methods. It has been found to be easily learned without lengthy pretraining. The data gathered with this procedure provide a measure of correct response rates, of incorrect responses and the locations of these responses, and of response latency on a trial-by-trialbasis. We have examined mouse, rat, and human list acquisition of patterns ranging from 12 to 48 items in length. This procedure has also been used to examine many aspects of list learning, such as the effects of the placement of phrasing cues that are either consistent or inconsistent with the structure of the list in rats and mice, the effects of phrasing cues of differing modalities in mice, the sensitivity of subjects to violations of list structure in rats, subjects’ abilities to “chunk” from nonadjacent serial positions in structured lists in rats, and subjects’ sensitivity to serial patterns with multiple levels of hierarchical organization. The procedure has also been used to examine the effects of drugs on sequential learning.
Habitat selection and ranges of tolerance: how do species differ beyond critical thresholds?

Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation often has been examined in terms of thresholds in landscape composition at which a species is likely to occur. Observed thresholds often have been low or absent, however, leaving much unexplained about habitat selection beyond initial thresholds of occurrence, even for species with strong habitat preferences. We examined responses to varying amounts of tree cover, a widely influential measure of habitat loss, for 40 woodland bird species in a mixed woodland/grassland landscape in eastern North Dakota, USA. We used LOESS smoothing to describe incidence for each species at three scales: within 200, 400, and 1200 m around sample locations. For the 200-m scale, we also calculated the most-preferred range of tree cover (within which at least half of observations were predicted to occur) for each species. Only 10 of 40 species had occurrence thresholds greater than about 10% tree cover. After initial occurrence, species showed three general patterns: some increased monotonically with tree cover; some increased up to an asymptote; some peaked at intermediate amounts of tree cover and then declined. These patterns approximate selection for interior woodlands and for edge-rich environments, but incidence plots provide greater detail in landscape-scale selection than do those categories. For most species, patterns persisted at larger scales, but for some, larger scales had distinctly different patterns than local scales. Preferred ranges of tree cover varied from 60% (veery, Catharus fuscescens). We conclude that incidence patterns provide more information on habitat selection than do threshold measures for most species: in particular, they differentiate species preferring concentrated woodlands from those preferring mixed landscapes, and they show contrasting degrees of selectiveness. [Correction added on 16 October 2012, after first online publication: the Abstract section has been reworded].
The superconductive energy gaps of thin-film AuAl 2 and AuIn 2

Thin films of the intermetallic compounds AuAl2 and AuIn2 were prepared and used as electrodes in AuAl2/oxide/Al,Al/oxide/AuIn2, or AuAl2/oxide/AuIn2 tunnel junctions. The tunnel barriers were produced by rf sputter oxidation. The temperature dependence of the energy gaps of the AuAl2 and AuIn2 films was measured and found to agree well with BCS theory.
Interview with Future Medicinal Chemistry's US Senior Editor, Iwao Ojima. Interview by Issac Bruce.

Professor Iwao Ojima studied at the University of Tokyo (Japan) before being appointed as a Senior Research Fellow and Group Leader at the Sagami Institute of Chemical Research. He is now Director of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery at State University of New York (USA) and has been a visiting professor in European, North American and Asian academic institutions. Professor Ojima agreed to serve as the US Senior Editor of Future Medicinal Chemistry when it launched in 2009 and continues to provide his expertise to the journal. Professor Ojima spoke to Future Medicinal Chemistry about why medicinal chemistry is such an exciting field to work in, the state of the pharmaceutical industry, and what features and issues make this journal unique. Interview conducted by Isaac Bruce, Commissioning Editor.
COLLAGEN IN FOSSIL TEETH AND BONES.

Ultrathin sections have been cut from a variety of fossil teeth and bones. Electron micrographs made before and after decalcification of such sections show the collagen and other organic matter they contain and suggest the way it may alter with time.
Nature of the absorbing species from pulse radiolysis of n-hexane

Abstract The results of picosecond pulse radiolysis studies of n-hexane at 213 K over the wavelength region of 450 and 750 nm are presented. Scavengers were used to determine the charge of the absorbing species. It was found that scavengers, typically thought of as electron scavengers, e.g. ethyl bromide, carbon disulfide and ethyl iodide, can also act as hole scavengers in n-hexane at early times. The optical absorption of solutions of these scavengers was at least partially due to a positive scavenger ion rather than the n-hexyl ion. Preliminary evidence indicated that the the absorbing species at 600 nm might be an excited state. There was also evidence from comparative studies of n-hexane and n-decane at room temperature that the absorption at 480 nm was partially due to the positive n-hexyl ion.
Not all primary aluminum is created equal: life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2005.

Primary aluminum ingot is a globally traded commodity, and large regional differences in technology and electricity fuel mixes exist among the industry’s smelters. A life cycle assessment model is developed to calculate absolute emissions and emissions intensities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the production, trade, and consumption of primary ingot in six world regions. Global production emissions are estimated at 283 (±18) Mt CO2-eq (14.7 (±0.95) kg CO2-eq/kg primary ingot) in 1990 and 468 (±26) Mt CO2-eq (14.7 (±0.80) kg CO2-eq/kg primary ingot) in 2005. In total, the production of primary aluminum accounts for 0.78 and 0.93% of world GHG emissions in 1990 and 2004, respectively. Regional production GHG intensities in 2005 range from 7.07 (±0.69) kg CO2-eq/kg primary ingot in Latin America to 21.9 (±3.0) kg CO2-eq/kg primary ingot in Asia. The GHG implications of expanding global trade of primary ingot are examined in terms of the emissions embodied in the imports and exports and the consumption-weigh...
Conditions for Soft Selection Favoring the Evolution of Hybrid Inviability

Abstract Hybrid inviability per se is not generally considered adaptive; it is believed to evolve as a pleiotropic consequence of other genetic changes, either adaptive or neutral, between diverging populations. However, given the pre-existence of hybrid sterility, there are circumstances under which hybrid inviability may be directly selected. In this report, we model the evolution of hybrid inviability in the context of within-family density-dependent selection (soft selection). This paper shows that under certain conditions, an allele causing hybrid inviability can increase when rare, despite also decreasing viability in conspecifics. These conditions depend upon the strength of density effects within families and upon the frequency of matings with heterospecifics. It is found that, under the most favourable conditions (strong soft selection and frequent hybridization), the inviability allele can invade when its deleterious effect on the hybrid viability exceeds four times its deleterious effects on conspecific heterozygotes. The conditions for fixation of the allele are also investigated and the circumstances under which this process might operate in natural populations are discussed. The conclusion is that most restrictive condition is that for this process to evolve, there must be little opportunity for postzygotic reproductive isolation to evolve.
Retinal detachment associated with optic disc colobomas and morning glory syndrome

We report the diagnosis and treatment of patients with retinal detachment and/or retinoschisis associated with optic nerve coloboma or morning glory syndrome. A retrospective review of patients with optic nerve coloboma or morning glory syndrome with associated retinal detachment or retinoschisis was conducted. For five patients (six eyes), we report the clinical findings, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, intraoperative findings, and treatment outcomes. OCT scans demonstrate a bilaminar structure of maculopathy, consisting of inner schisis-like changes and outer layer retinal detachment. In most cases, a retinal break was demonstrated within the optic disc defect with three-dimensional OCT imaging. Glial tissue was sometimes observed within the anomalous defect. Vitrectomy and resection of the tractional tissue in these cases produced good anatomical and visual outcomes. Retinal detachment spontaneously resolved in cases where traction was not present. Traction may contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal detachment associated with colobomatous optic disc anomalies, either directly or by creating a secondary retinal break. OCT imaging assists with understanding the contributing factors to retinal detachment in individual cases of colobomatous optic disc anomalies and can thereby assist with determining the most effective approach to management.
Neuroantibody Biomarkers: Links and Challenges in Environmental Neurodegeneration and Autoimmunity

The majority of neurodegenerative (ND) and autoimmune diseases (AID) remain idiopathic. The contribution of environmental chemicals to the development of these disorders has become of great interest in recent years. A convergence of mechanism between of ND and AID development has also emerged. In the case of ND, including neurotoxicity, the focus of this review, work over the last two decade in the realm of biomarker development, indicates that the immune response provides a venue whereby humoral immunity, in the form of autoantibodies to nervous system specific proteins, or neuroantibodies (NAb), may provide, once validated, a sensitive high throughput surrogate biomarker of effect with the potential of predicting outcome in absence of overt neurotoxicity/neurodegeneration. In addition, NAb may prove to be a contributor to the progression of the nervous system pathology, as well as biomarker of stage and therapeutic efficacy. There is a compelling need for biomarkers of effect in light of the introduction of new chemicals, such as nanoengineered material, where potential neurotoxicity remains to be defined. Furthermore, the convergence of mechanisms associated with ND and AID draws attention to the neglected arena of angiogenesis in defining the link between environment, ND, and AID.
Peroxodiferric intermediate of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta 9 desaturase: oxidase reactivity during single turnover and implications for the mechanism of desaturation.

Combined optical and resonance Raman studies have revealed the formation of an O2-adduct upon exposure of 4e- chemically reduced stearoyl-acyl carrier protein Δ9 desaturase to stearoyl-ACP and 1 atm O2. The observed intermediate has a broad absorption band at 700 nm and is remarkably stable at room temperature (t1/2 ≈ 26 min). Resonance Raman studies using 16O2 gas reveal vibrational features of a bound peroxide [νs(Fe−O2), 442 cm-1; νas(Fe−O2), 490 cm-1; ν(O−O), 898 cm-1] that undergo the expected mass-dependent shifts when prepared in 16O18O or 18O2. The appearance of two Fe−O2 vibrations, each having a single peak of intermediate frequency with 16O18O, proves that the peroxide is bound symmetrically between the two iron atoms in a μ-1,2 configuration. The same results have been obtained in the accompanying resonance Raman study of ribonucleotide reductase isoform W48F/D84E [P. Moenne-Loccoz, J. Baldwin, B. A. Ley, T. M. Loehr, and J. M. Bollinger, Jr. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 14659−14663], thus making i...
Topological structure of shading

The purpose of this note is to investigate the genericity and stability of shading patterns in the images of scenes. These notions are defined in terms of the gradient dynamical system of image intensity. The main results are: (1) For a surface of revolution, the generic light source directions are stable. (2) For a surface of revolution, the set of connected components of the set of generic directions refines the set of equivalence classes of stable light source directions, each equivalence being the union of one or more components.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The adenovirus type 5 E1A transcriptional control region contains a duplicated enhancer element

The adenovirus type 5 E1A transcriptional control region contains an element with enhancer properties located between -141 and -305 relative to the E1A cap site at +1. The enhancer element is located at or very close to a sequence required in cis for packaging of viral DNA. Deletion of the element reduces both the rate of transcription and steady-state levels of E1A mRNAs in virus-infected cells. Such deletions also cause a modest reduction in activity of the E1B transcription unit, which is located immediately downstream of the E1A unit. The enhancer element includes repeated core sequences. Function is retained when the element is moved to the 3' side of the E1A gene in either possible orientation, and the E1A enhancer functions in cis to enhance transformation by the herpesvirus thymidine kinase gene in both mouse and human cells.
Effect of Gradients of the Perturbation in Effective-Mass Theory

Ionization energies of donors and acceptors in semiconductors generally differ from computed values by 10-30%. We discuss a suggestion that the discrepancy may be due to the neglect in the theory of the gradients of the impurity potential in the region of the orbit of the trapped electron or hole. This effect is shown here to be too small to account for the discrepancy. Hence, it must be due to the originally suggested cause\char22{}the character of the impurity potential in the immediate vicinity of the impurity.
Saitoella coloradoensis sp. nov., a new species of the Ascomycota, subphylum Taphrinomycotina.

Saitoella coloradoensis sp. nov. (NRRL YB-2330, CBS 12360, type strain, MycoBank accession number 563858) is described. This new member of the phylum Ascomycota, subphylum Taphrinomycotina was isolated from insect frass occurring in an Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) that was growing in Colorado, USA. Multigene sequence analysis showed that S. coloradoensis is distinct from Saitoella complicata, the only other known species of Saitoella. The two species may be separated phenotypically from growth reactions on d-xylose, ribitol and methyl-α-d-glucoside. Asexual reproduction is by budding and both species produce thick-walled, spherical cells that appear morphologically similar to the ascogenous cells formed in plant host tissue by species of Protomyces and some species of Taphrina. The thick-walled cells did not form ascospores but did produce buds when placed on fresh growth media.
Budgets as dynamic gatekeepers

Most large organizations allocate resources by means of fixed budgets: each subunit is normally entitled to spend a defined amount over a fixed period, usually one year. Fixed budgets create clear incentives for subunits to control costs. Yet such arrangements create major incentives for dynamic inefficiency, for example by encouraging subunits to exhaust their budgets toward the end of the fiscal year. This paper develops a dynamic optimization model to examine the incentives fostered by budget systems. It invokes the metaphor of physicians involved in a health care delivery system to examine incentives created by decentralized "gatekeeping" as a mechanism to control medical costs. The paper also discusses some methods to reduce the incentives for dynamic inefficiency that fixed budgets create.
Annual Review: Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development, 1990

This review of the 1990 literature on career development and counseling emphasizes literature on career counseling approaches and interventions, and literature related to the general theme of “work within a life.” This theme addresses how work simultaneously expresses and influences how an individual functions as an integrated psychological being. The importance of the context of an individual's life is also emphasized throughout the review. Topics include race, sex, and multiple role issues, selected career choice issues and indecision, coping on the job, and job change and unemployment. Implications for career counseling are provided.
Novel Mechanisms Underlying the Immediate and Transient Global Tolerization of Splenic Dendritic Cells after Vaccination with a Self-Antigen

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important orchestrators of the immune response, ensuring that immunity against pathogens is generated, whereas immunity against healthy tissues is prevented. Using the tumor Ag MUC1, we previously showed that i.v. immunization of MUC1 transgenic mice, but not wild-type, with a MUC1 peptide resulted in transient tolerization of all splenic DCs. These DCs did not upregulate costimulatory molecules and induced regulatory T cells rather than effector T cells. They were characterized by suppressed expression of a cohort of pancreatic enzymes not previously reported in DCs, which were upregulated in DCs presenting the same MUC1 peptide as a foreign Ag. In this article, we examined the self-antigen–tolerized DC phenotype, function, and mechanisms responsible for inducing or maintaining their tolerized state. Tolerized DCs share some characteristics with immature DCs, such as a less inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profile, deficient activation of NF-κB, and sustained expression of zDC and CCR2 . However, tolerized DCs demonstrated a novel inducible expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1/2 and phospho-STAT3. Suppressed expression of one of the pancreatic enzymes, trypsin, in these DC impeded their ability to degrade extracellular matrix, thus affecting their motility. Suppressed metallopeptidases, reflected in low expression of carboxypeptidase B1, prevented optimal Ag-specific CD4 + T cell proliferation suggesting their role in Ag processing. Tolerized DCs were not refractory to maturation after stimulation with a TLR3 agonist, demonstrating that this tolerized state is not terminally differentiated and that tolerized DCs can recover their ability to induce immunity to foreign Ags.
Optimizing Query Injection from Mobile Objects to Sensor Networks

To facilitate flexible data discovery, sensor networks can be supported by query processing, where a query is injected into the sensor network from some base station. In his paper we consider the problem of query injection by base stations that are mobile (mobile objects) and individual sensors are "location-ignorant". The idea is to have mobile objects take advantage of each other's independent motion plans to do a form of opportunistic query injection. We discuss methods to optimize query injection in terms of optimal injection points and transmission ranges. Numerical simulations on coverage rate metrics are provided to support the proposed methods
Awards and Recognition for Exceptional Teachers K–12 and Community College Programs in the U.S.A., Canada and Other Countries. Hans A. Andrews, Ottawa, IL: Matilda Press, 2006, 370 pages with index, $24.95 (paperback).

Excellent teachers deserve recognition. Dr. Andrews has given those of us in education a challenge to appropriately and systematically celebrate great teaching. Awards and Recognition for Exception...
Exact indexing of dynamic time warping

The problem of indexing time series has attracted much research interest in the database community. Most algorithms used to index time series utilize the Euclidean distance or some variation thereof. However is has been forcefully shown that the Euclidean distance is a very brittle distance measure. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is a much more robust distance measure for time series, allowing similar shapes to match even if they are out of phase in the time axis. Because of this flexibility, DTW is widely used in science, medicine, industry and finance. Unfortunately however, DTW does not obey the triangular inequality, and thus has resisted attempts at exact indexing. Instead, many researchers have introduced approximate indexing techniques, or abandoned the idea of indexing and concentrated on speeding up sequential search. In this work we introduce a novel technique for the exact indexing of DTW. We prove that our method guarantees no false dismissals and we demonstrate its vast superiority over all competing approaches in the largest and most comprehensive set of time series indexing experiments ever undertaken.
Calcium Iodate and Pentacalcium Orthoperiodate as Sources of Supplemental Iodine for Cattle

Abstract The nutritional availability of iodine from calcium iodate, pentacalcium orthoperiodate (PCOP), and sodium iodide was compared using six near-term pregnant cows. Nine days before expected parturition, three were orally dosed with 2mCi 125 I-labeled calcium iodate and three orally with 2mCi 125 -labeled pentacalcium orthoperiodate. Each animal was orally given 2mCi Na 131 I simultaneously with the 125 I doses. One animal from each group was killed seven days after dosing and four were allowed to calve normally. Blood plasma radioiodine concentrations, thyroid uptake, and urinary and fecal radioiodine excretions were comparable for each of the iodine compounds during seven days after dosing. Calcium iodate and pentacalcium orthoperiodate were equally available as iodide for transfer to the unborn fetus as indicated by equal 125 I and 131 I concentrations in slaughter samples including maternal and fetal thyroids, abomasal content, placental fluids, cotyledons, and fetal bladder content and bile. Thyroid and plasma 125 I levels equaled corresponding 131 I values for four cows and calves during six days following parturition. It was concluded that calcium iodate and pentacalcium orthoperiodate are adequate supplemental iodine sources for cattle.
Effects of trap height on captures of arboreal insects in pine stands of northeastern United States of America

Knowledge of the effects of variables that can influence trapping results should help to optimise efforts in exotic species detection and other surveys. Two vertical trap placements (understorey, canopy) were tested to determine influence of these two heights on captures of Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Cerambycidae (Coleoptera), and Siricidae (Hymenoptera) using semiochemical-baited multiple-funnel traps. Traps were baited with α-pinene, ethanol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol. A total of 8463 insects from 65 species and one genus were captured during the study. Average species richness, species diversity, abundance, number of unique species, and expected diversity were higher in understorey compared with canopy traps. Jaccard (0.94 ± 0.05) and Sorensen abundance (0.97 ± 0.03) similarity indices suggested highly similar communities sampled at the two trap heights. Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg, Hylastes opacus Erichson, Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch), Asemum striatum (Linnaeus), Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus (Say), Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus), and Xylotrechus sagitattus sagitattus (Germar) were more abundant in understorey traps. In contrast, Ips pini (Say), Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine, Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), Acmaeops proteus (Kirby), and Astylopsis sexgutatta (Say) were more abundant in canopy traps. The common practice of trapping in the understorey may be optimal for sampling arboreal insects as part of survey efforts. However, additional species may be found by trapping at other vertical placements.
Effective donor abilities of E-t-Bu and EPh (E = O, S, Se, Te) to a high valent transition metal

Amido rotation in the chromium(VI), d0-system NCr(NPri2)2X is under investigation as a method for the parameterization of ligands for their donor properties toward high valent metals. In this study, two new series were prepared and studied based on chalcogenide ligands, X = EBut and EPh and where E = O, S, Se, Te; the OPh and SPh compounds were previously reported. The ligand donor parameters for these ligands correlate with the Cr–E–C angles in these chalcogenide series. In addition, it was found that NBO calculated overlaps and DFT calculated bond dissociation enthalpies correlate within X = halide-, EBut- and EPh-series. All of the new complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
Participation of the endoplasmic reticulum protein chaperone thio-oxidoreductase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor expression at the plasma membrane

Chaperone members of the protein disulfide isomerase family can catalyze the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction with pairs of cysteines. There are 14 protein disulfide isomerase family members, but the ability to catalyze a thiol disulfide exchange reaction has not been demonstrated for all of them. Human endoplasmic reticulum protein chaperone thio-oxidoreductase (ERp18) shows partial oxidative activity as a protein disulfide isomerase. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the participation of ERp18 in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) expression at the plasma membrane. Cos-7 cells were cultured, plated, and transfected with 25 ng (unless indicated) wild-type human GnRHR (hGnRHR) or mutant GnRHR (Cys14Ala and Cys200Ala) and pcDNA3.1 without insert (empty vector) or ERp18 cDNA (75 ng/well), pre-loaded for 18 h with 1 microCi myo-[2-3H(N)]-inositol in 0.25 mL DMEM and treated for 2 h with buserelin. We observed a decrease in maximal inositol phosphate (IP) production in response to buserelin in the cells co-transfected with hGnRHR, and a decrease from 20 to 75 ng of ERp18 compared with cells co-transfected with hGnRHR and empty vector. The decrease in maximal IP was proportional to the amount of ERp18 DNA over the range examined. Mutants (Cys14Ala and Cys200Ala) that could not form the Cys14-Cys200 bridge essential for plasma membrane routing of the hGnRHR did not modify maximal IP production when they were co-transfected with ERp18. These results suggest that ERp18 has a reduction role on disulfide bonds in wild-type hGnRHR folding.