cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumers' Need for Uniqueness

Consumer's need for uniqueness is defined as an enduring personality trait driving individuals to pursue dissimilarity by acquiring, using, and disposing of products and brands in an effort to develop a distinctive self- and social-image. It was conceptualized as a three-dimensional construct including creative choice, unpopular choice, and avoidance of similarity. Studies substantiated its relationships with a variety of consumption behaviors. Keywords: uniqueness; need; personality; individuality; counterconformity
Variables affecting the foam separation of Escherichia coli.

The removal of washed and standardized Escherichia coli from distilled-water suspension by foam separation with nitrogen gas and 30 μg/ml of ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide surfactant was increased by increasing the gas rate from 4.3 to 9.3 liters per min and by lowering the port level at which foam was removed from 60.4 to 20.4 cm, but with concomitant increases in foam volumes. The concentrations of cells and of surfactant in the residual suspensions were related to foam volumes; a given number of cells adsorbed a constant amount of surfactant. The addition of from 10 to 500 μg/ml of inorganic salts decreased the total cell removal, with magnesium sulfate producing an anomalously large effect. The addition of surfactant in several doses (compared with a single dose) together with an increase in foaming time from 10 to 24 min produced residual suspensions with lower cell concentrations, and, when salts were present in the initial suspensions, produced lower foam volumes and more concentrated foams.
Technical Note: The impact of spatial scale in bias correction of climate model output for hydrologic impact studies

Abstract. Statistical downscaling is a commonly used technique for translating large-scale climate model output to a scale appropriate for assessing impacts. To ensure downscaled meteorology can be used in climate impact studies, downscaling must correct biases in the large-scale signal. A simple and generally effective method for accommodating systematic biases in large-scale model output is quantile mapping, which has been applied to many variables and shown to reduce biases on average, even in the presence of non-stationarity. Quantile-mapping bias correction has been applied at spatial scales ranging from hundreds of kilometers to individual points, such as weather station locations. Since water resources and other models used to simulate climate impacts are sensitive to biases in input meteorology, there is a motivation to apply bias correction at a scale fine enough that the downscaled data closely resemble historically observed data, though past work has identified undesirable consequences to applying quantile mapping at too fine a scale. This study explores the role of the spatial scale at which the quantile-mapping bias correction is applied, in the context of estimating high and low daily streamflows across the western United States. We vary the spatial scale at which quantile-mapping bias correction is performed from 2° ( ∼ 200 km) to 1∕8° ( ∼ 12 km) within a statistical downscaling procedure, and use the downscaled daily precipitation and temperature to drive a hydrology model. We find that little additional benefit is obtained, and some skill is degraded, when using quantile mapping at scales finer than approximately 0.5° ( ∼ 50 km). This can provide guidance to those applying the quantile-mapping bias correction method for hydrologic impacts analysis.
Achieving an Exercise Workload of ≥10 Metabolic Equivalents Predicts a Very Low Risk of Inducible Ischemia: Does Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Have a Role?

Objectives We sought to identify prospectively the prevalence of significant ischemia (≥10% of the left ventricle [LV]) on exercise single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging relative to workload achieved in consecutive patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Background High exercise capacity is a strong predictor of a good prognosis, and the role of MPI in patients achieving high workloads is questionable. Methods Prospective analysis was performed on 1,056 consecutive patients who underwent quantitative exercise gated 99mTc-SPECT MPI, of whom 974 attained ≥85% of their maximum age-predicted heart rate. These patients were further divided on the basis of attained exercise workload ( Results Of these 974 subjects, 473 (48.6%) achieved ≥10 METs. This subgroup had a very low prevalence of significant ischemia (2 of 473, 0.4%). Those attaining Conclusions In this referral cohort of patients with an intermediate-to-high clinical risk of coronary artery disease, achieving ≥10 METs with no ischemic ST-segment depression was associated with a 0% prevalence of significant ischemia. Elimination of MPI in such patients, who represented 31% (430 of 1,396) of all patients undergoing exercise SPECT in this laboratory, could provide substantial cost-savings.
Celery yield responds to phosphorus rate but not phosphorus placement on histosols

Four field experiments were conducted during two production seasons to evaluate soil-test P fertilizer recommendations for celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) produced on Histosols, which often are linked hydrologically to environmentally sensitive wetlands, and to evaluate band placement as a strategy for improving P fertilizer-use efficiency in celery in such areas. Phosphorus was applied (broadcast or banded) at 0,50, 100,150, and 200 kg P/ha. Broadcast P was surface-applied and disked into the soil ≈ 15 cm deep 1 day before planting. Banded P was applied 5 cm below the soil surface and 5 cm to the side of each celery row. Total above-ground mass, marketable trimmed yield of celery, and yield of the larger grade sizes increased with P rate in all experiments. Band P placement was not a viable strategy for improving P fertilizer-use efficiency for celery. However, our results indicate that previous soil-test-based P fertilizer recommendations for celery were too high for the cultivars grown currently, and improved P fertilizer-use efficiency can be obtained with revised soil-test calibrations.
Triple Quadrupole and Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers

Mass spectrometers based on ion separation using electrodynamic quadrupolar fields have been dominant in the evolution of the field of mass spectrometry. This chapter discusses triple quadrupole mass spectrometers and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers, two of the most important and commercially successful instruments in the history of mass spectrometry. An overview of the principles of operation is discussed in terms of the Mathieu stability diagram, a well-known graphical representation to determine whether ions will have stable or unstable trajectories in a radio frequency (RF) electric field. A brief introduction of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is also presented. After the general introduction, each type of instrument is discussed individually. A brief historical background is provided for each type of instrument. Finally, there is an overview of the wide array of methods to perform MS/MS experiments. Keywords: triple quadrupole; quadrupole ion trap; MS/MS; ion activation; linear ion trap
Juana Inés: 'bajo la perfección del arte'

Un dia en el otono de 1673, la madre de Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz se sento en su celda en el convento de San Jeronimo para escribirle una carta a don fray Payo Enriquez de Ribera, arzobispo de Mexico. Queria pedirle al prelado que viniera para darle el sacramento de la confirmacion, y en ese momento se sentia bien, de buen humor y animada por el carino que le tenia a fray Payo. Naturalmente, la carta salio rimada y medida como poema. Decimos "naturalmente" porque lo mismo dijo sor Juana, quien en la famosa carta que escribio casi dos decadas despues al obispo de Puebla, cuando ya no se sentia bien, declaro que "la tan persseguida habilidad de hacer versos" es en ella "tan natural, que aun me violento para que esta carta no lo sean".
Malignant astrocytic gliomas in children

Between 1957 and 1980, 54 children less than 20 years of age with a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme or malignant astrocytoma were treated. All patients had a minimum follow-up period of 5 years. Twenty-seven patients had glioblastoma multiforme and 27 had malignant astrocytoma. The median age was 8 years for glioblastoma multiforme patients and 10 years for malignant astrocytoma patients. All patients received radiation therapy, but two died of postoperative complications and did not complete the treatment. The Kernohan Grading System was more useful in distinguishing glioblastoma multiforme and malignant astrocytoma in terms of prognosis than was the Nelson criterion of tumor necrosis. Glioblastoma multiforme (IV) patients had survivals of 44% at 1 year, 26% at 2 years, 4% at 5 years, and 0% at 10 years. Malignant astrocytoma (III) patients had 74% survival at 1 year, 56% at 2 years, 36% at 5 years, and 32% at 10 years, (all P less than 0.05). The tumor dose and tumor location affected survival significantly. Patients with hemispheric malignant astrocytoma who received 54-60 Gy had a 60% 5-year survival rate compared to 14% for doses of 35-50 Gy. Glioblastoma multiforme patients with noncentral tumors had a 9% 5- year survival with 54-60 Gy versus 0% with 35-50 Gy. Cerebral and cerebellar hemispheric tumors did better than central tumors. There were no 5-year survivors among patients with central tumors. Noncentral tumors, on the other hand, resulted in a 44% 5-year survival for malignant astrocytoma and 5% for glioblastoma multiforme. Radiation therapy was well tolerated during the acute period. Only one patient developed a late neurologic deficit attributable to therapy. The patient had hearing loss after two courses of 50 Gy each to a temporal lobe tumor. However, six of the 11 patients who survived for 5 years or longer had intellectual, emotional, or endocrine dysfunction.
Warfarin-related nephropathy: another newly recognized complication of an old drug

Since its approval in the 1950s, warfarin has been the most often prescribed anticoagulant, with attendant risks of bleeding. Brodsky et al. describe another potential complication of warfarin therapy. Warfarin-related nephropathy (WRN) has been described in patients with chronic kidney disease and appears to accelerate the rate of progression and increase the risk of death. The interactions between warfarin and chronic kidney disease are complex, and the recognition of the potential complications is expanding.
Kerr black hole in equilibrium with a rotating heat bath.

The equilibrium and stability of a rotating black hole in a finite heat bath is discussed. An axisymmetric box of radiation in thermal equilibrium rotates rigidly, and some radiation slumps towards the outer wall. When such a heat bath is in equilibrium with a black hole, the temperatures and angular velocities of the hole and the bath are equal. The situation in which the heat bath is in a cylindrical box much larger than the hole, and contains only massless modes, is particularly simple and may be examined in detail. A sufficient condition for the stability of the equilibrium can be derived, analogous to the stability condition derived by Davies and by Gibbons and Perry for the nonrotating case. Depending on the total energy {ital E}, total angular momentum {ital J}, and radius {ital R} of the heat bath, the system at equilibrium may be in one of three thermodynamic regimes: a radiation-only state, a state dominated by a black hole, or a transition state in which both the black hole and the heat bath contain significant energy, angular momentum, and entropy.
Bifurcation phenomena in Taylor-Couette flow with buoyancy effects

A numerical study has been conducted to determine the various modes of Taylor–Couette flow that exist between concentric vertical cylinders, as the aspect ratio Γ (height to gap width, H/d) and the Reynolds number Re (based on the inner cylinder speed) are varied. Furthermore, the effects of the introduction of buoyancy on the development of the flow are examined. This is accomplished by considering both cylinders to be isothermal, with the rotating inner cylinder at a higher temperature than the stationary outer cylinder. Results are presented for a wide range of the Grashof number Gr (based on the temperature difference ΔT across the annular gap). The structure of the Taylor vortices is observed to be distorted considerably with the buoyant flows, and the nature of the onset and subsequent development of the vortices is altered. The hysteresis between the different modes of cellular flow, characteristic of the bifurcation phenomena, is also substantially modified.
The structure and antecedents of the normative and attitudinal components of Fishbein's theory of reasoned action

Abstract The structure of the theory of reasoned action was examined in this research, using structural equations analysis. It was found that both the normative belief-motivation to comply construct and expectancy-value attitude exist as multidimensional rather than unidimensional representations. These multidimensional representations were found to be differentially predictive of subjective norm and attitude toward behavior, respectively. Antecedents of the normative belief-motivation to comply construct were examined. A multidimensional construct comprised of socially mediated rewards and punishments was found to underlie the normative belief-motivation to comply variable.
Use of artificial neural networks for the accurate prediction of peptide liquid chromatography elution times in proteome analyses.

The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is described for predicting the reversed-phase liquid chromatography retention times of peptides enzymatically digested from proteome-wide proteins. To enable the accurate comparison of the numerous LC/MS data sets, a genetic algorithm was developed to normalize the peptide retention data into a range (from 0 to 1), improving the peptide elution time reproducibility to ∼1%. The network developed in this study was based on amino acid residue composition and consists of 20 input nodes, 2 hidden nodes, and 1 output node. A data set of ∼7000 confidently identified peptides from the microorganism Deinococcus radiodurans was used for the training of the ANN. The ANN was then used to predict the elution times for another set of 5200 peptides tentatively identified by MS/MS from a different microorganism (Shewanella oneidensis). The model was found to predict the elution times of peptides with up to 54 amino acid residues (the longest peptide identified after tryptic d...
TH‐C‐204C‐02: Advanced MR Spectroscopy Methods for Studying Metabolism and Radiation Treatment Response in Brain Tumors

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging(MRSI) provides completely non‐invasively detailed metabolic information which correlates with physiological or pathological conditions. Hence it is becoming a valuable tool in image guided radio(proton)therapy where it can probe dose conformity (radiation delivered over the tumor volume and surrounding tissues) and could provide in‐vivo new insights about the biology of tumor response to radiation. Traditionally in‐vivo MRSI faces several challenges that may limit its potential such as: 1) inaccuracy in signal localization (chemical shift displacement error and voxel bleeding); 2) low spatial resolution; and 3) long acquisition times for 3D volumetric scans. However recent advances in hardware and pulse sequence design can mitigate many of these problems. Use of adiabatic pulses can provide precise and uniform signal excitation and together with fast acquisition schemes of the k‐space such as spiral trajectories allows fast acquisition of high resolution 3D MRSI scans. In addition real‐time motion correction and shimming strategies can improve the reliability of MRSI scans. Moreover MRSI scans that have multiple frequency dimensions (such as 2D chemical shift correlation spectra) can now be performed in‐vivo to unambiguously identify overlapped metabolite signals. This lecture will begin with an overview of the basic principles of in‐vivo MRS which will be followed by details of advanced MRSI methods such as adiabatic excitation fast spiral acquisition of 3D MRSI data and 2D chemical shift correlation spectra. Examples of in‐vivo MRSI data obtained on braintumor patients treated with conventional radiotherapy and proton beam therapy will be shown in the end. Learning Objectives: 1. Basic principles of MRSI. 2. Understand the critical artifacts that might confound MRS and the importance of improved methods for reliable MRSI. 3. Clinical applications of MRSI to monitor radiation therapy for braintumors.
Interaction of neutron and thermal environmental factors in the embrittlement of selected structural alloys for advanced reactor applications

An experimental irradiation was conducted in the Big Rock Point Reactor (BRPR) to obtain comparisons of the individual irradiation response of five structural steels of current and potential application for nuclear reactor pressure vessels. The steels included A302-B, A543, A517-E, 7−12%NiCrMo and 12Ni5Cr3Mo (2 heats) in plate form. The temperature and duration of the irradiation exposure were 585°F (307°C) and 9,726 hr respectively. The exposure was conducted under typical boiling water reactor conditions. Charpy-V (CV) specimens of the five steels were evaluated in the as-irradiated condition and in the postirradiation annealed condition. Non-irradiated CV specimens aged at 575°F (302°C) for 9,726 hr were also evaluated. Additional non-irradiated CV specimens were aged at 700 and 800°F (371 and 427°C) for 168 hr as a reference for evaluating the postirradiation annealed specimens. Postirradiation CV 30 ft-lb transition temperatures of all materials were at or below boiling water temperatures; individual transition temperature increases ranged from 95 to 205°F (53 to 114°C) for fluences of 4.7 to 7.4 × 1019 n/cm2 > 1 MeV. Postirradiation annealing was found to be generally less effective with higher initial yield strength steels. The effect of long-term 575°F (302°C) aging on notch ductility behavior was negligible for the lower yield strength steels but produced transition temperature increases of 55 to 150°F (31 to 80°C) with the higher yield strength steels. Aging of unirradiated CV specimens for 168 hr at 700 and 800°F (371 and 427°C) resulted in transition temperature increases for most steels that were very close to the transition temperatures after postirradiation annealing. Tensile properties were found altered only slightly by the irradiation exposure. Small increases in yield and tensile strength were accompanied by small decreases in tensile ductility. In terms of postirradiation strength and ductility, the three lower yield strength steels appear to be more acceptable for application in reactor pressure vessels than the two higher strength steels. The data suggest that the 12-5-3 maraging steel is not suited for long-term elevated temperature reactor service due to thermal instability.
Pioneer axons lose directed growth after selective killing of guidepost cells

The first nerve cells to appear in the limb buds of embryonic grasshoppers are a pair which lie at the distal tip and project axons along the length of the limb to the central nervous system (CNS)1. The stereotyped route navigated by these ‘pioneer’ axons is followed by other neurones and eventually becomes that of a major adult nerve trunk2. The guidance cues which delineate this route are unknown, but it has been suggested that guidance is provided by a set of nonadjacent ‘guidepost’ cells along which the pioneers grow (Fig. 1)1,3–6. We have now tested this suggestion by selectively destroying identified guidepost cells and observing pioneer axon trajectories in their absence. Our results support the guidepost cell hypothesis.
Duality for Semiantichains and Unichain Coverings in Products of Special Posets

Saks and West conjectured that for every product of partial orders, the maximum size of a semiantichain equals the minimum number of unichains needed to cover the product. We prove the case where both factors have width 2. We also use the characterization of product graphs that are perfect to prove other special cases, including the case where both factors have height 2. Finally, we make some observations about the case where both factors have dimension 2.
The bovine innate immune response during experimentally-induced Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis.

Abstract Almost half of all clinical cases of mastitis are caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Among these bacteria, intramammary infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains one of the most refractory to antibiotic therapy. The ability to recognize potentially harmful pathogens whether previously encountered or not, as well as the induction of an initial pro-inflammatory response to these pathogens, are critical components of host innate immunity. Although the innate immune response to another Gram-negative mastitis-causing pathogen, Escherichia coli , has been well-characterized, little is known about the response to other Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa . The objective of the current study was to characterize the systemic and localized bovine innate immune response to intramammary infection with P. aeruginosa . The contralateral quarters of ten mid-lactating Holstein cows were challenged with either saline or P. aeruginosa . Following the establishment of infection, milk samples were collected and assayed for changes in cytokine and growth factor concentrations, complement activation, and changes in the levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), two accessory molecules involved in host recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. Initial increases in milk somatic cell counts were evident within 12 h of experimental challenge and remained elevated for ≥3 weeks. Increased permeability of the mammary gland vasculature, as evidenced by elevated milk levels of BSA, was initially observed 20 h post-infection and persisted for 2 weeks. Within 32 h of challenge, increased levels of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-12 were detected, however, the elevated levels of these cytokines were not sustained for longer than a 24 h period. In contrast, elevations in IL-1β, IFN-γ, TGF-α, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, sCD14, LBP, and activated complement factor 5 (C5a) were sustained for periods of >48 h. Systemic changes were characterized by elevated body temperature, induction of the acute phase protein synthesis of serum amyloid A and LBP, and a transient decrease in circulating neutrophils and lymphocytes. Together, these data demonstrate the capability of the mammary gland to mount a robust innate immune response to P. aeruginosa that is characterized by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, complement activation, and increased levels of accessory molecules involved in Gram-negative bacterial recognition.
The isomerization of nitrobenzene to phenylnitrite

Abstract We report ab initio calculations on nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) and phenylnitrite (C6H5ONO) performed at the MP2(FC) 6-31G∗ level. The results paint a detailed picture of the isomerization pathway between the two species on the ground electronic surface. They show that phenylnitrite is stable with respect to dissociation into phenoxy and nitric radicals by 80.6 kJ mol−1 and lies only 20.2 kJ mol−1 higher in energy than the nitrobenzene global minimum. We estimate the barrier between the two isomers to be less than 108.9 kJ mol−1 (1.13 eV), but we are unable to locate a fully converged transition state. Calculation of the isomerization pathway shows that there is an early barrier close to the initial nitrobenzene geometry. It also provides a clear picture of the extensive rearrangement involving a CN bond being broken, a new CO bond being formed, and further changes in bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles in the C NO2 moiety of the nitrobenzene molecule. The harmonic frequencies of the two isomers and those for the phenoxy and nitric oxide radicals calculated at the same level of theory compare well with previous experimental and theoretical studies. These calculations also bear on our experimental study of the kinetic and internal energy disposal in the photodissociation of nitrobenzene.
Two-Photon Activated Two-Photon Fluorescence and Binding of Azidocoumarin in a Gelatin Matrix

We study the creation of fluorescence patterns inside a gelatin gel by way of two-photon photoactivation of 7-azido-4-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benzopyrone (azidocomarin 151) contained in the gel matrix. As ultrafast light pulses are focused into the gel, onset of two-photon fluorescence, highly nonlinear in the applied optical power, is observed as azidocoumarin is converted into a fluorescent dye that binds to the gelatin. We fit the time dependence of the fluorescence to a model that incorporates the competition between coumarin photoactivation and photobleaching as well as the gradual degradation of the gel when it is exposed to the high intensity laser light. The model predicts that the initial rate of fluorescence onset should scale as the P 4, where P is laser power, while the signal at long exposure time should scale as P 3/2. The observed exponents are 4.18 and 1.34, respectively. The model allows us to estimate the cross section and quantum yield of two-photon induced photobleaching of azidocoumarin 151. The numerous technical uses of gelatin and the collagen from which it derives in areas ranging from photography to tissue engineering provide possible applications for the techniques described in this paper.
Differential Titration of Bases in Glacial Acetic Acid

A study of bases in acetic acid and their differential titration was carried out. The overall basicity constants for 20 bases were measured in acetic acid, and the differential titration of five binary mixtures of variable Δ pKb values in acetic acid was followed using a glass electrode-modified calomel electrode system. Agreement with literature values was good. A leveling diagram was constructed that indicated that bases stronger than aqueous pKb 10 are leveled to an acetous pKb 5.69, whereas weaker bases are not leveled but instead exhibit their own intrinsic basicity, with the acetous pKb to aqueous pKb values being linearly related (slope 1.18, correlation coefficient 0.962). A minimum acetous Δ pKb of four units is required for the satisfactory differential titration of two bases in acetic acid.
Metagonimoides oregonensis (Heterophyidae: Digenea) Infection In Pleurocerid Snails and Desmognathus quadramaculatus Salamander Larvae In Southern Appalachian Streams

Abstract: Metagonimoides oregonensis (Heterophyidae) is a little-known digenetic trematode that uses raccoons and possibly mink as definitive hosts, and stream snails and amphibians as intermediate hosts. Some variation in the life cycle and adult morphology in western and eastern populations has been previously noted. In the southern Appalachians, Pleurocera snails and stream salamanders, e.g., Desmognathus spp., are used as intermediate hosts in the life cycle. We completed a series of studies in this system examining some aspects of larval trematode morphology and first and second intermediate host use. Molecular sequencing of the 28S rDNA of cercariae in our survey placed them clearly within the heterophyid family. However, light and scanning electron microscopy revealed both lateral and dorso-ventral finfolds on the cercariae in our region, whereas original descriptions of M. oregonensis cercariae from the west coast indicate only a dorso-ventral finfold, so further work on the systematics of this gr...
Scalable manufacturing of high force wearable soft actuators

Abstract For future applications of soft robotics, mass production of complex actuators that can apply high forces is necessary. In this paper, rotational casting is adapted as a new manufacturing method for soft actuators. The criteria for both mold design and material properties of the elastomeric precursors to produce networks of pneumatic channels are described. A cuboid soft actuator that can generate a force of > 25 N at its tip, a near ten-fold increase over similar actuators previously reported is presented. Additionally, this manufacturing technique is used to fabricate a wearable assistive device for increasing the force a user can apply at their fingertips.
The Rise of the Information Society amongst European Academics

This study investigates the information society discourse in the European Union in relation to the European Commission's eLearning programmes, based on selected academics' conceptualisation of the term. It reveals a mixed picture of the perceptions that academics have of the information society in their respective countries. The findings indicate a convergence of these perceptions with the indicators of a presumed information society in various quantitative studies. This study considers that an integrated European Information Society, promoted by the European Commission partly through its eLearning programmes, is a concept destined to remain a motivational instrument for driving ICT policies throughout Europe.
Doxorubicin Inactivates Myocardial Cytochrome c Oxidase in Rats: Cardioprotection by Mito-Q

Doxorubicin (DOX) is used for treating various cancers. Its clinical use is, however, limited by its dose-limiting cardiomyopathy. The exact mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy still remains unknown. The goals were to investigate the molecular mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and cardioprotection by mitoquinone (Mito-Q), a triphenylphosphonium-conjugated analog of coenzyme Q, using a rat model. Rats were treated with DOX, Mito-Q, and DOX plus Mito-Q for 12 weeks. The left ventricular function as measured by two-dimensional echocardiography decreased in DOX-treated rats but was preserved during Mito-Q plus DOX treatment. Using low-temperature ex vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), a time-dependent decrease in heme signal was detected in heart tissues isolated from rats administered with a cumulative dose of DOX. DOX attenuated the EPR signals characteristic of the exchange interaction between cytochrome c oxidase (CcO)-Fe(III) heme a3 and CuB. DOX and Mito-Q together restored these EPR signals and the CcO activity in heart tissues. DOX strongly downregulated the stable expression of the CcO subunits II and Va and had a slight inhibitory effect on CcO subunit I gene expression. Mito-Q restored CcO subunit II and Va expressions in DOX-treated rats. These results suggest a novel cardioprotection mechanism by Mito-Q during DOX-induced cardiomyopathy involving CcO.
Basic fuchsin as a nuclear stain.

Five distinct nuclear stains and staining procedures which utilize basic fuchsin as the dye have been studied, compared and tested on a Feulgen-weak fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and other fungi.Aqueous basic fuchsin has been shown to be an excellent, though impermanent, stain with which to study the nuclei of this and other fungi. The conditions under which formaldehyde acts as a mordant for basic fuchsin and produces a permanent nuclear stain have been established.Comparison of crystal violet and basic fuchsin suggests that the mordanting action of the aldehyde operates through the para-amino groups of the dye. Certain other basic dyes were not mordanted by formaldehyde.Gentle acid hydrolysis of the tissues has been found to be essential both to the specificity of the dye as a nuclear stain and to the mordanting effect of the aldehyde.The possible relationship of these observations to the Feulgen reaction is discussed. A protocol for the method developed is presented.
Pulmonary function in dysmature infants.

Summary Lung function studies in a group of dysmature infants revealed an elevated pH and reduced P co 2 elevated compliance, elevated crying vital capacity, and normal functional residual capacity and arterial-alveolar gradients when compared with premature infants of similar birth weights. These findings are consistent with the observed rarity of hyaline membrane disease in small-for-dates infants, and support the hypothesis that intrauterine stress leads to increased pulmonary maturity.
Classifying aphasias: Cluster analysis of western aphasia battery and boston diagnostic aphasia examination results

Abstract The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) and the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) are designed to classify the aphasias. Previous reports indicate that patients classified as demonstrating one type of aphasia on one test may be classified as having a different type of aphasia on the other test. We investigated this discrepancy by analysing the same patients' performance on each test with a statistical clustering procedure. Results indicated that cluster profiles showed poor agreement with the original classification on both tests. Only 30% of the patients' original classification on the WAB and 38% of patients' original classification on the BDAE corresponded with the classifications obtained in the cluster analysis. The BDAE system for classification resulted in more homogeneous clusters than the WAB system for classification. These results are discussed in reference to differences between the classification systems used by the respective aphasia examinations.
Feedback effects and respiratory involvement in voluntary control of heart rate.

One within-subject single session experiment involving 30 subjects and one between-subject single session experiment involving 42 subjects were performed to evaluate the effects of augmented sensory feedback and to specify the nature of cardiac-respiratory relationships during attempted bi-directional control of heart rate (HR). Subjects were instructed to attempt to control HR while maintaining a constant respiration rate (RR), and were provided with either no feedback, HR feedback, or HR and RR feedback of the “digital” proportional type. In addition to measures of heart and respiratory period, a measure of respiratory volume was included in the second experiment. Results of both experiments indicate that (1) subjects can significantly increase and decrease HR; (2) feedback does not affect the magnitude or consistency of HR control; (3) significant parallel changes in RR accompany changes in HR regardless of the amount of feedback provided; (4) significant increases in respiratory volume accompany HR increases; and (5) large magnitude HR changes arc produced by some subjects within the single session. Implications of these findings for the concomitance model of autonomic and central nervous system interactions; for single vs multiple training sessions; for the use of paced respiration; and for a learning model of HR control are discussed.
Scaling in the animal kingdom

Several of the known scaling laws in the animal kingdom are based on a so-called allometric correlation in which some physical quantity is presumed to scale as some power of the mass of the animal. Such a simple correlation, when deduced purely as an empirical result, often hides the physical balances that fix the relevant scaling law. In particular, the emphasis on a simple allometric scaling has often masked the fundamental role played by time scales associated with the physical balances being struck. In this paper I have concentrated on three different attributes to which the use of dimensional analysis, scaling arguments and some judicious guesswork have led to new results and an understanding of some balances that occur in the animal kingdom. The running speed of animals is examined and a rationale deduced for the resolution of a conundrum first posed by A. V. Hill of why it is that many animals appear to have approximately the same maximum speed. A complete dimensional analysis for scaling the basal metabolic rate for a class of animals suggests that a detailed understanding of the physical balances that fix the metabolic rate could be quite subtle. However, the use of such an analysis has led to the discovery of a new correlation for mammals, relating the metabolic rate to the mass and the pulse rate of the animal. At the heart of many scaling laws for animal motion is the provision of an estimate of how the skeletal structure depends on the mass of the animal. It has been known for some time that the assumption of isometry between the builds of animals is too constrictive to describe the observed scaling laws. It is shown here how to relax the isometric assumption and deduce scaling laws in good agreement with observation. Thus, it appears that the skeletal dimensions of many animals with exoskeletons are fixed by the need to support static rather than dynamical loads. The scaling laws associated with endoskeletons are more complex, apparently, though the analysis does suggest that it is dynamical loading which is decisive for the skeletal design of land mammals.
Comparison of X-ray diffraction methods for determination of the critical layer thickness for dislocation multiplication

We present a comparison of x-ray diffraction methods for the determination of the critical layer thickness for dislocation multiplication in mismatched heteroepitaxy. The conventional x-ray diffraction method for determination of the critical layer thickness is based on the direct observation of the lattice relaxation in measurements of strain (the “strain method”). An indirect method is based on the observation of the x-ray rocking curve broadening by the threading dislocations, which are introduced concurrently with misfit dislocations (the “full width at half maximum (FWHM) method”). For this study, we have applied both methods to ZnSe grown on GaAs (001) by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). We have compared the resolution of the two x-ray diffraction methods both theoretically and experimentally for the case of 004 reflections using Cukα1 radiation. Theoretically, we have shown that in this case the FWHM method is 2.6 times more sensitive to relaxation than the strain method. This conclusion is supported by our experiments, in which we determined a critical layer thickness value of 140 nm by the FWHM method, compared to 210 nm as determined by the strain method.
Measurement of the Difference between the Dynamic NMR and Static Susceptibilites of Superfluid 3He-B Using an rf-Biased Superconducting Quantum-Interference Device

The temperature-dependent susceptibility of superfluid /sup 3/He-B has been measured both statically and via a pulse technique in a field of 309 G using an rf-biased superconducting quantum-interference device (SQUID). In the pressure range 26.5 to 18 bar, the dynamic NMR susceptibility agrees qualitatively with the theoretical weak-coupling predictions for the Balian-Werthamer state. However, the static susceptibility, measured using the same rf-biased SQUID and detection system, is significantly smaller than the dynamic susceptibility.
Nuclear translocation of B-cell-specific transcription factor, BACH2, modulates ROS mediated cytotoxic responses in mantle cell lymphoma.

BACH2, a B-cell specific transcription factor, plays a critical role in oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Bortezomib (VelcadeTM) is widely used to treat relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients despite varying clinical outcomes. As one of the potential mechanisms of action, bortezomib was reported to elicit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated the redox-sensitive intracellular mechanism that might play a critical role in bortezomib response in MCL cells. We demonstrated that in MCL cells that are sensitive to bortezomib treatments, BACH2 was translocated to the nucleus in response to bortezomib and induced apoptotic responses through the modulation of anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic genes. On the other hand, in bortezomib resistant cells, BACH2 expression was confined in the cytoplasm and no suppression of antiapoptotic or antioxidative genes, Nrf2, Gss, CAT, HO-1 and MCL1, was detected. Importantly, levels of BACH2 were significantly higher in bortezomib sensitive MCL patient cells, indicating that BACH2 levels could be an indicator for clinical bortezomib responses. BACH2 translocation to the cytoplasm after phosphorylation was inhibited by PI3K inhibitors and combinatory regimens of bortezomib and PI3K inhibitors sensitized MCL cells to bortezomib. These data suggest that cellular distribution of BACH2 in response to ROS determines the threshold for the induction of apoptosis. Therapies that inhibit BACH2 phosphorylation could be the key for increasing bortezomib cytotoxic response in patients.
THE ROLE OF ETHYLENE IN COROLLA UNFOLDING IN IPOMOEA NIL (CONVOLVULACEAE).

The roles of ethylene in corolla growth and senescence have been extensively studied; light, temperature, and abscisic acid (ABA) have already been implicated in rapid corolla opening (unfolding) in morning glory. In the present study, a possible interaction between ABA and ethylene production was examined. While applied ABA promoted corolla unfolding, it also promoted ethylene production. Furthermore, the effect of ABA could be eliminated by the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors, aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG) and cobalt ions. Simultaneously applied aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) augmented the ABA response, but ACC applied alone promoted corolla unfolding as effectively as ABA alone. Measurements of ethylene production during eight successive stages of flower opening showed that the ethylene burst widely reported to occur in opened flowers prior to corolla senescence actually begins before the corolla unfolds. Ethylene production seems to be a later part of the sequence of biochemical events that leads to both corolla unfolding and synchronized inrolling and senescence.
The Philosophic Importance of Political Life: On the “Digression” in Plato's Theaetetus

The reassessment of Plato's stance toward democracy has made his understanding of the relationship between philosophy and politics a salient issue. To gain clarity on this issue, I examine the central passage of Plato's Theaetetus, which treats the conflict between the philosopher and the orator–politician. Located in a dialogue devoted to the meaning of knowledge and often dismissed as a digression, the passage has received relatively scant attention regarding this issue. A careful consideration of the passage and its context, however, shows that the question of the meaning of knowledge requires a consideration of the more comprehensive question of good and that this question is properly investigated through an examination of political life. Socrates thus focuses on politics not to guide political life but rather to vindicate the philosophic life. An appreciation of this motive should inform reflection concerning Plato's view of the relationship between philosophy and politics.
A 9-step enantiospecific synthesis of (-)-aristeromycin from D-ribonic acid γ-lactone

Abstract A short, efficient, enantiospecific total synthesis of (-)-aristeromycin, which can be modified for making analogues of this carbocyclic nucleoside, is reported.
Optimizing shoot regeneration and transient expression factors for Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivar Montmorency

Abstract An efficient, adventitious shoot regeneration protocol was devised, and transient expression studies were carried out to enable Agrobacterium -mediated stable transformation of sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus L.) cultivar Montmorency. Leaves, from in vitro stock cultures, with the petiole removed and four partial cuts made transversely and equidistant through the midrib area were found to be the optimum explant type. A 24 h liquid TDZ-pretreatment (0.05, 0.10 or 0.25 mg/l) in MS medium [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiol. 15, 473–497.] of leaf explants stimulated shoot formation upon subsequent culture on QL medium [Quoirin, M., Lepoivre, P., 1977. Improved media for in vitro culture of Prunus sp. Acta Hort. 78, 437–442.] supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA. A frequency of 38.9–54.4% of the explants produced at least one shoot with the maximum mean number of shoots, 4.5 per explant with the 0.10 mg/l TDZ pretreatment. The shoot regeneration scheme was subsequently linked with inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains EHA105, GV3101 or LBA4404, each harboring the binary plasmid pBISN1. PBISN1 contains an intron interrupted s-glucuronidase (GUS) gene ( gus A) under control of the chimeric super promoter (Aocs) 3 AmasPmas. Blue stained leaf cells were observed after co-cultivation with all three strains. Co-cultivation for 4 days with 19.6 mg/l acetosyringone (AS) and assay by GUS indicated over 90% of the leaf explants were infected with an average 7.5–8.8 blue foci per explant. No differences were observed in regard to A. tumefaciens strain used.
Synthesis of diamond films on Hastelloy

We have developed a two-step hot filament chemical vapor deposition method to form polycrystalline films of diamond on Hastelloy substrates. The first step at a lower temperature results in the deposition of a composite layer of carbon, diamond-like carbon, and diamond, which provide nucleation sites for diamond growth in the second step at a higher temperature. To obtain a cleaner amorphous carbon-free diamond film, we introduced an intermediate hydrogen etching step. Using this procedure, we have obtained high quality polycrystalline diamond film on Hastelloy substrates, as characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman measurements.
Effect of bubbles on the turbulence near the exit of a liquid jet

The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of bubbles on the turbulence levels of a water jet. Simultaneous measurements of the axial and radial velocity components were taken in a bubbly jet with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) and then compared to the velocities of a single phase jet at the same liquid flow rate. Mean bubble diameters ranged from 0.6 to 2 mm and the void fractions were up to about 20%. The liquid Reynolds numbers were from 5,000 to 10,000 approximately. The measurements extended to from an axial distance of 4–12 cm. It was observed that bubbles did not affect significantly the average velocity profiles in the jet. However bubbles increased the turbulence intensities in the core of the jet near the jet exit. The increase in turbulence intensities was more pronounced at lower Reynolds numbers and at higher void fractions.
Firework visualization: a model for local citation analysis

Citation chasing, the pursuit of references from one publication to another, is a popular technique among researchers for retrieving relevant and related literature. While a focused and precise method, citation chasing may be incomplete and unstable. Different choices of paths can lead to different sets of literature and generate inconsistent search results. Revealing the linkages among references would guide citation chasing as well as improve and stabilize the results since it enables researchers to develop search strategies.In this paper we use network analysis to examine the connections among papers cited as references, identifying and investigating papers with high authority and hub values. We construct local citation networks, introducing the firework visualization model to support citation chasing. We further introduce an interactive browser, designed to provide direct manipulation of references and aggregated summaries of retrieved results. The proposed firework model allows users to intuitively browse a local citation network and find relevant documents efficiently.
Optical Bistability in a Silicon Waveguide Distributed Bragg Reflector Fabry–Pérot Resonator

We demonstrate optical bistability in a silicon waveguide Fabry-Perot resonator formed by a pair of distributed Bragg reflectors. In the bistable regime, the output power of the resonator ceases to be uniquely determined by the input power because multiple powers within the cavity satisfy the resonance condition. Pulsating behavior is observed within the resonator output, and is attributed to noise within the experimental setup driving the resonator between the multiple allowed output powers.