cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of monoclonal antibodies to monitor human exposure to aflatoxin B1.

Human exposure to anatoxins occurs because these compounds are the products of mold-related spoilage of foods. The aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds, which are consistently found to contaminate human food supplies in many areas of the world, and are epidemiologically linked to increased incidences of human liver cancer in Asia and Africa1. The biological effects, metabolism, and DNA adducts of aflatoxin B1 have recently been reviewed by Busby and Wogan1. Adverse biological effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are thought to be related to its ability to be metabolized oxidatively by constitutive cellular enzymes. Of particular importance may be the ability of AFB1 to form covalent adducts with cellular macromolecules, including DNA. It is well established that AFB1 forms covalent DNA adducts following enzymatic oxidation to a highly reactive 2, 3-epoxide, which nucleophilically attacks the N7 atom of guanine2–4.This reaction produces the major DNA lesion 2, 3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-N7-Gua) and in secondary reactions the other aflatoxin B1 DNA adducts. With this chemical structural knowledge, we initiated a series of projects to begin to produce monoclonal antibodies which recognize these aflatoxin derivatives. The goal was to monitor the exposure of people to this environmental chemical carcinogen.
Theoretical power-law relationship between permeability and formation factor

Abstract Permeability k and formation factor F are important petrophysical properties that have broad applications to reservoir engineering. Although well-log analysis has advanced reservoir characterizations, direct measurement of k is still not available. Accordingly, resistivity logs and more particularly formation factor have been frequently used to estimate k. In this study, we present a theoretical framework to relate k to F. We use power-law scaling from continuum percolation theory to develop a theoretic relationship between k and F, which is similar in form to a published power-law equation with empirical coefficients. Our result gives a physical interpretation to this empirical relationship. We also compare power-law scaling laws from percolation theory with data derived from experimental measurements and numerical simulations in the literature. Using the Curve Fitting toolbox of MATLAB, the parameters of the power-law equations are determined, and the significance of the non-universal power laws are discussed.
Spin-spin Coupling Controls the Gas-phase Reactivity of Aromatic σ-Type Triradicals.

Examination of the reactions of σ-type quinolinium-based triradicals with cyclohexane in the gas phase demonstrated that the radical site that is the least strongly coupled to the other two radical sites reacts first, independent of the intrinsic reactivity of this radical site, in contrast to related biradicals that first react at the most electron-deficient radical site. Abstraction of one or two H atoms and formation of an ion that formally corresponds to a combination of the ion and cyclohexane accompanied by elimination of a H atom ("addition - H") were observed. In all cases except one, the most reactive radical site of the triradicals is intrinsically less reactive than the other two radical sites. The product complex of the H abstraction either dissociates to give the H atom abstraction product and the cyclohexyl radical or the more reactive radical site in the produced biradical abstracts a H atom from the cyclohexyl radical. The monoradical product can add to cyclohexene followed by elimination of a H atom, generating the "addition - H" products. Similar reaction efficiencies were measured for three of the triradicals as for relevant monoradicals. Surprisingly, the remaining three triradicals (all with a meta -pyridyne moiety) reacted substantially faster than the relevant monoradicals . This is rationalized based on the exothermic generation of the same meta -pyridyne analog for these three triradicals has enough energy to attain the dehydrocarbon atom separation common for H atom abstraction transition states of protonated meta -pyridynes.
The cobalt way to vitamin B6 : Regioselective construction of the tetrasubstituted pyridine nucleus by cobalt-catalyzed alkyne-nitrile cooligomerizations

Abstract Cocyclization of bis(trimethylsilyl)- and bis(trimethylstannyl)di-2-propynyl ether with acetonitrile provides a synthetic entry into 1,3-dihydro-6-methyl-4,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)- and bis(trimethylstannyl)-furo[3,4- c ]pyridines. Regioselective electrophilic substitution of the respective silyl or stannyl groups allows for a regiocontrolled construction of tetrasubstituted pyridines. This method has been applied to a total synthesis of vitamin B 6 .
Verifying the incorrectness of programs and automata

Verification of the incorrectness of programs and automata needs to be taken as seriously as the verification of correctness. However, there are no good general methods that always terminate and prove incorrectness. We propose one general method based on a lower bound approximation of the semantics of programs and automata. Based on the lower-bound approximation, it becomes easy to check whether certain error states are reached. This is in contrast to various abstract interpretation techniques that make an upper bound approximation of the semantics and test that the error states are not reached. The precision of our lower bound approximation is controlled by a single parameter that can be adjusted by the user of the MLPQ system in which the approximation method is implemented. As the value of the parameter decreases the implementation results in a finer program semantics approximation but requires a longer evaluation time. However, for all input parameter values the program is guaranteed to terminate. We use the lower bound approximation to verify the incorrectness of a subway train control automaton. We also use the lower bound approximation for a problem regarding computer security via trust management programs. We propose a trust management policy language extending earlier work by Li and Mitchell. Although, our trust management programming language is Turing-complete, programs in this language have semantics that lend themselves naturally to a lower-bound approximation. Namely, the lower bound approximation is such that no unwarranted authorization is given at any time, although some legitimate access may be denied.
PCC4azal teratocarcinoma stem cell differentiation in culture: III. Cell-to-cell communication properties

Abstract The cell-to-cell communication properties of the PCC4azal embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiated endoderm-like cells and giant cells were characterized by ionic coupling, metabolic coupling, and transfer of an injected fluorescein dye. All PCC4azal cell types communicate well with one another: stem cells with stem cells, endoderm-like cells with endoderm-like cells, and giant cells with giant cells. In addition, the stem cells communicate well with giant cells as assayed by metabolic coupling. The ability of the undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells to metabolically couple with a variety of heterologous cell types was examined. The stem cells were always efficient donors but very poor recipients in almost all combinations with cells of fibroblast or epithelial morphology that were derived from several different species. In contrast, these same heterologous cell types were both efficient donors and efficient recipients with each other.
A perspective on digital and computational pathology

The digitization of images has not only led to increasingly sophisticated methods of quantitating information from those images themselves, but also to the development of new physics-based techniques for extracting information from the original specimen and presenting this as visual data in both two and three-dimensional (3D) forms. This evolution of an image-based discipline has reached maturity in Radiology, but it is only just beginning in Pathology. An historical perspective is provided both on the current state of computational imaging in pathology and of the factors that are impeding further progress in the development and application of these approaches. Emphasis is placed on barriers to the dissemination of information in this area. The value of computational imaging in basic and translational research is clear. However, while there are many examples of "virtual diagnostics" in Radiology, there are only relatively few in Pathology. Nevertheless, we can do cellular level analysis of lesions accessible by endoscopic or catheterization procedures, and a number of steps have been taken toward real-time imaging as adjuncts to traditional biopsies. Progress in computational imaging will greatly expand the role of pathologists in clinical medicine as well as research.
Less Common Arthropathies

Neuropathic arthropathy, also known as a Charcot joint, is a destructive arthritis characterized by fracture, subluxation, and dislocation of the articular structures in the setting of neurologic damage to the involved joint or limb. Both central (upper motor neuron) and peripheral (lower motor neuron) lesions may lead to the development of neuropathic arthropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is now the most common cause of neuropathic arthropathy. Neuropathic arthropathy occurs in 7.5% of diabetic patients. The pathologic features of Charcot arthropathy include cartilage destruction, bone eburnation, osteophytosis, and loose body formation. Two major theories have been proposed to explain the development of neuropathic arthropathy: the neurovascular theory and the neurotraumatic theory. Neuropathic arthropathy typically presents as an acute or subacute monoarthritis with swelling, erythema, and variable amounts of pain in the affected joint. Two consistent clinical features of neuropathic arthropathy are the presence of a significant sensory deficit and a degree of pain that is less than would be expected considering the amount of joint destruction evident on radiographs. The differential diagnosis of neuropathic arthropathy includes osteomyelitis and other deep tissue infections, fracture, gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease, Milwaukee shoulder/knee syndrome, osteonecrosis, and osteoarthritis. ■ Plain radiographs are extremely helpful in making the diagnosis of neuropathic arthropathy. ■ Categorizing the disease into three clinical stages— acute, subacute, and remodeling—is a useful way to organize approaches to therapy.
Porro cesarean section

Abstract 1. 1. The Porro cesarean operation is not often performed but when necessary plays an important role in surgical obstetrics. The indications are usually life saving in infected or acutely anemic women, as during or following hemorrhage and, therefore, the mortality is high (11.3 per cent). 2. 2. The indications being chronic nephritis, tuberculosis, or sterilization, the mortality should be much lower than when infection is present or nil. 3. 3. Proper precautions and cervical drainage may be aids in preventing fatal peritoneal infections following Porro cesarean section.
vFlow: A GUI-Based Tool for Building Batch Applications for Cloud Computing

kamal.ahmat@live.lagcc.cuny.edu hasan.gobjuka@verizon.comAbstract—In this paper we introduce vFlow - A frameworkfor rapid designing of batch processing applications for CloudComputing environment. vFlow batch processing system extractstasks from the vPlans diagrams, systematically captures thedynamics in batch application management tasks, and translatesthem to Cloud environment API, named vDocuments, that canbe used to execute batch processing applications. vDocuments donot only enable the complete execution of low-level conﬁgurationmanagement tasks, but also allow the construction of moresophisticated tasks, while imposing additional reasoning logicto realize batch application management objectives in Cloudenvironments. We present the design of the vFlow framework andillustrate its utility by presenting the implementation of severalsophisticated operational tasks.
Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Has a Protumorigenic Role in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer in women and comprises distinct histologic subtypes, which vary widely in their genetic profiles and tissues of origin. It is therefore imperative to understand the etiology of these distinct diseases. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), a very aggressive subtype, comprises >10% of EOCs. In the present study, we show that mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) is highly expressed in OCCC compared with other EOC subtypes. Sod2 is an antioxidant enzyme that converts highly reactive superoxide (O2 (•-)) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2), and our data demonstrate that Sod2 is protumorigenic and prometastatic in OCCC. Inhibiting Sod2 expression reduces OCCC ES-2 cell tumor growth and metastasis in a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Similarly, cell proliferation, migration, spheroid attachment and outgrowth on collagen, and Akt phosphorylation are significantly decreased with reduced expression of Sod2. Mechanistically, we show that Sod2 has a dual function in supporting OCCC tumorigenicity and metastatic spread. First, Sod2 maintains highly functional mitochondria, by scavenging O2 (•-), to support the high metabolic activity of OCCC. Second, Sod2 alters the steady-state ROS balance to drive H2O2-mediated migration. While this higher steady-state H2O2 drives prometastatic behavior, it also presents a doubled-edged sword for OCCC, as it pushed the intracellular H2O2 threshold to enable more rapid killing by exogenous sources of H2O2. Understanding the complex interaction of antioxidants and ROS may provide novel therapeutic strategies to pursue for the treatment of this histologic EOC subtype.
Recommendations for Biomonitoring of Emergency Responders: Focus on Occupational Health Investigations and Occupational Health Research

ABSTRACTThe disaster environment frequently presents rapidly evolving and unpredictable hazardous exposures to emergency responders. Improved estimates of exposure and effect from biomonitoring can be used to assess exposure–response relationships, potential health consequences, and effectiveness of control measures. Disaster settings, however, pose significant challenges for biomonitoring. A decision process for determining when to conduct biomonitoring during and following disasters was developed. Separate but overlapping decision processes were developed for biomonitoring performed as part of occupational health investigations that directly benefit emergency responders in the short term and for biomonitoring intended to support research studies. Two categories of factors critical to the decision process for biomonitoring were identified: Is biomonitoring appropriate for the intended purpose and is biomonitoring feasible under the circumstances of the emergency response? Factors within these categories ...
Spin-polarized and site-selective X-ray absorption. Demonstration with Fe porphyrins and Kβ detection

Abstract High-spin and low-spin Fe(III) porphyrins were studied by high resolution X-ray fluorescence and fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The high-spin Kβ spectrum is split into a main peak (K β 1,3 ) and a satellite (Kβ′) at 15 eV lower energy. The low-spin K β 1,3 peak shifted ≈ 0.7 eV to lower energy, and the Kβ′ feature is almost unobservable. Ligand field multiplet calculations show that spin-up ( 5 A 1 ) and spin-down ( 7 A 1 ) states are separated for the high-spin spectrum. Spin polarization of the Kβ-detected absorption was demonstrated by enhancement or elimination of the 1s→3d transition, depending on the Kβ region used for detection.
Effects of anion adsorption different from blocking surface sites deduced from instabilities in the oxidation of formic acid

Experimental evidence is presented supporting the conclusion that the role of anions in the electrocatalyzed oxidation of formic acid at Pd is more than simply blocking reactive surface sites. The effects of anion adsorption were probed in current-control experiments by varying the composition of the supporting electrolyte and the ratio of the supporting electrolyte concentration to that of the solute. The results are fundamentally different from those obtained in potential-control experiments conducted on the oxidation of small, oxygenated organic molecules. In the latter experiments, changing the supporting electrolytes produced quantitative differences that can be interpreted solely in terms of the blockage of surface sites by the adsorbed anions. In the current-control experiments, switching electrolytes caused drastic changes in the behavior exhibited by the oxidation of formic acid. Several experiments established trends that are opposite to those that would be predicted if the only effect of anions was to block the surface sites.
Numerical methods in asymptotic regions

Abstract Two problems encountered in electron-atom collision calculations which involve interactions at large radial distances are discussed. One major problem is solution of the set of coupled second-order differential equations routinely obtained when asymptotic boundary conditions are imposed in coupled channel methods. The second problem is the evaluation of the radial integrals over products of Coulomb functions which are required in Coulomb-Born and Distorted Wave methods.
A unified approach to optimal image interpolation problems based on linear partial differential equation models

The unified approach to optimal image interpolation problems presented provides a constructive procedure for finding explicit and closed-form optimal solutions to image interpolation problems when the type of interpolation can be either spatial or temporal-spatial. The unknown image is reconstructed from a finite set of sampled data in such a way that a mean-square error is minimized by first expressing the solution in terms of the reproducing kernel of a related Hilbert space, and then constructing this kernel using the fundamental solution of an induced linear partial differential equation, or the Green's function of the corresponding self-adjoint operator. It is proved that in most cases, closed-form fundamental solutions (or Green's functions) for the corresponding linear partial differential operators can be found in the general image reconstruction problem described by a first- or second-order linear partial differential operator. An efficient method for obtaining the corresponding closed-form fundamental solutions (or Green's functions) of the operators is presented. A computer simulation demonstrates the reconstruction procedure. >
Spectrophotometric determination of sperm concentration and short‐term cold‐storage of sperm in Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus L. broodstock

The objective of this study was to optimize the methodology for spectrophotometric determination of sperm concentration in Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus L. milt and to estimate its potential for short-term cold-storage. The spectrophotometric determination of sperm concentration was evaluated using milt samples from six males serially diluted in Hank’s balanced salt solution at 200 mOsm kg 1 (HBSS). The predictive power of regression models between sperm concentration and absorbance was determined from 200 to 500 nm and found to be highest within the visible spectrum despite a peak of milt absorbance at 288 nm. Absorbance reading at 400 nm was selected for further analysis to maximize the absorbance of the sample hence the sensitivity of the method while minimizing the impact of potential sample contamination with blood. The standard-curve of correlation between sperm absorbance at 400 nm and concentration was validated and held an accuracy ranging between 7.40% and +4.56% across males. Total sperm motility duration and the proportion of motile spermatozoa were significantly higher in milt samples diluted 1:3 in HBSS than in the undiluted control during up to 30 h of cold-storage.The methodologies investigated in this study can be applied to optimize sperm usage and achieve predictable artificial fertilization protocols in Atlantic croaker.
Petrochemical and geochronologic studies of plutonic rocks in the southern Appalachians: II, The Sparta granite complex, Georgia

Samples from near the center of a granite complex in Hancock County, Georgia, have a Rb-Sr isochron age of 295 ± 2 m.y. and an initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratio of 0.7035 ± 0.0004 (λ Rb 87 = 1.39 × 10 −11 yr −1 ). This low initial ratio makes it highly unlikely that the magma was significantly affected by anatexis or assimilation of sialic crustal material. The age, initial ratio, mineralogy, and texture of these rocks are very similar to other 300-m.y.-old granite masses in the eastern Piedmont of North and South Carolina. Twenty-one samples from the same granitic complex but with different textures than the above five samples also plot on a series of approximately 300-m.y. isochrons. The initial ratios vary with sample location, but most range from 0.729 to 0.741. Scatter on a CaO-K 2 O-Na 2 O diagram suggests Na and K migration; the values group according to sample location and texture. The linearity and distribution of data points on isochron diagrams argue against significant contamination of magma with low initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios by older country rock. Intrusion of magma with a low initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratio apparently was accompanied by Na and K migration, Sr-isotopic re-equilibration, and recrystallization of pre-existing granitic rocks. If this model is correct, Rb/Sr ratios suggest that the older rock is at least 530 m.y. old.
F2-isoprostanes as indices of lipid peroxidation in inflammatory diseases.

Abstract Isoprostanes are a new class of lipids, isomers of conventional enzymatically derived prostaglandins, which are produced in vivo primarily by a free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. F2-isoprostanes, isomers of the enzyme-derived prostaglandin F2α, are the most studied species. Because of their mechanisms of formation, specific structural features that distinguish them from other free radical-generated products and chemical stability, they provide a reliable index of the oxidative component of several diseases in vivo. Consistent data suggest that formation of F2-isoprostanes is indeed altered in a variety of clinical settings associated with inflammation and oxidant stress. Moreover, measurement of F2-isoprostanes might provide a sensitive biochemical basis of dose-selection in studies of natural and synthetic antioxidants.
The effects of diet education plus light resistance training on coronary heart disease risk factors in community-dwelling older adults.

Objectives To examine the effects of diet education (DE) plus light resistance training (RT) on coronary heart disease risk (CHD) factors, specifically dietary quality, blood lipid and C-Reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in overweight and obese older adults in a community setting.
Tax-funded unionism: The unemployment connection

Labor unions are widely regarded as private organizations which finance their activities exclusively through revenues collected from members and others who are covered by collective bargaining agreements. In reality, however, U.S. unions receive millions of dollars each year through grants and contracts from federal, state, and local governments for a variety of purposes, including aid to the unemployed; these funds are used (sometimes illegally) to finance union operations, including political activities. This article briefly explores the phenomenon of tax-funded unionism.
ABYSS: an architecture for software protection

ABYSS (a basic Yorktown security system) is an architecture for protecting the execution of application software. It supports a uniform security service across the range of computing systems. The use of ABYSS in solving the software protection problem, especially in the lower end of the market, is discussed. Both current and planned software distribution channels are supportable by the architecture, and the system is nearly transparent to legitimate users. A novel use-once authorization mechanism, called a token, is introduced as a solution to the problem of providing authorizations without direct communication. Software vendors may use the system to obtain technical enforcement of virtually any terms and conditions of the sale of their software, including such things as rental software. Software may be transferred between systems, and backed up to guard against loss in case of failure. The problem of protecting software on these systems is discussed, and guidelines to its solution are offered. >
New insights on low-grade and T-cell lymphoma

The advances in low-grade lymphoma & T-cell lymphoma from the 2008 ASH meeting were presented. These included therapeutic regimens for low grade lymphoma, frontline bendamustine plus rituximab data, radioimmunotherapy consolidation in advanced disease, idiotype vaccine, and other novel therapeutic agents such as next generation anti-CD20 GA101, syk inhibitor Fostamatinib in treatment of low-grade lymphoma. In T-cell lymphoma, updates were discussed on phase II HOVON 69 trial data of combination of alemtuzumab/CHOP, pralatrexate and romidepsin for relapsed/refractory PTCL, L-asparaginase-containing regimen for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma.
Microgeographic diversity in the neotropical knife-fish Eigenmannia macrops (Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae)

Examination of 681 individuals of electric knife-fishes, Eigenmannia macrops, from the Orinoco River, Venezuela, revealed a pattern of morphological diversity which covaried with habitat. Fishes from the canos (small stream tributaries) are on average smaller than those from offshore habitats and lagoons. Even at the same body size the tails of cano fishes are relatively shorter, their bodies are deeper, and their heads are relatively wider than those from other habitats. Cano fishes are more different from fishes of the deep channels than from those of the shallow channels, beaches, or lagoons. Several factors are examined for their possible relationship to the origin of the observed diversity including electrophysiology, locomotory adaptation, growth rate and ecology. The problems of genetic versus physiological bases of morphological variation are addressed.
Full-contact domain labeling: identification of a novel phosphoinositide binding site on gelsolin that requires the complete protein.

Gelsolin, an actin and phosphoinositide binding protein, was photoaffinity labeled using a variety of benzophenone-containing phosphoinositide polyphosphate analogues. The N-terminal half and the C-terminal half of gelsolin showed synergy in the binding of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. Competitive displacement experiments with dibutyryl, dioctanoyl, or dipalmitoyl derivatives of PtdIns(4,5)P2 suggested that, in addition to the inositol headgroup, a diacylglyceryl moiety was important for binding; these analogues also inhibited the gelsolin-severing activity of F-actin. In addition to the previously identified PtdIns(4,5)P2 binding site in the N-terminal half of gelsolin, a new binding site was identified in the C-terminal half by mapping the photocovalently modified peptide fragments. Moreover, increasing concentrations of Ca2+ decreased the binding of the photolabile analogues to the C-terminal phosphoinositide binding site on gelsolin. A molecular model of the binding of PtdIns(...
A comparative study of brain and kidney glycolipids in metachromatic leucodystrophy.

SUMMARY Sulphatides and cerebrosides from white matter of brains of patients with metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD) have been isolated and compared in fatty acid composition to those glycolipids found in MLD kidney tissue. A marked difference in glycolipid composition was found between the brain and kidney tissues. The sulphatides accumulated in MLD kidney have the same fatty acid profile as those found in normal kidney tissue and are typical‘kidney sulphatides.’The neutral glycolipids of MLD kidney retain larger amounts of the longer chain acids than do the cerebrosides of MLD brain white matter and thus resemble more closely in fatty acid composition, glycolipids of normal tissue. Structurally, the sulfate group is located at the C-3 position of the galactose molecule in sulphatides from normal and MLD tissue. As in the brain white matter, the sulphatides which accumulate in the kidney tissue of patients with MLD are normal in structure and composition.
Adaptation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus riboflavin assay to microtiter plates

Abstract Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is essential to humans and must be obtained through the diet. It plays a significant role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. The test microorganism, most commonly used to quantify riboflavin is Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 since this bacterium requires external B2 for growth. The objective of the current study was to reduce the time of the assay and volumes of assay media by adaptation to microtiter plates while still maintaining the repeatability of the original tube assay. A previously developed riboflavin tube assay was used as a guideline for adapting the method to a microtiter plate assay. The standard growth curve for the riboflavin assay was linear from 0 to 20 ng/mL ( R 2 =0.99) and from 0 to 10 ng/mL ( R 2 =0.97) when conducted in microtiter plates and tubes, respectively. The data showed no significant difference between the tube assay and microtiter plate assay ( P >0.05) for the commercial maize sample. Commercial cereal and grain samples were analyzed to confirm repeatability among multiple independent trials performed with the microtiter plates. The microtiter assay reduced the amount of time required for sufficient bacterial growth response to generate linear standard curves from 16.5 to 10 h.
Platelet activity and stroke severity.

Abstract Although platelets constitute the major component of a thrombus, its role in determining the clinical severity of thrombotic stroke is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between platelet ionized calcium ([Cai2+]), a measure of platelet activity and presumably proneness to thrombosis, and clinical stroke severity in 45 consecutively studied acute ischemic stroke patients. Eventhough there was no correlation between the clinical neurological scores and the levels of baseline and activated platelet [Cai2+], stroke was less severe in patients who had been taking aspirin at the time of stroke onset. These results raise several important questions: (a) is the extent of platelet activation a reflection of thrombus volume, (b) does the clinical severity of neurological deficit reflect the causative thrombus volume, and (c) whether the beneficial effect of aspirin in stroke prophylaxis is through its inhibition of platelets alone.
Phenomenological wave functions for the ground and 2.313 MeV states in sup14N.

Transverse electron scattering form factors have been measured for elastic scattering and for the transition to the 2.313 MeV state in /sup 14/N. Existing structure models could not simultaneously describe the two M1 form factors. Consequently, new phenomenological wave functions were determined by fitting the electron scattering results and other observables. For the 2.313 MeV transition, the new wave functions give smaller L = 2 transition amplitudes than the earlier models. This reduction and the deduced value for the L = 0 transition amplitude appear to be supported by the measurements of the /sup 14/N(p,p') /sup 14/N, /sup 14/C(p,n)/sup 14/N, and /sup 14/N(..gamma..,..pi../sup +/) /sup 14/C reactions. Although the L = 0 transition amplitude is found to be relatively small, it is not small enough to give quantitative agreement with the severely retarded /sup 14/C ..beta..-decay rate. The possibility that the vanishingly small ..beta..-decay matrix element is the result of destructive interference between the one-body matrix element and other terms is discussed.
2 SYSTEM THEORETIC PORTENTS OF PREDISPOSITION TO SYSTEM FAILURE

This paper is the first in what will be a series of papers concerned with system failure traceable to decisions taken at a level of specification above that of bioware/hardware/software components, failure ascribable to faulty requirements and architecture. The style of discourse is informal but the results are based on research in the mathematical, system theoretic foundations of systems engineering wherein rigorous mathematical structures for system requirements and designs have been established: input/output, functional, technology, performance, cost, tradeoff and system test requirements and functional, buildable and implementable system designs generated by these requirements. The results in this paper have been deduced from examples and counterexamples representing instances of the general structure of requirements and system designs. Discussed herein, is predisposition to system failure from the following sources: Completeness of problem statements. Simplification of system requirements. System functional analysis. Coupling of implementable system designs.
Some Effects of Variable Surface Temperature on Heat Transfer to a Partially Porous Flat Plate

Based on a simple enthalpy thickness approach, results are presented for laminar and turbulent heat transfer to a partially porous, nonisothermal flat plate. The model employed accounts for thermodynamic coupling between the boundary layer and porous wall heat transfer problems, and is expanded to include consideration of axial heat conduction along the wall. The results indicate that partial injection can be expected to produce a highly nonisothermal surface, which in turn causes the external Stanton number distribution to differ markedly from that predicted previously for assumed isothermal wall conditions. The boundary layer prediction technique is shown to be in reasonably good agreement with recent analytical and experimental results reported in the literature.
On the Behavior of Turbulent Boundary Layers near Separation

Theme O NE of the most important problems in aerodynamics is the phenomenon of separation that defines the initiation of the wake. The location of separation can be determined analytically by virtue of the boundary-layer theory, even though this theory is not valid in the immediate neighborhood of separation. In most practical applications the boundary layers are turbulent along the largest portion of the solid boundaries and most often, in the vicinity of separation. A large number of methods have been developed to solve the turbulent boundary-layer equations with an appropriate closure assumption, but a straightforward numerical integration in their differential form was attempted only in the late sixties. A number of such investigations is referenced in the accompanying engineering report of this paper.{ For steady laminar and turbulent boundary-layer flow the location of separation is signaled by the vanishing of the wall shear. This criterion has been extensively used in laminar flows for both experimental and analytical investigations.2 However, for turbulent flow the use of simplified theoretical models has forced investigators to develop heuristic criteria based on approximate expressions that approach certain values in the neighborhood of separation. The present report reconsiders the problem of turbulent separation. The classical closure assumptions are restated and their applicability in the neighborhood of separation is discussed. Some typical features of the flow are checked against available experimental data and previous theoretical predictions. Further, the location of separation is calculated and the response of the boundary-layer equations in the neighborhood of separation is carefully investigated. The present effort is intended to be a step towards the generalization of the method to unsteady flow.
Conducting Studies of Decision Making in Organizational Contexts: A Tutorial for Policy-Capturing and Other Regression-Based Techniques

Policy-capturing, conjoint analysis, and related techniques are all regression-based methods used in various areas of organizational research to determine the importance people attach to cues when they make decisions. Despite the widespread use of those methods, the organizational research literature lacks an integrated tutorial for researchers who are interested in studying decision making but who have little experience with the techniques required for this type of research. The authors use empirical findings and suggestions from a number of sources to offer a step-by-step tutorial covering the effective design, execution, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of policy-capturing studies.
An SDSS Sky Survey for Resolved Milky Way Satellite Galaxies. II. High-Velocity Clouds in the Early Data Release

In this paper, we limit the stellar content of 13 high-velocity clouds (HVCs; including one compact HVC) using the detection limits of a new survey for resolved Milky Way satellite galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release (EDR). Our analysis is sensitive to stellar associations within the virial radius of the Milky Way that are up to 50 times fainter than the faintest known Milky Way satellites. Statistically, we find no stellar overdensity associated with any of the clouds. These nondetections suggest lower limits of MH I/LV that range between ~0.2 and 250, assuming cloud distances of 50 and 300 kpc and using fiducial optical scale lengths of 3' and 7'. We explore the implication of these nondetections on the origin of the HVCs.
Borehole seismic modeling with inclusion of tube waves and other tube‐wave‐related arrivals

The presence of the borehole has significant effects on borehole seismic surveys. Many of the strongest signals observed are modes traveling within the borehole: these tube waves are often sufficient to cloak the lower amplitude reflections and transmissions. Moreover, tube waves can re-radiate energy into the formation at changes along the borehole to generate tube-wave-related arrivals (White and Lessenger, 1988). A basic requirement for accurate single-well, cross-well and VSP modeling is the inclusion of these events associated with fluid-filled boreholes.
Cultural eutrophication of West Point Lake — a 10-year study

Urban development, primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area, caused a significant rise in the volume of treated wastewater discharged into the Chattahoochee River from 1976 to 1985. West Point Lake, 109 km downstream from Atlanta, responded to the increased nutrient loading with an increase in mean annual phytoplankton primary productivity of from 550 mg C m−2 day−1 in 1976 to 1580 mg C m−2 day−1 in 1985, a move from mesotrophic to eutrophic status. Monthly water quality measurements in the lake headwaters failed to detect the trend of increasing enrichment. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations did not indicate a trend of increasing algal biomass. Increased productivity was caused by improved photosynthetic efficiency that resulted from a shift in the size distribution of algae comprising the phytoplankton community. Larger centric diatoms with relatively slow turnover rates that were dominant during the early years (1976–1980) of impoundment were replaced by smaller green and blue-green algal taxa with faster turnover rates during later years (1981–1985).
Colchicine inhibits adrenal medullary secretion evoked by acetylcholine without affecting that evoked by potassium.

Abstract In perfused rabbit adrenal glands, colchicine (500 μM) inhibited the catecholamine secretion evoked by acetylcholine (20 μg/ml) but not that evoked by excess potassium (60 mM). Since both stimuli are believed to release catecholamines ultimately by the same secretory process, exocytosis, it is concluded that these inhibitory effects of colchicine exerted against acetylcholine result from an action early in the process of stimulus-secretion coupling, possibly at the level of the acetylcholine receptor, and that it is inappropriate to use such inhibitory effects to support the view that secretion proper (exocytosis) in chromaffin cells involves colchicine-sensitive elements such as microtubules.
Patient and service user engagement in research: a systematic review and synthesized framework

Background There is growing attention towards increasing patient and service user engagement (PSUE) in biomedical and health services research. Existing variations in language and design inhibit reporting and indexing, which are crucial to comparative effectiveness in determining best practices. Objective This paper utilizes a systematic review and environmental scan to derive an evidence-based framework for PSUE. Design A metanarrative systematic review and environmental scan/manual search using scientific databases and other search engines, along with feedback from a patient advisory group (PAG). Eligible sources English-language studies, commentaries, grey literature and other sources (including systematic and non-systematic reviews) pertaining to patient and public involvement in biomedical and health services research. Data extracted Study description (e.g. participant demographics, research setting) and design, if applicable; frameworks, conceptualizations or planning schemes for PSUE-related endeavours; and methods for PSUE initiation and gathering patients'/service users' input or contributions. Results Overall, 202 sources were included and met eligibility criteria; 41 of these presented some framework or conceptualization of PSUE. Sources were synthesized into a two-part framework for PSUE: (i) integral PSUE components include patient and service user initiation, reciprocal relationships, colearning and re-assessment and feedback, (ii) sources describe PSUE at several research stages, within three larger phases: preparatory, execution and translational. Discussion and Conclusions Efforts at developing a solid evidence base on PSUE are limited by the non-standard and non-empirical nature of much of the literature. Our proposed two-part framework provides a standard structure and language for reporting and indexing to support comparative effectiveness and optimize PSUE.
Prevalence and distribution of Sarcocystis spp. among white-tailed deer of the southeastern United States.

Sarcocysts were found by light microscopic examination of muscle in 199 (51%) of 390 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the southeastern United States. Sarcocystis infections were detected more frequently in histologic sections of tongue (45%) than of heart (9%). Sarcocysts were significantly more prevalent in adult deer (54%) than fawns (26%) (P<.01). Statistically significant differences in prevalence were not found in deer from different physiographic provinces or between sexes. Artificial digestion was more sensitive in detecting Sarcocystis infections than examination of histologic sections when both techniques were used to examine tongues of 35 deer. Three different size sporocysts, possibly representing at least two species of Sarcocystis, were recovered during feeding trials. Seven dogs (Canis familiaris) shed sporocysts 9 to 12 days after eating infected venison. Sporocysts measured 13.4–16.8 × 9.0–12.3 μm with an average measurement of 15.2 × 10.9μm (N=195). One of three cats (Felis...
Effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) on functional recovery after sequential lesion of the entorhinal cortex

Unilateral lesions of rat entorhinal cortex produce a transitory performance deficit on spatial learning tasks, such as reinforced alternation in a T-maze. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), a cholinesterase inhibitor, was administered to determine its effects on behavioral recovery using a reinforced alternation task in a T-maze. Rate of recovery after unilateral entorhinal lesion was not affected by a low dose of THA (0.05 mg/kg), while a higher dose (5.0 mg/kg) impaired recovery. Behavioral recovery was subsequently evaluated in the same rats following lesions to the contralateral entorhinal cortex. Serial bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex are known to produce a prolonged performance deficit on the alternation task. The 0.05 mg/kg THA group exhibited an intermediate rate of recovery, between the undamaged control group and bilateral lesion-saline injected groups. The group receiving 5.0 mg/kg of THA after bilateral lesion did not differ from the bilateral lesion-saline group. The failure of THA to significantly improve functional recovery in rats with lesions of the entorhinal cortex indicates that the compound may have limited applicability in treating human neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF PHOSPHATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN VLBW INFANTS : EFFECT ON URINE LITHOGENICITY † 1654

Nephrocalcinosis is an increasingly recognized problem in VLBW infants. We have previously shown that urine in VLBW infants is supersaturated for calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite. We studied the effect of oral phosphate supplementation on urine lithogenicity using the basic computer program EQUIL 2. 16 VLBW infants were randomized, 8 to receive oral phosphate (Neutraphos 15 mg/kg/d), and 8 to placebo beginning at 10 days of age with stratification on birthweight less than vs. greater than 1000 gms. Gestational age and wt at birth were 26.9±1.8 wks and 882±198 gms respectively(mean±SD). Randomization resulted in similar treatment groups. 8 treated and 6 placebo infants completed the study. Random urine supersaturation (DG) for Ca oxalate, apatite, brushite, uric acid, and Na urate was determined after 56 days of treatment, and are shown below. p-value is from Wilcoxon rank sum test. DG>0 represents supersaturation.
Performance and perceived effectiveness in computer-based and computer-aided education: do cognitive styles make a difference?

This field study examined the influences of cognitive styles on performance and perceived effectiveness of computer-based education (CBE) delivered from CD-ROM, and computer-aided education (CAE) delivered over the World Wide Web. Significant differences in both performance and perceived effectiveness were found among people with various cognitive styles and their modes of education. People who are able to work with more abstract information (high global) performed better in CAE than people who prefer concrete detail, whereas the converse was found in CBE. Also, people who more prefer collaborative learning (low internal) performed better in CAE than did their counterparts who prefer individualized learning. As a result, suggestions are made for the delivery and design of CBE and CAE.
Design for a Simple and Inexpensive Cylinder-within-a-Cylinder Gradient Maker for the Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory

A design for a simple and inexpensive gradient maker is described. The gradient maker is assembled by (i) cutting the tops off two plastic bottles of differing diameters to produce two cylinders with intact bottoms; (ii) drilling a small hole toward the bottom of the smaller diameter cylinder and plugging the hole with a size 00 cork stopper; and (iii) placing the smaller diameter cylinder within the larger diameter cylinder and holding in place with epoxy. Removal of the cork stopper connects the inner and outer chambers, and two lengths of glass tubes, joined by a length of flexible plastic tubing, connect the inner chamber and the environment. The resulting cylinder-within-a-cylinder design is compact and can easily fit on a small magnetic stirrer, and conductivity tests showed that the gradient produced is linear. The cost is low enough that many units can be assembled and used in the undergraduate laboratory for less than the price of a single commercial unit.