cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More social studies?: Examining instructional policies of time and testing in elementary school

Abstract Adding instructional time and holding teachers accountable for teaching social studies are touted as practical, logical steps toward reforming the age-old tradition of marginalization. This qualitative case study of an urban elementary school, examines how nine teachers and one administrator enacted district reforms that added 45 min to the instructional day and implemented a series of formative and summative assessments. Through classroom observations, interviews, time journals, and official school documents, this article describes underlying perceptions and priorities that were barriers to any positive impact time or testing might have afforded social studies. Two recommendations emerge from results: 1) time structures need to provide space for the teaching of and planning for social studies; and 2) testing can have positive outcomes, but these are limited when assessments structures are hierarchical, misaligned, and poorly communicated.
Note on the Determination of Chlorine.

Haase and Gad (1), described a method for the determination of free and half -free chlorine by means of di-methyl-p-phenylendiamin in phosphoric acid, in which nitrites up to 5.0 p.p.m. and iron up to 1.0 p.p.m. do not interfere. Since phosphoric acid is known to repress ferric ion these authors results are due in part at least to the change in acid. With this in mind phosphoric acid was used instead of hydrochloric for preparation of the o-tolidine reagent for a comparative series of tests. The following is a summary of the results of tests with this reagent and that of Haase and Gad. A. O-tolidine was very soluble in phosphoric acid. The color produced was equal to that produced by using the Standard Methods (2) reagent, and more stable. Iron did not interfere when as high as 3 p.p.m. were present if 30 or 50 per cent H3PO4 reagent was used, but if 10 per cent H3PO4 reagent was used, 1 p.p.m. iron was the limit before interference was noticeable. Nitrites (a) gave immediate color with Standard Method (10 per cent HC1) reagent, (b) gave immediate but slight color with 30 per cent HC1 (Standard Methods modified) reagent, (c) gave color after 10 minutes with 30 or 50 per cent H3PO4 reagent, and (d) gave immediate color with (15 per cent HC1 + 15 per cent H3PO4) reagent. Chloramine gave relatively rapid color formation if 30 per cent HC1 reagent was used but required 30 minutes to 1 hour to develop if 10 per cent HC1, or 10 per cent, 30 per cent, or 50 per cent H3PO4 reagent was used. It was concluded that the use of H3PO4 rather than HC1 in preparation of the o-tolidine was advantageous only in case iron was the only interfering substance, and that the greater the amount of iron present the greater the amount of H3PO4 was required. Since free CI2 and nitrites do not exist in the same solution and since the time for color development by NH2C1 was even longer than that for nitrites with the phosphate reagent, 30 per cent HC1 (Standard
TOWARDS LARGE SCALE VOICE ACTIVATED DYNAMIC AND INTERACTIVE INTERNET BASED ANIMATION AND MODELING

Multimedia communication over the Internet has gained popularity in recent years. An efficient means of communication is vital for multimedia movies to reach consumers who can use voice commands to interactively modify XML based animations and movies depending on their subjective need. However, the initial modeling of an XML based multimedia movie is low level, time consuming, and not suitable for large scale multimedia animation and modeling. In this paper, we integrate the concept of dynamically modifiable XML scripts and the TANDEM language — a high level XML based Internet multimedia modeling language to transmit asynchronous, nondeterministic, and deterministic events to model and communicate web based multimedia streams over the Internet — to model dynamically modifiable Internet based interactive multimedia animated movies. The integration has been illustrated using a realistic example.
Boyakasha, Fist to Fist: Respect and the Philosphical Link with Reciprocity in International Law and Human Rights

From Grotius to Hobbes to Locke to an unconventional modern pop-culture manifestation in Ali G, the concept of respect has always been understood as important in human interaction and human agreements. The concept of mutual understanding and obligation pervades human interaction, and, for purposes of this Article, international relations. Almost all basic principles in English, United States, and other country's laws that value human and individual rights have based, over time, the development of their laws on the philosophical principle of respect. So much of common and statutory law is designed to enforce respect for others. The principle question in this Article involves the idea of respect between nations in international reciprocity. Most importantly, it examines who should have the opportunity to enforce potential disrespectful actions in issues of international law and human rights. Due to a trend within the United States where litigation opportunities have allowed private individuals to attempt to enforce within the judiciary the obligations of international law for allegedly disrespectful actions, the question becomes whether it is wise to allow nations due respect to allow their citizens to enforce actions contrary to those international obligations. If, indeed, international agreements are between nation-states - reciprocity requires that the decisions to respect them should be made by the contracting parties and not third parties. Thus, third party civil litigation based on international agreements (or a nation's allowance of them) is itself disrespectful.
Instrumental Variables in Criminology and Criminal Justice

Instrumental variables estimation is an econometric technique that is commonly employed by economists to overcome the problem of endogeneity in a causal variable of interest. It is a method that could be of some use to criminologists who also frequently confront simultaneity, measurement error, and selection bias. The method is sometimes referred to as a natural experiment because, like a classical experiment, it resolves these problems by rendering variation in the key independent variable exogenous or uncorrelated with the error term. It does so through the introduction of a variable that is correlated with the causal variable of interest but is otherwise uncorrelated with the outcome other than the one through the causal variable. This exclusion restriction is the key to causal identification and must be defended on substantive and theoretical grounds, not necessarily statistical ones. Following an intuitive description of the method, a short empirical example is provided, along with guidance about common pitfalls and potential problems with the method. Researchers interested in a more technical treatment of the method are pointed to accessible treatments in economics.
Bayesian Regression for Robust Power Grid State Estimation Following a Cyber-Physical Attack

Improving the power grid’s security against cyber-physical attacks has been a major challenge for the power grid operators since the cyber attack on the Ukrainian grid in Dec. 2016. In order to partly address this challenge, we study the problem of power grid state estimation following such an attack. We assume that an adversary attacks an area by disconnecting some lines within the attacked area and blocking the measurements coming from inside the attacked area from reaching the control center in order to mask the failed lines. The objective is to use the phase angle measurements before and partial measurements after the attack to detect the failed lines. Despite recent efforts, there is no method that is both efficient and robust for estimating the state of the grid after such an attack in practical noisy settings. In this work, we provide such a method using Bayesian regression. Bayessian regression allows us to determine the probability that each line is failed, instead of a 0–1 hard decision on the status of the lines. These probabilities reflect the uncertainty in the detection, depending on the noise level. We show that these probabilities can further be used to limit the search space and significantly improve the running time of the existing brute force search methods for failed lines detection.
Stressors Facing Home-Based Primary Care Providers

The numbers of homebound patients in the United States are increasing. Home-based primary care (HBPC) is an effective model of interdisciplinary care that has been shown to have high patient satisfaction rates and excellent clinical outcomes. However, there are few clinicians that practice HBPC and clinicians that do face additional stressors. This study sought to better understand the stressors that HBPC providers face in caring for homebound patients. This was a cross-sectional qualitative survey and analysis of HBPC providers. Responses were categorized into four themes: The patient in the home setting, caregiver support, logistics, and administrative concerns. This research is the first to analyze the stressors that providers of HBPC face in serving the needs of complex homebound patients. Awareness and attention to these issues will be important for the future sustainability of home-based primary care.
Protein Solvent Shell Structure Provides Rapid Analysis of Hydration Dynamics.

The solvation layer surrounding a protein is clearly an intrinsic part of protein structure-dynamics-function, and our understanding of how the hydration dynamics influences protein function is emerging. We have recently reported simulations indicating a correlation between regional hydration dynamics and the structure of the solvation layer around different regions of the enzyme Candida antarctica lipase B, wherein the radial distribution function (RDF) was used to calculate the pairwise entropy, providing a link between dynamics (diffusion) and thermodynamics (excess entropy) known as Rosenfeld scaling. Regions with higher RDF values/peaks in the hydration layer (the first peak, within 6 A of the protein surface) have faster diffusion in the hydration layer. The finding thus hinted at a handle for rapid evaluation of hydration dynamics at different regions on the protein surface in molecular dynamics simulations. Such an approach may move the analysis of hydration dynamics from a specialized venture to routine analysis, enabling an informatics approach to evaluate the role of hydration dynamics in biomolecular function. This paper first confirms that the correlation between regional diffusive dynamics and hydration layer structure (via water center of mass around protein side-chain atom RDF) is observed as a general relationship across a set of proteins. Second, it seeks to devise an approach for rapid analysis of hydration dynamics, determining the minimum amount of information and computational effort required to get a reliable value of hydration dynamics from structural data in MD simulations based on the protein-water RDF. A linear regression model using the integral of the hydration layer in the water-protein RDF was found to provide statistically equivalent apparent diffusion coefficients at the 95% confidence level for a set of 92 regions within five different proteins. In summary, RDF analysis of 10 ns of data after simulation convergence is sufficient to accurately map regions of fast and slow hydration dynamics around a protein surface. Additionally, it is anticipated that a quick look at protein-water RDFs, comparing peak heights, will be useful to provide a qualitative ranking of regions of faster and slower hydration dynamics at the protein surface for rapid analysis when investigating the role of solvent dynamics in protein function.
Public Policy Toward Insider Trading: A Proposal for Decriminalization

Publicly held corporations in the United States are subject to the most restrictive set of financial disclosure and insider trading rules in the world. In this chapter we provide an argument against prohibition of insider trading.
Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, and Clusters-An Interprofessional Practicum Experience: An Innovative Application of a Doctor of Nursing Practice Essential IV.

Background The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) practicum should reflect the application of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's Eight Essentials. This student's personal practicum experience combined her interest in interprofessional collaboration and the relationships with the Sexual Assault Response Team. Objective An innovative practicum was developed to assist in fulfilling the Fourth Essential: Information Systems/Technology and Patient Care Technology for the Improvement and Transformation of Health Care, as it pertained to the student's scholarly project. Methods Clinical Practicum. Results A criminal investigator, specializing in digital forensics, offered his expertise toward this educational opportunity as related to the student's scholarly project. Conclusions This experience provided a practicum that was considered "outside the box" for this Fourth Essential. Implication for nursing It may be necessary for the Doctor of Nursing Practice student to consider a variety of opportunities to meet the Fourth Essential competency.
Metacognition over time is related to neurocognition, social cognition, and intrapsychic foundations in psychosis.

Abstract Core impairments underlying schizophrenia encompass several domains, including disruptions in metacognition, neurocognition, social cognition, and intrapsychic foundations. Little is known about how these phenomena change over time and whether changes co-occur. The current study sought to address these gaps and examine the relationships between these cognitive domains across a 12 month period in adults with schizophrenia. Seventy-five adult outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were enrolled in a randomized trial comparing two cognitive interventions designed to improve work performance. Cognitive outcomes were measured at baseline, a 6-month follow-up and a 12-month follow-up. Multilevel linear modeling was used to understand the longitudinal relationships between metacognition and social cognition, neurocognition, and intrapsychic foundations across the 12-month follow-up. Metacognition significantly improved across 12 months. Improvements in overall neurocognition were significantly associated with increases in the metacognition domains of self-reflectivity and mastery across time. Improvements in social cognition over time were associated with improvements in total metacognition and the metacognitive domain of mastery. Improvements in intrapsychic foundations scores over 12 months were significantly associated with improvements in overall metacognition, self-reflectivity, and mastery. In conclusion, over time, improvements in metacognition across domains co-occur with other core cognitive and social capacities in persons with schizophrenia. As persons became better able to form integrated senses of themselves and adaptively use this knowledge, improvements in neurocognition, social cognition, and intrapsychic foundations were also present.
Selective metabolic redundancy of Gpi1 allows for specific inhibition of inflammatory Th17 cells

Targeting glycolysis has been considered therapeutically intractable owing to its essential housekeeping role. However, the context-dependent requirement for individual glycolytic steps has not been fully explored. We show that CRISPR-mediated targeting of glycolysis in T cells in mice results in global loss of Th17 cells, whereas deficiency of the glycolytic enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi1) selectively eliminates inflammatory encephalitogenic and colitogenic Th17 cells, without substantially affecting homeostatic microbiota-specific Th17 cells. In homeostatic Th17 cells, partial blockade of glycolysis upon Gpi1 inactivation was compensated by pentose phosphate pathway flux and increased mitochondrial respiration. In contrast, inflammatory Th17 cells experience a hypoxic microenvironment known to limit mitochondrial respiration, which is incompatible with loss of Gpi1. Our study suggests that inhibiting glycolysis by targeting Gpi1 could be an effective therapeutic strategy with minimum toxicity for Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases, and, more generally, that metabolic redundancies can be exploited for selective targeting of disease processes.
A Graph Similarity Relation Defined by Graph Transformation

Similarity is an important way of categorizing mathematical objects. In this paper we consider how similarity between undirected graphs, or networks, can be defined. We do this by reducing any undirected graph, G = (V,E) to its irreducible spine, I. First we show that the reduction process, ω, is a unique transformation and thus is a well-defined function. Each irreducible spine, I, thus defines an equivalence class consisting of all graphs {G_i} such that G_i.ω = I. We then show that reduction by ω preserves many key properties. Specifically it preserves shortest path lengths in I, and (under rather general conditions) preserves the location of distance and betweeness centers. In essence, every member graph of the equivalence class will have much the same path structure. Next, an algorithm " is presented which, given any irreducible spine I, will generate (randomly) a graph Gk in the equivalence class defined by I, that is, we must have G_k.ω = I. Since I.e.ω = I, e = ω^-1. It is of some importance in network analysis to be able to quantify the notion of network similarity; to be able to say that a network G1 is "closer" to the network G2 than to G3. A popular method of comparing similarity between two networks G1 and G2 is to calculate the Spearman coefficient based on corresponding node degrees. We do this for 5 random graphs in the equivalence class of our running example. Finally, we show that any irreducible spine consists of a system of cycles. We then note that every spine, I, is topologically equivalent to a cubic graph. Thus individual cubic graphs generate a second, and coarser, equivalence relation on the family of all undirected graphs, which we call its genus.
REDUCED CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TESTING PERFORMANCE PREDICTS POORER QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH FONTAN PHYSIOLOGY

As the population with corrected congenital heart disease continues to age, functional outcomes are becoming of greater importance. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) performance has been shown to be a predictor of morbidity, mortality, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with Fontan
Inside the courtroom: An analysis of malpractice litigation in gallbladder surgery.

Abstract Background Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed operations in the United States, yet it still carries up to a 6% risk of major morbidity. Lawsuits are a major source of emotional, financial, and personal stress for surgeons. We sought to characterize malpractice claims associated with gallbladder surgery as well as define contributing factors and costs with these claims. Methods The Westlaw database (Thomson Reuters Corporation, Toronto, Canada) was queried for jury verdicts and settlements related to cholecystectomy and malpractice between 2000 and 2018. Data were abstracted from the case files and details of the settlements, jury verdicts, and factors related to the claims were assessed. Results Among 231 cases, a plaintiff verdict was reached in 45 (19.5%) and a defendant verdict was reached in 122 (53%); other cases were either settled (n = 29, 12%), dismissed (n = 31, 13%), or denied (n = 4, 2%). Plaintiff cases often involved young (median age, 44 years [interquartile range: 35–57]) female (n = 146, 63%) patients. The attending surgeon accounted for 59% of defendants. Procedural error (49%), wrongful death (18%), or failure to treat in a timely manner (13%) were the most commonly cited reasons for litigation. Among the 134 cases where a second surgical procedure was performed, the most common types of procedures were biliary tract repair (n = 82, 61%) and bowel repair (n = 16, 12%). The total cost of the claims over the study period was $22 million with a median payout of $500,000; the median time from operative event to final disposition was over 5 years (interquartile range: 4–7). Conclusion A plaintiff verdict or settlement was reached in 1 in 3 cases, and large payouts were common. Minimizing procedural error and improving care of patients after cholecystectomy complications should be emphasized.
A New Species of Acusana from French Guiana (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponinae)

A new species of Acusana is described from French Guiana. A list of all the species of the genus is given along with the current distribution of each species.
Benchmarking Motion Planning Algorithms: An Extensible Infrastructure for Analysis and Visualization

Motion planning is a key problem in robotics that is concerned with finding a path that satisfies a goal specification subject to constraints. In its simplest form, the solution to this problem consists of finding a path connecting two states, and the only constraint is to avoid collisions. Even for this version of the motion planning problem, there is no efficient solution for the general case [1]. The addition of differential constraints on robot motion or more general goal specifications makes motion planning even harder. Given its complexity, most planning algorithms forego completeness and optimality for slightly weaker notions such as resolution completeness, probabilistic completeness [2], and asymptotic optimality.
Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics.

Background: There is wide variation in the macronutrient ingredient base of infant formula. How variation in macronutrient ingredients may impact infant growth remains largely unknown. Methods: The 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was utilized, including infant anthropometrics and dietary intake. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate sources of formulas consumed were assembled and considered as potential predictors in multivariable models of infant Z-scores among infants < 6 months, 6–12 months and all infants combined (0–12 months). Results: The following relationships represent ingredient covariates within the final multivariable models of infant Z-scores. Consuming formula with palm oil was associated with higher weight-for-length Z-scores among infants < 6 months, but lower weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores among infants 6–12 months. Consuming soy-protein formulas was associated with lower weight-for-length, head circumference-for-age and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-scores among infants < 6 months. Consuming sucrose-containing formula was associated with higher weight-for-length and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-score among infants 0–12 months. Conclusions: These data provide proof-of-concept that all formulas are not the same. Variation in macronutrient ingredients within the standard formula category is associated with differences in infant anthropometric outcomes. Long-term and mechanistic studies are warranted to pursue these findings; especially for palm oil, soy protein, and sucrose.
Suppression of Lα/Lβ Phase Coexistence in the Lipids of Pulmonary Surfactant.

Abstract To determine how different constituents of pulmonary surfactant affect its phase behavior, we measured wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) from oriented bilayers. Samples contained the nonpolar and phospholipids (N&PL) obtained from calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE), which also contains the hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C. Mixtures with different ratios of N&PL and CLSE provided the same set of lipids with different amounts of the proteins. At 37°C, N&PL by itself forms coexisting Lα and Lβ phases. In the Lβ structure, the acyl chains of the phospholipids occupy an ordered array that has melted by 40°C. This behavior suggests that the Lβ composition is dominated by dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), which is the most prevalent component of CLSE. The Lβ chains, however, lack the tilt of the Lβ′ phase formed by pure DPPC. At 40°C, WAXS also detects an additional diffracted intensity, the location of which suggests a correlation among the phospholipid headgroups. The mixed samples of N&PL with CLSE show that increasing amounts of the proteins disrupt both the Lβ phase and the headgroup correlation. With physiological levels of the proteins in CLSE, both types of order are absent. These results with bilayers at physiological temperatures indicate that the hydrophobic surfactant proteins disrupt the ordered structures that have long been considered essential for the ability of pulmonary surfactant to sustain low surface tensions. They agree with prior fluorescence micrographic results from monomolecular films of CLSE, suggesting that at physiological temperatures, any ordered phase is likely to be absent or occupy a minimal interfacial area.
Regulating hazardous wastes under U.S. environmental federalism: The role of state resources

Abstract We explore the extent to which variation in states' resources devoted to environmental protection leads to variation in environmental outcomes, specifically the monitoring and enforcement of large hazardous waste facilities regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Results from our instrumental variables regressions suggest that the average state responds to a reduction in its per-facility environmental agency budget by decreasing the fraction of large RCRA facilities receiving inspections and enforcement actions. We also find evidence that a reduction in a state's environmental budget may result in a substitution away from resource-intensive on-site inspections to lower-cost off-site inspections. If the latter type of inspection is relatively less effective in detecting violations, then this substitution is likely to lead to poorer environmental outcomes. Overall our results suggest that decreases in EPA funding for state environmental agencies and further devolution of responsibility for environmental programs to states may result in lower levels of environmental protection in some areas.
Tetrahydrobiopterin shifts the balance from oxidative stress to NO signalling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

In this issue, Lindsay et al., 2021 investigated if patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) had reduced levels of the anti-oxidant and arginine-NO coupling cofactor Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and determined if supplementation with BH4 reduced DMD disease progression in the mdx mouse model of DMD.
Modus Ponens Defended

Is modus ponens for the indicative conditional valid? McGee [1985] famously presents several alleged ‘counterexamples’ to this rule of inference. More recently, Kolodny and MacFarlane [2010] and Willer [2010] argue that this rule is unreliable in some hypothetical contexts. But none of these attacks undermine an informational conception of logic on which modus ponens is valid.
The cleavage product ΔPML-RARα contributes to all-trans retinoic acid-mediated differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells

PML–RARα protein, the leukemogenic product of t(15,17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia, is cleaved into a truncated form termed ΔPML–RARα during all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of NB4 cells. ΔPML–RARα is not formed in ATRA differentiation resistant NB4 subclones. As2O3 inhibits ΔPML–RARα formation and differentiation-induction when given in combination with ATRA. Treatment with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) combined with ATRA enhances ATRA-induced differentiation in ATRA-insensitive NB4-CI and arsenic-resistant NB4/As cells, and is associated with stabilization of PML–RARα protein and increased ΔPML–RARα formation. Unlike forced expression of PML–RARα, forced ΔPML–RARα expression based on an estimated deletion of the N-terminal PML portion does not repress RARE-tk-luc reporter activity mediated by endogenous retinoic acid receptors. The cleavage of PML–RARα is blocked by RARα antagonist Ro-41-5253 and cycloheximide and therefore requires a RARα transactivation-dependent pathway. Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK do not block ATRA-induced PML–RARα cleavage and differentiation. These data suggest that (a) ATRA treatment induces PML–RARα cleavage by induction of unknown enzymes independent of proteasome- and caspase-mediated pathways; (b) ΔPML–RARα might function differently from both PML–RARα and RARα; (c) failure to cleave PML–RARα and form ΔPML–RARα after ATRA treatment may contribute to ATRA resistance in APL cells.
Afterpulsing in InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche photodetectors

The effect of short gating pulses on after-pulsing in a single photon avalanche photodetector operating at a telecom wavelength of 1.5 /spl mu/m is characterized and discussed. Comparison between short and longer overbias gate pulses shows that the number of carriers created with a 1 ns (short) gating pulse is lower than that of a 20 ns pulse, when the avalanche is dark-count generated.
Physical responses of small temperate lakes to variation in dissolved organic carbon concentrations

We used a mechanistic physical model to examine the effect of variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations on the physical properties of small temperate lakes. The model was validated on eight small (6 3 1024 to 3.8 3 1022 km2) lakes in Wisconsin and Michigan, with a standard error , 1uC for seven of eight lakes. Attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm) in these lakes was regulated by DOC concentrations and was important in the vertical structuring of water temperatures. Heat exchange below the surface mixed layer was near the molecular rate, increasing the importance of water clarity as a control on the heat content of deeper waters. To understand the thermal effects of changing DOC concentrations, we applied scenarios of a 50% increase and 50% decrease in DOC concentrations for one lake (Trout Bog) and found water temperatures to vary in response, with the seasonally averaged temperatures in the increased DOC scenario being . 2uC colder than the reduced scenario. We found a nonlinear relationship between DOC and temperature, with clearer (lower DOC) simulations being more sensitive to climate variability, suggesting that DOC may act as a buffer against a warming climate. Our model showed that DOC also influenced epilimnetic depths, as nocturnal mixing (related to the vertical partitioning of heat) was more important than wind-driven mixing. Small lakes are globally important regulators of biogeochemical cycles and are structurally different from larger lakes. Important feedbacks to physical processes must be accounted for when understanding the effects of changing DOC and climate on small lakes.
An upper limit for the absorption cross section of the oxygen C 3 Delta u - a 1 Delta g transition

Frederick and Cicerone (1985) have proposed that photodissociation of O2 (a 1 Delta g) by the process O2 (a 1 Delta g) + h-nu + O2 (C 3 Delta u) to O(3 P) + O(3 P) may be a major source of odd oxygen in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. They argued that, since the process is forbidden only by change in the spin multiplicity, it might have been a cross section intermediate between a fully allowed and a strictly forbidden transition, i.e., 10 to the -20th to 10 to the -19th sq cm near 250 nm. In order to test this proposal, absorption by O2 (a 1 Delta g) has been measured in the 190-290 nm wavelength region. No absorption above the detection limit could be observed for O2 (a 1 Delta g) concentrations of (4-7) x 10 to the 15th/cu cm. An upper limit of 8 x 10 to the -22 sq cm was calculated for the cross section.
Incorporating climate change projections into riparian restoration planning and design

Climate change and associated changes in streamflow may alter riparian habitats substantially in coming decades. Riparian restoration provides opportunities to respond proactively to projected climate change effects, increase riparian ecosystem resilience to climate change, and simultaneously address effects of both climate change and other human disturbances. However, climate change may alter which restoration methods are most effective and which restoration goals can be achieved. Incorporating climate change into riparian restoration planning and design is critical to long-term restoration of desired community composition and ecosystem services. In this review, we discuss and provide examples of how climate change might be incorporated into restoration planning at the key stages of assessing the project context, establishing restoration goals and design criteria, evaluating design alternatives, and monitoring restoration outcomes. Restoration planners have access to numerous tools to predict future climate, streamflow, and riparian ecology at restoration sites. Planners can use those predictions to assess which species or ecosystem services will be most vulnerable under future conditions, and which sites will be most suitable for restoration. To accommodate future climate and streamflow change, planners may need to adjust methods for planting, invasive species control, channel and floodplain reconstruction, and water management. Given the considerable uncertainty in future climate and streamflow projections, riparian ecological responses, and effects on restoration outcomes, planners will need to consider multiple potential future scenarios, implement a variety of restoration methods, design projects with flexibility to adjust to future conditions, and plan to respond adaptively to unexpected change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary Policy, Macro Factors, and the Term Structure at the Zero Lower Bound

We describe the joint dynamics of bond yields, monetary policy and macroeconomic variables within a no-arbitrage affine term structure framework while explicitly modeling the zero lower bound (ZLB) using the shadow rate methodology. We include data on the unemployment gap and inflation to build a more comprehensive representation of the true stance of monetary policy, incorporating the influences of unconventional policy instruments introduced to combat the Great Recession. The model makes it possible to examine the effects of policy in an environment which solves the ZLB issue. We find that shadow rate models that incorporate macroeconomic factors suggest a more negative shadow rate and a more extended projection of the future duration of the ZLB episode than models that include only financial data. Also, including the macro data through a standard monetary VAR allows the model to better capture the dynamics of the shift in policy focus towards targeting longer-term yields. Finally, the shadow rate produces a proxy for the stance of policy that suggests the unconventional policy programs achieved a substantial accommodation, in excess of that prescribed by a standard policy rule.
Growing Public: What Drove Postwar Social Spending?

The postwar growth of welfare-state social transfer programs has dwarfed the earlier pioneering attempts to build comprehensive insurance programs. Social transfers have risen even faster than public education. How did that happen? A lesser part of the answer is a story of the generations that lived through the Great Depression and the Second World War. The greater part of the answer rests on the same broad social forces that were already acting in the half-century after 1880. This chapter re-introduces the three main forces of democracy, demography, income, and other social differences to give a fuller explanation of both the growth and the diversity of the movement toward welfare states. To highlight how policy behavior has and has not changed since 1880, this chapter follows the same historical forces and same format we just followed in Chapter 16. The fuller postwar data coverage allows us to expand the inquiry, however. We can compare time periods of only three or four years, yielding more dynamic information from a 35-year span than the ten-year stretches could give for the fifty years between 1880 and 1930. Public education expenditures are also conveniently available for the 1962–1981 period, allowing more direct comparison of social budget priorities than for the pre-1930 era, for which we had to be content with counting enrolled student and teachers. It will turn out that the same three leading actors are at center stage for the postwar era, but with altered behavior and with a fourth now sharing the stage.
Opposite effect of illumination and d-amphetamine upon activity in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri) and owl monkey (Aotes)

The effect of d-amphetamine upon locomotor activity in the monkey is not uniform and seems related to the noctural-diurnal tendencies of the subject. It increases activity of the nocturnal subject and decreases the activity of the diurnal subject.
Antiproton — Nucleus Interactions

As many speakers at this workshop have indicated LEAR represents a significant technical advance on any previous facility used to produce beams of antiprotons. This is especially true for low momentum p in the range ≤ 400 MeV/c. The opportunities for investigating NN physics are legion and have been discussed in detail in other contributions to this meeting. The beams from LEAR are also a means for uncovering a hopefully fertile source of physics in the interactions of antiparticles with nuclei. Bound or resonant states have been searched for in the NN system and perhaps one candidate found1. Resonances in the N-A system may have an independent origin2, unrelated to isolated states in the two-body system but nevertheless very revealing of the essential nature of the two-body forces.
Facilitating Project Team Learning and Contributions to Organizational Knowledge

Innovative products, services, and processes are consequences of knowledge integration. Often the integration is of newly generated knowledge with other knowledge that the firm already has available. Especially in firms where long run performance depends on innovation, it behooves managers to think about how newly generated knowledge can be transferred quickly, effectively, and reliably, and thereby can be integrated with the firm’s current knowledge for early exploitation or captured as organizational knowledge in the form of practices, procedures, or files. New knowledge frequently originates in the context and activity of project teams – e.g., R&D teams, design teams, and re-engineering teams. In order to carry out their tasks, such teams frequently need to learn things already known to other organizational units, i.e., they need to acquire and assimilate organizational knowledge. Theoretically then, project teams both draw on the firm’s knowledge and contribute to the firm’s knowledge. The more effectively they carry out these actions, the more effective they are and the more effective their parent firms will be. This article identifies project team and organizational design practices that facilitate project team learning and contributions to organizational knowledge.
Surface-limited release of deuterium from iron

The release of deuterium (D) from solution in iron was measured for conditions approaching a bare-metal surface on single crystal and polycrystalline samples sputter-cleaned in UHV. The release rate was found to be proportional to the square of the concentration of D in solution. The second-order kinetics show the release is limited by molecular recombination of D on the surface. The recombination coefficient (K) measured for clean surfaces can be described by K = K0exp(QK/kT) with K0 = 10−21cm4/s and QK = (0.69 ± 0.06) eV. These recombination coefficients are orders of magnitude larger than those previously reported for iron. A model for K is presented in which the rate limiting step is the recombination and desorption of D chemisorbed on the surface and which agrees closely with the measured values. Controlled dosing of the samples with oxygen showed that submonolayer oxygen coverages cause large reductions in the D release rate.
A metadata manager's role in collaborative projects: The Rutgers University Libraries experience

Purpose – This paper seeks to discuss the roles and responsibilities of a metadata manager in collaborative digital projects.Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the general requirements for metadata management, and introduces some scenarios in the practices of digital projects by the Rutgers University Libraries to support the generalized definition. A workflow of metadata management is illustrated.Practical implications – With an explicit definition of the roles and responsibilities of the metadata manager, many other digital libraries that need to develop a new or optimize the existing workflow may find the Rutgers experience useful as a reference.Originality/value – Very few papers have explored this topic, although the functions of metadata in the development of digital projects have been talked about extensively.
A Real-time Search Structure and Classification Algorithm of Microblog Based on Partial Indexing

With the popularity and the rapid development of social networks, microblog has also obtained great attention and gotten wide application. Microblog may produce a large amount of information per second. The real-time search is a critical technology to timely get the latest high-quality information from microblog. A new real-time search framework based on meta-search engine and a query classification algorithm of microblog was put forward. The classification and indexing process is based on the partial indexing mechanism to improve retrieval efficiency. The classification algorithm divides queries into the candidate queries and the popular queries, and takes separate storage strategy. Test results show that the classification algorithm can reduce real-time search time and improve the efficiency of retrieval. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i3.4497 Full Text: PDF
Children's Time With Fathers in Intact Families

This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine children's involvement with their fathers in intact families as measured through time spent together. Our findings suggest that although mothers still shoulder the lion's share of the parenting, fathers' involvement relative to that of mothers appears to be on the increase. A “new father” role is emerging on weekends in intact families. Different determinants of fathers' involvement were found on weekdays and on weekends. Fathers' wages and work hours have a negative relationship with the time they spend with a child on weekdays, but not on weekends. Mothers' work hours have no effect on children's time with fathers. On weekends, Black fathers were found to be less involved and Latino fathers more involved with their children than are White fathers. The weekday-weekend differential suggests that a simple gender inequality theory is not sufficient in explaining the dynamics of household division of labor in today's American families.
The dynamics of the helix-coil transition in poly-α, L-glutamic acid†

Temperature jump measurements employing optical rotation to follow transients show an upper limit of 10μsec. on the half time of the helix-random coil relaxation in poly-α, L-glutamic acid. No relaxations are observed under conditions where the polymer exists in completely helical or completely random coil form. Assuming that the helix-coil transition can be described kinetically as a pure growth process, expressions for the relaxation time are derived for three special cases. A comparison is made between the rate of the helix-coil transition and the rate of imide proton exchange.
Estimating Ground Cover of Field Crops Using Medium-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery

Remote sensing is useful for estimating plant canopy characteristics, such as leaf area index (LAI) and ground cover (GC). When the source of remote sensing data is medium-resolution satellite imagery, plant canopy characteristics can be estimated for numerous fields within an agricultural region. In this study, a procedure was developed to estimate GC of field crops from medium-resolution satellite image data in the red and near-infrared (NIR) spectral bands. In the procedure, GC is estimated from the ratio of the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) value calculated for an image pixel to the PVI value corresponding to full vegetation canopy. Two main advantages of this procedure are that it does not rely on empirical relationships, and that it can use raw satellite digital count data without conversion to surface reflectance or normalization for scene-to-scene differences in brightness. A field study was conducted in 2006 in the Texas High Plains to collect ground-based observations ofGC for 31 agricultural fields containing various crops for testing the procedure. The GC for these fields was estimated using the procedure from Landsat-5 TM image data acquired on four dates during the growing season. Statistical analysis of the linear regression between satellite-based estimates of GC and corresponding ground-based observations of GC indicated that the regression was not different from a 1:1 relationship. Statistical analysis also indicated that the average of the satellite-based estimates of GC was not significantly different from the average of the ground-based observations of GC. The results suggest that, on average, estimates of GC determined using this procedure should be within 6% of their true values. The relative simplicity of this procedure should facilitate the quantification of vegetation resources in agricultural regions.
Science as Sound Bites: The Lancet Iraq Casualty Reports and Prefigured Accommodation

In this article I examine The Lancet Iraq casualty reports for their demonstration of prefigured accommodation, a rhetorical strategy in which the authors anticipate and attempt to influence their work's wider popularization. My reading of the reports and accompanying commentaries attends to the introduction of journalistic features and calls to political action. As part of my analysis, I interview a lead author of the reports about his rhetorical concerns in composing the work of a politically engaged science.
ANAESTHESIA AND THE LAW: THE NORTH AMERICAN EXPERIENCE

The professional liability climate in the United States can best be described as tempestuous in most areas of the U.S. The major strategy of organized anaesthesia and the professional liability insurance industry is to attempt to reduce patient injury. In the unlikely eventuality that human error and equipment failure in anaesthesia can be eradicated, some patient injury will inevitably still occur. For this reason tort reform is necessary, and alternatives to the tort system need to be developed to compensate injured parties adequately without bankrupting the medical system.
Permission to Speak: A Logic for Access Control and Conformance

Formal languages for policy have been developed for access control and conformance checking. In this paper, we describe a formalism that combines features that have been developed for each application. From access control, we adopt the use of a saying operator. From conformance checking, we adopt the use of operators for obligation and permission. The operators are combined using an axiom that permits a principal to speak on behalf of another. The combination yields benefits to both applications. For access control, we overcome the problematic interaction between hand-off and classical reasoning. For conformance, we obtain a characterization of legal power by nesting saying with obligation and permission. The axioms result in a decidable logic. We integrate the axioms into a logic programming approach, which lets us use quantification in policies while preserving decidability of access control decisions. Conformance checking, in the presence of nested obligations and permissions, is shown to be decidable. Non-interference is characterized using reachability via permitted statements.