cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients with asymptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis frequently have progressive disease

Abstract We identified and analyzed 45 patients with asymptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis to better understand the natural history of this disease. Disease progression was monitored at regular intervals for the development of symptoms and physical signs as well as changes in liver biochemistry, cholangiography, and liver histology. During a median follow-up of 75.2 mo, 34 patients (76%) had evidence of disease progression. Fourteen patients (31%) developed liver failure which resulted in death or referral for liver transplantation. For patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, survival curves computed using the Kaplan-Meier method were significantly worse than expected when compared to age-, sex-, and race-specific survival rates for the United States north central population (p
Australian Antarctic Discordance as a simple mantle boundary

[1] Several complex models require unique mantle conditions to explain the Australian Antarctic Discordance (AAD), an unusually deep and rugged section of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between ∼120°–128°E. Seismic evidence suggests the AAD is instead the manifestation of two contrasting mantle domains converging along its eastern edge. Variations in axial morphology and flanking topographic relief along the SEIR arise as ridge segments to the west (Indian mantle) grade into a cooler melting regime while those to the east (Pacific mantle) are more magmatically robust. Seismic refraction data show crustal thickness decreases from the west into the AAD at a rate of 0.1 km/100 km, then rapidly increases from 4.8 ± 0.4 km to 7.3 ± 0.2 km across the eastern border. The AAD thus appears to be the terminal end of a long-wavelength reduction in melt supply at what may be the simplest global example of a mantle boundary.
Strikes and Leadership's Ideology: A Critique of Rational Choice Theories of Union-Government Interactions with Evidence from Chile

Why do unions sometimes strike against their partisan allies in government? Against rational choice explanations, this article argues that leaders with a militant and autonomist ideology strike against allies because they believe strikes are a necessary to achieve gains — contrasting with their less autonomist colleagues’ views. This is expected particularly in some Latin American and Southern European countries where labour is highly politicized and divided. Statistical and qualitative analysis of six Chilean public sector unions in the first eighteen years of post-authoritarian regime (N=86) support the theory. Reanalysis of secondary data suggests it may apply for other Latin American countries.
A MACSYMA package for the generation and manipulation of chebyshev series

Techniques for a MACSYMA package for expanding an arbitrary univariate expression as a truncated series in Chebyshev polynomials and manipulating such expansions is described. A data structure is introduced to represent a truncated expansion in a set of orthogonal polynomials. The data structure contains the independent variable, the name of the orthogonal polynomial set, the number of terms retained, and a list of the expansion coefficients. Although we restrict attention here to the set of Chebyshev polynomials as the orthogonal set, extension to other orthogonal polynomials will be done later. A data structure for truncated power series is provided as an alternative.The principal function of the package converts a given expression into the aforementioned data structure. Special cases are the conversion of sums, products, the ratio, or the composition of truncated Chebyshev expansions.Another special case is converting an expression free of truncated Chebyshev expansions. The package generates exact expansion coefficients whenever possible. In addition to well-known Chebyshev expansions, such as for polynomials, we provide new methods for getting exact Chebyshev expansions for reciprocals of polynomials of degree one or two, meromorphic functions, arbitrary powers of a first-degree polynomial, the error-function, and generalized hypergeometric functions.When exact Chebyshev expansions for a function are unknown, or too costly to compute, approximate expansions are performed. Conversion to power series and interpolation between the roots of a Chebyshev polynomial are supported. The Clenshaw method for symbolic Chebyshev expansion of the solution of a linear differential equation whose coefficients are low degree polynomials is implemented in the package.
Dust transport model validation using satellite- and ground-based methods in the southwestern United States

Dust is known to aggravate respiratory diseases. This is an issue in the desert southwestern United States, where windblown dust events are common. The Public Health Applications in Remote Sensing (PHAiRS) project aims to address this problem by using remote-sensing products to assist in public health decision support. As part of PHAiRS, a model for simulating desert dust cycles, the Dust Regional Atmospheric Modeling (DREAM) system is employed to forecast dust events in the southwestern US. Thus far, DREAM has been validated in the southwestern US only in the lower part of the atmosphere by comparison with measurement and analysis products from surface synoptic, surface Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR), and upper-air radiosonde. This study examines the validity of the DREAM algorithm dust load prediction in the desert southwestern United States by comparison with satellite-based MODIS level 2 and MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products, and ground-based observations from the AERONET network of sunphotometers. Results indicate that there are difficulties obtaining MODIS L2 aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data in the desert southwest due to low AOT algorithm performance over areas with high surface reflectances. MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products show improvement, but the temporal and vertical resolution of MODIS data limit its utility for DREAM evaluation. AERONET AOT data show low correlation to DREAM dust load predictions. The potential contribution of space- or ground-based lidar to the PHAiRS project is also examined.
The Attachment Relationship in Recovery from Addiction. Part 2: Substantive Enactment Interventions

Previously (Butler & Seedall, 2006), we discussed the potential benefits of integrating the pair-bond attachment relationship (Hazan & Ziefman, 1999) into treatment for sexual addiction. We outlined a five-stage (Butler & Gardner, 2003), three-component (Davis & Butler, 2004) enactment model designed to circumvent attendant emotional reactivity and volatility while directly accessing the pair-bond attachment relationship in sponsoring both recovery and relational healing. This article complements the foregoing conceptual framework by delineating a variety of attachment-anchored, enactment-based interventions that may be adapted to the varying recovery and relationship needs of couples. Each intervention will be set forth conceptually and operationally, followed by an explanation of the value added when facilitated within an enactment context.
Using Strassen's algorithm to accelerate the solution of linear systems

Strassen's algorithm for fast matrix-matrix multiplication has been implemented for matrices of arbitrary shapes on the CRAY-2 and CRAY Y-MP supercomputers. Several techniques have been used to reduce the scratch space requirement for this algorithm while simultaneously preserving a high level of performance. When the resulting Strassen-based matrix multiply routine is combined with some routines from the new LAPACK library, LU decomposition can be performed with rates significantly higher than those achieved by conventional means. We succeeded in factoring a 2048 x 2048 matrix on the CRAY Y-MP at a rate equivalent to 325 MFLOPS.
Alzheimer's neurofibrillary pathology and the spectrum of cognitive function: Findings from the Nun Study

The development of interventions designed to delay the onset of dementia highlights the need to determine the neuropathologic characteristics of individuals whose cognitive function ranges from intact to demented, including those with mild cognitive impairments. We used the Braak method of staging Alzheimer's disease pathology in 130 women ages 76-102 years who were participants in the Nun Study, a longitudinal study of aging and Alzheimer's disease. All participants had complete autopsy data and were free from neuropathologic conditions other than Alzheimer's disease lesions that could affect cognitive function. Findings showed a strong relationship between Braak stage and cognitive state. The presence of memory impairment was associated with more severe Alzheimer's disease pathology and higher incidence of conversion to dementia in the groups classified as having mild or global cognitive impairments. In addition to Braak stage, atrophy of the neocortex was significantly related to the presence of dementia. Our data indicate that Alzheimer's neurofibrillary pathology is one of the neuropathologic substrates of mild cognitive impairments. Additional studies are needed to help explain the variability in neuropathologic findings seen in individuals whose cognitive performance falls between intact function and dementia.
Load shedding and distributed resource control of stream processing networks

Recent advances in networking and information technology boost the development of new and advanced services offered over communication systems that integrate a widely heterogeneous mix of applications and computer devices. Without careful traffic control and resource management, the implied dramatic increase in the demand for networking resources and remote application services may lead to substantial degradation of the Quality of Service as experienced by the end users. In this paper, we consider the problem of joint admission control and dynamic resource allocation in a stream processing network so as to optimize the overall system utility. With a primal-dual-based optimization approach, we show that the resource allocation problem and the admission control problem can be decomposed. We then present a distributed algorithm which incorporates a push-and-pull-based admission control mechanism, and a pressure-based [email protected] rule for resource allocation. We show that the algorithm guarantees the stability of the network and converges to the optimal solution. Various numerical experiments are then presented to demonstrate the quality of the solution and the speed of convergence.
Endoscopic optical coherence tomography with a modified microelectromechanical systems mirror for detection of bladder cancers.

Experimental results of a modified micromachined microelectromechanical systems MEMS mirror for substantial enhancement of the transverse laser scanning performance of endoscopic optical coherence tomography EOCT are presented. Image distortion due to buckling of MEMS mirror in our previous designs was analyzed and found to be attributed to excessive internal stress of the transverse bimorph meshes. The modified MEMS mirror completely eliminates bimorph stress and the resultant buckling effect, which increases the wobbling-free angular optical actuation to greater than 37°, exceeding the transverse laser scanning requirements for EOCT and confocal endoscopy. The new optical coherence tomography OCT endoscope allows for two-dimensional cross-sectional imaging that covers an area of 4.2 mm 2.8 mm limited by scope size and at roughly 5 framess instead of the previous area size of 2.9 mm 2.8 mm and is highly suitable for noninvasive and high-resolution imaging diagnosis of epithelial lesions in vivo. EOCT images of normal rat bladders and rat bladder cancers are compared with the same cross sections acquired with conventional bench-top OCT. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of EOCT for in vivo imaging diagnosis and precise guidance for excisional biopsy of early bladder cancers. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 170.2150, 170.3880, 170.4500, 170.7230, 170.3890.
Kaon-nucleus scattering

Recent kaon-nucleon phase shift parametrizations are used to investigate the energy dependence of kaon-nucleus scattering. When nucleon motion is included the differential and total cross sections are found to vary smoothly with energy. The consequences for isobar dynamics are discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}({K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}, {K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}})^{12}\mathrm{C}^{(0.0,4.4)}$, ${E}_{K}=100\ensuremath{-}1000$ MeV; role of nucleon motion and kaon distortions; $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for various $\mathrm{KN}$ amplitudes.
BKca Channel Alpha Subunit Variants are Differentially Modulated by the Beta-1 Subunit

Uterine myometrial cells are maintained in a quiescent state during pregnancy, in part due to hyperpolarization of the membrane by the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel. During labor, uterine contractility is increased and BKCa current is suppressed, however, expression of BKCa is increased, suggesting that multiple mechanisms regulate BKCa channel function. We have focused on the roles of an auxiliary β1-subunit and two N-terminal α-subunit BKCa variants, whose peptide sequences start at different methionines, MANG and MDAL. We found that whereas MDAL expression was equivalent in all samples, MANG was expressed at a higher level in myometrium from term laboring women than from term non-laboring or non-pregnant women. To examine the possibility that differential expression of these variants reduces BKCa channel activity at the onset of labor, we expressed the MANG and MDAL variants, with or without the β1-subunit, in a heterologous system and recorded currents using patch-clamp. Although whole-cell voltage-gated currents were similar between variants, the β1-subunit enhanced Ca2+ activation of MDAL but not MANG. Inside-out single-channel recordings confirmed that MANG currents were not modulated by β1. Our finding that β1 co-immunoprecipitated with both MDAL and MANG variants suggests that the longer N-terminus of MANG does not affect the interaction between BKCa α- and β1-subunits, but instead inhibits the functional modulation of the channel by β1. These observations suggest that BKCa variants are differentially regulated by auxiliary subunits to regulate myometrial contractility during pregnancy and labor.
Contribution of Arginine to Proline Accumulation in Water-stressed Barley Leaves

Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Prior) leaves converted l-U-14C-arginine to labeled proline. Accumulation of radioactivity in proline was greater in wilted leaves, but only after 9 hours of incubation. As the increase in free proline was detectable after only 3 to 6 hours, it is likely that the observed stimulation of proline labeling represents a result rather than a cause of proline accumulation. Furthermore, the loss of total arginine during water stress was only 10 to 15% of the increase in proline. We conclude that arginine probably contributes less than 1% of the carbon in the expanding proline pool of wilted barley leaves.
Widespread satellite communication use and availability of advanced modulations and forward error correction coding

GOES-R, planned for launch around 2012, is currently under development by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. It will be the first in a new series of geostationary (GEO) environmental satellites to provide greater capabilities for weather, atmosphere, climate, and ocean monitoring. All the onboard sensors together may generate a combined raw sensor data rate of as much as 200 Mbps on the downlink, while the global rebroadcast data rate to the users after ground compression may be as much as 32 Mbps. To transmit such a high data rate through a channel of limited bandwidth, the adoption of a high-order modulation, such as QPSK, 8PSK, or 16QAM, is necessary. As a result, much higher transmit power than that for the binary modulation is needed in order to achieve the required bit error rate, which is particularly stringent for GOES-R due to the needed protection to the compressed data. Thus, the forward error correction (FEC) coding, which is a technique that can provide significant improvement of power efficiency, becomes crucial for GOES-R. This paper presents various methods of combining high-order modulations and FEC codes. We have proposed a baseline code waveform for GOES-R, which can satisfy both bandwidth and power efficiency requirements. In this paper, we also assess other commercially available code waveforms and compare their performances with that of our baseline waveform.
EDUNET: what it is --- will it work?

A prototype network which connects several universities across the country is now being developed. If this network is successful, it could provide a model for a communications system which would allow a user at almost any location to use the computer of his choice, regardless of distance. Twenty-two member universities of The Interuniversity Communications Council (EDUCOM) form the basis for the prototype network (EDUNET) which will use commercially available communication systems --- at least in the beginning.The session will explain purpose, operation and aspirations of EDUNET without neglecting the many difficulties which face networking. One of the most serious problems in the network is the user services functions. How can users receive documentation, classes and consulting help from a computer center 2000 miles away? How can accounts be opened, bills sent and refunds processed? An EDUNET user services seminar was held in Chicago September 27-28 to address these and other questions. The panelists in this session participated in the Chicago seminar and will add their perspectives to the discussion.
Altered monocyte and macrophage numbers in blood and organs of chickens injected i.v. with lipopolysaccharide

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a Gram-negative bacteria cell wall component that activates monocytes and macrophages to produce nitric oxide (NO) from inducible nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide production in the plasma of chickens peaks 5-6-h post-i.v. LPS injection reflecting iNOS activation. To determine monocyte responsiveness after an i.v. LPS injection, a time course study was conducted examining the concentrations among peripheral blood leukocytes post-i.v. LPS injection in male and female chickens, the proportions among peripheral mononuclear leukocyte (PBMC; containing lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes) populations isolated from the blood samples collected at various times post-i.v. LPS treatment, and the ability of monocytes to produce NO with and without further LPS stimulation in vitro using the PBMC NO production assay. Additionally, monocyte extravasation activity was determined by analyzing macrophage proportions after the i.v. LPS injection in spleen, lung, and liver tissues. Blood was collected from male and female chickens at 0 h (pre-LPS injection control) and at 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post-LPS injection, and additionally, at 72 h from female chickens. Tissues were collected 0, 1, 6, and 48 h post-i.v. LPS injection from male chickens. Monocyte concentrations dropped substantially by 1h in both males and females. In males, monocyte concentrations returned to control concentrations by 6h and increased at 24- and 48-h post-LPS injection, whereas in females, monocyte concentrations recovered more slowly, returning to near control concentrations by 24-48-h and increasing above control levels by 72 h. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated NO production by PBMC cultures established from blood samples obtained at various times post-LPS injection in vivo followed the same pattern as monocyte concentrations in the blood. Hence, NO concentrations within PBMC cultures were dependent upon the number of monocytes that were in the PBMC cultures isolated at different times post-i.v. LPS injection. Furthermore, macrophage proportions in spleen tissues responded similarly to monocyte concentrations in the blood, decreased in lung tissue, and varied widely in liver tissue throughout 48 h after an LPS injection. Monocytes and other leukocytes may attach to the endothelium post-i.v. LPS injection preventing the monocytes from entering the needle during blood collection resulting in what seems to be leukopenia in blood and in PBMC cultures attenuating NO production in PBMC cultures. Furthermore, monocyte differentiation and recruitment from the bone marrow is a likely contributor to the reconstitution and rise of monocyte concentrations in blood samples post-i.v. LPS injection.
Ethene loss kinetics of methyl 2-methyl butanoate ions studied by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence: The enol ion of methyl propionate heat of formation

Threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the unimolecular chemistry of gas-phase methyl 2-methyl butanoate ions [CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOCH 3 ·+ ]. This ester ion isomerizes to a lower energy distonic ion [CH2CH2CH(CH3)COHOCH 3 ·+ ] prior to dissociating by the loss of C2H4. The asymmetric time of flight distributions, which arise from the slow rate of dissociation at low ion energies, provide information about the ion dissociation rates. By modeling these rates with assumed k(E) functions, the thermal energy distribution for room temperature sample, and the analyzer function for threshold electrons, it was possible to extract the dissociative photoionization threshold for methyl 2-methyl butanoate which at 0 K is 9.80 ± 0.01 eV as well as the dissociation barrier of the distonic ion of 0.86 ± 0.01 eV. By combining these with an estimated heat of formation of methyl 2-methyl butanoate, we derive a 0 K heat of formation of the distonic ion CH2CH2CH(CH3)COHOCH 3 ·+ of 101.0 ± 2.0 kcal/mol. The product ion is the enol of methyl propionate, CH3CHCOHOCH 3 ·+ , which has a derived heat of formation at 0 K of 106.0 ± 2.0 kcal/mol.
ARITHMETIC IN THE FORM

This essay explores constructions of arithmetic as departures from the Calculus of Indications of Spencer-Brown. In the course of making these constructions, we discuss their relationship with the idea of contextual interpretations. In this way, the present paper is an investigation of the role of the observer in mathematical systems.
Nasojejunal alimentation for premature and full-term newborn infants

Thirty-six ill premature (mean gestation 32.8 weeks, mean birth weight 1,624 Gm.) and 10 sick, full-term, newborn infants received continuous infusions of formula by nasojejunal alimentation as a means of total nutritional support for periods of 2 to 75 days. In the premature infants the mean duration of nasojejunal feedings was 20.1 days, and the mean weight gain was 17.3 Gm. per day. The mean of the maximum rate of infusion was 145.8 ml. per kilogram per day with corresponding mean caloric intake of 113.6 cal. per kilogram per day and protein intake of 2.9 Gm. per kilogram per day. Only 3 of 46 infants (6.5 per cent) failed to gain weight while receiving sole nutritional support by jejunal alimentation; 2 of them died within 72 hours of age with hyaline membrane disease and intraventricular cerebral hemorrhages, and the third infant died at age 13 days (birth weight 680 Gm.) with hyaline membrane disease. The mean duration of infusion for the sick full-term infants was 10.8 days; their mean weight gain was 18.3 Gm. per day. No significant alterations were observed in serial determinations of blood glucose, of serum calcium, sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, and osmolality, or of hemogram during jejunal infusion. No abnormalities were noted in urinary or fecal output and analysis.
UNUSUAL CYTOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN MICROSPOROGENESIS AND POLLEN DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE IN THE MIMULUS GLABRATUS COMPLEX (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

A B S T R A C T Four populations of Mitnulus glabratus var. utahensis Pennell from the Great Basin and seven of M. glabratus var. fremontii (Bentham) Grant from the New Mexico-Texas-northeastern Mexico area were intercrossed and their F1 hybrids grown. Cytology and fertility of both the parental populations and the F1 hybrids were studied. The following cytological abnormalities were observed in microsporogenesis: cytomixis, the stretching of one or more chromosomes from cell to cell; multipolar divisions, separation of the chromosome complement into two or more parts; unequal disjunction; spontaneous polyploidization; and the production of encapsulated pollen tetrads. Typically, these abnormalities were rare or not observed in the parents, were rare in the intravarietal hybrids, but were more common in the intervarietal hybrids. They were closely associated with, in fact were the probably causes of, barriers to gene exchange between these two diploid (n - 15) varieties. Thus, the apparent causes of barriers to gene exchange in intervarietal hybrids are the likely mechanisms for the evolution of aneuploidy and polyploidy so characteristic of the rest of the Mimulus glabratus complex. IN THE COURSE of analyzing the cytogenetic relationships of two of the diploid members of the Mimulus glabratus complex, Tai (1967) observed a variety of cytological abnormalities in microsporogenesis and pollen development. The abnormalities noted in these two varieties and their hybrids appear to provide at least a partial explanation of the nature of the numerous barriers to gene exchange and of the origin of the striking polyploid-aneuploid-polyploid (n = 15 -*30 -> 31
Alanine Efflux across the Serosal Border of Turtle Intestine

The exit of alanine across the serosal border of the epithelial cells of turtle intestine was measured by direct and indirect techniques. A decrease or an increase in cell Na did not affect the amino acid flux from cell to serosal solution. Cells loaded with Na and alanine did not exhibit any extrusion of alanine when their serosal membranes were exposed to an Na-free medium containing alanine. However, substantial amino acid extrusion was observed across the mucosal cell border under similar conditions. Although alanine flux across the serosal membrane appeared to be Na-independent, it showed a tendency toward saturation as cellular alanine concentration was elevated. The results are consistent with the postulate that the serosal and mucosal membranes of intestinal cells are asymmetrical with respect to amino acid transport mechanisms. The serosal membrane appears to have an Na-independent carrier-mediated mechanism responsible for alanine transport while transport across the mucosal border involves an Na-dependent process.
Format effects in two teacher rating scales of hyperactivity.

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of differences in format on the precision of teacher ratings and thus on the reliability and validity of two teacher rating scales of children's hyperactive behavior. Teachers (N=242) rated a sample of children in their classrooms using rating scales assessing similar attributes with different formats. For a sub-sample the rating scales were readministered after 2 weeks. The results indicated that improvement can be made in the precision of teacher ratings that may be reflected in improved reliability and validity.
The effect of aluminum content on the corrosion behavior of Fe-Al alloys in reducing environments at 700 °C

The high-temperature corrosion behavior of monolithic Fe-Al alloys, with 0 to 20 wt pct Al, was investigated at 700 °C in a reducing atmosphere (p(S2) = 10−4 atm, p(O2) = 10−25 atm) for up to 100 hours. Postexposure characterization of the corrosion reaction products consisted of surface and cross-sectional microscopy, in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and quantitative image analysis. From the kinetic data, three stages of corrosion behavior (i.e., inhibition, breakdown, and steady state) were found with the observance and/or duration of each stage directly related to the aluminum content of the alloy. The first stage, labeled the inhibition stage, was characterized by low weight gains and the absence of rapid degradation of the alloy. Typically observed for compositions with 10 to 20 wt pct Al, protection was afforded due to the development of a thin, continuous alumina scale. For alloys with 7.5 wt pct A1, the ability to maintain the initially formed alumina scale was not observed, resulting in the breakdown stage. Localized corrosion product nodules, containing iron sulfide (Fe1-x S) and the spinel-type tau phase (FeAl2S4), developed through the alumina scale due to sulfur short-circuit diffusion. These growths were accompanied by relatively high corrosion rates. Further decreasing the aluminum content to 5 wt pct and below lead to the formation of a continuous sulfide scale whose growth was controlled by iron and sulfur diffusion through the previously formed product. The alloy wastage rates in the steady-state stage were relatively high when compared to the previous two regions.
Skin manifestations of mitochondrial DNA syndromes: Case report and review

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA syndromes are an emerging class of diseases that can present at any age. Clinical findings are legion and may include renal tubulopathy, growth retardation, myopathy, seizures, and ophthalmoplegia. Mitochondrial DNA syndromes have presented with symmetric cervical lipomas, poikiloderma, and anhidrosis. We describe a child with a novel mitochondrial DNA syndrome who had poikiloderma on sun-exposed areas. We also reviewed 274 patients with mitochondrial DNA disorders for skin findings. Symmetric cervical lipomas were consistently associated with myoclonic epilepsy as part of 1 syndrome. With the exception of lipomas, skin findings were reported in 16 patients. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:819-23.)
Sustainability in medicine: a case for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases

Chronic non-communicable diseases have increased worldwide, threatening not only the health of individuals but also social stability. Global studies have identified behavioral, environmental, and stress-related factors that account for a substantial amount of variance in these diseases. Identification of these relatively easy modifiable lifestyle factors holds great potential for the development of global prevention strategies in order to improve health and thereby promote economic, ecologic, and social sustainability worldwide.
Aerosol relationships to warm season clouds and rainfall at monthly scales over east China: Urban land versus ocean

[1] This paper provides a prototype study on combining the advanced satellite observations of rainfall, clouds, and aerosols to examine their interrelationships. Monthly satellite observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for July (2000–2005) were analyzed to assess how urban aerosols affect cloud droplet size and cumulative rainfall over the eastern China mainland and the China Sea, respectively. It seems that aerosol effects may be more evident on clouds than on convective rainfall: high correlation coefficients between aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and water cloud droplet size are observed, while only a weak aerosol-rainfall relationship is detectable during light rainfall cases (i.e., rainfall rate < 2.5 mm/d) and that is most likely for warm rain clouds only. In addition, aerosols affect clouds more significantly over ocean than over land. Over the ocean, at the monthly scale, the aerosol-cloud relationship is evident: the cloud effective radius decreases as aerosol optical thickness (AOT) increases. However, over land, cloud effective radius does not show an apparent relationship with aerosol processes, which indicates that aerosols are not the only physical process affecting clouds. Dynamic processes related to factors like urban land cover may play at least an equally critical role in cloud formation.
Improved lithium capacity of defective V2O5 materials

We demonstrate that point defects may be introduced into a metal oxide to increase its Li-ion capacity by using various heat treatments to modify the defect structure of polycrystalline V2O5 and then comparing the Li capacity of the materials. The V2O5 that is heated under O2/H2O at 460 jC has a 23% higher Li capacity than the as-received material despite no change to its longrange structure. Other heating conditions lower the Li capacity of the V2O5. We infer that heating under O2/H2O introduces defects, such as cation vacancies associated with lithiated oxygen sites, which can electrochemically exchange Li ions and serve as additional charge-storage sites. This study may also explain how metal oxides synthesized from sol–gels, such as xerogels and aerogels, insert lithium ions without concomitant reduction of transition-metal-ion sites—high-surface-area metal oxides are likely to be nonstoichiometric and rich with surface point defects which can serve as additional charge-storage sites. D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Neonatal Outcome of Infants Born at 500 to 800 Grams From 1990 Through 1998 in a Tertiary Care Center

OBJECTIVE: To assess if there have been changes in survival, demographic data, obstetric features, neonatal morbidity, and short-term neurologic/radiographic/neurosensory outcome of 500- to 800-g infants born in a tertiary care neonatal center from 1990 through 1998. STUDY DESIGN: Records of all 500- to 800-g infants born at North Shore University Hospital during 1990–1998 were reviewed to determine demographic data, survival by weight and gestational age (GA), obstetric features, neonatal morbidity, and short-term neurologic/radiographic/neurosensory outcome. Newborn infants were grouped into three triennia: 1990–1992, 1993–1995, and 1996–1998 and compared across time. RESULTS: Of the 173 infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, 112 survived. Improved survival was documented: 40% in 1990–1992, 73% in 1993–1995, and 81% in 1996–1998 (p<0.0001). Improved survival was also noted in each of the three weight cohorts, as well as in infants ≤26 weeks GA. An increased use of antenatal corticosteroids and increased number of deliveries by cesarean section (C/S) were noted across time. The incidence of 0 to 3 Apgar scores at both 1and 5 minutes decreased across time. Necrotizing enterocolitis in survivors and expected short-term neurologic/radiographic/neurosensory outcome improved between 1990–1992 and 1996–1998, with a trend toward reduced IVH grade III to IV. The incidence of other neonatal morbidities did not change throughout the time period. CONCLUSIONS: The data document that survival rates continued to improve for 500- to 800-g infants throughout the 1990s. This was concurrent with an increase in “low-risk, expected normal” infants, increased number of deliveries by C/S, decreased incidence of low Apgar scores at both 1 and 5 minutes, and an increased use of antenatal corticosteroids.
Quadratic temperature dependence of the in-plane resistivity in superconducting Nd1.85CuO4 — Evidence for Fermi-liquid normal state

Abstract The in-plane normal-state resistivity, ϱ|;( T ), of the electron-doped superconductor Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 has been measured and analyzed as a function of temperature in the range of T c to 300 K where T c ( R =0)=20 K. A dominant T 2 temperature dependence of ϱ|( T ) for T T 200 K, the data indicate a logarithmic correction to the quadratic temperature dependence. These findings are consistent with the Fermi-liquid model for electron-electron scattering, which is greatly enhanced in the CuO 2 -layered oxides. The experimental results of this work lend strong support to the validity of a Fermi-liquid description for the normal-state of electron-doped Cu-oxide superconductors.
Pathways to gender inequality in faculty pay: The Impact of institution, academic division, and rank

Abstract Wage disparities remain an important source of gender inequality in U.S. labor markets including those for college and university faculty. Pay differences may result from the allocation of women and men to different locations defined by institution types, academic divisions, and ranks where pay scales differ. It may also reflect unequal earnings of men and women in similar locations. Using national data, we examine whether institution type, academic division, and rank influence salary independently of each other or whether they are interdependent such that their effects on salary depend on how they are combined. We find that they are interdependent. We then consider how these interdependent locations mediate or moderate the relationship between gender and pay. We find more evidence of mediation. Women are disproportionately located in academic locations that pay less than locations where men are more often found. This work contributes to the understanding of gender segregation and its ramifications for the academy.
The carcinogenic risk of some organic vapors indoors: A theoretical survey

This exploratory report examines the risk of selected organic air pollutants measured in homes in the United States and the Netherlands. After several theoretical assumptions, estimates are made for the carcinogenic potency of each chemical; combined with the exposure measurements, these give estimates of cancer risk. These estimates are compared with risks of these same pollutants outdoors and in drinking water and also with other well-known indoor air pollutants: cigarette smoke, radon gas, and formaldehyde. These comparisons indicate priorities for action. Some suggestions are made for future studies.
Identification of platinum phases on γ-alumina by XPS

Abstract Analysis of Pt supported on alumina by XPS is complicated by overlapping Al2p and Pt4f lines. The interference problem is eliminated when the Pt4d 5 2 lines are used instead. Although these lines are relatively broad, they can be used to discriminate between particulate and dispersed phase Pt on alumina. The discrimination is based on the Pt binding energy measured after an oxidized sample has been exposed to hydrogen at 150°C. Within the limitation of XPS sampling depth, this method is useful in studying sintering and redispersion of Pt on alumina.
Maternally derived yolk hormones vary in follicles of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta

The transfer of hormones from a female to her offspring is known to occur in egg laying vertebrates, and the potential for these early, maternally derived hormones to influence sex determination in reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination is intriguing. In the present study, we examine variation in the concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol among three follicle size classes within a female painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and among females across four periods that span the pre- to post-nesting season. Females were collected, and both follicles and shelled eggs (when present) were harvested for hormone analysis. Progesterone levels did not vary seasonally. However, the concentration of progesterone did vary among and within follicle classes, and was primarily dependent upon ovulatory state: Recently ovulated follicles (as yolks within shelled eggs) contained significantly more progesterone than unovulated follicles. Concentrations of testosterone were low and did not vary either among size classes or across the season. Estradiol levels decreased with increasing follicle size and were higher later in the nesting season. Thus, hormone concentrations varied among follicle sizes and states but in patterns that differed among hormones. This variation has the potential to influence sex determination.
What's wrong when it isn't right: Situs inversus and genetic control of organ position

A recessive mutation was identified in a family of transgenic mice that resulted in a reversal of left-right polarity (situs inversus) in 100 percent of the homozygous transgenic mice tested. Sequences that flanked the transgenic integration site were cloned and mapped to mouse chromosome 4, between the Tsha and Hxb loci. During early embryonic development, the direction of postimplantation turning, one of the earliest manifestations of left-right asymmetry, was reversed in homozygous transgenic embryos. This insertional mutation identifies a gene that controls embryonic turning and visceral left-right polarity.
Effects of deviatoric stresses in the diamond-anvil pressure cell on single-crystal samples

The nonhydrostatic stress states that are developed in the pressure media within diamond-anvil pressure cells have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Measurements of unit-cell parameters of small single crystals under nonhydrostatic conditions are used to calculate the deviatoric strains and, through knowledge of the elastic tensors of the crystals, the stress state of the media. The results confirm that the stress state is effectively cylindrically symmetrical with the stress parallel to the load axis being greater than the radial stresses. The stress state in a given medium can be predicted and can be used to design a specific response of the lattice parameters of small single crystals to pressure beyond the hydrostatic pressure limit of the pressure medium.
Thermal stability and strength of deformation microstructures in pure copper

Abstract The plastic flow field produced by machining is utilized to access a range of deformation parameters in pure copper: strains of 1–7, strain rates of 1–1000 s −1 and temperatures as low as 77 K. The strength and stability of the severe plastic deformation microstructures including cellular, elongated, equiaxed and twinned types are characterized. Unique combinations of strengthening and stability are identified in the case of heavily twinned microstructures. These observations offer insights for improving the stability of both single-phase and multicomponent ultrafine-grained alloys.
POSITIONING AND NEONATAL WITHDRAWAL 1119

PURPOSE: The effect of body position (prone v supine) on neonatal withdrawal severity was evaluated in a study of 48 symptomatic newborns.
Parametric study of critical constraints for a canard configured medium range transport using conceptual design optimization

Constrained parameter optimization was used to perform optimal conceptual design of both canard and conventional configurations of a medium range transport. A number of design constants and design constraints were systematically varied to compare the sensitivities of canard and conventional configurations to a variety of technology assumptions. Main landing gear location and horizontal stabilizer high-lift performance were identified as critical design parameters for a statically stable, subsonic canard transport.
American philanthropy and African education: African students in the metropolis in the 1960s

Abstract Most memoirs written by the sons and daughters of African immigrants make reference to how the pursuit of education in America provided an impetus for the ‘reverse middle passage’ that their parents (usually, indeed, their fathers) undertook in the 1960s. A quick perusal of biographies and autobiographies of Africans who came to the United States demonstrates that the vast majority of them who made the journey did so with the help of either American philanthropic foundations or the American government. These students, who varied tremendously in background, point of view, and political orientation, were united by one thing – a dream of a better life. Few of them were aware of the political machinations that underwrote the construction of their fellowships. Most were blissfully unaware of how invested the United States government was in putting their own stamp on the people they would become. Their stories are instructive, therefore, for illustrating the power of African diaspora networks in the me...
Regioselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions and other reactions of 4,5-, 5,6-, and 6,7-indole arynes.

Abstract The regioselectivity of Diels–Alder cycloadditions of indole arynes (indolynes) at all three benzenoid positions was examined. Cycloadditions with the 4,5-and 5,6-indolynes, derived via metal–halogen exchange from the corresponding o -dibromo indoles, showed essentially no selectivity with 2- t -butylfuran. In contrast, the 6,7-indolyne displayed virtually complete preference for the more sterically congested cycloadduct. This same cycloadduct undergoes a facile acid-catalyzed rearrangement to afford the annulated enone, or alternatively, undergoes hydrolysis and oxidation in the presence of air to give the indolobenzoquinone. The 5,6-difluoroindoles show anomalous behavior and give either 5-fluoro-6,7-indolynes with n -BuLi in ether, or 5,6-indolynes with n -BuLi in toluene. We have also demonstrated that benzenoid indolynes can be easily and conveniently generated by the fluoride-induced decomposition of o-trimethylsilyl triflates.
Lateral asymmetries in the naming of words and corresponding line drawings

Abstract Laterally displaced line drawings and the words which name these drawings were tachistoscopically presented to adult subjects. For words, as expected, a right visual field-left hemisphere advantage was obtained. For line drawings, in contrast to previous studies which have typically reported a right visual field-left hemisphere advantage, no visual field asymmetry was found. The absence of a visual field asymmetry for line drawings is consistent with reports of a shift toward greater right hemisphere involvement in the recognition of pictographic as compared to phonetic writing systems and concrete/imageable words as compared to abstract/nonimageable words. Further, the present results seem consistent with findings on picture recognition and naming abilities in brain-damaged patients.
Electron capture by 20–150 keV protons on hydrocarbon gases

Abstract Cross sections are reported for electron capture by 20–150 keV protons incident on CO, CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 target gases. These cross sections were obtained from a new system which measures the proton flux prior to entering and immediately after leaving a differentially pumped gas cell. The absolute magnitude and energy dependence of the values obtained from this apparatus compare favorably with existing measurements where such values are available, the C3H8 values are new to the literature. Attempts to reconcile the hydrocarbon data in terms of generalized additive rules have met with limited success below 70 keV but fail as the projectile velocity increases.
Projections of thalamic and cortical gustatory areas in the rat.

The method of Nauta was used to stain axons which degenerated after lesions of the thalamic projection nucleus and cortical zone subserving gustation in the rat. Lesions of the medial subnucleus of the thalamic ventral nuclear complex resulted principally in degeneration which passed rostrolaterally through the thalamus, internal capsule, globus pallidus, and striatum to terminate in insular and inferior parietal cortex around the region of the middle cerebral artery. Lesions of this cortical projection zone resulted in degeneration which passed caudomedially through the same striatal and pallidal areas traversed by the thalamocortical fibers. One component of these fibers continued into the thalamus to terminate just dorsal to the medial subnucleus. A second component turned caudally into the cerebral peduncle to terminate in the substantia nigra. There was evidence of terminal degeneration in the striatum but not in the pallidum after both thalamic and cortical lesions. There was no evidence of degeneration in any structures primarily associated with olfactory or alimentary functions.
Significance of thromboplastic activity of antigens used in complement fixation tests.

ConclusionsThese results give further evidence of the correlation between clotting and complement activity and indicate that antigens possessing thromboplastic activity may give nonspecific complement fixation.