cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The local traveler: farming, food, and place in state and provincial tourism guides, 1993–2008

Over the past fifteen years, Americans and Canadians have become increasingly interested in and conscious of the sources of their food. Local food movements such as farmers’ markets and community supported agriculture have expanded dramatically in popularity. This study focuses on a heretofore unexamined aspect of this phenomenon, the widespread rise in use of local food and agriculture in tourism marketing. Nearly absent in 1993 promotions, “eating locally” is now a cornerstone of tourism advertising by states and provinces. This study examines the ways that local food is employed in tourism booklets, and by extension, the desires of the travelers to whom such booklets are targeted.
Internal setting expansion of a dental casting investment measured with strain gauges

A study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using strain gauges to evaluate the internal setting expansion of dental casting investments. A strain gauge was invested in the center of a casting ring to determine the linear setting expansion at the site of the wax pattern. The findings suggest that strain gauges can be used to measure setting expansion internally more accurately than volumetric or external surface measurement techniques. It was also found that winged strain gauges were more stable in the investment than wingless strain gauges.
Electron impact excitation rate coefficients for hydrogen, helium and alkali atoms

Abstract The rates of electron impact excitation of bound electronic states are calculated by interpolating the existing quantum-mechanical theories and applying an empirical correction. The calculation is done for hydrogen, helium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. The resulting rate coefficients are expressed by two parameters, the values of which are presented in tables. The error of the present calculation is estimated by comparing with available experimental data to be within a factor of approximately 2.
The History of Live Music in Britain, Volume I: 1950-1967

The History of Live Music in Britain, Volume I: 1950-1967: From Dance Hall to the 100 Club Simon Frith, Matt Brennan, Martin Cloonan and Emma Webster Farnham and Burlington VT: Ashgate, 2013
“Myelodysplasia,” Myeloneuropathy, and Copper Deficiency

We describe a patient with a suspected myelodysplastic syndrome that developed in association with a neurologic disorder resembling subacute combined degeneration but without vitamin B12 deficiency. Ultimately, the hematologic manifestations and the neurologic syndrome were linked to severe copper deficiency. Prompt and complete reversal of the hematologic abnormalities occurred with copper replacement. Serum copper determination should be included in the work-up of patients with anemia and leukopenia of unclear etiology who have associated myeloneuropathy. The hematologic picture can resemble sideroblastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Hyperzincemia can be an accompanying abnormality even without exogenous zinc ingestion. The reason for the copper deficiency may not be evident.
Late Holocene lacustrine chronology and archaeology of ancient Lake Cahuilla, California

Freshwater lakes existed intermittently in the Salton Trough of southern California during the late Holocene. The lakes formed north of the subaerial Colorado River Delta whenever the Colorado River flowed west into the trough instead of south to the Gulf of California. Water filled the trough to a maximum altitude of 12 m. Stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, and supplementary evidence document four lacustral intervals of Lake Cahuilla between A.D. 700 and 1580. Archaeological sites are associated with the 12-m shoreline and their occupation correlates with these lacustral intervals.
Absence of formaldehyde residues in penaeid shrimp exposed to formalin.

Abstract Cultured blue shrimp ( Penaeus stylirostris ) were treated with normal therapeutic amounts of formalin (50 and 150 ppm) for 6 or 24 h. Analyses for extractable formaldehyde residues were run on the tails from these shrimp immediately after death and after storage at ambient (24°C) and refrigerated temperatures. No formaldehyde residues in these shrimp were found to result from the therapeutic use of formalin. However, shrimp tail muscle was found to produce small amounts (up to 4.8 ppm) of extractable formaldehyde during postmortem decomposition.
Use of a supplementary internet based education program improves sleep literacy in college psychology students.

Introduction:Knowledge regarding the importance of sleep in health and performance and good sleep hygiene practices is low, especially among adolescents and young adults. It is important to improve...
Designing an Optimum Guest for a Host Using Multimolecule Free Energy Calculations: Predicting the Best Ligand for Rebek's “Tennis Ball”

We have predicted that difluoromethane (CH2F2) will be the highest-affinity guest for Rebek's “tennis ball” host1 using a new approach to multimolecule free energy calculations. The method, which w...
Autonomy, Gratification and R & D Outputs: A Small-Sample Field Study

Thirty-two research and development scientists working under high and low autonomy conditions were studied for differences in attitudes and behavior, and their thirty-two one-man projects were studied for differences in output levels. High autonomy development scientists were found to have higher levels of work gratification and interpersonal compatibility than their low autonomy counterparts. For research scientists, no such attitudinal and behavioral differences were found between high and low autonomy conditions. Development projects were found to have generally higher levels of outputs than research projects, where outputs were measured in terms of the percent technical problems solved and the project degree of achievement. However, for both research and development projects, the output levels did not vary with the degree of autonomy. Taken together, the detailed results indicate that the work orientation of a project, research or development, can have a significant influence on project outputs. By contrast, the degree of autonomy may only influence certain attitudinal and behavioral dimensions, which may be unrelated to output levels. These results are consistent with the conventional wisdoms, and their implications for management are largely in accord with modern management practices.
Discovery of quiescent X-ray emission from HR1099 and RS CVn

OBSERVATIONS with the HEAO 1 satellite have shown that RS CVn binary systems represent a new class of soft X-ray sources1. While the space density of the normal period RS CVn systems is large9, only 26 are known optically10 and, because of their low X-ray luminosity, only about nine of these should be observable from HEAO 1. We present here our discovery of X-ray emission from HR1099 (ref. 2) and the prototype member of this class, RS CVn itself. We also comment on the possible nature of the X-ray emission mechanism in these systems.
Tensile fracture morphology of polysulfone-poly(phenylene sulfide) blends

Melt-extruded and subsequently injection molded polysulfone (PSF) and poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) blends exhibit very good tensile properties, at least up to 30–50% by weight of PPS. The tensile strength at the lower PPS contents shows additive effect or slightly better and materials fail in ductile mode. Tensile fracture surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 20% PPS blend shows no apparent voids between phases with some pull-out or elongation of the dispersed phase. At 35% PPS, phase boundaries were not clear and very rough surface profiles were observed. Blends with high PPS content (>50%) usually fail in the brittle mode. The fracture morphology of systems failing with a brittle mode revealed an interfacial debonding phenomenon.
Trisomic pregnancies have normal human chorionic gonadotropin bioactivity

Sera from women carrying either chromosomally normal or aneuploid fetuses in the first half of pregnancy were assayed for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) bioactivity in order to determine whether differences might provide the basis for a useful antenatal screen for aneuploidy. A mouse uterine weight assay was used to assess hCG bioactivity in sera from 35 patients undergoing chorionic villus sampling (12 normal pregnancies and 23 trisomic pregnancies) and in sera from 18 patients undergoing elective second-trimester abortion (12 presumed normal pregnancies, 3 trisomic pregnancies, and 3 pregnancies with neural tube defects). The hCG bioactivity to immunoactivity (B:I) ratio of normal pregnancies progressively decreased from 7.7 +/- 1.3 at 4-5 menstrual weeks, to 4.7 +/- 0.4 at 9-12 menstrual weeks, to 3.3 +/- 0.5 at 16-20 menstrual weeks. There were no significant differences in the B:I ratios between normal and aneuploid pregnancies in either the first-trimester (4.7 +/- 0.4 versus 5.2 +/- 0.3) or the second-trimester samples (3.3 +/- 0.5 versus 2.6 +/- 0.3), despite significantly greater hCG concentrations in the trisomic pregnancies. We conclude that while aneuploid pregnancies display dysfunctional regulation of hCG expression, the bioactivity of their hCG is normal and does not appear to form the basis for a useful screen for aneuploidy.
Securing OAuth implementations in smart phones

With the roaring growth and wide adoption of smart mobile devices, users are continuously integrating with culture of the mobile applications (apps). These apps are not only gaining access to information on the smartphone but they are also able gain users' authorization to access remote servers on their behalf. The Open standard for Authorization (OAuth) is widely used in mobile apps for gaining access to user's resources on remote service providers. In this work, we analyze the different OAuth implementations adopted by some SDKs of the popular resource providers on smartphones and identify possible attacks on most OAuth implementations. We give some statistics on the trends followed by the service providers and by mobile applications developers. In addition, we propose an application-based OAuth Manager framework, that provides a secure OAuth flow in smartphones that is based on the concept of privilege separation and does not require high overhead.
Blood flow, pressure and compliance in the male human bladder

Purpose: The regulation of human bladder blood flow during filling is poorly understood. We characterized changes in bladder blood flow with filling and examined the relationship of bladder compliance and blood flow.Materials and Methods: A total of 17 awake male patients underwent saline cystometry followed by cystoscopy while under local anesthesia, during which a laser Doppler flow probe was placed into the posterior bladder wall detrusor. Systemic blood pressure, bladder blood flow and intravesical pressure were measured with the bladder empty and filled to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of awake maximum cystometric capacity as well as immediately after bladder drainage.Results: Mean bladder blood flow was lowest in the empty bladder and increased with bladder filling. A mean peak flow plus or minus standard error of 7.6 ± 1.1 ml. per minute per 100 gm. tissue was observed at volumes greater than 75% but less than 100% of maximum cystometric capacity. At 100% maximum cystometric capacity mean intravesical pre...
The fitting of scheffé-type models for estimating solubilities of multisolvent systems

In pharmaceutical studies it is often necessary to dissolve a slightly polar drug in a mixture of water and one or more cosolvents, such as ethanol, glycerol, and propylene glycol, to increase the drug's solubility. It is also of interest to knowwhether a maximum in the solubility profile of the drug exists in the mixture of solvents and if so, where. Scheffe-type models are particular forms of polynomial equations that can be used with variables that are expressed as proportions of the total mixture. These models are simple in form, yet are extremely versatile in terms of modeling the linear and nonlinear blending properties of the constituents in the mixtures. Several data sets are presented to illustratethe fitting of the Scheffe-type models for modeling the solubility of multisolvent systems.
Properties of a New Class of Polyaromatics for Use as High-Temperature Lubricants and Functional Fluids

A new class of stable aromatic fluids structurally related to the polyphenyl ethers are described. Designated as aromatic C-ethers, they are characterized by resistance to degradation by oxidation, heat, ionizing radiation, and hydrolysis. They are oxidatively stable in the temperature range of 500–600 F and have thermal decomposition temperatures above 700 F. Acceptable damage levels are observed at radiation dosage rates up to 107 rads at 375 F. The C-ethers offer considerable promise as high-temperature lubricants with outstanding gear load-carrying capacities. The fluids are compatible with many elastomers and most engineering materials and are essentially nontoxic. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in San Francisco, Calif., October 18–20, 1965.
Trial of amitriptyline for relief of pain in amputees: results of a randomized controlled study

Abstract Robinson LR, Czerniecki JM, Ehde DM, Edwards WT, Judish DA, Goldberg ML, Campbell KM, Smith DG, Jensen MP. Trial of amitriptyline for relief of pain in amputees: results of a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1–6. Objective To evaluate whether amitriptyline is more effective than placebo in improving phantom limb pain or residual limb pain. Design Randomized controlled trial of amitriptyline for 6 weeks. Setting University hospital. Participants Thirty-nine persons with amputation-related pain lasting more than 6 months. Intervention Six-week trial of amitriptyline (titrated up to 125mg/d) or an active placebo (benztropine mesylate). Main outcome measures Analyses were conducted to examine whether there was a medication group effect on the primary outcomes (average pain intensity) and secondary outcome measures (disability, satisfaction with life, handicap). Results No significant differences were found between the treatment groups in outcome variables when controlling for initial pain scores. Conclusions Our findings do not support the use of amitriptyline in the treatment of postamputation pain.
Disease-specific and tissue-specific production of unintegrated feline leukaemia virus variant DNA in feline AIDS

Feline leukaemia viruses (FeLVs) have long been known to be associated with induction of proliferative and anti-proliferative diseases of domestic cats. Strains of FeLV have been recognized which specifically induce lymphosarcoma, aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic anaemia, and, recently, feline AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a naturally occurring immunosuppressive syndrome strikingly similar to human AIDS which is lethal in 100% of inoculated and viraemic specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats. Here, we have analysed FeLV DNA in tissues of 22 SPF cats that had been inoculated with the feline AIDS strain (FeLV-FAIDS) and we find two classes of viral DNA--a monotypic common form which is detectable in bone marrow regardless of disease state, and variant forms, recognizable by restriction site differences, whose appearance correlates with onset of disease symptoms and persists throughout the course of the disease. FeLV-FAIDS variant DNA is detected at high concentration (10-50 copies per cell) and principally as unintegrated viral DNA (UVD) in bone marrow of cats with feline AIDS. In marked contrast high levels of UVD were not present in cats in the terminal-stages of T-cell lymphosarcoma, aplastic anaemia, or myelodysplastic anaemia induced by other FeLV strains. These results parallel recent observations in humans, where high levels of UVD were sometimes found in cells derived from AIDS patients infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)/lymph-adenopathy-associated virus (LAV), and suggest that persistence of unintegrated variant viral DNA is a crucial indicator of retrovirus-induced cytopathic disease syndromes such as AIDS.
Applicability of the ADA to ''Ticket To Work'' Employment Networks

This article examines the applicability of the antidiscrimination provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 to The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act (TWWIIA) passed in 1999. Among other policy changes, under the Ticket to Work program, eligible recipients of disability insurance (SSDI) and supplemental income (SSI) receive a voucher or “ticket” to obtain services from qualified employment networks (ENs). ENs provide employment services and supports to designated beneficiaries and must meet certain qualification requirements. The ADA is applicable to ENs in several ways: primarily, in the EN's responsibility to provide appropriate access and services to program participants. This article discusses application of the ADA to the Ticket Program as ENs begin to serve program beneficiaries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epitaxial growth of zinc oxide thin films on silicon

Abstract Epitaxial zinc oxide thin films were grown on Si(1 1 1) using aluminum nitride and magnesium oxide/titanium nitride buffer layers. The resultant films were examined using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electrical conductivity, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The following epitaxial relationships were observed in the ZnO/AlN/Si(1 1 1) heterostructure: ZnO[0 0 0 1] || AlN[0 0 0 1] || Si[1 1 1] along the growth direction, and ZnO [ 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ] || AlN [ 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ] || Si [ 0 1 1 ¯ ] along the in-plane direction. Domain-matching epitaxial growth of TiN on Si(1 1 1) substrate allows successful epitaxial growth of MgO and ZnO layers in a ZnO/MgO/TiN/Si(1 1 1) heterostructure. The epitaxial relationships observed for this heterostructure were ZnO[0 0 0 1] || MgO/TiN/Si[1 1 1] along the growth direction and ZnO [ 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ] || MgO/TiN/Si [ 0 1 1 ¯ ] along in-plane direction. The resultant ZnO films demonstrate excellent electrical and optical properties. ZnO thin films exhibit extremely bright ultraviolet luminescence with relatively weak green-band emission.
Graphic Organizers and Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis:

This meta-analysis reviews experimental and quasi-experimental studies in which upper-elementary, intermediate, and secondary students with learning disabilities learned from graphic organizers. Following an exhaustive search for studies meeting specified design criteria, 55 standardized mean effect sizes were extracted from 16 articles involving 808 participants. Students at levels ranging from grade 4 to grade 12 used graphic organizers to learn in core-content classes (English/reading, science, social studies, mathematics). Posttests measured near and far transfer. Across several conditions, settings, and features, the use of graphic organizers was associated with increases in vocabulary knowledge, comprehension, and inferential knowledge. Mean effect sizes varied from moderate to large based on type of measure, type of graphic organizer, and subject area. Conclusions, implications for future research, and practical recommendations are presented.
Using probabilistic reasoning to automate software tuning

Manually tuning the parameters or "knobs" of a complex software system is an extremely difficult task. Ideally, the process of software tuning should be automated, allowing software systems to reconfigure themselves as needed in response to changing conditions. We present a methodology that uses a probabilistic, graphical model known as an influence diagram as the foundation of an effective, automated approach to software tuning. We have used our methodology to simultaneously tune four knobs from the Berkeley DB embedded database system, and our results show that an influence diagram can effectively generalize from training data for this domain.
Optical coherence tomography in the preoperative and postoperative management of macular hole and epiretinal membrane

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of macular diseases, including those of the vitreomacular interface. OCT enables accurate diagnosis and differentiation of full thickness macular hole, lamellar macular hole and epiretinal membrane, with or without the presence of vitreomacular adhesion. This information enables earlier diagnosis and treatment when necessary, and can guide the choice of therapy. OCT is useful to facilitate discussions with patients and manage the visual expectations. Postoperatively, OCT can be helpful to optimise patient comfort and visual outcomes. As the technology continues to improve, OCT will become increasingly critical for all aspects of care for patients with macular hole and epiretinal membrane.
Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis

The authors investigated whether neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics are associated with coronary heart disease prevalence and risk factors, whether these associations persist after adjustment for individual-level social class indicators, and whether the effects of individual-level indicators vary across neighborhoods. The study sample consisted of 12,601 persons in four US communities (Washington County, Maryland; Forsyth County, North Carolina; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Jackson, Mississippi) participating in the baseline examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987-1989). Neighborhood characteristics were obtained from 1990 US Census block-group measures. Multilevel models were used to estimate associations with neighborhood variables after adjustment for individual-level indicators of social class. Living in deprived neighborhoods was associated with increased prevalence of coronary heart disease and increased levels of risk factors, with associations generally persisting after adjustment for individual-level variables. Inconsistent associations were documented for serum cholesterol and disease prevalence in African-American men. For Jackson African-American men living in poor neighborhoods, coronary heart disease prevalence decreased as neighborhood characteristics worsened. Additionally, in African-American men from Jackson, low social class was associated with increased serum cholesterol in "richer" neighborhoods but decreased serum cholesterol in "poorer" neighborhoods. Neighborhood environments may be one of the pathways through which social structure shapes coronary heart disease risk.
Architectural and functional diversity of polycomb group response elements in Drosophila.

Polycomb group response elements (PREs) play an essential role in gene regulation by the Polycomb group (PcG) repressor proteins in Drosophila. PREs are required for the recruitment and maintenance of repression by the PcG proteins. PREs are made up of binding sites for multiple DNA-binding proteins, but it is still unclear what combination(s) of binding sites is required for PRE activity. Here we compare the binding sites and activities of two closely linked yet separable PREs of the Drosophila engrailed (en) gene, PRE1 and PRE2. Both PRE1 and PRE2 contain binding sites for multiple PRE–DNA-binding proteins, but the number, arrangement, and spacing of the sites differs between the two PREs. These differences have functional consequences. Both PRE1 and PRE2 mediate pairing-sensitive silencing of mini-white, a functional assay for PcG repression; however, PRE1 requires two binding sites for Pleiohomeotic (Pho), whereas PRE2 requires only one Pho-binding site for this activity. Furthermore, for full pairing-sensitive silencing activity, PRE1 requires an AT-rich region not found in PRE2. These two PREs behave differently in a PRE embryonic and larval reporter construct inserted at an identical location in the genome. Our data illustrate the diversity of architecture and function of PREs.
The frequency Gene Is Required for Temperature-Dependent Regulation of Many Clock-Controlled Genes in Neurospora crassa

The circadian clock of Neurospora broadly regulates gene expression and is synchronized with the environment through molecular responses to changes in ambient light and temperature. It is generally understood that light entrainment of the clock depends on a functional circadian oscillator comprising the products of the wc-1 and wc-2 genes as well as those of the frq gene (the FRQ/WCC oscillator). However, various models have been advanced to explain temperature regulation. In nature, light and temperature cues reinforce one another such that transitions from dark to light and/or cold to warm set the clock to subjective morning. In some models, the FRQ/WCC circadian oscillator is seen as essential for temperature-entrained clock-controlled output; alternatively, this oscillator is seen exclusively as part of the light pathway mediating entrainment of a cryptic "driving oscillator" that mediates all temperature-entrained rhythmicity, in addition to providing the impetus for circadian oscillations in general. To identify novel clock-controlled genes and to examine these models, we have analyzed gene expression on a broad scale using cDNA microarrays. Between 2.7 and 5.9% of genes were rhythmically expressed with peak expression in the subjective morning. A total of 1.4-1.8% of genes responded consistently to temperature entrainment; all are clock controlled and all required the frq gene for this clock-regulated expression even under temperature-entrainment conditions. These data are consistent with a role for frq in the control of temperature-regulated gene expression in N. crassa and suggest that the circadian feedback loop may also serve as a sensor for small changes in ambient temperature.
Reviving Intracranial Angioplasty and Stenting “SAMMPRIS and beyond”

We review the methods and results of SAMMPRIS and provide a critical review of its strengths and limitations. In SAMMPRIS, the aggressive medical treatment arm (AMT arm) did substantially better than the Wingspan Stenting plus aggressive medical management arm (WS+ arm). Complications in the first 30 days post intervention led to the disparity between treatment arms. A major contribution of SAMMPRIS was the added value that AMT and lifestyle change may provide, when compared to a precursor trial, WASID, designed to prevent stroke in persons with high-grade symptomatic intracranial occlusive disease, however, the results of neither of these two trials has ever been reproduced. On the other hand we argue that technical limitations of the Wingspan stent system (WS System) and lack of an angioplasty only intervention arm may have led to a premature launch of the trial and early termination of the study. Future randomized trials with different devices and modified patient selection criteria are warranted.
Clinical and microbiological outcomes in patients with Streptococcus anginosus group bacteraemia identified through use of a rapid microarray assay.

Limited data exist evaluating outcomes in patients with serious Streptococcus anginosus group infections, particularly bacteraemia. A retrospective, single-centre cohort study was conducted to characterize potential risk factors along with clinical and microbiological outcomes in patients with S. anginosus group bacteraemia (SAGB). Adult inpatients with SAGB identified using the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture assay between March 2013 and April 2014 were included. Patients aged ≤ 18 or >89 years, those with SAGB identified at an outside facility and those who were incarcerated were excluded. Differences between groups were explored using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, χ2 test, Student's t-test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate and a two-tailed P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The 34 patients who met the inclusion criteria were 57 ± 14 (mean ± sd) years old and had a median Charlson co-morbidity index of 4 [interquartile range (IQR) 1–6] and 10 (29 %) were immunosuppressed at baseline. Almost half (47 %) had received antibiotics in the previous 90 days. Twelve (35 %) patients had gastrointestinal malignancies and the commonest source of bacteraemia was the gastrointestinal tract (53 %). The primary species responsible for SAGB was S. anginosus (68 %), and overall susceptibility to penicillin was 91 %. Patients were most often treated with a β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination (36 %) for a duration of 8 (IQR 4–13) days. Length of stay (LOS) and infection-related LOS were 10 (IQR 5–17) and 9 (IQR 4–12) days, respectively. Twenty [59 %] patients achieved a clinical cure, while 29 (85 %) achieved a microbiological cure. Four (12 %) patients died and one patient was readmitted within 30 days. In the largest cohort of patients with SAGB to date, gastrointestinal malignancies may have been an important risk factor for SAGB, while rapid identification via a microarray assay likely contributed to improved disease recognition and timely pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy.
Characterization of Lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae

Lipopolysaccharide from strains of Haemophilus influenzae was extracted and isolated by the hot phenol-water procedure. The preparations were relatively insoluble in water but could be solubilized with surface-active agents. The preparations contained carbohydrate (30%), fatty acid (29%), and phosphate (4.7%); protein content was less than 1%. Thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and colorimetric assays detected glucose, galactose, glucosamine, heptose, and a 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate-like molecule (less than 1%). Neither methylpentose nor dideoxyhexose was detected. The lipid portion was composed of fatty acids common to lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella. The preparations provoked positive dermal Shwartzman reactions and biphasic febrile responses in rabbits, responses typical of endotoxic activity. The 50% lethal dose for mice was decreased from 16.5 microgram/g to 0.015 microgram/g by concomitant administration of actinomycin D. The preparations were shown to be polyclonal activators of bone marrow-derived (B) cells. Limulus lysate gelation was seen with 8.0 ng of lipopolysaccharide. Preliminary hemagglutination data suggested at least three different antigenic factors associated with the lipopolysaccharide of H. influenzae type b. The H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide appeared biologically similar to that of enterobacteria but chemically different.
Identifying sources of emerging organic contaminants in a mixed use watershed using principal components analysis

Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify sources of emerging organic contaminants in the Zumbro River watershed in Southeastern Minnesota. Two main principal components (PCs) were identified, which together explained more than 50% of the variance in the data. Principal Component 1 (PC1) was attributed to urban wastewater-derived sources, including municipal wastewater and residential septic tank effluents, while Principal Component 2 (PC2) was attributed to agricultural sources. The variances of the concentrations of cotinine, DEET and the prescription drugs carbamazepine, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole were best explained by PC1, while the variances of the concentrations of the agricultural pesticides atrazine, metolachlor and acetochlor were best explained by PC2. Mixed use compounds carbaryl, iprodione and daidzein did not specifically group with either PC1 or PC2. Furthermore, despite the fact that caffeine and acetaminophen have been historically associated with human use, they could not be attributed to a single dominant land use category (e.g., urban/residential or agricultural). Contributions from septic systems did not clarify the source for these two compounds, suggesting that additional sources, such as runoff from biosolid-amended soils, may exist. Based on these results, PCA may be a useful way to broadly categorize the sources of new and previously uncharacterized emerging contaminants or may help to clarify transport pathways in a given area. Acetaminophen and caffeine were not ideal markers for urban/residential contamination sources in the study area and may need to be reconsidered as such in other areas as well.
ZmaR, a Novel and Widespread Antibiotic Resistance Determinant That Acetylates Zwittermicin A

ZmaR is a resistance determinant of unusual abundance in the environment and confers on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria resistance to zwittermicin A, a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by species of Bacillus. The ZmaR protein has no sequence similarity to proteins of known function; thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the function of ZmaR in vitro. Cell extracts of E. coli containing zmaR inactivated zwittermicin A by covalent modification. Chemical analysis of inactivated zwittermicin A by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry demonstrated that the inactivated zwittermicin A was acetylated. Purified ZmaR protein inactivated zwittermicin A, and biochemical assays for acetyltransferase activity with [14C]acetyl coenzyme A demonstrated that ZmaR catalyzes the acetylation of zwittermicin A with acetyl coenzyme A as a donor group, suggesting that ZmaR may constitute a new class of acetyltransferases. Our results allow us to assign a biochemical function to a resistance protein that has no sequence similarity to proteins of known function, contributing fundamental knowledge to the fields of antibiotic resistance and protein function.
Special Section on Applications of Laser Ablation and Micromachining

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Special Section on Applications of Laser Ablation and Micromachining” for OE Vol. 44 Issue 05
Space charge limitation on the focus of electron beams

In cathode ray tubes or other focused beam devices the smallest spot size is obtained by focusing on a plane between the gun and screen. The equations for the electron paths of a homocentric uniform density electron beam under the influence of space charge are differentiated with respect to initial radial velocity. The resultant transcendental equation is solved numerically. A universal curve for the smallest spot size at the target is obtained. At high beam currents this differs significantly from available curves for the beam cross section at the point of zero radial velocity.
Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment

Sleep medicine is evolving rapidly. This Journal Conference summarizes recent and upcoming developments in sleep-monitoring technology, our understanding of the underlying physiology of sleep disorders and the relationships of sleep disorders to other health problems, the treatment of sleep disorders, and regulatory matters in sleep medicine. Sleep medicine is a growing field, partly because of the obesity epidemic and partly because of an increasing recognition of how sleep disorders cause and/or exacerbate serious conditions such as heart disease, and how poor sleep increases societal costs (eg, decreased work/school productivity, and motor vehicle accidents from hypersomnolence). Some key questions that remain to be answered include: What are the best metrics for diagnosing the severity of sleep apnea? What outcomes are most relevant to evaluate the efficacy of therapy? What is the best type of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for each category of sleep disorder? What is the best approach to treatment when positive airway pressure does not work? How often should sleep studies be repeated? What are the indications for re-titration of the PAP level? What will happen to sleep laboratories, especially if reimbursement is reduced and portable unattended sleep studies gain in popularity? Could non-sleep-specialists interpret sleep studies? What is the role of increased nasal resistance in producing upper-airway obstruction? What is the influence of chronic sinusitis on adherence to PAP therapy? How do gender differences affect the incidence, morbidity, and outcomes of sleep apnea? What are the needs of special populations with sleep disorders, such as children, patients with mental impairment, psychiatric patients, and ICU patients?
Elder Care, Work, and Gender: The Work-Family Issue of the 21st Century

Whereas the overwhelming majority of work-family discussions center on the needs of workers with children, this Article highlights the importance of conceptualizing such discussions in a comprehensive fashion that extends beyond child care. Specifically, the Article explores work-family policies from the standpoint of elder care. The timeliness of the topic is vividly illustrated by Census Bureau projections that document the movement of the baby boom generation into the ranks of the elderly. As the population grays, increasing numbers of employees are attempting to balance work with the demands of caring for elderly parents and relatives. Indeed, the aging of the population combined with a growing number of childless couples has led experts to predict that elder care may well surpass child care as the work-family issue of the 21st century. The article explores the extent to which elder care differs from child care, and evaluates the significance of elder care for work-family legal strategies, specifically the Family and Medical Leave Act.
Primary extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma of the stomach: a rare disease in an uncommon location

We report the case of a 63-year-old female undergoing evaluation of symptomatic anemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and abdominal pain. After a thorough diagnostic workup, a large, ulcerated mass was identified in the patient's stomach, and surgical pathology in combination with molecular analysis yielded a diagnosis of primary extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma. In our report, we discuss the epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and radiographic features of this rare disease and provide a review of the existing literature.
Artificial Outdoor Nighttime Lights Associate with Altered Sleep Behavior in the American General Population

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Our study aims to explore the associations between outdoor nighttime lights (ONL) and sleep patterns in the human population. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone study of a representative sample of the general US population age 18 y or older. 19,136 noninstitutionalized individuals (participation rate: 83.2%) were interviewed by telephone. The Sleep-EVAL expert system administered questions on life and sleeping habits; health; sleep, mental and organic disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Second Edition; International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition). Individuals were geolocated by longitude and latitude. Outdoor nighttime light measurements were obtained from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS), with nighttime passes taking place between 19:30 and 22:30 local time. Light data were correlated precisely to the geolocation of each participant of the general population sample. RESULTS: Living in areas with greater ONL was associated with delayed bedtime (P CONCLUSIONS: Although they improve the overall safety of people and traffic, nighttime lights in our streets and cities are clearly linked with modifications in human sleep behaviors and also impinge on the daytime functioning of individuals living in areas with greater ONL. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between the intensity of artificial Outdoor Nighttime Lights, the sleep wake schedule and the sleep disturbances in the general population of the United States. We found that Outdoor Nighttime Lights clearly impact human sleep and have consequences also on the daytime functioning of human beings.Copyright © 2016 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC. All rights reserved. Language: en
Chiral anomaly factory: Creating Weyl fermions with a magnetic field

The Weyl fermion -- originally proposed to describe neutrinos -- arises in a topological semimetallic phase in condensed matter systems, exhibiting such novel properties as surface Fermi arcs and a chiral anomaly. Although Weyl fermions have been observed, it is challenging to find materials that exhibit them near the Fermi level. The authors prove that Weyl fermions can be created in band-inverted materials in a large class of crystal systems by applying a magnetic field along various symmetry axes of the crystal. As the field direction is changed, the Weyl points move in momentum space, during which time pairs are created and annihilated. However, in the highly symmetric ${T}_{d}$ point group, the Weyl points cannot completely disappear: at least one pair must remain for any direction of the magnetic field. Furthermore, a semiclassical analysis shows that the magnetoresistance scales differently for Weyl fermions created by a magnetic field compared to intrinsic Weyl points. The ability to create Weyl fermions will lead to new material candidates in these crystal systems; controlling their positions opens the possibility to track and manipulate Fermi arcs.
Relation between Charge and Energy Conservation in a Nonlinear Electrodynamics

A new mathematical formulation of electrodynamics is presented in which the field equations and the conservation law for the energy-momentum tensor appear as the components of a single geometric object. The construction is based upon a geometric structure on the 2-forms over an even-dimensional vector space that parallels a geometric structure on 1-forms over ℝ4 determined by special relativity. In this construction charge appears as the analog of mass. In special relativity the conservation of mass implies the relation(d/dt)e=〈f, v〉; here the conservation of charge implies the relation divE=i(J) F, when the energy-momentum tensorE and field strengthF are given a “relativistic” interpretation.
New Directions in Policy-Based Management

This chapter examines the future of Policy-Based Network Management (PBNM) applications. It is viewed from five different angles—a sampling of various types of magazine, conference, and journal articles; analyst opinions; educational and research work; standards bodies and fora work; and products that various companies are currently manufacturing. The chapter examines different products to see how policy has been implemented commercially. An example of a relatively new product—Intelliden—is examined as a precursor to future developments in PBNM solutions. It contains several important examples of functionality that are not available in most other current products. Intelliden's approach is based on first providing a firm foundation of configuration management, and then building various types of service activation features on top of this foundation.
Interfacial tuning for detection of cortisol in sweat using ZnO thin films for wearable biosensing

We have demonstrated the detection of stress hormone Cortisol from sweat using a flexible wearable biosensing platform. Sweat based detection faces many challenges such as stability of electrodes, sensitivity and specificity. The surface states of zinc oxide (ZnO) can be leveraged for immobilizing various linker molecules for ultra-specific detection of biomolecules. In this study, we have used thiol based linker molecule for binding to zinc terminations. We tested DSP from 5 mmol to 100 mmol concentration in order to understand the effect of varying molarity on the electron transport properties of ZnO thin films. We performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and Mott-Schottky analysis after incubation of the dispensed DSP linker on ZnO thin films. The optimized concentration of DSP was further incorporated in the immunoassay for detection of cortisol from 1 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL spiked in sweat.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Patients with Composite Histology Have Improved Early Outcome Compared to De Novo DLBCL When Treated with R-CHOP

Abstract Background: A significant percentage of DLBCL patients present with a composite histology, often seen as a node containing both follicular lymphoma and DLBCL or DLBCL in the node and discordant indolent lymphoma in the bone marrow. Literature from the pre-rituximab era suggests DLBCL patients with transformed lymphoma or composite histology have worse outcome than de novo DLBCL. Here we report on early events in a cohort of R-CHOP treated patients. Goal: To determine whether patients with composite lymphoma have an inferior event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma when treated with R-CHOP. Methods: Newly diagnosed patients treated with an R-CHOP containing regimen were prospectively enrolled in our Lymphoma SPORE registry from 9/2002 through 6/2007. Pathology was centrally reviewed. All patients were followed for retreatment, disease progression, and death. Results: 401 DLBCL patients were enrolled; 14% (57/401) had a composite histology. 33 patients had DLBCL and another histology, predominantly follicular lymphoma (n=29), in the same node. 20 patients had a non-DLBCL histology in a distinct location from the DLBCL; this was primarily indolent lymphoma in the bone marrow (n=15). 4 patients had both. 19% (75/401) of patients died during follow-up and 30% (121/401) had an event (death due to any cause, progression, or retreatment). Median follow-up for living patients was 34 months (range, 5–73). Composite DLBCL patients had higher event-free (3 year EFS = 79%) and overall (3 year OS = 93%) survival then de novo DLBCL (3 year OS = 66%, 3 year EFS 79%), p=0.05 and p=0.005 respectively. These differences remained statistically significant after adjusting for the International Prognostic Index (IPI): EFS HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29–0.97, p=0.02; OS HR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.10–0.76, p=0.002. OS and EFS for composite DLBCL more closely resembled R-CHOP treated grade III follicular lymphoma (A,B) from the same cohort (3 year EFS = 81%, 3 year OS = 93%). Improved outcome for composite DLBCL was consistent whether the additional histology was in the same node or distinct from the DLBCL. Conclusions: R-CHOP treated DLBCL patients with indolent discordant bone marrow involvement or other composite histology have improved early OS and EFS compared to de novo DLBCL. Further follow-up is needed to assess the long-term prognosis of composite DLBCL in the rituximab era. Histology N Age > 60 Stage III/IV LDH > ULN PS > 1 >2 EN Sites 3 YR EFS 3 YR OS de novo DLBCL 344 58% 56% 56% 17% 22% 66% 78% Composite DLBCL 57 65% 77%* 34%* 18% 32% 79%* 93%* * Denotes statistically significant difference at p=0.05 Download : Download high-res image (69KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (62KB) Download : Download full-size image