cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Capacity Provisioning for Online Job Allocation With Hard Allocation Ratio Requirement

The problem of allocating jobs to appropriate servers in cloud computing is studied in this paper. We consider that the jobs of various types arrive in some unpredictable pattern and the system is required to allocate a certain ratio of jobs. In order to meet the hard allocation ratio requirement in the presence of unknown arrival patterns, one can increase the capacity of servers by expanding the size of data centers. We then aim to find the minimum capacity needed to meet a given allocation ratio requirement. We study this problem for both systems with persistent jobs, such as video streaming, and systems with dynamic jobs, such as database queries. For both systems, we propose online job allocation policies with low complexity. For systems with persistent jobs, we prove that our policies can achieve a given hard allocation ratio requirement with the least capacity. For systems with dynamic jobs, the capacity needed for our policies to achieve the hard allocation ratio requirement is close to a theoretical lower bound. Two other popular policies are studied, and we demonstrate that they need at least an order higher capacity to meet the same hard allocation ratio requirement. Simulation results demonstrate that our policies remain far superior than the other two even, when the jobs arrive according to some random process.
In situ atomistic insight into the growth mechanisms of single layer 2D transition metal carbides

Developing strategies for atomic-scale controlled synthesis of new two-dimensional (2D) functional materials will directly impact their applications. Here, using in situ aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we obtain direct insight into the homoepitaxial Frank–van der Merwe atomic layer growth mechanism of TiC single adlayers synthesized on surfaces of Ti3C2 MXene substrates with the substrate being the source material. Activated by thermal exposure and electron-beam irradiation, hexagonal TiC single adlayers form on defunctionalized surfaces of Ti3C2 MXene at temperatures above 500 °C, generating new 2D materials Ti4C3 and Ti5C4. The growth mechanism for a single TiC adlayer and the energies that govern atom migration and diffusion are elucidated by comprehensive density functional theory and force-bias Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics simulations. This work could lead to the development of bottom-up synthesis methods using substrates terminated with similar hexagonal-metal surfaces, for controllable synthesis of larger-scale and higher quality single-layer transition metal carbides. Understanding bottom-up growth mechanisms of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) may enable new synthetic routes to tailor functional properties. Here, the authors use in situ electron microscopy, density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the homoepitaxial growth mechanisms of a single TiC adlayer from a Ti3C2 monolayer substrate.
Thirty-Five Years of ISLA on Form-Focused Instruction: A Meta-Analysis.

This meta-analysis offers a snapshot of thirty-five years (1980–2015) of research on instructed second language acquisition (ISLA). Fifty-four empirical studies involving a total of 5,051 second la...
University foodservice employees' food allergy knowledge, attitudes, practices, training and training needs

The increase in incidence of food allergies is a major concern for all types of foodservice establishments, including college and university dining. The prevalence of food allergies among young adults along with their risk-taking nature make it imperative for college and university dining operators to have appropriate measures in place to prevent incidences of food allergies. The purpose of this study was to examine food allergy knowledge, attitudes, practices, training, and training needs among employees who were employed in university dining. A paper-based questionnaire was developed for this purpose. Data showed differences in knowledge, attitudes, practices, training received, and training needs between student and non-student employees. Attitudes were identified as a significant influence on food allergy practices. Food allergy training was not usually provided but receiving food allergy training was perceived as necessary by all employees’. Outcomes from this study have implications for food allergy training and development of policies and procedures to protect food allergy sufferers in college and university settings.
Models for Third Sound in Thin 3He-4He Films

Third sound speeds in 3 He- 4 He thin films are sensitive to the transverse single-particle state occupied by the 3 He. The third sound speed in the low coverage region with the 3 He occupying the transverse ground-state can be understood quantitatively. The onset of occupation of the first excited transverse state is signaled by a high coverage feature in the third sound speed. Three third sound models for the high coverage region, differing in their assumptions about the spatial distribution of the excited states, are introduced. Using the experimental third sound data, these models can also be used to infer the fractional population of the 3 He in the first excited state as a function of coverage. It is found that the third sound analyses each predict a larger fractional population in the first excited state at monolayer completion than a recent analysis of magnetization step data taken on the same system.
Evaluation of Clinical Tools to Screen and Assess for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a globally recognized medical condition, associated with development of long-term adverse health consequences, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular dis...
Narrative Unreliability in The Good Soldier: A Tale of Passion / İyi Asker: Bir Tutku Hikayesi’nde Anlatı Güvenilmezliği

The Good Soldier: A Tale of Passion (TGS) by Ford Maddox Ford is one of the earliest examples of the Modernist Period in English Literature. Written in 1915 and set just before the Great War, the novel is about two couples, an aristocratic English couple (Edward and Leonora Ashburnham) and a wealthy American couple (John and Florence Dowell), who meet at a spa in Nauheim, Germany in 1904. John Dowell, as the involved first-person narrator, tells the story that revolves around Edward’s and Florence’s inability to remain faithful to their partners, Edward’s love affair with several women, Edward’s refusal to give up his idealized dream of living as a Victorian gentleman, and John Dowell’s struggle with how to interpret and narrate all these events. Although the themes of the novel are like typical Victorian issues, unlike its Victorian predecessors, the novel lacks omniscient narration and depends on frequent shifting of emotional impressions and views of its narrator. Thus, what makes the novel interesting and its interpretation difficult is the unconventional narrator who brings impressionistic storytelling into play as a narrative technique, and who, for the readers, offers this method as an alternative to changing social order, personal integrity and conventional novel form. The aim of this paper is to discuss how Dowell’s unreliable narrative technique creates a mimetic illusion which makes the reader an active participant in Dowell’s writing of the story.
Provably Correct Automatic Sub-Differentiation for Qualified Programs

The \emph{Cheap Gradient Principle}~\citep{Griewank:2008:EDP:1455489} --- the computational cost of computing a $d$-dimensional vector of partial derivatives of a scalar function is nearly the same (often within a factor of $5$) as that of simply computing the scalar function itself --- is of central importance in optimization; it allows us to quickly obtain (high-dimensional) gradients of scalar loss functions which are subsequently used in black box gradient-based optimization procedures. The current state of affairs is markedly different with regards to computing sub-derivatives: widely used ML libraries, including TensorFlow and PyTorch, do \emph{not} correctly compute (generalized) sub-derivatives even on simple differentiable examples. This work considers the question: is there a \emph{Cheap Sub-gradient Principle}? Our main result shows that, under certain restrictions on our library of non-smooth functions (standard in non-linear programming), provably correct generalized sub-derivatives can be computed at a computational cost that is within a (dimension-free) factor of $6$ of the cost of computing the scalar function itself.
There's no place like home: Place-based learning in a recreation and event management academic setting

Recreation researchers and theorists have long discussed the benefits of “place-based” learning in the context of natural settings in regards to adventure, environmental, and sustainable outdoor re...
Feasibility of Using the Frank–Kamenetskii Theory To Predict the Spontaneous Ignition of the Crude Oil–Sand Mixture

Light crude oil usually has more saturate-type components, which have much lower activation energy than the other components. In a lower temperature range, light crude oil will generate more enthal...
A Lower Limit to the Universal Density of Metals at z \sim 3

Column density distribution functions of CIV with 12.05 < log (N) < 14.35 and SiIV with 11.70 < log (N) < 13.93 have been obtained using 81 CIV absorbers and 35 SiIV absorbers redward of the Ly alpha forest in the lines of sight to seven quasars with 2.518 < z(em) < 3.78. These distribution functions have been directly integrated to yield ion densities at z = 3 to 3.5 of Omega(CIV) = (2.0 \pm 0.5) x 10(-8) and Omega(SiIV) = (7.0 \pm 2.6) x 10(-9) with H0 = 65 km/s/Mpc and q0 = 0.02 (1 sigma errors). A larger sample of 11 quasar lines of sight was used to measure CII/CIV, SiIII/SiIV, and NV/CIV ratios, which suggest that CIV and SiIV are the dominant ionization stages and that corrections to Omega(Carbon) and Omega(Silicon) are no more than a factor of two. Normalizing the alpha-process elements to silicon and the Fe-coproduction elements to carbon gives a density of heavy elements in these forest clouds of Omega(metals) = (3.3 \pm 0.8) x 10(-7) (H0 = 65, q0 = 0.02). The implications for the amount of star formation and for the ionization of the IGM prior to z = 3 are discussed.
Efficacy of phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in soybean meal and corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.

Four experiments involving 225 pigs were conducted to assess the efficacy of a microbial phytase (FINASE, Alko Ltd. Biotechnology, Rajamaki, Finland) produced by Aspergillus niger in corn-soybean meal or dextrose-cornstarch-soybean meal-based diets. In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs, fortified corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to be adequate (.50%) or inadequate (.40 or .30%) in P during the growing phase followed by adequate (.40%) or inadequate (.30%) P in the finishing phase. Mono-dicalcium phosphate was the source of supplemental P. Half the diets were supplemented with phytase (500 phytase units/g). Rate and efficiency of gain and bone breaking strength were decreased when P-deficient diets were fed. Phytase supplementation of the low-P diets restored growth rate and feed:gain to levels that approached those of pigs fed the adequate-P control diet. Bone strength was partially restored to that of the controls. In two additional experiments, pigs were fed low-P basal diets in which all the dietary P came from soybean meal or a corn-soybean meal blend. Both diets contained .05% available P. Graded levels of monosodium phosphate were added to these diets, up to .15% added P, to establish a standard curve. Phytase was added to the basal diet at 250, 500, or 1,000 units/g. Growth rate and bone strength improved linearly (P < .01) with added monosodium phosphate and with increasing levels of supplemental phytase. Based on estimates of total and available P intakes, the highest level of phytase (1,000 units/g) increased the bioavailability of the P from 25% in the soybean meal diet to 57% in the phytase-supplemented diet, and from 15% in the corn-soybean diet to 43% in the phytase-supplemented diet. Expressed on the basis of the improvement in phytate P availability, this level of phytase converted approximately one-third of the unavailable P to an available form. The results indicate that the phytase was efficacious in improving the bioavailability of phytate P for pigs.
Learning in the Fast Lane: The Past, Present, and Future of Advanced Placement

I desperately want to love the Advanced Placement (AP) program. Having taken nine AP courses in high school, taught seven AP classes as an educator, and now starting out my research career working ...
The rotating black hole interior: Insights from gravitational collapse in AdS 3 spacetime

Recent attention on the interior of black holes is uncovering rich structures that bear substantially on conjectures in general relativity pertaining to the formation of singularities and obstructions to classical deterministic evolution. A numerical study by Alex Pandya and Frans Pretorius of the gravitational collapse of a scalar field into a black hole in 3 dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime, adds to these exciting developments by revealing qualitatively different interiors and a classification of singularities and Cauchy horizons as a function of the angular momentum.
483 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on 7-15 Kg Nursery Pigs Growth Performance.

Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in swine diets, thus providing the appropriate level in the diet is critical to growth performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 15 to 35 lb. A total of 300 maternal line barrows (200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 14.9 ± 0.5 lb BW) were fed six experimental diets as part of a 21-d trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens at weaning based on BW, and were fed a common pelleted diet for 9 d after weaning. Pens were then randomly assigned to dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment with 5 pigs/pen) based on average pig weight. The six dietary treatments had increasing SID Lys (1.05, 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.45, and 1.55%) and were achieved by increasing the inclusion of crystalline AA, allowing soybean meal to stay constant across dietary treatments. Experimental data were analyzed using general linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous residual variances. Competing models included linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). For ADG, F/G, and IOFC, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. Overall, increasing SID Lys improved (linear, P 1.55%) SID Lys, respectively. For F/G, the best-fitting model was the LM where F/G was improved up to at least 1.55% SID Lys. For income over feed cost (IOFC), the best-fitting model was the BLL, in which the maximum mean IOFC was estimated at 1.25% (95% CI: 1.14, 1.36%). In conclusion, the estimated SID Lys required for maximum mean ADG of these maternal line barrows was lower than the estimated mean SID Lys required for maximum mean F/G. This study provides evidence that different response variables can result in different estimates of the requirements; however, at least 1.25% SID Lys was needed to maximize IOFC.
The Facebook Oversight Board: Creating an Independent Institution to Adjudicate Online Free Expression

For a decade and a half, Facebook has dominated the landscape of digital social networks, becoming one of the most powerful arbiters of online speech. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, over two billion users leverage the platform to post, share, discuss, react to, and access content from all over the globe. Through a system of semipublic rules called “Community Standards,” Facebook has created a body of “laws” and a system of governance that dictate what users may say on the platform. In recent years, as this intricately built system to dispatch the company’s immense private power over the public right of speech has become more visible, Facebook has experienced intense pressure to become more accountable, transparent, and democratic, not only in how it creates its fundamental policies for speech but also in how it enforces them. In November 2018, after years of entreaty from the press, advocacy groups, and users, CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg announced that Facebook would construct an independent oversight body to be researched, created, and launched within the year. The express purpose of this body was to serve as an appellate review system for user content and to make content-moderation policy recommendations to Facebook. This Feature empirically documents the creation of this institution, now called the Facebook Oversight Board. The Board is a historic endeavor both in scope and scale. The Feature traces the events and influences that led to Facebook’s decision to create the Oversight Board. It details the year-long process of creating the Board, relying on hundreds of hours of interviews and embedded research with the Governance Team charged with researching, planning, and building this new institution. The creation of the Oversight Board and its aims are a novel articulation of internet governance. This Feature illuminates the future implications of the new institution for global freedom of expression. Using the lens of adjudication, it analyzes what the Board is, what the Board means to users, and what the Board means for industry and governments. Ultimately, the Feature concludes that the Facebook Oversight Board has great potential to set new precedent for user participation in private platforms’ governance and a user right to procedure in content moderation.
Quickest Detection of Series Arc Faults on DC Microgrids

In this paper we explore the problem of series arc fault detection and localization on dc microgrids. Through a statistical model of the microgrid obtained by nodal equation, the injection currents are modeled as a random vector whose distribution depends on the nodal voltages and the admittance matrix. A series arc fault causes a change in the admittance matrix, which further leads to a change in the data generating distribution of injection currents. The goal is to detect and localize faults on different lines in a timely fashion subject to false alarm constraints. The model is formulated as a quickest change detection problem, and the classical Cumulative Sum algorithm (CUSUM) is employed. The proposed framework is tested on a dc microgrid with active (constant power) loads. Furthermore, a case considering fault detection in the presence of an internal node is presented. Finally, we present an experimental result on a four node dc microgrid to verify the practical application of our approach.
The Factor Structure of the Beavers Interactional Scales Revisited

The present study addressed limitations of a recent confirmatory factor analytic study challenging the hypothesized factor structure of the Beavers Interactional Scales. That dataset (n = 97) was reanalyzed and two additional datasets (n = 95, n = 91) were explored. With all three samples, taken separately and together, the Beavers Systems Model, when operationalized in the BIS, was not supported. A body of evidence is accumulating which suggests that clinicians and researchers should be wary of the BIS.
Time-varying AR modeling and subspace projection for FM jammer suppression in DS/SS-CDMA systems

In this paper, we propose a new technique to effectively suppress nonstationary jammer in DS/SS communication systems. This technique combines a new scheme of instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation with the projection based interference suppression. In order to capture jammer subspace a time-varying autoregressive (TV-AR) modeling is used to estimate the IFs of the nonstationary jammers. The jammer subspace is constructed from the models governed by the estimated time-varying IFs. The estimated jamming interference is removed from the received data by subspace projection, resulting in less distortion to the desired signal. The performance of this approach is analyzed and compared with approaches using time-varying notch filtering and subspace projection method.
Chronic low-level lead toxicity in the rat. I. Maternal toxicity and perinatal effects.

Abstract The first in a series of studies on the chronic exposure of rats to lead (Pb) is reported here. Weanling females were provided semipurified diets containing no detectable Pb, and drinking water containing 0, 0.5, 5, 25, 50, or 250 ppm Pb (as Pb-acetate). Rats were exposed to Pb-acetate for 6–7 weeks, then mated and exposed continuously throughout gestation and lactation. No statistically significant change in food or water consumption was noted in any exposure group. Females in the 50- and 250-ppm groups exhibited significant growth retardation within 1 to 3 weeks after exposure began. In addition, vaginal opening was significantly delayed in the 50- and 250-ppm groups, and to a lesser extent in the 25-ppm group. The level of Pb exposure used here did not affect the ability to conceive, to carry a normal litter to term, or to deliver the young. The percentage of malformed fetuses, resorptions, and postpartum pup deaths to weaning were unaffected by Pb exposure. Body lengths of female offspring in the 250-ppm exposure group were significantly shorter than those of controls, and there was a tendency for all young in this group to be smaller. The estimated dose of Pb consumed (mg/kg) indicated that groups were exposed to different amounts of Pb, and tissue (blood, brain, and bone) Pb concentrations indicated dose-related patterns. Urinary aminolevulinic acid concentrations were significantly dose related and were significantly correlated with blood Pb concentrations. Maternal toxicity occurred in groups exposed to 25 ppm Pb or higher and was associated with a minimum blood Pb concentration of 20 μg/dl.
Cesarean section in the treatment of placenta previa: A review of 99 cases

T HE modern active treatment of placenta previa began in the first quarter of this century. In his Textbook of Obstetrics published in 1923, Williams’ advised the use of the intraovular balloon or Braston Hicks version. He stated, “Thus far, only two cesarean sections have been done on our service for placenta previa.” During this era statistics sh0wed.a 10 per cent maternal mortality with a fetal mortality varying from 40 to 70 per cent. The maternal death rate from central placenta previa was 25 per cent. Quite naturally, therefore, attention was first directed toward preservation of the mother’s life. In 1927 Bill’ advocated the use of prophylactic blood transfusion and ccsarean section. He presented 101 cases divided into two groups. The first 45 cases were treated prior to 1921. Blood transfusion was used only as a last resort, and 27 (60 per cent) had cesarean section. There was a maternal mortality of 11 per cent and a fetal loss of 37 per cent. The second group consisted of 56 patients treated after 1921 up to 1926. Transfusion was used liberally ai a precaution, and 40 (70 per cent) had cesarean section. Fetal mortality declined only to 32 per cent on this management but there was only one maternal death. With the advent of more frequent blood transfusion, adequate anesthesia, and the increasing USC of cesarean section, the maternal mortality began to fall. But during these years, the dictum had arisen that once placenta previn was diagnosed, the pregnancy must be interrupted immediately. As late as 1945, Stander’s3 Textbook of 0bstet~ric.s stated, “On account of the danger of profuse and unexpected hemorrhage, pregnancy or labor, as the case may be, should be terminated in the most conservative manner as soon as possible.” By then, however, the maternal danger had fallen so low that attention could be turned toward the fetus. This attention, evidenced in 1945 by two important contributions toward fetal salvage, was manifested simultaneously in Scotland by C. H. G. MacAfee,4 and in this country by Herman W. Johnson.5 Both minimized the dangers of bleeding in placenta prcvia provided that no vaginal manipulation was carried out, and refuted the dictum that there is
Ligand-induced tyrosine kinase activity of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor in a murine macrophage cell line.

Abstract Metabolic labeling of simian virus 40-immortalized murine macrophages with 32Pi and immunoblotting with antibodies to phosphotyrosine demonstrated that the c-fms proto-oncogene product (colony-stimulating factor 1 [CSF-1] receptor) was phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo and rapidly degraded in response to CSF-1. Stimulation of the CSF-1 receptor also induced immediate phosphorylation of several other cellular proteins on tyrosine. By contrast, the mature cell surface glycoprotein encoded by the v-fms oncogene was phosphorylated on tyrosine in the absence of CSF-1, suggesting that it functions as a ligand-independent kinase.
Practical design considerations of current sharing control for parallel VRM applications

For high end sever applications, several voltage regulator modules (VRM) operate in parallel to provide high power for the multiple-processors system. Due to tight voltage tolerance requirement and fast dynamic load characteristics of processors, the proper design of current sharing circuit is very important for this application. In this paper, several application issues are discussed, and a simplified small signal model and simple design method are included
Genome-wide association analysis of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in common bean

Significant SNPs and candidate genes for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and related traits were identified on Pv03, Pv07 and Pv09 chromosomes of common bean. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to explore the genetic basis of variation for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and related traits in the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) comprising 259 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes. The ADP was evaluated for SNF and related traits in both greenhouse and field experiments. After accounting for population structure and cryptic relatedness, significant SNPs were identified on chromosomes Pv03, Pv07 and Pv09 for nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) in the shoot at flowering, and for Ndfa in seed. The SNPs for Ndfa in shoot and Ndfa in seed co-localized on Pv03 and Pv09. Two genes Phvul.007G050500 and Phvul.009G136200 that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLK) were identified as candidate genes for Ndfa. LRR-RLK genes play a key role in signal transduction required for nodule formation. Significant SNPs identified in this study could potentially be used in marker-assisted breeding to accelerate genetic improvement of common bean for SNF.
Keys for Identification of Apterous Viviparae and Immatures of Six Small Grain Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Keys are provided to the apterous viviparae and immatures of six species of small grain aphids: Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), R. padi (L.), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Sitobion avenae (F.). Illustrations and selected morphometric measurements are included to characterize the distinguishing features used in the keys.
Indian Education in the City: Correlates of Academic Performance.

AbstractFive factors affecting the academic performance of Indian students are identified: self-concept, achievement motivation, anti-Indian discrimination, culture conflict, and family instability. Their impact on academic performance is assessed among Indian high school students in Seattle, Washington. Findings suggest that achievement motivation and culture conflict are the most important correlates of academic achievement among urban Indian students, and it is recommended that these serve as target variables in programs designed to improve academic performance.
Oxidations of Deformyl-3-Isogeissoschizine

Abstract The conversions of deformyl-3-isogeissoschizine into its indole-inverted isomer by an oxidation-reduction sequence and into its oxindole equivalent by an oxidation scheme are described.
Quarry: Picking From Examples to Explore Big Data

Analysts use scripts, visualization tools, and spreadsheets as they process and understand data. We focus on two phases of analysts' work: discovery, where the field definitions are understood, and profiling, where assumptions are tested by searching, observing, and running counts on data. Lack of data exploration and understanding can lead to faulty assumptions and misinterpretation. In practice, analysts use SQL queries and scripts to subset big data, reducing it for visualization or spreadsheet pivots. However, due to large-size and high-dimensional data, it is challenging to determine precise subsets of interest without thorough data exploration and discovery. We reduce the cost of previewing subsets by combining search with an information rich visualization of high-dimensional data. To enable discovery and profiling, Quarry supports (1) rapid query generation and visualized search; and (2) defining and previewing subsets of data for potential export for further processing. This work presents the design of Quarry and results from a formative study involving 11 analysts/data scientists and a dataset with 80 columns and 15 million rows.
Guidelines for preparing girls for menstruation.

Abstract Late adolescent women ( N =97) were asked to reflect on their experience of menarche and to suggest ways in which girls might be better prepared for the onset of menstruation. Women affirmed the importance of adequate information about the biology of menstruation and the pragmatics of menstrual hygiene and also stressed the importance of maternal psychological support at this time. By way of reassurance, women suggested that girls be informed of the variability of menstrual experience; they also emphaisized the need to assure girls explicitly that menstruation is "normal" in contrast to "dirty" or a sign of disease. These data are valuable for clinicians and educators who work with daughters and mothers, both of whom are often inadequately prepared for girls' menarches.
Debt issues and capital structure with soft information

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of “soft information” in firms’ debt issue and capital structure choices, and present a new model reconciling the gap between theories of capital structure and empirical findings.Design/methodology/approach – The paper develops an analytical model of debt issues under asymmetric information in a setting where, in addition to observing the amount of debt the firm issues, outside investors obtain “soft information” signals through their own information production or noisy voluntary disclosures made by the firm. This paper analyzes the benefit and cost for the firm's debt issue decisions in this setting, and specifies the effect of soft information on these decisions.Findings – If sufficiently precise soft information is available to outside investors, the firm's debt issue behavior is significantly altered relative to that in existing models. In particular, an inverted‐U shape relationship is found between the intrinsic value of the firm and the...
Engineering Fluorometabolite Production: Fluorinase Expression in Salinispora tropica Yields Fluorosalinosporamide

Organofluorine compounds play an important role in medicinal chemistry, where they are responsible for up to 15% of the pharmaceutical products on the market. While natural products are valuable sources of new chemical entities, natural fluorinated molecules are extremely rare and the pharmaceutical industry has not benefited from a microbial source of this class of compounds. Streptomyces cattleya is an unusual bacterium in that it elaborates fluoroacetate and the amino acid 4-fluorothreonine. The discovery in 2002 of the fluorination enzyme FlA responsible for C−F bond formation in S. cattleya, and its subsequent characterization, opened up for the first time the prospect of genetically engineering fluorometabolite production from fluoride ion in host organisms. As a proof of principle, we report here the induced production of fluorosalinosporamide by replacing the chlorinase gene salL from Salinispora tropica with the fluorinase gene flA.
WHAT IS APPLIED GEOGRAPHY

(1977). WHAT IS APPLIED GEOGRAPHY? The Professional Geographer: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 297-300.
Functional Effect of Pim1 Depends upon Intracellular Localization in Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells.

Human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPC) improve heart function after autologous transfer in heart failure patients. Regenerative potential of hCPCs is severely limited with age, requiring genetic modification to enhance therapeutic potential. A legacy of work from our laboratory with Pim1 kinase reveals effects on proliferation, survival, metabolism, and rejuvenation of hCPCs in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that subcellular targeting of Pim1 bolsters the distinct cardioprotective effects of this kinase in hCPCs to increase proliferation and survival, and antagonize cellular senescence. Adult hCPCs isolated from patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation were engineered to overexpress Pim1 throughout the cell (PimWT) or targeted to either mitochondrial (Mito-Pim1) or nuclear (Nuc-Pim1) compartments. Nuc-Pim1 enhances stem cell youthfulness associated with decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, preserved telomere length, reduced expression of p16 and p53, and up-regulation of nucleostemin relative to PimWT hCPCs. Alternately, Mito-Pim1 enhances survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and decreasing cell death after H2O2 treatment, thereby preserving mitochondrial integrity superior to PimWT. Mito-Pim1 increases the proliferation rate by up-regulation of cell cycle modulators Cyclin D, CDK4, and phospho-Rb. Optimal stem cell traits such as proliferation, survival, and increased youthful properties of aged hCPCs are enhanced after targeted Pim1 localization to mitochondrial or nuclear compartments. Targeted Pim1 overexpression in hCPCs allows for selection of the desired phenotypic properties to overcome patient variability and improve specific stem cell characteristics. Background: Age and disease affect cardiac expression and localization of Pim1. Results: Survival and proliferation are enhanced and senescence is antagonized by intracellular targeting of Pim1. Conclusion: Cardioprotective properties are emphasized by targeting Pim1 expression in human cardiac progenitor cells. Significance: Compartmentalizing Pim1 to enhance stem cell characteristics can be used for targeted molecular intervention to improve cell-based regenerative therapy.
Effect of transition-metal cations on the adsorption of H2S in modified pillared clays

Sodium montmorillonite was intercalated with the Keggin ion (hydroxyaluminum polycation) and calcined at 400 °C. Then, doping with Fe 3 + , Cu 2 + , or Zn 2 + was carried out. On the obtained samples, HAS breakthrough capacity tests were carried out under wet conditions. Doping with metals significantly improved the capacity of adsorbents, despite a noticeable decrease in microporosity. The sample doped with copper showed the best performance as a hydrogen sulfide adsorbent. The reason for this is likely the affinity of the metal to bind hydrogen sulfide, the degree of metal dispersion, and the accessibility of small pores.
Response of murine epidermal keratinocyte cultures to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): comparison of haired and hairless genotypes.

Based on the observation that congenic haired and hairless mice differ in the hyperkeratinizing/hyperproliferative epidermal response following topical exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in vivo, it has been proposed that this response in mice segregates with the Ah locus (which controls for the Ah receptors) and the hr locus (for hairlessness) (Knutson and Poland, 1982). In the present studies this hypothesis was tested by comparing the response of epidermal keratinocytes derived from genotypically segregated newborn haired and hairless HRSJ mice to TCDD exposure in in vitro cultures. The parameters monitored were stimulation of cell proliferation (as measured by protein content and rate of tritiated thymidine incorporation in cultures), epidermal transglutaminase activity, cornified cell envelope formation, and keratin staining with Rhodanile blue. Results suggested that the sensitivity of HRSJ haired and hairless mouse epidermal keratinocyte cultures to TCDD exposure in vitro was very similar. In both cell cultures all parameters monitored were stimulated by TCDD exposure in a similar dose-dependent manner. This suggests that physiologic factors beyond the epidermal cells may be involved in expression of the different responses seen in the skin of mice to TCDD in vivo.
Community-Acquired Bacteremia in the Elderly: Analysis of One Hundred Consecutive Episodes

A retrospective analysis was made of the records of 100 consecutive geriatric patients with community-acquired bacteremia, admitted to a suburban hospital. The most frequently identified tissue sources for these bacteremias were the urinary tract (34 percent), biliary tract (20 percent), and lungs (13 percent). In 11 percent of the patients, the tissue focus was not established. E. coli, Klebsiella species and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most common organisms isolated, and they contributed to 73 percent of the bacteremias. Of the 100 patients, 26 succumbed to the infection. Clinical manifestations unique to the geriatric patient are described.
Effects of added uranium on the triboluminescent properties of europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium

The ability of a material to emit light upon fracture is known as triboluminescence. One of the few materials that emits triboluminescence in daylight is europium dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA). It has been shown that this material is 106% brighter than ZnS:Mn when excited by low speed impacts. In 2011, the authors of this paper found that replacing the traditional europium chloride with europium nitrate and changing the carrier solvent could both significantly affect the triboluminescent emission yield. While these changes provided a significant increase in yield, the emission was still not sufficient to be observed in bright daylight. In order to enhance the effect, a series of materials were added to the EuD4TEA to study the effects of “doping” on the triboluminescence yield. Results from this research showed that doping from a small number of materials, such as uranyl acetate, increased emission yield. This paper discusses the research that was completed on effects of the addition of uranyl acetate to EuD4TEA could increase the triboluminmescent emission yield. Results show that the added uranium does indeed increase emission yield when it is first synthesized. However, radiation emitted by the uranium also was found to damage the doped EuD4TEA, thus reducing the emitted triboluminescence over a period of time.
A Comparison of Paper‐and‐Pencil and Computer Versions of the Self‐Directed Search

A study was undertaken to assess the equivalence of the paper-and-pencil and computer versions of the Self-Directed Search (SDS) for 62 college students. The results showed a significant positive correlation in SDS scores for the two SDS forms; however, users strongly preferred the computer format.
Summation of protein anabolic effects of testosterone propionate and growth hormone.

SummarySimultaneous administration of testosterone propionate and growth hormone to castrated rats resulted in a summation of their respective effects on body weight and nitrogen retention even at maximal doses.
Effect of villin on the kinetics of actin polymerization.

The effect of villin on the critical concentration of actin and on the kinetics of its polymerization has been measured. In the presence of villin and 10 microM calcium, the critical concentration of actin increased from 0.2 to 0.9 microM. This effect of villin on the critical concentration was shown to be the result of its well-documented ability to block the "barbed" end of actin filaments, i.e., the "high-affinity end" of a polymer with a different monomer binding constant at each end. Thus, below 0.8 microM actin polymerization was prevented when the ratio of villin to actin was about 1 in 1000. Furthermore, the effect of villin was saturable; i.e., the critical concentration remained constant with increasing villin concentration once the maximal change had been obtained. In addition, fragmentation of actin filaments previously capped with villin, producing uncapped filaments, caused a rapid, transient fall of the monomer concentration. With the disappearance of the uncapped filaments the actin monomer concentration returned to that measured before fragmentation. The binding constant of villin to the barbed end of the actin filament was calculated to be greater than 10(11) M-1. The rate constants of elongation and of depolymerization at each end of an actin filament were measured. The depolymerization rate constant from the barbed end was about 10 times greater under conditions leading to complete depolymerization than under steady-state conditions. We discuss a possible explanation for the finding and its implication for possible regulatory mechanisms.
Controlled sensing and event based communication for remote estimation

We consider a setup where a sensor is observing a stochastic process of interest which must be communicated to a remote estimator. In addition to the distortion cost, the system incurs costs associated with sensing and communication. The overall cost is to be optimized by jointly designing strategies for controlled sensing, event based communication and remote estimation. Instead of continuously sensing the environment, the sensor is activated only when the remote estimator issues an activation command. Further, when the sensor makes the observation, it can choose not to communicate (and hence reduce communication cost) if the observation is not too informative. We consider the joint optimization of the sensor activation, communication and remote estimation strategies. The resulting optimization problem is a decentralized sequential decision making problem. Unlike prior work, we consider both the controlled sensing and the event based communication aspects of the problem. We extend the analytical approach of [1] to characterize optimal strategies.
Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment and hippocampal functional network architecture.

Late-life depression (LLD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are associated with medial temporal lobe structural abnormalities. However, the hippocampal functional connectivity (HFC) similarities and differences related to these syndromes when they occur alone or coexist are unclear. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (R-fMRI) technique was used to measure left and right HFC in 72 elderly participants (LLD [n = 18], aMCI [n = 17], LLD with comorbid aMCI [n = 12], and healthy controls [n = 25]). The main and interactive relationships of LLD and aMCI on the HFC networks were determined, after controlling for age, gender, education and gray matter volumes. The effects of depressive symptoms and episodic memory deficits on the hippocampal functional connections also were assessed. While increased and decreased left and right HFC with several cortical and subcortical structures involved in mood regulation were related to LLD, aMCI was associated with globally diminished connectivity. Significant LLD–aMCI interactions on the right HFC networks were seen in the brain regions critical for emotion processing and higher-order cognitive functions. In the interactive brain regions, LLD and aMCI were associated with diminished hippocampal functional connections, whereas the comorbid group demonstrated enhanced connectivity. Main and interactive effects of depressive symptoms and episodic memory performance were also associated with bilateral HFC network abnormalities. In conclusion, these findings indicate that discrete hippocampal functional network abnormalities are associated with LLD and aMCI when they occur alone. However, when these conditions coexist, more pronounced vulnerabilities of the hippocampal networks occur, which may be a marker of disease severity and impending cognitive decline. By utilizing R-fMRI technique, this study provides novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying LLD and aMCI in the functional network level.
Development of Mathematical Models and Computational Framework for Multi-physics Interaction Processes

This paper presents development of mathematical models for multi-physics interaction processes in which the physics of solids, liquids and gases are described using conservation laws, appropriate constitutive equations and equations of state in Eulerian description. The use of conservation laws in Eulerian description for all media of an interaction process and the choice of the same dependent variables in the resulting governing differential equations (GDEs) for solids, liquids and gases ensure that their interactions are intrinsic in the mathematic model. In the development of the constitutive equations and the equations of state, the same dependent variables are also utilized as those in the conservation laws. The dependent variables of choice due to the Eulerian description (which is necessary for liquids and gases) are density, pressure, velocities, temperature, heat fluxes and stress deviations. For solid, liquids and gases the development of constitutive equations is based on rate constitutive equa...
Heat and mass transfer correlations and bifurcation analysis of catalytic monoliths with developing flows

We review and compare the literature correlations for estimating the heat and mass transfer coefficients as well as pressure drop in catalytic monoliths with simultaneously developing velocity, concentration and temperature profiles. We present accurate correlations for estimating the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for developing flows with constant flux (slow reaction) and constant wall concentration or temperature (fast reaction) cases for a channel of arbitrary shape. These new correlations need only a single parameter, namely, the asymptotic value, which depends on the channel geometric shape. We establish the accuracy of the proposed correlations by comparing the predicted values with the exact numerical values available for a few cases. We use the new correlations to analyze the effect of flow conditions near the inlet of the channel on the ignition and extinction behavior of catalytic monoliths used in combustion and after-treatment applications as well as laboratory experiments. It is shown that the bifurcation behavior, such as the number and location of the ignition/extinction points, the number of stable steady-states and the hysteresis locus is sensitive to the flow conditions in the entry region, and hence the heat and mass transfer correlations used, especially for large values of the transverse Peclet number (high space velocities or very short monoliths) or adiabatic temperature rise or when the axial catalyst loading is not uniform.
A survey of Penstemon’s genome size

Penstemon is the largest genus in North America with more than 270 reported species. However, little is known about its genome size. This information may be useful in developing hybrids for landscape use and for gaining insight into its current taxonomy. Using flow cytometry, we estimated the genome size of approximately 40% of the genus (115 accessions from 105 different species). Genome sizes for both reported and probable diploids range from P. dissectus 2C = 0.94 pg (1C = 462 Mbp) to P. pachyphyllus var. mucronatus 2C = 1.88 pg (1C = 919 Mbp), and the polyploids range from P. attenuatus var. attenuatus 2C = 2.35 pg (1C = 1148 Mbp) to P. digitalis 2C = 6.45 pg (1C = 3152 Mbp). Chromosome counts were done for ten previously published and four previously unreported Penstemon species (P. dissectus, P. navajoa, P. caespitosus var. desertipicti, and P. ramaleyi). These counts were compiled with all previously published chromosome data and compared with the flow cytometry results. Ploidy within this study ra...