cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of Temperature Due to Material Damping in Pultruded Composites

This paper deals with the temperature rise due to material damping in rotating pultruded composite shafts. Pultrusion is a special fabrication process for manufacturing composite structural components whose cross section does not change along its length. Rotating shafts carrying gears or pulleys are examples. These shafts are subjected to side loads as they rotate. This causes them to bend back and forth in a cyclic manner. As a result, every element of the shaft generates heat due to material damping. The heat generation per cycle of motion is known for many materials and so a mathematical analysis is possible. Mathematical treatment of thermal problems involving pultruded composites can be simplified using two-dimensional Cartesian or Axisymmetric models. An explicit unsteady finite difference scheme with heat generation is used to study rotating shafts. The method is straightforward and capable of handling unsteady heat conduction in anisotropic components having single or multiple fiber types. The scheme can handle nonzero initial conditions and general convection type boundary conditions. Examples are used to illustrate the method and to investigate effects of the fiber-matrix thermal conductivity ratios, shaft rpm, and material damping on the temperature history in the material. The results show that, depending on the stiffness and thermal conductivity ratios in the principal directions, the temperature rise can be significant.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Understanding leisure travel motivations of travelers with acquired mobility impairments.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to understand what motivated people with mobility impairments to travel frequently. Two focus groups were conducted and results were analyzed in light of Crompton’s (1979) push/pull conceptual framework exploring pleasure travel motivation. Results showed that although travelers with acquired mobility impairments shared many similar motives with travelers not identified as having mobility impairments, they also had unique motivations including “Independence”, “The Desire of Being in a Natural Environment”, “Adventure/Risk”, “Do It Today”, and “Accessibility.” Findings and limitations of the study are discussed and implications of the results are suggested.
Scattering of 151 and 188 Mev Positive Pions by Protons.

A beam of \ensuremath{\sim}200-Mev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ mesons was defined inside the vacuum chamber of the Nevis Cyclotron. Nuclear emulsions were exposed to a flux of about ${10}^{4}$ mesons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The plates were scanned for pion-hydrogen scatterings and 103 such events were observed in two interaction energies, 151\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 Mev and 188\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 Mev. We obtain total cross sections of 152\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}31 and 159\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}34\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, respectively. The data suggest that the angular distribution changes from backwards peaked to almost symmetric over this energy interval. Our observations are not in agreement with the hypothesis of a ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$-wave resonance in this energy region. The best fit to the combined results includes a $D$-wave contribution of -5.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, although satisfactory agreement may be obtained with only $S$ and $P$ waves.
Seasonal temperature compensation in the horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus: metabolic enzymes, oxidative stress and heat shock proteins.

Seasonal collections of the subtidal horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus, from a depth of 10 m were made at the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire to assess changes in overall energetic demand, measured as respiration, the maximal activities of rate-limiting enzymes of intermediate metabolism, level of oxidative stress, and the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Weighted respiration rates of mussels from winter collections were significantly lower than summer rates but decreased by less than 20%. Specific activities of several rate-limiting enzymes were measured in mussels from the summer and winter collections at the temperature of collection and the reciprocal seasonal temperature (15 and 5 °C). Comparisons of these enzyme activities and the protein concentrations of hexokinase and citrate synthase show that a quantitative strategy is used to acclimatize to winter temperatures by these rate-limiting enzymes of intermediate metabolism. The activities and protein concentrations of the antioxidant enzyme, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is seasonally indistinguishable while the concentration of HSP 70 was greater in winter than in summer samples. These results show that mussels seasonally compensate for decreases in temperature by increasing the concentration of rate-limiting metabolic enzymes while maintaining the same level of antioxidant protection in summer and winter consistent with high aerobic metabolism in both winter and summer. Lastly, the significantly greater concentrations of HSP70 in winter samples suggests that protein chaperone functions must be maintained while other seasonal adjustments to cold temperatures are occurring.
The location of interstitial carbon in austenite

High resolution neutron time-of-flight powder diffraction patterns were obtained for the alloy Fe-13 wt. pct. Ni-1 wt. pct. C, in the austenitic phase. The interstitial site location of the carbon atoms was refined using Rietveld analysis and it was found that carbon resides primarily on the octahedrally coordinated interstices. Uncertainty in the refinement allows a maximum of 5 pct. of the total number of carbon atoms to occupy tetrahedral interstitial sites. The other refined structural and instrument parameters were determined to be relatively uncorrelated with these occupation fractions. The known total concentration of carbon in this alloy was not needed as a constraint on the carbon occupation, indicating that this refinement was extremely stable with regard to these parameters.
Oxygen binding of intact coelomic cells and extracted hemoglobin of the echiuran Urechis caupo

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen affinity of Urechis caupo coelomic cells is the same in normoxic and in hypoxic animals. There is no Bohr effect between pH 6.8 and 8.0. 2. 2. The oxygen affinity of intact coelomic cells is the same as that of extracted, stripped hemoglobin. The oxygen binding properties of stripped hemoglobin are not affected by 1 mM ATP, IMP, or hydrogen ions between pH 6.8 and 8.0, nor do they clearly show cooperativity. The heat of oxygenation. ΔH , = −13.1 kcal/mol between 10 and 25 C. 3. 3. Although U. caupo coelomic cell hemoglobin is tetrameric and intracellular, it apparently exhibits neither heterotropic nor homotropic interactions.
Assessing apostasy: Facts and theories

Not everything in a society is easily reduced to data or tidy theories. This caveat for historians, argues John Clive, is an important lesson of Alexis de Tocqueville's book on the French Revolution.1 The questions and comments of my colleagues Richard Cohen and Todd Endelman attest to the truth of this insight, especially as it applies to apostasy, which is often as much a historic enigma as religious mystery. There is, therefore, room for legitimate disagreement among scholars over the interpretation of sources, and I welcome this opportunity to engage my worthy colleagues in constructive academic dialogue on the subject. My comments will focus on two broad areas: the dimensions of apostasy, i.e., its size and impact, and the "push'* and "pull" factors that motivated defection from Judaism in France.
Cytochrome P450 induction in Ictalurus punctatus following exposure to wastewater treatment plant effluent.

Induction of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in fish, measured as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, has been extensively used as a biomarker in assessing exposures and responses of aquatic organisms to contaminants. This study focused on whether exposure to Troy (Alabama) wastewater treatment plant (TWWTP) effluent at the Walnut Creek mixing zone, induced transcription of mRNA for cytochrome P4501A1 enzyme production and increased EROD activity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Water from Big Creek (Barbour County, AL), regarded as least impacted by pollutants, was used as a reference source for administration of a positive control chemical (PCB – Aroclor 1254). All water samples were transported from field sites to the Troy University laboratory for conducting the study. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated the presence of compounds capable of inducing transcription of CYP1A1 mRNA in catfish liver. Increased transcription of mRNA for cytochrome P4501A1 enzyme...
The Interfacial Kinetics of the Reaction of CO 2 with Nickel. Part I: The 14CO 2 -CO Exchange Reaction and the Influence of Sulfur

The rate of dissociation of CO2 on nickel has been studied by means of the 14CO2-CO exchange reaction. For pure polycrystalline nickel between 500 and 1240°C the forward rate constant, in mole cm−2 s−1 atm−1, is given by: $$\ln k_f = - 7300/T - 2.57.$$ This is shown to be closely consistent with ideal chemisorption kinetics. Lower apparent rate constants when Ni3S2 is added to the surface or at bulk saturation with sulfur are consistent with a surface blockage mechanism by chemisorbed sulfur which shows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption coefficient of sulfur, in at. pet−1, is deduced to be given by the equation: $$\ln K_s = 29,100/T - 15.82.$$ Results from associated Auger electron spectroscopic studies are in good accord with an ideal Langmuir adsorption isotherm for sulfur on polycrystalline nickel.
Moisture assisted crack growth in ceramics

A method is described to study subcritical crack growth in ceramic materials. Large, macroscopic size cracks were used and quantitative crack velocity measurements were made on glass and sapphire as a function of applied force, temperature and environment. The measured crack velocity was a complex function of stress and water vapor concentration in the environment and portions of the data could be adequately explained by the stress corrosion theory of Charles and Hillig.
THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HARVEST MICE (MICROMYS MINUTUS) IN CORN RICKS NEAR OXFORD

SUMMARY The harvest mouse was a common and occasionally abundant rodent in corn ricks around Oxford in the winter of 1954-55. After existing as a rare species for several decades, it has apparently increased to its present abundance within one or two years. An unusual opportunity exists for the study of this most interesting mammal.
A Modern Treatment of the 15 Puzzle

(1999). A Modern Treatment of the 15 Puzzle. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 9, pp. 793-799.
Increased conversion of a phenylalanine load to tyrosine in tetraiodoglucagon-treated rats.

Summary The phenylalanine/tyrosine ratios in plasma and liver of rats given a phenylalanine load were lower in rats pretreated with tetraiodoglucagon than in controls. The effect was due to markedly higher tyrosine levels and slightly lower phenylalanine levels in the tetraiodoglucagon-treated rats. The results indicate that hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine was increased by tetraiodoglucagon pretreatment.
Comparison of Headspace GC and Electronic Sensor Techniques for Classification of Processed Orange Juices

Three types of commercial orange juice samples (pasteurized not from concentrate; frozen concentrate and single strength juice reconstituted from concentrate) were classified by discriminant analysis using quantities of 25 volatile juice constituents determined by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). An electronic sensor instrument was also used to evaluate and classify the same juice samples, and the results were compared to those obtained by HSGC. Two sets of samples were classified by HSGC analysis into the three juice types. The electronic sensor instrument classified the first set into three types, but was less successful in classification of the second larger set of samples. The two analytical techniques were complimentary since they afforded somewhat different separation patterns.
A comparison of the Eimer's organs of three north american moles: The hairy‐tailed mole (Parascalops breweri), the star‐nosed mole (Condylura cristata), and the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus)

Eimer's organ is a tactile sensory structure found predominantly on the snouts of moles. It consists of a raised papilla of epidermis containing a column of cells associated with sensory receptors. This study compares the Eimer's organs of the hairy-tailed mole, Parascalops breweri, the star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata, and the eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus, by using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Eimer's organs are visible on the snout of the hairy-tailed and the star-nosed moles, but not the eastern mole. The Eimer's organs of the hairy-tailed mole are similar in external appearance, distribution, and internal structure to those found in most species examined. The Eimer's organs of the star-nosed mole and the eastern mole diverge from this basic form in seemingly opposite directions. The Eimer's organs of the star-nosed mole are more numerous, smaller, and highly organized units with a consistent pattern of neuronal terminal swellings within a cell column, below a thin keratinized epidermis. By contrast, the Eimer's organs of the eastern mole lie below a thick keratinized epidermis, are less organized in structure, and have no central cell column. The extreme differences between the Eimer's organs of the star-nosed mole and thos of the eastern mole may be the result of the habitat of each species, saturated mud allowing a more elaborate and delicate sensory apparatus in the star-nosed mole and drier soil requiring a thick keratinized epidermis over the organ in the eastern mole.
Regenerable Fe–Mn–ZnO/SiO2 sorbents for room temperature removal of H2S from fuel reformates: performance, active sites, Operando studies

Fe- and Mn-promoted H2S sorbents Fex–Mny–Zn1−x−yO/SiO2 (x, y = 0, 0.025) for desulfurization of model fuel reformates at room temperature were prepared, tested and characterized. Sulfur uptake capacity at 25 °C significantly exceeds that of both commercial unsupported ZnO sorbents and un-promoted supported ZnO/SiO2 sorbents. Sulfur capacity and breakthrough characteristics remain satisfactory after multiple (∼10) cycles of adsorption/regeneration, with regeneration performed by a simple and robust heating in air. XRD shows that both “calcined” and “spent” sorbents contain nano-dispersed ZnO, and XPS confirms conversion of ZnO to ZnS. “Calcined” sorbent contains Fe3+ and Mn3+ that are reduced to Mn2+ upon reaction with H2S, but not with H2. Operando ESR is used for the first time to study dynamics of reduction of Mn3+ promoter sites simultaneously with measuring sulfidation dynamics of the Fex–Mny–Zn1−x−yO/SiO2 sorbent. Fe cations are believed to occupy the surface of supported ZnO nanocrystallites, while Mn cations are distributed within ZnO.
The Menstrual Cycle and Sexual Behavior: Relationship to Eating, Exercise, Sleep, and Health Patterns

Patterns of eating, exercise, sleep, and health were investigated across 180 menstrual cycles of 89 women who engaged in sex with a male (n = 45; cycles = 85), a female (n = 21; cycles = 37), or abstained from sex (n = 33; cycles = 58) from January 2005 to December 2007 (10 contributed to 2 groups). Cycles were divided into 5 phases based on their luteinizing hormone surges. Daily questionnaires and saliva for IgA and cortisol analyses were obtained. Women indicated that they ate more (p < .008) and did not sleep as well (p = .02) during their luteal and premenstrual phases. Participants were less likely to experience food cravings and did not satisfy their cravings when they were ovulatory (p < .001). Additionally, a greater proportion of lesbians skipped breakfast (p = .01) and exercised less than heterosexuals (p = .05). Sexually active women had lower cortisol and IgA levels than abstinent women (p = .02). Our study discovered, and confirmed, systematic differences in eating, sleeping, and health patterns across women's menstrual cycles.
The Social-Cognitive Model of Transference Experiencing Past Relationships in the Present

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Foreperiod effects on human single motor unit reaction times

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of foreperiod factors on key release reaction times and single motor unit reaction times. Changes in foreperiod parameters influencing overt reaction times had a similar effect on single motor unit reaction times. Both types of responding decreased in median latency values and increased in variability with the appropriate selection of foreperiod parameters. It is suggested that RT design must be carefully considered in RT studies using single motor unit techniques.
Acquired cataracts after diode laser photocoagulation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity.

Abstract Purpose To report the incidence of acquired cataract after diode laser photocoagulation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity at our institution. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Participants One hundred fifty-three infants (293 eyes) with threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Intervention Transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation. Main outcome measure Acquired cataract formation. Results One cataract (0.003%) in 293 eyes occurred after transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation. This cataract consisted of peripheral cortical punctate lenticular opacities that were not progressive or visually significant. Conclusions The risk of acquired cataract after transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity is low. Transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation may be safer than argon laser photocoagulation for treatment of threshold retinopathy of prematurity.
The efficacy of a technology-based system in a short-term behavioral weight loss intervention.

Objective: The objective was to examine the efficacy of adding a technology-based program to an in-person, behavioral weight loss intervention. Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty-seven subjects (BMI = 33.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2; age = 41.3 ± 8.7 years) participated in a 12-week intervention with random assignment to Standard In-Person Behavioral Weight Control Program (SBWP) or Intermittent or Continuous Technology-Based Program (INT-TECH, CON-TECH). SBWP subjects received seven individualized weight loss sessions encouraging dietary and exercise modifications. INT-TECH and CON-TECH subjects received all SBWP components; additionally, these groups used a SenseWear Pro Armband (BodyMedia, Inc.) to monitor energy expenditure and an Internet-based program to monitor eating behaviors. These features were used by INT-TECH subjects during weeks 1, 5, and 9 and CON-TECH subjects weekly throughout the intervention. Results: Intent-to-treat analysis revealed weight loss of 4.1 ± 2.8 kg, 3.4 ± 3.4 kg, and 6.2 ± 4.0 kg, for SBWP, INT-TECH, and CON-TECH groups, respectively (CON-TECH > INT-TECH, p ≤ 0.05). Discussion: These results indicate that the technology-based program needs to be used continuously throughout the intervention period to significantly impact weight loss. Future studies should examine the long-term and independent effect of this technology on weight loss, and for whom this intervention format is most effective.
Alkali-catalyzed ring closure of pyruvoylglycine.

Abstract The product of the treatment of pyruvoylglycine by alkali at 25 ° has been isolated in crystalline form. The compound may exist either as the monohydrate or in the anhydrous form. The empirical composition of the anhydrous product is identical with that of pyruvoylglycine, it possesses a pK′ of 3.8 and forms a monosodium salt. On destructive distillation with lime, products giving characteristic pyrrole reactions are formed. The absorption spectra in the ultraviolet and in the infrared resemble those of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, and on hydrolysis in 5 N HCl close to 1 mole of dl -alanine is formed. (Pyruvoylglycine under the same conditions yields 1 mole of glycine.) On the basis of these and previous findings, it is concluded that the treatment of pyruvoylglycine by alkali under mild conditions leads to an irreversible ring closure and the formation of the isomeric γ-hydroxypyrrolidone carboxylic acid. This ring closure, leading to the establishment of two centers of asymmetry, would explain in part the origin of the racemic alanine formed on treatment with boiling 5 N HCl.
Grading of apples based on firmness and soluble solids content using Vis/SWNIR spectroscopy and spectral scattering techniques

Abstract Sorting of apple fruit based on internal quality can enhance the industry’s competiveness and profitability and assure consumer satisfaction. In this research, visible and shortwave near-infrared (Vis/SWNIR) spectroscopy (460–1100 nm) and spectral scattering (450–1050 nm) were used for sorting three varieties of apple (i.e., ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’) into two quality grades based on firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), or both firmness and SSC. Vis/SWNIR spectra were obtained in interactance mode under stationery condition, whereas spectral scattering images were acquired online at a conveyor speed of 82 mm/s. A total of 8491 apples for the three varieties harvested from the same orchard in 2009, 2010 and 2011 were used for analysis. First derivative spectra were obtained from the Vis/SWNIR data, while the scattering images were first preprocessed by computing mean reflectance spectra and then performing continuous wavelet transform decompositions. Sorting algorithms were developed using sequential forward selection and linear discriminant analysis, and the classification models were compared in terms of their overall performance and local confusion matrices. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to assess the effect of using different quality threshold criteria on the sorting performance. Overall, consistent and relatively good sorting results for firmness (ranging between 77.9% and 98.2%) and moderate results for SSC (ranging between 62.0% and 91.7%) were obtained using scattering technique. Vis/SWNIR technique showed slightly better sorting results for firmness (ranging between 87.3% and 97.6%) and SSC (ranging between 77.1% and 92.3%). When the classification was performed based on both firmness and SSC, the sorting accuracies generally decreased to between 75.7% and 90.1% for Vis/SWNIR and between 69.7% and 91.5% for spectral scattering. Vis/SWNIR and spectral scattering techniques have potential for online sorting and grading of apples by firmness and SSC.
Motorcycle Helmets Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Spine Injury: Debunking the Myth

Background There has been a repeal of the universal helmet law in several states despite definitive evidence that helmets reduce mortality, traumatic brain injury, and hospital expenditures. Opponents of the universal helmet law have successfully claimed that helmets should not be required because of greater torque on the neck, which is thought to increase the likelihood of a cervical spine injury. There is currently insufficient evidence to counter claims that helmets do not increase the risk of cervical spine injury after a motorcycle collision. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of motorcycle helmets on the likelihood of developing a cervical spine injury after a motorcycle collision. Study Design We reviewed cases in the National Trauma Databank (NTDB) v7.0 involving motorcycle collisions. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the independent effect of helmets on cervical spine injury. Cases were adjusted for age, race, sex, insurance status, anatomic (Injury Severity Score) and physiologic injury severity (systolic blood pressure 3). Results Between 2002 and 2006, 62,840 cases of motorcycle collision were entered into the NTDB; 40,588 had complete data and were included in the adjusted analysis. Helmeted riders had a lower adjusted odds (0.80 [CI 0.72 to 0.90]) and a lower proportion of cervical spine injury (3.5% vs 4.4%, p Conclusions Helmeted motorcyclists are less likely to suffer a cervical spine injury after a motorcycle collision. This finding challenges a long-standing objection to mandatory helmet use that claims helmets are associated with cervical spine injury. Re-enactment of the universal helmet law should be considered in states where it has been repealed.
Efficient solid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone-7-carboxamides with two diversity positions.

A highly efficient solid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone-7-carboxamides was developed using anthranilates and bromoketones as the key synthons. Primary amines immobilized to an acid-cleavable BAL linker were acylated with 1-methyl-2-aminoterephtalate. After cleavage of the methyl ester, bromoketones were used to form resin-bound phenacyl esters. Acid-mediated cleavage and subsequent cyclization in solution afforded 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinones in high purity and yield. Highly efficient solid-phase synthesis (purity > 90%, yield > 80%, synthetic time = 2 days using commercially available synthons) is amenable to high-throughput/combinatorial synthesis to match the high-throughput screening capability.
Refuge function of marine algae complicates selection in an intertidal snail

Species with restricted gene flow often show trait-shifts from one type of environment to another. In those rock-dwelling marine gastropods that lack larval dispersal, size generally decreases in wave-exposed habitats reducing risk of dislodgement, while increases in less exposed habitats to resist crab-crushing. In Littorina fabalis, however, snails of moderately exposed shores are generally much larger (11–14 mm) than snails of sheltered shores (5–8 mm). Observations from the White Sea (where crabs are not present) indicate that in the absence of crabs snails are small (6–7 mm) in both habitats. We assumed that the optimal size for L. fabalis in the absence of crabs is less than 8 mm, and thus that increased size in moderately exposed habitats in areas with crabs might be a response to crab predation. In a crab-rich area (Sweden) we showed that crab predation is an important mortality factor for this snail species in both sheltered and moderately exposed habitats. In sheltered habitats, snails were relatively more protected from crab-predation when dwelling on their habitual substrate, fucoid algae, than if experimentally tethered to rocks below the algae. This showed that algae function as snail refuges. Snail dislodgement increased, however, with wave exposure but tethering snails in moderately exposed habitats showed that large snails survived equally well on rocks under the algae as in the canopy of the algae. Thus in sheltered habitats a small snail size is favored, probably due to life-history reasons, while increased risk of being dislodged from the algae refuges promotes a large size in moderately exposed habitats. This study shows an example of selection of a trait depends on complex interactions of different factors (life-history optimization, crab predation, wave induced dislodgement and algal refuges).
The Construction of Potentials in Quantum Field Theory

An inductive method, based on the formal solution of the Schr\"odinger equation in the form given by Lippmann and Schwinger, is used to construct scattering potentials in quantum field theories of various types. The method is applied to a linear theory without nucleon pair production, to a general nonlinear theory without pair production, and finally to a general nonlinear theory with pair production. The $n\mathrm{th}$ order potential is obtained by the solution of a Schr\"odinger type equation involving the potential of lower order; the series of potentials so obtained is, however, not a power series in the coupling constant. Rough estimates indicate that some of the problems of convergence associated with the usual perturbation expansion are obviated by this method. Simple illustrative examples are given for the linear and nonlinear theories.
Endocrine basis for testicular function in the stallion

The specific nature and relative contribution of the various factors involved in the endocrine/paracrine/autocrine control of reproductive function in normal stallions are not well defined nor have they been elucidated in the idiopathic subfertile/infertile stallion. Over the last 9 years, work in our laboratory has been focused in characterizing the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in fertile, subfertile (idiopathic oligospermia) and infertile (idiopathic azoospermia) stallions. We have identified endocrine factors and mechanisms important for normal reproductive function, and demonstrated specific hormonal changes in pituitary and testicular function between fertile, subfertile and infertile stallions. Recent evidence suggests that the primary defect is at the level of the testes. The nature of the dysfunction does not appear to involve changes in LH receptor binding kinetics but may be related to post-receptor mechanisms.
Smoking Prevalence among US Veterans

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is a significant health problem within the US military. Data from the 2003–2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to estimate and compare the prevalence of smoking among US veterans with that of adults who did not serve in the US armed forces.
The influence of changing trade patterns on displacements of labor

Although there is extensive literature detailing the change in industrial employment resulting from changes in trading patterns, there is no significant literature that translates these changes in labor demand to actual worker hardship. This study provides evidence of the labor market effects of changes in import and export competition throughout the 1980s by focusing on the level of industry displacements, workers involuntarily separated from their industry of employment, rather than changes in the level of industry employment. The results therefore shed light on the number of workers who were measurably injured by changing trade patterns. The analysis is based on a general equilibrium specification that yields an equation describing the influence of specific industry measures of competitiveness, along with changes in the aggregate environment, on displacements. This equation is subsequently estimated using import and export transactions prices maintained by the U.S. Department of Labor in conjunction wi...
Effects of a Conducting Wall on Z-Pinch Stability

The stabilizing effect of a conducting wall on Z-pinch stability has been investigated through a systematic experimental and numerical study. Numerical simulations of a Z-pinch with a cylindrical conducting wall are compared with a case that modeled perforations in the conducting wall. The conducting wall also acts as the return current path for these investigations. Plasma conditions with various pinch sizes were studied numerically to better understand the effect of wall stabilization in Z-pinches. A study using the ZaP Flow Z-Pinch was performed by inserting a 0.35-m perforated section of electrode that has eight longitudinal slots cut from the outer electrode, reducing the conducting wall material by \(\approx 70\%\) . This modification prevents currents from flowing freely along the azimuthal distance of the outer electrode required to stabilize the \(m = 1,2,3\) modes, which are experimentally monitored. Operating with identical experimental parameters with and without the perforated electrode was assumed to produce similar equilibrium and flow shear conditions in the pinch. Comparing the stability characteristics isolated the potential effects of the conducting wall. Magnetic data, interferometry, and optical images indicate that the conducting wall does not have a discernible effect on stability in the ZaP experiment. This result agrees with simulations with similar ratios of conducting wall radius to pinch radius.
Comparison of electronic physician prompts versus waitroom case-finding on clinical trial enrollment.

Background Recruiting patients into clinical research protocols is challenging. Electronic medical record (EMR) systems capable of prompting clinicians may facilitate enrollment.
U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from a continental margin assemblage in the northern Coast Mountains, southeastern Alaska

Metamorphic rocks within and west of the northern Coast Mountains in southeastern Alaska consist of an Upper Proterozoic(?) to upper Paleozoic continental margin assemblage that we interpret to belong to the Yukon-Tanana terrane. U–Pb geochronologic analyses of single detrital zircon grains from four samples of quartzite suggest that the zircons were shed from source regions containing rocks of ~495 Ma, ~750 Ma, 1.05–1.40 Ga, 1.75–2.00 Ga, ~2.3 Ga, 2.5–2.7 Ga, and ~3.0 Ga. Multigrain fractions from two samples yield upper intercepts between 2.0 and 2.3 Ga, but the scarcity of single grains of similar age suggests that these fractions comprise a mixture of 2.3 Ga grains. Zircons in these rocks generally overlap in age with (i) detrital zircons in metasedimentary rocks of the Yukon–Tanana terrane in eastern Alaska and Yukon, (ii) detrital zircons in strata of the Cordilleran miogeocline, and (iii) plutonic and gneissic rocks that intrude or are overlain by miogeoclinal strata. In addition, the p...
New device technologies for subcutaneous fat biopsy

Purpose: Subcutaneous fat biopsy is useful for the evaluation of amyloidosis, environmental contaminants, lipid metabolism, genetic studies and diabetes research. The present study examined new technologies for fat biopsy. Methods: Subcutaneous fat biopsy in 10 high-risk individuals was randomized to (i) a 10 ml reciprocating procedure device (RPD) mechanical syringe or (ii) a 60 ml vacuum syringe. Outcome measures included pain by the 10 cm Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS), adequacy of biopsied tissue, complications and diagnosis. The operator’s ability to control syringes was quantitatively measured by the linear displacement method. Results: Both syringes permitted facile aspiration of subcutaneous fat with adequate sample without complications. The mechanical and the vacuum syringes enhanced control of the needle compared to conventional syringes, reducing unintended forward penetration by 75% (3.6 ± 0.5 mm) and 87% (12.0 ± 1.4 mm), respectively (p < 0.0001). Free adipose cells were obtained in abunda...
Control and analysis of the high efficiency split phase PWM inverter

The traditional power switch phase leg is widely used in the power electronic devices. However, the short through of the phase leg is always a problem for reliability, efficiency, higher switching frequency. Besides, both of power device turn-on/turn-off time and the reverse recovery time of poor performance body diodes will limit the switching frequency and power conversion efficiency. This paper proposes a new split phase PWM inverter which could split the MOSFET based phase legs by coupled inductor to prevent the short through and disable poor performance body diode. The extended Schottky diodes could be adopted to eliminate reverse recovery loss. By using the traditional bipolar or unipolar PWM control schemes, the circulating current which is caused by the feature of inductors will exist in the circuit and will increase power loss. An advanced unipolar PWM control strategy is proposed in this paper to minimize circulation current and to improve power conversion efficiency. Simulation is done to verify the better performance of split phase PWM inverter and the proposed advanced unipolar PWM control strategy.
Exploration of the action pattern of Streptomyces hyaluronate lyase using high-resolution capillary electrophoresis

Hyaluronic acid was treated exhaustively with a hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase, EC 4.2.2.1) from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus to obtain a tetrasaccharide and a hexasaccharide product in a molar ratio of 1 to 1.2. The tetrasaccharide product was fluorescently labeled at the reducing end by reductive amination with 7-amino 1,3-naphthalene disulfonic acid (AGA) and the structure of the conjugate was determined spectroscopically. Partial treatments of hyaluronic acid with hyaluronate lyase afforded complex mixtures of oligosaccharides that were similarly fluorescently labeled. These labeled oligosaccharide mixtures were analyzed using high-resolution capillary electrophoresis. The resulting electropherograms showed the content of each hyaluronic acid derived oligosaccharide, having a degree of polymerization (dp) from 4 to 50, throughout the enzymatic reaction. Computer simulation studies gave comparable kinetic profiles suggesting that hyaluronate lyase exhibits a random endolytic action pattern. Interestingly, oligosaccharides of certain size (dp) were under-represented in these oligosaccharide mixtures suggesting that linkages at spacings of 10 to 12 saccharide units are somewhat resistant to this enzyme. The cause of this resistance might be the result of secondary or higher order structural features present in the hyaluronic acid polymer.
Quantifying the Performance Differences between PVM and TreadMarks

This paper compares two systems for parallel programming on networks of workstations: Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM), a message-passing system, and TreadMarks, a software distributed shared-memory (DSM) system. The eight applications used in this comparison are Water and Barnes?Hut from the SPLASH benchmark suite; 3-D FFT, Integer Sort (IS), and Embarrassingly Parallel (EP) from the NAS benchmarks; ILINK, a widely used genetic linkage analysis program; and Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) and Traveling Salesman (TSP). Two different input data sets are used for five of the applications. We use two execution environments. The first is a 155 Mbps ATM network with eight Sparc-20 model 61 workstations; the second is an eight-processor IBM SP/2. The differences in speedup between TreadMarks and PVM depend mostly on the applications, and only to a much lesser extent on the platform and the data set used. In particular, the TreadMarks speedup for six of the eight applications is within 15% of that achieved with PVM. For one application, the difference in speedup is between 15% and 30%, and for another, the difference is around 50%. We identified four important factors that contribute to the lower performance of TreadMarks: (1) extra messages due to the separation of synchronization and data transfer, (2) extra messages to handle access misses caused by the use of an invalidate protocol, (3) false sharing, and (4) diff accumulation for migratory data. We have quantified the effects of the last three factors by measuring the performance gain when each is eliminated. Of the three factors, TreadMarks' use of a separate request message per page of data accessed is the most important. The effect of false sharing is comparatively low. Reducing diff accumulation benefits migratory data only when the diffs completely overlap. When these performance impediments are removed, all of the TreadMarks programs perform within 25% of PVM, and for six out of eight experiments, TreadMarks is less than 5% slower than PVM.
Burden in Schizophrenia Caregivers: Impact of Family Psychoeducation and Awareness of Patient Suicidality

Family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders experience high levels of burden. Although a number of patient and caregiver predictors of burden have been identified, little research has investigated the contributions of patient depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse. In addition, family psychoeducation interventions have reduced patient symptoms, as well as inpatient treatment utilization; however, it is not known whether or not these interventions reduce family burden. This study investigated predictors of family burden and tested to what degree multiple family group treatment (MFGT), relative to a standard care condition, was associated with reduced family burden. Participants were 90 outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, and their caregivers who were enrolled in a 2 year psychoeducation intervention. The best set of predictors of burden, identified by stepwise linear regression, was young patient age, awareness of patient's suicidal ideation, and family resources. These variables accounted for 32% of the total variance in burden. Findings suggest that caregiver's awareness of patient's suicidal ideation, not patient's report of suicidal ideation; and that patient age, not duration of the illness, were significant independent predictors of burden. When compared to a standard-care condition over 2 years, MFGT did not reduce family caregiver burden. Discussions focus on the relationship between burden and its predictors, and possible reasons why MFGT did not decrease burden. Modifications are proposed that may increase the impact of MFGT.
Comparison of Two Current Colorimetric Procedures for Determination of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

A comparisonof two colorimetric proceduresfor the determination of serum glutamic oxaloaceticacid (SCOT) showedthat both the dinitrophenylhydrazineand diazonium salt colorimetric assayprocedureshave good precisionand reproducibility acceptable to most clinical laboratories. Babson’sdiazonium salt procedure (3) definitely shows greater precision in the important borderline range of values than the dinitrophenylhydrazine method based on the Reitman-Frankel method (2). Advantages and disadvantagesof both proceduresare discussed.
Estimating Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Infrared Image Data

This paper describes results from a near-real-time objective technique for estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones from satellite infrared imagery in the North Atlantic Ocean basin. The technique quantifies the level of organization or axisymmetry of the infrared cloud signature of a tropical cyclone as an indirect measurement of its maximum wind speed. The final maximum wind speed calculated by the technique is an independent estimate of tropical cyclone intensity. Seventy-eight tropical cyclones from the 2004–09 seasons are used both to train and to test independently the intensity estimation technique. Two independent tests are performed to test the ability of the technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity accurately. The best results from these tests have a root-mean-square intensity error of between 13 and 15 kt (where 1 kt ’ 0.5 m s 21 ) for the two test sets.
Regulation of Receptor Trafficking by GRKs and Arrestins

To ensure that extracellular stimuli are translated into intracellular signals of appropriate magnitude and specificity, most signaling cascades are tightly regulated. One of the major mechanisms involved in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involves their endocytic trafficking. GPCR endocytic trafficking entails the targeting of receptors to discrete endocytic sites at the plasma membrane, followed by receptor internalization and intracellular sorting. This regulates the level of cell surface receptors, the sorting of receptors to degradative or recycling pathways, and in some cases the specific signaling pathways. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms that regulate receptor endocytic trafficking, emphasizing the role of GPCR kinases (GRKs) and arrestins in this process.
Outbound supply chain network design with mode selection and lead time considerations

We present a large-scale network design model for the outbound supply chain of an automotive company that considers transportation mode selection (road vs. rail) and explicitly models the relationship between lead times and the volume of flow through the nodes of the network. We formulate the problem as a nonlinear zero-one integer program, reformulate it to obtain a linear integer model, and develop a Lagrangian heuristic for its solution that gives near-optimal results in reasonable time. We also present scenario analyses that examine the behavior of the supply chain under different parameter settings and the performance of the solution procedures under different experimental conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Parameter estimation based coherent multistatic processing

This paper develops the coherent generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and the MVDR statistic for multistatic radar systems, conditioned on estimation of certain parameters that render the system coherent. Analytical and computer simulation results are presented to show substantially enhanced detection and geolocation of moving targets in clutter.
Racial differences in parenting dimensions and adolescent condom use at sexual debut.

Objectives: Parenting style may be a determinant in reducing adolescent risk behavior. Previous studies have relied on a typological parenting approach, with classification into four groups: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. In this study, two distinct parenting dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness, were examined as independent predictors of adolescent condom use. Design and Sample: This study used a subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) that included 153 adolescent-mother pairs. Measurement: Maternal demandingness and responsiveness were measured using Wave I mother interviews. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict adolescent condom use at sexual debut at Wave II and to assess moderation by gender and race. Results: (1) Maternal demandingness predicted increased likelihood of condom use in African American adolescents but decreased likelihood of condom use in White adolescents; (2) maternal responsiveness did not predict condom use; and (3) gender moderation was not present. Conclusions: To provide appropriate family counseling, public health nurses need to consider racial differences in contraceptive practices. Education regarding parental supervision practices should be considered as part of nursing interventions intended to increase condom use in African American adolescents.