cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stacking Faults in a Cu-15 at% Al Alloy. I. The Short Range Order and Temperature Dependence of the Stacking Fault Energy

An experimental study was made of the short range order (SRO) and temperature dependence of the stacking fault energy (SFE) for a Cu-15 at% Al alloy using (110) single crystal foils. The SFE was determined using measurements form threefold nodes, intrinsicextrinsic fault pairs, and Frank triangles. Good quantitative agreement was obtained for the SFE determined form these three defects. A SRO dependence of the SFE was found by measuring the SFE form foils quenched from different annealing temperatures which are known to vary the degree of SRO [4]. A reversible temperature dependence of the SFE was found where the SFE increased with increasing temperature for both intrinsic and extrinsic faulting. The ratio of extrinsic to intrinsic fault energy was found to be 1.14 ± 0.08. Die Abhangigkeit der Stapelfehlerenergie (SFE) von der Nahordnung (SRO) und der Temperatur wurde experimentell an (110)-Einkristallschichten einer Cu-15 at% Al-Legierung untersucht. Die Stapelfehlerenergie wurde durch Messungen von dreifachen Knoten, Eigen–Verunreinigungs-Defektpaaren und Frankschen Dreiecken bestimmt. Fur die aus diesen drei Defekten gefundenen Stapelfehlerenergien wurde gute quantitative Ubereinstimmung erhalten. Eine Nahordnungsabhangigkeit der Stapelfehlerenergie wurde durch Messung der Stapelfehlerenergie an Schichten gefunden, die von verschiedenen Temperungstemperaturen abgeschreckt wurden, was bekanntlich den Nahordnungsgrad andert [4]. Es wurde eine reversible Temperaturabhangigkeit der Stapelfehlerenergie beobachtet, wobei die Stapelfehlerenergie sowohl fur Eigen- als auch fur Fremdfehlstapelung mit steigender Temperatur zunimmt. Das Verhaltnis von Eigen- zu Fremddefektenergie wurde zu 1,14 ± 0,08 bestimmt.
Black death: an ascorbic acid deficiency disease in penaeid shrimp.

1. 1. The physiological requirement for ascorbic acid (AsA) has been established for two species of penaeid shrimp: Penaeus californiensis (Holmes) and Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson). 2. 2. The AsA deficiency disease syndrome, called black death disease (BD), has been characterized by melanized lesions in the loose connective tissue under the exoskeleton, on the abdomen, on the carapace, in the gills, and in the foregut and hindgut. 3. 3. Tissue levels of AsA showed a positive correlation with intake of AsA and with change in survival and negatively correlated with occurrence of BD. 4. 4. Experiments demonstrated a statistical advantage (P < 0.05) in growth and survival in P. californiensis and for growth in P. stylirostris fed diets containing AsA.
Crystallization behaviour of random block copolymers of poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene ether glycol)

Abstract The morphology and crystallization behaviour of random block copolymers of poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) have been investigated. Single crystals have been grown in thin films crystallized from the melt. Well defined lamellae, exhibiting ( hk O) single crystal electron diffraction patterns have been observed in copolymers containing down to 49 wt% (0.83 mole fraction) poly(butylene terephthalate). WAXS and electron diffraction support a model of a relatively pure poly(butylene terephthalate) crystal core with the poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) (soft segment) sequences and short hard segments being rejected to the lamellar surface and the soft segment rich matrix. The lateral dimensions of the lamellae are determined by the number of hard segment sequences long enough to traverse the stable crystal size at the crystallization temperature. This leads to an initial population of crystals formed at T c and a second set of smaller crystals that grow from the short hard segment sequences upon cooling to room temperature. The result is fractionation by sequence length due to a coupling of the sequence distribution with the stable crystal size at the crystallization temperature.
Evidence of lunar phase influence on global surface air temperature

Intraseasonal oscillations appearing in a newly available 20-year record of satellite-derived surface air temperature are composited with respect to the lunar phase. The daily surface air temperature is one of the geophysical fields derived from the TOVS data processed at the NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres. Polar regions exhibit strong lunar phase modulation with higher temperatures occurring near full moon and lower temperatures at new moon, in agreement with previous studies. The polar response to the apparent lunar forcing is most robust in winter when solar influence is at minimum. In addition, the response appears to be influenced by ENSO events. The highest mean temperature range between full moon and new moon in the region between 60° and 90° latitude was recorded in 1983, 1986/87, and 1990/91. Although the largest signal is in the polar regions, anomalies tend to progress equartoward in both hemispheres so that the warming in the tropics occurs at the time of the new moon.
Molecular beam maser measurements of relaxation cross sections in NH3

Abstract Direct measurements of scattering cross sections for NH 3 in well-defined quantum states are made using a molecular beam maser spectrometer. Cross sections are compared for a pure inversion state with those for a coherent superposition state for scattering gases He, Ar, N 2 , N 2 O, NH 3 , CH 3 H and CH 3 CN. The cross sections are significantly larger for scattering of the pure inversion state by NH 3 , CF 3 H and CH 3 CN than for scattering of the superposition state. The scattering is the same for both states on non-polar gases. These cross sections are related to relaxation parameters describing transitions between rotation and inversion states.
Effects of Excipients on the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidation of Methionine Residues in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

Purpose. The objective of this study was to elucidate the different mechanisms of action of different excipients on the oxidation of Met1, Met122, Met127, and Met138 in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant.
Antipyretics: mechanisms of action and clinical use in fever suppression

Fever is a complex physiologic response triggered by infectious or aseptic stimuli. Elevations in body temperature occur when concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) increase within certain areas of the brain. These elevations alter the firing rate of neurons that control thermoregulation in the hypothalamus. Although fever benefits the nonspecific immune response to invading microorganisms, it is also viewed as a source of discomfort and is commonly suppressed with antipyretic medication. Antipyretics such as aspirin have been widely used since the late 19th century, but the mechanisms by which they relieve fever have only been characterized in the last few decades. It is now clear that most antipyretics work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase and reducing the levels of PGE(2) within the hypothalamus. Recently, other mechanisms of action for antipyretic drugs have been suggested, including their ability to reduce proinflammatory mediators, enhance anti-inflammatory signals at sites of injury, or boost antipyretic messages within the brain. Although the complex biologic actions of antipyretic agents are better understood, the indications for their clinical use are less clear. They may not be indicated for all febrile conditions because some paradoxically contribute to patient discomfort, interfere with accurately assessing patients receiving antimicrobials, or predispose patients to adverse effects from other medications. The development of more selective fever-relieving agents and their prudent use with attention to possible untoward consequences are important to the future quality of clinical medicine.
Experimental temporomandibular joint disc perforation in the rabbit: a gross morphologic, biochemical, and ultrastructural analysis.

This study evaluates the progression of osteroarthritis (OA) in the adult New Zealand white rabbit temporomandibular joint following unilateral disc perforation. Thirty-seven animals were divided into five groups: control (n = 8), 6-week sham (n = 5), and experimental—6-, 12-, and 24-weeks (n = 8 each). Quantitative data was examined with two-way analysis of variance, and followed by Scheffe pairwise comparisons. Transmission electron microscopy, acid phosphatase [AcP] activity, uronic acid content, and gross morphologic analysis indicated that disc perforation induced remodeling activity and degenerative changes in the condylar cartilage and bone as early as 6 weeks postoperatively. AcP activity of homogenized cartilage samples was significantly increased in experimental joints versus the side that did not undergo surgery at 6 and 12 weeks (P
Mirrors, masks, and motivation: Implicit and explicit self-focused attention influence effort-related cardiovascular reactivity

Using motivational intensity theory as a framework, three experiments examined how implicit self-focus (manipulated with masked first-name priming) and explicit self-focus (manipulated with a large mirror) influence effort-related cardiovascular activity, particularly systolic blood pressure reactivity. Theories of self-focused attention suggest that both implicit and explicit self-focus bring about self-evaluation and thus make meeting a goal more important. For a “do your best” task of unfixed difficulty, implicit and explicit self-focus both increased effort (Experiment 1) compared to a control condition. For a task that varied in difficulty, implicit and explicit self-focus promoted more effort as the task became increasingly hard (Experiments 2 and 3). Taken together, the findings suggest that implicit and explicit self-processes share a similar motivational architecture. The discussion explores the value of integrating motivational intensity theory with self-awareness theory and considers the emerging interest in implicit aspects of effort regulation.
Phase-Field Modeling of Nucleation in Solid-State Phase Transformations

Nucleation is a critically important process as the rate of nucleation determines the number density of new phase particles and thus microstructures of a material during phase transformations. Predicting and controlling nucleation rates in solids is one of the grand challenges in materials science because the spatial scale involved in nucleation is at the atomic/nanoscale, the rate of nucleation process is extremely temperature sensitive, and the morphology of a critical nucleus can be highly nonspherical and complex. In this article, we briefly review the recent advances in modeling and predicting nucleation during solid-phase transformations based on the diffuse-interface or nonclassical description of critical nucleus profiles. The focus is on predicting the critical nucleus morphology and nucleation free energy barrier under the influence of anisotropic interfacial energy and elastic interactions. Incorporation of nucleation events in phase-field modeling of solid-to-solid phase transformations and microstructure evolution is also discussed.
Spindle speed selection for tool life testing using Bayesian inference

Abstract According to the Taylor tool life equation, tool life is dependent on cutting speed (or spindle speed for a selected tool diameter in milling) and their relationship is quantified empirically using a power law exponent, n , and a constant, C , which are tool-workpiece dependent. However, the Taylor tool life model is deterministic and does not incorporate the inherent uncertainty in tool life. In this work, Bayesian inference is applied to estimate tool life. With this approach, tool life is described using a probability distribution at each spindle speed. Random sample tool life curves are then generated and the probability that a selected curve represents the true tool life curve is updated using experimental results. Tool wear tests are performed using an inserted (uncoated) carbide endmill to machine AISI 1018 steel. The test point selection is based on the maximum value of information approach. The updated beliefs are then used to predict tool life using a probability distribution function.
Terabit optical ethernet and enabling integration technologies

The potential evolution to Terabit Ethernet transmission and network systems will be discussed. Evolution directions and applications drivers as well as transmission, switching and routing technology and photonic integration will be covered.
Rotor Model Validation for an Active Magnetic Bearing Machining Spindle Using Mu-Synthesis Approach

Model-based identification and μ-synthesis are employed for model updating of the rotor for a high-speed machining spindle supported on active magnetic bearings. The experimentally validated model is compared with a nominal engineering model to identify the unmodeled dynamics. This extracted missing dynamics from the nominal rotor model provides engineering insight into an effective model correction strategy. The corrected rotor model is validated by successful implementation of a number of μ-synthesized controllers, providing robust and stable levitation of the spindle over its entire operating speed range.© 2012 ASME
Prediction of unit process life cycle inventory (UPLCI) energy consumption in a friction stir weld

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine a method of quantifying the energy consumption in friction stir welding (FSW). Qualitatively, it has long been known that FSW uses less energy than fusion welding processes because the average FSW weld temperature does not exceed the solidus temperature. However, tools and data to quantitatively determine the energy consumption in FSW have been missing. The power consumption as a function of time was measured during FSW of 5.2-mm-deep welds in 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys on a 3-axis CNC mill. The energy consumption is divided into four parts: idle energy and standby energy related to the machine being used as well as plunge energy and FSW energy related to creating the joint. Equations for calculating each of the energy components and the total energy consumption are presented. The concept of specific weld energy is presented as an intrinsic material property that can be used to estimate the FSW power if the weld cross-section and weld speed are known. A method of estimating the weld cross-section based on the FSW tool geometry is presented. It is found that for these two aluminum alloys the specific weld energy decreases significantly with increased weld speed, however, it can be treated as independent of spindle rotation rate. The FSW process/machine is identified as low tare and it is acknowledged that the strategies to reduce total energy consumption may be different than those used for metal cutting.
The effect of dopaminergic modifiers on morphine-induced analgesia and respiratory depression

Abstract The influences of the dopaminergic system on morphine-induced analgesia and respiratory depression were compared using modulators of dopaminergic activity. Blockade of dopaminergic receptors by haloperidol or pimozide produced a potentiation of morphine analgesia, while stimulation of dopaminergic activity by L-dopa methyl ester inhibited morphine analgesia. Morphine-induced depression of respiratory rate was potentiated by haloperidol and inhibited by pimozide or L-dopa methyl ester. These results suggest that the dopaminergic system plays a modulating role in morphine-induced analgesia, but not morphine-induced respiratory depression.
How to Make an Optical Super-Lens: The Plasmonic Crystal Approach

We demonstrate that a negative index meta-material and a super-lens with sub-wavelength resolution can be developed using plasmonic crystals. Magnetic moment is induced in a given plasmonic nanoparticles by the neighboring particles.
The Beilstein NetFire system

Abstract A new and valuable literature-based database and search system, called NetFire, has recently been made available on the Internet by Beilstein Information Systems [1]. It is the first attempt by Beilstein to provide chemical information outside of their main area of extracted and evaluated data. The existing Beilstein system, provided via their Cross-Fire system, is an in-house system which has received wide acceptance since it was introduced about two years ago. NetFire is a very new and different system, and for readers of TrAC, a nice Internet resource. It is yet another example of the innovation of new and modern electronic products which have characterized Beilstein in the few years since the organization is no longer being funded, in part, by the German Government, but rather must stand on its own.
First results on the effects of ISO 9000 in the US textile industry

Investigated the effects of ISO 9000 standards on the US textile industry through an industry survey. Examined the relationship between product quality and ISO standards. Provides results on the effects of ISO 9000 on the textile industry, especially on product quality. Implementation of ISO helps to improve product and process quality, reduces rework and defective supplies, and can be used as a marketing tool. The cost of ISO 9000 certification was negligible compared to the benefits it provides. ISO certified companies reported that their total costs went down with regard to maintaining quality. With the implementation of ISO, management becomes committed to quality. ISO certified companies seem to have focused more clearly on quality of products and operations. ISO certification motivates employees to improve quality.
Sensitivity Of Dna-hairpins Dynamics To The Mechanism Of Force Feedback Probed Using A Surface-coupled Passive Force Clamp

Optical-trapping experiments have yielded new insight into the mechanical behavior of individual biomolecules. A common experimental assay consists of an enzyme or nucleic acid molecule attached to a cover slip at one end and to a small polystyrene bead at the other. The bead is captured and held under tension with an optical trap. Active feedback maintains constant force, often called a force clamp, to increase measurement precision. Yet, active feedback is inherently bandwidth limited. This limited bandwidth leads to significant fluctuations in force that are particularly pronounced for rapid, large changes in molecule extension (e.g. DNA hairpin unfolding). A novel, passive force clamp circumvents this limitation by pulling the bead to a non-linear region of the trap where ktrap = 0. To date, this passive force clamp has required a specialized dual optical trapping apparatus where one trap measures position and the other measures force. Here, we demonstrate a passive force clamp achieved with a single trap in a surface-coupled assay using a previously characterized DNA hairpin. In an active force clamp, rapid back-and-forth transition between open and closed hairpins states were observed within the update period of the active force clamp (2 or 10 ms) as well as a change in the long term dynamics. By using a passive force clamp, these spurious transitions were eliminated and the correct dynamics measured. By analyzing the fluctuations in the bead position in conjunction with the known elasticity of DNA, we simultaneously measured force and position in a single-beam, passive force clamp. Thus, the benefits of the passive force clamp are now available to the widely used surface-coupled optical trapping assays.
T-DNA border sequences required for crown gall tumorigenesis

Abstract Similar 23-base-pair (bp) direct repeats occur at the ends of two adjacent but noncontiguous T-DNAs, TL and TR (left and right T-DNA), in the tumor-inducing plasmid pTiA6NC. Thus, three border repeats lie right and one lies left of TL, which carries the genes needed for tumor maintenance. To determine whether T-DNA transfer and integration (subsequently called T-DNA transmission) require sequences in addition to the 23-bp border repeat, we constructed a deletion removing the three potential TL right borders (the TL right border and both TR borders). Since this deletion severely attenuated virulence, we reintroduced restriction fragments containing the TL right border repeat at a new location to the right of TL and tested their ability to restore virulence. Fragments that carried the border repeat flanked by at least 67 bp of wild-type Ti plasmid sequences on the left and 1035 bp on the right restored virulence completely. Smaller fragments restored virulence significantly but not fully, even though the border repeat remained intact. Therefore, T-region sequences flanking the border repeat in the fully active fragments stimulated T-DNA integration. Fragments that restored virulence fully when inserted in the wild-type orientation stimulated virulence only slightly in the opposite orientation. Thus, the right border sequence promotes T-DNA transfer and integration best in one direction.
Conditions under which the Jaynes-Cummings model becomes inapplicable

It is well known that, under the rotating-wave approximation, the Rabi Hamiltonian, which describes the interaction between a two-level atom and a single field mode, reduces to the Jaynes-Cummings model through exclusion of its counter-rotating term. In this work, it is found that, since photons in the mode are indistinguishable, there exist two conditions where the counter-rotating term can never be ignored. These conditions, all subject to the requirements that the atom-mode coupling is weak and the atom is initially in its ground state, are obtained in the stationary perturbation theory and confirmed through an analysis of the atom-mode system's evolution.
Dimer formation in the blue light sensing protein Vivid

The LOV domain is a signal transducing component found in a large variety of proteins that is responsible for sensing different stimuli such as light, oxygen and voltage. The LOV protein Vivid regulates blue light responses in the filamentous fungi Neurospora crassa. We have probed light-induced structural transitions in Vivid using laser excitation coupled with time-resolved small angle x-ray scattering. We observe conformationally distinct monomer states of Vivid that differentially participate in light-induced dimerization. These measurements allow us to propose a mechanism for how light regulates the oligomeric states of LOV domains.
Computation of Respiratory Resistance, Compliance, and Inertance from Forced Oscillatory Impedance Data

Relationships for computing total respiratory resistance, compliance, and inertance from the frequency dependence of forced oscillatory impedance are presented. These equations result by minimizing the sum squared difference between the experimental impedance data and the response of the model.
The ultraviolet spectrum of SO2 in matrix isolation and the vibrational structure of the 2348 Å system

Abstract The absorption spectra of SO 2 in solid neon and argon have been observed in the spectral regions near 2200 A and 2900 A. The spectral shifts of the electronic transitions in the matrix relative to the vapor are reported, including a shift with aging of the matrix. Implications for the interpretation of the vibrational structure of the 2348 A system are discussed. A large spectral shift is attributed to a shift of the vibrational frequency 2 ν 3 ′ of the excited electronic state.
Reducing body myopathy and desmin storage in skeletal muscle: morphological and biochemical findings.

We describe clinical, morphological and biochemical findings of a patient with reducing body myopathy (RBM). This 15-year-old patient was affected by severe limb-girdle progressive myopathy with asymmetric distribution. Muscle biopsy showed many fibers with cytoplasmic polymorphic masses, which stained dark purple with modified Gomori's trichrome, associated with proliferation of cytoplasmic bodies. Cytoplasmic polymorphic masses showed marked reducing activity with menadione-nitro blue tetrazolium reaction. Ultrastructurally, there was great amount of highly electron-dense tubular-filamentous structures of 16–17 nm in diameter. Immunohistochemistry showed that many fibers were positive for desmin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis disclosed an increase in two bands of approximately 53 and 70 kDa, and Western blot demonstrated that the 53-kDa band was desmin. It was not possible to characterize the 70-kDa protein further.
Preformed CD40L is stored in Th1, Th2, Th17, and T follicular helper cells as well as CD4+ 8- thymocytes and invariant NKT cells but not in Treg cells.

CD40L is essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. It is generally thought that CD40L expression in CD4+ T cells is regulated transcriptionally and made from new mRNA following antigen recognition. However, imaging studies show that the majority of cognate interactions between effector CD4+ T cells and APCs in vivo are too short to allow de novo CD40L synthesis. We previously showed that Th1 effector and memory cells store preformed CD40L (pCD40L) in lysosomal compartments and mobilize it onto the plasma membrane immediately after antigenic stimulation, suggesting that primed CD4+ T cells may use pCD40L to activate APCs during brief encounters. Indeed, our recent study showed that pCD40L is sufficient to mediate selective activation of cognate B cells and trigger DC activation in vitro. In this study, we show that pCD40L is present in Th1 and follicular helper T cells developed during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Th2 cells in the airway of asthmatic mice, and Th17 cells from the CNS of animals with experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). pCD40L is nearly absent in both natural and induced Treg cells, even in the presence of intense inflammation such as occurs in EAE. We also found pCD40L expression in CD4 single positive thymocytes and invariant NKT cells. Together, these results suggest that pCD40L may function in T cell development as well as an unexpectedly broad spectrum of innate and adaptive immune responses, while its expression in Treg cells is repressed to avoid compromising their suppressive activity.
A model for Izod strength in impact-modified polystyrene

Abstract The strength of impact-modified polystyrene is related to the volume of craze matter generated in fracture. In the Izod test, crazes tend to initiate and propagate between interacting neighbours. The efficiency of craze termination is also critical to toughness, and depends upon the particle morphology. Using computer simulations of crazes propagating through an array of model particles, it has been possible to quantitatively model the crazing process and predict strength. The model is applicable to materials having a wide range of particle sizes, rubber phase volumes, and either solid or occluded particles. Predictions are in good agreement with data obtained for experimental blends as well as commercial HIPS.
BASICS OF GENERALIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS

A brief review of the theory of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) is given. We discuss the basic concepts of the GPD theory and relationship between GPDs and simpler phenomenological functions, viz. form factors, parton densities and distribution amplitudes. A special emphasis is given to the formulation of GPDs in terms of double distributions.
An overview of needs for a unified display interface standard

— The need for an improved interface standard, addressing the unique requirements of non-CRT display technologies, is currently one of the major obstacles preventing the wider acceptance of such products as replacements for the traditional CRT-based monitor. This paper examines the specific needs which must be addressed by such a standard, in order to provide a truly technology-independent interface.
Replay and testing for concurrent programs

Attention is given to the problems that arise during the testing and debugging cycle of concurrent programs because of their nondeterministic execution behavior, whereby multiple executions of a concurrent program with the same input may exercise different synchronization sequences and even produce different results. These problems are solved by using deterministic execution debugging and testing. The purpose of deterministic execution debugging to to replay executions of a concurrent program so that debugging information can be collected. Examples of semaphores and monitors are used to illustrate the approach and the process of designing replay tubes is described. The use of regression testing to see if earlier debugging and testing introduced new errors, is examined. >
GYGD pore motifs in neighbouring potassium channel subunits interact to determine ion selectivity

Cells maintain a negative resting membrane potential through the constitutive activity of background K+ channels. A novel multigene family of such K+ channels has recently been identified. A unique characteristic of these K+ channels is the presence of two homologous, subunit-like domains, each containing a pore-forming region. Sequence co-variations in the GYGD signature motifs of the two pore regions suggested an interaction between neighbouring pore domains. Mutations of the GYGD motif in the rat drk1 (Kv2.1) K+ channel showed that the tyrosine (Y) position was important for K+ selectivity and single channel conductance, whereas the aspartate (D) position was a critical determinant of open state stability. Tandem constructs engineered to mimic the GYGx-GxGD pattern seen in two-domain K+ channels delineated a co-operative intersubunit interaction between the Y and D positions, which determined ion selectivity, conductance and gating. In the bacterial KcsA K+ channel crystal structure, the equivalent aspartate residue (D80) does not directly interact with permeating K+ ions. However, the data presented here show that the D position is able to fine-tune ion selectivity through a functional interaction with the Y position in the neighbouring subunit. These data indicate a physiological basis for the extensive sequence variation seen in the GYGD motifs of two-domain K+ channels. It is suggested that a cell can precisely regulate its resting membrane potential by selectively expressing a complement of two-domain K+ channels.
A Dictionary of Literary Symbols

This is the first dictionary of symbols to be based on literature, rather than 'universal' psychological archetypes or myths. It explains and illustrates the literary symbols that we all frequently encounter (such as swan, rose, moon, gold), and gives hundreds of cross-references and quotations. The dictionary concentrates on English literature, but its entries range widely from the Bible and classical authors to the twentieth century, taking in American and European literatures. For this new edition, Michael Ferber has included over twenty completely new entries (including bear, holly, sunflower and tower), and has added to many of the existing entries. Enlarged and enriched from the first edition, its informed style and rich references make this book an essential tool not only for literary and classical scholars, but for all students of literature.
Distributed receding horizon control of cost coupled systems

This paper considers the problem of distributed control of dynamically decoupled systems that are subject to decoupled constraints, while their states are coupled non- separably in the cost function of an optimal control problem. A distributed receding horizon control (RHC) algorithm is presented, in which each subsystem (agent) computes its own control locally. The implementation presumes synchronous parallel updates. Coupled agents, referred to as neighbors, coordinate by the exchange of an assumed state trajectory prior to each update. The algorithm is an improvement over the previous algorithm developed by the author, in that stability is guaranteed without adding any additional constraints to each local optimal control problem. Instead, a move suppression term is added into each local cost function, which penalizes the deviation of the computed state trajectory from the assumed state trajectory. Closed-loop stability follows if the weight on the move suppression term is larger than a parameter that bounds the amount of coupling in the cost function between neighbors.
Association of breastfeeding with postmenopausal visceral adiposity among three racial/ethnic groups.

Author(s): Armenta, Richard F; Kritz-Silverstein, Donna; Wingard, Deborah; Laughlin, Gail A; Wooten, Wilma; Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth; Araneta, Maria Rosario | Abstract: ObjectiveWe examined the association between breastfeeding and postmenopausal visceral adiposity.MethodsParticipants were community-dwelling women aged 55-80 from the Caucasian Rancho Bernardo Study, the Filipino Women's Health Study, and the Health Assessment Study of African-American Women who had visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measurements by computed tomography between 2000 and 2002. Linear regression was used to determine the association between average breastfeeding duration per child and VAT.ResultsIn Caucasian, Filipino, and African-American women, average number of live births was 3, 4, and 3; average breastfeeding duration was 4.3, 1.8, and 5.1 months, respectively. Filipino women had more live births, were more likely to breastfeed, and breastfed shorter durations. African-American women had lower VAT, despite higher subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), BMI, and waist girth. Women who breastfed g3 months on average had 8.8 cm(3) lower VAT than women who breastfed ≤3 months, independent of covariates. Women who initiated breastfeeding had lower BMI and waist girth than those who did not, but they did not differ by VAT unless they breastfed g3 months. Associations were independent of race/ethnicity.ConclusionsResults suggest breastfeeding initiation is associated with reduced BMI and smaller waist girth, and breastfeeding g3 months is associated with lower postmenopausal VAT.
A Novel, Single, Transmembrane Protein CATSPERG Is Associated with CATSPER1 Channel Protein

All four CATSPER channel pore-forming subunits (CATSPER1-4) are localized in the sperm principal piece. They form an alkalization-activated Ca2+-permeable channel and are required for sperm-hyperactivated motility, egg coat penetration, and male fertility. Unlike many other ion channels, the composition of the CATSPER protein complex is poorly defined. Herein, we describe the novel protein CATSPERG associated with the CATSPER complex. CATSPERG is predicted to be a single transmembrane-spanning protein with a large extracellular domain and a short intracellular tail. Like all the CATSPERs and the previously identified CATSPER-associated protein CATSPERB, CATSPERG is only expressed in testis and is localized in the sperm principal piece. In CATSPER1-deficient sperm, the CATSPERG protein (but not the K+ channel protein KCNU1) is also lost. Together with previous findings, our data suggest that the CATSPER protein complex contains pore-forming proteins and two additional proteins (CATSPERB and CATSPERG) and that the trafficking and/or assembly of these proteins depends on CATSPER1.
Lessons from the disk drive industry for telecommunication fiberoptics

Compared to the fiberoptic industry for telecommunications, the disk drive industry has a similar mixture of technologies and has had a similar but longer history of exponential improvement in performance and of challenging economic cycles. Studies of that industry provide guidance to the trends that may be expected for the fiberoptic industry after the upsurge and subsequent plunge in business experienced recently for telecommunications applications.
Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate on Triglyceride Metabolism in Humans

When the content of dietary carbohydrate is elevated above the level typically consumed (>55% of energy), blood concentrations of triglycerides rise. This phenomenon, known as carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, is paradoxical because the increase in dietary carbohydrate usually comes at the expense of dietary fat. Thus, when the content of the carbohydrate in the diet is increased, fat in the diet is reduced, but the content of fat (triglycerides) in the blood rises. The present article will review studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, highlighting data obtained in fasted subjects habituated to high carbohydrate diets, data obtained from subjects in the fed state, and metabolic studies investigating fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in subjects consuming diets of different carbohydrate content. The available data have been recently expanded by new methodologies, such as the use of stable isotopes, to investigate the metabolism of sugars in humans in vivo. Given the significant increase in body weight observed in the American population over the past decade and the changing availability of carbohydrate in the food supply, future studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia promise to provide important information of how the macronutrient composition of the diet can influence health.
Progress toward the development of a ytterbium ion standard

A ytterbium ion standard is currently under development at JPL for both ground and space applications. We have chosen the ytterbium ion for its large hyperfine splitting of 12.6 GHz, and accessibility of its first excited electronic energy levels with light from frequency-doubled semiconductor and solid state lasers. Performing microwave-optical double resonance spectroscopy we have achieved 25 mHz Ramsey fringes with a signal-to-noise ratio better than 350:1 in the shot noise limit, which corresponds to an inferred stability on the order of 1.8/spl times/10/sup -14///spl radic/(/spl tau/). >
Predicting whether or not a nucleic acid sequence is an E. coli promoter region using genetic programming

This paper shows that an evolutionary computation technique, genetic programming, can create programs that classify DNA sequences as E. coli promoter vs. non-E. coli promoter. The performance of the programs created are competitive with previous work. >
Sensor integration for robot navigation: Combining sonar and stereo range data in a grid-based representataion

Multiple range sensors are essential in mobile robot navigation systems. This introduces the problem of integrating noisy range data from multiple sensors and multiple robot positions into a common description of the environment. We propose a cellular representation called the occupancy grid as a solution to this problem. In this paper, we use occupancy grids to combine range information from sonar and one-dimensional stereo into a two-dimensional map of the vicinity of a robot. Each cell in the map contains a probabilistic estimate of whether it is empty or occupied by an object in the environment. These estimates are obtained from sensor models that describe the uncertainty in the range data. A Bayesian estimation scheme is used to update the existing map with successive range profiles from each sensor. This representation is simple to manipulate, treats different sensors uniformly, and models uncertainty in the sensor data and in the robot position. It also provides a basis for motion planning and creation of higherlevel object descriptions.
Pulmonary cryptococcosis induces chitinase in the rat.

Background: We previously demonstrated that chronic pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans results in enhanced allergic inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in a rat model. Because the cell wall of C. neoformans consists of chitin, and since acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) has recently been implicated as a novel mediator of asthma, we sought to determine whether such infection induces chitinase activity and expression of AMCase in the rat. Methods: We utilized a previously-established model of chronic C. neoformans pulmonary infection in the rat to analyze the activity, expression and localization of AMCase. Results: Our studies indicate that intratracheal inoculation of C. neoformans induces chitinase activity within the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of infected rats. Chitinase activity is also elicited by pulmonary infection with other fungi (e.g. C. albicans), but not by the inoculation of dead organisms. Enhanced chitinase activity reflects increased AMCase expression by airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Systemic cryptococcosis is not associated with increased pulmonary chitinase activity or AMCase expression. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a possible link between respiratory fungal infections, including C. neoformans, and asthma through the induction of AMCase.
Snowplow Surface Discharge in Magnetic Field for High Speed Boundary Layer Control

The performance of air breathing supersonic and hypersonic vehicles is strongly affected by the boundary layer that forms along the surface of the inlet. At offdesign operating conditions, a shockwave intersecting the boundary layer can cause the flow to separate which may lead to a drastic reduction in vehicle performance. The work presented in this paper explores a possible way to use magnetically driven surface contracted plasma column to accelerate the flow near the surface. The velocity of the plasma column in a Mach 2.8 in-draft tunnel was investigated at different magnetic field strengths (up to 2.0 Tesla) and was recorded using a high-speed camera. The discharge was observed to travel several times faster than the neutral flow and the velocity was seen to increase with the increasing magnetic field. Pitot probe measurements indicated that magnetically accelerated plasma column affected the flow near the wall and may have the potential of providing a method for flow boundary layer acceleration and flow control.
Role of a novel CAR-induced gene, TUBA8, in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.

Phenobarbital (PB), a nongenotoxic carcinogen, activates the nuclear constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR), resulting in the transcriptional induction or repression of various hepatic genes. We previously demonstrated that liver tumors developed after chronic PB treatment only when CAR is present. To understand the molecular mechanism of tumor promotion, cDNA microarray analysis was performed. We identified tubulin alpha 8 ( TUBA8 ) as one of the candidate genes that may be involved in liver tumor promotion. Tuba8 mRNA was induced with PB treatment in mouse livers before tumor development as well as in tumor tissues. Because the functions of TUBA8 are unknown in liver, we investigated the effects of TUBA8 gene expression on cell growth, proliferation, and cell migration. Sense or antisense cDNA for Tuba8 was stably transfected into Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Exogenous overexpression of Tuba8 inhibited cell growth and proliferation in Huh7 but not in HepG2 cells, while cell migration was increased in HepG2 cells but not Huh7 cells. These results indicate that TUBA8 can play a role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and cell migration in a cell-specific manner in vitro, suggesting that TUBA8 may contribute to mouse liver tumorigenesis through these functions.
Experimental results of a 2 GW vircator

Summary form only given, as follows. Summary form only given. Experimental findings on the coaxial virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) at Texas Tech University are reported. Recent modifications to the system include extending the pulse forming line that now provides an applied diode voltage of 600 kV for 70 nanoseconds at 60 kA. Other modifications include diode voltage, current, and radiated field diagnostics. In this initial phase of experiments, copper reflectors were installed within the diode to provide a simple means of microwave feedback to assist in the e-beam modulation. Thus far we have observed microwave peak power output with feedback reflectors as high as 2 GW corresponding to an efficiency of -6%. The mode observed at these high efficiencies is almost entirely TE/sub 11/. At lower efficiencies, both TM/sub 01/, and TE/sub 11/ modes are observed. These results suggest mode competition at lower efficiencies.
Teaching Leadership as Exploring Sacred Space.

This paper explores the sacred space of teaching and learning by examining a five‐year personal inquiry into the study and practice of teaching leadership. The research described exposes the value of engaging in action inquiry as a heuristic in the ongoing process of teaching and learning about leadership. The writing reflects five years of work and explains a parallel process that describes students’ learning and the author’s own learning and development as a teacher, scholar, and university leader as a result of working together in experiential undergraduate leadership classes. The data used for this research included student interviews, journals, and reflective papers as well as personal insights gained through my own journaling and reflection throughout the five‐year period. Real action inquiry requires a disciplined reflective capacity, and it is one way for students and teachers to transform themselves and their organizations.
Marine Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Breast Cancer Prognosis

EPA and DHA, long-chain (n-3) PUFA largely obtained from fish, inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and reduce the initiation and progression of breast tumors in laboratory animals. Our purpose in this analysis was to examine whether intake of these marine fatty acids (EPA and DHA) were associated with prognosis in a cohort of women who had been diagnosed and treated for early stage breast cancer (n = 3,081). Median follow-up was 7.3 y. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-h recalls (~4 recalls per dietary assessment obtained at 7 time points over 6 y). Survival models with time-dependent covariates were used to examine the association of repeated measures of dietary intake of EPA and DHA from food (i.e., marine sources) and supplements with disease-free survival and overall survival. Women with higher intakes of EPA and DHA from food had an approximate 25% reduced risk of additional breast cancer events [tertile 2: HR = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58–0.94); tertile 3: HR = 0.72 (95% CI = 0.57–0.90)] compared with the lowest tertile of intake. Women with higher intakes of EPA and DHA from food had a dose-dependent reduced risk of all-cause mortality [tertile 2: HR = 0.75 (95% CI = 0.55–1.04); tertile 3: HR = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.43–0.82)]. EPA and DHA intake from fish oil supplements was not associated with breast cancer outcomes. The investigation indicates that marine fatty acids from food are associated with reduced risk of additional breast cancer events and all-cause mortality.
Forensic anthropology and the concept of race: If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?

Most anthropologists have abandoned the concept of race as a research tool and as a valid representation of human biological diversity. Yet, race identification continues to be one of the central foci of forensic anthropological casework and research. It is maintained in this paper that the successful assignment of race to a skeletal specimen is not a vindication of the race concept, but rather a prediction that an individual, while alive was assigned to a particular socially constructed 'racial' category. A specimen may display features that point to African ancestry. In this country that person is likely to have been labeled Black regardless of whether or not such a race actually exists in nature.