cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coumarins IV: Coumarins of Pteryxia Terebinthina. Structures of Two New Coumarins, Isopteryxin and Calipteryxin

The ether extract of the root of Pteryxia terebinthina var. californica (Coult. and Rose) Mathias, in addition to osthol, anomalin (I), and pteryxin (III), afforded two new coumarins: 3′(S),4′(S)-3′-angeloyloxy-4′-acetoxy-3′,4′-dihydroseselin (IV) and 3′(S),4′(S)-3′-angeloyloxy-4′-senecioyloxy-3′,4′-dihydroseselin (V). These coumarins are provisionally named isopteryxin and calipteryxin, respectively.
Carbon isotopic compositions of estuarine bacteria

A bioassay was developed to assess the stable carbon isotopic composition of planktonic bacteria from the Parker River estuary, Massachusetts. The results suggest that carbon isotopic measurements are useful for tracing the linkage between bacteria and the plant sources of substrates that support bacterial growth
The Public, the Private, the Moral: Hannah Arendt and Political Morality:

Although Hannah Arendt never published a book on political morality, she did in the later years of her life think a great deal about the status of morality in a post-Nietzschean era and the implications of this for politics. Evidence can be found both in her published works and in some of her unpublished lecture notes. Arendt struggled toward, though never quite reached, an understanding in which politics is moderated by nonabsolutist moral principles and in which the entire range of human relationships is united by friendship and respect for others, providing both public and private life with a moral basis. In the wake of writing Eichmann in Jerusalem and facing the storm of controversy that followed its publication, Hannah Arendt turned her attention to questions of morality and politics. Her biographer, Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, reports that Arendt acquiesced in the suggestion of a correspondent that the book on Eichmann had been a "groundwork" for a "political morals." While Arendt never published a treatise on political morality-and indeed, I believe, never resolved to her own satisfaction the issues with which she wrestled-we do have the results of some of these struggles, some in asides in her published works and some in her unpublished papers.' Among the latter are sets of notes for two courses dealing with morality: a lecture course given at the New School for Social Research in 1965, entitled "Some Questions of Moral Philosophy," and a seminar given in 1966 at the University of Chicago entitled "Basic Moral Propositions."2 In these courses, Arendt focussed squarely on the question of the status of morality in a post-Nietzschean era and its implications for politics. Although Arendt did not reach conclusive results in these inquiries, reading them does shed light on some unresolved difficulties in her published works. She has been severely criticized for her impoverished portrait of life in the private realm (i.e., outside politics) as well as for portraying the political realm as empty of purpose and unlimited by moral standards.3 When one reads what she says about these matters, in light of her struggle with the question of political morality, in the morality lectures, one can see a somewhat different and more attractive picture of both the public and the private. Arendt was struggling toward, and never quite reached, an understand-
FACTORS PREDICTING RECOVERY OF ERECTIONS AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

Purpose: Because preservation of functioning penile erections is a major concern for many patients considering treatment for localized prostate cancer, we analyzed various factors determined before and after radical retropubic prostatectomy to identify those significantly associated with recovery of erectile function.Materials and Methods: Our prospective database of patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy was used to determine factors predictive of erection recovery after radical prostatectomy. The study included 314 consecutive men with prostate cancer treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy between November 1993 and December 1996. Preoperative potency satisfactory for intercourse and degree of neurovascular bundle preservation during the operation were documented.Results: Patient age, preoperative potency status and extent of neurovascular bundle preservation but not pathological stage were predictive of potency recovery after radical prostatectomy. At 3 ye...
A quantitative analysis of the insecurity of embedded network devices: results of a wide-area scan

We present a quantitative lower bound on the number of vulnerable embedded device on a global scale. Over the past year, we have systematically scanned large portions of the internet to monitor the presence of trivially vulnerable embedded devices. At the time of writing, we have identified over 540,000 publicly accessible embedded devices configured with factory default root passwords. This constitutes over 13% of all discovered embedded devices. These devices range from enterprise equipment such as firewalls and routers to consumer appliances such as VoIP adapters, cable and IPTV boxes to office equipment such as network printers and video conferencing units. Vulnerable devices were detected in 144 countries, across 17,427 unique private enterprise, ISP, government, educational, satellite provider as well as residential network environments. Preliminary results from our longitudinal study tracking over 102,000 vulnerable devices revealed that over 96% of such accessible devices remain vulnerable after a 4-month period. We believe the data presented in this paper provides a conservative lower bound on the actual population of vulnerable devices in the wild. By combining the observed vulnerability distributions and its potential root causes, we propose a set of mitigation strategies and hypothesize about its quantitative impact on reducing the global vulnerable embedded device population. Employing our strategy, we have partnered with Team Cymru to engage key organizations capable of significantly reducing the number of trivially vulnerable embedded devices currently on the internet. As an ongoing longitudinal study, we plan to gather data continuously over the next year in order to quantify the effectiveness of community's cumulative effort to mitigate this pervasive threat.
Cetiedil inhibition of calmodulin-stimulated enzyme activity

Abstract Cetiedil, an in vitro anti-sickling agent, inhibited calmodulin-stimulated cyclic 3':5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) and Ca 2+ -ATPase (ATPphosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activities. The drug had no effect on basal enzyme activities in the absence of calmodulin. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase was competitive with respect to the concentrations of both cAMP and calmodulin. Cetiedil did not inhibit calmodulin-stimulated enzyme activities by acting as a calcium chelator, since increasing the concentration of calcium did not reverse the inhibitory effect.
Essential tremor associated with pathologic changes in the cerebellum

Background Although essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, there have been few postmortem studies. We recently reported postmortem changes (torpedoes and Bergmann gliosis) in the cerebellar cortex in a few ET cases. Objective To describe more extensive postmortem changes in the cerebellum in another ET case. Design Case report. Results A 90-year-old woman had a 30-year history of ET. At postmortem examination, there was segmental loss of Purkinje cells, presence of torpedoes, and Bergmann gliosis in the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, there were extensive changes in the dentate nucleus, in the form of neuronal loss, neuronal atrophy, microglial clusters, and reduction in the number of efferent fibers (ie, pallor of the hilum). Conclusions The brain in the current case exhibited more marked cerebellar pathologic features than noted in previously reported ET cases and thereby extends the described cerebellar findings in this common, yet pathologically poorly characterized, neurologic disorder.
Parcellation in Left Lateral Parietal Cortex Is Similar in Adults and Children

A key question in developmental neuroscience involves understanding how and when the cerebral cortex is partitioned into distinct functional areas. The present study used functional connectivity MRI mapping and graph theory to identify putative cortical areas and generate a parcellation scheme of left lateral parietal cortex (LLPC) in 7 to 10-year-old children and adults. Results indicated that a majority of putative LLPC areas could be matched across groups (mean distance between matched areas across age: 3.15 mm). Furthermore, the boundaries of children's putative LLPC areas respected the boundaries generated from the adults' parcellation scheme for a majority of children's areas (13/15). Consistent with prior research, matched LLPC areas showed age-related differences in functional connectivity strength with other brain regions. These results suggest that LLPC cortical parcellation and functional connectivity mature along different developmental trajectories, with adult-like boundaries between LLPC areas established in school-age children prior to adult-like functional connectivity.
Cutaneous metastases from cervical squamous cell carcinoma in a 55 year-old woman: a rarely reported manifestation

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was once the most common gynecologic cancer in the world, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. With the advent of routine Papanicolaou screening in the United States during the latter half of the twentieth century, cervical cancer now accounts for a much smaller proportion of cancer deaths. Despite the advances that have been made in screening and early detection, women of low socio-economic status and immigrants from other countries who may not have access to health care continue to present with high-stage disease. Manifestations of advanced disease include direct invasion of structures adjacent to the cervix and distant metastases to the lung, bone, and liver. In approximately 0.5-1 percent of cases, metastases to the skin and soft tissue occur, most commonly to the abdominal wall and vulva, followed less frequently by the perineum and extremities. This particular manifestation has come to be regarded as a sign of terminal disease, with most patients surviving 3-6 months despite chemotherapy. Clinically, this may not be a diagnosis that is anticipated by the pathologist examining the biopsy. We present the case of a 55 year-old woman with a history of untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix who presented with rapidly spreading, painful erythematous papules of the vulva, lower anterior abdominal wall, and proximal lower extremities. This case highlights a rare presentation of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, and underscores the importance of obtaining adequate clinical history, investigating a wide range of diagnoses as part of the differential diagnosis, and distinguishing primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma from a metastasis.
Entrainment Techniques for Mapping Atrial and Ventricular Tachycardias

Many atrial tachycardias, atrial flutter, and postmyocardial infarction ventricular tachycardias are due to reentry through large "macroreentrant" circuits. These circuits can be difficult to define by catheter mapping of the activation sequence. Entrainment techniques allow the relation of a mapping site to the reentrant circuit to be assessed on a site-by-site basis during catheter mapping. Regions of abnormal conduction that are in the reentrant circuit can be distinguished from bystander sites outside the circuit. A mapping site classification to guide catheter ablation is reviewed.
Electrochemical fabrication of atomically thin metallic wires and electrodes separated with molecular-scale gaps

This article summarizes our recent effort to fabricate electrochemically metallic nanowires and electrodes separated with molecular scale nanogaps. The nanowires were fabricated by etching a small portion of a micron-scale metallic wire supported on a solid substrate. The etching was controlled by continuously monitoring the conductance of the wire. When the thinnest portion of the wire reached the atomic scale, the conductance decreased in a stepwise fashion. By further etching away the last few atoms, a molecular-scale gap between two electrodes was created and the ballistic electron transport through the nanowire was replaced with quantum tunneling. By depositing atoms back, the above processes could be reversed, allowing us to achieve a desired nanowire or gap. The nanowires may be used for chemical sensor applications and the nanogaps may be used to wire small molecules to the outside world for molecular electronics applications.
New uses for calcium chloride solution as a mounting medium

Fresh cross sections of stems (Psilotum nudum, Coleus blumei, and Pelargonium peltatum) and roots (Setcreasea purpurea) 120 microns thick were fixed in FPA50 (formalin: propionic acid: 50% ethanol, 5:5:90, v/v) for 24 hr and stored in 70% ethanol. The sections were transferred to water and then to 1% phloroglucin in 20% calcium chloride solution plus either hydrochloric, nitric, or lactic acid in the following ratios of phloroglucin-CaCl2 solution:acid: 25:4, 20:2, or 15:5. The sections were mounted on slides either in one of the three mixtures or in fresh 20% calcium chloride solution. A rapid reaction of the acid-phloroglucin with lignin produced a deep red color in tracheary elements and an orange-red color in sclerenchyma. Fixed and stored leaf pieces from Nymphaea odorata were autoclaved in lactic acid, washed in two changes of 95% ethanol, transferred to water, and treated with the three acid-phloroglucin-calcium chloride mixtures. The abundant astrosclereids stained an orange-red color similar to that of sclerenchyma in the sections. In addition, a new method is reported for specifically staining lignified tissues. When sections or leaf pieces are stained in aqueous 0.05% toluidine blue O, then placed in 20% calcium chloride solution, all tissues destain except those with lignified or partially lignified cell walls. Thus, toluidine blue O applied as described becomes a reliable specific test for lignin comparable to the acid-phloroglucin test.
Radar Screens, Astroturf, and Dirty Work: A Qualitative Exploration of Structure and Process in Corporate Political Action

The practice of business and management now requires much more than specialized training in economically rational decision making. The rapid politicization of business in recent decades has left managers unprepared to deal with the sociopolitical demands of managing a postmodern capitalist enterprise. Scholarly literature has emerged to investigate the rise in political activity and to prescribe action frameworks that produce desirable outcomes, typically either favorable public policies or competitive advantage in a firm’s industry. Much of this work has emanated from the management literature, although some has emerged in the political science and sociology disciplines. Conceptual frameworks of corporate political action in the management literature have developed along a trajectory similar to that of the general strategic management literature. The literature theorizing management strategies has identified three different strategy-making processes apparent in empirical observation. These frameworks characterize strategy making variously as rational, quasi-rational, or externally negotiated (Murray, 1978). Corporate political strategy making has been described as a rational, sequential decision process (Hillman and Hitt, 1999), and as a
A study of technology transfer in a multinational cooperative joint venture

The problem of technology transfer has been extensively addressed from many different perspectives. Very few of the research studies, however, have examined it as a process, trying to understand more about how different kinds of technologies are transferred across organizational boundaries. This research examines the transfer of technologies over a three-year period in an international joint venture comprising three operating divisions of large multinational chemical companies located in Germany, the United States, and Japan. A total sample of 208 technologies are identified as having been transferred between the venture's partners. Descriptions of the types of technologies, the methods used to transfer them, their degrees of success, and the organizational, national, and cultural differences in which the international transfers took place are investigated.
The Constitutionality of Federal Taxes and Federal Tax Provisions

A recent case, Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service, 460 F.3d 79 (Aug. 22, 2006), has stimulated interest in the constitutionality of federal taxes and provisions thereof. In Murphy, the panel of the Federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held that section 102(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code was unconstitutional by failing to exclude from gross income damages for emotional distress and injury to professional reputation that, according to Murphy, are not income under the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This essay is not a systematic comment of the Murphy case, but various aspects of Murphy will be considered in passing in the process of looking at the general problem of the constitutionality of federal tax laws. Among the conclusions reached herein are the following: (1) in general, a federal tax provision is constitutional if it either entails income under the Sixteenth Amendment or results in an indirect tax; (2) Murphy is not a proper case for reaching the indirect tax issue; (3) the Sixteenth Amendment only refers to gross income, and gross income means gross receipts; (4) although there is no constitutional requirement of capital recovery, capital is now limited to basis; (5) there is no basis in human capital or the capacity to enjoy life; (6) emotional suffering does not result from a realized loss of any portion of any asset; (7) a cash receipt cannot be excluded on the theory that it is a substitute for an untaxed psychic state; (8) direct tax is limited to head taxes, mandatory requisitions (taxes on states), and taxes on real estate, all because of their existence; (9) Congress can disallow basis; and (10) Congress can impose personal consumption taxes and personal wealth taxes.
Paper 7: Accuracy of and Representative Results Obtained with an Infra-Red Pyrometer Measuring Compression Temperatures

In a spark-ignited internal combustion engine there are two zones of interest (a) the burnt mixture and (b) the unburnt mixture. Of interest to the authors and to many of their colleagues are the pre-reactions which occur in the unburnt zone. To follow the extent of these pre-reactions both the pressure and the temperature of the unburnt mixture are required. Pressure transducers can be obtained from many commercial establishments, but a temperature pyrometer that can follow the temperature of the unburnt mixture is not commercially available.The current technique uses the absorption, emission characteristic of the water vapour in the cylinder. The use of water vapour as the sensing element is desirable since water vapour is normally in the air which the internal combustion (i.c.) engine breathes.Radiation of a known intensity (known black-body temperature) is passed through the engine, through a band pass filter (H2O water vapour band at 2.6 μ) to an infra-red detector. The output from the detector, afte...
Chaotic particle trajectories in high-intensity finite-length charge bunches

Abstract A Vlasov–Maxwell equilibrium for a charged particle bunch is given in the beam frame by the distribution function that is a function of the single-particle Hamiltonian f = f ( H ) , where in an axisymmetric cylinder H = p 2 / 2 m + κ ⊥ r 2 / 2 + κ z z 2 / 2 + q φ ( r , z ) , the kinetic energy is p 2 / 2 m , κ ⊥ and κ z are the external focusing coefficients in the transverse and longitudinal directions, and φ is the electrostatic potential determined self-consistently from Poisson's equation ∇ 2 φ = - 4 π q ∫ d 3 pf ( H ) . The self-field potential φ introduces a coupling between the otherwise independent r and z motions. Under quite general conditions, this leads to chaotic particle motion. Poisson's equation is solved using a spectral method in z and a finite-difference method in r , and a Picard iteration method is used to determine φ self-consistently. For the thermal equilibrium distribution f = A exp ( - H / T ) , the single-particle trajectories display chaotic behavior. The properties of the chaotic trajectories are characterized.
To be a native speaker means not to be a nonnative speaker

The construct of the native speaker is germane to second language acquisition (SLA) research; it underlies, and permeates, a significant bulk of SLA theory construction and empirical research. Nevertheless, it is one of the least investigated (and for that matter, least understood) concepts in the field. Even a cursory reading of the major SLA literature would not yield one readily available definition that captures the essential uses that have been made of the concept: including, but not limited to, setting the native speaker as a goal or a model for SLA or using the native speaker as a yardstick to measure second language knowledge. As is, the concept remains assumed-based on common sense observation and intuition-rather than exposed to scientific inquiry. In this article I would like to draw attention to this pivotal yet much neglected concept by reviewing Davies (1991; 2003) on the native speaker. A by no means exhaustive account, the books outline principal parameters for considering the native speak...
PALER: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Code Distribution in Large Sensor Networks

Re-tasking and remote programming of sensor networks is an essential functionality to make these networks practical and effective. As the availability of more capable sensor nodes increases and new functional implementations continue to be proposed, these large collections of wireless nodes will need the ability to update and upgrade the software packages they are running. Standard flooding mechanisms are too energy-costly and computationally expensive and they may interfere with the network's current tasks. A reliable method for distributing new code or binary files to every node in a wireless sensor network is needed. This paper proposes a more effective method, called PALER (push aggressively with lazy error recovery), which builds upon the previously proposed PSFQ protocol [1], a reliable transport protocol which slowly paces the propagation of file segments, but uses an aggressive local recovery method to avoid packet implosion due to loss propagation. PALER uses a more aggressive pushing mechanism and reduces the recovery mechanism to a single inclusive NACK. Furthermore, PALER uses local neighbor information to reduce redundant transmissions. This paper studies this new protocol's energy efficiency and shows that it scales well to higher densities and field sizes.
Varieties of Childhood Bullying: Values, Emotion Processes, and Social Competence

Understanding the nature of bullies and bullying is of considerable theoretical and practical importance. We offer a commentary on a recent debate on this topic between Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham (1999a, 1999b) and Crick and Dodge (1999). In this commentary, we first summarize the main points of the debate, including alternative views of bullies as social inadequates versus Machiavellian schemers. Then we clarify some unresolved issues concerning the nature and limits of social competence and the roles of values in both social competence and in bullying. Finally, it is argued that variations in children’s emotion processes, such as emotionality and emotion regulation, also may underlie some of the individual differences that have been found in empathy, social information processing, and in reactive (‘hot-headed’) and proactive (‘cold-blooded’) aggressive and bullying patterns.
Missing entry replacement data analysis: a replacement approach to dealing with missing data in paleontological and total evidence data sets

Almost all phylogenetic studies utilizing fossils are faced with the problem of missing data. With the development of methods allowing total evidence phylogenies where fossils are combined with extant taxa, and molec- ular evidence is available, this problem is compounded. Standard methods ignore missing data and often result in poorly resolved trees, and procedures such as culling of taxa or partitioning data have been proposed to improve resolution. Here, we take a different tack, one grounded in the fact that because we do not know what the behavior of missing data would be, it is worthwhile to examine the universe of possible outcomes. The MERDA value is the frequency with which a particular clade is recovered in replicated analyses where missing observations are replaced randomly with observable states. A technique to de-resolve missing data-dependent clades is also proposed. We also show that, in published data sets, there is little obvious relationship between MERDA performance and standard measures of clade support such as Bremer and Jacknife indices.
STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION CONTROL (SENIC PROJECT): SUMMARY OF STUDY DESIGN

With the emergence of nosocomial infections as a serious problem among US hospitals, the Center for Disease Control undertook in 1974 a nationwide study to evaluate approaches to infection control. The three-phased project, now known as the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control, or SENIC Project, was designed with three primary objectives: 1) to determine whether (and, if so, to what degree) the implementation of infection surveillance and control programs (ISCPs) has lowered the rate ofnosocomi al infection, 2) to describe the current status of ISCPs and infection rates, and 3) to demonstrate the relationships among characteristics of hospitals and patients, components of ISCPs, and changes in the infection rate. With data collection completed in a nationally representative sample of hospitals, analysis is underway to identify approaches to infection control that are most effective for the least cost to hospitals and to point out additional specific questions to be answered by future research.
Inhibition of the PI3K p110α impairs cell survival, chemoresistance and invasion in human medulloblastoma cells

C79 Rationale: Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in childhood, which represent the main cause of cancer-related death in this age group. Several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) have been shown to play role in medulloblastoma biology but the intracellular mechanisms underlying tumor growth remain poorly understood. The phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling network, one of the most commonly altered pathways in human cancers, functions as a crucial regulator of cell survival decisions and is emerging as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. A better understanding of the involvement of PI3K signaling in medulloblastoma biology may contribute to the rational development of new therapeutic strategies for this common pediatric malignancy. Methods: We characterized a panel primary CNS medulloblastoma specimens and human medulloblastoma cell lines for expression of PI3K signaling components by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Expression of selected genes was analyzed in an independent series comprising microarray gene expression dataof patient samples. We evaluated the effects of PI3K isoform-specific inhibitors and RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated down-regulation of PI3K isoforms on medulloblastoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, chemoresistance, anchorage-independent growth and invasion. Results: Protein and mRNA expression analysis revealed that primary medulloblastoma samples and medulloblastoma cell lines commonly display basal activation of Akt and over-expression of the PI3K isoform p110α, compared to normal adult brain tissue. Expression profiling on an independent set of 59 medulloblastoma patient samples, 3 cell lines and 9 normal cerebellum samples showed significant up-regulation of the gene encoding for PI3K p110α (PIK3CA) in medulloblastomas compared to normal cerebellum. YM024, a highly specific inhibitor ofPI3K p110α and p110δ, decreased basal phosphorylation of Akt, impaired growth-factor-induced activation of Akt, inhibited cell survival, invasion and anchorage-independent cell growth in medulloblastoma cell lines, whereas the pharmacological inhibitors targeting the PI3K isoforms p110β (TGX-221) and p110δ (IC87114) showed no significant effect. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of p110α partially inhibited phosphorylation of Akt whereas simultaneous down-regulation of p110α and p110δ blocked basal Akt activity, suggesting that the dual inhibition of both isoforms by YM024 may be of therapeutic advantage. Furthermore, YM024 rendered medulloblastoma cells more sensitive to treatment with cisplatin and doxorubicin by inhibiting chemotherapy-induced activation of Akt. Conclusion: Our findings provide preclinical evidence that over-expression of PI3K p110α and the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway have multifunctional tumor-promoting effects in human medulloblastoma, which where impaired upon inhibition of PI3K p110α in vitro.
Aerodynamic Performance Characterization of Leading Edge Protrusions on Small Propellers

The relatively large tubercles or protruding bumps on the leading edge of the humpback whale fin create counter-rotating chordwise vortices. At high Reynolds numbers, these vortices have been shown to delay stall with minimal effect on drag. The range of Reynolds numbers that these types of vortices form is unknown, and so an investigation of the potential for an increased envelope of operation for small aircraft propellers was done. For the cases tested in this report no benefits were observed. The addition of leading edge protrusions decreased propeller performance in both efficiency and thrust. Because of the inherent restrictions on propeller chord length and wind speeds due to rotational speed, which in turn limits the Reynolds number, it is unlikely that the type of modification tested in this report will be beneficial for small aircraft propellers typical of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Cognitive Complexity and Accounting Education

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the cognitive complexity and accounting education. Cognitive complexity, also known as conceptual level, can be thought of as the degree to which an individual is equipped to deal with ambiguity in processing information. It is found that to establish the relationship between Paragraph Completion Test (PCT) score, and accounting-related cognitively complex behavior, student performance was assessed in a first-year accounting course on two problems during winter 1990, and the problems selected appear in the appendix to this paper. The subjects of the experiment were students enrolled in sections of an introductory financial accounting course at California State Polytechnic University Pomona. In addition to interitem reliability, the correlation between scores on the problems, and level of cognitive complexity as determined by the PCT was important to the study, and that is, some indication that the supplementary problems, and the PCT were measuring the same psychological construct was needed.
Reflection-based Full Waveform Inversion (RFWI) in the frequency domain

In this paper, following the recent work of Xu et al. (2012b,a), we implement the Reflection-based Full Waveform Inversion (RFWI) in the frequency domain, by taking advantage of a massively parallel direct matrix solver. The earth model is splitted into a long wavelength part (background model) and a short wavelength part (reflectivity model). At each iteration, we update the background model by resorting to a demigration process on the reflectivity model obtained from migration. We make use of a 2D synthetic lens model to validate our workflow, and demonstrate that low frequency data is essential.
Preliminary Results for High-Fidelity Modeling and Simulation of Orbital Dispersion of Asteroids Disrupted by Nuclear Explosives

High-energy methods utilizing nuclear explosives can plausibly fragment and disperse a near-Earth object (NEO) rather than deect it from its orbit. Orbital dispersion simulation and analysis results show that fragmenting and dispersing a hazardous NEO could lower the total mass impacting the Earth. This could be benecial in situations where some impacting mass is inevitable, or where the resulting fragments will be small enough to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere. Recent hydrodynamic models of an asteroid fragmented and dispersed by nuclear subsurface explosions were used as input conditions for orbital prediction. Computational challenges are discussed, and a comparison of steadily more realistic models is presented. Upgrades made to previous models are discussed, as well as preliminary results for reentry modeling and impact location prediction. Critical parameters including burst-to-impact time and explosive yield are examined, with guidelines for determining in which situations a disruption (i.e., fragmentation and dispersion) of an NEO is desired.
Rheological Behavior of Suspension and Properties of Green Sheet

Rheological behavior of alumina suspensions and properties of green sheets were investigated to find optimal conditions for preparation of aqueous green sheets. Acrylic binder and dispersants were used in this study. In an aqueous alumina /dispersant system, as the acid value of dispersant increased, the relative viscosity and sedimentation volume of the suspension decreased. This indicated that the suspension was well dispersed. In contrast, in an aqueous alumina/dispersant/binder system, the suspension showed high shear-thinning flow behavior. As the acid value of dispersant increased, the packing density, strength and extension of the green sheet decreased. The results indicated that the rheological behavior of suspension was affected by the compatibility between dispersant and binder.
A Case of Adhesive Spinal Meningitis Caused by Spinal Injection of “Bagnon”

A man, aged 26 years, was treated malaria in May, 1942, by spinal injection of “Bagnon” (Quinine preparat). Directly after injection he was attached by severe nervous symptoms, from which he recovered completely after a half year, and returned to normal works.From October, 1950, he was caught by reffered low back pain and paresis of legs. By the laminectomy of X and XI thoracal spines, severe adhesions of spinal cord with arachinoidea and dura was detected, which were detached gentlely between arachinoidea and dura, especially in ythe regions of nerve roots. After one month from operation., he was free from pain, but paresis of legs remained unchanged.It is interesting to notice that the nervous symptoms caused by adhesive spinal meningitis occur after interval of several years, and worth while to indicate that the detachment of adhesions in the regions of nerve roots is important to relieve pains.
Consolidation of Tin Sulfide Chalcogels and Xerogels with and without Adsorbed Iodine

Tin sulfide (Sn2S3) chalcogels are one of the most effective nonoxide aerogels evaluated to date for iodine gas capture. This is attributed to the fact that the Sn within the gel network has a strong affinity for chemisorption of iodine to form SnI4. This study demonstrates an approach for consolidating the raw and iodine-sorbed Sn2S3 chalcogels into a chalcogenide glass using GeS2 as a glass-forming additive. Adding GeS2 to iodine-sorbed or iodine-free Sn2S3 chalcogels provides better glass formation than Sn–S or Sn–S–I alone, and the quantity of iodine measured in the bulk glass of the consolidated iodine-sorbed Sn2S3 chalcogel was at ∼45 mass%. Additional experiments were conducted using microwave sintering and hot isostatic pressing with iodine-sorbed Sn2S3 xerogels to evaluate alternative consolidation techniques.
Niels Henrik Abel: Norwegian Mathematical Genius

Niels Henrik Abel, the Norwegian genius, like Ramanujan, died very young but had made monumental contributions nonetheless. And like Ramanujan, Abel suffered from poverty and ill health but did not let this impede his great creativity. We describe Abel’s life making comparisons with Ramanujan’s and discuss certain aspects of Abel’s work, such as his treatment of divergent series and his work on elliptic functions that have relationship with some of Ramanujan’s discoveries.
Financial and Ecological Implications of Global Seafood Mislabeling

Consumers and regulators influence conservation of marine finfish by controlling harvest demand and availability. Consumer power to choose sustainably-harvested species is threatened by seafood mislabeling, which may be a product of fraud or human error. Here we examined the prevalence of mislabeling, and its financial and ecological implications, by compiling and analyzing an international dataset of DNA barcoding studies of marine finfish (n = 43). On average, DNA-identified species sold were less expensive (-2.98% ex-vessel price) and more sustainable (+9.51% IUCN status) than species listed on their label; thus mislabeling had a net positive impact on the conservation status of sold species. However, ecological impacts of some frequently mislabeled taxa were potentially severe, suggesting eco-conscious consumers may want to avoid certain genera. Mislabeling may be reduced by increasing traceability and identification of seafoods, particularly at points in the chain-of-custody beyond ports, where the majority of mislabeling occurred. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Low dose intrathecal ropivacaine with or without sufentanil provides effective analgesia and does not impair motor strength during labour: a pilot study

Purpose Although ropivacaine has been used to provide spinal anesthesia in the surgical population, its intrathecal administration for labour analgesia has only recently been described. We evaluated the effects of low dose intrathecal ropivacaine with or without sufentanil for labour analgesia.
Teaching about Chemistry Related to Food

The American Chemical Society theme for Earth Day 2017 is Chemistry Feeds the World. The potential role of chemical educators in providing students with content and context concerning the importance of food and chemistry is discussed.
Workforce Issues in Rural Caregiving

Workforce issues in rural caregiving are presented in a framework of practice, education and training, research, and policy development for the rural workforce. The current contexts as well as future needs are addressed. The practice section describes the health status of rural Americans and the current licensed and unlicensed workforce. Better access to education and training, diversity, and cultural competence are described in the education section. Rural workforce research and other research that impacts the workforce are addressed. Finally, policy related to rural health and the rural workforce is discussed.
Determining Normal Deviance: Adolescent Drug Use?

ABSTRACTThis research examines change in lifetime drug use frequency among three drugs, marijuana, alcohol, and inhalants, and antisocial behaviors using a cohort longitudinal model. Inhalants are the only drugs which use decline with grade level. Focus of the article is whether the use of these three drugs is a normal part of adolescent development. Using three determinants: associations between drug use and grade and scores on an antisocial behavior scale; and percent of abstainers; the authors determined none of the three drugs represent normal deviance. Data are from 2008 thru the 2014 the Caring Communities Youth Survey (CCYS).
Drosophila Connectomics: Mapping the Larval Eye’s Mind

A new study has mapped the connectome - the shapes and connections of all the neurons- of the visual system of a Drosophila larva, providing a structural basis for understanding the neural circuitry of larval vision.
Comments on the Automation of Material Handling

This chapter is a collection of fundamental ideas from several years involvement with the Material Handling Research Center. It results from the interactions of a controls oriented mechanical engineer with many materials handling professionals both in academia and industry. Most, but not all, of these professionals have industrial engineering backgrounds. As a consequence, the material handling community has a strong orientation toward operations issues and rather less concern with the technology of machinery used in material handling. This chapter discusses some very basic issues relative to automation of material handling with emphasis on some perceived misconceptions.
The effect of round window reinforcement on human hearing

The compliant round window (RW) allows volume velocity to flow within the incompressible fluid of the cochlea as the oval window vibrates during sound stimulation. Recently, surgically stiffened RW is emerging as a treatment for various conditions such as superior canal dehiscence and hyperacusis. However, we lack the basic understanding of how reinforcing the RW affects sound transmission in the ear. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of RW reinforcement on hearing. To study the effect of RW reinforcement with tissue and adhesive, we measured intracochlear pressures in scala vestibuli (Psv) and scala tympani (Pst) at the cochlear base together with stapes velocity in response to sound at the ear canal. The cochlear input drive (Pdiff = Psv - Pst, an estimate of hearing) was determined before and after RW reinforcement in a fresh human cadaveric ear. Results show that increasing the RW stiffness by reinforcement can affect the cochlear input drive in unexpected ways. Below 200 Hz, RW reinforcement resulted in reduced stapes motion, however an increase in cochlear drive, consistent with increase in hearing. At 200-1000 Hz, the hearing and stapes motion both were slightly decreased. Reinforcing the RW had no effect above 1 kHz. To understand the cochlear mechanical effects of RW reinforcement, we used a lumped-element model that simulated our findings.The compliant round window (RW) allows volume velocity to flow within the incompressible fluid of the cochlea as the oval window vibrates during sound stimulation. Recently, surgically stiffened RW is emerging as a treatment for various conditions such as superior canal dehiscence and hyperacusis. However, we lack the basic understanding of how reinforcing the RW affects sound transmission in the ear. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of RW reinforcement on hearing. To study the effect of RW reinforcement with tissue and adhesive, we measured intracochlear pressures in scala vestibuli (Psv) and scala tympani (Pst) at the cochlear base together with stapes velocity in response to sound at the ear canal. The cochlear input drive (Pdiff = Psv - Pst, an estimate of hearing) was determined before and after RW reinforcement in a fresh human cadaveric ear. Results show that increasing the RW stiffness by reinforcement can affect the cochlear input drive in unexpected ways. Below 200 Hz, RW reinforce...
Dark Matter in Poor Clusters of Galaxies

X-ray observations of 16 poor clusters containing central dominant galaxies have been performed with the Imaging Proportional Counter of the Einstein Observatory. Twelve clusters were detected, and in each case the X-ray emission is centered on the dominant galaxy. For the six brightest clusters we find extended X-ray emission that is smooth, centrally peaked, and reasonably symmetric. The X-ray surface brightness implies density profiles that are roughly inversely proportional to radius. We find total binding masses of ~1013 M⊙ within 0.5 Mpc and mean mass to light ratios of 100 M/Lv. Comparison of the deduced distribution of binding mass with the light distribution of the central galaxies of four clusters shows that M/Lv rises to over 200 in the galaxy halos.
An Introduction to the Texas Risk Communication Process

This paper provides a description of a process for communicating risk among all key parties involved in the manufacture, movement, use and disposal of chemicals. The intent of the risk communication process is to enable these parties to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions in certain scenarios involving chemicals. The scenarios deal not just with emergency events, but also with events requiring risk communication on a day-today basis. The process concentrates on two-way communication (that is, equal participation) among representatives of citizen or environmental groups, industry, government and the media. However, the process should also be useful to environmental regulators, emergency managers, elected representatives, union officials, health professionals and academics in specialties related to all these professions.
Identification and therapeutic rescue of autophagosome and glutamate receptor defects in C9ORF72 and sporadic ALS neurons

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease with diverse etiologies. Therefore, the identification of common disease mechanisms and therapeutics targeting these mechanisms could dramatically improve clinical outcomes. To this end, we developed induced motor neuron (iMN) models from C9ORF72 and sporadic ALS (sALS) patients to identify targets that are effective against these types of cases, which together comprise ~90% of patients. We find that iMNs from C9ORF72 and several sporadic ALS patients share two common defects - impaired autophagosome formation and the aberrant accumulation of glutamate receptors. Moreover, we show that an anticoagulation-deficient form of activated protein C, 3K3A-APC, rescues these defects in both C9ORF72 and sporadic ALS iMNs. As a result, 3K3A-APC treatment lowers C9ORF72 dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) levels, restores nuclear TDP-43 localization, and rescues the survival of both C9ORF72 and sporadic ALS iMNs. Importantly, 3K3A-APC also lowers glutamate receptor levels and rescues proteostasis in vivo in C9ORF72 gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Thus, motor neurons from C9ORF72 and at least a subset of sporadic ALS patients share common, early defects in autophagosome formation and glutamate receptor homeostasis and a single therapeutic approach may be efficacious against these disease processes.
Hydration of Ferric Chloride and Nitrate in Aqueous Solutions: Water-Mediated Ion Pairing Revealed by Raman Spectroscopy

Iron is the most abundant transition metal in the earth's crust and is important for the proper functioning of many technological and natural processes. Despite the importance, a complete microscopic understanding of the hydration of ferric ions and water mediated ion pairing has not been realized. Hydrated Fe(iii) is difficult to study due to the process of complexation to the anion and hydrolysis of the hydrating water molecules leading to a heterogeneous solution with diverse speciation. Here, ferric chloride and nitrate aqueous solutions are studied using polarized Raman spectroscopy as a function of concentration and referenced to their respective sodium salt or mineral acid. Perturbed water spectra (PWS) were generated using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to show the residual spectral response uniquely attributable to the hydration of ferric speciation. The hydrogen bonding network associated with the hydrating water molecules in ferric chloride solutions are found to be more similar to hydrochloric acid solutions, whereas in ferric nitrate solutions, the network behaves more similar to sodium nitrate, despite increased acidity. Thus, in the FeNO3 and FeCl3 solutions, ion pairing and coordination, respectively, are significantly influencing the hydration spectra signature. These results further reveal concentration dependent changes to the hydrogen bonding network, hydrating water symmetry, and changes to the relative abundance of solvent shared ion pairs that are governed primarily by the ferric salt identity.