cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photon scattering cross sections at Lyman-α (1215·7 Å) for He and Ne

The relative photon scattering cross sections for helium and neon at Lyman-α have been measured for the first time by observing right-angle scattering. The present technique employed a microwave-powered hydrogen light source with an oxygen filter to isolate the Lyman-α radiation and a highly sensitive NO-filled Geiger counter. Measurements for the relative cross sections were also made for the gases A, N2 and H2, and were found to agree with similar measurements reported by Gill and Heddle. Finally, the present results were placed on an absolute basis by utilizing the theoretical He value of 3·5 × 10-26 cm2 of Chan and Dalgarno.
Overview of Chapter 4: Mathematical Methods

Mathematics is the language of science. In some sense, therefore, this entire Handbook is devoted to “mathematical methods” of materials modeling. What distinguishes the articles in this chapter is the degree of mathematical intensity or sophistication, as well as contributions from the applied mathematics community. Building on its traditional strengths in fluid mechanics, nonlinear dynamics, and numerical methods, applied mathematics has been steadily moving into materials science. The result is a fresh perspective on a wide range of materials problems, including many from other chapters of the Handbook.
How much net surface heat flux should go into the Western Pacific Warm Pool

mean of 18 Wm � 2 for the five-member low net heat flux group (ERA-Interim, CORE.2, NCEP 1 and 2, and ERA-40) and of 49 Wm � 2 for the four-member high net heat flux group (CFSR, OAFluxþISCCP, NOCSv2.0, and MERRA). This study used a pool-area based heat budget analysis together with in situ air-sea and subsurface measurements to examine the physical consistency of the nine flux climatologies and to ascribe the statistical uncertainty of each product. The heat budget analysis indicates that the annual mean net surface heat flux should be 28 6 10 Wm � 2 . The observed eddy coefficient along the 28 � C isotherm is 1.5 cm 2 s � 1 based on the TAO/TRION buoys and the historical records. The ocean cannot dissipate the excessive high heat fluxes, while the low fluxes cannot balance the estimated diffusive heat flux across the isotherm. Both the one-point direct comparison and pool integrated eddy diffusive heat flux analysis demonstrate that, the high net heat flux climatologies have high bias; on the other hand, the low fluxes have low bias. These biases and uncertainties are given and documented in this paper.
Influence of Crack Depth on the Fracture Toughness of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel

The Heavy Section Steel Technology Program (HSST) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is investigating the influence of flaw depth on the fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel. Recently, it has been shown that, in notched beam testing, shallow cracks tend to exhibit an elevated toughness as a result of a loss of constraint at the crack tip. The loss of constraint takes place when interaction occurs between the elastic-plastic crack-tip stress field and the specimen surface nearest the crack tip. An increased shallow-crack fracture toughness is of interest to the nuclear industry because probabilistic fracture-mechanics evaluations show that shallow flaws play a dominant role in the probability of vessel failure during postulated pressurized-thermal-shock (PTS) events. Tests have been performed on beam specimens loaded in 3-point bending using unirradiated reactor pressure vessel material (A533 B). Testing has been conducted using specimens with a constant beam depth (W = 94 mm) and within the lower transition region of the toughness curve for A533 B. Test results indicate a significantly higher fracture toughness associated with the shallow flaw specimens compared to the fracture toughness determined using deep-crack (a/W = 0.5) specimens. Test data also show little influence of thickness onmore » the fracture toughness for the current test temperature ({minus}60{degree}C). 21 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.« less
A new method to reconstruct fish diet and movement patterns from δ13C values in otolith amino acids

Fish ecologists have used geochemical values in otoliths to examine habitat use, migration, and population connectivity for decades. However, it remains difficult to determine an unambiguous dietar...
Application of Models to the Determination of Nutrient Requirements: An Overview

The events leading up to this symposium are reviewed. The importance of recognizing the inherent differences between mathematics, a logical science, and nutrition, an empirical science, are emphasized. The role of modeling leading to the proposal that vitamin B-6 requirements for growth can be estimated by multiplying 15 nmol/g times the grams of daily gain is discussed. The goals and organization of the symposium are summarized.
Create two, three, many courses: an experiment in contextualized introductory computer science

This paper describes an approach to introductory CS that is based on numerous theme-based introductory courses, with resulting improvements in overall enrollments and gender diversity.
A new front-face optical cell for measuring weak fluorescent emissions with time resolution in the picosecond time scale

Abstract Recent developments of ultrafast fluorimeters allow measuringtime-resolved fluorescence on the picosecond time scale. This implies one is able to monitor lifetimes and anisotropy decays of highly quenched systems and of systems that contain fluorophores having lifetimes in the subnanosecond range; both systems that emit weak signals. The combination of weak signals and very short lifetimes makes the measurements prone to distortions which are negligible in standard fluorescence experiments. To cope with these difficulties, we have designed a new optical cell for front-face optics which offers to the excitation beam a horizontal free liquid surface in the absence of interactions with optical windows. The new cell has been tested with probes of known lifetimes and anisotropies. It proved very useful in detecting tryptophan fluorescence in hemoglobin. If only diluted samples are available, which cannot be used in front-face optics, regular square geometry can still be utilized by inserting light absorbers into a cuvette of 1 cm path length.
Lipoxygenase metabolism of endogenous and exogenous arachidonate in leukocytes: GC-MS analyses of incubations in H218O buffers

Fatty acids are labeled with 18O in the carboxyl group during ester hydrolysis in H2(18)O. We utilized this principle to develop a novel mass spectrometric method for study of the turnover of arachidonic acid in intact cell systems. Analysis of 18O incorporations was by negative ion chemical ionization GC-MS. The use of deuterium-labeled exogenous substrates allowed the metabolic fate of exogenous and intrinsic compounds to be distinguished. Thus, it was shown that the preferred route of 5-lipoxygenase metabolism of exogenous arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated human neutrophils is via direct reaction with the enzyme and not via incorporation into cellular lipids. The re-uptake of 5-HETE was also studied. For investigation of intracellular reactions which involve ester hydrolysis, the 18O labeling method is unique in providing direct evidence of the intermediate metabolic pathway of endogenous and exogenous products associated with the arachidonic acid cascade.
Stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy by lipopolysaccharide in the neonatal rat cardiomyocyte protects against programmed cell death

Abstract Adult rat cardiomyocytes in culture respond to sub-lethal doses of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by activation of pathways including the production of TNF-α and increased apoptosis. We and others have demonstrated a protective phenotype for neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to LPS. Concentrations of LPS far exceeding those necessary to induce TNF-α release do not induce apoptosis in the neonatal cells, although these cells are fully capable or inducing apoptosis in response to multiple other stimuli. In neonatal cells, we demonstrate that LPS treatment leads to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ ψ ) which is temporally associated with an increase in the level of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). Cells remain viable with no measurable increase in apoptotic or necrotic cell death. Many markers of mitochondrial biogenesis are also activated. LPS treatment stimulates an increase in the (i) transcription of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), (ii) nuclear accumulation of redox-sensitive nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), and (iii) expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1). We also observed that LPS increased intracellular autophagy. Autophagy was assessed by monitoring the levels of a mammalian protein specifically associated with autophagosomes, microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3). Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy in the presence of LPS stimulates markers of apoptosis. Our data suggest that the protective response of neonatal cells to LPS is multi-faceted at the level of the mitochondrion. Viable cells replace dysfunctional mitochondria by mitochondrial biogenesis and the extent of the damage limited by the rapid removal of damaged organelles by the stimulation of autophagy.
Inulin polysaccharide having pendant amino acids: Synthesis and characterization

Inulin polysaccharide was esterified with N-protected α-amino acids (N,N′-di-benzylocarbonyl-L-lysine and N-benzylocarbonyl-glycine) under a mild condition (room temperature) and within short reaction times (6 h). The esterification reactions were conducted in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst. The optimal reaction time (6 h) was determined by monitoring the concentration of free carboxylic acid of the N-protected amino acids during the reaction. The degree of substitution per fructose unit was 0.95 for inulin-lysine and 1.01 for inulin-glycine. The resulting biopolymer was deprotected by catalytic transfer hydrogenation method using 1,4-cyclohexadiene as an effective hydrogen donor. The structures, molecular weight, and thermal properties of the amino acid esters of inulin were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, UV, viscosity, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This new modified inulin polysaccharide would have the potential as a biomaterial for biomedical applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 953–963, 1998
A practical guide to conducting VA compensation and pension exams for PTSD and other mental disorders.

Despite being one of the most common forensic mental health evaluations, no article has ever appeared in a peer-reviewed journal describing how to conduct US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health compensation and pension examinations. This article rectifies that paucity of information. We outline the legal framework, ethical considerations, and administrative challenges inherent in these evaluations. We provide separate guidelines for private practice clinicians and VA staff or contractors. We pay special attention to the multiple sources of collateral information available for these exams and how to access relevant records. The article alerts examiners to the possibility that they might face resistance from VA officials if they screen for and assess symptom exaggeration or feigning and that they could encounter VA-imposed restrictions on time allotted for exams. Specific suggestions are made for different types of exams: Initial Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), PTSD Review, Initial Mental Disorder, and Mental Disorder Review.
Bioethics and Pastoral Concern: Some Possible New Directions in Pastoral Theology

This special issue of the journal is comprised of papers given at a conference in May 2011 at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston on the theme of “Social Justice and the Health Professions.” This article offers the following rationale for this special issue in particular and for pastoral theologians to contribute to bioethics in general: (1) two contemporary theological thinkers in bioethics, Karen Lebacqz and Lisa Cahill, argue that theological discussions of justice broaden and deepen discussions of justice in mainstream bioethics—thus the focus on social justice provides an area for interdisciplinary and intersectional work; (2) pastoral theologians have not, to a great extent, contributed to discussions of religion and bioethics—this has been the territory of theological ethicists, especially during the 1970s; (3) one influential pastoral theologian, Bonnie Miller-McLemore, has called for (a) a broader concern for health in pastoral theology beyond psychological health and (b) more disciplinary approaches within pastoral theology beyond psychology so as to attend to “the living human web”; and (4) one way to advance the theological contributions in bioethics is by inviting pastoral theologians to focus on matters of social justice (an established area of intersection) as identified by health professionals, thus providing (a) new areas for inquiry and (b) new theological perspectives in bioethics. This article also suggests that pastoral theologians can contribute to bioethics by focusing on both “macro” issues (issues relating to structures and groups) and “micro” issues (issues relating to persons and experiences) as a way of pursuing the topic of justice in bioethics. The bulk of this article focuses on “macro” issues, but, in closing, the author articulates how he has been addressing “micro” issues in his own work. The author argues that both of these approaches—“macro” and “micro”—are legitimate ways for pastoral theologians to express pastoral concerns in bioethics.
Ayurveda: a multilectic interpretation.

Abstract Ayurveda, in practice, comprises far more than a medical tradition in Sri Lanka. It provides, in addition to a manuscript for health care, a popular knowledge paradigm by which the population addresses social, epistemological and ontological issues in their lives. The concept of health expands to include the many existential levels that are basic to a definition of the self and the many arenas of life in which it is made evident. The concept of ‘multilectic’ process is introduced in this paper to explain this dynamic that characterizes popular Ayurveda, a dynamic that Sri Lankans specify as consisting of a fundamental complex interplay of mutually interrelated factors that are capable of referencing multiple meanings and life contingencies neither contradictory, dichotomous, nor unidirectional in nature. Because of the extent to which Ayurveda is embedded in the everyday lives and fundamental conceptual frameworks of the Sri Lankans, it is likely to remain an integrating knowledge system and a powerful explanatory paradigm in their general lives as well as for their health care dilemmas.
Effects of high-sulfur water and clinoptilolite on health and growth performance of steers fed forage-based diets

Sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia (sPEM), a neurological disorder affecting ruminants, is associated with consumption of diets with increased S (high-S). High-S water is commonly found in many western states and is a major source of dietary S for grazing cattle. Consumption of high-S water has been associated with sPEM and decreased performance. Identification of a feed supplement that would counteract the negative effects of high-S water would decrease the incidence of sPEM and prevent performance reductions in regions with problematic water sources. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the effects of administering high-S drinking water to forage-fed feedlot steers on health and performance, and 2) determine the effectiveness of clinoptilolite, a clay mineral with increased cation-exchange capacity, in negating the effects of high-S drinking water. Yearling steers (n = 96; 318.2 +/- 2.1 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments for a 77-d trial period: control with low-S water (566 mg of SO(4)/L), high-S water (3,651 mg of SO(4)/L), or high-S water plus clinoptilolite supplemented at 2.5 or 5.0% of the diet DM. Feed and water consumption were measured daily, and all steers were weighed on d -2, -1, 29, 53, 76, and 77. Plasma samples were collected on d 0, 58, and 77, and liver samples on d 0 and 77. There was a greater (P or= 0.546) in ADG or G:F were observed. Plasma Cu decreased (P = 0.029) to a greater magnitude in high-S water steers than the control steers over the 77-d trial period. Mineral analyses of hepatic tissue from randomly selected healthy steers from each treatment group (n = 10 per treatment) showed an interaction (P <or= 0.034) of sample time and treatment for Cu, Se, and Zn concentrations. These results suggest that clinoptilolite does not negate the effects of high-S water, and administration of high-S water decreases herd health through an increased incidence of sPEM and reduced nutritional status.
Parallel computation of meshless methods for explicit dynamic analysis

A parallel computational implementation of modern meshless methods is presented for explicit dynamic analysis. The procedures are demonstrated by application of the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM). Aspects of a coarse grain parallel paradigm are detailed for a Lagrangian formulation using model partitioning. Integration points are uniquely defined on separate processors and particle definitions are duplicated, as necessary, so that all support particles for each point are defined locally on the corresponding processor. Several partitioning schemes are considered and a reduced graph-based procedure is presented. Partitioning issues are discussed and procedures to accommodate essential boundary conditions in parallel are presented. Explicit MPI message passing statements are used for all communications among partitions on different processors. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by highly deformable inelastic example problems.
Anesthesia and Surgery of Laboratory Animals

This article reviews anesthetics and anesthetic techniques applicable to small laboratory animals. Anesthetic and analgesic dosage tables are presented for each species to guide the practitioner. The actions of the various agents are reviewed in the text, and key references are presented. Surgical considerations are also reviewed.
Cell yield (YM) of Thauera selenatis grown anaerobically with acetate plus selenate or nitrate

Thauera selenatis was grown anaerobically in minimal medium with either selenate or nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor and acetate as the carbon source and electron donor. The molar cell protein yields, YM-protein (selenate) and YM-protein (nitrate), were found to be 7.8 g cell protein/mol selenite formed and 7.5 g cell protein/mol nitrite formed, respectively. These values represent YM values of 57 and 55 g (dry weight)/mol acetate when selenate or nitrate was the electron acceptor, respectively. Based upon a calculated YATP value of 10.0 g (dry weight) cells/mol ATP, for growth on acetate in inorganic salts, growth with selenate as the terminal electron acceptor theoretically yielded 5.7 ATP/acetate oxidized, and 5.5 ATP when nitrate was the terminal electron acceptor. The results support the conclusion that energy is conserved via electron transport phosphorylation when selenate or nitrate reduction are the terminal electron acceptors during anaerobic growth with acetate.
Improved stereospecific synthesis of the trans-isomers of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 and the solid-state structure of the trans-syn-trans-isomer

Abstract The two trans stereoisomers of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 are synthesized by a two-step method from cyclohexene oxide and the solid-state structure of the trans–syn–trans isomer is determined.
A 13C-NMR study of the biosynthesis of 3-methylpentacosane in the American cockroach

13C-NMR spectrometry was used to examine the in vivo incorporation of 13C-labeled precursors into 3-methylpentacosane in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Natural abundance 13C-NMR of 3-methylpentacosane showed that carbons 1 through 6, 23 through 25 and the branching methyl carbon (C26) each gave distinct signals, with carbons 7 through 22 indistinguishable from each other. The label from dipotassium 2-[methyl-13C]methylmalonate was incorporated primarily into the methyl branch of 3-methylpentacosane, demonstrating the 2-methylmalonate is the precursor to the methyl branch unit. The carboxyl carbon from sodium [1-13C]propionate was incorporated exclusively into the 4-position. This indicates that propionate, as a 2-methylmalonyl derivative, is incorporated as the second unit during chain synthesis rather than toward the end of the elongation process. The labeled carbon from sodium [1-13C]acetate was incorporated into carbons 2, 6 and 24 and the labeled carbon from [2-13C]acetate was incorporated into carbons 1, 5, 23 and 25 of 3-methylpentacosane, respectively. These data are consistent with an elongation-decarboxylation pathway for 3-methylpentacosane biosynthesis.
Defluorination of Organofluorine Sulfur Compounds by Pseudomonas Sp. Strain D2

Little is known of the potential for biodegradation of fluorinated sulfonates. To evaluate this potential, the following model compounds were selected: difluoromethane sulfonate (DFMS), trifluoromethane sulfonate (TFMS), 2,2,2-trifluoroethane sulfonate (TES), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctane sulfonate (H-PFOS). A laboratory isolate designated Pseudomonas sp. strain D2 completely defluorinated DFMS under aerobic, sulfur-limiting conditions in a defined mineral medium. Strain D2 utilized DFMS as the sole source of sulfur, but not as a source of carbon or energy. DFMS utilization was inhibited by other forms of sulfur, and noncompetitive inhibition kinetics were observed, with Ki values of 3−4 μM for sulfate, sulfite, methane sulfonate, and cystine. Strain D2 was subsequently used to evaluate degradation of other fluorinated sulfonates. Growth and defluorination were only observed for those compounds containing hydrogen (TES and H-PFOS). TFMS and PFOS were not degraded. TES ...
Work in Progress: Micro-/Nano-technology `Lab-on-a-chip' Research Project for First-Year Honors Engineering Program

The Fundamentals of Engineering for Honors (FEH) alternate group project (ENG H193A) uses micro-and and nano-technology to involve students in research in their first year through development of and experimentation with a silicone rubber `Lab-on-a-chip'. Students seek to determine if a correlation exists between surface topology and cell adherence. They design and fabricate a lab-on-a-chip and use it to test the hypothesis. As part of the project, students use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to better understand and visualize the forces acting on the cells. Additionally, students create a three-dimensional computer-aided model of a theoretical nanofactory which would be used to alter the structure of DNA. At the end of the term, students submit a written report, project notebook, and laboratory notebook detailing their experimental work as well as their nanofactory model. Finally, they present the results of their experimental work orally to a panel who judge the students' results and understanding of the concepts involved.
Two-way data communication in routine HPLC

Laboratory Data Systems are becoming more and more popular and it should be tried to connect as many analytical instruments as possible on-line. The dilemma, with which the user is very often faced today, is the compatibility between system and instrument. This paper describes the possibility what a liquid chromatograph can offer if connected to a widely-used Laboratory Automation System.
Performance limits for fusion first-wall structural materials

Key features of fusion energy relate primarily to potential advantages associated with safety and environmental considerations and the near endless supply of fuel. However, high-performance fusion power systems will be required in order to be an economically competitive energy option. As in most energy systems, the operating limits of structural materials pose a primary constraint to the performance of fusion power systems. In the case of fusion power, the first-wall/blanket system will have a dominant impact on both economic and safety/environmental attractiveness. This paper presents an assessment of the influence of key candidate structural material properties on performance limits for fusion first-wall blanket applications. Key issues associated with interactions of the structural materials with the candidate coolant/breeder materials are discussed.
Modification of the endoplasmic reticulum in some mammalian oocytes.

Oocytes of the hamster, rat, Mongolian gerbil and squirrel monkey demonstrate an unusual “twin” or multilaminated arrangement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Two or more cisternae appose laterally apparently after the ribosomes vanish from the adjacent surfaces. A central electron dense leaflet, composed of filamentous components can be discerned between the apposed surfaces. Between two cisternae of the membrane complex found in hamster oocytes, narrow connecting pillars or walls also develop. The nuclear envelope frequently represents one cisternal element in the membrane complex, at which place nuclear pores are lacking. In rat oocytes the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae take on either a concentric form, apparently by end-to-end fusion of “twin” cisternal membranes, or form a spiral by several turns of the same cisternum. No functional role could be suggested for the observed specilization of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Proposal for generating a two-photon added coherent state via down-conversion with a single crystal

Abstract Zavatta et al. [A. Zavatta, S. Viciani, M. Bellini, Science 306 (2004) 660; A. Zavatta, S. Viciani, M. Bellini, Phys. Rev. A 72 (2006) 023820], using parametric down-conversion, have carried out experiments to conditionally generate a single-photon added coherent state. In this Letter, we propose an extension of their method in order to generate the two-photon added coherent state, and point the way toward generating m-photon added coherent states for m > 2 , all using only one down-conversion crystal.
Spectroscopic evaluation of the nutrient value of ground beef patties

Abstract In this study, visible-near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy along with proximate analysis was employed to develop and validate partial least square regression (PLSR) models for predicting cholesterol, fat, calories, and moisture content of fresh and cooked ground beef patties. The refined PLSR model utilized 51 bands from the NIR, green and red regions for raw patties, and 50 bands from NIR and blue regions for cooked patties. The PLSR models resulted in high validation R 2 values of 0.72–0.94, with the standard error of prediction varying from 1% to 8.9%. However, the residual predictive deviation (RPD) was acceptable only for calories and fat in both raw and cooked patties, and moisture in raw patties. This study indicated that VNIR spectroscopy in combination with PLSR modeling can be used for screening fat and calories in both raw and cooked beef patties, and may hold the potential for cholesterol screening.
Acute hemodynamic benefit of multisite ventricular pacing after congenital heart surgery.

Abstract Background Cardiac dysfunction after congenital heart surgery is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cardiac resynchronization through multisite ventricular pacing (MSVP) improves cardiac index and ventricular function, and lowers systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in adults with heart failure and interventricular conduction delay. Methods The acute hemodynamic effects of MSVP after congenital heart surgery were assessed. Twenty-nine patients (aged 1 week to 17 years) with prolonged QRS interval had atrial and ventricular unipolar epicardial temporary pacing leads placed at surgery. Group 1 consisted of patients with a single ventricle (n = 14); group 2 included patients with two-ventricle anatomy (tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect) undergoing ventricular surgery (n = 10); and group 3 included patients with two-ventricle anatomy undergoing other cardiac surgery (n = 5). At a mean postoperative day 1 (range, 0 to 6), blood pressure, systemic and mixed venous oxygen saturations, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms were obtained before and after 20 minutes of MSVP. Results The QRS duration decreased with MSVP in all patients (mean, 23%, p p p = 0.0001). In 2 patients, MSVP facilitated weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Echocardiographic mitral or tricuspid valve inflow was not significantly different with MSVP. Conclusions Multisite ventricular pacing results in improved cardiac index and increased systolic blood pressure, and it can also facilitate weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Multisite ventricular pacing may be used as adjunct to standard postoperative treatment of cardiac dysfunction after congenital heart surgery.
Pseudotranslation in the fiction of Akutagawa Ryūnosuke

This paper analyzes the use of pseudotranslation as a literary strategy by the renowned Japanese author Akutagawa Ryūnosuke (1892–1927). Beyond providing further study examples of pseudotranslation to complement those analyzed by Gideon Toury, Emily Apter, Nitsa Ben-Ari, Sehnaz Tahir-Gurcaglar, and others, the Akutagawa texts examined in this essay may nuance and expand the concept of pseudotranslation and the cultural work that it performs. Just as the cultural history of translation should include the phenomenon of pseudotranslation, so too investigation of the relation of pseudotranslation to a more general authorial practice of “mimesis of translation” can be fruitful. The article begins with Akutagawa's reading of a pseudotranslation by the German author Goethe as the basis for a discussion of the phenomenon of pseudotranslation. We examine pseudotranslation and the mimesis of polylinguality in a number of texts by Akutagawa, concluding with a discussion of the suitability of this term to describe th...
The catalysis by modified chloroplasts of the Pi-ATP, Pi-HOH and ATP-HOH exchange reactions in the absence of light.

Abstract P i ↔ HOH, ATP ↔ HOH and P i ↔ ATP exchanges, probably reflecting the phosphorylation and water formation reactions of photosynthetic phosphorylation are catalyzed in the dark by lettuce chloroplasts after exposure to light and dithiothreitol. A marked stimulation of the P i ↔ HOH exchange by ATP and of the ATP ↔ and of the ATP ↔ HOH exchange by P i , and a lack of ADP inhibition of the P i ↔ ATP and ATP ↔ HOH exchanges are consistent with all exchanges occurring by dynamic reversal of ATP cleavage at the catalytic site.
ACTIVATION AND MUCOSAL MIGRATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMN) DURING RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTION

ACTIVATION AND MUCOSAL MIGRATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMN) DURING RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFECTION
CBT or IVD?--That's the Question

Computer-Based Training is usually based upon modular branching paradigms familiar in print-based programmed learning materials. It successfully involves students actively in the instruction, but due to inherent limitations lacks the realism and immediacy of television.
Why smart people believe that schools shortchange girls: What you see when you live in a tail

Why do so many smart people believe that schools shortchange girls when girls do so much better in school? Girls get better grades in every subject, go to college and graduate from college more often, and surpass boys on standardized tests of writing skills and reading comprehension. Boys do surpass girls in mathematics and science achievement and get a disproportionate number of doctorates in mathematics and the physical sciences. But more boys also end up at the bottom of the barrel, labeled impaired and assigned to special education classes. A fair judge might call the school gender wars a draw.
The use of isopropanol to distinguish H2SO4 from particulate sulfate on filters

Abstract Potential interferences in the anhydrous isopropanol (a‐IPA) extraction method for separating sulfuric acid from particulate sulfate on filters were investigated. The method involves separation and recovery of the acid with a‐IPA, followed by aqueous extraction of the particulate sulfate. Analysis for sulfate in the two separate fractions was performed by ion chromatography. The solubility of ammonium sulfate in a‐IPA was measured and the effects of temperature and moisture content of the solvent on ammonium sulfate solubility were determined. The solvent recovery procedure was used to analyze samples collected at an oil‐fired utility boiler. Before analysis, each filter was cut in half and one half of each filter was exposed to an ammonia atmosphere to neutralize any free sulfuric acid. All filter halves were then extracted with a‐IPA followed by a separate aqueous extraction by ultrasonication. Neither a small uptake of moisture by the a‐IPA nor elevated temperatures up to 30° C had a significa...
Separation of particles in aqueous suspensions by thermal field-flow fractionation. Measurement of thermal diffusion coefficients

Thermal field-flow fractionation, which for over two decades has been focused on the separation and characterization of polymers in nonaqueous solutions, is shown here to be capable of separating various latex and silica particles in aqueous suspensions. Both submicron (down to 30 nm diameter) and micron sized particles are separable by normal and steric modes of thermal FFF, respectively. The selectivity is intermediate between that of sedimentation FFF and flow FFF. For normal mode operation, resolution, speed, and size range are flexibly controlled by adjustments in the field strength and flowrate. The thermal diffusion phenomenon underlying separation is investigated and thermal diffusion coefficients are obtained from the thermal FFF data. Thermal diffusivity differs somewhat among different types of latex particles but is stronger for all latexes than for silica particles. The implications for compositional as well as size analysis are discussed. The behavior of particles and polymers in a strong temperature gradient are compared and shown to differ in several significant respects.
ASSESSMENT OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE COSTS DUE TO RETROFIT OF EMBEDDED AVIONICS COMPUTER

Memory and throughput capacities of first generation digital systems have become inadequate. These systems are becoming candidates for retrofit/ modernization programs. A variety of alternatives may exist in the retrofit arena in terms of computer langauge (assembly or higher order), adaptation of existing system software, interfaces with the current software maintenance and enhancement philosophy, and verification and validation procedures. When the alternatives are considered equal with respect to performance requirements, the choice should be based on life cycle cost impacts. A model to capture the differences in life cycle costs among software alternatives was developed to examine a specific retrofit decision. The model includes software development and maintenance considerations. This paper presents the structure and contents of the cost model.
Formation of polymeric microspheres using electron beam radiation

Polymeric particulates are currently being produced by a variety of different techniques. This new approach illustrates the formation of cross-linked polymeric microspheres by incorporating trimethylolpropane propoxylate triacrylate (a radiation-sensitive monomer) into a polyaphron system and exposing it to electron beam radiation. Polyaphrons are essentially a collection of droplets encapsulated in a very thin aqueous film dispersed in a aqueous matrix. This film gives extreme stability to the system, which allows for extremely high dispersed-phase concentrations. The formation of polyaphrons requires the presence of a surfactant in both the dispersed (monomer) and continuous (aqueous) phases. The effects of monomer-phase concentration, monomer- and acqueous-phase surfactant concentration, aqueous-phase surfactant type, and preparation temperature were studied to gain an understanding of the conditions that promote the formation of polymeric microspheres with a narrow size distribution. Polymeric microspheres ranging from 2 to 40 microns in diameter were formed with monomer concentrations as high as 67 vol % without any aphron bridging occurring or need for agitation to keep the monomer-phase dispersed in the aqueous matrix. In addition, the ability to reduce the wettability of the microspheres is demonstrated through incorporation of a polymerizable fluorinated acrylate in the dispersed phase.
Potent anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities of (−)-L-β-dioxolane-C and (+)-L-β-dioxolane-T and their asymmetric syntheses.

Abstract The asymmetric synthesis of (+)-L-β-dioxolane-T and (−)-L-β-dioxolane-C were accomplished starting from 1,6-anhydro-L-β-gulopyranose, and their anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities were evaluated in human PBM cell, CEM cells and 2.2.15 cells, respectively.
Effect of dendroremediation incentives on the profitability of short-rotation woody cropping of Eucalyptus grandis

Abstract Reclamation of municipal wastewater is one of the growing concerns of expanding urban centers. Tree crops are thought to provide not only an effective remediation solution but also a desirable rural landscape in the wildland–urban interface (WUI). Economic incentives can contribute to the economic viability of dendroremediation of reclaimed water in the WUI. A modified Faustmann optimization model has been applied to address the dendroremediation of municipal wastewater under Eucalyptus grandis coppice systems. Results suggest that each $1 kg− 1 N increase in the dendroremediation incentive increases forestland value by $223–376 ha− 1 ($90–152 acre− 1), depending on the interest rate and site productivity. Profitability is highly sensitive to the cost of irrigation and the growth function, both of which might be controllable. Accounting for the dendroremediation service as a flow benefit rather than a stock benefit increases net returns by $61–64 ha− 1 ($25–26 acre− 1) and $138–148 ha− 1 ($56–60 acre− 1) assuming dendroremediation incentives of $1.50 and $3.50 kg− 1 N, respectively.
Modal Analysis of Ballooning Strings With Small Curvature

During the manufacture and transport of textile products, yarns are rotated at high speed. The surface of revolution generated by the rotating yarn is called a balloon. The dynamic response of the balloon to varying rotation speed, boundary excitation, and aerodynamic disturbances affects the quality of the associated textile product. Resonance, in particular, can cause large tension variations that reduce product quality and may cause yarn breakage. In this paper, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a single loop balloon are calculated to predict resonance. The three-dimensional nonlinear equations of motion are simplified under assumptions of small displacement and quasi-static axial motion. After linearization, Galerkin's method is used to calculate the mode shapes and natural frequencies. Experimental measurements of the steady-state balloon shape and the first two natural frequencies and mode shapes are compared with theoretical predictions.
Trans-interface-diffusion-controlled coarsening in ternary alloys

Abstract A theory of trans-interface-diffusion-controlled (TIDC) coarsening of coherent precipitates in ternary alloys is developed, building largely on prior theories of matrix-diffusion-controlled (MDC) coarsening previously published by Morral and Purdy (Scripta Metall Mater, 30 (1994) 905) and Kuehmann and Voorhees (Metall Mater Trans A, 27A (1996) 937). It predicts time-dependent behavior of the type 〈 r 〉 n ≈ k T t for the growth of precipitates of average radius 〈 r 〉 on aging time, t , where the temporal exponent n (2 ⩽ n ⩽ 3) is intimately connected to the scaled distribution of particle sizes. The theory also predicts the dependencies on t of the far-field matrix solute concentrations of minority components 2 and 3, X ∞2,3 , specifically X ∞2,3 ≈ κ T 2,3 t −1/ n . The dependencies of the volume fraction, f , and number density, N v , on t are also predicted. Equations for the rate constants k T and κ T 2,3 are derived. These constants depend on the thermophysical parameters of the system, including the trans-interfacial intrinsic diffusion coefficients, D I2 and D I3 , interfacial energy, σ and curvatures of the Gibbs free energies of mixing. Equations are derived that enable σ and D I2,3 to be obtained independently of each other from analyses of the data on coarsening. The equations of the TIDC theory are compared with those of the MDC theories ( n = 3); all agreements are noted and discrepancies discussed.
Nonmetropolitan Population Change in the Mountain West: 1970–1995

Current research on nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) population change shows that, to date, the 1990s are reminiscent of the 1970s rather than the 1980s. Nonmetro areas, including the Mountain West, are again gaining population through increases in net migration. Over the past several years, subareas within the Mountain West have experienced some of the fastest rates of population growth and economic expansion in the United States. Current growth patterns in the Mountain West are distinct from those in both the 1970s “rural renaissance” and the 1980s “nonmetro contraction” periods. Nonmetro counties in the Mountain West are growing at about the same rate as metropolitan (metro) counties, and although the growth rate is slower now than in the 1970s, more counties are participating in the growth. These findings support earlier research suggesting that nonmetro growth may not be ending.
Plasmonic Nanoparticles−Liquid Crystal Composites†

We report on the plasmonic properties of 6 nm gold nanoparticles that form highly stable solutions in the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4-n-pentylbiphenyl (5CB). The nanoparticles were covalently functionalized with 4-sulfanylphenyl-4-[4-(octyloxy)phenyl]benzoate, which resembles the structure of the 5CB molecules. The solubility of these nanoparticles in 5CB was significantly higher than that of conventional alkanethiol-terminated nanoparticles. An 8 nm shift of the surface plasmon resonance was observed when the gold nanoparticles were dissolved in the nematic phase of 5CB, as compared to the isotropic solution in methylene chloride. Good agreement of the experimental surface plasmon resonance shift with Mie calculations using an adjusted dielectric function for a reduced electron mean free path in small nanoparticles confirmed that the gold nanoparticles are solvated by the liquid crystal molecules. The stability of this composite was verified by repeated temperature cycling between the isotropic and ...
The Morphology of Symietric Diblock Copolymers as Revealed by Neutron Reflectivity

The specular reflectivity of neutrons has been used to characterize quantitatively the microphase separated morphology of symmetric, diblock copolymers of polystyrene, PS and polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, as a function of the total molecular weight of the copolymer where either block is perdeuterated. It is shown that the hyperbolic tangent function, as opposed to a linear or cosine squared function, most closely describes the concentration gradient at the interface between the lamellar copolymer microdomains. The effective width of the interface is found to be independent of the molecular weight of the copolymer blocks and has a value of 50 ± 3A. This interface is also found to be identical to that of PS and PMMA, homopolymers. However, using measured values of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter for PS and PMMA current theoretical treatments cannot describe the observed widths of the interface.
Classifying chemoreceptors: quantity versus quality.

Advances in genomic and proteomic methods provide the means to ascertain not only what receptors are present in a given cell but also how prevalent they are. While it is reasonable to assume that receptor concentration has a critical role in cell physiology, a new study published in this issue of The EMBO Journal suggests that the more relevant parameter can be a receptor9s molecular mechanism. The findings arose from studies focused on bacterial chemotaxis. Chemotactic bacteria sense their chemical environment through a battery of transmembrane chemoreceptors. Previously, these receptors were grouped into two categories: high and low abundance. Neumann et al (2010) postulated that an alternative classification might be more apt. They note that chemoeffectors can bind their chemoreceptor either directly or indirectly through a periplasmic‐binding protein (BP) intermediary, and they provide evidence that these distinct sensing mechanisms have different properties: indirect binding offers the opportunity to control sensitivity while direct binding gives responses over a wider concentration range. These different sensing mechanisms may be exploited by bacteria to survive in diverse niches.
Free-breathing delayed hyperenhanced imaging of the myocardium: a clinical application of real-time navigator echo imaging.

Purpose To compare a free-breathing (FB) acquisition with the current standard of breath-holding (BH) in a clinical setting using identical two-dimensional MR pulse sequences for imaging of myocardial delayed hyperenhancement. Materials and Methods Two-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced images were acquired using FB and BH techniques in 18 subjects to evaluate delayed enhancement of myocardial infarction. The FB acquisition used a navigator echo to monitor the position of the right hemidiaphragm for respiratory gating and correction. Visual analysis using a 16-segment model, quantitative signal difference to noise ratios, and percent left ventricle (LV) viability measurements for the two acquisition types were statistically compared. Results An excellent agreement between two-dimensional BH and two-dimensional FB acquisitions was found. In one patient, a nontransmural infarct was seen only in the FB images. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of infarcted segments or the measured signal difference to noise ratios (SDNR) between the two methods. Linear regression and Bland Altman analysis of the percentage LV viable myocardium yielded a good fit and narrow limits of agreement. Conclusion An FB navigator echo acquisition can be effectively used in the setting of myocardial delay hyperenhanced imaging. Image quality is similar or superior to that of BH imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stomatal response to short‐term osmotic stress of cowpea plants given varying phosphorus fertilization 1

Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp. ‘California Blackeye') plants were grown at seven rates of phosphorus (P) fertilization: 0.0 to 3.6 mM P provided weekly. When plants were eight weeks old, stomatal conductance (Cs) was measured before and after lowering soil water potential to ‐1.0 MPa with a sorbitol solution. Prestress Cs was between 4 and 5 mm/s in 0.0 to 2.4 P plants and varied between 5 and 7 mm/s in 3.0 and 3.6 P plants. Declines in Cs were similar after lowering of soil water potential in plants of all treatments except 0.6 P, which tended to have lower Cs.