cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Vulnerable Elders Survey: a tool for identifying vulnerable older people in the community.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a simple method for identifying community-dwelling vulnerable older people, defined as persons age 65 and older at increased risk of death or functional decline. To assess whether self-reported diagnoses and conditions add predictive ability to a function-based survey. DESIGN: Analysis of longitudinal survey data. SETTING: A nationally representative community-based survey. PARTICIPANTS: Six thousand two hundred five Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey; development and comparison of scoring systems that use age, function, and self-reported diagnoses to predict future death and functional decline. RESULTS: A multivariate model using function, self-rated health, and age to predict death or functional decline was only slightly improved when self-reported diagnoses and conditions were included as predictors and was significantly better than a model using age plus self-reported diagnoses alone. These analyses provide the basis for a 13-item function-based scoring system that considers age, self-rated health, limitation in physical function, and functional disabilities. A score of ≥3 targeted 32% of this nationally representative sample as vulnerable. This targeted group had 4.2 times the risk of death or functional decline over a 2-year period compared with those with scores <3. The receiver operating characteristics curve had an area of .78. An alternative scoring system that included self-reported diagnoses did not substantially improve predictive ability when compared with a function-based scoring system. CONCLUSIONS: A function-based targeting system effectively and efficiently identifies older people at risk of functional decline and death. Self-reported diagnoses and conditions, when added to the system, do not enhance predictive ability. The function-based targeting system relies on self-report and is easily transported across care settings.
Hispanics and US Schools: Problems, Puzzles, and Possibilities

In 2003, the US Census Bureau announced that Hispanics surpassed blacks as the largest US minority group. If this historic milestone is prologue to the future, its social significance is an unfolding, yet uncertain narrative, with the main chapters being scripted in the schools. That fertility, not immigration, currently drives Hispanic population growth has two important implications for US schools and the future contours of educational stratification. First, the youthful age structure of Hispanics will keep demand for education high. Second, four decades of mass migration from Latin America set in motion an unprecedented generational transition that will define the contours of social inequality, depending greatly on the educational attainments of the swelling second generation. In this essay I argue that the success of US schools in closing achievement gaps will determine not only the pace of Hispanic social mobility, but also whether the nation garners a productivity boost by harnessing the Hispanic demographic dividend.
(E,E)‐N‐Phenylsulfonyl‐4‐phenyl‐1‐aza‐1,3‐butadiene

[118922-13-7] C15H13NO2S (MW 271.36) InChI = 1S/C15H13NO2S/c17-19(18,15-11-5-2-6-12-15)16-13-7-10-14-8-3-1-4-9-14/h1-13H/b10-7+,16-13+ InChIKey = FLKIIIPKCJGYIM-NJKRNUQASA-N (electron-deficient acyclic 1-azadiene capable of participation in inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions with electron-rich dienophiles2a) Alternate Name: (E,E)-N-(3-phenyl-2-propenylidene)benzenesulfonamide. Physical Data: mp 107–109 °C. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, C6H6. Form Supplied in: pale yellow solid. Preparative Methods: a solution of cinnamaldehyde in toluene (0.10 M) is treated with benzenesulfonamide (1.1 equiv) and MgSO4 (2 g mmol−1) and the reaction mixture is stirred at reflux for 120 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to 25 °C, the MgSO4 is removed by filtration, and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO2, 15% EtOAc/hexane eluent) gives the title reagent (typical yield 50%).2 Additional general methods for the synthesis of N-sulfonylimines based on the in situ generation of O-sulfinate derivatives of oximes employing sulfinyl chlorides (phenyl- and methylsulfinyl chloride)2a,3-8 or sulfonyl cyanides (p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide)2b and their subsequent rt rearrangement have been detailed. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable at room temperature but susceptible to hydrolysis and must be stored free of moisture.
A Curious Legal Anomaly: Female Inmates Could Have The Right To Vote—But Not Male Inmates:

The United States Supreme Court has ruled that a section of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution supports the practice of disenfranchising ex-felons. However, a literal interpretation of this section exposes a curious anomaly about the legality of disenfranchising female felons. This paper argues that female inmates could legally vote while they are in prison. The paper concludes that this right should be extended to male inmates.
Nominalism and the Problem of Meaning as Illustrated by Pierre D'Ailly on Predestination and Justification

It is difficult in our day to understand the appeal of late medieval nominalism for it seems almost schizophrenic in the way it alternates between opposing emphases. It looked at every theological problem from two radically different points of view: from the perspective of God's absolute power, and from the viewpoint of what he has in fact ordained. In the first context, nominalism relied completely on the power of philosophy and logic to define (though not to prove) omnipotence, and insisted on the radically individualistic isolation of man before a God of absolute and arbitrary power; but in the second context, these emphases are in effect reversed and stress is laid on fideism, the community and its authority, and, in the case of many nominalists, on the moral autonomy of man vis a vis God. Furthermore, the reconciliation of these contrary tendencies is primarily logical, or even verbal. Yet nominalism so captivated the minds of many theologians that they were quite content with what seems to us a purely external and artificial unity and consistency.
Allosteric effects of chloride ions at the intradimeric ?1?1 and ?2?2 interfaces of human hemoglobin

The structural transition induced by ligand binding in human hemoglobin encompasses quaternary structure changes at the interfaces between the two alphabeta dimers. In contrast, the interfaces between alpha and beta subunits within the same dimer (i.e., alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta2 interfaces) are structurally invariant. Previous work from this laboratory using NMR spectroscopy has identified four sites at the intradimeric alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta2 interfaces that, although structurally invariant, experience significant changes in the rates of proton exchange upon ligand binding. These sites are Hisalpha103(G10) and Hisalpha122(H5) in each alpha subunit of the hemoglobin tetramer. In the present work, we show that the proton exchange at the Hisalpha103(G10) sites is affected by the interactions of hemoglobin with chloride ions. Increasing concentrations of chloride ions at pH 6.45 and at 37 degrees C enhance the exchange rate of the Hisalpha103(G10) N(epsilon 2) proton. The enhancement is greater in deoxygenated than in ligated hemoglobin. In the framework of the local unfolding model for proton exchange, these results suggest that the structural free energy and/or the proton transfer reactions at the Hisalpha103(G10) sites depend on the concentration of chloride ions. Therefore, the ligand-induced changes at the Hisalpha103(G10) sites are modulated by the allosteric effect of chloride ions on hemoglobin.
American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health: Diverse Perspectives on Enduring Disparities

As descendants of the indigenous peoples of the United States, American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) have experienced a resurgence in population and prospects since the beginning of the twentieth century. Today, tribally affiliated individuals number over two million, distributed across 565 federally recognized tribal communities and countless metropolitan and nonreservation rural areas. Although relatively little evidence is available, the existing data suggest that AI/AN adults and youth suffer a disproportionate burden of mental health problems compared with other Americans. Specifically, clear disparities have emerged for AI/AN substance abuse, posttraumatic stress, violence, and suicide. The rapid expansion of mental health services to AI/AN communities has, however, frequently preceded careful consideration of a variety of questions about critical components of such care, such as the service delivery structure itself, clinical treatment processes, and preventive and rehabilitative program evaluation. As a consequence, the mental health needs of these communities have easily outpaced and overwhelmed the federally funded agency designed to serve these populations, with the Indian Health Service remaining chronically understaffed and underfunded such that elimination of AI/AN mental health disparities is only a distant dream. Although research published during the past decade has substantially improved knowledge about AI/AN mental health problems, far fewer investigations have explored treatment efficacy and outcomes among these culturally diverse peoples. In addition to routine calls for greater clinical and research resources, however, AI/AN community members themselves are increasingly advocating for culturally alternative approaches and opportunities to address their mental health needs on their own terms.
Hemoglobin labeled by radioactive lysine. Erythrocyte life cycle

A dog, doubly depleted of blood cells and plasma proteins, was fed dl-lysine labeled with C14 in the epsilon carbon position. In the first 8 hours 28 per cent of the administered C14 was excreted in the urine; in the first 72 hours, 35 per cent. Twenty-four hours after feeding, 4.2 per cent of the fed C14 was circulating in the plasma, decreasing to 1 per cent at the end of 17 days. The C14 content of the blood cells increased from 1 per cent at 24 hours to 5.5 per cent in 5 days and 6.8 per cent in 22 days. Evidence based on the rate of decrease of the C14 content of circulating blood cells is presented indicating an average life of 115 days for the erythrocyte protein as an entity not interchanging with extracellular constituents. This corresponds closely to the life span of the dog erythrocyte, 112 to 133 days according to the best evidence otherwise available and indicates that this experiment has actually measured the life span of the dog erythrocyte. Following breakdown of blood erythrocytes the protein comprising them is not used preferentially for the formation of new erythrocytes.
Energy scaling and surface patterning of halogen-terminated Si(001) surfaces

We show that steric repulsion energies between halogen dimers on a passivated Si(001) surface scale with square of the principle quantum number (or period) n of the halogen, and arise principally from bonding with Si substrate. We exemplify the scaling from previously calculated steric interactions of F, Cl, and Br, predict the interactions for I and At, and then verify the prediction by direct density-functional calculations. From the energetics, we explain the patterning of the halogen-terminated Si(001), for a better understanding of the halogen-roughening process, and predict a crossover to a new vacancy-line defect for large halogens.
The Emerging Crisis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa: Lessons from New York City

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis have emerged as important infections in South Africa among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the face of this new epidemic, South Africa must rededicate itself to the task of tuberculosis control and treatment with a rapid, multifaceted approach. Priorities include expansion of second-line treatment capacity, investment in clinical laboratories, a system to ensure supervised treatment for all patients, and enhancement of infection control procedures. In New York City, where drug-resistant tuberculosis emerged 2 decades ago—also in the context of a large HIV-infected population and an underfunded public health infrastructure— similar steps were successful in leading to the rapid decrease in rates of drug resistance among tuberculosis isolates. With refinements based on local resource constraints, urgent measures could potentially arrest the alarming increase in multidrugresistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases in South Africa. Unlike many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa has the capacity to mount a rapid and large-scale response before drug-resistant tuberculosis envelops a much larger and far poorer region.
Nest tree and site selection of an introduced population of red-bellied squirrels (Sciurus aureogaster)

Nests play a crucial role in the life history of tree squirrels, and can be a critical component of their biology that enables them to be a successful invasive species. Red-bellied squirrels (Sciurus aureogaster) were introduced to Elliott Key, Florida, in the late 1930s, and spread to nearby islands. Red-bellied squirrels were believed extirpated by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, but were rediscovered on Elliott Key in 2005. In 2006 and 2007, we surveyed for squirrel nests and measured vegetation to evaluate forest characteristics associated with nest-site selection by squirrels, and compared these data to measurements collected at random locations. Squirrels placed nests in large trees with more canopy linkages in mixed-hardwood forest, and the nest trees were in areas with large trees, high tree density and canopy cover, and lower recent hurricane damage. Red-bellied squirrels selected characteristics of nest trees and forest structure in similar ways to individuals in their native range, and to other species of tree squirrels in general. Results from our research allowed land managers to assess possible management actions and provided important information for them to develop an effective management strategy. Park officials are currently working toward complete eradication of the introduced population of red-bellied squirrels from the Florida Keys. We suggest that behaviors of individuals in native ranges may elucidate patterns for individuals introduced to novel environments; however, we also caution that care must be taken in further extrapolation. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding ecology of introduced species for effective management.
Excited state molecular dynamics simulations of nonlinear push-pull chromophores

Abstract Julolidinemalononitrile, p -nitroaniline, and julolidinyl- n - N , N ′ -diethylthiobarbituric acid are studied with ground and excited state molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the collective electronic oscillator formalism and Onsager’s cavity model. Ground and excited state geometries are calculated in the gas phase and four solvents. The results are interpreted in the context of a two-state valence bond model for charge-transfer transitions of conjugated organic molecules, and are compared to recent resonant Raman experimental results. The calculated geometries are qualitatively consistent with both the two-state model and experiment. In addition, calculated transition density matrices are presented to visualize the changes in charge distribution accompanying photoexcitation.
A 56-year-old woman with sarcoidosis and acute renal failure.

CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old Hispanic woman with a history of sarcoidosis came to the Emergency Department complaining of bilateral leg pain. One year before admission, she had presented to another hospital with shoulder pain and weight loss. At that time, she was found to have hypercalcemia and acute renal failure. Computed tomography of the chest revealed mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, and a transbronchial needle biopsy was consistent with sarcoidosis. She was treated with intravenous fluids, a bisphosphonate, and steroids, which were tapered off over 2 months. Her creatinine level decreased from 4.5 to 1.3 mg per 100 ml. One month before admission, she had been checked by a primary care doctor for a routine visit, and lab tests included a creatinine level of 5.1 mg per 100 ml. Past medical history was also notable for hypertension and a hysterectomy. Her medications included amlodipine and intermittent naproxen (she reported only having taken four pills recently of naproxen). Physical examination revealed a well-appearing woman. The blood pressure was 132/82 and there was mild diffuse tenderness on palpation of her legs bilaterally. There was no rash. Her lungs were clear. The heart was regular in rate and rhythm with no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. No lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly was appreciated. There was no lower extremity edema. Laboratory values and radiology results are shown in Table 1. She was initially treated with intravenous fluids and furosemide. Her calcium level was normalized, but her creatinine level continued to rise. A renal biopsy was performed.
Separating useful from useless image variation for face recognition

For a general purpose face recognition system one of the largest challenge is to separate useful identity related from useless variations in the image data due to nuisance variables such as: orientation, lighting, expression, possible disguise. A recognition system is presented in which the effect of the secondary/nuisance variables is to a large degree accounted for before the matching process even begins. Greatly improved performance is shown on a large database of faces in 42 conditions.
The International Primatological Society as a Coalition: Primatologists and the Future of Primates

Because we are currently losing the conservation struggle, new initiatives are worth considering. I suggest 4 of them. The International Primatological Society (IPS) might strengthen primate behavioral ecology partly by being more open to the significance of non-primate and human studies. We could stimulate more educational materials, particularly through encouraging professionals by giving our seal of approval for first-class efforts. We can encourage range-country sanctuaries in their conservation initiatives by supporting them through appropriate research plans. We can support global initiatives to promote political support for primate conservation. There are many such ideas that might have been proposed. I hope that this essay stimulates others.
The nature of decline : distinguishing myth from reality in the case of the Luo of Kenya

Narrative is an important means of structuring and giving meaning to experience. While the resulting framework is incomplete because human beings choose only particular aspects to remember, narratives often persist and influence behaviour, often to poor effect. Considering this, the example of the Luo of Kenya is a cautionary one, particularly given African neopatrimonial understandings of state and society. Luo lore establishes the group as once elite and now in abject poverty, victim of a powerful and jealous Kikuyu enemy. This article explores the nature of this elite status, and the means by which group members have responded to particular indicators at the expense of others. This re-examination invites questioning of Luos’ conclusion that they were, as respondents say, ‘ put out in the cold ’ from a position of prominence, a stance that has helped shape Kenya into ethnic rather than policy interests.
SOME SMALL-SIGNAL RELAXATION RESPONSE MODELS AND THEIR LIMITING RESPONSES

Abstract This paper is concerned with the small-signal time and frequency response of anomalous dispersion and distributed circuit elements in either conductive or dielectric systems. In the course of responding to recently published comments and criticisms of Dissado and Hill, a detailed discussion is presented of high and low frequency limiting response possibilities, with a special consideration of such response for a single broad dispersion region. For such a region the Dissado-Hill criticisms are shown to be either incorrect, inappropriate or irrelevant. The usefulness of distribution of relaxation and distribution of activation energy approaches is demonstrated and the response of a general exponential-distribution-of-activation-energies model is compared with that of a relaxation response function which was derived by Dissado and Hill in two different ways, with the two approaches based on different physical assumptions. It is concluded that the Dissado-Hill response function does not lead to the necessary low and high frequency limiting response for a single broad dispersion region, is essentially limited to dielectric materials and cannot describe intrinsically conductive ones which can pass DC, and is severely limited in its temperature dependence possibilities. By comparison, these limitations and restrictions do not apply to the distribution of activation energy model, one which has been shown capable of fitting a great variety of conductive and dielectric system experimental data for thermally activated situations.
Silt and fine sand fractions dominate K fixation in soils derived from granitic alluvium of the San Joaquin Valley, California

Abstract Much of the previous work on potassium (K) fixation by soils and pure minerals has focused on K fixation and release by the clay size fraction. However, in soils containing considerable amounts of silt- and sand-size K-fixing minerals, such as vermiculite and hydrobiotite, K fixation capacity may be substantial in the coarser size fractions. We measured the contribution of clay, silt, very fine sand (VFS) and fine sand (FS) fractions to K fixation in five Sierra Nevada granitic alluvium soils. Mineralogy of size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction. Potassium fixation of the whole soil and size fractions was measured by shaking samples for 1 h with 2 mmol KCl, followed by a 30-min extraction with NH4Cl. Smectite and mica were dominant clay-fraction minerals. Vermiculite and hydrobiotite dominated the silt fractions, while quartz, feldspars, amphiboles, mica and some vermiculite were present in the VFS and FS fractions. Soil materials from most soil horizons fixed from about 8 to 95% of added K. Depth-weighted average K fixation by clay fractions ranged from − 2.3 to − 6.5 mmol kg− 1 clay, meaning that K was released, not fixed. On a whole soil basis, calculated K fixation was highest in the silt fractions in all Ap horizons (0.5 to 3.1 mmol kg− 1 soil). In subsurface horizons FS fixed 0.04 to 4.6 mmol K kg− 1 soil and VFS fixed 0.1 to 3.4 mmol K kg− 1 soil, whereas silt fractions fixed 0.9 to 5.5 mmol K kg− 1 soil. Overall, the highest percentage of added K was fixed by the silt fractions, dominated by vermiculite and hydrobiotite. In pedons, where VFS and FS are dominant, these fractions constituted the main locus of K fixation.
Stiff Man Syndrome: A Diagnostic Dilemma in a Young Female with Diabetes Mellitus and Thyroiditis:

Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS), is a very rare neuroimmunologic disorder characterized by progressive muscle pain, rigidity, stiffness, and spasms. It can be very debilitating if misdiagnosed or not recognized in time. Herein we discuss a case of a female in her 20s who presented with an unsteady gait, lower extremity weakness, persistent leg pain, and stiffness few weeks after uncomplicated childbirth. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and was diagnosed with thyroiditis in the course of her illness. The triad of thyroiditis, DM, and stiffness with normal neuroimaging in a young female patient is an unusual occurrence.
Networkmd: topology inference and failure diagnosis in the last mile

Health monitoring, automated failure localization and diagnosis have all become critical to service providers of large distribution networks (e.g., digital cable and fiber-to-the-home), due to the increases in scale and complexity of their offered services. Existing automated failure diagnosis solutions typically assume complete knowledge of network topology, which in practice is rarely available. The solution presented in this paper - Network Management and Diagnosis (NetworkMD) - is an automated failure diagnosis system that can infer failure groups based on historical failure data, and optionally geographical information. The inferred failure groups mirror missing topologies, and can be used to localize failures, diagnose root causes of problems, and detect misconfiguration in known topologies. NetworkMD uses an unsupervised learning algorithm based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to infer failure groups. Using cable network as the primary example, we demonstrate the effectiveness of NetworkMD in both simulated settings and real environment using data collected from a commercial network serving hundreds of thousands of customers via thousands of intermediate network devices.
Acute effect of a high nitrate diet on brain perfusion in older adults

Aims Poor blood flow and hypoxia/ischemia contribute to many disease states and may also be a factor in the decline of physical and cognitive function in aging. Nitrite has been discovered to be a vasodilator that is preferentially harnessed in hypoxia. Thus, both infused and inhaled nitrite are being studied as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases. In addition, nitrite derived from nitrate in the diet has been shown to decrease blood pressure and improve exercise performance. Thus, dietary nitrate may also be important when increased blood flow in hypoxic or ischemic areas is indicated. These conditions could include age-associated dementia and cognitive decline. The goal of this study was to determine if dietary nitrate would increase cerebral blood flow in older adults.
Early Attachment Relationships and the Early Childhood Curriculum

This article explores the relationship between attachment theory and the early childhood curriculum. During the first years of life children develop early attachment relationships with their primar...
Identification of matrix conditions that give rise to the linear coupling resonances

General definitions of horizontal and vertical amplitudes for linear coupled motion are developed from the normal form of the one-turn matrix. This leads to the identification of conditions on the matrix that give rise to the linear coupling sum and difference resonances. The correspondence with the standard hamiltonian treatment of the resonances is discussed.
Effects of dobutamine on left ventricular restoring forces

Restoring forces, which are generated when the left ventricle contracts below its equilibrium volume (Veq), are responsible for diastolic suction. Their magnitude is inversely related to end-systol...
Islamic Perspectives on the Human Body: Legal, Social and Spiritual Considerations

Islam as a religious and cultural system is very interested in the human body. Far from dismissing it as irrelevant to spirituality, the connectedness of body and spirit runs throughout most of Islamic tradition. Only in the esoteric traditions of Sufism and Shi’ism is a significant body-spirit dualism admitted, but Sufi theories of the nature of sanctity nonetheless encompass the purity and incorruptibility of the body. The health and wellbeing of the physical body has also been of interest to Muslims since the time of the Prophet, who practice a popular spiritually-oriented medical tradition following Muhammad’s own healing devices and prescriptions. By the tenth century Greek medical texts were well known in the Muslim world, and medieval Muslim contributions to medicine assumed importance in Europe as well as in the Islamic empire.
Organizational Behavior Modification: A General Motivational Tool for Sales Management

AbstractHow sales managers can effectively use rewards to shape the behavior or salespeople is the theme of this article. Organizational Behavior Modification specifies how rewards can be used to guide behavior. It has been tested and positive results have been found for a number of sales applications. The essential concepts of that method are explained and illustrations of sales force applications for each major concept are provided. A model for using the method in sales management is proposed. The fundamental purpose of this article is to convey a clear understanding of the technique to the practicing sales manager.
Determination of local brain glucose level with [14C]methylglucose : effects of glucose supply and demand

Methylglucose can be used to assay brain glucose levels because the equilibrium brain-to-plasma distribution ratio for methylglucose (Ce*/Cp*) is quantitatively related to brain (Ce) and plasma (Cp) glucose contents. The relationship between Ce and Ce*/Cp* predicted by Michaelis-Menten kinetics has been experimentally confirmed when glucose utilization rate (CMRGlc) is maintained at normal, resting levels and Cp is varied in conscious rats. Theoretically, however, Ce and Ce*/Cp* should change when CMRGlc is altered and Cp is held constant; their relationship in such conditions was, therefore, examined experimentally. Drugs were applied topically to brains of conscious rats with fixed levels of Cp to produce focal alterations in CMRGlc, and Ce and Ce*/Cp* were measured. Plots of Ce as a function of Ce*/Cp* for each Cp produced straight lines; their slopes decreased as Cp increased. The results confirm that a single theoretical framework describes the relationship between Ce and Ce*/Cp* as either glucose supply or demand is altered over a wide range; they also validate the use of methylglucose to estimate local Ce under abnormal conditions.
The effect of TiO 2 additions and oxygen potential on liquidus temperatures of some CaO-Al 2 O 3 melts

The effect of TiO2 on the liquidus temperature of CaO-Al2O3 melts was determined in an argon atmosphere which had oxygen potentials of 0.21, 10−11, 10−16, and 10−21 atm, using hot-wire microscopy. Compositions ranging from 44 to 52 wt pct A12O3 and CaO and between zero and 10 wt pct TiO2 were investigated. Experiments done in air show that TiO2 lowers the liquidus temperature at low concentrations and raises the liquidus temperature at high concentrations. At low oxygen potentials, however, there is a continuous increase of the liquidus temperature with increasing TiO2 concentrations. Liquidus temperature diagrams for the system at oxidizing (Po2 = 0.21) and reducing (Po2 = 10−16) conditions are presented.
Building Bridges for Seniors: Older Adults and the Digital Divide

Bridging the digital divide is a multi-faceted challenge. Information providers, intermediaries, and users each bear some degree of responsibility for coming together in this area. In this paper, the author reports on three studies, each of which delved into the question of how older adults are coping with the author's supervision. In one study older adults visiting community senior centres. . .
Case 2: Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in a 7-year-old Girl.

1. Patrick Motz, DO, MD* 2. Abiodun Omoloja, MD, MBA* 1. *Dayton Children’s Hospital, Dayton, OH. A 7-year-old girl presents with recurrent episodes of dysuria. She has been diagnosed and treated for multiple episodes of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Review of her past medical history reveals 4 to 5 episodes of UTI within the last year. All were diagnosed clinically, based on the presence of dysuria and abdominal pain. She drinks a large amount of water during the day due to thirst and wakes up every night to drink at least 1 cup of water. On physical examination, the well-appearing girl has normal vital signs for age. Growth charts demonstrate that her weight and height are at the 12th and 2nd percentiles, respectively. All findings on the physical examination are normal. A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) does not show ureteral reflux, but abdominal radiography documents extensive bilateral nephrocalcinosis (Figure). Initial laboratory results include: Figure. Plain abdominal radiograph shows bilateral nephrocalcinosis (arrows).
Molecular Strategies in the Study and Repair of Palatal Defects

Abstract Utilization of a number of sophisticated genetic approaches such as linkage, association and genome-wide association studies have enabled the identification of numerous genes and gene loci that have been linked to orofacial clefting. These are briefly discussed. In addition, normal orofacial morphogenesis, necessitating extensive reciprocal signaling between numerous embryonic tissues, is discussed with a focus on the TGFs, Shh, and Wnt signal transduction pathways. Finally, we discuss tissue engineering strategies as they relate to correction of the cleft phenotype and other craniofacial defects.
Fracture Process Zone in Concrete and Ceramics - A Matter of Scaling

The crack closure stress versus crack opening displacement (COD) associated with the fracture process zone (FPZ) of a subcritically growing crack in concrete was determined through a hybrid experimental-numerical procedure. COD measurements, which were obtained by moire interferometry, were used interactively with an elastic finite element model of the concrete specimen to back out the above constitutive relation by a direct analysis. A constitutive relation, which is similar in form but different in magnitude, was also used to characterize the FPZ associated with stable crack growth in SiCw/Al2O3-matrix ceramic composite. Similarity in the genesis of the FPZ’s in concrete and ceramics is discussed.
Peer Influence on Children's Reading Skills: A Social Network Analysis of Elementary School Classrooms.

Research has found that peers influence the academic achievement of children. However, the mechanisms through which peers matter remain underexplored. The present study examined the relationship between peers’ reading skills and children’s own reading skills among 4,215 total second- and third-graders in 294 classrooms across 41 schools. One innovation of the study was the use of social network analysis to directly assess who children reported talking to or seeking help from and whether children who identified peers with stronger reading skills experienced higher reading skills. The results indicated that children on average identified peers with stronger reading skills and the positive association between peer reading skills and children’s own reading achievement was strongest for children with lower initial levels of reading skills. The study has implications for how teachers can leverage the advantages of peers via in-class activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Stroke of bad luck

We hypothesized that distinct acute right hemisphere lesions disrupt separate components of valuation and emotional response to winning and losing money and of emotional empathy in observing a partner win or lose money. We measured skin conductance response (SCR) and ratings of emotions when acute right hemisphere stroke patients or healthy controls won or lost money in roulette, or when they watched a partner win or lose. Our results showed that percentage of damage after stroke to right anterior insula and frontal operculum negatively correlated with both SCR to winning and losing and difference between rating wins versus losses.
Materials degrees of freedom for optical design

We present a new concept for the design of optical elements. By specifying a general material with tailored anisotropic refractive index, we design refractive lenses that focus light with diffraction-limited resolution and reduced aberrations.
Water Wicking and Droplet Spreading on Randomly Structured Thin Nanoporous Layers.

Growing thin, nanostructured layers on metallic surfaces is an attractive, new approach to create superhydrophilic coatings on heat exchangers that enhance spray cooling heat transfer. This paper presents results of an experimental study of enhanced droplet spreading on zinc oxide, nanostructured surfaces of this type that were thermally grown on copper substrates. The spreading rate data obtained from experimental high speed videos was used to develop a model specifically for this type of ultrathin, nanoporous layer. This investigation differs from previous related studies of droplet spreading on porous surfaces, which have generally considered either ordered, thin, moderately permeable layers, or thicker, microporous layers. Our layers are both very thin and have nanoscale porosity, making them low-permeability layers that exhibit strong wicking. An added benefit is that the thermally grown, stochastic nature of our surfaces make manufacturing easily scalable and particularly attractive for spray-cooled...
The fetishization of quantification

Although the numbers whose "tyranny" forms the subject of Jerry Muller9s timely book share some of the attributes of scientific measurement, their purposes are primarily administrative and political. They are designed to be incorporated into systems of what might be called "data-ocracy," often for the sake of public accountability: Schools, hospitals, and corporate divisions whose numbers meet or exceed their goals are to be rewarded, whereas poor numbers, taken to imply underperformance, may bring penalties or even annihilation. In The Tyranny of Metrics , Muller shows how teachers, doctors, researchers, and managers are driven to sacrifice the professional goals they value in order to improve their numbers.
External Iliac Artery Injury from Migrated Antibiotic Hip Spacer: A Case Report.

Vascular injury after total hip arthroplasty is a rare but devastating event1,2 with high morbidity and mortality3 and litigation risk1. Clinical presentations are variable, ranging from obvious swelling4 and limb ischemia5 to hypotension that is unresponsive to resuscitation with fluids and blood6. Factors associated with increased risk of vascular injury after total hip arthroplasty include revision surgery, female sex, and intrapelvic migration of the acetabular components in the setting of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI)6. Intrapelvic migration of an antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate spacer in the setting of PJI has similarly been implicated in vascular injury after total hip arthroplasty4. However, to our knowledge, this event previously has been reported only once. We believe that we present the first case of injury to the external iliac artery caused by gradual intrapelvic migration of an antibiotic spacer over several years in the setting of persistent PJI, presenting without obvious symptoms and signs of vascular injury. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. Eight years after left resection total hip arthroplasty and antibiotic spacer placement without reconstruction for PJI, a sixty-nine-year-old woman presented with eight months of increasing left hip pain. The medical history was noteworthy for cervical cancer complicated by lymphedema in both lower extremities and bilateral radiation necrosis of the superior dome of the acetabulum. On physical examination, she was afebrile and normotensive with tachycardia. The incision from the previous surgery appeared well healed, although the entire left lower extremity was swollen, consistent with the baseline. Able to walk both indoors and outdoors for most activities, she had a positive log roll test but would not allow any hip range of motion because of pain; she was neurovascularly …
Prayer: A Helpful Aid in Recovery from Depression

Depression is a growing issue within the field of medicine. It negatively impacts individuals' lives and the people they are most connected to. For decades, medical professionals have been searching for solutions to assist those who are suffering from this illness. The use of drugs has not been a sufficient means of treatment to alleviate depression and its symptoms. There is a dire need to expand therapeutic interventions that can attribute meaningful recovery for victims of depression. One means of positive treatment is the use of prayer. Prayer, one of the most ancient forms of meditation, aligns and relaxes the mental state of the mind. The uses of drugs are limited by physiological focus, but prayer is a mechanism that brings human beings into a unique state of oneness. Oneness comprises the holistic nature of a human being and asserts the triad of well-being: mind, body, and spirit. As the emergence of humanities and holism continues in medicine, centering/meditative prayer and similar practices like mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be useful therapeutic interventions specifically for major depressed patients.
Integration of a Zero-footprint Cloud-based Picture Archiving and Communication System with Customizable Forms for Radiology Research and Education.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to integrate web-based forms with a zero-footprint cloud-based Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) to create a tool of potential benefit to radiology research and education. Materials and Methods Web-based forms were created with a front-end and back-end architecture utilizing common programming languages including Vue.js, Node.js and MongoDB, and integrated into an existing zero-footprint cloud-based PACS. Results The web-based forms application can be accessed in any modern internet browser on desktop or mobile devices and allows the creation of customizable forms consisting of a variety of questions types. Each form can be linked to an individual DICOM examination or a collection of DICOM examinations. Conclusions Several uses are demonstrated through a series of case studies, including implementation of a research platform for multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) studies and other imaging research, and creation of an online Objective Structure Clinical Examination (OSCE) and an educational case file.
Impact damage imaging in a curved composite panel with wavenumber index via Riesz transform

The barely visible impact damages reduce the strength of composite structures significantly; however, they are difficult to be detected during regular visual inspection. A guided wave based damage imaging condition method is developed and applied on a curved composite panel, which is a part of an aileron from a retired Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. Ultrasonic guided waves are excited by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and then captured by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). The wavefield images are constructed by measuring the out-of-plane velocity point by point within interrogation region, and the anomalies at the damage area can be observed with naked eye. The discontinuities of material properties leads to the change of wavenumber while the wave propagating through the damaged area. These differences in wavenumber can be observed by deriving instantaneous wave vector via Riesz transform (RT), and then be shown and highlighted with the proposed imaging condition named wavenumber index (WI). RT can be introduced as a two-dimensional (2-D) generalization of Hilbert transform (HT) to derive instantaneous phases, amplitudes, orientations of a guided-wave field. WI employs the instantaneous wave vector and weighted instantaneous wave energy computed from the instantaneous amplitudes, yielding high sensitivity and sharp damage image with computational efficiency. The BVID of the composite structure becomes therefore “visible” with the developed technique.
Monitoring Posterior Fossa Craniotomies

The base of the skull is divided into three cranial fossae: posterior, middle, and anterior (Fig. 14.1). The posterior fossa is the deepest and largest and is enclosed by the occipital bone. Within the posterior fossa are the brainstem and cerebellum. The brainstem—consisting of the midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla—contains the nuclei of cranial nerves (CN) III–XII and is responsible for vital autonomic nervous system function. The brainstem also contains afferent and efferent fiber tracts that connect the brain with the rest of the body. The cerebellum is responsible for movement, balance, and coordination. Due to the complex anatomy and close proximity of these vital structures to each other, the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IOM) during posterior skull base surgery can aid the surgeon in identifying neural structures at risk as well as verifying neural integrity once the decompression is complete. This chapter focuses on surgeries for microvascular decompression (MVD), vestibular schwannoma, and Chiari malformation and the modalities used to preserve the neurological function of cranial nerves and brainstem structures during these types of surgeries.
Well-Orders and Ordinals

This chapter develops the classical theory of well-orders and ordinals in a naive setting. Ordinals are defined as order types of well-orders, not as von Neumann ordinals. We cover the basic ordinal operations of sum and product, transfinite induction and recursion, uniqueness of isomorphisms and ranks, unique representation of well-orders by initial sets of ordinals, the comparability theorem for well-orders, the division algorithm, remainder ordinals, ordinal exponentiation, and the Cantor Normal Form.
Subsea LIDAR systems

Abstract: Oceanographic light detection and ranging (LIDAR) maps scattering layers, and relates their distributions to oceanographic processes. However, demonstrable links between this experimental technology and water column optical properties remain elusive. Theory shows the returned laser power (Pr) decays logarithmically as a function of depth-varying optical properties along the path of the beam. The decay slope is related to beam attenuation and diffuse attenuation coefficients, and the abundance of biogeochemical constituents, including phytoplankton. LIDAR quantification of phytoplankton distributions will improve predictions of ocean productivity, particularly in highly variable and rapidly changing polar environments. However, few observations exist to verify these relationships. Future ocean LIDAR development requires commercial systems capable of deployment in many environments to routinely profile the euphotic zone. Quantifying the distribution, abundance, and nature of scattering particles will improve estimates of ocean productivity, particle flux, and ocean biogeochemistry that are critical to understanding our changing ocean climate.
Establishment of a conditionally immortalized mouse optic nerve astrocyte line.

Abstract Optic nerve astrocytes play a major role in axonal degeneration and regeneration. Astrocyte lines are an important tool to elucidate the responsible cellular mechanisms. In this study, we established a conditionally immortalized mouse optic nerve astrocyte line. Astrocytes were cultured from explants derived from postnatal day 4–5 H-2kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse optic nerves. Cells were cultured in defined astrocyte culture medium under permissive (33 °C) or non-permissive (38.5 °C) temperatures with or without interferon-ɤ (IFN-ɤ). Astrocytes were characterized by immunocytochemistry staining using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Cell proliferation rates were determined by cell growth curves and percentage of Ki67 positive cells. Karyotyping was performed to validate the mouse origin of established cell line. Conditional immortalization was assessed by western blot-determined expression levels of SV40 large T antigen (TAg), p53, GFAP and NCAM in non-permissive culture conditions. In addition, phagocytic activity of immortalized cells was determined by flow cytometry-based pHrodo fluorescence analysis. After 5 days in culture, cells migrated out from optic nerve explants. Immunocytochemistry staining showed that migrating cells expressed astrocyte makers, GFAP and NCAM. In permissive conditions, astrocytes had increased expression levels of TAg and p53, exhibited a greater cell proliferation rate as well as a higher percentage of Ki67 positive cells (n = 3, p