cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Effects of Fluid Oscillations and Nutrient Transport in the In Vitro Growth of Valvular Tissues.

Engineered valvular tissues are cultured dynamically, and involve specimen movement. We previously demonstrated that oscillatory shear stresses (OSS) under combined steady flow and specimen cyclic flexure (flex-flow) promote tissue formation. However, localized efficiency of specimen mass transport is also important in the context of cell viability within the growing tissues. Here, we investigated the delivery of two essential species for cell survival, glucose and oxygen, to 3-dimensional (3D) engineered valvular tissues. We applied a convective-diffusive model to characterize glucose and oxygen mass transport with and without valve-like specimen flexural movement. We found the mass transport effects for glucose and oxygen to be negligible for scaffold porosities typically present during in vitro experiments and non-essential unless the porosity was unusually low ( 0.05). Based on this result, we conducted an experiment using bone marrow stem cell (BMSC)-seeded scaffolds under Pulsatile flow-alone states to permit OSS without any specimen movement. BMSC-seeded specimen collagen from the pulsatile flow and flex-flow environments were subsequently found to be comparable (p > 0.05) and exhibited some gene expression similarities. We conclude that a critical magnitude of fluid-induced, OSS created by either pulsatile flow or flex-flow conditions, particularly when the oscillations are physiologically-relevant, is the direct, principal stimulus that promotes engineered valvular tissues and its phenotype, whereas mass transport benefits derived from specimen movement are minimal.
Measurement of 16 elements in blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective To establish a method of determining more elements in whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Methods The whole blood samples were treated by 5％nitric acid to remove the proteins,then were centrifuged.Sixteen elements (Be,Al,Mn,V,Cr,Co,Ni,As,Mo,Ag,Cd,Sb,Ba,Tl,Pb and U ) in the supernatant were directly measured by ICP-MS.Results The detection limits of 16 elements were 0.01 ～6.51 μg/L.The linear correlation coefficient r was ≥0.999.The relative standard deviations were below 5 ％.The recovery rates were 105％～115％.Seronorm Trace Elements Serum L-1LOT 0903106 and GBW09139g or GBW09140g were used in the quality control,the detected results corresponded with the standard values.Conclusion ICP-MS technique is a simple,rapid,accurate andreliable method,which can be used to measure several trace elements in whole blood samples. Key words: Trace element; blood; Dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Peek: A mobile-to-mobile remote computing protocol for smartphones and tablets

A mobile-to-mobile remote computing protocol for smartphones presents a user with the ability to run an application remotely and to interact with it in a responsive way, where I/O updates can be performed midstream and the results can be viewed in real time. Even though several protocols exist for desktop remote computing, we argue that these cannot be applied as-is for mobile-to-mobile remote computing. In this context, we introduce Peek, a remote computing protocol with i) multi-touch support, ii) context association, and iii) multi-modal frame compression. Through implementation on real devices, we show that Peek reduces the time taken to perform actions on a server by 62% on average, compared to Virtual Network Computing (VNC). We also test Peek's multi-modal frame compression, against VNC, on datasets and show that it has the potential to reduce 30% of the bytes sent on the network.
Motivations of a Political Activist: John Clifford and the Education Bill of 1902

In any consideration of Baptists, John Clifford stands out as an imposing figure. His long life covered a span of eighty-seven years (1836-1923) and was filled with significant achievements.1 Not only did he attain great recognition as a leader among Eng lish Baptists, but Clifford gained high status within the ranks of Baptist leaders throughout the world. He was one of the prime movers in the founding of the Baptist World Congress and served as its first president. Just as Clifford functioned as an out standing leader within his own denomination, he received rec ognition for his qualities of leadership within the larger Protestant Free Church movement as well.2 He was a great churchman involved in the great religious issues of his day; but he also was a "citizen" (in the authentic sense of that word) and exerted extensive moral leadership far beyond the realm of in
Comparison of Laboratory Methods for Estimating Wood Consumption Rates by Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Three methods of calculating wood consumption rates (milligrams of wood per gram of termite per day) by laboratory groups of the termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were compared. Rates calculated from 6- and 8-week data confirmed that a model which assumed no termite mortality during the feeding trial significantly underestimated wood consumption. A second model which assumed a linear increase in mortality during the trial gave consumption rates for 42-day tests which did not differ significantly from those derived from a third model based upon actual mortality records. This suggests that consumption rates can be predicted accurately in 42-day experiments with a model that assumes mortality increases linearly. Wood consumption rates calculated at 8 weeks were lower than those at 6 weeks, indicating that feeding rates were declining. This occurred even though little or no mortality was observed beyond day 28. It is proposed that feeding trials be carried out only while wood consumption (milligrams of wood per gram of termite) remains constant. In 6-week trials, C. formosanus consumed 55.04 mg/g per day when termite biomass was based on a linear-mortality model. This was more than 16% greater than consumption at 8 weeks based on termite weight calculated with a no-mortality model (46.56 mg/g per day).
What provokes asthma attacks

Many factors can lead to an attack of asthma. Some, like obesity or smoking, can be controlled. Others, like barometric pressure drops or premenstrual tension, cannot. Still others, like emotional ...
Investigation of radiation dose to operators during therapeutic interventional procedure

[Objective] To investigate the radiation dose of operators during therapeutic interventional procedures,and analyze the factors which influence radiation dosage as well as the way to decrease the dosage.[Methods]A total of 56 operators from 4 Third Grade Class A hospitals of provincial level were selected.Theromoluminescence was used to measure the X-ray radiation dose of operators in different position and exposed surface dose of different body parts.[Results] The highest average dose of skin of operators was the dorsum of the hand(317.86 μGy),followed by thyroid gland(233.15 μGy).The highest individual dose of skin was 3122 μGy at dorsum of the hand in sacrococcygeal region of operators.Operator dose in tumor embolization operation was higher than others.The accumulate dose of patients by using the over-tube X-ray machine was higher than the under-tube.[Conclusion]The difference of operators dose are greater during therapeutic interventional procedures which are due to kinds of operation,complexity of operation,the handing technique of operators and so on.It is necessary to optimize radiation dose by adopting dose reduction techniques so as to maintain radiation dose as low as reasonable,especially the active protection.
Hospital-Based Outpatient Direct Access to Physical Therapist Services: Current Status in Wisconsin.

Background Direct access to physical therapy services is available in all 50 states, with reported benefits including reduced health care costs, enhanced patient satisfaction, and no apparent compromised patient safety. Despite the benefits and legality of direct access, little data exists regarding the degree of model adoption, implementation, and utilization. Objectives Investigate the extent of implementation and utilization of direct access to outpatient physical therapy services in Wisconsin hospitals/medical centers, identify barriers to and facilitators for the provisioning of such services, and identify potential differences between facilities that do and do not provide direct access services. Design Descriptive survey. Methods 89 surveys were distributed via email to the Directors of Rehabilitation Services at Wisconsin hospitals/medical centers. Surveys investigated facility adoption of the direct access model, challenges to and resources utilized during model implementation, and current barriers impacting model utilization. Results 47 of the 89 surveys (52.8%) were completed and returned. 42 percent of survey respondents (20 of 47) reported that their facility offered direct access to physical therapy services, but <10% of patients were seen via direct access at 95% of the facilities offering such services. The most frequently reported obstacles to model implementation and utilization were lack of healthcare provider, administrator, and patient knowledge of direct access, its legality in Wisconsin, and physical therapists' differential diagnosis and medical screening abilities. Limitations Potential respondent bias and limited generalizability of results; these findings apply to hospitals/medical centers located in Wisconsin, not to facilities located in other geographic regions. Conclusions Respondents representing direct access organizations reported more timely access to physical therapy services, enhanced patient satisfaction, decreased organizational healthcare costs, and improved efficiency of resource utilization as benefits of model implementation. For organizations without direct access, not being an organizational priority, concerns from referral sources, and concerns that the physician/patient relationship would be negatively impacted were noted as obstacles to model adoption.
Donor Specific Tolerance Of Renal Allografts Following Haploidentical In Utero Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation In The Canine Model

Introduction In utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCT) can result in allogeneic mixed hematopoietic chimerism and associated donor specific tolerance (DST). We have reported a 1-2% donor chimerism threshold for consistent DST in the murine model as defined by the ability to enhance engraftment postnatally with a same donor minimal conditioning BMT, and have confirmed this finding in the canine model of IUHCT. Recently, we have optimized the canine model and achieved higher levels of chimerism (average>10%). As prenatal tolerance induction for postnatal organ transplantation is one of the clinical goals of IUHCT, we hypothesized that the presence of donor chimerism (>2.0%) after haploidentical IUHCT in the canine model would be sufficient to allow same donor renal transplants without immunosuppression. Method Stable mixed hematopoietic macrochimerism was documented by VNTR after haploidentical IUHCT performed at 40 days gestation using maternal donor BM cells in 4 pups (chimerism levels 3-38%). One positive control canine with no detectable chimerism following IUHCT also underwent haploidentical renal transplantation. Renal transplantation was performed from the maternal donor at ages between 12 and 18 months, and the pups were serially followed by ultrasound of the graft, blood chemistry and urinalysis post transplant. At 60 days an open biopsy of the allograft was taken and at 6 months a graft nephrectomy was performed for histologic analysis. Results Following transplantation, all recipients demonstrated blood flow to the renal cortex and all laboratory values were within normal ranges. At 60 days and 6 months 3 of the 4 recipients demonstrated a graft without evidence of acute or chronic rejection. The recipient with the lowest level of chimerism (3%) demonstrated evidence of mild interstitial nephritis (Banff class 1 rejection) following transplantation at the time of renal biopsy which increased in severity to severe interstitial fibrosis and moderate tubular atrophy (Banff class 3 rejection) at the time of graft nephrectomy. The positive control canine without detectable chimerism demonstrated clinical and histologic evidence of acute rejection within one week of transplantation. Conclusion Our results support the ability of IUHCT to induce DST for haploidentical organ transplantation, in a large animal model, without the need for immunosuppression. In agreement with previous studies in the murine model there appears to be a threshold level of donor chimerism required for associated DST. Although our numbers are not adequate to establish absolute thresholds of chimerism predictive of DST for organ transplantation, it appears to be slightly higher than the 1-2% threshold established for cellular transplantation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Laboratory Practice Guidelines for Detecting and Reporting JAK2 and MPL Mutations in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms : A Report of the Association for Molecular Pathology

Recurrent mutations in JAK2 and MPL genes are genetic hallmarks of BCR-ABL1–negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Detection of JAK2 and MPL mutations has been incorporated into routine diagnostic algorithms for these diseases. This Special Article summarizes results from a nationwide laboratory survey of JAK2 and MPL mutation analysis. Based on the current practice pattern and the literature, this Special Article provides recommendations and guidelines for laboratory practice for detection of mutations in the JAK2 and MPL genes, including clinical manifestations for prompting the mutation analysis, current and recommended methodologies for testing the mutations, and standardization for reporting the test results. This Special Article also points to future directions for genomic testing in BCR-ABL1–negative myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Genotyping-by-Sequencing Facilitates a High-Density Consensus Linkage Map for Aegilops umbellulata, a Wild Relative of Cultivated Wheat

High-density genetic maps are useful to precisely localize QTL or genes that might be used to improve traits of nutritional and/or economical importance in crops. However, high-density genetic maps are lacking for most wild relatives of crop species, including wheat. Aegilops umbellulata is a wild relative of wheat known for its potential as a source of biotic and abiotic stress resistance genes. In this work, we have developed a framework consensus genetic map using two biparental populations derived from accessions PI 298905, PI 542369, PI 5422375, and PI 554395. The framework map comprised 3009 genotype-by-sequence SNPs with a total map size of 948.72 cM. On average, there were three SNPs per centimorgan for each chromosome. Chromosome 1U was the shortest (66.5 cM), with only 81 SNPs, whereas the remaining chromosomes had between 391 and 591 SNP markers. A total of 2395 unmapped SNPs were added to the linkage maps through a recombination frequency approach, and increased the number of SNPs placed on the consensus map to a total of 5404 markers. Segregation distortion was disproportionally high for chromosome 1U for both populations used to construct component linkage maps, and thus segregation distortion could be one of the probable reasons for the exceptionally reduced linkage size for chromosome 1U. From comparative analysis, Ae . umbellulata chromosomes except 4U showed moderate to strong collinearity with corresponding homeologous chromosomes of hexaploid wheat and barley. The present consensus map may serve as a reference map in QTL mapping and validation projects, and also in genome assembly to develop a reference genome sequence for Ae. umbellulata .
Direct Gallbladder Indocyanine Green Injection Fluorescence Cholangiography During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Abstract Background: Intravenous injection of indocyanine green (ICG) is used to illuminate extrahepatic biliary anatomy. Fluorescence of biliary structures may lower surgical complications that can arise due to inadvertent injury to the common bile duct. We describe a method of injecting ICG directly into the gallbladder to define the cystic duct and common bile duct anatomy. Materials and Methods: A standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed using a laparoscope with near-infrared imaging capability. Before dissection, the gallbladder was punctured with a cholangiogram catheter or a pigtail catheter to aspirate the bile within the gallbladder. The aspirated bile is mixed with ICG solution, which is reinjected into the gallbladder to fluoresce the gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct structures. Results: Eleven patients underwent direct gallbladder ICG injection for fluorescence cholangiography during cholecystectomy. Direct gallbladder ICG injection clearly defined the extrahepatic bil...
The Effects on the Student-Teacher Relationship in a One-to-One Technology Classroom.

This embedded case study explores the student-teacher relationship in a one-to-one technology environment. The actual change in relationship in a one-to-one classroom was examined. The study was guided by the self-system theory of motivation and its three characteristics of autonomy, relatedness, and competency as a theoretical framework. To explore this topic, the researchers considered the perspectives of four classroom teachers and 207 high school students at a suburban public high school in New Jersey. The case study research utilized teacher interviews, classroom observations, student surveys, and a student focus group. The findings revealed a notable change in the relationship between teachers and students within the one-to-one environment. The change existed in the connectivity between the teachers and their students beyond the classroom and school. The researchers concluded that the teachers and their students did have a positive relationship in a one-to-one environment and that relationship depended on the teacher’s ability to engage students using the one-to-one device. The researchers concluded that the one-to-one environment creates an autonomous learning environment for students; teachers and students have a relatedness that extends beyond the traditional boundaries of a school; and a higher level of competency in both teachers and students creates a more engaging classroom. As one-to-one technology environments are becoming more popular across the country, this study contributes to a better understanding of the expected changes in teacher-student relationships before issues of conflict occur.
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: a review of the literature, discussion of clinical significance, and consideration of patient management.

Objectives To examine and discuss the pathology, diagnosis, incidence, and patient profile of salpingitis isthmica nodosa and to question its natural history, propose management strategies, and identify areas of promising research. Design Over 50 studies were reviewed, evaluated, and compared to offer the clinician a foundation on which to generate treatment plans. Results Salpingitis isthmica nodosa is diagnosed by the pathological presence of isthmic diverticula and may be suggested by characteristic changes on hysterosalpingogram. Its incidence in healthy, fertile women ranges from 0.6% to 11%, but it is significantly more common in the setting of ectopic pregnancy and infertility. There are no studies, retrospective or prospective, that clearly dictate appropriate therapy. Conclusion Given its progressive nature and probable deleterious effects on fertility, we propose that microtubal surgery be the definitive treatment for qualified women who have salpingitis isthmica nodosa.
Spreadability of Five Vehicles on Five Surfaces

There are many factors that determine the type of vehicle chosen for a topical medication. Physician considerations include the body region where the agent will be applied, the thickness of the skin, and the amount of surface area in question. Patient considerations include ease of application and removal and aesthetic appeal. We compared the spreadability of five delivery systems used for topical medications (cream, lotion, ointment, gel, and foam) on five types of surfaces (synthetic skin, cardboard, aluminum foil, hard plastic, and soft plastic). In our study (for a set quantity of medication), the foam had the highest spreadability on all tested surfaces, and the ointment the lowest, with the foam covering nine times the surface area of the ointment. This quality makes foam agents ideal for large surface areas. Spreadability can help improve patient tolerability and compliance.
Back to the future - The integration of big data with machine learning is re-establishing the importance of predictive correlations in ovarian cancer diagnostics and therapeutics

• Scientific predictions may be based on known cause-effect relationships or simply correlations.
Congenital Absence of the Left Common Carotid Artery in a Patient with a Right-Sided Aortic Arch: A Case Study:

Absence of a common carotid artery (CCA) is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. The first documented case was in 1787 during a postmortem examination. The incidence of agenesis of the CCA is unknown with fewer than 25 cases reported in literature. Agenesis of the CCA is commonly associated with separate origins of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) and is usually an incidental finding on imaging studies and can pass unnoticed or misdiagnosed. Such an anomaly is typically asymptomatic unless associated with an accompanying arterial lesion that results in a work-up for symptomatic intracerebral pathology, a focal neurological deficit, or during autopsy. Although absence of the CCA is usually asymptomatic, transient ischemic attacks, hemiplegia, and intracranial hemorrhage may occur.
Yield impact for wafer shape misregistration-based binning for overlay APC diagnostic enhancement

The importance of traditionally acceptable sources of variation has started to become more critical as semiconductor technologies continue to push into smaller technology nodes. New metrology techniques are needed to pursue the process uniformity requirements needed for controllable lithography. Process control for lithography has the advantage of being able to adjust for cross-wafer variability, but this requires that all processes are close in matching between process tools/chambers for each process. When this is not the case, the cumulative line variability creates identifiable groups of wafers1 . This cumulative shape based effect is described as impacting overlay measurements and alignment by creating misregistration of the overlay marks. It is necessary to understand what requirements might go into developing a high volume manufacturing approach which leverages this grouping methodology, the key inputs and outputs, and what can be extracted from such an approach. It will be shown that this line variability can be quantified into a loss of electrical yield primarily at the edge of the wafer and proposes a methodology for root cause identification and improvement. This paper will cover the concept of wafer shape based grouping as a diagnostic tool for overlay control and containment, the challenges in implementing this in a manufacturing setting, and the limitations of this approach. This will be accomplished by showing that there are identifiable wafer shape based signatures. These shape based wafer signatures will be shown to be correlated to overlay misregistration, primarily at the edge. It will also be shown that by adjusting for this wafer shape signal, improvements can be made to both overlay as well as electrical yield. These improvements show an increase in edge yield, and a reduction in yield variability.
Youth Functioning and Experiences in Inner-City After-School Programs Among Age, Gender, and Race Groups.

Many dangers and challenges face inner-city minority children during their after-school hours. Youth development programs provide an alternative to spending this time unsupervised. We examined the relationship between children's experiences in selected urban Boys and Girls Clubs and child functioning. Because the sample (N = 296) consisted of African American and Hispanic boys and girls, aged 10-18, we were able to compare these relationships across race, gender, and age groups. There was no relationship between simple participation levels and child functioning, but significant linkages were identified between specific elements of the club experience and functioning. Relationships with club staff members and participation in club activities were associated with better functioning for older boys, a subgroup that is at considerable risk for delinquency. In addition, enjoyment of the club and not feeling badly treated there were associated with better functioning for all groups of children.
Learning heuristic functions from relaxed plans

We present a novel approach to learning heuristic functions for AI planning domains. Given a state, we view a relaxed plan (RP) found from that state as a relational database, which includes the current state and goal facts, the actions in the RP, and the actions' add and delete lists. We represent heuristic functions as linear combinations of generic features of the database, selecting features and weights using training data from solved problems in the target planning domain. Many recent competitive planners use RP-based heuristics, but focus exclusively on the length of the RP, ignoring other RP features. Since RP construction ignores delete lists, for many domains, RP length dramatically under-estimates the distance to a goal, providing poor guidance. By using features that depend on deleted facts and other RP properties, our learned heuristics can potentially capture patterns that describe where such under-estimation occurs. Experiments in the STRIPS domains of IPC 3 and 4 show that best-first search using the learned heuristic can outperform FF (Hoffmann & Nebel 2001), which provided our training data, and frequently outperforms the top performances in IPC 4.
Active User Authentication for Mobile Devices

Enterprises today are dealing with the challenges involved in enabling secure and remote access for mobile device users. People often bring their personal mobile devices into works and use them to access corporate resources, and also store their private information on personal mobile devices. This has prompted investigation of new security policies and techniques. Authentication is the first gate for protecting access to personal mobile devices or access remote resources through personal mobile devices. Conventional authentication does not require user re-authentication for continuous usage of the devices. And attackers can target at a post-authentication session. In this paper, we study the active authentication for personal mobile devices and propose a biometrics based active authentication system. The proposed system is secure, effective and user-friendly. Our experimental results also show the feasibility of the proposed system.
Orthrus: A Framework for Implementing Efficient Collective I/O in Multi-core Clusters

Optimization of access patterns using collective I/O imposes the overhead of exchanging data between processes. In a multi-core-based cluster the costs of inter-node and intra-node data communication are vastly different, and heterogeneity in the efficiency of data exchange poses both a challenge and an opportunity for implementing efficient collective I/O. The opportunity is to effectively exploit fast intra-node communication. We propose to improve communication locality for greater data exchange efficiency. However, such an effort is at odds with improving access locality for I/O efficiency, which can also be critical to collective-I/O performance. To address this issue we propose a framework, Orthrus, that can accommodate multiple collective-I/O implementations, each optimized for some performance aspects, and dynamically select the best performing one accordingly to current workload and system patterns. We have implemented Orthrus in the ROMIO library. Our experimental results with representative MPI-IO benchmarks on both a small dedicated cluster and a large production HPC system show that Orthrus can significantly improve collective I/O performance under various workloads and system scenarios.
Medical Challenges in Managing Blast Injuries

This is not another chapter about blast injuries but rather a brief summary of the main challenges encountered when treating patients with these catastrophic injuries.
The Hidden Hand:: Edward Said's Orientalism and Architectural History

It is difficult to overstate the tremendous impact of Edward Said's Orientalism on the various fields of the humanities in Western academia.1 Said's wide-ranging, profound, and multidisciplinary critique of the ways in which the triumphant culture of our times, the Western one from the Enlightenment to the present, has encountered, codified, and represented the culture of its most immediate other, the Islamic Orient, opened the door for all repressed cultures to question their received representation and to deconstruct the discourse that produced it over time.2 This has led to the revolution in the humanities that we identify today as postcolonial criticism, a revolution that was a long time coming, but Orientalism , and the charismatic personality of its author, provided the catalyst around which its diverse strands finally coalesced.3 Even today, forty years after the book's publication, and despite sustained denunciation from detractors on the right and left alike, Said's fundamental critique of the political and ideological frames of knowledge in general, and knowledge about Islam in particular, still reverberates across academia worldwide. Entire domains of inquiry into the cultural production of both the colonizing and colonized worlds, as well as all marginalized minority groups and their sometimes amiable but mostly confrontational interaction, have found their ways into curricula and university programs in the West and in the postcolonial world.4 They have all benefited from the trail blazed by Said's Orientalism and his subsequent elaborations on the intersection between empire (as both locus of power and representation) and culture and the role of intellectuals in our extremely divided yet thoroughly interconnected world.5 In fact, as Anne Wagner, the prominent historian of nineteenth-century art, told me thirty years ago, scholars in the humanities cannot avoid the “post-Saidian” epistemological milieu in which they have to labor regardless …
Detection of Pseudogymnoascus destructans on Wisconsin Bats During Summer

White-nose syndrome (WNS) affects bats primarily in winter, with Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungus that causes WNS, growing on bats in colder climates as they are hibernating. As a result, nearly all disease investigations have been conducted on bats in the winter or as they are emerging in spring. Although P. destructans has been detected on bats during the summer season, the seasonal dynamics of infection during this period remain poorly understood. To test for the presence of P. destructans during the summer season, we sampled bats that were free flying from June 2017 to September 2017 and also sampled bats from a maternity roost in August and outside a known hibernaculum in September. We collected skin swabs from the muzzle and forearm of bats, and using real-time PCR methods, we detected P. destructans DNA on 16% (12/76) of bats sampled in Wisconsin, US, including juvenile little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) from bat house maternity roosts, and free-flying adult bats of two species captured in June, the little brown bat and the migratory eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis). These data illustrated the potential for P. destructans to be transferred and dispersed among bats during the summer and highlighted the complex seasonal dynamics associated with this pathogen.
Integrating subgroups with mixed-type endpoints in early phase oncology trials:

Testing anti-cancer agents with multiple disease subtypes is challenging and it becomes more complicated when the subgroups have different types of endpoints (such as binary endpoints of tumor response and progression-free survival endpoints). When this occurs, one common approach in oncology is to conduct a series of small screening trials in specific patient subgroups, and these trials are typically run in parallel, independent of each other. However, this approach does not consider the possibility that some of the patient subpopulations respond similarly to therapy. In this article, we developed a simple approach to jointly model subgroups with mixed-type endpoints, which allows borrowing strength across subgroups for efficient estimation of treatment effects.
2019 Mark Coventry Award: A multicentre randomized clinical trial of tranexamic acid in revision total knee arthroplasty: does the dosing regimen matter?.

Aims Tranexamic acid (TXA) is proven to reduce blood loss following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but there are limited data on the impact of similar dosing regimens in revision TKA. The purpose o...
Experiences of Elementary School Counselors and Students in Using Reality Art Therapy to Address Chronic Conditions

Elementary school counselors are frequently called on to provide counseling services for children with chronic conditions. However, counselors’ training and professional development in this area is...
The Way It Was.

Mary Osborn was a native Californian. She was an undergraduate at the University of California, Berkeley, where she worked in the laboratory of I.L. Chaikoff. She received her PhD at the University...
Financial development and income inequality: evidence from China

This article explored the long-run relationship between financial development and income inequality at the provincial level. In contrast with the intuitive hypothesis that financial deepening helps...
Frankfurt Wasn't Bullshitting!

Harry Frankfurt (2005, 33-34) says that it is a "lack of connection to a concern with truth — this indifference to how things really are — that I regard as the essence of bullshit." This characterization of bullshit has been criticized by several philosophers (e.g., Kimbrough 2006, 12-13, Carson 2010, 62-63, Wreen 2013, 110) on the grounds that there are examples of bullshit where the speaker is concerned with the truth. In this paper, I argue that, once we clarify exactly what it means to lack a concern with truth, it becomes clear that the purported counter-examples are actually captured by Frankfurt's characterization of bullshit (or that they are not the sort of utterance that Frankfurt intended to capture in the first place). However, once these details are spelled out, it also becomes clear that Frankfurt ignores an important and common category of bullshit. In particular, it turns out that, despite the fact that Frankfurt contrasts bullshitting with lying, most lies count as bullshit.
Quantum tunneling time: Insights from an exactly solvable model

Quantum particles interacting with potential barriers are ubiquitous in physics, and the question of how much time they spend inside classically forbidden regions has attracted interest for many decades. Recent developments of new experimental techniques revived the issue and ignited a debate with often contradictory results. This motivates the present study of an exactly solvable model for quantum tunneling induced by a strong field. We show that the tunneling dynamics can depart significantly from the scenario in which the barrier-traversal time is zero or very small. However, our findings do not support the idea of a well-defined tunneling time either. Our numerically exact results should help in finding a consensus about this fundamental problem.
Design, fabrication and optimization of FeAl–FeAl2 eutectoid metallic-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites

Abstract FeAl/FeAl2 eutectoid metallic-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites were synthesized using a “multiple-thin-foil” configuration and a “two-stage reaction” strategy. Microstructure analysis via scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) confirms the formation of a two-intermetallic eutectoid structure, which decomposes from the high-temperature Fe5Al8 phase. The metal layers of eutectoid-MIL composites are fabricated with either pure iron or two different stainless steels without altering the intermetallic regions. The volume fraction of eutectoid layers is adjusted for optimizing the performance. The off-eutectoid phase is switched between FeAl and FeAl2 to investigate the effect on strength and ductility. The microstructure of the interfacial regions is fine-tuned, further demonstrating the ability to independently control the constituents of MIL composites. Additionally, a hybrid MIL composite of FeAl and the eutectoid structure is synthesized as a ‘proof-of-concept’. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulation is utilized to study the internal stress in the MIL composites from a macroscopic point of view. Incremental compression tests were conducted to track the fracture evolution from a microscopic point of view.
Are Principals’ Social Networks Associated with Interventions’ Social Validity?

Principals’ efforts to support the implementation of interventions involve coordination among multiple actors in their social networks. However, less is known about how distinct features of these social networks are associated with principals’ perceptions of the social validity of interventions. In this paper, we used Neal and Neal (Implement Sci 14:16, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-019-0860-z ) implementation capital framework to test hypotheses about the associations between two features of principals’ social networks (i.e., bonding and bridging social capital) and three aspects of social validity (i.e., acceptability, understanding, and feasibility). Specifically, we tested these hypotheses in a statewide representative sample of 180 Michigan secondary school principals supporting the implementation of early warning signs (EWS), a systems-level intervention to prevent student dropout. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that bonding social capital was positively associated with acceptability and bridging social capital was positively associated with understanding. But, contrary to our hypotheses, bonding and bridging social capital were not associated with feasibility. Drawing on these findings, we discuss future directions for research and practice implications to improve principals’ perceptions of the social validity of mental health interventions.
Origins of Soft-Switching C oss Losses in SiC Power MOSFETs and Diodes for Resonant Converter Applications

The recent development and commercialization of wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors, specifically gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC), have driven the increase in switching frequency for soft-switching power converters, such as the Class E, Class ${\Phi _{2}}$ , and Class DE resonant inverters and rectifiers. However, prior literature has characterized numerous commercial GaN and SiC devices using the Sawyer–Tower circuit and discovered significant large-signal ${C_{\mathrm{ oss}}}$ charge-voltage hysteresis. This ${C_{\mathrm{ oss}}}$ hysteresis, equivalent to OFF-state energy loss, is highly dependent on the frequency and voltage across the device, hindering the efficiency and performance of MHz-range soft-switched converters. This article is the first to explain the origin of the ${C_{\mathrm{ oss}}}$ loss in SiC power devices as charging and discharging conduction losses at the termination of the device. The loss characteristics relative to the operating voltage, frequency, ${dV/dt}$ , and temperature are dictated by incomplete ionization. Incomplete ionization also highlights a significant inconsistency between the large-signal ${C_{\mathrm{ oss}}}$ behavior and small-signal behaviors, which is often the model used in manufacturers’ datasheets and SPICE simulations. The large-signal charge–voltage behavior is transient, where the charge in ${C_{\mathrm{ oss}}}$ depends on the rate of the voltage swing across the device. We validate these hypotheses through mixed-mode simulations using the Sentaurus technology computer-aided design (TCAD) and experimentally using commercial and custom SiC devices.
Coherence Estimation using Random Selection of Spatial Frequencies

Spatial coherence of the echoes is a measure of the degree of similarity among echoes received from elements. Several coherence-based techniques, such as Short-lag Spatial Coherence (SLSC) and General Coherence Factor (GCF), have been studied to reduce the errors from acoustic clutter, phase aberration and speckle noise. A potential limitation of those techniques is that they rely on the channel data, which requires highly parallel approaches to massive data transfer. Another potential limitation is lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because data from individual receive elements are being processed. To address these problems, we propose a coherence-based called Random Spatial Frequency Coherence (RSFC) which uses randomly selected frequencies of the beamformed RF data to measure the spatial coherence. This approach is done on the beamformed RF data which requires much less data to process. Simulation and experimental results show that CRSF enhances the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and SNR.
Infectious Etiologies of Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases

Lung cysts are defined as low-attenuating, gas- or liquid-containing circumscribed spaces within the lung parenchyma that are enclosed by an epithelial or fibrous wall that forms a well-defined interface with the normal lung tissue. A limited number of infectious agents produce cystic lesions in the lung that can mimic the more common diffuse cystic lung diseases (DCLDs) seen in pulmonary clinics. The clinical history and acuity of illness often distinguish these disorders from the more indolent chronic DCLDs. This review describes infectious etiologies of cystic lung disease as well as the mechanisms of cyst development, the clinical and radiographic presentations, and the clinical management, with a special focus on the prototypical DCLD-associated infection, Pneumocystis jirovecii.
Abstract PO029: Development of a translatable targeted therapy-resistant melanoma model

Background: Resistance to BRAF V600E inhibitors (dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (trametinib) occurs in 6-8 months in the majority of melanoma patients with the target V600E mutation. For this reason, combination targeted therapy (TT) offers reliable but often non-durable responses. A translatable model exhibiting de novo resistance to TT with response to checkpoint inhibition (ICB) may offer an avenue for exploring mechanisms of TT resistance, responses in combined TT/ICB, and modes of treatment salvage. Methods: C57/BL6J mice flanks were injected with Yumm 1.7 melanoma. After 14 days, mice were subjected to TT with dabrafenib/trametinib chow. A select few tumors (3/40) exhibited resistance to TT. Tumors from resistant mice were harvested, morcellized, and cultured to isolate a Yumm 1.7 cell line (Y1.7 BrafR) with a resistant phenotype and passaged to ensure uniform clonality. Y1.7 BrafR was assessed for growth characteristics, morphology, and response to dabrafenib/trametinib in vitro. In a synchronous mouse melanoma model, Yumm 1.7 and Y1.7 BrafR were injected into opposing flanks, allowed 14 days growth, and mice were subjected to either TT, ICB (aPD-1/aCTLA-4 combined therapy), TT + ICB, or vehicle for 5 days. Results: Y1.7 BrafR exhibited in vitro resistance to dabrafenib at 0.1, 1, and 10uM after 72 hr exposure (12%, 32%, and 47% growth depletion vs untreated cells, Yumm 1.7 with 67%, 61%, and 84%). This effect was not noted with trametinib except at 10uM (84% vs 92% growth depletion). Both lines succumbed to combination TT of varying doses by 72 hours. Y1.7 Braf R exhibits a doubling time of 18.14 hr vs. 12.35 hr for Yumm 1.7, with no appreciable differences in morphology on 40x light microscopy, as both lines extend dendritic processes while forming dense nests. Despite slower in vitro growth, Y1.7 BrafR exhibits markedly greater growth in vivo after 14 days incubation and 5 days treatment (1.16 v 0.44 cm^3 in vehicle mice), with less response to TT chow (51% tumor volume depletion from vehicle vs. 90% in Yumm1 .7) and TT/ICB (data not shown) and greater response to ICB (15% volume depletion vs 24% volume increase in Yumm 1.7). All data are statistically significant (2-tail t-test, p Conclusions: Our results show the development of a TT-resistant mouse melanoma model. This model is clinically relevant for patients who have initially potent, but non-durable responses to TT. Future studies will focus on mechanisms of dabrafenib resistance, tumor nutrition and metabolism, modes of salvage, and efficacy of T-cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment in this de novo TT-resistant line. Citation Format: Alexander Chacon, Katherine Jackson, Shuyang Qin, Alyssa Williams, Rachel Jewell, Peter Prieto. Development of a translatable targeted therapy-resistant melanoma model [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PO029.
Quasicrystals and Their Approximants in a Crystalline–Amorphous Diblock Copolymer

Discoveries of Frank–Kasper phases and closely related dodecagonal quasicrystals (DDQCs) in soft, mesoscopic systems have galvanized efforts to unveil the fundamental mechanisms that drive the formation of these remarkably complex micellar packings. Toward this end, we report temperature-dependent small-angle X-ray scattering analyses of a crystalline–amorphous poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-ethyl hexylacrylate) (OA) diblock copolymer with Mₙ = 8300 g/mol, Đ = Mw/Mₙ = 1.10, and volume composition fO = 0.21. On heating at ambient temperature, this polymer assembles sequentially into five distinct morphologies prior to melt disordering at TODT = 69 °C: semicrystalline lamellae (Lc), a liquid-like packing (LLP) of particles lacking translational order, an aperiodically ordered DDQC, a periodic FK σ phase, and a body-centered cubic (BCC) packing of particles. Detailed investigations of thermal processing conditions that foster DDQC formation reveal that this metastable morphology only forms in melts exhibiting LLP characteristics arising from either melting the Lc phase at low temperature or quenching a high-temperature disordered state, and that this DDQC eventually evolves into a σ approximant phase. Cooling a well-ordered BCC phase induces direct formation of a σ phase with no evidence of DDQC formation, suggesting the critical importance of particle size distribution of the disorganized yet segregated LLP state in triggering the emergence of a DDQC.