cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Belatacept Conversion in Kidney After Liver Transplantation.

Background Costimulatory blockade with belatacept has demonstrated long-term benefits in renal transplantation, but de novo use in liver transplant recipients has resulted in increased rejection, graft loss, and death. However, belatacept conversion as a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance strategy has not been studied and may be of benefit in liver transplantation where CNI-induced renal dysfunction and toxicity are barriers to improved outcomes. Methods Using clinical data extracted from our institutional medical record, we report on 8 patients who underwent kidney after liver transplantation and were treated with belatacept-based immunosuppression and transient CNI therapy. Results All patients tolerated belatacept therapy without any patient deaths or graft losses. No episodes of rejection, de novo donor-specific antibody formation, or major systemic infections were observed, and all patients demonstrated preserved liver and excellent renal allograft function. Patients received belatacept for a median duration of 13.2 mo, and at a median follow-up of 15.9 mo post-kidney transplant, 6 of 8 patients continued on belatacept with 3 completely off and 3 poised to transition off CNI. Conclusions These findings are the first evidence that in liver transplant recipients requiring subsequent kidney transplantation, belatacept-based therapy can potentially facilitate CNI-free maintenance immunosuppression. This supports the possibility of belatacept conversion in stand-alone liver transplant recipients as a viable method of CNI avoidance.
Transient Expression of B-Glucuronidase and Luciferase in Electroporated Conifer Protoplasts

Suspension-derived protoplasts of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata Don.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were electroporated with the B-glucuronidase (GUS) and firefly luciferase reporter genes driven by the 35S-cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Low levels of transient expression were obtained using the GUS reporter gene and maximal activities were found within 48 hrs of electroporation using a variety of conditions. Transient expression of luciferase was not detectable using the electroporation, culture, and extraction procedures established for maximal GUS expression. Extracts of both protoplasts and suspension cells of Monterey pine and Douglas-fir were shown to inhibit GUS activity in extracts of Escherichia coli by up to 2-fold and completely inhibit luciferase activity in firefly tail extracts.
Nucleic acid metabolism and ribonucleic acid heterogeneity in Escherichia coli.

Nucleic acid synthesis in normal broth-grown cultures of Escherichia coli strain B is characterized by a rapid increase in the ribonucleic acid- deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA: DNA) ratio during the lag phase: this becomes constant in the logarithmic phase and declines in the stationary phase when RNA synthesis comes to in halt. P/sup 32/ incorporated into RNA and DNA phosphorus at any culture age, but to relative extents consistent with the corresponding synthetic activity of the cells. No RNA or DNA turnover could be demostrated.. As with RNA from T2-infected bacteria, normal bacterial RNA appears to be heterogeaeous in that ribonucleic acids dissimilar in specific activity are isolated when cells briefly exposed to P/sup 32/ are disrupted and separated into two particulate fractions (P/sub 1/ and P/sub 2/) and a soluble fraction (S). RNA in the P/sub 1/ fraction constitutes less than 5 per cent of the total RNA, but attains the highest specific activity: RNA in the soluble fraction is intermediate. When the isotope is removed after a short incorporation by cells in the logarithmic phase, there is an immediate and contiuning drop in the specific activity of P/sub 1/-RNA, but the specific activities of the RNA of P/ submore » 2/ and the soluble fraction continue to rise for at least another 5 min before declining. After P/sup 32/ incorporation, the RNA mononucleotides in the P/sub 1/, P/sub 2/, and soluble fractions from normal bacteria are uniformly labeled. On the contrary, in each fraction obtained from T2infected cells, adenylic and uridylic acids contain almost twice as much isotope as cytidylic and guanylic acids. However, the nononucleotide composition of each RNA fraction from T2-infected cells is the same as that of thc fractions from normal bacteria. (auth)« less
Inactivation of dry ribonuclease by ionizing radiation: II. A suggested mechanism

Abstract 1. 1.|Various kinds of damage were looked for in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease which had been irradiated with γ rays in the dry state. 2. 2.|For ribonuclease which had lost 80% of the initial enzymic activity on irradiation, less than 15% of the molecules had a broken polypeptide backbone as determined by column chromatography of the sample after oxidation by performic acid. 3. 3.|Irradiation changed the ultraviolet absorption spectrum in such a way as to suggest that the environment of the tyrosyl groups was changed. This was confirmed by difference spectra and by spectrophotometric titration of the tyrosyl hydroxyl groups. 4. 4.|Conformational changes in the molecule were also deduced from the action of trypsin on the irradiated enzyme. 5. 5.|Treatment of irradiated ribonuclease with urea did not restore enzymic activity, showing that inactivation did not occur as a result of rearrangement of Van Der Waals bonds. 6. 6.|From the results of this paper and the preceding one, as well as earlier results, it is suggested that a major cause of inactivation by ionizing radiation is a change in the overall conformation of the molecule induced by chemical modifications of the side chains.
An additional mechanism of ribosome-inactivating protein cytotoxicity: degradation of extrachromosomal DNA

Inhibition of protein synthesis by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of a specific adenine of 28 S rRNA has been accepted as the mechanism by which plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) cause cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic action of gelonin on Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites appears to occur by a different mechanism. Parasite intoxication, which is manifested by mitochondrial dysfunction and lack of nucleic acid synthesis in the erythrocytic cycle following exposure to the toxin, is caused by the elimination of the parasite 6 kb extrachromosomal (mitochondrial) DNA. This is the first report which demonstrates that the DNA-damaging activities of RIPs observed in vitro can contribute to their cytotoxicity.
An Abstract Framework for Satisfiability Modulo Theories

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) studies methods for checking the satisfiability (or, dually, the validity) of first-order formulas with respect to some logical theory Tof interest. What distinguishes SMT from general automated deduction is that the background theory Tneed not be finitely or even first-order axiomatizable, and that specialized inference methods are used for each theory. By being theory-specific and restricting their language to certain classes of formulas (such as, typically but not exclusively, ground formulas), these specialized methods can be implemented into solvers that are more efficient in practice than general-purpose theorem provers. While SMT techniques have been traditionally used to support deductive software verification, they are now finding applications in other areas of computer science such as, for instance, planning, model checking and automated test generation. Theory-specific solvers can be often described conveniently in terms of tableau calculi, especially if one wants to prove that a solver decides a certain fragment of a theory T. In practice, however, most modern SMT solvers are not tableau-based and follow one of two main approaches, both of which exploit the recent technological advances in SAT solving. The "eager" approach uses smart encodings to propositional logic to compile T-satisfiability problems into propositional satisfiability problems, which can then be solved by off-the-self SAT solvers. The "lazy" approach instead uses general run-time mechanisms to separate plain Boolean reasoning from theory reasoning proper, doing the latter with smallspecialized procedures, and delegating the former to a dedicated SAT engine based on the DPLL procedure. After a brief overview of SMT, this talk focuses on a general and extensible abstract framework, Abstract DPLL Modulo Theories, for modeling lazy STM solvers declaratively and studying some of their theoretical properties. The framework is used to present and discuss a few basic variants of the lazy approach, in the case of a single and of multiple background theories. The talk also presents an extension of the framework that drastically simplifies the implementation of theory-specific components, and could be of interest to implementors of ground tableaux calculi as well.
Antibiotic treatment of parturient women colonized with group B streptococci

Abstract A prospective study was conducted among third-trimester parturient women with cervical or urethral colonization with group B streptococci to determine the influence of antibiotic treatment on subsequent colonizations among their infants. Cultures were obtained from dry swabs inoculated directly onto selective blood agar media containing neomycin and naladixic acid. Seventy-four women were found to be colonized among 1,098 cultured (7 per cent). A significant reduction in colonization was noted among mothers treated with ampicillin within three weeks of completion of therapy. This difference was no longer apparent at delivery. There was likewise no difference in the colonization rate of infants in the treatment and no-treatment groups. The data suggest that additional measures must be undertaken to prevent maternal recolonization.
Hexagonal OsB2 reduction upon heating in H2 containing environment

AbstractThe stability of hexagonal ReB2 type OsB2 powder upon heating under reforming gas was investigated. Pure Os metal particles were detected by powder X-ray diffraction starting at 375°C and complete transformation of OsB2 to metallic Os was observed at 725°C. The mechanisms of precipitation of metallic Os is proposed and changes in the lattice parameters of OsB2 upon heating are analysed in terms of the presence of oxygen or water vapour in the heating chamber. Previous studies suggested that Os atoms possess (0) valence, while B atoms possess both (+3) and (−3) valences in the alternating boron/osmium sheet structure of hexagonal (P63/mmc, No. 194) OsB2; if controllable method for Os removal from the lattice could be found, the opportunity would arise to form two-dimensional (2D) layers consisting of pure B atoms.
THE EFFECT OF DENTURE FACTORS ON MASTICATORY PERFORMANCE Part V. Food Platform Area and Metal Inserts

Abstract A total of 1,472 masticatory tests were conducted on 16 denture wearers to study the influence of the following denture factors on their chewing efficiency: the food platform area, the contour of the buccal and lingual surfaces, and metal inserts and their exposed occlusal height. The presence of occlusal markings, whether in the form of grooves or inserts, on posterior teeth was found to increase significantly the ability of denture wearers to comminute raw carrots. The two types of occlusal markings, grooves and inserts, were shown to be equally effective in improving chewing performances. However, a reduction in the subocclusal surface of posterior teeth with metal inserts resulted in significant reduction of masticatory performance with peanuts. The anteroposterior dimension of the food platform was found to have no influence on masticatory performance. The denture wearers were able to chew raw carrots and peanuts with equal effectiveness regardless of whether the food platform area was equal to that of 2, 3, or 4 posterior teeth.
Decomposition Procedures for the Solving of Large Scale Systems

Publisher Summary A large system of equations that represents a physical process need not be solved simultaneously but can be broken up into subsystems in which only smaller sets of equations need be solved simultaneously. If the system is ordered into a sequence such that each equation or various groups of equations can be solved independently of the remaining equations in the sequence, the solution can proceed serially, and the computer storage needed to affect a solution would correspond roughly to the size of the largest subsystem of equations instead of the entire system. A systematic strategy to identify such subsystems, to order the equations and subsystems in the proper sequence, and to order the equations within the subsystems would have considerable merit. This type of precedence ordering is called a decomposition of the system. Decomposition leads to a rearrangement of the process equations from their flow chart sequence to a natural sequence based on the information flow among the equations. The ultimate goal is to set up an iterative scheme in which each equation is solved for a single variable and where values of unknown variables that must be assumed are checked cyclically. The solution can be found by some appropriate root identification method. This chapter identifies disjoint subsystems, explains the concept of tearing, and compares precedence ordering techniques with various examples.
Linear Programming Applied to Optimization of Instrument Panel and Workplace Layout

This paper investigates the application of several linear programming algorithms to the problems of workplace and instrument panel design. The various approaches described depend primarily upon the type of problem constructed; that is, upon the structure of constraints and available information. Two types of optimization functions are described, one based upon the distance between available positions and the second based on minimum eye travel. One formulation incorporates the probability of transition between any pair of available positions as a design parameter. The results indicate that solution of these problems is possible by several algorithms, primarily the transportation algorithm and the assignment algorithm. A solution using Simplex was attempted for one type of design and the constraint structure proved to be complex.
The Effect of Forcing on the Mixing-Layer Region of a Round Jet

The ring vortex structure in the mixing-layer region of a round jet can be regulated by forcing the jet with periodic axial disturbances. Visualizations show that the initial roll-up of the laminar shear layer into ring vortices can be locked to monochromatic disturbances as weak as 0.15%. These vortices pair as they progress downstream, and this pairing results in entrainment into the jet. By forcing the jet at a sufficient amplitude and at a well-chosen frequency, the pairing, and hence the entrainment, can be suppressed in the region of the jet. At other frequencies and amplitudes only one pairing occurs, and the entrainment is related to this pairing. These observations and some simple analytical arguments indicated that entrainment into the jet occurs in two processes: first, when the initial shear layer rolls up to form discrete ring vortices, and later when (and if) the ring vortices pair.
Dietary oxidized fatty acids: an atherogenic risk?

Previous studies have suggested that heated fat that contains oxidized fatty acids in the diet might contrib- ute to the presence of oxidized components in circulating lipoproteins. On the other hand, studies in our laboratory showed that cultured cells such as smooth muscle cells take up oxidized fatty acids poorly. Because intestinal cells are morphologically quite distinct, we studied the uptake of oxidized linoleic acid by Caco-2 and smooth muscle cells (control). When 16-day-old Caco-2 cells were incubated with oxidized linoleic acid (ox-linoleic acid), its uptake was com- parable to that of unoxidized linoleic acid (unox-linoleic acid) or that of oleic acid (40-58, 70, and 55%, respectively). In contrast, the uptake of ox-linoleate by smooth muscle cells was about 3%. To determine whether the brush border structure of Caco-2 cells was responsible for increased up- take of oxidized fatty acids, we compared uptake in 4- and 16-day-old cells. The uptake of unox-linoleate and oleic acid (18:1) was comparable for the 4- and 16-day cells. In addi- tion, saturation and competition experiments showed that the uptake of ox-linoleate by Caco-2 cells is not saturable even at 150 m M and that this uptake is diluted in the pres- ence of unox-linoleate. In esterification experiments utiliz- ing rat intestinal microsomes, we show that both ox- and unox-linoleate are esterified equally well. In summary, di- etary oxidized fatty acids can be absorbed by the intestine and incorporated into lipoproteins and could potentially impose an oxidative stress and exacerbate atherogenesis. — Penumetcha, M., N. Khan, and S. Parthasarathy. Dietary oxidized fatty acids: an atherogenic risk? J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 1473-1480.
Biopsy of the Spine

Image-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the spine is a safe and effective technique for obtaining tissue samples from spine lesions. Percutaneous biopsies of the spine are generally performed under fluoroscopic or computed tomography (CT) guidance. Although fluoroscopy provides real-time imaging capability, this technique is limited by its poor visualization of soft tissue. Many interventional radiologists prefer CT’s superior spatial and contrast resolution and ability to delineate adjacent soft-tissue structures, especially for biopsies of cervical spine lesions. A variety of bone biopsy needle systems are commercially available, any of which can be used to obtain specimens from spinal lesions. Different approaches for cervical spinal biopsy include the anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior, transoral, and paramaxillary approaches. Thoracic lesions are usually accessed for biopsy by transpedicular, transcostovertebral, and posterolateral approaches. Common approaches for biopsying lumbar vertebral lesions include transpedicular and posterolateral methods. The diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous biopsy of spinal lesions ranges from 67–100 % according to the needle used, the radiographic appearance of the biopsied lesions, the underlying pathology, and the operator’s experience.
A concatenated coding alternative for the optical PPM channel

The Authors analyze the use of an orthogonal convolutional code to obtain an encoded pulse-position-modulation (PPM) format directly as the encoder output. It is shown that the performance of this coding scheme exceeds the results obtained with block codes over a wider range, achieving good performances on the range 2-3 nats/photon, and a much slower degradation of over 3 nats/photon. Using a concatenated Reed-Solomon code with a proper rate as an outer code, the performance of the overall system is further improved, achieving good performances in the range 3-4 nats/photon. >
Role of imprinting in abnormal human development

Parental-specific differences in the expression of certain genes (imprinting), may be implicated in the pathogenesis of anomalous gestations, but only a minority manifest themselves as malformation syndromes. Delayed or lost gestations are much more frequent sequelae, as are those disorganized to such an extent that they are usually classified as neoplastic rather than developmental processes. Expression levels from imprinted loci are dependent not only on the number of genomic alleles present and their structural integrity, but also on their specific parental origin. Anomalous expression of imprinted genes during development is sometimes caused by imbalanced representation of maternal and paternal contributions, 'uniparental disomy'. Uniparental parthenogenetic or androgenetic gestations form ovarian teratomas or complete hydatidiform moles, respectively--examples of an arrested developmental program. Uniparental disomy of individual chromosomes or portions thereof has been associated with developmental delay or gestational loss. The phenotype of hemizygous mutation or deletion of imprinted genes is modified by the parental origin of the mutant copy, with dichotomous syndromes defined by parental inheritance, as in the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Lastly, failure of the imprinting process itself, 'loss of imprinting', may quantitatively alter expression levels of normally imprinted transforming or tumor-suppressing genes, thereby increasing risk for developmental tumors such as Wilms' tumor or choriocarcinoma.
Linking the BICEP2 result and the hemispherical power asymmetry through spatial variation of r

For the simplest inflation models, the recent detection of a large primordial B-mode polarization signal by the BICEP2 experiment indicates a slight tension with the upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, from the Planck satellite. Here, we discuss spatially varying $r$ as a possible explanation for this discrepancy. This idea seems attractive since it may also explain part of the hemispherical temperature power asymmetry seen by WMAP and Planck at large angular scales. If these two aspects are indeed connected, the model suggests that in the Northern hemisphere $r$ should be much smaller, a hypothesis that could be confirmed with future B-mode experiments, providing a test for the stationarity of primordial tensor contributions across the sky. The BICEP2 measurement furthermore rules out that a simple dipolar modulation of $r$ alone can be responsible for the full hemispherical power asymmetry.
Age-related increases in long-range connectivity in fetal functional neural connectivity networks in utero

Formation of operational neural networks is one of the most significant accomplishments of human fetal brain growth. Recent advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have made it possible to obtain information about brain function during fetal development. Specifically, resting-state fMRI and novel signal covariation approaches have opened up a new avenue for non-invasive assessment of neural functional connectivity (FC) before birth. Early studies in this area have unearthed new insights about principles of prenatal brain function. However, very little is known about the emergence and maturation of neural networks during fetal life. Here, we obtained cross-sectional rs-fMRI data from 39 fetuses between 24 and 38 weeks postconceptual age to examine patterns of connectivity across ten neural FC networks. We identified primitive forms of motor, visual, default mode, thalamic, and temporal networks in the human fetal brain. We discovered the first evidence of increased long-range, cerebral-cerebellar, cortical-subcortical, and intra-hemispheric FC with advancing fetal age. Continued aggregation of data about fundamental neural connectivity systems in utero is essential to establishing principles of connectomics at the beginning of human life. Normative data provides a vital context against which to compare instances of abnormal neurobiological development.
Far wake of slender bodies in cross flow

The Oseen l i n e a r i z a t i o n of t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r e q u a t i o n s has y i e l d e d s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n s fo r t he f a r wake of a x i s y m m e t r i c a n d two d i m e n s i o n a l b o d i e s [1-3] . This note d i s c u s s e s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e s e bas i c s o l u t i o n s to t h r e e d imens iona l s l e n d e r b o d i e s in c r o s s flow. The main idea is to combine the two d imens iona l d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t a n d t h e a x i s y m m e t r i c wake to p r e d i c t t he d r a g a n d wake v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s .
A Case Study of Chromium VI-Induced Skin Ulcerations during a Porcelain Enamel Curing Operation

Abstract In the facility under study, chromium III-based porcelain enamel paints are applied as a ground coat to kitchen range parts. Following the application, the parts are hooked on small hangers and passed through a curing oven (approximately 1500°F). The employees responsible for handling the hangers (ground-coat line workers) were complaining of skin problems. The objective of this study was to determine the source of the skin problems. During an initial site investigation, bulk samples were collected for chromium VI and trace metals analyses. Seven workers reporting skin problems were examined. A yellowish discoloration of the hands accompanied with ulcerations of the hands and forearms were observed on each of the workers. The bulk samples showed chromium VI levels ranging from 0.1 to 2.4 micrograms per milligram (μg/mg) of sample. Trace metals analysis detected 19 additional metals. Following the repair of the curing oven coils to prevent emission of open flames, no new cases developed. During th...
Utilization and Outcome of Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: A Pediatric Health Information System Database Analysis

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S150eS166 S159 similar between the MSD and AD groups (15.1% vs 15.5%, P 1⁄4 .658; 90.2% vs 82.1%, P 1⁄4 .201; respectively). With an excellent outcome in MUD HSCT (95.5% 3-year survival), the survival rate of the matched donor group (MSD+MUD) collectively was much better than that of the mismatched group (MMRD+MMUD) (91.6% vs 76.1%, P 1⁄4 .019). In univariate analysis, conditioning without radiation was the only risk factor for graft failure (P1⁄4.045). Grades II-IV acute GVHD (P 1⁄4 .013) and graft failure (p1⁄40.001) were risk factors for poor survival. In multivariate analysis, only graft failure was significantly associated with survival probability (P 1⁄4 .012). Collectively, these data suggest that conditioning with radiation is important for engraftment and successful HSCT. MUD HSCTs are highly successful and may be considered a first line therapy in the absence of MSD.
Effect of thrust on the longitudinal oscillations of missiles

Exact linearized solutions are provided for the longitudinal oscillations of missiles when the trajectory is nearly horizontal and the thrust is either zero, a specified constant value, or increasing with the square of the increasing flight speed. The results indicate that in all cases any increase in the thrust, or any acceleration along the nearly horizontal trajectory, will directly increase the damping of the angle-of-attack oscillations, whose increase in frequency is at first negligible, and then grows very slightly with time.
Whose World is Flat? Mapping the Globalization of Information Technology

Thomas L. Friedman's ``The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century" maps the socio-cultural and geo-political aspects of the Information Technology global economy and suggests how American culture can be transformed to make the US globally competitive. This paper seeks a different perspective rather than viewing culture as an important aspect of IT globalization, it reconceptualizes culture as a site of tremendous social, political, and economic struggle in which the legitimation of the very logic of globalization is at stake. ``The World Is Flat" deploys a New World mythology to develop an account of the contemporary world, but this mythology, I argue, embeds its ideas of IT globalization in a larger hegemonic narrative of European modernity that firmly positions Euro-America as the most privileged site from which to conceptualize the current phenomenon. I examine how this use of New World mythology harnesses the discourse of American exceptionalism to Americanize IT globalization, and obscures the role of new transnational classes and cultures linking India and the US. By paying attention to world geography, I argue that the growth of Bangalore, India, as a global IT hub should not be narrowly understood as creating a new platform for innovation and progress but as a transnational interlinking of world cities in a new IT-driven global economy with significant consequences for democratic governance.
Lifelong Learning: Characteristics, Skills, and Activities for a Business College Curriculum

The literature places great importance on lifelong learning, but leaves its meaning open to a wide range of interpretations. Much is written about lifelong learning after leaving school with little about business college preparation of lifelong learners. This is the departure point for the study's providing one college's operational definition of lifelong learning by identifying 8 specific characteristics the faculty said lifelong learners should possess. The authors identify 18 skills the faculty believes lead to the achievement of the lifelong learner characteristics and describes activities that develop these skills. Other institutions may benefit by adapting the enumerated characteristics, skills, and activities as well as the process used to determine them.
A small RNA virus isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Summary A previously unknown virus was isolated from juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in fresh water. The virus induced syncytia in CHSE-214 cells at 10–20°C. Optimum replication occurred at 15°C. Virions, purified from infected CHSE-214 cells, were hexagonal to round with a mean diameter of 39.5 run (n = 20 SD = 0.32 nm). Virions did not possess an envelope as shown by resistance to chloroform treatments. Replication was not appreciaby inhibited by 50 pg/d 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine indicating that the virus has a RNA genome. Waterborne exposures and intraperitoneal injections of the virus into juvenile Atlantic salmon did not cause mortality nor was virus detectable at 33 and 76 d post-exposure. Similar results were obtained when rainbow trout (Oncorhyncbhus mykiss) were exposed to waterborne virus. Zusamrnenfassung Ein kleiner RNA-Virus, vom Atlantischen Lachs (Salmo salar) isoliert Ein bisher unbekannter Virus wurde von Jungtieren des Atlantischen Lachses (Salmo salar) isoliert, die im Suswasser aufgezogen wurden. Der Virus induzierte Synzytem in den CHSE-214-Zellen bei 10–20°C. Oprimale Vermehrung trat bei 15°C auf. Virionen, die gereinigt aus infizienen CHSE-214-Zellen isoliert wurden, waren hexagonal bis rund, mit einem Durchmesser von 39,5 nm (n=20; SD=0,32 μm). Die Virionen besasen keine Hulle, wie durch die Resistenz gegenuber Chloroform nachgewiesen wurde. Die Vermehrung wurde durch 50 μg/ml 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine nicht nennenswert beeintrachtigt, was darauf schliesen last, das der Virus ein RNA-Genom besitzt. Exposition von Junglachsen gegenuber virushaltigem Wasser und intra-peritonale Injektion des Virus hat keinerlei Sterblichkeit verursacht. Auch konnte der Virus in den Fischen 33 und 76 Tage nach der Behandlung nicht nachgewiesen werden. ahnliche Ergebnisse wurden mit Regenbogenforellen (Oncorhynchus mykiss erzielt, die virushdtigem Wasser ausgeserzt waren. Resume Un petit virus RNA isole sur le saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) Un virus auparavant inconnu a ete isole sur le saumon juvenile (Salmo salar) eleve en eau douce. Le virus provoquait des syncytiums dans les cellules CHSE-214 sa 10–20°C. Une replication optimum avait lieu sa 15°C. Les virions, purifies des cellules CHSE-214 infectees, etaient de forme hexaonale sa ronde avec un diametre moyen de 39,5 nm (n=20 SD4,32 nm). Les virions ne possedaient pas d' enveloppe comme la resistance aux traitemenu chloroformes l' a montre. La replication n' a pas ete inhibee de faqcon appreciable avec 50 μg/ml 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, ce qui montre que le virus a un genome RNA. Des expositions sa l' eau infectee et des injections intraperitoneales du virus chez le saumon atlantique juvenile ne causaient pas de mortaite et le virus n' etait pas detectable apres un delai de 33 et 76 jours apes l'exposition. Des resultats semblables ont ete obtenus lorsque la truite (Oncorhynchus mykiss) a ete exposee sa un virus transporte par l' eau.
Dissociation between behavioral effects and changes in metabolism of cerebral serotonin following 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol.

Behavioral changes, reaction times in analgesic tests and effects on metabolism of cerebral serotonin (5 HT) were monitored in male Sprague-Dawley rats following the administration ofδ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as a propylene glycol-serum complex. THC (5.5 mg/kg i.p. and 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) produced characteristic and reproducible behavioral effects, including catalepsy and squealing, as well as significant increases in the reaction time as determined in both the hot plate and tail flick tests for analgesia. Intraventricular injection of THC caused many of the changes seen after systemic administration of the drug. The levels of 5 HT and its principle metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) were measured in forebrain and brainstem following THC. No significant change in the level of either indole was observed. Moreover, THC did not alter the turnover of cerebral 5 HT as determined by the probenecid method and did not change the increase in 5 HT following the administration of pargyline. It may thus be concluded that doses of THC which produce significant and reproducible behavioral modifications do not alter the dynamics of the cerebral serotonergic system.
INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA IN GONYOSTOMUM SEMEN (CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAE)1,2

Intracellular bacteria occur in ca. 5–10% of Gonyostomum semen Diesing cells. Bacteria are rod-shaped and are present in localized regions of the cytoplasm. This is the first report of intracellular bacteria in the Chloromonadophyceae.
Implications of the presence of an internal image of the antigen in anti-idiotypic antibodies: Possible application to vaccine production

Abstract There is now strong suggestive evidence that some anti-idiotypic antibodies may possess one or more antigenic determinants (epitopes) that are closely related to epitope(s) on the original antigen (antigen X). Thus, some molecules of anti-anti-X may share an epitope with X. When this occurs a wide range of idiotypic cross-reactions will be observed among anti-X antibodies from various sources and, if X is a hormone, the cross-reactions may include cell surface receptors for the hormone. Such cross-reactions can lead to misinterpretation of the genetic significance of the observed cross-reactive idiotypy. This article reviews the evidence for this phenomenon and its possible relationship to certain autoimmune disease processes involving cell surface receptors. The possibility is discussed of obtaining monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies with epitopes similar to those on an infectious agent. Such a monoclonal antibody might elicit protective antibodies when inoculated and thus act as a vaccine.
Media Review: Development and Assessment of Self-Authorship: Exploring the Concept Across Cultures

(2011). Media Review: Development and Assessment of Self-Authorship: Exploring the Concept Across Cultures. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 127-129.
Electron Mobility and Scattering Processes in AgBr at Low Temperatures

The Hall effect for electrons released by light in high-purity crystals of AgBr has been studied experimentally in the temperature range 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The observed mobilities exceed 20 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec at very low temperatures. The general features of the dependence of low-field Hall mobilility on temperature can be understood by comparison with standard theory. A nearly exponential dependence of mobility on $\frac{1}{T}$ is observed from 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, as predicted for scattering by optical vibrations of the lattice. The slope of the ($log\ensuremath{\mu}$) versus $\frac{1}{T}$ data agrees quite well with the Debye $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ for the longitudinal optical mode as deduced from reststrahlen data. Below 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the observed mobilities can be explained in terms of a combination of the effects of optical, acoustical and charged impurity scattering. The last process appears to dominate below 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. High-field effects are observed which can be explained by classical transport theory assuming a conduction band of standard from as well as isotropic scattering.
Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in Tartu and Tartumaa, southern Estonia.

The aim of the present study w; is to estimate the prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon (RP) among Fsronians in the general population ol Southern Estonia.A random sample of 2626 Estonian subjects from the general population was asked about their fingers' sensitivity to cold and color changes by a mail survey. A stibsample of 457 subjects was examined to confirm the diagnosis of” RP. using a standard interview assisted by colo charts (a color scale and hand photographs). In addition to a short clinical examination, the nailfold capillaries were examined by in vivo microscopy and a blood sample was drawn for ANA testing.The prevalence of RP, based on ihe presence of blanching, alone or with cyanosis, was 8.3% ± 0.91% (SE) lor women and 7.9-1.62% for men. The prevalence increased with age and, in men, was related to occupation. Smoking was also associated with RP among men but the effect was difficult to separate from that of the occupational influences because of the high proportion (84.2%) of current and past...
Detection of the presence of ambient acid sulfate aerosols from the sulfurnitrogen ratio

Abstract A technique for the detection of the presence of acid sulfates in atmospheric aerosol samples by measuring the particulate sulfur-to-nitrogen ratio has been developed. The elemental concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen are measured using the γ-ray analysis for light element (GRALE) technique. The method has been tested with pure sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate aerosols and with ambient samples collected in St. Louis in July 1977.
NEW COMBINATIONS IN NORTH AMERICAN LATHYRUS AND VICIA (FABACEAE: FABOIDEAE: FABEAE)

ABSTRACT Morphological and geographic variation in two Lathyrus and two Vicia species complexes is reviewed. The following new combinations are proposed: Lathyrus nevadensis S. Wats. var. cusickii (S. Wats.) Broich comb. nov., Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg var. sandbergii (T. White) Broich comb. nov., Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. ex T. & G. var. leavenworthii (T. & G.) Broich comb. nov., and Vicia nigricans H. & A. var. gigantea (Hooker) Broich comb. nov.
On the validity of the gradual channel approximation for junction field effect transistors with drift velocity saturation

Abstract The errors are analyzed which result from the gradual channel approximation for junction field effect transistors with drift velocity saturation of carriers. Near the drain the neglect of the second derivative of potential with respect to position coordinate along the channel in Poisson's equation for the depletion layer is found to be more stringent than that of the field component normal to the channel boundary. The resulting errors are presented as a function of a dimensionless parameter which is proportional to mobility and pinch-off voltage and inversely proportional to channel length and saturation drift velocity. A modified channel boundary is constructed at which the boundary condition is exactly satisfied.
Observations on Russia's New Agricultural Land Legislation

An American specialist on Russian agriculture provides an in-depth examination of the pivotal Law on Turnover of Agricultural Land, enacted in 2002. He first surveys the recent, post-Soviet history of land legislation in the agricultural sector to provide a context for debates leading to the drafting of the current law, and proceeds to enumerate notable aspects of that law, covering land ownership by foreigners, size of land holdings, sale of farm land, leasing of land, distribution of land shares to members of large farm enterprises, and potential impacts on the development of a land market. The paper concludes by assessing the likely impacts of the law vis-a-vis other variants that could have been enacted. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F13, O18, Q10. 9 references.
Mode-Coupling Saturation of the Parametric Instability and Electron Heating

By solving the hydrodynamic equations for the parametric instability including mode-coupling terms, we predict the saturation level and turbulent spectrum for the oscillating two-stream instability. Coupling the electron distribution function to the spectrum with the quasilinear diffusion coefficient gives the heating rate and high-energy tail formation. These predictions agreee with the results of particle simulations. (auth)
Sensing and enumerating rare circulating cells with diffuse light

Detection and quantification of circulating cells in live animals is a challenging and important problem in many areas of biomedical research. Current methods involve extraction of blood samples and counting of cells ex-vivo. Since only small blood volumes are analyzed at specific time points, monitoring of changes in cell populations over time is difficult and rare cells often escape detection. The goal of this research is to develop a method for enumerating very rare circulating cells in the bloodstream non-invasively. This would have many applications in biomedical research, including monitoring of cancer metastasis and tracking of hematopoietic stem cells. In this work we describe the optical configuration of our instrument which allows fluorescence detection of single cells in diffusive media at the mesoscopic scale. Our instrument design consists of two continuous wave laser diode sources and an 8-channel fiber coupled multi-anode photon counting PMT. Fluorescence detector fibers were arranged circularly around the target in a miniaturized ring configuration. Cell-simulating fluorescent microspheres and fluorescently-labeled cells were passed through a limb mimicking phantom with similar optical properties and background fluorescence as a limb of a mouse. Our data shows that we are able to successfully detect and count these with high quantitative accuracy. Future work includes characterization of our instrument using fluorescently labeled cells in-vivo. If successful, this technique would allow several orders of magnitude in vivo detection sensitivity improvement versus current approaches.
A Model of Driver Steering Control Behavior for Use in Assessing Vehicle Handling Qualities

The resulting model is shown capable of producing driver/vehicle steering responses which compare favorably with those obtained from driver simulation. The model is simple enough to be used by engineers who may not be manual control specialists. The model contains both preview and compensatory steering dynamics. An analytical technique for vehicle handling qualities assessment is briefly discussed. Driver/ vehicle responses from two driving tasks evaluated in a driver simulator are used to evaluate the overall validity of the driver/vehicle model
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the size distribution of DNAs isolated from sea urchin embryos.

5-BROMODEOXYURIDINE (BUdR), an analogue of thymidine, has been shown to selectively inhibit cell differentiation in various cell types and development of embryos, without affecting cell maintenance capabilities1. Gontcharoff and Mazia2 demonstrated that exposure of newly fertilised sea urchin eggs or early cleavage stage embryos to BUdR resulted in embryos which did not gastrulate or produce echinochrome pigment. From this laboratory evidence has been reported3 for a BUdR-induced modification of DNA replication in developing sea urchin embyros. Pulse-chase experiments in sea urchin gastrulae demonstrated that newly synthesised low molecular weight (8-15S) nuclear DNA labelled with 3H-BUdR was not readily chased by unlabelled BUdR into higher molecular weight DNA. In contrast, 8-15S DNA labelled with 3H-thymidine was converted into higher molecular weight DNA during a relatively short chase period with unlabelled thymidine. This data suggested the incorporation of BUdR into newly synthesised low molecular weight DNA molecules in embryos might prevent or slow the rate of normal linkage of such molecules into higher molecular weight DNA.
Oxidative Capacity and Fatigability in Run Trained Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptible Mice

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that malignant hyperthermia model mice (RyR1Y522S/wt) are more vulnerable to exercise-induced muscle injury and fatigability and adapt less to run training. Methods: After 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running, we measured anterior crural muscle fatigability, muscle injury, and cytochrome oxidase (COX) and citrate synthase (CS). Results: Although RyR1Y522S/wt mice ran without undergoing MH episodes, they ran 42% less distance than wild-type (WT) mice. Muscles from WT mice exhibited increased fatigue resistance and COX content after training. Muscles from RyR1Y522S/wt mice demonstrated no significant change in fatigability or COX and CS after training. However, muscles from RyR1Y522S/wt mice displayed less intrinsic fatigability and greater COX/CS content and muscle damage than WT mice. Conclusions: RyR1Y522S/wt mice can run without having rhabdomyolysis, and their inability to adapt to training appears to stem from intrinsic enhancement of mitochondrial enzymes and fatigue resistance. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Obstruction of duodenum secondary to giant hydronephrosis

Abstract A case of giant hydronephrosis of the left kidney producing duodenal obstruction in a two-month-old male is presented.
Giving households credit: How changes in the U.S. tax code could promote homeownership

Abstract Recent U.S. government proposals intend to increase the homeownership rate by roughly 2.5 percentage points, to 67.5%, by the year 2000. The possible use of the U.S. income tax code is virtually ignored in these proposals. Using a user-cost framework incorporated into a tenure choice equation and both macro- and micro-level analyses, we demonstrate that the revenue-neutral replacement of the current deductibility of home mortgage interest and property taxes with a tax credit of the appropriate level alone can increase aggregate homeownership rates in the range of 3 to 5%. Moreover, these increases are even higher in lower-income neighborhoods, suggesting that such a policy could address the supplementary community development purpose of neighborhood stabilization.
Generation of atomic H in a hydrogen matrix by tritium decay

Webeler's (1976) experimental results for the generation of atomic hydrogen in a hydrogen matrix by tritium decay are reexamined with a variant of Rosen's (1976) mathematical treatment. The analysis retains Rosen's equations for the number densities of trapped and mobile hydrogen atoms, but replaces his enthalpy equation with an equation for the directly measured temperature. Theoretical expressions are derived for the dependence of storage time, recombination time, and maximum density of trapped hydrogen atoms as a function of temperature for a given tritium concentration. A comparison of predictions for the maximum trapped atomic hydrogen number density as a function of storage time reveals that Rosen's estimate for the maximum number density of hydrogen atoms for the zero magnetic field case is a little more optimistic than the estimate obtained in the paper.
Morphological work function dependence of rare-earth disilicide metal nanostructures.

The work functions of various DySi2?x nanostructures epitaxially grown on a Si(001) surface were correlated with the structure using high-resolution Kelvin probe force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. Dy adatoms induce a surface dipole on Si(001) that increases the surface potential from 0.26 to 0.42?eV with respect to 2 ? 1 reconstructed Si(001). DySi2?x nanowires showed a 0.2?0.23?eV lower work function than DySi2?x nanoislands, which can be attributed to confinement of electrons along the surface normal that induces a surface dipole when the film thickness approaches the Fermi wavelength. The ability to tune the work function of metal nanostructures should be useful for understanding how electronic structure affects catalytic activity.