cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of the triply bonded tetramethyl complex Re2(CH3)4(μ-dppm)2 and its reaction with carbon monoxide to afford Re2(μ-CH2)2(CO)4(μ-dppm)2

Abstract The reaction of Re2Cl4(μ-dppm)2 (dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) with CH3Li in toluene affords Re2(CH3)4(μ-dppm)2 (1) in high yield. This is the first simple alkyl complex of the triply bonded dirhenium(II) core. The crystal structure of 1 (ReRe=2.2841(7) A) shows it to be very closely related to that of Re2Cl4(μ-dppm)2. Compound 1 reacts with CO to produce the di-μ-methylene complex Re2(μ-CH2)2(CO)4(μ-dppm)2 (2) which is shown to have an edge-sharing bioctahedral structure on the basis of X-ray crystal structure determinations on crystals of composition 2·2THF and 2·1.734CH2Cl2. The dirhenium units have ReRe single bond distances 2.9931(5) and 2.8930(5) A in these two crystals, and the [Re2(μ-dppm)2] units possess chair and boat conformations, respectively.
Muon capture in 16O and 40Ca

Abstract Bunatyan's theory of muon capture in 16 O and 40 Ca is compared with the theory of Foldy and Walecka and shown to differ substantially in content in spite of some superficial similarities in intent. Determination of the mean nuclear excitation energy following capture would serve to distinguish between the two theories experimentally.
Regulation of angiogenesis, mural cell recruitment and adventitial macrophage behavior by Toll-like receptors

The angiogenic response to injury can be studied by culturing rat or mouse aortic explants in collagen gels. Gene expression studies show that aortic angiogenesis is preceded by an immune reaction with overexpression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-inducible genes. TLR1, 3, and 6 are transiently upregulated at 24 h whereas TLR2, 4, and 8 expression peaks at 24 h but remains elevated during angiogenesis and vascular regression. Expression of TLR5, 7 and 9 steadily increases over time and is highest during vascular regression. Studies with isolated cells show that TLRs are expressed at higher levels in aortic macrophages compared to endothelial or mural cells with the exception of TLR2 and TLR9 which are more abundant in the aortic endothelium. LPS and other TLR ligands dose dependently stimulate angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor production. TLR9 ligands also influence the behavior of nonendothelial cell types by blocking mural cell recruitment and inducing formation of multinucleated giant cells by macrophages. TLR9-induced mural cell depletion is associated with reduced expression of the mural cell recruiting factor PDGFB. The spontaneous angiogenic response of the aortic rings to injury is reduced in cultures from mice deficient in myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), a key adapter molecule of TLRs, and following treatment with an inhibitor of the NFκB pathway. These results suggest that the TLR system participates in the angiogenic response of the vessel wall to injury and may play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory angiogenesis in reactive and pathologic processes.
Lesions Localized to the Eighth Nerve and Abnormal Threshold Adaptation

A group of 5 patients was studied in each of whom a lesion was produced during a neurosurgical procedure in which damage was limited to the fibers of the eighth nerve. Preoperative and postoperative studies of ATA would indicate that in those patients the ATA was specifically related to the conductive function of the eighth nerve fibers. Other studies have shown that ATA can be produced by lesions of higher order neurons (see Parker et al., 1962, 1968). Extent of ATA in these lesions can be independent of threshold sensitivity and discrimination score.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney : Another enigma : A pathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular diagnostic study

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), the second most common type of sarcoma in the first two decades of life, rarely presents as an organ-based neoplasm. Rather, it is seen typically in the soft tissues of the chest wall and paraspinal region. We report a case of primary PNET of the kidney in a 17-year-old girl who presented with abdominal pain, hematuria, and an abdominal mass. Nodules and sheets of monotonous-appearing primitive round cells and the formation of rosettes focally were the principal microscopic features. The tumor cells were uniformly immunoreactive for vimentin, cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase, and 013 (CD99). In addition, the characteristic translocation of PNET and Ewing sarcoma, t(11;22)(q24;q12), was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eight previous examples of renal PNET have been reported in the literature in the past 2 years, but only three of these cases have had complete immunohistochemical evaluation with the demonstration of 013 positivity. To our knowledge the present case is the only one to date demonstrating the recurrent translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) by PCR. Assuming that the previous cases in the literature are bona fide examples of PNET, the kidney may be another site of predilection for this usual soft-tissue neoplasm. We are once again confronted with the dilemma about the nature of the progenitor cell.
Substrate-induced transmembrane signaling in the cobalamin transporter BtuB

The outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria possess transport proteins essential for uptake of scarce nutrients. In TonB-dependent transporters, a conserved sequence of seven residues, the Ton box, faces the periplasm and interacts with the inner membrane TonB protein to energize an active transport cycle. A critical mechanistic step is the structural change in the Ton box of the transporter upon substrate binding; this essential transmembrane signaling event increases the affinity of the transporter for TonB and enables active transport to proceed. We have solved crystal structures of BtuB, the outer membrane cobalamin transporter from Escherichia coli, in the absence and presence of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). In these structures, the Ton box is ordered and undergoes a conformational change in the presence of bound substrate. Calcium has been implicated as a necessary factor for the high-affinity binding (Kd ∼0.3 nM) of cyanocobalamin to BtuB. We observe two bound calcium ions that order three extracellular loops of BtuB, thus providing a direct (and unusual) structural role for calcium.
Surface lattices and membrane design

The subject of membrane design affords ample opportunity for speculation. Until more is known experimentally about the structural role of the component parts, no sound theory can be formulated regarding the physically significant spacial relations between these parts. The finite thickness of cellular membranes corresponds most likely to the Davson-Danielli model of a bimolecular lipid layer plus an inside and outside layer of protein, but there is as yet, no clear picture of the nature of the ordering within these surface layers. Substructure has been observed in the surface of some specialized membranes by electron microscopy, as described by Porter, Robertson, Sjostrand, Stoeckenius and others at this Symposium. The scale and symmetry of these surface patterns bear a superficial resemblance to the surface structure of icosahedral virus particles, but this morphological similarity does not necessarily imply any fundamental relation in their designs.
A comparison of fast MR scan techniques for cerebral activation studies at 1.5 Tesla

To evaluate the sensitivity of fast, gradient-echo MR scan techniques in their ability to detect blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in task activation studies, three dedicated fast scan techniques, each with whole-brain coverage, were compared during a 3-min finger tapping paradigm on nine normal volunteers on a clinical 1.5 T scanner. Multislice (2D) single-shot spiral, 3D spiral, and multislice (2D) single-shot EPI scan techniques were done with similar temporal and spatial resolutions on each of the volunteers in random order. After image registration and statistical analysis, the sensitivity to detect activation was evaluated for the techniques by calculating t scores and number of activated voxels in predetermined regions of interest, including the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex, the premotor region, the parietal region, the supplementary motor area, and the ipsilateral cerebellum. Baseline images acquired with the three techniques were qualitatively comparable and had a similar effective spatial resolution of around 5 x 5 x 5 mm 3 , as determined from autocorrelation analysis. The anatomical coverage was somewhat reduced (4 less slices per volume) with EPI at the identical temporal resolution of 1.76 s for all techniques. The use of multislice 2D spiral scan for motor cortex fMRI experiments provided for a superior overall temporal stability, and an increased sensitivity compared with multislice 2D EPI, and 3D spiral scan. The difference in sensitivity between multislice 2D spiral and EPI scans was small, in particular in the case of a ramp-sampled version of EPI. The difference in performance is attributed mainly to the difference in scan-to-scan stability.
A Multiscale/stabilized Formulation of the Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations for Moving Boundary Flows and Fluid–structure Interaction

This paper presents a multiscale/stabilized finite element formulation for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations written in an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) frame to model flow problems that involve moving and deforming meshes. The new formulation is derived based on the variational multiscale method proposed by Hughes (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 127:387–401, 1995) and employed in Masud and Khurram in (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193:1997–2018, 2006); Masud and Khurram in (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 195:1750–1777, 2006) to study advection dominated transport phenomena. A significant feature of the formulation is that the structure of the stabilization terms and the definition of the stabilization tensor appear naturally via the solution of the sub-grid scale problem. A mesh moving technique is integrated in this formulation to accommodate the motion and deformation of the computational grid, and to map the moving boundaries in a rational way. Some benchmark problems are shown, and simulations of an elastic beam undergoing large amplitude periodic oscillations in a viscous fluid domain are presented.
Structures, Energetics and Vibrational Frequency Shifts of Hydrated Pyrimidine

More than 70 unique micro-hydrated structures of pyrimidine, ranging in size from 1 to 7 water molecules, have been characterized with the B3LYP density functional and the 6-311++G(2df,2pd) triple-ζ split-valence basis set. Explicitly correlated MP2-F12 single-point computations were performed on each structure with a correlation consistent triple-ζ basis set to estimate the relative and dissociation energies at the MP2 complete basis set (CBS) limit. Many of these new structures have significantly lower energies than those previously reported (by as much as 12.66 kcal mol(-1)). For clusters with 1 and 2 water molecules, the MP2-F12 relative and dissociation energies are virtually identical to the corresponding CCSD(T)-F12 values. As the number of hydrating waters increases, the structures in which the water molecules are clustered together at one of the N atoms have lower energies than those where the water molecules are more distributed around the pyrimidine ring. Micro-hydrated structures that effectively extend the low-energy hydrogen-bonding motifs to both sides of the ring, as would be expected in the bulk phase, reproduce the experimentally observed vibrational frequency shifts of ν(1) and ν(8b) in very dilute aqueous pyrimidine solutions to within 1 cm(-1) . Micro-hydrated structures of pyrimidine in which water molecules are clustered together have lower energies than structures in which the water molecules are more evenly spread around the pyrimidine ring.
Dynamic traffic congestion pricing mechanism with User-Centric considerations

We consider the problem of designing real-time traffic routing systems in urban areas. Optimal dynamic routing for multiple passengers is known to be computationally hard due to its combinatorial nature. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a novel mechanism called User-Centric Dynamic Pricing (UCDP) based on recent advances in algorithmic mechanism design. The mechanism allows for congestion-free traffic in general road networks with heterogeneous users, while satisfying each user's travel preference. The mechanism first informs whether a passenger should use public transportation or the road network. In the latter case, a passenger reports his maximum accepted travel time with a lower bound announced publicly by the road authority. The mechanism then assigns the passenger a path that matches with his preference given the current traffic condition in the network. The proposed mechanism introduces a fairness constrained shortest path (FCSP) problem with a special structure, thus enabling polynomial time computation of path allocation that maximizes the sequential social surplus and guarantees fairness among passengers. The tolls of paths are then computed according to marginal cost payments. We show that reporting true preference is a weakly dominant strategy. The superior performance of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated on several simulated routing experiments in comparison to user equilibrium and system optimum.
Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity.

BACKGROUND The major drivers of the obesity epidemic are much debated and have considerable policy importance for the population-wide prevention of obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the relative contributions of increased energy intake and reduced physical activity to the US obesity epidemic. DESIGN We predicted the changes in weight from the changes in estimated energy intakes in US children and adults between the 1970s and 2000s. The increased US food energy supply (adjusted for wastage and assumed to be proportional to energy intake) was apportioned to children and adults and inserted into equations that relate energy intake to body weight derived from doubly labeled water studies. The weight increases predicted from the equations were compared with weight increases measured in representative US surveys over the same period. RESULTS For children, the measured weight gain was 4.0 kg, and the predicted weight gain for the increased energy intake was identical at 4.0 kg. For adults, the measured weight gain was 8.6 kg, whereas the predicted weight gain was somewhat higher (10.8 kg). CONCLUSIONS Increased energy intake appears to be more than sufficient to explain weight gain in the US population. A reversal of the increase in energy intake of approximately 2000 kJ/d (500 kcal/d) for adults and of 1500 kJ/d (350 kcal/d) for children would be needed for a reversal to the mean body weights of the 1970s. Alternatively, large compensatory increases in physical activity (eg, 110-150 min of walking/d), or a combination of both, would achieve the same outcome. Population approaches to reducing obesity should emphasize a reduction in the drivers of increased energy intake.
Language, social structure, and culture: A genre analysis of cooking classes in Japan and America

Patricia Mayes, Language, social structure, and culture: A genre analysis of cooking classes in Japan and America. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2003. Pp. xiv, 228. Hb. $102.00.In 1979, I attended a Sunday afternoon cooking class in Osaka with a small group of Japanese friends and coworkers. There were fewer than 10 people present in the kitchen showroom to learn how to make chanko nabe, a hearty one-pot stew. I do not remember the recipe, or much else about the occasion, except that we traded casual jokes and asides with the instructor, some of them playing off the fact that the dish is well known as standard fare used to bulk up sumo wrestlers. It is astonishing yet gratifying that scholarship on language and culture has advanced to the point that there is now a book entitled Language, social structure and culture: A genre analysis of cooking classes in Japan and America. The reader looking for insights into Japanese or American culture, social structure, or cooking classes as cultural events, may be frustrated or disappointed with this book, but for scholars interested in reading a forthright essay about genre theory, supported with transcripts and exhaustive counting of clause types, it will offer useful and stimulating reading.
Evaluating CORBA latency and scalability over high-speed ATM networks

We present two contributions to the study of CORBA performance over high-speed networks. First, we measure the latency of various types and sizes of two-way client requests using a pair of widely used implementations of CORBA-Orbix 2.1 and VisiBroker for C++ 2.0. Second, we use Orbix and VisiBroker to measure the scalability of CORBA servers in terms of the number of objects they can support efficiently. These experiments extend our previous work on CORBA performance for bandwidth-sensitive applications (such as satellite surveillance, medical imaging, and teleconferencing). Our results show that the latency for CORBA implementations is relatively high and server scalability is relatively low. Our latency experiments show that non-optimized internal buffering in CORBA implementations can cause substantial delay variance, which is unacceptable in many real-time or constrained-latency applications. Likewise our scalability experiments reveal that neither Orbix nor VisiBroker can handle a large number of objects in a single server process.
Concurrent error detection and fault-tolerance in linear analog circuits using continuous checksums

The problem of concurrent error detection and fault tolerance is studied. These checksums of time-varying functions are possible because the function of a linear analog circuit can be represented mathematically by a set of matrices to which checksum codes can be applied. For the purpose of error detection, it is assumed that a fault can cause the value of a passive circuit component to deviate from its normal value, result in a line short or open, or change the operating characteristics of the active components (operational amplifiers). If the specifying parameters of a linear analog circuit change due to a fault and the failed circuit behaves as a linear system, then error correction is performed by compensating for the changed parameter values. Otherwise, partical correction is possible. Error detection and correction are performed by a small amount of hardware added to the linear analog circuit. The hardware overhead is virtually constant irrespective of the circuit size, and the sensitivity of the error detection circuit to failures can be easily calibrated. >
Identification of 2‐Pentyl Furan in Fats and Oils and Its Relationship to the Reversion Flavor of Soybean Oil

SUMMARY— 2-Pentyl furan is identified as a component of the volatile decomposition products of slightly autoxidized soybean and cottonseed oils and those of thermal oxidation of corn oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil. The flavor threshold of this compound in oil at room temperature is 1 ppm. At concentrations of 1-10 ppm, it imparts to the oil a characteristic beany odor and flavor reminiscent of those of a reverted soybean oil. Expert organoleptic panels consistently identified a deodorized cottonseed oil containing 5 ppm of 2.pentyl furan as a reverted soybean oil. It is proposed that this compound is formed by autoxidation of linoleic acid.
Effects of replacing the habitual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages with milk in Chilean children

Background: During the nutrition transition in Chile, dietary changes were marked by increased consumption of high-energy, nutrient-poor products, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Obesity is now the primary nutritional problem in posttransitional Chile. Objective: We conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effects on body composition of delivering milk beverages to the homes of overweight and obese children to displace SSBs. Design: We randomly assigned 98 children aged 8 –10 y who regularly consumed SSBs to intervention and control groups. During a 16-wk intervention, children were instructed to drink 3 servings/d (200 g per serving) of the milk delivered to their homes and to not consume SSBs. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle. Results: For the intervention group, milk consumption increased by a mean ( SEM) of 452.5 37.7 g/d (P 0.0001), and consumption of SSBs decreased by 711.0 33.7 g/d (P 0.0001). For the control group, milk consumption did not change, and consumption of SSBs increased by 71.9 33.6 g/d (P 0.04). Changes in percentage body fat, the primary endpoint, did not differ between groups. Nevertheless, the mean ( SE) accretion of lean body mass was greater (P 0.04) in the intervention (0.92 0.10 kg) than in the control (0.62 0.11 kg) group. The increase in height was also greater (P 0.01) in the intervention group (2.50 0.21 cm) than in the control group (1.77 0.20 cm) for boys but not for girls. Conclusion: Replacing habitual consumption of SSBs with milk may have beneficial effects on lean body mass and growth in children, despite no changes in percentage body fat. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00149695. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:605–11.
Placental vascular endothelial growth factor receptor system mRNA expression in pigs selected for placental efficiency

Selecting Yorkshire breeding stock for increased placental efficiency (PE; piglet weight divided by its placental weight) results in larger litters (i.e. ∼3 more piglets litter−1) and reduced placental sizes. Placental vessel density increases progressively after day 50 of gestation in the pig, and is positively correlated with PE and placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic and permeability factor. To elicit its vascular effects, VEGF must bind to its receptors (R), VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2. The objective of this study was to compare placental and endometrial blood vessel density and placental VEGF, VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 mRNA expression in day 70 and 90 conceptuses from Yorkshire females selected for high PE, low PE, and from unselected controls. A greater (P < 0.05) PE was observed for conceptuses in the high PE selection group when compared to the low PE selection group. Placental blood vessel density increased (P < 0.05) from day 70 to 90 (1.8 ± 0.1 versus 2.8 ± 0.2) in association with increases (P < 0.05) in placental VEGF mRNA expression. No selection group differences were observed in expression of VEGF, VEGF-R1, or VEGF-R2 on day 70. By day 90, however, placentae of conceptuses from the high PE group expressed greater (P < 0.05) amounts of VEGF and VEGF-R1 mRNA than the unselected controls and the low PE group. These data demonstrate that increased placental expression of the VEGF receptor system is associated with increased placental vascular density observed with the advancement of gestation in the pig. Although placental blood vessel density was not increased in the high PE selection group, elevated levels of the VEGF receptor system suggest an effect on increasing placental and endometrial blood vessel permeability and/or proximity in the high PE group.
Genetic variation of piperidine alkaloids in Pinus ponderosa: a common garden study.

† Background and Aims Previous measurements of conifer alkaloids have revealed significant variation attribu­ table to many sources, environmental and genetic. The present study takes a complementary and intensive, common garden approach to examine genetic variation in Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa alkaloid production. Additionally, this study investigates the potential trade-off between seedling growth and alkaloid production, and associations between topographic/climatic variables and alkaloid production. † Methods Piperidine alkaloids were quantified in foliage of 501 nursery seedlings grown from seed sources in west-central Washington, Oregon and California, roughly covering the western half of the native range of ponder­ osa pine. A nested mixed model was used to test differences among broad-scale regions and among families within regions. Alkaloid concentrations were regressed on seedling growth measurements to test metabolite allo­ cation theory. Likewise, climate characteristics at the seed sources were also considered as explanatory variables. † Key Results Quantitative variation from seedling to seedling was high, and regional variation exceeded variation among families. Regions along the western margin of the species range exhibited the highest alkaloid concen­ trations, while those further east had relatively low alkaloid levels. Qualitative variation in alkaloid profiles was low. All measures of seedling growth related negatively to alkaloid concentrations on a natural log scale; however, coefficients of determination were low. At best, annual height increment explained 19.4 % of the vari­ ation in ln(total alkaloids). Among the climate variables, temperature range showed a negative, linear association that explained 41.8 % of the variation. † Conclusions Given the wide geographic scope of the seed sources and the uniformity of resources in the seed­ lings’ environment, observed differences in alkaloid concentrations are evidence for genetic regulation of alka­ loid secondary metabolism in ponderosa pine. The theoretical trade-off with seedling growth appeared to be real, however slight. The climate variables provided little evidence for adaptive alkaloid variation, especially within regions.
The Art of Political Science: Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory

Spatial diagrams of politics could and should be iconic for political science in much the same way as supply-and-demand curves are in economics. Many fundamental problems of political science can be connected with them, and many different concepts—such as ideological constraint, cross-pressures, framing, agenda-setting, political competition, voting systems, and party systems, to name just a few—can be illuminated through spatial diagrams. Spatial diagrams raise questions and provide insights. They suggest political maneuvers, possible realignments, and political problems. They provide us with revealing images that aid memory and facilitate analysis. They are a powerful way to think about politics, and we could not do better than to feature them in our textbooks, to use them in our research, and to exhibit them as our brand—as our distinctive way of thinking about how the world works
Rich Services: The Integration Piece of the SOA Puzzle

One of the key challenges to successful systems-of- systems integration using Web services technologies is how to address crosscutting architectural concerns such as policy management, governance, and authentication, while still maintaining the lightweight implementation and deployment flavor that distinguishes Web services from earlier attempts at providing interoperable enterprise systems. To address this challenge, this article introduces the notion of a Rich Service, an extension of the standard service notion, based on an architectural pattern that allows hierarchical decomposition of system architecture according to separate concerns. Rich Services enable the capture of different system aspects and their interactions. By leveraging emerging Enterprise Service Bus technologies, Rich Services also enable a direct transition from a logical to a deployed service-oriented architecture (SOA). This results in immediate benefits not only in SOA design, implementation, deployment, and quality assurance, but also in the traceability of architectural requirements to an SOA implementation.
Cultures, genes, and neurons in the development of song and singing in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

In brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, as in many songbird species, vocalizations are fundamental to reproduction. In our studies, experiments utilizing different social housing regimes and geographic comparisons have indicated the social learning of males' vocalizations and associated abilities to use vocalizations effectively during the breeding season. Here, we describe studies indicating roles of cultural and genetic background, and of social influences from females, on male vocal development. These influences can interact with neural regions, including song learning and song control nuclei, but also visual-processing nuclei, in the development of signaling. We argue that a developmental systems approach to the study of vocal behavior provides a structure to organize these different influences and how they may interact with one another over development. A systems approach requires that researchers study the social context in which signals and signalers develop – both the ontogenetic arena in which young animals learn their signals from older animals, and the functional arena in which young and older animals socially interact with one another.
New challenges in certification for aircraft software

We outline the current approach to certification of aircraft software, and the role of DO-178B. We consider evidence for its effectiveness and discuss possible explanations for this. We then describe how changes in aircraft systems and in the air traffic system pose new challenges for certification, chiefly by increasing the extent of interaction and integration.
Bilateral Peroneal Nerve Palsy After Bilateral Hip Osteotomy in a Patient with Multiple Hereditary Exostosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Osteochondromas are solitary masses that rarely cause pain or other symptoms. However, in cases of multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) in which many osteochondromas are present, extremity deformity is more common. Surgical excision is considered in situations in which altered bone growth is affecting function or if the osteochondroma causes pain. Osteochondromas that affect the proximal part of the femur are common, reported to be involved in 30% to 90% of cases of MHE1-4, and can affect growth and morphology of both the femur and acetabulum. More specifically, coxa valga deformities have been reported in 25% of patients with MHE5, including femoral neck broadening, femoral anteversion, and valgus deformity together with acetabular dysplasia4,6. Proximal femoral varus-producing osteotomies have been described7. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reported nerve injuries during a varus-correcting osteotomy of the proximal part of the femur in patients with MHE. However, one report of 164 proximal femoral osteotomies not associated with MHE described peroneal nerve palsies in two patients8. In this report, we examine the case of a young boy treated for proximal femoral valgus deformity in MHE with bilateral varus-producing osteotomy of the proximal part of the femur. We evaluate the surgical complication of bilateral peroneal nerve palsy and discuss the patient’s clinical course, including surgical treatment of the nerve palsies. The patient and his parents were informed that his case would be submitted for publication, and they provided consent. A nine-year-old boy with multiple previous surgical interventions related to MHE had been followed for painful bilateral hip dysplasia and valgus deformity of the proximal part of the femur. The patient had no additional symptoms regarding the lower extremities, and the physical examination demonstrated excellent strength and normal sensation. …
Analysis of Large Electronic Health Record Databases Supports Blood Pressure-Incident Diabetes Association.

Worldwide, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were caused by diabetes mellitus in 2012 [(1)][1], up from 1 million in 2000. Diabetes has been shown to be associated with a 2-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality and a 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality relative to age- and
Theoretical Modeling of Fracture Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Ceramics

A new analytical approach developed for the analysis of the effectiveness of fiber or particulate reinforcement in brittle matrix material such as intermetallic or ceramics composites is presented. The method allows consideration of discrete distribution of the reinforcement components and examination of the development of crack growth controlling parameters on a microscale. The constitutive behavior of the matrix is assumed to be linear elastic. The behavior of the reinforcement component is assumed to differ insignificantly from the matrix when it is located remotely from the developing crack. The mechanics of the reinforcement is accurately accounted for in the process zone of the growing crack. A closed form exact solution characterizing the initial failure process is presented. The analysis may be applied to three dominant configurations typical for the failure process in ceramics: microcrack initiation ahead of the long crack; development of the bridging zone ahead of the main crack which prevents crack extension (resistance mechanism); and an extended bridging zone which could be formed during the manufacturing process or due to development of the bridging zone ahead of a macrocrack, to the extent that a small scale model approach cannot be used.
Observing the web by understanding the past: archival internet research

This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities for using archival Internet data in order to observe a host of social science phenomena. Specifically, this paper introduces HistoryTracker, a new tool for accessing and extracting archived data from the Internet Archive, the largest repository of archived Web data in existence. The HistoryTracker tool serves to create a Web observatory that allows scholars to study the history of the Web. HistoryTracker takes advantages of Hadoop processing capacity, and allows researchers to extract large swaths of archived data into a link list format that can be easily transferred to a number of other analytical tools. A brief illustration of the use of HistoryTracker is presented demonstrating the use of the tool. Finally, a number of continuing research challenges are discussed, and future research opportunities are outlined.
Angiogenesis as a key target of cancer prevention: The effect of the CDDO-Me triterpenoid

A76 OBJECTIVES: Angiogenesis is the base for solid tumor growth and dissemination, recently anti-angiogenic drugs have begun to show promise in clinical trials. In addition to angiogenesis, it has become increasingly clear that inflammation is a key component in tumor insurgence. >We propose to identify molecules and pathways involved in cancer progression in order to prevent neoplastic development and metastatic dissemination, targeting the tumor stroma and inflammatory infiltrate component associated to angiogenesis. The potential beneficial effects of the synthetic triterpenoid methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) was evaluated on in vitro and invivo angiogenic assays. >MATERIALS: Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and human Kaposi’s Sarcoma Immortalized cells (KS-Imm) were grown in complete M199 and DMEM medium, respectively. >6 weeks male C57BL/6N mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Italy). >CDDO-Me was kindly provided by Michael Sporn, Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover (USA). >RESULTS: We assessed the activity of this novel compound that has shown a potent antiangiogenic activity at really low dosages. In vivo it inhibited angiogenesis in the Matrigel sponge assay and KS-Imm tumor growth. In vitro it was able to prevent endothelial cells tubulogenesis when cultured on Matrigel. >In HUVE cells this compound doesn’t seem to interfere with Akt pathway but it can inhibit the activation of erk1/2 pathway after stimulation with VEGF. These data can partially explain its potent anti-angiogenic activity but further studies are necessary to full understand their promising property. >CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation, angiogenesis and the microenvironment are increasingly recognized as an angiogenic stimulus in cancer. The repression of the NF-kB pathway suggests anti-inflammatory effects for the anti-oxidant compounds that may also have an indirect role in angiogenesis inhibition. Many of the molecules studies inhibit inflammation-associated angiogenesis by targeting cells in the tumor microenvironment
Institutional Dimensions of Farmland Conservation: Applying the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework to the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) invites agricultural producers in the U.S. to voluntarily place land into conservation for 10 to 15 years. The program currently focuses on reducing soil erosion, increasing soil health, providing wildlife habitat, and improving water quality throughout the United States. This study employs a theoretical framework for the understanding of collective action institutions (sets of rules prohibiting, requiring, or permitting specified actions that are established to overcome common problems) in order to examine the external factors, internal structures, and policy decisions of CRP and the impacts these variables have on program outcomes. We collected the data using open-ended, structured interviews with stakeholders associated with the program, and from government documents produced on the CRP by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and other local, state, and federal agencies. Results indicate that the biophysical environment, local culture, and institutional rules greatly contribute to program implementation (resources for conservation, decision-making structures, and management strategies) and outcomes (amount and type of land conserved, and level of participation by agricultural landowners).
On continuum damage-elastoplasticity at finite strains

A strain-based continuum damage-elastoplasticity formulation at finite strains is proposed based on an additive split of thestress tensor. Within the proposed framework, a hyperelastic extension of the classicalJ 2-flow theory is developed as a model problem, with a rate-free formulation of the (linear) kinematic hardening law that is free from spurious stress oscillation in the simple shear test. The algorithmic implementation of the coupled damage-elastoplasticity model is shown to reduce to a trivial modification of the classical radial return which is amenable toexact linearization. This results in a closed form expression for theconsistent elastoplastic-damage modulus. The algorithmic treatment of the damage model with no restrictions on the functional forms governing the plastic response is considered subsequently. It is emphasized that objective rates and incrementally objective algorithms play no role in the present approach. A number of numerical experiments are presented that illustrate the performance of the proposed formulation.
Varicella Zoster Meningitis in an Immunized Child

A 5-year-old girl with varicella-zoster virus meningitis who had received the VZV vaccine 18 months previously is reported from the University of Chicago.
Empirical analysis of dense matrix multiplication on shared and distributed memory clusters

In this paper we present two dense, square matrix multiplication algorithms, and give a comparative analysis and performance evolutions of the algorithms in distributed memory and shared memory architecture. In this paper, we explore the performance of Rocks cluster and Beowulf cluster. Beowulf cluster is the distributed memory parallel computers and rocks 5.4 (Maverick) is the CentOS based high performance Linux cluster having shared memory architecture. In this study, we first build a Beowulf cluster by connecting 16, Pentium 4 personal computers with 100 Mb Fast Ethernet. We evaluate the execution time, speedup and Efficiency of the simple block checkerboard partitioning algorithm and the most popular cannon's algorithm based on block checkerboard. The topology used for communication is 2D mesh. In these algorithms we used the message passing using MPI with C. We analyze the performance of the algorithms in our experimental platforms i.e Beowulf Cluster and Rocks Cluster.
Determination of Vitamin C in Health Foods and Drinks by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Objective To develop a RP-HPLC method to detect the content of vitamin C in health foods and drinks.Method The samples were extracted and eluted by 0.1% oxalic acid solution on a ODS C_ 18 5 μm column at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at 262 nm.Results The good linear relationship was obtained over the range of 0.05～700 μg/ml . The average recovery ranged from 84.2% to 94.9%, and the RSD of the values of repeatability was less than 10%. The detection limit of the method was 0.05 μg/ml .Conclusion The method could be simple, fast and feasible, and it could be used to detect the content of vitamin C in health foods and drinks.
Applicability of standard irregular field calculations for high-energy photon beams

Irregular-field calculations are usually based on a sector-summation technique. This technique typically involves separating the dose into primary and scatter components. While the conceptual basis for this procedure is valid at lower energies, it becomes suspect at higher energies. However, despite this limitation, a straightforward application of the technique yields good accuracy for 18 MV X-rays if certain limitations are observed. This work describes the calculational formalism used and the approximations made. Computed results are compared with measurements. The levels of uncertainty in both are discussed.
A 20-Year Experience With Ileal Conduits: The Fate of the Kidneys

AbstractDuring the last 20 years 242 patients have undergone ileal conduit urinary diversion at our hospital. Although only 11 per cent of the renal units showed damage after the ileal conduit there was a progressive risk of renal deterioration with increasing time and obstruction was its major cause.
Bishops and bishoprics in Africa: the numbers

The best analysis of the numbers of bishops who represented both sides at the Conference of Carthage in 411, and of the total number of dioceses that each church had in Africa in the first decades of the fifth century, has been provided by Lancel. The treatment of the same subject here is offered as an exposition and extension of his data, with a few minor modifications and additions. The record of the conference, however, is only a partial guide to the numbers of bishops and bishoprics in Africa at the time: it only records the count of the bishops who happened to be alive, healthy, and able to make it to the conference site at Carthage. It cannot therefore be taken to be a complete report that would permit the reconstruction of distribution maps that neatly contrast “Donatist” as opposed to Catholic sees. Quite apart from the problem of the not insignificant number of dioceses whose location is not even approximately known and which therefore cannot be put on any map, there is the persistent problem of the existence of an opposing religious community that is simply not mentioned in the record. It is difficult to believe, for example, that there was no Catholic community whatsoever at Lepcis Magna, Sabratha, and Oea, especially since we know from Augustine's letters that, as we would expect, they did in fact exist. There were simply good reasons why Catholic bishops from these places did not make it to Carthage in May and June of 411. Secondly, there are many cases where there might not exist an bishop from the opposing side present in Carthage, but where the internal record of the conference proceedings attests the existence of an opposing community, often headed by a priest in the absence of a bishop who was ill, recently deceased, or otherwise not able to be declared at Carthage. Then again, it was occasionally the case that a recent act of “betrayal” suddenly left no head for one of the two communities to declare their presence at Carthage. The existence of a sole declarant in such a case surely does not mean that there did not exist a Catholic or dissident community in the town. When all these factors are taken into account, the actual number of cases where neither church had any representation in any given African community is appreciably reduced. The map then looks rather different from the conventional ones that signal the presence (or not) of bishops at the meeting of 411.
Representations, Maschke's Theorem, and Semisimplicity

In this chapter, we present the basic definitions and examples to do with group representations. We then prove Maschke's theorem, which states that in many circumstances representations are completely reducible. We conclude by describing the properties of semisimple modules. Definitions and Examples Informally, a representation of a group is a collection of invertible linear transformations of a vector space (or, more generally, of a module for a ring) that multiply together in the same way as the group elements. The collection of linear transformations thus establishes a pattern of symmetry of the vector space, which copies the symmetry encoded by the group. Because symmetry is observed and understood so widely, and is even one of the fundamental notions of mathematics, there are applications of representation theory across the whole of mathematics as well as in other disciplines. For many applications, especially those having to do with the natural world, it is appropriate to consider representations over fields of characteristic zero such as C, R, or Q (the fields of complex numbers, real numbers, or rational numbers). In other situations that might arise in topology or combinatorics or number theory, for instance, we find ourselves considering representations over fields of positive characteristic, such as the field with p elements F p , or over rings that are not fields, such as the ring of integers Z. Many aspects of representation theory do change as the ring varies, but there are also parts of the theory that are similar regardless of the field characteristic or even if the ring is not a field. We develop the theory independently of the choice of ring where possible so as to be able to apply it in all situations and to establish a natural context for the results. Let G denote a finite group, and let R be a commutative ring with a 1. If V is an R -module, we denote it by GL ( V ) the group of all invertible R -module homomorphisms V → V . In case, V ≅ R n is a free module of rank n , this group is isomorphic to the group of all nonsingular n × n matrices over R , and we denote it by GL ( n , R ) or GL n ( R ), or in case R = F q is the finite field with q elements by GL ( n, q ) or GL n ( q ).
Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica as a platform for synthesis of drop-in transportation fuels and oleochemicals

Abstract Harnessing lipogenic pathways and rewiring acyl-CoA and acyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica hold great potential for cost-efficient production of diesel, gasoline-like fuels, and oleochemicals. Here we assessed various pathway engineering strategies in Y. lipolytica toward developing a yeast biorefinery platform for sustainable production of fuel-like molecules and oleochemicals. Specifically, acyl-CoA/acyl-ACP processing enzymes were targeted to the cytoplasm, peroxisome, or endoplasmic reticulum to generate fatty acid ethyl esters and fatty alkanes with tailored chain length. Activation of endogenous free fatty acids and the subsequent reduction of fatty acyl-CoAs enabled the efficient synthesis of fatty alcohols. Engineering a hybrid fatty acid synthase shifted the free fatty acids to a medium chain-length scale. Manipulation of alternative cytosolic acetyl-CoA pathways partially decoupled lipogenesis from nitrogen starvation and unleashed the lipogenic potential of Y. lipolytica. Taken together, the strategies reported here represent promising steps to develop a yeast biorefinery platform that potentially upgrades low-value carbons to high-value fuels and oleochemicals in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.