cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functionalized copolymers and their composites with polylactide and hydroxyapatite.

Synthetic copolymers poly(e-caprolactone-co-vinylphosphonic acid) (P(MDOVPA) and poly(e-caprolactone-co-dimethylvinylphosphoester) (P(MDOVPE)) were used to prepare composites with polylactide (PLac) and hydroxyapatite (HAp). The P(MDOVPA) is used as filler in PLac films, as it has pendant functional groups P(O)(OH)2, providing nucleation sites for the deposition of HAp in simulated body fluid. HAp growth on P(MDOVPA) powder and PLac-P(MDOVPA) film was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). P(MDOVPE) and PLac blend are miscible, and the incorporation of hydrophilic P(MDOVPA) into PLac increased the hydrophilicity of the blend. Synthetic HAp was used to make multilayered, alternating organic–inorganic composites with porous PLac-P(MDOVPE) blends. ©©1999©Kluwer Academic Publishers
Unclassified Fictions: The CIA, Secrecy Law, and the Dangerous Rhetoric of Authenticity

Zero Dark Thirty, Kathryn Bigelow’s cinematic account of the manhunt for Osama bin Laden, attracted tremendous popular attention, inspiring impassioned debates about torture, political access, and responsible filmmaking. But, in the aftermath of the 2013 Academy Awards, critical scrutiny of the film has abated and the Senate has dropped its much-hyped inquiry. If the discussion about Zero Dark Thirty ultimately proved fleeting, our attention to the circumstances of its creation should not. The CIA has a longstanding policy of promoting the accuracy of television shows and films that portray the agency, and Langley’s collaboration with Bigelow provided no exception. To date, legal scholarship has largely ignored the CIA’s policy, yet the practice of assisting filmmakers has important consequences for national
Chapter 12 – Dynamic Analysis

The equations of motion, the mass matrices, and free and forced vibration analysis of solid and structural problems are considered. The Lagrange equations are used to derive the equations of motion of a solid mechanics problem, including damping, in matrix form. The lumped and consistent mass matrices of bar, space truss, and uniform beam elements; and consistent mass matrices of space frame, planar frame, triangular membrane, triangular bending, and tetrahedron elements are derived. The computations of free vibration analysis are shown by considering simple problems such as axial motion of a bar, a cantilever beam, a two-bar truss, and a stepped bar using lumped and/or consistent mass matrices. The procedure of M-orthogonalization of normal modes is illustrated with examples. The dynamic response of solid bodies using the finite element method is described. The aspects of uncoupling the equations of motion of undamped systems, uncoupling the equations of motion of damped systems with proportional damping, and the solution of general second order differential equation are presented along with an illustrative example. Finally, brief introductions to the nonconservative stability and flutter problems and the substructures method are given.
Approximating the Distribution of Pareto Sums

Heavy tailed random variables (rvs) have proven to be an essential element in modeling a wide variety of natural and human-induced processes, and the sums of heavy tailed rvs represent a particularly important construction in such models. Oriented toward both geophysical and statistical audiences, this paper discusses the appearance of the Pareto law in seismology and addresses the problem of the statistical approximation for the sums of independent rvs with common Pareto distribution F(x)=1 − x−α for 1/2 < α < 2. Such variables have infinite second moment which prevents one from using the Central Limit Theorem to solve the problem. This paper presents five approximation techniques for the Pareto sums and discusses their respective accuracy. The main focus is on the median and the upper and lower quantiles of the sum’s distribution. Two of the proposed approximations are based on the Generalized Central Limit Theorem, which establishes the general limit for the sums of independent identically distributed rvs in terms of stable distributions; these approximations work well for large numbers of summands. Another approximation, which replaces the sum with its maximal summand, has less than 10% relative error for the upper quantiles when α < 1. A more elaborate approach considers the two largest observations separately from the rest of the observations, and yields a relative error under 1% for the upper quantiles and less than 5% for the median. The last approximation is specially tailored for the lower quantiles, and involves reducing the non-Gaussian problem to its Gaussian equivalent; it too yields errors less than 1%. Approximation of the observed cumulative seismic moment in California illustrates developed methods.
Capitalism in Green Disguise: The Political Economy of Organic Farming in the European Union:

Following the post-1992 Common Agricultural Policy, organic farming has expanded rapidly in the European Union. This growth is often considered evidence of the success of a distinctive model of sma...
ACCOLADES: A Scalable Workflow Framework for Large-Scale Simulation and Analyses of Automotive Engines

Analysis and optimization of simulation-generated data have myriads of scientific and industrial applications. Fuel consumption and emissions over the entire drive cycle of a large fleet of vehicles is an example of such an application and the focus of this study. Temporal variation of fuel consumption and emissions in an automotive engine are functions of over twenty variables. Determining relationships between fuel consumption or emissions and the dependent variables plays a crucial role in designing an automotive engine. This paper describes the development of ACCOLADES (Advanced Concurrent COmputing for LArge-scale Dynamic Engine Simulations), a scalable workflow framework that exploits the task parallelism inherent in such analyses by using large-scale computing. Excellent weak scaling is observed on 4,096 cores of both an Intel Sandy Bridge-based cluster and a Blue-Gene/Q supercomputer.
Surface-Generated Gas-Phase Radicals: Formation, Detection, and Role in Catalysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the formation, detection, and role in catalysis of surface-generated gas-phase radicals. The presence of surface-generated gas-phase radicals is well established for many catalytic decomposition and oxidation reactions. The radicals generally are observed at reaction temperatures in excess of 400° C, and in some cases temperatures of approximately 800°C are required. The surface-generated radicals may be significant as (1) initiators of chain reactions, (2) intermediates in gas-phase coupling reactions, (3) a means for the transport of intermediates from one surface to another, (4) experimental evidence for a radical mechanism, and ( 5 ) a means of determining the rate limiting step of a catalytic cycle. Even qualitative results are useful in several of these applications; however, more quantitative data are needed to establish whether gas-phase radical coupling is indeed a primary pathway for product formation. The practical utilization of this source of gas-phase radicals, in many cases, require the design of reactors and catalyst-bed configurations so as to maximize the desired reactions. It may, for example, be important to operate at short contact times, with the catalyst at much higher temperatures than the gas phase, or, in order to achieve high selectivity for the partial oxidation of alkanes, it may be necessary to operate in a pulse mode so that the alkyl radicals do not react with gas-phase molecular oxygen.
Bank holding company performance, risk, and “busy” board of directors

Abstract We examine the association between “busyness” of the board of directors (serving on multiple boards) and bank holding company (BHC) performance and risk. We estimate several simultaneous-equations models employing the 3SLS technique and instrumental variables to account for endogeneity. We obtain four main results. First, BHC performance measures (return on equity, Tobin’s Q and EBIT over total assets) are positively associated with busyness of directors. Second, BHC risk measures (total, market, idiosyncratic, credit and default risks) are inversely related to busyness of directors. Third, performance (risk) benefits of having busy directors strengthened (weakened) during the financial crisis of 2007–2009. Fourth, busy directors are not more likely to become problem directors (fail the 75% attendance standard), and if sitting on boards of both BHC and non-financial firms, they attend more of the BHC board meetings, than those of the non-financials. Our findings partially alleviate concerns that over-boarded directors shirk their responsibilities.
Inverse Limit Spaces Satisfying a Poincaré Inequality

We give conditions on Gromov-Hausdorff convergent in- verse systems of metric measure graphs which imply that the measured Gromov-Hausdorff limit (equivalently, the inverse limit) i saP I space i.e., it satisfies a doubling condition and a Poincare inequality in the sense of Heinonen-Koskela (HK96). The Poincare inequalit yi s actually of type (1,1). We also give a systematic construction of examples for which our conditions are satisfied. Included are known examples of PI spaces, such as Laakso spaces, and a large class of new examples. As follows easily from (CK09), generically our examples hav et he property that they do not bilipschitz embed in any Banach space with Radon-Nikodym property. For Laakso spaces, this was noted i n( CK09). However according to (CK13) these spaces admit a bilipschit ze mbedding in L1 .F or Laakso spaces, this was announced in (CK10a).
POST-OROGENIC PERALKALINE AND CALC-ALKALINE GRANITES AND ASSOCIATED MINERALIZATION OF THE ARABIAN SHIELD, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

Following a long period of island arc-like orogenic activity, post-orogenic granites of Pan-African age (670-550 Ma) were emplaced throughout the Arabian Shield. Most of these rocks are typical subsolvus calc-alkaline biotite monzogranite. The early Pan-African granites are associated with widespread small tholeiitic gabbro intrusions, many of which are layered. The calc-alkaline granites are not evenly distributed and their area of exposure relative to other rock types increases from S.W. to north and N.E. In the north-eastern part of the shield, they are associated spatially with rhyolites of similar composition and with molasse derived from granitic terrane.
Optimal Fiscal Policy over the Business Cycle

How should taxes, government expenditures, the primary and flscal surpluses and government liabilities be set over the business cycle? We assume that the government’s objective is to maximize the welfare of a representative household, utility is increasing in government expenditures, only distortionary labor income taxes are available, and the cycle is driven by exogenous technology shocks. We flrst consider the commitment case, and characterize the Ramsey equilibrium. In the case that the utility function is constant elasticity of substitution between private and public consumption and separable between the composite consumption good and leisure, taxes, government expenditures and the primary surplus should all be constant positive fractions of production, and both government liabilities and the flscal surplus should be positively correlated with production. Then, we relax the commitment assumption, and we show how to determine numerically whether the Ramsey equilibrium can be sustained by the threat to revert to a Markov perfect equilibrium. We flnd that, for realistic values of the preferences discount factor, the Ramsey equilibrium is sustainable.
A Case for Efficient Solution Enumeration

SAT solvers have been ranked primarily by the time they take to find a solution or show that none exists. And indeed, for many problems that are reduced to SAT, finding a single solution is what matters. As a result, much less attention has been paid to the problem of efficiently generating all solutions.
Nonlinear Schwarz-Fas Methods for Unstructured Finite Element Elliptic Problems

This paper provides extensions of an element agglomeration AMG method to nonlinear elliptic problems discretized by the finite element method on general unstructured meshes. The method constructs coarse discretization spaces and corresponding coarse nonlinear operators as well as their Jacobians. We introduce both standard (fairly quasi-uniformly coarsened) and non-standard (coarsened away) coarse meshes and respective finite element spaces. We use both kind of spaces in FAS type coarse subspace correction (or Schwarz) algorithms. Their performance is illustrated on a number of model problems. The coarsened away spaces seem to perform better than the standard spaces for problems with nonlinearities in the principal part of the elliptic operator.
Control applications in fermentation processes.

Publisher Summary The potential use of programmed and cascade control systems in fermentations has not been fully realized. Heretofore, applications of control in fermentations have measured a single variable or a function thereof and then changed this variable by some means to obtain a correction. In more sophisticated control systems, such as are coming into use in various chemical process industries, many variables are measured simultaneously, and, by means of a computer, optimum adjustments of all controlled variables can be made. Accurate control of a fermentation process also opens another wide area that has received scant attention. Obviously, in a true continuous fermentation, all variables should remain constant with time and be adjusted to some optimum value. Technique involving a statistical optimization procedure has already been developed and applied to fermentation problems. These methods, using the Box-Wilson techniques, can be applied to a large number of variables, utilizing the method of “steepest accent.” A technique has been developed for the programmed variation of dissolved oxygen level in fermentation, and a number of experiments utilizing this method have been performed. As more information is gained it might be possible to raise yields even further by simultaneous variation of, for instance, temperature, sugar concentration, pH, and dissolved oxygen content.
Banks, Free Banks, and U.S. Economic Growth

The “Federalist financial revolution” may have jump-started the U.S. economy into modern growth, but the Free Banking System (1837–1862) did not play a direct role in sustaining it. Despite lowering entry barriers and extending banking into developing regions, we find in county-level data that free banks had little or no effect on growth. The result is not just a symptom of the era, as state-chartered banks seem to have strong and positive effects on manufacturing and urbanization. (JEL G21, N21, O43)
On Efficient Constructions of Short Lists Containing Mostly Ramsey Graphs

One of the earliest and best-known application of the probabilistic method is the proof of existence of a 2 logn-Ramsey graph, i.e., a graph with n nodes that contains no clique or independent set of size 2 logn. The explicit construction of such a graph is a major open problem. We show that a reasonable hardness assumption implies that in polynomial time one can construct a list containing polylog(n) graphs such that most of them are 2 logn-Ramsey.
Linear manifold clustering

In this paper we describe a new cluster model which is based on the concept of linear manifolds. The method identifies subsets of the data which are embedded in arbitrary oriented lower dimensional linear manifolds. Minimal subsets of points are repeatedly sampled to construct trial linear manifolds of various dimensions. Histograms of the distances of the points to each trial manifold are computed. The sampling corresponding to the histogram having the best separation between a mode near zero and the rest is selected and the data points are partitioned on the basis of the best separation. The repeated sampling then continues recursively on each block of the partitioned data. A broad evaluation of some hundred experiments over real and synthetic data sets demonstrates the general superiority of this algorithm over any of the competing algorithms in terms of stability, accuracy, and computation time.
Fairness for ABR multipoint-to-point connections

In multipoint-to-point connections, the traffic at the root is the combination of all traffic originating at the leaves. A crucial concern in the case of multiple senders is how to define fairness within a multicast group, and among groups and point-to-point connections. Fairness definition can be complicated since the multipoint connection can have the same identifier on each link, and senders might not be distinguishable in this case. Many rate allocation algorithms implicitly assume that there is only one sender in each VC, which does not hold for multipoint-to-point cases. We give various possibilities for defining fairness for multipoint connections, and show the tradeoffs involved. In addition, we show that ATM bandwidth allocation algorithms need to be adapted to give fair allocations for multipoint-to-point connections.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Context-free multilanguages

This article is a sketch of ideas that were once intended to appear in the author's famous series, "The Art of Computer Programming". He generalizes the notion of a context-free language from a set to a multiset of words over an alphabet. The idea is to keep track of the number of ways to parse a string. For example, "fruit flies like a banana" can famously be parsed in two ways; analogous examples in the setting of programming languages may yet be important in the future. The treatment is informal but essentially rigorous.
Compiler-enforced memory semantics in the SACLIB computer algebra library

We present a memory management subsystem for the computer algebra library SACLIB that removes the potential for memory leaks or double deletes in applications using the system. The system encapsulates the management of arrays that are allocated on the heap or on the system stack. The system makes arrays responsible for their own memory management, and enables the compiler to prevent other parts of SACLIB from managing array memory. To prove that our memory module and all applications using it are leak free and double delete free we introduce a new iterator concept and implement a model of that concept using generic programming techniques such as template meta-programming. Our innovations reduce the amount of code responsible for array memory management from 10,000 lines of code to 2,000 lines of code. Using hardware performance counters we show optimizing compilers are capable of avoiding any runtime overhead.
Demand side instruments to reduce road transportation externalities in the greater Cairo metropolitan area

Economically efficient prices for the passenger transportation system in the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area would account for broader societal costs of traffic congestion and accidents, and local and global pollution. A $2.20 per gallon gasoline tax (2006 US$) would be economically efficient, compared with the current subsidy of $1.20 per gallon. Removal of the existing subsidy alone would achieve about three-quarters of the net benefits from subsidy elimination and the tax. Per-mile tolls could target congestion and accident externalities more efficiently than fuel taxes, although they are not practical at present. A combination of $0.80 per gallon gasoline tax to address pollution (versus $2.20 without tolls), and $0.12 and $0.19 tolls per vehicle mile on automobiles and microbuses, respectively, to address traffic congestion and accident externalities (versus $0.22 without fuel taxes) would be most efficient. Current public bus and rail subsidies are relatively close to efficient levels in the absence of such policies; however, if automobile and microbus externalities were fully addressed through more efficient pricing, optimal subsides to public transit would be smaller than current levels.
Still a Ball of Confusion: KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc.

In KP Permanent Make-up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., the United States Supreme Court ruled that a defendant in a trademark infringement action is not required to prove an absence of confusion to successfully assert the fair use affirmative defense. While most observers and interested parties expected the Court to rule as it did, the ruling further obfuscated trademark law, doing little to clarify the relation of “likelihood of confusion” to fair use. The opinion overturned a Ninth Circuit decision and rejected the notion that fair use and consumer confusion cannot co-exist. The opinion did not, however, foreclose the consideration of likelihood of confusion in the face of a successful fair use defense. This note reviews basic trademark concepts applicable to the fair use defense in Part II; examines the factual background of the case in Part III; discusses the District and Appellate Court holdings in Parts IV and V; and analyzes the Supreme Court opinion and considers the fair use questions that were unasked and unanswered in Part VI.
Unemployment and Human Capital

The paper explores the interaction between sector-specific human capital accumulation and sector-specific productivity or demand shocks. Our objective is to better understand the determinants of skill and experience premia, the costs of displacement for workers with long job tenure, and the nature of unemployment among such workers. For example, our model suggests why skilled workers can remain unemployed indefinitely even though low wage jobs are readily available and are acceptable to unskilled workers. We develop a version of the Lucas and Prescott (1974) search model with sector-specific human capital. Competitive firms in each sector hire skilled and unskilled workers to produce an intermediate good. The intermediate goods produced in different sectors are combined by a competitive final goods producer to generate a consumption good using a constant returns to scale technology. Unskilled workers are free to work in any sector, while skilled workers have sector-specific human capital, although they can always leave the sector to become unskilled. Skills are accumulated while working in a sector, with an unskilled worker becoming skilled at a constant rate. Finally, sectoral productivity is continuously buffeted by idiosyncratic shocks. Thus the state of a sector is described by its productivity and the number of skilled workers. We assume that log productivity follows a random walk, i.e. the growth rate of productivity is independent of its level. We show that equilibrium behavior depends on a single state variable ω, a linear combination of the sector’s log productivity and the log of the number of skilled workers (see also Alvarez and Shimer, 2009). The value of being a skilled worker is increasing in ω, as is the ratio of unskilled to skilled workers. An increase in the number
A general semiparametric Z-estimation approach for case-cohort studies.

Case-cohort design, an outcome-dependent sampling design for censored survival data, is increasingly used in biomedical research. The development of asymptotic theory for a case-cohort design in the current literature primarily re- lies on counting process stochastic integrals. Such an approach, however, is rather limited and lacks theoretical justification for outcome-dependent weighted meth- ods due to non-predictability. Instead of stochastic integrals, we derive asymptotic properties for case-cohort studies based on a general Z-estimation theory for semi- parametric models with bundled parameters using empirical process theory. Both the Cox model and the additive hazards model with time-dependent covariates are considered.
Reasoning about expectation

Expectation is a central notion in probability theory. The notion of expectation also makes sense for other notions of uncertainty. We introduce a propositional logic for reasoning about expectation, where the semantics depends on the underlying representation of uncertainty. We give sound and complete axiomatizations for the logic in the case that the underlying representation is (a) probability, (b) sets of probability measures, (c) belief functions, and (d) possibility measures. We show that this logic is more expressive than the corresponding logic for reasoning about likelihood in the case of sets of probability measures, but equi-expressive in the case of probability, belief, and possibility. Finally, we show that satisfiability for these logics is NP-complete, no harder than satisfiability for propositional logic.
ITS Hardware Maintenance Management Systems: White Paper for MORIP Pooled Fund Study

This paper focuses on the application of maintenance management systems at transportation management centers. It presents an overview of what maintenance management systems are currently in use. It examines the issues that instigated the development of these systems and examines. Finally, it assess the key components of a viable Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) hardware maintenance management tool.
The Optimal Defense of Networks of Targets

This paper examines a game‐theoretic model of attack and defense of multiple networks of targets in which there exist intranetwork strategic complementarities among targets. The defender's objective is to successfully defend all the networks and the attacker's objective is to successfully attack at least one network of targets. Although there are multiple equilibria, we characterize correlation structures in the allocations of forces across targets that arise in all equilibria. For example, in all equilibria the attacker utilizes a stochastic “guerrilla warfare” strategy in which a single random network is attacked. (JEL C72, D74)
Equity in educational expenditures : can government subsidies help?

When there are externalities across households, governments can improve economic outcomes by equitably subsidizing education. But this chain of causality works only if (1) allocated resources reach the final recipients, and (2) equity in public subsidies translates directly into equity in total educational expenditures, including private spending at the household level. Using a unique data set from Zambia, the author shows that whether these conditions are met depends on the specific schemes used to allocate resources as well as the exact form of the subsidies. First, subsidies allocated through clear guidelines and legislated rules reached the final recipients, but those allocated at the discretion of province and educational offices did not. Second, even those components of subsidies that were progressive (in that the share of total subsidies for the poor was greater than the share for the non-poor) had no effect on inequality in total educational expenditures due to the crowding-out of household spending.
LAYERS OF MEANING: DISENTANGLING SUBJECT ACCESS INTEROPERABILITY

ieved. In order to facilitate subject access interoperability a mechanism must be built that allows the different controlled vocabularies to communicate meaning, relationships, and levels of extension and intension so that different user groups using different controlled vocabularies could access collections across the network. Switching languages, the tools of controlled vocabulary compatibility, consist of a single layer that does not allow for a flexible control of the semantic levels of meaning, relationships, and extension or intension. This paper proposes a multilayered conceptual framework wherein the levels of meaning, relationships and extension and intensio each controlled as individual parameters, rather than in a single switching langua
The effect of carbonate soil on transport and dose estimates for long-lived radionuclides at a U.S. Pacific test site

The United States conducted a series of nuclear tests from 1946 to 1958 at Bikini, a coral atoll, in the Marshall Islands (MI). The aquatic and terrestrial environments of the atoll are still contaminated with several long-lived radionuclides that were generated during testing. The four major radionuclides found in terrestrial plants and soils are Cesium-137 ({sup 137} Cs), Strontium-90 ({sup 90} Sr), Plutonium-239+ 240 ({sup 239+240}Pu) and Americium-241 ({sup 241}Am). {sup 137}Cs in the coral soils is more available for uptake by plants than {sup 137}Cs associated with continental soils of North America or Europe. Soil-to-plant {sup 137}Cs median concentration ratios (CR) (kBq kg{sup {minus}1} dry weight plant/kBq kg {sup {minus}1} dry weight soil) for tropical fruits and vegetables range between 0.8 and 36, much larger than the range of 0.005 to 0.5 reported for vegetation in temperate zones. Conversely, {sup 90}Sr median CRs range from 0.006 to 1.0 at the atoll versus a range from 0.02 to 3.0 for continental silica-based soils. Thus, the relative uptake of {sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr by plants in carbonate soils is reversed from that observed in silica-based soils. The CRs for {sup 239+240}Pu and {sup 241}Am are very similar to those observed in continental soils. Values range from 10{sup {minus}6} to 10{sup {minus}4} for both {sup 239+240}Pu and {sup 241}Am. No significant difference is observed between the two in coral soil. The uptake of {sup 137}Cs by plants is enhanced because of the absence of mineral binding sites and the low concentration of potassium in the coral soil. {sup 137}Cs is bound to the organic fraction of the soil, whereas {sup 90}Sr, {sup 239+240}Pu and {sup 241}Am are primarily bound to soil particles. Assessment of plant uptake for {sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr into locally grown food crops was a major contributing factor in (1) reliably predicting the radiological dose for returning residents, and (2) developing a strategy to limit the availability and uptake of {sup 137}Cs into locally g
THE 2002 U.S. FARM ACT: IMPLICATIONS OF BASE UPDATING

The 2002 Farm Act allowed farm owners to update base acres for direct payments (DPs) and counter-cyclical payments (CCPs) and to update yields for counter-cyclical payments. A minority, about 40 percent, of the 1.9 million enrolled farms choose to update their base acres using 1998-2001 plantings; of these updating farms about three-fourths updated their payment yield for CCPs. Producers with rice and cotton base had a strong economic incentive to maximize base acres for those crops, either by retaining previous base acres if they had shifted to production of alternative crops or by increasing base if they had expanded rice or cotton plantings. Research findings support the hypothesis that base designation reflects payment maximization criteria.
Ceramic Matrix Composites for Rotorcraft Engines

Ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components are being developed for turbine engine applications. Compared to metallic components, the CMC components offer benefits of higher temperature capability and less cooling requirements which correlates to improved efficiency and reduced emissions. This presentation discusses a technology develop effort for overcoming challenges in fabricating a CMC vane for the high pressure turbine. The areas of technology development include small component fabrication, ceramic joining and integration, material and component testing and characterization, and design and analysis of concept components.
Precompression for Improving Foundation Soils

The precompression of weak and compressible subsoils, with or without vertical sand drains to accelerate consolidation, to increase their strength and to decrease postconstruction settlements to tolerable amounts is discussed with reference to uses and to design procedures. Precompression is an effective means for eliminating, in advance of construction of structures or roads, primary consolidation and a portion of secondary compression that would otherwise occur. The amount of secondary compression that is avoided by precompression can be estimated reasonably well, and the surcharge fill can be designed to reduce the remaining secondary compression settlements to tolerable amounts. Design procedures to minimize secondary compression effects are presented.
Substorm effects observed in the auroral plasma

The effects of substorm temporal development on high-latitude particle precipitation and ionospheric convection patterns near midnight were studied with the aid of data from Atmosphere Explorer C. During quiet periods generally Maxwellian electron precipitation is observed from the central plasma sheet, which is completely contained within the sunward flow region. As substorms grow and begin to recover, a strong sunward flow appears within the high latitude ionospheric electron trough, equatorward of the central plasma sheet electron precipitation. Intense inverted-V electron structures consistent with strong electrostatic acceleration appear near the Harang discontinuity and extend poleward to the polar cap boundary. Then the trough flow weakens, the Harang discontinuity becomes a gradual reversal, and the electron inverted-V precipitation becomes localized at the polar cap boundary.
Modulation of Sensory Photophobia in Essential Blepharospasm With Chromatic Lenses

Purpose To determine the effect of photochromatic modulation with tinted lenses on the sensory symptoms of photophobia in blepharospasm patients. Design Nonrandomized case–control study. Participants Thirty-four subjects (24 benign essential blepharospasm patients and 10 normal controls). Methods Subjects were seated in front of a calibrated light source. Beginning at 0%, the intensity of the light source was increased gradually until the patient reported symptomatic photophobia. The intensity of the light source was then measured with a light meter. This procedure was performed first with no chromatic lens and then with 7 different chromatic lenses, each blocking specific wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The subject was then asked which lens provided the greatest symptomatic improvement of photophobia. Statistical significance was calculated with analysis of variance and t test analysis. Main Outcome Measures Objective measurement of light intensity tolerated and subjective assessment of photophobia were obtained for each chromatic lens tested. Results The light intensity tolerated by the normal subjects compared with the blepharospasm group was not statistically significant with no lens, but grew to 3.5 times that tolerated by the blepharospasm group as more of the higher wavelengths of the visible spectrum were blocked ( P = 0.048). Lenses 4, 5, 6, and 7 allowed blepharospasm patients to tolerate a significantly higher intensity of light when compared with no lens ( P = 0.04, P = 0.007, P = 0.03, and P = 0.01, respectively). Although the highest intensity of light tolerated was measured with lens 6, 71% of blepharospasm patients reported the greatest relief of photophobia with lens 7. Conclusions Blepharospasm patients tolerate a lower intensity of light when compared with normal subjects; this differential in light tolerance becomes significantly more pronounced as the higher wavelengths of the visible spectrum are blocked. The symptoms of photophobia in blepharospasm patients can be reduced significantly with photochromatic modulation. Despite lens 6 allowing the patients to tolerate a higher intensity of light, the majority of patients preferred lens 7 for symptomatic relief of photophobia. These findings suggest that sensory photophobia may be related more to the wavelength than to the intensity of the light exposure.
Skyscrapers and the Skyline: Manhattan, 1895–2004

This paper investigates the determinants of skyscraper building cycles in Manhattan from 1895 to 2004. We first provide a simple model of the market for tall buildings. Then we empirically estimate the determinants of the time series of the number of skyscraper completions and their average heights over the 110 year period. We estimate the model under the assumption of rational expectations and myopic expectations, and find that the myopic model provides a better fit of the data. Furthermore, we find that several local and national variables determine both the number of completions and the average height of skyscrapers, including New York City area population; national employment in finance, insurance and real estate; building costs; access to financing; property tax rates and zoning regulations.
Collaborative end-point service modulation system (COSMOS)

Many diverse end point devices require high levels of interoperability to effectively manage services and applications. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive framework for classifying services and offers a building-block approach that uses service as a basic unit for end-point interactions and collaboration. This paper presents a layered architecture of service classification that can be leveraged for facile and an effective adoption of new services and the orchestration of existing services. Today, a vast variety of services and agents exist in the market place and new ones are constantly created at a faster pace than ever. Initiated earlier, the move to a common open service platform for service collaboration conforming to standards like Open Service Gateway initiative (OSGi), Open Mobile Alliance Device Management (OMA DM) etc., expands the capabilities and service delivery for service providers and device manufacturers. Common end point device platform management functions include, but are not limited to, service collaboration, configuration, and inventory and software management services. A common service platform will make the services on the device interoperable with a broader range of applications, services, and transport and network technologies. Solutions available today use a single service for data connectivity, transport service mechanism, etc and therefore, by means of this tight coupling, risk limiting the service provider capabilities. Choosing to support multiple technologies enables service providers to support more types of services on device. However, the complexities arising from adoption of interoperability require taxonomy of services for effective service collaboration with existing services.
Fathers' Involvement with Their Nonresident Children and Material Hardship.

Children in single-parent families, particularly children born to unmarried parents, are at high risk for experiencing material hardship. Previous research based on cross-sectional data suggests that father involvement, especially visitation, diminishes hardship. This article uses longitudinal data to examine the associations between nonresident fathers’ involvement with their children and material hardship in the children’s households. Results suggest that fathers’ formal and informal child support payments and contact with their children independently reduce the number of hardships in the mothers’ households; however, only the impact of fathers’ contact with children is robust in models that include lagged dependent variables or individual fixed effects. Furthermore, cross-lagged models suggest that material hardship decreases future father involvement, but future hardship is not diminished by father involvement (except in-kind contributions). These results point to the complexity of these associations ...
The importance of anisotropic interstellar turbulence and molecular-cloud magnetic mirrors for galactic cosmic-ray propagation

Recent studies suggest that when magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is excited by stirring a plasma at large scales, the cascade of energy from large to small scales is anisotropic, in the sense that small-scale fluctuations satisfy the inequality k ∥ k ⊥, where k ∥ and k ⊥ are, respectively, the components of a fluctuation’s wave vector ∥ and ⊥ to the background magnetic field. Such anisotropic fluctuations are very inefficient at scattering cosmic rays. Results based on the quasilinear approximation for scattering of cosmic rays by anisotropic MHD turbulence are presented and explained. The important role played by molecular-cloud magnetic mirrors in confining and isotropizing cosmic rays when scattering is weak is also discussed.
Complexity of Decoding Positive-Rate Reed-Solomon Codes

The complexity of maximum likelihood decoding of theReed-Solomon codes [q- 1,k]qis a well known open problem. Theonly known result [4] in this direction states that it is at leastas hard as the discrete logarithm in some cases where theinformation rate unfortunately goes to zero. In this paper, weremove the rate restriction and prove that the same complexityresult holds for any positive information rate. In particular, thisresolves an open problem left in [4], and rules out the possibilityof a polynomial time algorithm for maximum likelihood decodingproblem of Reed-Solomon codes of any rate under a well knowncryptographical hardness assumption. As a side result, we give anexplicit construction of Hamming balls of radius bounded away fromthe minimum distance, which contain exponentially many codewordsfor Reed-Solomon code of any positive rate less than one. Theprevious constructions in [2][7] only apply to Reed-Solomon codesof diminishing rates. We also give an explicit construction ofHamming balls of relative radius less than 1 which containsubexponentially many codewords for Reed-Solomon code of rateapproaching one.
Global solutions to the lagrangian averaged navier-stokes equation in low-regularity besov spaces

The Lagrangian Averaged Navier-Stokes (LANS) equations are a recently derived approximation to the Navier-Stokes equations. Existence of global solutions for the LANS equation has been proven for initial data in the Sobolev space $H^{3/4,2}(\mathbb{R}^3)$ and in the Besov space $B^{n/2}_{2,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)$. In this paper, we use an interpolation-based method to prove the existence of global solutions to the LANS equation with initial data in $B^{3/p}_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^3)$ for any $p>n$.
Nearly-Exponential Size Lower Bounds for Symbolic Quantifier Elimination Algorithms and OBDD-Based Proofs of Unsatisfiability

We demonstrate a family of propositional formulas in conjunctive normal form so that a formula of size N requires size 2 ( 7 p N/logN) to refute using the tree-like OBDD refutation system of Atserias, Kolaitis and Vardi [3] with respect to all variable orderings. All known symbolic quantifier elimination algorithms for satisfiability generate tree-like proofs when run on unsatisfiable CNFs, so this lower bound applies to the run-times of these algorithms. Furthermore, the lower bound generalizes earlier results on OBDD-based proofs of unsatisfiability in that it applies for all variable orderings, it applies when the clauses are processed according to an arbitrary schedule, and it applies when variables are eliminated via quantification.
From Plaque to Pretzel: Fold Formation and Acetylcholine Receptor Loss at the Developing Neuromuscular Junction

Although there has been progress in understanding the initial steps in the formation of synapses, less is known about their subsequent maturation (Sanes and Lichtman, 1999). Two alterations on the postsynaptic side of the mammalian neuromuscular junction occur during early postnatal life: acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) disappear from parts of the developing junction as all but one axonal inputs are removed, and the topography of the postsynaptic membrane becomes more complicated as gutters and folds are established. We have studied the maturation of the AChR distribution and postsynaptic topography simultaneously by imaging labeled AChRs at the mouse neuromuscular junction in a new way, using reflected light confocal microscopy. At birth postsynaptic receptors were localized in irregular patches within a spoon-shaped plaque. Beginning several days later, receptor regions within a single endplate were divided into differentiated and less organized compartments. Folds generally oriented orthogonal to the long axis of the muscle fiber were seen in developing gutters, although the orientation of the gutters seemed to be imposed by the branching pattern of the nerve. Eventually, superficial regions lacking AChR labeling were apparent in all junctions. In junctions denervated in the neonatal period both gutter formation and the disappearance of superficial receptors regions were prevented. We suggest that tension between growing muscle fibers and the relatively inelastic synaptic terminals that adhere to them causes the topographic features of the postsynaptic membrane. This view provides a mechanical explanation for gutters, folds, and the location of folds at sites of neurotransmitter release.
Empirical relationship between electron precipitation and far‐ultraviolet auroral emissions from DMSP observations

[1] Auroral emissions observed in the far-ultraviolet wavelength range are compared with measurements of the coincident precipitating electrons and ions that produce the emissions in a large-scale correlative study. The auroral emissions and particle precipitation are observed with the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager and SSJ5 detectors, respectively, both onboard the DMSP F16 satellite. Coincident observations along the same magnetic field line in the Northern Hemisphere are assembled from two consecutive winters (during 2005–2007). A numerical fit to 27,922 coincident observations provides an empirical relationship between the electron energy flux and the intensity of Lyman-Birge-Hopfield long emissions, JEe = 4.90 ⋅108 (eV s–1 sr–1 cm–2)/R ILBHL (valid in the absence of significant ion fluxes: JEe > 10 JEion). A fit to 1308 coincident observations provides the relationship between the average electron energy and the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield short to Lyman-Birge-Hopfield long emission ratio, = 19.6 keV exp(–2.34 ILBHS / ILBHL) (valid from 3 to 19.6 keV). These resulting empirical relationships permit the energy flux and average energy of precipitating electrons to be inferred from far-ultraviolet imagery, in the absence of significant ion precipitation.
A quasi-sure approach to the control of non-Markovian stochastic differential equations

We study stochastic differential equations (SDEs) whose drift and diffusion coefficients are path-dependent and controlled. We construct a value process on the canonical path space, considered simultaneously under a family of singular measures, rather than the usual family of processes indexed by the controls. This value process is characterized by a second order backward SDE, which can be seen as a non-Markovian analogue of the Hamilton-Jacobi Bellman partial differential equation. Moreover, our value process yields a generalization of the $G$-expectation to the context of SDEs.
RIEMANN-ROCH-HIRZEBRUCH INTEGRAL FORMULA FOR CHARACTERS OF REDUCTIVE LIE GROUPS

Let GR be a real reductive Lie group acting on a manifold M. M. Kashiwara and W. Schmid in (KaSchm) constructed representations of GR using sheaves and quasi-GR-equivariant D-modules on M. In this article we prove an integral character formula for these representations (Theorem 1). Our main tools will be the integral localization formula recently proved in (L3) and the integral character formula proved by W. Schmid and K. Vilonen in (SchV2) (originally established by W. Rossmann in (Ro)) in the important special case when the manifold M is the flag variety of C R gR - the complexified Lie al- gebra of GR. In the special case when GR is commutative and the D-module is the sheaf of sections of a GR-equivariant line bundle over M this integral char- acter formula will reduce to the classical Riemann-Roch-Hirzebruch formula. As an illustration we give a concrete example on the enhanced flag variety.