cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of adrenalectomy on the renal response to intravenous prolactin.

The possibility has been suggested that prolactin may interact with adrenal hormones to affect renal function in addition to the evidence indicating a direct effect on the kidney. Burstyn, Horrobin, and Manku (1972) and Horrobin, Manku, and Burstyn (1973) have shown that aldosterone can induce a natriuresis in the presence of excess salt intake or excess Cortisol and that this natriuresis can be reversed by prolactin injection. Moreover, Relkin and Adachi (1973) have suggested that prolactin is necessary for the enhanced aldosterone secretion rates observed in sodium-deprived rats. These studies indicated that prolactin must be present, at least under certain conditions, in order for aldosterone to induce an antinatriuretic effect. Whether aldosterone is necessary for prolactin to affect kidney function is not known. An experiment was designed, therefore, to determine if the adrenals, i.e. aldosterone, must be present for the renal effects of prolactin to occur.
Distribution of Organic Carbon in the Soils of Antarctica

Antarctica can be divided into nine ice-free regions. Only 0.35 % of the continent is ice-free, amounting to 49,500 km2. Profile quantities of soil organic carbon (SOC) determined on a mass per area basis are greatest along the Antarctic Peninsula, intermediate in East Antarctica, and lowest in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs). Sea-birds input very large quantities of manure in terrestrial environments and are the dominant factor influencing SOC levels in Antarctic soils. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, profile quantities of SOC are related to proximity to water sources. From chronosequence studies, the amounts of SOC in the TAMs peak in about 2 kyr and decline thereafter but SOC storage in soils of the Antarctic Peninsula continue to rise after 8 kyr. Because of a dramatically warming climate, the ice-free area of Antarctica is increasing and there is evidence that the soils may be acting as a sink rather than a source for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Ventral Striatal Function Interacts With Positive and Negative Life Events to Predict Concurrent Youth Depressive Symptoms

Abstract Background Life events and reward-system functioning contribute to resilience and risk for depression. However, interactions between life events and neural responses to reward and loss have not been previously investigated in relation to depression symptoms in child and adolescent populations. Methods An unselected sample (N = 130) of 8- to 14-year-old girls (mean = 12.6 years) completed the Child Depression Inventory and a functional magnetic resonance imaging guessing task in which they won or lost money on each trial. Parents completed a measure of life events experienced by the child. Life events were separated by positive versus negative and whether they were likely related or unrelated to the daughter’s behavior (i.e., dependent vs. independent, respectively). Multiple regressions tested whether the interaction between ventral striatal (VS) response to wins or losses and recent life events were associated with child-reported depressive symptoms. Results A greater number of dependent positive life events related to decreased total depression symptoms when VS response to wins was robust. Conversely, a greater number of independent negative life events related to increased negative mood depression symptoms when VS response to losses was robust; this relationship was in the opposite direction when VS response to loss was low. Conclusions VS response to reward and loss were independent moderators of the relationship between recent life events (positive and negative, respectively) and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that targeting neural responses (i.e., increasing responses to winning or decreasing responses to losing) may be important for both improving resilience and reducing risk in different environmental contexts.
Organ Procurement: The Ethical Obligation to Release Organs

The most common and public mode of addressing procurement of organs has traditionally taken one of two lines. The most widely accepted approach to raising the procurement rate has been an appeal to charity. The other has been one of commodification—an economic appeal or market-based mode. Each side in this debate has put forth strong reasons why the other fails as an acceptable strategy to procure organs, but ultimately, neither puts forth sufficient support for its own position. This chapter argues that the call to relinquishing organs upon our deaths can easily be understood as an “ordinary” obligation and may be even more pointedly seen as a moral obligation. As such, not to release our organs for transplantation constitutes a serious moral wrong.
Using Cartograms to Visualize Population Normalized Big-Data Sets

A map is often a useful way to visualize big-data sets that vary by region. For example, voting patterns by region, income levels by region, or tweet frequency by location are just some examples of data that benefit from being placed on a map. However, measuring any regional activity and placing it on a map is usually disappointing. Typically, whenever a bar chart or pie chart is placed on a map, it either covers something else up or visually disappoints in other ways. A heat-map overlaid on top of a map is better, but it tends to show areas of high activity but gives no way of highlighting areas between average levels and below average levels of activity. In this paper we show several examples of cartograms that solve this problem. A cartogram is a map in which a regional variable – such as population, Senate representation, income, patents issued, or tweet activity – is substituted for land area. The geometry or space of the map is distorted to convey the information of the regional variable in a much more realistic and visually persuasive manner.
A Descriptive Correlational study to assess the Knowledge and Attitude of Mothers regarding Prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA) in selected urban community in New Delhi.

Introduction: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a universal problem with grave life-long outcomes. Mothers are an important person in children life Objectives: The study was aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding Prevention of child sexual abuse, to correlate knowledge and attitude of mothers, to find out the association of knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables of mothers and to develop guidelines for mothers regarding prevention of child sexual abuse. Methods: It was a Descriptive correlational research. Structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale were used. Tool 1, had two parts, Part A: Socio-demographic variables. Part B: Structured Knowledge Questionnaire consisted of 30 knowledge items. Tool 2: Attitude scale consisted 30 items on five-point Likert scale. 200 mothers of children 0-12 yrs of age were selected by convenient sampling technique. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that approximately 52% of mothers had good knowledge scores, 31% had average and 17% had poor knowledge scores regarding prevention of child sexual abuse. The majority (59.5%) of mothers had undecided attitude, 40.5% had favorable attitude and none of them exhibited unfavorable attitude towards prevention of child sexual abuse. This study finding revealed that there was a positive strong correlation between knowledge and attitude towards prevention of child sexual abuse . This study shows that there was a significant association of knowledge and attitude scores with age, educational qualification and occupation of mothers. On the basis of results the guidelines were prepared, validated with the experts and disseminated to the mothers of the selected urban community. Conclusion: The study concluded that even after Government and public welfare organizations efforts, only a half percentage (52%) of mothers exhibited good knowledge about prevention of child sexual abuse. So the study findings revealed that there is a need to acknowledge the problem nationwide. Keep this need in mind the researcher developed and disseminated the guideline for mothers on prevention of child sexual abuse. Key Words Knowledge, Attitude, Child Sexual Abuse, Guidelines
Vegetarianism and the Older Adult

Vegetarian diets have become more and more popular in recent years, but there is a common concern that such a diet may not provide the adequate amount of nutrients. This 3-page document discusses this misconception and explains the various benefits of a vegetarian diet for older adults. Written by Kelly Johnston and Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, January 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs317
Recommendations from the North Star State: Rural Administrators Speak out.

Administrators in America’s rural school districts are uniquely challenged to meet increased achievement expectations despite decreasing resources. Mandated reform initiatives, population decline, and the complex formulas used to distribute tax-based funding have disproportionately affected rural schools. In this mixed-methods study, researchers first surveyed K-12 administrators and then conducted focus groups across six regions in Minnesota to determine the nature of the challenges specific to rural administrators and to document their perceived needs for interventions, training, and policy changes. The study identified two categories of common concern: student achievement and fiscal management. Within the category of student achievement, administrators identified four areas of need for assistance: testing and adequate yearly progress, achievement for all, staff and professional development, and data analysis. Within the category of fiscal management, needs for assistance included balancing budgets and transportation/sparsity policy. Analysis of the data gathered indicates statewide implications for professional development and policy review.
Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular systolic function by the M-mode lateral mitral annular plane systolic excursion in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy age 0-21 years.

Background and aims Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. These patients frequently have poor image quality. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is a reproducible and reliable method for determining function and can be a valuable tool in patients with poor images. Our study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of MAPSE and compare it to shortening fraction (SF) in patients with DMD. Methods Lateral M-mode MAPSE was obtained on all echocardiograms performed on DMD patients aged 0 to 21 years between October 2013 and April 2015. Retrospectively, interobserver and intraobserver variability was determined for these measurements and each measurement was compared to patient characteristics and measured values of SF. Results There was good interobserver (r 2 = .66, P = .0081) correlation. Seventeen of 59 echocardiograms (29%) had abnormal SF while 32 (54%) echocardiograms had an abnormal M-mode lateral MAPSE Z-score. There was no significant association between lateral MAPSE Z-score and SF. Age at the time of echocardiogram and time from diagnosis to echocardiogram both had a significant negative correlation with lateral MAPSE. Conclusions Lateral M-mode MAPSE measurements are reproducible in young patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. M-mode lateral MAPSE may worsen over length of time with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Further studies are necessary to provide absolute conclusions, but this study shows that lateral M-mode MAPSE may be a valuable additional tool at routine echocardiogram in these patients.
Producer benefit experience: information asymmetries and value exchange processes

Sophisticated and more knowledgeable consumers are becoming aware of negative externalities in production processes (Barboza, 2018). Increased consumer awareness puts pressure on companies to comply and act in a more socially responsible way, particularly as it relates to green and environmentally friendly practices. Under these considerations corporate social responsibility and development of green technologies are some of the strategies that companies are adopting to reduce the negative impact of such externalities. This study proposes the new concept of producer benefit experience (PBE) and argues that companies that educate their consumers about the externalities and utilise green practices to create value for their consumers rather than focusing on cost reduction will have higher chances of success. That is, companies that incorporate green practices into their strategy can have sustained competitive advantage, increased performance, and profitability. The uniqueness of this paper is that PBE concept is being discussed for the first time.
Extracorporeal photopheresis chargemasters show haphazard billing practices.

BACKGROUND United States healthcare spending continues to outpace other developed nations although efforts are being made to increase cost-transparency. Recent legislation requires hospitals to publish a chargemaster, a list of all billable procedure codes together with prices. Chargemaster prices have been shown to be highly variable, if available, and are not typically paid, but contribute to negotiated rates. Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is performed for a limited number of indications and could serve as a marker of this variability. We investigated the availability of chargemaster documentation for ECP procedures and the variability of pricing as assessed by institutional characteristics. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A list of centers with photopheresis systems was obtained from the device manufacturer and the institutional websites were analyzed for chargemaster list prices. Multivariate linear regressions were performed to compare impact of facility variables on chargemaster pricing. RESULTS There are 139 locations in the US which are listed as referral centers for ECP; and chargemaster prices were available in 66.2% of these centers. The range was $571.48-183,452.00, maximum price 321 times greater than minimum, and the median price, after outlier exclusion, was $8989.06 (SD = $4361.72). ECP cost did not correlate with hospital size, facility type, ownership, number of hospitals in the referral region, hospital care intensity index, academic status, or region (p ≥ .05). CONCLUSIONS Chargemaster costs for ECP procedures are highly variable and nonuniform, and the current data available for patients undergoing these specialized apheresis procedures is insufficient to afford patients the ability to compare prices.
Searching for Effective Teachers with Imperfect Information

Teaching may be the most-scrutinized occupation in the economy. Over the past four decades, empirical researchers — many of them economists — have accumulated an impressive amount of evidence on teachers: the heterogeneity in teacher productivity, the rise in productivity associated with teaching credentials and on-the-job experience, rates of turnover, the costs of recruitment, the relationship between supply and quality, the effect of class size and the monetary value of academic achievement gains over a student's lifetime. Since the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act, along with a number of state-level educational initiatives, the data needed to estimate individual teacher performance based on student achievement gains have become more widely available. However, there have been relatively few efforts to examine the implications of this voluminous literature on teacher performance. In this paper, we ask what the existing evidence implies for how school leaders might recruit, evaluate, and retain teachers.
Topology, Convergence, and Reconstruction of Predictive States.

Predictive equivalence in discrete stochastic processes have been applied with great success to identify randomness and structure in statistical physics and chaotic dynamical systems and to inferring hidden Markov models. We examine the conditions under which they can be reliably reconstructed from time-series data, showing that convergence of predictive states can be achieved from empirical samples in the weak topology of measures. Moreover, predictive states may be represented in Hilbert spaces that replicate the weak topology. We mathematically explain how these representations are particularly beneficial when reconstructing high-memory processes and connect them to reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces.
The Hague as Peace Laboratory

Though committed to the policy of isolation in foreign relations, the Dutch nevertheless strongly adhered to the idea that their country was cast for the role of world intermediary. This idea became especially strong in the early decades of the twentieth century. Increasingly the Dutch came to rely upon it as one of the chief pillars of their national security.
Shi'i Islam: An Introduction

During the formative period of Islam, in the first centuries after Muhammad's death, two particular intellectual traditions emerged, Sunnism and Shi'ism. Sunni Muslims endorsed the historical caliphate, while Shi'i Muslims, supporters of 'Ali, cousin of the Prophet and the fourth caliph, articulated their own distinctive doctrines. The Sunni-Shi'i schism is often framed as a dispute over the identity of the successor to Muhammad, whereas in reality, Sunni and Shi'i Muslims also differ on a number of seminal theological doctrines concerning the nature of God and legitimate political and religious authority. This book examines the development of Shi'i Islam through the lenses of belief, narrative, and memory. It also covers a wide range of Shi'i communities from the demographically predominant Twelvers to the transnational Isma'ilis to the scholar-activist Zaydis. The portrait of Shi'ism that emerges is that of a distinctive and vibrant community of Muslims with a remarkable capacity for reinvention and adaptation, grounded in a unique theological interpretation of Islam.
Blood Flow into Brown Fat of Rats Is Greater after a High Carbohydrate Than after a High Fat Test Meal

Postprandial oxygen uptake of whole animals and rate of blood flow into the scapular and cervical brown adipose tissue (BAT) of Osborne-Mendel male rats (200 g) were compared for those receiving a high carbohydrate meal or an equicaloric high fat meal. Blood flow was determined by the use of radiolabeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle of anesthetized animals, 2-3 hours after the test meal. In vivo oxygen uptake was elevated by about 10% (P less than 0.05) and blood flow by more than 100% (P less than 0.05) in the group receiving the high carbohydrate meal compared to the high fat meal. The rate of blood flow into tissues other than brown fat was not significantly altered by the composition of the test meal. These tissues included heart, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, GI tract and white adipose tissue. Our data suggest that a high carbohydrate meal is more thermogenic than a high fat meal, and that the difference in the magnitude of the thermic effect produced by the two meals is paralleled by a corresponding difference in brown fat thermogenesis.
The Intersection Between Computer Science and Digital Media: An Interview with D. Fox Harrell, Ph.D.

D. Fox Harrell, currently a tenured associate professor of Digital Media at MIT, earned his B.S. in Logic & Computation and B.F.A. in Electronic & Time-based Media at Carnegie Mellon University in 1998, both with University & College Honors. In addition to work in television production and game design, he earned a M.P.S. in Interactive Telecommunications from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in 2000. He then gained a Ph.D. in Computer Science and Cognitive Science from UCSD in 2007. In 2013, he published a book through the MIT Press entitled Phantasmal Media: An Approach to Imagination, Computation, and Expression, which focuses on the expressive potential of computational media, particularly concerning how this type of media portrays ‘cultural ideas and sensory imagination.’ Currently, he is serving out a fellowship at Stanford University’s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.Among his recent work, discussed in the conversation below, is a platform called Chimeria, a system that models the dynamics of group membership and individual identity. Demos of the platform include Gatekeeper (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/icelab/chimeria-gatekeeper/conv.html) and the Chimeria Music Simulator. (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/icelab/chimeria/)
The Effect of Assistive Technology on Educational Costs: Two Case Studies

Until recently children with very profound disabilities-children who cannot speak and can move only their eyes or head-could be made comfortable, but by and large could not be educated. Assistive technologies now enable them to communicate and to be educated alongside their non-disabled peers. This is a wonderful development. But what is the financial cost? In this paper we look in detail at the costs associated with the education of two children who have used assistive technologies developed at our university and compare them with the educational costs had they not started using the assistive technologies. For these two children the costs of the technologies and special teachers hired are offset by savings from the tuition and transportation of sending them to special schools.
95Mo NMR study of the effect of structure on complexation of molybdate with alpha and beta hydroxy carboxylic acid ligands

Abstract The utility of the quadrupolar, spin 5/2 95Mo nucleus in NMR studies of complexation of molybdate have been demonstrated using model alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids. The 95Mo NMR spectra show a down field shift of the resonance upon complexation, presumably due to the smaller 1/ΔE paramagnetic shift term for the octahedral molybdate complexes relative to the tetrahedral molybdate ion. The 95Mo resonances are sufficiently distinct to establish three solution complexes for the reaction of lactic acid with molybdate. The effect of the structure of hydroxy carboxylic acids on complexation to molybdate (MoO42−) was studied with 13C and 95Mo NMR spectroscopy. The use of the NMR spectra of both nuclei allows monitoring of the Lewis acidic molybdate site and the Lewis basic ligands. The beta hydroxy carboxylic acids, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid and salicylic acid, did not form complexes with molybdate, suggesting a preference for 5-membered chelated rings. The Lewis acidity of the negatively charged molybdate ion is rationalized with two schemes for the reaction with the chelating bidentate alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids.
Thymidine Kinase as a Determinant of the Response to 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine in Transplantable Murine Leukemias

The responsiveness to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine of different transplantable mouse leukemias in vivo was inversely correlated with tumor cell levels of thymidine kinase (EC [2.7.1.21][1]). This enzyme transforms the drug to the pharmacologically active nucleotide 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylic acid. However, it also provides an alternative pathway for circumventing time drug-induced blockade of thymidylate biosynthesis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Technical assistance was provided by Regina Bruns (at the University of Rochester) and Albert Ross (at Arthur D. Little Corporation). [1]: pending:yes
Pore-scale visualization of colloid straining and filtration in saturated porous media using micromodels

[1] Colloid transport was studied at the pore scale in order to gain insight into the microscale processes governing particle removal. Monodisperse suspensions of colloids and water-saturated micromodels were employed. Experiments were carried out for different particle sizes, grain surface roughness, solution ionic strength, and flow rates. Straining and attachment were observed and measured by tracking the trajectory and fate of individual colloids using optical microscopy. Classical filtration theory proved appropriate for throat to colloid ratios (T/C) larger than 2.5 but did not take into account the possibility of straining that becomes an important capture mechanism for smaller T/C ratios. Spatially within the porous medium, straining occurred within the first 1–2 pore throats, while interception and attachment was seen from the inlet to the first 6–10 pore spaces, depending on particle size. Once a particle passed the initial region, the probability of attachment was very small. Colloid attachment increased with increasing solution ionic strength or decreasing flow rate, whereas straining was mainly independent of flow rate. Surface roughness of the grains also played a significant role in colloid capture, increasing collision efficiency by a factor of 2–3. The mechanisms of removal and the spatial distribution of colloid retention differed noticeably as a function of the T/C ratio. Micromodel visualizations clearly showed that physical straining and the effect of surface roughness should be taken into account when predicting the transport of colloids in saturated porous media.
Enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and α,β-acetylenic aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral super Lewis acid

Abstract The first examples of catalytic enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene and α,β-acetylenic aldehydes such as Bu3SnCCCHO are described.
The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in systemic lupus erythematosus

The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) represents the proliferation of T cells in response to signals from autologous non-T cells. Fractionation of the non-T population into B enriched and macrophage enriched cells demonstrated that both could serve as effective stimulator cells in the AMLR. Cytolytic treatment of both populations with a macrophage specific, monoclonal antibody abrogated stimulation of the macrophage but not the B cell population. Utilizing a series of negative selection procedures - cytolysis with T cell specific monoclonal antibody, metabolic suicide with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (brdU) and light - it could be demonstrated that T cells responding to autologous macrophage were distinct from those responsive to autologous B cells. Studies of the AMLR reactivity to B cells and macrophage in a small number of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) demonstrated that although reactivity to both populations was diminished, the response to autologous B cells was reduced more than the response to autologous macrophage. These studies suggest that the AMLR represents the sum reactivities of two responder T cells. Moreover, they suggest that a relatively selective deficiency in only one of these cells may occur in SLE.
Codependency as a mediator between stressful events and eating disorders

This study examined the role of codependency in the relationship between stressful events and the development of eating disorders. Ninety-five undergraduate women completed the Codependency Assessment, the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Differentiation of Self Scale, and an open-ended questionnaire asking about stressful experiences, including relationships with alcoholic family members. Results supported the hypothesis that women who reported experience with an alcoholic significant other or a chronic stressful situation exhibited higher levels of eating disordered behavior. However, a family history of parental alcohol abuse alone did not result in differences in eating disorder symptoms. Further, women who exhibited more characteristics of codependency (e.g., caretaking, needs for control) also evidenced more eating disorder symptoms. The findings suggest a developmental sequence, whereby codependency mediates the relationship between excessive stress and the development of an eating disorder.
A Comparison of Total Fat and Cholesterol Intakes By Children in Single Headed Male or Female and Dual Headed Households

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine if there is a difference in intake of nutrients which are promoters of cardiovascular diseases by children based on status of household heads. Data from the USDA 1989–1991 nationwide Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) were used to compare the total fat and cholesterol intake of children 2 to 12 years of age living in single and dual headed households. The sample consisted of 2222 children for whom three complete days of dietary intake were reported. Children were classified accordingly: 2–4, 5–7, and 8–12 years of age. Race was classified as white, black, and "other". Intake of selected nutrients, food energy, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat and cholesterol was examined. Relationships of sociodemographic characteristics were also examined. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) general linear model (GLM) tests were used to test for differences among the groups. Intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol was generally higher in children from single male headed households regardless of age of children. Children from white male single headed households had the highest intake of cholesterol (286 mg) and saturated fat (28.4 gm) among all racial groups. Cholesterol intake was lowest among children from households headed by younger individuals and those with greater than twelve years of education. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the intake of polyunsaturated fat by children from single headed and dual headed households. Regardless of age, race, and household groupings, the results indicated that children consumed more total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol than is recommended.
Differential Movement of Digestible and Indigestible Food Fractions in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

(1972). Differential Movement of Digestible and Indigestible Food Fractions in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 112-115.
Cellular-automata supercomputers for fluid-dynamics modeling.

We report recent developments in the modeling of fluid dynamics, and give experimental results (including dynamical exponents) obtained with cellular automata machines. Because of their locality and uniformity, cellular automata lend themselves to an extremely efficient physical realization; with a suitable architecture, an amount of hardware resources comparable to that of a home computer can achieve (in the simulation of cellular automata) the performance of a conventional supercomputer.
INTERSTELLAR GRAINS IN METEORITES : III. GRAPHITE AND ITS NOBLE GASES

Abstract Four density fractions of interstellar graphite were analyzed for isotopically anomalous noble gases by stepped heating. As in SiC, the dominant components show the signature of the s-process and apparently come from AGB- (Asymptotic Giant Branch) stars of 1–3 M⊙. But graphite seems to come from a broader range of stars and conditions, comprising at least three and perhaps all four known sources of carbon stardust. Two extreme types of KrS are present, having high or low ( Kr 86 Kr 82 ) s ratio and occurring in high- or low-density graphite, respectively. [ ( Kr 86 Kr 82 ) s = 4.8 in the fraction of 2.15–2.20 g/mL and ≤0.5 in fractions of ≤2.15 g/mL]. These imply two different kinds of AGB-stars, with mean neutron exposures of ≥0.55 mb−1 and ≤0.07 mb−1 . In addition to neon from AGB-star He-shells with its characteristic Ne 20 Ne 22 ∽ 0.09, all graphite fractions also contain monoisotopic Ne22 from the decay of Na22 ( t 1 2 = 2.58a ). This suggests the presence of material from novae and supernovae. In contrast to the differences in isotopic ratios, the elemental ratios of the anomalous gases resemble those of SiC, with a generally close match to AGB-star He-shells. But Ne is low by 10–100x, presumably due to diffusion loss.
J.F.E.T. bucket-brigade circuit: some recent experimental results

A bucket-brigade circuit implementation with junction field-effect transistors (j.f.e.t.) offers a significant improvement in maximum data rates for digital operation, and in maximum bandwidth for analogue operation. Some 10-stage monolithic j.f.e.t. brigades have recently been built and successfully operated at data rates of 50 MHz. In the Letter, the j.f.e.t. structure is briefly described and some experimental results are presented.
Equivalence of conditions for convergence of iterative methods for singular equations

Equivalence is shown between different conditions for convergence of iterative methods for consistent singular systems of linear equations on Banach spaces. These systems appear in many applications, such as Markov chains and Markov processes. The conditions considered relate the range and null spaces of different operators.
Effect of vibrational stirring on the quality of Bridgman-grown CdTe

Abstract The coupled vibrational stirring (CVS) method was applied to the vertical Bridgman growth of CdTe. This new stirring method involves orthogonally coupling a set of low frequency transverse vibrations to a growth ampoule. The motion imparted to the ampoule gives rise to rapid, controlled spiral flows. Dopant distributions in CVS grown, phosphorous-doped CdTe boules were studied by measuring free carrier concentrations. CVS improved the chemical homogeneity of Bridgman-grown crystals. From the isoconcentration curves, the growth interface was observed to be much flatter than in boules grown without CVS, which is desirable to minimize radial strain. Some degradation in microstructure was detected from the CVS processing conditions used in these experiments. This effect needs to be studied further.
Childhood experiences of a client with multiple personality.

A client with multiple personality displayed several characteristics often found among clients with multiple personalities, including conflicts regarding anger and sex and a restrictive childhood environment characterized by parental deviance, physical abuse, and a precipitating traumatic event.
Cell interactions coordinate the development of the C. elegans egg-laying system

Egg laying by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans requires the functioning of the vulva, the gonad, the egg-laying muscles, and the two HSN neurons, which innervate these muscles. By analyzing a newly isolated mutant (dig-1) that displaces the gonad, we discovered that cell interactions coordinate the spatial relationships among the different components of the egg-laying system. First, the gonad induces the formation of the vulva, and vulval induction by dorsal gonads strongly suggests that the inductive signal can act at a distance. Second, the gonad acts at a distance to regulate the migrations of the sex myoblasts that generate the egg-laying musculature. Third, the positions of the axonal branch and synapses of each HSN neuron are displaced correspondingly with the rest of the egg-laying system in dig-1 animals, which suggests that cell interactions also control aspects of HSN development.
The phonetics of fingerspelling

We now know that natural signed languages such as American Sign Language, French Sign Language, British Sign Language and others are fully independent languages. But natural signed languages are only one way of conveying language in the visual/gestural modality. Signed languages also have mechanisms for representing the material of oral languages. Fingerspelling is one example of such a representational system. This book examines fingerspelling from a phonetic perspective. Several studies of the kinematics of fingerspelling articulators are reported. From these detailed analyses of articulator timings and velocities, conclusions are drawn which suggest that, like speech, fingerspelling may be explained in terms of coordinative structures and task dynamics. The thrust of the book is to explore the notion that signed and spoken languages can be compared not only as abstract linguistic systems but also at the physical level as dynamically structured articulations. An implication of these studies is that a common basis in gesture can be found for the production, perception, and neural organization of signed and spoken languages.
Phase Shifts for p − α Scattering and Polarization in p − α Scattering for Proton Laboratory Energies from 0 to 40 Mev

The phase shifts for $p\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering as a function of energy are known below about 10 Mev from previous phase-shift analysis work. New scattering and polarization data at 17.5 Mev and scattering data at 40 Mev make possible the extrapolation of these phase shifts up to about 40 Mev. This is accomplished by means of phase-shift analyses of the data, taken together with an analysis in terms of an effective two-body potential. It is found that the polarization in $p\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering is always large in this energy region. Curves are given for the angular distribution of polarization in the energy range 10-40 Mev.
Stem cell differentiation: yielding substrates for neurons.

Soft culture substrates improve the yield of functional motor neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells.
Theory of persistent, p-type, metallic conduction in c-GeTe

It has been known for over twenty years that rhombohedral c-germanium telluride is predicted to be a narrow gap semiconductor. However, it always displays p-type metallic conduction. This behaviour is also observed in other chalcogenide materials, including Ge2Sb2Te5, commonly used for optically and electrically switched, non-volatile memory, and so is of great interest. We present a theoretical study of the electronic structure of the perfect crystal and of the formation energies of germanium/tellurium vacancy and antisite defects in rhombohedral germanium telluride. We find that germanium vacancies are by far the most readily formed defect, independent of Fermi level and of growth ambient. Moreover, we predict that the perfect crystal is thermodynamically unstable. Thus, the predicted large equilibrium densities of the germanium vacancy of ~5 × 1019 cm−3 results in a partially filled valence band and in the observed p-type conductivity.
Alpha-Synuclein Stabilizes Small Unilamellar Vesicles by Reducing Both Membrane Surface Tension and Rigidity

Alpha-Synuclein (aSyn) stabilizes small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) by reducing the vesicle's surface tension and membrane rigidity. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations we explored the membrane remodeling characteristics of aSyn bound to DPPC lipid vesicles. By combining our recently developed Spherical Harmonics fluctuation analysis with 3-dimensional pressure tensor calculations we were able to characterize aSyn's effect on both structure and mechanical properties of DPPC vesicles. Our findings highlight a dramatic reduction in membrane surface tension and increased membrane fluctuations, suggesting a less rigid bilayer, for the aSyn vesicle system relative to pure DPPC.
Effects of mescaline and some of its analogs on cholinergic neuromuscular transmission

Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine; MES) and its analogs, anhalinine (ANH) and methylenemescaline trimer (MMT) were investigated, using sciatic-sartorius preparations of the frog and cortical tissue from the rat. The effects of MES and its analogs were examined with respect to muscle twitch, resting membrane potential and nicotinic receptor binding. Mescaline and its analogs (10-100 microM) blocked both directly and neurally evoked twitches but their effects on neurally evoked twitches were greater than those on directly evoked twitches. Mescaline, ANH and MMT decreased amplitude of the miniature endplate and endplate potentials, decreased acetylcholine (ACh) quantal content, hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential and prolonged duration of the action potential. They did not significantly displace the binding of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) to nicotinic receptors, at concentrations which blocked neuromuscular transmission. These results suggest that MES and its analogs inhibit cholinergic neuromuscular transmission by blocking release of ACh; they also affect K+ conductance.
Occurrence, fate, and persistence of gemfibrozil in water and soil

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have emerged as a group of potential environmental contaminants of concern. The occurrence of gemfibrozil, a lipid-regulating drug, was studied in the influent and effluent at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and groundwater below a land application site receiving treated effluent from the WWTP. In addition, the sorption of gemfibrozil in two loam soils and sand was assessed, and biological degradation rates in two soil types under aerobic conditions were also determined. Results showed that concentrations of gemfibrozil in wastewater influent, effluent, and groundwater were in the range of 3.47 to 63.8 µg/L, 0.08 to 19.4 µg/L, and undetectable to 6.86 µg/L, respectively. Data also indicated that gemfibrozil in the wastewater could reach groundwater following land application of the treated effluent. Soil–water distribution coefficients for gemfibrozil, determined by the batch equilibrium method, varied with organic carbon content in the soils. The sorption capacity was silt loam > sandy loam > sand. Under aerobic conditions, dissipation half-lives for gemfibrozil in sandy loam and silt loam soils were 17.8 and 20.6 days, respectively; 25.4 and 11.3% of gemfibrozil was lost through biodegradation from the two soils over 14 days. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:550–555. © 2011 SETAC
Momentum Analytical Model of a Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

A possible method for modeling a Circulation Controlled - Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (CC-VAWT) is a vortex model, based upon the circulation of a turbine blade. A vortex model works by continuously calculating the circulation strength and location of both free and blade vortices which are shed during rotation. The vortices’ circulation strength and location can then be used to compute a velocity at any point in or around the area of the wind turbine. This model can incorporate blade wake interactions, unsteady flow conditions, and finite aspect ratios. Blade vortex interactions can also be studied by this model to assist designers in the avoidance of adverse turbulent operational regions. Conventional vertical axis wind turbine power production is rated to produce power in an operating wind speed envelope. These turbines, unless designed specifically for low speed operation require rotational start-up assistance. The VAWT blade can be augmented to include circulation control capabilities. Circulation control can prolong the trailing edge separation and can be implemented by using blowing slots located adjacent to a rounded trailing edge surface; the rounded surface of the enhanced blade replaces the sharp trailing edge of a conventional airfoil. Blowing slots of the CC-VAWT blade are located on the top and bottom trailing edges and are site-controlled in multiple sections along the span of the blade. Improvements in the amount of power developed at lower speeds and the elimination or reduction of start-up assistance could be possible with a CC-VAWT. In order to design for a wider speed operating range that takes advantage of circulation control, an analytical model of a CC-VAWT would be helpful. The primary function of the model is to calculate the aerodynamic forces experienced by the CC-VAWT blade during various modes of operation, ultimately leading to performance predictions based on power generation. The model will also serve as a flow visualization tool to gain a better understanding of the effects of circulation control on the development and interactions of vortices within the wake region of the CC-VAWT. This paper will describe the development of a vortex analytical model of a CC-VAWT.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Control of adrenocortical growth in vivo.

Adrenocortical growth is discussed with respect to its relation to body weight, elevated ACTH (provoked by sustained stress, adrenal enzyme deficiency, and adrenal enucleation), and unilateral adrenalectomy. It seems likely that these three conditions under which adrenal growth occurs are each controlled and mediated by different agents. Least is known about the growth of adrenals with the growth of the organism; however, because treatment with growth hormone is known to stimulate adrenal mitogenesis, and because adrenals grow in proportion to body growth by increasing cell number, it is proposed that this growth may be mediated by growth hormone (via somatomedin). ACTH causes primarily adrenocortical cellular hypertrophy which is subsequently followed by hyperplasia. It has been shown that the application of a sustained stressor, induction of adrenal enzyme deficiency and adrenal enucleation all result in persistant elevation in circulating ACTH levels and adrenal growth. It appears that the stimulus to ...
Volunteer Involvement in Local Government after September 11: The Continuing Question of Capacity

The 1990s witnessed extensive promotion of volunteerism and the creation of a federal and state infrastructure to support government voluntary activities. What has been the impact on local governments? This article reports on a 2003 survey of volunteer involvement in Georgia local government, which followed a similar 1990 study and provides a rare opportunity to examine long-term trends in public volunteerism. Volunteerism in Georgia cities and counties has increased during the past decade, with 81 percent of all jurisdictions now reporting some volunteer engagement. The events of September 11, 2001, have had a small but generally positive effect on volunteer utilization. However, political and labor resistance to government volunteers has not been resolved. And the increase in public managers' concerns that they lack the funding or staff to utilize volunteers suggests that governmental capacity remains the principal obstacle to greater volunteer involvement in local governments.
Equipoise and Equanimity in Motivational Interviewing

The spirit of MI bespeaks a kind of equanimity as a general characteristic of MI practice. This desirable counselor quality is quite distinct from the conscious choice of counselor aspiration: whether to strategically move toward a particular change target, or to intentionally maintain neutrality with regard to change goal (the latter being referred to as equipoise). Both choices would involve equanimity, and both require intentional, conscious and skillful attention to the interpersonal dynamics of change talk that have been elucidated through the development of and research on MI.
How to Use Modern Critical Editions of Medieval Latin Texts

Critical editions provide access to the texts of the medieval and ancient world. To use these editions effectively, we must be aware of the theories, assumptions, and conventions that underlie them. This article examines how most critical editions of Medieval Latin texts are constructed and presented to the reader, and includes a model edition to serve as a concrete example. With a better understanding of modern critical editions, readers should be able to study how texts were read and used in the Middle Ages, and how they changed in the course of manuscript transmission. They should also be able to critically evaluate editorial choices and understand the reasoning behind them.