cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architectural optimization for low-power nonpipelined asynchronous systems

This paper presents an architectural optimization for low-power asynchronous systems. The optimization is targeted to nonpipelined computation. In particular, two new sequencing controllers are introduced, which significantly increase the throughput of the entire system. Data hazards may result in existing datapaths, when the new sequencers are used. To insure correct operation, new interlock mechanisms are introduced, for both dual-rail and single-rail implementations. The resulting increase in throughput can be traded for substantial system-wide power savings through application of voltage scaling. SPICE simulations show energy reduction by up to a factor of 2.4.
Armored RNA as Virus Surrogate in a Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay Proficiency Panel

In recent years testing responsibilities for high-consequence pathogens have been expanded from national reference laboratories into networks of local and regional laboratories in order to support enhanced disease surveillance and to test for surge capacity. This movement of testing of select agents and high-consequence pathogens beyond reference laboratories introduces a critical need for standardized, noninfectious surrogates of disease agents for use as training and proficiency test samples. In this study, reverse transcription-PCR assay RNA targets were developed and packaged as armored RNA for use as a noninfectious, quantifiable synthetic substitute for four high-consequence animal pathogens: classical swine fever virus; foot-and-mouth disease virus; vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serogroup; and vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serogroup. Armored RNA spiked into oral swab fluid specimens mimicked virus-positive clinical material through all stages of the reverse transcription-PCR testing process, including RNA recovery by four different commercial extraction procedures, reverse transcription, PCR amplification, and real-time detection at target concentrations consistent with the dynamic ranges of the existing real-time PCR assays. The armored RNA concentrations spiked into the oral swab fluid specimens were stable under storage conditions selected to approximate the extremes of time and temperature expected for shipping and handling of proficiency panel samples, including 24 h at 37 degrees C and 2 weeks at temperatures ranging from ambient room temperature to -70 degrees C. The analytic test performance, including the reproducibility over the dynamic range of the assays, indicates that armored RNA can provide a noninfectious, quantifiable, and stable virus surrogate for specific assay training and proficiency test purposes.
A review of the chemistries of redox sensitive elements within suboxic zones of oxygen minimun regions

El presente trabajo corresponde a una revision de la quimica de los elementos afectados por procesos redox en areas suboxicas de las Zonas de Minimo Oxigeno. Las areas suboxicas estan definidas como zonas extremas de minimo oxigeno, con concentraciones de oxigeno disuelto inferiores a 10 µmol kg-1 (posiblemente 10 µmol kg-1, o valores de N* de - 10 µmol kg-1. Las zonas suboxicas ocurren previsiblemente en el Pacifico tropical y subtropical oriental, asi como en el Mar Arabico. Pares redox de elementos menores y traza, tales como IO3-/I-y Mn particulado/Mn disuelto, definen claramente las zonas suboxicas en la columna de agua. Otros pares redox de elementos traza, tales como Cr(VI)/Cr(III) y Se(VI)/Se(IV)/Se(-II), son reducidos parcialmente y son mas complejos debido a la quimica de las diferentes formas redox. Aparentemente, el hierro no presenta reduccion in situ en aguas suboxicas. Sin embargo, cuando la columna de agua presenta condiciones suboxicas sobre los sedimentos de la plataforma continental, los sedimentos pueden actuar como fuente de Fe(II) disuelto hacia la columna de agua suboxica, donde puede ser estabilizado parcialmente con respecto a Fe(III).
Nitrate Reduction: New Method for Testing the Antibiotic Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae

We have developed a new micro-broth-dilution assay for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae. This assay is based on the ability of viable H. influenzae to reduce nitrates to nitrites. Bacterial viability is detected by a positive nitrite reaction rather than visible turbidity. The nitrate reduction assay was compared with a standard microassay using 51 isolates of H. influenzae and six beta-lactam antibiotics. Although there was good agreement between the two methods, the nitrate reduction assay was more sensitive in detecting viable bacteria, and so established a more accurate estimate of the minimal inhibitory concentration. The nitrate reduction assay offered the additional advantage that it could be used to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration without having to subculture the broth. Ampicillin, penicillin, and cefamandole were equally effective in vitro against susceptible strains (minimal inhibitory concentrations, 0.125 to 0.5 mug/ml), whereas all three antibiotics were ineffective against two beta-lactamase-producing strains. Using the nitrate reduction assay, resistance to cefamandole was detectable with inoculum sizes ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) colony-forming units per ml, while the turbidity assay detected resistance only with the largest inoculum.
The Impact of Climate Change on Wildfire Severity: A Regional Forecast for Northern California

We estimated the impact of climatic change on wildland fire and suppression effective- ness in northern California by linking general circulation model output to local weather and fire records and projecting fire outcomes with an initial-attack suppression model. The warmer and windier conditions corresponding to a 2 ×CO2 climate scenario produced fires that burned more intensely and spread faster in most locations. Despite enhancement of fire suppression efforts, the number of escaped fires (those exceeding initial containment limits) increased 51% in the south San Francisco Bay area, 125% in the Sierra Nevada, and did not change on the north coast. Changes in area burned by contained fires were 41%, 41% and -8%, respectively. When interpolated to most of northern California's wildlands, these results translate to an average annual increase of 114 escapes (a doubling of the current frequency) and an additional 5,000 hectares (a 50% increase) burned by contained fires. On average, the fire return intervals in grass and brush vegetation types were cut in half. The estimates reported represent a minimum expected change, or best-case forecast. In addition to the increased suppression costs and economic damages, changes in fire severity of this magnitude would have widespread impacts on vegetation distribution, forest condition, and carbon storage, and greatly increase the risk to property, natural resources and human life.
Evaluation of matrix microsampling methods for therapeutic drug candidate quantification in discovery-stage rodent pharmacokinetic studies.

Background: AMG 517 or 1-aminobenzotriazole were quantified by LC–MS/MS from low blood/plasma volumes for rat pharmacokinetic (PK) characterization in order to qualify manual/automated dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and plasma separation capillary sampling. In addition, mouse serial automated blood sampling was compared with standard composite sampling. Materials & methods: AMG 517 or 1-aminobenzotriazole was administered to rats or mice and multiple microsampling techniques were used to obtain blood or plasma. Results: PK parameters derived from DBS and whole blood-obtained drug concentrations were within 7% for manual DBS and 20% for automated DBS. Plasma PK parameters derived from capillary or standard plasma-obtained drug concentrations differed by 6%. Plasma PK parameters obtained from serial automated blood sampling or manual composite sampling were within 20%. Conclusion: Collectively, these results suggest that the microsampling applications that were investigated are attractive approaches for qu...
Germans as Venutians: The Culture of German Foreign Policy Behavior

The end of the Cold War eliminated many of the external constraints that had straitjacketed German policy during the Cold War era. At the same time, unification augmented Germany’s already substantial power base. In light of these changed geopolitical circumstances, it was only logical for the dominant theory of security studies, namely realism, to expect a reorientation in German foreign policy behavior toward unilateralism and increased levels of power politics. Yet these expectations proved wrong. This article argues that German foreign policy behavior in the post-Cold War era can be ascribed to a foreign policy culture of reticenceFa culture of restraint and accommodation that can be traced to well-defined sets of fundamental beliefs of the German decision-making elite. This article systematically examines these beliefs in the post-Cold War era, relates them to foreign policy choices, and concludes with a plea for increased attention to ideational variables.
Persistent Infection, Inflammation, and Functional Impairment in Older Latinos

Background. The objective of this study was to examine whether cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with functional impairment in older Latinos. Methods. A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study was conducted with a community-dwelling elderly population. The sample was a subset (N ¼ 1559/1789) of participants in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA) ages 60‐101 with available serum samples and functional impairment measures. Baseline serum samples were assayed for levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to CMV and HSV-1 and for levels of CRP. Several measures were used to assess functional impairment, including activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and walking pace. Results. CMV and CRP showed statistically significant graded associations with ADL functional impairment, even after controlling for age and gender. The relationship between CMV and ADL was slightly attenuated, and the confidence interval contained the null value when adjusted for total number of health conditions, body mass index, and household income. Only high levels of CRP were significantly related to ADL and IADL impairment even after adjusting for all other covariates. Conclusion. Inflammation is clearly linked to physical functioning among aging Latinos. This study also suggests a role for CMV infection in relation to ADL impairment. Further research examining the influence of infection, immune response, and inflammation on longitudinal trajectories of physical functioning is warranted.
The Structure of Metaphase Chromosomes. I. Electrometric Titration, Magnesium Ion Binding and Circular Dichroism

Abstract Isolated mammalian metaphase chromosomes suspended in ion-free or 10−3 m -NaCl solution undergo an irreversible, pH-dependent structural change, as reflected by electrometric titrations, pH-stat experiments and measurements of circular dichroism spectra. Unmasking of titratable groups with pK's lower than the isoionic pH of chromosomes in ion-free water, pH 5.6, accompanies the change in conformation. The structural change is inhibited in aqueous solutions of 0.001 m -magnesium or calcium ion. Adding magnesium or calcium ions to a final concentration of 10−3 m results in a lowering of the pH of the water-washed chromosome solution from 5.6 to 4.9. The binding constant for magnesium ion to chromosomal sites was measured to be 1.1 × 105 (moles/liter)−1 and the number of binding sites is 1.6 × 10−5 millimole per milligram of chromosomes.
Wireless Spectrum Occupancy Prediction Based on Partial Periodic Pattern Mining

Cognitive radio appears as a promising technology to allocate wireless spectrum between licensed and unlicensed users in an efficient way. When unlicensed users opportunistically utilize spectrum holes, prediction models that infer the availability of spectrum holes can help to improve the spectrum extraction rate and reduce the collision rate. In this paper, a spectrum occupancy prediction model based on Partial Periodic Pattern Mining (PPPM) is introduced. The mining aims at identifying frequent spectrum occupancy patterns that are hidden in the spectrum usage of a channel. The mined frequent patterns are then used to predict future channel states (i.e., busy or idle). Based on the prediction, unlicensed users are able to utilize spectrum holes aggressively without introducing significant interference to licensed users. PPPM outperforms traditional Frequent Pattern Mining (FPM) by considering real patterns that do not repeat perfectly due to noise, sensing errors, and irregular behaviors. Using real-world Wi-Fi and personal communication service (PCS) activities, we show a significant reduction on miss rate in channel state prediction. With the proposed prediction mechanism, the performance of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is substantially improved. Further, we extend the three-state PPPM to an N-state PPPM to predict the duration of high/low utilization in a channel. The frequent patterns of channel utilization duration are critical in optimizing channel switch strategies. The high prediction accuracy is validated with data collected in the paging bands.
Applications of real-time median filtering with fast digital and analog sorters

This paper explores applications of digital and analog hardware realizations of median filters suitable for potential use in real-time control and monitoring applications in power electronic circuits and drives. Median filters have the ability to suppress impulse noise in signals, while preserving underlying edges. Filter performance is demonstrated with results from two prototypes.
Reflection Symmetry Breaking in Achiral Rod-Shaped Smectic Liquid Crystals?

The SmC phase of 4'-octyloxyphenyl-4-octyloxybenzoate has been examined in light of recent reports that this phase is chiral. The results suggest that two varieties of chiral domains in LC cells of the phenylbenzoate are indeed formed, driven by interactions with surfaces. Application of sensitive probes for chirality and polarity in the absence of such interfacial influences failed to find any. Currently, there is no evidence that the subject SmC phase is chiral.
Effect of calcium on dark adaptation in Phycomyces phototropism.

— Adaptation processes enable phototropism of Phycomyces to operate over a 10-decade range of blue-light intensity (1 nW m−2-10 W m-2). To investigate the influence of calcium on dark adaptation, the phototropic latency method was employed with the modification that sporangiophores were temporarily immersed in solutions containing CaCI2 or LaCI3 Following such treatment, the time course of bending was found to have two components with distinct latencies and bending rates. After immersion in darkness for 30 min in LaCI3 solution or 1 h in a solution of CaCI2 MgCI2, or the calcium chelator EGTA, each sporangiophore was adapted to a blue light beam (1 W m-2) for 45 min by rotation around its vertical axis. Cessation of rotation defined the onset of the phototropic stimulus, at which time the intensity was reduced by as much as 103-fold. For a 102-fold reduction (to 10−2 W m−2), immersion in CaCl2 (10–100 μM) reduces the latency 13 min for the early bending component and 18 min for the late component, whereas treatment with the calcium-channel blocker lanthanum (0.1–11 μM LaCI3) increases the latency 12 min for the early component and 13 min for the late component. EGTA (10 μM) also had an inhibitory effect, increasing the latency of the first and the second components by 7 and 10 min, respectively. In experiments performed similarly, but without the light adaptation treatment after immersion, no differences between calcium-treated and control sporangiophores were found. The bending rates of both components show only a weak dependence on calcium. Finally, experiments with MgCI2 (10–100 μM) were indistinguishable from control experiments, indicating that the divalent cation Mg+2, unlike Ca+2, had no effect on latency or bending rate. The results show that calcium affects the phototropic latency, and may function in the adaptation processes for Phycomyces phototropism.
Thermal Constants and Structure of Tin Clusters

The Knudsen effusion method coupled with high temperature mass spectroscopy was used in evaluating thermal constants for the gaseous Snn (n=4–7) molecules. The enthalpies for the following reaction was determined: Snn(g) = nSn(g) for n = 4–7. The resulting atomization energy, heats of formation and entropy are for the linear molecules:
Gnathostomula paradoxa ax, 1956 (gnathostomu-lida) from the vicinity of Bergen, Norway

Abstract In 1956 Ax described two turbellarian-like animals with cuticular hooks in the pharynx, Gnathostomula paradoxa and Gnathastomaria lutheri, and on the basis of these two species he established a new turbellarian order Gnathosiomulida. Later(1960,1961) he raised this group to the rank of a class. Beside the pharyngeal hooks, the structure of the epithelium — one single cilia per cell — is regarded as the most characteristic attribute of this group. G. paradoxa was found on the island of Sylt (intertidal zone, sand and gravel) and in the bay of Kiel (sub-littoral, 3.5-7 m, mostly pure sand, but also in sand with detritus and mud), G. luthsri on the French Mediterranean coast (Etang de Salses, Pyrenees Orientales, sandy beach, subsoil water). A further species of the genus Gnathostomula, G. maldivarum, is described by Gerlach (1958), found in sand, on the Maledive Islands.
Christian Fundamentalism and the Culture of Disenchantment Paul Maltby. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.

Christian Fundamentalism and the Culture of Disenchantment Paul Maltby. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.Paul Maltby's extended comparative essay on American Christian Fundamentalism and the postmodern ethos of contemporary secularism presents two inter-related arguments. Starting from the premise that postmodernism and Christian fundamentalism are diametrically opposed world views (3), Maltby demonstrates how postmodernism can reveal the tendencies and weaknesses of fundamentalism at rhetorical and imagistic levels (120). However, he inverts this logic, too, to show how fundamentalism's thematic concerns -transcendence, beauty, glory, and sacrality-are topics from which postmodernism recoils, thereby limiting itself. Maltby's overarching argument illuminates how postmodernism and fundamentalism symbiotically mirror each other's structural weaknesses: "in the contrast of the two, we can learn a lot about each" (3).Christian Fundamentalism and the Culture of Disenchantment succeeds in its (eminently postmodern) mission of unsettling the truth claims of both the fundamentalists and the postmodernists. Three questions motivated Maltby: first, how to responsibly critique a cultural system with which one disagrees; second, what specific social conditions led to the growth of fundamentalism; third, what "inadequacies" are revealed in secular postmodernism by the ease with which it dismisses fundamentalism (x). Maltby accurately elucidates the perspectives and logic of fundamentalism, correctly insisting that the omni-presence of fundamentalist thinking in American culture, religion, politics, and commerce "merit(s) detailed consideration" (57), since "the sheer force and scale of fundamentalism.. .constitutes a striking rebuff to an overconfident postmodernism" (174).Maltby takes a distinctly cultural and aesthetic approach to the question. The book doesn't ignore the theoretical, theological, or, in the case of post-modernism, anti-teleological, underpinnings: key figures include Jacques Derrida and Maltby's apparent "patron saint", Richard Rorty; Rousas Rushdoony, Francis Schaeffer, and Gary North represent the other side. But the use of art works-primarily literature and painting-vividly presents Maltby's definitions and arguments. Chapter Two on "End Times Fiction and the Ironic Reader," and Chapter Five on "Evangelical Painting and the Ironic Spectator," concern immensely popular artworks from fundamentalist culture-the Left Behind books by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins and pious contemporary artwork (including the late Thomas Kinkade). These, together with the first chapter on history, are the strongest in the book. For instance, Maltby's analysis of apocalyptic novels unpacks how the literal reading of the Bible infects the rhetoric of fiction: "a programmatic assertion of doctrine precludes the kinds of literary devices that can elevate prose above the level of exposition. …
Catalyst-controlled selectivity in the C–H borylation of methane and ethane

The C–H bonds of methane are generally more kinetically inert than those of other hydrocarbons, reaction solvents, and methane functionalization products. Thus, developing strategies to achieve selective functionalization of CH4 remains a major challenge. Here, we report transition metal–catalyzed C–H borylation of methane with bis-pinacolborane (B2pin2) in cyclohexane solvent at 150°C under 2800 to 3500 kilopascals of methane pressure. Iridium, rhodium, and ruthenium complexes all catalyze the reaction. Formation of mono- versus diborylated methane is tunable as a function of catalyst, with the ruthenium complex providing the highest ratio of CH3Bpin to CH2(Bpin)2. Despite the high relative concentration of cyclohexane, minimal quantities of borylated cyclohexane products are observed. Furthermore, all three metal complexes catalyze borylation of methane with >3.5:1 selectivity over ethane.
Rural Community Adjustments to Recent Population Shifts in Selected Areas of the Southeast

(further research is needed as to what is the optimum population). The public interest in future citizens calls for a removal of present barriers to child bearing, especially in the cities. Such costs as prenatal care; maternity hospitalization (or even midwifery); pediatric care; cost of home nursing during the mother's convalescence; and, in the case of working mothers, loss of time from work, should be compensated for. The $300 to $500 involved in securing these needed services now forces many potential mothers to choose between either dispensing with some needed services, thereby accepting unnecessary health risks (or even life), or of refusing to have children. Whether to furnish services in cash or in kind is a problem of administrative expediency, except in some instances where cash grants might not supply the service (e.g., maternity hospitalization). Other details such as whether payment for the working mother's loss of time should be made through the present unemployment insurance scheme or by a separate agency are details of administration rather than policy and need not be discussed here. Another element now militating against children, especially in cities, is housing. Normal peace-time advertisements such as "For Rent-5 Room Duplex-No Children" tell part of the story of declining urban birth rates. Maybe housing authorities have the answer to the problem; I don't. Certain countries have embarked upon housing programs to furnish larger houses for large families at rentals within their income. Certainly means of securing the additional space necessary for children should be part of our population policy. No population policy is complete without some attention to international exchange of people. Immigration is usually a temporary expedient. Should quotas be relaxed following the war, it is doubtful if many immigrants would care to come to the Southeast. On the basis of past performance they immigrate either to new areas or to old areas experiencing new development. It is also doubtful if emigration alone can permanently relieve distressed conditions in over-populated countries. The real solution for them, as for us, lies in adjusting population and resources.
A source of ultrasensitivity in the glutamine response of the bicyclic cascade system controlling glutamine synthetase adenylylation state and activity in Escherichia coli.

Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in Escherichia coli is regulated by reversible adenylylation, brought about by a bicyclic system comprised of uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme (UTase/UR), its substrate, PII, adenylyltransferase (ATase), and its substrate, GS. The modified and unmodified forms of PII produced by the upstream UTase/UR-PII cycle regulate the downstream ATase-GS cycle. A reconstituted UTase/UR-PII-ATase-GS bicyclic system has been shown to produce a highly ultrasensitive response of GS adenylylation state to the glutamine concentration, but its composite UTase/UR-PII and ATase-GS cycles displayed moderate glutamine sensitivities when examined separately. Glutamine sensitivity of the bicyclic system was significantly reduced when the trimeric PII protein was replaced by a heterotrimeric form of PII that was functionally monomeric, and coupling between the two cycles was different in systems containing wild-type or heterotrimeric PII. Thus, the trimeric nature of PII played a role...
Global Refugee Policy: An Agenda for the 1990s

From February 20-22, 1992, 30 participants gathered at the Wye Center in Queens town, Maryland for a conference on "Global Refugee Policy: An Agenda for the 1990s." The meeting was organized by the Program on International and U.S. Refugee Policy of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. The purposes of the conference were to review developments concerning refugees and other forced migrants over the last decade, take stock of the current worldwide refugee situation, consider the policy challenges of the 1990s, and formulate policy options to meet the new demands on die international system. Participants came from thirteen countries and included representatives of governments (9), international organizations (5), nongovernmental organizations (2), foundations (4), uni? versities (8), and policy/research organizations (2). In preparation for the discussions, participants received the draft of a monograph on "Global Refugee Policy: An Agenda for the 1990s."2 and ten background papers. The Pew Charitable Trusts and The Whitehead Foundation provided the funding for the conference and the preparation of materials. Travel funds for a number of participants were provided by The Exxon Education Foundation.
Gender Disparities in Osteoarthritis-Related Health Care Utilization Before Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Objectives Women older than 50 years have higher prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and experience greater functional disability than men. No studies have examined large populations to identify knee OA-related health care utilization differences. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate gender differences in the utilization of OA-related health care resources in the 12 months preceding total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefit databases were reviewed from 2005 to 2012. Subjects were included if they underwent TKA, had associated diagnosis of lower leg OA, and were continuously in the database for 12 months preceding TKA. Patient-specific OA-related health care utilization was identified. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for age, region, and Charlson Comorbidity Index was performed to isolate the influence of gender. Results A total of 244,059 patients with a mean age of 64.8 years consisting of 61.2% women were included. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted odds ratios showed that when compared to men, women were 30%, 20%, 31%, 18%, 19%, 29%, and 39%, more likely to receive a narcotic analgesic, nonnarcotic analgesics, corticosteroid injection, hyaluronic acid injection, knee magnetic resonance imaging, a physical therapy evaluation, and occupational therapy evaluation in the 12 months preceding TKA, respectively. Conclusion Women have a significantly higher utilization of knee OA-related health care in the 12 months preceding TKA. Although the precise cause for this discrepancy in care cannot be determined from this study, it highlights a potential bias in management of advanced knee OA and directions for further investigation.
Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are complex, disabling disorders that often go untreated. While there are many distinct elements that differentiate specific eating disorder diagnoses, there are core pathophysiologic traits that offer a target for a transdiagnostic treatment approach. Cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders offers an evidence-based treatment that builds on the fundamental theory and approaches of CBT. In this chapter, enhanced CBT for eating disorders (“CBT-E”) is described in detail and then further illustrated using a case example.
Supply-Demand Forecast of Byproduct Gas System and Optimized Allocation of Surplus Gas

According to the practical situation in steel enterprises,the production process is classified into normal and abnormal production. Forecasting models of the gas production /consumption were established. Causal analysis is used for normal production and heuristic demarcate methods matching with self-learning function are used for abnormal production. A gasallocating model for buffer users was established by using a mathematical programming method.The model can guide the co-operation between gasholders and boilers,and thus reasonably allocate the remained gas and maximize the utilization of the gas according to the characteristics of buffer users. Finally,the model was applied to a steel company,and the results showthat gas emission can be successfully eliminated,which achieves the energy-saving production target.
Empathy for the Stressed

Stress is associated with reliable behavioral responses that may be observed by other people. The experience of stress should therefore be easily identified by and potentially shared between individuals under stress and those around them. Considerable research has focused on the physiology and psychology of empathy to better understand how we come to understand the pain of others. Recently, researchers have begun to examine how stress may lead to empathic responses. In the present article, we begin with a selective review on empathy, including physiological, emotional, and cognitive components, followed by an introduction to recent research on empathy for stress. We conclude the article by describing some of the outstanding questions that should be addressed to gain a better understanding of how the stress of others influences our own physiology and behavior.
The epidemiology and morphology of primary malignant liver tumors.

When cirrhosis reaches the macronodular stage, the risk of developing liver cell carcinoma increases. Recent studies strongly favor a viral role in oncogenesis, and this possibility is supported by serologic and epidemiologic evidence.
Shape memory strains and temperatures in the extreme

It is well known that the achievement of high transformation strains in shape memory alloys (SMAs) has been curtailed by plastic deformation mediated via dislocation slip. In particular, the utilization of SMAs at high temperatures is also hindered by plastic slip. In this paper, an overview of the most important SMAs is provided by constructing transformation strain, transformation temperature, and slip resistance plots to put existing works in perspective. To this plots, we added results on NiTiHf alloys which impart both high temperature capability and high slip resistance at unprecedented levels. The remarkable finding is that NiTiHf alloys can undergo transformation strains near 20% and transformation temperatures exceeding 400 °C.
Parallel Community Detection Algorithm Using a Data Partitioning Strategy with Pairwise Subdomain Duplication

Community detection is an important data clustering technique for studying graph structures. Many serial algorithms have been developed and well studied in the literature. As the problem size grows, the research attention has recently been turning to parallelizing the technique. However, the conventional parallelization strategies that divide the problem domain into non-overlapping subdomains do not scale with problem size and the number of processes. The main obstacle lies in the fact that the graph algorithms often exhibit a high degree of data dependency, which makes developing scalable parallel algorithms a great challenge.
Choice Sets as Percepts

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the potential value of research that integrates information concerning how choice sets are perceived into the utility-maximizing framework. The economic concept is utility maximization, which characterizes what a decision-maker (DM) selects from an available set of choices. One advantage of choice process data over less familiar forms of data is that it comes in the standard form of choices and hence is readily modeled using traditional tools of the trade, in particular, the theory of constrained optimization. The DM is assumed to start with imperfect information on how the options compare, which information gets successively refined as the choice is considered for longer and longer periods of time. Search theory is designed for choice among many options, each of which is simple. While new measurements are vital, they are not sufficient to make the proposed research thrive. In fact, non-standard data raises deep theoretical challenges. There must be conceptual innovation in formulating how various choice environments impact the generation of percepts.
Self-Administration of Drugs

After several months of agonizing over the subject matter of my presentation today I finally decided to depart from my usual approach to the topic of drug self-administration experiments in laboratory animals. This departure was prompted by several factors: 1. a number of review articles have been written in recent years which systematically cover much of the research in this area (Schuster and Thompson, 1969; Schuster, 1970; Schuster and Johanson, 1972)), 2. the presence of a number of investigators in this symposia who will be presenting various aspects of this research in greater detail than would be possible in the time alloted to me. Because of this I have chosen to be a bit presumptious and to share with you my reflections on some of the assumptions, problems and strengths of this research. In no sense will I attempt to systematically cover the literature, but rather, I have selected a few main issues which I feel to be of importance.
The evolution of the photopic negative response and possible clinical applications

The traditional view of the full-field flash ERG is that inner retinal neurons, and especially retinal ganglion cells, contribute little to the signal that can be recorded noninvasively at the cornea.
Evaluation of a Method for Recovering Poliovirus 1 from 100-Gram Oyster Samples.

A method is described that uses commonly available laboratory equipment and materials to detect low numbers of poliovirus 1 in oysters. Thirty 100-g oyster samples inoculated with poliovirus 1 were processed by blending at pH 4.8 in water, centrifuging, extracting the pellet at pH 9 in a mixture of Eagle's medium, nonfat dry milk, MgCl2·6H2O, and Freon TF, and centrifuging again. The supernatant fluids were diluted in water, precipitated at pH 4.8 and centrifuged. The pellets were resuspended in Na2HPO4 and Cat-Floc, and centrifuged. The final supernatant fluids (~10 ml per sample) were assayed for viral plaque-forming units (PFU) in BGM African monkey green kidney cell monolayers. The average inoculum per sample was 95 PFU, and the average recovery from 30 samples was 53 PFU. The percent recovery with 95 percent confidence intervals was 55.4 ± 2.1.
A Single Institution Long-Term Experience Using Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for the Management of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Patients with stage III – IV Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and those with bulky stage I/II disease have a disease relapse rate of 30–40% after primary treatment. High dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation is a treatment option after relapse or in those with primary induction failure. In the present study, we retrospectively examined long term outcomes in 45 relapsed/primary induction failure HL patients undergoing autologous peripheral stem cell (25 patients), bone marrow (17 patients) or combination (3 patients) transplantation between 1985 and December 2003. The median age was 32 yrs(16–64), 38 had Nodular Sclerosing HL, 17 patients had stage I/II, 13 stage III and 15 stage IV disease, and 33 had B symptoms at diagnosis. Twenty patients were previously treated with 1–2 prior regimens, while 25 had ≥3 treatment regimens. Sixteen patients had sensitive disease to salvage therapy given prior to transplantation, 27 had resistance to salvage therapy while 2 did not undergo salvage therapy prior to transplantation. Five patients had primary resistant disease, 33 had evidence of relapsed disease and 7 patients were in CR at the time of transplantation. CBV was used in 30 patients, BEAM in 9 patients and 5 patients received CY/TBI based regimens. Six patients (13%) had early mortality ( 20yrs, high dose therapy regimens but a difference in OS (p=0.04) and DFS (p=0.03) was seen in patients transplanted in CR vs active disease at transplantation. Patients whose disease displayed sensitivity to salvage therapy immediately prior to transplant did show a trend towards improved OS and DFS, but this was not statistrically significant. High dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation can be expected to lead to long term DFS in approximately 25–35% of patients. Cardiac mortality (11%) appears to be a higher than expected complication in this patient group.
Development and Testing of the Nurse Manager EBP Competency Scale

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of an instrument to measure nurse manager competencies regarding evidence-based practice (EBP). The Nurse Manager ...
NaAlTi3O8, A Novel Anode Material for Sodium Ion Battery

Sodium ion batteries are being considered as an alternative to lithium ion batteries in large-scale energy storage applications owing to the low cost. A novel titanate compound, NaAlTi3O8, was successfully synthesized and tested as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and refinement were used to analyze the crystal structure. Electrochemical cycling tests under a C/10 rate between 0.01 - 2.5 V showed that ~83 mAh/g capacity could be achieved in the second cycle, with ~75% of which retained after 100 cycles, which corresponds to 0.75 Na+ insertion and extraction. The influence of synthesis conditions on electrochemical performances was investigated and discussed. NaAlTi3O8 not only presents a new anode material with low average voltage of ~0.5 V, but also provides a new type of intercalation anode with a crystal structure that differentiates from the anodes that have been reported.
A Method of Controlling Unstable, Non-Minimum-Phase, Nonlinear Processes

Abstract This paper presents a nonlinear control system that is applicable tc stable and unstable processes, whether non-minimum- or minimum-phase. The closed-loop stability is ensured by forcing all process state variables to follow their corresponding reference trajectories. These trajectories are linear and lead the process state variables to their steady state values corresponding to the desired output set-points. This approach results in a nonlinear state feedback that induces approximately linear responses to the state variables. The control system includes the nonlinear state feedback and a reduced-order nonlinear state observer. The application and performance of the control system are shown by implementing it on a chemical reactor with multiple steady states. The control system is used to operate the reactor at one of the steady states, which is unstable and non-minimum-phase. The simulation results show that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable for all physically-meaningful initial conditions.
Plasma studies of a linear magnetron operating in the range from DC to HiPIMS

Plasma properties of magnetrons have been extensively studied in the past with the focus on small, research-style magnetrons with planar disk targets. In this contribution, we report on plasma diagnostics of a linear magnetron because the linear geometry is widely used in industry and, more importantly here, it provides the unique opportunity to align a linear racetrack section with a streak camera's entrance slit. This allows us to follow the evolution of plasma instabilities, i.e., localized ionization zones or spokes, as they travel along the racetrack. This report greatly extends our more limited and focused study on the structure and velocity of spokes [Anders and Yang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 064103 (2017)]. Following recent plasma potential measurements [Panjan and Anders, J. Appl. Phys. 121, 063302 (2017)], we interpret optical emission information with localized electron heating. We confirm that for low direct current operation, spokes move in the −E×B direction, and in the opposite direction in t...
Economics and Antitrust Enforcement: The Last 25 Years

Economics has reshaped antitrust enforcement over the last quarter century. Its impact has been most dramatic in merger analysis, with the shift toward unilateral effects theories and away from mar...
Energy dependence of SNR and DQE for effective monoenergetic imaging in spectral CT

Synthesized monoenergetic images, generated using linear weighted combination of basis material images, portray the anatomy at a selected effective energy. Images at both high and low effective energies have been proposed as clinically useful. This paper studies the dependence of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) on the selected energy for CdTe PCDs, and for other spectral CT that uses scintillator detectors. DQE is estimated as the squared of SNR for the system being evaluated divided by that of an ideal PCD. Signal is the unbiased line integral of a material of interest and noise is estimated using propagation of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound through the weighted sum. SNR and DQE are unimodal with the optimal energy dependent on the mean and width of the measured spectrum, on the spectral response, and system, and weakly on the material of interest. For the CdTe detectors simulated, DQE(0) at the optimal energy is relatively tolerant of spectral degradation (85-92% depending on pixel size), but is highly dependent on effective energy, with maximum variation (in 250 μm pixels) of 22-85% for effective energies between 30 to 120 keV. Study of effect of spectral distribution on DQE shows that a wider spectrum shifts the optimum to lower energy and weakens the energy dependence. In comparison to dual kV and dual layer spectral CT, PCDs have lower optimal effective energy and show higher DQE at low effective energies than energy integrating detectors with dual kV spectra.
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia involving the superior rectus muscle.

Abstract Purpose We present the first reported case of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in the right superior rectus causing diplopia. Observations A 72-year-old man with a 6-month history of untreated asymptomatic Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia presented with 2 years of diagonal binocular diplopia that was previously thought to be due to ocular myasthenia gravis. Examination showed mild right proptosis and right hypotropia, and MRI revealed a focal lesion of the right superior rectus muscle. Orbital biopsy was performed, and histopathology showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration among the skeletal muscle fibers of the rectus muscle. Immunostaining confirmed a B-cell preponderance, along with more extensive staining for IgM than IgG, and in situ hybridization confirmed lambda restriction. These findings corresponded with those of his previous bone marrow biopsy, confirming Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia as the etiology for the extraocular muscle mass. Conclusions and Importance Lymphoma of an extraocular muscle is a rare manifestation of orbital lymphoma, and the tumors are usually mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas (i.e. extranodal marginal zone lymphomas). There are 4 previous reports of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma of an extraocular muscle; however this is the first reported case of such a lesion in a patient with concurrent Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia at the time of diagnosis.
Actions of Some Neurotoxic Proteins of Black Widow Spider Venom

Black widow spiders are greatly feared although their bite is seldom fatal to man. However, the toxins evoke muscle spasms and excruciating pain which is resistant to the usual pain-reducing drugs and lasts two to three days. These symptoms point to a neurotoxic action and therefore have aroused the interest of neurobiologists.
Exercise and Sport Psychology

Athletes seeking the competitive edge may use the services of an exercise and sport psychologist who applies psychological principles aimed at creating an improved performer. The first psychological experiments with a sport theme were conducted in the 1890s, the first sport psychology laboratory was created by Dr. Coleman Griffith at the University of Illinois in 1923, and the field has continued to grow. Its influence has been particularly noticeable in the last 20 years. Many professional challenges lie ahead in training, licensure, ethics, image, and job opportunities, but the future of the field appears bright.
Chapter Three – Culture

This chapter offers a brief and targeted introduction to culture as it affects people's perceptions and interpretations of one another. Particularly for those who have never lived in another culture (or in a setting with a diverse population of subcultures), it is dangerously easy to resort to over-simplified stereotypical notions of what someone from another culture is like, or would like, when designing characters. My hope is that reading this chapter will eliminate this possibility for the reader, substituting instead a respect for the complexity and layers of culture and a desire to incorporate this understanding into character design.
Body mass index and educational inequality: An update of Crandall (1995).

Over 2 decades ago, social psychological research revealed that weight stigma may undermine educational achievement. This study documented that a greater proportion of college students were thin compared with the general population and that heavier females received less college financial support fro
First-order logic and aperiodic languages: a revisionist history

A fundamental result about formal languages states: Theorem 1 A regular language is first-order definable if and only if its syntactic monoid contains no nontrivial groups. Rest assured, we will explain in the next section exactly what the various terms in the statement mean!