cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic rheological behavior of DBS-induced poly(propylene glycol) physical gels

Physical gelation can be induced in various organic and silicone-based liquids, as well as in polymeric melts, upon addition of 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS). Such gels are stabilized by the formation of a percolated DBS network composed of highly interconnected nanofibrils. In this study, we explore several factors affecting the rheological properties of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) gelled by DBS. To ascertain the effect of PPG molecular weight (MPPG) on gel formation and rheology, we have investigated three series of DBS-induced PPG gels in which MPPG varies from 425 g/mol to 4000 g/mol. Dynamic stress measurements reveal that the DBS concentration identifying the onset of PPG gelation decreases with increasing MPPG. Since the solubility parameter (δs) of PPG decreases sharply as MPPG increases over this MPPG range, this observation suggests that DBS gelation is sensitive to δs of the matrix liquid, in agreement with previously reported data collected from DBS-gelled solvents. Moreover, the elastic modulus and yield stress are found to increase with increasing (i) DBS concentration for the three series of PPG/DBS gels examined here and (ii) recovery time after cessation of an introductory shear.
Inversion of the k-plane transform by orthogonal function series expansions

The k-plane transform encompasses both the X-ray and Radon transforms. A series inversion which operates in the unified setting of the k-plane transform is presented. The author shows that with respect to either the Jacobi or the associated Laguerre polynomial bases for square integrable point functions, the k-plane transform assumes a block-diagonal-like form. Additionally, estimates are given for the minimum number of discretely sampled direction sets at which the k-plane transform must be known in order to recover a point function up to a given degree.
THE IMPACT OF ANTIMICROBIAL USE ON THE EMERGENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN HOSPITALS

Abundant evidence suggests a relationship between antimicrobial resistance and use, including models, consistent associations between resistance and antimicrobial use in hospitals, concomitant variation in resistance as antimicrobial use varies, and a dose-response relationship for many pathogen/antimicrobial combinations. Much of the evidence is from studies performed in single hospitals. Most multicenter studies on resistance have not included data on antimicrobial usage. Despite this substantial body of evidence, some studies have not demonstrated an association between antimicrobial resistance and use, suggesting other contributing factors such as cross transmission, interhospital transfer of resistance, a community contribution to resistance, or a complex relationship between resistance and the use of a variety of antimicrobials. Understanding the problem of antimicrobial resistance in a hospital cannot be achieved without knowledge of the hospital's pattern of antimicrobial use.
A modified automated fluorometric method for the determination of tyrosine in blood and tissues, and its specificity

Abstract A modified version of the automated fluorometric determination of tyrosine by the nitrosonaphthol reaction is described, which was developed for the analysis of tyrosine in blood and tissues, and is simpler, more rapid, and more sensitive than earlier methods. Of the 50 compounds tested with this method, most of which were phenolic in structure, only para -substituted phenols with no other substituents in the aromatic ring, and 5-hydroxy indoles, gave appreciable fluorescence.
Rho-associated kinases play an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis and cardiomyocyte proliferation.

Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCKs), initially identified as effectors for Rho GTPases, play a role in cardiac cell physiology and are also expressed in the developing heart. However, their role in cardiac development is not known. To investigate the role of these kinases in cardiac development, we examined cardiac development in cultured murine embryos treated with the ROCK inhibitor Y27632. After inhibition of ROCK activity, we found disturbed cardiac chamber formation and trabeculation. To further examine the mechanisms by which ROCK blockade causes cardiac hypoplasia, we assessed programmed cell death and cell proliferation in the hearts. We found decreased cell proliferation in the Y27632-treated hearts, but no changes in programmed cell death. We further observed that ROCK inhibition decreased cardiac myocyte proliferation, suggesting that ROCK kinases regulate cardiomyocyte division. To identify factors involved in ROCK action in regulation of cardiac cell division, we examined expression of cell cycle proteins by using Western blot analysis. We found that ROCK blockade decreased expression of cell cycle proteins, cyclin D3, CDK6, and p27KIP1 in the hearts and cardiomyocytes, which are required for initiation of cell cycle and G1/S phase transition. These observations show that ROCK kinases play a role in cardiac development and that ROCK kinases regulate cardiac cell proliferation and cell cycle protein expression. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Survival after resection for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a multi-institutional comparison according to American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage.

Background Survival after resection for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (inv-IPMN) is superior to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This difference may be explained by earlier presentation of inv-IPMN. We hypothesized that inv-IPMN has survival comparable with PDAC after resection when matched by stage. Study Design From 1999 to 2009, 113 patients underwent resection for inv-IPMN at 2 large academic institutions. These data were compared with 845 patients during the same period undergoing resection for PDAC. Demographics, pathology, and overall survival (OS) were compared according to current American Joint Committee on Cancer stage. Results Mean age with inv-IPMN and PDAC was 68 and 65 years, respectively. Follow-up was 33 and 24 months for inv-IPMN and PDAC, respectively. Median OS was 32 months for inv-IPMN and 17 months in PDAC (p Conclusions When matched by stage, inv-IPMN has superior survival after resection compared with PDAC. This disparity is greatest in node-negative and least in node-positive disease. These findings suggest the behaviors of inv-IPMN and PDAC, although different, converge with advancing American Joint Committee on Cancer stage because of a greater proportion of tubular subtype.
Inducing Autophagy by Rapamycin Before, but Not After, the Formation of Plaques and Tangles Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits

Previous studies have shown that inducing autophagy ameliorates early cognitive deficits associated with the build-up of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ). However, the effects of inducing autophagy on plaques and tangles are yet to be determined. While soluble Aβ and tau represent toxic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, there is well documented evidence that plaques and tangles also are detrimental to normal brain function. Thus, it is critical to assess the effects of inducing autophagy in an animal model with established plaques and tangles. Here we show that rapamycin, when given prophylactically to 2-month-old 3xTg-AD mice throughout their life, induces autophagy and significantly reduces plaques, tangles and cognitive deficits. In contrast, inducing autophagy in 15-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, which have established plaques and tangles, has no effects on AD-like pathology and cognitive deficits. In conclusion, we show that autophagy induction via rapamycin may represent a valid therapeutic strategy in AD when administered early in the disease progression.
Energy loss measurement in a jet chamber

Abstract A full size prototype cell of a multiwire detector similar in design to the JADE[2] drift cell geometry was tested in a beam of pions and electrons at SLAC. The motivation was to explore the possibility of identifying particles through a measurement of energy loss in the HRS experiment[1]. The purpose of the test was to investigate the extent of which the measurement of the energy loss is degraded as one makes the transition from a small chamber to a full size detector. We also measured the reduction in gas gain due to saturation effects as a function of the track angles relative to the chamber wires and as a function of the total gain in the chamber. We compared our results and data reported by other groups with an empirical model calculation for the energy loss as a function of various parameters. We also developed a program to calculate expected pulse shapes for different chamber geometries. This program [10] simulates the drift process of randomly generated clusters of ionization in the electrostatic field defined by the chamber parameters. The results of this calculation are essential to evaluate the multiple hit capability of the jet chamber and its dependence on the design parameters.
Amperometric sensors for simultaneous superoxide and hydrogen peroxide detection.

A two-channel sensor capable of almost instantaneous simultaneous detection of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide in the concentration range 10-7−10-4 M is very important for understanding of a number of rapid kinetics processes. A glassy carbon working microelectrode covered by an electrodeposited polypyrrole/horseradish peroxidase (PPy/HRP) membrane was employed as a H2O2 sensor. Another glassy carbon microelectrode covered by a composite membrane of an inside layer of PPy/HRP and an outside layer of superoxide dismutase was employed as a working electrode for superoxide detection. These two working electrodes with Pt counter and tungsten oxide (WO3) reference electrodes were contained in one 6 mm diameter Teflon cylinder. Simultaneous measurements were performed at a potential of −60 mV (vs WO3 reference, pH 5.1). Additional sensor characterization was performed for pH 5.1−9.0. Superoxide sensor behavior as a function of membrane deposition conditions and coating time is reported. Sensors' mutual...
Optical observations of close binaries with the Mark III Stellar Interferometer

For the first time, four spectroscopic binaries have been directly resolved with the Mark III Stellar Interferometer. Observations in 1988 and 1989 were analyzed, and visual orbits for four binaries have been determined. The semimajor axes for Beta Tri, Alpha Equ, Alpha And and Beta Ari are approximately 0.008 arcsec, 0.012 arcsec, 0.024 arcsec and 0.037 arcsec, respectively. The magnitude differences between two components are 0.5, 0.7, 1.8 and 2.6 mag, respectively. All of the orbital elements for Alpha And and Beta Ari were determined from interferometric data only, and agree well with spectroscopic observations. Predictions of relative position between the two components for these binaries are consistent with the measurements to less than 0.001 arcsec. Combined with data from spectroscopy, masses and distance for the double-lined spectroscopic binary Beta Ari are derived, and the results indicate that both components of Beta Ari agree well with the empirical mass-luminosity relation.
Ectotympanic bone and internal carotid circulation of eutherians in reference to anthropoid origins

Comparisons of some fossil and recent mammals, plus other tetrapods, suggest the following characters are primitive for eutherians: medial internal carotid present; lateral internal carotid enters ear region on its postero-medial edge and ventrally shields fenestrae cochleae; one branch of the lateral internal carotid, the promontory artery, is small and courses anteriorly on the lateral side of the promontorium; the second branch, the stapedial artery, pierces the stapes then courses anteriorly; ectotympanic is thin, open ring oriented at low angle on antero-medial portion of petrosal and serves as precursor of bulla. Comparisons of these structures in lemuriforms and anthropoids show that these groups share several derived characters suggesting common ancestry. In addition, in lemuriforms, the lateral internal carotid enters the ear region on its postero-lateral edge; the promontory artery is vestigial or absent; the ectotympanic is a thin, open ring, oriented at a high angle, and is intrabullar. In anthropoids the promontory artery is enlarged and enters the ear region medioventrally; the stapedial artery is absent; the ectotympanic is variously expanded, oriented at a low angle, and is extrabullar. These mutually exclusive, derived characters do not support a lemuriform ancestry for anthropoids.
Massive Levothyroxine Ingestion: Conservative Management

The clinical course of a 29-month-old girl who was referred for evaluation after ingesting ninety 0.2-mg tablets of levothyroxine is reported. Despite an initial thyroxine (T4) level of 282 micrograms/dl and a triiodothyronine (T3) level of 1,837 ng/dl at 48 hours postingestion, her symptoms were mild and included irritability, vomiting, tremor, and tachycardia. Treatment was limited to activated charcoal and propranolol. Thyroid hormone levels fell to normal by 13 days postingestion. The child's clinical course was benign. Even after massive acute ingestions of levothyroxine, children's symptoms are usually mild and may be controlled with propranolol. This conservative approach should be considered before expensive and potentially dangerous therapies are undertaken.
A simple power diode model with forward and reverse recovery

The diode model presented is a simplified physical model for a high-voltage p-i-n structure operating in high level injection, as is typical for most power diodes. The model is an extension of the basic charge-control diode model using the lumped charge concept. The equations for both forward and reverse recovery as well as the emitter recombination are derived from simplified semiconductor charge transport equations. The complete model requires only seven simple equations and three additional device parameters beyond the generic SPICE diode model. >
Radiographic X-Ray Flux Monitoring During Explosive Experiments By Copper Activation

During radiographic experiments involving explosives, it is valuable to have a method of monitoring the X-ray flux ratio between the dynamic experiment and an X-ray taken of a static object for comparison. The standard method of monitoring with thermoluminescent detectors suffers the disadvantages of being sensitive to temperature, shock, UV radiation, cleanliness and saturation. We are studying an additional flux monitoring system which is not subject to any of the above disadvantages and is based upon the 63 Cu(photon,n) 62 Cu reaction. The 62 Cu has a 10 min. half-life and is counted by a nuclear pulse-counting system within a few minutes of an explosive test. 170 microCoulomb of 19.3 MeV electrons hitting 1.18 mm of Ta produces X-rays which illuminate a 0.8 mm thick by 1.6 cm diameter Cu disk placed 46 cm from the Ta. The activated Cu is placed in a counting system with a window between 400-600 keV and produces about 42500 counts in the first 100 sec counting period. Less than 0.2% of the initial activity is due to other reactions. Photo-induced neutrons in Be parts of the system are shown to produce a negligible effect in the Cu. The main disadvantage of the Cu activation is its sensitivity to electron energy. Monte-Carlo calculations of the excitation function for our accelerator are shown, along with excitation functions for three other configurations.
Development of an Implantable Ventricular Assist System

Abstract Background . This study describes the present state of progress in the development of the Jarvik 2000 ventricular assist system. Methods . Designed for implantation in the human thorax, the system consists of a small (25 cm 3 , 90 g) intraventricular axial-flow blood pump that transmits power and data via internal electronics and a transcutaneous energy transfer system. The pump is powered by portable internal and external polymer lithium ion batteries. The only moving part, the pump rotor, contains a permanent magnet of a brushless direct-current motor that mounts an axial-flow impeller and partial magnetic thrust support, with blood-immersed radial and thrust bearings. The motor uses a redundant coil and electric lead design, which permits continued operation in case of wire breakage. Results . Seven calves have been supported for an average of 107 days (range, 40 to 162 days) with prototypes of the Jarvik 2000 ventricular assist system. No physiologic complications have occurred. When its user is at rest, the pump produces flows of 5 to 6 L/min with a decreased arterial pulse contour. Renal and hepatic functions have remained normal throughout the duration of all studies. Mean plasma free hemoglobin levels ranged from 4.3 to 11.4 mg/dL (mean, 6.3 mg/dL) for each study. Pathologic analyses of the heart and kidneys revealed no damage related to the device. Conclusions . These studies indicate that the Jarvik 2000 ventricular assist system is feasible in animals and holds promise for long-term support of patients. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:367–70)
Psychotropic medication use and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer

Long-term use of psychotropic medication may increase the risk for epithelial ovarian cancer through increased gonadotropin secretion or direct ovarian stimulation of adrenergic receptors, effects which may affect ovarian cancer pathogenesis. An earlier case-control study found that prior use of antidepressants or benzodiazepine tranquilizers was associated with a 2-fold increase in risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. However, that study lacked details on all types of psychotropic medications, length of use, and the categorization of the specific action of these medications on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. In a new case-control study conducted in eastern Massachusetts (MA) and all of New Hampshire (NH), we identified all women with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer between May 1992 and March 1997. We interviewed 563 women diagnosed with malignant or borderline epithelial ovarian tumors and 523 controls identified through random digit dialing and the use of Town Books (residential listings by name, age, and precinct). Participants were asked to provide the name of medications used for 6 months or longer, the age at first use, and total months or years of use. Psychotropic medications included amphetamines, sedatives, barbiturates/anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Self-reported use of psychotropic medication for 6 months or longer was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of invasive ovarian cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-2.3]. Relative to nonusers, risk was greatest in those whose first use occurred premenopausally for more than 2 years (OR, 2.9; CI, 1.3-6.6). The association was largely confined to use of medications that operate through dopaminergic mechanisms (OR, 2.9; CI, 1.3-6.4) or gabaergic pathways (OR, 1.5; CI, 0.9-2.5) as opposed to serotoninergic pathways (OR, 1.0; CI, 0.4-2.1). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that psychotropic medications induce gonadotropin secretion, which in turn may increase ovarian cancer risk. However, until other studies confirm our findings and determine whether they apply to medications with specific neuroendocrine actions, it is premature to advise a change in clinical practice and conclude that these medications indeed play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer.
AICAR administration ameliorates hypertension and angiogenic imbalance in a model of preeclampsia in the rat

Previous studies suggest restoration of angiogenic balance can lower blood pressure and improve vascular endothelium function in models of preeclampsia. Our laboratory has recently reported exercise training mitigates hypertension in an animal model of preeclampsia, but the mechanisms are unknown. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is stimulated during exercise and has been shown to increase expression of VEGF. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-3-ribonucleoside), a potent AMPK stimulator, would increase circulating VEGF, improve angiogenic potential, decrease oxidative stress, and abrogate placental ischemia-induced hypertension. In rats, reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP) was induced on day 14 of gestation by introducing silver clips on the inferior abdominal aorta and ovarian arteries. AICAR was administered intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg b.i.d.) days 14-18, and blood pressure and tissues were collected on day 19. RUPP-induced hypertension was ameliorated (P < 0.05) with AICAR versus RUPP. AICAR increased (P < 0.05) plasma VEGF and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma soluble VEGF receptor-1 in the RUPP + AICAR versus RUPP. Antioxidant capacity was restored (P < 0.05) by AICAR in RUPP placenta. Renal and placental catalase activity was decreased (P < 0.05) in RUPP + AICAR versus RUPP. Angiogenic potential was increased (P < 0.05) in RUPP + AICAR versus RUPP. Fetal and placental weights were unaffected by AICAR. Placental AMPK phosphorylation was increased (P < 0.05) in RUPP + AICAR versus normal pregnant and RUPP. These findings suggest AICAR may be useful to mitigate angiogenic imbalance, renal, and placental oxidative stress and increase in blood pressure associated with RUPP hypertension. Furthermore, placental AMPK phosphorylation was observed only in the setting of ischemia.
On the probable error of the ratio of two gamma means

SUMMARY The two-sample Student's t-interval can be derived by parametric bootstrap coverage calibration of the naive, plug-in interval that fails to account for the estimation of the common variance parameter. The same technique results in an essentially exact confidence interval for the ratio of two means based on independent samples from gamma distributions. The gamma problem is more difficult computationally because an exact pivot is not available. However, the computational burden of bootstrap calibration can be reduced to a routine level using the fact that the ratio of sample means is proportional to an exact F-variate that is independent of the conditional maximum likelihood estimator of the shape parameter. The density of the conditional estimator can be approximated with extreme accuracy using the p* formula, and a rejection sampler can be used to simulate from this approximate density. This greatly simplifies bootstrap calibration in this context. An alternative interval is obtained by inverting an exact test described by Jensen (1986). Simulation studies suggest that the two intervals have similar performance in terms of length and coverage. In practice, we recommend the bootstrap calibration method because it is much simpler to implement and is more versatile.
The stress of residency: recognizing the signs of depression and suicide in you and your fellow residents

BACKGROUND: Stress, depression, and suicide are universal but frequently unrecognized issues for women and men in residency training. Stress affects cognitive and psychomotor performance both inside and outside of the operating room. Stress impairs the 2 key components of a surgeon’s responsibilities: intellectual judgment and technical skill. We hypothesized that the recognition of depression, substance abuse, failing personal relationships, and potential suicide is poor among surgeons. If residents can recognize the signs of stress, depression, and suicide among colleagues, we believe it will not only improve their quality of life but also may preserve it. METHODS: We first determined baseline resident knowledge of the signs of surgical stress including fatigue; burn out; depression; physician suicide; drug and alcohol abuse; and their effects on family, friends, and relationships. We then developed a curriculum to identify these signs in first, second, third, and fourth year surgical residents were identified as the target learners. The major topics discussed were depression; physician suicide; drug and alcohol abuse; and the effects of stress on family, friends, and our goals. Secondary objectives included identifying major sources of stress, general self-awareness, understanding professional choices, and creating a framework to manage stress. Residents participated in an interactive seminar with a surgical facilitator. Before and after the seminar, a multiple-choice test was administered with questions to assess knowledge of the signs of stress (eg, fatigue, burn out, and depression). RESULTS: Twenty-one residents participated in this study. Seventeen completed the pretest, and 21 participated in the interactive seminar and completed the post-test. The pretest revealed that surgical residents were correct in 46.8% (standard deviation [SD] 5 25.4%) of their responses. The postseminar test showed an improvement to 89.7% (SD 5 6.1%, P , .001, paired Student t test 5 5.37). The same test administered 4 months later to 17 of the 21 learners revealed 76.9% (SD 5 18.7%) correct answers, suggesting that the information had been internalized. Cronbach a was calculated to be .67 for the pretest and .76 for the post-test, suggesting a moderate to high degree of internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Stress is a significant and regularly overlooked component of a surgeon’s life. Because its effects often go unrecognized, stress frequently remains unresolved. To prevent its associated consequences such as depression, substance abuse, divorce, and suicide, educating house staff
Pancreas volumes in humans from birth to age one hundred taking into account sex, obesity, and presence of type-2 diabetes

Our aims were (1) by computed tomography (CT) to establish a population database for pancreas volume (parenchyma and fat) from birth to age 100 years, (2) in adults, to establish the impact of gender, obesity, and the presence or absence of type-2 diabetes on pancreatic volume (parenchyma and fat), and (3) to confirm the latter histologically from pancreatic tissue obtained at autopsy with a particular emphasis on whether pancreatic fat is increased in type-2 diabetes. We measured pancreas volume in 135 children and 1,886 adults (1,721 nondiabetic and 165 with type-2 diabetes) with no history of pancreas disease who had undergone abdominal CT scan between 2003 and 2006. Pancreas volume was computed from the contour of the pancreas on each CT image. In addition to total pancreas volume, parenchymal volume, fat volume, and fat/parenchyma ratio (F/P ratio) were determined by CT density. We also quantified pancreatic fat in autopsy tissue of 47 adults (24 nondiabetic and 23 with type-2 diabetes). During childhood and adolescence, the volumes of total pancreas, pancreatic parenchyma, and fat increase linearly with age. From age 20-60 years, pancreas volume reaches a plateau (72.4 +/- 25.8 cm(3) total; 44.5 +/- 16.5 cm(3) parenchyma) and then declines thereafter. In adults, total ( approximately 32%), parenchymal ( approximately 13%), and fat ( approximately 68%) volumes increase with obesity. Pancreatic fat content also increases with aging but is not further increased in type-2 diabetes. We provide lifelong population data for total pancreatic, parenchymal, and fat volumes in humans. Although pancreatic fat increases with aging and obesity, it is not increased in type-2 diabetes.
A ratio-cut partitioning algorithm using node contraction

This paper describes a new simple ratio-cut partitioning algorithm using node contraction. This new algorithm combines iterative improvement with progressive cluster formation. Under suitably mild assumptions, the new algorithm runs in linear time. It is also shown that the new algorithm compares favorably with previous approaches.
Rapid manifestation of reactive astrogliosis in acute hippocampal brain slices

A flurry of studies over the past decade has shown that astrocytes play a more active role in neural function than previously recognized. Hippocampal slices prepared from young rodent pups have served as a popular model for studying the pathways by which astrocytes participate in synaptic transmission. It is, however, not known how well astrocytes tolerate traumatic injury and hypoxia, which are unavoidable when preparing acute slices. We here showed that astrocytes exhibit striking changes in expression of several receptors and structural proteins, including re-expression of the developmental marker nestin within 90 min following preparation of live vibratome slices. Moreover, immunoelectron microscopy showed a 2.7-fold loss of astrocytic processes in acute hippocampal slices prepared from glial fibrillary acidic protein-green fluorescent protein reporter mice. A sharp decrease in the number of mitochondria was also noted in acute slices, concurrently with an increase in mitochondrial size. Glycogen content decreased 3-fold upon slice preparation and did not recover despite stable recordings of field excitatory postsynaptic current. Analysis of Ca(2+) signaling showed that astrocytic responses to purine receptor and mGluR5 agonists differed in slice versus in vivo. These observations suggest that the functional properties and the fine structure of astrocytes in slices may be reflective of early stages of reactive gliosis and should be confirmed in vivo when possible.
Geoarchaeological investigations at the Winger site: A Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in southwestern Kansas, U.S.A.

The Winger site is a deeply buried Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in a playa basin on the High Plains of midcontinental North America. The site is one of few stratified, Late Paleoindian bison kills recorded in the region. The bonebed is exposed in the bank of an intermittent stream that cut into the edge of the playa basin. Avocational archaeologists excavated a small portion of the exposed bonebed in the early 1970s and reported flakes in association with the skeletal remains. Limited reinvestigations of the site were undertaken in 2001, and a month-long excavation was conducted in 2002 to assess the stratigraphy, geochronology, and archaeology. The bonebed is 35 m long in a buried soil developed in fine-grained basin fill overlain by early Holocene alluvium (arroyo fill). Recent alluvium overlies a soil developed in the early Holocene alluvium, and modern deposits of eolian sand 2 m to < 35 cm thick mantle the site area. Artifacts found at the site include two Allen points and a flake tool discovered in the bone bed, and a biface and Allen point fragment in disturbed bonebed deposits. Excavation of 9 m2 of the bone bed revealed some fully articulated skeletons, and taphonomic observations suggest some of the bison collapsed while standing in a playa or pond margin setting. The remains of at least six bison are represented in the excavated sample from 2002, but many more animals are represented in the bonebed. A 14C age of ca. 9000 yr B.P. was determined on collagen from bison rib fragments. This age is consistent with the diagnostic artifacts found at Winger. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Art of Teaching Computer Science: Niklaus Wirth

With a goal of improving how computer science is taught, Niklaus Wirth created some of the field's most influential programming languages, including Pascal, Modula, and Oberon. An audio recording of author Charles Severance's Computing Conversations column is available at http://youtu.be/Wel2b93LjhY. In it, he discusses his interview with Niklaus Wirth, creator of some of the fieldis integral programming languages, including Modula, Pascal, and Oberon. A video interview with Niklaus Wirth is available at http://youtu.be/BJIqHIYSDrk. Wirth created some of the field's integral programming languages, including Modula, Pascal, and Oberon, with a goal of improving how computer science is taught.
Mask cost reduction with circuit performance consideration for self-aligned double patterning

Double patterning lithography (DPL) is the enabling technology for printing in sub-32nm nodes. In the EDA literature, researchers have been focusing on double-exposure double-patterning (DEDP) DPL for printing arbitrary 2D features where the layout decomposition problem for double exposure is an interesting graph coloring problem. But due to overlay errors, it is very difficult for DEDP to print even 1D features. A more promising DPL technology is self-aligned double patterning (SADP) for 1D design. SADP first prints dense lines and then trims away the portions not on the design by a cut mask. The complexity of cut mask is very high, adding to the sky-rocketing manufacturing cost. In this paper we present a mask cost reduction method with circuit performance consideration for SADP. This is the first paper to focus on the mask cost reduction issue for SADP from a design perspective. We simplify the polygons on the cut mask, by formulating the problem as a constrained shortest path problem. Experimental results show that with a set of layouts in 28nm technology, we can largely reduce the complexity of cut polygons, with little impact on performance.
Dynamic optical filtering in DWDM systems using the DMD

Summary form only given. We describe applications of the Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) as a high efficiency spatial light modulator for dynamic optical filtering and switching in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) optical networks. Whereas the DMD has found wide acceptance as a spatial light modulator in video display applications, the present paper describes applications of the DMD to DWDM signal processing. The DMD is shown in this work to behave as a 2-dimensional switched blazed gating when modulating coherent light. In addition, the efficiency of fiber coupling will be shown to depend on the amplitude of the overlap integral between the modulated field and the mode of the output. Hence, the efficiency of the fiber coupling depends not only on the amplitude of the fields, but on how well they are matched in phase. The DMD is very suitable to digital processing of optical networking signals where it can be used as a series of parallel optical switches (e.g. 400-l/spl times/2 switches). A very useful optical platform combines the DMD with a dispersive element such as a gating or a prism. DWDM signals are first dispersed and impinge onto the DMD, which is then used as a reflective adaptive slit. The DMD selectively routes specific wavelengths back into one of two optical paths or ports. Using this general configuration of the DMD as an adaptive optical slit, we have demonstrated several network functions including digital optical equalization, optical add drop multiplexing and optical performance monitoring. In this presentation, we will describe these applications of the DMD as well as describe system performance attributes (insertion loss, polarization dependent loss, group delay and power penalty) as they pertain to the DMD structure and DMD based optical signal processing.
Representing Natural Language as LISP Data Structures and LISP Code

Natural language processing (NLP) systems allow interaction with a computer using natural language. NLP systems are practical to build when the system vocabulary is small and the domain of discourse limited. In section 8.1, the basic techniques will be developed for parsing Natural Language (NL) text using syntactical analysis by starting with a simple parser which recognizes noun phrases. We will use this first simple noun phrase parser to introduce the notation for augmented transition networks (ATNs).
Fear Thy Neighbor

This article expands on Giddens's (1991) analysis of the tribulation of the self in late modernity. It examines national identities as sources of binding authority that provide a sense of ontological security to the modern individual. In analyzing the constitution of the national self the article focuses on two primary understandings: ius soli (birthright citizenship) and ius sanguinis (right of the blood). It argues that both understandings could enable the illusions of national purity, which are inherently exclusionary and could lead to violence against the Other. The article concludes that our capacity to deal with intercultural conflicts depends in part on our openness to imagining different and more plural perceptions of the self.
Aerodynamics and Energetics of Vertebrate Fliers

This paper partitions the metabolic rate of an animal performing level flapping flight at constant speed into various power terms, the largest being the mean rate at which the muscles do work on the wings. This work rate (the power output) is defined by scalar products of force and velocity integrated along the wing span and over the duration of one cycle of movement. The power output is the sum of three componenets, also defined by integral equations: induced power, profile power and parasite power. Methods of evaluating the integral equations and uncertainties in the results are discussed.
Abstract T P316: Occurrence of Intracranial Hypertension in the First 400 Patients Enrolled in the Clot Lysis: Evaluation of Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Trial (CLEAR III)

Background: Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is one proposed mechanism leading to poor outcomes in patients with spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). We characterized occurrence and significance of intracranial hypertension in severe IVH requiring extraventricular drainage (EVD). Methods: Prospective analysis of ICP in the first 400 patients enrolled in the CLEAR III trial, a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study comparing EVD plus intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) vs. EVD plus placebo for treatment of IVH in patients with obstructive IVH and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume <30cc. Maximum and minimum ICP was recorded every 4 hours in all patients until 7 days post randomization. ICP readings were analyzed at pre-defined thresholds and proportion of high ICP events compared by clinical/radiological variables. Impact on 30 day mortality was assessed. Results: of 17,593 ICP readings, maximum ICP ranged from -4 to 115 mm Hg (median, interquartile range; 11,8); 90.2% (15,861) were ≤ 20 mm Hg, 2.0% were >30, 0.5% were >40, and 0.2% were > 50 mm Hg. Proportion of threshold events > 20 and > 30 mm Hg were more frequent in patients with persistent closure of the lower ventricular system after day 3 (p=0.047 and p=0.04, respectively), but were not correlated with initial or end of treatment (72 hours after last dose of study agent) ICH or IVH volumes. ICP elevation > 20 mm Hg occurred during a required 1 hr EVD closure time after study agent injection in 507/3364 (15.1%) injections although early re-opening of EVDs occurred in only 3.9%. Shunting for hydrocephalus was required in 18% of patients over 1 yr follow-up and was not associated with high ICP events. Percentage of ICP readings per patient > 30 mmHg and ICH/IVH volumes were independent predictors of 30 day mortality after adjustment for other outcome predictors (p=0.01; p=0.04; p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: ICP is not frequently elevated during monitoring and drainage with an EVD in patients with severe IVH. ICP > 30 mm Hg predicts higher short-term mortality. Early opening of the lower ventricular system may reduce frequency of high ICP events. Injection of thrombolytics can be performed without additional ICP management in the majority of patients.
Abstract 229: Identification and functional characterization of p130Cas as a substrate of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 14

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are thought to be potentially important regulators in tumorigenesis as antagonists of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Among them, Protein tyrosine non-receptor type 14 (PTPN14) has been shown to be mutated in both colorectal and breast cancers. However, little is known about the cellular signaling pathways it regulates. In order to determine whether PTPN14 has causative roles in tumorigenesis, we set out to identify substrates of PTPN14 and shed light on the mechanism why it is mutated in different tumor types. In this study, we report the identification of p130Cas, a scaffolding molecule, as a substrate of PTPN14 through a proteomic approach. We show that PTPN14 specifically dephosphorylates p130Cas at tyrosine 128 by shRNA knockdown and overexpression. We also demonstrate p130Cas is a direct substrate of PTPN14 by substrate trapping and in vitro phosphatase assays. We then mutate tyrosine 128 residue to phenylalanine in DLD1 and RKO, two different colorectal cell lines, to study the biological functions of this phosphosite. The mutant cells show reduced tumorigenicity based on colony formation and soft agar assays. However, the phenotypes diverge between the mutant cells from the two cell lines when we test the effect of the mutation on tumor growth in xenograft model. RKO Y128F mutant cells display significantly reduced tumor volumes while DLD1 Y128F mutant cells do not. In addition, RKO Y128F mutant cells are less invasive than parental cells in Matrigel but DLD1 Y128F mutant cells are surprisingly more invasive. We find that AKT is not fully activated in both mutant cells, which is likely the cause of the common phenotypes. However, phospho-ERK is up-regulated in DLD1 mutant cells possibly due to a compensatory mechanism but not in RKO mutant cells since ERK is already constitutively active in RKO cells, which explains the discrepancies in phenotypes mentioned above. Last, Src is shown to be the kinase of p130Cas Y128. When the phosphorylation of p130Cas Y128 is surveyed in six commonly used colorectal cancer cell lines, the phosphorylation levels are found to be correlated with the sensitivities to Src inhibitor. Thus, p130Cas Y128 phosphorylation can be utilized as a prognostic marker for Src inhibitors that are already in clinical trials. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 229. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-229
A Survey of Mission Opportunities to Trans-Neptunian Objects - Part IV

In previous studies, our group evaluated potential high thrust missions to trans-Neptunian objects. In the current work, we extend those efforts and compare low and high thrust mission designs in terms of critical performance parameters, including transit time, maximum probe mass, arrival V∞ at the target, and radiation dose during the Jovian flyby. All missions are assumed to be launched using an Atlas V, 551 with a Star 48 upper stage, the same launch vehicle used for the New Horizons mission. For both low and high thrust trajectories, a single Jovian flyby is incorporated to improve mission performance. The low thrust missions employ 2 NEXT thrusters for the interplanetary leg. For a given interplanetary trip time, it was found that low thrust designs are consistently able to deliver 300 to 400 kg more mass to the target, while arrival V∞ values are Jovian flyby radiation are comparable.
Use of Yahoo!™ Groups for Health Education

Abstract Health educators can use free online groups to communicate with clients and students across a variety of settings. Minimal computer skills are required for users to download information and files, participate in synchronous discussion, link to reputable Web sites for information about specific health topics, and receive ongoing support and encouragement. The moderator may elect to limit membership to those enrolled in a program or class, or open the group to the larger virtual community.
Field evaluation of predation on Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera : Miridae) using a species- and stage-specific monoclonal antibody

Whole-body macerates of field-collected insects were examined to identify qualitatively hemipteran predators of Lygus hesperus Knight eggs and adult females using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A L. hesperus species- and egg-specific monoclonal antibody (MAB) was used to detect the presence of L. hesperus egg antigen in these predators. The majority of the polyphagous predators assayed did not have L. hesperus egg antigen in their systems, indicating that they had not preyed on L. hesperus eggs or adult (gravid) females. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity of this MAB and the ELISA assay to L. hesperus eggs of variable ages in the laboratory. Younger eggs were more responsive to the MAB than older eggs.
Production and culture of HSVtk transduced suicidal lymphocytes induces variable changes in the lymphocyte subset composition.

Production and culture of HSVtk transduced suicidal lymphocytes induces variable changes in the lymphocyte subset composition
Eggs of the horse bot fly, Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: gasterophilidae), On pastured cattle.

Gasterophilus intestinalis ova were found on 11 of 17 cattle pastured with or near horses in the Ithaca, New York area. Oviposition by this species has previously been reported only on Equidae and occasionally on humans. One steer bore more ova than did a pony in the same pasture. Larvae were apparently as successful in hatching from bovine-borne ova as from those on ponies, but their further fate was not discerned. Thirty-eight white-tailed deer and a Ilama were examined and did not have horse bot ova.
EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC IRRADIATION ON NEUROBEHAVIOR AND CEREBELLAR HISTOMORPHOLOGY IN RABBITS

Objective To observe the changes of neurobehavior and pathological histology in cerebellum of rabbits exposed to electromagnetic field.Methods Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into control group and exposed group.The rabbits in exposed group were accepted electromagnetic irradiation with 120 mW/cm2 average power density for 30 min.Histomorphology of cerbellum was observed by light microscope and electon-microscope.Results Rabbits in exposed group had significantly abnormal neurobahavior such as excitation, incontinence of urine and feces etc.Light microscope examination showed atrophy of Purkinje's cells and disarrangement of particle cells.Electron microscope examination showed vacuolization of mitochondria and dilatation of coarse reticulum in Purkinje's cells,and vacuolization of synaptic vesicle.All these changes were progressively aggravated.No obvious abnormal changes were found in control group.Conclusion Eelectromagnetic irradiation with 12 mW/cm2 of average power density for 30 min may induce abnormal change in neurobehavior and cerebellar histomorphology in rabbit.
Study on Small Hydropower Fault Disconnection in Local Power Grid

110 kV Jinniu terminal substation belongs to Hezhou power grid and has local small hydropowers.It has been suffered several instantaneous faults of feed line during which the small power source fault disconnection device is closed down because the system frequency is beyond the working frequency of the device,and the local hydropower cannot be disconnected which lead to the unsuccessful reclosing of feed line and the voltage loss of the whole substation.The reason of frequency over limit during these faults is analyzed and it is found that it is the natural characteristics of the local small hydropower-Jinniuping hydropower station that cause the frequency over limit.The adaptability of the resetted settings of the fault disconnection device is also analyzed.
Airway pressures as surrogate estimates of intra-abdominal pressure.

Abstract Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements are essential to the diagnosis and management of patients with intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), plateau pressure (Pplat), and mean airway pressure (Paw) are used by some surgeons as surrogate estimates of IAP during abdominal closure. Thirty mechanically ventilated surgical/trauma patients with risk factors for IAH/ACS underwent simultaneous triplicate measurements of PIP, Pplat, Paw, and IAP. PIP, Pplat, and Paw were compared with IAP using both coefficient of determination and Bland and Altman analysis. The coefficient of determination for each airway pressure in predicting change in IAP was: PIP 5 per cent (P = 0.24), Pplat 17 per cent (P = 0.02), and Paw 15 per cent (P = 0.03). Bland and Altman analysis identified that marked variability exists between airway pressure and IAP measurements: PIP 19.3 ± 18.7 mmHg, Pplat 11.1 ± 13.7 mmHg, and Paw 2.0 ± 9.8 mmHg. Airway pressures do not accurately reflect IAP and cannot be substituted for IAP measurements in patients at risk for IAH/ACS.