cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel model incorporating two variability sources for describing motor evoked potentials.

Objective: Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) play a pivotal role in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), e.g., for determining the motor threshold and probing cortical excitability. Sampled across the range of stimulation strengths, MEPs outline an inputeoutput (IO) curve, which is often used to characterize the corticospinal tract. More detailed understanding of the signal generation and variability of MEPs would provide insight into the underlying physiology and aid correct statistical treatment of MEP data. Methods: A novel regression model is tested using measured IO data of twelve subjects. The model splits MEP variability into two independent contributions, acting on both sides of a strong sigmoidal nonlinearity that represents neural recruitment. Traditional sigmoidal regression with a single variability source after the nonlinearity is used for comparison. Results: The distribution of MEP amplitudes varied across different stimulation strengths, violating statistical assumptions in traditional regression models. In contrast to the conventional regression model, the dual variability source model better described the IO characteristics including phenomena such as changing distribution spread and skewness along the IO curve. Conclusions: MEP variability is best described by two sources that most likely separate variability in the initial excitation process from effects occurring later on. The new model enables more accurate and sensitive estimation of the IO curve characteristics, enhancing its power as a detection tool, and may apply to other brain stimulation modalities. Furthermore, it extracts new information from the IO data concerning the neural variabilitydinformation that has previously been treated as noise.
Posterior composite resins

A quarter of a century ago, composite resin was introduced and quickly outmoded silicate cement and acrylic resin as a restorative material. Although composite resin cannot replace amalgam, it has a strong foothold in dentistry, most notably for its superior color-matching ability. This article contrasts many properties of composite resin to amalgam, and takes a look at new developments in posterior esthetic materials.
Einstellung by observation.

In 2 experiments female Ss observed a confederate solve 6 “water-jar” problems. Each problem permitted 2 modes of solution. In Exp. I the 3 conditions were observation of direct solutions, indirect solutions, or a mixture of both. In subsequent performances on similar problems, observers adopted the solution methods that had been observed even when inefficient. In Exp. II the order of the jar capacities was varied to test for the acquisition by observation of a more general solution set. The 3 conditions were observation of indirect solutions, direct solutions, or no observation (control). The results for both method of solution adopted and time for solution indicate that observation of the direct solution did not facilitate problem solving, but observation of the indirect solution did hinder this activity.
Metacommunity assembly and sorting in newly formed lake communities.

When new habitats are created, community assembly may follow independent trajectories, since the relative importance of dispersal limitation, priority effects, species interactions, and environmental gradients can vary as assembly proceeds. Unfortunately, tracking community colonization and composition across decades is challenging. We compiled a multiyear community composition data set and reconstructed past communities with remains from sediment cores to investigate cladoceran assembly dynamics in six older (1920s) and two more recently formed (1950s) lakes. We found that current communities cluster along a gradient of thermal stratification that is known to influence predation intensity. Assembling communities showed evidence for a greater influence of species sorting and a reduced influence of spatial structure since the first colonizations. However, lake community trajectories varied considerably, reflecting different colonization sequences among lakes. In the older lakes, small-bodied cladocerans often arrived much earlier than large-bodied cladocerans, while the two younger lakes were colonized much more rapidly, and one was quickly dominated by a large-bodied species. Thus, by combining contemporary community data with paleoecological records, we show that assembly history influences natural community structure for decades while patterns of ecological sorting develop.
Alcohol mediates increases in hepatic and serum nonheme iron stores in a rat model for alcohol-induced liver injury.

The notion that prolonged ethanol consumption promotes hepatocellular damage through interactions with iron was evaluated in rats fed ethanol with or without supplemental dietary carbonyl iron. The individual and combined pro-oxidant potential of these agents was evaluated in terms of their ability to perturb iron homeostasis and initiate hepatocellular injury. Sprague-Dawely rats received a high fat liquid diet for 8 weeks supplemented with : 35% ethanol-derived calories (Alcohol group), 0.02 to 0.04% (w/v) carbonyl iron (Iron group), ethanol plus carbonyl iron (Alcohol + Iron group), or a diet containing carbohydrate-derived isocaloric calories (Control group). Hepatic and serum nonheme iron stores were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups, compared with the Controls. Catalytically active low-molecular weight iron was detected in rats consuming alcohol and was markedly elevated (p < 0.05) in rats ingesting iron alone or iron in combination with alcohol. Elevations in serum ALT indicated significant hepatocellular injury in rats ingesting only alcohol, but was most prominent in the rats consuming ethanol in combination with iron (p < 0.05). Significant hepatic fatty infiltration, increased hydroxyproline content, and perturbations in reduced glutathione were also observed in the Alcohol and Iron treatment groups. Histochemical assessment of hepatic iron sequestration revealed that alcohol feeding resulted in deposition of ferric iron in the centrilobular area of the liver lobule. This unique alcohol-mediated iron deposition was histologically graded above Control group and was observed in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Data presented herein suggest that alcohol alone or in combination with iron results in rather specific lobular patterns of hepatic iron deposition relevant to iron overload observed in human alcoholics. Furthermore, data suggest that alcohol- and iron-initiated prefibrotic events occur before extensive hepatocellular necrosis.
The Radiology Decision

This article discusses the many issues that should be considered if an orthodontic practice is considering changing from the film platform for radiography to a digital format. As cone beam use increases and its technology improves, one may consider continuing to use film, moving to a 2-dimensional system, or considering a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) system. Decisions regarding the routine use of CBCT in the orthodontic office are discussed here, as well questions regarding technology selections and their advantages and disadvantages. A radiation dose chart is included as is a desired feature list for CBCT.
Dioxododecenoic acid: a lipid hydroperoxide-derived bifunctional electrophile responsible for etheno DNA adduct formation.

It has been proposed that 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid [13(S)-HPODE]-mediated formation of 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal arises from a Hock rearrangement. This suggested that a 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal-related molecule, 9,12-dioxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid (DODE), could also result from the intermediate formation of 9-hydroperoxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid. A recent report has described the formation of DODE-derived etheno adducts when 13(S)-HPODE was allowed to decompose in the presence of 2‘-deoxynucleosides or DNA. However, the regioselectivity of lipid hydroperoxide-derived DODE addition to 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) or other 2‘-deoxynucleosides was not determined. The structure of carboxynonanone-etheno-dGuo formed from vitamin C-mediated 13(S)-HPODE decomposition has now been established by a combination of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy studies of its bis-methylated derivative. The site of dGuo methylation was first established as being at N-5 rather than at O-9 from NMR analysi...
DELIBERATIVE VS DISINGENUOUS SUBJECTS ON THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY OF NEED FOR COGNITION

Petty and Cacioppo's need for cognition scale (NCS)—both long version and short version—correlated significantly with the social desirability scale of Crowne and Marlowe. Inasmuch as need for cognition is an important individual-difference variable in Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, caution seems warranted whenever this model is used in settings associated with cognitive achievement, lest subjects disingenuously feign cognitive need in a socially desirable attempt to appear “smart” or deliberative.
Intraoperative diagnosis of osseous eosinophilic granuloma by touch preparation: Report of two cases with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy

We report two cases of eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) of bone, the diagnosis of which was made by intraoperative cytological evaluation of touch preparation. The clinical, cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings are presented. Our cases demonstrate and further support that intraoperative cytologic analysis by touch preparation is a very useful method of diagnosis during intraoperative consultation on a bony specimen.
Prodigal Son or Trojan Horse: what's in it for France?

Abstract Debate in France about the return to NATO's integrated command structure revolved largely around whether or not Sarkozy had broken with the sacrosanct Gaullist principles of ‘non-alignment’. In reality, the decision was taken for quite different reasons. Since the end of the cold war, France has found itself heavily involved with NATO in a range of overseas missions. Militarily, to remain outside the command structure had become a major liability. The move, militarily, approximated to the return of the Prodigal Son. At the political level, the ongoing process of NATO's quest for a ‘new strategic concept’ meant that France needed to be fully present in the internal debates. Here, the move is closer to that of the Trojan Horse. There is no break with the Gaullist tradition.
4D magnetic resonance velocity mapping of blood flow patterns in the aorta in young vs. elderly normal subjects.

Four-dimensional magnetic resonance MR velocity mapping was developed to study normal flow patterns in the thoracic aorta using time-resolved cardiac gated three-directional velocity data. Sixteen normal subjects were studied, one young group (average age 31 years) and one group with elderly people (average age 72 years). Blood flowed in a right-handed helix from the ascending aorta to the aortic arch. A straight flow pattern or a left-handed helix was seen in the descending aorta. Blood flow was never parabolic. Blood flowed forward in early systole, retrograde in mid-to-end systole, and forward again in diastole in all subjects as a basic pattern. Continuous retrograde flow over a long distance was not seen, but blood entered a retrograde flow column at various levels. In young people blood passed from the aortic valve to the mid-descending aorta in less than one heartbeat. In people in their sixties it took two heartbeats and in people older than 78 years, it took three heartbeats. The maximum systolic forward velocities were higher in young subjects than in elderly while the retrograde velocities were lower. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:861-869.
Rapid formation of eclogite in a slightly wet mantle

A model, in which dissolved ions migrate through water films surrounding mineral grains to sites of reaction, predicts the geologically rapid occurrence of the gabbro-eclogite phase change in the earth's mantle at temperatures less than 600–800°C. In a water-undersaturated mantle, interstices within the rock can contain water vapor in equilibrium with small amounts of hydrous phases such as chlorite, tremolite or talc and in the presence of other gases such as CO_2, at H_2O pressures less than the lithostatic pressure of the rock. The solubility of ions in this interstitial water vapor is strongly dependent on pressure and is the rate-limiting process in the model; reaction occurs rapidly if the water pressure is at least 0.5–1 kbar. The 5 km of oceanic gabbroic crust can transform to eclogite upon subduction into the mantle at depths of several tens of kilometers, depending on the rate of heating of the descending crustal material and the nature of the minor hydrous phases present. The downward body force on the descending slab due to the eclogitization of oceanic crust is comparable to the downward forces associated with thermal contraction of the slab and the elevation of the olivine-spinel phase boundary.
Neural recoding in human pattern vision: model and mechanisms.

Abstract We describe a model of neural recoding in spatial vision that specifies how the outputs of selected units akin to V1 cells are normalized and combined to signal information about particular stimulus attributes. The recoding portion of the model is linked to psychophysical behavior via a two-stage signal-detection decision module that specifies how the outputs of the combining mechanisms are used in making fine spatial discriminations. We describe how masking and cue summation experiments isolate each of the processing stages, how earlier results from such studies guided development of the model, and we demonstrate how these procedures permit empirical estimates of model parameters as well as tests of alternative formulations. An important part of our work describes the characteristics of two complementary types of higher-level mechanisms isolated from previously published discrimination data. One sums normalized primary-level responses over disparate frequencies to signal precise information about the orientation of a stimulus; the other sums over all orientations to signal the spatial grain of texture-like patterns. We demonstrate how the model accounts for a large body of previously published discrimination data, and present the results of a new quantitative test of model predictions.
Bose-Einstein Condensation and Liquid Helium

The mathematical description of B.E. (Bose-Einstein) condensation is generalized so as to be applicable to a system of interacting particles. B.E. condensation is said to be present whenever the largest eigenvalue of the one-particle reduced density matrix is an extensive rather than an intensive quantity. Some transformations facilitating the practical use of this definition are given.An argument based on first principles is given, indicating that liquid belium II in equilibrium shows B.E. condensation. For absolute zero, the argument is based on properties of the ground-state wave function derived from the assumption that there is no "long-range configurational order." A crude estimate indicates that roughly 8% of the atoms are "condensed" (note that the fraction of condensed particles need not be identified with $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$). Conversely, it is shown why one would not expect B.E. condensation in a solid. For finite temperatures Feynman's theory of the lambda-transition is applied: Feynman's approximations are shown to imply that our criterion of B.E. condensation is satisfied below the lambda-transition but not above it.
In Circle: A Healthy Relationship, Domestic Violence, and HIV Intervention for African American Couples

ABSTRACTWhile marriage and healthy relationship education has grown, limited interventions have been developed specifically to support the development and flourishing of African American couples. African Americans are also disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS and are more likely to experience lethality and serious injury due to domestic violence compared to Whites. Despite this, African American couples have been resilient and managed to thrive in relationships. Little has been done to capture these strategies, build on cultural strengths, and design an intervention specifically crafted for this population. This article describes an intervention “In Circle” developed, implemented, and evaluated for African American couples to support healthy relationship and healthy marriage education. The intervention is based on an Ancient Egyptian value system and undergirded by three integrated theoretical perspectives. The article also includes implications for practice and research.
Commentary: mal-intentioned illiteracy, willful ignorance, and fetal protection laws: is there a lexicologist in the house?

We should not investigate facts by the light of arguments, but arguments by the light of facts.Myson of Chen, one of the Seven Sages ca. 600 B.C. To settle scores as well as problems, to shake things up, to make people think about what they said and wrote, to be provocative without being unjust ...Kingsley Amis In their critique of Wisconsin's revised child protection Statute, Kenneth De Ville and Loretta Kopelman argue rightly that “words matter.” Word mongering infects most political dialogue and is nowhere more virulent than in the American abortion debate. Dichotomies such as “ unborn child” and “fetus,” expectant mother” and “pregnant woman,” “anti-choice’’ and “pro-choice,” “pregnancy termination” and “murder” symbolize the polarity of the abortion argument and the importance of language as a powerful conceptual weapon. The debate over reproductive rights is a war often fought on a linguistic battlefield. There, combatants forgo rules of engagement. Mal-intentioned illiteracy, ranging from the puerile to the vituperative, is always strategic.
Elevational Patterns of Diversity and Abundance of Eusocial Paper Wasps (Vespidae) in Costa Rica

We used a standard sampling protocol to measure elevational patterns of species richness and abundance of eusocial paper wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Costa Rica. The sample transect of six sites spanned approximately 2000 m in elevation from lowland to montane forest. Species accumulation curves and species richness estimates both document a low elevation peak in paper wasp species richness at 50 and 300 m asl, with a decline in species richness at higher elevations. Comparison of species composition among elevations revealed strong species turnover from a rich lowland fauna to a depauperate, but distinct, montane fauna. We also observed a general trend toward a greater abundance of paper wasps at higher elevations, a pattern not usually observed in eusocial insects. Army ant species that prey on paper wasps declined in abundance with elevation across the sample transect, a pattern that has been observed at other sites. We discuss the possibility that elevational changes in predation pressure affect variation in paper wasp abundance and species richness. Eusocial paper wasp species employ one of two modes of colony founding, independent and swarm founding. We found that the total abundance of individual swarm-founding wasps was higher at all elevations than the abundance of independent-founding wasps, supporting previous suggestions that Neotropical swarm founders are more successful ecologically.
Dissociation of cutaneous vascular permeability and the development of cutaneous late-phase allergic reactions

Abstract Cutaneous late-phase allergic reactions (LPR) are characterized by an early, immediate hypersensitivity whealing reaction followed by persistent, localized induration that peaks 6 to 8 hours later. In this study we used rodents to examine the relationship between vascular permeability (VP) and induration during LPR. Efflux of macromolecular tracers from the vasculature into skin was measured with the use of radiolabeled albumin and neutral dextran tracers having large molecualr radii. To induce LPR immunologically, we used either intradermal injections of antirat IgE or passive cutaneous sensitization with IgE antidinitrophenyl followed 24 hours later by intravenous injection of albumin-dinitrophenyl. [ 125 I] albumin and [ 3 H]dextran tracers were injected intravenously before and at various intervals after the induction of LPR. Although a marked increase in VP occurred within the first 30 minutes after induction of mast cell degranulation, analysis of radiolabeled tracer accumulation at 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours failed to demonstrate any further increase in VP. These findings indicate that the induration observed in rodent LPR is not associated with increased VP beyond the immediate hypersensitivity stage and suggest that impairment of lymphatic drainage, cellular infiltration, and/or fibrin deposition are contributing factors.
Kinetics of Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions of Butene Isomers by OH Radical

The rate coefficients of H-abstraction reactions of butene isomers by the OH radical were determined by both canonical variational transition-state theory and transition-state theory, with potential energy surfaces calculated at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//BH&HLYP/6-311G(d,p) level and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//BH&HLYP/cc-pVTZ level and quantum mechanical tunneling effect corrected by either the small-curvature tunneling method or the Eckart method. While 1-butene contains allylic, vinylic, and alkyl hydrogens that can be abstracted to form different butene radicals, results reveal that s-allylic H-abstraction channels have low and broad energy barriers, and they are the most dominant channels which can occur via direct and indirect H-abstraction channels. For the indirect H-abstraction s-allylic channel, the reaction can proceed via forming two van der Waals prereactive complexes with energies that are 2.7-2.8 kcal mol-1 lower than that of the entrance channel at 0 K. Assuming that neither mixing nor crossover occurs between different reaction pathways, the overall rate coefficient was calculated by summing the rate coefficients of the s-allyic, methyl, and vinyl H-abstraction paths and found to agree well with the experimentally measured OH disappearance rate. Furthermore, the rate coefficients of p-allylic H abstraction of cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutene by the OH radical were also determined at 300-1500 K, with results analyzedmore » and compared with available experimental data.« less
Edge chipping and flexural resistance of monolithic ceramics

Abstract Objective Test the hypothesis that monolithic ceramics can be developed with combined esthetics and superior fracture resistance to circumvent processing and performance drawbacks of traditional all-ceramic crowns and fixed-dental-prostheses consisting of a hard and strong core with an esthetic porcelain veneer. Specifically, to demonstrate that monolithic prostheses can be produced with a much reduced susceptibility to fracture. Methods Protocols were applied for quantifying resistance to chipping as well as resistance to flexural failure in two classes of dental ceramic, microstructurally-modified zirconias and lithium disilicate glass–ceramics. A sharp indenter was used to induce chips near the edges of flat-layer specimens, and the results compared with predictions from a critical load equation. The critical loads required to produce cementation surface failure in monolithic specimens bonded to dentin were computed from established flexural strength relations and the predictions validated with experimental data. Results Monolithic zirconias have superior chipping and flexural fracture resistance relative to their veneered counterparts. While they have superior esthetics, glass–ceramics exhibit lower strength but higher chip fracture resistance relative to porcelain-veneered zirconias. Significance The study suggests a promising future for new and improved monolithic ceramic restorations, with combined durability and acceptable esthetics.
The oncogene HER2; Its signaling and transforming functions and its role in human cancer pathogenesis

The year 2007 marks exactly two decades since Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) was functionally implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. This finding established the HER2 oncogene hypothesis for the development of some human cancers. The subsequent two decades have brought about an explosion of information about the biology of HER2 and the HER family. An abundance of experimental evidence now solidly supports the HER2 oncogene hypothesis and etiologically links amplification of the HER2 gene locus with human cancer pathogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying HER2 tumorigenesis appear to be complex and a unified mechanistic model of HER2-induced transformation has not emerged. Numerous hypotheses implicating diverse transforming pathways have been proposed and are individually supported by experimental models and HER2 may indeed induce cell transformation through multiple mechanisms. Here I review the evidence supporting the oncogenic function of HER2, the mechanisms that are felt to mediate its oncogenic functions, and the evidence that links the experimental evidence with human cancer pathogenesis.
NEW APPROACHES TO ULTRASONIC EQUIVALENT SIZING FOR SMALL FLAWS

Ultrasonic equivalent flaw sizing methods size defects in a material by obtaining a best-lit simple defect shape (such as an ellipsoid or ellipse) from relatively small amounts of ultrasonic data. In these equivalent flaw sizing methods, it is essential that the origin of time be determined precisely with respect lo a fixed spatial location. Current methods for this determination are not entirely adequate, leading to an important “ zero-of-lime” problem In this work, two new approaches to equivalent flaw sizing for relatively small flaws are developed: (1) an amplitude-based equivalent (ABE) sizing method for obtaining best-lit equivalent flaws by the use of amplitude ratios measured at different transducer orientations, and (2) a first moment (FM) method for estimating the equivalent radius from a first moment calculation of the lime domain flaw response. We show how these approaches can address the zero-of-lime problem and demonstrate the performance of these methods with experiments
Inhibition by prednisone of late cutaneous allergic responses induced by antiserum to human IgE

Abstract Dual cutaneous allergic responses can be induced in human subjects by the intracutaneous injection of antiserum to hitman IgE (AHIGE). Adrenocortical steroid fails to inhibit the AHIGE-induced early wheal-and-flare response but does inhibit the late allergic response. This pattern of inhibition by adrenocortical steroid resembles that known to pertain to allergen-induced dual cutaneous allergic responses.
Cortical dysplasia associated with massive ectopia of neurons and glial cells within the subarachnoid space.

A detailed neuropathological study of the brain of a 31-day-old premature newborn infant revealed the presence of massive ectopia of neurons and glial cells within the subarachnoid space. The extrusion of neural tissue into the subarachnoid space appeared to have taken place through multiple pialglial bridges. The laminar cortical pattern was also severely disturbed at these sites. Narrow strips of normal and dysplastic cortex alternated in direct relationship to the presence or absence of the pial-glial gaps. Migration of postmitotic neurons and the final positioning of postmigratory neurons appear to take place within highly specified and restricted pathways entrained in a radial direction. Our findings suggest that the pial-glial barrier plays an important role in the control of neuronal migration, and that its disruption may lead to the development of neuronal and glial cell ectopias in the subarachnoid space. The crucial role played by radial glia, the glia limitans and the basal lamina during cortical neurogenesis is emphasized.
Perimeter intrusion detection and intruder classification

A fuzzy logic perimeter intrusion classification algorithm (FLPICA) has been developed to determine when intruders have crossed a perimeter and to classify the type of intrusion. The FLPICA works in real-time and makes its decisions based on data from single or multiple geophones. Extensive discussions of some of the fuzzy decision trees and fuzzy membership functions making up the algorithm are provided. The geophones can be one to three axes geophones, i.e., they can provide information in only one dimension or three. The FLPICA uses various signal processing algorithms to extract the quantities that facilitate decisions. The parameters that are extracted in real time from the data are the cadence of walkers, runners, jumpers, etc.; the bearing of intruders; power measures for the signal; and the signal's kurtosis. The FLPICA is applicable to many different environments and can be retrained as needed. It is based on rules born of human expertise. The FLPICA is applicable to many different scenarios, e.g., classifying intruders as walkers, runners, creepers, orbiters, jumpers, vehicles, animals, etc. It can also make a declaration as to the threat status of the intruder. The FLPICA can separate the signal of a human intruder on foot from those of vehicles and other noise sources. Examples where the intruder exhibits the behaviors of walkers, runners, creepers and orbiters are provided. Theoretical and simulation results are discussed.
Modeling and prediction of atmospheric propagation effects from satellite beacons

The current state of knowledge of atmospheric propagation effects on radiowaves which impact system performance are reviewed, with particular emphasis on prediction models and techniques developed from satellite propagation beacon measurements. The availability of satellite beacons, operating at frequencies from below 10 GHz to well above 30 GHz, beginning about two decades ago, has provided researchers with a vast array of data for the development and validation of atmospheric prediction models for the principal atmospheric degradations effecting radiowave systems. These effects include; rain attenuation and depolarization, oxygen and water vapor attenuation, ice particle depolarization, ionospheric scattering and tropospheric scintillation.
An Improved Method for Affinity Probe Localization in Whole Cells of Filamentous Fungi

Abstract The fungal cell wall, though phylogenetically variable, acts universally as a potent barrier to probing intracellular structures. Thus, the use of high-molecular-weight probes such as antibodies and lectins has proven a formidable challenge. We have devised a preparative method for use with various affinity probes that can be applied to a broad spectrum of filamentous fungal species and used for imaging whole cells. In this study, confocal imaging of whole-mount fungal hyphae after freeze substitution, methacrylate embedment/de-embedment, and infiltration with affinity probes has yielded remarkably improved renderings of the three-dimensional distribution of both microtubules (using antibodies against both α- and β-tubulin) and concanavalin A binding sites. Using this protocol we have been able to document: (1) the three-dimensional distribution of microtubules in all regions of hyphae, (2) the presence of apparent foci for cytoplasmic microtubules, (3) persistent cytoplasmic microtubules during mitosis, and (4) a three-dimensional view of many compartments of the endomembrane system including Golgi-equivalent organelles and apical vesicles. The last result represents the first direct confirmation of apical vesicles comprising the Spitzenkorper.
Teaching the History of Psychology: What's Hot and What's Not.

We conducted a survey of the history of psychology course and received 357 undergraduate syllabi. Despite wide variation in the syllabi, several trends emerged. For instance, most instructors depend heavily on textbooks to organize their courses, and three textbooks accounted for more than 60% of book choices. Newer areas of historical interest did not appear in the course syllabi to any substantial degree.
Intelligence and ambition are distributed equally around the globe.

At a recent international conference, I heard former United States president Bill Clinton speak. As a part of his remarks, Clinton commented that in his visits to many developing countries around the world he has found that "The distribution of intelligence and ambition around the world is equal, but the access to opportunities is not" (my paraphrasing). Clinton's point echoes a message of Malcolm Gladwell's book "Outliers"; both argue that a critical key to success is less about who you are or where you are, but whether you have (not) access to the same opportunities as others. Open Access publishing is fundamentally about providing opportunities (i.e. knowledge) to all in an equally accessible platform. I have noted previously that this principle, beyond all else, was the prime motivation for founding Retrovirology [1]. While the Open Access publishing movement and its egalitarian approach to knowledge dissemination are laudable, one should not neglect to highlight other equally worthy efforts to distribute knowledge freely. One such remarkable project is the MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW) initiative http://ocw.mit.edu) which provides free access via the internet to the academic contents (video lectures, syllabus, problem sets, exam solutions...) of approximately 2,000 courses taught by 33 academic departments. There is an immense demand for OpenCourseWare as evidenced that it is being accessed 1.5 million times each month by nearly 1 million unique visitors [2], many outside of the United States. The lasting impact of paradigm-changing platforms such as Open Access and MIT OCW remains to be quantified. On an anecdotal level, my impression from editing Retrovirology suggests that greater accessibility does translate into more impact. For instance, I examined the most accessed Retrovirology papers over the past 12 months that were published in the preceding two years. Amongst the top nine most highly accessed original research articles, there are three papers which were published in either 2008 or 2009 [3-5]. These papers have been accessed over the past year 9675, 4399, and 5909 times, respectively. Each is also in the 10% of highest cited Retrovirology papers of a similar vintage. Thus while papers need not be highly read in order to be highly cited (e.g. review articles [6,7] are highly cited without necessarily being highly accessed), a large proportion of well cited papers is made up of those articles that are the most frequently read. The gratification from editing Retrovirology is the realization that Open Access and other similar information distribution initiatives are doing well by doing good.
Exact linear and integer programming: tutorial abstract

This tutorial surveys state-of-the-art algorithms and computational methods for computing exact solutions to linear and mixed-integer programming problems.
Multiple recognition assay reveals prostasomes as promising plasma biomarkers for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men over the age of 50 years. Prostate-specific antigen is limited as both an early detection and prognostic biomarker. Prostasomes are unique microvesicles of endocytic origin with a unique lamellar membrane composed of cholesterol and phospholipids known to be capable of fusing with other cells and thus acting as messengers between cells. The evaluated article presents a new highly sensitive and specific protein-targeted assay based upon a proximity ligation assay (PLA) deemed capable of detecting prostasomes in the blood plasma of men with prostate cancer. The 4-PLA assay was used to detect circulating prostasomes in men with prostate cancer compared with age-matched controls. The median prostatsome levels in blood plasma were 2.5- to seven-fold higher compared with controls. The blood plasma prostasome levels correlated with Gleason 7 and higher disease versus Gleason 6 or lower and controls. This study describes for the first time a highly sensitive assay that depends upon simultaneous binding to as many as five different epitopes for detection and is thus a new and powerful tool for biomarker identification and validation.
Miradas sobre la representación de la homosexualidad en la literatura centroamericana y el caso de Trágame tierra de Lizandro Chávez Alfaro

La literatura de tematica homosexual en Centroamerica es exigua comparada a la de otras regiones en America. Tambien son muy pocos los criticos locales que se han dedicado a explorarla acaso debido al estigma que conlleva en sociedades muy poco tolerantes. Este es un trabajo introductorio que ofrece un trasfondo socio-historico para luego explorar la representacion del sujeto homosexual dentro de la narrativa centroamericana, sobre todo en la novela Tragame tierra del nicaraguense Lizandro Chavez Alfaro.
Rate-dependent propagation of cardiac action potentials in a one-dimensional fiber

Action potential duration (APD) restitution, which relates APD to the preceding diastolic interval (DI), is a useful tool for predicting the onset of abnormal cardiac rhythms. However, it is known that different pacing protocols lead to different APD restitution curves (RCs). This phenomenon, known as APD rate dependence, is a consequence of memory in the tissue. In addition to APD restitution, conduction velocity restitution also plays an important role in the spatiotemporal dynamics of cardiac tissue. We present results concerning rate-dependent restitution in the velocity of propagating action potentials in a one-dimensional fiber. Our numerical simulations show that, independent of the amount of memory in the tissue, the wave-back velocity exhibits pronounced rate dependence and the wave-front velocity does not. Moreover, the discrepancy between wave-back velocity RCs is most significant for a small DI. We provide an analytical explanation of these results, using a system of coupled maps to relate the wave-front and wave-back velocities. Our calculations show that rate-dependent wave-back velocity can be present even if neither APD nor wave-front velocity exhibits rate dependence.
THE EVOLUTION OF BONE.

Vertebrates are practically unique among the Metazoa in their possession of a skeleton made from calcium phosphate rather than calcium carbonate. Interpretation of the origin of a phosphatic skeleton in early vertebrates has previously centered primarily on systemic requirements for phosphate and/or calcium storage or excretion. These interpretations afford no anatomical or physiological advantage(s) that would not have been equally valuable to many invertebrates. We suggest the calcium phosphate skeleton is distinctly advantageous to vertebrates because of their relatively unusual and ancient pattern of activity metabolism: intense bursts of activity supported primarily by rapid intramuscular formation of lactic acid. Bursts of intense activity by vertebrates are followed by often protracted periods of marked systemic acidosis. This postactive acidosis apparently generates slight skeletal dissolution, associated with simultaneous vascular hypercalcemia. A variety of apparently unrelated histological features of the skeleton in a number of vertebrates may minimize this postactive hypercalcemia. We present new data that suggest that postactive skeletal dissolution would be significantly exacerbated if bone were composed of calcium carbonate rather than calcium phosphate. The former is far less stable both in vivo and in vitro than is calcium hydroxyapatite, under both resting and postactive physiological conditions.
Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning.

2 experiments indicate that CS-US contingency is an important determinant of fear conditioning and that presentation of US in the absence of CS interferes with fear conditioning. In Experiment 1, equal probability of a shock US in the presence and absence of a tone CS produced no CER suppression to CS; the same probability of US given only during CS produced substantial conditioning. In Experiment 2, which explored 4 different probabilities of US in the presence and absence of CS, amount of conditioning was higher the greater the probability of US during CS and was lower the greater the probability of US in the absence of CS; when the 2 probabilities were equal, no conditioning resulted. Two conceptions of Pavlovian conditioning have been distinguished by Rescorla (1967). The first, and more traditional, notion emphasizes the role of the number of pairings of CS and US in the formation of a CR. The second notion suggests that it is the contingency between CS and US which is important. The notion of contingency differs from that of pairing in that it includes not only what events are paired but also what events are not paired. As used here, contingency refers to the relative probability of occurrence of US in the presence of CS as contrasted with its probability in the absence of CS. The contingency notion suggests that, in fact, conditioning only occurs when these probabilities differ; when the probability of US is higher during CS than at other times, excitatory conditioning occurs; when the probability is lower, inhibitory conditioning results. Notice that the probability of a US can be the same in the absence and presence of CS and yet there can be a fair number of CS-US pairings. It is this that makes it possible to assess the relative importance of pairing and contingency in the development of a CR. Several experiments have pointed to the usefulness of the contingency notion. Rescorla (1966) reported a Pavlovian 1This research was supported by Grants MH13415-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health and GB-6493 from the National Science Foundation, as well as by funds from Yale University.
From Morning Message to Digital Morning Message: Moving from the Tried and True to the New.

Since technology isn’t going to go away and it is changing how we look at ourselves and the world around us, I believe that it is important for schools to help students develop technological skills that will equip them for the future. Teachers are the ones who will have the responsibility to do that. Sooner or later some governmental body is going to dictate what technology use in a school means. Sometimes that works out okay, but often decisions are made not by the people who have an intimate working knowledge of how children learn but by policy makers who are far removed from the daily interactions of children in a learning environment [emphasis added]. I’d much rather take a proactive stance [emphasis added] in the integration of technology into my classroom than a reactive one. (L. Stattlemeyer in Routman, 2000, p. 510)
Closing the SoC design gap

Current mainstream system-on-chip (SoC) designs do not yet fully exploit the 100 million transistors per chip possible with today's mainstream silicon technology. System-level design and extensible processors can bridge the gap between silicon technology and actual SoC complexities. However, SoCs comprising 1,000 processors at a billion transistors by the end of the decade will require research advances in key areas like ESL design methodologies and NoC architectures.
Identification of a novel form of renal glucosuria withoverexcretion of arginine, carnosine, and taurine

Glucosuria occurs in diabetes mellitus, generalized proximal tubular dysfunction of Fanconi's syndrome, glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome, and primary renal glucosuria. Patients with primary renal glucosuria have normal blood glucose levels, normal oral glucose tolerance test results, and persistent glucosuria that may approach the filtered load of glucose in the most severe cases. The primary defect is proposed to be in the sodium-glucose cotransporter type-2 (SGLT2) located in the apical membrane of S1 segment proximal renal tubule cells. Primary renal glucosuria is classified as types A, B, or O based on the characteristics of the transport defect. The magnitude of glucosuria has varied from 20 to 150 g of glucose excreted in 24 hours. Described inheritance patterns have included both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive mechanisms. Some cases have been associated with selective aminoaciduria, distinctly unlike the generalized aminoaciduria seen in Fanconi's syndrome. We report the first case of primary renal glucosuria with selective overexcretion of arginine, carnosine, and taurine. This case may represent a genetic defect unique from the abnormalities in previously described cases of primary renal glucosuria with different amino acid excretion patterns. Future investigations could determine whether the syndrome involves a defect in the SGLT2 gene.
Carlo Carraro and Christian Egenhofer (eds): Climate and Trade Policy: Bottom-up Approaches Towards Global Agreement

With the intent to inform post-Kyoto negotiations on climate change, this book argues that ‘‘a set of regional agreements can be the building blocks of an environmentally effective and economically efficient global agreement’’ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (p. 120). The results of a game theory model figure prominently in this edited volume. Many of the results are consistent with developments in multilateral climate change mitigation efforts, including the US position regarding China and the Kyoto Protocol (pp. 26–27) and the decision of Russia to participate in the Kyoto Protocol (p. 29). Going forward, the authors suggest that ‘‘a fragmented regime with two parallel coalitions might be the least opposed (in terms of net economic benefits), because it induces small economic losses in the US and China and large global environmental benefits at the same time’’ (p. 30). This option is recommended as a way to achieve environmental benefits in the absence of agreement on a global climate change regime after the Kyoto Protocol commitment period. Additional progress can be made on climate change mitigation if parties step up efforts to pursue ‘‘no regrets’’ measures in parallel with their bilateral and multilateral negotiations: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports there are mitigation opportunities that can contribute substantially to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions with ‘‘net negative costs’’.
On the Value of Input Efficiency, Capacity Efficiency, and the Flexibility to Rebalance Them

A common characteristic of basic material manufacturers which account for 85% of all industrial energy use and of cleantech manufacturers is that they are price takers in their input and output markets. Variability in those prices has implications for how much a manufacturer should invest in three fundamental types of process improvement. Input price variability reduces the value of improving input efficiency output produced per unit input but increases that of capacity efficiency the rate at which a production facility can convert input into output. Output price variability increases the value of capacity efficiency, but it increases the value of input efficiency if and only if the expected margin is small. Moreover, as the expected input cost rises, the value of input efficiency decreases. A third type of process improvement is to develop flexibility in input efficiency versus capacity efficiency the ability to respond to a rise in input cost or fall in output price by increasing input-efficiency at the expense of capacity efficiency. The value of this flexibility decreases with variability in input and output prices if and only if the expected margin is thin. Together, these results suggest that a carbon tax or cap-and-trade system may reduce investment by basic material manufacturers in improving energy efficiency.