cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of metyrapone administration on thyrotropin secretion in healthy subjects--a clinical research center study.

Although pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids suppress TSH secretion, less is known regarding the effects of physiological variations in cortisol levels on TSH. To study this issue, 12 healthy subjects each underwent 2 studies, in random order: 1) each subject received an infusion of saline for 48 h; and 2) each subject received an infusion of saline and oral administration of metyrapone (500 mg every 4 h) for 48 h. Cortisol and TSH levels were measured every 15 min during the final 24 h of each study, and resulting mean hormone levels during the 24-h periods were compared between the two studies. Metyrapone administration reduced serum cortisol levels by 39% between 0800 and 1345 h and by 47% between 0200 and 0745 h, with no significant changes during other time periods. Metyrapone increased daytime (0800–1945 h) mean TSH levels by 35%, with no change in nocturnal (2000–0745 h) TSH levels. This led to equalization of daytime and nocturnal TSH levels and abolition of the usual circadian variation in T...
Acquired distinctiveness and equivalence of cues in young children

Abstract Kindergarten and first- and second-grade children were given acquired distinctiveness, acquired equivalence, or control pretraining, then a successive-discrimination transfer task. The acquired distinctiveness pretraining significantly facilitated performance on the transfer task, and the acquired equivalence pretraining significantly interfered with performance. The acquired distinctiveness effect persisted, and did not change in magnitude over trials; the acquired equivalence effect was significant only early in transfer. The results suggest that the basis of the effects is not rehearsal or perceptual differentiation, may be attentional or mediational, and is most likely cognitive.
Repairing a 3-D Die-Stack Using Available Programmable Logic

3-D die-stacks hold great promise for increasing system performance, but difficulties in testing dies and assembling a 3-D stack are leading to yield issues and slowing the large scale manufacturing of these devices. In many cases, a single defective die will kill the entire stack. To help mitigate this issue, we explore the possibility of repairing a stack that contains a defective die by utilizing an field programmable gate array (FPGA) that has already been included in the stack for other purposes, such as performance enhancement. Specifically, we propose bypassing the defective portion of a nonprogrammable die by replacing the defective functionality with functionality on the FPGA. In this paper, we discuss what additional logic must be added to an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) die to allow such a bypass to occur. We then show through detailed simulation of a 2.5-D Xilinx FPGA how bypassing of logic can be achieved and throughput maintained even when the two different dies involved operate at different frequencies. Finally, we explore the performance of this technique in a superscalar, out-of-order processor, where different functional units are marked for replacement. Our simulation results show that not only can we salvage a device that would otherwise have to be discarded, but creating multiple copies of the defective partition in the FPGA can allow us to regain performance even when the latency of the units in the FPGA is longer than that of the original defective copy.
Retrogradely transported fluorogold accumulates in lysosomes of neurons and is detectable ultrastructurally using post-embedding immuno-gold methods

For ultrastructural studies, it is of great interest to be able to combine anatomical tracer techniques with sensitive immunohistochemical methods. Fluorogold (FG) is a fluorescent and retrogradely transported anatomical tracer, which is commonly used to label neurons in the brain and spinal cord for light microscopic studies. We here describe a method for detecting FG-labeled somata in the electron microscope using a high resolution post-embedding immuno-gold method. For this purpose, spinal motoneurons were retrogradely labeled by an intraperitoneal injection of FG in the adult rat. The rats were intravascularly perfused with a fixative solution containing 2% paraformaldehyde and 1-2% glutaraldehyde. Vibratome sections of spinal cord tissues were cryo-protected in glycerol, freeze substituted in methanol containing uranyl acetate, and embedded in the Lowicryl HM20 resin at low temperatures. Electron microscopic analysis demonstrated atypical lysosome-like structures in the cytoplasm of FG-labeled motoneurons. Subsequent post-embedding immuno-gold labeling demonstrated prominent accumulation of FG in numerous lysosomes but not in other organelles or cytoplasmic compartments of the labeled neurons. The protocol is versatile and allows for combining anatomical tracing of neurons with, e.g., neuro-transmitter studies in the electron microscope. We suggest that the described method for sensitive detection of FG in the spinal cord may also have broad applicability to other areas of the central nervous system.
Cultural Appropriation and the Crafting of Racialized Selves in American Youth Organizations: Toward an Ethnographic Approach

This article considers three moments in the history of Camp Fire, the first American multiracial organization for girls: (1) the foundation of the organization in the 1910s through the 1930s by progressive reformers heavily influenced by ethnological scholarship on Native American rituals and symbolism; (2) the transformation of the organization into a coeducational organization in the 1970s; and (3) current efforts in the organization, now known as Camp Fire USA, to bring its activities more in line with contemporary multiculturalism while retaining its “Indian” traditions as the organization's heritage. These three historical moments are explored through a combination of archival research, interviews, and participant-observation. As a case study, the history of Camp Fire offers the opportunity to (1) deepen our knowledge of the American tradition of “playing Indian” and (2) track changes and continuities in the relationship among race, culture, gender, and sexuality in U.S. informal education.
A Comparison of EEOC Closures Involving Hiring Versus Other Prevalent Discrimination Issues Under the Americans with Disabilities Act

Introduction This article describes findings from a causal comparative study of the Merit Resolution rate for allegations of Hiring discrimination that were filed with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) between 1992 and 2005. An allegation is the Charging Party’s perception of discrimination, but a Merit Resolution is one in which the EEOC has determined that a discriminatory event did indeed occur. A Non-Merit Resolution is an allegation that is closed due to a technicality or lacks sufficient evidence to conclude that discrimination occurred. Merit favors the Charging Party; Non-Merit favors the Employer. Methods The Merit Resolution rate of 19,527 closed Hiring allegations is compared and contrasted to that of 259,680 allegations aggregated from six other prevalent forms of discrimination including Discharge and Constructive Discharge, Reasonable Accommodation, Disability Harassment and Intimidation, and Terms and Conditions of Employment. Tests of Proportion distributed as chi-square are used to form comparisons along a variety of subcategories of Merit and Non-Merit outcomes. Results The overall Merit Resolution rate for Hiring is 26% compared to Non-Hiring at 20.6%. Employers are less likely to settle claims of hiring discrimination without mediation, and less likely to accept the remedies recommended by the EEOC when hiring discrimination has been determined. Conclusion Hiring is not an unusual discrimination issue in that the overwhelming majority of allegations are still closed in favor of the Employer. However, it is counterintuitive that Hiring has a higher merit resolution rate than other prevalent issues. This finding contradicts the assumption that hiring is an “invisible process.” Considering that the EEOC makes merit determinations at a competitive rate, it is clear that hiring is sufficiently transparent.
Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering

Abstract Tissue engineering technology promises to solve the organ transplantation crisis. However, assembly of vascularized 3D soft organs remains a big challenge. Organ printing, which we define as computer-aided, jet-based 3D tissue-engineering of living human organs, offers a possible solution. Organ printing involves three sequential steps: pre-processing or development of ‘blueprints' for organs; processing or actual organ printing; and postprocessing or organ conditioning and accelerated organ maturation. A cell printer that can print gels, single cells and cell aggregates has been developed. Layer-by-layer sequentially placed and solidified thin layers of a thermo-reversible gel could serve as ‘printing paper'. Combination of an engineering approach with the developmental biology concept of embryonic tissue fluidity enables the creation of a new rapid prototyping 3D organ printing technology, which will dramatically accelerate and optimize tissue and organ assembly.
Posterior Leaflet Shortening to Correct Systolic Anterior Motion After Mitral Valve Repair

In patients with degenerative mitral valve disease and tall leaflets, systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair is generally avoided by use of a sliding posterior leaflet repair technique with an annuloplasty of appropriate size. Occasionally, in spite of these maneuvers, systolic anterior motion occurs intraoperatively after discontinuing cardiopulmonary bypass. In such cases, posterior leaflet shortening is a simple option that effectively moves the coaptation point of the mitral leaflets posteriorly, and eliminates left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by systolic anterior motion.
The Heterologous Interactions among Plant 14-3-3 Proteins and Identification of Regions That Are Important for Dimerization☆

Abstract The 14-3-3 proteins constitute a family of dimeric proteins that are involved in many cellular functions. At least two mammalian 14-3-3 proteins can form heterodimers and the approximate regions important for dimerization have been identified. In this study, we demonstrate that eightArabidopsisand one maize 14-3-3 protein can dimerize with each other and with themselves. Native gel Western analysis ofArabidopsiscell extract also suggests the presence of 14-3-3 heterodimersin vivo.Finally, we identified the domains of one 14-3-3 protein that are sufficient for homodimerization and heterodimerization. These data support the hypothesis that evolutionarily divergent 14-3-3 proteins can interact with each other to form diverse molecular modulators or adapters in signaling pathways.
Acquisition steps of a Remotely Accessible Rapid Prototyping laboratory

Remotely accessible laboratories are becoming increasingly popular across a wide range of disciplines. The objective of this project is to develop and disseminate a Remotely Accessible Rapid Prototyping (RRP) Laboratory at Tennessee Technological University (TTU). This laboratory facility is physically located on the TTU Campus, but internet-based controls, interactive tutorials and scheduling allow this equipment to be used across TTU, Tennessee Board of Regent (TBR) technology centres and community colleges across the state of Tennessee and eventually nationwide. Since an RP laboratory facility has already been established through a previous National Science Foundation (NSF) grant, this new endeavour increases its accessibility via ubiquitous web-based communication tools. As such, this enables many more students and instructors to develop their skills set and knowledge base with cutting-edge RP technology. This project has many wide-ranging impacts. Foremost, the work helps to promote the awareness of RP technology and to improve related teaching and learning paradigms. In particular, adding a remote access capability allows many more users to benefit from state-of-the-art RP technology, thereby better justifying the cost of purchasing and maintaining the overall facility. Furthermore, the successful development of a remote RP lab provides new insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the remote access environments, and therefore provides vital insights for both the design/manufacturing technology and distance education communities alike.
Equal-precision allocations and other constraints in stratified random sampling

Selecting the number of observations from each stratum is a primary decision in stratified random sampling design. Typically, allocation schemes aim to minimize or bound the variance associated with estimating some overall population parameter, subject to a limitation on sampling resources. This paper examines the impact of further constraints on allocations for stratified sampling; it was motivated by an application requiring all stratum means to be estimated with equal precision. Simple procedures for analyzing trade-offs between equal-precision allocations and those optimizing total cost or precision of overall population estimates are presented. The effect of equal-precision allocation is illustrated within the context of an anthropological study of eight strata defined by villages. In this example, the equal-precision allocation greatly improves the precision of estimating the stratum-specific means over the customary proportional allocation, with only mild degradation in the precision used to estima...
Modeling Building HVAC Energy Consumption During an Extreme Heat Event in a Dense Urban Environment

Dense urban environments are exposed to the combined effects of rising global temperatures and urban heat islands, a thermal gradient between the urban centers and the less urbanized surroundings suburbs. This combination is resulting in increasing trends of energy consumption in cities, associated mostly to air conditioning to maintain indoor human comfort conditions. The energy demand is further magnified during extreme heat events to a point where the electrical grid may be at risk. Given the anticipated increased frequency of extreme heat events for the future, it is imperative to develop methodologies to quantify energy demands from buildings during extreme heat events.The purpose of this study is to precisely quantify thermal loads of buildings located in the very dense urban environment of New York City under an extreme heat event that took place in the summer of 2010 (July 4–8). Two approaches were used to quantify thermal loads of buildings for these conditions; a single building energy model (SBEM), such as the US Department of Energy eQUEST and EnergyPlus™, and an urbanized weather forecasting model (uWRF) coupled to a building energy model. The SBEM was driven by Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather file and by a customized weather file built from uWRF’s weather data for the specific days of the heat wave. A series of simulations were conducted with both SBEM software to model building energy consumption data due to air conditioning for two locations in Uptown and Midtown Manhattan, NY, which represented a low density and a high density building area within the city. Assumptions were made regarding the building’s floor plans and operation schedule to simplify the model and provide a close comparison to uWRF.Results of the ensemble of SBEM indicate there was an increase in energy consumption during the July 2010 heat-wave when compared with the central park TMY case. The uptown location consumed 137% more energy during the heat wave event, while the midtown location showed an increased in energy consumption of 125% when compared to a typical July three day period, reaching total loads of close to 9812 kWh for a 20 m height building. Comparison of the results directly from uWRF for the energy consumption for same locations, indicate that for the midtown location both SBEMs underestimated the total energy consumption within a factor of three. This may be due to the fact that uWRF energy model takes into account urban microclimate parameters such as anthropogenic sources and waste heat interactions between surrounding buildings.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Cognitive Correlates of Social Perception in Students with Learning Disabilities

In investigating possible explanations for social skills deficits in students with learning disabilities, researchers have examined social perception —the interpretation of behavior in order to understand the thoughts and feelings of others. This study specifically examined cognitive correlates of social perception in individuals with learning disabilities. Thirty-two students with learning disabilities in elementary grades were measured on three sub tests (Comprehension, Picture Arrangement, and Digit Span) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and on the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity. Both Picture Arrangement and Comprehension seemed to have an inherent relation to social perceptual functioning. Implications of these results are discussed.
Cholinergic neurotoxicity induced by ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) in neuron-enriched cultures

The sequence of events in neuronal changes induced by the cholinotoxin ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) was studied. Neuronenriched cultures derived from 8-day-embryonic chick cerebra were treated with AF64A at concentrations of 10 −5 , 10 −4 and 10 −3 M. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used as an index of cholinergic neurons. Changes in cell morphology, the immunocytochemical and biochemical presence of ChAT, and DNA and protein content were assessed. Neuron-enriched cultures exposed to AF64A showed a dose-dependent response; after 24 h of exposure to 10 −3 M toxin all cells were dead, whereas a concentration of 10 −5 M did not alter culture morphology or DNA and protein contents. Despite the lack of cytological changes and the presence of ChAT immunoreactivity, biochemically assessed ChAT activity was reduced 36% in 10 −5 M treated cultures. Thus, the implicated decrease in acetylcholine synthesis in these cells cannot entirely account for the neuronal degeneration. Simultaneous exposure of cultures to both AF64A and 10 times higher concentrations of choline chloride delayed or diminished the neurotoxic changes. The protective effect of high choline concentrations was interpreted as evidence of competition between choline and AF64A for the high affinity choline transport system and as constituents in the cell membrane. Examination of the temporal sequence of cytotoxic changes in 10 −4 M exposed cultures revealed that disruption of neuronal aggregates and fragmentation of neurites occurred between 4 and 8 hours of exposure. After 24 h, some neurons survived but with attenuated arbors; in contrast, astrocytes appeared intact, suggesting that glial cells are more resistant than neurons to the toxic effects of AF64A. These findings suggest this culture model may be useful to further elucidate the mechanisms of AF64A drug action and study differentiation of cultured neuronal populations in the absence of cholinergic cells.
Suppression of prostate carcinoma cell invasion by expression of antisense L-plastin gene.

Based on the finding that gene expression for the actin-bundling protein L-plastin is inducible by androgen and that L-plastin is overexpressed in malignant epithelium of the prostate, we examined the functional consequences of L-plastin down-regulation in prostate carcinoma cell lines by both transfection and retroviral infection. We constructed retroviral vectors to express two different regions of the L-plastin gene, a 1713-bp 3′-coding portion and a 163-bp 5′-untranslated region, both in antisense orientation. Introduction of either constructs into prostate carcinoma cell lines, PC-3 and its isogenic but metastatic variant PC-3M cells, reduced the growth rates of both cell lines. In vitro invasion and motility of PC-3 and PC-3M cells were drastically suppressed (approximately 10-fold) by the expression of the antisense constructs. Evidence was obtained to indicate that L-plastin protein levels were indeed decreased by the antisense expression. The antisense construct for the 5′-untranslated region with the most unique sequence for the L-plastin gene was more effective in down-regulation efficiency compared with the larger antisense construct in the coding region, which maintains homology to other members of the plastin gene family. Cells infected with the 163-bp antisense virus, which were also tested in a nude mouse diaphragm invasion model, showed suppression of in vivo . invasion of both PC-3 and PC-3M cells. These results suggested that overexpression of L-plastin might be functionally involved in prostate cancer invasion and metastasis, and raised the possibility that L-plastin gene-specific antisense delivery could potentially be a useful approach to interfere with prostate cancer progression in vivo .
Leukotrienantagonisten in der Asthmatherapie und das Churg-Strauss-Syndrom

Die vorliegende Zusammenstellung gliedert sich in drei Teile und gibt einen Uberblick uber bekannte Nebenwirkungen und mogliche Risiken der Leukotrientherapie, stellt das Churg-Strauss-Syndrom vorund stellt die bisherigen Erkenntnisse uber einem moglichen Zusammenhang zwischen CSS und Leukotrienantagonisten dar.
Width-Enhanced Binary Representation for Library Searching of Vapor Phase Infrared Spectra

A method is presented for the representation of vapor phase infrared spectra in a binary format which preserves both width and position information about each peak. Preselection of an optimally width-enhanced library of binary spectra, in advance of any actual library searching, is approached through the application of information theory and Grotch's method for prediction of matching histograms. A direct comparison of library searching results is conducted to complement the preselection efforts. The applicability of a channel-combination approach based on information theory is demonstrated. By this method, adequate library searching is achieved after a 25-fold reduction in the number of channels needed to describe each vapor phase infrared spectrum.
Limonin Monolactone, the Nonbitter Precursor Responsible for Delayed Bitterness in Certain Citrus Juices

SUMMARY– Tissues of early-season navel oranges and grapefruit were found by paper electrophoretic procedures to contain a nonbitter precursor of limonin, but no significant amounts of limonin. Limonin is the intensely bitter triterpenoid dilactone responsible for the bitterness which develops in certain navel orange juices on standing. The nonbitter precursor was identified as limonin monolactone by comparison with the authentic compound prepared by partial hydrolysis of limonin and by acid-catalyzed conversion into limonin. Limonin monolactone is stable in the tissues of the intact fruit (which are not bitter) because it is apparently not in direct contact with the acidic juice. It is slowly converted into limonin (and the juice becomes bitter) when the fruit tissues come in contact with the juice, after the juice is expressed from the fruit. Limonin monolactone was not detected in late-season navel oranges or grapefruit. This agrees with the fact that juice made from these fruits does not contain limonin. Work is in progress to determine whether the naturally occurring limonin monolactone is the A-ring monolactone, the D-ring monolactone, or a mixture of the two.
Parent-child similarity in choice of responses to frustrating situations.

57 sets of middle-class parents and their 8- and 10-yr.-old children were asked to respond to an adult and child version of a semi-projective instrument. The instrument was designed to measure aggressive, dependent and withdrawal choices to frustrative stimuli. Ss were labelled as aggressive, dependent or withdrawing if 60% or more of their response choices fell in one of the three behavior categories. Families were classified as parent-concordant and parent-discordant on the basis of parental agreement in response choices. Children's scores were compared to parents' response scores and family classification. The data strongly supported the hypothesis that parental models influence children's behavior. Children from concordant or discordant families were significantly different in both dependency and withdrawal scores. Further analyses supported the interpretation that modeling is influenced by the combined effects of consistency across situations and concordance between parents.
Intrauterine devices in early pregnancy: findings on ultrasound and clinical outcomes

Objective The objective of this study was to describe ultrasound findings, clinical symptoms, and outcomes of first-trimester pregnancies with intrauterine devices (IUDs). Study Design This was a retrospective review of 42 women with history of IUD placement and positive serum human chorionic gonadotropin in the first trimester. Results There were 31 intrauterine pregnancies (IUPs), 3 ectopic pregnancies, and 8 pregnancies of unknown location. Of 36 IUDs visualized, 15 were normally positioned and 21 malpositioned. Of 31 IUPs, 8 IUDs were within the endometrium, 17 were malpositioned, and 6 were not seen. Indications included bleeding (14 of 31), pain (12 of 31), and missing strings (5 of 31); 11 had no symptoms. Of 26 IUPs with known pregnancy outcomes, 20 were term deliveries and 6 had failed pregnancies of 20 weeks or less. Conclusion More than half of IUDs identified in the first trimester were malpositioned. IUP was 3 times as likely with a malpositioned or missing IUD. Three quarters of the IUPs with known outcomes had term deliveries. Symptoms were not predictive of IUD malposition.
Selecting initial therapy for bladder cancer.

Progress has been made at both ends of the spectrum of bladder cancer. The introduction and increasing use of effective intravesical agents for both treatment and prophylaxis of tumors limited to the mucosa or lamina propria has reduced the incidence and frequency of subsequent tumors. At the other end of the spectrum--patients with locally extensive bladder cancer--neoadjuvant or initial chemotherapy is producing complete and partial responses. Hopefully this will translate into an improvement in the cure rate. In arriving at a decision regarding treatment for a patient with bladder cancer the urologist integrates information derived from a thorough endoscopic examination of the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra), complete grading and staging of resected tumor including results of mucosal biopsies from suspicious and normal appearing urothelium, and cytology obtained by bladder irrigation. Treatment also may be influenced by such factors as prior history and treatment of bladder cancer and the patient's age and medical status. Assuming no prior bladder tumor history, endoscopic resection/fulguration followed by intravesical therapy will be used for tumors confined to the mucosa (Ta or Tcis) or lamina propria (TI). Optimally the urologist should resect all evident tumor and incorporate the intravesical agent as prophylaxis. Cytology and endoscopy will monitor the success of this approach. If the patient develops another superficial tumor while receiving prophylaxis another intravesical agent can be delivered, possibly using an intensive treatment schedule. Several agents have demonstrated effectiveness both for treatment and prophylaxis. They include mitomycin C, thiotepa, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The indications for radical cystectomy are invasion into the bladder muscle, tumor extension into the prostatic ducts or prostatic substance, or persistent tumor after an adequate trial of one or more intravesical agents used in conjunction with endoscopic resection. The escalating complete and partial response rates associated with combination chemotherapy of metastatic bladder cancer has led to the use of these regimens before considering cystectomy for patients with locally extensive bladder cancer, e.g., T3, T4, and N1-2. Downstaging with chemotherapy in this group of poor-risk patients may be preferable to the traditional approach of proceeding with exenterative surgery or full-dose radiation and considering chemotherapy later when metastases are evident.
Variable Stoichiometric Efficiency of Ca2+ and Sr2+ Transport by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ATPase

In comparative experiments with Ca2+ ATPase in native sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and reconstituted proteoliposomes, we find that a variable stoichiometry of Ca2+ or Sr2+ transport per ATPase cycle is observed in the absence of passive leak through independent channels. The observed ratio is commonly lower than the optimal value of 2 and depends on the composition of the reaction mixture. In all cases, a progressive rise in the lumenal concentration of Ca2+ and Sr2+ is accompanied by a parallel reduction of coupling ratios. Significant ATPase activity remains even after asymptotic levels of Ca2+ accumulation are reached. This residual activity subsides if the Ca2+ concentration in the outer medium is reduced below activating levels (as it would following Ca2+ transients in muscle fibers). The reduction of stoichiometric coupling is explained with a reaction scheme, including a branched pathway for hydrolytic cleavage of phosphorylated intermediate before release of Ca2+ into the lumen of the vesicles. Flux through this pathway is favored when net lumenal Ca2+ dissociation from the phosphoenzyme is impeded and results in P(i) production accompanied by lumenal and medium Ca2+ exchange. Occurrence of reactions through branched pathways may have general implications for the stoichiometric efficiency of energy-transducing enzymes.
Towards story-based content generation: From plot-points to maps

Some computer game genres require meaningful stories and complex worlds in order to successfully engage players. In this paper we look at a procedural approach to story-based map generation focusing on the tight relationship between stories and the virtual worlds where those stories will unfold. Our long term goal is to develop procedural content generation techniques that can produce maps supporting multiple stories. We present an approach that takes, as input, the specification of a story space as a collection of plot points. Causal relations between these plot points and spatial relationships between locations define different story and spatial structures. Our system generates multiple configurations of a map, determines the stories that are actually supported in each map, and evaluates their quality, in order to find maps that support high quality stories from a storytelling perspective.
Error Analysis and Grading in the Preparation of Teaching Materials.

Selinker, Larry. "Interlanguage." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1972, 10.3, 209-231. -. "A Non-contrastive Approach to Err r Analysis." In . . Oiler, Jr., andJ. C. Richards, e itors, F cus on the arner: Pragmatic Perspectives for the Language acher. Rowley, Mass chusett : Newbury House, 96-113, Sternglas , Marilyn S. "Close Similarities in Dialect Features of Black and White College Students in Remedial Composition Classes." TESOL Quarterly, 1974, 8.3, 271-283. Taylor, Barry P. "Toward a Theory of Language Acquisition." Paper presented at the 8th Annual TESOL Convention, Denver, Colorado, March 5-10, 1974. Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York. 6th Printing, the Hague: Mouton and Co., 1968. Wilson, Robert D. "Assumptions for Bilingual Instruction in the Primary Grades of Navajo Schools." In P. R. Turner, editor, Bilingualism in the Southwest. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 143-175, 1973. Wyatt, Victor. "An Analysis of Errors in Composition Writing." English Language Teaching, 1973, 27, 177-186. Zydatis, Wolfgang. "A 'Kiss of Life' for the Notion of Error." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teachings, 1974, 12.3, 231-237. erngla , Marilyn S. "Close Similarities in Dialect Features Black and White College Students i Remedial Comsition Classe ." TESOL Quarterly, 1974, 8.3, 271-283. lor, Bar y P. "Toward a Theory f Language Acquisin." Paper pres nted at the 8th Annual TESOL Conven-
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing: II. Consonants

This is the second article on reducing field languages to the written word. Here the author deals with the consonants, setting up a basic set of eighteen consonants and two semivowels and expanding them with Series-Generating Components (SGCs) to forty-eight. There are, of course, many more consonantal varieties in the languages of the world, but this set should be sufficient to get a field ethnographer started. The ethnographer who encounters exotic sounds not listed in this article should consult an expert. Much can be learned by reading about the languages of the area where the fieldwork is to take place. The appendix contains an empty form to be duplicated for fieldwork with unwritten languages.
Growth characteristics of bifidobacteria in ultrafiltered milk.

Five replicates of raw skim milk were ultrafiltered at 54 degrees C to total protein concentration ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1. Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum were inoculated at 5% into skim milk that was not ultrafiltered (1:1) and into ultrafiltered skim milks followed by incubation at 37 degrees C. The mean maximum bacterial count (colony-forming units per milliliter) range and protein concentration ratio were from 6.25 x 10(8) to 1.69 x 10(9), skim milk; 4.42 x 10(8) to 3.56 x 10(9), 2:1; 2.62 x 10(8) to 3.94 x 10(9), 3:1; 6.67 x 10(8) to 1.88 x 10(9), 4:1; and 2.90 x 10(9) to 3.59 x 10(9), 5:1. The mean developed acidity at maximum B. bifidum population in skim milk was .16%, and pH was 5.55. The 5:1 concentrate had a higher mean developed acidity of .57% at pH 5.35, which was similar to that of the skim milk. Trends were similar for B. longum. Because of the increased buffering capacity of highly concentrated ultrafiltered milks, pH 5.5 or higher was maintained longer, along with high developed acidity. Scanning electron micrographs showed distinct morphological variations between bifidobacteria grown in broth versus those grown in the milks.
Interference of oil spill emulsifiers with gas chromatography

Abstract Several commercially available spill control agents interfere with gas chromatographic correlation of spilled oils with suspected sources. The effects of four such products are presented. Two of these interfere seriously. One is removable by a simple clean-up procedure, and the other is not removable in principle. In favourable cases, its interference may be minimized by extrapolation. Anticipated interference with other analytical methods is surveyed.
Institutional Choice and Political Faith

Public law in the post-New Deal era has been profoundly influenced by a rising tide of pessimism about the role of interest groups. Oversimplifying greatly, one can divide the last half century into three phases in terms of the conventional wisdom about interest groups and their perceived impact on public law. The first phase, which lasted from roughly the mid-1930s to the mid1960s, was a period of relative optimism about the impact of interest groups. By and large, academic commentators during these years were confident that the political institutions of democracy could either neutralize or harness the parochialism of groups and thereby develop policies in the "public interest." This generalization lumps together two otherwise disparate strands of thought. It includes, on the one hand, the scientific management school associated with James Landis (1938), who thought that the answer to interest group influence was to insulate expert administrative agencies from ordinary politics. It also includes pluralists like David Truman (1951), Earl Latham (1952), and Robert Dahl (1961), who believed that competition
The Effect of Light on Color of Egg Yolk Solids

Abstract INTRODUCTION For some time egg yolk processors have been concerned with retaining desirable color in stored egg yolk products. Bornstein and Bartov (1966) refer to “optimal-yellow” in egg yolks as “appetizingly pretty.” Yolk color is important to such processors as bakers and manufacturers of macaroni products who value the color that yolk gives their finished products. Thus, color frequently is an important specification in purchasing yolk solids. We examined color stability of egg yolk solids and effects of light on stored yolk solids. METHODS AND MATERIALS Spray dried yolk samples were taken from both Rogers and Buflovak dryers at a local egg processing plant for evaluation. The yolk solids had been in the Rogers dryer 15 to 18 minutes but only 1 to 2 minutes in the Buflovak dryer. Dried yolk samples were placed in plastic petri dishes and set in a south window to give maximum exposure to…
Enhanced transient squeezing in the Jaynes-Cummings model with atomic coherence

Abstract We analyze the effects of the injected atomic coherence in the Jaynes-Cummings model. Various conditions for squeezed state generation are studied. Also, for short times, it is possible to distinguish regions where a squeezed state builds up and where it does not.
Interface states in MOS structures with 20–40 Å thick SiO2 films on nondegenerate Si

Abstract MOS structures having different metal contacts on 20–40 A thick SiO2 films and non-degenerate Si have been investigated. These structures show large frequency dispersion of the measured admittance curves caused by carrier recombination in interface states. However, build-up of a Si inversion layer is not observed because the minority carriers are drained away by tunneling through the oxide into the metal. Interface state density distributions across the whole Si band gap are obtained by evaluating measured capacitance and conductance curves. Characteristic peaks of 0.12–0.30 eV half width are found for the metal contacts, Mg at 0.54 eV, Cu at 0.23 eV, Cr at 0.18 eV and 0.52 eV, and Au at 0.15 eV and 0.97 eV above the valence band edge. The position of a peak seems to be related to the valence of the metal. Interface states caused by Cr, Cu and Mg contacts are of acceptor type. Their capture cross-section obtained from conductance measurements varies between 10−7 and 10−18 cm−2. A rapid increase of the state density with decreasing oxide thickness or sample annealing indicates that the states are caused by metal diffusion through the oxide into the interface. An observed saturation of the state density at about 2 × 1013 cm−2 V−1 is possibly due to a limited solubility of metal impurities in the oxide.
A dimension of tourism promotion

There seems to be a tendency among scholars concerned with tourism to neglect the area of communication in their discussions of marketing or, in specific, promotion. Why this tendency exists is not quite clear. It might be that communication (and the knowledge of it) is taken for granted. The following will show that the communication process is highly complicated and as such should not be taken for granted. Also, Barnet, in his recent article in this journal, described marketing as a consumer‐oriented concept. Since communication is part of the marketing process it is also consumer‐oriented. This moves the concept of communication from a mechanistic to a behavioral basis for discussion. An attempt is made here to use this behavioral basis and to describe a possible total communication framework with the help of the general systems approach, underlying the use of a medium for mass distribution in the area of tourism promotion. In specific, what are some of the necessary considerations when a country, with the hypothetical name SHOMEE, tries to entice nationals of another country, in this case U.S. citizens, to come and visit the host country.
Subcutaneous, video-assisted saphenous vein harvest: report of the first 30 cases

Harvest of the saphenous vein is a commonly performed procedure in cardiovascular surgery. The incision required for its removal is the longest used anywhere. In this report, the authors describe a minimally invasive technique for removal of the vein. This has been used in 30 patients undergoing peripheral arterial bypass (n = 27), venovenous bypass (n = 2), and a saphenopopliteal fistula (n = 1). There were three perioperative complications: skin necrosis over tunnel (one), bulla (one), and saphenous vein injury (one). Harvest time averaged 1.25 h. There was minimal postoperative discomfort in the harvest site and minimal scarring. Endoscopic harvest of the saphenous vein differs from most laparoscopic procedures because of its linear course. Consequently, visualization and dissection is coaxial rather than triangulation. This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of vein harvest. Development of appropriate instrumentation for opening the optical cavity and vein manipulation will reduce operative times.
Molecular-field bremsstrahlung in n-butane and isobutane

Abstract The additivity hypothesis which states that molecular-field bremsstrahlung can be predicted by the simple summing of the atomic-field bremsstrahlung cross sections of the atoms that compose the molecule is found to be valid for the isomers n -butane and isobutane for electron bombarding energies of 5, 10, and 15 keV. No molecular-field effects are observed.
The C. elegans Opa1 Homologue EAT-3 Is Essential for Resistance to Free Radicals

The C. elegans eat-3 gene encodes a mitochondrial dynamin family member homologous to Opa1 in humans and Mgm1 in yeast. We find that mutations in the C. elegans eat-3 locus cause mitochondria to fragment in agreement with the mutant phenotypes observed in yeast and mammalian cells. Electron microscopy shows that the matrices of fragmented mitochondria in eat-3 mutants are divided by inner membrane septae, suggestive of a specific defect in fusion of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In addition, we find that C. elegans eat-3 mutant animals are smaller, grow slower, and have smaller broodsizes than C. elegans mutants with defects in other mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. Although mammalian Opa1 is antiapoptotic, mutations in the canonical C. elegans cell death genes ced-3 and ced-4 do not suppress the slow growth and small broodsize phenotypes of eat-3 mutants. Instead, the phenotypes of eat-3 mutants are consistent with defects in oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, eat-3 mutants are hypersensitive to paraquat, which promotes damage by free radicals, and they are sensitive to loss of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase sod-2. We conclude that free radicals contribute to the pathology of C. elegans eat-3 mutants.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Barium-Strontium Sulfate (Barite-Celestite) Solid Solutions

Crystal data are given for synthetic mixed bariumstrontium sulfates, and a powder pattern for (Ba 0.50 Sr 0.50 )SO 4 is presented. Taken with previously published data for the end-member sulfates, we verify the nonlinear behavior of the unit-cell edges with composition, and present tables of interpolated data from which d-spacings for intermediate compositions can be calculated. The use of these data for analysis of complex natural samples by use of the 121 peak is described.
Ion beam characterization of laser mirrors

Abstract Systems using high-power lasers require mirrors that will withstand fluence levels in the 10–50 J/cm2 range without damage. One candidate for such reflectors is the multilayer, dielectric, quarter-wave stack design consisting of alternating layers, one of high refractive index and one of low refractive index. We are using ion beam techniques to characterize these dielectric reflectors before and after laser damage. These techniques are particularly suitable for measuring the composition of the mirrors as a function of depth, the presence of low concentration impurities, and changes in the structure of the films as results of the damage processes. The measurements have been made on undamaged coatings with beam spot sizes of a few mm2. Localized structure in the region of individual damage pits have been studied with a nuclear microprobe that produces spot sizes as small as 10 μm in diameter.
The Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve Can Experience Fluid Shear Stresses Associated With Sclerosis

Aortic valve calcification is a degenerative disease with high prevalence, especially amongst the elderly, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Ex vivo experiments has shown that aortic valve leaflets are sensitive to their mechanical environment in a magnitude dependent manner. Fluid shear stresses, specifically, has been shown to affect inflammatory and remodeling responses relevant to aortic valve calcification [1,2].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A People's History of Baseball: Challenging the Myths of America's National Pastime. By Mitchell Nathanson. (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2012. Pp. xiv, 272. $29.95.)

Among that sunny bleacher confederacy warmed by stories equating baseball and America at its best, do not look for Mitchell Nathanson. Rather, his sobering view of the national pastime explores a s...
Possible flyby measurements of Galilean satellite interior structure

Flyby encounters of the Galilean satellites from a Jupiter orbiter spacecraft could yield information about the second-degree gravity harmonics of these satellites. The expected values of these harmonics have been calculated for a range of plausible interior models in hydrostatic equilibrium. Because the satellites respond to comparable perturbations from rotation and tides, an independent test of hydrostatic equilibrium is feasible. For Io and Ganymede, the expected measurement accuracy from a nominal encounter should make possible an excellent discrimination from the ensemble of interior models. For Europa, a qualitative distinction between near-uniform and centrally condensed models seems feasible. Only for Callisto is the proposed experiment of marginal value.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HgTe-CdTe SUPERLATTICES

One of the primary applications of narrow band gap semiconductors is IR sources and detectors. In recent years, it has been predicted that superlattices offer a number of potential advantages over alloys of HgTe-CdTe for application in IR detectors and sources.1,2 In the alloy the band gap is controlled by the relative composition of Hg to Cd, while in the superlattice, the band gap is controlled by the thickness of the layers making up the superlattice.2 Studies of the growth of alloys and superlattices by molecular beam epitaxy indicate that it will be much easier to control the band gap of the superlattice than the band gap of the alloy.3 In alloys, the effective mass is strongly coupled with the band gap. The effective mass is proportional to the gap. Hence, small band gap implies small effective mass. This has lead to serious difficulties with leakage currents in various p-n junction-device structures.2 Finally, superlattices may be more stable than the alloys. Alloys of HgTe and CdTe are thought to be structurally unstable while the superlattices could represent a lower free energy state of the system, and, hence, be more stable.
Three Gray classics on the biomechanics of animal movement.

[⇓][1] ![Figure][2] It is a rare scientific paper that, 70 years later, is still being used as a source of both figures for review papers and experimental data for current research. And yet many still turn to the figures and plates published in 1933 by James Gray to understand how
Robust Focused Image Estimation from Multiple Images in Video Sequences

In this paper, we propose a novel technique for estimating focused image sequences captured by an out-of-focus camera. The basic concept used in the proposed algorithm employs multiple images with different blurs from the video sequence to estimate the blur model and construct a more robust method for focused image estimation. This algorithm can be used to correct focusing errors in the video capture process. It could potentially be used to replace the expensive apparatus required for auto-focus adjustments by miniature engines in many camera devices. We demonstrate the successful performance of our approach to focused image estimation through computer simulation experiments using various blur models.