cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal requirements for neuronal survival in culture

The inability to grow neurons in culture in the absence of complex and undefined biological fluids (e.g. serum) has proved a major obstacle to a rigorous formulation of the growth, nutritional and hormonal requirements of the developing nervous system. We have been successful in maintaining dissociated chick dorsal root ganglia neurons in a serum-free, defined medium composed of F12 synthetic medium and, substituting for serum, a combination of hormones (insulin, PTH, triiodothyronine, TRH, somatomedin, hydrocortisone, testosterone) and other factors (transferrin). Not only were these hormones found to be sufficient for the maintenance of neurons in vitro, but, by the selective elimination of one component from the mixture, the role of specific hormones in neutral development could be grossly assessed. The elimination of insulin proved to be most inimical to neuronal survival.
Cataleptic effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and baclofen in mice: mediation by GABAB receptors, but differential enhancement by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists

Rationale Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog that is used to treat narcolepsy but that is also abused. GHB has many actions in common with the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, but their underlying GABAB receptor mechanisms may be different.
Simulation of the North American Monsoon by the NCAR CCM3 and Its Sensitivity to Convection Parameterization

Abstract Two 9-yr runs of the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) are compared in their simulations of the North American summer monsoon. In a control simulation, the Zhang–McFarlane deep convection scheme is used. For an experimental simulation, the following modifications to the scheme are implemented. The closure is based on the large-scale forcing of virtual temperature, and a relative humidity threshold on convective parcels lifted from the boundary layer is applied. The sensitivity to these modifications for simulating the North American monsoon is investigated. Model validation relies on hourly precipitation rates from surface gauges over the United States, hourly precipitation rates derived from the combination of microwave and radar measurements from NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite over Mexico, and CAPE values as calculated from temperature, specific humidity, and pressure fields from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. Results show that the experimental run improves t...
Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of virus structure and its applications in the development of pharmaceutical agents

Virus particles are among the biological subjects that were first found to form single crystals. Their atomic structures were solved when X-ray sources became stronger in intensity. Virus crystals have large unit cell dimensions and are generally sensitive to X-ray radiation. However, the high symmetry of virus particles allows the crystal structure to be solved by non-crystallographic symmetry averaging of electron densities using only the Bragg reflection intensities. Virus crystal structures have expanded our understanding of the principles of virus assembly, recognition of the host receptor, and virus escape from the surveillance of the human immune system. Spherical virus particles are assembled from common capsid subunits and whose layout follows icosahedral symmetry. Interatomic interactions among the capsid protein subunits, especially through their extended termini and loops, stabilize the viral protein shell to encapsulate the viral genome. Conserved folds are found in the protein capsid subunit...
High-Risk Pursuit Classification: A Categorical Analysis of Variables From Georgia Police Pursuits

This research project examined the potential variables associated with high-risk police pursuits in the United States state of Georgia. The Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police (GACP) initiated data collection of pursuits among accredited agencies as a result of the decision in Scott v. Harris. A sample of 2,155 pursuit reports from 2007 to 2009 was analyzed using chi-square analysis. Variables associated with negative pursuit outcomes revealed a classification of variables for high-risk pursuits. The findings indicated a classification of high-risk pursuit variables, which originated from approximately 100 GACP accredited police agencies per year during the 3-year collection of data. DISCUSSION includes implications related to policy evaluation and training as well as suggestions for future research. Language: en
Secular variations of surface temperature and precipitation patterns over the great lakes region

Spatial patterns of surface temperature and precipitation variability over the Great Lakes region and their changes during the past 78 years are examined using eigenvector analysis. The results show that the region is homogeneous in terms of temperature variations. The most important regional temperature trends have been very similar to the trends in the average annual temperature for the Northern Hemisphere. In the case of precipitation, however, an important boundary divides the region into a north-western and south-eastern portion. Positive precipitation anomalies occurred over the south-east during the early part of this century and again after about 1960. The north-western portion, on the other hand, experienced wet conditions during most of the intervening years.
Simulation Study of Biological Reference Points for Summer Flounder

Abstract The biological reference point Fx % (i.e., the fishing mortality rate that maintains the spawning stock biomass per recruit at x% of its unfished value [where x is usually set to 40]) is a commonly used proxy for F MSY (the fishing mortality rate that results in the maximum sustainable yield). However, Fx % is not in general equivalent to F MSY. To investigate the difference between Fx % and F MSY, we developed a simple simulation model capable of representing the relationship between yield and fishing mortality, maximum spawning potential (%MSP), and the curvature of the stock–recruitment (S–R) curve (parameterized as β) for a stock similar to summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (a high-β species). The model demonstrates that the dynamic trajectories of the stock are heavily dependent on β. The model confirmed the dependence of equilibrium yield on β and produced a specific relationship between the magnitude of β and yield. A decision-theoretic approach was used to suggest that setting x to 40...
Item Response Modeling of Presence-Severity Items Application to Measurement of Patient-Reported Outcomes

The Presence-Severity (P-S) format refers to a compound item structure in which a question is first asked to check the presence of the particular event in question. If the respondent provides an affirmative answer, a follow-up is administered, often about the frequency, density, severity, or impact of the event. Despite the popularity of the P-S format in areas such as patient reported outcomes, little attention has been paid to their psychometric analysis, which is necessary for making key design decisions about a scale. In this study, an item response theory–based framework is proposed to perform item analysis involving P-S data, which improves psychometric analysis for (a) scoring response categories, (b) calibrating items, (c) calculating reliability or internal consistency, and (d) selecting and revising items. A real-data example involving the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale–Short Form, which is used as symptom distress measure for terminally ill cancer patients, demonstrates how the new framework...
N-(2-benzoxazolyl)anthranilic acid and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-quinazoline-2,4-dione†

The hydrolysis of 12H-benzoxazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-12-one (I) yields N-(2-benzox-azolyl)anthranilic acid (III) and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)quinazoline-2,4-dione (IV). Unequivocal syntheses of both III and IV are described.
Physical location of ribosome binding sites on lambda DNA.

Abstract Escherichia coli ribosomes were bound to single-stranded lambda DNA and fixed with glutaraldehyde. The complexes were visualized in the electron microscope. The positions of ribosomes bound in the immunity region and portions of the early regions between map co-ordinates 63% and 86% correspond closely to 12 known genes in these regions. Binding occurred at several sites at which genes have not been mapped. These sites probably indicate the position of unmapped lambda genes or genes not yet identified genetically. This procedure may have general applicability for mapping and other studies.
The Nature of the Dissociation Sites of Hydrogen Molecules on Ru(001)

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to study the dissociative adsorption of H{sub 2} on Ru(001) near saturation coverage, when the number of residual hydrogen vacancies (i.e., unoccupied Ru sites) is small. We found that H{sub 2} dissociation takes place only on Ru sites where the metal atom is not bound to any H atom. Such active sites are formed when at least 3 H-vacancies aggregate by thermal diffusion. Sites formed by single H-vacancies or pairs of adjoining vacancies were found to be unreactive toward H{sub 2}. As a similar phenomenon was found previously on Pd(111), the present results indicate that the active sites for H2 dissociation share a common characteristic among catalytically active transition metals.
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention in Early Intervention

This article proposes a conceptual framework for the provision of early intervention services, applying the concept of primary, secondary, or tertiary levels of prevention. This prevention perspective is built on the premise that the manifestation, severity, or extended impact, respectively, of a specified condition, namely developmental delay, can be prevented. This premise has implications for direct intervention with children and linked intervention for families. Representative findings are used to illustrate the preventive and ameliorative functions of early intervention. The implications of this preventive framework for intervention with infants and their families are identified.
Ionic strength dependence of the oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 in sodium chloride particles

Abstract The reaction of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of deliquesced (>75% RH) sodium chloride (brine) particles was studied by utilizing a cross flow mini-reactor. The reaction kinetics were followed by observing chloride depletion in particles by computer-controlled scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, namely CCSEM/EDX. The reactions take place in concentrated mixed salt brine aerosols, for which no complete kinetic equilibrium data previously existed. We measured the Henry's law solubility of H2O2 in brine solutions to close that gap. We also calculated the reaction rate as the particle transforms continuously from concentrated NaCl brine to, eventually, a mixed NaHSO4 plus H2SO4 brine solution. The reaction rate of the SO2 oxidation by H2O2 was found to be influenced by the change in ionic strength as the particle undergoes compositional transformation, following closely the dependence of the third order rate constant on ionic strength as predicted using established rate equations. This is the first study that has measured the ionic strength dependence of sulfate formation (in non-aqueous media) from oxidation of mixed salt brine aerosols in the presence of H2O2. It also gives the first report of the dependence of the Henry's law constant of H2O2 on ionic strength.
India in 2010 : robust economics amid political stasis

The Congress Party, although in a strong position to improve matters in 2010, generally proved disappointing, especially in the realm of governance and public policy. However, Indian authorities did demonstrate the ability to manage the economy well in a challenging international economic climate. President Obama9s three-day trip helped to reinvigorate bilateral ties, but India9s relations with China and Pakistan remained testy.
A sensitive and specific tritium release assay for dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) in serum

Abstract The release of tritium from [7- 3 H 2 ]dopamine was investigated as a possible procedure for the assay for dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) in rat and human serum. The release was found to have the same characteristics as those deseribed previously for DβH in serum; for example, an optimum rate of reaction at pH 5.0 or an enhancement of release with agents such as Cu 2+ ions and N -ethylmaleimide which are known to inactivate endogenous inhibitors of DβH in serum. Tritium release was blocked by the DβH inhibitor fusaric acid but not by inhibitors of other dopamine-metabolizing enzymes in serum. Incubation of 14 C-labeled dopamine along with [7- 3 H 2 ]dopamine revealed that, under the standard assay conditions, the formation of [ 14 C]norepinephrine was accompanied by release of one of the two tritium atoms on the 7-carbon. It was concluded that the procedure provided a simple and sensitive assay of DβH activity in serum.
Elderly Support and In-Kind Transfers: Taxation Options in Rural Russia

This paper explores the policy challenges generated by the growing post-retirement population in the rural areas of the Russian Federation. We investigate whether problems of the elderly can be eased by in-kind transfers. Traditional neoclassical criticisms of in-kind transfers are discussed, but found inappropriate to the unique conditions of rural Russia. We posit that rural pensions should continue to be subsidized with in-kind transfers, specifically those associated with agrarian production. Such transfers are justified on both economic and social grounds.
The utility of giant cane as a riparian buffer species in southern Illinois agricultural landscapes

Across the U.S., multiple species of riparian vegetation have proven to be effective filters of sediment and nutrients in agricultural watersheds. Research at Southern Illinois University Carbondale has focused on giant cane [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.] as a potential candidate to incorporate into riparian buffer designs. In 2001, an exploratory study (i.e., Phase I) monitored nutrient and sediment concentrations from surface runoff and groundwater in the Cypress Creek watershed, while two subsequent studies (i.e., Phase II) focused on groundwater quality and added additional riparian buffer plots in the Big Creek and Cache River Watersheds. The primary objective of this research was to compare nutrient attenuation in groundwater of native giant cane and forest riparian buffers. Results from phase I showed significant nutrient reductions in groundwater over short distances in both the giant cane (~3.0 m) and forest buffers (~6.0 m), thus additional wells were installed at 1.5 and 12.0 m for the second phase. Groundwater NO3 −-N was significantly reduced by 90% in the initial 3.0 m of the giant cane buffer, where plant assimilation and microbial denitrification were likely key NO3 −-N removal mechanisms. Phase II showed significant reductions in groundwater NO3 −-N beneath the forest buffers, whereas little change occurred below the giant cane buffers. However, NO3 −-N concentrations beneath giant cane buffers were 3 times less than those observed beneath the forest buffers. Follow-up studies are being conducted on the transport of E. coli through vegetated buffers, and efforts have been expanded to the watershed-scale.
Integrating Faith and Learning: Development of a Stage Model of Teacher Implementation

(1994). Integrating Faith and Learning: Development of a Stage Model of Teacher Implementation. Journal of Research on Christian Education: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 79-102.
Identification of precursor microRNAs within distal axons of sensory neuron

A set of specific precursor microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) are reported to localize into neuronal dendrites, where they could be processed locally to control synaptic protein synthesis and plasticity. However, it is not clear whether specific pre-miRNAs are also transported into distal axons to autonomously regulate intra-axonal protein synthesis. Here, we show that a subset of pre-miRNAs, whose mature miRNAs are enriched in axonal compartment of sympathetic neurons, are present in axons of neurons both in vivo and in vitro by quantitative PCR and by in situ hybridization. Some pre-miRNAs (let 7c-a and pre-miRs-16, 23a, 25, 125b-1, 433, and 541) showed elevated axonal levels, while others (pre-miRs-138-2, 185, and 221) were decreased in axonal levels following injury. Dicer and KSRP proteins are also present in distal axons, but Drosha is found restricted to the cell body. These findings suggest that specific pre-miRNAs are selected for localization into distal axons of sensory neurons and are presumably processed to mature miRNAs in response to extracellular stimuli. This study supports the notion that local miRNA biogenesis effectively provides another level of temporal control for local protein synthesis in axons.
Research Note-The Effects of Costs and Competition on Slotting Allowances

We consider the optimal two-part tariff contract between a manufacturer and a retailer. We show that retail competition in the presence of either fixed costs or bargaining power may lead to slotting allowances in an optimal contract, even with a monopoly manufacturer and no information asymmetry. On the other hand, slotting allowances do not arise with a monopoly retailer and no information asymmetry, whether the manufacturer is a monopoly or not. We also show that more intense retail competition, higher retail bargaining power, larger retailer fixed costs, lower marginal costs of retailing, as well as larger relative retailer size whether coming from a location or operating advantage, have a positive impact on the incidence and the magnitude of slotting allowances. The opposing effects of the fixed and marginal operating costs on slotting allowances, as well as the impact of competition and bargaining power on profits, underscore the importance of careful definitions of these variables in empirical research.
What Goes Around Comes Around: Understanding Trust–Value Dilemmas of Market Relationships

Abstract The emerging cultural, societal, and environmental milieu of the twenty-first-century marketplace presents coping challenges for even strong and well-established companies. Few, if any, attempts have been made to examine systematically a firm's symbiotic link with society by focusing on the complexity and interconnectedness of its disparate market relationships. To facilitate a grounded approach to such modeling, the authors use a trust–value framework to analyze market relationships, the interconnections among them, and the trust–value dilemmas that arise in the context of two case studies: (1) the 3M company's decision to pull Scotchgard from the market and (2) the Los Angeles Unified School District versus the Coca-Cola Company regarding the sale of soft drinks on school premises. The authors chronologically assembled and systematically analyzed data from public, secondary, and industry sources, using relationship marketing theory principles to develop the individual case studies. The analyses...
Critical width of tidal flats triggers marsh collapse in the absence of sea-level rise

High rates of wave-induced erosion along salt marsh boundaries challenge the idea that marsh survival is dictated by the competition between vertical sediment accretion and relative sea-level rise. Because waves pounding marshes are often locally generated in enclosed basins, the depth and width of surrounding tidal flats have a pivoting control on marsh erosion. Here, we show the existence of a threshold width for tidal flats bordering salt marshes. Once this threshold is exceeded, irreversible marsh erosion takes place even in the absence of sea-level rise. This catastrophic collapse occurs because of the positive feedbacks among tidal flat widening by wave-induced marsh erosion, tidal flat deepening driven by wave bed shear stress, and local wind wave generation. The threshold width is determined by analyzing the 50-y evolution of 54 marsh basins along the US Atlantic Coast. The presence of a critical basin width is predicted by a dynamic model that accounts for both horizontal marsh migration and vertical adjustment of marshes and tidal flats. Variability in sediment supply, rather than in relative sea-level rise or wind regime, explains the different critical width, and hence erosion vulnerability, found at different sites. We conclude that sediment starvation of coastlines produced by river dredging and damming is a major anthropogenic driver of marsh loss at the study sites and generates effects at least comparable to the accelerating sea-level rise due to global warming.
Endobronchial rupture from endotracheal reintubation with an endotracheal tube guide

Endotracheal tube guides are often used to facilitate endotracheal tube exchange in patients whose airways are difficult to intubate. The absence of reported complications with this technique suggests it is a safe technique; however, we report a case of endobronchial rupture associated with such a guide. Diagnosis and management of tracheobronchial tears and alternative approaches to difficult reintubation are described.
The Adsorbate Electron Affinity Dependence of Femtosecond Electron Dynamics at Dielectric/Metal Interfaces

The two pho ton photoemission tech nique has been uti lized to in ves ti gate the ad sor bate elec tron af fin ity de pend ence of in ter fa cial elec tron trans fer dy nam ics. The com par i son of cal cu lated and ex per i men tal re sults high light a brief dis cus sion of a di elec tric con tin uum model. For the n-heptane/Ag(111) and the ben zene/ Ag(111) in ter faces, the model ef fec tively re pro duces ex per i men tal im age po ten tial state prop er ties. The model fails to ad e quately de scribe the in flu ence of anthracene ad sor bates on im age po ten tial state life times, as dem on strated by the ex per i men tal and the o ret i cal re sults. The ex per i mental n = 1 life time of 1200 femto seconds and bind ing en ergy of -0.53 eV for the anthracene bilayer dif fer greatly from the cal cu lated val u es of 40 femto seconds and -1.4 eV. The ap pli ca tion of femto second (fs) la ser tech nol ogy to two pho ton photoemission (TPPE) has trans formed the ex per i men tal in ves ti ga tion of elec tron dy nam ics in met als and at metal sur faces. In di rect in for ma tion has long been ac ces si ble via linewidth anal y sis of static spec tra ob tained from in verse photoemission, 1 and high res o lu tion elec tron en ergy loss spec tros copy stud ies, 2 but the dif fi culty in dis tin guish ing be tween phase and en ergy re lax ation, as well as the com pli cat ing in flu ence of inhomogeneous broad en ing, stresses the im por tance of di rectly mea sur ing elec tron dy nam ics. The two pho ton photoemission tech nique pop u lates un oc cu pied elec tronic states with a pump pulse and photoemits the ex cited state elec trons with a probe pulse, as de picted in Fig. 1(a). The bind ing en ergy of the un oc cu pied elec tronic states can be de ter mined by mea sur ing the ki netic en ergy of the photoemitted elec trons and then sub tract ing the en ergy of the probe pulse pho ton. The ex cited state life times can be de ter mined by mea sur ing the num ber of elec trons de tected as a func tion of time de lay be tween the ar rival of the pump and the probe pulses at the sam ple. The di rect ob ser va tion of ex cited state life times con sti tutes the most sig nif i cant ad van tage of TPPE (see Fig. 1). Time re solved TPPE has been uti lized to study many as pects of elec tron dy nam ics in met als and at metal sur faces. Nu mer ous ex per i men tal in ves ti ga tions of hot elec tron dy nam ics have been con ducted to date in an at tempt to de ter mine the in flu ence of the metal band struc ture on elec tron dy nam ics. 3-7
The Community Guide's model for linking the social environment to health.

In the mid-1990s, the independent national Task Force on Community Preventive Services (the Task Force) was created under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services to summarize what is known about the effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve population health outcomes. The Task Force wanted to examine broad social determinants of health from an ecologic perspective—one that recognized the connection between health and sustainable human, cultural, economic, and social activities. Communities interact with resources in the social and physical environments over broad periods of time. Understanding patterns of health or disease requires a focus not only on personal behaviors and biologic traits but also on characteristics of the social and physical environments that shape human experience and offer or limit opportunities for health. Social Determinants of Health
Modeling and design with SpecC

Discusses system design and SpecC design methodology. Specification model, architecture model, communication model and implementation model realisations are implemented.
New Laryngeal Muscle Weakness in Post-Polio Syndrome

The authors describe the clinical presentations of post-polio laryngeal muscle weakness in three patients with prior polio infection who presented with new complaints including slowly progressive dyspnea, dysphagia, and/or hoarseness. Evaluations by laryngeal videostroboscopy and electromyography revealed vocal cord abductor and/or adductor weakness, recurrent posterior glottic web in one case, and, in the two patients who agreed to electromyography, evidence of prior denervation and reinnervation in laryngeal muscles. Treatment was directed at attempting to maintain an airway and optimize vocal quality. One patient benefitted from tracheostomy, one benefitted from vocal cord medialization, and one benefitted from resection of interarytenoid scarring. The authors conclude that diagnosis of laryngeal post-polio syndrome is facilitated by laryngeal electromyography. Interventions directed at maintaining an appropriate airway and optimizing vocal quality may be helpful.
Constitutional Interpretation: Non-originalism

Debates over the proper theory of, or approach to, constitutional interpretation rage through many Western constitutional democracies. Although the number of distinct theories, if finely individuated, might match the number of theorists who have entered the fray, it has become customary to group the competing accounts into two broad camps, commonly labeled ‘originalism’ and ‘non-originalism’. This article presents an overview of non-originalist approaches to constitutional interpretation. However, because non-originalism is defined as the negation of originalism – that is, diverse theories are grouped together as ‘non-originalist,’ not so much by what they commonly affirm, as by what they commonly deny – the project naturally focuses as well on originalist theories of interpretation. After specifying what originalism maintains, and what objections it encounters, the essay sketches some of the more prominent non-originalist approaches to constitutional interpretation and identifies some of the criticisms they face and worries they provoke. Preliminarily, it explains why ‘theories of constitutional interpretation’ constitute only a subset of ‘theories of judicial review.’
Evaluation of Reduced Fish Meal Diets for Second Year Growout of the Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

Development of efficient cost-effective diets is a critical component in the refinement of production technologies for the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (LMB). One of the first steps in reducing feed costs can be to decrease the amount of fish meal in the diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate reduced levels of fish meal, and a least-cost formulation diet, for second year growout of LMB under practical pond conditions. Twelve 0.04-ha ponds were stocked with juvenile LMB (210.1±3.3 g) at a stocking density of 8650 fish/ha (350 fish/pond). Each pond was randomly assigned one of the four dietary treatments with three replicate ponds per treatment. The three experimental diets contained varying levels of fish meal. Diets FM-45, FM-24, and FM-8 contained 45, 23.5, and 8% fish meal, respectively. In diets FM-24 and FM-8, fish meal was replaced by varying levels of poultry by-product meal, soybean meal, and blood meal. The fourth diet was a commercial salmonid diet widely used as a LMB growout feed (Nelson and Sons, Inc., SilvercupTM, Steelhead, Murray, UT, USA). This diet served as a commercial control (CC) and contained 46% crude protein. The experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with the CC diet and were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 180 d. At harvest, there were no significant differences between treatments (P > 0.05) in terms of survival, which averaged 95% overall. Mean weights of fish fed the three experimental diets FM-45, FM-24 and FM-8 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and averaged 518, 546, and 529 g, respectively, but were all significantly greater (P≤ 0.05) than those fed the CC (488 g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed the FM-45 and FM-8 diets (1.43 and 1.46, respectively) was significantly greater (P≤ 0.05) than those fed the FM-24 diet (1.34). The FCR of fish fed the CC diet (1.39) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from fish fed other diets. Feed cost per unit of weight gain ($US/kg) was significantly lower (P≤ 0.05) in fish fed the FM-24 and FM-8 diets ($0.73 and $0.72/kg, respectively) than in fish fed other diets. Feed cost per unit gain of fish fed the FM-45 diet ($0.83/kg) was significantly lower (P≤ 0.05) than those fed the CC diet ($1.04/kg). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in dress-out percentages or proximate composition among fish fed the four diets. This study indicates that fish meal levels in feeds used for the second year growout of LMB can be reduced to≥8% of the formulation without reducing survival or growth and without negatively impacting body composition.
GENDER, SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY*

Criminological researchers have devoted substantial attention to the nature and dynamics of residential burglary, but the role played by gender in shaping this offense remains largely unexplored. Feminist ethnographers have documented the fact that streetlife is highly gendered, and that this typically serves to marginalize women’s participation in criminal networks and activities. Therefore, it appears likely that residential burglary-a prototypically social offense that requires good network connections- will be strongly influenced by gender dynamics, In this study, we analyze in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 18 female and 36 male active residential burglars to examine the ways in which gender structures access to, participation in, and potential desistance from, residential burglary. In doing so, we aim to provide an insider’s view of how gender stereotypes are expressed, reinforced, and exploited within streetlife social networks, and how these networks shape the lived experience of men and women engaged in residential burglary.
Reconstruction from a single diffraction pattern of azimuthally projected electron density of molecules aligned parallel to a single axis

Diffraction from the individual molecules of a molecular beam, aligned parallel to a single axis by a strong electric field or other means, has been proposed as a means of structure determination of individual molecules. As in fiber diffraction, all the information extractable is contained in a diffraction pattern from incidence of the diffracting beam normal to the molecular alignment axis. The limited size of the object results in continuous diffraction patterns characterized by neither Bragg spots nor layer lines. Equations relating the scattered amplitudes to the molecular electron density may be conveniently formulated in terms of cylindrical harmonics. For simulated diffraction patterns from short C nanotubes aligned along their axes, iterative solution of the equation for the zeroth-order cylindrical harmonic and its inverse with appropriate constraints in real and reciprocal space enables the phasing of the measured amplitudes, and hence a reconstruction of the azimuthal projection of the molecule.
A team effort: Reply to Snyder and Elliott

This response to C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott's innovative proposals for training (this issue, pp. 1033-1054) highlights areas of agreement with the authors as well as encourages greater attention to several issues. These include counseling psychology and its historical emphasis on wellness, mentoring training for current faculty as well as graduate students, and appreciation for the diverse areas within psychology as well as within the broader social sciences (e.g., social work, marriage and family therapy) as contributors to such training.
Client satisfaction in a health maintenance organization: providers' perceptions compared to clients' reports.

This study seeks to compare clients' reports of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with an HMO and its medical care program to providers' perceptions of client satisfaction. The main conclusion is that providers are fairly aware of medical care system attributes with which clients are highly satisfied and dissatisfied. Those with direct patient contact, especially physicians and nurses, are most accurate in their perceptions. Personnel without direct patient contact are about equally accurate in their perceptions of client satisfaction, though personnel without patient contact perceive relatively more dissatisfaction than clients report. Most approaches to medical care evaluation ex amine costs and efficiency and, more recently, the technical quality of care. Less attention has been given to the assessment of client satisfaction, and almost no attention has been given to what providers perceive as the assessment of clients. Clearly, HMOs' viability is determined largely by their ability to identify and correct ...
On the optimization of imaging protocol for the mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity.

Background To devise an improved blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging protocol for cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) measurement that can remove a known artifact of negative values. Methods Theoretical and simulation studies were first performed to understand the biophysical mechanism of the negative CVR signals, through which improved BOLD sequence parameters were proposed. This was achieved by equating signal intensities between cerebrospinal fluid and blood, by means of shortening the echo time (TE) of the BOLD sequence. Then, 10 healthy volunteers were recruited to participate in an experimental study, in which we compared the CVR results of two versions of the optimized (“Opt1” and “Opt2”) protocols with that of the standard protocol at 3 Tesla. Two sessions were performed for each subject to test the reproducibility of all three protocols. Results Experimental results demonstrated that the optimized protocols resulted in elimination of negative-CVR voxels. Quantitative CVR results were compared across protocols, which show that the optimized protocols yielded smaller CVR values (Opt1: 0.16 ± 0.01 %BOLD/mmHg CO2; Opt2: 0.15 ± 0.01 %BOLD/mmHg CO2) than (P < 0.001) the standard protocol (0.21 ± 0.01 %BOLD/mmHg CO2), but the CNR was comparable (P = 0.1) to the standard protocol. The coefficient-of-variation between repetitions was found to be 5.6 ± 1.4%, 6.3 ± 1.6%, and 6.9 ± 0.9% for the three protocols, but there were no significant differences (P = 0.65). Conclusion Based on the theoretical and experimental results obtained from this study, we suggest that the use of a TE shorter than those used in fMRI is necessary to minimize negative artifact in CVR results. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.
Nonlinear Optical Effects in InxGa(1-x)As Quantum Systems for Saturable Absorbers

In this study we present measurements of the intrinsic properties of three quantum systems: bound and excitonic QWs states, and QDs. We start by measuring the external properties of two saturable absorbers, one with QWs and the other with QDs. By fitting this measured external data, we then calculate the intrinsic properties of each of the three quantum systems and compare their merits as saturable absorbing materials
Evolutionary origins of eukaryotic sodium/proton exchangers.

More than 200 genes annotated as Na+/H+ hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) currently reside in bioinformation databases such as GenBank and Pfam. We performed detailed phylogenetic analyses of these NHEs i...
The benefits of planar circular mouths on suction feeding performance

Suction feeding is the most common form of prey capture across aquatic feeding vertebrates and many adaptations that enhance efficiency and performance are expected. Many suction feeders have mechanisms that allow the mouth to form a planar and near-circular opening that is believed to have beneficial hydrodynamic effects. We explore the effects of the flattened and circular mouth opening through computational fluid dynamics simulations that allow comparisons with other mouth profiles. Compared to mouths with lateral notches, we find that the planar mouth opening results in higher flow rates into the mouth and a region of highest flow that is positioned at the centre of the mouth aperture. Planar mouths provide not only for better total fluid flow rates through the mouth but also through the centre of the mouth near where suction feeders position their prey. Circular mouths are shown to provide the quickest capture times for spherical and elliptical prey because they expose the prey item to a large region of high flow. Planar and circular mouths result in higher flow velocities with peak flow located at the centre of the mouth opening and they maximize the capacity of the suction feeders to exert hydrodynamic forces on the prey.
The protective role of adiponectin in pulmonary vascular disease.

adiponectin (APN), a 30-kDa multimeric protein exclusively produced by fat cells, reverses insulin resistance (IR) and is independently associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in apparently healthy individuals ([10][1]). However, in IR states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, its
Adenosine triphosphate depletion reverses sodium-dependent, neuronal uptake of glutamate in rat hippocampal slices

Extracellular accumulations of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) may mediate ischemic neuronal damage. Metabolic insults can decrease Na+ and K+ plasma membrane gradients, thereby reducing the driving force for uptake of EAAs into cells by Na(+)-dependent EAA cotransporters. EAA accumulations could result from decreased uptake and increased release due to reversal of these cotransporters. ATP depletion, uptake, and release of EAAs were measured by HPLC in slices treated with metabolic inhibitors. Inhibition and reversal of cotransporters were determined by uptake or release of D,L-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartate (OH- Asp), an EAA analog with high affinity for cotransporters. Moderate ATP depletion (7 > ATP nmol/mg protein > 3) reduced uptake by cotransporters without increasing release of EAAs. When ATP was severely depleted (ATP < 2 nmol/mg protein), increased release of EAAs and preloaded OH-Asp occurred, consistent with reversal of cotransporters. Release of glutamine and asparagine was not increased, confirming that release was not primarily due to nonselective increased membrane permeability. ATP depletion and ouabain acted synergistically to produce EAA release, strongly suggesting release was largely mediated by inhibition of Na/K-ATPases. Severe ATP depletion decreased glutamate-like immunoreactivity primarily in axonal terminal-like structures, suggesting release occurred primarily from terminals. Moderate ATP depletion may increase extracellular EAAs by decreasing uptake. Severe ATP depletion may further increase EAAs by reversing uptake, thereby releasing cytosolic neuronal pools of EAAs.
A stochastic model of packed‐bed mixing and mass transfer

A new model of packed-bed behavior based on a second-order stochastic process is developed and examined. The model takes as the basis process the transitions of fluid “packets” among allowed velocity states. The observable phenomenon, that is, the spatial distribution of packets, is a projection of the velocity state process. Results from the model compare well with results from experiments for mixing in packed beds. Model parameters are consistent, and correlate with the physical parameters of the systems. Present results under mass transfer conditions are inconclusive but encouraging.
Global Regulatory Functions of Oaf1p and Pip2p (Oaf2p), Transcription Factors That Regulate Genes Encoding Peroxisomal Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Two transcription factors, Oaf1p and Pip2p (Oaf2p), are key components in the pathway by which several Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes encoding peroxisomal proteins are activated in the presence of a fatty acid such as oleate. By searching the S. cerevisiae genomic database for the consensus sequence that acts as a target for these transcription factors, we identified 40 genes that contain a putative Oaf1p-Pip2p binding site in their promoter region. Quantitative Northern analysis confirmed that the expression of 22 of the genes identified is induced by oleate and that either one or both of these transcription factors are required for the activation. In addition to known peroxisomal proteins, the regulated genes encode novel peroxisomal proteins, a mitochondrial protein, and proteins of unknown location and function. We demonstrate that Oaf1p regulates certain genes in the absence of Pip2p and that both of these transcription factors play a role in maintaining the glucose-repressed state of one gene. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the defined consensus binding site is not required for the regulation of certain oleate-responsive genes.
Functional MR imaging of vision in the deaf.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Early loss of a sensory modality has been associated with cortical reorganization in both animal models and humans. The purpose of this study was to map visual activation with functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to document possible developmental reorganization in the temporal lobe caused by early deafness. Materials and Methods Six prelingual, profoundly deaf subjects were compared with a similar group of six hearing subjects. Three visual tasks were performed by both groups: attention to movement in the field-of-view periphery, shape matching, and mental rotation. Echo-planar coronal MR imaging was performed at 1.5 T. Results Regions of interest encompassing the middle and posterior aspects of the superior and middle temporal gyri demonstrated a significantly (P Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that portions of the temporal lobe usually involved in auditory processing are more active during certain visual tasks in deaf compared with hearing subjects. Cortical reorganization may be an important factor in the deaf population when considering the physiology of temporal lobe lesions and predicting surgical outcomes. Functional MR imaging may be helpful during preoperative assessment in individuals with deafness.
Thalamic lesions dissociate breathing inhibition by hypoxia and adenosine in fetal sheep

The effects of diencephalic lesions on respiratory responses to intra-arterially infused adenosine (ADO) were determined in chronically catheterized fetal sheep (>0.8 term). These studies were desi...
Difference in Radial Growth Response to Restoration Thinning and Burning Treatments Between Young and Old Ponderosa Pine in Arizona

Thinning and burning treatments based on forest conditions present before Euro-American settlement have been proposed to improve growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in northern Arizona. We examined tree growth response to different levels of such treatments and compared growth response between old trees that established before Euro-American settlement (presettlement trees) and younger trees that established after Euro-American settlement (postsettlement trees). We made these comparisons for 3 years of posttreatment growth in northern Arizona stands subjected to four levels of thinning. Thinning treatments varied the number of postsettlement trees retained to replace dead presettlement trees. Thinning increased radial growth at breast height of postsettlement trees in all 3 years after treatment, and growth response was negatively correlated with posttreatment stand basal area. In contrast, growth of presettle- ment trees was not affected by thinning in most years, and there was no relationship between growth and posttreatment stand basal area. Application of the same thinning prescription to stands with different management history resulted in different posttreatment basal area and consequently different growth response to thinning for postsettlement trees. Our results show that growth of 80-year-old, postsettlement ponderosa pines is more responsive to restoration thinning than older presettlement trees, and provide guidelines for thinning levels needed to stimulate growth of presettlement trees. West. J. Appl. For. 20(1): 36-43.
A solution thermodynamics definition of the fiber saturation point and the derivation of a wood–water phase (state) diagram

The fiber saturation point (FSP) is an important concept in wood–moisture relations that differentiates between the states of water in wood and has been discussed in the literature for over 100 years. Despite its importance and extensive study, the exact theoretical definition of the FSP and the operational definition (the correct way to measure the FSP) are still debated because different methods give a wide range of values. In this paper, a theoretical definition of the FSP is presented based on solution thermodynamics that treats the FSP as a phase boundary. This thermodynamic interpretation allows FSP to be calculated from the chemical potentials of bound and free water as a function of moisture content, assuming that they are both known. Treating FSP as a phase boundary naturally lends itself to the construction of a phase diagram of water in wood. A preliminary phase diagram is constructed with previously published data, and the phase diagram is extended to a state diagram by adding data on the glass transition temperatures of the wood components. The thermodynamic interpretation and resulting state diagram represent a potential framework for understanding how wood modification may affect wood–moisture relations.
Controversies and Advances With Testosterone Therapy: A 40-Year Perspective

Testosterone therapy (TTh) has become highly controversial. There are important health consequences of testosterone deficiency, and meaningful benefits with treatment. There is level 1 evidence that TTh improves sexual function and desire, body composition, and bone density. Concerns regarding cardiovascular risk were based on two deeply flawed retrospective studies and are contradicted by dozens of studies showing cardiovascular benefits of TTh or higher endogenous testosterone, including placebo-controlled studies in men with known heart disease (angina, heart failure). Prostate cancer should no longer be considered a risk of TTh. Testosterone is neither scourge nor panacea—it is just good medicine.
Saving specimens after Sandy.

When Hurricane Sandy wiped out the power to the VA in Manhattan, 25 years' worth of specimens held by researchers working on potential HIV vaccines and tuberculosis diagnostics were in jeopardy. But the laboratory team swung into action to preserve their frozen assets.
Student Ownership of Learning as a Key Component of College Readiness

This article considers the importance of ownership of learning as a key component of college readiness. The article is organized around two conceptual models. The first is a four-part model of college readiness that includes key cognitive strategies, key content knowledge, key learning skills and techniques, and key transition knowledge and skills. The second is a five-part model of ownership of learning that consists of the following elements: motivation and engagement, goal orientation and self-direction, self-efficacy and self-confidence, metacognition and self-monitoring, and persistence. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the role and importance of ownership of learning and makes the case that these elements can and should be taught to all students, and particularly in settings where an achievement gap exists.