cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitive method for the quantitation of droloxifene in plasma and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography employing fluorimetric detection

Abstract A simple and highly sensitive reversed-phase fluorimetric HPLC method for the quantitation of droloxifene from rat, monkey, and human plasma as well as human serum is described. This assay employs solid-phase extraction and has a dynamic range of 25 to 10 000 pg/ml. Sample extraction (efficiencies >86%) was accomplished using a benzenesulfonic acid (SCX) column with water and methanol rinses. Droloxifene and internal standard were eluted with 1 ml of 3.5% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide (30%) in methanol. Samples were quantited using post-column UV-photochemical cyclization coupled with fluoremetric detection with excitation and emission wavelengths of 260 nm and 375 nm, respectively. Relative ease of sample extraction and short run times allow for the analysis of approximately 100 samples per day.
Temporal trends in compliance with appropriateness criteria for stress single-photon emission computed tomography sestamibi studies in an academic medical center.

Background The purpose of this study was to apply published appropriateness criteria for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in a single academic medical center to determine if the percentage of inappropriate studies was changing over time. In a previous study, we applied the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC) appropriateness criteria for stress SPECT MPI and reported that 14% of stress SPECT studies were performed for inappropriate reasons. Methods Using similar methodology, we retrospectively examined 284 patients who underwent stress SPECT MPI in October 2006 and compared the findings to the previous cohort of 284 patients who underwent stress SPECT MPI in May 2005. Results The indications for testing in the 2 cohorts were very similar. The overall level of agreement in characterizing categories of appropriateness between 2 experienced cardiovascular nurse abstractors was good ( κ = 0.68), which represented an improvement from our previous study ( κ = 0.56). There was a significant change between May 2005 and October 2006 in the overall classification of categories for appropriateness ( P = .024 by χ 2 statistic). There were modest, but insignificant, increases in the number of patients who were unclassified (15% in the current study vs 11% previously), appropriate (66% vs 64%), and uncertain (12% vs 11%). Only 7% of the studies in the current study were inappropriate, which represented a significant ( P = .004) decrease from the 14% reported in the 2005 cohort. Conclusions In the absence of any specific intervention, there was a significant change in the overall classification of SPECT appropriateness in an academic medical center over 17 months. The only significant difference in individual categories was a decrease in inappropriate studies. Additional measurements over time will be required to determine if this trend is sustainable or generalizable.
The creation of the ‘Israélite indigène’ Jewish merchants in early colonial Oran

Jews in pre-colonial and early colonial Oran were a diverse group that not only constituted a significant portion of the population, but a subsection of them was responsible for a great deal of the city's commerce. Contrary to traditional narratives of the French colonial ‘civilising mission’, wealthy North African Jews helped underwrite the institutions that were putatively imported to help them. These institutions provided a forum for new and pre-existing rivalries between North African Jews in Oran to be worked out. This laid the groundwork for the rhetorical formation of a community of ‘indigenous Jews’ in Algeria, a category that placed those described at the centre of ongoing French debates about political emancipation.
The effect of concussive head injury on central cholinergic neurons

This study examined the effect of fluid percussion head injury on the activity of cholinergic neurons in specific brain areas of the rat 12 min, 4 h and 24 h following injury. Acetylcholine (ACh) turnover, used as an index of cholinergic neuronal activity, was determined using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. The most striking changes in cholinergic activity were observed in the dorsal pontine tegmentum, where concussive head injury produced an increase in ACh turnover 12 min and 4 h following injury. This area has been previously associated with behavioral changes observed following concussive injury. ACh turnover in the thalamus, a region to which pontine cholinergic neurons project, also tended to increase 4 h following injury. On the other hand, ACh turnover tended to decrease in the amygdala 4 h following injury. Although there were no significant changes in hippocampal ACh content or turnover following injury. ACh content did tend to increase in that brain region 12 min following injury. There were no significant effects of injury on cholinergic neurons in the cingulate/frontal cortex. These changes in cholinergic neuronal activity may contribute to the neurological deficits following concussive injury. In particular, activation of cholinergic neurons in the pontine region may contribute to components of behavioral suppression associated with reversible traumatic unconsciousness. More generalized changes in cholinergic function may lead to the production of more chronic deficits.
Cover crop and tillage effects on soil enzyme activities following tomato.

Abstract Increasing numbers of vegetable growers are adopting conservation tillage practices and including cover crops into crop rotations. The practice helps to increase or maintain an adequate level of soil organic matter and improves vegetable yields. The effects of the practices, however, on enzyme activities in southeastern soils of the United States have not been well documented. Thus, the objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of cover crops and two tillage systems on soil enzyme activity profiles following tomato and to establish relationships between enzyme activities and soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). The cover crops planted late in fall 2005 included black oat ( Avena strigosa ), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), or crimson clover–black oat mixed. A weed control (no cover crop) was also included. Early in spring 2006, the plots were disk plowed and incorporated into soil (conventional tillage) or mowed and left on the soil surface (no-till). Broiler litter as source of N fertilizer was applied at a rate of 4.6 Mg ha −1 , triple super phosphate at 79.0 kg P ha −1 , and potassium chloride at 100 kg K ha −1 were also applied according to soil testing recommendations. Tomato seedlings were transplanted and grown for 60 days on a Marvyn sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults). Ninety-six core soil samples were collected at incremental depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm) and passed through a 2-mm sieve and kept moist to study arylamidase (EC 3.4.11.2), l -asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1), l -glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activities. Tillage systems affected only l -glutaminase activity in soil while cover crops affected activities of all the enzymes studied with the exception of urease. The research clearly demonstrated that in till and no-till systems, l -asparaginase activity is greater ( P ≤ 0.05) in plots preceded by crimson clover than in those preceded by black oat or their mixture. Activity of the enzyme decreased from 11.7 mg NH 4 + –N kg −1 2 h −1 at 0–5 cm depth to 8.73 mg NH 4 + –N kg −1 2 h −1 at 5–10 cm and 10–15 cm depths in the no-till crimson clover plots. Arylamidase activity significantly correlated with soil organic C ( r = 0.699**) and soil organic N ( r = 0.764***). Amidohydrolases activities significantly correlated with soil organic N but only urease significantly correlated with soil organic C ( r = 0.481*). These results indicated that incorporation of cover crops into rotations may increase enzyme activities in soils.
Triaxial plastic stress-strain relations for an aluminum alloy 14S-T4

Abstract This paper gives the results of an investigation on the plastic stress-strain relations of an aluminum alloy 14S-T4 subjected to triaxial stresses. In addition to providing information on the triaxial plastic stress-strain relations, this study serves to provide a further check on the validity of the theories of plasticity used to predict plastic stress-strain relations for combined stresses. The triaxial stresses considered consisted of two equal compressive principal stresses and a third tensile principal stress. The stresses were produced by subjecting a solid cylindrical specimen to radial hydraulic pressure in addition to axial tension. Two types of triaxial stress tests were made. In one type of test the loads were applied so that the ratio of the principal stresses remained essentially constant during the test. For these constant stress-ratio tests, the influence of the stress ratio on the plastic stress-strain relations was investigated. In a second type of test the ratio of the principal stresses was varied during the test. The variable stress-ratio type test was conducted in order to provide a further check on the validity of the simple flow theory. The constant stress ratio tests for various principal stress ratio showed good agreement between the test results and the predictions of the simple flow theory of plasticity. However, the variable stress-ratio test results did not agree with the predictions of the theory.
Age-dependent rotavirus-enterocyte interactions.

AbstractThe nature of rotavirus-intestinal cellular interaction was examined in duodenal and jejunal enterocytes obtained from groups of adult and suckling mice orally inoculated with murine rotavirus (MRV). The techniques of immunofluorescence (IFA), electron microscopy (EM), and resetting of MRV-coated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were employed for these studies. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated the presence of viral antigen in the cytoplasm in 2 to 30% of enterocytes isolated from suckling mice but not in any of the enterocytes from adult mice. The peak age of mice with MRV-positive enterocytes was 6-11 days. In all instances enterocytes were isolated 24 hr following oral inoculation of mice with control media or MRV. Isolated dispersed enterocytes from uninfected adult or suckling mice were incubated with purified MRV-coated red blood cells. Specific binding of virus coated SRBC to enterocytes, as evidenced by formation of rosettes, was most pronounced in enterocytes obtained from suckling mice un...
Low-Resolution Real-Space Envelopes: An Approach to the Ab Initio Macromolecular Phase Problem

An ab initio approach to the phase problem in macromolecular x-ray crystallography is described. A random gas of hard-sphere point scatterers is allowed to condense under the constraint of the solvent fraction and the restraint of the observed Fourier amplitude data. Two applications to real macromolecular examples are discussed. This method produces an approximate outline of the bulk solvent regions and thus yields a low-resolution picture of the unit cell that can be extended to higher resolutions in special cases, such as through the use of molecular replacement or of noncrystallographic symmetry-based phase extension.
Murine Siva-1 and Siva-2, alternate splice forms of the mouse Siva gene, both bind to CD27 but differentially transduce apoptosis.

CD27, a member of the TNFR family known to provide essential co-stimulatory signals for T cell growth and B cell Ig synthesis, can also mediate cell death. Using the CD27 cytoplasmic tail as the bait in yeast two hybrid assay, we previously cloned human Siva, a proapoptotic molecule. Here we report the characterization of the mouse Siva gene as a 4 kb sequence containing 4 exons and 3 introns. RT – PCR has revealed the presence of two forms of mouse Siva mRNA, the longer full length form Siva-1 and the shorter Siva-2 lacking the sequence coded by exon 2. Immunoblotting with anti-Siva (human) antibodies clearly demonstrate the presence of both Siva-1 and Siva-2. Cotransfection experiments in 293T cells reveal that mouse CD27 receptor can interact with both forms of Siva. Although mouse Siva-1 can trigger apoptosis in Rat-1 cells and in some of the mouse cell lines in transient transfection experiments, similar to the observation made with human Siva, intriguingly its alternate splice form, Siva-2 appears to be much less toxic. It is therefore likely that Siva-2 could regulate the function of Siva-1.
The progesterone receptor Val660-->Leu polymorphism and breast cancer risk.

Background Recent evidence suggests a role for progesterone in breast cancer development and tumorigenesis. Progesterone exerts its effect on target cells by interacting with its receptor; thus, genetic variations, which might cause alterations in the biological function in the progesterone receptor (PGR), can potentially contribute to an individual's susceptibility to breast cancer. It has been reported that the PROGINS allele, which is in complete linkage disequilibrium with a missense substitution in exon 4 (G/T, valine→leucine, at codon 660), is associated with a decreased risk for breast cancer. Methods Using a nested case-control study design within the Nurses' Health Study cohort, we genotyped 1252 cases and 1660 matched controls with the use of the Taqman assay. Results We did not observe any association of breast cancer risk with carrying the G/T (Val660→Leu) polymorphism (odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.93–1.30). In addition, we did not observe an interaction between this allele and menopausal status and family history of breast cancer as reported previously. Conclusion Overall, our study does not support an association between the Val660→Leu PROGINS polymorphism and breast cancer risk.
EFFECTS OF HOT‐BONING AND COOKING METHOD UPON PHYSICAL CHANGES, COOKING TIME AND LOSSES, AND TENDERNESS OF BEEF ROASTS

Beef semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles were removed prerigor (1 hr postmortem) and postrigor (7 days postmortem) to evaluate the effects of steam, hot water vat, and convectional electric cookery upon length, width, and depth changes, cooking losses, shear force values, and time required to heat product to an internal temperature of 68°C. Roasts cooked prerigor were significantly shorter and thicker than those cooked postrigor. Cooking losses were significantly lower (6.5%) with prerigor roasts. Lower shear force values were obtained from roasts cooked postrigor; than prerigor. Prerigor cooked roasts by steam or convectional electric had lower shear force values than prerigor roasts cooked in hot water. Because of inherent higher temperature, prerigor roasts required 22% less cooking time than chilled postrigor roasts (93 vs 120 min/ kg). Precooking HB beef, regardless of cooking method, does not appear feasible due to increased toughness, produced by the shortening of the muscles during cooking, that may be a result of heat stimulated contractions of heat rigor during cooking.
A survey of benthic sediment contaminants in reaches of the Columbia River Estuary based on channel sedimentation characteristics

article i nfo While previous studies have documented contaminants in fish, sediments, water, and wildlife, few specifics are known aboutthe spatial distribution of contaminants in the Columbia River Estuary (CRE). Our study goalwas to characterize sediment contaminant detections and concentrations in reaches of the CRE that were concurrently being sampled to assess contaminants in water, invertebrates, fish, and osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs. Our objectives were to develop a survey design based on sedimentation characteristics and then assess whether sed- iment grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), and contaminant concentrations and detections varied between areaswithdifferentsedimentationcharacteristics.We useda sedimenttransportmodeltopredictsedimentation characteristics of three 16 km river reaches in the CRE. We then compartmentalized the modeled change in bed mass after a two week simulation to define sampling strata with depositional, stable, or erosional conditions. We collected and analyzed bottom sediments to assess whether substrate composition, organic matter composition, and contaminant concentrations and detections varied among strata within and between the reaches. We ob- served differences ingrain sizefractionsbetweenstrata withinand between reaches.Wefound that the finesed- iment fraction was positively correlated with TOC. Contaminant concentrations were statistically different between depositional vs. erosional strata for the industrial compounds, personal care products and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons class (Indus-PCP-PAH). We also observed significant differences between strata in the number of detections of Indus-PCP-PAH (depositional vs. erosional; stable vs. erosional) and for the flame retar- dants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides class (depositional vs. erosional, depositional vs. stable). When we estimated mean contaminant concentrations by reach, we observed higher contaminant concentrations in the furthest downstream reach with a decreasing trend in the two upstream reaches. Contaminant survey designs that account for sedimentation characteristics could increase the probability that sampling is allocated
Complications Associated with Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Patients with Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Case Report and Literature Review

Individuals with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) have a higher risk of developing cerebral aneurysms. When this subgroup of patients presents with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, management of cerebral vasospasm can be particularly challenging, both because they may be more susceptible to developing refractory vasospasm and also because they are at a higher risk for extracranial vascular injury from treatment. A female with Hunt-Hess Grade-1, Fisher Grade-2 subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured left supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm was incidentally diagnosed with FMD during angiography for endovascular treatment of the aneurysm. She developed severe cerebral vasospasm refractory to aggressive medical and endovascular therapy. Early during the course of her treatment, she developed a symptomatic ICA dissection with multiple small dissecting aneurysms from hypertensive therapy, requiring stent placement. During our management of this patient, a literature review demonstrated limited information regarding management strategies for these patients. Therefore, with this article we intend to convey our experience with potential complications from subarachnoid hemorrhage management in this subgroup of patients and to review the available literature regarding this topic.
Additivity, noninteraction, and semirings

A very general model of a system representing information is presented. Under the assumptions that this model applies to product spaces and that information is not lost in the expansion to these product spaces we conclude that a semiring is the proper model for the algebra involved. Some indication of the nature of the information measures appropriate to the semiring are presented.
Immunity, Viral Pathology and Assessment of Immune Dysfunction in Virology and Toxicology

General patterns of tissue injury are recognized as characteristic for certain groups of viruses and certain types of host/virus interactions. Acute viral infections, limited in time and space, tend to be accompanied by florid but brief virus replication cycles in tissues and lesions or signs of disease are largely attributable to the cytolytic effects of the virus on host cells. Chronic or persistent viral diseases tend to have low (or difficult to detect) levels of infectious virus on tissues and the lesions tend to be dominated by inflammation, antiviral immune responses and/or host tissue proliferation. At the cellular level, 3 general categories of response to viral infection are recognized: acute cellular swelling with eventual cytolysis, persistent infection, and transformation (neoplastic) infection. Acute cellular swelling may be accompanied by syncytial giant cell formation and/or viral inclusion bodies. Cells persistently infected with viruses though morphologically normal, are increasingly rec...
Drug errors and related interventions reported by United States clinical pharmacists: the American College of Clinical Pharmacy practice-based research network medication error detection, amelioration and prevention study.

Objective To describe and evaluate drug errors and related clinical pharmacist interventions. Design Cross-sectional observational study with an online data collection form. Setting American College of Clinical Pharmacy practice-based research network (ACCP PBRN). Participants A total of 62 clinical pharmacists from the ACCP PBRN who provided direct patient care in the inpatient and outpatient practice settings. Intervention Clinical pharmacist participants identified drug errors in their usual practices and submitted online error reports over a period of 14 consecutive days during 2010. Measurements and Main Results The 62 clinical pharmacists submitted 924 reports; of these, 779 reports from 53 clinical pharmacists had complete data. Drug errors occurred in both the inpatient (61%) and outpatient (39%) settings. Therapeutic categories most frequently associated with drug errors were systemic antiinfective (25%), hematologic (21%), and cardiovascular (19%) drugs. Approximately 95% of drug errors did not result in patient harm; however, 33 drug errors resulted in treatment or medical intervention, 6 resulted in hospitalization, 2 required treatment to sustain life, and 1 resulted in death. The types of drug errors were categorized as prescribing (53%), administering (13%), monitoring (13%), dispensing (10%), documenting (7%), and miscellaneous (4%). Clinical pharmacist interventions included communication (54%), drug changes (35%), and monitoring (9%). Approximately 89% of clinical pharmacist recommendations were accepted by the prescribers: 5% with drug therapy modifications, 28% due to clinical pharmacist prescriptive authority, and 56% without drug therapy modifications. Conclusion This study provides insight into the role clinical pharmacists play with regard to drug error interventions using a national practice-based research network. Most drug errors reported by clinical pharmacists in the United States did not result in patient harm; however, severe harm and death due to drug errors were reported. Drug error types, therapeutic categories, and clinical pharmacist interventions varied between the inpatient and outpatient settings. Nearly half of reported errors were prevented by clinical pharmacists before the drugs reached the patients. The majority of clinical pharmacist recommendations were accepted by prescribers.
Toward empirically valid target selection : the case of assertiveness in children

The present investigation empirically evaluated whether self-reported assertiveness and role-play assertiveness were associated with interpersonal success in a group of 30 boys. Using a known-groups methodology, 15 popular boys and 15 rejected boys completed self-report and role-play measures of assertiveness. Behaviors traditionally associated with assertiveness, as well as new inductively determined behaviors, were observed and coded. Popular boys demonstrated significantly higher levels of both traditional and inductive behaviors. Moreover, total scores on the inductive behavioral code correlated significantly with self-reported assertiveness, whereas total scores on the traditional code did not. An initial approach to the empirical validation of treatment targets is provided, and the importance of this process for clinical assessment is underscored.
A subsystem identification technique for modeling control strategies used by humans

This paper presents evidence in support of the internal model hypothesis of neuroscience. Specifically, we present results from a study that includes 10 human subjects and is designed to explore the internal model hypothesis. A new system identification method is presented for composite systems that include multiple unknown subsystems whose input and output signals may be inaccessible (i.e., unmeasurable). We use this subsystem identification method to model the control strategies that humans employ. In particular, we identify the feedback and feedforward controllers of the subjects in the experiment. The identified controllers suggest that the subjects learned to use inverse plant dynamics in feedforward.
Nurse practitioner organizational climate in primary care settings: implications for professional practice.

The expansion of the nurse practitioner (NP) workforce in primary care is key to meeting the increased demand for care. Organizational climates in primary care settings affect NP professional practice and the quality of care. This study investigated organizational climate and its domains affecting NP professional practice in primary care settings. A qualitative descriptive design, with purposive sampling, was used to recruit 16 NPs practicing in primary care settings in Massachusetts. An interview guide was developed and pretested with two NPs and in 1 group interview with 7 NPs. Data collection took place in spring of 2011. Individual interviews lasted from 30–70 minutes, were audio recorded, and transcribed. Data were analyzed using Atlas.ti 6.0 software by 3 researchers. Content analysis was applied. Three previously identified themes, NP-physician relations, independent practice and autonomy, and professional visibility, as well as two new themes, organizational support and resources and NP-administration relations emerged from the analyses. NPs reported collegial relations with physicians, challenges in establishing independent practice, suboptimal relationships with administration, and lack of support. NP contributions to patient care were invisible. Favorable organizational climates should be promoted to support the expanding of NP workforce in primary care and to optimize recruitment and retention efforts.
Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Embryonic Survival and Subsequent Chick Performance

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was injected into the yolk of fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs at levels of 0.0, 0.025; 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 ml./egg. Injection with 0.20 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 100% mortality of chick embryos within six days of incubation. Injection with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 22.2% embryonic mortality by 14 days of incubation and 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs compared to 84.6% for control eggs. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg exhibited a decreased growth rate and high mortality. Injection of 0.05 ml. DMSO/egg or less had no effect on embryonic survival, hatchability of chick performance. The embryos from eggs injected with higher levels of DMSO exhibited hemorrhagic areas of the brain and head region and a retarded vitelline and allantoic circulatory system and were characterized by anopthalmia and celosomia. DMSO had no effect on the packed cell volume of chicks from eggs injected with DMSO.
Therapeutic interventions in the primary hereditary ataxias.

The treatment of hereditary ataxia is primarily supportive. With very few exceptions (eg, ataxia associated with vitamin E deficiency), there are no disease-modifying therapies. Despite the lack of disease-modifying treatments, there can be great value in obtaining an accurate diagnosis of hereditary ataxia subtype. Benefits include determining prognosis, facilitating family counseling, improving research access, and providing some psychological benefit in ending the often frustrating search for an accurate etiology. Hereditary ataxias may have certain clinical features that respond very well to symptomatic medical therapy. Parkinsonism, dystonia, spasticity, urinary urgency, sleep pathology, fatigue, and depression are all common in many of the ataxia subtypes and very often respond to pharmacologic intervention as in other diseases. Much of the clinical interaction between neurologist and ataxia patient should focus on identifying and treating these symptoms. Treatment of the core clinical feature of these diseases—ataxia—is predominantly rehabilitative. The value of good physical therapy far exceeds any potential benefit from medications that a physician might prescribe to improve balance and coordination. Speech and swallowing are often affected. In more severe cases, aspiration risk can be very significant and life-threatening. Routine monitoring of swallowing by speech therapists, often including modified barium swallowing tests, is indicated in most patients. Recently there have been very encouraging advances in clinical ataxia research. Collaborative study groups throughout the world have developed and validated ataxia rating scales and instrumented outcome measures and have begun to rigorously define the natural history of these diseases, thus laying the foundation for well-designed clinical trials. The promise of disease-modifying treatments is closer than ever.
Professionalism and moral behavior: Does a professional self-conception make one more unethical?

In this paper, I rely on recent literature on moral licensing and consequences of the amoral, rational, and impersonal and emotionally detached approaches to ethical decision-making to develop and empirically test the theoretical argument that professional self-conceptions lead individuals to engage in unethical behaviors. Four studies assessed this proposition. The results of Study 1 demonstrated that individuals assuming the role of a professional employee compared to a regular employee were more likely to act unethically. Study 2 showed that conceiving of oneself as a professional, and not the accessibility of the concept of professionalism, per se, was needed to increase unethical acts. Study 3 confirmed that participants’ professional self-conceptions mediated the effect of taking the role of a professional employee compared to a regular employee on increased unethical acts. Study 4, a survey study of working adults from different occupations, showed that membership in occupations traditionally associated with professions, compared to other occupations, led to higher unethical behaviors and that professional self-conceptions mediated the effect of occupational membership on unethical behaviors. Together, the results of these studies demonstrate that professional self-conceptions, either measured or manipulated, can increase individuals’ unethical behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Novel antifungal agents, targets or therapeutic strategies for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases: a review of the literature (2005-2009).

Background: The incidence and prevalence of serious mycoses continues to be a public health problem. Despite aggressive treatment with new or more established licensed antifungal agents, these infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. Aims: To critically review the literature regarding important new developments in the field of antifungal therapy both in the English and Spanish versions. Methods: The search of the literature focused on different antifungal targets or mechanisms of action as
Bridge Failure Rate

AbstractA regional bridge failure database was used to determine the bridge failure rate with associated causes. Using a sample population from one DOT over a 25-year period, the average number of bridge failures was approximately 1/4,700 annually with a 95% confidence interval from 1/6,900 to 1/2,700 annually. The number of bridge failures per year was modeled with a geometric distribution that requires a constant failure rate. Based on a validation analysis with bridge failures from six separate DOTs, other DOTs have bridge failure rates within the determined sample population 95% confidence interval. Analysis of the failed bridges by year of construction shows no apparent era of construction that is more susceptible than another to failure. Correspondingly, the determined constant failure rate ascertained in the model selection indicates that the changes in bridge design specifications and maintenance regulations do not appear to have significantly reduced bridge failure rates. Based on the data extrap...
Thermal deformation compensation of a composite beam using piezoelectric actuators

Maintaining surface shape of precision structures such as spacecraft antenna reflectors has been a challenging task. The surface errors are often introduced by thermal distortions due to temperature differences. This paper presents numerical and experimental results of active compensation of thermal deformation of a composite beam using piezoelectric ceramic actuators. To generate thermal distortion to the composite beam, two film heaters are bonded to only one-side of the beam using thermally conductive materials. To correct thermal deformation caused by the film heaters, PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate), a type of a piezoelectric ceramic material, is used in the form of patches as actuators. These PZT patches are bonded on the other side of the beam. First, finite element analyses are conducted with the consideration of the coupled effects of structural, electric, and thermal fields on the composite beam. These analyses include static coupled field modeling of the beam deformation with PZT actuation, transient modeling of the beam under thermal loading, and static coupled field modeling of the composite beam with thermal distortion and simultaneous PZT actuation to correct this distortion. Then, experiments are conducted to study thermal effect, PZT actuation effect and active thermal distortion compensation using PZT actuators with a Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) feedback controller. FEM and experimental results agree well and demonstrate the proposed method can actively perform structural shape control in the presence of thermal distortion.
Traps and attractants for wood-boring insects in ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills, South Dakota

Recent large-scale wildfires have increased populations of wood-boring insects in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Because little is known about possible impacts of wood-boring insects in the Black Hills, land managers are interested in developing monitoring techniques such as flight trapping with semiochemical baits. Two trap designs and four semiochemical attractants were tested in a recently burned ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forest in the Black Hills. Modified panel and funnel traps were tested in combination with the attractants, which included a woodborer standard (ethanol and α-pinene), standard plus 3-carene, standard plus ipsenol, and standard plus ipsdienol. We found that funnel traps were equally efficient or more efficient in capturing wood-boring insects than modified panel traps. Trap catches of cerambycids increased when we added the Ips spp. pheromone components (ipsenol or ipsdienol) or the host monoterpene (3-carene) to the woodborer standard. During the summers of 2003 and 2004, 18 cerambycid, 14 buprestid, and five siricid species were collected. One species of cerambycid, Monochamus clamator (LeConte), composed 49 and 40% of the 2003 and 2004 trap catches, respectively. Two other cerambycids, Acanthocinus obliquus (LeConte) and Acmaeops proteus (Kirby), also were frequently collected. Flight trap data indicated that some species were present throughout the summer, whereas others were caught only at the beginning or end of the summer.
Modeling cyclic variations in sustained human performance as measured by reaction time and the flash visual evoked potential-P2

Recent research suggests that sustained attention is punctuated by periodic lapses that produce cyclic variations in sustained human performance. Research conducted by our laboratory (Arruda, Zhang, Amoss, Coburn, & Aue, 2009) and by the laboratories of others (Aue, Arruda, Kass, & Stanny, 2009; Smith, Valentino, & Arruda, 2003) suggests that sustained human performance cycles approximately every 1.5 and 5.2min. Further, it has been suggested that a norepinephrine based arousal system may be responsible for these variations. Unfortunately, both cholinergic and noradrenergic pathways are known to mediate attention and it is unclear from previous research whether one or both of the identified cycles is related to cholinergic functioning. Consequently, the purpose of the present investigation was to assess the validity of the 1.5 and the 5.2mincycles using both reaction time and a cortical marker of cholinergic activity-the flash visual evoked potential P2 (FVEP-P2). Twenty-seven participants performed a 15-min continuous performance task. A spectral analysis procedure was used to detect the prevalence of the 1.5 and 5.2mincycles in both performance and cortical activity. While the results of these analyses support the validity of the 1.5 and 5.2mincycles in sustained human performance, only the 5.2mincycle was detected in cortical activity (i.e., the FVEP-P2 amplitudes) using model fitting. Consequently, the results of the present investigation support the validity of the 1.5 and 5.2mincycles and extend the findings of previous research by implicating acetylcholine in the 5.2mincycle.
Market Performance in the U.S. Vegetable Oil Industry: An Application of Simulation for Market Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of simulation as a tool for market performance analysis. A specific application is made to the processing sector of the domestic vegetable oil industry, a highly concentrated sector for which price and cost data are not readily available. Using representative plant and firm models, returns on five products are estimated over time by simulating production and marketing functions at actual input and output prices by months for the period January 1974 through December 1975. The results indicate that market power in the vegetable oil industry was insufficient to generate excessively high returns over this period, and demonstrate the potential of the simulation approach for use in studies of market performance.
Mechanism of the alcohol cyclic pattern: Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

The cause of the cycle of urinary alcohol levels (UALs) in rats fed ethanol continually at a fixed rate is unknown. Rats were fed ethanol intragastrically at a constant dose for 2 mo, and daily bod...
Sign of the superexchange coupling between next-nearest neighbors in EuO

The sign of the superexchange coupling ${J}_{2}$ between next-nearest neighboring Eu${}^{2+}$ magnetic moments in EuO is a matter subject to debate. We have obtained evidence that this coupling is of antiferromagnetic nature (${J}_{2}l0$). EuO thin films grown at different temperatures suggest that lattice expansion results in enhancement of ${T}_{C}$ as clearly observed in stoichiometric EuO films grown on CaF${}_{2}$ substrates. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy provides compelling evidence of strong hybridization between O 2$p$ and Eu 5$d$6$s$6$p$ weighted bands, suggesting that strong superexchange may be mediated by oxygen, thus consistent with the observed antiferromagnetic behavior between the next-nearest neighboring Eu atoms via nearest neighbor oxygen in EuO.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Degenerated Striated Muscle

Twenty-three rabbits used in these experiments were put under light ether anesthesia, and the gastrocnemius muscle injured either by freezing with carbon dioxide snow or by multiple light blows. After 24 to 72 hours the animals were given amytal intraperitoneally and the gastrocnemii removed after being frozen solidly with carbon dioxide snow and ethyl chloride.1 The muscles were analyzed quantitatively for glycogen,2 lactic acid,3, 4 and organic and inorganic phosphorus.5The average glycogen value in normal rabbit gastrocnemii was 603 mg. per 100 gm. of muscle. This dropped to 258 mg. in those muscles injured by previous freezing, and to 103 mg. in the contused muscles. From microscopic studies of the lesions it was evident that degenerative changes were more profound in the contused than in the frozen muscles. With this decrease of glycogen there was a concomitant increase of lactic acid from a control average of 19 mg. per 100 gm. of muscle, to 53 mg. in the frozen muscles and 66 mg. in contused muscle...
Performance Testing of a CubeSat-scale Electrolysis Propulsion System

Electrolysis propulsion systems are well-suited for the CubeSat scale because of their simplicity, flexibility in the use of electrical power, and dense propellant storage. Such a system provides an estimated 1 km/s of ΔV, which would be a significant improvement in the capabilities of CubeSats, offering the prospect of interplanetary missions. The propulsive performance of these systems has not yet been well-characterized, preventing their use in flight-demonstration missions. A prototype system, as well as a method for testing the performance of electrolysis propulsion are presented, with the aim of advancing the technology sufficiently for an on-orbit demonstration.
3D Synthesized Static Model of DFIG Based Wind Farm With Additional Pitch Angle Control

A DFIG(doubly-fed induction generator) based wind turbine generator will have the ability to regulate its output power in response of the frequency change of the power system when adopting an additional pitch angle control which can keep some standby power for the DFIG. Thus, a DFIG based wind farm will show some static characteristics. It is usual to divide the static characteristics into active power-frequency and reactive power-voltage characteristics. And they are separately studied in a single-machine infinite-bus system generally. But a large wind farm consists of hundreds of wind turbines, its terminal voltage and frequency cannot be adjusted independently when it is connected to a power system. Therefore, this paper studies the synthesized static characteristics of the DFIG based wind farm with additional pitch angle control in a multi-machine power system by simulation. The results show that the static characteristics should be represented with 3D characteristics of active power-voltage-frequency and reactive power-voltage-frequency. The results also show that the stochastic distribution of wind inside a wind farm will not affect the static characteristics remarkably when the output power of wind farm keeps constant. Finally, three types of models adopted for representing the 3D characteristics are compared and the standard polynomial model is found most suitable.
Design of the Interface Circuit for Monolithic MEMS Capacitive Pressure Sensor

An interface circuit based on the principle of capacitance-frequency conversion of the capacitive pressure sensor was introduced.The influences of the fluctuation of temperature and process were eliminated in virtue of differential-frequency circuit.The error characteristic of the interface circuit was analyzed by Pspice,in terms of which the parameters of the circuit are confirmed.The measure of the circuit was presented.The measure results accord with Pspice simulation,the revolution of the circuit is about 3.77 Hz/hPa in 80~110 kPa.
Causes (with Richard Lieberman)

There is no single cause of NSSI in youth that reliably determines whether a child or adolescent will ultimately engage in these behaviors. Psychiatric problems and disorders often result from complex interactions of genetic predispositions, environmental events/stressors, and individual vulnerabilities, and the causes of NSSI are no different. This chapter begins with a review of several explanatory models for NSSI in youth, with a particular emphasis on the environmental/functional model, as this approach has the most support in the professional literature. Following this discussion, a comprehensive biopsychosocial framework developed by Walsh (2006) for understanding the causal variables contributing to the development of NSSI will be described. This framework leads directly to many of the recommended assessment and treatment techniques described in subsequent chapters.
Collaborative medicine case studies

Collaborative medicine case studies : , Collaborative medicine case studies : , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Introduction: World Opinion on September 11, 2001—If the World Doesn’t Hate Us, Why Would Someone Do This?

What perceived grievance could motivate individuals on the other side of the world to plot and carry out suicide attacks within the United States? The common response points to American policy in the Middle East, particularly toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Other explanations reference the ongoing decline of Muslim countries, rifts between secular governments supported by the West, and fundamentalist forces in the Middle East. All of these explanations have credence, and provide pieces of the puzzle. But analysts have neglected the relationships among the events of September 11 and other forms of religious and ethnic violence since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Understanding the roots of global rage in the post-Cold War era requires a global perspective that elaborates, without necessarily negating, the other explanations.
New Creation in Paul's Letters and Thought: If anyone be in Christ: 2 Corinthians 5.17

But to find a man who in plain terms and without guile speaks his mind with frankness … is not easy, but rather the good fortune of every great city, so great is the dearth of noble, independent souls and such is the abundance of toadies, mountebanks and sophists. Dio Chrysostom, Discourses The literary context of 2 Corinthians 5.11–21 The unity of the document we now possess as 2 Corinthians was much debated in the twentieth century, and even now the question is far from settled. Yet in spite of the lack of consensus on the composition of canonical 2 Corinthians, no one doubts the unity of 2.14–7.4 (6.14–7.1 excepted). The argument of this chapter is not dependent on any particular literary reconstruction of 2 Corinthians, nor can the unity of this letter be positively excluded. In what follows I will assume that chapters 1–9 belong together, and leave open the question of 6.14–7.1. Chapters 10–13 will be used critically to inform this (probably earlier) material, but only when specific data in both segments can be correlated in such a way as to warrant this. Given these general assumptions, the connection between 2.14ff. and what precedes deserves comment. The transition from 2.13 to 2.14 is abrupt, though it is not unreasonable to suppose that the thanksgiving period of 2.14–17 was occasioned by the mention of Titus in 2.13. Paul resumes this line of thought in 7.5, where we discover the reason for his sudden outburst of thankfulness: he was overjoyed by the reception Titus had received from the Corinthians (7.5–16).
PDE4 Inhibitors Enhance DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis In CLL

Abstract Abstract 2902 Treatment of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with PDE4 inhibitors induces apoptosis while comparable treatment of primary human T and B cells from healthy donors does not. PDE4 inhibitor treatment also augments glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in CLL cells. We now report that PDE4 inhibitor treatment enhances CLL apoptosis induced by DNA damage. Using drug combination analysis, treatment with etoposide and rolipram resulted in a greater than additive apoptotic effect than predicted by a Loewe additivity model at many dose combinations. In order to directly address the role of DNA damage and rule out effects on drug uptake and efflux, we next examined the ability of PDE4 inhibitors to modulate gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis in CLL. While most patients demonstrated in vitro sensitivity to rolipram and gamma irradiation, a small subset of patients, including those known to be p53 mutant, that lacked a substantial response to ionizing radiation also lacked sensitivity to rolipram (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.