cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicted Deposition of Submicrometer Particles Due to Diffusion and Electrostatics in Viscous Axisymmetric Stagnation-Point Flow

Various mathematical solutions to the convective-diffusion equation for noninteracting Brownian particles were carried out to predict deposition of submicrometer particles onto a flat surface in viscous, three-dimensional (axisymmetric) stagnation-point flow at clean-room velocities (∼ 100 cm/s). The particle deposition aspects modeled included electrostatics, inasmuch as both diffusion and electrostatics are the dominant mechanisms expected. The results were obtained in terms of dimensionless groups for deposition, convective-diffusion, and electrostatic attraction. It was found that the deposition velocity can be well approximated by a simple combination of the convective-diffusion velocity and the eletro-static velocity. These results are translated into practical terms, examples are given, and the predictions are compared with predictions made by other methods. A disk 20 cm in diameter charged to 2000-V potential is shown to attract a particle 0.1 μm in diameter so as to produce an electrostatic depos...
Cooperative actions of hepatocyte growth factor and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in osteoblastic differentiation of human vertebral bone marrow stromal cells

Abstract Bone formation and remodeling require continuous generation of osteoprogenitor cells from bone marrow stromal cells (MSC), which generate and respond to a variety of growth factors with putative roles in hematopoiesis and mesenchymal differentiation. In this study we examine the interaction of two such factors on the maturation of skeletal components. We previously reported that these factors, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitD3), act together to increase alkaline phosphatase in chondroblasts. We now describe the cooperative effect of these agents on MSC isolated and cultured from human vertebral bone marrow. MSC (passages 3–9) isolated from bone marrow cells of human vertebrae (T1–L5) from 22–36-year-old normal donors were first expanded in vitro and then plated in the presence or absence of 10 ng/mL HGF and/or 10 nmol/L vitD3, for 7–18 days. HGF treatment increased cell proliferation 2.5-fold, with no effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. Whereas vitD3 treatment inhibited cell growth by 50%, alkaline phosphatase activity was stimulated eightfold, although no mineralization was observed. HGF together with vitD3 increased cell proliferation 1.5-fold and alkaline phosphatase activity 13-fold over untreated control. Moreover, mineralization was detected only with this combination. Our findings provide evidence that HGF in concert with vitamin D may promote growth and differentiation of human MSC into osteogenic cells.
A Multicenter Observer Performance Study of 3D JPEG2000 Compression of Thin-Slice CT

The goal of this study was to determine the compression level at which 3D JPEG2000 compression of thin-slice CTs of the chest and abdomen–pelvis becomes visually perceptible. A secondary goal was to determine if residents in training and non-physicians are substantially different from experienced radiologists in their perception of compression-related changes. This study used multidetector computed tomography 3D datasets with 0.625–1-mm thickness slices of standard chest, abdomen, or pelvis, clipped to 12 bits. The Kakadu v5.2 JPEG2000 compression algorithm was used to compress and decompress the 80 examinations creating four sets of images: lossless, 1.5 bpp (8:1), 1 bpp (12:1), and 0.75 bpp (16:1). Two randomly selected slices from each examination were shown to observers using a flicker mode paradigm in which observers rapidly toggled between two images, the original and a compressed version, with the task of deciding whether differences between them could be detected. Six staff radiologists, four residents, and six PhDs experienced in medical imaging (from three institutions) served as observers. Overall, 77.46% of observers detected differences at 8:1, 94.75% at 12:1, and 98.59% at 16:1 compression levels. Across all compression levels, the staff radiologists noted differences 64.70% of the time, the resident’s detected differences 71.91% of the time, and the PhDs detected differences 69.95% of the time. Even mild compression is perceptible with current technology. The ability to detect differences does not equate to diagnostic differences, although perception of compression artifacts could affect diagnostic decision making and diagnostic workflow.
Supraspinal and spinal mechanisms in morphine-induced inhibition of reflex urinary bladder contractions in the rat

Abstract The supraspinal and spinal mechanisms of morphine-induced inhibition of isometrically recorded reflex urinary bladder contractions were studied in rats anesthetized with urethan. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (200 μg) or 6-hydroxydropamine (150 μg), to selectively deplete central serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems, attenuated the intra-cerebroventricular effect but not the intrathecal effect of morphine. The intracerebroventricular effect of morphine was reversibly attenuated or abolished by an intrathecal injection of the novel δ-receptor antagonist ICI 174,864 ( N,N -diallyl-Tyr-Arb-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH: Aib = α-aminoisobutyric acid) (1–3μg) and by intrathecal methysergide (4–10 μg), phentolamine (5–10 μg), and yohimbine (5–10 μg) but not by intrathecal propranalol (10 μg), atropine (8 μg) or saline (2 μg) administered at similar molar concentrations and volumes respectively. These observations support the hypothesis that supraspinal and spinal mechanisms involved in morphine-induced inhibition of reflex urinary bladder contractions can be dissociated. The supraspinal actions of morphine were mediated indirectly via descending 5-hydroxytrypt-amine and noradrenergic pathways which activated specific 5-hydroxytryptamine and α-adrenergic but not β-adrenergic receptor in the spinal cord. In addition, supraspinal morphine indirectly activated a spinal opioid system which could be directly activated by intrathecal morphine. The similarities between these observations and studies of central pathways mediating nociception and opioid analgesia suggest that similar physiological mechanisms control certain somatic and visceral activity.
Electrochemical analysis of Friedel—Crafts acylation and alkylation of functional groups on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite

Abstract Friedel—Crafts alkylation and acylation of ferrocene via alcohols, lactones and anhydrides on the edges of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is demonstrated. The alkylation and acylation reactions upon ferrocene induce a substituent effect on the oxidation potential of the immobilized ferrocene, which provides information about the nature of the chemical bond formed and, therefore, the nature of the functional groups present on the graphite surface. A reaction consistent with the sequential bonding of two ferrocenes to two different functional groups in known relative proximity on the graphite surface is described.
Imagery, rehearsal, and the compatibility of input-output tasks

Two experiments tested the proposition that recall in an imagery task would be facilitated when the processes instigated during original input and during a rehearsal interval were similar to (compatible with) processes assumed to be initiated by two retrieval formats. In both experiments the subjects listened to tape-recorded messages which described the placements of numbers in an imaginary mental matrix. Experiment 1 used four modes of presenting the original information about the placement of the numbers. Two of the input modes were expected to foster the use of imagery: listening to the tape-recorded messages (L), and listening while shadowing (vocalizing) the messages (LV). The other modes of presentation were expected to encourage verbalized rather than imaginal encoding: listening plus silent reading (LR), and listening plus reading aloud (LRV). Two types of recall tasks were used, one which emphasized imaginal coding (matrix recall) and one which emphasized verbal coding (direction recall). Recall was highest when the input and output tasks were assumed to involve similar types of processing. Thus, Groups L and LV showed higher recall than Groups LR and LRV on the matrix task, but the converse was true for the direction task. In addition, rotation of the information yielded different characteristics for the input-output conditions. Experiment 2 introduced rehearsal instructions. Visualizing rehearsal was more beneficial to matrix recall than verbalizing rehearsal or no explicit rehearsal instructions, and verbalizing rehearsal aided direction recall more than visualizing rehearsal. Various models were discussed.
Experience with the optical access trocar for safe and rapid entry in the performance of laparoscopic gastric bypass

Background In laparoscopic surgery, serious complications caused by the blind insertion of trocars are well known. The open technique is compromised by the leakage of carbon dioxide and can also be time consuming, especially in morbidly obese patients. Our aim was to determine whether the optical access trocar can be used to establish a safe and rapid entry during laparoscopic gastric bypass.
Inhibition of Penicillium duponti carboxylesterase by the fungicides captan and folpet

Abstract Captan, folpet, and perchloromethylmercaptan were effective inhibitors of Penicillium duponti p-nitrophenylpropionate esterase activity (I50 = 0.5 – 2 μM) whereas α-naphthyl acetate esterase activity was not affected by the presence of these compounds. Captan and folpet are both equally effective at pH 7.3 and 8.3. The ionic composition of the medium had strong effects on the degree of inhibition produced by all inhibitors but did not alter esterase activity. Neither succinamide nor phthalimide caused inhibition of the p-nitrophenylpropionate esterase activity: The trichloromethylmercaptan portion of these fungicides appears to be responsible for the observed inhibition. The rapidity of captan and folpet inhibition of esterase activity (complete in t 1 2 > 1 min ) and the insensitivity of captan and folpet inhibition to hydrogen ion concentration suggest that generation of spontaneous decomposition products is not required for inhibition. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which the entire fungicide molecule binds to the protein followed by enzyme-promoted reactions of captan and folpet which result in loss of esterase activity.
A perceptron-based adaptive equalizer for PAM signals

An adaptive equalizer based on a multilayer perceptron and the backpropagation training algorithm is presented for M-ary PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) digital communication systems. The configuration is an extension of the conventional adaptive FIR (finite impulse response) equalizer whereby the linear filter is replaced by a nonlinear feedforward network with nodes that saturate at +or-1. The training signal is derived by encoding the PAM signals via a bit-mapping strategy such that the output layer of the perceptron requires log/sub 2/ (M) nodes. A corresponding number of error signals is generated, and these are used to drive the backpropagation algorithm. Computer simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of the equalizer for two different bit mappings. >
Beyond the Three “Bs” How American Christians Approach Faith and Politics

While it is well-known that religiosity measures inform modern political alignments and voting behavior, less is known about how people of various religious orthodoxies think about the role of religion in society. To learn more about this veritable “black box” with respect to whether and why people connect their spiritual life to the political world, we conducted several focus groups in randomly selected Christian congregations in a mid-sized Midwestern city. Our analysis offers confirmatory, amplifying, and challenging evidence with respect to the “Three Bs” (believing, behaving, and belonging) perspective on how religion affects politics. Specifically, we show that while contemporary measures of religious traditionalism accurately reflect individuals’ partisan, ideological, and issue preferences, attitudes regarding the broad intersection of faith and politics are perhaps best understood via the presence (or absence) of denominational guidance on questions of the role of religion in society. We conclude by offering suggestions for future survey research seeking to explain the relationship between religion and politics.
Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty

Three studies tested the hypothesis that people may turn to materialism when they face uncertainties in modern life. Study 1 showed that anomie and self-doubt are significant predictors of materialistic orientations; other plausible antecedents have less predictive value. In Study 2, participants experiencing chronic self-doubt showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed to experience doubt and insecurity. In Study 3, participants with chronic perceptions of anomie showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed with the concept of normlessness. Together, these three studies show that some people turn to materialism when they experience uncertainty within the self (self-doubt) or perceive uncertainty relating to society (anomie). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconnecting with urban youth enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and overdue for a 12-month follow-up survey

BackgroundRetention of study participants in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is crucial to study validity.PurposeWe analyzed the results of four retention strategies used to reconnect with urban teens enrolled in a school-based RCT and overdue for a 12-month follow-up survey.MethodsTraditional retention strategies used to reconnect with teens categorized as ‘unable to contact’ were weekly redials of nonworking telephone numbers and mailings to the student’s home. Nontraditional retention strategies were obtaining assistance from school administration and performing outreach on Facebook.ResultsOf the 422 students enrolled, 125 (29.5%) were overdue for a 12-month follow-up survey, but had no working telephone number (unable to contact). We made 196 attempts to contact these 125 students, of which 82 attempts (41.8%) were successful in ‘reconnecting’ with the student. Using ‘mailed reminder letters’ as the referent category, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association between the strategy ...
RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SMALL QUANTITIES OF THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE.

Female rats of the Long-Evans strain were thyroidectomized when 28 days of age by a combination of surgery and 131I. Injections of small doses of L-thyroxine (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 Mg) and L-triiodothyronine (0.1 and 0.2 μg) were started immediately and continued for 98 days. Body growth and metabolic rate were followed at regular intervals, whereas hematological values were determined terminally. At autopsy, endocrine and endocrine-dependent organs were removed for weighing and histological examination. Substantial growth was maintained by 0.05 μg of thyroxine without an effect on oxygen consumption. Triiodothyronine was no more effective in maintaining subnormal growth than thyroxine. Furthermore, the 2 hormones possessed the same potency in all other responses measured. Pituitary acidophils showed little numerical increase at doses below 0.2 Mg, but then suddenly increased to 50% of normal at the 0.2 μg doses. Correlation of this sudden increase with differences in growth rate was not possible. As wi...
Performance impact of architectural decisions: integrating measurement in SILO

Future Internet architectural design has attracted much research attention recently, and many novel architectural ideas have been suggested. The software and hardware realization of these architectural vision is a complex task in itself, and is worthy of research attention. In this paper, we examine a recently proposed integration of a measurement architecture in our previously described SILO architecture, and examine alternatives in realizing this integration. We demonstrate, by actual implementation and quantitative investigation, the importance of considering realization in architectural research by showing that there are unexpected factors affecting the performance of these realizations, resulting in unintended consequences, and we identify the better alternative.
Modification of V-type position effects in Drosophila virilis.

A series of six translocations, each of which evokes a positton effect of the peach locus (chromosome 5) in D. Virilis, were studied to determine whether the parental source of R(pe/sup k+/) had any influence on the amount of pig .entation in the heterozygous variegated offspring. Utilizig paper chromatography, quantitative measurements were made on the drosopterins and a number of other pteridines, some of which presumably act as intermediates in the synthetic pathway leading to the formation of the red pigments. Measurements were made on the eyes of both male and female offspring, and on the testis sheaths of the males. Without exception, heterozygous variegated offspring are more highly pigmented if R(pe/sup +/) is transmitted by a homozygous female parent in contrast to a heterozygous female, homozygous or heterozygous male parent. Homozygous male parents usually produce more highly pigmented offspring than do heterozygous male parents. ln addition, mottled offspring receiving R(pe/ sup +/) from heterozygous mothers often have more pigment than the corresponding offspring receiving R(pe/sup +/) from heterozygous fathers. These statements are true only so far as the visible pigments (drosopterins) are concerned. The other pteridines, in contrast, show no consistent pattern as to the parental source of themore » translocation. With respect to one of the Y;5 translocations studied, the presence of a Y chromosome in the genome of the mother suppressed the phenotypic expression of mottling in her male offspring, even though they did not receive this chromosome. Paralleling this is the fact that the addition of an extra Y chromosome to the genome of these flies led to an even greater suppression of variegation, a finding inconsistent with the generalization that extra heterochromatin enhances the extent of mottling in V-type position effects associated with genes located in hete rochromatin. (auth)« less
subito Encodes a Kinesin-like Protein Required for Meiotic Spindle Pole Formation in Drosophila melanogaster

The female meiotic spindle lacks a centrosome or microtubule-organizing center in many organisms. During cell division, these spindles are organized by the chromosomes and microtubule-associated proteins. Previous studies in Drosophila melanogaster implicated at least one kinesin motor protein, NCD, in tapering the microtubules into a bipolar spindle. We have identified a second Drosophila kinesin-like protein, SUB, that is required for meiotic spindle function. At meiosis I in males and females, sub mutations affect only the segregation of homologous chromosomes. In female meiosis, sub mutations have a similar phenotype to ncd; even though chromosomes are joined by chiasmata they fail to segregate at meiosis I. Cytological analyses have revealed that sub is required for bipolar spindle formation. In sub mutations, we observed spindles that were unipolar, multipolar, or frayed with no defined poles. On the basis of these phenotypes and the observation that sub mutations genetically interact with ncd, we propose that SUB is one member of a group of microtubule-associated proteins required for bipolar spindle assembly in the absence of the centrosomes. sub is also required for the early embryonic divisions but is otherwise dispensable for most mitotic divisions.
A Table-Driven Streaming XML Parsing Methodology for High-Performance Web Services

This paper presents a table-driven streaming XML parsing methodology, called TDX. TDX expedites XML parsing by pre-recording the states of an XML parser in tabular form and by utilizing an efficient runtime streaming parsing engine based on a push-down automaton. The parsing tables are automatically produced from the XML schemas of a WSDL service description. Because the schema constraints are pre-encoded in a parsing table, the approach effectively implements a schema-specific XML parsing technique that combines parsing and validation into a single pass. This significantly increases the performance of XML Web services, which results in better response time and may reduce the impact of the flash-crowd effect. To implement TDX, we developed a parser construction toolkit to automatically construct parsers in C code from WSDLs and XML schemas. We applied the toolkit to an example Web services application and measured the raw performance compared to popular high-performance parsers written in C/C++, such as eXpat, gSOAP, and Xerces. The performance results show that TDX can be an order of magnitude faster.
Antisense c-myc and immunostimulatory oligonucleotide inhibition of tumorigenesis in a murine B-cell lymphoma transplant model.

Background: Because the development of drug-resistant cells can lead to relapses in patients with lymphoma treated with chemotherapy, new approaches are needed for effective disease management, such as those targeting the c-MYC protooncogene with antisense oligonucleotides. Our goal was to investigate whether antisense c-myc oligonucleotides could prevent tumorigenesis in a B-cell lymphoma model. Methods: Immunocompetent mice received subcutaneous injections of tumor cells from a transgenic mouse model of Burkitt’s lymphoma. For 7 consecutive days, beginning 1 day after tumor cell transplantation, the mice were given either a DNA phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to c-myc codons 1‐5 (myc6) or other c-myc-related oligonucleotides at a dose of 0.76 mg per day subcutaneously. Myc protein expression, normalized to b-actin expression, was measured by western blotting of tumor and splenic proteins. To determine whether tumor inhibition by myc6 could be a result of B-cell activation, we compared the activity of myc6 with that of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide, mcg. Results: In comparison with control treatments (saline vehicle, scrambled-sequence oligonucleotide, or double-mismatch oligonucleotide), treatment with myc6 delayed tumor onset by 3 days, decreased total tumor mass at sacrifice (i.e., 17 days after tumor cell transplantation) by 40% ± 16% (mean ± standard error), and decreased the splenic Myc-to-actin ratio. Inhibition of tumors by myc6 and mcg (both of which share a dACGTT motif) was comparable. Administration of an oligonucleotide sequence complementary to c-myc codons 384‐388 (myc55) delayed tumor onset by 5‐6 days, decreased total tumor mass at sacrifice by 65% ± 6%, and reduced the splenic Myc-to-actin ratio to below that produced by myc6. A 14-day treatment regimen of myc55 alternating with mcg completely inhibited tumor formation during the therapeutic schedule. Conclusions: A combined oligonucleotide regimen, based on antisense c-MYC and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, should be investigated to increase the number and duration of complete remissions obtained after standard chemotherapy for B-cell lymphoma. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1146‐54]
Construction and evaluation of a genetic construct for specific detection and measurement of propionate by whole‐cell bacteria

Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological technology that converts biomass wastes into biogas, achieving both waste treatment and bioenergy production. Accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) during acidogenesis, particularly propionate, often causes upset or failure of digesters. Early detection and monitoring of propionate concentration in digesters allow for just-in-time interventions to prevent irreversible costly process breakdown. In an attempt to develop a rapid method of measuring propionate concentration and bioavailability, we constructed a genetic construct for specific detection of bioavailable propionate. The genetic construct was constructed by transcriptional fusion of the regulatory gene (prpR) and the promoter of the prp operon (PprpB) of Escherichia coli W3110 with the reporter gene cassette luxCDABE. When the genetic construct was carried on a plasmid and transformed into E. coli (referred to as plasmid-based biosensor), it resulted in stronger emission of luminescence than when it was inserted into the chromosome of E. coli (referred to as chromosome-based biosensor). The biosensor responded specifically to propionate. The luminescence signal increased linearly with increasing concentration of propionate from 1 to 10 mM. The utility of the biosensor was evaluated using samples collected from anaerobic digesters. Once instrumented in future studies, the whole-cell bacterial biosensor developed in this study may provide an alternative technology for real-time detection and measurement of propionate in digesters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 280–287. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VECTOR SPACE INDEXING FOR BIOSEQUENCE SIMILARITY SEARCHES

We present a multi-dimensional indexing approach for fast sequence similarity search in DNA and protein databases. In particular, we propose effective transformations of subsequences into numerical vector domains and build efficient index structures on the transformed vectors. We then define distance functions in the transformed domain and examine properties of these functions. We experimentally compared their (a) approximation quality for k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) queries and both (b) pruning ability and (c) approximation quality for e-range queries. Results for k-NN queries, which we present here, show that our proposed distances FD2 and WD2 (i.e. Frequency and Wavelet Distance functions for 2-grams) perform significantly better than the others. We then develop effective index structures, based on R-trees and scalar quantization, on top of transformed vectors and distance functions. Promising results from the experiments on real biosequence data sets are presented.
Manufacturing and stacking of ultra-thin film packages

This paper discloses an ultra-thin and highly flexible package with embedded active chips. In this structure, there are no any supporting and permanent substrates needed. A 3um copper foil with 18um carrier layer was used as temporal substrate. The carrier layer will be removed after chip embedded process. After patterning and etching processes, the temporal copper foil became the bottom circuit that will connect with the other Ultra-Thin Film Package(UTFP). Ultra thin chips with around 15∼20µm thickness were assembled directly on the structured Cu foils in a flip-chip fashion. The structured Cu foils were patterned by laser to enhance the wettability with solder. The gap between chip and copper foil was only about 15µm after the die bonding process. In order to fabricate the ultra thin chip, plasma dry etching was applied to release the stress induced during the grinding process and also made the chips' strength higher. The strength of ultra thin chip with and without plasma treatment was also compared. Subsequently, the chips were embedded into highly elastic polyurethane materials, with a copper foil always laminated on the top. The resultant UTFP has a thickness of less than 80 µm. The process details on ultra-thin wafer manufacturing, ultra-thin chip bonding, fine gap with underfill dispensing, thin chip lamination, laser drilling, laser patterning and stacking are also disclosed in this paper. The stacking process of UTFP is also a key technology in this paper. Because the stacking temperature is controlled below 150°C, Anisotropic Conductive Film(ACF) material was used as the connecting medium. So far, the single UTFP has passed static bending test for 200 hours and dynamic bending test for 500 cycles under 5mm bending curvature radius. In the future, the reliability tests which include TCT and TAST tests will be also executed, but not shown in this paper. The numerical simulation method will also be revealed to figure out the most critical point during UTFP fabrication process and the stacking process.
Reducing Complexity of FIR Filter Implementations for Low Power Applications

One way to achieve low power consumption in the implementation of DSP algorithms is to develop low complexity hardware designs. By reducing the number and size of the multiplications and additions, we can realize significant reduction in the power consumption of the hardware. This paper explores a combination of techniques to develop low complexity, low power implementations for FIR filters. We use a multiplierless design with quantization techniques to limit the number of bits used in computations. The benefit of this approach is discussed with respect to FPGA and general VLSI implementations.
On Splitting the Universe

Although many aspects of James’ theorizing about the self have been enormously influential, his notion of the self as the central object in mental life has been largely ignored. He believed that the fundamental psychological processes-attention, perception, emotion, conception, reasoning, will, consciousness-could not be understood without an appreciation of the nature and functioning of the self. The value of reclaiming this idea is discussed.
3D stacked Si CMOS VLSI smart pixels using through-Si optoelectronic interconnections

We have presented the first demonstration of an optically interconnected three dimensional smart pixel system connecting three stacked layers of Si CMOS VLSI circuitry. We have demonstrated vertical optical communication between three CMOS circuit layers with operation speeds up to 1 Mbps. This system demonstrates the viability of implementing optical interconnections for scalable 3D interconnection systems for ultra-smart pixel applications.
Differences in Crossover Frequency and Distribution among Three Sibling Species of Drosophila

Comparisons of the genetic and cytogenetic maps of three sibling species of Drosophila reveal marked differences in the frequency and cumulative distribution of crossovers during meiosis. The maps for two of these species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, have previously been described, while this report presents new map data for D. mauritiana, obtained using a set of P element markers. A genetic map covering nearly the entire genome was constructed by estimating the recombination fraction for each pair of adjacent inserts. The P-based genetic map of mauritiana is approximately 1.8 times longer than the standard melanogaster map. It appears that mauritiana has higher recombination along the entire length of each chromosome, but the difference is greates in centromere-proximal regions of the autosomes. The mauritiana autosomes show little or no centromeric recombinational suppression, a characteristic that is prominent in melanogaster. D. simulans appears to be intermediate both in terms of total map length and intensity of the autosomal centromeric effect. These interspecific differences in recombination have important evolutionary implications for DNA sequence organization and variability. In particular, mauritiana is expected to differ from melanogaster in patterns and amounts of sequence variation and transposon insertions.
Venus cloud studies

Observations of the pattern of atmospheric changes on Venus have been made on the basis of on 2 years of Pioneer orbiter data. The results indicate a long-term period of change for both the planet's wind patterns and for the existence of a haze layer above the cloud tops, according to a recent NASA release. The Pioneer orbiter has taken about 1000 pictures of Venus clouds and extensive measurements of the particles comprising those clouds. Among the most noteworthy of the results is that Venus' planetwide wind patterns change dramatically over a period of several years. Two patterns have been discerned; a mid-latitude jet stream pattern and a cloud and wind pattern that acts like a solid body. It was also observed that the high-altitude haze layer, which completely envelopes Venus' clouds, appears and disappears over several-year periods. This haze is a ‘smog layer’ extending above the main cloud region by about 30 km. This altitude on Earth would be well into our stratosphere.
Physical and Social Activities of Older Adults With Functional Limitations

This study examined the associations of physical and social activities with health status and functional disabilities (FDs) in a sample of Medicare beneficiaries who completed the 2004 National Long-Term Care Study (NLTCS) (N = 3,225). Factors associated with the health of older Americans with functional limitations included older age, higher education, employment, absence of chronic illness, performance of physical activities, and friends’ visits. Older age, higher education, diabetes, heart disease, and the absence of all types of physical activities and friends’ visits were associated with FDs. It is recommended that physical and social activities be encouraged for seniors with disabilities.
A methodology and model for studying boundary objects, annotations, and collaborative practices: Musicians and musical scores

Although the boundary object is a significant theoretical concept for the CSCW community, it is less well-known in the general Information Science community. This paper briefly reviews the concept of the boundary object and proposes a new method to help researchers study users' interactions with these objects. Findings from an qualitative study of musicians' annotative behaviors on their boundary objects, musical scores, will provide the means to discuss this methodology. Findings from this study have implications not only for the CSCW community, but also for the Information Science community at large, in the development of systems that support collaboration, performance, and different forms of human-information interaction.
An interactive virtual reality simulation system for robot control and operator training

Robotic systems are often very complex and difficult to operate, especially as multiple robots are integrated to accomplish difficult tasks. In addition, training the operators of these complex robotic systems is time-consuming and costly. In this paper a virtual reality based robotic control system is presented. The virtual reality system provides a means by which operators can operate, and be trained to operate, complex robotic systems in an intuitive, cost-effective way. Operator interaction with the robotic system is at a high, task-oriented, level. Continuous state monitoring prevents illegal robot actions and provides interactive feedback to the operator and real-time training for novice users. >
Jitter due to signal history in digital logic circuits and its control strategies

The circuit throughput of a logic channel in some high-speed applications is limited by the quality of the transition edge. One important limitation to this quality comes from jitter, especially that arising from signal history. The cause of this type of jitter is discussed, and its accumulation is explored. Some jitter reduction techniques are analyzed. >
Use Of Curved Slits To Increase Throughput Of A Hadamard Spectrometer

The throughput of a Hadamard spectrometer is directly proportional to the length of the slits. However, optical aberrations limit the slit length that can be used. The usable length of curved and straight slits are theoretically and experimentally compared for a typical singly encoded Hadamard spectrometer that has a Czerny-Turner plane-grating mounting. For this Hadamard spec-trometer the optical throughput can be increased by a factor of ten by using properly curved slits.
Growth of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) Populations in Russian Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies

Abstract The growth rate (r) of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) populations in Russian and Italian honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies was monitored from 2001 to 2003 in Baton Rouge, LA. Over this period, our results consistently showed lower mite growth in the Russian than in the Italian colonies. In 2001, instantaneous growth rates per week (r7) were r7 = 0.191 ± 0.011 for mites in Italian colonies and r7 = 0.137 ± 0.012 in Russian honey bees for 24.3 wk. These growth rates were equivalent to 159.1- and 61.6-fold increase, respectively. Divergence in r7 values also was observed in 2002 when Russian colonies supported a lower growth rate of r7 = 0.061 ± 0.016 (9.3-fold increase) than the Italian colonies (r7 = 0.122 ± 0.01 or a 31.7-fold increase) did after 26 wk. The lowest rate of r7 = 0.021 ± 0.011 (a 1.4-fold increase) was recorded for Russian honey bees in 2003, whereas the Italian bees in that year supported r7 = 0.145 ± 0.009 (an 18.9-fold increase) after 19 wk. This low...
Degree 3 Cohomology: The Dixmier-Douady Theory

Much of this book is devoted to a geometric description of the degree 3 cohomology H 3(M,ℝ) of a manifold M. Recall in the case of degree 2 cohomology, a theorem of Weil and Kostant (Corollary 2.1.4) which asserts that H 2(M,ℝ) is the group of isomorphism classes of line bundles over M. Moreover, given a line bundle L, the corresponding class c 1(L) in H 2 (M,ℝ) is represented by \(\frac{1}{{2\pi \sqrt { - 1} }}\) · K, where K is the curvature of a connection on L. We wish to find a similar description for H 3(M,ℝ), which is a more difficult task. One theory, due to Dixmier and Douady [D-D], involves so-called continuous fields of elementary C*-algebras. We will describe this theory in the present chapter and develop, in particular, the notion of curvature, which will be a closed 3-form associated to such a field of C*-algebras.
Distributed Secret Sharing over the Gaussian Interference Wiretap Channel

In the process of secret sharing, a single secret is encoded into multiple entities called shares. These shares possess the special properties that they jointly contain no information about the original secret unless a sufficient quantity of them are available for decoding [19]. There has been a recent trend in applying secret sharing to mobile ad hoc networks [21] because the process of encoding and decoding does not require the use of keying and key management. Furthermore, secret sharing is inherently robust to limited degrees of insider attacks, in which partial knowledge of shares become available to an attacker. However, in many other network scenarios, secret sharing is deemed unsuitable for two reasons. First, each user is required to create multiple shares leading to excessive overhead and unnecessary bandwidth expansion in the network. Second, the routing of the shares to the destination(s) must remain as separated as possible so that enough of them do not easily fall into the hands of a restricted enemy who may then successfully decode the original secret. Spatially-restricted enemies can be thwarted somewhat through the use of mobility of intermediate network nodes that provide avenues for different shares to be sent along non-overlapping routes [21].
Educating Counselors to Practice Interprofessionally Through Creative Classroom Experiences

Interprofessional education is a creative endeavor that seeks to prepare health professionals to collaborate within and outside of their profession to better serve clients. This article reports on the experiences and attitudes of counselors-in-training toward this approach before and after a semester-long interprofessional course. Results from quantitative and qualitative assessments show changes in attitudes and readiness for interprofessional education and practice.
Feeding the Recruitment of Inner City Kids to MSE by Keeping 5 TH Graders on Track for Engineering in College

The fifth grade inner city volunteer teaching project (5GVP) at Marquette University’s College of Engineering has attempted to inform and inspire Milwaukee’s inner city fifth graders about engineering for the last ten years. Each year I have recruited our engineering students to volunteer to take self contained science lessons into the Milwaukee Public Schools’fifth grade classrooms. Although the lessons are on science and the career touted is engineering in general, the lessons are flavored by my being in MSE. Being excited about a career is certainly a precursor to choosing that career. I have found the fifth graders very excited about seeing and experiencing science in action as the engineering students present it to them. Hopefully, the program at Marquette will result in more inner city students choosing to enter college as engineers, with MSE garnering its usual share.
Isolation and characterization of a proteinase inhibitor from marama beans.

AbstractA protease inhibitor was purified from the African marama bean (Tylosema esculen-turm). The inhibitor is present in large amounts, representing about 10.5% of the total protein. The molecular weight is slightly larger than soybean trypsin inhibitor and was estimated at 23,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis or 24,500 by amino acid analysis. The amino acid composition was atypical of most other plant inhibitors with a cysteine content of only one or possibly two residues/mole and a blocked amino terminus. Inhibition studies indicated virtually no inhibition of chymotrypsin activity. Elastase, however, was inhibited to the same extent as trypsin, requiring about 2 moles of inhibitor for complete inhibition of the enzyme.
Responses of three species of adult ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to chemicals in the coats of principal and minor hosts.

In laboratory bioassays, host-seeking adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), and American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), were exposed to substances from the pelage of dogs and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann). Male A. americanum exhibited an arrestant response to all samples of deer tarsal gland substances tested, whereas female A. americanum, female I. scapularis, and male and female D. variabilis responded to samples from certain deer and not others. Female I. scapularis, D. variabilis, and A. americanum of both sexes also showed an arrestant response to substances rubbed from the dorsal surface of dogs' ears. These findings suggest that, although these 3 species of ticks are associated with certain host species as adults ( A. americanum and I. scapularis with white-tailed deer, D. variabilis with dogs), their repertoires of host-finding behaviors are broad, and use of minor host species may not be purely accidental.
4 A comparison of methods for directly estimating risk ratios from cohort or cross-sectional injury studies

Statement of purpose The estimation of odds ratios (OR) is widely used in cohort or cross-sectional injury studies as well as in other public health fields. We compared the performance of Methods to estimate risk ratios (RR) directly using simulated data and data from an ongoing injury cohort study. Methods/approach We used data from a cohort of collision-involved motorcyclists in California. The binary outcome was head injury and the binary predictor was the use of a novelty motorcycle helmet. We estimated RRs using log-binomial regression, maximum likelihood (ML) Cox regression, and Mantel-Haenszel (MH) estimation, and we estimated ORs using ML logistic regression. The log-binomial regression was fitted using (1) a Poisson procedure with robust errors, (2) a ML general linear models (GLM) procedure, and (3) an iterated re-weighted least squares (IRLS) GLM procedure. Results Of the 8,086 motorcyclists in our cohort study, 319 were using a novelty helmet and 7,767 were using other types of helmet at the time of collision. The probability of head injury was 0.351 among novelty helmet users and 0.138 among users of other helmets. All procedures for log-binomial regression with robust errors gave the same results (RR 2.537, 95% CI 2.163–2.974). Point and interval estimates closely matched the Cox regression and MH estimates. The logistic regression model produced an OR of 3.368 (95% CI 2.653–4.277). Conclusions Methods for estimating RRs worked well in this dataset. All RR Methods estimated a head injury RR of 2.5 for motorcyclists wearing novelty helmets, compared with other types of helmets. Logistic regression produced an OR of 3.5. Further analysis will be performed on simulated data sets. Significance/contributions The long-standing practice of estimating ORs with cohort or cross-sectional data may not be justifiable, given the available RR Methods, and the improved interpretability and the desirable collapsibility of RRs over ORs.
Prostate specific antigen levels after radical prostatectomy in patients with organ confined and locally extensive prostate cancer.

AbstractA total of 230 patients with localized prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at UCLA (pathological stage T1–3 N0, M0). Classification into groups included 115 patients with organ confined disease (group 1), 82 with invasion into or through the capsule (group 2) and 33 with seminal vesicle involvement (group 3). Median followup was 48 months. The 10-year, cause-specific survival was 96%, 90% and 63%, and 5-year, clinical, disease-free survival was 91%, 79% and 58% for the 3 groups, respectively. Recent prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured in most patients, even those operated upon many years ago. Of the patients 41 had detectable (0.4ng./ml. or greater) PSA levels without any other clinical evidence of progression and 15 with clinical evidence of progression had PSA levels in the detectable range at the time of clinical progression. When isolated detectable PSA was also considered an indicator of progression the 5-year and 10-year, disease-free rates were 61% an...
A pharmacy-based medication reconciliation and review program in hemodialysis patients: a prospective study

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) patients are on multiple medications, see many prescribers and have many hospitalizations which put them at risk for medication record discrepancies and medication related problems (MRP). Being able to effectively identify and reconcile these medication issues is crucial in reducing hospitalizations, morbidities, and mortalities. The care of the hemodialysis patients can be enhanced by incorporating a pharmacist into the interprofessional team. There is little data in the literature on medication record discrepancies and MRP’s in dialysis patients.Objective: The objectives of this research were to determine the types of medication discrepancies and MRPs in dialysis patients and if recommendations for changes based on these findings were accepted by providers.Methods: Patients were asked to bring medications to the dialysis unit for review. Discrepancy and MRP recommendations were communicated to the unit staff via written progress notes. A follow-up was performed an average of 33 days later to determine if the recommendations were accepted.Results: Overall, in 93 unique patients, 376 discrepancies (3.1 per patient) and 64 MRPs (0.5 per patient) were identified. The most common type of discrepancy and MRP was drug omission and indication without drug, respectively. Of the total 440 interventions, 77% were ultimately accepted. Discrepancies were more likely to be accepted as compared to MRPs (85% vs. 27%, respectively).Conclusion: Medication record discrepancies and MRPs are common in dialysis patients. Recommendations related to discrepancies were more likely to be accepted by the providers as compared to MRPs. Medication records became inaccurate within 12 months. A pharmacy-based medication reconciliation and review program may have an important impact on the care of hemodialysis patients.