cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crash Fatality Rates After Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Washington and Colorado

Objectives. To evaluate motor vehicle crash fatality rates in the first 2 states with recreational marijuana legalization and compare them with motor vehicle crash fatality rates in similar states without recreational marijuana legalization.Methods. We used the US Fatality Analysis Reporting System to determine the annual numbers of motor vehicle crash fatalities between 2009 and 2015 in Washington, Colorado, and 8 control states. We compared year-over-year changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates (per billion vehicle miles traveled) before and after recreational marijuana legalization with a difference-in-differences approach that controlled for underlying time trends and state-specific population, economic, and traffic characteristics.Results. Pre–recreational marijuana legalization annual changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates for Washington and Colorado were similar to those for the control states. Post–recreational marijuana legalization changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates for W...
Lung cancer risk factors in a minority population

4558 Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and death among minorities, but there is still limited knowledge regarding lung cancer (LC) risk in these populations. The goal of this project was to identify risk factors associated with LC in Mexican-Americans (MA) and African-Americans (AA). Methods: The 422 LC cases of AA descent and 189 cases of MA descent were patients referred to UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. The 759 controls were recruited from health clinics in the Houston area and matched to the cases on age (±5 yrs), sex and ethnicity. All data were derived from personal interviews. Results and Conclusions: Roughly 10% of all LC cases are never smokers; however, we observed a higher proportion (36.5%) of never smokers in our MA women cases. AA women who smoked more than 20 cigarettes/day had a 15-fold increased risk of LC compared to AA women who smoked less, while risks for MA and AA men were moderate. Although minorities tend to smoke more menthol cigarettes than Whites, we observed no increased risk of LC among MAs or AAs who smoked menthol cigarettes compared to non-menthol minority smokers. Cessation of smoking greater than 10 years was associated with decreased risk of LC for MA men and all AAs [OR range=0.25-0.42]; however, we observed no such decrease among MA women. AAs exposed to asbestos (OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.16-2.17) were at increased risk for LC; similar to our previous reports for Whites. MAs with pesticide exposure were at increased risk for LC (OR=3.97, 95% CI=2.08-7.57). Prior diagnosis of emphysema was associated with a 6 to 8-fold increased risk for LC [MA OR=8.09, 95%CI=2.32-28.32; AA OR=6.58, 95%CI=3.08-14.04]; substantially higher than what we have previously reported for Whites. We further observed a protective effect of hay fever among minorities similar to our previous findings for Whites (OR range=0.42-0.64). MA and AA women who consumed at least 1.7 FDA pyramid servings/day of fruit were at lower risk for LC (OR range=0.27-0.57); while men who consumed vegetables containing Isothiocyanate were at decreased risk for LC [MA (OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.32-0.82); AA (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.48-0.97)]. Similar to Whites, higher intake of food folate was associated with a 42% decreased risk of LC among AAs (OR=0.58, 95%CI=0.34-0.99). Phytoestrogens are associated with a decrease in risk of LC in Whites; however, we did not observe a significant association in this minority population. Among the LC cases, there was no difference in survival (P=0.54) between the MAs and AAs; however, within each race group, women had better survival [MA (adj HR= 0.62, P=0.03); AA (adj HR=0.73, P-0.01)] than the men. This investigation demonstrates that minorities may share common LC risk factors with Whites and each other; however, level of LC risk may differ depending on type and level of exposure. Further research is needed to elucidate risk factors for LC in minorities. This project was supported by NCI grants CA55769, CA70907 & CA093592 and FAMRI, DAMD17-02-1-07-06.
Review: Ligation is the best endoscopic choice for esophageal variceal bleeding

Source Citation Laine L, Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Aug 15;123:280-7.7611595
“Nothing Fits Exactly”: Experiences of Asian American Parents of Twice-Exceptional Children:

Parents of high-ability students with disabilities (i.e., twice-exceptional) play a crucial role in their children’s home and educational environments. In addition, parents’ sociocultural contexts,...
ANOTHER REASON TO CHECK COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT IN BREATHLESS PATIENTS

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare cause of cardiomyopathy associated with significant morbidity and morbidity A 43 year old female with history of asthma and allergic rhinitis presented with gradual worsening of shortness of breath. On arrival, physical exam revealed mild lower extremity
Optimizing Situational Awareness in Disaster Response Networks

In a wireless disaster response network, how does the quality of experience (QoE) of the user affect the level of situational awareness (SA)? Is maximum QoE necessary for high SA? In this empirical study, we propose a novel measurement approach to quantify SA based on the QoE of the user. The relationship between QoE and network quality of service (QoS) metrics such as delay and packet loss is well known. Therefore, quantifying the SA–QoE–QoS relationship will help the network operator to ensure a high level of SA when the network is under load, through parsimonious allocation of network resources such as spectrum and power. We first define an objective expression for SA in four contexts: surroundings awareness, target awareness, location awareness, and responsiveness (SETLR model). Using empirical data gathered from real-world experiments, we mathematically formulate SA as a function of QoE and show that this relationship is logistic in nature. An important observation is that maximum QoE is not necessary to ensure high SA; a mean opinion score of just 2–3 is necessary in our scenario. Next, we show through simulations that this new mathematical model of SA can be instantiated in a long-term evolution radio access network and efficiently used in network optimization techniques to avoid over-provisioning of resources.
Hydrogen-Atom Noninnocence of a Tridentate [SNS] Pincer Ligand

Double deprotonation of bis(2-mercapto-4-methylphenyl)amine ([SNS]H3) followed by addition to NiCl2(PR3)2 in air-free conditions afforded [SN(H)S]Ni(PR3) (1a, R = Cy; 1b, R = Ph) complexes, characterized as diamagnetic, square-planar nickel(II) complexes. When the same reaction was conducted with 3 equiv of KH, the diamagnetic anions K{[SNS]Ni(PR3)} were obtained (K[2a], R = Cy; K[2b], R = Ph). In the presence of air, the reaction proceeds with a concomitant one-electron oxidation. When R = Cy, a square-planar, S = 1/2 complex, [SNS]Ni(PCy3) (3a), was isolated. When R = Ph, the bimetallic complex {[SNS]Ni(PPh3)}2 ({3b}2) was obtained. This bimetallic species is diamagnetic; however, in solution it dissociates to give S = 1/2 monomers analogous to 3a. Complexes 1–3 represent a hydrogen-atom-transfer series. The bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) for 1a and 1b were calculated to be 63.9 ± 0.1 and 62.4 ± 0.2 kcal mol–1, respectively, using the corresponding pKa and E°′ values. Consistent with these BDFE...
Survival and Construction Schema Theory for Recombination

Chapter 3 provided an analysis of how likely it is to disrupt hyperplanes via recombination. Chapter 4 considered the more positive view of recombination as an operator than can construct hyperplanes from lower-order hyperplanes. One interesting observation can be made by comparing the graphs for disruption in Chap. 3 to those for construction in Chap. 4 — namely, that the graphs are qualitatively related in the sense that if one recombination operator is more disruptive, it is also more constructive. The results are intuitively plausible and hold for every set of graphs we have been able to generate.
Metabolism of Selenium

Selenium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to various extents, and the distribution within the body varies with the species and with the chemical form and the amount of the element ingested.
Women's studies classes and their influence on student development.

It has been asserted that women's studies classes profoundly influence the students who take them (e.g., Musil, 1992a). This paper reviews the literature on the changes that take place in students as a result of these classes, including changes in self-expression, sense of commitment and responsibility, critical thinking, empowerment, and acknowledgment of diversity. Students have been found to become more liberal in their attitudes toward women, and their feminist identity, job motivation, job certainty, and self-esteem to increase, after taking a women's studies class. The psychological literature reveals a lack of exploration of students' identity development in relation to women's studies. Finally, methodological concerns are discussed, and directions for future research are presented.
A Radio-Command-Control Puffer for Studying Airflow

A system is described with which air flow in the lower one or two thousand feet of the atmosphere can be studied by the use of a radio-command-control smoke puffer. Several applications of this system are proposed in connection with balloon sounding techniques.
Young Adults and Criminal Jurisdiction

As measured by developmental biology, cultural markers, and self-perception, adolescence is longer today than it has ever been in human history, with leading psychologists asserting that it lasts into the mid-twenties. This Article considers whether the extension of adolescence requires changing the allocation of criminal jurisdiction over young adults aged eighteen to twenty-five. It explores three possible responses: (1) keeping young adults within general jurisdiction criminal courts with greater accommodations, (2) expanding juvenile court jurisdiction beyond age seventeen, and (3) creating specialized Young Adult courts. The Article argues that criminal court’s emphasis on punishment and incapacitation are ill-suited to the individualized interventions that best serve the public’s long-term interest in safety and best promote a successful transition to adulthood. Expanding juvenile court jurisdiction would make its rehabilitative approach available to young adult offenders who, like juveniles, are not yet fully-developed adults. But it would also mean the loss of important procedural rights and a paternalistic, inquisitorial, interventionist approach that is not appropriate for young adults. Specialized courts dedicated to eighteen to twenty-five year-olds offer a developmentally-informed response at the front and back end of cases without unduly complicating the work of the juvenile court, avoid potential due process and rights problems, and communicate to these offenders that they are worthy of something other than punitive, assembly-line treatment as criminals. That said, creating young adult courts across the nation faces several challenges and carries potential drawbacks for those diverted to young adult court and for the remainder left behind in criminal court.
Color change and pigmentation in a color polymorphic cichlid fish

In many haplochromine cichlids, body coloration is an important communication cue during social interactions. In some cichlids, individuals can change color, but we have little information about the underlying physiological mechanisms. We examined the regulation of coloration in the color polymorphic cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni where males are either blue or yellow. Previous studies implicated the melanocortin system, a neuroendocrine center that regulates pigmentation and the stress response, in regulating the color polymorphism in this species. We found that both blue and yellow males express a high density of yellow xanthophores. Dispersal of xanthophore pigments in both yellow and blue morphs occurred within minutes in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, exogenous α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH, a melanocortin hormone) increased yellowness of the body in a dose-independent fashion. We observed many color changes in males housed in social communities with the proportion of yellow males increasing over the 2-week experimental period. However, color phenotype or color change was not influenced by experimental alteration of the stability of the social hierarchy. The effects of α-MSH suggest that the melanocortin system contributes to the polymorphism in coloration in A. burtoni but the role of social interactions and social stress in regulating color remains unclear.
Hormones and Hearing: Central Auditory Processing in Women.

Estrogen has been identified as playing a key role in many organ systems. Recently, estrogen has been found to be produced in the human brain and is believed contribute to central auditory processing. After menopause, a low estrogen state, many women report hearing loss but demonstrate no deficits in peripheral hearing sensitivity, which support the notion that estrogen plays an effect on central auditory processing. Although animal research on estrogen and hearing loss is extensive, there is little in the literature on the human model. The aim of this study was to evaluate relationships between hormonal changes and hearing as it relates to higher auditory function in pre- and postmenopausal (Post-M) females. A prospective, group comparison study. Twenty eight women between the ages of 18 and 70 at the University of Kentucky were recruited. Participants were separated into premenopausal and peri-/Post-M groups. Participants had normal peripheral hearing sensitivity and underwent a behavioral auditory processing battery and electrophysiological evaluation. An analysis of variance was performed to address the aims of the study. Results from the study demonstrated statistically significant difference between groups, where Post-M females had difficulties in spatial hearing abilities as reflected on the Listening in Spatialized Noise Test–Sentences test. In addition, measures on the auditory brainstem response and the middle latency response reflected statistically significant differences between groups with Post-M females having longer latencies. Results from the present study demonstrated significant differences between groups, particularly listening in noise. Females who present with auditory complaints in spite of normal hearing thresholds should have a more extensive audiological evaluation to further evaluate possible central deficits.
Current Practice and Emerging Molecular Imaging Technologies in Oral Cancer Screening.

Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers globally. Survival rates for patients are directly correlated with stage of diagnosis; despite this knowledge, 60% of individuals are presenting with l...
JOINT IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION WITH APPLICATION TO CLUTTERED CORAL IMAGES

In this paper, we propose a Pixel-Training Image-Testing (PTIT) algorithm for joint object segmentation and classification. PTIT consists of four processing stages: sample-pixel (human) labeling, pixel-wise training, image generalization and uniform region refinement. Compared to the state-of-the-art semantic image segmentation and classification algorithms, PTIT significantly reduces the time required for labeling and is capable of handling more complex scenes (cluttered background and large amount of objects of interest). PTIT performance is tested on coral images to show its advantage over the typical segmentation followed by classification image processing framework. For visual analysis, our algorithmically derived class shows class structure better, while also displaying most of time better receiver operating character at the pixel level.
What the research says about concussion risk factors and prevention strategies for youth sports: A scoping review of six commonly played sports.

Abstract Introduction : Given the growing research on potential adverse outcomes related to concussion and other serious brain injuries and the increased susceptibility for concussion among youth athletes, primary prevention is vital to protect the health and safety of this population. The purpose of this study is to summarize the current research on risk factors and primary concussion prevention strategies focused on specific youth sports, and to identify research gaps. Methods: A literature search was conducted using six electronic databases. A scoping review method was used to identify studies that addressed risk factors or primary concussion prevention strategies focused on youth athletes (ages 5–18 years) in six sports (football, ice hockey, soccer, lacrosse, basketball, and wrestling). Results: Of the 18 publications identified, the publications focused on risk factors (N = 11), policy (N = 1), rule changes (N = 3), education (N = 2), equipment (N = 2), and playing technique (N = 0). Some articles had information related to multiple topics. Conclusions: Current research on concussion prevention has primarily been focused on risk factors. There are a dearth of studies that examine primary concussion prevention in sports. When studies do exist, most focus on football and ice hockey. Only a small number of studies focus solely on risk factors or primary prevention in soccer, lacrosse, basketball, and wrestling—all sports in which concussions are common. Practical applications: This scoping review summarizes current research on concussion risk factors and primary prevention strategies in specific sports focused on youth athletes and identifies research gaps to help inform future efforts.
UVB-induced inactivation of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase promotes mitophagy via ROS-mediated mTORC2 pathway activation

Mitochondria are major sites of energy metabolism that influence numerous cellular events, including immunity and cancer development. Previously, we reported that the mitochondrion-specific antioxidant enzyme, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), has dual roles in early- and late-carcinogenesis stages. However, how defective MnSOD impacts the chain of events that lead to cell transformation in pathologically normal epidermal cells that have been exposed to carcinogens is unknown. Here, we show that UVB radiation causes nitration and inactivation of MnSOD leading to mitochondrial injury and mitophagy. In keratinocytes, exposure to UVB radiation decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increased glycolysis and the expression of autophagy-related genes, and enhanced AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT) phosphorylation and cell growth. Interestingly, UVB initiated a prosurvival mitophagy response by mitochondria-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling via the mammalian target of the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) pathway. Knockdown of rictor but not raptor abrogated UVB-induced mitophagy responses. Furthermore, fractionation and proximity-ligation assays reveal that ROS-mediated mTOC2 activation in mitochondria is necessary for UVB-induced mitophagy. Importantly, pretreatment with the MnSOD mimic MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (MnP) attenuates mTORC2 activation and suppresses UVB-induced mitophagy. UVB radiation exposure also increased cell growth as assessed by soft-agar colony survival and cell growth assays, and pretreatment with MnP or the known autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine abrogated UVB-induced cell growth. These results indicate that MnSOD is a major redox regulator that maintains mitochondrial health and show that UVB-mediated MnSOD inactivation promotes mitophagy and thereby prevents accumulation of damaged mitochondria.
Extracellular Vesicles: Intercellular Mediators in Alcohol-Induced Pathologies

Though alcoholic liver injury plays the primary role in direct alcohol-related morbidity, alcohol consumption is also interlinked with many other diseases in extra-hepatic tissues/organs. The mechanism of alcoholic tissue injury is well documented, however the mechanisms that affect extra-hepatic tissues have not yet been well defined. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and microvesicles, have been identified as key components of alcohol-induced extra-hepatic effects. We have reviewed the recent findings on the potential impact of alcohol-modified EVs/exosomes production and their downstream effects on extra-hepatic tissues. In this review, we discuss the available information on the cross-talk between hepatocytes and immune cells via EV/exosomal cargos (miRNA, mRNA, protein, etc.) in alcoholic liver diseases. We also discuss the effects of alcohol exposure on the contents of EVs/exosomes derived from various extra-hepatic tissues and their associated pathological consequences on recipient cells. Finally, we speculate on other potential EV/exosomal agents that may mediate alcohol-induced tissue damage. Graphical Abstract Alcohol can alter contents of extracellular vesicles (EVs) (e.g. exosomes) such as miRNAs, protein, cytokines, etc. in hepatic and extra-hepatic cells. The transfer of these alcohol modified EVs to nearby or distant cells can play vital role in inflammatory pathways in alcohol induced pathogenesis/comorbidities.
Heteroaryl Phosphonates as Noncovalent Inhibitors of Both Serine- and Metallocarbapenemases.

Gram-negative pathogens expressing serine β-lactamases (SBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), especially those with carbapenemase activity, threaten the clinical utility of almost all β-lactam ant...
Foucault’s Keystone: Confessions of the Flesh – How the Fourth and Final Volume of The History of Sexuality Completes Foucault’s Critique of Modern Western Societies

In the final pages of the now-final volume of The History of Sexuality, Volume 4: Les aveux de la chair (“Confessions of the Flesh”), Foucault’s intellectual project comes full circle and achieves its long-awaited completion. In those final pages, dedicated to Augustine’s treatment of marital sexual relations, Foucault reveals the heretofore missing link that now binds his ancient history of sexual relations to his critique of contemporary forms of neoliberal goverance: Foucault discovers in Augustine’s writings the moment of the birth of the modern legal subject and of the juridification of social relations. Like the final piece of a jigsaw puzzle, the appearance of the modern legal subject completes Foucault’s critical project and allows us to fold the entire four-volume series of The History of Sexuality back into his critique of contemporary modes of social ordering in the neoliberal age. Many critics of Foucault complain that the turn to subjectivity, to care of the self, and to truth-telling at the end of Foucault’s intellectual journey undermines the political force of his philosophy and has pushed contemporary critical thought into a complacent apolitical direction. The now-published Volume 4 of The History of Sexuality should dispel that argument and open the way to integrate those two projects—knowledge-power and subjectivity. That is our greatest task and challenge today: to explore how we have been shaped as subjects in such a way as to implicate ourselves—both willingly and unknowingly—in the social order within which we find ourselves and that, through the interaction of knowledge-power-subjectivity, we reproduce and reestablish ourselves.
Implications of till-provenance studies for glaciological reconstructions of the paleoglaciers of Wildhorse Canyon, Idaho, U.S.A

Detailed till-provenance studies of moraine complexes in the Wildhorse Canyon area, Idaho, U.S.A., allow inferences to be made regarding the flow paths and dynamics of Wildhorse and Fall Creek Glaciers, the two principal tributaries constituting a late-Pleistocene compound glacier. In particular, the distribution of statistically defined pebble and mineral assemblages within moraine complexes suggests that Wildhorse Glacier contributed a substantially greater volume of ice to the trunk glacier than did Fall Creek Glacier. An initial group of glaciological reconstructions yields estimates for the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) of the compound glacier that are consistent with those independently arrived at using other methods of ELA determination. Ice-flux calculations imply, however, that for each reconstruction the relative contributions of ice from Wildhorse and Fall Creek Glaciers were about equal, which is inconsistent with the inferences drawn from the till-provenance data. An alternative reconstruction incorporated possible orographic effects on accumulation and ablation by using different ELAs for the two tributary glaciers. Calculations for this reconstruction suggest that the ice flux of Wildhorse Glacier was about twice that of Fall Creek Glacier. This reconstruction is more consistent with the till-provenance data, and furthermore suggests that such data might be invaluable in choosing between seemingly equally viable glaciological reconstructions of paleoglaciers.
Rejecting Black and Rejected Back: AfroLatinx College Students’ Experiences with anti-AfroLatinidad

In this study, we identify tensions that arise between blackness and Latinidad as AfroLatinx students negotiate identity and belonging on campus. Furthermore, we explore the unique cultural and his...
Response of a plate in turbulent channel flow: Analysis of fluid─solid coupling

Abstract The paper performs simulation of a rectangular plate excited by turbulent channel flow at friction Reynolds numbers of 180 and 400. The fluid–structure interaction is assumed to be one-way coupled, i.e, the fluid affects the solid and not vice versa. We solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using finite volume direct numerical simulation in the fluid domain. In the solid domain, we solve the dynamic linear elasticity equations using a time-domain finite element method. The obtained plate averaged displacement spectra collapse in the low frequency region in outer scaling. However, the high frequency spectral levels do not collapse in inner units. This spectral behavior is reasoned using theoretical arguments. The resonant vibration is stronger at the third natural frequency than at the first natural frequency. We explain this behavior by comparing the fluid and solid length scales. We further study the sources of plate excitation using a novel formulation. This formulation expresses the average displacement spectrum of the plate as an integrated contribution from the fluid sources within the channel. Analysis of the sources reveals that at the plate natural frequencies, the contribution of the fluid sources to the plate excitation peaks in the buffer layer. The corresponding wall-normal width is found to be ≈ 0 . 75 δ . The integrated contribution of the overlap and outer regions together to the plate response is comparable to that from the buffer region for R e τ = 180 and exceeds the buffer region contribution for R e τ = 400 . We analyze the decorrelated features of the sources using spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of the net displacement source. We enforce the orthogonality of the modes in an inner product with a symmetric positive definite kernel. The dominant spectral POD mode contributes to the entire plate excitation. The contribution of the remaining modes from the different wall-normal regions undergo destructive interference resulting in zero net contribution. The envelope of the dominant mode further shows that the intensity of the sources peaks in the buffer region and the wall-normal width of the sources extend well into the outer region of the channel.
Abstract #671: Anti-tumor activity of a tumor-targeting peptide that binds eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E

The process of protein synthesis, on which cell growth depends, is tightly regulated at the level of translation initiation. A critical step of translation initiation involves the liberation of the mRNA cap-binding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) from the 4EBP inhibitory binding proteins, and its engagement to the scaffolding protein eIF4G. eIF4E is a candidate cancer therapeutic target because it is overexpressed or activated in many types of tumors. In this study, we designed and evaluated 4EBP-based peptides that bind eIF4E and prevent eIF4E from binding eIF4G. These peptides inhibited cap-dependent translation. The lead candidate peptide was fused to an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to target its receptor that is widely overexpressed in ovarian and other endocrine cancers. GnRH agonist-4EBP fusion peptide was taken up by, and inhibited growth of, GnRH receptor-expressing tumor cells, but not receptor-negative cells. Moreover, the fusion peptide inhibited growth of i.p. ovarian tumors and ascites in mice without significant cytotoxic effects to host tissues. Because ovarian cancer is rarely cured by conventional texane-platinum combination therapy, the fusion peptide may be of therapeutic potential for treatment of this disease. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 671.
Governments and International Civil Society inSustainable Development: A Framework

International civil society has emerged as a critical forcein sustainable development. This poses significant challenges tothe analysis of international relations. This paper suggests anumber of ways to think about the role of civl society actorsin international relations, focusing on market-based factors andnew institutional venues. Public/private partnerships andproduct regimes are identified as critical framwroks for theunderstanding of the prospects of achieving greater sustainability
Adolescents' perceptions of significant adults: Implications for the Family, the School and Youth Serving Agencies

Abstract Though a variety of studies have explored adolescents' perceptions of significant adults, there is no clear sense of the implications of the findings for those who work and live with adolescents. This paper updates a recent review of the findings for the family, the school, and youth serving agencies. Parents are the most frequently mentioned significant adults, but their significance tends to be situational. Teachers are not frequently mentioned as significant. Implications are explored which discuss the possible relationship between the level of cognitive development of adolescents and the degree and quality of adolescents interaction with significant adults. Also the importance of adolescents interaction with significant adults is discussed as that rela tionship relates to the transmission and preservation of culture.
Chapter 12 Multiple use management of public forestlands

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the multiple-use management of public forestlands. The managers of these lands must, in addition to considering the value of timber harvests, consider various nonmarket amenity services, such as recreation, water flow, and wildlife, which are influenced by alterations in the standing stocks of timber. The chapter discusses research results on the relation of such multiple-use management to single-purpose timber management. The presentation is motivated by a number of issues of current concern, including (1) the withdrawal of lands from timber management, (2) the specialization or diversification of land use, (3) the level and stability of timber supply, and (4) the wisdom of certain accepted rule-of-thumb principles of public forestland management related to the age and level of harvests. The principles of public forestry in the United States have often been driven by the fear of timber shortage and the destabilizing effects on employment and prices arising from fluctuations in the supply of timber. The chapter describes the institutional setting for multiple-use management within the U.S. Forest Service.
Genetic evidence for auxin involvement in arbuscular mycorrhiza initiation

• Formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is controlled by a host of small, diffusible signaling molecules, including phytohormones. To test the hypothesis that the plant hormone auxin controls mycorrhiza development, we assessed mycorrhiza formation in two mutants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): diageotropica (dgt), an auxin-resistant mutant, and polycotyledon (pct), a mutant with hyperactive polar auxin transport. • Mutant and wild-type (WT) roots were inoculated with spores of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices. Presymbiotic root-fungus interactions were observed in root organ culture (ROC) and internal fungal colonization was quantified both in ROC and in intact seedlings. • In ROC, G. intraradices stimulated presymbiotic root branching in pct but not in dgt roots. pct roots stimulated production of hyphal fans indicative of appressorium formation and were colonized more rapidly than WT roots. By contrast, approaching hyphae reversed direction to grow away from cultured dgt roots and failed to colonize them. In intact seedlings, pct and dgt roots were colonized poorly, but development of hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles was morphologically normal within roots of both mutants. • We conclude that auxin signaling within host roots is required for the early stages of AM formation, including during presymbiotic signal exchange.
A new syndrome in hypovolemic shock: Systolic murmur and intraventricular pressure gradient

Abstract A grade 5 6 systolic murmur appeared in a patient with severe shock produced by gram-negative bacteremia. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated a systolic pressure difference of 70 mm. Hg between the left ventricle and the aorta. “Infundibular” pressure was recorded while the catheter was withdrawn from the left ventricle into the aorta. Left ventricular systolic pressure increased, and arterial systolic pressure fell in postextrasystolic beats. Immediately after the administration of propranolol, blood and phenylephrine, the systolic pressure difference between the left ventricle and the aorta and the systolic murmur disappeared. Autopsy revealed a normal heart. We believe this is the first reported case with clinical and hemodynamic evidence of an intracavitary left ventricular systolic pressure difference in a man with shock and without severe left ventricular hypertrophy. The sudden occurrence of a loud murmur when left ventricular systolic pressure greatly exceeded aortic systolic pressure and the disappearance of the murmur when these two pressures were equal suggests that outflow tract obstruction may develop in shock. However, the severity of the patient's clinical condition prevented us from obtaining measurements crucial to the determination of the mechanism of the systolic pressure difference.
Sensor placement for maximizing lifetime per unit cost in wireless sensor networks

Lifetime per unit cost, defined as the network lifetime divided by the number of sensors deployed in the network, can be used to measure the utilization efficiency of sensors in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Analyzing the lifetime per unit cost of a linear WSN, we find that deploying either an extremely large or an extremely small number of sensors is inefficient in terms of lifetime per unit cost. We thus seek answers to the following questions: how many sensors should be deployed and how to deploy them to maximize the lifetime per unit cost. Numerical and simulation results are provided to study the optimal sensor placement and the optimal number of deployed sensors
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF S, Sb AND P ON THE INTERGRANULAR FRACTURE OF IRON AND NICKEL TESTED AT CATHODIC POTENTIALS

It is generally believed that grain boundary impurities contribute to intergranular fracture in the presence of hydrogen by either; 1) decreasing the intergranular cohesion; 2) enhancing hydrogen absorption along grain boundaries; or 3) a combination of both processes. A comparison of the relative effects of S, Sb and P on the intergranular fracture of iron and nickel has been completed1,2 and will be summarized in this paper. With sulfur as a bench-mark, the effect of S, Sb and P on the intergranular fracture of iron and nickel at cathodic potentials can be expressed by the following equivalent grain boundary sulfur concentrations, Cs: $$C_s^{eq}\left( {Fe} \right) = 5 Sb + S + {\gamma _P}P{\gamma _P} > 0$$ (1) $$C_s^{eq}\left( {Ni} \right) = Sb + S + 0.07P$$ (2)
Further Characterization of Tissue Distribution and Metabolism of [14C]Aflatoxin B1 in Chickens

The distribution and metabolism of [(14)C]aflatoxin B(1) in chicken tissues were further investigated. Previously dried and frozen ethyl acetate extracts of liver, heart, gizzard, breast, leg, blood, and fecal samples were obtained from either layer or broiler chickens fed subclinical levels of [(14)C]aflatoxin B(1). Treatment of these extracts with either carboxypeptidase A, leucine aminopeptidase, pepsin, or trypsin revealed that an average of 50% of the (14)C detected in the acetate extracts was a liberated peptide (or amino acid) conjugate of [(14)C]aflatoxin B(2a). When a prepared standard of B(2a) was made by incubation of B(1) with cold dilute aqueous HCl, the R(f) values and absorbance maxima were identical with those of the tissue extracts after enzymatic treatment.
Soluble RAGE: A hot new biomarker for the hot joint?

The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) interacts with distinct ligand families linked to the inflammatory response. Studies in animal models suggest that RAGE is upregulated in the inflamed joint and that blockade of the receptor, using a ligand decoy soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE), attenuates joint inflammation and expression of inflammatory and tissue-destructive mediators. In this issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Rille Pullerits and colleagues reported that plasma levels of sRAGE were reduced in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis compared with healthy controls or subjects with non-inflammatory joint disease. These findings suggest the possibility that levels of sRAGE might be a biomarker of inflammation. Not resolved by these studies, however, is the intriguing possibility that endogenously higher levels of sRAGE might be linked to a lower incidence of arthritis or to the extent of inflammation. Nevertheless, although 'cause or effect' relationships may not be established in this report, fascinating insights into RAGE, inflammation and human arthritis emerge from these studies.
BEMC: a searchable, compressed representation for large seismic wavefields

State-of-the-art numerical solvers in Earth Sciences produce multi terabyte datasets per execution. Operating on increasingly larger datasets becomes challenging due to insufficient data bandwidth. Queries result in difficult to handle I/O access patterns. BEMC is a new mechanism that allows querying and processing wavefields in the compressed representation. This approach combines well-known spatial-indexing techniques with novel compressed representations, thus reducing I/O bandwidth requirements. A new compression approach based on boundary integral representations exploits properties of the simulated domain. Frequency domain representation further compresses the data by eliminating temporal redundancy found in wave propagation data. This representation enables the transformation of a large I/O workload into a massively-parallel CPU-intensive computation. Queries to this representation result in largely sequential I/O accesses. Although, decompression places heavy demands on the CPU, it exhibits parallelism well-suited for many-core processors. We evaluate our approach in the context of data analysis for the Earth Sciences datasets.
Coincident observations of lightning by the FORTE photodiode detector, the New Mexico Tech Lightning Mapping Array and the NLDN during STEPS

[1] Opportunities for observation of lightning simultaneously from space and ground are relatively rare. One such opportunity for “ground truth” occurred during the STEPS field program. On 25 June, 2000 the FORTE Satellite passed over a storm that was also observed by a VHF Lightning Mapping Array (LMA). Of the 190 flashes mapped during the 2 minute 45 second pass, 26 had associated satellite optical data, and 3 of these were coincident with the only NLDN ground-strike locations in the storm during that time. The maximum height, horizontal extent and duration of flashes detected optically tended to be greater than for those flashes not optically detected. Results in this paper, a companion paper and other published papers suggest that at least under some circumstances, CG flashes are relatively more likely than intra-cloud (IC) flashes to be observed by an optical sensor in orbit.
Propuesta de un modelo de las relaciones de los paradigmas en una disciplina emergente

This article is the vehicle for purposing a model for mapping the processual change associated with disciplinary and paradigmatic development. Change of this sort is contingent on the degree of consistency achieved within theory groups. Consistency, in this case, is equated theory and paradigm dominance. The symbolic interactionist tradition supplies the assumptions on which the model is grounded. Examination of the model is accomplished by contrasting it with Thomas Kuhn’s theory. The recent history of library and information science education in the U.S. serves as context and exemplar for application of the model
Inhibition of reticulocyte ribosomal protein synthesis by chloramphenicol in a cell-free system

Abstract In a cell-free system of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes, native “messenger”-enriched ribonucleic acid-stimulated synthesis of protein is inhibited by chloramphenicol. Confirmation is provided for the previous observation that polyuridylic acid-stimulated incorporation of phenylalanine is inhibited by chloramphenicol. Under conditions of prolonged incubation, chloramphenicol may inhibit the synthesis of protein by ribosomal systems derived from either rabbit reticulocytes or bone marrow cells.
Depression in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Summary A substantial proportion of ESRD patients suffer significant morbidity and mortality from major depression and severe adjustment disorders. Remission of major depression is often achieved with medications alone, though a lower relapse rate is associated with treatment combining psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. Adjustment disorders are often responsive to psychotherapy, with or without adjunctive medication therapy. Because treatment of these conditions is very often effective, I would urge the nephrologist to build comfortable consultation and referral relationships with local psychiatrists such that even the patients who decline psychiatric referral can benefit from treatment with judicious use of antidepressant medication.
Social Capital and Government Performance: An Analysis of 20 American Cities

This article examines the proposition that in American cities higher levels of social capital lead to higher quality governmental performance, even when controlling for the cities’ political culture, demographic variables, and quality of life. Two indicators of social capital are employed: level of diffuse social and political trust and level of involvement in local fraternal organizations. The quality of a city’s governmental performance is indicated by data published by the Government Performance Project completed by Governing: The Magazine of States and Localities and the Maxwell School at Syracuse University. The quality of performance is measured in five domains (financial management, human resource management, information technology management, capital management, and managing for results). Political culture is assessed using the Elazar distinctions among Moralistic, Traditionalistic, and Individualistic culture types. Demographic composition is assessed through aggregate census statistics on povert...
The associations of parenting factors with adolescent body mass index in an underserved population.

Background. The current study examined parental factors related to risk of adolescent obesity within the context of a family systems framework. Methods. Seventy predominantly African American, low-income caregiver-adolescent dyads participated in the study. Validated measures of parental perceived child risk for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, parental limit setting for sedentary behavior, and parental nurturance were evaluated as predictors of adolescent body mass index. Results. In this cross-sectional study, multiple linear regression demonstrated that parents of adolescents with higher zBMI reported worrying more about their child's risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Parent limit setting was also a significant predictor of adolescent zBMI. Contrary to expectations, higher levels of nurturance were associated with higher adolescent zBMI. Post hoc analyses revealed a trend towards a significant interaction between nurturance and limit setting, such that high levels of both parental nurturance and limit setting were associated with lower adolescent zBMI. Conclusions. Current findings suggest the importance of authoritative parenting and monitoring of adolescent health behaviors in the treatment of obesity.
Thermal structural disorder and melting at a crystalline interface

Thermal disordering and melting at a grain boundary are investigated by molecular dynamics in an internally consistent simulation model that avoids a number of pitfalls of earlier models. The bulk melting temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ of the model system, specified by an embedded-atom-method potential function fitted to aluminum, is first determined by observing directly surface-nucleated melting in a single-crystal cell with free surfaces. Simulation is then carried out on a bicrystal cell with a high-angle symmetrical tilt grain boundary on the (1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}30) plane. Profiles across the interface of local structural order and energy, along with data on atomic mobility, are obtained at several temperatures from below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ to above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$; the results indicate that melting is nucleated at the grain boundary in a similar manner as at the free surface, and that there is no evidence of premelting. In the surface region as well as the grain-boundary core, thermal disordering at temperatures below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ was observed with characteristic metastable behavior commencing at about 0.93 ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$. The temperature variation of the interfacial thickness suggests that the onset of disordering is a continuous process.
Influence of Fetal Diagnosis on the Clinical Presentation of a Vascular Ring

A fetus had a diagnosis of a vascular ring formed by a right aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery. The infant experienced isolated dysphagia and vomiting 3 months after birth. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the vascular ring and demonstrated profound, isolated esophageal dilation with normal airways. The severity of postnatal symptoms due to a vascular ring is difficult to determine in utero. Expectant management of the lesion is necessary, and use of MRI as the imaging method allows for both confirmation of the diagnosis and evaluation of the airway and esophagus while avoiding radiation.