cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control for Nutrition- and Health-Related Behavior

Abstract This article reviews several cognitive predictors of health-and diet-related behaviors commonly used in theories and models of nutrition and health behavior change. Constructs such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, outcome expectancies, health value, and locus of control are examined. Self-efficacy has repeatedly been a good predictor of health behavior, sometimes explaining more than 50% of variability. Research on locus of control and other predictive factors has been less conclusive. The take-home message is threefold: (a) task specificity of self-efficacy and domain specificity of locus of control are crucial for unraveling their effects on behavior; (b) careful segmentation of different population groups under study may explain the inconsistencies in previous research; and (c) especially when studying dietary behavior, these predictors of behavior change should not be used alone or in place of one another but should be used simultaneously to explain complex food and diet-related behaviors. We recommend that nutritionists systematically integrate available theories and models and explore new areas for studying human behavior, such as sociology and anthropology, to form a more powerful, comprehensive model for behavior change. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1122-1132.
A new programme of sex education and counselling for spinal cord injured adults and health care professionals.

A new programme in sex education and counselling for spinal cord injured adults and health care professionals has been described. The format of the 2-day desensitising-resensitising programme included exposure to a programmed assortment of explicit slides and films of sexual activity. Periodic small group discussions led by trained group leaders constituted the most important part. The results suggest that continued sexual interest, activity and satisfaction can be anticipated for many paraplegics and quadriplegics. An accepting, experimental attitude toward sexual activity promotes satisfaction with an interested and caring partner. However, many health professionals deliver inadequate sexual counselling to patients with spinal cord injury. This may add to the sum of the disabilities carried by the paraplegic and quadriplegic adult.
The impact of trees and white surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four Canadian cities

Abstract We have investigated the potential of using vegetation and high-albedo materials in Toronto, Edmonton, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada, to modify the urban microclimate, thereby saving residential heating and cooling energy use. Parametric computer simulations of microclimates and energy performance of prototypical houses were our primary analysis tools. The building prototypes included a detached one-story and a detached two-story single family house, as well as a row house. The simulations indicated that by increasing the vegetative cover of the neighborhood by 30% (corresponding to about three trees per house) and increasing the albedo of the houses by 20% (from moderate-dark to medium-light color), the heating energy in Toronto can be reduced by about 10% in urban houses and 20% in rural houses, whereas cooling energy can be reduced by 40 and 30%, respectively. The annual savings in heating and cooling costs for different houses ranged from $30 to $180 in urban areas and from $60 to $400 in rural zones. In urban houses of Edmonton, Montreal, and Vancouver, savings in heating energy use were about 10%. Cooling energy can be totally offset in Edmonton and Vancouver, and average savings of 35% can be achieved in Montreal.
Type 2 cytokines and negative immune regulation in human infections.

Abstract Recent studies indicate that the human immune response to infection is regulated by the balance between the T helper type 1 cytokines, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, and the T helper type 2 cytokines, interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and interleukin-10. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 can facilitate antibody production but can also suppress cell-mediated immune responses. The net effect of these negative immunoregulatory cytokines is to favor progression of infection.
Coupling an Inviscid Core to an Electrically Insulating Mantle

The torque exerted on the mantle is examined with emphasis on purely mechanical topographic or pressure core-mantle coupling. Pressure perturbations accompanying tangentially geostrophic, frozen-flux core flow acting on core-mantle boundary topography can exert an «enormous» torque on the mantle if thermal core-mantle interactions drive such flow. Conditions for growing or changing a dipole and correlating its fluctuations with those in the length of the day are analyzed
Cultivating Urban Naturalists: Teaching Experiential, Place-based Learning through Nature Journaling in Central Park

Abstract Preservice educators engaged in experiential, place-based learning through a semester-long assignment in which they observed a specific place in Central Park in Manhattan, New York, and kept a nature journal. The assignment was organized around two pivotal elements: direct, sensory experience and time in place. Both elements added vital dimensions to learning in unanticipated ways. Ultimately, students cultivated naturalist skills, realized the potency of the nature journal as a tool for environmental and geographic education, and made a pedagogical discovery that the learning process is more important than the end product.
Human B lymphocytes express the p75 component of the interleukin 2 receptor.

Abstract The nature of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor on purified human B lymphocytes was examined. Both normal and malignant cells showed evidence of a 70–75,000 mol.wt (p75) IL-2 binding molecule as assessed by 125 I-labeled IL-2 binding and receptor cross-linking. On normal, Tac-negative B lymphocytes the estimated number of p75 binding sites was 1100 per cell and the dissociation constant ( K d d ) was 1.7 nM. Consistent with this, cross-linking experiments demonstrated the presence of an IL-2 binding molecule of 70–75,000 mol.wt. Purified B cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) also expressed the p75 IL-2 binding molecule. In the HCL samples, a small number of high-affinity IL-2 binding sites were detected (27–90) while the majority of binding sites (2100–10800) were typical of low-affinity p55 Tac binding. IL-2 added to the purified normal and CLL B lymphocytes led to the induction of p55 Tac expression and the generation of high-affinity IL-2 receptors. This response to IL-2 was equivalent to the response observed when normal B lymphocytes were stimulated by Staphyloccus aureus Cowan I.
The consumer anger phenomena: causes and consequences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore consumer anger phenomena.Design/methodology/approach – The research utilized the critical incident technique and three different samples to thoroughly explore the consumer anger phenomena.Findings – The research identified three causes of consumer anger: broken promises, unfair treatment and expressed hostility, and detailed the effects of consumer anger beyond decisions to continue or terminate service provider relationships.Research limitations/implications – Future research could examine the role switching barriers play in consumer anger episodes.Practical implications – Angering consumers comes with an array of damaging consequences that extend beyond the decision to continue or terminate the service provider relationship. As a result, managers must realize that the absence of switching behavior does not necessarily constitute success.Originality/value – This study extends previous research by using a grounded theory approach to uncover three broad cau...
Galacto-oligosaccharide production using a recycling cell culture of Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119.

N. ONISHI AND T. TANAKA. 1998. Addition of small amounts of Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and thiamine-HCl to the culture medium was required for promoting the galacto-oligosaccharide (Gal-OS)-producing activity of Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119, when the concentration of yeast extract in the medium was lowered to 0.1 g l -1 . Galacto-oligosaccharide production using a recycling cell culture was performed in a medium containing 360 mg ml -1 of lactose supplemented with optimal concentrations of Fe 2+ (1.5 mg l -1 of FeSO 4 .7H 2 O), Zn 2+ (15 mg l -1 of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O), Cu 2+ (0.5 mg l -1 of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O) and thiamine-HCl (1 mg l -1 ). Galacto-oligosaccharide production was maintained at high levels during six cycles of production, with the amount of Gal-OS produced in each cycle being more than 216 mg ml -1 (weight yield of more than 60%).
Walkie-talkie evolution: Bipedalism and vocal production

A converging pattern of evidence from laughter, tickling, and motherese suggests that bipedal locomotion plays a critical and unanticipated role in vocal evolution. Bipedalism frees the thorax of its support role during quadrupedal locomotion, which permits the uncoupling of breathing and striding necessary for the subsequent selection for vocal virtuosity and speech.
Using Delay-Fired Quarry Blasts to Image the Crust: A Comparison of Methods for Deconvolving Mixed-Delay Source Wavelets

Quarry blasts can be effective, low-cost energy sources for seismic imaging, provided that one can deconvolve the extended source signatures produced by ripple firing. This study uses real and synthetic quarry-blast data to compare the performance of several methods for deconvolving mixed-delay signals. The problem considered here is the recovery of the effective source function along a given azimuth from traces in a shot gather. The tests focus particularly on design criteria for minimum-entropy filters and optimization of source-wavelet estimates derived by inversion of minimum-entropy filter coefficients. Predictive deconvolution reduces ringing but can generate coherent artifacts when the source wavelet is not minimum delay. Wiener filtering using source-wavelet estimates derived by least-squares inversion of minimum-entropy filter coefficients preserves relative amplitudes, allows the user to specify the degree of spiking, and avoids delays in the output. Of 47 blasts recorded in Georgia and Tennessee with 15- to 19-channel arrays, 37 yielded a localized wavelet estimate in which the duration of the most energetic portion of the wavelet estimate trace was close to the reported duration of the blast. In general, extraction of the source wavelet directly from quarry-site recordings is complicated by nonlinear effects, interference from S and Rayleigh waves, and the variation of the source wavelet with azimuth. In spite of those complications, waveforms observed at quarry sites were similar to wavelets derived from field traces for about 10 of the blasts studied. Wavelet estimates derived from minimum-entropy filter coefficients are not affected by static shifts between traces. Where statics have been removed and where recording arrays are long enough to resolve differences in ray parameter for overlapping events, localized slant stacks can be a useful alternative for estimating the source wavelet. Methods, such as Wiener filtering, that collapse energy to the onset of each event in the gather ensure that the events will migrate with the correct depths and apparent dips.
Enhanced synaptophysin immunoreactivity in rat hippocampal culture by 5-HT1A agonist, S100b, and corticosteroid receptor agonists

Serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to modulate brain maturation during development and adult plasticity. This effect in the whole animal may be due to activation of 5-HT1A receptors and a corresponding increases in S100b and corticosterone. Synaptophysin, an integral protein of the synaptic vesicle membrane that correlates with synaptic density and neurotransmitter release, is reduced by depletion of 5-HT in the cortex and hippocampus of the adult rat. Injections of a 5-HT1A agonist or dexamethasone can reverse the loss of synaptophysin immunoreactivity (IR). In this study we used morphometric analysis of synaptophysin-IR to study the effects of the 5-HT1A agonist, ipsapirone, and the neuronal extension factor, S100b on hippocampal neurons grown in a serum and steroid free media. Both compounds increased the synaptophysin-IR at doses previously established to be highly specific. Ipsapirone (10−9 M) was more effective on neuronal cell bodies staining and S100b (10 ng/ml) was more effective in increasing the number of synaptophysin-IR varicosities on neuronal processes. In addition both types of corticosteroid receptor agonists, at previously established specific doses, Ru28362 (10−8 M) and aldosterone (10−9 M) produced smaller increases compared to control groups in both the cell body staining and the number of varicosities. The effect of these differentiating factors on the expression of synaptophysin-IR suggests multiple regulation sites for producing and maintaining pre-synaptic elements in the brain. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Financial hierarchy and banking strategies: a regional analysis for the Brazilian case

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether Brazil’s financial system has a differentiated strategy in space. The analysis is based on the theory of liquidity preference, regionally differentiated. In addition, it assumes that the banking strategies are associated with centrality, as defined in Christaller’s central place theory. The analysis used indicators of 2,924 cities grouped according to the type of financial services they provide. In addition, the paper presents an estimation using a dynamic panel data econometric model for the period 2000–08, in order to test if the banking strategies are related to the centrality of the cities.
Sexual Dimorphism in Size, Relative Size of Testes, and Mating Systems in North American Voles

Sexual body-length dimorphism and relative size of testes were compared among 16 species (25 subspecies) of North American Microtus and Clethrionomys by use of data collected from museum specimens. Species with polygynous mating systems and territorial males had the greatest degree of sexual size dimorphism with males larger than females, and relatively small testes. Promiscuous species tended to show little or no sexual size dimorphism and relatively large testes. Species considered monogamous had no size dimorphism, and also had large testes. These data support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in size is correlated with the intensity of intrasexual competition for mates. However, the hypothesis that species with single-male breeding systems (single-male polygyny and monogamy) have relatively smaller testes than species with mating systems characterized by a high potential for sperm competition (promiscuity) was supported only for polygynous species.
Transmission at the hair cell synapse

In cochlear hair cells, each transmitter release site communicates information about sound frequency and intensity. Now the first direct electrophysiological recordings from the structures postsynaptic to these sites show that they function very differently from brain synapses.
Induction of tolerance to human factor VIII in mice

This paper reports loss of human factor VIII (hFVIII) inhibitory antibody in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. High-titer anti-hFVIII antibody developed in the mice within 7 to 14 days of intraportal administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying FVIII that coincided with a reduction in plasma hFVIII antigen. Bethesda titers (> 100 units) persisted relatively unchanged for 9 to 10 months. Unexpectedly, at 10 months after injection of the virus, hFVIII protein (up to 59 ng/mL) was detected in 3 mice at the same time as disappearance of hFVIII inhibitor. The level of hFVIII was similar to that found in immunodeficient mice receiving the same dose of recombinant AAV carrying hFVIII without hFVIII inhibitor. These results suggest that tolerance to hFVIII can be induced by sustained expression of hFVIII in a mouse model. Further elucidation of this observation may affect use of FVIII gene transfer in the treatment of inhibitor-positive patients with hemophilia A.
Ferromagnetic hcp Fe in Fe/Re(001) multilayers

Until now, the hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) phase for bulk Fe, Fe multilayers, or Fe alloys has always been associated with a paramagnetic state. We show evidence that hcp Fe can support a ferromagnetic moment in Fe/Re multilayers. The structure and magnetic properties of Fe/Re multilayers are studied using x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, magneto-optical Kerr-effect magnetometry, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The Fe layer thickness ${t}_{\mathrm{Fe}}$ is maintained constant at 8 \AA{}, while $0l~{t}_{\mathrm{Re}}l~35\mathrm{\AA{}}\mathrm{}.$ For ${t}_{\mathrm{Re}}l8\mathrm{\AA{}}\mathrm{}$ the multilayer has a body centered tetragonal (bct) structure with a perpendicular interplanar spacing that increases with increasing Re thickness. Beyond the ${t}_{\mathrm{Re}}\ensuremath{\approx}9\mathrm{\AA{}}\mathrm{}$ the structure transforms to hcp. Fe has a quite stable magnetic moment for all ${t}_{\mathrm{Re}},$ before and beyond the structural phase transition.
A new photoacoustic/photothermal device for real-time materials evaluation: An automated means for performing transient grating experiments

Abstract Recently, a laser-based ultrasonic method known as impulsive stimulated thermal scattering has been developed for rapid, noninvasive noncontact in situ evaluation of thin films and multilayer assemblies. Here we summarize the capabilities of this technique and describe an industrially viable analytical instrument based on this technology.
Development Accounting with Natural Capital and Variable Factor Shares

The standard baseline estimate in development accounting is imprecise for two reasons. First, there is a mismatch between the physical capital input and the estimate of physical capital’s share—the fraction of aggregate income accruing to physical capital. I adjust for this mismatch, and in so doing incorporate natural capital. Second, despite evidence of cross-country variation in factor shares, development accounting nearly always assumes that factor shares are constant. I treat factor shares as variables, not constant parameters.
Electrochemical study of hydroxyapatite coatings on stainless steel substrates

Abstract Hydroxyapatite coatings were synthesized electrochemically onto stainless steel. In this study, the composition and morphology of the coatings changed with the deposition and sintering conditions. The electrolyte was kept close to the composition of simulated body fluid with an adjusted pH of 8.0. Deposition temperature affected the purity of the deposits with higher temperatures (65 °C) giving better coatings. The sintering techniques were also shown to affect the deposits, with x-ray diffraction patterns showing well-defined peaks for hydroxyapatite when sintering under vacuum conditions. Coating density and corrosion resistance was improved when applying a double-layer coating technique versus a single-layer. Grain sizes were 30 to 40 nm even after sintering of these coatings in air. The formed coatings were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance following Intracameral Inoculation Are Independent of IL-13 or STAT6

The peripheral tolerance that is elicited by the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) protocol is characterized by impairment of Th1 responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity. It has been proposed that suppression of Th1 responses is mediated by a deviation toward Th2 responses. Because NKT cells have a prominent role in ACAID and NKT cell-derived IL-13 is required in a tumor model of tolerance, we postulated that NKT cell-derived Th2 cytokines might have a role in ACAID. However, contrary to the tumor model, in this study we show that NKT cells from IL-13-deficient mice or IL-4/IL-13 double deficient mice were able to reconstitute the capability of J alpha18-deficient mice (lacking invariant NKT) to develop peripheral tolerance postintracameral inoculation of Ag. Also, we were able to induce peripheral tolerance directly in IL-13-deficient, IL-4/IL-13-double deficient, and STAT6-deficient mice by inoculation of Ag into their eye. We conclude that neither IL-4 nor IL-13 cytokines are required for the generation of efferent CD8+ T regulatory cells during eye-induced peripheral tolerance. We propose that Ags inoculated into the anterior chamber of the eye induce the immunoresponse to deviate from producing immune T effector cells to producing efferent T regulatory cells, rather than deviating from Th1- to Th2-type effector cells.
An early indicator of drug success: Top Journal Selectivity Index.

The Top Journal Selectivity Index (TJSI) is a scientometric index reflecting the potential importance of a new drug. It represents the ratio of the number of all types of articles on a particular drug in the top 20 journals relative to the number of articles in all (>5,000) biomedical journals covered by Medline over the 5 years since the drug’s introduction. The TJSI can be an indicator of a drug’s potential for sustained use: a higher score increases the probability of continuing success.
Mixed Signals on Cell Phones and Cancer

Epidemiology sometimes pursues hypotheses with strong prior probability. Some researchers might even suggest that studies would ideally proceed from firm biologic findings through increasingly complex levels of organization to free-living human populations. In practice the evolution of knowledge is rarely—if ever—so orderly. When epidemiologists contend with a question driven by public health concerns, the foundation for a causal association is often fragmentary, and the likelihood of an effect is typically very small. This certainly applies to the potential carcinogenicity of emissions from cell phones (or mobile telephones as they are known in Europe). The initial epidemiologic data on this question have been reassuringly negative. 1–3 The only demonstrated health risks are the obvious ones associated with inattention while driving. 4 Aside from a few studies using questionable methods, 5– 6 the evidence on cell phones and
Radar sensors for automotive collision warning and avoidance

Many different sensors and systems, from sonar to machine vision, have been installed on ground vehicles and automobiles. This paper describes the use of radar to improve driving safety and convenience. Radars are valuable sensors for all weather operation and experiments with automotive radar sensors have been conducted for over 40 years. This paper shows the advantages and disadvantages of applying microwave and millimeter wave radar to obstacle detection and collision avoidance in a roadway environment. The performance differences between avoidance and warning sensors are discussed and a problem set is devised for a typical forward-looking collision warning application. Various radar systems have been applied to this problem that include pulse and continuous wave transceivers. These system types are evaluated as to their suitability as a collision warning sensor. The various possible solutions are reduced to a small number of candidate radar types, and one such radar was chosen for full scale development. A low cost frequency modulated/continuous wave radar system was developed for automotive collision warning. The radar is attached to the sun visor inside the vehicle, and has been in operation for over four years. The radar monitors the range and range-rate of other vehicles and obstacles, and warns the driver when it perceives that a dangerous situation is developing. A system description and measured data is presented that shows how the 24.075 to 24.175 GHz band can be used for an adequate early warning system.
Methionine sulfoxide reductase regulates brain catechol-O-methyl transferase activity

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) plays a key role in the degradation of brain dopamine (DA). Specifically, low COMT activity results in higher DA levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), thereby reducing the vulnerability for attentional and cognitive deficits in both psychotic and healthy individuals. COMT activity is markedly reduced by a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that generates a valine-to-methionine substitution on the residue 108/158, by means of as-yet incompletely understood post-translational mechanisms. One post-translational modification is methionine sulfoxide, which can be reduced by the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) A and B enzymes. We used recombinant COMT proteins (Val/Met108) and mice (wild-type (WT) and MsrA knockout) to determine the effect of methionine oxidation on COMT activity and COMT interaction with Msr, through a combination of enzymatic activity and Western blot assays. Recombinant COMT activity is positively regulated by MsrA, especially under oxidative conditions, whereas brains of MsrA knockout mice exhibited lower COMT activity (as compared with their WT counterparts). These results suggest that COMT activity may be reduced by methionine oxidation, and point to Msr as a key molecular determinant for the modulation of COMT activity in the brain. The role of Msr in modulating cognitive functions in healthy individuals and schizophrenia patients is yet to be determined.
High-performance inspecting system for detecting micro-crack defects of solar wafer

A novel inspecting system combining a tunable exposing unit for inspecting micro-cracks of solar wafers is proposed. With the infrared ray transmitting through silicon wafers, the inspecting images will be captured by a CCD camera, and the micro-crack defects from the images will be apparently appeared. So it can easier to precisely distinguish either micro-cracks or grain-boundaries from the images by certain algorithms. This inspecting system is especially effective when the thickness of the multi-crystalline silicon wafer is not constant. Furthermore, this system is also useful for controlling quality in on-line process of solar cell production.
Algebras generated by symmetric idempotents

Let F be a field. If A is an F -algebra with involution that is generated (as a space) by symmetric idempotents, then A is a subdirect product of copies of F if and only if every idempotent in A is symmetric.
Measurement-based model reduction in linear systems

In this paper, we present some new results on the characterization of solutions of unknown linear systems. These naturally lead to highly reduced order models which can be developed from a small number of measurements. Such models are generalizations and extensions of Thevenin and Norton equivalents of classical circuit theory. They are very useful in engineering design in various fields. Illustrative examples will be given in this paper.
Dynamic home agent reassignment in Mobile IP

Under conventional Mobile IP, all traffic to a MN is tunneled to the current foreign agent (FA) from the remote HA, which can result in poor efficiency. A dynamic home agent (HA) reassignment model is proposed in this paper to reduce both the signaling traffic and the data traffic to the home network. Simultaneous bindings with two or more HA are supported in our model to provide seamless HA handover. Furthermore, the whole dynamic home agent/home address reassignment procedure is completed in a single registration signaling cycle. Hence it minimizes the delay of the (regional) foreign agent (FA) handoff. Finally, the network access identifier (NAI) or full qualified domain name (FQDN) is used instead of the home address to uniquely identify a MN since the home address is no longer permanent.
Gender and the Meaning and Experience of Virginity Loss in the Contemporary United States

This article draws on in-depth case studies of 61 women and men of diverse sexual identities to show how gender, while apparently diminishing in significance, continues to shape interpretations and experiences of virginity loss in complex ways. Although women and men tended to assign different meanings to virginity, those who shared an interpretation reported similar virginity-loss encounters. Each interpretation of virginity—as a gift, stigma, or process—featured unequal roles for virgin and partner, which interacted with gender differences in power to produce interpretation-specific patterns of gender subordination, only one of which consistently gave men power over women.
MINIMIZATION APPROACH TO LIMIT SOLUTIONS OF PLATES

Limit analysis which predicts the ultimate load carrying capacity of a structure or machinery provides very useful information especially for designs that must survive accidents and abnormal conditions. In this paper, maximization of lower bound formulation and minimization of upper bound formulation are presented as primal and dual problems respectively. The dual problem is solved by a minimization procedure for circular, triangular and square plates with three types of boundary conditions and two types of loadings. A detailed parametric analysis for a cracked plate is also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Spirocyclic helical compounds as binding agents for bulged RNA, including HIV-2 TAR

Based on fluorescence binding studies and 1D 1H NMR studies, designed synthetic analogues of NCSi-gb bind specifically with two-base bulged RNA, including HIV-2 TAR RNA, making them potential lead compounds for antiviral drug development.
DNA methylation alone does not cause most cell-type selective transcription factor binding

Background DNA methylation at vertebrate promoters is associated with the repression of gene expression and is required for mammalian development [1]. The master genome regulator and transcription factor CTCF canonically exhibits methylation-sensitive binding in vitro ,a nd its in vivo occupancy across cell types anticorrelates with methylation at 41 % of sites genome-wide [2]. However, the genome harbors hundreds of thousands of CTCF recognition sequences, the majority of which are unbound in any cell type. Although most unbound recognition sequences harbor methylation in a given cell type, the causal role of DNA methylation in the abrogation of transcription factor binding at these potential binding sites is largely unknown [3,4]. Materials and methods Here we perform genome-wide occupancy profiling after both stable genetic and transient chemical inhibition of DNA methyltransferases in HCT116 cells lacking functional DNMT1 and DNMT3b and K562 erythroleukemia cells treated with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine. Results We show that the vast majority of susceptible binding sites remain unoccupied upon depletion of DNA methylation. Stable loss of methylation in HCT116 cells does result in a minor increase of several thousand binding sites, largely corresponding to selective reactivation of binding sites from other cell types, especially from other malignant cell lines. Chemical inhibition in K562 cells results in a smaller but reproducible set of several hundred reactivated sites, the majority of which are corroborated by the genetic data. The narrow extent of reactivation implies that the majority of transcription factor recognition sequences are not competent for binding even in the absence of methylation, and that methylation accounts for only a modest fraction of cell-selective binding. These results offer new insight into the establishment of the global regulatory landscape, and offer an important perspective on the interpretation of disease- and trait-associated methylation differences in humans.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Eluting Insect Dna from Flinders Technology Associates Cards

Flinders Technology Associates (FTATM) cards contain chemicals that lyse cells and protect DNA from degradation for room-temperature storage (WhatmanTM, 2009). Consequently, DNA extrac tion takes less time and storage requires less en ergy and space than traditional methods requir ing lysis, purification, and -20 °C storage in tubes. These cards are also easy to transport and face fewer shipping restrictions and less opportunity for damage than mounted specimens or those stored in alcohol. DNA stored on FTATM cards pro duces a full allele compliment during genotyping after 11 yr (Kline, 2010) and the manufacturer re ports successful PCR with FTATM stored DNA for 17 yr and counting (WhatmanTM, 2009). Despite these benefits, this technology has been utilized infrequently with insects and other arthropods (Miller et al. 2012). Desloire et al. (2006) report ed mixed results obtaining successful PCR from mite DNA and Bujang et al. (2011) were unable to obtain successful PCR reactions from termite DNA when using the manufacturer's protocol. This lead to the development of an alternative method of preparing an FTATMarchived sample for successful PCR (Bujang et al. 2011). There may be several hurdles impeding broader use of the FTATM technology by arthropod research ers. First, the DNA quality and quantity of the washed, single-use, FTATM disc is untestable leading to uncertainty about the cause when PCR fails and second, the wash reagents are relatively expensive ($0.23-$0.36 for two 200uL FTATM puri fication reagent washes). Initial attempts to PCR amplify FTATM archived whitefly DNA using the manufacturer's protocol and the methods of Bu jang et al. (2011) yielded mixed results but PCR was successful when discs were boiled for 5 min in
Transmission EBSD in the Scanning Electron Microscope

We demonstrate in this article an exciting new method for obtaining electron Kikuchi diffraction patterns in transmission from thin specimens in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) fitted with a conventional electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) detector. We have labeled the method transmission EBSD (t-EBSD) because it uses off-the-shelf commercial EBSD equipment to capture the diffraction patterns and also to differentiate it from transmission Kikuchi diffraction available in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Lateral spatial resolution of less than 10 nm has been demonstrated for particles and better than 5 nm for orientation mapping of thin films. The only new requirement is a specimen holder that allows the transmitted electrons diffracted from an electron transparent sample to intersect the EBSD detector. We briefly outline our development of the technique, followed by descriptions of sample preparation techniques and operating conditions. We then present examples of t-EBSD patterns from a variety of specimens, including particles of diameter <10 nm, wires of diameter <80 nm, and films with thicknesses from ~5 nm to 300 nm. Finally, we discuss the phenomenon in the context of Monte Carlo electron scattering simulations.
Bone homing of mesenchymal stem cells by ectopic α4 integrin expression

The pluripotent nature of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) widens their potential for tissue regeneration and as vehicles for cell therapy in molecular medicine. Although the MSC are relatively easier to obtain and propagate in culture, a major impediment remains in their engraftment to target tissues on autologous transfer. We report here that transient, ectopic expression of alpha4 integrin (CD49d) on MSC greatly increases bone homing in an immunocompetent mouse model. Heterodimerization of the alpha4 integrin with endogenous beta1 integrin (CD29) was confirmed to influence this targeting. In addition to retaining their stem cell property, the engrafted MSC were also found to form osteoblasts and osteocytes in the growth plate of recipient mouse limb bones (femur/tibia) in vivo. These findings provide evidence for a novel strategy to achieve bone homing of genetically engineered MSC, which may broadly benefit in targeted therapies for osteopenic bone defects and cancer bone metastasis.
Autosomal Monoallelic Expression

In mammals, relative expression of the maternal and paternal alleles of many genes is controlled by three types of epigenetic phenomena: X chromosome inactivation, imprinting, and mitotically stable autosomal monoallelic expression (MAE). MAE imposes a mitotically stable allelic imbalance in the expression of a significant fraction of human autosomal genes. Cells in the same individual make independent choices of active and inactive alleles, leading to remarkable epigenetic diversity between otherwise identical clonal lineages. Genes subject to MAE play critical roles in a variety of major disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. In this chapter, we review the current state of understanding of MAE biology, and assess various implications of MAE for analysis of genotype–phenotype relationship.
Structured Dendritic Inhibition Supports Branch-Selective Integration in CA1 Pyramidal Cells

Neuronal circuit function is governed by precise patterns of connectivity between specialized groups of neurons. The diversity of GABAergic interneurons is a hallmark of cortical circuits, yet little is known about their targeting to individual postsynaptic dendrites. We examined synaptic connectivity between molecularly defined inhibitory interneurons and CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites using correlative light-electron microscopy and large-volume array tomography. We show that interneurons can be highly selective in their connectivity to specific dendritic branch types and, furthermore, exhibit precisely targeted connectivity to the origin or end of individual branches. Computational simulations indicate that the observed subcellular targeting enables control over the nonlinear integration of synaptic input or the initiation and backpropagation of action potentials in a branch-selective manner. Our results demonstrate that connectivity between interneurons and pyramidal cell dendrites is more precise and spatially segregated than previously appreciated, which may be a critical determinant of how inhibition shapes dendritic computation.
Arcite’s Consolation: Boethian Argumentation and the Phenomenology of Drunkenness

In Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale, Arcite’s metaphor of a “dronke man” triggers an investigation of validity and its changing definition through the Middle Ages. By reading this metaphor through the medieval history of probable argumentation, this article expands upon philosophical preoccupations embedded in Chaucer’s “dronke man.” Deriving from Boethius’ illustration of the ebrius, where it appears as a lesson in Boethian argumentation, poetic drunkenness can express an emergent epistemology outside of the parameters of a historically pervasive neoplatonism. In this way, Chaucer’s understanding of high philosophy is anchored to an argumentative foundation outlined by the curriculum of early logic, with which rhetoric and poetics share a curious lineage.
T cell activation requires force generation

Triggering of the T cell receptor (TCR) integrates both binding kinetics and mechanical forces. To understand the contribution of the T cell cytoskeleton to these forces, we triggered T cells using a novel application of atomic force microscopy (AFM). We presented antigenic stimulation using the AFM cantilever while simultaneously imaging with optical microscopy and measuring forces on the cantilever. T cells respond forcefully to antigen after calcium flux. All forces and calcium responses were abrogated upon treatment with an F-actin inhibitor. When we emulated the forces of the T cell using the AFM cantilever, even these actin-inhibited T cells became activated. Purely mechanical stimulation was not sufficient; the exogenous forces had to couple through the TCR. These studies suggest a mechanical-chemical feedback loop in which TCR-triggered T cells generate forceful contacts with antigen-presenting cells to improve access to antigen.
DEMASTES, William W. Beyond Naturalism: A New Realism in American Theatre: New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. vii, 174 pp. $35.95

(1990). DEMASTES, William W. Beyond Naturalism: A New Realism in American Theatre. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 145-146.
Nitrate Reduction in a Hydrologically Restored Bottomland Hardwood Forest in the Mississippi River Watershed, Northern Louisiana

Nitrogen loading from the Mississippi River leads to formation of water column hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico every summer. Bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests located within the Mississippi River watershed could play a crucial role in reducing NO₃⁻ loading to the Gulf of Mexico. However, much river–floodplain connectivity has been muted due to building of levees and land conversion for agriculture. Restoring floodplain–river connectivity can potentially reduce river NO₃⁻. Mollicy Farms, a 6475-ha BLH site in northern Louisiana, is the largest floodplain reconnection and BLH reforestation project in the Mississippi River Basin. Soil properties, including microbial measures (microbial biomass N, potentially mineralizable N, and β-glucosidase activity) and NO₃⁻ reduction rates were compared with a control site. Nitrate reduction rates in the restored site were 28% lower than in the control site (11.8 ± 3.4 vs. 16.4 ± 8.1 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹), with the potential removal of ∼48.1 Mg of NO₃–N from the Ouachita River annually. Other soil microbial measures, however, were >50% lower in the restored site compared with the control site, demonstrating that NO₃⁻ reduction has responded more quickly to hydrologic reconnection. Therefore, NO₃⁻ reduction in restored floodplain wetlands may have a relatively more rapid trajectory of recovery, allowing hydrologic reconnection to be an effective tool for enhancing NO₃⁻ reduction in the Lower Mississippi alluvial valley and reducing N flux to the coastal ocean.
Relationship between the thoracolumbar flexion angle and pelvic posterior movement during trunk flexion

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the linear relationship between the thoracolumbar flexion angle and hip posterior displacement. [Subjects and Methods] This study was performed on 15 subjects. The subjects performed three trials of a lumbar flexion-extension task. To quantify the statistical linear relationship between the thoracolumbar flexion angle and hip posterior displacement, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used. [Results] The thoracolumbar flexion angle was significantly correlated with the degree of hip posterior displacement. [Conclusion] According to the results of this study, movement of the thoracolumbar joint and posterior movement of the pelvis must be considered for accurate analysis of the lumbopelvic rhythm.
In Situ Vaccination with Cowpea vs Tobacco Mosaic Virus against Melanoma

Cancer immunotherapy approaches have emerged as novel treatment regimens against cancer. A particularly interesting avenue is the concept of in situ vaccination, where immunostimulatory agents are introduced into an identified tumor to overcome local immunosuppression and, if successful, mount systemic antitumor immunity. We had previously shown that nanoparticles from cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) are highly potent in inducing long-lasting antitumor immunity when used as an in situ vaccine in various tumor mouse models. Here we asked whether the nanoparticles from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) could also be applied as an in situ vaccine and, if so, whether efficacy or mechanism of immune-activation would be affected by the nanoparticle size (300 × 18 nm native TMV vs 50 × 18 nm short TMV nanorods), shape (nanorods vs spherical TMV, termed SNP), or state of assembly (assembled TMV rod vs free coat protein, CP). Our studies indicate that CPMV, but less so TMV, elicits potent antitumor immunity after intratumoral treatment of dermal melanoma (B16F10 using C57BL/6 mice). TMV and TMVshort slowed tumor growth and increased survival time, however, at significantly lower potency compared to that of CPMV. There were no apparent differences between TMV, TMVshort, or the SNP indicating that the aspect ratio does not necessarily play a role in plant viral in situ vaccines. The free CPs did not elicit an antitumor response or immunostimulation, which may indicate that a multivalent assembly is required to trigger an innate immune recognition and activation. Differential potency of CPMV vs TMV can be explained with differences in immune-activation: data indicate that CPMV stimulates an antitumor response through recruitment of monocytes into the tumor microenvironment (TME), establishing signaling through the IFN-γ pathway, which also leads to recruitment of tumor-infiltrated neutrophils (TINs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, the priming of the innate immune system also mounts an adaptive response with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recruitment and establishment of effector memory cells. While the TMV treatment also lead to the recruitment of innate immune cells as well as T cells (although to a lesser degree), key differences were noted in cyto/chemokine profiling with TMV inducing a potent immune response early on characterized by strong pro-inflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6. Together, data indicate that some plant viral nanotechnology platforms are more suitable for application as in situ vaccines than others; understanding the intricate differences and underlying mechanism of immune-activation may set the stage for clinical development of these technologies.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid May Inhibit Deoxycholic Acid-Induced Apoptosis by Modulating Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species Production

The hydrophilic bile salt ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) inhibits injury by hydrophobic bile acids and is used to treat cholestatic liver diseases. Interestingly, hepatocyte cell death from bile acid-induced toxicity occurs more frequently from apoptosis than from necrosis. However, both processes appear to involve the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). In this study, we determined the inhibitory effect of UDCA on deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced MPT in isolated mitochondria by measuring changes in transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, we examined the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in mitochondria isolated from livers of bile acid-fed animals. Adult male rats were maintained on standard diet supplemented with DCA and/or UDCA for 10 days. Mitochondria were isolated from livers by sucrose/percoll gradient centrifugation and MPT was measured using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assays. ΔΨm and ROS generation were determined by FACScan analysis. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein abundance were determined by Western blot analysis. DCA increased mitochondrial swelling 25-fold over controls (p 40% (p < 0.001). Similarly, UDCA inhibited DCA-mediated release of calcein-loaded mitochondria by 50% (p < 0.001). ΔΨm was significantly decreased in mitochondria incubated with DCA but not with UDCA. ΔΨm disruption was followed closely by increased superoxide anion and peroxides production (p < 0.01). Coincubation of mitochondria with UDCA significantly inhibited the changes associated with DCA (p < 0.05). In vivo, DCA feeding was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in mitochondria-associated Bax protein levels (p < 0.001); combination feeding with UDCA almost totally inhibited this increase (p < 0.001). UDCA significantly reduces DCA-induced disruption of ΔΨm, ROS production, and Bax protein abundance in mitochondria, suggesting both short- and long-term mechanisms in preventing MPT. The results suggest a possible role for UDCA as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of both hepatic and nonhepatic diseases associated with high levels of apoptosis.
The Axiom of Choice

For the deepest results about partially ordered sets we need a new settheoretic tool; we interrupt the development of the theory of order long enough to pick up that tool.
The Presence of Absence in Geovisual Analytics of Big Data

New spatial data sources are emerging that have attributes of big data. These sources challenge our ability to handle high degrees of velocity, volume, and variety, and also frequently include a wide range of attributes that stretch our ability to characterize their veracity. While it remains quite challenging to visually represent, interact with, and reason about these data, our focus in this work is to suggest what analysts may be able to learn from the gaps in what we measure or the absences suggested by certain attributes. Put simply, we need to know more about how to show the missingness and absence in spatial data and to understand how people reason with that type of information in geovisual analytics environments.