cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faithless Wives and Lazy Husbands: Gender Norms in Nineteenth Century Divorce Law

The article examines the nature of marriage and the expectations of husbands and wives in nineteenth century America by analyzing trial reports of famous nineteenth century divorce cases. The article argues that the textured history of divorce law in the United States shows how the law has affected gendered marital roles through its regulation of divorce. While fault is no longer the focus of divorce, conformity with gendered expectations remains a central aspect of the marital dissolution legal process. In the nineteenth century, conformity benefitted women; if they were the innocent spouse who had taken care of the children, the household, and their husbands, then they were protected in divorce proceedings. Nineteenth century ideology strongly supported this gendered role of both women and wives, and there was a significant overlap between gendered and marital roles. By the late twentieth century, those very same actions of gender conformity had very different consequences. In the nineteenth century, a woman's highest calling was to act as a wife; this is no longer true. Late twentieth century wives who try to live the same lives as their nineteenth century counterparts are penalized. While gender roles and expectations, together with domestic relations laws, are changing, the realities of most women's lives do not yet accord with these changes. Instead, the social norms for marital roles diverge from the legal norms embodied by divorce law. Examining nineteenth century divorce illustrates the confining nature of these congruent legal and social norms, but also illustrates how contemporary divorce law has become separated from these norms. Although divorce law should not return to fault or to reinforcing confining gender roles, it should respect the diverse roles of men and women within marriage. This examination of nineteenth century divorce shows the relationship between gender roles and domestic relations law, but also shows how social norms and legal norms can reinforce, or conflict, with each other.
The Ivory Tower Under Siege: A Constitutional Basis for Academic Freedom

In Garcetti v. Ceballos, the Supreme Court held that public employees who speak within the scope of their jobs are not protected by the Pickering balancing test. The Court reserved the issue of whether academics, who may make controversial speech within the course of their academic work and suffer retaliation, are subject to the Garcetti rule. This paper outlines the current thinking of how the various academic freedom claims within the First Amendment play out, and then offers a new way to resolve such a case. Essentially, the university is seeking authority to breach the employment agreement because the professor was in compliance with the employment agreement. Judicial sanction of such an action eviscerates contract.
Pneumocystis carinii Sterol 14α-Demethylase Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae erg11 Knockout Mutant: Sterol Biochemistry

Pneumocystis carinii is an unusual fungus that can cause pneumonitis in immunosuppressed laboratory rats. Reactions in sterol biosynthesis are attractive targets for development of antimycotic drugs. A key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis is sterol 14α-demethylase (14DM), which is coded by the erg11 gene. Here we describe detailed sterol analysis of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in an erg11 knockout mutant expressing either P. carinii or S. cerevisiae 14DM from a plasmid-borne cDNA. Sterols of the three strains were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemical evidence for functional complementation was provided by detecting the same major sterols in all three strains with ergosterol being by far the most abundant. A total of 25 sterols was identified, 16 of which were identified in all three strains. The ratios of lanosterol:14-desmethyllanosterol in the three strains indicate that the mutant transformed with erg11 showed more 14DM activity than wild-type yeast. The sterol analyses also indicated that the P. carinii 14DM can utilize the sterol substrates used by the S. cerevisiae 14DM and suggested that the yeast 14DM in the yeast cell utilizes 4α-methyl sterols better than the P. carinii enzyme.
Ida Vera Simonton's Imperial Masquerades: Intersections of Gender, Race and African Expertise in Progressive‐Era America

Ida Vera Simonton, a New York socialite, visited the French colony of Gabon in 1906 and 1907. Her subsequent narratives about her stay demonstrate a very ambiguous view of the horrors of European colonialism that she claimed to despise and the amoral nature of Africans. Simonton ultimately employed her stay in Gabon to claim a right to form female self-defence squads in New York and to act as an independent defender of white women. By carefully shaping her public persona to alternately appropriate discourses of masculine regeneration through empire and to highlight her female vulnerability, she made herself into a provocative spectacle. In an ironic twist, given how much Simonton embellished on her own experiences, Broadway producers in 1925 plagiarised her 1912 novel Hell's Playground in their successful play White Cargo. Simonton successfully sued for damages, thus upholding her highly edited version of her trip in law. Her writings expose the intersections of racial anxieties, gendered visions of empire and feminist aspirations in the United States during the Progressive era.
Mechanical computation for passive force control

It is shown that a passive robotic wrist, of fixed mechanical design, can be programmed to execute a wide range of force control laws useful in automated assembly. A systematic characterization of the range of control laws (given by accommodation matrices) implementable by passive programmable hydraulic devices carried out. The authors use electrical network theory results to identify the accommodation matrices that are available in the joint-space of the wrist. These matrices are projected onto the task-space, and the range of task-space matrices is compared with a known class of matrices in an attempt to quantify the usefulness of passive devices. For simplicity, hydraulic networks consisting of tunable dampers are considered. It is shown that a broad range of accommodation matrices may be synthesized by passive devices with programmable parameters. >
Expression And Purification Of A Stable, Monomeric Creatine Kinase

Three isoform gene families of creatine kinase (CK) are present in animals. Two of these, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic CKs, are obligate oligomers . There is substantial evidence for functional interaction between subunits. Attempts at generating active, monomeric CKs have failed or in one case produced ephemerally active but unstable monomers. A third CK isoform, the so-called flagellar CK, is monomeric but is composed of three complete, contiguous CK domains. Each of these domains is catalytically competent but there is clear interaction between active sites (Hoffman et al., FEBS J 275: 646-654 [2008]). In the present effort, we have used a flagellar CK expression construct as a platform to engineer, express and purify a single domain, monomeric CK. Boundaries between the three domains (D1, D2 and D3) were identified by comparison of key catalytic residues and predicted secondary structural elements. A cDNA coding for D2 was amplified by PCR and inserted into an expression vector. Subsequent expression and purification yielded a recombinant CK which was stable as evidenced by the retention of activity over several weeks. Size exclusion chromatography showed that this CK was monomeric as expected, with a mass similar to the predicted Mr based on the amino acid composition. The engineering of a monomeric CK in the present effort clearly shows that oligomerization is not required for catalysis. Conventional wisdom supports the view that CKs evolved from a related phosphotransferase, arginine kinase (AK). AKs are typically monomeric. It seems likely that oligomerization occurred later in the evolution of CKs perhaps due to the selective pressure for targeting to and binding in intracellular compartments. (Supported by NSF grant IOB-0542236 to WRE).
Virtual physicians, health systems, and the healing relationship.

Healing relationships are characterized by several enduring features: the patient is and feels known as a unique sentient being; the patient is provided with good information, prudent judgment, and presence; and the patient is involved actively in his or her own health care. But healing relationships are complex. First, healing relationships include more than just the physician-patient dyad. Consider the situation of a man recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. His healing relationships might include several physicians, who may or may not constitute a team, and with whom he might communicate in person, over the telephone, or via e-mail; other health professionals, both mainstream and “complementary/alternative”; his close friends and family; someone he happened to meet on an airplane; acquaintances from a web chat room; or an imagined or spiritual being.1 Second, the nature of information provided is different, depending on which city or country he lives in, and on whether his primary care physician refers him first to a urologist or a radiation oncologist. Third, the patient may welcome or may be overwhelmed by attempts to involve him in his health care, such as providing a menu of treatment options. Fourth is the issue of continuity; when his primary physician is on vacation, or leaves the practice, he entrusts the relationship to someone who otherwise might be a stranger. But the relationship does not start anew; continuity of context and information, and an implicit relationship between the new physician and the prior physician ease the transition. The set of articles in this issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine may initially seem unrelated. However, they are all linked by the theme of elements extrinsic to the physician-as-person, which may be included, in the patient's view, within the healing relationship. These elements include the culture, the health care system, the office setting, the medium of communication, the patient's hopes, and continuity. Even as blunt an instrument as a governmental mandate can, as Baker et al.2 show, swiftly and irreversibly change the nature of emotionally charged patient-physician discussions. A statistician might think of these elements as confounders that impinge on what is and should be a dyadic relationship. For example, some internists dread the presence of family members at an office visit and view them as barriers to effective communication and patient care.3,4 But I doubt that most patients take a similar view (there are exceptions, of course!). Taking the patient's view, these “confounders” constitute part of the web of influences that the patient receives and cannot distinguish from the physical presence of the physician. These may be core elements of the patient-physician relationship.
Negative reinforcement learning is affected in substance dependence

Background Negative reinforcement results in behavior to escape or avoid an aversive outcome. Withdrawal symptoms are purported to be negative reinforcers in perpetuating substance dependence, but little is known about negative reinforcement learning in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine reinforcement learning in substance dependent individuals (SDI), with an emphasis on assessing negative reinforcement learning. We modified the Iowa Gambling Task to separately assess positive and negative reinforcement. We hypothesized that SDI would show differences in negative reinforcement learning compared to controls and we investigated whether learning differed as a function of the relative magnitude or frequency of the reinforcer.
Evolution and systematics in Haliotidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) : inferences from DNA sequences of sperm lysin

Abalone taxonomy and systematics have remained unresolved: neither stable species-level nomenclature nor a cladistic hypothesis of relationships among species have been established. To infer the phylogeny of the genus Haliotis and to identify species using molecular data, we compared complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of sperm lysin from 27 species-group taxa from California, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Borneo, Madagascar, South Africa, Greece, France, Italy and the Azores. The lysin cDNA sequences reveal that 22 of the 27 taxa are clearly distinguishable by >20 nucleotide differences. Of the remaining 5, H. coccinea from the Azores may be a subspecies of H. tuberculata, if not a sibling species (10 nucleotide differences). The other four taxa are most probably the same species as one of the 22 taxa: the lysin sequences are almost identical between H. madaka and H. discus hannai, H. conicopora and H. rubra, H. diversicolor supertexta and H. diversicolor aquatilis, and H. tuberculata lamellosa and H. tuberculata tuberculata. The phylogeny of lysin cDNA suggests that there are three groups among the 27 species-group taxa: (1) all California species and 3 Japanese species (H. gigantea, H. discus hannai, and H. madaka): (2) 1 New Zealand species (H. iris); (3) 1 Japanese species (H. diversicolor aquatilis), Indo-West Pacific species and European species. These groups can be assigned to three previously recognized subgenera (Nordotis, Paua and Padollus) in the genus Haliotis. Two historical hypotheses are proposed to explain the biogeography and evolution within these abalone: (1) Tethyan distribution of the ancestral abalone, during the Cretaceous, followed by extinction in most of the habitat, but radiation in California and Southeast Asia which later spread to the other areas; (2) North Pacific rim distribution of the ancestral abalone, followed by dispersal to the other areas during the Paleogene.
Analysis of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster bearing deletions for Y-chromosome fertility genes.

The effects on spermatogenesis of a series of contiguous non-overlapping Y-chromosome deficiencies were examined using both the light and electron microscope. The deficiencies were constructed by combining elements of different X-Y translocations; they subdivide the Y into seven segments, six of which are required for male fertility (four in the long arm and two in the short arm). Spermatogensis was examined from the primary spermatocyte through to the formation of mature sperm and the earliest departures from normal development identified. Two deficiencies result in the absence of the same structure from the axoneme of the sperm tail-the dynein-containing outer arm extending from the A subtubule of the peripheral doublet; they also result in the absence from primary spermatocyte nuclei of aggregates of tubuli in one case and reticular material in the other. A third deficiency causes the appearance in the primary spermatocyte of the crystals characteristic of X0 males and the irregular distribution during meiosis of nuclear and cytoplasmic elements to the spermatids. The fourth deficiency results in the misalignment of the developing axoneme with the mitochondrial derivatives and is first detectable in the onion nebenkern stage of the spermatid. Finally for two deficiencies the first abnormalties detected were during later stages and comprise a syndrome found in most of the steriles. We attribute this phenotype to the indirect effects of earlier lesions.
Multigraph Conditions for Multistability, Oscillations and Pattern Formation in Biochemical Reaction Networks

We represent interactions among biochemical species using a directed multigraph, which is a generalization of a more commonly used digraph. We show that network properties that are known to lead to multistability or oscillations, such as the existence of a positive feedback cycle, can be generalized to ldquocritical subnetworksrdquo that can contain several cycles. We also derive corresponding graph-theoretic conditions for pattern formation for the respective reaction-diffusion models. We present as an example a model for cell cycle and apoptosis along with bifurcation diagrams and sample solutions that confirm the predictions obtained with the help of the multigraph network conditions.
Environmentally induced changes of sex expression in Atriplex canescens

The western North American shrub Atriplex canescens is predominantly dioecious, but most populations contain some monoecious individuals. A tetraploid half-sib family consisting of 665 individuals was evaluated annually for floral phenotype (sex expression) from 1972-75. The autumn/winter of 1972-73 started out mild and wet and then turned unusually cold. The half-sib family expressed a very different sex ratio in the 1973 growing season than in the three other years. A sex-determining mechanism is proposed of XXXX for pistillate plants, XXYY for staminate plants, and XXXY for monoecious plants and those that vacillate among floral phenotypes from year to year.
Variations in plasma wave intensity with distance along the electron foreshock boundary at Venus

Plasma waves are observed in the solar wind upstream of the Venus bow shock by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. These wave signatures occur during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field through the spacecraft position intersects the bow shock, thereby placing the spacecraft in the foreshock region. Wave intensity is analyzed as a function of distance along the electron foreshock boundary. It is found that the peak wave intensity may increase along the foreshock boundary from the tangent point to a maximum value at several Venus radii, then decrease in intensity with subsequent increase in distance. These observations could be associated with the instability process: the instability of the distribution function increasing with distance from the tangent point to saturation at the peak. Thermalization of the beam for distances beyond this point could reduce the distribution function instability resulting in weaker wave signatures.
A Novel Approach for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Substituted Cyclic Guanidines, Their Respective Bis Analogues, and N-Acylated Guanidines from N-Acylated Amino Acid Amides

An efficient method for the solid-phase synthesis of cyclic guanidines from N-acylated amino acid amides, bis cyclic guanidines from N-acylated dipeptides derived from orthogonally protected diamino acids, and N-acylated guanidines from disubstituted cyclic guanidines is described. The exhaustive reduction of N-acylated amino acid amides yields diamines that on treatment with cyanogen bromide lead to the formation of cyclic guanidines. Resin-bound orthogonally protected diamino acids (i.e., Nα-Fmoc-Nx-(Boc)-diamino acid, x = β, γ, δ, e) were N-acylated following removal of the Fmoc group. Removal of the Boc functionality from the side chain then generated a primary amine. Subsequent coupling of Boc amino acids, followed by removal of the Boc group, generated dipeptides that were N-acylated. Exhaustive reduction of amide bonds of the N-acylated dipeptides generated tetraamines having four secondary amines, which upon cyclization with cyanogen bromide afforded the resin-bound trisubstituted bis cyclic guani...
Enthalpy of Solution of Potassium Tetrafluoroborate in Water and in Aqueous Sodium Fluoride. Thermodynamic Properties of the Aqueous Tetrafluoroborate Anion and Potassium Tetrafluoroborate.

An adiabatic calorimeter was used to measure the enthalpy of solution of potassium tetrafluoroborate (0.01 mol·kg-1 to 0.02 mol·kg-1) in water and in aqueous sodium fluoride of different ionic strengths (0.2 mol·kg-1 and 0.5 mol·kg-1) at 298 K and 313 K. The present results yield the standard-state enthalpy and heat capacity for the solution process and, when combined with literature values for solubilities, yield the standard-state entropy of the solution process. From these properties, and previous measurements involving potassium tetrafluoroborate, we provide a new analysis of thermodynamic properties of the aqueous tetrafluoroborate ion and compare these new properties to previous tabulations and explain the sources of discrepancies in the literature.
A comparison of estimators for regression with a censored response variable

SUMMARY Several methods of estimating parameters in a linear regression when the response variable is censored are compared. The estimator of Buckley & James (1979) is preferred. Further, it is shown that the strength of the regression, the support and distribution of the censoring variable, and the magnitude of the slope all have an effect on the relative performance of the estimators.
22Sodium and 45Calcium uptake during embryonic induction in Rana pipiens

Abstract The uptakes of 22Na and 45Ca by early embryos of Rana pipiens and by hybrid embryos of R. pipiens females × R. sylvatica males have been measured. Intracellular Na uptake increases sharply at midgastrula, whereas Ca uptake rises abruptly at neural plate stage. Arrested hybrid gastrulae show lower uptake of 22Na and 45Ca, indicating that normal intracellular increases in uptake of isotopes are correlated with development, not with duration of exposure to isotope or changes in permeability with time. Uptake of 22Na by hybrid embryos is remarkably increased by prostaglandin E1 (a compound whose physiological role involves the transport of Na across cell membranes depending upon Ca mobilization and transport). Curves for uptake of 22Na and 45Ca by the yolk region of the embryo closely resemble those for whole embryos at the same stages. At neural plate, anterior regions of neural plate plus archenteron roof exhibit higher rates of uptake than more posterior explants. The experiments show that, as the embryo develops, the uptake of 22Na and 45Ca increases. We suggest that Na and Ca are released from previously bound state, possibly from yolk platelets, and thus can exchange with the isotopes. If so, the experiments support the view that normal embryonic induction is initiated by changes in intracellular cations, as suggested by our earlier studies using a cell culture system.
Feasibility study of dynamic Trusted Platform Module

A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) authenticates general purpose computing platforms. This is done by taking platform integrity measurement and comparing it with a precomputed value at boot-time. Existing TPM architectures do not support run-time integrity checking of a program on the platform. Attackers can modify the program after it has been verified at the Time Of Check (TOC) and before its Time Of Use (TOU). In this paper we study the feasibility of integrating a dynamic on-chip TPM (DTPM) into the core processor pipeline to protect against TOCTOU attacks. We explore the challenges involved in designing DTPM and describe techniques to improve its performance. The proposed DTPM has 2.5% area overhead and 18% performance impact when compared to a single processor core without DTPM.
Results of xenogeneic I‐RNA therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Six patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with five intravenous infusions (every other day) of autologous lymphocytes incubated in vitro with I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid tissue of guinea pigs immunized with the patient's own tumor. No toxicity was evident. One patient showed regression of multiple pulmonary metastases beginning three months after therapy with complete remission by six months. She remained without evidence of disease until 18 months after therapy. Two other patients had more than 50% regression of measurable metastases lasting eight and ten months after therapy. Two patients showed stabilization of previously growing renal cell carcinoma pulmonary metastases. A single patient with renal cell carcinoma metastatic to brain had progressive tumor growth after a single I-RNA treatment. Serial peripheral blood lymphocyte samples obtained from each of the patients during I-RNA therapy demonstrated progressive increase in in vitro cytolysis of allogeneic renal cell carcinoma targets. Boosts in cytolytic effect were shown in all patients during I-RNA treatment regardless of their subsequent clinical course. These results seem to justify a randomized, prospective trial of xenogeneic I-RNA therapy in renal cell carcinoma patients with lesser tumor burden.
Sesquiterpene lactones of artemisia: Artemorin and dehydroartemorin (anhydroverlotorin)

Abstract Anhydroverlotorin (I) was assigned the structure of 1-dehydroartemorin by chemical and physical evidence. It has now been prepared by oxidation of artemorin (II) with chromic acid, thus providing confirmation of the structures assigned to II and verlotorin.
Down syndrome: Presentation in current genetics textbooks

Down syndrome is often used in high school and college biology classes as an example of human cytogenetic anomaly. In this paper we discuss the conventional interpretation of the aetiology of Down syndrome and summarize recent data which do not support the conventional interpretation. Twenty-seven college level texts were reviewed for the way in which they present clinical, cytogenetic, and statistical findings on Down syndrome.
Disaster response team FAST skills training with a portable ultrasound simulator compared to traditional training: pilot study.

Introduction: Pre-hospital focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) has been effectively used to improve patient care in multiple mass casualty events throughout the world. Although requisite FAST knowledge may now be learned remotely by disaster response team members, traditional live instructor and model hands-on FAST skills training remains logistically challenging. The objective of this pilot study was to compare the effectiveness of a novel portable ultrasound (US) simulator with traditional FAST skills training for a deployed mixed provider disaster response team. Methods: We randomized participants into one of three training groups stratified by provider role: Group A. Traditional Skills Training, Group B. US Simulator Skills Training, and Group C. Traditional Skills Training Plus US Simulator Skills Training. After skills training, we measured participants’ FAST image acquisition and interpretation skills using a standardized direct observation tool (SDOT) with healthy models and review of FAST patient images. Pre- and post-course US and FAST knowledge were also assessed using a previously validated multiple-choice evaluation. We used the ANOVA procedure to determine the statistical significance of differences between the means of each group’s skills scores. Paired sample t-tests were used to determine the statistical significance of pre- and post-course mean knowledge scores within groups. Results: We enrolled 36 participants, 12 randomized to each training group. Randomization resulted in similar distribution of participants between training groups with respect to provider role, age, sex, and prior US training. For the FAST SDOT image acquisition and interpretation mean skills scores, there was no statistically significant difference between training groups. For US and FAST mean knowledge scores, there was a statistically significant improvement between pre- and post-course scores within each group, but again there was not a statistically significant difference between training groups. Conclusion: This pilot study of a deployed mixed-provider disaster response team suggests that a novel portable US simulator may provide equivalent skills training in comparison to traditional live instructor and model training. Further studies with a larger sample size and other measures of short- and long-term clinical performance are warranted. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(2):325–330.]
Stochastic optimal control for nonlinear markov jump diffusion processes

We consider the problem finite horizon stochastic optimal control for nonlinear markov jump diffusion processes. In particular, by using stochastic calculus for markov jump diffusions processes and the logarithmic transformation of the value function we demonstrate the transformation of the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to the backward Chapman Kolmogorov PDE for jump diffusions. Furthermore we derive the Feynman-Kac lemma for nonlinear markov jump diffusions processes and apply it to the transformed HJB equation. Application of the Feynman-Kac lemma yields the solution of the transformed HJB equation. The path integral interpretation is derived. Finally, conclusions and future directions are discussed.
Fibrinogen Modulates Gene Expression in Wounded Fibroblasts

: Fibrinogen (FBG) has long been regarded as serving essentially a hemostatic role by its conversion from a soluble, plasma protein to an insoluble fibrin gel. However, several extrahepatic sites of FBG biosynthesis have been identified. Indeed, we have demonstrated that both lung epithelial cell derived and plasma FBG assemble into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In this report, we determined that FBG assembly into the ECM is a cell dependent step that occurs in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. Using an in vitro model of wound repair, we examined the role of FBG in modulating gene expression. Data collected from cDNA array analysis indicated that FBG downregulates steady state levels of fibronectin mRNA, whereas cyclin D1 mRNA levels were upregulated in fibroblasts. Taken together, these data suggest that FBG may function independently of hemostasis in cellular adhesive interactions to modulate cellular signaling processes during wound repair.
High sensitization rate to emulsifiers in patients with chronic leg ulcers

Emulsifiers are common constituents of most topical preparations. To study the sensitization rate in a population with frequent use of these agents, we selected 47 patients with chronic or recurrent (> 1 year) inflammatory skin disease (leg ulcers, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) for patch testing with the following emulsifiers: Tween 40 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), Span 60 (sorbitan monostearate), Span 80 (sorbitan monooelate), Ariacel 83 (sorbitan sesquioleate), Atlas G 2162 (polyoxyethylene oxypropylene stearate), Atlas G 1441 (polyoxyethylene sorbitol lanolin derivative), triethanolamine, Lanette O (cetylstearyl alcohol), Lanette N. 12 patients had at least 1 positive reaction (25.5%) at 3 or 4 days. Among them, 10 had leg ulcers (43.4% of the leg ulcer group), and 2 had contact dermatitis (13.3% of the contact dermatitis group). No positive reaction was observed in the other patients. When the patients were tested with their own topical preparations or wound dressings, 6 of them, all with leg ulcers, had positive reactions. These results show a surprisingly high prevalence of sensitization to emulsifiers in patients with chronic leg ulcers, in contrast to patients with other inflammatory skin diseases.
Targeted Disruption of the α-Amylase Gene in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

Sulfolobus solfataricus secretes an acid-resistant α-amylase (amyA) during growth on starch as the sole carbon and energy source. Synthesis of this activity is subject to catabolite repression. To better understand α-amylase function and regulation, the structural gene was identified and disrupted and the resulting mutant was characterized. Internal α-amylase peptide sequences obtained by tandem mass spectroscopy were used to identify the amyA coding sequence. Anti-α-amylase antibodies raised against the purified protein immunoprecipitated secreted α-amylase activity and verified the enzymatic identity of the sequenced protein. A new gene replacement method was used to disrupt the amyA coding sequence by insertion of a modified allele of the S. solfataricus lacS gene. PCR and DNA sequence analysis were used to characterize the altered amyA locus in the recombinant strain. The amyA::lacS mutant lost the ability to grow on starch, glycogen, or pullulan as sole carbon and energy sources. During growth on a non-catabolite-repressing carbon source with added starch, the mutant produced no detectable secreted amylase activity as determined by enzyme assay, plate assay, or Western blot analysis. These results clarify the biological role of the α-amylase and provide additional methods for the directed genetic manipulation of the S. solfataricus genome.
A conceptual model for studying turnover among family child care providers

Abstract This article outlines a theoretical framework for studying turnover among family child care providers. Stress and coping theory and organizational models of turnover are integrated with the child care literature in order to develop a conceptual model for studying turnover and its precursors among home-based caregivers. The model proposes four components which interact along the path to turnover: (a) potential sources of stress, (b) moderators of stress, (c) outcomes of a cognitive appraisal process, and (d) actions on those outcomes. Implications for future research and practical applications are discussed.
Silicon photonic tunable filters

We report on high-performance compact, micro-ring resonator based silicon photonic filters, which can show comparable performance, in some metrics, to much larger, bulk-optical filters.
Moving front fixing in thin film laser annealing

The process of laser melting and recrystallization of thin silicon films, which are deposited on amorphous substrates, is capable of improving the semiconductor electrical and crystalline properties. The process is controlled by the intensity of the laser beam, the material translation speed, and the thermal and radiative properties of the semiconductor layer and the encapsulating structure. Accurate theoretical modeling of the associated phase change process is essential for optimal material processing. This paper presents a numerical model implementing a front-fixing approach and body-fitted curvilinear grids to analyze the heat transfer and the induced crystallization rates in thin film laser annealing. The results are compared to experimental data and reasonable agreement is obtained. Further improvements depend upon knowledge of thin film thermal and optical properties.
EBNA3C-Mediated Regulation of Aurora Kinase B Contributes to Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B-Cell Proliferation through Modulation of the Activities of the Retinoblastoma Protein and Apoptotic Caspases

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that is implicated in several human malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and AIDS-associated lymphomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C), one of the essential EBV latent antigens, can induce mammalian cell cycle progression through its interaction with cell cycle regulators. Aurora kinase B (AK-B) is important for cell division, and deregulation of AK-B is associated with aneuploidy, incomplete mitotic exit, and cell death. Our present study shows that EBNA3C contributes to upregulation of AK-B transcript levels by enhancing the activity of its promoter. Further, EBNA3C also increased the stability of the AK-B protein, and the presence of EBNA3C leads to reduced ubiquitination of AK-B. Importantly, EBNA3C in association with wild-type AK-B but not with its kinase-dead mutant led to enhanced cell proliferation, and AK-B knockdown can induce nuclear blebbing and cell death. This phenomenon was rescued in the presence of EBNA3C. Knockdown of AK-B resulted in activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, along with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) cleavage, which is known to be an important contributor to apoptotic signaling. Importantly, EBNA3C failed to stabilize the kinase-dead mutant of AK-B compared to wild-type AK-B, which suggests a role for the kinase domain in AK-B stabilization and downstream phosphorylation of the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (Rb). This study demonstrates the functional relevance of AK-B kinase activity in EBNA3C-regulated B-cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Density and Viscosity as Real-Time Probes for Progress of High-Pressure Polymerizations: Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Acetone

Density and viscosity have been used as real-time probes to follow the progress of free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in acetone at high pressures. Specifically, the polymerizations were conducted at 343 K and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 MPa in acetone with AIBN as initiator. Polymers with narrow molecular-weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.45–1.55) and without high-molecular-weight tail-ends (Mz/Mw = 1.26–1.33) were formed. The results show that the polymerization proceeds in two distinguishable regimes characterized by different rates of change in density or viscosity. The densities and viscosities of model mixtures of poly(methyl methacrylate) plus methyl methacrylate (the monomer) of known compositions were also measured and used to relate the change in viscosity during polymerization to change in the monomer concentration. The change in monomer concentration was then used in evaluating the rate constant and its pressure dependence. The overall apparent first-order rate constants were fo...
Adjustable shunt valve reprogramming at home: safety and feasibility.

Objective Shunt valve resistance changes using a specialized magnetic programming device permit noninvasive changes to cerebrospinal fluid drainage. In selected cases between 2001 and 2005, patients and families used shunt valve programming devices at home. This study examines the safety and efficacy of this practice. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who had been given a shunt valve-programming device for home use. A survey was mailed to patients or family members requesting information regarding their experiences with the shunt valve programming device. Patient and family responses were tabulated and a statistical analysis was performed. Results Twenty patients or families returned the survey. The median patient age was 19.6 years (range, 6-48 yr); 25% were male. Seventeen patients had pseudotumor cerebri, one had an arachnoid cyst, and two had slit ventricle syndrome. Fifteen patients had lumboperitoneal shunts, one had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, three had cisterna magna shunts, and one had an arachnoid cyst-to-peritoneal shunt. No adverse events were attributable to the use of the home shunt valve programmer. Thirty-five percent of respondents used the programmer at least once every week, 40% used the programmer between once a week and once a month, and 25% used the programmer less frequently than once per month. Overall, 85% of respondents reported that they benefited "very much" from the use of a home shunt valve programmer and 15% of respondents benefited "somewhat." Conclusion Providing shunt valve programming devices to selected patients for home use is a safe practice associated with high patient satisfaction. However, the selection of appropriate patients, comprehensive patient education, and close patient-physician communication are crucial to the success of this practice.
Resonant Raman X-Ray Scattering: New Directions

Raman and Resonant Raman x-ray scattering are briefly reviewed. Two recent contributions to the field of resonant Raman x-ray scattering are then described. In the first Resonant Raman x-ray scattering on molybdenum was studied. Beside the usual resonant Raman peak corresponding to the fluorescent K? lines another peak with a smaller energy loss was found. It is attributed to resonant Raman scattering with a final state M-shell vacancy corresponding to the fluorescent Ks lines. Both peaks are shown to be independent of the scattering angle. Absolute cross sections have been determined and compared with theoretical predictions. In the second contribution, widths of K vacancy excited states are extracted by measuring the ratio of cross sections for x-ray fluorescence and resonant Raman scattering. Widths of K-vacancy excited states in Zr, Mo, Rh, Ag, and Sn were determined as (4.0 ± 0.3) eV, (4.6 ± .3) eV, (6.4 ± .5) eV, (7.6 ± .7) eV and (12.0 ± 1.5) eV respectively.
Late-onset dysphagia lusoria

Symptomatic vascular rings are uncommon in adults. We report a case of dysphagia in a 48-year-old woman from a right-sided aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery and left-sided ligamentum arteriosum. Through a left posterolateral thoracotomy, the ligamentum was divided, relieving the patient's dysphagia. Twenty-three cases of adult-onset dysphagia lusoria attributable to this anatomy have been reported. We recommend a left thoracotomy with division of the ligamentum as treatment.
Temperature and humidity control system in a lunar base.

Abstract An increasing number of lunar base construction programs are in the process of developing lunar resources such as helium 3. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the temperature and humidity control system, which will allow man to live and work on the moon while developing lunar resources. The results of thermal load calculation show that the load of electric lighting is a 80 to 90% of the cooling load in the habitat module and that only the cooling function is required for temperature control. Due to this, a fluorocarbon refrigerant heat pump system was selected to satisfy reliability, energy consumption, size and weight requirements for the lunar base equipment. According to the load calculation, occupants will feel discomfort due to radiant heat from lighting fixtures. To resolve this problem, an air conditioning system, used in combination with forced convective cooling and panel cooling on the ceiling, was adopted in the living space. Moreover, the experiment on the ground was carried out to evaluate the effects of panel cooling.
Time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory of multiphoton ionization: Helium

The multiphoton ionization of helium has been determined for a number of laser wavelengths and intensities using the time-dependent Hartree-Fock model. Conclusions about the ionization dynamics for very-short-pulse, high-intensity lasers are discussed. The limits and characteristics of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock method for atomic physics processes are also evaluated.
Confucianism in Contestation: The May Struggle of 1991 in South Korea and Its Lesson

This article seeks to present an alternative approach to understanding the politics of East Asian democratization with a special focus on South Korea. Taking the May Struggle of 1991—the largest political upheaval since the June Uprising of 1987—as a case study, it examines how Confucian moral rhetoric and practices were peculiarly employed (or exploited) in a series of authoritarian–democratic confrontations. It argues that Confucianism was neither in itself an obstacle nor an unquestionable contributor to the democratization of Korea; rather, it furnished both authoritarian and democratic sides with symbolic weapons cultivated in the Korean tradition of “Confucian moralpolitik”. By seeing Confucianism as a set of semiotic practices, the article problematizes the contemporary discussion of “Confucian democracy” that heavily glosses over its contrasting dimensions by either idealizing or distorting it. In conclusion, it contends that democracy is a constant struggle and that the future of Korean democracy...
SU‐FF‐T‐03: Design and Quantitative Analysis of a Novel Brachytherapy Robot

Purpose: To design a novel brachytherapyrobot and compare its static manipulability characteristics to two well‐known robotic manipulators: the Puma560 and the Stanford Arm. Method and Materials: The open‐source 3‐D Slicer program was used to model the prostate from clinical CT data. Workspace dimensions were determined and applied to the design of a new robot. The robot was modeled mathematically using the modified Denavit and Hartenberg representation of robotic manipulators. The static force and velocity manipulability ellipsoids were calculated for all three robots in several different poses using the Robot Toolbox for Matlab® (P.I. Corke, CSIRO, Australia, 2002). The force and velocity transformation ratios were computed and compared for similar poses. A small transformation ratio indicates the robot is sensitive to errors in control tasks, but not well‐suited for actuation tasks. The manipulability measure was also calculated. The manipulability measure is a quantitation of the range‐of‐motion of a robot in a given pose. Results: The calculations show the brachytherapyrobot can implant a needle with a good balance of force and velocity with a high percentage of the maximum values. The Puma560 is relatively balanced, however most transformation ratios are less than 10% of the maximum. The Stanford Arm is not well balanced in both configurations studied. The Stanford Arm's transformation ratios are also relatively low percentages of the maximum. The manipulability measures for the brachytherapyrobot were between 1.6 and 5 times higher than the other robots.Conclusion: Several robots have been developed for brachytherapy implantations. None have provided quantitative comparisons to other robots. Here, static manipulability calculations compare different robots with a specific pose (initial task‐oriented configuration). Our brachytherapyrobot has balanced transformation ratios and also shows a high degree of manipulability. Initial calculations show that this robot is well configured for needle insertion tasks.
A Comment on the Report of the Commission to Review Title IX Enforcement in Athletics

The report of the Commission appointed by the Secretary of Education to study the future of Title IX tries, quite understandably, to walk a middle path. It recognizes the enormous contribution that Title IX — and Title IX enforcement modes — have made to the growth of women's sports and, hence, to the physical and psychological well-being of women in the society. Where the report comes up short is in its failure to tackle head-on the basic resource allocation dilemma of college sports. Succinctly stated, the dilemma is that overall revenues for college athletics are leveling off, if not falling, while expenditures for existing programs are rising. Television, the cash cow that has sustained major college athletics for decades, shows signs of weariness. The airwaves are simply clogged with football and basketball broadcasting, and there is little prospect that revenues will continue to grow at the spectacular rate that has marked the last several decades.