cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On time decay rates in landau damping

In a previous publication the authors have obtained time decay rates for solutions to the initial-value problem for the linearized Vlasov equation (in one space dimension).
Acute Pulmonary Edema of Altitude

Three separate episodes of acute pulmonary edema are described that developed in two otherwise healthy individuals during heavy exertion at high altitudes. Detailed physical examination and laboratory studies failed to demonstrate pulmonary infection or cardiac disease. Data obtained by cardiac catheterization during one of these episodes revealed elevation of the pulmonary artery pressure and a normal left atrial pressure. This syndrome appears to be the consequence of pulmonary vascular obstruction distal to the capillary bed, presumably in the pulmonary veins. It is brought about by exposure of susceptible individuals to high altitudes, and is completely reversed by oxygen administration.
The proton electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane of yeast is necessary for phospholipid flip

Recently, two members of the P4 family of P-type ATPases, Dnf1p and Dnf2p, were shown to be necessary for the internalization (flip) of fluorescent, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl(NBD)-labeled phospholipids across the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the current study, we have demonstrated that ATP hydrolysis is not sufficient for phospholipid flip in the absence of the proton electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. This requirement was demonstrated by two independent means. First, collapse of the plasma membrane proton electrochemical gradient by the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) almost completely blocked NBD-phospholipid flip while only moderately reducing the cytosolic ATP concentration. Second, strains with point mutations in PMA1, which encodes the plasma membrane proton pump that generates the proton electrochemical gradient, are defective in NBD-PC flip, whereas their cytosolic ATP content is actually increased. These results establish that the proton electrochemical gradient is required for NBD-phospholipid flip across the plasma membrane of yeast and raise the question whether it contributes an additional required driving force or whether it functions as a regulatory signal.
Career commitment processes in the young adult years: An illustration from the ROTC/Army career path☆

Abstract This paper presents and tests a model of career commitment in the young adult years. Data for the study were collected from nationwide stratified random samples of approximately 1000 high school seniors, 1600 college students, and 600 ROTC-graduate Army officers. It was found that the model could predict membership in ROTC and the strength of the individual's commitment to a military career and that hypotheses that had been made about the career commitment process were generally confirmed. Many of the specific findings, differences in the demographic, aptitude, and sociopsychological profile of participants and nonparticipants in a career path, the widening of these differences with the passage of time, the importance of early exposure to the career eventually chosen, the relationship between initial motivation in exploring a career path and subsequent commitment to the career, and the changes in the nature of influential factors as an individual matures, may be generalizable to other types of careers.
The interface between competitive market signaling and antitrust law

The authors examine the antitrust implications of certain market behavior, using recent findings from research on competitive market signaling. They show that certain behavior of a firm that is som...
Haploinsufficiency of the Mouse Forkhead Box f1 Gene Causes Defects in Gall Bladder Development

The forkhead box f1 (Foxf1) transcription factor is expressed in the visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm, which is involved in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling required for development of organs derived from foregut endoderm such as lung, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. Our previous studies demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of the Foxf1 gene caused pulmonary abnormalities with perinatal lethality from lung hemorrhage in a subset of Foxf1+/− newborn mice. During mouse embryonic development, the liver and biliary primordium emerges from the foregut endoderm, invades the septum transversum mesenchyme, and receives inductive signaling originating from both the septum transversum and cardiac mesenchyme. In this study, we show that Foxf1 is expressed in embryonic septum transversum and gall bladder mesenchyme. Foxf1+/− gall bladders were significantly smaller and had severe structural abnormalities characterized by a deficient external smooth muscle cell layer, reduction in mesenchymal cell number, and in some cases, lack of a discernible biliary epithelial cell layer. This Foxf1+/− phenotype correlates with decreased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), α5 integrin, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) genes, all of which are critical for cell adhesion, migration, and mesenchymal cell differentiation.
Factors Affecting How Second Language Spanish Students Derive Meaning from Context

Although first language (L1) and second language (L2) research has indicated that the meanings of unknown words can be derived from the contexts in which they occur, research has also found limitations to the value of context. Using data gathered in a classroom experiment on L2 vocabulary acquisition (Frantzen, 1998), the present study sought to determine some of the reasons why the context in which a word appears does not always lead a language learner to an accurate interpretation of its meaning. It expands the existing research by using a natural, intact, unmanipulated text as the context (an aspect underrepresented in current L2 word inferencing literature). Analysis of the students’ answers, their self–reported guessing strategies, the contexts in which the words appeared, and the text's glossing revealed that the “blame” for the incorrect answers may be placed on: (a) the context itself, (b) the students’ behavior, and in a minor way (c) the story's glossing. Numerous patterns are presented and discussed in light of other L1 and L2 research and new patterns are reported.
A Reinvestigation of the Structure and Torsional Potential of N2O5 by Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction Augmented byAb Initio Theoretical Calculations

Gaseous N2O5 consists of two NO2 groups bonded to a bridging O-atom to form a nonlinear N−O−N moiety. The NO2 groups undergo slightly hindered internal rotation around the bonds to the bridge so that instantaneous composition of the gaseous system is characterized by molecules with all combinations of torsion angles. In an earlier investigation, an attempt was made to determine the coefficients for an empirical form of the double-rotor torsional potential, and the bond lengths and bond angles measured subject to assumptions that the structure of the O−NO2 groups was invariant to torsion angle and that these groups had C2v symmetry. The system has now been reinvestigated in terms of a more realistic model in which this symmetry restriction was relaxed, account was taken of structural changes in the NO2 groups with torsion angle as predicted by ab initio theory at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level, and a more convenient form of the torsional potential was assumed. The most stable conformation has C2 symmetry with torsion angles τ1 (defined as ∢(N−O−N=O4)) equal to τ2 (defined as ∢(N−O−N=O6)) equal to 33.7°; because of the broad potential minimum in this region, the uncertainty in these angles is difficult to estimate, but is probably 3 – 4°. The results for the bond lengths and bond angles for the most stable conformation are rg(N−O)=1.505(4) A, rg(N=O)=1.188(2) A, ∢α(N−O−N)=112.3(17)°, ∢α(O=N=O)=134.2(4)°, 〈∢α(O−N=O)〉=112.8(2)°. The difference between the symmetry-nonequivalent O−N=O angles is estimated to be ca. 6.7° with the larger angle positioning the two N=O bonds on different NO2 groups nearest each other. These average values are similar to those obtained in the original study. The main difference is found in the shape of the torsional potential, which at τ1/τ2=0/0 has a saddle point in the present work and a substantial peak in the earlier. The implication of the torsion-angle findings for electron-diffraction investigations of this type is discussed.
Real-time path planning of autonomous robots in a two-dimensional unknown dynamic navigation environment

This paper deals with the real-time path planning of an autonomous mobile robot in two-dimensional, unknown, dynamic multiple robot navigation space. In particular, a collision-free navigation path planning strategy is presented in real time by using a heuristichuman like approach. The heuristic scheme used here is based on thetrial and error methodology with the attempt to minimize the cost of the navigation efforts, when time plays a significant role. Past built-up navigation experience and current extracted information from the surrounding environment are used for the detection of other moving objects (robots) in the same navigation environment. Moreover, the determination of asecure navigation path is supported by a set of generic traffic priority rules followed by the autonomous robots moving in the same environment. Simulated results for two moving objects in the same navigation space are also presented.
Electrochemically Assisted Sol−Gel Process for the Synthesis of Polysiloxane Films Incorporating Phenothiazine Dyes Analogous to Methylene Blue. Structure and Ion-Transport Properties of the Films via Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Characterization

A sol−gel process is directed toward an electrode surface via electrochemical manipulation of the solubility of trimethoxysilyl group-modified methylene blue in an aqueous environment. The process lasts for 2−3 h and results in electrode derivatization with a polysiloxane network incorporating methylene blue. Cross-linking (curing) is completed by drying the films at room temperature for 2 days. The concentration of the phenothiazine moieties in the resulting xero films was calculated at ∼3.9 M, and the film density at ∼2.6 g/cm3. The average distance between phenothiazine moieties is <5 A allowing interactions between their π-systems. The narrow pores between monomer units restrict movement of hydrated charge-compensating ions, so that the redox switching of the films depends upon the chemical identity of both the cation and anion of the supporting electrolyte. The films retain the electrochromic and electrocatalytic properties of the parent dye; for example, gold electrodes derivatized with the film med...
Confronting Physical Activity Programming Barriers for People with Disabilities: The Empowerment Model

Community-based physical activity programs for people with disabilities have barriers that are unique to their program leader qualifications and the population they serve. Moran and Block (2010) argued that there is a need for practical strategies that are easy for communities to implement, maximize resources, and minimize the impact of barriers on each individual. The purpose of this article was to build upon the work of Moran and Block by identifying and systematically addressing barriers to physical activity for people with disabilities in ways that target their sources of self-efficacy. The Empowerment Model is introduced, along with its multi-tiered empowerment continuum of training, support, and programming strands. The goal of the tiered empowerment continuum is to progressively move populations to more independent levels of training, support, and programming.
ORAL METHOXSALEN PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS: A COOPERATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL

Extensive psoriasis in 1,308 patients has been treated two or three times a week with oral 8-methoxypsoralen followed by high intensity, long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA). Excluding 169 patients still under early treatment, psoriasis cleared in 88% and failed to clear in 3%. One percent dropped out due to complications of treatment, and 8% for other reasons. The twice-a-week schedule was superior for patients with lighter skin types. Once a remission was induced, there was no difference in its maintenance when patients were treated once a week, once every other week, or once every third week. Each of these schedules was superior to no maintenance treatment. Immediate side effects of the 45,000 treatments administered in the first 18 months of this study were uncommon, temporary, and generally mild. No clinically significant changes in laboratory screening or eye examinations attributable to PUVA have been uncovered.
Longitudinal evaluation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence in premature infants

A chemiluminescence (CL) microassay was used to evaluate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function in premature newborn infants longitudinally during a 2-month period and in healthy adult control subjects. At postnatal ages of 12, 26, 40 and 54 days the infants' mean peak CL activity was significantly lower than that of the adults. Infants with one or more low CL responses were more severely ill than those with normal CL activity. The infants with low CL responses had longer hospital stays and a higher frequency of serious infections, as well as more days of level 3 care, antimicrobial therapy, supplemental oxygen, assisted ventilation, and total parenteral nutrition. The PMN CL activity before, during, and after episodes of serious infection did not differ. In addition, a high frequency of depressed CL activity was observed at the time of infection. Our findings are consistent with previous studies suggesting that defective PMN oxidative metabolic responses are more common in neonates undergoing stress. Our results further suggest that defective PMN function may persist for the first 2 months of life and during the course of serious infection. Enhancement of PMN host defense may be an important strategy in the management of neonatal sepsis.
The Adaptor Protein ARH Escorts Megalin to and through Endosomes

Megalin is an endocytic receptor that binds multiple ligands and is essential for many physiological processes such as brain development and uptake of proteins by the kidney tubule, yolk sac, and t...
Design for Hyperparameter Estimation in Linear Models

Optimal design for the joint estimation of the mean and covariance matrix of the random effects in hierarchical linear models is discussed. A criterion is derived under a Bayesian formulation which requires the integration over the prior distribution of the covariance matrix of the random effects. A theoretical optimal design structure is obtained for the situation where the random effects have equal variances and zero covariances. For other situations, optimal designs are obtained through computer search. It is shown that orthogonal designs, if they exist, are optimal under a main effects model with independent random effects. When the random effects are believed to be correlated, it is shown by example that nonorthogonal designs tend to be more efficient than orthogonal designs. In addition, design robustness is studied under various prior mean specifications of the random effects covariance matrix.
Technologies of measurements of the sea level

We analyze the contemporary methods and means of measurements of the sea level and inland waters, describe a CTD-meter designed at the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National of Science for the determination of the sea level, formulate the requirements to the perfect meter of the water level, and demonstrate that an electronic sounding stick based on the distributed Walsh thermoprofilometers can play the role of a device of this kind.
A Phenomenological Theory for Hysteresis in the Ionic Conductivity of Solid Electrolytes

A phenomenological theory for ionic conductivity and excess heat capacity in solid electrolytes is modified to account for the hysteresis in the ionic conductivity observed in some solid electrolytes. The model is applied to YF3, LuF3, and the (Ag, Cu)2HgI4 eutectic, all of which exhibit large hysteresis loops in their ionic conductivities as they undergo first-order phase transitions. Domain effects are invoked as a means of modulating the width of the hysteresis loop. Eine phanomenologische Theorie fur Ionenleitfahigkeit und Uberschuswarmekapazitaten in festen Elektrolyten wird fur die Beschreibung der Hysterese der Ionenleitfahigkeit, die in einigen festen Elektrolyten beobachtet worden ist, modifiziert. Das Modell wird auf YF3, LuF3, und dem Eutektikum von (Ag, Cu)2HgI4 angewendet, die alle grose Hysterese-Schleifen in ihrer Ionenleitfahigkeiten zeigen, wenn sie durch Phasenubergange erster Ordnung gehen. Domanen-Effekte werden als Methode zur Modulation der Breite der Hysterese-Schleifen benutzt.
Promoting Achievement among Gifted Black Students: The Efficacy of New Definitions and Identification Practices.

Gifted Black students face many barriers to achievement and motivation, including social, cultural, and psychological constraints. This article addresses the concept of underachievement among gifte...
A PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR IMPROVING DIRECT‐CARE STAFF PERFORMANCE IN AN INSTITUTIONAL SETTING

The present study evaluated a participative management approach for increasing the frequency of interactions between institutional staff and severely/profoundly retarded residents. The participative management approach involved teaching staff how to use self-monitoring, standard setting, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement procedures. These procedures were then used by staff with minimal involvement of supervisory personnel. Although supervisors provided feedback and praise to staff for using these self-management behaviors, feedback and praise were never dispensed contingent on staff interactions with residents. Results indicated that during the participative management program there was an increase in staff interactions that were contingent on appropriate resident behavior. The increase in this type of staff interaction was accompanied by an increase in appropriate resident behavior. Follow-up data on both staff and resident behaviors, although showing moderating trends, suggested generally good maintenance of the initial behavior changes. Acceptability data suggested that staff were quite receptive to the program. The advantages of participative management procedures for improving staff performance in residential settings are discussed.
MITOMYCIN C: EFFECT ON RIBOSOMES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Sucrose-gradient analyses of cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli B show that the sedimentation patterns are markedly affected by exposure of the cells to mitomycin C; 50 S subunits are progressively degraded in the cells after 30 minutes exposure. The 30 S subunits, although affected, are less sensitive to the antibiotic than the 50 S subunits. Incorporation of uracil-2-C 14 into the ribosomal particles by the treated cells is markedly reduced by exposure.
Comprehensive Approach to Verification and Validation of CFD Simulations Applied to Backward Facing Step–Application of CFD Uncertainty Analysis

There are inherent uncertainties and errors associated with using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict the flow field and there is no standard method for evaluating uncertainty in the CFD community. This paper describes an approach to -validate the . uncertainty in using CFD. The method will use the state of the art uncertainty analysis applying different turbulence niodels and draw conclusions on which models provide the least uncertainty and which models most accurately predict the flow of a backward facing step.
Blocs abdominaux chez l’enfant : blocs paravertébral et intercostal

Resume L’innervation de la paroi abdominale est assuree par les nerfs spinaux thoraco-abdominaux, le nerf subcostal et les deux premiers nerfs lombaires. Le nombre de ces nerfs qui doivent etre bloques concomitamment pour assurer l’analgesie perioperatoire abdominale est une question difficile, la peridurale thoracique basse restant la technique de reference. Les techniques d’analgesie locoregionale peripherique, indiquees pour les interventions chirurgicales abdominale ou l’essentiel de la douleur postoperatoire est d’origine parietale, doivent souvent etre bilaterales et peuvent difficilement etre entretenues avec deux catheters. L’evolution de nos connaissances anatomiques a permis la mise au point d’un panel de techniques d’analgesie peripherique utilisables en pratique courante. L’essentiel des aspects pratiques des differentes techniques d’analgesie regionale peripherique abdominale : blocs paravertebral thoracique et lombaire haut, intercostal, du plan du fascia transversalis, du plan du muscle transverse, de la gaine rectusienne et para-ombilical, et iliohypogastrique–ilio-inguinal qui sont notre pratique quotidienne sont presentes ici.
Asynchronous droughts in California streamflow as reconstructed from tree rings

Streamflow since 1560 A.D. for four rivers within the Sacramento River Basin, California, has been reconstructed dendroclimatically. Both the highest and the lowest reconstructed streamflows occurred during the historical period, with high flows from 1854 to 1916 and low flows from 1917 to 1950. Prolonged (decade-scale) excursions from the mean have been the norm throughout the reconstructed period. The periods of high and low streamflow in the Sacramento Basin are generally synchronous with wet and dry periods reconstructed by dendroclimatic studies in the western United States. The record indicates a number of asynchronous droughts or wet years. The strongest contrasts are developed between northern (western Washington and Oregon or the Columbia Basin) and southern (the Sacramento Basin or central California) climate regions. These asynchronous events may be due to variation in the latitude of the subtropical high and in the latitudinal position of winter storms coming off the Pacific. No association was found with El Nino-Southern Oscillation events.
Stock returns and the weekend effect

Abstract This paper examines two alternative models of the process generating stock returns. Under the calendar time hypothesis, the process operates continuously and the expected return for Monday is three times the expected return for other days of the week. Under the trading time hypothesis, returns are generated only during active trading and the expected return is the same for each day of the week. During most of the period studied, from 1953 through 1977, the daily returns to the Standard and Poor's composite portfolio are inconsistent with both models. Although the average return for the other four days of the week was positive, the average for Monday was significantly negative during each of five-year subperiods.
Statistical Reforms Accelerated by Sixth Census Errors

Abstract American census-taking procedures had evolved slowly from the inception of the decennial census in 1790 until 1840, when a new high seemed evident in the many additional categories included in the survey. On publication, however, numerous errors were discovered in the figures, precluding the usefulness of the census data. Paradoxically, the discovery of these errors in the sixth census was to become the catalyst for reforms that would spearhead the government's use of modern statistical procedures.
Analysis of a diffusion‐limited hollow fiber reactor for the measurement of effective substrate diffusivities

Mathematical analyses of a diffusion-limited hollow fiber reactor for the measurement of effective substrate diffusivities are presented. An analytical solution to the mathematical model with a first order substrate consumption rate is used to show that the procedure of Webster and Shuler(1) is incorrect. A rigorous analysis that requires numerical solution is also outlined for any form of the substrate consumption rate. These analyses allow for more accurate estimations of effective substrate diffusivities since they should be used in conjunction with integral reactor behavior.
Inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer survival by socioeconomic position in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 1990-2008

Although it has been previously reported that patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) experience worse survival than patients with other breast cancer (BC) types, the socioeconomic and ethnic factors leading to this survival difference are not fully understood. The association between county-level percent of persons below the poverty level and BC-specific (BCS) survival for cases diagnosed from 1990 to 2008 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database linked to census derived county attributes was examined. A sub-analysis of cases from 2000 to 2008 also examined BCS survival by an index combining percent below poverty and less than high school graduates as well as metropolitan versus non-metropolitan county of residence. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to construct survival curves by stage, inflammatory status, and county-level socioeconomic position (SEP). Stage and inflammatory status stratified proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, tumor and treatment characteristics were used to determine the hazard of BCS death by county-level SEP. Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated IBC has worse survival than stage matched non-IBC, (stage III IBC median survival = 4.75 years vs. non-IBC = 13.4 years, p < 0.0001). Residing in a lower SEP, non-metro county significantly worsens BCS survival for non-IBC in multivariate proportional hazards models. African American cases appear to have worse survival than non-Hispanic Whites regardless of inflammatory status, stage, county-level SEP, tumor, or treatment characteristics. This is the first study to examine IBC survival by SEP in a nation-wide population-based tumor registry. As this analysis found generally poorer survival for IBC, regardless of SEP or race/ethnicity, it is important that interventions that help educate women on IBC symptoms target women in various SEP and race/ethnicity groups.
Environmental Risks in the News: Issues, Sources, Problems, and Values:

Studies of news media reports of environmental risks generally have observed that environmental news tends to be dramatic and ambiguous with little information that would help the public understand the risks that exist in communities. This analysis was designed to identify differences between environmental news stories that report risks with those that do not. The sample of 841 news stories was drawn from 12,000 stories published between 1 September 1997 and 31 August 1998 in 93 Pennsylvania daily newspapers. Nearly 60% of the news stories and releases did not mention risk. The findings suggest that the environmental issues and the environmental values supporting those issues predicted whether a news story would report risks. Sources, problem definitions, and traditional news values were less useful in differentiating risk from non-risk news stories and releases. The stories provided limited information that would facilitate public understanding of environmental risks.
A within-subject analysis of stimulus control therapy with severe sleep-onset insomnia.

Abstract Stimulus control, a behavioral technique designed to reduce sleep difficulties, has been demonstrated to be effective when compared with control procedures. These comparisons, mainly involving between-subjects analyses, have neglected the contribution of the stimulus control procedure to the production of clinically significant amelioration of sleep dysfunction. In contrast, the present within-subjects experiment was conducted to assess the capability of stimulus control to produce clinically relevant reductions in multiple measures of sleep disturbance. A comparison with the credible placebo procedure indicated that the stimulus control techniques reduced subjects' sleep onset latency to a mean latency below 30 min per week. Additionally, sedative-hypnotic usage was greatly reduced.
Characterization of Phytagel® modified soy protein isolate resin and unidirectional flax yarn reinforced “green” composites

The mechanical properties and moisture resistance of the soy protein isolate (SPI) resin and flax yarn reinforced composites were improved significantly by incorporation of a poly-carboxylic acid based modifier, Phytagel®. SPI and Phytagel® were blended to form an interpenetrating network-like cross-linked complex. This complex showed significantly improved tensile and moisture properties as well as higher thermal stability as compared to the unmodified SPI resin. The incorporation of Phytagel® (40% w/w of SPI powder) in SPI resin and subsequent lowering of the amount of glycerol (from 30% to 12.5%) led to an overall 10-fold increase in the tensile fracture stress and a nine-fold increase in the Young's moduli of the SPI resin along with a seven-fold decrease in fracture strain. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage and loss modulus of the modified resin increased and the glass transition temperature also increased by about 56°C. The unidirectional flax yarn reinforced composites were made using two modified resins with 20% and 40% Phytagel® contents. Both resins contained 12.5% glycerol. The composites fabricated using resin containing 20% Phytagel® showed significantly higher tensile and flexural moduli as well as fracture stress in the axial direction than the composites with resin containing 40% Phytagel®, which was higher than the SPI resin based composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:647–659, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Staining Aspirated Human Bone Marrow with Domestic Wright Stain

The method employs the domestic Wright stain for the staining of aspirated human bone marrow. Freshly distilled water, pH 6.0 to 6.4, is used. Wright stain, 0.5 cc, is placed upon the air-dried preparation and permitted to act for two minutes. The stain is then diluted with 2 cc. distilled water and permitted to act for from 5 to 10 minutes. After washing off the stain with distilled water, the preparation is placed into a decolorizer (acetone 0.5 cc, pure methyl alcohol 5.0 cc, and 100 cc. distilled water, pH 6.0 to 6.4) for differentiation from 1 to 5 seconds, rinsed, washed under running water and permitted to air-dry. A well stained and differentiated preparation shows the “Romanovsky effect”, and the sharpness of minute structures obtained compares favorably with control preparations stained with German dyes.The bone marrow should be prepared as described. The Wright stain marketed by the National Aniline and Chemical Co., N. Y. was found to be reliable as regards staining quality of registered batch...
Collagen-induced platelet aggregation and release. I Effects of side-chain modifications and role of arginyl residues.

Abstract To investigate the mechanisms governing collagen interaction with blood platelets, the effects of side-chain modifications on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and release of serotonin were studied. Since many chemical modifications alter the ability of collagen to form fibers that, according to current theory, may complicate interpretation of data, we eliminated this possibility by using collagen stabilized in a native-type fibrillar structure by treatment with either glutaraldehyde or ultraviolet irradiation. Acetylation, methylation, succinylation, treatment with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid or 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and deguanidination with hypobromite were used to modify collagen side-chain reactive groups: amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and guanidino. Both unmodified monomeric dispersed and fibrillar collagen preparations initiated platelet aggregation and release, although the kinetics and magnitude of the response were different. Monomeric collagen which had been modified by deguanidination, methylation or succinylation, failed to polymerize in physiological conditions and did not induce platelet aggregation and release. However, none of the chemical modifications of stabilized native-type collagen fibers, except treatment with hypobromite or cyclohexanedione, had an effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and release. Both hypobromite and cyclohexanedione modified guanidino groups of arginyl residues. Results showed that the ability of a collagen sample to induce platelet aggregation and release of serotonin is dependent on the arginine content of fibrillar collagen. These data demonstrate that manipulation of amino, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups is unimportant as long as the native-type fibrillar structure is maintained, and that arginyl residues are directly involved in collagen-platelet interaction. Moreover, the data suggest that only the arginyl residues in the Y position of the tripeptide unit Gly-X-Y of collagen are responsible.
Growth, Microstructural and Ferroelectric Properties of PZT Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition Method

Pb(ZrxTi1−xO3 (lead zirconate titanate or PZT) ferroelectric thin film capacitors are of considerable interest for the realization of memory devices such as nonvolatile random access memories (NVRAMs). The PZT capacitors were prepared on platinized silicon Pt/(100)Si using conducting oxide LaxSrl.xCOO (lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide or LSCO) as electrodes. The PZT and LSCO thin films were deposited by the KrF excimer laser ablation technique. The optimum preparation conditions such as oxygen pressure, laser energy influence and substrate temperature were investigated. The PZT and LSCO films grown on Pt/(100)Si are polycrystalline. The crystallographic properties of the films were determined using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) method. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscope showed very smooth interface among different layers of films. The electrical characterizations of the films including hysteresis loop, fatigue, and retention properties were determined by the RT66A Standardized Ferroelectric Test System.
Ultrasonic three-dimensional reconstruction: In vitro and In vivo volume and area measurement

This study validates the use of an ultrasound three-dimensional reconstruction system to measure phantom and blood conduit geometry. Independently determined uniform and stenotic phantom dimensions are compared with reconstruction-based measurements. Lower extremity saphenous vein bypass graft reconstructions were performed to demonstrate clinical application. Uniform phantom independent and reconstructed volume correlation was high (r = 0.989), the average volume difference was 4.68 mm3 and the average area difference was 0.4 mm2. An in vitro 28% diameter reduction was detected. Stenotic bypass graft segment volume was 795 mm3; following successful angioplasty the volume increased to 1419 mm3. Advantages of this technique are its accuracy, the luminal information it provides and the absence of mechanical arm or acoustic transmitter limitations. We are exploring the possibility that measurement of luminal change over time may allow stenosis detection prior to hemodynamic disturbance, in an ongoing clinical saphenous vein bypass graft surveillance study.
The Theory of Radiation Driven Stellar Winds and the Wolf-Rayet Phenomenon

Peter Conti has a tradition of always talking about 0-type stars at Wolf-Rayet symposia, and Wolf-Rayet stars at 0 star symposia. Since there is no well-developed theory for the origin of the winds of WR stars, it is my pleasure to join Peter’s tradition, and to talk mainly about the theory of radiation driven winds in OB stars. The advantage of OB stars is that there exists a fairly complete wind theory, which agrees well with the available observations. The question is, can the mass loss observed from Wolf-Rayet stars be explained by a version of this wind theory which is scaled to the conditions found in the envelopes of Wolf-Rayet stars? The topics I consider are: The calculated radiation pressure in OB stars, and its dependence on temperature, density, and chemical composition. A comparison between predicted and observed mass loss rates and terminal velocities for OB stars. The applicability of the standard radiation driven wind models to Wolf-Rayet stars. Speculations on how Wolf-Rayet stars achieve their enormous mass loss rates within the context of the radiation pressure mechanism.
Biomorphic transformation to obtain hierarchical porous structures

Hydroxyapatite (HA) bone scaffolds characterized by highly organized hierarchical structures have been obtained by chemically transforming native woods through a sequence of thermal and hydrothermal processes. The five steps of the phase transformation process have been set up in order to achieve total phase conversion and purity maintaining the original native microstructure. The composition of the final wood-derived scaffolds was carbonated apatite hierarchically structured in parallel fastened hollow microtubules. The biomimetic composition and the highly anisotropic morphology and open-pore geometry obtained by biomorphic transformation confer potentially improved biomechanical characteristics to these new inorganic bone scaffolds, thus they can represent potential solutions for regenerating long and load-bearing bone segments.
Diabetes And Amputations

Foot problems are due to either vascular or neuropathic causes. All methods of evaluation and initial treatment must be exhausted before amputation is considered. Indi cations and techniques of toe amputation, transmetatarsal (TMA), below the knee (BKA), and above the knee (AKA) amputations are discussed. Modern monitoring methods and safer anesthesia techniques have lowered the surgical risk for amputation for the diabetic.
Phosphorus retention in streams draining pine and hardwood catchments in the southern Appalachian Mountains

SUMMARY. 1. This study was designed to determine how catchment use affects stream phosphorus retention by comparing retention in streams draining three mixed hardwood catchments and three catchments that were planted in white pine in the 1950s. 2. Catchments of similar area and stream discharge were chosen and phosphorus uptake was measured monthly in each catchment along with temperature, discharge, velocity, coarse paniculate organic matter (CPOM), fine paniculate organic matter (FPOM), and microbial respiration associated with FPOM. 3. On an annual basis, average phosphorus retention was not different between streams draining pine and hardwood catchments nor were there significant differences between physical (temperature, velocity and discharge) or biological (CPOM, FPOM and respiration) parameters based on catchment type. However, discharge was more variable in streams draining pine catchments. 4. Because phosphorus uptake was correlated with discharge, phosphorus retention was also more variable in streams draining pine catchments. Storms caused a greater increase in discharge and loss of phosphorus in pine streams than in mixed hardwood streams, but discharge returned to baseline more quickly in pine streams. 5. We^ suggest that discharge regimes and phosphorus dynamics of streams draining pine catchments are less resistant to change but more resilient than streams draining mixed hardwood forests.
A new design for complete on-chip ESD protection

The design of a novel compact Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection structure is reported. It provides complete ESD protection in all directions, i.e. positive/negative from I/O to power supply V/sub DD/, positive/negative from I/O to ground, and from V/sub DD/ to ground. This ultra-fast (t/sub 1//spl sim/0.16 nS) structure operates symmetrically. Measurements showed low holding voltage (/spl sim/2 V), low discharging impedance (/spl sim//spl Omega/), and adjustable triggering voltages. ESD tests passed 14 kV (HBM). Design prediction was achieved by comprehensive ESD simulation. It is particularly good for RF ICs.
Understanding the Cognitive Impact on Children Who are Treated for Medulloblastoma

Objective Risk-adapted treatment approaches employed within contemporary medulloblastoma treatment protocols aim to reduce the neurotoxicity directed at the central nervous system. Despite these important steps to reduce radiation dose exposure, an overwhelming majority of medulloblastoma survivors continue to experience academic failure and significant learning delays. Methods A review of the current literature is presented. Results Deficits in intellectual function, academic achievement, memory, attention, and processing speed are reported. Finally, intervention programs, including pharmacotherapy and experimental cognitive intervention studies, are discussed. A review of neuroimaging studies shows changes in brain tissue following chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Conclusions Declining IQ and academic struggles may be predated by difficulties with attention, memory, and processing speed. More clinical trials directed at treating and preventing neurocognitive late effects through cognitive rehabilitation are needed.
Estimation of penalty parameters for symmetric interior penalty Galerkin methods

This paper presents computable lower bounds of the penalty parameters for stable and convergent symmetric interior penalty Galerkin methods. In particular, we derive the explicit dependence of the coercivity constants with respect to the polynomial degree and the angles of the mesh elements. Numerical examples in all dimensions and for different polynomial degrees are presented. We show the numerical effects of loss of coercivity.
Interstate Rivalry and Terrorism: An Unprobed Link

Existing scholarly research on terrorism has largely ignored the role of international relations and its effects on patterns of terrorism. This study argues that strategic interstate relationships can affect the amount of terrorism that a state experiences and should be considered along with “traditional” determinants of terrorism, such as domestic institutional and macroeconomic variables. The study specifically looks at state sponsorship of terrorism, arguing that while we cannot reliably identify state sponsors of terror, we can indirectly observe relevant evidence of state sponsorship. To support this claim, the study examines the annual number of transnational terrorist attacks that occurred in all countries during the period 1975–2003. The results demonstrate that states involved in ongoing rivalries with other states are the victims of more terrorist attacks than states that are not involved in such hostile interstate relationships.
The influence of humic substances on the aerobic decomposition of submerged leaf litter

Leaf material was incubated in flasks containing streamwater in which the pH and the concentration of isolated fulvic acid were varied independently of one another. Decomposition of the leaf material was slower at pH 4 than at pH 5 or 7, but the concentration of fulvic acid had no effect when the pH was held constant. At pH 5, 20 mg Cl−1 humic acid also had no effect on decomposition. High concentrations of dissolved fulvic acids may contribute to the slow decomposition of plant litter characteristic of many wetlands through their contribution to hydrogen ion activity, but we could find no evidence for other properties of fulvic acid which inhibit leaf litter decomposition.
Looking Backward: Stability and Volatility in the British Electorate: 1945-1974:

NE PROBLEM more than any other has dominated the study of electoral behavior in postwar Britain: the stability and social base of party voting, and more recently, the decay of these relationships. The former was most pronounced until the 1970s during which time Pulzer's oft-quoted dictum (1967: 98) seemed to rule the research agenda and scholars confirmed the solid class base of British parties (Blondel 1967; Alford 1963; Butler and Stokes 1969: 299-300). More recently the consensus of the late 1960s and 1970s was challenged by those who argued, first, the continuance of regional, ethnic, and religious influences on voting (Hechter 1975; Ragin 1977; Miller and Raab 1977; Urwin 1980, 1982; Wald 1983), some even suggesting the eventual breakup of Britain as a result of such tensions (Narin 1977); and secondly, as a corollary, the increasing volatility of the electorate as a precursor of dealignment or future realignment of existing partisan voting (Franklin and Mughan 1978; Butler and Stokes 1976; Crewe 1974, 1980; Rose 1982). The conclusions drawn from this literature are vastly important for liberal capitalist democracies. First, Britain was long considered the birthplace of modern political party organization which undergirds stability in the competitive electoral process and insured political tranquillity. Second, Britain had long been viewed as the preeminent example of an early class-based polity and more recently as a society undergoing a process of deindustrialization from the staple industries of the Victorian period to some yet undefined postindustrial polity. Third, in another schema Britain was example par excellence of a society passing from the core of the world economy to a semiperipheral status. If the historical electoral alignments could be so easily ravaged, then the social base of political life was more fragile than most scholars had admitted. What underlay all of this discussion, however, was the assumption of rock-like stability of the electoral alignments prior to the 1960s. The critical turning point in the reassessment of the stability and social base of electoral behavior was Crewe's critique (1974) of Butler and Stokes (1969). Crewe challenged the standard interpretation by noting several crucial factors unaccounted for in the original Butler and Stokes formulation: the decline in the portion of the total electorate voting for the established parties, the growing heterogeneity of the nationwide electoral swing, and
Symptoms of depression in two communities.

Histories of depression-related symptoms were obtained from 3845 randomly selected adult residents of Kansas City, Missouri, and Washington County, Maryland. Depressed persons were slightly more common in Kansas City than in Washington County but within the latter area no urban–rural differences were observed. More depressed persons were found among blacks than among whites. Slightly more white females than males were depressed; no significant differences were found between black females and males. After adjustment for the effects of other independent variables, the probability of having symptoms of depression was highest among persons who were young adults, unmarried, not employed outside the home, poorly paid, and not well educated.
A Two-Stage Weighting Framework for Multi-Source Domain Adaptation

Discriminative learning when training and test data belong to different distributions is a challenging and complex task. Often times we have very few or no labeled data from the test or target distribution but may have plenty of labeled data from multiple related sources with different distributions. The difference in distributions may be both in marginal and conditional probabilities. Most of the existing domain adaptation work focuses on the marginal probability distribution difference between the domains, assuming that the conditional probabilities are similar. However in many real world applications, conditional probability distribution differences are as commonplace as marginal probability differences. In this paper we propose a two-stage domain adaptation methodology which combines weighted data from multiple sources based on marginal probability differences (first stage) as well as conditional probability differences (second stage), with the target domain data. The weights for minimizing the marginal probability differences are estimated independently, while the weights for minimizing conditional probability differences are computed simultaneously by exploiting the potential interaction among multiple sources. We also provide a theoretical analysis on the generalization performance of the proposed multi-source domain adaptation formulation using the weighted Rademacher complexity measure. Empirical comparisons with existing state-of-the-art domain adaptation methods using three real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.