cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal limit to the intrinsic emittance from metal photocathodes

Measurements of the intrinsic emittance and transverse momentum distributions obtained from a metal (antimony thin film) photocathode near and below the photoemission threshold are presented. Measurements show that the intrinsic emittance is limited by the lattice temperature of the cathode as the incident photon energy approaches the photoemission threshold. A theoretical model to calculate the transverse momentum distributions near this photoemission threshold is presented. An excellent match between the experimental measurements and the theoretical calculations is demonstrated. These measurements are relevant to low emittance electron sources for Free Electron Lasers and Ultrafast Electron Diffraction experiments.
Small molecule-dependent genetic selection in stochastic nanodroplets as a means of detecting protein-ligand interactions on a large scale

Abstract Background : Understanding the cellular role of a protein often requires a means of altering its function, most commonly by mutating the gene encoding the protein. Alternatively, protein function can be altered directly using a small molecule that binds to the protein, but no general method exists for the systematic discovery of small molecule ligands. Split-pool synthesis provides a means of synthesizing vast numbers of small molecules. Synthetic chemists will soon be able to synthesize natural product-like substances by this method, so compatible screening methods that detect the activity of minute quantities of molecules among many inactive ones will be in demand. Results : We describe two advances towards achieving the above goals. First, a technique is described that uses a simple spray gun to create 5000–8000 droplets randomly, each having a volume of 50–200 nanoliters. The individual ‘nanodroplets' contain a controlled number of cells and many also contain individual synthesis beads. As small molecules can be photochemically released from the beads in a time-dependent manner, the concentration of ligands that the cells are exposed to can be controlled. The spatial segregation of nanodroplets prevents the mixing of compounds from other beads so the effects of each molecule can be assayed individually. Second, a small molecule-dependent genetic selection involving engineered budding yeast cells was used to detect intracellular protein-ligand interactions in nanodroplets. Conclusions : The technique described here should facilitate the discovery of new cell-permeable ligands, especially when combined with a positive selection assay that detects intracellular binding of small molecules to proteins. Using ‘anchored combinatorial libraries', it may be possible to screen entire libraries of natural product-like molecules against the entire collection of proteins encoded within cDNA libraries in a single experiment.
Marangoni-driven singularities via mean-curvature flow

In this work, it is demonstrated that the existence and topology of the recently observed interfacial singularities driven by Marangoni effects can be deduced using mean-curvature flow theory extended to account for variations of interfacial tension. This suggests that some of the physical mechanisms underlying the formation of these interfacial singularities may originate from/be modeled by the surface tension flow. The proposed approach also determines the conditions on the surface tension material behavior under which singularities may form, as well as the asymptotic behavior near singularities. Besides the application to Marangoni-driven singularities, the offered generalization of the mean-curvature flow is also of independent geometric interest.
Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related pathology

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) are responsible for metabolizing the bulk of ethanol consumed as part of the diet and their activities contribute to the rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. They are expressed at highest levels in liver, but at lower levels in many tissues. This pathway probably evolved as a detoxification mechanism for environmental alcohols. However, with the consumption of large amounts of ethanol, the oxidation of ethanol can become a major energy source and, particularly in the liver, interferes with the metabolism of other nutrients. Polymorphic variants of the genes for these enzymes encode enzymes with altered kinetic properties. The pathophysiological effects of these variants may be mediated by accumulation of acetaldehyde; high-activity ADH variants are predicted to increase the rate of acetaldehyde generation, while the low-activity ALDH2 variant is associated with an inability to metabolize this compound. The effects of acetaldehyde may be expressed either in the cells generating it, or by delivery of acetaldehyde to various tissues by the bloodstream or even saliva. Inheritance of the high-activity ADH beta2, encoded by the ADH2*2 gene, and the inactive ALDH2*2 gene product have been conclusively associated with reduced risk of alcoholism. This association is influenced by gene-environment interactions, such as religion and national origin. The variants have also been studied for association with alcoholic liver disease, cancer, fetal alcohol syndrome, CVD, gout, asthma and clearance of xenobiotics. The strongest correlations found to date have been those between the ALDH2*2 allele and cancers of the oro-pharynx and oesophagus. It will be important to replicate other interesting associations between these variants and other cancers and heart disease, and to determine the biochemical mechanisms underlying the associations.
Soil amendments, plant age, and intercropping impact p,p'-DDE bioavailability to Cucurbita pepo.

Field experiments were conducted to optimize the phytoextraction of weathered p,p9-DDE (p,p9-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) by Cucurbita subspecies. The effects of two soil amendments, mycorrhizae or a biosurfactant, on p,p9-DDE accumulation was determined. Also, p,p9-DDE uptake was assessed during plant growth (12, 26, 38, and 62 d), and cultivars that accumulate weathered p,p9-DDE were intercropped with cultivars known not to have that ability. Cucurbita pepo L. ssp. pepo accumulated large amounts of the contaminant, having stem bioconcentration factors, amounts of p,p9-DDE translocated, andcontaminant phytoextraction that were 14, 9.9, and 5.0times greater than C. pepo L. ssp. ovifera (L.) D.S. Decker, respectively. During 62 d, the stem BCF (bioconcentration factor) for p,p9-DDE in subspecies pepo remained constant and the total amount of contaminant accumulated was correlated with plant biomass (r 2 5 0.86). For subspecies ovifera, the stem BCF was highest at 12 d (1.5) but decreased to 0.39 by 62 d, and p,p9-DDE removal was not correlated with plant biomass. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased p,p9-DDE accumulation by both subspecies by an average 4.4 times. For subspecies pepo, mycorrhizae increased the percentage of contaminant extracted from 0.72 to 2.1%. Biosurfactant amendment also enhanced contaminant accumulation by both subspecies, although treatment reduced subspecies ovifera biomass by 60%. The biosurfactant had no effect on the biomass of subspecies pepo, increased the average contaminant concentrationby3.6-fold,anddoubledtheoverallamountofp,p9-DDE removed from the soil. Soil amendments that enhance the mobility of weathered persistent organic pollutants will significantly increase the amount of contaminant phytoextraction by Cucurbita pepo.
Lack of effect of P-glycoprotein inhibition on renal clearance of dicloxacillin in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Study Objective. To determine whether upregulation of P-glycoprotein is responsible for the enhanced renal clearance of dicloxacillin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Design. Single-center, prospective, open-label, randomized, three-part crossover pharmacokinetic study. Setting. General clinical research center. Subjects. Eleven patients with cystic fibrosis and 11 age-matched healthy volunteers. Intervention. All subjects received a single oral dose of dicloxacillin 500 mg alone, dicloxacillin 500 mg plus probenecid (an organic anion transport inhibitor) 1 g, and dicloxacillin 500 mg plus cyclosporine (a P-glycoprotein inhibitor) 5 mg/kg; each treatment was separated by a washout period of 48 hours. A bolus dose of iothalamate meglumine 456 mg was administered on each study day as a marker of glomerular filtration. Measurements and Main Results. Blood and urine samples were taken serially up to 6 hours after each dose. Pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin and iothalamate were determined by using compartmental and noncompartmental methods. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measure expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) messenger RNA (mRNA). Genotyping for ABCB1 was performed to determine the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (exons 21 and 26). In both healthy subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis, compared with dicloxacillin alone, coadministration with probenecid produced a significantly lower renal clearance of dicloxacillin, whereas coadministration with cyclosporine resulted in no significant change; renal clearance was not significantly different between the two study groups. No correlation was found between MDR1 mRNA expression and renal clearance of dicloxacillin. The renal excretion of dicloxacillin was significantly greater in subjects with the ABCB1 exon 26 TT polymorphism when compared with subjects with the CT genotype. Conclusion. We found no significant difference in the pharmacokinetics of dicloxacillin between patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy volunteers. Renal clearance of dicloxacillin was significantly reduced in the presence of probenecid but not with cyclosporine, suggesting that the rate-limiting step in tubular secretion of dicloxacillin is uptake mediated by the organic anion transporter, and not P-glycoprotein inhibition.
Comparison of IgM‐MGUS and IgG‐MGUS polyneuropathy

Objective - To compare the clinical and electrodiagnostic features and response to treatment in patients with IgM-MGUS and IgG-MGUS associated polyneuropathy. Material and methods - Retrospective review of 34 consecutive patients with MGUS associated neuropathy evaluated over 5 years. Results - There were 19 patients with IgM-MGUS and 15 with IgG-MGUS. There were no differences in age. duration of symptoms, or distribution of motor and sensory symptoms or signs. IgM-MGUS patients had prolonged distal latencies of the median and ulnar motor potentials, greater slowing of the peroneal nerve conduction velocity and more often absent ulnar sensory potentials. Half of the patients in both groups improved following immunotherapy. Conclusion - IgM-MGUS patients had more severe demyelination on the nerve conduction studies, but there were no clinical features that differentiated the 2 groups. IgM and IgG-MGUS patients improved with plasma exchange and other immune therapies. Anti-MAG antibodies failed to distinguish a subgroup of patients with IgM-MGUS neuropathy.
Multipath beamforming for UWB: channel unknown at the receiver

We study two adaptive transmission approaches that coherently combine the energy from the first several reflected paths of the ultra-wideband (UWB) channel. Thus, the signal energy at the output of a non-adaptive correlator is enhanced. The two multipath beamforming techniques, which are applicable to the DSC-UWB system in a LOS environment, suggest selecting a multilevel spreading sequence based on the signs of the first several multipath coefficients. By employing the beamforming approach, increased fluctuations in the multipath components power, are followed by an increase in the beamforming gain over m-, and single impulse sequences.
Intersibling agreement for Goldberg's big five adjective markers.

In a sample of 240 college students intersibling agreement was examined for Goldberg's 100 unipolar Big Five adjective markers. Participants showed self-enhancement by rating themselves more favorably on three of the five traits (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Culture/Intellect); however, self-ratings on Neuroticism were higher than siblings' ratings. Correlations among raters were moderate (mean r = .41) and comparable to values obtained in studies using peer ratings. The type of the sibling relationship, based on ratings of relationship quality, moderated the rank-order measures but not the mean agreement.
Spark: cluster computing with working sets

MapReduce and its variants have been highly successful in implementing large-scale data-intensive applications on commodity clusters. However, most of these systems are built around an acyclic data flow model that is not suitable for other popular applications. This paper focuses on one such class of applications: those that reuse a working set of data across multiple parallel operations. This includes many iterative machine learning algorithms, as well as interactive data analysis tools. We propose a new framework called Spark that supports these applications while retaining the scalability and fault tolerance of MapReduce. To achieve these goals, Spark introduces an abstraction called resilient distributed datasets (RDDs). An RDD is a read-only collection of objects partitioned across a set of machines that can be rebuilt if a partition is lost. Spark can outperform Hadoop by 10x in iterative machine learning jobs, and can be used to interactively query a 39 GB dataset with sub-second response time.
The International Law of Environmental Warfare: Active and Passive Damage During Times of Armed Conflict

One of the constant elements of warfare is its degrading effects on the environment. Many writers blame this destruction of the environment on inadequate standards in the international law of environmental warfare. To remedy this shortfall, the international law of environmental warfare should be categorized as either passive or active environmental warfare. Active environmental warfare requires the intentional use of the environment as a weapon of waging armed conflict. Passive environmental warfare includes acts not specifically designed to use the environment for a particular military purpose but that have a degrading effect on the environment. Passive environmental warfare violates international law only when it produces effects that are widespread, long-term, and severe. Active environmental warfare against the sustainable environment that is not de minimus violates international law per se and should not require environmental damage to reach the standard of widespread, long-tasting, and severe to be considered a violation of international law. A well-recognized differentiation between active and passive environmental warfare will help solidify the standards of state responsibility and provide increased protection for the environment.
Individual and Contextual Variables Enhance Transfer for a Workplace Eco-Driving Intervention

Abstract The adoption of energy efficient driving styles and practices, eco-driving, has been recognized in the literature as an option for reducing vehicle energy consumption. Prior eco-driving research has looked at the effectiveness of various eco-driving programs. However, the characteristics of the individuals participating in fleet eco-driving programs and the role of the supervisor as an advocate for eco-driving practices have remained relatively unexamined. An eco-driving intervention intended to increase eco-driving behaviors in a work organization was conducted with fleet drivers in three public organizations. Drawing from the workplace training literature, we hypothesized that employee eco-driving behaviors will increase after the implementation of an eco-driving intervention, but that these behaviors will be dependent on the participant’s pre-intervention motivation and support from their supervisor for implementing eco-driving practices. Survey data were collected pre- and post-intervention from 51 fleet drivers (average age 45.3 and 33% female), and results indicate that the eco-driving intervention was effective when either high levels of pre-intervention motivation or supervisor support were present.
Latino Masculinities in the Encyclopedia of Latino/a Politics, Law and Social Movements

This encyclopedia entry briefly summarizes the current foundational understandings of masculinities scholarship with a particular focus on Latino masculinities and where the limited but growing scholarship on Latino men might go in the future.
Dyspnea, Dysphonia, and Cough: Varied Presentations of Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica.

Objectives:Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is an uncommon, benign disease consisting of submucosal, osteocartilaginous nodules that project into the tracheal lumen. Far less commonly, these nodules can occur outside the tracheal cartilage. This case series discusses the wide range of symptoms and treatments of the disease.Methods:Three patients presented to the laryngology clinic with 3 varied presentations of TPO, including dyspnea, dysphonia, and cough. These patients were evaluated, subsequently diagnosed with TPO, and treated accordingly.Results:Two of the 3 patients presented with extratracheal lesions presenting in the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. The patient presenting with symptoms of dysphonia was found to have bilateral TPO exclusively within the thyroid cartilage, which has never been reported previously. After undergoing a partial thyroid cartilage resection removing the bulk of the lesion, the patient’s symptoms drastically improved.Conclusion:While TPO may be a rare diagno...
Combining Regions of Antibodies

When a mammalian organism is immunized with an antigenic determinant, a highly complex humoral immune response is induced. This consists of a large number of antibodies complementary to the antigenic determinant. Such antibodies may vary in class and subclass. Furthermore, within a single subclass, there are differences in the energy of interaction with which each antibody of the population binds the antigenic determinant. These interactions may be viewed at a single point in time, although the antibodies expressed at any one time in the immune response may be only a fraction of the number that the animal is capable of producing. Certainly, in viewing these antibodies over a period of time, there are shifts in the populations produced after the initial immunization.
The framing of value Television, user-generated content, and interactive involvement

This article investigates the relationship between the television industry and participatory audiences through a rhetoric of empowerment that frames audience engagement in particular ways. I focus on how contests based on the creation of user-generated content are utilized in the industry–audience relationship; here my primary case studies are the use of user-generated video contests for Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and The Office. I explore how these shows try to produce and harness the activity of participatory audiences. Further, I argue that an emphasis on understanding the regimes of value for participants is key to understanding these experiments in digital audience retention.
Application Research on UHVDC Technology in Asia-Europe Power Transmission Planning

In recent years, green power is keeping a accelerating expressway speed of development. It is an inexorable trend for energy consumption turning to green and electricity. UHV technology of long distance power transmission gives an excellent choice for green energy concentrated development and globally dissolvent. This paper takes the electric power transmission between Central Asia and Europe as an application case to show the technological availability of UHVDC technology for global power internet. Two possible transmission schemes are proposed, named direct transmission and relay transmission. Some important factors such as power transmission loss, voltage support ability of receiving end networks and also the security and stability of the systems are investigated. Primary study comes to a conclusion that the UHVDC technology is technologically feasible for power transmission between Europe and Central Asia. The basic approach and conclusion can be referred by long distance power transmission somewhere else.
Yifang Wang: high energy physics in China

On 8 March 2012, Yifang Wang, co-spokesperson of the Daya Bay Experiment and Director of Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, announced the discovery of a new type of neutrino oscillation with a surprisingly large mixing angle (θ13), signifying 'a milestone in neutrino research'. Now his team is heading for a new goal-to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to precisely measure oscillation parameters using the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, which is due for completion in 2020. Neutrinos are fundamental particles that play important roles in both microscopic particle physics and macroscopic universe evolution. The studies on neutrinos, for example, may answer the question why our universe consists of much more matter than antimatter. But this is not an easy task. Though they are one of the most numerous particles in the universe and zip through our planet and bodies all the time, these tiny particles are like 'ghost', difficult to be captured. There are three flavors of neutrinos, known as electron neutrino (νe), muon neutrino (νμ), and tau neutrino (ντ), and their flavors could change as they travel through space via quantum interference. This phenomenon is known as neutrino oscillation or neutrino mixing. To determine the absolute mass of each type of neutrino and find out how they mix is very challenging. In a recent interview with NSR in Beijing, Yifang Wang explained how the Daya Bay Experiment on neutrino oscillation not only addressed the frontier problem in particle physics, but also harnessed the talents and existing technology in Chinese physics community. This achievement, Wang reckons, will not be an exception in Chinese high energy physics, when appropriate funding and organization for big science projects could be efficiently realized in the future.
Abstract 3861: Ruxolitinib inhibits STAT-3 activation in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM), a primary Grade IV astrocytoma, is the most aggressive primary brain cancer in humans. Despite combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the median survival is 14 months. We and others have validated that levels of phosphorylated JAK1/2 and STAT-3 are increased in GBM tissues. When stimulated with IL-6 family members, JAK1/2 recruits and phosphorylates STAT-3. Phosphorylated STAT-3 dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus where it regulates genes involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic activity and immunosuppression. Elevated JAK/STAT activation is generated through an increase in IL-6 family cytokines as well as a decrease in JAK/STAT-3 negative regulators. To therapeutically inhibit the JAK/STAT-3 pathway in GBM we employed ruxolitinib, an FDA approved JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor. Human GBM cell lines U87-MG and U251-MG, as well as patient derived GBM xenograft lines JX6 and JX12, were treated with ruxolitinib in doses ranging from 0.01 to 10 μM. Ruxolitinib was observed to inhibit STAT-3 activation in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of U87-MG and U251-MG cells with ruxolitinib inhibited stimulus-induced STAT-3 activation and downstream gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Future studies will examine ruxolitinib effects on migration, invasion, apoptosis and proliferation in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate the potential for ruxolitinib therapy for GBM patients. Citation Format: Samuel Fehling, Braden McFarland, Etty Benveniste. Ruxolitinib inhibits STAT-3 activation in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3861.
Vortex Formation In Ocean Currents

The linear instability of surface currents is investigated, with the purpose of assessing the effect of the free surface on the form of the instability waves. The equations of motion and continuity are linearized around the time-average flow, assumed to have a self-similar form, and by considering wavy perturbations, the dispersion relation of the flow is obtained relating the frequency and wavenumber of the instability waves. The dispersion relation is solved for numerically to give the frequency as a function of the wavenumber. A range of unstable wavenumbers is found. The instability is of the convective type, in the sense that any localized perturbation will propagate outside any finite region. Consequently spatially growing perturbations are possible, which are determined numerically, using an iterative procedure. It is shown that even though the presence of the free surface has thus very little influence on the dispersion relation, which is almost identical to the one in unbounded fluid, it drastically alters the form of the instability wave by destroying the axisymmetry of the flow. As a result, the instability modes are not helical as in unbounded fluid, but are symmetric around the centerplane of the current, and cause fluid motion parallel to the ocean surface. Upper views of the instability modes are reminiscent of two-dimensional instability waves, even though the flow has been assumed equally sheared in all directions.
The ontogeny, phyllotactic diversity, and discontinuous transitions of Diphasiastrum digitatum (Lycopodiaceae)

Premise of the study Fibonacci phyllotactic patterns in seed plants are well documented, but whether such predominance holds true for lower vascular plants is relatively unknown. We investigated Diphasiastrum digitatum (Lycopodiaceae) phyllotaxis throughout its ontogeny to extend our knowledge of pattern frequency of lower vascular plants and to measure quantitative variables associated with discontinuous phyllotactic transitions. These investigations allowed us to test whether the same mechanisms inherent in shoot apical meristem (SAM) development of seed plants are applicable to early-diverged lower vascular plants SAM development. Methods Divergence angle, plastochron ratio, leaf insertion angle, circumferential ratio, radial ratio, half conic angle, area, circumference, and circularity of the shoot apical meristem were compared among different phyllotactic patterns and different meristem types observed throughout D. digitatum ontogeny, using scanning electron microscopy. Key results Fibonacci patterns were not predominant during six stages of D. digitatum ontogeny. In all five cases of discontinuous transition associated with strobili formation, divergence angle was the only variable that has changed consistently. Conclusions The predominance of non-Fibonacci patterns/series in D. digitatum is inconsistent with the prediction of interpretive model of phyllotaxis. We hypothesize this is because its SAM, due to its frequent dichotomy, is not circular and primordia initiation is restricted spatially and temporally at the beginning of pattern formation. Change in divergence angle associated with discontinuous transitions is most likely due to the change of the location of new auxin maxima, due to the change of SAM shape and size.
Impact of photovoltaic generation on load characteristics in distribution network

Access to the power system with different proportions and different locations, the impact of distributed photovoltaic power on the load characteristics in distribution network can not be ignored. Based on the establishment of typical IEEE 14 node distribution network, the impact of photovoltaic power generation system on composite load characteristics, with different capacity ratios, different locations, was studied. Matlab system simulation analysis showed that the distribution network load characteristics suffered the photovoltaic power generation system greatly with the increasing capacity ratios. Under different locations, the impact of photovoltaic power generation system on the distribution network is relevant with the location of common connection point (PCC) and size of the slip load. The more PCC nears the end of the distribution network and the smaller slip load, the greater comprehensive load characteristics suffers. At the same time, the influence of capacity is apparently greater than that of location, and plays a dominant role in the factors.
Fall Detection with Orientation Calibration Using a Single Motion Sensor

Falls are a major threat for senior citizens living independently. Sensor technologies and fall detection algorithms have emerged as a reliable, low-cost solution for this issue. We proposed a sensor orientation calibration algorithm to better address the uncertainty issue faced by fall detection algorithms in real world applications. We conducted controlled experiments of simulated fall events and non-fall activities on student subjects. We evaluated our proposed algorithm using sequence matching based machine learning approaches on five different body positions. The algorithm achieved an F-measure of 90 to 95% in detecting falls. Sensors worn as necklace pendants or in chest pockets performed best.
Infections of the Spine

Infections of the spinal column can be devastating, posing a risk for neurologic compromise and structural instability. Spinal infections appear to be rising in frequency, and as the virulence of organisms rises (e.g., due to antibiotic resistance), so too does the destruction they cause. Rapid identification and treatment of spinal infections is important. This can be aided by having a high degree of suspicion. This chapter discusses the risk factors, clinical presentation, laboratory and radiographic findings, and medical and surgical treatment options for spinal infections.
The Loss of Binary: Pushing the Herpesvirus Latency Paradigm

Herpesvirus latency has been viewed as a binary state where replication is either on or off. During latency, gene expression is thought to be restricted to non-coding RNAs or very few proteins so that the virus avoids detection by the immune system. However, a number of recent studies across herpesvirus families call into question the existence of a binary switch for latency and suggest that latency is far more dynamic than originally presumed. These studies are the focus of this review. Highly sensitive and global approaches to investigate viral gene expression in the context of latency have revealed low-level viral transcripts and in some cases protein, from each of the three kinetic gene classes during the latent alpha and beta herpesvirus infection either in vitro or in vivo. Further, low-level, asymptomatic virus shedding persists following acute infection. Together, these findings have raised questions about how silent the latent infection truly is. Emerging evidence suggests that viral gene expression associated with latent states may be broader and more dynamic than originally presumed during herpesvirus latency. This is an important possibility to consider in understanding the molecular programs associated with the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation of herpesvirus latency. Here, we review these findings and detail how they contribute to the emergence of a biphasic model of reactivation.
Diel timing of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) activity revealed by satellite tags in the Laurentian Great Lake Basin

Abstract Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are slow-growing and long-lived residents of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, making them vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors. The behavior of lake sturgeon, and how it may result in conflict with human activities, remain incompletely understood. Our goal was to describe how environmental conditions, such as depth, temperature, and time of day, influence lake sturgeon activity. Data were recorded using pop-up archival satellite tags, which have provided insight into the ecology, physiology, and behavior of challenging to study marine megafauna, yet are rarely deployed within freshwater ecosystems despite parallel research needs. Adult lake sturgeon were fitted with satellite tags containing integrated accelerometers near spawning grounds in the Niagara River between Canada and the United States. We used the time-series of acceleration in recovered tags to test the hypothesis that lake sturgeon exhibit diel activity cycles in situ. We defined activity as acceleration greater than two standard deviations from a running average. We applied this classification to partial records obtained from satellite transmission, an approach that can render incomplete datasets a useable product for analysis. Lake sturgeon were most active nocturnally with a significant mean at 22:32 h. Generalized linear mixed-effect models showed temperature and time of day to be significant predictors of activity. Temporal cycles of fish activity should be understood and could be exploited to reduce human-fish conflict in the increasingly altered waterways of the globe.
Spatio-temporal variability of ichthyoplankton and its relationship with oceanographic conditions at the shelf break off Chilean Patagonia (43°S–51°S)

Larval fish composition and abundance have been studied in fjords of south Patagonia. However, the ichthyoplankton of the adjacent shelf and slope waters of the Pacific Ocean, which is an important...
Artificial Intelligence as an Experimental Science

For many centuries the physical sciences have improved our understanding of the natural world through observation and experimentation. Although artificial intelligence (AI) does not focus on the same phenomena, there is no compelling reason to believe that the same methods will not work here as well. Although this study is largely a description, from one perspective, of how AI research is presently carried out, it is also a prescription (again from one perspective) of how AI can be more productive.
Co-simulation of hardware RTL and software system using FMI

Software-hardware co-design enabled with co-simulation is useful for building embedded computing systems. Indispensable to design is developing hardware and software simulation models at appropriate abstraction levels. Toward this goal, this paper presents a study of combined Register-Transfer-Level (RTL) and software system modeling. Specifically, composition of hardware and software models is proposed and a co-simulation environment to simulate the models is developed. The hardware and software parts of a prototypical Network on Chip (NoC) system are modeled and simulated. The hardware part is specified at RTL level using the DEVS Suite Simulator and the software part defined as a MATLAB script. A Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) is developed for the DEVS-Suite Simulator to support hardware and software model coupling and co-simulation. This study details a modular development of hardware and software models executing on disparate environments instead of employing a monolithic modeling method supported with a monolithic simulation engine.
Through the Grapevine: Informational Consequences of Interpersonal Political Communication

Much of the US public acquires political information socially. However, the consequences of acquiring information from others instead of the media are under-explored. I conduct a “telephone-game” experiment to examine how information changes as it flows from official reports to news outlets to other people, finding that social information is empirically different from news articles. In a second experiment on a nationally representative sample, I randomly assign participants to read a news article or a social message about that article generated in Study 1. Participants exposed to social information learned significantly less than participants who were exposed to the news article. However, individuals exposed to information from someone who is like-minded and knowledgeable learned the same objective facts as those who received information from the media. Although participants learned the same factual information from these ideal informants as they did from the media, they had different subjective evaluations.
Zumba in the Postindustrial Midwest: Minority Women and Access to Physical Fitness

Historically, minority women have had limited access to health care resources. Healthy People 2020 identified the promotion of activity and wellness as a key for eliminating heath disparities in ethnic minorities, as minority women are not significant consumers of exercise programming. This study explored participation of a sample of underserved African American women in an individualized Zumba exercise program. The underserved sample was taken from a postindustrial Midwestern city. Participants (n = 35, M age = 45.75) completed a 4-month aerobic intervention program offered through an accessible gym. At program completion, they responded to a semistructured survey that gauged reasons for participation, perceived enjoyment, and effectiveness. In addition, the survey prompted recommendations and suggestions for future programming. Low cost and entertainment aspects were the most commonly cited reasons for participation. Most participants found the program enjoyable and effective and expressed interest for participating in similar events in the future.Subscribe to TPE
Suzuki coupling-based synthesis of VATPase inhibitor archazolid natural product derived fragments

An archazolid natural product fragment that displays dose-dependent inhibition of the vacuolar-type ATPase (VATPase) has been synthesized by a high-yielding Suzuki coupling of two complex subunits. Similarly, a further simplified fragment was prepared and evaluated for VATPase inhibitory activity. This compound did inhibit the VATPase, as evidenced by growth inhibition of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings, however at approximately 10× lower potency than the more complex fragment. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibition was not observed for either fragment.
WWW Fill-Out Forms

During “normal” operation, a WWW browser requests a file/page from a WWW server. Upon receipt, the browser renders the page to the user in a manner consistent with the file format. For example, documents containing HTML markup tags are rendered according to those tags.
Service Performance Tests on the Mobile Edge Computing Platform: Challenges and Opportunities

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a fast growing research area that may soon offer alternate service platforms to the clients over today’s Cloud Computing vendors (e.g., Amazon AWS, Google Cloud, or Microsoft Azure, etc.). And when the MEC services are ready and available, just like when Cloud Computing services were presented to the “On-Premises” server clients, despite available research data on compatibility, business owners and engineers will still have to practically implement and host their applications to the MEC servers, measure performance and be convinced first that MEC services can withstand the real users load without any performance degradation or disruption before finally making the switch. In this paper, we first discuss how today’s “On-Premises” server–clients conduct performance analysis before switching to the Cloud computing vendors, discuss the differences between the Cloud computing and MEC paradigms and then we try to envision the challenges and opportunities that may unfold for the performance tests on the future MEC service platforms.
Dynamic effects of macroeconomic policies on categories of emerging markets’ capital inflows

ABSTRACTUsing panel and country-specific structural vector autoregressions, this paper analyzes the dynamic and size effects of the US monetary policy shock as well as domestic monetary and exchang...
Adaptations in reward-related behaviors and mesolimbic dopamine function during motherhood and the postpartum period.

Abstract Initiation and maintenance of maternal behavior is driven by a complex interaction between the physiology of parturition and offspring stimulation, causing functional changes in maternal brain and behavior. Maternal behaviors are among the most robust and rewarding motivated behaviors. Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system alterations during pregnancy and the postpartum enable enhanced reward-related responses to offspring stimuli. Here, we review behavioral evidence demonstrating postpartum rodents exhibit a bias towards pups and pup-related stimuli in reward-related tasks. Next, we provide an overview of normative adaptations in the mesolimbic DA system induced by parturition and the postpartum, which likely mediate shifts in offspring valence. We also discuss a causal link between dopaminergic dysfunction and disrupted maternal behaviors, which are recapitulated in postpartum depression (PPD) and relevant rodent models. In sum, mesolimbic DA system activation drives infant-seeking behavior and strengthens the mother-infant bond, potentially representing a therapeutic target for reward-related deficits in PPD.
A 1.5 kW Radio-Frequency Tunable Matching Network Based on Phase-Switched Impedance Modulation

Dynamically-tunable impedance matching is a key feature in numerous radio-frequency (RF) applications at high frequencies (10 s of MHz) and power levels (100s–1000 s of Watts and above). This work develops techniques that enable the design of high power tunable matching networks (TMN) that can be tuned orders of magnitude faster than with conventional tunable impedance matching techniques, while realizing the high power levels required for many industrial applications. This is achieved by leveraging an emerging technique – known as phase-switched impedance modulation (PSIM), which involves switching passive elements at the rf operating frequency – that has previously been demonstrated at rf frequencies at up to a few hundred Watts. In this paper, we develop design approaches that enable it to be practically used at up to many kilowatts of power at frequencies in the 10 s of MHz. A detailed analysis of the factors affecting the losses as well as the tradeoffs of a basic PSIM-based element is provided. Furthermore, it is shown how incorporating additional stages to the PSIM-based element, including impedance scaling and / or the addition of series or shunt passive elements, influences the losses and enables the efficient processing of high power levels given the limitations of available switches. A PSIM-based TMN that matches load impedances to 50 $\,\Omega$ and delivers up to 1.5 kW of power at frequencies centered around 13.56 MHz is implemented and tested over a load impedance range suitable for various industrial plasma processes.
Trends in Acute Pain Management for Renal Colic in the Emergency Department at a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center.

Introduction: Renal colic secondary to kidney stone disease is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits and often leads to patients receiving narcotic medications. The objective of this...
Philopatry at the frontier: A demographically driven scenario for the evolution of multilevel societies in baboons (Papio).

Abstract The baboons (Papio sp.) exhibit marked interspecies variation in social behavior. The thesis presented here argues, first, that male philopatry is a crucial factor, arguably the crucial factor, underlying the other distinctive features (one-male units, multilevel society) shared by hamadryas and Guinea baboons, but not other species of Papio. The second suggestion is that male philopatry as a population norm was not an adaptation to a particular habitat or set of ecological circumstances but evolved in the common ancestor of hamadryas and Guinea baboons as a response to natural selection in the demographic context peculiar to the frontier of a rapidly expanding population. Other derived features of social structure (male-male tolerance, some facultative female dispersal) subsequently evolved to accommodate male philopatry. The mitochondrial genetic population structure of extant baboons preserves a footprint of the initial expansion of ‘modern’ Papio. Immediately after the expansion, male-philopatric, multilevel populations with a general physical and behavioral resemblance to Guinea baboons occupied the whole northern hemisphere range of the genus. Behavioral and physical autapomorphies of hamadryas baboons evolved in a subpopulation of this ancestral northern base, in response to a less productive habitat of the Horn of Africa. Subsequently, ancestral olive baboons ‘reinvented’ male dispersal. They and yellow baboons, another male-dispersing species, then replaced most of the male-philopatric northern populations, by male-driven introgression and nuclear swamping.
Nanocrystal-Sensitized Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion in a Microcavity under Subsolar Flux

Infrared-to-visible photon upconversion could benefit applications such as photovoltaics, infrared sensing, and bioimaging. Solid-state upconversion based on triplet exciton annihilation sensitized by nanocrystals is one of the most promising approaches, albeit limited by relatively weak optical absorption. Here, we integrate the upconverting layers into a Fabry-Perot microcavity with quality factor Q = 75. At the resonant wavelength λ = 980 nm, absorption increases 74-fold and we observe a 227-fold increase in the intensity of upconverted emission. The threshold excitation intensity is reduced by 2 orders of magnitude to a subsolar flux of 13 mW/cm2. We measure an external quantum efficiency of 0.06 ± 0.01% and a 2.2-fold increase in the generation yield of upconverted photons. Our work highlights the potential of triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion in low-intensity sensing applications and demonstrates the importance of photonic designs in addition to materials engineering to improve the efficiency of solid-state upconversion.
Material Scientists: Learning the Importance of Colour and Brightness from Lithic Practitioners

In this paper, I present Ethiopia's Boreda lithic practitioners’ perception of knapping stone as a living vital being and how it informs their selection of colourful stones and transmission of knowledge to apprentices. In particular, lithic practitioners select stones which are perceived to exhibit evidence of their vitality in the form of light and choose particular colours of stone for their association with transformation and community identity. Furthermore, elders use these attributes of stone to assist apprentices in learning to identify good-quality parent material, ensuring longevity of a tool's life.
Data Sharing Attitudes and Practices in the Plant Sciences: Results from a Mixed Method Study

Data sharing attitudes and practices of the faculty of the plant sciences departments at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities were explored in a mixed method study consisting of an online survey...