cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tribulations of a stateless European child in his discovery of America and his thorny path to protein thermodynamics

Publisher Summary Serge N. Timasheff was born on April 7, 1926. At European Remote Radio Laboratory (ERRL), he was assigned to the section led by Brooks Brice, a specialist in physical optics, who had developed the then standard instruments for measuring light scattering and differential refractometry. Serge N. Timasheff had the position of Head of the Physical Chemistry Unit, which consisted of him and an associate, Bob Townend. Serge N. Timasheff chose to work on β-lactoglobulin which is a component of milk. Together with Bob Townend, who had great dexterity in the laboratory, he characterized fully the self-association properties of the genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin by velocity sedimentation. Conclusions were verified by light scattering. It was noticed earlier that the results could be analyzed only if the protein was a mixture of two species, one which could self-associate and the other which could not. Aschaffenburg's discovery of two genetic variants of protein, β-lg A and B, permitted them to identify A as the self-associating species, while B was close to inert.
Modification of Weight Bias: Examining the Effects of Social Influence on the Expession of Anti-Fat Attitudes

Robert Carels, Ph.D., Advisor Widespread implicit and explicit bias and discrimination based on weight have been documented in many key areas of life. The objective of this study was to test the effects of different types of influences on the expression of stereotypes towards people who are obese. Participants included 158 undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. In three conditions (fourth was a control), participants completed measures of attitudes towards people who are obese prior to and after receiving manipulated feedback depicting attitudes of others (anonymously or non-anonymously) or scientific information about the base rates of these traits in the obese population. This study compared bias levels between a non-anonymous (Public Feedback) and anonymous feedback conditions. It also compared participants’ attitude change in the social feedback conditions with a trait prevalence feedback condition. These changes were examined for both explicit and implicit attitudes and participants’ motivations for potential attitude change were also assessed. Results indicated that explicit beliefs are influenced more when people perceive that others’ views are inconsistent with their own in a non-anonymous setting than an anonymous one. Trait prevalence information was less effective than nonanonymous feedback but more effective than the anonymous condition in reducing negative biases. Implicit anti-fat biases were quite evident and more resistant to change than explicit beliefs. Thus, people are sensitive to the views of others when expressing opinions about groups of others, especially when this expression occurs in a public setting. Perceived opinions of others may slightly influence internal, automatic reactions to people who are obese as well.
Binding and activation of major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient macrophages by staphylococcal exotoxins

Macrophages from C2D transgenic mice deficient in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins were used to identify binding sites for superantigens distinct from the MHC class II molecule. Iodinated staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB) and exfoliative toxins A and B (ETA and ETB) bound to C2D macrophages in a concentration-dependent and competitive manner. All four toxins increased F-actin concentration within 30 s of their addition to C2D macrophages, indicating that signal transduction occurred in response to toxin in the absence of class II MHC. Furthermore, ETA, ETB, SEA, and, to a lesser extent, SEB induced C2D macrophages to produce interleukin 6. Several molecular species on C2D macrophages with molecular masses of 140, 97, 61, 52, 43, and 37 kDa bound SEA in immunoprecipitation experiments. These data indicate the presence of novel, functionally active toxin binding sites on murine macrophages distinct from MHC class II molecules.
Relationships of posttraumatic stress symptoms and sleep measures to cognitive performance in young-adult African Americans.

Disturbed sleep is a prominent feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD and disrupted sleep have been independently linked to cognitive deficits; however, synergistic effects of PTSD and poor sleep on cognition have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PTSD symptoms and objectively measured disruptions to sleep on cognitive function. Forty-four young-adult African American urban residents comprised the study sample. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995) was utilized to determine the severity of PTSD symptoms. Participants underwent 2 consecutive nights of polysomnography. The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (Reeves, Winter, Bleiberg, & Kang, 2007) was utilized to assess sustained attention and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (Schmidt, 1996) was used to evaluate verbal memory. PTSD symptom severity, r(42) = .40, p = .007, was significantly associated with omission errors on the sustained attention task, and sleep duration, r(42) = .41, p = .006, and rapid eye movement sleep, r(42) = .43, p = .003, were positively correlated with verbal memory. There was an interaction of PTSD symptom severity and sleep duration on omission errors such that more than 7 hours 12 minutes of sleep mitigated attentional lapses that were associated with PTSD. Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS 標題：非裔美國年輕人中創傷後壓力症和睡眠測量與認知表現的關係 撮要：睡眠困擾是創傷後壓力左(PTSD)的顯著病癥。PTSD和睡眠問題各自與認知受損有關，但PTSD和失眠對認知的協同效應則未有探討。本研究檢視PTSD症狀的影響和客觀地量度睡眠困擾對認知功能的效果。樣本是53名非裔美國年輕市區居民。醫生施行PTSD量表(CAPS)測量PTSD症狀的嚴重程度，而參加者亦會連續兩晚接受多重睡眠電圖測試。持續注意力會採用自動化神經心理評估指標來評核，而雷伊聽覺言語學習測試則評定言語記憶。PTSD症狀的嚴重程度 r(42)= .40, p= .007統計上顯著與持續注意力任務的遺漏錯誤相連，而睡眠持續時間r(42)= .41, p= .006和快速眼動睡眠r(42)= .43, p= .003均與言語記憶有正相連。PTSD症狀嚴重程度和睡眠持續時間對遺漏錯誤有相互影響，以致多於7小時12分的睡眠可減輕與PTSD相關的注意力失誤。 标题：非裔美国年轻人中创伤后压力症和睡眠测量与认知表现的关系 撮要：睡眠困扰是创伤后压力左(PTSD)的显著病症。PTSD和睡眠问题各自与认知受损有关，但PTSD和失眠对认知的协同效应则未有探讨。本研究检视PTSD症状的影响和客观地量度睡眠困扰对认知功能的效果。样本是53名非裔美国年轻市区居民。医生施行PTSD量表(CAPS)测量PTSD症状的严重程度，而参加者亦会连续两晚接受多重睡眠电图测试。持续注意力会采用自动化神经心理评估指标来评核，而雷伊听觉言语学习测试则评定言语记忆。PTSD症状的严重程度 r(42)= .40, p= .007统计上显著与持续注意力任务的遗漏错误相连，而睡眠持续时间r(42)= .41, p= .006和快速眼动睡眠r(42)= .43, p= .003均与言语记忆有正相连。PTSD症状严重程度和睡眠持续时间对遗漏错误有相互影响，以致多于7小时12分的睡眠可减轻与PTSD相关的注意力失误。
Traffic noise masks acoustic signals of freshwater stream fish

In order for an acoustic signal to be an effective source of communication, the signal must be successfully detected and interpreted by the intended receiver. One potential barrier to acoustic communication is background noise. Lotic systems contain a wide variety of habitats including riffles, shoals and waterfalls that can become quite noisy. The increasing prevalence of road and train crossings over small streams, and increased boat traffic in navigable rivers and lentic systems also presents potential anthropogenic noise sources with which vocal fishes did not evolve. The present study investigates the relationship between vocalizations and the natural soundscape of a common fish of the Southeastern United States, the Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta), and the potential effects anthropogenic noise from bridge crossings may have on the soundscape and acoustic communication in this species. Results revealed a particularly close association of a quiet window in the natural soundscape of C. venusta and dominant frequencies of the courtship vocalization of C. venusta. Results also indicated that C. venusta’s acoustic signals propagate short distances, following predictions based on the calculated cutoff frequency of the streams they inhabit, and were masked by noise generated from bridge crossings. Our calculations suggest that road traffic noise propagates to an extent that virtually entire watersheds are impacted by this noise pollution, especially in urban areas.
Second Law Optimization of a Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage System With a Distributed Storage Element—Part 1: Development of the Analytical Model

This paper explores the behavior of a flat- slab, sensible heat thermal energy storage system, the physical design and operation of which have been optimized to minimize the production of entropy by thermodynamic irreversibilities. Unlike many previous studies, the present work includes the entropy production by transient heat conduction within the storage element; that is, the analytical model is based on a distributed, as opposed to a lumped, storage element. The work is presented in two parts. The development of the analytical model required to compute the figure of merit, which is called the entropy generation number, in terms of the design and operational parameters of the system is presented.
Is the Acceleration of Anomalous Cosmic Rays affected by the Geometry of the Termination Shock

Historically, anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) were thought to be accelerated at the solar-wind termination shock (TS) by the diffusive shock acceleration process. When Voyager 1 crossed the TS in 2004, the measured ACR spectra did not match the theoretical prediction of a continuous power law, and the source of the high-energy ACRs was not observed. When the Voyager 2 crossed the TS in 2007, it produced similar results. Several possible explanations have since appeared in the literature, but we follow the suggestion that ACRs are still accelerated at the shock, only away from the Voyager crossing points. To investigate this hypothesis closer, we study ACR acceleration using a three-dimensional, non-spherical model of the heliosphere that is axisymmetric with respect to the interstellar flow direction. We then compare the results with those obtained for a spherical TS. A semi-analytic model of the plasma and magnetic field backgrounds is developed to permit an investigation over a wide range of parameters under controlled conditions. The model is applied to helium ACRs, whose phase-space trajectories are stochastically integrated backward in time until a pre-specified, low-energy boundary, taken to be 0.5 MeV n?1 (the so-called injection energy), is reached. Our results show that ACR acceleration is quite efficient on the heliotail-facing part of the TS. For small values of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient, our model yields a positive intensity gradient between the TS and about midway through the heliosheath, in agreement with the Voyager observations.
Fungal Infections in Solid-Organ Transplantation

Fungal infections following solid-organ transplantation remain a major cause of morbidity and death. Their incidence ranges from 5% among recipients of kidney transplants to as high as 40% among recipients of liver transplants. Species of Candida and Aspergillus account for more than 80% of fungal episodes. Moreover, more than 80% of fungal infections occur within the first 2 months after transplantation, with a resulting mortality of 30%-100%. The pathogenesis of infection and the risk factors involved depend on the type of transplant and the infecting microorganism. Cyclosporine has not significantly reduced the incidence or severity of fungal infections in this population. The value of surveillance cultures and fungal antigen detection in solid-organ transplant recipients remains to be determined. Amphotericin B is still a first-line drug, but its potential nephrotoxicity makes its use problematic, especially in renal transplant recipients. Fluconazole is a potential alternative for the treatment of infections due to Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans. The role of antifungal compounds in the prophylaxis of fungal infection in recipients of solid-organ transplants needs to be established.
The distribution of axon collaterals from the olfactory bulb and the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band to the olfactory cortex, demonstrated by double retrograde labeling techniques

Three different pairs of double retrograde axonal tracers have been used to study the distribution of axon collaterals from individual cells in the olfactory bulb and the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band: (1) horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and tritiated apo-HRP (3H-HRP), (2) HRP and 125I-wheat germ agglutinin (I-WGA), and (3) the flurochromes true blue (TB) and bisbenzimide (BB) or nuclear yellow (NY). With each combination of tracers, paired injections were made into different parts of the olfactory system, and the olfactory bulb and the nucleus of the diagonal band were examined for the presence and arrangement of cells labeled with one or both retrograde tracers. In the olfactory bulb both single and double retrogradely labeled mitral cells were found following injections in disparate parts of the olfactory cortex. Furthermore, no consistent pattern was found in the distribution of single- or double-labeled cells in the olfactory bulb; that is, the distribution of cells labeled from one area of the cortex was not consistently different from the distribution of cells labeled from other parts of the cortex. Therefore, it was concluded that individual mitral cells project to widely spaced parts of the olfactory cortex, and that there is no apparent correspondence between the location of a given cell in the olfactory bulb and the distribution of its axon in the cortex. In contrast to this, cells in the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band were only rarely double-labeled from nonoverlapping injections into the olfactory cortex or olfactory bulb, although overlapping injections produced a high proportion of double-labeled cells. Cells which were single-labeled from different injection sites were extensively intermixed within the nucleus. Therefore, in this case it was concluded that individual cells project to relatively restricted areas, although there was again no apparent correspondence between the position of a cell in the nucleus and the terminal field of its axon.
The firecracker protocol

We propose the Firecracker protocol for data dissemination in wireless sensor networks. Firecracker uses a combination of routing and broadcasts to rapidly deliver a piece of data to every node in a network. To start dissemination, the data source sends data to distant points in the network. Once the data reaches its destinations, broadcast-based dissemination begins along the paths, like a string of firecrackers.By using an initial routing phase, Firecracker can disseminate at a faster rate than scalable broadcasts while sending fewer packets. The selection of points to route to has a large effect on performance, indicating possible requirements for any-to-any routing protocols in wireless sensor networks.
Rules for the Energy Gap and Critical Field of Superconductors

Two simple empirical rules are given by which to characterize the energy gap and critical field of most superconductors: for the reduced energy gap $\ensuremath{\delta}$, ${[\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}(T)}{\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)}]}^{2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}=cos(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}{t}^{2}}{2}),$ where $t=\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$; and for the reduced critical field $h$, $h+{D}_{0}sin\ensuremath{\pi}h=1\ensuremath{-}{t}^{2},$ where ${D}_{0}$ is the maximum deviation from a parabola. An improved method of extrapolating critical-field data to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is described.
Cognitive and psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder with and without psychosis during early remission from an acute mood episode: A comparative longitudinal study

Background The current investigation aimed to extend previous findings, which linked psychosis in bipolar disorder (BD) to cognitive impairment during hospital discharge and readmission, by examining the recovery of patients with psychosis who were not re-hospitalized. The study compared mood, cognitive and functional outcomes in patients who had, versus had not, experienced psychosis during a recent psychiatric hospitalization. The hypothesis was that patients admitted to the hospital with psychosis would exhibit more residual symptoms, greater cognitive deficits, and lower psychosocial functioning than patients who presented to care without psychosis. Group differences were expected to emerge both at the time of hospital discharge and at a 3-month follow up.
Remindings and their effects in learning a text editor

How can learning in text-editing be characterized? Much recent work has focused on the use of analogies from prior experience. In this paper, we investigate the retrievals of earlier experiences within the editor and how they might be used by analogy to accomplish the task and learn the editor. An experiment is presented that demonstrates the effects of these “remindings” on performance. In addition, some possible determinants of these remindings are investigated. This experiment points out the need to consider not only the general form of instruction, but also the specifics of the instructional sequence as well. Irrelevant aspects of the task may have strong effects on performance. We consider three teaching techniques, designed to take advantage of these effects in different ways.
Invasive Bacterial Pathogens Exploit TLR-Mediated Downregulation of Tight Junction Components to Facilitate Translocation across the Epithelium

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are members of the normal human nasal microbiota with the ability to cause invasive infections. Bacterial invasion requires translocation across the epithelium; however, mechanistic understanding of this process is limited. Examining the epithelial response to murine colonization by S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, we observed the TLR-dependent downregulation of claudins 7 and 10, tight junction components key to the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. When modeled in vitro, claudin downregulation was preceded by upregulation of SNAIL1, a transcriptional repressor of tight junction components, and these phenomena required p38 MAPK and TGF-β signaling. Consequently, downregulation of SNAIL1 expression inhibited bacterial translocation across the epithelium. Furthermore, disruption of epithelial barrier integrity by claudin 7 inhibition in vitro or TLR stimulation in vivo promoted bacterial translocation. These data support a general mechanism for epithelial opening exploited by invasive pathogens to facilitate movement across the epithelium to initiate disease.
Oxide interfaces: Instrumental insights

A powerful new set of tools combining artificial synthesis and in situ characterization of correlated oxides unites the processes of materials discovery and understanding, and reveals the origin of a dimensionality-induced metal–insulator transition.
Surface active properties of combinations of soap and lime soap dispersing agents

Surface tension versus log concentration curves were obtained for combinations of a variety of lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA) with sodium oleate. Salient features of the curves for these mixtures were: (a) criticial micelle concentration (CMC) close to that for LSDA alone; (b) absence of a surface tension minimum or substantial reduction in the minimum, which was often found with LSDA alone; (c) surface tension values above the CMC very close to those found for soap alone above its CMC; and (d) slope below the CMC greater than that for soap alone, more like that for soap with alkali added or lime soap dispersing agent alone. Higher CMC values were confirmed by dye solubilization measurements. The surface tension curves provided further evidence for the mixed micellar nature of soap-LSDA mixtures and suggested that the addition of LSDA to soap increased the surface concentration of surfactant.
Choices for comparative analysis: DQ analysis or exaggeration?

Abstract Comparative analysis is the problem of determining how and why the behaviour of a system will change when its structure is changed. Like qualitative simulation, comparative analysis does not require precise quantitative information and can be used to produce explanations. This paper analyses two techniques for solving comparative analysis problems: differential qualitative (DQ) analysis and exaggeration. The techniques are shown to be complementary. Since DQ analysis is sound, it only produces correct answers. While exaggeration is only a heuristic technique, it solves a greater variety of problems than does DQ analysis. Together, they solve many problems correctly.
PARASITOLOGY AS AN INTERPRETIVE TOOL IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Parasitological studies of archaeological sites can be used to interpret past behavior and living conditions. During the 1980s problem-oriented research into prehistoric- and historical-period parasitism developed and resulted in the field of archaeoparasitology. Archaeoparasitology attempts to integrate parasite data into archaeological theory and interpretation. Within the last decade, four major archaeoparasitological laboratories emerged. They developed interpretive frameworks that apply parasitological data to a remarkable variety of prehistoric behaviors. Parasite remains can be used to reconstruct aspects of diet, health, and other behaviors such as transhumance and trade. Finally, analysis of the distribution of parasite remains can be used to interpret aspects of site-formation processes.
An approximation method for the solution of diffusion and related problems

An approximation method is introduced which enables a number of diffusion-type problems to be solved in an approximate but simple manner. Many cases require only the solution of a simple first-order differential equation. The method is applied to a number of cases in which the exact solutions are available. A comparison shows that the method is quite satisfactory in these cases. The method is applied to diffusion problems with rate of consumption proportional to concentration or to the square of the concentration. In the latter case, the result obtained is essentially the same as that found by H. G. Landau (1950) after elaborate calculations.
Moments of Estimated Input Power for Finite Sample Averages of Radar Receiver Outputs

Closed-form solutions for all the estimated power moments as a function of the number of independent samples were found for the linear and logarithmic receiver. Incoming signal envelope distribution is assumed to be Rayleigh. The estimates' expected value and standard deviations are plotted and compared with those of a square-law receiver. It is shown that the bias in the expected value for both receivers depends on the number of samples. Only when the number of samples is large does the bias become constant, and the standard deviation around the unbiased mean becomes inversely proportional to the square root of the number of samples. The logarithmic receiver produces the largest standard deviation. When the input samples are dependent, an expansion of the method is suggested to obtain approximate moments.
Congenital bladder diverticulum causing bladder outlet obstruction: case report and review of the literature

Reports of acute urinary retention caused by obstruction from a congenital bladder diverticulum are rarely found in the literature: to date, only ten such cases have been reported. We describe a 3-month-old boy whose urinary retention could be traced to such a cause and describe a minimally traumatic reconstructive technique.
SEASONAL TRADEOFFS IN REPRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT IN A MULTI-BROODED PASSERINE

Abstract. Because investment in eggs is costly for birds, a female's body condition is expected to influence that investment. Moreover, resource availability can fluctuate by year, and older and younger females may acquire or allocate resources differently. Additionally, in multi-brooded species, females may make tradeoffs in investment in first and second clutches. Because environmental conditions often change through the breeding season and early maturity of second broods can increase females' fitness, patterns of females' allocation to each clutch may change with the season. Here, we investigate associations between females' quality (body condition and age) and pre-hatching investment (clutch size, average egg mass per clutch, and total clutch mass) in adults of the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis), a multi-brooded cavity-nesting passerine. In the two years of the study, relationships differed; in 2003, females that were heavier relative to their body size produced larger eggs and invested in greater o...
Tracheal occlusion reverses the high impedance to flow in the fetal pulmonary circulation and normalizes its physiological response to oxygen at full term

Abstract Purpose: The authors hypothesized that in utero tracheal occlusion would reverse the high impedance to pulmonary blood flow associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and normalize the fetal physiological response to oxygen at term. Methods: Three experimental groups were studied. Six fetal lambs (CDH group) underwent creation of a left CDH at 80 days' gestation, an additional six fetal lambs underwent left CDH creation at 80 days' gestation followed by fetal tracheal occlusion performed at 108 days' gestation (CDH + TO group), and four control fetal lambs (control group) underwent a sham procedure at 80 days gestation. All lambs were followed up at 2-week intervals by pulse wave Doppler echocardiography. At each time-point the pulsatility index (PI) was calculated for the left branch pulmonary artery from the Doppler blood velocity waveform. Near term (term, 145 days gestation) at 136 days gestation, measurements were repeated under maternal normoxia and hyperoxia. The fetal lungs were harvested and processed for morphometric analysis by radial alveolar counts (RAC) and lung-to-body-weight ratios (LBWR) as measures of lung growth. Results: At 136 days' gestation the PI of the CDH + TO group (2.88 ± 0.29) and control group (3.97 ± 0.37) were significantly lower compared with the PI of the CDH group (9.02 ± 0.50). There was a significant decrease in the PI of both the CDH + TO group and the control group with maternal hyperoxia at term, whereas the CDH group showed no change. The lungs of the CDH group fetuses were significantly smaller by LBWR and RAC than both CDH + TO and control fetuses. Conclusions: An elevated PI is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia, fetal tracheal occlusion reverses this finding, and results in a normal fetal physiological response to changes in oxygen tension at term.
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin interactions in bone: irradiation-induced inhibition of escape in vitro.

Calcitonin (CT) inhibits hormonally stimulated bone resorption only transiently in vitro. This phenomenon has been termed “escape,” but the mechanism for the effect is not understood. One possible explanation is that bone cell differentiation and recruitment of specific precursor cells, in response to stimulators of resorption, lead to the appearance of osteoclasts that are unresponsive to CT. To test this hypothesis, cell proliferation in neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture was inhibited by irradiation from a cobalt-60 source. At a dose of 6000 R, [3H]thymidine incorporation into intact calvaria was inhibited approximately 90%. Irradiation had no effect on the resorptive response to 0.1 U/ml parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, irradiation induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the escape response which was maximal at 6000 R. A dose of 6000 R did not affect the binding of125I-salmon CT to calvaria and decreased PTH stimulation of cyclic AMP release from bone without affecting the cyclic AMP response to CT. Although irradiation caused a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis, the dose-response curves for that effect and inhibition of escape were not superimposable. A morphologic study of hormonally treated calvaria demonstrated that irradiation prevented the early increase in number of osteoclasts in PTH-treated calvaria that had been observed previously in unirradiated bones. Autoradiography showed that irradiation also prevented the PTH-stimulated recruitment of newly divided mononuclear cell precursors into osteoclasts. This may be correlated with the effect of irradiation to prevent the loss of responsiveness to CT in the presence of PTH.
Microfluidic biosensor for the serotype-specific detection of dengue virus RNA.

The development of a microfluidic biosensor with fluorescence detection for the rapid, sensitive, and serotype-specific detection of Dengue virus is presented. The biosensor chip consists of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate with fabricated microchannels and a glass substrate used to seal the microchannels. These two substrates are packaged within a pressure-closed Plexiglas housing to provide a watertight reversible sealing at the PDMS−glass interface. The ability to reversibly seal the device permits easy disassembly and quick interchange of the device parts, which is ideal for developmental purposes. The biosensor employs a magnetic bead-based sandwich hybridization system in conjugation with liposome amplification for the specific detection of nucleic acids. The concentrations of the various biosensor components were optimized using a synthesized fragment of Dengue virus RNA. To evaluate the sensitivity of the assay, two detection systems, based on fluorescence measurements of intact and lysed l...
Cross-well electromagnetic imaging in three dimensions

In this paper, we develop a new technique for 3D cross-well electromagnetic tomography, based on an EM borehole survey consisting of a moving vertical magnetic dipole transmitter, located in one or several boreholes, and a tri-axial induction receiver, located in the other boreholes. The method is based on the LQL approximation for forward modelling, which results in a fast inversion scheme. The method incorporates both a smooth regularized inversion, which generates a smooth image of the inverted resistivity, and a focusing regularized inversion, producing a sharp focused image of the geoelectrical target. The practical application of the method to synthetic data demonstrates its ability to recover the resistivity, location, and shape of resistive and conductive rock formations.
Immunocytochemical evaluation of HBME-1, CA 19-9, and CD-15 (Leu-M1) in fine-needle aspirates of thyroid nodules.

Overlapping morphologic patterns that may be observed in goiter, follicular adenoma, and papillary carcinoma can limit the cytologic evaluation of the thyroid gland. In an attempt to develop a useful adjunctive test, the immunocytochemical reactivity of HBME-1, carcinoma antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), and CD-15 (Leu-M1) was tested on 59 cell block preparations from fine-needle aspirations of the thyroid gland. HBME-1 monoclonal antibody was reactive in all 21 papillary carcinomas, in 4 of 18 adenomas, and in 5 of 20 goiters. CA 19-9 was identified in 13 of 21 carcinomas, 1 goiter, but none of the adenomas. CD-15 was present in 15 of 21 carcinomas, 1 goiter, and 1 adenoma. We conclude that HBME-1 is a sensitive marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma. CD-15 and CA 19-9 are less sensitive but more specific. This panel can be useful to help classify morphologically equivocal lesions. As with all immunocytochemical testing, caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results, and correlation made with morphologic and clinical data. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;18:93–97. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of succinylacetone on amino acid uptake in the rat kidney

Abstract Infants with hereditary tyrosinemia also have a renal Fanconi syndrome and excrete succinylacetone (SA). We have studied the effects of SA on rat renal tubular amino acid transport in vivo and in vitro using isolated renal tubules. Injection of SA produces increased clearance of several amino acids in the intact animal. In vitro SA causes a reversible inhibition of α-aminoisobutyric acid uptake, resulting from depressed low- and high-affinity transport systems. Addition of glutamate, succinate, or glucose, alone or in combination, did not restore transport. These observations suggest the usefulness of SA in the production of a physiologic animal model for the study of the human Fanconi syndrome.
Comparative model-building of the mammalian serine proteases.

Abstract Proteins have been classified into families based upon sequence homology. An accurate, systematic comparative model-building procedure for a homologous family of proteins would be very valuable scientifically. This paper presents such a procedure and applies it to the mammalian serine proteases, which are ubiquitous and involved in many important biological functions. Eleven proteins of this family are considered here, including a variety of blood serum, intestinal and pancreatic proteins as well as a closely related bacterial enzyme. The modeling method capitalizes upon the availability of three experimentally determined structures for mammalian serine proteases. These structures show that the molecule is divided into structurally conserved regions, which contain the strong sequence homology, and structurally variable regions, which include all the additions and deletions. We show that by applying this structural distinction to new sequences, erroneous alignments of the sequences are greatly minimized. For each aligned new sequence, the structurally conserved regions can be constructed from any of the known structures. In examining the variable regions, we have found that a variable region that has the same length and residue character in two different known structures usually has the same conformation in both. Thus, when the eight structurally unknown proteins are modeled, most of the variable regions can be constructed directly from the known structures. A minority of the variable regions require more sophisticated analysis to evaluate the relative merits of a small number of possible conformations. Only a very few are so different that modeling by homology is entirely ruled out. We demonstrate, therefore, that by this modeling procedure, the maximum of each of these mammalian serine proteases is constructed directly from the experimentally determined structures and the necessity to build from intuition or from energy considerations is greatly reduced.
‘We can leave neither’: Mohamed Ali, Islam and Nationalism in colonial India

This essay explores how the ideals of nationalism and Islam intersect by looking at the life and career of Mohamed Ali, a leading Muslim political figure, scholar, journalist and poet of the early twentieth-century India. Mohamed Ali, one of the leaders of the Khilafat movement, has often been seen as someone given to passionate politics and religious rhetoric. He was undoubtedly different from many of his contemporaries since he refused to act in a unilinear, ‘politically correct’ fashion in the pursuit of the idea of a nation. Yet, a close study of Mohamed Ali's career reveals that contexts and circumstances defined most of his politics, ranging from his association with Gandhi during the Khilafat movement to his political uproar over the issue of separate electorates. Through his public career, he constantly juggled his claims to best represent Muslim interests while simultaneously also proclaiming his love for the nation, although mostly in the form of anti-colonialism. These associations were often p...
Characteristics of iron oxide/activated carbon nanocomposites prepared using supercritical water

The properties of nanocomposites obtained by depositing iron oxide nanoparticles in the pores of two types of commercial activated carbon pellets using supercritical water were studied as a function of process variables. The loading of iron oxide nanoparticles in the nanocomposites increased with precursor concentration and immersion time, but was apparently unaffected by the temperature. The specific surface area and pore volume of the nanocomposites decreased with increased loading of the nanoparticles, possibly due to pore blockage and/or pore destruction resulting from acid attack during processing. The results suggest that an optimum loading of nanoparticles in the nanocomposites can be achieved by manipulating pellet dimensions, precursor concentration, and immersion time.
Performance simulation of HF subnetworks employing third generation HF link establishment protocols

This paper provides a status report and initial results of a simulation study that is under way to characterize the expected performance of HF subnetworks using the 'third generation' HF link establishment protocols defined in U.S. MIL-STD-188-141B Appendix C. To begin, a discussion of the necessity of network simulation is provided. This is followed by an overview of the simulation framework used in this study. This overview concentrates on the physical layer models used to model waveform performance in the presence of ionospheric propagation effects and interference, and also describes the implementations of the link establishment and other protocols modeled within this framework. Initial results quantifying the message delivery performance of an example HF subnetwork are presented. Finally, a brief description of future work is provided.
A Likelihood‐Based Trait‐Model‐Free Approach for Linkage Detection of Binary Trait

Summary. Trait-model-free (or “allele-sharing”) approach to linkage analysis is a popular tool in genetic mapping of complex traits, because of the absence of explicit assumptions about the underlying mode of inheritance of the trait. The likelihood framework introduced by Kong and Cox (1997, American Journal of Human Genetics 61, 1179–1188) allows calculation of accurate p-values and LOD scores to test for linkage between a genomic region and a trait. Their method relies on the specification of a model for the trait-dependent segregation of marker alleles at a genomic region linked to the trait. Here we propose a new such model that is motivated by the desire to extract as much information as possible from extended pedigrees containing data from individuals related over several generations. However, our model is also applicable to smaller pedigrees, and has some attractive features compared with existing models (Kong and Cox, 1997), including the fact that it incorporates information on both affected and unaffected individuals. We illustrate the proposed model on simulated and real data, and compare its performance with the existing approach (Kong and Cox, 1997). The proposed approach is implemented in the program lm ibdtests within the framework of MORGAN 2.8 (http://www.stat.washington.edu/thompson/Genepi/MORGAN/Morgan.shtml).
Millennial generation and fashion education: a discussion on agents of change

Sustainability is a strategic initiative in many companies and is especially important for apparel and textile companies because of the sustainability issues related to the production and rapid product change inherent in many textile goods designed for consumers. This article focuses on student perspectives and educators' efforts to prepare graduates to become agents of change. Today's millennial generation student and future professional has the power to change social, cultural, environmental, economic and political practices worldwide. A case study of the implementation of a unit focusing on sustainability in product development is included to facilitate broader incorporation of sustainability in the education of graduates from textiles and clothing and related programmes.
Accountability in Street-Level Organizations

Abstract The challenge of managing street-level discretion lies at the heart of the search for strategies of administrative oversight and control. How can management promote accountability without deadening responsiveness and undermining the application of professional judgment on which management also depends? This article reconsiders the problem of accountability from a street-level perspective. First, it reviews the literature on implementation, street-level bureaucracy, and new public management in order to raise questions about the limitations of current approaches to accountability, including new public management solutions that rely on performance measurement. Second, it makes the case for a street-level approach to accountability and illustrates how it can be used to reveal critical dimensions of organizational practice that are not captured by other means. Finally, issues of street-level practice are placed in broader perspective, as part of an on-going global search for ways to advance transpare...
Differential expression of CaMK‐II genes during early zebrafish embryogenesis

CaMK-II is a highly conserved Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase expressed throughout the lifespan of all vertebrates. During early development, CaMK-II regulates cell cycle progression and “non-canonical” Wnt-dependent convergent extension. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, CaMK-II activity rises within 2 hr after fertilization. At the time of somite formation, zygotic expression from six genes (camk2a1, camk2b1, camk2g1, camk2g2, camk2d1, camk2d2) results in a second phase of increased activity. Zebrafish CaMK-II genes are 92–95% identical to their human counterparts in the non-variable regions. During the first three days of development, alternative splicing yields at least 20 splice variants, many of which are unique. Whole-mount in situ hybridization reveals that camk2g1 comprises the majority of maternal expression. All six genes are expressed strongly in ventral regions at the 18-somite stage. Later, camk2a1 is expressed in anterior somites, heart, and then forebrain. Camk2b1 is expressed in somites, mid- and forebrain, gut, retina, and pectoral fins. Camk2g1 appears strongly along the midline and then in brain, gut, and pectoral fins. Camk2g2 is expressed early in the midbrain and trunk and exhibits the earliest retinal expression. Camk2d1 is elevated early at somite boundaries, then epidermal tissue, while camk2d2 is expressed in discrete anterior locations, steadily increasing along either side of the dorsal midline and then throughout the brain, including the retina. These findings reveal a complex pattern of CaMK-II gene expression consistent with pleiotropic roles during development. Developmental Dynamics 236:295–305, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discussant Effects on Vote Choice: Intimacy, Structure, and Interdependence

Political discussion during an election campaign is an important vehicle of social influence--a means whereby the preferences of individuals are brought into correspondence with political surroundings. Correspondingly, the study of discussion effects is not simply an examination of dyadic information flows. Rather, it is one part of a more thorough explication of the political linkages that lie between individuals and groups within the society, and of the manner in which individual politics is imbedded within the larger community. This paper addresses a series of questions related to the influence of political discussion. To what extent are political preferences affected by discussion? What types of discussant relationships are most likely to foster political influence? What types of discussants are most influential? These questions are addressed on the basis of an election study conducted in South Bend, Indiana during the 1984 presidential election.
Serotonin reuptake inhibition does not enhance short term modulation of the exercise ventilatory response.

Abstract Increased respiratory dead space causes a serotonin (5-HT) dependent augmentation of the exercise ventilatory response known as short term modulation (STM). Contrary to predictions, 5-HT reuptake inhibition with fluoxetine failed to enhance, and even impaired STM with large dead space volumes (0.4–0.6 L). In this study, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) fluoxetine similarly impairs STM with smaller dead space volumes (0.2 L); whereas (2) acute 5-HT release and reuptake inhibition with fenfluramine would enhance STM. Ventilatory and blood gas measurements were made on five goats (37–58 kg) during rest and exercise, with the mask alone or with increased dead space (0.2 L). STM protocols were performed following chronic fluoxetine (≥21 days, 1 mg/kg, SQ, SID) and acute fenfluramine administration (1 mg/kg, IV). Following fluoxetine, STM was partially impaired. Fenfluramine had no detectable effects on STM. The data suggest that: (1) chronic fluoxetine diminishes STM, possibly via down-regulation of relevant 5-HT receptors, and (2) drugs that release 5-HT acutely do not enhance STM.
The sad story of George Hall: adultery, murder and the politics of mercy in mid-Victorian England.

(1999). The sad story of George hall: Adultery, murder and the politics of mercy in mid‐Victorian England. Social History: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 174-195.
Unlike type 2 diabetes, type 1 does not interact with the codon 54 polymorphism of the fatty acid binding protein 2 gene

In type 2 diabetes, the threonine (Thr) for alanine (Ala) codon 54 polymorphism of the fatty acid binding protein 2 gene is associated with elevated fasting and postprandial triglycerides and dyslipidemia when compared with the wild type (Ala-54/Ala-54). To assess whether this is the case in patients with type 1 diabetes, who usually do not manifest the metabolic syndrome, we screened 181 patients with similar glycemic control as the type 2 patients. Thirty percent were heterozygous, and 9% were homozygous for the polymorphism. Mean (±sem) fasting plasma triglyceride levels in patients with the wild type (n = 84), those heterozygous for Ala-54/Thr-54 (n = 44), and those homozygous for the Thr-54 (n = 13) were 1.0 ± 0.07, 1.1 ± 0.17, and 1.2 ± 0.23 mmol/liter, respectively. In addition, there were no differences in total, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol among the three groups. After a fat load, the postprandial area under the curve of triglyce...
Assessing the Association Between Hoof Thermography and Hoof Doppler Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Lameness in Horses

Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the correlation between hoof surface temperature and ultrasonographic measurements of digital blood vessels in horses and to evaluate the measurements' potential as predictors for clinical lameness. Twelve 3-year-old American Quarter Horses, 6 geldings and 6 mares, with average initial body weight of 459 ± 31 kg were used. On days 0, 30, 60, and 90 of the study, horses were weighed and subjected to clinical lameness examinations. Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure diameter of the medial palmar artery in the distal left forelimb and velocity of blood flow through that artery, starting at 60 minutes after morning feeding and repeated at 30-minute intervals. Temperature measurements on the hoof were collected at 15-minute intervals beginning 75 minutes after feeding, using a digital thermographic camera. A series of bivariate linear mixed models were fitted to estimate the correlation between Doppler and temperature measurements. The within-horse and between-horse correlations between hoof surface temperature and velocity of blood flow in the distal limb through the medial palmar artery was estimated at 0.40 (P > .50) and 0.99 (P
NOVEL MULTIWAVELENGTH MODE-LOCKED SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS: PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS

We develop and study the physics of a novel hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexed, optical timedivision-multiplexed (WDM-OTDM) mode-locked semiconductor laser for applications in ultra-high data rate communication links, computer interconnects, and optical sampling applications. The key philosophy behind using a hybrid approach is that state-of-the-art system performance can be achieved without the necessity of operating at the limits of a either a pure WDM or OTDM technology platform.
The Minuchin Family Stress Model: A Guide for Assessing and Treating the Impact of Marital Disruption on Children and Families

The Minuchin family stress model is presented. It is emphasized that the model is built on an ecological perspective which focuses on a systems approach for understanding the impact of stress on children and the family system. Approaches for assessing and treating the effects of marital disruption on children and families through the Minuchin family stress model are covered.
Ethnonationalism, industrialism, and the modern state

(1994). Ethnonationalism, industrialism, and the modern state. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 583-611.