cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on growth and survival of calves fed semi-synthetic milks from birth.

Summary A semi-synthetic milk coagulable by rennet was developed and found to be nutritionally adequate for colostrum-free calves when streptomycin was administered. Fat could be fed with this milk without adverse effect. Butter oil emulsified with soya lecithin in a Waring blendor gave better growth results than cottonseed oil similarly dispersed. However, an excellent response to cottonseed oil was observed when the oil was thoroughly homogenized with an aqueous suspension of soya lecithin before addition to the milk. The distribution of blood serum proteins of animals fed the rennet coagulable synthetic milk was similar to that observed in colostrum-free calves fed skimmilk. A synthetic milk in which the calcium and sodium balance was altered to prevent rennet action produced severe diarrhea among newborn calves. This milk was a satisfactory diet for older animals. This fact offers evidence for a delayed development of pepsin-HC1 digestion function in the calf.
Part-Whole Relations as Products of Metric Spaces

Humans recognize objects by combining the processes of composition/decomposition and similarity matching. When we see an object, we try to match its whole, global aspect to some internal similar pattern that describes it. If this is not enough to recognize the object, it is decomposed into a structure of parts, where each part is considered as a whole to be matched. In this paper, we propose a formal concept representation theory that supports this recognition strategy. It is a specialization of Gardenfors' theory of conceptual spaces and Aisbett and Gibbon's formulation of the same theory based on pointed metric spaces. In our work, a whole and its parts are represented as regions in metric spaces and their relationship is given by their product. The resulting framework is intended as a concept representation model for computer vision programs.
Effect of multiple lateral cavities on stream solute transport under non-Fickian conditions and at the Fickian asymptote

Summary In field studies of solute transport, transient storage within lateral cavities and other stream features generates breakthrough curves (BTCs) with pronounced and persistent skewness. Current solute transport theory requires that the coefficient of skewness ( CSK ) decrease over time because the system eventually reaches Fickian conditions. However, published data show that CSK is constant in time. To aid development of solute transport theory that explains field observations, we quantify the effect of lateral cavities on solute transport under non-Fickian and Fickian conditions. Six hydrodynamics models were developed: one with no lateral cavities, three with lateral cavities in series, and two with lateral cavities in parallel. Results reveal that lateral cavities in series have longer tails and smaller peak concentrations compared to lateral cavities in parallel. Lateral cavities in series cause greater dispersion and require larger distances to reach Fickian conditions ( x Fick ) compared to lateral cavities in parallel. Cavity configuration has a greater influence on longitudinal dispersion and x Fick than the number of cavities present. CSK changes with monitoring location and maximum CSK (= 10–20) near lateral cavities is higher than empirical estimates (≈1.18). We postulate that adding more transient storage zones would increase channel complexity and yield closer results between simulated and empirical CSK , and testing this hypothesis warrants future research. Finally, while current models can obtain good fits to measured BTCs by parameterizing mass exchange rates and volume ratios, these parameters do not adequately describe the fundamental fluid mechanics driving exchange.
A study of gender effects in the science and mathematics course‐taking behavior of a group of students who graduated from college in the late 1970s

The purpose of this study was to examine the high school and collegiate science and mathematics participation and performance of a group of students who graduated from a single highly selective liberal arts college in the late 1970s. It was found that women took fewer science and mathematics courses than men but performed at a higher level both in high school and college. It was also found that students took fewer mathematics and science courses in college than in high school and that college performance and participation were related to performance and participation in high school.
Confronting a “Big Huge Gaping Wound”: Emotion and Anxiety in a Cultural Sensitivity Course for Psychiatry Residents

In his seminal volume From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioral Sciences, George Devereux suggests that any therapeutic or scientific engagement with another human being inevitably will be shaped by one's own expectations, assumptions, and reactions. If left unacknowledged, such unspoken and unconscious influences have the capacity to torpedo the interaction; if subjected to critical reflection, however, they can yield insights of great interpretive value and practical significance. Taking these reflections on counter-transference as point of departure, this article explores how a range of unacknowledged assumptions can torpedo good faith efforts to engender ''cultural sensitivity'' in a required course for American psychiatry residents. The course examined in this paper has been taught for seven successive years by a pair of attending psychiatrists at a longstanding New England residency training program. Despite the instructors' good intentions and ongoing experimentation with content and format, the course has failed repeatedly to meet either residents' expectations or, as the instructors bravely acknowledged, their own. The paper draws upon a year-long ethnographic study, conducted in the late 2000s during the most recent iteration of the course, which involved observation of course sessions, a series of interviews with course instructors, and pre- and post-course interviews with the majority of participating residents. By examining the dynamics of the course from the perspectives of both clinician-instructors and resident- students, the paper illuminates how classroom-based engagement with the clinical implications of culture and difference can run awry when the emotional potency of these issues is not adequately taken into account.
Changes in vascular vasopressin receptors and responsiveness in DOCA/NaCl-treated rats.

This study investigated the effects of treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate and salt (DOCA/NaCl) on blood pressure, aortic vascular vasopressin receptors and in vitro vascular responsiveness in male rats. Four groups of animals were utilized in the study: a control group on normal tap water, a control group drinking a 1% NaCl solution; a DOCA/NaCl-treated group (1% NaCl in the drinking water); and a uninephrectomized (1K) DOCA/NaCl-treated group. DOCA/NaCl treatment for 4 weeks resulted in a significant elevation in blood pressure which was mre pronounced in the uninephrectomized animal. The concentration of specific binding sites for vasopressin on the aorta were reduced in both the DOCA/NaCl-treated groups. However, the vascular responsiveness of the aorta to vasopressin was significantly reduced only in the hypertensive, uninephrectomized-DOCA/Nacl-(1K DOCA/Nacl) treated rat. Both the maximal contraction and the sensitivity was reduced in the 1K DOCA/NaC1 group. The results of this study would s...
Neural-net-based explosives recognition with coherent x-ray scatter

This paper investigates the use of tranform coding and the neural tree network on data obtained from two security systems; face recognition and explosive detection. The use of discrete cosine transform components as features for classification are demonstrated on face recognition data. The use of cepstral components as features for classification are demonstrated for explosive detection on coherent x-ray scattering data, where surrounding materials nonlinearly affect the spectral data obtained from crystalline explosives. The neural tree network is described and shown to be an effective classifier in both applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantum stochastic processes

In order to describe rigorously certain measurement procedures, where observations of the arrival of quanta at a counter are made throughout an interval of time, it is necessary to introduce the concept of a quantum stochastic process. While fully quantum mechanical in nature, these have a great deal of similarity with classical stochastic processes and can be characterized by and constructed from their infinitesimal generators. The infinitestimal generators are naturally obtained from certain “fields” which we prove must be of the boson or fermion type.
Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels (CaCCs) Regulate Action Potential and Synaptic Response in Hippocampal Neurons

Central neurons respond to synaptic inputs from other neurons by generating synaptic potentials. Once the summated synaptic potentials reach threshold for action potential firing, the signal propagates leading to transmitter release at the synapse. The calcium influx accompanying such signaling opens calcium-activated ion channels for feedback regulation. Here, we report a mechanism for modulating hippocampal neuronal signaling that involves calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs). We present evidence that CaCCs reside in hippocampal neurons and are in close proximity of calcium channels and NMDA receptors to shorten action potential duration, dampen excitatory synaptic potentials, impede temporal summation, and raise the threshold for action potential generation by synaptic potential. Having recently identified TMEM16A and TMEM16B as CaCCs, we further show that TMEM16B but not TMEM16A is important for hippocampal CaCC, laying the groundwork for deciphering the dynamic CaCC modulation of neuronal signaling in neurons important for learning and memory.
Assay of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function in cultured cardiac cells by stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux

Abstract An assay for the increase in potassium permeability mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in cultured cardiac cells is described, using the K+ ion substitute 86Rb+ as the tracer ion. Cardiac cells accumulate 86Rb+ from the extracellular medium in a Na + K + ATPase-dependent manner. Subsequent efflux of 86Rb+ in the absence and presence of muscarinic agonists follows kinetics similar to those previously reported for 42K+. The mAChR agonist carbamylcholine (carbachol) stimulated 86Rb+ efflux with an EC50 of 50 n m . The half-time for efflux is reduced by greater than 40% at maximally effective concentrations of agonist. Stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux by carbachol is blocked by the mAChR antagonist atropine with an IC50 of 15 n m . The stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux by carbachol is not affected by the presence of the Na + K + ATPase inhibitor ouabain. This assay provides a method for quantitating the mAChR-mediated increase in K+ permeability in cardiac cells without the use of 42K+.
Natural large-scale structures in the axisymmetric mixing layer

The present study is concerned with the optimization of conditional sampling techniques for eduction of naturally occurring large-scale structures in an axisymmetric mixing layer, and a comparison of the natural structure with that induced by means of controlled excitation. Questions regarding the sensitivity of the educed structure to the excitation amplitude are also explored. Aspects regarding the eduction with the high-speed-side reference signal are considered, taking into account structure identification, the smearing effect and a comparison with the structure under excitation, the effects of the threshold level, and the effect of a trigger-level window. Attention is given to structure characteristics and their dependence on Reynolds number and initial condition.
Oxidation State of Chromium in CaO–Al2O3–CrOx–SiO2 Melts under Strongly Reducing Conditions at 1500°C

This paper reports on equilibrium ratios Cr{sup 2+}/Cr{sup 3+} of chromium oxide dissolved in CaO-chromium oxide-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}--SiO{sub 2} melts that have been determined by analysis of samples equilibrated at 1500{degrees}C under strongly reducing conditions (p{sub O{sub 2}} = 10{sup {minus}9.26} to 10{sup {minus}12.50} atm). The majority of the chromium is divalent (Cr{sup 2+}) under these conditions and Cr{sup 2+}/Cr{sup 3+} ratios at given constant oxygen pressures decrease with increasing basicity of the melts, expressed as CaO/SiO{sub 2} ratios. In addition, Cr{sup 2+}/Cr{sup 3+} ratios, at a given CaO/SiO{sub 2} ratio, are relatively unaffected by the amount of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} present.
HIV and AIDS among the Severely Mentally Ill: Introduction to the special series

Men and women who have a severe and persistent mental illness are vulnerable to infection with HIV. Recognition of this vulnerability led the Office of AIDS at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to invite leading practitioners, researchers, consumer advocates, and policy makers to a National Conference on HIV and AIDS among the Severely Mentally Ill. This article describes the proceedings of the Conference, and provides an overview of the resulting summary reports that comprise this special issue.
A Majority Party in Disarray: Policy Polarization in the 1972 Election*

The Center for Political Studies' 1972 presidential election survey was used to investigate the role that issue voting, ideology, candidate assessments, and partisan defections played in the Republican landslide of that year. An analysis of issue attitudes revealed a deep policy schism among the Democrats: McGovern supporters preferred liberal policy alternatives while Nixon Democrats favored distinctly conservative issue positions. Interitem correlations among various issues and a liberal-conservative scale showed the voters to have substantial attitude consistency. A normal-vote analysis of these issues demonstrated that the Vietnam war and social issue domains contributed more significantly to the explanation of the vote than did cultural or economic issues. The candidates were clearly perceived as having taken opposing issue positions, with Nixon's position the more preferred by a majority of the population. A proximity measure, computed as the discrepancy between perceived candidate issue position and the voter's policy preference, proved to be a better predictor of the vote decision than the voter's own issue position taken alone. Analyses of candidate assessments showed that McGovern was not a personally appealing candidate—a factor that allowed issue differences to gain maximal importance. The sharp intraparty polarization of Democrats over policy alternatives, a change in the educational composition of the electorate, a decrease in partisan identification, and a growth in partisan defection combined to suppress the impact of party identification as a determinant of the vote decision. It was concluded that the 1972 presidential race could be labeled “ideological” by comparison with past elections.
The Montana Company, Limited: Case Study of an Anglo-American Mining Investment

The mineral riches of the West were exploited in distinct stages. Before a settled industry could emerge, highly speculative development companies bought out the discoverers, skimmed the cream, and braved the hazards of nature and management. Some, like the Montana Company, flourished for a time, but litigation, depletion, absentee ownership, and high costs made long-term existence almost impossible.
Amorphous state transitions in butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymers

Differential thermal analysis, creep measurements, and gas permeation rates are used to confirm the existence of a transition zone in three butadiene acrylonitrile copolymers in a temperature region that starts at roughly 15° to 25°C above the main glass transition temperatures of the copolymers and extends over a broad temperature range. The change appears to be slightly endothermic and softens the copolymers upon heating. It is speculated that the copolymers are in a mesomorphic state above their main glass temperature in which there is either a degree of ordering or a low-grade crystallinity of polybutadiene units along the copolymer chains. It is not until the copolymers are 50° to 75°C above their main glass temperature that they become truly amorphous.
Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Study for Spasm with the Production of Aneurysms

We have shown the difficulty in producing a reliable model of vasospasm secondary to recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage from carotid puncture in a squirrel monkey. In this animal, mild systemic hypertension had little or no effect on the clinical status after hemorrhage. The consistent production of a saccular aneurysm on the intracranial arteries was an unexpected result of the arterial puncture and the interruption of the internal elastic membrane. At this time, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the entire subject of vasospasm for correlation with human vessel reaction to injury.
The Role of Gender Differences in Dementia Caregiver Risk (P3.212)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to systematically assess gender differences in dementia caregiver risk. The following questions are of interest: Are there gender differences in dementia caregiver risks; Is there an association between sex roles and caregiver risk; Are there gender differences in the challenges dementia caregivers’ face; What are specific considerations for a gender integrated intervention for dementia caregivers? BACKGROUND: Health outcomes for patients with dementia are dependent upon informal caregivers. The quality of life and well-being of the caregiver must be at an optimum level in order to provide the best care. Compared to other disease states, dementia caregivers experience greater dependency, provide more extensive assistance and provide care for a longer time period. With disease progression, caregivers often experience increased emotional stress, depression, health impairments, and financial loss. Gender is an important contextual factor that influences the stress response, coping and access to resources. Beyond positing that differences exist in caregiver risk, there is a dearth of current research that explores the role of gender in these processes. DESIGN/METHODS: A mixed methods cross-sectional research design was used to assess the role of gender in dementia caregiver risks, experiences and challenges. The quantitative component includes self-administration of a questionnaire in clinical and community samples. The questionnaire assesses six risk domains: depression, burden, behaviors, support network, safety, and management strategies. The qualitative component includes an analysis of a gender activity and discussion in dementia caregiver support groups. RESULTS: Preliminary data for this study indicates a trend toward significant gender differences in the risk domains of management strategies, behaviors, and support network. Final analysis of 300 caregivers of dementia patients and a subset participating in the qualitative component will be discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the need for development of gender focused caregiver interventions for both clinic and community settings. Study Supported by: Does Not Apply Disclosure: Dr. Lippa has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Sage Publications. Dr. Lippa has received research support from Elan Corporation/Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, and UCB Pharma. Dr. Bowen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Robertson-James has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nunez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gonzalez has nothing to disclose.
A Methodology for Grouping Source Terms for Consequence Calculations in Probabilistic Risk Assessments

The individual plant analyses in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's reassessment of the risk from commercial nuclear power plants (NUREG-1150) consist of four parts: systems analysis, accident-progression analysis, source-term analysis, and consequence analysis. Careful definition of the interfaces between these parts is necessary for both information flow and computational efficiency. This paper describes the procedure used to define the interface between the source-term analysis and the consequence analysis. This interface is accomplished by forming groups of source terms with similar properties and then performing one set of MACCS calculations for each group.
An Evolution-Based Approach to Partitioning ASIC Systems

In the design of application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), it is often required to partition a logic complex into smaller subcomplexes satisfying a number of constraints. Due to the complexity of the problem, most existing algorithms try to optimize on only one constraint. In this paper, we use the concept of evolution to derive a partitioning algorithm capable of handling a number of constraints. Our algorithm provides a uniform multi-way partitioning scheme, obtains good partitions, and has a fast execution time.
Optic nerve infarction and post-ischemic inflammation in the rodent model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION)

Abstract Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) results from isolated anterior optic nerve (ON)-axonal ischemia near the retina–optic nerve junction. We utilized a rodent model of NAION (rAION) to study the in vivo inflammatory response after pure axonal ischemic infarct. ON ischemia was generated using laser-coupled rose Bengal dye photoactivation, and the infarct localized using tetrazolium red and histology. ON inflammation was evaluated following infarct using extrinsic macrophage (ED1) and microglial (isolated Iba1) cell markers. In naive ONs, some ED1(+)/Iba1(+) cells, representing extrinsic macrophages, were present in intraretinal ON region, but not in the retroscleral (isolated ON) region. Numerous ED1(−)/Iba1(+) cells, likely representing intrinsic microglia, were present throughout the entire ON. One day post-stroke, slight increases in both ED1(+) and Iba1(+) cells were apparent in the eye region immediately surrounding the anterior ON. Three days post-stroke, there was marked infiltration and aggregates of ED1(+)/Iba1(+) cells, with axon structural disruption in the region of the ischemic infarct. ED1(+) and Iba1(+) cells were present in the portion of the ON surrounding the infarct, possibly representing a penumbral region similar to that seen in ischemic brain infarcts. Although ED1(+) cells decreased by 7–14 days post-stroke, large numbers of Iba1(+) cells persisted in the anterior ON. Similar to other CNS ischemic strokes, pure axonal ischemia results in the early recruitment of extrinsic macrophages to the ischemic region. Manipulation of the inflammatory response may be an important variable that could potentially improve visual outcome.
Structure and Properties of Chicken Feather Barbs as Natural Protein Fibers

The structure and properties of chicken feather barbs makes them unique fibers preferable for several applications. The presence of hollow honeycomb structures, their low density, high flexibility and possible structural interaction with other fibers when made into products such as textiles provides them unique properties unlike any other natural or synthetic fibers. No literature is available on the physical structure and tensile properties of chicken feather barbs. In this study, we report the physical and morphological structure and the properties of chicken feather barbs for potential use as natural protein fi bers. The morphological structure of chicken feather barbs is similar to that of the rachis but the physical structure of the protein crystals in chicken feather barbs is different than that reported for feather rachis keratin. The tensile properties of barbs in terms of their strength and modulus are similar but the elongation is lower than that of wool. Using the cheap and abundant feathers as protein fibers will conserve the energy, benefit the environment and also make the fiber industry more
Special Education Teacher Evaluation: Why It Matters, What Makes It Challenging, and How to Address These Challenges.

There is currently little consensus on how special education teachers should be evaluated. The lack of consensus may be due to several reasons. Special education teachers work under a variety of co...
Normal drinkers' alcohol consumption as a function of conflicting motives induced by intellectual performance stress.

Abstract Research on the determinants of human alcohol consumption suggests that the behavioral demands of stressful drinking contexts, in relation to persons' expectations of alcohol's effects, may produce variations in drinking patterns across qualitatively different situations, at least in normal drinkers. To investigate the extent to which the alcohol consumption of normal drinkers is determined by levels of stress and by their concerns to accommodate conflicting situational demands, 40 males were given free access to alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages both before and after exposure to either high or low levels of an intellectual performance stressor, which alcohol is commonly believed to disrupt. Subjects' initial knowledge of the post-task drinking opportunity (informed or uninformed) was also manipulated to determine if this knowledge facilitated variations in subjects' consumption patterns to accommodate the intellectual performance demands. Results showed that all high stress subjects drank more alcohol during both drinking periods than all low stress subjects, and all informed subjects drank less alcohol during the pre-task drinking period and more alcohol during post-task drinking period than all uninformed subjects. These combined findings suggest that while normal drinkers may be somewhat sensitive to situational demands in making their decisions to consume alcohol, they also appear to be responsive to the general level of stress induced by a particular drinking situation.
The Mind of the Master Class: Theopolitics: Golden Rule, Higher Law, and Slavery

Is there any way to penetrate to the heart of a document – of any document – except on the assumption that its spirit will speak to our spirit through the actual written words? This does not exclude a criticism of the letter by the spirit, which is, indeed, unavoidable. It is precisely a strict faithfulness which compels us to expand or to abbreviate the text, lest a too rigid attitude to the words should obscure that which is struggling to expression in them and which demands expression. —Karl Barth Opponents of slavery, uncomfortable on shaky constitutional ground, maintained that God's higher law had priority over all imperfect human constitutions and political arrangements. Their proslavery antagonists denied that the U.S. Constitution violated the revealed Word of God. Southern scriptural and constitutional arguments were, at least, of a piece. Together and separately, their doctrine of strict construction placed slavery at the center of the sectional quarrel and the split in American national consciousness. They identified slavery as a system of social relations, not merely a congeries of social and economic interests. Ideally, the Constitution united two social systems – the southern based on slavery, the northern on free labor – by a solemn oath of mutual toleration and respect. George Cheever, in biblical exegesis, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, in didactic fiction, agreed that southern slavery did constitute a comprehensive social system – although one they condemned as sinful, immoral, and a corrupting influence on the best of its slaveholding practitioners.
A Comprehensive Analysis of High School Genetics Standards: Are States Keeping Pace with Modern Genetics?

Science education in the United States will increasingly be driven by testing and accountability requirements, such as those mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act, which rely heavily on learning...
Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders in later life.

Since psychiatric disorders differ throughout the lifespan in phenomenology, course, and treatment, there is need for study of comorbidity of such disorders in geriatric populations. Prior findings of low prevalence of comorbid late-life anxiety disorders in depressed elderly are now disputed by recent studies. Risk factors for comorbid late-life depression and anxiety may be different from those for depression without anxiety. Similar to adults, elderly depressives with comorbid anxiety symptoms present with more severe pathology and have a more difficult course of illness, including decreased or delayed treatment response. In this paper, we review the literature on anxiety and depression comorbidity in late life, and we make recommendations for the assessment and treatment of comorbid late-life anxiety and depression. We also recommend directions for future research in the area of psychiatric comorbidity in late life. Depression and Anxiety 14:86–93, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
REACT Scatterplot Smoothers: Superefficiency through Basis Economy

Abstract REACT estimators for the mean of a linear model involve three steps: transforming the model to a canonical form that provides an economical representation of the unknown mean vector, estimating the risks of a class of candidate linear shrinkage estimators, and adaptively selecting the candidate estimator that minimizes estimated risk. Applied to one- or higher-way layouts, the REACT method generates automatic scatterplot smoothers that compete well on standard datasets with the best fits obtained by alternative techniques. Historical precursors to REACT include nested model selection, ridge regression, and nested principal component selection for the linear model. However, REACT's insistence on working with an economical basis greatly increases its superefficiency relative to the least squares fit. This reduction in risk and the possible economy of the discrete cosine basis, of the orthogonal polynomial basis, or of a smooth basis that generalizes the discrete cosine basis are illustrated by fitt...
Beyond Equilibrium Economics: Reflections on the Uniqueness of the Austrian Tradition

The authors use the revival of the Austrian tradition to contrast market process theory with end-state, or equilibrium, analysis.
Seasonal Variations in Sedimentation and Organic Content in Five Plant Associations on a Chesapeake Bay Tidal Freshwater Delta

Research on sedimentation processes in tidal freshwater marshes is lagging far behind that for salt marshes despite the importance of tidal freshwater systems for understanding impacts of watershed land use on estuarine habitats and water quality. From September 1996 to November 1997, biweekly sedimentation rates were monitored at 30 sites spanning 5 distinct habitat types across the intertidal zone of the tidal freshwater delta at the head of the Bush River tributary to upper Chesapeake Bay. These data were used to determine the spatio-temporal dynamics of sedimentation and erosion in the delta as well as the role of vegetation in seasonal to interannual physical processes. The observed mean net sedimentation rate was 1·00 g cm−2yr−1, with a range of −74·15 to 145·2 g cm−2yr−1. No relations between delta sedimentation rate and total precipitation, peak precipitation intensity, or watershed discharge were found over time. Instead, three distinct temporal regimes in the data predominantly reflected seasonal patterns in vegetation life cycle. With regard to spatial patterns, nonparametric statistical tests demonstrated that each habitat had a unique cycle of sedimentation and erosion. When sedimentation rates were multiplied by habitat area, the floating leaf habitat was found to have sequestered 6370 t yr−1. In contrast, the high marsh lost 624 t yr−1. These data indicate that the greater diversity of plant species in tidal freshwater marshes generates a wider variation in geomorphic processes than is possible for salt marshes.
Actuality and Potentiality

Twentieth century philosophy has been a philosophy of the actual. The notion of potentiality does not receive the attention it once did. In 1890 The Century Dictionary of the English Language devoted two columns to definitions of potential and potentiality — many of them written by Charles Peirce. In 1967 The Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry under “Potentiality” says only “See Possibility.”
Reactions of acetaldehyde, ethanol, methyl ether, and acetone with cobalt(+1) in the wake of a spark

Abstract The title reactions not only yield products of likely ground-state processes but also sometimes give products from the loss of CH 2 , CH, and C, and products from insertion into CC and CO bonds. Some of these reactivities suggest that the reactions do not proceed entirely through the ground state of Co + .
New Directions in Cryptography

Two kinds of contemporary developments in cryptography are examined. Widening applications of teleprocessing have given rise to a need for new types of cryptographic systems, which minimize the need for secure key distribution channels and supply the equivalent of a written signature. This paper suggests ways to solve these currently open problems. It also discusses how the theories of communication and computation are beginning to provide the tools to solve cryptographic problems of long standing.
Electric field measurements across the Harang discontinuity

The Harang discontinuity, the area separating the positive and negative bay regions in the midnight sector of the auroral zone, is a focal point for changes in behavior of many phenomena. Through this region the electric field, in a frame corotating with the earth, rotates through the west from a basically northward field in the positive bay region to a basically southward field in the negative bay region, appearing as a reversal in a single-axis measurement of the north-south component. Thirty-two of these reversals have been identified in the Ogo 6 data from November and December 1969. The discontinuity is dynamic in nature, moving southward and steepening its latitudinal profile as magnetic activity is increased. As activity decreases, it relaxes poleward and spreads out in latitudinal width. It occurs over several hours of magnetic local time.
Optogenetics‘ promise: pacing and cardioversion by light?

1 ISSN 1479-6678 10.2217/FCA.13.89 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd Future Cardiol. (2014) 10(1), 1–4 Electronic device therapy: the current gold standard in cardiac arrhythmia management Electronic device therapy (i.e., implantable pacemakers and cardioverter–defibrillators [ICDs]) is currently the gold standard in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. According to the most recent survey by the World Society of Arrhythmias, over 1 million pacemakers and 300,000 ICDs were implanted in 61 countries worldwide in 2009 [1]. All countries surveyed showed signif icant increases in implantation rates since 2005, and the global market for cardiac rhythm management devices is expected to reach US$15.2 billion by 2017. Cardiac pacemakers and ICDs are relatively safe and reliable, as evidenced by significant decreases in device malfunction rates since the early 1980s. However, limited battery life requires device replacements (with potential surgical complications) every 4–7 years [2]. Another major drawback of ICDs, in particular, is the pain associated with the high-energy shocks required to terminate tachyarrhythmias. The discomfort is caused by the shocks’ nonspecific effects; for example, unintended contractions of noncardiac tissue (chest muscles, diaphragm and vocal cords). As a result, ICD recipients tend to have higher incidences of anxiety and depression than the general population [3]. An approach to pacing and cardioversion that is more cardiac tissue-specific and requires lower energy will reduce, or completely eliminate, the need for reimplantations (due to battery life) and reduce the pain and anxiety in ICD recipients. The nascent field of optogenetics may provide such opportunities for restoring normal heart rhythm painlessly, and subsequently increase quality of life for device recipients.
Distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of caspase cleavage products in two models of induced apoptotic death in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra.

An emerging theme in programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons is that the mechanisms involved depend on the cellular context and the death-inducing stimulus. One particular class of neurons for which it is important to identify the mechanisms of PCD are the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, the neurons which degenerate in Parkinson's disease. PCD has been shown to occur in these neurons during normal development and to be induced in neurotoxin models of parkinsonism. Conventional histologic stains and TUNEL labeling have not revealed morphologic differences in the apoptosis observed in these neurons in any context. We now show that in two models of induced PCD in postmitotic dopamine neurons, one induced by early striatal target injury and another induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA), there are differences in the cellular localization and type of caspase cleavage products. Using two antibodies to caspase cleavage products (fractin and AB127), we show that in the target lesion model immunostaining is localized to the nucleus, whereas in the 6OHDA model intense cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining is observed. Another antibody, AB246, to a caspase cleavage product of spectrin, immunostains apoptotic profiles only in the 6OHDA model. These findings suggest that the cellular compartment and therefore the role of the caspases may differ in apoptosis induced in pathologic settings, such as that due to neurotoxins, from that observed in models of natural or induced natural cell death. It will be important to recognize these differences in the consideration of caspase inhibitors in the treatment of degenerative neurologic disease.
Why do firms oppose entry-deterring policies? Environmental regulation and entry deterrence

This paper investigates the design of environmental regulation under different regimes: flexible and inflexible policies. We analyze under which settings strict emission fees can be used as an entry-deterring tool, and become socially optimal. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the incentives of the social planner and the incumbent firm are aligned regarding policy regimes ifentry can be easily deterred by setting a stringent regulation. Their incentives, however, can bemisaligned when entry becomes more costly to deter, leading the incumbent to actually preferenvironmental policies that attract entry.
Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Enterprise Risk Management for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

While Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has emerged as a focus of attention in the context of corporate governance in recent years, the implementation of ERM by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) has garnered relatively little attention from lawmakers and regulators. To rectify this gap, this chapter explores two important ERM issues applicable to SMEs. First, we examine the integration of ERM principles in the operations of SMEs, specifically including the implementation of legal risk management, and describe the structural and attitudinal factors that hinder its effectiveness. Second, we examine ERM-oriented corporate governance regulations, and consider their potential usefulness to SMEs. Drawing from our analysis of these two issues, we suggest ways in which SMEs can more effectively implement and use ERM.
Industrial Ecology’s First Decade

Industrial ecology can be said to have begun with a 1989 seminal publication entitled “Strategies for Manufacturing.” During the next decade, the field was initially defined and developed by researchers in industry and elsewhere who saw the opportunity for improving corporate and governmental performance related to the environment and sustainability. They introduced design for environment, industrial symbiosis, and resource use and loss assessments at national and global levels and enhanced the embryonic specialty of life-cycle assessment. In the same decade, industrial ecology became widely recognized as a scholarly specialty, with its own journals and conferences. This chapter reviews industrial ecology’s emergence and evolution, largely from a North American perspective, with emphasis on the field’s lesser-known first decade.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in Maryland. I. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects.

During August, 1971, three separate outbreaks of foodborne disease occurred in Maryland and involved about 425 (57%) of an estimated 745 at risk. Steamed crabs or crabmeat was the suspected vehicle of disease transmission in each outbreak. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from the crab and from stools of some ill persons in each outbreak. During August, 1971, three separate foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in Maryland, involving about 425 (57%) persons of an estimated 745 at risk. In each outbreak, steamed crabs or crabmeat was the suspected vehicle of disease transmission. From the crab and from the stools of some ill persons in each outbreak, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated.
Characterization of Thermodynamic Irreversibility for Integrated Propulsion and Thermal Management Systems Design

There is a growing need for the integrated investigation of propulsion and thermal management system performance during the design of the gas turbine engine cycle. Previously, studies have focused on the development of transient, thermodynamic models of the energy conservation between the various subsystems to carry out these investigations. The current work builds on these previous studies by directly considering the exergy destruction throughout the integrated system. Physics-based formulations involving the concurrent usage of the first and second laws of thermodynamics are incorporated into an integrated propulsion and thermal management systems model. The inclusion of this information leads to the direct thermodynamic prediction of the system losses. The characterization of the thermodynamic irreversibility distribution helps give the propulsion systems designer an absolute and consistent view of the tradeoffs associated with the design of the entire integrated system.
Is there an International System

Discussion of two major concerns in international relations, the actors that serve as the elements of global politics and the appropriate base for international systems, leads to a new synthesis of the systems framework. An examination of those assumptions which are most useful for the analysis of global politics suggests a model of “multiple issue-based systems.” This model transcends the traditional emphasis on security issues as all-important and escapes restrictions imposed by a too rigid adherence to system / environment distinctions and levels of analysis. The multiple system model offered is based upon the variety of actors and issues in world politics. Implications of the interdependencies and linkages among actors, issues, and systems themselves are explored. Operational procedures are suggested which can be employed to identify and analyze issue-systems. This approach allows for the synthesis within a comprehensive framework of recent innovative treatments of international relations including bureaucratic politics, integration theory, issue analysis, linkage politics, and transnationalism.
Organizational Context and the Sexual Harassment of Clergy

When the term sexual harassment is used is association with the clergy, the common assumption is that it is sexual abuse by the clergy which is being discussed. This assumption tends to obscure another serious issue that has received little scholarly attention-the sexual harassment of clergy by church members and colleagues in ministry. This study investigates both the factors that contribute to the chances of clergy experiencing harassment, and the impact of abuse on clergy work outcomes. Because there is so little research on the sexual harassment of clergy, the more general literature on sexual harassment in the workplace (from organizational and sociology of work research) must be relied on in framing the study. A unified approach is used, which suggests that features of modern organizational structures which are known to increase satisfaction will help to create a supportive cli mate in the workplace that will reduce the likelihood of incidents of harassment. Support is found for the value of organizational context as a means of explaining both the causes and outcomes of clergy experiences of harassment. When the term sexual harassment is used in association with the clergy, the common assumption is that it is sexual harassment by the clergy which is being discussed. This assumption tends to obscure another serious issue that has received little scholarly attention-the sexual harassment of clergy by church members and colleagues in ministry. Studies have found that fairly high numbers of female Anglican priests, Catholic sisters, Methodist clergywomen, and women rabbis report workplace sexual harassment (American Jewish Congress 1993; Chibnall, et al. 1998; Majka 1990). This study focuses on the sexual harassment experiences of a subset of religious professionals, mainline Protestant clergy. Since harassment has been found in many studies to reduce worker satisfaction and attachment and to increase levels of stress and turnover (see Crull 1982;
Chivalry and the Pre/Postmodern

Medieval sources widely celebrate the tight integration in knighthood of arms, man and horse, not only as a remarkable feat of technology and training but also as a mutually enhancing coordination between noble warrior and noble beast. This dual self-expansion in knighthood resonates with postmodern models of the cyborg, distributed consciousness and the inherently prosthetic self. Focusing on the historical and imaginative collocation of horse, arms and man reveals chivalry's premodern specificity as well as its intersections with postmodern conceptions of the self.
ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscle cells

ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) channels are therapeutic targets for several diseases, including angina, hypertension, and diabetes. This is because stimulation of KATP channels is thought to produce vasore...
Electrochemical and Computational Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Nonprecious Transition Metal/Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanofibers in Acid Medium

In this study, we performed both electrochemical measurements, such as the rotating disk electrode and the rotating ring-disk electrode techniques, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on nonprecious transition metal/nitrogen doped carbon nanofiber (Fe/N/C and Co/N/C) catalysts in acid medium. The nanofiber catalysts were synthesized by electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment procedures. Our electrochemical measurements showed that the pyrolyzed Fe/N/C catalyst possesses higher activity for ORR than the pyrolyzed Co/N/C catalyst and could promote four-electron (4e−) ORR. In comparison, O2 electroreduction was found to proceed mainly with 2e− pathway on the Co/N/C catalyst. To gain insights into underlying catalytic mechanisms, we calculated the adsorption energies of all possible chemical species and the activation energies for O–O bond dissociation reactions involved in ORR on the FeN4 and CoN4 active sites embedded in graphene. Our DFT cal...