cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Checking Complete Requirements Specifications Using Abstraction

Although model checking has proven remarkably effective in detecting errors in hardware designs, its success in the analysis of software specifications has been limited. Model checking algorithms for hardware verification commonly use Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) to represent predicates involving the many Boolean variables commonly found in hardware descriptions. Unfortunately, BDD representations may be less effective for analyzing software specifications, which usually contain not only Booleans but variables spanning a wide range of data types. Further, software specifications typically have huge, sometimes infinite, state spaces that cannot be model checked directly using conventional symbolic methods. One promising but largely unexplored approach to model checking software specifications is to apply mathematically sound abstraction methods. Such methods extract a reduced model from the specification, thus making model checking feasible. Currently, users of model checkers routinely analyze reduced models but often generate the models in ad hoc ways. As a result, the reduced models may be incorrect. This paper, an expanded version of (Bharadwaj and Heitmeyer, 1997), describes how one can model check a complete requirements specification expressed in the SCR (Software Cost Reduction) tabular notation. Unlike previous approaches which applied model checking to mode transition tables with Boolean variables, we use model checking to analyze properties of a complete SCR specification with variables ranging over many data types. The paper also describes two sound and, under certain conditions, complete methods for producing abstractions from requirements specifications. These abstractions are derived from the specification and the property to be analyzed. Finally, the paper describes how SCR requirements specifications can be translated into the languages of Spin, an explicit state model checker, and SMV, a symbolic model checker, and presents the results of model checking two sample SCR specifications using our abstraction methods and the two model checkers.
Sulfur Amino Acid Requirements of Immature Beagle Dogs

The methionine and total sulfur amino acid requirements of growing Beagle dogs were determined using diets containing purified L-amino acids as the sole nitrogen source. In the presence of 0.60% dietary L-cystine, optimal growth, feed efficiency, and nitrogen retention were attained in dogs fed diets containing 0.20% or more L-methionine. Two additional experiments revealed that maximal growth, feed efficiency, and nitrogen retention occurred in growing dogs fed diets containing 0.20% L-methionine and supplemented with 0.15% or more L-cystine. Therefore, the total sulfur amino acid requirement was estimated to be 0.39% methionine. Cystine, on an isosulfurous basis could effectively supply up to approximately 50% of the total sulfur amino acid requirement. In crystalline amino acid diets, D-methionine, DL-methionine, N-acetyl-L-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue were effective in replacing the L-methionine requirement of growing Beagles. N-acetyl-D-methionine, however, was not efficiently utilized as a substitute for dietary methionine.
Filter-based RFD: can we stabilize network without sacrificing reachability too much?

Internet instability, also referred to as route flaps, can propagate to the whole Internet and consume remarkable computational resource of the routers. Route Flap Damping (RFD) [1] is designed to stabilize the Internet by suppressing persistent route flaps. RFD is a penalty basedmechanism.Themagnitude of the penalty value indicates the degree of instability of an inter-domain route.Once the penalty reaches a certain threshold, the route will be suppressed. This simple mechanism does not work perfectly. First, the way it identifies route flaps or accumulates penalty is too aggressive and may suppress a fairly stable route with a few occasional flaps. Second, a route may be suppressed even after it has converged.
Fabrication and testing of single crystalline 3C-SiC devices using a novel SiC-on-insulator substrate

Single crystal, 3C-SiC lateral resonant structures and piezoresistive strain gauges were fabricated on a novel SiC-on-Insulator (SiCOI) substrate. The SiCOI substrates were fabricated using a bonding-free, substrate growth and etch-back method that bypasses the problems associated with conventional methods to produce dielectrically-isolated 3C-SiC films. The process works equally well with SiO/sub 2/ and stoichiometric Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ layers since bonding is not used; additionally, surface micromachining is enabled when SiO/sub 2/ is used. Lateral resonators fabricated from the 3C-SiC films exhibited Q values as high as 103,000. Using the 3C-SiC strain gauges, the /spl pi//sub 11/ piezoresistance coefficient was the largest, with a value of -17.8/spl times/10/sup -11/ Pa/sup -1/.
Task and Relationship Orientations of Ugandans and Americans

Uganda is emerging as a significant political and economic force on the African continent, but this landlocked nation remains largely a mystery within the international community. The study seeks to build a better understanding of Uganda by comparing the task and relationship orientations of Ugandans and Americans. The Style Questionnaire was used to gather responses from 139 Ugandan and 484 American workers. The findings show that Ugandan workers are not only more relationship oriented than Americans, but their task orientation scores are also higher. The findings also show that Ugandan women are more task oriented than Ugandan men. Awareness of these differences will help international managers assigned to Uganda as well as Ugandan managers adjust their behavior to provide more effective organizational leadership. Key words: Uganda; task orientation; relationship orientation; gender; African culture
Relationship between exercise behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cognitive function in early breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy: a pilot study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-reported exercise behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cognitive function in early breast cancer patients. Thirty-seven breast cancer patients following completion of chemotherapy (median 16 months) and 14 controls were studied. Cognitive function was assessed using the Central Nervous System (CNS) Vital Signs software (CNS Vital Signs, LLC, Morrisville, N.C., USA), a computerized test battery consisting of 9 cognitive subtests. Exercise behavior was evaluated using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, and CRF was assessed via a cardiopulmonary exercise test to assess peak oxygen consumption. Patients’ mean total exercise was 184 ± 141 min·week−1 compared with 442 ± 315 min·week−1 in controls (p < 0.001). Significantly fewer patients (32%) were meeting exercise guidelines (i.e., ≥150 min of moderate-intensity or vigorous exercise per week) compared with 57% of controls (p = 0.014). Patients’ peak oxygen consumption ...
Effects of Prostaglandin F2α on Sexual Behavior and Ovarian Function in Female Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)

Sexual behavior, plasma steroid hormone levels, and ovarian growth of female red-sided garter snakes (Tham- nophis sirtalis parietalis) treated with prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a; 0.5-5.0 j/g/g BW) were observed. The largest dose of PGF2a significantly inhibited receptivity (mating) within 0.5 h of treat- ment and resulted in a significant decrease in sexual attractivity 24 h later. These changes precisely parallel those seen in females that have mated. Lower doses of PGF2(, significantly increased the latency of females to mate by 3-fold in both the laboratory and the field. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of PGF2a on sexual behavior, females injected with PG had levels of steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, 17/3-estradiol, and corti- costerone) similar to those in unmated controls 24 h after treatment, while females that had mated 24 h previously had significantly elevated plasma levels of 17/3-estradiol. There was no significant difference in the incidence of vitellogenesis 6-8 weeks later among unmated females, unmated females treated with PG, and mated females. These results suggest that complex neuroendocrine responses occur after mating. One response may involve mating-induced release of PGs and suppression of sexual behavior, while a second independent response may involve a PG-independent mechanism that influences ovarian function. These findings are interpreted within the context of the garter snake's reproductive physiology and ecology. (Endocrinology 119:787-792,1986)
A Spectrum Slicing Method for the Kohn-Sham Problem

Abstract Solving the Kohn–Sham equation, which arises in density functional theory, is a standard procedure to determine the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and condensed matter systems. The solution of this nonlinear eigenproblem is used to predict the spatial and energetic distribution of electronic states. However, obtaining a solution for large systems is computationally intensive because the problem scales super-linearly with the number of atoms. Here we demonstrate a divide and conquer method that partitions the necessary eigenvalue spectrum into slices and computes each partial spectrum on an independent group of processors in parallel. We focus on the elements of the spectrum slicing method that are essential to its correctness and robustness such as the choice of filter polynomial, the stopping criterion for a vector iteration, and the detection of duplicate eigenpairs computed in adjacent spectral slices. Some of the more prominent aspects of developing an optimized implementation are discussed.
STEADY-STATE CONFINEMENT OF NON-NEUTRAL PLASMAS BY ROTATING ELECTRIC FIELDS

We apply ``rotating wall'' electric fields to spin up a non-neutral plasma in a Penning-Malmberg trap, resulting in steady-state confinement (weeks) of up to ${10}^{9}{\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ ions. The resulting ion columns can be near global thermal equilibrium, with near-uniform temperature and rotation frequency. The equilibrated plasma $\mathbf{E}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{B}$ rotation rate ${f}_{E}$ is observed to be somewhat less than the drive frequency ${f}_{w}$, with slip $\ensuremath{\Delta}f\ensuremath{\equiv}{f}_{w}{\ensuremath{-}f}_{E}$ depending on temperature as $\ensuremath{\Delta}f\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{1/2}$ for $0.05\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}5\mathrm{eV}$. Dynamic measurements of applied torque versus slip frequency show plasma spin up and compression for $\ensuremath{\Delta}fg0$ and plasma slowing and expansion for $\ensuremath{\Delta}fl0$. By gradually increasing ${f}_{w}$, density compression up to 20% of the Brillouin density limit has been achieved. Heating resonances and hysteresis in plasma parameters are also observed.
Role of tin content in the wetting of Cu and Au by tin-bismuth solders

This study describes tests in which solder composition, substrate metallization, temperature, and dwell time were combined in a factorially designed experiment to determine the effect of those factors on solder spread area. Measure of spread area, reflowed solder shape, solder microstructure, and solder and interface chemistry were taken in order to provide insight about the wetting mechanism(s). The reactivity of Au vs Cu metallization with solder was found to be a major factor in increasing spread area. The role of increasing tin content is to increase spread and spread rate. A similar effect is seen by increasing temperature. Time allowed for spread is a minor contributor to the spread area. Segregation of the tin and bismuth solder components during the wetting process was observed which indicated the role of bismuth as a carrier species. Analysis of variance methods based on the statistically designed experiments1a’lb were used to show how to generate a model which estimates the spread area as a function of the tested factors.
A Template for Organizing Efforts to Satisfy ABET EC 2000 Requirements

This paper presents a template that departments may use to organize their efforts to satisfy ABET Engineering Criteria 2000 requirements. The template is based on the premise that each course in a BS curriculum should be designed to service well-defined “Student Learning Tasks” that have been derived from program objectives. The template is such that, as a department creates files and documents to fill it, “Objectives of the Department” will derive from stakeholder demands; “Graduate Attributes” will derive from “Objectives of the Department”; a set of “Student Learning Tasks” will be associated with each “Graduate Attribute”; courses comprising the BS degree curriculum will cover all “Student Learning Tasks”; and a suitable scheme of assessment and self-evaluation will connect all elements together for continuous improvement purposes. The template helps to clarify relations among EC 2000 components, and sifts content from format in doing so. Some information matrix formats are recommended, and the paper closes by indicating how program characteristics such as subject-matter integration and cooperative learning may be defined using some of the matrices presented.
Results of an irrigated lands assessment for Water Management in California

Periodic assessment of existing and future demands for water within California is one responsibility of the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR). The California Irrigated Lands Assessment for Water Management Project represented a 5-year joint research effort between the NASA and the CDWR with technical support from the University or California (UC) at Berkeley and at Santa Barbara. The objectives were 1) to develop and demonstrate procedures for providing highly precise, timely, estimates of irrigated area on a statewide basis using Landsat sensor data and 2) to develop, through research with small demonstration sites, a procedure for the inventory and mapping of crop groups on a regional basis. Both manual and computer-assisted analyses were investigated. This paper highlights the statewide irrigated lands inventory where a procedure for statewide estimation of irrigated land using full frame Landsat MSS imagery and sampled ground data was successfully demonstrated. The statewide estimate of 3 990 112 hectares was within ±1.32 percent relative standard error at the 95-percent Confidence Interval, well within the design goal. This procedure represents a new capability for obtaining near-real time data on changes in agricultural water use throughout the State.
An Ambiguous Institution: Slavery, the State, and the Law in Colonial Massachusetts

This essay examines the impact the state had in shaping slavery in colonial Massachusetts. Like other parts of the early modern English-speaking world, there was no legal precedent for slavery, meaning that positive law had to enforce and define the institution. Even more problematic for Massachusetts, however, the colonial assembly passed few statutes regarding slavery, leaving it to the courts and town selectmen to govern slavery on an ad hoc and informal basis. As opposed to strict slave codes in the Southern colonies, the legally ambiguous status of slavery in Massachusetts allowed slaves to make use of a legal system that granted them the right to a fair trial and full legal recourse. By using the courts, then, African-Americans created an innovative and effective path to freedom by the late colonial period.
Tubular response to hormones is blunted in weanling rats.

The renal responses to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) were studied in anaesthetized weanling and adult rats with clearance methods. In rats receiving PTH, thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) was performed prior to the study. The results showed that GFR remained unchanged in both age groups during infusion with ANP, AVP and PTH after TPTX as well as with TPTX alone. During ANP infusion, the urine flow rate increased from 0.01 ± 0.002 to 0.029 ± 0.004 ml (100 g body wt)-1 min-1 (P< 0.001) and the fractional sodium excretion increased from 0.48 ± 0.1 to 3.0 ± 0.4% (P< 0.001) in the adult rats; no significant changes were observed in the weanling rats. Phosphate excretion was not influenced by ANP in either age group. After TPTX, both net and fractional phosphate excretion decreased in both age groups. During PTH infusion in TPTX rats, both net and fractional phosphate excretions increased significantly in the adult rats but were unchanged in the weanling rats. In rats of the same age, the renal concentrating capacity and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined after dehydration. The renal concentrating capacity was lower, and the renal excretion of PGE2 was higher, in the weanling than in the adult rats. Furthermore, the concentrating mechanism seems not to be influenced by indomethacin treatment in either age group. It is concluded that the tubular responses to ANP and PTH are blunted in the immature kidney and that the renal excretion of PGE2 is not an important factor in the regulation of the concentrating capacity in the weanling rat.
Ground‐based microwave measurements of water vapor from the midstratosphere to the mesosphere

[1] We present 5 months of retrievals from a new Water Vapor Millimeter-wave Spectrometer (WVMS) instrument that has been deployed at Table Mountain, California (34.4°N, 242.3°E). The single most important improvement over previous WVMS instruments is that instead of a set of 90 filters, this instrument has a fast Fourier transform spectrometer that provides 16,384 channels across 500 MHz, with a channel bandwidth of ∼30 kHz. The additional information provided by this spectrometer makes it possible to extend the altitude range of the WVMS measurements from the current ∼40–80 km range to ∼26–80 km. We present details of the retrieval scheme and study the effects on the retrieved profiles of fitting instrumental baseline components. We compare the retrievals to coincident measurements from the NASA Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument with a particular emphasis on understanding the stability of the 26 km retrievals. While the retrieval is sensitive to variations at this altitude, neither the MLS-retrieved water vapor mixing ratios nor those retrieved by WVMS show much variation over the 5 month period: a good indication of the stability of both instruments.
A survey of corporate governance and overlapping regulations in banking

Banking managers, chief financial officers , and politicians are increasingly voicing their concerns about the ‘excessive’ burden imposed by compliance with Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) Act, Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering (BSA/AML), and Interagency Supervisory guidance on operational risk advanced measurement approaches (AMA). The underpinnings of the banking regulations — FDICIA, SOX, AMA, and BSA/AML — are all, however, based on the organisation's internal control structure, and provide a solid framework for enterprise-wide management of operational risk and capital. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, ACH Guideline changes, Check 21, and increasing competition through technology-based products and services are part of the larger picture of evolving threats and increasing change in the industry that are challenging the banking managers to take a holistic approach to enterprise-wide risk management. In the current environment of corporate scandals and public distrust, the investor community will use the integrated compliance framework to differentiate between adopters and nonadopters of good corporate management practices. This paper highlights the regulatory overlaps and inherent leveraging opportunities in the compliance practices, and points out the competitive advantage to progressive banking institutions. It includes a personal view for implementing integrated enterprise-wide operational risk management leveraging on existing compliance practices, and outlines regulatory Guidelines for information technology controls and BSA/AML compliance. The paper explores how the compliance requirements are changing the emphasis of corporate governance and finance functions in banking institutions.
The effect of ISO 14001 on environmental regulatory compliance in China

Certification to the ISO 14001 environmental management standard is analyzed using data drawn from a survey of manufacturing firms in China. The analysis proceeds by first identifying predictors of ISO 14001 certification and then estimating the relationship between ISO 14001 certification and compliance with environmental regulations. Potential endogeneity between ISO 14001 certification and regulatory compliance is addressed by modeling certification and compliance simultaneously using the SURBP estimator. Results indicate that ISO 14001 certification increases compliance with environmental regulations, and this effect persists after implementing the appropriate controls for endogeneity.
The Behavior Rating Form-Revised: A Parent-Report Measure of Children's Self-Esteem.

Constructed the Behavior Rating Form-Revised (BRF-R) in order to obtain an inferred self-esteem rating scale that was appropriate for use by parents. Two samples (N = 38 and N = 44) of parents of 4- to 6- year-old preschool children completed the BRF-R and a 20-item version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C). The BRF-R was found to be a relatively internally consistent measure in each population (coefficient alpha = 0.81 and 0.79); item analyses provided additional support for item homogeneity. No correlations between BRF-R and M-C scores were found. The results suggest that across subpopulations, parents are able to utilize the BRF-R in a similar manner. The BRF-R is judged to be ready for utilization in research and to merit further investigation.
Using models to explore whole-body metabolism and accessing models through a model library.

Abstract A model is a mathematical representation of a system that can be used to explore the system in a number of ways: to determine the system's internal connections, to calculate properties of the system such as flow rates and pool sizes, and to make predictions about the system's behavior under different conditions. The use of modeling to explore whole-body metabolism is demonstrated using a compartmental model of zinc kinetics as an example. Because models are useful tools for exploring systems, a facility called a “model library” is being established on the Internet to provide access to working versions of published models.
Time for “drilling down”

In the ongoing battle against diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM), we seem to progress through distinct phases. With the discovery of insulin,1 the view of diabetes changed from one of lethality and suffering to hope and a “cure”.2 Soon after, however, and into the middle 1970s, diabetes entered into a “chronic disease phase” with a sense of “inevitability” regarding devastating and deadly complications.2,3 The National Diabetes Act4 and the National Commission on Diabetes5 launched a 30 year phase of aggressive pursuit of greater understanding, discovery, and action, with A) emerging evidence of the size and scope of the diabetes burden;6 and B) convincing scientific efficacy evidence that both glucose control mattered;7–9 and that macrovascular disease did not have to happen among persons with DM.10 The beginning of the 21st century heralded two additional phases: A) evidence that the “epidemic” of DM is not only large, but still growing and international, and thus indicating an awareness of both individual AND society health and economic challenges;11–13 and B) convincing scientific and economic evidence that in high-risk individuals at least, i.e. those with “prediabetes,” reduction in the incidence of type 2 DM is possible (if not also desirable and necessary!).14–16
The Role of Insulin Receptor Signaling in Zebrafish Embryogenesis

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling is considered to be important in growth and development in addition to its major role in metabolic homeostasis. The metabolic role of insulin in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is extensively studied. In contrast, the role of IR activation during embryogenesis is less understood. To address this, we examined the function of the IR during zebrafish development. Zebrafish express two isoforms of IR (insra and insrb). Both isoforms were cloned and show high homology to the human insulin receptor and can functionally substitute for the human IR in fibroblasts derived from insr gene-deleted mice. Gene expression studies reveal that these receptors are expressed at moderate levels in the central nervous system during development. Morpholino-mediated selective knockdown of each of the IR isoforms causes growth retardation and profound morphogenetic defects in the brain and eye. These results clearly demonstrate that IR signaling plays essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis and growth.
Panoramic Radiographic Survey of Dentists Participating in ADA Health Screening Programs: 1976, 1977, and 1978

Results of the panoramic examination of dentists participating in the health evaluation program of the ADA annual sessions held at Las Vegas (1976), Miami Beach (1977), and Anaheim (1978) were reported and compared as accurately as possible with the results of the panoramic examinations of dentists taking part in the health evaluation programs of the ADA annual sessions in 1964, 1966, and 1968. The panoramic radiograph continues to serve as a diagnostic aid in dental health evaluation programs. Only general impressions may be drawn from surveys of this nature for various reasons: the inability to follow up each case with a clinical examination; the lack of correlation of findings between examiners; and the use of different criteria each year. Generally, dentists examined in the health evaluation programs in 1976, 1977, and 1978 were in good dental health.
Starch-Entrapped Biopolymer Microspheres as a Novel Approach to Vary Blood Glucose Profiles

Background: With emerging knowledge of the impact of the metabolic quality of glycemic carbohydrates on human health, there is a need for novel carbohydrate ingredients that can be custom-made to deliver controlled amounts of glucose to the body and to test hypotheses on the postprandial metabolic consequences of carbohydrates.Objective: The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the applicability and action of starch-entrapped biopolymer microspheres as customized, novel, slowly digestible carbohydrates to obtain desired glycemic responses.Methods: Starch-entrapped microspheres were developed; and starch digestion and glucose release, subsequent to their cooking (100°C, 20 min) in water, were initially monitored by measuring the rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starch fractions using the in vitro Englyst assay. Glycemic and insulinemic responses after consumption of glucose and two different slowly digestible starch microsphere diets were compared using a crossover study in 10 h...
Improved Three-Dimensional Crowning Profiles for Dovetail Attachments

Dovetail attachments in gas turbines are subject to fatigue failures. These fatigue failures occur as a result of large fluctuations in hoop stresses near the edges of contact in attachments. The high hoop stresses available for fluctuating are, in turn, the result of high contact stress peaks near the edges of contact. One means of alleviating these stresses is via crowning. Such crowned configurations are inherently three-dimensional and consequently present some challenges to obtaining convergent contact stresses with finite elements. Such challenges are met in the work of Beisheim and Sinclair (2008, “Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Dovetail Attachments With and Without Crowning,” ASME J. Turbomach., 130, pp. 021012-1–021021-8), and crowning is shown to reduce contact stresses by about 40%. The crowning profile used in that paper is the natural Hertzian profile of a segment of an ellipsoid. This note investigates an alternative profile with a view to increasing the area of contact, and thereby further reducing contact stresses. Converged contact stresses are obtained for both profiles, and demonstrate that the alternative profile can indeed reduce contact stresses by an additional 10%.
Influence of particle size on hysteresis heating behavior of nickel particulate polymer films

Abstract The viability of using magnetic particulate susceptor materials for induction heating during bonding of polymer matrix composites is investigated in this work. Hysteresis heating is tailored through careful design of the microstructure of nickel particulate polymer films. An excellent heating rate is attained in the frequency range of 1–10 MHz for particle volume fraction below percolation of 0.26. The diameter of nickel particle should be kept between 65 nm and 10 μm to ensure multi-domain heating and low particle oxidation. The hysteresis heating behavior of the particulate films is found to be volumetric in nature and proportional to the cubic of applied magnetic field. Over the range studied, heat generation is inversely proportional to the size of the multi-domain particles. Curie temperature control is observed when sufficiently high magnetic fields are applied. The master curves of AC heat generation in Ni/PSU films are established and show a strong particle size effect.
Measuring the complete surface strain field on rubber structures using an optical method

A method for determining the complete surface strain field on rubber structures is described. The technique consists of photographically depositing a set of grid lines on the surface of a photoelastic birefringent coating. The coating is bonded to the surface of the object of interest. Photoelastic data together with grid photographs provide sufficient information for determining the complete surface strain state at all points on the coating. An experimental example demonstrating the technique is presented. The technique is especially well suited for strain measurements in the range from 1% to 10%-a range commonly encountered with pneumatic tires.
A Statistical Markov Chain Approximation of Transient Hospital Inpatient Inventory

Inventory levels are critical to the operations, management, and capacity decisions of inventory systems but can be difficult to model in heterogeneous, non-stationary throughput systems. The inpatient hospital is a complicated throughput system and, like most inventory systems, hospitals dynamically make managerial decisions based on short term subjective demand predictions. Specifically, short term hospital staffing, resource capacity, and finance decisions are made according to hospital inpatient inventory predictions. Inpatient inventory systems have non-stationary patient arrival and service processes. Previously developed models present poor inventory predictions due to model subjectivity, high model complexity, solely expected value predictions, and assumed stationary arrival and service processes. Also, no models present statistical testing for model significance and quality-of-fit. This paper presents a Markov chain probability model that uses maximum likelihood regression to predict the expectations and discrete distributions of transient inpatient inventories. The approach has a foundation in throughput theory, has low model complexity, and provides statistical significance and quality-of-fit tests unique to this Markov chain. The Markov chain is shown to have superior predictability over Seasonal ARIMA models.
Cathode multipactor induced by traveling waves

While ac multipactors between gaps have been extensively studied, traveling wave multipactors, widely thought responsible for hub formation in cold-cathode crossed-field devices, have received much less attention. It is shown that a single surface multipactor is induced by a slow wave with two-dimensional space variation. Phase locking with the rf occurs when the distance traveled, and flight time between successive impacts correspond to a collisional drift velocity vc=Δy/Δt equal to the phase velocity vp. The flight time is not a multiple of the rf period, as in ac multipactor, but closer to the cyclotron period. A stable resonant orbit is an attractor in space, pulling nearby orbits; in a rf-synchronous moving window, particles cluster into a Larmor radius size ring, as the rest of the wavelength is swept clean. The bunched charge is later dispersed due to the mutual repulsion, creating a nonuniform hub. The parameter space where avalanching occurs for secondary yield above unity is found much more exte...
CYCLIC X RAY RESPONSES IN MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO.

Various radiation responses in mammalian cells depend on the position of the cell within its generation cycle (that is, its age) at the time of irradiation. Studies have most often been made by irradiating synchronized populations of cells in vitro. Results in different cell lines are not easy to compare, but an attempt has been made here to point out similarities and differences with regard to cell killing and division delay. In general, survival data obtained so far show that, in cells with a short G1, cells are most sensitive in mitosis and in G2, less sensitive in G1, and least sensitive during the latter part of the S period. In cells with a long G1, in addition to the above, there is usually a resistant phase early in G1 followed by a sensitive stage near its end. (The latter may be as sensitive as mitosis.) Exceptions to the above, especially in some L cell sublines, have been noted, and a possible explanation is given. In Chinese hamster cells, maximum survival after irradiation occurs during S, b...
The ERICA IOP 5 Storm. Part II: Sensitivity Tests and Further Diagnosis Based on Model Output

Abstract This paper continues the study of the ERICA IOP 5 storm begun in a companion paper. The latter documented the storm development, utilizing both conventional and special observations, and presented the results of a successful simulation of the storm by the Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model MM4. At 24 h into the simulation, the MM4 predicted a central pressure of 984 mb, close to the observed value, whereas the Nested Grid Model (NGM) of the National Meteorological Center forecasted a depth of only 997 mb for the same hour. Here the results of experiments designed to test the sensitivity of the development to latent heating, surface energy fluxes, Gulf Stream position, and grid size are first presented. A high sensitivity to latent heating and a moderate sensitivity to the other parameters are found. A comparison with other cases in the literature reveals that the sensitivity to latent heating, and to the fluxes, was unusually large. In view of this finding, further diagnosis is ma...
Determination of pentazocine and tripelennamine in blood of T's and blues addicts by gas—liquid chromatography with a nitrogen detector

A procedure for the quantitative determination of pentazocine (T's) and tripelennamine (Blues) in blood obtained from T's and Blues addicts is described. The underivatized drugs were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen detector. The retention times relative to mepivicaine (internal standard) on OV-17 at 220 degrees C were: tripelennamine 0.69 and pentazocine 1.77. The linear ranges of blood standards were: tripelennamine, 0.10-1.00 microgram/ml; pentazocine, 0.50-5.0 microgram/ml. For simultaneous analysis, the within-run and between-run CVs of tripelennamine were 5.6% (n = 23) and 13% (n = 12); and for pentazocine 5.2% (n = 23) and 9.9% (n = 12). Mean recoveries over the range of standards were: tripelennamine, 103% +/- 2.5% (n = 12); pentazocine 77.8% +/- 3.6% (n = 12).
Design of Sewer Systems

In order to cope with the ever increasing problems of the urban environment, new approaches are being sought to their solution. The objective of this paper is to review and evaluate the merits of certain new methods aimed at finding optimal solutions in sewer design. Based on principles similar to the ones advanced by Deininger [1966] and Holland [1968] the authors propose an integer programming algorithm for optimizing pipe sizes and slopes. The new algorithm is applied to an actual situation and compared with a solution arrived at by a traditional design approach.
Transvaginal cervical length and amniotic fluid index: can it predict delivery latency following preterm premature rupture of membranes?

Objective We sought to determine whether transvaginal cervical length (TVCL), amniotic fluid index (AFI), or a combination of both can predict delivery latency within 7 days in women presenting with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Study Design This was a prospective observational study of TVCL measurements in 106 singleton pregnancies with PPROM between 23-33 weeks. Delivery latency was defined as the period (in days) from the initial TVCL after PPROM to delivery of the infant, with our primary outcome being delivery within 7 days of TVCL. The independent predictability of significant characteristics for delivery within 7 days was determined using multiple logistic regression. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were used to examine whether the presence of a short TVCL, AFI, or a combination of both affected the risk of delivery within 7 days. Results Delivery within 7 days occurred in 51/106 (48%) of pregnancies. Median duration (interquartile range) from PPROM to delivery and TVCL to delivery was 8 days (4.0–16.0) and 8 days (3.0–15.0), respectively. Using multiple regression TVCL as a continuous variable (odds ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.97; P P 7 days for TVCL >2 cm alone was 61%. This predictive value changed when analyzed in conjunction with an AFI ≤5 cm and >5 cm at 42% and 89%, respectively. Conclusion A shorter TVCL and an AFI ≤5 cm independently predict delivery within 7 days in women presenting with PPROM. The combination of an AFI >5 cm and TVCL >2 cm greatly improved the potential to remain undelivered at 7 days following cervical length assessment. These findings may be helpful for counseling and optimizing maternal and neonatal care in women with PPROM.
Novel rolltruded membranes. III. The effect of processing temperature on the gas transport properties of isotactic polypropylene

The solubility and diffusivity of CO2, N2, and CH4 in isotactic polypropylene [iPP] thin films produced via rolltrusion solid-state processing have been studied. Processing temperatures between 50 and 125°C and draw ratios between 1 and ca. 10 are reported. Variations in the transport coefficients and the activation energies, in conjunction with the molecular theory of diffusion of Pace and Datyner,22,23 were used to assess changes in the micromorphology of the polymer due to this unique processing mode. Specifically, it has been found that the formation and destruction of microvoid volume were necessary to account for the large increases in solubility and decreases in the heats of solution. Additionally, changes in the tortuosity of the diffusive pathways—due in part to crystallite orientation and to the formation of impermeable amorphous regions in the microfibrillar morphology—were found to influence the diffusivity significantly. The tortuosity actually decreased in contrast to the behavior obtained for uniaxially drawn films. Based upon these observations, it is suggested that triaxial stresses induced in rolltruded polymer films are responsible for this morphology and its function in polymer membranes. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microcomputer-aided design of tensile roof structures

Abstract This paper presents interactive microcomputer-aided design of tensile roof structures. A highly interactive multi-window system has been developed on an IBM PS 2 Model 80 for the design of three different classes of cable roof structures: freely suspended synclastic-surface (dish-shaped) nets, prestressed flat nets, and prestressed anticlastic-surface (saddle-shaped) nets. Graphic displays of cable roof structures include various perspective views of the structure, deformed shape of the structure, and deformation of individual cables.
Metrics of spectral image complexity with application to large area search

Spectral image complexity is an ill-defined term that has been addressed previously in terms of dimensionality, multivariate normality, and other approaches. Here, we apply the concept of the linear mixture model to the question of spectral image complexity at spatially local scales. Essentially, the "complexity" of an image region is related to the volume of a convex set enclosing the data in the spectral space. The volume is estimated as a function of increasing dimensionality (through the use of a set of endmembers describing the data cloud) using the Gram Matrix approach. It is hypothesized that more complex regions of the image are composed of multiple, diverse materials and will thus occupy a larger volume in the hyperspace. The ultimate application here is large area image search without a priori information regarding the target signature. Instead, image cues will be provided based on local, relative estimates of the image complexity. The technique used to estimate the spectral image complexity is described and results are shown for representative image chips and a large area flightline of reflective hyperspectral imagery. The extension to the problem of large area search will then be described and results are shown for a 4-band multispectral image.
Attenuation of the effects of fluoxetine on serotonergic neuronal activity by pindolol in rats.

Based on its proposed ability to block the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the firing rate of serotonergic neurons, the 5-HT1A partial agonist/β-adrenergic antagonist pindolol has been examined in clinical trials for its ability to enhance the efficacy of SSRIs. However, varying results have been obtained in these clinical trials. To explore this issue, we examined the effects of pindolol alone and in combination with fluoxetine on the electrophysiological activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of anesthetized rats. Administration of pindolol (1, 5, and 20 mg/kg, s.c.) alone decreased the number of spontaneously active serotonergic neurons. Administration of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) alone also decreased the number of spontaneously active serotonergic neurons. However, when administered following fluoxetine, pindolol significantly attenuated, but did not block completely, the inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on the number of spontaneously active serotonergic neurons. These results indicate that pindolol can attenuate the effects of fluoxetine on the firing of serotonergic neurons. These results may help explain the varying efficacy of pindolol in clinical trials with SSRIs.
Legally Public but Privately Practiced: Segregating the Lactating Body

Contemporary discourses position the "ideal mother" as a breastfeeding one; however, most mothers are faced with an economic imperative to return to work shortly after delivery, complicating their ability to continue breastfeeding. Some organizations have begun to provide lactation rooms for breastfeeding employees. Adopting a Foucauldian lens, I explore the ways in which a lactation room functions as what Foucault might have termed a heterotopian space, blurring the boundaries of public and private spheres. I combine rhetorical analysis of a lactation room, journal entries, media coverage, and my own experiences to answer recent appeals from scholars to address the role of space in communication research. I argue that the well-intended vision of the lactation room may be appreciated by some, but the composition of the room (e.g., single-occupancy design, discreet location) undercuts its necessity.
Effects of human corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) on gastric and pancreatic secretion in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Human CRF given IV inhibited dose-dependently pentagastrin- but not histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. When added to the incubation medium of the isolated gastric glands, CRF did not alter the formation of HCl under basal conditions of after stimulation with histamine or DBcAMP. CRF caused a small but significant increase in pancreatic HCO 3 and protein secretion. It augmented CCK-induced pancreatic protein and secretin-induced HCO 3 secretion in vivo but failed to affect basal or stimulated (CCK and urecholine) amylase release by the in vitro dispersed pancreatic acini. This study indicates that CRF inhibits gastric and stimulates pancreatic secretion in vivo but not in vitro and these effects are indirect involving, at least in part, alterations in the pancreatic circulation.
Arousing effects of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in hibernating Citellus lateralis.

Abstract 1. 1. Premature arousal was evoked in hibernating Citellus lateralis by the intraperitoneal injection of adenosine, adenine nucleotides, purine riboside, and puromycin. 2. 2. Adenine, 2′-deoxyadenosine, and 2′-deoxyadenosine monophosphate, inosine, hypoxanthine, and other purine nucleotides and cyclic purine nucleotides did not cause premature arousal. 3. 3. It was suggested that the evoked arousal was the result of stimulation of adenyl cyclase and/or cyclic AMP production. With the exception of purine riboside and puromycin, the adenosine moiety was the minimum structural unit shared by all of the compounds that effected this stimulation. 4. 4. It was postulated that cyclic AMP may be involved with progressive irritability and the culminating, spontaneous arousal from periods of hibernation.
Current results with pediatric heart transplantation.

Abstract Background . Cardiac transplantation is an accepted treatment for children with end-stage heart failure or complex or inoperable congenital defects. Methods . Since 1988, 95 transplants have been performed in 89 children aged 4 days to 18 years (median 6.9 years, 42 patients 0–5 years). Fifty-eight (61%) had congenital or acquired heart disease, 31 (33%) had idiopathic cardiomyopathy, and 6 (6%) were retransplants. Fifty-seven of the patients had prior cardiac surgery with a range of one to eight procedures (mean 3.4 procedures/patient). At the time of transplantation, 53 (56%) were United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status I, including 23 children on mechanical ventilation and 4 with mechanical circulatory support. Results . Thirty-day survival in this group was 96%. Posttransplant results showed a median time of ventilation of 1 day (mean 3.0 ± 5.7 days), median duration of inotropic support of 2 days (mean 2.7 ± 2.3 days), median intensive care unit (ICU) stay of 4 days (mean 6.9 ± 9.6 days), and median hospitalization of 9 days (mean 14.3 ± 13.9 days). Follow-up from 1 month to 10.3 years (mean 3.1 years) has demonstrated a 1-year actuarial survival of 79% and a 5-year actuarial survival of 69%. Rejection, both acute and chronic, accounted for the vast majority of deaths. Conclusions . Pediatric heart transplantation can be accomplished with excellent early survival despite multiple prior cardiac operations and relative severity of illness. Parameters such as postoperative ventilation, inotropic support, ICU stay, and hospitalization can be kept at reasonable levels with acceptable long-term results, although rejection remains a serious problem.
Myocyte proliferation and ventricular remodeling

Improvement in the methodological approach to the analysis of the myocardium has provided clear evidence of cardiac myocyte proliferation, questioning the general belief that the growth of the adult heart under physiological and pathological conditions can occur only by cellular hypertrophy. Myocyte regeneration contributes via myocyte death to the physiological turnover of myocytes and via myocyte hypertrophy to cardiac remodeling. Several questions, however, remain to be answered. Among them, it is still unknown whether myocyte multiplication exerts a positive and/or negative effect on ventricular anatomy and cardiac function. The addition of newly generated myocytes leads to cavitary dilation with relative thinning of the wall. Conversely, myocyte proliferation, characterized by the parallel addition of cells, can be expected to increase wall thickness, decrease chamber size, and ameliorate cardiac performance.