cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Properties of Three Measures of Stigma Among Hispanics with Depression

While many measures of mental illness stigma have been developed, few have been validated in Hispanic populations. This study examined the psychometric properties of three stigma measures (Stigma Concerns about Mental Health Care [SCMHC], Social Distance Scale [SDS], and Latino Scale for Antidepressant Stigma [LSAS]) among a depressed, Hispanic sample. Data were collected during baseline assessments for two studies taking place in primary care settings (N = 500). Psychometric and factor validity were tested for each measure. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated adequate model fit, and adequate internal consistency reliability was found for all three measures. Stigma scores significantly differed by education level and gender. Findings from this analysis provide support for the use of the SCMHC, SDS, and LSAS in a depressed, Hispanic population. Assessing barriers to depression treatment, including stigma, are critical in engaging Hispanics in care and eliminating disparities for the population.
The movement-to-music (M2M) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled efficacy trial examining a rhythmic teleexercise intervention for people with physical disabilities.

People with physical disabilities need exercise routines that are enjoyable, readily available in the home, adapted to their functional level, and eliminate common barriers to exercise participation related to transportation and time commitment. The purpose of the movement-to-music (M2M) study is to address these issues by establishing a remotely delivered, rhythmic exercise program for people with physical disabilities. The study is a two-arm randomized controlled efficacy trial examining a 12-week remotely delivered M2M intervention (eM2M) in 108 people with physical disabilities. The primary outcomes are changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength at post 12-week intervention. The eM2M study will enhance our understanding of an alternative intervention design and delivery mode that removes common barriers to exercise participation experienced by people with physical disabilities. The eM2M intervention may be an alternative option for people with physical disabilities to obtain regular exercise, especially during a pandemic when exercising in indoor facilities may be problematic. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03797378. Registered on January 9, 2019, with the trial name “Movement-to-Music: Lakeshore Examination of Activity, Disability, and Exercise Response Study (M2M LEADERS)”.
A novel, simple interpretation of Nesterov’s accelerated method as a combination of gradient and mirror descent

First-order methods play a central role in large-scale convex optimization. Despite their various forms of descriptions and many applications, such methods mostly and fundamentally rely on two basic types of analyses: gradient-descent analysis, which yields primal progress, and mirror-descent analysis, which yields dual progress. In this paper, we observe that the performances of these two analyses are complementary, so that faster algorithms can be designed by coupling the two analyses, and their corresponding descent steps. In particular, we show in this paper how to obtain a conceptually simple reinterpretation of Nesterov’s accelerated gradient method [Nes83, Nes04, Nes05]. Nesterov’s method is the optimal first-order method for the class of smooth convex optimization problems. However, the proof of the fast convergence of Nesterov’s method has no clear interpretation and is regarded by some as relying on an ‘algebraic trick’. We apply our novel insights to express Nesterov’s algorithm as a coupling of gradient descent and mirror descent, and as a result, the convergence proof can be understood as some natural combination of the two underlying convergence analyses. We believe that this complementary view of the two types of analysis may not only facilitate the study of Nesterov’s method in a white-box manner so as to apply it to problems outside its original scope, but also let us design better first-order methods in a conceptually easier way.
Bacterial Oxidation of Orthophosphite

Malacinski, George (Indiana University, Bloomington), and Walter A. Konetzka. Bacterial oxidation of orthophosphite. J. Bacteriol. 91:578–582. 1966.—A variety of bacteria grown on a glucose and salts medium were capable of utilizing orthophosphite as a sole source of phosphorus. Two organisms, Pseudomonas fluorescens 195 and Serratia marcescens 24, were studied in detail. Growth rates and total cell yields of the bacteria grown on phosphite indicated that the bacteria utilized phosphite as efficiently as phosphate. The ability to oxidize the anion was shown to be inducible. A period of adaptation was required prior to growth on phosphite when phosphate-grown cells were transferred to a medium containing a limiting amount of phosphate and excess phosphite. No phosphite-oxidizing activity could be detected in whole cells or cell-free extracts of phosphate-grown cells. Both whole cells and cell-free extracts of phosphite-grown cells possessed phosphite-oxidizing activity.
Time and eldership in Torrobo world view

The Ceremony of Eldership among the Torrobo of Kenya is conducted at the death of the oldest male family member to ensure continuity in family leadership and synergize the three dimensions of Torrobo time in the event. The ritual passing of the family mantle from the deceased father to his eldest son is an example of reference to the cultural past in order for a person to perceive the present in the fullness of Torrobo wisdom. A ritual text of prayers is spoken to obligate the divine in matters of the family and remind the in-coming elder of his dependence on Enkai, the Supreme Being. At the Ceremony of Eldership, the elder son automatically becomes an age-mate of his father’s age-set which serves to link one generation with another in notions of obligation and time continuity.
Positive Influence Dominating Set in Online Social Networks

Online social network has developed significantly in recent years as a medium of communicating, sharing and disseminating information and spreading influence. Most of current research has been on understanding the property of online social network and utilizing it to spread information and ideas. In this paper, we explored the problem of how to utilize online social networks to help alleviate social problems in the physical world, for example, the drinking, smoking, and drug related problems. We proposed a Positive Influence Dominating Set (PIDS) selection algorithm and analyzed its effect on a real online social network data set through simulations. By comparing the size and the average positive degree of PIDS with those of a 1-dominating set, we found that by strategically choosing 26% more people into the PIDS to participate in the intervention program, the average positive degree increases by approximately 3.3 times. In terms of the application, this result implies that by moderately increasing the participation related cost, the probability of positive influencing the whole community through the intervention program is significantly higher. We also discovered that a power law graph has empirically larger dominating sets (both the PIDS and 1-dominating set) than a random graph does.
Observation of the reaction I*(2P12) + Br2 → IBr + Br*(2P12)

The reaction has been directly observed by monitoring both the decay of I* fluorescence (1.3 μ) and the appearance of Br* fluorescence (2.7 μ) following laser photolysis of i-C3F7I in flowing mixtures with Br2 and argon. The total rate for deactivation of I* by Br2, an upper limit on k*, is (1.95 ± 0.12) × 106 s−1 torr−1, where the uncertainty represents two standard deviations.
The color simulation of cucumber leaves

This paper presents a framework for the color simulation of mini-cucumber leaves. At first, extract the shape and main venation information of the mini-cucumber leaves. Secondly, construct a quadratic function as base color function to simulate the color transition during the fruit-seting period and fruit maturation period. Finally we use the cellular texture basis function and adjustment function to describe the color distribution in structure space. Experimental results show that the proposed method could simulate the color of minicucumber leaves. This provides a simple and general process simulation for the leaf color of plants.
Effect of TGF-β1, TGF-α, and EGF on Cell Proliferation and Cell Death in Rat Ventral Prostatic Epithelial Cells in Culture

A tissue culture system for rat prostatic epithelial cells was developed, and the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on these cells was evaluated. The primary culture was prepared by DNAse/collagenase dissociation of minced ventral prostates. Cells were initially plated in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum to allow the preferential attachment of stromal cells. Twenty-four hours later, the unattached epithelial cells were replated in WAJC-404 medium supplemented with insulin (5 micrograms/ml), transferrin (5 micrograms/ml), and selenious acid (5 ng/ml). Bovine pituitary extract (BPE) (30 micrograms/ml), EGF (10 ng/ml), and TGF-beta 1 (0, 0.1, and 1.0 ng/ml) were added either alone or in combination according to experimental requirements. The rate of cell proliferation was assessed by counting the total cell number and by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Prostatic epithelial cells exhibited a bell-shaped growth curve in a span of 7-8 days, with a growth peak at day 3 or 4 of culture. Treatment of cells with EGF or TGF-alpha resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in cell growth, whereas addition of TGF-beta 1 into the culture resulted in an inhibition of cell proliferation that could be reversed with increasing concentrations of EGF. Cell death was assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated immunoperoxidase-digoxigenin nick end labeling technique and the trypan blue exclusion test. Epithelial cells cultured in media containing EGF had the lowest incidence of cell death. Cells cultured in the absence of EGF demonstrated a marked increase in cells undergoing cell death. The addition of TGF-beta 1 into the EGF-depleted medium caused a further increase of cell death. These results indicated that cell proliferation and cell death in rat prostatic epithelial cells in culture could be modulated by EGF and TGF-beta 1. The former stimulated cell proliferation and prevented cell death, whereas the latter inhibited proliferation in the presence or absence of EGF and induced cell death.
Sector interpolation of non-uniform arrays for efficient high resolution bearing estimation

Bearing estimation is a fundamental array processing task for which attractive algorithms exist when the array is linear and uniformly-sampled. Since circumstances often require the use of an irregular two-dimensional array, the problem of interpolating a synthetic linear, uniformly sampled array from the real array is considered. Accurate interpolation is achieved by interpolating several synthetic arrays, each of which represents the real array over a limited sector of bearing angles. The utility of the method is demonstrated through a design example and simulation using a circular array and an eigenvector-based bearing estimator for linear, uniformly-sampled arrays. >
Macrophage-Inducible C-Type Lectin/Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathway Contributes to Neuroinflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

Background and Purpose—Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle, CLEC4E) receptor is reported involved in neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury. This study was designed to investigate the role of Mincle and its downstream spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signal pathway in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a rat model. Methods—Two hundred fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (280–320 g) were subjected to endovascular perforation model of SAH. SAH grade, neurological score, and brain water content were measured at 24 hours after SAH. Mincle/Syk, as well as CARD9 (a member of the caspase-associated recruitment domain [CARD], involved in innate immune response), interleukin-1β,and myeloperoxidase expressions were analyzed by Western blot at 24 hours after SAH. Specific cell types that expressed Mincle were detected with double immunofluorescence staining. Mincle small interfering RNA, recombinant SAP130, and a selective Syk phosphorylation inhibitor piceatannol we...
Stereochemical Studies on Medicinal Agents I: Absolute Configuration of Certain Analgesic (−)-N-[2-(Phenalkylmethylamino)propyl]propionanilides

The absolute configuration of certain (−)- N -[2-(phenalkylmethylamino)propyl]-propionanilides has been determined by relating them to D -(−)-alanine. The compounds corresponding to the L -configuration have greater analgesic potency than those with the D-configuration. An interpretation of the significance of the relationship of absolute configuration to analgesic activity is discussed in terms of an analgesic receptor surface.
The role of duration and rapid temporal processing on the lateral perception of consonants and vowels.

Abstract This study explored the extent to which rapid temporal processing and duration contribute to the right-ear advantage (REA) and presumably left-hemisphere processing for stop consonants and the lack of clear-cut laterality effects for vowels. Three sets of synthetic stimuli were constructed: consonant vowel stimuli [ba da ga bi di gi bu du gu] of 300 msec duration (full stimuli) and two shortened stimuli consisting either of a noise burst and 40-msec transitions (40-msec stimuli), or a noise burst and 20-msec transitions (20-msec stimuli). Stimuli were presented dichotically for consonant, vowel, and syllable identification. Results indicated a significant REA for consonants in the full and 40-msec conditions and a non-significant REA in the 20-msec condition. Nevertheless, the magnitude of laterality did not change across the three conditions. These results suggest that although transition information including duration contributes to lateralization for stop consonants, it is the presence of abrupt onsets which crucially determines lateralized processing. For vowels, there was a significant REA only in the full stimulus condition, and a significant decrement in the magnitude of the laterality effect in the two shortened stimulus conditions. These results suggest that for vowel perception, it is the nature of the acoustic cue used for phonetic identification and not duration that seems to be the critical determinant of lateralization effects.
Mouse Models of Human CAG Repeat Disorders

Expansions of CAG trinucleotide repeats encoding glutamine have been found to be the causative mutations of seven human neurodegenerative diseases. Similarities in the clinical, genetic, and molecular features of these disorders suggest they share a common mechanism of pathogenesis. Recent progress in the generation and characterization of transgenic mice expressing the genes containing expanded repeats associated with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3), and Huntington's disease (HD) is beginning to provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of these neurodegenerative disorders.
The complete nucleotide sequence of PEBV RNA2 reveals the presence of a novel open reading frame and provides insights into the structure of tobraviral subgenomic promoters

Abstract The 3374 nucleotide sequence of RNA2 from the British PEBV strain SP5 has been determined. The RNA includes three open reading frames flanked by 5' and 3' noncoding regions of 509 and 480 nucleotides. The open reading frames specify coat protein, a 29.6K product homologous to the 29.1K product of TRV(TCM) RNA2 and a 23K product not homologous to any previously described protein. The homology demonstrated between the coat proteins of PRV, TRV and PEBV indicates a common evolutionary origin for these proteins. Upstream of each ORF are located sequences homologous to those with which subgenomic RNAs of other tobraviruses start. Subgenomic RNAs for the expression of the three ORFs may start at these points. On all five tobraviral RNA2 molecules sequenced to date, these sequences were found upstream of the coat protein ORF in association with a strongly-conserved potential secondary structural element. Similar potential structures were identified upstream of other tobraviral ORFs. These structures may contribute to the activity of the tobraviral subgenomic promoter.
The Roles of Cognitive Flexibility and Experiential Avoidance in Explaining Psychological Distress in Survivors of Interpersonal Victimization

The long-term negative psychological consequences associated with interpersonal victimization are significant; however a history of interpersonal victimization alone does not necessarily lead to greater long-term psychological distress. The current study examined the relationship between cognitive flexibility, experiential avoidance, and psychological distress among 92 women who reported a history of interpersonal victimization. The findings indicate that both cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance are significantly related to posttraumatic stress symptomology and depression in this sample. Preliminary evidence is also presented suggesting experiential avoidance maybe a potential mediator between cognitive flexibility and psychological distress in this sample. The current findings suggest that treatments targeting greater emotional acceptance and mindfulness might be useful approaches in working with survivors of interpersonal victimization.
Ray-Kirchhoff migration in inhomogeneous media

A Kirchhoff method that avoids possible singularities on the surface of integration and is more accurate than previous Kirchhoff methods has been developed for seismic migration in laterally inhomogeneous media. It is based on a newly derived integral solution to the acoustic wave equation. This solution indicates that wave fields in an inhomogeneous medium can be expressed as a summation of ray solutions determined by the transport and extended eikonal equations. The extended eikonal equation is, in turn, solved by an asymptotic series. For implementation, a perturbation scheme is developed for solving the ray and transport equations. In addition to computing higher-order terms of the asymptotic series, this scheme can be used to avoid most of the ray tracing required for wave extrapolation in a medium where vertical variations may be large but lateral variations are small compared to velocity itself. Where an analytic ray solution for the reference velocity used in the perturbation scheme exists, ray-Kirchhoff migration in such a medium can be carried out without numerical ray tracing.
The influence of acclimatization, temperature and size on the oxygen consumption of the freshwater clam, Musculium partumeium (say)

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption was measured at four temperatures for a size-range of Musculium partumeium acclimatized to four different temperatures. 2. 2. The b-value from the equation o2 = a AFDWb (where o2 = metabolic rate—μl O2 O2/clam/hr and AFDW = ash-free dry weight in mg)—was not significantly different from 1.0 except when oxygen consumption at 5°C was determined for clams acclimatized to 5°C. 3. 3. Patterns of acclimatization varied with temperature and size and appeared to be related to life history aspects of this freshwater clam.
Inpatient Rehabilitation Following Burn Injury: Patient Demographics and Functional Outcomes

Abstract Sliwa JA, Heinemann A, Semik P. Inpatient rehabilitation following burn injury: patient demographics and functional outcomes. Objective To identify demographic characteristics of burn patients referred for inpatient rehabilitation, the benefits of rehabilitation in this population, and factors that influence functional outcome. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Free-standing rehabilitation hospital. Participants Patients (N=129) admitted for inpatient rehabilitation after a burn injury. Intervention Comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measures Demographic data and the FIM instrument on admission and discharge for all patients. Results Linear measures of functional status derived by Rasch analysis of the FIM showed significant improvements from admission to discharge for all patients. There was no correlation between total body surface area (TBSA), premorbid psychiatric alcohol or drug abuse history, and change between admission and discharge FIM score. There was a significant correlation between TBSA burn and age and between TBSA and length of stay. Conclusions Burn patients referred for inpatient rehabilitation are either older or have large TBSA burns. All patients made significant functional improvements and consequently inpatient rehabilitation can be considered an important component of care after a burn injury.
Continuous separations with microfabricated electrophoresis-electrochemical array detection

A novel electrochemical detection scheme for channel electrophoresis has been developed. A microfabricated array of individually addressed microelectrodes has been used as a site-specific amperometric detector for continuous separations in a buffer-filled rectangular channel. Continuous separations of picomole quantities of dopamine and catechol by channel electrophoresis with this new detection scheme have been demonstrated. Dopamine, an electroactive neurotransmitter, has been continuously monitored for 60 min with the electrochemical array detector. The new detection technique should allow dynamic chemical events in volume-limited microenvironments (i.e. single cells) to be examined with channel electrophoresis.
Post-September 11: Computers, ethics and war

This paper considers the moral responsibility of computer scientists with respect to weapons development in post-911 America. It does so by looking at the doctrine of jus in bello as exemplified in four scenarios. It argues that the traditional doctrine should be augmented by a number of principles, including the Principle of a Morally Obligatory Smart Arms Race, the Principle of Assistance to One's Enemies, the Principle of Public Debate on Weapons of Mass Disruption, and the Principle of the Moral Unjustifiability of Private Wars.
A Complete Atlas of Recalibrated Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars. I. Pre-COSTAR Spectra

We have recalibrated all nonpolarimetric, pre-COSTAR, archival Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph UV and optical spectrophotometry of active galaxies and quasars in order to extract uniformly calibrated spectrophotometric data for further detailed scientific investigations. The raw archival spectra have been recalibrated using the latest algorithms and calibration data. Spectral data contaminated by intermittent noisy diodes and cosmic-ray events have been identified manually and eliminated. Wherever possible we have combined multiple observations of the same source to produce a single spectrum per object with the highest possible signal-to-noise ratio and covering the widest wavelength range, scaling the individual data sets to the same photometric scale where necessary. Detailed quality assurance has been performed to ensure that the merged object spectra are of the highest quality consistent with the limitations of the individual data sets and calibrations. The recalibrated, merged object spectra are available in electronic form. We use this data set to present statistics of the photometric accuracy in the wavelength overlap regions for observations spanning multiple gratings.
Role of Water in the Ion Selectivity of Niobate-Based Octahedral Molecular Sieves

The role of occluded water in ion exchange selectivity is examined in a class of molecular sieves named Sandia Octahedral Molecular Sieves (SOMS: Na2Nb2-xMxO6-x(OH)x·H2O (i.e., M = Ti; 0 < x < 0.4)). SOMS exhibit a high selectivity for divalent cations only when the framework Nb(5+) are substituted by M(4+) atoms. Vibrational dynamics of the water molecules with varying charge balancing cations and M atoms are studied by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) measurements and 1H MAS NMR and correlated to density functional theory and molecular dynamics data. The experimental INS spectra were compared with those of ice Ih to characterize the changes induced by confinement on the occluded H2O and the resulting hydrogen-bonding network. Data indicates that, with increasing M(4+) content and divalent ion exchange, the trend of occluded water molecules is to change from extended rigid ice-like networks to restored bulk-like arrangements with increased solvation effects on the channel charge-balancing cations.
Effects of Forgiveness of Perpetrators on Marital Adjustment for Survivors of Sexual Abuse.

The effects of forgiveness of perpetrators on survivors' marital adjustment and the effects of childhood sexual abuse on forgiveness were examined. A clinical sample of 63 married female survivors completed the Enright Forgiveness Inventory, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Childhood Experience Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire. An ANOVA for dyadic adjustment with three levels of severity and two levels of forgiveness found significant main effectsfor forgiveness. Women with higher levels of forgiveness reported significantly higher marital adjustment scores than women with lower levels of forgiveness. Use of force, threat, and frequency accounted for 19% of the variance for the forgiveness criterion. Forgiveness was significantly and negatively correlated with perceived victimization. Forgiveness was recommended as an effective strategy for counseling childhood sexual abuse survivors.
Strong photon-photon interactions

Standard nonlinear optical materials exhibit negligible nonlinearity at the level of individual photons. I will discuss two methods to generate strong photon-photon interactions using either atom-cavity coupling, or strong interactions between atoms in Rydberg states.
Bootstrap-based support of HGT inferred by maximum parsimony.

Background: Maximum parsimony is one of the most commonly used criteria for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Recently, Nakhleh and co-workers extended this criterion to enable reconstruction of phylogenetic networks, and demonstrated its application to detecting reticulate evolutionary relationships. However, one of the major problems with this extension has been that it favors more complex evolutionary relationships over simpler ones, thus having the potential for overestimating the amount of reticulation in the data. An ad hoc solution to this problem that has been used entails inspecting the improvement in the parsimony length as more reticulation events are added to the model, and stopping when the improvement is below a certain threshold. Results: In this paper, we address this problem in a more systematic way, by proposing a nonparametric bootstrapbased measure of support of inferred reticulation events, and using it to determine the number of those events, as well as their placements. A number of samples is generated from the given sequence alignment, and reticulation events are inferred based on each sample. Finally, the support of each reticulation event is quantified based on the inferences made over all samples. Conclusions: We have implemented our method in the NEPAL software tool (available publicly at http:// bioinfo.cs.rice.edu/), and studied its performance on both biological and simulated data sets. While our studies show very promising results, they also highlight issues that are inherently challenging when applying the maximum parsimony criterion to detect reticulate evolution.
Chiral bosonic supercurrents and four-dimensional fermionic string models

Abstract World-sheet supercurrents represented in terms of chiral bosons are constructed and the resulting constraints on the spectrum, interaction couplings, and space-time supersymmetry of the string models generated by them are analyzed. Explicit examples of fermionic string models are described. A description of the cocycle operators in the supercurrent and in the interaction couplings is given.
Nanotribology of CoCr–UHMWPE TJR prosthesis using atomic force microscopy

Abstract Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) submicron wear debris particles in total joint replacement (TJR) prosthesis have been observed clinically to cause osteolysis. In this study, the formation of UHMWPE submicron wear debris was investigated by modeling a nanoscale asperity on the surface of a CoCr femoral component of a total knee replacement (TKR) prosthesis using a Si 3 N 4 AFM commercial tip. Contact mode atomic force microscope (AFM) was used as a tribosystem to represent CoCr–UHMWPE asperity contact in TKR prostheses in order to evaluate nanoscale coefficient of friction ‘ μ ’. Nanoindentation was used to understand the mechanical response of the TJR prosthesis components. Moreover, the threshold for UHMWPE plastic deformation and subsequently wear as a function of frictional and normal load at a nanoscale between CoCr alloy and UHMWPE asperity-to-asperity contact was investigated. Results from energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and back scattering energy (BSE) technique illustrated the presence of silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the polished surface of a femoral component of total knee replacement (TKR) prosthesis. Sliding of the model asperity on direct compression moulded UHMWPE for a total normal load range of 1–11 nN caused contact pressures ranging from 14 to 80 MPa which resulted in the dynamic ‘ μ ’ at the interface of the nanotribocontact equal to 0.22±0.01. Transients in frictional response of the UHMWPE as a function of normal load range (17–340 nN) during sliding against the modeled CoCr asperity were observed. The first transient in frictional force was observed at a normal load of 197±9 nN, corresponding to a contact pressure of 462±9 MPa. The second transient in the frictional force was observed at a normal load of 288±13 nN corresponding to a contact pressure of 518±13 MPa. Following the second transition in frictional response for the normal load range selected, plowing of the UHMWPE surface by the hard asperity was observed. This indicated that the deep scratches noticed in retrieved TJR prosthesis could be due to the abrasion from protruding hard carbide asperities that exist within the cast CoCr alloy of TJR prosthesis. From this study it can be stated that the plastic deformation of UHMWPE under multiaxial loading conditions (normal and shear) during sliding can be used to explain the initiation of failure of the UHMWPE insert in TJR prosthesis eventually leading to submicron wear debris generation.
Predicting Functional Role and Occurrence of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) at Alpine Treelines: Model Accuracy and Variable Importance

At some alpine treelines in the Rocky Mountains, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)—a keystone species—plays a central role in tree island development through facilitation. Whitebark pine occurs both as a solitary tree and also as a component of tree islands, although relative importance of these two patterns varies geographically. We examine the utility of four predictive models to understand how the functional role of a keystone species varies spatially with biophysical conditions. We use a novel data set to predict whitebark pine's functional role, characterized by spatial association and relative position within a tree island at three North American Rocky Mountain treelines. For the study areas combined, and at a study area level, we compared prediction accuracy and variable importance among these modeling approaches: general linear models, classification and regression trees, random forests, and support vector machines. Results revealed that the keystone role of whitebark pine varied spatially. For th...
Proton capture to excited states of O 16 : M 1 , E 1 , and Gamow-Teller transitions and shell model calculations

We have measured excitation functions of the ..gamma..-rays resulting from the bombardment of /sup 15/N by polarized and unpolarized protons in the energy range E/sub p/ = 2.5 to 9.5 MeV with emphasis on identifying dipole decays to the first (0/sup +/) and second (3/sup -/) excited states in /sup 16/O. Resonances in ..gamma../sub 12/ are observed at E/sub x/ = 16.21, 16.45, 16.82, 17.12, 18.03, 18.98, 19.90 and 20.41 MeV. The 16.21 and 17.12 MeV resonances in ..gamma../sub 12/ are identified as M1-decays of the 1/sup +/ T = 1 states to the 6.05 MeV 0/sup +/ state in /sup 16/O. The measured ratio of reduced strengths B(m1,..gamma../sub 1/)/(B(M1,..gamma../sub 0/) is 0.48 +- 0.03 for decays from the 16.21 MeV state and 0.55 +- 0.04 for decays from the 17.12 MeV state. The 18.03 MeV resonance is due to a 3/sup -/ T = 1 state in /sup 16/O with a strength Gamma/sup p/Gamma/sub gamma 2//Gamma = (1.96 +- 0.27) eV and the 18.98 MeV resonance is due to the 4/sup -/ T = 1 stretched particle-hole state with a strength of (0.85 +- 0.10) eV. We determine absolute particle and ..gamma.. widths for these states. The M1 ..gamma../submore » 2/-width of the 18.98 MeV state, (7.1 +- 3.1) eV, is in agreement with a shell-model calculation. Resonances in ..gamma../sub 3/ are observed at 16.82 and 17.27 MeV and in ..gamma../sub 4/ at 17.88 MeV. The excitation energies and widths of these levels as well as the strengths of the ..gamma.. transitions suggest T = 1 character for all of the resonances for which capture ..gamma..-rays are observed. Correspondences of our resonances to levels in /sup 16/N are given. We compare ..gamma.. widths, including ground-state M1 decays, and allowed ..beta.. transition rate in A = 16 nuclei with shell model calculations and obtain rough agreement. Additional shell model calculations for M1 and GT (Gamow-Teller) decays in the A-14, 15, 17 and 18 nuclei are presented, which indicate that GT matrix elements are quenched by approx. 20% relative to shell model predictions and also relative to the spin part of the M1 matrix elements.« less
Late Quaternary arroyo formation and climate change in the American Southwest

Arroyos, entrenched ephemeral streams that form in desert environments, first appeared in the arid and semiarid American Southwest after 8000 14 C yr B.P. For at least 7 k.y. prior to that time, climate, vegetation, and groundwater conditions were not conducive for arroyo formation along the floors of desert valleys. After a hiatus in arroyo formation, the frequency of arroyo cutting and filling increased dramatically after 4000 14 C yr B.P. The early Holocene arroyos and increased frequency of arroyo incision after 4000 14 C yr B.P. are related to the establishment and changes in postglacial vegetation, climate, and groundwater conditions. As a result, arroyo sequences preserve a record of large-scale climate change and small-scale climatic perturbations that occurred during the Holocene. Human modification of valley flood plains is an additional factor that contributed to mid-nineteenth and early twentieth century arroyo cutting.
The structural development of a bacterial virus.

Abstract Bacteriophage precursors have been studied by breaking open infected bacterial cells and examining the intracellular material under the electron microscope. Bacterial breakage was accomplished by means of explosive decompression, a technique which will break both infected and uninfected bacteria but will not affect free virus particles. All electron microscopy was done using the spray drop method for counting the number of each type of particle found. Studies were made at uninfected bacteria in order to establish controls. Several of the structures previously reported as virus precursors were found in these controls. Samples of infected cultures were broken at frequent intervals during the latent period and the material liberated was examined under the microscope. During the first half of the latent period no structures could be seen which were not also seen in uninfected controls. About three minutes before the first appearance of intracellular phage a particle was seen which is roughly the size of a phage head and which, when dried on the microscope screen looks like a twisted fiber. These particles, which have been called “doughnuts” increase in number, initially at the same rate as the complete phage particles. However, before the end of the normal latent period their number reaches a maximum at about 35 per bacterium and then decreases as the “doughnuts” are converted into complete phage. When the “doughnuts” and phage are at about equal number intermediate particles are seen which appear to be “doughnuts” with a phage tail attached.
Calibrated GPS ionospheric receiver measurements applied to HF communication and surveillance missions

A calibrated GPS ionospheric receiver at NRL is used to specify total electron content in the surrounding region. Global coverage is being approached in the ongoing proliferation of GPS satellites and receivers. Methods to exploit this for HF problems are investigated in the paper. The example of HF communications is considered. Present capability is indicated. >
A test of the construct and predictive validity of three measures of ego involvement

(1971). A test of the construct and predictive validity of three measures of ego involvement. Speech Monographs: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 217-227.
Molecular karyotyping and aneuploidy detection in Arabidopsis thaliana using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction

Certain cellular processes are sensitive to changes in gene dosage. Aneuploidy is deleterious because of an imbalance of gene dosage on a chromosomal scale. Identification, classification and characterization of aneuploidy are therefore important for molecular, population and medical genetics and for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying dosage sensitivity. Notwithstanding recent progress in genomic technologies, limited means are available for detecting and classifying changes in chromosome dose. The development of an inexpensive and scalable karyotyping method would allow rapid detection and characterization of both simple and complex aneuploid types. In addition to the problem of karyotyping, genomic and molecular genetic studies of aneuploids and polyploids are complicated by multiple heterozygous combinations possible at loci present in more than two copies. Quantitative scoring of allele genotypes would enable large-scale population genetic experiments in polyploids, and permit genetic analyses on bulked populations in diploid species. Here, we demonstrate that quantitative fluorescent-polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) can be used to simultaneously genotype and karyotype aneuploid and polyploid Arabidopsis thaliana. Comparison of QF-PCR with flow cytometric determination of nuclear DNA content indicated near perfect agreement between the methods, but complete karyotype resolution was only possible using QF-PCR. A complex karyotype, determined by QF-PCR, was validated by comparative genomic hybridization to microarrays. Finally, we screened the progeny of tetraploid individuals and found that more than 25% were aneuploid and that our artificially induced tetraploid strain produced fewer aneuploid individuals than a tetraploid strain isolated from nature.
Deployment of private WDM networks

Technology that debuted in the public switched network has been moving, over recent years, into private networks. While there is no need to justify Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in the public switched network, which makes good use of higher capacity equipment, the cost effectiveness of private WDM networks is not at all clear. In this paper, we investigate of deploying WDM with Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. The WDM networks provide the physical layer; the ATM networks form a logical layer, using light paths from the WDM network. There are 4 different benefits to be derived from such an arrangement, including the possibility of reduced network cost. An algorithm for the design of logical networks is developed. This algorithm has been incorporated in the Intrepid network design tool.
Wing rotation and lift in SUEX flapping wing mechanisms

This research presents detailed modeling and experimental testing of wing rotation and lift in the LionFly, a low cost and mass producible flapping wing mechanism fabricated monolithically from SUEX dry film and powered by piezoelectric bimorph actuators. A flexure hinge along the span of the wing allows the wing to rotate in addition to flapping. A dynamic model including aerodynamics is developed and validated using experimental testing with a laser vibrometer in air and vacuum, stroboscopic photography and high definition image processing, and lift measurement. The 112?mg LionFly produces 46? flap and 44? rotation peak to peak with 12? phase lag, which generates a maximum average lift of 71??N in response to an applied sinusoidal voltage of 75?V AC and 75?V DC at 37?Hz. Simulated wing trajectories accurately predict measured wing trajectories at small voltage amplitudes, but slightly underpredict amplitude and lift at high voltage amplitudes. By reducing the length of the actuator, reducing the mechanism amplification and tuning the rotational hinge stiffness, a redesigned device is simulated to produce a lift to weight ratio of 1.5.
Anomalous Molecular Phase of Nitrogen: Implications to the Phase Diagram

Despite their simplicity, diatomic molecules of first row elements can exhibit very complex phase diagrams. Determination of the phase diagrams can be further complicated by the existence of hyster...
Landlords, tenants and the public sector in a spatial equilibrium model of rent control

Abstract A spatial model is used to explore the effects of urban rent control. When landlords and tenants can alter economic and location decisions, policy effects in controlled and uncontrolled zones may differ from standard predictions. Tenants in both zones may benefit from the control, even after unfavorable landlord adjustments, but these gains are likely to come at the expense of landlords and the public sector. Efforts to restore profits and fiscal balance, without negating utility gains to renters, may fail unless control distortions can be adequately shifted to absentee landowners through lower site rents. Lump-sum renter subsidies may offer equivalent utility gains with less severe impacts on landlords and the public sector, but the supply elasticity of land again matters.
Light Scattering and Pseudospinodal Curves: The Isobutyric-Acid-Water System in the Critical Region

Intensity and linewidth measurements of light scattered by the isobutyric acid in water system are reported for various equilibrium states in the critical neighborhood of the temperature-concentration diagram. By extrapolation of these data to zero scattering angle and then to (unrealized) states below the phase separation temperature one may determine a common "pseudospinodal curve" ${T}_{\mathrm{sp}}(X)$ described by ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{sp}}(X)\ensuremath{\sim}{|X\ensuremath{-}{X}_{\mathrm{c}}|}^{\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}}}$ where $X$ is the concentration, and we find ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$. As expected on the grounds of the homogeneity hypotheses, the value of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ is essentially the same as the previously observed value of the exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ for the coexistence curve. Empirical equations of the form $I_{C,0}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{[T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{sp}}(X)]}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ and $D\ensuremath{\propto}{[T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{sp}}(X)]}^{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}}$ are used to effect the extrapolations to determine ${T}_{\mathrm{sp}}(X)$. Here ${I}_{C,0}$ and $D$ are the extrapolated zero-angle scattering intensity and the diffusion coefficient, while $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}$ are corresponding critical exponents. We show theoretically, however, that a value ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}\ensuremath{\ne}\frac{1}{2}$ is inconsistent with the general validity of these empirical formulas, which should thus be discarded as over-all representations of the variations of $D$ and ${I}_{C,0}$. A tentative test is made of a more general scaling equation for ${I}_{C,0}$ by a convenient plot. Moderate success is obtained. The measurements confirm the exponent values $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}=0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. The distinction between pseudospinodal curves, determined by extrapolation from stable thermodynamics states, and a true spinodal curve which (if it exists) can only be observed by measurements on metastable states, is emphasized.
On the stability of a self-tuning controller in the presence of bounded disturbances

A proof of bounded-input bounded-output stability of a discrete-time self-tuning control system in the presence of bounded disturbances is given. A recursive least-squares with a dead zone is utilized in the parameter estimation scheme, so that self-tuning takes place only when the identification error exceeds a certain threshold. The controller minimizes a quadratic cost function so that the control signal fluctuations are penalized. The controller can deal with nonminimum-phase systems, which is significant because the nonminimum-phase cases often occur in discrete-time systems. The upper bound of tracking error is also given. >
Anticoagulant use in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Determining risk and choosing the safest course.

PREVIEWAtrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia and carries a high risk of stroke and systemic embolism, particularly in older patients. Should these patients be treated with anticoagulant drugs and, if so, which ones and how much? In this article, Dr Gornick reviews the literature on this subject and makes suggestions on which treatment plan to choose.
Wireless Network Security

Wireless networks technologies have been dramatically improved by the popularity of third generation (3G) wireless networks, wireless LANs, Bluetooth, and sensor networks. However, security is a major concern for wide deployments of such wireless networks. The contributions to this volume identify various vulnerabilities in the physical layer, the MAC layer, the IP layer, the transport layer, and the application layer, and discuss ways to strengthen security mechanisms and services in all these layers. The topics covered in this book include intrusion detection, secure PHY/MAC/routing protocols, attacks and prevention, immunization, key management, secure group communications/multicast, secure location services, monitoring and surveillance, anonymity, privacy, trust establishment/management, redundancy and security, and dependable wireless networking.
Foam Control Additives In MSF Desalination

Abstract Excessive foaming in multistage flash desalination plants can give rise to salt-contaminated distillate and reduced operating efficiency. Plant operating variations in pressure, temperature, flow, and seawater feed composition and alkalinity can perturb vapor/liquid equilibria, resulting in increased levels of foam. Since such foaming is not always controlled by mechanical means, additives are often needed to control foaming level. In addition to controlling foam, a useful additive must not interfere with heat transfer or with the performance of the scale control additive; it must not contain steam-volatile components that can contaminate the distillate; it must be stable at MSF operating temperatures and residence times; and it should be compatible with the antiscalant feed solution. Antifoam performance data for over 60 candidates in 7 chemical classes were determined according to these criteria. The most effective structural class was found to be the polyglycol monoalkyl ethers. Foam control effectiveness within this class was shown to be a function of ethylene oxide content and alkyl chain length. The most effective additive found in this study is offered commercially as FLOCON Antifoam AF-4. FLOCON AF-4 has been used successfully in high-temperature MSF plants.