cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis: Instrumental Considerations and Applications to Materials Science

X-ray microanalysis using a modern transmission or scanning transmission electron microscope (TEM/STEM) is an extremely powerful analytical tool. The ability to observe and characterize the morphology, crystallography, and elemental composition of regions of a specimen as small as 20 nm in diameter is a major breakthrough for materials science. In this chapter the practical aspects of the application of x-ray microanalysis to nonbiological systems will be considered (the use of this technique in biological research is the topic of Chapter 5). This chapter will first deal with optimizing the instrumental factors which influence microanalysis, namely: the specimen/detector geometry; the choice of accelerating voltage, electron gun, imaging mode, and most importantly the elimination of instrumental artifacts. The application of the principles of thin film analysis to simple single phase samples will then be considered, followed by a discussion of multiphase systems where analysis and interpretation becomes more complex. These examples will be drawn primarily from the author’s own experience, because of the difficulties inherent to reconstructing complete experimental details from the literature. The published applications of several other authors are cited in the bibliography.
Modeling hollow fiber membrane contactors using film theory, Voronoi tessellations, and facilitation factors for systems with interface reactions

A model to evaluate and predict performance of hollow fiber membrane contactor modules is presented for the extraction of compounds with interfacial chemical reactions. The model is based on the film theory approach combined with facilitation factors. Mass transfer coefficients are calculated using published correlations and chemical reaction effects are accounted for by calculated facilitation factors. The shell side flow maldistribution due to random packing of fibers in the module bundle is estimated using Voronoi tessellations and the friction factor-Re. The computer simulation of random packing is accomplished using random sequential addition. The model is correlated with experimental data on the extraction of uranyl nitrate from an acidic aqueous medium into TBP/DIPB extractant. The model correlates experimental data very well for this system. By accounting for the non-linearity of the interfacial effects in this way the rigorous solution of a system of coupled non-linear PDEs may be avoided, but the model can still provide accurate predictive design and analysis information for the system.
Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity.

Obesity among children has reached epidemic proportions. Today, an estimated one in four children in the United States is overweight. while 11% arc obese. Children who are overweight tend to remain so up to 20 years of age; in general, they have a 1.5- to twofold higher risk for becoming overweight as adults. The prevalence of overweight has increased approximately twofold in the 20-year period from 1974 to 1994, with the largest increases observed among 19- to 24-year-olds. The annual increases in weight and obesity that occurred from 1983 to 1994 were 50% higher than those from 1973 to 1982. Overweight youth are 2.4 times as likely to have a high serum total cholesterol level, and 43.5 times as likely to have three cardiovascular risk factors. Although the total energy intake of children has remained the same, and the macronutrient density of the diet has changed, the percentage of energy from fat has decreased, while that from carbohydrates and protein has increased. Children have been consuming lower amounts of fats/oils, vegetables/soups, breads/grains, mixed meats, desserts, candy, and eggs. and increasing amounts of fruits/fruit juices, beverages. poultry, snacks, condiments, and cheese. Changes in specific eating patterns may explain the increase in adiposity among children; e.g., increases have occurred in the number of meals eaten at restaurants, food availability, portion sizes, snacking and meal-skipping. Successful prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood could reduce the adult incidence of cardiovascular disease. Because substantial weight loss is difficult to maintain, the prevention of obesity by promoting healthier lifestyles should be one of our highest priorities in the new millennium.
Delayed rupture of the flexor pollicis longus tendon after inappropriate placement of the π plate on the volar surface of the distal radius

The pi plate (Synthes Ltd, Paoli, PA) was designed to fit the unique contour of the dorsal aspect of the distal radius. Complications of pi plate fixation of the dorsal distal radius have been previously reported to include both extensor tenosynovitis and delayed extensor tendon rupture. We report a case of rupture of the flexor pollicis longus tendon associated with inappropriate placement of the pi plate on the volar surface of the distal radius.
The Evolution of Ultrasound Technologies; from Anatomic to Physiologic,Histologic, and Molecular Imaging

Ultrasound imaging has long since been used for visualization of anatomic structures for disease diagnosis and guidance during therapeutic procedures. Benefits of Ultrasound include a lack of ionizing radiation and real-time dynamic imaging. It is also the least expensive, most widely available imaging technology. In gray scale ultrasonic imaging, the signals which form the image result from reflection and scattering of soundwaves where there are differences in the characteristic tissue impedances. Ultrasonography has changed little since the 1970s. Only basic anatomic information is obtained with the modality such as: organ length, cortical thickness, collecting system or ductal dilatation are assessed. Doppler Ultrasound allows assessment of vascular physiology including blood flow velocity, which in addition to anatomic images can be used to determine the hemodynamic physiologic significance of stenosis. Resistive Index (peak systolic velocity end diastolic velocity)/peak systolic velocity) a quantitative measure of blood flow, vascular resistance/compliance, is commonly used in the diagnosis of renal dysfunction [1].
Administration of a small molecule tissue factor/Factor VIIa inhibitor in a non-human primate thrombosis model of venous thrombosis: effects on thrombus formation and bleeding time

Abstract Introduction : Pharmacological treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the future may target inhibitors of specific procoagulant proteins. This study used a non-human primate model to test the effect of PHA-798, a specific inhibitor of the tissue factor/Factor VIIa complex (TF/VIIa), on venous thrombus formation. Materials and methods : PHA inhibits the TF/VIIa complex with an IC 50 of 13.5 nM ( K i 9 nM) and is more than 2000-fold selective for the TF/VIIa complex with respect to IC 50 s for factor Xa and thrombin. In the model, a thrombogenic surface was introduced into the vena cava of a primate, and the amount of thrombus accumulated after 30 min was determined. Results : PHA-798 reduced thrombus formation on the thrombogenic surface in a dose-dependent manner (56±1.9% and 85±0.3% inhibition with 100 and 200 μg/kg/min PHA-798, respectively) indicating that the model is sensitive to TF/VIIa inhibition. Treatment with 1 mg/kg intravenous (IV) acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) resulted in only a slight (4–12%), non-significant inhibition of thrombus formation. However, the combination of 100 μg/kg/min PHA-798 and 1 mg/kg ASA resulted in an 89% inhibition of thrombus formation. Additionally, while ASA alone increased bleeding time (BT) from 3.3 min at baseline to 4.6 min following treatment, addition of PHA-798 (100 μg/kg/min) to ASA did not significantly increase the BT further (4.7 min). Conclusions : The results of this study indicate that inhibition of TF/VIIa may be safe and effective for the prevention of the proprogation of venous thrombosis and that the combination of ASA and PHA may provide increased efficacy with little change in safety.
cGMP does not activate two-pore domain K+ channels in cerebrovascular smooth muscle.

Two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels are a new channel family. The goal of this study was to determine if K2P channels are activated by the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP/PKG pathway in vascular smooth muscle...
Commentary for arab synopsis.

Commentary on this issue Asian Pearl’s article ‘‘A synopsis of recent influential papers published in psychiatric journals from the Arab World’’. This article represents another goal of the Asian pearl’s section of the Asian Journal of Psychiatry. As is well-known there are large numbers of journals that while are printed in English, are printed locally and cater to the very specific issues of local or regional concerns. Most of these journals are not readily available to the general/international reader. Despite the local bent of these journals many of the articles do have general significance to all professionals in the field. Psychiatric disorders are not ubiquitous to any particular culture and knowledge about the peculiarities of a psychiatric
Towards an Integrated Embedded Fine-Grained Information Protection Framework

To protect the security and privacy of sensitive digital information, it is often necessary to employ a variety of security mechanisms such as encryption, integrity control, authentication, and access control. This paper describes a framework that extends eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) for use as a container for embedding access control policy with the digital content in the same XACML document. The digital content can be further divided into multiple parts, each of which is encapsulated by its own access control policy. This integrated XACML policy and content document is further protected by using XML Encryption (XML-ENC) and XML Signature (XML-DSIG) mechanisms, as well as XML Key Management Specification (XKMS) for leveraging Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), all in support of the embedded and fine-grained structure. This framework and associated security mechanisms are designed primarily to facilitate the protection and sharing of sensitive information in transit and at rest, within and across organizational boundaries. This paper also describes a prototype implementation of the framework for feasibility study purpose.
ARP and QPP Interleavers for LTE Turbo Coding

The Long Term Evolution (LTE) of the WCDMA standard requires turbo decoding throughputs of up to 100 Mbps. Unfortunately, the existing WCDMA turbo interleaver does not permit an efficient high throughput implementation. The almost regular permutation (ARP) and quadratic polynomial permutation (QPP) interleavers were proposed to rectify this situation with QPP selected for LTE. In this paper, the interleavers are compared and a full suite of LTE designs and performance results for both are presented.
The Narrowing Male-Female Unemployment Differential

Historically, the female unemployment rate in the U.S. has been higher than the male rate, but recently this unemployment rate differential has narrowed. This study looks at the reasons behind this phenomenon, and finds that relative declines in male-dominated industries such as durable manufacturing and construction increase the male unemployment rate relative to the female rate. If male-dominated industries continue to decline, the female unemployment rate is likely to fall below the male rate in the near future and remain lower in both recessions and expansions. The results reported here also indicate that increases in the female labor force participation rate are associated with relatively lower female unemployment rates after the mid-l970s, contrasting with the positive relationship in the 1950s and 1960s.
Radial Dispersion of Neighbors and the Small-Scale Competitive Impact of Two Annual Grasses on a Native Perennial Grass

In California’s Mediterranean type grasslands, native perennial grasses such as Nassella pulchra are surrounded by introduced annual species and these annuals are thought to have displaced natives through much of their range. Amongst other invaders, two grasses Lolium multiflorum and Bromus hordeaceus, commonly dominate portions of the grassland with potential for N. pulchra restoration. We hypothesized that competitor species differences and smallscale gaps (150 cm 2 ) could be important determinants of N. pulchra survival and performance on these sites. Lolium multiflorum and B. hordeaceus were planted in 20 cm diameter circular plots at a constant rate of 1 seed per cm 2 surrounding newly transplanted N. pulchra plants. Nassella pulchra showed no significant effect of the species of competitor or from the distribution of the competitors. Both interspersion of patches of bare ground and separation of competitors into patches did not increase N. pulchra predawn water potential, basal area change, number of seeds produced, or average weight of seeds. The presence of L. multiflorum was associated with a decrease in N. pulchra survival compared with plots with only B. hordeaceus. Plants with increases in basal area of less than 0.75 cm 2 during the growing season had 74% mortality compared with no mortality in plants with more growth. However, initial N. pulchra plant size was not a good predictor of mortality. Limiting competition from annuals may increase survival of N. pulchra plantings, but 60% of the plants survived for at least 1 year, despite being transplanted into soil containing substantial annual grass seed.
Legal Mobilization in Japan: Using Litigation to Influence Policy-Making

This paper examines the role of litigation in citizens’ campaigns to hold the government accountable for the harmful consequences of its decisions. Legal mobilization, because it involves coordinating litigation with publicity-oriented activities, bolsters the credibility and salience of plaintiffs and their cause in a variety of ways. The lawsuits, and the public outrage against the government, and victims’ lobbying efforts alert politicians to problems that need attention, from among the multitude of potential issues to tackle. By enhancing the credibility and salience of their cause through legal mobilization campaigns, plaintiffs can simultaneously mobilize public sympathy to shame the government and recruit political allies who can engineer redress legislation. Drawing evidence from four health-related victim redress movements in Japan, this paper demonstrates that the 1994 electoral reforms facilitated the use of legal mobilization as one way for redress claimants to recruit political allies. This paper highlights three developments. First, each politician must now appeal to broader, more diverse set of constituents. Second, more centrist and more viable alternative parties now compete for support from the median voter. Third, the prime minister and party leaders now bear more responsibility for decision-making and the party image. Together these effects of the electoral reforms have increased the likelihood that politicians will champion plaintiffs’ causes.
Nitrate Cessation Profiles in Men Wishing to Use Sildenafil Citrate

OBJECTIVES To define the likelihood of nitrate users wishing to use sildenafil citrate being permitted by their nitrate-prescribing physicians to cease nitrate use, and to attempt to derive predictors of a "no" response to this request. METHODS A total of 248 patients with erectile dysfunction were included in this study. All patients using or in possession of nitrates who opted to be treated with sildenafil had letters sent to the nitrate-prescribing physician, asking whether the nitrate could be ceased so as to facilitate sildenafil use. RESULTS Of 248 letters, 236 (95.7%) were answered by the nitrate-prescribing physicians. The types of nitrate use included oral (72 patients), sublingual (150 patients), and transdermal (14 patients); mean patient age was 64 years. To the question, "Would you permit the patient to cease use or possession of nitrate, to facilitate the use of sildenafil," 42% of the physicians (99 of 236) responded "yes." For men who were using oral, transdermal, and as-required sublingual nitrates, 28%, 0, and 53% of letters had a "yes" response. In a multivariable analysis we found five predictors of a "no" response: patient age greater than 65 years, duration of nitrate possession less than 6 months, oral/transdermal nitrate use, sublingual nitrate use more than once per year, and nitrate medication prescribed by a non-cardiology physician. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 42% of men with erectile dysfunction who were using nitrates were permitted to discard their nitrates to facilitate sildenafil use, and we identified factors predicting a "no" response to such a request.
Workforce Challenges in Our Public Health Laboratory System

Public health laboratories lie at the intersection of 2 vital components of the United States health system (ie, the public health system and the national laboratory system). Unfortunately, both of these components of the health system are somewhat hidden from public view and from the eye of policymakers. The public health system with its focus on populations, disease prevention, environmental protection, and emergency response is overshadowed by the more visible and resource-intensive health care system that deals with personal health. Likewise, the clinical and public health laboratory professionals who make up our national laboratory system are frequently overshadowed by the more visible health professions such as medicine and nursing. Much has been written about the critical workforce challenges and shortages facing public health generally 1-6 and clinical laboratories 7-16 but not about public health laboratories. Although public health laboratories in the United States are found in federal, state, and local health agencies, the description of their core functions has only been formally defined for states. Public health laboratories play a vital role in the support of essential public health services such as disease surveillance, environmental protection, food safety, and emergency response including terrorism response. 17 Specific steps must be taken to ensure that vital public health laboratory workforce needs are addressed.
Infrared Technology Fundamentals

Application of infrared technology to problems in a systems engineering effort must be based upon an understanding of target-background-atmospheric radiation interactions as well as electro-optical systems and their components. This paper presents a brief tutorial review of these fundamentals in a treatment derived from the long-standing University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference and ERIM's short course on this topic.
Global Optimization and Broadband Analysis Software for Interstellar Chemistry (GOBASIC)

Context. Broadband receivers that operate at millimeter and submillimeter frequencies necessitate the development of new tools for spectral analysis and interpretation. Simultaneous, global, multimolecule, multicomponent analysis is necessary to accurately determine the physical and chemical conditions from line-rich spectra that arise from sources like hot cores. Aims. We aim to provide a robust and efficient automated analysis program to meet the challenges presented with the large spectral datasets produced by radio telescopes.Methods. We have written a program in the MATLAB numerical computing environment for simultaneous global analysis of broadband line surveys. The Global Optimization and Broadband Analysis Software for Interstellar Chemistry (GOBASIC) program uses the simplifying assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for spectral analysis to determine molecular column density, temperature, and velocity information.Results. GOBASIC achieves simultaneous, multimolecule, multicomponent fitting for broadband spectra. The number of components that can be analyzed at once is only limited by the available computational resources. Analysis of subsequent sets of molecules or components is performed iteratively while taking the previous fits into account. All features of a given molecule across the entire window are fitted at once, which is preferable to the rotation diagram approach because global analysis is less sensitive to blended features and noise features in the spectra. In addition, the fitting method used in GOBASIC is insensitive to the initial conditions chosen, the fitting is automated, and fitting can be performed in a parallel computing environment. These features make GOBASIC a valuable improvement over previously available LTE analysis methods.
Patent foramen ovale closure without echocardiography: are we closing the door too fast too soon?

Interventional cardiologists have firmly established their role in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. Assessment of hemodynamics has also been a longstanding role for the catheterization laboratory. However, the invasive cardiologist is now becoming involved in the treatment of
Deletion of NF-kB p50 alters murine glioblastoma tumor-associated macrophage polarization, reduces tumor growth and prolongs survival

Meeting abstracts Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a uniformly fatal brain tumor. The GBM microenvironment includes abundant tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that predominantly assume a pro-tumor “M2” phenotype rather than a pro-inflammatory “M1” phenotype. TAMs suppress T cell
Grace Kanode Llewellyn: Local Portia at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal

Believed to be the first woman ever to figure in the proceedings of an international military tribunal, Grace Kanode Llewellyn served as a Assistant Prosecutor at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo (IMFTE) in 1945-46. This short historical piece explores what is known of Kanode's professional life and her contributions to the then-nascent field of international criminal law.
Abstract 9: Apelin Protects Against Arterial Thrombosis in Mice with Diet-induced Obesity

Background and HypothesisThe prevalence of obesity and related thrombotic diseases is increasing steadily, but the underlying mechanisms of thrombosis are not well elucidated. Apelin is a peptide adipokine that is upregulated in obesity and has protective effects on cardiovascular function. We tested the hypothesis that apelin protects from thrombosis in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. MethodsTo induce obesity, male apelin null (Apln -/y) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were fed a high fat (HF) diet with 60% of Kcal from fat (TD.06414) for 12 weeks. Susceptibility to thrombosis of the carotid artery was assessed using a photochemical injury (rose bengal) method. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR. ResultsBody weight and fasting glucose were higher in mice fed the HF diet than in mice fed a control diet (P 0.05). The time to stable occlusion of the carotid artery was significantl...
Heidegger’s Anxiety: On the Role of Mood in Phenomenological Method

§1. Introduction In Sein und Zeit,1Martin Heidegger presents an account of us as “Dasein:” world-embedded, socially-situated, self-interpreting agents, defined by the fact that we understand entities as being.2 To understand an entity as being is, according to Heidegger, to relate to or comport towards it in terms of its being, which means in terms of an a priori form or structure that determines its kind or way of being (presence-at-hand [Vorhandenheit], readiness-to-hand [Zuhandenheit], care [Sorge], etc.). Our understanding of the forms or ways of being is, however, usually only “pre-ontological,”3 i.e., merely tacit, not consciously conceptualized and philosophically “thematized.”4 So, while we take entities to be, we are typically not explicitly aware of the underlying basis or ground that enables us to do so. We are, Heidegger says, appropriating a key Platonic and subsequently Christian notion, always “fallen” away from being and into things, but nevertheless dependent on being in all our dealings with them. Nevertheless, Heidegger (like the Platonists) thinks that it is possible for us to bring what is usually hidden to light, to allow being itself rather than entities to be a phenomenon for us. This is precisely what he seeks to do in S&Z, and in such a way as to ultimately uncover the “sense [Sinn]”5 of being i.e., that which grounds and unifies the multiple ways of being we grasp. But how exactly can being become a phenomenon for us, given that it ordinarily lies
Targeting abnormal ER stress responses in tumors: A new approach to cancer immunotherapy

Cancers thrive under adverse conditions and simultaneously inhibit antitumor immunity. We recently found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses driven by the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway not only promote cancer cell survival, but also provoke severe dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction in tumors. Targeting IRE1α-XBP1 represents a two-pronged approach to restrain malignant cells while eliciting concomitant antitumor immunity.
Inhibition of chemoreceptor inputs to nucleus of tractus solitarius neurons during baroreceptor stimulation

The reflex effects of arterial chemoreceptor activation are attenuated as arterial pressure is elevated and augmented as arterial pressure is decreased. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that excitatory arterial chemoreceptor inputs to neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are inhibited by arterial baroreceptors. In pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, paralyzed cats, extracellular recordings were obtained from NTS neurons, which were excited after brief activation of ipsilateral carotid body chemoreceptors. During increases in arterial pressure, carotid sinus nerve (CSN)-evoked discharge was 45-112% of the control-evoked discharge at the prevailing level of arterial pressure (n = 70). Inhibition of CSN-evoked discharge during increased arterial pressure was significant when evoked discharge was < 90% of control (n = 31; 67 +/- 2%, mean percent of control-evoked discharge +/- SE; P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The inhibition of CSN-evoked discharge was reduced after section of both vagi, both aortic nerves, and the contralateral CSN (n = 5, P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that activation of arterial baroreceptors attenuates excitatory chemoreceptor inputs to a subpopulation of NTS neurons. The inhibition appears to be mediated by disfacilitation. The results indicate that baroreceptor modulation of arterial chemoreflexes occurs at an early stage of the reflex arc, within the NTS. The results also suggest that sympathoinhibition evoked by baroreceptors might include, as a component, reduced sympathoexcitatory, i.e., chemoreceptor, drive.
Making Things Stick: Surveillance Technologies and Mexico's War on Crime

With Mexico’s War on Crime as the backdrop, Making Things Stick offers an innovative analysis of how surveillance technologies impact governance in the global society. More than just tools to monitor ordinary people, surveillance technologies are imagined by government officials as a way to reform the national state by focusing on the material things—cellular phones, automobiles, human bodies—that can enable crime. In describing the challenges that the Mexican government has encountered in implementing this novel approach to social control, Keith Guzik presents surveillance technologies as a sign of state weakness rather than strength and as an opportunity for civic engagement rather than retreat. “This book rethinks the idea of surveillance. Surveillance technologies are elements in an assemblage of other objects and people, so their materiality matters for how we understand surveillance and power. I very much welcome the focus on the relationships between technologies, authorities, and those who are governed within their purview.” LOUISE AMOORE, author of The Politics of Possibility , Professor of Human Geography, Durham University “We live in an era of intense state surveillance and in a moment when we are both aware of the general outlines of the surveillance state and, yet, still mostly uncertain about how to think about what surveillance is. For readers anxious to put the surveillance state in a broader global and conceptual framework, it will be a must-read.” TOBY JONES, Associate Professor of History at Rutgers University “This is a very interesting work, filled with insight and built on solid empirical research. It shows a deep understanding of the role of surveillance in modern societies and, within that larger aim, focuses on creative and compelling ways in the case of Mexico.”DIANE E. DAVIS, Charles Dyer Norton Professor of Regional Planning and Urbanism, Harvard University KEITH GUZIK is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado, Denver. He is the author of Arresting Abuse and the coeditor of The Mangle in Practice .
Denitrification in a subtropical, semi-arid North American savanna: field measurements and intact soil core incubations

Information on denitrification (particularly N2) losses from dry ecosystems is limited despite their large area. Here, we present the first direct denitrification measurements for a northern hemisphere savanna, a Prosopis-dominated grassland/grove matrix in south Texas. We used the gas-flow intact soil core method to quantify N2, N2O and CO2 losses and compared these with field measurements of N2O, NOy, NH3 and CO2. Under field-realistic soil moisture and O2 conditions (average 17.5–20 % O2, minimum 15 %) incubated soils produced no measurable N2 flux (detection limit 52.2 µg N m−2 h−1). Only in a subset of grove soils were fluxes of 70–75 µg N m−2 h−1 recorded after 102 h of incubation at 5–10 % O2 following wetting of very dry soils. Making the assumption that potential N2 production falls just below the detection limit (likely an overestimate given the conditions needed to generate measurable fluxes), N2 flux rates would fall on the low end of that recorded for a tropical Australian savanna (45–110 µg N m−2 h−1) under comparable abiotic conditions. Assuming maximum possible production rates, N2 could comprise <32–76 % of total soil N gas flux following soil wetting in summer. Lack of flux response to soil wetting in winter suggests that cold-season N2 fluxes are negligible. N2O fluxes for core incubations were significantly higher than for field chambers; thus it is likely that incubations may overestimate N2O flux by reducing soil column consumption. Overall, results indicate that soil N2 fluxes are less dominant in this savanna than in other ecosystems investigated.
Transient electroencephalographic suppression with initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs: blood versus nonblood priming.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) changes have been reported with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We tested whether the type of priming solution (blood versus nonblood) affected the EEG. Twenty-six anesthetized pigs (29.5 ± 1.6 kg) were cannulated for CPB primed with 1 liter plasmalyte and 500 ml 6% hetastarch (nonblood prime). EEG signals were recorded during the initiation of normothermic CPB. Three minutes later, animals were weaned from CPB and allowed to stabilize. CPB was reinstituted using the animals’ hemodiluted blood as prime. We found that with nonblood prime, abrupt and marked EEG suppression lasting 12.6 ± 0.7 s was found in all animals, followed by gradual resumption of baseline EEG activity. In contrast, CPB with blood prime caused no detectable EEG changes. We conclude that severe reductions in EEG activity occur after initiating CPB with nonblood prime; these reductions are not seen when using blood prime. The cause of EEG suppression is unknown, but may represent transient impairment of oxygen...
The Use of Gram Stain and Leukocyte Esterase/Nitrite Test Strips for the Detection of Bacteriuria

Two hundred seventy urine specimens were used to evaluate the leukocyte esterase-nitrite tests and urine Gram stain as screening procedures for the detection of significant bacteriuria. The data indicated that the combination of leukocyte esterase plus nitrite offered the more effective screening method when compared with culture. The combination demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 94.4% and 56.9%, respectively, and positive and negative predictive values of 54.8% and 94.9%, respectively, with ≥105 organisms mL as a definition of significant bacteriuria. If ≥104 organisms mL were the working definition of significant, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 87.5%, 52.7%, 37.1%, and 93.2%, respectively. The addition of the Gram stain screen did not significantly alter either the specificity or the negative predictive value. However, because there are patient populations where ≥104 organisms/mL or ≥105 organisms/mL may not be the accurate indication of significant bacteriuria, the leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests should be used cautiously and only in carefully selected clinical conditions.
Tweet Properly: Analyzing Deleted Tweets to Understand and Identify Regrettable Ones

Inappropriate tweets can cause severe damages on authors' reputation or privacy. However, many users do not realize the negative consequences until they publish these tweets. Published tweets have lasting effects that may not be eliminated by simple deletion because other users may have read them or third-party tweet analysis platforms have cached them. Regrettable tweets, i.e., tweets with identifiable regrettable contents, cause the most damage on their authors because other users can easily notice them. In this paper, we study how to identify the regrettable tweets published by \emph{normal individual users} via the contents and users' historical deletion patterns. We identify normal individual users based on their publishing, deleting, followers and friends statistics. We manually examine a set of randomly sampled deleted tweets from these users to identify regrettable tweets and understand the corresponding regrettable reasons. By applying content-based features and personalized history-based features, we develop classifiers that can effectively predict regrettable tweets.
Perinatal oxygen environment. II. Influence of maternal anesthesia and type of delivery upon oxygen tension of umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of routine obstetric practices involving maternal anesthesia and forceps delivery upon the oxygenation of fetal blood and amniotic fluid have been studied. 2. 2. Cyclopropane anesthesia increased fetal pO2 while nitrous oxide produced no significant change. 3. 3. Newborn infants delivered by low forceps had an increase in fetal pO2 which was not attributed to anesthesia. Those delivered by midforceps had a decrease in fetal pO2. 4. 4. Amniotic fluid pO2 was consistently increased with 100 per cent oxygen or cyclopropane anesthesia inhalation.
Inverting the Logic of Scientific Discovery

This Article addresses a problem that has attracted significant attention from patent scholars: the potential for patents on research tools - technological products and processes that are critical inputs of scientific experimentation - to inhibit basic scientific research. The Article first argues that a fundamental distinction between "upstream" intellectual assets and "downstream" particularized technologies is central to the structure of patent law and its contribution to scientific progress. In this system, patent law specifically prohibits the patenting of upstream assets such as natural laws, natural phenomena, and abstract principles on a "fundamentality" rationale; these assets enable wide varieties of derivative applications and are better suited for common ownership in the public domain where all persons can freely draw upon them in their innovative endeavors. Rather, patent law reserves proprietary rights - and the monopoly profits they confer - for downstream, particularized technologies such as end-user goods. Drawing from studies in the sociology of science concerning the "material culture" of scientific exploration, this Article shows how some patented technologies may be even more foundational than knowledge itself. For example, human embryonic stem cells, which are patentable technologies when isolated and purified outside of the human organism, hold the key to revealing basic biological knowledge. Patents over this resource effectively create exclusive individual rights over an area of immense scientific importance and wide downstream applicability. This Article argues that the common law prohibition against patenting natural laws, natural phenomena, and abstract principles provides a legal and prudential basis for constraining patents on human embryonic stem cells and other similarly-situated biotechnology research tools. Just as knowledge itself is not patentable, courts should constrain patents on the necessary technological fountains from which it springs.
Regularized Integrals of Motion for the Korteweg–De-Vries Equation in the Class of Nondecreasing Functions

We study the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg–de-Vries equation in the class of functions approaching a finite-zone periodic solution of the Korteweg–de-Vries equation as x→−∞ and 0 as x→+∞. We prove the existence of infinitely many “regularized” integrals of motion for the solutions u(x, t) of the Cauchy problem with explicit dependence on time.
Curricula in teaching classification and indexing in advanced courses in library and information science : A case study

Presents the structure of curriculum of three advanced courses in the library and information science, focusing on the classification and indexing language area. While contents of these courses are same in respect to knowledge and skills to be imparted, they are varied in distribution into papers with different marks tally. However, the teaching tutorials and project work in three schools have built into their frame the design and development of vocabulary control devices such as classification, thesaurus and index and their applications to practical information resource systems.
Psychosocial Correlates of Frailty in Older Adults.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate psychosocial variables associated with frailty status. Moreover, gender differences in the psychosocial variables associated with frailty were examined. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined a community-dwelling sample of N = 210 older adults (M = 75.31 years). Frailty was measured with the Tilburg Frailty Indicator. Quality of life, depression, resilience, social support, self-efficacy, traumata experienced, and trauma severity were assessed as psychosocial variables. Logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: In total, 41.4% of the participants were frail (49.6% women, 27.8% men). Main correlates of frailty were depressive symptoms, quality of life, and resilience. Gender differences for frailty correlates were found. Depressive symptoms and perceived social support were mainly associated with frailty in women. Furthermore, age was only significantly associated with frailty in women. Quality of life was significantly associated with frailty being a protective factor in both women and men. Trauma count and trauma severity were associated with an elevated risk for frailty in men. Conclusions: The results show that the psychosocial variables depressive symptoms, quality of life, and resilience are associated with frailty. Gender-specific differences in psychosocial correlates of frailty were revealed. Results suggest that gender-specific assessments and interventions should be developed to prevent frailty in late life.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors in Glioblastoma: Key Pathways and Resistance Mechanisms

Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive form of primary adult brain tumor, is a devastating disease with a dismal two-year survival. Attempts to improve patient survival include a variety of treatment options, from monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and microbubbles to exosomes and small-molecule inhibitors, all of which are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. The most frequently tested type of novel therapeutics are the small-molecule inhibitors targeting key signaling pathways dysregulated in GBM, including TP53, retinoblastoma, and the receptor tyrosine kinase-driven EGF, PDGF, and c-MET pathways. This chapter will compare preclinical and clinical results for a subset of inhibitors targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase families EGF, VEGF, and PDGF along with the PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway and cell cycle inhibitors. In the discussion, potential resistance mechanisms which continue to pose significant barriers to effective small-molecule inhibition treatment of GBM will be discussed along with possible improvements.
Massive blood loss in elective spinal and orthopedic surgery: Retrospective review of intraoperative transfusion strategy.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the perioperative dynamics of hematologic changes and transfusion ratio in patients undergoing a major spinal surgery accompanied with massive bleeding defined as blood loss >5 liters. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Operating room of a university-affiliated hospital. Patients Adult patients who underwent elective neurosurgical, orthopedic, or combined spinal surgical procedure between 2008 and 2012. Methods Patients who underwent a major spinal or orthopedic surgery and who experienced major bleeding (>5 L) during surgery were identified and selected for final analysis. The following information was analyzed: demographics, clinical diagnoses, hematologic parameters, estimated intraoperative blood loss, blood product transfusions, and survival 1 year after surgery. Results During the study period, 25 patients, who underwent 28 spinal procedures, experienced intraoperative blood loss >5 L. Mean patient age was 50.5 years and 56.4% were males. The majority of patients underwent procedures to manage spinal metastases. Median estimated intraoperative blood loss was 11.25 L (IQR 6.35-22 L) and median number of units (U) transfused was 24.5 U (IQR 14.0-32.5 U) of packed red blood cells (RBCs), 24.5 U (IQR 14.0-34.0 U) of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and 4.5 U (IQR 3.0-11.5 U) of platelets (PLTs). The blood product transfusion ratio was 1 and 4 for RBC:FFP, and RBC:PLT, respectively. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, PLTs, partial thromboplastin, prothrombin time, INR, and, fibrinogen varied significantly throughout the procedures. However, acid-base status did not change significantly during surgery. Patients' survival at 1 year was 79.17%. Conclusion Our results indicate that a 1:1 RBC:FFP and 4:1 RBC:PLT transfusion ratio was associated with significant intraoperative variations in coagulation variables but stable intraoperative acid-base parameters. This transfusion ratio helped clinicians to achieve postoperative coagulation parameters not significantly different to those at baseline. Future studies should assess if more liberal transfusion strategies or point of care monitoring might be warranted in patients undergoing spinal surgery at risk of major blood loss.
A model for quantifying contrast enhancement in optical coherence tomography (OCT)

We have developed a model to accurately quantify the signals produced by exogenous scattering agents used for contrast-enhanced Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). This model predicts distinct concentration-dependent signal trends that arise from the underlying physics of coherence-based detection. Accordingly, we show that real scattering particles can be described as simplified ideal scatterers with modified scattering intensity and concentration. The relation between OCT signal and particle concentration is approximately linear at concentrations lower than 0.8 particles per imaging voxel. However, at higher concentrations, interference effects cause signal to increase with a square root dependence on the number of particles within a voxel. Finally, high particle concentrations cause enough light attenuation to saturate the detected signal. Predictions were validated by comparison with measured OCT signals from gold nanorods (GNRs) prepared in water at concentrations ranging over five orders of magnitude (50 fM to 5nM). In addition, we validated that our model accurately predicts the signal responses of GNRs in highly heterogeneous scattering environments including whole blood and living animals. By enabling particle quantification, this work provides a valuable tool for current and future contrast-enhanced in vivo OCT studies. More generally, the model described herein may be applied for detected signals in other modalities that rely on coherence-based detection or are susceptible to interference effects, most notably medical ultrasound. Thus, our model may enable quantitative interpretation of ultrasound contrast agents including gas-filled microbubbles.
Explicit classical construction of the Faddeev-Popov ghost field

Using explicit co-ordinates, we display the Faddeev-Popov ghost field as the difference between the vertical, globally defined, connection of a principal fibre bundle and the gauge-dependent Yang-Mills field. We identify the Cartan-Maurer fibration conditions with the Becchi-Rouet-Stora equations and define generalized gauge transformations.
The Role of TGF-β in Radiation and Chemotherapy Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis: Inhibition of TGF-β as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy

Pulmonary fibrosis is a life-threatening side effect of cancer therapy, affecting 1–10% of patients receiving chemotherapy or thoracic radiation. Chemo- and radiation therapy may induce either an early phase acute pneumonitis or a late phase fibrotic process, or both. The acute phase can sometimes be treated effectively with corticosteroids, however, steroids are rarely effective in treating fibrosing disease and alternative therapies have proven elusive. recent animal and human clinical data implicate the cytokine TGF-β as a key regulator of fibrosis. TGF-β promotes differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, as well as fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation and production of collagen, resulting in accumulation of fibrotic scar tissue and loss of lung function. It is proposed that interfering with TGF-β expression and/or signaling may be clinically useful strategies to block the progression of lung fibrosis. Several strategies in various stages of investigation, from the laboratory to phase III clinical trials, are discussed. These strategies fall into two general classes; direct inhibition of TGF-β itself (via soluble TGF-β decoy receptors, TGF-β antibodies, decorin, RNA interference, and the latency associated peptide) and interference with the downstream signaling cascades initiated by TGF-β (interferon-γ, pirfenidone, imatinib mesylate, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ[PPAR-γ]agonists). Concerns in implementing anti-TGF-β therapies in pulmonary fibrosis patients include possible systemic effects of inhibiting TGF-β, as well as possible effects on the underlying tumor of local or systemic inhibition of TGF-β.
A Case for Information Centric Networking For Smart Grid Communications

The smart grid, with its large array of networked devices and bidirectional data flow between the end-users and the grid, presents new requirements in service reliability, communication latency, and data delivery. The traditional TCP/IP communication paradigm was not designed to handle these requirements at the envisioned scale. This calls for a novel networking paradigm. This paper makes the case for the use of the Information Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm to create the smart grid network architecture. We quantitatively assess the gains resulting from ICN's inherent functionalities, such as concurrent use of multiple interfaces, request aggregation, and stateful forwarding, which enable timely critical message delivery and fast packet re-transmissions. We perform simulations to compare IP and ICN-based smart grid deployments. Our results show that the ICN-based solution outperforms the IP-based solution, especially in a network with packet losses.
Blood Sugar, Your Pancreas, and Unicorns: The Development of Health Education Materials for Youth With Prediabetes:

Background. The obesity epidemic has led to an increase in prediabetes in youth, causing a serious public health concern. Education on diabetes risk and initiation of lifestyle change are the prima...