cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbiota populations in supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, and saliva habitats of adult dogs.

BACKGROUND Oral diseases are common in dogs, with microbiota playing a prominent role in the disease process. Oral cavity habitats harbor unique microbiota populations that have relevance to health and disease. Despite their importance, the canine oral cavity microbial habitats have been poorly studied. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the oral microbiota of different habitats of dogs and (2) correlate oral health scores with bacterial taxa and identify what sites may be good options for understanding the role of microbiota in oral diseases. We used next-generation sequencing to characterize the salivary (SAL), subgingival (SUB), and supragingival (SUP) microbial habitats of 26 healthy adult female Beagle dogs (4.0 ± 1.2 year old) and identify taxa associated with periodontal disease indices. RESULTS Bacterial species richness was highest for SAL, moderate for SUB, and lowest for SUP samples (p < 0.001). Unweighted and weighted principal coordinates plots showed clustering by habitat, with SAL and SUP samples being the most different from one another. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes were the predominant phyla in all habitats. Paludibacter, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcus, Fusibacter, Anaerovorax, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Desulfomicrobium, and TG5 were enriched in SUB samples, while Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Leucobacter, Euzebya, Capnocytophaga, Bergeyella, Lautropia, Lampropedia, Desulfobulbus, Enhydrobacter, and Moraxella were enriched in SUP samples. Prevotella, SHD-231, Helcococcus, Treponema, and Acholeplasma were enriched in SAL samples. p-75-a5, Arcobacter, and Pasteurella were diminished in SUB samples. Porphyromonas, Peptococcus, Parvimonas, and Campylobacter were diminished in SUP samples, while Tannerella, Proteocalla, Schwartzia, and Neisseria were diminished in SAL samples. Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher oral health scores (worsened health) in plaque samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the differences that exist among canine salivary, subgingival plaque and supragingival plaque habitats. Salivary samples do not require sedation and are easy to collect, but do not accurately represent the plaque populations that are most important to oral disease. Plaque Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher (worse) oral health scores. Future studies analyzing samples from progressive disease stages are needed to validate these results and understand the role of bacteria in periodontal disease development.
The impact of race and ethnicity on outcomes in 19,584 adults hospitalized with COVID-19.

Introduction At the population level, Black and Hispanic adults in the United States have increased risk of dying from COVID-19, yet whether race and ethnicity impact on risk of mortality among those hospitalized for COVID-19 is unclear. Methods Retrospective cohort study using data on adults hospitalized with COVID-19 from the electronic health record from 52 health systems across the United States contributing data to Cerner Real World DataTM. In-hospital mortality was evaluated by race first in unadjusted analysis then sequentially adjusting for demographics and clinical characteristics using logistic regression. Results Through August 2020, 19,584 patients with median age 52 years were hospitalized with COVID-19, including n = 4,215 (21.5%) Black and n = 5,761 (29.4%) Hispanic patients. Relative to white patients, crude mortality was slightly higher in Black adults [22.7% vs 20.8%, unadjusted OR 1.12 (95% CI 1.02-1.22)]. Mortality remained higher among Black adults after adjusting for demographic factors including age, sex, date, region, and insurance status (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.27), but not after including comorbidities and body mass index (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.93-1.23). Compared with non-Hispanic patients, Hispanic patients had lower mortality both in unadjusted and adjusted models [mortality 12.7 vs 25.0%, unadjusted OR 0.44(95% CI 0.40-0.48), fully adjusted OR 0.71 (95% CI 0.59-0.86)]. Discussion In this large, multicenter, EHR-based analysis, Black adults hospitalized with COVID-19 had higher observed mortality than white patients due to a higher burden of comorbidities in Black adults. In contrast, Hispanic ethnicity was associated with lower mortality, even in fully adjusted models.
C–H and C–C bond activation of propane to propylene and ethylene selectivity assisted by CO2 over titania catalysts

C–H and C–C bond dissociation over stable titania-based catalysts was studied for propane conversion assisted by CO2 to produce propylene and ethylene. The catalysts were characterised to determine their properties, and each catalyst exhibited a distinct surface acidity and bulk hydrogen reduction profile. The Zr/Ti oxide catalyst showed broader surface acidity, which resulted in higher C–H bond activation and promoted greater propylene selectivity in the range of 60%, and 20% ethylene selectivity. The Tl/Ti oxide catalyst favored the C–C bond dissociation mechanism of propane and achieved 55% ethylene selectivity, with 12% for propylene. CO2 promoted a longer life-cycle stream of catalytic conversion to propylene and ethylene yield compared with benchmark commercial catalysts. This study reveals the importance of titania-based catalysts to assist the C–H and C–C bond activation of propane over catalyst and demonstrated an alternative process to produce stable yields of propylene and ethylene.
Child and Adolescent Day Treatment

A general systems theory perspective (von Bertalanffy, 1968; Hoffman, 1981; Miller, 1965) is entirely compatible with day treatment that consists of multiple components or subsystems. “A system is usually thought of as a whole consisting of interdependent and interacting parts or a set of units with relationships among them” (Compton & Gallaway, 1979). Day treatment is a system with component parts as well as being a subsystem in the larger mental-healthcare organization. An appreciation of the principles of systems theory, including the importance of reciprocity and interaction among members, is essential to the optimal functioning of a day treatment program. Biological, social, psychological, individual, educational, family, small-group, program milieu, organizational, and community issues must be attended to and recognized. According to Isenberg (1983), such a multisystem approach is required for effective day treatment. It is believed that trying to isolate and treat a single malfunctioning subsystem is likely to be either incorrect or at the very least, inadequate.
The Omnibus and the Shaping of the Urban Quotidian: Paris, 1828–60

ABSTRACTThis article explores the cultural and social impact of the world's first mass public transit system by highlighting its impact on time instead of space. Time allows us to see how public transit imbricated small-scale and large-scale practices, channelling vast numbers of private goals and generating new kinds of collective and subjective experience. The reliability and ubiquity of the system transformed movement into a calculation between time, energy and money. This redefined the organization, perception and rhythms of activity within the daily cycle and transformed the geographical distribution of services. It thus created new forms of discrimination related to access.
Introduction of Chief Justice Roberts, at the Robert H. Jackson Center, May 17, 2013

These remarks introduced Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., speaking at the Robert H. Jackson Center in Jamestown, New York, on May 17, 2013. This introduction covers Robert H. Jackson’s life path and legal career, including his first big legal case, which grew out of the 1913 strike against Jamestown’s Street Railway Company. This introduction also describes some Jackson-like and Jackson-connected aspects of Chief Justice Roberts’s life and career; including his birth and early boyhood in western New York State, his service as a law clerk to former Jackson law clerk Justice William H. Rehnquist, and his private law practice with former Jackson law clerk E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr.
A design paradigm for integrated protection of shipboard power systems

This paper presents a new approach for the design of integrated protection of next generation shipboard power systems. The focus is given to testing of new protection schemes through a design process that can provide opportunities to investigate the concept of integrated protection, as well as integrated control and reconfiguration, in shipboard power systems. This work emphasizes modeling, simulation, rapid prototyping and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing as the key stages in the proposed design process. These stages are accomplished in the given application example through the use of real-time simulation platforms in combination with rapid prototyping hardware. Furthermore, to demonstrate the proposed design process, the simplest protection scheme with an instantaneous overcurrent relay is considered, and future developments based on this application are described.
Antidiuretic Hormone: Synthesis and Release

The sections in this article are: 1 Morphology of Vasopressinergic Neurons 1.1 Localization 1.2 Cellular Morphology 1.3 Glial–Neuronal Interactions 1.4 Posterior Pituitary Morphology 2 Synthesis of Vasopressin 2.1 Vasopressin Gene 2.2 Regulation of Vasopressin mRNA 2.3 Processing, Packaging, and Transport to the Neural Lobe 3 Release of Antidiuretic Hormone 3.1 Electrophysiological Characteristics of Vasopressin Neurons 3.2 Stimulus–Secretion Coupling in the Neural Lobe 3.3 Dendritic Release 4 Regulation of Vasopressin Secretion 4.1 Afferents to Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons 4.2 Neurochemicals Regulating Secretion 4.3 Neuropeptides in Afferent Pathways 4.4 Osmoregulatory Pathways and Mechanisms 4.5 Pressure/Volume-Regulatory Pathways 4.6 Other Ascending Pathways 4.7 Other Physiological Regulators 4.8 Steroid hormones
Seamless event and data stream processing: reconciling windows and consumption modes

For a number of stream applications, synergistic integration of stream as well as event processing is becoming a necessity. However, the relationship between windows and consumption modes has not been studied in the literature. A clear understanding of this relationship is important for integrating the two synergistically as well as detecting meaningful complex events using events generated by a stream processing system. In this paper, we analyze the notion of windows introduced for stream processing and the notion of consumption modes introduced for event processing. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes several approaches for combining the two and investigates their ramifications. We present conclusions based on our analysis and an integrated architecture that currently supports one of the reconciled approaches.
The role of outer rainband convection in governing the eyewall replacement cycle in numerical simulations of tropical cyclones

Eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) are frequently observed during the evolution of intensifying tropical cyclones (TCs). Although intensely studied in recent years, the underlying mechanisms of ERCs are still not well understood, and a timely accurate forecast of ERCs remains to be a challenge. To advance our understanding of ERCs and provide insights into the improvement of numerical forecast of ERCs, a series of three-dimensional full physics simulations is performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to investigate ERCs in TC-like vortices on an f plane. The simulated ERC in the control experiment possesses key features similar to those observed in real TCs including the formation and development of a secondary tangential wind maximum associated with the outer eyewall. The Sawyer-Eliassen diagnoses and tangential momentum budget analyses are performed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and ERC. The simulations show the crucial roles of outer rainband heating in governing the formation and development of the secondary tangential wind maximum and demonstrate that the outer rainband convection must reach a critical strength relative to the eyewall convection before SEF and ERC can occur. The diagnoses reveal a positive feedback among low-level convection, acceleration of tangential winds and convergence of radial flow in the upper boundary layer, and surface evaporation that leads to the development of outer rainband convection and formation of secondary eyewall, and a mechanism for the demise of inner eyewall that involves the interaction between the transverse circulations induced by eyewall and outer rainband convection.
Do Public Schools Have an Obligation to Serve Troubled Children and Youth

The exclusion of pupils considered socially maladjusted in the Public Law 94–142 definition of seriously emotionally disturbed has led to gaps in services to a population of schoolchildren having significant educational needs. Issues related to this exclusionary clause are discussed in light of current research evidence and school practices. Considerable support exists for the position that the exclusion of these students from special education and related services is neither logical not valid. A broader perspective is advocated, in which the needs of antisocial students (and their families) are addressed through early intervention for at-risk pupils, as well as in appropriate special education programs.
Evaluation of a model community-wide bed bug management program in affordable housing

BACKGROUND Low-income apartment communities in the United States are suffering from disproportionally high bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., infestations owing to lack of effective monitoring and treatment. Studies examining the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) for the control of bed bugs in affordable housing have been limited to small subsets of bed-bug-infested apartments, rather than at the apartment community level. We developed, implemented and evaluated a complex-wide IPM program for bed bugs in an affordable housing community. Proactive inspections and biweekly treatments using a combination of non-chemical and chemical methods until bed bugs were not detected for three biweekly monitoring visits were key elements of the IPM program. RESULTS A total of 55 bed-bug-infested apartments were identified during the initial inspection. Property management was unaware of 71% of these infestations. Over the next 12 months, 14 additional infested apartments were identified. The IPM program resulted in a 98% reduction in bed bug counts among treated apartments and reduced infestation rates from 15 to 2.2% after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Adopting a complex-wide bed bug IPM program, incorporating proactive monitoring, and biweekly treatments of infested apartments utilizing non-chemical and chemical methods can successfully reduce infestation rates to very low levels. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Evolution of Novel Small-Molecule Therapeutics Targeting Sickle Cell Vasculopathy

A 34-year-old African American woman with sickle cell disease and history of relatively severe hemolysis, chronic leg ulcers, and mild pulmonary hypertension presented with a new ischemic stroke. Recent research has suggested a syndrome of hemolysis-associated vasculopathy in patients with sickle cell disease, which features severe hemolytic anemia and leads to scavenging of nitric oxide and its biochemical precursor L-arginine. This diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide promotes a hemolysis-vascular dysfunction syndrome, which includes pulmonary hypertension, cutaneous leg ulceration, priapism, and ischemic stroke. Additional correlates of this vasculopathy include activation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, platelets, and the vascular protectant hemeoxygenase-1. Some known risk factors for atherosclerosis are also associated with sickle cell vasculopathy, including low levels of apolipoprotein AI and high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Identification of dysregulated vascular biology pathways in sickle vasculopathy has provided a focus for new clinical trials for therapeutic intervention, including inhaled nitric oxide, sodium nitrite, L-arginine, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, niacin, inhaled carbon monoxide, and endothelin receptor antagonists. This article reviews the pathophysiology of sickle vasculopathy and the results of preliminary clinical trials of novel small-molecule therapeutics directed at abnormal vascular biology in patients with sickle cell disease.
Management and outcome in viral meningo-encephalitis

Abstract Viruses are the most common infectious cause of meningitis and encephalitis. There are a large number of viruses which may cause meningo-encephalitis either through primary infection or through secondary immune-mediated processes. The presentation of both viral meningitis and encephalitis is described along with features which may help identify the aetiology. Viral meningitis is most commonly caused by enteroviruses notably coxsackie viruses and usually follows a self-limiting course with significantly better outcomes than encephalitis. The most common form of viral encephalitis in the developed world is Herpes simplex encephalitis. This carries a poor prognosis particularly if treatment is delayed, with mortality rates of 70% if left untreated. The importance of testing for Herpes simplex virus on two separate occasions separated by at least 72 h is highlighted, alongside the importance of prompt initiation of intravenous aciclovir and a guide as to when it is appropriate to stop aciclovir. A comprehensive description of neuroimaging findings and management of other viral aetiologies is also included.
Pollen grains for oral vaccination

Oral vaccination can offer a painless and convenient method of vaccination. Furthermore, in addition to systemic immunity it has potential to stimulate mucosal immunity through antigen-processing by the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. In this study we propose the concept that pollen grains can be engineered for use as a simple modular system for oral vaccination. We demonstrate feasibility of this concept by using spores of Lycopodium clavatum (clubmoss) (LSs). We show that LSs can be chemically cleaned to remove native proteins to create intact clean hollow LS shells. Empty pollen shells were successfully filled with molecules of different sizes demonstrating their potential to be broadly applicable as a vaccination system. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, LSs formulated with OVA were orally fed to mice. LSs stimulated significantly higher anti-OVA serum IgG and fecal IgA antibodies compared to those induced by use of cholera toxin as a positive-control adjuvant. The antibody response was not affected by pre-neutralization of the stomach acid, and persisted for up to 7 months. Confocal microscopy revealed that LSs can translocate into mouse intestinal wall. Overall, this study lays the foundation of using LSs as a novel approach for oral vaccination.
Welfare Reform in Rural Missouri: The Experience of Families

ABSTRACT This paper documents the impact of the 1996 federal welfare legislation on rural families in Missouri. We analyze primary data obtained from interviews with 162 single-mother families with children residing in six rural counties in Missouri who are either former or current welfare recipients. This information was substantiated by focus group interviews with current or former welfare recipients conducted between 1998 and 2000. The results provide useful insights into the impacts of welfare reform on families in rural America. Welfare recipients in rural areas have higher levels of education and job experience than the general welfare population in the nation, but they live in areas with fewer job opportunities and very poor public transportation. Those who are employed are making an average of $5.50 per hour and continue to live in poverty. With the economy slowing down across the nation, rural welfare recipients are beginning to increase again, after several years of decline. For rural women to e...
Elemental Abundances and Ionization States within the Local Interstellar Cloud Derived from Hubble Space Telescope and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of the Capella Line of Sight

We use ultraviolet spectra of Capella from the Hubble Space Telescope and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer satellites to study interstellar absorption lines from the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC). Measurements of these lines are used to empirically determine the ionization states of carbon, nitrogen, and silicon in the LIC, for comparison with the predictions of theoretical photoionization models. We find that the observed ionization states are consistent with previously published photoionization predictions. Total abundances are determined for the elements mentioned above, and others, for comparison with solar abundances. Magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and iron are all depleted by at least a factor of 10 toward Capella. The abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are essentially solar, although the error bars are large enough to also allow depletions of about a factor of 2 for these elements. Subject headings: ISM: abundances — ultraviolet: ISM
The Impact of Advance Organizers upon Students' Achievement in Computer-Assisted Video Instruction.

One of the newer tools for instruction today is Computer-Assisted Video Instruction (CAVI). The focus of this study was the impact of advance organizers as an instructional strategy upon students' achievement in CAVI. Specifically, this research examined the increase of students' rule-learning when exposed to advance organizers presented in a CAVI mediated lesson. It was hypothesized that subjects who receive the advance organizer treatment in a CAVI mediated lesson would achieve higher mean rule-learning test scores than those who do not receive the advance organizer treatment. To test the hypotheses, a sample of seventy college students were subjected to one of two treatment conditions. The instructional material dealing with rule-learning in basic computer programming for the CAVI lesson was developed on the basis of the Principles of Instructional Design suggested by Gagne' and Briggs [1]. The advance organizer for the CAVI mediated lesson was developed based on Ausubel et al.'s conceptual definition ...
Orientation, Outcome, and Other-Serving Attributions

In this research, I examined the role of a communal orientation in producing other-serving attributional biases often found in jointly produced performance tasks. I hypothesized that the other-serving attributional responses, which are commonly found in dyadic decision-making tasks, originate from dispositional qualities that reflected an other-oriented construal of the self. Subjects completed a Communal Orientation Scale that purports to measure a dispositional tendency toward communal relationships with others. Next, they participated in a joint decision-making task with a partner for which they were given success or failure feedback. Then, subjects attributed responsibility for that performance. Results support the dispositional orientation hypothesis. Subjects who scored high in a communal orientation toward others gave more credit to their partners after a successful performance and blamed them less following failure. Attributions to the self remained unaffected by communal orientation. Implications...
Business Continuity Plan Design

This paper identifies eight steps that a company should follow to begin the development of a business continuity plan. The plan was developed by documenting the process a large transportation company used to reinforce their continuity planning in the wake of the 2004 hurricane season. This research identifies typical questions to be asked of functional departments within the organization along with some more specific question examples for the departments. The paper identifies 13 potential projects and other recommendations found from the research.
Supporting multicasting in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks: issues, challenges, and current protocols

The basic philosophy of personal communication services is to provide user-to-user, location independent communication services. The emerging group communication wireless applications, such as multipoint data dissemination and multiparty conferencing tools have made the design and development of efficient multicast techniques in mobile ad-hoc networking environments a necessity and not just a desire. Multicast protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks have been an area of active research for the past couple of years. This paper summarizes the activities and recent advances in this work-in-progress area by identifying the main issues and challenges that multicast protocols are facing in mobile ad-hoc networking environments, and by surveying several existing multicasting protocols. This article presents a classification of the current multicast protocols, discusses the functionality of the individual existing protocols, and provides a qualitative comparison of their characteristics according to several distinct features and performance parameters. Furthermore, since many of the additional issues and constraints associated with the mobile ad-hoc networks are due, to a large extent, to the attribute of user mobility, we also present an overview of research and development efforts in the area of group mobility modeling in mobile ad-hoc networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
B 74-27 Program Test Methods

Lest the readers of this review be misled by the title of the book being considered, it is not a definitive text on the subject of program testing. Nor is it a catalogue of existing, known, and practical techniques for program testing from which the interested reader may choose an appropriate one for the validation of some particular program.
Hereditary childhood hearing loss andintegumentary system disease

Fourteen types of hereditary hearing loss associated with integumentary system disease are reviewed. Infants or children with these syndromes can be identified readily because of the obvious ectodermal changes, allowing early treatment of the hearing loss and parental genetic counseling.
Development and Validation of the Clinical Anxiety Scale: A Rapid Assessment Instrument for Empirical Practice

The development and validation of a new rapid assessment instrument, the Clinical Anxiety Scale (CAS), is described. The CAS has good reliability and validity and is compatible in format with a number of other rapid assessment instruments designed for human service professionals who wish to evaluate the effects of their interventions with clients experiencing dysfunctional anxiety.
Decomposition of the Koopmans-Beckmann Problem

Abstract Subsequent findings indicate that the Koopmans-Beckmann linear programming representation of the quadratic assignment problem may be more useful in solving for the best integer assignment and a set of sustaining prices than their initial results suggest. In response to the renewed interest in the quadratic assignment problem, this brief paper presents the Koopmans-Beckmann linear program in general matrix form, demostrates that the program is decomposable, and shows that the primal subprogram constitutes a simple linear assignment problem whose optimal solution set always contains at least one integer assignment of plants to locations.
Elucidation of the cytoplasmic and vacuolar components in the inorganic phosphate region in the 31P NMR spectrum of yeast.

Subcellular compartments, such as the vacuole in yeast, play important roles in cell metabolism and in cell response to external conditions. Concentrations of inorganic phosphate and pH values of the vacuole and cytoplasm were determined for anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells based upon 31P NMR spectroscopy. A new approach allows the determination of these values for the vacuole in cases when the resonance for inorganic phosphate in the cytoplasm overlaps with the resonance for inorganic phosphate in the vacuole. The intracellular inorganic phosphate resonance was first decomposed into two components by computer analysis. The assignments of the components were determined from in vivo correlations of Pi chemical shift and the chemical shifts of the cytoplasmic sugar phosphates, and the pH dependency of the resonance of pyrophosphate and the terminal phosphate of poly-phosphate (PP1) which reside in the vacuole. An in vivo correlation relating PP1 and P chemical shifts was established from numerous evaluations of intracellular compositions for several strains of S. cerevisiae. This correlation will aid future analysis of 31P NMR spectra of yeast and will extend NMR studies of compartmentation to cellular suspensions in phosphate-containing medium. Application of this method shows that both vacuolar and extracellular Pi were phosphate reserves during glycolysis in anaerobic S. cerevisiae. Net transport of inorganic phosphate across the vacuolar membrane was not correlated with the pH gradient across the membrane.
Chemistry of Indium(III) Tris(cyclopentadienide). Reactions with Diphenylphosphine, tert-Butyl Alcohol, and Acetylacetone. Cyclopentadiene and Reductive Elimination Reactions

Indium(III) tris(cyclopentadienide) In(C5H5)3 reacts with diphenylphosphine at room temperature to form the indium(I) derivative In(C5H5), P2Ph4, and C5H6. These products are consistent with the oc...
Bellefield Enhanced Supportive Team (BEST): Higher Level Outpatient Mental Health Care for Older Adults

very few participants met criteria for a DSM-IV anxiety disorder. Of additional concern, many patients who were prescribed benzodiazepines were found to have co-occurring cognitive impairment. A minority of participants screened positive for depression. Few of the prescriptions in the PACE cohort would be considered “guideline-adherent” care, and for many of the participants in this study, the risks associated with taking benzodiazepines have the potential to outweigh the benefits. Using benzodiazepines to treat low-level anxiety is, in most cases, medically unnecessary and potentially unsafe. For example, it has been shown that older individuals prescribed benzodiazepines are more likely to develop delirium or fall and suffer a fracture. It cannot be determined from this study if these prescribing patterns are unique to this particular state-wide sample of PACE enrollees, or reflect wider prescribing patterns across other regions of the U.S. In either case, these findings indicate the need for greater education and other interventions to change the prescribing behavior of practitioners who care for elderly individuals. Further research is needed to explore the clinical outcomes of benzodiazepine administration in the geriatric outpatient population, and to identify ways to promote greater guideline-adherent prescribing.
Direito dos desastres e questões emergentes no Brasil

Scholars around the world are beginning to focus on the role of the legal system in preparing for such events and responding to them after they occur. This article offers an introduction to the field of disaster law with a particular focus on the United States and Brazil. The article begins with an overview of disaster law and explains some unifying themes. These themes connect risk mitigation, emergency response, compensation, and rebuilding after disasters. The remainder of the article focuses on one crucial insight: harm from disasters is almost always caused or at least worsened by failure to regulate risks in advance using land use law or environmental law. Disaster law will become even more important in the future due to climate change and other developments, such as population growth and expanded populations living near coasts and estuaries. Key words: Natural disasters, nuclear power, pollution, oil spills, climate change, risk management.
Hemangioendothelioma of soft tissue: Cytological dilemma in two cases at unusual sites

Hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of intermediate malignancy. Cytologically, it can simulate a non-vascular malignant tumor. We report two cases of this tumor, which were misdiagnosed at cytology. In the first case, a 27-year-old man presented with an anterior abdominal wall tumor. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the tumor showed polygonal cells with vacuolated cytoplasm in clusters having moderate nuclear atypia in a background of necrosis. A diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma was made. The histological examination showed features of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. In the second case, a 13-year-old female child presented with unilateral enlargement of the right tonsil. At ultrasound-guided FNAC, a diagnosis of, 'small round cell tumor, could be consistent with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma,' was made. The histological examination showed features of papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (Dabska's tumor). We conclude that epithelioid hemangioendothelioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma and small round cell tumor even at unusual sites.
Perceptions of peanuts and related products by Thai consumers in the U.S.

Summary A study was conducted to identify perceptions of Thai consumers toward peanuts and related products using a food/food-use appropriateness matrix and to identify new peanut products that exhibit good potential for being accepted by Thais. Most respondents were highly educated young Thai adults who had resided in the U.S. for 4 years or less. Factor analysis of the matrix consisting of sixteen peanut and related products and fourteen use situations identified two food (snack food and every day food) and three use groups (general use, special occasion and value/convenience). The snack food group was deemed appropriate for special occasions and children, while the every day food group was appropriate for general use and when concern existed about value and convenience. The every day food group was also perceived as being appropriate for snacking. Three peanut-based products representing good potential for acceptance were identified as ice cream type, milk type and non-peanut butter spread type.
Transnational Reciprocity: Liminal Love in Fernando León de Aranoa's Princesas

Since the 1990s, Spanish directors have been expanding their representational efforts by offering diverse perspectives on the issue of racial and ethnic differences posed by the rapid increase in i...
MATLAB®: a language for parallel computing

Parallel computing with the MATLAB® language and environment has received interest from various quarters. The Parallel Computing Toolbox™ and MATLAB® Distributed Computing Server™ from The MathWorks are among several available tools that offer this capability. We explore some of the key features of the parallel MATLAB language that these tools offer. We describe the underlying mechanics as well as the salient design decisions and rationale for certain features in the toolset. The paper concludes by identifying some issues that we must address as the language features evolve.
Linkage of neutrophil response to a mutagen gene (Nrm-1) to the agouti locus in the rat.

SUMMARY The ACI or BDIV rats responded with decreased or increased neutrophil levels in blood after the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) administration. The F1 hybrids had decreased neutrophil counts, and the BDIV × (BDIV × AC1)Fl backcross offspring showed two phenotypes. The sex of the rats and the neutrophil response to MNU assorted independently. The results indicated that the neutrophil response to MNU was regulated by autosomal gene Nrm-1 with two alleles. The Nrm-Id regulates the decrease and the Nrm-1i regulates the increase of neutrophils in blood after the MNU administration. The results were confirmed by the SKUMIX computer program. We found that the Nrm-1 gene was linked to the agouti locus (chi-square = 10–3, P < 0.001). The map distance between two genes was 33 ± 5 cM. The Nrm-1 gene thus resides on the linkage group IV of the rat.
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.

Abstract Mammography is generally accepted as a useful problem-solving clinical tool in characterizing known breast lesions, so that appropriate and timely treatment can be given. However, it remains grossly underutilized at what it does best: screening. The major strengths of mammography are a) its ability to detect breast cancer at a smaller, potentially more curable stage than any other examination, and b) its proved efficacy in reducing breast cancer mortality in asymptomatic women aged 40–74. If, as has recently been estimated, screening with mammography and physical examination can be expected to lower breast cancer deaths by 40%–50% among those actually examined (13), then the lives of almost 20,000 U.S. women might be saved each year if screening were to become very widely used. The challenges of the next decade are clear, to mount much more effective campaigns to educate physicians and lay women about the life-saving benefits of breast cancer screening, to devise increasingly effective and lower cost screening strategies, to further improve the current high quality of mammographic imaging despite its increasing proliferation, and to train large numbers of breast imaging specialists to guarantee that the growing case load of screening and problem-solving mammograms is interpreted with a very high level of skill.
Breaking the routine: Assessing the effectiveness of a multi-neighborhood anticrime initiative through qualitative interviewing

This paper reports on the evaluation of a key component of the comprehensive anticrime initiative currently undertaken in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Community Partners Program is the programmatic approach designed by the HIDTA/Safe and Sound Initiative to deal with crime and disorder in twenty of the highest crime, lowest income areas of the city. Quantitative data collection constraints favored the use of qualitative research for assessing the efficacy of the Community Partners' strategy in achieving desired results. Focus group interviewing, in particular, proved to be an effective method for conducting process-focused criminal justice evaluation research. Through systematic analysis of transcribed focus group interviews, the researcher was able to identify significant trends and patterns in the way participating residents related to the block-by-block organizing efforts and other crime prevention activities of the Community Partners. The evaluation indicates tangible benefits that neighborhood residents...
Modelling animal movement using the Argos satellite telemetry location error ellipse

Summary The Argos satellite telemetry system is popular for studying the movement and space use of marine animals. The life histories of marine mammals, in particular, result in a relatively large proportion of inaccurate locations, thus making analysis methods that do not account for location measurement error inappropriate for these data. Using a new Kalman filtering algorithm, Argos now provides locations and estimated error ellipses associated with each satellite fix, but to our knowledge, the location error ellipse has yet to be incorporated into analyses of animal movement or space use. We first present an observation model utilizing the Argos error ellipse and then demonstrate how this observation model can be combined with a simple three-dimensional movement model in a state-space formulation to infer activity budgets and movement characteristics from location and dive data of two species of seal, the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) and the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). These example data sets are of variable quality and represent species that differ in both space use and latitudinal range relative to the polar orbits of Argos satellites. We also compare the results from our error ellipse model with those from an approximate (isotropic) error circle model. We found the error circle to be a crude approximation of the actual anisotropic error ellipse for the higher quality bearded seal data, but inferences from the lower quality Hawaiian monk seal data were more robust to the choice of observation model. In both examples, we found the theoretical bivariate normal distribution corresponding to the error ellipse often failed to adequately explain the most extreme location outliers. In practice, we suspect the inferential consequences of using traditional isotropic location quality classes or other crude approximations in lieu of the error ellipse will be largely case-dependent. We support the Argos recommendation that practitioners wishing to more properly account for location measurement error utilize the error ellipse in analyses. However, the continued presence of outliers using the new algorithm suggests practitioners should consider using a fat-tailed distribution derived from the error ellipse (e.g. bivariate t-distribution) or filtering extreme outliers during data pre-processing.
Role of Medium Chain Triglycerides (Axona®) in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease

Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists provides symptomatic relief but do not prevent its progression. Thus, additional approaches aimed at slowing the progression of the disease have been investigated. Reports detailing reduced brain glucose metabolism in the early stages of AD led to the hypothesis that alternate energy sources aimed at increasing neuronal metabolism may protect neurons and thus benefit patients with AD. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are metabolized to ketone bodies that serve as an alternative source of energy for neurons. Data from clinical trials suggest that MCTs improve cognition in patients with mild to moderate AD in apolipoprotein E4-negative patients. Adverse events observed were mild and included minor gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, dyspepsia, and flatulence. However, since genomic profiles are not routinely conducted in patients with AD in a clinical setting, the role of MCTs in clinical practice seems to be minimal.
Solution of a Sperner conjecture of Stanley with a construction of Gelfand

Abstract An old conjecture of Stanley's is confirmed, namely that the lattice of bounded column strict plane partitions of fixed shape is Sperner. The proof uses a previous general sl(2) method of this author combined with an explicit construction of gl(n) modules due to I. M. Gelfand and M. L. Zetlin. Also given is a short proof of the known fact that under certain conditions the quotient of a Peck poset by a group action is Peck.
Alteration of Ca2+ release channel function in sarcoplasmic reticulum of pressure-overload-induced hypertrophic rat heart.

Abstract The effects of pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy on the Ca 2+ release channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were studied by [ 3 H]ryanodine binding and 45 Ca 2+ flux measurements. The density of Ca 2+ release channel in left ventricle determined by equilibrium [ 3 H]ryanodine binding to whole homogenates was significantly lower in hypertrophy than sham (B max : 0.47±0.04 v 0.72±0.10 pmol/mg protein), whereas total number of Ca 2+ release channels in whole left ventricle was similar in the two groups. Ryanodine binding to SR vesicles isolated by differential centrifugation was also similar in the two groups, but the SR yield was less in the hypertrophied left ventricle. The Ca 2+ release channels in hypertrophied left ventricles showed a significantly increased sensitivity to Ca 2+ release agonists (e.g. caffeine and doxorubicin), as characterized by the effects of these agonists on ryanodine binding to whole homogenes and Ca 2+ release from isolated SR. These results indicate that pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with both qualitative and quantitative changes in Ca 2+ release channel function.
27Al nuclear-spin dephasing in the ruby frozen core and Cr3+ spin-flip-time measurements.

Nuclear-spin-echo decay has been measured in the $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ frozen core surrounding ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in ruby using optical Raman heterodyne detection. Bloembergen's frozen-core model was directly verified by the observation of \ensuremath{\sim}1-msec dephasing times in the core compared with 60 \ensuremath{\mu}sec in the bulk. Observation of echoes in the ground and optically excited states of $^{52}\mathrm{Cr}$ and $^{53}\mathrm{Cr}$ allowed separation of direct and indirect ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ spin-flip contributions to dephasing and hence measurement of the Cr-Cr spin-flip time. The direct dephasing time follows a square-law dependence on concentration, in accord with theory. Indirect dephasing has a square-root dependence on concentration, similar to that observed for optical echoes. Contrary to earlier studies, it is concluded that optical dephasing in ruby, in the concentration range 0.0034 to 0.05 wt. % ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, is primarily due to magnetic fluctuations produced by ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ spin flipping; i.e., that indirect rather than direct dephasing is dominant.
The environment of the sulfhydryl group in human plasma albumin as determined by spin labeling.

Abstract A series of spin labels, varying in chain length between the maleimide attaching group and the nitroxide free radical, has been used to investigate the environment of the sulfhydryl group in human plasma albumin. From the electron spin resonance spectra, the degree of freedom of the nitroxide was determined and the location of the sulfhydryl was assessed. The effect of bound fatty acids on the sulfhydryl environment was also determined. The environment was found to be analogous to that in the bovine protein, that is, a crevice approximately 9.5 A deep and not affected in the native state by fatty acids.
Reduced isotope dose with rapid SPECT MPI imaging: Initial experience with a CZT SPECT camera

Background Cardiac SPECT imaging needs to become shorter and use lower radiation doses to compete with other available noninvasive imaging modalities. Recently introduced cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) SPECT cameras have the potential to achieve both goals, but clinical experience is so far limited.
Dynamics of four coupled phase-only oscillators

Abstract We study the dynamics of a system of four coupled phase-only oscillators. This system is analyzed using phase difference variables in a phase space that has the topology of a three-dimensional torus. The system is shown to exhibit numerous phase-locked motions. The qualitative dynamics are shown to depend upon a parameter representing coupling strength. This work has application to MEMS artificial intelligence decision-making devices.
The Fate of Oral Glucosamine Traced by 13C Labeling in the Dog

OBJECTIVE It has remained ambiguous as to whether oral dosing of glucosamine (GlcN) would make its way to the joint and affect changes in the cartilage, particularly the integrity of cartilage and chondrocyte function. The objective of this study was to trace the fate of orally dosed GlcN and determine definitively if GlcN was incorporated into cartilage proteoglycans. DESIGN Two dogs were treated with (13)C-GlcN-HCl by oral dosing (500 mg/dog/d for 2 weeks and 250 mg/dog/d for 3 weeks). Cartilage was harvested from the tibial plateau and femoral condyles along with tissue specimens from the liver, spleen, heart, kidney, skin, skeletal muscle, lung, and costal cartilage. Percentages of (13)C and (13)C-GlcN present in each tissue sample were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS In the case of dog 1 (2-week treatment), there was an increase of 2.3% of (13)C present in the articular cartilage compared to the control and an increase of 1.6% of (13)C in dog 2 compared to control. As to be expected, the highest percentage of (13)C in the other tissues tested was found in the liver, and the remaining tissues had percentages of (13)C less than that of articular cartilage. CONCLUSION The results are definitive and for the first time provide conclusive evidence that orally given GlcN can make its way through the digestive tract and be used by chondrocytes in joint cartilage, thereby potentially having an effect on the available GlcN for proteoglycan biosynthesis.