cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An On-chip PVT Control System for Worst-caseless Lower Voltage SoC Design

In this paper, we propose on-chip PVT (process, voltage, and temperature) control system for worst-caseless lower voltage SoC design that consist of the adaptive voltage management (AVM). The proposed AVM accurately controls to set the most suitable voltage level with table look-up method. This PVT control system realizes wide operating margin, DFM function for low voltage SoC. The experimental chip is fabricated on 90nm CMOS process and confirmed the proposed architecture accurately controls the voltage level and the operation margin securing at the lower voltage
The Role of Coaching Within the Context of Instructional Design

Upon entry into the instructional design workforce, there is a need for instructional designers to continue to hone their craft and skill development. Often times novice instructional designers are paired with experts during the onboarding process. Coaching is utilized to provide novices and those less experienced with the necessary support they need to enhance their skillset. This article explores the use of coaching in the professional development of instructional designers. Specific attention is given to theoretical approaches, models, and contexts related to coaching.
Application of ultraviolet C technology for surface decontamination of fresh produce

Abstract Background Microbial food safety and spoilage due to human pathogens and decay-causing microorganisms are the major challenges for the production of fresh produce where contaminations often occur on the surface of the food. Fresh produce cannot be thermally treated as heating adversely affects the organoleptic characteristics and nutrients of the food, and thermally processed fresh produce may not be considered as “fresh” any more. Shortwave ultraviolet (UV-C) is a nonthermal technology that employs physical light energy to inactivate microorganisms on the surface of foods. Scope and approach This article reviewed the most recent development in the application of UV-C for surface decontamination of food with a focus on fresh produce. Considerations and challenges for commercialization of the technology are emphasized. Research on pulsed light (PL) is also discussed as the germicidal effect of PL is mainly due to the UV-C component of the light spectrum. Key findings and conclusions Many factors affect the efficacy of UV-C against foodborne pathogenic bacteria for food surface decontamination; these factors include UV-C dose, location of microorganisms on food, surface characteristics of foods, treatment temperature, species and serotype of microorganisms, state of bacteria, time from inoculation to UV-C treatment, and inoculation level. Combinations of UV-C/PL with other interventions can achieve synergistic and/or additive efficacy against human pathogens. For commercialization of the technology, accurate assessment of absorbed UV doses and means to overcome the shadowing effect are needed. Issues such as survival and growth of pathogens during post-UV-C storage, and possible formation of viable, but nonculturable bacteria require further investigations.
Equipment and Monitoring

A 2-month-old, 5-kg baby, born at term without apparent complications, is scheduled to come to the OR emergently for evacuation of a subdural hematoma and repair of depressed skull fracture as a consequence of presumed child abuse. VS: HR 130 bpm, RR 22/min and crying, BP 75/50 mmHg, and Hct 30%. There is a 22 ga. IV in place in the left saphenous vein, and it seems to be running well.
How Green is Our Valley?: Five-Year Study of Selected LIS Journals from Taylor & Francis for Green Deposit of Articles

This study reviews content from five different library and information science journals: Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian, Collection Management, College & Undergraduate Libraries, Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship and Journal of Library Administration over a five-year period from 2012–2016 to investigate the green deposit rate. Starting in 2011, Taylor & Francis, the publisher of these journals, waived the green deposit embargo for library and information science, heritage and archival content, which allows for immediate deposit of articles in these fields. The review looks at research articles and standing columns over the five years from these five journals to see if any articles were retrieved using the OA Button or through institutional repositories. Results indicate that less than a quarter of writers have chosen to make a green deposit of their articles in local or subject repositories. The discussion outlines some best practices to be undertaken by librarians, editors and Taylor & Francis to make this program more successful.
HIRES IRAS Images of the Serpens Core

The nearby Serpens cloud core (d=310 pc) is the site of on-going star-formation. Recent mm/submm mapping of the thermal radiation in this region has led to the discovery of heretofore undetected emission peaks lacking near-infrared (NIR) counterparts (Casali, Eiroa, & Duncan 1993). A follow-up detailed, multi-transition study of these dust emission peaks in the mm/submm transitions of H2CO determined the presence of associated, dense \( {10^6} \leqslant {n_{{H_2}}} \leqslant {10^{6.5}} \) cm-3 gas, with several sources exhibiting self-absorbed line profiles perhaps best interpreted in the context of infall models (Hurt, Barsony, & Wootten 1996).
Endothelial ICAM-1 functions in adhesion and signaling during leukocyte recruitment

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) was identified more than 20 years ago as a cytokine-inducible adhesion molecule [1]. Endothelial cell ICAM-1 surface expression is elevated at sites of endothelial cell activation in vivo and in vitro, and contributes to stable adhesion and transmigration of circulating blood leukocytes through its interaction with leukocyte β2 integrins. This chapter briefly reviews ICAM-1 structure and function, and then address the mechanisms through which ICAM-1-dependent adhesion and signaling control leukocyte transmigration.
Effect of age on the presence of comet tails at high altitude

Abstract Extravascular lung water (EVLW) increases in healthy adults upon exposure to high altitude, likely due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Older individuals experience increased PVR during exercise, which may be exacerbated by trekking at high altitude. This study aimed to determine whether EVLW development is greater in older versus younger adults during graded altitude exposure. Fourteen younger (32 ± 6y) and 12 older (58 ± 5y) healthy adults completed an 11-day trek of Mount Kilimanjaro. EVLW was assessed at rest via comet tails prior to the trek in Moshi (950 m), at Shira Camp (3505 m), at Barafu Camp (4837 m), and post-descent. An increase in altitude from Baseline to Barafu tended to increase the proportion of participants with mild EVLW (p = 0.06). A higher proportion of older versus younger individuals tended to show mild EVLW at Barafu (56 vs. 14%, p = 0.06). In conclusion, EVLW formation may be more common in older adults trekking at high altitude. However, the presence of EVLW in older adults was subclinical.
Medical dermatologic conditions in transgender women

Many previous reviews and studies on transgender dermatology have highlighted the expected dermatologic manifestations of hormone affirmation therapy in transgender patients. Others have highlighted attitudes and practices of both transgender patients and medical professionals taking care of these patients. This review compiles data from other, lesser known aspects of transgender dermatology, including neovaginal concerns, neoplastic concerns (both neovaginal and cutaneous), autoimmune conditions, and the sequelae of injectable substances that have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This review, like others, will be a stepping-stone and serve as an impetus for future research in transgender dermatology.
Femtosecond laser spectroscopy, autocorrelation, and second harmonic generation: an experiment for undergraduate students

College educators have an implicit obligation to teach students today about optics and photonics for the jobs of tomorrow. This experiment is designed for upper-level undergraduates to work in a femtosecond laser lab. The optics are aligned prior to students arriving in the lab for ease of instruction. While performing the experiment, students are allowed to move a translation stage, which functions to overshoot or delay the arrival of the translation arm laser pulse at a nonlinear beta-barium borate (BBO) crystal relative to the arrival of the stationary arm laser pulse. Ultimately, students generate an autocorrelation of the laser pulse using second harmonic generation (SHG) from the BBO crystal and the femtosecond pulse duration. Students benefit from seeing the inner-workings of a femtosecond laser and the experimental setup. Moreover, they begin to understand SHG, consider laser applications, and get a glimpse of a possible career focus.
Crashes when It Splashes: Link between Precipitation Type and Fatal Accidents in the United States

Introduction: We conduct a comprehensive national assessment of the risk of fatal traffic crashes by examining the association of precipitation intensity with fatal accidents, specifically investig...
Acute Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury and Polytrauma Patients Using Network Analysis.

INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with secondary injury to the central nervous system (CNS) via inflammatory mechanisms. The combination of polytrauma and TBI further exacerbates the inflammatory response to injury; however, combined injury phenomena have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we examined the inflammatory differences between patients with TBI versus patients with polytrauma, but no TBI (polytrauma). We hypothesize that patients with TBI have a heightened early inflammatory response compared with polytrauma. METHODS We conducted a single-center retrospective study of a cohort of patients with polytrauma, who were enrolled in the PROPPR study. These patients had blood samples prospectively collected at eight time points in the first 3 days of admission. Using radiological data to determine TBI, our polytrauma cohort was dichotomized into TBI (n = 30) or polytrauma (n = 54). Inflammatory biomarkers were measured using ELISA. Data across time were compared for TBI versus polytrauma groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Network analysis techniques were used to systematically characterize the inflammatory responses at admission. RESULTS Patients with TBI (51.6%) had a higher 30-day mortality compared with polytrauma (16.9%) (P <0.001). Expression levels of IL6, IL8, and CCL2 were elevated from the 2-h through 24-h time points, becoming significant at the 6-h time point (IL6, IL8, and CCL2; P <0.05) (). CSF3 showed a similar pattern, but did not attain significance. TBI and polytrauma networks underwent diverging trends from admission to the 6-h time point. CONCLUSION Patients with TBI demonstrated upregulations in proinflammatory cytokines IL6, IL8, and CCL2. Utilizing informatics methods, we were able to identify temporal differences in network trends, as well as uncharacterized cytokines and chemokines in TBI. These data suggest TBI induces a distinct inflammatory response and pathologically heightened inflammatory response in the presence of polytrauma and may propagate worsened patient outcomes including mortality.
Strategic Mentalizing: The Neural Correlates of Strategic Choice

This article adopts a neuroeconomics perspective on the study of the neural computations of human social interaction. Reported findings support a cognitive hierarchy model of human brain and behavior, according to which people use different levels of strategic thinking that are associated with specific neural computations. A higher level is associated with recursive thinking, which is the realization that others can also produce any thought process that we produce, while low level reflects self-referential thinking. The medial prefrontal cortex clearly distinguishes high level versus low level of strategic thinking, thus encoding the complexity underlying human social behavior.
Evaluation of Lactation Compatibility Reference Recommendations.

Background: Multiple resources aid the interprofessional health care team when recommending medications for lactating patients. Varying degrees of breastfeeding compatibility and safety are recomme...
Un-Speaking in Tongues: Glossolalia as Ascetical Prayer:

One of the next steps of integrating Pentecostal spirituality with the wider Christian spiritual tradition is to consider further glossolalia’s relationship to forms of prayer with a longer and mor...
Nonsurgical Approach in Management of Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy With Combined Radial Shockwave and Foot Core Exercises: A Case Series

Tibialis posterior tendinopathy is a common debilitating condition seen by foot and ankle providers. Non-operative management is difficult as patients often present in later stages of the disease. This case series evaluated the combination of radial shockwave therapy and a foot core progression exercise regimen on 10 patients who had failed standard conservative treatment techniques. Median follow-up time was 4 months. Clinically important differences in the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure were met in 9 (90%) and 8 (80%) of patients for activities of daily living and sport sub-scores, respectively. No adverse effects were observed.
CuS nanoparticles in humid environments: adsorbed water enhances the transformation of CuS to CuSO4.

Covellite copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) have attracted immense research interest due to their widespread use in a range of biological and energy applications. As such, it is crucial to understand the transformations of these nanomaterials and how these transformations influence the behavior of these nanoparticles in environmental and biological systems. This study specifically focuses on understanding the role of water vapor and adsorbed water in the transformation of CuS NP surfaces to CuSO4 in humid environments. Surface sulfide ions are oxidized to sulfate by oxygen in the presence of water vapor, as detected by atomic force microscopy based photothermal infrared spectroscopy (AFM-PTIR) and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. These results show that the transformation of CuS to CuSO4 is highly dependent on relative humidity (RH). While sulfide to sulfate conversion is not observed to a great extent at low RH ( 80%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms that sulfide is irreversibly oxidized to sulfate. Furthermore, it shows that initially, the Cu ions possess the original oxidation state similar to the original covellite, i.e. Cu+, but they are oxidized to Cu2+ at higher RH. The formation of CuSO4 has also been confirmed by HRTEM. These analyses show that adsorbed water on the NP surfaces enhances the conversion of sulfide to sulfate and the oxidation of Cu+ to Cu2+ in the presence of molecular oxygen.
Racial/ethnic disparities and human milk use in necrotizing enterocolitis.

Background The impact of human milk use on racial/ethnic disparities in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) incidence is unknown. Methods Trends in NEC incidence and human milk use at discharge were evaluated by race/ethnicity among 47,112 very low birth weight infants born in California from 2008 to 2017. We interrogated the association between race/ethnicity and NEC using multilevel regression analysis, and evaluated the effect of human milk use at discharge on the relationship between race/ethnicity and NEC using mediation analysis. Results Annual NEC incidence declined across all racial/ethnic groups from an aggregate average of 4.8% in 2008 to 2.6% in 2017. Human milk use at discharge increased over the time period across all racial groups, and non-Hispanic (NH) black infants received the least human milk each year. In multivariable analyses, Hispanic ethnicity (odds ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.57) and Asian or Pacific Islander race (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.01-1.80) were each associated with higher odds of NEC, while the association of NH black race with NEC was attenuated after adding human milk use at discharge to the model. Mediation analysis revealed that human milk use at discharge accounted for 22% of the total risk of NEC in non-white vs. white infants, and 44% in black vs. white infants. Conclusions Although NEC incidence has declined substantially over the past decade, a sizable racial/ethnic disparity persists. Quality improvement initiatives augmenting human milk use may further reduce the incidence of NEC in vulnerable populations.
Correlates of participation in community-based interventions: Evidence from a parenting program in rural China.

A growing body of literature has documented that community-based early childhood development (ECD) interventions can improve child developmental outcomes in vulnerable communities. One critical element of effective community-based programs is consistent program participation. However, little is known about participation in community-based ECD interventions or factors that may affect participation. This paper examines factors linked to program participation within a community-based ECD program serving 819 infants and their caregivers in 50 rural villages in northwestern China. The results find that more than half of families did not regularly attend the ECD program. Both village-level social ties within the program and proximity to the program significantly predict program participation. Increased distance from the program site is linked with decreased individual program participation, while the number of social ties is positively correlated with participation. The average program participation rates among a family’s social ties is also positively correlated with individual participation, indicating strong peer effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that attention should be given to promoting social interactions and reducing geographic barriers among households in order to raise participation in community-based ECD programs.
Effects of Brønsted acid site proximity in chabazite zeolites on OH infrared spectra and protolytic propane cracking kinetics

Abstract The arrangement of framework Al heteroatoms in zeolite lattices influences the energetics of proton siting and thus the distribution of protons among crystallographically-distinct oxygen atoms and void environments, as shown here for H-CHA zeolites of fixed bulk Al content (Si/Al = 15) but varying amounts of proximal Al sites (Al-O-(Si-O)x-Al, x = 1,2) in a six-membered ring (6-MR). Stretching vibrations of Bronsted acidic OH groups give rise to composite infrared (IR) features whose shapes and integrated intensities are invariant with temperature (448–748 K) on H-CHA zeolites containing predominantly 6-MR isolated Al sites. In sharp contrast, IR peak shapes change and integrated OH areas decrease reversibly with increasing temperature on H-CHA zeolites containing 6-MR paired Al sites (quantified by Co2+ titration). Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the four distinct OH configurations at an isolated Al site exhibit distinct vibrational frequencies and molar absorptivities, but are isoenergetic (within 10 kJ mol−1) rendering equilibrium proton populations and OH IR spectra insensitive to temperature. In contrast, paired proton configurations differ in energy by up to ~40 kJ mol−1, with higher energy configurations having lower oscillator strengths; as a result, increasing temperatures shift proton populations toward higher energy configurations that result in a decrease in composite OH IR peak areas. First-order rate constants of protolytic propane cracking (748 K, per H+) are ~12× higher on paired than isolated protons, despite similar apparent activation energies, reflecting apparent activation entropies that are less negative at paired proton sites. Propane cracking rates (748 K, per g) decrease linearly with Na+ content upon partial titration of H+ sites in CHA zeolites containing 6-MR isolated sites, but decrease more strongly at low Na+ contents on CHA zeolites containing 6-MR paired sites, consistent with experimental OH IR spectra and DFT calculations evincing the preferential exchange of Na+ at 6-MR paired Al sites. These conclusions about proton proximity, founded on the interrogation of well-defined and characterized CHA zeolite samples by experiment and theory, provide new insights regarding its consequences for the temperature sensitivity of OH IR spectra and protolytic alkane cracking rates in Bronsted acidic zeolites. The finding that proximal proton sites accelerate high-temperature alkane activation turnovers via non-polar transition states represents a mechanistically distinct extension of our prior reports, wherein proximal protons accelerate low-temperature alkanol dehydration turnovers via polar transition states stabilized by hydrogen bonding interactions, heralding the catalytic diversity among zeolites containing different framework Al arrangements.
Stable oxygen and radiogenic strontium variability in the Osmore Drainage, Peru: Implications for intra-regional Andean paleomobility studies

Abstract The Osmore Drainage of southern Peru has a long and rich history of human occupation. While the utility of stable oxygen and radiogenic strontium isotope values in identifying paleomobility between this region and population centers in the Bolivian altiplano has been well established, many questions about intra-regional mobility remain. To better understand how these methods can be used to detect localized residential mobility, we present new δ18Omw(VSMOW) and 87Sr/86Sr values from water, soil, plant, and faunal samples. Samples were collected primarily from traditionally farmed agricultural fields in the upper, middle, and lower Osmore Drainage. Results are indiscernible between the upper and middle drainage, while marine contribution to the lower drainage produces distinct values. We discuss the methodological limitations and implications of our results for the use of stable oxygen and radiogenic strontium isotope analyses for intra-regional paleomobility studies in the Osmore Drainage.
Epidemiology of Lassa Fever.

Lassa fever (LF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease primarily concentrated in the tropical savannah regions of Nigeria and the Mano River Union countries of Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. Endemic hotspots within these countries have had recurrent exposure to Lassa virus (LASV) via continual spillover from the host reservoir Mastomys natalensis. Increased trade and travel throughout the region have spread the virus to previously unexposed countries, including Ghana, Benin, Mali, and Cote d'Ivoire. In the absence of effective treatment or vaccines to LASV, preventative measures against Lassa fever rely heavily on reducing or eliminating rodent exposure, increasing the knowledge base surrounding the virus and disease in communities, and diminishing the stigmas faced by Lassa fever survivors.
When efficacy and adherence conflict: preferences and patterns of response to mask-wearing and social distancing public health advice during the COVID-19 pandemic

With recurring waves of the Covid-19 pandemic, a dilemma facing public health leadership is whether to provide public advice that is medically optimal (e.g., most protective against infection if followed), but unlikely to be adhered to, or advice that is less protective but is more likely to be followed. To provide insight about this dilemma, we examined and quantified public perceptions about the tradeoff between (a) the stand-alone value of health behavior advice, and (b) the advice9s adherence likelihood. In a series of studies about preference for public health leadership advice, we asked 1,061 participants to choose between (1) strict advice that is medically optimal if adhered to but which is less likely to be broadly followed, and (2) relaxed advice, which is less medically effective but more likely to gain adherence - given varying infection expectancies. Participants9 preference was consistent with risk aversion. Offering an informed choice alternative that shifts volition to advice recipients only strengthened risk aversion, but also demonstrated that informed choice was preferred as much or more than the risk-averse strict advice.
High inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa extends to perilesional skin and can be subdivided by lipocalin-2 expression.

Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease presenting with diverse manifestations ranging from nodules and abscesses to draining tunnels. Whether the underlying inflammation from lesions extends to relatively healthy-appearing adjacent perilesional and distant nonlesional skin has not been systematically evaluated. Objective We sought to characterize lesional, perilesional, and nonlesional skin in patients with HS. Methods Skin biopsy samples were collected under ultrasound guidance from patients with active, untreated moderate-to-severe HS. Site-matched control biopsy samples from healthy volunteers were used for comparison. Results RNA sequencing demonstrated that HS skin clustered separately from healthy control skin, with perilesional and lesion skin clustering together and away from nonlesional skin. Immunohistochemistry analysis identified psoriasiform hyperplasia with keratin 16 positivity in both perilesional and lesional skin, with comparable levels of CD3+, CD11c+, and neutrophil elastase–positive cellular infiltration. There was a marked upregulation of IL-17 signaling in perilesional and lesional skin. HS samples clustered on the basis of expression of lipocalin-2 (LCN2), with samples characterized by high LCN2 expression in the skin exhibiting a differing transcriptomic profile with significantly higher overall inflammation than that of skin characterized by low LCN2 levels. Conclusions Perilesional HS skin has a transcriptomic and molecular profile comparable to that of lesional skin. HS can be grouped into 2 distinct subtypes based on molecular levels of LCN2 in the skin, with the LCN2-high subtype exhibiting an overall higher inflammatory burden and an upregulation of targetable cytokines. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize a unique HS subtype (and a potential endotype) that may guide future therapeutic targets.
Ubiquitous Communications Technologies in Support of Automation

Current research and development trends in the field of Telecommunications and computing industries promote vision of human centric computing, smart spaces, smart devices, clothing, fully automated houses etc., which ultimately promotes creation of an environment where computers are everywhere and provide ultimate access to information available online. The speed and omnipresent accessibility to current Internet providing any information, any time and anywhere creates global very complex communications infrastructures that will facilitate future fully-automated information cyberspace systems, such as fully automated households. In this paper the author discusses new technological trends directions in the Internet, E-commerce and Automation Industries, while presenting his own vision of the future house automation. In support of automation, the author promotes creation of interdisciplinary and multinational research and development teams world-wide.
The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (Velcade) stabilizes the TRAIL receptor DR5 mRNA through the 3'-untranslated region

3353 Addition of proteasome inhibitors PS-341 (VELCADE, bortezomib) to prostate cancer cells enhances cell death mediated by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). PS-341 sensitizes prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing TRAIL receptors (DR5), inhibiting protein degradation, and elevating DR5 mRNA. Investigations into how PS-341 regulates the stability of DR5 mRNA revealed that PS-341 increased DR5 mRNA by extending its half-life from 4 to 10 h. The 2.5-kb 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the DR5 gene stabilized a heterologous gene in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, suggesting the importance of this mRNA sequence. In contrast, human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145 do not show this stabilization, suggesting cell specificity. PS-341 treatment of LNCaP cells increases specific cytoplasmic mRNA binding proteins, including AUF-1 isoforms, hnRNP C1/C2, and HuR proteins. In UV cross-linking experiments, after PS-341 treatment, the HuR protein markedly increases binding to specific sequences in the DR5 3′-UTR. In LNCap cells treated with PS-341, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HuR markedly decreases the half-life of DR5 mRNA, indicating that HuR is essential for mRNA stabilization. HuR protein is ubiquitinated, suggesting that PS-341 increases this protein by preventing its degradation. These experiments implicate modulation of mRNA stability as a novel mechanism by which proteasome inhibitors function, sensitizing cancer cells to anti-neoplasmic agents.
Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS): A Biomaterial Conducive to Smart Tissue Remodeling

Tissue Engineering has been defined as “the application of the principles and methods of engineering and life sciences toward the fundamental understanding of structure-function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues, and the development of biological substitutes to restore tissues” (Skalak and Fox, 1988). This discipline involves structure-function relationships at the molecular, intracellular, intercellular, tissue and whole organ levels and attempts to bridge the gap between studies at the cell level and those at the tissue-organ level (Heineken and Skalak, 1991). The studies described below were targeted at the whole tissue response and somewhat less at the individual cell level. This manuscript describes the findings from a series of in-vivo studies in which a novel biomaterial derived from the small intestinal submucosa contributed to the remodeling of a variety of tissues. A definitive explanation for the results of these studies is not possible with our current understanding of the regulation of tis sue remodeling; however, speculation for some of the structure-function observations is presented. This material was presented at the Tissue Engineering Symposium in Keystone, Colorado in April, 1992.
A review of solar thermo-mechanical refrigeration and cooling methods

Abstract Use of solar energy to produce refrigeration and air conditioning can be a viable option to replace conventional cooling systems. Research and development activities on solar cooling systems started in the 1970s because of the energy crisis and has picked up again in the past few years due to greater awareness of the necessity to reduce emission of greenhouse and Ozone depletion gases. Although, most of the attention in the past has been on using solar heat to run absorption refrigeration systems, solar thermo-mechanical cooling systems have received a renewed attention in recent years due to the advantages such as, ability to produce low refrigeration temperatures ( This paper reviews the important developments in thermo-mechanical solar cooling technologies. An overview of different solar cooling technologies and a detailed literature survey of published studies on the design and analysis, experimental setups and enhancement approaches for thermo-mechanical solar cooling systems are presented. Findings from studies considering system configurations, working fluids, operational conditions, and performance indicators have been summarized in tables for easy comparison. Finally, various system configurations are presented schematically with additional information on each design.
Stadium mushroom metasurface for electro-optical ignition of gas plasma

A metasurface is proposed to combine DC and laser induced discharges in micro scales. The structure is intended to be used as a platform for a new class of microplasma devices with electro-optical activation.
Algemada Natureza Maria Browne e o Malaise ultraromântico

Resumo: Este trabalho propoe uma reavaliacao da poetica de Maria Browne, principal representante do ultra-romantismo portugues. Palavras-chave: Maria Browne; ultra-romantismo; poesia portuguesa. Abstract: This paper proposes to revaluate the poetics of Maria Browne, the main representative of ultra-Romanticism. Keywords: Maria Browne; Portuguese ultra-romanticism; Portuguese poetry.
Knowledge management for library strategic planning: Perceptions of applications and benefits

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine academic library director and graduate student perceptions of knowledge management for library strategic planning, including its definition and potential applications and benefits.Design/methodology/approach – A multiple‐choice e‐mail survey was sent to 40 academic library directors and 19 graduate students of information and library science. Respondents were asked to define knowledge management for strategic planning and answer related questions on its potential applications and benefits. Respondents could also specify their own views on the subject.Findings – There are minor differences in how library directors and graduate students define knowledge management. However, there is a disparity in how these two groups view potential applications and benefits of knowledge management for library strategic planning. Less than half of the directors (41.4 per cent) but the majority of students (77.8 per cent) believes that knowledge management is being applied to...
Lens Biology and Biochemistry

The primary function of the lens resides in its transparency and ability to focus light on the retina. These require both that the lens cells contain high concentrations of densely packed lens crystallins to maintain a refractive index constant over distances approximating the wavelength of the light to be transmitted, and a specific arrangement of anterior epithelial cells and arcuate fiber cells lacking organelles in the nucleus to avoid blocking transmission of light. Because cells in the lens nucleus have shed their organelles, lens crystallins have to last for the lifetime of the organism, and are specifically adapted to this function. The lens crystallins comprise two major families: the βγ-crystallins are among the most stable proteins known and the α-crystallins, which have a chaperone-like function. Other proteins and metabolic activities of the lens are primarily organized to protect the crystallins from damage over time and to maintain homeostasis of the lens cells. Membrane protein channels maintain osmotic and ionic balance across the lens, while the lens cytoskeleton provides for the specific shape of the lens cells, especially the fiber cells of the nucleus. Perhaps most importantly, a large part of the metabolic activity in the lens is directed toward maintaining a reduced state, which shelters the lens crystallins and other cellular components from damage from UV light and oxidative stress. Finally, the energy requirements of the lens are met largely by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, perhaps in response to the avascular nature of the lens. Together, all these systems cooperate to maintain lens transparency over time.
Monitoring Falls in Cohort Studies of Community-Dwelling Older People: Effect of the Recall Interval.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the interval over which patients are asked to remember their falls affects fall reporting. DESIGN: Systematic literature review. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals being monitored for falls in prospective studies that asked participants to recall falls over varying intervals. MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity and specificity of retrospective recall compared with a criterion-standard prospective assessment using some form of ongoing fall monitoring. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Recall of falls in the previous year was specific (specificity 91-95%) but less sensitive (sensitivity 80-89%) than the criterion standard of ongoing prospective collection of fall data using fall calendars or postcards. Patients with injurious falls were more likely to recall their falls. Lower Mini-Mental State Examination score was associated with poorer recall of falls in the one study addressing this issue. CONCLUSION: Whenever accurate data on all falls are critical, such as with interventions to decrease the rate of falls, researchers should gather information on falls every week or every month from study participants. The optimal method of fall monitoring-postcard, calendar, diary, telephone, or some combination of these-remains unknown.
Perchlorate reduction from a highly contaminated groundwater in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a hydrogen-fed biofilm.

We used a hydrogen (H2)-based biofilm to treat a groundwater contaminated with perchlorate (ClO4−) at ∼10 mg/L, an unusually high concentration. To enhance ClO4− removal, we either increased the H2 pressure or decreased the electron-acceptor surface loading. The ClO4− removal increased from 94% to 98% when the H2 pressure was increased from 1.3 to 1.7 atm when the total acceptor surface loading was 0.49 g H2/m2 day. We then decreased the acceptor surface loading stepwise from 0.49 to 0.07 g H2/m2 day, and the ClO4− removal improved to 99.6%, giving an effluent ClO4− concentration of 41 µg/L. However, the tradeoff was that sulfate (SO42−) reduction occurred, reaching 85% conversion at the lowest acceptor surface loading (0.07 g H2/m2 day). In two steady states with the highest ClO4− reduction, we assayed for the presence of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), denitrifying bacteria (DB), and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting characteristic reductases. The qPCR results documented competition between PRB and SRB for space within the biofilm. A simple model analysis for a steady-state biofilm suggests that competition from SRB pushed the PRB to locations having a higher detachment rate, which prevented them from driving the ClO4− concentration below 41 µg/L. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 3139–3147. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized Distributed Configuration Management of Wireless Networks: Multi-layer Markov Random Fields and Near-Optimality

Distributed configuration management is imperative for wireless infrastructureless networks where each node adjusts locally its physical and logical configuration through information exchange with neighbors. Two issues remain open. The first is the optimality. The second is the complexity. We study these issues through modeling, analysis, and randomized distributed algorithms. Modeling defines the optimality. We first derive a global probabilistic model for a network configuration which characterizes jointly the statistical spatial dependence of a physical- and a logical-configuration. We then show that a local model which approximates the global model is a two-layer Markov Random Field or a random bond model. The complexity of the local model is the communication range among nodes. The local model is near-optimal when the approximation error to the global model is within a given error bound. We analyze the trade-off between an approximation error and complexity, and derive sufficient conditions on the near-optimality of the local model. We validate the model, the analysis and the randomized distributed algorithms also through simulation.
Project Management Techniques

The Project Management Institute (PMI) estimates that 4.5 million people in the United States (3.3% of the workforce), and more than 12 million people in the rest of the world regard project management as their profession of choice. In addition, PMI estimates that the United States spends more than $2.3 trillion on projects every year, or one quarter of the nation's gross domestic product (PMI, 2001a). To meet this growing demand for projects, organizations must understand and apply appropriate project management tools and techniques. The PMBOK Guide, 2000 Edition, lists several tools and techniques for each of the nine project management knowledge areas (PMI, 2001b). This chapter briefly describes the field of project management and summarizes a few important tools and techniques to help select projects, identify and manage scope requirements, assign resources, determine schedules, and track performance in meeting scope, time, and cost goals. Keywords: activity or task; critical path; Gantt chart; milestone; program evaluation review technique (PERT); project; project management
Informational Independence as a Semantical Phenomenon

Many linguists and philosophers of language may have heard of informational independence, but most, not to say virtually all, of them consider it as a marginal feature of the semantics of natural languages. Yet in reality it is a widespread phenomenon in languages like English. In this paper, we shall develop an explicit unified formal treatment of all the different varieties of informational independence in linguistic semantics. This treatment amounts to a new type of logic, which is thereby opened for investigation. We shall also call attention to several actual linguistic phenomena which instantiate informational independence and provide evidence of its ubiquity. Last but not least, we shall show that the phenomenon of informational independence prompts several highly interesting methodological problems and suggestions.
Response to Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Induction of the 16-Kilodalton α-Crystallin Homolog by Exposure to Nitric Oxide Donors

In contrast to the apparent paucity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to reactive oxygen intermediates, this organism has evolved a specific response to nitric oxide challenge. Exposure of M. tuberculosis to NO donors induces the synthesis of a set of polypeptides that have been collectively termed Nox. In this work, the most prominent Nox polypeptide, Nox16, was identified by immunoblotting and by N-terminal sequencing as the α-crystallin-related, 16-kDa small heat shock protein, sHsp16. A panel of chemically diverse donors of nitric oxide, with the exception of nitroprusside, induced sHsp16 (Nox16). Nitroprusside, a coordination complex of Fe2+ with a nitrosonium (NO+) ion, induced a 19-kDa polypeptide (Nox19) homologous to the nonheme bacterial ferritins. We conclude that the NO response in M. tuberculosis is dominated by increased synthesis of the α-crystallin homolog sHsp16, previously implicated in stationary-phase processes and found in this study to be a major M. tuberculosis protein induced upon exposure to reactive nitrogen intermediates.
ABNORMAL ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES IN CHILDREN EX-POSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS

Initial studies of children living near the hazardous waste site, Love Canal, showed that several health problems and low birthweight were more prevalent compared to control children. To determine whether growth was affected by exposure to environmental toxins, stature for age and weight for age percentiles (SAPR and WAPR) were determined for 493 Love Canal and 428 control children. For prepubertal children, a dose-response effect was seen with longer exposure associated with greater decreases in SAPR and WAPR. Those born and spending at least 75% of their lives in the Love Canal area were most affected: SAPR was 46.6 ± SE 2.2 for exposed compared to 53.0 ± 1.0 for controls (p=0.004) and WAPR was 50.1 ± SE 2.2 for exposed compared to 54.0 ± 1.0 for controls (p=0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that white and black males and black females were most affected. The difference in stature could not be accounted for by differences in mid-parent stature, socioeconomic class, nutrition, birthweight, or chronic illness leaving exposure to the Love Canal area as the most likely cause. Differences seen in prepubertal children were not seen in pubertal children nor in parents who grew up in the Love Canal area suggesting a possible cohort effect. We conclude that anthropometric measures are valid and sensitive tools in assessing health impact of hazardous waste sites on children.
Chlorin-based supramolecular assemblies for artificial photosynthesis

Abstract Photosynthetic reaction center models consisting of zinc 9-desoxo-pyrochlorophyllide a primary electron donors, ZC, that are directly bonded at their 3-position to the 5-position of a 2,8,12,18-tetraethyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethylporphyrin, ZP, which is in turn bonded at its 15-position to 2-triptycenenaphthoquinone, 2-triptycenebenzoquinone, 1-triptycenebenzo-quinone, or N-(4-phenyl),N′-(n-octyl)-l,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, were prepared. Steric hindrance between adjacent substituents positions the π system of the chlorophyll perpendicular to that of the porphyrin. In turn, the π system of the chlorophyll is held about 60° to that of the O-O axis of the quinones in 1 and 2, parallel to the quinone O-O axis in 3, and parallel to the N-N axis in the diimide acceptor in 4. The resulting structures place the ZC donors in 1, 2, 3 and 4 at fixed center-to-center distances of 20, 18, 14, and 21 A from the acceptors, respectively. Photoexcitation of 1–4 in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran glass at 77K results in a single observable electron transfer reaction: 1 ZC-ZP-X→ZC+-ZP-X−, where X = benzoquinone (BQ), naphthoquinone (NQ) or naphthalenediimide (NI), that occurs with τ = 4.5, 3.3, 2.0, and 2.0 ps for 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The final ZC+-ZP-X− radical pairs live for 12.7, 8.4, 2.5, and 10 ms at 77K in 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and exhibit spin-polarized EPR spectra characteristic of spin-correlated radical pairs. The EPR spectra of 1–4 can be simulated using the distances and orientations of the radicals relative to one another determined from the molecular structures of 1–4. These long-lived, spin-polarized radical ion pairs closely mimic the bacteriochlorophyll cation – quinone anion radical pair produced in photosynthetic reaction centers and provide a useful tool for studying the interaction of the surrounding medium with the charge separated radical ion pair.
Distributed Reaction Mechanisms to Prevent Selfish Misbehavior in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

We address the issue of misbehavior detection and reaction in IEEE 802.11 based Ad Hoc networks. Selfish misbehavior involves disobeying standard protocol mechanisms to gain unfair access to the channel at the expense of other users. We outline conditions on genuine (non-misbehaving) node's throughput to guarantee the presence of misbehavior, and propose non-adaptive and strong reaction mechanism for such aggressive misbehaviors. For selfish misbehaviors which do not result in severe throughput degradation for genuine users, we design an adaptive reaction mechanism. Both mechanisms are distributed in nature, rely only upon local information available at genuine nodes, and are thus easily implementable in practice. Proposed reaction mechanisms provide the necessary disincentive towards selfish misbehavior, and are aimed at preventing misbehavior.