cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monohydroxylation and esterification as determinants of the effects of cis- and trans-9-octadecenoic acids on the permeation of hydrocortisone and 5-fluorouracil across hairless mouse skin in vitro.

Abstract The effects of cis -9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) and of a group of chemically related cis - (ricinoleic acid) and trans - (ricinelaidic acid) 12-monohydroxylated derivatives and their corresponding ethyl and methyl esters on the skin permeation of model hydrophobic (hydrocortisone, log K =1.61) and hydrophilic (5-fluorouracil, log K =−0.89) drugs was investigated in vitro using excised hairless mouse skin. Drug solutions were prepared in propylene glycol, with and without the addition of a fatty acid to a level of 5%. Whereas the addition of oleic acid markedly enhanced the transdermal flux of both drugs relative to a sample in propylene glycol alone (hydrocortisone∼1800-fold; 5-fluorouracil∼330-fold), that of a cis - or trans -12-monohydroxylated analog of oleic acid resulted in only a small increase (1.4–2.7-fold for hydrocortisone; 4.4–6.6-fold for 5-fluorouracil). On the other hand, the methyl and ethyl esters of cis - and trans -12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid exerted a much greater enhancing effect (327–720-fold for hydrocortisone, 42–74-fold for 5-fluorouracil) than the corresponding parent fatty acids. Furthermore, whereas the ethyl esters were found to have a greater effect on the skin permeation of hydrocortisone than the methyl esters, the reverse was true with regards to 5-fluorouracil. Additionally, the esters of trans -12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid promoted permeation to an extent comparable to that achieved with their cis -counterparts.
Optical bands of crystalline vanadyl ketoenolates

Abstract Polarized spectra, 4–300°K and 9–30 kK, are presented for single crystals of vanadyl bis acetylacetonate and vanadyl bis benzoylacetonate, which have different crystal packing and molecular symmetries but similar coordination features. When analyzed according to molecular axes, the two systems display very similar spectra; neither exciton effects nor moderate differences in molecular symmetry and substituents appear very important. Special care taken to achieve resolution succeeded in revealing considerable structure on bands I (10.5–16 kK) and III (22–28 kK), but none on band II (16–20 kK). Assignments and other implications of the polarizations and structure are discussed.
Twenty years of psychoneuroimmunology and viral infections in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

For 20 years, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has provided an important venue for the publication of studies in psychoneuroimmunology. During this time period, psychoneuroimmunology has matured into an important multidisciplinary science that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of mind, brain, and body interactions. This review will not only focus on the primary research papers dealing with psychoneuroimmunology, viral infections, and anti-viral vaccine responses in humans and animal models that have appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity during the past 20 years, but will also outline a variety of strategies that could be used for expanding our understanding of the neuroimmune-viral pathogen relationship.
Positive effects of naturalistic instruction on phonological awareness skills of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Hansen, B. D., Wadsworth, J. P., Roberts, M. R., & Poole, T. N. (2014). Effects of naturalistic instruction on phonological awareness skills of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 2790–2801.Source of funding and disclosure of interests: The original authors of this study did not report any source of funding nor did they disclose any interests or declare any conflicts of interest.
The Regional Effect of Retrograde Cardioplegia in Areas of Evolving Ischemia

Retrograde cardioplegia (RCP) is often used for myocardial protection during coronary bypass grafting, but the regional effect of RCP in areas of evolving ischemia is unknown. We examined the functional and metabolic indices of regional myocardial preservation following acute coronary occlusion with evolving ischemia in a canine model. Following the institution of 37°C cardiopulmonary bypass in 14 dogs, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was occluded for 15 min. The hearts were then subjected to 90 min of cardioplegic arrest (12°C, 15 mL/kg every 30 min). Seven had antegrade cardioplegia (ACP) alone, while seven had ACP until arrest, then RCP. No topical cooling was used. The LAD occlusion was released after the first bolus of cardioplegia. Regional temperature and pH were measured in the LAD and circumflex (nonischemic) distributions. After 90 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion, all dogs were weaned from bypass. Postischemic function was determined globally by the return of developed pressure (%dP/dt) and regionally by ultrasonic wall crystals. End-ischemic ATP preservation in the LAD distribution was assessed by HPLC (mm ATP/mg protein). Results show that regional functional and metabolic indices were better maintained with RCP in the ischemic LAD distribution. Although only moderate reduction of global function was seen with ACP, the severe reduction noted in LAD regional wall motion with ACP reflects poor regional protection that can be significantly improved in evolving ischemia with RCP.
SU‐D‐WAB‐06: Sources of Motion Artifacts in 4DCT Reconstruction

Purpose: To identify sources of motion artifacts (MA) in 4‐D CT reconstruction when patient breathing is irregular. Methods: A simulation study with a wire phantom was designed to quantify MA in phase‐sorted 4D CT. Motion in the inferior‐superior with cos4tɷt variation and 1 cm motion range was assumed. Motion frequency, expressed in breaths per minute (BPM) was assumed to be 15 for most of our cases, and always higher than 10 in order to exclude undersampling artifacts due to slow breathing and violate data sufficiency. The simulation included variations in motion period, amplitude and baseline drift; these variations were assumed to be affecting phantom and surrogate motion simultaneously. A varying phase shift between the phantom motion and the surrogate motion was also studied. The effect on MA derived from the variation of the above parameters was evaluated. Results: No noticeable MA was observed when the breathing period is changing during scanning. Variations of the amplitude and the base line drift play little role in generating MA. MA only becomes noticeable when the variation of the amplitude becomes larger than 30% of the motion range ‐ or 3mm in our simulation. MA, however are sensitive to the variation in the phase difference between surrogate and phantom motion. Change of only 10 degrees in phase or 0.1 seconds shift during scanning generated significant MA. Conclusion: Change of phase between the breathing surrogate and the organ motion during scanning is the main source of the MA if patient breathing period is not too slow, i.e. if the data sufficiency condition is not violated. NIH R01 CA133539
EAP actuator design for biologically inspired face-based communication robots

This paper examines methods of developing electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators for actuating human-like facial expressions in sociable robots. EAP actuators could improve such robots in several ways - they could reduce the mechanical complexity of the robots and the robots' weight and power requirements, potentially leading to robots that are more robust, more easily manufactured and ideal for autonomous mobility. After a discussion of the state of the technique in UTD's face-based communication robots (the Identity Emulation robots project), this paper considers various EAP actuation technologies, and ways of adapting them towards use in these robots. Applications of this class of human-robot interface devices will rise in relevance as humans and robots begin to have more sociable encounters in the coming years. Key to success in this undertaking is the multi-modal integration of mechanics, sociable intelligence, and design aesthestics and dynamic stable mobility, and the innovation of skin materials that are lighter in weight and deformed with less force. Recent innovations in urethane polymers, described in this paper, have resulted in a humanoid facial skin that is actuated by considerably reduced force (16 to 20 oz.), relative to previously available skin polymers. These actuation requirements may put this facial expression technology within the capabilities of existing EAP actuation technologies.
CNS ROLE IN WOMEN'S HEALTH PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE IN A COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE

The clinical nurse specialist (CNS) has an instrumental role in health promotion and maintenance for women. In the obstetrical/gynecological private practice setting, working in collaboration with a physician and other healthcare providers, the CNS has the opportunity to exercise the subroles of clinician, educator, consultant, and researcher. The CNS, as primary caregiver, can be influential in meeting the guidelines of Healthy People 2000 and implementing the interventions suggested in the Guide to Clinical Preventative Services for women.
Circadian function in cancer: Regulating the DNA damage response

Proper circadian clock function is essential for the coordination of cellular functions within an organism in response to light and dark cycles. Although epidemiological studies have linked altered circadian rhythms to cancer susceptibility (1, 2), the molecular mechanisms tying the circadian clock to cancer are poorly understood. In PNAS, Lee and Sancar (3) demonstrate that loss of the core circadian clock proteins Cry1 and Cry2 can sensitize tumor cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. This effect is shown to be particularly relevant in cells that have lost p53 (TP53), a key tumor suppressor and mediator of chemosensitivity, which is mutated or deleted in the majority of human cancers. These findings imply unique roles for circadian rhythm in regulating the DNA damage response and point to a potential avenue for treating refractory p53-deficient cancers.
Vitamin C prevents hyperoxia-mediated coronary vasoconstriction and impairment of myocardial function in healthy subjects

Supplementary oxygen is commonly administered in current medical practice. Recently it has been suggested that hyperoxia causes acute oxidative stress and produces prompt and substantial changes in coronary resistance in patients with ischemic heart disease. In this report, we examined whether the effects of hyperoxia on coronary blood velocity (CBV) would be associated with a reduction in myocardial function. We were also interested in determining if the postulated changes in left ventricular (LV) function seen with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) could be reversed with intravenous vitamin C, a potent, acute anti-oxidant. LV function was determined in eight healthy subjects with transthoracic echocardiography and TDI before and after hyperoxia and with and without infusing vitamin C. Hyperoxia compared with room air promptly reduced CBV by 28 ± 3% (from 23.50 ± 2.31 cm/s down to 17.00 ± 1.79 cm/s) and increased relative coronary resistance by 34 ± 5% (from 5.63 ± 0.88 up to 7.32 ± 0.94). Meanwhile, LV myocardial systolic velocity decreased by 11 ± 6% (TDI). These effects on flow and function were eliminated by the infusion of vitamin C, suggesting that these changes are mediated by vitamin C-quenchable substances acting on the coronary microcirculation.
Aerodynamic and acoustic effects of ventricular gap.

Summary Purpose Supraglottic compression is frequently observed in individuals with dysphonia. It is commonly interpreted as an indication of excessive circumlaryngeal muscular tension and ventricular medialization. The purpose of this study was to describe the aerodynamic and acoustic impact of varying ventricular medialization in a canine model. Methods Subglottal air pressure, glottal airflow, electroglottograph, acoustic signals, and high-speed video images were recorded in seven excised canine larynges mounted in vitro for laryngeal vibratory experimentation. The degree of gap between the ventricular folds was adjusted and measured using sutures and weights. Data were recorded during phonation when the ventricular gap was narrow, neutral, and large. Glottal resistance was estimated by measures of subglottal pressure and glottal flow. Results Glottal resistance increased systematically as ventricular gap became smaller. Wide ventricular gaps were associated with increases in fundamental frequency and decreases in glottal resistance. Sound pressure level did not appear to be impacted by the adjustments in ventricular gap used in this research. Conclusions Increases in supraglottic compression and associated reduced ventricular width may be observed in a variety of disorders that affect voice quality. Ventricular compression may interact with true vocal fold posture and vibration resulting in predictable changes in aerodynamic, physiological, acoustic, and perceptual measures of phonation. The data from this report supports the theory that narrow ventricular gaps may be associated with disordered phonation. In vitro and in vivo human data are needed to further test this association.
Correlated one-particle method: numerical results.

In a previous paper a correlated one-particle method was formulated, where the effective Hamiltonian was composed of the Fock operator and a correlation potential. The objective was to define a correlated one-particle theory that would give all properties that can be obtained from a one-particle theory. The Fock-space coupled-cluster method was used to construct the infinite-order correlation potential, which yields correct ionization potentials (IP’s) and electron affinities (EA’s) as the negative of the eigenvalues. The model, however, was largely independent of orbital choice. To exploit the degree of freedom of improving the orbitals, the Brillouin-Brueckner condition is imposed, which leads to an effective Brueckner Hamiltonian. To assess its numerical properties, the effective Brueckner Hamiltonian is approximated through second order in perturbation. Its eigenvalues are the negative of IP’s and EA’s correct through second order, and its eigenfunctions are second-order Brueckner orbitals. We also gi...
Finite element Navier-Stokes analysis of the flow about a finite plate

The problem considered is the "classical" case of laminar flow about a finite flat plate over the range IO2 < Ret ^ IO5, treating the whole flow field with particular emphasis on the leading and trailing edges and the near wake. It was worthwhile to revisit this problem using modern numerical methods for the Navier-Stokes equations because it was found that the agreement between the existing predictions and newer experiments is surprisingly poor for some key features of the flow. The present work uses a weak Galerkin formulation for the finite-element method with the pressure determined by a penalty approach. The results are presented mainly in terms of the skin-friction coefficient on the plate, the wake centerline velocity variation, and the velocity variation along the upstream stagnation streamline. Thick plates are also considered. The results are compared to earlier analyses and experiments. Finally, the case of a three-dimensional finite width (L = W) flat plate at RCL = IO2 and IO3 is treated and discussed.
TP53 oncomorphic mutations predict resistance to platinum‑ and taxane‑based standard chemotherapy in patients diagnosed with advanced serous ovarian carcinoma.

Individual mutations in the tumor suppressor TP53 alter p53 protein function. Some mutations create a non-functional protein, whereas others confer oncogenic activity, which we term ‘oncomorphic’. Since mutations in TP53 occur in nearly all ovarian tumors, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship of oncomorphic TP53 mutations with patient outcomes in advanced serous ovarian cancer patients. Clinical and molecular data from 264 high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients uniformly treated with standard platinum- and taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal. Additionally, patient samples were obtained from the University of Iowa and individual mutations were analyzed in ovarian cancer cell lines. Mutations in the TP53 were annotated and categorized as oncomorphic, loss of function (LOF), or unclassified. Associations between mutation types, chemoresistance, recurrence, and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated. Oncomorphic TP53 mutations were present in 21.3% of ovarian cancers in the TCGA dataset. Patients with oncomorphic TP53 mutations demonstrated significantly worse PFS, a 60% higher risk of recurrence (HR=1.60, 95% confidence intervals 1.09, 2.33, p=0.015), and higher rates of platinum resistance (χ2 test p=0.0024) when compared with single nucleotide mutations not categorized as oncomorphic. Furthermore, tumors containing oncomorphic TP53 mutations displayed unique protein expression profiles, and some mutations conferred increased clonogenic capacity in ovarian cancer cell models. Our study reveals that oncomorphic TP53 mutations are associated with worse patient outcome. These data suggest that future studies should take into consideration the functional consequences of TP53 mutations when determining treatment options.
USING PHYLOGENETIC TREES TO STUDY SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION.

One tool in the study of the forces that determine species diversity is the null, or simple, model. The fit of predictions to observations, good or bad, leads to a useful paradigm or to knowledge of forces not accounted for, respectively. It is shown how simple models of speciation and extinction lead directly to predictions of the structure of phylogenetic trees. These predictions include both essential attributes of phylogenetic trees: lengths, in the form of internode distances; and topology, in the form of internode links. These models also lead directly to statistical tests which can be used to compare predictions with phylogenetic trees that are estimated from data. Two different models and eight data sets are considered. A model without species extinction consistently yielded predictions closer to observations than did a model that included extinction. It is proposed that it may be useful to think of the diversification of recently formed monophyletic groups as a random speciation process without extinction.
Black powder drugs: an innovative response to drug control policy

As the intensity of the War on Drugs escalates, the social control of drug interdiction crosses international borders and employs more technologically advanced detection and apprehension tactics. In response to this intensification, drug traders develop advanced counter-surveillance strategies that diminish their chances of being detected and apprehended. This results in an interesting relationship between those who choose to indulge in drug-related behavior and agents who actively try to detect, identify, and apprehend drug traders. Drug traders appear to have recently gained the upper hand with the production of "Black Powder," which represents the most innovative and effective anti-surveillance technique to date. Black powder is a simple industrial cloaking method that renders many surveillance strategies and chemical tests futile. Black powder is but one evolution in this exchange driven by tangible rewards, which results in intensified anti-drug strategies and an escalation of social control.
A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media

The published experimental data of Hansson and of Mehrbach et al. have been critically compared after adjustment to a common pH scale based upon total hydrogen ion concentration. No significant systematic differences are found within the overall experimental error of the data. The results have been pooled to yield reliable equations that can be used to estimate pK1∗and pK2∗ for seawater media a salinities from 0 to 40 and at temperatures from 2 to 35°C.
Inhibition of Activator Protein 1 Activity and Neoplastic Transformation by Aspirin

Aspirin, along with its analgesic-antipyretic uses, is now also being considered for prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Although many of aspirin's pharmacological actions are related to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis, some of its beneficial therapeutic effects are not completely understood. Transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) is critical for the induction of neoplastic transformation and induction of multiple genes involved in inflammation and infection. We have used the JB6 mouse epidermal cell lines, a system that has been used extensively as an in vitro model for the study of tumor promotion and anti-tumor promotion, to study the anti-carcinogenesis effect of aspirin at the molecular level. Aspirin and aspirin-like salicylates inhibited the activation of AP-1 in the same dose range as seen for the inhibition of tumor promoter-induced transformation. The inhibition of AP-1 and tumor promoter-induced transformation in JB6 cells occurs through a prostaglandin independent- and an Erk1- or Erk2-independent pathway. The mechanism of AP-1 and transformation inhibition in this cell culture model may involve the elevation of H+ concentration. The inhibition effects on the activation of AP-1 activity by aspirin and aspirin-like salicylates may further explain the anti-carcinogenesis mechanism of action of these drugs.
Synthesis and Antibiotic Properties of Chloramphenicol Reduction Products

Analogs of chloramphenicol were prepared for the first time in which the nitro group was replaced by hydroxylamine, nitroso, hydroxamic acid, methyl hydroxamate, and O-acetyl hydroxamate functional groups. These compounds were tested for antibiotic activity in order to determine whether the antibiotic activity of chloramphenicol is mediated by one or more of these potential metabolites of chloramphenicol. None of these analogs was as active as chloramphenicol against the four test organisms, and two of the compounds were essentially devoid of activity. The significance of these findings with regard to the importance of the nitro group to the biological activity of chloramphenicol is discussed.
Potential mirror concepts for radiation testing of fusion reactor materials

Abstract Studies under the University of Illinois PROMETHEUS (Plasma Reactor Optimized for Materials Experimentation for Thermonuclear Energy Usage) project are described that started in 1971 with the realization that a practical fusion-plasma neutron source was feasible with a net-power input (rather than production). The basic objectives were similar to those in later FERF (Fusion Engineering Research Facility) studies: namely, to maximize the neutron flux and usable experimental volume; to include the flexibility to handle a variety of both materials and engineering experiments; to minimize capital and operating costs; and to utilize near-term technology. The PROMETHEUS design provides a neutron flux of ∼5 × 1014 n/cm2 s by injection of ∼30 MW of neutral-beams into a 20 cm radius mirror-confined plasma. Charge-exchange bombardment of the first wall is viewed as a key problem in the design and is discussed in some detail. To gain yet higher neutron fluxes for accelerated testing, two alternate designs have ben studied: a “Twin-beam” injection device and a field reversed mirror concept. The latter potentially offers fluxes approaching 1016 n/cm2 s but involves more speculative technology.
Impact of graphical user interface screen features on computer task accuracy and speed in a cohort of patients with age-related macular degeneration

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of graphical user interface screen features on computer task performance in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: Eighteen patients with visual impairment due to AMD were recruited from the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Low Vision Clinic. Each patient underwent evaluation of visual acuity using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol, contrast sensitivity using a Pelli-Robson chart, binocular simultaneous visual field using the Esterman program on an automated perimeter, and color vision using Farnsworth D-15. Each subject then completed computer icon identification tasks while the following screen features of the graphical user interface were varied: size of icons displayed, icon set size (number of icons displayed), and background color. Each patient performed all 125 computer tasks with each of five icon sizes (9.2 mm, 14.6 mm, 23.2 mm, 36.8 mm, 58.3 mm), each of five icon set sizes (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and each of five different background colors (black, white, red, green, blue) in a randomly ordered fashion. Relationships between computer task performance (accuracy and speed) and graphical user interface screen features were studied. RESULTS: Icon size and icon set size are significantly associated with computer task accuracy ( P P = .63). The impact of icon size on accuracy is nonlinear, with the data indicating that no additional improvement in accuracy is associated with increasing the icon size beyond 23.2 mm. The impact of icon set size on accuracy is linear, with a smaller icon set size significantly associated with greater computer accuracy. A larger icon size is significantly associated with a shorter time to task completion ( P = .001); this relationship is largely linearly related to icon size. There was no significant impact of background color ( P = .11) or set size ( P = .37) on time to task completion. CONCLUSIONS: Modifications of graphical user interface design may permit improved computer task performance among patients with visual impairment due to AMD.
Computer-Based Microworlds: A Bridge between Constructivism and Direct Instruction

The field of instructional technology is characterized by its products, such as instructional media, and its processes, such as instructional design. Over the past 50 years, the process of instructional technology has been shaped by advances in learning and instructional theory. Much of the development work to date has been associated with direct instruction or instruction based largely on the application of behavioral and neobehavioral principles. In contrast, constructivism, a faction within cognitive psychology associated with Piagetian learning theory, is characterized by discovery and experiential learning. Constructivists have sought to tap the computational power of modern microcomputers to create computer “microworlds,” such as those found in LOGO, in which learners can experience and appropriate sophisticated ideas from (but not limited to) the domains of science and mathematics. Proponents of constructivism and direct instruction usually are viewed in opposition to one another. It is suggested here that each has something to learn from the other, and that computer microworlds offer a platform for collaboration.
Writing Annular Waveguides in Co-Doped Phosphate Glass Using Ultrafast Pulses

We have exposed phosphate glass that is co-doped with Er and Yb to high-intensity ultrafast laser pulses. We have demonstrated a reduced index in the exposed areas relative to the non-exposed areas. This effect has been used to write a unique geometry of waveguide by exposing an annular area.
Optimal design in elasticity and plasticity

A direct weight minimization subject to compliance constraints or plastic yielding constraints leads to a non-convex variational problem. Both the theoretical and the numerical analysis are unsatisfactory: the minimum weight is not achieved by any design, and the approximate designs oscillate as the element mesh is refined. We look for equivalent ‘relaxed problems’ with the same minima. They come from allowing composite materials constructed in an optimal way from the original materials. The constructions are different for elasticity and plasticity, but surprisingly the final relaxed problems are in some cases the same.
Behavioral management of migraine.

Summary Behavioral treatments for migraine have received increased attention over the past 25 years. In general, research has focussed on the six following areas: 1) comparative efficacy of treatments, 2) interplay of behavioral and pharmacological approaches, 3) development of delivery models that are cost-effective, 4) identification of characteristics associated with varied levels of response to treatment, 5) maintenance of effects and factors associated with long-term outcome, and 6) mechanisms of treatment. This paper briefly and selectively reviews the available literature in an attempt to point out the status of current research.
Radioimmunoassay of an antibody to φX174 DNA·RNA hybrid

Abstract A fast and simple radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique was developed for an antibody to DNA·RNA hybrid using protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus cells as immuno-adsorbent and a glass microfiber filter for the deparation of free antigen and antibody-antigen complex. A simple method for preparing 3 H-labeled DNA·RNA hybrid using single-stranded circular DNA of viruses and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (nucleosidetri-phosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) is also described. In comparison to a hybrid made of natural sequences, a synthetic homopolymer hybrid poly (A)·poly(dT) was found to be a poor competitor for the antibody by this RIA technique.
State Legislative Issues for Managed Lanes in Texas

The managed lane concept is currently being considered on major freeway projects in Texas cities. The term managed lanes encompasses a variety of facility types, including high-occupancy vehicle lanes, high-occupancy toll lanes, single-occupancy vehicle express lanes, special-use lanes, and truck lanes. The premise of the managed lanes concept is to increase freeway efficiency and provide free-flow operations for certain freeway users by packaging various operational and design strategies. The strategies deployed offer the flexibility to be adjusted to match changing corridor and regional goals. Research undertaken in Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) research project Operating Freeways with Managed Lanes, which assessed state legislative needs necessary for Texas to legally and successfully implement the various types of managed lane facilities across the state, is discussed. Texas statutes may require changes in various areas to allow the implementation of managed lanes, including defining managed lanes as an operational concept in Texas, authorizing entities to develop managed lane facilities for congestion mitigation purposes, allowing entities operational flexibility with managed lane facilities, authorizing entities to develop exclusive lane facilities for congestion mitigation purposes, authorizing TxDOT to establish lane restrictions for congestion mitigation purposes, removing the time-of-day limitation on current municipal authorization for lane restrictions, and making the unlawful violation of any managed lane facility in Texas punishable by fine.
Enhancing Communication with Persons Labeled Severely Disabled

Among the most important philosophical shifts in our perspective on persons labeled severely disabled has been a change from an exclusive emphasis on remediation of deficit behavior to a positon of empowering and enabling persons with disabilities to participate in all aspects of everyday living. Fundamental to that shift is the reconsideration of the role of persons without obvious disabilities. In this paper introducing a special issue on communication, we examine the role of communication partners in enhancing communication with persons labeled severely disabled. Three fundamental assumptions about the nature of communication are discussed. The papers contained in the volume are reviewed briefly and recommendations for future research are considered.
Inefficient Crystal Packing in Chiral [Ru(phen)3](PF6)2 Enables Oxygen Molecule Quenching of the Solid-State MLCT Emission

The molecular oxygen quenching of the solid-state emission from pure crystals of Δ-Ru(phen)3(PF6)2, Λ-Ru(phen)3(PF6)2, and racemic Ru(phen)3(PF6)2 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) was studied by emission spectroscopy. Crystals of the pure enantiomers exhibit significant and nearly identical emission-intensity quenching [0.36(2) and 0.33(2), respectively] in the presence of air [where the fraction quenched is (Initrogen − Iair)/Initrogen]; in comparison, the racemic compound shows a much lower value [0.05(2)]. The large difference in the quenching behavior is a result of major structural differences between the two chiral salts and the racemic salt. The chiral compounds crystallize in the space groups P41 and P43, respectively, with toluene and acetonitrile molecules in the lattice that can be partially removed to create void-space channels. These open channels allow the diffusion of oxygen molecules within the crystals and enable efficient emission quenching that is not possible in the closely packed racemic ...
Target Estimation, Detection, and Tracking

In this article, we explore the adaptive design of radar polarization waveforms for optimal performance, when the statistical properties of the target and clutter are unknown. We focus on a closed-loop system that sequentially estimates the target and clutter scattering parameters, and then uses these estimates to select the polarization of the subsequent waveforms. We demonstrate that the radar system performance is significantly improved when the polarization of the transmitted signal is optimally and adaptively selected to match the polarimetric aspects of the target and environment. In particular, we provide an overview of our recent results showing that the adaptive design of the radar signal polarization enables achieving optimal performance in several operating modes, including detection, estimation, and tracking.
Heat shock response in the central nervous system

The heat shock response is induced in nervous tissue in a variety of clinically significant experimental models including ischemic brain injury (stroke), trauma, thermal stress and status epilepticus. Excessive excitatory neurotransmission or the inability to metabolically support normal levels of excitatory neurotransmission may contribute to neuronal death in the nervous system in many of the same pathophysiologic circumstances. We demonstrated that in vitro glutamate-neurotransmitter induced excitotoxicity is attenuated by the prior induction of the heat shock response. A short thermal stress induced a pattern of protein synthesis characteristic of the highly conserved heat shock response and increased the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) mRNA. Protein synthesis was necessary for the neuroprotective effect. The study of the mechanisms of heat shock mediated protection may lead to important clues as to the basic mechanisms underlying the molecular actions of the HSP and the factors important for excitotoxic neuronal injury. The clinical relevance of these findings in vitro is suggested by experiments performed by others in vivo demonstrating that pretreatment of animals with a submaximal thermal or ischemic stress confers protection from a subsequent ischemic insult.
An Approach for Obtaining the Young's Modulus in Woven Glass/Epoxy Reinforced Composites:

A number of equations for predicting the in-plane material properties of woven reinforced composites have been suggested in the available literature using empirically evaluated correction factors. The use of such factors in the determination of dynamic properties has, however, led to signficant errors. It is therefore imperative that a method of obtaining high speed material properties of composite laminates must be sought since micro-mechanics equations have not been found suitable.Tensile tests were conducted on woven reinforced glass/epoxy laminates at increasing rates of strain and the fractured surfaces were viewed under a scanning electron microscope. In this work a semi-empirical relationship for the tensile modulus was proposed using micro-mechanics and data from tests conducted.
The interaction of disturbances and small mammal community dynamics in a lowland forest in Belize

1. Three floods (July 2000, August 2002, September 2003) and a hurricane (October 2001) that occurred in a lowland forest in the southern Maya Mountains of Belize presented an opportunity to evaluate the influence of these disturbances on the structure of a small mammal assemblage. 2. Four terrestrial and four primarily scansorial/arboreal species were trapped July 2000-March 2005 in six grids over 14 irregularly spaced trapping periods. 3. Community dynamics were characterized more by changes in species composition than changes in diversity. The dynamics were driven by species-specific variation in abundance, with changes in composition generally, but not exclusively, due to the occurrence or disappearance of species at low abundance. Despite the disturbances, species richness remained relatively constant. Evenness within the assemblage was consistently low, primarily as a result of dominance by one species, Heteromys desmarestianus. 4. Effects of flooding on community structure were direct but relatively brief (< 1 year), and varied with the duration and intensity of flooding. Effects from the hurricane were indirect but long-lasting and strongly related to severely reduced food resources. 5. This study suggests that long-term dynamics in the structure of many animal communities in the tropics often results from interactions between direct and indirect effects of disturbance. It also suggests that community resistance will depend on variation in disturbance type and regime, but resilience will be determined by the life-history characteristics of each species.
Relation between Diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity and oil concentration in soybean

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20; DGAT) catalyzes synthesis of triacylglycerol from acyl-CoA and diacylglycerol. Activity of this enzyme and developmental changes in oil accumulation were estimated at various stages of seed growth in soybean germplasm with phenotypic differences in oil content. Oil deposition in seed of these genotypes followed a sigmoid pattern that was modeled to predict incremental rates of oil accumulation during seed development. A strong positive correlation was found between the estimated peak rate of oil deposition (near the mid-term of seed development) and oil concentration in mature seed. At saturating substrate levels, DGAT activity measured near the peak rate of oil deposition also was correlated positively with oil phenotype. In the latter stages of seed development, a positive correlation between estimates of enzyme activity at or below the apparent K m for diolein and comparable oil accumulation rates was attributed to reduced synthesis of substrates and/or potential change in affinity for substrate as suggested by an increase in apparent K m for diolein in older seed. These data indicated that DGAT activity may be a rate-limiting step in triacylglycerol synthesis. However, it is difficult to accept the idea of a single rate-limiting step at the end of a complex metabolic pathway. Because oil is a quantitatively inherited trait, several genes determine genotypic differences in oil content among soybeans. Hence, DGAT activity may be an indicator of coordinated genetic expression of gene-products in the entire glycerolipid synthetic pathway for a given genotype. In any case, results of this investigation demonstrated that genotypic differences in DGAT activity contributed to expression of genetic variation in oil content among soybean gemplasm.
Wang Mang and His Economic Reforms

Wang Mang was one of the cleverest moulders of educated public opinion that China has ever had. By his manipulations of that opinion he was able to take advantage of the fact that three successive emperors had no living sons to succeed them. He thus made himself emperor (9 A.D.). Thereupon he inaugurated certain economic reforms, which, combined with a series of natural calamities and misgovernment, brought about banditry, rebellion, and his own death. He has been praised as "one of the greatest statesmen China has ever produiced", a socialist who was ahead of his time and who failed merely because he lacked the modern facilities for government checks and controls 1). Marxists have lauded him as the world's first revolutionist. My own study of the documents, however, has convinced me that Wang really cared little or nothing for the interests of the people; he ruthlessly sacrificed them in furthering his own ends. The credit for his remarkable reforms must be given to the Confucian literati who first propounded these conceptions and incor-
Are there eco-metrics for fisheries?

Ecosystem-based management of marine resources is a worthy ideal. At present, however, the science is unable to measure and relate the fundamental concepts of diversity, productivity and resilience required for management decisions. Further, we do not have legal or fiscal measures that would allow us to allocate these resources to reserves, fishing quotas or fish farms. A proper appreciation of these shortcomings is needed.
Analysis of large-scale averaged models for two-phase flow in fractured reservoirs

The method of large-scale averaging has been recently applied to derive a general dual-porosity model of two-phase flow in naturally fractured reservoirs. The present paper is aimed to develop mathematical theory behind the derivation of this model. In particular, two volume averaging theorems which are key mathematical tools in the model derivation are proved rigorously using distribution theory; existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to a simplied dual-porosity model are shown.
Methods for limiting the action of SP3 DNAase and for the determination of the direction of hydrolysis of processive exonucleases.

Abstract The action of the exonuclease SP3 DNAase is inhibited by chemical modification of DNA with the cation N-cyclohexyl-N′-β-(4-methylmorpholinium)-ethylcarbodiimide (CME). The limited activity of the enzyme on CME-modified DNA makes it possible to demonstrate that the enzyme also initiates its attack on polydeoxyribonucleotides at the 5′-termini. This was determined by the analysis of the products from the digestion of CME-modified DNA containing labeled 5′-terminal phosphate groups. Such procedure can be adopted as a general approach for the determination of the direction of hydrolysis of other processive exonucleases. SP3 DNAase has been shown able to degrade oligo- and polydeoxyribonucleotides with or without 5′-terminal phosphate groups with equal efficiency (Aposhian, H.V., Friedman, N., Nichihara, M., Heimer, E.P., and Nussbaum, A.L. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 49, 367–379). The present work also shows that the enzyme can even hydrolyze oligo- and polynucleotides containing derivatized phosphate groups.
The Young Cluster IC 5146

The B0 V star BD +46?3474 lies near the front surface of a dense molecular cloud and illuminates the emission/reflection nebula IC 5146. The HAeBe variable BD +46?3471 is embedded in the same cloud, about 10' (3.5 pc) away. CCD photometry in BVRI (to V = 22) and in JHK (to about K = 16.5) has been obtained for the young clusters surrounding each of these two bright stars. Some 100 emission-H? stars brighter than R = 20.5 have been found in the area, most of them in IC 5146. (Among these are two that have spectra resembling a high-excitation Herbig-Haro [HH] object plus a stellar continuum.) A distance of 1.2 kpc follows from the photometry of several late-type IC 5146 cluster members; the average extinction from 38 stars classified spectroscopically is AV = 3.0 ? 0.2 mag. Although optical photometry is available for 700 stars in the IC 5146 field, only about half (including all the H? emitters) lie above the main sequence, while a substantial fraction of these are estimated to be foreground. A number of such interlopers have been identified on the basis of proper motion or abnormally low AV. The age distribution of the H? emitters has been estimated by reference to several sets of theoretical isochrones. There is substantial disagreement, but the median age does appear to be near 1 Myr. The spectrum of +46?3474 is unexceptional except for an unusually low v sin i (10 km s-1), but +46?3471 has a complex emission plus absorption spectrum. Our interpretation of the structure of IC 5146 on the basis of optical and radio radial velocities follows a proposal by Roger & Irwin in 1982, namely, that +46?3474 formed near the near surface of the present cloud and evacuated a blister cavity out of which gas and dust are now flowing through a funnel-shaped volume in the approximate direction of the Sun. It is suggested that the IC 5146 cluster stars formed in a dense foreground section of the molecular cloud that was dissipated following the appearance of +46?3474.
NERSC's Impact on Advances of Global Gyrokinetic PIC Codes for Fusion Energy Research

The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) was originally launched as a computing center for the exclusive support of magnetic confinement fusion research in the US. There is, thus, a long history of computational advances and successes that ties fusion scientists with NERSC and its staff. One example of the numerous computational achievements enabled by NERSC in this field is the development of the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell approach for the simulation of turbulent transport in tokamak fusion devices. This article describes the historical evolution of this method and the codes implementing it, and the impact that NERSC had in their development and the scientific discoveries that they allow.
Playing Games with the Law

* Assistant Professor, Northwestern University School of Law; Research Fellow, American Bar Foundation. B.A., Yale University; J.D., Yale Law School; Ph.D. (Economics), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Avery Katz and Daryl Warder provided helpful comments. 1. Franklin M. Fisher, Games Economists Play. A Noncooperative View, 20 RANDJ. ECON. 113, 113 (1989). Fisher's description of the "ascendancy" is echoed by other economists. See, e.g., Carl Shapiro, The Theory of Business Strategy, 20 RANDJ. ECON. 125, 125 (1989) ("This new wave of [industrial organization] research consists almost exclusively of game-theoretic studies of behavior and performance in imperfectly competitive markets."). 2. A casual glance at any issue of the leading microeconomic journals such as RandJournal of Economics or Review of Economic Studies will reveal several game theory articles. See, e.g., Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation, 16 RANDJ. ECON. 70 (1985); Drew Fudenberg & Jean Tirole, Sequential Bargaining with Incomplete Information, 50 REV. ECON. STUD. 221 (1983). 3. Nobel Prize winning economist Paul Anthony Samuelson formalized the marginalist method of utility and profit maximization. See PAUL ANTHONY SAMUELSON, FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (1947). 4. The new game theory is dominated by a closely knit group of co-authors which includes David Kreps, Eric Maskin, Roger Myerson, Garth Saloner, Jean Tirole, and Robert Wilson. These theorists often collaborate, and the history of game-theoretic advances turns on the axes of their academic institutions: Stanford, M.I.T., Northwestern, and Harvard. See, e.g., David M. Kreps, Paul Milgrom, John Roberts & Robert Wilson, Rational Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma, 27J. ECON. THEORY 245 (1982); Eric Maskin & Jean Tirole, Correlated Equilibria and Sunspots, 43 J. ECON. THEORY 364 (1987).