cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical superiority of a new nonionic contrast agent (iopamidol) for cardiac angiography

The hemodynamic and electrophysiologic alterations induced by ionic contrast agents during cardiac angiography are well described. Recently nonionic contrast agents have become available for cardiac angiography. To evaluate the safety of these new agents, a doubleblind randomized study was performed comparing a new nonionic agent (iopamidol) with a commonly used ionic contrast agent (Renografin-76). Eighty-one patients undergoing left ventriculography and coronary angiography were included; 41 received iopamidol and 40 received sodium meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin-76). After left ventriculography, there was a decrease in the arterial pressure with both contrast agents. However, the severity and the duration of hypotension were both significantly greater with Renografin-76 compared with the new nonionic agent (p This report demonstrates that the electrocardiographic changes, the severity and duration of hypotension and the incidence of serious arrhythmias are significantly greater with Renografin-76 than with iopamidol. Thus, this new nonionic agent appears to enhance the safety of cardiac angiography.
Order and type of entire functions arising from separately convergent continued fractions

In 1888 Śleszynski proved that if Σ⨍an⨍ <∞, then the numerators An(z) and denominators Bn(z) of the approximants of the regular C-fraction K(anz/1) converge separately to entire functions. Here we present results about the order and type of these functions.
GUIDED JURY DISCRETION IN CAPITAL MURDER CASES The Role of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge

Saint Louis UniversityThis article analyzes whether state-approved jury instructions adequately guide jurydiscretion in the penalty phase of ﬁrst-degree murder trials. It examines EighthAmendment jurisprudence regarding guided jury discretion, emphasizing the use of“empirical factors” to examine the quality of state-approved instructions. Psycho-logical research and testimony on the topic of the comprehensibility of juryinstructions are reviewed. Data from a recently completed simulation with 80deliberating juries showed that current instructions do not adequately convey theconcepts and processes essential to guiding penalty phase judgments. An additionalsimulation with 20 deliberating juries demonstrated that deliberation alone does notcorrect for jurors’ errors in comprehension. The article concludes with recommen-dations for policy and future research.
Why you shouldn't study security [security education]

A colleague recently mentioned that his son was looking for a PhD program and was considering security as a topic. The immediate reaction from the security researchers present was something to this effect: "No, don't. There are so many other, more interesting things in the world." This might sound like a group of disappointed people, but as far as I know, we all thoroughly enjoy working in the field and by no means regret it as a career choice
Determination of the Effect of the Hydrophil-Lipophil Balance on Drug Release from Bases by an In Vitro Colorimetrie Method

Semisolid bases were prepared from liquid petrolatum and paraffin. Various emulsifying agents were added to produce a specific hydrophil-lipophil balance in the bases. A water-soluble dye was added to each base and its rate of diffusion into water was measured by a colorimetrie method. The data obtained indicates that the HLB value of a base influences the rate of drug release from the base. The importance of surface area and drug concentration is demonstrated and other factors that probably influence drug release are suggested.
Credibility as a Strategic Ritual: The Times, the Interrogator, and the Duty of Naming

This study examines the use of names in the construction of “credibility” as a journalistic duty. Using the framework set forth by Tuchman (1972) of objectivity as a “strategic ritual,” the study discusses the ethical justifications put forth by the New York Times for the process through which it decided to identify a CIA interrogator who had been involved in questioning 9/11 captives. The examination concludes that the facticity of naming should ultimately be uncoupled from the concept of credibility.
Facilitative Effects of Gaze upon Learning

A series of five studies, employing 146 college students, investigated the positive effects of gaze upon recall. Various experimental designs were implemented. In each study the experimenter delivered a verbal presentation to subjects in gaze and no-gaze conditions. Questions pertaining to the topic of the verbal presentation served as the measuring device for recall. It was concluded that examiner's gaze significantly affects subjects' recall.
The extended subtemporal transtentorial approach: the impact of trochlear nerve dissection and tentorial incision.

The subtemporal transtentorial approach provides excellent exposure of the incisural space. Incision of the tentorium improves access to the interpeduncular cistern, basilar artery, and rostral ventral pons. Description of the starting and termination points of the tentorial incision has varied greatly. We assessed the impact on surgical exposure of freeing the trochlear nerve (TN) from its dural canal (DC) in addition to dividing and retracting the tentorium. A subtemporal approach was performed on 10 hemispheres of cadaveric specimens. Following exposure of the middle tentorial incisura, the TN is dissected from its DC over a few millimeters. Two retraction sutures are placed along the tentorial edge, posterior to the TN entrance in its DC. The tentorial incision is started between the sutures. Dissection of TN from its DC continues for a short distance. The tentorial incision is extended straight up towards the superior petrosal sinus. Dissection of the TN DC continues anteriorly, up to its entry into the cavernous sinus. The tentorial incision can then be extended, just over the entrance to Meckel’s cave, and the flap reflected far anterolateraly. Using this technique, the exposure of the interpeduncular cistern and its content increased by a mean of 8.2 mm (standard deviation [SD] 3.9 mm) in the anteroposterior axis and by 5.5 mm (SD 1.9 mm) in the rostrocaudal axis. Tentorial incision following dissection of the TN from its DC optimizes reflection of the tentorium flap anterolateraly, maximizes the exposure, and improves lighting and visibility as well as maneuverability within the interpeduncular and rostral pre-pontine cisterns.
Implications of parental suicide and violent death for promotion of resilience of parentally-bereaved children

This article considers the implications of suicide and violent deaths (including suicide, homicide, and accidents) for the development of interventions for parentally bereaved children. Analyses of data from the Family Bereavement Program find minimal differences in children's mental health problems, grief or risk and protective factors based on cause of parental death. In addition, cause of death did not substantially affect the relations between risk and protective factors and bereaved children's outcomes. It is concluded that cause of death from violence or suicide is not a very useful indicator of bereaved children's need for or likelihood of benefiting from an intervention.
Calcium binding sites of hamster parasympathetic neurons

Abstract Sites of Ca localization in hamster submandibular ganglion cells have been studied by electron microscopy using the technique of Oschman et al. [11]. Electrondense deposits, which we assume to contain Ca, are found: (i) on axonal plasma membranes; (ii) on the plasma membranes of neuron soma and its processes; (iii) on the membrane of clear vesicles in the nerve terminal; and (iv) in the matrix of mitochondria. Intracellularly injected Ca accumulates in the mitochondria. Caffeine reduces the electron-dense deposits seen in mitochondria. Caffeine induces a swelling of Golgi apparatus when applied with CaCl2, but this swelling is not observed without CaCl2. These results are discussed in the light of Ca-activated K-conductance increases, which induce 4 types of membrane potential changes [18,19].
Higher Education Home Economics Programs In A Changing Economic Environment

This study investigates funding trends in college/university home economics pro grams during 1975–80 based on survey data from 138 heads of home economics units. Home economics faculty salaries did not keep up with inflation and avail ability of resources to higher education during the period studied; however, this was true for faculty members in general from all disciplines. Although this study is largely descriptive, an exploratory stepwise multiple regression analysis iden tifies characteristics of programs which fared better in terms of budgetary expan sion in comparison to group norms. Home economics undergraduate degrees granted was the only variable significantly related (p < 0.01) to growth in faculty salary allocations. Although growth in overall university allocations was the only significant predictor (p < 0.01) for growth in the maintenance, operations, and equipment budget category, two other variables-undergraduate degrees granted and percentage of faculty tenured-were closely enough related to be considered in future research.
Solution of an inverse convection problem by a predictor–corrector approach

Abstract A predictor–corrector method for solving inverse convection problems has been developed and tested against both numerical and experimental data. The method was applied to the simple convection problem of a two-dimensional plume in a crossflow. Crossflow velocities up to 1.0 m/s. The plume was generated by electrically heating a copper plate to a temperature up to 425 K. The method attempts to predict both the source strength, and the source location, with a self imposed requirement on sampling and simulation data points. The samples and simulations required are found to be 5 and 2 respectively. Tests based on simulation alone indicate the methodology has a source strength prediction error of less than 1%, and less than 6% for source location. Experimental tests bring the overall error up to 5% for source strength and 10% for source location. This study indicates the potential of the methodology and demonstrates some of its limitations. The approach can be extended to applied areas such as environmental flows, room fires, and thermal management systems.
Emphysematous cholecystitis: An insidious variant of acute cholecystitis

Emphysematous cholecystitis is an insidious and rapidly progressing disease that requires prompt surgical intervention. As the majority of the patients contracting this disease initially present to the emergency department with complaints of abdominal pain and often mild constitutional symptoms, it is important for the emergency physician to be aware of this clinical entity. Didactic cases have been presented that, in many ways, illustrate classic examples of emphysematous cholecystitis, the diagnosis of which can often be made in the emergency department using an upright abdominal radiograph.
Can China Grow Faster? A Diagnosis on the Fragmentation of the Domestic Capital Market

This paper examines possible segmentation of the internal capital market in China. We employ two standard tools from the international finance literature to analyze financial integration across Chinese provinces. Both tests confirm a similar (and somewhat surprising) picture: capital mobility within China is low! Furthermore, the degree of internal financial integration appears to have decreased, rather than increased, in the 1990s relative to the preceding period. Finally, we document that the government tends to reallocate capital from more productive regions to less productive ones. In this sense, a smaller role of the government in the financial sector might increase the rate of economic growth.
In-Home Counseling for Young Children Living in Poverty: An Exploration of Counseling Competencies

Home-based counseling is increasingly an alternative mode of providing counseling services for children and families, reduces barriers to accessing traditional counseling services, and has also been shown to be effective. As such, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the competencies needed to provide such counseling services. This study yielded five categories of competencies—necessary knowledge sets,case conceptualization, counseling behaviors, flexibility in session, and professional dispositions and behaviors. We also outline implications for counseling practice, counselor education, and public policy.
OPTICAL PARAMETRIC AMPLIFICATION OF FEMTOSECOND PULSES TUNABLE FROM THE BLUE TO THE INFRARED WITH MICROJOULE ENERGIES

A white-light continuum is used to seed a two-stage optical parametric amplifier pumped by the second harmonic of a regeneratively amplified Ti:sapphire laser system operating at 824 nm. Microjoule energies are achieved in the signal branch, which is tunable from 472 to 785 nm. Near-transform-limited sub-200-fs pulses are attainable over the vast majority of the tuning range.
The Relationship of Hospital Charges and Volume to Surgical Site Infection After Total Hip Replacement

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of hospital volume and charges on the rate of surgical site infections for total hip replacements (THRs) in New York State (NYS). In NYS, higher volume hospitals have higher charges after THR. The study team analyzed 93 620 hip replacements performed in NYS between 2008 and 2011. Hospital charges increased significantly from $43 713 in 2008 to $50 652 in 2011 (P < .01). Compared with lower volume hospitals, patients who underwent THR at the highest volume hospitals had significantly lower surgical site infection rates (P = .003) and higher total hospital charges (P < .0001). The study team found that in the highest volume hospitals, preventing one surgical site infection was associated with $1.6 million dollars in increased charges.
Effect of renzapride on transit in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Background & Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-ranging pharmacodynamic effects of renzapride, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT 4 ) receptor full agonist/5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on gastrointestinal transit and symptoms in patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (C-IBS). Methods: Forty-eight patients (46 women) with C-IBS underwent recording of baseline symptoms for 1 week. Twelve patients per group were randomized (double-blind, parallel design) to 11–14 days of renzapride (1, 2, or 4 mg) or placebo, once daily. Daily bowel habits and weekly satisfactory relief of IBS symptoms were recorded. At the end of treatment, gastric emptying (GE), small bowel transit (SBT), and colon transit (CT) were measured by scintigraphy. The relationship between CT and bowel function was evaluated. Results: A statistically significant linear dose response to renzapride was detected for CT (GC8 h, P = 0.004; GC24 h, P = 0.056), and ascending colon (AC) emptying t1/2 ( P = 0.019), but not for GE (t1/2, P = 0.088; or SBT, P = 0.41). AC half-time transit (t1/2) for placebo and 4 mg of renzapride were (median) 17.5 vs. 5.0 hours, respectively. Improved bowel function scores (stool form and ease of passage, but not frequency) were significantly ( P Conclusions: Renzapride causes clinically significant dose-related acceleration of CT, particularly ascending colonic emptying; this acceleration of transit is associated with improvement of bowel function in female C-IBS patients.
Magnetic Tweezers‐Based 3D Microchannel Electroporation for High‐Throughput Gene Transfection in Living Cells

A novel high-throughput magnetic tweezers-based 3D microchannel electroporation system capable of transfecting 40 000 cells/cm(2) on a single chip for gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and intracellular detection of target mRNA for screening cellular heterogeneity is reported. A single cell or an ordered array of individual cells are remotely guided by programmable magnetic fields to poration sites with high (>90%) cell alignment efficiency to enable various transfection reagents to be delivered simultaneously into the cells. The present technique, in contrast to the conventional vacuum-based approach, is significantly gentler on the cellular membrane yielding >90% cell viability and, moreover, allows transfected cells to be transported for further analysis. Illustrating the versatility of the system, the GATA2 molecular beacon is delivered into leukemia cells to detect the regulation level of the GATA2 gene that is associated with the initiation of leukemia. The uniform delivery and a sharp contrast of fluorescence intensity between GATA2 positive and negative cells demonstrate key aspects of the platform for gene transfer, screening and detection of targeted intracellular markers in living cells.
Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 and recombinant human growth hormone on anabolism and immunity in calorie-restricted alcoholic rats.

UNLABELLED Patients with severe alcoholic liver injury exhibit very low serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations, along with many of the symptoms that might occur with an IGF-1 deficiency state (including severe protein calorie malnutrition and immunosuppression). This study was performed to assess the effects of recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 and/or rh growth hormone (rhGH) on anabolism and immunity in the calorie-restricted, immunosuppressed alcoholic rat. METHODS Undernutrition was induced by calorie restriction such that each animal consumed 40% of ad libitum-fed controls. Alcohol was administered orally in the diet such that the mean daily intake was 9.4 g/kg/day. rhIGF-1 was administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion (380 micrograms/day) using a 14-day miniosmotic pump; rhGH was given by subcutaneous injections (400 micrograms/day). Matching placebo groups were also studied. RESULTS On this regimen, ad libitum-fed controls were well nourished and increased body weight 34%, whereas Restricted controls lost 7.7% and Restricted alcohol-fed rats lost 15.2%. Significant but incomplete reversal of undernutrition was achieved with hormone therapy. Best improvement was obtained with combined therapy: rhIGF-1 + rhGH (p < 0.005; placebo versus active treatments). Immunologic impairment was observed to be severe in both thymus and spleen. The most severe changes were seen in thymi of the calorie-restricted, alcohol-fed rats, wherein 98% of the T lymphocytes were lost. rhIGF-1 treatment, but not rhGH, produced significant improvements in thymus. This was most pronounced in control rats (p < 0.005). Splenic T lymphocytes were less impaired and were more responsive to rhIGF-1 treatment; there was a maximum loss of 71% of T cells in Restricted, alcohol-fed rats. rhIGF-1 treatment completely restored splenic cellularity, as well as each of the T lymphocytes studied: CD5, CD4, and CD8. Functional status of splenic T lymphocytes was assessed by blast transformation after concanavalin A stimulation. Calorie restriction did not impair significantly this function in controls [Lieber-DeCarli control diet (LCD)]. However, it was significantly impaired in the Restricted, alcohol-fed rats (p = 0.003). In the presence of continued calorie restriction and alcohol, this function was not restored with either hormone (rhIGF-1 and/or rhGH). Their role in facilitating functional recovery after calories is restored, and alcohol is discontinued is under investigation.
Architecture of the synaptotagmin–SNARE machinery for neuronal exocytosis

Synaptotagmin-1 and neuronal SNARE proteins have central roles in evoked synchronous neurotransmitter release; however, it is unknown how they cooperate to trigger synaptic vesicle fusion. Here we report atomic-resolution crystal structures of Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-bound complexes between synaptotagmin-1 and the neuronal SNARE complex, one of which was determined with diffraction data from an X-ray free-electron laser, leading to an atomic-resolution structure with accurate rotamer assignments for many side chains. The structures reveal several interfaces, including a large, specific, Ca(2+)-independent and conserved interface. Tests of this interface by mutagenesis suggest that it is essential for Ca(2+)-triggered neurotransmitter release in mouse hippocampal neuronal synapses and for Ca(2+)-triggered vesicle fusion in a reconstituted system. We propose that this interface forms before Ca(2+) triggering, moves en bloc as Ca(2+) influx promotes the interactions between synaptotagmin-1 and the plasma membrane, and consequently remodels the membrane to promote fusion, possibly in conjunction with other interfaces.
Review: The role of communication systems in smart grids: Architectures, technical solutions and research challenges

The purpose of this survey is to present a critical overview of smart grid concepts, with a special focus on the role that communication, networking and middleware technologies will have in the transformation of existing electric power systems into smart grids. First of all we elaborate on the key technological, economical and societal drivers for the development of smart grids. By adopting a data-centric perspective we present a conceptual model of communication systems for smart grids, and we identify functional components, technologies, network topologies and communication services that are needed to support smart grid communications. Then, we introduce the fundamental research challenges in this field including communication reliability and timeliness, QoS support, data management services, and autonomic behaviors. Finally, we discuss the main solutions proposed in the literature for each of them, and we identify possible future research directions.
Ignorance, Innocence, and Democratic Responsibility: Seeing Race, Hearing Racism

In contemporary race politics, ignorance is often invoked by whites to refuse responsibility for offenses. This points to the tight configuration between knowledge and responsibility. Yet, in a sociopolitical context pervasively shaped by what Mills has identified as an “epistemology of ignorance,” this configuration fosters irresponsibility. Moreover, the technologies of the surveilling state perpetuate this, as they lead white citizens to “see” certain truths about race and protect certain blindnesses to white privilege. Drawing on work in feminist epistemology, we develop an alternative approach to responsibility, one more appropriate to democratic practices of accountability. This approach must be centered on the stories of racism as narrated by racial others rather than the visions generated by the gaze of the white state. We conclude by outlining a set of “traitorous” deliberative practices that foster democratic renegotiations of racial responsibility.
Die Borderline-Störung

Der Begriff Borderline hat seine Wurzeln in der Psychoanalyse und in der Psychopathologie. Er wurde in den Dreisigerjahren von dem Psychoanalytiker Stern fur ein Krankheitsbild gepragt, das Arzte, Therapeuten und Wissenschaftler weder der Gruppe der Neurosen noch der Psychosen zuordnen konnten7. Nach dem Verstandnis der damaligen psychiatrischen Krankhe itslehre wurden Geisteskrankheiten den Psychosen, entwicklungsbedingte Erkrankungen den Neurosen und Personlichkeitsstordungen den Psychopathien zugeordnet. In den siebziger und achtziger Jahren des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts wurde der Borderline-Begriff als Sonderform der schizophrenen Psychose verstanden. Patienten in diesem Grenzbereich wurde ein Krankheitsbild zugeordnet, das bereits vor mehr als einhundert Jahren unter dem Begriff Hysterie beschrieben worden war. Ursprunglich wurden damit vor allem Storungen benannt, die durch emotionale Konflikte ausgelost werden.
Prevention of Transcriptional Silencing by a Replicator-Binding Complex Consisting of SWI/SNF, MeCP1, and hnRNP C1/C2

Transcriptional silencing selectively impedes gene expression. Silencing is often accompanied by replication delay and can be prevented by replicator sequences. Here we report a replicator-binding protein complex involved in the prevention of transcriptional silencing. The protein complex interacts with an essential asymmetric region within the human β-globin Rep-P replicator and includes hnRNP C1/C2, SWI/SNF complex, and MeCP1, which are members of the locus control region (LCR)-associated remodeling complex (LARC). Interaction between LARC and Rep-P prevented transcriptional silencing and replication delay. Transgenes that did not contain the asymmetric LARC-binding region of Rep-P replicated late and exhibited stable silencing that could not be affected by a DNA methylation inhibitor. In contrast, transgenes that contain a mutation of the asymmetric region of Rep-P that could not bind LARC exhibited a silent state that could transiently be reactivated by DNA demethylation. The effect of DNA demethylation was transient, and prolonged exposure to a methylation inhibitor induced distinct, stable, methylation-independent silencing. These observations suggest that the interaction of LARC complex with replicators plays a role in preventing gene silencing and provides support for a novel, epigenetic mechanism of resistance to methylation inhibitors.
Community-based outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (CoPAT) for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia with or without infective endocarditis: analysis of the randomized trial comparing daptomycin with standard therapy

OBJECTIVES Administering outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy in the community setting (CoPAT) is becoming more common with the increasing emphasis on controlling costs. However, few controlled trials have evaluated this treatment modality. METHODS Using data from a recent randomized trial comparing daptomycin with standard therapy (semi-synthetic penicillin or vancomycin, each with initial low-dose gentamicin) for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and infective endocarditis (SAB/IE), patient characteristics and outcomes were evaluated. Patients receiving their full course of therapy in the hospital setting were compared with those who received some portion outside of the hospital (CoPAT). RESULTS Among the 200 patients, 51.5% received CoPAT. These patients were generally younger (median age 50 versus 54 years, P = 0.028). In the CoPAT group, there tended to be fewer patients with endocardial involvement (8.7% versus 18.6%, P = 0.061) and pre-existing valvular heart disease (7.8% versus 15.5%, P = 0.120). CoPAT patients received longer therapy courses (mean 25.4 versus 13.5 days, P < 0.001) and had higher rates of therapy completion (90.3% versus 45.4%, P < 0.001) and clinical success (86.4% versus 55.7%, P < 0.001). Persisting or relapsing S. aureus was less frequent in the CoPAT group (3.9% versus 15.5%, P = 0.007) and there were fewer deaths (3.9% versus 18.6%, P = 0.001) 6 weeks after the end of therapy. Hospital readmission occurred for 18 of the 103 (17.5%) CoPAT patients. Clinical success rates were similar for CoPAT patients receiving daptomycin (90.0%) or standard therapy (83.0%). CONCLUSIONS With proper monitoring, stable patients can complete treatment for SAB/IE as outpatients in the community setting. Daptomycin is an appropriate option for this setting.
Functional expression of the Wilson disease protein reveals mislocalization and impaired copper-dependent trafficking of the common H1069Q mutation

Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of hepatic copper metabolism caused by mutations in a gene encoding a copper-transporting P-type ATPase. To elucidate the function of the Wilson protein, wild-type and mutant Wilson cDNAs were expressed in a Menkes copper transporter-deficient mottled fibroblast cell line defective in copper export. Expression of the wild-type cDNA demonstrated trans-Golgi network localization and copper-dependent trafficking of the Wilson protein identical to previous observations for the endogenously expressed protein in hepatocytes. Furthermore, expression of the Wilson cDNA rescued the mottled phenotype as evidenced by a reduction in copper accumulation and restoration of cell viability. In contrast, expression of an H1069Q mutant Wilson cDNA did not rescue the mottled phenotype, and immunofluorescence studies showed that this mutant Wilson protein was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Consistent with these findings, pulse–chase analysis demonstrated a 5-fold decrease in the half-life of the H1069Q mutant as compared with the wild-type protein. Maintenance of these transfected cell lines at 28°C resulted in localization of the H1069Q protein in the trans-Golgi network, suggesting that a temperature-sensitive defect in protein folding followed by degradation constitutes the molecular basis of Wilson disease in patients harboring the H1069Q mutation. Taken together, these studies describe a tractable expression system for elucidating the function and localization of the copper-transporting ATPases in mammalian cells and provide compelling evidence that the Wilson protein can functionally substitute for the Menkes protein, supporting the concept that these proteins use common biochemical mechanisms to effect cellular copper homeostasis.
Studies on the mechanism of implant-induced supernumerary limb formation in urodeles. II. The effect of heat-treatment, lyophilization and homogenization on the inductive capacity of frog kidney†

In experiments designed to test the effect of physical manipulations upon the ability of frog kidney implants to induce supernumerary limbs in Triturus viridescens, kidney tissue from adult Rana pipiens was treated by boiling, lyophilization and homogenization. Normal kidney induces supernumerary growth in over 90% of cases. Boiling at 100°C for ten minutes destroyed the ability of the kidney implant to stimulate supernumerary growth. Lyophilization did not affect the inductive capacity of the implant. Normal percentages of accessory growth were observed after multiple injections of frog kidney homogenates. It was concluded that some chemical agent(s) present in frog kidney is responsible for the inductive effect.
The Prerogative of the Sovereign in Virginia: Royal Law in a Republic

This essay describes and traces the historical development of governmental law from seventeenth-century England to twentieth-century Virginia.
Sonochemical Synthesis of Copper Hydride (CuH)

We report the sonochemical synthesis of copper(I) hydride (CuH) by the ultrasonic irradiation of a copper(II) aqueous solution. A reaction mechanism based on the reduction of copper(II) by the ultrasound-generated hydrogen atoms is discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a metal hydride has been synthesized through sonochemistry.
miR-181a Targets RGS16 to Promote Chondrosarcoma Growth, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis

Chondrosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults, has no effective systemic treatment, and patients with this disease have poor survival. Altered expression of microRNA (miR) is involved in tumorigenesis; however, its role in chondrosarcoma is undetermined. miR-181a is overexpressed in high-grade chondrosarcoma, is upregulated by hypoxia, and increases VEGF expression. Here, the purpose was to determine the mechanism of miR-181a regulation of VEGF, determine whether miR-181a overexpression promotes tumor progression, and to evaluate an antagomir-based approach for chondrosarcoma treatment. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-181a decreased expression of VEGF and MMP1 in vitro, and angiogenesis, MMP1 activity, tumor growth, and lung metastasis, all by more than 50%, in a xenograft mouse model. A target of miR-181a is a regulator of G-protein signaling 16 (RGS16), a negative regulator of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling. CXCR4 signaling is increased in chondrosarcoma, its expression is also increased by hypoxia, and is associated with angiogenesis and metastasis; however, receptor blockade is only partially effective. RGS16 expression is restored after miR-181a inhibition and partially accounts for the antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects of miR-181a inhibition. These data establish miR-181a as an oncomiR that promotes chondrosarcoma progression through a new mechanism involving enhancement of CXCR4 signaling by inhibition of RGS16. Implications: Targeting miR-181a can inhibit tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis, thus suggesting the possibility of antagomir-based therapy in chondrosarcoma. Mol Cancer Res; 13(9); 1347–57. ©2015 AACR.
An Exploration On The Differences In Emotional Intelligence Of First Year Students Examined Across Disciplines Within The School Of Business In A Liberal Arts College

In preparing the next generation of business professionals, educators need to take seriously the responsibility of empowering students with tools to assist them in their pursuits. One area of interest is Emotional Intelligence. Emotional Intelligence determines how students exercise self-control, zeal and persistence, and the ability to motivate themselves. The purpose of the study is two-fold with respect to Emotional Intelligence. First, the researchers will explore the differences of emotional intelligence examined by students’ discipline within the school of business in a liberal arts college. Secondly, the researchers will analyze the implications for educators, administrators, researchers, and other interested parties. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations will be presented.
Influence of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on the renal disposition of mercury in normal and uninephrectomized rats exposed to inorganic mercury.

The effects of the water-soluble chelating agents 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate (DMPS) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on the renal disposition of inorganic mercury were studied in normal and uninephrectomized (NPX) rats injected (i.v.) with a nontoxic 0.5-mumol/kg dose of mercuric chloride (HgCl2). When a 100-mg/kg dose of either DMPS or DMSA was injected (i.p.) 24 and 30 hr after treatment with HgCl2, the renal concentration and burden of inorganic mercury decreased markedly in both normal and NPX rats during the 24 hr after the first dose of the respective chelating agent was administered. Treatment with DMPS was more effective than treatment with DMSA in reducing the renal burden of mercury in both groups of rats. The fall in the renal concentration and burden of mercury in both normal and NPX rats was due primarily to a decrease in the content of mercury in the renal cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. However, the decrease in the concentration of inorganic mercury in the outer stripe was significantly greater in NPX rats than in normal rats. Both chelating agents caused urinary excretion of mercury to increase significantly in normal and NPX rats. In association with the increased renal release of mercury in NPX rats, the urinary excretion of mercury per gram of kidney was significantly greater in NPX rats than in normal rats. These data indicate that the renal handling of DMPS and DMSA may be altered significantly after a substantial reduction in renal mass. Findings from the present study also show that treatment with DMPS, but not with DMSA, causes the content of mercury in the liver and cellular fraction of blood to decrease in normal and NPX rats. These findings indicate that there are significant differences in the extrarenal handling of these two chelating agents. The findings in the present study suggest that DMPS and DMSA are very effective agents in reducing the renal (and whole body) burden of inorganic mercury in normal and NPX rats.
Locking in Capital: What Corporate Law Achieved for Business Organizers in the Nineteenth Century

This Article argues that corporate status became popular in the nineteenth century as a way to organize production because of the unique manner in which incorporation permitted organizers to lock in financial capital. Unlike participants in a partnership, shareholders in an incorporated enterprise could not extract capital from the firm without explicit approval of a board of directors charged with representing the interests of the incorporated entity, even when that interest might sometimes conflict with the interests of individual shareholders. While this ability to lock in capital has occasionally led to abuses, the ability to commit capital generally helped promote and protect the interests of shareholders as a group by making it possible for the entity to invest in long-term, highly specific investments. It also helped protect a wide range of enterprise participants who made specialized investments in reliance on the continued existence and financial viability of the corporation. The ability to lock in capital grew out of the fact that a corporate charter created a separate legal entity, whose existence and governance were separate from any of its participants. Although the idea that the law creates a separate legal person when a corporation is formed has been played down in the legal scholarship of the last two decades in favor of the view that a corporation is simply a nexus through which natural persons interact, recent legal scholarship has begun to reconsider the importance of entity status. Entity status under the law, and the associated separation of governance from contribution of financial capital through the formation of a corporation, allowed corporate participants to do something more than engage in a series of business transactions, or relationships, or even projects. It made it possible to build lasting institutions. Investments could be made in long-lived and specialized physical assets, in information and control systems, in specialized knowledge and routines, and in reputation and relationships, all of which could be sustained even as individual participants in the enterprise came and went. And these business institutions, in turn, could accomplish more toward the improvement of the wealth and standard of living of their participants in the long run than the same individuals could by holding separate property claims on business assets and engaging in a series of separate contracts with each other.
How Property Norms Construct the Externalities of Ownership

The relation between property and sovereignty is a contested one. Traditional norms identify the protection of both persons and property as two of the core functions of government. However, these twin goals come into conflict when the existence or exercise of a property right results in harm to others. Yet it can be argued that recognition of any property right necessarily harms others by excluding them from resources they may need for human life. How then do we determine when an exercise of ownership is legitimately viewed as a self-regarding act that does not affect the legitimate interests of others (and thus does not involve any negative externalities) and when such an exercise does harm others and thus comes within the legitimate sphere of government regulation? Property norms help answer this question by orienting us in a moral universe through background understandings that define legitimate interests that deserve legal protection. Norms orient us, first, by telling us who is an owner and who is a non-owner with regard to any particular entitlement in a particular resource, and second, by telling owners when they are obligated to take into account the effects of their actions on others and when they are entitled to think of their own interests alone. In so doing, property norms define which externalities we as a society must pay attention to, worry about, and seek (if possible) to prevent.
Electronic Spectra of the Nanostar Dendrimer: Theory and Experiment†

We present a sequential molecular dynamics/quantum mechanics (MD/QM) study and steady-state spectroscopy measurements of the nanostar dendrimer (a phenylene−ethynylene dendrimer attached to a ethynylperylene chromophore) to determine the temperature dependence of the electronic absorption process. We studied the nanostar as separate units and performed MD simulations for each chromophore at 10 and 300 K to study the effects of the temperature on the structures. The absorption spectrum of the nanostar, at 10 and 300 K, was computed using an ensemble of 8000 structures for each chromophore. Quantum mechanical (QM) ZINDO/S calculations were performed for each conformation in the ensemble, including 16 excited states for a total of 128 000 excitation energies, and the intensity was scaled linearly with the number of conjugated units. Our calculations and experimental spectra measured for the individual chromophores and the nanostar are in good agreement. We found that for each system, the spectral features ar...
Can medical practice adapt to a changed world

Almost 25 years ago, Goldberg and Huxley described patterns of recognition and treatment for mental disorders using the concept of filters separating different levels of care (1). We might view David Goldberg's introductory paper in this Forum as a guide to improving the functioning of the filter or interface between mental health specialty services and primary medical care. This guide contains several principles for the optimal functioning of that filter. First, the filter or border zone separating primary and secondary care should be broad - a gradual transition rather than a sharp boundary. In fact, the optimal border region might cover as much territory as the two nations it separates, the regions devoted exclusively to primary or secondary care. David Goldberg describes several models for primary care and specialty services to share responsibility for both common and more severe mental disorders. Second, the filter should be sensitive to clinical need. The primary factor determining level of care should be severity of symptoms and degree of impairment. Because severity of illness varies considerably over time, regular monitoring of clinical condition is necessary for appropriate triage. Third, the filter should be freely permeable in both directions. Given that clinical need varies over time, level of care should vary according to need - with relatively low barriers to transitions upward or downward. Fourth, the filter should be relatively insensitive to non-clinical factors. Unfortunately, access to higher levels may be overly influenced by non-clinical factors such as insurance coverage, ability to pay, race, or social class. A well-functioning filter would ignore these factors and might, in some cases, actively work to circumvent barriers to appropriate care. Fifth, the filter should be sensitive to local resources and constraints. Optimal criteria for specialty consultation or referral will vary widely depending on the availability of specialty services. In other words, the marginal benefit of specialty involvement may often be positive, but limited specialty resources must be reserved for situations in which they produce the greatest good. Sixth, the filter should be sensitive to the particular strengths of primary and secondary care. In general, primary care has the advantages of easier access, long-term continuity of care, and coordination across multiple health conditions. Advantages of specialty care include greater expertise, focus, and (in some cases) efficiency due to a narrower scope of practice. The relative importance of these factors will vary between patients. For example, the advantages of primary care management might be greatest for a patient with comorbid chronic medical illness and a longstanding relationship with the primary care team. Others have used the term 'stepped care' to refer to organized care adjusted according to severity of illness and response to initial treatment (2,3). David Goldberg's paper describes several promising stepped-care models for a range of health care environments.
Thermal Evolution and Effectivity of Source Rocks of the Lower-Paleozoic in Lower Yangtze Region

Lower Yangtze Region is one of the marine facies regions which present petroleum exploration prospects in southern China.Using new exploration information and technology methods,we analysed the tectonic-thermal evolution of source rocks of the lower-Paleozoic by field and experimental methods.Results show that obduction and napper were main tectonic movements in late Indosinian-early Yanshan period of Lower Yangtze Region,and most areas were elevated and denudated.Source rocks of lower-Paleozoic in some areas did not deep bury renewedly,and remain the Indosinian thermal evolution state.Therefore the high maturity sapropelic organic matter of lower-Paleozoic has still possessed hydrocarbon generation potential.So it is possible to find layers and areas with hydrocarbon potential,of which source rocks have relative lower thermal evolution,in lower-Paleozoic Lower Yangtze Region.
Analysis on Examination of Immunization Certificates of Children in School or Kindergarten Beginners in Daxin County in 2010

Objective To investigate the certificates of prophylactic immunization in new pupils at schools or kindergartens,and to put forward suggestion and countermeasures for the existing problems.Methods The reporting dada of the vaccination certificate survey were collected,then classified and statistically analyzed.Results There were totally 178 elementary schools and 62 kindergartens developed vaccination certificates survey in Daxin County,a total of 8,232 children were checked and the checking rate covered 100%.97.96% of the children owned the vaccination certificates,90.25% of the children had been vaccinated the five vaccines.The rates of supplementary certificate and supplementary vaccination were 69.64% and 88.28% in children,only 43.90% of the children with resubmitted certificate in urban area schools,and only 82.37% of the children with supplementary vaccination in village schools.These data showed that the inoculation rate of whole range of the five vaccines and the supplementary vaccination rate in children of urban area schools and nursery schools were significantly higher than those in children of village and township schools,the possession rate of vaccination certificate in children of village and township nursery schools was higher than that in children of urban area nursery schools,and the supplementary vaccination rate of children of village and township schools was higher than that of children of urban area schools(all P0.05).Conclusions The possession rate of vaccination certificate and the inoculation rate of whole range of the five vaccines were both higher in children of elementary schools and kindergartens in Daxin County in 2010,but the rates of supplementary certificate and supplementary vaccination were relatively lower.Aiming at this problem,we suggest that the health and education departments concerned should do well in coordination work,allot works according to the positions,and go well together with checking and resubmitting certificate for children before entering schools.
Clinical analysis of prenatal ultrasound screening for fetal malformations

Objective: To explore the clinical application of ultrasonography in prenatal screening and diagnosis of fetal malformation. Methods: 20 ～ 24 weeks pregnant women who participated in prenatal screening of pregnancy voluntarily were collected,and the conventional color Doppler ultrasound examination were conducted in accordance with the requirements of prenatal screening of Beijing city,and the birth results were followed up. Results: Prenatal screening were conducted in 3 107 cases,57 cases of fetal malformations were found,13 cases of misdiagnosis. Ultrasound diagnosis of 57 cases including that 5 cases of multiple malformations,11 cases of cleft lip and palate,3 cases of chest deformity,6 cases of cardiac malformations,3 cases of skeletal abnormality,7 cases of urinary system abnormality,5 cases of brain abnormality,7 cases of digestive abnormality,4 cases of umbilical vascular abnormality,2 cases of growth abnormality,1 case of fetal sacrococcygeal tumor. Conclusion: The majority of fetal congenital malformations can be detected by ultrasound,some deformity that physiological or anatomic variations can continue pregnancy and delivery.