cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Necessary Difference: A Sermon

The following is a sermon preached by Nathan Carlin at St. John’s Church (United Church of Christ) in Houston, Texas, on January 27, 2013. In line with the conference theme—body/soul, spirit/flesh, self/other—the sermon focuses on several verses in Paul’s first letter to the church in Corinth in which Paul discusses the Church as the Body of Christ. The sermon text (1 Cor. 12:12–27) was not chosen because the author was still thinking about the conference theme (the conference, as noted, took place on October 17–19, 2012); this text simply happened to be the lectionary passage assigned to the date. In the sermon, the biblical text, the psychological concept of “the narcissism of minor differences,” and a story from the author’s childhood (a story about Bible quiz competitions) are interwoven. The author felt that such a topic was appropriate for St. John’s Church because the church, on the day that the sermon was delivered, was scheduled to meet about the topic of confirmation classes for youth. All of this is to say that sermons are often expressions of pastoral theology because sermons, while inherently theological, are also pastoral in that they are addressed to specific audiences and focus on matters that the preacher discerns to be of existential concern, both collectively and individually, for those whom the preacher is addressing. In terms of method and style, this sermon was written following the technique of Robert Dykstra as articulated in his Discovering a Sermon: Personal Pastoral Preaching.
Dynamic Asset Allocation: Portfolio Decomposition Formula and Applications

A new decomposition of the optimal portfolio, in dynamic models with von Neumann--Morgenstern preferences and Ito prices, is established. The formula rests on a change of numeraire that uses pure discount bonds as units of account. The dynamic hedging demand has two components. The first hedge insures against fluctuations in an optimally designed bond with a maturity date matching the investor's horizon. The second hedge immunizes against fluctuations in the market price of risk in the bond numeraire. Various applications are examined. New results concerning the behavior of extremely risk-averse individuals, the demand for bonds and its long-horizon limit, and the optimal portfolio in incomplete markets are derived. The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Aberrant stabilization of c-Myc protein in some lymphoblastic leukemias.

Overexpression of the c-Myc oncoprotein is observed in a large number of hematopoietic malignancies, and transgenic animal models have revealed a potent role for c-Myc in the generation of leukemias and lymphomas. However, the reason for high c-Myc protein levels in most cases is unknown. We examined whether aberrant protein stabilization could be a mechanism of c-Myc overexpression in leukemia cell lines and in primary bone marrow samples from pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. We found that c-Myc protein half-life was prolonged in the majority of leukemia cell lines and bone marrow samples tested. There were no mutations in the c-myc gene in any of the leukemia cell lines that could account for increased c-Myc stability. However, abnormal phosphorylation at two conserved sites, Threonine 58 and Serine 62, was observed in leukemia cell lines with stabilized c-Myc. Moreover, stabilized c-Myc from the ALL cell lines showed decreased affinity for glycogen synthase kinase3β, the kinase that phosphorylates c-Myc at Threonine 58 and facilitates its degradation. These findings reveal that deregulation of the c-Myc degradation pathway controlled by Serine 62 and Threonine 58 phosphorylation is a novel mechanism for increased expression of a potent oncoprotein known to be involved in hematopoietic malignancies.
Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: role of MCP-1.

Inhalation of Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula causes "farmer's lung" disease, a classic example of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice challenged with S rectivirgula, and S rectivirgula induces MCP-1 secretion by alveolar macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that MCP-1 and its receptor CC chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) are essential to the development of experimental HP by treating mice with MCP-1 antibody and using CCR2(-/-) mice. Administration of anti-MCP-1 did not change the response to intratracheally administered S rectivirgula. CCR2(-/-) animals responded in a fashion similar to that of wild-type animals to intratracheally administered.S rectivirgula. To determine the influence of the MCP-1-CCR2 interaction in vitro, we transferred S rectivirgula-cultured spleen cells from S rectivirgula-sensitized mice, to naive recipients. Later, challenge of the recipients with intratracheal S rectivirgula and examination of both lung histology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characteristics were used to determine whether adoptive transfer had occurred. We found that cultured cells from CCR2(-/-) animals were fully capable of adoptive transfer. We conclude that interaction of MCP-1 with CCR2 is not necessary for the development of pulmonary inflammation in response to intratracheally administered S rectivirgula or cells able to adoptively transfer experimental HP.
Cysteine Redox Potential Determines Pro-Inflammatory IL-1β Levels

BACKGROUND Cysteine (Cys) and its disulfide, cystine (CySS) represent the major extracellular thiol/disulfide redox control system. The redox potential (E(h)) of Cys/CySS is centered at approximately -80 mV in the plasma of healthy adults, and oxidation of E(h) Cys/CySS is implicated in inflammation associated with various diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The purpose of the present study was to determine whether oxidized E(h) Cys/CySS is a determinant of interleukin (IL)-1beta levels. Results showed a 1.7-fold increase in secreted pro-IL-1beta levels in U937 monocytes exposed to oxidized E(h) Cys/CySS (-46 mV), compared to controls exposed to a physiological E(h) of -80 mV (P<0.01). In LPS-challenged mice, preservation of plasma E(h) Cys/CySS from oxidation by dietary sulfur amino acid (SAA) supplementation, was associated with a 1.6-fold decrease in plasma IL-1beta compared to control mice fed an isonitrogenous SAA-adequate diet (P<0.01). Analysis of E(h) Cys/CySS and IL-1beta in human plasma revealed a significant positive association between oxidized E(h) Cys/CySS and IL-1beta after controlling for age, gender, and BMI (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data show that oxidized extracellular E(h) Cys/CySS is a determinant of IL-1beta levels, and suggest that strategies to preserve E(h) Cys/CySS may represent a means to control IL-1beta in inflammatory disease states.
Competing risk factors associated with nosocomial infection in two university hospitals

Abstract An historical cohort study of risk factors associated with nosocomial infection was conducted in two university hospitals on the East and West Coast of the USA. The purpose of the study was to estimate the relative risk ratios (RR) associated with antibiotic therapy, instrumentation, surgical operations and age with nosocomial infection, and to establish the hierarchical relationship of these factors to each other. A high risk cohort of longstaying patients (average length of stay = 30 days), was selected and each patient's chart was analysed retrospectively for infection occurrence and for risk factors. There was no significant difference between hospitals in rates of nosocomial infections, diagnostic categories and utilization of risk factors. Categorical linear regression analysis showed that a four factor model consisting of antibiotic therapy, instrumentation, surgical operations and age accounted for 95 per cent of the variation in nosocomial infection rates. Length of stay was treated as a co-dependent variable. Multivariable stratification analysis yielded aetiologic fractions of 63 per cent attributable to antibiotic therapy, 26 per cent to surgical operations, and 13 per cent to instrumentation. About half the antibiotic therapy was given on admission or at least 4 days before the first hospital-acquired infection. These data support careful assessment of prophylactic antibiotic therapy and infection control policies to reduce risk of nosocomial infection in university hospitals.
Metal complexes of Co, Ni and Cu with the pincer ligand HN(CH2CH2PiPr2)2: preparation, characterization and electrochemistry

A series of Co, Ni and Cu complexes with the ligand HN(CH2CH2PiPr2)2 (HNP2) has been isolated and their electrochemical behaviour investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The nickel complexes [(HNP2)NiOTf]OTf and [(HNP2)NiNCCH3](BF4)2 display reversible reductions, as does the related amide derivative (NP2)NiBr. The related copper(I) and cobalt(II) derivatives were also isolated and characterized. The addition of piperidine to [(HNP2)NiNCCH3](BF4)2 led to the formation of the new species [(HNP2)Ni(N(H)C(CH3)NC5H10)](BF4)2. The nucleophilic addition of piperidine to acetonitrile to produce HNC(CH3)NC5H10 was found to be catalyzed by [(HNP2)NiNCCH3](BF4)2.
Coupling of rotational, vibrational and translational molecular motions in fluids and low-frequency depolarized light scattering

Abstract This work considers the effect of vibrational degrees of freedom on the low-frequency depolarized light scattering from fluids of nonspherical molecules, in the case where the vibration-vibration exchange is fast while the vibrational energy exchange with other degrees of freedom is slow. The low-frequency depolarized VH spectrum has the same form as the spectrum of fluids of nonvibrating molecules. On the other hand, the fine structure of the low-frequency depolarized HH spectrum disappears when the vibration to translation and rotation relaxation is about as fast as the reciprocal of the Brillouin frequency. For other relative magnitudes of the times of decay of the vibration to translation and rotation exchange and of the hydrodynamic degrees of freedom, the form of the HH spectrum is the same as for fluids of nonvibrating molecules.
Age-related changes in the PHA: con A stimulatory ratios of cells from spleens of a long-lived mouse strain.

Spleen cells from 6, 18 and 30 month old (C57BL6J × BalbcJ)F1 hybrid mice showed a significant age-related decline in response to the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). At the same time the PHA : Con A ratio declined with age, suggesting that T2-like cells show a greater age-related decrement in function than T1-like cells.
Note on a paper by M. Ben-Amoz

Abstract In[1] Ben-Amoz theoretically predicts a boundary-layer effect for composite materials. This note summarizes the earlier theoretical and experimental work on this subject which was omitted from Ben-Amoz's paper.
Safety locus of control as a predictor of industrial accidents and injuries

This article describes the underlying theory, development, and initial validation of the Safety Locus of Control Scale. This paper-and-pencil inventory assesses levels of safety consciousness among employees. Initial research suggests that the inventory is a reliable predictor of employees' accidents, injuries, and driving safety. Potential uses for the inventory are discussed, and future research is suggested.
INHIBITION OF THE extra GENE‐DEPENDENT BRANCH OF THE DNA EXCISION REPAIR SYSTEM IN ESCHERICHIA COLI K‐12 BY 2, 4‐DINITROPHENOL

— Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated E. coli K-12 wild-type cells were sensitized by a post-irradiation treatment with 10-2M 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP). This effect was not seen in strains carrying a uvr mutation, suggesting that DN P interferes with the excision repair process. The polA strain was sensitized to the same extent as the wild-type strain, while the exrA strain was not affected by DNP treatment. Recombination deficient strains (recA, recB and recA recB) were protected by DNP treatment after UV irradiation. This protection was abolished by the addition of a uvr mutation (i.e., in strains recA uvrB and recB uvrB). Alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation studies showed that DNP treatment interfered with the rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks induced by the excision repair process. This interference was apparently specific for the exr gene-dependent branch of the uvr gene-dependent excision repair process, since the uvr and exr strains were not sensitized while the wild-type and polA strains were sensitized.
Expanding Horizons for Spirituality Research

(1) Conceptual issues include coping with the vast range of confusing and uncatalogued definitions, types of spirituality, research instruments, and their applications. (2) Searching for universal measures of spirituality clashes with particularistic measures of ‘‘true spirituality,’’ and vague similarities hide important differences, introducing detrimental paradoxes and tensions. (3) Overarching theories of spirituality are needed; there are few, partly because of the diversity of worldviews, disciplines, ideologies, and theologies, but spirituality can be linked to theoretical orientations of every discipline. (4) Theology, even when unrecognized, is implicated in all spirituality research, so its relevance must be clarified. Non-Western and comparative studies will enrich current research that is mostly from societies strongly influenced by Christianity. (5) Relationships between political issues and spiritualties need in-depth investigation as religious pluralism spreads globally and traditionalists clash with advocates for change on spirituality-related political issues. (6) More investigations of spirituality are needed in every science. Despite limitations of science, flaws of logical positivism, and errors of reductionism, the findings sometimes modify practices and teachings of religious groups.
Polarization-dependent reflectivity and optical constants of Ti 2 O 3 in the range 0.7-10 eV

In order to gain further information concerning the nature of the $d$ electrons in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ we have measured the polarization-dependent reflectivity and evaluated the optical constants in the range 0.7-10 eV. The $d$-electron homopolar bonding between cation pairs plays a crucial role in the semiconductor-to-metal transition observed in this material at about 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Comparison is made with recent joint-density-of-states calculations and good agreement is found thus enabling an assignment of the $d$-electron interband transitions to be made.
Identification of amino acids in the Dr adhesin required for binding to decay‐accelerating factor

Members of the Dr family of adhesins of Escherichia coli recognize as a receptor the Dr(a) blood-group antigen present on the complement regulatory and signalling molecule, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). One member of this family, the Dr haemagglutinin, also binds to a second receptor, type IV collagen. Structure/function information regarding these adhesins has been limited and domains directly involved in the interaction with DAF have not been determined. We devised a strategy to identify amino acids in the Dr haemagglutinin that are specifically involved in the interaction with DAF. The gene encoding the adhesive subunit, draE, was subjected to random mutagenesis and used to complement a strain defective for its expression. The resulting mutants were enriched and screened to obtain those that do not bind to DAF, but retain binding to type IV collagen. Individual amino acid changes at positions 10, 63, 65, 75, 77, 79 and 131 of the mature DraE sequence significantly reduced the ability of the DraE adhesin to bind DAF, but not collagen. Over half of the mutants obtained had substitutions within amino acids 63-81. Analysis of predicted structures of DraE suggest that these proximal residues may cluster to form a binding domain for DAF.
Control of spatially varying distributed systems

Considers control design for distributed systems, where the controller is to adopt and preserve the spatial structure of the system. Specifically systems that vary spatially are considered; namely those that are not shift invariant with respect to spatial variables. Operator theoretic tools for working with these systems are developed, and lead to convex conditions for analysis and synthesis with respect to the /spl Lscr//sub 2/-induced norm.
Structural Dichotomy in Six-Coordinate d0 Complexes: Trigonal Prismatic (tBu3SiC⋮C)6Ta- and Octahedral (tBu3SiC⋮C)6M2- (M = Zr, Hf)

Utilization of the bulky acetylide, tBu3SiC⋮C-, enabled the synthesis of several early metal polyacetylides. Addition of NaC⋮CH to tBu3SiBr in dimethyl sulfoxide afforded tBu3SiC⋮CH, which was deprotonated to yield tBu3SiC⋮CLi. Treatment of ZrCl4, HfCl4, and TaCl5 with varying amounts of tBu3SiC⋮CLi gave {(THF)2Li(tBu3SiC⋮C)2}Zr(C⋮CSitBu3)3(THF) (1; THF = tetrahydrofuran), {(Et2O)Li(tBu3SiC⋮C)2}Hf(C⋮CSitBu3)3(OEt2) (2), {Li(tBu3SiC⋮C)3}2M (M = Zr, 6; Hf, 7), and {Li(tBu3SiC⋮C)3}Ta(C⋮CSitBu3)3 (3). Metathesis of 3 with KOTf generated KTa(C⋮CSitBu3)6 (4) and cation sequestration of 4 with crypt 2.2.2 provided [K(crypt 2.2.2)][Ta(C⋮CSitBu3)6] (5). Single-crystal X-ray structural studies determined the structures (core symmetry) of 1 (Oh), 2, (Oh), 3 (D3), 5 (D3), 6 (Oh), and 7 (Oh). The D3h to D3 twist in 3 and 5 has a steric origin, and the counterion position appears inconsequential. Origins of the structural preferences illustrated by the dichotomous twisted trigonal prismatic and octahedral cores of the ...
Stroke patients’ preferences and values about emergency research

Background: In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration waiver of informed consent permits certain emergency research only if community consultation occurs. However, uncertainty exists regarding how to define the community(ies) or their representatives. Objective: To collect data on the actual preferences and values of a group—those at risk for stroke—most directly affected by the waiver of informed consent for emergency research. Design: Face to face focused interviews were conducted with 12 patients who were hospitalised with a stroke diagnosis in the previous year. The interviews were audiotaped and a transcript based method was used for their analysis. Results: All 12 participants felt "that it was important that new treatments for stroke be developed", but they were initially confused about the distinction between "research for stroke" and "emergency research for stroke". However, after explanation, most (n = 10; 83%) expressed willingness to participate in the latter. In the absence of a surrogate to give informed consent in a stroke emergency situation, the majority (n = 11; 92%) said they would want the physician to "go ahead and enrol them in the trial". Conclusions: This study is the first to identify the values and concerns of individuals most directly affected by stroke emergency research. Further interviews and focus groups are needed to develop and test a validated questionnaire on the preferences and values surrounding emergency research for stroke.
Inflammatory markers are increased in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH Case-Control study.

Context: Increased inflammation may contribute to type 1 diabetes (T1D) complications. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the association of inflammation with obesity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in youth with T1D. Design: This was a cross-sectional study of youth with and without T1D. Setting: The study was conducted in Colorado and South Carolina. Patients: SEARCH Case-Control participants with T1D [n = 553, mean age 15 yr (range 10–22), median duration 2.7 yr] and without diabetes [n = 215, mean age 15 yr (range 10–22)]. Intervention: This was an observational study. Main Outcome Measures: IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, and leptin were measured. Results: Inflammatory markers were evaluated by diabetes status, quartiles of glycated hemoglobin, and obesity using multiple linear regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, study site, race/ethnicity, T1D duration, body mass index, and pubertal status. Compared with controls, youth with T1D had higher...
Interstitial cells of Cajal and electrical activity in ganglionic and aganglionic colons of mice

An antibody directed against Kit protein was used to investigate the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) within the murine colon. The ICC density was greatest in the proximal colon an...
The Relationship between the Firing Rate of a Single Neuron and the Level of Activity in a Population of Neurons : Experimental evidence for resonant enhancement in the population response

A quantitative comparison is made between experiment and the theoretically predicted dynamics of a neuron population. The experiment confirms the theoretical prediction that under appropriate conditions an enlarged resonant response should appear in the activity of the neuron population, near the frequency at which there is minimum modulation in the instantaneous rate of a single neuron. These findings bear on the relationship between the firing rate of a single neuron and the firing rate of a population of neurons.
An efficient incremental algorithm for min-area retiming

As one of the most effective sequential optimization techniques, retiming is a structural transformation that relocates flip-flops in a circuit without changing its functionality. The min-area retiming problem seeks a solution with the minimum flip-flop area (or number) under a given clock period. Even though having polynomial runtime, the best existing algorithms for this problem still need to first construct a dense path graph and then find a min-cost network flow on it, thus incur huge storage and time expenses for large circuits. Recently, provable incremental algorithms have been discovered for min-period retiming, and heuristic incremental algorithms have been proposed for min-area retiming. However, given the complexity of the problem, min-area retiming is still resisting an efficient provable incremental algorithm. In this paper, we fill the gap by presenting an efficient algorithm to solve the min-area retiming problem incrementally and optimally. Contrary to existing approaches, no dense path graph is constructed; only the active timing constraints are dynamically generated in the algorithm. Experimental results show that the total runtime of our algorithm for all the benchmarks is at least 60 x faster than the best existing approach.
Synthesis of substituted 5-aminomethyl tetrahydro-isoquinolines and dihydro-isoindoles

Abstract The synthesis of ten substituted aminomethylene tetrahydro-isoquinolines is described, proceeding in eight steps from 5-hydroxyisoquinoline via reductive amination of N -Boc tetrahydro-isoquinoline 5-carboxaldehyde. Likewise, reductive amination was used to prepare four substituted dihydro-isoindoles from the corresponding aldehyde. The dihydro-isoindole ring system was conveniently accessed via a 2+2+2 cycloaddition reaction.
Are some neurons hypersensitive to metallic nanoparticles

Engineered metallic nanomaterial particles (MENAP) represent a significant breakthrough in developing new products for use by consumers and industry. Skin application (e.g., via creams and sprays containing nanoparticles) may provide a key route of potential intake of MENAP and can lead to retrograde transport from nerve endings in the skin to the somatosensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This paper uses a novel theoretical model (stochastic threshold microdose [STM] model) to characterize survival of DRG neurons exposed in cell culture replicates to copper nanoparticles, based on published data. Cell death via autophagy is assumed here to occur as a result of the uptake (called hits) of the nanoparticles by mitochondria. Theoretical results are presented for the existence of a hypersensitive fraction (about 20%) of neurons that are killed in significant numbers when on average > 1 hit to the at-risk mitochondria occurs. Further, most hypersensitive neurons appear to be killed by a cumulative exposure of about 2,000 micromolar-hours and the remaining resistant cells may have dysfunctional mitochondria. Based on these theoretical findings, it is predicted that repeated exposure (e.g., over years) of the skin of humans to MENAP could lead to significant nervous system damage and related morbidity.
Hydrogen permeance of palladium–copper alloy membranes over a wide range of temperatures and pressures

The permeance of Pd–Cu alloys containing 40, 53, 60, and 80 wt.% Pd has been determined over the 623–1173 K temperature range for H2 partial pressure differences as great as 2.6 MPa. Pure palladium and copper membranes were also evaluated. The Pd–Cu alloys exhibited predictable permeances that reflected the crystalline phase structures as shown in the binary phase diagram. Under conditions of face-centered-cubic (fcc) stability, the permeance increased steadily with palladium content, approaching the permeance of pure palladium membranes. The 53 and 60 wt.% Pd alloys were evaluated at temperatures within the body-centered-cubic (bcc) stability region. For both alloys, the bcc permeance was several times greater than the fcc permeance with the 60 wt.% Pd bcc permeance at 623 K reaching about 70% of the permeance of palladium. These bcc alloys were subjected to temperature increases during testing that resulted in transition from bcc to fcc, followed by temperature decreases that should revert the alloys to bcc. The permeances dropped abruptly during the transition from bcc to fcc. However, on cooling back to the bcc stability region, neither the 60 nor 53 wt.% Pd alloy completely regained a bcc permeance during the test period. All of the Pd–Cu alloys subjected to testing at 1173 K showed some permeance decline that was attributed to intermetallic diffusion between the membrane and support. The application of a diffusion barrier between the support and membrane foil in a 53 wt.% Pd permeance test successfully blocked the intermetallic diffusion and prevented degredation of the membrane’s performance.
Pipelining Tomlinson-Harashima precoders

Like decision feedback equalizers (DFEs), Tomlinson-Harashima precoders (TH precoders) contain nonlinear feedback loops, which limit their use for high speed applications. Unlike in DFEs where the output levels of the nonlinear devices are finite, in TH precoders the output levels of the modulo devices are infinite, or finite but very large. Thus, it is difficult to apply look-ahead and pre-computation techniques to pipeline TH precoders, which were successfully applied to pipeline IIR filters and DFEs in the past. However, a TH precoder can be viewed as an IIR filter with an input equal to the sum of the original input to the TH precoder and a finite-level compensation signal. Based on this point of view, this paper presents a novel approach to pipeline the TH precoder.
Mapping between local potentials and ground state densities

The mapping between the local one-body potential and the ground state density is discussed. The role of degenerate ground states, which form a set of measure zero in potential space, is shown to be amplified by the unitary transformation between degenerate densities, forming a space filling set in density space. A numerical experiment demonstrating these features is carried out. No indication of non-V representable densities is encountered.
Sea turtle nesting distributions and oceanographic constraints on hatchling migration

Patterns of abundance across a species's reproductive range are influenced by ecological and environmental factors that affect the survival of offspring. For marine animals whose offspring must migrate long distances, natural selection may favour reproduction in areas near ocean currents that facilitate migratory movements. Similarly, selection may act against the use of potential reproductive areas from which offspring have difficulty emigrating. As a first step towards investigating this conceptual framework, we analysed loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nest abundance along the southeastern US coast as a function of distance to the Gulf Stream System (GSS), the ocean current to which hatchlings in this region migrate. Results indicate that nest density increases as distance to the GSS decreases. Distance to the GSS can account for at least 90 per cent of spatial variation in regional nest density. Even at smaller spatial scales, where local beach conditions presumably exert strong effects, at least 38 per cent of the variance is explained by distance from the GSS. These findings suggest that proximity to favourable ocean currents strongly influences sea turtle nesting distributions. Similar factors may influence patterns of abundance across the reproductive ranges of diverse marine animals, such as penguins, eels, salmon and seals.
Radiative transfer through a cloud of absorbing‐scattering particles

An experimental study was made of radiative transfer through a plane-parallel enclosure of micron-sized, sphercal aluminim oxide particles and flake-like graphit particles. By suspending the particles in both carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide, transmission measurements were made at wave lengths from 2 to 11 microns with both collimated and diffuse incident radiation. In correlating the diffuse results, the two-flux model was rearranged so that the cloud transmission was experessed in terms of two cloud scattering parameters. The values of the scattering parameters as determined from the data were correlated with the properties of the cloud.
A Study of Topic Sentence Use in Academic Writing

This study examines topic sentences in the academic article context—specifically in articles by professors in biochemistry, civil engineering, history, literature, physics, psychology, and sociolog...
Si-Based Photonic Devices by MBE

The prospect of efficient electroluminescence and photodetection in Si-based heterostructures has stimulated considerable interest in recent years. Si-based optoelectronic devices would allow monolithic integration of mature Si technology with optical signal processing. However, Si and epitaxial Si1−xGex/Si (100) alloys are indirect semiconductors and band structure perturbations are necessary to enhance luminescence efficiencies to practical levels. In this review we consider the relative success of the various approaches used to obtain efficient luminescence from Si based heterostructures after first considering the optical properties of Si grown by MBE and doped by several techniques. Exciton binding centers such as isoelectronic defect complexes, zone folding in atomic layer superlattices, e.g. SimGen, and rare earth doping, e.g. Er in Si and Si1−xGex alloys are discussed. The internal quantum efficiencies for the above processes will be compared in both electroluminescence and photoluminescence together with the prospects for room temperature light emission. The twin requirements of band structure engineering and superlative crystal quality extend the challenge to the materials scientist / crystal grower further into the nanoscopic regime. It is a formidable task involving the controlled removal of non-radiative point defects and complexes, controlled introduction of radiative centers, and simultaneous maintenance of coherent interfaces without misfit dislocation injection. Recent progress in our study of intense photoluminescence (wavelength range 1.2–1.7 μm) from random Si1−xGex alloys (0.53 > × > 0.06) grown by MBE, a 1.5 μm Si0.82Ge0.18/Si LED and a novel Si1−xGex/Si optoelectronic switch will be highlighted.
Functional coherence in domain interaction networks

Motivation: Extracting functional information from protein–protein interactions (PPI) poses significant challenges arising from the noisy, incomplete, generic and static nature of data obtained from high-throughput screening. Typical proteins are composed of multiple domains, often regarded as their primary functional and structural units. Motivated by these considerations, domain–domain interactions (DDI) for network-based analyses have received significant recent attention. This article performs a formal comparative investigation of the relationship between functional coherence and topological proximity in PPI and DDI networks. Our investigation provides the necessary basis for continued and focused investigation of DDIs as abstractions for functional characterization and modularization of networks. Results: We investigate the problem of assessing the functional coherence of two biomolecules (or segments thereof) in a formal framework. We establish essential attributes of admissible measures of functional coherence, and demonstrate that existing, well-accepted measures are ill-suited to comparative analyses involving different entities (i.e. domains versus proteins). We propose a statistically motivated functional similarity measure that takes into account functional specificity as well as the distribution of functional attributes across entity groups to assess functional similarity in a statistically meaningful and biologically interpretable manner. Results on diverse data, including high-throughput and computationally predicted PPIs, as well as structural and computationally inferred DDIs for different organisms show that: (i) the relationship between functional similarity and network proximity is captured in a much more (biologically) intuitive manner by our measure, compared to existing measures and (ii) network proximity and functional similarity are significantly more correlated in DDI networks than in PPI networks, and that structurally determined DDIs provide better functional relevance as compared to computationally inferred DDIs. Contact: jpandey@cs.purdue.edu
Arthur R. Kruckeberg - Recipient of the 2006 Peter Raven Award

Arthur (Art) Kruckeberg turned 86 on the first day of spring, 2006. This means he has been Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington for 18 years. Being emeritus hasn’t diminished his tireless energy, though; it just means that he has been able to devote himself full-time to educating the world, especially those who live in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), to the joys of native plants, gardening, taxonomy, conservation, and whatever else the self-proclaimed ‘‘All-purpose Botanist’’ thinks people ought to know or would like to know. I can’t imagine any systematist more deserving of the Peter Raven Award for ‘‘exceptional efforts at outreach to non-scientists.’’ Art was born into a family in which the family business helped spread the word of plants and their appreciation. His father, and grandfather before him, operated the Kruckeberg Press in Los Angeles, which published gardening and horticultural publications and plant catalogs. As a young man, Art also worked at the press and fully expected to take over the family business one day. That was not to happen, however. Upon graduation from Occidental College in 1941, Art was invited by Ira Wiggins to apply to Stanford for graduate school, which he did. This created a dilemma for the young botanist who had assumed he would follow his father into the family business. He worried that his father would disapprove of a career choice that would lead him into academics. His father, of course, blessed his decision to pursue his chosen career, but admonished him not to isolate himself in the ivory tower, but rather to use his expertise to make science relevant to the public. This message was taken to heart and, throughout his long and illustrious career, Art Kruckeberg has reached out to a community that extends far beyond the University. Prior to starting grad school, in the summer of 1941, Art was hired as the field assistant to Drs. Jens Clausen, David Keck, and William Heisey of the Carnegie Institution in Palo Alto. Imagine the good fortune for a beginning graduate student to spend the summer in the Sierra Nevada working on what was the premier experimental field FIG. 1. Art Krukeberg circa 1969 (photo courtesy of Dr. D. Henderson). Systematic Botany (2007), 32(1): pp. 4–7 # Copyright 2007 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists
Ionic Basis of Learning-Correlated Excitability Changes in Hermissenda Type A Photoreceptors

Farley, Joseph and Yunru Han. Ionic basis of learning-correlated excitability changes in Hermissenda type A photoreceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1861–1888, 1997. Repeated pairings of light and rota...
The Effect of Structure Breakdown of Carbon Black on Rubber Properties

Abstract Mechanical processing of carbon blacks by a novel pressure-milling technique provides a controlled breakdown of primary carbon-black aggregates. In contrast, direct compression has a much smaller effect on aggregate size. In rubber vulcanizates, the pressure-milled carbon blacks give about the same vulcanizate properties as normal carbon blacks with the same void volume or DBP absorption value. Breakdown of aggregates occurs during the process of incorporating and dispersing carbon black in rubber. The retention of average aggregate size after mixing in rubber is in the range of 60–70 per cent for Vulcan M (N339), a new technology tread black. We have shown that the DBP absorption method cannot distinguish between loss in void volume by compaction of aggregates versus the actual breakdown of aggregates. The sedimentation method by centrifuging provides a means for measuring aggregate size independent of the original packing of the dry black. In order to carry out these studies, a number of new ex...
Ninth Circuit Nine Plus — Settling the Law with Regards to Internet Keyword Advertising and Trademark Use

This note examines the ambiguity of the current law in the area of trademarked keyword advertising and the circuit split that contributed therein. Further, it will argue that for all intents and purposes the purchase of a trademarked keyword for the purposes of advertising is no different than any other trademark use, and thus should be treated in the law uniformly. Currently, in the Second Circuit, the “use” of a keyword for the purposes of the Lanham Act is more stringently looked at than other trademark uses. The bar is thus set highest on just the area of law where the most growth and future potential for infringement lies.
Evolution of inference

PHILOSOPHICAL SKEPTICISM Jean-Jacques Rousseau begins his discussion of the origin of language in A Discourse on Inequality by toying with a paradox: [A] substitution of voice for gesture can only have been made by common consent, something rather difficult to put into effect by men whose crude organs had not yet been exercised; something indeed, even more difficult to conceive of having happened in the first place, for such a unanimous agreement would need to be proposed, which means that speech seems to be absolutely necessary to establish the use of speech. Rousseau moves on without taking the problem seriously, but the paradox echoes through modern philosophy of language. How can we explain the genesis of speech without presupposing speech, reference without presupposing reference, meaning without presupposing meaning? A version of this paradox forms the basis of Quine's attack on the logical empiricist doctrine that logic derives its warrant from conventions of meaning — that logical truths are true and logical inferences are valid by virtue of such conventions. Quine raised the general skeptical question of how conventions of language could be established without preexisting language, as well as calling attention to more specific skeptical circularities. If conventions of logic are set up by explicit definitions, or by axioms, must we not presuppose logic to unpack those conventions?
Albinism in the Western Harvest Mouse

Complete lack of pigment or pied coloration is common in some mammals; in others, such as the genus Reithrodontomys , these conditions are lacking or at least unreported. The western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys m. megalotis (Baird), now may be added to the long and steadily growing …
The relative importance and interactions of CMR-derived parameters of ventricular mechanics in the prediction of death and transplant late after the Fontan operation.

Background We have previously shown that a larger indexed enddiastolic volume (EDVi) of a functional single ventricle as determined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is an independent predictor of death and heart transplant late after the Fontan operation. Other reports have suggested that decreased ventricular strain and ejection fraction (EF) are associated with poor outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify the relative importance and interactions of CMR-based parameters for risk of death and transplant after the Fontan operation.
Dark—Spored Agarics—III: Agaricus

This genus, distinguished among brown-spored gill-fungi by a fleshy stipe, free lamellae, and the presence of an annulus, has received much attention because of the important edible species in it. The different species are usually not very well characterized, being much the same in shape and color and differing very little in spore characters. A number of new ones have been described from tropical America and from the Pacific coast. See MYCOLOGIA for March, I9I8, and for November, 1912.
Generating and stabilizing co(I) in a nanocage environment

A discrete nanocage of core–shell design, in which carboxylic acid groups were tethered to the core and silanol to the shell interior, was found to react with Co2(CO)8 to form and stabilize a Co(I)–CO species. The singular CO stretching band of this new Co species at 1958 cm–1 and its magnetic susceptibility were consistent with Co(I) compounds. When exposed to O2, it transformed from an EPR inactive to an EPR active species indicative of oxidation of Co(I) to Co(II) with the formation of H2O2. It could be oxidized also by organoazide or water. Its residence in the nanocage interior was confirmed by size selectivity in the oxidation process and the fact that the entrapped Co species could not be accessed by an electrode.
Infall as a function of position and molecular tracer in dense cores.

The standard model of prestellar core collapse suggests that this process works from the inside and moves outwards, with the fastest motions at the center. The relative abundances of many molecules also vary within cores, with certain molecules found only in specific regions characterized by narrow ranges of temperature and density. These characteristics lead to the hypothesis that the observed infall speeds in starless cores depend on both the position of the observations and the molecular tracer chosen. By measuring line emission at multiple positions across a core using an array of tracer molecules, one can determine whether these theoretical dependencies match observational evidence. Although surveys of infall motions in dense cores have been carried out for years, very few surveys have been awarded enough time to map infall across cores using multiple spectral line observations. To fill this gap, we present IRAM 30m maps of N2H (1-0), DCO(2-1), DCO(3-2) and HCO(3-2) emission towards two prestellar cores (L1544 and L694) and one protostellar core (L1521F). We find that the measured infall velocity varies as a function of position across each core and varies with the choice of molecular line, likely as a result of radial variations in core chemistry and dynamics. Subject headings: astronomy, astrophysics, star formation, dense cores, molecular clouds
Interventional occlusion for ventricular septal defect and aortic valve prolapse in children

Objective To explore the individual interventional occlusion plan for different types of ventricular septal defect(VSD)and aortic valve prolapse(AVP).Methods Twenty-eight patients with VSD and AVP receiving interventional occlusion were diagnosed and classified according to the results of transthoracic echocardiography and the left ventricular angiography.Results In these 28 cases,VSD occurred in perimenbranous outflow tract in 15 cases,in inflow tract in 7 cases and in perimembranous in 6 cases.And all were complicated with partial AVP.The diameters of VSD were from 2.5 to 9.2mm and the distance from the upper edge of VSD to the aortic valve was2mm in 20 cases.The total successful rate was 89.3%(25/28).No tricuspid and aortic valve stenosis or aortic valve perforation was observed.No complete atrial ventricular block or other severe arrhythmia occurred.ConclusionIt is safe and feasible to perform interventional occlusion for different types of VSD and AVP.
State of Nature

Hobbes asserts that in a state of nature there is neither justice nor injustice, and then a few pages later explains in some detail the applicability of justice in a state of nature. To explain away the appearance of contradiction, I adapt Martinich’s distinction between the primary and secondary states of nature: rather than his view, according to which the primary state of nature abstracts from all law and even from God’s existence, I contend that only atheists occupy the primary state of nature. The primary/secondary distinction turns on submission: those in the primary state of nature submit to nobody, whereas those in the secondary state of nature submit to God but no civil sovereign. This account explains how we might conceive of a situation where the concept of justice lacks application without running afoul of Hobbes’s theism and the normative scope of the laws of nature.
The Equity Risk Premium in 2010

We analyze the history of the equity risk premium from surveys of U.S. Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) conducted every quarter from June 2000 to June 2010. The risk premium is the expected 10-year S&P 500 return relative to a 10year U.S. Treasury bond yield. While the risk premium sharply increased during the financial crisis peaking in February 2009, the current surveys show that the premium has returned to levels observed in late 2006 and early 2007. The survey also provides measures of cross-sectional disagreement about the risk premium, skewness, and a measure of individual uncertainty. While disagreement has decreased from peak levels, the level of disagreement is still historically high suggesting considerable uncertainty. We also present evidence on the determinants of the long-run risk premium. Our analysis suggests the level of the risk premium closely tracks both market volatility (reflected in the VIX index) as well as credit spreads.
Malicious attacks on state estimation in multi-sensor dynamic systems

In this paper, the problem of false information injection attack on the Kalman filter in dynamic systems is investigated. It is assumed that the Kalman filter system has no knowledge of the existence of the attacks. To be concrete, a target tracking system is used as an example in the paper. From the adversary’s point of view, the best attack strategies are obtained under different scenarios, including a single-sensor system with both position and velocity measurements, and a multi-sensor system with position and velocity measurements. The optimal solutions are solved by maximizing the determinant of the mean squared estimation error matrix, under a constraint on the total power of the injected bias noises. Numerical results are also provided in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed attack strategies.
The effect of single-handed lifting tasks on the activation of the neck-shoulder shared musculature

AbstractThe use of the hand in lifting has been linked to occupational injuries of the neck and shoulder. This research is aimed at examining the effect of work-related factors on the major neck-shoulder shared musculature activity on both sides of the cervical spine for a right-handed lifting task. Subjects lifted different weights from 20 different locations produced by the interaction of varying heights, reach distance, and angles simulating the work done by assembly line workers. All lifting tasks were done by the right hand. Bilateral electromyography data of major shared musculature (upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and levator scapula) were collected using surface EMG electrodes. Analyses demonstrate that work-related factors; hand weights, reach distance, angles, and gender significantly affect the activation level of active shared musculature of the neck. Results also showed that the active shared musculature (the right side) has a significant influence on the activation of the antagonistic ...