cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the Best of It: Adapting to the Ambivalence of a Nursing Home Environment

This article is based on a 9-month ethnographic study of a nursing home for older Jewish people. In this article, the process that 21 key informants went through in adapting to the dual nature of the nursing home as institution and as home is examined. A widely used phrase, "making the best of it," was used by informants and other residents of the nursing home to describe this process. Interpretive analysis of this emic phrase revealed four dimensions: (a) recognizing the ambivalence of their living environment and situation, (b) downplaying negative aspects of it, (c) having no other options, and (d) using their will to transcend and create a home.
A finite element model for strain localization analysis of strongly discontinuous fields based on standard Galerkin approximation

Abstract This paper presents a finite element model for strain localization analysis of elastoplastic solids subjected to discontinuous displacement fields based on standard Galerkin approximation. Strain enhancements via jumps in the displacement field are captured and condensed on the material level, leading to a formulation that does not require static condensation to be performed on the element level. The mathematical formulation revolves around the dual response of a macroscopic point cut by a shear band, which requires the satisfaction of the yield condition on the band as the same stress point unloads elastically just outside the band. Precise conditions for the appearance of slip lines, including their initiation and evolution, are outlined for a rate-independent, strain-softening Drucker–Prager model, and explicit analytical expressions are used to describe the orientation of the slip line in a plane strain setting. At post-localization the stress-point integration algorithm along the band is exact and amenable to consistent linearization. Numerical examples involving simple shearing of elastoplastic solids with deviatoric plastic flow, as well as plane strain compression of dilatant cohesive/frictional materials, are presented to demonstrate absolute objectivity with respect to mesh refinement and insensitivity to mesh alignment of finite element solutions.
Simplifying Fatty Acid Analyses in Multicomponent Foods with a Standard Set of Isothermal GLC Conditions Coupled with ECL Determinations

It is common to use some sort of temperature program in the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. For samples that contain only a few components or in situations where all samples are basically the same, temperature programming can offer certain advantages. Unfortunately, samples such as these are certainly not the norm in routine food fatty acid analysis. A gas-liquid chromatographic column, the Carbowax-20M fused-silica phase (cross-linked) recommended by Ackman as a "standard" for fatty acid analysis (it simplifies the work and reduces the chance for errors), is used to chromatograph mixtures of methyl esters at column temperature settings that range from 170°C to 250°C. It is determined that three specific temperatures (183°C, 212°C, and 247°C) permit complete resolution of a wide array of acids under strictly isothermal conditions. Equivalent chain length values have been compiled for use in assigning identities of fatty acid methyl esters. Also, the specific responses of individual methyl esters to alterations in column temperature can be of use in the identification of peaks in complex mixtures.
Mentoring, Career Plateau Tendencies, Turnover Intentions And Implications For Narrowing Pay And Position Gaps Due To Gender Structural Equations Modeling

This study analyzed responses to career-related questions from a survey of experienced Canadian Certified Management Accountants (CMAs), relative experts in the field of management accounting, to address how mentoring affects turnover intentions and career plateau tendency of male and female accounting professionals in industry. In this regard, we used structural equations modeling to build and test a framework illustrating the impact of mentoring and career-related factors. Results indicate that fostering a mentoring environment within an organization can strengthen CMAs perceptions of their careers and employers. Mentoring has also been suggested to enhance womens opportunities to advance in organizations and help women break the glass ceiling. Analyses of data relating to compensation in 2007 and 2009 for a sample of female and male CEOs and operating performance of companies led by these CEOs for these years indicate that, that compensation gaps due to gender appear to be narrowing at the top management level.
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Attitudes toward Computer-Based Instruction of Postsecondary Hospitality Students

There are many different instructional methods, for example face-to-face, self-directed, small-group, and mastery learning, each having different advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Concurrently, the use of computer-based technology for the delivery of educational content is growing rapidly. Computer-based technology permeates American society and education through instructional design, content, and delivery. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, computer ownership in the United States increased from 8% in 1984 to 61.8% of homes in 2003, with 54.7% of those homes also having access to the Internet. Additionally, more than 75% of households with school-aged children had computers, while 67% also had Internet access. At school, 92.3% of secondary students and 85% of adult students used computers in their studies. Further, 66% of adult students reported Internet access through their school (Day, Janus, & Davis, 2005). Given this level of saturation and the fact that comparing the effectiveness of traditional face-to-face delivery methods with computer-based methods has been well studied, some researchers have suggested that research should move from comparing techniques to evaluating the benefits and effectiveness of educational technology on its own merits (Feinstein, Raab, & Stefanelli, 2005).
Immunological Probes into the Mechanism of Cholera Toxin action

The use of antibodies to specific cell surface proteins or to ligands which interact with cell surface receptors is a powerful tool for analyzing the properties of membrane proteins and the consequences of specific cell surface ligand-receptor interactions. Two central observations concerning membrane structure and function, - the diffusibility of membrane proteins (1) and ligand-triggered modulation of specific receptors (2), have derived from the use of antibodies to analyze the properties of membrane proteins. In our study of the mechanism of action of cholera toxin, a protein which binds to a specific cell surface receptor and results in the activation of adenyl cyclase, considerable information has been gained through the use of immunological techniques. This review will briefly summarize the data underlying our current concept of cholera toxin action at the cell membrane and will emphasize those observations made through the use of immunological approaches.
When the Dissent Creates the Law: Cross-Cutting Majorities and the Prediction Model of Precedent

Despite the increasing frequency of fragmented plurality decisions, courts and scholars have yet to agree on how properly to interpret these decisions' precedential effects. In some particularly frustrating cases, such as Rapanos v. United States, the usual tools of the Marks rule are unhelpful because the majority agreement, while easy to discern, is not between "those Members who concurred in the judgment." In those cases, which this Comment labels cross-cutting majorities, a majority of Supreme Court Justices clearly agrees that a particular legal rule exists, but that majority depends on the votes of Justices who actually dissented from the judgment. This Comment suggests a framework with which to analyze the precedential effect of these cross-cutting majority opinions. Part I defines the key terms of the debate. Part II discusses the traditional command model of precedent, in which lower courts are required to follow only unified majority rules that were necessary to the result of a particular judgment. This model strongly cautions against treating cross-cutting majorities as binding precedent. Part III focuses on a particular concern of the command model: cross-cutting majorities are mere dicta because they are not tethered to the majority judgment. Part IV examines an alternative conception of precedent and law, the prediction model, in which lower court judges ought to conform their decisions to expectations of how a higher court, if any, would rule on the issue. This Part argues that the prediction model, despite important limitations, offers a pragmatically powerful and theoretically legitimate means of addressing cross-cutting majorities. Part V turns to a discussion of meta-precedents: federal court decisions that, explicitly or implicitly, have confronted this issue. Part VI revisits the dicta problem and argues, based on the prediction model, that lower courts should treat cross-cutting majorities as maximally persuasive, albeit non-binding, authority.
Kholokost na territorii SSSR: entsiklopediia [The Holocaust on the Territory of the Soviet Union: an Encyclopedia], by I. A. Altman, ed.

By now it is a familiar story, in the former Soviet bloc. The history of the Holocaust was not exactly denied, but Jews were removed from their true status as the chief and primary targets of Nazi ...
Angiogenesis in melanoma: an update with a focus on current targeted therapies

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in melanoma metastasis and progression. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the prognostic and clinical significance of this phenomenon, and the development of molecular techniques has enabled us to achieve a better understanding of angiogenesis in melanoma. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge regarding angiogenesis in melanoma, including the pathophysiological, histological and immunohistochemical aspects of this phenomenon. We also review the molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis and the interplay between different components that might be manipulated in the future development of efficient targeted therapies. Recently developed targeted antiangiogenic therapies in clinical trials and included in the treatment of advanced-stage melanoma are also reviewed.
First-Principles Studies of the Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Quantum Dots Functionalized by Ru(II)–Polybipyridine

Ru(II)–polybipyridine complexes are efficient oxidizers and charge-transfer agents. Combined with semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) they show promising potential for solar energy conversion. Using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), we study the ground- and excited-state properties of PbSe and ZnO QDs functionalized by Ru(II)–trisbipyridine derivatives. The calculated binding energies elucidate that the most stable QD–complex structures occur through binding of the complex in a bridging mode, when the carboxylate group of the complex is bound to the two metal ions on the QD surface. However, independent of the attachment and the type and size of the QD, the complex introduces unoccupied molecular orbitals near the edge of the conduction band of the QD, while occupied orbitals localized on Ru(II) are deep inside the QDs’ valence band. Such an energy alignment of the complex’s and QD’s orbitals makes the hole transfer from the photoexcited QD to the complex energetically unfavora...
A Scalable Synthesis of CE-157119 HCl Salt, an SRI/5-HT2A Antagonist

A scalable synthesis of CE-157119 HCl salt (1), an SRI/5-HT2A antagonist, was developed via the regioselective SNAr etherification between a phenol and an N-methylamide. This early development route shortened the original 5-step synthesis to three steps, eliminated all chromatography and increased the overall yield from 15% to 34%. The process was implemented for API manufacture from 100-g scale to multikilogram scale.
Sex differences in effects of trait impulsivity on vulnerability to substance dependence

Aims: Trait level impulsivity is a core feature of addictive processes. Research with non-clinical populations suggests that different components of impulsivity are most prominent among men (sensation seeking: SS) and women (negative urgency: NU). This study investigated potential sex differences in the relationship between sensation seeking, negative urgency and substance use among 271 participants with substance use disorders (SUDs). Methods: 139 men and 132 women completed the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale as part of a larger study of sex differences in neurocognition and drug dependence. DSM-IV TR diagnoses wereobtainedusing theSCID-SubstanceAbuseModule.All subjects were verified abstinent by toxicology screening. Results: As predicted, men scored significantly higher on the SS (p= .02) (Cohen’sd=0.50)whileNUscoreswere significantlyhigher for women (p< .001) (Cohen’s d=0.3). Among women, higher NU scores were significantly associated with past alcohol dependence, p= .01. By contrast, higher SS scores were significantly associated with cocaine dependence among men, p= .004. These results were unchanged when controlling for depression. Conclusions: NU is an index of behavioral dyscontrol triggered by negative affect and SS is the tendency and openness to try new and exciting activities that vary in danger level. NU had a significant positive relationship with past alcohol dependence only for women and this effect could not be attributed to nonspecific effects of psychological distress,while SSwas significantly associatedwith cocaine dependence, but only among men. These findings suggest that specific components of impulsivity interact with vulnerability to substance use disorders differently amongmen and women and that effective prevention and treatment strategies for alcohol and cocaine dependence may benefit from sex and substance specific tailoring. Financial support: Supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse R01 DA12828.
A Macrobiological Perspective on Microbial Species

As a microbial community ecologist, I am interested in the composition, structure, and function of microbial communities, and, in particular, in the fundamental units of which they are comprised. Those studying plant and animal biology—macrobiology—typically have a strong sense of the importance of species to communities. The late Ernst Mayr, a leading biologist of the 20th century, considered species “the basic unit of ecology…no ecosystem can be fully understood until it has been dissected into its component species and until the mutual interactions of these species are understood.”
SU-F-T-254: Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) Analysis of Breath Hold Vs Free Breathing Techniques for Esophageal Tumors

Purpose: Lung and heart doses and associated toxicity are of concern in radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. This study evaluates the dosimetry of deep-inspiration-breath-hold (DIBH) technique as compared to freebreathing(FB) using 3D-conformal treatment(3D-CRT) of esophageal cancer. Methods: Eight patients were planned with FB and DIBH CT scans. DIBH scans were acquired using Varian RPM system. FB and DIBH CTs were contoured per RTOG-1010 to create the planning target volume(PTV) as well as organs at risk volumes(OAR). Two sets of gross target volumes(GTV) with 5cm length were contoured for each patient: proximal at the level of the carina and distal at the level of gastroesophageal junction and were enlarged with appropriate margin to generate Clinical Target Volume and PTV. 3D-CRT plans were created on Eclipse planning system for 45Gy to cover 95% of PTV in 25 fractions for both proximal and distal tumors on FB and DIBH scans. For distal tumors celiac nodes were covered electively. DVH parameters for lung and heart OARs were generated and analyzed. Results: All DIBH DVH parameters were normalized to FB plan values. Average of heart-mean and heart-V40 was 0.70 and 0.66 for proximal lesions. For distal lesions ratios were 1.21 and 2.22 respectively. For DIBH total lung volume increased by 2.43 times versus FB scan. Average of lung-mean, V30, V20, V10, V5 are 0.82, 0.92, 0.76, 0.77 and 0.79 for proximal lesions and 1.17,0.66,0.87,0.93 and 1.03 for distal lesions. Heart doses were lower for breath-hold proximal lesions but higher for distal lesions as compared to free-breathing plans. Lung doses were lower for both proximal and distal breath-hold lesions except mean lung dose and V5 for distal lesions. Conclusion: This study showed improvement of OAR doses for esophageal lesions at mid-thoracic level utilizing DIBH vs FB technique but did not show consistent OAR sparing with DIBH for distal lesions.
Beyond the Far Enemy

September 11, 2001, and the New Science of Terrorism In his introduction to Al Qaeda in Its Own Words , a new collection of jihadi texts, Gilles Kepel – a French scholar of contemporary Islam who has written extensively on Muslim militancy – describes a new “science of terrorism” that has emerged in the United States, a kind of cottage industry that props up wobbly theories while doing little to advance actual knowledge of the jihadi phenomenon. Since September 11, 2001, a cottage industry of wannabe Al Qaeda experts has produced a flood of monographs, most of which are ahistorical and sweeping. Designed to quench the thirst of a frightened American mass audience, these fast-food–like books lack scholarly depth and substance, comparative methodology, conceptual rigor, and a rudimentary understanding of Al Qaeda's intellectual genealogy and historical roots. Many are either short-term security-oriented or ideologically driven with an ambitious political agenda. Instead of adopting a more nuanced, analytical, and constructive approach – one that draws distinctions between the many faces of Islamism (a politico-religious ideology that accepts the rules of the political game) and jihadism (a tiny breakaway insurgent current that uses violence in the name of religion and seeks to seize power and Islamize society by autocratic fiat from the top down) and that traces Al Qaeda's origins and lineage predating September 11 – most pundits took the easier reductionist approach of lumping all Islamists together with Osama bin Laden and his cohorts.
A multi-level analysis of the effect of interviewer characteristics on survey respondents' reports of sensitive topics

Abstract Self-report survey research has become the bedrock of theory construction and testing in the social sciences. Given the sensitive nature of topics examined in psychology, criminology, and elsewhere empirical understanding of factors that affect the validity and reliability of the data are crucial. As a result, a wide swath of research has evaluated the extent to which various methods of self-report techniques affect data quality. Left relatively under examined in this literature is the extent to which interviewer characteristics influence variation in self-reported data regarding sensitive behaviors. The current study addresses this gap by assessing the influence of a variety of interviewer characteristics on reports of antisocial behavior, victimization, and sexual behavior. Employing data from a nationally representative sample of American adults, multi-level analyses indicated that interviewer characteristics had virtually no effect on the variation in these behaviors. Discussion focuses on the validation of the data for analyses using these measures and study limitations.
Nonlinear Interferometic Plasmonic Sensing

The sensitivity of plasmonic sensors is limited by photon statistics, which are thermally constrained under typical probe powers. We will demonstrate improved sensitivity for constant probe power with nonlinear interferometric plasmonic sensors.
Strategic Academic Interventions for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the academic and cognitive areas for adolescents with Learning Disabilities (LDs) with some mention of motivation. Adolescents with LDs may be considered successful in their environment outside of school. Peers may see these adolescents as talented athletes, musicians, or even gang members. If individuals with LDs are not given instruction and interventions that take into consideration both their characteristics and their environment, then the cycle of failure likely will continue into adolescence and adulthood. One of the highest priorities of the teacher of students with LDs should be to create an academic environment that reinforces in these students the idea of taking responsibility for their lives, gaining independence, and being in control of their own destinies. One way of helping students to become more independent is facilitating the use of self-monitoring behaviors in the classroom, and encouraging students to generalize such behaviors to other settings and situations. Secondary school demands require that students know the meaning and spelling of numerous vocabulary words. In addition, students often are asked to show that they understand the meaning of the vocabulary words through essay writing, worksheet exercises, experiments, projects, and so on.
The EP3 Receptor/G z Signaling Axis as a Therapeutic Target for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is a common co-morbidity found with obesity-linked type 2 diabetes. Current pharmaceuticals for these two diseases treat each of them separately. Yet, diabetes and cardiovascular disease share molecular signaling pathways that are increasingly being understood to contribute to disease pathophysiology, particularly in pre-clinical models. This review will focus on one such signaling pathway: that mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor, Prostaglandin E2 Receptor 3 (EP3), and its associated G protein in the insulin-secreting beta-cell and potentially the platelet, Gz. The EP3/Gz signaling axis may hold promise as a dual target for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
A worldwide profile of the utilization of sperm DNA fragmentation testing in relation to reproductive outcome.

This is an extraordinary work. It is an impressive collective of contributors from many countries approaching the issue of assessing the competence of the male gamete and further delineating the context of DNA fragmentation in male reproductive health.
Surgical nuances of circumferential lumbar spondylectomy: A case report and short literature review.

Background Chordomas are uncommon malignant bone tumors that are often minimally symptomatic for several years. By the time they are diagnosed, these lesions are typically large, involve major neural, bony, and vascular structures, and are no longer readily resectable. This leads to a high recurrence rate. Case Description In this case report, we present a 67-year-old male with nonmechanical axial back pain, neurogenic claudication, and a large mass centered at the L3 level on magnetic resonance imaging consistent with a locally invasive chordoma. The patient underwent surgical resection that required a complete lumbar spondylectomy utilizing a three-stage approach, leading to incomplete tumor excision. The patient's residual postoperative symptoms included paresthesias/numbness in the right anterior thigh and a partial (4/5) right-sided foot drop. At the time of discharge, there were plans for future proton beam therapy. Conclusions Because of their relative resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, the optimal surgical management of chordomas is gross total en-bloc excision. Unfortunately, this is rarely feasible.
Imago Dei, Friendship, and the Theology of Self-Esteem

This chapter, employing a “critically revised correlational method,” aims to reconstruct a feminist practical theology of relational self-esteem through an interdisciplinary dialogue and appropriation among Korean women’s experiences, social-cultural-religious situations, psychological theories, and reinterpretations of traditions. In constructing a normative ground for relational self-esteem in light of Korean women’s experiences as well as biblical, Christian, and Confucian traditions, a new form of theology emerges. The fundamental understanding of mutuality and self-esteem is based on a biblical concept of imago Dei, an idea that is embodied in the Christian and Confucian models of friendship, a theme that has often been overlooked in Korean Christian teachings.
Ideology, Science and a Free Society

At the outbreak of World War II, Robert Merton articulated four basic norms for science.1 According to the first norm, the doctrine he called universalism, the ascribed characteristics of investigators, such as their race, nationality, sex, religion or class, should never enter into the evaluation of scientific research. Few scientists or philosophers, then or now, would disagree. Who does not deplore the Nazi diatribes against “Jewish physics” or Stalinist objections to Linus Pauling’s resonance model of the benzene molecule on the grounds that it was “bourgeois”? And have not philosophers long since pointed out the weaknesses of ad hominem arguments, and the dangers of confusing the context of discovery with that of justification?
Potential implications of missing income data in population-based surveys: an example from a postpartum survey in California.

Objectives.Income data are often missing for substantial proportions of survey participants and these records are often dropped from analyses. To explore the implications of excluding records with ...
The acquisition of conceptual structure! for the lexicon

There has recently been a great deal of interest in the structure of the lexicon for natural language understanding and generation. One of the major problems encountered has been the optimal organization of the enormous amounts of lexical knowledge necessary for robust NLP systems. Modifying machine readable dictionaries into semantically organized networks, therefore, has become a major research interest. In this paper we propose a representation language for lexical information in dictionaries, and describe an interactive learning approach to this problem, making use of extensive knowledge of the domain being learned. We compare our model to existing systems designed for automatic classification of lexical knowledge.
Harnessing Preattentive Perceptual Processes in Visualization

We present an overview of our visualization work at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. We first describe our general approach of creating iconographic displays and the perceptual rationale for how we design those displays. We then describe our accomplishments to date, mainly to develop a general purpose system for creating iconographic displays and to produce illustrative displays with different types of icons and on a wide variety of databases. We conclude with a description of two main long-term goals: (1) to develop a more capable display system; and (2) to conduct basic applied research.
Hume¿s Second-Best Constitutionalism

In the economic and political science literature on constitutional choice and constitutional design, David Hume is almost invariably associated with a master principle of design that is congenial to rationalactor approaches. I shall call this the knavery principle. As Hume put it, "in contriving any system of government, and fixing the several checks and controuls of the constitution, every man ought to be supposed a knave, and to have no other end, in all his actions, than private interest."' The knavery principle is, however, untenable, as I shall subsequently discuss. So it might seem that Hume has nothing valuable to tell us about constitutional design. My concern here is to dispel that impression, and by so doing to reevaluate and vindicate Hume's contributions. I shall argue that Hume's principal contribution is not the knavery principle. Indeed one of his major claims about the British constitutional order was that it violated the principle, and one of his major projects was to explain how the mixed British constitution could nonetheless retain its stability. Hume's real contribution, rather, is to have pioneered the critical idea of second-best constitutionalism: the idea that multiple departures from the optimal or first-best constitutional arrangements might offset each other, producing compensating adjustments that ensure constitutional equilibrium. Hume's characteristic mode of analysis, I shall suggest, is simultaneously to identify both a departure from optimal constitutional design and an offsetting institutional adjustment that compensates for the initial defect.
Evaluating the role of Farm Bill conservation program participation in conserving America’s grasslands

Abstract Grasslands are one of the most imperiled ecosystems in the world and the majority of the grassland ecosystem in the United States (U.S.) is privately owned and used for agriculture. Conversion of grasslands to row crops is expanding, fueled by commodity price increases, technological improvements, and agricultural policy. The U.S. state and federal governments and many nongovernmental conservation organizations primarily use voluntary incentive-based conservation programs to address the environmental impacts of agriculture and encourage conservation on private land. To investigate the utility of these programs to conserve grasslands, we surveyed private landowners in the Plains and Prairie Potholes Ecoregion (PPPE), one of America’s most at-risk grassland areas, about their land use, environmental attitudes and values, and reasons for or against participating in a Farm Bill Conservation Program (FBCP). Agricultural landowners with large land holdings, who value hunting, and have positive environmental values, attitudes, and behaviors, were more likely to participate in an FBCP. However, FBCP participants reported having a smaller proportion of their land in grass than nonparticipants (29% vs. 35%). Additionally, a higher percentage of FBCP participants, compared to nonparticipants, reported converting grassland to crops (26% vs. 15%) and removing wetlands (20% vs. 15%). Financial considerations and a desire for autonomy limited participation. These findings signal the need for additional research and tools other than FBCPs to conserve the PPPE grasslands.
Effects of Visual and Auditory Background on Reading Test Performance

Forty-two brain injured and 42 non brain injured sixth grade boys were administered reading achievement tests under three visual and three auditory distraction conditions. The results indicated that (a) the overall performance was higher for the non brain injured group, and (b) increased amounts of visual and/or auditory distraction did not result in significantly lower scores for either group. It is concluded that many assumptions concerning stimulus control and teaching materials and methodology for brain injured children of this age group should be questioned.
Asymptotic behavior of a critical fluid model for a multiclass processor sharing queue via relative entropy

This work concerns the asymptotic behavior of critical fluid model solutions for a multiclass processor sharing queue under general distributional assumptions. Such critical fluid model solutions are measure-valued functions of time. We prove that critical fluid model solutions converge to the set of invariant states as time goes to infinity, uniformly for all initial conditions lying in certain relatively compact sets. This generalizes an earlier single-class result of Puha and Williams to the more complex multiclass setting. In particular, several new challenges are overcome, including formulation of a suitable relative entropy functional and identifying a convenient form of the time derivative of the relative entropy applied to trajectories of critical fluid model solutions.
A Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Hrtem Images for Twinned Boron Carbide

High resolution TEM images of boron carbide (B13C2) have been recorded and compared with images calculated using the multislice method as implemented by M. A. O'Keefe in the SHRLI programs. Images calculated for the [010] zone, using machine parameters for the JEOL 2000FX AEM operating at 200 keV, indicate that for the structure model of Will et al., the optimum defocus image can be interpreted such that white spots correspond to B12 icosahedra for thin specimens and to low density channels through the structure adjacent to the direct inter-icosahedral bonds for specimens of intermediate thickness (-40 > t > -100 nm). With this information, and from the symmetry observed in the TEM images, it is likely that the (101) twin plane passes through the center of icosahedron located at the origin. This model was tested using the method of periodic continuation. Resulting images compare favorably with experimental images, thus supporting the structural model. The introduction of a (101) twin plane through the origin creates distortions to the icosahedral linkages as well as to the intra-icosahedral bonding. This increases the inequivalence of adjacent icosahedral sites along the twin plane, and thereby increases the likelihood of bipolaron hopping.
An Animal’s Environment Influences Perceptions of Docility and Vigor But Not Aesthetic Appeal: A Constructive Replication:

Shifts toward naturalistic zoo enclosures in the last decades of the 20th century prompted research findings that perceptions of animals were influenced by their environment. The current study repl...
Going Dutch? Lessons from the Outcome-Based Political Science Curriculum in the Netherlands

Dutch political science curricula integrate the acquisition of knowledge of the discipline and transferable skills. This makes it an interesting case for US political science education, especially in light of Wahlke’s (1991) recommendations for a structured political science curriculum that incorporates skills training in addition to knowledge of the field. Although some of Wahlke’s recommendations were widely adopted, US political science curricula remain relatively loosely structured and often do not explicitly focus on transferable skills.This article argues that the Dutch example may help US programs revisit how to best achieve learning outcomes that allow students to acquire both knowledge and transferable skills. This is not an argument for “going Dutch” wholesale; instead, the article suggests modest modifications to US political science curricula.
Enhancing and Expanding Supported Employment in a Large Rural State: Montana's Projects with Industry.

Over five years of operation, the Montana Projects with Industry (PWI) program assisted 65 people with severe disabilities to obtain and maintain competitive community employment. In addition, the ...
Reconciling Functional MRI Findings With Intraoperative Anatomy in Brain Tumor Surgery: Stereotactic-Guided Resection of Glioma in Broca’s Area

Stereotactic navigation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are increasingly used as important tools for intraoperative guidance and preoperative mapping for lesions in eloquent areas. We report a case in which a WHO grade II oligodendroglioma in Broca's area with functional activation was successfully resected with the support of blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging (BOLD)-fMRI mapping in a patient who refused an awake craniotomy. This case highlights key principles of tumor surgery navigation. Specifically, it calls into question the utility of awake craniotomy in this modern era. Ultimately, fMRI is an important tool for tumor resections and can limit the need for more expensive or invasive measures.
Associations of prescription stimulant misuse with subsequent methamphetamine use among a U.S. cohort of HIV-vulnerable sexual and gender minorities who have sex with men.

Abstract Introduction Prescription stimulants and methamphetamine have similarities in chemical structure and impact on biological functioning. However, there is limited literature on prescription stimulant misuse among sexual and gender minorities as well as how prescription misuse may impact later methamphetamine use. Methods We used data collected from a HIV prevention cohort to describe (e.g., frequencies, percentages) prescription stimulant use/misuse and methamphetamine use at baseline and 12-month follow-up (n = 4857). We then used multivariable logistic regression models to determine the impact of baseline prescription stimulant misuse and methamphetamine use on 12-month prescription stimulant misuse and methamphetamine use. Results At baseline, 10.2 % of participants misused prescription stimulants and 12 % of participants used methamphetamine in the past 3 months, while at 12-month follow-up 11.6 % of participants misused prescription stimulants and 11.2 % of participants used methamphetamine in the past 3 months. Multivariable regression analyses indicated that participants who misused prescription stimulants (in the absence of methamphetamine) at baseline had 2.51 (95 % CI: 1.44–3.59, ref. no stimulant or methamphetamine use) times the odds of using methamphetamine at 12-month follow-up. Discussion Findings suggest that prescription stimulant use is a risk factor for continued meth use. Therefore, earlier and targeted public health interventions could reduce methamphetamine use by disrupting the progression from prescription stimulant misuse to methamphetamine use through early screening and interventions for prescription stimulant misuse.
In vivo serial passaging of human-simian immunodeficiency virus clones identifies viral characteristics that enhance persistent viral replication

We previously reported that a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a simian immunodeficiency virus vif substitution (HSIV-vif-NL4-3) could replicate in pigtailed macaques (PTMs), demonstrating that Vif is a species-specific tropism factor of primate lentiviruses. However, infections did not result in high peak viremia or setpoint plasma viral loads, as observed during SIV infection of PTMs. Here, we characterized variants isolated from one of the original infected animals with CD4 depletion after nearly four years of infection to identify determinants of increased replication fitness. In our studies, we found that the HSIV-vif clones did not express the HIV-1 Vpr protein due to interference from the vpx open reading frame in singly spliced vpr mRNA. To examine whether these viral genes contribute to persistent viral replication, we generated infectious HSIV-vif clones expressing either the HIV-1 Vpr or SIV Vpx protein. And then to determine viral fitness determinants of HSIV-vif, we conducted three rounds of serial in vivo passaging in PTMs, starting with an initial inoculum containing a mixture of CXCR4-tropic (Vpr- HSIV-vif-NL4-3 isolated at 196 (C/196) and 200 (C/200) weeks post-infection from a PTM with depressed CD4 counts) and CCR5-tropic HSIV (Vpr+ HSIV-vif derivatives based NL-AD8 and Bru-Yu2 and a Vpx expressing HSIV-vif-Yu2). Interestingly, all infected PTMs showed peak plasma viremia close to or above 105 copies/ml and persistent viral replication for more than 20 weeks. The passage 3 PTM showed peak viral loads greater than 105 viral RNA copies/ml. Infectious molecular clones (IMCs) recovered from the passage 3 PTM (HSIV-P3 IMCs) included mutations required for HIV-1 Vpr expression and those mutations encoded by the CXCR4-tropic HSIV-vifNL4-3 isolates C/196 and C/200. The data indicate that the biological isolates selected during long-term infection acquired HIV-1 Vpr expression to enhance their replication fitness in PTMs. Further passaging of HSIV-P3 IMCs in vivo may generate pathogenic variants with higher replication capacity, which will be a valuable resource as challenge virus in vaccine and cure studies.
On the Role of Teacher Unions in Social Justice: An Essay Review of Michael Charney, Jesse Hagopian, and Bob Peterson (Eds.) Teacher Unions and Social Justice: Organizing for the Schools and Communities Our Students Deserve. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools, 2021.446 pp. ISBN: 978-0-942961-09-6

In an earlier essay in the Reviewing Policy section of this journal, I examined many of the major arguments for social justice teacher unionism. This combines both more traditional union concerns o...
Cellular and Network Determinants of Visual Motion Properties in Cortical Neurons: Studies with an In Vitro Preparation of Visual Cortex

The cerebral cortex of fresh water turtles(Pseudemys scriptaandChrysemys picta)contains a visual area (review: Ulinski, 1990) that receives direct input from the dorsal lateral geniculate complex (Hall and Ebner, 1970; Heller and Ulinski, 1987). The projection of the retina to the geniculate complex is bilateral and topographically organized (Ulinski and Nautiyal, 1987), but the subsequent projection of the geniculate to the visual cortex is not topographically organized. Instead, there is a convergence of all points of visual space onto each cortical cell as a result of the spatial organization of the geniculocortical and intracortical projections (Mulligan and Ulinski, 1990; Cosans and Ulinski, 1990). The anatomy of the geniculocortical pathway is consistent with extracellular recordings in alert, paralyzed animals presented with visual stimuli (Mazurskaya, 1974). Each cortical cell in such experiments responds to moving stimuli at all points in binocular visual space. They also respond well to two stimuli presented in succession at disjunct points in visual space in an “apparent motion” paradigm and have temporal tuning curves with two facilitatory peaks, one quite constant peak at 50–75 msec and a second, more variable peak occuring between 250 and 600 msec. These neuronal properties suggest that visual cortex plays a role in visually guided orienting behaviors in turtles (Ulinski et al., 1991a).
Religion and academia in mental health

Publisher Summary This chapter describes religion and academia in mental health. The chapter explains the review of the approaches to the study of religion and mental health in academia is subject to two extreme conclusions. The explorations of the interaction between religion and mental health reflect the interest in the scientific study of religion, the empirical approach to things spiritual. Empirical science may rule supreme in some areas of the academy, but it is viewed as a partial approach at best in other areas and as a totally erroneous approach in still other portions. Opportunities abound for dialogue regarding religion and mental health. Unfortunately, many academicians are so entrenched in their respective disciplines, and so focused on keeping up and getting ahead within those disciplines, that interdisciplinary conversation, much less interdisciplinary study, is sorely neglected in modern academia. And finally this chapter concludes that, no topic provides a better opportunity for such conversation than religion and mental health.
Alcohol and highway safety in a public health perspective.

The Public Health Service and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration share the responsibility for problems related to injury prevention and control regarding the alcohol-impaired operation of motor vehicles. NHTSA activities have evolved over several decades within a general framework which emphasizes community-based systems. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is promoting program activities that stress community-level involvement in problems of alcohol and highway use. The public health approach to the mortality and morbidity resulting from alcohol use and motor vehicle operation entails examining and promoting those activities that address human factors. Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management (TEAM) is a cooperative effort representing sports, entertainment, insurance, vehicle manufacturer, and other organizations and agencies building community coalitions. The Centers for Disease Control is establishing research and collaborating centers to stimulate studies and exchange information on injury-related research. Alcohol countermeasures programs include training for law enforcement and legal officials, technology development efforts, and changes in laws applied to use of alcohol and other drugs. Outreach and networking activities have encouraged the initiation and coordination of community level groups active in promoting highway safety with regard to the use of alcohol. Statistical method changes are being discussed for surveillance of motor vehicle-related injuries for Health Objectives for the Nation for the Year 2000. NHTSA data systems being discussed are thought to be more timely and more sensitive to crash activity than methods now in use. Language: en
Behavioral and electrophysiological responses to electrical stimulation in the cat: I. Absolute thresholds

Estimates of electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR) thresholds are compared with behavioral thresholds for electrical stimulation in the same subject using identical stimuli and electrode configurations. Four cats were behaviorally trained to measure acoustic auditory thresholds using food as a reward in an operant reinforcement paradigm. One of the animals was then implanted, in an otherwise normal ear, with a scaled-UCSF multi-contact electrode array containing four intracochlear electrodes. Three animals were implanted with an electrode array containing eight intracochlear contacts and one extracochlear contact under the temporalis muscle following unilateral cochlear perfusion with 10% neomycin solution. Stimuli for the behavioral studies were single presentations of 200 us/phase biphasic current pulses. For the EABR studies, the same stimulus was presented at a rate of 32/s. In general, for the animal with the four-contact array and two of the three subjects with the eight-contact implant, changes in electrode configuration produced well-differentiated changes in threshold. For these three subjects, comparisons of behavioral and EABR thresholds for the majority of monopolar and bipolar electrode configurations tested showed excellent agreement (r2 = 0.88). Correlations between behavioral and EABR measures in these animals were comparable for bipolar and monopolar arrangements (r2 = 0.88 for bipolar and 0.87 for monopolar). For one subject with the eight-contact electrode, who showed similar monopolar and bipolar electrode behavioral thresholds for all tested electrode spacings or configurations, most EABR thresholds were substantially higher than, and poorly correlated with, behavioral thresholds (r2 = 0.15; r2 = 0.28 for monopolar arrangements, and r2 = 0.12 for bipolar arrangements).
Robust implementation of Lemke's method for the linear complementarity problem

This note discusses techniques for implementing Lemke's algorithm for the linear complementarity problem in a numerically robust way as well as a method for recovering from loss of feasibility or singularity of the basis. This recovery method is valid for both positive semi-definite M matrices and those with positive principal minors. It also allows a user to start from an advanced basis for such problems.
Ranks and Cranks, Part III

The lost notebook contains many calculations involving cranks. These calculations are evidence that Ramanujan held the generating function for cranks in prime importance. In this chapter, we examine ten tables of congruences satisfied by the coefficients of the generating function for cranks. In contrast to the well-known congruences satisfied by the partition function p(n), each of these tables has only a finite set of values, which Ramanujan regarded as complete. Indeed, except for one missing value, the tables are complete. Ramanujan also devoted considerable attention to factoring the coefficients. Perhaps he was looking for general divisibility properties, and perhaps he was especially thinking about the divisibility of p(n) itself. Unfortunately, no general theorems were obtained in this direction. There are over 20 pages of scratch work in the lost notebook, and it appears that many (if not most) of these scribbles arose from crank calculations.
The Small World Web

I show that the World Wide Web is a small world, in the sense that sites are highly clustered yet the path length between them is small. I also demonstrate the advantages of a search engine which makes use of the fact that pages corresponding to a particular search query can form small world networks. In a further application, the search engine uses the small-worldness of its search results to measure the connectedness between communities on the Web.