cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AEL Zeolite Nanosheet-Polyamide Nanocomposite Membranes on α-Alumina Hollow Fibers with Enhanced Pervaporation Properties

Poly(amide) (PA) based nanofiltration membranes fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) are widely studied for water desalination. The formation of hybrid (nanocomposite) membranes comprisin...
Oakland University as A Microgrid - Feasibility Studies of Planning and Operation

Microgrids are becoming more desirable nowadays, due to their reliability, resilience, efficiency, security, and sustainability. This research will investigate the feasibility of transforming Oakland University (OU) campus into a microgrid. For this purpose, the behavior of the OU campus at peak load is simulated. The study of peak load period is very essential, not only for utilities, but also in constructing a microgrid. For this purpose, the OU power grid including all generators, loads and feeder data are modeled using MATLAB. Then three different case studies are performed, and the results are analyzed. First case study is the load analysis of the system without any generation unit i.e. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The second case study includes the active system that OU currently uses i.e. including some DERs. The final case study will show an islanded system that only depend on DERs in OU by adding Distributed Generations (DGs). Moreover, load consumption reduction/improvement study is provided to investigate the impact of load efficiency improvements on microgrid's economical costs. Simulation results and several case studies presented in the paper confirm the possibility of transforming Oakland University into a Microgrid.
Curcumin: Structure, Biology and Clinical Applications

Curcumin, the principal polyphenolic curcuminoid derived from the rhizome Curcuma longa, is present in an Indian spice, turmeric. Curcumin possesses antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been studied as a cancer chemopreventive agent. Curcumin is extensively studied, evaluated and accepted for its wide range of medicinal properties. The therapeutic activities of curcumin for a wide variety of diseases such as diabetes, allergies, arthritis and other chronic and inflammatory diseases have been known for a long time. The mechanisms of therapeutic action of curcumin include inhibition of several cell signaling pathways at multiple levels, immune-modulation, effects on cellular enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and glutathione S-transferases and effects on angiogenesis and metastasis. It has ability to affect gene transcription and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Although curcumin is a highly pleiotropic molecule with an excellent safety profile targeting multiple diseases, it could not achieve its optimum therapeutic outcome in clinical trials, largely due to its low solubility and poor bioavailability. Based on the results of the clinical trials, curcumin can be developed as a therapeutic drug through improvement in formulations or delivery systems, enabling its enhanced absorption and cellular uptake. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive outlook for the therapeutic potential of curcumin, and discuss future strategies and potential challenges involved in the use of curcumin.
Toward a privacy model for social networking services

Users' willingness to engage in sharing personal identifiable information (PII) via social networking services (SNS) is impacted by a set of formative factors that structure the personal value system. In this study, we argue that the strength of this impact is moderated by a number of episodic factors that develop prior to the actual use of the SNS. A causal model that explains the relationships between the constructs is proposed.
Specificity and Strain-Typing Capabilities of Nanorod Array-Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Detection

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a cell wall-less bacterial pathogen of the human respiratory tract that accounts for > 20% of all community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). At present the most effective means for detection and strain-typing is quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), which can exhibit excellent sensitivity and specificity but requires separate tests for detection and genotyping, lacks standardization between available tests and between labs, and has limited practicality for widespread, point-of-care use. We have developed and previously described a silver nanorod array-surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (NA-SERS) biosensing platform capable of detecting M. pneumoniae with statistically significant specificity and sensitivity in simulated and true clinical throat swab samples, and the ability to distinguish between reference strains of the two main genotypes of M. pneumoniae. Furthermore, we have established a qualitative lower endpoint of detection for NA-SERS of < 1 genome equivalent (cell/μl) and a quantitative multivariate detection limit of 5.3 ± 1 cells/μl. Here we demonstrate using partial least squares- discriminatory analysis (PLS-DA) of sample spectra that NA-SERS correctly identified M. pneumoniae clinical isolates from globally diverse origins and distinguished these from a panel of 12 other human commensal and pathogenic mycoplasma species with 100% cross-validated statistical accuracy. Furthermore, PLS-DA correctly classified by strain type all 30 clinical isolates with 96% cross-validated accuracy for type 1 strains, 98% cross-validated accuracy for type 2 strains, and 90% cross-validated accuracy for type 2V strains.
The Cultural Construction of Heterosexual Identities

In this article, the author reviews current scholarship on the cultural construction of heterosexual identities. Specifically, this article examines current research on how heterosexual identities are (i) central to the production of the ritual practices of marriages, weddings and high school proms; (ii) ever more salient due to increases in lesbian and gay visibility in America; and (iii) formed through their relationship with constructions of masculinity and discourses of homophobia. Finally, I briefly discuss new scholarship on queer heterosexualities as a way to illustrate how queer cultural studies are influencing the field of sexualities studies more generally.
Polyproline II helical structure in protein unfolded states: Lysine peptides revisited

The left-handed polyproline II (PPII) helix gives rise to a circular dichroism spectrum that is remarkably similar to that of unfolded proteins. This similarity has been used as the basis for the hypothesis that unfolded proteins possess considerable PPII helical content. It has long been known that homopolymers of lysine adopt the PPII helical conformation at neutral pH, presumably a result of electrostatic repulsion between side chains. It is shown here that a seven-residue lysine peptide also adopts the PPII conformation. In contrast with homopolymers of lysine, this short peptide is shown to retain PPII helical character under conditions in which side-chain charges are heavily screened or even neutralized. The most plausible explanation for these observations is that the peptide backbone favors the PPII conformation to maximize favorable interactions with solvent. These data are evidence that unfolded proteins do indeed possess PPII content, indicating that the ensemble of unfolded states is significantly smaller than is commonly assumed.
A novel high level ESD FDNSCR with drain side engineering in PMIC application

In order to develop cost-effective System-on-Chip (SoC) solutions, it is important to implement High-Voltage (HV) tolerant devices using standard CMOS technologies for varied applications, such as display and LED drivers, flash memories, automotive applications etc. However, the on-chip ESD protection designs are required to provide higher robustness to prevent chip from ESD damage. Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) have been widely used, because of their superior area-efficient ESD robustness [1-3]. However, lower failure current It2 has been observed during ESD stress on Field Drift MOSFET Silicon Controlled Rectifier (FDNSCR) devices in 0.18μm BCD epi process. The root cause of early failure is related to low turn-on efficiency of SCR during ESD stress.
Expression of HIV receptors, alternate receptors and co-receptors on tonsillar epithelium: implications for HIV binding and primary oral infection

Primary HIV infection can develop from exposure to HIV in the oral cavity. In previous studies, we have documented rapid and extensive binding of HIV virions in seminal plasma to intact mucosal surfaces of the palatine tonsil and also found that virions readily penetrated beneath the tissue surfaces. As one approach to understand the molecular interactions that support HIV virion binding to human mucosal surfaces, we have examined the distribution of the primary HIV receptor CD4, the alternate HIV receptors heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HS) and galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) and the co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 in palatine tonsil. Only HS was widely expressed on the surface of stratified squamous epithelium. In contrast, HS, GalCer, CXCR4 and CCR5 were all expressed on the reticulated epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts. We have observed extensive variability, both across tissue sections from any tonsil and between tonsils, in the distribution of epithelial cells expressing either CXCR4 or CCR5 in the basal and suprabasal layers of stratified epithelium. The general expression patterns of CXCR4, CCR5 and HS were similar in palatine tonsil from children and adults (age range 3–20). We have also noted the presence of small clusters of lymphocytes, including CD4+ T cells within stratified epithelium and located precisely at the mucosal surfaces. CD4+ T cells in these locations would be immediately accessible to HIV virions. In total, the likelihood of oral HIV transmission will be determined by macro and micro tissue architecture, cell surface expression patterns of key molecules that may bind HIV and the specific properties of the infectious inoculum.
Hydrogen bonded bimolecular complexes of carboxylic acids in the vapor phase : Observation and characterization by low resolution microwave spectroscopy

Abstract Various carboxylic acids and amides are shown to form H-bonded bimolecules with trifluoroacetic acid in the vapor phase. These bimolecules have been observed directly by low resolution microwave spectroscopy which gives rotational constants in agreement with those calculated with the assumption of a planar, 8-membered ring geometry for the H-bonded portion of the structure. A number of combinations did not provide observable spectra, and reasons are proposed why the bimolecules probably did not form in certain of these cases. Approximate dipole moments are obtained for the H-bonded bimolecular complexes.
A theory of concentric, kink and sinusoidal folding and of monoclinal flexuring of compressible, elastic multilayers: V. asymmetric folding in interbedded chert and shale of the franciscan complex, san francisco bay area, california

Abstract The origin of tight, asymmetric, kink-like or chevron-like folds in interbedded shales and radiolarian cherts of the Franciscan Complex in the San Francisco Bay area has been somewhat of a mystery for many years. Stephenson Ellen provided many clues as to the origin and indicated that the folds became asymmetric as a result of layer-parallel shear. He believed that the original folds were conjugate kink folds. As a result of reexamination of most of the folds studied by Ellen, of experimentation with elastic multilayers and of the theories developed in Parts III and IV of this series of papers, we believe that the original folds were mostly chevron rather than kink folds. Thus, we suggest that the folds formed by a combination of layer-parallel shortening and layer-parallel shear when the rocks were soft and pore pressures were high. Several lines of evidence suggest that typical folds in the Franciscan are asymmetric chevron folds. A combination of theory of finite simple shear and of experimentation with elastic multilayers indicates that the tight folds of the Franciscan could have been produced by smaller angles of simple shear if the original folds were typical chevron folds rather than typical kink folds. Several field observations, including thickening of shales but not of cherts in hinges of folds and lack of deformation of radiolaria in the cherts, indicate that the cherts were soft and the shales very soft at the time of folding. The pore-water pressures in the shales probably were high. Such conditions theoretically favor concentric-like and chevron folding, not kink folding. Finally, most of the asymmetric folds in a quarry exposure can be reconstructed geometrically as typical chevron folds but not as typical kink folds subjected to simple shear.
Harmonization of Data: Lessons from Major International Organizations

This paper discusses the importance of research into the design, maintenance and implementation of a metadata system that would integrate national and regional data and the development of statistical measures like the Consumer Price Index (CPI), that are meaningful and relevant to current CARICOM economies. the end product is a statistical metadata repository that is robust enough to accommodate changes over time.The paper is structured in the following way. First, thereÂ is be an overview of the strategic plans of two organizations that have had to design, maintain and enhance very sophisticated data systems. Developments in managing large censuses; issues of privacy and confidentiality; standardization of statistical terminology and methodology; and the need for common legislation that would enable all of this to be accomplished are some of the issues discussed. Finally there is an examination of the existing databases of CARICOM countries and a discussion of the computation, the problems, and the need for further research on the consumer price index and its adaptation to CARICOM.
Global hybrid simulation of mode conversion at the dayside magnetopause

[1] Mode conversion at the magnetopause has been suggested to lead to the generation of kinetic Alfven waves (KAWs) and effective mass transport from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. To investigate the mode conversion process in the dynamic dayside system, a 3‒D global hybrid simulation associated with a quasi‒parallel shock under a radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is carried out, in which the foreshock compressional pulses are self‒consistently generated by the interaction between the solar wind and the geomagnetic field. The results show that as the compressional pulses propagate from the magnetosheath to the magnetopause, short‒wavelength structures of k⊥ρi∼0.5–1 with enhanced parallel electric field E∥ are excited in the subsolar magnetopause boundary layer (MPBL), where k⊥≃kx is the perpendicular waves number nearly along the GSE x direction, and ρi is the ion Larmor radius. The wave‒phase relationship between the magnetic field and the density changes from in‒phase in the magnetosheath to antiphase in the short‒wavelength MPBL perturbations. The wave polarization is predominantly compressive in the magnetosheath, whereas strong transverse wave powers appear abruptly around the MPBL. The mode conversion from the compressional pulses to KAWs is identified around the predicted Alfven resonance surface in the MPBL. As these KAWs evolve, KAW modes dominated by azimuthal wave number with kyρi∼1 are also generated. The KAWs in the MPBL are identified by the sharp increases in E∥ and the electromagnetic field polarization relations of Alfven mode, as well as a spectral analysis. The KAW perturbations propagate poleward into the cusps along the MPBL. Due to the differential flow convection speeds at various latitudes, the KAW packets expand along the north‒south direction, while they may also merge with newly‒formed KAWs due to newly‒arrived compressional waves.
Diffuse Alopecia in an Adolescent Female: Tinea capitis

Abstract “Black dot” tinea capitis is a common cause of alopecia in young patients. It is most commonly caused by a dermatophyte infection with Trichophyton tonsurans. This entity can be easily distinquished from alopecia areata with the use of hair/scalp dermoscopy. The use oral terbinafine is effective in resolving the infection.
The brave new world of health care

We are rapidly entering into a brave new world of health care. Infinite medical demands have run smack into finite resources. We can't pay for everything but we can spend our limited resources in a much more health-effective way. We have no other alternative but to devise systems that give us maximum health to our society with our limited resources. It is time to begin this process.
The Ruptures of American Capital: Women of Color Feminism and the Culture of Immigrant Labor

In The Ruptures of American Capital: Women of Color Feminism and the Culture of Immigrant Labor, Grace Kyungwon Hong advances a theory of culture that, over and against the exploitative and often v...
Sensitivity analysis and nonlinear programming applied to investment casting design

Abstract Finite element solidification heat transfer analysis, explicit design sensitivity analysis, and nonlinear programming are combined to examine investment casting. The theoretical formulation is presented for considering both continuous and discrete optimization. The methods are then applied to improve the design of an axisymmetric superalloy investment casting. A significant reduction in material is achieved by minimizing riser volume, while maintaining directional solidification. In a second example problem a continuous-discrete algorithm is implemented to solve a similar problem, where mold wrap having one of a set of discrete thicknesses is placed on the investment to control the solidification pattern.
Consistent Higher-Order Dynamic Equations for Soft-Core Sandwich Beams

The consistent higher-order dynamic equations and the corresponding continuity and boundary conditions for sandwich beams with a transversely flexible core are derived, with nonlinear acceleration fields in the core taken into account. A discretized formulation based on an efficient implicit finite difference scheme is presented and numerically validated. The higher-order analysis reveals that the dynamic magnitudes of normal stresses between the face sheets and the core increase dramatically at the boundaries of a sandwich beam, whereas the values remain at the level of response to quasi-static loading through the span, including the points of application of localized loads. The present work provides an accurate and efficient tool for the analysis of sandwich beams with a transversely flexible core subject to dynamic loads of arbitrary type, including the practical case of localized dynamic excitation.
A MACSYMA program for the multiple bifurcation analysis of double-diffusive convection

We employ a MACSYMA program for the formal, perturbation, multiple bifurcation analysis of a system of nonlinear PDEs arising in double-diffusive convection. The program requires, as input, the system of PDEs to be solved, the form of the asymptotic expansion of the solution and of the bifurcation parameter, the solution of the adjoint linearized system and the desired order of the approximation. The program is automatic and requires no user intervention once started. It outputs the asymptotic solution and its amplitude equation, which describes the bifurcation of the solution branches. A significant amount of hand calculation time is saved by the computer analysis of the problem. The program and its extensions opens up a number of interesting problems which were heretofore intractable due to unwieldy algebra.
Predictive modeling of atomic layer deposition on the feature scale

Abstract A feature scale simulator for atomic layer deposition (ALD) is presented that combines a Boltzmann equation transport model with chemistry models. A simple but instructive chemistry is considered; one reactant species adsorbs onto the surface, and a second reactant reacts with it from the gas phase (Eley–Rideal). This work includes potential desorption of the adsorbed species during purge steps, which may or may not play a role in any given ALD system. Three sets (cases) of rate parameters are chosen to compare chemical rates with transport rates. The duration of the ALD pulses and the geometry of the representative feature are the same for each case. Simulation results are presented for all four steps in one ALD cycle, adsorption, post-adsorption purge, reaction, and post-reaction purge. The results are extended to multiple ALD cycles, and the monolayers per cycle are estimated. We highlight the potential trade-off between pulse durations and deposition rate (wafer throughput); e.g. the time penalty required to increase the amount adsorbed during the adsorption step. The simulation methodology we present can be used to determine the pulse durations that maximize throughput for a given chemistry and chemical rate parameters. One overall observation is that transport is fast relative to chemical reactions, for reasonable kinetic parameters.
Adolescent childbearing and women's attitudes towards wife beating in 25 sub-Saharan African countries.

Preventing unwanted adolescent pregnancy is key for keeping girls in school, leading to a more productive and healthier workforce in sub-Saharan Africa. Gender norms are an important indicator of the status of women and more conservative gender norms are associated with experiencing domestic violence, and poorer maternal and reproductive health care. This paper examines the association between adolescent childbearing and norms towards wife beating in sub-Saharan Africa, and the role of education in moderating this association. Data come from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys–nationally representative cross-sectional surveys conducted every 5 years. Country-by-country multivariable logistic regressions were conducted in 25 countries, and country and regional estimates were obtained using meta-analytical techniques. More than half of sub-Saharan African adolescents have a child, with levels ranging from 23 % in Rwanda to 69 % in Niger. Between 12 and 87 % of women believed wife beating is acceptable. In 20 of the 25 countries, women with a birth during adolescence were significantly more likely to believe wife beating is justified [OR = 1.39; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 130–1.39]. After multivariate adjustment, the overall finding remains statistically significant [AOR = 1.09; 95 % CI 105–1:13]. Education attenuates the observed association. Overall, the effects are strongest and most consistent in West Africa. Results suggest that women who have an adolescent birth more likely to hold more conservative attitudes. Working with adolescents to improve their attitudes on relationship expectations and the importance of furthering their education even after a pregnancy could be integrated into life skills and sexual education curricula.
The development of the Slovak System of Higher Education: From 1990 to foreseeable future

The current state of the Slovak System of Higher Education is a target of criticism. In our paper we describe its development from Velvet Revolution in 1990 and reasons leading to the current unpleasant situation. We also indicate directions that should be taken to promote its positive progress.
Antibacterial effect and cytotoxicity of Ag-doped functionally graded hydroxyapatite coatings.

Functionally graded hydroxyapatite coatings (FGHA) doped with 1, 3, and 6.5 wt % silver (Ag) have been deposited on Titanium using ion-beam-assisted deposition. Scanning transmission electron microscopy on coating cross sections confirmed the presence of FGHA coating with mostly amorphous layers at the top and mostly crystalline layers toward the coating interface as well as the existence of 10–50 nm Ag particles distributed throughout the thickness of the coatings. Calcium release in phosphate buffered saline solution showed a high release rate of Ca at the beginning of the test, and a gradual decrease in release rate thereafter to a minimum level until day 7. Similarly, the release rate of Ag in ultra pure water was initially high in the first 4 h and then gradually decreased over a 7 days period. Antibacterial tests have shown a reduction in the viability of S. aureus in Ag-doped coatings particularly in samples with higher Ag concentrations of 3 and 6.5 wt %. Cytotoxicity tests using an osteoblast cell line, on the other hand, have demonstrated that the samples with 6.5 wt % Ag have a negative effect on osteoblast cell response, proliferation, and apoptosis as well as a negative effect on protein and osteocalcin production. It is notable that the samples with 3 wt % Ag or less presented minimal cytotoxicity compared with control surfaces. Considering both the antibacterial and cytotoxicity effects, it is suggested that the 3 wt % of Ag in FGHA coatings can be favorable. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 553–561, 2012.
Comparison of prediction models for adverse outcome in pediatric meningococcal disease using artificial neural network and logistic regression analyses

The objective of this study was to compare artificial neural network (ANN) and multivariable logistic regression analyses for prediction modeling of adverse outcome in pediatric meningococcal disease. We analyzed a previously constructed database of children younger than 20 years of age with meningococcal disease at four pediatric referral hospitals from 1985-1996. Patients were randomly divided into derivation and validation datasets. Adverse outcome was defined as death or limb amputation. ANN and multivariable logistic regression models were developed using the derivation set, and were tested on the validation set. Eight variables associated with adverse outcome in previous studies of meningococcal disease were considered in both the ANN and logistic regression analyses. Accuracies of these models were then compared. There were 381 patients with meningococcal disease in the database, of whom 50 had adverse outcomes. When applied to the validation data set, the sensitivities for both the ANN and logistic regressions models were 75% and the specificities were both 91%. There were no significant differences in any of the performance parameters between the two models. ANN analysis is an effective tool for developing prediction models for adverse outcome of meningococcal disease in children, and has similar accuracy as logistic regression modeling. With larger, more complete databases, and with advanced ANN algorithms, this technology may become increasingly useful for real-time prediction of patient outcome.
Convergence of inputs on deiters neurones.

ON the basis of anatomical studies, Deiters nucleus has been divided into parts projecting to different levels of the spinal cord, and it has been suggested that these parts are not functionally equivalent1. We have recently shown that those Deiters cells which project to the lumbosacral cord can be strongly facilitated by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves; the polysynaptic pathway through which facilitation is produced does not traverse the cerebellum, and can be activated by stimulation of all types of afferents other than Group I fibres from muscle2. In the present experiments the effects of peripheral and labyrinthine inputs on Deiters cells that send axons to the lumbosacral cord have been compared with the effects of those inputs on Deiters cells that send axons to more rostral spinal segments. The results of this single unit physiological analysis have in many respects confirmed the interpretation of the organization of Deiters nucleus proposed by Brodal and his collaborators1.
GENERATING DYNAMIC MODELS INCLUDING UNCERTAINTY FOR USE IN AIRCRAFT CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Presented at the AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, New Orleans, LA, August 1997.
Production of non-chimeral colchiploids in Rubus species by tissue culture

Diploid Rubus allegheniensis Porter and R. rusticanus Merc. shoot tips were proliferated in tissue culture and treated with 0.02 to 0.08% colchicine to induce non-chimeral polyploidy. About 20 shoot tips of each treatment were transferred to test tubes containing modified Anderson's medium for shoot proliferation. Shoots at the 3- or 4-leaf stage were transplanted into Jiffy-7 peat pellets and placed under intermittent mist for rooting. Root tip squashes were made for chromosome counts. Thirteen R. allegheniensis and 7 R. rusticanus plants proved to be autotetraploids (28 chromosomes). Stomata of the autotetraploids were significantly larger than those of the diploids but stomatal conductance of CO2 and photosynthesis rate were reduced significantly as compared to diploids. Pollen grains in tetraploid were larger than those in diploid R. allegheniensis plants. These results indicate that tissue culture can facilitate the production of non-chimeral colchiploids in Rubus spp.
Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis.

This article reviews research on the evaluation of women and men who occupy leadership roles. In these experiments, the characteristics of leaders other than their sex were field constant, and the sex of the leader was varied. These experiments thus investigated whether people are biased against female leaders and managers. Although this research showed only a small overall tendency for subjects to evaluate female leaders less favorably than male leaders, this tendency was more pronounced under certain circumstances
Stability of electrical networks containing distributed RC components

Abstract This paper presents a study of the stability of electrical networks consisting of the interconnection of linear lumped parameter elements and memoryless nonlinear elements with uniformly distributed RC lines. It is shown that a large class of such networks can be represented by a functional-differential equation of the retarded type of the form: x (t) = f(x t ), t ⩾ 0 where xt, is the state of the system and f is a nonlinear functional defined on a subset of C((−∞, 0], En), the space of all bounded continuous functions mapping the interval (−∞, 0] into En with the compact open topology. The principal result of this work is the presentation of a functional defined on the function space C, and the use of this functional to derive a set of theorems and corollaries concerning the stability and instability of the network. To illustrate the results, some examples are given.
Three prong τ decays with charged kaons in the final state

Recent results from the CLEO experiment on 3-prong τ decays containing a charged kaon are reported. From a direct search for τ− → h−ντ (h− = π− or K−) we find model-dependent upper limits on the branching fractions in the range: B(τ− → π−ντ)
The Tradition of Shakespeare's Sonnets

This essay is a meditation on Sonnets 1–129 and the relationship between Shakespeare's poetry and the Reformation. It asks what kind of truth Shakespeare believed his art could transmit during an era of lost innocence, when tradition, as an archive of given truths communicated from time immemorial, fell into disrepute and doubt. Shakespeare's sceptical perception that poetic traditions are human inventions rather than divine teachings reveals a similarity between his doubts and doubts about tradition that prompted Luther, Bacon and Descartes to reform theology, natural science and philosophy. However, the essay suggests that whereas Luther, Bacon and Descartes proceed from doubts about tradition to increasingly dogmatic assertions about the truth of their reformed disciplines, Shakespeare comes to imagine poetry not as a method for establishing new certainties but as an art of coping with the downfall of tradition and the dubiousness of all human endeavours that this calamity revealed.
Oxygen uptake rhythms in a cockroach gauged by variance spectra

Der Sauerstoffverbrauch vonPeriplaneta americana (L.) wurde im Dauerlicht und im 24-stundigen Licht-Dunkelwechsel bei 30, 24 oder 18°C alle 20 min bestimmt. Im Varianzspektrum dieser Beobachtungsreihen lassen sich neben der ungefahren Tagesperiodik (Circadian-Periodik) auch hoherfrequente, unregelmassigere und weniger prominente Rhythmen nachweisen.
The structure of a γ-modified peptide nucleic acid duplex

This paper presents the results of an NMR spectroscopy and distance-restrained molecular dynamics (MD) study of a gamma-methylated, palindromic, 8-base pair peptide nucleic acid (gamma-PNA) duplex. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of the gamma-backbone modification on the structure of the PNA duplex. The 2D NMR information involving the backbone methyl group, especially the NOEs between the methyl protons and those of the amide and methylene groups of the backbone, led to distance restraints useful in the elucidation of the structure of the backbone of gamma-PNA. Integration of the NOE peaks resulted in 138 inter-proton distance restraints, which were used in ten independent simulated annealing followed by 2 ns restrained MD runs. These simulations led to the conclusion that the gamma-PNA duplex adopts a general P-form helical structure similar to that observed for non-modified PNA but with a smaller base pair rise, which is an A-like helical feature, and a slight helical bending towards the major groove (PDB ID ). These properties of the gamma-PNA duplex may be induced by the gamma-methyl group. A similar effect of the methyl group was revealed by a previous NMR study of single stranded gamma-PNA [A. Dragulescu-Andrasi, S. Rapireddy, B. M. Frezza, C. Gayathri, R. R. Gil and D. H. Ly, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 10258-10267]. It appears that the steric constraint exerted by the gamma-methyl on the backbone orientation is relatively independent of the base pairing and stacking and thus is likely to manifest when other substituents are introduced at the gamma-position of the PNA.
Numerical simulation of ejected molten metal nanoparticles liquified by laser irradiation: interplay of geometry and dewetting.

Metallic nanoparticles, liquified by fast laser irradiation, go through a rapid change of shape attempting to minimize their surface energy. The resulting nanodrops may be ejected from the substrate when the mechanisms leading to dewetting are sufficiently strong, as in the experiments involving gold nanoparticles [Habenicht et al., Science 309, 2043 (2005)]. We use a direct continuum-level approach to accurately model the process of liquid nanodrop formation and the subsequent ejection from the substrate. Our computations show a significant role of inertial effects and an elaborate interplay of initial geometry and wetting properties: e.g., we can control the direction of ejection by prescribing appropriate initial shape and/or wetting properties. The basic insight regarding ejection itself can be reached by considering a simple effective model based on an energy balance. We validate our computations by comparing directly with the experiments specified above involving the length scales measured in hundreds of nanometers and with molecular dynamics simulations on much shorter scales measured in tens of atomic diameters, as by M. Fuentes-Cabrera et al. [Phys. Rev. E 83, 041603 (2011)]. The quantitative agreement, in addition to illustrating how to control particle ejection, shows utility of continuum-based simulation in describing dynamics on nanoscale quantitatively, even in a complex setting as considered here.
The effect of parent versus unfamiliar interviewers on children's eyewitness memory and identification accuracy

This research was designed to learn if children's relationships with interviewers might influence the accuracy of their eyewitness memory and their ability to make identifications from lineups. In two experiments, kindergarten children (5-year-olds) viewed a slide show depicting a minor theft. Children were then interviewed by either their own parent or an unfamiliar experimenter with either a target present or target absent simultaneous photographic lineup. When lineups were presented by parents, children were less accurate, changed their identifications more frequently, and were more likely to acquiesce with a suggestion about an alternative identification. Children showed poorer recall of the event when interviewed by their parent in an unstructured interview (Experiment 1); however, no differences were observed when parents and experimenters followed the same script (Experiment 2). Overall, the results indicate that interviewers can influence the accuracy and consistency of children's eyewitness identifications.
Chemistry and Biology in Femtoliter and Picoliter Volume Droplets

The basic unit of any biological system is the cell, and malfunctions at the single-cell level can result in devastating diseases; in cancer metastasis, for example, a single cell seeds the formation of a distant tumor. Although tiny, a cell is a highly heterogeneous and compartmentalized structure: proteins, lipids, RNA, and small-molecule metabolites constantly traffic among intracellular organelles. Gaining detailed information about the spatiotemporal distribution of these biomolecules is crucial to our understanding of cellular function and dysfunction. To access this information, we need sensitive tools that are capable of extracting comprehensive biochemical information from single cells and subcellular organelles. In this Account, we outline our approach and highlight our progress toward mapping the spatiotemporal organization of information flow in single cells. Our technique is centered on the use of femtoliter- and picoliter-sized droplets as nanolabs for manipulating single cells and subcellular compartments. We have developed a single-cell nanosurgical technique for isolating select subcellular structures from live cells, a capability that is needed for the high-resolution manipulation and chemical analysis of single cells. Our microfluidic approaches for generating single femtoliter-sized droplets on demand include both pressure and electric field methods; we have also explored a design for the on-demand generation of multiple aqueous droplets to increase throughput. Droplet formation is only the first step in a sequence that requires manipulation, fusion, transport, and analysis. Optical approaches provide the most convenient and precise control over the formed droplets with our technology platform; we describe aqueous droplet manipulation with optical vortex traps, which enable the remarkable ability to dynamically "tune" the concentration of the contents. Integration of thermoelectric manipulations with these techniques affords further control. The amount of chemical information that can be gleaned from single cells and organelles is critically dependent on the methods available for analyzing droplet contents. We describe three techniques we have developed: (i) droplet encapsulation, rapid cell lysis, and fluorescence-based single-cell assays, (ii) physical sizing of the subcellular organelles and nanoparticles in droplets, and (iii) capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of droplet contents. For biological studies, we are working to integrate the different components of our technology into a robust, automated device; we are also addressing an anticipated need for higher throughput. With progress in these areas, we hope to cement our technique as a new tool for studying single cells and organelles with unprecedented molecular detail.
Purine metabolism in cobalamin-depleted Lactobacillus leichmannii 7830.

Abstract The purine requirement for growth of L. leichmannii in the absence of cobalamin has been examined and the results of this study do not substantiate an involvement of cobalamin in purine synthesis. Excessive adenine accumulation, excretion, and toxicity, resulting in part from a rapid conversion of guanine (or derivative) to adenine appears to be responsible for the nutritional purine requirement. Growth of this organism may be obtained in the absence of purines and cobalamin if organisms pregrown in the presence of cobalamin are supplemented with high concentrations of 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide. The purine requirement is thought to be initiated by events which become manifested by a retarded rate of DNA synthesis.
Curriculum and Pedagogy for Reconstruction and Reconceptualization

(2004). Curriculum and Pedagogy for Reconstruction and Reconceptualization. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 19-21.
Jihad and Just War Theory: Dissonance and Truth

Abstract: The Christian tradition of just war does not have a New Testament foundation but is a tradition that developed after the conversion of Constantine and Christianity's emergence as the state religion of the empire. In Islam, however, just war has been an issue since its foundational period, because while Christianity did not get involved in statecraft until Constantine, Islam dates its calendar literally from the establishment of the first statecraft in Medina. However, distortion of this tradition has occurred in both religions: we have a distorted justification of just war tradition in Christianity, and a distorted understanding of jihad as simply a holy war in Islam. This paper tries to deconstruct both these traditions and create a new hermeneutics for contemporary times.
Fine tune localized surface plasmon resonance for chemical and biological sensors

Metallic nanoparticles usually exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) due to the collective oscillation of electrons upon light excitation. Different applications require specific LSPR wavelengths and absorbance spectra. The ability to engineer the nanostructure and to tune the location of the LSPR wavelength is very important for the sensing applications. We present a simple but versatile fabrication technique, the oblique angle deposition, to tune the LSPR wavelength of Ag thin films. Oblique angle deposition was used to produce silver nanoparticle films with nominal thickness from 5 nm to 100nm and two deposition angles, 0° and 85°. With increasing thickness, the LSPR wavelength is blue shifted. At the large deposition angle, the LSPR wavelength is blue shifted by 3nm on average with every 5nm thickness increment. The stability of the Ag LSPR substrate under liquid environment has been studied, and a surface passivation method is proposed. Those substrates are capable of detection 10-10 M NeutrAvidin.
Non)formation of Methanol by Direct Hydrogenation of Formate on Copper Catalysts

We have attempted to hydrogenate adsorbed formate species on copper catalysts to probe the importance of this postulated mechanistic step in methanol synthesis. Surface formate coverages up to 0.25 were produced at temperatures between 413 and 453 K on supported (Cu/SiO2) copper and unsupported copper catalysts. The adlayers were produced by various methods including (1) steady-state catalytic conditions in CO2−H2 (3:1, 6 bar) atmospheres and (2) exposure of the catalysts to formic acid. As reported in previous work, the catalytic surface at steady state contains bidentate formate species with coverages up to saturation levels of ∼0.25 at the low temperatures of this study. The reactivity of these formate adlayers was investigated at relevant reaction temperatures in atmospheres containing up to 6 bar H2 partial pressure by simultaneous mass spectrometry (MS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements. The yield of methanol during the attempted hydrogenation (“titration”) of these adlayers was insignific...
E-Government Adoption in the U.K.: XBRL Project

Electronic government is one of the strategic innovations which have become a powerful agent of change for developing better government information and services and supporting the modernization of government's operations. This paper investigates a remarkable e-government initiative represented by the adoption process of the Extensible Business Reporting Language XBRL at Companies House CH in the United Kingdom. Based on the application of Rogers' framework, the research identifies CH's motivation, vision and process to use XBRL to achieve efficiency and produce better quality data to enhance and streamline the electronic filing process. The novelty of this research is based on the usage of a well-established innovation adoption framework to examine XBRL adoption as a process -rather than a product-innovation that remains to be an under-researched area. This research provides valuable implications and conclusions that can help decision makers and IT experts in government agencies to devise meaningful strategic plans to adopt future e-government initiatives and develop existing ones.
Empirical formula for optical absorption by fractal aerosol agglomerates

An empirical formula for calculating the optical absorption of fractal aerosol agglomerates over a broad frequency range is derived based on extensive calculations made on five smoke agglomerates having a widely varying number of particles ranging from 12 to 372 and an almost constant fractal dimension in the 1.7-1.9 range. The expansion coefficients in the empirical formula were determined by least-squares curve fiting of numerical data obtained using the volume integral equation formulation (VIEF).(1) The formula satisfies the frequency dependence of the absorption at lower frequencies and up to the resonance frequency of the agglomerate. Expressions for the resonance frequency (f(0)), as well as the constant coefficients in the empiricial formula, are derived in terms of the structural dimensions, number and size of the primary particles, and the complex permittivity of the aerosol agglomerate. Numerical results obtained from the empirical formula are generally in good agreement with those calculated by the VIEF for soot particles with a magnitude of complex permittivity |epsilon*| in the 1-7 range. The average error in the absorption calculation is <5%. The formula thus provides a simple and inexpensive method for calculating the optical absorption of aerosol agglomerates, which otherwise require complicated and expensive methods of calculation. This formula also facilitates the implementation of the accurate VIEF results in large climate codes such as the general circulation model.
A weak duality theorem for stochastic linear programming

A linear programming problem is said to be stochastic if one or more of the coefficients in the objective function or the system of constraints or resource availabilities is known only by its probability distribution. A distinction is usually made between two related approaches to stochastic linear programming, the active and passive approach respectively. An extension of the duality theorem of non-stochastic or deterministic programming problem has been attempted in this paper in the area of stochastic linear programming in its two approaches. The method of proof is based on the idea that since the parameter space defined by a stochastic linear programme is the topological product of the real line with itself, it forms a first countable topological space. Using a set of distinct and selected points in the parameter space the concepts of feasibility, optimality and duality are extended to stochastic linear programming problems of arbitrary dimensionality. Based on the non-singular regions of the parameter space of a stochastic linear programming problem the theorem utilizes the conditions of convergence of the sequence of distinct and selected points in the parameter space to a limit point and thereby generalizes the duality theorem in the stochastic case. Furthermore it is shown that the regions of feasibility of the active and passive approaches of stochastic linear programming may be different, so that on this basis it may be possible to establish some inequality relations for the optimal solutions defined for the respective feasible regions.
My Approach to the Terrible Triad Injury

The combination of an elbow dislocation with fractures of the radial head and coronoid process has been labeled the terrible triad of the elbow. We prefer to repair the coronoid, repair or replaced the radial head, and reattach the origin of the lateral collateral ligament to the lateral epicondyle. Repair of the medial collateral ligament is not usually necessary.