cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voir Dire: A Two-Way Street

Voir dire is more than merely the procedure used to select a fair and impartial jury; it also represents the attorney's first chance to communicate with the jury. In some jurisdictions attorneys can use voir dire to educate potential jurors about the substance of a case. Even when a judge asks the questions, attorneys send important messages to potential jurors during voir dire. Jurors form their first impressions of the attorneys and the case during voir dire, and these impressions are difficult to reverse.
Isolation and Characterization of the Multiple Forms of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Methotrexate-resistant Hamster Cells

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase, isolated from baby hamster kidney cells by affinity chromatography, gave multiple bands on analytical gel electrophoresis and electrofocusing. The number of bands could be reduced to two by forming a complex with the enzyme inhibitor, methotrexate. The two basic enzyme forms, called Form I and Form II, were obtained in large quantities by preparative disc electrophoresis and analyzed for complex formation, aggregation, conformation, composition, catalytic activity, and interconversion. Each form produced stable and electrophoretically distinguishable complexes with substrate, substrate analogues, cofactor, and oxidized cofactor. The complex formation with the cofactors was accompanied by a change in the conformation. Form I and Form II differed in charge, conformation or size, specific activity, and pH optimum. They were not themselves cofactor complexes, nor was one of them a multimer or aggregate of the other. No interconversion could be shown. Analysis of the tryptic and chymotryptic digests of the two forms failed to show a difference in their amino acid sequence, but a small change in the sequence or certain physical or chemical modifications of the protein would not have been detected. We conclude that the multiple bands of dihydrofolate reductase are due to the presence of two closely related enzyme forms which independently produce stable and distinguishable complexes with the substrate, the cofactor, and the oxidized cofactor.
Effect of linker insertion mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene on activation of viral protease expressed in bacteria.

Abstract We have expressed the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) in bacteria as a Gag-PR polyprotein (J. Luban and S.P. Goff, J. Virol. 65:3203-3212, 1991). The protein displays enzymatic activity, cleaving the Gag polyprotein precursor Pr55gag to the expected products. The PR enzyme is only active as a dimer, and we hypothesized that PR activation might be used as an indicator of polyprotein multimerization. We constructed 25 linker insertion mutations throughout gag and assessed the PR activity of mutant Gag-PR polyproteins by the appearance of Gag cleavage products in bacterial lysates. All mutant constructs produced stable protein in bacteria. PR activity of the majority of the Gag-PR mutants was indistinguishable from that of the wild type. Six mutants, one with an insertion in the matrix (MA), four with insertions in the capsid (CA), and one with insertions in the nucleocapsid (NC), globally disrupted polyprotein processing. When PR was provided in trans on a separate plasmid, the Gag proteins were cleaved with wild-type efficiency. These results suggest that the gag mutations identified as disruptive of polyprotein processing did not conceal the scissile bonds of the polyprotein. Rather, the mutations prevented PR activation in the context of a Gag-PR polyprotein, perhaps by preventing polyprotein dimerization.
Continuous hydrothermal crystallization of α–Fe2O3 and Co3O4 nanoparticles

Iron oxide (α–Fe2O3) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) were produced via precipitation reactions carried out in a continuous hydrothermal apparatus. The resulting particles were nanometer-sized because of the high supersaturations generated when metal nitrate solutions are combined with sodium hydroxide or with hot, compressed water. The average particle size increased with the metal nitrate feed concentration and with residence time. A logarithmic relationship was obtained between the particle size and feed concentration and between particle size and residence time in the apparatus. The production of nanoparticles with narrow size distribution was shown to require low metal nitrate feed concentrations and short residence times. In the range of temperatures studied in this work, temperature apparently had no effect on the size except when cobalt nitrate was contacted with supercritical water in the absence of sodium hydroxide. In this case, large cobalt oxide particles were obtained when the temperature was above the critical temperature of water.
Degeneration of Linear Series from the Tropical Point of View and Applications

We discuss linear series on tropical curves and their relation to classical algebraic geometry, describe the main techniques of the subject, and survey some of the recent major developments in the field, with an emphasis on applications to problems in Brill–Noether theory and arithmetic geometry.
New multigrid solver advances in TOPS

In this paper, we highlight new multigrid solver advances in the Terascale Optimal PDE Simulations (TOPS) project in the Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program. We discuss two new algebraic multigrid (AMG) developments in TOPS: the adaptive smoothed aggregation method ({alpha}SA) and a coarse-grid selection algorithm based on compatible relaxation (CR). The {alpha}SA method is showing promising results in initial studies for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) applications. The CR method has the potential to greatly improve the applicability of AMG.
The Geography of Mutual Fund Assets

Mutual funds are the primary investment vehicle for individual retirement savings, but the spatial aspects of mutual fund investments have not been examined. This paper discusses the characteristics of the mutual fund industry and compares them to other financial industries. Previous studies of the financial industry and quaternary location theory are used to formulate three hypotheses predicting the distribution of mutual fund assets: (1) mutual fund assets will concentrate in the largest urban centers; (2) mutual fund assets will become increasingly concentrated in financial centers over the 1986-1996 period; and (3) the distribution of mutual fund assets will be similar to the distribution of other financial activities. Examination of mutual fund asset data from 1986 and 1996 did not fully support any of the three hypotheses. These findings suggest that the standard elements of quaternary location theory may need to be reevaluated.
Holographic interferometry for aerosol particle characterization

Abstract Using simulations based on Mie theory, this work shows how double-exposure digital holography can be used to measure the change in size of an expanding, or contracting, spherical particle. Here, a single particle is illuminated by a plane wave twice during its expansion: once when the particle is 27 λ in radius, and again when it is 47 λ . A hologram is formed from each illumination stage from the interference of the scattered and unscattered, i.e., incident, light. The two holograms are then superposed to form a double exposure. By applying the Fresnel–Kirchhoff diffraction theory to the double-exposed hologram, a silhouette-like image of the particle is computationally reconstructed that is superposed with interference fringes. These fringes are a direct result of the change in particle size occurring between the two illumination stages. The study finds that expansion on the scale of ~ 6 λ is readily discerned from the reconstructed particle image. This work could be important for improved characterization of single and multiple aerosol particles in situ. For example, by illuminating an aerosol particle with infrared light, it may be possible to measure photothermally induced particle expansion, thus providing insight into a particle׳s material properties simultaneous with an image of the particle.
Multichannel response analysis on 2D projection views for detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of a new two-dimensional (2D) multichannel response (MCR) analysis approach for the detection of clustered microcalcifications (MCs) in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Methods: With IRB approval and informed consent, a data set of two-view DBTs from 42 breasts containing biopsy-proven MC clusters was collected in this study. The authors developed a 2D approach for MC detection using projection view (PV) images rather than the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) DBT volume. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement processing was first applied to each PV to enhance the potential MCs. The locations of MC candidates were then identified with iterative thresholding. The individual MCs were decomposed with Hermite–Gaussian (HG) and Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) basis functions and the channelized Hotelling model was trained to produce the MCRs for each MC on the 2D images. The MCRs from the PVs were fused in 3D by a coincidence counting method that backprojects the MC candidates on the PVs and traces the coincidence of their ray paths in 3D. The 3D MCR was used to differentiate the true MCs from false positives (FPs). Finally a dynamic clustering method was used to identify the potential MC clusters in the DBT volume based on the fact that true MCs of clinical significance appear in clusters. Using two-fold cross validation, the performance of the 3D MCR for classification of true and false MCs was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the overall performance of the MCR approach for detection of clustered MCs was assessed by free response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. Results: When the HG basis function was used for MCR analysis, the detection of MC cluster achieved case-based test sensitivities of 80% and 90% at the average FP rates of 0.65 and 1.55 FPs per DBT volume, respectively. With LG basis function, the average FP rates were 0.62 and 1.57 per DBT volume at the same sensitivity levels. The difference in the two sets of basis functions for detection of MCs did not show statistical significance. Conclusions: The authors' experimental results indicate that the MCR approach is promising for the detection of MCs on PV images. The HG or LG basis functions are both effective in characterizing the signal response of MCs using the channelized Hotelling model. The coincidence counting method for fusion of the 2D MCR in 3D is an important step for FP reduction. Further study is underway to improve the MCR approach for microcalcification detection in DBT.
Strategies for High-Tech Firms: Marketing, Economic, and Legal Issues, by P. M. Rao and Joseph A. Klein

Revolutions often create violent changes in society. Economic revolutions, at the least, create disruptive changes. Such was the case with the Industrial Revolution to be followed by the Informatio...
Lattice model of microemulsions: The effect of fluctuations in one and two dimensions.

A simple model of oil, water, and amphiphile, in which the third is favored energetically to sit between the other two, is studied in one and two dimensions by transfer-matrix methods, Monte Carlo simulations, and the M\"uller-Hartman-Zittartz approximation. Phase diagrams, correlation functions, scattering intensities, and the surface tension of the oil-water interface have been calculated. The results obtained here confirm many of the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the model in three dimensions via mean-field theory. In particular, we find that in the microemulsion, the water-water correlation function shows damped oscillatory behavior at large distances, whereas the amphiphile-amphiphile correlation function decays exponentially. With increasing amphiphile concentration, the phase diagram of the two-dimensional system, like that of the three-dimensional one, shows the commonly observed progression from three-phase coexistence through a microemulsion to two-phase coexistence with a lamellar phase. In contrast to the behavior in three dimensions, the microemulsion in two dimensions is stabilized even in the limit of very low temperatures. The comparison of results obtained here with those of mean-field theory elucidates the role that fluctuations play in this system.
The limiting speeds of characteristics in relaxation hydrodynamics

The object of relaxation hydrodynamics is to study the motion of charged (infinitely conductive) compressible gases which are not in equilibrium. That is, energy is being added to or withdrawn from the system. As a result, the basic equations of the system consist of the usual equations of continuity, motion, and the Maxwell equations, but the usual single energy equation is replaced by two equations. One of these equations is the usual energy equation with an additional term involving a new dependent variable, the relaxation variable q. The additional equation states that the rate of change of q along a streamline, denoted by ~, is directly proportional to the rate of change of internal energy with respect to the relaxation variable, q. These equations have been studied in the linearized case by Stupochenko and Stakhanov [1]. In this paper, the nonlinear theory of relaxation hydrodynamics is discussed. Our purpose is to obtain the limiting speeds for characteristic waves in charged compressible relaxation hydrodynamics. Two speeds were shown to exist in the linearized theory by Stupochenko and Stakhanov [1] by determining the equation for the velocity vector in the nonmagnetic, compressible case. Our procedure is to formulate the general discontinuity relations for characteristics [2]. Although the original system of equations consists essentially of nine equations in nine dependent variables (the velocity vector; the magnetic field vector; the density; the entropy; and q, the relaxation variable), the set of discontinuity relations forms an underdetermined system. It is shown that this system can be completed by assuming that the normal derivative of ~ along any discontinuity manifold is continuous. Furthermore, it is shown that in the nonmagnetic case this assumption suffices to determine the limiting speeds given by Stupochenko and Stakhanov [1]. Again, it is shown
Effect of Damkohler number on superequilibrium OH concentration in turbulent nonpremixed jet flames

Abstract Simultaneous, spatially resolved measurements of mixture fraction and absolute hydroxyl radical concentration are obtained for the first time in nonpremixed, turbulent, hydrogenair flames. This is accomplished by combining spontaneous Raman scattering with linear, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The Raman scattering data define the instantaneous, local collisional quenching environment of the OH molecules, allowing quenching corrections to be applied for each laser shot and making the linear LIF measurements quantitative. The effect of Damkohler number on OH superequilibrium is determined by performing measurements at selected locations in two argon-diluted hydrogen flames (Reynolds numbers 8,500 and 17,000). Results demonstrate that departures from chemical equilibrium in these flames are a consequence of the fact that time scales for turbulent transport are competitive with time scales for three-body radical recombination reactions. Due to the slow characteristic time for the radical recombination, convective histories, as well as instantaneous local conditions, determine hydroxyl concentrations. Damkohler numbers are not sufficiently low for the rapid bimolecular reactions to be strongly affected. Comparison of turbulent flame data with results from strained laminar flame calculation incicates that partial equilibrium of the bimolecular reactions is a good approximation near the stoichiometric mixture fraction. Comparisons of the experimental data with predictions by Monte Carlo simulations using a partial equilibrium chemistry model show good overall agreement. However, simulations predict a smaller variance of OH concentration than is measured for a given value of mixture fraction, lower OH concentrations at off-stoichiometric conditions, and a more rapid decay toward equilibrium with streamwise distance.
Reduced sensitivity of a Ca-ATPase in the DDT-resistant strains of the German cockroach☆

Abstract 1. DDT-resistant cockroaches were found to have a relatively DDT-insensitive Ca-ATPase as compared to the susceptible one. 2. This Ca-ATPase present in the 90,000 g membrane fraction from the brains of German cockroaches showed identical enzyme characteristics as the ecto Ca-ATPase of the lobster nerve which has been previously shown to be highly sensitive to DDT. 3. The resistant strain also shows decreased sensitivities in vivo toward various inhibitors of this ATPase.
Multiple task assignments for cooperating uninhabited aerial vehicles using genetic algorithms

A problem of assigning cooperating uninhabited aerial vehicles to perform multiple tasks on multiple targets is posed as a new combinatorial optimization problem. A genetic algorithm for solving such a problem is proposed. The algorithm allows us to efficiently solve this NP-hard problem that has prohibitive computational complexity for classical combinatorial optimization methods. It also allows us to take into account the unique requirements of the scenario such as task precedence and coordination, timing constraints, and trajectory limitations. A matrix representation of the genetic algorithm chromosomes simplifies the encoding process and the application of the genetic operators. The performance of the algorithm is compared to that of deterministic branch and bound search and stochastic random search methods. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the viability of the genetic algorithm by showing that it consistently and quickly provides good feasible solutions. This makes the real time implementation for high-dimensional problems feasible.
Management of coagulopathy with recombinant factor VIIa in a neonate with echovirus type 7

A 5-day-old newborn presented with neonatal enteroviral infection. The patient's hospital course was complicated by acute liver dysfunction, renal insufficiency, fluid overload, respiratory failure, hypertension, catheter related thrombosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis, intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate failed to control the patient's hemostasis and led to significant fluid overload. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, Novoseven® NovoNordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was given to the neonate as a bolus (rFVIIa at 60-80 μg/kg body weight), followed by a continuous infusion (2.5-16 μg/kg/hr). Recombinant activated factor VII controlled hemostasis, until the patient's liver function recovered. The patient's blood product requirement significantly decreased and his fluid overload resolved. Administration of rFVIIa appears to have stabilized the coagulation process. The patient appears to have fully recovered from the infections complications.
Furniture Forms and Their Influence on Our Emotional Responses Toward Interior Environments

The existing body of literature suggests that evoking emotions through design provides rich interactions. The authors tested Pleasure and Approach reactions of 111 participants toward two curviline...
Stage-specific inhibition of TrkB activity leads to long-lasting and sexually dimorphic effects on body weight and hypothalamic gene expression.

During development, prenatal and postnatal factors program homeostatic set points to regulate food intake and body weight in the adult. Combinations of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of neural circuitry that regulates whole-body energy homeostasis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and its receptor, Tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), are strong candidates for mediating the reshaping of hypothalamic neural circuitry, given their well-characterized role in the central regulation of feeding and body weight. Here, we employ a chemical-genetic approach using the TrkBF616A/F616A knock-in mouse model to define the critical developmental period in which TrkB inhibition contributes to increased adult fat mass. Surprisingly, transient TrkB inhibition in embryos, preweaning pups, and adults all resulted in long-lasting increases in body weight and fat content. Moreover, sex-specific differences in the effects of TrkB inhibition on both body weight and hypothalamic gene expression were observed at multiple developmental stages. Our results highlight both the importance of the Bdnf/TrkB pathway in maintaining normal body weight throughout life and the role of sex-specific differences in the organization of hypothalamic neural circuitry that regulates body weight.
Electrical and Structural Properties of Ti Contacts on an Atomically Clean N-Type GaAs Surface

Using current-voltage measurements and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), we have studied the electrical and structural properties of Ti contacts on an atomically clean n-type GaAs (110) surface. The Ti/n-GaAs diodes are formed at room temperature in ultrahigh vacuum and in situ isochronally (10 min) annealed at temperatures ranging from 200 to 450°C. We find that the Schottky barrier height of the diodes increases by ≈0.10 eV upon annealing at 200°C and remains basically stable for higher-temperature anneals. HREM investigation reveals that Ti reacts with GaAs in its as-deposited state to form an amorphous interlayer ≈1.5 nm thick. After anneals to 450°C, extensive reactions occur at the interface, resulting in the formation of a layered structure Ti/Ga3Ti2/TiAs/GaAs, with TiAs protruding into the GaAs substrate.
Texture segmentation using wavelet packets

A tree-structured wavelet transform has been developed for texture classification in our previous work. The new transform, which offers a non-redundant representation and can be interpreted as the decomposition of a 2D function with the wavelet packet basis, is able to zoom into dominant frequency channels containing significant information of textures. In this research, we extend our work to the texture segmentation problem. A new multiscale texture segmentation algorithm based on the tree-structured wavelet transform and a fuzzy clustering technique is proposed. Numerical experiments are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Impurity-induced suppression of core turbulence and transport in the DIII-D tokamak

Turbulence is significantly reduced in a tokamak plasma as a result of neon seeding of an $L$-mode discharge. Correspondingly, confinement is improved and cross-field ion thermal transport reduced. Fully saturated turbulence in the range $0.1\ensuremath{\le}{k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}0.6$ is measured at $\ensuremath{\rho}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.7$ and exhibits a factor of 5 reduction in total power after neon injection, with almost complete suppression for ${k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}g0.35$. These observations are consistent with a reduction in the calculated linear growth rate for ${k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}g0.5$ and an increase in the measured $\mathbf{E}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{B}$ flow shearing rate.
VideoSense: towards effective online video advertising

With Internet delivery of video content surging to an unprecedented level, online video advertising is becoming increasingly pervasive. In this paper, we present a novel advertising system for online video service called VideoSense, which automatically associates the most relevant video ads with online videos and seamlessly inserts the ads at the most appropriate positions within each individual video. Unlike most current video-oriented sites that only display a video ad at the beginning or the end of a video, VideoSense aims to embed more contextually relevant ads at less intrusive positions within the video stream. Given an online video, VideoSense is able to detect a set of candidate ad insertion points based on content discontinuity and attractiveness, select a list of relevant candidate ads ranked according to global textual relevance, and compute local visual-aural relevance between each pair of insertion points and ads. To support contextually relevant and less intrusive advertising, the ads are expected to be inserted at the positions with highest discontinuity and lowest attractiveness, while the overall global and local relevance is maximized. We formulate this task as a nonlinear 0-1 integer programming problem and embed these rules as constraints. The experiments have proved the effectiveness of VideoSense for online video advertising.
Overview: Gemcitabine as Single-Agent Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancers

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Various therapies, such as hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and biologic therapies, can increase cure rates in the early-stage setting and improve survival and quality of life in specific advanced-disease settings. For advanced disease, the optimal timing, type, and combination of drugs remain to be defined. Gemcitabine is a newer agent with a unique mode of action that involves DNA chain termination and mechanisms that result in self-potentiation. This results in a broad spectrum of activity in many types of solid tumors including breast cancer. As a single agent, gemcitabine yields response rates ranging from 14%-37% as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer and 23%-42% as salvage therapy. However, these were small studies with large confidence intervals around all the indices of benefit including response rate, response duration, and time to disease progression. Gemcitabine was associated with higher response rates when used in combination with other agents. The side-effect profile of gemcitabine has been favorable compared to that of commonly used cytotoxic drugs, and includes myelosuppression and fatigue, with a notable absence of alopecia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Larger ongoing studies will help define the utility of gemcitabine in advanced breast cancer
INTEGRATING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS INTO MODELS FOR FISHERY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as an insurance policy against fishery management failures and as an integral part of an optimal management system for some fisheries. However, an incorrectly designed MPA can increase the risk of depletion of some species, and can reduce the value of the system of fisheries it impacts. MPAs may alter structural processes that relate fishery outcomes to management variables and thereby compromise the models that are used to guide decisions. New models and data gathering programs are needed to use MPAs effectively. This paper discusses the motivations and methods for incorporating explicitly spatial dynamics of both fish and fishermen into fishery models so that they can be used to assess spatial policies such as MPAs. Some important characteristics and capabilities which these models should have are outlined, and a topical review of some relevant modeling methodologies is provided.
Characterization of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC 1α) expression in the murine brain

Abstract The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a nuclear transcriptional coactivator that is expressed in brown adipose tissue, brain, heart and kidney as well as cold-exposed skeletal muscle. In liver, white and brown adipose tissue, PGC-1α expression is regulated in a manner suggesting a role in energy homeostasis. To characterize PGC-1α expression in the rodent brain and to determine brain PGC-1α regulation, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry in C57Bl/6J mice and Sprague–Dawley rats. We found that PGC-1α is widely expressed in brain areas, including in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, the diagonal band of Broca, the medial septal nucleus, reticular thalamic nucleus, the striatum and globus pallidus, the hippocampus, the substantia nigra, the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the cochlear nucleus and the superior olivary complex. In contrast, PGC-1α expression was absent in the hypothalamus. To evaluate PGC-1α expression under different physiologic states in these various brain areas, we examined expression with fasting, leptin treatment and cold exposure (4 h at 4 °C) and found no change, nor was expression changed in the brain of the leptin-deficient ob / ob mice and the hyperleptinemic UCP-DTA mice. Hence, PGC-1α is widely expressed in the rodent brain, but is not regulated by states of caloric deficiency, leptin, obesity or cold exposure. Its functional role in the brain requires further study.
Detection of free radical formation in various tissues after acute carbon tetrachloride administration in gerbil

alpha-phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) was used as a spin-trapping agent to search for free radical formation in various tissues of gerbils. A significantly large amount of free radicals was detected in liver, kidney, heart, lung and testis after a single intraperitoneal dose of CCl4. We have also detected free radical formation in the brain and blood, although the number of spins was considerably smaller than those found in the other tissues. Free radicals formed in brain tissue after an oxidative insult may give strong supporting evidence for the free radical theory of aging.
A comparative study of routing metrics for reliable multi-path provisioning

This paper presents a comparative study of routing metrics intended to optimize routing reliability and maximum link utilization (MLU) for network provisioning. The routing metrics are applied to a novel Path Indexed Linear Program (PILP) that simultaneously minimizes the MLU and maximizes the expected satisfied demand (ESD) from source nodes to destination nodes while considering a probabilistic link failure model. ESD is a performance objective that measures the expectation of the aggregate satisfied traffic demand. Additionally, a new weighted sum routing metric that produces better trade-off solutions than those by traditional routing metrics is proposed.
High resolution acrylamide gel electrophoresis of histones.

Abstract A high resolution gel electrophoresis of histone is described, capable of distinguishing between histone fractions whose mobilities differ by as little as 1%. Under the conditions of pH and urea concentration employed, five major groups of calf thymus histone are distinguished, three of which are further resolved into multiple bands. Thus 95% of total histone is found in ten bands, the remaining five % is in three faint, slow-moving bands. The applicability of this technique for a comparison of histones from a wide variety of species is discussed.
A New Method for Estimating Nonsynonymous Substitutions and Its Applications to Detecting Positive Selection

The standard methods for computing the number of nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka) lump all amino acid changes into one single class, even though their rates of substitution vary by at least 10-fold (Tang et al., 2004). Classifying these changes by their physicochemical properties has not been suitably effective in isolating the fastest evolving classes of changes. We now propose to use the Universal index U of Tang et al. (2004) to classify the 75 elementary amino acid changes (codons differing by 1 bp) by their evolutionary exchangeability. Let Ki denote the Ka value of each class (i = 1, ..., 75 from the most to the least exchangeable). The cumulative Ki for the top 10 classes, denoted Kh (for high-exchangeability types), has two important properties: (1) Kh usually accounts for 25%-30% of total amino acid changes and (2) when the observed number of amino acid substitutions is large, Kh is predictably twice the value of Ka. This shall be referred to as the twofold approximation. The new method for estimating Kh is applied to the comparisons between human and macaque and between mouse and rat. The twofold approximation holds well in these data sets, and the signature of positive selection can be more easily discerned using the Kh statistic than using Ka. Many genes with Ka/Ks > 0.5 can now be shown to have Kh/Ks > 1 and to have evolved adaptively, at least for the high-exchangeability group of amino acid changes.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUCILAGINOUS RAPHIDE CRYSTAL IDIOBLASTS IN YOUNG LEAVES OF TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. (TYPHACEAE)

Examen de l'origine et differenciation des cristaux en relation avec leur fonction et la production de mucilage
Genealogy, Phenomenology, Critical Theory

This paper explains the genealogical method as it is understood and employed in contemporary Continental philosophy. Using a pair of terms from Bernard Williams, genealogy is contrasted with phenomenology as an ‘unmasking’ as opposed to a ‘vindicatory’ method. The genealogical method is also compared with the method of Ideologiekritik and recent critical theory. Although genealogy is usually thought to be allergic to universals, in fact Foucault, Derrida, and Bourdieu do not shun universals, even if they approach them with caution. The conclusion is that genealogy is a viable and productive approach to social criticism and self-transformation.
Erosion rates and land-use history in southern Michigan

The quantities and kinds of sediment that have accumulated in Frains and Murray Lakes, Michigan, over known intervals of time, provide a measure of erosion from the watersheds. This study has focused on the ash-weight of sediment and has derived estimates of ‘sediment yield’ from the landscape, though estimates of sediment yield from watersheds have seldom been made from the quantity of sediment accumulating in natural lakes. An exception is Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, where estimates from a core could be compared directly with sediment yields monitored in the last few years in experimental watersheds in the surrounding Hubbard Brook Forest (Likens & Davis, 1975). Detailed study of sediment cores can yield much more information than has been presented here. The chemical constituents of the sediments yield information about the chemistry of lake water and runoff from the watershed, while the remains of phytoplankton that are preserved in the sediment show the progress of eutrophication. A recent study of pre- and post-settlement sediment at Linsley Pond, Connecticut, is an example of a multidisciplinary approach to the determination of human influences on lake history (Brugam, 1975).The data from Frains Lake permit a reconstruction of erosional events since Man arrived on the scene. The result is similar to Wolman's (1967) history of erosion in the vicinity of Baltimore, Maryland; his reconstruction, however, was based entirely on analogy with modern watersheds that were experiencing different kinds of land-use at the current time. Thus his estimate of pre-settlement erosion, for example, is tentative because there are no undisturbed watersheds today to measure for comparison.
Miniature all-silica fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors

We present a miniature diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometric fiber optic sensor fabricated by novel techniques for pressure or acoustic wave measurement that is only approximately 0.32 mm in diameter. By choosing different diaphragm thicknesses and effective diameters, we obtain a sensor measurement range from 5 to 10,000 psi (1 psi = 51.72 Torr) and a frequency response up to 2 MHz. In addition, the sensor's F-P cavity can be set from micrometers to millimeters with a precision of several nanometers. With the all-silica structure, the sensor is reliable, biocompatible, and immune to electromagnetic interference and has high-temperature sensing capability.
Buprenorphine and acute pain management

Buprenorphine’s usefulness in opioid dependence stems from several unique pharmacological properties. Buprenorphine displays partial mu opioid agonist and kappa antagonist activity. This partial agonist activity means that buprenorphine has a ceiling effect a point where the mu agonist effect of the drug reaches maximum activity, despite increases in dose. At these higher doses, buprenorphine can act as an antagonist displacing other opioids and occupying mu receptors without activating them. The result is an agent that can prevent withdrawal while inhibiting the effect of other opioids, should a patient relapse.
Structure and recognition mechanism of EcoRI endonuclease

Abstract The structure of a complex between Eco RI endonuclease and a cognate oligonucleotide shows that sequence specificity is mediated by 12 protein-DNA hydrogen bonds. These interactions discriminate the Eco RI recognition site from all other sequences because any base substitution would rupture at least one of these hydrogen bonds.
The health of caregivers for children with disabilities: caregiver perspectives.

Background There are an estimated 5.9 million children with severe disabilities in the USA, and most of them are cared for at home by their parents and families. Indirect evidence suggests that poor caregiver health may contribute to recurrent hospitalizations and out-of-home placements for children with chronic conditions and disabilities. Greater knowledge of caregiver health-related needs would allow for the improvement of existing services and the development of new strategies to sustain caregivers in their vital roles. This study explores caregiver perspectives of the health implications of long-term informal caregiving for children with disabilities. Methods Forty parents/caregivers of children with disabilities residing in urban, suburban and rural regions of Utah completed questionnaires and participated in focus groups that explored their feelings regarding their current physical and emotional health and the factors that they viewed as either impairing or promoting their health. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed. Summary statistics were generated for the questionnaire responses. Focus group content was analysed according to emerging themes and patterns in clusters of information. Results The caregiving experience was captured by five themes: (i) stress of caregiving; (ii) negative impact on caregiver health; (iii) sharing the burden; (iv) worry about the future; and (v) caregiver coping strategies. Forty-one per cent of the caregivers reported that their health had worsened over the past year, and attributed these changes to a lack of time, a lack of control and decreased psychosocial energy. Conclusions Caregivers of children with disabilities describe negative physical, emotional and functional health consequences of long-term, informal caregiving. They have important insights regarding those aspects of caregiving that have positive and negative influences on their health. Interventions that address these issues may have the potential to positively impact caregiver health.
Wave Invariants of the Spectrum of the G-Invariant Laplacian and the Basic Spectrum of a Riemannian Foliation

Given a compact boundaryless Riemannian manifold upon which a compact Lie group G acts by isometries, recall that the G-invariant Laplacian is the restriction of the ordinary Laplacian on functions...
Current and future strategies in the treatment of childhood pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Strategies for treating pulmonary hypertension in children vary with the severity and acuity of the disorder. Treatment of acute life threatening pulmonary hypertension is focused on principles of perioperative and critical care. These entail exclusion of anatomic and correctable causes of pulmonary hypertension, selective use of intracardiac right to left shunting, sedation, moderate hyperventilation and alkalosis, supplemental oxygen, normalization of lung volumes, judicious use of inotropic support and use of vasodilators. Newer vasodilators target excess or deficient endothelial cell production; prostacyclin and endothelin receptor blockers may be particularly useful after interventions such as cardiopulmonary bypass that render the pulmonary vascular endothelium transiently dysfunctional. Inhaled vasodilators, including aerosolized prostacyclin and inhaled nitric oxide, offer more selectivity and may improve intrapulmonary shunting in patients with pulmonary hypertension and concomitant lung disease. The underpinning for new treatments of chronic (including primary) pulmonary hypertension emphasizes discoveries in genetics and vascular biology which may permit new vessel growth, repair or remodeling, and even normalization of pathologic vessels in the lung. Traditional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension involves supplemental oxygen, digoxin, diuretics, warfarin for older patients and calcium channel blockers for responders to acute testing. Recent trials have shown reduction in mortality and improvement in symptoms as well as the hemodynamic profile of patients treated with continuous prostacyclin infusions. Indeed, reversal of presumed progressive, fatal disease has been reported with prostacyclin, as well as with chronic inhaled nitric oxide. This is further inspired by exciting animal studies using elastase inhibitors, endothelin receptor blockers, type V phosphodiesterase inhibitors and gene transfer therapy to induce over expression of vasodilator genes, notably endothelial nitric oxide synthase and prostaglandin I synthase. These therapies alone or in combination offer promise for the future and hope of reversibility of even advanced forms of pulmonary hypertension.
Nitric oxide transport on sickle cell hemoglobin: Where does it bind?

We have recently reported that nitric oxide inhalation in individuals with sickle cell anemia increases the level of NO bound to hemoglobin, with the development of an arterial-venous gradient, suggesting delivery to the tissues. A recent model suggests that nitric oxide, in addition to its well-known reaction with heme groups, reacts with the β-globin chain cysteine 93 to form S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) and that SNO-Hb would preferentially release nitric oxide in the tissues and thus modulate blood flow. However, we have also recently determined that the primary NO hemoglobin adduct formed during NO breathing in normal (hemoglobin A) individuals is nitrosyl (heme)hemoglobin (HbFeIINO), with only a small amount of SNO-Hb formation. To determine whether the NO is transported as HbFeIINO or SNO-Hb in sickle cell individuals, which would have very different effects on sickle hemoglobin polymerization, we measured these two hemoglobin species in three sickle cell volunteers before and during a dose escalati...
The yeast S phase checkpoint enables replicating chromosomes to bi-orient and restrain spindle extension during S phase distress.

The budding yeast S phase checkpoint responds to hydroxyurea-induced nucleotide depletion by preventing replication fork collapse and the segregation of unreplicated chromosomes. Although the block to chromosome segregation has been thought to occur by inhibiting anaphase, we show checkpoint-defective rad53 mutants undergo cycles of spindle extension and collapse after hydroxyurea treatment that are distinct from anaphase cells. Furthermore, chromatid cohesion, whose dissolution triggers anaphase, is dispensable for S phase checkpoint arrest. Kinetochore–spindle attachments are required to prevent spindle extension during replication blocks, and chromosomes with two centromeres or an origin of replication juxtaposed to a centromere rescue the rad53 checkpoint defect. These observations suggest that checkpoint signaling is required to generate an inward force involved in maintaining preanaphase spindle integrity during DNA replication distress. We propose that by promoting replication fork integrity under these conditions Rad53 ensures centromere duplication. Replicating chromosomes can then bi-orient in a cohesin-independent manner to restrain untimely spindle extension.
Assessment of quality management practice in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan

This study is an assessment of the impact of quality management training on workplace experience in a republic of the former Soviet Union. This preliminary study indicates that initial focus of quality in the republic is “conformance to specifications, and the reliance on improved engineering and operations”. While the concept of quality in an individual context is prized and recognized, when it comes to the collective, the emphasis is on quantity over quality. The immediate need is for training in principles, tools and practice of continuous improvement for a broad base of the population. The findings are particularly significant as they have implications for policy makers responsible for guiding the fledgling market economy that is developing in Kyrgyzstan in particular and other central Asian nations in general, to world class competitiveness.
Analysis of Leaf and Root Transcriptomes of Soil-Grown Avena barbata Plants

Slender wild oat (Avena barbata) is an annual grass dominant in many grassland ecosystems in Mediterranean climate. This species has been the subject of ecological studies aimed at understanding the effect of global climate change on grassland ecosystems and the genetic basis for adaptation under varying environmental conditions. We present the sequencing and analysis of cDNA libraries constructed from leaf and root samples collected from A. barbata grown on natural soil and under varying rainfall patterns. More than 1 million expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated using both GS 454-FLX pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing, and these tags were assembled into consensus sequences. We identified numerous candidate polymorphic markers in the data set, providing possibilities for linking the genomic and the existing genetic information for A. barbata. Using the digital Northern method, we showed that genes involved in photosynthesis were down-regulated under high rainfall while stress-related genes were up-regulated. We also identified a number of genes unique to the root library with unknown function. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to confirm the root specificity of some of these transcripts such as two genes encoding O-methyl transferase. Also we showed differential expression of five root-specific genes under three water levels and two developmental stages. Through a combination of Sanger and 454-based sequencing technologies, we were able to generate a large set of transcribed sequences for A. barbata. This data set provides a platform for further studies of this important wild grass species.
System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes

A methodology to systematically rank volcanic threat was developed as the basis for prioritizing volcanoes for long-term hazards evaluations, monitoring, and mitigation activities. A ranking of 169 volcanoes in the United States and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (U.S. volcanoes) is presented based on scores assigned for various hazard and exposure factors. Fifteen factors define the hazard: Volcano type, maximum known eruptive explosivity, magnitude of recent explosivity within the past 500 and 5,000 years, average eruption-recurrence interval, presence or potential for a suite of hazardous phenomena (pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, tsunami, flank collapse, hydrothermal explosion, primary lahar), and deformation, seismic, or degassing unrest. Nine factors define exposure: a measure of ground-based human population in hazard zones, past fatalities and evacuations, a measure of airport exposure, a measure of human population on aircraft, the presence of power, transportation, and developed infrastructure, and whether or not the volcano forms a significant part of a populated island. The hazard score and exposure score for each volcano are multiplied to give its overall threat score. Once scored, the ordered list of volcanoes is divided into five overall threat categories from very high to very low.
Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Persons with Interferon-γ Receptor 1 Deficiency

Mutations in the interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor predispose to infection with bacille Calmette-Guerin, nontuberculous mycobacteria, and Salmonella organisms. We identified a patient with recurrent disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum osteomyelitis who had an autosomal dominant form of IFN-gamma receptor 1 deficiency (i.e., a 4-bp deletion at or near base 818). IFN-gamma-mediated immunity is important in the control of histoplasmosis.