cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Produced water desalination: An exploratory study

Abstract Produced water is the largest volume byproduct stream in oil and gas production, and has an adverse environmental impact due to its complex composition and high disposal costs. Membrane fouling due to hydrocarbons limits purification of produced water by reverse osmosis (RO). A novel hybrid adsorption/ion exchange (IEX)/RO process is developed in which the adsorber removes dissolved hydrocarbons, IEX removes scale causing precursors, and RO desalinates the water. A part of the hydrocarbon free liquid from the adsorber is pressurized to 6.2 bar, heated to 160 °C and used to regenerate the adsorber, which resulted in an improvement in water recovery (to 86%), and translated into a predicted 22.8% decrease in costs amounting to US$ 27 million annual savings. The new high water recovery processes delineated in this work provide an array of novel options for removing hydrocarbons and desalination under different conditions. Experimental studies are needed to verify the assumptions made in this analysis.
Enhancing oligodendrocyte differentiation by transient transcription activation via DNA nanoparticle-mediated transfection.

Abstract Current approaches to derive oligodendrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) need extended exposure of hPSCs to growth factors and small molecules, which limits their clinical application because of the lengthy culture time required and low generation efficiency of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Compared to extrinsic growth factors and molecules, oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation can be more effectively modulated by regulation of the cell transcription network. In the developing central nervous system (CNS), two basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Olig1 and Olig2, are decisive in oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation. Olig2 plays a critical role in the specification of oligodendrocytes and Olig1 is crucial in promoting oligodendrocyte maturation. Recently viral vectors have been used to overexpress Olig2 and Olig1 in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) to induce the maturation of oligodendrocytes and enhance the remyelination activity in vivo . Because of the safety issues with viral vectors, including the insertional mutagenesis and potential tumor formation, non-viral transfection methods are preferred for clinical translation. Here we report a poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE)-based nanoparticle transfection method to deliver Olig1 and Olig2 into human fetal tissue-derived NSCs and demonstrate efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation following transgene expression of Olig1 and Olig2. This approach is potentially translatable for engineering stem cells to treat injured or diseased CNS tissues. Statement of Significance Current protocols to derive oligodendrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) require lengthy culture time with low generation efficiencies of mature oligodendrocytes. We described a new approach to enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation through nanoparticle-mediated transcription modulation. We tested an effective transfection method using cell-compatible poly (β-amino ester) (PBAE)/DNA nanoparticles as gene carrier to deliver transcription factor Olig1 and Olig2 into human fetal tissue-derived neural stem/progenitor cells, and showed efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation following transgene expression of Olig1 and Olig2. We believe that this translatable approach can be applied to many other cell-based regenerative therapies as well.
Evaluation of the Effects of Impurities on SAES ST198 Hydrogen Gettering

AbstractVarious getter materials are used in the processing of hydrogen isotopes and associated impurities. SAES® ST198 is a zirconium-iron alloy that is typically used for the removal of low levels of hydrogen isotopes from a process gas stream. However, numerous impurities may be present in process gas streams and some of these impurities may have a deleterious effect on the hydrogen absorption capabilities of ST198.A series of experiments were completed to determine the effects of various impurities on the hydrogen gettering ability of ST198 as a function of the bed operating temperature. Changes in hydrogen getter performance were tracked using the analysis of Residual Gas Analyzer data. Baseline conditions of 0.1% hydrogen within a nitrogen rich stream were evaluated at both 350°C and ambient temperature conditions (24°C). Various concentrations of impurities were also explored to determine the effects on the hydrogen gettering of ST198. It has been determined that one benefit of ST198 is that it sho...
Reactive oxygen species leave a damage trail that reveals water channels in Photosystem II

Photosystem II (PSII), a unique membrane-bound oxidoreductase, catalyzes light-driven oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. Although high-resolution structures of PSII are known, the exact path of the substrate water molecules to the catalytic Mn4CaO5 center within the PSII complex remains poorly understood. PSII produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for the frequent damage and turnover of this megacomplex that occur under physiological conditions. Such ROS are known to specifically modify PSII proteins. Using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, we identified oxidative modifications on 36 amino acid residues on the lumenal side of PSII, in the core PSII proteins D1, D2, and CP43 of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Remarkably, these oxidized residues clustered into three nearly continuous formations, tracking the pathways of ROS diffusion from the manganese center all the way out to the surface of PSII. We suggest that these profiles of oxidized residues reveal the locations of water channels within PSII. Our results provide the most comprehensive experimental evidence to date of physiologically relevant oxidized residues in PSII and illuminate three possible channels for water between the catalytic Mn cluster in the PSII complex and the bulk medium around it.
Overcoming the Racial Hierarchy: the History and Medical Consequences of "Caucasian".

The term Caucasian is ubiquitous in the medical field. It is used without a significant consideration of its history or medical necessity. First, the term Caucasian has racist historical origins in a beauty-based hierarchy with implied superiority. It is derived from a 1700’s historical scheme which places Caucasians above the other, degenerated racial groups. Second, the pseudo-scientific justification for this hierarchy has been co-opted to legally justify discrimination against minority groups in the USA. Third, the unnecessary and incorrect application of antiquated racial identifiers negatively impacts patient care. Disentangling real, clinically meaningful genetic differences from superficial racial determinations remains an ongoing challenge. Framing patient care through Caucasian or white lens leads to the unequal care and the otherization of minority groups. Fourth, we must develop a more appropriate, racially sensitive system for patient identification in clinical practice and research. This demands intentionality, precision, and consistency.
Racial disparities in surgical outcomes of patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Abstract Background Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has not historically been a focus of racial health disparities research. IBD has been increasing in the black community. We hypothesized that outcomes following surgery would be worse for black patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study of death and serious morbidity (DSM) of patients undergoing surgery for IBD was performed using data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP 2011–2014). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to evaluate associations between race and outcomes. Results Among 14,679 IBD patients, the overall rate of DSM was 20.3% (white: 19.3%, black 27.0%, other 23.8%, p Conclusions Black patients are at increased risk of post-operative DSM following surgery for IBD. The elevated rates of DSM are not explained by traditional risk factors like obesity, ASA class, emergent surgery, or stoma creation.
Elevated Blood Pressure

Behavioral interventions to modify diet, activity, and emotional stress constitute the recommended initial treatment for mild essential hypertension in children and should accompany pharmacological therapy in more severe cases (Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children, 1987; referred to hereafter as the Second Task Force). The first concern is to ensure that the blood pressure evaluation process itself does not generate excessive anxiety and negative self-labeling on the part of child and family (Bloom & Monterossa, 1981; Bergman & Stamm, 1967). If, upon repeated assessment, the child’s blood pressure is found to be significantly elevated, this can usually be presented as a timely cue to start changing life-style patterns that could lead to health problems later on. Behavioral assessment and intervention efforts then focus on modifying diet habits, increasing physical activity, and reducing excessive emotional stress.
Impact of resident duty hour limits on safety in the intensive care unit: A national survey of pediatric and neonatal intensivists

Objective Resident duty-hour regulations potentially shift workload from resident to attending physicians. We sought to understand how current or future regulatory changes might impact safety in academic pediatric and neonatal intensive care units (ICUs).
Escape Swim Network Interneurons Have Diverse Roles in Behavioral Switching and Putative Arousal in Pleurobranchaea

Escape swimming in the predatory sea slugPleurobranchaea is a dominant behavior that overrides feeding, a behavioral switch caused by swim-induced inhibition of feeding command neurons. We have now...
Kinematics. Changes of Frame

Since the motion Xκis continuous, F is non-singular, so the polar decomposition theorem of CAUCHY enables us to write it in the two forms $$\mathop F\limits_ \sim = \mathop R\limits_ \sim \mathop U\limits_ \sim = \mathop V\limits_ \sim \mathop R\limits_ \sim ,$$ (2.1) where R is an orthogonal tensor, while Ṵ and V are positive-definite symmetric tensors. R, Ṵ, and V are unique. CAUCHY’S decomposition tells us that the deformation corresponding locally to F may be obtained by effecting pure stretches of amounts, say, vi, along three suitable mutually orthogonal directions ḛi, followed by a rigid rotation of those directions or by performing the same rotation first and then effecting the same stretches along the resulting directions. The quantities vi are the principal stretches; corresponding unit proper vectors of Ṵ and V point along the principal axes of strain in the reference configuration and the present configuration X, respectively. Indeed, if $${\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{U}}{{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{e}}}_{i}} = {{v}_{i}}{{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{e}}}_{i}},$$ (2.2) then by (2.1) $$\mathop V\limits_ \sim \left( {\mathop R\limits_ \sim {{\mathop e\limits_ \sim }_i}} \right) = \left( {\mathop R\limits_ \sim \mathop U\limits_ \sim {{\mathop R\limits_ \sim }^T}} \right)\left( {\mathop R\limits_ \sim {{\mathop e\limits_ \sim }_i}} \right) = {v_i}\left( {\mathop R\limits_ \sim {{\mathop e\limits_ \sim }_i}} \right).$$ (2.3)
Then and now in computer science education: the role of the CCSC---tutorial presentation

This tutorial presents the history of the CCSC as seen by its founder and supported by original documents. It traces the motivation and growth of the Consortium and will display 22 years of the Journal. Special attention will be directed to the organization of the Mid-South conference and a description of the five years of that conference's evolution. The author includes an analysis of the presentations and participants of the conference. The tutorial concludes with a discussion of how computer education has changed over the history of the Consortium and how the Consortium has responded to that change.
EU Economic Partnership Agreements and International Human Rights

This chapter examines the impact of the intellectual property chapters in the European Union’s economic partnership agreements (EPAs) on the protection of human rights. It begins by outlining the challenges inherent in any analysis of the interface between intellectual property and human rights. It reminds readers that some of the rights protected under the intellectual property chapters in the EPAs do overlap with rights recognized in existing international or regional human rights instruments. Taking seriously this overlap, the chapter discusses the compatibilities between intellectual property rights and human rights and the resulting synergies created by the EPAs. The chapter then examines the various impediments the EPAs have posed to greater protection of human rights. In particular, it discusses the conflicts and inconsistencies within the EPAs, lost opportunities for promoting human rights and the indirect systemic tension that the agreements have generated within the human rights system. The chapter concludes with a discussion of normative and systemic adjustments that seek to alleviate the tension or conflict between the intellectual property chapters in the EPAs and the international human rights system.
Examining Counselors’ Creative Processes in Counseling

These are statements from creative, effective therapists who were describing the process which, for them, represents innovative and productive counseling interactions. Their words allude to themes of flexibility, knowledge, confidence, and uniqueness. They describe the process of understanding clients and of intervening in ways that produce constructive change. Although this process is clearly different for each therapist, upon examination there are underlying elements of spontaneity and intentionality that can be seen in creative counseling behavior.
Simulating the ocean’s chlorophyll dynamic range from coastal upwelling to oligotrophy

Abstract The measured concentration of chlorophyll a in the surface ocean spans four orders of magnitude, from ∼0.01 mg m−3 in the oligotrophic gyres to >10 mg m−3 in coastal zones. Productive regions encompass only a small fraction of the global ocean area yet they contribute disproportionately to marine resources and biogeochemical processes, such as fish catch and coastal hypoxia. These regions and/or the full observed range of chlorophyll concentration, however, are often poorly represented in global earth system models (ESMs) used to project climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, recent high resolution (∼10 km) global earth system simulations suggest that this shortfall is not solely due to coarse resolution (∼100 km) of most global ESMs. By integrating a global biogeochemical model that includes two phytoplankton size classes (typical of many ESMs) into a regional simulation of the California Current System (CCS) we test the hypothesis that a combination of higher spatial resolution and enhanced resolution of phytoplankton size classes and grazer linkages may enable global ESMs to better capture the full range of observed chlorophyll. The CCS is notable for encompassing both oligotrophic ( 10 mg m−3) endpoints of the global chlorophyll distribution. As was the case for global high-resolution simulations, the regional high-resolution implementation with two size classes fails to capture the productive endpoint. The addition of a third phytoplankton size class representing a chain-forming coastal diatom enables such models to capture the full range of chlorophyll concentration along a nutrient supply gradient, from highly productive coastal upwelling systems to oligotrophic gyres. Weaker ‘top-down’ control on coastal diatoms results in stronger trophic decoupling and increased phytoplankton biomass, following the introduction of new nutrients to the photic zone. The enhanced representation of near-shore chlorophyll maxima allows the model to better capture coastal hypoxia along the continental shelf of the North American west coast and may improve the representation of living marine resources.
Graphing Activity for the First General Chemistry Lab Session to Introduce Data Processing

The first day of lab was traditionally a day to check into lab drawers, discuss lab safety, and perform a basic primer in graphing with Microsoft (MS) Excel, but it now includes an activity that involves reproducing a rather complex graph from the scientific literature. The activity is designed to give the students a brief introduction to the layout of a scientific article; its similarity to the scientific process; and basic statistics, including mean and standard deviation. The task of reproducing the graph from the literature requires students to demonstrate their ability to perform calculations using MS Excel, plot multiple series on one graph, display trendlines, use a secondary axis, and employ custom error bars. The mastery of these skills is apparent to the students and instructors by inspection of the completed graph and grading of the spreadsheet and postactivity questions using a rubric that is specific to the learning outcomes (96.3% class average). Furthermore, the graph to be duplicated is chosen from a paper coauthored by an undergraduate from our university, which creates a sense of relevance to the students. Using an article from our institution also provides the advantage of having access to the raw data, which are not always found in the literature. The incorporation of this activity into the first lab session of our introductory first-year chemistry course has resulted in the instructors of this and subsequent courses to rarely need to assist students in creating graphs, which are the routine conclusion to many lab sessions.
Expression of mouse small interfering RNAs in lettuce using artificial microRNA technology.

Artificial miRNA technology enables the generation of siRNAs to regulate the expression of targeted genes. However, the application of siRNAs to alter gene expression is challenging due to their in...
Applications of Borel Distribution Series on Analytic Functions

The purpose of the present paper is to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for the power series whose coefficients are probabilities of the Borel distribution to be in the family of analytic functions which defined in the open unit disk. We derive a number of important geometric properties, such as, coefficient estimates, integral representation, radii of starlikeness and convexity. Also we discuss the extreme points and neighborhood property for functions belongs to this family.
A highly expressing, soluble, and stable plant-made IgG fusion carrying Zika virus envelope domain III elicits potent immunogenic responses in mice without adjuvant

Summary While therapeutics based on fusing a protein of interest to the IgG Fc domain have been enormously successful, fewer studies have investigated the vaccine potential of IgG fusions. In this study, we systematically compared the key properties of a panel of plant-made IgG fusion vaccine candidates targeting Zika virus envelope domain III (ZE3). Complement protein C1q binding of the IgG fusions was enhanced by: 1) ZE3 fusion to the IgG N-terminus; 2) removal of the IgG light chain or Fab regions; 3) addition of hexamer-inducing mutations in the IgG Fc; 4) adding a self-binding epitope tag to create recombinant immune complexes (RIC); or 5) producing IgG fusions in plants that lack plant-specific β1,2-linked xylose and α1,3-linked fucose N-linked glycans. We also characterized the expression, solubility, and stability of the IgG fusions. By optimizing the size of polymeric constructs, a potently immunogenic vaccine candidate with improved solubility and high stability was produced at 1.5 milligrams IgG fusion per gram leaf fresh weight (mg/g LFW). In mice, the various IgG fusions elicited high titers of Zika-specific antibodies using only two doses without adjuvant, up to 150-fold higher antibody titers than ZE3 alone. We anticipate these findings will be broadly applicable to the creation of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics. Highlights Antigen immunogenicity is improved up to 150-fold by fusion to plant-made IgGs. High serum IgG endpoint titers >1:500,000 were achieved with only two doses without adjuvant. A modified immune complex has high expression, solubility, stability, and immunogenicity.
Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention at Veterans Affairs and Community Care Hospitals.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has established and maintained the largest integrated health care system in the United States. Previous research has shown that this system provides high-quality health care but has been limited by concerns regarding patient access ([1][1],[2][2]). Because of
Building capacity for societally engaged climate science by transforming science training

A major barrier to achieving wide-spread progress on planning for impacts from climate change is the lack of trained scientists skilled at conducting societally-relevant research. Overcoming this barrier requires us to transform the way we train scientists so they are equipped to work with a range of different societal partners and institutions to produce the science needed to address climate change and society's other pressing environmental challenges. As researchers at climate research organizations that work directly with decision-makers and stakeholders to produce decision-relevant science, we are entrenched in advancing actionable climate science. Based on our experience preparing scientists for similar careers, we offer a perspective on a path for the academy to better develop, train and support scientists to conduct societally relevant research. We emphasize the need for science training that builds collaborative science skills at different career stages to develop a strong community of practice around actionable climate science. We offer insights from our training and capacity-building programs to demonstrate this transformation, and point to strategies that can be adopted at other universities to grow the capacity of scientists to support society in achieving rapid progress on climate action.
Mathematics with Open Arms

This chapter situates mathematics as a living entity to focus on relationships made during rich mathematical experiences, which seek to interconnect learners to mathematics and to each other. Anzaldua’s theorizing of conocimientos guides the conversation of ethnomathematics being pivotal in challenging individualism in mathematics education. Ethnomathematics within youth participatory action research provide space for ancient mathematical wisdom to become mathematical spiritual activism, collective action that seeks to transform self, the world, and mathematics.
Optimal toolpath design of additive manufactured composite cylindrical structures

Abstract Structural design optimization for additive manufacturing is primarily focused on planar layer-by-layer processes and design of composite cylindrical structures does not often accommodate manufacturing constraints. In this study, we propose to optimize the toolpath trajectory of additively manufactured composite cylinders comprised of multiple thin cylindrical annuli. Our printing process is based on direct ink writing in which short carbon fibers in a thermoset resin are extruded through a moving nozzle to build up a structure. Since the fibers are primarily aligned in the flow direction of the extrudate, the printing trajectory influences the material properties of the composite structure. To accommodate this, we define the toolpaths as contours of parameterized level-set functions. This parameterization allows us to optimize the material properties and impose manufacturing constraints such as no-overlap, no-sag, minimum radius of curvature, and continuity of the toolpaths. Several examples illustrate the optimization procedure.
Home-Based Palliative Care Visits for DT-LVAD Patients

Purpose All DT-LVAD patients must receive a palliative care consultation prior to implant. No guidelines exist for post-LVAD palliative care follow up to help patients cope with increasing illness burden. We describe our institution's experience with our health system's home-based palliative care (HBPalC) program. Methods We performed a chart review of DT-LVAD implants at our institution. The MGB HBPalC Program is staffed by an MD Medical Director, 3 nurse practitioners and a social worker. All HBPalC clinicians are certified in palliative care. Patients referred to the program are seen at home. The NP performs an initial assessment and collaborates with the LVAD team in developing a comprehensive care plan, with special attention to symptom management, documentation of hopes and worries, anticipatory planning and recommendations to mitigate unnecessary hospitalizations. Follow up visits are scheduled based on clinical and psychosocial needs. Results In 2018-20, 4 LVAD patients were referred to the HBPalC Program. They were elderly, met the criteria for frailty, and could no longer travel to clinic. The HBPalC team, working closely with LVAD team, managed 3 patients’ symptoms and transitioned them to hospice when appropriate. These patients died peacefully at home or at a hospice residence and none presented to the ED or were hospitalized while enrolled in the HBPalC Program. The 4th patient presented to the emergency room with somnolence and was hypotensive and tachypneic. The HBPalC provider and VAD coordinator collaborated to support the patient's daughter through the difficult decision to deactivate the LVAD, easing anxiety for the patient and her family, as well as preventing a readmission. Conclusion HBPalC is a valuable resource that can help to minimize symptom burden for patients as well as support patients and their families with the complicated transition to hospice, allowing them to die in the location of their choosing, which is often at home. As the number of older adults receiving DT-LVADs grows, the need for closer collaboration between LVAD programs and HBPalC programs will also continue to grow. At our institution, we are exploring workflows to expand this collaboration and are additionally working to develop a Geriatric Cardiology Clinic to better assess for and manage geriatric syndromes pre-implant with the goal of further improving outcomes for this patient population.
Forming of Innovative Resources in the Context of Ensuring Sustainable Development of Regions

The problem of the formation of innovative resources in the context of sustainable development of the Russian Federation regions is an actual area of research, since the scientific discussion has determined that it is advisable to include innovative and institutional factors in the sustainable development triad. The key components of sustainable development, ensuring economic growth in the era of the sixth technological order are clarified and described. It has been established that modern innovative transformation in the context of sustainable development implies the introduction of IT technologies with a high degree of robotization of the production process, as well as the enhancement of information transfer procedures and the use of a large flow of information. Pursuant to the results of the study of the theory of innovative development, as well as the analysis and assessment of the Russian experience of innovation activity and the formation of innovation policy, the architecture of the strategy for the region innovative development has been substantiated. Requirements for the current modern strategy of region innovative development for sustainable development are formulated
Disparities in Pediatric Patient Portal Activation and Feature Use.

Objective Disparities in adult patient portal adoption are well-documented; however, less is known about disparities in portal adoption in pediatrics. This study examines the prevalence and factors associated with patient portal activation and the use of specific portal features in general pediatrics. Materials and methods We analyzed electronic health record data from 2012 to 2020 in a large academic medical center that offers both parent and adolescent portals. We summarized portal activation and use of select portal features (messaging, records access and management, appointment management, visit/admissions summaries, and interactive feature use). We used logistic regression to model factors associated with patient portal activation among all patients along with feature use and frequent feature use among ever users (ie, ≥1 portal use). Results Among 52 713 unique patients, 39% had activated the patient portal, including 36% of patients aged 0-11, 41% of patients aged 12-17, and 62% of patients aged 18-21 years. Among activated accounts, ever use of specific features ranged from 28% for visit/admission summaries to 92% for records access and management. Adjusted analyses showed patients with activated accounts were more likely to be adolescents or young adults, white, female, privately insured, and less socioeconomically vulnerable. Individual feature use among ever users generally followed the same pattern. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that important disparities persist in portal adoption in pediatric populations, highlighting the need for strategies to promote equitable access to patient portals.
Anhedonia in eating disorders: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

OBJECTIVE Anhedonia, or loss of pleasure, is related to deficits in reward processing across a variety of psychiatric disorders. In light of research suggesting abnormal reward processing in eating disorders (EDs), the study of anhedonia in EDs may yield important insights into the role of reward in eating pathology. This meta-analysis and review aimed to provide both a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the existing literature on this topic. METHOD We conducted this research (or these meta-analyses) according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched four databases for both peer-reviewed and unpublished literature, and included studies only if a self-report or clinical interview measure of anhedonia was administered to a sample with an ED diagnosis. RESULTS We included 21 studies in the systematic review, and 10 studies in two meta-analyses that compared anhedonia between ED and control samples (n = 9 studies) and within different ED diagnoses (n = 5 studies). Meta-analyses revealed that anhedonia was significantly higher in ED groups compared to healthy controls, but there was no significant difference in anhedonia between ED diagnostic groups. A qualitative review of the literature also suggested that anhedonia may be correlated with increased ED symptom severity. DISCUSSION Findings indicated that anhedonia is elevated in EDs and may be a relevant treatment target. Future research should examine how self-reported anhedonia may correlate with components of reward processing in EDs in order to improve theoretical models as well as targeted interventions.
Grieving beyond gender : understanding the ways men and women mourn

Part I: Patterns of Grief. Introduction and Plan of the Book. Definitions: Understanding Grief. Patterns of Grief: Intuitive Grievers. Instrumental Grievers. Dissonant Responses. Part II: Pathways to Patterns. Personality as a Shaper of Patterns. The Role of Gender. Culture as a Shaping Agent. Part III: Implications and Interventions. Adaptive Strategies: Implications for Counselors. Strategies for Self-Help and Intervention: The Need for Interventive Intentionality. Conclusion.
Mental Culpability and Prosecutorial Misconduct

This Article argues that a prosecutor's intent is always relevant to the courts' analysis of misconduct, and that the courts should always consider a prosecutor's intent in determining whether a rule was violated and whether the verdict was prejudiced. Part II of this Article examines the use of the objective test to analyze a prosecutor's trial conduct. Part III offers several reasons courts give for avoiding inquiry into a prosecutor's mental culpability, analyzes those reasons, and concludes that although the application of an objective test is sufficient to correct misconduct in some instances, it does not foreclose application of a subjective test as well. Part II discusses the use by some courts - although infrequently and inconsistently applied - of a subjective test to review a prosecutor's conduct, and analyzes the reasons that the subjective test is appropriate in all cases. Part IV attempts to rationalize the courts' use of a subjective test of a prosecutor's conduct. Part IV argues that a prosecutor's bad intentions are always relevant in analyzing a prosecutor's conduct, although not always necessary to a court's determination, and concludes that a prosecutor's wrongful intent invariably should be considered whenever evidence of a wrongful intent is available.
Stochastic Train Domain Theory Framework

The Axiomatic Safety-Critical Assessment Process (ASCAP) is illustrated as a Stochastic Train Domain Theory Framework “Plug & Play” large-scale Monte Carlo simulation vision. The framework supports the US traditional railway system component models as generalized operational train line taxonomy. The railway domain can be Direct Traffic Control (DTC), Centralized Traffic Control (CTC), Cab Signaling, Positive Train Control (PTC) or a Maglev system. The train line taxonomy is characterized as a stochastic train domain that provides either a design for safety or a risk assessment framework. The design for safety domain is the dual of the risk assessment domain. A significant property of the stochastic vision is that it handles the stochastic quantification of safety for processor-based train systems integrated with structural and electromechanical devices.
Loads On Tie-down Systems For Floating Drilling Rigs During Hurricane Conditions

Tie-down systems are used to fasten drilling rigs to the deck of offshore structures to prevent them from moving in harsh environmental conditions such as hurricanes. During hurricanes Ivan (2004) and Katrina (2005), failures in tie-down systems allowed several rigs to move and be damaged. In this study, the reaction force and connection capacity of tie-down systems for a tension leg platform (TLP) and a SPAR are investigated by analyzing the dynamics of the drilling rig and its substructure. For the analysis and simulations in time domain, the hull-mooring-riser coupled dynamic analysis program developed by the authors was used. The 100-year and 1000-year hurricane conditions are taken from the API Bulletin 2INT-MET, which reflects updated conditions following major storms during 2004-05. Based on the simulated motion and acceleration time series, the inertial and gravity loads on derrick and skid base are calculated, in addition to dynamic wind forces for various wind-wave-current (W-W-C) collinear headings. Then the loads that could cause tensile/shear/slip failure at derrick and skid-base footings are computed and analyzed. A new concept called instant/progressive slip failure is introduced and demonstrated. Also assessed are the contributions of the centrifugal forces and rotary inertia moments that are often neglected in design practice.
Fly Ash Sulfur Concrete

Two “waste” products, fly ash and elemental sulfur, can be combined with a modifying agent to produce a potentially useful construction material, fly ash sulfur concrete (FASC). Production of the material in the laboratory is simple and direct. Strength characteristics of FASC are affected by the amounts of the ingredients present and the unit weight of the mixture. Compared with a conventional crushed stone aggregate, FASC is a viable highway pavement base course material with respect to predicted theoretical pavement performance. Definitive assessments of the utility of FASC await reliable cost and durability data and construction experience. From perspectives of both environmental protection and energy conservation, waste products (either singly or in combination with other wastes or stabilizing agents, or both) can and should be considered as candidate construction materials.
Personality-Guided Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Integrates cognitive-behavioral approaches with Millon's personologic model to yield an exciting new psychotherapeutic approach. Paul R. Rasmussen describes how, in personality-guided cognitive-behavior therapy, a patient's clinical condition is seen as stemming not just from distorted thinking or behavioral excesses and deficits, but also from personality attributes and situational demands. Individual chapters examine each personality type, including its characteristics, the evolutionary foundation of the personality style, and the immediate adaptive value of the emotional reactions defining it, the pathological process, and the clinical conditions that one is vulnerable to.
Sentinel lymph node mapping with type-II quantum dots.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is an important cancer surgery during which the first lymph node draining the site of a tumor is identified, resected, and analyzed for the presence or absence of malignant cells. Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) of the appropriate size, charge, and emission wavelength permit this surgery to be performed rapidly, with high sensitivity, and under complete image guidance. We describe the materials and methods necessary for the production and characterization of type II near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent quantum dots, which have been optimized for SLN mapping. They contain a CdTe core, CdSe shell, and highly anionic, oligomeric phosphine organic coating. We also describe how to utilize such quantum dots in animal model systems of SLN mapping.
Dual rail static CMOS architecture for wave pipelining

Wave-pipelining is a special pipelining technique used in digital systems to achieve high throughput, with the use of gate capacitance as storage elements. An ideal system should have minimal delay variations amongst all paths. A dual-rail static CMOS (DRSCMOS) technique is presented for wave-pipelining. The availability of multi-functional basic building blocks and their low power consumption makes this an attractive approach.
Complications after the Surgical Treatment of Malignant Thyroid Disease

ABSTRACT Objectives: Our objectives were to document the complication rates after total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for malignant thyroid disease and to compare these rates with previously documented complication rates after operations for benign thyroid disease. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma at a tertiary military medical center from 1996 to 2000. Results: Eighty-two patients were identified with thyroid carcinoma, of which 81 underwent surgical treatment. Nine patients had complications related to their treatment, four were permanent. This included two cases of permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism, one case of phrenic nerve injury, and one case of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. There is a statistically significant higher overall complication rate of this series (10%) in comparison to a similar series of patients surgically treated for benign thyroid disease (2%) when comparing only recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism...
An Outbreak of Foodborne Botulism Associated with Food Sold at a Salvage Store in Texas

Foodborne botulism is caused by potent neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum. We investigated a large outbreak of foodborne botulism among church supper attendees in Texas. We conducted a cohort study of attendees and investigated the salvage store that sold the implicated foods. We identified 15 cases of botulism (40%) among 38 church supper attendees. Nine patients (60%) had botulinum toxin type A detected in stool specimens. The diagnosis was delayed in 3 cases. Fifteen (63%) of 24 attendees who ate a chili dish developed botulism (relative risk, undefined; P<.001). The chili dish was prepared with "brand X" or "brand Y" frozen chili, "brand Z" canned chili, and hot dogs. An unopened container of brand X chili yielded type A toxin. Brand X chili was purchased at a salvage store where perishable foods were inadequately refrigerated. Our investigation highlights the need to improve clinicians' awareness of botulism. More rigorous and more unannounced inspections may be necessary to detect food mishandling at salvage stores.
RADICAL ION PROBES. 7. BEHAVIOR OF A HYPERSENSITIVE PROBE FOR SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSFER IN REACTIONS NOT INVOLVING ELECTRON TRANSFER

1-Methyl-5,7-di-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octa-4,7-dien-6-one (8) and 1,1-dimethyl-5,7-di-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octa-4,7-dien-6-one (1) react with thiophenoxide ion to produce cyclopropane ring-opened products. Thermodynamic considerations effectively rule out any possibility that single electron transfer is involved in theses reactions; the process PhS- + substrate → PhS• + substrate•- is endothermic by over 50 kcal/mol! Nucleophilic attack occurs both at the least- and most-hindered carbons of the cyclopropyl group, and the product ratio (R(1°/2°) from 8 and R(1°/3°) from 1, where 1°, 2°, and 3° refer to the regioisomeric phenyl sulfides formed from these substrates) is found to vary with solvent. In dipolar, aprotic solvents, nucleophilic attack occurs preferentially at the least-hindered carbon of the cyclopropyl group (R(1°/2°) and R(1°/3°) ≈ 4−5), consistent with an SN2 mechanism. In protic solvents, products arising from nucleophilic attack at the more-substituted carbon of the cyclopropyl group become inc...
Late Pleistocene and early Holocene rivers and wetlands in the Bonneville basin of western North America

Field investigations at Dugway Proving Ground in western Utah have produced new data on the chronology and human occupation of late Pleistocene and early Holocene lakes, rivers, and wetlands in the Lake Bonneville basin. We have classified paleo-river channels of these ages as “gravel channels” and “sand channels.” Gravel channels are straight to curved, digitate, and have abrupt bulbous ends. They are composed of fine gravel and coarse sand, and are topographically inverted (i.e., they stand higher than the surrounding mudflats). Sand channels are younger and sand filled, with well-developed meander-scroll morphology that is truncated by deflated mudflat surfaces. Gravel channels were formed by a river that originated as overflow from the Sevier basin along the Old River Bed during the late regressive phases of Lake Bonneville (after 12,500 and prior to 11,000 14C yr B.P.). Dated samples from sand channels and associated fluvial overbank and wetland deposits range in age from 11,000 to 8800 14C yr B.P., and are probably related to continued Sevier-basin overflow and to groundwater discharge. Paleoarchaic foragers occupied numerous sites on gravel-channel landforms and adjacent to sand channels in the extensive early Holocene wetland habitats. Reworking of tools and limited toolstone diversity is consistent with theoretical models suggesting Paleoarchaic foragers in the Old River Bed delta were less mobile than elsewhere in the Great Basin.
Spearman's g: links between psychometrics and biology.

Individual differences with respect to diverse tests of mental abilities that range in complexity from simple reaction time to abstract reasoning are all positively correlated in the population. The total covariance among all such tests can be analyzed into a number of uncorrelated components of variance, or factors, that, in terms of their generality, are hierarchical, with the most general factor, or g, at the apex. This g factor is common to every type of cognitive performance, whatever other ability factors may be involved (e.g., verbal, spatial, numerical, musical, etc.), and is the crucial factor in most tests' practical validity. Its correlations with various tests' heritability, inbreeding depression, heterosis, average evoked potentials, brain metabolism, and many other physical correlates indicate that as a product of evolution it is profoundly enmeshed with many organismic variables. A theory based on empirical evidence links g to neural processes involved in the speed and efficiency of information processing.
Structures for structural recursion

Our goal is to develop co-induction from our understanding of induction, putting them on level ground as equal partners for reasoning about programs. We investigate several structures which represent well-founded forms of recursion in programs. These simple structures encapsulate reasoning by primitive and noetherian induction principles, and can be composed together to form complex recursion schemes for programs operating over a wide class of data and co-data types. At its heart, this study is guided by duality: each structure for recursion has a dual form, giving perfectly symmetric pairs of equal and opposite data and co-data types for representing recursion in programs. Duality is brought out through a framework presented in sequent style, which inherently includes control effects that are interpreted logically as classical reasoning principles. To accommodate the presence of effects, we give a calculus parameterized by a notion of strategy, which is strongly normalizing for a wide range of strategies. We also present a more traditional calculus for representing effect-free functional programs, but at the cost of losing some of the founding dualities.
OPEN VERSUS CLOSED PRIMARIES AND CANDIDATE FORTUNES, 1972-1984:

It is well known to political scientists that “changing the rules changes the game.” As a result of the recent Supreme Court ruling in Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut (1986), many state parties and legislatures are currently debating the choice between open and closed primaries. This article is an attempt to measure the impact of an open primary system by estimating how the outcome of previous presidential primary elections might have been altered if independents and partisans of the opposing party had been allowed to vote. Using data from the American National Election Studies of 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984, the projected vote totals obtained under different types of primary systems show that the outcome of the election is affected only when the absence of a primary contest within one party results in a high level of strategic voting—a scenario that was possible in the 1972 and 1984 elections. Otherwise, the projected outcomes using various open primary types are not significantly different fr...
Hamiltonian formulation of the SU(2) gauge field in interaction with an external source

When the gauge field interacts with an external source, the Gauss-law constraints are second class. The difficulties associated with this are resolved by a canonical transformation. A positive Hamiltonian expressed in terms of unconstrained canonical variables is obtained.
Multivariate assessment of locomotor behavior: Pharmacological and behavioral analyses

Abstract A Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM) is described which is designed to assess the spatial and temporal sequences of the locomotor movements, investigatory holepokes, and rearings of rats. The system records these behavioral responses with 0.1 sec resolution in time and 1.5 inch resolution in space, and permenently stores all the resulting data. The sequences of these responses may then be displayed on a video terminal or on paper and are also available for the calculation of a variety of descriptive statistics. Studies are described in which rats were tested repeatedly without any pharmacological treatments or in single test sessions following the administration of saline or one of five stimulant drugs. A variety of desriptive measures of the temporal or spatial patterning of the animals' behavior are described and applied to the data resulting of the values stimulants It is concluded that the combination of these measures enables distinctions to be made among these drugs which cannot be made on the basis of measures of the amount of locomotor activity.