cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionizing Radiation and the Structure and Function of Forests

Certain considerations of information theory have suggested that forests, representing the later, more “mature” stages of succession are intrinsically more stable than the less diverse communities of early stages. Experimental irradiation of a limited number of plant communities, including forests, indicates that with respect to ionizing radiation, forests are substantially more sensitive to disturbance than the communities of earlier stages of succession. The sensitivity of forests is attributable to several factors, among them the greater intrinsic sensitivity of trees in general to radiation damage (certain gymnosperm are killed by as little as 500 R, which is one-one hundredth the dose to kill certain herbs) and to the more complex structure of the forest with its concomitant reduction in the ratio of photosynthesis to total respiration. The difference in sensitivity between field and forest appears to span a factor of 10, whether the effect is measured in terms of total production, diversity, or by various other statistics of communities.
Contribution of the Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative in Advancing the Movement to Value-Based Care.

The articles in this supplement address a wide variety of practice and system transformation efforts that include the Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative (TCPI).[1][1] This editorial provides context about the ongoing TCPI model test to help readers understand the broader effort addressed by
Alternative approaches for confounding adjustment in observational studies using weighting based on the propensity score: a primer for practitioners.

This report aims to provide methodological guidance to help practitioners select the most appropriate weighting method based on propensity scores for their analysis out of many available options (eg, inverse probability treatment weights, standardised mortality ratio weights, fine stratification weights, overlap weights, and matching weights), and outlines recommendations for transparent reporting of studies using weighting based on the propensity scores.
Mitigation of Resonances in Sinuous Antennas

Sinuous antennas are capable of producing ultra-wideband radiation with polarization diversity. Such a capability makes the sinuous antenna an attractive candidate for wideband polarimetric radar applications. Additionally, the ability of the sinuous antenna to be implemented as a planar structure makes it a good fit for close in sensing applications such as ground penetrating radar. However, recent literature has shown the sinuous antenna to suffer from resonances which degrade performance. Such resonances produce late time ringing which is particularly troubling for pulsed close in sensing applications. The resonances occur in two forms: log-periodic resonances on the arms, and a resonance due to the outer truncation of the sinuous antenna geometry. A detailed investigation as to the correlation between the log-periodic resonances and the sinuous antenna design parameters indicates the resonances may be mitigated by selecting appropriate parameters. In addition, the resonance due to truncation may be mitigated by moving the circular truncation to the tip of the outermost cell which has advantages over the clipping method proposed in the literature.
Prediabetes and progression to diabetes among adult survivors of childhood cancer in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort.

10548Background: Cardiac death among survivors of childhood cancer occurs at > 10 times the rate expected in the general population. Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, incr...
Mapping gadolinium contrast in a complex ionic and photosynthesis environment of pineapple by near-infrared and X-ray imaging

This work explores the diffusivity of a lanthanide complex, Eovist (Gadolinium-Ethoxy Benzyl Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) that is stable in neutral media but is not in acidic environment. In th...
Drones provide a better method to find nests and estimate nest survival for colonial waterbirds: a demonstration with Western Grebes

Drone use in wildlife biology has greatly increased as they become cheaper and easier to deploy in the field. In this paper we describe a less invasive method of using drones and exploring their limitations for studying colonial nesting waterbirds. Western Grebes, like most colonial nesting waterbirds, can be very sensitive to human interaction. Using a 3DR Solo quad copter equipped with a high-resolution digital camera we were able to effectively map and monitor a Western Grebe breeding colony throughout the nesting period with a series of 6 flights. We were able to use drone collected aerial imagery to model nest survival while minimizing disturbance to the birds. However, we were not able to deploy the drone at all of our study sites. Our ability to effectively deploy the drone was hindered by the environmental and vegetation characteristics of a site. Drone technology can be a useful tool, especially when studying a species sensitive to human interaction. However, there researchers should carefully consider their species and study site to evaluate if a drone is the proper tool to meet their objectives.
Finite Deflection of Plates

The deformation due to in-plane displacements and bending of thin isotropic plates is described by a two-dimensional stress equation and the biharmonic equation (see §5.7) respectively, under the following assumptions: (i) The faces of the plate are free of applied loads; (ii) all external surface forces act on the edge of the plate; and (iii) the forces acting on the edge lie in the (x1, x2)–plane which is taken to coincide with the surface of the plate, and are symmetrically distributed with respect to this plane. Thus, the points of the (x1,x2)–plane undergo no displacement in the x3–direction, where (x1, x2, x3) denotes the rectangular cartesian coordinate system.
Visualization and Analysis of Environmental Data

The virtual exploration of place has been employed in a variety of learning environments across many disciplines, creatively expanding upon the experience of place. This chapter explores the value of mapping environmental data as a tool that can enhance students’ virtual exploration of place as they investigate local environmental policies and problems within their own urban surroundings. This visualization project engages students in making meaningful connections between the theoretical study of local and global environmental problems and the “observation” and investigation of these data using mapped data. The virtual learning environment is viewed as one that is interactive, exploring how the resources of urban settings can be cultivated in designing virtual methodologies, and where the experience of place can be realized as geographic place.
Suppression of the kinase for elongation factor 2 alleviates mGluR-LTD impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Impaired mRNA translation (protein synthesis) is linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Recent studies revealed the role of increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in AD-associated cognitive deficits. Phosphorylation of eEF2 (at the Thr56 site) by its only known kinase eEF2K leads to inhibition of general protein synthesis. AD is considered as a disease of "synaptic failure" characterized by impairments of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Deficiency of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-dependent LTD (mGluR-LTD) is indicated in cognitive syndromes associated with various neurological disorders, including AD, but the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying the mGluR-LTD dysregulation in AD remain unclear. In this brief communication, we report genetic repression of eEF2K in aged APP/PS1 AD model mice prevented AD-associated hippocampal mGluR-LTD deficits. Using a pharmacological approach, we further observed that impairments of mGluR-LTD in APP/PS1 mice were rescued by treating hippocampal slices with a small molecule eEF2K antagonist NH125. Our findings, taken together, suggest a critical role of abnormal protein synthesis dysregulation at the elongation phase in AD-associated mGluR-LTD failure, thus providing insights into a mechanistic understanding of synaptic impairments in AD and other related dementia syndromes.
Ignorance, Knowledge, and Two Epistemic Intuitions

One of the most venerable and enduring intuitions in epistemology concerns the relationship between true belief and knowledge. Famously articulated by Socrates, it holds that true belief does not suffice for knowledge. I discuss a matching intuition about ignorance according to which true belief does not suffice for the absence of ignorance. I argue that the latter intuition undercuts the New View of Ignorance (according to which ignorance is the absence of true belief) and supports the Standard View of Ignorance (according to which ignorance is the absence of knowledge).
A Critical Role of Platelet Glycoprotein Ibα in Arterial Remodeling

The canonical role of platelets is hemostasis in which they function as highly specialized cells designed to plug holes in the blood vascular system. To accomplish this task, platelets have evolved unique molecular tools that enable them to function in the vascular environment, such as the GPIbα receptor complex that mediates platelet adhesion to the vessel wall in the face of high shear forces and stringent activation pathways that trigger adhesive interactions mediated by integrin receptors. It is becoming increasing apparent that platelets may also use these specialized molecular tools to perform vascular tasks other than plugging holes and preventing blood loss. Some of these more recently defined roles seem to be variants of their canonical role, for example, lymphovenous hemostasis that controls the flow of lymph into the blood circulation,1 and inflammatory hemostasis that prevents bleeding at sites of extremely high vascular permeability.2 Others seem to be truly nonhemostatic, for example, platelet adhesion to leukocytes to facilitate their passage across blood vessel wall at sites of inflammation.3,4 Common to these noncanonical platelet roles is the use of unique molecular mechanisms that allow platelets to respond to stimuli in the …
Confronting Challenges in the US Health Care System: Potential Opportunity in a Time of Crisis.

The sheer number of challenges facing the Biden Administration and the 117th Congress in the health policy sphere is staggering, as is the range of potential solutions offered by the authors of the Viewpoints in the JAMA Health Policy series The most pressing challenges involve addressing the global COVID-19 pandemic Yet policy makers would be remiss if they did not leverage this opportunity to also address the fundamental problems with the US health system laid bare by the nation's response to the pandemic These include major challenges related to health insurance coverage, the solvency of publicly funded programs, the stability of the health care safety net, market power and consolidation, inequities in health care access and outcomes, public health infrastructure, and the failure to effectively use technology to help counteract these problems
Breast Implant Safety: an Overview of Current Regulations and Screening Guidelines

Breast implant surgery for cosmetic or reconstructive purposes is becoming increasingly common. While the devices used are regulated and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, all patients with breast implants require continued follow-up. Many patients will seek this care from their primary care providers, especially when follow-up with their plastic surgeon is difficult. It is vital that treating clinicians are knowledgeable about the history of breast implants, routine screening guidelines, and the recent breast implant "hot topics"-breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), connective tissue disease, and breast implant illness. This paper will provide the necessary information for primary care providers to appropriately counsel patients with breast implants to maintain not only their trust, but also their health.
Poetic Respect; Poetic Letting Go

A focus on the aesthetic, scholarly, ethical, and relational aspects of poetic inquiry foregrounds some of the productive tensions and rich possibilities of this form of research. It likewise exposes some of the unresolvable pressures when poet-researchers are required to attend to differing expectations and needs. Looking closely at these moments provides a way to tease out and examine what is radical and often challenging about poetic inquiry as simultaneously an art form, a form of investigation, an ethical stance, and a relationship. To provide a clear poetic inquiry “case,” Laura Apol focuses on one individual and one poem, demonstrating the ways competing demands in poetic inquiry require the poet-inquirer to make difficult choices.
Merging Education Systems with Humanware

People are fascinated with new technological advances in the medical, science, and education disciplines. There are thousands of breakthroughs in each discipline in combination with technology. The famous Moore’s law of technology; that technology advances at a given rate is verified and proved over the past 48-years. This animation can be viewed at Visualizing Moore’s Law in Action (Visualizing Moore’s Law in Action (1971–2019) – https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-moores-law-in-action-1971-2019/?fbclid=IwAR3BokAmQjdhdBkKjHmLducV3x9Et11i8g05cCJc27mP_lWC4sCtFdt7JIQ).
Scientific Progress as Nonconvergent

(1) Scientific progress is a matter of the increasingly far-reaching exploration of the “parameter-space” of our natural environment. (2) Scientific inquiry strives towards a systematization of theorizing conjecture with the data of experience. It involves the ongoing restoration of an equilibrium between data and theory through the destabilizing shocks of enlarged experience. The technologically mediated entry into new regions of parameter space confronts us with this task in ever-renewed forms. (3) In principle, at any rate, the prospect of ongoing “scientific revolutions” is potentially unending. (4) There is no warrant for adopting a theory of convergence that sees the innovations of theorizing science as being of constantly diminishing scope. Neither can a scientific realism rely on present science, nor are its difficulties resolved by looking to “the long run”.
The National Coal Liquefaction Technology Data Base System

Procedures have been established for inputting, processing, and retrieving large volumes of technical data and backup engineering information archived in the Department of Energy’s National Coal Liquefaction Technology Data Base (LTDB) System, located in Pittsburgh, PA. A Technical Inventory System has been established for accounting and classifying all useful technical information relating to coal liquefaction technology. This represents around 1.5 billion dollars for research, development, and demonstration efforts, largely government sponsored, during the major funding period from 1977 through 1983. An Engineering Summary/Data Compilation Management System has been designed and established for processing and summarizing the engineering data classified as high quality/high utility from an engineering design perspective. Several search routines developed as part of the management information system approach for the LTDB are presented.
From trash collectors to guardians of cell signaling and immune homeostasis.

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins, occurs rapidly and often reversibly, and regulates a vast array of protein-protein interactions that underlie cellular immune responses (1). Ubiquitination is best known for mediating protein interactions with degradative proteasomes, thereby dictating protein stability. This critical function was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2004. Recent studies indicate that ubiquitination also mediates a broad array of non-proteolytic interactions between proteins that regulate protein trafficking, transcription factor complexes, and signal transduction (2). In this volume, the review articles utilize the lens of individual ubiquitin ligase enzymes that regulate ubiquitination of signaling proteins in immune cells.
Horticultural potential and population genetics of Nyssa aquatica L. (water tupelo)

Trees native to seasonally flooded wetlands have proven valuable in managed landscapes where wide fluctuations in soil moisture occur regularly. Nyssa aquatica L. (water tupelo) is a large, deciduous tree native to continuously and periodically flooded wetlands of the southeastern United States. I investigated the potential for using this tree in horticulture based on its tolerance to extreme fluctuations in soil moisture, water deficit, and its capability to be propagated asexually via stem cuttings. I also examined the genetic structure of the species across its native range by using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Seedlings of N. aquatica were more tolerant to water deficit than seedlings of Nyssa ogeche Bartram ex. Marsh. (Ogeechee tupelo), another native North American species indigenous to wetland soils. Up to 40% mortality was observed for N. ogeche when subjected to repeated cycles of soil drying, whereas a maximum of 20% mortality was observed for N. aquatica subjected to the same treatment. However, up to 55% of N. aquatica plants died when subjected to continuous water deficit. Seedlings of N. aquatica were tolerant to wide fluctuations in soil moisture but were sensitive to long-term water deficit when growth potential was high during spring and early summer. Plants exposed to moderate soil moisture before water deficit exhibited reduced photosynthetic rates and predawn water potentials, whereas plants subjected to a water deficit pretreatment or flooding before water deficit had photosynthetic rates and predawn water potentials similar to those of well-watered controls. Seedlings treated with flooding before being exposed to water deficit also maintained greater aesthetic appeal than those pretreated with moderate soil moisture. Slower growth rates and reduced leaf area resulted when plants were treated with water deficit or flooding, which led to reduced transpirational demand and probably
Immunological weapons acquired early in life win battles with cancer late in life.

My foray into tumor immunology research 20 years ago was stimulated by the successes of my group in transplantation immunology research that I believed at the time would give us a technical and a conceptual direction. Moving in 1982 from Stanford University where I had done postdoctoral work on
Characterization of the parallel rod floor apparatus to test motor incoordination in mice

Impairment of motor coordination, or ataxia, is a prominent effect of alcohol ingestion in humans. To date, many models have been created to examine this phenomenon in animals. Evidence suggests that the tasks thought to measure this behavior in mice actually measure different components of this complex trait. We have characterized the parallel rod floor apparatus to quantify ethanol-induced motor incoordination. Using genetically heterogeneous mice, we evaluated the influence of rod diameter and inter-rod distance on dose-related ethanol-induced motor incoordination to select parameters that optimized testing procedures. We then used the DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred strains of mice to examine the effect of 2 g/kg of ethanol, by serially testing mice on two floor types, separated by 1 week. Finally, we tested eight inbred strains of mice on four floor types to examine patterns of strain sensitivity to 2 g/kg of intraperitoneal ethanol and determined the test parameters that maximized strain effect size. Motor incoordination varied depending on the floor type and strain. When data from strain 129S1/SvlmJ were removed from the analyses because of their extreme behavior, the greatest strain effect size was observed on one floor type during the first 10 min of testing after 2 g/kg of intraperitoneal ethanol. These findings suggest that the parallel rod floor apparatus provides a useful means for examining ethanol-induced motor incoordination in mice but that specific testing procedures are important for optimizing detection of motor incoordination and genetic influences.
Revealing Neuronal Circuitry Using Stem Cell-Derived Neurons

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived neurons are a renewable cell source for investigation of neuronal circuits. Engineering circuit-tracing components into stem cells facilitates studies on mechanisms of synaptic coupling and circuitogenesis. This unit details methods for the generation of mESC-derived neurons harboring trans-synaptic viral tracing elements, which are used for investigation of synaptic connections within circuits in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. The first protocol describes procedures for feeder-free passaging of mESCs, modified to carry reporter and rabies virus tracing elements. The second protocol describes in vitro generation of neurons from these ESCs. The last protocols describe the use of ESC-derived neurons as “source cells” for rabies virus circuit-tracing to identify inputs onto synaptically connected neurons. Given the broad applicability, these protocols can be applied to investigate the ability of in vitro-derived neurons to establish/maintain synaptic connections in disease models, and/or with human-induced pluripotent stem cells.
EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON THE TOBACCO BUDWORM. III. IRRADIATION OF EGGS AND LARVAE.

Zero- to 1-, 1- to 2-, and 2- to 3-day-old eggs and 1-, 6-, 9-, and 15-day-old larvae of Heliothis virescens (F.) were exposed to several dosages of gamma radiation. Susceptibility to radiation injury decreased as insect development proceeded. Eggs irradiated at an early stage of embryonic development were considerably more susceptible than those exposed at a later stage. Mortality was high in larvae that hatched from irradiated egg. Larvae were found to be less sensitive than eggs to gamma radiation. However. irradiation of larvae resulted in marked mortality in subsequent developmental stages. Many of the adults that emerged from irradiated larvae were malformed. Retardation of growth was also noticeable.
Contaminant diffusion, solubility, and material property differences between HDPE and PEX potable water pipes.

The objectives of this work were to identify differences between the composition, bulk properties, contaminant diffusivity and solubility for new high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe and crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) pipe, as well as determine which contaminant and polymer properties are useful for predicting contaminant fate in water pipe. Variations in PE pipe density ( 0.9371–0.9547 g/ cm3 ) , crystallinity (69–72%), crosslinking (60 and 76%), and oxidative induction time (33 to >295 min .) were detected. While numerically these differences seem minor, results show that slight material differences have a notable effect on contaminant diffusivity and solubility. Nonpolar contaminant diffusivity and solubility were best predicted by bulk density. Polar contaminants were more soluble and diffused faster through PEX than HDPE pipes because PEX pipes contained a greater amount of oxygen. For all materials, dipole moment and Log Kow were good predictors of contaminant fate and molecular volume was only use...
Noncollinear phase-matched four-photon mixing in Hg 0.77 Cd 0.23 Te

We observed phase-matched four-photon mixing in Hgo.77CdO. 2 3Te by using a noncollinear configuration. The observed phase-matching angle is in good agreement with theoretical estimates obtained using Brown's [T. L. Brown, M.S. thesis (MIT Press, 1975)] approach. Phase matching improves the conversion efficiency of the mixing process by an order of magnitude.
Origin of Long-Period Polytypism in Polycrystalline SiC

A phenomenological model is proposed for the formation of super-periodicities in polycrystalline SiC, a material for which the existing theories of long-period polytypism are inadequate and which exhibits this structural phenomenon perhaps more profusely than any other known material. Supporting TEM lattice fringe images from samples partially transformed from α-SiC to long-period polytypes are presented. Ein phanomenologisches Modell wird vorgeschlagen fur die Bildung von Superperiodizitaten in polykristallinem SiC, ein Material fur das die existierenden Theorien der langperiodischen Polytypen inadequat sind und die dieses Strukturphanomen wahrscheinlich ausgepragter als jedes andere bekannte Material zeigt. TEM-Streifengitterdiagramme, die dies bestatigen, werden von Proben angegeben, die partiell von α-SiC zu langperiodischen Polytypen uberfuhrt sind.
Direct-methods determination of an RNA/DNA hybrid decamer at 1.15 Å resolution

For the first time, ab initio direct methods have been used to solve the crystal structure of an RNA/DNA hybrid decamer. The RNA/DNA sequence corresponds to the leftmost two-thirds of the polypurine tract (PPT), the primer for second-strand DNA synthesis by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Direct methods using Shake-and-Bake (SnB) yielded solutions for the RNA/DNA decamer molecule using 1.15 A data, which is just on the resolution edge of what might work with direct methods. Atomic positions for 96% of the entire molecule, containing 514 non-H atoms including three Ca2+ ions, were easily interpreted from a Fourier map based on the `Shake-and-Bake' minimal function and CROQUE phase-refinement program. Only six atoms, primarily in the sugar linkage, were missing in this Fourier map. At present, the R factor of the model is 0.143 (Rfree = 0.186) for the 562 non-H atom sites located. The conformation of the RNA/DNA helix is A-form, with a typical A-helix minor-groove width. This paper presents the methodology used in solving this structure.
Management of Psychiatric Problems in Critically Ill Patients

Critical care units have become essential elements in modern medicine. These units reflect the highest levels of scientific and technological advance in medicine. Within these units, however, lie significant psychiatric challenges for patients and staff. This article examines the identification and treatment of the most frequent psychiatric problems facing patients entering critical care units, including delirium, depression and anxiety. These conditions are important to address in order to decrease patient suffering and improve morbidity and mortality. The article also addresses some of the most common staff stressors encountered in working in these units. Managing these stressors makes the critical care unit a place where staff can flourish instead of burning out. Specific techniques may help the staff deal with the complex medical, psychological, and ethical issues found in these units in an empathic, compassionate, and well-balanced manner that allows ongoing work satisfaction.
Suppression of the repetitive ventricular response: an index of long-term antiarrhythmic effectiveness of aprindine for ventricular tachycardia in man.

Abstract The repetitive ventricular response, defined as the production of two or more ventricular premature complexes in response to a single ventricular pacing stimulus, is common in patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-seven patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia were studied to determine whether acute suppression of the repetitive ventricular response by aprindine predicts long-term effectiveness of this agent. Twenty-three of the 27 patients had the repetitive ventricular response before intravenous administration of aprindine, whereas only 6 had the response after aprindine. All patients were maintained on a regimen of oral aprindine and evaluated repeatedly for a mean of 12 months. Twenty of the 21 patients who had no repetitive ventricular response after intravenous aprindine manifested clinical improvement compared with only 1 of the 6 in whom the repetitive response was present after aprindine ( P Aprindine is a useful agent in refractory ventricular tachycardia, and the absence of the repetitive ventricular response after its intravenous administration predicts long-term clinical responsiveness to the oral form.
Research on Method of Coal Shearer States Monitoring

According to the requirements of states monitoring and detection to shearer, it is an urgent need to develop a new states signal collection method, which can solve the current problem in signal collection. In this paper we collect shearer’s states signal by using self-developed portable intrinsically safe mining vibration recorder, which has solved the data acquisition problem of vibration-based shearer fault diagnosis research. This has laid the foundation for states monitoring and detection to shearer, and also for remote monitoring and fault diagnosis to shearer. At the same time, this will provide theoretic reference and basis for design improvement and performance improvement of shearer in future through analyzing the data.
Candidate genes and the genetic epidemiology of asthma.

Genetic disposition and environmental factors are thought to determine the development of asthma and other allergic diseases. It was recognised a long time ago that asthma runs in families and that a positive family history of asthma in parents or siblings represents a strong risk factor for the development of asthma. These clinical observations were confirmed by twin studies which play an important role in determining the contribution of genetic as well as environmental factors in the development of a disease. In the case of asthma the contribution of genetic factors towards the development of the disease was estimated to range from 30% to 75% in twin studies.1 To further determine the pattern of asthma inheritance, segregation studies have been performed. With this method the distribution of a disease in families is compared to the expected distribution in different models comprising genetic (e.g., dominant or recessive inheritance) and/or environmental factors. From these studies it seems most likely that the development of asthma is influenced by multiple genes exerting relatively small effects characteristic for a complex, polygenic disease. Furthermore, intermediate phenotypes associated with asthma such as eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels may follow different patterns of inheritance which fit better with models involving one or two major gene loci responsible for the observed pattern of trait distribution. Thus, it is still a matter of debate how many genes contribute to the development
Material morphology and electrical resistivity differences in EPDM rubbers

Electrical resistance anomalies noted in EPDM gaskets have been attributed to zinc-enriched surface sublayers, about 10-{micro}m thick, in the sulfur cured rubber material. Gasket over-compression provided the necessary connector pin contact and was also found to cause surprising morphological changes on the gasket surfaces. These included distributions of zinc oxide whiskers in high pressure gasket areas and cone-shaped features rich in zinc, oxygen, and sulfur primarily in low pressure protruding gasket areas. Such whiskers and cones were only found on the pin side of the gaskets in contact with a molded plastic surface and not on the back side in contact with an aluminum surface. The mechanisms by which such features are formed have not yet been defined.
Detection and Quantification of Glycosylated Flavonoid Malonates in Celery, Chinese Celery, and Celery Seed by LC-DAD-ESI/MS

A screening method using LC-DAD-ESI/MS was applied to the analysis of flavonoids in celery, Chinese celery, and celery seeds (Apium graveolens L. and varieties). Fifteen flavonoid glycosides were detected in the three celery materials. They were identified as luteolin 7-O-apiosylglucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-apiosylglucoside, chrysoeriol 7-O-apiosylglucoside, chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside, and more than 10 malonyl derivatives of these glycosides. The identification of the malonyl derivatives was confirmed by their conversion into glycosides upon heating and by comparison of some of the malonates with malonates that had previously been identified in red bell pepper and parsley. The concentrations of the glycosides and the malonyl glycosides in the three materials were estimated by comparison to aglycone standards. This is the first report of the presence of these glycosylated flavonoid malonates in celery.
Identification of Direct Protein Targets of Small Molecules

Small-molecule target identification is a vital and daunting task for the chemical biology community as well as for researchers interested in applying the power of chemical genetics to impact biology and medicine. To overcome this “target ID” bottleneck, new technologies are being developed that analyze protein–drug interactions, such as drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), which aims to discover the direct binding targets (and off targets) of small molecules on a proteome scale without requiring chemical modification of the compound. Here, we review the DARTS method, discuss why it works, and provide new perspectives for future development in this area.
Out of the black box: treatment of resistant depression in adolescents and the antidepressant controversy.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe the effects of the pediatric antidepressant controversy on the Treatment of Serotonin-Selective Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) trial. Method: Adolescents, ages 12–18 years, with SSRI resistant depression were randomized to one of four treatments for a 12 week trial: Switch to different SSRI, switch to an alternate antidepressant (venlafaxine), switch to an alternate SSRI plus cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), or switch to venlafaxine plus CBT. Results: The health advisories and “black box” warnings regarding suicidality and antidepressants in adolescents occurred during the course of the TORDIA trial. Revisions to the protocol, multiple-consent form changes, and re-consenting of patients were necessary. Recruitment of participants was adversely affected. Conclusion: Despite a cascade of unforeseen events that delayed the completion of the study, the TORDIA trial resulted in clinically important informati...
Relativistic enhancement of the Compton-reflected component in active galactic nuclei

Compton reflection may be an important process in AGNs, since it provides an improvement over power-law fits to AGN spectra observed by Ginga and can also explain the spectrum of the cosmic X-ray background. The fraction of the total X-ray luminosity which is incident upon a thin steady alpha-disk if the X-rays are produced by inverse-Compton scattering of soft, disk photons off relativistic electrons located above the disk is calculated. This fraction is called the Compton reflection covering factor, f, and it is found that it can range between 0.5 and 0.88. This large range in f, due to a relativistic kinematic effect first calculated in this connection by Ghisellini et al (1991) is sufficient to explain the typical covering (about 0.5) observed in bright AGNs by Ginga as well as the large covering factor (about 0.9) required to explain the cosmic X-ray background in the Compton reflection model.
Neuroimaging and facial affect processing: implications for traumatic brain injury.

The ability to recognize others’ emotions is critical to successful interpersonal interactions. Given its importance, there has been an extensive amount of research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms associated with facial affect recognition in healthy individuals, and some in patient populations with affective disorders. Findings from these studies reveal that the underlying mechanisms involve a distributed neural network, engaging structures within limbic and subcortical regions, prefrontal cortex, temporal and parietal lobes, and occipital cortex. In the last several decades, researchers have become increasingly interested in how emotion recognition is affected after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), which often involves damage to these structures, as well as the neural circuitry connecting them. Not surprisingly, research has reliably demonstrated that facial affect recognition deficits are common after TBI. To date, however, no neuroimaging studies have investigated facial affect recognition deficits in the TBI population. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to consider how functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) might inform our knowledge about affect recognition deficits after TBI, and potentially enhance treatment approaches.
Plant acclimation to elevated CO2- : From simple regularities to biogeographic chaos

Upon exposure to altered levels of CO2, plants express a variety of acclimations to CO2 directly, over and above acclimations to indirect changes in temperature and water regimes. These acclimations commonly include increased photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and increased water-use efficiency with reduced N content and reduced stomatal conductance. The robust generic acclimations are explicable by combining simple models of carboxylation, stomatal control, energy balance, and functional balance. Species- or genotype-specific acclimations are overlaid on these generic acclimations. Several such specific acclimations that are often seen are readily incorporated in an extended model. These specific acclimations generate a great spread of values in key performance measures of photosynthesis, water- and N-use efficiencies, and rates of water and N use, even among C3 species that are the focus of this work. These performance measures contribute strongly to relative fitness and thus to evolving biogeographic distributions. The spread in fitness values is so large as to impend “chaotic” shifts in biogeography (and, ultimately, evolution) that are not understandable with models specific to species or functional groups; rather, a systematic study of key physiological and developmental parameters is merited. Also merited is a coherent extension of the model used here, or similar models, to include other phenomena, including mycorrhizal associations, transience in resource availability, etc. The composition of useful approximate fitness functions from physiological and allocational responses is a major challenge, with some leads originating from the model. In the search to extract patterns of responses, arguments based on the responses being close to optimal or adaptive will be misleading, in view of the absence of selection pressure to perform adaptively at high CO2 for over 20 million years. I offer suggestions for more useful research designs.
The small GTPase Rheb is a key component linking amino acid signaling and TOR in the nutritional pathway that controls mosquito egg development

Mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases because they require blood feeding for egg development. Previously, we have shown that the nutritional Target-of-Rapamycin (TOR) pathway mediates blood-meal activation of mosquito reproductive cycles. Blood-derived amino acid (AA) signaling through the nutrient-sensitive TOR kinase is critical for the transcriptional activation of the major yolk protein precursor (YPP) gene, vitellogenin (Vg), initiation of vitellogenesis and egg development. In this study, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that the Rheb GTPase (Ras Homologue Enriched in Brain), which is an upstream activator of TOR, is required for AA-mediated activation of the TOR pathway in the fat body of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Using RNA interference (RNAi) methods, we showed that Rheb was indispensable in AA-induced phosphorylation of S6 kinase, a key downstream substrate of TOR activation. Rheb RNAi depletion resulted in significant downregulation of Vg transcription and translation in the mosquito fat body, which was monitored in vivo after blood meal or in vitro organ culture after AA stimulation. Egg development was severely hindered in mosquitoes with a Rheb RNAi depletion background. This study represents a notable step in deciphering molecular pathways controlling reproduction of this important vector of human diseases.
Marron-weare variational computation of energy differences for motions of C2H6, B2H6, CH3CH inf2 sup+ , and CH3BH2

The passage of D3dC2H6 and B2H6 toward a D2 h bridged structure, and the motion of a methyl proton maintaining C symmetry in C2H inf5 sup+ and CH3BH2 are described by integral Hellmann-Feynman computations in a Frost floating spherical Gaussian basis. Marron and Weare's variational corrections to the integral Hellmann-Feynman formula forAE between statesA andB are evaluated with variational functions of the form η(ψA/SAB-ψB)) used to refine the stateB. An analogous function ξ(ψB/SAB-ψA) refines state A. Both η and ξ are chosen variationally to minimize Marron and Weare's functional. No obvious advantage of the variational method became apparent in this simple application.
The Development of Verb Concepts: Children's Use of Verbs to Label Familiar and Novel Events

The importance of actions, results, and instruments in verb concepts was examined in four studies. Study 1 investigated how children label familiar events for which instrument, action, and result verbs were appropriate labels. In Study 2, subjects were taught novel verbs and were asked to use these verbs to label events in which the instrument, action, or result had been changed. Study 1 showed that 3-year-olds used action verbs more frequently than older children and adults, and that they preferred to use an action verb over a result verb when both verbs were appropriate labels. Instrument verbs were used most frequently as first responses to the events, and were most frequently used by older children and adults. In Study 2, subjects were least likely to use the novel verbs to label events in which the result had changed. This effect increased with age. Action changes had a moderate effect for all age groups, while instrument changes had the weakest effect. Studies 3 and 4 ruled out stimulus salience and a familiar word strategy as interpretations of these findings. The studies are discussed in terms of current theory and research on conceptual development, word-learning strategies, and the semantic organization of nouns and verbs.
Recalcitrant gross hematuria secondary to left renal vein hypertension

Left renal vein hypertension is a most uncommon and rarely a well-documented cause of gross hematuria. We report a case of lateralizing, gross hematuria resulting from left renal vein hypertension in an individual with a history of a prior Whipple procedure. The diagnosis was suspected at the time of renal angiography and proven by renal venography. Complete rapid resolution of the hematuria and hypertension was achieved following placement of a left renal vein stent.
Orthopyroxene and orthopyroxene-bearing rock fragments rich in K, REE, and P in Apollo 14 soil sample 14163.

Orthopyroxene of various compositions are reported in the less than 1 mm fines in lunar soil sample 14163. The mineral occurs as individual grains and as a major and minor constituent in lithic fragments. K is not positively correlated with REE and P in the orthopyroxene-containing igneous rock fragments studied. Although an X-ray powder pattern of the rare earth element containing calcium phosphate is that of whitlockite, it is tentatively concluded that the weak pattern observed results from an intimate admixture of a major amount of an amorphous phosphate of unknown composition with a lesser amount of crystalline whitlockite.
Basis for paleoenvironmental interpretation of magnetic properties of sediment from Upper Klamath Lake (Oregon): Effects of weathering and mineralogical sorting

Studies of magnetic properties enable reconstruction of environmental conditions that affected magnetic minerals incorporated in sediments from Upper Klamath Lake. Analyses of stream sediment samples from throughout the catchment of Upper Klamath Lake show that alteration of Fe-oxide minerals during subaerial chemical weathering of basic volcanic rocks has significantly changed magnetic properties of surficial deposits. Titanomagnetite, which is abundant both as phenocrysts and as microcrystals in fresh volcanic rocks, is progressively destroyed during weathering. Because fine-grained magnetite is readily altered due to large surface-to-volume ratios, weathering causes an increase in average magnetic grain size as well as reduction in the quantity of titanomagnetite both absolutely and relative to hematite. Hydrodynamic mineralogical sorting also produces differences in magnetic properties among rock and mineral grains of differing sizes. Importantly, removal of coarse silicate and Fe-oxide grains by sorting concentrated extremely fine-grained magnetite in the resulting sediment. The effects of weathering and sorting of minerals cannot be completely separated. These processes combine to produce the magnetic properties of a non-glacial lithic component of Upper Klamath Lake sediments, which is characterized by relatively low magnetite content and coarse magnetic grain size. Hydrodynamic sorting alone causes significant differences between the magnetic properties of glacial flour in lake sediments and of fresh volcanic rocks in the catchment. In comparison to source volcanic rocks, glacial flour in the lake sediment is highly enriched in extremely fine-grained magnetite.
Fear of Success in Anorexic Young Women

Eating Disorders Inventories (EDI) and Thematic Apperception Tests (TATs) scored for fear of success were compared for 26 normal females enrolled at Harvard University and 45 eating-disordered females (27 bulimic and 18 anorexic) at Massachusetts General Hospital. The relationship between eating disorders and fear of success (FOS) was examined. Analyses revealed statistically significant differences in fear of success among the three groups. The anorexic group scored higher in FOS than both the bulimic group and the control group. The bulimic group did not differ significantly from the control group. These findings may have important clinical implications because fear of success may be evident in young women for whom anorexia nervosa is still in a prodromal phase. Thus, fear of success may be a marker of risk of anorexia nervosa.
What are Neurorhetorics

Imagine sitting down to watch a television documentary about a famous rhetorical persona, say, Martin Luther King or Abraham Lincoln. Instead of the usual commentary from a history professor, thoug...
High-speed, random-access fluorescence microscopy: I. High-resolution optical recording with voltage-sensitive dyes and ion indicators

The design and implementation of a high-speed, random-access, laser-scanning fluorescence microscope configured to record fast physiological signals from small neuronal structures with high spatiotemporal resolution is presented. The laser-scanning capability of this nonimaging microscope is provided by two orthogonal acousto-optic deflectors under computer control. Each scanning point can be randomly accessed and has a positioning time of 3–5 microseconds. Sampling time is also computer-controlled and can be varied to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio. Acquisition rates up to 200k samples/s at 16-bit digitizing resolution are possible. The spatial resolution of this instrument is determined by the minimal spot size at the level of the preparation (i.e., 2–7 microns). Scanning points are selected interactively from a reference image collected with differential interference contrast optics and a video camera. Frame rates up to 5 kHz are easily attainable. Intrinsic variations in laser light intensity and scanning spot brightness are overcome by an on-line signal-processing scheme. Representative records obtained with this instrument by using voltage-sensitive dyes and calcium indicators demonstrate the ability to make fast, high-fidelity measurements of membrane potential and intracellular calcium at high spatial resolution (2 microns) without any temporal averaging.