cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embracing model uncertainty: strategies for response pooling and model averaging.

Econometricians modeling Stated Preference (SP) data, and most other types of data, are confronted with the uncomfortable reality that our knowledge of the “true” model is limited, with only certain variables suggested by the application at hand and general classes of functional forms and error structures suggested by the literature. Accepting our limited knowledge, we pursue strategies for analyzing SP data that are more robust to uncertainties in our knowledge of the true model. These include non-parametric and parametric likelihood-based tests of pooling responses from different elicitation formats, and a frequentist-based model averaging approach for estimating willingness to pay functions. We argue that these strategies lead to increased econometric integrity and empower the ultimate users of models, such as policy decision-makers and even juries, to better assess the robustness of the results. We apply these approaches to an SP survey of saltwater angling in Alaska which utilized split-sample rankings and ratings elicitation methods. While an important goal of our paper is to develop practicable modeling strategies that will ultimately lead to more robust conclusions and more confidence by the users of SP results, an equally important goal is to engender a critical discussion of how we can make the analysis of SP data more robust.
Interviewing by comment: An adjunct to the direct question

Interviewing by direct question has long been the sociologist's favored means of collecting data. This article seeks to expand understanding of the research interview by proposingthe comment as a supplementary data gathering technique. Several methodological and theoretical considerations are discussed that indicate the appropriateness of interviewing by comment for the general purpose of discovery and for eliciting information about certain behaviors, events, and relationships. In order to demonstrate concretely the utility of interviewing by comment, eight types of comments that can be employed for a variety of research purposes are presented and illustrated.
Dynamic simulation of DFIG wind turbines on FPGA boards

This paper presents the implementation of a dynamic simulation of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board. The explicit fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical integration algorithm is used to obtain the system dynamic response. The FPGA simulation results and speed improvement are validated versus a Matlab/Simulink simulation. Using FPGAs as computational engines can lead to significant simulation speed gains when compared to a typical PC computer, especially when operations can be efficiently parallelized on the board.
Numerical study of the critical layer in a rotating fluid

The unsteady motion of a fluid that fills a spinning cylinder is considered. Nonaxisymmetric, viscous perturbations on the spin-up basic flow are used to study the wave motion. The numerical solution of the spin-up eigenvalue problem is discussed. A critical layer always exists for small time but evanesces at a time depending on specific parameters. Time histories of eigenvalues and critical levels are presented, along with typical effects of the critical layer on eigenfunctions and phase of the velocity. Comparison with experiment is shown.
Ultrasound and pain in children: A review

Abstract Ultrasound guidance has been demonstrated to improve block characteristics in children including shorter block performance time, higher success rates, shorter onset time, longer block duration, less volume of local anesthetic agents and visibility of neuraxial structures. Clinical studies in children suggest that ultrasound guidance has some advantages over more traditional nerve stimulation-based techniques for regional block. However, the advantage of ultrasound guidance on safety over traditional has not been adequately demonstrated in children except ilio-inguinal blocks. There are only a limited number of randomized control trails in children comparing ultrasound guided peripheral nerve block with other techniques. Available evidence in children demonstrates that ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks improve the quality, onset, duration and success rate of nerve blocks and help to lower the local anesthetic volume needed to perform blocks.
Evaluation of mass-rearing procedures for Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Simple low-cost techniques and equipment have been developed for the mass production of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). A new oviposition stimulant (papaya juice) and egging cage, stackable larval rearing trays, and larval collection cabinets were developed and tested. An artificial wheat millfeed diet was modified for use as a production diet by substitution of bran for wheat millfeed. An important finding during these studies was that dilution of oviposition stimulants (fresh pepper and papaya juice) with water increased egg harvest. During 1991, these procedures were implemented and increased production of B. latifrons pupae by 121% over previously published methods. The application of these procedures to the development of the sterile insect technique for suppression of B. latifrons is discussed.
INHIBITION OF 15-HYDROXYPROSTAGLANDIN DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY BY NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND TRYPTOPHAN PHOTOPRODUCTS*

— The activity of NAD+ dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. the major prosta-glandin catabolic enzyme, was found to be effectively inhibited by near-UV radiation and by tryptophan photoproduct. Both free tryptophan and tryptophan photoproducts enhance the inhibitory action of near-UV light on the enzyme.
First season of 2009 H1N1 influenza.

The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is responsible for the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Within 5 months after its emergence in Mexico, it had affected more than 290,000 patients and caused at least 3486 deaths on 6 continents. This report provides information about influenza viruses, previous pandemics, and the virology, clinical features, and epidemiology of 2009 H1N1 influenza in order to elucidate the current pandemic and outline the questions that remain. Mt Sinai J Med 77:103&–113, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Prevalence and impact of hyperglycemia on hospitalized leukemia patients.

Abstract Purpose Hyperglycemia is a common phenomenon in hospitalized patients and has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Hyperglycemia was defined as a fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL. In cancer patients' hyperglycemia has been associated with impacting diagnostic imaging studies; facilitating the development of and progression of cancers, and influencing response to treatment. Little is known about the impact of hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes such as: neutropenia, infection and hospital length of stay in hospitalized patients with leukemia. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hyperglycemia on the following clinical outcomes: neutropenia, infection and hospital length of stay. Methods This retrospective study examined the prevalence and impact of hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population. Results In this sample of 42 hospitalized patients with leukemia, 60% had at least one incidence of hyperglycemia. Patients with hyperglycemia were 1.6 times more likely ( p p = 0.23). Hospital length of stay was significantly longer in patients with hyperglycemia (2 days versus 15 days; p Conclusions The findings from this study provide preliminary evidence demonstrating hyperglycemia in the leukemia patient is common and has detrimental effects on clinical outcomes. Understanding the impact of hyperglycemia will inform interventions to mitigate its consequences and improve quality of life for patients with leukemia.
DEPENDENCE OF THE FIDUCIAL ARGUMENT ON THE SAMPLING RULE

Suppose that we have a series of observations, given to have been drawn independently from a common chance distribution of specified form depending on a single unknown parameter 6. Suppose the observations have been takeni according to some sampling rule such that the eventual lnumber of observations does lnot depend on 0 except possibly through the observations themselves. All recognized kinds of sequential rule, including fixedsample-size rules, satisfy this condition. (A type of sanmpling rule to be excluded would be one where the number of observations depended on other observations subsequently suppressed.) It is well kniown that the likelihood function of 0, given the observations, is independent of the sampling rule. For in any expression for the chance of observing what has actually been observed, the sampling rule only enters as a factor independent of 6, which is therefore irrelevant when the chances corresponding to different values of 6 are compared. It follows that the posterior probability distribution for 0 derived by Bayes's theorem from some given prior distribution is also independent of the sampling rule. (I shall refer to this use of Bayes's theorem as 'the Bayesian argument', for short.) On the other hand, in order to make a significance test (for instance, a test of whether the specified form of parent distribution is reasonably compatible with the observations), we need to take the sampling rule into account, in general. The same is true of other common statistical procedures; for examples and references, see Anscombe (1954). The purpose of this note is to show that in order to apply Fisher's fiducial argument (as recently re-expounded by him, 1956) we need to consider the sampling rule, just as for significance tests. This is interesting for two reasons. First, Fisher has stressed that a fiducial distribution is to be interpreted in exactly the same way as if it had been derived by a Bayesian argument, and indeed a fiducial distribution may be taken as prior distribution for incorporation in a subsequent Bayesian argument. Moreover, when the fiducial argument is for mathematical reasons not available, Fisher suggests that the likelihood function may be considered directly instead. Thus, what the fiducial argument is likened to and intimately associated with, and what is suggested as a substitute for it when it is not available, both differ from it in regard to dependence on the sampling rule. Secondly, Lindley (1957) has shown that, if the common chance distribution of the observations referred to in the opening sentence above is a member of the exponential family, then the fiducial argument does not have a property of consistency evidently desired for it by Fisher unless the resulting distribution for 6 is actually a posterior Bayes distribution. The examples below show that, in so far as fiducial distributions can be identified with posterior Bayes distributions, the corresponding prior distributions depend on the
Analyses of Brucella pathogenesis, host immunity, and vaccine targets using systems biology and bioinformatics.

Brucella is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that causes zoonotic brucellosis in humans and various animals. Out of ten classified Brucella species, B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis are pathogenic to humans. In the past decade, the mechanisms of Brucella pathogenesis and host immunity have been extensively investigated using the cutting edge systems biology and bioinformatics approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of the applications of Omics (including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) and bioinformatics technologies for the analysis of Brucella pathogenesis, host immune responses, and vaccine targets. Based on more than 30 sequenced Brucella genomes, comparative genomics is able to identify gene variations among Brucella strains that help to explain host specificity and virulence differences among Brucella species. Diverse transcriptomics and proteomics gene expression studies have been conducted to analyze gene expression profiles of wild type Brucella strains and mutants under different laboratory conditions. High throughput Omics analyses of host responses to infections with virulent or attenuated Brucella strains have been focused on responses by mouse and cattle macrophages, bovine trophoblastic cells, mouse and boar splenocytes, and ram buffy coat. Differential serum responses in humans and rams to Brucella infections have been analyzed using high throughput serum antibody screening technology. The Vaxign reverse vaccinology has been used to predict many Brucella vaccine targets. More than 180 Brucella virulence factors and their gene interaction networks have been identified using advanced literature mining methods. The recent development of community-based Vaccine Ontology and Brucellosis Ontology provides an efficient way for Brucella data integration, exchange, and computer-assisted automated reasoning.
Evidence for Surface Changes During Ennoblement of Type 316L Stainless Steel: Dissolved Oxidant and Capacitance Measurements

Abstract Ennobled open-circuit potential (Ecorr) for type 316L stainless steel (SS [UNS S31603]) exposed to fresh river water was investigated using microelectrodes to measure dissolved oxygen (DO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and local Ecorr within biofouling deposits. Galvanostatic techniques were used to measure capacitance (C) and to titrate reducible surface material. Results indicated deposits were uniformly aerobic and did not contain elevated levels of cathodic depolarizers. Development of ennobled potential was related to Ecorr near the beginning of exposure and occurred on surfaces with as little as 3% to 5% biofouling coverage. Galvanostatic measurements revealed a strong correlation between C and Ecorr as Ecorr increased during biofouling. Galvanostatic reduction measurements indicated increased abundance of reducible surface-bound material during the same period. Results suggested an ennoblement mechanism involving modifications of the metal oxide surface.
Carl Meinhof and the German Influence on Nicholas van Warmelo's Ethnological and Linguistic Writing, 1927-1935*

The influence of German linguist Carl Meinhof on the work of his student, Nicholas van Warmelo, was substantial and has been underexplored. They met in the 1920s, when van Warmelo went to the University of Hamburg to study under Meinhof, and was essentially ‘groomed’ to join his faculty of African and Pacific Languages. Van Warmelo never did work in Hamburg and instead returned to South Africa, where he became Government Ethnologist in 1930. Even so, Meinhof and van Warmelo remained close, and from the late 1920s collaborated on the English translation of Meinhof's magnum opus, Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen (Introduction to the Phonology of the Bantu Languages). This book, which in its English translation offered phonetic descriptions of six Bantu languages considered important to British and South African colonialists, was completed only shortly before the appearance of van Warmelo's Preliminary Survey of the Bantu Tribes of South Africa. I will demonstrate that the influence of the Grundri...
Characterization of some σ-bonded palladium complexes by oxidative cleavage with collins' reagent

Abstract Oxidation of allylpalladium chloride complexes or other σ-bonded organopalladium complexes with Collins' reagent affords carbonyl compounds in fair to good yield. Norbornenylpalladium complexes afford both norbornenone and nortricyclenone derivatives under these conditions.
Effect of dislocation trapping on deuterium diffusion in deformed, single-crystal Pd

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been used to characterize deuterium trapping at dislocations in deformed, single-crystal Pd during in situ gas evolution experiments. Two methods of deformation were employed—cold rolling and hydride cycling—which create different dislocation arrangements or substructures in Pd. The reduction of the trapped deuterium concentration at dislocations during evolution was directly monitored with SANS. Exponential decay rates of the trapped concentration were observed for both sample types, as is expected in a bulk diffusion process modified by the dislocation trapping interaction. The deuterium concentration reduction proceeded 1.2 to 1.4 times faster in the cold-rolled sample material than in the cycled material. This is attributed to the presence of a smaller number of dislocation trapping sites in the cold-rolled material. The binding energy of deuterium at dislocations was determined by applying a diffusion-based model. A binding energy of 0.20 eV was found to characterize the trapping interaction in both cold-rolled and hydride-cycled Pd.
The Hubble Space Telescope Quasar Absorption Line Key Project. 10: Galactic H I 21 centimeter emission toward 143 quasars and active Galactic nuclei

Sensitive H I 21 cm emission line spectra have been measured for the directions to 143 quasars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) chosen from the observing lists for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Quasar Absorption Line Key Project. Narrow-band and wide-band data were obtained with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) 43 m radio telescope for each object. The narrow-band data have a velocity resolution of 1 km/s, extend from -220 to +170 km/s, and are corrected for stray 21 cm radiation. The wide-band data have a resolution of 4 km/s and extend from -1000 to +1000 km/s. The data are important for the interpretation of ultraviolet absorption lines near zero redshift in Key Project spectra. Twenty-two percent of the quasars lie behind Galactic high-velocity H I clouds with absolute value of V(sub LSR) greater than 100 km/s whose presence can increase the equivalent width of interstellar absorption lines significantly. This paper contains the emission spectra and measures of the H I velocities and column densities along the sight line to each quasar. We discuss how the measurements can be used to estimate the visual and ultraviolet extinction toward each quasar and to predict the approximate strength of the strong ultraviolet resonance lines of neutral gas species in the HST Key Project spectra.
Temperature dependence of the hydrogen-broadening coefficient for the v9 fundamental of ethane

Experimental results for the temperature dependence of the H2-broadening coefficient for the nu 9 fundamental of ethane are reported. Measurements were made over the temperature range 95-300 K using a novel low-temperature absorption cell. These spectra were recorded with the Doppler-limited diode laser spectrometer at NASA Goddard. The results are compared with recent measurements and model predictions.
Controlling the Smoothness of Optically Transparent Gold Films by Temperature Tuning

We investigate the effect of temperature tuning on the deposition of gold films onto sapphire. Transparent conductive films with roughness as low as 0.4 A rms at 10 nm thickness allow STM imaging of aerosol-deposited carbon nanotubes. A Monte Carlo lattice model explains the experimentally observed surface-roughening trends and shows that the interplay of deposition-induced kinetic roughening and thermal annealing and roughening can be optimized. Intrinsic surface roughness (e.g., stepping), previously postulated to play a role in film roughness, is not found to be important.
Mortality in relation to method of delivery in breech infants

To study the relation of method of delivery to perinatal mortality, we examined information from the deliveries of 1593 breech infants weighing 1000 g or more born in 1976 and 1977. In none of the birthweight groups 1000 g or more was neonatal mortality significantly different between infants delivered vaginally compared with those delivered by cesarean section, although the number of deaths was small. In all the birthweight groups, perinatal mortality was higher in breeches delivered vaginally, but the differences were because all of the infants who died before labor were delivered vaginally. Total mortality (intrapartum plus neonatal deaths) in infants who survived to labor was not significantly different in breech infants delivered by one or the other method at any birthweight. These data suggest that routine cesarean delivery for infants 1000 g or more who are in the breech presentation may not be justified from the standpoint of mortality.
Modeling effects of oxygen inhibition in mask‐based stereolithography

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a model that can be used to simulate the photopolymerization process in micro‐stereolithography (SL) in order to predict the shape of the cured parts. SL is an additive manufacturing process in which liquid photopolymer resin is cross‐linked and converted to solid with a UV laser light source. Traditional models of SL processes do not consider the complex chemical reactions and species transport occurring during photopolymerization and, hence, are incapable of accurately predicting resin curing behavior. The model presented in this paper attempts to bridge this knowledge gap.Design/methodology/approach – The chemical reactions involved in the photopolymerization of acrylate‐based monomers were modeled as ordinary differential equations (ODE). This model incorporated the effect of oxygen inhibition and diffusion on the polymerization reaction. The model was simulated in COMSOL and verified with experiments conducted on a mask‐based micro‐SL system. Parametr...
X-ray diffraction and electronic band structure study of the organic superconductor ϰ-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]

Abstract The previously observed pressure-induced amorphization transition at 11 kbar [A.J. Schultz, U. Geiser, H.H. Wang, J.M. Williams, L.W. Finger and B.M. Hazen, Physica C 208 (1993) 277] was avoided and single-crystal X-ray data up to 28 kbar were obtained by replacing mineral oil with a hydrostatic alcohol mixture as the pressure medium in diamond anvil cell. The linear compressibilities of the crystallographic axes are remarkably isotropic given the two-dimensional nature of the structure. A full structure determination was performed at room temperature and 28 kbar with the use of X-ray data. It is noteworthy that, a novel structure feature, short interlayer H…H contacts through a hole in the anion layer, may account for the isotropic compressibilities. Electronic band structures calculated for the crystal structures of κ-(ET) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Cl at 1 bar, 3 kbar and 28 kbar show that this salt is a two-dimensional metal, and that the density of states at the Fermi level decreases gradually with increasing pressure.
Theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in superlattices with optically anisotropic layers

Abstract A formalism is developed to find the photon dispersion relations in superlattice systems having layers with low optical symmetry or having magnetic layers. This formalism is an exact solution of the first order Maxwell's equations including all the information for the anisotropic optical response tensors and including the coupling of the TE and TM modes. Based on a 4×4 matrix approach for solving complicated reflection and transmission problems in stratified anisotropic media and employing a plane wave expansion of the field components to take into account the periodicity of the superlattices, the photon dispersion relation can be obtained numerically with a simple algorithm. This result is useful in predicting the absence of certain electromagnetic modes along the superlattice axis, and in identifying observed resonances with a particular excitations of the system.
Formation of cyclopropanone during cytochrome P450-catalyzed N-dealkylation of a cyclopropylamine.

The role of single electron transfer (SET) in P450-catalyzed N-dealkylation reactions has been studied using the probe substrates N-cyclopropyl-N-methylaniline (2a) and N-(1‘-methylcyclopropyl)-N-methylaniline (2b). In earlier work, we showed that SET oxidation of 2a by horseadish peroxidase leads exclusively to products arising via fragmentation of the cyclopropane ring [Shaffer, C. L.; Morton, M. D.; Hanzlik, R. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8502−8508]. In the present study, we found that liver microsomes from phenobarbital pretreated rats (which contain CYP2B1 as the predominant isozyme) oxidize [1‘-13C, 1‘-14C]-2a efficiently (80% consumption in 90 min). Disappearance of 2a follows first-order kinetics throughout, indicating a lack of P450 inactivation by 2a. HPLC examination of incubation mixtures revealed three UV-absorbing metabolites: N-methylaniline (4), N-cyclopropylaniline (6a), and a metabolite (M1) tentatively identified as p-hydroxy-2a, in a 2:5:2 mole ratio, respectively. 2,4-Dinitrophen...
497 CARE OF LOW BIRTHWEIGHT AND SICK NEWBORN INFANTS IN COMMUNITY HOSPITALS-EFFECT OF AN EDUCATION PROGRAM

A review of charts of all infants with birthweights <2500g and all neonatal deaths during 1972-3 and 1976-7 was performed in 11 community hospitals in Central Pennsylvania. In 1974-5 visits were made to 9 of the hospitals and a detailed report submitted containing recommendations for improving facilities and methods of care. Courses for physicians and nurses were conducted at the regional center. Practices which showed significant improvement in the hospitals visited: Although current practice is not ideal, there has been a significant improvement in physician and nurse care practices to which the educational program appears to have contributed.
The effects of low dosages of trichloroethylene on chick development

Abstract This study reports the effects of low dosages of trichloroethylene (TCE) (1–25 μmol/egg) on chick development when embryos were exposed directly to TCE on days 1 and 2 and examined at day 14 of embryogenesis. The results indicate that in terms of embryotoxicity, growth defects and morphological anomalies, the treated embryos differed significantly from the controls. The low doses of TCE tested produced 50% mortalities. Survivors in all instances exhibited these developmental defects: evisceration; Subcutaneous edema; light pigmentation of the epidermis; beak malformation; club foot and patchy feathering. The incidence of these malformations varied depending on the day of exposure to TCE except for embryos treated with 1 μ mol. Irrespective of the day of injection or concentration, the highest proportion of malformations were those of light pigmentation and edema. Neither controls (uninjected embryos, O) nor sham controls (mineral oil injected embryos OMO) exhibited any malformations. Differences in measurements of crown-rump (CR), leg, wing, toe and beak lengths between treated embryos and controls were significant at the P
First-principles study of the stability and electronic properties of sheets and nanotubes of elemental boron

Abstract The structural and electronic properties of sheets and nanotubes of boron are investigated using density functional theory. The calculations predict the stability of a novel reconstructed {1 2 2 1} sheet over the ‘idealized’ triangular {1 2 1 2} sheet. Nanotubes formed by wrapping the half-metallic {1 2 2 1} sheet show a curvature-induced transition in their electronic properties. Analysis of the charge density reveals a mixed metallic- and covalent-type of bonding in the reconstructed {1 2 2 1} sheet and the corresponding nanotubes, in contrast to metallic-type bonding in the idealized {1 2 1 2} sheet and its analogous nanotubes.
Cardiac controlled release for arrhythmia therapy: Lidocaine-polyurethane matrix studies

Cardiac arrhythmias are the principal cause of sudden death due to heart disease, and current therapy is inadequate. A novel approach for formulating a lidocaine-polyurethane controlled release matrix and implanting this drug delivery system directly onto the arrhythmic epicardium is reported. Lidocaine-HCl-polyurethane matrices (28% w/w) were fabricated and studied for their in vitro drug release into physiologic buffer, and their in vivo pharmacologic effectiveness in rapidly converting ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in dogs to normal sinus rhythm. In vitro lidocaine release was successfully modulated as a result of variations in fabrication: compression molding, and stirring duringpolymer synthesis. Lidocaine release in vitro from the most rapidly releasing matrix formulation delivered more than 40% of the contained drug delivered after only 20 minutes, and the remainder slowly released over one week or more. Direct epimyocardial placement of this formulation resulted in the prompt conversion of ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm in all experimental animals (n ~6) studied in 1.5 t 0.77 min. (mean Ifr standard error), while controls (n = 4) had persistent ventricular tachycardia for more than 60 min. Site-specific therapy was as rapid as intravenous administration, but with lower plasma lidocaine levels after comparable dosages. It is concluded that lidocainepolyurethane controlled release matrices can be fabricated with a broad range of initial release profiles, and that these matrices can rapidly initiate the conversion of ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm.
Mass and range dependence in the binding energy of a three-body system

We have studied the bound-state solutions of a system of two particles of mass $M$ which do not interact among themselves but which interact attractively with a third particle of mass $\ensuremath{\mu}$ as a function of the ratio $\frac{M}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. In the limit $\frac{M}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, the solution of the system is well known since it corresponds to the problem of two independent particles in a well. We point out that in the limit $\frac{M}{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the solution is also very simple, and it corresponds to having the two particles of mass $M$ fixed at the same point in space. We have found that the three-body binding energy tends to be proportional to the square of the range of the two-body interaction in momentum space, and that the sensitivity of the binding energy with respect to off-shell variations of the two-body amplitude increases when $\frac{M}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ increases.
In Vitro Assessment of a Motion-Based Optimization Method for Locating the Talocrural and Subtalar Joint Axes

The locations of the joint axes of the ankle complex vary considerably between subjects, yet no noninvasive method with demonstrated accuracy exists for locating these axes. The moments of muscle and ground reaction forces about the joint axes are dependent on axis locations, making knowledge of these locations critical to accurate musculoskeletal modeling of the foot and ankle. The accuracy of a computational optimization method that fits a two-revolute model to measured motion was assessed using computer-generated data, a two-revolute mechanical linkage, and three lower-leg cadaver specimens. Motions were applied to cadaver specimens under axial load while bone-mounted markers attached to the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were tracked using a video-based motion analysis system. Estimates of the talocrural and subtalar axis locations were computed from motions of the calcaneus relative to the tibia using the optimization method. These axes were compared to mean helical axes computed directly from tibia, talus, and calcaneus motions. The optimization method performed well when the motions were computer-generated or measured in the mechanical linkage, with angular differences between optimization and mean helical axes ranging from 1 deg to 5 deg. In the cadaver specimens, however, these differences exceeded 20 deg. Optimization methods that locate the anatomical joint axes of the ankle complex by fitting two revolute joints to measured tibia-calcaneus motions may be limited because of problems arising from non-revolute behavior.
High Altitude, Hypoxic-Induced Modulation of Noradrenergic-Mediated Responses in Fetal and Adult Cerebral Arteries

Abstract In response to high altitude long-term hypoxemia, the cerebral arteries of adult and fetal sheep show decreased contractile responses to norepinephrine and other agonists. In this review, we examine some of the presynaptic and postsynaptic contractile mechanisms that might account for these changes. In addition, we examine cerebral vessel relaxation and the role of pregnancy in altering these responses. In general, high altitude hypoxia is associated with augmented or “upregulation” of presynaptic functions. In contrast, postsynaptic functions tend to be significantly depressed or “downregulated.” The results emphasize the role of high altitude, long-term hypoxemia in modulating adrenergic-mediated signal transduction in the cerebral vasculature. They specifically highlight the profound differences in acclimatization responses between common carotid and intracranial arteries, as well as the significant differences between responses in the fetus and adult.
College Men’s and Women’s Respective Perceptions of Risk to Perpetrate or Experience Sexual Assault The Role of Alcohol Use and Expectancies

The present study examines alcohol use, expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the outcomes of alcohol consumption), and college men’s (n = 127) and women’s (n = 191) respective perceptions of risk to perpetrate/experience sexual violence. Interactions between alcohol consumption and expectancies were examined. Alcohol expectancies regarding assertiveness increased women’s perceived risk for sexual intercourse via alcohol/drugs. Among women reporting high alcohol use, global expectancies were positively associated with perceived risk for sexual intercourse via alcohol/drugs. Furthermore, among women reporting low alcohol use, expectancies regarding assertiveness were positively associated with perceived risk for coerced sexual contact. Implications are discussed.
Infrared-absorption and photoinduced-absorption spectroscopy of semiconducting YBa2Cu3 AO6+x (A=16 and 18; 0 <= x <= 0.3).

We report the infrared (ir) absorption and photoinduced absorption (PA) spectra of semiconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$ $^{\mathit{A}}\mathrm{O}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ for A=16 and 18 and for 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.3. We observe ten ir absorption modes for x=0.3 and report the first observation for all 11 allowed ir modes for x=0.0. The ir modes for x=0.0 and x=0.3 are nearly the same. Shifts of the ir modes with substitution of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ with $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ are in accord with the expected role of oxygen in the various vibrational modes. The PA spectra of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ for pumping with 2.71-eV light across the band gap reveals the presence of a photoinduced electronic absorption band that varies with increasing oxygen content from a broad and nearly featureless peak at 1300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for x=0.0, to photoinduced transitions at 750, 950, 1100, and 1300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for x=0.13 and 0.20, and to a stronger PA peak centered at 950 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a shoulder at 750 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for x=0.3. There are corresponding changes in the PA ir spectra with increasing x, with, in particular, bleaching of ir modes associated with the tetragonal x=0 lattice and enhancement of ir modes associated with the orthorhombic x=1.0 lattice. Based on our results and those from the following paper (Leng et al.), we propose a model for the formation of positively and negatively charged defects, ${\mathit{D}}^{+}$ and ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. We suggest that while the ${\mathit{D}}^{+}$ defects reside on the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes, the ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ defects consist of electrons initially in the conduction band for x=0.0. With increasing oxygen content, the electrons are trapped in CuO chains of increasing length and form localized ${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ defects.
Michigan's Natural Rivers Act: Conflict and Coordination in Multijurisdictional Natural Resource Management

The Michigan Natural Rivers Act is a river protection statute that provides for zoning and land use controls up to 400 feet on either side of designated rivers. Since its enactment in 1970, there have been a number of opponents to each designation. Opposition includes concerns about perceived state intrusion into local government affairs, ineffectiveness of the designation in protecting the river and its watershed, and violations of personal property rights. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources Natural Rivers Program strives to address these concerns through extensive public and local involvement in the designation, implementation, and management of designated Natural Rivers. The degree of local participation has increased with subsequent designations. Nonetheless, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources must continue and increase its education and communication efforts with local governments and citizens along current Natural Rivers and during future designations to achieve effective coopera...
Deconstructing the ‘Crown of the Continent’: Power, Politics and the Process of Creating National Geographic's Geotourism Mapguides

Abstract Maps can take a variety of forms from simple symbols to complex, interactive layers of information. Given their widespread use and potency as symbols and tools, maps are often assumed to be objective representations of reality. However, map creation involves an implicit privileging of certain perspectives. That maps are actually socio-political constructions has implications for how they can be used, by whom and for what ends. This paper explores the process of creating National Geographic's Crown of the Continent geotourism mapguide. Geotourism mapguides, like all maps, are influenced by social and political factors and thus act as a persuasive form of communication and an articulation of particular values despite being founded on scientific triangulation. In this paper we deconstruct the Crown of the Continent mapguide in order to shed light on why these maps should be viewed as socially constructed representations of space that are power-laden and have the potential to create a place-myth for ...
Nitrogen-treated Hierarchical Macro-/Mesoporous TiO2 Used as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries with High Performance at Elevated Temperatures

Abstract In this article, we employed nitrogen gas treatment as an effective strategy in caclination to significantly improve the performance of hierarchical macro-/mesoprous TiO2 as anode materials for lithium ion batteries at an elevated temperature of 55 °C. Room-temperature synthesized macro-/mesoprous TiO2 was calcined under nitrogen and air conditions at 300 °C for 3 h, respectively. The specific surface area was studied by nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurement and the surface chemistry was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the macro-/mesoprous TiO2 had a specific surface area of 330 m2 g−1 after calcination under nitrogen atmosphere, while only 248 m2 g−1 after calcination under air atmosphere. Electrochemical tests showed that, in comparison to air-treated TiO2, nitrogen-treated TiO2 exhibited considerable high capacity and good rate performance as a lithium ion battery anode at the elevated temperature (55 °C). It had a capacity of 293 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at mixed current densities of 30, 150, and 500 mA g−1, while the air-treated TiO2 only had a capacity of 187 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. This improvement of lithium ion storage capability can be ascribed to the nitrogen-treatment effect on crystallinity and the presence of surface defects on TiO2 nanostructure.
Bright, Eye-matched Visible Emission from ZnO Nanowires

Broadband, visible-wavelength emission of unprecedented brightness from ZnO nanowires is characterized by steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. Energy transfer is explored by simultaneously studying the unusually fast decay of band edge emission.
Psychopathy, Risk of Violence, and Protective Factors in a Noninstitutionalized and Noncriminal Sample

The relationship between psychopathy and violence among incarcerated and institutionalized samples has received considerable attention, but less is known about the risk of violence posed by psychopaths in the community, particularly those with no prior contact with the criminal justice system. Moreover, little is known about why some psychopaths have avoided being arrested. This study considered the role of specific protective factors in relation to Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) scores and three measures of antisocial behavior among 54 community participants with and without criminal histories. The methodology effectively recruited individuals with moderately elevated PCL-R scores. Roughly 40% of the sample reported no history of arrests, and a sizeable portion of both criminal and noncriminal participants reported a history of violent behavior. Results revealed no significant relationship between protective factors and participants' PCL-R scores and involvement in antisocial behavior. Secondary a...
A monoclonal antibody that recognizes the α chain of HLA-DR antigens

A monoclonal antibody, HC2.1, has been generated that specifically reacts with both the denatured and the in vitro translated alpha chain of the DR antigen. Although HC2.1 antibody reacted with the alpha chain of protein immunoprecipitated by two DR-specific monoclonal antibodies, L227 and LB3.1, it did not react with the alpha chain of the DQ1 antigen immunoprecipitated by the monoclonal antibody, Genox 3.53. The isoelectric focusing pattern of the alpha chain precipitated by HC2.1 antibody was invariant across a range of DR specificities within a panel of lymphoblastoid cells. The alpha chain of DR antigen from a B cell line was purified by HC2.1-Sepharose immunoaffinity chromatography and limited amino acid sequence analysis was carried out with Staphylococcus aureus SV8 protease fragments purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The sequence analysis confirmed that the antigen reactive with HD2.1 antibody is encoded by the DR alpha chain gene.
Research-based guidelines for warning design and evaluation

During the past two decades, the body of empirical research on warning design and evaluation has grown. Consequently, there are now basic principles and guidelines addressing warning design (e.g., signal words, color, symbols, and text/content), placement (e.g., location within product instructions), and how to enhance the usability of designs by considering factors internal to the user (e.g., beliefs, perceptions of risk, stress). Similarly, evaluation methods have been developed that can be used to measure the effectiveness of warnings such as the degree to which warnings are communicated to recipients and the degree to which they encourage or influence behavioral compliance. An overview of the empirical literature on warning guidelines and evaluation approaches is provided. Researchers, practitioners, and manufacturers can use these guidelines in various contexts to reduce the likelihood that injury and product damage from exposure to a hazard will occur.
A meta-analysis of somatostatin versus vasopressin in the management of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage.

Abstract Background & Aims : Although sclerotherapy is the current standard therapy for bleeding esophageal varices, the best method for initial control is unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and toxicity of somatostatin and vasopressin in short-term treatment of hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Methods : Using MEDLINE, all randomized trials comparing somatostatin with vasopressin in subjects with endoscopically documented acute esophageal variceal bleeding were identified. The quality of each study was critically and independently evaluated, and quantitative data for initial cessation of bleeding, sustained control of bleeding, and major adverse effects were abstracted. The relative risk (RR) and number needed to be treated were calculated. Results : The RR or likelihood of achieving initial control of bleeding with somatostatin vs. vasopressin was 1.62 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.37−1.93), and the number needed to be treated was 3.7, i.e., between 3 and 4 patients would have to be treated with somatostatin for 1 patient to derive additional benefit over vasopressin. For trials that measured sustained control of bleeding, somatostatin was superior to vasopressin (RR, 1.28 [95% Cl, 1.00−1.65]; number needed to be treated, 8.8). The risk of adverse effects was greater for subjects given vasopressin (10% vs. 0%; P = 0.00007). Conclusions : This meta-analysis suggests that somatostatin is more efficacious in controlling acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices and has a lower risk of adverse effects than vasopressin.
Current Status of Left Ventricular Assist Device Technology

The use of long-term left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) has revolutionized the treatment of end-stage heart failure. The most significant advance in this field has been the longer durability of devices secondary to a simpler pump design with fewer or no mechanical bearings and valves. Continuous-flow LVADs have recently been shown to provide safe and effective circulatory support and have replaced the first-generation fill-to-empty devices. The Thoratec HeartMate II and the HeartWare HVAD are currently the 2 most commonly implanted LVADs worldwide. As LVAD technology moves forward and new miniaturized, more durable, and reliable pumps are being developed, the number of recipients who will benefit from this technology continues to grow. Elimination of the driveline with fully implantable pumps, implantation of miniature pumps with minimally invasive surgical techniques, wireless data transmission, and improved patient selection will further transform this field in the next few years.
A high-resolution record of Southern Ocean intermediate water radiocarbon over the past 30,000 years

The circulation of intermediate waters plays an important role in global heat and carbon transport in the ocean and changes in their distribution are closely tied to glacial–interglacial climate change. Coupled radiocarbon and U/Th measurements on deep-sea Desmophyllum dianthus corals allow for the reconstruction of past intermediate water ventilation. We present a high-resolution time series of Antarctic Intermediate Water radiocarbon from 44 corals spanning 30 ka through the start of the Holocene, encompassing the transition into the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the last deglaciation. Corals were collected south of Tasmania from water depths between 1430 and 1950 m with 80% of them between 1500 and 1700 m, giving us a continuous record from a narrow depth range. The record shows three distinct periods of circulation: the MIS 3–2 transition, the LGM/Heinrich Stadial 1 (extending from ∼22 to 16 kyr BP), and the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR). The MIS 3–2 transition and the ACR are characterized by abrupt changes in intermediate water radiocarbon while the LGM time period generally follows the atmosphere at a constant offset, in support of the idea that the LGM ocean was at steady state for its ^(14)C distribution. Closer inspection of the LGM time period reveals a 40‰ jump at ∼19 ka from an atmospheric offset of roughly 230‰ to 190‰, coincident with an observed 10–15 m rise in sea level and a southward shift of the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts, an abrupt change not seen in deeper records. During the ACR time period intermediate water radiocarbon is on average less offset from the atmosphere (∼110‰∼110‰) and much more variable. This variability has been captured within the lifetimes of three individual corals with changes of up to 35‰ over ∼40 yr, likely caused by the movement of Southern Ocean fronts. This surprising result of relatively young and variable intermediate water radiocarbon during the ACR seems to go against the canonical idea of reduced circulation and ventilation in the south during this time period. However comparisons with other records from the Southern Ocean highlight zonal asymmetries, which can explain the deviation of our Tasmanian record from those in Drake Passage and the eastern Pacific. These signals seen in Tasmanian intermediate water Δ^(14)C can also be found in Greenland ice core δ^(18)O and East Asian monsoon strength. Throughout the LGM and the deglaciation, our Tasmanian intermediate water record is sensitive to times when the upper and lower cells of the meridional overturning circulation are more or less interconnected, which has important implications for the global climate system on glacial–interglacial time scales.