cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of tempering and aging on a low activation martensitic steel

Tempering and aging studies were carried out on a martensitic stainless steel which was designed to have reduced long-life activation after exposure to neutrons. Nickel, molybdenum, and niobium additions were restricted in these low activation alloys. The composition of the steel in weight percent was 12 pct Cr, 0.1 pct C, 0.3 pct V, 0.9 pct W, 6.4 pct Mn, and 0.1 pct Si, where manganese is used to stabilize the steel against delta ferrite and tungsten is used for tempering resistance. The tempering conditions studied were 2 hours at 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C and 24 hours at 500 °C and 700 °C. The steel was aged for 1000 and 5000 hours at 365 °C, 420 °C, 520 °C, and 600 °C. Microhardness, optical metallography, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the samples. The results indicated that the Ac1 in this steel lies between 700 °C and 800 °C. During the 2-hour tempers at 400 °C and 500 °C, M3C formed. After 24 hours at 500 °C, the M3C was starting to be replaced by M23C6. At higher tempering temperatures and in all the aged samples, M23C6 was the only carbide found. A manganese-rich chi phase was also seen in the samples aged at 420 °C and 520 °C.
Adiabatic growth of a black hole in a rotating stellar system

The consequences of slowly adding a massive black hole to the center of a rotating stellar system are considered. Although both the rotation velocity V and the velocity dispersion sigma increase when the black hole is added, the rotation velocity increases faster. The effect goes in the right direction but is too gradual to explain the V/sigma profiles recently observed in several galactic nuclei.
Stimulus-Organism-Response Reconsidered: An Evolutionary Step in Modeling (Consumer) Behavior

The need to evolve the visual depictions of our consumer behavior models is addressed. Previous models are criticized for being constructions that fail to build on prior theory, and lack parsimony, comprehensiveness, coherence, and flexibility. More revolutionary movement in consumer behavior modelling is encouraged and an integrative Stimulus–Organism–Response framework is presented for consideration.
Depressant effects of phenoxybenzamine on potassium contracture in cat ventricular muscle

Phenoxybenzamine has been shown to have a depressant action on K+-depolarization contracture in cat ventricular muscle. In the present study, we show that this depressant action is specific for phenoxybenzamine and occurs in the presence of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with nadolol. K+-contracture is not depressed by phentolamine nor augmented by phenylephrine. Thus, the depressant action of phenoxybenzamine is not mediated by its effects on cardiac adrenergic receptors.
Axillary lymph nodes and breast cancer: a review.

Background. The value of surgical staging and treatment of the axillary lymph nodes with either surgery or radiotherapy in the initial management of patients with Stage I or II invasive breast cancer is controversial. Methods. A review of retrospective and prospective clinical studies was performed to assess the risks of axillary lymph node involvement and the effectiveness and morbidity of various treatment options. Results. The risk of axillary lymph node involvement is substantial for most patients, even those with small tumors. The morbidity resulting from a careful Level I/II axillary dissection or moderate-dose axillary radiotherapy is limited. Such treatment is highly effective in preventing axillary recurrence. The symptoms resulting from axillary failure can be controlled in many, but not all, patients. The available data suggest, but do not prove, that the initial use of effective axillary treatment may result in a small improvement in long term outcome in some patient subgroups. Conclusions. Most patients should be treated with either axillary surgery or irradiation. Highly selected subgroups of patients may have such low risks of involvement that specific axillary treatment is of little value. However, such subgroups have not yet been well defined. Treatment approaches that do not involve specific axillary treatment should be considered investigational at present, and the patients should be informed as to their potential risks. Prospective clinical studies of these issues should be pursued. Cancer 1995; 76:1491–512.
They won't teach me: The voices of gifted African American inner‐city students

This article presents and discusses the results of a study designed to develop greater understanding of the experiences of gifted African American, inner‐city elementary school students. These students were bused from their predominantly African American neighborhood to desegregate a predominantly White school and then returned to their predominantly African American neighborhood after busing was dismantled. Students were interviewed about their experiences and asked to compare their classroom environments, classmates, and school resources at both schools. During the interviews, students identified the characteristics of effective and ineffective teachers. Three teachers identified as exemplary were interviewed about their educational philosophies, teaching methods, classroom management strategies, and curriculum and were observed in their classrooms throughout the school year. While the results of this study indicated that the students experienced considerable anger with desegregation, the findings also ...
Simultaneous determination of steroid composition of human testicular fluid using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, and specific method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed for simultaneous determination of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), and 5α-androstan-3α, -17β-diol (3α-Diol) within human testicular fluid. Sample pretreatment involved a one-step extraction with diethyl ether. The analytes were separated on a Waters X-Terra™ C18 (150 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) analytical column with acetonitrile/water mobile phase (70:30, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid using isocratic flow at 0.15 ml/min for 8 min. The column effluent was monitored by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray positive ionization. Linear calibration curves were generated over the range of 0.1–50 ng/ml for T, 0.02–1 ng/ml for DHT, 0.05–2 ng/ml for E2, and 0.2–10 ng/ml for 3α-Diol, with values for the coefficient of determination of >0.99. The overall extraction efficiency was greater than 86% for T, 75% for DHT, 66% for E2, and 60% for 3α-Diol. The values for within-day and between-day precision and accuracy were
Taurine levels in blood and urine of vitamin B6-deficient and estrogen-treated rats

Abstract The objects of the present study were (a) to determine whether a l -methionine or a l -cysteine test-load was more effective in evaluating the effects of estrogen on vitamin B 6 deficiency in rats, and (b) to determine whether urine or blood was the better test fluid to measure taurine levels. In animals fed a vitamin B 6 -supplemented diet, urinary excretion of taurine was twofold higher after administration of a l -cysteine test-load compared to a l -methionine test-load. Greater percentage reductions in the quantity of excreted taurine were observed in the vitamin B 6 -deficient rats when l -cysteine was utilized as the test-load than when l -methionine (2 mmole) was utilized. Treatment with estrogen demonstrated no significant differences in urinary taurine excretion. Vitamin B 6 deficiency without estrogen treatment raised the levels of taurine in the blood of the animals treated with a l -methionine test-load. No changes in the blood taurine levels were observed in the animals administered a l -cysteine test-load.
What Are the Top Ten Most Influential Parallel and Distributed Processing Concepts of the Past Millenium

This is a report on a panel titled “What are the top ten most influential parallel and distributed processing concepts of the last millennium?” that was held at the IEEE Computer Society sponsored “14th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS 2000).” The panelists were chosen to represent a variety of perspectives and technical areas. After the panelists had presented their choices for the top ten, an open discussion was held among the audience and panelists. At the end of the discussion, a ballot was distributed for the audience to vote on the top ten concepts (in arbitrary order). The voting identified the following ten most influential parallel and distributed processing concepts of the last millennium: (1) Amdahl's law and scalability, (2) Arpanet and Internet, (3) pipelining, (4) divide and conquer approach, (5) multiprogramming, (6) synchronization (including semaphores), (7) load balancing, (8) message passing and packet switching, (9) cluster computing, and (10) multithreaded (lightweight) program execution.
Measuring Photoresist Spectral Response With A Spectrosensitometer

As optical lithography moves into the area of submicron geometries, an increased understanding of lithographic process parameters is required. One area which requires careful examination is the interaction of the photoresist with specific spectral components of the actinic light. This will allow the photoresist performance to be separated from the performance of the imaging optics. An accurate indication of photoresist performance requires the measurement of photoresist response to a specific wavelength and energy dose. The spectrosensitometer reported on here was developed to address this need.
Radiographic staging of juvenile angiofibroma

A staging system for juvenile angiofibroma based on computerized tomographic findings is suggested. The need for such an endeavor has come about because of a lack of standardization of tumor data in both individual series and interinstitutional reports. The various stages reflect the number of anatomic sites occupied by a lesion rather than the actual tumor size. The “simpler” tumors are confined to the medial part of the skull base and are entirely extracranial. As a tumor extends laterally and/or intracranially, the staging designation, and therefore the treatment plan, changes accordingly. Presumably, with the application of consistent diagnostic tools and standardized stage designations, the analysis of both morbidity and treatment data will become more meaningful.
A high‐resolution autostereoscopic display system with a wide viewing angle using an LCOS projector array

— This study develops an autostereoscopic display based on a multiple miniature projector array to provide a scalable solution for a high-resolution 3-D display with large viewing freedom. To minimize distortion and dispersion, and to maximize the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the projection image to optimize 3-D image quality, a dedicated projection lens and an accurate six-axis adjusting platform for the miniature projector were designed and fabricated. Image-blending technology based on a lookup table was adopted to combine images from 30 miniature projectors into a seamless single image. The result was a 35-in. autostereoscopic display with 60 views ata 30° viewing angle, 90° FOV, and large range of viewing distance. The proposed system exhibits very smooth motion parallax when viewers move around in front of it.
Muscle surface pH monitoring during surface-induced hypothermia with circulatory arrest in puppies

Abstract Monitoring of muscle surface pH appears to have distinct value in the management of animals being subjected to deep hypothermia and elective circulatory arrest. It provides an early warning system to detect inadequate delivery of oxygen to the peripheral tissues. It gives a minute-to-minute assessment of tissue oxygenation and an almost immediate evaluation of the effects of any therapy that is given. The early control of acidotic problems associated with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest appears practical when muscle surface pH is monitored along with arterial pH.
Anorectal Pathology in HIV/AIDS-Infected Patients Has Not Been Impacted by Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

The aim of this study was to determine if the prevalence and distribution of anorectal pathology in HIV-infected patients treated by colorectal surgeons have changed after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The Los Angeles County–University of Southern California HIV Clinic is solely dedicated to the care of HIV patients. A colorectal clinic was established within this environment in 1991 and has served as the exclusive provider for the care of anorectal pathology in these patients. A prospective database of patients treated at this clinic was reviewed for two 18-month periods. The first group (early period) was composed of patients treated between January 1994 through June 1995, before the institution of more effective antiretroviral therapy. The second group (later period) consisted of patients treated between January 2001 through June 2002, after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Data were tabulated for HIV-related anorectal pathologies, such as anal ulcer and anogenital condyloma, and non-HIV-related pathologies, including fissure, fistula in ano, hemorrhoids, perianal abscess, and other pathologies, for each of the two time periods A total of 117 individual patients with anorectal pathology were treated in the early period and 109 received care in the later period, of which 107 were able to be evaluated. The pathology was distributed as follows for the early vs. late periods: 33 vs. 33 percent for ulcer, 30 vs. 34 percent for condyloma, 9 vs. 4 percent for fissure, 6 vs. 6 percent for fistula, 4 vs. 5 percent for hemorrhoids, 3 vs. 3 percent for abscess, and 15 vs. 16 percent for all other anorectal pathology. There was no statistically significant difference in any of these groups. The prevalence and distribution of both HIV-related and non-HIV-related anorectal pathology seen in our HIV patients have not been altered by the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Laparoscopic ice slurry coolant for renal hypothermia.

Purpose: We assessed the safety and efficacy of microparticulate ice slurry for laparoscopic hypothermia during renal ischemia in a single kidney porcine model.Materials and Methods: A total of 18 farm pigs were randomized to 3 groups of 6 each. All groups underwent initial right laparoscopic nephrectomy, followed by 1 of 3 procedures on the left kidney. Group 1 underwent 90-minute hilar clamping under warm ischemia, group 2 underwent 90-minute hilar clamping under cold ischemia using laparoscopically delivered microparticulate ice slurry and control group 3 underwent hilar dissection, no clamping and no microparticulate ice slurry. Body and renal cortical temperatures were measured. Serum creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate were assessed preoperatively, and on postoperative days 1, 3, 8 and 15.Results: Average time to achieve a renal temperature of 20C or less was 9.7 minutes and it remained constant during the 90-minute cold ischemia time. Mean serum creatinine was significantly higher in the ...
Rehabilitation of Large Diameter Prestressed Cylinder Concrete Pipe (PCCP) with FRP Composites — Experimental Investigation

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites can be effectively used to repair deteriorating prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) through application as an internal structural liner. This paper presents results of an extensive test program using pipe sections under internal pressure and external loading and demonstrates the viability of the method. The use of both adhesively bonded prefabricated strips and wet layup of fabric is discussed and results show that the use of an appropriately designed FRP structural liner can completely make up for loss of structural action from the external prestressing. The method is shown to be both structurally efficient and rapid providing a cost-effective alternative to conventional methods of preventive maintenance and repair.
Highly Hydrophilic Thin-Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membranes Functionalized with Surface-Tailored Nanoparticles

Thin-film composite polyamide membranes are state-of-the-art materials for membrane-based water purification and desalination processes, which require both high rejection of contaminants and high water permeabilities. However, these membranes are prone to fouling when processing natural waters and wastewaters, because of the inherent surface physicochemical properties of polyamides. The present work demonstrates the fabrication of forward osmosis polyamide membranes with optimized surface properties via facile and scalable functionalization with fine-tuned nanoparticles. Silica nanoparticles are coated with superhydrophilic ligands possessing functional groups that impart stability to the nanoparticles and bind irreversibly to the native carboxyl moieties on the membrane selective layer. The tightly tethered layer of nanoparticles tailors the surface chemistry of the novel composite membrane without altering the morphology or water/solute permeabilities of the membrane selective layer. Surface characteriz...
The effects of weak gate-to-drain(source) overlap on MOSFET characteristics

Recent studies showed that minor structural differences in the gate-to-drain (source) overlap of a MOSFET has unexpectedly strong influence on its characteristics. As the overlap is weakened, the drain drive degrades, the substrate and gate currents show abnormal behaviors, and the device lifetime suffers. A simple physical model is presented that adequately explains most of these observed high-field effects, including the asymmetry in device properties. Implications of the wear-overlap phenomena on future process and device designs are discussed.
Musical expertise and melodic structure in memory for musical notation.

Two experiments plus a pilot investigated the role of melodic structure on short-term memory for musical notation by musicians and nonmusicians. In the pilot experiment, visually similar melodies that had been rated as either "good" or "bad" were presented briefly, followed by a 15-sec retention interval and then recall. Musicians remembered good melodies better than they remembered bad ones: nonmusicians did not distinguish between them. In the second experiment, good, bad, and random melodies were briefly presented, followed by immediate recall. The advantage of musicians over nonmusicians decreased as the melody type progressed from good to bad to random. In the third experiment, musicians and nonmusicians divided the stimulus melodies into groups. For each melody, the consistency of grouping was correlated with memory performance in the first two experiments. Evidence was found for use of musical groupings by musicians and for use of a simple visual strategy by nonmusicians. The nature of these musical groupings and how they may be learned are considered. The relation of this work to other studies of comprehension of symbolic diagrams is also discussed.
Accuracy of bedside capillary blood glucose measurements in critically ill patients

To compare the accuracy of fingerstick with laboratory venous plasma glucose measurements (laboratory glucose) in medical ICU patients and to determine the factors which interfere with the accuracy of fingerstick measurements. The study included 80 consecutive patients aged 58 ± 7 years, BMI 29.5 ± 9.0, and APACHE II score 15 ± 6 (277 simultaneous paired measurements). This prospective observational study compared fingerstick measurements to simultaneously sampled laboratory glucose once a day in patients in our medical ICU (twice daily if on an insulin infusion). Data recorded included patient demographics, admission diagnoses, APACHE II score, BMI, daily hematocrit, arterial blood gasses, chemistry results, concomitant medications (including vasopressors and corticosteroids), and upper extremity edema. Accuracy was defined as the percentage of paired values not in accord (> 15 mg dl–1 / 0.83 mmol–1 l–1 difference for laboratory values 20% difference for laboratory values ≥ 75 mg/dl). Outliers (blood glucose difference > 100 mg dl–1 / 5.56 mmol–1 l–1) were excluded from the correlation and distribution analyses. Mean fingerstick glucose was 129 ± 45 mg/dl (7.2 ± 2.5 mmol/l) and mean laboratory glucose 123 ± 44 mg/dl (6.8 ± 2.4 mmol/l). The correlation coefficient between the two values was 0.9110 (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute threshold 0.9751). The mean difference (bias) between the two methods was 8.6 ± 18.6 mg/dl (0.48 ± 1.0 mmol/l) and limits of agreement +45.8 and –28.6 mg/dl (+2.5 and –1.6 mmol/l). Fifty-three (19%) paired measurements in 22 patients were not in accord (CLSI threshold ≤ 5%). In 44 (83%) of these paired measurements fingerstick glucose was greater than laboratory glucose. The findings suggest that capillary blood glucose as measured by fingerstick is inaccurate in critically ill ICU patients and does not meet the CLSI standard. It is unclear whether the sampling method, device used, or both contributed to this inaccuracy. The wide limits of agreement suggest that fingerstick measurements should be used with great caution in protocols of tight glycemic control.
Lateral striatal cholinergic mechanisms involved in oral motor activities in the rat.

These experiments were undertaken to determine if local injection of pilocarpine in the neostriatum of the rat produces oral motor activities that are similar to those produced by systemic administration. In the first experiment, IP administration of 2.0–8.0 mg/kg pilocarpine increased chewing movements and tongue protrusions. In the second experiment, chronic guide cannulae were implanted bilaterally in ventromedial or ventrolateral striatum, and rats were injected with saline, 30, and 60 µg pilocarpine (per side). A dose-related increase in vaculous chewing was induced by injections of pilocarpine in the ventrolateral but not the ventromedial striatum. Tongue protrusions were induced by injections of pilocarpine into the ventromedial and the ventrolateral striatum. A third experiment demonstrated that this response was blocked completely by 10 µg scopolamine co-administered via the same cannulae, but the response was not reduced significantly by 10 µg haloperidol. These results indicate that ventrolateral striatal cholinergic mechanisms are involved in oral motor activities in the rat. This syndrome may provide a model for human clinical phenomena such as parkinsonian tremor.
Corrigendum to “The Structure and Conformation of Lys63-Linked Tetraubiquitin” [J. Mol. Biol. 392 (2009) 1117–1124]

The authors regret that the above-referenced article contains a typographical error that should be corrected. In the legend to Fig. 1c, a Protein Data Bank ID was incorrectly given as “26OV”. The correct code is “2O6V”. The legend to Fig. 1 should read as follows: Crystal structure of Lys63-linked tetra-Ub. (a) Ribbon diagram and (b) surface representation of Lys63 tetra-Ub crystal structure showing the highly extended chain conformation. The proximal Ub is shown in cyan, while the distal one is shown in yellow. In (b), the hydrophobic patches of individual Ub monomers consisting of residues Leu8, Ile44, and Val70, which are important for interacting with cognate proteins, are shown in red. (c) Crystal structure of Lys48 tetra-Ub (Protein Data Bank ID 2O6V). The structure of Lys48 is highly compact and globular. The hydrophobic patches from Ub monomer can be seen to interact with one another, partially burying the interaction surface. The coloring scheme has been kept identical with that for Lys63 tetra-Ub.
Acoplanar angle relative to beam polarization in three-jet events in e+e− colliding experiments☆

Abstract The angular correlation between the hadron plane and the thrust-beam-polarization plane is discussed and calculated in two cases: for vector gluons and for scalar gluons.
GM1 ganglioside improves spatial learning and memory of aged rats.

GM1 ganglioside, 30 mg/kg, i.p., was administered to cognitively impaired aged rats for 30 days, and spatial learning and memory evaluated in a Morris water maze paradigm. During treatment with GM1, aged animals improved both the acquisition and retention of place navigation, as reflected by reduced escape latencies and swim distances to a hidden platform, and persistently performed better than the aged control animals. Furthermore, the GM1-treated animals showed improved spatial acuity in a spatial probe test when the hidden platform was removed. The improved performance in place navigation was not lost if GM1 treatment was discontinued and the animals tested up to 15 days later. GM1 treatment had no effect on the performance of young rats in the water maze. These results indicate that memory deficits associated with aging can be attenuated by treatment with GM1 ganglioside.
Evaluation of the efficacy of routine preoperative electrocardiograms

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of routine preoperative electrocardiograms (ECG) in predicting perioperative cardiovascular complications in an essentially healthy population. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: The adult hospital of a large academic medical center. Participants: One thousand ASA class I and II adult patients undergoing a number of different elective surgical procedures. Interventions: None Measurements and Main Results: The mean age of the population was 48 years (range, 18 to 88), and 53% were female. Fifty-seven percent of the population had a preoperative ECG, of which 56.5% were considered normal, 37.8% were abnormal, and 6.6% were considered borderline. Twenty-seven percent of the population presented with cardiovascular risk factors, and of these, 93.2% had an ECG performed. Seventy-three percent of patients had no cardiovascular risk factors, and of these, 44.5% had a preoperative ECG. Patients who had cardiovascular risk factors had significantly more abnormal ECGs than those without (51% v 26.1%,); however, there was no difference in the prevalence of perioperative events between the two groups. The positive predictive value of an abnormal ECG for a perioperative event was slightly greater for patients with cardiovascular risk factors than for those without (42.7% v 34.7%, respectively); however, this difference was not significant. In addition, a normal ECG was just as predictive as an abnormal one. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that the practice of routine ECG screening for patients with no cardiovascular risk factors is a poor predictor of perioperative complications in this patient population. A review of the current criteria for ordering preoperative ECGs may reduce the number of unnecessary tests and improve cost-effectiveness.
Radiological evidence of asbestos disease among ship repair workers.

Asbestos materials are now infrequently used in new ship construction. However, significant amounts were used in vessels constructed before 1975. As a consequence, for the next 30 or more years, the potential for asbestos exposure in the repair of such vessels will remain. We studied 286 workers who were 20 or more years from onset of employment in ship repair work. Eighty-six percent had radiological evidence of asbestosis, and five instances of previously undiagnosed lung cancer were found. This suggests that unless industrial hygiene precautions are taken in the future repair of vessels that have been built with asbestos, we will add additional decades to the legacy we already face as the result of uncontrolled shipyard exposures of the past.
DIGNITY AS A MORAL CONCEPT

Although dignity figures prominently in modern ethical discourse, and in the writings of moral and political philosophers writing today, we still lack a clear account of how the concept of dignity might be implicated in various forms of moral reasoning. This essay tries to make progress on two fronts. First, it attempts to clarify the possible roles the concept of dignity might play in moral discourse, with particular reference to Hart's distinction between positive and critical morality. Second, it offers a new typology of dignity concepts and mobilizes it to, on the one hand, criticize some familiar construals of “human dignity” and, on the other, to advertise the possible virtues of an unfamiliar way of thinking about dignity as a moral concept.
Detection of cigarette smoke inhalations from respiratory signals using reduced feature set

A combination of wearable Respiratory Inductive Plethysmograph and a hand-to-mouth Proximity Sensor (PS) can be used to monitor smoking habits and smoke exposure in cigarette smokers. In our previous work, detection of smoke inhalations was achieved by using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier applied to raw sensor signals with 1503-element feature vectors. This study uses empirically-defined 27 features computed from the sensor signals to reduce the length of vectors. Further reduction in the length of the feature vectors was achieved by a forward feature selection algorithm, identifying from 2 to 16 features most critical for smoke inhalations detection. For individual detection models, the 1503-element feature vectors, 27-element feature vectors and reduced feature vectors resulted in F-scores of 90.1%, 68.7% and 94% respectively. For the group models, F-scores were 81.3%, 65% and 67% respectively. These results demonstrate feasibility of detecting smoke inhalations with a computed feature set, but suggest high individuality of breathing patterns associated with smoking.
Digestion in the Steer, Goat, and Artificial Rumen as Measures of Forage Nutritive Value

Abstract The digestive abilities of steers and goats were compared using first-growth alfalfa-bromegrass forage harvested as hay on four dates in 1960 (Trial 1) and three dates in 1961 (Trial 2). Total collection digestion trials were used and each hay was fed to four goats and to four steers. In Trial 1, there were no significant differences between steers and goats in the digestibility of dry matter (DDM), cellulose, or energy. Goats digested the crude protein of two of the hays more extensively, however. Unusually high steer digestion coefficients for one hay in Trial 2 resulted in a significant difference between steers and goats in the digestibility of the dry matter, cellulose, and energy of this hay. Goats digested more of the protein in the late-cut hay than did the steers. Steer and goat digestibilities agreed closely on all other hays and it was concluded that the goat could be used to evaluate the digestible nutrient or energy content of forages. While each crop was being cut for hay, hand-clipped quadrat samples were also taken and oven-dried. The DDM of these quadrat samples and of conventional hay samples was estimated by an artificial rumen technique (EDDM) and compared to the average steer-goat DDM. Artificial rumen EDDM of the hays did not differ significantly from the animal DDM values. Quadrat samples were significantly higher in EDDM than were the hays.
A study of potential cholinergic mechanisms involved in the central control of body temperature in golden hamsters.

Abstract The intrahypothalamic injection of 0·003 and 0·006 μmol of carbamylcholine chloride (CCh) was found to elicit a dose-dependent increase in rectal temperature in unanaesthetized, normothermic golden hamsters. In agreement with a proposed depolarization block in heat gain pathways, the similar administration of 0·01 μmol of this cholinergic agonist produced a significant hypothermic response. In the case of hyperthermia, thermogenesis appeared to be initiated mainly by shivering with a possible lesser contribution from an increase in cardiac rate. Heat conservation in this instance was indicated by the occurrence of peripheral vasoconstriction. Heat loss and the resultant hypothermia elicited by the highest CCh dose was primarily achieved by peripheral vasodilation. In addition, a possible decrease in thermogenesis was indicated by a reduction in cardiac rate. However, this dose of agonist also produced marked behavioural agitation and struggling which led to a substantial increase in electromyographic activity. The effects of both 0·006 and 0·01 μmol of CCh were abolished by the prior central administration of atropine, whereas similar pretreatment with phentolamine and methysergide failed to alter either CCh response.
Highly photoluminescent conjugated polymers : stimulated emission and device applications

The recent emergence of semiconducting (pi) -conjugated polymers as solid-state laser materials has been made possible by the availability of numerous high photoluminescence efficiency polymers with emission wavelengths spanning the visible spectrum. As the first important step in exploring the feasibility of electrically pumped polymer laser diodes, we have demonstrated photopumped gain narrowing in submicron thick films, neat and undiluted, of photoluminescent conjugated polymers. The dramatic collapse of the emission line width (to as little as 7 nm) occurs at very low pump energy thresholds (approximately 10 (mu) J/cm2 per 10 ns pulse). Gain narrowing is found in over a dozen different polymers representing a variety of molecular structures and is explained in terms of amplified spontaneous emission in planar waveguides which allow the distance traveled by emitted photons to exceed the short intrinsic gain lengths. The short gain lengths arise from the high density of chromophores, the large density of states associated with the (pi) -(pi) * transition in quasi-one-dimensional systems, and the Stokes shift which minimizes self- absorption. Prospects for producing electrically pumped solid-state polymer diode lasers using this class of materials are discussed in the context of the low-threshold gain narrowing in submicron thick films.
Analysis of RDX-TAGzT pseudo-propellant combustion with detailed chemical kinetics

A detailed model of steady-state combustion of a pseudo-propellant containing cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and triaminoguanidinium azotetrazolate (TAGzT) is presented. The physicochemical processes occurring within the foam layer, comprised of a liquid and gas bubbles, and a gas-phase region above the burning surface are considered. The chemical kinetics is represented by a global thermal decomposition mechanism within the liquid by considering 18 species and eight chemical reactions. The reactions governing decomposition of TAGzT were deduced from separate confined rapid thermolysis experiments using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Within the gas bubbles and gas-phase region, a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism was used by considering up to 93 species and 504 reactions. The pseudo-propellant burn rate was found to be highly sensitive to the global decomposition reactions of TAGzT. The predicted results of burn rate agree well with experimental burn...
Land acquisition in the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area

Abstract Creation of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area (CVNRA) began in 1974, with the aim of encompassing 32 000 acres in the Cuyahoga River Valley, northern Ohio. By 1986 only 14 000 acres had been acquired — little over 40% of the planned total. The land acquisition aspects of the park plans have not run smoothly, and many problems have been encountered while changing private holdings over to the public domain. This article looks at the events surrounding the founding and creation of the park, and the current state of landownership within the CVNRA. Will the park ever be completed?
Mutations that Alter RcdA Surface Residues Decouple Protein Localization and CtrA Proteolysis in Caulobacter crescentus

Periodic activation and deactivation of the essential transcriptional regulator CtrA is necessary to drive cell cycle progression in Caulobacter crescentus. At the onset of DNA replication (the G1-S cell cycle transition), CtrA and the AAA+ protease ClpXP colocalize at one cell pole along with three accessory proteins, RcdA, CpdR, and PopA, and CtrA is rapidly degraded. RcdA is required for polar sequestration and regulated proteolysis of CtrA in vivo, but it does not stimulate CtrA degradation by ClpXP in vitro; thus, the function of RcdA is unknown. We determined the 2.9-A-resolution crystal structure of RcdA and generated structure-guided mutations in rcdA. We assayed the ability of each RcdA variant to support CtrA proteolysis and polar protein localization in Caulobacter. Deletion of an intrinsically disordered peptide at the C-terminus of RcdA prevents efficient CtrA degradation and blocks the transient localization of RcdA and CtrA at the cell pole. Surprisingly, substitutions in two groups of highly conserved, charged surface residues disrupt polar RcdA or CtrA localization but do not affect CtrA proteolysis. This is the first report showing that localization of RcdA can be decoupled from its effects on CtrA degradation. In addition, we used epistasis experiments to show that RcdA is still required for regulated CtrA proteolysis when all SsrA-tagged proteins, abundant substrates of ClpXP, are absent from the cell. Our results argue that RcdA stimulates CtrA proteolysis neither by localizing CtrA at the cell pole nor by preventing competition from SsrA-tagged substrates.
Situational context: Effects on perceptions of assertive and unassertive behavior

Several recent studies have evaluated interpersonal reactions to assertive and unassertive behavioral styles in social conflict (refusal) situations. To date, no research has examined the influence of different situational contexts on observers' judgments. In the present study, college students observed videotapes which showed a model handling either social conflict situations, commendatory situations, or combination of both situations in either an assertive or unassertive manner. Because the actor's sex may also influence the way assertiveness is viewed, both male and female models were used. Subjects then completed a 26-item adjective checklist describing the model they observed. Results were factor analyzed, then subjected to multivariate data analyses. The findings indicated that assertive, commendatory skill is a significant moderator variable influencing subjects' interpersonal reactions to assertive and unassertive behavior. Implications of the findings for clinical interventions are discussed.
Predicting community opposition to inclusion in schools: the role of social dominance, contact, intergroup anxiety, and economic conservatism.

This study addresses community members' attitudes toward inclusion ,t he practice of including students with disabilities in regular education classroom settings. Participants in Study 1 were 271 community adults, completing measures of prior contact with people with disabilities, social dominance orientation (SDO), economic conservatism, intergroup anxiety, prejudice, and opposition to inclusion. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that amount of intergroup anxiety predicted opposition to inclusion via the mediator, prejudice toward people with disabilities, and that amount of prior contact indirectly predicted prejudice toward people with disabilities through intergroup anxiety. SDO positively predicted both intergroup anxiety and prejudice in the model, with preju- dice also mediating between SDO and opposition to inclusion. Both SDO and economic conservatism failed to exhibit direct predictive relationships with opposition to inclusion. Participants in Study 2 were 161 community adults. Contact was shown to exert an indirect effect on prejudice via intergroup anxiety, whereas intergroup anxiety impacted inclusive attitudes via prejudice. SDO exerted both direct and indirect (via prejudice) effects on opposition to inclusion. WITHIN PUBLIC SCHOOL SETTINGS, it is not uncommon for students with disabilities to be placed into special education classrooms without regard for the unique needs and abilities of these students or even the potential contributions they could make within regular education classrooms. In fact, these students, who vary considerably in terms of the type of disability they possess, the level of impairment they experience, and the potential they may hold for succeeding academically,
Fish growth, reproduction, and tissue production on artificial reefs relative to natural reefs

The extent towhich artificial reefsmaybe useful formitigation of environmental impacts, fisheriesmanagement, and conservation depends in part upon how well the organisms that live on them fare. We tested whether fish living on artificial reefs were in similar condition (weight-at-length), grew, foraged, reproduced, and produced tissue at rates similar to those on natural reefs. We studied five artificial–natural reef pairs spread over .200 km in the Southern California Bight. Underwater visual transects were used to quantify density and size structure of four target species (Paralabrax clathratus, Paralabrax nebulifer, Semicossyphus pulcher, and Embiotoca jacksoni), which were also collected to measure foraging success, condition, growth, reproductive output, and tissue production. Generally, fish living on artificial reefs fared as well or better than those on natural reefs, with some exceptions. Semicossyphus pulcher fared better on artificial reefs, having higher foraging success, fecundity, densities, and tissue production. Embiotoca jacksoni grew faster on natural reefs, and P. nebulifer was in slightly better condition on natural reefs. Total fish tissueproduction tended tobehigheron artificial reefs thanonnatural reefs, though this patternwasnot evidenton all reef pairs. Tissueproduction was positively correlated with the abundance of large boulders, which was higher on artificial reefs than natural reefs. The similar or greater production of fish tissue per cubic metre on artificial reefs relative to natural reefs indicates that these artificial habitats are valuable in producing fish biomass. Fish living on artificial reefs fared as well as those living on natural reefs, indicating that well-designed artificial reefs can be useful tools for mitigation, conservation, and fisheries management.
Molecular diagnostics using analytical immuno high performance liquid affinity chromatography

Analytical immuno high performance liquid affinity chromatography (analytical immuno HPLAC) was evaluated as a molecular diagnostic tool. Antibodies raised in rabbits against bovine neurophysin II were immobilized through Protein A crosslinking onto coated silica. Interaction of immobilized antibody with mobile antigen was characterized by zonal and frontal elutions of14C-labeled bovine neurophysin II under isocratic, nondenaturing conditions. The Chromatographic behavior shows that analytical immuno HPLAC with immobilized antibodies can be used to detect the number and functional nature of matrix-interacting antigens in mixtures, thus providing a quantitative Chromatographic technology for “antigen mapping”.
Cross section improvements for EGSnrc

The inclusion of spin effects for electron/positron elastic scattering, binding effects for incoherent photon scattering and atomic relaxations into EGSnrc is described. The effects of these improvements on calculated depth-dose curves and plane-parallel chamber calculations is presented.
GLOBAL CHANGE AND HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE

▪ Abstract Although the loss of good health is inherently unpredictable, human behavior at the individual and societal levels profoundly influences the incidence and evolution of disease. In this review, we define the human epidemiological environment and describe key biophysical, economic, sociocultural, and political factors that shape it. The potential impact upon the epidemiological environment of biophysical aspects of global change—changes in the size, mobility, and geographic distribution of the human population; land conversion; agricultural intensification; and climate change—is then examined. Human vulnerability to disease is strongly and deleteriously influenced by many of these ongoing, intensifying alterations. We then examine threats to human defenses against disease, including immune suppression, loss of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge, and the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Effective responses will require greatly enhanced attention by and collaboration among experts in diverse ...
Bringing the Outside in: Assessing Experiential Education.

Assessment is often seen as punitive, difficult, or irrelevant to real learning. But viewed differently, assessment can be a valuable tool to foster growth in experiential learning.
2GHz octave-spanning Ti:sapphire Laser with non-intrusive carrier-envelope phase stabilization

An octave spanning, self-referenced Ti:sapphire laser at 2 GHz repetition rate is demonstrated with a carrier-envelope beat note of 50 dB measured with 100 kHz resolution bandwidth.
Functional Organization of the Yeast SAGA Complex: Distinct Components Involved in Structural Integrity, Nucleosome Acetylation, and TATA-Binding Protein Interaction

SAGA, a recently described protein complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is important for transcription in vivo and possesses histone acetylation function. Here we report both biochemical and genetic analyses of members of three classes of transcription regulatory factors contained within the SAGA complex. We demonstrate a correlation between the phenotypic severity of SAGA mutants and SAGA structural integrity. Specifically, null mutations in the Gcn5/Ada2/Ada3 or Spt3/Spt8 classes cause moderate phenotypes and subtle structural alterations, while mutations in a third subgroup, Spt7/Spt20, as well as Ada1, disrupt the complex and cause severe phenotypes. Interestingly, double mutants (gcn5D spt3D and gcn5D spt8D) causing loss of a member of each of the moderate classes have severe phenotypes, similar to spt7D, spt20D ,o rada1D mutants. In addition, we have investigated biochemical functions suggested by the moderate phenotypic classes and find that first, normal nucleosomal acetylation by SAGA requires a specific domain of Gcn5, termed the bromodomain. Deletion of this domain also causes specific transcriptional defects at the HIS3 promoter in vivo. Second, SAGA interacts with TBP, the TATA-binding protein, and this interaction requires Spt8 in vitro. Overall, our data demonstrate that SAGA harbors multiple, distinct transcription-related functions, including direct TBP interaction and nucleosomal histone acetylation. Loss of either of these causes slight impairment in vivo, but loss of both is highly detrimental to growth and transcription.
Multiscale Analysis of Transverse Cracking in Cross-Ply Laminated Beams Using the Layerwise Theory

A finite element model based on the layerwise theory is developed for the analysis of transverse cracking in cross-ply laminated beams. The numerical model is developed using the layerwise theory of Reddy, and the von Karman type nonlinear strain field is adopted to accommodate the moderately large rotations of the beam. The finite element beam model is verified by comparing the present numerical solutions with the elasticity solutions available in the literature; an excellent agreement is found. The layerwise beam model is then used to investigate the influence of transverse cracks on material properties and the response in cross-ply laminates using a multiscale approach. The multiscale analysis consists of numerical simulations at two different length scales. In the first scale, a mesoscale, a systematic procedure to quantify the stiffness reduction in the cracked ply is proposed exploiting the laminate theory. In the second scale, a macroscale, continuum damage mechanics approach is used to compute homogenized material properties for a unit cell, and the effective material properties of the cracked ply are extracted by the laminate theory. In the macroscale analysis, a beam structure under a bending load is simulated using the homogenized material properties in the layerwise finite element beam model. The stress redistribution in the beam according to the multiplication of transverse cracks is taken into account and a prediction of sequential matrix cracking is presented.