cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens Has Positive Effects on Parkinson's Disease-Related Apathy (P7.050)

OBJECTIVE: To present the case of a 61-year-old male with a history of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and PD-related apathy, who received bilateral deep brain stimulation implantation in the Nucleus accumbens (NAcc). BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a technique that consists of an implanted lead that provides neural-network modulation within a brain circuit(s) of interest. DBS has been approved to treat the movement disorder, PD. The apathy related to Parkinson’s disease is a common and disabling symptom. There is no reported DBS target that has been shown to improve apathy in Parkinson’s patients. The NAcc has been implicated as an important node in the neurocircuitry of seeking behavior as well as in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s-related apathy. DESIGN/METHODS: Our patient opted to receive a DBS implantation in the NAcc targeted for OCD (FDA HDE), but recognizing that the patient had co-morbid, severe apathy and depression. The patient had a Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score of 32 (EXTREME), an Apathy Scale (AS) score of 22 (SIGNIFICANT), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 item (HAMD-17) score of 30 (VERY SEVERE) prior to deep brain stimulation surgery. RESULTS: After 3 months, the patient has achieved not only a reduction in YBOCS score to 12-MILD(-62.5%), but also a reduction in AS score to 7-MILD(-68.2%) and HAMD-17 score to 10-MILD(-66.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of NAcc implantation in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. This case demonstrates that in addition to treating obsessive-compulsive disorder, DBS of the NAc can have positive effects on Parkinson’s-related apathy. This case facilitates discussion of the functional neuroanatomy of goal-directed behavior, modulating motivation, arousal, motor response, and sensorimotor integration as well as DBS’s putative mechanism in modulating those networks. Study Supported by: NIH Grant # R25 DA020537-06 Back, SE & Brady, KT(PI) Disclosure: Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose. Dr. Short has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jeffery has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kerns has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sahlem has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hanlon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Revuelta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Takacs has nothing to disclose. Dr. George has nothing to disclose.
CALMODULIN ANTAGONISTS STIMULATE RENIN RELEASE FROM ISOLATED RAT GLOMERULI

Effects of calmodulin antagonists on renin release from isolated rat glomeruli were examined. The calmodulin antagonists used were N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-naphthalene-1-sulfonamide (W-7), triflupromazine and trifluoperazine. These drugs induced renin release from isolated glomeruli in a dose-dependent manner. The threshold concentration for renin release in the calcium-containing medium was 50 microM for W-7, 5 microM for triflupromazine and 2 microM for trifluoperazine respectively. The threshold concentrations were 2-5 times less in the calcium-free medium. The maximum levels of renin release by the three antagonists were similar in both calcium-containing and calcium-free media. In the absence of these antagonists, the basal rate of renin release in the calcium-free medium was markedly higher than in the calcium-containing medium. These results suggest that the calcium-calmodulin system inhibits renin release and that renin release is regulated by a mechanism different from the calcium-stimulated exocytotic mechanism by which many hormones are released.
Challenging Lesions in the Differential Diagnosis of Endocrine Tumors: Parathryoid Carcinoma

Parathyroid neoplasms encompass a spectrum of proliferative lesions that include adenomas, atypical adenomas, and carcinomas. While the diagnosis of adenomas is usually straightforward, parathyroid carcinomas (PTCAs) often present considerable diagnostic challenges. Fibrosis and mitotic activity are common in PTCAs, but these features are not specific for malignancy. An unequivocal diagnosis of PTCA should be restricted to those tumors that invade adjacent soft tissues, thyroid gland, blood vessels, or perineural spaces or to those cases with documented metastases. Atypical adenomas include those tumors that share some of the features of PTCA but lack evidence of invasive growth. A variety of genetic abnormalities, including HRPT2 mutations, occur in PTCAs. Mutations of the HRPT2 gene, which encodes parafibromin, are responsible for the development of the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome and have also been implicated in the development of a high proportion of sporadic PTCAs. Correlative immunohistochemical studies have revealed nuclear parafibromin immunoreactivity in adenomas but absence or partial loss of staining in PTCAs. While parafibromin immunohistochemistry represents an important step in the ability to diagnose PTCA, additional studies will be required to test the validity of this approach and to determine the roles of other genes in the development of these tumors.
VISCOUS AND INVISCID MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS EQUATIONS

In this paper we study the classical problem in turbulence for the magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) equations: whether the solutions (u (v),B (v)) of the viscous MHD equations tend to the solutions (u (0),B (v)) of the inviscid MHD equations as the Reynolds numbersRe, Rm → ∞. As a preparation we first derive bounds for ¦|(u (0),B (0)(t)¦|H m) (m ≥3) in terms of deformation tensor related quantities (0.1) {ie251-1} We then show that asRe → ∞ andRm → ∞, the difference {ie-251-2} {ie-251-3} converges to zero uniformly int as long as the quantities in (0.1) remain finite. The convergence rates are explicit.
On optimal operation of communication nets

Abstract This paper presents an approach to analysis of communication nets based closely on the theory of single-element-kind but not necessarily linear networks. The potential ability of networks to minimize some form of losses is applied to define an optimal operation of communication nets. The new element introduced in this approach is that it is capable of distributing the flow throughout the network by taking into account both the network topology and the capacities of individual edges. The method may be applied to rather general situations, such as simultaneous multi-node-pair communication with some relative priority weights attached to different pairs. On the computational side it shows a systematic way leading to the solution which may be programmed on a digital computer.
The effect of weak chelating agents on the removal of heavy metals by precipitation processes

Particle size distributions and heavy metal removals are presented for hydroxide precipitations and heavy metal removals are presented for hydroxide precipitation and sulfide precipitation of zinc and cadmium in the presence of several weak complexing agents, namely citrate, tartrate, and ammonia. The pH was held constant at pH 10.0 in these experiments. The presence of these weak complexing agents had little effect on the chemical equilibrium for both the hydroxide and sulfide systems due to their weak complexing ability with metal ions. The presence of the complexing agents does affect the particle size distribution, generally forming smaller particles. Particle size distributions are presented for the Zn(OH)2, ZnS, Cd(OH)2, and CdS systems (at pH 10.0) in the presence of the chelating agents citrate, tartrate, and ammonia. Sulfide precipitation exhibits a better particle size distribution and settling characteristics than the corresponding metal hydroxide precipitation for both zinc and cadmium.
Porting and performance evaluation of irregular codes using OpenMP

In the last two years, OpenMP has been gaining popularity as a standard for developing portable shared memory parallel programs. With the improvements in centralized shared memory technologies and the emergence of distributed shared memory (DSM) architectures, several medium-to-large physical and logical shared memory configurations are now available. Thus, OpenMP stands to be a promising medium for developing scalable and portable parallel programs. In this paper, we focus on evaluating the suitability of OpenMP for developing scalable and portable irregular applications. We examine the programming paradigms supported by OpenMP that are suitable for this important class of applications, the performance and scalability achieved with these applications, the achieved locality and uniprocessor cache performance and the factors behind imperfect scalability. We have used two irregular applications and one NAS irregular code as the benchmarks for our study. Our experiments have been conducted on a 64-processor SGI Origin 2000. Our experiments show that reasonably good scalability is possible using OpenMP if careful attention is paid to locality and load balancing issues. Particularly, using the Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) paradigm for programming is a significant win over just using loop parallelization directives. As expected, the cost of remote accesses is the major factor behind imperfect speedups of SPMD OpenMP programs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interacting GaAs bilayer hole systems with layer density imbalance

We study interacting GaAs hole bilayers in the limit of zero interlayer tunneling. When the layers have equal density, we observe a phase coherent bilayer quantum Hall state (QHS) at total filling factor nu = 1, flanked by a reentrant insulating phase at nearby fillings which suggests the formation of a pinned, bilayer Wigner crystal. As we transfer charge from one layer to another, the phase coherent QHS becomes stronger, while the insulating phase disappears, suggesting that its stability requires the commensurability of the two layers.
Afferent inputs to cortical fast-spiking interneurons organize pyramidal cell network oscillations at high-gamma frequencies (60–200 Hz)

High-gamma activity, ranging in frequency between ∼60 Hz and 200 Hz, has been observed in local field potential, electrocorticography, EEG and magnetoencephalography signals during cortical activation, in a variety of functional brain systems. The origin of these signals is yet unknown. Using computational modeling, we show that a cortical network model receiving thalamic input generates high-gamma responses comparable to those observed in local field potential recorded in monkey somatosensory cortex during vibrotactile stimulation. These high-gamma oscillations appear to be mediated mostly by an excited population of inhibitory fast-spiking interneurons firing at high-gamma frequencies and pacing excitatory regular-spiking pyramidal cells, which fire at lower rates but in phase with the population rhythm. The physiological correlates of high-gamma activity, in this model of local cortical circuits, appear to be similar to those proposed for hippocampal ripples generated by subsets of interneurons that regulate the discharge of principal cells.
POINT-SPREAD FUNCTIONS FOR THE EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET CHANNELS OF SDO/AIA TELESCOPES

We present the stray-light point-spread functions (PSFs) and their inverses we characterized for the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) EUV telescopes on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft. The inverse kernels are approximate inverses under convolution. Convolving the original Level 1 images with them produces images with improved stray-light characteristics. We demonstrate the usefulness of these PSFs by applying them to two specific cases: photometry and differential emission measure (DEM) analysis. The PSFs consist of a narrow Gaussian core, a diffraction component, and a diffuse component represented by the sum of a Gaussian-truncated Lorentzian and a shoulder Gaussian. We determined the diffraction term using the measured geometry of the diffraction pattern identified in flare images and the theoretically computed intensities of the principal maxima of the first few diffraction orders. To determine the diffuse component, we fitted its parameterized model using iterative forward-modeling of the lunar interior in the SDO/AIA images from the 2011 March 4 lunar transit. We find that deconvolution significantly improves the contrast in dark features such as miniature coronal holes, though the effect was marginal in bright features. On a percentage-scattering basis, the PSFs for SDO/AIA are better by a factor of two than that of the EUV telescope on board the Transition Region And Coronal Explorer mission. A preliminary analysis suggests that deconvolution alone does not affect DEM analysis of small coronal loop segments with suitable background subtraction. We include the derived PSFs and their inverses as supplementary digital materials.
Controlled particle size distributions using Linear Programming

The sintering characteristics of powder blends are greatly influenced by the characteristics of the particle size distribution, typically well-modeled as lognormal. Some sintering processes combine individual powder batches of different sizes to produce a mixture with a specific mean, standard deviation and distribution. This work demonstrates how the technique of Linear Programming can be employed to produce accurate estimates of the proportions of the original manufactured powders that should be mixed in order to produce a final particle size distribution that closely matches a lognormal shape with a specific mean diameter and a specific diameter standard deviation. This approach is carried out using data describing the particle diameter distributions for eleven basic grades of alumina powder, and a Linear Programming formulation which uses the universally available Excel Solver spreadsheet software.
Interfacial spin and heat transfer between metals and magnetic insulators

We study the role of thermal magnons in spin and heat transport across a normal-metal/insulating-ferromagnet interface, which is beyond an elastic electronic spin transfer. Using an interfacial exchange Hamiltonian, which couples spins of itinerant and localized orbitals, we calculate spin and energy currents for an arbitrary interfacial temperature difference and misalignment of spin accumulation in the normal metal relative to the ferromagnetic order. The magnonic contribution to spin current leads to a temperature-dependent torque on the magnetic order parameter; reciprocally, the coherent precession of the magnetization pumps spin current into the normal metal, the magnitude of which is affected by the presence of thermal magnons.
Nest Sites Used by Radio-Tagged Largemouth Bass in Orange Lake, Florida

Abstract The bottom substrates of many Florida lakes are predominantly unconsolidated organic matter with only limited areas of firm substrate typically used for spawning by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The purpose of this study was to locate by radiotelemetry and describe the nest sites of male Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus in a lake with essentially no firm inorganic substrate. We located 20 nests during the 1983 and 1984 spawning seasons: 13 in spatterdock Nuphar luteum (25% of the available habitat), 5 in emergent grasses Paspalidium geminatum and Panicum hemitomon (1% of the available habitat), and 2 in smartweed Polygonum hydropiperoides (10% of the available habitat). No nests were found in open water (64% of the available habitat). Observed nests were constructed on rhizomes in the spatterdock habitat or on firm detritus in the emergent grass and smartweed. Spatterdock, due to its abundance, was the most extensively used nesting habitat, but selectivity for nes...
Radiation Induced Amorphous Transformation in Intermetallic Compounds

Intermetallic compounds and ordered phases in the Ti-Ni, Ti-Fe, Re-Ta, and Mo-Ni systems became amorphous after high energy, ion irradiation. Compounds in the Ni-Al and Fe-Al systems remained crystalline and formed dislocation networks after similar irradiation. The ease of amorphous formation correlated best with the lack of solubility within the phase field. The high internal energy of the defect state in these limited solubility alloys is believed responsible for the tendency to transform to an amorphous state. A correlation with other properties such as atom size ratio or outer electron concentration was not found.
On the Validation of a Multiphysics Theory for a Static Contact With Rough Surfaces

In an effort to address the validation of a recently developed multifield and multiscale rough contact theory we are applying it for a particular experiment. The experiment involves the contact between two hollow cylinders with an annular disk in between them. The contact surface is rough and the entire stack is exposed to compressive mechanical load and a high electric current pulse. Solving the necessary multi-physics partial differential equations leads to establishing the spatiotemporal distribution of relevant fields and the identification of the contact resistance as a function of mechanical pressure and current. In addition to providing typical results for all selected fields present during the experiment and the simulation, we also provide a comparison between the experimentally acquired resistance histories with the numerically derived ones to address validation aspects of the general multiphysics contact theory.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Photochemical and nonphotochemical hole burning in dimethyl-s-tetrazine in a polyvinyl carbazole film

Abstract Hole burning as well as fluorescence line narrowing experiments have been performed on the system dimethyl-s-tetrazine in polyvinyl carbazole films at low temperatures. The first singlet electronic absorption bands are typical (300 cm −3 wide) of inhomogeneously broadened bands of guest molecules in amorphous organic hosts. Evidence is presented for both photochemical and nonphotochemical hole burning. The narrowest holes observed were lorentzian, had a width of 0.44 cm −1 at 1.8 K, and are believed to be of nonphotochemical origin. A model which envisions the guest molecules to occupy different sites in the polymer host with a distribution of energy barriers between sites is used to describe these observations. The fast (20 ps) relaxation time implied by the 0.44 cm −1 lorentzian linewidth is interpreted as indicative of the rate of site interconversion in the excited state.
Pharmacokinetics of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Salicylic Acid After Intravenous Administration in Man

The pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 650 mg.) and salicylic acid (SA, 500 mg.) were studied following intravenous administration in males. The resultant plasma concentration-time curves were described by bi-exponential equations. The half-life of the first exponent was 2–5 min. for both compounds while that of the second exponent was 13–19 min. and 3.5–4.5 hr. for ASA and SA, respectively. Over the dose range 0.3–1.2 g. ASA, the area under the ASA plasma concentration-time curve was proportional to the dose administered. Also SA was shown to be the exclusive metabolite of ASA. Analysis of the present results, over the dose range and duration of study, showed that the data could best be fitted by conceiving the body to act as a two-compartmental open system with respect to these drugs. The significance of these findings on measurement of the rate constants of metabolism, volume of distribution, and other pharmacokinetic parameters are discussed.
Structural Fluctuations In Apomyoglobin Undergoing Transition To An Amyloid State

The β-sheet amyloid structure in proteins is implicated in many diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinsons' Diseases. Previous studies by Fandrich et al. have shown that apomyoglobin, while natively helical and not known to form amyloid structures, is able to convert to a β-sheet amyloid state under suitable conditions1. This has led to the hypothesis that the amyloid structures are universal amongst proteins. We have observed structural fluctuations of apomyoglobin on the order of 2- 200μs under equilibrium conditions using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) at various stages of folding2. We attributed the fluctuations to chain dynamics and have since extended our measurements of apomyoglobin to amyloid-forming conditions. Here we present initial results of FCS measurements of apomyoglogin chain dynamics as it undergoes the α-helical to β-sheet transition.1M. Fandrich, M.A. Fletcher & C.M. Dobson (2001) Nature 410:165-166.2H. Chen, E. Rhoades, J.S. Butler, S.N. Loh & W.W. Webb. (2007) PNAS 104(25):10459-10464.Support for HC was provided by the STC Program of the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. ECS-9876771. Support for WWW was provided by NIH Grant number 9 P41 EB001976.
A remark on consequences of the work assumption of Naghdi and Trapp for elastic-plastic materials

A number of conditions implied by a physically plausible work assumption due to Naghdi and Trapp (1975) are discussed in the light of recent developments in the strain-space formulation of the purely mechanical theory of finitely deforming elastic-plastic materials.
Urea-nuclease treatment of concentrated retrovirions preserves viral RNA and removes polymerase chain reaction-amplifiable cellular RNA and DNA

Cellular nucleic acids can interfere with the molecular cloning of retroviruses, a problem that is particularly serious with viruses propagated in lymphoblastoid cells that release large amounts of microvesicles and other cellular components. The approach taken to circumvent such problems involved first suspending viral pellets in water to allow any residual microvesicles to swell and perhaps lyse during overnight or longer incubation periods. Urea was then added to a concentration of 1.5-2.0 M to uncoil proteins that may protect nucleic acids from hydrolysis on the further addition of Micrococcal nuclease and ribonuclease A, both of which remain enzymatically active in molar urea solutions. The viral RNA was extracted and residual DNA removed by deoxyribonuclease I treatments. The utility of the method was demonstrated with two different retroviruses, a Moloney murine leukemia virus variant and Rous sarcoma virus, such that viral RNA thus purified was shown to be free of contamination by PCR-amplifiable cellular GAPDH mRNA and ribosomal RNA. This general approach should be applicable to viruses of any type in circumstances where contamination by cellular RNA and DNA poses a problem.
Two Generations in Motion: Negotiating the Legacies of the West German Student Movement

The legacy of the West German student movement continues to be a debated topic in Germany today: Did the call for political and social change bring about a new and truly democratic Germany or did it trigger a backlash that determined the politics of the 1980s and 1990s under conservative chancellor Helmut Kohl? Did the activists themselves “sell out” and betray their own ideals? How did the student movement influence the next generation growing up in Germany? These questions about the social and political effects of the student movement influence discussions about pedagogy, violence in schools, and about how young Germans today understand political change and social activism. Media often paint a simplistic picture of both, of what became of the generation of activists in 1968 and of their “children” who were born in the 1970s and came of age in the 1990s. Not only conservative voices since the late 1980s support the idea that members of the student movement of the 1960s brought up a generation of confused young people without clear values and moral guidance. The question of whether the ideals of liberal education failed led to heated debates within the Green Party in the 1990s. An article in the news magazine Der Spiegel cites Beate Scheffler, a forty-year-old teacher and Green Party delegate:
Composition of chia (Salvia hispanica) grown in six tropical and subtropical ecosystems of South America

Chia seeds grown in different ecosystems of South America showed a significant difference in protein and oil contents, peroxide index and fatty acid composition. The main fatty acid was α-linolenic, which was lower in the Inter Andean Valley and Yungas ecosystems, and higher in the Great Chaco (Humid, Arid, and Semiarid) and the Atacama Desert. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd
The Nernst and the Seebeck effects in Te-doped BiSb alloys

Abstract The Nernst and the Seebeck effects in Te-doped Bi 95 Sb 5 and Bi 88 Sb 12 alloy were investigated between 77°K and 300°K. N -type extrinsic behavior was observed for Te-doped (>10 18 cm −3 ) Bi Sb alloys in the measuring temperature range. Measurements of the Seebeck coefficient and the Magneto-Seebeck effect in these alloys yield the Fermi energy and the scattering mechanisms. Electron mobility deduced from measurements of the Nernst coefficient in these alloys, assuming acoustic mode lattice scattering, is found in good agreement with the results from the Hall effect and the magneto resistance measurements.
Rabbit-liver phosphorylase: improvement of the purification procedure and assay of the inactive b form.

Abstract A new assay system for total phosphorylase activity (a+b form) from rabbit liver was developed by the use of 20% (v/v) 1,2-dimethoxyethane and 20 m m AMP, which provided high activation of the b form. In the absence of 1,2-dimethoxyethane and AMP, phosphorylase a had 100% of the activity (50 units/mg) obtained with this condition, whereas phosphorylase b had only 3%. The assay system can be used to determine total phosphorylase activity and the level of a and b forms in purified systems or crude liver extracts. A simple and convenient purification of rabbit liver phosphorylase b was attained by ethanol precipitation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DE-52 chromatography, and AMP-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. The purified and homogeneous enzyme had a specific activity of 12 units/mg at 16 m m glucose 1-phosphate. Twenty-eight milligrams of enzyme was obtained from 400 g of liver tissue, representing a 461-fold purification. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gave a single protein band, which corresponded closely to the mobility of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b.
Is there an epidemic of underauditing

In spite of a rash of accounting problems, strategic moves by accounting firms are taking them away from a commitment to external auditing. That means accounting manipulations and securities fraud may be rising — at a time when the large accounting firms are less prepared to ferret it out. Why is this happening? And how can CFOs protect themselves, and their companies? © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple roles of ERCC1-XPF in mammalian interstrand crosslink repair.

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are among the most deleterious cytotoxic lesions encountered by cells, mainly due to the covalent linkage these lesions create between the two strands of DNA which effectively blocks replication and transcription. Although ICL repair in mammalian cells is not fully understood, processing of these lesions is thought to begin by “unhooking” at the site of the damaged base accompanied by the generation of a double strand break and ultimately repair through translesion synthesis and homologous recombination. A key player in this repair process is the heterodimeric protein complex ERCC1-XPF. Although some models of ICL repair restrict ERCC1-XPF activity to the unhooking step, recent data suggest that this protein complex acts in additional downstream steps. Here, we review the evidence implicating ERCC1-XPF in multiple steps of ICL repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A contraction model for the flattening and equatorial ridge of Iapetus

Others have explained the excess flattening of Iapetus by a model in which the moon formed at a high spin rate, achieved isostatic equilibrium by very rapid interior heating caused by short-lived radioactive isotopes (SLRI), and subsequently cooled, locking in the excess flattening with respect to an equilibrium shape at its present spin rate. Here we propose an alternate model that does not require an unusually high initial spin rate or the SLRI. The initial formation of Iapetus results in a slightly oblate spheroid with porosity >10%. Radioactive heating by long-lived isotopes warms the interior to about 200 K, at which point it becomes ductile and the interior compacts by 10%, while the 120 km-thick exterior shell remains strong. The shell must deform to match the reduced volume of the ductile interior, and we propose that this deformation occurs along the equator, perhaps focused by a thinner equatorial shell. The final shape of the collapsed sphere matches the observed shape of Iapetus today, described as an oblate ellipse, except along the equator where strain concentration forms a broad ridge. To maintain this non-equilibrium shape, the thickness of the shell must exceed 120 km. Testing the equatorial focusing hypothesis will require a model that includes non-linear processes to account for the finite yield strength of the thick lithosphere. Nevertheless, we show that the stress in the lithosphere generated by the contraction of the interior is about 3 times greater than the stress needed to deform the lithosphere, so some type of lithospheric deformation is expected.
The Association of Prenatal Media Marketing Exposure Recall with Breastfeeding Intentions, Initiation, and Duration:

Background:Infant formula marketing, either directly to consumers or through health care providers, may influence women’s breastfeeding intentions, initiation, and duration. However, little is known about the impact of different types of media marketing on infant feeding intentions and behavior.Objective:This study investigated whether different types of recalled prenatal media marketing exposure to formula and breastfeeding information are related to breastfeeding intentions and behavior.Methods:Data were from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a longitudinal study from pregnancy through the infants’ first year. Sample sizes ranged from 1384 to 2530. Negative binomial, logistic regression, and survival models were used to examine associations between recalled prenatal exposure to formula or breastfeeding information and breastfeeding intentions and behavior.Results:Exposure to infant formula information from print media was associated with shorter intended duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and for...
Clinical Value of Renovascular Resistive Index Measurement in the Diagnosis of Acute Obstructive Uropathy

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the clinical use of the renal resistive index in identifying patients with acute urinary tract obstruction.Materials and Methods: Of 54 patients with suspected acute urinary tract obstruction who underwent measurements of renal resistive index 19 had unilateral obstruction documented with excretory urography and comprise our study sample. The contralateral nonobstructed kidneys served as controls. Criteria for obstruction were a resistive index of 0.70 or greater or a side to side difference of 0.10 or greater. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.Results: Sensitivity for obstruction was 42% with 11 false-positive cases, specificity was 79%, and positive and negative predictive values were 67 and 57%, respectively.Conclusions: Renal resistive index measurements are not valuable in detecting acute urinary tract obstruction.
Analysis of a class of parallel multigrid smoothers

This paper proposes and analyzes a class of multigrid smoothers called the parallel multiplicative (PM) smoother by subspace decomposition techniques. It shows that the well known additive and multiplicative smoothers and the JSOR smoother are special cases of the PM smoother, and their smoothing properties can be obtained directly from the PM analysis. Moreover, numerical results are presented in this paper to show that the JSOR smoother is more robust and effective than the damped Jacobi smoother on current MIMD parallel computers.
Recombination factors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been an excellent genetic and biochemical model for our understanding of homologous recombination. Central to the process of homologous recombination are the products of the RAD52 epistasis group of genes, whose functions we now know include the nucleolytic processing of DNA double-stand breaks, the ability to conduct a DNA homology search, and the capacity to promote the exchange of genetic information between homologous regions on recombining chromosomes. It is also clear that the basic functions of the RAD52 group of genes have been highly conserved among eukaryotes. Disruption of this important process causes genomic instability, which can result in a number of unsavory consequences, including tumorigenesis and cell death.
Interactive program for visualization and modelling of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules

Abstract The graphics package Insight for the DEC VAX and Evans and Sutherland PS300, created as part of a joint university-industry research project, provides a broad set of capabilities which allow the user to display molecular models in stick figure and surface representation. The Insight program allows the user to model and manipulate proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. The software accepts coordinate input from several possible sources and provides both a command and menu interface for manipulation of the graphics objects. The command language and program structure make it easy for the biochemist or molecular biologist to use.
The role of immunity in susceptibility to respiratory infection in the aging lung

Respiratory tract infections, particularly pneumonia, are a leading cause of death in persons 65 years or older in both developed and developing countries. Because many attributes of immunity wane with advancing age, the elderly may be more susceptible to respiratory infections, even if they appear to be in good health. A decline in the ability of lymphoid tissues to mount an antigen-specific response (adaptive immunity) to specific microorganisms such as influenza virus or Streptococcus pneumoniae is thought to be an important factor in increasing susceptibility to respiratory tract infection with advancing age. However, abnormalities in innate immunity may also contribute to increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and have been poorly characterized in the elderly. Although changes in immune parameters such as T cell subsets and immunoglobulin concentrations have been observed in respiratory secretions from older healthy individuals compared to younger subjects, the significance of these changes for protective immunity in the lung is unknown. The incidence of pneumonia may be lessened by measures such as optimizing treatment of comorbid conditions, optimizing nutrition, and addressing swallowing disorders. The use of vaccines directed against the influenza virus and S. pneumoniae appears to have made an impact on the degree of morbidity and mortality, and perhaps, the incidence, of community-acquired pneumonia. However, better stimulation of specific immune responses with improved vaccines and more widespread use of these vaccines for protection of elderly individuals are needed.
Challenges in paediatric perfusion

In the last 50 years cardiopulmonary bypass has evolved dramatically, so that even the most complex heart lesions can be repaired successfully. However, we are aware that whilst survival may be excellent, organ damage, even though minor, particularly to the central nervous system is common. The next challenge in paediatric perfusion is to reduce this damage to a minimum.
An evaluation of severity-modulated compliance with q.i.d. dosing of inhaled beclomethasone.

Although the asthmatic subject's compliance with a regimen of inhaled corticosteroids is often poor, it has been suggested this may improve during periods of increased severity. To test this, we measured daily peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs), asthma symptoms, and the use of an albuterol inhaler over nine weeks period in ten patients with moderately severe asthma. The effect of changes in these severity indices on compliance with a q.i.d. regimen of inhaled beclomethasone was evaluated. The PEFR was measured in the morning before bronchodilator administration, and symptoms were graded on a scale of 4 to 16, while albuterol and beclomethasone inhalations were electronically recorded. Three measures of compliance with the beclomethasone regimen were used: (1) mean daily compliance ([number of inhalations/number of prescribed inhalations] × 100); (2) underuse, ie, the percentage of days with less than the prescribed number of inhalations; and (3) overuse, ie, the percentage of days with greater than the prescribed number of inhalations. Mean daily compliance was 67 ± 36 percent, while underuse was observed in 69 percent and overuse in 11 percent of the days. Despite clinical exacerbations in six of the ten patients and considerable variation in the severity indices, no significant relationship was found between the change in asthma severity and compliance with the beclomethasone regimen. These findings do not support the concept of severity-modulated compliance with inhaled corticosteroids.
Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A possible association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypothyroidism has been suggested. The recognized link between hypothyroidism and elements of the metabolic syndrome may explain this association. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in a cohort of patients with NAFLD and analyze the potential factors associated with hypothyroidism in this patient population. Two hundred forty-six patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD attending hepatology clinics at the Cleveland Clinic between October 2006 and June 2009, and 430 age-, gender-, race- and BMI-matched control subjects seen in the general internal medicine clinic were included. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism who were on thyroid replacement therapy were considered to be hypothyroid. Hypothyroidism was more frequent among patients with NAFLD (21% vs. 9.5%; P < 0.01) compared to controls, and was higher in NASH patients than NAFLD patients without NASH (25% vs. 12.8%, P = 0.03). Subjects with hypothyroidism were 2.1 (95% CI 1.1–3.9, P = 0.02) and 3.8 (95% CI 2–6.9, P < 0.001) times more likely to have NAFLD and NASH, respectively. By multivariate analysis, female gender (P < 0.001) and increased BMI (P = 0.03) were associated with hypothyroidism. NAFLD subjects who reported mild alcohol consumption were less likely to have hypothyroidism compared to those who reported complete abstinence (OR 0.37, P = 0.008). A higher prevalence of hypothyroidism was demonstrated in patients with NAFLD compared to controls. Among subjects with NALFD, female gender, increased BMI and history of abstinence from alcohol were associated with hypothyroidism. Patients with hypothyroidism were also more likely to have NASH.
Behavioral Consultation as a Process for Linking the Assessment and Treatment of Social Skills

There has been recent interest in social skills assessment and treatment among researchers and practitioners. The research bases in these areas are expanding rapidly, and the identification of valid assessment methods and effective intervention strategies is promising. However, few researchers have identified ways m which social skills assessment and intervention can be linked in a practical manner. Likewise, the process by which services are delivered is rarely addressed. The purpose of this article is to present a model by which the interaction between social skills assessment and intervention can be enhanced, with a focus on the problem-solving process. One effective and efficient manner of providing services to socially unskilled children is through an indirect model of service delivery; that of behavioral consultation. Behavioral consultation is a four-stage problem-solving model that involves the cooperative efforts of two or more persons to clarify a student's needs and develop and implement approp...
Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Method within the Fragment Molecular Orbital Approach†

The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method, which treats selected nuclei quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons, is combined with the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method, which is an approximate scheme for electronic structure calculations of large systems. This FMO-NEO approach is implemented in conjunction with Hartree−Fock theory, density functional theory, and second-order perturbation theory using a variety of fragmentation schemes, including those that fraction covalent bonds. A multilayer FMO method, which limits the NEO calculation to a specified portion of the total system, is also implemented. These approaches are applied to four model systems: a water hexamer, a methyl-capped glycine dimer, a cluster of 32 water molecules, and a phenol molecule solvated by 16 water molecules. The FMO-NEO results are in excellent agreement with full NEO results for the calculation of properties associated with the nuclear quantum effects, such as zero-point energies, isotope effects, and vi...
Captopril in human blood and breast milk.

Blood and milk concentrations of captopril, a new antihypertensive agent, were studied in 12 lactating normotensive subjects after the administration of 100 mg captopril tablets on a three times daily regimen for a total of seven doses. Peak blood concentrations (+/- S.E.M.) of captopril after the administration of the seventh 100-mg tablet averaged 713.1 +/- 140.6 ng/ml, as compared to average peak milk concentrations of 4.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml. Time to peak blood concentrations averaged 1.1 +/- 0.2 hour, while time to peak milk concentrations averaged 3.8 +/- 0.6 hours. The data suggest that the human breast selectively restricts the passage of captopril from blood into milk.
Photosynthesis and photorespiration in freshwater green algae

Abstract Photosynthesis in freshwater green algae has been studied for years, but interest has increased in the last decade, largely owing to the demonstration that unicellular green algae avoid photorespiration through the use of a CO 2 -concentrating system. Biochemically, photosynthesis and photorespiration in the green algae are similar to C 3 higher plants. There is a difference, however, in the mechanism of inorganic carbon uptake prior to the actual fixation of CO 2 . The unicellular green algae can accumulate inorganic carbon through active transport, although it is not clear whether CO 2 or HCO 3 − is transported, nor is it clear across which membrane the transport occurs. Some unicellular green algae can use bicarbonate as a source of inorganic carbon, but it is thought that the bicarbonate is only used indirectly, after conversion to CO 2 . The active transport of inorganic carbon results in a substantial increase in the intracellular CO 2 concentration, which inhibits ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) oxygenase activity, suppressing photorespiration. This inorganic carbon transport is also inducible, apparently being expressed only when inorganic carbon concentrations are low or inorganic carbon is limiting for growth. The filamentous green algae, represented by charophytes are apparently able to use bicarbonate as a source of inorganic carbon, although there is some controversy over whether the bicarbonate is directly or indirectly transported into the cells. Unlike the situation in microalgae, there is no evidence as yet that the charophytes concentrate OC 2 intracellularly. The ecological significance of the inorganic carbon-acquisition systems of the green algae is not completely clear. Although it has been suggested that inorganic carbon is rarely limiting in natural systems, the argument can be made that it might well be limiting in the absence of these specialized inorganic carbon uptake systems, even though inorganic carbon might not be limiting in their presence.
Poor and Positive: Two Contrasting Views from Inside the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

No longer a disease exclusively of homosexual men, HIV/AIDS is increasingly prevalent in women and children, especially among the poor. The social and cultural patterns associated with the disease in this population are very different than they are among homosexual men, as are many of the measures needed to address the problems of those infected. Substantial bureaucracies already provide services to poor women, and newly created AIDS agencies are adding women to their rolls. But the professionals who work within these institutions are dealing less with a new disease than with an old problem, namely, how to provide care to a population already afflicted by poverty, racism, sexism, drugs, sexually transmitted diseases, and other problems.
The Calcium Requirement of Breeder Turkeys

Abstract TITUS et al. (1937) studied the effect of the calcium and phosphorus content in the diet of chickens on egg production and hatchability. These workers reported that a high level of calcium (4.05 to 5.40 percent) adversely affected the hatchability of eggs and that the effect was greater when the level of phosphorus in the ration was 0.9 percent than when the diet contained 1.2 percent phosphorus. More recent work with laying chickens reported by Titus (1963) included calcium levels ranging from 1 to 6 percent with phosphorus levels varying from 0.4 to 0.8 percent. These experiments indicated that the best reproductive performance was obtained when the diet contained the highest level of calcium. Phosphorus level appeared to be relatively unimportant so long as it was not too low, with the optimum phosphorus level being approximately 0.75 percent. Gutowska and Parkhurst (1942) reported that an excess of calcium (3.95 percent) …
Activity-dependent modulation of inhibition in Purkinje cells by TrkB ligands.

In the cerebellumin vitro TrkB receptor ligands promote activity-dependent inhibitory synaptogenesis of Purkinje cells and also modulate inhibitory synaptic function. This mini review examines the roles of TrkB receptor activation by BDNF particularly in relation to activity-dependent synaptic plasticity on Purkinje cells and recent studies on the acute modulation of GABAergic synapses by BDNF.
On the Invariance of Constitutive Equations According to the Kinetic Theory of Gases

Iterative techniques for solving the Boltzmann equation in the kinetic theory of gases yield expressions for the stress tensor and heat flux vector that are analogous to constitutive equations in continuum mechanics. However, these expressions are not generally invariant under the Euclidean group of transformations, whereas constitutive equations in continuum mechanics are usually required to be by the principle of material frame indifference. This disparity in invariance properties has led some previous investigators to argue that Euclidean invariance should be discarded as a contraint on constitutive equations. It is proven mathematically in this paper that the results of the Chapman-Enskog iterative procedure have no direct bearing on this issue. In order to settle this question, it is necessary to examine mathematically the effect of superimposed rigid body rotations on solutions of the Boltzmann equation. A preliminary investigation along these lines is presented which suggests that the kinetic theory is consistent with material frame indifference in at least a strong approximate sense provided that the disparity in the time scales of the microscopic and macroscopic motions is extremely large—a condition which is usually a prerequisite for the existence of constitutive equations.