cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alpha-decay damage in minerals of the pyrochlore group

X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy have been used to study the effects of alpha-decay damage in pyrochlore group minerals, characterized by the general formula A1−mB2O6(O,OH,F)1−n·pH2O. As defined by the XRD intensity ratio I/I0, both the saturation dose (for which I/I0=0.1−0.0) and the dose which signifies the initial loss of crystallinity (for which I/I0=1.0−0.8) increase as a function of geologic age. The increase is attributed to annealing of isolated alpha-recoil tracks back to the original crystalline structure. The tracks have calculated mean lives, τa, on the order of 108 years. In contrast, minerals which remain crystalline (e.g., uraninite, UO2) despite doses of up to 1018 alpha-events/mg have mean alpha-recoil track lives ≈104 years (Eyal and Fleischer 1985).
Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum in an adolescent with a history of a median sternotomy as an infant

The report by Nuss et al., in 1998 of their 10-year experience with minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum introduced the possibility of a less invasive approach for the correction of chest wall abnormalities. This procedure is now well-accepted around the world, although serious complications such as intraoperative cardiac perforation and postoperative bar displacement have been reported. The Nuss procedure has been performed concurrently with sternotomy for cardiac operations. However, there have been no reports of minimally invasive pectus excavatum correction in a child with a remote history of a median sternotomy. With IRB approval (Protocol #1308002283) we report the successful completion of a Nuss procedure in an adolescent with a history of a median sternotomy in infancy. During the procedure, thoracoscopy on the right side revealed significant adhesions of the lung and pericardium to the posterior sternum. Additional trocars were placed bilaterally to facilitate visualization and to allow for lysis of the adhesions with bipolar cautery. Passage of the bar was accomplished uneventfully and the patient has an excellent cosmetic outcome 28 months following the operation. We believe that a previous median sternotomy should not be viewed as a contraindication to the minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum.
Infectious Ocular Complications in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Patients

We report the frequency and type of infectious ocular complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. During the period September 1988 through November 1994, 684 patients underwent OLT at Mount Sinai Hospital (New York). Nine orthotopic liver transplant patients (1.3%) developed ocular infections: Candida albicans endophthalmitis (2), Aspergillus fumigatus endophthalmitis (1), cytomegalovirus retinitis (4), herpes simplex virus keratitis (1), and varicella-zoster virus panophthalmitis (1). The mean time from OLT to ocular symptoms was 42 days for patients with fungal infections and 128 days for patients with viral infections. Blurred vision was the commonest symptom (five of nine cases). The mean duration of follow-up was 2 years (range, 33 days to 5 years). Permanent loss of vision occurred in three patients, five had improvement in visual acuity, and one died of disseminated aspergillosis 33 days after OLT. Infectious ocular complications following OLT may occur as isolated events or with disseminated disease. Fungal infections occur earlier (mean, 42 days after OLT) than viral infections (mean, 4 months after OLT). The clinical presentation may be atypical; aggressive vitreoretinal procedures and serial examinations may be required to establish the diagnosis. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in orthotopic liver transplant patients may not require life-long maintenance therapy with antiviral agents.
Impact of Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction on Image Quality of Contrast-Enhanced Neck CT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Improved image quality is clinically desired for contrast-enhanced CT of the neck. We compared 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and model-based iterative reconstruction algorithms for the assessment of image quality of contrast-enhanced CT of the neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neck contrast-enhanced CT data from 64 consecutive patients were reconstructed retrospectively by using 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and model-based iterative reconstruction. Objective image quality was assessed by comparing SNR, contrast-to-noise ratio, and background noise at levels 1 (mandible) and 2 (superior mediastinum). Two independent blinded readers subjectively graded the image quality on a scale of 1–5, (grade 5 = excellent image quality without artifacts and grade 1 = nondiagnostic image quality with significant artifacts). The percentage of agreement and disagreement between the 2 readers was assessed. RESULTS: Compared with 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction, model-based iterative reconstruction significantly improved the SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio at levels 1 and 2. Model-based iterative reconstruction also decreased background noise at level 1 (P = .016), though there was no difference at level 2 (P = .61). Model-based iterative reconstruction was scored higher than 30% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction by both reviewers at the nasopharynx (P CONCLUSIONS: Model-based iterative reconstruction offers improved subjective and objective image quality as evidenced by a higher SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio and lower background noise within the same dataset for contrast-enhanced neck CT. Model-based iterative reconstruction has the potential to reduce the radiation dose while maintaining the image quality, with a minor downside being prominent artifacts related to thyroid shield use on model-based iterative reconstruction.
Synthesis of di-t-alkylamines

Abstract Di- t -alkylamines can be synthesized efficiently by a three-step process: (1) oxidation of a t -alkylamine to a t -alkylnitroso compound with peracetic acid in ethyl acetate (2) conversion of the t -alkylnitroso compound to a tri- t -alkylhydroxylamine by successive trapping of two t -butyl radicals and (3) sodium naphthalide reduction to the di- t -alkylamine.
Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of Ferra- and Cobaltacarborane Complexes Derived from the arachno-6-R-5,6,7-C(3)B(7)H(12) [R- = NCCH(2)-, MeOC(O)CH(2)-, MeC(O)CH(2)-] Tricarbaborane(1).

A series of ferratricarbaboranyl complexes, closo-1-(eta-C(5)H(5))FeRC(3)B(7)H(9) [R- = H-, NCCH(2)-, MeOC(O)CH(2)-], have been generated by the reactions of (eta-C(5)H(5))Fe(CO)(2)I with tricarbaboranyl arachno-6-R-5,6,7-C(3)B(7)H(11)(-) anions. Structural characterizations of closo-1-(eta-C(5)H(5))Fe-2-(NCCH(2))-2,3,4-C(3)B(7)H(9), 1c, closo-1-(eta-C(5)H(5))Fe-3-(NCCH(2))-2,3,4-C(3)B(7)H(9), 1d, closo-1-(eta-C(5)H(5))Fe-2-(MeCH(3)OC(O)CH(2))-2,3,4-C(3)B(7)H(9), 2b, and closo-1-(eta-C(5)H(5))Fe-3-(MeOC(O)CH(2))-2,3,4-C(3)B(7)H(9), 2c, show the ferratricarbaboranyl cages in these complexes have closo-octadecahedral structures containing carbon atoms in the two four-coordinate positions closest to the iron. Other isolated products arise from further reactions of the side chain groups, with crystallographically characterized products including the multicage complex (m(2,12)(')-CH(2))[closo-1-(eta-C(5)H(5))Fe-2,3,4-C(3)B(7)H(9)][arachno-5'-(NCCH(2))-5',7',9',12',11'-C(4)NB(7)H(10)], 1e, and the first polyboron metallapentacarbaborane nido-2-(eta-C(5)H(5))Fe-7-Me-7,8,9,10,12-C(5)B(6)H(10), 3c. Cobaltatricarbaboranes of general formula 1-(eta-C(5)H(5))Co(NCCH(2))C(3)B(7)H(9), 4b-d, along with the unique multimetal cluster commo-Co-[closo-1-Co-8,9-((eta-C(5)H(5))Co)(2)-2,3,5-C(3)B(7)H(10)][closo-2'-Co-3'-(NCCH(2)CH(2))-1',10'-C(2)B(7)H(8)], 4e, were isolated from the reaction of cobalt chloride with a mixture of the arachno-6-NCCH(2)-5,6,7-C(3)B(7)H(11)(-) and cyclopentadienyl anions.
Coastal Land Management: An Introduction

During the 1970s, the "coastal zone"-that ecologically unique area where sea and land meet and strongly influence each other'-has become a principal laboratory for experiments in new land management techniques.2 These coastal experiments are producing institutional arrangements that involve every level of government, and the implementation of the programs may well affect every citizen of the United States.
Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasms of the Pancreas

SPN is a rare neoplasm that affects mainly young women. Despite this feature, SPN have been seen in both genders, multiple races, and at a wide range of ages. The genetic mechanism behind the development of SPN is distinct from the more lethal ductal carcinoma of the pancreas. This difference is reflected in the favorable outcome for patients with SPN. Surgery is typically curative in patents with localized disease and possibly in patients with limited metastasis or local extension. No consensus exists on an effective systemic therapy. There are no reliable predictors for disease-specific mortality or recurrence in the minority of patients who develop aggressive disease.
Preparation of S-bonded iron carbonyl derivatives of monothiocarboxylic acids

Abstract The reaction of monoanions and the dianion derived from (μ-S2)Fe2(CO)6 with mono- and di-acid chlorides gave S2Fe2(CO)6 clusters containing acyl groups attached to the sulfur atoms. The diacyl groups derived from diacid chlorides bridged two monoanions or bridged the two sulfur atoms of the dianion intramolecularly.
Synthesis and processing of the dimorphic forms of rat α2u-globulin

Abstract α 2u -Globulin, the androgen-dependent male rat urinary protein, can be resolved into two distinct molecular forms by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. These two forms designated as α 2u A ( M r 18 800) and α 2u B ( M r 18 100) are found both in urine and in the liver cells. Translation of rat liver mRNA in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate produced two preprotein forms of α 2u -globulin, designated as α 2u A′ ( M r 20 300) an α 2u B′ ( M r 19 600). Cell-free translation of rat liver mRNA in the presence of dog pancreas microsomal membrane or in Xenopus oocytes produced the two processed forms of α 2u -globulin (α 2u A and α 2u B). Quantitation of α 2u A and α 2u B within the in vitro translation products of the hepatic mRNA from albino rats of Yale, Sprague-Dawley and Fischer strains showed genetic differences in the proportion of translatable mRNA for α 2u A and α 2u B. The ratio of α 2u A: α 2u B in the translation products of liver mRNA from Yale rats was found to be 1:2.5 while in the case of both Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats, the ratio was 1:4. A small portion of the α 2u A and α 2u B synthesized in the cultured hepatocytes, in the Xenopus oocytes or in the membrane-supplemented cell-free system appeared as two additional forms, designated as α 2u A′ ( M r 21 200) and α 2u B′ ( M r 20 600). Unlike α 2u A and α 2u B both α 2u A′ and α 2u B′ were found to bind to Con A-Sepharose, suggesting their glycoprotein nature.
Development efficiency and effectiveness of alternative platforms for intelligent tutoring for the mobile subscriber radio-telephone terminal

Abstract This paper examines the use of an off-the-shelf hypermedia package for the development of an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). There were two concerns in this regard: (1) can the off-the-shelf package reduce the development time; and (2) will people learn as well from an ITS that is developed with an off-the-shelf package as they would from an ITS using a programming language (the C language)? The answers to these questions are yes and not only as good, but better. It took a C programmer 2.4 times longer to create an ITS from the shell of another similar ITS than it took a Linkway ® (an off-the-shelf hypermedia package) programmer to develop an ITS from scratch. The learning data indicated that the Linkway ® version was much easier to learn and performance on a test problem indicated that the Linkway ® group made significantly fewer errors than the group that used the version that was programmed in C. These results and the issues surrounding the study are described in this paper.
Nonzero lagrange multipliers

Solutions of constrained minimization problems give rise to Lagrange multiplier rules. In this paper, we show that a simple condition on a specific constraint implies that the associated coefficient in the Lagrange multiplier rule is not zero. We conclude with an example which shows that such knowledge increases the information available about the solution of a problem of minimal curvature.
A theoretical study of the growth of metals on silicon

Abstract The structures of ordered overlayers of alkali and simple metals on Si(001)-2 × 1 are studied theoretically. Comparative studies enable us to understand bonding and stability of Peierls distorted structures. Results deduced from computed total energies are employed to explain some selected experimental observations.
Pre- and postnatal development of lactate and malate dehydrogenases in the marsupial Didelphis marsupialis virginiana.

Abstract 1. 1. The ontogeny of LDH isozymes from heart, liver and kidney of the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana closely parallel those from the same tissues of the mouse Mus musculus . 2. 2. The specific activity of LDH rapidly increases between days 20 and 60 of pouch life after which it sharply declines to adult levels in heart and liver and gradually declines in kidney. 3. 3. MDH isozymes show little ontogenetic variation and no obvious tissue-specific differences. The specific activity profiles of MDH from heart and liver resemble those of LDH while that of kidney reaches a peak much earlier at 25 days of pouch life.
Calcium facilitates endogenous proteolysis of the EGF receptor-kinase.

Abstract An intracellular endogenous protease requiring 1 mM Ca 2+ for activity converts the 180K dalton form of the phosphorylatable epidermal growth factor receptor-kinase to the 160K dalton form. In A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells this protease is: (1) activated by breaking cells in the presence of Ca 2+ , (2) inhibited by leupeptin, (3) active at neutral and slightly alkaline pH, and (4) soluble. These properties identify this endogenous protease as the widely distributed calcium-activated neutral protease.
Does cardiovascular reactivity to stress measured in the laboratory generalize to thesis and dissertation meetings among doctoral students

This study extends previous work investigating the generalizability of cardiovascular reactivity to stress obtained in response to laboratory-based tasks to cardiovascular reactivity measured in response to a naturally occurring event. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure reactivity to stress were measured with ambulatory monitoring equipment in 6 male and 16 female healthy, White, graduate students in two settings: during five standardized stressors in the laboratory, and during the proposal or defense of a thesis or dissertation. Results indicate that for all cardiovascular parameters, the magnitude of change was greatest in response to the natural event, and that among the laboratory tasks, the greatest degree of reactivity was observed in response to a speech task. However, the cardiovascular reactivity associated with the speech task was not the best predictor of the natural speech task, despite the structural similarity of these two tasks. Overall, greater correlations were noted among all of the tasks based on absolute values of HR and blood pressure versus residualized change scores for HR and blood pressure, and greater correlations also were observed among anticipation periods than among task periods. Partial support was provided for the hypothesis that the generalizability of cardiovascular reactivity to stress would be enhanced by using multiple laboratory tasks rather than single tasks. This effect was observed for HR but not blood pressure. Consistent with the literature in this field, we observed only limited generalizability of cardiovascular response to stress from laboratory to the field.
Role of the first round of DNA replication in reprogramming gene expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo

The first round of DNA replication has been proposed to provide a window of opportunity for maternally-derived transcription factors to gain access to their cognate cis-binding DNA sequences and thereby reprogram the pattern of gene expression that occurs during the 2-cell stage. Using high-resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis of metabolically radio-labeled polypeptides, we report the expression of a group of several polypeptides whose synthesis in the 2-cell embryo is due to transcription (i.e., alpha-amanitin-sensitive) and depends on the first round of DNA replication (i.e., aphidicolin-sensitive). We also describe the synthesis of another subset of alpha-amanitin-sensitive polypeptides whose expression does not require the first round of DNA replication (i.e., aphidicolin-insensitive). These results are consistent with the proposed role of the first round of DNA replication in reprogramming the pattern of gene expression.
Exploring Work Values: Helping Students Articulate Their Good (Work) Life.

The current article builds on Living the Good (Work) Life: Implications of General Values for Work Values (Carlstrom, 2011) by presenting ways to address work values in career advising. The followi...
TAF4 takes flight

The eukaryotic mRNA transcription machinery is exceedingly complex, perhaps reflecting the requirement for response to diverse environmental and developmental signals. Some of the machinery is common to all mRNA genes and includes RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and a set of general transcription factors (GTFs) (1). Signal-specific gene expression patterns are defined by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins (activators) that bind cognate sites in the promoter and enhancers of target genes. In most cases activators are not sufficient for stimulation of transcription. Instead, these DNA-binding proteins initiate the ordered assembly of large multiprotein complexes (the coactivators), in addition to the general factors, at the promoters of target genes (2). A cursory examination of the complexes involved in signal-responsive activated transcription in a chromatin environment indicates that >100 different polypeptides are involved in the process. Many of these proteins occur in stable multiprotein complexes. One of the central players in this process is TFIID. TFIID consists of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and 12–13 TBP-associated factors (TAFs) (3). TFIID forms the heart of the preinitiation complex and DNA-binding proteins directly contact TFIID to stimulate the rate of transcription of target genes. An important remaining question in this field is to uncover how each individual polypeptide contributes to gene activation within the context of the entire complex. Experiments designed to test this are complicated because loss of one critical subunit of a complex often leads to disintegration of the entire complex (4–6). In a recent issue of PNAS, Wright and Tjian circumvent this problem and manage to dissect the role of a single TFIID subunit, TAF4 in … 1E-mail: mmarr{at}brandeis.edu
Order and disorder in fluid motion.

Abstract The development of complex states of fluid motion is illustrated by reviewing a series of experiments, emphasizing film flows, surface waves, and thermal convection. In one dimension, cellular patterns bifurcate to states of spatiotemporal chaos. In two dimensions, even ordered patterns can be surprisingly intricate when quasiperiodic patterns are included. Spatiotemporal chaos is best characterized statistically, and methods for doing so are evolving. Transport and mixing phenomena can also lead to spatial complexity, but the degree depends on the significance of molecular or thermal diffusion.
Evaluating the computation times of real-time algorithms for power system modeling and state prediction

This paper presents a comparative study of three real-time algorithms for power system model identification, parameter estimation and state prediction using real-time Phasor Measurement (PMU) data available from various selected nodes in a power system. Current modeling and state estimation algorithms in power control centers only use limited amount of data, leading to local observability. Our approach, on the other hand, is to use data from wide regions in the grid to gain insight on the global health of the system. The two main challenges for our approach are, therefore, the large size of the system and the large amount of measured data. Three specific algorithms, namely the Eigenvalue Realization Algorithm, linear least squares and state observer method, are used for this purpose. The first algorithm identifies the global system dynamics from PMU data in real-time, the second relaxes the identification problem as a parameter estimation problem, while the third generates estimate of the global state and, thereafter, computes the impulse response of a selected oscillation mode depending on the participation of that mode on the chosen output. The performance of these three methods is then compared in terms of their computational time delays and accuracy of prediction.
ACIDIC PROPERTIES OF PLANT LIGNINS AND HUMIC MATERIALS OF SOILS

Summary The acidic properties of lignins from the native vegetation of a virgin Ella loamy sand and the humic acids, the 1, 4-dioxane extractable humic fraction and residual humic acids from the virgin and cultivated soils were investigated by determining solid-state cation exchange capacities for Cu and Ca and by non-aqueous potentiometric titration, using potassium methoxide in a benzene-methanol mixture as titrant. The lignins and soil dioxane extracts were titrated in pyridine; the humic acids in dimethylformamide. Platinized Pt and CH3OH modified calomel electrodes formed the electrode combination. The CEC of the humic acids were much higher than the CEC of lignins with both cations but the Cu: Ca absorption ratios were less for humic acids than for lignins. Titration curves of lignins showed two potential breaks with total acidities of 960 to 1,190 me/100 g. Titration curves of the humic acids showed three to six potential breaks while curves of the soil dioxane extracts showed three and four. The total acidities of the two types of humic isolates were 1,100-1,200 me/100 g. The equivalent weights of most lignins and humic materials were very similar although the acid groups might be different with respect to types and acid strength. Lignins from other plant materials and humic isolates from other soils were also investigated by non-aqueous titration to determine the general applicability of the results obtained with isolates from the Ella soils.
An expert system for determining Medicaid eligibility

The eligibility requirements for AFDC Medicaid are so extensive and complicated that most health care providers do not attempt to ascertain whether or not a particular patient is eligible for the program, even when no other source of payment is available. This results in lost revenue for health service providers nationwide amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Computer technology, in the form of expert systems, offers an opportunity to rationalize the Medicaid eligibility determination process and to do real-time assessment of patient eligibility. This article presents an expert system called MEDELEX (MEdicaidELigibilityEXpert) for determining Medicaid eligibility. The program (when run on an 8 MHz MS-DOS microcomputer with at least 640 KB of RAM) requires about 20 min for data entry and 5 sec for the actual eligibility determination. The expert system was written in Prolog and has been designed in such a way that it can be readily modified to take into account the state-to-state variability in eligibility requirements for AFDC Medicaid.
New dynamic method to measure rod worths in zero power physics test at PWR startup

Abstract To measure and validate the worth of control (or shutdown) bank in zero power physics test at PWRs, a dynamic control rod reactivity measurement (DCRM) technique has been developed and applied to six startups of Westinghouse plants as well as Korea Standard Nuclear power Plants based on the Combustion Engineering System 80 NSSS. With this technique, just one test bank is inserted into the bottom of the core at maximum stepping rate and withdrawn immediately to the all rod-out position. Specially designed inverse point kinetics equations are used to determine the test bank worth from the measured ex-core detector signals, which are controlled by the neutron-to-response conversion factor and the dynamic-to-static conversion factor. These two parameters are predetermined by the three-dimensional neutron adjoint flux distribution for both the top and bottom ex-core detector and the three-dimensional steady and transient core power distribution for test bank movement. To eliminate the gamma-ray effect on ex-core detector signals, a simple method, using reactivity curve characteristics, was also developed. To verify the DCRM method, a total of 28 bank worths of six different PWRs was measured by the DCRM and compared with those of conventional method. Results show that the DCRM method has a similar accuracy as the conventional technique. However, with the DCRM method, it only takes ∼15 min per bank from the beginning of rod insertion to the determination of measured static worth. From its performance, one can conclude that the DCRM method is an effective replacement for the conventional rod worth measurement method.
NAVIER-STOKES CALCULATION OF AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WINGS IN VORTEX WAKE ENCOUNTER

A thin-layer Navier-Stokes method is used to calculate the asymmetric flow field of wings immersed in the vortex wake. Simulation of the experiment of El-Ramly et al. in a small tunnel with the following model located at 5 generatingwing spans downstream shows fair agreement with experimental data in rolling moment. The in-tunnel simulation also indicates that the vortex location is more upward and its strength is higher when compared with the free-air calculation. A numerical simulation of the experimental set-up of Rossow etal. with the following wing located at 13.3 generating-wing spans downstream shows that the computed rolling moment coefficients are much lower than the experimental data. The inaccurate results are due to weak predicted vortices which move away in the far wake from the region where the grid points are clustered, resulting in inadequate vortex flow resolution. Calculated results indicate that the induced maximum rolling moment with the model in a large tunnel is still much higher than that in free air. It is also found that the vortex-induced lift coefficient of the following wing is not significantly affected by the angle of attack of the following wing. However the drag coefficient is increased at a negative angle of attack and decreased at a positive one from the uniform flow values. The induced rolling moment coefficient is lower at a negative angle of attack than that at a positive one. Also, the static longitudinal stability of the following wing changes rapidly as it moves across the wake and may be degraded if it is vertically near the trailing vortex core of the generating wing. Nomenclature
NETWORKS WITH SIDE BRANCHING IN BIOLOGY

There are many examples of branching networks in biology. Examples include the structure of plants and trees as well as cardiovascular and bronchial systems. In many cases these networks are self-similar and exhibit fractal scaling. In this paper we introduce the Tokunaga taxonomy for the side branching of networks and his parameterization of self-similar side-branching. We introduce several examples of deterministic branching networks and show that constructions with the same fractal dimension can have different side-branching parameters. As an example of stochastic-branching in biology we consider the vein structure of a leaf. We show that the vein structure of the leaf and river networks have nearly identical side branching statistics. We introduce diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) clusters. These clusters also exhibit Tokunaga side-branching statistics. We consider several alternative explanations for why leaves, river networks, and DLA clusters have similar side-branching statistics. We also consider the allometric scaling relation between metabolic rate and the mass of species in terms of a cardiovascular system with Tokunaga statistics. We find reasonably good agreement between the observed scaling exponent, approximately 0.75, and our model for a range of values of the fractal dimension of the network and the blood flow resistance parameter.
Cytochrome P-450 and halothane metabolism. Decrease in rat liver microsomal P-450 in vitro☆

Anaerobic in vitro incubation of microsomes from phenobarbital(PB)-induced rats with halothane results in an irreversible decrease of measurable cytochrome P-450. There is a parallel decrease in heme content under the same incubation conditions. However, microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC)-induced or untreated animals do not show a reduction in cytochrome P-450 content. Aerobic incubation with halothane results in a decrease of cytochrome P-450 which can be completely reversed by dialysis or the addition of potassium ferricyanide. These latter treatments only partially restore the cytochrome P-450 levels following anaerobic incubations. The decrease in cytochrome caused by halothane is not associated with measurable heme N-alkyl adduct formation; lipid peroxidation does not play a role as indicated by the lack of effect of 1 mM EDTA or a decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Halothane metabolites are bound irreversibly to microsomal protein as determined by gel electrophoresis only when the oxygen concentration is very low. The mechanism of cytochrome P-450 decrease is consistent with the formation of a reactive metabolite which binds to the protein portion and also destroys heme.
Scale-space representation of 3D models and topological matching

Reeb graphs have been shown to be effective for topology matching of 3D objects. Their effectiveness breaks down, however, when the individual models become very geometrically and topologically detailed---as is the case for complex machined parts. The result is that Reeb graph techniques, as developed for matching general shape and computer graphics models, produce poor results when directly applied to create engineering databases.This paper presents a framework for shape matching through scale-space decomposition of 3D models. The algorithm is based on recent developments in efficient hierarchical decomposition of metric data using its spectral properties. Through spectral decomposition, we reduce the problem of matching to that of computing a mapping and distance measure between vertex-labeled rooted trees. We use a dynamic programming scheme to compute distances between trees corresponding to solid models. Empirical evaluation of the algorithm on an extensive set of 3D matching trials demonstrates both robustness and efficiency of the overall approach.
Ischemic heart disease in women and the role of hormone therapy

The prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been increasing among the women in developed countries. The well recognized IHD excess in men has often obscured the fact that IHD is the leading cause of death in women. Women have atypical symptoms of IHD that lead to a delay in the diagnosis and an overall poor prognosis. Women have a delay in the onset of IHD due to the beneficial effects of their sex hormones. Postmenopausal women lose this beneficial effect of estrogen and undergo significant changes in their lipid profile, arterial pressure, glucose tolerance, and vascular reactivity that increase their risk for development of IHD. Recently there has been considerable interest in the sex hormones and their role in IHD in women. The general belief that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has an overall beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women and hence decreases CVD mortality and morbidity has not been shown in the recent multicenter prospective studies. With the availability of various types of estrogen and progestins, physicians prescribing these agents should take into consideration their varying effects on the cardiovascular system. Risk factor modifications should include diet, weight loss, regular exercise, smoking cessation and adequate control of hypertension (HTN), diabetes (DM) and hyperlipidemia. In the appropriate setting, treatment with proven beneficial agents like aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and statins will help decrease the burden of IHD in women.
Auditory input to the pedunculopontine nucleus: I. Evoked potentials

Abstract The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been implicated in sleep-wake control, arousal responses, and motor functions. The PPN also has been implicated in the generation of the 1311 middle-latency auditory-evoked potential. The present study was undertaken to determine the topographical distribution, threshold, and response properties of depth-recorded potentials following auditory click stimulation. Experiments were conducted in both decerebrate cat and rat, with a view towards determining the presence of P1-like middle-latency auditory-evoked potentials in the midbrain of both species. These results demonstrate a) the presence in and around the PPN of a P1-like potential in the decerebrate rat similar to that described in the accompanying article as the P13 in the intact rat; b) the presence in and around the PPN of a P1-like potential in the decerebrate cat similar to that previously described by others as wave A in the intact cat; c) although thresholds for these potentials were similar to those of intact preparations, following frequencies were higher in the decerebrate preparations, i.e., responsiveness to repetitive stimulation was higher, and d) depth-recorded somatosensory-evoked potentials also were studied in the cat and found to show an evoked potential at a similar latency as middle-latency auditory depth-recorded potentials. These findings suggest that click stimulus-evoked, depth-recorded potentials are present in and around the PPN in the decerebrate rat and cat, i.e., in the absence of cortex, at a similar latency as in intact preparations.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 is expressed in undifferentiated intestinal epithelial cells during murine crypt morphogenesis.

Prior studies have demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) regulates proliferation of undifferentiated intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. However, the function(s) of FGFR-3–mediated signaling during intestinal development and epithelial differentiation in vivo remain unknown. The goal of this study was to define the temporal, regional, and cell-specific patterns of FGFR-3 expression and its ligands during normal intestinal ontogeny and epithelial regeneration. Both the IIIb and IIIc isoforms of FGFR-3 mRNA, which result from differential splicing of the FGFR-3 primary transcript, were detected in mouse small intestine as early as embryonic day 16. FGFR-3 levels peaked in the small intestine from 7 to 21 days after birth and decreased thereafter to reach the low levels observed in adult mice. FGFR-3 IIIb and IIIc mRNA levels were highest in the duodenum and proximal jejunum with lower levels of both seen in the distal jejunum, ileum, and colon. FGFR-3 was expressed in a subset of proliferating undifferentiated crypt epithelial cells located in the intervillous epithelium and in the lower half of nascently forming crypts but not in differentiated epithelial cell types. FGFR-3 IIIb was the dominant isoform expressed in both small intestinal and colonic crypts. Expression of FGF1, FGF2, and FGF9, known ligands of FGFR-3, paralleled patterns of FGFR-3 expression during gut development. These data suggest that signaling through FGFR-3 plays a role in regulating morphogenic events involved in formation of intestinal crypts and/or the fate of epithelial stem cells. Developmental Dynamics 230:114–123, © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Initial impingement of the Yellowstone plume located by widespread silicic volcanism contemporaneous with Columbia River flood basalts

During the main phase of Steens and Columbia River (United States) flood basalt eruptions between 16.7 and 15.0 Ma, ∼3900 km 3 of silicic magma erupted from centers dispersed across ∼25,000 km 2 . The largest and oldest silicic centers, High Rock, McDermitt, and Lake Owyhee caldera complexes, lie along a narrow NNE trend at the transition between the craton and accreted oceanic crust, suggesting that silicic magma generation was greatest where mafic magma intruded more-felsic crust. Less voluminous and younger silicic centers track the spread of mafic dikes to the north. The High Rock caldera complex forms the western end of the Snake River Plain–Yellowstone trend of eastward-younging silicic centers. We attribute a regional lull in volcanism between ca. 23 and 7 Ma to lifting of the Juan de Fuca slab by a mantle plume beginning at ca. 25 Ma, and the distribution of main-stage flood basalts and coeval rhyolites to breakthrough of plume material at ca. 17 Ma to form a smaller plume head centered beneath Steens Mountain.
Order and Interpretation in Augusta Webster’s Portraits

Because Augusta Webster’s poetry involves explicit cultural critique, particularly in relation to gender ideology, it is important to turn to the textual history of her work in order to understand how these poems functioned within their original historical context. Her 1870 collection of dramatic monologues entitled Portraits foregrounds its own textual situation and the process of interpretation in its organization and material design. Read together as a collection, these poems suggest that discovering and then following a particular life path is a process of discerning, accepting, or choosing among different possibilities. Webster represents these possibilities as competing discourses, some of which are actual or imagined texts, whereas others are the ideological commonplaces of Victorian culture. Each of the speakers in Portraits explores his or her subjectivity through a process of discursive analysis and interpretation, which parallels the reading process that the structure of the volume encourages.
An Update on Pharmacological Interventions for Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Diabetic foot ulcers are the most common lower extremity compli- cations of diabetes. Peripheral neurop- athy and peripheral vascular disease are the underlying risk factors for dia- betic foot ulcers, subsequently leading to infections and requiring antimicro- bial therapy for the management of the disease. Each risk factor is a tar- get for clinical intervention, with the intent to delay or prevent disease pro- gression to amputation. The effective therapy includes interdisciplinary care, which involves optimized pharmacolog- ical interventions in concert with other treatments such as debridement strate- gies and specialized wound dressings. The pharmacological therapy alone cannot lead to successful therapy, and therefore, these supplementary techniques/modalities should not be overlooked. It is therefore the aim of this report to review various pharmacolog- ical interventions, specific to the dia- betic foot and wound healing, along with incorporation of advanced thera- pies required to achieve a multifaceted treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and provide basis for superior drugs as well as drug delivery systems.
race, ethnicity, and political mobilization in the Andes

Appeal to ethnic or racial identity may become a basis for group cohesion and organization enhancing ability to compete politically. Blacks in Chicaloma were able to monopolize local political offices by organizing as a distinct constituency. While phenotypical distinctiveness acts as a barrier to ethnic cooptation of the more mobile, a pattern that has prevented the emergence of ethnic politics affecting Indians in the Andean countries, black identity is not emphasized because eventual assimilation of family lines is envisioned.
The effectiveness of diphenhydramine HCI in pediatric sleep disorders.

Fifty children with a variety of sleep disorders were studied in a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of diphenydramine elixir given in a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg at bedtime. Sleep records measuring latency time, number of awakenings, and duration of sleep were compiled by the patient's parent. A global assessment as to the severity of sleep disturbance and the therapeutic effect of the medication and placebo was made on a weekly basis. Diphenhydramine was significantly better than placebo in reducing sleep latency time and the number of awakenings per night, while sleep duration was marginally increased. There were no essential differences between diphenhydramine and placebo in the other study parameters, i.e., restlessness, nightmares, and difficulty awakening. Diphenhydramine was judged to be more effective than placebo on the weekly global assessment. The results indicate that diphenhydramine is a safe, effective bedtime sleep aid for pediatric patients.
Dynamic Signatures of Driven Vortex Motion

We probe the dynamic nature of driven vortex motion in superconductors with a new type of transport experiment. An inhomogeneous Lorentz driving force is applied to the sample, inducing vortex velocity gradients that distinguish the hydrodynamic motion of the vortex liquid from the elastic and plastic motion of the vortex solid. We observe elastic depinning of the vortex lattice at the critical current, and shear induced plastic slip of the lattice at high Lorentz force gradients.
Giemsa C-banding of Rhoeo (Commelinaceae)

The C-banded karyotypes of the three known varieties of Rhoeo are presented for the first time. Each variety displayed the same banding pattern with C-bands identified at all centromeres and some telomeres. In addition, the karyotype of a rare bivalent-forming Rhoeo was ascertained to consist of two α complexes using C-banding. The nature and location of Rhoeo's C-bands are discussed.
The surgery of prostate cancer: An update of contemporary radical prostatectomy and brachytherapy series.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among men in the United States. Radical prostatectomy has been the gold standard for treating clinically localized prostate cancer. Its morbidity and disease-control capabilities have been well studied. At 10 years after surgery, 50% to 70% of patients are disease-free. New advances in computerized dosimetry have rekindled interest in interstitial radiation therapy as an alternative form of therapy. Because of inadequate duration of followup, the selection of patients with less virulent tumors, and the inconsistent definitions of biochemical failure it is impossible to definitely compare the efficacy between these two different treatment options. Yet, even among highly selected patients with low-grade tumors, there may be a significant advantage in surgery as compared to interstitial monotherapy. The results of combined interstitial and external radiotherapy have yielded lower failure rates, but long-term data is very limited. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 17:213–218, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tangle: Route-oriented dynamic voltage minimization for variation-afflicted, energy-efficient on-chip networks

On-chip networks are especially vulnerable to within-die parameter variations. Since they connect distant parts of the chip, they need to be designed to work under the most unfavorable parameter values in the chip. This results in energy-inefficient designs. To improve the energy efficiency of on-chip networks, this paper presents a novel approach that relies on monitoring the errors of messages as they traverse the network. Based on the observed errors of messages, the system dynamically decreases or increases the voltage (V dd ) of groups of network routers. With this approach, called Tangle, the different V dd values applied to different groups of network routers progressively converge to their lowest, variation-aware, error-free values — always keeping the network frequency unchanged. This saves substantial network energy. In a simulated 64-router network with 4 V dd domains, Tangle reduces the network energy consumption by an average of 22% with negligible performance impact. In a future network design with one V dd domain per router, Tangle lowers the network V dd by an average of 21%, reducing the network energy consumption by an average of 28% with negligible performance impact.
Commensurability in one dimension at T ≠ 0 : The role of kinks

The phase-torque equation of state of the sine-Gordon chain is described at $T\ensuremath{\ne}0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ K where a Devil's staircase is washed out by thermal fluctuations. As $T$ increases from zero there are a few well-defined steps of the staircase that remain at physical temperatures. On these steps the low-lying excitations of the system, responsible for phase evolution, are thermally activated kinks that have an activation energy that vanishes as the edge of the step is approached.
On the synthesis and crystal structure of dodecabismuth tetradecachloride, Bi12Cl14

Abstract An improved synthesis has been developed for Bi 12 Cl 14 based on its crystallization from a reduced KClBiCl 3 melt, and the previously reported crystal structure 1 for the compound confirmed. Peak height diffraction data were collected on an automatic diffractometer usying MoKα radiation. A total of 1705 data above the 3σ F threshold were refined by full matrix least squares methods to a conventional residual of 0.169 using anisotropic and isotropic thermal parameters for bismuth and chlorine respectively. Some further refinement of the original data set was also carried out varying the same parameters (R = 0.148). The results confirm the previously reported structure in detail but none of the refinements give a more precise description, all positional and distance parameters falling within a 3σ range of one another.
Analyzing uncertainty in a comparative life cycle assessment of hand drying systems

The goal of this study is to evaluate and compare the environmental impact (with a focus on global warming potential) of five hand drying systems: hands-under (HU) dryers, high-speed hands-under (HSHU) dryers, high-speed hands-in (HSHI) dryers, cotton roll towels, and paper towels. Another objective is to incorporate uncertainty into this comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) as a means of understanding the statistical robustness of the difference between the environmental impacts of the hand drying systems. We conducted a life cycle assessment in accordance with the ISO 14040/14044 standards using data primarily from publicly available reports. As part of the study, we performed a parameter uncertainty analysis for multiple scenarios to evaluate the impact of uncertainty in input data on the relative performance of products. In addition, we conducted a probabilistic scenario analysis of key drying system parameters in order to understand the implications of changing assumptions on the outcomes of the analyses. The scope of the analyses enabled us to draw robust conclusions about the relative environmental performance of the products. We can say with a high degree of confidence that the high-speed dryers have a lower impact than paper towels and cotton roll towels. Differentiating the performance of the hand dryers requires being more specific about framing assumptions. Under certain conditions, the HSHI dryer is expected to have a lower impact than the HU and HSHU dryers. However, under other conditions, one cannot say that the HSHI dryer is clearly better than the other dryers. We cannot differentiate the performance between the HU dryer, cotton roll towels, and paper towels. This work demonstrates the importance of going beyond traditional uncertainty analyses for comparative LCAs that are used for assertions of relative product environmental impact. Indeed, we found instances where the conclusions changed as a result of using the probabilistic scenario analysis. We outline important elements that should be included in future guidance on uncertainty analyses in comparative LCAs, including conducting parameter and scenario uncertainty analyses together and then using the outcomes to guide selection of parameters and/or choices to analyze further.