cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of political liberalisation and democratisation on ethnic conflict in Africa: an empirical test of common assumptions

This article provides an empirical test of a set of common theoretical assumptions concerning the relationship between political liberalisation, democratisation and ethnic conflict in Africa. The theory in question posits that liberalisation will result in short-term increases in ethnic conflict and that democratisation will be followed by a decrease in ethnic conflict. The article employs a cross-national and time sensitive data set to test this hypothesis in the context of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. A compelling benefit of this methodology is that it allows for an explanation of variation in ethnic conflict both across states and over time. The results indicate that the relationship between political liberalisation and ethnic conflict is the reverse of what the common assumptions would predict. Liberalisation has had an inverse relationship to ethnic conflict in sub-Saharan Africa between 1988 and 1997. Democratisation does not have the hypothesised effect even when lagged variables are employed. Structural variables as represented by GDP per capita and infant mortality rates are also systematically related to ethnic conflict. The author concludes that policy makers and analysts should continue to pursue both liberalisation and democratisation but should not neglect the central role of an adequate resource base in reducing ethnic conflict in Africa. Political liberalisation and democratic institutions, while providing some measure of relief, are by no means silver bullets for the difficult challenges posed by ethnic conflict in Africa.
PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO FOLATE STRESS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Interruption of folate metabolism by trimethoprim results in the elevated expression of folate stress proteins in Escherichia coli. E. coli grown in culture medium supplemented with the folate-dependent metabolites glycine, methionine, and the purine nucleoside inosine shows reduced expression of folate stress proteins. The folate stress proteins include the universal stress protein, the ferric uptake regulatory repressor, and possibly, lipoamide dehydrogenase, the L protein component of the glycine cleavage enzyme complex.
Comparative spring mechanics in mantis shrimp

Elastic mechanisms are fundamental to fast and efficient movements. Mantis shrimp power their fast raptorial appendages using a conserved network of exoskeletal springs, linkages and latches. Their appendages are fantastically diverse, ranging from spears to hammers. We measured the spring mechanics of 12 mantis shrimp species from five different families exhibiting hammer-shaped, spear-shaped and undifferentiated appendages. Across species, spring force and work increase with size of the appendage and spring constant is not correlated with size. Species that hammer their prey exhibit significantly greater spring resilience compared with species that impale evasive prey ('spearers'); mixed statistical results show that species that hammer prey also produce greater work relative to size during spring loading compared with spearers. Disabling part of the spring mechanism, the 'saddle', significantly decreases spring force and work in three smasher species; cross-species analyses show a greater effect of cutting the saddle on the spring force and spring constant in species without hammers compared with species with hammers. Overall, the study shows a more potent spring mechanism in the faster and more powerful hammering species compared with spearing species while also highlighting the challenges of reconciling within-species and cross-species mechanical analyses when different processes may be acting at these two different levels of analysis. The observed mechanical variation in spring mechanics provides insights into the evolutionary history, morphological components and mechanical behavior, which were not discernible in prior single-species studies. The results also suggest that, even with a conserved spring mechanism, spring behavior, potency and component structures can be varied within a clade with implications for the behavioral functions of power-amplified devices.
Numerical Experiments of an Advanced Radiative Transfer Model in the U.S. Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System

AbstractA high-order accurate radiative transfer (RT) model developed by Fu and Liou has been implemented into the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) to improve the energy budget and forecast skill. The Fu–Liou RT model is a four-stream algorithm (with a two-stream option) integrating over 6 shortwave bands and 12 longwave bands. The experimental 10-day forecasts and analyses from data assimilation cycles are compared with the operational output, which uses a two-stream RT model of three shortwave and five longwave bands, for both winter and summer periods. The verifications against observations of radiosonde and surface data show that the new RT model increases temperature accuracy in both forecasts and analyses by reducing mean bias and root-mean-square errors globally. In addition, the forecast errors also grow more slowly in time than those of the operational NOGAPS because of accumulated effects of more accurate cloud–radiation interactions. The impact of parameterized clo...
Participation in Operation Starting Line, Experience of Negative Emotions, and Incidence of Negative Behavior:

The prison industry in the United States has experienced an unprecedented period of growth during the past three decades. Growing dissatisfaction with the monetary investment in the criminal justice system, state-level budget constraints, and high recidivism rates have led many criminal justice professionals to rethink issues of offender resocialization and rehabilitation. Faith-based prison programs are increasingly being used as inexpensive methods for potentially improving the institutional behavior of inmates and reducing their likelihood of postrelease arrest. Unfortunately, however, there is little systematic research on this issue. Using data from Mississippi's largest state prison, the authors explore the relationship between participation in the faith-based prison event, Operation Starting Line, and subsequent experience of negative emotions and incidence of negative behaviors. Descriptive results suggest modest, yet positive, effects of attendance at the event. The article concludes with comments about the potential efficacy of faith-based prison programs and suggestions for future research.
Mortality among workers at a plastics manufacturing plant

This study evaluated the 1970–1993 mortality experience of 2550 of white and black men employed at a Texas plastics plant that made polyethylene, polypropylene, K-resin (a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene and styrene) and other materials. Of particular interest was the relationship between work in plastics manufacturing and colorectal cancer, as certain epidemiological investigations have reported an increase in this form of cancer among workers with potential exposure to polypropylene. Overall, subjects had fewer than expected deaths from all causes combined (269 observed/364.3 expected), from all cancer (79/89.3) and from colorectal cancer (5/9.5). Polypropylene workers had one observed compared with 0.4 expected death from colorectal cancer. A two-fold increase in deaths from accidents among hourly men was attributable to an explosion in the polyethylene area. Certain subgroups of workers had a slight increase in lung cancer deaths. These results were not statistically significant, did not display marked patterns with duration of employment or time since hire and were not clearly attributable to occupational exposure. Some subgroups of employees had more than expected deaths from oesophagus cancer, pancreas cancer and prostate cancer. These findings were based on small numbers, and there is no persuasive evidence that the excesses were due to chemicals at the plant. However, longer follow-up will be necessary to obtain more precise results for subjects with long-term employment and with long potential induction time. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty Years of Teaching Evaluations: One Instructor's Experience

This case study is in agreement with some cross-sectional studies, but is in contrast to those that show no impact on teaching practice.
Excessive Adipose Tissue Infiltration in Skeletal Muscle in Individuals With Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Peripheral Neuropathy: Association With Performance and Function

Background and Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to report differences in calf intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), muscle strength (peak torque), power, and physical function in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and peripheral neuropathy (PN) compared with those without these impairments. A secondary purpose was to assess the relationship between IMAT and muscle strength, power, and physical function. Subjects and Methods: Six participants with obesity, DM, and PN (2 women, 4 men; mean age=58 years, SD=10; mean body mass index=36.3, SD=5; mean modified Physical Performance Test [PPT] score=22, SD=3) and 6 age- and sex-matched control subjects without these impairments were assessed and compared in muscle strength, muscle power, physical functioning, and muscle and fat volume, including IMAT in the calf muscles. Muscle, adipose tissue, and IMAT volumes of each calf were quantified by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle strength and power of the plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor muscles were quantified using isokinetic dynamometry. The modified PPT was used to assess physical function. Results: Leg muscle and fat volumes were similar between groups, although IMAT volumes were 2.2-fold higher in the subjects with obesity, DM, and PN (X=120 cm3, SD=47) than in the control subjects (X=54 cm3, SD=41). Muscle strength, muscle power, ratio of leg muscle power to leg muscle volume, and modified PPT scores were lower in subjects with obesity, DM, and PN compared with the control subjects. Discussion and Conclusion: The data indicate that excess fat infiltration in leg skeletal muscles is associated with low calf muscle strength, low calf muscle power, and impaired physical function in individuals who are obese with DM and PN.
The Complexities of Global Engagement

Once upon a time, not long ago, till the end of the 20th century, most American colleges and universities either did not think about global engagement and internationalization or considered study abroad as the beginning and end of such involvement. Just two decades later, global engagement stands at the top of the agenda of many academic institutions, and the scope of internationalization on campuses has expanded dramatically.
Transcriptional controls in developing bacteriophages

The development of a virus is programmed by a series of negative and positive controls which determine the timing and the segment on either of the two DNA strands (l or r) to be transcribed into specific messenger RNA's. Bacteriophage λ provides one of the most deeply studied systems for following the development of lysogenic viruses. In the lysogenic repressed state, only 2–4% of the λ genome is expressed. This pc-cI-rex region is transcribed leftward to produce a repressor protein which prevents any further transcription by blocking the oL and oR operators flanking the cI-rex operon (figs. 1, 2). This negative control is relieved by destruction of the repressor, and the result is the “induction” of viral development. The earliest post-induction or postinfection events are the leftward transcription of the pLoL N region from strand l and the rightward transcription mainly of the pRoR-x segment from strand r. The N product acts as a positive control, permitting a leftward transcription beyond gene N and a rightward transcription of genes cII-O-P and also Q. The int-xis system controls the excision of the λ genome, whereas the act of rightward transcription and the products of genes O and P initiate the replication of λ DNA. The product of gene Q, still another positive control, stimulates rightward transcription of the late genes which control the synthesis and assembly of the phage heads and tails as well as cell lysis. Among other types of negative control are the possible competition between the two divergent transcriptions originating in region x, the “antirepressor” effect of the x product, and the interference between the two convergent transcriptions which collide in the central b2 region. The majority of controls are based on protein-DNA interactions and can be modified by mutations. For instance, transcription can be rendered independent of negative repressor control either by constitutive, v, mutations which decrease or abolish the affinity of the o operators for the repressor or by insertion of new promoters–e.g., c17 or ric- on the “downstream” side of the operator. The need for the positive N and Q controls may also be obviated by mutations in the N- or Q-dependent promoter or terminator elements. The specific DNA structure within the controlling sites is not known. However, a remarkable coincidence was observed; namely, the occurrence of pyrimidine-rich clusters in those segments of the individual DNA strands acting as templates for RNA synthesis. This observation, which pertains to all studied DNA's, including those of phages T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, λ, and ϕ 80, formed the basis for a proposal that implicates pyrimidine-rich clusters in the initiation, control and/or termination of transcription, and also in the determination of the preferred strand and, consequently, the orientation of transcription. General considerations regarding the possible role of the structural singularities, especially those represented by the pyrimidine clusters, in the bipartite structure of the recognition regions in DNA are discussed.
Stochastic Modeling of Cellular Growth, Treatment, and Resistance Generation

In this chapter we develop some useful mathematical tools that allow us to model the growth of cancer, the generation of resistance, and the effect of multidrug treatment. The methodology is stochastic, based on the description of a cellular colony as a birth–death process with mutations. This chapter provides mathematical foundation for all the subsequent chapters on small molecule inhibitor treatments and resistance generation. The less mathematically inclined readers may skip this chapter.
Manipulation of frontal EEG asymmetry through biofeedback alters self‐reported emotional responses and facial EMG

Individual differences in resting asymmetrical frontal brain activity have been found to predict subsequent emotional responses. The question of whether frontal brain asymmetry can cause emotional responses has yet to be addressed. Biofeedback training designed to alter the asymmetry of frontal brain activity was therefore examined. Eighteen right-handed female participants were randomly assigned to receive biofeedback training designed to increase right frontal alpha relative to left frontal alpha (n = 9) or to receive training in the opposite direction (n = 9). Five consecutive days of biofeedback training provided signals of reward or nonreward depending on whether the difference between right (F4) and left (F3) frontal alpha exceeded a criterion value in the specified direction. Systematic alterations of frontal EEG asymmetry were observed as a function of biofeedback training. Moreover, subsequent self-reported affect and facial muscle activity in response to emotionally evocative film clips were influenced by the direction of biofeedback training.
Ergodic capacity ordering of fading channels

In this paper, a new stochastic order between two fading distributions is introduced. A fading channel dominates another in the capacity ordering sense, if the ergodic capacity of the first is greater than that of the second at all values of average signal to noise ratio. We show that many parametric fading models such as the Nakagami-m, Rician and Hoyt fading satisfy the capacity order, in the sense that the distribution with a larger line of sight parameter is larger in the ergodic capacity sense. Further, we obtain closure properties of the capacity order for the first time, because such a stochastic order has not been considered in either stochastic ordering literature, or information theory literature. Through these properties, we develop sufficient conditions for comparing the ergodic capacity of a composite system involving multiple capacity ordered fading links with coding/decoding capabilities only at the transmitter/receiver, when operated in two different fading scenarios. Such comparisons can be made even in cases when a closed form expression for the ergodic capacity of the composite system is not analytically tractable. We also show that capacity ordering of point-to-point links has annlications to multifile access channels.
SUBGROUP SEPARABILITY OF GRAPHS OF FREE GROUPS WITH CYCLIC EDGE GROUPS

It is shown that Jrl of a finite graph of free groups with cyclic edge groups is subgroup separable unless Jrl has a non-trivial element g such that gn "V gm with n i= ±m. It is easy to decide from the presentation if such a conjugacy exists.
Biobrane versus duoderm for the treatment of intermediate thickness burns in children: A prospective, randomized trial

In this study, we directly compared the efficacy of Biobrane and Duoderm for the treatment of small intermediate thickness burns in children in a prospective, randomized fashion to determine their relative impact on wound healing, pain scores, and cost. Patients under 18 years of age with intermediate thickness burns on a surface area less than 10% were enrolled and treated with one of the two dressing systems. Data collected included mechanism of injury, time to complete healing, pain scores, and institutional cost of materials until healing was complete. No significant difference in time to healing or pain scores was detected between the two groups. The cost of each treatment was statistically more expensive in the Biobrane group. The results of this study demonstrate that Duoderm and Biobrane provide equally effective treatment of partial thickness burns among in the pediatric population. However, Duoderm is statistically less expensive than Biobrane and can be considered a first-line treatment option for intermediate thickness burn wounds in children.
Pilot study of a self-administered stress management and exercise intervention during chemotherapy for cancer

This pilot project explored the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of a self-administered exercise and stress management intervention for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Thirty-nine of 56 eligible patients (acceptance =69%) with a variety of solid tumors volunteered for the study. Participants were advised to exercise 20–40 min at 50–75% estimated heart rate reserve 3–5 times per week. In addition, patients were provided with instruction and written materials regarding stress management techniques. Follow-up data were collected during regularly scheduled outpatient visits at the start of the second, third, and fourth chemotherapy cycles using diary entries and the same questionnaires previously administered at baseline. Twenty-four of 39 patients (62%) completed all study requirements. These participants completed 438 of the 678 exercise sessions assigned (adherence =62%). Of the stress management techniques, positive thinking most practiced most frequently (48%), followed by deep breathing (38%) and active relaxation (37%). Paired t tests, comparing baseline values with final recorded values, indicated a significant improvement over time in bodily pain (p<0.03) and mental health (p<0.04) subscale scores. Participants’ evaluations of the combined intervention were favorable: 90% felt it was helpful to them and 100% would recommend it to another patient. A self-administered intervention combining aerobic exercise and stress management was acceptable and safe for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Preliminary data demonstrating intervention efficacy should be confirmed in subsequent randomized clinical trials.
Evaluation of UML Based Wireless Network Virtualization

Wireless virtualization aims to support concurrent experiments on shared wireless network resources. This research is based on efforts to enhance the control structure of the wireless test bed 'ORBIT' through different forms of virtualization. The focus of this paper is virtualization in frequency or frequency division multiplexing (FDM), and more specifically using multiple wireless interfaces per node and splitting the wireless medium by assigning a different channel frequency to each interface. A wireless node is virtualized through User Mode Linux (UML), with each sliver or experiment using a different interface. Extensive experimental results are presented that analyze the effectiveness of this method of virtualization in terms of different types of traffic. We examine cross-coupling effects of coexisting virtualized experiments and investigate proof-of-concept virtualization for one typical usage scenarios. This research provides practical guidance for the use of this type of virtualization for simultaneous wireless experiments.
Ionospheric Disturbances Resulting From Ion-Neutral Coupling

Recent advances in subjects related to ion-neutral coupling in the disturbed ionosphere are summarized. Areas of emphasis include traveling ionospheric disturbances, ionospheric irregularities and the atmospheric dynamo.
Ligand-induced expansion of the S1' site in the anthrax toxin lethal factor.

The Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF) is one component of a tripartite exotoxin partly responsible for persistent anthrax cytotoxicity after initial bacterial infection. Inhibitors of the zinc metalloproteinase have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents, but LF is a challenging target because inhibitors lack sufficient selectivity or possess poor pharmaceutical properties. These structural studies reveal an alternate conformation of the enzyme, induced upon binding of specific inhibitors, that opens a previously unobserved deep pocket termed S1′∗ which might afford new opportunities to design selective inhibitors that target this subsite.
Chapter 10 Cell Cycle Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on cell-cycle analysis. In cell biology, one of the most exciting and intriguing questions is the process of cell growth and reproduction to yield two cells of similar nature. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell reproduction depends upon having markers spaced around the cell cycle, which allow the determination of the cell progress toward the next cell division. In this chapter, some standard techniques for cell-cycle analysis and some of the criticisms that have been leveled against certain of them have been discussed. The biological significance of the distribution of phase durations has been discussed. Measurement of the degree of variability of phase durations has given evidence that compensatory mechanisms may be operating in the various phases of the cell cycle. Because the understanding of distributions of phase durations and generation times are important biologically and analytically, some of the characteristics of the normal, lognormal, and reciprocal normal distributions have been reviewed.
Fort Marion Prisoners and the Trauma of Native Education and Report to the Department of the Interior: Poems (Diane Glancy)

This essay contains reviews of Fort Marion Prisoners and the Trauma of Native Education and Report to the Department of the Interior: Poems , two recent publications by Diane Glancy.
Improving the reliability of carbon nanotube based infrared sensors

In this paper, a reliable and stable carbon nanotube based infrared photodetector was proposed. It was not only for the fundamental understanding of CNT photoresponse induced processes, but also for the development of a new infrared sensitive material with unique optical and conductivity features. The temperature and humidity changes would dominate sensor response in nanoscale materials. In the proposed design, the sandwich-structured sensor was fabricated within two polymer layers. The substrate polyimide provided sensor with high bending stiffness, and top parylene packing blocked humidity environmental issues. At the same time, the fabrication process was optimized by real time electrical detection dielectrophoresis and multiple annealing to improving fabrication yield and sensor performance. In order to make measurements under same condition, a digital microscope and precise linear stage based measurement system was introduced. The experimental results showed that the photode-tectors had more uniformities and stable photoresponse.
Vortioxetine: a New Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Vortioxetine is a structurally novel medication that has recently been approved for treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). This medication is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor that also has a number of other potentially relevant effects on serotoninergic receptors, which may differentiate the drug’s effects from those of current first-line antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).Areas Covered: This article will review the basic clinical pharmacology of vortioxetine, summarize the major clinical trials that were performed prior to approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), discuss relevant post-marketing studies of this drug, and offer expert commentary on the significance of this new agent in clinical practice. Pre-approval studies were identified as all randomized, placebo-controlled studies of vortioxetine listed on clinicaltrials.gov. Other referenced studies were identified v...
THU0397 Increased Bone Mass and Bone Strength by Sclerostin Antibody (Scl-Ab) is Maintained by a RANKL Inhibitor in OVX Rats with Established Osteopenia

Background Some Scl-Ab-induced BMD gains gradually reversed after treatment discontinuation in rats. Objectives To examine if follow-up treatment with a RANKL inhibitor, OPG-Fc, would maintain Scl-Ab-induced bone mass gains in OVX rats. Methods Six-month-old OVX rats (2 months post-OVX) were treated with Scl-Ab (Scl-Ab VI, 25 mg/kg, SC, 1x/wk) for 6 wks and then transitioned to vehicle (Veh) or OPG-Fc (10 mg/kg, SC, 2x/wk) for another 6 or 20 wks (n=12-14/group). Veh-treated Sham and OVX control rats were euthanized at wks 0, 6, 12, and 26, and a group of Scl-Ab-treated OVX rats were euthanized at wk 6 (n=10-12/group). Results In vivo DXA analysis showed that after 6 wks, Scl-Ab-treated OVX rats increased lumbar spine and femur-tibia BMD to levels significantly above OVX and Sham controls. These treatment-related increases were maintained by transition to OPG-Fc, and gradually reversed by transition to Veh (Fig.). Histomorphometry revealed significant increases in vertebral trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and tibial cortical thickness (Ct.Th) after 6 wks of Scl-Ab treatment. While transition to OPG-Fc maintained BV/TV and Ct.Th at the peak levels achieved with Scl-Ab, transition to Veh led to gradual declines in these parameters to levels that remained above OVX controls at wk 26. Significant increases in trabecular, endocortical, and periosteal bone formation rates and significant decreases in trabecular and endocortical eroded surfaces were also associated with Scl-Ab treatment (6 wks). Transition to OPG-Fc led to reductions in each of these bone resorption and formation parameters, however transition to Veh reversed these changes. At wk 26, maximum load of lumbar vertebral bodies was significantly greater in the OPG-Fc vs Veh transitioned group. Conclusions After discontinuing Scl-Ab treatment, transitioning to the RANKL inhibitor OPG-Fc effectively inhibited bone resorption and maintained Scl-Ab-induced bone mass and bone strength gains. Disclosure of Interest M. Ominsky Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., X. Li Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., K. Warmington Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., Q.-T. Niu Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., F. Asuncion Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., D. Dwyer Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., M. Grisanti Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., C.-Y. Han Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., P. Kostenuik Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., M. Stolina Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc., H. Ke Shareholder of: Amgen Inc., Employee of: Amgen Inc.
A low-cost, non-invasive sensory device for early diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

This paper presents the electronic design of a low-cost, non-invasive, patient centric device, for early diagnosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN). Through detecting hot, cold and vibration sensation of a diabetic patient and calibrating it with respect to a healthy person, the device provides a quantitative evaluation of level of neuropathy. A companion smartphone application, connected to the device via Bluetooth, is utilized to initiate the tests and control the stimulators. The test results are analyzed in the smart phone and displayed through a user-friendly interface. Being self-operated, the proposed device aims to obviate the need of expensive and cumbersome laboratory tests for diabetic patients and the regular monitoring reduces the chances of diabetic foot.
Research on a Forward Converter by using Secondary Active Clamp

A kind of active clamp circuit using secondary wiring is presented in this paper.The active clamp MOSFET is drived by another secondary wiring in the transformer.The voltage in the primary and secondary wirings are both clamped in the switch-off time.The synchronous rectification MOSFETs are also drived by the secondary wiring.The operation principle of the topology is analyzed.The experiment is carried out in a converter using the proposed topology and the problems are analyzed.The cost of this topology is deducted obviously and it is suitable for low voltage and high current output power supply.The test result is satisfied.
Simultaneous Determination of Mercury and Arsenic in Drinking Water by Double Channel Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish simultaneous determination of mercury and arsenic in drinking water.[Methods]The microwave digestion sample pretreatment technique was adopted to conduct sample disposable decomposition. Through various analyses of condition optimization and exploration, the simultaneous determination of mercury and arsenic in drinking water was realized. [Results] The recovery rates and detection limit of mercury and arsenic were 87.5%~105.0%, 93.8%~98.7%; 0.04, 0.34μg/L respectively. The accuracy were less than 5%.[Conclusion]This method is simple and fast, whose precision and accuracy meets the requirements of determination.
Behçet's disease and complex aphthosis.

Behcefis disease is a multisystem disorder characterized by oral, genital, ocular, and cutaneous lesions as well as a wide range of major organ system manifestations. Complex aphthosis is the term used to describe patients without systemic manifestations of Behcets disease but who have recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers. Morbidity from Behcets disease may be considerable and treatment efficacy difficult to assess because of the propensity of the disease for spontaneous remissions and exacerbations. Patients with complex aphthosis appear at risk for developing Behcet’s disease and require close observation.
Population and unit synchrony of fast rhythms in expiratory recurrent laryngeal discharges.

In a decerebrate, vagotomized, gallamine-paralyzed cat that had a prominent bilaterally coherent fast rhythm (50 Hz) in expiratory (E) recurrent laryngeal (RL) nerve discharges, recordings were taken of the firing of nine RL E fibers. This rhythm (called E high-frequency oscillation or EHFO) was seen as a sharp peak in all unit autospectra, all unit-nerve coherence spectra (value range 0.39–0.91), and all unit-unit coherence spectra (value range 0.27–0.85). In addition, 8/9 units had a sharp autospectral peak in a lower frequency range (19–35 Hz) called E medium-frequency oscillation (EMFO), but there was no coherence at this frequency between signal pairs (unit-unit, unit-nerve, nerve-nerve). The MFOs are specific for each unit and are considered to arise from asynchronous inputs and membrane properties. The HFOs are considered to arise from widespread network interactions that produce a common (correlated) rhythm in virtually all neurons of the RL E network. These phenomena suggest the use of the RL E n...
Intracellular pH and Survival of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in Tryptic Soy Broth Containing Acetic, Lactic, Citric, and Hydrochloric Acids.

To study the effect of citric, acetic, lactic, and hydrochloric acids on Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, growth, survival, and intracellular pH (pHin) values were determined during growth in a pH-controlled fermentation vessel. Under the experimental conditions, L. monocytogenes Scott A grown in tryptic soy (plus yeast extract) broth survived even when the pH was reduced to 3.5. For most acids, L. monocytogenes maintained a pH gradient (intracellular pH-external pH) of about 1.0 pH unit and a pHin near 5.0. When the citric and lactic acid-treated cells at pH values 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 were incubated for a longer time (24 h), both the pH gradient and the pHin values decreased. Although citric and lactic acids were more effective in lowering the pHin, acetic acid had the greatest effect on cell survival. A greater than 4-log reduction in cell number occurred when L. monocytogenes was held in acetic acid-treated broth for 24 h at pH 3.5 even though the pHin was 5.0. The results suggest that inhibition of L. monocytogenes by acids is caused not by a decrease in the intracellular pH, per se, but rather by specific effects of undissociated acid species on metabolic or other physiological activities.
Perceptions of Co-Teaching in the Clinical Experience: How Well Is It Working?

ABSTRACTThis study examined the perceptions of teacher candidates, cooperating teachers, and university supervisors in the first year of state-mandated co-teaching in the clinical experience. Study results suggest the need (a) to emphasize the importance of the teacher candidate exerting leadership, (b) to develop and communicate specific criteria for teacher candidates to enhance their ability to take the lead in planning, organization, management, lesson delivery, and assessment during their co-teaching experience, (c) to redefine the nature of the “solo” period, and (d) to deepen the understanding of all stake holders to increase their commitment to the tenets of co-teaching.
Getting started with R

History and scope of R/CRAN The development of R (R Development Core Team, 2010) as an independent public-domain statistical computing environment was started in the early 1990s by two statisticians at the University of Auckland, Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman. They decided to mimic the S system developed at AT&T during the 1980s by John Chambers and colleagues. By the late 1990s, R development was expanded to a larger core group, and the Comprehensive R Archive Network ( CRAN ) was created for specialized packages. The group established itself as a non-profit R Foundation based in Vienna, Austria, and began releasing the code biannually as a GNU General Public License software product (Ihaka & Gentleman 1996). R grew dramatically, both in content and in widespread usage, during the 2000s. CRAN increased exponentially with ∼100 packages in 2001, ∼600 in 2005, ∼2500 in 2010, and ∼3 , 300 by early 2012. The user population is uncertain but was estimated to be ∼2 million people in 2010. R consists of a collection of software for infrastructure analysis, and about 25 important packages providing a variety of important data analysis, applied mathematics, statistics, graphics and utilities packages. The CRAN add-on packages are mostly supplied by users, sometimes individual experts and sometimes significant user communities in biology, chemistry, economics, geology and other fields. Tables B.1 and B.2 give a sense of the breadth of methodology in R as well as CRAN packages (up to mid-2010).
Pulmonary and bronchial circulatory responses to segmental lung injury

In regional lung injury, pulmonary blood flow decreases to the injured regions, and anastomotic bronchial blood flow and total bronchial blood flow increase. However, the pattern of redistribution ...
Jo Ann Robinson

African American activists had been organizing in Montgomery, Alabama, since World War II. Among the leaders was Jo Ann Robinson, an English professor at a local college and president of the Women’s Political Council (WPC), a group allied with the Montgomery branch of the NAACP. For more than a year before Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man (December 1, 1955), Robinson had pressured the city to modify its humiliating policies regarding bus segregation. The WPC helped initiate the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–57), mimeographing 40,000 leaflets at Robinson’s college on the night of Parks’s arrest.
Abstract # 1740 Stress and depression levels predict neuroendocrine dynamics in long term ovarian cancer survivors

We have previously reported that flatter cortisol slopes and higher nocturnal cortisol pre-surgery are associated with shorter survival times in ovarian cancer. Diurnal cortisol profiles normalize after completion of chemotherapy, and parallel changes in plasma IL-6, suggesting that successful primary treatment is linked with decreases in inflammation. In this study, we examined cortisol profiles in 5-year ovarian cancer survivors and associations with psychosocial factors. Participants were 30 survivors (19 early-stage, 11 advanced-stage at diagnosis) who had previously participated in our prospective study. They were re-contacted at least 5 years (mean = 6.16 years) post-diagnosis at which time they completed psychosocial assessments and collected salivary cortisol upon waking, at 4-6pm, and at bedtime for 3 days. Adjusting for age, the cortisol profiles of 5-year survivors approximated those of healthy women, although survivors had slightly higher night cortisol ( p = 0.088 ) and flatter diurnal slopes ( p = . 096 ). Greater cumulative lifetime stress burden (beta = 0.54, p = 0.008 ), including both acute events (beta = 0.50, p = 0.016) and chronic difficulties (beta = 0.48, p = 0.02), and greater concurrent depression (beta = 0.41, p = 0.019) were each associated with flatter cortisol slopes at 5 years, adjusting for age and stage. These findings suggest that although cortisol profiles have largely normalized in long term survivors, chronic stress and mood are still linked to diurnal cortisol. As cortisol can impair chemotherapeutic response and can reflect tumor-derived inflammation, these findings may have clinical relevance.
Glomerular Filtration Rates of Naturally Cold-Stunned Kemp's Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii): Comparison of Initial vs. Convalescent Values

Abstract Iohexol clearance testing was used to determine glomerular filtration rates (GFR) for 12 juvenile Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) that stranded because of cold-stunning. Iohexol was injected intravenously at 75 mg/kg, with subsequent plasma collection at 4, 8, and 24 h post-injection for measurement of iohexol iodine concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Initial GFR was determined on median day 4 of hospitalization (range day 2–5) at an average body temperature of 19°C (66°F) (range 18–21°C [64–70°F]). Mean initial GFR was 4.6 mL/kg/h (range 1.9–8.7 mL/kg/h, n = 10). Convalescent GFR was determined on median day 126 of hospitalization (range day 108–232) at an average body temperature of 24°C (75°F) (range 23–25°C [74–77°F]). Mean convalescent GFR was 13.5 mL/kg/h (range 8.5–21.5 mL/kg/h, n = 10). Statistical analysis of paired initial and convalescent data demonstrated a significantly lower initial GFR, body weight, straight carapace length, and bod...
Treatment of the ulnar nerve for overhead throwing athletes undergoing ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction.

Treatment of the ulnar nerve for overhead throwing athletes undergoing ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
Monte Carlo explicitly correlated second-order many-body perturbation theory

A stochastic algorithm is proposed and implemented that computes a basis-set-incompleteness (F12) correction to an ab initio second-order many-body perturbation energy as a short sum of 6- to 15-dimensional integrals of Gaussian-type orbitals, an explicit function of the electron-electron distance (geminal), and its associated excitation amplitudes held fixed at the values suggested by Ten-no. The integrals are directly evaluated (without a resolution-of-the-identity approximation or an auxiliary basis set) by the Metropolis Monte Carlo method. Applications of this method to 17 molecular correlation energies and 12 gas-phase reaction energies reveal that both the nonvariational and variational formulas for the correction give reliable correlation energies (98% or higher) and reaction energies (within 2 kJ mol−1 with a smaller statistical uncertainty) near the complete-basis-set limits by using just the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The nonvariational formula is found to be 2–10 times less expensive to evaluate t...
Emergency department visits for attempted suicide and self harm in the USA: 2006-2013.

Aims. To characterise and identify nationwide trends in suicide-related emergency department (ED) visits in the USA from 2006 to 2013. Methods. We used data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from 2006 to 2013. E-codes were used to identify ED visits related to suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury. Visits were characterised by factors such as age, sex, US census region, calendar month, as well as injury severity and mechanism. Injury severity and mechanism were compared between age groups and sex by chi-square tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Population-based rates were computed using US Census data. Results. Between 2006 and 2013, a total of 3 567 084 suicide attempt-related ED visits were reported. The total number of visits was stable between 2006 and 2013, with a population-based rate ranging from 163.1 to 173.8 per 100 000 annually. The frequency of these visits peaks during ages 15–19 and plateaus during ages 35–45, with a mean age at presentation of 33.2 years. More visits were by females (57.4%) than by males (42.6%); however, the age patterns for males and females were similar. Visits peaked in late spring (8.9% of all visits occurred in May), with a smaller peak in the fall. The most common mechanism of injury was poisoning (66.5%), followed by cutting and piercing (22.1%). Males were 1.6 times more likely than females to use violent methods to attempt suicide (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.60–1.68; p < 0.001). The vast majority of patients (82.7%) had a concurrent mental disorder. Mood disorders were the most common (42.1%), followed by substance-related disorders (12.1%), alcohol-related disorders (8.9%) and anxiety disorders (6.4%). Conclusions. The annual incidence of ED visits for attempted suicide and self-inflicted injury in the NEDS is comparable with figures previously reported from other national databases. We highlighted the value of the NEDS in allowing us to look in depth at age, sex, seasonal and mechanism patterns. Furthermore, using this large national database, we confirmed results from previous smaller studies, including a higher incidence of suicide attempts among women and individuals aged 15–19 years, a large seasonal peak in suicide attempts in the spring, a predominance of poisoning as the mechanism of injury for suicide attempts and a greater use of violent mechanisms in men, suggesting possible avenues for further research into strategies for prevention.
Bodas de Sangre: Realismo, lirismo y metáfora

Nuestra propuesta consiste en una actividad de analisis linguistico, gramatical y metaforico de Bodas de Sangre para alumnos de nivel avanzado («Key Stage 4» en el sistema educativo ingles). Los objetivos de la actividad son hacer que los estudiantes asimilen esta tragedia de Garcia Lorca. Al mismo tiempo se busca consolidar su conocimiento de las clases de palabras y de los tiempos verbales. Tambien se persigue entrenarlos en la deteccion e interpretacion de metaforas en textos literarios. La actividad se desarrolla en 3 sesiones de una hora. Destacamos la fase central de nuestra propuesta en la que trabajamos con materiales autenticos, esto es, la noticia en que Garcia Lorca se inspiro para escribir la novela, el monologo de la luna en la obra y su adaptacion filmica. Palabras clave: Bodas de Sangre ; Federico Garcia Lorca; noticia periodistica; tiempos de pasado, futuro e imperativo; metaforas. Abstract: Our didactic proposal consists of a series of activities on language, grammar and metaphors for advanced students of Spanish («Key Stage 4» in the British education system). The objectives of the proposal are to make students become acquainted with the tragedy Bodas de Sangre by Garcia-Lorca. Similarly, we aim at consolidating the students’ knowledge of word classes and tenses. They will also be trained in spotting and interpreting metaphors in literary texts. The activities can be completed in 3 sessions of an hour. The core part of the proposal is comprised of work on authentic materials like the original piece of news which inspired Garcia-Lorca to write his tragedy, the monologue of the moon, and the film adaption of it. Keywords: Bodas de Sangre ; Federico Garcia Lorca; newspaper article; past, future and imperative tenses; metaphors.
The role of instructions, practice, and stimulus-hand correspondence on the Simon effect.

Numerous studies of two-choice reaction tasks, including auditory and visual Simon tasks (i.e., tasks in which stimulus location is irrelevant) and visual compatibility tasks, have found that only spatial stimulus-response (S-R) correspondence affected S-R compatibility. Their results provided no indication that stimulus-hand correspondence was a significant factor. However, Wascher et al. (2001) suggested that hand coding plays a role in visual and auditory Simon tasks when the instructions are in terms of the finger/hand used for responding. The present experiments examined whether instructing subjects in terms of response locations or fingers/hands influenced the Simon effect for visual and auditory tasks. In Experiments 1-3, only spatial S-R correspondence contributed significantly to the Simon effect, even when the instructions were in terms of the fingers/hands. However, in Experiment 4, which used auditory stimuli and finger/hand instructions, the contribution of stimulus-hand correspondence increased with practice.
Toward a useful standard for hospitalizing pretrial jail detainees

Severely mentally ill jail detainees require an adequate spectrum of mental health services during detainment. For some this means a limited period of treatment in a mental hospital, just as some mentally ill individuals in the community occasionally require hospital treatment. Unfortunately, this appropriate level of treatment is often denied or neglected for jail detainees with adverse consequences for them. Among the reasons for this neglect, may be standards for hospital transfer that are no longer practical and can be easily skirted by policymakers and administrators with little interest in ensuring this level of care for mentally ill jail inmates. A more realistic standard and justification would recognize the need for hospitalization for the mentally disordered detainee who because of psychotic anosognosia refuses appropriate treatment including medications and/or whose severely decompensated condition is worsening or failing to improve despite attempts at treatment in the jail.