cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraining the compressed spectrum of the top squark and chargino along the W corridor

Studying superpartner production together with a hard initial state radiation (ISR) jet has been a useful strategy for searches of supersymmetry with a compressed spectrum at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the case of the top squark (stop), the ratio of the missing transverse momentum from the lightest neutralinos and the ISR momentum, defined as $\bar{R}_M$, turns out to be an effective variable to distinguish the signal from the backgrounds. It has helped to exclude the stop mass below 590 GeV along the top corridor where $m_{\tilde{t}} - m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^0} \approx m_t$. On the other hand, the current experimental limit is still rather weak in the $W$ corridor where $m_{\tilde{t}} - m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^0} \approx m_W +m_b$. In this work we extend this strategy to the parameter region around the $W$ corridor by considering the one lepton final state. In this case the kinematic constraints are insufficient to completely determine the neutrino momentum which is required to calculate $\bar{R}_M$. However, the minimum value of $\bar{R}_M$ consistent with the kinematic constraints still provides a useful discriminating variable, allowing the exclusion reach of the stop mass to be extended to $\sim 550$ GeV based on the current 36 fb$^{-1}$ LHC data. The same method can also be applied to the chargino search with $m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm} -m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^0} \approx m_W$ because the analysis does not rely on $b$ jets. If no excess is present in the current data, a chargino mass of 300 GeV along the $W$ corridor can be excluded, beyond the limit obtained from the multilepton search.
Impact of high recycled mixed on HMA overlay crack development rate

Illinois has many years of experience using various reclaimed materials in highway construction, and in recent years, recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) have been adopted for use in hot-mix asphalt (HMA), along with much higher amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). These reclaimed asphalt materials usually contain aged asphalt binders, which may increase the mix brittleness and hence, pose a challenge for maintaining a flexible pavement and ensuring good performance. To counter these hard asphalt binders, softer asphalts are incorporated into the HMA. The goal is for the final mix to provide acceptable mix properties for the life of the pavement. To determine the impact of recycled materials on pavement performance, this study monitored nine field projects in terms of the testing, construction, and performance of surface mixes that have a variety of asphalt binder replacement (ABR) levels from RAP and RAS which used different virgin asphalt binder grades. Simple performance tests (Hamburg wheel tracking test and the Illinois flexibility index test (I-FIT)) were used to evaluate the mix designs. Flexibility index (FI) from the I-FIT showed good correlation with field crack development, especially after first year performance of the mix. Early-age field performance showed that placing the HMA overlay directly over existing bare concrete pavement or milling off all the HMA and placing the new overlay on concrete pavement results in higher extents of cracking in early age than the sections that left an HMA layer in place. Regardless of which mix type is designed and what material sources are used, the performance of the mix should be evaluated to ensure it has sufficient flexibility to resist cracking before the mix is used in road construction. This allows owners and contractors to use low-cost reclaimed and recycled materials to the extent possible without negatively impacting pavement performance.
Implementing a Thoracic Enhanced Recovery Program: Lessons Learned in the First Year.

Background To minimize the stress of operations, improve the patient experience, reduce variability, and optimize resource utilization, we implemented a thoracic enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol and evaluated progress after 1 year. Methods Two protocols were developed: video-assisted thoracic surgery (ERAS-VATS) and thoracotomy (ERAS-T). Each incorporated preoperative patient education, carbohydrate loading, opioid-sparing analgesia, conservative fluid management, and early ambulation. Patient outcomes, length of stay, pain scores, opioid use, fluid administration, and cost for ERAS patients were compared with historic controls from the year before program initiation. Results Historic VATS (n = 162) were compared with 81 ERAS-VATS patients. Median postoperative morphine equivalents (86 versus 22 mg, p p p = 0.0003) all decreased significantly. Historic thoracotomy patients (n = 62) were compared with 58 ERAS-T patients. Median postoperative morphine equivalents (130 versus 54 mg, p p = 0.012), length of stay (6.0 versus 4.0 days, p = 0.009), and mean inflation adjusted hospital costs ($41,950 versus $26,089, p Conclusions Implementation of thoracic ERAS is a dynamic process with potential to improve outcomes in thoracic surgical procedures. In the first year we shortened length of stay, decreased opioid usage, minimized fluid overload, and decreased hospital costs.
Low-temperature, Low-Energy, and High-Efficiency Pretreatment Technology for Large Wood Chips with a Redox Couple Catalyst.

The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass plays a vital role in the conversion of cellulosic biomass to bioethanol, especially for softwoods and hardwoods. Although many pretreatment technologies have been reported so far, only a few pretreatment methods can handle large woodchips directly. To improve the efficiency of pretreatment, existing technologies require the grinding of the wood into small particles, which is an energy-consuming process. Herein, for the first time, we report a simple, effective, and low-temperature (≈100 °C) process for the pretreatment of hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW) chips directly by using a catalytic system of FeCl3 /NaNO3 (FCSNRC). The pretreatment experiments were conducted systematically, and a conversion of 71.53 and 70.66 % of cellulose to sugar could be obtained for the direct use of large HW and SW chips. The new method reported here overcomes one of the critical barriers in biomass-to-biofuel conversion, and both grinding and thermal energies can be reduced significantly.
A Dark Side of Cooperation: When International Organizations Spread Political Corruption

Much of the literature on international organizations (IOs) has focused on the beneficial value they provide to members. Yet depending on their membership, some of the very same mechanisms that incentivize good governance can instead incentivize political corruption. Our central argument is that state participation in corrupted international networks is likely to incentivize political corruption domestically. This process occurs for two reasons. First, groups of corrupted states are more reticent to create, monitor or enforce formal good governance standards against other IO members. Second, leaders may witness the value of political corruption to their IO peers and learn to act the same way. Using a variety of data sources and estimation strategies, we demonstrate that countries that participate in a network of member corrupted IOs are significantly more likely to experience an increase in corruption domestically than are countries that participate in a network of more honest brokers. This effect occurs even among IOs that have adopted formal anti-corruption mandates; the effectiveness of formal good governance rules crucially hinges on the characteristics of members within an international organization.
Some Studies of Getter-ion Pumped Vacuum Systems

Vacuum phenomena in several small, bakeable glass—metal systems, evacuated by getter-ion pumps, have been investigated. The systems were evacuated by various combinations of water-aspiration, cryogenic pumping, and getter-ion pumping. Various degrees of baking were employed. These ranged from heating of localized portions, through mild baking of the entire system while at the “fore” pressure of the liquid helium pump, to hard baking at high vacuum. The composition and behavior of the residual gases were examined by means of an omegatron.
Proportion regulation in the planarian, Dugesia tigrina following regeneration of structures

Planarian regenerates with abnormal body proportioning were followed after structure formation in order to determine if body proportion will ‘normalize’ over time. Results show proportioning will occur following structure formation since the pharynx in regenerates with proportionally larger heads and prepharyngeal area moved anteriorly over time. This occurred regardless of whether regenerates were provided with a normal feeding regime which allowed for an increase in body area or if they were on a maintenance diet which did not permit growth. An examination of mitotic indices did not demonstrate significant differences in the level of mitotic activity between pre- and postpharyngeal regions. It is concluded that the ‘normalizing’ of proportion in these abnormal regenerates does occur, but the process by which it occurs is not solely explained through normal growth.
Inverse Spectral Problems for Transmission Eigenvalues

We previously encountered transmission eigenvalues and their role in inverse scattering theory in Chap. 6. We now return to this topic and consider the inverse spectral problem for transmission eigenvalues in the simplest possible case, i.e., when the inhomogeneous medium is an isotropic spherically stratified medium in ℝ3 and the eigenfunctions corresponding to the transmission eigenvalues are spherically symmetric. In this case the inverse spectral problem for transmission eigenvalues reduces to a problem in ordinary differential equations analogous to the inverse Sturm–Liouville problem (cf. [98, 142]) with the important distinction that the spectral problem under consideration is now no longer self-adjoint. Nevertheless, using tools from analytic function theory, we will be able to obtain a partial answer to the question of when a knowledge of the transmission eigenvalues corresponding to spherically symmetric eigenfunctions uniquely determines the (spherically symmetric) index of refraction.
"Concierge" Practice and the Profession's Contract with Society.

Physicians who change their practices to concierge medicine may lose valuable patient-physician relationships. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The use of trimodality therapy for the treatment of operable esophageal carcinoma in the veteran population: patient survival and outcome analysis.

BACKGROUND In an effort to improve the cure rates associated with surgical therapy, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is being used with increasing frequency before resection (trimodality therapy). A variety of clinical trials have reviewed this approach, but only one study to the authors' knowledge has shown a survival benefit for trimodality therapy. The extent to which trimodality therapy has gained acceptance in general practice is not clear. The objective of the current study was to determine the extent to which both surgery and trimodality therapy are used for the management of esophageal carcinoma within a large, national health care system and to determine the outcome of patients treated with these treatment approaches. METHODS The current study was a retrospective cohort study. The study population was comprised of all veterans who underwent either surgery alone or trimodality therapy for operable esophageal carcinoma between the fiscal years of 1993 and 1997. Data were obtained from the Veterans Administration Patient Treatment File, Outpatient Clinic File, and the Beneficiary Identification Record Locator System. The main outcome measures were perioperative mortality and patient survival. RESULTS During the study period, 695 patients underwent either surgery alone or trimodality therapy for esophageal carcinoma. Five hundred thirty-four (77%) patients were treated with surgery only. One hundred sixty-one (23%) patients underwent surgery after induction chemoradiotherapy (trimodality therapy). Patients selected for trimodality therapy were younger (mean age, 60.8 years vs. 65.6 years), had fewer comorbidities, and were more likely to have a midesophageal tumor. The median survival for all patients was 15.2 months. The type of treatment had no apparent effect on survival. Favorable prognostic factors included younger age, a distal esophageal tumor, and the absence of metastases. The overall perioperative mortality was 13.7 %. The use of trimodality therapy did not increase perioperative mortality. CONCLUSIONS Trimodality therapy is commonly used within the VA system. The nonrandomized nature of this study does not allow comparison of trimodality therapy to surgery alone, but the overall survival was limited for all patients. The predictors of survival are related to the biology of the disease, and they include patient age, tumor location, and stage at diagnosis. Cancer 2001;92:1272–80. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Impact of Vascular Disease, Amputation Level, and the Mismatch Between Balance Ability and Balance Confidence in a Cross-Sectional Study of the Likelihood of Falls Among People With Limb Loss: Perception Versus Reality.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of balance ability, activities-specific balance confidence, and other self-reported and clinical factors on incidence of falls among people with lower limb loss. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study (N = 305) with multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Participants included 68.3% men with an age of 55.5 ± 14.9, with 50% dysvascular and 56.8% transtibial amputations. The mean ± SD activities-specific balance confidence is 2.1/4 ± 1.1, balance ability is 2.9/4 ± 1.3, and walking speed is 0.766 ± 0.387 m/sec. The final model showed fall risk was heightened for people with vascular comorbidities (odds ratio = 3.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.40-8.54) and better balance (odds ratio = 23.29, confidence interval = 3.19-170.23), but attenuated for people with transfemoral (odds ratio = 0.08, confidence interval = 0.01-0.82) and vascular amputations (odds ratio = 0.38, confidence interval = 0.15-0.95). Significant interactions existed between age and amputation level (odds ratio = 1.06, confidence interval = 1.02-1.11) and between balance confidence and balance ability (odds ratio = 0.27, confidence interval = 0.13-0.57). CONCLUSIONS Although people with vascular amputations were less likely to fall than those with nonvascular amputations, people with concurrent vascular comorbidities were more likely to fall than those without. People with transfemoral amputations were less likely to fall; however, fall risk increased with each year of age compared with people with transtibial amputations. People with balance ability of 3.5 or greater fell more often than those with lower ability, but people with lower balance ability and mismatched confidence in their balance ability had 3.7 times greater fall risk.
U.S. Adult Attitudes About Electronic Vapor Product Use in Indoor Public Places.

Introduction The U.S. Surgeon General has concluded that aerosol from electronic vapor products, such as e-cigarettes, can contain harmful and potentially harmful constituents. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of U.S. adult attitudes toward electronic vapor product use in indoor public places. Methods Data from 2017 Summer Styles, an Internet survey of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years (n = 4,107) were analyzed in 2017. Respondents were asked, Do you favor or oppose allowing the use of electronic vapor products in indoor public places such as workplaces, restaurants, and bars? Responses were strongly favor, somewhat favor, somewhat oppose, and strongly oppose. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to determine sociodemographic correlates of opposition (somewhat or strongly). Results In 2017, a total of 82.4% of adults strongly or somewhat opposed the use of electronic vapor products in indoor public places, including 28.0% of current (past 30-day) electronic vapor product users and 52.7% of current cigarette smokers. After adjustment, opposition was significantly lower among current and former electronic vapor product users than never users, current cigarette smokers than never smokers, and people living with tobacco product users. Opposition was significantly higher among adults aged ≥45 years than those aged 18–24 years and among adults who had rules prohibiting electronic vapor product use in their vehicles or homes than those without such rules. Conclusions Approximately eight in ten U.S. adults, including more than one quarter of electronic vapor product users, opposed electronic vapor product use in indoor public places. Prohibiting electronic vapor product use in indoor public areas can protect bystanders from the health risks of secondhand electronic vapor product aerosol exposure.
Nuclear Material Accounting and Control

Abstract With the advent of the nuclear age, there was concern by states over how to manage nuclear material inventories due to their strategic and financial value and safety risks to both workers and the public, and to deter and detect any unauthorized activities. The need for a systematic approach to account for and control access to nuclear materials drove states to form the foundations of a nuclear material accounting and control (NMAC) system. Not unlike systems in use for banking and industry, basic elements began to evolve for accountancy and control using ledgers to record, assay systems to determine isotopic composition and weight, label to identify contents, and secure locations to store and process these materials. The best parallel would be the precious metals industry where systems were put in place to not only account for and control the inventory but also to support deterrence and detection of both insiders and outsiders who intended to steal these materials.
Association of Urine Albumin Excretion With Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Community-Dwelling Adults

Abstract Objectives This study examined the association between urinary albumin excretion and incident heart failure (HF) hospitalization. Background Excess urinary albumin excretion is more strongly associated with incident stroke and coronary heart disease risk in black than in white individuals. Whether similar associations extend to HF is unclear. Methods This study examined the associations between the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and incident hospitalization for HF overall in 24,433 REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study participants free of suspected HF at baseline; findings were stratified by race and HF subtype (preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction). Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory variables including estimated glomerular filtration rate, and multiple imputation was used to account for missing covariate data. Results After a median follow-up of 9.2 years, 881 incident HF events (332 preserved ejection fraction, 447 reduced ejection fraction, 102 unspecified) were observed. Compared to the lowest ACR category ( 300 mg/g HR: 4.42; 95% CI: 3.36 to 5.83) in the fully adjusted model. Results did not differ by race. The magnitude of the association between ACR and HF with preserved ejection fraction was greater than with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HR comparing highest vs. lowest ACR category: 6.20; 95% CI: 4.15 to 9.26 vs. HR: 4.37; 95% CI: 3.00 to 6.25, respectively; p = 0.05). Conclusions Higher ACR was associated with greater risk of incident HF hospitalization in community-dwelling black and white adults.
ACR Ultrasound Liver Reporting and Data System: Multicenter Assessment of Clinical Performance at One Year.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of the ACR’s Ultrasound Liver Reporting and Data System (US LI-RADS™) for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients at high risk for HCC. Methods In this retrospective, multicenter study, 2,050 patients at high risk for HCC (1,078 men and 972 women; mean age, 57.7 years) at five sites in the United States had undergone screening liver ultrasound from January 2017 to February 2018, and US LI-RADS observation categories and visualization scores were assigned on a clinical basis. Ultrasound reports and patient records were retrospectively reviewed and follow-up imaging studies and/or pathologic reports recorded. Descriptive statistics were generated, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship of clinical and reader-based predictors of limited visualization. Diagnostic performance data were calculated in the subset of patients with confirmatory testing. Results The most common indications for HCC screening were cirrhosis (n = 1,054 [51.4%]), noncirrhotic hepatitis B virus infection (n = 555 [27.1%]), and noncirrhotic hepatitis C virus infection (n = 234 [11.4%]). US LI-RADS observation categories assigned were US-1 (negative) in 90.4% (n = 1,854), US-2 (subthreshold) in 4.6% (n = 95), and US-3 (positive) in 4.9% (n = 101). Visualization scores were A (no or minimal limitations) in 76.8% (n = 1,575), B (moderate limitations) in 18.9% (n = 388), and C (severe limitations) in 4.2% (n = 87). Confirmatory tests, including multiphase contrast-enhanced CT or MRI (n = 331) or histopathology (n = 18), were available for 349 patients (17.0%). The sensitivity of US LI-RADS in this subset of patients was 82.4%, specificity was 74.2%, positive predictive value was 35.3%, and negative predictive value was 96.1%. Conclusions Approximately 90% of US LI-RADS screening examinations were negative, 5% subthreshold, and 5% positive. Visualization scores were diagnostically acceptable in the vast majority (>95%) of examinations. US LI-RADS emphasized sensitivity and negative predictive value, which are key characteristics of a screening test.
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs Uniquely Predict Poverty Attributions

In this study, we investigated how religion and spirituality were associated with internal and external attributions for the causes of poverty. Such attributions are important as they may shape the types of policies and interventions that individuals support to alleviate poverty. Across two studies with samples of Christian students from a Catholic university in the Midwest (Study 1: n = 189) and a large public Midwestern university (Study 2: n = 646), hierarchical regression analyses revealed that a religious variable, religious conservatism, was positively associated with internal poverty attributions. A spirituality variable, universality (i.e., a sense of shared connection and interdependence with others), was positively associated with external poverty attributions. These findings were present while controlling for demographic variables, political conservatism, and the Protestant work ethic and were consistent across Study 1 and Study 2. Overall, this shows the unique ability of religious and spiritual variables to predict these different types of poverty attributions, and that spirituality was a unique predictor for external poverty attributions over-and-above religious variables. These findings suggest the importance of considering both religion and spirituality when working with individuals and religious communities to alleviate poverty. Limitations and directions for future research and for working with religious and spiritual communities are discussed.
Dyadic Viability in Project Teams: the Impact of Liking, Competence, and Task Interdependence

Drawing from social exchange theory and the relational approach to social exchange relationships, we examine liking and competence judgments as predictors of dyadic viability, a new, complementary, operationalization of team viability. We also consider team-level task interdependence as a moderator of these dyadic relationships. Based on data from dyads nested within project teams, we found that both liking and competence significantly relate to teammates’ dyadic viability. Additionally, task interdependence at the team level significantly moderates the dyadic-level effects of liking and competence on dyadic viability, such that the effect of liking judgments is stronger when team task interdependence is high, and the effect of competence judgments is stronger when team task interdependence is low. We also show that aggregated (across team members) measures of dyadic viability are highly similar to proxies that have been classified as team viability in the past—team satisfaction and cohesion. However, the moderating effect of task interdependence was not found with these team-level measures.
Microstructural fronto-striatal and temporo-insular alterations are associated with fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis independent of white matter lesion load and depression.

Background:Fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been inconsistently associated with disruption of specific brain circuitries. Temporal fluctuations of fatigue have not been considered.Objective:T...
When do factors promoting genetic diversity also promote population persistence? A demographic perspective on Gillespie's SAS-CFF model.

Abstract Classical stochastic demography predicts that environmental stochasticity reduces population growth rates and, thereby, can increase extinction risk. In contrast, in a 1978 Theoretical Population Biology paper, Gillespie demonstrated with his stochastic additive scale and concave fitness function (SAS-CFF) model that environmental stochasticity can promote genetic diversity. Extending the SAS-CFF to account for demography, I examine the simultaneous effects of environmental stochasticity on genetic diversity and population persistence. Explicit expressions for the per-capita growth rates of rare alleles and the population at low-density are derived. Consistent with Gillespie’s analysis, if the log-fitness function is concave and allelic responses to the environment are not perfectly correlated, then per-capita growth rates of rare alleles are positive and genetic diversity is maintained in the sense of stochastic persistence i.e. allelic frequencies tend to stay away from zero almost-surely and in probability. Alternatively, if the log-fitness function is convex, then per-capita growth rates of rare alleles are negative and an allele asymptotically fixates with probability one. If the population’s low-density, per-capita growth rate is positive, then the population persists in the sense of stochastic persistence, else it goes asymptotically extinct with probability one. In contrast to per-capita growth rates of rare alleles, the population’s per-capita growth rate is a decreasing function of the concavity of the log-fitness function. Moreover, when the log-fitness function is concave, allelic diversity increases the population’s per-capita growth rate while decreasing the per-capita growth rate of rare alleles; when the log-fitness function is convex, environmental stochasticity decreases the per-capita growth rate of rare alleles, but increases the population’s per-capita growth rate. Collectively, these results (i) highlight how mechanisms promoting population persistence may be at odds with mechanisms promoting genetic diversity, and (ii) provide conditions under which population persistence relies on existing standing genetic variation.
Thermoregulation in fish

Thermoregulation is critical for survival and animals therefore employ strategies to keep their body temperature within a physiological range. As ectotherms, fish exclusively rely on behavioral strategies for thermoregulation. Different species of fish seek out their specific optimal temperatures through thermal navigation by biasing behavioral output based on experienced environmental temperatures. Like other vertebrates, fish sense water temperature using thermoreceptors in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia neurons that innervate the skin. Recent research in larval zebrafish has revealed how neural circuits subsequently transform this sensation of temperature into thermoregulatory behaviors. Across fish species, thermoregulatory strategies rely on a modulation of swim vigor based on current temperature and a modulation of turning based on temperature change. Interestingly, temperature preferences are not fixed but depend on other environmental cues and internal states. The following review is intended as an overview on the current knowledge as well as open questions in fish thermoregulation.
Carcinomatous Transformation of Odontogenic Keratocyst and Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Report of a Case.

Purpose To assess the prognostic findings of the carcinomatous transformation of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). Methods A systematic review of all cases of carcinomatous transformation of OKC was completed, and a case report was included. Results A total of 679 publications were screened, and 37 cases met inclusion criteria. The mean age for patients with malignant transformation of OKC was 45.1 years. Pain (67.5%) and swelling (78.3%) were the most common symptoms. The malignant transformation occurred with increased frequency in the posterior mandible and larger lesions that span greater than 2 subunits of the involved jaw. Resection was the definitive treatment in all cases and 14 cases (46%) utilized adjuvant treatment. Conclusions Patient outcomes and follow-up was variable in our study such that overall survival was difficult to determine. However, overall survival in malignant transformation of odontogenic cysts of all kinds ranges from 62 to 85% and 30 to 8% for 2 and 5 years, respectively.
SARS-CoV-2 takes its Toll.

SARS-CoV-2 infection activates TLR2 signaling, which results in the robust expression of proinflammatory cytokines that may contribute to disease in severe COVID-19. Inhibition of this signaling pathway represents a potential target for COVID-19 therapeutics.
The Present State of the Carrier Hypothesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the status of the “true carrier” concept as the basis of operation of any natural system for biological transport. No tenable alternative to the proposition of carrier mediation has been offered to account for a variety of observed “permeability” phenomena. The apparent failings of the classical mobile-carrier picture, however, have become especially acute in the very system to which it had been most satisfactorily applied: the translocation of simple sugars through human red blood cell membranes. Enzymic catalysis may also become indirectly associated with transport processes in the form of a coupling between the initial attack on a metabolizable solute by a hydrolytic enzyme at the cell surface, and the carrier-mediated delivery into the cytoplasm of the products of the hydrolysis. A number of disaccharides are evidently brought into various yeast cells in the form of their hexose components, by a sequence of events. The “active” nature of the transport may be viewed as an auxiliary refinement or accessory mechanism, superimposed on the carrier apparatus, which provides the basic equilibrative transport. The facilitated diffusion of galactosides that survives in the metabolically poisoned bacteria utilizes the same carrier apparatus that mediates the active transport of the same substances in normal cells.
Efficacy of Formal Screening for Depression in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Clinic

EFFICACY OF FORMAL SCREENING FOR DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES. Jeffrey Craig Winer, Natalie Hale, Sylvia Lavietes, and William J. Tamborlane. Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. This study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of screening for depression in a pediatric diabetes clinic and how the yield of such screening compares with established screening protocols aimed at identifying early microvascular complications and associated autoimmune diseases. Two-hundred-fifteen children and adolescents 8-18 years old in the Yale Pediatric Diabetes Center were screened for depression using the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), with information including gender, age, duration of diabetes, HbA1C, and results of other screening protocols compiled. A total of 8.4% of our cohort had CDI scores ≥13 indicative of clinically-significant depressive symptoms, with a range of 0-34. Depression scores were not associated with gender, age, or HbA1C. However, duration of diabetes showed a trend toward statistical significance (adjusted p=.068). Screening for depression using the CDI with a cutoff of ≥13 had similar positive testing rates as screening for microalbuminuria, hypercholesterolemia, thyroid dysfunction, and celiac sprue; in contrast, none of the clinic patients had evidence of retinopathy at their last ophthalmologic examination. These findings indicate that screening for depression in a pediatric diabetes clinic identifies a substantial number of youngsters with high levels of depressive symptoms and has a yield that is equal to or greater than other standard screening tests and examinations. Thus, screening appears to be warranted.
Vicious circles : on the mathematics of non-wellfounded phenomena

Part I. Background: 1. Introduction 2. Background on set theory Part II. Vicious Circles: 3. Circularity in computer science 4. Circularity in philosophy 5. Circularity and paradox Part III. Basic Theory: 6. The solution dilemma 7. Bisimulation Part IV. Elementary applications: 8. Graphs 9. Modal logic 10. Streams 11. Games 12. Modeling the semantic paradoxes Part V. Further Theory: 13. Greatest fixed points 14. Uniform operators 15. Corecursion Part VI. Further Applications: 16. Some applications 17. Modeling partial information 18. Circularity and the notion of set 19. Conclusions and future directions.
Lapis philosophorum for Marcel

(1996). Lapis philosophorum for Marcel. Psychological Perspectives: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 33-33.
Rheology of synthetic latex: VI. The flow behavior of neoprene latex

Abstract The flow behavior of Neoprene Type 60 latex was investigated at 29.94°C. over a concentration range of 0–0.51 rubber volume fraction, v, and a shear stress range of F m = 30–800 dynes cm. 2 . Below v = 0.20 the latex was found to be Newtonian, whereas above this concentration it is non-Newtonian. The dependence of the relative viscosity, ηr, on v and Fm could be expressed by the modified Eilers equation ƞ = 1 + αυ 1 − βυ 2 where α = 1.541 and β = 1 + 0.02803 F m 0.4700 + 0.01567 F m . This equation was found to hold well in both the Newtonian and non-Newtonian concentration ranges investigated. The above equation yields for (η r − 1) v at infinite dilution 2.82 as against the theoretical Einstein value of 2.50. Again, extrapolation to ηr = ∞ shows that the viscosity goes to infinity at values of v = 0.55–0.61. These volume fractions are lower than those observed with GR-S latices, and indicate cubical rather than tetragonal or rhombohedral close packing. The extent of deviation of this latex from Newtonian behavior as a function of v and Fm has also been calculated. The deviations are the more pronounced the higher is the concentration and the lower the shear stress. Futhermore, no maxima have been observed in the curves down to F m = 30 dynes cm. 2 . This is another respect in which the flow behavior of Neoprene latex differs from that of GR-S latex.
Nonlinear optical systems for industrial inspection and biological imaging

In this presentation, we provide an overview of how real-time holographic processing in nonlinear photorefractive media, such as multiple quantum wells, can extract the coherent component of the scattered beam, resulting in the ability to image into otherwise translucent media.
High thermal dissipation of light emitting diodes by integrating thin film process and packaging technology

We report a brand new technique which is merged thin film fabrication process and packaging technology together to form the shortest thermal dissipation path of LED structure. The effective thermal resistance of the proposed LED was 3.54K/W, which is much better than that of the conventional one 10.8K/W and the operating current can be driven from original 230mA up to 800mA. These results indicate that the LED structure based on our work is useful in improving the performance by enabling great heat dissipation and have higher application potential than conventional one.
Effects of dietary broccoli and butylated hydroxyanisole on liver-mediated metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene

Groups of male Wistar rats were given either a basal diet or diets supplemented with 10 or 25% broccoli or 0.8% BHA. Liver fractions were assayed for cytochrome P-450, for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), glutathione-S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase activities and for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolism. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of liver microsomes was also performed. Mean relative liver weight in the BHA group was significantly higher than that of the control and 10% broccoli groups but not significantly higher than that of the 25% broccoli group. Gel electrophoresis of liver microsomes indicated a diet-dependent variation in intensity in a band that corresponded in mol wt to those of certain cytochrome P-450s. Diet-dependent increases (20–90% over control) in cytochrome P-450 and in the activities of AHH, glutathione-S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase were observed in livers from rats given broccoli-supplemented diets. Except for AHH activity, such increases also occurred in the group fed BHA. Analysis of BaP metabolites revealed that the proportion of 4,5-diol formed relative to the major diols identified was unchanged in the broccoli- or BHA-treated groups relative to the control group. The proportion of 9,10-diol formed was unchanged in the broccoli-fed groups but was significantly higher in the BHA group than in the control group. The proportion of cis and trans-7,8-diol formed was unchanged in both broccoli-fed groups but was significantly lower in the BHA group. In comparison with the control group, the ratio of phenol I (comprising primarily 9-OH-BaP) to total phenols (primarily 9-OH and 3-OH) was significantly decreased by about 30% in the 25%-broccoli group and by about 70% in the BHA group. Qualitative differences in the phenol-II peak (comprising 3-OH and 7-OH phenols) were also observed between samples from the controls and those of 25%-broccoli- and BHA-fed rats. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the effects of broccoli and BHA on benzo[a]pyrene toxicity.
A Hyperbranched Aromatic Fluoropolyester for Photonic Applications

A highly fluorinated hyperbranched aromatic polymer was prepared by a mild one-step polyesterification of an AB2 type monomer at room temperature using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridium 4-toluenesulfonate as the condensation agents. It was then postfunctionalized with thermally cross-linkable aromatic trifluorovinyl ethers to enhance its thermal and mechanical properties for optical waveguide applications. The cross-linked polymer exhibited low optical loss (0.58 dB/cm at 1310 nm) and high thermal stability with less than 5 wt % loss at 470 °C. The degree of branching, as determined by quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy, was found to be 0.50.
Raphael Pumpelly (1837–1923): Pioneering archaeological geologist in central Asia

The early twentieth century was a time of rapid expansion of field work in archaeological geology. During this time the connections between geology [especially stratigraphy (Gamio 1913) and geomorphology (Davis 1904)] and archaeology became apparent. Among those involved who made major archaeological contributions during this period was American geologist Raphael Pumpelly. His excavation at Anau in Turkmenistan was an exemplary example of a geologist with no training a experience in archaeology undertaking a successful and pioneering excavation in Central Asia. A similar situation occurred in China where Swedish geologist, Johan Gunnar Andersson, discovered and defined the Chinese Neolithic.
Chemical biology: Synthetic metabolism goes green.

An extension of synthetic biology to a medicinal plant involves the transfer of chlorination equipment from bacteria. This exercise adds implements to the enzymatic toolbox for generating natural products. See Letter p.461 Medicinal plants produce a variety of structurally complex, pharmaceutically important products, but generate relatively few halogenated compounds. Runguphan et al. remedy that omission by introducing the biosynthetic machinery responsible for chlorination in soil bacteria into the genome of the periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. The prokaryotic halogenases function within the plant cells to generate chlorinated tryptophan, which is then utilized by the monoterpene indole alkaloid metabolic pathways to yield chlorinated alkaloids.
Southern California Seismic Network Update

The authoritative region of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN) extends across southern California, from the U.S./Mexico international border to Coalinga and Owens Valley in central California (Figure 1). This area contains almost 20 million inhabitants, including two of the ten largest cities in the United States (Los Angeles and San Diego) and the two largest harbors (Los Angeles and Long Beach) in the nation. SCSN also reports on earthquakes in Baja California, which could potentially cause damage in the U.S. More than fifty earthquakes (not including aftershocks) are felt each year, and an average of 1.5 events per year are potentially damaging (magnitude greater than 5.0). Immediately after a moderate or large earthquake, SCSN provides information about the size, location, and distribution of ground shaking. Emergency managers use this information to coordinate rescue operations, guide inspectors in the search for damage, and satisfy the public's need for information. The historical record of earthquake occurrences in California is important to insurers, geotechnical engineers, and city planners.
The alternating offer bargaining method under uncertainty

The alternating offer model is a non-cooperative bargaining scheme that is examined by assuming that the players do not have complete information on the feasible payoff set, and each player makes offers based on his/her estimation on the Pareto frontier. The existence and uniqueness of a stationary fictitious subgame perfect equilibrium is proved under the assumption that the estimates of the Pareto frontier used by the two players are sufficiently close to each other. Some limit properties are also investigated. The results of the paper can be applied to both deterministic and stochastic cases.
El cuadro Appraisal [Evaluación] de Grant Wood: Donde convergen el arte folklórico y la cultura popular

En el cuadro del pintor Grant Wood, llamado Appraisal [Evaluacion] los paralelos entre las distintas transacciones de la pintura son un reflejo de las transformaciones socio-economicas que le subyacen. La representacion que Wood hace de dos mujeres involucradas en la compra-venta de gallinas de patio o granja refleja una transicion contemporanea (en ese entonces) de un sistema de produccion avicola familiar a uno industrial en fabricas, ya que la produccion avicola industrializada estaba apenas iniciandose. El contraste existente entre la ropa de las mujeres representa varias tensiones de la sociedad americana anterior a la segunda guerra mundial: campo versus ciudad; trabajo versus recreacion; produccion versus consumo; folklor versus cultura popular; tradicion versus modernizacion e identidad heredada versus identidad cultural. El cuadro sugiere que este cambio economico fundamental produjo no solamente una brecha cada vez mayor entre estilos de vida muy distintos, sino tambien una clara distincion entre modos de expresion y de representacion. Este articulo examina como el arte folklorico [visto a traves de la cultura material de la granja y el estilo “folklorico” de la pintura] y la cultura popular [vista en la ropa de moda de la mujer mas vieja y en el parecido de la escena a propagandas populares de la epoca] operan de maneras fundamentalmente distintas para expresar dos estilos de vida divergentes. La representacion de Wood de estilos de vida Americanos en proceso de extincion y de leyendas “consagradas” le toma el pelo a la nostalgia conspicua de una sociedad que, de hecho, estaba modernizando su modus vivendi con rapidez deliberada
A dual benefit of sacral neuromodulation.

Sacral neuromodulation is a therapeutic option for women with detrusor overactivity and more recently has been used in patients with fecal incontinence and slow-transit constipation. A 47-year-old ...
Children's perceptions of death: A look at the appropriateness of selected picture books

Abstract The authors review children's exposure to and perceptions of death to determine what an adult's role might be in interacting with children who have experienced death. They suggest that role might be to facilitate the development of children's understanding by selecting materials that present death in a manner appropriate to the children's level of perception and that encourage subsequent levels of perception. Six picture books, representative of available materials, are evaluated in terms of their appropriateness for dealing with the concept of death.
The Evolution of Community-School Bully Prevention Programs: Enabling Participatory Action Research

Community scientists must resist the temptation to “solve” an identified problem. Rather, they must partner with members of the community and transfer to them the knowledge and skills to understand and resolve their needs. This case-study reports a community’s efforts to reduce school-based bullying. Within a participatory-action approach, teachers, students, administrators and parents organized to assess the ways in which members of the school-community mistreated each other. Students bullying each other was part of a larger systemic pattern in which teachers bullied each other and, with unexpectedly serious consequences, their students. Through their active participation, members of the school-community engaged together in understanding and resolving the problem.
Exercise your amyloid.

The interplay of genetics and the environment in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not well understood. Now, Lazarov and coworkers (Lazarov et al., 2005 [this issue of Cell]) show that a simple paradigm of environmental enrichment alleviates amyloid burden and alters disease-associated gene expression changes in a double transgenic mouse model of AD.