cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EDP: a computer program for analysis of biotic interactions

Abstract Analyzing fossils for evidence of biotic interactions such as parasitism, commensalism, and predation can be accomplished using skeletal relationships (e.g. overlapping growth) on individual specimens and statistical information on populations of specimens. The latter approach provides information for use in larger scale paleocommunity analyses. This approach requires a large data set and extensive amounts of information management. The types of information that are needed include data concerning the identity of host and epibiont species, orientation of epibionts on hosts, position of encrustation, growth directions, region of occurrence, and associated fauna. We have written the Epibiont Digitizing Program (EDP) to collect the data necessary to study biotic interactions in the fossil record. The program is operator-interactive at all stages and versatile enough to allow modification depending upon the specific needs of the researcher.
Beyond Reasonable Doubt – a paradox of ideological immunity

Ideology criticism, like scepticism, calls into question the objective or justified status of beliefs. However, where scepticism only refutes, and never puts forward, a substantive claim about anything, the ideology critic must maintain some criterion for distinguishing ideas which support relations of domination from those that do not, in virtue of her criticism of a particular set of ideas as “ideological”. The trouble for the ideology critic is that the sceptical methods she deploys undermine any critical thesis, including her own. Thus, the theory of ideology tends to undercut ideology criticism with a fundamental problem of self-implication. This paper draws on the epistemological problem of the criterion to explain and define a basic problem of justification for the theory of ideology. A problem of self-implication is introduced in part one. I argue that the basis for ideology criticism inevitably succumbs to the very doubt it puts forward. I draw on various criticisms of ideology criticism to formulate a specific account of the basic, fundamental problem for the theory of ideology. I show how norms for ideology criticism are vulnerable to an Ancient sceptical problem for epistemic criteria, which brings the ideology critic to a dilemma: either (i) find independent grounds for criticism, immune to ideology, or (ii) show how ideology is self-undermining. Each horn of the dilemma is ideological.
An Empirical Examination of the Form of the Relationship Between Multinationality and Performance

This paper reports findings from a study that systematically evaluated the form of the relationship between multinationality and performance. In contrast to most of the prior conceptualizations that rely on linear, monotonic models of the linkage, this study examined a curvilinear model that addresses both the costs and benefits associated with multinationality. It used time-series techniques to capture both the static and dynamic components of the relationship. Results show that increasing levels of multinationality bring significant performance benefits up to a certain optimum level beyond which benefits begin to decelerate, while costs accelerate.
Cephalometric analysis of adaptations after lengthening of the masseter muscle in adult rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta.

Abstract This relationship between the function of the muscles of mastication and craniofacial form was investigated in young adult monkeys by increasing the functional length of the elevator muscles of the mandible non-invasively by a bite-opening splint cemented to the maxillary dentition. The major adaptations to increased vertical dimension were (1) marked superior and some anterior displacement of the maxillary complex, (2) dental intrusion and (3) rotation of the mandible. These alterations produced a shortening of the lengthened masseter muscle, i.e. a reduction in the amount of muscle stretch brought about by the appliance. Migration of the masseteric insertion along the ramus did not contribute significantly to the pattern of adaptation. The role of the masseter muscle in craniofacial adaptations to altered vertical dimension was determined by detaching and re-attaching the insertion of the masseter muscle in one group of experimental animals. The myotomized monkeys experienced significantly less anterior displacement of the maxilla than the non-myotomized monkeys, indicating that the surgery may have lessened some of the anteriorly-directed distracting forces of the lengthened masseter. Masseter myotomy alone was not sufficient to eliminate the vertically-directed distracting forces of the remainder of the mandibular elevator muscles brought about by increasing the vertical dimension of the lower face.
Land use - land cover conversion, regeneration and degradation in the high elevation Bolivian Andes

Regional land-cover change affects biodiversity, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles at local, watershed, and landscape scales. Developing countries are experiencing rapid land cover change, but assessment is often restricted by limited financial resources, accessibility, and historical data. The assessment of regional land cover patterns is often the first step in developing conservation and management plans. This study used remotely sensed land cover and topographic data (Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), supervised classification techniques, and spectral mixture analysis to characterize current landscape patterns and quantify land cover change from 1985 to 2003 in the Altiplano (2535–4671 m) and Intermediate Valley (Mountain) (1491–4623 m) physiographic zones in the Southeastern Bolivian Andes. Current land cover was mapped into six classes with an overall accuracy of 88% using traditional classification techniques and limited field data. The land cover change analysis showed that extensive deforestation, desertification, and agricultural expansion at a regional scale occurred in the last 20 years (17.3% of the Mountain Zone and 7.2% of the Altiplano). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) indicated that communal rangeland degradation has also occurred, with increases in soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation fractions in most cover classes. SMA also identified local areas with intensive management activities that are changing differently from the overall region (e.g., localized areas of increased green vegetation). This indicates that actions of local communities, governments, and environmental managers can moderate the potentially severe future changes implied by the results of this study.
Observations on the Social Behavior of Hens Following Debeaking

Abstract GUHL and Allee (1944) observed that organized flocks of hens showed greater survival value, as measured by gain in weight and egg production, than flocks undergoing constant reorganization. Extrapolation from these experiments suggested that flocks lacking social tensions, i.e., non-fighting, non-pecking groups, might evidence even greater survival values. In the search for such a flock the debeaking experiments reported herein were performed. Grapevine information had suggested that debeaking might provide the desired experimental situation. Mature White Leghorn hens were debeaked with an electric debeaker. The practice was to remove half or more of the upper beak leaving a stump of from 1 to 10 mm. Investigation of the possible effect of debeaking on social behavior was approached from three directions; namely, (1) comparison of flock formation in debeaked and normal hens, (2) debeaking of alpha hens of organized flocks, and (3) paired fights between debeaked and normal hens. Flock formation . . .
Public proper names and idiolectal identifying descriptions

Direct reference theorists tell us that proper names have no semantic value other than their bearers, and that the connection between name and bearer is unmediated by descriptions or descriptive information. And yet, these theorists also acknowledge that we produce our name-containing utterances with descriptions on our minds. After arguing that direct reference proponents have failed to give descriptions their due, I show that appeal to speaker-associated descriptions is required if the direct reference portrayal of speakers wielding and referring with public names is to succeed.
Heat- and fluid-flow phenomena in weld pools

A mathematical formulation is presented for the transient development of the fluid-flow field and the temperature field in a liquid pool, generated by a spatially variable heat flux falling on an initially solid metal block. This physical situation is an idealized representation of a TIG (tungsten-inert-gas) welding process. In the formulation allowance is made for electromagnetic, buoyancy and surface forces and the resultant equations are solved numerically.It is found that both the convective flow field and the temperature field are markedly affected by the nature of the heat flux and the flux of electric current falling on the free surface.In the absence of surface-tension effects a broadly distributed heat flux and corresponding current distribution cause a situation where both electromagnetic and buoyancy forces are important in determining the fluid-flow field; however, in these systems the fluid-flow field does not play a significant role in defining the heat-transfer process. In contrast, a sharply focused heat flux and current density on the free surface give rise to strong electromagnetically driven flows, which play an important role in determining the shape of the weld pool.Calculations are also done exploring the effect of surface-tension-driven flows. It is found that surface-tension gradients may produce quite high surface velocities and can have a profound effect on determining the weld-pool shape.
Microenvironmental factors associated with the winter habitat of the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Central California

Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.), cluster on trees in areas with little wind, low light levels, and low solar radiation. Butterflies move readily among trees within an overwintering grove, and their movements seem to be associated with wind direction and velocity. Avoidance of wind appears to be the key environmental factor that affects roosting behavior.
The loss of the noun glass system in Akan

Abstract Synchronic Akan has a nominal prefix system which shows that the language once had a noun class system. This observation is supported by genetic, morphological, morphosyntactic and semantic evidence. However, unlike the Bantu languages, there is conclusive proof to show that the noun class system in Akan has decayed. From the current state of the language it is argued that a new noun classification system may be emerging which is built around the plural marking system.
Glomerular and tubular function in young adults treated with stem-cell transplantation in childhood

We evaluated renal function at a median follow-up of 18 (range 10.3-22.1) years after total body irradiation in 18 patients treated with stem-cell transplantation (SCT) (autologous SCT in 15 and allogeneic SCT in three) for hematologic malignancies and compared them with 18 healthy controls. No patient had chronic graft-versus-host disease. We found no difference in glomerular filtration rate estimated from cystatin C (105 vs 111 ml/min/1.73 m(2), p = 0.28). Patients had higher albumin excretion (0.8 vs 0.4 mg/mmol, p = 0.001), but no patient had overt albuminuria (>200 mg/L). Patients had higher diastolic blood pressure (74 vs 67 mmHg, p = 0.003). Two patients (11%) had hypertension. Patients had lower tubular reabsorption of phosphate (0.78 vs 0.91 mmol/L, p = 0.014) and higher excretion of alpha-1-microglobulin (AMG/urine creatinine, 0.4 vs 0.25 mg/mmol, p = 0.038), which correlated with time after SCT (r = 0.6, p = 0.01). We found no difference in fractional excretion (FE) of other electrolytes, amino acid excretion, or urine osmolality. We conclude that renal function was relatively well preserved at a median follow-up of 18 years after childhood SCT. The higher albumin excretion in our patients is of concern, as is the association between excretion of AMG and time after SCT, suggesting that both glomerular and tubular function may deteriorate further.
A General Method for Stereo- and Regio- Specific Oxyamination of Olefins

Abstract A new synthetic method for stereo and regiospecific oxyamination of olefins is described.
COMBINED HORMONAL THERAPY MAY DECREASE THE TIME NEEDED FOR INDUCTION OF LUNG SURFACTANT PRODUCTION

Top of pageAbstract Failure to induce fetal lung maturation and prevent RDS after maternal administration of corticosteroids, is sometimes due to delivery of the fetus before 48 h have elapsed after maternal injection. Recent evidence suggests that combinations of hormones such as corticosteroids and thyroid hormones have an additive effect on the induction of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the use of combined therapy with betamethasone (beta) and triiodothyronine (T3) would elicit a faster induction of surfactant production in the fetal rat. Timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with betamethasone (1 mg/kg), T3 (7 mg/kg) or both, at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, or 48 h prior to, day 20 of gestation. These doses (administered to the mother), were previously shown to be optimal for stimulation of surfactant synthesis in the fetal rat. On day 20 all the fetuses were delivered, the lungs were removed and the rate of choline incorporation into PC was determined in lung minces. The 36 h value obtained with beta alone was not significantly different from the control, whereas the T3 + beta value was. At present, however, the difference between the 36 h combination and beta groups has not achieved statistical significance. After 48 h the difference between the 2 groups was greater (beta 26.0±10.9% stimulation, T3 + beta 56.0±9.6%). The use of combined hormonal therapy may decrease the time required for induction of lung surfactant production.
Polybrominated biphenyls: inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes and type A cytochrome P450 in the rat.

A flame retardant used in the textile industry, known as FireMaster PB‐6, consists of a mixture of polybrominated biphenyl isomers (PBBs) with the following reported percentage isomeric composition of various brominated biphenyis: tetrabromo, 2.0; pentabromo, 10.6; hexabromo, about 63; heptabromo, 13.2; and the remainder unidentified. Although these chemicals possess a low acute toxicity (the LD50 for rats is 21.5 g/kg), recent episodes of accidental ingestion indicate a possible high chronic toxicity. To evaluate the subchronic toxicity of PBB, rats were fed diets containing 0, 1, or 50 ppm of the PBB mixture. In the first experiment animals were killed every 5 days for 3 wk, while all animals in the second experiment were killed after 3 wk of consuming the experimental diets. The influence of PPBs was studied by determining weight gain, feed efficiency, relative liver weight (RLW), and the following hepatic parameters: microsomal enzyme activities (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxyiase, N‐ and O‐demethylase), mi...
An Analysis of Treatment Patterns: A Case Study on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Workers' compensation is a form of medical insurance provided by employers to their employees. Workers' compensation databases have a complete picture of each case, including treatments, treatment costs, and treatment duration, and analyzing their data can be extremely helpful to identify patterns and possibly determine the correlation between diseases and treatments and also the correlation between different treatments. These correlations have several benefits, including the decrease in insurance costs, by making the process of authorization more accurate and less wasteful. Also, patterns enable prediction, which may help insurance companies to estimate costs and to detect irregularities and/or special cases, which may last longer or consume more resources. One problem in analyzing such data is the fact that medical information is not precise, e.g., different codes can be used for similar procedures. However, although not precise, the relationship between diseases and treatments seem to have some consistency, which might enable the correlation. In this paper, we present a method for analyzing workers' compensation data to obtain information on correlation among diseases, treatments and expected costs. We present a study on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome to show that consistency enables prediction and the development of guidelines for treatment authorization.
The development of PIPA: an integrated and automated pipeline for genome-wide protein function annotation

Automated protein function prediction methods are needed to keep pace with high-throughput sequencing. With the existence of many programs and databases for inferring different protein functions, a pipeline that properly integrates these resources will benefit from the advantages of each method. However, integrated systems usually do not provide mechanisms to generate customized databases to predict particular protein functions. Here, we describe a tool termed PIPA (Pipeline for Protein Annotation) that has these capabilities. PIPA annotates protein functions by combining the results of multiple programs and databases, such as InterPro and the Conserved Domains Database, into common Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The major algorithms implemented in PIPA are: (1) a profile database generation algorithm, which generates customized profile databases to predict particular protein functions, (2) an automated ontology mapping generation algorithm, which maps various classification schemes into GO, and (3) a consensus algorithm to reconcile annotations from the integrated programs and databases. PIPA's profile generation algorithm is employed to construct the enzyme profile database CatFam, which predicts catalytic functions described by Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers. Validation tests show that CatFam yields average recall and precision larger than 95.0%. CatFam is integrated with PIPA. We use an association rule mining algorithm to automatically generate mappings between terms of two ontologies from annotated sample proteins. Incorporating the ontologies' hierarchical topology into the algorithm increases the number of generated mappings. In particular, it generates 40.0% additional mappings from the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) to EC numbers and a six-fold increase in mappings from COG to GO terms. The mappings to EC numbers show a very high precision (99.8%) and recall (96.6%), while the mappings to GO terms show moderate precision (80.0%) and low recall (33.0%). Our consensus algorithm for GO annotation is based on the computation and propagation of likelihood scores associated with GO terms. The test results suggest that, for a given recall, the application of the consensus algorithm yields higher precision than when consensus is not used. The algorithms implemented in PIPA provide automated genome-wide protein function annotation based on reconciled predictions from multiple resources.
GENERAL ACID-BASE CATALYSIS OF CARBONYL AND ACYL GROUP REACTIONS*

Abstract The addition of thiols to the carbonyl group illustrates most of the range of mechanisms of general acid-base catalysis that are available for reactions of carbonyl and acyl groups. Strongly basic thiol anions add without significant acid catalysis to form an anionic intermediate T − , which abstracts a proton from water to give the hemi-thioacetal in a subsequent fast step. Methyl mercaptoacetate anion generates a less stable intermediate, T − , and exhibits catalysis through trapping by rate-determining stepwise protonation of this intermediate. Less basic thiol anions exhibit general acid catalysis by hydrogen bonding of HA to the carbonyl oxygen atom in the transition state, which becomes significant largely because of the short lifetime of the intermediate. General acid catalysis of the addition of RSH may represent concerted catalysis that is enforced by the nonexistence of the “intermediate” T ± .
Performance modeling of bufferless WDM packet switching networks with wavelength conversion

In this paper, we study the performance of bufferless optical WDM packet switching networks with various wavelength conversion degrees. We first introduce an optimal scheduling algorithm that maximizes the network throughput in this type of network. We then derive a novel analytical model to evaluate the network performance in terms of packet loss probability under the scheduling algorithm for Bernoulli traffic. Our model is the first accurate analytical model for bufferless WDM packet switching with variable conversion degrees and can be used to quantitatively determine the minimum wavelength conversion degree required for a certain traffic load. We also conducted simulations to validate the analytical model. Both the analytical and simulation results reveal that limited range wavelength conversion can achieve almost the same network performance as full wavelength conversion.
Very-high-order harmonic generation from Ar atoms and Ar + ions in superintense pulsed laser fields: An ab initio self-interaction-free time-dependent density-functional approach

We present an ab initio nonpertubative investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the production of very-high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from Ar atoms and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ ions by means of the self-interaction-free time-dependent density-functional theory recently developed. Further, by introducing an effective charge concept, we can study at which laser intensity the contribution to the high-energy HHG from ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ ions precede over the Ar atoms. Comparing the HHG behavior from Ar atoms and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ ions in the superintense laser field, we conclude that the high-energy HHG observed in the recent experiment originated from the ionized Ar atoms.
Diet and Serum Carotenoid Concentrations Affect Macular Pigment Optical Density in Adults 45 Years and Older

The dietary carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are the principal components of macular pigment (MP). Protection of the central retina by MP is suggested, but data are limited. Dietary practices and serum carotenoid concentrations were investigated in 98 adults, 45-73 y old, in relation to MP. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured at 4 loci: 10 min (10', 30 min (30'), 60 min (60'), and 120 min (120') retinal eccentricity. Serum L + Z concentrations in fasting subjects were correlated with MPOD: 10' (r = 0.29, P = 0.008), 30' (r = 0.342, P = 0.0006), and 60' (r = 0.73, P = 0.001) eccentricity. Dietary L + Z was positively correlated with MPOD: 10' (r = 0.24, P = 0.02), 30' (r = 0.237, P = 0.02), 60' (r = 0.27, P = 0.009), and 120' (r = 0.25, P = 0.02) eccentricity. The lowest fruit and vegetable consumers had lower MPOD at 30' (P = 0.01), 60' (P = 0.03), and 120' (P = 0.006) eccentricity compared with the highest consumers. Based on age quartiles (45-49 y), (50-55 y), (56-61 y), and (62-74 y), the youngest and oldest had higher MPOD than those 56-61 y at 60' (P /= 27, those with a BMI < 27 had higher serum concentrations of beta-carotene (P = 0.002), and higher MPOD at 60' (P = 0.04) and 120' (P = 0.01). These findings suggest that carotenoid-rich diets and serum carotenoids positively contribute to MP status.
On the computational complexity of Longeley's H functional

Longley discovered a functional H that, when added to PCF, yields a language that computes exactly SR, the sequentially realizable functionals of van Oosten. We show that if P ≠ NP, then the computational complexity of H (and of similar SR-functionals) is inherently infeasible.
Liquidity, Uncertainty, and the Declining Predictive Power of the Paper-Bill Spread

The spread between the yields on six-month commercial paper and six-month Treasury bills (the paper-bill spread) has been shown to be a good predictor of macroeconomic variables such as GDP and real income, at least through the mid-1980s. In this working paper, Ferderer, Vogt, and Chahil explore reasons why this variable yielded such predictive power in the past and evidence of why its predictive power has waned.
Multi-scale Graphical Models for Spatio-Temporal Processes

Learning the dependency structure between spatially distributed observations of a spatio-temporal process is an important problem in many fields such as geology, geophysics, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, etc.. However, estimation of such systems is complicated by the fact that they exhibit dynamics at multiple scales of space and time arising due to a combination of diffusion and convection/advection [17]. As we show, time-series graphical models based on vector auto-regressive processes[18] are inefficient in capturing such multi-scale structure. In this paper, we present a hierarchical graphical model with physically derived priors that better represents the multi-scale character of these dynamical systems. We also propose algorithms to efficiently estimate the interaction structure from data. We demonstrate results on a general class of problems arising in exploration geophysics by discovering graphical structure that is physically meaningful and provide evidence of its advantages over alternative approaches.
The effects of xenobiotics on the structure and function of thyroid follicular and C-cells.

The mammalian thyroid gland is composed of 2 distinct endocrine cell populations concerned with the synthesis of 2 different classes of hormones. Follicular cells secrete the metabolically active iodothyronines whereas the C- (parafollicular) cells are concerned with the production of calcitonin, a hormone that influences blood levels of calcium and phosphorus, and bone cell metabolism. The synthesis of metabolic thyroid hormones is different than in other endocrine glands because the final assembly of hormone occurs within the follicular lumen. This extracellular synthesis of thyroid hormones is made possible by thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein synthesized by follicular cells. The secretion of thyroid hormones under the influence of pituitary thyrotrophin (TSH) from stores in the luminal colloid is initiated by elongation of microvilli and formation of pseudopods. FD&C Red No. 3 is a tetraiodinated derivative of fluorescein which in lifetime studies increases the incidence of thyroid follicular cell adenoma...
Detection of antibodies in acid eluates with the gel microcolumn assay

BACKGROUND : Gel microcolumns can be used to detect unexpected serum antibodies and to determine ABO blood group and Rh phenotype. DATs can also be performed with this system. The purpose of this study was to compare the gel microcolumn to the tube IAT using anti-IgG for the detection of antibodies eluted from RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Acid eluates were prepared from 30 peripheral blood and 41 umbilical cord blood samples. Twelve of the 71 eluates made were from control samples (known DAT negative). Specificities of eluted antibodies were determined by both tube and gel assays with a three-cell screen plus A 1 and B cells, as determined by blood type. RESULTS : Ten of 30 peripheral blood eluates were reactive in both assays. Eighteen were nonreactive in both assays, and two from patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia were reactive by gel assays and nonreactive by tube assays. Thirty three of the 41 cord blood eluates were reactive in both assays. Eluates from 2 of the 35 DAT-positive samples reacted with A 1 and B cells by the tube method but were nonreactive by the gel method. Of the 33 cord blood eluates that were reactive by both assays, antibody specificity differed for two samples. When tested by tube assay, these eluates reacted with both A 1 and B cells, whereas the same eluates tested by gel assay showed one reacting with only A 1 cells and the other with only B cells. CONCLUSION S: Results of testing eluates in gel assays were similar to those obtained in tube assays. The gel assays may be better at detecting antibodies eluted from RBCs from patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and tube assays may be better at detecting isohemagglutinins eluted from umbilical cord blood.
Characteristics of the Cholesterol-Esterifying Activity in Normal and Atherosclerotic Rabbit Aortas

Esterification of cholesterol with [1-14C]palmityl-CoA by an atherosclerotic cell-free homogenate was approximately 16-50-fold greater than that by a normal cell-free homogenate for a given amount of protein in the homogenate. This difference was due to hyperactivity of the cholesterol-esterifying system in the atherosclerotic cell-free homogenate rather than to depletion of radioactive palmityl-CoA in the reaction mixture containing normal homogenate. Neither an activator of cholesterol esterification in the soluble fraction of the atherosclerotic aortic homogenate nor an inhibitor in the soluble fraction of the normal aortic homogenate could be demonstrated. The pH optimum within the pH range covered for esterification and the apparent Km values were approximately the same in normal and atherosclerotic microsomes, suggesting that the enzymes were probably the same. The results suggested a higher concentration or a higher activity of the enzyme in or on atherosclerotic microsomes. An alternative possibil...
A thermomechanical constitutive theory for elastic composites with distributed damage. II: Application to matrix cracking in laminated composites

Abstract A continuum mechanics approach is utilized herein to develop a model for predicting the thermomechanical constitution of initially elastic composites subjected to both monotonic and cyclic fatigue loading. In this model the damage is characterized by a set of second-order tensor valued internal state variables representing locally averaged measures of specific damage states such as matrix cracks, fiber-matrix debonding, interlaminar cracking, or any other damage state. Locally averaged history dependent constitutive equations are constructed utilizing constraints imposed from thermodynamics with internal state variables. In Part I the thermodynamics with internal state variables was constructed and it was shown that suitable definitions of the locally averaged field variables led to useful thermodynamic constraints on a local scale containing statistically homogeneous damage. Based on this result the Helmholtz free energy was then expanded in a Taylor series in terms of strain, temperature, and the internal state variables to obtain the stress-strain relation for composites with damage. In Part II, the three-dimensional tensor equations from Part I are simplified using symmetry constraints. After introducing engineering notation and expressing the constitutive equations in the standard laminate coordinate system, a specialized constitutive model is developed for the case of matrix cracks only. The potential of the model to predict degradation of effective stiffness components is demonstrated by solving the problem of transverse matrix cracks in the 90° layer of several crossply laminates. To solve the example problems, the undamaged moduli are determined from experimental data. The internal state variable for matrix cracking is then related to the strain energy release rate due to cracking by utilizing linear elastic fracture mechanics. These values are then utilized as input to a modified laminate analysis scheme to predict effective stiffnesses in a variety of crossply laminates. The values of effective (damage degraded) stiffnesses predicted by the constitutive model are in agreement with experimental results. The agreement obtained in these example problems, while limited to transverse matrix cracks only, demonstrates the potential of the constitutive model to predict degraded stiffnesses.
On the metallic nature of heavily doped polyacetylene

Summary form only given. We propose a new model for the metal-insulator phase transition from insulating charged soliton lattice to a novel metallic state. The phase transition is second order and driven by the formation of a new type of charge carrier involving polaron-soloton hybrid. This model may explain many aspects of the experimental results including infrared, transport, and magnetic properties.
Philosophy of science in doctoral nursing education revisited

Because every scientific theory and all research methods are tied to some philosophical framework, it is important that scientists within a given discipline be aware of the philosophical orientations that serve as the basis for developing theory and advancing knowledge. Nurse scientists have been challenged recently to examine the discipline's philosophical underpinnings in order to understand the evolutionary process of nursing science. The inclusion of the study of philosophy of science in doctoral nursing curriculum has remained a topic of periodic discourse. Whereas some assert that it promotes the essential process of philosophical reflection necessary for scientific exploration of relevant phenomenon, others contend that nurse scientists' preoccupation with this issue has diverted their attention from the real business of nursing science--that of knowledge development that will lead to legitimization of nursing as a discipline. Philosophy of science provides a useful frame of reference in which to appreciate the unfolding of nursing as a discipline. It should not be viewed as a distraction but rather a critical step in the transformation of the doctoral student into a productive nurse scientist. Doctoral programs remain the most logical place in which to educate future scholars regarding nursing's unique philosophical foundations and their implications for scientific inquiry and continued knowledge development. Creating and maintaining liaisons between nursing and philosophy departments--as well as requiring courses that emphasize the interrelationships among philosophy of science, nursing theory, and nursing research--are just a few of the strategies whereby doctoral programs can actively promote advancement of the discipline.
Comparison between infrared-image-based and visible-image-based approaches for pedestrian detection

In order to improve the safety of night driving, automatic pedestrian detection has received more and more attraction. Since reliability is the most important issue in these systems, multi-dimensional-feature-based segmentation and classification needs to be introduced, and each axis should be efficient and be as much independent (to each other) as possible. To choose effective multi-dimensional features for infrared-image-based detection, the paper first investigates the possibilities of reusing available features for visible images by analyzing the different properties of infrared images and visible images. To take advantage of unique properties of infrared images, we propose the following novel features: special projection feature for segmentation, and two-axis pixel-distribution feature for classification. The segmentation based on new features does not depend on many assumptions and is shape-independent, thus avoiding brute-force multiple templates and multi-scale pyramid searching. The novel classification features include histogram feature and inertial feature that are independent and complimentary, thus the two-dimensional fusion-based classification significantly improves detection accuracy. These proposed features are independent from conventional pixel-array feature, and can be further fused with other general pedestrian detection features to improve simplicity, speed, and reliability.
The Cadherin-11 Cytoplasmic Juxtamembrane Domain Promotes α-Catenin Turnover at Adherens Junctions and Intercellular Motility

Cadherins mediate homophilic cell adhesion and contribute to tissue morphogenesis and architecture. Cadherin cell adhesion contacts are actively remodeled and impact cell movement and migration over other cells. We found that expression of a mutant cadherin-11 lacking the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane domain (JMD) diminished the turnover of alpha-catenin at adherens junctions as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. This resulted in markedly diminished cell intercalation into monolayers reflecting reduced cadherin-11-dependent cell motility on other cells. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeleton in cadherin-11 deltaJMD cells revealed a more extensive cortical F-actin ring that correlated with significantly higher levels of activated Rac1. Together, these data implicate the cadherin-11 cytoplasmic JMD as a regulator of alpha-catenin turnover at adherens junctions and actin-cytoskeletal organization that is critical for intercellular motility and rearrangement in multicellular clusters.
Effect of 17β-Estradiol in Vitro on the Template Capacity of Uterine Chromatin

The capacity of chromatin purified from uteri and lungs of untreated ovariectomized rats to serve as a template for DNAdependent RNA polymerase increases during a 12-hr period of in vitro preincubation at 37 C. This increase is markedly enhanced in uterine (but not in lung) chromatin by the presence of 5 μM 17β-estradiol (but not 17α-estradiol). (Endocrinology 80: 536, 1967)
Oligomeric structure of a simian virus 40 T antigen in free form and bound to DNA.

Abstract The structure of the D2 protein, a polypeptide structurally and functionally related to the simian virus 40 large T antigen, was examined by electron microscopy. The observed size of the protein indicates that it most commonly exists as a tetrameric assembly of its 107,000 M r monomer. In addition to the tetramers, both monomers and dodecamers are seen. Binding of D2 protein to a fragment of simian virus 40 DNA was found to occur preferentially at the origin of replication. The major binding species of the protein is the tetramer.
Abstract 224: Strength of Evidence for Cardiovascular Devices Approved by the FDA's Humanitarian Device Exemption Pathway

Introduction: Cardiovascular devices have important benefits on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart disease. High-risk devices must show evidence of safety and effectiveness to receive Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. However, the FDA’s Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE) pathway regulates devices which are intended to benefit patients by treating or diagnosing a disease or condition that affects fewer than 4,000 U.S. patients annually, and this pathway does not require evidence of effectiveness. We aimed to characterize the type and quality of evidence on which FDA HDE approval for cardiovascular devices is based. Methods: We performed a systematic review of all cardiovascular devices that have received HDE approval from 1999-2013. We analyzed the FDA’s “Summary of Safety and Probable Benefit” for these devices and examined the studies and primary endpoints for methodological characteristics considered essential to minimize confounding and bias. Results: Twelve cardiovascular devices have received FDA HDE approval. Eighteen studies form the basis of the clinical evidence justifying approval for these twelve devices. None of the eighteen studies used to support FDA HDE approval were randomized and none were blinded. One trial (6%) compared the study population to controls, and those controls were retrospectively chosen. Twelve studies (67%) stated the mean age of patients. Ten studies (56%) stated the sex distribution. Four studies (22%) looked for differences in device safety or efficacy by sex. Five (28%) studies clearly stated a primary endpoint, and one of the five (20%) employed surrogate measures for the primary endpoint. Three of the twelve devices (25%) were reviewed by the Circulatory System Devices Panel prior to FDA HDE approval. Conclusions: HDE cardiovascular devices used to treat patients with heart disease are commonly approved without randomized studies or control groups. Primary endpoints are not often clearly delineated in HDE studies. As there may be limited data before approval, it is important to monitor the post-market safety and effectiveness of these high-risk devices.
Crossing the Bridge to Swaziland: Results of a Transformative Field Experience

0 0 1 100 559 Cabrini College 9 3 656 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} Crossing the Bridge to Swaziland presents the story of five pre-service teachers and their faculty mentors who traveled to St. Philips Mission, Swaziland in January 2014. There they worked collaboratively with Swazi teachers and staff running a week long camp with a business basics and motivational theme, for teenaged orphans and vulnerable children. The cultural immersion and teaching experience in Swaziland had a profound effect on students’ confidence and competence working with English Language Learners, their faith in the power of cross-cultural relationships and their conviction that they can make a difference in the lives of their students.
Still Reading Women's Magazines: Reconsidering the Tradition a Half Century after The Feminine Mystique

Abstract Among America's most popular media, women's magazines have long received widespread critique—both inside and outside academia, and not least from women themselves. Since the 1960s, critical discussion has fallen into three basic camps. This article maps those perspectives, and elucidates a fourth position, which theorizes the eclectic nature of the American women's magazine as a hallmark of the form and keynote of its social identity from the very start of the tradition. Seeing the women's magazine as a magazine, a miscellany, this article demonstrates the ways the inherent dynamics of the form have offered a wider range of gender discourse and reader opportunities throughout its history than many previous analyses have allowed. The article offers afresh and potentially generative vision of the form in American history, while it also helps explain the ongoing vitality of both the multiple strains of critique and of avid audiences, despite dramatic changes in media options and middle-class women's...
Renewable Resource Monomers and Polymers

Until the beginning of the ninteenth century, it was generally accepted that organic compounds could only be produced in living organisms. A special “vital force” was believed essential for the synthesis of complex organic compounds. Friedrich Wohler, in 1828, heated the inorganic substance ammonium cyanate to form the well known organic compound urea. This discovery is considered by many to mark the beginning of modern synthetic organic chemistry. The development of large quantities of inexpensive “black gold”, petroleum technology (including cosmics, drugs, and plastics), allowed the emergence of a society based on synthetic materials. These two “happenings” coupled to minimize the impact of natural, renewable resources on our current society. With the exceptions of the traditional materials leather, cellulose, and wool, and to a small extent silk and natural rubber, modern society is devoid of large scale uses of renewable resource polymers.
The perception of flicker and glare on computer CRT displays.

Subjects rated their discomfort due to direct glare, reflected glare, and flicker while viewing a CRT display under various conditions of ambient illuminance, video luminance, and video polarity. T...
Habitat Type and Seasonal Effects on the Distribution and Density of Plecoptera in Ozark Streams, Arkansas

Plecoptera nymphs were collected from coarse woody debris (CWD) and benthic habitats from the White River, Illinois River, and Clear Creek of Northwest Arkansas from February 1991 through February 1992. Two-way analysis of variance comparing habitat type and season showed significant main effects. Densities were significantly greater in benthic habitats than on CWD and greater during winter and spring than during summer and fall. Significant two-way interactions were found between habitat type and season. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant relationship among the seasonal density of winter stoneflies and flow rate, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen; densities increased as water temperature decreased and as dissolved oxygen concentration and flow rate increased. Densities of stonefly species with slow univoltine, semivoltine, or fast univoltine spring and summer life cycles showed no significant relationship with these factors. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that most species inhabiting coarse woody debris are found on wood with loose bark or wood that is well decayed and has many interstitial spaces. Prostoia completa (Walker) was the only species whose abundance was influenced by the volume of biofilm present on CWD and increased biofilm volume led to increased density. These results suggest that benthic habitats are preferred by most species of Plecoptera, but that CWD may also be an important habitat type for some species.
Angiographic Differentiation of Thoracic Aneurysms and Neoplasms

The distinction between nondissecting aneuryms of the thoracic aorta and thoracic neoplasms may be difficult. The aortographic findings associated with aneurysms may be subtle. However, when the aortogram is properly performed and interpreted and the findings correlated with the plain chest roentgenograms the distinction between aneurysms and neoplasms may be made consistently. The thoracic aortogram should be filmed in at least 2 projections and abdominal aortography and ultrasonography should be performed. With aneurysms the aortographic signs include widening (often slight) of the aortic lumen, thickening of the aortic wall, small ulcer-like collections of contrast and non-filling of regional intercostal arteries. With neoplasms none of these radiological features is to be anticipated, while the aorta will be normal, displaced or narrowed.
Does RIDDLE-NSTEMI Provide an Answer to the Timing of ACS Therapy?

Despite the progress made over the past several decades, coronary artery disease remains one of the most significant health issues worldwide. Data in 2012 from the American Heart Association estimated coronary artery disease prevalence to be 15.5 million or 6.2% of U.S. adults older than 20 years of
Revisiting the Right to Do Wrong

ABSTRACTRights to do wrong are not necessary even within the framework of interest-based rights aimed at preserving autonomy (contra Waldron, Enoch, and Herstein). Agents can make morally significant choices and develop their moral character without a right to do wrong, so long as we allow that there can be moral variation within the set of actions that an agent is permitted to perform. Agents can also engage in non-trivial self-constitution in choosing between morally indifferent options, so long as there is adequate non-moral variation among the alternatives. The stubborn intuition that individuals have a right to do wrong in some cases can be explained as stemming from a cautionary principle motivated by the asymmetry between the risk of wrongly interfering and that of refraining from interfering.
Epidemiological investigation of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Zengcheng,2011

Objective To study the epidemiological and etiologic features of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in Zengcheng,Guangzhou,2011.Methods The cases of HFMD in Zengcheng 2011 were obtained from the National Disease Reporting Information System.Descriptive epidemiological method and SPSS13.0 were used for analysis.Results A total of 5327 HFMD cases were reported,in which 3 cases were severe.There was no death case reported.The incidence of HFMD in the Xintang towns with a high population density and fluidity was higher than the other towns (χ～2=9.414,P0.01).There was a remarkable seasonality in the disease incidence,and the peak season was May to July.The incidence of HFMD in children under 6 years old was significantly higher than tthe other age group (χ～2=31004.069,P0.01).The incidence rate in male was significantly higher than the female (χ～2=252.186,P0.01).Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) was the major cause of HFMD.Conclusions The incidence of HFMD is correlated with age and season.EV71 is the main pathogen causing HFMD.Effective health education and isolation of the patients are critical for prevention and therapy.