cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Organization and Financing of Social Protection

It is a pleasure to be able to speak with you today. One of the major successes of the 20th century is increased longevity and improved health among older populations in both the industrialized nations and, increasingly, in many parts of the developing world. A related success is that persons who are born with a disability or later acquire one also have a better chance of leading a productive and satisfying life than ever before in history.
Exceeding ohmic scaling by more than one order of magnitude with a 3D ion concentration polarization system

We report an ion concentration polarization (CP) system that exceeds ohmic scaling, a barrier that has stood for more than four decades, by more than one order of magnitude. CP is used in many important applications, including the enrichment of trace analytes in microfluidic systems and water purification by electrodialysis. The mechanisms that control the current through these systems have been largely discovered, but the reduced currents and loss of efficiency imparted by the high resistance of the CP ion depleted zone have not been overcome. To obtain high currents, an ion permselective element with a microscale cross-section is interfaced with a macroscale reservoir. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and microparticle tracking velocimetry (μ-PTV) are used to characterize the depleted zone that emanates vertically from the CP inducing nanoporous gel into the macroscale reservoir. The shape and growth of the depleted zone and velocity in the surrounding bulk solution are consistent with natural convection being the driver of the depleted zone morphology and eliminating the high resistance created by the depleted zone in 1D and 2D systems. Once the resistance of the depleted zone is negated, the high currents are hypothesized to result from enhancement of counter-ion concentration in the nanoporous gel-filled microchannel. In contrast with conventional systems, the current increases monotonically and remains stable at a high quasi-steady level in the reported systems. These results may be used to increase the efficiency and performance of future devices that utilize CP, while the ability to collect purified water with this geometry is demonstrated.
Joint Nonlinear Sparse Error Correction for Robust State Estimation

We study joint nonlinear state estimation with multi-period measurement vectors that are potentially corrupted by sparse gross errors. We consider a nonlinear sparse optimization formulation for joint sparse error correction and robust state estimation in a nonlinear sensing system wherein we exploit the sparsity and short-term invariance properties of gross error locations. We introduce a sequential convex approximation approach that can be used to solve the nonlinear sparse optimization problem with a convergence guarantee. We derive a necessary rank condition that identifiable gross error matrix should satisfy. Then, we present an identifiability-aware version of the proposed algorithm wherein we exploit the aforementioned identifiability condition to improve the accuracy of gross error localization. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach by applying it to power system nonlinear state estimation of IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus networks.
Efficient and Simplified Parallel Graph Processing over CPU and MIC

Intel Xeon Phi (MIC architecture) is a relatively new accelerator chip, which combines large-scale shared memory parallelism with wide SIMD lanes. Mapping applications on anode with such an architecture to achieve high parallel efficiency's a major challenge. In this paper, we focus on developing system for heterogeneous graph processing, which is able to utilize both a many-core Xeon Phi and a multi-core CPU ozone node. We propose a simple programming API with unintuitive interface for expressing SIMD parallelism. We develop efficient techniques for supporting our high-level API, focusing on exploiting wide SIMD lanes, massive number of cores, and partitioning of the work across CPU and accelerator, while handling the irregularity of graph applications. The components of our runtime system include a condensed static memory buffer, which supports efficient message insertion and SIMD message reduction while keeping memory requirements low, and specifically formic, a pipelining scheme for efficient message generation by avoiding frequent locking operations. Besides, a hybrid graph partitioning module is able to effectively partition the workload between the CPU and the MIC, ensuring balanced workload and low communication overhead. The main observations from our experimental evaluation using five popular applications are: formic executions, pipelining scheme is up to 3.36x faster than naive approach using locking based message generation, and the speedup over OpenMP ranges from 1.17 to 4.15. Heterogeneous-MIC execution achieves a speedup of up to 1.41 over the better of the CPU-only and MIC-only executions.
DETERMINATION OF NEUTRON MULTIPLICATION FACTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE WITH THE HIGH TEMPERATURE LATTICE TEST REACTOR.

The High Temperature Lattice Test Reactor (HTLTR) is a unique critical facility specifically built for studying reactor lattices at temperatures up to 1000°C. A description of the reactor is given ...
Validation of fusion through linear programming

We develop a method to bound the out-of-sample error of a hypothesis function formed by combining the outputs of a collection of basis functions. First, uniform error bounds are calculated for the basis functions. Then a linear program is used to infer a bound for the hypothesis function from the basis function bounds. The resulting hypothesis function bound is not based on the size of the class of prospective hypothesis functions. Instead, the bound is based on the number of basis functions and on similarities between the basis functions and the hypothesis function. Hence, the linear program produces stronger bounds than direct validation over the hypothesis function class when the number of basis functions is small, when the class of hypothesis functions is complex, and when the hypothesis functions of interest are similar to the basis functions.
The Orchestral Music of Michael Tippett: Creative Development and the Compositional Process

With extracts from the composer's letters, writings, interviews and broadcasts, and supported by evidence from his sketchbooks and manuscripts, The Orchestral Music of Michael Tippett explores Tippett's intentions and argues that the experiences that triggered his creative impulses are integral to understanding his music. In his discussion of Tippett's creative process, Thomas Schuttenhelm attempts to recapture the circumstances under which Tippett's orchestral works were created, to document how his visionary aspirations were developed and sustained throughout the creative cycle, and to chart how conception was transmuted from idea through to performance. Analysing Tippett's orchestral works throughout his long career, from the Symphonic Movement of 1931 to his final masterpiece The Rose Lake in 1991–3, Schuttenhelm explores each work in detail to provide a comprehensive commentary on one of the most influential British composers of the twentieth century.
Microstrip-fed printed lotus antenna for wideband wireless communication systems

A novel printed antenna, fed by a microstrip line, has been designed for wideband wireless communication systems. The new antenna shows a wide -10dB bandwidth of over 60%. In addition to being small in size, the antenna exhibits stable far-field radiation characteristics in the entire operating band with relatively high gain, low cross polarization, wide beamwidth, and good front-to-back ratio.
Molten Salt Mixture Properties (KF-ZrF4 and KCl-MgCl2) for Use in RELAP5-3D for High-Temperature Reactor Application

Molten salt coolants are being investigated as primary coolants for a fluoride high-temperature reactor and as secondary coolants for high temperature reactors such as the next generation nuclear plant. This work provides a review of the thermophysical properties of candidate molten salt coolants for use as a secondary heat transfer medium from a high temperature reactor to a processing plant. The molten salts LiF-NaF-KF, KF-ZrF4 and KCl-MgCl2 were considered for use in the secondary coolant loop. The thermophysical properties necessary to add the molten salts KF-ZrF4 and KCl-MgCl2 to RELAP5-3D were gathered for potential modeling purposes. The properties of the molten salt LiF-NaF-KF were already available in RELAP5-3D. The effect that the uncertainty in individual properties had on the Nusselt number was evaluated. This uncertainty in the Nusselt number was shown to be nearly independent of the molten salt temperature.
Theory Revision with Queries: DNF Formulas

The theory revision, or concept revision, problem is to correct a given, roughly correct concept. This problem is considered here in the model of learning with equivalence and membership queries. A revision algorithm is considered efficient if the number of queries it makes is polynomial in the revision distance between the initial theory and the target theory, and polylogarithmic in the number of variables and the size of the initial theory. The revision distance is the minimal number of syntactic revision operations, such as the deletion or addition of literals, needed to obtain the target theory from the initial theory. Efficient revision algorithms are given for three classes of disjunctive normal form expressions: monotone k-DNF, monotone m-term DNF and unate two-term DNF. A negative result shows that some monotone DNF formulas are hard to revise.
(7-endo-Bromo­camphoryl­sulfonyl)­imine

[3aS-(3aα,6α,7β)]-7-Bromo-4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro-8,8-di­methyl-3H-3a,6-methano-2,1-benziso­thia­zole 2,2-dioxide, C10H14BrNO2S, has the (−)-camphorsulfon­imine structure, with the Br atom β-oriented. The C—Br distance is 1.941 (5) A, the S—N distance is 1.687 (3) A, and the C=N distance is 1.271 (6) A.
EMDomics: a robust and powerful method for the identification of genes differentially expressed between heterogeneous classes.

Motivation: A major goal of biomedical research is to identify molecular features associated with a biological or clinical class of interest. Differential expression analysis has long been used for this purpose; however, conventional methods perform poorly when applied to data with high within class heterogeneity. Results: To address this challenge, we developed EMDomics, a new method that uses the Earth mover’s distance to measure the overall difference between the distributions of a gene’s expression in two classes of samples and uses permutations to obtain q-values for each gene. We applied EMDomics to the challenging problem of identifying genes associated with drug resistance in ovarian cancer. We also used simulated data to evaluate the performance of EMDomics, in terms of sensitivity and specificity for identifying differentially expressed gene in classes with high within class heterogeneity. In both the simulated and real biological data, EMDomics outperformed competing approaches for the identification of differentially expressed genes, and EMDomics was significantly more powerful than conventional methods for the identification of drug resistance-associated gene sets. EMDomics represents a new approach for the identification of genes differentially expressed between heterogeneous classes and has utility in a wide range of complex biomedical conditions in which sample classes show within class heterogeneity. Availability and implementation: The R package is available at http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/EMDomics.html Contact: ude.dravrah.cmdib@2kceba Supplementary information: supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Foamy Macrophages within Lung Granulomas of Mice Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Express Molecules Characteristic of Dendritic Cells and Antiapoptotic Markers of the TNF Receptor-Associated Factor Family

Highly vacuolated or foamy macrophages are a distinct characteristic of granulomas in the lungs of animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To date these have usually been considered to represent activated macrophages derived from monocytes entering the lesions from the blood. However, we demonstrate in this study that foamy macrophages express high levels of DEC-205, a marker characteristic of dendritic cells (DCs). In addition to high expression of the DEC-205 marker, these cells were characterized as CD11b(+)CD11c(high)MHC class II(high), and CD40(high), which are additional markers typically expressed by DCs. Up-regulation of CD40 was seen only during the early chronic stage of the lung disease, and both the expression of CD40 and MHC class II markers were down-regulated as the disease progressed into the late chronic phase. Foamy cells positive for the DEC-205 marker also expressed high levels of TNFR-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1), TRAF-2, and TRAF-3, markers associated with resistance to apoptosis. These data indicate that in addition to the central role of DCs in initiating the acquired immune response against M. tuberculosis infection, they also participate in the granulomatous response.
SU‐FF‐I‐88: Using Fast MR Imaging Techniques to Evaluate T1 Changes After Hyperoxygenation of Brain Tumor preliminary Result

Purpose: Use fast MR imaging techniques to evaluate T1 changes after hyperoxygenation of braintumor.Method and Materials: This study is proceeded on an 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, Netherlands). A fast spin echo (echo‐train‐length = 13) inversion recovery MR imaging technique (TR/TE = 5000/90 ms) is used to record the signal changes according to various inversion time (TI = 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ms). Each individual scan takes 145 seconds with multiple signal averaged (NSA = 2), and all five scans require 725 seconds. Obtained images are transferred to a PC‐based workstation in DICOM format, and quantitative analysis is performed by self‐coded program. Determination of the T1 value of individual pixel is based on the result of iterative nonlinear curve fitting algorithm. For better estimation, the maximum number of iterations is set to 3000, and the computation time is about 30 minutes to complete a T1 map of a single slice of body part. In this preliminary study, one patient with recurrent glioblastoma multiform(GMB)in right temporal lobe underwent open surgery for tumor removal, radiosurgery and chemotherapy is tested using this proposed T1 measurement method twice prior and after 15 minutes oxygen inhalation. Results: Subtraction of calculated T1 maps shows that T1 values are shortened observed in the area adjacent to post radiosurgery area and prolonged in external side of brain parenchyma. Conclusion: In this preliminary study, an effectively quantitative technique is established and applied to a patient with recurrent braintumor. Considerable changes of longitudinal magnetization in multiple areas are observed in subtracted map reflecting the hyperoxygenation procedure. More evidences and related studies are investigated and might provide more information about tissue oxygenation level in the future.
A discrete kernel simulation model for conjunctive management of a stream—Aquifer system

Abstract A stream—aquifer simulation model was developed to conduct a conjunctive use management study in the South Platte River in Colorado. This model simulates both the physical and operational behavior of the system. The physical system modeled is comprised of the river and the saturated and unsaturated zones of the aquifer. A technique referred to as the “discrete kernel approach” was used to model the saturated zone of the aquifer. This technique is based on the classical Green's function method of solution of partial differential equations. The physical simulator was coupled to an allocation model which simulates the operational behavior of the system. The management model was applied to conduct a conjunctive use study involving the evaluation of a stream flow augmentation scheme. A summary of the results of this case study is presented.
One size doesn't fit all: Full inclusion and individual differences

Recent studies have documented the increasing trend among school districts toward adopting full inclusion as the predominant model for serving students who qualify for special education services. Although these data may suggest that a paradigm shift has already taken place and that a consensus of opinion has been achieved, several organizations representing students with specific disabilities continue to support a continuum of placement options. This paper challenges a “one size fits all” approach to special education, and highlights the importance of considering the individual characteristics of students. The relevance of research on full inclusion, as well as methodological issues that limit generalizability of findings related to student outcomes, are discussed. The radical perspective of full inclusion is rejected in favor of an approach that emphasizes the complexities of placement decisions.
Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations.

Abstract Six ruminally fistulated Holstein cows were utilized in a randomized block design to examine effects of yeast culture supplement on ruminal metabolism and apparent digestibility. Cows were fed a diet of 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate (DM basis). Treatments were control (supplement without yeast cells) and yeast culture supplement. Treatment periods were 6 wk. Ruminal pH, ammonia, molar proportions of acetate and isovalerate, and acetate:propionate ratio were lower and molar proportions of propionate and valerate higher in cows receiving yeast. The concentration of anaerobic bacteria tended to be higher and cellulolytic bacteria concentrations were greater in cows fed yeast than in cows receiving control diet. Supplemental yeast did not affect molar proportions of isobutyrate or butyrate, total VFA, or viable yeast concentrations in ruminal fluid. Ruminal liquid dilution rate and total tract apparent digestibilities were not different between treatments. Rate of disappearance of cellulose in vitro was lower in cows receiving yeast. Less variation in ammonia concentrations and mircobial numbers suggest that ruminal fermentation was more stable in cows receiving yeast culture supplement.
Fracture mechanics of adhesive joints

The load carrying capacity of adhesive joints is analyzed by applying the principle of fracture mechanics in which failure is assumed to initiate from sites of initial imperfections such as bubbles, cracks or unbonded portions of the interface. The cohesive and adhesive modes of failure are investigated for a butt joint under angle loading. Based on the prediction of the strain energy density criterion, the lowest failure stress for the adhesive joint occurred when the load is applied at an angle with respect to the crack plane. This is in contrast to the homogeneous material solution where the lowest failure stress corresponds to normal loading. Numerical examples are provided for a joint made of DER 332-TEPA epoxy with aluminum as the adherends. Discussed in detail are the dependencies of the strength of the joint with reference to the material properties of the constituents, geometries of the components, and direction of loading.
Dilute Sulfuric Acid Prehydrolysis of Southern Red Oak Chips By Direct Steam Heating

Abstract Design of commercial scale processes for acid prehydrolysis of wood to useful products requires information on expected product yields under practical operating conditions. In this study, 650-gram batches of green southern red oak chips were hydrolyzed at 170°C. Particular attention was directed to conserving acid by low liquor-to-wood ratios, and to uniform acid distribution by vacuum impregnation. Carboxylate groups within the wood caused a significant, but unavoidable, loss of acid strength. As a consequence of this and other losses, satisfactory hydrolyses required 2.0 to 2.5% H2S0, for 5-minute impregnations. Long impregnations, which provided partial neutralization of the carboxylate groups, were hydrolyzed at equivalent rates by 0.47 to 0.73% H2S04. A 5-minute vacuum impregnation of green chips with 2.5% H2SO4, followed by a 6-minute hydrolysis, removed 81% of the wood xylose as xylose and xylose oligomers, and 10% as furfural. Hydrolyses after long acid impregnations produced more xylose ...
Development of a Stable Sublingual Nitroglycerin Tablet I: Interaction of Nitroglycerin with Selected Macromolecules

Abstract There has recently been intense research activity in the pharmaceutical aspects of the angina drug nitroglycerin (1–3). The high volatility of nitroglycerin leads to a loss of drug to the environment during patient storage and use (4). Consequently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has now instituted regulations governing the dispensing and the types of containers that may be used for sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, and the two most popular brands available in this country were recently reformulated for improved stability (2, 5).
Influence of impurities on dynamic hysteresis of magnetization reversal

The effects of impurities on driving-rate-dependent energy loss in ferromagnets are investigated by analyzing several well-defined models for magnetization reversal. The random-field Ising models are analyzed using a mean-field approximation and Monte Carlo simulation. The hysteresis loop area A is found to obey a universal scaling relation with respect to the linear driving rates h of the applied field, $A\ensuremath{-}{A}_{0}\ensuremath{\propto}{h}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}.$ The scaling exponent \ensuremath{\beta} is found independent of the disorder strength D. In a random-field spherical model, the energy loss increases as a power law with the driving rate $A\ensuremath{\propto}{h}^{\ensuremath{\beta}(D)}.$ The scaling exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}(D)$ increases with increasing D. These results indicate that the scaling and universality for the field-driven first-order phase transition can be understood in the framework of dynamic hysteresis.
Cermets of the Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ superconductors

Conventional powder processing methods have been used to fabricate superconducting cermets, using non-noble metals. Two distinct classes of superconducting cermets have been made. The first expels magnetic fields at liquid N2 temperatures. The second exhibits zero resistivity on a macroscopic scale. We report preliminary success in the fabrication of these cermets.
Effect of Formulating Diets Using Differing Meat and Bone Meal Energy Data on Broiler Performance and Abdominal Fat Content

Abstract The metabolizable energy (ME) value of meat and bone meal (MBM) appears to be underestimated in the 1984 National Research Council (NRC) table of composition. Two experiments were conducted with broiler chickens from 3 to 7 wk of age to study their response to diets formulated with MBM assigned different ME values. Broiler grower (3 to 6 wk) and withdrawal (6 to 7 wk) diets containing 10% MBM were formulated using ME values of 1,960 (1984 NRC table), 2,250, or 2,500 kcal/kg for this ingredient. Corn-soy grower and withdrawal diets containing no MBM were also fed. No significant differences in body weight (7 wk) were observed in either males or females fed the diets. Feed:gain ratios were not different among males but in one experiment ratios for females fed the MBM diet formulated on the 2,500 kcal/kg ME basis were nonsignificantly higher than ratios for those fed the corn-soy diet. Abdominal fat as a percentage of body weight of males fed the diets containing MBM calculated on the 1,960 or 2,250 but not the 2,500 ME basis was significantly higher than that of males fed the diet without MBM. No significant differences in abdominal fat content were observed in females fed the different diets. The results show that an ME value higher than that given in the NRC table should be used for MBM in practical diets and that females are less sensitive than males to the influence of calorie:protein ratio on abdominal fat deposition.
Role of manmade mineral fibres in the causation of cancer.

Discussion sur la responsabilite des fibres minerales dans la carcinogenese observee apres une exposition professionnelle, chez un certain nombre d'ouvriers. Une des difficultes a attribuer une relation de cause a effet entre un cancer des voies respiratoires et les concentrations en fibres minerales auxquelles sont exposees les travailleurs, est la faiblesse de ces dernieres
Single-locus EST-SSR markers for characterization of population genetic diversity and structure across ploidy levels in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.)

Polyploidy, ploidal variation between populations, and aneuploidy within some populations complicate population genetic analyses in switchgrass. We report 21 genic-simple sequence repeat marker loci with single-locus disomic segregation in tetraploids and apparently tetrasomic inheritance in octoploids, thus allowing population genetic analyses across ploidy levels. Based on 472 individuals sampled over four tetraploid and eight octoploid cultivars, six to 55 alleles were detected per locus with an average of 24.1. Genetic diversity was greater in octoploids than tetraploids, as expected from polysomic inheritance. One tetraploid cultivar displayed comparable diversity to the least diverse octoploid cultivars, suggesting breeding history or population history in the native stands of origin may have also affected within-cultivar diversity. Amplicon number at each locus and population relationships suggest autopolyploid origin of octoploids within upland tetraploids with significant cultivar differentiation. However, model-based Bayesian clustering of individuals indicated that closely related octoploid cultivars are difficult to identify, possibly due to slowed differentiation by polysomic inheritance. The analysis of the sampling effect indicated addition of loci is more effective for cultivar identification than more individuals sampled per cultivar. Discriminating power of loci tended to correlate with their variability. The eight loci with greatest discriminatory power within tetraploids were equally successful as 20 loci at identifying the four tetraploid cultivars. The set of markers reported in this study are useful for characterization of switchgrass germplasm and identifying population structure for association studies.
Effects of Preharvest Nighttime Air Temperatures on Whiteness of Head Rice

ABSTRACT The effects of nighttime air temperature (NTAT) on the color of milled rice were investigated. Elevated NTATs occurring during the critical grain-filling stages of kernel development impacted the color of head rice. Six cultivars, grown at multiple field locations from northern to southern Arkansas during 2007–2010, were evaluated for head rice color, using whiteness (L*) and yellowness (b*) indices, and for chalk. Nighttime temperatures were recorded throughout production at each of the selected locations, and the 95th percentiles of NTAT frequencies (NT95) were calculated for each cultivar's reproductive (R) stages. Head rice color values were analyzed in relation to NT95 occurring during the grain-filling (R6–R8) stages and in relation to percent chalkiness. Whiteness generally increased with increasing NTAT and with increasing chalkiness. Yellowness decreased as chalkiness increased. Moreover, kernel whiteness increased even when measured in the absence of chalky kernels, suggesting that star...
Goalbox activity as a measure of frustration in a single runway

Activity following nonreward in a single runway was measured, using a stabilimeter as the floor of the goalbox. Performance of partially reinforced Ss was compared to activity of continuously rewarded and never rewarded control groups. A substantial frustration effect was found above control group levels, establishing the validity of this procedure for measuring frustration produced by nonreward in terms of increments in general activity.
Endogenous and Exogenous Ca2+ Buffers Differentially Modulate Ca2+-dependent Inactivation of CaV2.1 Ca2+ Channels

Abstract Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels undergo a negative feedback regulation by Ca2+ ions, Ca2+-dependent inactivation, which is important for restricting Ca2+ signals in nerve and muscle. Although the molecular details underlying Ca2+-dependent inactivation have been characterized, little is known about how this process might be modulated in excitable cells. Based on previous findings that Ca2+-dependent inactivation of Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) Ca2+ channels is suppressed by strong cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering, we investigated how factors that regulate cellular Ca2+ levels affect inactivation of Cav2.1 Ca2+ currents in transfected 293T cells. We found that inactivation of Cav2.1 Ca2+ currents increased exponentially with current amplitude with low intracellular concentrations of the slow buffer EGTA (0.5 mm), but not with high concentrations of the fast Ca2+ buffer BAPTA (10 mm). However, when the concentration of BAPTA was reduced to 0.5 mm, inactivation of Ca2+ currents was significantly greater than with an equivalent concentration of EGTA, indicating the importance of buffer kinetics in modulating Ca2+-dependent inactivation of Cav2.1. Cotransfection of Cav2.1 with the EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins, parvalbumin and calbindin, significantly altered the relationship between Ca2+ current amplitude and inactivation in ways that were unexpected from behavior as passive Ca2+ buffers. We conclude that Ca2+-dependent inactivation of Cav2.1 depends on a subplasmalemmal Ca2+ microdomain that is affected by the amplitude of the Ca2+ current and differentially modulated by distinct Ca2+ buffers.
THE BIZARRE PROPOSALS OF DR. BERSTEIN FOR INTERNATIONAL MONETARY REFORM

SUMMARY The newest and most imaginative part of Dr. Bernstein's proposals for a reform of the monetary system consists in a new method of opening reserves by central banks: the reserve unit. The reserve unit is a synthetic currency composed of eleven currencies of the Group of Ten and of Switzerland. The proportions would be fixed by an agreement (probably according to the ratios of the countries concerned at the IMF). Each of these eleven countries would be obliged to hold within its reserves an amount of reserve units which is a constant relation of its assets in gold. The two main advantages of this proposal are: (1)such claims towards rich countries would be accepted by central banks; and (2)the non-existence of any repayment obligation, which would destroy the additional liquidity necessary in order to meet the growing requirements of the international monetary system. The main disadvantages are: (1)the difficulties which would result because of unequal proportions between newly created reserve units and their retention by central banks; This reform would even enhance the inequality and the inflationary potential of the present system as it would go together with an extension of the IMF-ratios, with an automatisation of credit allowances of the Fund, and bilateral swap-agreements would continue, etc. Therefore it would not remove at all the erratic character and the sources of crises of the present system by a creation of new reserves, but would only lend help against deflationary difficulties—but not against inflationary ones—which the new system could promote itself.
uCom: spatial displays for visual awareness of remote locations

uCom enables remote users to be visually aware of each other using "spatial displays"' live views of a remote space assembled according to an estimate of the remote space's layout. Remote video views from multiple viewpoints are shown individually or in a 3D collage representation that is faithful to the scene geometry. A multi-display setup integrates always-on visual connections of a remote site into the local space. This work applies an innovative spatial context to visual awareness between remote locations.
The Weight Responses of Beef Cattle in Relation to Control of Horn and Stable Flies.

Repellent-insecticide oil formulations were tested in a treadle sprayer for the control of biting flies (predominantly Siphona irritans (L.) and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) on grazing beef cattle (weighing from 600 to slightly over 900 pounds) for three summers at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, 1954-56, with the following results: (1) In 1954 and 1955, significant weight gains were realized on cattle which had been treated to reduce the number of biting flies. The lower gain in weight in the treated cattle in 1956 may have been due to cool temperatures, abundant rainfall and a resultant excellent forage crop. (2) Control of horn flies exceeded 95% and reduction in numbers of stable flies was about 70%. (3) Pyrethrins plus piperonyl butoxide or MGK-264 gave satisfactory fly control, but the addition of butoxy polypropylene glycol to the formulation permitted a reduction in quantity of pyrethrins content without loss of efficiency. (4) Individual animals, within a breed, had greater variations in numbers of biting flies than occurred between breeds. (5) On the basis of these results, and a study of weather records, a profitable return from biting fly control may be expected in most years.
A comparison of the effects of cholesterol on CHD mortality in black and white women: twenty-eight years of follow-up in the Charleston heart study

Abstract The relationship between cholesterol and 28-year CHD mortality in women was evaluated in the Charleston Heart Study. Linear, quadratic, and cubic models were investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. In white women, the linear, quadratic, and cubic terms for cholesterol were significant suggesting an asymmetric J-shaped relationship. In black women, only the linear term in all three models was statistically significant suggesting an increasing CHD mortality rate with increasing cholesterol level. The lack of consistency of results by different statistical analyses in black women make conclusions concerning the nature of the relationship between cholesterol and CHD mortality less strong in black women than in white women. Compared with women having a cholesterol value equal to the mean of the group (241 mg/dl), white women having a cholesterol value one standard deviation above the mean (s = 52.5 mg/dl) had a 60% higher CHD mortality rate (hazard ratio = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1). In black women, the estimated hazard ratio for a one standard deviation (s = 47.8 mg/dl) increase in cholesterol is 1.4 (95% CI: 1.03–1.8). The results suggest that the relationship of cholesterol to CHD mortality is different in white and black women. The relationship in white women appears to be curvilinear and represented by an asymmetric curve while the relationship in black women is not curvilinear and the overall pattern of association, while possibly linear, is equivocal.
Mechanisms of Enzymatic Degradation of Amyloid β Microfibrils Generating Nanofilaments and Nanospheres Related to Cytotoxicity

Amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils are found in the brain tissue of persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where they accumulate as plaques. One way to reduce the level of accumulation of Aβ in the brain and potentially treat AD is with Aβ-degrading enzymes such as neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). However, enzymatic responses and degradation mechanisms of Aβ fibrils (crystalline-state Aβ) have not been investigated, particularly with respect to how to avoid cytotoxicity of the degradation products to neuronal cells. Thus, insight into mechanisms of enzymatic degradation of Aβ fibrils would be instructive as a route to elucidating different structural features related to degradation and to cytotoxicity. We report mechanisms of enzymatic degradation of Aβ with cross-β structures and show the series of steps involved in the digestion of Aβ microfibrils to nanospheres or nanofilaments by protease XIV or α-chymotrypsin, respectively. These degradation products, which contained almost the same secondary...
Use of large Ge detectors in place of BGO detectors for hydrogen profiling or other particle-gamma NRA

Abstract Ge detectors are now commercially available that have two orders of magnitude better energy resolution and larger efficiencies than standard 3 in. by 3 in. NaI scintillation detectors. The performance of a large Ge detector is compared with a 3 in. by 3 in. BGO detector used in a 15 N hydrogen profiling. The higher resolution of the Ge detector leads to improvement in the real count to background ratio. Because of the large Dopper shift in this example, this improvement is limited to a factor of about 4. Larger improvements would be obtained in IBA cases with smaller Doppler shifts.
Computed tomographic findings of intracranial gliosis

The clinical and computed tomographic (CT) findings in eight patients with pathological evidence of cerebral gliosis are analyzed. CT findings do not permit differentiation of gliosis from other neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions.
Correlation times and adiabatic barriers for methyl rotation in SNase.

The relation of rotational correlation times to adiabatic rotational barriers for alanine methyl groups in staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) is investigated. The hypothesis that methyl rotational barriers may be useful probes of local packing in proteins is supported by an analysis of ten X-ray crystal structures of SNase mutants. The barrier heights are consistent across a set of ten structures of a native SNase and mutants containing single-point mutations or single or double insertions, most in a ternary SNase complex. The barriers for different methyls have a range of 7.5 kcal/mol, which at 300 K would correspond to a five-order-of-magnitude range in correlation time. It is demonstrated that adiabatic rotational barriers can fluctuate significantly during an MD simulation of hydrated SNase, but that a Boltzmann weighted average is predictive of rotational correlation times determined from correlation functions. Even if a given methyl is on average quite sterically hindered, infrequently sampled low-barrier conformations may dominate the Boltzmann distribution. This result is consistent with the observed uniformity of NMR correlation times for 13C-labeled methyls. The methyl barriers in simulation fluctuate on multiple time scales, which can make the precise relationship between methyl rotational correlation time and methyl rotation barriers complicated. The implications of these issues for the interpretation of correlation times determined from NMR and simulation are discussed.
Automotive Stirling engine development program: A success

The original 5-yr Automotive Stirling Engine Development Program has been extended to 10 years due to reduced annual funding levels. With an estimated completion date of April 1988, the technical achievements and the prospectives of meeting the original program objectives are reviewed. Various other applications of this developed Stirling engine technology are also discussed.
Nanopores with Fluid Walls for Determining the Shape, Dipole Moment, and Rotational Diffusion Coefficient of Non-Spherical Proteins

Recording ionic current through electrolyte-filled nanopores during the passage of proteins is an emerging technique for characterizing unmodified proteins in their native, aqueous environment. By measuring the reduction in current, ΔI, during the translocation of single proteins through an electrolyte-filled nanopore, this technique can characterize the size, charge, conformation, assembly and activity of hundreds of unlabeled proteins per second. For non-spherical proteins, however, broad distributions of ΔI values make estimates of protein size unreliable. This work employs lipid-bilayer coated nanopores and describes quantitative procedures for determining the shape and volume of single spherical and non-spherical proteins from distributions of ΔI values. Since the ΔI(t) signal is related to the orientation of non-spherical proteins in the nanopore, individual resistive-pulses can be used to determine the rotational diffusion coefficient and dipole moment of non-spherical proteins while in the nanopore. Moreover, this method has the potential to detect transient changes in the conformation of flexible proteins (e.g. an IgG antibody). This work extends the power of nanopores for characterizing proteins by adding the parameters of shape, volume, rotational diffusion coefficient, and dipole moment of non-spherical proteins to those that can already be determined in a single experiment such as the volume of spherical proteins, charge, and affinity for a ligand.
Systematics of the enigmatic kathablepharids, including EM characterization of the type species, Kathablepharis phoenikoston, and new observations on K. remigera comb.nov.

The colorless flagellate Kathablepharis has consisted of five species based on light microscopic studies, and the ultrastructure of the type species, Kathablepharis phoenikoston, is described for the first time. The heterotrophic, marine flagellate Leucocryptos consisted of two species, but additional ultrastructural details for one of these, Kathablepharis remigera comb. nov. (= Leucocryptos remigera Vors), indicates that it should be transferred to Kathablepharis. The cellular structure of these two species is similar to previously studied kathablepharids. However, there is variation in the feeding apparatus and cytoskeleton. The feeding apparatus of both species has a cytostome, a cyto-stomal ring, and cytopharyngeal rings. The cytoskeleton consists of inner microtubular arrays and outer or sub-pellicular microtubular arrays. In addition, several features of the flagellar apparatus are described for K. phoenikoston and K. remigera. The ultrastructure of these two species is compared with other kathablepharids to evaluate their taxonomy and phylogeny. We classify Kathablepharis and Leucocryptos in the family Kathablepharididae incertae sedis.
Stripe domains and magnetoresistance in thermally deposited nickel films

Abstract We report a study of the domain structure and magnetoresistance of thermally deposited nickel films. For films thicker than 17 nm, we observe striped domains with period varying with film thickness as a power law with exponent 0.21±0.02 up to 120 nm thickness. There is a negative magnetoresistance for fields out of the plane.
Comparing the practices of US Soccer against a global model for integrated development of mass and high-performance sport

This study examines the current state of soccer in the USA against an ideal-type model for developing high-performance sport integrated with mass participation. A questionnaire was developed for the following elements of the model: talent identification and development; advanced athlete support; training centers; competitions; intellectual services; partnerships with supporting agencies; and balanced and integrated funding and structures of mass and elite sport. Survey questions were validated by 12 international experts including executives from sport governing bodies, soccer coaches, academicians, and administrators. To determine the areas for improvement, 125 coaches completed the questionnaire. Additionally, possible advancements were identified through semi-structured discussions with seven top soccer administrators. Results suggest possible enhancements at the macro-level (e.g. integrated partnership efforts particularly among sport governing bodies, governments, and lotteries), meso-level (e.g. com...
A gossip-based distributed processing algorithm for multiple transmitter localization

We consider the problem of estimating the locations of multiple interfering transmitters based on measurements of received signal strength. Specifically, we explore the challenge of performing this estimation task in a distributed fashion. We propose a gossip-based distributed algorithm for multiple transmitter localization and determine the gossip configuration that minimizes bounds on convergence time. A performance comparison between the proposed distributed algorithm and competing centralized algorithms is presented. Results enable the study of trade-offs between localization accuracy and system parameters such as fault tolerance, energy consumption, and computational complexity.
Multidimensional scaling of individual differences for an individual person with a hand-held calculator

An extension to the INDSCAL method of individual differences scaling was developed. The method derives measures of deviation from a “standard” observer, who is defined in terms of the INDSCAL subject weights. These weights are calculated for one individual person at a time. The method is implemented in a small hand-held calculator. The calculator is used for data acquisition, and it interacts with the user in a conversational manner through an alpha-numeric display. The present implementation of the method scales 84 judgments of pair similarity among seven objects and derives subject weights on two dimensions. The method can be extended to sets of up to 16 objects and up to six dimensions. The method is a feasible, cost-effective approach to classification of individuals on complex perceptual attributes within a single 1-h session.
Automatically Reconfigurable Control For Rapid Retargeting Of Flexible Pointing Systems

A reconfigurable nonlinear control system design methodology is proposed to automatically correct computed slew torque commands of space-based pointing systems for the effects of slew-induced structural deformations. The possibility of forcing an elastic structure, such as that of a space-based instrument frame, to deform in a preselected way in response to rapid slews is demonstrated. To accomplish this, a supervisory controller must select a pair of algorithms, one for structural counterexcitation and the other for slew torque correction. It is shown how the reachability and subsequent tracking of the appropriate 'slow manifold', where the control algorithms are valid, can be ensured by a fast tracking loop, with time-varying gain dependent only on the commanded angular acceleration.
Probability of survival in a random exchange economy with dependent agents

In this paper I analyze the general equilibrium in a random Walrasian economy. Dependence among agents is introduced in the form of dependency neighborhoods. Under the uncertainty, an agent may fail to survive due to a meager endowment in a particular state (direct effect), as well as due to unfavorable equilibrium price system at which the value of the endowment falls short of the minimum needed for survival (indirect terms-of-trade effect). To illustrate the main result I compute the stochastic limit of equilibrium price and probability of survival of an agent in a large Cobb-Douglas economy.
Relating colloidal stability of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles to nanoparticle charge and electrokinetic properties.

The stability and aggregation kinetics of two different suspensions of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles and their relation to nanoparticle charge (electrokinetic) properties were investigated. The two synthesis methods employed—a solvent exchange method involving sonication of fullerene initially dissolved in toluene and prolonged stirring of bulk fullerene in water—produce negatively charged fullerene nanoparticles. With an increase in electrolyte (KCl) concentration, the electrophoretic mobilities of both fullerene nanoparticles became less negative, while the corresponding aggregation rates increased until maximum rates were reached at their respective critical coagulation concentrations. This behavior is consistent with the classic Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek (DLVO) theory for the stability of charged colloidal particles. The nanoparticles prepared by prolonged stirring of bulk fullerene in water were much more stable than those prepared by sonication in toluene, as evident from their significantly ...