cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Performance Trade-Offs in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Systems

A relay-aided cooperative underlay cognitive radio system with an interference constraint at the primary receiver (PR) is considered. When the primary user (PU) is active, those secondary users (SUs) whose interference at the PR is above a threshold will amplify-and-forward PU's signal to enhance the PU’s performance, and those SUs below this threshold will proceed with their own transmission in an underlay fashion. As the number of relay SUs increases, the PU’s performance will be improved but cause degradation of SU’s performance concurrently. With our overall average bit error rate and the average combined sum achievable rate metrics, we analytically quantify this fundamental performance trade-off in the large number of SUs regime. Both deterministic and random number of SUs scenarios are considered. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to verify our analytical results.
Reducing hospital readmission through team-based primary care: A 7-week pilot study integrating behavioral health and pharmacy.

Introduction A team-based service delivery model was applied to provide patients with biopsychosocial care following hospital discharge to reduce hospital readmission. Most previous interventions focused on transitions of care occurred in the inpatient setting with attention to predischarge strategies. These interventions have not considered psychosocial stressors, and few have explored management in primary care settings. Method A 7-week team-based service delivery model was implemented in a family medicine practice emphasizing a biopsychosocial approach. A physician, psychologist, pharmacist, care managers, and interdisciplinary trainees worked with 17 patients following hospital discharge. This comprehensive evaluation assessed patients' mood, cognitive abilities, and self-management of health behaviors. Modifications were made to improve ease of access to outpatient care and to improve patient understanding of the therapeutic plan. This pilot study was conducted to determine the utility of the model. Results Of 17 patients, 15 individuals avoided readmission at 30- and 90-day intervals. Other substantial benefits were noted, including reduced polypharmacy, engagement in specialty care, and reduction of environmental stressors to improve access to care. The clinic in which this was implemented is currently making efforts to maintain this model of care based on observed success. Discussion Although this work only represents a small sample, results are encouraging. This model can be replicated in other primary care settings with specialty clinicians on site. Specifically, approaches that promote a team-based delivery in a primary care setting may support improved patient outcomes and reduced overall systems' costs. Recommendations for research in a clinical setting are also offered. (PsycINFO Database Record
Work, Nonwork, and Sleep (WNS): a Review and Conceptual Framework

The current paper expands on traditional views of the work-nonwork interface to incorporate the critical component of sleep. We integrate past theoretical and empirical work from the sleep and organizational science literatures to inform a novel framework that will facilitate research evaluating associations among work, nonwork, and sleep, the three major areas of life. We propose that attitudes, behaviors, and states emerging in work and nonwork domains cannot be fully understood without taking into account upstream and downstream sleep quantity and quality effects. Rather, periods of sleep bookend engagement in work and nonwork roles. Thus, we propose the work, nonwork, and sleep (WNS) conceptual framework and, in doing so, identify specific, underlying resource mechanisms (i.e., human energy and time) operating both intra-individually and inter-individually. We also discuss contextual factors that act as predictors and moderators of these relationships. We suggest that a unifying framework explaining connections and underlying processes among work, nonwork, and sleep is necessary for applied psychology and management disciplines to significantly contribute to future research, intervention development and dissemination, and ultimately policy change. We provide a number of avenues for future investigation, including relevant special populations and methodological approaches. Although a plethora of work-nonwork theoretical frameworks exist, none have incorporated the third major area of life: sleep. We call for the expansion and acknowledgement of sleep, an important source of variance in everyday attitudes, behaviors, and states, and ultimately in long-term organizational, family, and individual health and well-being.
Movement ecology of a mobile predatory fish reveals limited habitat linkages within a temperate estuarine seascape

Large predatory fishes, capable of traveling great distances, can facilitate energy flow linkages among spatially separated habitat patches via extended foraging behaviors over expansive areas. Her...
User Guide to RockJock - A Program for Determining Quantitative Mineralogy from X-Ray Diffraction Data

RockJock is a computer program that determines quantitative mineralogy in powdered samples by comparing the integrated X-ray diffraction (XRD) intensities of individual minerals in complex mixtures to the intensities of an internal standard. This manual discusses how to prepare and X-ray samples and standards for this type of analysis and describes the operation of the program. Carefully weighed samples containing an internal standard (zincite) are ground in a McCrone mill. Randomly oriented preparations then are X-rayed, and the X-ray data are entered into the RockJock program. Minerals likely to be present in the sample are chosen from a list of standards, and the calculation is begun. The program then automatically fits the sum of stored XRD patterns of standard, pure minerals (the calculated pattern) to the measured pattern by varying the fraction of each standard pattern, using the Solver function in Microsoft Excel to minimize the degree of fit parameter between the calculated and measured pattern. The calculation normally analyses the full pattern (usually 20 to 65 degrees two-theta) to find integrated intensities for the minerals, but it also has the option to carry out an extended clay analysis, in which a smaller region of the XRD pattern (usually 58 to 65 degrees two-theta) is analyzed to find intensities for the clay minerals. Integrated intensities for each mineral then are determined from the proportion of each standard pattern required to give the best fit. These integrated intensities then are compared to the integrated intensity of the internal standard, and the weight percentages of the minerals are calculated. The results are presented as a list of minerals with their corresponding weight percent. To some extent, the quality of the analysis can be checked because each mineral is analyzed independently, and, therefore, the sum of the analysis should approach 100 percent. Also, the method has been shown to give good results with artificial mixtures. The program is easy to use, but does require an understanding of mineralogy, of X-ray diffraction practice, and an elementary knowledge of the Excel program.
Effects of Body Armor Fit on Encumbered Anthropometry Relative to Bulk and Coverage

This study focuses on the effect of body armor fit on encumbered anthropometry relative to increased bulk and overall protection coverage versus exposure. Forty male active duty military personnel were measured in five body armor configurations including: Semi-Nude, duty uniform (Baseline), Initial fit, Increased and Decreased size. In general, as the size of the body armor system decreased, so did the bulk. As assumed, bulk was the smallest for the Decreased size, followed by the Initial size, then by the Increased size. In opposition to the study assumption, exposed areas were the smallest in the Decreased configuration around the neck and the under arm. The results suggest that wearing a one size smaller body armor system may provide better protection at vulnerable locations such as at the neck and underarms due to reduced gapping/space in these regions with smaller bulk.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: between the past and the present.

Abstract The precise nature and diagnostic concept of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) has been debated for years. Currently, a histiocytic lineage of the tumor cells is no longer favored. The nomenclature and classification of MFH and its subtypes have also been changed. The MFH pattern, especially that of storiform-pleomorphic variant, is viewed as a morphologic pattern shared by a number of sarcomas as well as by other nonsarcomas. Therefore, a diagnosis of MFH based solely on morphology is no longer acceptable and identification of a line of differentiation should be sought. A diagnosis of MFH should be made only for pleomorphic sarcomas in which no specific line of differentiation is discerned. Precise categorization of MFH-like tumors may require thorough sampling of the tumor and judicious use of immunohistochemistry and/or electron microscopy. Familiarity with the current terminology and classification of MFH and its subtypes is of paramount significance in the modern practice of pathology.
A new spectrum related to 7-connected cobordism

A new 2-local spectrum Y is constructed so that H*Y is a cyclic A-module which in degrees ≤ 23 is the quotient of the Steenrod algebra by the left ideal generated by Sq1, Sq2, and Sq4. In order to show that in this range Y splits off MO〈8〉, the groups π i (MO〈8〉) are calculated for i < 23. This includes a novel Adams differential. When i ≥ 16, these are the cobordism groups of 7-connected manifolds.
Context Driven Personalized e-Learning Environment Provided as a State Service

The main topic of this paper is the life-long education. The rapidly evolving world permanently challenge both individuals and governments as the productivity and educational level of the state work-force is one of the most important factors of the long term success in both financial and social sectors. The paper describes an e-education system that should be funded by the state and exposed to all citizens in order to constantly upgrade their skills. The broad potential auditorium and targets of such system define certain unique requirements that should be met by the context driven personalized approach of delivering information as proposed in the paper. It makes the process of acquiring knowledge simpler for all categories of users and stabilizes the virtual learning environment from the data protection point of view.
An Implementation Study of Relationship Checkups as Home Visitations for Low‐Income At‐Risk Couples

Couples with the greatest need for relationship health maintenance and intervention are often least able to afford and access it; therefore, accessible, affordable, effective, and brief interventions are needed to improve relationship health for those who need it most. Consequently, this paper examined whether a brief relationship intervention could be effectively implemented with a low-income, underserved population. All enrolled participants (N = 1,312) received the Relationship Checkup, which consists of an assessment and a feedback session delivered in their homes or at a local clinic at their request. Measures assessed relationship satisfaction, communication, psychological and physical aggression, and intimacy at baseline and 1-month follow-up, and program and relationship satisfaction at 6-month follow-up. All participants reported significant improvements on all outcomes with small effect sizes. However, moderation analyses suggested that distressed couples reported significantly larger effects across the board. Overall, participants reported that they were highly satisfied with the intervention both immediately after its delivery and 6 months later. Findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of this brief checkup and point to the utility of offering these kinds of low-cost brief interventions in flexible formats for those who might have the most difficulty accessing them.
Medical mobility and intersectionality across the United States-Mexico border

The objective of this article is to analyze how intersectional processes shape differing degrees of medical mobility (defined as facility of movement across national borders for the purposes of obtaining health care services or pharmaceuticals) across the U.S.-Mexico border for Spanish-speaking Hispanics and English-speaking Whites. Furthermore, this document explores how intersectional factors such as race, language, socioeconomic status, and citizenship shape medical mobility patterns. The research used ethnographic methods (in-depth interviews and participant observation) over a period of sixteen months (from May 2017 until September 2018) in Hidalgo County in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The results of the research are an ethnographic understanding of the limits of citizenship for both documented and undocumented health care seekers in the border region, and the circumstances under which different border residents turn to bioconsumerism. The article’s conclusion makes a unique contribution to the literature by offering critical perspectives on relative privilege.
We are at Full Capacity": Social care workers persisting through work-related stress in a new immigrant settlement context in the United States.

Cities without a prior established history of Latina/o migration are experiencing the fastest rate of growth in new immigrants in the United States (Wainer, A tale of two cities (and a town): Immigrants in the Rust Belt, 2013; Lichter & Johnson, Immigrant gateways and Hispanic migration to new destinations. International Migration Review, 43, 496, 2009). These new immigrant settlement cities experience the challenge of adapting their social care context to become more responsive to the needs of immigrants. Yet as cities and social care organisations struggle to keep up with the "lag" time in the availability of culturally and linguistically responsive resources and services, social care providers often work in conditions of scarcity in a social care context that is often lacking in its ability to fully respond to the needs of immigrants. Literature indicates that such conditions of scarcity can lead to work related stress, burn-out, and can have a negative impact on the quality of services delivered by social care workers. Yet little is known regarding social care providers' motivations and responses to work stress; and how providers may positively respond and persist in their jobs despite such stressors. This study conducted in the new immigrant settlement city of Baltimore from 2014 to 2016, utilises semi-structured interviews to qualitatively explore the personal motivational beliefs, workplace and demographic factors associated with buffering stress and frustration among social care workers in a new immigrant settlement city (N = 29). Findings highlight important motivational and work-related factors that appear to minimise the impact of stress and frustration for social care providers and can be used in the development of burn-out interventions as well as improving quality of services for vulnerable populations such as, immigrants, especially in low-resource new immigrant settlement contexts.
Coulomb expansion of a cold non-neutral rubidium plasma

We study the expansion of a cold, non-neutral ion plasma into the vacuum. The plasma is initialized by photoionization of cold rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap by an ultraviolet laser pulse. We employ time-delayed plasma extraction and imaging onto a position- and time-sensitive microchannel plate detector to analyze the plasma. We report on the formation and persistence of plasma shock shells, pair correlations in the plasma, and external-field-induced plasma focusing effects. We also develop trajectory and fluid descriptions to model the data and to gain further insight. The simulations verify the formation of shock shells and correlations, and allow us to model time- and position-dependent density, temperature, and Coulomb coupling parameter, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}(\mathbf{r},t)$. The analysis also shows that the experimental plasma is strongly coupled and elucidates its expansion dynamics.
Abstract 383: STIM1 Deficiency in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Promotes Vascular Calcification in Atherosclerosis

Vascular calcification is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. We and others have demonstrated that osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) contribute predominantl...
Ionic conductivity of ion-exchange membranes: Measurement techniques and salt concentration dependence

Abstract Accurate measurements of membrane ionic conductivity are important for advancing the fundamental understanding of electric field-driven ion transport in ion-exchange membranes. There is no standardized technique for performing such measurements on membranes equilibrated with salt solutions, despite a longstanding interest in this topic. As a result, discrepancies between reported ionic conductivity values for common commercial membranes are often found in the open literature. This study examines ionic conductivity measurements based on the experimental technique in which a membrane directly contacts the electrodes. In the through-plane configuration of this technique, external resistances due to the interfacial region between the membrane and electrodes contribute significantly to the total measured resistance, particularly for thin membranes equilibrated with dilute salt solutions. A non-invasive approach to account for such external resistances based on performing the measurements with membranes having different thicknesses is presented. The total resistance of the electrochemical cell containing membranes with different thicknesses was measured via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the results were extrapolated to zero thickness to determine the magnitude of the external resistances. The membrane ionic conductivity results obtained from this approach were compared to those obtained from measurements utilizing the in-plane configuration, in which external resistances were negligible, as well as measurements in which external resistances were eliminated by replacing the solution on the membrane surface with a highly conducting electrolyte solution. The salt concentration dependence of the ionic conductivity of homogeneous ion-exchange membranes is discussed within the Nernst-Einstein framework.
Perceptions of police and participatory behavior for crime prevention: a multilevel analysis of formal and informal behaviors

This study examines relationships between attitudes toward police and informal as well as formal participatory behaviors for neighborhood crime prevention, while considering neighborhood influences on individuals’ behaviors. Utilizing data from Ross Matsueda’s Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey of 2220 households, this study examined relationships between perceptions of police—satisfaction and cynicism about police activities in dealing with residents’ concerns—and participatory behaviors. Consistent with the legitimacy argument, results demonstrated that individuals with more positive perceptions of police service participate more in neighborhood crime prevention in both formal and informal ways. One notable neighborhood factor was community social ties which potentially moderates associations between perceptions of police and participatory behaviors. Implications for crime prevention policy are discussed.
The Importance of Self-Determination to the Quality of Life of People with Intellectual Disability: A Perspective

There is both an intuitive and theoretical link between self-determination and quality of life for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Theoretically, definitions of self-determination have framed the construct with regard to its contribution to a person's overall quality of life, while theoretical frameworks of quality of life have included self-determination among the core dimensions contributing to enhanced quality of life. These theoretical linkages have been supported by research on the quality of life and self-determination of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and the relationships between these constructs. This article provides an overview of theoretical frameworks of self-determination, their relationship with theoretical frameworks of quality of life, and research pertaining to these constructs with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It is concluded that self-determination and quality of life are important constructs in designing supports that enable people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and that an important means to enhance the quality of life of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities is to promote and enable people to be self-determined.
Phenomenology of Superconductivity and Magnetic Order in Heavy Fermi Liquids and Narrow-Band Metals

Trends for the occurrence of superconductivity and magnetic order in narrow-band metals are reviewed. Magnetic interactions and strongly non-adiabatic coupling between electrons and the lattice are discussed as important limitations on the superconducting transition temperature Tc. The quantitative influence of the temperature and magnetic field dependences of normal state parameters on the upper critical field of heavy fermion and high-Tc superconductors, including the novel very-high-Tc copper oxides, are considered. Recent evidence is reviewed for the existence of an unexpectedly low energy scale To that acts as a “hyperstrong” cutoff for the Tc of heavy fermion, A15 and other narrow-band superconductors.
Rare-earth orbital moment contributions to the magnetic anisotropy in magnetostrictive Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2

Soft x-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism spectroscopy at the Dy and Tb M 4 , 5 and the Fe L 2 , 3 edges was performed on a sputter deposited polycrystalline Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2) film on sapphire substrates at temperatures from 100 to 300 K to evaluate the elementwise contribution to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and coercive field. The elemental spin and orbital magnetic moments were calculated using the x-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism sum rules. As temperatures decreased, the Tb and Fe moments plateau at 200 K with values of 7.6 μB/atom and 1.8 μB/atom, respectively, while the Dy moment increases to 8.9 μB/atom at 100 K. Between 300 and 200 K, the change in magnetic anisotropy is dominated by thermally induced magnetoelastic effects while for temperatures below 200 K magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) changes are dominant. The MCA changes below 200 K appear to be due to increases in the Dy orbital moment with decreasing temperature in this temperature regime.
Design and implementation of a portable diagnostic system for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy measurements

A diagnostic system, which has a design goal of high-portability, has been designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This project aims at providing measurements of key plasma parameters (ne, Te, ni, Ti) for fusion-relevant devices, utilizing Thomson scattering (TS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The innovative design employs mostly commercial off-the-shelf instrumentation and a traveling team of researchers to conduct measurements at various magnetic-confinement plasma devices. The TS diagnostic uses a Quantel Q-smart 1500 Nd:YAG laser with a 2ω harmonic generator to produce up to 850 mJ of 532 nm laser pulses at 10 Hz. Collection optics placed at the detection port consists of an 11 × 3 optical fiber bundle, where the TS diagnostic uses an 11 × 1 subset array of the fibers, the OES diagnostic uses another 11 fibers, and the remaining fibers are available to the host institution. The detection system is comprised of two separate IsoPlane-320 spectrometers with triple-grating turrets of various line spacing and two PI-MAX 4 intensified CCD detectors, used simultaneously to measure a broad range of ion, impurity, and electron parameters. The self-contained diagnostic package also includes a data processing and storage system. The design and initial implementation of the TS-OES diagnostic system are described. The experiments from the proof-of-principle operation of the portable package on a high density (∼2.5 × 1022 m−3) and low-temperature (∼5 eV) electrothermal arc source at ORNL are also discussed.
Highly efficient polyvinyl alcohol/montmorillonite flame retardant nanocoating for corrugated cardboard

A one-pot self-assembled nanocoating with a well-defined nanostructure was created consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and montmorillonite (MMT) and applied to double-walled corrugated cardboard (CB) via spray coating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the intercalation of PVA into the interstitial spaces of the MMT nanosheets and the alignment of the nanosheets. Vertical burning test, surface burning test, and horizontal burning test showed marked reductions in afterflame time, afterglow time, and flame spread, displaying quick self-extinguishing behaviors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a uniform coating of the surface of CB before burning tests. After burning, the coated CB samples formed a dense char layer that protected the underlying fibers. A PVA/MMT nanocoating applied via spray coating greatly inhibited flame spread and improved flame retardancy. A one-pot coassembled nanocoating consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and montmorillonite was developed to significantly improve the flame retardancy of cardboard.
Trauma-informed care for children involved with the child welfare system: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Background There has been a burgeoning development of trauma-informed care (TIC) interventions for children involved with the child welfare system. A quantitative synthesis of these interventions' effects on child wellbeing is warranted for the advancement of evidence-based practices. Objectives We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate TIC interventions' pooled effect on the wellbeing of children involved with the child welfare system, while examining factors that may moderate the effect. Methods The search and review yielded 15 eligible studies. We first estimated the interventions' pooled effect based on a compound child wellbeing indicator, and then on three specific child wellbeing indicators: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom reduction, behavioral problem reduction, and other psychological wellbeing improvement. We further conducted subgroup meta-analyses to evaluate factors that may moderate the effect. Results TIC interventions had a moderate effect as shown through the compound child wellbeing indicator (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = [0.27, 0.67]) as well as the three specific indicators (SMD = 0.37 to 0.52, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.88]). Subgroup meta-analyses indicated that the intervention effects varied but generally remained at a moderate level across study and intervention characteristics. Conclusions The findings suggest that TIC interventions for children involved with the child welfare system are promising, but the effect may vary by intervention strategies and other factors. Implications for practices and research are discussed.
Built environment factors in explaining the automobile-involved bicycle crash frequencies: a spatial statistic approach

The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between built environment factors and bicycle crashes with motor vehicles involved in Seattle. The research method employed is a Poisson lognormal random effects model using hierarchal Bayesian estimation. The Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) is selected as the unit of analysis to quantify the built environment factors. The assembled dataset provides a rich source of variables, including road network, street elements, traffic controls, travel demand, land use, and socio-demographics. The research questions are twofold: how are the built environment factors associated with the bicycle crashes, and are the TAZ-based bicycle crashes spatially correlated? The findings of this study are: (1) safety improvements should focus on places with more mixed land use; (2) off-arterial bicycle routes are safer than on-arterial bicycle routes; (3) TAZ-based bicycle crashes are spatially correlated; (4) TAZs with more road signals and street parking signs are likely to have more bicycle crashes; and (5) TAZs with more automobile trips have more bicycle crashes. For policy implications, the results suggest that the local authorities should lower the driving speed limits, regulate cycling and driving behaviors in areas with mixed land use, and separate bike lanes from road traffic.
Indictment or Challenge to Constructive Advance?: Remarks Suggested by Major Rogers' Paper

Author's Summary— Deficiencies in language teaching brought to light by present needs do not imply that programs of language instruction are unimportant or that they cannot be improved. The autocritical and objective study of needs for reorientation of content and approach in language courses provides a challenge to teachers at the present time.
Artificial Neural Networks in Biological and Environmental Analysis

Originating from models of biological neural systems, artificial neural networks (ANN) are the cornerstones of artificial intelligence research. Catalyzed by the upsurge in computational power and availability, and made widely accessible with the co-evolution of software, algorithms, and methodologies, artificial neural networks have had a profound impact in the elucidation of complex biological, chemical, and environmental processes. Artificial Neural Networks in Biological and Environmental Analysis provides an in-depth and timely perspective on the fundamental, technological, and applied aspects of computational neural networks. Presenting the basic principles of neural networks together with applications in the field, the book stimulates communication and partnership among scientists in fields as diverse as biology, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, and environmental science. This interdisciplinary discourse is essential not only for the success of independent and collaborative research and teaching programs, but also for the continued interest in the use of neural network tools in scientific inquiry. The book covers: A brief history of computational neural network models in relation to brain function Neural network operations, including neuron connectivity and layer arrangement Basic building blocks of model design, selection, and application from a statistical perspective Neurofuzzy systems, neuro-genetic systems, and neuro-fuzzy-genetic systems Function of neural networks in the study of complex natural processes Scientists deal with very complicated systems, much of the inner workings of which are frequently unknown to researchers. Using only simple, linear mathematical methods, information that is needed to truly understand natural systems may be lost. The development of new algorithms to model such processes is needed, and ANNs can play a major role. Balancing basic principles and diverse applications, this text introduces newcomers to the field and reviews recent developments of interest to active neural network practitioners.
Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans’ Support for the War on Terror

In the years following 9/11, surveys have revealed high levels of public support for policies related to the war on terror that, many argue, contravene long‐standing American ideals. Extant research would suggest that such preferences result from the activation of authoritarianism. That is, the terrorist attacks caused those predisposed toward intolerance and aggression to become even more intolerant and aggressive. However, using data from two national surveys, we find that those who score high in authoritarianism do not become more hawkish or less supportive of civil liberties in response to perceived threat from terrorism; they tend to have such preferences even in the absence of threat. Instead, those who are less authoritarian adopt more restrictive and aggressive policy stands when they perceive threat from terrorism. In other words, many average Americans become susceptible to "authoritarian thinking" when they perceive a grave threat to their safety.
Physical characteristics of cometary dust from dynamical studies - A review

Progress made in the determination of the physical characteristics of cometary dust particles from studies of dust tail dynamics is reviewed. Applications of the combined dynamical photometric approach of Finson and Probstein (1968) to studies of cometary tails exhibiting continuous light intensity variations are discussed, with attention given to determinations of the particle-size-related distribution function of the solar radiation pressure exerted on the particles, the contribution of comets to the interplanetary dust, calculations of dust ejection rates and a Monte Carlo approach to the analysis of dust tails. Investigations of dust streamers and striae, which are believed to be related to comet outbursts entailing brief but sharp enhancements of dust production, are then reviewed, with particular attention given to observations of Comet West 1976 VI. Finally, the question of cometary particle type is addressed, and it is pointed out that the presence of submicron absorbing particles in the striae of Comet West is not incompatible with the presence of micron-size dielectric particles in the inner coma.
Coupled structural and magnetic antiphase domain walls on BaFe2As2

High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements on BaFe2As2-one of the parent compounds of the iron-based superconductors-reveals a (1x1) As-terminated unit cell on the (001) surface. However, there are significant differences of the surface unit cell compared to the bulk: only one of the two As atoms in the unit cell is imaged and domain walls between different (1x1) regions display a C2 symmetry at the surface. It should have been C2v if the STM image reflected the geometric structure of the surface or the orthorhombic bulk. The inequivalent As atoms and the bias dependence of the domain walls indicate that the origin of the STM image is primarily electronic not geometric. We argue that the surface electronic topography mirrors the bulk spin structure of BaFe2As2, via strong orbital-spin coupling.
Motif-oriented representation of sequences for a host-based intrusion detection system

Audit sequences have been used effectively to study process behaviors and build host-based intrusion detection models. Most sequence-based techniques make use of a pre-defined window size for scanning the sequences to model process behavior. In this paper, we propose two methods for extracting variable length patterns from audit sequences that avoid the necessity of such a pre-determined parameter. We also present a technique for abstract representation of the sequences, based on the empirically determined variable length patterns within the audit sequence, and explore the usage of such representation for detecting anomalies in sequences. Our methodology for anomaly detection takes two factors into account: the presence of individual malicious motifs, and the spatial relationships between the motifs that are present in a sequence. Thus, our method subsumes most of the past works, which primarily based on only the first factor. The preliminary experimental observations appear to be quite encouraging.
Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid inhibits nonopsonic (opacity-associated outer membrane protein-mediated) interactions with human neutrophils.

Abstract Gonococci possessing certain opacity-associated (Opa) outer membrane proteins adhere to and are phagocytosed by human neutrophils in the absence of serum. Recently, it has been shown that serum-sensitive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae possessing the appropriate lipooligosaccharide phenotype become serum resistant when grown in the presence of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NANA) because of sialylation of their lipooligosaccharide. We investigated whether such sialylation affects nonopsonic (antibody- and complement-independent) interactions of gonococci with human neutrophils in vitro. We grew Opa+ gonococci in the presence of up to 50 micrograms of CMP-NANA per ml, incubated them with neutrophils in vitro, and measured their abilities to adhere to neutrophils, stimulate neutrophil luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL), and be phagocytically killed by neutrophils. Growth in CMP-NANA dramatically inhibited (in a dose-dependent manner) the ability of Opa+ gonococci to adhere to neutrophils and stimulate neutrophil LDCL. Growth of Opa+ gonococci in 50 micrograms of CMP-NANA per ml appeared to delay, but did not inhibit, their killing by neutrophils. Sialidase treatment of sialylated Opa+ gonococci, i.e., gonococci grown with CMP-NANA, totally restored their abilities to adhere to neutrophils and stimulate neutrophil LDCL. Opa- gonococci grown in the presence of 50 micrograms of CMP-NANA per ml and opsonized with fresh human serum bound to neutrophils only about 30% less efficiently than did Opa- gonococci grown without CMP-NANA and opsonized. The results of our studies show that sialylated Opa+ gonococci have dramatically reduced nonopsonic interactions with neutrophils. Some gonococcal strains may resist killing by human neutrophils in vivo by such a mechanism.
Explicit Multidimensional Solitary Wave Solutions to Nonlinear Evolution Equations

Recently, Deumens and Warchall [ 5 ] found explicitly all spherically symmetric standing wave solutions to certain semilinear Klein-Gordon and SchrSdinger equations in multiple spatial dimensions, and analyzed properties of the associated localized traveling waves. This report outlines heuristic considerations underlying that analysis, and shows that the structure of the infinite family of standing waves is governed by the phase space portraits of a nonlinear dissipative dynamical system with one degree of freedom.
Mitral-valve prosthesis, warfarin anticoagulation, and pregnancy.

Abstract Uncomplicated pregnancy in a 27-year-old with rheumatic heart-disease and a Starr-Edwards mitral-valve prosthesis is reported. During the pregnancy the patient took warfarin sodium for 36 weeks and switched to heparin 18 days before delivery. A normal girl was born with a prothrombin-time of 16.2 seconds (control 13.5). Successful pregnancy and delivery in patients with mitral-valve prosthesis is possible when careful control of anticoagulation is maintained.
Effects of Objective Feedback and “Single Other” or “Average Other” Social Comparison Feedback on Performance Judgments and Helping Behavior

In two studies, participants received positive or negative feedback about their performance on a verbal task and then provided hints to another person on a subsequent, different task. It was expected that participants would give more helpful hints after positive than after negative feedback but that this would be more apparent when the feedback was based on performance comparisons with the “average participant” than on comparisons with another person or an objective standard. This effect was expected to be mediated by judgments of one’s performance on the first task. These predictions were supported. Participants seemed aware of the effect of feedback on their hint choices, and their hint choices did not alter their affect levels. Also, participants receiving comparative (single or aggregated target) feedback exhibited changes in self-ascribed importance of the performance domain. Implications for social comparison theory and self-evaluation maintenance theory are discussed.
Effects of Puromycin and Actinomycin in Vitro on Sulfate Incorporation by Cartilage of the Rat and Its Stimulation by Serum Sulfation Factor and Insulin

The effects of puromycin and actinomycin on sulfate incorporation in vitro by cartilage from normal and hypophysectomized rats were determined. Tissue was incubated in a medium containing 14 amino acids and glucose. Sulfate incorporation was measured with (35S) sulfate. Both antibiotics profoundly inhibited sulfate incorporation by cartilage from normal and hypophysectomized animals. Maximal inhibition with actinomycin was less than with puromycin in cartilage from normal rats but was nearly equal to puromycin in cartilage from hypophysectomized rats. Maximal inhibitory concentrations of either antibiotic abolished the sulfationpromoting actions of serum sulfation factor and insulin. In cartilage from normal rats, actinomycin inhibited (14C)uridine incorporation into RNA, and either antibiotic inhibited (14C)leucine incorporation into a TCA-insoluble fraction of protein. In addition, either agent decreased the very low basal oxygen uptake and slightly decreased the release of lactic acid by this tissue. I...
The Transition from Public Residential Schools for Retarded People to Custodial Facilities: an Economic Explanation.

ABSTRACT Conventional histories of residential services for mentally retarded persons in the United States explain the development of custodial care as the result of the failure of early residential schools to achieve their educational goals. Review of the historical evidence indicates that the conventional explanation is inadequate. An alternative explanation is suggested based on an economic model of the structure of the residential services industry. The economic model explains the decline of education and transition to low-quality custodial care in terms of economic incentives. Particularly important is the role of the mental retardation profession as monopolists of expertise regarding mentally retarded people and in rationing residential services to parents of retarded people. It is argued that the profession used its expertise monopoly to generate demand for residential services by portraying retarded persons first as in need of protection and later as a ‘menace’ to society.
Hidden symmetry—dual symmetry. Mn(CO)5Br, an example

Abstract The CO stretching vibrations of Mn(CO)5Br are anomalous—the Raman spectrum does not obey the C4ν selection rules. The origin of the phenomenon is discussed and treated theoretically. It can be expected to occur in other molecules.
Microvascular surgery in experimental and clinical kidney transplantation.

An improved microsurgical technique for orthotopic rat kidney transplantation is described in detail. (1) End-to-end anastomosis of renal arteries with 7–8 interrupted 10-0 sutures. (2) End-to-end anastomosis of renal veins with 2 continuous semicircular 10-0 sutures. (3) Non-splinted end-to-end ureteric anastomosis with 4 interrupted full-thickness 11-0 sutures. (4) Simultaneous bilateral nephrectomy. Seventy transplantations were analysed. No failure due to complications of the vascular anastomoses occurred. The ureteric anastomoses were complicated by stenosis in only 5 animals (7%). The operation times for vascular anastomoses were 20 (15–24) minutes and for complete transplantation 50 (45–60) minutes. This technique seems to be less time consuming than other methods. Our method has produced a success rate of 93% with well standardized and reproducible organ quality. Preliminary clinical experiences with extracorporeal microvascular reconstruction in 4 cases of injured small polar kidney allograft arteries support the continued application in appropriate situations to increase the number of suitable donor kidneys.
Analysis of a horizontal two-element antenna array above a dielectric halfspace

The mixed-potential integral equation is employed to compute the current distribution on two parallel wire antennas placed horizontally above an air/water interface. The Sommerfeld integrals incorporated in the kernel of the integral equation are evaluated by numerical integration along the steepest-descent path in the complex plane. Sample results are presented for several cases of interest and are compared with measured data.
Heterochrony and its role in sex determination of cryptically dioecious Consolea (Cactaceae) staminate flowers

Ovule development, megasporogenesis, and megagametogenesis were studied in six cryptically dioecious species of Consolea. All species showed uniform development typical for the Opuntioideae. Ovule development proceeds acropetally, but shows developmental asynchrony across floral morphs. At anthesis, female morph ovules are functional and available for fertilization, whereas staminate flower ovules are senescing and incapable of being fertilized. In occasional plants of some species, staminate flowers may reach anthesis with a few functional apical ovules capable of seed formation. Such plants are described as inconstant/leaky males. Ovule fertility differences across morphs are interpreted as resulting from heterochronic ovule development and senescence, although variation in embryo sac longevity cannot be ruled out. Significantly, ovule abortion follows a common pattern and timing in staminate flowers of both male morphs in all species. Thus, on the basis of this uniformity, a common origin for the cryptically dioecious breeding system in Consolea is hypothesized. Furthermore, staminate expression in Consolea appears to be controlled by a common, genetically determined heterochronic ovule developmental programme affecting the relative timing of ovule receptivity and flower opening. This is the first report of heterochrony as a mechanism of male sex determination. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 156, 305–326.
Synthesis of N-Substituted and N,N′-Disubstituted Benzyl Derivatives of 5,5-Disubstituted Barbiturates

N-Substituted and N,N′-disubstituted benzyl derivatives of barbital, phenobarbital, and amobarbital have been synthesized by the use of a strongly basic anion-exchange resin. The barbiturate is first absorbed on the resin and the resin then agitated mechanically with an ethanol solution of benzyl chloride. The reaction proceeds at room temperature. The yields in all cases ranged from 50 to 80 per cent.
Merging of coronal and heliospheric numerical two‐dimensional MHD models

[1] Space weather research requires investigation of a complex chain of coupled dynamic phenomena occurring simultaneously on various spatial and temporal scales between the Sun and Earth. Specialized physically based numerical models have been developed to address particular aspects of the entire system. However, an integrated modeling approach is necessary to provide a complete picture suitable for interpretation of various remote and in situ observations and for development of forecasting capabilities. In this paper we demonstrate merging of coronal and heliospheric MHD models for a two-dimensional hypothetical case involving a magnetic cloud, shock, streamer belt, and current sheet. The disruption of a sheared helmet streamer launches a coronal mass ejection (CME) (simulated by the coronal model), which evolves during its propagation through interplanetary space (simulated by the heliospheric model). These models employ different physical approximations and numerical grids to simulate physical phenomena over their respective spatial and temporal domains. The merging of the models enables accurate tracking of a CME from its origin in the solar atmosphere to its arrival at Earth.
Gold nanoparticle-mediated detection of melamine based on a dual colorimetric and turbidometric readouts

A simple method for rapid detection of melamine in the food is presented. Citrate-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and cyanuric acid were utilized to generate melamine-concentration dependent colorimetric and turbidometric signals, respectively. As low as 0.4 ppm of melamine can be detected from the whole milk within 15 minutes with this new detection method and a simple acid precipitation based milk pretreatment. This melamine detection method provides a time- and cost- effective alternative to conventional methods.