cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do we build trust in machine learning models

Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) systems and machine learning algorithms are rapidly being used in both the private and public sectors to simplify basic and complex decision-making processes. Most economic sectors, including transportation, retail, advertising, and electricity, are being disrupted by data digitization on a large scale, as well as the emerging technologies that use it. Computerized systems are being implemented to increase precision and drive objectivity in government operations, and AI is having an effect on democracy and governance. Computers have made it simple to extract new insights thanks to the availability of large data sets. As a result, algorithms have evolved into more complex and ubiquitous methods for automated decisionmaking. Algorithms are a series of step-by-step instructions that computers obey to complete a task. Hiring, advertisement, criminal punishment, and lending decisions were all made by humans and organizations in the pre-algorithm era. These decisions were often regulated by federal, state, and local laws that set standards for justice, openness, and equality in decision-making (Lee, Resnick, & Barton, 2019). Today, some of these decisions are taken or influenced entirely by computers, whose size and statistical rigor promise previously unheard-of efficiencies. Algorithms are using large amounts of macro- and micro-data to influence decisions affecting people in a variety of activities, ranging from movie recommendations to assisting banks in determining a person's creditworthiness. Algorithms in supervised machine learning depend on multiple data sets, or training data, that specify the correct outputs for specific people or artifacts. It then learns a model that can be applied to other people or artifacts and predicts what the correct outputs should be for them based on the training data (Lee et al., 2019).continue reading....
Optimization behavior of brainstem respiratory neurons

A recent model of respiratory control suggested that the steady-state respiratory responses to CO2 and exercise may be governed by an optimal control law in the brainstem respiratory neurons. It was not certain, however, whether such complex optimization behavior could be accomplished by a realistic biological neural network. To test this hypothesis, we developed a hybrid computer-neural model in which the dynamics of the lung, brain and other tissue compartments were simulated on a digital computer. Mimicking the "controller" was a human subject who pedalled on a bicycle with varying speed (analog of ventilatory output) with a view to minimize an analog signal of the total cost of breathing (chemical and mechanical) which was computed interactively and displayed on an oscilloscope. In this manner, the visuomotor cortex served as a proxy (homolog) of the brainstem respiratory neurons in the model. Results in 4 subjects showed a linear steady-state ventilatory CO2 response to arterial PCO2 during simulated CO2 inhalation and a nearly isocapnic steady-state response during simulated exercise. Thus, neural optimization is a plausible mechanism for respiratory control during exercise and can be achieved by a neural network with cognitive computational ability without the need for an exercise stimulus.
Public Health Preparedness for Maritime Terrorist Attacks on Ports and Coastal Waters

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of mass casualties and necessary public health and provider preparation relating to maritime terrorist attacks on the US ports. DESIGN: Articles were obtained by searching PubMed database, Google, and Google Scholar search engines using terms such as "maritime security," "maritime terrorism,"port security," "terrorist attacks on the U.S. ports," "terrorist nuclear attacks," "terrorist attacks on liquefied natural gas tankers," and "terrorist attack on high occupancy ships." SETTING: U.S. ports and coastal waters. RESULTS: Seventy-six journal articles were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and mortality high for nuclear terrorist attack; mortality low but morbidity potentially high for radiological attacks. It would be more difficult for terrorist attack on natural gas tankers to cause high mortality and/or morbidity. Language: en
The beginning and future of African American archaeology in Mississippi

Nearly a decade ago, Theresa Singleton challenged archaeologists to begin investigations of black life in Mississippi, but only recently has a systematic program begun. In 1995, a program in the archaeology of African American sites in Mississippi was implemented at the University of Southern Mississippi. While still in the early phases of work, a number of sites have been located and tested in various regions in Mississippi. These sites range from antebellum cotton plantations to black communities of the early-20th century. The success of the initial stages of this program is due in large part to the development of partnerships with various agencies including African American preservation groups in Mississippi. The importance of working with descendant groups and conducting oral histories and ethnographic studies has been stressed in this program in order to make the most accurate interpretations possible about African American life from slavery to contemporary times in Mississippi and to ensure African Americans are involved in these interpretations.
On the identification of model structure in hydrological and environmental systems

[1] The paper presents a new recursive estimation algorithm designed expressly for the purpose of model structure identification (not for state estimation or primarily for parameter estimation) and discusses two applications thereof, one to a motivating, hypothetical example and one to data from whole-pond manipulations designed to explore sediment-nutrient-phytoplankton dynamics. The algorithm is the current culmination of a long-term technical development from state estimation using a Kalman filter, through state parameter estimation using an extended Kalman filter, through a recursive prediction error (RPE) algorithm for parameter estimation cast in the state space and recently modified for estimating time-varying model parameters, to an RPE algorithm for estimating time-varying parameters but cast in a parameter space formulation. It is concluded that the algorithm performs well, in the sense of being robust and indeed in revealing specifically where (but less so exactly how) a prior candidate model's structure may be in error.
The Moral Careers of Militia Group Participants: A Case Study

This article is a case study examining the moral careers of members of a constitutional militia group in a Deep South state. Data for this study were gathered through participant observation and interviews with members at meetings, gun shows, shooting ranges, and other activities engaged in by members of this group. This research focuses on how group participants come to identify themselves as members. A typology of true believers, verbal converts, and fellow travelers was developed based on levels of involvement, the potential for violence is discussed, and the findings are framed within the sociological literature.
Right Ventricular Outflow Obstruction from Thrombus with Small Peripheral Pulmonary Emboli

A patient is described with clinical features of massive pulmonary embolism and a normal pulmonary angiogram. At necropsy, a large thrombus obstructed right ventricular outflow. A right atrial or right ventricular angiogram is suggested in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism when a pulmonary angiogram shows the pulmonary trunk and main right and left pulmonary arteries to be normal.
Structure studies of amylose-V complexes and retrograded amylose by action of alpha amylases, and a new method for preparing amylodextrins

Human-salivary, porcine-pancreatic, and Bacillus subtilis alpha amylases were used to study the structure of amylose-V complexes with butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and 1-naphthol, and of retrograded amylose. Alpha amylase hydrolyzes the amorphous, folding areas on the surfaces of the lamella of packed helices, with the formation of resistant, amylodextrin fragments. Their degree of polymerization (d.p.) corresponds to the diameter of the helices and the folding length of the chain. The resistant fragments were fractionated on a column of Bio-Gel A-0.5m. Gel filtration of human-salivary and porcine-pancreatic alpha amylase hydrolyzates gave resistant fragments whose peak fractions, i.e., the three pooled fractions from the gel-filtration column with the highest amount of carbohydrate, had a d.p. of 75 +/- 4 for the amylose complex with butyl alcohol, 90 +/- 3 for those with tert-butyl alcohol and tetrachloroethane, and 123 +/- 2 for that with 1-naphthol. These d.p. values correspond to helices of six residues per turn with a folding length of 10 nm, seven residues per turn with a folding length of 10 nm, and eight residues per turn with a folding length of 12 nm (or nine residues per turn with a folding length of 10 nm), respectively. Acid hydrolysis of retrograded amylose gave a resistant fragment having an average d.p. of 32, human-salivary and porcine-pancreatic alpha amylases gave a resistant fragment of d.p. 43, and Bacillus subtilis alpha amylase gave a resistant fragment of d.p. 50. A structure for retrograded amylose is proposed in which there are crystalline, double-helical regions that are 10 nm long, interspersed with amorphous regions. The amorphous regions are hydrolyzed by acid and by alpha amylases, leaving the crystalline regions intact. The differences in the sizes of the resistant amylodextrins depend on the differences in the specificities of the hydrolyzing agents: acid hydrolyzes right up to the edge of the crystalline region, whereas the alpha amylases hydrolyze up to some point several D-glucosyl residues away from the crystalline region, leaving "stubs" on the ends of the amylodextrins whose sizes are dependent on the sizes of the binding sites of the individual alpha amylases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Monocular and Binocular Testing to Improve the Diagnostic Value of Horizontal Optokinetic Nystagmus.

This report describes the effects of unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions on the binocular and monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Six subjects who had undergone surgical removal of an acous...
Human memory retrieval as Lévy foraging

Abstract When people attempt to recall as many words as possible from a specific category (e.g., animal names) their retrievals occur sporadically over an extended temporal period. Retrievals decline as recall progresses, but short retrieval bursts can occur even after tens of minutes of performing the task. To date, efforts to gain insight into the nature of retrieval from this fundamental phenomenon of semantic memory have focused primarily upon the exponential growth rate of cumulative recall. Here we focus upon the time intervals between retrievals. We expected and found that, for each participant in our experiment, these intervals conformed to a Levy distribution suggesting that the Levy flight dynamics that characterize foraging behavior may also characterize retrieval from semantic memory. The closer the exponent on the inverse square power-law distribution of retrieval intervals approximated the optimal foraging value of 2, the more efficient was the retrieval. At an abstract dynamical level, foraging for particular foods in one's niche and searching for particular words in one's memory must be similar processes if particular foods and particular words are randomly and sparsely located in their respective spaces at sites that are not known a priori. We discuss whether Levy dynamics imply that memory processes, like foraging, are optimized in an ecological way.
Moderation of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by calcium channel and calmodulin receptor inhibition.

Intracellular Ca2+ accumulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury. To study approaches designed to modify Ca2+ uptake during coronary revascularization after acute infarction, a pig heart surgical infarct model (left anterior descending artery occlusion for 60 min) was subjected to 60 min hypothermic potassium cardioplegic arrest, followed by 60 min of global reperfusion. Four groups of six hearts each were studied in a randomized manner, i.e., cardioplegia alone (control), cardioplegia + 10 µM diltiazem (Ca2+ slow channel blocker), cardioplegia + 10 µM trifluoperazine (TFP), (a Ca2+-calmodulin antagonist), and cardioplegia + diltiazem (10 µM) + TFP (10 µM). Left ventricular contractility (global and segmental), metabolism (coronary blood flow and O2 consumption), and creatine kinase generation were measured during reperfusion. Both the Ca2+ channel blocker, diltiazem, and the calmodulin antagonist, TFP, improved myocardial global and regional function as well as myocardial metabolism. While diltiazem better restored global and regional contractility, trifluoperazine had a greater effect on coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. Enzyme release and lipid peroxidation were equally moderated by both drugs. From this study it can be concluded that Ca2+ influx does play a role in ischemic and reperfusion injury. The mechanisms of its effect are complex, but can be successfully antagonized by Ca2+ blockers as well as by calmodulin antagonists, with improved myocardial preservation.
Isolation, culture, and characterization of adult rat oligodendrocytes

Investigation into CNS demyelinating diseases, which usually occur in adults, can be facilitated by the use of a good in vitro model. We have established a methodology whereby oligodendrocytes from adult rat CNS can be cultured in vitro, and we have characterized these cultures morphologically and immunologically. Approximately 1 g of spinal cord and brainstem per adult rat was removed and dissociated mechanically and enzymatically. After filtration of the white matter homogenate, myelin was removed by 0.9 M sucrose density centrifugation. The cells were further purified by centrifugation through a 0.3%/4% discontinuous gradient of bovine serum albumin (BSAZ). The pellet was resuspended and placed in an untreated 6-well culture dish overnight to allowthe astrocytes to attach. The non-adherent cells were replated on poly-l-lysine-treated coverslips. Approximately 8.25 × 105 cells were recovered per animal. The adult oligodendrocytes initially appeared as rounded cell bodies, but after 2–5 days in vitro (DIV), the oligodendrocytes extended 6–10 thick processes. A membrance sheath between these processes was immunostainable with either anti-galactocerebroside (GC), anti-04, anti-myelin basic protein (MBP), or anti-2′3′ cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphohydrolase (CNPase) and was also evident in scanning EM. Older cultures (up nto 60 DIV) maintained whorls of myelin and transmission EM revealed a major dense line distance of approximately 103 AS with up to 11 concentric layers of membrance. Immunologically, the adult oligodendrocytes are GC+, 04+, MBP+, CNPase+, and GFAP−. The method described will allow adult rat oligodendrocytes to be isolated and maintained in culture; these cultures retain the characteristics of differentiated adult oligodendrocytes.
Cost-effectiveness of image-guided surgery.

The development of new minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and advances in medical imaging have had a huge impact on the developing field of image-guided surgery (1). Image-guided surgical procedures (in particular, minimally invasive procedures) use microinstruments, catheters, biopsy needles, lasers, and endoscopes for procedures in which direct visualization is limited or sometimes not even possible. Interactive imaging during procedural guidance requires sensors or tracking devices to relate the position of the tools and instruments to the images. Currently, neurosurgery, endoscopic sinus surgery, and some orthopedic applications take advantage of navigational tools based on preoperative imaging. Compared to conventional surgical approaches, image-guided interventions should not only improve surgical techniques but also provide better outcomes, lower complication rates, and reduced invasiveness. Image-guided interventions use imaging data for several key procedural steps (2-6): Local&ation.--Imaging (eg, ultrasound [US], computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance [MR]) obtained before surgery provides diagnostic imaging data that allow the precise determination of a target's extent, margins, and position relative to an external reference system.
Public knowledge and attitudes about diazepam

A total of 147 outpatients waiting for a prescription to be filled at a hospital pharmacy were tested on their knowledge about diazepam (Valium). Subjects scored highest on questions about the effects of a small overdose, the drug's interaction with alcohol and hypnotics, and the relative contraindications of pregnancy and breast-feeding. Subjects were least knowledgeable about the drug's generic name, side effects, and interaction with minor stimulants (coffee, tea, cola, and cigarettes). Subjects who had previously used diazepam (N=97) knew significantly more than subjects who had never taken it, but subjects waiting for a diazepam prescription to be filled (N=40) were not more knowledgeable than subjects having another type of prescription filled. In contrast to recent findings that increasing patients' drug knowledge via “Patient Package Inserts” (PPIs) may also create an overcautious attitude toward the drug, the present study finds that diazepam knowledge gained experientially is accompanied by an attitude shift away from such overcautiousness.
Roles for gliotransmission in the nervous system

Astrocytes were long referred to as passive cells in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the application of fluorescent Ca2+ indicators revealed their “Ca2+ excitability” in response to a variety of stimuli. Since then, evidence showing that astrocytes release chemical transmitters and can modulate synapses has led to a new integrative view of the astrocyte. While it is inarguable that astrocytes play essential roles in nervous system function, and that gliotransmission modulates synapses, a significant challenge lies in developing the appropriate experimental strategy to allow unequivocal identification of roles for gliotransmission in nervous system function.
Modeling the non-uniform distribution of interface traps

The incorporation of total ionizing dose (TID) effects into surface-potential-based compact models requires calculating the dependence of surface potential ( ψ s ) on radiation-induced defect densities. This dependence is obtained through the introduction of the oxide trapped charge (N ot ) and the interface trap (N it ) areal densities into the surface potential equation (SPE). In this work we present an approach for introducing a non-uniform energy distribution of interface traps into calculations of ψ s . The approach is verified experimentally through comparisons with capacitance vs. voltage (C-V) characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors exposed to ionizing radiation.
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection

Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV is common. Studies conducted prior to the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy reported increased HCV liver disease severity in coinfected persons compared with those infected with HCV alone. In the current era, the influences of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy on the natural history of HCV liver disease are less well defined. Peginterferon alfa and ribavirin are the current standard of care in treating HCV, but HIV coinfection is associated with lower response rates to treatment. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the natural history and pathogenesis of HCV liver disease in the setting of HIV coinfection and to identify more effective HCV treatments.
THE mercury-ion optical clock: Towards a measurement of the quadrupole shift

An optical clock based upon a single mercury ion in a radio-frequency trap has the potential for both high stability and high accuracy. The systematic uncertainty of this frequency standard is limited by contributions due to two types of external fields. The clock has previously been operated with a magnetic bias field that destabilizes dark states that limit the rates of laser cooling and state detection. This bias field has previously resulted in a substantial second-order Zeeman shift. We now destabilize the dark states with a polarization-scrambling technique that allows us to operate with only a minimal magnetic field. The second uncertainty that we address here is the magnitude of the quadrupole shift due to the interaction of stray electric-field gradients with the quadrupole moment of the ion. We describe the steps that we are taking to evaluate this shift in the near future.
Expression of DNA translesion synthesis polymerase η in head and neck squamous cell cancer predicts resistance to gemcitabine and cisplatin-based chemotherapy

Purpose The development of resistance against anticancer drugs has been a persistent clinical problem for the treatment of locally advanced malignancies in the head and neck mucosal derived squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Recent evidence indicates that the DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase η (Pol η; hRad30a gene) reduces the effectiveness of gemcitabine/cisplatin. The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between the expression level of Pol η and the observed resistance against these chemotherapeutic agents in HNSCC, which is currently unknown. Methods Sixty-four mucosal derived squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck (HNSCC) from 1989 and 2007 at the City of Hope National Medical Center (Duarte, CA) were retrospectively analyzed. Pretreatment samples were immunostained with anti-Pol η antibody and the correlation between the expression level of Pol η and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Forty-nine cases treated with platinum (n=40) or gemcitabine (n=9) based chemotherapy were further examined for Pol η expression level for comparison with patient response to chemotherapy. Results The expression of Pol η was elevated in 67% of the head and neck tumor samples. Pol η expression level was significantly higher in grade 1 to grade 2 tumors (well to moderately differentiated). The overall benefit rate (complete response+ partial response) in patients treated with platinum and gemcitabine based chemotherapy was 79.5%, where low Pol η level was significantly associated with high complete response rate (p=0.03), although not associated with overall survival. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between Pol η expression level with gender, age, tobacco/alcohol history, tumor stage and metastatic status. Conclusions Our data suggest that Pol η expression may be a useful prediction marker for the effectiveness of platinum or gemcitabine based therapy for HNSCC.
The role of the Lifshitz point in high-Tc superconductivity

Abstract The importance of the two-dimensional van Hove singularity for high-temperature superconductivity is discussed. A modified Bilbro-McMillan hamiltonian is introduced, in which an “excitonic” pairing process arises naturally. the resulting gap equation has highly non-BCS solutions, with the possibility of 2Δ(0)>3.53k B T c .
Fluid migration in a cratonic setting: the fluid histories of two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent

Abstract A combined field, petrographic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope study was undertaken in two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent of the North American craton in order to determine their fluid histories. Because both the Kentucky River fault zone in central Kentucky and the Bowling Green fault zone in northwest Ohio were active intermittently throughout much of the Paleozoic, it was thought that one or both may record the passage of the late Paleozoic brine migration that affected large portions of the eastern midcontinent. Three fluid events were recognized in calcite veins of the Kentucky River fault zone. Each tapped the same dominantly meteoric, low-salinity fluid reservoir, but at different times as the fault zone was cooling ( T h 110° to 75°C) at relatively shallow depths ( T h 115° to 60°C) at a shallow depth (
The solar wind and hallucinations--a possible relation due to magnetic disturbances.

Data from the 19th century on hallucinations and magnetic disturbances were found to exhibit a direct and statistically significant correlation. The aa magnetic index over the period 1868-89 and concurrent visual hallucinatory activity were found to co-vary (Spearman coefficient = .64; P less than .05). Magnetic influences on the pineal hormone, melatonin, are suggested as a possible source of variation.
Understanding environmental health inequalities through comparative intracategorical analysis: racial/ethnic disparities in cancer risks from air toxics in El Paso County, Texas.

Abstract This paper contributes to the environmental justice literature by analyzing contextually relevant and racial/ethnic group-specific variables in relation to air toxics cancer risks in a US–Mexico border metropolis at the census block group-level. Results indicate that Hispanics' ethnic status interacts with class, gender and age status to amplify disproportionate risk. In contrast, results indicate that non-Hispanic whiteness attenuates cancer risk disparities associated with class, gender and age status. Findings suggest that a system of white-Anglo privilege shapes the way in which race/ethnicity articulates with other dimensions of inequality to create unequal cancer risks from air toxics.
Commitment of Audience, and Legitimacy and Attitudinal Stance of Communicator: A Test of the “Woodwork” Hypothesis

St4mnary.-Based upon an analysis of anecdotal evidence in social reality, a laboratory experiment was carried out in which were varied: one's prior commiunent to consonant behavior and the legitimacy and attitudinal stance (agreedisagree) of a communicator Legitimacy of a communicator was defined as independent of his prestige, sincerity, and personal attractiveness, and limited to his qualifications to speak on a specific issue. A variety of measures were taken to define Ss' perceptions of legitimate and illegitimate communicators. Legitimacy tended not to affect uncommitted Ss. Committed Ss responded positively to the legitimate communicator and negatively (boomerang) to the illegitimate speaker, regarding artitude change, behavioroid measures, and information-seeking, regardless of the actitudinal stance of the communicator.
The measurement of free thyroxine by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract Background Most clinical chemistry laboratories measure free thyroxine (FT4) by an analogue (direct) method. Nevertheless, the validity of analogue FT4 immunoassays has been questioned and patient's results using this approach frequently do not fit in with the clinical presentation. Because of these problems we routinely send out all direct free T4's that are 97.5th percentile for measurement by equilibrium dialysis, the gold standard method. In approximately half of these cases, the FT4 by equilibrium dialysis was normal. We developed a rapid, reliable free T4 method employing isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry and compared our results with both the analogue (direct) free T4 and equilibrium dialysis procedures. Methods An API-4000 tandem mass spectrometer (Sciex, Toronto, Canada) equipped with TurboIonSpray and Agilent HPLC system was used employing isotope dilution with deuterium labeled internal standard (IS = l -thyroxine-d2). Serum was filtered through the Centrifree YM-30 ultrafiltration device by centrifugation, IS added to the ultrafiltrate, and 400 μL injected onto a C-18 column. After washing, the switch valve is activated and a methanol gradient allows for elution of both T4 and the IS into the LC/MS/MS system. Quantitation was by MRM analysis in the negative mode. Equilibrium dialysis was performed by the Nichols method and analogue free T4 results were obtained on the Dade Dimension RxL. Results The within-day and between-day CV's were Conclusions Samples can be processed in batches of 30. The free T4 tandem MS method has a rapid turn-around-time vs the equilibrium dialysis procedure, with a chromatographic run time of 8 min per sample.
Forecasting development of understory American beech after partial cutting in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands

Abstract American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the understory of northern hardwood stands can interfere with the development of more desirable species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Yet, managers have had only limited methods for identifying stands where beech might dominate a new cohort. We examined five uneven-aged stands in New York State to determine the degree of influence that understory beech has on species development after a cutting treatment. No significant differences between stands were found, allowing us to develop a single model for evaluation. Understory beech was assessed using a species index value (SIV), which measures the proportion of stems, weighted by height, for a species on a milacre plot. We used a 5×5 transition matrix to compare pre- and post-cut beech importance levels. Stand-level trends showed an overall increase in the proportion of sample plots with higher levels of understory beech after cutting, with the likelihood of change on individual plots dependent on their pre-cut status. Plots with either no beech or very high levels of beech changed little after cutting, while beech was more likely to reach critical levels of dominance when pre-cut SIV was medium or higher. The transition matrix gives forest managers a means to forecast the probable level of future beech importance following cutting, based upon precursor conditions.
TH‐A‐213AB‐11: Deliverable Optimization Incorporating Monitor Unit Constraints for Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Treatment Planning

Purpose:Delivery constraints on monitor units (MUs) are not currently considered during optimization of intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) planning in our treatment planning system (TPS). This may result in differences between the delivered and ideally optimized dose distributions. The purpose of this study is to develop a deliverable optimization algorithm incorporating MU constraints (DOMU) in IMPT treatment planning and evaluate its clinical applicability. Methods: A novel objective formula was incorporated with the limited‐memory Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shannon (L‐BFGS) algorithm to directly optimize the deliverable IMPT plan with minimum MU constraint (0.005 MUs per spot). Treatment plans for a homogeneous phantom were generated for different spot spacings, using optimization without MU constraints and post‐processing (OMPP) and DOMU. A treatment plan for a head‐neck cancer patient prescribed to 63 Gy was also designed with DOMU using different spot spacings. For all plans, the dose‐volume‐histograms (DVHs) were analyzed to evaluate the benefits of the DOMU. Results: For the regular shaped homogeneous phantom, only the plan generated by OMPP using 5mm spacing showed pronounced dose distortion compared to ideally optimized dose. Plan using 7mm spacing still produced accepted target coverage. For the patient study, plans generated by OMPP using both 5mm and 7mm spacing displayed significant dose distortion and unacceptable target coverage. The dose covering 99% of the target volume was 60.2 Gy and 61.7 Gy for 5mm and 7mm spot spacing plans generated by DOMU, an increase of 18.8 Gy and 18.4 Gy compared with plans generated by OMPP. The parotid sparing of DOMU generated plans in 5 mm spot spacing was significantly better than that in 7 mm spot spacing indicating the importance of using smaller spacing to improve the IMPT quality. Conclusion: The DOMU algorithm, which incorporates the minimum MU constraints into the optimization, can reduce the dose distortion caused by post‐processing process and achieve the optimum delivered dose.
A computationally efficient methodology to characterize travel time reliability using the fast Fourier transform

In this paper we present a novel methodology to assess travel time reliability in a transportation network, when the source of uncertainty is given by random road capacities. Specifically, we present a method based on the theory of Fourier transforms to numerically approximate the probability density function of the system-wide travel time. Except for noted pathological cases, any common continuous or discrete probability distribution can be used to model capacity uncertainty. Theoretical bounds on the approximation errors are formally derived, both for general distributions as well as for the specific instance of normally distributed capacities. These bounds provide valuable insights into the structure of the approximation errors and suggest ways to reduce them. From a practical point of view, we propose a procedure based on successively refining the computational grid in order to guarantee accurate approximations. The proposed methodology takes advantage of the established computational efficiency of the fast Fourier transform. In a numerical case study, we demonstrate that the results of the methodology are consistent with intuition.
An adolescent symptom checklist for juvenile deliquents

A rating instrument was developed to assess the personality functioning of problem adolescents who have a brief history of official delinquency. Subjects were 186 residents at a short-term diagnostic detention facility. The instrument that emerged from a factor analysis was tested for reliability, validity, and cross-situational generality. Two major orthogonal factors emerged, Apathy-Withdrawal (I) and Anger-Defiance (II). Each factor was found to be congruent with the corresponding dimension on behavior rating instruments that had previously yielded two orthogonal factors and that had been shown to be relevant to a large number of psychological and educational issues. Significant correlations between the factors and a series of global ratings measuring behavior and measures indicative of the frequency and seriousness of official delinquency provided further evidence of construct and discriminant validity as well as evidence of cross-setting consistency of personality functioning.
Whole grain phytochemicals and health

Phytochemicals and antioxidants in whole grains have not received as much attention as the phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables although the increased consumption of whole grains and whole grain products has been associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers and all-cause mortality. Recent research has shown that the total phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of whole grains have been commonly underestimated in the literature, and that whole grains contain more phytochemicals than was previously reported. Most whole grain phenolics are in bound form, 85% in corn, 76% in wheat, and 75% in oats. In addition, whole grains contain unique phytochemicals that complement those in fruits and vegetables when consumed together. The beneficial effects associated with whole grain consumption are in part due to the existence of the unique phytochemicals of whole grains. The majority of phytochemicals of whole grains that are beneficial for health are present in the bran/germ fraction. In whole wheat flour, the bran/germ fraction contributed 83% of total phenolic content, 79% of total flavonoid content, 78% of total zeaxanthin, 51% of total lutein, and 42% of total β-cryptoxanthin. The bran/germ fraction of whole wheat may therefore impart greater health benefits when consumed as part of a diet, and help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This paper will review recent research on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of whole grains and their unique contribution to the health benefits of whole grains.
Antigenicity of soluble HIV gp140 trimers reveals differences in solution conformation for differing HIV strains

Background Eliciting effective antibody responses are key to the design of HIV vaccines. While the HIV envelope protein is highly immunogenic and provokes a high-titer antibody response during viral infection and experimental immunization, affinity-matured antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse HIV isolates are rarely elicited. While recent vaccine regimens have focused on DNA, viral vector, VLP, or attenuated virus vaccines, of increasing interest are improved recombinant envelope protein immunogens. Immunizations with trimeric gp140 proteins induce higher-titer neutralizing antibody responses and have structural benefits over monomeric gp120 immunizations. Novel approaches being taken for recombinant trimeric gp140 immunogens include the use of consensus and multi-clade gp140 trimers. A consideration for these synthetic proteins that is key to vaccine efficacy: do these proteins structurally represent a native trimeric envelope?
Orientation Information on Spatial Displays

This research concerns the use of orientation information by periscope operators. As periscopes in submarines are integrated with image processing systems and graphics workstations, the spatial information concerning the direction of the view of the periscope becomes more difficult to obtain. Consequently, the orientation of the periscope must be graphically represented on the workstation display. The major objective of this research was to determine the best way of displaying this type of information. The research was also concerned with the use of mental rotation by subjects to process the information, as well as the mediating effects of sex differences and spatial ability on performance in this type of task. The experiment tested two display types, outside-in and inside-out, each at two levels of complexity. The subjects were instructed to answer questions concerning the compass headings of submarines and periscopes, and the position of a periscope relative to a submarine. Results showed that the outsi...
Plasmon dispersion relation of a quasi-one-dimensional electron gas.

The plasmon dispersion relation of a quantum wire is derived by solving Maxwell's equations for an anisotropic dielectric waveguide including retardation effects. In the long-wavelength limit, and for the extreme quantum limit, the group velocity of the one-dimensional electron gas is found to be finite and given by the Fermi velocity.
CsgD, a regulator of curli and cellulose synthesis, also regulates serine hydroxymethyltransferase synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.

The homologous CsgD and AgfD proteins are members of the FixJ/UhpA/LuxR family and are proposed to regulate curli (thin aggregative fibres) and cellulose production by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, respectively. A plasmid containing part of the csgD gene was isolated during a screen for multicopy suppressors of glycine auxotrophy caused by deleting the folA gene in E. coli. The sequence of the plasmid suggests it encodes a chimaeric protein. Plasmids containing the intact csgD or agfD gene also caused suppression. Cells transformed with the recombinant plasmids contained higher serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) activity than controls. The increase could also be monitored by assaying β-galactosidase activity from a reporter strain with part of the SHMT gene, glyA, fused to lacZ. The increase in SHMT activity was sufficient to correct the glycine auxotrophy of strains lacking folA. The recombinant plasmids also enabled K-12 strains that are not curli-proficient to make curli. Curlin, the major component of curli, contains more glycine than normal E. coli proteins. It is proposed that CsgD upregulates glyA to facilitate synthesis of curli. It is suggested that recombinant plasmids produce enough CsgD or chimaeric protein to titrate out a ligand that switches CsgD into its inactive form. As a result, sufficient active CsgD is present to activate genes in its regulon. It is concluded that CsgD increases expression of the glyA gene either directly or indirectly.
Dome Window Geometry for a Large Scale Solar Receiver

Windows are being evaluated for use in some high temperature solar receivers to reduce radiative and convective losses. The design process of a 1.7 meter diameter quartz dome window is explained to arrive at a window geometry able to maintain acceptable stresses when exposed to pressure differentials. The dome must be able to withstand the operational differential pressures of 0.5 MPa where the efficiency of the solar receiver/power cycle is maximized, and maximum temperatures upwards to 800°C may be observed. Brittle materials like glass need the tensile stresses to be reduced or eliminated to maximize the reliability of the dome window. However, glass does not possess a consistent characteristic strength and it is dependent on the flaw size. The dome mount is critical to maintaining an environmental seal, but careful attention must be taken in the glass-metal interface to minimize tensile bending stresses that can cause a catastrophic or rapid failure.A method to characterize the strength of the quartz dome is discussed and aides in determining the maximum design stresses allowable during operation of the solar receiver. To determine an accurate model of the dome stress, a statistical analysis based on strength data has been carried out using the Weibull failure probability method. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) analysis of the dome is discussed, and a design trade study of the dome window geometry (ranging from a shallow angle to a full hemisphere) is presented. The combination of these perspectives will give insight on the process to design a glass dome window for this challenging environment and to predict the reliability.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The osteology of the haplimous fish Novumbra hubbsi schultz with comparative notes on related species

This paper is an attempt to clear up the confusion concerning the osteological relationships among the Haplomous fishes. The osteology of Novumbra hubbsi was worked out by the dissection of numerous specimens. The various skeletal features found were compared with the osteology of Umbra limi, U. pygmaea, U. crameri, and Dallia pectoralis. A description of each skeletal element of Novumbra was made, followed by a description of the chief differences between it and the same structures in Umbra and in Dallia. No constant osteological differences were found between Umbra limi and U. pygmaea, and very few between these two species and Umbra crameri. Novumbra and Umbra have more in common with each other than either does with Dallia or Esox. The presence of postorbitals, postcranials, and the shape of the secondary shoulder girdle in Novumbra show it to be also closely related to Dallia and Esox. The relationships of the various forms are summarized in a synoptic key which lists the following groups: Order Haplomi. Superfamily I, Dallioidea; Family Dallidae; Genus and species, Dallia pectoralis. Superfamily II, Umbroidea; Family 1, Umbridae; Genus and species, Umbra limi, U. pygmaea and U. crameri; Family 2, Novumbridae; Genus and species, Novumbra hubbsi. Superfamily III, Esocoidea; Family Esocidae; Genus, Esox.
Efficacy of irradiation and external hyperthermia in locally advanced, hormone-refractory or radiation recurrent prostate cancer: a preliminary report.

Abstract Purpose To present a preliminary report on the feasibility, efficacy, and toxicity of irradiation (RT) and hyperthermia (HT) in patients with locally advanced, hormone-refractory prostate cancer (LAHRPC) who may or may not have received prior RT. Methods and materials Between 1997 and 2002, 13 consecutive patients with LAHRPC or RT-recurrent prostate cancer were treated with RT and HT on a Phase I–II protocol. Eight patients had RT-recurrent LAHRPC (Group A) and 5 had LAHRPC without prior RT (Group B). All patients had large and clinically symptomatic tumors. The median RT dose was 39.6 Gy and 66.6 Gy in Groups A and B, respectively. External deep HT was delivered using a BSD-2000 Sigma-60 applicator. The median number of HT treatments was 8 in group A and 10 in group B. Results The median follow-up was 14 and 13 months for Groups A and B, respectively. All patients achieved a complete or partial response (CR/PR) and complete palliation of symptoms. Eleven patients had follow-up CT scans that demonstrated a CR in six and a PR in five. Two patients, who died of metastasis, did not have CT scans and had a PR on digital rectal examination. Two patients demonstrated a biochemical CR. The median duration of the CR/PR among Group A patients was 12 months after therapy. Three patients in Group A developed tumor recurrence at 9, 17, and 27 months after repeat RT to doses of 39.6, 36, and 50 Gy, respectively. At last follow-up, no Group B patient developed local recurrence. Grade 1-2 rectal bleeding was noted in 3 patients. RT and HT were generally well tolerated by all patients who had not previously undergone RT. Of the 8 patients who had, 6 (75%) tolerated retreatment well with minimal or no complications. Two patients in the repeat RT group had severe complications. One patient with lymphoma and factor XI deficiency developed Grade 4 hemorrhagic cystitis. Another previously irradiated patient developed a rectovesical fistula 4 months after retreatment, after disappearance of a large, invasive, and necrotic tumor. Conclusion This preliminary report demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of RT and HT in patients with LAHRPC, who may or may not have received prior RT. Presently, such patients who have undergone previous RT have no effective treatment options. RT and HT were generally well tolerated by patients who were not previously undergone RT. Of those who had been, most (6 of 8) tolerated retreatment well with minimal or no complications. The high-risk factors for treatment- and tumor regression-related side effects include the presence of large necrotic tumors, previous RT with a large dose/fraction, and the presence of bleeding disorders. Despite the size of these large tumors, RT and HT resulted in significant tumor shrinkage, rapid serum prostate-specific antigen decline, durable treatment responses, and durable palliation of symptoms. Additional clinical studies are warranted.
Meeting Current Challenges in Higher Education: The Need for More Psychologists:

Higher education is currently facing many serious challenges. These challenges derive from the effects of globalization, massification (the wide availability of higher education), competition, expanding technology, regulation, litigation, and tuition increases that are outpacing student aid. Many psychologists possess the skills to overcome these challenges: to facilitate the learning, creativity, and performance of each student, faculty member, and staff member; foster productive group relations; analyze human behavior qualitatively, quantitatively, and experimentally; and generate and steward funds for their institutions. Psychologists are well prepared to lead institutions of higher education through and beyond their 21st-century challenges. Relatively few higher education leaders are psychologists, however. Psychologists should be encouraged to choose administrative career paths and thus greatly benefit our colleges and universities.