cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is critical for tolerating the oxidative stress of zinc deficiency in yeast

Zinc deficiency causes oxidative stress in many organisms including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies of this yeast indicated that the Tsa1 peroxiredoxin is required for optimal growth in low zinc because of its role in degrading H2O2. In this report, we assessed the importance of other antioxidant genes to zinc-limited growth. Our results indicated that the cytosolic superoxide dismutase Sod1 is also critical for growth under zinc-limiting conditions. We also found that Ccs1, the copper-delivering chaperone required for Sod1 activity is essential for optimal zinc-limited growth. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the important roles these proteins play under this condition. It has been proposed previously that a loss of Sod1 activity due to inefficient metallation is one source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under zinc-limiting conditions. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that both the level and activity of Sod1 is diminished in zinc-deficient cells. However, under conditions in which Sod1 was overexpressed in zinc-limited cells and activity was restored, we observed no decrease in ROS levels. Thus, these data indicate that while Sod1 activity is critical for low zinc growth, diminished Sod1 activity is not a major source of the elevated ROS observed under these conditions.
Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Vulnerability to Depression

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2008), depression is the leading cause of disability among all diseases or illnesses. Depression differentially affects certain groups, however. In particular, women (Nolen-Hoeksema & Hilt, 2009) and sexual minorities1 (Meyer, 2003) are twice as likely to suffer depression as men and heterosexuals, respectively. Previous research has identified several factors that confer risk for depression within these groups, but few attempts have been made to identify common vulnerabilities across groups.
Abstract 18761: Mechanical CPR associated With Decreased Survival From Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Randomized trials have shown mechanical CPR yields equivalent outcomes when compared to manual CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Many Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies have adopted mechanical CPR but data are lacking on the association of mechanical CPR with survival in real-world clinical practice. Objective: To assess the utilization of mechanical CPR and its association with survival to hospital discharge among adult cardiac arrest patients in Pennsylvania. Methods: Utilizing data from Pennsylvania within the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, we identified all resuscitation events in which mechanical CPR was used and compared these to all other manual CPR cases. Events where ROSC occurred before mechanical CPR would have arrived on scene were excluded. Demographic and survival data were analyzed using chi-squared testing for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Multivariable regression was used to control for confounding, including: age, witnessed arrest, arrest location, bystander CPR, arrest rhythm, and no flow time. Results: From 1/2012 to 12/2014, 10,457 cardiac arrests met inclusion criteria. Of those 1955 (19%) received mechanical CPR. Mean age was 66.7 ±15.9 years, and 34% received bystander CPR. Survival to hospital discharge was lower in the cohort receiving mechanical CPR compared to the cohort receiving manual CPR (106/1836 [5.8%] vs. 583/8048[7.2%], p=0.02). Good neurologic outcome was similarly reduced (80/1836[4.4%] vs. 453/8046[5.6%], p=0.02). In the adjusted model, use of mechanical CPR corresponded to reduced odds of survival to discharge (OR 0.75; CI 0.59-0.95; p=0.02) and good neurologic recovery (OR 0.75; CI 0.57-0.98; p=0.04). In this population, race or ethnicity were not associated with survival. We were unable to control for hospital and EMS agency characteristics or duration of resuscitation as possible confounders. Conclusions: Mechanical CPR is associated with a 25% lower likelihood of survival from OHCA in Pennsylvania, even after adjustments for patient and arrest characteristics. Further research needs to be conducted to understand factors associated with mechanical CPR use and OHCA outcomes, including possible unmeasured confounders.
Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor Response to Therapy

Personalized cancer medicine requires measurement of therapeutic efficacy as early as possible, which is optimally achieved by three-dimensional imaging given the heterogeneity of cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can obtain images of both anatomy and cellular responses, if acquired with a molecular imaging contrast agent. The poor sensitivity of MRI has limited the development of activatable molecular MR contrast agents. To overcome this limitation of molecular MRI, a novel implementation of our caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation MRI (C-SNAM) contrast agent is reported. C-SNAM is triggered to self-assemble into nanoparticles in apoptotic tumor cells, and effectively amplifies molecular level changes through nanoaggregation, enhancing tissue retention and spin-lattice relaxivity. At one-tenth the current clinical dose of contrast agent, and following a single imaging session, C-SNAM MRI accurately measured the response of tumors to either metronomic chemotherapy or radiation therapy, where the degree of signal enhancement is prognostic of long-term therapeutic efficacy. Importantly, C-SNAM is inert to immune activation, permitting radiation therapy monitoring.
TO THE MOUNTAINTOP AGAIN: THE EARLY RAWLS AND POST-PROTESTANT ETHICS IN POSTWAR AMERICA

This article draws on archival sources to offer the first thoroughgoing account of how John Rawls moved from his undergraduate Christian ethics to the mature moral theory that undergirded A Theory of Justice. Identifying the liberal Protestant (rather than neo-orthodox) convictions at the heart of Rawls's senior thesis, it shows how he found an alternative postwar grounding for these views by applying Wittgenstein's later arguments about concepts, criteria, and inductive reasoning to ethics. The article places Rawls in the context of a whole community of mid-century American ethical theorists drawing upon Wittgenstein and trumpeting forms of moral “naturalism,” many of whom shared Rawls's Protestant heritage. It suggests that we can only make sense of the reliance of Rawls's moral theory on personal recognition, emotion, and a universal vision if we sideline the traditional dichotomies of the secularization debate and regard the postwar ethics of Rawls and his cohort as “post-Protestant.”
A Tale of Two Sisters: Family Histories from the Strait Salish Borderlands

Based on legal and genealogical records, this microhistory chronicles the difficult choices between whiteness and Indianness made by two Salish sisters and their biracial children in order to maintain their kinship networks throughout the Salish Sea borderlands between 1865 and 1919. While some of these choices obscured individual family members from historical records, reading their lives in tandem with other family members’ histories reveals remarkable persistence in the midst of dramatic racial and political transformation. Focused primarily on San Juan Island residents, this article suggests that indigenous and interracial family histories of the Pacific Northwest and other borderland regions in the North American West can be more fully understood when examined collectively rather than in isolation. Such a model emphasizes the importance of personal borderlands histories and allows historians to overcome the archival silences so common among people living on the margins. Family histories from the San Juan Islands are as distinctive as the slow-growing Garry oaks native to the valleys and meadow slopes of the island chain. One of those knotted and gnarled oaks stands near the center of San Juan Island, on a slight rise that yields a panoramic view of the valley farmed by Danish immigrant Peter Jewell and his Strait Salish wife, Fanny, in the 1860s and 1870s. (See figure 1.) Standing beneath its more than sesquicentennial branches, one can imagine the laughter of Fanny’s daughters as they played in its shade with maternal cousins who lived a mile or so away. Fanny might have served lunch under the tree to day laborers between …
The Slip Knot for Dacryocystorhinostomy Flap Closure

During dacryocrystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery, anterior and/or posterior flaps are created and anastomosed with absorbable sutures. A prominent nasal bridge and recessed lacrimal crest can often make tying of the suture within a small incision difficult. We have simplified this tying process with the use of a slip knot. The knot is tied external to the incision and then slid into the operative site until the flaps are apposed.
Comparison of cardiac and regional hemodynamic responses to N-methyl-L-arginine and aminoguanidine infusions in conscious pigs.

The aim of this study was to elucidate cardiac and regional hemodynamics using a nonspecific inhibitor of the constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), N-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), and a specific inhibitor of the inducible NOS, aminoguanidine, in conscious pigs. Animals were divided into two groups. After hemodynamics were stabilized, animals in group 1 (n = 5) received an infusion of L-NMA at 300 microg/kg per min, i.v., over 60 min, and group 2 (n = 5) received an infusion of aminoguanidine, infused at 1 mg/kg per min over 60 min. Hemodynamic parameters including arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, dP/dt, and carotid, coronary, hepatic, portal, mesenteric, and renal blood flows were continuously recorded before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min after L-NMA infusion or aminoguanidine infusion, or both. The L-NMA vasopressor response (20%) was associated with a significant increase in systemic vascular resistance (45%). Carotid, hepatic, and renal vascular resistance increased significantly by 95%, 110%, and 20%, respectively, at 60 min after L-NMA infusion. Finally, heart rate, cardiac output, dP/dt, and portal and mesenteric blood flows remained unchanged after L-NMA infusion. In contrast, aminoguanidine infused at 1 mg/kg per min over 60 min did not change systemic arterial blood pressure or regional blood flow in conscious pigs. Furthermore, aminoguanidine had no effect on acetylcholine vasodilator effects. In conclusion, the lack of pressor effects and of agonist-stimulated NO production induced by aminoguanidine suggests that aminoguanidine is a weak inhibitor of the constitutive NOS. Compared with L-NMA, the selectivity of aminoguanidine may decrease possible side effects that could occur as a result of inhibition of constitutive NOS.
The Static and Dynamic Mechanics of Competition: A Comment on Hunt and Morgan's Comparative Advantage Theory

The author provides constructive criticism of Hunt and Morgan's (1995) promotion of the dynamic disequilibrium paradigm and explains why their comparative advantage and market orientation theory is...
Evidence for a Central Mechanism in Angiotensin Induced Hypertension.

SummaryAngiotensin II appears to produce an increase in blood pressure by 2 mechanisms: 1. A direct peripheral action on the vascular smooth musculature producing a marked increase in peripheral resistance, which is not blocked by piperoxan. 2. A central hypertensive effect, probably due to stimulation of central sympathetic structures and evoking peripheral sympathetic discharges, which are blocked by administration of a sympatholytic agent into the peripheral circulation.
The Development and Dispatch of Demand Side Resources in New Century

The year of 2006 is the beginning of "the outline of the eleventh five-year plan". The paper presents key works of the development and dispatch of demand side resource; bring forward rules and policies, organizers and structures, exciting policies and suggestions for financing concerning the current practical needs and supply of energy in our country. Based on the project plan of Jiangsu energy efficiency product , the paper also gives the long-term mechanism of implementing DSM and developing and dispatching demand side resources.
Hume's double standard of taste

L'A. reflechit sur la double definition du standard de gout elaboree par Hume dans l'essai « Of the Standard of Taste ». Est-il regle ou decision?
Droplet spreading characteristics observed during 3D printing of aligned fiber-reinforced soft composites

Abstract The 3D printing of fiber-reinforced soft composites (FrSCs) is a hybrid process that combines conventional inkjet-based 3D printing with the directed deposition of electrospun polymer fiber mats. This paper investigates the spreading characteristics of droplets when deposited on fibrous substrates, under conditions relevant to 3D printing of aligned FrSCs. Both single and multi-droplet impingement studies are conducted on substrates with varying fiber number densities. High-speed imaging is used to study the characteristic time-scales and the spreading behavior of the droplets. The single droplet impingement studies on stationary substrates reveal that the presence of fibers promotes droplet spreading along the length of the fibers. Occasional surface energy variations in the fiber mats in the form of voids and fiber bundles are also seen to affect the droplet shape and the characteristic spreading times. In the case of a moving substrate, the droplets are seen to spread the most during in-line printing, i.e., when the direction of the printing velocity coincides with the direction of fiber alignment. They spread the least during orthogonal printing, i.e., when the direction of the printing velocity is perpendicular to the direction of fiber alignment. The printing of straight lines shows an interesting edge retraction phenomenon that gets accentuated the most in the case of in-line printing. The findings of the high-speed imaging studies have been confirmed by 3D printing comparable artifacts using UV curable inks. These studies indicate that for a given fiber mat and UV curable ink combination, the choice of the in-line or orthogonal printing strategy has implications for the overall printing time, fiber content, edge resolution and surface quality of the 3D printed FrSC part.
Transaminase and Creatine Kinase Ratios for Differentiating Delayed Acetaminophen Overdose from Rhabdomyolysis.

Introduction Rhabdomyolysis and delayed acetaminophen hepatotoxicity may be associated with elevated serum transaminase values. Establishing the cause of elevated transaminases may be especially difficult because of limited or inaccurate histories of acetaminophen ingestion. We hypothesized that the comparative ratios of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) can differentiate acetaminophen hepatotoxicity from rhabdomyolysis. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients in four hospitals from 2006 to 2011 with a discharge diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicity or rhabdomyolysis was performed. Subjects were classified into three groups: rhabdomyolysis, acetaminophen overdose (all), and acetaminophen overdose with undetectable serum acetaminophen concentrations [acetaminophen(delayed)]. Ratios of AST, ALT, and CK were compared using non-parametric statistical methods. Results 1,353 subjects were identified and after applying our exclusion criteria there were 160 in the rhabdomyolysis group, 68 in the acetaminophen overdose (all) group, and 29 in the acetaminophen (delayed) group. The AST/ALT ratio for the rhabdomyolysis group was 1.66 (Interquartile range: 1.18-2.22), for the acetaminophen overdose (all) group was 1.38 (1.08-1.69, statistically lower than the rhabdomyolysis group, p = 0.018), and for the acetaminophen (delayed)group was 1.30 (1.06-1.63, p = 0.037). CK/AST ratios were 21.3 (12.8-42.2), 5.49 (2.52-15.1, p < 0.001), and 3.80 (1.43-13.8, p < 0.001) respectively. CK/ALT ratios were 37.1 (16.1-80.0), 5.77 (2.79-25.2, p < 0.001), and 5.03 (2.20-17.4, p < 0.001) respectively. Increasing CK to transaminase ratio cutoffs resulted in increasing test sensitivity but lower specificity. Conclusion AST/ALT, CK/AST and CK/ALT ratios are significantly larger in rhabdomyolysis when compared to patients with acetaminophen toxicity. This result suggests that the ratios could be used to identify patients with rhabdomyolysis who otherwise might have been diagnosed as delayed acetaminophen toxicity. Such patients may not require treatment with N-acetylcysteine, resulting in cost savings and improved resource utilization.
Inverse solvent isotope effects demonstrate slow aquo release from hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD2).

Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) is deemed a primary oxygen sensor in humans, yet many details of its underlying mechanism are still not fully understood. (Fe2+ + αKG)PHD2 is 6-coordinate, with a 2His/1Asp facial triad occupying three coordination sites, a bidentate α-ketoglutarate occupying two sites, and an aquo ligand in the final site. Turnover is thought to be initiated upon release of the aquo ligand, creating a site for O2 to bind at the iron. Herein we show that steady-state turnover is faster under acidic conditions, with kcat exhibiting a kinetic pKa = 7.22. A variety of spectroscopic probes were employed to identify the active-site acid, through comparison of (Fe2+ + αKG)PHD2 at pH 6.50 with pH 8.50. The near-UV circular dichroism spectrum was virtually unchanged at elevated pH, indicating that the secondary structure did not change as a function of pH. UV–visible and Fe X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the primary coordination sphere of Fe2+ changed upon increasing the pH; extend...
Age-dependent intestinal absorption of valproic acid in the rat

The absorption of valproic acid (VPA) across isolated perfused segments of jejunum, ileum and colon was examined in situ in 14-day-to 24-month-old Fischer-344 rats. Within each age group, the intrinsic absorptive clearance (C1a) of VPA at a perfusate concentration of 1 mg/ml was highest in the jejunum, lowest in the colon, and intermediate in the ileum. When intestinal Cla was normalized for the dry weight of the segment, within-group variability decreased. In all segments, VPA Cla normalized by dry weight decreased during development (≤20 to 90 days) and remained relatively constant during aging (90 days to 24 months). The mechanism of valproate absorption (active vs. passive) was examined across age in everted intestinal sacs prepared from each of the three segments. Data were consistent with active transport of VPA in the jejunum and ileum of rats of all ages, and in the colon of pre-weanling animals. Colonic absorption of VPA appeared to occur by passive diffusion in adult rats. In contrast, colonic absorption of d-glucose occurred only by passive diffusion in all age groups. These data indicate that, during development, significant alterations in the rate of VPA absorption occur throughout the rat intestine. Furthermore, while active transport of VPA by the small intestine was present throughout the age range investigated, active transport by the colon became negligible by the time of weaning.
The Basic Physics of One-Dimensional Metals

The study of nearly one-dimensional metals has reached an interesting stage of development. In the past few years there have been so many advances in theory and experiment that we are just about at a point where it is possible to understand much of what is going on in particular materials or at least to plan a rational program to find out. Of course there are many problems to solve and different points of view to reconcile, but this makes it an all the more appropriate time to hold a NATO Advanced Study Institute at which many of these questions can be described and explored. These introductory lectures will give a qualitative description of the physical concepts upon which our present understanding of such systems is based. They will be largely non-mathematical, leaving the details to be found in the original papers or in other lectures at this Institute.
Traditional Nursery Rhymes and Games: Language Learning Experiences for Preschool Blind Children.

The young blind child tends to be limited in his experience with books, stories, and rhymes, a fact reflecting the combined influence of his own inability to signal his appetite for new and ongoing...
Stream and Sediment Dynamics in Response to Holocene Landscape Changes in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

Sediment pollution is one of the most important contributors to the degradation of the Chesapeake Bay. The Susquehanna River is one of the main sources of sediment to the Bay and this source could dramatically increase in the future. The reservoirs on the Susquehanna River are almost at sediment-storage capacity. The lowest reservoir (Conowingo) could be at capacity within a few decades (Langland and Hainly 1997). Once this occurs little sediment will be trapped and prevented from entering the Bay. Sediment continues to be supplied to the river system from across the watershed. Understanding the sources of this sediment, as well as the processes contributing to the continued flow of sediment, are crucial if efforts to restore the Bay’s ecosystem are to be successful.
Nanostructured thin palladium-silver membranes: Effects of grain size on gas permeation properties

Submicron-thick Pd-Ag alloy membranes, prepared on 4 nm pore γ-alumina support by magnetron sputter deposition, are nanocrystalline with a grain (crystallite) size of about 20 nm. The membranes show good selectivity for hydrogen over helium (about 4000 at 300°C). Hydrogen permeation is dominated by the surface reaction steps in 100–200°C with an activation energy of about 30 kJ/mol. Bulk diffusion resistance becomes important at higher temperatures (>200 °C). Grain size is the most critical parameter affecting the hydrogen permeance of the thin nanostructued Pd-Ag membranes. Increase in Pd-Ag grain size from about 20 to 60 nm results in a substantial improvement in hydrogen permeance with a higher apparent activation energy in 100–300°C. Grain growth appears to increase the hydrogen permeability in the bulk phase of the Pd-Ag membranes. Helium permeance through the grain boundary decreases with increasing temperature or hydrogen partial pressure due to grain expansion. Carbonation and the accompanied grain expansion have detrimental effects on the perm-selectivity of the Pd-Ag membranes.
Abstract WP368: Stroke: Identifying the Educational Gap for Nurses in Argentina

Background and Issues: Providing nurses with stroke pathology, prevention and management training is essential to diminish the devastating outcomes that this pathology can have on a patient and fam...
Abstract TMP72: Detection of a Novel Signal of Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Using Cranial Accelerometry- The Headpulse

Introduction: Cranial accelerometry is used to detect cerebral vasospasm and concussion. We explored this technique in a cohort of code stroke patients to see if a signature could be identified to ...
The numerical coding of information

2. Depending on various flaws, lumber can be graded as #3 common, #2 common, # 1 common. Of the three, # 1 common would command the highest price. 3. Standard woodscrews are designated #4, #6, #8, and so on, according to body diameter; the higher the number, the grea er the diameter. 4. Nails are designated using the "penny" system. The symbol d means penny, and the system is based on length (as length increases there are small increases in diameter).
Capitales, estamentos y fetiches. Hacia una tipología de los dispositivos sociales

espanolEste articulo explora algunas implicaciones de los analisis de Marx sobre el capitalismo desde una perspectiva sociologica, dirigida a profundizar en la naturaleza y en la genesis de las relaciones sociales capitalistas. Contempla las formas mercancia, dinero y capital como unos particulares modelos de organizacion, o dispositivos sociales, mediante los que se conforman estas relaciones capitalistas. Presta asimismo una gran atencion a los procesos de investidura de propiedades sociales por medio de los cuales se fabrican estos dispositivos y subraya el papel que desempena la actividad simbolica en el seno de los mismos. Luego extiende este enfoque a otros tipos distintos de relaciones sociales. Estudia, primero, las basadas en la categorizacion social. En ellas son las propias personas las que son investidas de propiedades sociales en vez de serlo unas entidades externas a ellas. Se ocupa, despues, de las relaciones organizadas mediante objetos fetichizados, que, en ocasiones, funcionan como “pseudo-monedas”, como ocurre a menudo en las sociedades pre-capitalistas. Por ultimo, aborda el papel del “capital de prestigio” como dispositivo organizador de las relaciones clientelistas. Estos cuatro grandes dispositivos sociales pueden articularse entre si de maneras muy diversas, dando lugar a unas relaciones sociales concretas de gran complejidad. EnglishThis article explores some of the implications of Marx's analyses on capitalism from a sociological perspective which is aimed at delving into the nature and origins of capitalist social relations. It takes into account the concepts of commodity, money and capital as particular organisation models or social mechanisms that shape these capitalist relations. It focuses on the processes of assignment of social properties through which the aforementioned mechanisms are built up and it also highlights the role played by symbolic activity within them. This approach is then extended to other different types of social relations. First, it considers those based on social categorization, in which not the external entities are invested with social properties, but the individuals themselves. Relations organised by means of fetishized objects are further examined. These relations sometimes function as “pseudo-currency” as is so often the case in pre-capitalist societies. Finally, it tackles the role played by “prestige capital” as an organising device of clientelistic relations. These four large social mechanisms can be coordinated with each other in very different ways, thus giving rise to specific social relations of a great complexity.
Asymptotic Behaviour of the Uniform Random Dynamical Systems

In this paper we state the definition of uniform random set in a uniform random dynamical system and give some properties of such sets. Also the concepts of Transitivity and sensitivity of a uniform random dynamical system are introduced and studied where some new properties of such systems that analogues to that in deterministic dynamical systems are given.
Theories of Vigilance and the Prospect of Cognitive Restoration

Effectively mitigating the vigilance decrement (the decrease in performance on tasks requiring sustained attention over time) is one of the most important human factors problems studied today. Desp...
The Repair of Dislocated Intraocular Lenses and the Placement of Secondary Intraocular Lenses in the Setting of Uveitis

This chapter will focus on techniques for the repair of dislocated intraocular lenses (IOLs) and placement of secondary IOLs in patients with uveitis. Secondary IOL placement in uveitic eyes introduces risk for the development of chronic uveitis from a variety of mechanisms including anatomic chaffing of uveal tissues. This chapter will review the anatomic and IOL design options for secondary IOL placement in uveitic eyes with a focus on minimizing the induction of inflammation. An additional focus of this chapter is on the apparent increased risk for dislocation of primary IOLs as a result of enhanced risk for capsule contraction syndrome and zonulopathy in eyes with uveitis
Core Curricular Priorities in the Care of Children With Medical Complexity: A North American Modified Delphi Study

Abstract Background Previous studies of pediatric residents have identified educational gaps in caring for children with medical complexity. Training opportunities in complex care vary across residency programs. Defining core curricular topics in complex care is a priority in medical education. Objective To identify core topics to include in a standard complex care curriculum for pediatric residents. Methods An initial topic list was generated through literature review and proceedings of national meetings. Expert panelists were identified based on experience in complex care and residency education. A modified Delphi method was used to determine group consensus by asking participants to rate the importance of complex care curricular topics for pediatric residents. Consensus was defined as >70% of experts identifying a topic as essential. There was a predetermined maximum of 3 iterative, electronic survey rounds, with feedback provided to participants between each round. Results Sixteen experts participated. Response rate was 100% for all rounds. Experts were from the United States (44%) and Canada (56%); most were affiliated with an academic medical center (96%) involved in both inpatient and outpatient care (69%). Eleven topics were identified as essential across 3 rounds: feeding difficulties, pain/irritability, transition, feeding tube management, difficult discussions, team management/care coordination, dysmotility, aspiration, safety/emergency planning, neuromuscular/skeletal issues, and advocacy. Essential topics were organized according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Conclusions Eleven curricular priorities in complex care were identified across multiple domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework, serving as a guide for standardized curriculum development for future pediatricians.
Conditions and Consequences of ELULU Improvement: Environmental Justice Lessons from San Francisco, CA:

Existing locally unwanted land uses (ELULUs) are disproportionately located in low-income communities of color. As ELULUs fall into disrepair, can planners redevelop them in ways that advance envir...
Glycomics-informed glycoproteomic analysis of site-specific glycosylation for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

This protocol describes an integrated approach for analyzing site-specific N- and O-linked glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by mass spectrometry. Glycoproteomics analyzes intact glycopeptides to examine site-specific microheterogeneity of glycoproteins. Glycomics provides structural characterization on any glycan assignments by glycoproteomics. This procedure can be modified and applied to a variety of N- and/or O-linked glycoproteins. Combined with bioinformatics, the glycomics-informed glycoproteomics may be useful in generating 3D molecular dynamics simulations of certain glycoproteins alone or interacting with one another. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhao et al. (2020).
Attributable Cost of Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Long-term Care Center.

Background Studies have shown that healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can lead to substantial healthcare costs in acute care settings. However, little is known regarding the consequences of these infections on patients in long-term care centers (LTCCs). The purpose of this study was to estimate the attributable cost of MRSA HAIs in LTCCs within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to VA LTCCs between 1 January 2009 and 30 September 2015. MRSA HAIs were defined as a positive clinical culture at least 48 hours after LTCC admission so as to exclude community-acquired infections. Positive cultures were further classified by site (sterile or nonsterile). We used multivariable generalized linear models and 2-part models to compare the LTCC and acute care costs between patients with and without an MRSA HAI. Results In our primary analysis, there was no difference in LTCC costs between patients with and without a MRSA HAI. There was, however, a significant increase in the odds of being transferred to an acute care facility (odds ratio, 4.40 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.40-5.67]) and in acute care costs ($9711 [95% CI, $6961-$12 462]). Conclusions Our findings of high cost and increased risk of transfer from LTCC to acute care are important because they highlight the substantial clinical and economic impact of MRSA infections in this population.
Dose Intensity for Breast Cancer: Where Do We Go from Here?

Strategies utilizing high-dose chemotherapy for treatment of breast cancer have been the subject of significant controversy over the past decade. Disappointing results from randomized phase III trials in metastatic and high-risk, early stage breast cancer have tempered enthusiasm for this approach. A significant problem with large, randomized phase III trials is that improvements in therapy and supportive care cannot be rapidly incorporated into treatment, and the question under study may quickly become obsolete. The most appropriate approach for testing newer treatments may be to build on the information gained from sequential phase I and phase II studies until there is sufficient promise to warrant randomized phase III studies. The basis of most past clinical trials of high-dose therapy in breast cancer has been the use of chemotherapeutic agents at doses that are poorly tolerated without hematopoietic support. It is clear, however, that high-dose chemotherapy has significant effects on the immune system. Immune reconstitution after high-dose, marrow ablative chemotherapy is associated with transient alterations in immune surveillance, immune recognition, and immune responses. Immune therapy represents a distinct mechanism that has the potential to eradicate chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells. The development of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic transplantation has been associated with a decreased risk of recurrence in hematologic malignancies. Breast cancer is a potential target for this graft-versus-tumor effect in allogeneic transplantation and in trials designed to induce a transient immune antitumor effect by pharmacologic means. Circulating tumor cell antigens are elevated after high-dose chemotherapy, providing a rationale for studies evaluating vaccine strategies after high-dose therapy. The minimal tumor burden after high-dose therapy also presents an opportunity to evaluate the use of non-myelosuppressive, targeted therapies in conjunction with high-dose therapy. Finally, the use of multiple cycles of high-dose therapy to replace standard-dose therapy has the potential to avoid the development of drug resistance. It is clear that there are multiple, promising avenues of investigation that utilize high-dose chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. The most significant question is whether the climate exists to support these studies.
Automated generation of understandable contingency plans

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) and contingency planning (CP) are two widely used approaches to planning under uncertainty. MDPs are attractive because the model is extremely general and because many algorithms exist for deriving optimal plans. In contrast, CP is normally performed using heuristic techniques that do not guarantee optimality, but the resulting plans are more compact and more understandable. The inability to present MDP policies in a clear, intuitive way has limited their applicability in some important domains. We introduce an anytime algorithm for deriving contingency plans that combines the advantages of the two approaches.
Treatment of vesico-ureteric reflux: a new algorithm based on parental preference.

Authors from Rome evaluated parental preference for treatment in children with grade III VUR. Parents were provided with detailed information about the three treatment options: antibiotic treatment, open surgery, endoscopic treatment. Most parents chose endoscopic management; with this in mind, the authors proposed a new treatment algorithm for VUR. OBJECTIVE To assess parental preference (acknowledged in treatment guidelines as important when choosing therapy) about treatments for vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR, commonly associated with urinary tract infection and which can cause long-term renal damage if left untreated), as at present there is no definitive treatment for VUR of moderate severity (grade III). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The parents of 100 children with grade III reflux (38 boys and 62 girls, mean age 4 years, range 1–15) were provided with detailed information about the three treatment options available for treating VUR (antibiotic prophylaxis, open surgery and endoscopic treatment), including the mode of action, cure rate and possible complications, and the practical advantages and disadvantages. They were then presented with a questionnaire asking them to choose their preferred treatment. RESULTS Most parents preferred endoscopic treatment (80%), rather than antibiotic prophylaxis (5%) or open surgery (2%); 13% could not decide among the three options and endoscopic treatment was recommended. CONCLUSION Given the strong preference for endoscopic treatment we propose a new algorithm for treating VUR; endoscopic treatment would be considered as the first option for persistent VUR, except in severe cases where open surgery would still be recommended.
Interaction of Ascorbate and α-Tocopherol in Resealed Human Erythrocyte Ghosts: TRANSMEMBRANE ELECTRON TRANSFER AND PROTECTION FROM LIPID PEROXIDATION

A role for ascorbate-derived electrons in protection against oxidative damage to membrane lipids was investigated in resealed human erythrocyte ghosts. Incubation of resealed ghosts with the membrane-impermeant oxidant ferricyanide doubled the ghost membrane concentration of F2-isoprostanes, a sensitive marker of lipid peroxidation. Incorporation of ascorbate into ghosts during resealing largely prevented F2-isoprostane formation due to extravesicular ferricyanide. This protection was associated with a rapid transmembrane oxidation of intravesicular ascorbate by extravesicular ferricyanide. Transmembrane electron transfer, which was measured indirectly as ascorbate-dependent ferricyanide reduction, correlated with the content of α-tocopherol in the ghost membrane in several respects. First, ascorbate resealed within ghosts protected against ferricyanide-induced oxidation of endogenous α-tocopherol in the ghost membrane. Second, when exogenous α-tocopherol was incorporated into the ghost membrane during the resealing step, subsequent ferricyanide reduction was enhanced. Last, incubation of intact erythrocytes with soybean phospholipid liposomes, followed by resealed ghost preparation, caused a proportional decrease in both the membrane content of α-tocopherol and in ferricyanide reduction. Incorporation of exogenous α-tocopherol during resealing of ghosts prepared from liposome-treated cells completely restored the ferricyanide-reducing capacity of the ghosts. These results suggest that the transmembrane transfer of ascorbate-derived electrons in erythrocyte ghosts is dependent in part on α-tocopherol and that such transfer may help to protect the erythrocyte membrane against oxidant stress originating outside the cell.
Noise properties of electromagnetically induced transparency in multi-level atomic systems

Summary form only given. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in three-level atomic systems with cw diode lasers has been experimentally investigated in recent years. The EIT effect has applications in lasing without population inversion, nonlinear optical processes, and atomic spectroscopy. In this paper we present an experimental study of noise properties of EIT processes in three-level cascade-type and /spl Lambda/-type atomic systems.
Novel inverse methods in land mine imaging

The imaging of buried land mines continues to present significant signal-processing challenges in the development of inverse methods for the detection of plastic mines buried in soil. To address this difficult problem, mathematical advances in the development of the elliptic systems method are used to generate images of the buried land mines. The-proposed approach adapts earlier methods, successfully applied in laser tomography of breast tumors using the diffusion equation, to the present problem of land mine imaging using the Helmholtz equation. The images generated by the new method represent electromagnetic properties of underground regions, providing effective differentiation of plastic land mines from surrounding soil. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the new method.
Approximate methods for constrained total variation minimization

Constrained total variation minimization and related convex optimization problems have applications in many areas of image processing and computer vision such as image reconstruction, enhancement, noise removal, and segmentation. We propose a new method to approximately solve this problem. Numerical experiments show that this method gets close to the globally optimal solution, and is 15-100 times faster for typical images than a state-of-the-art interior point method. Our method's denoising performance is comparable to that of a state-of-the-art noise removal method of [4]. Our work extends our previously published algorithm for solving the constrained total variation minimization problem for 1D signals [13] which was shown to produce the globally optimal solution exactly in O(Nlog N) time where N is the number of data points.
A simulation based strategy for mixed-signal testing

A testing strategy that links design with test for mixed-signal devices in order to solve the testing problems at their roots is described. Test generation is achieved through mixed-mode simulation of both analog and digital circuitry on a single chip. The key to this strategy is to incorporate design for testability early in the design phase and to use a special architecture for a mixed-mode simulator that facilitates testing. Simulation environment, rules for analog-digital signal conversion at their interface timing delay, and synchronization are described. >
Heat Exposure during Non-Motorized Travel: Implications for Transportation Policy under Climate Change

Abstract Transportation planning agencies around the world are increasingly seeking to develop transportation systems that encourage walking, bicycling, and transit use in order to simultaneously achieve public health and environmental sustainability goals. Under future scenarios that will see increasing global mean temperatures, trips that entail physical exertion outdoors are likely to account for substantial portions of some individuals׳ overall exposure to potentially dangerous air temperatures. This exposure pathway is poorly understood. In this study we develop a new method to assess outdoor heat exposure during non-motorized travel by combining simulated urban meteorology and transportation-activity data. We demonstrate its utility through application to several real-world planning issues using data from the San Francisco Bay Area. Specifically, we examine spatial and social disparities in heat exposure and find that socially disadvantaged (low-income people and zero-vehicle households) groups are disproportionately exposed to transport-related heat. Since the propensity to walk and bicycle tends to decrease with socioeconomic status (SES) and because lower SES groups are more vulnerable to heat-related health impacts, efforts to mitigate heat exposure can be of disproportionate benefit to these groups. Finally, we demonstrate how the results can be used to supplement more traditional indicators of heat vulnerability that to date do not directly account for actual length of outdoor exposure. The methodology developed here has the potential to guide healthy, sustainable, and equitable urban planning efforts.
Temperature dependence of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) recruitment in the California Current Ecosystem revisited and revised

Small pelagic fish typically show highly variable population dynamics due, in large part, to climate variability. Despite this sensitivity to climate, few stocks of pelagic species are managed with consideration of the environment. The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) represents a notable exception, for which sea surface temperature (SST) from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) pier has been used, until recently, to adjust exploitation pressure under warm (favorable) and cold (unfavorable) climate conditions. Recently, the previously established temperature–recruitment relationship was reassessed using different methods, resulting in abandonment of the temperature-sensitive harvest control rule in 2012. In this study, we revisit the previous temperature–recruitment relationship using the original methodology and an updated data set from 1981 to 2010. In contrast to the recent reassessment, we find temperature explains significant variability in recruitment and recruitment success. We also show...
A Method for Calculation of Average Radiation Fluxes on Satellites

A method of calculating the time averaged flux on a satellite in orbit in the lower radiation belt (altitude ≲ 9000 km) is described. The flux encountered by a satellite is shown to converge rapidly to the average value. The deviation from the calculated average for a satellite whose period is commensurate with that of the earth is shown to be unimportant for design applications.
Filter concatenation penalties for 10 Gb/s sources suitable for short-reach cost-effective WDM metropolitan area networks

The impact of filter concatenation effects on the performance of 10 Gb/s transmitters (DMLs and EA-DFBs) suitable for cost-effective transparent WDM metropolitan area optical networks is investigated with recirculating loop experiments. The performance of filters designed for both 200 GHz and 100 GHz spacing DWDM networks is considered.
Postmodern feminist pedagogy

(1996). Postmodern feminist pedagogy. The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas, pp. 970-974.
Counterfactual quantum computation through quantum interrogation

Reset your perceptions for a foray into the quantum world. Counterfactual computation has been proposed as a logical consequence of quantum mechanics. Using appropriate algorithms, the theory goes, it should be possible to infer the outcome of a quantum computation without actually running the computer. Hosten et al. now report experimental confirmation that this does indeed happen. Their all-optical quantum computer was prepared in a superposition of interacting with and not interacting with an algorithm, and they obtained information about the result even when the photon did not interact with the algorithm. Surprisingly, the counterfactual approach worked better than randomly guessing the solution. It should be possible to use a similar approach in other systems, including the trapped ions popular in quantum computing architecture. The logic underlying the coherent nature of quantum information processing often deviates from intuitive reasoning, leading to surprising effects. Counterfactual computation constitutes a striking example: the potential outcome of a quantum computation can be inferred, even if the computer is not run1. Relying on similar arguments to interaction-free measurements2 (or quantum interrogation3), counterfactual computation is accomplished by putting the computer in a superposition of ‘running’ and ‘not running’ states, and then interfering the two histories. Conditional on the as-yet-unknown outcome of the computation, it is sometimes possible to counterfactually infer information about the solution. Here we demonstrate counterfactual computation, implementing Grover's search algorithm with an all-optical approach4. It was believed that the overall probability of such counterfactual inference is intrinsically limited1,5, so that it could not perform better on average than random guesses. However, using a novel ‘chained’ version of the quantum Zeno effect6, we show how to boost the counterfactual inference probability to unity, thereby beating the random guessing limit. Our methods are general and apply to any physical system, as illustrated by a discussion of trapped-ion systems. Finally, we briefly show that, in certain circumstances, counterfactual computation can eliminate errors induced by decoherence.