cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Climate System and Its Portrayal by Climate Models: A Review of Basic Principles

The global climate system is reviewed in terms of the characteristic physical processes which operate within and between its atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric and land surface components (part one of this paper). Together with conditions external to the system, these processes are responsible for both the maintenance and change of climate over time scales ranging from a season to geological epochs. The most critical aspect of the portrayal of the climate (part two of this paper) in terms of either simplified statistical-dynamical models or comprehensive general circulation models is identified as the parameterization of subgrid-scale processes, especially those involving convection, clouds and the surface boundary layer. The formulation and solution of general circulation models is reviewed, and the climate simulation capability of atmospheric general circulation models in particular is evaluated. In terms of the average sea-level pressure and precipitation such models simulate the observed statistics reasonably well, although a number of modeling problems remain; chief among these is the coupling of the atmosphere and ocean in order to examine the predictability of the climate on seasonal and interannual time scales.
The Complete Amino Acid Sequence of Chromatium High Potential Iron Sulfur Protein

Abstract High potential iron-sulfur protein isolated from both autotrophically and heterotrophically grown cells of Chromatium vinosum strain D was found to contain a single 85-amino acid residue polypeptide chain which is covalently linked to the iron-sulfur cluster via 4 residues of cysteine. The molecular weight of the protein, including the 4 atoms of iron and acid labile sulfur, is 9,254. The iron-sulfur complex must be removed from the protein before complete digestion by proteolytic enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, or thermolysin can be attained. Digestion of the holoprotein by these enzymes leads to large "core" peptides which contain the central portion of the sequence and comprise 35 to 45 residues, depending on the enzyme used, as well as residual iron presumably attached to the cysteines in positions 43, 45, 63, and 77. Both ends of the protein are readily accessible to exopeptidases and can be degraded substantially. Cysteines 43 and 45 and the single histidyl residue in position 42 are in a configuration reminiscent of that found at the heme attachment site of c-type cytochromes. The complete amino acid sequence of Chromatium high potential iron-sulfur protein was deduced from analyses of peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion of the apoprotein, the tryptic and chymotryptic core peptides, and of the two large peptides produced by chemical fragmentation of the apoprotein with BrCN. The first 18 residues of the protein were determined by stepwise Edman degradation. This approach was also applied to the core peptides and to both BrCN fragments.
Lineage conversion induced by pluripotency factors involves transient passage through an iPSC stage

Brief expression of pluripotency-associated factors such as Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-Myc (OKSM), in combination with differentiation-inducing signals, has been reported to trigger transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into other cell types. Here we show that OKSM expression in mouse fibroblasts gives rise to both induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) under conditions previously shown to induce only iNSCs. Fibroblast-derived iNSC colonies silenced retroviral transgenes and reactivated silenced X chromosomes, both hallmarks of pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, lineage tracing with an Oct4-CreER labeling system demonstrated that virtually all iNSC colonies originated from cells transiently expressing Oct4, whereas ablation of Oct4(+) cells prevented iNSC formation. Lastly, an alternative transdifferentiation cocktail that lacks Oct4 and was reportedly unable to support induced pluripotency yielded iPSCs and iNSCs carrying the Oct4-CreER-derived lineage label. Together, these data suggest that iNSC generation from fibroblasts using OKSM and other pluripotency-related reprogramming factors requires passage through a transient iPSC state.
A Singly-Expenential Stratification Scheme for Real Semi-Algebraic Varieties and Its Applications

Chazelle, B., H. Edelsbrunner, L.J. Guibas and M. Sharir, A singly exponential stratification scheme for real semi-algebraic varieties and its applications, Theoretical Computer Science 84 (1991) 77-105. This paper describes an effective procedure for stratifying a real semi-algebraic set into cells of constant description size. The attractive feature of our method is that the number of cells produced is singly exponential in the number of input variables. This compares favorably with the doubly exponential size of Collins’ decomposition. Unlike Collins’ construction, however, our scheme does not produce a cell complex but only a smooth stratification. Nevertheless, we are able to apply our results in interesting ways to problems of point location and geometric optimization.
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis and Coombs‐Positive Hemolytic Anemia in a Child Following Loxosceles reclusa Envenomation

Abstract: Previously reported cases of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis secondary to brown recluse spider bite have been questioned due to lack of identification of the spider or because of the concomitant administration of antibiotics. We report a 9-year-old boy who arrived at the emergency department with a confirmed Loxosceles reclusa bite to the neck. On the third day of hospitalization, he developed hundreds of monomorphous, sterile pustules, initially in intertriginous areas. The eruption disseminated and was followed by pinpoint desquamation typical for acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. During this he also developed late onset Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia and systemic loxoscelism. Sphingomyelinase in Loxosceles venom induces the production of interleukin-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, providing a mechanism by which Loxosceles reclusa bite may trigger acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. We suggest that this case adds Loxosceles envenomation to the spectrum of agents that can trigger acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis.
Shipboard measurements of atmospheric dimethylsulfide and hydrogen sulfide in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico

Simultaneous shipboard measurements of atmospheric dimethylsulfide and hydrogen sulfide were made on three cruises in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. The cruise tracks include both oligotrophic and coastal waters and the air masses sampled include both remote marine air and air masses heavily influenced by terrestrial or coastal inputs. Using samples from two north-south Caribbean transects which are thought to represent remote subtropical Atlantic air, mean concentrations of DMS and H2S were found to be 57 pptv (74 ng S m-3, σ=29 pptv, n=48) and 8.5 pptv (11 ng S m-3, σ=5.3 pptv, n=36), respectively. The ranges of measured concentrations for all samples were 0–800 pptv DMS and 0–260 pptv H2S. Elevated concentrations were found in coastal regions and over some shallow waters. Statistical analysis reveals slight nighttime maxima in the concentrations of both DMS and H2S in the remote marine atmosphere. The diurnal nature of the H2S data is only apparent after correcting the measurements for interference due to carbonyl sulfide. Calculations using the measured ratio of H2S to DMS in remote marine air suggest that the oxidation of H2S contributes only about 11% to the excess (non-seasalt) sulfate in the marine boundary layer.
Metastasis to the conus medullaris: case report.

Objective Metastasis from lung cancer to the conus medullaris has never been reported in the English literature, although three cases have appeared in the French and Japanese literature. Our case report is unique because the patient presented with a lumbar radiculopathy, an atypical presentation that was found to be caused by metastasis from lung cancer to the conus medullaris. A critical review of the pertinent literature related to metastatic neoplasms to the conus medullaris is also presented. Clinical presentation We report the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with an L5 radiculopathy and was initially found to have a small disc herniation at L4-L5 on magnetic resonance imaging scans, which was ruled out as the case of his initial symptoms. In 3 weeks, the symptoms progressed with the development of urinary incontinence and right leg weakness. A magnetic resonance imaging scan of the lumbar spine showed a tumor at the conus medullaris. Intervention The patient underwent a laminectomy with removal of the tumor. Pathological examination of the tumor showed infiltrating differentiated adenocarcinoma. A 2.5 cm lung mass in the right middle lobe with surrounding adenopathy was found on a computed tomographic scan of the chest. The patient died 4 months later from systemic involvement and progression of his lung disease. Conclusion This case report illustrates the rare presentation of a lumbar radiculopathy caused by a metastatic tumor to the conus medullaris. This was the first presentation for the diagnosis of lung cancer in this patient.
Maintainability of First Mover Advantages When Environmental Regulations Differ Between Countries

Companies in many countries complain of the unfairness of having to compete against foreign rivals facing more lenient environmental regulations. In this article I examine the competitive conditions for firms in such a position. I outline the development of a new pollution-reduction paradigm centered on lowering costs by reducing pollution and, using twelve scenarios of international differences in environmental regulatory regimes faced by first movers and imitators, make propositions on which factors are important to the maintainability of these advantages.
Graphic nonfiction: a survey of nonfiction comics

Purpose – This bibliographic essay examines the scope and variety of nonfiction works in comics form with the intent of expanding librarians’ awareness of the diversity of such materials and serving as a resource for librarians. Design/methodology/approach – It provides some theoretical background for understanding what constitutes nonfiction in graphic form and an overview of works available in print. Findings – The article provides a representative (but not comprehensive) survey of graphic nonfiction works in the genres of memoir, travel, journalism, history, biography, science, essays and educational materials. Research limitations/implications – The essay focuses on materials published in books in English; the library world would benefit from subsequent research exploring the richness of materials available in other formats and other languages. Originality/value – The field of graphic nonfiction is expanding, and this article serves as a guide for libraries interested in building or expanding collecti...
Differential Cellular Enrichment of Gangliosides in the Mouse Cerebellum: Analysis Using Neurological Mutants

: The cellular distribution of gangliosides in the cerebellum was studied in a series of adult mouse mutants that lose specific populations of neurons. The weaver (wv) mutation destroys the vast majority of granule cells, whereas the Purkinje cell degeneration mutation (pcd) destroys the vast majority of Purkinje cells. The staggerer (sg) and lurcher (Lc) mutations, on the other hand, destroy the vast majority of both granule and Purkinje cells. A proliferation of reactive glial cells, which occurs as a consequence of neuronal loss, has been reported in the sg/sg and pcd/pcd mutants, but not in the wv/wv mutant. Compared with the normal (+/+) mice, the concentration (μg/100 mg dry weight) of GD1a was significantly reduced in those mutants that lost granule cells, but was not reduced in the pcd/pcd mutant. The concentration of GTIa, on the other hand, was significantly reduced in those mutants that lost Purkinje cells, but was not reduced in the wv/wv mutant. A significant elevation in the concentration of GD3, which may be related to the proliferation of reactive glial cells, was observed in the pcd/pcd, sglsg, and Lc/+ mutants, but was not observed in the wv/wv mutant. Because these ganglioside abnormalities were confined to the cerebellum, they cannot result from genetic defects in ganglioside metabolism. Instead, these abnormalities result from a differential enrichment of gangliosides in neural membranes. Our findings suggest that GDT1a is more heavily concentrated in granule cells than Purkinje cells, whereas the opposite appears true for GTla. It also appears that GD3 is enriched in reactive glial cells and may play an important role during the morphological transformation of neural membranes.
Location aware sensor and fuzzy data MULE

There are many researches about the mobility on improving performance in ail hoc networks [7] [8]. Their objective all try to provide intermittent connectivity in a disconnected ad hoc network. However, the mobility application is still new in the WSN domain. In this paper, we consider the tradeoffs between the delay performance and the energy efficiency offered by the fuzzy analysis model. Our contribution is two-fold. First, the authors propose a role-based mobility-aware sampling mechanism via the status classification. Secondly, the fuzzy logic system is applied to the decision making, and the simulation results show the scheme can extend the network life time.
Binuclear rhodium(I) complexes. Synthesis of [Rh(COD)]2L(OAc)2 where L is the new 22-membered macromonocycle 1,4,7,12,15,18-hexaazacyclodocosane

Abstract Reaction of [Rh(COD)(OAc)]2 with the new 22-membered macromonocyclic hexaamine 1,4,7,12,15,18-hexaazacyclodocosane (L) yields the binuclear species [Rh(COD)]2L(OAc)2- Comparison with a mononuclear model complex formed from diethylethylenediamine (DEEN) indicates that the binuclear compound contains two Rh(COD) units, each bound to two ligand nitrogens. The synthesis, spectra, and properties of the complexes [Rh(COD)]2L(OAc)2 and Rh(COD)(DEEN)(OAc) are reported.
determination of α/β ratio for liquid helium

Abstract The α/β ratio for liquid helium has been measured by observing the scintillation of the liquid directly with a photomultiplier tube. The α particles are provided by an Am241 alpha source and the β particles are produced by Compton scattering at Co60 gamma rays. The α/β ratio has been found to be 0.182.
Phase-shifting mask polarimetry: monitoring polarization at 193-nm high numerical aperture and immersion lithography with phase shifting masks

A technique using phase-shifting test mask patterns is introduced for monitoring polarization balance of the illumination in high numerical aperture (NA) and immersion projection printing systems. Test mask patterns are derived from high NA proximity effects and serve to scatter light into high angle spatial frequencies. This creates a central intensity dependent only on the local state of polarization. A test mask consisting of multiple patterns is proposed to monitor the polarization from any arbitrary illumination scheme. Proper calibration of the test reticle enables reasonable mask-making limitations and mask topography effects to be tolerated. A set of linear equations enable determination of the Stokes parameters from a series of resist images. Practical examples are simulated with rigorous electromagnetic theory. In resist, this technique is likely to monitor polarization with a sensitivity of more than 1.5% of the clear field per percent change in polarization state for on-axis illumination, or more than 0.75% for off-axis illumination. The effects of various realistic imaging conditions are discussed.
Single Skeletal Muscle Fiber Performance is Altered in Heart Failure Patients

A decrease in whole skeletal muscle performance is common in heart failure patients. We examined the viscoelastic properties of individual human skeletal muscle fibers using small amplitude sinusoidal analysis to test the hypothesis that heart failure affects skeletal muscle mechanics and kinetics at the single fiber level. We obtained vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle from needle biopsies of 7 heart failure patients and 4 sedentary controls. At low [Ca2+] (pCa 8, 25°C), Type I (slow contraction velocity) and Type IIA (fast contraction velocity) muscle fibers from heart failure patients had lower isometric tensions as well as lower elastic and viscous moduli. Notably, Type I and IIA fibers produce positive oscillatory work and power at pCa 8. Type I fibers from heart failure patients at low [Ca2+] produced less oscillatory work and had a higher frequency of maximum work, indicating an increase in myosin kinetics, compared to controls. At high [Ca2+] (pCa 4.5, 25°C), Type I and IIA fibers from heart failure patients showed similar isometric tensions and myosin kinetics parameters as controls. In contrast to low [Ca2+], at high [Ca2+] Type I and IIA fibers from heart failure patients had a larger elastic modulus at low oscillation frequencies and consistently produced greater oscillatory work and power than control fibers. Together, these results indicate that heart failure modifies single skeletal muscle fiber performance at the level of the myosin-actin cross-bridge, although the effect differs between low and high [Ca2+]. The relevance of these differences to reduced whole muscle function in heart failure patients awaits further studies.
The rules of residential segregation: US housing taxonomies and their precedents

This paper reviews how urban regulations in history have been used to relegate populations to different parts of the city and its environs. Its main purpose is to place the twentieth-century US zoning experience in historic and international contexts. To this end, based mostly on secondary sources, the paper first surveys a selection of major civilizations in history and the regulations they invented in order to keep populations apart. Then, based on primary sources, it discusses the emergence of three methods of residential segregation through zoning which took root in the early twentieth-century USA. The three methods are: segregating people by race, segregating them by different land-area standards, and segregating them based on both land-area standards and a taxonomy of single- versus multi-family housing.
Effects of Atropine on Measures of Behavioral Arousal in Rats

Forty-day-old rats were given varying doses (0.0, 7.5, or 15.0 mg/kg/5 ml) of atropine sulfate or atropine methylnitrate and then were tested for levels of behavioral arousal-inhibition. Behavioral...
And the Clocks Were Striking Thirteen: The Termination of War

Military analysts have focused on the problems of war initiation and conduct while largely ignoring the problem of how to terminate war on acceptable terms. This paper attempts to define the necessary conditions for war termination and proposes a framework for assessing alternative strategies.
Organization of broad computer menu displays

Sixty students performed simple menu selection with one of ten menus; each with 64 items arranged in four columns of 16 on a single frame. Target words consisted of eight items from each of eight categories. In eight categorized menus, words belonging to the same category were presented together in the display. Three factors were varied in the categorized menus: alphabetical vs categorial ordering of words within categories; spacing vs no additional spacing between category groups; and category organization arranged by column or by row. In the final two menus the entire array was arranged in alphabetical order, top-to-bottom by column in one, and left-to-right by row in the other. Both spacing and columnar organization facilitated search time. Menus with spacings between category groups were searched approximately 1 s faster than menus without additional spacing and menus with categories organized by column were searched about 1 s faster than menus organized by row. Furthermore, the effects of spacing and organization were additive. Given categorized menus, no difference in search time was observed for categorial vs alphabetical ordering within categories. Menus in which the entire array was arranged in alphabetical order were searched with rates similar to those for categorized menus with spacings and faster than categorized menus without spacings; these effects were observed with both forms of organization, row and column. Explanations were offered for the results and their implications for menu design were discussed.
Bacterial peptidoglycan binds to tubulin.

Abstract A search for cellular binding proteins for peptidoglycan (PGN), a CD14- and TLR2-dependent macrophage activator from Gram-positive bacteria, using PGN-affinity chromatography and N-terminal micro-sequencing, revealed that tubulin was a major PGN-binding protein in mouse macrophages. Tubulin also co-eluted with PGN from anti-PGN vancomycin affinity column and bound to PGN coupled to agarose. Tubulin-PGN binding was preferential under the conditions that promote tubulin polymerization, required macromolecular PGN, was competitively inhibited by soluble PGN and tubulin, did not require microtubule-associated proteins, and had an affinity of 100–150 nM. By contrast, binding of tubulin to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) had 2–3 times lower affinity, faster kinetics of binding, and showed positive cooperativity. PGN enhanced tubulin polymerization in the presence of 4 M glycerol, but in the absence of glycerol, both PGN and LPS decreased microtubule polymerization. These results indicate that tubulin is a major PGN-binding protein and that PGN modulates tubulin polymerization.
Novel Negative $Vt$ Shift Phenomenon of Program–Inhibit Cell in $\hbox{2}X{-}\hbox{3}X\hbox{-}\hbox{nm}$ Self-Aligned STI nand Flash Memory

A novel program-inhibit phenomenon of “negative” cell Vt shift has been investigated for the first time in 2X- 3X-nm self-aligned shallow trench isolation nand Flash memory cells. The negative Vt shift is caused in an inhibit cell when along-word-line adjacent cell is programming. The magnitude of the negative shift becomes larger in the case of higher program voltage (VPGM), lower field oxide height, slower program speed of the adjacent cell, and high Vt of victim cell. The experimental results suggest that the mechanism of negative Vt shift is attributed to hot holes that are generated by FN electron injection from channel/junction to the control gate. This phenomenon will become worse with cell size scaling since hot hole generation is increased by increasing the electron injection due to narrower floating gate space. Therefore, this negative Vt shift phenomenon is one of the new scaling limiters of nand Flash memory cell, which needs to be managed for 2 and 3 b/cell in 2X nm and beyond nand Flash memories.
Intercepting, isolating and reusing drainage waters for irrigation to conserve water and protect water quality

Abstract Theoretical and conceptual evidence is given along with four case examples to show that a loss of usable water occurs in the total water supply when agricultural drainage waters are returned to the water supply, even when blending is carried out such that apparently safe limits of salt concentration are not exceeded in the final mixture. An alternative means of managing agricultural drainage waters is offered that provides a greater practical benefit to be derived from the total water supply than does blending.
Performance evaluation of blood glucose monitoring devices

Many new technologies are being applied to measure blood glucose concentrations, but there is a lack of a standardized approach to evaluate performance of these devices. We sought to identify the key elements in evaluating the performance of devices for measuring blood glucose. We examined these elements in a multicenter study of four brands of glucose meters that are commonly used by diabetic patients. We tested control materials, spiked whole blood specimens, and 461 heparinized whole blood specimens in triplicate by each of the four brand glucose meters, and analyzed the plasma glucose concentrations of these specimens by a hexokinase (HK) method that incorporated reference materials developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology. Testing with glucose meters was performed at three sites, with multiple operators, meters, and representative lots of reagents. We evaluated the systematic bias, random error, and clinical significance of glucose meters. Meters were precise with a coefficient of variation of 0.98 and standard error of estimation S(y/x) <13 mg/dL for both meters). Analysis of the clinical significance of bias by Clarke Error Grid showed that results of the four meters were outside the accurate zone (26.5%, 2.4%, 1.5%, and 5.6%). Only a small number of the results showed clinically significant bias, mostly in the hypoglycemic range. Meters performed consistently throughout the study and, generally, were precise, although precision varied at extremely high or low glucose concentrations. Two of the glucose meters had substantial systematic bias when compared with an HK method, indicating a need for improving calibration and standardization. Analytical performance varied over the physiological range of glucose values so that separate accuracy and precision goals should be defined for hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic ranges. This study describes the current state of performance of blood glucose monitoring devices and points out those factors that should be assessed during evaluation of new devices.
Elastic-degrading analysis of pultruded composite structures

This study presents a combined micromechanical and structural modeling approach for the elastic-degrading (ED) analysis of pultruded composite materials and structures. Pultruded composites with continuous filament mats and roving layers are considered in this study. The overall effective response of the pultruded composite material is predicted using 3Dmicromechanical models for the layers that span the thickness. These micromodels account for the nonlinear response in their matrix while the fiber constituent is assumed to be linear elastic and transversely isotropic. The nonlinear material response of the matrix is achieved using an isotropic EDmodel that better captures the effective nonlinear behavior of the pultruded material when compared with using a J2-plasticity type model. A structural framework analysis is generated by integrating the micromechanical models within 3Dor layered-shell finite element (FE) models. The result is a general global–local modeling approach for the nonlinear EDanalysis of pultruded structures. Off-axis pultruded coupons were tested to examine the prediction capability of the micromodels for the nonlinear effective material behavior. A structural verification is also carried out by using detailed FE models of off-axis pultruded plates with a central hole, and four-point bending tests of pultruded coupons. The proposed micromodels combined with FE are able to effectively predict the nonlinear material and structural responses. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
MISCOMP — an information system tool-kit

Abstract MISCOMP, a business data information system, has been built with an object oriented design using a client—server framework. It uses both relational and object databases for persistent data storage. It has pioneered the use of an electronic data management and workflow system and has implemented part of the system in C++.
The effects of number of samples and random error on the factor analysis/multiple regression (FA/MR) receptor modeling technique

Abstract The effects of normally distributed random errors and of sample size on the stability of FA/MR results were examined as applied to a data set from the ATEOS studies. Three levels of normally distributed random errors were added to the original data set to produce five perturbed data sets for FA testing and a total of 10 for testing the MR results. Reductions of sample size from 138 cases to 70 and 35 cases (24-h daily samples) were performed both randomly and systematically. The addition of random errors reduced squared multiple correlation coefficients to the same extent for different sample sizes. The effect of a reduction in sample had a more significant impact on the standard errors of regression coefficients than did added random errors of up to ± 30% of the measured independent variables. Reducing the data sets to 70 and 35 cases resulted in nonsignificant coefficients for a variable whose t-value was relatively small in the data set with 138 cases. This analysis demonstrated the usefulness of the degrees of freedom criteria suggested by Henry (1984, Atmospheric Environment18, 1507–1515) for minimum sample size in multivariate analysis. The results also showed that data sets with smaller sample sizes tend to give larger R2s than the data sets with larger samples sizes, due to their fewer degrees of freedom. It is recommended that the relative significance of parameters that can contribute to the variance of the data set be investigated.
Towards an understanding of the drilling process for fossil fuel energy: A continuum-discrete approach

Abstract During the drilling process, drill operators constantly adjust drilling parameters depending on a number of geo-tribological factors. The optimization of these parameters is typically based on trial-and-error field data from previous wells. As a step toward elucidating some of the underlying physics which affect the drilling process, the current work introduces a continuum-discrete approach which has the potential to predict rock wear rates. This model predicts how changes in rock strength, drilling fluid viscosity, drill bit angular velocity, and weight-on-bit affect the rate-of-penetration. Predictions from the model show qualitative agreement with experimental findings and field data.
Polarization-Dependent Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering from Silver 1D Nanoparticle Arrays

Arrays of linear, one-dimensional (1D) silver nanoparticle rows have been synthesized that demonstrate strong surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) that is dependent on the polarization of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Ordered arrays of 1D rows of spherical silver nanoparticles were fabricated on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by physical vapor deposition (PVD) at 400 °C. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of arrays of highly parallel rows of nanoparticles. The rows are typically hundreds of microns long with particle gaps less than 10 nm and 10−1000 nm spacing between adjacent 1D rows. The polarization dependence of the SERS was characterized using thiophenol as a Raman probe molecule that was adsorbed as a monolayer on the silver nanoparticle surfaces. When incident light is polarized along the axis of the nanoparticle rows, the intensity of the Raman-scattered light was ≈20 times stronger than Raman scattered light when the incident radiation was polarized perp...
Effects of Actinomycin D and Puromycin on Chromosomes of Cultured Human Leucocytes

ACTINOMYCIN D is a potent antibiotic with cytotoxic properties in tissue cultures1–3 which has been used in the treatment of human neoplasms4–9. The action of actinomycin may depend on its capacity to bind with DNA, thus inhibiting RNA synthesis10. It has also been suggested that it is the synthesis of the DNA-primed RNA which is inhibited11. Puromycin, also an antibiotic, is believed to inhibit protein synthesis in a wide variety of organisms and tissues by causing premature release of incomplete polypeptide chains from the ribosomal system12–20.
Dynamics of liquid-solid fluidized bed expansion

The dynamic response of height in liquid-solid fluidized beds to a change in fluidizing valocity was considered. A linearized model was developed such that the time constant for the system could be estimated with the parameters characterizing the system. Spherical particles, with sizes ranging from 6 to 7 to 70 to 80 mesh and densities ranging from 1.08 g./cc. to 2.5 g./cc., were fluidized by water in a 2-in. diameter glass column. The experimental response to step and rectangular pulse inputs in fluidizing velocity were measured and frequency response data were also obtained. Agreement between the experimental data and the model was quite reasonable in view of the known nonlinearity of fluidization systems. These results show that for control purposes the system behaves as a first order time constant process.
A protocol for assessing subtraction errors of arterial spin‐tagging perfusion techniques in human brain

A protocol for assessing signal contributions from static tissue (subtraction errors) in perfusion images acquired with arterial spin-labeling (ASL) techniques in human brain is proposed. The method exploits the reduction of blood T(1) caused by the clinically available paramagnetic contrast agent, gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA). The protocol is demonstrated clinically with multislice FAIR images acquired before, during, and after Gd-DTPA administration using a range of selective inversion widths. Perfusion images acquired postcontrast for selective inversion widths large enough (threshold) to avoid interaction with the imaging slice had signal intensities reduced to noise level, as opposed to subtraction errors manifested on images acquired using inversion widths below the threshold. The need for these experiments to be performed in vivo is further illustrated by comparison with phantom results. The protocol allows a one-time calibration of relevant ASL parameters (e.g., selective inversion widths) in vivo, which may otherwise cause subtraction errors. Magn Reson Med 43:896-900, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Virtual Patient Software Program to Improve Pharmacy Student Learning in a Comprehensive Disease Management Course

Objective. To implement and assess the impact of a virtual patient pilot program on pharmacy students’ clinical competence skills. Design. Pharmacy students completed interactive software-based patient case scenarios embedded with drug-therapy problems as part of a course requirement at the end of their third year. Assessment. Assessments included drug-therapy problem competency achievement, performance on a pretest and posttest, and pilot evaluation survey instrument. Significant improvements in students’ posttest scores demonstrated advancement of clinical skills involving drug-therapy problem solving. Students agreed that completing the pilot program improved their chronic disease management skills and the program summarized the course series well. Conclusion. Using virtual patient technology allowed for assessment of student competencies and improved learning outcomes.
Evaluation of GaAs FETs for cryogenic readout

Low-frequency, low-noise, low-power cryogenic electronics to read out photodetectors is being investigated for the star-tracking telescope of the Gravity Probe B spacecraft. We report our initial findings from evaluating more than 20 types of GaAs FETs, both commercial and non-commercial, for this application. Most exhibit useable dc characteristics at cryogenic temperatures, although gate leakage and hysteretic effects (presumably due to charge trapping) could be troublesome. Low-frequency noise (based primarily on grounded-gate measurements) at 4 K is '1/f-like' and for the quietest GaAs FETs appears to be at least as low as the lowest noise values reported for Si MOSFETs at 4 K. Further investigation is needed in several areas.
Porphyrin films. Electroluminescence of octaethylporphin

Abstract Al|octacthylporphin|Ag sandwich cells show electroluminescence. With the Al 15 V negative with respect to the Ag, the spectrum shows peaks corresponding to porphyrin fluorescence at 633 nm and 895 nm; a third peak at wavelengths less than about 400 nm is attributed to transitions from the conduction band to the valence band. The light intensity is linear with current only for current greater than 4 mA and seems to arise from electrons injected at the Al-porphyrin interface recombining with holes.
A Theory on Predatory Advertising After a Demand-Reducing Shock

We model the advertising competition between an incumbent and a new entrant in multiple independent markets after the new entrant suffers a demand-reducing shock. The incumbent is privately informed about the effect of the shock, and has incentive to signal the entrant its private information in order to induce the entrant to exit. Under the assumption that the entrant has established different loyalty levels across different markets, we show that the predatory incentive of the incumbent upward distorts the incumbent's advertising, and such distortion occurs only among the markets where loyalty to the entrant falls in the medium range. In the rest of the markets, the incumbent advertises at its normal competitive level. Our results offer empirically testable predictions on predation, and a rationale to the empirical findings in Chen and Tan [2011].
A micromechanics approach for attachment and detachment of asymmetric colloidal particles

Abstract In this study, a micromechanics interaction model has been developed for kaolinite particles, and experiments have been performed on attachment and detachment of particles in porous media columns. The experimental results are discussed and interpreted in terms of microscopic forces, in contrast to conventional computations in the colloid literature which are based on energy terms. The force calculations are done using expressions developed for the natural shape (hexagonal platelets) of the kaolinite particles without making use of unrealistic assumptions of particle sphericity. The forces considered are van der Waals forces, electrical double layer forces, hydration forces and Born repulsion. Under constant chemical conditions, the three likely modes of interaction of kaolinite platelets showed significantly different total force curves. The microscopic force analysis was found to be consistent with experimental results.
Seasonal dynamics of above‐ and below‐ground biomass and nitrogen partitioning in Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum across three growing seasons

The first replicated productivity trials of the C4 perennial grass Miscanthus × giganteus in the United States showed this emerging ligno-cellulosic bioenergy feedstock to provide remarkably high annual yields. This covered the 5 years after planting, leaving it uncertain if this high productivity could be maintained in the absence of N fertilization. An expected, but until now unsubstantiated, benefit of both species was investment in roots and perennating rhizomes. This study examines for years 5–7 yields, biomass, C and N in shoots, roots, and rhizomes. The mean peak shoot biomass for M. × giganteus in years 5–7 was 46.5 t ha−1 in October, declining to 38.1 t ha−1 on completion of senescence and at harvest in December, and 20.7 t ha−1 declining to 11.3 t ha−1 for Panicum virgatum. There was no evidence of decline in annual yield with age. Mean rhizome biomass was significantly higher in M. × giganteus at 21.5 t ha−1 compared to 7.2 t ha−1 for P. virgatum, whereas root biomass was similar at 5.6–5.9 t ha−1. M. × giganteus shoots contained 339 kg ha−1 N in August, declining to 193 kg ha−1 in December, compared to 168 and 58 kg ha−1 for P. virgatum. The results suggest substantial remobilization of N to roots and rhizomes, yet still a substantial loss with December harvests. The shoot and rhizome biomass increase of 33.6 t ha−1 during the 2-month period between June and August for M. × giganteus corresponds to a solar energy conversion of 4.4% of solar energy into biomass, one of the highest recorded and confirming the remarkable productivity potential of this plant.
Dermophilic Insect Repellents with Perdurable Efficacy

The synthesis of the monohexanoate, monopropionate, and monobenzoate esters of dihydroxyacetone is reported; the compounds were designed to provide long-lasting insect-repellent efficacy. The insectifugal properties of these compounds and those of the corresponding monoundecanoate ester are also described. While several of the compounds exerted significant repellency, the perdurable effect of dihydroxyacetone monohexanoate (II) was particularly noteworthy.
Determinants of carotid endarterectomy anatomic durability: Effects of serum lipids and lipid-lowering drugs

Objectives Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) remains the gold standard for treatment of carotid stenosis. With inevitable comparisons of catheter-based therapy to all aspects of CEA, this study of a large contemporary series was undertaken to evaluate the determinants of anatomic durability of CEA. Methods During the interval (1989 through 1999), 2,127 primary, isolated CEAs with selective patching (50.2%) were performed in 1,853 patients (61.8% male, 36.1% symptomatic). End points included patient longevity and perioperative morbidity as well as evidence of CEA anatomic durability as defined by duplex evaluation: CEA restenosis (moderate, >50%, or greater recurrent stenosis), which included CEA anatomic failure (severe, >70%, restenosis/carotid occlusion). The incidence of CEA recurrent stenosis was temporally assessed early ( 2 years) after operation. Clinical and surgical variables potentially associated with the study endpoints were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods. Results The perioperative stroke and death rate was 1.4% and the 2-year and 10-year survival was 88.1% and 44.9%, respectively. Anatomic failure after CEA developed in 3.9% at 2 years and in 8.5% at 5 years; only 3.2% of CEA patients underwent reoperation during a mean follow-up of 73.4 months. Early ( 2 years) results identified 9.8% progression of carotid stenosis and a 5.8% rate of anatomic failure. Multivariate analysis determined elevated creatinine (odds ratio [OR], 1.719, P Conclusions The association of female gender and elevated cholesterol with recurrent carotid stenosis is confirmed, elevated creatinine is introduced as a risk factor, and surgical patch repair is protective for early CEA recurrent carotid stenosis. The unique findings of the significant, beneficial effects of lipid-lowering drugs on both early and late CEA anatomic durability and patient survival indicate that such therapy should be instituted in most patients after CEA.
Laser assisted embedding of nanoparticles into metallic materials

a b s t r a c t This paper reports a methodology of half-embedding nanoparticles into metallic materials. Transpar- ent and opaque nanoparticles are chosen to demonstrate the process of laser assisted nanoparticle embedding. Dip coating method is used to coat transparent or opaque nanoparticle on the surface of metallic material. Nanoparticles are embedded into substrate by laser irradiation. In this study, the mech- anism and process of nanoparticle embedding are investigated. It is found both transparent and opaque nanoparticles embedding are with high densities and good uniformities.
Wood hydrolysis for ethanol production — previous experience and the economics of selected processes

Abstract Past development efforts and commercial experience with acid hydrolysis of wood are reviewed and more recent or ongoing work on wood hydrolysis is cited. One recent R & D project conducted at New York University has been selected as representative of the newer dilute acid hydrolysis processes. A conceptual design has been prepared in sufficient detail to allow estimation of the capital investment and the plant gate price of ethanol. The results of the analysis of the NYU process are compared on a common basis with the results of previous economic analysis work by the authors. Based on the current state of development and the economic analyses, it does not appear that wood hydrolysis processes will soon be in a position to seriously challenge corn conversion in the United States for fuel ethanol production. For hydrolysis of wood, there is no clear economic preference between acid and enzymatic hydrolysis processes, and additional R & D is needed in both areas. Choice of a wood hydrolysis process requires consideration of numerous factors such as sugar yield and the nature, yield, and value of by-products.
A high isolation CMOS switch for loopback built-in self-test in a millimeter-wave transceiver

The seamless integration of CMOS transceivers in digital CMOS processes enhances on-chip testability, thus reducing manufacturing cost. Built-in-self-test (BIST) using loopback is a cost-effective method for testing a transceiver. A high-isolation single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch is designed and fabricated in a 45nm CMOS process to create the loopback path. The measured isolation is better than 30 dB in the 70-87 GHz range with maximum isolation of 42 dB. This is the highest reported isolation in a CMOS switch at this frequency. The insertion loss is 12 dB at 80 GHz, which is sufficiently low for the loopback operation.
Fast and simple measurement of cutting energy requirement of plant stalk and prediction model development

Abstract A novel idea of utilizing a digital torque wrench (DTW) assembled with a common bypass lopper to determine the cutting energy of corn stalks in combination with a modified Warner–Bratzler device attachment on a standard universal testing machine (UTM) was developed. Peak torque, torque per unit area, peak stress, and net and specific cutting energy were determined. The DTW peak torque and UTM standard net cutting energy, and the DTW torque per unit area and UTM specific energy were strongly correlated ( r ≥ 0.95; P R 2 ≥ 0.91; P
Nonobservability of Early-Time Departures from Fermi's "Golden Rule"

On considere le taux de decroissance au debut du temps pour un systeme modele en etudiant l'evolution du courant de probabilite a un detecteur localise a une distance macroscopique de la source
Rat liver chitobiase: purification, properties, and role in the lysosomal degradation of Asn-linked glycoproteins.

Abstract Chitobiase, the lysosomal glycosidase responsible for splitting the GlcNAcβ- d -(1–4) GlcNAc moiety in Asn-linked glycoproteins, was purified over 600-fold from frozen rat livers utilizing an assay with di-N-acetylchitobiose as the substrate. The final preparation showed a major polypeptide of Mr 43,000 (sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) that was determined to be the chitobiase by an immunological method. The purified chitobiase also hydrolyzed tri- and tetrasaccharides of chitin, which like di-N-acetylchitobiose were not substrates if first reduced by NaBH4. The initial products formed during hydrolysis of the tetrasaccharide were trisaccharide and GlcNAc. These results imply that chitobiase is a “reducing-end exohexosaminidase” which cleaves single GlcNAc units only from the reducing end of oligosaccharides. Fucose, typically found linked to the reducing-end GlcNAc in complex oligosaccharide chains, was found to block this reaction. Additional substrates that were hydrolyzed included GlcNAcβ- d -(1–4)MurNAc, the repeating structure from bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, and the Manβ- d -(1–4)GlcNAcβ- d -(1–4)GlcNAc reducing-end component of glycoproteins. Km and Vm for hydrolysis of these substrates were of similar magnitude as for di-N-acetylchitobiose (6.3 m m and 15 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively). Liver tissues from nine mammalian species were surveyed for the presence of chitobiase activity. The activity was found in rat, mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig liver (Stirling [(1974) FEBS Lett.39, 171–175] previously observed the enzyme in human liver), but not in dog, sheep, pig, cat, and cow liver. The presence or absence of chitobiase so far observed was found to exactly correlate with the type of oligosaccharide fragments found to accumulate in animals containing genetic or inhibitor-induced lysosomal storage pathologies. The presence of the chitobiase corresponds to the occurrence of one GlcNAc unit at the reducing end of stored oligosaccharides, while the absence of this glycosidase yields fragments with an intact GlcNAcβ- d -(1–4)GlcNAc moiety. These results verify our previous proposal that lysosomal disassembly of glycoproteins to free amino acids and sugars is an ordered, bidirectional pathway in which chitobiase (when present) catalyzes the last step during digestion of the protein-oligosaccharide linkage region.