cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of patellar tendon autograft and allograft used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the goat model

Similar-sized patellar tendon autografts and fresh-frozen allografts were used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament of one knee in 40 female goats. Evaluations of the reconstructions and contralateral controls at the 6-week and 6-month postoperative periods included anterior-posterior translation, mechanical properties determined during tensile failure tests, measurement of cross-sectional area, histology, collagen fibril size and area distribution, and associated articular cartilage degenerative changes. Six months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the autografts demonstrated a smaller increase in anterior-posterior displacement, values of maximum force to failure two times greater, a significant increase in cross-sectional area, a more rapid loss of large-diameter collagen fibrils, and an increased density and number of small-diameter collagen fibrils compared to the allografts. Clinical significance. More surgeons are allowing their patients to return to running and sports 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. While the structural and material properties of autografts and allografts at time zero are similar, in the goat model during the first 6 months they differ. The allografts demonstrate a greater decrease in their implantation structural properties, a slower rate of biologic incorporation, and the prolonged presence of an inflammatory response. At 6 months the autograft demonstrates a more robust biologic response, improved stability, and increased strength to failure values.
An RKHS for multi-view learning and manifold co-regularization

Inspired by co-training, many multi-view semi-supervised kernel methods implement the following idea: find a function in each of multiple Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHSs) such that (a) the chosen functions make similar predictions on unlabeled examples, and (b) the average prediction given by the chosen functions performs well on labeled examples. In this paper, we construct a single RKHS with a data-dependent "co-regularization" norm that reduces these approaches to standard supervised learning. The reproducing kernel for this RKHS can be explicitly derived and plugged into any kernel method, greatly extending the theoretical and algorithmic scope of coregularization. In particular, with this development, the Rademacher complexity bound for co-regularization given in (Rosenberg & Bartlett, 2007) follows easily from wellknown results. Furthermore, more refined bounds given by localized Rademacher complexity can also be easily applied. We propose a co-regularization based algorithmic alternative to manifold regularization (Belkin et al., 2006; Sindhwani et al., 2005a) that leads to major empirical improvements on semi-supervised tasks. Unlike the recently proposed transductive approach of (Yu et al., 2008), our RKHS formulation is truly semi-supervised and naturally extends to unseen test data.
The freedoms of software and its ethical uses

The "free" in "free software" refers to a cluster of four specific freedoms identified by the Free Software Definition. The first freedom, termed "Freedom Zero," intends to protect the right of the user to deploy software in whatever fashion, towards whatever end, he or she sees fit. But software may be used to achieve ethically questionable ends. This highlights a tension in the provision of software freedoms: while the definition explicitly forbids direct restrictions on users' freedoms, it does not address other means by which software may indirectly restrict freedoms. In particular, ethically-inflected debate has featured prominently in the discussion of restrictions on digital rights management and privacy-violating code in version 3 of the GPL (GPLv3). The discussion of this proposed language revealed the spectrum of ethical positions and valuations held by members of the free software community. In our analysis, we will provide arguments for upholding Freedom Zero; we embed the problem of possible uses of software in the broader context of the uses of scientific knowledge, and go on to argue that the provision of Freedom Zero mitigates against too great a moral burden--of anticipating possible uses of software--being placed on the programmer and that, most importantly, it facilitates deliberative discourse in the free software community.
Evaluation of military trauma system practices related to damage-control resuscitation

Abstract : BACKGROUND: The Joint Theater Trauma System (JTTS) was developed with the vision that every soldier, marine, sailor, and airman injured on the battlefield would have the optimal chance for survival and maximum potential for functional recovery. In this analysis, we hypothesized that information diffusion through the JTTS, via the dissemination of clinical practice guidelines and process improvements, would be associated with the acceptance of evidence-based practices and decreases in trauma practice variability. METHODS: The current evaluation was designed as a single time-series quasi-experimental study as a preanalysis and postanalysis relative to the implementation of clinical practice guidelines and process improvement interventions. Data captured from patients admitted to hospital-level (Level III) military treatment facilities in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2003 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed from the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) to determine the potential impact of process improvement initiatives on clinical practice. RESULTS: The JTTS clinical practice guidelines for massive transfusion led to increased compliance with balanced component transfusion and decreased practice variability. During the course of the evaluation period, hypothermia on presentation decreased dramatically after the publication of the hypothermia prevention and management clinical practice guideline. CONCLUSION: Developed metrics demonstrate that evidence-based quality improvement initiatives disseminated through the JTTS were associated with improved clinical practice of resuscitation following battlefield injury.
The Effect of Tibiotalar Fixation on Foot Biomechanics

Contact areas and peak pressures in the posterior facet of the subtalar and the talonavicular joints were measured in cadaver lower limbs for both the normal limb and after fixation of the tibiotalar joint. Six joints were fixed in neutral, in 5–7° of varus and of valgus. Ten degrees of equinus angulation was also studied. Each position of fixation was tested independently. Neutral was defined as fixation without coronal or sagittal plane angulation compared with prefixation alignment of the specimen. When compared with normal unfused condition, peak pressures increased, and contact areas decreased in the subtalar joint for specimens fixed in neutral, varus, and valgus. However, the change in peak pressure for neutral fusion compared with normal control was not statistically significant (P > 0.07). Peak pressures for varus and valgus fixation were significantly different from normal (P < 0.001). Contact areas for all positions of fixation were significantly different from normal (P < 0.001). Coronal plane...
Iatrogenic bladder perforations: longterm followup of 65 patients.

Abstract Background We reviewed our experience with bladder perforations to better understand the causes of these injuries and to describe their management and its effect on longterm outcomes. Study design Our bladder trauma database yielded 65 patients during a 12-year period, followed for a mean of 36 months, who had sustained iatrogenic bladder perforations. Endourologic procedures were excluded. Demographic data, surgical details, mechanism of injury, anatomic location, grading, diagnosis, management, and outcomes were assessed. Results Gynecologic procedures accounted for 40 perforations (61.5%), general surgical procedures for 17 (26.2%), and urologic procedures for 8 (12.3%). The type of gynecologic surgery included abdominal hysterectomy in 16 (40%), resection of a pelvic mass in 12 (30%), cesarean section in 10 (25%), and diagnostic laparoscopy in 2 (5%). Of the general surgical procedures, eight were for colon cancer (47.1%), six for diverticulitis (35.3%), and three for inflammatory bowel disease (17.6%); of the urologic injuries, six occurred during vaginal surgery and two during laparoscopy. Predisposing factors were identified in 52 patients (80%). Intraoperative urologic consultation was obtained in 63 of 65 patients, with prompt identification and repair. In two cases a concurrent left ureteral injury was identified and managed by reimplantation. The sole complication was a vesicovaginal fistula 2 months postoperatively, so the success rate for repair was 98.4%. Conclusions Although infrequent, iatrogenic bladder perforations can occur during any pelvic, abdominal, or vaginal procedure. Prompt intraoperative recognition is paramount to ensure satisfactory outcomes. Adequate repair usually can be achieved simply by vesicorrhaphy, limiting unnecessary extravesical dissection. With this approach, morbidity can be minimized.
Changes in forest structure and species composition following invasion by a non-indigenous shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)

Abstract Heavy infestations of a non-indigenous shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) are frequently linked to poor individual performance and reduced species diversity. We used chronosequence methods and analysis of forest strata to investigate potential impacts of L. maackii on 1) species richness, 2) density of sub-canopy recruitment layers, 3) indicator species affinity, and 4) within- and among-strata compositional similarities. We compared sites ranging from 12 to 26 years since initial invasion as well as non-invaded, control sites. When assessing non-invaded versus long-invaded sites, we found significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced densities in the herb (−57%), seedling (−58%), and sapling layers (−90%), and also reduced species richness in the seedling (−34%), and sapling (−58%), and herbaceous layers (−4%). Interestingly, the germinable seed bank density showed significant increases among non-invaded and long-invaded sites (+78%), while the species richness of the seed bank demonstrated a marked ...
Stylet penetration and survival of three psyllid species on adult leaves and 'waxy' and 'de-waxed' juvenile leaves of Eucalyptus globulus

The stylet probing behavior and survival of Ctenarytaina eucalypti Maskell, C. spatulata Taylor and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Homoptera, Psyllidae) on adult leaves and ‘waxy’ (untreated) and ‘de-waxed’ (rubbed) juvenile leaves of the heteroblastic plant Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere were compared. Psyllids were confined within clip-on cages and after 15 days the leaf tissue under each cage was sectioned and stained to characterize and quantify stylet tracks. Across all leaf treatments and psyllid species 1438 stylet tracks were observed in 7239 leaf sections and 571 of these stylet tracks reached the vascular tissue. Survival and the number of stylet tracks of C. eucalypti on the different leaf types did not differ. In contrast, C. spatulata survived significantly longer and produced significantly more stylet tracks on adult leaves and ‘de-waxed’ juvenile leaves than on ‘waxy’ juvenile leaves. Although G. brimblecombei survived equally on all treatments, it produced more stylet tracks on adult leaves and ‘de-waxed’ juvenile leaves than on ‘waxy’ juvenile leaves. For all three psyllid species, there was a positive correlation between survival and number of stylet tracks reaching the vascular tissue. Stylet tracks of all species were generally intercellular from the leaf epidermis to the vascular tissue. Oil glands were avoided by all species, as indicated by the repeated branching and formation of stylet tracks at the periphery of the glands. In ‘de-waxed’ juvenile leaves, C. spatulata and G. brimblecombei produced stylet tracks that entered the leaf at the adaxial surface and exited at the abaxial surface. This pattern was rarely observed on adult leaves, and never occurred with C. eucalypti in any leaf type. We conclude that (1) the epicuticular wax on juvenile leaves reduced stylet probing by C. spatulata and G. brimblecombei, (2) there were apparently no internal physical barriers in either juvenile or adult leaves to prevent the stylets of any of the psyllid species from reaching the vascular tissue, (3) the psyllids avoided oil glands in both leaf types, and (4) C. spatulata and G. brimblecombei may lack cues to orient their stylets towards the vascular tissue in the juvenile leaves.
Identification of a 30,000 M(r) polypeptide secreted by cultured ovine granulosa cells and luteal tissue as a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.

Previous studies have revealed that the gonadotropin surge initiates, via transcriptional mechanisms, synthesis and secretion of a 30 000 M, polypeptide by the granulosa cells of ovine preovulatory follicles. This polypeptide also appears to be secreted by luteal tissue and has been tentatively identified as a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP; 68% NH 2-terminal amino acid sequence identity to a human TIMP). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to confirm that TIMP is produced by granulosa cells and luteal tissue in the ewe. A series of experiments was conducted to determine whether the 30 000 M, polypeptide secreted by granulosa cells and luteal cells is similar to TIMP in biochemical properties (degree of N-linked glycosylation), in biological activity (as ascertained by gelatin zymographic analysis), and in immunoreactivity (as ascertained by Western blot analysis). Incubation of granulosa cells or luteal cells with tunicamycin revealed that the 30 000 Mr polypeptide is glycosylated. The form lacking N-linked chains had an M, (- 20 000) similar to that of the unglycosylated form of TIMP in other species. Gelatin zymographic analysis detected significant metalloproteinase inhibitor activity associated with polypeptides of M, - 21 000 and 30 000 secreted by granulosa cells and luteal cells. Northern hybridization of granulosa cell RNA and Day 10 luteal RNA with an anti-sense TIMP oligonucleotide probe detected an approximately 900-base transcript, which is similar in size to that reported for TIMP mRNA in other species. Finally, Western blot analysis with a rabbit anti-human TIMP antiserum detected immunoreactive polypeptides of M, 30 000 secreted by granulosa cells and luteal cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that a TIMP is produced by granulosa cells and luteal tissue in the ewe.
Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography epithelial and flap thickness mapping in femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To evaluate the change of epithelial and flap thickness after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) in correlation with the spherical equivalent refraction treated and clinical outcomes. Design Prospective, randomized, contralateral-eye study. Methods Forty myopic eyes underwent LASIK using an excimer laser with refraction ranging from -1.00 to -7.25 diopters (mean -3.25±1.9). Flap creation was randomized between eyes, using the IntraLASE FS60 laser (IL) in 1 eye and WaveLight FS200 laser (FS) in the contralateral eye. SD OCT was used to evaluate the epithelial and flap thickness profiles and corneal power preoperatively and at 1 week and 1, 3, and 9 months postoperatively. Manifest and wavefront refractions were performed at each postoperative visit. Results Statistically significant epithelial thickening was observed in both IL and FS groups as early as 1 month postoperatively (P=.033 and P=.042), but this stabilized between 3 (P=.042 and P=.035) and 9 months (P=.043 and P=.041). Femtosecond-LASIK flaps were thicker in the IL group in comparison to the FS group at 3 and 9 months postoperatively (P=.003 and P=.005, respectively). There was a statistically significant correlation between the magnitude of preoperative myopic refraction and the central epithelial thickness at 1, 3, and 9 months (Pearson correlation coefficients 0.485, 0.587 and 0.576) (P=.0021, P=.0010, and P=.0011), respectively. SD OCT corneal power maps showed steepening at 3 and 9 months along with mild myopic shift. Conclusion Progressive epithelial and flap thickening with increased corneal power were observed after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis for myopia with consequent stabilization between 3 to 9 months postoperatively. The magnitude of epithelial and flap thickness remodeling correlated to the preoperative myopic refractive error.
Synthetic strategy toward skeletal diversity via solid-supported, otherwise unstable reactive intermediates.

Herein we report a new diversity-oriented synthetic pathway to skeletally diverse alkaloid-like compounds from simple, readily available starting materials. The synthetic strategy involves the generation and isolation of reactive, otherwise unstable dihydropyridines and dihydroisoquinolines on a solid support. A variety of reactions can be performed with the enamine double bond present in the isolated reactive intermediates, thus leading to skeletally diverse alkaloid-like products. Small molecules used in chemical genetic screens can be synthesized with guidance from compounds known to have biological activity or with the desire to distribute the products in chemical descriptor space. In the latter case, it may be advantageous to maximize the representation of different functional groups and conformations in a screen, since in most cases the nature of the small-molecule–target interaction can not be foreseen. Whereas complex molecules with many distinct appendages can be synthesized efficiently by using complexity-generating reactions and appending processes, there have been limited examples of synthetic pathways that yield products with a high degree of skeletal diversity. Herein we report a three-step diversityoriented synthetic pathway (Figure 1) based on reactive dihydroisoquinoline and dihydropyridine intermediates, which undergo a variety of transformations to generate skeletally diverse alkaloid-like compounds. We anticipated that the enamine moiety contained in dihydropyridines and dihydroisoquinolines could be targeted selectively to undergo a variety of transformations known to
The Origins of American Social Science

Introduction Part I. European Social Science in Antebellum America: 1. The discovery of modernity 2. The American exceptionalist vision Part II. The Crisis of American Exceptionalism, 1865-1896: 3. Establishment of the social science disciplines 4. The threat of socialism in economics and sociology Part III. Progressive Social Science, 1896-1914: 5. The liberal revision of American exceptionalism 6. Marginalism and historicism in economics 7. Toward a sociology of social control 8. From historico-politics to political science Part IV. American Social Science As The Study Of Natural Process, 1908-1929: 9. Modernist historical consciousness and American liberal change 10. The advent of scientism Epilogue Footnote abbreviations Footnotes.
A Model-Based Probabilistic Inversion Framework for Characterizing Wire Fault Detection Using TDR

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is one of the standard methods for diagnosing faults in electrical wiring and interconnect systems, with a long-standing history focused mainly on hardware development of both high-fidelity systems for laboratory use and portable handheld devices for field deployment. While these devices can easily assess distance to hard faults such as sustained opens or shorts, their ability to assess subtle but important degradation such as chafing remains an open question. This paper presents a unified framework for TDR-based chafing fault detection in lossy coaxial cables by combining an S -parameter-based forward-modeling approach with a probabilistic (Bayesian) inference algorithm. Results are presented for the estimation of nominal and faulty cable parameters from laboratory data.
A low power and low area active clock deskewing technique for sub-90nm technologies

Unintentional clock skew caused by variability can result in degraded and unreliable system performance. In this paper, we present a deskewing technique that continuously senses and compensates for unintentional clock skew. It uses an enhanced skew detector block that detects the skew magnitude in addition to the phase. This helps eliminate the need for complex feedback control, thus reducing the power consumption and the area overhead. Simulation results on a benchmark circuit in 65 nm technology show that the deskewed clock has less than 1 ps skew at clock frequencies of upto 2.5 GHz and 55 ps of input skew. Power consumed and area overhead in the deskew circuit is reduced by greater than 50% and 40% respectively, compared to other techniques. Montecarlo simulation of process variations shows maximum output skew of less than 18 ps, and a standard deviation of 1 mW in power consumed in the deskewing circuit.
Effects of Scale and Boundary Selection in Assessing Equity of Transit Supply Distribution

The equitable distribution of transit services is a major concern of transportation planners and policy makers worldwide. In the United States, planners are required by executive order to consider equity concerns when investing in new transportation infrastructure and services. However, equity can be difficult to assess in a consistent, objective, and quantitative way. Australian researchers recently developed a single, systemwide measure that reflects the equity of transit service distribution in a metropolitan area. This measure, known as a Gini coefficient, measures specifically how well transit supply meets transit demand. Transit supply is measured with a modified form of an established supply index, and demand is estimated with population and employment data. Although the idea of a single measure for assessing the equity of a transit system is appealing, researchers and practitioners must be careful when they implement Gini coefficients for comparative purposes. This research investigated the effect of selecting various scales, boundaries, and demand measures for calculating Gini scores for interregional comparisons. Gini coefficients were calculated for six urban transit systems within two boundaries (metropolitan statistical area and transit service area) at two scales (census tract and block group) with two demand measures (population and population plus employment). Results suggest that calculations with Gini coefficients on the basis of various boundary definitions can lead to drastically different comparative results, whereas the different scales and demand measures had little impact on interregional comparisons.
La théorie post-keynésienne et la recherche empirique

The paper argues that post-Keynesian theory has reached a third stage in its development, that of empirically validating its arguments. The failure of the alternative neoclassical paradigm to meet any of the necessary empirical tests — the correspondence, comprehensiveness, parsimony and praxis tests in particular — is first pointed out. The methodological pitfalls which post-Keynesian theory must guard against if it is to avoid the same result are then indicated. From this line of argument emerges the imminent research agenda if post-Keynesian theory is eventually to place economics on a scientific basis by developing a body of theory which can be both empirically validated and conducive to further empirical research.
Morphological evolution during thermal and strain induced crystallization in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ether imide) blend films

Abstract The effect of blend composition and deformation history on the development of structural hierarchy in crystallizable PET rich blends of PET/PEI from amorphous precursors was investigated. PET/PEI films are melt miscible consequently the addition of PEI to PET increases the glass transition temperature while slightly broadening it as a result of partial micro phase separation. The crystallization in these films were found to be affected by two main factors: I) blend composition ii) the extent of deformation imposed on the films leading to preferential orientation. In the absence of orientation, the increase of PEI fraction leads to decrease of crystallizability as expected from the dilution effect that spatially prevents the crystallizable polymer chains from coming together. Stretching process and resulting stress levels and crystallinity depend on the blend concentration. The increase of PEI at a given temperature increase the stress levels during stretching due to both the increase of Tg and its breadth. The increase PEI concentration lead to increase in highly defective crystallites due to intrusion of bulky PEI chains into the PET crystalline regions. Above 30% PEI, the blend crystallizability disappears.
The ultrasonographic appearance and outcome for fetuses with masses distorting the fetal face.

Our objective was to determine the appearance, cause, and outcome of fetal face masses diagnosed antenatally by ultrasonography. Over a 6 year period, 10 consecutive fetuses with facial masses were identified. Ultrasonographic findings, neonatal pathologic findings, and outcome data were correlated. Four (40%) of the 10 fetuses died, including one with a palatal teratoma associated with a Dandy-Walker malformation and three with intracranial teratomas-one of which was associated with hydrops fetalis. Among the survivors, one fetus had a dacryocystocele that was managed conservatively and one had drainage of a salivary gland cyst. The remaining four neonates had successful excision of their tumors in the neonatal period and survived ; these infants had a nasal teratoma, a thyroid teratoma, a gingival granular cell tumor, and a scalp hemangioma. Four of the 10 pregnancies had associated polyhydramnios, three of which ended in stillbirth or neonatal death. In conclusion, 40% of the fetuses with antenatal diagnosis of fetal facial masses did not survive. If those with intracranial teratomas are removed from this group, one of seven (14%) fetuses with extracranial masses died. The intracranial teratomas were uniformly fatal. Polyhydramnios was associated with a poor outcome.
Review: Environments and Counter Environments. “Italy: The New Domestic Landscape,” MoMA, 1972

Environments and Counter Environments. “Italy: The New Domestic Landscape,” MoMA, 1972 Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago 18 September 2013–14 December 2013 > The object is no longer conceived as an isolated entity … but rather as an integral part of the larger natural and sociocultural environment.1 In May 1972, Gordon Matta-Clark installed an industrial container between two galleries in New York’s SoHo district. In it, he created an interior divided into three spaces and consisting of scavenged wood and discarded doors. An accompanying Super 8 mm film documented the happening: Matta-Clark and several other artists and visitors occupied the labyrinth of small rooms, which served as a multipurpose staging ground for unscripted activities and performances. Meanwhile on Fifty-Third Street, the Museum of Modern Art staged an exhibition curated by Emilio Ambasz titled Italy: The New Domestic Landscape . Nearly 200 manufactured objects such as chairs, tables, and light fixtures (categorized as “conformist,” “reformist,” or “contestatory”) were placed outdoors in the sculpture garden, while twelve commissioned “environments” were situated in the galleries.2 As a curator in the museum’s Department of Architecture and Design, Ambasz was undoubtedly aware of Matta-Clark’s work, as he was of the trend among some American schools of architecture toward reframing the discipline within the expanded field of “environmental design.” As such, the simultaneity of these two events was not accidental, but rather indicative of the shifting fields of …
In vitro evaluation of the marginal integrity of CAD/CAM interim crowns

Abstract Statement of problem The accuracy of interim crowns made with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems has not been well investigated. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal integrity of interim crowns made by CAD/CAM compared with that of conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) crowns. Material and methods A dentoform mandibular left second premolar was prepared for a ceramic crown and scanned for the fabrication of 60 stereolithical resin dies, half of which were scanned to fabricate 15 Telio CAD-CEREC and 15 Paradigm MZ100-E4D-E4D crowns. Fifteen Caulk and 15 Jet interim crowns were made on the remaining resin dies. All crowns were cemented with Tempgrip under a 17.8-N load, thermocycled for 1000 cycles, placed in 0.5% acid fuschin for 24 hours, and embedded in epoxy resin before sectioning from the mid-buccal to mid-lingual surface. The marginal discrepancy was measured using a traveling microscope, and dye penetration was measured as a percentage of the overall length under the crown. Results The mean vertical marginal discrepancy of the conventionally made interim crowns was greater than for the CAD/CAM crowns ( P =.006), while no difference was found for the horizontal component ( P =.276). The mean vertical marginal discrepancy at the facial surface of the Caulk crowns was significantly greater than that of the other 3 types of interim crowns ( P P =.150). The mean percentage dye penetration for the Paradigm MZ100-E4D crowns was significantly greater and for Jet crowns significantly smaller than for the other 3 crowns ( P P Conclusions A significantly smaller vertical marginal discrepancy was found with the interim crowns fabricated by CAD/CAM as compared with PMMA crowns; however, this difference was not observed for the horizontal component. The percentage dye penetration was correlated with vertical and horizontal discrepancies at the facial surface for the Jet interim crowns and with horizontal discrepancies at the lingual surface for the Caulk interim crowns.
Modulation of Mitogen-Induced Proliferation of Autologous Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Human Alveolar Macrophages

Abstract Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of cocultivation of T-cell-enriched human peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous alveolar macrophages on mitogen-induced proliferation as determined by [3H]thymidine uptake. Cells obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and saline bronchial lavage from 14 normal volunteers were enriched for macrophages by adherence in plastic dishes for 1 h in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Nonadherent mononuclear cells were prepared from heparinized venous blood after Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation by passage over nylon wool columns. T-cell-enriched populations were incubated with and without alveolar macrophages, either in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin. In these experiments, the number of lymphocytes was held constant (105 per well), while the number of alveolar macrophages was varied (0.1 × 105 to 4.0 × 105 per well). Alveolar macrophages generally tended to stimulate phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoproliferation at lymphocyte/macrophage ratios of 10:1 but consistently and significantly suppressed proliferation at ratios which approach those usually observed in recovered human bronchial lavage fluid, namely, 1:4. The suppressive effect of alveolar macrophages was observed as early as 48 h after culture initiation, while the magnitude of suppression increased with time. Suppression did not appear to be due to alteration in lymphocyte viability, nor was it sensitive to indomethacin. These results indicate that human alveolar macrophages can modulate the in vitro proliferative response of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. This observation may have relevance to interactions between alveolar macrophages and bronchial lymphocytes in the human lung in vivo.
Abstract 253: Identification of novel EWSR1-CREB3L1 fusion transcript in small cell osteosarcoma

Small cell osteosarcoma (SCOS) is an aggressive variant of osteogenic sarcoma that has some morphologic similarities to Ewing sarcoma. Little is known about the molecular biology of SCOS and no specific molecular abnormality has been reported in this tumor subtype to date. We performed a molecular biology study of a SCOS that was positive for the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene rearrangement by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization and negative for EWSR1-FLI1, EWSR1-ERG and EWSR1-WT1 fusion transcripts by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends with the EWSR1 gene-specific forward primers revealed the exon 6 of the cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 1 gene (CREB3L1) fused in-frame to the EWSR1 exon 11, consistent with the EWSR1-CREB2L1 fusion transcript expressed in tumor tissue. The corresponding chimeric gene in the tumor DNA was confirmed by amplification and subsequent sequencing of the genetic breakpoint located in introns 11 and 5 of the EWSR1 and CREB3L1, respectively. No reciprocal fusion transcript or gene could be amplified in the tumor. An approximately 68 kDa product detected in tumor tissue lysate by immunoblotting with the CREB3L1 carboxyterminal antibody was consistent with a 656 aa predicted chimeric protein. This is the first report of a fusion transcript in osteosarcoma that demonstrates the relation of molecular mechanism of SCOS subtype to that of Ewing sarcoma. The 39end fusion partner and the inferred structure of the new EWSR1-CREB3L1 chimera, however, are different from those underlying Ewing sarcoma, predicting different functions of the novel fusion product. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 253.
Effective Nonlinearities in Metamaterials

Clever structuring of dielectric and metallic composites can lead to effective electric, magnetic and anisotropic responses. When hybridized with nonlinear components, such ‘metamaterials’ can support a wide range of nonlinear properties characterized by effective nonlinear susceptibilities.
The Storing and Ripening of Honey by Honeybees

This paper deals principally with the activities of bees engaged in storing and ripening honey. The nectar-carrier, upon her return from the field, delivers her load to one or more house-bees. These house-bees then put the nectar through a process which apparently reduces its water content and probably permits of the addition of enzymes such as invertase. The process is described in detail. The partly ripened nectar is then deposited in the cells where further ripening takes place.
Ion irradiation-induced amorphization in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system: A cascade quenching model

The ion beam-induced crystalline-to-amorphous transition was studied for crystalline phases in the MgO-A1 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system. Samples were irradiated with 1.5 MeV Xe + at temperatures from 15 to 1023 K, and the dose required for amorphization was determined by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Based on a cascade quenching model, we propose that irradiation-induced amorphization is closely related to glass formation. The rate of crystallization from a melt is the controlling factor in determining the susceptibility to amorphization and glass formation. From the analysis of cascade quenching evolution, we have derived a simple relation between amorphization dose and temperature. A quantitative parameter, S 0 , that describes the susceptibility to amorphization is derived that considers the crystalline structure, field strength, and phase transition temperature.
Glycoconjugates, Cellular Differentiation, and Congenital Glaucoma

Studies of congenital glaucoma have described and debated the disease process in cellular and structural terms, yet the functional aspects of the disease remain poorly understood. This paper presents an attempt to look at the disease from a different perspective: the role of glycoconjugates and their influence on morphogenesis of the corneoscleral angle. Extracellular and cell-surface complex carbohydrates and trabecular meshwork development were observed in normal C-57 BL/6J mice with light and electron microscopy. Lectin-stained fixed tissues were evaluated by fluorescein light microscopy and with computer-controlled scanning microspectrophotometry. The appearance and type of specific glycoconjugates was related to morphogenesis and differentiation, with specific reference to the development of the trabecular meshwork. Our results suggest that glycoconjugates are: (1) important in the morphogenesis of the corneoscleral angle, and (2) provide some of the required signals for the differentiation of the cells of the trabecular meshwork. These findings emphasize the possibility that a complex series of morphological and biological events in the normal development of the trabecular meshwork ultimately leads to a functionally competent trabecular meshwork, that is, capacitation.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Age and Outcome after Microvascular Reconstruction among Patients with Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background In patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), disease recurrence remains a significant obstacle to long-term survival. If possible, surgical salvage with reconstruction remains the best treatment option for patients with recurrence. Currently, there is no literature discussing whether age should preclude microvascular reconstruction in these patients. We hypothesize that older age alone does not affect outcomes. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients with HNSCC at our institution between 2008 and 2015 was performed. Patients were included if they underwent simultaneous resection and flap reconstruction for recurrent HNSCC. Data collected included age, sex, primary site, type of reconstruction, previous treatments, postoperative complications (systemic and reconstructive), and overall survival. Results A total of 65 patients met inclusion criteria for the review: 42 (64.6%) patients ≤70 years and 23 (35.4%) patients > 70 years. Overall survival was not significantly different between the younger and older groups (p = 0.199). Five-year survival was 60.1% in the younger group and 46.8% in the older group. No significant difference was found in reconstructive complication rates (p = 0.179) or systemic complication rates (p = 0.241) between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis further showed no significant association between patients' age (≤70 years or > 70 years) and reconstructive complications (p = 0.396) or systemic complications (p = 0.119). Conclusion Age is not significantly associated with complications among patients undergoing resection and reconstruction for recurrent HNSCC. Microvascular reconstruction remains a feasible option in older patients with recurrent HNSCC. Advanced age alone should not preclude the surgical management of recurrent HNSCC.
Constraining the Properties of Supermassive Black Hole Systems Using Pulsar Timing: Application to 3C 66B

Data from long term timing observations of the radio pulsar PSR B1855+09 have been searched for the signature of Gravitational waves (G-waves) emitted by the proposed supermassive binary black hole system in 3C66B.
Control of Pain After Tonsillectomy in Children: A Review

Importance The relief of pain after tonsillectomy in children remains challenging and even controversial. While the need for pain control after this surgery is understood, recent debate has centered around the risks of opioids in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and the possible increases in posttonsillectomy hemorrhage with the use of alternative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Observations We discuss the multiple facets of posttonsillectomy pain control in children. A variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions used before, during, and after surgery are reviewed, presenting the evidence for efficacy and possible adverse effects. We also review the various surgical techniques used in tonsillectomy with a focus on reducing postoperative pain. Conclusions and Relevance Clinicians should understand effective methods of analgesia after tonsillectomy in children, and know the potential consequences of each option. Caution should be employed when using opioids, particularly in young children with severe OSAS. Although large studies of NSAID use have shown effective pain management without an increase in posttonsillectomy bleeding frequency, the potential for more severe bleeding events has been debated. Cold dissection techniques lead to less pain, but hot techniques remain popular, with less intraoperative blood loss and shorter operative time. Partial (intracapsular) tonsillectomy seems to reduce pain as well.
The SpTransformer Gene Family (Formerly Sp185/333) in the Purple Sea Urchin and the Functional Diversity of the Anti-Pathogen rSpTransformer-E1 Protein.

The complex innate immune system of sea urchins is underpinned by several multigene families including the SpTransformer family (SpTrf; formerly Sp185/333) with estimates of ~50 members, although the family size is likely variable among individuals of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The genes are small with similar structure, are tightly clustered, and have several types of repeats in the second of two exons and that surround each gene. The density of repeats suggests that the genes are positioned within regions of genomic instability, which may be required to drive sequence diversification. The second exon encodes the mature protein and is composed of blocks of sequence called elements that are present in mosaics of defined element patterns and are the major source of sequence diversity. The SpTrf genes respond swiftly to immune challenge, but only a single gene is expressed per phagocyte. Many of the mRNAs appear to be edited and encode proteins with altered and/or missense sequence that are often truncated, of which some may be functional. The standard SpTrf protein structure is an N-terminal glycine-rich region, a central RGD motif, a histidine-rich region, and a C-terminal region. Function is predicted from a recombinant protein, rSpTrf-E1, that binds to Vibrio and Saccharomyces but not to Bacillus, and binds tightly to liposaccharide, β-1,3-glucan, and flagellin, but not to peptidoglycan. SpTrf-E1 is intrinsically disordered but transforms to α helical structure in the presence of binding targets including lipopolysaccharide, which may underpin the characteristics of binding to multiple targets. SpTrf proteins associate with coelomocyte membranes and rSpTrf-E1 binds specifically to phosphatidic acid (PA). When rSpTrf-E1 is bound to PA in liposome membranes it induces morphological changes in liposomes that correlate with PA clustering and leakage of luminal contents, and it extracts or removes PA from the bilayer. The multitasking activities of rSpTrf-E1 infer multiple and perhaps overlapping activities for the hundreds of native SpTrf proteins that are produced by individual sea urchins. This likely generates a flexible and highly protective immune system for the sea urchin in its marine habitat that it shares with broad arrays of microbes that may be pathogens and opportunists.
Re-examining the arterial cord blood gas pH screening criteria in neonatal encephalopathy

Objective Screening criteria for neonatal encephalopathy remain a complex combination of subjective and objective criteria. We examine the utility of universal cord blood gas testing and mandatory encephalopathy evaluation for infants with pH ≤7.10 on umbilical cord arterial blood gas (cABG) as a single screening measure for timely identification of moderate/severe encephalopathy. Design, setting, patients Infants born at a single centre between 2008 and 2015, who were ≥36 weeks, had no congenital anomalies and had a cABG pH ≤7.10 were identified for a retrospective cohort study. Maternal/perinatal and patient factors were collected. Results 27 028 infants were born during the study period; 412 met all inclusion criteria. Of those, 35/85 infants with pH A cABG pH threshold of ≤7.10 was associated with a sensitivity of 74.2% and a specificity of 98.7% for detection of moderate/severe encephalopathy. Based on these data, 25 infants with cABG pH between 7.00 and 7.10 will need to be screened to identify one neonate with moderate/severe encephalopathy, who might have otherwise been missed using conventional screening, a 15% increase in appropriate selection and treatment over current methods. Conclusion Universal cord blood gas screening with a pH threshold ≤7.10 and mandatory encephalopathy examination results in greater detection of infants with moderate/severe encephalopathy and timely initiation of therapeutic hypothermia.
Multivariate Hypothesis Testing Methods for Evaluating Significant Individual Change

The measurement of individual change has been an important topic in both education and psychology. For instance, teachers are interested in whether students have significantly improved (e.g., learned) from instruction, and counselors are interested in whether particular behaviors have been significantly changed after certain interventions. Although classical test methods have been unable to adequately resolve the problems in measuring change, recent approaches for measuring change have begun to use item response theory (IRT). However, all prior methods mainly focus on testing whether growth is significant at the group level. The present research targets a key research question: Is the "change" in latent trait estimates for each individual significant across occasions? Many researchers have addressed this research question assuming that the latent trait is unidimensional. This research generalizes their earlier work and proposes four hypothesis testing methods to evaluate individual change on multiple latent traits: a multivariate Z-test, a multivariate likelihood ratio test, a multivariate score test, and a Kullback-Leibler test. Simulation results show that these tests hold promise of detecting individual change with low Type I error and high power. A real-data example from an educational assessment illustrates the application of the proposed methods.
Long-term Outcomes After Pediatric Free Flap Reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION Whereas free tissue transfer has evolved to minimize morbidity in adults, less is known about outcomes after free flaps in children. This study sought to assess short- and long-term outcomes after microvascular reconstruction in the pediatric population. METHODS Short- and long-term outcomes of free tissue transfer were assessed using chart-review and quality-of-life surveys. The Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument was used to evaluate overall health, pain, and ability to participate in normal daily and more vigorous activities. Patient or parent responses were compared against normative data. RESULTS Forty-two patients underwent 48 flap reconstructions at a mean age of 8 years. Median follow-up was 14.9 years. Indications included congenital nevi (n = 19, 42%), lymphatic/vascular malformations (n = 8, 19%), and trauma/burns (n = 6, 14%). There were 21 fasciocutaneous (44%), 19 muscle/myocutaneous (40%), 6 fascial/peritoneal (13%), and 2 osteocutaneous flaps (4%). Major flap complications were observed in 4 patients (9%), whereas major donor-site complications occurred in 2% (1 patient). Valid contact information was available for 25 patients; 16 of these completed surveys (64%). Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument scores for mobility (median, 52), sports/physical functioning (median, 56), happiness (median, 50), and pain/comfort (median, 56) were not significantly different from normative population score of 50. Similarly, median global functioning score was 99 (maximum, 100) and did not differ between flap types. DISCUSSION Free tissue transfer in the pediatric population is reliable and well-tolerated over time. Surgeons should not hesitate to use free flaps when clinically indicated for pediatric patients.