cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of phase compromise in biological cycles

It often happens that scalar-valued observables of biological interest are points not on the real line, but on the circle… for example phases of periodic events, and colors. Sometimes one such quantity depends upon two others in a symmetric way, for example, in determining a compromise phase after slime mold plasmodia are fused at different phases of the cell cycle, or in determining the color of a mixture of two colors. In such cases the experimental result cannot depend on the two inputs in an unreservedly continuous way: there must be a point of ambiguity or discontinuity. Experiments involving the cell cycle and glycolysis are examined, in which the discontinuity appears to take two different forms.
Low-grade heat and its definitions of Coefficient-of-Performance (COP)

Abstract Use of fire for low grade heat, still widely practiced today, is wasteful because it is based on the principle of heat production – which should have become an outmoded idea post-Carnot for low grade heat application as an exergy analysis will readily conclude. Instead of application of exergy analysis, a new thermodynamic analysis resulting from the unification of Kelvin's energy principle and the entropy principle, formulated recently (called the entropic theory of heat), is applied here to reexamine the problem of building heating. Other than improving envelope heat resistance, conventional building efficiency gain is predominantly obtained by improving HVAC efficiency (i.e., boiler efficiency); our finding shows that there is in fact large room in improving the building heating operation surpassing 100% boiler efficiency, as demonstrated by the large value of the Kelvin limit (the theoretical upper bound of Thermal COP). This theoretical possibility of generous amount of heat from fire suggests additional possibilities of heat from primary energy other than fire, and the disclosure of these possibilities by applying the triad framework in the entropic theory of heat in terms of alternative definitions of Coefficient of Performance (COP). Consideration of such alternative COPs suggests real possibility of efficiently and cost effectively obtaining low grade heat from primary energy.
Geographic variability in hospital admission rates for respiratory disease among the elderly in the United States.

Background The elderly represent a susceptible subpopulation that experiences disproportionate levels of morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease. As a consequence, they are frequently hospitalized for these conditions. Evaluating the geographic distributions of these hospital admissions can provide useful insights concerning patterns in incidence and medical care for respiratory diseases. Methods All hospital admissions for pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the United States for a 6-year period (1984 through 1989) were identified using Medicare admissions records. Age-, race-, and sex-standardized annual admission rates were calculated for each county and spatial clustering of disease specific rates was evaluated using Moran's I statistic. Ecologic analyses were conducted using multiple regression procedures with county-specific measures of average annual temperature, average income, household crowding, median educational level, population density, physicians per capita, and hospital beds per capita together with surrogate measures of cigarette consumption and occupational exposures as predictor variables. Results Hospital admission rates in the elderly for all four categories of respiratory disease showed marked regional elevations (p Conclusions Hospital admission rates for respiratory diseases among the elderly show marked geographic variation and are associated with regional indicators of socioeconomic status, availability of medical resources, occupational lung disease rates, and smoking.
Uncertainty in systems: an autobiographical retrospect

This article is based on my presentation at a symposium organised by Binghamton University (SUNY) on the occasion of my retirement. The purpose of the article is to pay tribute to three great scholars, Antonin Svoboda, W. Ross Ashby and Lotfi A. Zadeh, who have decisively influenced my ideas and research work pertaining to the emergence of systems science and to the study of the key role of uncertainty-based information in dealing with systems problems.
Nonlinear Regression with Autocorrelated Errors

Abstract An estimator of the parameters of a nonlinear time series regression is obtained by using an autoregressive assumption to approximate the variance-covariance matrix of the disturbances. Considerations are set forth which suggest that this estimator will have better small sample efficiency than circular estimators. Such is the case for examples considered in a Monte Carlo study.
Appearance of bony lesions on 3-D CT reconstructions: a case study in variable renderings

This paper discusses conventional 3-D reconstruction for bone visualization and presents a case study to demonstrate the dangers of performing 3-D reconstructions without careful selection of the bone threshold. The visualization of midface bone lesions directly from axial CT images is difficult because of the complex anatomic relationships. Three-dimensional reconstructions made from the CT to provide graphic images showing lesions in relation to adjacent facial bones. Most commercially available 3-D image reconstruction requires that the radiologist or technologist identify a threshold image intensity value that can be used to distinguish bone from other tissues. Much has been made of the many disadvantages of this technique, but it continues as the predominant method in producing 3-D pictures for clinical use. This paper is intended to provide a clear demonstration for the physician of the caveats that should accompany 3-D reconstructions. We present a case of recurrent odontogenic keratocyst in the anterior maxilla where the 3-D reconstructions, made with different bone thresholds (windows), are compared to the resected specimen. A DMI 3200 computer was used to convert the scan data from a GE 9800 CT into a 3-D shaded surface image. Threshold values were assigned to (1) generate the most clinically pleasing image, (2) produce maximum theoretical fidelity (using the midpoint image intensity between average cortical bone and average soft tissue), and (3) cover stepped threshold intensities between these two methods. We compared the computer lesions with the resected specimen and noted measurement errors of up to 44 percent introduced by inappropriate bone threshold levels. We suggest clinically applicable standardization techniques in the 3-D reconstruction as well as cautionary language that should accompany the 3-D images.
A note on portfolios with risk-free internal gains

Abstract In this paper we show that if a not-necessarily-self-financing portfolio has instantaneously riskless internal gains, then on an infinitesimal time-interval, the increase in the internal gains on the portfolio is the same as the change in the price of that amount of bonds which has the same wealth as the portfolio has. As an application of this result, we derive the Black–Scholes PDE by using the original derivation of Black and Scholes, and we show that it can be made completely rigorous.
Somma di serie numeriche mediante la trasformazione quadraticaT 2,2

In un precedente articolo sono state studiate le transformazioni razionali di una successione {S n } definite come operazioni che associano alla {S n } nn'altra successione i cui termini sono funzioni razionali dei termini di {S n } · L'argomento e ora ripreso per la particolare transformazione razionale di ordine 2,T 2,2 , che si e gia dimostrato essere l'unica transformazione razionale a convergenza rapida. LaT 2,2 e applicata alla somma delle serie numeriche e, mediante considerazioni geometriche, si ricavano metodi generali per la maggiorazione del resto di una serie data. E' anche definito nu «limite» per alcune classi di serie non convergenti.
Vision to Reality: Applications of Wireless Laptops in Accessing Information from Digital Libraries: End‐Users’ Viewpoints

Wireless LANs (WLAN) offer network flexibility and end‐user mobility, making them one of the hottest technologies today. They have great impact on individuals and organizations. Now people can use wireless networks in every application where recent findings indicate that growth in WLAN market continues to be driven by the corporate and educational sectors, where the desire to increase productivity and the benefit of enhanced mobility and learning outcomes continue to fuel demand. A questionnaire was developed to survey the behavior of end‐users, especially students and faculty, in using wireless laptops in accessing information from the Internet, digital libraries and many electronic sources in their education and research. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of using wireless network laptops as well as barriers for not using them in Higher Education. Special new update on wireless network security will be included. Guidelines for implementing wireless laptops in higher education are discussed.
Grating coupling of light pulses into third-order nonlinear waveguides

Distributed grating coupling of light pulses into planar waveguides, exhibiting third-order nonlinear-optical effects, is studied theoretically. The nonlinear interaction taking place between a beam that is Gaussian in time and space and one or more waveguide media with intensity-dependent refractive indexes or absorptions is analyzed, with emphasis on the different effects that result from the relative importance of two-photon absorption dispersive index changes, and their saturation. Criteria for the evaluation of real and imaginary parts of χ(3) by means of grating coupling are outlined.
Onset of action between bupivacaine 0.5% and bupivacaine 0.5% plus fentanyl 75 mcg

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the addition of fentanyl 75 mcg to bupivacaine 0.5% at the onset of epidural anesthesia for cesarean section reduces the onset time for T4 sensory blockade. The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The same observer performed sensory testing using pain to pinprick. Fourteen ASA I patients scheduled for elective cesarean section had epidural catheters placed. Group 1 (n = 7) received bupivacaine 0.5%, and group 2 (n = 7) received bupivacaine 0.5% plus fentanyl 75 mcg. Patients 5′0″ to 5′4″ in height received 15 ml, and patients 5′5″ to 5′9″ received 20 ml of bupivacaine. There were no adverse effects on the neonate or clinically important changes in maternal hemodynamics. The maternal age, height, weight, and bupivacaine dose did not differ between groups ( p > 0.05). For group 1, the mean times for sensory loss at T7, T6, T5, and T4 were 13.1 ± 3.8 minutes, 15.0 ± 4.0 minutes, 16.9 ± 4.3 minutes, and 19.3 ± 4.9 minutes, respectively; for group 2, the mean times were 8.1 ± 0.9 minutes, 9.9 ± 1.1 minutes, 11.3 ± 1.5 minutes, and 12.7 ± 2.0 minutes, respectively. Two factor analysis of variance between groups 1 and 2 showed a significant difference ( p p
Hydrous pyrolysis of Scenedesmus algae and algaenan-like residue

Algae are regarded as the form of biomass most likely to provide sufficient quantities of fuels without impacting our food supplies. Studies investigating the potential of hydrothermal treatment of algae to produce biofuels show that, in many instances, the produced oils do not resemble crude oils and have a high heteroatom content. In this study, Scenedesmus spp. algae and isolated algaenan, a type of biopolymeric cell wall in certain algae and an important precursor to some kerogens, are subjected to hydrous pyrolysis in efforts to mimic the thermal maturation occurring in sediments as a proxy for biofuels production. Our study shows that algaenan can be subjected to hydrous pyrolysis to yield a hydrocarbon rich mixture that resembles many fossil fuel crude oils. More importantly, separation of the algaenan prior to the hydrothermal treatment can yield a paraffin rich crude requiring little additional processing to attempt to reproduce the geological process that gave us crude oils from ancient Type I kerogen. Although it requires algaenan isolation as a prerequisite, this could be a first step in the direction of producing oils without need for further upgrading. Whole algae, however, yield additional oxygenated products derived from oxygenated biopolymers even though the paraffins derived from algaenan dominate.
An improved model for particle deposition in porous foams

Abstract Porous foam provides an inexpensive, light-weight and effective medium to capture physiologically-relevant aerosol fractions. It can be manufactured to have a wide range of properties relevant to aerosol deposition. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to measure particle penetration though porous foam media of varying pore size and foam length. Both solid and liquid aerosols (0.01–10 μm diameter) were tested using a Sequenzial Mobility Particle Sizer or Aerodynamic Particle Sizer to count and size particles penetrating the foam. With this data, an existing semi-empirical model was improved upon to predict particle penetration through a foam of a given fiber diameter, and thickness. The model is based on three dimensionless parameters ( St , Ng , Pe ) that account for inertial, gravitational, and diffusive modes of deposition, respectively.
Gender-Differentiated Associations among Objectified Body Consciousness, Self-Conceptions and Physical Activity

The nature of relationships among objectified body consciousness (OBC), a model of physical self-conceptions, and self-reported physical activity were examined in a cross-sectional study with U.S. undergraduate women (n = 231) and men (n = 163). As hypothesized, women reported significantly higher levels of OBC body surveillance and body shame than men with no significant difference in OBC appearance control beliefs levels between women and men. Canonical correlation analysis revealed significant and different relationships between the set of OBC variables and the set of physical self-concept variables for women and men. The strength of association between the two sets of variables accounted for 48% of the shared variance for women and 29% for men. The multivariate relationship between OBC and physical activity was non-significant.
Agency, practice, and chronological context: A Bayesian approach to household chronologies

Abstract This article proposes a methodological change within social archaeologies of household agency and practice, specifically a move to prioritize the development of precise household chronologies. Chronological precision can allow scholars to historicize household practice and remain anchored in social, political, and economic context, and thus, chronology is a vital part of archaeological studies of agency at the microscale. Given the field’s recent focus on detailed stratigraphic excavations, microstratigraphy, and the reconstruction of genealogies of practice, I suggest that the easiest way to improve chronological precision is Bayesian statistical modeling of a large number of stratified radiocarbon determinations from household contexts. I illustrate the value of such an approach through the case study of the Structure 122 household at Xaltocan, Mexico. I create a precise chronology using Bayesian statistical modeling of 14 AMS radiocarbon dates from stratified deposits, which allows me to not only determine the precise timing of individual deposits, but also to interrogate previous findings of ethnic shift with broader political-economic changes. This sample, while small, hints that chronological imprecision may have led to the incorrect attribution of transformations in practice to elite, imperial actors, and demonstrates how Bayesian household chronologies may help archaeologists better identify agential practices.
Latent infections by herpes simplex virus in experimental animals.

Abstract Studies in experimental animals, initially the rabbit and more recently the mouse, have been of great importance in establishing present day concepts concerning the phenomenon of herpesvirus latency. These early observations coupled with more recent knowledge of virological consequences following surgical manipulation of the trigeminal tract have led to a general hypothesis for the natural history of herpetic infections: The infection follows a circuit from skin, mucous membrane, or eye (the primary infection) to the corresponding sensory ganglia via associated nerves. Virus becomes latent in the ganglia and later, as a result of one of the many provocations known to be associated with recurrence of herpetic lesions, is reactivated and travels via the nerve to the surface and again produces lesions. Current research investigating this hypothesis is reviewed.
Sweating: Direct Influence of Skin Temperature

The onset and magnitude of the sweating response is greatly influenced by the local skin temperature. This influence was evident with skin temperatures above 33°C and occurred in the physiological range for thermo-regulatory sweating. The sweating rates were recorded continuously and simultaneously from three areas of the skin.
SOURCES OF ERROR AND THE NO-PREFERENCE OPTION IN DAIRY PRODUCT TESTING

When products are physically identical, consumers will choose a no-preference option in a paired preference test only about 30% of the time, giving a nonintuitive result. We evaluated the no-preference false alarm rate in dairy products and the potential sources of error in panelist behavior, including discrimination problems and poor repeatability of judgments. Paired preference tests were conducted with milk (2% versus nonfat or skim), with cottage cheese (4% versus nonfat) and with identical samples. Triangle, dual standard and same/different discrimination tests were also conducted. The no-preference option was chosen by about 30% of the consumers when samples were identical, and less frequently when samples were different. Discrimination performance, although statistically significant, was poorer than expected with about 30% discriminators (d' of 1.7) in most tests. Even in the dual standard tests on milk (visually obvious and with references present), performance was only 88% correct (76% discriminators). Repeatability in preference tests was also poorer than expected, with only 56% choosing the same preference option for different samples on repeat trials although the group preferences were stable. Same/different tests indicated that over 50% of the consumers called identical samples different, although this fell short of explaining the 70% average false alarm rate in preferences. Even with apparently discriminable consumer products, accurate discrimination of the samples and repeatability of preferences should not be assumed. Random responding may contribute to error variance and produce nonsensical results such as the expression of choice between identical samples.
Preparing new teachers to use computer technology: perceptions and suggestions for teacher educators

Abstract With the increased use of technology within our culture, it is important to ask whether or not current preservice teachers are being prepared to use technology in their teaching. Are today's teacher education programs preparing their students to integrate technology into classrooms and instruction? This paper will describe a study that identified factors impacting on new teachers' sense of “feeling prepared” to use computers for instruction, through a survey of teachers who had completed their first year in the classroom. Specific courses on the uses of computers in education, the uses of technology in methods courses and the importance of technology experiences in the student teaching experience will be discussed. Suggestions for teacher educators as they implement the integration of computers into their own instruction will be provided.
Fine scale distributions of porosity and particulate excess210Pb, organic carbon and CaCO3 in surface sediments of the deep equatorial Pacific

Abstract Sediment samples were recovered from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, sectioned at 1-mm intervals, and analyzed for porosity, organic carbon, excess210Pb and CaCO3. Steep porosity gradients were measured in the upper 1 cm of the sediment column with extremely high values observed near the sediment surface. Similarly, particulate organic carbon contents are highest at the sediment surface, decrease sharply in the upper 1 cm, and are relatively constant between 1 and 5 cm. CaCO3 values, on the other hand, are lowest at the sediment surface and increase to a constant value below 5–10 mm depth. At the carbonate ooze sites, excess210Pb is present throughout the upper 5 cm of the sediments suggesting relatively rapid particle mixing rates. However, extremely high excess210Pb activities (> 100 dpm/g) are observed at the sediment surface with sharp gradients present in the upper 1 cm which would suggest slow rates of mixing. This apparent contradiction along with the major features of the CaCO3 and particulate organic carbon profiles can be explained by a particle-selective feeding mechanism in which organic carbon, excess210Pb-enriched particles are preferentially maintained at the sediment surface via ingestion and defecation by benthic organisms.
When authority = she: a male student meets a female instructor

Uses the story of an encounter between a male student and a female instructor to illustrate the subtle but powerful interaction between gender and individual development in adult education. Offers insights into the dilemmas posed for the instructor and explores the implications for teaching, learning, and management development.
Investigation of the CoreLok for Maximum, Aggregate, and Bulk Specific Gravity Tests

The Florida Department of Transportation uses long-established test procedures to determine the maximum specific gravity (Gmm) and bulk specific gravity (Gmb) of asphalt mixtures and the bulk specific gravity (Gsb) of aggregates. The CoreLok, a vacuum-sealing device that can be used to determine these properties, was evaluated by the department for these test procedures. With respect to the Gmm test procedure, for mixtures containing nonabsorptive granites, the CoreLok determined results equivalent to those of the department's test procedure. However, for mixtures containing absorptive limestones, the CoreLok determined higher Gmm values than did the department's test procedure. The apparent reason for the discrepancy is that the CoreLok does not determine a saturated surface dry condition of the sample. With respect to the aggregate specific gravity test procedures, the CoreLok provided test results equivalent to the department's test procedure for the nonabsorptive fine aggregates only. For the absorpti...
New collective modes of interaction nature in inhomogeneous Ising networks

We propose a vertex formulation of the Ising model with inhomogeneous external field on multiconnected networks possessing a superbond structure. The related technique based on gauge degrees of freedom enables us to recognize new collective modes of interaction nature, which provide an exact solution of the inverse profile problem and an explicit form of a local free-energy functional on an extended magnetization-mode space. Application is made to a square strip.
Quamtum theory of laser-stimulated desorption

A quantum theory of laser-stimulated desorption (LSDE) is presented and critically analyzed. It is shown how LSDE depends on laser-pulse characteristics and surface-lattice dynamics. Predictions of the theory for a Debye model of the lattice dynamics are compared to recent experimental results.
Creating Adaptable Universities

Shifting demographics, rising costs of operations, a changing competitive landscape, reductions in state appropriations, pressures for accountability, and a widespread economic decline characterize the environment in which today’s colleges and universities operate. This article examines some of the current responses to these challenges and outlines opportunities for advancing the mission of higher education in the 21st century. The topics covered include student centeredness, interdisciplinary research, access and affordability, technology, globalizing our universities, and service.
Noise gain and misregistration calculations for a two-deformable mirror-field conjugation system

A recently developed scheme for closed loop stable control of two deformable mirrors (DMs) for compensation of both amplitude and phase fluctuations is examined. An approximate model describing the two DM system is developed using the Rytov theory. This model is used to evaluate the impact of measurement noise on the performance of the two DM system. The model is also used to evaluate the impact of misregistration on the stability of the two DM system. Wave optical simulation results are used to validate the predictions obtained from the Rytov theory based model.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chronic Lithium Feeding Reduces Upregulated Brain Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in HIV-1 Transgenic Rat

HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats, a model for human HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), show upregulated markers of brain arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism with neuroinflammation after 7 months of age. Since lithium decreases AA metabolism in a rat lipopolysaccharide model of neuroinflammation, and may be useful in HAND, we hypothesized that lithium would dampen upregulated brain AA metabolism in HIV-1 Tg rats. Regional brain AA incorporation coefficients k* and rates Jin, markers of AA signaling and metabolism, were measured in 81 brain regions using quantitative autoradiography, after intravenous [1-14 C]AA infusion in unanesthetized 10-month-old HIV-1 Tg and age-matched wildtype rats that had been fed a control or LiCl diet for 6 weeks. k* and Jin for AA were significantly higher in HIV-1 Tg than wildtype rats fed the control diet. Lithium feeding reduced plasma unesterified AA concentration in both groups and Jin in wildtype rats, and blocked increments in k* (19 of 54 regions) and Jin (77 of 81 regions) in HIV-1 Tg rats. These in vivo neuroimaging data indicate that lithium treatment dampened upregulated brain AA metabolism in HIV-1 Tg rats. Lithium may improve cognitive dysfunction and be neuroprotective in HIV-1 patients with HAND through a comparable effect.
The Virtues of Positive Psychology: the Rapprochement and Challenges of an Affirmative Postmodern Perspective

Seligman (American Psychologist, 1999, 54, pp. 559-562) has called for the development of a positive psychology that explores and cultivates human strengths and virtues. Virtue represents an important and challenging construct with the potential to integrative numerous areas of positive psychology science and practice. The construct of virtue will be defined by engaging the moral philosophy of virtue ethics, and contemporary literatures on virtue in psychology will be briefly reviewed. Affirmative postmodern contributions and challenges to a positive psychology of virtue will be discussed.
Hammondia hammondi gen. nov., sp.nov., from domestic cats, a new coccidian related to Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis.

Hammondia hammondi gen.nov.,sp.nov. (Eimeriorina:Sarcocystidae) is described as an obligate heteroxenous protozoon of domestic cats (final host) and laboratory mice (experimental intermediate host). Oocysts from the final host are infectious only for the intermediate host; and cysts from the intermediate host are infectious only for the final host. Intracellular cysts develop principally in striated muscle of mice that ingest oocysts, with a few cysts in the brain and perhaps elsewhere. Cysts are without septa or radial spines; bradyzoites are slender, there is no evidence of metrocytes. Cysts are not infectious for mice. After the ingestion of cysts by cats, a multiplicative cycle precedes the development of gametocytes in the epithelium of the small intestine. Oocysts are shed unsporulated, sporogony is outside of the host, resulting in two sporocysts with four sporozoites each. Oocysts of the species average 11×13 μm. The prepatent period is 5 to 8 days, and oocyst shedding persists for 10 to 28 days followed by immunity. Cysts in skeletal muscle measured between 100 and 340 μm in length and 40 and 95 μm in width. Experimental intermediate hosts are laboratory mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, Peromyscus and Mastomys. Some of the intermediate hosts develop low levels of antibody and some cross-immunity against Toxoplasma; however, this has not been observed in cats.
Intercultural studies for counselors

The author presents in his essay the rationale of intercultural studies for counselors and offers practical suggestions on the method and structure of such study experiences both for counselor trainees and for practitioners.
Electrolyte exchange in regeneratingDugesia dorotocephala

Der Elektrolytaustausch von vollstandigen und regenerierendenDugesia dorotocephala erweist sich als weitgehend unabhangig von der Konzentration im ausseren Medium. Die regenerierenden Tiere befinden sich in einem physiologischen, ionalen Gleichgewicht, wenn der spezifische Widerstand des Mediums etwas unterhalb 988,02 Ohm-cm liegt.
Experimental observation of the dependence of avalanche noise on carrier ionization coefficients

McIntyre has predicted that avalanche noise is strongly dependent on the ionization coefficients of the carriers initiating the avalanche process. Carriers with lower ionization coefficient produce higher avalanche noise. The experimental results described here confirm the theoretical prediction that in silicon, where the ionization coefficient of holes is an order of magnitude smaller than the ionization coefficient of electrons, the avalanche noise generated by the hole current can be as much as two orders of magnitude larger than the avalanche noise generated by electron current.
Vestibular versus tail-pinch activation in cats with lateral hypothalamic lesions

Mild tail-pinch induces eating in animals which are aphagic following lateral hypothalamic lesions. This study compares the specificity of the behavior produced by tail-pinch to that produced by vestibular stimulation in cats which are akinetic and aphagic following lateral hypothalamic lesions. In these cats, tail-pinch elicited licking and biting at food while vestibular stimulation preferentially elicited forward locomotion. These results suggest that such stimuli activate specific movement subsystems rather than producing general, nonspecific arousal.
Structuring experimental learning into a traditional political science curriculum

This paper describes the introduction of an experimental element into a traditional political science undergraduate curriculum. Careful consideration of this case study may enable those designing similar programs elsewhere to be more successful.
Status of government documentation and publishing in the third world

Abstract A number of factors such as official information policy and availability of physical resources differentiate Third World bibliography from that of the first and second worlds. There are, moreover, substantial factors that differentiate the patterns of bibliography within the Third World itself, including culture, tradition, and the cult of personality. An examination of two types of documents indicates their relationship to governmental processes. An overview of the Asian, African, and Latin American regions provides a snapshot of expectations with regard to government publishing activity.
Fitts's Law and speed/accuracy trade-offs during sequences of saccades: Implications for strategies of saccadic planning.

Strategies of saccadic planning must take into account both the required level of accuracy of the saccades, and the time and resources needed to plan and execute the movements. To determine relationships between accuracy and time, we studied sequences of saccades made to scan a set of stationary targets located at the corners of an imaginary square. Target separation and size varied. The time taken to complete saccadic sequences increased with the required level of precision, in agreement with the classical Fitts’s Law (1954) relationship. This was mainly due to the use of error-correcting secondary saccades, whose frequency increased with target separation and decreased with target size. Increases in the time spent fixating near each target did not increase the accuracy of the next primary saccade in the sequence. Instead, secondary saccades were the principal means of correcting landing errors of primary saccades. The results are consistent with a scanning strategy that discourages careful planning of individual saccades in favor of increasing the rate of saccadic production (i.e., exploration), using secondary saccades as needed to correct saccadic landing errors.
Development of Transfer Functions for Spectral Compatibility of Inertial Profilers Used in Long-Term Pavement Performance Program

A quantification of the difference in the wavelength content produced by K. J. Law Engineers and International Cybernetics Corporation (ICC) profilers is presented. Transfer functions were developed to modify the power spectral density (PSD) of profiles recorded by the ICC profilers to produce a pseudo—K. J. Law PSD so that it is compatible with the spectral content of the profiles recorded by the K. J. Law profiler. Comparison of PSDs of the original K. J. Law and pseudo—K. J. Law profilers exhibited an excellent match in most pavements. Furthermore, a transfer function was developed and used to reconstruct a pseudo—K. J. Law pavement profile from the ICC profile, whose spectral content is similar to that of the K. J. Law profile, by using the inverse fast Fourier transform technique. The international roughness indexes (IRIs) of pseudo—K. J. Law profiles were in general closer to the IRIs of K. J. profiles than those of the ICC profiles. The technique presented here has the potential to be applied to in...
The Evolution of a Statistical NLP Course

This paper describes the evolution of a statistical NLP course, which I have been teaching every year for the past three years. The paper will focus on major changes made to the course (including the course design, assignments, and the use of discussion board) and highlight the lessons learned from this experience.
Ductal carcinoma in situ with distorting sclerosis on core biopsy may be predictive of upstaging on excision.

Aims The aim of this study was to examine clinicopathological features of patients with core biopsy diagnoses of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) that may predict invasion on subsequent excision, as upstaging has significant implications regarding the need for axillary staging via sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Methods and results We identified 186 patients with a diagnosis of DCIS as the highest-stage lesion on core biopsy. Pathological and clinical features were assessed via slide and chart review, respectively. Distorting sclerosis was defined as irregular angulation of glands involved by DCIS but lacking definite invasion according to histology and/or immunohistochemical staining for myoepithelial markers. Thirty-two of 186 (17.2%) cases had upstaging to either microinvasive (nine) or invasive (23) ductal carcinoma. SLNB was performed in 29 of 32 (90.6%) cases with upstaging and in 55 of 154 (35.7%) cases without (P < 0.0001). Upstaging was significantly associated with the presurgical variables of radiological mass (P = 0.009) and distorting sclerosis (P = 0.0005) and the postsurgical feature of multifocality (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Sentinel lymph node biopsy is frequently performed for patients with upstaging from DCIS on core biopsy to microinvasive or invasive carcinoma on excision. DCIS with distorting sclerosis without definite invasion on core biopsy may be predictive of upstaging. This feature may be useful in selecting patients to undergo SLNB at the time of excision to avoid reoperation.
A view of reactions at mineral surfaces from the aqueous phase

The processes by which a metal–oxygen bond dissociates in aqueous complexes are discussed and the reactions related to more complicated pathways of mineral dissolution. The dissolution of oxide minerals, and in fact many other classes of surface reactions, can be viewed as a ligand-exchange reaction because the bridging oxygens that link the metal to the mineral are progressively replaced by non-bridging functional groups. These ligand-exchange reactions are accelerated by protonations, hydroxylations and ligand substitutions that modify the lability of surface oxygens, but always at specific sites. Molecular information is important because reactions at some sites retard rates while reaction at other sites enhance them. Virtually all of the important variables that affect these reaction rates are local.
Mathematical Modeling to Reduce Waste of Compounded Sterile Products in Hospital Pharmacies

In recent years, many US hospitals embarked on “lean” projects to reduce waste. One advantage of the lean operational improvement methodology is that it relies on process observation by those engaged in the work and requires relatively little data. However, the thoughtful analysis of the data captured by operational systems allows the modeling of many potential process options. Such models permit the evaluation of likely waste reductions and financial savings before actual process changes are made. Thus the most promising options can be identified prospectively, change efforts targeted accordingly, and realistic targets set. This article provides one example of such a datadriven process redesign project focusing on waste reduction in an in-hospital pharmacy. A mathematical model of the medication prepared and delivered by the pharmacy is used to estimate the savings from several potential redesign options (rescheduling the start of production, scheduling multiple batches, or reordering production within a batch) as well as the impact of information system enhancements. The key finding is that mathematical modeling can indeed be a useful tool. In one hospital setting, it estimated that waste could be realistically reduced by around 50% by using several process changes and that the greatest benefit would be gained by rescheduling the start of production (for a single batch) away from the period when most order cancellations are made.
The infrared and microwave spectroscopy of the argon-propyne dimer

Microwave and infrared measurements are reported for the van der Waals complex Ar–CH3CCH and its isotopomers. The structure is T shaped with equilibrium center‐of‐mass separation of 3.73 A and an angle of 82° between the molecule symmetry axis and the van der Waals bond. The infrared and microwave spectra are complex due to the effects of a slightly hindered internal rotor. Analysis of the spectral data shows that the dipole moment is almost parallel to the dimer b axis. A modified vibration/rotation Hamiltonian that includes an internal rotor potential is used to show that the barrier to internal rotation is near 10.8 cm−1.
B cells "transduced" with TAT-fusion proteins can induce tolerance and protect mice from diabetes and EAE.

Antigen-immunoglobulin fusion protein expressing B cells have been shown as excellent tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells in multiple disease models. Using efficient protein transduction by fusion with a HIV TAT protein transduction domain, we herein tested the TAT-fusion protein transduced B cells for their effects in antigen-specific tolerance induction in two animal models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and type 1 diabetes. We demonstrated that transfer of TAT-MOG35-55 (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)-Ig 'transduced B cells' 10 days after EAE induction significantly protected mice from disease. Similarly, the onset of disease was delayed when NOD mice received insulin specific TAT-B9-23-B cells. Surprisingly, no protection against EAE was observed in a prophylactic protocol when transduced B cells were given before disease induction. Moreover, TAT-ovalbumin transduced cells were tolerogenic in primed but not naive mice. Our results suggest that TAT-fusion protein transduced B cells were tolerogenic in antigen primed recipients, a condition clinically relevant to autoimmune diseases.
Testosterone Supplementation in Older Men Restrains Insulin-Like Growth Factor’s Dose-Dependent Feedback Inhibition of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion

Background: Pulsatile GH secretion declines in older men. The causal mechanisms are unknown. Candidates include deficient feedforward (stimulation) by endogenous secretagogues and excessive feedback (inhibition) by GH or IGF-I due to age and/or relative hypoandrogenemia. Hypothesis: Testosterone (T) supplementation in healthy older men will restrain negative feedback by systemic concentrations of IGF-I. Subjects: Twenty-four healthy men (ages, 50 to 75 yr; body mass index, 24 to 30 kg/m2) participated in the study. Methods: We performed a prospectively randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of the impact of pharmacological T supplementation on GH responses to randomly ordered separate-day injections of recombinant human IGF-I doses of 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/m2. Analysis: Deconvolution and approximate entropy analyses of pulsatile, basal, and entropic (pattern-sensitive) modes of GH secretion were conducted. Results: Recombinant human IGF-I injections 1) elevated mean and peak serum IGF-I concentrations dose-dependently (both P < 0.001); 2) suppressed pulsatile GH secretion (P = 0.003), burst mass (P = 0.025), burst number (P = 0.005), interpulse variability (P = 0.032), and basal GH secretion (P = 0.009); and 3) increased secretory pattern regularity (P = 0.020). T administration did not alter experimentally controlled IGF-I concentrations, but it elevated mean GH concentrations (P = 0.015) and stimulated pulsatile GH secretion (frequency P = 0.037, mass per burst P = 0.038). Compared with placebo, T attenuated exogenous IGF-I’s inhibition of GH secretory-burst mass (P < 0.038) without restoring pulse number, basal secretion, or pattern regularity. Conclusion: The capability of systemic T to mute IGF-I feedback on pulsatile GH secretion suggests a novel mechanism for augmenting GH production.
A spectrum exploitation scheme with channel assignment for Genetic Algorithm based adaptive-array smart antennas in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radios are increasingly being used for better utilization of licensed spectrum. Most of the work has been done on exploitation of time and frequency domain while code and space dimension have not been intensively explored for improving spectrum utilization. In this work, we investigate exploitation of time and space domain simultaneously for optimizing licensed spectrum utilization while adopting Cognitive terminals with Genetic Algorithm based smart antenna. Our work supports multiple simultaneous communications, i.e. more than one directed communication at a time while incorporating Channel Assignment algorithm for communication in all possible directions. Integration of channel assignment and sensing information into a beam-forming framework for Cognitive Radios also provides a non-intrusive architecture. We evaluated the proposed algorithm by extensive simulations for Beam-forming with power control mechanism and demonstrated that proposed algorithm performs superior to Common Channel assignment scheme with wide margin.
Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in prostate cancer.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is a potent modulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and the immune system. TGF beta 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were much higher in several rat prostate adenocarcinomas (Dunning R3327 MATLyLu, AT2, G, HI, and H sublines) than in normal prostate. Normal prostate and the well differentiated H and HI tumors produced two TGF beta 1 mRNA transcripts, 2.4 kilobases (major) and 1.6 kilobases (minor). The poorly differentiated MATLyLu and AT2 sublines produced these plus additional TGF beta 1 mRNA transcripts that were present in the primary tumors, metastases, and cultured cell lines. TGF beta 1 mRNA levels were unchanged 2 weeks after castration. Immunohistochemical staining of TGF beta 1 protein was more prominent and more extensive in prostate cancer than in normal prostate. Only extracellular TGF beta 1 staining was detected. In normal prostate and in well differentiated tumors (H and HI), extracellular TGF beta 1 staining was located i...
Studies toward a Marine Toxin Immunogen: Enantioselective Synthesis of the Spirocyclic Imine of (−)-Gymnodimine

[reaction: see text] An enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by an Evans' copper-bis(oxazoline) complex was utilized to construct a highly functionalized spirolactam, a key intermediate in our projected total synthesis of the marine toxin, gymnodimine. Additional transformations, including a mild N-tosyl group deprotection, afforded a keto spirocyclic imine moiety, the proposed pharmacophore of gymnodimine. Thus, the prepared ketone is a potentially useful intermediate for conjugation to provide an immunogen for eventual monitoring of gymnodimine and congeners.
Mutational analysis of the yeast nucleotide exchange factor Mge1p

Mge1p is an essential nucleotide exchange factor, expressed by the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that catalyzes the release of ADP from Hsp70 molecules. Without such catalysis the Hsp70 reaction cycle comes to a halt. There is intriguing evidence that Mge1p and its homologues are more than just nucleotide exchange factors; specifically, these proteins may also be molecular thermosensors. In this study, a structure-function analysis of Mge1p was conducted to ascertain the functional significance of the putative thermosensing domain of Mge1p, which comprises the first ~ 66 N-terminal residues of the protein. We show that (i) yeast cells that express Mge1p 66 exhibit a severe growth defect compared to cells expressing wt Mge1p; and (ii) preliminary results from a genetic screen reveal that mutating Ile102 to Asn in the Mge1p 66 protein partially restores cell growth. To further elucidate the role of the 66 N-terminal residues, in the future we plan to isolate Mge1p 66 and variants that contain suppressor mutations and conduct biophysical studies that probe the binding of these proteins to mtHsp70.
Consequences of Categorical Labeling of Preschool Children

The use of categorical diagnostic labels prescribed in P.L. 94--142 with children below school age is examined in this article. National practices relative to categorical labeling are reviewed, and...
Optical flow estimation using wavelet motion model

A motion estimation algorithm using wavelet approximation as an optical flow model has been developed to estimate accurate dense optical flow from an image sequence. This wavelet motion model is particularly useful in estimating optical flows with large displacement. Traditional pyramid methods which use the coarse-to-fine image pyramid by image burring in estimating optical flow often produce incorrect results when the coarse-level estimates contain large errors that cannot be corrected at the subsequent finer levels. This happens when regions of low texture become flat or certain patterns result in spatial aliasing due to image blurring. Our method, in contrast, uses large-to-small full-resolution regions without blurring images, and simultaneously optimizes the coarser and finer parts of optical flow so that the large and small motion can be estimated correctly. We compare results obtained by using our method with those obtained by using one of the leading optical flow methods, the Szeliski pyramid spline-based method. The experiments include cases of small displacement (less than 4 pixels under 128/spl times/128 image size or equivalent displacement under other image sizes), and those of large displacement (10 pixels). While both methods produce comparable results when the displacements are small, our method outperforms pyramid spline-based method when the displacements are large.