cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breaking with Orthodoxy: Encroachment and the Bank Cases

According to an important tradition that has been passed down through many centuries, only truth-conducive epistemic desiderata such as reliability, evidence, safety considerations, and the like determine whether or not s’s true belief that p amounts to knowledge that p.1 This tradition has recently been named “intellectualism” and it is the reigning orthodoxy in contemporary analytic epistemology.2 Orthodoxies tend to travel in packs. What would original sin be without substitutionary atonement? Trickle-down economics without widespread income disparity?
Speech Processing, Squelch, and Noise Blanking

The human voice does not utilize the SSB power amplifiers very well. The 15-dB peak-to-average ratio, or 24-dB dynamic range, means that a high power amplifier that handles the peaks well is just 'loafing' most of the time. Unless the amplifier and power supply are marginal, much greater power can be transmitted if the deficiencies of speech can be improved. The usual case is that amplifiers that will handle the peaks well are capable of higher average levels than natural speech provides. The central idea is that the weaker components which we will emphasize in this section contribute much to the intelligibility.
A 1MPixel fast CCD sensor for X-ray imaging

This paper describes the performance of a 1MPixel Frame Store CCD sensor for soft X-ray applications at synchrotron light sources. This camera can be operated in frame store mode with a 1Mpixel imaging area running at 200fps, or in full frame mode with a 2M pixels imaging area running at 100fps. The CCD has 192 outputs that are serviced by custom-designed integrated circuits that perform correlated double-sampling signal processing and digitization. The digitized data is acquired by a custom made image acquisition and camera controller board based on the Advanced Telecommunication Computing Architecture system. Results obtained during a test run at the Advanced Light Source are presented demonstrating the X-ray camera performance.
Co-design of Control and Scheduling for Human–Swarm Collaboration Systems Based on Mutual Trust

In this chapter, we investigate the collaboration between multi-human networks and swarm networks. We focus on planar motion of a network of mobile swarm clusters, where each swarm cluster has its own coordinates and leading agent. Swarm agents are coordinated to achieve a common goal that is otherwise unable to reach by a single agent. More specific, cooperative control laws are devised for leaders of each swarm cluster and followers within each cluster to enable the swarm network to simultaneously reach navigation and collision avoidance goals. However, it is highly unlikely that a large-scale swarm network can self-organize efficiently without any human intervention. Hence, a small number of human operators, much fewer than that of the swarm agents, are in the loop to collaborate with the swarm agents. Two modes are considered for the swarm motion control, i.e., manual mode and autonomous mode. To evaluate the effectiveness of the collaboration between swarms and human networks, we set up two unilateral trust models for a human-swarm collaboration system . We also introduce a novel measurement, called “fitness,” to pair each human with his/her swarm cluster. A dynamic scheduling method, called “minimum gap first,” is then proposed to schedule the collaboration of each human-swarm pair. Since there exists time delay during human and multi-swarm collaboration, we design the autonomous agent controller based on the time delay as a function of scheduling states. Our simulation results show that the proposed co-design of scheduling and control algorithms can guarantee effective real-time allocation of human resources and ensure acceptable swarm performance.
What Difference Do Role Models Make? Investigating Outcomes at a Residential Environmental Education Center.

AbstractRole models may be essential in helping students develop environmental literacy and characteristics associated with positive youth development (PYD). We examine the identities of middle school students’ self-reported role models before, immediately after, and three months following an immersive 5-day residential environmental education (EE) experience that targets environmental responsibility, character development and leadership, and attitudes toward school as programmatic outcomes. We explore whether students who identified different types of role models score differently on these factors. Students who identified parents, teachers, and pastors as role models scored higher on each of these outcomes. Moreover, who students identified as role models changed significantly after the EE program. We discuss the potential influence of the program on role model development and implications for EE and PYD programs.
Evaluation and the Framing of Race

Racial framing can have strong effects on programs, policies, and even evaluations. Racial framing developed as a justification for the exploitation of minorities and has been a primary causal factor in the persistence of racism. By being aware of its pattern, structure, origins, and how racial framing generates effects, we can significantly reduce its influence, thus enhancing the rigor of our studies by controlling for a potential bias that’s often covert. Stories play a critical role in framing and reframing processes. They constitute a key part of the vocabulary of action.
The Reluctant Mathematician

It is an honor when you are named for a curve which equation you have found. If the name is mistranslated – not so much. This was the fate of a remarkably talented mathematician – who happened to be a woman. Italian mathematician, linguist and philosopher Maria Gaetana Agnesi (May 16, 1718 – January 9, 1799) (pronounced on-yay-zee). She is regarded as “the first important woman mathematician since Hypatia.” It has also said about her that she was “the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics.”
Spinal Fusion for Pediatric Spondylolisthesis: National Trends, Complications, and Short-Term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Current surgical management guidelines for pediatric spondylolisthesis (PS) are reliant on data from single-center cohorts. OBJECTIVE To analyze national trends and predictors of short-term outcomes in spinal fusion surgery for PS by performing a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). METHODS The KID (sampled every 3 yr) was queried from 2003 to 2012 to identify all cases (age 5-17) of spinal fusion for PS (n = 2646). We analyzed trends in patient characteristics, surgical management, and short-term outcomes. Both univariate and multivariable analyses were utilized. RESULTS The 2646 spinal fusions for PS included posterior-only fusions (86.8%, PSF), anterior lumbar interbody fusions (4.8%, ALIF), and combined anterior and posterior fusions (8.4%, APLF) procedures. The utilization of APLF decreased over time (9.9%-6.4%, P = .023), whereas the number of total spinal fusions and the proportion of PSF and ALIF procedures have not changed significantly. Uptrends in Medicaid insured individuals (1.2%-18.9%), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 insertion (8.8%-16.6%), decompression (34.7%-42.8%), and mean inflation-adjusted hospital costs ($21 855-$32 085) were identified (all P < .001). In multivariable analysis, Medicaid status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, P = .004), teaching hospitals (OR = 1.94, P = .01), decompression (OR = 1.78, P = .004), and the APLF procedure (OR = 2.47, P = .001) increased the likelihood of complication occurrence (all P < .001). CONCLUSION The addition of decompression during fusion and the APLF procedure were associated with more in-hospital complications, though this may have been indicative of greater surgical complexity. The utilization of the APLF procedure has decreased significantly, while costs associated with the treatment of PS have increased over time.
Mapping Potential Foodsheds Using Regionalized Consumer Expenditure Data for Southeastern Minnesota

The theoretical concept of a foodshed is nearly a century old, while the tools used to model them—com­puter software coupled with spatial and statis­tical datasets—are ever-evolving. In a previous study (Galzki, Mulla, & Peters, 2014), foodshed maps have been created in Southeastern Minnesota that display the potential for local food system capacity in the region. Several assumptions were made based on data and software limitations that make the former results quite theoretical; this study attempts to move those results closer to reality by updating, where relevant. We utilized data pro­duced by a model devel­oped at the University of Minnesota to more effec­tively estimate regional food expendi­tures to create a representative diet in the region. We used current land-use data along with site-specific crop yields to analyze the poten­tial food capacity of the region. We used optimiza­tion software to allocate food supplies to 53 cities in an attempt to feed all residents in the region and minimize food transportation distances. Improve­ments in software capacities allowed us to incor­porate larger datasets, resulting in more detailed maps and statistics that better represent the poten­tial of local foods in the region. The optimization model indicated the region is capable of sustaining its population entirely on locally derived foods. Each resident can be fed on approximately one-third of a hectare (0.85 acre) of land in the region. The average distance a unit of food travels from farm to grocery store was found to be 15.6 km (9.7 miles). Results also show that 90% of the cultivated land remains in surplus after meeting the food demands of the region, minimizing the impacts on the local agroeconomic system. The surplus of pasture land is smaller, but over half the pasture land in the region is in surplus after food needs are met. We explore an alternative land-use scenario that removes environmentally sensitive cropland from cultivation to illustrate the impact conserva­tion efforts may have on a potential local food system. The updated results of this study bolster the evocative effect of mapping foodsheds and provide a more realistic illustration of how the region could sustain itself on locally derived foods.
Making Changes: N6-Methyladenosine-Mediated Decay Drives the Endothelial-to-Hematopoietic Transition.

Zhang et al. (2017) report critical functions of m6A during the endothelial-to-haematopoietic transition in zebrafish embryogenesis. m6A affects Notch signaling, likely though m6A-dependent and YTHDF2-mediated mRNA decay.
Strangers in the hills: Social disruption and the origins of Lao nationalism (1873–1911)

Lao nationalism is usually thought to have emerged only at the end of the French colonial period during the Lao Renovation Movement (1941–1945), placing its origins much later than elsewhere in Sou...
Regression Analysis and Governance

This paper explores the use of regression analysis in conducting research on corporate governance. We highlight that combinations of governance mechanisms together act to mitigate the shareholder-manager agency problem, and examine the implications of this idea for designing empirical research on corporate governance using regression models. We outline the consequences of the omitted variable problem that arises if linkages between governance mechanisms are ignored. We describe two research studies to illustrate how linear regression and logistic regression may be used to examine the complex interlinkages among multiple governance mechanisms. These studies demonstrate approaches to model specification issues that arise in governance research, and also highlight how research designs may be constructed to avoid violation of important assumptions of the regression model.
BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF SEPARATION INDUCED DEPRESSION IN PRIMATE MODELS

ABSTRACT This chapter reviews biological markers of separation induced depression in nonhuman primates and other animals. Disruption of attachment bonds, whether in humans or nonhumans, has by now been established as a very stressful event. The behavioral effects of either maternal separation or peer separation are striking and resemble the depressions shown by some humans undergoing major separations. In addition to the behavioral effects of separation, there are a variety of neurobiological consequences including effects on sleep, heart rate, body temperature, steroids, brain self-stimulation rates, brain serotonin levels, catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in the adrenal gland, and CSF norepinephrine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid. These studies are summarized in this chapter. The separation response in monkeys and several other animals is influenced by a variety of pharmacological manipulations. The drugs which have been tried thus far and their main effects are dicussed in the final section of this chapter.
Angiotensin II in cell growth and matrix production.

The functions of angiotensin II (AII) in vasconstriction, stimulation of adrenal aldosterone secretion and renal proximal tubular sodium reabsorption are well known, but AII’s role in growth in cardiovascular and renal systems is only recently recognized (1,2). This growth effect has a number of potential pathological implications. AII induces hypertrophy of mesangial cells (3), which may directly contribute to the development of glomerulosclerosis, the hallmark pathological change associated with diabetic nephropathy (4). AII also induces hypertrophy of adult vascular smooth muscle cells which may contribute to vascular remodeling processes following injury (5–7). In the heart, AII has direct effects on the cardiac fibroblasts and possibly the cardiomyocytes, which may contribute to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling (8–11). In order to define the cellular mechanism of AII action in these processes, we studied the effect of AII in cultured mesangial cells and in cardiac fibroblasts and AII’s potential interaction with other growth factors on the cells. In addition to growth, we also found that AII has direct effects on matrix production which further contributes to remodelling in these tissues. In this context, also see the chapter by Wolf elsewhere in this volume.
The Impulsion of Life

In determining the temporal components of the process of prediction-making, it was established that everything that has factually become in clock-time presupposes prior “becoming” of itself in absolute time; or, to put in other words, absolute time is pre-temporal in that it already elapsed prior to the objective clock-time “in” which something became real.
La insurrección de la bella muerta en La rosa muerta de Aurora Cáceres

A traves de los estudios que Michel Foucault desarrolla acerca del concepto de discurso como productor de verdad en nuestras sociedades, este articulo analiza La rosa muerta (1914), de Aurora Caceres, como un texto que desarticula el discurso de la bella muerta del entre siglos hispanoamericano. Para ello se examinan los componentes que constituyen el discurso de la bella muerta, que funcion tienen, que efectos provocan, quien los produce, para que se produce y que feminidad deseada producen. En este sentido, la rebeldia de la protagonista, que se niega a ser enmarcada en el discurso de la bella muerta, se estudia en relacion a la creacion, por parte de la protagonista, de su auto inscripcion en un imaginario modernista feminista femenino, donde la enfermedad es el detonante de la crisis existencial y la negacion de esta a ser inscrita y descrita con en un discurso que niega su vitalidad y que la incapacita para la auto definicion. Finalmente, se examina la paradoja que plantea el titulo de la novela que enfatiza el proyecto politico de este texto de Caceres, ya que pone de manifiesto la importancia de las politicas de nombrar, de inscribir y, con ello, denuncia desde el interior del texto, pero tambien con su titulo, esa politica que nombra e inscribe las feminidades deseadas desde los discursos masculinos hegemonicos del entre siglos hispanoamericano
“Is Black so Base a Hue?”: Black Life Matters in Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus

Brown analyzes Shakespeare’s tragedy, Titus Andronicus, in light of Black Lives Matter and connects modern and early modern race studies through a global, transhistorical phenomenon he calls “racist inertia.” The chapter explores the concept of (racial) profiling and argues that Titus stages the deindividualizing effects of racism and, consequently, contributes to a discourse about race in the early modern period that still resonates today. Overall, “‘Is Black so Base a Hue?’” presents Titus as a symptomatic case of anti-black violence. In conclusion, Brown turns to Julie Taymor’s 1999 Titus film adaptation and considers the complementary timelessness and timeliness of her work and Shakespeare’s.
Combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout with genetic complementation for in-depth mechanistic studies in human ES cells

Gene regulatory networks that control pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are of considerable interest for regenerative medicine. RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have allowed the identification of hESC regulators on a genome-wide scale. However, these technologies are ill-suited for mechanistic studies because knockdown/knockout clones of essential genes do not grow in culture. We have developed a genetic rescue strategy that combines CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout with TALEN-mediated integration of a doxycycline-inducible rescue transgene into a constitutive AASV1 locus. The resulting rescue clones are stable in culture, allow modulation of the rescue transgene dosage by titration of doxycycline in the media and can be combined with various molecular assays, thus providing mechanistic insights into gene function in a variety of cellular contexts.
Effect of DC-DC voltage step-up converter impedance on thermoelectric energy harvester system design strategy

Abstract Conventional thermoelectric energy harvester design strategies often focus on improving the material property thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT); however, enhanced performance through improved materials cannot be achieved without optimized integration of subcomponents. The low voltage output from a thermoelectric module makes it challenging to design a practically usable wearable energy harvester. In addition to consideration of effective heat dissipation along with matching module geometry, a voltage needs to be boosted at a usable voltage value to utilize produced power. Using a DC to DC voltage step-up converter adds additional design complexity as the power cannot be harnessed at maximum power point of thermoelectric module due to input impedance requirement of the power conditioning circuit. Moreover, additional power loss occurs due to inherent voltage conversion inefficiency, which also depends on the harvesting voltage value. A recent design framework on wearable thermoelectric energy harvester assumed that a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) boost converter can be utilized for thermoelectric energy harvester systems, however it is unable to accurately determine the maximum power point during operation because of the transient nature of thermoelectric systems. Additionally, an MPPT circuit consumes power and adds complexity to the system design, which may not economically justify the use of such a circuit. This work proposes an encompassing thermoelectric system design framework for small scale energy harvesting using only state-of-the-art commercial products. Particularly, thermoelectric module geometry design is examined with the incorporation of a DC to DC voltage step-up converter without the use of MPPT. The framework can provide guidance for further development of subcomponents and materials, as well as system integration. An operational wearable energy harvester system was built using off-the-shelf components and demonstrated a usable power output which provides experimental evidence for the proposed design strategy.
An experimental study on the coupling between adjacent Hartmann whistles

An experimental study has been conducted to examine interactions between two Hartmann whistles placed in close proximity. Microphone measurements of acoustic emission from the whistles, in addition...
School Counselor Roles and Opportunities in Promoting EcoWellness: Integrating Nature Connection in K–12 Settings:

Nature positively impacts holistic wellness and K–12 student learning, although this phenomenon has largely been unstudied in school counseling. School counselors are in a unique position to champi...
Intravenous gadolinium-based hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (HSCAs) for contrast-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients: what the radiologist should know

Hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (HSCAs) are a group of intravenous gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents that can be used to characterize hepatobiliary pathology. The mechanism by which these agents are taken up by hepatocytes and partially excreted into the biliary tree improves characterization of hepatic lesions and biliary abnormalities relative to conventional extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). This manuscript presents an overview of HSCA use in pediatric patients with the intent to provide radiologists a guide for clinical use. We review available HSCAs and discuss dosing and age specifications for use in children. We also review various hepatic and biliary indications for HSCA use in children, with emphasis on the imaging characteristics distinct to HSCAs, as well as discussion of pitfalls one can encounter when imaging with HSCAs. Given the growing concern regarding gadolinium deposition in soft tissues and brain, we also discuss safety of HSCA use in children.
Fluoroalkyl-functional imidazoles and imidazolium–based ionic liquids prepared via thiol-ene/yne click chemistry

Abstract A fluorinated thiol was systematically investigated against a diverse set of –ene- and –yne-bearing imidazole and imidazolium substrates in the pursuit of new cation-fluorinated, omniphobic (hydrophobic and oleophobic) ionic liquids for aerospace applications. Compounds were prepared using UV-initiated click chemistry at quantitative conversion and purified with relative ease. Seven ionic liquids were synthesized and have isolated yields ranging from 74% to >99%. Five of the new cation-fluorinated ionic liquids are hydrophobic and two are liquids at room temperature. In addition to hydrophobicity, the seven ionic liquids’ solubilities were qualitatively examined across a wide spectrum of conventional organic solvents. Of note, the majority of the prepared ionic liquids are insoluble in water and hexanes yet soluble in methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and dichloromethane. In addition to intriguing solubility properties, the ionic liquids in this study have high densities without the incorporation of heavy atoms, ranging from 1.596 to 1.924 g cm−3. The fluorinated salts also show good short-term thermal stability in air, with decomposition temperatures ranging from 215 °C to 320 °C. Other relevant characterization methods include spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and physical property measurements where appropriate. The X-ray crystal structure of a divalent, cation-fluorinated ionic liquid from this study was also obtained and shows unique fluorous domains in the extended structure, providing valuable insight into the materials’ physical properties. This work highlights a family of compounds moving towards omniphobic ionic liquids yielding potential possibilities for future applications.
Chronic Posterior Sternoclavicular Dislocation in a Contact Athlete: A Case Report.

CASE Traumatic posterior sternoclavicular dislocation (PSCD) is an uncommon injury that often presents in a delayed fashion and can be difficult to diagnose. Standard treatments include reduction of acute injuries and possible reconstruction for chronic injuries. We describe a 16-year-old male football player with a traumatic PSCD and initial dyspnea and dysphagia. He returned to playing contact sports without undergoing reduction. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the literature that suggests reduction as a primary treatment of PSCD, this case shows that a contact-sport athlete may be able to return to competitive sports with a chronic PSCD.
Structural biologists, lets mind our colors

In structural biology, most figures of macromolecules are aimed at those well-versed in structure, requiring prior familiarity with scales and commonly used color schemes. Yet, as structural biology becomes democratized with the increasing pace of structure determination, the accessibility of structural data is paramount. Here, we identify three keys, and have written accompanying software plugins, for structural biologists to create figures truer to the hard-won data and clearer across different modes of color vision and to non-expert readers. Use perceptually uniform colormaps Consider readers with different modes of color vision Be explicit about scales and color usage
Werkgruppe I: Klaviersonaten

PIECES ǀ DE CLAVECIN ǀ Dediees ǀ A Son Altesse Monseigneur le Prince ǀ DE TURENNE, ǀ Grand Chambellan de France, en suivance, ǀ PAR MR. DE BEECKE, ǀ Capitaine de Regiment Prince Frederique de Wirtemberg, ǀ Dragons au service de cercle de Suabe. ǀ Prix. 7lt. 4.f ǀ Gravees par Madame Berault. ǀ A PARIS ǀ Chez Madame Berault Marchande de Musique, a cote de la Comedie Francoise. ǀ Et aux Adresses Ordinaires de Musique. ǀ AVEC PRIVILEGE DU ROI.
The Role of Universities Building an Ecosystem of Climate Change Education

This chapter introduces the field of climate change education, noting the paradox that in spite of many efforts at incorporating climate change in education policy and curriculum frameworks, and a diversity of practices in schools, there is little evidence that such efforts are contributing to adaptation, mitigation or reversal of climate change. The chapter reviews the role of international development organizations advocating for and developing frameworks in support of climate change education. This is followed by an analysis of ongoing efforts of climate change education.
Genotoxicity of acrylamide in humans and mice: Promutagenic glycidamide-DNA adducts in the human p53 gene and the cII transgene

1968 The recent discovery of acrylamide in a variety of food products has raised concern for public health worldwide. Acrylamide is a proven rodent carcinogen, which finds its way into the human diet when amino acids and sugars present in foods are heated at high temperature i.e., during food processing such as frying. Substantial quantities of acrylamide are found in commonly consumed foods e.g., breakfast cereals, French fries and potato chips, or beverages e.g., coffee. Although it has long been known that administration of acrylamide in laboratory animals results in tumor formation at various organs, the mechanism by which acrylamide exerts this effect remains unclear. We addressed this issue by investigating the biological and biochemical fates of acrylamide and its epoxide derivative, glycidamide, administered in vitro in human bronchial epithelial cells as well as in transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We quantified the formation and repair of DNA adducts along the human p53 gene and the cII transgene by terminal transferase-dependent polymerase chain reaction, and the frequency and spectrum of induced cII mutations by a lambda phage-based mutation detection system and DNA sequencing analysis, respectively. Both acrylamide and glycidamide formed bulky DNA adducts at specific locations along the p53 and cII genes. Saturation of DNA-adduct formation was observed for some acrylamide-DNA adducts, whereas all glycidamide-DNA adducts were dose-dependent. Although the majority of the induced-DNA adducts was repaired within 24-48 hours after treatments, there were persistent acrylamide- and glycidamide-DNA adducts at specific codons along exons 5, 6, and 7 of the p53 gene as well as at particular nucleotide positions along the cII gene. Both acrylamide- and glycidamide-treatments increased significantly the frequency of the cII mutations relative to control treatment (solvent double-distilled water) (P
Getting Everyone to the Fair: Supporting Teachers in Broadening Participation in Science and Engineering Fairs

Science and Engineering (S&E) fairs are a valuable educational activity and are believed to increase students’ engagement and learning in science and engineering. However, due to differences in resources, many schools do not implement fairs to achieve these benefits for their students. This study reports the findings of a program intended to increase the participation of students from low-achieving and under-resourced schools in a regional fair program that feeds into the international fair competition. We found that the number of schools and projects participating in our regional fair increased dramatically since the start of the program. Teachers had mostly positive expectations for the project and expressed buy-in for the effort the project would take. They recruited a diverse pool of students to participate in the school fairs. Quasi-experimental methods allowed us to explore the impact of completing S&E fairs on student gains on science self-efficacy, interest and value perceptions. Controlling for pre-existing differences in these attitudes, we found that students not completing projects showed declines in their science attitudes during the year. Students who completed projects maintained similar attitudes, while those whose projects advanced to the regional fair had substantial gains on all three variables. It is unknown whether this gain can be attributed to the experience of engaging with a quality project, from being the kind of student who completes a quality project, or some other factor. Future research with greater experimental control could address these questions.
Vetting future colleagues: A return on investment

Abstract Background Physician turnover is costly ranging from $150,000 to over $1,200,000 in costs per faculty transition. We created a recruitment process that sends a faculty surgeon and nurse to observe directly a candidate in their current practice setting. In this study, we analyze the recruitment and opportunity costs associated with physician recruitment; and use the physician business plans to develop methodology to estimate return on investment over a 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-year horizon. Methods We calculated the recruitment costs of sending a faculty surgeon and nurse to evaluate prospective surgeons throughout their entire continuum of work environments. Then, we analyzed the clinical productivity of a spine surgeon, hand surgeon and traumatologist. Subsequent annual payments collected from each surgeon's charges were reviewed, averaged and used to project the return on investment at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-year models; and compared against the opportunity costs of a physician's absence. Results Costs directly related to recruitment over two years totaled $113,061. The Spine surgeon was followed for three years; the hand surgeon and traumatologist were followed for two years. The ROI for a spine surgeon retained as faculty at 5 years in our institution is 11,601% and increases to 23,203%, 46,406% and 69,608% at 10, 20 and 30 years. Our ROI for retention of a hand surgeon ranged from 12,508% at 5 years to 75,047% at 30 years and our ROI for a retained traumatology faculty member ranged from 6,826% at 5 years to 40,959% at 30 years. Conclusions This study provides a financial framework that elucidates the recruiting costs of hiring a physician. Recruiting and mentoring clinical faculty members may facilitate faculty members' satisfaction and engagement, which, in turn, may help departments retain high-quality faculty staff committed to a multidimensional academic mission. Future studies should validate the ROI calculations.
Other Estimates of h 2

Frequently, we may wish to estimate h2 without doing a selection experiment, or before we begin to select. Under these circumstances, we can use the covariance between relatives to estimate h2. As we have seen, the covariance of parent with offspring, or of midparent with offspring, or that among half sibs, is a function of σ A 2 . The covariance among full sibs represents a function of both additive and dominance variance components. If we know from other sources that dominance variance is negligible, the full sib covariance can provide another estimate of additive variance.
RESISTANCE-ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF CULTURE FILTRATES OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

Hedgecock, Loyd W. (Veterans Administration Hsopital, St. Louis, Mo.). Resistance-enhancing activity of culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . J. Bacteriol. 88: 1349–1355. 1964.—It was demonstrated that filtrates of cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit resistance-enhancing activity against infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Diplococcus pneumoniae . Resistance was demonstrable when the culture filtrate was injected 3 hr prior to challenge with K. pneumoniae , and reached the highest level when injected 24 hr before challenge. Protection was maximal when the filtrate and challenging organisms were injected by the same route. After infection with K. pneumoniae , the bacterial titers in the tissues of filtrate-treated animals were significantly lower than those of untreated susceptible controls. Mice injected with the filtrate 24 hr previously demonstrated significantly increased rates of clearance of injected carbon from the blood. In examination of a variety of mycobacteria, resistance-enhancing activity was found only in culture-filtrates of pathogenic mycobacteria, the highest concentration occurring in filtrates of virulent organisms. The injection of a relatively large amount of phenol-killed cells of all of the mycobacteria examined enhanced resistance to infection with K. pneumoniae .
The Septal Area

As in the previous chapter, I am going to examine some of the behavioral effects produced by stimulation and lesions of the septal area, beginning with those of a general nature and proceeding to ones of greater specificity. The purpose is to understand the nature and diversity of these changes and hopefully to place them in a more general context based on the relationship of the septal area to the hypothalamus and other limbic system structures.
R&D, Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Sourcing?

The U.S. experienced a surge in foreign directinvestment (FDI) during the 1980s.To date, we do notfully understand what the research and development(R & D) effects of FDI are. FDI can affect the hostcountry's R & D activities in at least two ways. First,if domestic firms perceive foreign entrants as seriousthreats to their domestic market share, they willchange their R & D policies hence industry-wide R & Dintensity also changes. Second, the increase in R & Dintensity may be attributed to foreign firms' R & Dactivities to acclimatize to U.S. conditions. Using apanel of 4-digit SIC industries from 1981–91, there issome evidence that the latter scenario may be apossible explanation for the observed changes inindustry-wide R & D intensity.
Improving immunization rates at 18 months of age: implications for individual practices.

Objective We sought to model the effect that a targeted immunization visit at 18 months of age could have on immunization rates of preschool-aged children in a sample of pediatric practices.
Development of a low-cost anthropomorphic manipulator for commercial usage

In recent times there is a prevalence in amputations in the developing world due to lack of proper medical treatment of diseases & injuries sustained in natural disasters or war; creating a need for an optimal solution that is technically sound and is affordable. This paper discusses the available solutions in the market and then proposes a new design for prosthetic hands, incorporating the morphological features of the actual human hand. Each finger, actuated by a slider mechanism, has a single degree of freedom. While the thumb design utilizes worm gear driven mechanisms to feature a double degree of freedom. The morphology of the developed device is that of the adult male human right hand. The motors for actuation are installed inside the palm of the hand while the overall weight of the prosthetic device is 453 g. The control is generated by the forward kinematics model assessing the relation between the slider position and the rotation angles of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the individual fingers. A feedback control loop provides the adaptive grip. The developed prosthesis design can be used to interface with either an EMG or EEG-based control scheme.
Sonar cephalometry in twins: A table of biparietal diameters for normal twin fetuses and a comparison with singletons

In 123 normal twin pregnancies, 589 biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements were obtained between 16 and 40 weeks' gestation and mean values for each week were computed. A table of BPDs for normal twin pregnancies based on these data is proposed. Mean twin BPDs were consistently smaller than those of singletons, the difference averaging 3.5 mm between 16 and 40 weeks' gestation. The development of a twin BPD table now permits a more accurate assessment of twin gestational age and fetal growth.
Aberrant Sphingolipid Signaling Is Involved in the Resistance of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines to Chemotherapy

Activation of the apoptosis program has been implicated in the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, we postulated that chemotherapy-resistant prostate cancer has developed a lesion in the apoptosis signal transduction cascade. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the resistance of apoptosis-insensitive prostate cancer cells to apoptosis. We approached this by comparing the response of the androgen-sensitive LNCaP cell line and the androgen-insensitive PC3 cell line to treatment with the topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin. We demonstrated that LNCaP cells are susceptible to camptothecin-induced cell death, and PC3 cells are resistant. Additional studies confirmed that the mode of cell death in the LNCaP cells was by apoptosis. We then determined that a component of the resistance to death in the apoptosis-insensitive cells involved a defect in the generation of ceramide, a key lipid mediator of apoptosis. Specifically, we demonstrated that PC3 cells are unable to elevate ceramide in response to treatment with camptothecin. In contrast, elevations in ceramide levels occur in LNCaP cells in response to the same treatment. Significantly, additional studies showed that treatment with exogenous ceramide overcomes the lesion in the PC3 cells and induces apoptosis. In attempting to gain preliminary insight into the nature of the lesion in ceramide formation in the apoptosis-resistant cells, we established that generation of ceramide in LNCaP cells is independent of the de novo pathway. These studies present novel insights into the mechanism by which prostate cancer cells may be resistant to induction of apoptosis. The significance of this study lies in the fact that an understanding of the biological and molecular events contributing to the resistance of prostate cancer to therapy is crucial to the development of more effective regimens for advanced disease.
Preventing secondary traumatic stress in educators

Teachers can be vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress (STS) because of their supportive role with students and potential exposure to students' experiences with traumas, violence, disasters, or crises. STS symptoms, similar to those found in posttraumatic stress disorder, include nightmares, avoidance, agitation, and withdrawal, and can result from secondary exposure to hearing about students' traumas. This article describes how STS presents, how teachers can be at risk, and how STS can manifest in schools. A US Department of Education training program is presented, and thoughts on future directions are discussed.
Chemical Environment Effects on Kβ/Kα Intensity Ratio: An X-ray Fluorescence Experiment on Periodic Trends

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data from an energy-dispersive XRF instrument were used to investigate the chlorine Kα and Kβ peaks in several group 1 salts. The ratio of the peak intensity is sensitive to the local chemical environment of the chlorine atoms studied in this experiment and it shows a periodic trend for these salts.
Zebrafish: A Marvel of High-Throughput Biology for 21st Century Toxicology

The evolutionary conservation of genomic, biochemical and developmental features between zebrafish and humans is gradually coming into focus with the end result that the zebrafish embryo model has emerged as a powerful tool for uncovering the effects of environmental exposures on a multitude of biological processes with direct relevance to human health. In this review, we highlight advances in automation, high-throughput (HT) screening, and analysis that leverage the power of the zebrafish embryo model for unparalleled advances in our understanding of how chemicals in our environment affect our health and wellbeing.
Ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Effects of topography length scales on wettability

We discuss dynamic hydrophobicity from the perspective of the force required to move a water droplet on a surface and argue that the structure of the three-phase contact line is important. We studied the wettability of a series of silicon surfaces that were prepared by photolithography and hydrophobized using silanization reagents. Hydrocarbon, siloxane, and fluorocarbon surfaces were prepared. The surfaces contain posts of different sizes, shapes, and separations. Surfaces containing square posts with X−Y dimensions of 32 μm and less exhibited ultrahydrophobic behavior with high advancing and receding water contact angles. Water droplets moved very easily on these surfaces and rolled off of slightly tilted surfaces. Contact angles were independent of the post height from 20 to 140 μm and independent of surface chemistry. Water droplets were pinned on surfaces containing square posts with larger dimensions. Increasing the distance between posts and changing the shape of the posts from square to staggered ...
In vivo localization and growth of the 70Z/3 pre-B-cell line.

Abstract The 70Z/3 pre-B-cell line has long been used as a model for understanding the nature and mode of action of differentiation-inducing stimuli as well as mechanisms which control immunoglobulin light chain gene expression. This study is a first appraisal of the localization, growth, and differentiation of the cell line in vivo. At 24 hr after intravenous injection, radiolabeled 70Z/ 3 cells localized efficiently to the bone marrow and analysis by flow cytometry revealed that fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled cells localized to bone marrow and spleen in a ratio of 2:1. Growth of the cell line paralleled the localization pattern. When the cells were given intravenously, bone marrow contained 100% of tumor cells at a time when a majority of spleen cells were still normal. Tumor cells were found in the blood only at end-stage disease in a minority of animals. Because 70Z/3 cells differentiate in vitro in response to a variety of factors, it is possible that exposure to the in vivo environment would have a similar effect. When blast cells from heavily infiltrated bone marrow and spleen were analyzed for the expression of a panel of B-lymphocyte lineage surface antigens, however, there was no evidence for surface κ induction. Inductive stimuli may be present in limiting quantities in vivo or overridden by negative feedback control mechanisms. This information provides a basis for in vivo experimentation with the inducible 70Z/3 cell line and raises issues concerning normal mechanisms which control B-lineage cell differentiation.
Cell lineage, growth, and determination in the imaginal leg discs of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The pattern of cell lineage in the leg discs of Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed by means of X-ray-induced somatic crossing-over. The system is used to demonstrate that cell lineage data can yield important information regarding various developmental problems. Clonally related cells become arranged in longitudinal stripes on the leg, and the data indicate that part of the reason for this is that mitotic division products in the third larval instar become oriented in a radial fashion in the disc. The size of clones induced at specific times was used to estimate the cell number in the leg disc at these times. The presumptive leg disc appears to contain about 20 cells even in the 3-hour embryo, and to be mitotically inactive throughout the remainder of the embryonic period and the first half of the first larval instar. Thereafter it grows continuously with a doubling time of about 15 hours, until about the time of pupation. Observation of gynandromorphs, in which the male tissue was genetically marked, indicated also that the leg disc consists of about 20 cells when it is first delineated from the rest of the embryo. The results show that determination of the leg disc into regions does not occur until after the early third instar. This determinative event, as well as the initial determination of the leg disc, occurs in populations of cells rather than single cells. The results are incompatible with a previous theory of determination in imaginal discs.
Inherited Na transport disorders: the taming of the syndromes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The study of inherited renal sodium (Na) transport disorders has greatly benefited from the use of new molecular biology research tools. This review discusses the recent findings that have expanded our knowledge and may impact clinical decision-making. RECENT FINDINGS The genetic and molecular biology diagnostic tools have to a large extent validated conclusions drawn from physiologic studies that documented suppressed or enhanced Na transport in specific distal nephron segments in various disorders. However, many surprises were also encountered. In several conditions, no mutation in the Na transporter itself was found despite apparent dysfunction of the transporter. Further search has led to discovery of additional mechanisms. Some involve mutations in other transporters, especially potassium (K) and chloride (Cl) channels, which secondarily affect function of the Na transporter by altering electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. Examples include certain types of Bartter syndrome. In other patients, search for mechanism has led to discovery of novel physiologic regulatory pathways that, if abnormal, will lead to up- or downregulation of an Na transporter. Examples include some types of Bartter syndrome and Gordon syndrome. Genetic diagnosis has also revealed hitherto unexplained phenotypic heterogeneity between patients carrying the same mutation, implying a contributory role for other factors. SUMMARY Genetic and molecular diagnosis will have an expanding role in the understanding and management of the Na transport disorders. Predicting prognosis and inheritance pattern, as well as treatment plans will in the future be based on genetic diagnosis.
Bionomics and Control of Lithocolletis blancardella in Michigan

A leafminer of apple, Lithocolletis blancardella F., has 3 generations/year in southwestern Michigan apple orchards. Apanteles ornigis Weed, Sympiesis conica (Provancher), S. marylandensis Girault, and Pnigalio flavipes (Ashmead) are natural enemies of leafminer larvae. Total leaf area can be reduced 32% by leafmining larvae. Many broad spectrum and systemic insecticides effectively control this leafminer and certain carbamate and organophosphate insecticides cause a significant reduction in parasitism of the larvae.
Molecular orbital treatment of hydrogen bonding by the EHT and the CNDO / 2 methods: water

Hydrogen bonding in water has been studied by employing the extended Huckel (EHT) and semi-empirical LCAOSCF(CN DO/2) methods. The hydrogen bond energy as well as proton potential function have been calculated.