cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Anti-Factor Xa Levels of Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery Given Once-Daily Enoxaparin Prophylaxis: A Clinical Study Examining Enoxaparin Pharmacokinetics.

Importance Between 4% and 12% of patients undergoing colorectal surgery and receiving enoxaparin, 40 mg per day, have a postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) event. An improved understanding of why “breakthrough” VTE events occur despite guideline-compliant prophylaxis is an important patient safety question. Objective To determine the proportion of patients undergoing colorectal surgery who received adequate anticoagulation based on peak anti–factor Xa (aFXa) levels while receiving enoxaparin at 40 mg per day. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted between February 2017 and July 2018 with 90-day follow-up at a quaternary academic medical center in the Intermountain West and included patients undergoing colorectal surgery who had surgery after receiving general anesthesia, were admitted for at least 3 days, and received enoxaparin, 40 mg once daily. Interventions All patients had aFXa levels measured after receiving enoxaparin 40 mg per day. Patients whose aFXa level was out of range entered the trial’s interventional arm where real-time enoxaparin dose adjustment and repeated aFXa measurement were performed. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome: in-range peak aFXa levels (goal range, 0.3-0.5 IU/mL) with enoxaparin, 40 mg per day. Secondary outcomes: (1) in-range trough aFXa levels (goal range, 0.1-0.2 IU/mL) and (2) the proportion of patients with in-range peak aFXa levels from enoxaparin, 40 mg once daily, vs the real-time enoxaparin dose adjustment protocol. Results Over 16 months, 116 patients undergoing colorectal surgery (65 women [56.0%]; 99 white individuals [85.3%], 13 Hispanic or Latino individuals [11.2%], and 4 Pacific Islander individuals [3.5%]; mean [range] age, 52.1 [18-85] years) were enrolled. Among 106 patients (91.4%) whose peak aFXa level was appropriately drawn, 72 (67.9%) received inadequate anticoagulation (aFXa Conclusions and Relevance This study supports the finding that most patients undergoing colorectal surgery receive inadequate prophylaxis from enoxaparin, 40 mg once daily. These findings may explain the high rate of “breakthrough” VTE observed in many clinical trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT02704052
1145 Bridging the Gap: A Novel Approach to Communicate in the Surgical Suite in the Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Video Objective Communication in the era of minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery poses challenges for the assisting surgeon and novice training surgical residents. Challenges are inherent to the unified surgical view in laparoscopy and the paradoxical directional commands rendered by the trocars' hinge point mechanism. Here we demonstrate a novel communication tool that helps make communication during laparoscopic hysterectomy uniform, clear and efficient. Setting Surgical assistance during a laparoscopic hysterectomy can be challenging especially in a setting of academia with the high turn over of training surgical residents. Laparoscopic hysterectomy is also unique in requiring intra-corporeal assistance in addition to extra corporeal uterine manipulation that is usually provided by an assistant who receives reversed directional commands. Interventions The new communication code is pre-introduced to the surgical assistants via a 15 min Power Point Presentation that contains review of laparoscopic pelvic critical surgical anatomy and presents the concept of the 8 cardinal pelvic views during the laparoscopic hysterectomy. Each view is given a code (e.g. A1, A2, A3) with predefined uterine manipulation angle and a predefined camera area of focus. Utilizing the 8 codes the uterine and camera assistants would not get directional commands that might be confusing, but rather would respond to the code request by adjusting visual views to match the predefined necessary exposure similar to the presented diagrams. Conclusion Utilization of the K code tool in laparoscopic hysterectomy reinforced preoperative surgical self coaching and briefing with the assisting staff. It also helped generate a shared mental model through which all assisting staff and surgeon could more easily communicate. A brief pilot period of utilizing the tool in two different institutions was very well received by all the surgical assistants with responses favoring utilization of this tool over the conventional directional commands method utilized traditionally in the operating room.
Building interactive web applications using angular JS

A significant percentage of new software development projects involve building interactive web applications. The technologies needed to develop these web applications are different from those used to develop desktop software. While many of the software development concepts associated with more traditional applications can be applied directly to web application development, many faculty are not as familiar with the particular languages and frameworks used for web application development.
Parametros de crescimento e de mortalidade da albacora-bandolim, Thunnus obesus, capturada no litoral sudeste-sul do Brasil (1977-95)

The growth and mortality parameters of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839), caught by longliners settled in Santos (SP) and operating off the Brazilian Southeast-southern coast, from 1977 to 1995, were estimated: K = 0.136 and Ly = 295.5 cm, through the identification of the modal classes. The rate of total mortality calculated by the capture curve method of the software ELEFAN II presented more consistent results. The RIKHTER and EFANOV (1976) method, whose result was similar to those of the literature, was used for the calculation of the rate of natural mortality. The state of exploitation of the stock shows overfishing during the 1977-1995 period, but such a conclusion should be seen with caution because the studied area represents just a little part of the whole Atlantic.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Administrative Support Staff, Innovation, Employee Satisfaction, and Firm Performance

Administrative support is instrumental in how firms support, manage, and motivate employees. Yet, our knowledge about this important human capital management factor is limited. Using novel data extracted from employees’ online profiles, we find that administrative intensity, defined as the proportion of employees in administrative support positions, is negatively associated with future firm performance. This negative association disappears when administrative intensity is low, which suggests that a certain level of administrative intensity may not be detrimental. In line with arguments that high administrative intensity may impede firm innovation, we find that firms with high administrative intensity have a lower quantity and lower quality of innovation output. On the benefit side, we find evidence suggesting that firms with high administrative intensity have better relationships with their employees. High administrative intensity is associated with higher employee job satisfaction and fewer employee separations. Finally, we find that firms with high administrative intensity have lower future stock returns, which suggests that investors do not fully utilize information on administrative intensity. Overall, our evidence suggests that administrative intensity is informative about firm–employee relationships, innovation, and firm performance.
Lower heating value of jet fuel from hydrocarbon class concentration data and thermo-chemical reference data: An uncertainty quantification

Abstract A detailed assessment is presented on the calculation and uncertainty of the lower heating value (net heat of combustion) of conventional and sustainable aviation fuels, from hydrocarbon class concentration measurements, reference molecular heats of formation, and the uncertainties of these reference heats of formation. Calculations using this paper’s method and estimations using ASTM D3338 are reported for 17 fuels of diverse compositions and compared against reported ASTM D4809 measurements. All the calculations made by this method and the reported ASTM D4809 measurements agree (i.e., within 95% confidence intervals). The 95% confidence interval of the lower heating value of fuel candidates that are comprised entirely of normal- and iso-alkanes is less than 0.1 MJ/kg by the method described here, while high cyclo-alkane content leads to 95% confidence bands that approach 0.2 MJ/kg. Taking a possible bias into account, the accuracy and precision of the method described in this work could be as high as 0.23 MJ/kg for some samples.
Many Birds, One Stone: Teaching the Law You Love, in Legal Writing Class

This article explores the synergies that arise if a legal writing professor chooses legal topics that are inherently interesting to her when she creates course problems and assignments.
Reconstructing the paleohydrology of a cretaceous Alaskan paleopolar coastal plain from stable isotopes of bivalves

Abstract As global mean annual temperatures continue to rise, modern Arctic climates are changing at an incredibly fast rate. To predict changing climate dynamics, a number of researchers have been focused on characterizing Arctic climate from ancient greenhouse worlds such as the Cretaceous and Eocene. Characterization of these climates requires analysis of a variety of proxy materials. Here we use bivalve shells, identified as Nucula aff. Nucula percrassa Conrad, from the Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation in combination with isotope data from previous lithologic and isotopic studies to characterize a cool-house Cretaceous climate bounded by greenhouse climates (mid-Cretaceous thermal maximum and Late Paleocene climate). Bivalves were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), cathodoluminescence (CL), and thin section petrography to determine mineralogy and integrity of shells. PXRD analysis indicates that shells are composed of primary aragonite and not secondary calcite. Thin section and CL images reveal well preserved shell morphology including daily growth lines, and no luminescent patches or coarsening of crystal sizes to indicate diagenetic alteration/recrystallization. Aragonite carbon isotopic composition (δ13Carag) range from + 0.45‰ to − 3.00‰ VPDB and average − 1.58‰. Aragonite oxygen isotopic composition (δ18Oarag) range from − 10.48‰ to − 15.42‰ VPDB and average − 12.83‰. Using temperatures from 4.5 °C to 12.5 °C, the salinity–δ18Owater relationship of a modern Arctic setting from Torres et al. (2011), and the water–aragonite equation of Grossman and Ku (1986) reveal salinity ranges between 8 and 17.7 ppt. Using these salinity ranges and temperatures, N. percrassa precipitated shell aragonite from water that ranged between δ18Owater = − 14.41‰ VSMOW (at 12.5 °C) and − 16.23‰ (at 4.5 °C). Shell growth was in equilibrium with water that represents a coastal, mixed water setting such as an estuary. When combined with previous studies, the mixture of fresh:marine water represents a 50%:50% to 72%:28% mixture and ranged between − 14.41‰ and − 16.23‰ during spring to summer months.
Structural elements in the final period

The final period of turbulent temporal decay is synthesized from structural elements for velocity and scalar fields. Results for the turbulent intensity are compiled for spherically symmetric, axially symmetric, planar and homogeneous configurations. Some kinematic results in the far field are applicable to the irrotational flow regime of high Reynolds number turbulence.
Target Prices, Relative Valuations and the Premium for Liquidity Provision

We document that short-run deviations between prices and fundamentals can be identified in real time using equity analysts' target price forecasts. The deviations are economically and statistically significant and of a magnitude not easily explained by transaction costs alone. Our benchmark portfolio of S&P500 stocks, for instance, earned an average risk-adjusted return of 195bps per month during the period 1999-2004. We show that the abnormal return is consistent with a premium required by investors for providing liquidity and is highly correlated with standard cross-sectional measures of liquidity such as the bid-ask spread, price impact and changes in signed trading volume. Our results contribute to the existing literature on analysts' forecasts by pointing out that, while the target price itself need not provide an accurate estimate of true fundamental values, relative valuations of firms within an industry tend to be more precise. This finding is consistent with analysts having skill in analyzing the specifics of individual firms but limited ability to forecast systematic factors driving returns at the sector level.
HeapTherapy: An Efficient End-to-End Solution against Heap Buffer Overflows

For decades buffer overflows have been one of the most prevalent and dangerous software vulnerabilities. Although many techniques have been proposed to address the problem, they mostly introduce a very high overhead while others assume the availability of a separate system to pinpoint attacks or provide detailed traces for defense generation, which is very slow in itself and requires considerable extra resources. We propose an efficient solution against heap buffer overflows that integrates exploit detection, defense generation, and overflow prevention in a single system, named Heap Therapy. During program execution it conducts on-the-fly lightweight trace collection and exploit detection, and initiates automated diagnosis upon detection to generate defenses in real-time. It can handle both over-write and over-read attacks, such as the recent Heartbleed attack. The system has no false positives, and keeps effective under polymorphic exploits.%as the generated defense captures semantic characteristics of exploits. It is compliant with mainstream hardware and operating systems, and does not rely on specific allocation algorithms. We evaluated Heap Therapy on a variety of services (database, web, and ftp) and benchmarks (SPEC CPU2006), it incurs a very low average overhead in terms of both speed (6.2%) and memory (7.7%).
Violence Risk Assessment in Clinical Settings: Being Sure about Being Sure

Psychiatrists and psychologists have available structured risk assessment instruments to assess the risk of patient violence. These instruments are also used to help make important legal decisions, including which prisoners will be evaluated for continued detention at the end of their sentence. The predictive validity of structured instruments has been demonstrated in operationally defined groups. Their application to individual cases has led to objections that the standard deviations for the risk categories generated by the instruments overlap significantly. This debate has paid insufficient attention to the differences between aleatory (statistical) and epistemic (degree of confirmation) approaches to uncertainty. The approach to uncertainty in psychiatric violence risk assessment is, of necessity, largely epistemic. Providing statistical data can only be part of establishing the precision of an estimate of the probability of someone acting violently. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Thioesterases I and II of Escherichia coli. Hydrolysis of native acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesters.

Thioesterases I and II of Escherichia coli hydrolyze the thioester linkages between fatty acid and CoA or acyl carrier protein (ACP). Previous workers had shown that chemically synthesized acyl-ACP substrates were hydrolyzed about 20-fold more slowly than the analogous CoA thioesters, and had suggested that the slower rate might be the result of modifications of the protein moiety which had occurred during the chemical synthesis. We have prepared a series of acyl-ACP substrates using acyl-ACP synthetase, a recently discovered enzyme which ligates long chain fatty acids to ACP. We have found that these preparations of native acyl-ACP are hydrolyzed much more slowly by both thioesterases than the analogous acyl-CoA or chemically synthesized acyl-ACP thioesters. The Michaelis constants (Km) of both thioesterases for native palmitoyl-ACP are 100 to 200 PM, a value over lo-fold higher than those reported for palmitoyl-CoA. The V,,, values of both enzymes for native palmitoyl-ACP are much lower than the values measured for palmitoyl-CoA. In the chemical procedure for acylating ACP, the amino groups are acetylated. This modification appears responsible for the differing rates of hydrolysis of native acyl-ACP and the substrates made chemically. Acetylation of our native palmitoyl-ACP increases the rate of hydrolysis of this substrate by both thioesterases. This modification of ACP is known to destabilize the tertiary structure of ACP under ionic conditions similar to those utilized in our assays. The greater rate of thioesterase cleavage of the chemically synthesized acyl-ACP over the native acyl-ACP can therefore be attributed to denaturation of the protein moiety of the former thioester.
Smoothing the non-parametric estimate of a prior distribution by roughening: A computational study

Abstract Professor C.R. Rao has made foundational and applied contributions to simultaneous, or Empirical Bayes, inference. In these models data are generated by a compound process, where for each component under study parameters are sampled from a prior distribution, and then observations are drawn from a conditional distribution given the parameters. For example, in a multi-clinical medical trial, clinic-specific treatment effects θ 1 ,…,θ K come from a distribution G , and then observed treatment effects are Gaussian with mean θ k for the k th clinic. Inferential goals include point estimation and confidence intervals for individual parameters. Empirical Bayes methods have been developed to deal with the situation where G is not completely known. A flexible modeling approach bases inferences on a non-parametric estimate of G . Though the approach has attractive properties, this estimate is discrete and smoothing it may improve its empirical Bayes performance. In this research we investigate smoothing methods based on recursively “roughening” a smooth prior towards the discrete non-parametric estimate. Through mathematical analysis and numerical evaluations we show its performance in estimating G and producing empirical Bayes inferences.
The Electronic Formation of Contracts and the Common Law 'Mailbox Rule'

Occasionally, my children attempt to play a new game of tag that they have made up and then realize that they have not made up all the rules. At this point, they stop and create the missing rules. We adults are at the same place in the game. We have made up a new game: “contracting in cyberspace,” but we are not at all clear about the rules. Every day, thousands of people worldwide make connections via the Internet and enter into legally binding relationships in which the rules of the game are not clear. These legal arrangements raise complex and varied legal issues unprecedented in the law. To name a few, these arrangements raise issues of statute of frauds, authenticity of signatures, conflicts of law, licensing issues and the nature of offers and acceptances.This Article examines but one of the many issues raised when parties contract in cyberspace: the time and place of acceptance when it is communicated through the Internet. In examining this issue, the Author considers the theoretical and practical underpinnings of existing law as it applies to electronic transactions. While the existing black letter law is that an offer to contract is effective when received by the offeree, the general common law rule in the United States is that acceptance is effective when sent. This rule of law, oft-called the “mailbox rule,” originated in England at a time of widespread use of the post. Today,as more efficient methods of communication are routinely used, the rule's application has declined. This Article argues that the rule continues to have a theoretical and practical basis in the case of contracts made electronically over the Internet. Part I of the Article reviews the various manners in which contracts can be formed electronically and discusses the original justification for the mailbox rule. Part II discusses the existing legal landscape as it relates to the mailbox rule. Part II, also compares and analyzes provisions of the First and Second Restatements of Contracts, Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (hereinafter “UCC”), the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (hereinafter “UETA”), the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (hereinafter “UCITA”), and the Electronic Signature in Global and National Commerce Act (hereinafter “E-SIGN”). Additionally, the limited relevant case law is considered and analogy is made to case law involving mail, facsimile, tele-phone, telegraph and telex. Part III urges that the mailbox rule continues to be a theoretically sound and efficient rule for contracts formed electronically.
Mineral phase analysis of deep-sea hydrothermal particulates by a Raman spectroscopy expert algorithm: Toward autonomous in situ experimentation and exploration

[1] This paper demonstrates that a Raman spectroscopy, point-counting technique can be used for phase analysis of minerals commonly found in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes, even for minerals with similar chemical compositions. It also presents our robust autonomous identification algorithm and spectral database, both of which were developed specifically for deep-sea hydrothermal studies. The Raman spectroscopy expert algorithm was developed and tested against multicomponent mixtures of minerals relevant to the deep-sea hydrothermal environment. It is intended for autonomous classification where many spectra must be examined with little or no human involvement to increase analytic precision, accuracy, and data volume or to enable in situ measurements and experimentation.
Trapping of francium for parity violation experiments

Summary form only given. We have constructed a new apparatus for producing and on-line trapping of francium for parity non-conservation experiments. At present, we have produced and delivered 15 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ Fr/sec to the trapping area with better than 90% efficiency. The electrostatic optics of our beamline ensure mass independent transport of all francium isotopes and even other alkalis, such as rubidium, which we use for testing most of our apparatus. After accumulation in this first MOT, we transfer the atoms to a second MOT in a separate vacuum chamber one meter below, where they are transferred to a far off-resonance optical dipole trap for PNC experiments. At present, we are constructing the apparatus for a measurement of the PNC anapole moment by probing the microwave E1 transition between the ground state hyperfine levels of francium.
Impact of local winter cooling on the melt of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica

The rapid thinning of the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea is generally attributed to basal melt driven by warm water originating from the continental slope. We examine the hypothesis that processes taking place on the continental shelf contribute significantly to the interannual variability of the ocean heat content and ice shelf melt rates. A numerical model is used to simulate the circulation of ocean heat and the melt of the ice shelves over the period 2006–2013. The fine model grid (grid spacing 1.5 km) explicitly resolves the coastal polynyas and mesoscale processes. The ocean heat content of the eastern continental shelf exhibits recurrent decreases around September with a magnitude that varies from year to year. The heat loss is primarily caused by surface heat fluxes along the eastern shore in areas of low ice concentration (polynyas). The cold winter water intrudes underneath the ice shelves and reduces the basal melt rates. Ocean temperatures upstream (i.e., at the shelf break) are largely constant over the year and cannot account for the cold events. The cooling is particularly marked in 2012 and its effect on the ocean heat content remains visible over the following years. The study suggests that ocean-atmosphere interactions in coastal polynyas contribute to the interannual variability of the melt of Pine Island Glacier.
Rapid Enantiomeric Excess and Concentration Determination Using Simple Racemic Metal Complexes

Racemic-metal complexes were used to determine identity, enantiomeric excess, and concentration of chiral diamines using metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in circular dichroism spectroscopy. It takes under just 2 min per sample to determine [G]t and %R with tolerable errors (19% and 4%, respectively). The simplicity of the achiral receptors employed confers to this technique great potential for high-throughput screening.
Size-specific dose estimates: Localizer or transverse abdominal computed tomography images?

AIM: To investigate effect of body dimensions obtained from localizer radiograph and transverse abdominal computed tomography (CT) images on Size Specific Dose Estimate. METHODS: This study was approved by Institutional Review Board and was compliant with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Fifty patients with abdominal CT examinations (58 ± 13 years, Male:Female 28:22) were included in this study. Anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral (Lat) diameters were measured at 5 cm intervals from the CT exam localizer radiograph (simple X-ray image acquired for planning the CT exam before starting the scan) and transverse CT images. Average of measured AP and Lat diameters, as well as maximum, minimum and mid location AP and Lat were measured on both image sets. In addition, off centering of patients from the gantry iso-center was calculated from the localizers. Conversion factors from American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) report 204 were obtained for AP, Lat, AP + Lat, and effective diameter (√ AP * Lat) to determine size specific dose estimate (SSDE) from the CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) recorded from the dose reports. Data were analyzed using SPSS v19. RESULTS: Total number of 5376 measurements was done. In some patients entire body circumference was not covered on either projection radiograph or transverse CT images; hence accurate measurement of AP and Lat diameters was not possible in 11% (278/2488) of locations. Forty one patients were off-centered with mean of 1.9 ± 1.8 cm (range: 0.4-7 cm). Conversion factors for attained diameters were not listed on AAPM look-up tables in 3% (80/2488) of measurements. SSDE values were significantly different compared to CTDIvol, ranging from 32% lower to 74% greater than CTDIvol. CONCLUSION: There is underestimation and overestimation of dose comparing SSDE values to CTDIvol. Localizer radiographs are associated with overestimation of patient size and therefore underestimation of SSDE.
On the moments of residual life in reliability and some characterization results

In reliability studies, it is well known that the mean residual life function determines the distribution uniquely. In this paper we study the problem "do higher moments of residual life determine the distribution"? We show, by means of a counterexample, that one higher moment is not enough to determine the distribution uniquely. However, a method is given to determine the distribution if the ratio of two consecutive moments is known. Also it is shown that the constancy of the rth moment, for any positive real number r guarantees that the distribution is exponential. Similar problems are investigated for partial moments and it is shown that unlike truncated moments, one partial moment is enough for the determination of the distribution. Some illustrations are given to exhibit the methods.
Effect of potassium and sodium carbonate catalysts on the rate of gasification of metallurgical coke

Abstract The catalytic effects of potassium and sodium carbonates on the rate of gasification of metallurgical coke with carbon dioxide have been investigated by the thermogravimetric method. The experiments were carried out using metallurgical coke fines mixed with 5 wt% catalyst, the mixture pressed into disc-shaped pellets from which a small specimen (23 mg) was cut and used. The reaction was carried out at temperatures ranging from 725 to 900°C using pure CO 2 at 1 atm. The rates were measured for uncatalyzed coke-CO 2 reaction and with K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 and mixed (K, Na) 2 CO 3 catalysts. Potassium carbonate exhibited the greatest catalytic activity closely followed by the mixed catalyst and sodium carbonate. For the K 2 CO 3 -catalyzed reaction, an activation energy of 41.74 (±3.13) kcal/mole was found; and for the Na 2 CO 3 -catalyzed reaction the figure was 40.27 (± 5.05) kcal/mole. The catalysis is thought to occur by the “vapor cycle” mechanism. It consists of reduction (M 2 CO 3 →2M) followed by oxidation (2M → M 2 CO 3 ). When CO 2 is present in the system the alkali vapor (M) quickly gets reconverted to the carbonate.
Dynamic control of lymphocyte trafficking by fever-range thermal stress.

Migration of blood-borne lymphocytes into tissues involves a tightly orchestrated sequence of adhesion events. Adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors on the surface of circulating lymphocytes initiate contact with specialized endothelial cells under hemodynamic shear prior to extravasation across the vascular barrier into tissues. Lymphocyte-endothelial adhesion occurs preferentially in high endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral lymphoid organs. The continuous recirculation of naive and central memory lymphocytes across lymph node and Peyer's patch HEV underlies immune surveillance and immune homeostasis. Lymphocyte-endothelial interactions are markedly enhanced in HEV-like vessels of extralymphoid organs during physiological responses associated with acute and chronic inflammation. Similar adhesive mechanisms must be invoked for efficient trafficking of immune effector cells to tumor sites in order for the immune system to have an impact on tumor progression. Here we discuss recent evidence for the role of fever-range thermal stress in promoting lymphocyte-endothelial adhesion and trafficking across HEV in peripheral lymphoid organs. Findings are also presented that support the hypothesis that lymphocyte-endothelial interactions are limited within tumor microenvironments. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that dynamically promote lymphocyte trafficking in HEV may provide the basis for novel approaches to improve recruitment of immune effector cells to tumor sites.
Inhibition of firing of raphe neurones by tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan: blockade by inhibiting serotonin synthesis with Ro-4-4602.

Abstract In these studies, serotonergic ncuronal activity was monitored by extracellular recording from identified cells in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. The systemic administration of l -tryptophan. the initial precursor in the biosynthesis of brain serotonin (5-HT). was found to depress the firing of serotonergic neurones. The systemic administration of l -5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of 5-HT. in combination with a low dose of Ro4-4602 (50 mg/kg, which inhibits mainly peripheral decarboxylase) was also found to depress raphe firing. The tryptophan-induced depression of raphe activity was prevented by pretreatment of the animal with an l -aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, Ro4-4602, in a dose (800 mg/kg) sufficient to block the formation of 5-HT in raphe neurones. p-Chlorophenylalanine. another 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, was found to be ineffective in preventing the depression of raphe firing by tryptophan. However, previous studies have shown that p-chlorophenylalanine does not prevent the accumulation of 5-HT within the raphe perikarya following loading doses of tryptophan (Aghajanian, Kuhar and Roth. 1973). Raphe neurones were also inhibited by the local (microiontophoretic) administration of l -tryptophan or l -5-hydroxytryptophan. We conclude that (1) both 5-HT precursors (tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan) inhibit raphe firing through their enzymatic conversion to 5-HT: (2) a local increase in 5-HT within the raphe perikarya is sufficient to lead to a decrease in raphe cellular activity.
Biplane Correlation Imaging: A Feasibility Study Based on Phantom and Human Data

The objective of this study was to implement and evaluate the performance of a biplane correlation imaging (BCI) technique aimed to reduce the effect of anatomic noise and improve the detection of lung nodules in chest radiographs. Seventy-one low-dose posterior–anterior images were acquired from an anthropomorphic chest phantom with 0.28° angular separations over a range of ±10° along the vertical axis within an 11 s interval. Similar data were acquired from 19 human subjects with institutional review board approval and informed consent. The data were incorporated into a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm in which suspect lesions were identified by examining the geometrical correlation of the detected signals that remained relatively constant against variable anatomic backgrounds. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of angular separation, and the overall sensitivity and false-positives for lung nodule detection. The best performance was achieved for angular separations of the projection pairs greater than 5°. Within that range, the technique provided an order of magnitude decrease in the number of false-positive reports when compared with CAD analysis of single-view images. Overall, the technique yielded ~1.1 false-positive per patient with an average sensitivity of 75%. The results indicated that the incorporation of angular information can offer a reduction in the number of false-positives without a notable reduction in sensitivity. The findings suggest that the BCI technique has the potential for clinical implementation as a cost-effective technique to improve the detection of subtle lung nodules with lowered rate of false-positives.
The effects of size of opening in vegetation and litter cover on seedling establishment of goldenrods (Solidago spp.)

We investigated the effects of size of opening in the vegetation and litter cover on seedling establishment of two species of goldenrods (Solidago spp.) in an abandoned field in southwestern Michigan, U.S.A. Seeds of S. canadensis and S. juncea were sown into clipped plots, ranging from 0 cm (control, unclipped) to 100 cm in diameter, with and without litter. Seedling emergence, survival and growth were followed for one year. Soil moisture was not significantly different among the opening sizes, but, within a size, tended to be lower when litter was removed. Light intensity at the soil surface was positively related to opening size early in the growing season, but later in the growing season reached a maximum in intermediate-sized openings and then leveled off.
Scattering in a constant crossed field

The theory of electron-atom scattering in the presence of a static external field, consisting of crossed electric and magnetic components, is formulated here and an approximate expression for the transition amplitude is obtained. The approximation involves as input the on-shell amplitude for scattering in the absence of the field; the field has the effect of modifying the electron momenta before and after the scattering in precisely the way which would be predicted assuming the electron to follow a classical trajectory in the field with the collision taking place instantaneously. If one attempts to derive this result by taking the zero-frequency limit of the amplitude for scattering in a plane-wave laser field, one obtains infinite values for the classical momenta. To avoid this difficulty\char22{}an infrared divergence of sorts\char22{}a more realistic model of the scattering process, in which the electron spends only a finite amount of time in the field, must be invoked. One such model, involving a laser pulse of sufficiently simple form to allow for the construction of wave packets whose motion through the field can be traced explicitly, is adopted here. The static-field results are obtained as the zero-frequency limit, which is well defined in this model.
Cirrus Mammatus Properties Derived from an Extended Remote Sensing Dataset

Abstract The first quantitative and statistical evaluation of cirrus mammatus clouds based on wavelet analysis of remote sensing data is made by analyzing the University of Utah Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (FARS) 10-yr high-cloud dataset. First, a case study of cirrus mammata combining a high-resolution lidar system and a W-band Doppler radar is presented, yielding an assessment of the thermodynamic environment and dynamic mechanisms. Then, 25 cirrus mammatus cases selected from the FARS lidar dataset are used to disclose their characteristic environmental conditions, and vertical and length scales. The results show that cirrus mammata occur in the transition zone from moist (cloudy) to dry air layers with weak wind shear, which suggests that cloud-induced thermal structures play a key role in their formation. Their maximum vertical and horizontal length scales vary from 0.3 to 1.1 km and 0.5 to 8.0 km, respectively. It is also found that small-scale structures develop between the large-scale ...
EXCEPTIONAL HISTORY? THE ORIGINS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES

This essay examines how and why historiography-defined to mean the study of the history of historical writing-first emerged as a legitimate subject of historical inquiry in the United States during the period from 1890 to the 1930s by focusing on the practice of historiography by three of the most influential American historiographers whose work spans this period: J. Franklin Jameson, John Spencer Bassett, and Harry Elmer Barnes. Whereas the development of historiography as a field of study signified a recognition that historians and historical writing are themselves products of the historical process, American historiographers in this period at the same time used historiography to further a scientific ideal of objectivity that was premised on the belief in the ability of historians to separate themselves from that process. Modem scholars (notably, Peter Novick) have attributed to scientific historians like Jameson and Bassett a simplistic and naive positivism; but the ability of these historiographers to recognize the subjective character of historical writing and yet affirm a belief in objectivity reveals that their understanding of historical truth was more complex than modern scholars have acknowledged. In turn, by questioning the belief that the historical profession was originally founded on a naive faith in the ideal of objective truth, I demonstrate that New Historians like Barnes were more similar to their predecessors, the scientific historians, than they (or later scholars) acknowledged. Thus, rather than portraying the shift from scientific history to the New History as a linear trajectory of development from objectivity to a more relativist viewpoint, I argue that New Historians like Barnes at once expressed a greater recognition than his scientific predecessors of how historical writing was the product of its context, while still insisting on his commitment to , an ideal of objectivity that divorced the historian from that context.
Public versus private food assistance: barriers to participation differ by age and ethnicity.

Abstract Objective To examine participation in the Food Stamp Program, food pantries, and soup kitchens and to identify reasons food-insecure households choose not to participate. Design Cross-sectional retrospective cohort study. Setting In respondents' homes. Participants 330 randomly selected low-income households (below 185% of poverty). Main Outcome Measures Participation in any of 3 public or private food assistance programs and barriers to participation in each program. Analysis Chi-square tests of association between program participation and sociodemographic characteristics. Logistic regression tested for associations between program participation and ethnicity and between food security status and household composition while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results Controlling for socioeconomic status, Black households are less than half as likely to receive food stamps (odds ratio [OR] = 0.49; P P P = .04) as nonelderly households and are more likely to say that they feel uncomfortable receiving food stamps ( P = .05). Conclusions and Implications Low-income households' perceptions of which programs are socially acceptable differ by race and age. Outreach for food stamps and private food assistance should accommodate these differences so that food-insecure households can benefit from all available food assistance.
Soviet Agriculture Revisited

N JULY and August 1955 I had the opportunity of visiting the Soviet Union as a member of an agricultural delegation. At that time I visited 30 farms as well as several agricultural research and educational institutions, factories, machine testing stations, and machine tractor stations. My notes of a meeting on the last day of our visit indicates that at least some things have changed very little in 15 years. The meeting was at the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of State Farms; the presumed purpose of the meeting was for the members of the delegation to make recommendations concerning agricultural policy in the Soviet Union. My notes include the following: "At this meeting Soth' presented our views that we were not provided the opportunity that had been promised to see what we wanted to see. Instead, we had been taken on a conducted tour with a fixed schedule that could not be changed. He also pointed out that the delegation was handicapped in making recommendations because we were not given basic economic data on Soviet agriculture. We considered this information absolutely basic to the study of any country. Though data on prices, income, production, livestock numbers, and acreages were promised us, the promise was never fulfilled." While the amount of data on Soviet agriculture has increased substantially since 1955 (the first economic statistical handbook since 1939 was published in 1956), much important information is still not available and could not be obtained by those who attended the XIVth International Conference of Agricultural Economists in Minsk in 1970. I can personally attest to the failure to provide information that was promised, even when the promise was made by a high public official at a public meeting. In response to a question that I asked about the the regional price variations for meat and milk, the Minister of Agriculture, V. V. Matskevich, stated that if I saw him after the session all the
Retroviral vector-mediated high-efficiency expression of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in hematopoietic long-term cultures of ADA-deficient marrow cells

Abstract Two recombinant retroviral vectors encoding the cDNA of the human adenosine deaminase (ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) gene and the bacterial neomycin resistance (Neo) gene have been used to transduce bone marrow cells obtained from four patients affected by the ADA-deficient variant of severe combined immunodeficiency. By utilizing the long-term marrow culture system, freshly isolated bone marrow cells were subjected to multiple infection cycles with cell-free supernatants containing high titers of viral vector and then maintained in long-term marrow culture in the absence of any overt selection pressure. By using this experimental protocol, about 30-40% of the hematopoietic progenitors were productively transduced with the viral vector, as judged by the appearance of G418-resistant colonies derived from granulocyte/macrophage and multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells. The vector-encoded human ADA gene was expressed efficiently in both the myeloid and lymphoid progeny of the cultured bone marrow cells, reaching levels between 15% and 100% as compared to the levels of ADA in normal bone marrow cells. The efficiency of gene transfer and ADA production was proportional to the number of infection cycles. Furthermore, transduction of the ADA vectors into the bone marrow cells derived from an ADA-deficient patient restored the capacity of the cells to respond to phytohemagglutinin and interleukin 2.
Optical-model analysis of elastic scattering of 3He particles by 12C in the range 3.7–15.0 MeV

Abstract Elastic scattering data of 3He particle on 12C at ten energies between 3.7 and 15.0 MeV are analysed in terms of the optical model. Excellent fits to the measured differential cross sections have been obtained using either a five-parameter potential with surface absorption or a four-parameter potential with volume absorption whose real and imaginary parts have the same radius and diffuseness. The present analysis shows that the optical model gives a good description for the elastic scattering of 3He particles from such a light nucleus as 12C at the energy range studied, although physical meaning is less clear due to resonance effects. A systematic study of the variation of parameters with energy is carried out. As expected in the light nuclei, it is found difficult to establish a smooth systematic variation of arameters with energy due to resonance effects. Some features of their behaviour as a function of energy remains to be explained. However, some general trends are found. Inclusion of the spin-orbit potential improved the fits considerably in most cases analysed. Effects of both the volume and surface absorption on the differential cross sections are studied.
Hegemonic Duopoly at the Grass Roots: Why Progressive Third Parties Rarely Win State House Elections

This article addresses why US progressive third parties today seldom win state legislative elections, despite apparent opportunities to the contrary. It analyzes seventeen illustrative races for state representative in New England. It finds that seemingly viable progressive third-party candidates often lose because they are not sufficiently connected to their districts socially. Due to this deficit, they are unable to appeal to as many voters as typically better connected major party opponents. This is interpreted as indicative both of major parties' hegemonic ability to dominate local elections through sheer social influence and of the corresponding need for progressive third parties to develop more such influence.
Histochemical assay of proanthocyanidin heterogeneity in cell cultures

Abstract The distribution patterns and intracellular localization of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) were studied microscopically in cell suspension cultures derived from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco (Douglas fir), and Ribes sanguineum Pursh. (Flowering current) after staining with the nitroso reagent. The specificity and variations of the reaction are discussed.
Twist: a new link from hypoxia to fibrosis.

Sun et al. demonstrate that hypoxia causes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating Twist, a transcription factor known to mediate both acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype and resistance to apoptosis in cancer cells. This study provides clues as to how hypoxia and transforming growth factor-β can collaborate to drive renal fibrogenesis.
Synthetic aperture radar for disaster monitoring

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is well known to afford imaging in darkness and through clouds, smoke, and other obscurants. As such, it is particularly useful for mapping and monitoring a variety of natural and man-made disasters. A portfolio of SAR image examples has been collected using General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc.'s (GA-ASI's) Lynx® family of Ku-Band SAR systems, flown on both operational and test-bed aircraft. Images are provided that include scenes of flooding, ice jams in North Dakota, agricultural field fires in southern California, and ocean oil slicks from seeps off the coast of southern California.