cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Design of Overlay Networks for IP Links Fault Verification

Accurate fault detection and location is essential to the efficient and economical operation of ISP networks. In addition, it affects the performance of Internet applications such as VoIP and online gaming. Fault detection algorithms typically depend on spatial correlation to produce a set of fault hypotheses, the size of which increases by the existence of lost and spurious symptoms, and the overlap among network paths. The network administrator is left with the task of accurately locating and verifying these fault scenarios, which is a tedious and time-consuming task. In this paper, we formulate the problem of designing infrastructure overlay networks for verifying the location of IP links faults taking into account the cost of the debugging paths and the stress on the underlying IP links. We map the problem into a integer generalized flow problem, and prove its NP-hardness. We relax the link stress constraint and formulate the resulting problem as a minimum cost circulation that can be solved in polynomial time. We evaluate the fault verification and IP links coverage capabilities of various overlay network sizes and topologies using real-life Internet topologies. Finally, we identify some interesting research problems in this context.
Age and Alcoholism: Independent Memory Decrements

Similarities and differences in performances on 18 verbal and nonverbal memory tasks were studied in young and old alcoholics and in young and old controls as test of hypotheses postulating that cognitive decrements from alcoholism either mimic "premature aging," are "age sensitive," or are "independent" from those of normal aging. Young and old alcoholics were matched in length and rate of heavy drinking and were also equated with their controls in age, education, and vocabulary. The multivariate memory and decision data, when converted to independent factor scores, separated alcoholic from control groups on a factor reflecting memory for auditorily presented information. This was independent from factor scores affected mainly by age, such as memory for visuospatial items or decision bias. Age and alcoholism produced overlapping but distinctly different profiles of memory impairments. Decrements in young alcoholics did not resemble those of aging nor did old alcoholics surpass old controls in any but one factor, so that neither the premature aging nor the age sensitivity hypothesis were invariably supported.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Detects Areas of Abnormal White Matter Microstructure in Patients with Partial Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: OTCD, an X-linked disorder, is the most common of the UCDs. Neonatal onset is associated with uniformly poor outcome. Males with late-onset OTCD show deficits in executive function, motor planning, and working memory. A broad phenotype is observed in heterozygous females. A specific neurobehavioral phenotype with white matter dysfunction and impaired attention and working memory has been described. The extent to which the deficits involve specific pathways in the brain is unknown. We hypothesized that DTI would disclose white matter microstructure in OTCD correlating with cognitive deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen adults with partial OTCD and 18 adult control subjects ages 19–59 years participated. MR imaging was performed by using a 3T whole-body scanner. Anisotropy was calculated from the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor by using the FA metric and was compared between the study and control groups. RESULTS: FA of the frontal white matter was significantly decreased in subjects, indicating changes in white matter microstructure. There was an inverse relationship between FA and disease severity, but not with age. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of MR imaging in OTCD are often normal in patients with late-onset disease, heterozygotes, or in those not in hyperammonemic crisis. DTI was more sensitive than FSE T2-weighted imaging for detecting abnormalities in normal-appearing white matter. The extent of abnormality correlated with cognitive deficits. The location of the deficits in the frontal white matter is important because this area connects fibers that are vital to executive function, attention, and working memory.
Chronic Inactivation of a Neural Circuit Enhances LTP by Inducing Silent Synapse Formation

Chronic inactivation of a neural network is known to induce homeostatic upregulation of synaptic strength, a form of synaptic plasticity that differs from Hebbian-type synaptic plasticity in that it is not input-specific, but involves all synapses of an individual neuron. However, it is unclear how homeostatic and Hebbian synaptic plasticity interact in the same neuron. Here we show that long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses is greatly enhanced in cultured mouse hippocampal slices after chronic (60 h) network-activity blockade with tetrodotoxin (TTX). This increase in LTP is not due to an altered synaptic NMDA receptor composition or presynaptic function. Instead, we found that silencing neural network activity not only increases the abundance of both AMPA and NMDA receptors at existing synapses as previously described, but also promotes the presence of new glutamatergic synapses that contain only NMDA receptors-a class of synapses that are functionally silent due to the absence of AMPA receptors. Induction of LTP in TTX-treated neurons leads to insertion of AMPA receptors into the silent synapses, thereby "switching on" these silent synapses, which produces the observed enhancement of LTP magnitude. Our findings suggest that homeostatic synaptic plasticity manifests not only in the adjustment of the strength of existing synapses, but also in the modulation of new synapse formation/maintenance. Moreover, presence of new but functionally silent synapses enables more robust LTP to occur through rapid conversion of silent synapses to active synapses, resulting in a stronger input-specific modulation of synapses following prolonged network silencing.
Severe symptomatic babesiosis co-infection with Lyme disease.

Learning point for clinicians When patients presented with malaria-like illness in the areas endemic for Babesia infection, physicians should keep Babesiosis high on their differential list. Co- infection with Borrelia should be considered in patients with atypical presentation or with a poor response to proper therapy. Babesiosis is a tick-borne malaria-like disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan Babesia , most commonly B. microti. The presentation is gradual on onset and varies among the species. We report a case of severe symptomatic Babesiosis co-infection with Lyme disease. A 70-year-old male with known history of controlled hypertension, presented to the emergency department with sudden onset of headaches, high fevers, non-bilious vomiting and low urine output for the past 4 days. The patient had recently emigrated from Bangladesh 6 months ago and had been staying with his daughter …
Effect of ZSM-5 acidity on aromatic product selectivity during upgrading of pine pyrolysis vapors

Abstract The impact of catalyst acidity on the selectivity of upgraded biomass pyrolysis products was studied by passing pine pyrolysis vapors over five ZSM-5 catalysts of varying acidity at 500 °C. The SiO2-to-Al2O3 ratio (SAR) of the ZSM-5 zeolite was varied from 23 to 280 to control the acidity of the catalyst and the composition of upgraded products. The upgraded product stream was analyzed by GCMS. Additionally, catalysts were characterized using temperature programmed desorption, diffuse-reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the biomass pyrolysis vapors were highly deoxygenated to form a slate of aromatic hydrocarbons over all of the tested ZSM-5 catalysts. As the overall acidity of the ZSM-5 increased the selectivity toward alkylated (substituted) aromatics (e.g., xylene, dimethyl-naphthalene, and methyl-anthracene) decreased while the selectivity toward unsubstituted aromatics (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene) increased. Additionally, the selectivity toward polycyclic aromatic compounds (2-ring and 3-ring) increased as catalyst acidity increased, corresponding to a decrease in acid site spacing. The increased selectivity toward less substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds with increasing acidity is related to the relative rates of cyclization and alkylation reactions within the zeolite structure. As the acid site concentration increases and sites become closer to each other, the formation of additional cyclization products occurs at a greater rate than alkylated products. The ability to adjust product selectivity within 1-, 2-, and 3-ring aromatic families, as well as the degree of substitution, by varying ZSM-5 acidity could have significant benefits in terms creating a slate of upgraded biomass pyrolysis products to meet specific target market demands.
Pressure-flow relationship in the nonpregnant uterine vascular bed.

Abstract Uterine perfusion pressure-flow relationships were determined in eight nonpregnant ewes. The curve of best fit was described by a quadratic equation. Such a curvlinear line with convexity to the flow axis is consistent with an autoregulated vasculature. Differential placental and nonplacental vascular responses were determined in two gravid ewes with the use of nuclide-labeled microspheres. At 50 days' gestation, placental and nonplacental responses were similar to those of the nonpregnant ewes. At 110 days' gestation, nonplacental responses were similar to those of nonpregnant ewes while the placental response approximated the previously described linear relationship. These limited observations suggest (1) that the placental vasculature progressively matures to a state of maximal dilatation by the onset of the third trimester and that demonstrable vascular reactivity will vary accordingly and (2) that the pressure-flow relationship of the mature placental vasculature is a minimally curvilinear one with convexity to the pressure axis.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta: Current Understanding of Genotype-Phenotype

There are nearly 100 hereditary conditions that affect enamel formation. Hereditary enamel conditions not associated with other tissue or developmental defects are traditionally referred to as amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Enamel malformations involve either a deficiency in the amount of enamel (hypoplasia), a decrease in the mineral content or change in the composition of enamel (hypomineralization), or a combination of these two manifestations. The different amelogenesis imperfectas are challenging to diagnose and treat as they are extremely diverse in their clinical presentation and are genetically heterogeneous. There are multiple genes now known to cause AI and these different genes code for proteins that are critical for normal enamel formation. Ten genes with mutations known to cause AI have already been discovered, and the powerful new molecular technologies now available will help identify new genes that are associated with enamel defects. Understanding the etiology of hereditary conditions affecting enamel and how the enamel differs from normal (amount and/or composition) will allow clinicians to better advise their patients and select optimal treatment approaches.
It takes the world to understand the brain

We are on the verge of a fundamental leap toward understanding the human brain, and the implications for health and society are profound. Large-scale brain projects have been launched or are being planned in multiple continents and countries ( 1 – 4 ). In June, about 50 leading scientists from the United States, Europe, Japan, Korea, and China gathered in Suzhou, China (organized by Cold Spring Harbor Asia) to discuss the opportunities and challenges in brain research ( 5 ). The benefits of international coordination and collaboration were recognized, and the discussions laid a foundation for future meetings aimed at fleshing out details related to specific goals.
Clinical Outcomes With Mucosal Sparing Radiation Therapy in Resected Oropharyngeal Cancer

functional status in patients treated with either VMAT or PBS with and without cisplatin for OPSCC. Materials/Methods: We examined 95 consecutive patients from April 2013 to November 2014 who were treated with definitive radiation therapy (RT) or adjuvant RT following transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Individual ipsilateral and contralateral saliva-producing structures including parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, as well as buccal mucosa, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, and upper and lower lips were contoured. Patient-reported QOL questionnaires (nZ229), including the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-QLQ30, EORTC-HN Pyronia Medical. A. Lin: None. O. Zhou: None. J.N. Lukens: None. S. Sharma: None.
Supplementation of organic acids and algae extracts in the diet of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus: immunological impacts

The evaluation of a wide variety of immunostimulatory compounds in the diet of cultured fish has received heightened attention in recent years. However, two organic acids, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and potassium diformate (KDF), have been researched to only a limited extent with aquatic species but have been shown to have various positive effects on terrestrial animals. Two algae extracts, carrageenan and alginic acid, also have been shown to elicit immunostimulation in some fish. Therefore, this study was conducted with red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, as a model marine species to study the effects of organic acids and algae extracts as feed supplements by evaluating several humoral and cellular immune responses. A 7-week feeding trial was conducted with disease-free juvenile red drum (average initial wt. 2.6 ± 0.2 g). Semipurified diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contain 40% crude protein. Based on previous studies with other fish species, experimental diets were produced by supplementing the basal diet with KDF at 0.6%, PHB at 2%, alginic acid at 1% or carrageenan at 0.5% by weight in place of cellulose. Fish were stocked into 110-L aquaria operated as a recirculating system with each diet assigned to three replicate aquaria containing 15 fish. At the end of 7 weeks, weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in fish feed PHB compared to the basal diet and both algae extracts. The greatest phagocytic activity was found in fish fed the diet containing PHB. Total immunoglobulin level was higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with carrageenan. Goblet cell proliferation was greatest in the posterior end of the gastrointestinal tract but not different among dietary treatments. Organic acids and algae extracts evaluated in this study produced variable immunological responses in red drum with carrageenan showing the greatest potential as an immunostimulant.
Design Space Exploration of the Violacein Pathway in Escherichia coli Based Transcription Translation Cell-Free System (TX-TL)

In this study, an Escherichia coli (E. coli) based transcription translation cell-free system (TX-TL) was employed to sample various enzyme expression levels of the violacein pathway. The pathway was successfully reconstructed in TX-TL. Its variation produced different metabolites as evident from the extracts assorted colors. Analysis of the violacein product via UV-Vis absorption and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detected 68 nanograms of violacein per 10 microliters reaction volume. Significant buildup of prodeoxyviolacein intermediate was also detected in the equimolar TX-TL reaction. Finally, design space exploration experiments suggested an improvement in violacein production at high VioC and VioD DNA concentrations.
G381 Finding abnormalities on ultrasound after a first urinary tract infection, does it change management?

Introduction The 2007 NICE guidelines on urinary tract infection 1 (UTI) in children advised not to investigate children over 6 months with a typical first UTI. Birmingham Children’s Hospital (BCH) have continued to do a urinary tract ultrasound (USS) after the first UTI in children of all ages. Aim To define how many children have an abnormal USS after a first UTI and whether this affects their management To see if urine samples were collected in a satisfactory manner Methods A retrospective audit was completed to assess the rate of abnormalities diagnosed on USS in those who presented with a first UTI. The patients were identified by searching all who had USS Urinary Tracts for the indication of first UTI between January 2013 and October 2014. The USS results along with any further imaging done, follow up, culture results and methods of culture collection were collected. Abnormalities were graded according to a system used by Nelson et al 2 . Results 151 patients had an USS after their first UTI. 32% of children had abnormal results; including 12 (8%) of children with the most serious abnormalities including moderate to severe hydronephrosis, renal scaring or atrophy. 36 (24%) had milder abnormalities including mild hydronephrosis and duplex kidneys. Of those with abnormalities 38% had some form of follow up imaging. Of the 12 patients with the most severe abnormalities, only 5 patients (3%) had active treatment including two who had antibiotics prophylaxis and three who had surgery. There was a pure growth of E.coli in 67% of patients, 7% of patients had a non-E.coli growth, the rest had none or mixed growth, or no sample was sent. Urine was collected in a satisfactory manner in 94% of cases, including clean catch, in out catheter or a mid stream specimen. Conclusions The practice of doing USS for the first UTI at BCH may be justified given the high incidence of urinary tract abnormalities found; however as only 3% of patients received active treatment this knowledge does not change management in the majority of patients. References NICE guideline CG54: Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management. Aug 2007 Nelson et al . Ultrasound as a screening test for genitourinary anomalies in Children with UTI. Pediatrics. 2014;133 (3):e394–e403
Prepare, a randomized trial to promote and evaluate weight loss among overweight and obese women planning pregnancy: Study design and rationale

Abstract Background Women who are overweight or have obesity at pregnancy onset, and those who gain excessive weight during pregnancy, are at increased risk of pregnancy-related complications and large for gestational age infants. Objective This report describes methodology for the Prepare study, a randomized, controlled clinical trial testing a preconception and pregnancy weight management program for women who are overweight or have obesity (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m 2 ). Outcomes This trial examines multiple pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, with the primary outcome being gestational weight gain (GWG). Secondary outcomes include change in weight before conception, offspring birth weight adjusted for gestational age, offspring weight for length, and pregnancy diet quality and physical activity level. Methods Nonpregnant women who anticipate becoming pregnant in the next 2 years are randomly assigned to an intervention program or a usual care control condition. Intervention participants receive weight management counseling by telephone before and during pregnancy, with weekly contacts during the first 6 months and monthly contacts for the next 18 months. Intervention participants also have unlimited access to a study website that provides self-management tools. All participants who become pregnant are contacted at 20 weeks' gestation to assess physical activity levels and dietary habits. All other outcome data are obtained from medical records. Intervention satisfaction is assessed via questionnaire. Summary This clinical trial tests the efficacy of an intervention program designed to help overweight and obese women achieve healthy lifestyle changes that will result in a healthy weight prior to pregnancy and appropriate weight gain during pregnancy.
Advances in rapid condition assessments of rock art sites: Rock Art Stability Index (RASI)

Abstract The Rock Art Stability Index (RASI) is a rapid, quantitative approach to rock art condition assessment. Research carried out at Petrified Forest National Park, USA, demonstrates that, following a 2-day training session, site evaluators obtained replicable results, facilitating a condition assessment of over 3500 engraved panels. Two electron microscopy case studies allowed us to identify the specific rock decay processes and major causes of destruction on panels that were RASI-scored as in high threat, suggesting potential avenues for future conservation interventions. This approach illustrates a holistic strategy for rock art conservation.
Formal Analysis for Dependable Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition in Smart Grids

Smart grids provide innovative and efficient energy management services that offer operational reliability. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a core component of a smart grid. Unlike the traditional cyber networks, these components consist of heterogeneous devices, such as intelligent electronic devices, programmable logic controllers, remote terminal units, control servers, routing and security devices, etc. SCADA devices communicate with one another under various communication protocols, physical media, and security properties. Failures or attacks on such networks have the potential of data unavailability and false data injection causing incorrect system estimations and control decisions leading to critical damages including power outages and destruction of equipment. In this work, we develop an automated security and resiliency analysis framework for SCADA in smart grids. This framework takes smart grid configurations and organizational security and resiliency requirements as inputs, formally models configurations and various security constraints, and verifies the dependability of the system under potential contingencies. We demonstrate the execution of this framework on an example problem. We also evaluate the scalability of the framework on synthetic SCADA systems.
An “Internet of Ears” for crowd-aware smart buildings based on sparse sensor networks

This paper introduces sparse low-power sensor networks using passive seismic sensors for crowd-aware smart buildings, resulting in an “Internet of Ears (IoE)” that can hierarchically detect human footsteps, estimate walk direction, and track person position. An energy-based thresholding footstep detector was developed using wavelet transform for pre-filtering the noise-prone ambient vibrations detected by the sensors. An efficient time delay estimate based on maximum power criterion is proposed for beamforming. Indoor occupant localization based on a least squares (LS) method and using improved time delay estimation is also briefly introduced. Experimental results in two different buildings show the effectiveness of the footstep detection and occupant localization methods, with detection accuracy of 98.3% and average localization error <25 cm.
Analysis of Acetabular Ossification From the Triradiate Cartilage and Secondary Centers.

Background Acetabular development is a complex process that involves both endochondral growth from the triradiate cartilage (TRC) and intramembranous growth from the primary and secondary ossification centers of the innominate bones. Ponseti and others have described these centers including their contribution toward the development of normal acetabular shape. Prior studies have not utilized advanced imaging to study the appearance and closure of these secondary centers. The purpose of this study was to determine the chronological age at which the secondary ossification centers of the acetabulum appear and close and where there are any sex differences. Methods Patients who underwent abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans between January 2009 and December 2014 at a pediatric hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients between age 6 and 16 years with adequate imaging of acetabulum were included. CT scans were assessed for the appearance and closure of the 3 acetabular secondary ossification centers [anterior (os pubis), superior (os ilium), and posterior (os ischium)] and closure of the TRC. Results A total of 159 CT scans met inclusion criteria (66 males and 93 females). The median age of appearance of the secondary ossification centers was: posterior (10.1 females, 12.8 males), anterior (10.7 females, 13.4 males), and superior (11.1 females, 13.6 males). The median age of closure of the secondary ossification centers was: posterior (12.8 females, 13.6 males), anterior (12.8 females, 13.9 males), superior (14.5 females, 13.9 males), and TRC (14.5 females, 14.3 males). Most ossification centers in females appeared and closed approximately 2 to 3 years before males. Conclusions Secondary ossification centers in the acetabulum appear sequentially (first posterior, then anterior, then superior), with almost all centers closing just before TRC. Closure occurs earlier in females than males. Knowledge of these centers and their closure patterns allows better radiologic readings (especially CT studies) and understanding of acetabular growth, allowing more informed management of childhood hip conditions including dysplasia, trauma, and over-use sports injuries. Level of evidence Level III-Diagnostic.
A Time-Domain Propagator Numerical Method for Computational Electromagnetics

A new time-domain numerical method for full-wave electromagnetic scattering and propagation is presented. The propagator method can be described as a numerical integral operator technique for moving the electromagnetic field through numerical space at successive increments in time. The numerical equations are obtained by discretizing electric and magnetic field propagator integrals. A primary feature of the propagator method is that all six electromagnetic-field components are calculated at each numerical grid point and all components are in time synchronization. Constant spatial and time increments are maintained throughout an inhomogeneous numerical space by employing an extrapolation procedure that ensures causality. A simple and effective first-order absorbing boundary condition, described as the null boundary condition, is introduced. Examples, provided in one-, two-, and three-dimensions, include plane wave reflection from and transmission through a planar boundary, and scattering and radar cross sections for canonical dielectric objects.
Dr. Glick Replies

Sir: I appreciate Dr. Manning's careful reading of my article. I agree that the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is difficult not only for primary care providers but also for psychiatrists. Only a controlled random-assignment study can determine which specialty accomplishes diagnosis and management better. I also agree that competent clinicians should always practice within the boundaries of “training, experience, and proven ability.” Parenthetically, what data on “proven ability” is Dr. Manning referring to? Finally, I applaud the sentiment that he welcomes a time when “psychiatry and primary care integrate into a seamless delivery system.” In fact, in my opinion, psychiatrists are going through a major shift in their roles from a core identity as “psychodynamic psychotherapist” in the 1960s to “biological psychopharmacologist” in the 1990s to “primary care plus psychiatric caregivers” in the new millennium.
Git on the cloud

Faculty, industry, and even students recognize that version control is essential for tracking and coordinating changes among contributors to a project. Indeed, many employers view job candidates with version control experience as more qualified. Despite its importance, faculty may avoid version control in the classroom for lack of time or experience, to the detriment of their students. This workshop gives participants experience in using version control with cloud project hosting services, but assumes no prior experience. We believe that workshop participants will gain enough skill to adopt version control on project hosting services for their courses.
Σ1-Collection and the finite injury priority method

We show that there is an intermediate recursively enumerable Turing degree in every model of P−+BΣ1. The proof is not uniform, depending on whether IΣ1 holds. There is a model of P−+BΣ1 in which there is a least recursively enumerable degree strictly above the recursive degree. Thus, the Sacks Splitting Theorem cannot be proven in P−+BΣ1.
Perspectives on a Stage-Based Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Dialectical Behavior Therapy Consumers in Public Mental Health Settings

Difficulties with consumer engagement are a common barrier to implementing trauma-focused evidence-based psychotherapies (TF-EBPs). Potential methods of increasing engagement include utilizing a stage-based treatment approach, and involving consumers in implementation efforts. This mixed method study explored consumers’ perspectives on a stage-based TF-EBP, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) with the DBT Prolonged Exposure (DBT PE) protocol. Nineteen DBT consumers in two public mental health agencies targeted for implementation of DBT + DBT PE participated in focus groups and completed questionnaires assessing treatment preferences and expectancies. Consumers reported positive treatment expectancies and a strong preference for DBT with DBT PE (89.5%) over DBT alone (5.3%) or PE alone (5.3%). This was primarily due to beliefs about the treatment’s efficacy, a perceived need for PTSD treatment, and the stage-based approach. Consumer-focused strategies for increasing uptake and reach of TF-EBPs are discussed.
Alcohol Craving Predicts Relapse After Residential Addiction Treatment.

Aims Replicate the previously reported association of elevated alcohol craving, measured by Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) during residential treatment, with post-treatment relapse and explore whether elevated craving scores 3 months post-treatment are also associated with subsequent relapse. Methods Alcohol craving was assessed with the PACS on admission and at several time points post-treatment in 190 subjects with DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence admitted to residential treatment. Data about relapse to any drinking (primary outcome measure) was collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment. Cox regression models were used to determine whether PACS scores were associated with relapse. Statistical models were adjusted for meaningful demographic and clinical covariates. Results Follow-up data was available for 149/190 (78%) of subjects. Elevated PACS scores at discharge were associated with increased relapse risk within the first 3 and 12 months after discharge (P = 0.032 and P = 0.045, respectively). Elevated PACS scores at 3 months were associated with increased risk of subsequent relapse within 12 months after treatment in contacted subjects (P = 0.034) and in the intent-to-treat analysis (P = 0.0001). Conclusions Our findings indicate strong association of post-treatment relapse with elevated alcohol craving measured at treatment completion and at 3 months after treatment and justify the use of this measure to guide relapse-prevention efforts.
Developing a Framework for Population Health in Interprofessional Training: An Interprofessional Education Module

Interprofessional education (IPE) is based on the concept that health professional students are best trained on the skills, knowledge and attitudes that promote population health when they learn with and about others from diverse health science fields. Previously, IPE has focused almost exclusively on the clinical context. This study piloted and evaluated an IPE learning experience that emphasizes population health in a sample of public health undergraduate students. We hypothesized that students who completed the two-hour online asynchronous module would better understand the value of public health’s role in interprofessional teams, the benefit of interprofessional team work in improving health outcomes, and the value of collaborative learning with other interprofessional students. Students engaged in pre- and post-training assessments and individual reflections throughout the module. Sixty-seven undergraduate public health students completed the module and assessments. After completion, a greater proportion strongly agreed that students from different health science disciplines should be educated in the same setting to form collaborative relationships with one another (19% and 39% before and after completion, respectively). A greater proportion also strongly agreed that care delivered by an interprofessional team would benefit the health outcomes of a patient/client after the training (60% vs. 75% before and after, respectively). Mean scores describing how strongly students agreed with the above two statements significantly increased post-training. A greater proportion of students strongly agreed that incorporating the public health discipline as part of an interprofessional team is crucial to address the social determinants of health for individual health outcomes after taking the training (40% vs. 55% before and after, respectively). There was little change in attitudes about the importance of incorporating public health as part of an interprofessional team to address social determinants of health for population health outcomes, which were strongly positive before the training. Most students reported being satisfied with the module presentation and felt their understanding of interprofessional practice improved. This training may be useful for students from all health disciplines to recognize the benefits of engaging with and learning from public health students and to recognize the important role of public health in interprofessional practices.
A noninvasive method for the estimation of increased intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury using optic nerve sheath diameter measured on computed tomography head.

Background Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) using ocular ultrasonography has shown a promise in predicting increased intracranial pressure (ICP). However, this method is dependent on operator technique and equipment availability. We propose an alternative method of measuring ONSD and Marshall score grading by utilizing initial computed tomography (CT) head obtained on admission. We believe that such a technique could help predict patients requiring an invasive ICP monitor on admission. Methods Patients were retrospectively selected from the neurosurgery database of a level II trauma center. Control patients originated from a database of nontraumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with a negative CT head and no intracranial pathology. Study subjects included patients aged 18-90 years, who sustained a severe TBI requiring placement of an ICP monitor on admission. All patients had a non-contrast CT head before the placement of an ICP monitor. Patients receiving any intervention for decreasing suspected elevated ICPs and those with any documented orbital fractures before ICP monitor placement were excluded from the study. All measurements were performed by at least of two independent assessors. Results A total of 242 patients were reviewed, of which 204 (100 control and 104 intervention) met inclusion criteria for this study. T he average age in the control group was 49.1 ± 22.9 years old while the average age of the intervention group was 36.9 ± 15.1 years (P < 0.0001). The average Glasgow Coma Scale was 7 in the intervention group. The average ONSD of the control group was 5.73 ± 0.58 mm compared to 6.76 ± 0.83 mm in the intervention group (P < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between ONSD and opening ICP (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) and peak ICP (r = 0.31, P < 0.0001). An ONSD ≥6.0 mm + Marshall score ≥3 on initial CT head demonstrated a 92.5% sensitivity, 92.6% specificity, and 96.1% positive predictive value for developing an ICP ≥20 mmHg during hospitalization. Conclusion Utilizing ONSD in combination with Marshall score grading on initial CT head is a strong predictor of elevated ICP. These criteria can be used in future studies to develop more objective criteria to guide ICP monitor placement.
Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes About Contraception Among Rural Latino Adolescents and Young Adults.

Purpose Latino youth experience significant disparities in rates of teen pregnancy, and reproductive health needs of rural Latino youth are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to describe knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about contraception among rural Latino adolescents and young adults (Latino youth). Methods Eighty-four Latino youth, aged 15-24 years from rural Kansas communities participated in 15 focus groups (FG) and completed an individual survey. The survey assessed demographics and acculturation. FG participants discussed attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived sexual behaviors regarding teen sexuality, pregnancy, and contraception. Results FGs revealed multiple obstacles to accessing reproductive health services: geographical/rural location, cultural barriers, religious influences, lack of sexual education, and personal attitudes toward pregnancy and contraception use. Participants described close-knit communities with limited access to confidential reproductive health care. They identified cultural and religious factors (sexual taboo, virginity, Familismo, and family dishonor) that influence family planning behaviors among Latino youth and obstruct access to sexual health and contraception knowledge and services. Ambivalence regarding pregnancy intentions was common, along with the belief that contraception equates with abortion. Conclusions Latino youth in rural communities face multiple physical and sociocultural obstacles to accessing family planning information and services. Community-based pregnancy prevention interventions must target these obstacles to optimize reproductive health outcomes for Latino youth in rural settings.
Future Directions in Single-Session Youth Mental Health Interventions

The United States spends more money on mental health services than any other country, yet access to effective psychological services remains strikingly low. The need-to-access gap is especially wide among children and adolescents, with up to 80% of youths with mental health needs going without services, and the remainder often receiving insufficient or untested care. Single-session interventions (SSIs) may offer a promising path toward improving accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and completion rates for youth mental health services. SSIs are structured programs that intentionally involve only one visit or encounter with a clinic, provider, or program; they may serve as stand-alone or adjunctive clinical services. A growing body of evidence supports the capacity of SSIs to reduce and prevent youth psychopathology of multiple types. Here, we provide a working definition of SSIs for use in future research and practice; summarize the literature to date on SSIs for child and adolescent mental health; and propose recommendations for the future design, evaluation, and implementation of SSIs across a variety of settings and contexts. We hope that this paper will serve as an actionable research agenda for gauging the full potential of SSIs as a force for youth mental health.
Ping-Pong Housing: Women’s Post-Incarceration Trajectories:

This study examines the post-incarceration housing experiences of 33 women. Using Residential Timeline Followback methodology, participants were asked to report where they lived at arrest and every...
Complexity and Corruption Risk in Human Systems

This paper applies concepts from complexity science to describe corruption risk in the context of various types of uncertainty intrinsic to social interaction systems [12]. This is in contrast to typical approaches that focus on individual ethics and agency issues that are observed during human organizing (cf. [23]). More specifically, this article argues that disequilibrium conditions in organizations [15, 16] emerge as opportunity tension [7] creates value potential which perturbs the alignment of attention among the agent population related to their expectations about the benefits of participating in the organizational system.
Classical and fluctuation‐induced electromagnetic interactions in micron‐scale systems: designer bonding, antibonding, and Casimir forces

Whether intentionally introduced to exert control over particles and macroscopic objects, such as for trapping or cooling, or whether arising from the quantum and thermal fluctuations of charges in otherwise neutral bodies, leading to unwanted stiction between nearby mechanical parts, electromagnetic interactions play a fundamental role in many naturally occurring processes and technologies. In this review, we survey recent progress in the understanding and experimental observation of optomechanical and quantum-fluctuation forces. Although both of these effects arise from exchange of electromagnetic momentum, their dramatically different origins, involving either real or virtual photons, lead to different physical manifestations and design principles. Specifically, we describe recent predictions and measurements of attractive and repulsive optomechanical forces, based on the bonding and antibonding interactions of evanescent waves, as well as predictions of modified and even repulsive Casimir forces between nanostructured bodies. Finally, we discuss the potential impact and interplay of these forces in emerging experimental regimes of micromechanical devices.
Certifying Auto-Generated Flight Code

Model-based design and automated code generation are being used increasingly at NASA. Many NASA projects now use MathWorks Simulink and Real-Time Workshop for at least some of their modeling and code development. However, there are substantial obstacles to more widespread adoption of code generators in safety-critical domains. Since code generators are typically not qualified, there is no guarantee that their output is correct, and consequently the generated code still needs to be fully tested and certified. Moreover, the regeneration of code can require complete recertification, which offsets many of the advantages of using a generator. Indeed, manual review of autocode can be more challenging than for hand-written code. Since the direct V&V of code generators is too laborious and complicated due to their complex (and often proprietary) nature, we have developed a generator plug-in to support the certification of the auto-generated code. Specifically, the AutoCert tool supports certification by formally verifying that the generated code is free of different safety violations, by constructing an independently verifiable certificate, and by explaining its analysis in a textual form suitable for code reviews. The generated documentation also contains substantial tracing information, allowing users to trace between model, code, documentation, and V&V artifacts. This enables missions to obtain assurance about the safety and reliability of the code without excessive manual V&V effort and, as a consequence, eases the acceptance of code generators in safety-critical contexts. The generation of explicit certificates and textual reports is particularly well-suited to supporting independent V&V. The primary contribution of this approach is the combination of human-friendly documentation with formal analysis. The key technical idea is to exploit the idiomatic nature of auto-generated code in order to automatically infer logical annotations. The annotation inference algorithm itself is generic, and parametrized with respect to a library of coding patterns that depend on the safety policies and the code generator. The patterns characterize the notions of definitions and uses that are specific to the given safety property. For example, for initialization safety, definitions correspond to variable initializations while uses are statements which read a variable, whereas for array bounds safety, definitions are the array declarations, while uses are statements which access an array variable. The inferred annotations are thus highly dependent on the actual program and the properties being proven. The annotations, themselves, need not be trusted, but are crucial to obtain the automatic formal verification of the safety properties without requiring access to the internals of the code generator. The approach has been applied to both in-house and commercial code generators, but is independent of the particular generator used. It is currently being adapted to flight code generated using MathWorks Real-Time Workshop, an automatic code generator that translates from Simulink/Stateflow models into embedded C code.
Hormones and Aggression in Female Mammals

Aggressive behavior commonly is thought of as the prerogative of males. However, females of a variety of species are aggressive and can compete for rank or other resources with important biological consequences.
Analytical affinity chromatography : I. Local equilibrium theory and the measurement of association and inhibition constants

Affinity chromatography can be used as an analytical tool to measure the binding constants for biological interactions. Most chromatography theories are based on the assumption that the equilibrium isotherm is linear, a poor assumption for most biological interactions. This paper presents a local-equilibrium theory for nonlinear zonal and frontal elution chromatography. Results are compared to other commonly-used affinity chromatography elution equations. The effect of isotherm nonlinearity is shown to be relatively small, provided the product of the association constant and feed concentration is less than 1. The major effect of nonlinearity is zone spreading; this can be very important when measuring rate constants. The measurement of binding kinetics by analytical affinity chromatography is discussed in Part II.
Power Spectra of Digitally Modulated Signals

The spectral characteristics of digitally modulated signals is an important element in the design of digital communication systems for transmitting information through a communication channel. This article describes the spectral characteristics of both linearly modulated and nonlinearly modulated signals. Linearly modulated signals include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Nonlinearly modulated signals include continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) and continuous-phase modulation (CPM). Keywords: power spectra of digitally modulated signals; PAM; PSK; QAM; CPFSK; CPM
J/ψ and charm transport at RHIC⁎

The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions displays fascinating new properties. Charm is one of the rare probes of the QGP. A multiphase transport (AMPT) model is used to study the final state interactions of charm quarks with the QGP. Results on open charm (D mesons) and hidden charm ( J / ψ ) will be presented as different aspects of charm final state interactions.
Issues of Culture in Mathematics Teaching and Learning

Public education of America's students has for over a century provided educational opportunities to students using cultural traditions and theories of learning based on the dominant or majority population. Students who were members of or who were acculturated into the dominant culture were generally successful in mathematics. Others were left behind. This article demonstrates through theory and application that educators can teach mathematics to include more of the excluded students, especially African-American students. Educators must consider the culture of our students as we adopt an accommodating cultural pedagogy—one that gives the students the power to be a part of the mathematics culture as they use the familiar knowledge (which becomes power) of their culture.
Lowe, Irving J.: My Life in the Rotating Frame

The sections in this article are 1 Preamble 2 Rigid Lattice Lineshapes and the FT Theorem 3 Magic Angle Spinning and RF Narrowing 4 Relaxation in the Rotating Frame 5 Epilogue 6 Biographical Sketch