cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closed-form solutions to problems of wave propagation in a rigid, workhardening, locking rod

Abstract One-dimensional wave propagation in a semi-infinite, rigid, workhardening, locking rod is considered. The general problem is discussed and closed-form solutions are obtained for several special cases. It is anticipated that the latter will provide useful check-cases for numerical programs designed to cope with wave propagation in media with complex constitutive laws. The stipulated mechanical behavior is also interesting in its own right since it is qualitatively typical of soils in uniaxial compressive strain.
Component development and integration issues for bio/chemometric appliations of VCSEL and MOEMS arrays

The rapid advancement of electro-optical components and micro-mechanical devices has led to increased functionality in decreasing package sizes. In particular, the development of massively parallel arrays of optical sources such as Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) and innovative micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) has opened the door for new possibilities. Recently, there has been a drive toward integration of the sensing, processing and actuation functions in a single package for fully integrated performance. One area which can benefit from this research is real time, spectroscopic analysis of biological and chemical samples. Numerous situations require a compact, self-contained bio/chemometric system for rapid, low cost spectral analysis or monitoring. To fully realize this potential, further component development and integration issues must be addressed. This paper will present the status of the VCSEL and MOEMS programs at the Institute and initial integration activities. The VCSELs are based on multiple quantum well Ga/As/InGaAs and GaAs/AlGaAs architectures with monolithic, epitaxially grown distributed Bragg reflectors. The VCSEL arrays have 6-15 micron apertures, 100 micron pitch and a mA threshold current. In parallel, the MOEMS program is focused on the development of active, reconfigurable diffractive and reflective arrays whose surface topology can be changed in real time. These MOEMS arrays can be sued to redirect light for flexible interrogation of samples. The combination of these two technologies offers a unique opportunity for fully functional systems on a chip.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NO-dependent osteoclast motility: reliance on cGMP-dependent protein kinase I and VASP

The osteoclast degrades bone in cycles; between cycles, the cell is motile. Resorption occurs by acid transport into an extracellular compartment defined by an αvβ3 integrin ring. NO has been implicated in the regulation of bone turnover due to stretch or via estrogen signals, but a specific mechanism linking NO to osteoclastic activity has not been described. NO stimulates osteoclast motility, and at high concentrations NO causes detachment and terminates resorption. Here we demonstrate that NO regulates attachment through the cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG I) via phosphorylation of the intermediate protein VASP. VASP colocalized with the αvβ3 ring in stationary cells, but alternating bands of VASP and αvβ3 occurred when motility was induced by NO donors or cGMP. Redistribution of VASP correlated with its phosphorylation. Dependency of NO-induced motility on PKG I and on VASP was shown by siRNA knockdown of each protein. VASP knockdown also altered distribution of αvβ3 at the attachment site. We conclude that PKG I and VASP are essential for reorganization of attachment and cytoplasmic proteins in motility induced by NO or by cGMP.
Mesenchymal stem cells: From bench to bedside.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have tremendous promise for use in a variety of clinical applications. The ability of these cells to self-renew and differentiate into multiple tissues makes them an attractive cell source for a new generation of cell-based regenerative therapies. Encouraging results from clinical trials have also generated growing enthusiasm regarding MSC therapy and related treatment, but gaps remain in understanding MSC tissue repair mechanisms and in clinical strategies for efficient cell delivery and consistent therapeutic outcomes. For these reasons, discoveries from basic research and their implementation in clinical trials are essential to advance MSC therapy from the laboratory bench to the patient’s bedside.
The prismatic case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

A personal memoir of the discovery of a new form of hypertension, apparent mineralocorticoid excess, came about through painstaking analysis of the symptoms of a Zuni Indian girl. The study of this patient opened a new field of receptor biology, i.e. how glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids interact with receptors. Therefore, the patient was a prismatic case.
The relationship between alcohol consumption and past-year smoking initiation in a sample of undergraduates.

Background: Although most young people begin smoking before the age of 18, the results of a growing number of recent studies have shown a sizable minority of college students initiate smoking while in college. Moreover, the use of alcohol by college students has been linked to smoking initiation in some studies in the literature. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between past-year drinking frequency and past-year smoking initiation among a sample of college students. Methods: A total of 1,523 undergraduate students attending a large urban university in the southwestern United States were invited to participate in an Internet study examining college student lifestyles and behaviors. Results: The results of a logistic regression analysis indicated a significant association between past-year alcohol consumption and the likelihood of past-year smoking initiation after controlling for respondent race, the past-year use of marijuana, illicit drug use, and prescription drug use...
Reimagining Alzheimer's Disease—An Age-Based Hypothesis

The historical roots of Alzheimer's disease provide a sound conceptual basis for linking the behavioral and neurological symptoms of the disease with the frequently associated pathology of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Out of these roots has grown the "amyloid cascade hypothesis"--a vision of the etiology of Alzheimer's that has spurred the discovery of many important insights into the neurobiology of the disease. Despite these successes, the wealth of new data now available to biomedical researchers urges a full review of the origins of Alzheimer's, and such a reconsideration is offered here. It begins with the most widely accepted risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease: age. Then, for an individual to progress from normal age-appropriate cognitive function to a condition where the full palette of clinical symptoms is expressed, three key steps are envisioned: (1) an initiating injury, (2) a chronic neuroinflammatory response, and (3) a discontinuous cellular change of state involving most, if not all, of the cell types of the brain. The amyloid cascade is integrated into this sequence, but reconfigured as an amyloid deposition cycle. In this way, the pathology of amyloid plaques is envisioned as highly correlated with, but mechanistically distinct from, the three obligatory steps leading to Alzheimer's disease. The implications of this new model are discussed with respect to our current diagnostic criteria, and suggestions are put forward for expanding our future research efforts.
Adolescents' Perceptions of the Costs and Benefits of Engaging in Health-Compromising Behaviors.

The present investigation examined the costs and benefits that adolescents perceive for engaging or not engaging in two potentially health-compromising behaviors: underage alcohol use and nonmarital sexual intercourse. A number of hypotheses regarding gender, behavioral status, and grade differences were examined in a sample of over 2400 7th–12th graders. Our hypotheses were more clearly confirmed for perceived costs than for perceived benefits. For both sexual activity and alcohol use, there were strong differences in perceived costs between the two status groups, with nondrinkers and nonsexually active adolescents perceiving significantly more costs to these behaviors. Contrary to our hypotheses, perceived benefits did not discriminate between the two status groups. As was hypothesized, girls generally perceived more costs than did boys for engaging in sexual intercourse and using alcohol; students' perceptions of the costs of alcohol use decreased with increasing grade level. The grade trends concerning the other costs and benefits scales were all complicated by interactions with behavioral status. This study supports the idea that adolescents' perceptions of the costs and benefits of various health-compromising behaviors are related to gender, age, and the behaviors themselves. The findings further indicate that the costs adolescents perceive are more important than the perceived benefits for understanding why some adolescents engage in these behaviors and others do not.
Characterization of soluble glycoprotein D-mediated herpes simplex virus type 1 infection

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) entry into permissive cells involves attachment to cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane triggered by the binding of glycoprotein D (gD) to cognate receptors. In this study, we characterized the observation that soluble forms of the gD ectodomain (sgD) can mediate entry of gD-deficient HSV-1. We examined the efficiency and receptor specificity of this activity and used sequential incubation protocols to determine the order and stability of the initial interactions required for entry. Surprisingly, virus binding to GAGs did not increase the efficiency of sgD-mediated entry and gD-deficient virus was capable of attaching to GAG-deficient cells in the absence of sgD. These observations suggested a novel binding interaction that may play a role in normal HSV infection.
A defasciculating dose of d-tubocurarine causes resistance to succinylcholine.

Forty-four patients, ASA physical status I or II, undergoing thiamylal, fentanyl,N2O/O2 anaesthesia were studied to determine the dose-response to succinylcholine (Sch) without prior defasciculation (24 pt —Group I), or three minutes following d-tubocurarine (dTC), 0.043 mg · kg−1 (20 pt —Group 2). The individual log dose-logit response curve for each patient was determined using a cumulative dose plus infusion technique and integrated EMG monitoring of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The mean (±SEM) ED50, ED90 and ED95 values for Sch in Group I were 0.13 ±0.01, 0.19 ±0.01 and 0.22 ±0.01 mg · kg−1, and in Group 2 were 0.16 ±0.01, 0.25 ±0.01 and 0.29 ±0.02 mg · kg−1, respectively. The mean ED values in Group 2 were significantly greater than the equivalent values in Group 1 (P < 0.05). Compared with values in Group I, ED values in Group 2 represented mean increases of 23, 32, and 32 per cent, respectively. These pharmacodynamic data indicate that the dose of Sch needs to be increased by 32 per cent following a defasciculating dose of dTC 3 mg · 70 kg−1 (0.043 mg · kg−1).
Carpal tunnel syndrome: The cause dictates the treatment

Mild carpal tunnel syndrome should be conservatively treated and severe carpal tunnel syndrome usually requires surgery; however, management of moderate carpal tunnel syndrome is more complex. Usually, the treatment is dictated by the cause, which may be occupational injury, acute trauma, systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, or rheumatoid arthritis, or other causes.
Efficacy of a selective histamine H2 receptor agonist, dimaprit, in experimental models of endotoxin shock and hepatitis in mice

Dimaprit, a selective histamine H2 receptor agonist, was examined in experimental models of endotoxin shock and hepatitis in mice. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (8 mg/kg i.v.) into Balb/c mice resulted in an elevation of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), reaching the maximal level at 1 h post-lipopolysaccharide (1147 U/ml). Oral administration of dimaprit 200 mg/kg, 1 h prior to lipopolysaccharide challenge, inhibited the increase in plasma TNF-alpha by 71% and also the survival rate was increased to 62.5% from 8.3% in the disease control. In a mouse hepatitis model, simultaneous injection of galactosamine (700 mg/kg i.v.) and lipopolysaccharide (3 micrograms/kg i.v.) into Balb/c mice caused an increase in plasma TNF-alpha, peaking at 1 h, followed by an elevation of L-alanine aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.2) activity at 4 h onward. Oral administration of dimaprit 200 mg/kg, 1 h prior to galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, reduced the increase in plasma TNF-alpha by 99% and L-alanine aminotransferase by 82%. In vitro, dimaprit dose dependently inhibited the production of TNF-alpha in mouse peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide with IC50 values of 1 microM. The decrease in TNF-alpha production by dimaprit was reversed by cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist. Dimaprit dose dependently suppressed TNF-alpha mRNA in human peripheral blood monocytes. These results suggest that activation of the histamine H2 receptor downregulates the production of TNF-alpha, and that histamine may be an important regulator in pathological conditions in which TNF-alpha plays an important role.
Hemodynamic effects of amrinone and colloid administration in children following cardiac surgery

Abstract Amrinone was used as the sole vasoactive medication in 9 of 14 children (aged 5 months to 8.25 years) given the drug following open repair of congenital cardiac lesions. Four children received a concomitant dopamine infusion and one infant had the infusion stopped after 5 hours for low mean arterial pressure (49 mmHg). In the 10 children receiving only amrinone, cardiac index increased 21% (range, 0 to 94%) after a total loading dose of 4.5 mg/kg given over 1 hour. Four of 14 patients (29%) required dopamine infusions to maintain mean arterial pressure over 55 mmHg and in these children cardiac index increased from baseline and was maintained during the amrinone infusion. Preload was held constant by administration of whole blood or plasmanate during amrinone loading; a decrease in systemic vascular resistance index was seen resulting in a stable arterial blood pressure. Minimal chronotropic effect was seen and no arrhythmias occurred. The sole child with postoperative pulmonary hypertension had a beneficial decrease in pulmonary artery pressure, increase in cardiac index, and stable systemic blood pressure during amrinone use. Cardiac index changes during amrinone loading in these children were variable and less clearly related to serum levels than reported in adults. Pharmacokinetic analysis in 12 children showed a clearance of 3.4 mL/min/kg, a volume of distribution of 1.65 L/kg, and an elimination half-life of 5.75 hours. Decreases in platelet counts were seen in 6 children and platelet transfusion was needed in 1; thus, serial platelet counts should be monitored. Amrinone was a useful agent in the immediate postoperative period in a diverse group of children following open heart surgery for congenital heart lesions. This agent appears to be an addition to, but not a replacement for, the sympathomimetic agents used for cardiac support.
Computer-Assisted Evaluation Of SDI Communications System Alternatives

A primary challenge in SDI systems is to transfer information reliably from sensors and within the battle management system. The volatile, hostile environment associated with an SDI system may include multiple-hop communications through channels with anomalous propagation conditions in the face of jamming and multiple-access interference. This paper addresses multiple-hop communications system performance in the face of such disturbances. A systems viewpoint is taken by postulating an SDI configuration involving multiple nodes, which may consist of sensors, weapons platforms, and battle management stations as well as hostile platforms such as jammers. A computer model is used to set up the geometry as well as to evaluate link ,performance parameters such as carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), jamming-to-signal ratio (JSR), and bit error rate (BER). These can then be used to evaluate derived parameters such as packet error probabilities, packet delay, and throughput. Thus, conditions under which the system is potentially stressed can be considered in a direct manner, and alternative means to alleviate the sytem degradation can be considered.
Injections of excitatory amino acid antagonists into the median raphe nucleus produce hippocampal theta rhythm in the urethane-anesthetized rat

The median raphe nucleus (MR) exerts a pronounced desynchronizing influence on the hippocampal EEG. MR stimulation disrupts theta, while MR lesions produce constant uninterrupted theta. The MR receives pronounced excitatory amino acid (EAA)-containing afferents that have been implicated in several MR-mediated behaviors. The present study examined the effects on the hippocampal EEG of MR injections of the following EAA antagonists in the urethane-anesthetized rat: 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (AP-7), dizocilpine maleate (MK-801), and gamma-glutamyl-aminomethylsulfonic acid (GAMS). MR injections of the competitive (AP-7) and non-competitive (MK-801) N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists produced theta at short latencies (2.86 min; 4.02 min, respectively) and for long durations (116.1 min; 66.8 min, respectively). It was further shown that the theta-eliciting effects of AP-7 injections could be reliably and temporarily reversed with MR injections of NMDA. MR injections of the kainate/quisqualate receptor antagonist (GAMS) also produced theta at relatively short latencies (6.5 min) and for long durations (60.5 min) indicating that EAA effects on the MR are not NMDA receptor specific. Injections of each of the foregoing EAA antagonists into regions of the brainstem adjacent to the MR including the dorsal raphe nucleus and the medullary or pontine reticular formation generated theta at very long latencies or were without effect. The present findings indicate EAA afferents to the MR normally exert an excitatory influence on the MR in its desynchronization of the hippocampal EEG, whereas the removal of EAA inputs to MR produces the opposite: a reduction of MR activity and hence the elicitation of theta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Passive microwave observation spatial biases and uncertainty induced by sea-surface salinity

Using in situ sea-surface salinity (SSS) climatology for passive microwave ocean surface emissivity calculations introduces biases resulting from climatology observations that are very sparse in space and time. Newly available satellite SSS measurements provide the means to examine the significance and global distribution of these biases, as well as the significance of data uncertainty to passive microwave retrievals. This study explores the biases and uncertainty of Level-3 SSS data from the Soil Moisture-Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC) with respect to climatology and relates them to passive microwave significance in terms of surface brightness temperature.
Urban residential development timing

Abstract This paper presents a dynamic model of the residential land development process with heterogeneous housing capital. Its properties under a regime of competitive developers are examined for three informational scenarios: perfect foresight, myopia and imperfect foresight. A special case is presented where different types of housing construction are halted sequentially as the land supply diminishes rather than simultaneously at the moment it is finally exhausted.
Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic and biliary tumors

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), as a preoperative procedure, has become an important modality in the asssessment of pancreatic, biliary and ampullary tumors, especially when they are small (<3cm).
A cytoplasmic estradiol receptor in the immature beagle uterus.

Abstract A cytoplasmic protein has been detected in the uteri of immature beagles by its ability to bind [ 3 H]-estradiol-17β. This estrogen binder exhibits characteristics of an estradiol receptor (E 2 R), namely specificity, high affinity binding, and saturability. Cytosols were prepared in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris and 1.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, and incubated with [ 3 H]-estradiol in the presence or absence of unlabeled estradiol in order to determine specific binding. Separation of bound steroid from free was accomplished by exposure of the cytosol incubation mixture to dextran-coated charcoal for 15 min at 0 to 4°C. Specific binding of [ 3 H]-estradiol was measured at various temperatures and times of incubation. Incubation at 30°C for 3 to 4 h resulted in equilibrium binding enabling the measurement of the total number of receptors present. At 37°C there was an apparent breakdown of the [ 3 H]-estradiol binding ability of the cytosol. A [ 3 H]-estradiol binding fraction was observed in the 37°C incubation that was stable for up to 24 h. Storage of the cytosol at −80°C for 30 days had no adverse effect on the ability of the cytosol to specifically bind [ 3 H]-estradiol. The beagle uterine E 2 R was shown to be saturated at concentrations of 20 to 30 nM [ 3 H]-estradiol. Proteolytic enzyme treatment of the cytosol abolished [ 3 H]-estradiol binding suggesting that the receptor is a protein. A dissociation constant ( K D ) of 1.4 × 10 −9 M was obtained from Scatchard plot analysis. The uterine E 2 R binds specifically to the estrogenic steroids and to DES, with little affinity for progesterone, testosterone, hydrocortisone, or dexamethasone. The highest amount of specific binding of [ 3 H]-estradiol was observed in the reproductive tissues (uterus and oviduct), with little or no binding present in non-target tissues such as liver, kidney, diaphragm, heart, or serum. E 2 R levels were measured in cytosols from uteri of immature beagles treated with estradiol from silastic implants for 0, 4, 6, 10 or 14 days, or from a single injection. Uterine cytoplasmic E 2 R levels increased with time of exposure to estradiol. Thus, a cytoplasmic receptor for estradiol exists within the uterus of the immature beagle, the levels of which change depending upon the hormonal milieu within the animal.
A Retrospective Review of Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism and Newborn Thyroid Disease at a Major Medical Center

Objective. To study the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism (CH)/thyroid disorders at a major, urban medical center. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of a preexisting database for 2007 to 2011. Infants were classified as having CH, secondary/tertiary hypothyroidism, thyroid-binding globulin deficiency, and other types of newborn thyroid dysfunctions. Results. A total of 353 (50%) abnormal newborn screens were found to be normal and 42% were abnormal on repeat. Of the latter, 14% had true CH, 1% had thyroid-binding globulin deficiency, and 27% had other causes of thyroid dysfunction. The 5-year incidence of CH at NYP Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital was significantly greater than in New York City, New York State, and Upstate New York. Conclusion. The incidence of CH and other thyroid dysfunctions were greater in our population for 2007 to 2010, after which there was an unexplained decline. The study underlines the importance of continued newborn screening for thyroid dysfunction.
Quality of life and psychosocial well-being among children living with HIV at a care home in Southern India

This study was designed to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of children living with HIV at an institutional care home in Bangalore, India. The Sneha Care Home is a unique residence that provides educational and community support with a focus on physical, nutritional, medical, and psychological care for orphans and vulnerable children. Cross-sectional health measures and interview data were collected from 97 residents including 52 boys and 45 girls between 5 and 12 years of age (mean age = 9). QOL was measured with the Pediatric Quality of Life 4.0 (PedsQL) Inventory. Caregivers perceived children to have an overall higher QOL than was self-reported by children (total score 83 vs. 78). Our findings indicated self-reported QOL decreased with age of the child, while caregiver-reported QOL increased with age, suggesting a need to ensure greater psychological support for older children. Physical measures showed the children's clinical severity of disease remained well controlled living in this residential, values-based care home.
The emotional toll of spousal morbidity and mortality.

Objective Spouse caregivers have an increased risk of mental and physical illness during caregiving and widowhood. The authors sought to evaluate whether partners of an ill spouse have a higher likelihood of developing mental health or substance abuse (MHSA) disorders than partners who have healthy spouses, accounting for both spousal illness and death. Methods The authors used Medicare claims from 1993–2001 for 474,228 married couples. The authors used Cox models to determine the effect of spouse illness on partner MHSA diagnosis, controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results A wife's hospitalization increased the husband's risk of MHSA diagnosis by 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–1.29) and his risk of depression by 1.49 (95% CI: 1.48–1.51). A husband's hospitalization increased the risk of a wife's MHSA diagnosis by 1.33 (95% CI: 1.32–1.33) and her risk of depression by 1.41 (95% CI: 1.39–1.42). A wife's death increased the risk of the husband's MHSA diagnosis by 1.12 (95% CI: 1.11–1.13) and increased his risk of depression by 1.49 (95% CI: 1.46–1.51). A husband's death increased the risk of the wife's MHSA diagnosis by 1.14 (95% CI: 1.14–1.15) and increased her risk of depression by 1.41 (95% CI: 1.39–1.42). Conclusion Spouse hospitalizations and spouse death independently increase the risk for partner MHSA and depression diagnoses. These findings can identify which individuals are at greatest risk for emotional distress and should be targeted for interventions to relieve caregiver burden that can arise separately and additively from both spousal illness and death.
Activation of lateral geniculate neurons by locus coeruleus or dorsal noradrenergic bundle stimulation: Selective blockade by the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin

Presentation of a stimulus train to the locus coeruleus (LC) or dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DB) resulted in a facilitation of the spontaneous firing of single units in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) of the rat. These stimulation effects were blocked by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists WB-4101 and prazosin. Both drugs also blocked the activation of LGNd neurons by iontophoretic norepinephrine (NE). The cholinergic agonists acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol (CCh) activated LGNd neurons in a similar fashion to NE, however, these responses were selectively blocked by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. The response to ACh was also sensitive to WB-4101 suggesting that the drug possesses some cholinergic blocking activity. In contrast to WB-4101, prazosin displayed a high degree of selectivity for noradrenergic but not cholinergic responses. On the basis of the observation that prazosin selectively antagonizes both the stimulation effects and iontophoretic NE (but not CCh), we conclude that activation of LGNd neurons by LC or DB stimulation is mediated predominantly via the release of NE from coeruleo-geniculate fibers, rather than the inadvertent activation of a cholinergic pathway. Moreover, inasmuch as the systemic administration of prazosin effectively blocks central noradrenergic neurotransmission at doses comparable to those used clinically, the possibility that prazosin exerts its antihypertensive action in part via a central mechanism requires further investigation.
Informal Support from a Pastor and Change in Hope During Late Life

The purpose of this study is to see if informal emotional support from a pastor is associated with a greater sense of hope over time. Data from a nationwide longitudinal survey of older adults are used to test a conceptual model that contains the following relationships: (1) older people who encounter more stressful life events will seek out more informal emotional support from a member of the clergy, (2) older people who receive more support from a pastor will experience a stronger sense of God-mediated control (i.e., the belief that it is possible to work together with God to solve problems), and (3) increases in God-mediated control over time will be associated with increases in hope over time. The data provide support for each of these relationships.
Nucleophilic Phosphine Organocatalysis

Phosphines have recently become popular choices as nucleophilic catalysts in organic synthesis. The unique reactivity of phosphines compared to amines has allowed the discovery of new nucleophilic addition reactions at the α- and γ-positions of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, as well as novel [3+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions of activated alkynes and alkenes. The accessibility of chiral phosphines has rendered several of these transformations enantioselective and has made possible the kinetic resolution of racemic secondary alcohols by phosphine-catalyzed acylation. This mini-review presents recent advances in nucleophilic phosphine organocatalysis for carbon-carbon bond formation.
Relationships of subalpine forest fires in the Colorado Front Range with interannual and multidecadal-scale climatic variation

Aim An understanding of past relationships between fire occurrence and climate variability will help to elucidate the implications of climate-change scenarios for future patterns of wildfire. In the present study we investigate the relationships between subalpine-zone fire occurrence and climate variability and broad-scale climate patterns in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans at both interannual and multidecadal time-scales. Location The study area is the subalpine zone of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in the southern sector of the Rocky Mountain National Park, which straddles the continental divide of the northern Colorado Front Range. Methods We compared years of widespread fire from AD 1650 to 1978 for the subalpine zone of southern Rocky Mountain National Park, with climate variables such as measures of drought, and indices such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Results Years of extensive subalpine-zone fires are significantly related to climate variability, phases of ENSO, the PDO, and the AMO, as well as to phase combinations of ENSO, the PDO, and the AMO at both interannual and centennial time-scales. Main conclusions Years of extensive fires are related to extreme drought conditions and are significantly related to the La Nina phase of ENSO, the negative (cool) phase of the PDO, and the positive (warm) phase of the AMO. The co-occurrence of the phase combination of La Nina-negative PDO-positive AMO is more important to fire occurrence than the individual influences of the climate patterns. Low-frequency trends in the occurrence of this combination of climate-pattern phases, resulting from trends in the AMO, are the primary climate pattern associated with periods of high fire occurrence (1700–89 and 1851–1919) and a fire-free period (1790–1850). The apparent controlling influence of the AMO on drought and years of large fires in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Front Range probably applies to an extensive area of western North America.
Improving Learning Through Interventions of Student-Generated Questions and Concept Maps

Using the principles of the scholarship of teaching and learning, we evaluated 2 learning strategies to determine if they could improve student exam performance in general psychology. After the second of 3 exams, we gave students the option of participating in a specific learning activity and assessed its impact using the third exam. In Study 1, participating students generated a minimum of 3 questions per week over course material. Lower performing students who participated improved their exam performance such that they were indistinguishable from stronger students who did not participate. In Study 2, students had the option of generating concept maps over course material. Generating concept maps significantly improved performance.
Isolation and Characterization of a Gene Affecting Fatty Acid Elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fatty acid elongation defective mutants were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mutagenizing strains that were defective in fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity. Cells of the fatty acid synthase-defective strains can grow when supplemented with tetradecanoic acid (14:0) due to the presence of membrane bound elongation systems that can extend the 14 carbon fatty acid to longer chain species. After mutagenesis and rescue on medium containing a mixture of 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0, cells were screened for their inability to grow on medium containing only 14:0. From 150,000 colonies, four stable isolates were identified, all of which appear to represent the same complementation group. Gas chromatography of lipid extracts from mutant elo1-1 (designated as elongation defective) cells grown with long or medium chain fatty acids indicates that it fails to efficiently elongate (12, 13, or 14) carbon fatty acids. A gene disrupted fas2Δ::LEU2;elo1Δ::HIS3 mutant incorporates 14-18-carbon fatty acids into membrane lipids, indicating that fatty acid transport is not affected by the mutation. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the ELO1 gene suggests that the encoded protein is a membrane bound polypeptide that contains at least five potential membrane spanning regions and a presumptive NADPH binding site. Analysis of the ELO1 mRNA levels indicates that the gene is expressed in cells grown on fatty acid deficient medium. It is rapidly induced in wild type cells that are supplemented with 14:0 and is repressed when cells are supplied with 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids.
Elderly life review therapy: A bowen approach

Abstract A Bowen approach to family therapy is applied to the problem of a negative life review in later life. An elderly woman seeks therapy in hopes of understanding her present situation and coming to terms with unresolved conflicts of the past. Through the therapy process, the elderly woman learns to see her family and herself from a systems perspective. She increases her self-differentiation and improves relations with her siblings and children. A conceptualization of the problem and Bowen's techniques and interventions are discussed as they apply to life review therapy for the elderly.
µ3L: An HLL-RISC processor for parallel execution of FP-language programs

To eliminate the conceptual distance between the hardware instruction set and the user interface, some architects advocate High Level Language (HLL) machines. To obtain simple, fast and cheap machines, some architects advocate Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) machines. This paper reconciles both views and presents an architecture which has both an HLL user interface and a RISC hardware. Each instance of this architecture is a module of an HLL multiprocessor system.Functional programming languages offer a bridge between mathematical models of computation and multiprocessor system environments. We choose the language AFPL (A Functional Programming Language) as the HLL user interface. AFPL's direct execution model, based on a tree structured internal representation, takes advantage of the parallelism inherent in programs by decomposing them on the fly into tasks which can be performed concurrently.
A method of obtaining signal components of residual carrier signal with their power content and computer simulation

An algorithm for obtaining all signal components of a residual carrier signal with any number of channels is presented. The phase modulation type may be NRZ-L or split phase (Manchester). The algorithm also provides an easy way of obtaining the power contents of the signal components. Steps to recognize the signal components that influence the carrier tracking loop and the data tracking loop at the receiver are given. A computer program for numerical computation is also given. >
Trapped by One’s Own Rhetoric

Book reviewed in this article: Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation-Building” in the Kennedy Era
FURTHER STUDIES OF DRUG COMBINATIONS FOR COMPLETE CURE OF DNA VIRUS INFECTION IN CULTURED CELLS.

SummaryIn further screening tests of drug combinations for complete eradication of DNA viruses from cultured cells, it was found that a combination of 5-bromo-deoxy-uridine and N-methyl-isatinthiosemicarbazone is effective in eradicating vaccinia virus with restoration of the normal cell population.
Trigeminal injury causes kappa opioid-dependent allodynic, glial and immune cell responses in mice.

Background The dynorphin-kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system regulates glial proliferation after sciatic nerve injury. Here, we investigated its role in cell proliferation following partial ligation of infraorbital nerve (pIONL), a model for trigeminal neuropathic pain. Mechanical allodynia was enhanced in KOR gene deleted mice (KOR-/-) compared to wild type mice. Using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a mitotic marker, we assessed cell proliferation in three different areas of the trigeminal afferent pathway: trigeminal nucleus principalis (Vp), trigeminal root entry zone (TREZ), and trigeminal ganglion (TG).
Potentiation of nephrotoxic serum nephritis in Lewis rats by Freund's complete adjuvant—Possible role for cellular immune mechanisms

Lewis rats receiving subnephritic doses of nephrotoxic serum (NTS) showed increased albuminuria and glomerular histopathologic alterations during the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) when they received simultaneous footpad injections of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Lymph nodal lymphocytes from such experimental rats showed increased in vitro cellular sensitization to the nephrotoxic IgG as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Such a lymphocyte blastogenesis response was not detected in rats receiving the same doses of FCA or NTS alone. Antibody titers to the nephrotoxic rabbit IgG were not different in the two groups of rats as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The transfer of lymph nodal mononuclear cells from rats with NTN potentiated by FCA, was able to induce albuminuria and glomerular histopathologic alterations in recipients treated with NTS. In the above experimental model FCA appears to potentiate the autologous phase of NTN by cellular immune mechanisms.
An analytical representation of the lowest potential energy surface for the reaction O(3P)+HCl(X 1Σ+) → OH(X 2Π)+Cl(2P)

We present a new analytical representation of the lowest 3A‘ energy surface for the reaction O(3P)+HCl(X 1Σ+)→OH(X 2Π)+Cl(2P). This surface is derived by fitting ab initio calculations, and adjustments are made to the barrier height so that rate constants derived from accurate quantum scattering calculations match the room temperature thermal rate constants. Contributions to thermal and state resolved rate constants arising from reaction on the lowest 3A’ surface are also considered. Comparisons of thermal and state resolved rate constants with experiment are good except at high temperature where the 3A’ contributions are significant.
Serum tryptophan ratio and suicidal behavior in adolescents: a prospective study

A lower ratio of tryptophan to other amino acids in serum (tryptophan ratio), established as an index of serotonin precursor available to the brain, has been shown to be associated with increased suicidal behavior in cross-sectional studies. The purpose of this study was to conduct the first prospective examination of the utility of the tryptophan ratio along with clinical variables in predicting suicidal behavior in high-risk and reference adolescents. Adolescents with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and prior suicidal attempts (n=20), adolescents with AUDs without suicide attempts (n=20), and community controls with neither of these characteristics (n=20) were matched on demographic variables. These groups were not significantly different on the tryptophan ratio at baseline. Of 56 subjects who completed follow-up assessments, six had suicidal behavior in the follow-up period. The tryptophan ratio, along with demographic and clinical variables, was examined using Cox regression with a backward stepwise variable elimination procedure. In the final model, the tryptophan ratio and major depressive disorder both significantly contributed to the prediction of suicidal behavior. This finding suggests that the tryptophan ratio may improve the identification of adolescents at high risk for suicidal behavior.
Leadership research in an international and cross-cultural context

In this exchange of theoretical letters, Terri Scandura and Peter Dorfman discuss leadership research in an international and cross-cultural context. In particular, they focus on leadership cultural-specifics and leadership cultural-universals in a post-Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) project world. The exchange covers theoretical, methodological, and practical issues in cross-cultural leadership research.
Second Sound in Liquid Helium II

With a resonance method, the velocity of the temperature waves (second sound) in liquid helium II has been determined as a function of temperature from about 1.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point. The velocity is found to be zero at the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point, reaches a maximum of 20.46 m/sec. at 1.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and decreases to 19.80 m/sec. at 1.42\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The accuracy of the measurements is at least \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 percent. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of both Tisza and Landau but tend to favor the former's theory over the latter's. The fact that second sound generated in the superfluid is able to register on a microphone diaphragm immersed in the fluid is discussed.
Surface Stress, Morphological Development, and Dislocation Nucleation During Strained-Layer Epitaxy

Utilizing marker layer experiments and Z-contrast imaging, we have observed the formation of surface cusps during Si{sub x}Ge{sub l-x} alloy growth. The formation of cusps can be understood in terms of stress-driven surface diffusion, and we consider the large stress build-up at the cusp tip as a potential source for the nucleation of misfit dislocations.
Fast-neutron interaction with elemental zirconium, and the dispersive optical model.

Differential neutron elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross sections of elemental zirconium are measured from {approx} 1.5 to 10 MeV. Below 3 MeV the measurements are made at incident-neutron energy intervals of {approx} 100 keV, from 3 to 4 MeV at intervals of {approx} 200 keV, and at intervals of {approx} 500 keV at higher energies. the angular range of the measurements is {approx} 18{degrees} to 160{degrees}, with up to more than 100 differential values per distribution. this comprehensive data base, augmented with a 24-MeV elastic-scattering distribution from the literature, is used to develop two phenomenological optical-statistical models which both describe the data very well. First, the parameters of the conventional spherical optical model (SOM) are deduced. Secondly, the model in which the change in the real potential brought about by the dispersion relationship (DOM) is examined. the SOM parameters are consistent with systematics previously reported from this laboratory, and the volume integral-integral-per-nucleon of the real potential strength, J{sub v}, and the radius, r{sub v}, are energy dependent. When the DOM is used, a substantial part of the enrgy dependence of J{sub v}({approx} 30%) disappears. However, the change in the energy dependence of r{sub v} is small, so that a significant energymore » dependence remains when the DOM is used. Both models are extrapolated to the bound-state regime where they have modest success in predicting the binding energies of the single-particle and single-hole states in {sup 90}Zr. 55 refs., 20 figs., 7 tabs.« less
Stored red blood cell transfusions: Iron, inflammation, immunity, and infection

The potential adverse effects of transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged storage have been hotly debated. During refrigerated storage, red blood cells are damaged, a process known as the red blood cell "storage lesion." We hypothesized that the delivery of a bolus of iron derived from these rapidly cleared, damaged, red blood cells is responsible for some of the adverse effects of transfusion. Iron may play a role in producing a pro-inflammatory response to transfused red blood cells, potentially through the effects of reactive oxygen species on stress pathways and inflammasome activation. Furthermore, the excess iron may impair the host's ability to combat infection by its innate iron-withholding pathways. This symposium paper summarizes the background for the "iron hypothesis" as it relates to transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged refrigerated storage. It also includes a summary of the data from recent murine and human studies, and concludes with a discussion of several unresolved questions arising from these published studies.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE: SUMMARY AND TRENDS

(1958). PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE: SUMMARY AND TRENDS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 2-4.
Investigation of Microscale Magnetic Forces for Magnet Array Self-Assembly

This paper focuses on quantification and optimization of micromagnetic bonding forces to enable a technique of magnet array self-assembly (MASA). MASA is envisioned to uniquely assemble different microscale components using arrays of hard micromagnets, which are pre-patterned onto the component surfaces via batch-fabrication. Finite-element (FEM) and analytical methods are used to analyze the dependence of magnetic bonding forces on the size, shape, and magnetization of individual pairs of magnets as well as arrays of magnets. The advantages of using micromagnet arrays in place of single magnets for chip scale self-assembly are explored
The role of visual imagery in autobiographical memory

Visual imagery plays a fundamental role in autobiographical memory, but several aspects of this role remain unclear. We conducted three experiments to explore this relationship. In the first experiment, we examined the relation between the phenomenological properties of autobiographical memory and several measures of visual-imagery ability. We found no significant positive relation between imagery ability and autobiographical memory, except on a measure of cognitive style. In a second experiment, we examined the autobiographical memories of people with different cognitive styles-namely, visualizers and verbalizers. We found that, for both kinds of participant, visual imagery was correlated with the feeling that they were reliving their memories, but auditory imagery played a greater role in verbalizers. In a third experiment, we examined the memories of individuals who had a congenital absence of visual imagery. We found that they had a deficit of auditory imagery, as well; moreover, they were much less likely than controls to feel as though they were reliving their memories. The results support the idea that visual imagery plays a vital and irreplaceable role in autobiographical recall.