cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of light-scattering measurements near a cloud point.

An anlysis is reported of earlier light-scattering measurements by Wong and Knobler on a liquid mixture undergoing phase separation. When the system was quenched into the two-phase region to a temperature near the cloud point, the growth of intensity with time displayed two characteristic regions: an initial rapid rise followed by a sharp crossover to slower growth. It is shown that such behavior is consistent with the predictions of the Langer-Schwartz description of the homogeneous nucleation and growth of droplets.
Percutaneous closure of a patent foramen ovale in left-sided carcinoid heart disease

Background A 51-year-old woman with a 5-year history of metastatic small bowel carcinoid disease developed fatigue and gradually worsening dyspnea on exertion, over 6 months. Investigations Physical examination, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, and aortography. Diagnosis Left-sided carcinoid disease associated with a patent foramen ovale. Management Percutaneous transcatheter closure of the patent foramen ovale.
Political competition and debt trajectories in Japan and the OECD

Abstract Public debt has accumulated rapidly in OECD countries since 1970. We assess the political explanations for debt accumulation, paying particular attention to the US and Japan. The key finding is that political competition explains variation in debt accumulation. Political competition encourages fiscal prudence. Hence, non-competitive countries will build up debt. Thirty years of OECD experience provides strong empirical support for this conjecture, and suggests that high debt levels in Japan are more due to political than economic factors.
Comparative Study of RANS and LES Simulation Methods for Analysis of Turbulence in a Tubular Stirred Reactor

Selecting a right simulation method is important for accurately predicting flow field in stirred reactor. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with standard model and large eddy simulations (LES) method were both used to analyze the turbulent flow field in a tubular stirred reactor for leaching. Calculations were performed to study the effects of agitator speed and flux on the turbulent flow field. The velocity at different axial sections gained by the two methods was compared. Results showed that the eddy current, especially in the back of impellor, predicted by LES was better than that by standard model. At the same time，the average relative error of the mean residence time and the mixing time of the former reduced 5% and 13% respectively than that of the latter.
On the automorphism group of a cone

Abstract Let V be a real finite dimensional vector space, and let C be a full cone in C . In Sec. 3 we show that the group of automorphisms of a compact convex subset of V is compact in the uniform topology, and relate the group of automorphisms of C to the group of automorphisms of a compact convex cross-section of C . This section concludes with an application which generalizes the result that a proper Lorentz transformation has an eigenvector in the light cone. In Sec. 4 we relate the automorphism group of C to that of its irreducible components. In Sec. 5 we show that every compact group of automorphisms of C leaves a compact convex cross-section invariant. This result is applied to show that if C is a full polyhedral cone, then the automorphism group of C is the semidirect product of the (finite) automorphism group of a polytopal cross-section and a vector group whose dimension is equal to the number of irreducible components of C . An example shows that no such result holds for more general cones.
Using state-of-the-art hydrodynamic models to generate synthetic data cubes for imaging spectral sensing applications

An airborne IR hyperspectral imaging sensor based on the Fourier transform spectrometer technique has been used for studying atmospheric gaseous plumes under the auspice of U.S. Department of Energy. Model generated synthetic data of spectral intensity associated withe the plume and the surface background is useful in terms of performing trade studies as well as testing new algorithms. To cope with the highly turbulent and transient atmospheric boundary layer where plume emissions and evolution are embedded, we have used a high-resolution (at the scale of 1 m) time-dependent Napier-Stoke atmospheric hydrodynamic code, HIGRAD, to replace the Gaussian/multi-fractal approach in the original package of the Los Alamos End-to-End Modeling of Imaging Spectral Sensing Applications (EMISSA). The output from HIGRAD is then used for calculations of radiance reaching the sensor through the Fast Atmospheric Signature Code (FASCODE) with a spectral resolution of 1 cm-1 or less. The modeled plume structure in concentrations and associated plume images in radiance bear great resemblance to the contrast model for its capability in quantifying the column densities of chemical species. The synthetic data produced through our approach proves to be effective in evaluation our understanding of the thermal infrared imaging process.
The impact of pandemic influenza, with special reference to 1918

Abstract Pandemic influenza, by definition, affects the overwhelming majority of countries and population subgroups in the world in a very short period of time. The impact of pandemics is not merely a matter of the biology of the particular virus in individuals. Pandemics are a social phenomenon affected by prevailing social circumstances, e.g., war, economic conditions, crowding, and food supply. In turn, pandemics affect social organization and events, e.g., governance and famine. Much of the study of pandemic influenza has been in industrialized countries in temperate zones; the occurrence of excess morbidity and mortality, and the strain on health care and other services in these countries are well known. A conference in 1998 brought together an increasingly large body of historical research about the pandemic of “Spanish influenza” in 1918–1919. It included interesting contributions about the impact of the pandemic in areas such as sub-Saharan Africa, India (where mortality is estimated at 17 million, or about half the world total), and the Pacific Islands. There are important lessons for contemporary society from the impact of the pandemic of 1918–1919 and other pandemics. One can make a compelling case for pandemic preparedness, including developing and executing strategies both to prevent and to ameliorate pandemic spread.
Electron capture chemistry of CBrCl3 at atmospheric pressure by mass spectrometry and the photodetachment-modulated electron capture detector

Abstract Measurements are reported of the electron capture (EC) chemistry of CBrCl3 in a buffer gas at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 30–250°C. These measurements are made with an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APIMS) and with a recently developed atmospheric pressure transducer called the photodetachment-modulated EC detector (PDM-ECD). It is shown that the initial reaction of CBrCl3 with thermal electrons proceeds by dissociative EC to form primarily Br− and some Cl−. At low temperatures the neutral products formed in the initial reaction, CCl3 and CBrCl2, are also shown to undergo rapid EC to form additional amounts of Cl−. At high temperatures, however, there is no evidence for EC by CCl3 and CBrCl2, because of what is thought to be a faster wall reaction which effectively destroys these radical species. It is concluded that the stoichiometry of the reaction of electrons with CBrCl3 and with CCl4 in an EC detector (ECD) will be between 1.0 and 2.0 and will be strongly dependent on temperature. These results are compared with previous studies of the EC chemistry of CBrCl3 by APIMS and by the flowing afterglow/Langmuir probe (FALP) technique.
Making DA-RT a reality

Calls for greater data access and research transparency have emerged on many fronts within professional social science. For example, the American Political Science Association (APSA) recently adopted new guidelines for data access and research transparency. APSA has also appointed the Data Access and Research Transparency (DA-RT) ad hoc committee to continue exploring these issues. DA-RT sponsored this symposium. In addition, funding agencies like the National Institutes for Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have expanded requirements for data management and data distribution. These pressures present challenges to researchers, but they also present opportunities.
Assessing nutrition education wants and needs of older adults through focus groups.

Abstract Five focus groups assessed the nutrition education wants and needs of 37 non-institutionalized older adults ages 60 and older. Discussions were tape-recorded, transcribed and coded to facilitate data analysis. Findings cited most frequently included; doctors were influential, nutrition contributed to good health, basic nutrition topics were wanted/ needed, written materials were used most often, demonstration and discussion methods were prevalently used/wanted, and service providers were primarily informed directly about wants/needs. Older adults wanted/needed nutrition education to improve their health and make informed decisions, and because the topic interested them. Information obtained could be used to develop more focused nutrition education programs for older adults.
Combined microwave heating and surface cooling of the cornea

The authors investigated a nonsurgical means of reshaping the cornea to correct hyperopia, keratoconus, or myopia. The object was to heat the central stroma of the cornea to the shrinkage temperature of collagen, 55-58 degrees C. The heating device was an open-ended, coaxial, near-field applicator driven at 2450 MHz; it incorporates cooling of the cornea surface by slow of saline. The system was investigated theoretically by computing the 2-D, axisymmetric temperature distribution with the finite-element method. The system was investigated experimentally by heating excised steer corneas. Histology showed that the system could shrink the stroma to a depth of 0.6 mm while sparing the epithelium in 75% of the cases; the diameter of shrinkage was 1.3 mm. Theory predicted a significantly deeper and narrower region of shrinkage than was observed. >
Object‐Oriented Analysis and Design

Software engineering has established activities used in developing systems, which include requirements engineering, analyzing and designing the software, implementing, testing, and so on. Object-oriented design has been evolving as a discipline for over 25 years and is now a set of established activities in software engineering. The object-oriented design activities transform the requirements into multiple levels of design (architecture, analysis, and detailed). The detailed design is then realized in code. This article provides an overview of two design activities: analysis and detailed design. Keywords: object-oriented analysis; object-oriented design
Using Response Surface Models for Evolutionary Estimation of Optimum Running Times

Coaches in the track world are very limited in what they can say to an athlete who does not run to the best of his or her ability in competition.
Microfabricated implantable pressure sensor for flow measurement

A RF wireless capacitive pressure sensor is developed. The sensor has integrated inductor with the pressure sensitive capacitor as LC circuit. The resonant frequency of the sensor changes as the capacitance changes with applied pressure. The sensor uses LPCVD silicon nitride as sensitive membrane and the residual stress of the membrane has been measure as 139MPa. The sensor has size of 10 mm × 4 mm ×0.5 um. The sensor presents a pressure sensitivity of 1.65 MHz/cmH 2 O in pressure range of 0-20 cmH 2 O. The deflection of different shape of membranes is discussed. The deflection of square membrane is 130% to circular membrane under same applied pressure.
Participation and Policy

Abstract Non-profits build social capital by linking citizens to each other and to government, but little research has explored the role of foundations in this process. Using data from 2007 for approximately 1,400 foundations, this study focuses on the determinants of foundation support for community organizing and civic engagement. Empirical analyses indicate that foundations with a legacy of promoting social justice philanthropy and foundations that utilize the discourse of social change tend to support both activities, and foundations with more organizational memberships also support both activities. In addition, foundations with larger boards are associated with funding for civic engagement and community organizing, and larger foundations are as well. These findings indicate that foundations with a progressive policy agenda tend to embrace grant-making strategies that build social capital, and foundations that develop networks by growing their boards and by joining professional organizations translate...
Word Translation Disambiguation Using Bilingual Bootstrapping

This paper proposes a new method for word translation disambiguation using a machine learning technique called 'Bilingual Bootstrapping'. Bilingual Bootstrapping makes use of in learning, a small number of classified data and a large number of unclassified data in the source and the target languages in translation. It constructs classifiers in the two languages in parallel and repeatedly boosts the performances of the classifiers by further classifying data in each of the two languages and by exchanging between the two languages information regarding the classified data. Experimental results indicate that word translation disambiguation based on Bilingual Bootstrapping consistently and significantly outperforms the existing methods based on 'Monolingual Bootstrapping'.
Display and quantitative assessment of distributions of earthquake focal mechanisms

Summary This paper describes quantitative methods for evaluating the distribution of focal mechanism orientations of groups of earthquakes, and shows how to display this distribution on a triangle diagram. We present a χ2-based statistical test for determining whether two sets of focal mechanisms are drawn from distinct populations. We apply these methods to 3625 better-determined mechanisms for shallow earthquakes in the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalogue; we describe the distributions of mechanisms in the whole catalogue and for catalogue subsets in some specific tectonic environments. In addition, we explore the geographical locations of mechanisms with orientations that occur relatively infrequently, that is, mechanisms that are unlike thrust, normal, or strike-slip mechanisms. Such mechanisms are relatively rare along mid-ocean ridges and in oceanic subduction zones. The majority of these unusual mechanisms occur along plate boundaries where crustal thickness is highly variable, and in regions where the plate convergence direction becomes oblique and thus relative motion changes from convergence to transform motion.
Cambrian Tropical Storm Waves in Wisconsin

Sizes and shapes of quartzite boulders in Cambrian strata surrounding ancient islands at Baraboo, Wisconsin, allow estimation of the magnitude of Cambrian ocean waves using results from wave tank and flume experiments, as well as observations of very coarse stream gravel. Breakers at least 7 to 8 m high were required to tumble and move the largest well-rounded boulders (1.5 m diam) interstratified with Cambrian sandstone. Storm generation of waves of such magnitude is consistent with independent paleomagnetic evidence that suggests that Wisconsin lay near the equator 500 m.y. ago, at which latitude intense tropical storms would be expected.
Identifying sources of dissolved organic carbon in agriculturally dominated rivers using radiocarbon age dating: Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin, California

We used radiocarbon measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to resolve sources of riverine carbon within agriculturally dominated landscapes in California. During 2003 and 2004, average Δ14C for DOC was −254‰ in agricultural drains in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, −218‰ in the San Joaquin River, −175‰ in the California State Water Project and −152‰ in the Sacramento River. The age of bulk DOC transiting the rivers of California’s Central Valley is the oldest reported for large rivers and suggests wide-spread loss of soil organic matter caused by agriculture and urbanization. Using DAX 8 adsorbent, we isolated and measured 14C concentrations in hydrophobic acid fractions (HPOA); river samples showed evidence of bomb-pulse carbon with average Δ14C of 91 and 76‰ for the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, respectively, with older HPOA, −204‰, observed in agricultural drains. An operationally defined non-HPOA fraction of DOC was observed in the San Joaquin River with seasonally computed Δ14C values of between −275 and −687‰; the source of this aged material was hypothesized to be physically protected organic-matter in high clay-content soils and agrochemicals (i.e., radiocarbon-dead material) applied to farmlands. Mixing models suggest that the Sacramento River contributes about 50% of the DOC load in the California State Water Project, and agricultural drains contribute approximately one-third of the load. In contrast to studies showing stabilization of soil carbon pools within one or two decades following land conversion, sustained loss of soil organic matter, occurring many decades after the initial agricultural-land conversion, was observed in California’s Central Valley.
Joint Discussion 15 New cosmology results from the Spitzer Space Telescope

We present and discuss recent new results from the Spitzer Space Telescope and their impact on cosmology.
Use of epoxy-embedded electrodes to integrate electrochemical detection with microchip-based analysis systems.

A new method of fabricating electrodes for microchip devices that involves the use of Teflon molds and a commercially available epoxy to embed electrodes of various sizes and compositions is described. The resulting epoxy base can be polished to generate a fresh electrode and sealed against poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based fluidic structures. Microchip-based flow injection analysis was used to characterize the epoxy-embedded electrodes. It was shown that gold electrodes can be amalgamated with liquid mercury and the resulting mercury/gold electrode is used to selectively detect glutathione from lysed red blood cells. The ability to encapsulate multiple electrode materials of differing compositions enabled the integration of microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Finally, a unique feature of this approach is that the electrode connection is made from the bottom of the epoxy base. This enables the creation of three-dimensional gold pillar electrodes (65 μm in diameter and 27 μm in height) that can be integrated within a fluidic network. As compared with the use of a flat electrode of a similar diameter, the use of the pillar electrode led to improvements in both the sensitivity (72.1 pA/μM for the pillar versus 4.2 pA/μM for the flat electrode) and limit of detection (20 nM for the pillar versus 600 nM for the flat electrode), with catechol being the test analyte. These epoxy-embedded electrodes hold promise for the creation of inexpensive microfluidic devices that can be used to electrochemically detect biologically important analytes in a manner where the electrodes can be polished and a fresh electrode surface is generated as desired.
Characterization of rocking shallow foundations using centrifuge model tests

SUMMARY This paper presents new results of centrifuge model tests exploring the behavior of rocking shallow foundations embedded in dry sand, which provides a variety of factors of safety for vertical bearing. The results of slow (quasi-static) cyclic tests of rocking shear walls and dynamic shaking tests of single-column rocking bridge models are presented. The moment–rotation and settlement–rotation relationships of rocking footings are investigated. Concrete pads were placed in the ground soil to support some models with the objective of reducing the settlement induced by rocking. The behavior of rocking foundation was shown to be sensitive to the geometric factor of safety with respect to bearing failure, Lf/Lc, where Lf was the footing length, and the Lc was the critical soil-footing contact length that would be required to support pure axial loading. Settlements were shown to be small if Lf/Lc was reasonably large. Placement of concrete pads under the edges of the footing was shown to be a promising approach to reduce settlements resulting from rocking, if settlements were deemed to be excessive and also had impacts on the energy dissipation and rocking moment capacity. A general discussion of the tradeoffs between energy dissipation and re-centering of rocking foundations and other devices is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Life and Times of Grandfather Alonso: Culture and History in the Upper Amazon

Blanca Muratorio introduces us to Rucuyaya Alonso, a Quichua elder from the Upper Ecuadorian Amazon. Grandfather Alonso's story spans a century, as his narrative incoporates oral tradition learned from both his father and grandfather. The book alternates between chapters of Alonso's life history, and chapters analyzing the history of the world around him--the domination of the missionaries and the state, the white settlers' expropriation of land, the debt-peonage system during the rubber boom, the world-wide crisis of the 1930s, and the booms and busts of the iternational oil market. Muratorio explains the larger social, economic, and ideological bases of white domination over native peoples in Amazonia. Her analysis of Quichua culture shows how through everyday practices of accommodation and resistance, and through expressions of humor, irony, and anger, the Quichua Indians were able to protect their cultural identity, their ethnic dignity, and their symbolic systems against the hegemonic forces of a white-dominated world.
Poor relief in Elizabethan English communities: an analysis of Collectors' accounts

This article analyses 30 accounts of income and expenditure left by Collectors for the Poor in Elizabethan England, before the period known as the old poor law. Collectors were appointed by parishes and incorporated boroughs in accordance with the poor laws of 1552 and 1563, but few of their fragile records survive. The accounts examined here document early use of compulsory rates to provide income, but several features of the distribution of relief differ from patterns common in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Adult male recipients outnumbered women in many of the parishes; children were frequently helped directly; and cities and towns assisted a smaller fraction of their total populations than did villages but awarded larger per capita payments. Accounts from the 10 villages and small towns analysed most fully show that Elizabethan Collectors were moving away from the late medieval practice of providing only occasional aid; increasingly they awarded regular payments to a selected subset of the local poor. Comparison with the early seventeenth century suggests that the poor laws of 1598 and 1601 contributed to a transition that was already underway but did not create a new system of relief.
The performance and reliability of PMOSFET's with ultrathin silicon nitride/oxide stacked gate dielectrics with nitrided Si-SiO/sub 2/ interfaces prepared by remote plasma enhanced CVD and post-deposition rapid thermal annealing

Ultrathin (/spl sim/1.9 nm) nitride/oxide (N/O) dual layer gate dielectrics have been prepared by the remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPECVD) of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ onto oxides. Compared to PMOSFET's with heavily doped p/sup +/-poly-Si gates and oxide dielectrics, devices incorporating the RPECVD stacked nitrides display reduced tunneling current, effectively no boron penetration and improved interface characteristics. By preventing boron penetration into the bulk oxide and channel region, gate dielectric reliability and short channel effects are significantly improved. The hole mobility in devices with N/O dielectrics with equivalent oxide thickness between 1.8 nm and 3.0 nm is not significantly degraded. Because nitrogen is transported to the substrate/dielectric interface during post-deposition annealing, degradation of mobility during hot carrier stressing is significantly reduced for N/O devices. Compared with oxide, the tunneling current for N/O films with /spl sim/1.9 nm equivalent oxide thickness is lower by about an order of magnitude due to the larger physical thickness. Suppression of boron transport in nitride layers is explained by a percolation model in which boron transport is blocked in sufficiently thick nitrides, and is proportional to the oxide fraction in oxynitride alloys.
Advances in gas chromatographic mass spectrometric protein sequencing. 1—optimization of the derivatization chemistry

The derivatization chemistry for conversion of mixtures of oligopeptides to the corresponding N-α, (ω)-trifluoroethyl-O-trimethylsilyl polyamino alcohols, the derivatives of choice for the sequencing of polypeptides by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry, has been optimized. The improvements have minimized undesirable side reactions and resulted in a five- to tenfold increase in sensitivity over previous methods employing either lithium aluminum deuteride or hexadeuterodiborane as the reducing agent. For derivatives of certain very polar peptides increases in yield have exceeded 100-fold. The procedure has been evaluated with mixtures of synthetic oligopeptides and used in the course of the determination of the amino acid sequence of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, as well as other proteins.
The role of agricultural entrepreneurship in Dutch agriculture of today

It is thought that agricultural entrepreneurs have an important role to play in Dutch agriculture. They are currently being confronted with drastic changes and it is open to question whether or not they are willing and able to deal with such changes. A telephone survey was carried out in order to find an answer to this question. The data presented here are based on the answers from 752 farmers. The questions to be answered were: (1) Which strategies do agricultural entrepreneurs choose to keep up with business demands? (2) Which personal characteristics are related to these choices and to successful agricultural entrepreneurship in general? (3) Do agricultural entrepreneurs in the Netherlands meet the demands of "real" entrepreneurship according to economic theories? Agricultural entrepreneurship was conceptualized into the strategic orientations, social orientation, growth orientation, and financial conservatism. The data showed that five different types of farmers could be distinguished on the basis of their preferences for different strategic orientations. Social farmers had especially high scores for social orientation, traditional growers for growth orientation, prudent farmers for financial conservatism, new growers for both social orientation and growth orientation, and indecisive farmers for all strategic orientations. The latter group was eliminated from the data because farmers in this group had the highest scores for almost all items of the questionnaire, whether or not these concerned positive or negative aspects of entrepreneurship. Moreover, they gave contradictory answers to comparable questions. Based on future expectations and family income, it was concluded that social fanners and new growers were more successful than other farmers. According to economic theories, they also seemed to meet the "demands" of "real" entrepreneurship better than other farmers because they can be called "movers of the market," "innovators," and/or "discoverers of profit opportunities." New growers and social farmers were also distinguishable from the other groups of farmers by their personal characteristics. In general, it could be concluded that positive personal characteristics (self-criticism, leadership, creativity, perseverance, and initiative) affected agricultural entrepreneurship positively, and negative personal characteristics (love of ease and passivity) affected it negatively.
A trait-based approach to understand the evolution of complex coalitions in male mammals

Coalitions occur when multiple individuals cooperate against a common opponent or for a common goal. Coalition formation is a complex behavior, typically described in highly social and cognitively complex species. Surprisingly, we know little about the social and environmental factors that may select for the evolution of coalitions. We studied the evolution of coalitionary behavior by first redefining it in a continuous way that acknowledges variation in the degree to which animals collaboratively work toward a common goal. We then examined the evolutionary association of coalition complexity with 3 social factors (estrous duration, group size, and presence of a dominance hierarchy) and 3 environmental factors (habitat type, diurnality, and diet type). We found that estrous duration, group size, and dominance hierarchy were significantly correlated with coalition complexity and thus conclude that social factors are relatively more important in the evolution of complex coalitions than are environmental factors. From these results, we infer that complex coalitions may be the product of social factors that reduce female monopolizability and encourage the aggregation of multiple males. Key words: coalitions, mammals, mutual tolerance, sociality. [Behav Ecol]
An algebraic method for the construction of families of sequences with good Hamming cross-correlation properties

A method of constructing families of sequences having reduced cross-correlation peaks is developed and demonstrated. This method, which is algebraic in nature, is easily applied to practical coding problems, such as that of finding spread-spectrum frequency-hopping patterns with reduced cross-correlation noise. The method is somewhat more flexible than the more standard group-theoretic approaches since it does not impose restrictions on sequence length, which those do. >
A Three-Dimensional Resolved Discrete Particle Method for Studying Particle-Wall Collision in a Viscous Fluid

Particle collisions with the walls are very important in understanding the fluid-particle behavior near the walls and determining the boundary conditions of the particulate phases in two-fluid models. In this paper, we examine the velocity characteristics of several types of particles near solid walls by applying a resolved discrete particle method (RDPM), which also uses the immersed boundary approach to model the solid particles. We assume that the particles are spherical with an initial velocity that is prescribed. The particles are allowed to traverse part of the viscous fluid until they collide with the solid wall. The collision force on the particle is modeled by a soft-sphere collision scheme with a linear spring-dashpot system. The hydrodynamic force on the particle is solved directly from the RDPM. By following the trajectories of several particles, we investigate the effect of the collision model parameters to the dynamics of particle close to the wall. We report here the rebound velocity of the particle, the coefficient of restitution, and the particle slip velocity at the wall as functions of the collision parameters. DOI: 10.1115/1.4002432 Interparticle and wall collisions are very important in particlefluid flows. The dynamic behavior of such flows is decided by these collisions, especially when the flow is dense and the particles move at high velocity. Particulate flow modeling, as an effective and robust tool to study many issues associated with particular flows segregation, agglomeration, and clustering, requires the ability of accurately resolving interparticle and wall collisions. The correct handling of these collisions is an essential element for the discrete particle method DPM, which will not work without an accurate knowledge of the collisions 1. Generally, a grid used in a DPM simulation is not fine enough to resolve the lubrication force that develops between the particles or between a particle and a solid boundary. Therefore, an artificial mechanism is necessary to be introduced in the numerical simulation to account for the collision force during collision processes. Without such a mechanism in the model, it is likely that the particles will penetrate significantly into each other’s computational boundary, thus, terminating the computation or rendering the results meaningless. There are a few collision schemes that have been developed and applied in the numerical simulation of particulate flows: Ladd 2,3 suggested using lubrication force to repel two particles when
How Much Information on Population Biology Is Needed to Manage Introduced Species

Study of the population biology of introduced species has elucidated many fundamental questions in ecology and evolution. Detailed population biological research is likely to aid in fine-tuning control of widespread and/or long-established invasions, and it may lead to novel control methods. It will also contrib- ute to an overall understanding of the invasion process that may aid in the formulation of policy and help to focus attention on invasions that are especially prone to becoming problematic. But the importance of inten- sive population biological research in dealing with introduced species, especially those recently introduced, is often limited. In the worst instances, the absence of population biological data can be an excuse for inaction, when a prudent decision or quick and dirty operation might have excluded or eliminated an invader. The most effective way to deal with invasive introduced species, short of keeping them out, is to discover them early and attempt to eradicate or at least contain them before they spread. This approach has often been suc- cessful, but its success has usually relied on brute-force chemical and mechanical techniques, not on popula- tion biological research.
The scientific status of unconscious processes: Is Freud really dead?

At regular intervals for over half a century, critiques of Freud and psychoanalysis have emerged in the popular media and in intellectual circles, usually declaring that Freud has died some new and...
The Mechanism of Fast-Gate Opening in ClC-0

ClC-0 is a chloride channel whose gating is sensitive to both voltage and chloride. Based on analysis of gating kinetics using single-channel recordings, a five-state model was proposed to describe the dependence of ClC-0 fast-gate opening on voltage and external chloride (Chen, T.-Y., and C. Miller. 1996. J. Gen. Physiol. 108:237–250). We aimed to use this five-state model as a starting point for understanding the structural changes that occur during gating. Using macroscopic patch recordings, we were able to reproduce the effects of voltage and chloride that were reported by Chen and Miller and to fit our opening rate constant data to the five-state model. Upon further analysis of both our data and those of Chen and Miller, we learned that in contrast to their conclusions, (a) the features in the data are not adequate to rule out a simpler four-state model, and (b) the chloride-binding step is voltage dependent. In order to be able to evaluate the effects of mutants on gating (described in the companion paper, see Engh et al. on p. 351 of this issue), we developed a method for determining the error on gating model parameters, and evaluated the sources of this error. To begin to mesh the kinetic model(s) with the known CLC structures, a model of ClC-0 was generated computationally based on the X-ray crystal structure of the prokaryotic homolog ClC-ec1. Analysis of pore electrostatics in this homology model suggests that at least two of the conclusions derived from the gating kinetics analysis are consistent with the known CLC structures: (1) chloride binding is necessary for channel opening, and (2) chloride binding to any of the three known chloride-binding sites must be voltage dependent.
Use of the ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway in a pregnant patient with a difficult airway during electroconvulsive therapy

We describe a patient at 20-22 weeks gestation, with a known difficult airway, who underwent eight sessions of electroconvulsive therapy using the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway and controlled ventilation. The airway management options for brief periods of general anaesthesia in patients with increased gastric volume are discussed.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Prevents Host NF-κB Activation by Targeting IκBα Polyubiquitination

The NF-κB pathway regulates innate immune responses to infection. NF-κB is activated after pathogen-associated molecular patterns are detected, leading to the induction of proinflammatory host responses. As a countermeasure, bacterial pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert NF-κB signaling. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrheal disease and significant morbidity and mortality for humans in developing nations. The extent to which this important pathogen subverts innate immune responses by directly targeting the NF-κB pathway is an understudied topic. Here we report that ETEC secretes a heat-stable, proteinaceous factor that blocks NF-κB signaling normally induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β, and flagellin. Pretreating intestinal epithelial cells with ETEC supernatant significantly blocked the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα without affecting IκBα phosphorylation. Data from immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that the ETEC factor functions by preventing IκBα polyubiquitination. Inhibiting clathrin function blocked the activity of the secreted ETEC factor, suggesting that this yet-uncharacterized activity may utilize clathrin-dependent endocytosis to enter host cells. These data suggest that ETEC evades the host innate immune response by directly modulating NF-κB signaling.
The Tissue Issue: T1 Mapping and the Myocardium.

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has made major inroads in the past 2 decades thanks to its ability to characterize myocardial tissue noninvasively [(1)][1]. It began with late gadolinium enhancement as a means to assess myocardial infarct size [(2)][2], for which it is now the gold standard. Over
Particle-size dependent accumulation and trophic transfer of cerium oxide through a terrestrial food chain

The accumulation and trophic transfer of nanoparticle (NP) or bulk CeO2 through a terrestrial food chain was evaluated. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) was planted in soil with 0 or 1228 μg/g bulk or NP CeO2. After 28 d, zucchini tissue Ce content was determined by ICP-MS. Leaf tissue from each treatment was used to feed crickets (Acheta domesticus). After 14 d, crickets were analyzed for Ce content or were fed to wolf spiders (family Lycosidae). NP CeO2 significantly suppressed flower mass relative to control and bulk treatments. The Ce content of zucchini was significantly greater when exposure was in the NP form. The flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of zucchini exposed to bulk CeO2 contained 93.3, 707, 331, and 119 000 ng/g, respectively; NP-exposed plants contained 153, 1510, 479, and 567 000 ng/g, respectively. Crickets fed NP CeO2-exposed zucchini leaves contained significantly more Ce (33.6 ng/g) than did control or bulk-exposed insects (15.0–15.2 ng/g). Feces from control, bulk, and NP-exposed crick...
The Insufficiency of S. Mark Heim’s More Pluralistic Hypothesis

S. Mark Heim critiques religious pluralism on the grounds that pluralistic theologies of religions postulate a conception of salvation that is applicable to all religions. That is to say, religious...
Salicylate effects on proton gradient dissipation by isolated gastric mucosal surface cells.

AbstractThe effects of salicylate were examined on Na+/H+ exchange by isolated gastric mucosal surface cells loaded with H+ and resuspended in a buffered medium. Choline salicylate (pH 7.4) increases the dissipation of an intracellular proton gradient which was measured using acridine orange. The exchange of extracellular Na+ with intracellular H+ by surface cells not only remains intact but also is enhanced upon exposure to salicylate. This was confirmed by cellular uptake of 22Na and titration of cellular H+ efflux. Salicylate increases Na+/H+ exchange via a pathway predominantly sensitive to amiloride. However, the data also suggest that salicylate dissipates an intracellular proton gradient by an additional mechanism. The latter is independent of extracellular Na+ and not due to a generalized increase in cellular permeability.
Lange’s Challenge: Accounting for Meta-laws

AbstractLange issues a novel challenge to philosophical accounts of laws of nature. He notes that the laws of nature seem to be themselves governed by laws analogous to the way that the laws govern...
eNOS activity regulation associated with its' phosphorylated modification and intervention of TCM

Nitric oxide(NO)derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)played a key role in vascular homeostasis and prevention of vascular diseases.The regulation of eNOS activity was complex and precise,especially phosphorylation of different sites of amino acid residues engaged in the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways.This paper focused on the role of main phosphorylated amino acid residues of eNOS for activity regulation,related signaling pathways and intervention of TCM.
Prevalence, causes, and impact of cancer-associated thrombosis.

Purpose. Despite advances in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the cancer population, cancer-associated thrombosis remains a serious and potentially life-threatening disease. This article will review the scope and impact of cancer-associated thrombosis, some of the possible risk factors, and current practice patterns. Summary. Epidemiology data identify thrombosis as the second leading cause of mortality in cancer patients following the disease itself. The risk of recurrent VTE and all-cause death is 3-fold higher in patients with concurrent VTE and malignancy compared to non-cancer patients with VTE. It has been estimated that one in seven hospitalized cancer patients who die do so from a pulmonary embolism. Risk factors for cancer-associated thrombosis include tumor type, anti-tumor therapy, surgery, and immobility. Furthermore, an idiopathic VTE can be a predictor of occult malignancy, with one study suggesting that individuals who present with an unprovoked episode of VTE have a 10% frequency of subsequent cancer. The Fundamental Research in Oncology and Thrombosis (FRONTLINE) study collected data on the perceived risks and practice patterns with regard to VTE in cancer patients undergoing surgical and medical management of their malignancy. Additionally, the study provided information on international and regional practice patterns for the management of VTE in cancer patients. Respondents indicated that brain and pancreatic tumors were associated with an increased risk of VTE. Eight percent of respondents considered the use of central venous access lines to be associated with a high risk of VTE. The FRONTLINE study also indicated that surgeons are more likely to use thromboprophylaxis than medical oncologists and that low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are the most commonly used method for prevention of VTE. Conclusion. Cancer patients are at greater risk of VTE and death compared to non-cancer patients; therefore, optimizing methods for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis is of particular importance in this population.
Emergency Food Supplies in Food Secure Households

Introduction Limited food supply paired with reduced access to food during emergency disasters can lead to malnutrition. To date, research evaluating the adequacy of household emergency food supplies relies on self-reported data from surveys and has not been measured objectively in households in the United States. The main objective of this study was to describe household calorie availability and nutrient density in a normal situation and to project changes that could occur when emergencies (eg, natural disasters) restrict replenishment of food supplies and disrupt water and/or energy needed for food preparation and storage. Hypothesis The calorie availability of the food supply within households in New Jersey (USA) is anticipated to be well above the recommended 3-day period. However, it is anticipated that the nutritional density of the food supply within these households will be negative. Additionally, the disaster-related factors that diminish the ability to consume stored food (eg, lack of water, power for cooking, and/or proper storage) will further reduce the caloric and nutritional adequacy of the household food supply. Methods The household food supplies of 100 food secure families in New Jersey were inventoried at a non-emergency point in time. The number of days that the inventoried food supply would provide all household members 100% of the daily value (DV) for calories and other nutrients was determined. Additionally, the effects of water and power shortages on nutritional availability of household food supply were estimated. Results The households had an average of 33.16 days (SD=21.97; range=8.14-125.17 days) of calories at 100% DV for all household members. Lack of water, energy for cooking, or both would render a decrease in the total household calories by 28%, 35%, or 38%, respectively. Loss of power for greater than five days would reduce availability of household calories by 27%. A positive nutrient density was observed with and without the food-related resources of water and power. Conclusion The mean food supply within the sampled households exceeds the current emergency preparedness recommendations, even when considering specific nutrients and emergency-related factors that affect ability to consume the food supply. Cross-sectional observation of the household food supply of food secure families in New Jersey reveals adequate dietary-based emergency preparedness and low vulnerability to emergency-induced food insecurity. Golem DL , Byrd-Bredbenner C . Emergency Food Supplies in Food Secure Households. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(4):1–6.
Effect of urinary diversion on the recovery of micturition reflexes after spinal cord injury in the rat.

Abstract Patients with suprasacral spinal cord injury usually exhibit severe lower urinary tract dysfunction, which is generally attributed to loss of supraspinal input to the spinal micturition centers. However, some of the dysfunction may also arise secondary to bladder overdistension during the initial period of bladder areflexia. This study evaluated the consequences of bladder overdistension by performing urinary diversion in spinalized (T 8 -T 10 ) rats. Bladder function was evaluated in urethane-anesthetized control and spinalized animals ~24 days after diversion. Chronically spinalized diverted and nondiverted rats exhibited similar micturition dysfunction: bladder/sphincter dyssynergia, incomplete voiding and ineffective (nonvoiding) bladder contractions. These data indicate that neither the condition of the bladder (such as chronic overdistension or bladder hypertrophy) nor afferent input from the bladder to the spinal cord dictates the development of reflex micturition and micturition dysfunction after spinal cord injury, suggesting that the dysfunction is intrinsic to spinal micturition reflex pathways.
Multiple Donors and Their Place in the Partisan Universe

We argue this new measure of multiple donors as party activists needs to be considered when projecting outcomes in the presidential nomination. Also, we revisit the idea of contested versus divisive primaries and show how past conceptions led to misleading results. We argue that while “Tea Party Republicans” have rallied to their party’s nominees in 2008 and 2012 despite reservations, the more libertarian wing of the party led by Ron Paul still represents an important splinter element within the GOP. Finally, additional questions are raised for future research regarding this new political sub-grouping of multiple donors.