cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RbSr glauconite ages, Sabinian, Claibornian and Jacksonian units, southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A

Abstract Hand-picked, disordered to ordered authigenic glauconite from the Nanjemoy Formation (Virginia), the Santee Limestone (restricted) and Cross Formation (South Carolina), and the Castle Hayne Limestone (North Carolina) yield RbSr isochron ages (λ87Rb = 1.42 × 10−11 yr−1) for Eocene units in the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain. The units, zonal assignment of their contained nannofossil floras and radiometric age, are: 3 . Unit Nannofossil zone Age (m.y.) Castle Hayne Limestone NP 19–20 34.9 ± 1.1 Cross Formation NP 18, NP 19, NP 20 34.1 ± 1.5 Santee Limestone (upper part) NP 16–17 36.7 ± 0.6 Nanjemoy Formation NP 13 46.7 ± 3.0 These ages, and their nannofossil assemblages, provide means of correlating southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain units with Gulf Coastal Plain and European stratoypes. Correlation to Gulf Coast stratotypes, based on nannofossil zones, indicates that the Nanjemoy Formation (in part) is equivalent to the Hatchetigbee Formation; the upper part of the Santee Limestone (restricted) is equivalent to the upper Lisbon Formation, the Gosport Sand, and the Moodys Branch Formation (upper Claibornian-lower Jacksonian); and the Cross Formation and the Castle Hayne Limestone are equivalent to the Yazoo Group (Jacksonian). Previously reported KAr glauconite ages for the Gulf Coast units are different from the RbSr ages determined in this study. As the RbSr age determinations show internal consistency when compared to their contained nannofossil zones, whereas the KAr ages do not, it is suggested that the previously reported KAr ages for the Gulf Coast Claibornian and Jacksonian are in error. Correlation of the southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain units to European stratoypes based on nannofossil zones indicates that the Nanjemoy Formation (in part) is equivalent to the type Lutetian; the upper part of the Santee Limestone (restricted) is equivalent to the Upper Bracklesham and Barton Beds; and the Cross Formation and Castle Hayne Limestone are equivalent to the Lower and Middle Headon Beds. Previously determined KAr and RbSr radiometric ages for the type Lutetian, the Bracklesham and Barton Beds are identical to the ages determined in this study. As a result, it is suggested that Rb-Sr glauconite isochron ages can be used for regional and inter-regional correlation and that the Eocene/Oligocene boundary is younger than 34 m.y.
Market Demand Oriented Data-Driven Modeling for Dynamic Manufacturing System Control

In this paper, a market demand driven modeling framework is developed. The market demand is modeled as an end-of-line virtual machine based on which the market demand dissatisfaction (MDD) can be measured as production loss using event-based analysis. A general Markovian continuous-flow model is developed for market demand-driven systems with multistage production networks combining manual and automatic processes. Machine failure bottlenecks (MF-BNs) and machine capacity bottlenecks (MC-BNs) are defined and identified based on event-based indicators. A supervisory control algorithm is integrated in the framework to reduce MDD and improve system productivity through identification and mitigation of MF-BNs and MC-BNs. Simulation-based analysis will also be utilized, and case studies are performed to validate the effectiveness of the modeling framework and the supervisory control policies.
'Parental incompetence' and 'selective neglect': blaming the victim in child survival.

Abstract The Child Survival Revolution has produced inconsistent results in reducing global infant and child morbidity and mortality rates. Several recent studies employ concepts of ‘parental incompetence’ and ‘selective neglect’ as catch-phrases to account for variations in the outcome of family health programs. This concept shifts liability for illness from health agencies and providers to beneficiaries. It associates program failure with noncompliance resulting from parental ignorance or indifference to the welfare of offspring. This paper presents data which support a view of parents as concerned and pro-active health seekers whose parenting standards sometimes conflict with those of external health agents, and whose caretaking decisions sometimes force them to weigh concerns for individual children against demands of the family as a whole. Implications of parental accountability for child survival are discussed as they shape research and health policy.
Optical physics research in a small liberal arts college

To encourage more activity in the field of optical physics in the small colleges the program at Southwestern is described. It is believed that the Southwestern program has been effective in motivating many undergraduate physics majors to pursue optical physics as a career in graduate school. The undergraduate is directly involved in the program. The small size of the staff has not been a handicap since the department is concerned only with this one research program.
Laser‐pulsed plasma chemistry: Laser‐initiated plasma oxidation of niobium

We report the first observation of the chemical modification of a solid surface exposed to an ambient gas plasma initiated by the interaction of laser radiation with the same surface. A new technique, which we designate laser‐pulsed plasma chemistry (LPPC), is proposed for activating heterogeneous chemical reactions at solid surfaces in a gaseous ambient by means of a plasma initiated by laser radiation. Results for niobium metal in one atmosphere oxygen demonstrate single‐pulse, self‐limiting oxide growth induced by a pulsed CO2 laser. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) was used to monitor surface chemical composition changes and thickness control of thin (1 to 5 nm) reaction product layers. The dependence of single‐pulse oxide growth upon laser fluence is observed to be monotonic for oxide thicknesses up to 5 nm. Composition of the oxide Nb2O5−δ, formed by such an optically driven plasma, is similar to that formed by low‐temperature oxidation processes such as rf plasma oxidation; however, t...
SU-C-BRB-04: Impact of Residual Systematic Setup Error in the Treatment of Paraspinal Lesions with Single High Dose Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: To use confidence limit dose volume histograms to evaluate the impact of residual systematic error during para‐spinal stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT). Methods: Retrospective analyses of the impact of residual systematic errors were performed for ten patients undergoing para‐spinal SBRT. Residual random errors were modeled by convolving the planned dose with a Gaussian distribution (Stdev 1.5 mm). Residual systematic setup errors were assumed to be normally distributed with standard deviations from 1 to 4 mm and were modeled using a Monte Carlo(MC) simulation. During the MC simulation, it was assumed that actual systematic setup error would be kept to institution‐defined thresholds which would equal one standard deviation. Confidence intervals were calculated by sorting the resulting MC DVHs according to a pre‐selected critical dose or volume (e.g. D95). Dose was calculated with an in‐house planning system and a grid spacing of 1mm. Results: Mean (Stdev) planned cord/cauda D05 was 46.1% (11%) of the prescribed dose. Mean 5% and 95% confidence intervals were 100.8% and 117.0% of the planned D05 for a 1 mm residual error and 94.1% and 155.1% for 4 mm residual error. The expected cord/cauda D05 (i.e., mean over all confidence levels) for tumors partially surrounding these structures was generally within 5% of the planned dose and the 5% and 95% confidence limits were approximately 5% to 15% lower/higher than planned dose for systematic errors no more than 2 mm. For tumors surrounding the cord/cauda, D05 equaled or exceeded the planned dose, regardless of confidence level or magnitude of residual error and the expected cord/cauda D05 could exceed planned D05 by 10% or more. Conclusions: Residual systematic error can result in clinically significant deviations between planned and actual dose particularly for patients with extensive disease. Such analyses can guide the level of treatment intervention required for individual patients.
Fragrance material review on 2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl acetate.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl acetate is a member of the fragrance structural group aryl alkyl alcohol simple acid esters (AAASAE). The AAASAE fragrance ingredients are prepared by reacting an aryl alkyl alcohol with a simple carboxylic acid (a chain of 1–4 carbons) to generate formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and carbonate esters. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl acetate were evaluated, then summarized, and includes physical properties data. A safety assessment of the entire AAASAE will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2012) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all AAASAE in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H. , Miyachi, Y., Saurat , J.H., Sipes, I.G., submitted for publication. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of aryl alkyl alcohol simple acid esters when used as fragrance ingredients.
A REMARK ON PRIME DIVISORS OF PARTITION FUNCTIONS

Schinzel showed that the set of primes that divide some value of the classical partition function is infinite. For a wide class of sets &#x1d49c;, we prove an analogous result for the function p&#x1d49c;(n) that counts partitions of n into terms belonging to &#x1d49c;.
Optimization of defect hole placement in resonant cavities

We demonstrate the resonance wavelength and quality factor dependence of 50nm defect-hole placement within photonic crystal L3 microcavities. Proper placement of defect-holes leads to a 12% increase in photonic crystal sensor detection sensitivity.
Spatial Structure of a Single Mn Impurity State on GaAs (110) Surface

Using a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM), we have manipulated individual Mn adatoms at the GaAs (110) surface to apparently bond with two surface As atoms. In this configuration the Mn atoms, which either are at an interstitial site or have substituted for a surface Ga atom, give rise to strong in-gap levels as probed by spatially resolved STM spectroscopy measurements. Mapping the Mn-induced in-gap bound state shows an unusual spatial structure, with highly anisotropic character. The bound state shares some characteristic features with subsurface Mn and Zn dopants.
Outcomes of transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in infants weighing ≤6 kg

Objectives We sought to analyze the outcomes of transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion using a variety of devices in infants weighing ≤6 kg. Background Indications for transcatheter closure of a PDA in infancy include congestive heart failure and/or failure to thrive. Devices available for small infants may be problematic for various reasons, including sheath size, stiffness of delivery system, and anchoring and retrievability characteristics of the device. The Amplatzer Ductal Occluder is approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for children weighing >6 kg and older than 6 months of age. Methods We performed a multicenter, retrospective analysis of children weighing ≤6 kg in whom transcatheter PDA occlusion was attempted between January 1995 and November 2005 at Texas Children's Hospital and January 2001 to November 2005 at Children's Hospital of San Diego. Results A total of 62 patients underwent attempted closure. The mean age at catheterization was 4.7 ± 2.8 months with a mean weight at catheterization of 4.6 ± 0.9 kg. Successful device placement was achieved in 58 of 62 patients (94%). Among those receiving a device, complete occlusion was noted in all 58 patients at either catheterization or last available follow-up. Conclusions Percutaneous closure of PDA should be considered even in infants ≤6 kg.
Spatial learning and memory at defined points of the estrous cycle: Effects on performance of a hippocampal-dependent task.

Learning based on hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation in female rats was assessed at identified points in the estrous cycle corresponding to low (estrus) and high (proestrus) circulating estrogen. With background training in water-maze procedures, rats learned the location of an escape platform in the maze in a single session of 8 training trials. A strong spatial bias for the escape platform was also evident in a probe trial used to assess retention of learning 30 min after the training session. This entire protocol was completed in less than an hour. The performance of the estrus and proestrus rats was indistinguishable on all behavioral measures, irrespective of the stage of estrous cycle during the task. These results indicate that rapid learning and retention for spatial information over a relatively short interval may be preserved despite morphological alterations in hippocampal dendritic spine density in the normally cycling female rat.
The effects of individual differences in ability to image on recall of nonmeaningful information

A preliminary study examined the effects of imagery on the recall of nonmeaningful information. Experiment 1 found no facilitative effects, but the results suggested the possibility that individual differences in visual imagery ability might be an important variable. Experiment 2 examined individual differences in visual imagery ability and found this variable to be a significant factor in the effects that instructions to employ imagery have on recall of nonmeaningful information. Experiment 3 extended the results of Experiment 2 to an incidental learning task.
Optimizing the efficiency of command load inspection for the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on the Chandra X-ray Telescope

The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), launched in July of 1999, contains two focal-plane imaging detectors and two gratings spectrometers. Keeping these instruments operating at an optimal performance level is the responsibility of the Chandra X-ray Center, located in Cambridge, MA. Each week a new set of command loads is generated to be uploaded to the spacecraft for use in the following week. The command loads contain all of the necessary instructions for the observatory to execute a week's worth of science observations and spacecraft maintenance activities. Ensuring that these loads do not compromise the performance of the observatory or its health and safety in any way is a complex procedure. It requires a coordinated review and subsequent approval of the loads from a team of scientists and engineers representing each instrument on the spacecraft. Reviewing the command loads can be quite a daunting task; but with the help of automated scripts and command load interpretation into "human-readable" form, we have been able to streamline the command load review process as well as improve our ability to identify errors in commanding. We present here a detailed review of those scripts utilized in the inspection of command loads for the ACIS instrument. This work was supported by NASA contract NAS8-39073.
Metabolic activation of cyanamide to an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro

Abstract The inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) by cyanamide is dependent on the conversion of the latter to an active metabolite. This accounts for the in vivo activity of cyanamide in raising ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde levels to the mM range in the rat (ED 50 for cyanamide=0.11 mmole/kg) and its lasc of inhibitory activity in vitro with purified AlDH enzymes. Liver mitochondria were shown to catalyze this activation. The Low K m mitochondrial AIDH isozyme was strongly inhibited by cyanamide when measured in intact rat liver mitochondria (I 50 =2.0 μ M). Cyanamide also inhibited yeast AlDH when incubated in the presence, but not in the absence, of rat liver mitochondria (I 50 =7.8 μ M). Using yeast AIDH activity as a measure of cyanamide activation, the subcellular distribution of the cyanamide-activating system was assessed. Microsomes plus an NADPH generating system were equally active as mitochondria in activating cyanamide. In the absence of NADPH, microsomal activity was about half that of mitochondria. Little or no activity was found in the cytosolic fraction. A series of cyanamide analogs and derivatives were screened for their ability to inhibit the low K m AlDH isozyme measured in intact mitochondria. Only monoalkylcyanamides exemplified by n -butylcyanamide showed significatn inhibition. Other cyanamide analogs and derivatives including N-acetylcyanamide, the major urinary metabolite of cyanamide, were inactive in this system.
Modulation of one of three murine bone marrow stromal cell lines to adipose cells by serum and insulin.

Adipose cells have been recognized as an integral component of the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment in vivo and as an essential cell type required for in vitro maintenance of stem cells. Four stromal cell lines obtained from the adherent cell population of murine bone marrow cultures have been enriched and purified by multiple trypsinizations. We noted that these cell lines exhibited an accumulation of vacuoles of lipid, the extent of which varied be-tween cell lines in response to a change from medium containing 10% fetal calf serum to medium containing 20% horse serum. The lipid was lost when the cell lines were transferred back into the medium supplemented with fetal calf serum. In light of the reported lipogenic and antilipolytic effects of insulin on fibroblasts and adipocytes, we investigated the ability of insulin to induce adipocyte transformation of these bone marrow stromal cell populations. Three cell lines were exposed to bovine insulin at concentrations ranging from 10−9 to 10−6 M. All three cell lines responded to the insulin by accumulating lipid, but the extent of accumulation and the insulin concentration at which maximum lipid content was attained were population specific. One cell line (MC1) responded fully at physiological levels of insulin (10−9 M), whereas the other two showed lipid accumulation only at pharmacological concentrations. The initial growth of MC1 was inhibited in the presence of 10−9 M insulin which is compatible with the observed differentiation to adipocytes. The growth of MC3 was unaltered in the presence of physiological concentrations of insulin, whereas that of MC4 was accelerated. Grafts of organ cultures of the cell lines under the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice developed specific characteristics rep-resentative of the different cell lines. In particular, the majority of the grafts of MC1 consisted primarily of fat cells which were not observed in the grafts of MC3 and MC4. These data strongly suggest that these cell lines comprise cells with different potentialities and that the MC1 line represents a preadipocyte stromal cell of bone marrow.
Diffusion of environmentally-friendly energy technologies: buy versus lease differences in residential PV markets

Diffusion of microgeneration technologies, particularly rooftop photovoltaic (PV), represents a key option in reducing emissions in the residential sector. We use a uniquely rich dataset from the burgeoning residential PV market in Texas to study the nature of the consumer?s decision-making process in the adoption of these technologies. In particular, focusing on the financial metrics and the information decision-makers use to base their decisions upon, we study how the leasing and buying models affect individual choices and, thereby, the adoption of capital-intensive energy technologies. Overall, our findings suggest that the leasing model more effectively addresses consumers? informational requirements and that, contrary to some other studies, buyers and lessees of PV do not necessarily differ significantly along socio-demographic variables. Instead, we find that the leasing model has opened up the residential PV market to a new, and potentially very large, consumer segment?those with a tight cash-flow situation.
Fabrication of arrays of Schottky diodes using microtransfer molding

Abstract This paper describes the application of microtransfer molding—a representative soft lithographic technique—to the fabrication of simple Schottky diodes on silicon. The fabrication of a diode involved two microtransfer molding steps. The current–voltage responses of these diodes displayed characteristic nonlinear diode behavior. The yield of pattern transfer was 95% and the yield of functional diodes was 90%. Future improvements and potential industry application is proposed.
Institutional Responses to Barriers to the Transfer Process.

The extent to which community college students make the transition from two- to four-year institutions is contingent on the cooperation of these institutions. This chapter examines the creation of transfer centers and other initiatives to address the challenges in the transfer process.
The effects of irrelevant dimensions and stimuli on two-choice discrimination learning by children

Eight 9-year-old children were presented 24 eight-trial simultaneous two-choice visual discrimination problems. Each problem contained eight different stimuli. In half of the problems the stimuli varied along two dimensions with one dimension irrelevant, and for the other 12 problems the stimuli varied along three dimensions with two dimensions irrelevant. Even though the number of irrelevant stimuli was the same, the two-irrelevant-dimension problems were significantly more difficult than the one-irrelevant-dimension problems. There was significant learning on both types of problems and no significant interactions.
What Ricoeur’s hermeneutics reveal about self and identity and aesthetic experience

By analyzing eminent artists’ depictions of their experiences as taken from too-long-neglected interviews with Sigmund Koch and juxtaposing these with Ricoeur’s regressive and progressive hermeneutics and contemporary concerns in narrative psychology, the authors open new avenues of inquiry into self, identity, and art. Using interviews with Toni Morrison and Arthur Miller, they demonstrate how the creative process involves a concurrent interrogation and dislocation of the self, as well as a moral responsibility to a collective other. While the artists engage in regressive and progressive processes in their art, they also engage in the same processes in telling about their lives and their art. These enable transformative experiences for an artist’s sense of self and identity as well as the genesis of creative work. The regressive and progressive processes hold true not only for Toni Morrison and Arthur Miller, but also for other artists and individuals negotiating the long-term tasks of development.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF ADAMANTANE-CONTAINING PHOSPHAZENES

The first phosphazenes with adamantyl side groups have been synthesized. Hexakis(adamantanamino)cyclotriphosphazene, octakis(adamantanamino)cyclotetraphosphazene, and poly[bis(adamantanamino-co-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] have been prepared. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the cyclic trimer has been solved. This compound has a slightly puckered phosphazene ring due to the steric bulk of the adamantanamino side group.
Zombies in the classroom: a horrific attempt to engage students in critically thinking about Turkey's undead application to join the European Union

This paper reports on an introductory world regional geography course with a role-playing exercise. The goal was to situate students in a form of popular geopolitics that engaged them viscerally with positionality and othering. Students were assigned different positionalities in a liminal active learning environment within a context of fear of zombies; some actually engaged in othering or were othered; many vocally critiqued their own or others' positionalities and arguments. Later in the semester, students were more engaged and likely to apply the concepts of positionality and othering in critically thinking about the real-world case of Turkey's European Union application.
Proposta de estradas-parque como unidade de conservação: dilemas e diálogos entre o Jalapão e a Chapada dos Veadeiros

This article is a result of a study released in two different Unities of Conservation of strong ecotouristic and conservationistic interest, through bibliographical researches and open interviews, about Greenway. The aim was to analyse the beddings that support this concept, to understand the involved challenges and the level of adequacy that discloses the necessity of legitimacy of the use of this unit category of conservation as a tool for the environmental politics.
Viruses - from pathogens to vaccine carriers.

Vaccination is mankind's greatest public health success story. By now vaccines to many of the viruses that once caused fatal childhood diseases are routinely used throughout the world. Traditional methods of vaccine development through inactivation or attenuation of viruses have failed for some of the most deadly human pathogens, necessitating new approaches. Genetic modification of viruses allows not only for their attenuation but also for incorporation of sequences from other viruses, turning one pathogen into a vaccine carrier for another. Recombinant viruses have pros and cons as vaccine carriers, as discussed below using vectors based on adenovirus, herpesvirus, flavivirus, and rhabdovirus as examples.
Redefining climate regions in the United States of America using satellite remote sensing and machine learning for public health applications

Existing climate classification has not been designed for an efficient handling of public health scenarios. This work aims to design an objective spatial climate regionalization method for assessing health risks in response to extreme weather. Specific climate regions for the conterminous United States of America (USA) were defined using satellite remote sensing (RS) data and compared with the conventional Koppen-Geiger (KG) divisions. Using the nationwide database of hospitalisations among the elderly (≥65 year olds), we examined the utility of a RS-based climate regionalization to assess public health risk due to extreme weather, by comparing the rate of hospitalisations in response to thermal extremes across climatic regions. Satellite image composites from 2002-2012 were aggregated, masked and compiled into a multi-dimensional dataset. The conterminous USA was classified into 8 distinct regions using a stepwise regionalization approach to limit noise and collinearity (LKN), which exhibited a high degree of consistency with the KG regions and a well-defined regional delineation by annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation values. The most populous was a temperate wet region (10.9 million), while the highest rate of hospitalisations due to exposure to heat and cold (9.6 and 17.7 cases per 100,000 persons at risk, respectively) was observed in the relatively warm and humid south-eastern region. RS-based regionalization demonstrates strong potential for assessing the adverse effects of severe weather on human health and for decision support. Its utility in forecasting and mitigating these effects has to be further explored.
Angiotensin II-induced reduction in body mass is Ang II receptor mediated in association with elevated corticosterone.

Abstract The mechanisms by which elevated glucocorticoids contribute to decreased body mass via angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion are not completely described. This study addressed the hypothesis that chronic Ang II infusion suppresses hepatic growth hormone receptor (GHr) and IGF1 expressions via an Ang II receptor (AT1)-mediated pathway associated with elevated glucocorticoids. Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to three groups: 1) Control, 2) Ang II-infused (80 ng/min x 28d) and 3) Ang II + angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB; 10 mg losartan/kg/d × 21d). After 28 d, Ang II decreased body mass by 14% (407 ± 8 vs 350 ± 17 g) and hepatic AT1a, GHr, and IGF1 mRNA expressions by 45%, 44%, and 44%, respectively. ARB treatment completely prevented the loss in body mass (409 ± 9 g) and AT1a and GHr expressions and partially recovered the loss of hepatic IGF1. Ang II increased plasma corticosterone (B) 3-fold (173 ± 28 vs 555 ± 42 ng/mL) and ARB treatment prevented the response (150 ± 47 ng/mL). Food consumption did not change suggesting that the decrease in body mass resulted from the catabolic actions of the Ang II-induced increase in systemic B and not from reduced caloric intake. The prevention by ARB treatment of the Ang II-induced decrease in body mass and downregulation of AT1a, GHr and IGF1 coinciding with suppression of plasma B suggests that the Ang II-induced decrease in body mass is AT1 receptor mediated in conjunction with elevated B. These data suggest that alleviating the Ang II-induced cachexia requires targeting AT1 and suppressing glucocorticoid secretion.
β-Galactosidase Treatment of Frozen Dairy Product Mixes Containing Whey

Abstract Twenty-five percent of the milk SNF in mixes of ice cream, ice milk, milk shake, and low calorie frozen dessert were substituted with sweet whey solids. The mixes were treated with a β -galactosidase enzyme prior to pasteurization. Demineralized and undemineralized whey powders had the same effect on enzyme activity and flavor quality of the product. Increased sweetness due to hydrolysis products of lactose allowed for reduction in sucrose and corn syrup solids in the formulas while maintaining sweetness equivalent to standard formulas. Freezing points were determined by cryoscopy and were correlated to the degree of hydrolysis. Experimental samples with and without enzyme treatment were comparable in meltdown, storage stability, and overrun of standard samples. Sensory qualities were likewise similar to the standard formulas.
News Grazers, Television News, Political Knowledge, and Engagement

This study examines the modern-day television “news grazer” in American politics. We define news grazers as those individuals who watch television news with remote control in hand and switch to another channel when an uninteresting topic comes up. Using survey data from the Pew Research Center, we find that news grazers differ significantly from nongrazers in news-gathering habits, political knowledge, and behavior. These effects remain significant even when controlling for other factors associated with news-grazing frequency, such as age and gender. The implications for the present and future of democratic political engagement are discussed.
The determination of chemical binding effects in N2 by electron scattering

Abstract The total differential (elastic plus inelastic) cross section has been measured for electron scattering by N 2 with 40 keV electrons. Data was obtained over the range 1.5 ⩽ s ⩽ 12A −1 ( s = (4π/λsin 1 2 θ). The results are in excellent agreement with previous photographic measurements and conclusively show that previously observed maxima and minima in the intensity difference curve between experiment and independent atom model theory are the result of chemical binding. The binding energy was also estimated and was found to be too large by some 10 eV.
Robust gene expression with amplified RNA from biopsy-sized human heart tissue.

Abstract The need to assess heart failure at an early stage highlights the importance of accurate microarray analysis using small tissue samples. To test our ability to obtain high quality RNA from biopsy-sized cardiac specimens, amplification was performed on RNA from biopsy-sized samples of left ventricle (LV) tissue from one explanted failing human heart and one non-failing heart. Two methods were used: one-cycle (1C) amplification of 1.6 μg of RNA, and two-cycle (2C) amplification of 50 ng of RNA. The resulting cRNA was hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays. Over 65% of all differentially expressed genes for failing vs non-failing hearts were concordant between 1C and 2C RNA amplification. Differentially expressed genes between 1C and 2C RNA amplification in our study were highly correlated (R2 = 0.957 and changes in gene expression agreed with prior studies on genes and heart failure; e.g., decreased α-myosin heavy chain and α-tropomyosin, as well as increased expression of insulin-like growth factor). Two cycles of amplification from cardiac biopsies will permit accurate transcription profiling of heart failure at pre-symptomatic stages. Ability to measure gene expression from nanogram amounts of RNA will provide new opportunities to predict progression to symptomatic heart failure, and to identify potential targets for therapy.
Characteristics of temperature depressions associated with snow cover across the Northeast United States

Abstract Daily snow cover and temperature data are collected for a network of 91 stations covering the northeast United States and the association between the two is explored. Observations are examined for the six-month winter season, NovemberApril, for the period 1948/491987/88. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are stratified by 15-day periods and further by the presence or absence of a snow cover. It is found that for snow covers of 2.5 cm or greater, depressions of daily maximum and minimum temperature average approximately 6° and 5°C, respectively. Relatively large variations in the temperature depressions are observed across space, whereas smaller variability is found across the snow cover season. Temporally, maximum temperature depressions are greater during the early and later portions of the snow cover season and somewhat smaller during the midwinter months. The magnitude of minimum temperature depressions are larger during the midwinter months but decrease in size early and especially lat...
Testing the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution using Brownian particles

We report on shot-noise limited measurements of the instantaneous velocity distribution of a Brownian particle. Our system consists of a single micron-sized glass sphere held in an optical tweezer in a liquid in equilibrium at room temperature. We provide a direct verification of a modified Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution and modified energy equipartition theorem that account for the kinetic energy of the liquid displaced by the particle. Our measurements confirm the distribution over a dynamic range of more than six orders of magnitude in count-rate and five standard deviations in velocity.
Comparative antimicrobial spectrum and activity of BMS284756 (T-3811, a desfluoroquinolone) tested against 656 Enterobacteriaceae, including preliminary in vitro susceptibility test comparisons and development.

Abstract BMS284756 (T-3811), a novel des-F(6)-quinolone, was evaluated using isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program tested by Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden), reference broth microdilution and disk diffusion (5-μg) methods. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin and gatifloxacin were also tested by broth microdilution as comparator antimicrobial agents within the same drug class. The 656 isolate collection included species from the genera Citrobacter , Enterobacter , Escherichia , Hafnia , Klebsiella , Morganella , Pantoea , Proteus , Providencia , Salmonella , and Serratia . BMS284756 was slightly less active than comparison fluoroquinolones against these isolates (MIC 90 , 4 mg/l versus 0.06–2 mg/l). However, at a proposed susceptible breakpoint of ≤4 mg/l, 90.7% of the isolates processed were susceptible to BMS284756, demonstrating an equivalent spectrum of activity to all other agents except gemifloxacin (86.6%). In general, isolates requiring >4 mg/l of BMS284756 for inhibition of growth were also less susceptible to the comparators suggesting cross-resistance is common between des-F(6)- and fluoro-quinolones. Excellent correlation was observed between broth microdilution MIC results and 5-μg disk zone diameters ( r =0.94), and between broth microdilution dilution and Etest MIC values ( r =0.96). In conclusion, BMS284756 has an activity and spectrum similar to contemporary fluoroquinolones and in vitro test methods (NCCLS, Etest) appear accurate and reproducible
Identifying cellular genes crucial for the reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the latest addition to the long list of human herpesviruses. Reactivation of latent herpesvirus infections is still a mystery. It was demonstrated recently that the phorbol ester TPA was efficient in inducing a reactivation of KSHV infection in the S phase of the cell cycle. In the present study, flow cytometry-sorted, TPA-induced, KSHV-infected haematopoietic cells (BCBL-1) were used to analyse the expression profiles of cancer-related cellular genes in the S phase of the cell cycle compared with the G0/1 phase by using microarrays. Overall, the S phase of the cell cycle seems to provide KSHV with an apt environment for a productive lytic cycle of infection. The apt conditions include cellular signalling that promotes survivability, DNA replication and lipid metabolism, while blocking cell-cycle progression to M phase. Some of the important genes that were overexpressed during the S phase of the cell cycle compared with the G0/1 phase of TPA-induced BCBL-1 cells are v-myb myeloblastosis (MYBL2), protein kinase-membrane associated tyrosine/threonine 1 (PKMYT1), ribonucleotide reductase M1 polypeptide (RRM1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors delta (PPARD). Inhibition of PKMYT1 expression by the use of specific short interfering RNAs significantly lowered the TPA-induced KSHV lytic cycle of infection. The significance of these and other genes in the reactivation of KSHV is discussed in the following report. Taken together, a flow cytometry–microarray-based method to study the cellular conditions critical for the reactivation of KSHV infection is reported here for the first time.
Incentive Compatible Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis

In many cases, competing parties who have private data may collaboratively conduct privacy-preserving distributed data analysis (PPDA) tasks to learn beneficial data models or analysis results. Most often, the competing parties have different incentives. Although certain PPDA techniques guarantee that nothing other than the final analysis result is revealed, it is impossible to verify whether participating parties are truthful about their private input data. Unless proper incentives are set, current PPDA techniques cannot prevent participating parties from modifying their private inputs.incentive compatible privacy-preserving data analysis techniques This raises the question of how to design incentive compatible privacy-preserving data analysis techniques that motivate participating parties to provide truthful inputs. In this paper, we first develop key theorems, then base on these theorems, we analyze certain important privacy-preserving data analysis tasks that could be conducted in a way that telling the truth is the best choice for any participating party.
Nature of Functional Estrogen Receptors at the Plasma Membrane

Although rapid signaling by estrogen at the plasma membrane is established, it is controversial as to the nature of the receptor protein. Estrogen may bind membrane proteins comparable to classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), but some studies identify nonclassical receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)30. We took several approaches to define membrane-localized estrogen-binding proteins. In endothelial cells (ECs) from ERalpha/ERbeta combined-deleted mice, estradiol (E2) failed to specifically bind, and did not activate cAMP, ERK, or phosphatidyinositol 3-kinase or stimulate DNA synthesis. This is in contrast to wild-type ECs, indicating the lack of any functional estrogen-binding proteins in ERalpha/ERbeta combined-deleted ECs. To directly determine the identity of membrane and nuclear-localized ER, we isolated subcellular receptor pools from MCF7 cells. Putative ER proteins were trypsin digested and subjected to tandem array mass spectrometry. The output analysis identified membrane and nuclear E2-binding proteins as classical human ERalpha. We also determined whether GPR30 plays any role in E2 rapid actions. MCF7 (ER and GPR30 positive) and SKBR-3 (ER negative, GPR30 positive) cells were incubated with E2. Only MCF7 responded with significantly increased signaling. In MCF7, the response to E2 was not different in cells transfected with small interfering RNA to green fluorescent protein or GPR30. In contrast, interfering RNA to ERalpha or ER inhibition prevented rapid signaling and resulting biology in MCF7. In breast cancer and ECs, nuclear and membrane ERs are the same proteins. Furthermore, classical ERs mediate rapid signals induced by E2 in these cells.
Signalling for peak power limited magnetic channels

The magnetic channel is peak power limited if the head is subject to saturation when reading flux transitions. This is the case, for example, when a magnetoresistive sensor is in contact with the magnetic tape medium. The authors describe two different approaches to peak amplitude reduction: (1) insert additional transition blocks between existing transitions (write equalization). The resulting transition response is DC free, therefore conventionally used equalization targets are not suitable. Read equalization transfer functions for both peak position and sampled detection are determined; (2) eliminate the binary input combinations causing high amplitude peaks. The authors describe a rate 4/5 code to reduce the peak amplitude of a read signal by 3 dB through the elimination of the 010 combination (NRZI coding), and provide a 20% density enhancement for EPR4 signaling in white noise. >
Exploratory measurements in spiral turbulence.

Interface propagation in mixed laminar-turbulent flow between counter-rotating concentric cylinders, noting spiral turbulence as dominant feature of Couette flow transition
Enhanced Energy Transfer in Quasi‐Quaternary Nanocrystal Superlattices

Quasi-quaternary nanocrystal superlattices are assembled by using exclusively core-shell particles as building blocks. The assemblies show an enhancement of energy-transfer from cadmium selenide-based core-shell quantum dots to gold-iron oxide core-shell nanocrystals compared to random mixtures of the same components.
Evaluating Early Intervention Accountability Methods for Service Delivery Innovations

Providing accountability as a core professional role includes documenting the outcomes of consultations with parents and teachers. Furthermore, these consultations can serve as building blocks for evaluating overall intervention program effectiveness. We report the use of single-case accountability designs for examining individual child outcomes and evaluating the Ohio Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) project. Procedural guidelines (termed PASSKey) were used to help structure the process of ecobehavioral analysis, collaborative consultation, and naturalistic intervention design for children's learning, developmental, and behavioral problems. The methods serve as examples of functional assessment, accountability, and program evaluation efforts appropriate for early intervention consultations. Moreover, the results offer evidence for the effectiveness of the ECI model.
Screening for vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with adverse health outcomes. PURPOSE: To systematically review benefits and harms of vitamin D screening in asymptomatic adults. DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE (through the third week of August 2014), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized trials of screening for and treatment of vitamin D deficiency and case-control studies nested within the Women's Health Initiative. DATA EXTRACTION: One investigator abstracted data, a second reviewed data for accuracy, and 2 investigators independently assessed study quality using predefined criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: No study examined the effects of vitamin D screening versus no screening on clinical outcomes. Vitamin D treatment was associated with decreased mortality versus placebo or no treatment (11 studies; risk ratio [RR], 0.83 [95% CI, 0.70 to 0.99]), although benefits were no longer seen after trials of institutionalized persons were excluded (8 studies; RR, 0.93 [CI, 0.73 to 1.18]). Vitamin D treatment was associated with possible decreased risk for having at least 1 fall (5 studies; RR, 0.84 [CI, 0.69 to 1.02]) and falls per person (5 studies; incidence rate ratio, 0.66 [CI, 0.50 to 0.88]) but not fractures (5 studies; RR, 0.98 [CI, 0.82 to 1.16]). Vitamin D treatment was not associated with a statistically significant increased risk for serious adverse events (RR, 1.17 [CI, 0.74 to 1.84]). LIMITATION: Variability across studies in 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays and baseline levels, treatment doses, use of calcium, and duration of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic persons might reduce mortality risk in institutionalized elderly persons and risk for falls but not fractures. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Language: en
A Silicon Nanocrystal Schottky Junction Solar Cell produced from Colloidal Silicon Nanocrystals

Solution-processed semiconductors are seen as a promising route to reducing the cost of the photovoltaic device manufacture. We are reporting a single-layer Schottky photovoltaic device that was fabricated by spin-coating intrinsic silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) from colloidal suspension. The thin-film formation process was based on Si NCs without any ligand attachment, exchange, or removal reactions. The Schottky junction device showed a photovoltaic response with a power conversion efficiency of 0.02%, a fill factor of 0.26, short circuit-current density of 0.148 mA/cm2, and open-circuit voltage of 0.51 V.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Quasi Species That Rebound after Discontinuation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Are Similar to the Viral Quasi Species Present before Initiation of Therapy

In an effort to identify the sources of the viruses that emerge after discontinuation of therapy, analyses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) quasi species were done for 3 patients with sustained levels of HIV RNA of <50 copies/mL for 1-3 years. The sequences found in the rebounding plasma virus were closely related to those of the actively replicating form of viruses present before the initiation of combination therapy. All quasi species found in the rebounding plasma virus were also present in proviral DNA, cell-associated RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and virion RNA derived from PBMC coculture during periods when plasma HIV RNA levels were <50 copies/mL. These findings suggest that the rapid resurgence of plasma viremia observed after discontinuation of therapy and the viruses cocultured from PBMC are derived from a relatively stable pool of the replicating form of virus rather than from activation of a previously latent pool.
THE LINKS BETWEEN TRADING TIME AND MARKET VOLATILITY

In this paper the impact of reduced New York Stock Exchange trading hours on stock return variance and trading volume is examined. Trading hours were reduced during the summers of 1945–52 by eliminating Saturday trading and in parts of 1968 by eliminating Wednesday trading. For the most part, these closings do not affect weekly volume or stock return variance. However, volume and variance are shifted from periods within the week with reduced trading hours to days following market closings. This is consistent with reduced trading temporarily reducing the transmission of private information into market prices.