cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poliovirus Receptor CD155 Over-Expression Effect on Migration in C6 Glioma Cells

Cell migration plays a key role in brain cancer invasion, an early step in metastasis, and proteins that regulate migration are often up-regulated in tumor cells. The poliovirus receptor CD155 has recently been shown to affect migration levels of select malignant glioma strains, fueling the exploration of treating brain cancer with oncolytic virus recombinants. In the beginning phase of experimentation, we analyzed the migratory behavior of control C6 gliomas through two rounds of transfilter assays. In order to explore the function of CD155 in glioma migration, we then conducted two over-expression experiments with the use of a full-length cDNA expression vector and compared the resulting migration rates to control data. We found that an average of 304.25 control cells cross our transfilters after 5.5 hours, and an average of 354.5 cells transfected with the PVR expression vector. Our results reflected a 16.5% increase in cell migration due to an increased presence of the protein CD155. In order to confirm that CD155 was expressed in the rat C6s, we subsequently conducted two Western blots: one comparing control C6s and transfected C6s, and the other running control C6s next to a human U87 glioma control cell line. The blots establish that CD155 is indeed present in both of these human and rat strains of glioma, and that our over-expression was successful. Key words: Glioblastoma multiforme; tumor migration; poliovirus receptor CD155; protein over-expression.
The politics of disability

This paper briefly considers the influence of the economy on the material circumstances of disabled people and some of the reasons why a politics of disability has now become possible. It goes on to consider the role of dis ability organisations in relation to the state and in the articulation of the political demands of disabled people. Finally some ways forward in the construction of a truly socialist policy relevant to mecting the needs of dis abled people is considered.
FnTm2, a novel brain-specific transcript, is dynamically expressed in the song learning circuit of the zebra finch.

Zebra finch males learn their song by imitation, a process influenced by social variables. The neural pathways for acquisition and production of learned song are known, but the cellular and molecular underpinnings are not. Here we describe a novel gene named “FnTm2” (“Phantom 2”) that is predicted to encode a small protein (220 aa) with a single fibronectin type III domain and a single transmembrane domain. This gene shows great variability in its expression in song system neurons of the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), a circuit that influences song discrimination and is necessary for normal song acquisition. AFP nuclei that express FnTm2 include the nucleus HVC (its Area X-projecting neurons), Area X, and LMAN (core and shell). FnTm2 expression does not correlate with singing behavior like the immediate early gene ZENK. It is expressed variably during sleeping hours and is not dependent on an intact song circuit. FnTm2′s expression is sensitive to hearing, because in deafened birds its expression is substantially reduced in the core of LMAN. Furthermore, a comparison of FnTm2 expression between mice and zebra finches revealed a conserved pattern of expression in the “limbic system.” We suggest that FnTm2 may be sensitive to affective and/or attentional states and thus may provide insights on how social variables influence the production and discrimination of learned vocalizations. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:127–148, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Minireview: G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor-1, GPER-1: Its Mechanism of Action and Role in Female Reproductive Cancer, Renal and Vascular Physiology

Using cDNA cloning strategies commonly employed for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), GPCR-30 (GPR30), was isolated from mammalian cells before knowledge of its cognate ligand. GPR30 is evolutionarily conserved throughout the vertebrates. A broad literature suggests that GPR30 is a Gs-coupled heptahelical transmembrane receptor that promotes specific binding of naturally occurring and man-made estrogens but not cortisol, progesterone, or testosterone. Its “pregenomic” signaling actions are manifested by plasma membrane-associated actions familiar to GPCR, namely, stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and Gβγ-subunit protein-dependent release of membrane-tethered heparan bound epidermal growth factor. These facts regarding its mechanism of action have led to the formal renaming of this receptor to its current functional designate, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (ER) (GPER)-1. Further insight regarding its biochemical action and physiological functions in vertebrates is derived from receptor knockdown stud...
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Effects of Random Allocation to Vitamin E Supplementation on the Occurrence of Venous Thromboembolism: Report From the Women’s Health Study”

We thank Drs Violi and Pignatelli for discussing additional mechanisms whereby supplementation with vitamin E might influence the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The primary end points of the Women’s Health Study were cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the a priori mechanisms that motivated the trial focused on these end points. Although it was prospectively evaluated and its occurrence required confirmation through record review by the trial’s end points …
Employer Sanctions and the Question of Discrimination: The GAO Study in Perspective

The enactment of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) produced the most extensive legislation in the area of employment law in the United States in two decades (i.e., since the adoption of the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970). Its provisions affect every employer and every job seeker since the law went into effect on November 6, 1986. Among its multiple provisions were strictures designed to prohibit employers from hiring illegal immigrants. This action had the effect of repealing the 'Texas Proviso' of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 that specifically exempted the employment relationship from constituting any charge of harboring illegal immigrants who were found on an employer's premises."
David Brown's Divine Humanity

The contributions of this fine book are many but I will concentrate on three, before turning to several more critical remarks.First, and most obviously, the book does the invaluable service of surveying developments in kenotic christology in the nineteenth century while situating them nicely in their different contexts of origin and with reference to lines of mutual influence: continental, Scottish and British trends are all canvassed rather masterfully. Some attention, in lesser detail, is also given to the way these christological trends are extended in the twentieth century to accounts of the Trinity and God's relation to the world generally: kenosis, the self-emptying or self-limiting action of God, in the incarnation, is now viewed as a primary indication of who God is and how God works, from creation to salvation.
Fluid intake in male and female runners during a 40‐km field run in the heat

To compare physiological responses, hydration status and exercise performance in similarly trained men and women in a hot, humid environment, 12 highly trained runners were studied during a simulated 40‐km race. A 7% carbohydrate‐electrolyte (CE) beverage was consumed prior to exercise (400 ml) and every 5 km (∼ 250 ml) during the run. The run times of the males and females did not differ significantly (173.5 ± 8.5 and 183.8 ± 4.2 min, respectively); nor did the rate of fluid intake relative to body mass (10.3 ± 0.7 and 10.7 + 0.8 ml kg−1 h−1, respectively) or percent body mass loss (4.0 ± 0.1% and 3.9 ± 0.1%, respectively). During the run, % VO2 max, heart rate, concentrations of blood lactate, serum total protein and plasma osmolality were also similar for both groups. However, some significant sex differences (P<0.05) were observed: the females had lower plasma volume losses and higher serum potassium and sodium concentrations than the males during the run. Rectal temperatures were lower in the female ...
Ciudadania y juventud: el dilema entre la integracion social y la diversidad cultural

propone analizar teoricamente algunas vias de construccion de la ciudadania juvenil en Chile. La tesis fun-damental es que las estrategias de promocion de la ciudadania de los jovenes chilenos estarian sometidas a un dilema teorico y politico que se establece a partir de la tension entre los discursos de la ciudadania como integracion material, y los discursos de la ciudadania como di-versidad cultural. El problema especifico abordado en este ensayo se inscribe en un debate cultural mas amplio que nos vincula por un lado con temati-cas tales como las politicas de la identidad y la ciudadania multicultu-ral, al mismo tiempo que nos vincula con los debates sobre la crisis de la sociedad salarial y el modelo clasico de la ciudadania social. En el presente articulo nos proponemos abordar en el marco de este contex-to general un debate especifico que no resulta tan claramente distin-guible en el marco de estos problemas generales, y cuyo estudio con-ceptual como caso concreto, puede resultar un ejercicio teorico y poli-
Molecular Characterization of Adeno-Associated Viruses Infecting Children

Infection with wild-type adeno-associated virus (AAV) is common in humans and occurs without apparent pathogenic consequence (2, 4, 5, 10). The bulk of our understanding about naturally acquired AAV infection comes from observations made over 30 years ago (3-5). However, the emergence of human gene transfer vectors based on recombinant AAV has rekindled an interest in the biology of wild-type AAV (26). Past epidemiologic data notwithstanding, almost nothing is known about the life cycle of wild-type AAV in a permissive host like humans. For example, we lack clear information about the portal of entry, the role of helper viruses in primary infection, cellular receptors for viral attachment, sites of primary or secondary replication, sites of latency, and in vivo molecular forms of viral DNA. A better understanding of these issues will undoubtedly influence the use of recombinant AAV vectors for gene transfer in humans. Recently, when viral genomes of unexpected diversity were recovered from a surprising array of tissues and organs, it became clear that AAV infection of primates (human and nonhuman) is much more complex than previously appreciated (11, 13). The genetic diversity observed in these studies suggested that multiple genotypes (many more than the historically accepted five serotypes) of AAV circulate in humans and monkeys. Furthermore, the data implied that whatever the portal of entry, AAV can become widely disseminated following primary infection. The implications of these findings for recombinant AAV gene transfer vectors are unclear, but the immunologic and genetic influence of prior infection on recombinant AAV-mediated gene transfer must be considered. To extend our understanding of wild-type AAV infection in humans, we set out to characterize AAV genomes directly out of freshly acquired human tissues. Because our assumption was that many (if not all) AAV infections begin in the respiratory tract in children as they are concurrently infected with adenoviruses, we collected tonsils and adenoids from pediatric subjects undergoing surgical excision in an outpatient surgery center. We demonstrated that 7% of these samples contained wild-type AAV DNA. In a follow-on set of experiments, we obtained a range of archived, frozen normal tissues from a repository and showed that 3% of these samples also contained wild-type AAV DNA. Analysis of the cap gene sequences from all samples revealed that most of the isolates were closely related to AAV serotype 2; a single isolate shared significant homology with serotypes 2 and 3. Interestingly, none of the isolates in our study were predicted to bind heparin sulfate, suggesting that this receptor is not necessary for wild-type infection in humans.
Shame and Despair in December

In an attempt to interpret the current international crisis surrounding America’s presence in Iraq, a short, one act play is presented. Drawing on Walter Benjamin, this play writes history by quoting history back to itself. George Bush is placed in a dialogue with Mark Twain, Walter Benjamin, Tom Cruise, Molly Ivins, Walt Whitman, Paulo Freire, David Corn, and others.
Kinematics of waterfall climbing in Hawaiian freshwater fishes (Gobiidae): vertical propulsion at the aquatic-terrestrial interface

To reach adult habitats, juveniles of three species of Hawaiian gobies (fishes under 3 cm long) climb waterfalls up to 350 m high, over 10 000 times their body length. The demands of moving through such an extreme environment could constrain the range of viable locomotor mechanisms that these fishes use. Previous qualitative observations indicated that Lentipes concolor and Awaous guamensis use ‘powerbursts’ of axial undulation to climb, whereas Sicyopterus stimpsoni ‘inches up’ vertical surfaces by alternately attaching oral and pelvic suckers to the substrate. To compare these propulsive mechanisms and their physiological requirements, high-speed video footage of climbing by juveniles from these three species on an artificial waterfall were collected, and climbing kinematics and performance for the two climbing styles were quantified. Bouts of powerburst climbing by L. concolor and A. guamensis typically begin in or near direct water flow and are initiated by a single, rapid adduction of the pectoral fins. Powerburst climbing bouts are rapid (12.4 ± 1.0 body lengths (BL) s −1 ), but short in duration (0.07 ± 0.02 s) with few continuous locomotor cycles (3.8 ± 1.3 cycles bout −1 ). Powerburst climbers use high amplitude undulations along the entire body, but minimum resultant velocities of these undulations are high (> 6B L s −1 ). This suggests that these species may hybridize terrestrial propulsive mechanisms with aquatic mechanisms. In contrast, climbing by inching inS. stimpsoni involves little axial undulation or fin movement.Sicyopterus stimpsoni typically exit the water outside of direct flow and seem to use terrestrial propulsive mechanisms. As the oral disc attaches to the substrate, it expands to almost twice its resting area, after which the posterior body is pulled upwards; once the pelvic disc attaches, the oral disc releases and the anterior body advances. Climbing bouts include several continuous cycles of disc attachment (11.0 ± 1.4 cycles bout −1 )a nd last several seconds at velocities of 0.21 ± 0.01 BL s −1 .B efore climbing waterfalls during migration to adult habitats, S. stimpsoni undergo a nonfeeding metamorphosis that leads to the development of the mouth as a secondary locomotor organ. The unusual behaviour and ontogenetic strategy ofS.stimpsoni seem to be evolutionary novelties, rather than ancestral retentions, suggesting that the evolution of these features may have been closely correlated. The substantial performance and kinematic distinctions between powerburst and inching climbing indicate that considerable locomotor diversity can evolve even in th ec ontext of extreme environmental demands.
The 21st-Century Syllabus: From Pedagogy to Andragogy

While the scholarship of teaching and learning literature has made great advances in our understanding of how learning might best occur, the syllabus as a teaching and learning tool appears to have been almost completely left out of the developmental conversation. Overwhelmingly, extant literature about syllabi and their use focuses on operational course norms—what to include, policies to be delineated, structural aspects to be covered. However, the student development literature and in particular, the Generation Y age cohort literature, indicates that information processing norms may increasingly degrade students’ ability to use course syllabi for their intended purpose. In this article, we explore how and why the role of a course syllabus has changed, particularly in the management education realm, using the andragogy literature to frame the discussion. Employing four analytic frames from the current syllabus development literature—syllabus as contract, as power, as communication or signaling device, an...
DD41: Scheubletten für Überschwarze! (Mai 2007)

Jeder ist der eigene Innenminister. Er muss in sich Ordnung schaffen. Dabei hilft unsere Regierung mit, so gut sie kann. So richtig unterstutzen kann sie uns aber erst, wenn sie uns datenmasig genau kennt, unsere Fingerabdrucke und Geruche gespeichert hat und in unsere terroristischen Plane eingeweiht ist. Wie man hort, experimentiert die Verwaltung mit einem neuen Selbstregulierungsverfahren.
The Impact of Retroactivity on the Behavior of Biomolecular Systems

Modularity is a powerful property for analyzing the behavior of a system on the basis of the behavior of its components. According to this property, any two components maintain their behavior unchanged upon interconnection. Is modularity a natural property of biomolecular networks? In this review, we summarize recent theoretical and experimental results that demonstrate that the answer to this question is negative. Just as in many electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic systems, impedance-like effects, called retroactivity, arise at the interconnection of biomolecular systems and alter the behavior of connected components. Here, we illustrate the effects of retroactivity on the static characteristics and on the dynamic input/output response of biomolecular systems by employing a mixture of control theoretic tools, mathematical biology, and experimental techniques on reconstituted systems.
Local Government Without Tiebout

Many scholars decry interjurisdictional variation in the provision of local public goods. Access to public goods, they argue, should not depend upon private means. Such variation, however, necessarily results when residents are allowed to choose among localities and localities are simultaneously empowered to determine what public goods their residents receive (and to levy taxes accordingly). Residential mobility and local autonomy, Charles Tiebout famously demonstrated, together promote efficiency in the allocation and production of public goods. This Article argues that critics’ objections to variation in local public goods provision are objections to residential sorting among jurisdictions, and not, as is often assumed, to robust local autonomy itself. Local autonomy has valuable features, including efficiency but independent of sorting, that need not promote inequality. Therefore, the appropriate response to the connection between private wealth and access to public goods is to seek local autonomy without Tiebout, i.e., to mitigate the ill effects of sorting without vitiating local autonomy. The Article argues further that this can be accomplished by adapting the institutions of electoral redistricting to local government. Local government boundaries can be drawn and periodically redrawn to create and maintain localities that are economically diverse. These localities would make autonomous public goods decisions, with many of the benefits autonomy brings. However, because local boundaries would react to accretions of wealth or poverty, existing residents would be substantially less able to choose, permanently, the characteristics of their neighbors. Voice would be strengthened and exit weakened.
Effects of Blast Exposure on Subjective and Objective Sleep Measures in Combat Veterans with and without PTSD.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the extent to which self-reported exposure to blast during deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan affects subjective and objective sleep measures in service members and veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Seventy-one medication-free service members and veterans (Mean age = 29.47±5.76 years old; 85% men) completed self-report sleep measures and overnight polysomnographic studies. Four multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were conducted to examine the impact of blast exposure and PTSD on subjective sleep measures, measures of sleep continuity, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parameters, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parameters. RESULTS: There was no significant Blast × PTSD interaction on subjective sleep measures. Rather, PTSD had a main effect on insomnia severity, sleep quality, and disruptive nocturnal behaviors. There was no significant Blast × PTSD interaction, nor were there main effects of PTSD or Blast on measures of sleep continuity and NREM sleep. A significant PTSD × Blast interaction effect was found for REM fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, although persistent concussive symptoms following blast exposure are associated with sleep disturbances, self-reported blast exposure without concurrent symptoms does not appear to contribute to poor sleep quality, insomnia, and disruptive nocturnal disturbances beyond the effects of PTSD. Reduced REM sleep fragmentation may be a sensitive index of the synergetic effects of both psychological and physical insults. Language: en
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Diverse Patient Populations With Type 2 Diabetes

PurposeThe purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical evidence for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and to better define their use in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including in special populations, such as the elderly. DPP-4 inhibitors are incretin-based therapies that can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetes medications to treat T2DM. As monotherapy, DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated a modest and comparable glycated hemoglobin-lowering effect. As initial dual therapy with other antidiabetes agents, DPP-4 inhibitors significantly improved glycated hemoglobin when compared with monotherapy arms. Similarly, in triple combinations, DPP-4 inhibitors consistently provided additive glycemic benefits. In patients who were continuing insulin, glycemic parameters were improved with the addition of a DPP-4 inhibitor, and they required less insulin uptitration. In clinical trials, the overall occurrence of adverse events was similar between DPP-4 inhibitor gro...
Polyporaceae and Boletaceae of the Pacific Coast

I. Seattle, Washington; virgin coniferous forests, peat bogs, and pastures. October 20-November I, I9II. 2. Tacoma, Washington; virgin coniferous forests. ........October 26, 9II. 3. Tacoma Prairies, Washington; open barrens with clumps of young firs. October 26, I911. 4. Glen Brook, Oregon; dense fir forests, 400-I000 ft. ..November 7, I9II. 5. Mill City, Oregon; virgin coniferous forest, 8oo-20oo ft..November 9, I9II. 6. Corvallis, Oregon; fir forests and mixed woods. ...November 6-II, I91. 7. Newport, Oregon; virgin fir forest and sandy pine barrens. November 13, 1911. 8. Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; dry groves and shaded grassy banks. November 21, 1911. 9. Muir Woods, California; virgin forest of redwood's. ..November 22, I91I. io. Preston's Ravine, near Palo Alto, California; redwoods and mixed forest up to iooo ft. November 25, 1911. ii. La Honda, west slope of Santa Cruz Mountains, California; redwood forest below iooo ft. . November 25, I9II.
Expanding the Vocabulary of Organizing: Design in Social-Organizational Life

This symposium explores the expansive vocabulary and generative practices associated with the word “design,” through three papers. We will discuss the consequences of emphasizing design as activity rather than “thinking.” We will also present two case studies on the social dynamics created in by introducing the vocabulary and action of design in two unusual social settings – inner city schools and the US Navy Submarine Community. In those two cases, we will explore how organizations and communities that adopt the language of design in novel ways are able to expand their repertoires of generative activity. Design Thinking: Why Choose Weak Words when we have Strong Ones Available? Presenter: Richard J. Boland; Case Western Reserve U. Design Speech Genre in a Command and Control Organization: The US Submarine Community Presenter: Frank J. Barrett; Naval Postgraduate School From Consumers to Creators: The Power of Design Presenter: Youngjin Yoo; Temple U. Presenter: Frank J. Barrett; Naval Postgraduate School
Oxygen free radicals and heart failure: new insight into an old question.

for more than a decade, oxygen free radicals [reactive oxygen species (ROS)] have been proposed as contributing to the deterioration of cardiac function in patients with both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies ([23][1]). There are many reports of enhanced ROS production in diseased myocardium
The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 in the Region 90.188 K to 903.89 K as Maintained at the National Bureau of Standards.

The reproducibility of the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) in the region 90.188 K to 903.89 K as maintained at the National Bureau of Standards is discussed. The realizations of the triple point of water, the freezing points of zinc and tin, and the boiling point of oxygen are described. The average of the standard deviations of the resistance measurements at the triple point of water of 213 platinum resistance thermometers received for calibration over a two-year period corresponds to ±0.15 mK. The standard deviations of the resistance ratio R(T)/R(0°C) obtained with check thermometers employed for monitoring the zinc, tin, and oxygen point measurements correspond to ±0.28 mK, ±0.30 mK, and ±0.16 mK, respectively; the results of repeated calibrations with five thermometers show comparable reproducibility at the tin and oxygen points but the reproducibility is worse by a factor of two at the zinc point. When suitably packed for protection from possible mechanical shock platinum resistance thermometers can be shipped by common carrier and retain their calibrations.
Historical Perspectives: Perinatal Profiles: Élie Metchnikoff: Probiotic Pioneer

Elie Metchnikoff is often considered the “father of innate immunity” because of his identification of phagocytosis and its primary role in fighting infection. Today, Metchnikoff is recognized for his description of lactic acid-producing bacteria in the intestine and how enteric microbes may promote or hinder intestinal health and human longevity. The work of Metchnikoff and Tissier at the Pasteur Institute that established probiotic research and provided early insights into the intestinal microbiome are summarized in this review.
Economic Impact of Organic Agriculture Hotspots in the United States

After identifying organic agriculture hotspots using spatial statistics, we estimate a treatment effects model that classifies a county’s membership in an organic hotspot as an endogenous treatment variable. We find that organic hotspot membership leads to a lower county-level poverty rate and a higher median household income. A similar result is not found when investigating the impact of general agriculture hotspots. On the other hand, our result is robust to alternative hotspot definitions based on type of organic operations to alternative methods of estimating average treatment effects on the treated.
Seismic system calibration: 1. Parametric models

abstract We describe linear models of the IDA (International Deployment of Accelerometers) and SRO (Seismic Research Observatories) feedback seismometers obtained by straightforward analysis of the control systems. The most important property of these models is the theoretical transfer function they yield, relating Earth acceleration to output voltage. The parameterization of the theoretical transfer function is described. Several uses of the system models and transfer function are discussed, but we conclude that the parameterized models do not provide a sufficiently accurate means of describing the installed accelerometer9s behavior. A speedier, more automatic and more accurate calibration can be obtained by electrically perturbing the seismometer system. This technique is discussed in Part 2.
Effect of several kinds of formulation against cockroaches

Objective To evaluate the control effect of baits,sprayers and aerosols against cockroaches.Methods Laboratory bioassay and simulated field test.Results Two baits,two sprayers and eleven aerosols tested in this study showed excellent control effect against Blattella germanica,reaching grade A of national standards(GBT 13917.10-2009).Sprayers and aerosols killed cockroaches more quickly than baits,while baits were more compatible.Conclusion Most of the baits,sprayers and aerosols in the market can control cockroaches well,and publics can make choice based on their needs indoors cockroach control.
Comparison of urea treatment with established methods of sorghum grain preservation and processing on site and extent of starch digestion by cattle.

To determine the effect of dry (D); reconstituted and ensiled (R); reconstituted and acid-treated (A); and urea-treated, high-moisture (U) sorghum grain on starch digestibility, four Angus x Hereford steers (means BW = 350 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets consisting of 69% ground sorghum grain were fed every 2 h in equal portions (8.2 kg/d). Diets averaged 46.5% starch and 12% CP, except for U, which averaged 14% CP due to urea treatment. Ytterbium attached to sorghum was used as a particulate marker. Duodenal, ileal, and fecal samples were taken 1 h postfeeding after a 14-d adaption to diets. Whole samples were analyzed. Preduodenal starch digestion (%) was 89, 83, 76, and 70, and starch digestion over the total tract was 99, 97, 95 and 91 for R, U, A, and D, respectively. Starch digestion proximal to each site (duodenum and ileum) was enhanced (P less than .05) by R and U compared with D. Within the small intestine, there was a linear relationship (P less than .003) between starch digestion and daily starch supply. However, digestibility of starch in the small intestine (mean = 45%) was not different among diets. Apparent digestibility of starch in the large intestine was not significantly different from digestibility in the small intestine. Urea-treated sorghum grain was equivalent to reconstituted, ensiled sorghum in digestion characteristics and was superior to dry sorghum.
New molecular and morphological insights prompt transfer of Blechum to Ruellia (Acanthaceae)

The genus Blechum P. Browne (Acanthaceae) is best known by the widespread tropical weed formerly referred to as Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. (recently re-established as Ruellia blechum L.). Some species of Blechum have been transferred to Ruellia based on macromorphological and molecular data, but comprehensive study of taxa assigned to Blechum is lacking. We reexamined morphological characters that have been used to distinguish Blechum from Ruellia including inflorescence structure and pollen and capsule morphology. Second, we conducted phylogenetic analyses including nine accessions from five of six species traditionally treated in Blechum (and that we here consider valid species) plus a synoptic sample of species of Ruellia based on the work of the first author. Results indicate that Blechum is nested within Ruellia with strong support. An alternative phylogenetic hypothesis of monophyly of Ruellia exclusive of species traditionally treated in Blechum was rejected under a likelihood but not a parsimony criterion. Based on morphological similarities, common chromosome numbers, and molecular data, we transfer the genus Blechum to Ruellia. Third, we studied specimens and images of specimens of as many pertinent historical collections as we could acquire. This study resulted in nomenclatural and taxonomic renovations that include several new taxonomic synonyms (reduction of Blechum killipii, Blechum linnaei, and Blechum trinitense), two new combinations (Ruellia haughtii and Ruellia panamensis), one new lectotypification (Blechum brownei α subcordatum f. albiflorum), and additional recommendations for future typification. Based on our morphological and molecular studies, six species of Ruellia are treated as constituting the Blechum lineage of Ruellia. A preliminary key is provided to distinguish these species, but the Blechum lineage as a whole deserves further attention and fieldwork to determine the precise limits of each taxon.
Life support: biocapital and the new history of outsourced labor

Value, labor, and commodity remain key modalities through which arrangements of gendered and racialized socialities become, as feminist scholars have shown, sites driving systems of global capital....
Using a novel assessment of procedural proficiency provides medical educators insight into blood pressure measurement.

This investigation was performed to determine how students in a health sciences program utilize and explain techniques within blood pressure measurement using a novel assessment, and changes associated with greater curricular exposure.
CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM REATOR A PLASMA PARA TRATAMENTO SUPERFICIAL DE POLÍMEROS – APLICAÇÃO AO POLIESTIRENO (PS).

A modificacao superficial polimerica demonstra-se extremamente util em inumeras areas em que propriedades superficiais do material, tais como, molhabilidade, biocompatibilidade, adesividade, microestrutura, entre outros, conduzem seus usos e aplicacoes em setores como tecnologia de membranas, aplicacoes medicinais e biotecnologicas e a tecnologia de materiais e recobrimentos. Muitas tecnicas de tratamento superficiais ja conhecidas apresentaram bons resultados na literatura, onde superficies de polimeros que inicialmente demonstravam conter uma superficie hidrofobica foram modificadas tornando-se hidrofilicas. Uma das tecnicas utilizadas para modificacao de superficies polimericas e a tecnica de tratamento por plasma, utilizada neste projeto, que tem por objetivo empregar a tecnica de modificacao superficial para tratamento de um polimero para torna-lo hidrofilico. Neste sentido, aplicou-se a tecnica de tratamento por plasma para modificar as propriedades superficiais do poliestireno (ps). Apos o tratamento realizou-se medidas de ângulo de contato em agua (wca) e obtendo-se resultados satisfatorios para este material, apontando caracteristicas hidrofilicas.
A mature macrophage is a principal HIV-1 cellular reservoir in humanized mice after treatment with long acting antiretroviral therapy.

Despite improved clinical outcomes seen following antiretroviral therapy (ART), resting CD4+ T cells continue to harbor latent human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1). However, such cells are not likely the solitary viral reservoir and as such defining where and how others harbor virus is imperative for eradication measures. To such ends, we used HIV-1ADA-infected NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ mice reconstituted with a human immune system to explore two long-acting ART regimens investigating their abilities to affect viral cell infection and latency. At 6 weeks of infection animals were divided into four groups. One received long-acting (LA) cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RVP) (2ART), a second received LA CAB, lamivudine, abacavir and RVP (4ART), a third were left untreated and a fourth served as an uninfected control. After 4 weeks of LA ART treatment, blood, spleen and bone marrow (BM) cells were collected then phenotypically characterized. CD4+ T cell subsets, macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells were analyzed for HIV-1 nucleic acids by droplet digital PCR. Plasma viral loads were reduced by two log10 or to undetectable levels in the 2 and 4ART regimens, respectively. Numbers and distributions of CD4+ memory and regulatory T cells, macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells were significantly altered by HIV-1 infection and by both ART regimens. ART reduced viral DNA and RNA in all cell and tissue compartments. While memory cells were the dominant T cell reservoir, integrated HIV-1 DNA was also detected in the BM and spleen macrophages in both regimen-treated mice. Despite vigorous ART regimens, HIV-1 DNA and RNA were easily detected in mature macrophages supporting their potential role as an infectious viral reservoir.
HALWPE: Hardware-Assisted Light Weight Performance Estimation for GPUs

This paper presents a predictive modeling framework for GPU performance. The key innovation underlying this approach is that performance statistics collected from representative workloads running on current generation GPUs can effectively predict the performance of next-generation GPUs. This is useful when simulators are available for the next-generation device, but simulation times are exorbitant, rendering early design space exploration of microarchitectural parameters and other features infeasible. When predicting performance across three Intel GPU generations (Haswell, Broadwell, Skylake), our models achieved low out-of-sample-errors ranging from 7.45% to 8.91%, while running 30,000-45,000 times faster than cycle-accurate simulation.
The Big Picture for Infant Development

Infant behavior varies enormously; that is obvious from the chapters in this volume. Research clearly indicates that the maturity or sophistication of infant behavior varies widely from moment to moment and across contexts.
DESIGN ALTERNATIVES IN AUTOMATED ANESTHESIA RECORDKEEPING SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary For clinical and legal reasons, anesthetists keep a record of patients' vital signs and drug administrations during surgical procedures. These handwritten documents can be incomplete, inaccurate, or illegible. Automated anesthesia recordkeeping system (AARKS) attempt to provide a more accurate, complete, and legible document than the conventional record. The function of an AARKS can be split into three parts: input, processing, and output. Choices among options in each subfunction can be made by considering utility, user acceptance, cost, and development time. This chapter presents some of the devices and techniques that may be used in an AARKS. It also describes the Crawford Long AARKS. The Crawford Long AARKS can be used in any surgical procedure; it is not used on cardiac cases because another computer monitors the heart rooms. The system is comprised of a 16-bit microcomputer, an 8-color plotter, a data acquisition unit, an automated sphygmomanometer, and devices to monitor three direct pressure lines, ECG-derived heart rate, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and respiration rate. Automated anesthesia recordkeeping systems should improve the accuracy, completeness, and legibility of the intraoperative anesthesia record. Appropriate techniques must be chosen for input, processing, and output of data. Selections will be influenced by utility, user acceptance, cost, and implementation time.
Response by Liu to Letter Regarding Article, “Cardioprotective Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 2 by Suppressing Apoptosis and Necroptosis”

We want to thank Jin-shan and Xue-bin for bringing up important questions regarding the clinical perspective of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) signaling in the heart. First, our study identified TRAF2 as a critical prosurvival factor by suppressing apoptosis and necroptosis in cardiomyocytes;1 both forms of programmed cell death are critically involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure.2 We showed that ablation of TRAF2 predisposed the heart to pathological remodeling and heart failure by promoting death receptor (eg, TNFR1)-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis signaling.1 Tumor necrosis …
Grow the Pie: Interdepartmental Cooperation as a Method for Achieving Operational Efficiency in an Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Despite sufficient literature analyzing macroscopic and microscopic methods of addressing emergency department (ED) operations, there is a paucity of studies that analyze methods between these extremes. Objective We conducted a quasi-experimental study incorporating a pre/post-intervention comparison to determine whether interdepartmental cooperation is effective at improving ED operations by combining microscopic and macroscopic concepts. Methods We performed an analysis of operational and financial data from a cooperative investment in imaging transport personnel between the emergency and radiology departments. Our primary outcome, order to table time (OTT), measured imaging times by modality (computed tomography [CT], ultrasound [US], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). These were compared for statistically significant change before and after the intervention. Our secondary outcome, gross profit, was calculated using the revenue generated from gained outpatient studies minus the associated direct personnel costs. Results Transporters improved OTTs by decreasing median imaging times from 132 min to 116 min (p Conclusions Interdepartmental cooperation is a broadly applicable macroscopic method that is effective at achieving microscopic, site-specific gains in ED efficiency. Transporters provided operational gains for the ED and financial gains for the radiology department.
Motivational, social, and contextual aspects of conceptual change: a commentary

Three themes are identified in Part II: 1) conceptual change is a complex interplay of learners’ knowledge and motivations, and the environmental and social context, 2) conceptual change is evolutionary not revolutionary, and 3) our theoretical perspectives and research methods shape our understanding of the change process. Directions for future research on motivational, social and contextual aspects of conceptual change are suggested, as well as implications of this area of research for conceptual change pedagogy.
Poisson–Nernst–Planck Theory of Ion Permeation Through Biological Channels

The kinetics of an assembly of charged particles such as electrons, ions, or colloids, particularly when subjected to externally applied electric fields, has been of interest for many years and in many disciplines. In applied physics and electrical engineering, the motion of electrons and holes through semiconductor materials under the influence of an applied voltage plays an essential role in the function of modern electronic components such as transistors, diodes, and infrared lasers (Peyghambarian et al., 1993). Electrochemistry deals in large part with the motion of simple inorganic ions (e.g., Na+, Cl−) in electrolytic solutions and how this motion is influenced when electrodes are employed to generate an electric potential drop across the solution or a membrane interface (Bockris and Reddy, 1998). Larger macroions such as charged polystyrene spheres (radius 0.1–1 micron) can also be manipulated using applied electric fields (Ise and Yoshida, 1996). Many processes in molecular biology, from self-assembly of DNA strands into bundles (Wissenburg et al., 1995) to enzymeligand docking (Gilson et al., 1994), are steered by electrostatic forces between biological macroions which are mediated by the response of simple salt ions in the solution. One particularly intriguing type of biological process that falls into this general category is the flow of ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca++, etc.) through pores in lipid bilayer membranes. Lipid bilayers (Fig. 13.1) form the cell membrane as well as internal compartments, called organelles, in eukaryotic cells. The interior of a lipid bilayer, composed of alkane chains, is hydrophobic, and hence ions (being hydrophilic) cannot penetrate through it. Since many bioenergetic processes rely on separating charge across bilayer membranes and then transducing the energy thus stored, it is imperative that there be a mechanism for moving ions across these membranes in a controllable fashion. Nature has solved this problem by developing proteins which are, very roughly, cylindrical channels (pipes) possessing an aqueous pore. They insert themselves into the lipid bilayer, spanning it in a transverse fashion, so that ions can flow through the aqueous pore from one side of the membrane to the other (Fig. 13.1) when driven by an electrochemical gradient. Protein channels are extraordinary devices (Hille, 1992). In many cases, they can be opened and closed to the flow of ions reliably and reversibly by a specific stimulus (e.g., the binding
Analysis of NO2-PAH DNA Adducts by Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a useful analytical technique for trace organic analysis. It can provide structural information (qualitative analysis) on small amounts of unknown compounds. Also known compounds can be determined (quantitative analysis) with high sensitivity and precision. In part the good precision derives from the addition of an isotopically-labeled internal standard to the sample.
Aging Effects on the Burning Rates of Composite Solid Propellants with Nano-Additives

The aging behavior of composite propellant is a key parameter in determining the usable service life of an energetic system. The effect of aging on composite propellant burning rates is an understu...
(2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine exerts mGlu2 receptor-dependent antidepressant actions.

Currently approved antidepressant drugs often take months to take full effect, and ∼30% of depressed patients remain treatment resistant. In contrast, ketamine, when administered as a single subanesthetic dose, exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant actions. Preclinical studies indicate that the ketamine metabolite ( 2R , 6R )-hydroxynorketamine [( 2R , 6R )-HNK] is a rapid-acting antidepressant drug candidate with limited dissociation properties and abuse potential. We assessed the role of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 2 (mGlu 2 ) and 3 (mGlu 3 ) in the antidepressant-relevant actions of ( 2R , 6R )-HNK using behavioral, genetic, and pharmacological approaches as well as cortical quantitative EEG (qEEG) measurements in mice. Both ketamine and ( 2R , 6R )-HNK prevented mGlu 2/3 receptor agonist (LY379268)-induced body temperature increases in mice lacking the Grm3 , but not Grm2 , gene. This action was not replicated by NMDA receptor antagonists or a chemical variant of ketamine that limits metabolism to ( 2R , 6R )-HNK. The antidepressant-relevant behavioral effects and 30- to 80-Hz qEEG oscillation (gamma-range) increases resultant from ( 2R , 6R )-HNK administration were prevented by pretreatment with an mGlu 2/3 receptor agonist and absent in mice lacking the Grm2 , but not Grm3 −/− , gene. Combined subeffective doses of the mGlu 2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 and ( 2R , 6R )-HNK exerted synergistic increases on gamma oscillations and antidepressant-relevant behavioral actions. These findings highlight that ( 2R , 6R )-HNK exerts antidepressant-relevant actions via a mechanism converging with mGlu 2 receptor signaling and suggest enhanced cortical gamma oscillations as a marker of target engagement relevant to antidepressant efficacy. Moreover, these results support the use of ( 2R , 6R )-HNK and inhibitors of mGlu 2 receptor function in clinical trials for treatment-resistant depression either alone or in combination.
Philosophical Grounding For the Moral Law: In Defense of Kant’s Factum der Vernunft (Fact of Reason)

In this paper, I first explain Slajov Žižek’s analysis of the grounds of Kant’s categorical imperative. I show how Žižek considered the grounds of the categorical imperative to be an example of irrationalism that ran counter to the spirit of the Enlightenment, of which Kant was, ironically, a major proponent. The irrationalism in Kant’s moral law makes him vulnerable to moral skepticism. I go on to counter this interpretation by drawing from Kant’s practical philosophy. I counter the moral skeptic by arguing from moral phenomenology to the existence of a reason that is independent of empirical motivations and so objectively determining. Whatever is objectively determining logically supersedes that which is based on a particular context. The moral law is rooted in the ontology of an independent faculty of reason capable of issuing a universal law. The union of ontology and ethics means that the categorical imperative is not irrational.
Positive and Negative Themes in Popular Video Games Based on Entertainment Software Review Board Ratings.

Video games have become a major part of a child’s recreational time. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not the number of positive and negative themes in video games differ bas...