cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution to nascent hydrogen challenge.

Quite often we evidence the fact that public opinion is prone to mass delusion when it comes to various “inconvenient truths,” just to use the slogan of Al Gore. There are a handful of people who still believe, for example, that the sun rotates around the earth or that the earth is less than 10,000 years old. Scientists are humans, and they too often choose to defend their hypotheses relentlessly, even though the evidence to the contrary is overwhelming. The fictitious nascent hydrogen hypothesis is one such example that has plagued the minds of many (analytical) chemists for centuries. Even a century ago the existence of “nascent” atomic hydrogen in solutions was regarded as a Gedanken artifact of romanticism [1]. Nevertheless, according to the “nascent” hydrogen hypothesis, zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, first producing hydrogen atoms (which are radicals). Similarly, hydrolysis of [BH4] − in D2O/DCl would result in an equimolar mixture of protium and deuterium radicals:
Distinct Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Biosynthesis by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α and Small Heterodimer Partner in Human Hepatoma Cell Lines

The human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 have been used extensively to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription and replication. Both cell lines support transcription of the 3.5-kb viral pregenomic RNA and subsequent viral DNA synthesis by reverse transcription. The effects of the coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and corepressor small heterodimer partner (SHP) on HBV transcription and replication mediated by nuclear receptors were examined in the context of individual nuclear receptors in nonhepatoma cells and in hepatoma cells in an attempt to determine the relative contribution of the various nuclear receptors to viral biosynthesis in the hepatoma cells. PGC1α and SHP modulated viral biosynthesis differently in the human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7, indicating distinct modes of transcriptional regulation. Consistent with this suggestion, it appears that retinoid X receptor α/farnesoid X receptor α and liver receptor homolog 1 or estrogen-related receptor β (ERRβ) may contribute to the majority of the viral replication observed in HepG2 cells, whereas ERRα and ERRγ are probably responsible for the majority of viral biosynthesis in Huh7 cells. Therefore, this approach indicates that the transcriptional regulation of HBV biosynthesis in HepG2 and Huh7 cells is primarily controlled by different transcription factors.
A review of the effects of vitamins and other dietary supplements on seizure activity

The role of pharmacological and surgical management of epilepsy continues to expand, but these treatments are often associated with significant side effects and morbidity. As a result, many patients with epilepsy and their physicians alike have gained interest in the role of vitamins and other dietary supplements for seizure management. In this review, we examine the potential anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of commonly used dietary supplements, as well as their potential effects on cognition or behavior. Our review was conducted through a literature search focusing on clinical trials involving patients with epilepsy and their seizure response to dietary supplementation. We summarize findings from previous clinical studies and comment on practical considerations regarding dietary supplementation for patients with epilepsy.
How transparent are migraine clinical trials? Repository of Registered Migraine Trials (RReMiT)

Transparency in research requires public access to unbiased information prior to trial initiation and openly available results upon study completion. The Repository of Registered Migraine Trials is a global snapshot of registered migraine clinical trials and scorecard of results availability via the peer-reviewed literature, registry databases, and gray literature. The 295 unique clinical trials identified employed 447 investigational agents, with 30% of 154 acute migraine trials and 11% of 141 migraine prophylaxis trials testing combinations of agents. The most frequently studied categories in acute migraine trials were triptans, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiemetics, calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists, and acetaminophen. Migraine prophylaxis trials frequently studied anticonvulsants, β-blockers, complementary/alternative therapies, antidepressants, and botulinum toxin. Overall, 237 trials were eligible for a results search. Of 163 trials completed at least 12 months earlier, 57% had peer-reviewed literature results, and registries/gray literature added another 13%. Using logistic regression analysis, studies with a sample size below the median of 141 subjects were significantly less likely to have results, but the dominant factor associated with availability of results was time since study completion. In unadjusted models, trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov and trials with industry primary sponsorship were significantly more likely to have results. Recently completed trials rarely have publicly available results; 2 years after completion, the peer-reviewed literature contains results for fewer than 60% of completed migraine trials. To avoid bias, evidence-based therapy algorithms should consider factors affecting results availability. As negative trials are less likely to be published, special caution should be exercised before recommending a therapy with a high proportion of missing trial results.
On the method of multipliers for mathematical programming problems

In this paper, the numerical solution of the basic problem of mathematical programming is considered. This is the problem of minimizing a functionf(x) subject to a constraint ϕ(x)=0. Here,f is a scalar,x is ann-vector, and ϕ is aq-vector, withq<n. The approach employed is based on the introduction of the augmented penalty functionW(x,λ,k)=f(x)+λ T ϕ(x)+kϕ T (x) ϕ(x). Here, theq-vector λ is an approximation to the Lagrange multiplier, and the scalark>0 is the penalty constant. Previously, the augmented penalty functionW(x, λ,k) was used by Hestenes in his method of multipliers. In Hestenes' version, the method of multipliers involves cycles, in each of which the multiplier and the penalty constant are held constant. After the minimum of the augmented penalty function is achieved in any given cycle, the multiplier λ is updated, while the penalty constantk is held unchanged. In this paper, two modifications of the method of multipliers are presented in order to improve its convergence characteristics. The improved convergence is achieved by (i) increasing the updating frequency so that the number of iterations in a cycle is shortened to ΔN=1 for the ordinary-gradient algorithm and the modified-quasilinearization algorithm and ΔN=n for the conjugate-gradient algorithm, (ii) imbedding Hestenes' updating rule for the multiplier λ into a one-parameter family and determining the scalar parameter β so that the error in the optimum condition is minimized, and (iii) updating the penalty constantk so as to cause some desirable effect in the ordinary-gradient algorithm, the conjugate-gradient algorithm, and the modified-quasilinearization algorithm. For the sake of identification, Hestenes' method of multipliers is called Method MM-1, the modification including (i) and (ii) is called Method MM-2, and the modification including (i), (ii), (iii) is called Method MM-3. Evaluation of the theory is accomplished with seven numerical examples. The first example pertains to a quadratic function subject to linear constraints. The remaining examples pertain to non-quadratic functions subject to nonlinear constraints. Each example is solved with the ordinary-gradient algorithm, the conjugate-gradient algorithm, and the modified-quasilinearization algorithm, which are employed in conjunction with Methods MM-1, MM-2, and MM-3. The numerical results show that (a) for given penalty constantk, Method MM-2 generally exhibits faster convergence than Method MM-1, (b) in both Methods MM-1 and MM-2, the number of iterations for convergence has a minimum with respect tok, and (c) the number of iterations for convergence of Method MM-3 is close to the minimum with respect tok of the number of iterations for convergence of Method MM-2. In this light, Method MM-3 has very desirable characteristics.
Social Psychology and the Civilian war Effort: May 1943-May 1944

(1944). Social Psychology and the Civilian war Effort: May 1943-May 1944. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 145-180.
Alkyne metathesis with in situ catalysts: W(CO)6 and 4-chlorophenol are efficient in the formation of poly(para-phenyleneethynylene)s

Abstract Treatment of several alkyl-substituted dipropynylated benzenes in the presence of tungsten hexacarbonyl and 4-chlorophenol at 150°C leads to the formation of poly( para -phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs). The obtained PPEs are of moderate molecular weights but form in good to excellent yields. Dihexyl-, dinonyl-, and didodecyl-PPE have been made by this route. It is the first time that a tungsten-containing in situ catalyst system is reported to be active for alkyne metathesis.
The GUS Multicomputer System

A great deal of attention is currently being focused on the organization and utilization of parallel and multicomputer networks. The GUS computer designed and built at the Argonne National Laboratory is currently being used to explore the problems of multicomputer systems. Many features of the GUS design are of particular applicability to the problems of the Laboratory; however, there are problems of utilization of interest to the whole industry. The system described here is being used to study man-machine interaction problems as well as the machine-machine interrelation. Although the GUS computer was designed as an exploratory tool and is being used in that fashion, it does carry an appreciable portion of the service load of the Laboratory. Its input-output units are, therefore, compatible with the Laboratory's IBM 704 and CDC 3600 systems.
Enhanced Backscatter with a Structured Laser Pulse.

Abstract : A large amplitude backscatter instability, consistent with Brillouin, occurs when a prepulse plasma is formed ahead of a high irradiance (10 to the 15th to 10 to the 16th power W/sq cm) Nd-laser pulse. These results indicate that temporally structured laser pulses suggested for laser pellet implosion may also encounter large backscatter. (Author)
Evidence against the (π2s + π2a) mechanism for the cycloadditions of allenes

Abstract The chemoselectivities in the ( π 4 s + π 2 s ) cycloaddition reactions of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (TPCD) with ethyl- and 1,1-dimethylallene have been determined and are compared with those observed for reaction with maleic anhydride.
Continuous non-invasive monitoring to detect covert autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Background Lightheadedness on standing is a disabling symptom in Parkinson's disease associated with orthostatic hypotension and is thought to represent cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Traditional orthostatic blood pressures are normal in some patients with lightheadedness and other measures of cardiovascular dysautonomia can be insensitive. In this study, we used continuous non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring to measure beat-to-beat changes in blood pressure and heart rate on standing and during Valsalva as a potential marker of autonomic dysfunction. Methods Subjects had a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease with or without documented orthostatic hypotension. Each participant underwent traditional measurement of orthostatic blood pressure and heart rate as well as measurement of beat-to-beat blood pressure and heart rate using continuous non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring during Valsalva maneuver and in response to standing. Orthostatic change in blood pressure and heart rate, and frequencies of normal and abnormal blood pressure responses to Valsalva maneuver were analyzed. Results In subjects without documented orthostatic hypotension, there was a higher proportion of abnormal blood pressure responses to Valsalva in subjects with symptoms of lightheadedness or dizziness upon standing compared to those without symptoms (p = 0.03). Additionally, the proportion of abnormal blood pressure responses during Valsalva observed in symptomatic subjects without orthostatic hypotension was indistinguishable from those with documented orthostatic hypotension (p = 0.7). Conclusions Our findings suggest that continuous non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring may be more sensitive than traditional measurement of orthostatic blood pressure to detect subtle cardiac dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease and helpful in the diagnosis of unexplained lightheadedness.
Aflatoxin-producing potential of communities of Aspergillus section Flavi from cotton producing areas in the United States

Communities of Aspergillus section Flavi resident in soils planted with cotton were compared among several areas in the southern United States. Incidence of A. flavus and A. tamarii differed among areas. A. flavus incidence increased with temperature and decreased with latitude. Less than 1% of isolates were A. nomius or A. parasiticus. A. flavus isolates were assigned to either the S or L strains on the basis of sclerotial morphology. S strain isolates produced numerous small (<400 μm) sclerotia; L strain isolates produced fewer, larger sclerotia. The S strain of A. flavus was found in all areas. Aflatoxin-producing potential of A. flavus differed among areas and was correlated with S strain incidence. L strain isolates produced only 33% as much aflatoxin B1 as S strain isolates. No S strain isolate produced both aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G1. Correlations indicated that L strain toxigenicity but not S strain toxigenicity varied geographically. While toxigenicities of most isolates were stable through single conidial transfer, 28% of isolates expressed altered levels of toxigenicity after transfer. The observed differences among communities may reflect geographic isolation and/or adaptation, and may cause different vulnerabilities to aflatoxin contamination among crops planted in diverse locations.
SU‐E‐T‐716: Comparison Between Two and Three Beam Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) Plans for Base of Skull Chordomas

#Purpose: To investigate the dependency of the quality of treatment plans on the number of beams using Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) with pencil beam scanning for base of skull chordomas. Methods: IMPT plans were generated with two (lateral) and three (lateral + Superior anterior oblique) beams on a Varian Eclipse treatment planning system for five patients treated previously at our institution. All patients were on our clinical protocol and this study was approved by our internal Institutional Review Board (IRB). IMPT plans were optimized aiming to achieve 95% of planned treatment volume (PTV) receiving 95% of the dose prescription (D95) and all normal tissue dose constraints. The organs‐at‐risk (OARs) reviewed were brainstem, spinal cord, optic chiasm, optic nerves, and cochlea. Results: Dose volume histograms (DVH) for each plan were calculated for dose evaluations. We compared the two beam plans and three beam plans for all patients with respect to target coverage and doses to normal tissue structures mentioned previously. The average percent difference (two field values subtracted from three field values) in mean dose and max dose, respectively, between two beam and three beam plans for all patients was as follows: −2.5%, −1.1% for brainstem; +7.9%, +4.0% for spinal cord, +14.7%, +15.6% for optic chiasm, +12.8%, +3.8% for optic nerves, and −15.8%, −6.7% for cochlea, with a +1.0% difference in coverage to D95 of Clinical Target Volume (CTV). Conclusion: Although the quality of the IMPT plans is patient‐specific, the two beam plans tended to spare optical structures while the three beam plans tended to spare cochlea. In clinical practice, it is always preferable to reduce the treatment time, and thus number of beams in IMPT. Since target coverage was comparable for both beam arrangements, importance of specific OAR sparing for each patient will determine the number of beams chosen.
Genetic Alterations of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Subunit Genes in Human Glioblastomas

Genetic alterations of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) subunits have been documented in a number of tumor types, with increased PI3K activity linked to gene amplification and mutation of catalytic subunits, as well as mutations of regulatory subunits. Among high grade gliomas, activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway through loss of PTEN function is common. We therefore investigated whether genetic alteration of class IA PI3Ks might provide a mechanism for deregulation of this pathway in glioblastomas. We studied a series of glioblastomas with FISH to assess copy number of catalytic subunits (PIK3CA and PIK3CD) and with PCR-SSCP to screen for somatic mutations of conserved regions of both catalytic and regulatory subunits. FISH revealed frequent balanced copy number increases of both PIK3CA and PIK3CD, and one case showed an extra copy limited to PIK3CA. One glioblastoma exhibited a 9-bp deletion that encompassed the exon-intron junction of exon 12 of PIK3R1, documenting for the first time a mutation within a PI3K regulatory subunit in human glioblastoma. This deletion would be predicted to yield a truncated protein that lacks the inhibitory domain, resulting in increased PI3K activity. Furthermore, the case with selected PIK3CA copy number gain and the case with a truncating PIK3R1 mutation both featured AKT activation without PTEN mutation. These results suggest that genetic alterations of class IA PI3K subunit genes can occasionally play a role in human glioblastoma by activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway independently of PTEN mutation.
Topoisomerase II binds to ellipticine in the absence or presence of DNA. Characterization of enzyme-drug interactions by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Although a number of drugs currently in use for the treatment of human cancers act by stimulating topoisomerase II-mediated DNA breakage, little is known regarding interactions between these agents and the enzyme. To further define the mechanism of drug action, interactions between ellipticine (an intercalative drug with clinical relevance) and yeast topoisomerase II were characterized. By utilizing a yeast genetic system, topoisomerase II was identified as the primary cellular target of the drug. Furthermore, ellipticine did not inhibit enzyme-mediated DNA religation, suggesting that it stimulates DNA breakage by enhancing the forward rate of cleavage. Finally, ellipticine binding to DNA, topoisomerase II, and the enzyme∙DNA complex was assessed by steady-state and frequency domain fluorescence spectroscopy. As determined by changes in fluorescence intensity and emission maximum wavelength, and by lifetime analysis, only the protonated species of ellipticine bound to a double-stranded 40-mer oligonucleotide containing a topoisomerase II cleavage site (KD≈ 65 nM). In contrast, predominantly deprotonated ellipticine bound to the enzyme∙DNA complex (KD≈ 1.5 μM) or to the enzyme in the absence of nucleic acids (KD≈ 160 nM). These findings suggest that ellipticine interacts directly with topoisomerase II and that the enzyme dictates the ionic state of the drug in the ternary complex. A model is presented in which the topoisomerase II∙ellipticine∙DNA complex is formed via initial drug binding to either the enzyme or DNA.
Preference threshold for NaCl solutions and sodium homeostasis in hypophysectomized rats

The NaCl preference threshold concentrations of male hypophysectomized (hypox) and intact rats were determined using a two-bottle choice paradigm. Although hypox rats ingested more total fluid daily (ml/100 g body weight), including water and NaCl solution, than intact rats, there were no significant differences between groups in either preference threshold (8.0 mEq/l) or preference maximum (90 mEq/l) concentrations. Further, the ratio of NaCl to total fluid ingested did not differ between hypox and intact groups throughout the large range of concentrations of NaCl solution presented to them. To assess their ability to conserve sodium, both intact and hypox rats were maintained on a sodium-deficient diet and distilled water for 3 days. Both groups reduced their urinary sodium outputs significantly compared to counterparts maintained on a sodium-replete diet. This suggests that the functional integrity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was maintained in the hypox rats. Resting plasma aldosterone concentrations, measured at the end of the experiment, did not differ significantly between groups. Assessment of completeness of hypophysectomy was made by measurement of daily urinary excretion of epinephrine and by change in body weight during the course of the experiment. Daily urinary excretion of epinephrine by hypox rats was reduced to one-tenth that of intact controls. Hypox rats also failed to grow during the course of the experiment. By application of both of these criteria, the rats were completely hypophysectomized.
Levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in DNA from blood as a marker of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Oxidative DNA damage can result from numerous endogenous metabolic processes as well as from exposure to environmental and dietary oxidants. One important type of oxidative DNA damage is the formation of hydroxylated DNA bases. This type of DNA damage may have a role in carcinogenesis. METHODS We examined the levels of a hydroxylated thymine residue, 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, in DNA obtained from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients and control women. The isolated DNA was analyzed for levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine by gas chromatography with mass spectral detection. RESULTS The levels of this modified base were significantly higher in 25 breast cancer patients compared with 38 controls, with levels of 0.112 ± 0.046 in the cancer patients versus 0.083 ± 0.025 in the controls, given as pg 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine/ng thymidine, mean ± standard deviation (P = 0.019). After controlling for various covariates, the adjusted mean levels of oxidative DNA damage were still significantly higher in women with breast cancer relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine in DNA from peripheral nucleated blood may be potentially useful as a marker of breast cancer. Cancer 1996; 77:691-6.
Report of latent contamination factors inducing lithographic variation

We have investigated the factors having influence on the lithographic fidelity variation in 193nm masks. Significant researches have been studied that haze contamination, resulting from the absorption of chemical residual ions and mask container out-gassing in mask fabrication, is one of the major component to reduce the optimized lithography condition such as Best Focus, Depth of Focus and Exposure latitude of individual feature. And also environment being containing humidity, ambient AMC (airborne molecular contamination) react with high exposure energy to form crystal growth of ionic molecular complex such as ammonium sulfate causing abnormal printability. Moreover, optical issue of organic pellicle membrane is thoroughly considered that perfluoro polymer degradation induced by high photon energy affect the transmittance intensity. Consequently, these photophysical alterations bring about the lithographic variation and cause considerable defects in wafer printing. In this paper, we tried to verify the influence grade inducing the lithographic variation among the latent contamination factors consisting of mask back-side quartz contamination, the growth of exposure energy based haze phenomena, thin organic pellicle membrane degradation and modified character of MoSiN surface. Metrological inspection and photochemical reaction evaluations were conducted with several equipments including AIMS, Scatterometer, XPS, SIMS, FT-IR, UV, ArF acceleration laser to demonstrate the proposal mechanism of correlation between lithographic variation and latent contamination factors. The optical issues and lifetime of ArF PSM were simulated with the evaluation of effects of pellicle degradation and surface modification.
‘Go-slow’: the political economy of urban transport in Nigeria with an emphasis on Ado-Ekiti

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine urban transport issues in Nigeria. These issues hinge on a state-led bias for the private car that negatively affects the transport needs of the majority. Three underrepresented themes in Third World urban transport research are developed: transport in medium-sized cities, and transport from political-economy and gender perspectives. These themes are related to Nigerian cities in general, and to Ado-Ekiti, a rapidly growing administrative and agricultural centre of 150,000 people, in particular. As in many Third World countries, a conventional wisdom has developed in Nigeria, in which urban transport policies and spending measures favour car-owning elites at the expense of the poor. An unconventional approach to urban transport policy, that of the World Bank, is critically assessed. The evaluation of transport in Ado-Ekiti relies upon the author's observations and survey results. High population densities and an efficient housing market help limit the urban sprawl that would seriously exacerbate transport problems, but there are class and gender inequalities in access to and conditions of travel. Ado-Ekiti's women have achieved a measure of economic independence that work outside the home makes possible, but they use less prestigious modes of transport. Additionally, accident rates are very high in Ado-Ekiti and Nigeria, and shrinking vehicle fleets are reducing the use of motorized transport. These and other transport problems in Nigeria generate various forms of popular resistance. A variety of measures can improve transport for the popular classes, but a change from the present practice will not come easily.
A Generic Cubic Surface Contains No Involutive Curve

Abstract In 1988, J. Bernstein and V. Lunts (Invent. Math.94, 223–243) proved that a generic surface in P 3 of degree 4 or greater would not contain a curve which supported a module over the second Weyl algebra. It is known that quadric surfaces and planes always do. This paper shows that a generic cubic surface does not.
Antidepressant drug interactions in the elderly. Understanding the P-450 system is half the battle in reducing risks.

PREVIEWAs patients age, pharmacologic treatment of depression becomes more complicated because of the increased risk of drug interactions in the elderly. Choosing an appropriate agent requires a thorough knowledge of cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which affect drug metabolism in the liver. In this article, Dr Cadieux explains the critical factors affecting antidepressant treatment in elderly patients and discusses potential and documented drug interactions of selected agents.
Disrupting apartheid of knowledge: testimonio as methodology in Latina/o critical race research in education

This article utilizes a Latina/o critical race theory (LatCrit) framework to disrupt a narrowly defined process of knowledge production in academia, informed by Eurocentric epistemologies and specific ideological beliefs. This process has created an apartheid of knowledge in academia. Disrupting this apartheid allows critical race researchers to move forward in developing methodologies that can be used in anti‐racist social justice research. This article describes the use of testimonio as methodology in a LatCrit research study. This conceptual piece will describe how theory, methodology, and epistemology led to the development, collection, and analysis of 40 testimonio interviews with undocumented and US‐born Chicana college students. Specific methodological strategies for employing testimonio in LatCrit research are also provided.
Sensitivity of an astronomical infrared heterodyne spectrometer

The factors determining the sensitivity of a real astronomical heterodyne spectrometer are described. The deviation from the ideal heterodyne system for line detection is described in terms of a series of degradation factors. A discussion of degradation due to a low local oscillator power and to line profile detection is presented. Representative values for the degradation factors are given. Even with a total degradation of not less than 30, the heterodyne spectrometer is still found to be a highly sensitive tool in IR astronomy.
Multiculturalism in Four Teacher Education Programs: For Replication or Transformation

This article describes four teacher education programs and their student teachers' responses to why some students in their classrooms were not doing well. The responses and programs fell into two categories: education for replication of inequities and education for transformation. If teacher education programs want their prospective teachers to be academically successful with all students, programs need to adopt an orientation with multiculturalism and social justice at the center. Implications for accreditation criteria are also addressed.
A validation of the GOMS model methodology in the development of a specialized, commercial software application

A formal GOMS model approach was applied to the design and evaluation of the user interface for a specialized, commercial software application. This approach was able to identify significant usability problems embedded in the procedures by which users interact with the interface. A redesign of the interface based on the GOMS approach resulted in a 46910reduction in learning time and a 39% reduction in execution time during a formal evaluation, differences predicted by the GOMS analysis. Corrections to the GOMS time estimation techniques were necessary to obtain accurate (within 9%) predictions of absolute learning and execution times.
Generalization of habituation between different receptor surfaces of Stentor.

Abstract The protozoan, Stentor coeruleus , was repeatedly stimulated with a reproducible mechanical stimulus applied to a small portion of its cell surface. The animal's probability of contracting in response to the stimulus decreased with repeated stimulation. After this habituation had occurred, the site of stimulation was moved to another area of the cell surface, but the decrement in responsiveness had generalized to that area also. Such generalization of habituation was not resultant from the contractions observed during habituation, since contractions induced by electrical stimuli did not depress response probabilities. Contractions in Stentor were associated with diphasic potentials which appeared asynchronously at different sites on the cell surface. These potentials appear to be propagated away from the site of mechanical stimulation at a rate sufficient to explain the speed with which the animal contracts. The directions of propagation observed require that the cell have at least two different receptor surfaces capable of independently initiating action potentials. Generalization of habituation may result from a diffusion process occurring between these receptor surfaces.
Alcohol and Nitric Oxide Production by Cells of the Brain

Abstract The l -arginine–nitric oxide pathway is important to both physiological and pathologic brain events. Brain tissue contains cells able to express all known isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in nitric oxide (NO) production and release. Effects of ethanol on NO production may be important to ethanol modification of brain function. Recent studies support this idea and demonstrate diverse interactions. For example, acute ethanol treatment decreases NMDA- and cytokine-stimulated NO synthesis by cortical neurons and glia, respectively, but enhances cytokine-stimulated NO synthesis in blood–brain barrier endothelial cells and does not affect norepinephrine-stimulated NO synthesis in medial basal hypothalamus. Furthermore, chronic ethanol enhances NMDA-stimulated NO synthesis in cortical neurons, but more potently decreases cytokine-induced NO synthesis in glial cells. The mechanisms underlying these effects are partially understood and include changes in NOS-2 gene expression. These observations illustrate that ethanol selectively affects NO production by brain cells, which may relate to reported behavioral interactions, but the extend and direction of change depends on cell type and length of exposure.
The Ratio of Diffuse to Direct Solar Irradiance (Perpendicular to the Sun's Rays) with Clear Skies—A Conserved Quantity Throughout the Day

Abstract The ratio of diffuse irradiance to direct normal is a conserved quantity throughout the day. Though its absolute value depends on the condition of the atmosphere, ground reflection and obstruction of horizon, once this value is established (by a single measurement) in rung regions. it persists over the entire day. Urban and heavy polluted areas may show considerable daily trends.
The Limitations of Buyer-Option Contracts in Solving the Holdup Problem

In a recent article, Lyon and Rasmusen (2004) argue that buyer-option contracts are more effective at solving the holdup problem than has been previously recognized. This article examines the robustness of that claim to changes in the bargaining game they analyze and to changes in the nature of the trade between the buyer and seller. I find that the possibility of renegotiation in a model of cooperative investment (Che and Hausch 1999) does generate a holdup problem if the players discount the future and the bargaining game is sufficiently long. This change in the bargaining game does not resurrect the holdup problem in the basic product complexity model (of Hart and Moore 1999). However, if the good to be traded must be supplied continually rather than only one time, then the holdup problem reemerges (even with buyer-option contracts) for some parameter values.
Cytokines released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells inhibit the production of early and late cytomegalovirus proteins.

Cytomegalovirus-infected human fibroblasts are susceptible to lysis by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether non-lytic mechanisms might also contribute to the control of cytomegalovirus infection. The appearance of cytomegalovirus proteins in infected fibroblasts was determined by flow cytometry. Infected fibroblasts incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 3 days expressed less early and late proteins than fibroblasts incubated without peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Supernatants generated by the cocultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts inhibited the production of cytomegalovirus early and late proteins. The soluble factors in supernatants which contributed to the inhibitory effect were identified as interferons α, β and γ, and tumor necrosis factors α and β. The ability of supernatants to inhibit the production of cytomegalovirus early protein was mimicked by combinations of corresponding recombinant cytokines. The inhibition of cytomegalovirus protein production by cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells may contribute to early containment of cytomegalovirus infection.
HIV-Associated Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia

A man with serologic evidence of HIV infection and a depressed T-helper:suppressor ratio developed fever, pulmonary infiltrates, and respiratory failure. Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy failed to reveal an infectious cause; however, an open lung biopsy demonstrated classic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. The patient responded completely to corticosteroids. To the best of our knowledge, this represents a previously undescribed and readily treatable cause of respiratory failure in patients with HIV infections.
One Scale Fits All? Assessing Racial Differences in the Measurement of Attitudes toward the Police

Research consistently shows that minorities have less confidence in the police and perceive less procedural justice during encounters than Whites. This work generally concludes that the differences...
Default Network Modulation and Large-Scale Network Interactivity in Healthy Young and Old Adults

We investigated age-related changes in default, attention, and control network activity and their interactions in young and old adults. Brain activity during autobiographical and visuospatial planning was assessed using multivariate analysis and with intrinsic connectivity networks as regions of interest. In both groups, autobiographical planning engaged the default network while visuospatial planning engaged the attention network, consistent with a competition between the domains of internalized and externalized cognition. The control network was engaged for both planning tasks. In young subjects, the control network coupled with the default network during autobiographical planning and with the attention network during visuospatial planning. In old subjects, default-to-control network coupling was observed during both planning tasks, and old adults failed to deactivate the default network during visuospatial planning. This failure is not indicative of default network dysfunction per se, evidenced by default network engagement during autobiographical planning. Rather, a failure to modulate the default network in old adults is indicative of a lower degree of flexible network interactivity and reduced dynamic range of network modulation to changing task demands.
Anger as Seeing Red: Perceptual Sources of Evidence.

A class of metaphors links the experience of anger to perceptions of redness. Whether such metaphors have significant implications for understanding perception is not known. In Experiment 1, anger (versus sadness) concepts were primed and it was found that priming anger concepts led individuals to be more likely to perceive the color red. In Experiment 2, anger states were directly manipulated, and it was found that evoking anger led individuals to be more likely to perceive red. Both experiments showed that the observed effects were independent of the actual color presented. These findings extend the New Look, perceptual, metaphoric, and social cognitive literatures. Most important, the results suggest that emotion representation processes of a metaphoric type can be extended to the perceptual realm.
Multimedia-Centric Routing for Multiple Description Video in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks have emerged as a promising technology for providing ubiquitous access to mobile users, and quick and easy extension of local area networks into a wide area. The inherent low throughput problem makes multipath routing and load balancing increasingly important for supporting multimedia applications in such networks. We study the problem of cross-layer multipath routing for multiple-description video communications in wireless mesh networks. We aim to answer the following questions: how to formulate a multimedia-centric routing problem; what are the performance limits; how to design an efficient routing algorithm based on the formulated problem; and how to implement the algorithms in a distributed manner. Both simulation results and experiments from a testbed network are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. We show that cross-layer design is imperative and effective in meeting the stringent quality of service requirements of multimedia applications in wireless mesh networks.
Benchmarking Apache Accumulo BigData Distributed Table Store Using Its Continuous Test Suite

In this paper, we present results of benchmarking Apache Accumulo distributed table store using the continuous tests suite included in its open source distribution. The continuous test suite contains tests that build and traverse a very large linked list, implemented via a simple table-row indexing mechanism. This underlying design provides insight for developing applications dealing with complex relationship among data sets as typically found in graph analytics applications. The benchmark study investigated sustained continuous mode stress testing and identified optimum configurations for very high-throughput data ingest, sequential and random query operations. Apache Accumulo also has the unique feature of cell level data access security, and the benchmark evaluates the processing overhead for this feature. We also tested high-speed table data verification and validation. These benchmark tests were run on a large cluster optimized for large-scale analytics and we present the performance figures for Apache Accumulo found in the study.
Pitch and duration of yes-no questions in Nchufie

This paper will present a preliminary phonetic description of yes-no questions in Nchufie (also known as Bafanji), a Grassfields Bantoid language of the Nun group in the Mbam-Nkam family spoken in Northwestern Cameroon by approximately 8,500 people (Grimes 1988). As there is no published description of this language, a very brief review of the Nchufie segment inventory will be in order. Following this, an instrumental description of the yes-no questions in the language will be presented, focusing on the prosodic cues of duration and pitch. Of special interest will be the interaction of intonation with lexical tone and the representation and cross-linguistic significance of Nchufie yes-no question formation. Below is a brief description of the phonetic segment inventory of Nchufie. Due to the complexities of Nchufie phonology and tonology, the following description should be considered preliminary only; the details are not well understood.
Insights into glycogen metabolism in Lactobacillus acidophilus: impact on carbohydrate metabolism, stress tolerance and gut retention

In prokaryotic species equipped with glycogen metabolism machinery, the co-regulation of glycogen biosynthesis and degradation has been associated with the synthesis of energy storage compounds and various crucial physiological functions, including global cellular processes such as carbon and nitrogen metabolism, energy sensing and production, stress response and cell-cell communication. In addition, the glycogen metabolic pathway was proposed to serve as a carbon capacitor that regulates downstream carbon fluxes, and in some microorganisms the ability to synthesize intracellular glycogen has been implicated in host persistence. Among lactobacilli, complete glycogen metabolic pathway genes are present only in select species predominantly associated with mammalian hosts or natural environments. This observation highlights the potential involvement of glycogen biosynthesis in probiotic activities and persistence of intestinal lactobacilli in the human gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we summarize recent findings on (i) the presence and potential ecological distribution of glycogen metabolic pathways among lactobacilli, (ii) influence of carbon substrates and growth phases on glycogen metabolic gene expression and glycogen accumulation in L. acidophilus, and (iii) the involvement of glycogen metabolism on growth, sugar utilization and bile tolerance. Our present in vivo studies established the significance of glycogen biosynthesis on the competitive retention of L. acidophilus in the mouse intestinal tract, demonstrating for the first time that the ability to synthesize intracellular glycogen contributes to gut fitness and retention among probiotic microorganisms.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast: a review of 18 primary and secondary cases

We evaluated the clinical features, morphology, and incidence of 18 cases of breast lymphoma over 10 years at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Fine needle aspiration was performed in 7 of 18 patients, and tissue biopsy/resection was available for all 18 cases. Patients were 33 to 91 years old (median, 61); 17 were women and 1 was a man. Fine needle aspiration was consistent with the tissue diagnosis in 6 of the 7 cases (86%). One case was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration as atypical cells, favor benign; the biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Tissue diagnoses revealed that 11 cases (61%) represented diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 3 (17%) were follicular lymphomas. The remaining 4 cases (22%) were plasma cell neoplasm, T-cell neoplasm, Burkitt's lymphoma, and precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Flow cytometry and/or gene rearrangement supported the diagnosis of lymphoma in 8 cases. Although rare, lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a breast mass. Fine needle aspiration can facilitate appropriate triage of patients for further management.
Vascular leak ensues a vigorous proinflammatory cytokine response to Tacaribe arenavirus infection in AG129 mice.

Background Tacaribe virus (TCRV) is a less biohazardous relative of the highly pathogenic clade B New World arenaviruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever syndromes and require handling in maximum containment facilities not readily available to most researchers. AG129 type I and II interferon receptor knockout mice have been shown to be susceptible to TCRV infection, but the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the lethal disease are unclear.
The molecular perspective: ultraviolet light and pyrimidine dimers.

we go about our daily activities. Whenever we walk in the sun, ultraviolet light (UV) attacks our DNA, making chemical changes that corrupt our genetic information. Fortunately, the most dangerous UV light never reaches us at all: the ozone in the upper atmosphere absorbs (at least for now) the energetic UVC wavelengths. The longer UV wavelengths, however, do pass through the atmosphere and fall on us. The UVA wavelengths bordering on visible light, which are often used in tanning booths, are not energetic enough to modify DNA bases (although UVA may play an important role in formation of carcinogenic oxygen radicals). However, wavelengths in the intermediate UVB region are long enough to pass through the ozone but still energetic enough to attack DNA. Ultraviolet light is absorbed by a double bond in pyrimidine bases (such as thymine and cytosine in DNA), opening the bond and allowing it to react with neighboring molecules. If it is next to a second pyrimidine base, the UVmodified base forms direct covalent bonds with it. The most common reaction forms two new bonds between the neighboring bases, forming a tight four-membered ring (Fig. 1). Other times, a single bond forms between two carbon atoms on the rings, forming a “6-4 photoproduct.” These reactions are quite common: each cell in the skin might experience 50-100 reactions during every second of sunlight exposure. Fortunately, most of these genetic lesions are corrected seconds after they are created, before they can do permanent damage. Our cells use a process known as “nucleotide excision repair” to identify and remove ultraviolet damage. Dozens of proteins work together to seek out corrupted bases, unwind the local DNA double helix and clip out a segment of about 30 bases around the damage. The normal DNA replication machinery then fills the gap, restoring the DNA to its proper form. Nucleotide excision repair is our sole defense against ultraviolet damage, but other organisms have backup defenses. For instance, the endonuclease shown in Figure 2 simply clips out the damaged base. The placental mammals have lost these additional defenses, perhaps an evolutionary legacy inherited from the earliest nocturnal mammals, which were seldom subjected to the dangers of ultraviolet light. Even today, many rodents show weakened nucleotide excision repair mechanisms. The Molecular Perspective: Ultraviolet Light and Pyrimidine Dimers