cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio (up to 10) one-dimensional organic/inorganic hybrid nanogratings via holographic lithography

We fabricated high-aspect-ratio (up to 10) one-dimensional (1D) nanogratings with width ranging from 200nm to 500nm and pitch from 600nm to 2@mm via holographic lithography. An organic/inorganic hybrid material, epoxy-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquoxane (epoxy-POSS), was used as negative-tone photoresist due to its enhanced thermal and mechanical stability. The periodicity of 1D structure was controlled by the incident beam angle, while the filling fraction could be altered by exposure dosage. The undesired surface roughness could be reduced by increasing POSS crosslinking density. Furthermore, we showed that the epoxy-POSS nanogratings could be directly converted to silica-like nanogratings upon calcination.
Impact of body mass on hospital resource use in total hip arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of BMI on post-operative outcomes and resource utilization following elective total hip arthroplasty (THA). DESIGN A retrospective cohort analysis on all primary elective THA patients between 1996 and 2004. Primary outcomes investigated using regression analyses included length of stay (LOS) and costs (US dollars). SETTING Mayo Clinic Rochester, a tertiary care centre. SUBJECTS Patients were stratified by pre-operative BMI as normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)), obese (30.0-34.9 kg/m(2)) and morbidly obese (> or =35.0 kg/m(2)). Of 5642 patients, 1362 (24.1 %) patients had a normal BMI, 2146 (38.0 %) were overweight, 1342 (23.8 %) were obese and 792 (14.0 %) were morbidly obese. RESULTS Adjusted LOS was similar among normal (4.99 d), overweight (5.00 d), obese (5.02 d) and morbidly obese (5.17 d) patients (P = 0.20). Adjusted overall episode costs were no different (P = 0.23) between the groups of normal ($17,211), overweight ($17,462), obese ($17,195) and morbidly obese ($17,655) patients. Overall operative and anaesthesia costs were higher in the morbidly obese group ($5688) than in normal ($5553), overweight ($5549) and obese ($5593) patients (P = 0.03). Operating room costs were higher in morbidly obese patients ($3418) than in normal ($3276), overweight ($3291) and obese ($3340) patients (P < 0.001). Post-operative costs were no different (P = 0.30). Blood bank costs differed (P = 0.002) and were lower in the morbidly obese group ($180) compared with the other patient groups (P < 0.05). Other differences in costs were not significant. Morbidly obese patients were more likely to be transferred to a nursing home (24.1 %) than normal (18.4 %), overweight (17.9 %) or obese (16.0 %) patients (P = 0.001 each). There were no differences in the composite endpoint of 30 d mortality, re-admissions, re-operations or intensive care unit utilization. CONCLUSIONS BMI in patients undergoing primary elective THA did not impact LOS or overall institutional acute care costs, despite higher operative costs in morbidly obese patients. Obesity does not increase resource utilization for elective THA.
Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract:Although widely diverse mechanisms have been held responsible for tissue damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is likely that immune complexes are the underlying cause. Self-aggregating complexes of 7s rheumatoid factors in synovial fluid are a distinguishing feature of RA, whilst circula
Binding and cleavage specificities of human Argonaute2.

The endonuclease Argonaute2 (Ago2) mediates the degradation of the target mRNA within the RNA-induced silencing complex. We determined the binding and cleavage properties of recombinant human Ago2. Human Ago2 was unable to cleave preformed RNA duplexes and exhibited weaker binding affinity for RNA duplexes compared with the single strand RNA. The enzyme exhibited greater RNase H activity in the presence of Mn2+ compared with Mg2+. Human Ago2 exhibited weaker binding affinities and reduced cleavage activities for antisense RNAs with either a 5′-terminal hydroxyl or abasic nucleotide. Binding kinetics suggest that the 5′-terminal heterocycle base nucleates the interaction between the enzyme and the antisense RNA, and the 5′-phosphate stabilizes the interaction. Mn2+ ameliorated the effects of the 5′-terminal hydroxyl or abasic nucleotide on Ago2 cleavage activity and binding affinity. Nucleotide substitutions at the 3′ terminus of the antisense RNA had no effect on human Ago2 cleavage activity, whereas 2′-methoxyethyl substitutions at position 2 reduced binding and cleavage activity and 12–14 reduced the cleavage activity. RNase protection assays indicated that human Ago2 interacts with the first 14 nucleotides at the 5′-pole of the antisense RNA. Human Ago2 preloaded with the antisense RNA exhibited greater binding affinities for longer sense RNAs suggesting that the enzyme interacts with regions in the sense RNA outside the site for antisense hybridization. Finally, transiently expressed human Ago2 immunoprecipitated from HeLa cells contained the double strand RNA-binding protein human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, trans-activating response RNA-binding protein, and deletion mutants of Ago2 showed that trans-activating response RNA-binding protein interacts with the PIWI domain of the enzyme.
Velocity Profile and other Local Quantities in Free‐Molecule Tube Flow

The distribution function at a point in a highly rarefied gas flow in a circular tube is shown to be made up of three parts which depend on whether reversed particle trajectories through the point strike the tube wall or pass into the chambers at the ends of the tube. The distribution function is applied to the calculation of the velocity profile development along the length of the tube. It is found that the most rapid changes in the velocity profile occur near the tube inlet. For longer tubes, there is a substantial length in which the velocity profile is fully developed. In general, the velocity profile is quite flat and this characteristic is accentuated for longer tubes. Some numerical information is also given for the distribution of the particle density throughout the flow. The determination of other local quantities is discussed and illustrated.
Zeeman effect measurements in SO2: An internal magnetic field calibrant☆

Abstract It is proposed that the Zeeman effect of the 2 02 → 1 11 transition in sulfur dioxide be used as a magnetic field calibration standard. The recent accurate beam maser measurements on this transition by Ellenbroek and Dymanus have been confirmed by electric resonance measurements in the 1 11 level. The Zeeman splittings most useful for calibration purposes depend linearly on the magnetic field. For perpendicular selection rules the Zeeman coefficient is 0.5282(3) MHz/kG while parallel transitions have a 0.3722(3) MHz/kG Zeeman coefficient. The sign of the rotational magnetic moment of SO 2 has been determined to be negative.
Cloning and Characterization of a Human STE20-like Protein Kinase with Unusual Cofactor Requirements

We cloned and characterized a novel human member of the STE20 serine/threonine protein kinase family named mst-3. Based on its domain structure, mst-3 belongs to the SPS1 subgroup of STE20-like proteins, which includes germinal center (GC) kinase, hematopoietic progenitor kinase (HPK), kinase homologous to STE20/SPS-1 (KHS), kinases responsive to stress (KRS1/2), the mammalian STE20-like kinases (mst1/2), and the recently published STE20/oxidant stress response kinase SOK-1. mst-3 is most closely related to SOK-1, with 88% amino acid similarity in the kinase domain. The similarity of the mst-3 kinase domain to STE20 is 42%. The mst-3 transcript is ubiquitously expressed, and the protein was found in all human, mouse, and monkey cell lines tested. An in vitro kinase assay showed that mst-3 can phosphorylate basic exogenous substrates as well as itself. Interestingly, mst-3 prefers Mn2+ to Mg2+ as a divalent cation and can use both GTP and ATP as phosphate donors. Like SOK-1, mst-3 is activated by autophosphorylation. However, a physiological stimulus of mst-3 activity was not identified. mst-3 activity does not change upon exposure to several mitogenic and stress stimuli. Overexpression of mst-3 wild-type or kinase dead protein affects neither the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2 or ERK6), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, nor pp70S6 kinase, suggesting that mst-3 is part of a novel signaling pathway.
Associations of Built Food Environment with Dietary Intake among Youth with Diabetes

Abstract Objective To evaluate the associations of supermarket and fast-food outlet accessibility and availability with dietary intake among youth with diabetes. Design Subjects’ residential location and dietary intake was obtained from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Food outlet data obtained from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and InfoUSA were merged based on names and addresses of the outlets. The comprehensive data were then used to construct accessibility and availability measures for each participant. Setting State of South Carolina. Participants Three hundred fifty-nine youths with diabetes (10 years old and older) from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Phenomena of Interest Supermarket and fast-food outlet accessibility and availability; dietary intake represented by Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score. Analysis Generalized estimating equations analyses. Results Increased availability and accessibility of supermarkets were significantly associated with higher DASH score, even after adjusting for individual-level correlates, urbanicity, and fast-food outlet accessibility or availability. Fast-food accessibility, however, was associated only with specific food groups (meat, sweets, and low-fat dairy intake), not with the DASH score. Conclusions and Implications Efforts to promote environments conducive to healthful eating may significantly improve the overall dietary intake and reduce diet-related health complications among youth with diabetes.
Concepts for high gradient, dielectric cavity, induction accelerators

Induction accelerator cavities comprising various arrangements of constant impedance transmission lines have been devised to provide a constant acceleration to a short pulsed beam of electrons. In most of the cavity concepts the lines are charged externally from a voltage source such as a Marx generator and switched internally; in others energy is fed from an external bipolar source. Several cavities based on the former concepts have now been fabricated and can be used to accelerate efficiently electron beams with pulse durations of 10–20 ns and currents of 10–100 kA. Acceleration gradients are, however, limited to a few MeV/m for efficient transfer of the energy from the cavity to the beam. Gradients an order of magnitude higher could be obtained by recirculating an undermatched beam several times through the cavities so that only a fraction of the cavity energy is transferred on each pass. Various ways of magnetically bending and confining the beam to achieve this recirculation have been proposed. An attractive alternative in terms of overall weight, however, is to exploit beam propagation in the ion focussed regime. In this scheme the beam is captured by and follows an ion trail formed by ionizing a very low pressure gas with a laser or, for a curved path, with a low energy electron beam. Efforts to demonstrate this recirculating linear induction technology are underway, notably at Sandia National Laboratory.
Twenty-five versus twenty-seven-gauge needles.

The use of aspirating syringes is universal, but there is no agreement on the best needle size for dental injections. This study of 3,500 injections found little difference between 25- and 27-gauge needles in the number of positive aspirations obtained.
Axonal projections of gonadal steroid receptor-containing neurons

Abstract These studies focus on one fundamental aspect of steroid hormone receptor-containing neurons, their connectivity. We seek to determine exactly how these neurons fit into neuroendocrinologically or behaviorally relevant neural circuits. To examine precisely the efferent projections of steroid hormone receptor-containing neurons, we combined steroid hormone autoradiography with retrograde neuroanatomlcal tracing using fluorescent dyes. By means of standard stereotaxic procedures, fluorescent dyes or microspheres are injected Into particular limited regions of the brains of deeply anesthetized rodents. After several days or weeks to allow retrograde transport of the tracer to fill the neuronal somas, a physiological dose of a highly radioactive steroid hormone (100–400μCi/100 g body wt) Is administered. Animals are sacrificed after 1–2 h, when nuclear retention of the steroid hormone Is high and when circulating levels of hormone have begun to fall. The hormone status of the animal must be such that the sources of endogenous circulating steroid hormones are removed by gonadectomy and/or adrenalectomy so that circulating endogenous steroid hormones will not compete with the labeled hormones for the finite population of receptors. Since hormonal status is now understood to have profound effects on the abundance of gonadal steroid hormone receptors, each type of receptor being differently regulated, an optimal endocrine condition must be selected for each experiment. Animals are perfused, the brains cryoprotected, and autoradiograms prepared under safelight conditions by picking up cryostat-cut sections on emulsion-coated slides. After autoradiographic exposure of 4–12 months, the autoradiograms are developed, and the slides are examined with a light microscope for the presence of steroid hormone-concentrating neurons that send their efferent projections to particular anatomical sites. It is possible to generalize from the substantial number of experiments carried out with this method. All types of gonadal steroid hormone-concentrating neurons, that Is, estrogen-, androgen-, and progestin-concentrating neurons, have axons that project long distances from regions that contain large numbers of the hormone-concentrating neurons to regions that contain relatively few. These long-projecting steroid hormone-concentrating neurons are found predominantly in the preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and hypothalamus and are relatively rare or weak in the amygdala. These long-projecting steroid hormone-concentrating neurons may be an important route over which integrated, steroid hormone-modulated Information is conveyed to the effector portions of neural circuits.
Passive transformation, cognitive imbalance, and evaluative meaning

This study inspects the influence of two variables on ratings of the intensity of evaluative meaning of subject and object in the simple, affirmative, declarative sentence. The variables are active versus passive transformation, and cognitive balance versus imbalance among the nominal evaluative signs of subject, verb, and object. The conclusions are that intensity of evaluative meaning is independent of the syntactic variable but not of the balance variable. Ratings of nouns were generally less polarized when rated in a sentence context than they were when rated in isolation. This shift toward arbitrary neutrality is, however, markedly greater for sentences that are imbalanced.
Discharge disposition from acute care after traumatic brain injury: the effect of insurance type.

Abstract Chan L, Doctor J, Temkin N, MacLehose RF, Esselman P, Bell K, Dikmen S. Discharge disposition from acute care after traumatic brain injury: the effect of insurance type. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1151-4. Objective: To determine if persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are insured by Medicaid or health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are more likely to receive postacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) than in rehabilitation facilities, compared with persons insured by commercial fee-for-service (FFS) plans. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: County hospital admitting 30% of all Washington State TBI patients. Patients: Patients with moderate to severe TBI discharged to rehabilitation facilities or SNFs between 1992 and 1997 ( n = 1271); 56.3% were insured by Medicaid, 26.1% by FFS plans, and 17.6% by HMOs. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Disposition on discharge from acute care (rehabilitation facilities vs SNF); adjusted relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (CI) for different insurance types. Results: After accounting for confounding factors, Medicaid patients were 68% more likely (RR = 1.68, 95% CI=1.34–2.11) and HMO patients were 23% more likely (RR = 1.23, 95% CI=.90–1.68) to go to a SNF than FFS patients. However, the latter difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: An association exists between insurance type and postacute care site. Efforts should be made to determine the effect this relationship has on the cost and outcomes for TBI patients. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Stuttering research: Have we forgotten the stutterer?

Abstract Current research in stuttering is devoted largely to the investigation of the physiological aspects of the disorder. As more is learned about the physiology of the person who stutters, there seems to be less interest in the psychosocial aspects of the disorder. This article discusses possible reasons for this change in perspective in stuttering research, and it presents arguments for why this change may be detrimental to individuals who stutter and the speech pathologists who provide service to stutters. The importance of combining physiological, psychosocial, and other perspectives is discussed.
Integrated modeling of CO2 storage and leakage scenarios including transitions between super‐ and subcritical conditions, and phase change between liquid and gaseous CO2

Integrated Modeling of CO 2 Storage and Leakage Scenarios Including Transitions between Super- and Sub-Critical Conditions, and Phase Change between Liquid and Gaseous CO 2 Karsten Pruess Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA K_Pruess@lbl.gov ABSTRACT Storage of CO 2 in saline aquifers is intended to be at supercritical pressure and temperature conditions, but CO 2 leaking from a geologic storage reservoir and migrating towards the land surface (through faults, fractures, or improperly abandoned wells) would reach sub-critical conditions at depths shallower than 500-750 m. At these and shallower depths, subcritical CO 2 can form two-phase mixtures of liquid and gaseous CO 2 , with significant latent heat effects during boiling and condensation. Additional strongly non-isothermal effects can arise from decompression of gas-like subcritical CO 2 , the so-called Joule-Thomson effect. Integrated modeling of CO 2 storage and leakage requires the ability to model non-isothermal flows of brine and CO 2 at conditions that range from supercritical to subcritical, including three-phase flow of aqueous phase, and both liquid and gaseous CO 2 . In this paper we describe and demonstrate comprehensive simulation capabilities that can cope with all possible phase conditions in brine- CO 2 systems. Our model formulation includes an accurate description of thermophysical properties of aqueous and CO 2 -rich phases as functions of temperature, pressure, salinity and CO 2 content, including the mutual dissolution of CO 2 and H 2 O; transitions between super- and sub-critical conditions, including phase change between liquid and gaseous CO 2 ; one-, two-, and three-phase flow of brine-CO 2 mixtures, including heat flow; 11 May 2011
Epitopic mapping of linear and conformation-dependent antigenic determinants on GP5 of five U.S. bluetongue viruses.

Abstract Two distinct antigenic determinants of the major outer capsid protein, GP5, of five U.S. bluetongue viruses have been identified and mapped using monoclonal and oligoclonal antibodies. One antigenic site, identified by oligoclonal antibody AK-15, was found to be common and conserved in all five U.S. BTV serotypes. This linear epitope was located between amino acid residues 175 and 189 (ALQREAAERSEDEIK). The second determinant identified by monoclonal antibody 34.7 was present in BTV-2, -10, -11, and -17 but absent in BTV-13. The binding of this monoclonal antibody to GP5 could be blocked specifically by one of three short synthetic peptides located among amino acid residues 33–42 (KAAERFAESE), 159–168 (EKILKEEDSK), and 206–215 (EIERDGMQEE), indicating that this antigenic determinant is conformation-dependent. Oligoclonal antibody (AK-15) reacted with denatured GP5 immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane after Western transfer as well as with native GP5 present on the surface of purified BTV virions. Monoclonal antibody (34.7) reacted only with denatured GP5 but not native GP5 using an ELISA assay. However, these two antigenic epitopes alone did not elicit detectable neutralizing antibodies as determined by plaque reduction assay.
Effect of Single and Double Homogenization of Cream upon Coagulation by Heat and Rennet and upon Separation of the Fat

Summary 1. Homogenization of cream decreases its stability toward coagulation by heat and by rennet. Differences in homogenization temperature and pressure effect the time of coagulation by either heat or rennet in a similar manner. 2. Double homogenization at 80°C. (176°F.) when the second pressure is in the vicinity of 500 pounds per square inch is beneficial in increasing the heat stability of creams containing more than 15 per cent butterfat. Use of a pressure in excess of 2000 pounds during rehomogenization decreases the heat stability of a cream below that which is characterized by single stage treatment. 3. After several months undisturbed storage noticeable butter-fat separation occurs in sterilized sweet cream homogenized at pressures as high as 4000 pounds. Increasing pressures of homogenization retard the rate of rise of the fat approximately in proportion to the pressure used. The fat in cream which is rehomogenized separates to a lesser extent than the fat in cream which is homogenized only once.
A novel technique to improve the diagnostic yield of negative sestamibi scans

Introduction Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is successful in achieving cure for most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Most surgeons rely on preoperative imaging as part of the workup for localization. Ultrasonography and sestamibi are the 2 most commonly used preoperative imaging studies. When these 2 studies are positive and concordant the preoperative localization is straightforward. However, when ≥1 of these studies is negative, the preoperative localization is suspect. We hypothesize that the yield of useful localizing information from “negative” sestamibi scans can be increased in certain situations. Specifically, in cases where the thyroid lobe length seen on sestamibi is discordant from the lobe length of the ultrasonography, this often represents a “hidden” parathyroid adenoma. If our hypothesis is correct, this could lead to decreased resource utilization in cases of nonlocalized parathyroid adenomas. Methods We retrospectively analyzed our database of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy from 2005 to 2011. The anteroposterior views of early phase sestamibi were analyzed for thyroid lobe lengths. A ratio of the length of the right lobe to left lobe was calculated. The thyroid lobe lengths on ultrasonography were measured and similar ratios were calculated. The difference in ratios between sestamibi and ultrasonography was calculated for each patient. A difference in ratios from sestamibi and ultrasonography that corresponded with a “hidden” parathyroid on the side of the additional length on sestamibi at the time of surgery was considered a positive finding. When the difference in ratios from the 2 images did not correspond with a “hidden” parathyroid at the time of operation, it was considered a negative finding. Results There were 59 patients with single-gland disease, negative sestamibi, and images available for review. There were 32 patients (54%) with the positive finding of a “hidden” parathyroid corresponding with a difference in thyroid lobe length ratios from sestamibi and ultrasonography. The overall mean difference in ratios between sestamibi and ultrasonography was 0.37 ± 0.32. The mean ratio difference in the group of patients with a negative “hidden” parathyroid was 0.11 ± 0.02, and the mean ratio difference in the group of patients with a positive “hidden” parathyroid was 0.58 ± 0.05 (P Conclusion Discordance between thyroid lobe lengths on the early phase sestamibi compared with ultrasonography has led to successful preoperative identification of parathyroid adenomas, even though the sestamibi was traditionally read as negative. This finding has not been previously described, seems to be reliable, and can lead to improved preoperative localization and decreased resource utilization in this subset patients.
Childhood Asthma-Predictive Phenotype

Wheezing is a fairly common symptom in early childhood, but only some of these toddlers will experience continued wheezing symptoms in later childhood. The definition of the asthma-predictive phenotype is in children with frequent, recurrent wheezing in early life who have risk factors associated with the continuation of asthma symptoms in later life. Several asthma-predictive phenotypes were developed retrospectively based on large, longitudinal cohort studies; however, it can be difficult to differentiate these phenotypes clinically as the expression of symptoms, and risk factors can change with time. Genetic, environmental, developmental, and host factors and their interactions may contribute to the development, severity, and persistence of the asthma phenotype over time. Key characteristics that distinguish the childhood asthma-predictive phenotype include the following: male sex; a history of wheezing, with lower respiratory tract infections; history of parental asthma; history of atopic dermatitis; eosinophilia; early sensitization to food or aeroallergens; or lower lung function in early life.
MANGANESE CARBONYL COMPLEXES AS CATALYSTS FOR THE HYDROSILATION OF KETONES: COMPARISON WITH RHCL(PPH3)3

Manganese carbonyl complexes catalyze the hydrosilation of ketones with PhMe2SiH and Ph2SiH2 in C6D6 solutions. Efficacy of the manganese carbonyl precatalysts (2.4 mol %) toward acetone hydrosilation with 1.1 equiv of PhMe2SiH to give (CH3)2CH(OSiMe2Ph) (3) varied: (PPh3)(CO)4MnC(O)CH3 (1) ( (CO)5MnC(O)CH3 > (CO)5MnCH3 > (CO)5MnBr (6.0 h) ≫ Mn2(CO)10 ≈ (PPh3)(CO)4MnBr ≈ (CO)5MnSiMe2Ph (2). A turnover frequency of 27 min-1 was measured for catalysis using 1% 1; rapid catalysis was possible with 0.1% 1 in the absence of solvent. As a precatalyst, 1 is much more reactive than Rh(PPh3)3Cl for the PhMe2SiH hydrosilation of acetone, acetophenone, and cyclohexanone; both catalysts exhibit similar reactivity with Ph2SiH2. With 1 as the precatalyst, isolated yields of the alkoxydimethylphenylsilanes exceeded 90%, with no evidence of competing dehydrogenative silation to yield vinyl silyl ethers. Photochemical activation of (CO)5MnSiMe2Ph (2) affords moderate hydrosilation catalytic activ...
Hard White Versus Hard Red Wheats: Taste Tests and Milling and Baking Properties

ABSTRACT Molecular markers for the red grain color (R) loci controlling seed color and the polyphenol oxidase (Ppo-A1) locus controlling polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in seed have recently been developed. These markers provided the opportunity to convert the hard red spring wheat cultivars Choteau and Hank to white-seeded versions with high and low PPO levels, respectively. These sets of near-isogenic lines provided material to test the effects of seed color and PPO activity on a range of end-use quality traits. We tested recurrent parents Choteau and Hank, along with near-isogenic derivatives with white seed, in two replicated trials in Bozeman, Montana, for end-use quality parameters. The white-seeded lines consisted of both high- and low-PPO near-isogenic lines. The primary impact of white seed was the production of whole wheat bread with a perceived sweeter taste relative to the red-seeded lines. Noodle color was not consistently impacted by the level of PPO variation despite relatively large redu...
Acute Integrity of Closure for Partial Nephrectomy: Comparison of 7 Agents in a Hypertensive Porcine Model

Purpose: We assessed the acute effectiveness of closure after partial nephrectomy of 7 techniques in a large hypertensive porcine model using shallow and deep resections to approximate clinical situations.Materials and Methods: Open surgical partial nephrectomy with hilar clamping was performed in pigs weighing 150 to 200 lbs, including small—a quarter length and a quarter width of kidney, medium—a third length and a third width of kidney, and into the renal sinus and up to the collecting system, and large—lower pole heminephrectomy at the renal sinus. Seven agents were compared after a single application, namely thrombin/collagen granules, polyethylene glycol hydrogel, fibrin glue, thrombin/gelatin granules, cyanoacrylate glue, fibrin glue/gelatin sponge and sutured bolster. Failure and success were determined by the presence or absence of bleeding, respectively, after unclamping and by an increase in SBP to 100 and then to 200 mm Hg with dopamine infusion.Results: Of 70 partial nephrectomies the success...
A language independent macro processor

A macro processor is described which can be used with almost any source language. It provides all features normally associated with a macro facility, plus the ability to make arbitrary transformations of the argument strings. The program is used at the Basset Computing Department, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, to process text for eight different compilers.
Quantification of Interictal Neuromagnetic Activity in Absence Epilepsy with Accumulated Source Imaging

Aberrant brain activity in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) during seizures has been well recognized as synchronous 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges on electroencephalography. However, brain activity from low- to very high-frequency ranges in subjects with CAE between seizures (interictal) has rarely been studied. Using a high-sampling rate magnetoencephalography (MEG) system, we studied ten subjects with clinically diagnosed but untreated CAE in comparison with age- and gender-matched controls. MEG data were recorded from all subjects during the resting state. MEG sources were assessed with accumulated source imaging, a new method optimized for localizing and quantifying spontaneous brain activity. MEG data were analyzed in nine frequency bands: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (12–30 Hz), low-gamma (30–55 Hz), high-gamma (65–90 Hz), ripple (90–200 Hz), high-frequency oscillation (HFO, 200–1,000 Hz), and very high-frequency oscillation (VHFO, 1,000–2,000 Hz). MEG source imaging revealed that subjects with CAE had higher odds of interictal brain activity in 200–1,000 and 1,000–2,000 Hz in the parieto-occipito-temporal junction and the medial frontal cortices as compared with controls. The strength of the interictal brain activity in these regions was significantly elevated in the frequency bands of 90–200, 200–1,000 and 1,000–2,000 Hz for subjects with CAE as compared with controls. The results indicate that CAE has significantly aberrant brain activity between seizures that can be noninvasively detected. The measurements of high-frequency neuromagnetic oscillations may open a new window for investigating the cerebral mechanisms of interictal abnormalities in CAE.
Polyamines Are Critical for the Induction of the Glutamate Decarboxylase-dependent Acid Resistance System in Escherichia coli

As part of our studies on the biological functions of polyamines, we have used a mutant of Escherichia coli that lacks all the genes for polyamine biosynthesis for a global transcriptional analysis on the effect of added polyamines. The most striking early response to the polyamine addition is the increased expression of the genes for the glutamate-dependent acid resistance system (GDAR) that is important for the survival of the bacteria when passing through the acid environment of the stomach. Not only were the two genes for glutamate decarboxylases (gadA and gadB) and the gene for glutamate-γ-aminobutyrate antiporter (gadC) induced by the polyamine addition, but the various genes involved in the regulation of this system were also induced. We confirmed the importance of polyamines for the induction of the GDAR system by direct measurement of glutamate decarboxylase activity and acid survival. The effect of deletions of the regulatory genes on the GDAR system and the effects of overproduction of two of these genes were also studied. Strikingly, overproduction of the alternative σ factor rpoS and of the regulatory gene gadE resulted in very high levels of glutamate decarboxylase and almost complete protection against acid stress even in the absence of any polyamines. Thus, these data show that a major function of polyamines in E. coli is protection against acid stress by increasing the synthesis of glutamate decarboxylase, presumably by increasing the levels of the rpoS and gadE regulators.
The effects of rhenium and sulfur on the maintenance of activity and selectivity of platinum/alumina hydrocarbon conversion catalysts. II: Experiments at elevated pressure

With n-hexane conversion at 770 K, 1.5 MPa and a hydrogen/hydrocarbon molar ratio of 11 as the test reaction, PtReAl2O3 prepared by coimpregnation has been found to differ from a physical mixture of PtAl2O3 and ReAl2O3. In particular, PtReAl2O3 shows a high selectivity for hydrogenolysis which is characteristic of PtRe alloy formation. Compared with runs at 0.1 MPa, the rate of deactivation and the selectivity for dehydrocyclization are much lower at 1.5 MPa. It is suggested that stepwise dehydrogenation of hexane to hexatriene followed by cyclization may be an important route for dehydrocyclization near atmospheric pressure. The presence of 1 ppm (mol) H2S in the gaseous feed significantly reduces hydrogenolysis, and also improves the maintenance of both activity and selectivity of PtReAl2O3. The formation of PtRe alloy particles is favored by chlorine in the Al2O3 support. The results are consistent with a previously proposed model which assumes that the reorganization of adsorbed hydrocarbonaceous deposits to pseudographitic entities which cannot be volatilized in situ is strongly impeded by the protruding S atoms firmly adsorbed on the Re atoms of the PtRe alloy surface. It appears that enhanced activity maintenance can be attributed to changes in the atomic topography of the catalyst metal surface.
699 INTRACELLULAR AMINO ACID LEVELS AS PRE- DICTORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MAN

The relation of protein synthesis (PS), a functional expression of amino acid (AA) balance, to the concurrent intracellular (IC) and plasma (P) concentrations of AA is uncertain. We studied 29 normal young adults & 63 neonates 27-44 weeks post-conceptual age, using the circulating neutrophil (LEUK) as the cell model. PS (3H-LEU incorp, pmoles/hr/mg DNA) in the LEUK, 19 AA's (HPLC, fluorometric detection, nmoles/ml) in both LEUK & P, and cell water content (dry weight-“trapped” water by 14C-inulin) were quantified. In infants, PS was inversely related to birthweight (BWT) & gestational age (GA) (PS = 9265 - 1.2 BWTg -66.35 GA wks;. p=0.0001). With the exception of VAL, CIT, GLN all the ICAA were higher than in P. HIS, ASP, TYR & ORN were the only significant (< .05) self-correlations between 1C & PAA in infants; THR & ILE, in adults. Stepwise multiple regression (MR) was used to identify the set of AA's accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance (R2) in PS. The sets of AA selected by the program were: for PAA in infants, ILE & ALA (R2=0.11, p=0.04); for adults, ASP, GLY, MET (R2)=0.32, p=0.009). For ICAA in infants, LEU, MET, HIS, LYS, GLY, ALA (R2=0.32, p= 0.001); for adults, LEU, MET, HIS, ILE, PHE (R2=0.54, p=0.002). By futher MR analysis, levels of each ICAA predictor of PS in infants & adults was found to be predicted by a different set of PAA's, (e.g., for adults, IC-LEU predicted by P-THR, CIT, VAL, HIS, R2=0.60, p=0.0001). We conclude that: (1) the level of PS can be predicted by a specific set of ICAA's better than by any set of PAA's. (2) The levels of the ICAA predictors of PS can then be predicted by specific, but different, sets of PAA's. These data suggest a possible practical means to modulate cell PS indirectly via ICAA concentrations by altering selected PAA.
X-Ray Fiber Diffraction Reveals Major Structural Differences Between Brain-Derived Prions and Recombinant Prion Protein Amyloid

X-ray fiber diffraction was used to study the structure of brain-derived prions and recombinant prion protein amyloid. Partially oriented, dried fibers were prepared from brain-derived PrP 27-30 and recombinant PrP amyloid. Fiber diffraction patterns were analyzed and used to interrogate models for the structure of the infectious prion.Fiber diffraction patterns of recombinant PrP amyloid displayed characteristic, meridional reflections at ∼4.8 A and equatorial reflections at ∼10 A. These patterns were similar to those of other amyloids and are consistent with a basic cross-β architecture. In contrast, diffraction patterns from brain-derived PrP 27-30 displayed meridional reflections at ∼9.6, ∼6.4, and ∼4.8 A, which correspond to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order of a ∼19.2-A repeating unit, suggesting that PrP 27-30 contains four β-strands in a cross-β architecture. Furthermore, PrP 27-30 lacked the typical, equatorial reflection at ∼10 A, but instead produced equatorial reflections characterizing the diameter of the amyloid fiber and of individual protofilaments. Therefore, PrP 27-30 seems to have a structure consistent with a β-helix or β-solenoid, not unlike the model that was proposed earlier (Govaerts et al., 2004). This interpretation was also supported by extensive modeling, simulation of diffraction, electron microscopy, and FTIR.In a previous study, recombinant PrP amyloid induced a transmissible prion disease in transgenic mice overexpressing PrP, and was thus termed a "synthetic prion" (Legname et al., 2004). Serially transmitted, synthetic prions were purified from mouse brains and analyzed by fiber diffraction. These brain-derived, synthetic prions showed the same structural characteristics as natural prion isolates and not those of its recombinant protein precursor. The relationship between structural differences and prion infectivity can be explained by several hypotheses. It remains to be determined which one, if any, is correct.
Reply to Letter: Survival following cardiac arrest associated with carbon monoxide poisoning

Our patient presented to an outside emergency department (ED) with a carboxyhemoglobin level of 35%. Treatment with 100% oxygen was initiated, and upon arrival at our facility approximately five hours later, his Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was six (Eyes 1; Verbal 1; Motor 4). His carboxyhemoglobin level on arrival at our facility had decreased to 11.7%. In preparation for possible hyperbaric oxygen therapy, bilateral myringotomies were performed with fentanyl 100 mcg given for pain control. Although he could be oxygenated and ventilated without difficulty, his size 6.0 tracheal tube was changed to a larger 8.0 tube. Etomidate 30 mg and succinylcholine 200 mg were injected for the rapid sequence induction. Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry remained at 97% or higher, and chest radiography confirmed correct placement of the tracheal tube. Approximately 30 minutes after this procedure, the patient suffered a witnessed pulseless electrical activity (PEA) arrest. Following return of spontaneous circulation, his GCS was three. His electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response at a rate of 135 beats per minute. His troponin on arrival was 0.29 ng mL-1, and it rose to 0.92 ng mL-1 eight hours later; subsequent measurements at eight-hour intervals were 0.84, 0.65 and 0.96 ng mL-1.
Air-Conditioning-Generated Noise in a Near-Infrared Spectrometer Caused by Fluctuations in Atmospheric Water Vapor:

Near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers should be operated in temperature-controlled environments; however, these kinds of facilities are not generally available in most UK laboratories. Although we took delivery of a Neotec Mark I NIR spectrometer in 1982, it was not possible to install it in a permanent home with a temperature-controlled atmosphere until late in 1984. This was a small laboratory (3 m × 4.7 m with a total volume of 45 m3) which was cooled by a
Can we afford storage? A dynamic net energy analysis of renewable electricity generation supported by energy storage

Global wind power and photovoltaic (PV) installed capacities are growing at very high rates (20% per year and 60% per year, respectively). These technologies require large, ‘up-front’ energetic investments. Conceptually, as these industries grow, some proportion of their electrical output is ‘re-invested’ to support manufacture and deployment of new generation capacity. As variable and intermittent, renewable generation capacity increases grid penetration, electrical energy storage will become an ever more important load-balancing technology. These storage technologies are currently expensive and energy intensive to deploy. We explore the impact on net energy production when wind and PV must ‘pay’ the energetic cost of storage deployment. We present the net energy trajectory of these two industries (wind and PV), disaggregated into eight distinct technologies—wind: on-shore and off-shore; PV: single-crystal (sc-), multi-crystalline (mc-), amorphous (a-) and ribbon silicon (Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS). The results show that both on-shore and off-shore wind can support the deployment of a very large amount of storage, over 300 hours of geologic storage in the case of on-shore wind. On the other hand, solar PV, which is already energetically expensive compared to wind power, can only ‘afford’ about 24 hours of storage before the industry operates at an energy deficit. The analysis highlights the societal benefits of electricity generation–storage combinations with low energetic costs.
Application of reductive dihydroxypropylation of amino groups of proteins in primary structural studies: identification of phenylthiohydantoin derivative of ε-dihydroxypropyl-lysine residues by high-performance liquid chromatography

The general utility of reductive alkylation of amino groups of proteins with glyceraldehyde (2,3-dihydroxypropionaldehyde) in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride, i.e. dihydroxypropylation, as an aid in generating arginine peptides of proteins by tryptic digestion has been investigated. The dihydroxypropylation of the amino groups of ribonuclease A and the streptococcal Pep M5 protein proceeds predominantly to the stage of monoalkylation. The derivatized lysine namely, epsilon-dihydroxypropyl-lysine is stable to acid hydrolysis, and is eluted slightly ahead of histidine in the amino acid analyzer. The peptide bonds of epsilon-dihydroxypropyl-lysine residues are resistant to tryptic digestion. The arginine peptides of dihydroxypropylated ribonuclease A, and dihydroxypropylated streptococcal Pep M5 protein have been isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the tryptic digest of the derivatized proteins. The phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivative of epsilon-dihydroxypropyl-lysine has been prepared. It is eluted at a position intermediate to that of the PTH derivatives of proline and tryptophan in reversed-phase HPLC on DuPont Zorbax ODS columns. Thus the PTH-epsilon-dihydroxypropyl-lysine could be identified during the sequence studies of the dihydroxypropylated peptides. The presence of dihydroxypropyl groups on the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in the dihydroxypropylated peptides does not interfere with the Edman degradation studies. The ease of the dihydroxypropylation reaction, the resistance of the peptide bonds of epsilon-dihydroxypropyl-lysine residues to trypsin, and the identification of the PTH derivative of epsilon-dihydroxypropyl-lysine residues by reversed-phase HPLC makes the dihydroxypropylation procedure a valuable addition to the arsenal of procedures for limiting the tryptic digestion to the arginine residues of proteins and peptides.
PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH AND COMPOSITION IN SHIPBOARD CULTURES SUPPLIED WITH NITRATE, AMMONIUM, OR UREA AS THE NITROGEN SOURCE1

Coastal surface seawater off southern California was enriched with phosphate, silicate, vitamins B12, B1, and biotin, a chelated trace metal mixture, and with nitrogen as nitrate, ammonium, or urea, and the cultures were incubated on deck in daylight. Natural phytoplankton present in the seawater served as inoculum. Samples were taken every 6 hr, once the cultures were established. Diel periodicity was noted in diatom cell division, in nitrate and ammonium assimilation rate, in phosphate assimilation rate, and in photosynthetic rate measured at intervals under constant, artificial irradiance, but not in the rate of chlorophyll a synthesis. The chemical composition of the crops was influenced by the nitrogen source used for growth and by diel periodicity in assimilation rates. Most of the vitamin Bi content of the crop was synthesized by the organisms, only a small proportion being supplied initially from the medium. Some species known to require vitamins continued to grow after vitamin depletion from the medium, their requirements apparently satisfied by vitamins released by other species.
Neutrophil leukocytes and inflammation of the bovine mammary gland

Abstract Observations on the production, distribution, structure, and function of neutrophils is briefly reviewed and related to the role of neutrophils in inflammation of the bovine mammary gland. The mature neutrophil is an end stage cell possessing an armament of two distinct types of granules containing a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic constituents. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow by an orderly process of mitosis and maturation. The developing neutrophils form a morphologic continuum with functional compartmentalization into mitotic, maturative and reserve pools. Within the blood vasculature, neutrophils are either freely circulating or remain marginated along vessel walls in capillary beds, particularly in the lungs, liver and spleen. However, neutrophils so distributed are in a dynamic equilibrium, and after a brief sojourn in blood, they migrate into body cavities and tissues constituting a physiologic barrier to microbial invasion. Neutrophils from the marrow reserve and marginal pools rapidly and preferentially mobilize into areas of acute inflammation in response to chemotactic factors generated locally. There, they phagocytize, kill, and digest bacteria in a complex but sophisticated manner utilizing energy and granular constituents. During this process neutrophils also release certain agents which by themselves are inflammatory. Studies in developing calves have shown that (a), there is a sizable marrow reserve of neutrophils, (b) newly formed neutrophils appear in blood in about 7 days, (c) the circulating and marginal pools of neutrophils are about equal in size, and (d) neutrophils disappear from blood randomly with a half-time of about 9 hours. Such information on mature cows is not available. Experimental studies on mastitis in normal and neutropenic cows have demonstrated the dual role of neutrophils also in this species viz. , in protection against mammary infections and as incitors of the inflammatory reaction. Neutrophils rapidly mobilize into the mammary parenchyma and subsequently into the milk in glands experiencing acute inflammatory reaction and continue to emigrate for a variable period after disappearance of clinical signs of mastitis. While much has become known about neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing in other species, little is known about bovine neutrophils in this regard and, particularly, in relation to mastitis. The bovine mammary gland is an excellent model to study inflammation and the cow has a remarkable ability to adapt to a heavy daily loss of neutrophils in milk.