cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image-guided navigation: A cost effective practical introduction using the image-guided surgery toolkit (IGSTK)

Teaching the key technical aspects of image-guided interventions using a hands-on approach is a challenging task. This is primarily due to the high cost and lack of accessibility to imaging and tracking systems. We provide a software and data infrastructure which addresses both challenges. Our infrastructure allows students, patients, and clinicians to develop an understanding of the key technologies by using them, and possibly by developing additional components and integrating them into a simple navigation system which we provide. Our approach requires minimal hardware, LEGO blocks to construct a phantom for which we provide CT scans, and a webcam which when combined with our software provides the functionality of a tracking system. A premise of this approach is that tracking accuracy is sufficient for our purpose. We evaluate the accuracy provided by a consumer grade webcam and show that it is sufficient for educational use. We provide an open source implementation of all the components required for a basic image-guided navigation as part of the Image-Guided Surgery Toolkit (IGSTK). It has long been known that in education there is no substitute for hands-on experience, to quote Sophocles, “One must learn by doing the thing; for though you think you know it, you have no certainty, until you try.”. Our work provides this missing capability in the context of image-guided navigation. Enabling a wide audience to learn and experience the use of a navigation system.
Evaluation of a new column backflushing set-up in the gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide residues in dietary supplements.

Abstract This study evaluated the use of a new concurrent backflushing set-up in the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in dietary supplement matrices using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The backflushing configuration employed a purged union installed between a short, 5-m long capillary column and a 15-m analytical column of the same column diameter (0.25 mm i.d.), stationary phase type (HP-5MS UI) and film thickness (0.25 μm). This set-up is more time- and cost-effective than the use of post-run or mid-column backflushing configurations because the backflushing starts as soon as the last analyte elutes from the short column, thus preventing the less volatile matrix components from reaching the longer analytical column and MS source. As opposed to the analysis without backflushing, the column does not need to be kept at a higher temperature for an extended period of time, resulting in about 50% increased sample throughput on the instrument (a run time of 20 min). Optimization of the GC–MS/MS method is discussed in detail, especially when it comes to the selection of MS/MS transitions, optimization of injection conditions using a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) inlet in solvent vent mode, and optimization of the backflushing parameters. The optimized method showed very good long-term performance, which was evaluated in a 2.5-day uninterrupted sequence (without any system maintenance) of repeated injections of various dietary supplement extracts containing over one hundred pesticides, mainly those with limits set for herbal drugs and preparations by the U.S. and European Pharmacopoeias.
Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Solidified Microstructure of Martensite Stainless Steel

In this text, the effect of electromagnetic stirring (EMS) on the quantities of the martensite stainless steel ingots was investigated by static casting experiment. The results of the experiment show that to compared with the traditional cast, the EMS can obviously improve the quantities of the martensite stainless steel ingots. By the EMS technique, the ratio of equiaxed grains greatly increased and when the current remains content, the ratio of equiaxed grain increases first and then decreases as the stirring frequency increasing. There is a maximum value at the 5Hz. With the EMS the carbon and the chromium in the ingots are better distributed. The segregation of C and Cr is inhabited. And also with the EMS, the grains of the martensite stainless steel ingots become finer and more homogeneity; consequently the appearance and distribution of the troostite in the ingots obviously changed: without the EMS the troostite distributes in net shape or block shape and with the EMS, the troostite distributes in the matrix dispersedly.
An overview of the delamination theory of wear

The fundamental mechanisms of sliding wear postulated by the delamination theory of wear are reviewed in terms of the experimental and analytical work done to date at MIT. Each of the rate determining processes involved in delamination wear, i.e. plastic deformation of the surface layer, crack nucleation and crack propagation, is discussed for various metals with different microstructures. The effects of sliding speed, lubricants and complex loading on wear are also discussed. A hypothesis (without experimental verification) is advanced for the formation of the Beilby layer. Various dislocation mechanisms that might be responsible for the “dislocation depleted layer” are considered.
Oxygen radicals in cardiac surgery.

Abstract Most cardiac surgical procedures require the use of prolonged induced myocardial ischemia. Experimental models of global myocardial ischemia which mimic cardiac surgical techniques have been developed to investigate the possibility of oxygen free radical development during prolonged myocardial ischemia or upon reperfusion. In such experiments, various free radical scavenging agents, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol, have been shown to improve the tolerance of the heart to protracted global ischemia. Use of these agents has improved cardiac functional recovery and has attenuated the biochemical and structural changes which occur due to prolonged ischemia and reflow. In a recently developmental model, the effects of preexisting regional mycordial ischemia with superimposed global ischemia and reperfusion have been studied, with free radical scavenging agents administered in an attempt to reduce myocardial infarction and improve regional functional recovery. In most such studies completed to date, free radical scavenging agents have resulted in better myocardial preservation, suggesting, at least indirectly, that there may be an oxygen free radical-mediated component of the ischemia-reperfusion injury seen in such models. Techniques for directly measuring myocardial oxygen free radical levels may allow for early clarification of the development of such toxic species in the clinical cardiac surgical setting.
Broadband Polarization Mode Dispersion Measurement via Spectral Polarimetry

We demonstrate a technique for broadband Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) measurement via spectral polarimetry, which allows PMD monitoring on millisecond scale.
Women and War in Comparative Perspective

Books reviewed in this article: Harriet Hyman Alonso, The Women's Peace Union and the Outlawry of War 1921–1942 Joy Damousi, The Labour of Loss: Mourning: Memory and Wartime Bereavement in Australia Belinda J. Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin Jean Gallagher, The World Wars Through the Female Gaze Susan R. Grayzel, Women's Identities at War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France During the First World War
Regulation of Tomato golden mosaic virus AL2 and AL3 gene expression by a conserved upstream open reading frame.

Abstract A translational regulatory mechanism for Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) complementary-sense gene expression has been characterized. TGMV transcribes two mRNAs, AL-1935 and AL-1629 transcripts, both of which contain the AL2 and AL3 open reading frames. However, AL2 is only expressed from AL-1629 whereas AL3 is expressed from both. Three AUG translation initiation codons are located upstream of both the AL2 and AL3 coding regions, within the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of the AL-1935 transcript. Translation can initiate at the first AUG, specifying the C-terminal 122 amino acids of the AL1 protein (cAL1). Initiation of translation at this AUG is inhibitory for the downstream expression of both AL2 and AL3. This is most likely due to the terminator codon of cAL1 being positioned after the AUG initiation codon for the AL2 ORF. The mechanism by which AL3 is expressed from AL-1935 is currently unknown but a gap between the cAL1 termination codon and the start of AL3 suggests that it may involve reinitiation and/or internal initiation. In contrast, expression of AL3 from AL-1629 most likely occurs via leaky ribosome scanning since the AL3 initiation codon occurs before the terminator codon of AL2. Mutation of the AUG encoding cAL1 in the curtovirus, Spinach curly top virus , leads to increased infectivity as measured by a shorter latent period. Together this suggests that geminiviruses use a post-translational regulatory mechanism to regulate the synthesis of viral proteins important for replication and suppression of host defenses.
Histopathology of Keratoacanthoma Revisited: Utility of Orificial Size as a Diagnostic Adjunct.

Background/aims Given the defining histopathologic architecture of keratoacanthoma (KA), the aim of this study was to measure the crateriform orifice ("orificial size") in histopathologically crateriform lesions to ascertain its utility as an objective diagnostic histopathologic adjunct. Methods This cross-sectional, retrospective study included 97 cases with a histopathologic diagnosis of KA. We measured the "orificial size" using the ocular micrometer in a BH-2 Olympus microscope at 4× magnification, in a blinded manner with respect to information. Frequency of histopathologic features observed was also recorded. Results The average orificial size for different groups was as follows: 2.3 ± 0.2 mm for cases with a clinical presentation of KA/keratotic papule (KP) (n = 30) versus 2.9 ± 0.3 mm for other (n = 67), P = .18. Histopathologic findings in the 2 groups were as follows: crateriform architecture/epithelial lip and sharp demarcation of tumor from stroma (100% in both groups), fibrosis (29/30 vs 64/67), apoptotic keratinocytes (27/30 vs 56/67), dermal islands of "glassy" keratinocytes (26/30 vs 54/67), entrapped elastic fibers (26/30 vs 49/67), and neutrophilic abscesses (11/30 vs 21/670 [P = not significant for all]. Conclusion Our findings indicate that, in the appropriate clinical setting, a smaller orificial size, although predictive of a KA, in itself is not sufficient for a definitive diagnosis. Given that a major limitation is that this is a function of age of the lesion as orificial size depends on the evolution stage of the neoplasm with the largest diameter often evident in lesions at early stages of regression, for now correlation with histopathologic features such as presence of an epithelial lip, sharp demarcation of tumor from stroma, and fibrosis (present in >95% of cases of KAs) is required.
The refraction of groups and of the waves which they generate in shallow water

A process is described which may be of importance in beach and nearshore development and which may account for surging in the surf zone as well as other phenomena. It is shown how a group front may be refracted according to one law as it approaches a coast and then, after reflection, proceed seaward under quite a different law. This permits the outgoing wave to move in a direction that it could not ordinarily attain, and causes “trapping” under many conditions. Stoneley's theory of refraction of energy fronts is further developed to permit quantitative investigation of group refraction on various types of shores. On the basis of the assumed hypothesis, the outgoing surf beat may be totally reflected from deep water, then reflected from the beach, a process which can occur repeatedly and result in newly arriving groups with variable phase relationships. Theory and techniques are developed for the investigation of the surf-beat path. The refraction of the reflected groups is shown to display regions of high convergence, divergence, and reinforcement.
The Nature and Extent of Childhood Exposure to Violence: What We Know, Why We Don't Know More, and Why It Matters

ABSTRACT This article examines the existing literature on the incidence and prevalence of childhood exposure to violence (CEV) and discusses its limits in offering practitioners, researchers, and policymakers a comprehensive picture of the problem. A concise presentation of the scope of CEV within each violence type is provided with the intention of offering practitioners a tool for easily contextualizing and supporting a broader conceptual view of CEV in the implementation of a research and practice agenda. The challenges to obtaining comprehensive incidence and prevalence data are then explored. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not represent official positions or policies of the Department of Justice.
Masked hypertension by home blood pressure monitoring in blacks: missed opportunities to prevent hypertensive heart disease

Masked hypertension by home blood pressure monitoring in blacks: missed opportunities to prevent hypertensive heart disease Florian Rader, Stanley Franklin, Robert Haley, Ning Li, Robert Elashoff, Ronald Victor. Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
Infrared and hot-air-assisted microwave heating of foods for control of surface moisture

Temperature and moisture profiles for infrared and hot-air-assisted microwave heating of food were studied using a multiphase porous media transport model for energy and moisture in the food. Microwave-only heating results in surface moisture build-up due to enhanced (pressure-driven) flow of moisture to the surface and the cold ambient air's inability to remove moisture at a high rate. For foods in which infrared energy penetrates significantly, addition of infrared actually increases the surface moisture build-up. When absorbed mostly on the surface, infrared can reduce surface moisture and, beyond a threshold power level, it can reduce the surface moisture to lower than its initial value. Hot air also can reduce surface moisture and increase surface temperature, but not as effectively as infrared heat, perhaps due to a much lower surface heat flux for hot air compared to the infrared energy. Increasing air velocity and therefore the heat and mass transfer coefficients can eliminate the accumulated surface moisture.
Press-pulse: a general theory of mass extinction?

Previous discussions of mass extinction mechanisms generally focused on circumstances unique to each event. However, some have proposed that extensive volcanism combined with bolide impact may offer a general mechanism of mass extinction. To test this hypothesis we compared generic extinction percentages for 73 stages or substages of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. We found that the highest frequency of intervals with elevated extinction occurred when continental flood basalt volcanism and bolide impact co-occurred. In contrast, neither volcanism nor impact alone yielded statistically elevated extinction frequencies. Although the magnitude of extinction was uncorrelated with the size of the associated flood basalt or impact structure, crater diameter did correlate with extinction percentage when volcanism and impact coincided. Despite this result, case-by-case analysis showed that the volcanism-impact hypothesis alone cannot explain all intervals of elevated extinction. Continental flood volcanism and impact share important ecological features with other proposed extinction mechanisms. Impacts, like marine anoxic incursions, are pulse disturbances that are sudden and catastrophic, and cause extensive mortality. Volcanism, like climate and sea level change, is a press disturbance that alters community composition by placing multigenerational stress on ecosystems. We propose that the coincidence of press and pulse events, not merely volcanism and impact, is required to produce the greatest episodes of dying in Phanerozoic history.
Body size across the life course and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer in Black women, the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, 1993–2001

It is believed that greater adiposity is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer in premenopausal but increased risk in postmenopausal women. However, few studies have evaluated these relationships among Black women or examined anthropometric measures other than near-diagnosis body mass index (BMI). This study investigated associations between measures of body size across the life course and breast cancer risk among Black and White women living in the US South. We used data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case–control study of invasive breast cancer in North Carolina women aged 20–74 years. We assessed nine body size variables, including age 10 relative weight; age 18 BMI; adult weight gain; “reference” BMI 1 year before interview; and post-diagnosis measured BMI and abdominal obesity measures. Among premenopausal Whites, heavier childhood relative weight was associated with decreased cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) 0.48 95 % confidence interval 0.33–0.70]. Among premenopausal Blacks, greater adult waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were associated with increased risk [waist OR 1.40 (1.00–1.97) and high tertile WHR OR 2.03 (1.29–3.19)], with associations for WHR in a similar direction in Whites. Among postmenopausal women, recalled body size was not associated with risk, except for increased risk associated with adult weight gain among White non-hormone therapy users. ER/PR status and hormone therapy use also modified other associations. In this population, greater adult BMI was not associated with increased breast cancer risk, but some measures of early-life body size and abdominal obesity were associated with risk.
Protofibrils of amyloid β-protein inhibit specific K+ currents in neocortical cultures

Abstract Protofibrils (PFs) are recently described intermediate assemblies formed during the fibrillogenesis of amyloidogenic proteins and may play an important pathogenic role in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we show for the first time that amyloid β-protein (Aβ) attenuation of specific K+ currents is dependent on the aggregation state; PFs inhibit K+ currents, whereas low-molecular-weight assemblies have no effect. Using patch clamp analysis in whole cell current-clamp mode, we showed that at low nanomolar concentrations Aβ1–42 PFs induce reversible, Ca2+-dependent increases in spontaneous action potentials and membrane depolarizations. The low nanomolar PF concentrations used, the instantaneous responses observed, and the reversibility of the effect all suggest that PFs may bind to specific channels or membrane proteins. Switching to voltage-clamp mode, we found that PFs at 1–2 μM can inhibit specifically the 4AP-sensitive K+ currents, A-type and D-type, but not other outward or inward rectifying K+ channels. Finally, we show that a consequence of PF-induced membrane activity is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ spikes that are dependent on synaptic connections in the neural network formed in culture. Our data strongly support the concept that PFs can induce subtle synaptic alterations that may underlie early symptoms of AD.
Prospective evaluation of treatment of open fractures: effect of time to irrigation and debridement.

Importance The standard practice of irrigation and debridement (ID 79% were male; and 78.4% were due to blunt trauma). Demographics, mechanism of injury, time to ID 7-12 hours, 7.5%; 13-18 hours, 3.1%; and 19-24 hours, 3.6%; P = .65) or multivariable analysis ( P = .65; 7- to 12-hour group adjusted odds ratio [AOR] [95% CI], 2.1 [0.4-10.2], P = .37; 13- to 18-hour group AOR [95% CI], 0.8 [0.1-4.5], P = .81; 19- to 24-hour group AOR [95% CI], 1.1 [0.2-6.2], P = .90). Time to I&D did not affect the rate of nonunion, hardware failure, length of stay, or mortality. Conclusions and Relevance In this prospective analysis, time to I&D did not affect the development of local infectious complications provided it was performed within 24 hours of arrival.
Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds

Extensive uses of fresh and dried seaweeds by coastal populations over the world can furnish clues to potential food and other uses of seaweeds, just as the first ‘extraction’ of a seaweed ‘gelatin’ now used for bacteriological purposes was discovered by a housewife in search of a pudding. Ethnic uses as food depend heavily on closely related species suitable for making cool, ‘gelatinous’ dishes or concoctions, or on species suitable for adding to soups or stews. Rarely, single species like cochajugo (Durvillea antarctica) in Chile and rimu (Durvillea antarctica) in New Zealand point to different kinds of food preparation. Oriental cuisine incorporates many different species of seaweeds in a wide variety of ways, whereas commercial western uses depend upon extracts of wall materials to suspend, emulsify or stabilize a broad variety of foods and products.
wMSO theories as grammar formalisms

We explore the use of weak monadic second-order languages over structures of varying dimension as specification languages for grammars and automata, focusing, in particular, on the extension of the longstanding results characterizing the regular and context-free languages in terms of definability in wS1S (one-dimensional) and wSnS (two-dimensional), respectively, to a characterization of the Tree-Adjoining Languages in terms of definability in the weak monadic second-order theory of certain three-dimensional tree-like structures. We then explore the application of these results to aspects of an existing large-scale Tree-Adjoining Grammar for English and close with some speculation on the feasibility of this approach as a means of building and maintaining such grammars.
Lateralized lexical decision in schizophrenia: hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric lexicality priming.

Reports of left-hemisphere dysfunction and abnormal interhemispheric transfer in schizophrenia are mixed. The authors used a unified paradigm, the lateralized lexical decision task, to assess hemispheric specialization in word recognition, hemispheric error monitoring, and interhemispheric transfer in male, right-handed participants with schizophrenia (n=34) compared with controls (n=20). Overall, performance and error monitoring were worse in patients. However, patients like controls showed left-hemisphere superiority for lexical processing and right-hemisphere superiority for error monitoring. Only patients showed selective-interhemispheric lexicality priming for accuracy, in which performance improved when the lexical status of target and distractor stimuli presented to each hemifield was congruent. Results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with impaired monitoring and with increased interhemispheric automatic information transfer rather than with changed hemispheric specialization for language or error monitoring.
Pathology of symptomatic microsporidial (encephalitozoon hellem) bronchiolitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : a new respiratory pathogen diagnosed from lung biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, and tissue culture

Encephalitozoon hellem is a recently described microsporidian associated with an expanding spectrum of clinical presentations in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is morphologically similar to Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidian infection of mammals and some avians, and their differentiation rests on biochemical and antigenic analyses. This report describes a patient previously diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis due to E hellem who subsequently was found to have respiratory tract microsporidiosis by sputum cytology. He subsequently developed pulmonary symptoms and a left lower lobe interstitial infiltrate. A bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy revealed microsporidial bronchiolitis, and the etiologic agent was identified as E hellem using an immunofluorescent antibody technique. Lavage fluid was successfully cultured in monkey kidney cells, and cultivated E hellem organisms were studied using immunohistochemistry as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pathologic features of this newly described cause of protozoal bronchiolitis, the role of immunofluorescent antibody examination and in vitro tissue culture for species-specific diagnosis, and the significance of microsporidial pulmonary infections in AIDS patients are discussed.
The Reluctant Metropolis: The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles

Contents: Preface to the Paperback Edition Introduction: The Collapse of the Growth MachinePart 1: Power Chapter 1: The Beachhead Chapter 2: Perestroika Co-opted Chapter 3: Suburbs of ExtractionPart 2: Structure Chapter 4: Chinatown Redefined Chapter 5: The Money Train Chapter 6: The Reluctant MetropolisPart 3: Land Chapter 7: The Education of Maria VanderKolk Chapter 8: The Politics of ExtinctionPart 4: Money Chapter 9: The Taking of Parcel K Chapter 10: Welcome to Sales Tax CanyonPart 5: Consequences Chapter 11: Whose Riot Was This, Anyway? Chapter 12: Cloning Los Angeles Chapter 13: Cocoon Citizenship and the Toon Town UrbanismAcknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index Photography Credits
Surface Tensions of Proteins in Aqueous Solutions

Changes in conformation of proteins in solution may be detected by determin ing the relative surface tensions of their solutions. Of the proteins examined, all of the enzymes had distinct changes in surface tensions upon going from a 3M NaCl medium to a salt-free aqueous solution. Only two of the seven non- enzymic proteins underwent detectable changes in the same cycle. These relative surface tensions could be of value in determining adsorption/elution profiles for hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
Indomethacin enhances histamine-stimulated acid production in rabbit isolated fundic glands.

The effects of 10−4M indomethacin on tissue prostaglandin E2 levels, cyclic AMP concentrations, and acid secretion as measured by the intraglandular accumulation of [14C]aminopyrine were evaluated in unstimulated and histamine-stimulated isolated rabbit fundic glands. Indomethacin (10−4M) reduced endogenous prostaglandin E2 content by 52% in unstimulated glands. Indomethacin tripled histamine (10−6-10−4M)-stimulated aminopyrine uptake while not affecting aminopyrine accumulation in unstimulated glands. Indomethacin did not affect cyclic AMP levels in either the unstimulated or stimulated condition.
The Sense of Effectiveness and Response to Public Issues

(1958). The Sense of Effectiveness and Response to Public Issues. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 111-126.
Intrapersonal, Familial, and Cultural Factors in the Commitment to a Career Choice of Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White College Women.

These 2 studies assessed intrapersonal, familial, and cultural factors in the process of committing to a career choice of 91 and 71 Mexican American (MA) and 52 and 76 non-Hispanic White (NHW) college women. Factors different from what previous theory and research have suggested may propel the commitment to a career choice in these 2 groups. MA women's commitment to a career choice was influenced more by their instrumentality and less by their expressiveness or their parents; NHW's commitment was influenced by familial factors rather than by intrapersonal factors in Study 1 and by instrumentality in Study 2. These findings underscore the need to investigate intrapersonal, contextual factors and culture in women's processes of committing to a career choice.
Observation of Antiparallel Magnetic Order in Weakly Coupled Co/Cu Multilayers

Polarized neutron reflectivity and scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis are combined to determine the magnetic structure of Co(6 nm)/Cu(6 nm) multilayers. These data resolve a controversy regarding the low-field state of giant-magnetoresistive (GMR) multilayers with weak coupling. As-prepared samples show a strong antiparallel correlation of in-plane ferromagnetic Co domains across the Cu. At the coercive field, the Co domains are uncorrelated. This irreversible transition explains the decrease in magnetoresistance from the as-prepared to the coercive state. For both states, the Co moments reside in domains with in-plane sizes of $\ensuremath{\approx}0.5--1.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$.
Direct monosynatpic contacts between type-identified α-motoneurons in the cat

Abstract We have examined, at the light microscope level, putative direct synaptic interconnections, via motor axon collaterals, between type-identified triceps surae α-motoneurons labeled by intracellular injection of HRP. The results indicate that monosynaptic recurrent contacts can occur between synergist motoneurons (in this case, medial gastrocnemius to soleus, and vice versa), irrespective of motor unit type (type FF to type S, and vice versa).
Parallel algorithms for gossiping by mail

Abstract We consider the following communication problem: Each vertex of an undirected graph possesses a unique piece of information which must be sent to every other vertex in the graph. The mode of communication will be one-way, point-to-point communication (i.e., one-way mail) in which one vertex may tell another everything it knows in a single transmission. We decribe nearly optimal parallel algorithms for disseminating the messages in certain prominent families of graphs (e.g., trees and hypercubes), and consider the complexity of the problem for general graphs.
Adolescent Problem Behavior in China and the United States: A Cross‐National Study of Psychosocial Protective Factors

An explanatory model of adolescent problem behavior (problem drinking, cigarette smoking, and general delinquency) based on protective and risk factors in the individual and in 4 social contexts (family, peer group, school, and neighborhood) is employed in school-based samples from the People’s Republic of China (N 51,739) and the United States (N 51,596). Despite lower prevalence of the problem behaviors in the Chinese sample, especially for girls, a substantial account of problem behavior is provided by the same protective and risk factors in both countries and for both genders. Protection is generally higher in the Chinese sample than in the U.S. sample, but in both samples protection also moderates the impact of risk. Despite mean differences in psychosocial protective and risk factors, as well as in problem behavior, in the 2 samples—differences that may reflect societal variation— the explanatory model has, to a large extent, cross-national generality.
The physical environment and child development: an international review

A growing body of research in the United States and Western Europe documents significant effects of the physical environment (toxins, pollutants, noise, crowding, chaos, and housing, school and neighborhood quality) on children and adolescents' cognitive and socioemotional development. Much less is known about these relations in other contexts, particularly the global South. We thus briefly review the evidence for relations between child development and the physical environment in Western contexts, and discuss some of the known mechanisms behind these relations. We then provide a more extensive review of the research to date outside of Western contexts, with a specific emphasis on research in the global South. Where the research is limited, we highlight relevant data documenting the physical environment conditions experienced by children, and make recommendations for future work. In these recommendations, we highlight the limitations of employing research methodologies developed in Western contexts (Ferguson & Lee, 2013). Finally, we propose a holistic, multidisciplinary, and multilevel approach based on Bronfenbrenner's (1979) bioecological model to better understand and reduce the aversive effects of multiple environmental risk factors on the cognitive and socioemotional development of children across the globe.
Preliminary report of photodynamic therapy for intraperitoneal sarcomatosis.

Introduction: Sarcomatosis is the disseminated intraperitoneal spread of sarcoma. It is a condition for which there is no effective treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality that uses a photosensitizing agent and laser light to kill cells. We report our preliminary Phase II clinical trial experience using PDT for the treatment of intraperitoneal sarcomatosis.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN PITUITARY GONADOTROPHIC FUNCTION OF PROTEIN-DEFICIENT RATS.

Regression of reproductive organs following protein deprivation and /or hypophysectomy was compared in female and male rats in order to determine the effects of protein-free diets on gonadotrophin secretion from the pituitary gland. In female rats weights and histologic appearance of sex organs were similar in protein-depleted and hypophysectomized animals, but male reproductive organs were less severely affected by absence of dietary protein than they were by removal of the pituitary gland. When hypophysectomy was superimposed on protein deficiency, testis weight and function declined significantly. Adrenalectomy of male proteindepleted rats had no demonstrable effect on the reproductive system. (Endocrinology 75: 716,1964)
Psychosocial Aspects of Death among the Elderly: A Review of the Literature

Counselors who work with older persons often find it necessary to help them cope with concerns related to death and dying. They may become more effective facilitators by learning about psychosocial aspects of death and dying.
Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)actinide chemistry: properties of stable thorium and uranium dialkyls and hydrides

Reaction of pentamethylcyclopentadienide Orignard reagent with ThCl/sub 4/ and UCl/sub 4/ produces crystalline M((CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/, which can be alkylated by LiCH/sub 3/. These dialkyls are monomeric in benzene and are very stable thermally. They react rapidly with H/sub 2/ to give hydrides. Th((CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/ClCH/sub 3/ and Th((CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/H/sub 4/ show dimeric structure, while the U hydride is unstable. The chemistry of these organometallics is compared with that of Ti and Zr compounds. (DLC)
Boundary fitting based segmentation of fluorescence microscopy images

Segmentation is a fundamental step in quantifying characteristics, such as volume, shape, and orientation of cells and/or tissue. However, quantification of these characteristics still poses a challenge due to the unique properties of microscopy volumes. This paper proposes a 2D segmentation method that utilizes a combination of adaptive and global thresholding, potentials, z direction refinement, branch pruning, end point matching, and boundary fitting methods to delineate tubular objects in microscopy volumes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance than an active contours based scheme.
A capillary electrophoretic system with an improved gas-phase chemiluminescence nitrogen detector

A new, rugged nebulizer interface was designed to couple a capillary electrophoretic system to a gas-phase nitrogen chemiluminescence detector. By hydraulically decoupling the separation capillary from the nebulizer of the gas-phase nitrogen chemiluminescence detector, the interface-related loss of separation efficiency could be limited to a mere 10%. The ozone reaction chamber of the gas-phase nitrogen chemiluminescence detector has been redesigned leading to a threefold improvement in detection sensitivity over the old design. In combination with a field-amplified sample stacking procedure, the new system was used to detect 0.25 ppm concentrations of UV chromophore-free aminoglycosides.
The contribution of library collections to prestige of academic programs of universities: a quantitative analysis

This study examines the relationship between library print collections and prestige of academic programs of universities in the United States. It is situated in the literature of access versus owne...
Energies of the K α 1 , K α 2 , K β 1 , and K β 3 X rays and the K -shell binding energies in Np, Pu, and Am

The energies of theKα1,Kα2,Kβ1, andKβ3 X rays in Np, Pu, and Am have been measured with a Cauchois-type bent-crystal spectrometer. TheK-shell binding energies have been determined by combining the measuredKα andKβ X-ray energies with the previously determinedL 11,L 111,M 11, andM 111 binding energies. TheL 11-L 111 andM 11-M 111 binding energy differences obtained from theKα1-Kα2 andKβ1-Kβ3 X-ray energies agree, within the experimental error, with the differences obtained from theL 11,L 111,M 11, andM 111 binding energies previously reported.
Eliminate flowchart drawings

The difficulties in creating clean programming flowcharts and of generating good code from them are reviewed, and the line of thought is shown which leads to the elimination of drawings from the programming process. Benefits are cited.
URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST: Lessons from Kidney Transplantation and the AIDS Epidemic

The occurrence of urinary tract infection and its clinical impact is determined, as with any infectious disease, by the interaction between the virulence of the infecting organism and the host defense mechanisms that can be mobilized. In the case of urinary tract infections, an anatomically and functionally intact kidney and urinary tract are the primary host defenses, with phagocytic function and immune mechanisms coming into play to limit the consequences of those infections. Of all the categories of immunocompromised hosts, the renal transplant patient is the one most susceptible to the direct and indirect consequences of urinary tract infections. In the first 3 months post transplant, the incidence of urinary tract infection is greater than 30%, and there is a relatively high rate of bacteremia and overt pyelonephritis of the allograft. After this time period, unless anatomic or functional derangement of the urinary tract is present, the direct clinical manifestations are far more benign. In addition to the direct effects of urinary tract infection on these patients, indirect effects are also important. These include the activation of CMV by TNF released as a consequence of a urinary tract infection and the initiation of allograft injury. Fortunately, low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones are safe and effective prophylactic strategies for preventing the direct and indirect consequences of urinary tract infections. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms are incompletely understood, data are emerging that AIDS patients have both an increased incidence and severity of urinary tract infection. The risk for urinary tract infections seem to be correlated with the degree of immune compromise and, perhaps, the amount of malnutrition and wasting that are present. The best strategies for preventing urosepsis in AIDS patients remain to be defined.
Effects of Varying Rate of Signing on ASL Manual Signs and Nonmanual Markers

Spoken languages are characterized by flexible, multivariate prosodic systems. As a natural language, American Sign Language (ASL), and other sign languages (SLs), are also expected to be characterized in the same way. Artificially created signing systems for classroom use, such as signed English, serve as a contrast to natural sign languages. The present article explores the effects of changes in signing rate on signs, pauses, and, unlike previous studies, a variety of nonmanual markers. Rate was a main effect on the duration of signs, the number of pauses and pause duration, the duration of brow raises, the duration of licensed lowered brows, the number and duration of blinks, all of which decreased with increased signing rate. This indicates that signers produced their different signing rates without making dramatic changes in the number of signs, but instead by varying the sign duration, in accordance with previous observations (Grosjean, 1978, 1979). These results can be brought to bear on three different issues: (1) the difference between grammatical nonmanuals and non-grammatical nonmanuals; (2) the fact that nonmanuals in general are not just a modality effect; and (3) the use of some nonmanuals as pragmatically determined as opposed to overt morphophonological markers reflecting the semantic-syntax-pragmatic interfaces.
The 23S Ribosomal RNA Mutation Database (23SMDB)

The 23S Ribosomal RNA Mutation Database (23SMDB), provides a list of mutated positions in 23S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli and the identity of each alteration. Information provided for each mutation includes: (i) a brief description of the phenotypes(s) associated with each mutation, (ii) whether a mutant phenotype has been detected by in vivo or in vitro methods, and (iii) relevant literature citations. The database is available via ftp and on the World Wide Web.
ISOALLELE FREQUENCIES IN VERY LARGE POPULATIONS

ABSTRACT The frequencies of electrophoretically distinguishable allelic forms of enzymes may be very different from the corresponding frequencies of structurally distinct forms, because many sequence variants may have identical electrophoretic charge. In large populations such frequencies will be determined largely by the number of amino acid sites that are free to vary. The number of distinguishable electrophoretic variants will remain fairly small. Beyond some limiting size, no further effect of population size on allele frequencies is expected, so isolated large populations will have closely similar allele frequencies if polymorphism is due largely to mutation and drift. The most common electrophoretic alleles are expected to be flanked by the next most common, with the rarer alleles increasingly distal. Neither strong selection nor mutation/drift interpretations of enzyme polymorphism are yet disproven, nor is any point between these extremes.
Antigen-Induced Coreceptor Down-Regulation on Thymocytes Is Not a Result of Apoptosis

The various stages of T cell development are typically characterized by the expression level of the two coreceptors, CD4 and CD8. During the CD4+CD8+ (double-positive, DP) stage of development, thymocytes that perceive a low avidity signal through the TCR go on to differentiate (positive selection), and ultimately down-regulate one coreceptor to express either CD4 or CD8. Alternatively, thymocytes that perceive a high avidity signal down-regulate both coreceptors and are induced to die via apoptosis (negative selection). However, it has recently been suggested that positively selected thymocytes may also partially down-regulate both coreceptors before up-regulating the one coreceptor that is ultimately expressed. This would imply that coreceptor down-regulation (dulling) is not a consequence of commitment to the death pathway. To explore this possibility, we have utilized an in vitro assay to demonstrate that dulling occurred in response to both positive and negative selecting ligands in vitro, was not a result of nonspecific membrane perturbation, was not dependent on the type of APC, and occurred before death in vitro. Furthermore, when thymocyte apoptosis was blocked, CD4 and CD8 were down-regulated in response to TCR stimulation. These data suggest that dulling in response to TCR ligation is distinct from death, and support a model in which DP dulling occurs during both positive and negative selection. The biological implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
Creative culture: the lessons of Florence.

The list of world historical figures from Florence, Italy, reads like a who’s who of the late medieval and Renaissance periods. Among its native born are Amerigo Vespucci (1415), after whom half the world is named; Dante Alighieri (1265), author of one of the supreme works of world literature, The Divine Comedy; Donatello (1383), one of the greatest of all sculptors; Giovanni Boccaccio (1313), author of the Decameron; Niccolo Machiavelli (1469), the first great modern political theorist; and the Medicis—Cosimo (1339), Lorenzo (1449), and Catherine (1519)—whose family dominated Florentine life for 3 centuries. In addition to natives, Florence also counts many illustrious figures who were educated and rose to prominence within its environs, including Botticelli (1444), one of the first great Renaissance painters; Brunelleschi (1377), the greatest architect of the Renaissance; Girolamo Savonarola (1452), the man of the cloth who started the original “bonfire of the vanities”; Leonardo da Vinci (1452), the prototypical Renaissance man; and Michelangelo (1475), whose works include perhaps the most famous sculpture (David) and painting (the Sistine Chapel) in the world. Although this list omits more figures than it includes, it raises a question worthy of serious attention in any age: how can a single city account for so many great figures? Why should Florence, as opposed to other Italian cities such as Milan, Venice, and Rome, represent such a fertile ground for genius? And why didn’t London, Paris, Constantinople, and some of the other cities of Europe prove equally as nurturing during this
Reduced multiplier, low roundoff noise digital filters

Minimal roundoff noise IIR digital filters require (n+1)2multiplies per output sample for an nth order filter. By optimizing second-order sections which are then parelleled or cascaded, one can reduce this to approximately 4n multiplies per output. This compares to approximately 3n multiplies for the direct form. This paper presents explicit design equation and noise performance equations for low roundoff noise, second-order filters with fewer multipliers than optimal forms. These structures are a compromise between direct forms (minimal number of multipliers) and minimal roundoff noise structures.
The Mobilization Solution? Face-to-Face Contact and Voter Turnout in a Municipal Election

In the ongoing quest to understand and potentially improve voter turnout, many analysts have focused their attention on political mobilization effects. Some scholars suggest that the failure to engage in widespread personal mobilization efforts has contributed to declining turnout and that a recommitment to mobilization by parties, candidates, and others would reverse the trend. This research explores the effects of face-to-face mobilization efforts in select precincts in a 2001 Boynton Beach, Florida municipal election. Controlling for their past voting history, the face-to-face mobilization effort did increase turnout by about five points. The results suggest that face-to-face mobilization efforts increase turnout—at a huge cost in hours worked—but do so mostly by encouraging intermittent voters to go to the polls.
Device design for low power electronics with accurate deep submicrometer LDD-MOSFET models

Accurate MOSFET I/sub dsat/ model including LDD parasitic resistance and channel subthreshold leakage models current MOSFET operation regions, particularly moderate inversion and subthreshold regions that are important for low power electronics, have been presented with measurement data. Based on these accurate models, CMOS gate performance and power consumption optimization guidelines have been discussed in terms of device T/sub ox/, V/sub dd/ and V/sub t/. It predicts that there exists certain T/sub ox/ value that can minimize the gate delay. Device designs for low power electronics considering trade-offs by varying V/sub dd/, T/sub ox/ and V/sub t/ are highlighted.