cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION, SULFHYDRYL OXIDATION, AND AGGREGATION OF LENS PROTEINS IN EXPERIMENTAL SUGAR CATARACTS*

The formation of sugar-cataracts has been hypothesized to involve the nonenzymatic glycosylation, sulfhydryl oxidation, and aggregation of lens proteins. Cataractous lenses of diabetic and galactosemic rats were analyzed for glycosylated lysine residues in crystallins. A five- and a ten-fold increase in glycosylated lysine residues was measured in galactose and diabetic cataracts, respectively. The modification was predominant in the insoluble fraction of the lens homogenate. The proteins were further examined for the presence of disulfide bonds and high molecular weight aggregates. After careful disruption of the lens in a nitrogen environment, a cloudy solution was obtained from cataractous lenses whereas a clear solution was obtained from normal lenses. The absorbance at 550 nm of the solution of both the galactosemic and the diabetic cataracts could be decreased by approximately 50% with the addition of dithioerythritol (50 mM). The presence of high molecular weight aggregates was ascertained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography. The proteins were heterogenous in size and showed a mol wt range of 36 to greater than 176 million daltons. Treatment with dithioerythritol induced a marked decrease in the amount of high molecular weight proteins. These data suggest that sugar cataracts of experimental animals have, in common with human cataracts, the presence of high molecular weight aggregates which are in part linked by disulfide bonds.
Nonlinear Mapping of Gaussian Statistics: Theory and Applications to Spacecraft Trajectory Design

This paper discusses the nonlinear propagation of spacecraft trajectory uncertainties via solutions of the Fokker– Planck equation. We first discuss the solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation for a deterministic system with a Gaussian boundary condition. Next, we derive an analytic expression of a nonlinear trajectory solution using a higher-order Taylor series approach, discuss the region of convergence for the solutions, and apply the result to spacecraft applications. Such applications consist of nonlinear propagation of the mean and covariance matrix, design of statistically correct trajectories, and nonlinear statistical targeting. The two-body and Hill three-body problems are chosen as examples and realistic initial uncertainty models are considered. The results show that the nonlinear map of the trajectory uncertainties can be approximated in an analytic form, and there exists an optimal place to perform a correction maneuver, which is not found using the linear method.
The Demise of Distance: The Business Press and the Origins of the Information Revolution in the Early Modern Atlantic World

During the time that I was engaged in the researching and writing of this essay, I enjoyed a great deal of support. I am immensely grateful for the help given me: as a Visiting Senior Me/Ion Scholar in American History at the University of Cambridge; as a John Adams Fellow of the Institute of United States Studies, University of London; as a Fellow of the Eccles Centre for American Studies, the British Library; as a Leverhulme Trust Visiting Fellow at the University of Cambridge; for a Helen Cam Fellowship at Girton College, University of Cambridge; as a Fulbright Senior Scholar to Great Britain; as a Scholar in Residence at the Rockefeller Center, Bellagio, Italy; for a Fredson Bowers Grant from the Bibliographical Society of America and the Bibliographical Society of Great Britain; for a Reese Fellowship from the Bibliographical Society of America; for a Franklin Research Grant from the American Philosophical Society; and for a fellowship offered by the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van Belgie voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten, Brussels. I have also benefited from the opportunity to respond to thoughtful comments on some of the ideas developed herein offered at presentations before several sets of colleagues: at the Washington Area Economic History Seminar, American University; at the Seminar on Economic History, Indiana University; at the Conference on "Founding Financier: Robert Morris," City University of New York Graduate Center, New York City; at the Third International Congress of Maritime History, Esbjerg, Denmark; at the Graduate School Seminar, University of Helsinki, Finland; and at the Legal History Colloquium, Harvard University Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1 Benjamin Franklin, "Advice to a Young Tradesman," as printed in George Fisher, The American Instructor; or, Young Man's Best Companion . . . ,9th edn. rev. (Philadelphia, 1748), 375. See also Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds., 37 vols. (New Haven, Conn., 1959-),3: 304-308. 2 Franklin, "Comfort for America, or Remarks on Her Real Situation, Interests, and Policy," American Museum 1 (January 1787): 6. 3 Fernand [P.] Braudel, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen al'epoque de Philippe /1, 4th edn. rev. and corrected, 2 vols. (Paris, 1979), 1: 326-61, and his extended discussion of "l'espace, ennemi numero I" (distance, enemy number one).
IL-1 receptor–associated kinase M is a central regulator of osteoclast differentiation and activation

Osteoporosis is a serious problem worldwide; it is characterized by bone fractures in response to relatively mild trauma. Osteoclasts originate from the fusion of macrophages and they play a central role in bone development and remodeling via the resorption of bone. Therefore, osteoclasts are important mediators of bone loss that leads, for example, to osteoporosis. Interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (IL-1R)–associated kinase M (IRAK-M) is only expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage and it inhibits signaling downstream of IL-1R and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, it lacks a functional catalytic site and, thus, cannot function as a kinase. IRAK-M associates with, and prevents the dissociation of, IRAK–IRAK-4–TNF receptor–associated factor 6 from the TLR signaling complex, with resultant disruption of downstream signaling. Thus, IRAK-M acts as a dominant negative IRAK. We show here that mice that lack IRAK-M develop severe osteoporosis, which is associated with the accelerated differentiation of osteoclasts, an increase in the half-life of osteoclasts, and their activation. Ligation of IL-1R or TLRs results in hyperactivation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, which are essential for osteoclast differentiation. Thus, IRAK-M is a key regulator of the bone loss that is due to osteoclastic resorption of bone.
Tumorigenic Potential of a Recombinant Retrovirus Containing Sequences from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus

A recombinant retrovirus, termed MoFe2-MuLV, was constructed in which the U3 region of T-lymphomagenic Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) was replaced by that of FeLV-945, a provirus of unique long terminal repeat (LTR) structure identified only in non-T-cell, non-B-cell lymphomas of the domestic cat. The LTR of FeLV-945 is unusual in that it contains only a single copy of the transcriptional enhancer followed 25 bp downstream by a 21-bp sequence in triplicate in tandem. Infectivity of MoFe2-MuLV was demonstrated in vitro in SC-1 cells and in vivo in neonatal NIH-Swiss mice. Tumors occurred in MoFe2-MuLV-infected animals following a latency period of 4 to 10 months (average, 6 months). The results of Southern blot analysis of the T-cell receptor beta locus demonstrated that all tumors were lymphomas of T-cell origin. MoFe2-MuLV LTRs were amplified by PCR from tumor DNA and were characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis. LTRs from the tumors that occurred with relatively shorter latency predominantly retained the original MoFe2-MuLV sequence intact and unaltered. Tumors that occurred with relatively longer latency contained LTRs that also retained the 21-bp sequence triplication characteristic of the original virus but had acquired various duplications of enhancer sequences. The repeated identification of enhancer duplications in late-appearing tumors suggests that the duplication affords a selective advantage, although apparently not in the efficient induction of T-cell lymphoma. Proto-oncogenes known to be targets of insertional mutagenesis in the majority of Mo-MuLV-induced tumors or in feline non-T-cell, non-B-cell lymphomas were shown not to be rearranged in any tumor examined. Mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) proviral DNA was readily detectable in some, but not all, tumors. The presence or absence of MCF did not correlate with the kinetics of tumor induction. These studies indicate that the single-enhancer, triplication-containing FeLV LTR, typical of non-T-cell, non-B-cell lymphomas in cats, is competent in the induction of T-cell lymphoma in mice. The findings suggest that the mechanism of MoFe2-MuLV-mediated lymphomagenesis may differ from that of Mo-MuLV-mediated disease, considering the possible involvement of novel oncogenes and the variable presence of MCF recombinants.
A multiple objectives optimization approach to robotic teams' analysis, design and control

An optimization approach to distributed intelligent system design and control is presented. It is expected to enhance the autonomous decision-making capabilities of subsystems. It is applicable to autonomous multiple agents homogeneous or heterogeneous clusters, when they must collaborate to achieve a common goal, acting in a coordinated manner that will provide situation awareness, collision avoidance and operations in complex environment and degraded communications or sensors failures.
Lateral/basolateral amygdala serotonin type-2 receptors modulate operant self-administration of a sweetened ethanol solution via inhibition of principal neuron activity.

The lateral/basolateral amygdala (BLA) forms an integral part of the neural circuitry controlling innate anxiety and learned fear. More recently, BLA dependent modulation of self-administration behaviors suggests a much broader role in the regulation of reward evaluation. To test this, we employed a self-administration paradigm that procedurally segregates ‘seeking’ (exemplified as lever-press behaviors) from consumption (drinking) directed at a sweetened ethanol solution. Microinjection of the nonselective serotonin type-2 receptor agonist, alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (-m5HT) into the BLA reduced lever pressing behaviors in a dose-dependent fashion. This was associated with a significant reduction in the number of response-bouts expressed during non-reinforced sessions without altering the size of a bout or the rate of responding. Conversely, intra-BLA -m5HT only modestly effected consumption-related behaviors; the highest dose reduced the total time spent consuming a sweetened ethanol solution but did not inhibit the total number of licks, number of lick bouts, or amount of solution consumed during a session. In vitro neurophysiological characterization of BLA synaptic responses showed that -m5HT significantly reduced extracellular field potentials. This was blocked by the 5-HT2A/C antagonist ketanserin suggesting that 5-HT2-like receptors mediate the behavioral effect of -m5HT. During whole-cell patch current-clamp recordings, we subsequently found that -m5HT increased action potential threshold and hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential of BLA pyramidal neurons. Together, our findings show that the activation of BLA 5-HT2A/C receptors inhibits behaviors related to reward-seeking by suppressing BLA principal neuron activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the BLA modulates reward-related behaviors and provides specific insight into BLA contributions during operant self-administration of a sweetened ethanol solution.
Analysis and synthesis of metadata goals for scientific data

The proliferation of discipline-specific metadata schemes contributes to artificial barriers that can impede interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research. The authors considered this problem by examining the domains, objectives, and architectures of nine metadata schemes used to document scientific data in the physical, life, and social sciences. They used a mixed-methods content analysis and Greenberg's () metadata objectives, principles, domains, and architectural layout (MODAL) framework, and derived 22 metadata-related goals from textual content describing each metadata scheme. Relationships are identified between the domains (e.g., scientific discipline and type of data) and the categories of scheme objectives. For each strong correlation (>0.6), a Fisher's exact test for nonparametric data was used to determine significance (p < .05). Significant relationships were found between the domains and objectives of the schemes. Schemes describing observational data are more likely to have “scheme harmonization” (compatibility and interoperability with related schemes) as an objective; schemes with the objective “abstraction” (a conceptual model exists separate from the technical implementation) also have the objective “sufficiency” (the scheme defines a minimal amount of information to meet the needs of the community); and schemes with the objective “data publication” do not have the objective “element refinement.” The analysis indicates that many metadata-driven goals expressed by communities are independent of scientific discipline or the type of data, although they are constrained by historical community practices and workflows as well as the technological environment at the time of scheme creation. The analysis reveals 11 fundamental metadata goals for metadata documenting scientific data in support of sharing research data across disciplines and domains. The authors report these results and highlight the need for more metadata-related research, particularly in the context of recent funding agency policy changes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Round Up the Usual Suspects”: A Comment on Nonexistent Plant G Protein-Coupled Receptors

In the classic 1942 movie Casablanca, Vichy Police Captain Louis Renault obfuscated the truth by commanding his lieutenants to “round up the usual suspects” knowing well that the culprit with the gun stood in plain view [1]. Something similar has happened in the plant G protein field. This Scientific Correspondence was written to shed light on the source of misunderstanding and to pre-empt further confusion. Plant heterotrimeric G proteins are self-activating and therefore do not need and do not utilize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). This conclusion was reached previously from biochemical analyses of plant G proteins [2,3]; here, we buttress this point of view using an evolutionary argument. Proteins suspected as plant GPCRs were “rounded up” because they have predicted topology of animal GPCRs and/or have been mis-annotated as such, however these proteins are highly conserved in organisms that lack heterotrimeric G proteins. Therefore they have functions unrelated to G-coupled signaling. Instead, the culprit protein standing in plain view is a receptor GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP), a receptor-GAP called AtRGS1.
ACCURATE ANALYTICAL MODELING OF FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOOP SELF-INDUCTANCE

Parasitic inductance of global interconnects has gained much attention in the recent past since the inductance can no longer be neglected due to different design and fabrication issues. This has led to a paradigm shift from RC to RLC modeling of global interconnects in modern integrated circuits. However, the extraction of inductance is often expensive and presents a bottleneck in performing RLC analysis of interconnects. Unlike capacitance, the frequency dependence of current distribution through return paths present a major challenge in inductance extraction. In this paper, an efficient analytical model of frequency dependent self-inductance that can be applied to model a wide range of real design scenarios was presented. The model is based on the determination of the inductances at low and very high frequencies, an intermediate frequency point and the corresponding slope of the inductance frequency response. It is demonstrate that the approach is computationally efficient and it produces accurate value...
Multilevel Social Dynamics Considerations for Project Management Decision Makers: Antecedents and Implications of Group Member Tie Development

Successful projects represent the effective culmination of management skills, planning, and individual project member strengths. In operations management, such strengths are often viewed predominantly from the perspective of skill base. However, it has become increasingly evident that behavioral traits associated with individuals play a very significant, if not ultimately dominating, role in the effectiveness of certain group projects. Our aim in this study is to look into how certain individual attributes viewed as relevant to these project contexts may lead to social networking decisions that have impacts spanning multiple levels of analysis. Such insights are likely to prove valuable to decision makers managing project teams as well. We employ a controlled 4-month investigation of multiple projects, for which we are able to consider both objective, and subjective pre-, in situ, and postproject data. Our results demonstrate that the issues of perceived control, confidence, and conscientiousness are relevant not only in driving individual perceptions of the value of within-group interactions, and hence the development of associated ties, but are also ultimately relevant in helping to drive higher levels of group performance.
The Experiences of Parents Who Report Youth Bullying Victimization to School Officials

Current research offers a limited understanding of parental experiences when reporting bullying to school officials. This research examines the experiences of middle-school parents as they took steps to protect their bullied youth. The qualitative tradition of interpretive phenomenology was used to provide in-depth analysis of the phenomena. A criterion-based, purposeful sample of 11 parents was interviewed face-to-face with subsequent phone call follow-ups. Interviews were taped, transcribed, and coded. MAX qda software was used for data coding. In analyzing the interviews, paradigm cases, themes, and patterns were identified. Three parent stages were found: discovering, reporting, and living with the aftermath. In the discovery stage, parents reported using advice-giving in hopes of protecting their youth. As parents noticed negative psychosocial symptoms in their youth escalate, they shifted their focus to reporting the bullying to school officials. All but one parent experienced ongoing resistance fro...
Modeling of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Using Visible–Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

There is a pressing need for rapid and cost-effective tools to estimate soil C across larger landscapes. Visible-near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) offers comparable levels of accuracy to conventional laboratory methods for estimating various soil properties. We used VNIRS to estimate soil total organic C (TC) and four organic C fractions in 141 samples collected in the Santa Fe River watershed of Florida. The C fractions measured were (in order of decreasing potential residence time in soils): recalcitrant C (RC), hydrolyzable C (HC), hot-water-soluble C (SC), and mineralizable C (MC). Soil samples were scanned in the visible-near-infrared spectral range. Six preprocessing transformations were applied to the soil reflectance, and five multivariate techniques were tested to model soil TC and the organic C fractions: stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), principal components regression, partial least squares regression (PLSR), regression tree, and committee trees. Total organic C was estimated with the highest accuracy, obtaining a coefficient of determination using a validation set (R v 2 ) of 0.86, followed by RC (R v 2 = 0.82), both using PLSR. The SC fraction was modeled best by SMLR (R v 2 = 0.70), while PLSR produced the best models of MC (R v 2 = 0.65) and HC (R v 2 = 0.40). The addition of TC as a predictor improved the VNIRS models of the soil organic C fractions. Our study indicates the suitability of VNIRS to quantify soil organic C pools with widely varying turnover times in soils, which are important in the context of C sequestration and climate change.
Note-An Improved Conditional Monte Carlo Technique for the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem

This paper describes a simulation procedure for estimating the distribution function of the shortest path length in a network with random arc lengths. The method extends the concept of conditional Monte Carlo utilizing special properties of the Uniformly Directed Cutsets and the unique arcs. The objective here is to reduce the sampling effort and utilize known probability information to derive multivariate integrals of lower dimension. The experimental results show that the proposed method is substantially cost effective and performs better than traditional Monte Carlo and conditional methods.
Alkoxy‐substituted diaryliodonium salt cationic photoinitiators

Preparation et caracterisation (RMN, UV, point fusion, SIMS, toxicologie, solubilite) d'hexafluoroantimoniate et -phosphates d'alcoxy-4 diphenyl iodonium. Influence de leur concentration sur la cinetique du durcissement de resines epoxydes (oxyde de butadiene, dioxyde de limonene, phenyl glycidyl ether)
Origins of analysis methods used to design high-performance commercial buildings: Daylighting simulation

This study presents a review of the origins of the analysis methods used to design high-performance commercial buildings. This study includes the origins of the analysis methods used in daylighting analysis software developed in the United States. The analysis of this study can help readers better understand and identify the analysis methods used in daylighting simulation programs. In other works, the origins of the analysis methods of whole-building energy and solar energy analysis software were reviewed (Oh and Haberl 2015a, 2015b).
When Political Talk is Pillow Talk: How Political Conversations between Husbands and Wives Affect Gender Gaps in Knowledge, Participation, and Voting Around the World

Though important studies examine how spouses socialize each other into politics, the implications for gaps between women and men in participation and voice remain unaddressed. In opposite-sex couples, conversation might reduce gender gaps. However, it could exacerbate inequalities if men’s contributions are valued over women’s, or if women’s distinctive views are suppressed. Analysis of 22 elections in 17 countries shows that when women’s labor force participation rises and gender norms are more egalitarian, both men and women prioritize spousal discussion and perceive their partners as better informed. Because men’s attention to women’s views is highly context-dependent, gender gaps are somewhat reduced. In these environments, spouses are more strongly mobilized by each others’ participation, yet they are less likely to manufacture agreement when interests diverge. Women’s education increases their political independence, but not their husbands’ perceptions of their contributions. Women’s parliamentary representation does not strongly affect their political voice within marriage.
America's Dynamic and Extensive Experience with Collective Litigation

The US experience with collective litigation is both a target for criticism and a source of ideas that might be usefully adopted or adapted. That experience has been dynamic and is still changing. This chapter briefly sketches the broad strands of development for those outside the United States.
Detecting Aspiration and Penetration Using FEES With and Without Food Dye

The objective of this investigation was to determine if there were differences in identifying airway invasion (penetration or aspiration) during fiberoptic endoscopic evaluations of swallowing (FEES) for green-dyed versus non-dyed liquids. Forty adult inpatients in an acute care hospital underwent FEES, with both green-dyed liquids and naturally white liquids. Three speech-language pathologists rated aspiration and penetration for trials of nectar-thick milk and thin milk, both with and without green food dye. A subset of participants having excess pharyngeal/laryngeal secretions, as measured by the Secretions Severity Scale, were also analyzed for a difference in the detection of airway invasion and pharyngeal residue. No significant differences were found between dyes in airway invasion across all bolus types within participants. Significant differences were found in penetration ratings for large volumes of thin liquids (90 ml), between participants. When examining only discrepant airway invasion judgments for green-white swallow pairs, statistically significantly deeper airway invasion was measured for green-dyed boluses versus white for three of the five bolus types. Repeat rater reliability was better for dyed versus undyed liquids. Findings suggest that the use of green dye may allow for improved judgment of airway invasion.
LARGE EDDY SIMULATION via VORTEX DYNAMICS

Coherent flow patterns, also known as eddy structure or large eddy flow, are observed in many situations. Recently, the discrete vortex dynamics method has been used to simulate these flows. The method is a Lagrangian tracking of discrete fluid vorticity from which the velocity fleld can be calculated a t any point. A modest review of these calculations is given with emphasis on flow patterns obtained and the level of agreement with experiment. Two-dimensional flows discussed include free and wall-bounded shear layers and wake type flows. Scalar transport and chemical reaction are also described. Several three-dimensional applications are mentioned and details are presented for a cylindrical shear layer. While the vortex method is computationally expensive and not yet on completely firm mathematical footing, it does produce results not accessible by other techniques. Thus, its value as a research tool will continue to expa.nd with the computer hardware expansion and more comparison with well-characterized experiments. *Work supported by U. S. Department of Energy, OEce of Basic Energy Sciences.
Disparity in Optical Charge Generation and Recombination Processes in Upright and Inverted PbS Quantum-Dot Solar Cells

The role of optical charge generation and nongeminate recombination on the photocurrent of upright and inverted colloidal-PbS quantum-dot solar cells is investigated. With a controlled active layer thickness, upright (PbS/fullerene) devices are found to present overall better photovoltaic performance relative to inverted devices, notwithstanding the better NIR photoconversion efficiency in the latter. Through detailed analysis and numerical optoelectronic simulations, we show that beyond incidental differences, these two device architectures have fundamentally dissimilar properties that stem from their particular optical generation characteristics and the nature of the recombination processes at play, with the inverted devices affected only by trap-assisted losses and the upright ones suffering from enhanced bimolecular recombination. This study unveils the role of device geometry and inherent material properties on the carrier generation and collection efficiency of the light-generated photocurrent in co...
Are keratin proteins a better tumor marker than epithelial membrane antigen? A comparative immunohistochemical study of various paraffin-embedded neoplasms using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.

Epithelial membrane antigen and keratin proteins represent markers of epithelial differentiation that may be detected in routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Eighty-seven neoplasms, including 48 adenocarcinomas of various types, squamous and transitional cell carcinomas, small-cell anaplastic carcinomas, carcinoid tumors, mesotheliomas, hepatomas, melanomas (metastatic), adrenal cortical carcinomas, germ cell tumors, and extramammary Paget’s disease, were assessed to determine the relative effectiveness of these antigens as tumor markers. Immunoperoxidase studies were performed using monoclonal antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen and monoclonal (combined AE1 and AE3) and polyclonal (bovine muzzle keratins) antibodies to keratin proteins. In more than half the cases (50/87, 58%), both markers yielded comparable results. However, in 29 cases (33%), keratin proteins were clearly superior to epithelial membrane antigen as a tumor cell marker. Particular discrepancies were apparent for some gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, hepatomas (hepatocellular type), spindle cell components of mesotheliomas, and carcinoid tumors. Epithelial membrane antigen represented a better marker in eight cases (9%), mainly for small-cell anaplastic carcinomas and some renal cell and pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Adrenal cortical carcinomas, melanomas, and seminomas were nonimmunoreactive for both antigens. Epithelial membrane antigen and keratin proteins represent useful complementary markers in diagnostic surgical pathology.
Current Situation of Research on Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis of Oral Polio Vaccine

“Poliomyelitis”(abbreviated as polio)is a kind of acute intestinal pandemic caused by poliovirus. Vaccine immunity prevention is the most important strategy of controlling and even eliminating polio. OPV(oral polio vaccine)is the leading vaccine used in global elimination recommend by World Health Organization(WHO). There are certain problems about the safety of OPV i.e. OPV may cause paralytic case that is vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis(VAPP). Except Africa, the other continents have reported VAPP. Since the 1990s, there were nearly 20 provinces reported VAPP cases in China. The study of 6 countries by WHO showed the incidence rate was 0.07/106, of which 55% was Sabin Ⅲ, 38% related to Sabin Ⅱ, Sabin I was only 7%. Oral vaccine cases were caused mainly by Sabin Ⅲ, and contact cases were caused mainly by Sabin Ⅱ. The pathogenesis of VAPP mainly includes viral genetic mutation, viral genetic recombination and immunity defect, etc. Whether OPV immunity should be stopped or not and whether to make it as the end-all after elimination of polio around the world or not, are the problems that global experts are discussing.
Clinical Observation of Thymopentin in Treatment of Condyloma

[Objective]To evaluate the efficacy of thymopentin in treatment of condyloma acuminatum.[Methods]Totally 35 cases of treatment group were treated with thymopentin for muscle injection and carbon dioxide laser light,and 35 cases of control group were treated with carbon dioxide laser light.[Results]The cure rate of treatment group and control group was 85.71% and 51.43% respectively,the difference between the 2 groups was significant(P0.05).[Conclusion]Thymopentin plays a good role in treating condyloma acuminatum.
Superiority of combined chemoradiotherapy to radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancers. An intergroup study

Superiority of combined chemoradiotherapy to radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancers. An intergroup study.
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy and Moderate Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Study

ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to present a case study examining the use of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for a 5-year-old African American girl from an economically disadvantaged background who sustained a moderate traumatic brain injury. “Victoria’s” preinjury history, family environment, and injury characteristics are detailed along with the results of her baseline, postintervention, and follow-up assessments. Following 11 sessions of PCIT over 7 months, Victoria no longer met diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and showed clinically significant decreases in her externalizing behavior problems at the end of treatment. However, maintenance of treatment gains was not observed at the 6-month follow-up assessment. The current case study highlights some of the advantages and challenges associated with the use of PCIT to treat externalizing behavior problems in young children with traumatic brain injury, especially those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Furth...
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Subsequent Cognitive Decline in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.

Background Living with hunger and fear of not having enough food is a growing worldwide concern. In our previous cross-sectional study, we found that food insecurity was associated with poor cognitive function, but the direction of this relation remains unclear. Objective We investigated whether food insecurity is associated with subsequent cognitive decline. Methods This was a longitudinal study of 597 participants aged 40-75 y from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study cohort, with a Mini-Mental State Examination score of ≥24 at baseline. Food security was assessed at baseline with the US Household Food Security Scale. Participants completed cognitive batteries, which included 7 cognitive tests, twice-at baseline and again at a 2-y follow-up. The primary outcome was the change in global cognitive function over 2 y. Multiple linear regression was used to obtain adjusted mean differences and 95% CIs in cognitive decline across baseline food security status. Results Food insecurity at baseline was associated with a 2-y decline in global cognitive function (P-trend = 0.03) after adjusting for relevant potential confounders, including age, sex, baseline cognitive score, body mass index, education, poverty, acculturation score, depression score, smoking status, use of alcohol, physical activity score, presence of diabetes and hypertension, apolipoprotein E status, plasma homocysteine, healthy eating index, and time between baseline and follow-up measures. Compared with the food-secure group, the decline in the very low food security group was greater [mean difference: -0.26 (95% CI: -0.41, -0.10)]. Baseline food insecurity was significantly associated with a faster decline in executive function (P-trend = 0.02) but not memory function (P-trend = 0.66). Conclusions Food insecurity was associated with faster cognitive decline in this cohort of Puerto Rican adults. Our study emphasizes the importance of developing interventions for food insecurity that take into account the impact of food insecurity on cognition.
Visualizations of a Social Network

Information visualization has its roots into the early cartography and visual representation. The first evidence of visualization ages back to the second century bc in which the ancient astronomers tried to depict the orbits of the known planetary objects. Later on with the advancements in the mathematical and statistical sciences, different visualizations appeared and were used in various other disciplines such as medicine and social sciences [54]. Some well-known examples of how information visualization was used before the advancement of computers is the map of Napoleon’s march to Moscow and its corresponding retreat designed by Minard, Florence Nightingale’s death rate reduction diagram in hospitals after the implementations of the suggested changes and the Soho cholera epidemic in London in 1854 by Dr. John Show in which it was possible to identify the source of the contagion [155].
Virtual humans in healthcare

Virtual reality (VR) technology is creating a revolutionary trend in the field of healthcare. VR in the past was used specifically for surgery planning, training. It has now evolved from visualizing complex data in a medical surgical process to a communication interface for neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation. VR, which was once considered as integration of hardware, is moving at a fast pace, it is enabling patients to immerse in a real time 3D virtual environments (VEs) with their own natural senses via an advanced human computer interface. Recent innovations include virtual humans (VHs) inhabiting different VEs for the purposes of enhancing healthcare. We cover State of the Art of VHs focusing on healthcare applications, and we propose VH architecture to improve VHs by providing the user with a more "realistic" experience. The efficacy of a VEs and VHs depends on the level of physical structure modeling, controlling, and interaction of the user within the simulated 3D environment and the level must be chosen by the characteristic of the application.
Sisyphean neoliberal reforms: the intractable mythology of student growth and achievement master narratives within the testing and TFA era

AbstractNeoliberal discourses defining and measuring ‘student achievement’ and ‘teacher success’ through myopic high-stakes testing-driven criteria for ‘accountability,’ can perpetuate the very inequities these reforms purport to address. Nested within a five-year inquiry using grounded theory to investigate experiences of Teach For America (TFA) Corps members learning to teach during a district-wide testing cheating scandal, the researchers used Atlas.ti, to analyze 5897 daily reflections written during a yearlong, field-based, initial certification course. Iterative phases of constant comparative analysis utilized a multi-rater/multi-stage/multi-year analysis. This manuscript focuses on the dominant theme of ‘Student Growth and Achievement,’ as defined, conceptualized, and experienced by 38 TFA novice teachers and the co-occurrences of this theme with other dominant themes within this data-set. Findings indicate circumscribed understandings of student growth and achievement which shaped teacher and stud...
Attitudes of Nursing Students About Pressure Injury Prevention

Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students toward their role in pressure injury prevention (PIP) and describe how clinical experiences influence their attitudes. Understanding students' attitudes and experiences related to PIP may facilitate development of evidence-based interventions for PIP by nurses. Design Qualitative exploratory descriptive design. Setting and subjects Participants were 16 senior nursing students enrolled in a prelicensure baccalaureate nursing program in an accredited school of nursing. Half of the participants had completed their first 2 years of the nursing major in the baccalaureate program. The remaining participants completed their first 2 years in a community college associate degree nursing program. Method Semistructured, in-depth, open-ended interviews were conducted. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim; data were analyzed for key themes using content analysis. Results Four categories of attitudes about PIP were identified: (1) ambivalence, (2) emerging awareness, (3) committed, and (4) passionate. Diverse clinical experiences in pediatrics, the operating room, trauma units, and long-term care facilities enhanced nursing students' learning related to PIP. Experiences observing WOC nurses and other staff role models engaged in PIP were associated with student commitment and passion for PIP. Conclusions Findings from this study can be used to guide interventions to enhance attitudes of commitment to PIP. WOC nurses, clinical preceptors, and clinical staff can involve nursing students in intentional PIP learning activities to improve clinical practice and patient outcomes. Intentionally incorporating key learning activities about PIP in the nursing curriculum is recommended.
Reference Intervals for Serum Biochemistries of Molting Pacific Black Brant ( Branta bernicla nigricans) in Northern Alaska, USA.

Abstract We determined reference intervals for nine serum biochemistries in samples from 329 molting, after-hatch-year, Pacific Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) in Alaska, US. Cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids differed by sex, but no other differences were noted.
SuperButol™ – A novel high-octane gasoline blending component

Abstract Higher fuel anti-knock quality will be required as spark ignition engines are designed for higher efficiency in the future. This paper introduces a new high-octane gasoline blending component made from low value mixed butenes using a new process. The component named SuperButol™ is mainly a mixture of butanol isomers (∼93%) with small amounts of diisobutylenes (∼5%) and di- sec -butyl ether (∼2%). The manufacturing process is described in brief and the results of blending this product on gasoline properties and comparison with other high-octane components such as MTBE and ethanol are presented. SuperButol™ has slightly lower blending RON compared to MTBE but has lower blending vapor pressure and higher energy content compared to ethanol. SuperButol™ has insignificant effect on key gasoline specifications, namely, potential and actual gum, oxidation stability, intake valve deposits, port fuel injector fouling, haze formation and water extractability performance. Therefore, it is considered to be a viable and affordable gasoline component, which can help to meet future demands for high-octane gasoline. In addition, the process helps to optimize refinery operations by valorizing low-value products.
Effects of region on the establishment of public higher education prices in the US: Indications of possible suboptimal equilibria?

ABSTRACTUsing well-defined notions of region, panel data, and an econometric approach suited to estimating parameter coefficients on time-invariant regressors, this study finds that region is a highly influential factor for state-level public higher education prices even after controlling for other well-known drivers. Additionally, prices track the historical development of higher education in the US. Based on the history of higher education and regional norms, these estimates may be evidence of suboptimal tuition and fee equilibria resulting from implicit gaming. Substantively, a greater awareness of these historical and competitive forces and their effects on the cost of public higher education can be a substantial resource for policy-makers, institutional decision-makers, and researchers alike.
Defining the genetic basis of everolimus sensitivity in metastatic bladder cancer (MBC) by whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

4527 Background: MBC is rarely cured with standard chemotherapy and novel agents are clearly needed. A phase II trial of everolimus in MBC resulted in 1 near-complete response (CR), 1 partial respo...
PEDF increases the tumoricidal activity of macrophages towards prostate cancer cells in vitro.

Background Although inflammation and prostate cancer (PCa) have been linked, the molecular interactions between macrophages and PCa cells are poorly explored. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) is an anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor factor. We previously showed that PEDF induces macrophages recruitment in vitro, correlates with macrophages density in human prostate, and stimulates macrophages polarization towards the classically activated pathway. Here, we demonstrate that PEDF modulates the interaction between macrophages and PCa cells through a bidirectional signalling leading to tumor cell apoptosis and phagocytosis. Methods RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells, and BMDMs were grown in vitro as mono- or co-cultures with PC3 or CL1 tumor cells. The effects of PEDF and its derived P18 peptide were measured on macrophages differentiation, migration, and superoxide production, and tumor cell apoptosis and phagocytosis. PEDF receptors (ATP5B, PNPLA2, and LRP6) and CD47 mRNA and protein expression were quantified in macrophages and tumor cells by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Results We found that PEDF induced the migration of macrophages towards tumor 3D spheroids and 2D cultures. In co-culture, PEDF increased PCa cells phagocytosis through an indirect apoptosis-dependent mechanism. Moreover, PEDF stimulated the production of superoxide by macrophages. Conditioned media from macrophages exposed to PEDF induced tumor cells apoptosis in contrast to control conditioned media suggesting that ROS may be involved in tumor cells apoptosis. ATP5B and PNPLA2 PEDF receptors on macrophages and CD47 on tumor cells were respectively up- and down-regulated by PEDF. As PEDF, blocking CD47 induced phagocytosis. Inhibiting ATP5B reduced phagocytosis. Inversely, PNPLA2 inhibition blocks differentiation but maintains phagocytosis. CD47-induced phagocytosis was partially reverted by ATP5B inhibition suggesting a complementary action. Similar effects were observed with P18 PEDF-derived peptide. Conclusions These data established that modulating the molecular interactions between macrophages and PCa cells using PEDF may be a promising strategy for PCa treatment.
Spiral diffusion of self-assembled dimers of Janus spheres

Janus spheres, micron-sized silica spheres half-coated with platinum, move rectilinearly away from the platinum side in aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Upon self-assembling, these colloidal particles can form dimers with different conformations that exhibit both rectilinear and rotational modes of motion depending upon the relative orientation of each Janus sphere. At the micron length-scale, stochastic rotational Brownian dynamics is of the order of deterministic dynamics, and their coupling results in effective diffusion, in addition to passive translational diffusion. For dimers with rotary motion, the dynamic coupling leads to spiral trajectories for an ensemble average of the displacement vector.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Serine Protease StmPr1 Induces Matrilysis, Anoikis, and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging, opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. We recently identified the StmPr1 and StmPr2 serine proteases to be the substrates of the Xps type II secretion system in S. maltophilia strain K279a. Here, we report that a third serine protease, StmPr3, is also secreted in an Xps-dependent manner. By constructing a panel of protease mutants in strain K279a, we were able to determine that StmPr3 contributes to the previously described Xps-mediated rounding and detachment of cells of the A549 human lung epithelial cell line as well as the Xps-mediated degradation of fibronectin, fibrinogen, and the cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). We also determined that StmPr1, StmPr2, and StmPr3 account for all Xps-mediated effects toward A549 cells and that StmPr1 contributes the most to Xps-mediated activities. Thus, we purified StmPr1 from the S. maltophilia strain K279a culture supernatant and evaluated the protease's activity toward A549 cells. Our analyses revealed that purified StmPr1 behaves more similarly to subtilisin than to trypsin. We also determined that purified StmPr1 likely induces cell rounding and detachment of A549 cells by targeting cell integrin-extracellular matrix connections (matrilysis) as well as adherence and tight junction proteins for degradation. In this study, we also identified anoikis as the mechanism by which StmPr1 induces the death of A549 cells and found that StmPr1 induces A549 IL-8 secretion via activation of protease-activated receptor 2. Altogether, these results suggest that the degradative and cytotoxic activities exhibited by StmPr1 may contribute to S. maltophilia pathogenesis in the lung by inducing tissue damage and inflammation.
Proton and antiproton distributions at RHIC

Properties of transverse momentum spectra and rapidity dependence of protons and antiprotons in Au−Au collisions at $$\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200$$ GeV are discussed. The net-proton yields are approximately constant at |y| < 1 and increases towards y ≈ 3. The mean rapidity loss is estimated to be in the range of 1.9 < δy <2.4.