cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhythmic Processes in Electronic Music

Electronic technology has liberated musical time and changed musical aesthetics. In the past, musical time was considered as a linear medium that was subdivided according to ratios and intervals of a more-or-less steady meter. However, the possibilities of envelope control and the creation of liquid or cloud-like sound morphologies suggests a view of rhythm not as a fixed set of intervals on a time grid, but rather as a continuously flowing, undulating, and malleable temporal substrate upon which events can be scattered, sprinkled, sprayed, or stirred at will. In this view, composition is not a matter of filling or dividing time, but rather of generating time. The core of this paper introduces aspects of rhythmic discourse that appear in my electronic music. These include: the design of phrases and figures, exploring a particle-based rhythmic discourse, deploying polyrhythmic processes, the shaping of streams and clouds, using fields of attraction and repulsion, creating pulsation and pitched tones by particle replication, using reverberant space as a cadence, contrasting ostinato and intermittency, using echoes as rhythmic elements, and composing with tape echo feedback. The lecture is accompanied by sound examples. The text is derived from a chapter on rhythm in my forthcoming book Composing Electronic Music: A New Aesthetic [1].
Influence of External Loads on Thin Film Cracking

Cracking in thin films under the combined influence of residual stress and an external load is examined. An improved accuracy version of the existing solution for substrate cracking absent the external load is provided. A superposition scheme that uses the solution for substrate cracking and other existing published solutions is presented for the determination of the energy release rate. The superposition scheme is validated using finite element analysis, and conditions under which the superposition scheme is valid are discussed. Crack arrest is examined and two parameters that determine the possibility of crack arrest are identified. The influence of external loading on channelling behavior in the substrate is discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Professional Practice: Developing a Professional Portfolio

(1997). Professional Practice: Developing a Professional Portfolio. Strategies: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 10-12.
Incidence Characteristics of Syphilis in Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou from 2006 to 2010

Objective To analyze the incidence characteristics of syphilis in Lengshuitan district of Hunan province from 2006 to 2010. Methods Syphilis case reports in Lengshuitan from 2006 to 2010 were collected and analyzed by epidemiological methods. Results During the 5 years,291 syphilis cases were reported in Lengshuitan,and the average incidence rate was 13.50/100,000. Conclusion The syphilis case reports in Lengshuitan were increasing from 1996.Strengthening routine monitoring,rationalizing the treatment to patients,intensifying health education and health promotion,carrying out interventions for safe sex among high risk population,increasing the follow-up rate should be the importance of the prevention and control work.
Investigation and Discussion on Prospects of Chinese Yam in Fujian Province

In this paper,the vast prospects of medical usage,dish application,exporting and processing of Chinese yam were analyzed and forecasted.At the same time,the developmental direction,advantage of industrialization of Chinese yam and some measures were also put forward.
Formation of alveoli in rats : postnatal effect of prenatal dexamethasone

We administered a glucocorticosteroid (dexamethasone) or its diluent to pregnant rats on gestation days 17, 18, and 19. In male offspring we determined the lung's gas exchange surface area (S(a)), the average volume (v) of gas exchange saccules at age 2 days and alveoli at age 14 days, and their number (N) on these days. S(a), v, and N at 2 days and v at 14 days were not affected by the prenatal administration of dexamethasone. However, S(a) and N were lower in 14-day-old pups from dexamethasone-treated dams than in pups from diluent-treated dams. In separate experiments we found the responsiveness to prenatal dexamethasone, as a depressor of the postnatal increase in S(a), appeared earlier in female than male fetuses; it was present in female but not in male fetuses on days 16-18 and was found in male fetuses on days 17-19. We conclude 1) prenatal administration of dexamethasone diminishes the postnatal increase in S(a), 2) responsiveness to this action of dexamethasone occurs earlier in gestation in female than in male fetuses, and 3) prenatal dexamethasone does not effect the postnatal volume of an average alveolus but diminishes their number in male pups.
Complementary and alternative therapies.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is now a highly visible feature of contemporary oncology. No longer restricted to the lay sector and the medical fringe, CAM practices can be found in conventional oncology settings. In the United States, as in other countries of the developed world, many thousands of cancer patients, including men with prostate cancer, spend many millions of dollars each year on CAM [1]. This article addresses the terminology and use of CAM, describes major CAM therapies, and reviews research relevant to CAM in localized prostate cancer. Alternative versus complementary medicine Complementary and alternative medicine is an umbrella term used to describe techniques as diverse as chiropractic, herbal medicine, music therapy, iridology, yoga, colonic irrigation, and spiritual healing. This single term encompasses techniques that are useful and others that produce harm or no benefit. It is necessary to distinguish between alternative therapies, that is, unproved methods promoted as cancer treatments or cures, and complementary therapies, which are applied as adjuncts to mainstream care for symptom management and to enhance quality of life. The distinction is especially important in oncology. Some unconventional cancer treatments are promoted as literal, viable alternatives to conventional care [2]. The Gerson Institute website claims, ‘‘chemotherapy works in direct conflict with a detoxifying therapy such as Gerson’s.’’ (http://www.gerson.org/answer/againstchemo.shtml) A popular tome, Alternative Medicine, states that conventional cancer treatments ‘‘may shorten the patient’s life’’ and recommends instead ‘‘treatments that rely on biopharmaceutical, immune enhancement, metabolic, nutritional, and herbal, non-toxic methods’’ [3]. Such unfounded recommendations result in some patients’ electing unproved methods instead of mainstream care after a cancer diagnosis. Unlike helpful complementary modalities such as meditation, music therapy, acupuncture, massage, and so on, alternative therapies involve considerable travel and expense, are often associated with significant toxicity, and may keep patients from receiving needed care in a timely fashion. Use of complementary and alternative medicine by patients with prostate cancer
Design for Parallel Interactive Ray Tracing Systems

We describe the software architecture of the Manta interactive ray tracer and describe its application in engineering and scientific visualization. Although numerous ray tracing software packages have been developed, much of the traditional design wisdom needs to be updated to provide support for interactivity, high degrees of parallelism, and modern packet-based acceleration structures. We discuss situations that are normally not considered when designing a batch ray tracer, and present methods to overcome those challenges. This paper advocates a forward looking programming model for interactive ray tracing that uses reconfigurable components to achieve flexibility while achieving scalability on large numbers of processors. Manta employs data structures motivated by modern micro-processor design that can exploit instruction-level parallelism. We discuss the design tradeoffs and the performance achieved for this system.
Preamble-based Symbol Timing Estimation for Wireless OFDM Systems

We propose a timing estimation scheme that reduces computational complexity while achieving performance comparable to the autocorrelation method commonly employed at the wireless receiver. The proposed method is based on the average magnitude difference function (AMDF). We present performance results for the proposed method for AWGN and Raleigh-fading channels in the context of IEEE 802.11a short preamble sequence. We also propose a preamble sequence based on Golomb sequence and compare its timing estimation performance with the IEEE 802.11a short-sequence. Simulation results show significant performance improvements for AWGN as well as Raleigh-fading channels.
A stochastic compositional gradient method using Markov samples

Consider the convex optimization problem min x ƒ (g(x)) where both ƒ and g are unknown but can be estimated through sampling. We consider the stochastic compositional gradient descent method (SCGD) that updates based on random function and subgradient evaluations, which are generated by a conditional sampling oracle. We focus on the case where samples are corrupted with Markov noise. Under certain diminishing stepsize assumptions, we prove that the iterate of SCGD converges almost surely to an optimal solution if such a solution exists. Under specific constant stepsize assumptions, we obtain finite-sample error bounds for the averaged iterates of the algorithm. We illustrate an application to online value evaluation in dynamic programming.
Applied Opportunity: Transfer Pathways of the Associates in Applied Sciences Degree in Kentucky

ABSTRACTGrowing numbers of previously terminal AAS degrees have been targeted for transfer agreements with four-year institutions (Townsend, 2001). What happens when terminal credentials designed for a specific segment of the labor market become part of a broader academic pathway? Does this open new opportunity for applied degree recipients? In this study, we analyze articulation agreements for AAS degrees between the Kentucky Community and Technical College System, and state public and private four-year colleges. This exploratory study reveals that while the expansion of credentials from AAS to the baccalaureate does offer some opportunities for students who begin what would have once been a terminal degree, the promise of smooth articulation is difficult to meet. Unless a student is focused and knowledgeable, almost all of the five types of transfer pathways described hold risks and there are numerous obstacles to successful completion.
Safety of Lidocaine During Tumescent Anesthesia for Liposuction

Tumescent anesthesia using 0.05–0.1% lidocaine mixed with 0.75 mg/l epinephrine can be safely given in rapid fashion without concern for developing lidocaine toxicity.
Pipeline embolization of posterior communicating artery aneurysms associated with a fetal origin posterior cerebral artery.

Abstract Background and purpose Flow diversion may have advantages in the treatment of posterior communicating artery (PComA) aneurysms associated with a fetal origin posterior cerebral artery (PCA), which can be challenging to treat with conventional techniques. However, a PComA incorporated into the aneurysm may prevent or delay aneurysm occlusion. Also, coverage of a fetal origin PCA risks infarction of a large vascular territory. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and effectiveness of using the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) to treat PComA aneurysms associated with a fetal origin PCA. Patients and methods Retrospective review of PComA aneurysms associated with a fetal origin PCA treated with the PED at two neurovascular centers was performed. Periprocedural complications and clinical and angiographic outcomes were reviewed. Results Seven female patients underwent a total of seven PED procedures to treat seven PcomA aneurysms associated with a fetal origin PCA. The symptomatic complication rate was 14% (1/7) per patient and 13% (1/8) per procedure. Angiographic follow up was obtained for 6 of 7 aneurysms. Follow-up DSA at 5–7 months after treatment demonstrated complete occlusion of 17% (1/6) of aneurysms. One aneurysm was retreated with a second PED and occlusion was demonstrated 36 months after the second treatment, yielding an overall complete occlusion rate of 33% (2/6). Conclusions PED treatment was largely ineffective at treating PComA aneurysms associated with a fetal origin PCA, and should only be considered when conventional treatment options, including microsurgical clipping, are not feasible.
Social Media as a Platform for Surgical Learning: Use and Engagement Patterns among Robotic Surgeons

: In response to technological advances and growing dispersion of surgical practice around the globe, social media platforms have emerged in recent years as channels for surgeons to share experiences, ask questions, and learn from one another. To better understand surgeons' engagement with these platforms, we analyzed data from a closed-membership Facebook group for robotic surgeons. Our analysis revealed that surgeons posted more frequently on midweek days, and further that text posts received significantly more comments, and significantly fewer "likes," than posts containing links, photos, or videos. We discuss the implications of these use and engagement patterns for the viability of social media platforms as tools for surgeons to learn vicariously from their peers' experiences and expertise.
Comparison of Midline vs. Central Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections: Are Midlines Safer Than Central Venous Lines?

Background With the rising use of midline catheters (MC), validation of their safety is essential. The objective of our study was to evaluate the incidence of bloodstream infections (BSI) and other complications related to the use of MC and central venous catheter (CVC).
Capsules Dosage Form: Formulation and Manufacturing Considerations

The use of capsules goes back to the early days of pharmacy, and since these early days capsules have evolved significantly to meet the current needs of the patient and pharmaceutical industry. Some of the early developments in capsule technology occurred as pharmacy evolved from dispensing compounded medication to the dispensing of manufactured products; during this change there were numerous advances in gelatin, capsule shell design and high speed manufacturing equipment. Currently the pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a sea change as the blockbuster drugs become harder and harder to find, more of the value of a drug product comes from a dosage form with advanced delivery capabilities that can improve therapeutic outcomes. For example, capsule filling technologies have been developed for the manufacture of multiparticulate delivery systems, multiple dosage form systems such as a tablet in a capsule, combination products and delivery systems with multiphasic release rates. In addition, capsules have always played an important role in the drug development process because hand filling or semiautomatic filling capsule formulations have minimal requirements and can be quickly developed. Given this context, the chapter will discuss the capsule dosage form in the drug development process starting with a discussion of gelatin, the different types of capsules shells, formulation and manufacturing. Also, we will discuss specialty capsules and capsule fills.
Honor and harmed social-image. Muslims' anger and shame about the cartoon controversy.

Two studies examined anger and shame, and their associated appraisals and behavioral intentions, in response to harm to an in-group's social-image. In Study 1, 37 British Muslims (18 men, 19 women)...
Low-Rank Transfer Learning

Real-world visual data are expensive to label for the purpose of training supervised learning algorithms. Leverage of auxiliary databases with well labeled data for the new task may save considerable labeling efforts. However, data in the auxiliary databases are often obtained under conditions that differ from those in the new task. Transfer learning provides techniques for transferring learned knowledge from a source domain to a target domain by mitigating the divergence. In this chapter, we discuss transfer learning in a generalized subspace where each target sample can be represented by some combination of source samples under a low-rank constraint. Under this constraint, the underlying structure of both source and target domains are considered in the knowledge transfer, which brings in three benefits: First, good alignment between domains is ensured in that only relevant data in some subspace of the source domain are used to reconstruct the data in the target domain. Second, the discriminative power of the source domain is naturally passed on to the target domain. Third, noisy information will be filtered out in the knowledge transfer. Extensive experiments on synthetic data, and important computer vision problems, e.g., face recognition application, visual domain adaptation for object recognition, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach over the existing, well-established methods.
Menstruation and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Its Impact on Mood

In the premenstruum, women may experience physical or affective symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, or bloating. Such symptoms occur on a continuum, with approximately 3–8 % of women experiencing symptoms severe enough to impact function in daily activities. This severe cluster of symptoms is classified as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Researchers continue to unravel the biopsychosocial contributors to premenstrual symptoms, including stress and hormonal changes. Women with premenstrual symptoms likely have altered central nervous system sensitivity to normal hormonal fluctuations. In particular, altered GABAergic response to neurosteroid metabolites may be key in the etiology of PMDD. This chapter includes a brief overview of the menstrual cycle, PMDD diagnosis and pathophysiology, and treatment approaches.
Discovery and Computer-Aided Drug Design Studies of the Anticancer Marine Triterpene Sipholanes as Novel P-gp and Brk Modulators

Sipholane triterpenes are marine natural products isolated from the Red Sea sponge Callyspongia siphonella. Based on their structure similarity to the marine polyepoxysqualene terpenoids sodwanones, sipholanes were tested for various anticancer activities. Sipholenone A showed cytotoxicity and anti-angiogenic activity against human and mouse breast cancer cells. Sipholenols A and L, sipholenone E, and siphonellinol D showed potential activity in multi-drug resistant (MDR) tumors overexpressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and their in-silico binding mode justified their activity order. Recently, a kinase assay profiling platform was used to identify the breast tumor kinase, Brk (also known as protein tyrosine kinase 6, PTK6) as a potential target for 19,20-anhydrosipholenol A 4-β-benzoate (28), a semisynthetic ester analog of sipholenol A. Brk has recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for controlling breast cancer proliferation and migration. Additional semisynthetic modifications afforded sipholenol A 4β-4′,5′-dichlorobenzoate as a potent breast cancer migration inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1.3 µM in the wound-healing assay, without any cytotoxicity to the non-tumorigenic breast cells MCF10A. Pharmacophore modeling and 3D-QSAR studies highlighted the important pharmacophoric features responsible for the antimigratory activity and Brk phosphorylation inhibition. Those features are restricted to rings A and B (perhydrobenzoxepine) together with the substituted aromatic ester moiety, thus resulting in a much simpler structure and eliminating rings C and D ([5,3,0] bicyclodecane system). This will open new horizons for the future design and synthesis of novel sipholane-inspired active compounds with perhydrobenzoxepine-aromatic cores, both feasibly and cost-effectively. These results demonstrate the potential of marine natural products for the discovery of novel scaffolds for the control and management of metastatic breast cancer.
Unconventional Monetary Policies in the Euro Area, Japan, and the United Kingdom

The global financial crisis hit hard in the euro area, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Real GDP from peak to trough contracted by about 6 percent in the euro area and the United Kingdom and by 9 percent in Japan. In all three cases, central banks cut interest rates aggressively and then, as policy rates approached zero, deployed a variety of untested and unconventional monetary policies. In doing so, they hoped to restore the functioning of financial markets, and also to provide further monetary policy accommodation once the policy rate reached the zero lower bound. In all three jurisdictions, the strategy entailed generous liquidity support for banks and other financial intermediaries and large-scale purchases of public (and in some cases private) assets. As a result, central banks' balance sheets expanded to unprecedented levels. This paper examines the experience with unconventional monetary policies in the euro zone, the United Kingdom, and Japan. The paper starts with a discussion of how quantitative easing, forward guidance, and negative interest rate policies work in theory, and some of their potential side effects. It then reviews the implementation of unconventional monetary policy by the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, and the Bank of Japan, including a narrative of how central banks responded to the crisis and the evidence on the effects of unconventional monetary policy actions.
Thermal and mechanical properties of structural lightweight concrete containing lightweight aggregates and fly-ash cenospheres

Abstract This study investigates the effects of mix proportion, aggregate type, and microstructures on the thermal and mechanical behaviors of structural lightweight concrete (LWC) containing lightweight aggregates and lightweight functional fillers such as fly-ash cenospheres (FAC). Particularly, FAC are incorporated into the mixtures to reduce the materials’ density and thermal conductivity while maintaining high mechanical strength. The experimental results indicate that the elastic modulus and thermal conductivity of LWC decrease linearly with respect to the reduction in concrete density, while compressive strength depend largely on material microstructures. The hierarchically porous microstructure of FAC-containing LWC were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the interactions between lightweight fillers and other phases in concrete – i.e., the cementitious binder and aggregates – are investigated. SEM images taken on mechanically tested LWC samples indicated that the strong FAC shell may provided barriers to hinder micro-crack formation and propagation. Lastly, a two-step homogenization scheme was proposed to estimate the thermal properties of lightweight concrete containing both FAC and aggregates. The results calculated using this method shows good agreement with experimental data.
Cicatricial Ectropion Repair for Dermatologic Surgeons.

BACKGROUNDCicatricial ectropion occurs when tension of a scar below the eye has sufficient downward pull to evert the lower eyelid. There are many surgical techniques to repair cicatricial ectropion.OBJECTIVETo review the published literature on the repair of cicatricial ectropion, review relevant a
Large, three-generation human families reveal post-zygotic mosaicism and variability in germline mutation accumulation

Humans receive half of their DNA from each of their parents. However, this inherited DNA is not identical to the corresponding half of the parents’ genetic material. Instead, both the egg and the sperm that combine to generate an embryo carry so-called ‘germline de novo’ mutations that are not present in the rest of the parents’ cells. Although these de novo mutations are an important source of genetic diversity, they can also cause disease. Geneticists have a longstanding interest in how, when and at what rate germline de novo mutations arise. These questions are commonly addressed by analyzing the DNA of large cohorts of two-generation families. Now, Sasani et al. have used the genetic data of 33 families in Utah, United States, which all span three generations, to determine the rate at which de novo mutations appear. The analysis revealed that, on average, each person has around 70 de novo mutations that were not present in their parent’s genetic code. Sasani et al. also found that sperm and egg cells from older parents typically contain more de novo mutations. However, this effect varied substantially across the Utah families. In some families, an increase of one year in the parents’ age resulted in over three extra de novo mutations in their children. In others, the number of new mutations barely increased at all. In addition, Sasani et al. found that almost 10% of de novo mutations do not occur in the parents’ sperm or eggs, but happen in the embryo very soon after fertilization. These mutations can lead to ‘mosaicism’, resulting in a person having a mutation in some, but not all of their organs and tissues. In some cases, this could cause an unknown number of sperm and egg cells to carry a mutation that others do not. This makes it hard to predict how likely two or more siblings are to inherit the mutation. This analysis reveals that parental age affects the number of de novo mutations in children, but this effect changes from family to family. This finding could point to genetic or environmental factors that alter the human mutation rate.
The Wrath of Kern County: Banning The Grapes of Wrath in the Summer of 1939

Gillian Barth looks at the social and political conditions that led to the banning of the Grapes of Wrath in Kern County, California.
3 – DRIFT FLUX

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses drift flux analysis. Drift flux analysis is useful for estimating the volume fraction of the dispersed phase in multiphase flow systems. It is based on a balance between buoyancy and drag for developed flow. The volume fraction of the dispersed phase ɛs in a mass transfer device such as a bubble column or a three-phase fluidized bed is called the hold-up. This hold-up usually differs significantly from that computed by a single steady-state mass balance on the particular phase. The holdup equation provides a rough estimate of the expected hold-up in dilute flow. It becomes invalid for circulating fluidized beds, as the assumptions made in the derivation are no longer true. It does show that there will be segregation in the vertical transport pipe by size and by density. The extensions of the drift flux theory to estimate the hold-up in multiparticle systems for gas–liquid–solid flow and for three-phase fluidization can be done using the separate phase momentum balances. As a bonus, it could provide a simple method of designing and, thus, costing a unit, such as a circulating fluidized bed combustor.
The Difficult Clinical Decision of Thrombolytic Therapy for Submassive Pulmonary Embolism in a Community Hospital.

Submassive or intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when an acute PE episode is associated with radiographic evidence of right heart strain without hemodynamic instability. Further risk stratification is important in determining whether systemic thrombolytic therapy should be administered when weighing the risks and benefits. It includes the risk of death from acute PE versus the risk of bleeding. This decision could be further complicated in institutions where there is a lack of complete therapeutic options, which increases the importance of the expertise of a pulmonologist or an intensivist to decide whether rescue reperfusion is needed. We describe the case of a 34-year-old female patient with a history of right thigh abscess and diabetes mellitus who was admitted for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) along right thigh abscess status post-incision and drainage. She had a syncopal episode and was found to have submassive PE with right heart strain with stable hemodynamics and oxygen requirement. She tolerated systemic thrombolytic therapy without complications with a drastic improvement in her cardiac function post-treatment.
Sex-dimorphic Rostro-caudal Patterns of 5′-AMP-activated Protein Kinase Activation and Glucoregulatory Transmitter Marker Protein Expression in the Ventrolateral Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (VMNvl) in Hypoglycemic Male and Female Rats: Impact of Estradiol

The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus-ventrolateral part (VMNvl) is an estradiol-sensitive structure that controls sex-specific behavior. Electrical reactivity of VMNvl neurons to hypoglycemia infers that cellular energy stability is monitored there. Current research investigated the hypothesis that estradiol elicits sex-dimorphic patterns of VMNvl metabolic sensor activation and gluco-regulatory neurotransmission during hypoglycemia. Rostral-, middle-, and caudal-VMNvl tissue was separately micropunch-dissected from letrozole (Lz)- or vehicle-injected male and estradiol- or vehicle-implanted ovariectomized (OVX) female rats for Western blot analysis of total and phosphorylated 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression and gluco-stimulatory [neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS); steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) or -inhibitory (glutamate decarboxylase65/67 (GAD)] transmitter marker proteins after sc insulin (INS) or vehicle injection. In both sexes, hypoglycemic up-regulation of phosphoAMPK was estradiol-dependent in rostral and middle, but not caudal VMNvl. AMPK activity remained elevated after recovery from hypoglycemia over the rostro-caudal VMNvl in female, but only in the rostral segment in male. In each sex, hypoglycemia correspondingly augmented or suppressed nNOS profiles in rostral and middle versus caudal VMNvl; these segmental responses persisted longer in female. Rostral and middle segment SF1 protein was inhibited by estradiol-independent mechanisms in hypoglycemic males, but increased by estradiol-reliant mechanisms in female. After INS injection, GAD expression was inhibited in the male rostral VMNvl without estradiol involvement, but this hormone was required for broader suppression of this profile in the female. Neuroanatomical variability of VMNvl metabolic transmitter reactivity to hypoglycemia underscores the existence of functionally different subgroups in that structure. The regional distribution and estradiol sensitivity of hypoglycemia-sensitive VMNvl neurons of each neurochemical phenotype evidently vary between sexes.
Secondary motor cortex: Broadcasting and biasing animal's decisions through long-range circuits.

Abstract Medial secondary motor cortex (MOs or M2) constitutes the dorsal aspect of the rodent medial frontal cortex. We previously proposed that the function of MOs is to link antecedent conditions, including sensory stimuli and prior choices, to impending actions. In this review, we focus on the long-range pathways between MOs and other cortical and subcortical regions. We highlight three circuits: (1) connections with visual and auditory cortices that are essential for predictive coding of perceptual inputs; (2) connections with motor cortex and brainstem that are responsible for top-down, context-dependent modulation of movements; (3) connections with retrosplenial cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and basal ganglia that facilitate reward-based learning. Together, these long-range circuits allow MOs to broadcast choice signals for feedback and to bias decision-making processes.
Millimeter-Wave Radars-on-Chip Enabling Next-Generation Cyberphysical Infrastructures

This article provides an overview of current and future implementations of high-resolution millimeter-wave active sensor technologies for applications in cyber-physical systems. The two major groups of active sensors, that is, pulsed and frequency modulated continuous-wave radars, are studied, and their performance for benchmark applications are compared. The specific design challenges of these radar technologies are discussed, and system/block level solutions to mitigate them are proposed. Finally, system architectures to co-integrate the proposed radar-on-chip and 5G communication transmitters are introduced.
Rapid Conversion to Telemental Health Services in Response to COVID-19: Experiences of Two Outpatient Mental Health Clinics.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered changes across health care systems, with many sectors seeing significant drops in patient visits. Rapid transition to telemental health (TMH) allowed for the continued delivery of mental health care. Although several guidelines and best practices are available for the methodical development of a TMH service, there are few documented procedures on rapidly converting to fully virtualized services. We discuss how two outpatient mental health clinics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus rapidly virtualized clinical services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: All current clinical appointments were converted to virtual, and all new clinical intakes were scheduled as virtual visits starting March 16, 2020. Virtualization included a modified needs assessment, updated clinic procedures, focused patient and staff training on TMH, and increased frequency of team meetings. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of clinic log and electronic health record data to examine the number of appointments and no-shows before and after COVID-19 virtualization. Results: Virtualization was operational within two business days. Scheduled appointments decreased 10.6% immediately postvirtualization, followed by an increase of 17.8% across the 6 months postvirtualization. No-show rates dropped from 11.9% pre- to 6.8% postvirtualization, leading to a 26.2% increase in completed visits. Discussion: Rapid virtualization of mental health services can occur effectively. Wider use and acceptance of TMH, especially to patient-homes, is likely in the foreseeable future as health care providers and systems reconceptualize service delivery. Future research must include analyzing the impact such changes make on clinical outcomes and patient visit volumes.
Sustaining a legacy in STEM the Prof. Tara Prasad Dasgupta way: The role of a mentor in our lives

Abstract A mentoring relationship is a close, individualized relationship that develops over time between a graduate student and his/her adviser, and that includes both caring and guidance. Although there is a connection between mentors and advisers, not all mentors are advisers and not all advisers are mentors, but in this case, one adviser was a mentor to all. In his eloquent style, an inspirational mentor of underrepresented individuals in Jamaica by the name of Prof. Tara Prasad Dasgupta, AKA Prof., paved the way for many us who studied in the Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica from 1974 until his passing at 1:38 a.m. on Monday, April 20, 2020 from the complications of COVID-19. Based on his effective mentoring style and the fact that there is low percentage of underrepresented individuals who pursue Ph.D. degrees in the STEM subjects around the world, more so here in the U.S.A., Europe, and in the U.K., hence there is a need to write about a story on sustaining a legacy in STEM the Prof. Tara Prasad Dasgupta way, viz., the role of a mentor in our lives. As such, his style is documented here, along with testimonies from his former graduate students, including myself.
Comparative Effectiveness of Fecal Immunochemical Tests versus Flexible Sigmoidoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background and aims Fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) and flexible sigmoidoscopies are commonly used modalities for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of FIT and sigmoidoscopy in CRC screening. Methods PRISMA statement and Cochrane guidelines were followed for this review. Digital dissertation databases were searched from inception till December 1st 2020 and randomized clinical trials comparing the detection rates of CRC for FIT and sigmoidoscopy were included. Outcomes for analysis included participation rates and detection rates of CRC, advanced adenomas and advanced colorectal neoplasia for both screening modalities. Results Five randomized clinical trials with a total of 261,755 patients were included for the analysis. The participation rate for FIT was significantly higher compared to flexible sigmoidoscopy (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.29-3.44, p=0.003). In intention-to-screen analysis, the detection rate for advanced colorectal neoplasia was significantly lower with FIT (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.84, p=0.002) as compared to flexible sigmoidoscopy but not statistically different for CRC (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.65-2.02, p=0.63). Conclusion Despite lower participation amongst patients, CRC screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy leads to higher detection of advanced colorectal neoplasia, when compared to a single round of fecal immunochemical testing.
Experiments with an Interactive Paired Comparison Simplex Method for MOLP Problems

In this paper, an interactive paired comparison simplex based method formultiple objective linear programming (MOLP) problems is developed and compared to other interactive MOLP methods. The decision maker (DM)’s utility function is assumed to be unknown, but is an additive function of his known linearized objective functions. A test for ‘utility efficiency’ for MOLP problems is developed to reduce the number of efficient extreme points generated and the number of questions posed to the DM. The notion of ‘strength of preference ’ is developed for the assessment of the DM’s unknown utility function where he can express his preference for a pair of extreme points as ‘strong ’, ‘weak ’, or ‘almost indifferent ’. The problem of ‘inconsistency of the DM’ is formalized and its resolution is discussed. An example of the method and detailed computational results comparing it with other interactive MOLP methods are presented. Several performance measures for comparative evaluations of interactive multiple objective programming methods are also discussed.
Control Concepts and Operations with PC’s

Ontological control studies the principles, operations, and the architecture involved in the design of a novel type of supervisory controllers called ontological controllers. An ontological controller supervises a programmable controller (PC) in order to detect violations of ontological assumptions and consequently allows the PC to recover from such violations so that it can achieve a pre-specified goal state.
Aflatoxin B1-induced Hprt mutations in splenic lymphocytes of Fischer 344 rats.: Results of an intermittent feeding trial

Abstract In a previous study, we found an increase in the mutant frequency at the Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase ( Hprt ) locus in the splenic lymphocytes of Fischer 344 rats acutely exposed to aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). Because an acute exposure may not reflect the exposure pattern of individuals whose diet may contain AFB 1 -contaminated foodstuffs, we sought to determine if the feeding regimen affected the induction of Hprt mutations in the rat splenic lymphocyte. Thus, Fischer 344 rats were fed either (A) a control diet, (B) various doses of AFB 1 for three four-week periods interspersed with two four-week periods of the control diet, or (C) continuously fed 1.6 ppm of AFB 1 . Not only was a significant increase in the mutant frequency detected in the lymphocytes of rats fed a dose as low as 0.01 ppm of AFB 1 , but the increase in the mutant frequency at the end of the 20-week experimental period was consistent with an accumulation of damage induced by AFB 1 . These results indicate that the rat lymphocyte/ Hprt assay is useful for detecting chronic low level exposures. Further, these data suggest that an intermittent, low-level exposure to AFB 1 may present a human health risk.
THE POLICY CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

By examining data from fifteen Latin American nations on several agricultural- and food-related variables for 1965 to 1977, this paper analyzes the efficacy of the Green Revolution for food consumption. A Radical Model is offered to explain why a high technology, export-oriented, agricultural policy may not adequately serve the food consumption needs of Third World countries.
Redesigning Beef Cattle to Have a More Healthful Fatty Acid Composition

Shu Zhang, graduate student Department of Biochemistry Travis Knight, assistant scientist Richard Tait, Jr., graduate student Allen Trenkle, distinguished professor Doyle Wilson, affiliate professor Gene Rouse, retired professor Daryl Strohbehn, professor James Reecy, associate professor Department of Animal Science Donald Beitz, distinguished professor Department of Animal Science and Biochemistry Jennifer Minick, assistant professor Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University
Message anticipation applied to collaborating unmanned underwater vehicles

Researchers at the University of Idaho (UI) have developed a fleet of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) that autonomously and collaboratively engage in mine-countermeasure (MCM) and magnetic signature assessment (MSA) missions. The use of intervehicle acoustic messages is instrumental in successful completion of these types of missions. In what follows, we argue that enabling the UUVs to anticipate these acoustic messages would improve their ability to successfully complete missions. We begin by describing the UUVs, their acoustic communications language, known as AUVish-BBM, and associated protocol, and the specifications of MCM and MSA missions. We continue by reviewing published literature on the use of anticipation by humans in natural language. Paying careful attention to both the structure of natural language and the way humans anticipate passages of it, we outline an approach to UUV message anticipation in AUVish-BBM, based on a UI-developed paradigm called Language-Centered Intelligence (LCI). In the LCI message anticipation paradigm, existing language and behavioral logics are deployed hypothetically to anticipate messages forthcoming from other vehicles in the fleet. We conclude by describing and detailing results from error-correction analysis that provides the basis for a logic governing the Message Anticipation Module, currently under development at UI.
Sound transmission through double doors

Presents the results of a series of tests to evaluate sound transmission through a double door system (two doors with an airspace between). The main purpose of these tests was to establish that such a system using conventional door panels can provide substantial noise reduction. The secondary goal of the series was to evaluate typical office doors, including the effect of minor modifications that could increase the noise reduction provided by the door system.
Infrared spectroscopic studies of fungi.

The infrared spectrometer is a physical tool which has opened several promising new avenues of investigation in fields of medical research. In succeeding paragraphs will be presented first a brief introduction to the subject of infrared spectroscopy, followed by an account of the use of this tool in studies of certain fungi.
DBS policymaking in Japan: An interpretive history

Abstract Despite Japan's successful experimentation with DBS technology, fundamental conflicts of interest between NHK and Japan's commercial broadcasters continue to chart an uncertain course for the future of Japan's DBS programme. This study traces the history of DBS policy-making in Japan, focusing on the role of the conflict between the two power groups in shaping Japanese DBS policy. The author highlights important policy considerations and discusses how the conflict between NHK and the commercial broadcasters must be resolved in order for Japan's DBS programme to be successfully implemented.
Recent insights into cerebral cavernous malformations: animal models of CCM and the human phenotype

Cerebral cavernous malformations are common vascular lesions of the central nervous system that predispose to seizures, focal neurologic deficits and potentially fatal hemorrhagic stroke. Human genetic studies have identified three genes associated with the disease and biochemical studies of these proteins have identified interaction partners and possible signaling pathways. A variety of animal models of CCM have been described to help translate the cellular and biochemical insights into a better understanding of disease mechanism. In this minireview, we discuss the contributions of animal models to our growing understanding of the biology of cavernous malformations, including the elucidation of the cellular context of CCM protein actions and the in vivo confirmation of abnormal endothelial cell-cell interactions. Challenges and progress towards developing a faithful model of CCM biology are reviewed.
Iteration Index of a Zero Forcing Set in a Graph

Let each vertex of a graph G = (V (G),E(G)) be given one of two colors, say, “black” and “white”. Let Z denote the (initial) set of black vertices of G. The color-change rule converts the color of a vertex from white to black if the white vertex is the only white neighbor of a black vertex. The set Z is said to be a zero forcing set of G if all vertices of G will be turned black after finitely many applications of the color-change rule. The zero forcing number of G is the minimum of |Z| over all zero forcing sets Z ⊆ V (G). Zero forcing parameters have been studied and applied to the minimum rank problem for graphs in numerous articles. We define the iteration index of a zero forcing set of a graph G to be the number of (global) applications of the color-change rule required to turn all vertices of G black; this leads to a new graph invariant, the iteration index of G – it is the minimum of iteration indices of all minimum zero forcing sets of G. We present some basic properties of the iteration index and discuss some preliminary results on certain graphs.
Categorical Combinators With Explicit Products

Categorical Combinators arose from the intertranslation between lambda-calculus and Cartesian Closed Categories. Their theory is fairly similar to classical Combinatory Logic, and they also have been used for the design of the so called Categorical Abstract Machine [2]. The latter is claimed to be more efficient than Landin's SEDC Machine [9], which has been based on classical combinators. There is, however, an intriguing problem with Categorical Combinators. Namely, their defining properties imply the existence of surjective pairing, which is known to be incompatible with the Church-Rosser property in the type-free lambda-calculus. The non-confluence of the type-free lambda-calculus with surjective pairing was shown by Klop in 1980 [5]. In March, 1991, Curien communicated an amazingly simple new proof. The confluence of Curien's Strong Categorical Combinatory Logic [3], which involves surjective pairing, is still an open problem. Therefore, Curien and others have studied various weaker systems. One of them appears to be closely related to a conservative extension of the type-free lambda-calculus, whose confluence has been shown by the author in a previous paper [11]. In this paper we study the relationship between categorical combinators and our Extended Lambda-Calculus with Explicit Products, which was first published in 1984 [10].
Teaching growth of functions using equivalence classes: an alternative to big O notation

Understanding growth of functions using the standard big O definition and notation is a challenge for many undergraduate students. This paper presents an approach to teaching growth of functions that utilizes equivalence classes and partial ordering,identifies those mathematical concepts students should comprehend in order to understand the principles underlying growth of functions,demonstrates pedagogical inadequacies in existing order of complexity notation and definitions andgives a rationale for restricting functions under consideration to positive-valued, monotonic increasing.