cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of gender, development, pregnancy and ethanol consumption on the hematotoxicity of inhaled 10 ppm benzene

The hematotoxic effects of benzene in both humans and animals are well documented. Current estimates concerning the risks associated with benzene exposure are usually based on adult, male cohort studies; however, there are indications that females may respond differently than males to benzene and that fetuses may respond differently than adults. Another factor to be considered in risk estimates is the impact of personal habits. In experimental animals, ethanol consumption is known to increase the hematotoxicity of benzene; therefore, alcohol consumption may also alter the potential risk of individuals exposed to benzene. To address some of the factors that may confound risk estimates for benzene exposure, a series of experiments were performed. Age-matched male as well as pregnant and virgin female Swiss Webster mice were exposed to 10 ppm benzene for 6 h a day over 10 consecutive days (days 6 through 15 of gestation for the pregnant females). Half of the animals also received 5% ethanol in the drinking water during this period. On day 11, bone marrow cells from the adults and liver cells from the fetuses were assayed for the numbers of erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-e). CFU-e assays were also performed on bone marrow cells isolated from 6-week postpartum dams exposed during gestation and from in utero-exposed 6-week old males and females. Gender differences were clearly observed in the responses to the various exposure protocols. Depressions in CFU-e numbers were only seen in male mice while elevations in CFU-e numbers were only seen in female mice. Male mice exposed as adults for 10 days to benzene (B), ethanol (E) or benzene+ ethanol (B+E) exhibited depressed CFU-e levels as did male fetal mice exposed to B in utero. In addition, adult male mice which had been exposed in utero to either B or to E individually displayed depressed CFU-e levels. In contrast, none of the groups of female mice exhibited any depressions in CFU-e numbers after any of the exposures. Elevations in CFU-e numbers were observed among pregnant females exposed to E and among adult females exposed to B+E in utero. In summary, a majority (6/9) of the exposure protocols produced depressions in the CFU-e numbers of male mice, whereas a majority (7/9) of the exposure protocols produced no changes in the CFU-e numbers of female mice. Those changes that were observed in females consisted of elevations of CFU-e numbers. These results suggest that the male erythron is more susceptible than the female erythron to the hematotoxicants benzene and ethanol, regardless of whether exposures occur in utero or during adulthood.
Abstract C4: Specific targeting of spontaneous medulloblastoma tumors in mice by IRDye 800CW chlorotoxin.

Studies of primary brain tumors such as medulloblastoma are hampered by the nature of the cancer and the location of these tumors. Improving our ability to detect and assess intracranial tumor growth would significantly advance diagnosis and inform recommendations by clinicians for subsequent therapy and treatment. Use of molecular imaging with targeted near infrared optical imaging agents has been successfully implemented in the visualization, characterization and measurement of biological processes including cancer. Our studies seek to define the use of IRDye 800CW chlorotoxin (CLTX) as a targeted imaging agent for brain tumors in a spontaneous mouse model of medulloblastoma, ND2:SmoA1. Early detection of tumors was accomplished by MRI followed by IRDye 800CW CLTX administration. Blood-brain-barrier integrity was examined by Evan9s Blue testing prior to sacrifice. Additional information was obtained with brain imaging and tissue section analysis of HE 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C4.
Heat and mass transfer in semi-porous channels with application to freeze-drying

Abstract An analytical investigation is made of the heat and momentum transfer of a binary mixture of gases flowing in a parallel plate channel where mass injection occurs at one wall. The walls are at different temperatures and applications to freeze-drying are presented. Integral continuity, momentum, and energy equations are used to establish the velocity, pressure, and temperature distributions. The flow is assumed to be steady, laminar, and incompressible. Closed form solutions are obtained for the velocity and temperature distributions. Applications of the solution to freeze-drying show that under typical conditions 5–40 per cent of the energy transfer to the product surface occurs by convection. Thermal radiation provides the mechanism for the rest of the heat transfer.
Segmental diversification of an identified leech neuron correlates with the segmental domain in which it expresses Lox2, a member of the Hox gene family.

The cellular colocalization of LOX2 protein and small cardioactive peptide (SCP)-like immunoreactivity was studied in the nerve cord of the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis. Of the six neurons that express SCP in the midbody segments 7 to 17, only one, the MPS neuron, expresses LOX2 protein. The medial paired SCP (MPS) neurons are segmentally repeated and can be divided into three contiguous segmental domains according to cell body size and the timing and level of SCP expression. MPS neurons located in the anterior and middle segmental domains express LOX2 protein. In the middle domain, large MPS neurons begin to accumulate SCP shortly after the end of embryonic development, whereas in the anterior domain the MPS neurons are smaller and begin to express SCP at a later stage. In the posterior domain the MPS neurons exhibit a third phenotype—they have large cell bodies, express low levels of SCP starting from the midjuvenile stage, and do not show detectable LOX2 expression. Lineage tracer injections showed that the MPS neurons arise from a stereotyped cell lineage and are descended from the O teloblast stem cell. In midbody ganglia 2 to 6 and 18 to 21, there are lineally homologous neurons that do not express either LOX2 protein or SCP. Thus, the boundaries of LOX2 expression coincide precisely with two of the segmental boundaries of MPS differentiation, suggesting that expression of Lox2 at the level of this single identified neuron governs some, but not all, aspects of the neuron's segmental diversification. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of a bile salt-dependent cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity secreted from HepG2 cells.

HepG2 cells and medium were assayed for cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) activity in the presence and absence of sodium cholate. Although bile salt-dependent CEH activity was measured in the medium at 6 to 96 h (up to 4500 pmol/h per mg cell protein), there was very little activity detected in the corresponding cell homogenates (less than 70 pmol/h per mg cell protein). Activity in the medium was expressed only in the presence of trihydroxy bile salts and was maximal at 40 mM cholate and pH 7.5. Incubation of HepG2 cells with brefeldin A resulted in an 80 to 90% inhibition of secretion of the bile salt-dependent CEH activity, while only inhibiting total protein secretion by 42%, Bile salt-dependent CEH activity could also be detected in rat liver perfusates. Although there was measurable activity in all of 14 livers analyzed (47 ± 10 and 53 ± 17 nmol/h per g liver per h perfusion during two 5-min collections after 15 and 30 min of perfusion, respectively), it did not correlate with the activity found in corresponding liver homogenates, as only four livers had detectable bile salt-dependent CEH activity. These results provide evidence for the secretion of a bile salt-dependent CEH activity, from both a hepatic cell line and the intact liver, that has similar properties to the enzyme previously isolated from rat liver homogenates and rat pancreas.
A Probabilistic Model of Fatigue Strength Controlled by Porosity Population in a 319-Type Cast Aluminum Alloy: Part II. Monte-Carlo Simulation

In Part I, the fatigue strength of a cast 319-type aluminum alloy at 108 cycles was evaluated using an ultrasonic testing system, and a simple probabilistic model was developed to establish the relationship between the porosity population and the resultant fatigue strength of the alloy. In Part II, a detailed analysis and comprehensive simulation based on this model were performed to examine the effects of casting porosity characteristics on fatigue strength in cast aluminum alloys. The results predict that, when fatigue life is controlled by porosity population, the mean and standard deviation of the fatigue strength decrease with increasing mean pore size, pore size standard deviation, and porosity number density in the castings. In addition, the specimen size and shape are predicted to influence the fatigue strength by affecting the number of pores and the probability of intersection of pores with the specimen surface within the stressed volume. In general, a large specimen volume containing a large number of pores (>1000) or surface over volume ratio in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 can lead to a decrease in fatigue strength up to 10 pct, as compared with the counterparts. The applicability of the model to a cast W319-T7 aluminum alloy is demonstrated.
Polynomial Hulls of Subsets of T 2

This paper investigates the polynomial convexity of subsets of the two-torus. Given a compact subset K of T 2 , we find regions in K which do not contribute to the polynomial hull of K inside the bidisc.
Magnelok technology: a complement to magnetorheological fluids

Magnetorheological or MR fluids have been successfully used to enable highly effective semi-active control systems in automobile primary suspensions to control unwanted motions in civil engineering structures and to provide force-feedback in steer-by-wire systems. A key to the successful use of MR fluids is an appreciation and understanding of the balance and trade-off between the magnetically controlled on-state force and the ever-present off-state viscous force. In all MR fluid applications, one must deal with the fact that MR fluids never fully decouple or go to zero force in their off-state. Magnelok devices are a magnetically controlled compliment to traditional MR fluid devices that have been developed to enable a true force decoupling in the off-state. Magnelok devices may be embodied as linear or rotary dampers, brakes, lockable struts or position holding devices. They are particularly suitable for lock/un-lock applications. Unlike MR fluid devices they contain no fluid yet they do provide a variable level of friction damping that is controlled by the magnitude of the applied magnetic field. Magnelok devices are low cost as they easily accommodate relatively loose mechanical tolerances and require no seals or accumulator. A variety of controllable Magnelok devices and applications are described.
No Major Neurologic Complications With Sirolimus Use in Heart Transplant Recipients

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether sirolimus therapy is associated with neurologic complications, including stroke, among heart transplant recipients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients who underwent heart transplant at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, from January 1, 1988, through June 30, 2006. RESULTS: Of 313 patients in the cohort, the medical regimen in 116 patients (37%) was switched from cyclosporine-based therapy to sirolimus. The hazard ratio of sirolimus for any neurologic or psychiatric event was 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-4.29). This hazard ratio was driven mainly by the association between sirolimus and the development of tremor and depression. Cerebrovascular events occurred with a cumulative incidence of 14% but did not occur in any of the patients who received sirolimus therapy. There were no cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with sirolimus use. CONCLUSION: No early or late episodes of major neurotoxicity occurred in heart transplant recipients using sirolimus immunosuppression. The absence of stroke and transient ischemic attacks in these high-risk transplant recipients treated with sirolimus is notable but needs confirmation in future studies.
Modeling spatial accessibility to parks: a national study

Parks provide ideal open spaces for leisure-time physical activity and important venues to promote physical activity. The spatial configuration of parks, the number of parks and their spatial distribution across neighborhood areas or local regions, represents the basic park access potential for their residential populations. A new measure of spatial access to parks, population-weighted distance (PWD) to parks, combines the advantages of current park access approaches and incorporates the information processing theory and probability access surface model to more accurately quantify residential population's potential spatial access to parks. The PWD was constructed at the basic level of US census geography - blocks - using US park and population data. This new measure of population park accessibility was aggregated to census tract, county, state and national levels. On average, US residential populations are expected to travel 6.7 miles to access their local neighborhood parks. There are significant differences in the PWD to local parks among states. The District of Columbia and Connecticut have the best access to local neighborhood parks with PWD of 0.6 miles and 1.8 miles, respectively. Alaska, Montana, and Wyoming have the largest PWDs of 62.0, 37.4, and 32.8 miles, respectively. Rural states in the western and Midwestern US have lower neighborhood park access, while urban states have relatively higher park access. The PWD to parks provides a consistent platform for evaluating spatial equity of park access and linking with population health outcomes. It could be an informative evaluation tool for health professionals and policy makers. This new method could be applied to quantify geographic accessibility of other types of services or destinations, such as food, alcohol, and tobacco outlets.
Estimation of the vanishing point in camera-mirror scenes from video

Knowledge of the position of the vanishing point is the key for geometrical modeling of an image containing a reflective surface or cast shadows. Such an image can be analyzed as two subimages that constitute a stereo pair. For this model-estimation task an automatic method is presented that utilizes motion statistics and the statistical properties of image points for the determination of point correspondence and the subsequent estimation of vanishing point position, optimized by use of a goodness-of-fit function. We show that this approach gives robust results in widely different real-world environments, even when the correspondence is corrupted with considerable amounts of noise.
LOD-sprite technique for accelerated terrain rendering

We present a novel rendering technique, termed LOD-sprite rendering, which uses a combination of a level-of-detail (LOD) representation of the scene together with reusing image sprites (previously rendered images). Our primary application is accelerating terrain rendering. The LOD-sprite technique renders an initial frame using a high-resolution model of the scene geometry. It renders subsequent frames with a much lower-resolution model of the scene geometry and texture-maps each polygon with the image sprite from the initial high-resolution frame. As it renders these subsequent frames, the technique measures the error associated with the divergence of the view position from the position where the initial frame was rendered. Once this error exceeds a user-defined threshold, the technique re-renders the scene from the high-resolution model. We have efficiently implemented the LOD-sprite technique with texture mapping graphics hardware. Although to date we have only applied LOD-sprite to terrain rendering, it could easily be extended to other applications. We feel LOD-sprite holds particular promise for real time rendering systems.
Application of loss-of-stability protection in GCC interconnection

The GCC Interconnector is providing the backbone transmission structure for connection of power systems of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman. It can face extreme dynamic disturbances leading up to the loss-of-stability. Detection of this dangerous condition is based on various solutions generally referred as out-of-step protection. Presented paper discuss recent developments in this area, analyses possible loss-of-stability modes for the GCC Interconnector, and, finally, address some uncertainties related to the dynamic system analysis and setting selection tasks for the out-of-step protection.
Torsion of a hyperstimulated ovary during pregnancy: a potentially difficult diagnosis

Ovarian torsion in a pregnant infertility patient is an important and difficult diagnosis to make. We present two cases of torsed hyperstimulated ovaries where grey scale and Doppler sonographic evaluation were inconclusive. In one case, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to make the diagnosis. In the second case, physical findings observed during the ultrasound exam were diagnostic. We think these two cases are good teaching examples of how to approach this difficult diagnosis and emphasize that MRI and physical exam skills are useful adjuncts to ultrasound in the evaluation of a pregnant patient.
Presidential Prenomination Preferences and Candidate Evaluations

Recent research has altered our understanding of how voters select a candidate in U.S. presidential elections. Scholars have demonstrated empirically that issues, candidate personalities, candidate evaluations, and party identification interact in a dynamic simultaneous fashion to determine vote choice. Other researchers have shown that prenomination candidate preferences play an integral role in structuring the general election vote. We join together these two important trends to introduce and test a revised model of vote choice, using 1980 NES panel data. The results reconfirm that candidate selection is part of a dynamic simultaneous process and reveal for the first time that prenomination preferences are woven tightly into this causal web.
Distributed Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Bandwidth-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, distributed maximum likelihood estimation for bandwidth constrained wireless sensor networks is investigated. We consider an estimation system that involves temporal and spatial domain observations. In particular, we consider the case where there are a total of K sensors, each making N temporal observations. We choose different K and N, but fix KN = M, which means that the total number of temporal and spatial observations is fixed, to examine the trade-off of having a larger K with a smaller N versus having a smaller K with a larger N. The temporal signals observed at each local sensor node are quantized before transmission to a fusion center and estimation at the fusion center is made based on these quantized data. For fair comparison and to bring out the effect of different choices of K and N, we fix the total number of bits used by the K sensors to be gammaM. That is, each sensor sends gammaN bits of the quantized data. We derive the maximum likelihood estimator and examine its estimation accuracy in term of mean-squared error (MSE), as well as the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the above distributed estimation problem
Early Career Psychologists Untapped Talent and Savvy

The findings from the Smith et al. (2012) survey of early career psychologists (ECPs) who are members of the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP) provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs for ECPs in the SCP as well as recommendations about how the SCP can better meet the professional needs of ECPs. Ideally, the implementation of these recommendations will result in more ECPs joining the SCP and finding their membership to be a beneficial part of their professional lives. Capturing the interest and involvement of ECPs into the SCP needs to be an ongoing priority requiring focused attention and effort by SCP leadership. Who are the next generation of counseling psychologists? How are they fundamentally different from prior generations of counseling psychologists? And how have cohort and external environmental changes helped or hindered ECPs’ involvement in professional organizations? Finding the answers to these questions is necessary to guarantee that the Society changes in ways that make it pr...
Development of lines of radish differing in resistance to O3 and SO2

SUMMARY The potential for developing intraspecific lines of radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv, Cherry Belle) based on their relative resistance to either O3 or SO2 was examined using growth-analysis techniques. Plants were exposed to either 0–10μ 1−1 O3 or 0.50 μ 1 −1 SO2 for 4 h day−1, 3 days week−1, for 3 weeks. Resistant and sensitive individuals were then selected and divided into four groups: O3 resistant (O3R), O3 sensitive (O3S), SO2 resistant (SO2R), and SO2 sensitive (SO2S) Cross-pollinations were made among plants within the selected groups and seed collected. F1 populations were raised from the resulting seed and exposed to the same exposure regime. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured during the final two fumigations, and plants were harvested immediately following the final exposure, divided into component parts, dried and weighed. O3 and SO2 generally caused biomass reductions in all the F1 groups. O3 reduced below ground growth more than SO2 leading to greater reductions in root/shoot ratios. O3R plants were resistant to both pollutants, showing little biomass reduction particularly from O3. Root/shoot ratios of these plants were altered less by pollutant exposure than non-selected radishes. Shoot growth of SO2R plants was greater in O3 or SO2 than non-selected plants, but below ground growth was similar. Selection for plants sensitive to either pollutant was not apparent from growth analysis, as growth of the sensitive plants was generally the same as that of non-selected plants. Gas exchange results indicated greater stomatal conductance in O3S plants in filtered air than either non-selected or O3R plants, while O3S plants had lower conductance rates in the O3 treatment.
Being Prepared and Staying Connected: Scouting’s Influence on Social Capital and Community Involvement

Objectives In recent years, scholars have become concerned about the effects that declining levels of social capital are having on community life in the United States. Data suggest that Americans are less likely to interact with neighbors and less likely to participate in community groups than they were in the past. Nevertheless, researchers have found that participation in some types of organizations has a positive impact on social capital and civic involvement. Each year, millions of American youth participate in programs designed to promote positive youth development. Here, we examine the effect that participation in one of the largest youth organizations, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), has on adult social capital and community involvement. Methods Utilizing a national survey of adult males, we compare measures of social capital and community involvement for former Scouts and non-Scouts. Results Our findings suggest that level of involvement in the Boy Scouts is significantly related to measures of adult social capital and community engagement. Conclusion Scouting tends to have a significant impact on the lives of its most committed members. Future research must continue to explore the long-term effects of participation in youth organizations.
Structural studies of chloride-treated RF sputtered Cd1-xMnxTe films

Cd1-xMnxTe alloy films with band gaps of 1.6 ∼ 1.8 eV have been deposited by RF magnetron sputtering for solar-cell applications. The films have been treated by chloride vapors to improve the photovoltaic performance. These as-deposited and chloride-treated CdMnTe films have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Raman results indicate that Te and/or TeO2 exists in the annealed samples depending on anneal conditions.
Perceptual organization in computer vision: a review and a proposal for a classificatory structure

The role of perceptual organization in computer vision systems is explored. This is done from four vantage points. A brief history of perceptual organization research in both humans and computer vision is offered. A classificatory structure in which to cast perceptual organization research to clarify both the nomenclature and the relationships among the many contributions is proposed. The perceptual organization work in computer vision in the context of this classificatory structure is reviewed. The array of computational techniques applied to perceptual organization problems in computer vision is surveyed. >
Caregivers’ Experiences Seeking Hospice Care for Loved Ones With Dementia:

As the prevalence of dementia continues to grow, informal caregivers face unique challenges as they approach the end of life, and access to support and palliative care is often limited. I used a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of caregivers actively seeking formal end-of-life care, in particular hospice care, for a loved one with dementia. In-depth interviews with 11 caregivers about 14 patients revealed five themes, including: setting the stage for heartbreak, reaching the boiling point, getting through the front lines, settling for less, and welcoming death. Nurses must recognize the complex needs of caregivers, educate caregivers on the disease process, and adjust to palliative goals sooner to meet the needs of caregivers. Prevalence of these issues must be further examined through quantitative study to evaluate the need to reconsider current hospice eligibility criteria based on prognosis.
On designing traffic controller for AQM routers based on robust /spl mu-analysis

This paper designs a robust AQM controller for IP routers based on the robust mu-analysis technique. Specifically, by modeling the uncertainties of the TCP/AQM system in terms of the uncertainty weight, we synthesize the controller by approximating the mu-optimal control problem with the Hinfin S/T/U mixed sensitivity problem (MSP). We also analyze the NP (nominal performance), the RS (robust stability) and the RP (robust performance) of the system under the synthesized controller using the mu-analysis technique. Extensive simulations are performed on the OPNET platform to verify the effectiveness of the designed controller
Fast MPC-Based Coordination of Wind Power and Battery Energy Storage Systems

In this paper, a model predictive control (MPC)-based coordinated scheduling framework for variable wind generation and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is presented. On the basis of the short-term forecast of available wind generation and price information, a joint look-ahead optimization is performed by the wind farm and storage system to determine their net power injection to the electric power grid. In conjunction with moderate battery capacity, the excess unpredictable wind generation can be used to charge the battery storage and vice versa. The benefits of the proposed scheduling approach are that (1) the combined profit of wind generation and BESS is increased; (2) the net power injection from the wind farm into the power grid is smoothed out; and (3) the look-ahead optimization updates the price prediction in a moving horizon, which leads to more robust profit for wind farm and BESS against price uncertainties. By formulating the MPC-based coordinated scheduling as a quadratic programming problem, several numerically efficient algorithms to compute the optimal control strategy for wind generation and BESS are proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in a modified IEEE 24-bus reli- ability test system with aggregated plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is demonstrated. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can increase the joint profit of wind farm and BESS while smoothing out the net power injection to the electricity grid. The proposed MPC-based scheduling problem can be solved in approximately 400 ms, which makes the framework implementable in realtime electricity market operations. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000071. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Predictions; Wind power; Energy storage; Vehicles. Author keywords: Model predictive control; Wind power integration; Battery energy storage systems; Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; Power system economic dispatch; Electricity market.
On the Doppler effect for light from orbiting sources in Kerr-type metrics

A formula is derived for the combined motional and gravitational Doppler effect in general stationary axisymmetric metrics for a photon emitted parallel or antiparallel to the assumed circular orbital motion of its source. The same formula is derived from eikonal approximation and Killing vector approaches to elucidate connections between observational astronomy and modern Relativity. The formula yields expected results in the limits of a moving or stationary source in the exterior Kerr and Schwarzschild metrics and a moving source in flat space.
Statistical — Dynamical Approach for Streamflow Modeling at Malakal, Sudan, on the White Nile River

The upper White Nile Basin above Malakal, Sudan, is considered to be one of the most complicated and diverse hydrologic settings on Earth. Accurately depicting and predicting the streamflow at Malakal is essential for water managers considering Nile Basin-wide initiatives and potential large-scale projects. Dynamical, statistical, and combination models are assessed for their ability to predict monthly streamflow at Malakal. The dynamical model represents a lumped parameter, average-monthly water balance, whereas the statistical model incorporates a nonparametric approach based on local polynomial regression, utilizing principal components of precipi- tation and temperature. The combination of dynamical and statistical models through linear regression produces model weights of 0.44 and 0.59, respectively, implying a relatively balanced influence. Evaluation of the combination model demonstrates significant overall skill correlation coefficients equal to 0.83, outperforming either individual model for the validation periods selected. Peak streamflow analyses of timing and quantity also exhibit superior performance by the combination model. An ensemble approach, practical for planning and management from a probabilistic standpoint, is additionally demonstrated.
Effects of the diurnal cycle in solar radiation on the tropical Indian Ocean mixed layer variability during wintertime Madden-Julian Oscillations

[1] The effects of solar radiation diurnal cycle on intraseasonal mixed layer variability in the tropical Indian Ocean during boreal wintertime Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events are examined using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model. Two parallel experiments, the main run and the experimental run, are performed for the period of 2005–2011 with daily atmospheric forcing except that an idealized hourly shortwave radiation diurnal cycle is included in the main run. The results show that the diurnal cycle of solar radiation generally warms the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) north of 10 � S, particularly during the calm phase of the MJO when sea surface wind is weak, mixed layer is thin, and the SST diurnal cycle amplitude (dSST) is large. The diurnal cycle enhances the MJO-forced intraseasonal SST variability by about 20% in key regions like the Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR; 55 � –70 � E, 12 � –4 � S) and the central equatorial Indian Ocean (CEIO; 65 � –95 � E, 3 � S–3 � N) primarily through nonlinear rectification. The model also well reproduced the upper-ocean variations monitored by the CINDY/DYNAMO field campaign between September-November 2011. During this period, dSST reaches 0.7 � C in the CEIO region, and intraseasonal SST variability is significantly amplified. In the SCTR region where mean easterly winds are strong during this period, diurnal SST variation and its impact on intraseasonal ocean variability are much weaker. In both regions, the diurnal cycle also has a large impact on the upward surface turbulent heat flux QT and induces diurnal variation of QT with a peak-to-peak difference of O(10 W m � 2 ).
Modeling freshwater mussel distribution in relation to biotic and abiotic habitat variables at multiple spatial scales

The habitat requirements of many native freshwater mussels remain unclear despite their imperiled status and ecological importance. To explore scale-specific habitat associations in the three gener...
Coplanar waveguide low-pass filter using open circuit stubs

A five-element Chebyshev low-pass filter having high roll off, built using coplanar waveguide open circuit stubs for the capacitive elements, is investigated. Passband ripple within 1.5 dB and a stop-band rejection of more than 45 dB is achieved. Comparison of the predicted and experimentally measured results is presented and the agreement is good. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The National War Labor Board and Postwar Industrial Relations

The "common law of industrial relations," 483. — Collective bargaining: ordered, 487; geographic scope, 489; job specification and classification, 491; office and clerical salaries, 492; incentive wage systems, 492; vacations, 494; equality of treatment, 495; racial and other discrimination, 493; severance pay, 497; seniority, 493; union representatives, 499; union security, 500; extension of contracts, 503; administration and enforcement of agreements, 505; grievance settlement, 505; union responsibility, 510; preventive administrative practices, 514; labor courts, 515. — Disputes arising outside of collective bargaining agreements: inter-union disputes, 516; compulsory arbitration, 516; mediation, 519. — Conclusion, 522.
Viscoelastic sigmoid anomalies in BaZrO3–BaTiO3 near phase transformations due to negative stiffness heterogeneity

BaZrO3–BaTiO3 ceramics exhibit a shift in transformation temperatures as revealed by dielectric and viscoelastic spectroscopy; a phase diagram has been established. Sigmoid anomalies in Poisson’s ratio and bulk modulus during the ferroelastic transitions were observed in doped materials, which are not predicted by standard theories for phase transformations. “Hashin–Shtrikman” composite model with negative stiffness heterogeneity can well explain this phenomenon. Negative stiffness heterogeneity is considered to be caused by the strained BaTiO3 unit cells in the vicinity of BaZrO3-rich zones under the perturbation of lattice reconstruction.
Some Comparisons Between Small-Scale Pool Swell Experiments and Model Predictions

Predictions from a one-dimensional pool swell model are compared with results from small-scale pool swell tests. The main elements of the model other than the geometric simplification are identical...
An Organ of Exquisite Perfection

As can be seen in Fig. 1, the eye is a nearly spherical structure, structurally limited by the sclera and cornea. The sclera is the tough white tissue that delimits the outer orbit of the eye, while the cornea is the clear portion in the front. The cornea is a focusing element for the visual path, providing more than half of the focusing power of the eye, with the lens handling the remainder. Focusing of light by the cornea and lens is necessary to create an image on the retina, which is the light-sensitive portion of the eye. This is much like the role of a camera lens in creating a clear image at the CCD (chargecoupled device) or film plane. Indeed, the cornea and lens are the two elements that focus the light, with the cornea fixed in focal length and the lens adjustable. They provide a double positive lens arrangement (i.e., two convex lenses) to accomplish this. Light is focused based on the cornea’s shape and refractive index. The cornea is a nearly spherical structure, slightly flattened to reduce spherical aberration. The index of refraction for light (n) as it passes through the cornea is 1.376. Since the index of refraction in air is 1.0, this change in the refractive index, along with the cornea’s convex shape, causes light rays to bend in a converging manner as they pass through [1–3]. The lens of the eye has a shape that is malleable, allowing this second focusing element in the visual path to be used to adjust the focal point, which allows us to form a clear image on the retina for objects from near to distant. The shape of the lens changes due to the action of two structures. The connective tissue encompassing the lens keeps it spherical, but the suspensory ligaments that surround it pull it into a flatter shape. The ciliary muscles counteract the pull of these ligaments and allow the lens to become more round. Thus, by contracting the ciliary muscles, we are able to focus on objects that are close at hand by increasing the curvature of the lens, thereby increasing its refractive power. Relaxation of this muscle allows us to focus on objects at a distance.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are a member of a family of stromal tumors that include Schwannomas and gangliocytic paragangliomas, arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal. Therapeutic approaches center around the molecular biology of the disease. Specifically, the consistent dependence of GISTs on c-kit signaling led to the development and successful implementation of imatinib, a small molecule c-kit inhibitor. As such, improved medical therapy is rapidly changing the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of the disease. Nevertheless, resection remains the mainstay of treatment for GISTs. Here, we review clinical approaches to GISTs and discuss current national guidelines in GIST treatment.
Hsp90 as a capacitor of both genetic and epigenetic changes in the genome during cancer progression and evolution

In this chapter, we focus on the role of the chaperone protein Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological variation that is released during times of stress. Hsp90 helps to fold numerous client proteins, which constitute a veritable “who’s who” of important signaling molecules, such as Akt, Raf, Src, chromatin-modifying proteins, nuclear hormone receptors, and kinetochore assembly proteins. We first review evidence that Hsp90 functions trans-generationally as a capacitor for morphological variation via both genetic and epigenetic means: in the former by revealing cryptic genetic variation and in the latter by generating heritable epialleles. Then we discuss two mechanisms by which altered Hsp90 function can mutate DNA: transposon mobilization, and chromosomal aneuploidy. Next, we hypothesize how beneficial cryptic epigenetic variation might be stabilized, or locked in place, by the directed DNA-level mutation of epigenetically assimilated epialleles. Finally, we describe how Hsp90 functions intra-generationally within an organism’s lifetime by releasing cryptic phenotypic variation during development in a stressful environment, and how this can be hijacked during the progression of diseases such as cancer.
Chemical Modification and Cleavage of Proteins and Chemical Strategy in Immunochemical Studies of Proteins

The determination of antigenic structures of proteins presents a major challenge, which is primarily chemical in nature. The chemical strategy set forth (Atassi, 1972) for our delineation of the complete antigenic structure of myoglobin (Atassi, 1975) has also proved extremely effective in substantial delineation of the antigenic structure of lysozyme. Delineation of the antigenic structures of these two proteins relied (Atassi, 1972) mainly on the following five approaches: (1) determination of the influence of conformational changes on immunochemical behavior, (2) study of the immunochemistry of specifically modified chemical derivatives of the protein, (3) study of the immunochemistry of a large number of peptide fragments with varying overlaps, (4) delineation of reactive regions on immunochemically reactive peptides by study of the immunochemistry of specific chemical derivatives of these peptides, and (5) organic synthesis of the antigenic reactive sites after they had been narrowed down by approaches (1)–(4) to a conveniently small size.
Humoral Factors Trophic for Vascular Smooth Muscle During the Development of Hypertension in Rats

AbstractThere is evidence that a humoral factor or factors in rats with one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) hypertension increase growth of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Such humoral trophic factors may contribute to the abnormal growth of arterial muscle in hypertension. To further study the longitudinal expression of this trophic factor or factors, we prepared rats with 1K1C hypertension of different durations. To determine if the factor or factors are also expressed in other forms of experimental hypertension, we additionally prepared rats with two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension and paired two-kidney (2K) normotensive controls; we also studied Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) plus appropriate controls. In the presence of growth stimulated by background levels (1%) of fetal calf serum, 20% platelet-poor, plasma-derived serum (PDS) from 1K1C rats 8–14 days (n = 10) and 28 days (n = 12) after clipping increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation of growth-arrested cultured rat aortic smooth muscle c...
Regionalism: Some Critical Observations

balance between the state of technological achievements and the cultural superstructure. Social attitudes, it is assumed, do not change rapidly enough to keep pace with the progress of mechanization and the increased output of material goods. Ogburn's thesis of a "cultural lag" is assimilated at this point. In Odum's theory, however, the ideas of equilibrium and cultural harmony and organic growth are emphasized. They move into the center of theoretical discourse the problem of purposeful social action. While Ogburn sets the task in terms of a one-linear development toward technological improvement and gradual cultural absorption of the increased capacity, Odum shows more concern for the imponderabilia of conservative customs and mores that have to be readjusted lest chaos and cultural disintegration interrupt the progressive trend of our institutions. The reference to Spengler's cultural pessimism will appear at times as the reflection of a conservative attitude that struggles with the disappointment of lost tradition. It would be a mistake, however, to interpret the organistic tendencies in Odum's thought as the offshoot of defeatism. The disequilibrium that appears due to the "artificial" rate of acceleration of technicways is taken as a challenge. The concept is loaded, of course, with an evaluation of the situation. And "artificial" rate surmises the existence of a "natural" rate of increase. It would be hard to prove what a normal rate of increase might be. Statistical verification may demonstrate the acceleration; it is not able to demonstrate the fact that this acceleration exceeds any standard or norm. We are confronted here with a postulate which we may accept or dismiss as irrelevant. The validity of Odum's theory will be established by its effect upon social action. The close interrelationship of theory and social action in Odum's thought shines through in the fact that it poses as an open system ready to guide action through various alternatives of equilibrium or disequilibrium. The means of adjustment to cultural harmony are two fold: (1) the acceleration in the change of moods and attitudes and (2) the retardation of technological change offer themselves as alternatives to the progressive or to the more conservative planner. His evaluation is apparent in a postulate that condemns and interprets the inconsistencies and the crisis of our present state as the outcome of an unplanned cultural and economic development. It does not evaluate with regard to the political antinomy between conservatism and progressive liberalism. It retains for the social scientist the role of an expert who makes the social problems of the day translucent by the development of a theoretical framework, open to the check of statistical verification and ready to serve as a guide for administrative and political measures.
The analysis of drinking-water sanitation in cities and towns of Nanping in the year 2008-2010

Objective:To improve the health management quality of drinking water by learning the sanitary conditions of water used in daily life in the city of Nanping.Methods: Water quality detection data from centralized and dispersal water provision in 2008-2010 were counted,analyzed and evaluated.Results: The number of samples in 3 years are totally 689 with qualification rate of 68.2%.There are 586 samples of centralized water supply with qualification rate of 80.9% and 103 pieces of samples from dispersal water supply with qualification rate of 49.2%.The difference of qualification rate between the two types of provision is obvious.The lowest qualification rates of all in the source water,spring water and well water are the total number of bacterial and colon bacillus.For water after process and tap water the qualification rate in all terms are over 93.9%.Conclusion: The qualification rate of samples from centralized water supply is obviously higher than that of the dispersal water supply.The quality of the source water,spring water and well water is the main element that influences the qualification rate of civil water in cities and towns of Nanping.Enhancing the management of water head site and improving the water treatment technology are both key points to guarantee the safety of drinking water.
Analysis of pathogens in the body of the biological warfare survivors in Lishui

Objective To learn the infection status of Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis in the people who are survivors of Biological Warfare in lishui region during the Anti-Japanese War. Methods Serum of the survivors of plague infection is detected by indirect hemagglutination for plague F1 antibody,and wound paste of survivors of the anthrax infection is detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and colloidal gold for anthrax antigen. Results There are 9 of 106 samples which plague F1 antibody are positive,drops of ≥1∶32,and positive rate is 8. 49%,but 16 samples of bacillus anthracis are all negative. Conclusion The positive result means that the plague F1 antibody can for a long time or a lifetime be in the patients. The survivors of anthrax infection are suffering from skin anthrax during a long time,but the wound are without infectivity temporarily,and will not pose a major infectious hazards to local residents.
Results of surveillance of plague in Chuxiong city in 2013

Objective To analyze the monitoring data of plague in Chuxiong city in 2013. Methods The surveillance data of plague in Chuxiong city in 2013It were collected and analyzed according to"Yunnan plague prevention and control scheme". Results Totally 11 954 rat cages per night were put in Chuxiong city in 2013.Two genera in 1 family of 1 order of the host animals were identified. Totally 357 rats were captured and the average annual capture rate was 2.99%. The density of Rattus flavipectus was 0.33%.Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species, flowed by Rattus flavipectus;There were 4 species fleas, Leptopsylla segnis was the dominant species. The flea-carrying rate of rats was 9.24%, and the total flea index was 0.45, the index for Xenopsylla cheopis was 0.16;The flea-carrying rate of Rattus flavipectus was 7.5%, the index for Xenopsylla cheopis of Rattus flavipectus is 0.05;No positive results were obtained by etiology and serology. Conclusion The plague in Chuxiong city is in a "resting period" and there is no sign of occurrence of plague.