cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limiting Means for Spherical Slices

We show that for a suitable class of functions of finitely-many variables, the limit of integrals along slices of a high dimensional sphere is a Gaussian integral on a corresponding finite-codimension affine subspace in infinite dimensions.
Co-localization with Category-Consistent Features and Geodesic Distance Propagation

Co-localization is the problem of localizing objects of the same class using only the set of images that contain them. This is a challenging task because the object detector must be built without negative examples that can lead to more informative supervision signals. The main idea of our method is to cluster the feature space of a generically pre-trained CNN, to find a set of CNN features that are consistently and highly activated for an object category, which we call category-consistent CNN features. Then, we propagate their combined activation map using superpixel geodesic distances for co-localization. In our first set of experiments, we show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on three related benchmarks: PASCAL 2007, PASCAL-2012, and the Object Discovery dataset. We also show that our method is able to detect and localize truly unseen categories, on six held-out ImageNet categories with accuracy that is significantly higher than previous state-of-the-art. Our intuitive approach achieves this success without any region proposals or object detectors, and can be based on a CNN that was pre-trained purely on image classification tasks without further fine-tuning.
Predicting COVID-19 Severity with a Specific Nucleocapsid Antibody plus Disease Risk Factor Score.

Effective methods for predicting COVID-19 disease trajectories are urgently needed. Here, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and coronavirus antigen microarray (COVAM) analysis mapped antibody epitopes in the plasma of COVID-19 patients (n = 86) experiencing a wide range of disease states. The experiments identified antibodies to a 21-residue epitope from nucleocapsid (termed Ep9) associated with severe disease, including admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), requirement for ventilators, or death. Importantly, anti-Ep9 antibodies can be detected within 6 days post-symptom onset and sometimes within 1 day. Furthermore, anti-Ep9 antibodies correlate with various comorbidities and hallmarks of immune hyperactivity. We introduce a simple-to-calculate, disease risk factor score to quantitate each patient's comorbidities and age. For patients with anti-Ep9 antibodies, scores above 3.0 predict more severe disease outcomes with a 13.42 likelihood ratio (96.7% specificity). The results lay the groundwork for a new type of COVID-19 prognostic to allow early identification and triage of high-risk patients. Such information could guide more effective therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over two million deaths worldwide. Despite efforts to fight the virus, the disease continues to overwhelm hospitals with severely ill patients. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is readily accomplished through a multitude of reliable testing platforms; however, prognostic prediction remains elusive. To this end, we identified a short epitope from the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and also a disease risk factor score based upon comorbidities and age. The presence of antibodies specifically binding to this epitope plus a score cutoff can predict severe COVID-19 outcomes with 96.7% specificity.
The On The Fly imaging technique

Aims. The On-The-Fly (OTF) imaging technique enables single-dish radio telescopes to construct images of small areas of the sky with greater efficiency and accuracy.Methods. This paper describes the practical application of the OTF imaging technique. By way of example the implementation of the OTF imaging technique at the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope is described.Results. Specific requirements for data sampling, image formation, and Doppler correction are discussed.
Solution of the NLO BFKL equation and a strategy for solving the all-order BFKL equation

We derive the solution of the NLO BFKL equation by constructing its eigenfunctions perturbatively, using an expansion around the LO BFKL (conformal) eigenfunctions. This method can be used to construct a solution of the BFKL equation with the kernel calculated to an arbitrary order in the coupling constant.
Remarks on Positive Energy Vacua via Effective Potentials in String Theory

We study warped compactifications of string/M theory with the help of effective potentials, continuing previous work of the last two authors and Michael R. Douglas presented in (On the boundedness of effective potentials arising from string compactifications. Communications in Mathematical Physics 325(3):847–878, 2014). Under physically reasonable assumptions, we provide a mathematically rigorous proof of the existence of positive local minima of a large class of effective potentials. The dynamics of the conformal factor of the internal metric, which is responsible for instabilities in these constructions, is explored, and such instabilities are investigated in the context of de Sitter vacua. We prove existence results for the equations of motion in the case of a slowly varying warp factor, and the stability of such solutions is also addressed. These solutions are a family of meta-stable de Sitter vacua from type IIB string theory in a general non-supersymmetric setup.
Rectifiability of Line Defects in Liquid Crystals with Variable Degree of Orientation

In [2], Hardt, Lin and the author proved that the defect set of minimizers of the modified Ericksen energy for nematic liquid crystals consists locally of a finite union of isolated points and Holder continuous curves with finitely many crossings. In this article, we show that each Holder continuous curve in the defect set is of finite length. Hence, locally, the defect set is rectifiable. For the most part, the proof closely follows the work of De Lellis et al. (Rectifiability and upper minkowski bounds for singularities of harmonic q-valued maps, arXiv:1612.01813 , 2016) on harmonic $${\mathcal{Q}}$$ -valued maps. The blow-up analysis in Alper et al. (Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 56(5):128, 2017) allows us to simplify the covering arguments in [11] and locally estimate the length of line defects in a geometric fashion.
Identifying supersingular elliptic curves

Given an elliptic curve E over a field of positive characteristic p, we consider how to efficiently determine whether E is ordinary or supersingular. We analyze the complexity of several existing algorithms and then present a new approach that exploits structural differences between ordinary and supersingular isogeny graphs. This yields a simple algorithm that, given E and a suitable non-residue in 𝔽p2, determines the supersingularity of E in O(n3log 2n) time and O(n) space, where n=O(log p) . Both these complexity bounds are significant improvements over existing methods, as we demonstrate with some practical computations.
Formation of ultracold LiRb molecules by photoassociation near the Li(2s 2S1/2) + Rb(5p 2P1/2) asymptote

We report the production of ultracold 7Li85Rb molecules by photoassociation (PA) below the Li (2s 2S1/2) + Rb(5p 2P1/2) asymptote. We perform PA spectroscopy in a dual-species 7Li-85Rb magneto-optical trap (MOT) and detect the PA resonances using trap loss spectroscopy. We observe several strong PA resonances corresponding to the last few bound states, assign the lines and derive the long-range C6 dispersion coefficients for the Li (2s 2S1/2) + Rb(5p 2P1/2) asymptote. We also report an excited-state molecule formation rate of and a PA rate coefficient of , which are both among the highest observed for heteronuclear bi-alkali molecules. These suggest that PA is a promising route for the creation of ultracold ground-state LiRb molecules.
Non-equilibrium Dynamics in the Quantum Brownian Oscillator and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

We initially prepare a quantum linear oscillator weakly coupled to a bath in equilibrium at an arbitrary temperature. We disturb this system by varying a Hamiltonian parameter of the coupled oscillator, namely, either its spring constant or mass according to an arbitrary but pre-determined protocol in order to perform external work on it. We then derive a closed expression for the reduced density operator of the coupled oscillator along this non-equilibrium process as well as the exact expression pertaining to the corresponding quasi-static process. This immediately allows us to analytically discuss the second law of thermodynamics for non-equilibrium processes. Then we derive a Clausius inequality and obtain its validity supporting the second law, as a consistent generalization of the Clausius equality valid for the quasi-static counterpart, introduced in (Kim and Mahler in Phys. Rev. E 81:011101, 2010, [1]).
Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Interval Energy Data

High-resolution data are desired in many data-driven applications; however, in many cases only data whose resolution is lower than expected are available due to various reasons. It is then a challenge how to obtain as much useful information as possible from the low-resolution data. In this paper, we target interval energy data collected by Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), and propose a Super-Resolution Reconstruction (SRR) approach to upsample low-resolution (hourly) interval data into higher-resolution (15-minute) data using deep learning. Our preliminary results show that the proposed SRR approaches can achieve much improved performance compared to the baseline model.
Fiscal Zoning and Sales Taxes: Do Higher Sales Taxes Lead to More Retailing and Less Manufacturing?

Using data from Florida counties, we test the hypothesis that local government officials in jurisdictions that have higher local sales taxes are more likely to use fiscal zoning to attract retailin...
Constructing Order Type Graphs Using an Axiomatic Approach

A given order type in the plane can be represented by a corresponding point set. However, it might be difficult to recognize the orientations of some point triples. Recently, Aichholzer et al. [3] introduced exit graphs for visualizing order types in the plane. We present a new class of geometric graphs, called OT-graphs, using abstract order types and their axioms described in the well-known book by Knuth [15]. Each OT-graph corresponds to a unique order type. We develop efficient algorithms for recognizing OT-graphs and computing a minimal OT-graph for a given order type in the plane. We provide experimental results on all order types of up to nine points in the plane including a comparative analysis of exit graphs and OT-graphs.
Minimum-Norm Adversarial Examples on KNN and KNN based Models

We study the robustness against adversarial examples of kNN classifiers and classifiers that combine kNN with neural networks. The main difficulty lies in the fact that finding an optimal attack on kNN is intractable for typical datasets. In this work, we propose a gradient-based attack on kNN and kNN-based defenses, inspired by the previous work by Sitawarin & Wagner [1]. We demonstrate that our attack outperforms their method on all of the models we tested with only a minimal increase in the computation time. The attack also beats the state-of-the-art attack [2] on kNN when $k > 1$ using less than 1% of its running time. We hope that this attack can be used as a new baseline for evaluating the robustness of kNN and its variants.
Lacan & Voting Rights

Symposium: Cultural Studies & the Law: Beyond Legal Realism? This article is a symptomatic reading of Shaw v. Reno. This reading is informed by Lacanian psychoanalysis and the work of James Baldwin.
Not "Voluntary" but Still Reasonable: A New Paradigm for Understanding the Consent Searches Doctrine

In the wake of the recent Supreme Court case United States v. Drayton, this article dissects the current jurisprudence regarding consensual searches, which seems to be disconnected from the practical reality of a police/civilian interaction. My thesis is that we need a new paradigm for evaluating these searches, both to assist courts in judging the validity of consent, and also to better understand how courts are arriving at the decisions that they make. Under the old paradigm, courts have been using the "voluntariness" paradigm, derived from the Due Process clause, which (in theory) looks to the subjective state of mind of the individual being searched to determine whether the consent was "voluntary." I argue that this paradigm is clumsy and fails to capture the critical nuances of the interaction between the police and civilians. It is so unworkable that the Supreme Court has already begun using a different test in practice, even as it maintains the rhetoric of "voluntariness." I therefore propose that we adopt a "compulsion" paradigm, based on the reasonableness standard of the Fourth Amendment. Under this new paradigm, the court would conduct a purely objective inquiry into the conduct of the law enforcement official. As part of the inquiry, the court would examine the degree of compulsion that was applied and also evaluate the types of compulsion used by the law enforcement officer. I justify my theory through an examination of the consent searches jurisprudence, a comparison with the voluntary confession jurisprudence, and a review of psychological studies on obedience to authority.
Growing up Democratic: Generational Change in East Asian Democracies

Most new democracies face a challenge of reshaping the political culture to support the new democratic political order. This can often be a long-term process, complicated by the Realpolitik of governing in a new political (and often economic) system. One of the mechanisms of cultural change is generational change. New generations socialized after a democratic transition are presumably educated into the political norms of the new democratic regime. However, one can also imagine that the young lack clear political cues because they grow up under a system in transition, or even reject the new order if it is accompanied by widespread social dislocation. The study of generational change in new democracies thus provides insights into the processes transforming a nation's political culture. We analyze generational change in the new democracies of East Asia using the Second Wave of the East Asian Barometer. We examine support for a democratic/authoritarian regime and the citizenship norms that underlie a democratic process (such as the rule of law and political tolerance). Our results yield evidence of significant generational change in regime norms in these new democracies, which suggests that the political culture is gradually being transformed.
When Theory Met Practice: Distributional Analysis in Critical Criminal Law Theorizing

Modern critical race theorists, at least in the legal realm, often find themselves torn between two venerable, but inconsistent, traditions. On the one side is the critical legal studies paradigm, which incorporates an acute skepticism of law, legal formalism, and rights constructs and instead seeks to expose the deep structures (institutional, discursive, and social) of racial and other hierarchies.1 On the other side is the civil rights framework, which views racial justice through a lens of equal rights and the legal frameworks erected to achieve them.2 The tensions between formalism and anti-formalism, individualism and structuralism, and liberalism and socialism manifest frequently in critical race theorizing.3 For example, while critical race theory embraces identity-based rights frames, when such frames prove constraining to substantive racial justice, theorists are eager to open up the notion of identity to intersectional and identity performance analyses.4 The same tensions play out more openly in feminist legal theory,
State and Local Determinants of Employment Outcomes Among Individuals With Disabilities

In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009–2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facil...
The Impact of Stock and Real Estate Returns on the Propensity of Households to Meet the Capital Accumulation Ratio Guideline

34 Introduction Retirement planning is a scary and complex endeavor for many people. Retirement planning involves many unknowns: How long will I live? When will I want to retire? How much money will I be making when I retire? How will my health be in retirement? All of these questions lead up to the main question: How much do I need to save today for retirement? Because of all the complexities and unknown variables involved, most people are not interested in learning the details or do not have the patience to do so. Life is hectic, many people are overworked, and retirement planning tends to take a backseat.
Following the Herd: Bringing Electronic Casebooks into the Law School

Should law school faculty integrate electronic casebooks into their courses? After describing the eTextbook market forces, this article posits that digital casebooks will not only be in great demand, but also can assist in lowering the cost of legal education while creating more practice-ready students. Additionally, technological improvements in eCasebook platforms will address the unique needs of law students, thereby increasing acceptance and usage. The article concludes with a brief survey of current eCasebook alternatives and an argument for the creation of value-added open source, open access digital casebooks with assistance from the law library.
Running on the Constitution

In this book review, I examine the major findings of Andrew E. Busch's The Constitution on the Campaign Trail -- including that presidential campaigns invoke the Constitution less and less -- and raise questions about the implications of this finding. I argue that, in some ways, constitutional rhetoric is just as strong as ever in presidential campaigns. Moreover, even if Busch is right that constitutional rhetoric is declining, I disagree with Busch that this is an ominous sign of the poor health of American constitutionalism. Instead, the decline could be a sign of the health of our constitutional democracy because fewer constitutional issues are as hotly contested as they once were.
Lending Standards and Countercyclical Capital Requirements under Imperfect Information

We propose a quantitative model of lending standards with two reasons for inefficient credit: lenders' moral hazard from deposit insurance or government guarantees, and imperfect information about the persistence of asset price growth, which generates incorrect but rational beliefs in the lenders. We calibrate the model to match recent credit boom-bust episodes. Then we study which patterns of real estate price growth and banks' beliefs could serve as early warning indicators of a crisis. Finally, we propose a Value-at-Risk (VaR) rule to implement the capital requirements. The VaR framework ensures that the probability of banks not having enough equity to cover their losses is maintained at a certain level. Capital requirements should be state-contingent and lean against lenders' beliefs by tightening after periods of asset price growth. However, the relationship between asset price growth and financial risk is not monotone and this should be integrated in the setting of the capital requirements and early warning indicators.
A fiscal theory of sovereign risk

Abstract Under certain monetary-fiscal regimes the risk of default and thus the emergence of sovereign risk premiums are inevitable. This paper argues that in this context even small differences in the specification of monetary policy can have enormous effects on the equilibrium behavior of default rates and risk premiums. Under some monetary policy rules studied, the conditional expectation of default rates and sovereign risk premiums are constant, so movements in these variables always arrive as a surprise. Under other monetary regimes considered, the equilibrium default rate and the sovereign risk premium are serially correlated and therefore forecastable. The paper also studies the consequences of delaying default. It characterizes environments under which procrastinating on default is counterproductive.
Pro-Human Rights but Anti-Poor? A Critical Evaluation of the Indian Supreme Court from a Social Movement Perspective

Judicial activism is a contested phenomenon, with the liberals and even the conservatives championing it while denouncing its particular manifestations. In this article, I examine the recent judicial practice of one of the most activist judiciaries in the world, that of India, where progressive politics is often, and sometimes always, associated with an activist and benign court. Indeed, the Indian Supreme Court has a global reputation as a torchbearer on human rights. In this article, I adopt a social movement perspective to understand the actual impact of the court on the struggles of the poor for livelihood, resources, values, and identity, enacted through struggles for the recognition and realization of economic, social, and cultural rights. After an analysis of the record of the Supreme Court of India, I conclude that the Court has increasingly shown a bias against the poor in its activist rulings and made judicial activism a more problematic device for social movements in India to rely upon. To explain why this is happening, the article introduces two ideas: first, the emergence of the judiciary as an organ of governance and its attendant problems, and second, the internally biased nature of the rights discourse which tends to reproduce binary arguments for either increasing State capacity or for increasing choice of goods in the marketplace. The article concludes by exploring lessons from the jurisprudence of other countries and international law and urges the Indian Supreme Court to reinvent a jurisprudence informed more by the social movements of the poor.
The comparative efficiency performance of small and large US commercial banks in the pre- and post-deregulation eras

The purposes of this paper are twofold: first, to employ a flexible non-parametric approach to contrast the productive efficiency of a sample of small and large banks in order to examine the relationship between size and productive performance in the banking industry. Second, to investigate whether the relative efficiency performance of small and large banks has changed following the changes in the banking environment in the 1980s and to contrast the rate of technological change achieved by these two groups of banks over this time period. The findings based on group-specific frontiers suggest that in the pre-deregulation environment small banks were more efficient than the large banks while in the deregulated environment small and large banks were equally efficient. Moreover, the dispersion in the efficiency measures of the small banks is found to have increased substantially while that of the large banks changed little over the sample period.
Campaign Fundraising in State Supreme Court Elections

Objective. What factors affect the ability of candidates for state supreme courts to raise money? In this article, I test (and expand) existing theories of political fundraising (taken largely from legislative studies) in the context of judicial elections. Methods. I examine the determinants of campaign contributions to all candidates running for the state supreme court from 1990–2000 in states that have competitive judicial elections. Most basically, I hypothesize that a candidate's ability to raise money is dependent on characteristics of the candidate, the state electoral and supreme court context, and institutional arrangements. Results. The results suggest that candidates who have a greater probability of success than their opponents are better able to raise money. Yet, all is not within the control of the candidates, as the electoral context of the state and the court as well as the institutional arrangements of the election and the court are also relevant. Conclusions. Campaign fundraising by state supreme court candidates, much like fundraising by legislative candidates, can be understood in systematic and predictable ways. Candidates have some control over the amount of money that they are able to raise (and thus their electoral viability), although there is little they can do about the electoral and supreme court context. Additionally, institutional arrangements play a large role in raising campaign funds, suggesting that there is not much reformers can do to limit the amount of money involved in elections short of eradicating elections altogether.
TAX STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: MANY PUZZLES AND A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION

Abstract Tax policies seen in developing countries are puzzling on many dimensions, given the sharp contrast between these policies and both those seen in developed countries and those forecast in the optimal tax literature. In this paper, we explore how forecasted policies change if firms can successfully evade taxes by conducting all business in cash, thereby avoiding any use of the financial sector. The forecasted policies are now much closer to those observed.
Using the thinkLet framework to improve distributed collaborative writing

This paper uses the thinkLet framework to advance collaborative writing (CW) processes, facilitation techniques and writing technologies. Specifically, the paper proposes critical requirements for CW tools and key CW facilitation considerations in terms of configurations and scripts. Several examples of successful facilitation and CW processes are presented, including case-specific scenarios for group meeting notes, academic articles and corporate strategy documents. These concepts not only advance the facilitation of CW groups but can also encourage such groups to become more self-sustaining over time.
Protecting Rights in the Age of Terrorism: Challenges and Opportunities

Depending on whom you speak to these days (and the mood in which you find them), international law is either practically moribund, or it's more vibrant and important than it has been for years. To take the good news story first, international law issues have been at the forefront of public discourse over the past few years. Pick your issue: the U.N. Charter and the international law on the use of force? The Convention Against Torture? The Geneva Conventions? You'll find it on the front page these days. Journalists are phoning international law professors for background briefings, and students are flocking to courses on international law and human rights. On law school faculties, even those grumpy sorts who have always greeted the mention of international law with a skeptical "harrumph" have taken to buttonholing their international law colleagues in the hallways, demanding an explication of how the Torture Convention regards so-called "stress and duress" tactics.Even the Supreme Court has weighed in, with recent decisions referencing everything from the European Convention on Human Rights (cited by Justice Kennedy in Lawrence v. Texas) to the Hague and Geneva Conventions (cited by Justice O'Connor in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld). For international lawyers who have long labored in obscurity, this is definitely good news. Right? Right.
The Determinants and Impact of Executive-Firm Matches ⁄

I estimate a model of executive-firm matching, in which both components of the executive labor market outcome—the assignment of managers to firms and the cross-sectional distribution of executive pay—are endogenously determined. Results in this paper reveal the importance of match specificity in productivity, driven by complementarities between firm and manager attributes. Therefore, one reason that larger, more diversified, research-intensive firms pay their executives more is because they are assortatively matched with managers that are talented, have more cross-industry experience, and are prone to innovation. More important, they outbid competing firms for these managers because they enjoy higher marginal productivity from given managerial skills. Announcement abnormal returns and executive tenure duration are both higher for matches with higher estimated productivity, suggesting mutual benefits for both the firms and the managers from assortative matching. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
CEO Assessment and the Structure of Newly Formed Boards

Following corporate spinoffs, unit boards are formed from scratch. We find that these “de novo” boards are smaller, more independent, include more outside directors with relevant industry expertise, and derive more industry expertise from outsiders than do industry- and size-matched peers. These differences are observed only when the unit CEO was not the CEO or a director of the pre-spinoff parent firm—that is, when there is a greater need to assess the CEO's ability and match with the firm. We conclude that the need for CEO assessment is an important element of the structure of newly formed boards
Should We Ban or Welcome SPEC Home Buyers

This paper begins by recounting the extent to which speculating buyers contributed more than proportionately to housing price volatility and the rate of mortgage foreclosure. The second section turns to the way spec buyers deceived mortgage lenders by committing occupancy fraud, claiming falsely that they were buying as owner occupants so they could benefit from more favorable mortgage rates and terms. The third section starts by describing the mischief spec buyers caused home builders and condo developers by signaling phantom housing demand, and degrading ‘for sale’ housing tracts and condo developments by leaving newly bought homes vacant or filling them with short term rentals. The fourth section explores the rationale for a government imposed ban on home flipping. This would be a publicly imposed constraint on alienability.
The Future of the Securities and Exchange Commission as a Market Regulator

This Article discusses the traditional responsibilities of the Securities and Exchange Commission as a market regulator and the future prospects for the continuation of these mandates. The jurisdictional conflicts between the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the reasons why they have remained separate agencies are set forth. The Article also suggests several areas where securities market regulation has failed and new areas where the Securities and Exchange Commission, or a combined Securities and Exchange Commission and Commodity Futures Trading Commission, should focus with respect to market regulation. The areas discussed are broker-dealer capital adequacy, credit and other derivatives trading, short sales, hedge funds, and credit rating agencies.
Who Believes the Hype? An Experimental Examination of How Language Affects Investor Judgments

This paper investigates the effect of vivid language on investor judgments. Recent research finds that investor judgments are significantly influenced by disclosure tone (positive versus negative). Holding tone constant, we investigate investors’ reactions to vivid versus pallid information. Drawing on theories from psychology, we predict that investors will be sensitive to the differences between vivid and pallid language when the underlying information is preference inconsistent, but not when the information is preference consistent. Results of two experiments support our prediction. Vivid language significantly influences the judgment of investors who hold contrarian positions (i.e., short investors in a bull market and long investors in a bear market). Interestingly, vivid language has limited influence on the judgment of investors who hold positions consistent with the general tenor of the market. Our results provide evidence regarding when vividness matters and when it does not in financial contexts, thereby contributing to both psychology and a growing
The crisis in legal education: embracing ethnographic approaches to law

ABSTRACTThere is general consensus amongst many laws schools around the world that legal education is in crisis and needs to be reformed. This crisis is very evident in the United States where the cost of legal education and the concurrent decline in law firm employment has placed pressures both on law students and law schools. Some legal educators argue that legal education needs to teach vocational and technical skills applicable to the current job market. Others argue legal education should be more attentive to transnational legal processes and should be training global citizens. In this essay I argue that whatever particular reformist trajectory, an ethnographic approach underscores the connections between laws, skills and values that is said to be lacking in much legal education. Drawing primarily on the US legal system and an illustrative case study within it, I argue that all legal training, be it in family law or corporate law, and be it for practising at local, national, regional, international o...
Modeling the Growth of Transportation Networks: A Comprehensive Review

This paper reviews the progress that has been made over the last half-century in modeling and analyzing the growth of transportation networks. An overview of studies has been provided following five main streams: network growth in transport geography; traffic flow, transportation planning, and network growth; statistical analyses of network growth; economics of network growth; and network science. In recognition of the vast advances through decades in terms of exploring underlying growth mechanisms and developing effective network growth models, the authors also point out the challenges that are faced to model the complex process of transport development.
Beyond reason and interest

As is often the case with a work of genius, Pierre Schlag's The Enchantment of Reason is both stunningly impressive and maddeningly perplexing. It cuts to the heart of all that happens within the legal academy (and sometimes beyond) by identifying our central, and, according to Pierre, highly implausible, premise. Legal academicians and other members of the culture in which we thrive speak "as if" life's most difficult challenges are generally amenable to reasoned solutions. Pierre then thrills us with a deft display of the shallowness of such a poorly disguised conceit. His reasoning is so good, his questions so incisive, and his conclusions to inescapable, that after reading The Enchantment of Reason, an intellectually honest person would be hard-pressed to continue participation in the business as usual game of the American legal academy. This, I gather, is one of Pierre's goals. But Pierre's book is cryptic, even silent, on the question of how to escape rather than merely to describe the paradoxes and riddles he illuminates. My fear then is that too many will come away from the book with their academic practices intact, acting "as if" Pierre hadn't said anything at all. In this brief essay, I will address those who would dismiss Pierre's work as cynical and woefully short on positive program. I will explain why I find not merely analytical clarity but political passion in Pierre's work. And I will explicitly call upon Pierre to take up the challenges his own work suggests for all those wishing to turn such passion toward useful projects in twenty-first century America.
Crime, Immigration, and Ad Hoc Instrumentalism

Criminal law and immigration law, once separate fields of governance in the United States, are rapidly growing less distinct. Immigration crimes now account for a majority of all federal prosecutions; deportation is widely seen as a key tool of crime control; immigration authorities run the nation’s largest prison system; and state and local law enforcement officers work hand-in-hand with federal immigration officials. This article traces these trends and assesses their significance. The rise of an intertwined regime of “crimmigration” law has generally been attributed to some combination of nativism, overcriminalization, and a cultural obsession with security, but it also exemplifies, and has helped to reinforce, a crucial and underappreciated development in U.S. legal culture—a rising tendency to treat legal rules and legal procedures as interchangeable tools, to be brought to bear pragmatically and instrumentally on an ad hoc basis. Ad hoc instrumentalism of this kind has genuine strengths, but it also raises significant concerns about the rule of law and political accountability. The accountability concerns, in particular, are exacerbated by two other features of our newly merged system of immigration enforcement and criminal justice: its bureaucratic opacity and its selective application.
Investor Protection and Equity Markets

We present a simple model of an entrepreneur going public in an environment with poor legal protection of outside shareholders. The model incorporates elements of Becker’s (J. Political Econ. 106 (1968) 172) ‘‘crime and punishment’’ framework into a corporate finance environment of Jensen and Meckling (J. Financial Econ. 3 (1976) 305). We examine the entrepreneur’s decision and the market equilibrium. The model is consistent with a number of empirical regularities concerning the relation between investor protection and corporate finance. It also sheds light on the patterns of capital flows between rich and poor countries and on the politics of reform of investor protection. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bonham's Case, Judicial Review, and the Law of Nature

Bonham’s Case (1610) as reported by Sir Edward Coke has often been regarded as an early instance of judicial review of legislation. Lawyers, particularly in the United States, have taken it as a common law precedent for permitting judges to strike down unconstitutional statutes. Using contemporary evidence from English and Continental legal works, this article contends that Bonham’s Case actually rested upon then commonly accepted principles of the law of nature, and that those principles stopped short of embracing judicial review in the modern sense. The argument depends on establishing four points: first, that Coke accepted the existence of natural law and used it in his own writings; second, that the facts of Bonham’s Case lent themselves naturally to application of the law of nature to a parliamentary act; third, that as understood at the time, natural law did not permit judicial invalidation of statutes; and fourth, that other contemporary evidence supports this more restrained understanding of Coke’s statements in Bonham’s Case. In its contemporary setting, the case was therefore compatible with Parliamentary supremacy. It well illustrates, however, one way in which the law of nature was applied in actual litigation. The student who picks Bonham’s Case as a topic had better take a deep breath first. S.E. Thorne described the academic literature devoted to the case as “voluminous and repetitious”(1938, 543 n.1). And that was in 1938! Since then, it has only become more so—more voluminous and more repetitious. Few seem to have been deterred by his warning, which (to be fair) he did not heed himself. Writing about the case and controversy about what place it occupies in the development of judicial review of legislation have 1 Ruth Wyatt Rosenson Distinguished Service Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law school. The author would like to thank Bernard Harcourt and William Treanor for perceptive readings of earlier versions of this article and also for their help in improving it. 2 8 Co. Rep. 107a, 113b, 77 Eng. Rep. 638, 646 (1610). Winter 2009: Volume 1, Number 1 ~ Journal of Legal Analysis ~ 325 1 326 ~ Helmholz: Bonham’s Case, Judicial Review, and the Law of Nature continued unabated. It is hard to suppose anything remains to be said. I believe something does remain to be said about the case nonetheless, and I have therefore taken it as a subject for research and discussion. My reason is that Bonham’s Case illustrates the part played by the law of nature in the working jurisprudence of past centuries. That part has not always been fully understood, and on that account the case repays a further look.
Should Prosecutors Blog, Post, or Tweet?: The Need for New Restraints in Light of Social Media

Prosecutors’ extrajudicial speech is not a new problem. Indeed, prosecutors’ out-of-court statements to the press and the public at large have been of concern for over a century. Consequently, ethical rules and standards have been implemented to protect defendants from undue reputational harm and to strike a balance between trial participants’ right to free speech and defendants’ right to due process. Although these rules and standards are periodically revised, they have not yet accounted for the differences between traditional media—for which the rules and standards were written—and social media. Recently, however, prosecutors have used social media to discuss pending cases and other aspects of the prosecutorial function, raising concern over how social media may magnify both the benefits and the risks of harm associated with prosecutors’ extrajudicial statements. This Note analyzes the differences between traditional media and social media, as well as how those differences impact the effect of prosecutors’ extrajudicial speech on pending matters, the reputation of the accused, and public perception of prosecutors and the justice system as a whole. This Note argues that the increased risks of harm presented by prosecutors’ use of social media necessitate new restraints to restore the free speech/fair trial balance and promote professionalism in the social media age.
Developing Countries as Plaintiffs and Defendants in GATT/WTO Trade Disputes

Developing countries have been increasing their participation in the formal institutions and proceedings of the multilateral trading system. A prominent example is their more frequent involvement as defendants and plaintiffs in GATT/WTO trade disputes. This paper provides an initial economic appraisal of developing country performance in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system. We measure the economic resolution of these disputes through trade liberalisation gains, and our results suggest that developing country plaintiffs have had more success under WTO disputes than was the case under the GATT. We also document evidence on potential determinants of this success: the capacity for plaintiffs to make credible retaliatory threats and the guilty determinations by GATT/WTO panels. Finally, there is also some evidence that developing countries have recognised the importance of retaliatory threats and have responded by changing their pattern of dispute initiation under the WTO to better take advantage of the instances in which they have sufficient leverage to threaten retaliation and induce compliance with GATT/WTO obligations.
The Policy Consequences of Health Bias in Political Voice

Although research on the link between health and political behavior at the individual level has flourished, there have been no systematic analyses regarding the policy consequences of health inequa...
A Code of One's Own

A Code of One's Own is an essay exploring the idea that we can learn about professionalism by reflecting on the humanities. The paper is modeled on Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own which is a series of lectures in six chapters. The essay uses those chapters to develop the idea that lawyers, through self-reflection and observation, can develop a professional code of their own. The paper was developed through co-teaching a course entitled, Law in Literature and Philosophy as well as by attending the Aspen Institute and the Glenmoor Institute of Justice for the Legal Profession, which are both Great Books seminars that examine different aspects of law and society.
The Welfare Effects of Adverse Selection in Privatized Medicare

This paper estimates the welfare losses from market failures caused by adverse selection in privatized Medicare. I model insurers' premium and coverage choices in an environment where consumers have heterogeneous preferences and may impose different costs on their insurers. The model generates predictions about insurers' costs and behavior under varying degrees of adverse selection. I use the model and exogenous variation in market structure to identify a causal link between consumers' types and insurers costs. From the estimated parameters, I can infer whether consumers' preferences, which determine how much insurance they purchase, contain information about their expected health. The empirical results imply that adverse selection is indeed present in privatized Medicare. It is more costly to insure consumers with strong preferences for health insurance. With the estimated model, I simulate new equilibria after removing the distortionary effects of adverse selection from insurers' costs and incentives. The new equilibria exhibit more generous insurance coverage and lower premiums. These effects are particularly strong in markets with many insurers. The total surplus associated with privatized Medicare increases by 15.1%, suggesting that the welfare losses from adverse selection are substantial.
Endogenous Social Preferences

A long-standing discussion in economics asks whether institutions affect people’s social predispositions. The current experiment tests whether different aspects of markets affect people’s social preferences. The results are that people are less socially minded in more anonymous settings. Additionally, market competition erodes social preferences through two mechanisms. First, market competition encourages opportunistic behavior, and second, the market institution itself decreases the other-regardingness of the participants. JEL classification: C72; C92; D64
The demographic transition: Causes and consequences

This paper develops the theoretical foundations and the testable implications of the various mechanisms that have been proposed as possible triggers for the demographic transition. Moreover, it examines the empirical validity of each of the theories and their significance for the understanding of the transition from stagnation to growth. The analysis suggests that the rise in the demand for human capital in the process of development was the main trigger for the decline in fertility and the transition to modern growth
Effects of stricter environmental regulations on resource development

Abstract This analysis seeks to understand whether changes in oil regulation brought about by the shale revolution have restricted the pace of drilling and production. This hypothesis is tested using data on North Dakota and Montana both before and after North Dakota increased regulations that raise fixed costs. Results generally find that the new regulations had no statistical impact on the pace of drilling and production, however it is found that smaller operators reduced their production and exited. These results are instructive for policymakers who weigh the loss of economic welfare against improved environmental quality when deciding on new regulations.