cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Stable Near-Unity Photoluminescence Yield in Monolayer MoS2 by Fluoropolymer Encapsulation and Superacid Treatment

Recently, there has been considerable research interest in two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for future optoelectronic applications. It has been shown that surface passivation with the organic nonoxidizing superacid bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TFSI) produces MoS2 and WS2 monolayers whose recombination is at the radiative limit, with a photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of ∼100%. While the surface passivation persists under ambient conditions, exposure to conditions such as water, solvents, and low pressure found in typical semiconductor processing degrades the PL QY. Here, an encapsulation/passivation approach is demonstrated that yields near-unity PL QY in MoS2 and WS2 monolayers which are highly stable against postprocessing. The approach consists of two simple steps: encapsulation of the monolayers with an amorphous fluoropolymer and a subsequent TFSI treatment. The TFSI molecules are able to diffuse through the encapsulation layer and passivate the defect state...
Home is where our journey begins - getting more patients home after a hip fracture with an orthopaedic supportive discharge team.

ABSTRACT Hip fracture (neck of femur fracture (NOF)) patients spend a significant amount of time in hospitals, recuperating after the acute event and undergoing rehabilitation. This model of care increases the risk of institutionalisation and may lead to hospital-related harm. An orthopaedic supportive discharge team was set up using a £90,000 grant from the Ashford and St Peter’s NHS Foundation Trust’s Innovation Fund and care was improved using plan-do-study-act cycles. The team was operational from the 1 March 2014 with the capacity to support eight patients. Engagement meetings were held with patients, GPs and community partners. To reduce risk of readmission, patients were given fast track access to fracture and geriatric clinics. The team’s capacity increased to 12 patients through efficiency and introduction of cross-specialty working. The addition of a nurse and therapy assistant – coupled with further improvement in processes – increased capacity still further to 20 patients. In 2 years, 459 patients (211 NOFs) were referred to orthopaedic supportive discharge. Home-to-home discharges improved from 53.9% to 66.3% and length of stay reduced from 21.5 to 14.03 days, enabling a rehabilitation ward to be closed with significant cost savings for NOF patients. 99.6% of patients using orthopaedic supportive discharge provided positive feedback. Orthopaedic supportive discharge should be part of NOF services as it is cost effective, increases home-to-home discharges and reduces length of stay.
Chapter 1 Curvature and Vector Fields

By a manifold, we will always mean a smooth manifold. To understand this book, it is helpful to have had some prior exposure to the theory of manifolds. The reference [21] contains all the background needed. For the benefit of the reader, we review in Appendix A, mostly without proofs, some of the definitions and basic properties of manifolds.
Biochemistry of Halogenated Nucleosides and Nucleotides

The classic biochemical studies of Peters and co-workers, demonstrating the biosynthesis of the extremely toxic fluorocitrate from fluoroacetate, provided the initial example of the profound biological consequences of lethal synthesis (Chapter 1). The syntheses of fluorinated steroids by Fried and co-workers, based in part on the precedent provided by the altered biological activity of fluorocitrate, was a second development of historical proportions (Chapter 3). Of comparable scientific impact was the synthesis of 5-fluorouracil (fl5ura), 5-fluoroorotic acid (fl5oro), and 5-fluorocytosine (fl5cyt) (Fig. 5-1) by Heidelberger et al. (1957).
The Design and Use of Tungsten Coated TZM Molybdenum Tile Inserts in the DIII-D Tokamak Divertor

Future tokamak devices are envisioned to utilize a high-Z metal divertor with tungsten as the leading candidate. However, tokamak experiments with tungsten divertors have seen significant detriment...
Reading comprehension of ambiguous sentences by school-age children with autism spectrum disorder.

Weak central coherence (processing details over gist), poor oral language abilities, poor suppression, semantic interference, and poor comprehension monitoring have all been implicated to affect reading comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study viewed the contributions of different supporting skills as a collective set of skills necessary for context integration—a multi-component view—to examine individual differences in reading comprehension in school-age children (8–14 years) with ASD (n = 23) and typically developing control peers (n = 23). Participants completed a written ambiguous sentence comprehension task in which participants had to integrate context to determine the correct homonym meaning via picture selection. Both comprehension products (i.e., offline representations after reading) and processes (i.e., online processing during reading) were evaluated. Results indicated that children with ASD, similar to their TD peers, integrated the context to access the correct homonym meanings while reading. However, after reading the sentences, when participants were asked to select the meanings, both groups experienced semantic interference between the two meanings. This semantic interference hindered the children with ASD's sentence representation to a greater degree than their peers. Individual differences in age/development, word recognition, vocabulary breadth (i.e., number of words in the lexicon), and vocabulary depth (i.e., knowledge of the homonym meanings) contributed to sentence comprehension in both children with ASD and their peers. Together, this evidence supports a multi-component view, and that helping children with ASD develop vocabulary depth may have cascading effects on their reading comprehension. Autism Res 2017, 10: 2002–2022. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Like their peers, children with ASD were able to integrate context, or link words while reading sentences with ambiguous words (words with two meanings). After reading the sentences, both groups found it hard to pick the correct meaning of the ambiguous sentence and this decision was more difficult for the participants with ASD. Older children, children with better word reading abilities, and children with higher vocabularies were better at understanding ambiguous sentences. Helping children with ASD to develop richer vocabularies could be important for improving their reading comprehension.
Improving competitiveness through performance evaluation using the APC model: A case in micro-irrigation

Abstract With a growing worldwide population, water scarcity is growing as well. As most of the usable water on Earth is used for agriculture, micro-irrigation is considered to be desirable, sustainable and much more efficient method than conventional irrigation. This article focuses on management of water resources and performance evaluation of micro-irrigation firms. The competition and corporate financial performances is evaluated using APC model in order to provide strategic directions in water industry. The results, from application of APC model to a micro-irrigation company, provide insight to management in taking corrective actions for improvement in the short term. The results also provide cues in conducting SWOT analysis for developing strategies to compete effectively in the long term. This paper is important to researchers and business executives interested in measuring and evaluating corporate performance in terms of productivity, price recovery, and profitability, as well as to those interested in water conservation and sustainability.
Subaxial Posterior Cervical Fusion with Instrumentation

Subaxial posterior cervical fusion with instrumentation is commonly utilized for the treatment of unstable conditions or deformity. The procedure is highly effective and can be extended across the craniocervical and cervicothoracic junctions. Interspinous wire fixation has been replaced by lateral mass and cervical pedicle screw fixation. The latter has more risk due to potential vertebral artery injury but provides greater biomechanical stiffness than either wire or lateral mass fixation. The proximity of the spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and nerve roots mandates meticulous technique to avoid complications. Careful preoperative planning, understanding pertinent anatomy, and proper exposure are key principles to avoid iatrogenic harm. In conjunction with fixation, decortication and bone grafting is essential to obtain long-term arthrodesis.
Shear Capacity of Cold-Formed Light-Gauge Steel Framed Shear-Wall Panels with Fiber Cement Board Sheathing

Being light in weight, cold-formed steel shear wall panels (SWPs) made with light gauge steel are extensively used in residential and office buildings (low to mid-rise), particularly in structures under seismic loadings. Many design practices involve the use of fiber cement board (FCB) as sheathing material both for hollow and infilled walls. FCB is a preferred choice as cladding material due to many advantages it provides such as water resistance, lower cost, withstand temperature variation, resistance to humidity and termite attack, better acoustic insulation, and superior fire resistance properties. In the absence of design guidelines, based on cold-formed light gauge steel shear walls with FCB sheathing, the designers resolve to use the guideline available for gypsum wall board (GWB) and fiberboard (FB) available in American Iron and Steel Institute Lateral Design. As a pioneer study, an experimental program was designed to investigate the behavior of cold-formed light gauge steel shear walls, both hollow and infilled with expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam concrete, with FCB sheathing on both sides under monotonic loading. The tests were performed according to ASTM E564 standard. Results show that the strength of shear walls with FCB sheathing is much higher than GWB and FB sheathing, suggesting that substitute design practices are highly conservative. Test results can help designers choose desired lateral stiffness and load carrying capacity of light gauge steel SWPs more efficiently, by selecting appropriate framing, infill, and sheathing material.
De novo donor-specific antibody following BK nephropathy: The incidence and association with antibody-mediated rejection.

Background and objectives The risk of de novo donor-specific antibody (dnDSA) development following BK viremia (BKV) or nephropathy (BKN) after kidney transplant remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationships among dnDSA, BKV (BK blood PCR > 15 000 copies), BKN, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and allograft loss. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 904 solitary kidney transplant recipients transplanted between 10/2007 and 5/2014. Cox proportional hazards regression with time-dependent covariates were used to assess the relationships among BKN, isolated BKV, dnDSA, and the subsequent risk of AMR and allograft loss. Results In multivariate analysis, we observed that BKN, but not BKV was a risk factor for dnDSA (HR, 3.18, P = .008). Of the patients with BK nephropathy, 14.0% (6/43) developed dnDSA, which occurred within 14 months of BK diagnosis. DnDSA in this setting remains a risk factor for subsequent AMR (HR 4.75, P = .0001) and allograft loss (HR 2.63, P = .018). Conclusions BKN is an independent risk factor for development of dnDSA. Improved understanding of the characteristics of patients with BKN who are at highest risk for development of dnDSA would be valuable to customize immunosuppression reduction in this population.
McKendrick Von Foerster Models for Patch Dynamics

For many years, Lotka-Volterra equations served as the basic paradigm in ecological modelling. These equations, and models based on them, were responsible for the embodiment of ideas such as the competitive exclusion principle, and even quite recently, many ideas concerning the dynamics of food webs. However, as has long been recognized, these models represent a vast simplification of ecological reality. In particular, they ignore the consequences of structure within the populations modelled. This can be spatial structure, age structure, physiological structure, genetic or phenotypic structure, or possibly other kinds of structure. My goal in this paper will be to describe how models based on systems of first order partial differential equations, known as the McKendrick or Von Foerster equation, can be used to describe interacting spatially structured populations.
Distribution of radiosulfur, S35. I. In the human adult. II. In the young and the adult rat.

Abstract The distribution of radiosulfate in the tissues of an adult human female has been studied following the intravenous injection of S 35 -labeled sodium sulfate. The quantitative distribution of radioactive sulfur in the tissues of young and adult rats was determined following the intraperitoneal injection of Na 2 S 35 O 4 . In general the structures known to contain sulfated mucopolysaccharides, especially the connective tissue containing chondroitin sulfate, had the highest concentrations of S 35 . In the human adult the structures with the greatest level of radiosulfur were the rapidly growing tumor (carcinoma of the breast), red bone marrow, mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, cartilage, kidney, and aorta. Appreciable levels of sulfur 35 were noted in bone and in the endocrine glands. Low amounts were found in the muscle, nervous tissue, and fat. In the rat the structures with high S 35 deposition were cartilage, bone, aorta, and tendon. Other organs and tissues with appreciable; amounts of S 35 were kidney, skin, gastrointestinal tract, eyecoats, lung, and pituitary gland. Changes attributed to ageing were reflected by a decreased total radiosulfate in the tissues, and in some structures with increasing amounts of connective tissues, higher levels of S 35 proportionally.
Operating Room Setup and Patient Positioning for Non-obstetric Surgery During Pregnancy

Elective surgery is generally avoided during pregnancy if observation and medical management are possible. However, carefully planned non-obstetric surgeries may be performed if required while still ensuring the safety of both the mother and the fetus. The incidence of women requiring non-obstetric surgery during their pregnancy is similar to the frequency of nonpregnant women of childbearing age requiring surgery. Representing about 2% of the female population in the United States, these patients require a variety of procedures and numerous surgical specialties. Therefore, the perioperative surgical team requires a comprehensive knowledge of safe patient positioning for non-obstetric surgical procedures. These concepts are described in detail in this chapter based on their application in conventional operating rooms although they may be successfully adapted to various procedural settings.
Permanent Housing Placement and Reentry to Services Among Family Recipients of Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program (HPRP) Assistance

The Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program (HPRP) provided individuals and families who were either at-risk or currently experiencing homelessness with time-limited financial and housing support services. Evaluations of HPRP showed a high rate of family placement into permanent housing. However, little research has explored immediate and longitudinal outcomes for families enrolled in HPRP. Using Homeless Management Information System data from Indianapolis, Indiana, we examined demographic and program-related predictors of families entering permanent housing and their risk of reentry into homeless services following HPRP participation. The sample included 511 families who enrolled in the program from 2009 to 2012, with an average follow-up period of 4.5 years. We conducted analyses separately for Homelessness Prevention (HP) recipients (n = 357) and Rapid Re-Housing (RRH) recipients (n = 154). Results revealed that HP families were more likely to enter permanent housing if they: included adults who were older in age, were enrolled longer in the program, were provided rental arrear services and utility payments, and did not receive legal services. RRH families receiving rental assistance services had significantly greater odds of entering permanent housing. Among permanently housed families, at least one family member in 10.9% of HP recipients and 18.8% of RRH recipients reentered homeless services. HP families with younger children and one veteran family member were at increased risk of reentry to homelessness services. RRH recipients who did not receive moving cost services and had more children were at greater risk of reentry. Study findings suggest a need for future research on HP and RRH interventions that identify unique service needs among families who are experiencing housing instability or homelessness.
Problem Solving VS. Problem Formulating: Educational Implications of the Trinity Paradigm of Intelligence

The body of literature on human intelligence includes studies that stimulate human thinking and shed light on who we are as living entities and how we survive in complex situations. However, these studies lack one vital aspect of intelligence. What is lacking is an acknowledgement of the interconnectedness and interdependence of the embodied mind, human sociocultural and sociohistorical evolution, and transpersonal dynamics of who we are and how we make sense of our day-to-day living and enactment. Therefore, the intention of this research report is to explore a holistic approach to human intelligence and its implications for education in general and in mathematics education as an exemplar.
Is iodine deficiency still a problem in sub-Saharan Africa?: a review

Iodine is an essential trace mineral, vital for its functions in many physiological processes in the human body. Both iodine deficiency (ID) and excess are associated with adverse health effects; ID and excess iodine intake have both been identified in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The review aims to (1) review the iodine status among populations in SSA until October 2018, and (2) identify populations at risk of excess or inadequate iodine intakes. A systematic search of relevant articles was carried out by a seven-member research team using PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. A total of twenty-two articles was included for data extraction. Of the articles reviewed, the majority sought to determine the prevalence of iodine status of the study populations; others measured the impact of uncontrolled and unmonitored salt iodisation on iodine excess and tested the effectiveness of water iodisation. Although iodine status varied largely in study populations, ID and excessive iodine intake often coexisted within populations. The implementation of nutrition interventions and other strategies across SSA has resulted in the reduction of goitre prevalence. Even so, goitre prevalence remains high in many populations. Improvements in access to iodised salt and awareness of its importance are needed. The emerging problem of excess iodine intakes, however, should be taken into consideration by policy makers and programme implementers. As excessive iodine intakes may have adverse health effects greater than those induced by iodine deficient diets, more population-based studies are needed to investigate iodine intakes of the different population groups.
Outer retinal reflectance changes during visible light optical coherence tomography imaging (Conference Presentation)

Over the past 5 years, visible light Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has emerged as a promising technique for ultrahigh resolution microstructural imaging and depth-resolved imaging of chromophores. In the retina, visible light OCT can simultaneously induce and observe retinal changes during the phototransduction cascade, including bleaching-related absorption changes, as well as intrinsic scattering, cell swelling, and possible longer-term changes in retinal chromophores. Here we investigate outer retinal reflectance changes during visible light OCT in mice to better understand the contributions of these various signals. All experiments were performed on pigmented (C57BL/6J) and albino (BALB/c) mice in an initially dark-adapted state. There were no consistent reflectance changes in any layers including and proximal to the External Limiting Membrane (ELM). However, reflectance increased in the inner segment / outer segment (IS / OS) junction and outer segments tips (OST) of both strains. Layers distal to the photoreceptors such as the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane (BM), and choroid showed a consistent increase in pigmented mice and showed no significant change in albino mice. Though our results are qualitatively well-explained by results from photopigment bleaching and intrinsic optical signal experiments in the literature, the time scale of some of the changes observed in our study is too long, which could indicate either signals with a different physiological origin or the need for a more precise model to describe imaging and stimulation using the same beam profile.
Using HTML Converters

It is an accepted restriction of HTML that the document author has extremely limited control over document display. This makes HTML portable and easier to learn but frustrates many authors who would like more control over presentation of their material. These authors would like the ability to create their documents with a system which offers a rich formatting structure and then convert that document into HTML format while retaining as much as the rich formatting as possible. The result has been the development of programs designed to convert documents originally developed in other formats to HTML.
Hospital-based family planning program.

Abstract Since hospitals are the chief suppliers of birth control services to the low-income population of Philadelphia, it seemed desirable to gain a comprehensive picture of the extent to which family planning services were actually being offered and accepted in a hospital setting. Therefore, a study based on an analysis of patient records for the entire year of 1966 was undertaken. Our purpose was to obtain base-line data that would enable us to measure effectiveness of new approaches and to work toward improvement of services.
Abstract 4224: SGLT2 is a diagnostic target for early stage lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most frequent histology. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential; however, there are no targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for early LUAD. An important hallmark of cancer is the increased glucose uptake via GLUT transporters. GLUT activity is imaged in cancer by positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-[18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). FDG PET is a standard tool for staging advanced lung cancer, but has low sensitivity for early-stage LUAD. This is considered a consequence of slow growth and low requirement of glucose. However, we discovered a novel system of metabolic supply not detected by FDG PET: the sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2)1. SGLT2 activity can be measured in vivo with the PET tracer methyl-4-[18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (Me4FDG). We identified high expression of SGLT2 in human lung premalignancy and early-stage LUAD. Me4FDG detects early-stage, FDG-negative LUAD in mouse models. Targeting SGLT2 with FDA-approved inhibitors significantly reduces tumor growth and prolongs survival in genetic and patient-derived murine models, confirming an important role of SGLT2 in early-stage LUAD2. The reliance of early stage LUAD on SGLT2 opens exciting diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. The National Lung Screening Trial showed a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality in high risk individuals using low-dose helical computed tomography (CT). CT is highly sensitive for detecting lung nodules, but is limited by low specificity, especially for LUAD. On CT, LUAD may appear as solid or subsolid nodules. Most subsolid nodules are not cancer, and many will remain stable or resolve; however, subsolid lesions can represent premalignant lesions or adenocarcinoma in situ. These lesions in the early spectrum of LUAD may persist for months to years before transforming into invasive disease. As a result, current standard of care is to follow these patients with CT imaging to monitor these indeterminate lesions for radiologic signs of malignant progression. The identification of novel biomarkers to predict the malignant potential of these nodules at their initial identification is of paramount importance. 1Scafoglio et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112(30):E4111-4119 2Scafoglio et al. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, eaat5933 (2018) Citation Format: Brendon Villegas, Eva Koziolek, Jie Liu, W. Dean Wallace, David Elashoff, Denise R. Aberle, David B. Shackelford, Jorge R. Barrio, Jane Yanagawa, Steven M. Dubinett, Claudio Scafoglio. SGLT2 is a diagnostic target for early stage lung adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4224.
Application of the Galerkin/least-squares formulation to the analysis of hypersonic flows. II - Flow past a double ellipse

A finite element method for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is introduced. The discretization is based on entropy variables. The methodology is developed within the framework of a Galerkin/least-squares formulation to which a discontinuity-capturing operator is added. Results for four test cases selected among those of the Workshop on Hypersonic Flows for Reentry Problems are presented.
The Clinical Trials Portfolio for On-label and Off-label Studies of Eculizumab.

This study reviews publications and the level of evidence for US Food and Drug Administration–approved and off-label indications for eculizumab.
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) in pregnancy with uterine rupture and ongoing abdominal gestation: A case report.

Abstract Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) represent a rare family of tumors characterized by distinct histology and immunohistochemistry characteristics. Approximately one-quarter of reported cases are gynecologic in origin and associated pregnancies are rare. We report a case of PEComa in pregnancy with initial undiagnosed presentation at 18 weeks of gestation and subsequent presentation and diagnosis at 30 weeks of gestation. Abdominal pain led to the use of magnetic resonance imaging, which raised concerns about placentation abnormality and abdominal pregnancy. Exploratory laparotomy was notable for a 10 cm by 15 cm posterior uterine defect through which the placenta and amniotic sac containing the fetus were extruded. Placenta-like tissue was noted to be invading through the anterior wall of the uterus, which led to concern regarding placenta percreta. A total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were then performed, given the complete loss of normal uterine architecture. Pathology returned with findings of placenta accreta and PEComa. Indolent uterine rupture in the setting of PEComa led to an ongoing viable abdominal pregnancy. Uterine PEComa can masquerade as a placenta and lead to obstetrical complications.
Role of iNOS in osteoarthritis: Pathological and therapeutic aspects.

Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation has a key role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Nitric oxide (NO) has been established as one of the major inflammatory mediators in OA and drives many pathological changes during the development and progression of OA. Excessive production of NO in chondrocytes promotes cartilage destruction and cellular injury. The synthesis of NO in chondrocytes is catalyzed by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is thereby an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of OA. A number of direct and indirect iNOS inhibitors, bioactive compounds, and plant-derived small molecules have been shown to exhibit chondroprotective effects by suppressing the expression of iNOS. Many of these iNOS inhibitors hold promise for the development of new, disease-modifying therapies for OA; however, attempts to demonstrate their success in clinical trials are not yet successful. Many plant extracts and plant-derived small molecules have also shown promise in animal models of OA, though further studies are needed in human clinical trials to confirm their therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the role of iNOS in OA pathology and the effects of various iNOS inhibitors in OA.
A comprehensive review of the normal, abnormal, and post-operative MRI appearance of the distal biceps brachii

The biceps brachii myotendinous unit, particularly the long head of the biceps tendon and its labral attachment, is a common cause of shoulder and arm pain. Its complex anatomy and normal variations can present a challenge when interpreting MR images. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the proximal biceps anatomy, variants, pathology, and post-operative appearance as seen on MRI. Recent data regarding the accuracy of clinical examination and MRI will be summarized.
Specialized nutrition support in burns, wasting, deconditioning, and hypermetabolic conditions

Summary Severe burn caused hypermetabolism-sustained muscle wasting and other comorbidities. The goal of nutrition support and other care management is to maintain energy homeostasis in burn patients. Due to dramatic changes and other factors that influence over the time course after burn, the plan of nutrition support has to be adjusted continuously with monitoring patient conditions. Inappropriate management of nutrition support adverses patients' status and progress. The current principal of care management has been encouraged in severe burn patients, which includes earlier enteral feeding, 1.5–2 g/kg of protein intake, and others. However, the detail of each territory in nutrition care is still under investigation. Further, nutrition support is more specialized for certain population as the time being.
Non-COVID-19 excess deaths by age and gender in the United States during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Objectives The first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare systems, creating an environment by which deaths have occurred that are not directly due to COVID-19, but have occurred owing to the healthcare and societal environment resulting from COVID-19. The objective of this research is to quantify such excess deaths, partitioned by age group and gender. Study design This is a data analysis. Methods Excess deaths by age and gender are estimated using provisional death data available from the Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) over the time period from March 1, 2020 through May 30, 2020. Previous year fatality and population data are used as the benchmark. Results Several of the eighteen age and gender cohorts experienced statistically significant excess deaths. The results also indicate that COVID-19 has been protective for one of the age and gender cohorts. Conclusions There have been more excess deaths in several age group and gender cohorts during the first three months of the pandemic, beyond direct deaths directly attributable to COVID-19. These non–COVID-19 excess deaths are most apparent in the 25- to 44-year age group for women and 15- to 54-year age group for men. Further research is needed to assess the cause of such excess deaths and introduce safeguards to reduce such deaths in the future.
BIT: A Blockchain Integrated Time Banking System for Community Exchange Economy

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data technologies are reshaping the global economy. The community currency network is receiving more attention through enhancing social ties within a community. As the most popular type of community currency, Time Banking (TB) is a generalized community exchange economy, which uses the time to evaluate each participant’s contributions on the same scale rather than any equivalence with the official national currency. TB is a noble idea with the potential to improve the quality of life through prosocial, reciprocally beneficial activities among community members. However, it also brings new concerns about security and trust issues. Inspired by blockchain and smart contract, this paper introduces a Blockchain Integrated Timebanking (BIT) system to secure a decentralized community exchange economy. In BIT system, service providers and recipients can securely exchange effort through a self-executing smart contract without relying on a third-party trust authority. The blockchain network ensures immutability, auditability, and traceability of all data and service transactions recorded on the distributed ledger. A proof-of-concept prototype was implemented and tested on a private Ethereum network. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed BIT to provide decentralized community service exchanges with limited computation overhead and network latency.
Differences in risk factors exist for the occurrence of bilateral versus unilateral distal biceps tendon ruptures: a systematic review

Importance Distal biceps rupture is a debilitating injury that is increasing in incidence. A subset of patient experiences this injury on both sides, simultaneously or at separated times. Previous studies have evaluated the incidence and risk factors of unilateral distal biceps rupture. However, little is known about the risk factors for bilateral distal biceps rupture. Aims This aims of this study were to determine risk factors for bilateral distal biceps rupture and to compare these to the known risk factors for unilateral rupture. Evidence review A systematic review of literature was conducted using five databases, producing a total of 1183 papers. After the review process, 31 papers with data bilateral distal biceps tendon ruptures were included. Findings The 31 papers included a total of 2234 patients with 2366 ruptures. Patients with a bilateral rupture were younger than patients with unilateral ruptures (45.8 vs 48.8 years old). Women made up a larger percentage of patients with bilateral ruptures (6.8% vs 4.0%). Bilateral injuries occurred most commonly during heavy lifting or falls, whereas forced extension of the arm was the most frequently reported injury mechanism reported with unilateral ruptures. Tobacco used was more common in patients with bilateral ruptures (24.4% vs 6.8%). Labour-intensive occupations and anabolic steroid use did not appear to increase the risk of a bilateral rupture. Pooling of the data was not possible due to heterogeneity of the included studies. Conclusions While differences in risk factors between patients with unilateral and bilateral ruptures were observed, there was too great of a degree of heterogeneity among the studies to perform a meta-analysis of the data. Level of evidence Systematic review; level III evidence.
Factors Associated With Decision Regret Among Patients With Diverticulitis in the Elective Setting

Abstract Background We aimed to identify decision process measures associated with patient decisional regret regarding the decision to pursue elective colectomy or observation for diverticulitis. Materials and methods This was a single-center cross-sectional survey study. We included adult patients treated for diverticulitis between 2014 and 2019 and excluded patients who required urgent or emergent colectomy. The primary outcome was regret regarding the decision to pursue elective surgery or observation for diverticulitis, measured using the Decision Regret Scale. We used multivariable linear regression to examine hypothesized predictors of decision regret, including decisional conflict (Decision Conflict Scale and its subscales), shared decision-making, and decision role concordance. Results Of 923 eligible patients, 133 were included in the analysis. Patients had a median of five episodes of diverticulitis (interquartile range 3-8), occurring a median of 2 y (interquartile range 1-3) before survey administration. Thirty-eight patients (29%) underwent elective surgery for diverticulitis. Decision regret (Decision Regret Scale score ≥25) was present in 42 patients (32%). After controlling for surgery, gender, health status, and years since treatment, decision regret was associated with decisional conflict and inversely associated with values clarity, decision role concordance, shared decision-making, and feeling informed, supported, and effective in decision-making (all P Conclusions Nearly one-third of survey respondents experienced regret regarding the decision between elective surgery and observation for diverticulitis. Decision regret may be reduced through efforts to improve patient knowledge, values clarity, role concordance, and shared decision-making.
4A.001 Application of multilevel modeling in sports and recreational injuries studies

Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in analyzing how risk factors defined at multiple levels affect individuals’ health outcomes. Multilevel Model (MLM) has been presented as an appropriate statistical tool that may help with this need because it enables the simultaneous examination of individual-level and environmental-level effects on health outcomes. Despite the recently increasing application of MLM in public health research, the use of this technique in sports and recreational (SR) injuries studies has been very limited. The risks of SR injuries have continued to increase as participation in SR activities have increased across age groups in the United States (U.S.). According to the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the average annual estimate of SR injury episodes in the U.S. is 8.6 million with about 4 million treated in hospital emergency departments. While this number is significant, SR injuries have been largely under-researched and there is still less awareness on how individual-level (e.g. body composition and physical activity) and environmental-level factors (e.g. built environment) simultaneously and interactively affect SR injury outcomes. This study i) reviewed literatures that have examined the effect of environmental-level risk factors on SR injuries, ii) determined the modeling techniques applied in the studies, and iii) discussed, with examples, the potential for using MLM to understand how environmental-level factors might alter the association between individual-level risk factors and SR injuries. The outcome from this study will help in developing SR injuries interventions at multiple levels of influence.
Computational studies of cis– and trans–isomer preferences of low-spin d6 [M(DABF)2A2]+ and [M(CO)4A2]+ complexes (M = Co, Rh, Ir; A = anionic ligand): spectator ligand π-backbonding and DFT exchange

Abstract Computational studies of low spin d6 cis– and trans–[M(DABF)2A2]+ complexes (M = Co, Rh, Ir; A = anionic ligand) employing multiple model chemistries find that cis geometries are preferred for complexes where the binding atom in A is high and/or to the left in the Periodic Table, while trans geometries are preferred for complexes where the binding atom is heavy or to the right of the Periodic Table. This holds despite the fact that consideration of the trans influence for the π-acceptor spectator DABF ligand suggest that all such complexes should prefer cis geometries. Energy decomposition analysis ties the phenomenon mostly to the degree of DFT exchange; that this benefits trans geometries more than cis geometries is thought to arise from the greater electronic symmetry of the former. This is supported by predictions for haloborane complexes [M(DABF)2(BX2)2]+. In contrast, [M(CO)4A2]+ complexes, containing better π-accepting CO spectator ligands (presumably higher in the trans influence series), are predicted to prefer cis geometries except for the halogen complexes [M(CO)4X2]+ (X = F, Cl, I), where no distinct preferences exist.
A Systematic Review of Whiteness Assessment Properties and Assumptions: Implications for Counselor Training and Research

The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review of the structural and psychometric properties of 20 Whiteness scales that relate to multiple dimensions of Whiteness (i.e., racism, ant...
Impact of Chlorine Substitution on Electron Spin Relaxation of a Trityl Radical

A perchlorotriarylmethyl tricarboxylic acid radical 99% enriched in 13C at the central carbon (13C1-PTMTC) was characterized in phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH = 7.2) (PBS) at ambient temperature. Samples immobilized in 1:1 PBS:glycerol or in 9:1 trehalose:sucrose were studied as a function of temperature. Isotope enrichment at C1 creates a trityl that can be used to accurately measure microscopic viscosity. Understanding of the impact of the 13C hyperfine interaction on electron spin relaxation is important for application of this trityl in oximetry and distance measurements. The anisotropic 13C1 hyperfine couplings (Ax = Ay = 24 ± 2 MHz, Az = 200 ± 1 MHz) are larger than for the related 13C1-perdeuterated Finland trityl (13C1-dFT) and the g anisotropy (gx = 2.0013, gy = 2.0016, gz = 2.0042) is slightly larger than for 13C1-dFT. The tumbling correlation times (τR) for 13C1-PTMTC are 0.20 ± 0.02 ns in PBS and 0.40 ± 0.05 ns in 3:1 PBS:glycerol, which are shorter than for 13C1-dFT in the same solutions. T1 for 13C1-PTMTC is 3.5 ± 0.5 μs in PBS and 5.3 ± 0.4 μs in 3:1 PBS:glycerol, which are shorter than for 13C1-dFT due to faster tumbling, larger anisotropy of the 13C1 hyperfine, and about 30% larger contribution from the local mode. In immobilized samples, T1 for 13C1-PTMTC is similar to that for 13C1-dFT and other trityls without chlorine or 13C1 substituents, indicating that the 13C1 and Cl substituents on the phenyl rings have little impact on T1. The temperature dependence of T1 was modeled with contributions from the direct, Raman, and local mode processes. Broadening of CW linewidths of about 0.6 G in fluid solution and about 2 G in rigid lattice is attributed to unresolved 35,37Cl hyperfine couplings.
Developing Shoreline Communities and Potential for Natural Vegetation in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona-Utah

The plant community along the shoreline of Lake Powell in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area is resilient and dynamic. It is surviving the fluctuations in water level that characterize such reservoirs, and native plants are becoming established. Although the diversity of animals associated with the exotic dominant, Tamarix ramosissima, is lower than that of native riparian species, a surprising number of species are associated with tamarisk in this harsh country.
Conservation and divergence of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate–protein kinase A (cAMP–PKA) pathway in two plant‐pathogenic fungi: Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides

The cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway is a central signalling cascade that transmits extracellular stimuli and governs cell responses through the second messenger cAMP. The importance of cAMP signalling in fungal biology has been well documented and the key conserved components, adenylate cyclase (AC) and the catalytic subunit of PKA (CPKA), have been functionally characterized. However, other genes involved in this signalling pathway and their regulation are not well understood in filamentous fungi. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptomics analysis of AC and CPKA mutants in two closely related fungi: Fusarium graminearum (Fg) and F. verticillioides (Fv). Combining available Fg transcriptomics and phenomics data, we reconstructed the Fg cAMP signalling pathway. We developed a computational program that combines sequence conservation and patterns of orthologous gene expression to facilitate global transcriptomics comparisons between different organisms. We observed highly correlated expression patterns for most orthologues (80%) between Fg and Fv. We also identified a subset of 482 (6%) diverged orthologues, whose expression under all conditions was at least 50% higher in one genome than in the other. This enabled us to dissect the conserved and unique portions of the cAMP-PKA pathway. Although the conserved portions controlled essential functions, such as metabolism, the cell cycle, chromatin remodelling and the oxidative stress response, the diverged portions had species-specific roles, such as the production and detoxification of secondary metabolites unique to each species. The evolution of the cAMP-PKA signalling pathway seems to have contributed directly to fungal divergence and niche adaptation.
Understanding pro‐environmental behavior: A comparison of sustainable consumers and apathetic consumers

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the differences in underlying psychological aspects regarding pro‐environmental behaviors between two distinct consumer groups: green product purchasers and green product non‐purchasers. Focusing on pro‐environmental behavior in recycling, it seeks to investigate these psychological aspects: cognitive attitude, affective attitude, social norm, personal norm, and behavioral intention.Design/methodology/approach – Using a web‐based survey, a total of 363 responses from US consumers were used for the data analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to check the measurement model, and a multiple regression and MANOVA were performed to test the proposed hypotheses.Findings – Compared to green product non‐purchasers, green product purchasers exhibited significantly higher levels of cognitive attitude, affective attitude, social norm, personal norm, and recycling intention. Also cognitive attitude, social norm, and personal norm predicted recycling intention.Rese...
The molecular basis for the role of zinc in developmental biology

Zinc regulates the gene expression machinery. It affects the structure of chromatin, the template function of its DNA, the activity of numerous transcription factors and of RNA polymerases. Hence, it determines both the types of mRNA transcripts synthesized and the rate of transcription itself. Alterations in one or more of these zinc dependent processes have been proposed to account for the proliferative arrest and teratology induced by zinc deficiency. To examine this proposal, studies of zinc during X. laevis development have been initiated. The kinetics of X. laevis oocyte zinc uptake and storage and of zinc utilization during embryogenesis have been examined first. Vitellogenin carries zinc into the oocyte. Ten % of the total zinc (10 ng/egg) remains within the cytosol while 90% (90 ng/egg) is stored in the yolk platelets associated with lipovitellin. The cytosolic pool is the source of the zinc for all newly formed metalloproteins involved in embryo development. The yolk platelet zinc pool is stored for later use during early metamorphosis. It is now possible to examine zinc transfer to molecules, such as e.g. transcription factors, and the role of the metal in their function in development and organogenesis.
Are oral antibiotics equivalent to intravenous antibiotics for the initial management of pyelonephritis in children

PO antibiotics appear to be as effective as initial IV antibiotics for UTIs in children older than one month of age with no known structural urological abnormality. Therefore, clinicians should consider PO antibiotics for these children who are nontoxic and have close parental and follow-up care.