cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Study of the Determination of Sodium in Dietetic Foods by the Sodium Ion Electrode Method

The dietetic food sample is diluted with total ionic strength adjusted buffer. The electrode potential of the sample is measured, known increments of sodium are added, and the electrode potential is measured after each addition. The mv readings obtained are plotted on Gran's paper and the concentration of sodium in the sample is found from the intercept of the extrapolated straight line. Seven processed dietetic vegetables and 2 spiked samples were sent to 7 collaborators. There was a 95.8% agreement between the results from the 7 collaborators and the Associate Referee for the unfortified samples. Recoveries of 98.5 and 95.1% were obtained on fortified samples, based on results from 5 collaborators. The statistical analysis indicates minimal bias and adequate precision for determination of sodium in dietetic food at the current regulatory requirements. The method has been adopted as official first action.
The Classification of Coastal Defense Navies

The first step in this study was to determine an appropriate study group of coastal defense navies. To facilitate this, it was necessary to assign all of the world’s navies to one of the five naval type categories which were discussed in Chapter 2. By doing this, it was possible to identify those navies which, in broad terms, could be considered to be coastal defense navies and thus be included in this study. The selection of the world’s navies was confined to those naval forces which are officially listed in the major naval references as navies and not simply as coast guards or maritime police forces. Thus, for example, naval forces such as the Icelandic, Jordanian and Jamaican Coast Guards were not included nor were the Marine Police Divisions of The Bahamas or Hong Kong. In addition, the naval forces of several other states were excluded from consideration owing to the current (1996) political upheavals occurring in these places which has resulted either in a total breakdown in operations of their naval organizations or has made assessment of the current conditions of such forces impossible or incomplete at best. Constituents of this group include Cambodia, Ethiopia, Iraq, Kuwait, Liberia, Mozambique, Somalia, Sudan and all of the former Soviet and Yugoslav Republics.
Increased Surface Ocean Heating by Colored Detrital Matter (CDM) Linked to Greater Northern Hemisphere Ice Formation in the GFDL CM2Mc ESM

AbstractRecent observations of Arctic Ocean optical properties have found that colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is of primary importance in determining the nonwater absorption coefficient of light in this region. Although CDOM is an important optical constituent in the Arctic Ocean, it is not included in most of the current generation of Earth system models (ESMs). In this study, model runs were conducted with and without light attenuation by colored detrital matter (CDM), the combined optical contribution of CDOM and nonalgal particles. The fully coupled GFDL CM2 with Modular Ocean Model version 4p1 (MOM4p1) at coarse resolution (CM2Mc) ESM was used to examine the differences in heating and ice formation in the high northern latitudes. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) is amplified in the model run where the optical attenuation by CDM is included. Annually averaged integrated ice mass is 5% greater and total ice extent is 6% greater owing to colder wintertime SSTs. Differences in o...
Prospects for high power nonpolar and semipolar GaN-based laser diodes

Polarization-related electric fields present one of the major challenges for conventional c-plane GaN-based hetero-structures. Nonpolar and semipolar orientations of GaN offer the potential for new device designs. In this presentation, we review the inherent features of these new crystal orientations for GaN for light emitters and discuss the major challenges and opportunities and some of the solutions that we have demonstrated at UCSB.
An anisotropic cyclic plasticity, creep and fatigue predictive tool for unfilled polymers

Abstract Resistance to Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) as well as High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) of polymers and Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) depends on various loading modes, frequency, temperature, aging, and environmental effects. On the other hand, fatigue, plasticity, and creep deformation mechanisms are history dependent phenomena, and in order to account for their interactions a coupled computational platform is required. Cyclic behavior of polymers and PMCs have been extensively explored experimentally, but a rational fatigue failure model that would be anchored in the microstructure and would allow for coupling between fatigue, creep and plasticity through the lifetime is lacking. This work aims at developing an anisotropic coupled cyclic plasticity, creep and fatigue life predictive technique in which a Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) framework is utilized to link microscale LCF and HCF damage mechanisms, i.e. microcracking and microvoiding, to the macroscale fatigue failure. This task is accomplished through a top-down multiscale CDM approach, in which microscale damage laws are calibrated with respect to the macroscale fatigue failure data. Cyclic plasticity and creep models are also incorporated to capture anisotropic inelastic behaviors of Polymer and PMC systems. The developed framework is implemented into a commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) code, viz. ABAQUS, through user-defined coding. The FEA model represents an isotropic polymer or homogenized PMC system in which various factors that affect fatigue behavior are studied. A cyclic jump method is also utilized to reduce the computational cost of the proposed coupled computational approach. The performance of the developed computational platform has been examined through numerical studies and comparison to experimental data. The developed fatigue life predictive tool may be utilized by engineers for lifetime prognosis and to improve the performance of Polymer and PMC structures.
Wireline communication over an implantable lead

This paper proposes high speed wireline communication over FDA-cleared implantable leads and connectors. It presents the electrical characterization of a clinically-used implantable extension lead, and discusses issues related to utilizing this type of interconnect for high-speed communication. S-parameters and TDR measurements are presented for a complete wireline link constructed with commercial-off-the-shelf FPGA boards, which achieves low BER communication at 200 Mbps with LVCMOS and LVDS signaling. The study highlights new avenues of research in circuits and systems for next generation prosthetics, neuromodulation, and large scale neural interfacing.
High-order asynchrony-tolerant finite difference schemes for partial differential equations

Abstract Synchronizations of processing elements (PEs) in massively parallel simulations, which arise due to communication or load imbalances between PEs, significantly affect the scalability of scientific applications. We have recently proposed a method based on finite-difference schemes to solve partial differential equations in an asynchronous fashion – synchronization between PEs is relaxed at a mathematical level. While standard schemes can maintain their stability in the presence of asynchrony, their accuracy is drastically affected. In this work, we present a general methodology to derive asynchrony-tolerant (AT) finite difference schemes of arbitrary order of accuracy, which can maintain their accuracy when synchronizations are relaxed. We show that there are several choices available in selecting a stencil to derive these schemes and discuss their effect on numerical and computational performance. We provide a simple classification of schemes based on the stencil and derive schemes that are representative of different classes. Their numerical error is rigorously analyzed within a statistical framework to obtain the overall accuracy of the solution. Results from numerical experiments are used to validate the performance of the schemes.
Transcriptome of the GSH-Depleted Lens Reveals Changes in Detoxification and EMT Signaling Genes, Transport Systems, and Lipid Homeostasis.

Purpose To understand the effects of glutathione (GSH)-deficiency on genetic processes that regulate lens homeostasis and prevent cataractogenesis. Methods The transcriptome of lens epithelia and fiber cells was obtained from C57BL/6 LEGSKO (lens GSH-synthesis knockout) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)-treated LEGSKO mice and compared to C57BL/6 wild-type mice using RNA-Seq. Transcriptomic data were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot/ELISA on a subset of genes. Results RNA-Seq results were in excellent agreement with qPCR (correlation coefficients 0.87-0.94 and P < 5E-6 for a subset of 36 mRNAs). Of 24,415 transcripts mapped to the mouse genome, 441 genes showed significantly modulated expression. Pathway analysis indicated major changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling, visual cycle, small molecule biochemistry, and lipid metabolism. GSH-deficient lenses showed upregulation of detoxification genes, including Aldh1a1, Aldh3a1 (aldehyde dehydrogenases), Mt1, Mt2 (metallothioneins), Ces1g (carboxylesterase), and Slc14a1 (urea transporter UT-B). Genes in canonical EMT pathways, including Wnt10a, showed upregulation in lens epithelia samples. Severely GSH-deficient lens epithelia showed downregulation of vision-related genes (including crystallins). The BSO-treated LEGSKO lens epithelia transcriptome has significant correlation (r = 0.63, P < 0.005) to that of lens epithelia undergoing EMT. Protein expression data correlated with transcriptomic data and confirmed EMT signaling activation. Conclusions These results show that GSH-deficiency in the lens leads to expression of detoxifying genes and activation of EMT signaling, in addition to changes in transport systems and lipid homeostasis. These data provide insight into the adaptation and consequences of GSH-deficiency in the lens and suggest that GSH plays an important role in lenticular EMT pathology.
Cinema’s poetics of history

In the movie theatre, history risks drowning in sensory response, in pleasure, or in shock. Yet the cinema can also contribute to a special knowledge of history. Cutting across genres and modes of filmmaking, exploring the effects of duration, gesture, movement, mise-en-scene, framing and editing, recognising affective connotations and the intricacy of figural-poetic devices, this article weighs the impact of the senses and the imagination vis-a-vis the cinema’s historical task. In transforming the narrative past tenses of both fiction and history into the present tense of film viewing, the cinema may be said to loosen the critical grip of writing (history’s ‘proper medium’), to destabilise legibility and interpretation, to interfere with the retrospective, synthetic work of history. But this variability, the inherent ‘impurity’, even promiscuity of the medium also invests cinematic experience with a vitality and urgency: it implicates us in what we see, it animates our response, which is at once aesthetic and ethical.
Hydrophilic domain structure in polymer exchange membranes: Simulations of NMR spin diffusion experiments to address ability for model discrimination

We detail the development of a flexible simulation program (NMR_DIFFSIM) that solves the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin diffusion equation for arbitrary polymer architectures. The program was used to explore the proton (1H) NMR spin diffusion behavior predicted for a range of geometrical models describing polymer exchange membranes. These results were also directly compared with the NMR spin diffusion behavior predicted for more complex domain structures obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The numerical implementation and capabilities of NMR_DIFFSIM were demonstrated by evaluating the experimental NMR spin diffusion behavior for the hydrophilic domain structure in sulfonated Diels-Alder Poly(Phenylene) (SDAPP) polymer membranes. The impact of morphology variations as a function of sulfonation and hydration level on the resulting NMR spin diffusion behavior were determined. These simulations allowed us to critically address the ability of NMR spin diffusion to discriminate between different structural models, and to highlight the extremely high fidelity experimental data required to accomplish this. A direct comparison of experimental double-quantum-filtered 1H NMR spin diffusion in SDAPP membranes to the spin diffusion behavior predicted for MD-proposed morphologies revealed excellent agreement, providing experimental support for the MD structures at low to moderate hydration levels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 62–78
Metabolism of Tributyltin by Aquatic Organisms

This chapter summarizes work on the metabolism of tributyltin (TBT) by marine fauna and flora and how this metabolism may relate to some observed effects. Fish and crustaceans have an active cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase system that oxidizes TBT to a series of hydroxylated derivatives. These hydroxylated derivatives are conjugated to sulfate or carbohydrate by phase-two enzyme systems, which facilitates the elimination of TBT. Molluscs have low cytochrome P-450 content and mixed function oxygenase activity, which result in TBT accumulation and slow depuration due to the low rate of TBT metabolism. Some of the TBT effects observed for molluscs include imposex in stenoglossan gastropods; shell thicken ing in oysters; reduced growth rates in mussels; and breakdown of sexual differentiation, oogenesis, and egg production in Ostrea edulis. I suggest that these effects are related to the slow metabolism of TBT, binding of TBT metabolites to cellular proteins, and inhibition of detoxifying enzyme systems (e.g. cytochrome P-450 systems and glutathione S-transferases) by TBT. TBT and hormones share common metabolic pathways, and many effects of TBT are hormonally regulated.
Probing surfaces of atmospherically relevant organic particles by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS)

Both ambient and laboratory-generated particles can have a surface composition different from the bulk, but there are currently few analytical techniques available to probe these differences. Easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) was applied to solid, laboratory-generated particles with core–shell morphologies formed from a variety of dicarboxylic acids. The soft ionization facilitated parent peak detection for the two compounds, from which the depth probed could be determined from the relative signal intensities. Two different configurations of a custom-made nebulizer are reported that yield different probe depths. In the “orthogonal mode,” with the nebulizer ∼10 centimeters away from the particle stream and at a 90° angle to the MS inlet, evaporation of the nebulizer droplets forms ions before interaction with the particles. The probe depth for orthogonal mode EASI-MS is shown to be 2–4 nm in these particle systems. In the “droplet mode”, the nebulizer and particle streams are in close proximity to each other and the MS inlet so that the particles interact with charged liquid droplets. This configuration resulted in full dissolution of the particles and gives particle composition similar to that from collection on filters and extraction of the particles (bulk). These studies establish that EASI-MS is a promising technique for probing the chemical structures of inhomogeneous airborne organic particles.
Abstract TP582: A Multi-Site Validation of MRI Biomarkers of Vascular Leak and Hemorrhage for Forthcoming Clinical Trials

Background: Cerebral cavernous malformation is a genetic neurovascular disorder causing aberrant angiogenesis and lesion development within capillary beds. Lesions exhibit impaired endothelial barr...
Co-timing UV and IR laser pulses on the OMEGA EP laser system

Independently managing the timing of individual beams so they all arrive at the target within 10 ps of the time specified by the principal investigator is crucial to the success of experiments on the OMEGA EP Laser System. A streak camera is used to observe the x rays emitted when the laser beams strike a gold target, while an optical streak camera is used to measure the UV pulses. Correlating the signal on the two instruments gives a timing accuracy of 10 ps for the short-pulse IR beams and 20 ps for the long-pulse UV beams.
Abandoning jubilee: The structural causes of poverty:

The jubilee law of Leviticus 25 is a radical economic plan that requires a leveling of real assets every fifty years, thus providing an economic structure that regularly dissolves large economic in...
Probabilistic Technique Related to Amplitude-Dependent Damping Under Combined Stresses

The pioneering efforts of Koehler and of Granato and Lucke established, theoretically, the role of dislocations with respect to damping in metals and, in the latter case, provided a mechanism for amplitude-dependent damping. The original Granato and Lucke model, based on the bowing of dislocation segments and their eventual unpinning from solvent atoms situated along their lengths, was assumed to result solely from the applied stress. This approach has subsequently been extended to include thermal contributions to unpinning. This study is concerned with refinements to the original treatment. Although dislocation bowing, etc., on slip planes was assumed to occur under the action of the resolved shear stress, no attempt was made to calculate that stress as a function of differing grain orientations in polycrystalline materials or of crystal structure. In the present case, the maximum shear stress cumulative probability, that is, the fraction of all possible slip plane orientations on which the shear stress exceeds some arbitrary value, is first determined from a 3-D Mohr's circle analysis. It is valid for all crystal structures and for all states of stress in randomly oriented polycrystalline materials. The resolved shear stress distribution function, which depends specifically on crystal structure, is next derived from the above cumulative probability. These functions are then introduced into the original Granato and Lucke treatment for the cases of simple tension and shear. The procedure outlined above may readily be generalized to include the effect of preferred orientation.
Design and Analysis of a Wake Steering Controller with Wind Direction Variability

Abstract. Wind farm control strategies are being developed to mitigate wake losses in wind farms, increasing energy production. Wake steering is a type of wind farm control in which a wind turbine's yaw position is misaligned from the wind direction, causing its wake to deflect away from downstream turbines. Current modeling tools used to optimize and estimate energy gains from wake steering are designed to represent wakes for fixed wind directions. However, wake steering controllers must operate in dynamic wind conditions and a turbine's yaw position cannot perfectly track changing wind directions. Research has been conducted on robust wake steering control optimized for variable wind directions. In this paper, the design and analysis of a wake steering controller with wind direction variability is presented for a two-turbine array using the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) control-oriented wake model. First, the authors propose a method for modeling the turbulent and low-frequency components of the wind direction, where the slowly varying wind direction serves as the relevant input to the wake model. Next, we explain a procedure for finding optimal yaw offsets for dynamic wind conditions considering both wind direction and yaw position uncertainty. We then performed simulations with the optimal yaw offsets applied using a realistic yaw offset controller in conjunction with a baseline yaw controller, showing good agreement with the predicted energy gain using the probabilistic model. Using the Gaussian wake model in FLORIS as an example, we compared the performance of yaw offset controllers optimized for static and dynamic wind conditions for different turbine spacings and turbulence intensity values, assuming uniformly distributed wind directions. For a spacing of five rotor diameters and a turbulence intensity of 10 %, robust yaw offsets optimized for variable wind directions yielded an energy gain equivalent to 3.24 % of wake losses recovered, compared to 1.42 % of wake losses recovered with yaw offsets optimized for static wind directions. In general, accounting for wind direction variability in the yaw offset optimization process was found to improve energy production more as the separation distance increased, whereas the relative improvement remained roughly the same for the range of turbulence intensity values considered.
Patterns of relapse after successful completion of initial therapy in primary central nervous system lymphoma: a case series.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that involves the brain, spinal cord, or leptomeninges, without evidence of systemic disease. This rare disease accounts for ~ 3% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Methotrexate-based regimens are the standard of care for this disease with overall survival rates ranging from 14 to 55 months. Relapse after apparent complete remission can occur. We sought to understand the outcomes of patients who relapsed. This is an IRB-approved investigation of patients treated at our institution between 12/31/2004 and 10/12/2016. We retrospectively identified all cases of PCNSL as part of a database registry and evaluated these cases for demographic information, absence or presence of relapse, location of relapse, treatment regimens, and median relapse-free survival. This analysis identified 44 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of PCNSL. Mean age at diagnosis was 63.1 years (range 20–86, SD = 13.2 years). Of the 44 patients, 28 patients successfully completed an initial treatment regimen without recurrence or toxicity that required a change in therapy. Relapse occurred in 11 patients with the location of relapse being in the CNS only (n = 5), vitreous fluid only (n = 1), outside CNS only (n = 3), or a combination of CNS and outside of the CNS (n = 2). Sites of relapse outside of the CNS included testes (n = 1), lung (n = 1), adrenal gland (n = 1), kidney/adrenal gland (n = 1), and retroperitoneum (n = 1). Median relapse-free survival after successful completion of therapy was 6.7 years (95% CI 1.1, 12.6). After successful initial treatment, PCNSL has a propensity to relapse, and this relapse can occur both inside and outside of the CNS. Vigilant monitoring of off-treatment patients with a history of PCNSL is necessary to guide early diagnosis of relapse and to initiate aggressive treatment.
Comparative evaluation of network features for the prediction of breast cancer metastasis.

Discovering a highly accurate and robust gene signature for the prediction of breast cancer metastasis from gene expression profiling of primary tumors is one of the most challenging tasks to reduce the number of deaths in women. Due to the limited success of gene-based features in achieving satisfactory prediction accuracy, many methodologies have been proposed in recent years to develop network-based features by integrating network information with gene expression. However, evaluation results are inconsistent to confirm the effectiveness of network-based features, because of many confounding factors involved in classification model learning process, such as data normalization, dimension reduction, and feature selection. An unbiased comparative evaluation is essential for uncovering the strength of network-based features. In this study, we compared several types of network-based features obtained using different mathematical operators (Mean, Maximum, Minimum, Median, Variance) on geneset (i.e., a gene and its’ neighbors in the network) in protein-protein interaction network and gene co-expression network for their ability in predicting breast cancer metastasis using gene expression data from more than 10 patient cohorts. While network-based features are usually statistically more significant than gene-based feature, a consistent improvement of prediction performance using network-based features requires a substantial number of patients in the dataset. In contrary to many previous reports, no evidence was found to support the robustness of network-based features and we argue some of the robustness may be due to the inherent bias associated with node degree in the network. In addition, different types of network features seem to cover different pathways and are complementary to each other. Consequently, an ensemble classifier combining different network features was proposed and was found to significantly outperform classifiers based on gene-based feature or any single type of network-based features. Network-based features and their combination show promise for improving the prediction of breast cancer metastasis but may require a large amount of training data. Robustness claim of network-based features needs to be re-examined with network node degree and other confounding factors in consideration.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Gill and Lung of the Apple Snail Pomacea maculata, with Notes on the Volume of the Lung

The anatomy of the gills of aquatic gastropods has not been extensively studied, and in particular, there are few recent studies that contain ultramicroscopic images. Similarly, the literature on the anatomy of the lungs of air-breathing terrestrial snails is not voluminous. Apple snails of the genus Pomacea possess both a gill and a fully functional lung. The lung is used to breathe air and as a flotation device. This study reports on the anatomy of the gill, lung, and pneumostome of the invasive species Pomacea maculata. The gill has a structure similar to that reported in other gastropods. The gill is monopectinate and consists of numerous triangular filaments. Ciliary tracts populate the distal portions of the filaments. The filaments are primarily connective tissue, interspersed with abundant muscle bands and hemolymph sinuses. The lung is a large ovoid sac; the floor is attached to the foot of the snail and the roof of the lung underlies the mantle epithelium. The lung tissue layers consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle bundles, and hemolymph spaces are present in both the floor and roof. Cells that contain calcium granules are very abundant in the lung tissue. Patches of cilia adorn the epithelium adjacent to the central airspace. The pneumostome is a muscular structure and is heavily ciliated. The lung volume of a 50-g animal is about 6 mL. The results of this study add to the knowledge of the anatomy of respiratory organs in molluscs and show that the lung is a major site of storage of calcium.
Processing seismic ambient noise data with the continuous wavelet transform to obtain reliable empirical Green's functions

We propose a new data processing flow to compute empirical Green’s functions (EGF) from ambient seismic noise based on a soft thresholding designaling and denoising method using the continuous wavelet transform. The designaling algorithm is carried out during the initial data processing to remove earthquakes and other transient signals in the seismic record. A continuous wavelet transform denoising algorithm removes the noise in the final stacked cross-correlogram. The overall data processing procedure is divided into four stages: (1) single station data preparation, (2) remove earthquakes and other signals in the seismic record, (3) spectrum whitening, cross-correlation and temporal stacking, (4) remove the noise in the stacked cross-correlogram to deliver the final EGF. The whole process is automated to make it accessible for large datasets. Synthetic data constructed with a recorded earthquake and recorded ambient noise is used to test the designaling method. We then apply the new processing flow to data recorded by the USArray Transportable Array stations near the New Madrid Seismic Zone where many seismic events and transient signals are observed in the data. We compare the EGFs calculated from our new flow with time domain normalization and our results show improved signal-to-noise ratios and deliver more reliable measurements that can be used for further processing. The designaling method improves the homogeneity of the ambient noise wavefield which is an intrinsic requirement for seismic interferometry. The final denoising step suppresses random noise and provides clearer EGFs for the next processing step.
The New Realism in Business Law and Economics: Introduction

This is the introduction to a symposium, The New Realism in Business Law and Economics, published in the Wisconsin Law Review. The symposium features papers from Afra Afsharipour, Robert Anderson IV, Elizabeth deFontenay, Sean Griffith, Mitu Gulati (with Steven Choi and Robert Scott), Claire Hill, Ann Lipton, Matthew Jennejohn, Jeremy McClane, and Yaron Nili. The papers all focus on real-world aspects of business law and practice that can profitably be explained using the tools of law and economics, but as it has increasingly come to integrate findings from behavioral law and economics and other fields, and take advantage of advances in computing. Among the topics covered are why complex business contracts look the way they do, what motivates frequent shareholder litigants, and analyses of gender and independent directors in corporate governance. The explanations are ‘as simple as possible—but no simpler.’ Theory informs practice; but practice also informs theory.
Shank3 influences mammalian sleep development

Sleep problems are prevalent in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), can be observed before diagnosis, and are associated with increased restricted and repetitive behaviors. Therefore, sleep abnormalities may be a core feature of the disorder, but the developmental trajectory remains unknown. Animal models provide a unique opportunity to understand sleep ontogenesis in ASD. Previously we showed that adult mice with a truncation in the high-confidence ASD gene Shank3 (Shank3∆C) recapitulate the clinical sleep phenotype. In this study we used longitudinal electro-encephalographic (EEG) recordings to define, for the first time, changes in sleep from weaning to young adulthood in an ASD mouse model. We show that Shank3∆C mice sleep less overall throughout their lifespan, have increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep early in life despite significantly reduced non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and have abnormal responses to increased sleep pressure that emerge during a specific developmental period. We demonstrate that the ability to fall asleep quickly in response to sleep loss develops normally between 24 and 30 days in mice. However, mutants are unable to reduce sleep latency after periods of prolonged waking and maintain the same response to sleep loss regardless of age. This phenomenon seems independent of homeostatic NREM sleep slow-wave dynamics. Overall, our study recapitulates both preclinical models and clinical studies showing that reduced sleep is consistently associated with ASD and suggests that problems falling asleep may reflect abnormal development of sleep and arousal mechanisms.
Impact of Sex on COVID-19 Media Exposure, Anxiety, Perceived Risk, and Severity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

ObjectivesTo examine associations between COVID-19 media exposure and anxiety/perceived risk/severity and investigate their dependency on sex in middle-aged/older adults.MethodsAdults aged 50+ year...
Shipboard Zonal Load Center Modeling and Characterization on Real-Time Simulation Platform

This paper presents detailed modeling of a Zonal Load Center (ZLC) for a Shipboard Power System (SPS) in a Real-Time (RT) simulation platform. The system being modeled includes the main Power Conversion Module (PCM) and Battery Energy Storage Module (BESM) with interfacing bidirectional converter, where both converters are implemented with their designed control schemes to manage diverse operational modes. To establish confidence and achieve more insight into the ZLC power converters model, a set of cross-platform Verification and Validation (V&V) activities and frequency characterization are defined and executed. These cross-platform V&V activities include small-signal characterization of terminal impedances and disturbances propagation of ZLC converters and large-signal characterization of the PCM to elicit the response to over/under-voltage. The Opal-RT technologies and MATLAB/Simulink were adopted for the RT simulation and V&V activities.
A Complicated Course of Brain Tumor Resection in a Patient with a Left Ventricular Assist Device

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are mechanical pumps that have become a standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. As patients with LVAD are living longer, the number of noncardiac surgeries performed in these patients is rising. However, these patients present a unique set of risk factors, some of which include acquired coagulopathies, anticoagulation status, and hemodynamic instability. Thus, performing noncardiac surgeries in patients with an LVAD requires a precise and complex surgical strategy with optimal communication among the surgical team. Therefore, knowledge of best perioperative approaches for patients with LVAD is urgently needed. Here, we present a detailed perioperative surgical approach in the case of a brain tumor resection for a 62-year-old patient with an LVAD whose course was complicated with a brain hematoma. Critical details include key aspects of monitoring patient hemodynamic stability and handling of anesthesia, patient positioning, and antiplatelet and anticoagulation drug therapy. This case highlights the importance for anesthesiologists to be well informed about perioperative LVAD management, as well as common complications that they may encounter.
Understanding the uniqueness of the inkjet metallization of multicrystalline silicon solar cell

Multicrystalline silicon solar cells with average efficiency of 17.4%, using only 74 mg of silver, are reported in this paper. The uniqueness of the digital inkjet metallization include: creation of precise gridlines (width of 47 µm and height of 45 µm) and ability to control the amount of Ag paste dispense per wafer. Because of the precision of each gridline width and height, the front gridline shading was lower than the screen-printed counterpart, which also used >120 mg of Ag. A combination of multicrystalline substrate and less amount of silver used in conjunction with >19% can lead to a lower $/W solar cell.
Light- and electron-microscopic studies of growth and reproduction in Cutleria (Phaeophyta)

Differentiation of the female gametangium inCutleria bancockii Dawson is described. Four series of mitoses result in a 16-locule structure (four tiers of four cells each). The organelles in each locule become polarized after partitioning is complete, with the mitochondria lying near the longitudinal axis of the gametangium. The nucleus and plastids are centrally located, with abundant osmiophilic material present in the cytoplasm subjacent to the gametangial surface. Both electron density and Toluidine Blue 0 staining of the material increase. Two flagella are then produced: one becomes tightly appressed to the plasmalemma near its base, and the other is free. A prominent eyespot forms in the plastid nearest the developing flagella. Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles are prolific in this region and seem to be involved with mastigoneme production and deposition on the free flagellum. Immediately beneath the plasmalemma, flagellar rootlet tubules emanate from amorphous masses near the basal bodies. Some of these tubules are associated with the eyespot. Most of the osmiophilic material is then secreted into the extracytoplasmic spaces while the gametes are rounding up. Granular-cored vesicles may be involved with pore formation and gamete release.
Generation portfolio optimization under wind Production Tax Credit and Renewable Portfolio Standard

In this thesis we construct and analyze a mean-variance utility maximization model for a risk-averse electric power generation company who wishes to determine the optimal levels of capacity and production from a single conventional fuel source and wind energy subject to the state Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). We assume the conventional fuel price and the federal wind power Production Tax Credit (PTC) level are random variables. This study is motivated by the highly stochastic nature of the PTC level and the existing competing claims for the impact of the RPS on the renewable energy development. Throughout our model we show how vastly different arguments and claims for the PTC and RPS policy can be accommodated within a single framework. We also analytically and numerically show how the RPS level, standard deviations of the fuel price and PTC level and their correlation coefficient would affect the generation company’s decisions. Interesting and relevant managerial insights and economic implications are presented, as well as policy guidelines and recommendations for the PTC and RPS.
Evaluation of Embryotoxicity Using the Zebrafish Model

The embryonic zebrafish model offers the power of whole-animal investigations (e.g., intact organism, functional homeostatic feedback mechanisms, and intercellular signaling) with the convenience of cell culture (e.g., cost- and time-efficient, minimal infrastructure, small quantities of nanomaterial solutions required). The model system overcomes many of the current limitations in rapid to high-throughput screening of drugs/compounds and casts a broad net to evaluate integrated system effects rapidly. Additionally, it is an ideal platform to follow up with targeted studies aimed at the mechanisms of toxic action. Exposures are carried out in 96-well plates so minimal solution volumes are required for the assessments. Numerous morphological, developmental, and behavioral endpoints can be evaluated noninvasively due to the transparent nature of the embryos.
Approximations for Nonlinear Filtering

The objective of this paper is to show how recent work on nonlinear filtering can give qualitative insight into practical nonlinear filtering and suggest approximation schemes for optimal nonlinear filters.
Chapter 14 Status of Research-Based Experiences for First- and Second-Year Undergraduate Students

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the status of research-based experiences for first- and second-year undergraduate students. Several excellent university programs have been established to promote the involvement of undergraduates into the research laboratory. CIRRUS is a chemistry Internet resource that identiﬁes opportunities for undergraduate research. To assist in a successful and meaningful 10-week experience in research, the undergraduate research programs (URP) coordinates faculty and staff in the training of students in using the library for effective literature searches, reading and writing scientiﬁc papers, presenting their research ﬁndings, and the treatment of ethical issues in science. In addition, the URP administers web-based advertising, online application processing, program assessment, the scheduling of weekly scientiﬁc seminars, community outreach activities, group outings, and the coordination of combined ethics meetings with local research experiences for undergraduates (REU) sites in the greater Pittsburgh area. The analysis of the student demographics reveals that 17% of the successful candidates are ﬁrst-year students. The URP committee intentionally keeps the percentage of ﬁrst year undergraduates at a high rate because they know that the ﬁrst year is a critical time in students' career choices.
The role of cross-racial/ethnic friendships in social adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and correlates of cross-racial/ethnic friendships. The sample consisted of 509 (188 African American, 135 European American, 106 Asian American, and 80 Latino) children in 4th grade from 39 classrooms in several public elementary schools. The authors hypothesized that (a) the frequency of cross-racial/ethnic friendships would be different across races/ ethnicities and (b) these friendships would be uniquely associated with social adjustment (relational inclusion, leadership). Results showed that European American children displayed a higher frequency of cross-racial/ethnic friendships than African American children. Compared with the sample average, Latino children exhibited a lower frequency of these friendships. Further, findings revealed that children who formed cross-racial/ethnic friendships were more likely to be viewed as relationally inclusive and possessing leadership skills by teachers. Overall, the results showed that cross-racial/ethnic friendships were associated with positive developmental outcomes and that future studies that examine how these friendships are formed and maintained, and how these pathways are related to social adjustment, are warranted.
Isomer shift in the 82 keV transition of 154Sm

Abstract An isomer shift of −0.15 ± 0.09 mm/s has been observed for the 82 keV transition in 154Sm between Sm3+ and Sm2+ compounds. A value of Δ〈r 2 〉 〈r 2 〉 = 0.46 ± 0.34 × 10 −5 is deduced and compared with measured and theoretically predicted values of Δ〈r 2 〉 〈r 2 〉 in 152Sm and 154Sm.
Weight, urinary electrolytes and blood pressure--results of several community based studies.

Abstract One hundred and seventy-nine Negro females, originally seen in high school in 1965, were visited at home during the summers of 1968 or 1969, and were revisited at home during 1978 or 1979. Weight, blood pressure, and urinary electrolyte excretion rates were obtained during the 1968–1969 studies. This report relates the previous measurements to the current (follow-up) blood pressure levels. 52 of the 179 have been told by a physician that they have high blood pressure, and 16 are now taking antihypertensive medication. The group now on medication were 27 lbs heavier and had higher blood pressures, 123 76 vs 114 70 in 1968–1969 than the remainder of the cohort, and their 24-hr urinary sodium excretion rate was greater, 5.9 vs 4.4 mEq/hr (p = 0.06). Among the groups now on therapy, the overnight K rate and Na Ca ratio were inversely related to the 1968–1969 diastolic BP and the 24-hr Na rate and Na K ratio were positively correlated with the 1968–1969 blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic. These associations were diminished when partial correlation coefficients adjusted for weight were calculated. Similar associations were not observed among the remainder of the cohort, suggesting that among persons who have the propensity to become hypertensive, the influence of factors which may produce hypertension such as sodium and/or obesity is more easily discernible.
Optical cross-connect architecture for high-capacity WDM wavelength routed networks

A novel optical crossconnect architecture, capable for tens of terabit throughput and allowing the integration of wavelength and space switching, is presented for both WP and VWP networks. The architecture offers significant advantages in terms of crosstalk performance and node complexity. In the architecture, there are no crossovers and crosspoints. Therefore, the signal-to-crosstalk ratio per wavelength channel can be very high since each channel is processed independently from the others. This will also allow to introduce other all-optical techniques like adding/dropping of OTDM channels as well as optical regeneration. The proposed architecture is wavelength and link modular and particularly suitable for crossconnects with a very large number of wavelength channels. Performance aspects of a single as well as of a cascade of crossconnects have been simulated using a simulation tool.
WHAT DO PROACTIVE PEOPLE DO? A LONGITUDINAL MODEL LINKING PROACTIVE PERSONALITY AND CAREER SUCCESS

We developed and tested a model linking proactive personality and career success through a set of four behavioral and cognitive mediators. A 2-year longitudinal design with data from a sample of 180 full-time employees and their supervisors was used. Results from structural equation modeling showed that proactive personality measured at Time 1 was positively related to innovation, political knowledge, and career initiative, but not voice; all measured at Time 2. Innovation, political knowledge, and career initiative in turn had positive relationships with career progression (salary growth and the number of promotions during the previous 2 years) and career satisfaction. Interestingly, voice had a negative relationship with career progression. We discuss practical implications and future research directions for proactive personality, extra-role behavior, and careers.
Recent declines in fertility in less developed countries and what population planners may learn from them.

Abstract Significant and rapid fertility declines have occurred in many countries in the poor world over the past decade; many of these were unanticipated by demographers. Despite advances in statistical technique and demographic theory, little is yet known about the demographic rhythms of life in poor countries, or of the social forces behind them. Fertility decline, however, appears to have much to do with changes, economic and otherwise, within the family structure. The impact of ‘family planning’ programmes on fertility decline appears to have been exaggerated. ‘Population planners’ should be sensitive to the fact that a decline in fertility does not necessarily mean that an improvement in the standard of living has occurred, and they should not assume that reducing fertility automatically increases either the quality of life or the prospects for ‘development’.
Synthesis and surface characterization of copoly(imide alkyl ether)s containing pendant fluoroalkyl groups

A series of copoly(imide alkyl ether)s were synthesized to explore surface migration of fluorinated alkyl ether blocks (AEFO)s. Mechanical and surface properties of solution cast, thermally imidized films were determined. Incorporation of the AEFO oligomers at loading levels up to 5 wt % resulted in a slight decrease (usually less than 10%) in tensile modulus. Surface migration of the AEFOs raised the advancing water contact angle from approximately 80° to above 95° for the copolymer systems. The composition at which addition of more AEFO further increased water contact angle values was related to the number of fluorine atoms in the perfluorinated side chains. Surface excess concentration of the AEFO at different loading levels was calculated from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. At higher AEFO loading levels, the surface excess concentration was relatively constant suggesting formation of stable structures within the bulk similar to micelle formation in surfactant solutions. Based on these results, it was determined that surface saturation occurred with the fluorinated AEFO species at loading levels as low as 1 wt % engendering changes in surface properties while retaining the bulk imide properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41538.
Correlations and clustering in a scale-free network in Euclidean space

Empirical study shows that many real networks in nature and society share two generic properties: they are scale-free and they display a high degree of clustering. Quite often they are modular in nature also, implying occurrences of several small tightly linked groups which are connected in a hierarchical manner among themselves. Recently, we have introduced a model of spatial scale-free network where nodes pop-up at randomly located positions in the Euclidean space and are connected to one end of the nearest link of the existing network. It has been already argued that the large scale behaviour of this network is like the Barabasi-Albert model. In the present paper we briefly review these results as well as present additional results on the study of non-trivial correlations present in this model which are found to have similar behaviours as in the real-world networks. Moreover, this model naturally possesses the hierarchical characteristics lacked by most of the models of the scale-free networks.