cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Heme Iron-Dependent Enzymes That Cleave Carbon-Carbon Bonds During Phosphonate Biosynthesis

Abstract Mononuclear non-heme iron-dependent (NHI) enzymes catalyze an array of chemical transformations including hydroxylation, halogenation, and epimerization as well as both cyclization and ring cleavage reactions. These transformations occur in primary and secondary metabolism. A subset of this group of enzymes activates O2 without requiring cosubstrates, cofactors, or reductants. These enzymes extract all four electrons from their organic substrates for complete reduction of oxygen. This article focuses on two enzymes involved in phosphonate biosynthesis that utilize a ferric-superoxo intermediate to initiate catalysis and that involve a subsequent ferryl intermediate for a second step of oxidation. Both enzymes catalyze carbon-carbon bond scission in the same substrate 2-hydroxyethyl phosphonate leading to two products, but the extents of oxidation of the two products is different. One enzyme, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase, is part of the biosynthesis of the commercially used herbicide phosphinothricin, whereas the second enzyme, methyl phosphonate synthase, catalyzes an important step in the carbon and phosphorus cycles in the oceans. Studies have shown that these two enzymes have a common mechanism up to a branch point and that branching is controlled by a single second sphere amino acid. The article discusses the evolution of the mechanistic and structural understanding of these enzymes.
Assessment of changes in place of death of older adults who died from dementia in the United States, 2000–2014: a time-series cross-sectional analysis

As the mortality attributable to dementia-related diseases in the United States escalates, providing quality and equitable end-of-life care for dementia patients across care settings has become a major public health challenge. Previous research suggests that place of death may be an indicator of quality of end-of-life care. This study aims to examine the geographical variations and temporal trends in place of death of dementia decedents in the US and the relationships between place of death of dementia decedents and broad structural determinants. Using nationwide death certificates between 2000 and 2014, we described the changes in place of death of dementia decedents across states and over time. Chi-square test for trend in proportions was used to test significant linear trend in the proportion of dementia decedents at difference places. State fixed effects models were estimated to assess the relationships between the proportion of dementia decedents at difference places and state-level factors, particularly availability of care facility resources and public health insurance expenditures. Dementia decedents were more likely to die at home and other places and less likely to die at institutional settings over the study period. There was wide inter-state and temporal variability in the proportions of deaths at different places. Among state-level factors, availability of nursing home beds was positively associated with rates of nursing home/long term care deaths and negatively associated with rates of home deaths. Medicaid expenditure on institutional long term supports and services was positively associated with rates of nursing home/long term care deaths and negatively associated with rates of home deaths. Medicaid expenditure on home and community based services, however, had a positive association with rates of home deaths. There was a persistent shift in the place of death of dementia decedents from institutions to homes and communities. Increased investments in home and community based health services may help dementia patients to die at their homes. As home becomes an increasingly common place of death of dementia patients, it is critical to monitor the quality of end-of-life care at this setting.
The Change of USMLE Step 1 to Pass/Fail: Perspectives of the Surgery Program Director.

Objective This study sought to evaluate the perspectives of surgical program directors regarding the change of USMLE Step 1 to pass/fail grading. Design Validated electronic survey. Setting Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Plastic Surgery. Participants Program directors of all ACMGE-accredited General Surgery, Integrated Vascular Surgery, Integrated Thoracic Surgery, and Integrated Plastic Surgery residency programs. Results The overall response rate was 55.5%. Most PDs (78.1%) disagreed with the scoring change. Only 19.6% believe this change will improve medical student well-being. For 63.5% of PDs, medical school pedigree will become more important, and 52.7% believe it will place international medical graduates at a disadvantage. Only 6.2% believe Step 2 CK should also be pass/fail, while 88.7% will increase the weight of Step 2 CK and 88.4% will now require Step 2 CK score submission with the electronic residency application service. Conclusions While well-intentioned, changing USMLE Step 1 to pass/fail may have unintended consequences and may disadvantage certain groups of applicants. The emphasis on Step 1, and resulting test-taking apprehension, will likely shift to Step 2 CK. Proponents of equitable evaluation should direct their efforts toward increasing, not decreasing, the number of objective measures available for student assessment.
Queer Newark Oral History Project

This ambitious and inspirational project to “interview the full diversity of members of Newark’s LGBTQ community” was founded in 2011 by activist and writer Darnell Moore, first chair of the City o...
Family Meetings on Behalf of Patients with Serious Illness.

Family Meetings on Behalf of Patients with Serious Illness Effective family meetings build rapport and offer support, provide updates about a patient’s medical status and prognosis, and ensure trea...
Connections to Other Learning Paradigms

In this chapter, we connect dual learning to several related learning paradigms and discuss their similarities and differences.
Weather and Migration

Why do people seem to move to nicer weather in higher rates? Within Jordan Rappaport’s article, “Moving to Nice Weather”, Rappaport attempts to determine what factors influence the decision to move to nicer weather in the United States.
An analytic expression for radiation view factor between two arbitrarily oriented planar polygons

Abstract An analytic expression is derived for the radiation view factor between two arbitrarily oriented planar triangles and, by a simple generalization, planar polygons. Unlike most attempts so far, which use the contour integration technique, Nusselt’s unit sphere method is used in this work. Two important features of the analytical expression derived here are that: (1) the use of numerical quadrature is not necessary for the computation, and (2) the symmetry of the expression ensures that reciprocity of view factors is preserved.
Anatomical, Physiological, and Molecular Imaging for Pancreatic Cancer: Current Clinical Use and Future Implications

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest human malignancies. Early detection is difficult and effective treatment is limited. Verifying the presence of micrometastatic dissemination and vessel invasion remains elusive, limiting radiological staging once this diagnosis is made. Diagnostic imaging provides independent tools to evaluate and characterize the biologic behavior of pancreatic cancer. Conventional anatomic imaging alone with either CT or MRI yields useful information on organ involvement but is limited in providing molecular and physiological information. Molecular imaging techniques such as PET or MRS provide information on metabolic and signaling pathways. Advanced MR sequences that target physiological parameters expand imaging options to characterize these tumors. By considering the parametric data from these three imaging approaches (anatomic, molecular, and physiological) we can better define specific tumor signatures. Such parametric characterization can provide insight into tumor metabolism, cellular density, protein expression, focal perfusion, and vascular permeability of these tumors. Radiogenomics research has already demonstrated ability to obtain information about cancer's genotype and phenotype; this is without invasive procedures or surgery. Further advances in these areas of experimental imaging hold promise to enable future clinical advances in detection and therapy of pancreatic cancer.
First steps in harnessing the potential of biomineralization as a route to new high-performance composite materialsPaper presented at Sympos. Synergistic Synthesis of Inorganic Materials, March 1996, Schloß Ringberg, Germany.

Abstract The underlying molecular mechanisms that control biomineralization have long been thought to offer the potential for new routes to synthesis of high-performance nanocomposite materials, yet these mechanisms have until recently remained elusive. The biological mineralization of composites such as the molluscan shell generally has been thought to be directed by preformed organic arrays of proteins or other biopolymers [1] . A less explored structure-directing factor is the role of cooperative interactions between water-soluble protein molecules and the inorganic phase during crystal nucleation and growth [ Biomineralization , Chemical and Biochemical Perspectives VCH, New York, 1989, p. 133]. These interactions can control phase, morphology and growth dynamics of crystals on a time domain basis allowing the organism to rapidly introduce major structural changes in growing biomineralized composites over spatial scales ranging from angstroms to microns [ Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. , 1993, 292, 59.]. We have purified and characterized the nucleating protein sheet and polyanionic proteins from the mineralized microlaminate composites of the abalone shell and flat pearl and resolved their roles controlling biomineralization. The protein sheet directs nucleation of oriented calcite to form a “primer”, while two distinct populations of soluble polyanionic proteins (at least one of which becomes occluded within the growing crystals) subsequently determine crystal phase, morphology and growth dynamics of the growing crystals. These polyanionic proteins allow us, in vitro , to abruptly and sequentially switch crystallographic phase from calcite to aragonite and vice-versa , in stereospecific directions, producing multiphase composites with micron-scale phase domains.
Spectral solution of the viscous blunt-body problem

The viscous blunt-body problem is solved with a shock-fitted Chebyshev spectral method. No explicit artificial viscosity or filtering is needed to obtain smooth, converged solutions. The method is applied to two problems. First, results for the flow over a right circular cylinder in the Mach number range of 5.5-6.0 are compared with experimental data. Second, a solution for a Mach 25 flow over a hyperbolic cone is compared with a viscous shock-layer calculation.
The effect of cortisone on mucosal resistance to ulceration.

Summary 1.Cortisone acetate given in doses of 10 to 20 mg. per kilogram per day to 28 dogs for 1 to 8 weeks did not alter the resistance of antrum or duodenum exposed in vivo to digestion by an acid pepsin stream. 2.The degree of damage sustained by antrum or duodenum correlated with the blood pressure maintained during the test procedure.
A Discrete Probabilistic Memory Model for Discovering Dependencies in Time

Many domains of machine learning involve discovering dependencies and structure over time. In the most complex of domains, long-term temporal dependencies are present. Neural network models suchas lstm have been developed to deal with long-term dependencies, but the continuous nature of neural networks is not well suited to discrete symbol processing tasks. Further, the mathematical underpinnings of neural networks are unclear, and gradient descent learning of recurrent neural networks seems particularly susceptible to local optima. We introduce a novel architecture for discovering dependencies in time. The architecture is formed by combining two variants of a hidden Markov model (hmm) - the factorial hmm and the input-output hmm - and adding a further strong constraint that requires the model to behave as a latch-and-store memory (the same constraint exploited in lstm). This model, called an miofhmm, can learn structure that other variants of the hmm cannot, and can generalize better than lstm on test sequences that have different statistical properties (different lengths, different types of noise) than training sequences. However, the miofhmm is slower to train and is more susceptible to local optima than LSTM.
Crystallization of mannitol below Tg' during freeze-drying in binary and ternary aqueous systems

Purpose. To characterize the phase transitions in a multicomponent system during the various stages of the freeze-drying process and to evaluate the crystallization behavior below Tg′ (glass transition temperature of maximally freeze-concentrated amorphous phase) in frozen aqueous solutions and during freeze-drying.
Noble Gases: Inorganic Chemistry

The noble gas (Ng) elements have a rich reaction chemistry despite having a filled valence shell that would indicate otherwise. Halide compounds, usually with fluorine, and various oxides are common. There is also a growing class of carbon and nitrogen derivatives. A wide range of neutral and cationic noble gas compounds can be formed as long as the added elements, or combinations of elements, possess sufficient electron affinity. The range of compounds, along with characterization data and brief bonding descriptions will be presented for each element. Many of the compounds serve as starting materials for other derivatives, including the rapidly growing field of noble gas containing transition metal complexes. For example, there is now a broad range of salts containing transition metals. The article will conclude with a brief overview of the many unusual and disparate applications being found for these elements. Keywords: helium; neon; argon; krypton; radon; oxide; fluoride; salt
Long-term increases in excitability in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus induced by beta-adrenergic stimulation: possible mediation by cAMP

The cellular mechanisms underlying beta-adrenergic potentiation in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus were examined. A 10 min treatment with isoproterenol (ISO) induced a long-term depolarization of the pyramidal neurons that persisted for at least 30 min of washout; the ISO-induced decrease in the calcium-activated potassium conductance (afterhyperpolarization, or AHP) was similarly prolonged. The long-term excitability changes induced by ISO did not depend upon the calcium concentration of the medium and could be elicited in medium containing as little as 240 microM calcium. The persistent increase in population spike induced by ISO was mimicked by superfusion with several cAMP analogs and by forskolin (which directly activates adenylate cyclase), but not by the inactive dideoxyforskolin. Forskolin and cAMP analogs also induced decreases in AHPs that could be quite prolonged, but did not depolarize pyramidal neurons as consistently as did ISO. We hypothesize that activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the CA1 region of hippocampus may induce an alteration of the hippocampal "state" that can persist for as long as several hours, during which the induction of other forms of plasticity may be enhanced.
Combined use of pumpless extracorporeal lung assist system and continuous renal replacement therapy with citrate anticoagulation in polytrauma patients.

The usefulness of a pumpless extracorporeal lung assist system (pECLA) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill patients has been demonstrated in previous studies [1,2]. The aim of this report was to examine combined use of pECLA and CRRT to improve carbon dioxide and inflammatory mediator removal, which allows for lung protective ventilation strategies.
Antimycobacterial Activity In Vivo of LM427 (Rifabutin)

The activity of the rifampin derivative rifabutin (ansamycin; LM427) was tested in vivo against experimental infections of mice with members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and a highly virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rifabutin was moderately effective against an environmental serotype 8 strain of MAC and of significant effectiveness against low dose aerogenic infections with two strains of higher virulence. The drug was also highly effective in causing the rapid resolution of an intravenous M. tuberculosis infection. These data thus contest a previous negative report on the activity of rifabutin in mouse models of M. avium complex.
Testing a novel parking system: on-street reservations

A good portion of auto congestion in urban downtown areas is caused by people driving around looking for parking spots. We developed a novel parking system that allows people to reserve on-street parking, meant to reduce congestion, increase convenience, and raise revenue. We built prototype parking meters and set them up in the PARC parking lot, where we ran two rounds of usability testing. We asked participants to drive their cars in the parking lot, choose an appropriate spot, and pay the meter. The first round of testing identified a key design issue with the meters, so we came up with three alternative meter designs to address that issue and then compared them in the second round of testing. This video shows how we ran the parking meter testing and the outcome.
Removal of atmospheric particles by leaves and twigs of urban trees: Some preliminary observations and assessment of research needs

This paper reviews the various lines of evidence that support the hypothesis that above-ground plant parts remove particulates from the atmosphere. Some scanning electron microscope observations of the particulate burden on leaves of London planetree are discussed. The authors present an outline of the kinds of research required to support or reject the hypothesis that urban woody plants are important air filters.
I need my smartphone: A hierarchical model of personality and cell-phone addiction

Using a comprehensive personality model, this study is the first to examine the relationship between a full range of personality traits and cell phone addiction. 346 college students completed an online survey that asked respondents to complete measures of the Big-Five personality traits and measures of materialism and need for arousal, Barratt’s (1959) impulsiveness scale, and a four-item measure of cell phone addiction. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Couched in Mowen’s (2000) 3M Hierarchical Model of Personality, the elemental traits of emotional instability and materialism were positively associated while introversion was negatively associated with cell phone addiction. The central trait of attention impulsiveness exhibited a direct and positive association with cell phone addiction. A significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and all three dimensions of Barratt’s impulsiveness scale (central trait) was found. Several additional relationships between the elemental traits of Mowen’s personality hierarchy and the three dimensions of impulsiveness (central trait) also were uncovered. Study implications and future research directions are discussed.
Production of imagery-derived maps to aid the Japanese earthquake/tsunami relief effort

On March 11, 2011, the magnitude 9 Tohoku earthquake and resulting tsunami struck off the coast of Japan. An estimated over 400,000 persons were displaced from their homes and the damage to the coastline and nearby urban areas was extensive. Additionally, the combined effects of the earthquake and tsunami caused damage to the Fukushima Dai'ichi Nuclear Power Station. As part of the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters", the US Geological Survey coordinated a volunteer effort to aid in the response to the disaster. The goal of the project was to produce maps derived from civilian (NASA Landsat and ASTER) and commercially available (DigitalGlobe and GeoEye), high resolution satellite imagery to be delivered to the Japanese authorities. RIT, as part of our Information Products Laboratory for Emergency Response (IPLER) program, was one of the organizations involved in this effort. This paper describes the timeline of the response, the challenges faced in this effort, the workflow developed, and the products that were distributed. Lessons learned from the response will also be described to aid the remote sensing community in preparing for responses to future natural disasters.
The reproductive history of a hybrid female (Macaca mulatta ×Macaca fuscata)

In 1968 a female hybrid (Macaca mulatta ×Macaca fuscata) was born into the freeranging Arashiyama B troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). At the age of 4 years this hybrid had her first offspring and by 1978 had accumulated eight descendants (five daughters, one son and two grandchildren). In this report the reproductive history of the hybrid is discussed and compared to the other non-hybrid members of the troop.
Using trace element concentrations in Corbicula fluminea to identify potential sources of contamination in an urban river

Abstract We used the biomonitor, Corbicula fluminea , to investigate the contributions of trace elements associated with different point sources and land uses in a large river. Trace elements were analyzed in tissues of clams collected from 15 tributary streams draining five land use or point source types: agriculture, forest, urban, coal-fired power plant (CFPP), and wastewater (WWTP). Clams from forested catchments had elevated Hg concentrations, and concentrations of arsenic and selenium were highest (5.0 ± 0.2 and 13.6 ± 0.9 μg g −1 dry mass (DM), respectively) in clams from CFPP sites. Cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in clams from urban and CFPP sites (4.1 ± 0.2 and 3.6 ± 0.9 μg g −1 DM, respectively). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) of tissue concentrations in clams clustered at CFPP and forest/agriculture sites at opposite ends of the ordination space, and the distribution of sites was driven by Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg.
Coating Solid Dispersions on Microneedles via a Molten Dip‐Coating Method: Development and In Vitro Evaluation for Transdermal Delivery of a Water‐Insoluble Drug

This study demonstrates for the first time the ability to coat solid dispersions on microneedles as a means to deliver water-insoluble drugs through the skin. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was selected as the hydrophilic matrix, and lidocaine base was selected as the model hydrophobic drug to create the solid dispersion. First, thermal characterization and viscosity measurements of the PEG-lidocaine mixture at different mass fractions were performed. The results show that lidocaine can remain stable at temperatures up to ∼130°C and that viscosity of the PEG-lidocaine molten solution increases as the mass fraction of lidocaine decreases. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that at lidocaine mass fraction less than or equal to 50%, lidocaine is well dispersed in the PEG-lidocaine mixture. Uniform coatings were obtained on microneedle surfaces. In vitro dissolution studies in porcine skin showed that microneedles coated with PEG-lidocaine dispersions resulted in significantly higher delivery of lidocaine in just 3 min compared with 1 h topical application of 0.15 g EMLA®, a commercial lidocaine-prilocaine cream. In conclusion, the molten coating process we introduce here offers a practical approach to coat water-insoluble drugs on microneedles for transdermal delivery.
An effective filtering algorithm to mitigate transient decaying DC offset

Phasor estimation as performed by the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is adversely affected by the decaying dc offset which occurs following a fault. This paper presents a new algorithm based on the Fourier transform, which effectively mitigates the decaying dc offset. The proposed method uses the even and odd samples of the estimated amplitude. The method is based on the fact that, in phasor domain, the even and odd samples in a purely sinusoidal signal are almost the same, whereas in an exponential signal, especially at the beginning of the fault which has higher slope, they are different. It has been shown that subtracting the even samples from the odd samples in the estimated amplitude of the original signal effectively reduces the decaying dc offset effect and it gives the amplitude of the fundamental frequency with high accuracy. The proposed algorithm is able to mitigate any level of decaying dc offset in one cycle and there is no need to any more time for its calculation. Also, unlike other methods it does not extract the decaying dc parameters that cause delay in convergence to the final value. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm it is compared with the conventional full cycle DFT method. The results show that the proposed algorithm is much faster than the conventional DFT method over a wide range of decaying dc offsets.
Detecting stack-based environments in denotational definitions

Abstract We present a statically checkable, sufficient, syntactic criterion for implementing the environment argument in a denotational definition as a global stack variable. We also show how such an environment can be implemented as a compile-time symbol table. If the denotational definition also supports a global store variable, the store can be implemented as run-time primary storage, and a conventional compile/evaluate implementation results. In addition to its value for implementation, the criterion is useful for understanding the relationship between functional and imperative programming language styles. We present two examples.
Density-functional calculations of the structure and stability of C240.

Density-functional calculations have been performed to determine optimized geometries and energies of ${\mathrm{C}}_{240}$ using the divide-and-conquer method. Six initial geometries were considered, resulting in convergence to two optimized configurations. The formation energies of the optimized structures are separated by approximately 0.07 eV/carbon atom. The lower-energy structure is highly spherical in agreement with preliminary studies and experimental observations. The higher-energy structure is polyhedrally faceted. The results support the conclusion that the most stable form of large carbon clusters is that of dense spherical caged structures.
Seismically observed seiching in the Panama Canal

[1] A large portion of the seismic noise spectrum is dominated by water wave energy coupled into the solid Earth. Distinct mechanisms of water wave induced ground motions are distinguished by their spectral content. For example, cultural noise is generally <1 s period, microseisms dominate the seismic spectrum from periods of 2 to 20 s, and the Earth's “hum” is in the range of 50 to 600 s. We show that in a large lake in the Panama Canal there is an additional source of long-period noise generated by standing water waves, seiches, induced by disturbances such as passing ships and wind pressure. We compare seismic waveforms to water level records and relate these observations to changes in local tilt and gravity due to an oscillating seiche. The methods and observations discussed in this paper provide a first step toward quantifying the impact of water inundation as recorded by seismometers. This type of quantified understanding of water inundation will help in future estimates of similar phenomena such as the seismic observations of tsunami impact.
Temperature dependence of the electric field gradient in Er metal

The method of perturbed angular distributions was used to measure the temperature dependence of the electric field gradient in Er single crystal for 98 K≤T≤156 K. The Iπ=11− isomer in Er154) was used as a probe. ω0 increases monotonically for 98 K≤T≤259 K and then decreases. A possible cause for this effect may be short range interactions between the f electrons above the Neel point.
Liver function and folate eqilepsy in the rat

Abstract Ligature of the portal vein and partial hepatectomy reduce the epileptogenic effect of 125 mg sodium folate given i.v. in the rat. The mechanisms involved are discussed.
Characteristics associated with reservation travel among urban Native American outpatients.

The objectives of this study were to ascertain the extent of, and health-related characteristics associated with, travel to reservations in a low-income, urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population. We surveyed more than 500 AI/AN adults at a primary care clinic. Measures included time spent visiting a reservation during the past year, and sociodemographic, cultural, and clinical characteristics. More than half (52%) of the patients had not traveled, 34% had traveled up to 30 days, and 14% had spent more than 30 days traveling to reservations. Multivariate ordinal regression revealed that a strong Native American cultural identification, presence of lung disease, absence of thyroid and mental problems, and greater dissatisfaction with care were independently associated with more travel to reservations (p) 0.05). This research begins to augment the paucity of information on such travel and its relationship to health status and use of health services among urban AI/ANs.
PATTERNS OF FATHER SELF-EVALUATIONS AMONG MEXICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN MEN AND LINKS TO ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT

A mixed-method study identified profiles of fathers who mentioned key dimensions of their parenting and linked profile membership to adolescents' adjustment using data from 337 European American, Mexican American and Mexican immigrant fathers and their early adolescent children. Father narratives about what fathers do well as parents were thematically coded for the presence of five fathering dimensions: emotional quality (how well father and child get along), involvement (amount of time spent together), provisioning (the amount of resources provided), discipline (the amount and success in parental control), and role modeling (teaching life lessons through example). Next, latent class analysis was used to identify three patterns of the likelihood of mentioning certain fathering dimensions: an emotionally-involved group mentioned emotional quality and involvement; an affective-control group mentioned emotional quality, involvement, discipline and role modeling; and an affective-model group mentioned emotional quality and role modeling. Profiles were significantly associated with subsequent adolescents' reports of adjustment such that adolescents of affective-control fathers reported significantly more externalizing behaviors than adolescents of emotionally-involved fathers.
Simultaneous ionization-excitation of helium to He + (2p) magnetic sublevels by proton impact

Experimental magnetic substate cross section ratios ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}$ and scattering angle-integrated cross sections following ionization-excitation of helium to ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}(2p){}^{2}{P}^{o}$ in ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}+\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ collisions have been determined, using polarization measurements of emitted radiation in the extreme ultraviolet region in combination with total cross sections, over a wide range of proton velocities (2--6 a.u.). These results are compared with second Born calculations fully including off-energy terms for the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}(2p){}^{2}{P}^{o}$ sublevels. We have found good agreement between theory and our ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ Lyman-\ensuremath{\alpha} measurements.
Survivin is not required for the endomitotic cell cycle of megakaryocytes

Survivin is a member of the chromosome passenger complex, which plays an important role in chromosome alignment, separation, and cytokinesis. Although survivin is required for the proliferation and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, the extent to which it is necessary for endomitosis of megakaryocytes remains controversial. To determine whether survivin is required for polyploidization, we analyzed mice with a megakaryocyte-specific deletion. PF4-Cre/survivinfl/fl mice harbored normal platelet counts with megakaryocytes that reached ploidy states comparable with those of control littermates. The CD41+ cells within these animals showed little excision but increased annexin V staining, implying that survivin is required for survival of megakaryocyte progenitors in vivo. In contrast, megakaryocytes in which survivin was excised ex vivo showed robust excision and an increased degree of polyploidization. These results demonstrate that survivin is necessary for survival of megakaryocyte progenitors, but is not required for polyploidization of committed megakaryocytes.
Macroinvertebrate Community Response to Eutrophication in an Oligotrophic Wetland: An in situ Mesocosm Experiment

Eutrophication from anthropogenic nutrient enrichment is a primary threat to the oligotrophic freshwater marshes of southern Florida. Macrophyte and periphyton response to increased phosphorus (P) has been well documented in both correlative and experimental studies, but the response of consumer communities remains poorly understood, especially in southern marl prairies. We conducted a P-loading experiment in in situ mesocosms in Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park, and examined the response of macroinvertebrate communities. Mesocosms at two sites were loaded weekly with P at four levels: control (0 g P/m2/yr), low (0.2 g P/m2/yr), intermediate (0.8 g P/m2/yr), and high (3.2 g P/m2/ yr). After ∼2 yrs of P-loading, macroinvertebrates were sampled using periphyton mat and benthic floc cores. Densities of macroinvertebrate taxa (no./g AFDM) were two to 16 times higher in periphyton mats than benthic floc. Periphyton biomass decreased with enrichment at one site, and periphyton was absent from many intermediate and all high P treatments at both sites. Total macroinvertebrate density in periphyton mats increased with intermediate P loads, driven primarily by chironomids and nematodes. Conversely, total macroinvertebrate density in benthic floc decreased with enrichment, driven primarily by loss of chironomids and ceratopogonids (Dasyhelea). This study suggests that macroinvertebrate density increases with enrichment until periphyton mats are lost, after which it decreases, and mat infauna fail to move into benthic substrates in response to mat loss. These results were noted at nutrient levels too low to yield anoxia, and we believe that the decrease of macroinvertebrate density resulted from a loss of habitat. This work illustrates the importance of periphyton mats as habitat for macroinvertebrates in the Everglades. This study also indicates that in this system, macroinvertebrate sampling should be designed to target periphyton mats or conducted with special attention to inclusion of substrates relative to their coverage.
The Status of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in Contemporary Research

The author performed a comparative analysis on the research output of 6 popular clinical measures of anxiety. The results of a citation analysis of the database from PsycINFO for the years 1991-1998 indicated that the Beck Anxiety Inventory presently ranks third, behind the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Fear Survey Schedule, in terms of use in research.
Distribution of freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata in streams in the Sierra Nevada, USA, in relation to water chemistry and bedrock geology

The freshwater stalked diatom, Didymosphenia geminata, has increased its proliferation in new and native ranges with the potential for significant ecological impacts to streams around the world. Uncertainty remains regarding the water chemistry in which D. geminata thrives despite recent advances in the understanding of its suitable physical habitat. Stream surveys were conducted in the central and the northern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA, to determine whether D. geminata distribution patterns were related to water chemistry and bedrock geology. Surveys included measurements of physical, chemical, and biological parameters from 50 stream reaches in 35 different streams. The water chemistry variable, percent Ca2+ (P < 0.001) provided the best fit models (binary logistic regression AUC 0.84) for predicting the presence of D. geminata in Sierra Nevada streams. Other significant water chemistry predictors included the percent SO42− and Mg2+ concentrations. The bedrock geology variable, percent meta-sedimentary rock in a watershed (P < 0.001), provided the best fit model (binary logistic regression AUC 0.77) for predicting the presence of D. geminata. This study further defines the environmental conditions in which D. geminata thrives, provides insight into D. geminata ecophsyiology, and will help refine current distribution and risk assessment models.
An investigation of heat transfer and friction for rib-roughened surfaces

Abstract An investigation of rib-roughened surface was undertaken to determine the effects of rib shape, angle of attack and pitch to height ratio on friction factor and heat-transfer results. A parallel plate geometry was used. Based on the law of the wall similarity and the application of the heat-momentum analogy developed by Dipprey and Sabersky, a general correlation for friction factor and heat transfer was developed to account for rib shape, spacing and angle of attack. Ribs at a 45° angle of attack were found to have superior heat transfer performance at a given friction power when compared to ribs at a 90° angle of attack or when compared to sand-grain roughness.
Biogenic amine metabolites in human lung tumor cells: Histochemical and mass-spectrographic demonstration

Three continuous cell lines isolated from small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) have been examined for their ability to take up and metabolize the biogenic amine precursors, L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP). In two of the three lines formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) and mass-spectrographic analysis indicated specific uptake and metabolism of L-DOPA and 5-HTP.
Dynamic light‐scattering studies of internal motions in DNA. I. Applicability of the rouse‐zimm model

The intermediate scattering function G(K,t) for any polymer model obeying a linear separable Langevin equation can be expressed in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of its normal coordinate transformation. An algorithm for the extract numerical evaluation of G(K,t) for linear Rouse-Zimm chains in the presence of hydrodynamic interaction has been developed. The computed G(K,t)2 were fit to C(t) = A exp(−t/τA) + B, and apparent diffusion coefficients calculated according to Dapp ≡ 1/(2τAK2). G(K,t)2 was surprisingly well-fit by single-exponential decays, especially at both small and large values of Kb, where K is the scattering vector and b the root-mean-squared subunit extension. Plots of Dapp vs K2 in-variably showed a sigmoidal rise from D0 at K2 = O up to a constant plateau value at large K2b2. Analytical expression for G(K,t), exact in the limit of short times, were obtained for circular Rouse-Zimm chains with and without hydrodynamic interaction, and also for free-draining linear chains, and in addition for the independent-segment-mean-force (ISMF) model. The predicted behaviors for G(K,t) at large Kb (or KRG) was found in all cases to be single-exponential with 1/τ ∝ K2 at large Kb, in agreement with the computational results. A simple procedure for estamating all parameter of the Rouse-Zimm model from a plot of Dapp vs K2 is proposed. Experimental data for both native and pH-denatured calf-thymus DNA in 1.0M Nacl with and without EDTA clearly plateau behavior of Dapp at large values of K, in harmony with the present Rouse-Zimm and ISMF theories, and in sharp contrast to previous predictions based on the Rouse-Zimm model.
Duration of Sexual Harassment and Generalized Harassment in the Workplace Over Ten Years: Effects on Deleterious Drinking Outcomes

Although harassment in the workplace has been linked to deleterious drinking outcomes, researchers have yet to examine the long-term effects of chronic workplace harassment. During a 10-year longitudinal mail survey, university employees (N = 2,265) were administered measures of sexual harassment, generalized workplace harassment, and problematic drinking. Using growth mixture modeling, two latent classes of workplace harassment emerged: infrequent and chronic. Demographic characteristics (gender, age, and race) predicted the shape of the trajectories and likelihood of class membership. As hypothesized, membership in the chronic harassment classes was linked to future problematic drinking, even after controlling for previous drinking.
Three-dimensional theoretical SAR and temperature distributions created in brain tissue by 915 and 2450 MHz dipole antenna arrays with varying insertion depths.

Theoretical three-dimensional power deposition and temperature distributions were calculated for interstitial hyperthermia microwave antenna arrays driven at 915 and 2450 MHz in brain tissue. Four dipole antennas were assumed to be placed in a 2×2 cm array with varying insertion depths in cylindrical tumour models. The bioheat transfer equation was solved for the three-dimensional steady-state temperature distributions using a finite element method. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous blood flow models were considered. As a basis of comparison of the various temperature distributions, the volume of the tumour heated to ≥ 43°C was calculated. SAR distributions calculated for the 915 MHz antenna arrays in brain tissue were very similar to those calculated for muscle. The 2450 MHz arrays showed similar behaviour to the 915 MHz arrays; however, as the insertion depth increased from slightly less than a full-wavelength there was a single hotspot centred at the antenna junction. For the 2450 MHz arrays, the predict...
Nephron endowment at birth and the pathogenesis of hypertension and chronic renal failure

Summary: It is well established that extensive ablation of renal mass initiates a cycle of accelerated, progressive glomerular injury in remnant kidneys. This process is associated with extreme nephron hypertrophy and hyperfiltration and systemic hypertension. Severe congenital deficiencies in nephron number are also associated with adverse effects on the kidney. In rodents, more subtle reductions in nephron supply are known to advance age-related glomerular injury. Since intra-uterine growth retardation is associated with formation of fewer nephrons, the recent observation that low birthweight is associated with increased risk of hypertension in later life raises the possibility that comparatively modest reductions in nephron complement may predispose to hypertension and renal injury over 4–5 decades. the finding of an association between short stature, a marker of low birthweight and nephropathy among type I diabetics also implies that a modest congenital nephron underendowment predisposes to glomerular injury. the numbers of viable nephrons supplied to renal allograft recipients may be critical determinants of late allograft success or failure, since unique circumstances combine to lower the nephron complement to levels akin to those seen in patients with surgical reduction of a solitary kidney, in whom predisposition to hypertension and glomerulosclerosis is evident. This article summarizes recent findings that suggest that congenital nephron endowment is a significant and overlooked factor in the pathogenesis of chronic renal disease and hypertension.
Influence of strain on the atomic and electronic structure of manganite films

Abstract A study of the long-range, local and electronic structure of Nd 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3 films of varying thickness between 500 and 2000 A has been performed. Local structure measurements at the Sr K-edge reveal a reduction of the Mn–O–Mn bond angles in films below 1000 A. Spin-polarized measurements reveal splitting of the Mn 3d e g state in the strained region of the films and are consistent with a two-layer model for thick films with a relaxed undistorted layer on top of a strained structurally distorted layer near the substrate.
Surgical Management of Local Retroperitoneal Recurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma after Radical Nephrectomy

Purpose: Isolated local retroperitoneal recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma poses a therapeutic challenge. We investigated outcomes in patients with localized retroperitoneal recurrence treated with surgical resection.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, single institutional study of 102 patients with retroperitoneal recurrence treated with surgery from 1990 to 2014. Demographics, clinical and pathological features, location of retroperitoneal recurrence and perioperative complications are reported using descriptive statistics. We studied recurrence-free and cancer specific survival using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results: Median age at retroperitoneal recurrence diagnosis was 55 years (IQR 49–64). Cancer was pT3-4 in 62 patients (60.8%) and pN1 in 20 (19.6%). No patients had distant metastatic disease at retroperitoneal recurrence surgery. Median time from nephrectomy to retroperitoneal recurrence diagnosis was 19 months (IQR 5–38.8). The median size of th...
Consistent oncogene methylation changes in epithelial cells chemically transformed in vitro.

We have examined the restriction digest patterns of CCGG sequences in Ki-ras, Ha-ras, and c-myc oncogenes in rat tracheal epithelial cells transformed in vitro by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or TPA alone. Oncogenes c-myc and Ha-ras in transformed cell lines, compared to normal rat tracheal epithelial cells and untreated primary cultures, had altered Hpa II restriction patterns as demonstrated by hybridizing bands of different molecular weight, or loss of bands. Ki-ras was hypermethylated in all cell derivations, including normal cells. These molecular alterations have not previously been reported for epithelial cells transformed in vitro by polycyclic hydrocarbons and tumor promoters, and suggest common mechanisms of action for agents with diverse molecular targets.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study of a Cylinder-to-Sphere Order−Order Transition in Block Copolymers

The pathway and kinetics of the order−order transition from shear-aligned cylindrical microdomains to spheres arranged on a bcc lattice in a highly asymmetrical block copolymer are monitored using ...
High Spectral Efficiency Fiber-Optic Transmission

High spectral efficiency transmission using optical differential 8-level phase-shift keying and differential polarization-phase-shift keying is presented. Both constant-amplitude formats use direct detection without active polarization control or phase locking at the receiver.
Singular integral equations for a patch repair problem

Within the scope of linear elasticity, an in-plane problem related to the repair of an infinite thin elastic plate with a hole by a patch is considered. The patch and the plate are joined together only along their boundaries. The plate is subjected to stresses applied at infinity. The problem is reduced to a system of four singular integral equations. Existence and uniqueness of the solution of the system is proved. The proposed solution allows one to evaluate the efficiency of a patch repair with little computational effort.
Aggressive Youth Cultures and Hate Crime: Skinheads and Xenophobic Youth in Germany

Contemporary bias crime in Germany increased dramatically after unification and remained at a relatively high, though fluctuating, level for the decade. Right-wing skinheads and neo-Nazis played a significant role in the violence, but at least one third of the violent incidents came from informal groups of young males who were not affiliated. This represents a shift in anti-Semitic and antiforeigner violence from the 1980s and earlier, when the perpetrators were likely to be older and affiliated with identifiable ideological groups. Contemporary xenophobia is not only linked to aggressive elements of youth culture but appears to be increasingly connected to local and international ideological networks. Electronic media such as the Internet have given both the political and commercial entities of skinhead and right-wing culture a means of support and growth.
A comparative survey of concurrent programming languages

Presents a survey of some of the currently used languages. Design features of each are compared, and the applicability of each language to various programming tasks is examined. 27 references.