cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro systems: A new window to the segmentation clock

Segmental organization of the vertebrate body plan is established by the segmentation clock, a molecular oscillator that controls the periodicity of somite formation. Given the dynamic nature of the segmentation clock, in vivo studies in vertebrate embryos pose technical challenges. As an alternative, simpler models of the segmentation clock based on primary explants and pluripotent stem cells have recently been developed. These ex vivo and in vitro systems enable more quantitative analysis of oscillatory properties and expand the experimental repertoire applicable to the segmentation clock. Crucially, by eliminating the need for model organisms, in vitro models allow us to study the segmentation clock in new species, including our own. The human oscillator was recently recapitulated using induced pluripotent stem cells, providing a window into human development. Certainly, a combination of in vivo and in vitro work holds the most promising potential to unravel the mechanisms behind vertebrate segmentation.
Adapting to Sea Level Rise: Insights from a New Evaluation Framework of Physical Design Projects

Designers and engineers are developing proposals for physical projects to adapt coastal sites to future sea level rise related threats. This puts pressure on local and regional decision makers to d...
Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

Selectivity to visual stimulus orientation is a basic cortical functional property believed to be crucial for normal vision. Maturation of this neuronal property requires neural activity. Still, it is unclear what might be the molecular basis for such activity-dependent processes and whether activity has an instructive or permissive role in development of orientation selectivity. There is strong evidence that the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptor regulates activity-dependent mechanisms of ocular dominance plasticity during cortical development. For this reason, we have hypothesized that the NMDA receptor participates in activity-dependent mechanisms that sculpt orientation selectivity of cortical neurons. We used chronic in vivo infusion of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to suppress NMDA receptor function in primary visual cortex during the period when orientation selectivity develops in ferrets. Chronic suppression of NMDA receptor function prevented the development of orientation and stimulus size selectivity in most cortical cells tested. In contrast, treatment with control sense or missense ODNs did not affect development of orientation selectivity, indicating specificity of effects. Importantly, antisense ODN treatment did not impair visually driven activity, which is required for development to occur. Moreover, orientation selectivity of cortical cells was not disrupted by antisense ODN treatment in mature animals, indicating developmental relevance of the effects. In conclusion, our findings document for the first time that cortical NMDA receptors are essential for the maturation of orientation selectivity. This result supports the notion that activity has an instructive role in sculpting the connections that underlie orientation selectivity in visual cortex.
Common Priors For Like-Minded Agents

Two agents are like-minded when their beliefs are equal once conditioned on knowledge of both of their types. Assuming the existence of an outside observer that is commonly known to be likeminded and uninformative about the insiders, we derive the existence of a common prior among the insiders, with the outsiders beliefs (appropriately conditioned) serving as the common prior. A key advantage of like-mindedness is its fully local definition, which allows to distinction between consistency of agents actual beliefs and of beliefs they merely view as possible. By later including agents epistemic attitudes among the primitives, we derive like-mindedness from reasonableness judgments about each others attitudes. In this richer framework, one can model alternative conceptions of intersubjective rationality as constraints on such reasonableness judgements.
Absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count and subsequent mortality of elderly men. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

In this 16-year longitudinal study of 105 healthy elderly men, we analyzed one aspect of immunosenescence--a decline in the absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes--with particular reference to its relationship with subsequent mortality. It was found that there was a significantly (P less than .01) lower absolute lymphocyte count (1432 +/- 55/mm3; mean +/- SEM) within three years of death when compared with five years (1719 +/- 89/mm3) or 10 years (1715 +/- 98/mm3) before death. There was no relationship between this decrease in lymphocytes and age at death, smoking status, or prior cardiac illness. Previous cross-sectional studies have yielded conflicting data on age-related decreases in lymphocytes which may have been the result of an unrecognized selection process that either eliminated or included subjects who were close to death.
An efficient needle injection technique and radiological guidance method for percutaneous procedures

This paper presents a simple radiological image guidance method and robotic system optimized for percutaneous procedures. This simplicity is achieved by combining the proven guidance procedure normally employed by practicing surgeons with a simple and cost-effective needle injection device. The needle injector exhibits an extremely low radiological profile while providing actuated needle motion. The mechanical manipulator is designed to be used stand-alone in existing operating rooms without additional computers or personnel.
Multivisceral Resection for Gastric Cancer: Results from the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative.

Resection of an adjacent organ during gastrectomy for gastric cancer is occasionally necessary to achieve margin clearance. The short- and long-term outcomes of this approach remain unclear. Patients who underwent gastric cancer resection in seven U.S. academic institutions from 2000 to 2012 were evaluated to compare perioperative morbidity, mortality, and survival outcomes, stratified by the need for and type of multivisceral resection (MVR). Of 835 patients undergoing curative-intent gastrectomy, 159 (19 %) had MVR. The most common adjacent organs resected were the spleen (48 %), pancreas (27 %), liver segments 2/3 (14 %), and colon (13 %). As extent of resection increased (gastrectomy only, n = 676; MVR without pancreatectomy, n = 116; and MVR with pancreatectomy, n = 43), perioperative morbidity was higher: any complication (45, 60, 59 %, p = 0.012), major complication (17, 31, 33 %, p = 0.001), anastomotic leak (5, 11, 19 %, p < 0.001), and respiratory failure (9, 15, 22 %, p = 0.012). However, perioperative mortality did not significantly increase (30-day: 3, 4, 2 %, p = 0.74; 90-day: 6, 8, 9 %, p = 0.61). Overall survival after resection decreased as extent of resection increased (5-year: 42, 28, 6 %). After controlling for age, race, T stage, N stage, grade, margin status, perineural invasion, adjuvant therapy, and blood transfusion, MVR with pancreatectomy (HR 1.67, p = 0.044), but not MVR without pancreatectomy (HR 0.97, p = 0.759), remained an independent predictor of poor survival. In this modern, multi-institutional cohort of gastric cancer patients, multivisceral resection was associated with higher perioperative morbidity but not significantly higher perioperative mortality. If concomitant pancreatectomy is anticipated, patients should be selected with extreme caution because long-term survival remains poor.
Optogenetic control of nerve growth

Due to the limited regenerative ability of neural tissue, a diverse set of biochemical and biophysical cues for increasing nerve growth has been investigated, including neurotrophic factors, topography, and electrical stimulation. In this report, we explore optogenetic control of neurite growth as a cell-specific alternative to electrical stimulation. By investigating a broad range of optical stimulation parameters on dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), we identified conditions that enhance neurite outgrowth by three-fold as compared to unstimulated or wild-type (WT) controls. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of ChR2 expressing DRGs induces directional outgrowth in WT DRGs co-cultured within a 10 mm vicinity of the optically sensitive ganglia. This observed enhancement and polarization of neurite growth was accompanied by an increased expression of neural growth and brain derived neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF). This work highlights the potential for implementing optogenetics to drive nerve growth in specific cell populations.
Assessment of Human Vitamin C Status

Since no reliable functional markers of human vitamin C status have been demonstrated, determination of vitamin C levels in blood plasma and/or leukocytes remains the current choice for individual and population assessments. Newer analytical techniques, especially high-performance liquid chromatography, allow determination of reduced (ascorbic acid), oxidized (dehydroascorbic acid), or total amounts of vitamin C in biological specimens or foods. Plasma levels of vitamin C forms are easily determined but may not reflect tissue content as well as leukocyte levels. The vitamin C content of leukocyte cell types varies severalfold and, unlike plasma, leukocytes may contain an appreciable fraction of dehydroascorbic acid. The effects of sex, age, cigarette smoking, drugs, and physiological factors on vitamin C levels are better known for plasma than leukocytes. To realize the potential of leukocytes as measures of vitamin C status, continued work is needed in standardizing the methodology and interpretive guidelines and simplifying the technique for blood processing. The search for specific functional markers of vitamin C deficiency should continue. Candidate markers may involve pathways of carnitine or collagen metabolism, immunocompetence, or antioxidant defense.
Retention of insulin-like growth factor I bioactivity during the fabrication of sintered polymeric scaffolds.

The use of growth factors in tissue engineering offers an added benefit to cartilage regeneration. Growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), increase cell proliferation and can therefore decrease the time it takes for cartilage tissue to regrow. In this study, IGF-I was released from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds that were designed to have a decreased burst release often associated with tissue engineering scaffolds. The scaffolds were fabricated from IGF-I-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared by a double emulsion (W1/O/W2) technique. The microspheres were then compressed, sintered at 49 °C and salt leached. The bioactivity of soluble IGF-I was verified after being heat treated at 37, 43, 45, 49 and 60 °C. Additionally, the bioactivity of IGF-I was confirmed after being released from the sintered scaffolds. The triphasic release lasted 120 days resulting in 20%, 55% and 25% of the IGF-I being released during days 1–3, 4–58 and 59–120, respectively. Seeding bone marrow cells directly onto the IGF-I-loaded scaffolds showed an increase in cell proliferation, based on DNA content, leading to increased glycosaminoglycan production. The present results demonstrated that IGF-I remains active after being incorporated into heat-treated scaffolds, further enhancing tissue regeneration possibilities.
Digital image analysis and microstructure modeling tools for microstructure sensitive design of materials

Abstract Microstructures contain features at length scales ranging from nanometers to millimeters. These features have complex geometry, their locations and orientations are often non-uniform, and spatial correlations usually exist. In such complex microstructures, deformation and fracture processes are governed by several types of microstructural features present at different length scales, multiple fracture micro-mechanisms contribute to the overall fracture, and spatial correlations and microstructural gradients affect the fracture path. These microstructural complexities provide opportunities and challenges for microstructure sensitive design of materials. In this contribution, we present digital image analysis and microstructure modeling tools that can provide useful input for microstructure sensitive design of materials through incorporation of the detailed microstructural geometry in the simulations of materials behavior. Digital image analysis and microstructure modeling based methodologies are presented for performing finite elements (FE) based simulations on the realistic microstructure models and two- and three-dimensional microstructural digital images, and for linking the interactions among microstructural features at different length scales.
Strength training reduces force fluctuations during anisometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscles in old adults

The greater fluctuations in motor output that are often exhibited by old adults can be reduced with strength training. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of strength and steadiness training by old adults on fluctuations in force and position during voluntary contractions with the quadriceps femoris muscle. Healthy old adults (65-80 yr) completed 16 wk of heavy-load (80% of maximum, n = 11) strength training, heavy-load steadiness training (n = 6), or no training (n = 9). Steadiness training required subjects to match the angular displacement about the knee joint to a constant-velocity template. The Heavy-Load group experienced a 5.5% increase in muscle volume, a 25% increase in maximal voluntary contraction force, and a 26% increase in the one-repetition (1-RM) load. The Heavy-Load Steady group experienced increases of 11.5, 31, and 36%, respectively. The maximal electromyogram signal of quadriceps femoris increased by 51% in the two training groups. The coefficient of variation (CV) for force during submaximal isometric contractions did not change with training for any group. Although both training groups also experienced a reduction in CV for force during anisometric contractions with a 50% 1-RM load, the standard deviation of position did not change with time for any group. The Heavy-Load Steady group also experienced a reduction in CV for force during the training contractions performed with the 80% 1-RM load. Thus strength training reduced the force fluctuations of the quadriceps femoris muscles during anisometric contractions but not during isometric contractions.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides and pathogenesis

claim that differential migration of D-rhamnan-containing LPS and O-antigen-containing LPS in an SDS gel indicates the presence of two distinct LPS (Refs 4,5). However, using delipidated 0 side chains that would not ag•gregate together and mono•clonal and polyclonal antibodies specific to either the 0 antigens or D-rhamnan antigen, Hatano
Outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis: Incorporation of left ventricular systolic function and stroke volume index

Abstract Objectives We sought to assess predictors of mortality in consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement and to determine whether there are differences in mortality, separated on the basis of different aortic stenosis subtypes and left ventricular stroke volume index. Methods We studied 875 patients (aged 69 ± 12 years, 67% were men) with severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area ≤1 cm 2 ) who underwent aortic valve replacement between January 2007 and December 2008 (excluding other severe valve disease, balloon aortic valvuloplasty, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement). Clinical and echocardiographic data were recorded. Left ventricular stroke volume index was measured as left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral × left ventricular outflow tract area/body surface area. Patients were classified into the following subtypes: (1) standard severe (n = 536, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% and mean gradient ≥40 mm Hg); (2) paradoxic severe (n = 152, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, mean gradient 2 ); and (3) low left ventricular ejection fraction severe (n = 187, ejection fraction Results At 4.8 ± 2 years, 153 patients (18%) died (30-day mortality 1.8%). On multivariable Cox analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.49), New York Heart Association class (HR, 1.52), prior cardiac surgery (HR, 1.41), aortic stenosis subtypes (standard severe reference HR, 1; paradoxic severe HR, 1.48; and low left ventricular ejection fraction severe HR, 2.03), and reduced glomerular filtration rate (HR, 1.17) were associated with higher long-term mortality ( P Conclusions In patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement, patients with standard severe aortic stenosis had better long-term survival than those with paradoxic severe or low left ventricular ejection fraction severe aortic stenosis.
Antibody multispecificity in immunoassay interference

Recent findings indicate that many endogenous antibodies exhibit multispecificity. These antibodies exhibit a potential for interference with immunoassays. Antibodies that interfere with immunoassays have been called heterophile or heterophilic antibodies. The purpose of this review is: (1) to identify the nature of heterophile antibodies; (2) to delineate the processes that produce them; (3) to examine the mechanisms by which these antibodies cause interference; and (4) to explore how this information can be used to reduce immunoassay interference. In addition to producing specific antibodies, the process of antibody production gives rise to rudimentary antibodies that are polyspecific; e.g., the antigen-combining site has an affinity for antigens of different chemical composition. This process also generates idiotypic antibodies containing cross-reactive idiotopes. These antibodies along with rheumatoid factors, which are themselves polyspecific and rich in cross-reactive idiotopes, are inherent parts of the process of antibody production, and exhibit multispecificity. Mechanisms by which these antibodies cause immunoassay interference are outlined. These properties of antibodies may have substantial consequence in directing future assays toward greater clinical predictive value.
Computer simulation of thin‐film nucleation and growth: The multilayer mode

The computer simulation of thin‐film nucleation and growth, which was previously performed for the case of single monolayer, has been extended to the case of multilayer growth. The simulation results show that the kinetics of multilayer growth is nearly identical to that of monolayer growth. The cluster density resulting from the multilayer mode is similar to that resulting from the monolayer mode at low coverage. At high coverage, multilayer growth results in substantially higher cluster density than that resulting from monolayer growth.
The View of the Border: News Framing of the Definition, Causes, and Solutions to Illegal Immigration

Analyzing newspaper articles and television news transcripts (N = 484), this study explores how American news media have framed the issue of illegal immigration. More specifically, we analyze the way the media present the questions of why illegal immigration is a problem, what the causes are, and how to fix the problem. We also make a comparison across different media outlets (border-state newspapers vs. papers elsewhere; newspapers vs. television news), looking at whether news coverage of the issue has been consistent across the media.
Detection of cystic fibrosis protein by isoelectric focusing and silver staining in serum, dried whole blood, and cultured fibroblasts

Experimental conditions were developed for visualizing cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) in cultured fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) while improving the visualization of CFP in serum. Serum, whole dried blood and cultured skin fibroblast extracts derived from CF homozygotes, heterozygotes, and normal individuals were submitted to isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gels using a pH gradient of 7.1 to 9.3 and stained for protein with silver. The results showed an improvement in the separation of bands in the cathodal region over that obtained with a pH gradient of 3.5 to 10 and a better visualization of CFP bands than provided with Coomassie blue. Serum IgG could be removed from the cathodal region by including Protein A on the gel during IEF, thus enabling better visualization of CFP bands. With cultured fibroblast extracts, CFP was only observed when gels were stained with silver. This study presents improved sensitivity of a potential diagnostic tool in CF and its use with cultured skin fibroblasts.
Life-history strategies of optimal foragers

Abstract The optimal life histories are examined for models in which the average life-history strategy adopted by the population affects the costs and benefits of any individual's strategy. The situation modeled is one in which organisms can gain energy to be used in reproduction by foraging, but in doing so, they expose themselves to increased mortality; thus the proportion of time spent foraging can be used to measure reproductive effort. Simple models of a demographically homogeneous population are used to reexamine questions which have been studied previously using other models. The effects upon optimal reproductive effort of the following factors are examined: increased births per unit effort, increased mortality, and variability in population parameters. In addition, the questions of whether optimal reproductive effort maximizes population size and whether there can be multiple alternative life histories are examined. Results in most cases differ significantly from those of previous studies. No generalizations emerge regarding the effects of the three factors listed above. Optimal life histories in this model generally do not maximize population size. It is possible to have globally stable alternative life histories. It is concluded that frequency dependence will often be important in determining optimal life histories.
Governmental influences on drug development: striking a better balance

There is much debate worldwide over how governmental policies affect pharmaceutical innovation. Ensuring the safety of drugs must be offset against providing timely access to potentially life-saving or life-enhancing therapies. The authors argue that there is a need for a more balanced approach to governmental interventions. There is currently considerable debate in many countries over the effects of public policy — in particular, governmental regulation — on the development of innovative pharmaceuticals. Regulators must balance patients' access to therapies with ensuring the safety of drugs. The consequences of poor decisions can be dire: if access is promoted at the expense of safety, a dangerous product can cause incalculable harm; conversely, if safety is over-emphasized at the expense of access, patients can suffer from the absence of life-saving and life-enhancing medications. Using the United States as an example, we discuss the influence of governmental bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as recent legislative initiatives, on pharmaceutical innovation. We argue for a balanced approach to governmental interventions.
Auditory long latency responses to tonal and speech stimuli.

Purpose The effects of type of stimuli (i.e., nonspeech vs. speech), speech (i.e., natural vs. synthetic), gender of speaker and listener, speaker (i.e., self vs. other), and frequency alteration i...
Extreme Stability of an Unsolvated α-Helix

High-temperature ion mobility measurements have been performed for α-helical Ac-A15K+H+ and globular Ac-KA15+H+ peptides. The α-helical and globular conformations do not melt into random coils as t...
Spatial patterns of inter‐island plant and bird species movements in the Galápagos Islands

An asymmetric similarity index, defined as the proportion of species that one island has in common with a second, was introduced to infer inter‐island colonization patterns from species lists. The matrix comparison or Mantel test was used to analyze the index for spatial patterns of species composition. Directional inter‐island colonization was inferred from the skew‐symmetric component of the index. Four biogeographical hypotheses were tested for the inter‐island colonization of plants among 17 Galapagos islands and among 15 islands for birds. Plant and bird species composition and their inter‐island colonization patterns are distance‐dependent. More specifically, species density gradients are a function of the configuration of islands in the archipelago. The net direction of bird and plant density gradients for the archipelago increases from the south. Plant density gradients are significantly correlated with the prevailing northwest flow of the Humboldt Current, but bird density gradients are uncorrela...
Evidence for Sequential Action of cdc7 and cdk2 Protein Kinases during Initiation of DNA Replication in Xenopus Egg Extracts

To investigate how the protein kinase cdc7 stimulates DNA replication in metazoans, a soluble cell-free replication system derived from Xenopus eggs was used. DNA was incubated in egg cytosol to form prereplication complexes and then in nucleoplasmic extract to initiate DNA synthesis. We find that cdc7 is greatly enriched in nucleoplasmic extract and that this high concentration is essential for efficient DNA replication, supporting previous models that the nucleus activates replication indirectly by sequestering essential components. cdc7 binds to chromatin at the G(1)/S transition before initiation occurs, and it dissociates from chromatin as S phase progresses. The chromatin association of cdc7 requires chromatin-bound MCM. In turn, cdc7 is required to load the initiation factor cdc45 onto the DNA. Finally, efficient replication is observed when chromatin is exposed first to cdc7 and then to cdk2 but not when it is exposed to cdk2 before cdc7. Therefore, the cdc7- and cdk2-dependent initiation steps can be separated, indicating the existence of a novel, stable initiation intermediate. Moreover, the data suggest that cdk2 can only act after cdc7 has executed its function.
Excavating Culture: Disentangling Ethnic Differences From Contextual Influences in Parenting

Historically, much of the research on parenting has not disentangled the influences of race/ethnicity, SES, and culture on family functioning and the development of children and adolescents. This special issue addresses this gap by disentangling ethnic differences in parenting behaviors from their contextual influences, thereby deepening our understanding of parenting processes in diverse families. Six members of the Parenting Section of the Study Group on Race, Culture, and Ethnicity (SGRCE) introduce and implement a novel approach toward understanding this question. The goal of this project is to study culturally related processes and the degree to which they predict parenting. An iterative process was employed to delineate the main parenting constructs (warmth, psychological and behavioral control, monitoring, communication, and self-efficacy), cultural processes, and contextual influences, and to coordinate a data analytic plan utilizing individual datasets with diverse samples to answer the research ...
Palladium-mediated 2,6-dialkylation of N-benzilidine imines: Preparation of 2,6-dialkylbenzaldehydes

Abstract Treatment of di-μ-trifluoroacetatobis[o-(N-phenylbenzimidoyl)]dipalladium with two equivalents of primary alkyl iodides and subsequent hydrolysis provides an efficient route to 2,6-disubstituted benzaldehydes.
Thermal sterilization of conduction-heated foods in plastic cylindrical cans using convective boundary condition

A mathematical model was developed to evaluate thermal processing of foods in cylindrical plastic cans. This model included convective heat transfer coefficients for heating and cooling media, thermal diffusivities of plastic can wall and the canned food, and contact conductance between the plastic wall and the canned food. Temperatures estimated by the model at the coldest point in a can agreed closely with those determined experimentally during thermal processing. Thermal diffusivity of can wall and heat transfer coefficients of heating and cooling media considerably influenced the sterilizing values of the processed food.
Studies on Maintaining the Lactational Diestrum after Early Litter Weaning

SummaryThe litters of lactating rats were adjusted to 8 pups on the day of parturition (day 1 of lactation) and various methods of cervical stimuli were performed. The litters were weaned at regular intervals and vaginal smears were examined for the return of estrous cycles. Thirty percent of mothers who either were not suckled or were suckled for 48 hr showed diestrus smears for 10 days or more. Mothers whose litters were removed on days 6, 9, and 12 of lactation did not exhibit an extended diestrum. Mechanical stimulation of the cervix of mothers weaned on day 3 of lactation did not increase the incidence of extended diestrus from the controls; electrical stimulation, however, almost doubled the number responding (50 vs. 30%). If the initiation of vaginal smearing was delayed from the first day of lactation until the third, none of the animals had pseudopregnancy-like vaginal smears. Estradiol administration on day 1 of lactation resulted in 60% of the animals exhibiting an extended diestrum. Combining ...
Nutrient Composition of Taro Corms and Breadfruit

Abstract Lehua and Bun-long (Chinese) variety taro corms and Hawaiian breadfruits were collected from major production sites in Hawaii. The macro- and micronutrients were analyzed and statistically compared. The Bun-long taro has significantly (p
The Healthy People 2010 Outcomes for the Care of Children with Special Health Care Needs: An Effective National Policy for Meeting Mental Health Care Needs?

Objectives To assess the effectiveness of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau’s (MCHB) Six Core Outcomes for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) as indicators in measuring the degree to which mental health care needs are met. Methods This study analyzes data from the 2001 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs for 9,748 CSHCN who needed mental health care. Bivariate and logistic analyses were employed to investigate the impact of the MCHB’s Six Core Outcomes on the probability of having an unmet need for mental health services. Results Of the 2.3 million CSHCN in the U.S. who needed mental health care in 2001, almost one-fifth did not receive all of the mental health services that they needed. Ultimately, eight Outcomes and sub-categories of Outcomes were considered. Sixty-one percent of CSHCN with a need for mental health care had care that fulfills six of the eight considered Outcomes. Logistic analysis indicates that individual fulfillment of each of the Core Outcomes and fulfillment of additional Outcomes have a significant association with reducing the probability of having an unmet mental health care need for CSHCN. Conclusions This study is the first attempt to apply the Six Core Outcomes to meeting the needs for mental health care among CSHCN. Estimates of unmet need for mental health care suggest that efforts can be made to improve access for CSHCN. The initial estimates generated by this study indicate that the MCHB Outcomes are important in meeting children’s mental health needs and are important indicators for informing MCHB policy.
NO + , NO . , and NO - Donation by S-Nitrosothiols: Implications for Regulation of Physiological Functions by S-Nitrosylation and Acceleration of Disulfide Formation

The biological effects of S-nitrosothiols have been attributed to homolytic cleavage of the S-N bond with release of nitric oxide (NO.). Rates of NO. release from several S-nitrosothiols were determined by monitoring the oxidation of oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin at pH 7.4; half-lives for oxymyoglobin oxidation ranged from seconds to hours. Transnitrosation reactions between S-nitrosothiols and thiol-containing amino acids, peptides, and proteins, which indicate the ability of nitrosothiols to act as nitrosyl (NO+) donors, occurred more rapidly than spontaneous NO. release. Decomposition of S-nitrosodithiols were examined as models for the reaction of nitrogen oxides with vicinal thiols on proteins. Rapid disulfide formation was accompanied by formation of hydroxylamine and nitrous oxide, indicative of nitroxyl (NO-) release. Taken together, these model studies demonstrate the ability of S-nitrosothiols to act as NO+, NO., and NO- donors under physiological conditions. Transnitrosation and acceleration of disulfide formation suggest mechanisms of regulation of protein function through the intermediacy of nitrosothiols, and support the notion that biological activities of S-nitrosothiols may be associated with heterolytic as well as homolytic mechanisms of decomposition.
Improved lymphocyte serotyping techniques for organ matching

Lymphocyte isolation and serotyping techniques are described which are rapid, simple, and reliable. Two methods of microcytotoxicity testing are discussed with variations to accommodate different clincial and laboratory circumstances. A cytotoxic 51Cr release method is described. The results obtained from all methods correlated exactly with established microcytotoxicity methods. The phase-microscopy method may be performed within the time requirements for cadaveric matching and is suitable for use with uremic patients with lymphopenia.
Induction with levomethadyl acetate. Safety and efficacy

Background Levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride (known as LAAM) is a µ-opioid agonist approved for the treatment of opioid dependence. Clinical trials comparing LAAM and methadone have reported lower patient retention rates during LAAM induction; however, this may reflect dose and schedule differences. Few studies have systematically examined LAAM dose induction. This study compared induction with 3 different LAAM dosage levels. Methods In a randomized, double-blind trial, male and female opioid-dependent patients (N=180) were assigned to 1 of 3 LAAM doses. The low-dose (25 mg) induction was constant from the onset of treatment, the medium-dose (50 mg) induction lasted 7 days, and the high-dose (100 mg) induction lasted 17 days. Safety and efficacy were assessed on retention, urinalysis and self-reported drug use, symptoms, and patient ratings of medication adequacy. Results The high-dose group had significantly fewer illicit opioid–positive urine samples in weeks 3 and 4 as compared with the low-dose group. The high-dose group had significantly lower self-reported heroin craving in weeks 2 and 3. All groups demonstrated significant decreases in illicit drug use, withdrawal symptoms, and depression. There were no between-group differences in retention; however, there was a trend ( P =.08) for lower retention and a greater number of agonist adverse effects were observed in the high-dose group. Overall, LAAM doses were well tolerated by most patients. Conclusion Induction with low and medium LAAM doses can be safely and effectively achieved within 7 days. Induction with higher LAAM doses can be safely achieved within 17 days, but may result in greater rates of patient dropout and opioid agonist adverse effects. Therefore, higher doses should be approached more slowly.
Possible Factors Influencing Musical Preference

(1955). Possible Factors Influencing Musical Preference. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 101-113.
An insight into the significance of the DnaK heat shock system in Staphylococcus aureus

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus utilizes a variety of different mechanisms to survive unfavorable stress conditions that are critical for its persistence in the environment and for pathogenicity. The staphylococcal DnaK heat shock system functions as a major protein folding machine under stress conditions that cause aggregation and un-folding of proteins. In prior studies, S. aureus cells with a non-functional DnaK system showed reduced tolerance to heat, oxidative and antibiotic stresses, a lowered carotenoid production, and decreased survival in a murine host. This study provides insights that the altered phenotypes of the dnaK mutant cells are not due to decreased SigB activity in the mutant cell. Transcriptomic profiling studies provide evidence that a large number of genes encoding proteins involved in cell wall biogenesis, virulence and general stress tolerance, and genes encoding proteins involved in metabolic processes are differentially regulated in dnaK mutant cells relative to wild-type S. aureus. It was also determined that loss of functional DnaK caused a reduction in the ability of S. aureus to make biofilms and its adherence to eukaryotic cells. This study provides evidence of a global significance of DnaK heat shock system in S. aureus.
The Moho as a magnetic boundary revisited

Approximately 400 globally distributed xenolith samples are examined to determine whether continental regions are characterized by relatively magnetic crusts lying on relatively nonmagnetic mantles. Samples of mantle peridotites and mafic granulites by Wasilewski et al. (1979) are supplemented by samples of mantle and crustal xenoliths from Asia, North America, Africa, and Antarctica. The data indicate that a magnetic crustal layer overlies a nonmagnetic mantle much in the same manner as proposed by Jarchow and Thompson (1989). Nonmagnetic chrome spinels and magnesian ilmenites make up the ultramafic upper-mantle xenolith suite. Mafic rocks are the typically magnetic components of the crust, and induced magnetizations can account for long-wavelength magnetic anomalies measured remotely by aircraft and spacecraft.
Asymptotically Optimal Detection of Low Probability of Intercept Signals using Distributed Sensors

An asymptotically optimal technique for detection of low probability of intercept (LPI) signals using multiple platform receivers is proposed. This is a centralized detector unlike the commonly used decentralized decision fusion techniques and is an extension of Stein's [1] results from two sensors to multiple sensors. The derived detector is the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector. It is shown that simpler detectors can be obtained from the GLRT by making various assumptions. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for currently used detectors are computed and compared with the ROC curves for the GLRT detector.
Family Ritual and Routine: Comparison of Clinical and Non-Clinical Families

Research demonstrates that the constructive use of family rituals is reliably linked to family health and to psychosocial adjustment. This study explores the relationship between family rituals and child well-being. Two samples participated: 21 families whose adolescent was receiving psychiatric treatment and 21 families in which the adolescent was a public school student. A parent and the adolescent were individually interviewed regarding family rituals and completed standardized measures of adolescent and family functioning. Analyses demonstrated that, in addition to significant sample differences in the expected direction on measures of functioning, the non-clinical families scored significantly higher on the index of family rituality than did the treatment families; this is additional evidence that family rituals are a correlate of child well-being. Further analysis of the data pointed to “people resources” as a robust dimension in its association to adolescent functioning. The role family ritual and routine plays in defining family relationships, both within the nuclear family and with other important adults, was significantly related to clinical status. This work may point to an important, yet overlooked, dimension of family ritual life, the relational qualities of rituals and routines.
First United States experience of the TX2 Pro-Form thoracic delivery system

Objectives Failure to conform to the arch ("bird-beaking") can lead to endoleak and graft collapse after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. We report the first United States experience with the new TX2 Pro-Form (Cook Inc, Bloomington, Ind), a novel delivery system that became commercially available in October 2009, designed to enhance circumferential apposition of the TX2 thoracic endograft to the arch. Methods This was a single-institution retrospective study. Endograft-to-arch conformance was quantitatively analyzed using intraoperative angiograms of consecutive, reverse chronologic cohorts of TX2 Pro-Form, TX2 Z-Trak (prior delivery system; Cook), and Gore TAG (W.L. Gore and Assoc, Flagstaff, Ariz). Only native aortic arch deployments in zones 2 and 3 were included. Results During a 6-week period, 20 Pro-Form cases were performed, of which 17 patients met inclusion criteria. These were compared with 17 Z-Trak and 17 TAG patients. Endografts were successfully delivered to their intended proximal landing zones in all 51 patients. A higher proportion of dissections were treated in the Z-Trak (65%) and TAG (76%) patients ( P = .03), but similar rates of zone 2/3 deployments ( P = .30). Despite the mean arch angle being greatest for the Pro-Form patients (90° vs 74° vs 71°, P = .18), the mean separation between the leading endograft edge and the aortic wall along the inner curvature of the arch was significantly less (1.4 vs 4.1 vs 5.7 mm; P = .0002), with complete apposition achieved in 65% of Pro-Form patients (18% Z-Trak, 6% TAG, P P = .0006) compared with Z-Trak and TAG. Rates of type Ia endoleak were similar ( P = .38). Conclusions The Pro-Form delivery system significantly improves endograft conformation to the arch, resulting in minimum bird-beaking even in severely angulated anatomies.
A Simple Model of the Mass Exchange between the Subtropical and Tropical Ocean

Abstract A simple ventilated thermocline model is used to study the subtropical-tropical mass exchange. It is found that the water subducted in the western subtropical gyre (recirculating window) tends to recirculate within the subtropical gyre. while the water subducted in the eastern part (exchange window) tends to penetrate equatorward. The exchange window expands with an increased easterly wind or basin width on the southern boundary of the subtropical gyre, but shrinks with an increased wind curl within the subtropical gyre. Furthermore, the total exchange transport increases with the easterly wind or the width of the basin on the southern boundary of the subtropical gyre, but it is independent of subtropical wind. The ventilation mechanism is important in supporting the exchange transport. For wind with realistic strength at the southern boundary, the reduction of the exchange transport is about 15%–30% of the Ekman transport. Finally, relative to the exchange transport in the interior of the ocean,...
Economic criteria versus ethical criteria toward resolving a basic dilemma in business

Today's headlines suggest that economic criteria alone is the basis for business decision-making. This paper argues that while profitability is a legitimate end of business, it must be moderated by ethical considerations. But can business be both successfuland ethical? Practical examples highlight individuals who chose profitability over ethical responsibility and those who chose and continue to choose both. The authors propose that there is an ethical person profile. Corporate managers can resolve the profits vs ethics dilemma by modeling ethical behavior.
Biochemistry of mosquito infection: preliminary studies of biochemical change in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus following infection with Lagenidium giganteum.

Abstract The effect of infection of larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus by the fungus Lagenidium giganteum has been studied from a biochemical standpoint. Methods were developed to analyze larval extracts that were essentially free of parasitic material. Biochemical parameters investigated on a per larva basis were protein, and the enzymes o -diphenol oxidase, glutamate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, trehalase, and chitobiase. The behavior of the total amino acid and sugar pools were also examined. In general it was found that the infected larvae exhibited a significant decrease in rate of synthesis of most of the parameters studied and that the rates eventually fell to zero when compared to healthy control organisms. The progress of mycosis was correlated with visual evidence and it was concluded that the larvae were dying from starvation as a consequence of the utilization of their endogenous reserves by the parasite. Death of the larvae occurred as a general rule, in laboratory conditions, some 48 hr after initiation of infection by the fungus.
Automated speciated mercury measurements in Michigan.

Automated speciated mercury measurements were made at a rural (Dexter, MI) and an urban (Detroit, MI) site in Michigan during selected times from 1999 to 2002 to assess the concentrations of elemental (Hg0), reactive gaseous (RGM), and particulate mercury (Hgp) in these environments. Here we present the first-ever reported values for RGM in Michigan. Median RGM concentrations were 2.21−2.93 pg m-3 at Dexter and were 3−11 times higher in Detroit at 6.41−22.0 pg m-3. Maximum RGM concentrations of 38.7 pg m-3 and 270 pg m-3 were observed in Dexter and Detroit, respectively. Measured RGM/Hg0 ratios were in the range of 0.04−11.60% indicating that at times RGM comprises greater than the currently held view of 5% of total gaseous mercury in the air. Well-pronounced diurnal patterns of RGM were observed at the rural site, whereas the urban site exhibited patterns that were influenced by nighttime emissions and regional transport. An analysis of RGM/Hgp ratios at the urban site when combined with trajectory analy...
INHOMOGENEOUS MODEL OF METAL-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS

The inhomogeneous model of Cohen and Jortner is used to obtain the pressure P and temperature T coefficients of the electrical conductivity of M-NH3 solutions in the 1-9 moles per cent metal (MPM) concentration range. The temperature independence of the Hall effect is explained as well as the variation of the thermoelectric power. The effects of P and T are primarily to alter the volumes of the more compressible metallic regions. Thermodynamic data show the existence of inhomogeinties of the required size for the Cohen-Jortner model.
Radiation-triggered Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α-NFκB Cross-signaling Favors Survival Advantage in Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Induced radioresistance in the surviving cancer cells after radiotherapy could be associated with clonal selection leading to tumor regrowth at the treatment site. Previously we reported that post-translational modification of IκBα activates NFκB in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and plays a key role in regulating apoptotic signaling. Herein, we investigated the orchestration of NFκB after IR in human neuroblastoma. Both in vitro (SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and IMR-32) and in vivo (xenograft) studies showed that IR persistently induced NFκB DNA binding activity and NFκB-dependent TNFα transactivation and secretion. Approaches including silencing NFκB transcription, blocking post-translational NFκB nuclear import, muting TNF receptor, overexpression, and physiological induction of either NFκB or TNFα precisely demonstrated the initiation and occurrence of NFκB → TNFα → NFκB positive feedback cycle after IR that leads to and sustains NFκB activation. Selective TNF-dependent NFκB regulation was confirmed with futile inhibition of AP-1 and SP-1 in TNF receptor muted cells. Moreover, IR increased both transactivation and translation of Birc1, Birc2, and Birc5 and induced metabolic activity and clonal expansion. This pathway was further defined to show that IR-induced functional p65 transcription (not NFκB1, NFκB2, or c-Rel) is necessary for activation of these survival molecules and associated survival advantage. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time the functional orchestration of NFκB in response to IR and further imply that p65-dependent survival advantage and initiation of clonal expansion may correlate with an unfavorable prognosis of human neuroblastoma.