cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Molecular Pathogenesis: The Biological Basis of Human Disease and Implications for Improved Treatment of Human Disease

Disease has been a feature of the human existence since the beginning of time. Descriptions of diseases and therapeutic interventions were recorded in the earliest written histories of medicine. Over time, our knowledge of science and medicine has expanded and with it our understanding of the biological basis of disease. In this regard, the biological basis of disease implies that more is understood about the disease than merely its clinical description or presentation. In the last several decades, we have moved from causative factors in disease to studies of molecular pathogenesis. Molecular pathogenesis takes into account the molecular alterations that occur in response to environmental insults and other contributing factors, to produce pathology. By developing a deep understanding of molecular pathogenesis, we will uncover the pathways that contribute to disease, either through loss-of-function or through gain-of-function. By understanding the involvement of specific genes, proteins, and pathways, we will be better equipped to develop targeted therapies for specific diseases. Continued expansion of our knowledge base with respect to underlying mechanisms of disease has resulted in unprecedented patient management strategies. Identification of genetic variants in genes once associated with the diagnosis of a disease process is now being reevaluated as it may impact new therapeutic options. In this chapter we describe three disease entities (Hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection, acute myeloid leukemia [AML], and cystic fibrosis [CF]) as examples of our increased understanding of the pathology represented by these diseases and how novel therapeutics are being introduced into clinical practice.
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor activation prevents the development of allergic asthma: Physiology and functional selectivity (LB575)

Activation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors has potent anti-inflammatory effects in multiple tissues including the nd vasculature and gut. Much of these effects in whole body are through blockade of TNF-α mediated inflammation. We have found that activation of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the lung with the agonist (R)-DOI completely blocks the development of allergic asthma in the mouse ovalbumin model. At doses of 0.01 mg/kg inhaled, airways hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammation, mucus overproduction, and eosinophilia are blocked. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are currently under investigation. Structure/activity studies indicate that only phenethylamine 5-HT2 receptor agonists closely related in structure to (R)-DOI (e.g. R-DOM and R-DOB) are effective in preventing the development of asthma in our model. Phenethylamine agonists more dissimilar in structure are less effective, and indoleamine agonists like lysergic acid diethylamide are ineffective. Our results indicate th...
The Expert Witness and the Use of Videotape Recordings

Juror reaction to videotape in the courtroom, and specifically to videotape's effect on witness credibility, has been explored by various communication researchers. This paper summarizes some of the research on videotape in the courtroom, discusses some of the legal issues involved, and focuses on some of the specific uses of videotape for the expert witness. The pros and cons of using videotape are also explored.
Simple Random Walk

Let X 1, X 2,... be independent, identically distributed random variables defined on a probability space \((\Omega, \mathcal{F},P)\) taking values in the integer lattice Z d with \(\begin{array}{ll}P\{X_j = e\} = \frac{1}{2d},|e|=1.\end{array}\).
Glucose Directly Links to Lipid Metabolism through High Affinity Interaction with Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α

The pathophysiology of diabetes is characterized not only by elevated glucose but also elevated long chain fatty acid levels. We show for the first time that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) binds glucose and glucose metabolites with high affinity, resulting in significantly altered PPARalpha secondary structure. Glucose decreased PPARalpha interaction with fatty acid metabolites and steroid receptor coactivator-1 while increasing PPARalpha interaction with DNA. Concomitantly, glucose increased PPARalpha interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1, DNA binding, and transactivation of beta-oxidation pathways in the presence of activating ligands. Heterodimerization of PPARalpha to the retinoid X receptor-alpha resulted in even larger increases in transactivation with the addition of glucose. These data suggest that PPARalpha is responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis through a concentration-dependent regulation of both lipids and sugars and that hyperglycemic injury mediated by PPARalpha occurs not only indirectly through elevated long chain fatty acid levels but also through direct action of glucose on PPARalpha.
Are ironic acts deliberate

Abstract Many figurative language scholars maintain that ironic acts, involving linguistic and nonlinguistic behaviors, are deliberate and quite consciously performed for special pragmatic purposes. This article explores some of these common assumptions about irony as a deliberate pragmatic action in light of contemporary research in psycholinguistics and cognitive science on meaning, consciousness and human action. My claim is that ironic acts may not be as “deliberate” in their creation and use as is often believed, especially in the sense that ironic meanings arise from completely conscious states of mind. I propose an alternative, dynamical view of intentional action that better explains the psychological complexities of how ironic acts are created and understood.
Automating the software development process

Demand for reliable software systems is stressing software production capability, and automation is seen as a practical approach to increasing productivity and quality. Discussed in this paper are an approach and an architecture for automating the software development process. The concepts are developed from the viewpoint of the needs of the software development process, rather than that of established tools or technology. We discuss why automation of software development must be accomplished by evolutionary means. We define the architecture of a software engineering support facility to support long-term process experimentation, evolution, and automation. Such a facility would provide flexibility, tool portability, tool and process integration, and process automation for a wide range of methodologies and tools. We present the architectural concepts for such a facility and examine ways in which it can be used to foster software automation.
Taking Race into Account: Charting Student Attitudes Towards Affirmative Action

This paper examines student attitudes towards affirmative action over 4 years of college. Asian American and Latino/a students were more likely than White students to disagree strongly or somewhat with abolishing affirmative action after 4 years of college. A student’s attitude towards the policy as a first-year student, peer group influence, and political orientation were significant predictors of student attitudes of affirmative action during the fourth year of college. The findings suggest that while college plays some role in shaping affirmative action attitudes, its influence is somewhat limited in comparison to the background traits and attitudes that students bring to college.
Comparative Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity Using Embryonic Zebrafish

Engineered metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) are finding increasing utility in the medical field as anticancer agents. Before validation of in vivo anticancer efficacy can occur, a better understanding of whole-animal toxicity is required. We compared the toxicity of seven widely used semiconductor MO NPs made from zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide, cerium dioxide and tin dioxide prepared in pure water and in synthetic seawater using a five-day embryonic zebrafish assay. We hypothesized that the toxicity of these engineered MO NPs would depend on physicochemical properties. Significant agglomeration of MO NPs in aqueous solutions is common making it challenging to associate NP characteristics such as size and charge with toxicity. However, data from our agglomerated MO NPs suggests that the elemental composition and dissolution potential are major drivers of toxicity. Only ZnO caused significant adverse effects of all MO particles tested, and only when prepared in pure water (point estimate median lethal concentration = 3.5-9.1 mg/L). This toxicity was life stage dependent. The 24 h toxicity increased greatly (~22.7 fold) when zebrafish exposures started at the larval life stage compared to the 24 hour toxicity following embryonic exposure. Investigation into whether dissolution could account for ZnO toxicity revealed high levels of zinc ion (40-89% of total sample) were generated. Exposure to zinc ion equivalents revealed dissolved Zn2+ may be a major contributor to ZnO toxicity.
On the dynamics of internal leaf carbon dioxide uptake

A model is proposed to investigate the hypothesis that the observed time course of whole leaf photosynthetic responses to changes in incident light energy are caused by diffusional limitations. The model leaf consists of a continuously distributed mesophyll with diffusion of CO2 in the leaf interior governed by a reaction-diffusion equation. Biochemical activation is assumed to occur on a fast time scale. Both the cases of a homogeneous and a nonhomogeneous leaf interior are investigated. Using parameter estimates available in the literature, the model predicts CO2 uptake equilibration times which are much smaller than those observed. The results strongly suggest that diffusional limitations do not significantly affect photosynthetic dynamics in variable light environments.
Corporal Compassion: Animal Ethics and Philosophy of Body

(2007). Corporal Compassion: Animal Ethics and Philosophy of Body. Anthrozoos: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 203-204.
Optimal group size, dispersal decisions and postdispersal relationships in female African lions

We used 40 years of long-term data to test whether dispersal decisions of female African lions, Panthera leo, are sensitive to variations in pride size, interpride competition and the quality of their natal territory. Per capita reproductive success reached a maximum at 3–6 females on the open grass plains of the Serengeti and at 3–11 females in the woodlands. Approximately 50% of female cohorts dispersed when potential pride size exceeded the habitat-specific optimum, whereas only 9% of cohorts dispersed at smaller pride sizes. Cohorts of one to two females rarely dispersed, especially in high-density habitats. Thus, pride size typically remained within the range that maximized individual reproductive success. In the high-density woodland habitat, females were less likely to disperse from prides that were surrounded by large numbers of unrelated females, as would be predicted on the basis of habitat saturation. However, the number of unrelated neighbours did not affect dispersal decisions of females living in the sparsely occupied plains habitat. After pride fission, daughters settled closer to their mothers in areas where there were greater numbers of unrelated female neighbours, but territories were just as exclusive as between unrelated neighbouring prides. Maternal prides in high-quality areas shared a greater percentage of their territory with descendant prides, but this tolerance diminished as relatedness declined through time.
Effects of feeding regimen during early development on body composition, gastrointestinal tract size, and semen quality of broiler breeder cockerels after maturation.

Abstract Broiler breeder males were randomly assigned at 3 wk of age to one of three feeding treatments: 1) limited amount daily feeding (LD), 2) skip-a-day feeding (SAD), or 3) limited time feeding (LT). The same diet (16% CP and 3,011 kcal ME/kg) was provided from 3 to 22 wk of age to each treatment. The amount of feed or feeding time was adjusted to maintain recommended BW across treatments. At 22 and 34 wk of age, testes and gastrointestinal (GI) weights and carcass compositions were obtained. From 22 to 34 wk, birds were individually caged and fed ad libitum a breeder diet (15.5% CP and 2,878 kcal ME/kg). Males were ejaculated twice weekly, and BW and semen characteristics were recorded weekly. No significant differences existed among treatments for BW or body composition at 22 wk, but SAD birds had heavier crops and lighter gizzard weights than either LD or LT birds. Sexual maturity occurred 10 days earlier in the LD group than the SAD group; however, the LD group had reduced semen yields and spermatozoa concentrations compared to those in the SAD group. At 34 wk, there were no significant differences among body or GI weights, body moisture, or ash among the treatment groups. Birds in the LD group had heavier livers, greater amounts of body fat, smaller testes, and reduced body protein than those in the other treatments.
Sixth-order difference scheme for sigma coordinate ocean models

Abstract How to reduce the horizontal pressure gradient error is a key issue of using σ-coordinate ocean models, especially of using primitive equation models for coastal regions. The error is caused by the splitting of the horizontal pressure gradient term into two parts and the subsequent incomplete cancellation of the truncation errors of those parts. Due to the fact that the higher the order of the difference scheme, the less the truncation error and the more complicated the computation, a sixth-order difference scheme for the σ-coordinate ocean models is proposed in order to reduce error without increasing complexity of the computation. After the analytical error estimation, the Semi-spectral Primitive Equation Model is used to demonstrate the benefit of using this scheme. The stability and accuracy are compared with those of the second-order and fourth-order schemes in a series of calculations of unforced flow in the vicinity of an isolated seamount. The sixth-order scheme is shown to have error red...
Streptococcal immunotherapy of a chemically induced murine fibrosarcoma: Effect of dose, route, sham surgery, and splenectomy on adjuvant action

Adjuvant immunotherapy with hemolytic streptococci abates the growth of a syngeneic methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced fibrosarcoma propagated in C3H/HeJ mice. Interperitoneal (IP) administration of streptococci either prior to or after tumor inoculation reduced neoplastic outgrowth. While subcutaneous (SC) administration of streptococci prior to tumor inoculation did not influence tumor outgrowth, SC treatment afterwards was effective. Thus, therapeutic effects of streptococcal vaccine depend upon the route and/or timing of administration.
Semi-synthetic digital phantoms incorporating natural structured noise and boundary inhomogeneities

Validating segmentation algorithms remains a difficult problem. Manual segmentation taken as gold standard is timeconsuming and can still be contentious especially in the case of complex 3D objects and in the presence of important partial volume effect (PVE). In contrast digital phantoms have well-defined built-in boundaries even when PVE is simulated. However their degree of realism is questionable. In particular the rich natural structures inside an object that constitute one of the most difficult obstacles to segmentation are to this day too complex to model. A new method for constructing semi-synthetic digital phantoms was recently proposed that incorporates natural structured noise and boundary inhomogeneities. However only one phantom was presented and validation was lacking. In the present work we constructed 5 phantoms of vertebral bodies. Validation of phantoms should test their ability to predict how an algorithm will perform when confronted to real data. Our phantoms were used to compare the performance of two level set based segmentation algorithms and find the parameters that optimize their performances. We validated the phantoms by correlating the results obtained on them with those obtained on 50 real vertebrae. We show that: 1) the phantoms accurately predict which segmentation algorithm will perform better with real clinical data. 2) by combining the results obtained by the 5 different phantoms we can extract useful predictions about the performance of different sets of parameters on real data. Because the phantoms possess the high variability of real data predictions based on only one phantom would fail.
Memory aids as an augmentative and alternative communication strategy for nursing home residents with dementia

The effect of memory aids on conversations between nursing aides and residents with dementia during 5-minute conversations was examined. Nursing home units in seven nursing homes were randomly assi...
Changes in Mindfulness, Well-Being, and Sleep Quality in College Students Through Taijiquan Courses: A Cohort Control Study

Abstract Objectives: This study sought to determine whether participants in taijiquan classes would report increases in mindfulness greater than that of a comparison group, and whether changes in mindfulness were associated with improvements in mood, perceived stress, self-regulatory self-efficacy, and sleep quality. Design: The study design was quasi-experimental with repeated measures. Settings/location: The study was set in a midsized public university. Subjects: Students aged 18–48 years old enrolled in 15-week courses of either taijiquan (n=76) or special recreation (control group, n=132). Intervention: Chen-style taijiquan classes were offered 2 times per week for 50 minutes each time. Outcome measures: Self-report of mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), mood (Four Dimensional Mood Scale), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), self-regulatory self-efficacy (Self-regulatory Self-Efficacy Scale), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Results: Increases in total mindfu...
Thiazide diuretics and the initiation of anti-gout therapy

While physiologic and epidemiologic evidence link diuretic therapy with hyperuricemia, no previous study has quantified the risk for initiation of treatment specific for hyperuricemia or gout among elderly patients taking thiazide diuretics. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 9249 enrollees aged 65 or older in the New Jersey Medicaid program who were newly started on an antihypertensive medication from November 1981 through February 1989 and who had no prior use of anti-gout therapy (allopurinol, colchicine, or a uricosutic) during the preceding one-year period. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to determine the risk for the initiation of anti-gout therapy in patients using various antihypertensive treatment regimens relative to no antihypertensive exposure. Patient follow-up extended for up to two years. Antihypertensive exposure was characterized over the entire period of follow-up according to the following categories: thiazide diuretic therapy alone; non-thiazide antihypertensive therapy; thiazide diuretic therapy in combination with any non-thiazide antihypertensive agent(s); and no antihypertensive use. Antihypertensive exposure was entered into the model as a time-varying covariate. Estimates of risk were adjusted for age, sex, race, nursing home residence, number of prescriptions filled, intensity of physician use, hospitalization history, and year of antihypertensive treatment initiation. The adjusted relative risk for the initiation of anti-gout therapy was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.65-1.53) for non-thiazide antihypertensive therapy alone, 1.99 (95%, CI, 1.21-3.26) for thiazide diuretic therapy, and 2.29 (95% CI, 1.55-3.37) for thiazide diuretic therapy in combination with any non-thiazide agent(s). Risk for anti-gout therapy was significantly increased for thiazide doses of > or = 25 mg/day (in hydrochlorothiazide equivalents); no significant increase in risk was seen for lower doses. We conclude that use of thiazide diuretics in doses of 25 mg/day or higher is associated with a significantly increased risk for initiation of anti-gout therapy. Such treatment may reflect the occurrence of clinical sequelae of diuretic-induced hyperuricemia or the inappropriate treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
SCID-hu mice: a model for studying disseminated HIV infection.

Modifications that we introduced into the implantation of human fetal thymus and liver into SCID mice (thy/liv-SCID-hu mice) markedly increased the population of human T cells and monocytes present in the peripheral blood and peripheral lymphoid compartment of these mice. As a result, the modified thy/liv-SCID-hu mice developed disseminated HIV infection after intraimplant or i.p. inoculation. After chronic HIV infection of these mice, depletion of the peripheral human T cells was observed as reported in HIV-infected individuals. In addition, these mice also developed plasma viremia after infection with HIV. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were responsive to in-vivo cytokine regulation as evidenced by induction of human IFN-gamma gene expression by human IL-12 and inhibition by human IL-10. Acute treatment with human IL-10 but not with human IL-12 inhibited the development of plasma viremia and HIV infection in thy/liv-SCID-hu mice inoculated with HIV-1(59), a clinical isolate. SCID mice transplanted with cultured human fetal bone marrow displayed significant engraftment of the mouse bone marrow with human precursor cells and population of the peripheral blood with human B cells and monocytes. The peripheral blood of these bone marrow-transplanted SCID mice also became populated with human T cells after they were implanted with human thymic tissue due to migration of human precursor cells from the mouse bone marrow to the implanted human thymus. Thus, these modified SCID-hu mice should prove to be a valuable in-vivo model for studying the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection and for examining the in-vivo efficacy of immunomodulatory, drug and gene therapy in modifying HIV infection.
Filter wheel equalization in DSA: simulation results

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a valuable and frequently used diagnostic technique which allows the evaluation of vascular anatomy and pathology. In order to improve the utility and diagnostic performance of DSA, a filter wheel system is presented which can provide mechanically simple, rapidly adaptable, and clinically practical radiographic equalization to DSA images. The filter wheel equalization system consists of a series of computer-driven filter wheels, mounted between the x-ray tube and collimator. Each wheel has an annular area of attenuator material which intersects the x-ray beam and carries a rotationally varying compensation pattern on it. Rotation of the filter wheel modulates the attenuator pattern in the x-ray field under computer control, in a manner designed to increase the x-ray exposure to underexposed areas in the image. A system with eight wheels has 10(19) possible equalization patterns. The compensation patterns are removed in the subtracted DSA images. Computer simulation techniques were used to evaluate various design scenarios for the filter wheel system, using a data base of 191 clinical DSA mask images. For a practical implementation of the filter wheel system, an improvement in the signal to noise ratio of 23%, averaged over the image, was found.
Ileal segment replacement of ureter. II. Dynamic characteristics of refluxing, nonrefluxing, and totally tapered ileal ureter.

The pressure characteristics and cinefluoroscopic appearances of a refluxing, nonrefluxing, and totally tapered ileal " neoureter " were compared in 22 dogs with normal bladder function. The totally tapered ileal segment with a reflux preventing ileovesicostomy simulates normal ureteral peristalsis most closely on cinefluoroscopic evaluation. Pressure gradients across the ileovesical junction though were similar in refluxing and nonrefluxing ileovesicostomies , as well as in totally tapered ureters.
Contingent use of take-homes and split-dosing to reduce illicit drug use of methadone patients

This study tested a novel treatment intervention for illicit drug use that combines positive and aversive incentives. Sixteen chronic polydrug abusing methadone maintenance patients who had not responded to our usual take-home incentive program were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. While in the experimental care condition, patients received a take-home following each drug-negative urine (free of opiates, cocaine, and benzodiazepines as detected by EMIT) and were placed on a split-dose following each drug-positive urine. While in the control condition, patients participated in a standard care protocol in which they could not earn take-homes or be placed on split-dose. Patients receiving a split-dose were required to attend the clinic on two separate occasions (morning and evening) to receive their full daily methadone dose. After two months, patients crossed over to the alternative treatment condition for another two months. Results demonstrated that patients, while exposed to the experimental care condition, submitted significantly more drug-free urines (M = 29%) than when studied in standard care (M = 9%) or at baseline (M = 12%). Twenty-eight percent of patients (n = 5) showed marked improvements in drug-free urines during the experimental intervention as compared with control or baseline conditions. The combination of take-homes and split-dosing appears to help some polydrug abusing patients initiate and sustain abstinence.
Bone-shaped short fiber composites—an overview

In recent years, a new class of short fiber composites, in which the ends of the short fibers were enlarged, have been studied. Because of their geometry, these short fibers were named bone-shaped short (BSS) fibers. It was found in several composite systems that the BSS fibers can simultaneously improve both the strength and toughness of composites, and the mechanisms for such improvements vary with mechanical properties of the composite constituents. The strength increase resulted from the effective load transfer from the matrix to the fibers through mechanical interlocking at the enlarged fiber ends. The toughness increase resulted from one or several mechanisms, including: reduction in stress concentration in a brittle fiber reinforced composite with weak fiber/matrix interfacial bonding; higher fiber pullout resistance when the BSS fibers bridging a matrix crack are pulled out, with the enlarged ends attached and perhaps deformed; and plastic deformation of ductile fibers. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted on composite mechanical properties and fractography, fiber pullout, and stress analysis. This paper reviews recent developments in BSS-fiber composites as well as discusses current issues and future directions in this emerging field.
Alterations in fatty acid composition during the metamorphosis of Hyalophora cecropia: correlations with juvenile hormone titre.

Abstract Gas chromatographic analyses of the total fatty acids of whole animals during development revealed that palmitic and stearic acids are always present in lower concentrations than their unsaturated homologues while both oleic and linolenic acid concentrations exceed that of linoleic acid. This also holds true for the neutral lipid fraction but the phospholipids possess a higher concentration of stearic acid. During late pharate adult development there are increases in the relative quantities of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The triglyceride fraction of the fat body reflects the changes observed in the total and neutral lipid fraction of whole animals. During the last three days of pharate adult life the amount of palmitoleic acid doubles in the fat body neutral lipid. The composition of the haemolymph neutral lipid differs from that of the fat body and changes during development. Similarities in fatty acid composition between haemolymph and flight muscle lipid suggest that the developing flight muscle derives most of its fatty acids from haemolymph neutral lipid. The correlation between haemolymph and ovarian neutral and phospholipid fatty acids suggests that the haemolymph lipids are incorporated into the developing oocytes. When the data are compared with that pertaining to juvenile hormone titre, it appears that juvenile hormone may control aspects of fatty acid synthesis and lipid transport and suggests a role for the high concentration of juvenile hormone in the male moth.
Closed form solution of kinematic equations for the mechanism of a twist drill grinding machine

Abstract This paper describes the development of closed form solutions for the kinematic variables that control machine motions in a conical point twist drill grinding machine. The machine was developed using a kinematic closed loop link mechanism model based on the principles of the Denavit-Hartenburg 4 × 4 transformation techniques. Using the equations developed here reduces the computational time by a factor of 100 compared to a previously used iterative method and allows greater flexibility in the motion of the drill during grinding.
Gauge Invariant Correlators in Non-Commutative Gauge Theory

Using perturbation theory, we explore the universal high momentum behavior of correlation functions of gauge invariant operators in planar noncommutative gauge theories. We find that the correlation functions are strongly enhanced when pairs of momenta become antiparallel. In particular, there is a transition from the previously noted exponential suppression of correlation functions at high momenta to a more field theoretic behavior when the momenta of pairs of operators antialign within a critical angle. Some of our calculations can be extrapolated to strong coupling, and in particular we are able to reproduce precisely the supergravity prediction for the behavior of two point functions, including the coupling dependence.
An analysis of the allocation of judicial resources: The Illinois experience

Abstract A qualitative analysis of the annual quantity demanded and quantity supplied of judicial services in each of the 21 circuit courts comprising the court system of the State of Illinois is presented, and resource allocations problems relating to the provision of court services are considered.
Role of cytomegalovirus infection in transplant arteriosclerosis and chronic rejection

Chronic rejection is a serious limitation to long-term survival of all solid-organ allografts. The common pathologic feature of chronic rejection seen across all allografts is transplant arteriosclerosis (TA), an obliterative and fibrotic process involving the vasculature and other hollow structures. These changes are most apparent in cardiothoracic organ transplants, in which the majority of grafts are lost as a result of TA affecting the coronary artery disease after heart transplantation, and obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) after lung transplantation. Recently, considerable evidence has emerged supporting an important role for microorganisms in the disease process of vascular injury leading to chronic rejection. This evidence is based on epidemiologic and observational data from transplant recipients, as well as native organs, experimental models, and therapeutic trials. The organisms that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of arteriosclerosis, include Helicobacter pylori , chlamydia, and herpes viruses, most notably, cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV infection has been reported as a risk factor for TA and OB, and patients who develop CMV disease after heart transplantation have been shown to have a higher incidence of TA and death from TA compared with those who remain free from the disease. Endomyocardial biopsies from patients during CMV viremia show endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, as well as endothelialitis, independent of acute rejection. These changes, which are consistent with vascular injury induced by CMV, have been shown to be markers of subsequent diffuse TA. Rodent models of heterotopic heart transplantation infected with rat CMV develop TA at an accelerated rate, and this process is partially inhibited by early, prophylactic treatment with the antiviral drug, ganciclovir. Similarly, patients treated prophylactically with ganciclovir during the initial 28 days after heart transplantation had a lower incidence of TA compared with placebo. However, this benefit was not seen in seronegative patients receiving hearts from seropositive donors, consistent with the high-risk nature of this group (D+/R−) for developing acute CMV disease. Recent studies have addressed the question of whether improved prophylaxis could be achieved with the addition of CMV hyperimmune globulin (CMVIG) in high-risk patients, including all donor or recipient seropositivity at lung transplantation. Using historical controls, these studies suggest that a combined regimen of ganciclovir plus CMVIG reduces the incidence of acute CMV disease, TA, OB, and death from OB. These observations emphasize the need for future, randomized, controlled trials to confirm a causal role for CMV (and other pathogens) in the disease process of TA and chronic rejection.
Uncovering the Uranium-Nitrogen Triple Bond

Transition metal complexes containing multiple bonds to a carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen ligand (L) play a critical role in a wide range of important chemical and biological transformations ( 1 ). The chemistry of the actinide element uranium (U) has certain similarities to that of molybdenum and tungsten, and inorganic chemists have sought to expand uranium's multiple-bond chemistry beyond that of the uranyl functional group, UO22+, for some time. One of the more elusive targets has been a uranium compound with a terminal or “naked” U≡N group—a nitrido ligand in which the N atom has no bridging interactions. Several research groups ( 2 – 7 ) have tried to isolate such a molecule but were thwarted by the high nucleophilicity and associated reactivity of the terminal U≡N moiety. On page 717 of this issue, King et al. ( 8 ) report having isolated and thoroughly characterized a high-valent UV complex with a terminal nitride ligand using an elegant synthetic strategy.
Stoichiometry in an ecological context: testing for links between Daphnia P-content, growth rate and habitat preference.

We used laboratory experiments with ten Daphnia taxa to test for links between Daphnia P-content, growth rate and habitat preference. The taxa represent a wide range of body sizes and most show distinct preferences for one of three habitats: shallow lakes, deep, stratified lakes or fishless ponds. Previous studies show that taxa from shallow lakes and fishless ponds experience high predation risk and rich food resources, whereas taxa from deep lakes experience low predation risk, strong food limitation and potentially P-deficient resources. Thus, we predicted higher P-content and higher maximal growth rates in taxa from ponds and shallow lakes and lower P-content, lower maximal growth but reduced sensitivity to P-limitation in taxa preferring stratified lakes. In each of 25 experiments, a clonal Daphnia cohort was cultured for 4 days on a P-sufficient (molar C:P ratio 70) or a P-deficient (C:P 1,000) diet of a green alga at a high concentration (1 mg C l−1). The P-content of adult Daphnia fed the P-sufficient diet ranged from 1.52 to 1.22% mass. Small-bodied taxa from shallow lakes had higher P-content than larger-bodied taxa from deep lakes or fishless ponds. However, we found a nonsignificant negative correlation between P-content and growth on the P-sufficient diet, rather than the positive relationship predicted by the growth rate hypothesis. The P-deficient diet resulted in declines in both growth rate and P-content compared with the P-sufficient controls and the extent of the declines differed between taxa. Taxa from ponds showed a marginally greater decline in growth with the P-deficient diet compared with taxa from shallow or deep lakes. However, contrary to stoichiometric theory, no relationship was found between a species’ P-content and growth depression on the P-deficient diet. Although we found evidence for habitat adaptations, our results show that factors other than Daphnia P-content are important in determining differences between Daphnia species in both maximal growth rate and sensitivity to P-limited growth.
Lamarck, evolution and the politics of science.

Lamarck's evolutionary theory, briefly mentioned in a lecture in 1800 and further developed in later writings, seems to have made little impression upon Lamarck's contemporaries. Several explanations for this lack of response, in addition to the usual unhelpful statements about the time not being "ripe," have been offered. Logically enough, these explanations for the most part have ascribed the poor reception of Lamarck's evolutionary theory to either the existence of hostile views dominating the science of the time or the insufficiency of Lamarck's own arguments and examples-or to a combination of the two. Certainly both of these factors played fundamental roles in the response to Lamarck's evolutionary theory. What has not been commented upon in any detail is the way in which Lamarck's highly personal thoughts about science and about the scientific community of his day were crucial for the way in which he presented his evolutionary views and thus, presumably, for the way in which these views were received. Lamarck looked upon the needs of science somewhat differently than did most of his younger contemporaries. Moreover, in a curious way, he displayed simultaneously an insensitivity to the difficulties others might have in accepting his novel views and a conviction that these views would indeed be poorly received. For these reasons, and possibly also because he doubted that his strength would last through all of his projected works, it appears that he did not really take great pains to present his theory in such a fashion as to compel his contemporaries to treat it seriously. He seems to have thus assured his theory of the very fate that he feared it would have. Only brief remarks on the development and structure of Lamarck's evolutionary theory will be made here. Primary atten-
Supervisory control on the bonneville system

THE BONNEVILLE Power Administration (BPA) transmission network serves the load areas of Washington, Oregon, northern Idaho, and Montana. It consists of approximately 7,600 miles of transmission lines and 190 substations. In the past 4 years, the number of stations operated by supervisory control has increased from 4 to 23. The majority of the supervisory control equipment in service is operating over power line carrier channels of various types. A few installations operate over leased line and cable, and some equipment has been installed and tested for operation over microwave.
Integrating molecular genetics analyses into clinical research

The integration of molecular genetics approaches into the study of complex health phenomena is an increasingly important and available strategy for researchers across the health science disciplines. Pain sensation and response to painful stimuli are examples of complex health phenomena that are particularly amenable to molecular genetics approaches. Both human and animal model research suggests that differences in these responses may be related, in part, to variation in the genes that modulate sensation and behavior. The authors are currently managing a large cross-disciplinary research effort to identify child characteristics, including genotypes, that predict the degree of distress displayed by children following a painful medical procedure (i.e., IV insertion). The purpose of this article is to describe the strategies used to integrate molecular genetics methods into this project. The authors discuss the steps needed to complete this process, including (a) establishing a collaboration with genetics res...
Couple alcohol treatment benefits patients' partners

This study explored the effects of conjoint therapy on the partner of alcoholic patients. Seventy-five alcohol abusers were randomly assigned to one of two manualized alcoholism treatments. Effects on partners were evaluated on three outcome measures. Results indicated that partner alcohol use was initially high, but was improved by treatment. An assessment of cross-cutting dimensions of patient-treatment matching, found to be effective in predicting patient response, was then applied to the prediction of partner response. These dimensions were unsuccessful in predicting changes in partner response to treatment. Results are discussed in respect to possible differences in matching partners versus clients to treatment. The statistical representation of patient-treatment matching is discussed along with other topics for future Aptitude × Treatment interaction research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Is it wrong for us to want good things? The origins of Gompers Charter Middle School

This paper documents the initial process by which a San Diego middle school, located in a low-income and predominantly Hispanic neighborhood and repeatedly failing to meet No Child Left Behind provisions, restructured into an academically rigorous, detracked charter school. The discussion of the political experience and working relationships between the charter organizers, the school district, and its superintendent illustrate the often contentious process of community mobilization and deliberation. The involvement of faculty from the University of California San Diego and community groups as contributing partners enhances our understanding of the creation of educational reforms or the transformation of passion into practice.
Real-time diagnosis of TCP performance in clouds

Enterprises running critical applications in the cloud expect their providers to offer good, predictable performance. However, existing TCP monitoring tools either run offline, preventing real-time adaptation to performance problems, or require modification to the tenant's VMs, which raises trust issues. In this work, we present an online tool that accurately detects the cause of TCP performance problems.
The Effect of Self-Esteem on Liking for Dates of Various Social Desirabilities.

Abstract It has often been proposed that individuals come to prefer romantic partners whose social assets approximate their own. Data in this area are inconclusive. Two experiments testing this hypothesis are reported: In these experiments self-esteem was both measured and manipulated. Then individuals were exposed to dates varying markedly in social desirability and asked to indicate their liking for for these dates. Regardless of whether stable or manipulated selfesteem was examined, no support for the matching hypothesis was secured. Subjects at the highest and the lowest self-esteem levels preferred the most socially desirable dates to the same extent.
Spatial Pattern Analysis and Sequential Sampling for the Incidence of Leaf Spot on Strawberry in Ohio.

ABSTRACT Spatial pattern of the incidence of strawberry leaf spot, caused by Mycosphaerella fragariae (Ramularia brunnea), was quantified on commercial strawberry farms in Ohio. For each planting of strawberry, one or two transects were randomly chosen, and the proportion of leaflets (out of 15) with leaf spot was determined from N = 29 to 87 evenly spaced sampling units. Based on a likelihood ratio test, the beta-binomial distribution described the frequency of diseased leaflets better than the binomial in 93% of the 59 data sets over 3 years. Estimates of mean incidence ranged from 0.0009 to 0.82, with a median of 0.05. Estimates of the beta-binomial aggregation parameter, θ, ranged from 0 to 1.06, with a median of 0.20. Moreover, the estimate of the slope of the binary power law, fitted to the variance data for the 59 data sets, was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than one, indicating that heterogeneity, and hence the pattern of disease incidence at the spatial scale of the sampling units or smaller, ...
Non-Commercial Digital Newspaper Libraries: Considering Usability

With the advent of the Internet there is now a growing expectation on the part of researchers to be able to have more immediate and functional access to newspaper archives and collections. In recent years newspaper digitization has moved to the forefront of efforts to provide this increased access to both historical and current newspapers. This article offers a brief overview of the unique challenges associated with creating non-commercial digital newspaper libraries and provides a preliminary look at the efficacy of these tools for the end user. The article focuses on a case study of usability testing done on the University of Florida's Florida Digital Newspaper Library (FDNL) and the National Digital Newspaper Project (NDNP)/Library of Congress Chronicling America digital newspaper collection. Additionally, it details a survey focused on gathering data regarding usability testing at other digital newspaper initiatives. Preliminary results from the small sample group surveyed indicate that for a variety ...
The Effects of Enrichment of Three‐Species Food Chains with Nonlinear Functional Responses

This article investigates the dynamic behavior of a model of an unstable food chain consisting of three species or trophic levels. The model assumes that each of the consumer species has a Holling type 2 functional response. The study examines how dynamic behaviors and top-level population densities change with the carrying capacity of the bottom level. In all cases examined, the mean population density of the top species initially increases, but eventually decreases as carrying capacity is increased. In some cases, a sufficient increase in the carrying capacity of the bottom species leads to extinction of the top species. If the maximum rate of change of the top species is sufficiently slow relative to the middle species, the period of the population cycles in the top species can change rapidly with a small change in the carrying capacity of the bottom species. Low carrying capacities produce simple cycles with a long period, while high carrying capacities produce simple cycles with a short period. For intermediate carrying capacities, more complex dynamical behaviors, including chaos, may occur. Systems that have only one equilibrium point with all species present may have two alternative attractors with very different densities of the top-level species. The responses of the bottom two species to an increased carrying capacity are also discussed. The results imply that nutrient enrichment may ad- versely affect high-level consumers and that reductions in the density of top-level consumers may make it difficult or impossible to restore their populations.
Predictions of geometries and multiplicities of the manganese-oxo intermediates in the Jacobsen epoxidation.

The geometries and multiplicities of models of the manganese(III)−salen catalyst and the manganese(V)−oxo intermediate in the Jacobsen epoxidation were explored with density functional theory (Becke3LYP). Mn(III) complexes are quintet ground states, while ligands influence whether quintet, triplet, or singlet states are lowest in energy for Mn(V)−oxo complexes. Geometries and multiplicities and their implications for stereoselectivity are described.
The use of propensity scores in mediation analysis

Mediation analysis uses measures of hypothesized mediating variables to test theory for how a treatment achieves effects on outcomes and to improve subsequent treatments by identifying the most eff...