cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Governance from the Bottom Up: The Case of Muslim Students in Dutch Universities.

This paper discusses the results of a study of faculty and university staff at two major universities in the Netherlands: the University of Amsterdam and the Free University of Amsterdam. I sought to understand how faculty viewed the role of the university in relationship to national and European goals promoting social cohesion and the integration of Islamic minorities in Dutch society. To a person, my informants were convinced that European universities did not, and should not, play a major role in promoting social cohesion. Some faculty members were merely indifferent to the problem and the university’s role; others were actively hostile to the idea that the university should address what was clearly, in their minds, a state political problem. The paper discusses the governance implications of promoting social cohesion within these challenging institutional contexts, by building social networks among students and reinterpreting traditional policies of pillarization.
Mosquito Bite Delivery of Dengue Virus Enhances Immunogenicity and Pathogenesis in Humanized Mice

Dengue viruses (DENV) are transmitted to humans by the bite of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, with millions of infections annually in over 100 countries. The diseases they produce, which occur exclusively in humans, are dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). We previously developed a humanized mouse model of DF in which mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells produced signs of DENV disease after injection with low-passage, wild-type isolates. Using these mice, but now allowing infected A. aegypti to transmit dengue virus during feeding, we observed signs of more severe disease (higher and more sustained viremia, erythema, and thrombocytopenia). Infected mice mounted innate (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and soluble interleukin 2 receptor alpha [sIL-2Rα]) and adaptive (anti-DENV antibodies) immune responses that failed to clear viremia until day 56, while a mosquito bite alone induced strong immunomodulators (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], IL-4, and IL-10) and thrombocytopenia. This is the first animal model that allows an evaluation of human immunity to DENV infection after mosquito inoculation.
Brittle IV mouse model for osteogenesis imperfecta IV demonstrates postpubertal adaptations to improve whole bone strength.

The Brtl mouse model for type IV osteogenesis imperfecta improves its whole bone strength and stiffness between 2 and 6 months of age. This adaptation is accomplished without a corresponding improve- ment in geometric resistance to bending, suggesting an improvement in matrix material properties. Introduction: The Brittle IV (Brtl) mouse was developed as a knock-in model for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type IV. A Gly349Cys substitution was introduced into one col1a1 allele, resulting in a phenotype representative of the disease. In this study, we investigate the effect of the Brtl mutation on whole bone architecture, strength, and composition across a range of age groups. Materials and Methods: One-, 2-, 6-, and 12-month-old Brtl and wildtype (WT) mice were analyzed. Femurs were assessed at the central diaphysis for cortical geometric parameters using CT and were subsequently mechanically tested to failure by four-point bending. Matrix material properties were predicted using CT data to normalize data from mechanical tests. Raman spectroscopy and DXA were used to assess matrix composition. Results: Our findings show a postpubertal adaptation in which Brtl femoral strength and stiffness increase through a mechanism independent of changes in whole bone geometry. These findings suggest an improvement in the material properties of the bone matrix itself, rather than improvements in whole bone geometry, as seen in previous mouse models of OI. Raman spectroscopic results suggest these findings may be caused by changes in mineral/matrix balance rather than improvements in mineral crystallinity. Conclusions: Our findings parallel the currently unexplained clinical observation of decreased fractures in human OI patients after puberty. The Brtl mouse remains an important tool for investigating therapeutic interventions for OI. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:614 - 622. Published online on January 12, 2004; doi: 10.1359/JBMR.040111
Behavioural adjustment in the open classroom1

SUMMARY The purpose of this investigation was to discover whether 47 discreet, overt classroom behaviours shown to relate to academic achievement in regular and psychoeducational classrooms would (a) be organized into behavioural factors or dimensions in a similar fashion, and (b) relate to academic achievement, in a typical, open classroom in England. The results indicate there are five behavioural dimensions of significance crossculturally and in all classroom settings studied. It would seem universally true that a child learns better die more he exhibits independence of mind (i.e., lack of reliance upon externals for direction in learning), the more he shows personal involvement (i.e., a bringing together of experience from outside and inside the classroom), and the less he exhibits impulsive irrelevance (i.e., inability to co-ordinate his own drive and interest with the demands and limits of the task), inattentiveness, and excessive anxiety about achievement. In contrast to the regular and psychoeducational classroom settings studied earlier, the open classroom provides an environment which demands that the child be able to work independendy and participates actively in the learning process. This demand may be too much for certain children to handle, causing excessive anxiety in those who are reliant upon others or the educational setting for direction. The results also indicate that obstreperous and physically intrusive behaviours, and behaviours reflecting a child's negative feelings about learning do not interfere with the learning process in the open classroom as they do in regular psychoeducational classrooms.
Multiplexing of nonlinear fiber-optic interferometric sensors

The scheme is demonstrated with a three-sensor array consisting of magnetic-field, pressure, and displacement sensors exhibiting resolutions at 1 Hz of 20 mu Oe/ square root Hz (limited by ambient noise), 0.1 kPa/ square root Hz, and 30 nm/ square root Hz, respectively. Multiplexing is accomplished by dithering each transducer at a different frequency and using parallel phase-sensitive detectors (PSD) at the interferometer output to demultiplex the information. A single Mach-Zehnder interferometer driven by a single unmodulated laser was used. Factors affecting the performance of the multiplexing scheme, including interferometric demodulation technique, PSD performance, and nonlinear transduction mechanism, are discussed. >
Time dependent neutron detector response simulation for 252 Cf

Liquid scintillator detectors are valuable for detection of special nuclear material since they are capable of detecting both neutrons and gamma rays. Furthermore, scintillators can also provide energy information which can help in identification and characterization of the source. In order to deign scintillation based measurement systems appropriate simulation tools are needed. MCNPX-PoliMi is capable of simulating scintillator detector response, however, simulations have traditionally been run in analog mode which leads to longer computation times. In this paper nonanalog MCNPX-PoliMi mode which uses variance reduction techniques is applied and tested. The nonanalog MCNPX-PoliMi simulation test case uses source biasing variance reduction technique to efficiently simulate pulse height distribution and then time-of-flight for a heavily shielded case with a 252Cf source. Neutron time-of-flight measurements are essential to nonproliferation and safeguards efforts to identify and characterize special nuclear material. The resulting simulation is marked by an improvement in the figure of merit (FOM) by a factor of 3.4.
TAXONOMIC INFLATION AND BODY MASS DISTRIBUTIONS IN NORTH AMERICAN FOSSIL MAMMALS

Body mass distributions of mammalian species are a major focus of macroecological and macroevolutionary studies. However, these distributions may be obscured by taxonomic error, just like any other aspect of biodiversity. The key problem with taxonomy is that many currently used names are synonyms of each other or are biologically indeterminate. This article reassesses body mass patterns in the fossil record of North American mammals using the recently developed flux ratio method for estimating the underlying proportion of invalid names. Current name quality varies very strongly with body mass: small species names are highly unreliable, but names of large species have been evaluated thoroughly. The main reason is that there has been a dramatic fall through historical time in the average size of described species. Hence, there simply has not been enough time yet to reevaluate the names of most small species. This bias only accentuates the previously described bimodal diversity distribution for North American mammals, which suggests the existence of dual body mass optima—so not all evolutionary lineages converge on 100 g. The historical shift in the underlying quality and body mass of newly described species also differentially affects our picture of biodiversity in major taxonomic groups. On the one hand, ungulate and carnivoran names are much more likely to be invalid in the 1st place than are rodent and insectivoran names. On the other hand, most of the invalid names for large mammals already have been identified, but this is not true for the small-mammal groups. Therefore, the most fruitful strategy for future taxonomic research would be to focus on small- and medium-sized mammals.
Extension of Hopfield’s Electron Transfer Model To Accommodate Site–Site Correlation

Extension of the Forster analogue for the ET rate constant (based on virtual intermediate electron detachment or attachment states) with inclusion of site–site correlation due to coulomb terms associated with solvent reorganization energy and the driving force, has been developed and illustrated for a simple three-state, two-mode model. The model is applicable to charge separation (CS), recombination (CR), and shift (CSh) ET processes, with or without an intervening bridge. The model provides a unified perspective on the role of virtual intermediate states in accounting for the thermal Franck–Condon weighted density of states (FCWD), the gaps controlling superexchange coupling, and mean absolute redox potentials, with full accommodation of site–site coulomb interactions. Two types of correlation have been analyzed: aside from the site–site correlation due to coulomb interactions, we have emphasized the intrinsic “nonorthogonality” which generally pertains to reaction coordinates (RCs) for different ET pro...
Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva and urine: Potential in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for chronic diseases

Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of inflammatory cells to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, irritants, or damaged cells. This inflammation has been linked to several chro...
Learning deficit in mature rats recovered from early post-natal infection with West Nile virus.

SummaryOur data indicate that West Nile virus, injected intracerebrally into 12-day-old rats, affects their ability to learn a moderately complex maze. After 13 learning trials approximately 90% of control animals had learned the maze, while no more than 60% of virus-infected animals had errorless runs after 15 trials. The memory loss of virus-treated animals following a period of 20 days between runs was proportionately no greater than that for controls.
Determination of Tepa Residues on Chemosterilized Mexican Fruit Flies

Puparia of Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), that had been dipped in a 5% solution of tepa were analyzed to determine the amount of residue on the surface of each puparium. Adult flies emerging from treated pupae became sterile after coming in contact with the chemosterilant deposited on the pupal cases. The quantity of tepa which an adult carried on its body decreased by more than 90% within the first 3 days of its life and constituted only a small fraction of the sterilant deposited on the pupa. Washing the pupae with water before dipping in the sterilant appeared to increase slightly the pickup of tepa by emerging adults, although washed pupae contained a somewhat smaller deposit of tepa than unwashed ones.
The index array approach and the dual tiled similarity algorithm for UAS hyper-spatial image processing

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have been used as a robust tool for agricultural and environmental applications in recent years. Remote sensing systems based on UAS typically acquire massive hyper-spatial images in its short turnaround. This paper takes advantage of graphics processing unit (GPU) massive parallel computation in order to process the huge data timely and efficiently. More specifically, this paper presents an index array approach for lens distortion correction and geo-referencing. They are the two essential components in UAS hyper-spatial image processing. The index array approach is also capable of parallelizing image file I/O and the orthoimage generation. In addition, this paper presents the dual tiled similarity algorithm for the image co-registration. The index array approach and the dual tiled similarity algorithm were evaluated using two UAS remote sensing datasets of South Padre island shorelines. The results show that this index array approach was able to speed up at least 10 times the lens distortion correction and the geo-referencing relative to the central processing unit (CPU) computation. This dual tiled algorithm could provide 12 times speedup compared with the CPU similarity computation.
Examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: A meta-analysis

It is generally believed that creativity enhances innovative activities. However, empirical research regarding the impact of creativity on innovation has produced a wide range of results. In this s...
26 REGULATION OF FGF23 BY 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3: A SECONDARY MECHANISM INVOLVING HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION.

FGF23 is a newly recognized regulator of serum phosphate, acting reciprocally to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The hormones also act to regulate each other, with FGF23 down-regulating the production of 1,25D, and 1,25D acting via its nuclear receptor to up-regulate FGF23 production. Purpose To elucidate the mechanism whereby FGF23 gene transcription is up-regulated by the vitamin D receptor bound to 1,25D. Methods An initial approach to address this question was to construct a luciferase reporter construct containing the FGF23 proximal promoter. A second approach was to search mammalian genomic sequences for conserved vitamin D response elements (VDREs) and also conserved binding sites for other transcription factors in the vicinity of the FGF23 gene. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments were performed using antibodies directed against modified histones to investigate the role of chromatin remodeling in 1,25D-stimulated FGF23 expression. A collaborator used real-time PCR (rt-PCR) to test whether 1,25D regulates two transcription factors for which conserved binding sites were found. Results The FGF23 reporter construct yielded a strong level of expression but very weak up-regulation (1.5X) by 1,25D. These data led us to believe that either our promoter segment did not contain the relevant control elements or that in vivo regulatory events (eg, chromatin remodeling) could not be replicated in our plasmid reporter construct. Other factors led us to conclude that 1,25D regulation of FGF23 might be a secondary effect: (a) genomic searches failed to yield conserved VDREs and (b) cyclohexamide experiments implied that protein synthesis was required for the 1,25D effect. We identified conserved binding sites for c-Ets-1 and GATA-3 in the FGF23 proximal promoter; however, we were unable to show 1,25D regulation by either factor using real-time PCR. Finally, ChIP experiments using various antisera to modified histones showed that histone H4 acetylation is increased in the FGF23 promoter in response to 1,25D. Conclusions Our results, so far, are consistent with FGF23 up-regulation occurring via a secondary mechanism. Unfortunately, a transcription factor that fits the criteria of a primary 1,25D target has not yet been identified. We have nevertheless been able to demonstrate that histone modification is part of the mechanism for FGF23 activation and are hopeful that further ChIP and bioinformatics approaches will allow us to focus on a specific region of the FGF23 gene where key regulatory elements may reside.
Entrepreneurs' Job Satisfaction and Its Relationship to Super-Leadership and Self-Leadership

How is entrepreneurs' job satisfaction influenced by their use of super-leadership and self-leadership strategies? Can a mindset geared toward leading others and oneself predict entrepreneurs’ job satisfaction? This article reports research on entrepreneurs' use of super- and self- leadership strategies and their subsequent ratings of personal job satisfaction. One-hundred-and-two entrepreneurs completed a questionnaire measuring the super-leadership dimension “coaching and communicational support”, four dimensions of self-leadership (i.e., constructive thought focus, natural reward focus, physical vitality focus, behavioral focus), and job satisfaction. Structural equation analysis lends support to a model where self-leadership behavior is introduced as a variable mediating the relationship between super-leadership and job satisfaction of entrepreneurs. Implications for research and applications are discussed.
Evaluation of infectious complications following percutaneous liver ablation in patients with bilioenteric anastomoses

Prior bilioenteric anastomosis (BEA) has been associated with elevated risk of abscess formation after thermal ablation of hepatic tumors. We assessed the incidence of hepatic abscess after thermal ablation in a BEA cohort treated with extended antibiotic regimens following ablation. Retrospective review was performed to identify patients with BEA who underwent percutaneous hepatic thermal ablation between January 1, 2003–September 1, 2016. Fifteen patients with BEA underwent 18 percutaneous thermal ablation procedures. Patient and procedural characteristics were reviewed, as well as the antibiotic regiment utilized post ablation. Complications were characterized via standardized nomenclature [Common Terminology for Clinically Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.03]. Fifteen patients with BEA underwent treatment of 49 liver lesions during 18 ablation sessions. Mean follow-up in these patients was 39 months (range 3–138 months). Two patients (11%) developed hepatic abscesses, both of which occurred within 45 days of the ablation procedure while the patients were still on extended prophylactic antibiotic therapy. No additional CTCAE clinically significant complications were observed. Thermal ablation of hepatic tumors can be accomplished safely in patients with BEA. Long-term post-procedural antibiotics may mitigate the risk of hepatic abscess formation. Due to the high number of patients who are deemed surgically unresectable, patients with BEA may have limited alternate treatment modalities and percutaneous hepatic thermal ablative treatments warrant consideration.
Paclitaxel Biosynthesis: Adenylation and Thiolation Domains of an NRPS TycA PheAT Module Produce Various Arylisoserine CoA Thioesters.

Structure–activity relationship studies show that the phenylisoserinyl moiety of paclitaxel (Taxol) is largely necessary for the effective anticancer activity. Several paclitaxel analogues with a variant isoserinyl side chain have improved pharmaceutical properties versus those of the parent drug. To produce the isoserinyl CoAs as intermediates needed for enzyme catalysis on a semibiosynthetic pathway to paclitaxel analogues, we repurposed the adenylation and thiolation domains (Phe-AT) of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (TycA) so that they would function as a CoA ligase. Twenty-eight isoserine analogue racemates were synthesized by an established procedure based on the Staudinger [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. Phe-AT converted 16 substituted phenylisoserines, one β-(heteroaryl)isoserine, and one β-(cyclohexyl)isoserine to their corresponding isoserinyl CoAs. We imagine that these CoA thioesters can likely serve as linchpin biosynthetic acyl donors transferred by a 13-O-acyltransferase to a paclitaxel pr...
Distributive Effects of Stabilizing Inflation in a Brazilian Equilibrium Model

Abstract An economywide simulation model of Brazil quantifies the effects of alternative inflation stabilization policies on the distribution of income. A general equilibrium submodel includes five household classes, five production sectors, four types of labor, the public sector, and the rest of the world. A dynamic adjustment submodel moves the system of modeling equations from one equilibrium to another. Counterfactual simulations compute measures of income inequality for orthodox, unorthodox, and heterodox stabilization programs.
A structured, extended training program to facilitate adoption of new techniques for practicing surgeons.

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair has been shown to have significant benefits when compared to open inguinal hernia repair, yet remains underutilized in the United States. The traditional model of short, hands-on, cognitive courses to enhance the adoption of new techniques fails to lead to significant levels of practice implementation for most surgeons. We hypothesized that a comprehensive program would facilitate the adoption of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TEP) for practicing surgeons. A team of experts in simulation, coaching, and hernia care created a comprehensive training program to facilitate the adoption of TEP. Three surgeons who routinely performed open inguinal hernia repair with greater than 50 cases annually were recruited to participate in the program. Coaches were selected based on their procedural expertise and underwent formal training in surgical coaching. Participants were required to evaluate all aspects of the educational program and were surveyed out to one year following completion of the program to assess for sustained adoption of TEP. All three participants successfully completed the first three steps of the seven-step program. Two participants completed the full course, while the third dropped out of the program due to time constraints and low case volume. Participant surgeons rated Orientation (4.7/5), GlovesOn training (5/5), and Preceptored Cases (5/5) as highly important training activities that contributed to advancing their knowledge and technical performance of the TEP procedure. At one year, both participants were performing TEPs for “most of their cases” and were confident in their ability to perform the procedure. The total cost of the program including all travel, personal coaching, and simulation was $8638.60 per participant. Our comprehensive educational program led to full and sustained adoption of TEP for those who completed the course. Time constraints, travel costs, and case volume are major considerations for successful completion; however, the program is feasible, acceptable, and affordable.
Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire

One of the hallmarks of human agglomeration is an increase in the division of labour, but the exact nature of this relationship has been debated among anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and historians and archaeologists. Over the last decade, researchers investigating contemporary urban systems have suggested a novel explanation for the links between the numbers of inhabitants in settlements and many of their most important characteristics, which is grounded in a view of settlements as social networks embedded in built environments. One of the remarkable aspects of this approach is that it is not based on the specific conditions of the modern world (such as capitalism or industrialization), which raises the issue of whether the relationships observed in contemporary urban systems can also be detected in pre-modern urban or even non-urban systems. Here, we present a general model for the relationship between the population and functional diversity of settlements, where the latter is viewed as an indicator of the division of labour. We then explore the applicability of this model to pre-modern contexts, focusing on cities in the Roman Empire, using estimates of their numbers of inhabitants, numbers of documented professional associations, and numbers of recorded inscriptions to develop an index of functional diversity. Our results are consistent with theoretical expectations, adding further support to the view that urban systems in both contemporary and pre-modern contexts reflect a common set of generative processes.
Cyclic di-GMP Regulates TfoY in Vibrio cholerae To Control Motility by both Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Mechanisms

3',5'-Cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger molecule that is a key global regulator in Vibrio cholerae, but the molecular mechanisms by which this molecule regulates downstream phenotypes have not been fully characterized. One such regulatory factor that may respond to c-di-GMP is the Vc2 c-di-GMP-binding riboswitch that is hypothesized to control the expression of the downstream putative transcription factor TfoY. Although much is known about the physical and structural properties of the Vc2 riboswitch aptamer, the nature of its expression and function in V. cholerae has not been investigated. Here, we show that Vc2 functions as an off switch to inhibit TfoY production at intermediate and high concentrations of c-di-GMP. At low c-di-GMP concentrations, TfoY production is induced to stimulate dispersive motility. We also observed increased transcription of tfoY at high intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP, but this induction is independent of the Vc2 riboswitch and occurs via transcriptional control of promoters upstream of tfoY by the previously identified c-di-GMP dependent transcription factor VpsR. Our results show that TfoY is induced by c-di-GMP at both low and high intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP via posttranscriptional and transcriptional mechanisms, respectively. This regulation contributes to the formation of three distinct c-di-GMP signaling states in V. choleraeIMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae must transition between life in aquatic environmental reservoirs and life in the gastrointestinal tract. Biofilm formation and bacterial motility, and their control by the second messenger molecule c-di-GMP, play integral roles in this adaptation. Here, we define the third major mechanism by which c-di-GMP controls bacterial motility. This pathway utilizes a noncoding RNA element known as a riboswitch that, when bound to c-di-GMP, inhibits the expression of the transcription factor TfoY. TfoY production switches V. cholerae motility from a dense to a dispersive state. Our results suggest that the c-di-GMP signaling network of V. cholerae can exist in at least three distinct states to regulate biofilm formation and motility.
Lessons from the Campaign Trail

The challenges facing many companies are strikingly similar to those faced by many leading politicians and political campaigns – which is why Penn, Schoen and Berland have built their success on taking the lessons from the campaign trail and applying them to the boardroom, whether on developing messaging strategies, how to win the swings or microtargeting.
Acute Traumatic Cervical Facet Fractures

Acute cervical facet fractures are increasingly being detected due to the use of cervical spine CT imaging in the initial assessment of trauma patients. For displaced cervical facet fractures with dislocations and subluxations, early surgery can decompress the spinal cord and stabilize the spine. For patients with non-displaced cervical facet fractures, the challenge in managing these patients is the determination of spinal stability. Although many of the patients with non-displaced cervical facet fractures can be managed with a cervical collar, the imaging needs to be analyzed carefully since certain fracture patterns may be better managed with early surgical stabilization.
Individual and organizational factors associated with professional quality of life in Florida fire personnel

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine a baseline level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in firefighters, as well as to examine how these constructs related to perceived organizational support, perceived coworker support, psychological resilience, and debriefing in the fire personnel. Design: This was done through a voluntary nonrandom, cross-sectional administration of surveys. Setting: The study was carried out in the state of Florida. Subjects, Participants: Surveys were e-mailed out to state firefighters. Two hundred seventy surveys were completed by active firefighting personnel across the state. Main Outcome Measure(s): The Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue Version 5 was also sent to establish self-reported levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and STS. The Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, Perceived Organizational Support Survey, and the Brief Resilience Survey were also used in addition to questions regarding debriefing activities. Results: Gender, race, and education levels were significantly related to compassion satisfaction in the regression analysis. Organizational support was associated with higher compassion satisfaction as well as lower burnout and STS. Coworker support was associated with higher compassion satisfaction. Psychological resilience was positively associated with higher levels of compassion satisfaction and lower burnout and STS. Those who participated in informal debriefing methods had higher compassion satisfaction as well as lower burnout. Firefighters working at agencies that did not provide mental health professional’s services had lower compassion satisfaction. Conclusions: Fire agencies have multiple avenues and policy options to improve the professional quality of life for firefighters.
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation

The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates claim militarized policing protects officers and deters violent crime, while critics allege these tactics are targeted at racial minorities and erode trust in law enforcement. Using a rare geocoded census of SWAT team deployments from Maryland, I show that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, even after controlling for local crime rates. Further, using nationwide panel data on local police militarization, I demonstrate that militarized policing fails to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime. Finally, using survey experiments—one of which includes a large oversample of African American respondents—I show that seeing militarized police in news reports may diminish police reputation in the mass public. In the case of militarized policing, the results suggest that the often-cited trade-off between public safety and civil liberties is a false choice.
Archival labyrinth: words, things and bodies in epistemic formation

Examining research conducted by the author in 2006, 2007 and 2017 at Yale University’s Manuscripts and Archives, and focused particularly on letters as interlocutors and informants, this article de...
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer: 68 cases from the Food and Drug Administration database and review

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) are widely used in modern oncology and have improved the prognosis of lung cancer, malignant melanoma, and other malignancies. Unlike cytotoxic chemotherapy, drugs such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab are associated with immune-related adverse effects. We recently observed a patient with lung cancer who developed a fulminant warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Objectives Investigate the frequency and prognosis of AIHA secondary to CPI in a public database and review the literature. Results A total of 68 cases were identified in the database of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 43 were associated with nivolumab, 13 with pembrolizumab, seven with ipilimumab, and five with atezolizumab. All episodes of AIHA were listed as serious. If the total number of adverse events cases reported to the FDA is taken as a reference, AIHA is rare, but occurred more frequently with PD-1 or PD-L1 targeting agents (0.15%-0.25%) than with CTLA-4 inhibitors (0.06%). In addition to our case, the literature review identified 11 similar cases. Most cases of AIHA responded to steroids, but two of 12 were fatal. Conclusion We describe AIHA as a new and serious immune-related side effect of CPI. Early aggressive management is necessary.
Recovery in My Lens: A Study on Stroke Vlogs

Stroke is a chronic condition and a leading cause of disability. After hospital discharge, patients need to transition into home-based rehabilitation, a long and distressful process. However, they are often ill-prepared to manage recovery at home; and many are socially isolated. There is a growing number of stroke patients who utilize social media platforms, YouTube in particular, to publish video blogs (vlogs) to make their stories heard and to share their rehabilitation experience. In this study, we analyzed 246 such YouTube vlogs to better understand this new form of patient story-telling and its value to vloggers, viewers, as well as healthcare professionals. We found that vlogging helps stroke patients overcome physical and speech constraints to self-journal, and to connect with other people online. Based on these findings, we discuss how future health systems may leverage vlogs to design self-tracking technologies, to generate patient health data, and to offer patient-centered education.
Cryptic Infection and Systemic Colonization of Leguminous Crops by Verticillium dahliae, the Cause of Verticillium Wilt.

Verticillium dahliae, the cause of Verticillium wilt, is a widespread pathogen that affects many crops in California and throughout the world. Cover cropping with leguminous species is often integr...
Online Discovery for Stable and Grouping Causalities in Multivariate Time Series

The content of this chapter is organized as follows: The problem formulation is presented in Sect. 10.1. Section 10.2 introduces the details about our proposed approach and its equivalent Bayesian model. A solution capable of online inference with particle learning is given in Sect. 10.3. Extensive empirical evaluation is demonstrated in Sect. 10.4. Finally, we conclude our work and discuss the future work.
The combination bands (ν1+ν3, ν2+ν3) and overtone band (3ν3) of neptunium hexafluoride

Abstract Fourier transform, vibration-rotational spectra of NpF 6 measured at moderate to high resolution (0.1-0.008 cm −1 ) reveal well-defined PQR structures for the two combination bands, ν 1 +ν 3 and ν 2 +ν 3 . The resolved ground-state Q branch and rotational manifolds for each band provide accurate vibrational frequencies and allow detailed rovibrational analysis. We also report the observation of the 3ν 3 band spectrum at 5.3 μm. The transition strength for 3ν 3 is determined as S =1.7×10 −2 km mol −1 . The anharmonic constant x 33 ≈−0.77 cm −1 was estimated.
Stable isotope analysis of vegetation history and land use change at Laguna Santa Elena in southern Pacific Costa Rica

Laguna Santa Elena (8.9290° N, 82.9257° W, 1055 m a.s.l.) is a small lake in the Diquis archaeological sub-region of southern Pacific Costa Rica. Previous analyses of pollen and charcoal in a sediment core from Santa Elena revealed a nearly 2,000 year history of vegetation change, maize cultivation and site occupation that is consistent with the archaeological record from the lake basin and surrounding area. Here we present the results of new loss-on-ignition, geochemical and bulk stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analyses of the Santa Elena sediments that supplement and refine the previous reconstruction. Like many lakes in Central America and the Caribbean, Laguna Santa Elena was a magnet for humans throughout its history. As a result, the lake experienced vegetation modification by humans and maize cultivation at varying intensities over a long duration. The Santa Elena sediments provide a record of palaeoenvironmental change during times of major culture change and increasing cultural complexity in the Diquis region, which occurred during intervals of broader changes driven by external forcing mechanisms, including the Terminal Classic Drought (TCD), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Spanish Conquest. Our high resolution lake sediment study from Santa Elena reveals details of these events at the local scale that are unobtainable by other means, including the timing of the initial intensification of maize cultivation at ca. 1,570 cal bp (ad 380) and two intervals of population decline coinciding with the TCD at ca. 1,085 cal bp (ad 865) and near the start of the LIA at ca. 683 cal bp (ad 1267).
Introducing the Human Rights Violations Dataset for the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey, 1990–2018

This study introduces a new event dataset on the human rights violations in the Kurdish conflict in Turkey perpetrated by both the State and the armed rebel group, the PKK (the Kurdistan Workers Party), from 1990 to 2018. The dataset codes human rights violation events that victimize civilians, including women and children, identifying the perpetrator, type of victim, type of human right violation, and the place of the violation. The categories of human rights violations include the physical and political rights drawn from the laws and treaties adopted by the U.N., such as killings or deaths of civilians, illegal detention and arrests, and freedom of peaceful assembly. The dataset is useful in examining the trends and motives of perpetrators in committing these violations and for seeking to understand the extent to which state and non-state rebel groups abide by international norms in armed conflicts. The framework of this dataset, although developed for the Kurdish conflict, is applicable and can be extended to other armed conflict cases, facilitating cross-conflict research on a more comparative basis.
Information storage and management in large web-based applications using XML

The Extensible Markup Language [XML], was intended to be a meta-language, when it was initially approved as a Web Standard by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), in February of 1998. Since then, it has come a very long way in applicability and popularity and is fast becoming the Standard for Data Interchange over the Web. XML has now formed the foundation for a completely new way of communicating across the Internet. The power of XML to be applied universally to a number of areas lies in the fact that it is a clean standard and provides a very simple way for a document to carry information about itself. In a generic sense, this would imply that XML infuses the information itself with "Intelligence." This feature of XML can be harnessed to lend the flexibility and the information storage and management capability desirable in most Web-based applications. This paper researches and evaluates the tradeoffs, advantages and issues involved in applying XML to the storage and management of data and/or documents in the implementation of a large Web - based application, such as an Online Delivery System for Courseware.
Acupuncture in the Management of Medication Overuse and Drug-induced Aseptic Meningitis Headache: A Case Report

Headache disorders are burdensome, both in terms of the number of people they affect, and in terms of associated healthcare spending. This report presents a 36-year-old female admitted to a tertiary university hospital with a primary complaint of intractable headache, caused by a combination of medication overuse headache, and headache secondary to aseptic meningitis. During her hospital stay, opioid analgesic doses were initially increased without success in an attempt to control her headache. Despite multiple medication trials the patient's headache failed to improve. On day ten of her hospitalization, she underwent a thirty-minute acupuncture session which resulted in immediate relief of her headache. She received one more acupuncture treatment the following day and was discharged to an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility on a vastly reduced dose of opioids. Instructions on how to taper the remaining opioids were provided, and the patient was scheduled for outpatient acupuncture therapy sessions for further headache management. This report demonstrates the importance of recognizing acupuncture as a viable treatment option for medication overuse headache and for headache secondary to systemic diseases such as aseptic meningitis. Furthermore, acupuncture should also be considered as a nonpharmacological modality to be used when tapering a patient off of high doses of opioids.
Analysis on the antibody level of 5423 individuals after being inoculated with rabies vaccine

为了解人用狂犬病疫苗接种后人群抗体水平,本研究于诸暨市疾病预防控制中心(CDC)犬伤门诊采集的血清标本进行检测. 1.材料与方法: (1)病例资料:2008年2月至2010年2月在犬伤门诊采集到血清标本5423份.详细记录被检测对象接种卡上的基础资料,包括姓名、性别、年龄、疫苗种类、针次、接种时间、采血时间等。
Value of Dermatology Nights at a student-run free clinic.

The Free Clinic at Lubbock Impact is a student-run free clinic affiliated with the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas. Every Wednesday, the clinic provides free health s...
Renormalization-Group Improved Calculation of the B->Xs+gamma Branching Ratio

Using results on soft-collinear factorization for inclusive B-meson decay distributions, a systematic study of the partial $B\to X_s\gamma$ decay rate with a cut $E_\gamma > E_0$ on photon energy is performed. For values of $E_0$ below about 1.9 GeV, the rate can be calculated without reference to shape functions using a multi-scale operator product expansion (MSOPE). The transition from the shape-function region to the MSOPE region is studied analytically. The resulting prediction for the $B\to X_s\gamma$ branching ratio depends on three large scales: $m_b$, $\sqrt{m_b\Delta}$, and $\Delta=m_b-2E_0$. Logarithms associated with these scales are resummed at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic order. While power corrections in $\Lambda_{QCD}/\Delta$ turn out to be small, the sensitivity to the scale $\Delta\approx 1.1$ GeV (for $E_0\approx 1.8$ GeV) introduces significant perturbative uncertainties, which so far have been ignored. The new theoretical prediction for the $B\to X_s\gamma$ branching ratio with $E_\gamma\ge 1.8$ GeV is $Br(B\to X_s\gamma)=(3.38_{-0.42-0.30}^{+0.31+0.32})\times 10^{-4}$, where the first error is an estimate of perturbative uncertainties and the second one reflects uncertainties in input parameters. With this cut $(89_{-7}^{+6}\pm 1)%$ of all events are contained. The implications of larger theory uncertainties for New Physics searches are briefly explored with the example of the type-II two-Higgs-doublet model, for which the lower bound on the charged-Higgs mass is reduced compared with previous estimates to approximately 200 GeV at 95% confidence level.
The legal self: executive processes and legal theory.

When laws or legal principles mention mental states such as intentions to form a contract, knowledge of risk, or purposely causing a death, what parts of the brain are they speaking about? We argue here that these principles are tacitly directed at our prefrontal executive processes. Our current best theories of consciousness portray it as a workspace in which executive processes operate, but what is important to the law is what is done with the workspace content rather than the content itself. This makes executive processes more important to the law than consciousness, since they are responsible for channelling conscious decision-making into intentions and actions, or inhibiting action. We provide a summary of the current state of our knowledge about executive processes, which consists primarily of information about which portions of the prefrontal lobes perform which executive processes. Then we describe several examples in which legal principles can be understood as tacitly singling out executive processes, including principles regarding defendants’ intentions or plans to commit crimes and their awareness that certain facts are the case (for instance, that a gun is loaded), as well as excusatory principles which result in lesser responsibility for those who are juveniles, mentally ill, sleepwalking, hypnotized, or who suffer from psychopathy.
Exploring technical and non-technical competencies of navigators for autonomous shipping

The emergence of autonomous ship technologies has attracted a growing body of academic studies, regulatory discussions and exploration endeavours in recent years. With the introduction of new techn...
Gender of Abstract Presenters at the Annual Meetings of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists and American Society of Anesthesiology: 2016-2020

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to assess gender in abstract poster presentation at the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) Annual Meetings from 2016 through 2020 to determine possible gender disparities in anesthesia overall as compared to cardiothoracic anesthesia. Design Bibliometric study Setting Publicly available data from the SCA and ASA websites. Participants Presenting and senior authors of abstracts at the SCA and ASA Annual Meetings. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Abstract data on presenting and senior authors was collected for the years 2016 through 2020 for both annual meetings. Observed gender of abstract authors was compared to expected gender based on gender distribution of cardiac anesthesiologists for the SCA or of all anesthesiologists for the ASA. From 2016 to 2020, the proportion of woman senior authors on abstracts was significantly underrepresented (2016-2019, p Conclusion At the SCA, women were appropriately represented as both presenting and senior abstract authors. At the ASA, there was significant overrepresentation of women as presenting authors and underrepresentation of women as senior authors. Our results suggest that abstract presentation is not the barrier to academic advancement.
Extensions and Resolutions

A long exact sequence of R-modules 0→A→B1→B0→C→0 running from A to C through n intermediate modules is called an “n-fold extension” of A by C. These extensions, suitably classified by a congruence relation, are the elements of a group Ext n (C,A). To calculate this group, we present C as the quotient C=F0/S0 of a free module F0; this process can be iterated as S0=F1/S1, S1=F2/F2,… to give an exact sequence ⋯→F n →Fn-1→⋯→F1→F0→C→0 called a “free resolution” of C. The complex Horn (F n , A) has cohomology Ext n (C,A).