cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonance contributions to the electron-impact ionization of few-electron highly charged ions

We present results for the electron-impact ionization of Li-like, Be-like, and B-like Fe, Kr, and Xe ions. We have included the contributions from direct ionization, excitation autoionization, and dielectronic-capture double autoionization in our calculations. We discuss isonuclear and isoelectronic trends for the various contributions, focusing on the resonance contributions in particular.
Chemisorption and electrocatalytic reactivity of 3,6-dihydroxypyridazine at Au and Pt electrodes: a comparison

Abstract The chemisorption and electrocatalytic reactivity of 3,6-dihydroxypyridazine (DHPz) has been compared at smooth polycrystalline platinum and gold electrodes in aqueous acid and neutral solutions. Analytical measurements of packing densities and electrochemical reactivities were based upon thin-layer electrochemical techniques. At ambient temperatures, DHPz irreversibly adsorbs on Pt via only one nitrogen, regardless of pH. This means that the driving force for coordination of the nitrogen heteroatom to the Pt surface is greater than its protonation, even in molar acid. The same mode of η 1 -N attachment also occurs on gold but saturation or space-limited coverages are not attained in very acidic media. Evidently, the driving force for protonation of the nitrogen heteroatom in molar acid is about the same magnitude as its coordination to the Au surface. The surface-coordination strength of DHPz is therefore greater on Pt than on Au. Chemisorbed DHPz can be hydrogenated and oxidized at both electrodes, although the extent of these reactions is lower on Au than on Pt. Coulometric measurements suggest that oxidation of surface-coordination DHPz is limited to cleavage of the NN bond and formation of terminal nitro groups.
Mathematical Microprocessor Software: A x Comparison

Mathematical software has been analyzed almost exclusively in the context of large-scale systems. Here, five algorithms for square root evaluation are compared for use in small systems.
Multiple color capability from rare earth-doped gallium nitride

Rare earth (RE) doping of GaN has led to a new full color thin film electroluminescent (TFEL) phosphor system. GaN films doped with Eu, Er, and Tm dopants emit pure red, green, and blue emission colors, respectively. As a host for RE luminescent centers, GaN possesses many properties which are ideal for bright multiple color TFEL. Specifically, GaN has excellent high field transport characteristics, is chemically and thermally rugged, and incorporates well the RE dopants. X-ray absorption measurements have shown that even at RE dopant levels exceeding 0.1 at.% the majority of RE dopants occupy a strongly bonded substitutional site on the Ga sublattice. According to RE crystal field theory this tetrahedrally bonded site allows optical activation and emission from RE 4f‐4f inner-shell electronic transitions. Monte Carlo calculations of GaN carrier transport have shown that at 2M V cm 1 applied field the average electron possesses 2.6 eV energy which is adequate for exciting blue emission. GaN:Er TFEL devices have exhibited a brightness of 500‐1000 cd:m 2 at 540 nm. In addition to pure colors, mixed colors can be achieved by doping with a combination of REs. For example, co-doping with Er and Tm results in an emission spectrum which is perceived by the human eye as a blue‐green (turquoise) hue. Multiple color capability in a single device has also been demonstrated by adjusting the bias voltage (in a co-doped GaN:Er,Eu layer) or by switching the bias polarity (in a stacked two layer GaN:Er:GaN:Eu structure). The combination of pure or mixed color emission, the availability of bias controlled color, and the potential for white light emission indicate that GaN:RE TFEL devices have enormous potential for display applications. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Silicone breast implant-induced lymphadenopathy: 18 Cases

Abstract Background There is renewed concern regarding the adverse effects of silicone breast implants, particularly regarding implant rupture. Silicone leak can spread to regional lymph nodes, and remote organs, sometimes mimicking malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and radiologic features, pathologic findings, and outcome associated with silicone-induced lymphadenopathy in patients with silicone breast implants. Methods Retrospective review of cases of silicone-induced lymphadenopathy after breast implant encountered at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1998 and 2008. Results We identified 18 cases of silicone-induced lymphadenopathy (axillary, supraclavicular, internal mammary, and mediastinal). Fifteen patients had breast reconstruction and 3 breast augmentation. Most patients experienced symptoms. One patient had pulmonary opacities, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, hypercalcemia, and confirmed silicone in the thyroid, and the omentum. Imaging included mammography, chest CT, breast MRI and PET scan. Lymph node biopsies and/or breast implant removal confirmed the diagnosis with characteristic granulomatous inflammation and giant cell reaction and/or implant rupture. Conclusions Silicone-induced lymphadenopathy can be confused for malignancy or recurrent breast cancer in patients with breast implants. Silicone breast implant ruptures are relatively uncommon, but are under-recognized. Silicone usually migrates to the axillary lymph nodes but may migrate to other lymph nodes as well as extranodal sites.
Estrogen induction of a 45 kDa secreted protein coordinately with vitellogenin in Xenopus liver.

In the frog Xenopus laeuis, vitellogenin is the major estrogen-induced protein in the liver. We have characterized an additional secreted protein, of 45 000 Da and designated Ep45, which is also responsive to estrogen treatment. Like vitellogenin, Ep45 is not normally found in the plasma nor synthesized by the liver of the male frog. Its synthesis increases 6-fold between days 2 and 8 following a single 2 mg injection of estradiol-17β. For comparison, we have also studied a third estrogen-regulated protein, Ep20, with a molecular weight of approximately 20000. This protein exhibits a different set of characteristics with regard to hormone responsiveness. Ep20 is synthesized in the liver of normal males and therefore is not absolutely hormone-dependent. Its level increases only about 4-fold following estrogen stimulation. The messenger RNAs for both Ep45 and Ep20 have been identified and purified, using a high-resolution RNA fractionation technique. By this procedure, it was possible to demonstrate that following high doses of estrogen the predominant mRNAs in the liver are those coding for vitellogenin, Ep45 and Ep20. Thus estrogen suppression of virtually all other liver proteins appears to act at the messenger RNA level for intracellular as well as secreted proteins.
Effect of Bentonite, Nitrogen Source and Stage of Maturity on Nitrogen Redistribution in Corn Silage

Abstract Redistribution of nitrogen, when isonitrogenous levels of urea (.5%) or diammonium phosphate (1.1%) were added with 0, .125, .25, .5 and 1.0% sodium bentonite to whole corn plants at ensiling, was studied in 33 pilot silos in Experiment I. In Experiment II, redistribution of 15 N urea added to corn plant tissue harvested at 28.8 (low dry matter), 36.4 (medium dry matter) and 49.0% (high dry matter) dry matter was studied. Bentonite was added at 0, .25, .5 and 1.0% to the medium dry matter material. All treatments were ensiled in pilot silos designed to permit collection of gas and seepage fractions. In general, increasing bentonite produced the following changes: increased pH (P 15 N urea into microbial protein; decreased (P 15 N urea recovered in high dry matter samples existed as 15 N ammonia. Of the total ensiled nitrogen, 11.2% was lost in seepage from low dry matter samples. This accounted for 17.7% of the original 15 N urea added. Nitrogen-15-analysis of the gas indicated no 15 N urea was lost as volatilized ammonia.
Chemical durability of lithium borate glasses

Abstract A series of lithium borate and lithium chloroborate glasses, some of which exhibit fast ion conduction, have been tested for their corrosion resistance to molten lithium at temperatures of 180 to 250°C. In all cases, the mechanism of corosion involved formation of crystalline reaction layers. The thickness of these layers increased parabolically with time, supporting a model involving diffusion-controlled chemical attack. The rate of growth of the reaction layer was found to decrease significantly with increasing Li2O content in the binary B2O3Li2O system, and to depend on the Li2X/B2O3 (X = Cl, O) in the ternary B2O3Li2O(LiCl))2 system. For glasses with high B2O3 contents (>70 m/o), the durability decreases with increasing chlorine concentration; while for low B2O3 contents (>50 m/o), the addition of LiCl increases the durability of the glasses at modest temperatures. The apparent activation energies for the corrosion process depend on initial glass composition, and vary from ∼0.5 eV for pure B2O3 to ∼2.0 eV for high (LiCl)2/B2O3 ratios. The results suggest that a glass with minimum B2O3 content, consistent with glass formability, will result in optimum resistance to molten Li attack. The same glasses have been tested for their durability in water, both buffered (pH=7) and unbuffered solutions at various temperatures. All glasses dissolved at a constant rate, suggesting a reaction-controlled mechanism of attack. A minimum in dissolution rate was found at about 25–30 m/o Li2O in the binary B2O3Li2O system, and at O/B∼1.7 for glasses in the B2O3Li2O(LiCl)2 system. For a constant O/B ratio, addition of chlorine results in a decrease of the durability of the glasses. The combined results are discussed with reference to current views of the structure of borate and chloroborate glasses with insights obtained from NMR studies and measurements of densities and glass transition temperatures.
Economics and profitability of sheep and goat production in Turkey under new support regimes and market conditions

Abstract Turkey has been one of the major sheep and goat producers of Europe and the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region in the 20th century. Sheep and goats followed a declining trend since the early 1980s and are no longer the major meat and milk supplying species. Many factors have contributed to this situation among which are the high population growth rate, low genetic potential of the indigenous breeds, inappropriate breeding strategies, decrease in the area covered by pastures and rangelands, intensification of agriculture and livestock production, better education and demand for high status jobs, support regimes favouring poultry and dairy production, unfavourable market conditions for sheep and goat production. Small ruminant production is extensively and traditionally practiced and is characterised by low inputs and low outputs. In addition, sheep and goat farmers generally are reluctant to adopt novel husbandry methods to improve their income. Under these conditions, the declining trend is going to continue. Unfortunately, no serious efforts are made by the state authorities to introduce support for sheep and goat production under liberal market conditions.
North-south trade: An impasse in policy formulation

Summary The strains that exist in commercial relations between the industrialized world (the North) and the developing world (the South), can be attributed to the over-simplified analysis brought to the dialogue by spokespersons from both groups. Spokespeople for the North talk in terms of the desirability of free trade without any recognition of the costs of adjustment which sharp increases in imports inflict. Southern spokespeople take the northern rhetoric at face value and believe that political pressures which impede southern exports are simple evidence of northern greed and intransigeance. If short-run costs of adjustment were to be explicitly recognized by both parties, it would again be possible for the two blocs to conduct a positive dialogue which would recognize the mutual benefits which can be derived from co-operation.
Ex vivo viscoelastic characterization of head and neck tissue abnormalities using ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustography (USVA)

In the absence of an imaging technique that offers a highly dynamic range detection of malignant tissue intra-operatively, surgeons are often forced to excise excess healthy tissue to ensure clear margins of resection. Techniques that are currently used in the detection of tumor regions include palpation, optical coherence tomography (OCT) elastography, dye injections, and conventional ultrasound to pinpoint the affected area. However, these methods suffer from limitations such as minimal specificity, low contrast, and limited depth of penetration. Lack of specificity and low contrast result in the production of vague disease margins and fail to provide a reliable guidance tool for surgeons. The proposed work presents an alternative diagnostic technique, ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustography (USVA), which may potentially provide surgeons with detailed intra-operative imagery characterized by enhanced structural boundaries and well-defined borders based on the viscoelastic properties of tissues. We demonstrate selective imaging using ex vivo tissue samples of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with the presence of both malignant and normal areas. Spatially resolved maps of varying acoustic properties were generated and show good contrast between the areas of interest. While the results are promising, determining the precision and sensitivity of the USVA imaging system in identifying boundary regions as well as intensities of ex vivo tissue targets may provide additional information to non-invasively assess confined regions of diseased tissues from healthy areas.
Detection Heterogeneity and Abundance Estimation in Populations of Golden-Cheeked Warblers (Setophaga chrysoparia)

ABSTRACT. Abundance estimators that account for imperfect detection, such as N-mixture models, assume that detection of individuals is independent of abundance. Using spot-mapping and N-mixture models applied to point-count data, we estimated abundance of Goldencheeked Warblers (Setophaga chrysoparia) in two years at six study sites at the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve, Austin, Texas. N-mixture model estimates deviated from spot-mapping estimates at the site level by overestimating at low abundances, and at the survey-station level by underestimating at high abundance, which suggests that model assumptions may have been violated. We tested whether detection of individuals is influenced by abundance by assessing per capita song rate in relation to abundance. Per capita song rate increased with abundance, illustrating how the behavior of a territorial passerine may violate the independent-detectability assumption. We next explored violation of this assumption at the survey-station level by applying N-mixtur...
Curriculum evaluation by means of behavioral objectives

The author is in charge of the evaluation study of the new curriculum materials for elementary school science being developed by the Commission on Science Education of AAAS. He reports here the design and rationale for that study.
Baseline characteristics of cervical auscultation signals during various head maneuvers

Cervical auscultation (CA) is an emerging method of assessing swallowing disorders that is both non-invasive and inexpensive. This technique utilizes microphones to detect acoustic sounds produced by swallowing activity and characterize its behavior. Though some properties of swallowing sounds are known, there is still a need for a complete understanding of the baseline characteristics of cervical auscultation signals as well as how they change due to the patient's head motion, age, and sex. In order to examine these parameters, data was collected from 56 healthy adult participants that performed six different head movement tasks without swallowing. After preprocessing the signal, features were extracted. Dependent variables were time domain, frequency domain and time-frequency domain features. Statistical tests showed that only the skewness and peak frequency were not statistically different for all tasks. The peak frequency results indicate that head movement does not significantly affect the microphone signal, and that it is unnecessary to filter out the lowest frequency components. No sex differences were observed in the extracted features, but several features exhibited age dependence.
Pathogenesis of Synchytrium endobioticum. VII: Earthworms as vectors of wart disease of potato

Zoospore motility favoured infection when sprouts and inoculum source were contigous. Infection from more distant inoculum involved soil fauna; earthworms were associated with infected plants 9 to 25 cm away from the inoculum source.
First description of aniseikonia

The first mention of inequality of retinal image size has been traced back from 1864 to 1669 The clinical syndrome of aniseikonia, where the retinal images differ in size in the right and left eyes, was prominent during the middle of the last century. Precise methods were developed for its measurement, sophisticated optical devices were designed for its correction and the topic gave a substantial impetus to the analysis of the geometry of visual space. The history of aniseikonia is covered in his usual thorough and scholarly manner by Duke-Elder.1 Ophthalmologists had wrestled with the problem in the late 19th century, but according to Duke-Elder, its first treatment was by Donders2 in his seminal On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye published in 1864. In connection with the difficulties experienced by patients on the first correction of anisometropia, Donders wrote: The cause of this is principally that when the distance of distinct vision is made equal, the image of …
The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor A Computed Tomography System for High-Speed Simultaneous Scanning of Multiple Cross Sections of the Heart*

A new generation whole-body computed tomography system has been developed to provide accurate visualization and measurement of the vital functions of the heart, lungs, and circulation. This dynamic spatial reconstructor system (DSR) provides stop-action (01-sec), rapidly sequential (60-per-second), synchronous volume (240 simultaneous adjacent 1-mm-thick transaxial sections) reconstructions and display of the full anatomic extents of the internal and external surfaces of the heart throughout successive cardiac cycles, and will permit visualization of the three-dimensional vascular anatomy and circulatory functions in all regions of the body of patients with cardiovascular and other circulatory disabilities.
Walking and running economy: inverse association with peak oxygen uptake.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that V?O is positively correlated with the regression coefficients of the curve-linear relationship between V?O and speed during a protocol consisting of submaximal walking and running. Methods: Nineteen healthy men (mean ± SD: age = 26.4 ± 6.4 yr, height = 179.9 ± 7.2 cm, weight = 77.7 ± 8.7 kg, % fat = 16.3 ± 7.3) and 21 healthy women (age = 25.6 ± 4.9 yr, height = 167.2 ± 5.4 cm, weight = 61.6 ± 7.7 kg, % fat = 24.0 ± 6.8) underwent an incremental treadmill test to determine V?O and on two separate days performed an exercise protocol consisting of treadmill walking on a level grade at 2.0 mph (54 m·min ), 3.0 mph (80 m·min ), and 4.0 mph (107 m·min ) and running at 6.0 mph (161 m·min ). Subjects exercised for 5 min at each velocity, with 3 min of rest in between each exercise bout. Pulmonary ventilation ( ) and gas exchange were measured breath-by-breath each minute. The average of V?O values obtained during the last 2 min of exercise for both exercise sessions was used in polynomial random coefficient regression analysis. Results: In the polynomial random coefficient regression analysis for walking speeds only, both linear ( = 0.31, = 0.053) and quadratic ( = 0.35, = 0.029) coefficients were modestly correlated with V?O . Steady-state V?O during walking at 3.0 and 4.0 mph and running at 6.0 mph was also modestly correlated with V?O ( = 0.30-0.48). Conclusions: The results confirm our hypothesis and suggest that, as walking speed increases, the increase in V?O is positively correlated with the V?O . Our findings are consistent with the notion that cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise economy are inversely related.
ELECTRODERMAL INDICANTS OE AROUSAL IN BRAIN DAMAGE: CROSS‐VALIDATED EINDINGS

Two independent experiments were performed in which skin resistance levels, transformed to log skin conductance levels (SCLs), and GSRs of brain-damaged (BD) and non-brain-damaged (NBD) patients were measured under varying task demands. Cross-validated results indicate that BD had significantly higher log SCLs and GRSs than NBD over conditions. Patterns of correlations between and within measures of arousal and performance were similar in both experiments and tended to differ for BD compared to NBD. Positive correlations between arousal measures and performance in the BD suggest that their impaired performance cannot be ascribed to non-optimal levels of arousal, at least as measured electrodermally. A group of schizophrenics subjected to the same experimental conditions had levels of electrodermal activity and performance which were intermediate to those of BD and NBD. Other results suggest that different psychophysiological relationships exist in BD and schizophrenic patients. The hypothesis that brain-damage leads to release of inhibitory control over systems involved in electrodermal activity seems worthy of further investigation.
REVERSED RECIPROCATING PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA CONTROLLED BY GUANETHIDINE IN A CASE OF WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME.

Abstract A case of reversed reciprocating paroxysmal tachycardia in a patient with the WPW syndrome is reported. The tachycardia was controlled by guanethidine. The blocking of sympathetic activity, with resultant predominent vagal influence on the conduction pathways of the A-V node and the anomalous bundle, is offered as an explanation for the control of this arrhythmia.
Investment risk analysis with a simple utility function

Abstract This study suggests an approach to investment risk analysis which provides a useful complement to more detailed analyses. The analyst specifies an appropriate distribution of cash flows and associated utility function from one of the four models suggested. Next, the risk adjusted present value of the investment stream is calculated using the simplified procedure outlined in the paper. Sensitivity analysis is then performed on the results to determine whether a more extensive analysis of the decision maker's risk preferences is called for.
Phosphorus metabolism in the dog kidney.

Conclusions1. A “single pass” technic is described for studying the intrinsic metabolism of the kidney. 2. It is shown that P uptake by ADP-ATP and G-1-P is very rapid, more so in the cortex than in the medulla. G-1-P probably is derived from glycogen via the phosphorylase reaction. 3. The very low relative S.A. of the G-6-P seems to indicate that most, if not all, of the G-6-P found in the kidney is formed elsewhere in the body and carried to this organ by the blood.
Sentencing sex crimes against children: an empirical and policy analysis

This study investigated factors that contributed to the sentencing outcomes of 387 sex crimes against children who were prosecuted in a large East Coast city. Hypothesized variables that were indexed to predict sentencing included several offense, victim, and perpetrator characteristics. The findings revealed that individual victims' experiences are generally less predictive of sentencing outcomes than perpetrators' characteristics, that sentences generally tend to be lenient, that intra-family and stranger abuse seem to be taken equally seriously, and that the criminal justice system does seem to incarcerate those society is most worried about-persistent predators who abuse several children. The article ends with suggestions for further research and policy development. Language: en
Early evaluation for phased logic circuits using BDDS and MVL

Phased logic (PL) is a design style for binary-valued asynchronous logic circuits. A performance enhancement known as early evaluation (EE) allows for increased throughput in PL circuits. PL circuits are produced using clocked circuit descriptions as input and then automatically mapping them into PL equivalents while adding optimization features. In the process of adding the EE performance enhancement, a special function known as a "trigger function" is extracted from the partitions. Here, we describe a method for finding candidate trigger functions using BDDs and a technique for combining multiple trigger functions to support a single circuit partition using multiple-valued logic (MVL). Experimental results show that these methods yield better coverage as compared to using a single trigger function.
Crystal structure of JNK3: a kinase implicated in neuronal apoptosis

Abstract Background: The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, and regulate signal transduction in response to environmental stress. Activation and nuclear localization of JNK3, a neuronal-specific isoform of JNK, has been associated with hypoxic and ischemic damage of CA1 neurons in the hippocampus. Knockout mice lacking JNK3 showed reduced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and reduced seizure induced by kainic acid, a glutamate-receptor agonist. Thus, JNK3 may be important in the pathology of neurological disorders and is of significant medical interest. Results: We report here the structure of unphosphorylated JNK3 in complex with adenylyl imidodiphosphate, an ATP analog. JNK3 has a typical kinase fold, with the ATP-binding site situated within a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. In contrast to other known MAP kinase structures, the ATP-binding site of JNK3 is well ordered; the glycine-rich nucleotide-binding sequence forms a β -strand–turn– β -strand structure over the nucleotide. Unphosphorylated JNK3 assumes an open conformation, in which the N- and C-terminal domains are twisted apart relative to their positions in cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The rotation leads to the misalignment of some of the catalytic residues. The phosphorylation lip of JNK3 partially blocks the substrate-binding site. Conclusions: This is the first JNK structure to be determined, providing a unique opportunity to compare structures from the three MAP kinase subfamilies. The structure reveals atomic-level details of the shape of JNK3 and the interactions between the kinase and the nucleotide. The misalignment of catalytic residues and occlusion of the active site by the phosphorylation lip may account for the low activity of unphosphorylated JNK3. The structure provides a framework for understanding the substrate specificity of different JNK isoforms, and should aid the design of selective JNK3 inhibitors.
TRILINOLEIN IDENTIFIED AS A SEX-SPECIFIC COMPONENT OF TERGAL GLANDS IN ALATES OF Coptotermes formosanus

Hexane extracts of the tergal glands from female alates of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography—atmospheric pressure chemical ionization—mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. Double bond configuration was determined by chemical modifications with gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. A single component, identified as the triacylglycerol, trilinolein, was unique to the female tergal glands. This compound was not found in other areas of the female alate abdomen or in the corresponding area of male alates. Neither gland extract nor trilinolein caused a behavioral response from male alates. However, significant differences were found between males and females for responses from neurons within sensilla of the maxillary palps.
In situ generation of uranium alkyl complexes

A new method for generating uranium alkyl complexes is described. Although homoleptic uranium alkyl complexes are notoriously unstable and difficult to work with, by generating such species in situ, a wide range of alkyl complexes can be accessed from UI3(THF)4.
Immunohistochemical Analysis, Human Papillomavirus DNA Detection, Hormonal Manipulation, and Exogenous Gene Expression of Normal and Dysplastic Human Cervical Epithelium in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice

The cervical squamocolumnar junction of normal and dysplastic human xenografts was maintained in SCID-beige mice. Dysplastic tissue maintained a dysplastic morphology, irregular pattern of keratin expression, elevated levels of cellular proliferation, and human papillomavirus type 16 and/or type 18 DNA. Hyperplastic changes of normal xenografts occurred via high-dose estrogen exposure, and through recombinant adenovirus infection, the introduction and stable expression of an exogenous gene was accomplished.
Social comparisons to motivate contributions to an online community

It is increasingly common for online communities to rely on members rather than editors to contribute and moderate content. To motivate members to perform these tasks, some sites display social comparisons, information designed to show members how they compare to others in the system. For example, Amazon, an online book store, shows a list of top reviewers. In this study, we investigate the effect of email newsletters that tell members of an online community that their contributions are above, below, or about average. We find that these comparisons focus members' energy on the system features we highlight, but do not increase overall interest in the site. We also find that men and women perceive the comparisons very differently.
Nosocomial Diarrhea: Evaluation and Treatment of Causes Other than Clostridium difficile

Diarrhea is common among hospitalized patients but the causes are distinct from those of diarrhea in the community. We review existing data about the epidemiology of nosocomial diarrhea and summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of diarrhea. Clinicians should recognize that most cases of nosocomial diarrhea have a noninfectious etiology, including medications, underlying illness, and enteral feeding. Apart from Clostridium difficile, the frequency of infectious causes such as norovirus and toxigenic strains of Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacteroides fragilis remains largely undefined and test availability is limited. Here we provide a practical approach to the evaluation and management of nosocomial diarrhea when tests for C. difficile are negative.
Three-dimensional traction forces of Schwann cells on compliant substrates

The mechanical interaction between Schwann cells (SCs) and their microenvironment is crucial for the development, maintenance and repair of the peripheral nervous system. In this paper, we present a detailed investigation on the mechanosensitivity of SCs across a physiologically relevant substrate stiffness range. Contrary to many other cell types, we find that the SC spreading area and cytoskeletal actin architecture were relatively insensitive to substrate stiffness with pronounced stress fibre formation across all moduli tested (0.24–4.80 kPa). Consistent with the presence of stress fibres, we found that SCs generated large surface tractions on stiff substrates and large, finite material deformations on soft substrates. When quantifying the three-dimensional characteristics of the SC traction profiles, we observed a significant contribution from the out-of-plane traction component, locally giving rise to rotational moments similar to those observed in mesenchymal embryonic fibroblasts. Taken together, these measurements provide the first set of quantitative biophysical metrics of how SCs interact with their physical microenvironment, which are anticipated to aid in the development of tissue engineering scaffolds designed to promote functional integration of SCs into post-injury in vivo environments.
Gun Violence and Children:Factors Related to Exposure and Trauma

The study discussed in this article investigated the relationship between access to firearms and parental monitoring on rural youths' exposure to gun violence and examined the effect of gun violence exposure on the mental health of these youths. A survey was administered to rural students who participated in a student assistance program (n = 162) that provided in-school support groups for students in grades 6 through 12. Results indicated that a substantial number of students were exposed to gun violence and exposure was significantly related to firearm access and parental monitoring. Furthermore, gun violence exposure was significantly associated with trauma among the youths. Implications for social workers include advising high-risk clients and their families on gun removal and safe storage practices.
Hedonic Estimation and Policy Significance of the Impact of HOPE VI on Neighborhood Property Values

HOPE VI was designed as a program to revitalize distressed public housing. This study uses hedonic methods to test whether projects that are rebuilt with HOPE VI funds have a positive effect on surrounding property values. Comparisons are made between HOPE VI and other types of public housing programs using data on property values by census block groups from the 2000 census. We find that HOPE VI had a statistically significant positive impact on surrounding property values on the order of 8–10% for every quarter-mile closer that a housing unit was located to the development. Other public housing developments were found to have little if any effect on property values.
Representation of Objects and Events: Why Do Infants Look So Smart and Toddlers Look So Dumb?

Research has demonstrated that very young infants can discriminate between visual events that are physically impossible versus possible. These findings suggest that infants have knowledge of physical laws concerning solidity and continuity. However, research with 2-year-olds has shown that they cannot solve simple problems involving search for a hidden object, even though these problems require the same knowledge. These apparently inconsistent findings raise questions about the interpretation of both data sets. This discrepancy may be resolved by examining differences in task demands.
Adapting the steepness parameter from stock–recruit curves for use in spatially explicit models

Abstract To inform the design of MPA networks and ensure that they will meet stated goals, spatially explicit metapopulation models are often used to simulate the response of fished species to MPA implementation. Typically, such models are simply spatial extensions of traditional, nonspatial population models used in fisheries management. A common assumption used in making this transition is that R ′(0), the slope at the origin of the nonspatial, population-wide egg–recruit relationship (often termed the steepness or compensation ratio), can be used to estimate α , the slope at the origin of the small-scale settler–recruit relationship used in spatially explicit models. This assumption is not always correct. In particular, the value of R ′(0) often implicitly accounts for a variety of processes spanning the egg–recruit transition, including larval mortality and advection away from suitable habitat. If a spatial model accounts for some of those loss processes explicitly, such as by using an oceanographically realistic dispersal matrix, it becomes necessary to adjust the estimate of α upwards to avoid double-counting those losses. Here I present a simple correction involving the dominant eigenvalue of the dispersal matrix that adjusts the value of R ′(0) to avoid this error. Applying this correction factor ensures that a spatially explicit model will predict population collapse at the same level of fishing implied by a large-scale estimate of R ′(0).
Mid-infrared nanophotonics: Probing hyperbolic polaritons

Hyperbolic phonon polaritons confined to the subdiffraction limit exhibit encouragingly long lifetimes and group velocities as slow as 0.002c. Researchers use a time-resolved set-up sensitive to nanometre-scale optical fields to shed light on the exciting optical properties of hyperbolic materials.
Using Xenopus laevis retinal and spinal neurons to study mechanisms of axon guidance in vivo and in vitro

The intricate and precise establishment of neuronal connections in the developing nervous system relies on accurate navigation of growing axons. Since Ramon y Cajal's discovery of the growth cone, the phenomenon of axon guidance has been revealed as a coordinated operation of guidance molecules, receptors, secondary messengers, and responses driven by the dynamic cytoskeleton within the growth cone. With the advent of new and accelerating techniques, Xenopus laevis emerged as a robust model to investigate neuronal circuit formation during development. We present here the advantages of the Xenopus nervous system to our growing understanding of axon guidance.
Comparison of stability of proximal crescentic metatarsal osteotomy and proximal horizontal "V" osteotomy.

Proximal metatarsal osteotomies are often performed in patients with hallux valgus and significant metatarsus primus varus. The crescentic osteotomy is popular; however, some authors have reported ...
Physician Preparation for the American Board of Emergency Medicine ConCert Examination.

Objectives To maintain certification by the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM), physicians are required to pass the Continuous Certification (ConCert) examination at least every 10 years. On the 2014 ConCert postexamination survey, ABEM sought to understand the manner in which ABEM diplomates prepared for the test and to identify associations between test preparation approaches and performance on the ConCert examination. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey study. The survey was administered at the end of the 2014 ConCert examination. Analyses included chi-square and linear regression to determine the association of preparation methods with performance. Results Of the 2,431 on-time test-takers, 2,338 (96.2%) were included. The most commonly used study approach was the review of written materials designed for test preparation (1,585; 67.8%), followed by an online training course (1,006; 43.0%). There were 758 (32.4%) physicians who took a single onsite board review course, while 41 (1.8%) took two or more onsite courses. Most physicians (1,611; 68.9%) spent over 35 hours preparing for the ConCert examination. The study method that was most associated with favorable test scores was the review of written materials designed for test preparation (p < 0.001). Attending an onsite preparation course was associated with poorer performance (p < 0.001). There was a significant association between no additional preparation and failing the examination (chi-square with Yates correction; p = 0.001). Conclusions A substantial majority (97.8%) of physicians taking the 2014 ABEM ConCert examination prepared for it. The majority of physicians used written materials specifically designed for test preparation. Reviewing written materials designed for test preparation was associated with the highest performance.
Reduction of multidrug-resistant and drug-susceptible Salmonella in ground beef and freshly harvested beef briskets after exposure to commonly used industry antimicrobial interventions.

Two separate studies were conducted to examine the differences in survivability of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug-susceptible Salmonella in fresh meats in a simulated industry environment. Beef trim from a commercial facility was inoculated with either MDR (AmpC phenotype) or drug-susceptible Salmonella (SUS) cocktails (106 CFU/ml). Antimicrobial interventions included 3% lactic acid (LA), 1,000 ppm of acidified sodium chloride (ASC), ambient water (AW), and an inoculated control with no intervention (CTRL). Each aliquot was ground and formed into patties and packaged using high-O2 modified atmosphere packaging. Samples for microbiological evaluation were collected on days 0, 7, 10, and 14. In the second study, beef briskets were collected immediately after harvest. Inoculation and antimicrobial application were the same, except treatments were heated and there was an additional hot water treatment. All beef briskets were refrigerated, and samples were collected at 0, 6, and 24 h. For the first study,...
The Quiet Virtue Speaks: An Intervention to Promote Humility

Empirical interest in virtues and their benefits has increased in recent years. In the present study, we test the efficacy of a workbook intervention to promote humility. Participants (N = 59) were...
The Bromodomain as an Acetyl-Lysine Reader Domain

Abstract The bromodomain (BrD) is a conserved structural module found in many chromatin-associated proteins that has the ability to recognize acetylated lysine residues on proteins. Bromodomain proteins play fundamental roles in many important cellular processes, ranging from substrate recruitment for histone acetyltransferases to aiding in complex formation at sites of active gene transcription in chromatin. These proteins are typically multi-subunit proteins, in which BrDs and other modular domains work in concert with one another to regulate a complex epigenetic system that ensures highly specific and ordered gene expression. In recent years, small-molecule chemical inhibitors of BrDs have been developed that have helped researchers gain insights into complex mechanisms in chromatin biology and test and validate different BrDs as potential therapeutic targets for new epigenetic therapies. In this chapter, we examine the structure and functions of the BrD, and we provide an overview of its overall role in biology and numerous disease pathways.
Passthoughts authentication with low cost EarEEG

Personal and wearable computing are moving toward smaller and more seamless devices. We explore how this trend could be mirrored in an authentication scheme based on electroencephalography (EEG) signals collected from the ear. We evaluate this model using a low cost, single-channel, consumer grade device for data collection. Using data from 12 study participants who performed a set of 5 mental tasks, we achieve a 44% reduction in half total error rate (HTER) compared with a random classifier, corresponding to a 72% authentication accuracy in within-participants analyses and a 60% reduction and 80% accuracy in between-participant analyses. Given our results and those of previous research, we conclude that earEEG shows potential as a uniquely convenient authentication method as it is integrable into devices like earbud headphones already commonly worn in the ear, and the mental gestures generating the signal are invisible to would-be eavesdroppers.
Effects of the ABC Intervention on Foster Children's Receptive Vocabulary: Follow-Up Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Children with histories of maltreatment and disruptions in care are at elevated risk for impairments in early language development, which contribute to difficulties in other developmental domains across childhood. Given research demonstrating associations between parent responsiveness and children’s early language development, we examined whether a parenting intervention administered in infancy improved preschool receptive language skills in children involved with the child welfare system. Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) is a 10-session intervention that aims to enhance parent–child interactions. The follow-up results of this randomized clinical trial demonstrated that infants who received the ABC intervention (n = 24) scored significantly higher on a test of receptive vocabulary at age 36 months than infants who received a control intervention (n = 28). These results provide evidence of the critical role of parental responsiveness in supporting optimal language development among young childre...
Tungsten exposure causes a selective loss of histone demethylase protein.

In the course of our investigations into the toxicity of tungstate, we discovered that cellular exposure resulted in the loss of the histone demethylase protein. We specifically investigated the loss of two histone demethylase dioxygenases, JARID1A and JMJD1A. Both of these proteins were degraded in the presence of tungstate and this resulted in increased global levels of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2, the substrates of JARID1A and JMJD1A, respectively. Treatment with MG132 completely inhibited the loss of the demethylase proteins induced by tungstate treatment, suggesting that tungstate activated the proteasomal degradation of these proteins. The changes in global histone marks and loss of histone demethylase protein persisted for at least 48 h after removing sodium tungstate from the culture. The increase in global histone methylation remained when cells were cultured in methionine-free media, indicating that the increased histone methylation did not depend upon any de novo methylation process, but rather was due to the loss of the demethylase protein. Similar increases of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 were observed in the livers of the mice that were acutely exposed to tungstate via their drinking water. Taken together, our results indicated that tungstate exposure specifically reduced histone demethylase JARID1A and JMJD1A via proteasomal degradation, leading to increased histone methylation.
5 – Spatial Cognition: Lessons from Central-place Foraging Insects

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent research on spatial orientation insects, with the aim of showing how these animals provide a model for the development of an integrated theory of spatial cognition. Most of the research concerns orientation by hymenopteran insects (bees, wasps, and ants) that have a central nest, and hence face the task of finding their way back repeatedly to a specific point in the environment, sometimes from great distances away (hundreds or even thousands of meters). Some species keep returning repeatedly to rich feeding sites, and may visit several such feeding sites during their lifetimes. To solve these navigational problems, insects typically rely upon visual information about landmarks and celestial cues. This, in turn, entails learning the spatial relationships between these references and locations in the insect's natal habitat. Behavioral evidence suggests that these learning processes include mechanisms to manipulate internally represented information to compute spatial relationships that the animal has not directly experienced. Thus, insects offer an opportunity to study, in animals with modest-sized nervous systems, the mechanisms underlying such cognitive capacities. Research on insect navigation provides an example of how the study of spatial cognition could be broadened and made truly integrative.