cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticipated Guilt as Motivation to Help Unknown Others An Examination of Empathy as a Moderator

Previous research finds that messages that induce substantial perceptions of (a) an unknown-other directed threat, (b) response-efficacy, and (c) self-efficacy result in feelings of anticipated guilt that subsequently motivate behavioral intent, and ultimately, behaviors to avert the threat to unknown others. It is not clear, however, if certain individual differences make people more or less likely to experience anticipatory guilt. To this end, this study asks whether empathic concern and perspective taking moderates the relationship between exposure to such a message and anticipated guilt. This question is tested by focusing on the topic of bone marrow donation. Participants are assigned randomly to 1 of 3 message conditions and complete a questionnaire designed to assess perspective taking, empathic concern, and anticipated guilt. The data indicate that the message has a substantial direct effect on guilt anticipation, and neither a direct effect for the empathy dimensions nor an interaction effect bet...
"I Don't See Color": The Impact of Field Placements on Preservice Teachers' White Racial Identity Development

The purpose of this mixed-method study was to examine the influence of diverse field placements on the White racial identity development of White preservice teachers (n = 92) placed in schools where the student body was either predominantly White or students of color. Using Helms’s theory (1995) of White racial identity development, we selected instruments that measured participants’ awareness of racism, as well as their consciousness about being White (e.g., Color-Blind Racial Attitude Scale and Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale). Preservice teachers in nondiverse settings became less aware of racial issues at the end of the field experience. Using pretest scores as covariates, an analysis of covariance indicated that those in more diverse settings had higher levels of White guilt at the end of their field experience. The qualitative results also showed differences in perceptions based on field placements, thus supporting the quantitative findings. Participants were asked how the diversity in their fieldwork placement affected their thoughts about their own ethnic background and social status. For those placed in diverse settings, the most common theme that emerged was the contrast between the characteristics of the students and one’s own family and personal characteristics (e.g., wealth, ethnicity). The results suggest that more than exposure to diverse students is needed to evoke changes in White racial identity in order to prepare preservice teachers to effectively teach students of color.
Social Information Processing in Aggressive and Depressed Children.

Social information processing patterns of children who were identified as being aggressive or depressed, both, or neither were compared in order to address the issue of specificity and to explore whether children who are comorbid show a unique processing style. Subjects were 220 children in the third through sixth grade. Peer nomination and teacher ratings were used to assess level of aggression, and the Children's Depression Inventory was used to measure level of depression. Aggressive children showed a hostile attributional bias, were more likely to report that they would engage in aggressive behavior, and indicated that aggression would be easy for them. Depressed children similarly showed a hostile attributional bias, although they were more likely to attribute negative situations to internal, stable, and global causes. Depressed children also reported that they would be less likely to use assertive responses and that they expected that assertive behavior would lead to more negative and fewer positive outcomes. Children who were comorbid generally showed patterns similar to both aggressive and depressed children.
Localization of Spirochetes with the Structural Characteristics of Treponema hyodysenteriae in the Lesions of Swine Dysentery

Abstract The large intestines of pigs with swine dysentery were examined by phase, light, and electron microscopy at intervals up to 11 days after oral inoculation with mucosal scrapings from infected pigs. Large spirochetes with the structural characteristics of Treponema hyodysenteriae were found only in infected pigs and were first observed in small numbers in the lumen of the large intestine 2 days after inoculation. Numerous large spirochetes were present on the luminal surface and in mucosal crypts as lesions developed. Degenerative changes were first observed in the apical portion of epithelial cells in close contact with large spirochetes. These large spirochetes were found intact in goblet cells and epithelial cells in the early stages of the disease and were numerous within degenerating epithelial cells as lesions became more advanced. Invasion beyond the lamina propria was not detected. These observations demonstrated the relationship between pathogenic large spirochetes and the mucosa of the large intestine in a specific disease, swine dysentery.
Is eastern Mongolia drying? A long-term perspective of a multidecadal trend

[1] Temperatures in semiarid Mongolia have rapidly risen over the past few decades, and increases in drought, urban development, mining, and agriculture have intensified demands on limited water resources. Understanding long-term streamflow variation is critical for Mongolia, particularly if alterations in streamflow are being considered and because of the potential negative impacts of drought on the animal agriculture sector. Here, we present a temporally and spatially improved streamflow reconstruction for the Kherlen River. We have added 11 new records in comparison with two in the original 2001 reconstruction. This new reconstruction extends from 1630 to 2007 and places the most recent droughts in a multicentennial perspective. We find that variations in streamflow have been much greater in the past than in the original study. There was higher variability in the mid to late 1700s, ranging from severe and extended drought conditions from 1723 to 1739 and again in 1768–1778 to two decadal length episodes of very wet conditions in the mid 1700s and late 1700s. Reduced amplitude is seen in the mid-1800s, and several pluvial events are reconstructed for the 1900s. Although recent droughts are severe and disturbing economic and ecological systems in Mongolia and it appears that eastern Mongolia is drying, the drying trend since the late 1900s might in fact be accentuated by a change from a particularly wet era in Mongolia. The recent drought might be a return to more characteristic hydroclimatic conditions of the past four centuries in Mongolia.
Intelligent Parsing of Scanned Volumes for Web Based Archives

The proliferation of digital libraries and the large amount of existing documents raise important issues in efficient handling of documents. Printed texts in documents need to be converted into digital format and semantic information need to be parsed and managed for effective retrieval. In this work, we attempt to solve the problems faced by current web based archives, where large scale repositories of electronic resources have been built from scanned volumes. Specifically, we focus on the scientific domain and target scanned volumes of scientific publications. Our goal is to automate the semantic processing of scanned volumes, an important and challenging step towards efficient retrieval of content within scanned volumes. We tackle the problem by designing a machine learning-based method to extract multi-level metadata about content of scanned volumes. We combine image and text information within scanned volumes for intelligent parsing. We developed a system and test it with real world data from the Internet Archive, and the experimental evaluation has demonstrated good results.
Quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry as a temperature diagnostic for nonsooting spherical flames.

Numerical analysis and experimental results are presented to define a method for quantitatively measuring the temperature distribution of a spherical diffusion flame using rainbow schlieren deflectometry in microgravity. The method employed illustrates the necessary steps for the preliminary design of a rainbow schlieren system. The largest deflection for the normal gravity flame considered in this paper is 7.4×10−4 rad, which can be accurately measured with 2 m focal-length collimating and decollimating optics. The experimental uncertainty of deflection is less than 5×10−5 rad.
Bleeding Academic Research Consortium consensus report: the Food and Drug Administration perspective.

The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of human drug products. CDER recognizes the value of therapeutic agents and encourages innovation in their development. CDER tries to ensure that approved drugs are accompanied by labeling that describes the benefits and risks of the drugs and provides good directions for use. Article see p 2736 CDER has a continuing interest in ensuring the quality of clinical trials, both because better trials will produce results that are reliable, and because they will be more efficient, ie, more likely to show a useful effect when there is one. One important way to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials and to enable consideration of multiple trials is through the development of standardized end point definitions. The Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) is an example of such efforts. An independent group, BARC includes members of academic research organizations, cardiovascular professional societies, pharmaceutical and cardiovascular device manufacturers, the National Institutes of Health, and the FDA (CDER and Center for Devices and Radiological Health). The FDA participated in a 1-day meeting in February …
Studies on the Effects Of Ephedrine in the Presence of Cocaine

The pressure response of ephedrine was found to be reduced in anesthetized dogs by the previous administration of cocaine, as has been reported in earlier works. It was determined that this reduction was not due to tachyphylaxis. A definite relationship between dosage of cocaine, time allowed for the animal to become cocainized, and a lessening to the response of ephedrine were observed. Similar effects were also ascertained in studies on spleen volume. The action of the two drugs on cardiac output was determined by means of the radioactive isotope dilution method using I 131 .
Personal Goals and Psychological Growth: Testing an Intervention to Enhance Goal Attainment and Personality Integration

We hypothesized that semester goal attainmentprovides a route to short-term psychological growth. In an attempt to enhance this process, werandomly assigned participants to either a goal-training program or to a control condition.Although there were no main effects of program participation on later goal attainment, importantinteractions were found. Consistent with a “prepared to benefit” model,participants already high in goal-based measures of personality integration perceived the programas most useful and benefited the most from the program in terms of goal attainment. As a result,they became even more integrated and also increased in their levels of psychosocial well-being andvitality. Implications for theories of short-term growth and positive change are discussed, as is theunanswered question of how to help less-integrated persons grow.
Nationwide surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece: patterns of resistance and serotype epidemiology.

This nationwide study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility and seroprevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in paediatric carriage isolates and in clinical isolates from adult pneumococcal disease in Greece during the years 2004–2006. Among 780 isolates recovered from the nasopharynx of children 2 mg/L. Serotypes 19F, 14, 23F and 6B were the most prevalent among carriage and clinical isolates. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was estimated to provide coverage against 71.7% of paediatric carriage isolates and 51.3% of adult clinical isolates. Resistance rates among clinical isolates from adult sources were higher than those recorded among paediatric carriage S. pneumoniae isolates and displayed an increasingly resistant profile compared with previous reports from our country, warranting continuous vigilance.
Ursodeoxycholate inhibits induction of NOS in human intestinal epithelial cells and in vivo

Ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) has anti-inflammatory and chemoprotective effects in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Because overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of these conditions, we investigated the ability of UDCA to inhibit NO production in transformed human intestinal epithelial (DLD-1) cells. Nitrite/nitrate production was measured by the Griess reaction, enzymatic activity of iNOS was assessed by conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline, and protein and mRNA were measured by Western and Northern blotting. Dose-dependent inhibition of interleukin-1 beta- and interferon-gamma-stimulated nitrite/nitrate production was observed when cells were preincubated for 6 h with UDCA (0–800 microM), and a substantial inhibition (81 +/- 3.2%) was seen at 500 microM. In cytokine-stimulated cells, UDCA reduced iNOS mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity without exerting cytotoxicity. UDCA had a minimal direct inhibitory effect on iNOS enzyme activity. UDCA pretreatment also reduced the expression of iNOS in the colonic epithelium of rats treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Thus UDCA inhibits the induction of epithelial iNOS in vitro and in vivo, and this effect may contribute to the anti-inflammatory and chemoprotective actions of UDCA.
A non-perturbative non-renormalization theorem for the Wilsonian gauge couplings in supersymmetric theories

Abstract We present a direct proof that the holomorphic Wilsonian beta -function of a renormalizable asymptotically free supersymmetric gauge theory with an arbitrary semi-simple gauge group, matter content, and renormalizable superpotential is exhausted at 1-loop with no higher loops and no non-perturbative contributions. This is a non-perturbative extension of the well known result of Shifman and Vainshtein.
Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. VI. Characterization of the fragile site at 12q13.

The fragile site at Xq27 which is associated with X-linked mental retardation with macroorchidism has been studied in 21 retarded males. These males were from 12 families, and studies of nine of the families were possible. Detection of carrier females is difficult, especially with increasing age. The fragile site was demonstrated in only five of 13 obligate carrier females. It is concluded that using present methods, cytogenetic detection of carriers is fairly reliable in females aged less than 20–25 years but unreliable in older females.
Gravity Shock in Rabbits. III. Changes in Distribution of Phosphate and Chloride in Blood and Urine

SummaryThe increased inorganic phosphate in plasma during gravity shock does not originate from food in the digestive tract nor from the organic acid-soluble phosphorus in the red cells. The chloride ratio increases during gravity shock. During recovery diuresis and phosphaturia occur, while the pH, plasma phosphate, and chloride ratio rapidly return to control values. If those five processes do not occur the animal will die.
Yankee Dutchmen under Fire: Civil War Letters from the 82nd Illinois Infantry

Review of: "Yankee Dutchmen under Fire: Civil War Letters from the 82nd Illinois Infantry," translated and edited by Joseph R. Reinhart.
Abstract IA09: Single cell RNA-sequencing of circulating tumor cells

Isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood allows noninvasive tumor sampling from patients with cancer. Molecular analysis of single CTCs may uncover heterogeneous cellular pathways that underlie disease progression and resistance to therapy. Using a microfluidic device, we isolated individual CTCs from patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Single candidate CTCs were micromanipulated after cell surface staining for epithelial (EpCAM) and mesenchymal (CDH11) markers, and then subjected to single cell RNA-sequencing. Digital gene expression profiles of lineage-confirmed CTCs were compared with each other, with primary prostate tumors, and with annotated markers of cellular signaling pathways. Single prostate CTCs displayed considerable heterogeneity in transcriptional profiles, but clustered according to patient of origin, indicating higher diversity in CTCs across different individuals (mean correlation 0.10 for CTCs within patients vs. 0.0014 for CTCs across patients, P=2.0x10E-11). Compared to primary tumors, CTCs were significantly enriched in 37 molecular pathways (FDR Citation Format: David T. Miyamoto, Yu Zheng, Ben S. Wittner, Richard J. Lee, Huili Zhu, Katherine T. Broderick, Rushil Desai, Brian W. Brannigan, Kshitij S. Arora, Douglas M. Dahl, Lecia V. Sequist, Matthew R. Smith, Ravi Kapur, Chin-Lee Wu, Toshi Shioda, Sridhar Ramaswamy, David T. Ting, Mehmet Toner, Shyamala Maheswaran, Daniel A. Haber. Single cell RNA-sequencing of circulating tumor cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; Jun 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA09.
Adverse childhood experiences and disability in U.S. adults.

Objective To assess relationships between adverse childhood experiences and self-reported disabilities in adult life. Design Cross-sectional, random-digit-dialed, state-population-based survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Setting Fourteen states and the District of Columbia. Participants Noninstitutionalized adults ages ≥18 years surveyed in 2009 and/or in 2010 (n = 81,184). Methods The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Module asks about abuse (physical, sexual, emotional), family dysfunction (exposures to domestic violence, living with mentally ill, substance abusing, or incarcerated family member(s), and/or parental separation and/or divorce) that occurred before age 18 years. The ACE score sums affirmed ACE categories (range, 0-8). We controlled for demographic characteristics (age, race, education, income, and marital status) and self-reported physical health conditions (stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, coronary heart disease, asthma). Five states asked participants about mental health conditions (anxiety, depression). A subset analysis of participants in these states evaluated the effect of adjusting for these conditions. Main Outcome Measurements The primary outcome was disability (self-reported activity limitation and/or assistive device use). Results More than half of participants (57%) reported at least 1 adverse childhood experience category, and 23.2% reported disability. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of disability increased in a graded fashion from odds ratio 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.4) among those who experienced 1 adverse experience to odds ratio 5.8 (95% confidence interval, 4.6-7.5) among those with 7-8 adverse experiences compared with those with no such experiences when adjusting for demographic factors. The relationship between adverse experiences and disability remained strong after adjusting for physical and mental health conditions. Conclusions There is a strong graded relationship between childhood exposure to abuse and household dysfunction and self-reported disability in adulthood, even after adjusting for potentially mediating health conditions. Greater clinician, researcher, and policymaker awareness of the impact of childhood adversity on disability is crucial to help those affected by childhood adversity lead more functional lives.
Using Student-Generated Instructional Materials in an e-Homework Platform

Feedback-driven online homework systems provide students with a comprehensive set of practice questions that can accompany and enhance other instructional resources. However, the available e-homework systems do not contain content that aligns well with our course objectives, provide too few questions in key areas, and use assessment format(s) that do not match the ones used on our exams. Motivated to create our own questions, we used this gap as an opportunity to engage students in constructing and reviewing course-aligned content within a commercial e-homework platform. The students successfully generated approximately 1,000 largely open-ended organic chemistry questions, some with mechanistic and structural drawing capabilities, by modifying old exam questions. The students’ questions spanned a variety of cognitive levels that skewed, as intended, toward skill-building. According to our assessment scheme, 75% of the questions were evaluated to be of the highest quality. As a consequence, we advocate tha...
Resolution of gamma-ray laser dilemma

The gamma-ray laser dilemma states that incoherent pump required to produce a population inversion would unavoidable destroy the conditions of the Mossbauer and Borrmann effects which are crucial for realization of the net gain. For four decades this dilemma prevailed all over the researches on gamma-ray lasers, making hopeless any attempt to approach a problem of gamma-ray laser. Recently it was shown that laser driving of bounded electronic transitions in atoms provides efficient manipulation by the Mossbauer spectra of nuclear transitions. Under certain conditions it leads to suppression of resonant absorption by 3-5 orders of magnitude reducing it up to the level of off-resonant losses in the host matrix. In turn, suppression of the resonant absorption reduces by the same amount the requirement for incoherent pump and accordingly heating of the active sample. This allows to pump active nuclei in the host lattice without destroying the conditions of both Mossbauer and Borrmann effects. Moreover it allows to pump resonantly at the operating transition that increases additionally the efficiency of the incoherent pump by 1-2 orders of magnitude. All together gamma-ray laser schemes involving laser driving of electronic transitions reduce the laser threshold by 4-7 orders of magnitude and hence suggest a completely new path for solution of the gamma-ray laser problem.
Environmental Variables Influencing Drug Self-Administration

Behavioral effects of drugs depend not only on their direct pharmacologic actions, but on the contingencies maintaining behavior as well (Sidman, 1956). This notion of drug-environment interaction applies equally to the analysis of factors influencing drug self-administration (Thompson and Schuster, 1968). Whether a drug will be self-administered depends not only on the type of drug, but also on the environmental conditions under which the drug is made available. Among the classes of environmental variables determining whether a drug will be self-administered are (a) past history of the subjects, (b) motivational factors, (c) current environmental conditions, and (d) reinforcement variables (Schuster and Thompson, 1969).
Functional Traits and Ecological Affinities of Riparian Plants along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon

Abstract. Trait-based approaches to vegetation analyses are becoming more prevalent in studies of riparian vegetation dynamics, including responses to flow regulation, groundwater pumping, and climate change. These analyses require species trait data compiled from the literature and floras or original field measurements. Gathering such data makes trait-based research time intensive at best and impracticable in some cases. To support trait-based analysis of vegetation along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, a data set of 20 biological traits and ecological affinities for 179 species occurring in that study area was compiled. This diverse flora shares species with many riparian areas in the western USA and includes species that occur across a wide moisture gradient. Data were compiled from published scientific papers, unpublished reports, plant fact sheets, existing trait databases, regional floras, and plant guides. Data for ordinal environmental tolerances were more readily available than were quan...
Advance Care Planning and Preparing to Die

Advance planning is the process of making decisions about one’s future medical, legal, or financial affairs in case one becomes incapable of making those decisions later. Such planning often addresses end-of-life affairs such as testamentary bequests, organ donation, disposition of the dead body, and funeral arrangements. Advance care planning (ACP) commonly tries to answer such medical questions as What roles should patient, proxies, and doctors take in decision-making? When should aggressive, potentially curative treatments be used? How should their outcomes be evaluated? Should the patient ever enter clinical research trials? When should purely comfort measures begin? and Where does the patient want to die?
Botanical Medicines for Diuresis: Cross-Cultural Comparisons

Abstract Throughout history and cross-culturally, healers have employed procedures and medicinal substances to expel toxins, poisons, evil spirits, etc. from a sick patient's body. Purging, blood-letting, sweat induction and the use of natural laxatives, expectorants, and diuretics are all prominently featured in traditional medical systems. Diuretic herbs have been frequently prescribed to rid the body of excess fluids through increased urine production, as well as for detoxification and dehydration for such conditions as high blood pressure, kidney infections, obesity, and the edema associated with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) or traumatic injuries. A survey of 92 medicinal plant shops (“botanicas”) in Miami, Florida discovered 13 botanical species sold specifically for their diuretic effects. An additional 394 species used for this purpose worldwide were catalogued in the literature for a total of 407. These plants contain a number of phytochemical compounds that induce diuresis, including saponin (C 27 H 42 O 3 ) and arbutin (C 12 H 16 O 7 ). Research suggests that saponin ingestion is associated with reduced incidence of kidney stones, and arbutin has an anti-bacterial effect on the urinary tract. Many of the plants contain a number of flavonoids and polyphenols which also may impart therapeutic benefits for the renal system. The two main preparation methods of herbal medicines—decoction and infusion—permit the extraction and concentration of their curative bioactive constituents while simultaneously eliminating or neutralizing toxins, irritants and impurities. The most commonly utilized plant parts to produce traditional diuretic medications are leaves, stems, seeds, roots, berries, barks, saps, resins, pollens, and fruit juices. Many of the plants used as diuretics are also recommended by traditional healers for a variety of other health problems, including high and low blood pressure, dental disorders, and fertility-related applications. Rigorous double-blind/placebo trials are needed to verify the therapeutic value and safety of botanical diuretics.
Intrauterine DHA exposure and child body composition at 5 y: exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial of prenatal DHA supplementation

Background Observational studies find associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and greater fat-free mass and lower percentage of body fat, but randomized trials of prenatal DHA supplementation have not found significant intent-to-treat effects on childhood body composition. Objective This study sought to explore associations between intrauterine DHA exposure and body composition and size at 5 y in the offspring of women who participated in a randomized trial of prenatal DHA supplementation (corn and soybean oil placebo or 600 mg/d). Design At 5 y, body composition was measured by air displacement plethysmography in 154 offspring of women who had participated in the Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study and who had red blood cell (RBC) phospholipid (PL) fatty acids assessed at enrollment and delivery. We used linear regression models to analyze the relation among 3 indicators of intrauterine DHA exposure-1) intent-to-treat (placebo or DHA), 2) maternal RBC PL DHA status at delivery, and 3) change in maternal DHA (delivery minus enrollment)-and 6 outcomes of interest: 5-y fat mass, fat-free mass, percentage of body fat, height, weight, and body mass index z score. Results Change in maternal RBC PL DHA correlated with higher fat-free mass (r = 0.21, P = 0.0088); the association was unchanged after adjustment for maternal, perinatal, and childhood dietary factors. Intent-to-treat and DHA status at delivery showed positive trends with fat-free mass that were not statistically significant. There was no evidence relating intrauterine DHA exposure to any other body composition measure. Conclusions Change in maternal DHA status during pregnancy was related to higher offspring 5-y fat-free mass. The other 2 indicators of intrauterine exposure to DHA suggested a trend for higher offspring 5-y fat-free mass. Our findings agree with an earlier observational study from the United Kingdom. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00266825.
Implications of Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ for IQ Differences between Groups

The study of deafness helps illuminate the nature and causes of between-group differences in IQ. Deafness offers a powerful paradigm for testing environmental, genetic, and interactionist theories of IQ differences between groups. By examining the IQs of deaf people in the context of IQ differences between groups, theories can be tested, refined, clarified. As such, deafness offers a valuable, and heretofore underutilized, tool for understanding why different groups have different distributions of IQ.
DISSOCIATION OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dissociation of functional responses of lymphocyte subpopulation. It has been reported that human lymphocytes, either before or after sensitization to allogeneic lymphocytes B in mixed leukocyte culture ( MLC ), can be separated on adherent cell monolayers into two functionally defined populations. The non-adherent cells are deficient or incapable of specific killing in cell mediated lympholysis (CML), but their proliferation in MLC is not significantly different than non-adherent cells adsorbed on autologous monolayers. The cells that adhered to the monolayer were hypothesized to contain the cytotoxicity. A modified version of the monolayer adsorption system allows rapid, selective adherence by specific antigen reactive cells and permits the isolation and functional analysis of cell populations.
THE EFFECTS OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS ON THE RESPONSES AND THE SENSITIZATION OF UNMYELINATED (C) FIBER POLYMODAL NOCICEPTORS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that analyzes the effects of anti-inflammatory agents on the responses and the sensitization of unmyelinated (C) fiber polymodal nociceptors. An isolated perfused rabbit ear was prepared in the general fashion. Under sodium phenobarbital anesthesia, the ear and greater auricular nerve (4–5 cm length) was removed from a 3–4 kg domestic female rabbit and placed on a specially designed platform. The concha of the excised ear was filled with plasticine, which, in turn, was placed on the platform so that the dorsal surface of the ear was uppermost. This platform was set at an angle of 45° relative to a horizontally placed plastic trough. The cut portion of the ear and the nerve lay within the trough and were covered with mineral oil. The results demonstrated that when receptors of the perfused ear appeared normal, C polymodal nociceptors showed little background activity prior to manipulation of the skin, although the mechanical stimulation used to identify the receptive field was followed by slightly increased background frequency. Mechanical thresholds with flexible probes typically were in excess of 20 gm/mm.
Modeling the Adhesive Behavior of Platelets During Coagulation

Abstract Platelets play a critical role in the mechanics and dynamics of blood clots, but the exact contribution of individual platelets on the macro-scale mechanics of whole clots is not fully understood. To elucidate the trans-scale relationship, we have developed a discrete element method (DEM)-based model of platelet-platelet and platelet-fibrin interactions that captures the adhesive capacity acquired by platelets upon activation during coagulation. Our simulation results mimic available experimental data and show that platelet-fibrin bonds are nearly thirty times stronger than the strongest platelet-platelet bonds. This cell-scale platelet model sets the framework for a downstream multi-scale model of coagulation.
Plebeian Presence in the Age of Gunpowder

Analyzed at length in this chapter are the stage plays of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, as they prove strikingly keen on countenancing and vivifying contemporary soldiering, even if often in a sardonic vein. Just as vital to Chap. 5 is the manner by which gunpowder was theatrically employed as special effects. Accordingly, Nayar pays ethnographic tribute to the aural and pyrotechnic dimensions of Tudor and Stuart drama, which often, in contemporary critical circles, get overlooked. Plays addressed include those of Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson, as well as lesser-known works that demonstrate how the stage often functioned as a means of access to powder-related current affairs.
Characterization of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Seen in the Medical University of South Carolina ALS Multidisciplinary Clinic (P1.342)

Objective: To investigate any differences in the clinical presentation and course of ALS in different races, and any disparity in the utilisation of treatment. Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease characterized by its progressive nature, limited understanding of its pathophysiology and lack of present cure. The diagnosis of ALS is complicated by diverse presentation, heterogeneity in the anatomic location (bulbar, cervical, thoracic and lumbar), and differences in progression and survival rates. ALS is also known to present differently in African Americans and Caucasian cohorts, though the findings were not universally reproducible. Design/Methods We obtained IRB approval for a retrospective analysis of patients with the diagnosis of ALS seen in our clinic from 2007–2016. Cases meeting the Awaji criteria of clinically-possible, -probable, or -definite ALS were included. Data analysed included demographic information (age, gender, race/ethnicity); clinical presentation (age at symptom onset, site of onset - limb vs. bulbar, time from onset to first clinic visit, time from onset to diagnosis, Awaji diagnostic category, weight/BMI); clinical course (the first and last ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised, ALSFRS-R scores, and forced vital capacities, FVC); medical comorbidities; family history of neurodegenerative diseases (ALS, Parkinson’s disease or dementia); and use of therapies (riluzole, non-invasive ventilation, gastronomy). Results: Differences were observed in the presentation and severity of ALS between Caucasian and African American cohorts. Conclusions: Our cohort has a higher representation of African Americans, consistent with the census data in the state of South Carolina compared to the nation (27% vs 13%, 2015). The differences seen in the presentation and severity of disease for the different races need confirmation. Future studies should also focus on disparities in the utilization of therapies to improve outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Rodriguez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chopade has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose.
Leveraging Cumulative Network Meta-analysis and Value of Information Analysis to Understand the Evolving Value of Medical Research.

Background. Leveraging cumulative network meta-analysis (NMA) and value of information (VOI) analysis, this article aims to understand the evolving value of medical research and to identify gaps in...
The Utility of Event-Related Potentials in Clinical Psychology

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Intolerance of uncertainty and protective parenting in mothers of children with food allergy

ABSTRACTThe study examined the influence of two dimensions of intolerance of uncertainty (i.e., desire for predictability and uncertainty paralysis) on protective parenting behaviors in mothers of ...
Every variance function, including Taylor’s power law of fluctuation scaling, can be produced by any location-scale family of distributions with positive mean and variance

One of the most widely verified empirical regularities of ecology is Taylor’s power law of fluctuation scaling, or simply Taylor’s law (TL). TL says that the logarithm of the variances of a set of random variables or a set of random samples is (exactly or approximately) a linear function of logarithm of the means of the corresponding random variables or random samples: logvariance = log a + b log mean, a > 0. Ecologists have argued about the interpretation of the intercept log a and slope b of TL and about what the values of these parameters reveal about the underlying probability distributions of the random samples. We show here that the form and the values of the parameters of TL and of any other variance function (relationship of variance to mean in a set of samples or a family of random variables) say nothing whatsoever about the underlying probability distributions of the random samples (or random variables) other than that they have finite mean and variance. Specifically, given any real-valued random variable with a finite mean and a finite variance, and given any variance function (e.g., TL with specified intercept log a and slope b), we construct a family of random variables with probability distributions of the same shape as the probability distribution of the given random variable (i.e., that are the same up to location and scale, or in the same “location-scale family”) and that obeys the given variance function exactly (e.g., TL exactly with the given intercept log a and slope b). Every variance function can be produced by the location-scale family of any random variable with finite positive mean and finite positive variance. We illustrate some consequences of these findings by examples (e.g., for presence-absence sampling in agricultural pest control).
Attenuation of Deviant Sexual Fantasy across the Lifespan in United States Adult Males

Deviant sexual fantasy is identified as a risk factor for sexual offending, yet no study has examined deviant sexual fantasy across the lifespan in nonoffending adult males. To bridge this gap, this study examined the frequencies of normative and deviant sexual fantasies among 318 nonoffending adult males in the United States. Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk™. Participants took two inventories that assessed demographics and types of sexual fantasies. Normality tests, means tests, Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), binary logistic regressions, and odds ratio post hoc analyses were conducted. Deviant sexual fantasies progressively declined across all three age groups, while normative sexual fantasy did not. Results suggest that deviant sexual fantasy changes across the lifespan. Applicability of the findings to applied settings, such as sexually violent predator evaluations, is discussed. Limitations and future considerations are addressed.
Language and identity: an inquiry of church-based U.S. citizenship education for refugee-background Bhutanese adults

This 17-month ethnographic case study, which is grounded in the notions of citizenship, language, and Bakhtin’s ideological becoming, examines the complex interplay of ideologies of citizenship, la...
Are Opioids Needed to Treat Chronic Low Back Pain? A Review of Treatment Options and Analgesics in Development

The continued prevalence of chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a testament to our lack of understanding of the potential causes, leading to significant treatment challenges. CLBP is the leading cause of years lived with disability and the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years. No single non-pharmacologic, pharmacologic, or interventional therapy has proven effective as treatment for the majority of patients with CLBP. Although non-pharmacologic therapies are generally helpful, they are often ineffective as monotherapy and many patients lack adequate access to these treatments. Noninvasive treatment measures supported by evidence include physical and chiropractic therapy, yoga, acupuncture, and non-opioid and opioid pharmacologic therapy; data suggest a moderate benefit, at most, for any of these therapies. Until our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of CLBP advances, clinicians must continue to utilize rational multimodal treatment protocols. Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for opioid prescribing recommend that opioids not be utilized as first-line therapy and to limit the doses when possible for fear of bothersome or dangerous adverse effects. In combination with the current opioid crisis, this has caused providers to minimize or eliminate opioid therapy when treating patients with chronic pain, leaving many patients suffering despite optimal nonopioid therapies. Therefore, there remains an unmet need for effective and tolerable opioid receptor agonists for the treatment of CLBP with improved safety properties over legacy opioids. There are several such agents in development, including opioids and other agents with novel mechanisms of action. This review critiques non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment modalities for CLBP and examines the potential of novel opioids and other analgesics that may be a useful addition to the treatment options for patients with chronic pain.
Parametric Cost Modeling of a Mid-Lift-to-Drag Ratio Vehicle for Human Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing

Cost is one of the biggest obstacles to sending humans to Mars. However, spacecraft costs are typically estimated after the preliminary vehicle and mission concepts have been designed. By automating the cost estimation process, the effect of any change in vehicle or mission design on the mission cost can be determined more rapidly. This paper uses the tool SAPE-C (Systems Analysis for Planetary Entry, Descent, and Landing-Cost). SAPE-C integrates the cost modeling software SEER-H (System Estimation and Evaluation of Resources-Hardware) with a number of systems analysis tools and enables large design tradespace exploration early in the design process. SAPE-C is used to analyze several tradespaces of the Mid-Lift-to-Drag ratio rigid entry vehicle for human Mars missions. Key findings include quantifying the impacts of payload, vehicle length, and main engine specific impulse on the overall cost of the vehicle, and how the payload per lander and number of landers affects the cost of a campaign to Mars.
Brothers and Sisters, Husbands and Wives: Love, Power, and Being an In-Law

This paper explores relationships among adult siblings, building on ethnographic research in urban and rural areas of Lebanon over 50 + years. It focuses on the relationships between brothers and sisters with the spouses of their siblings. The paper argues that, with marriage, very often, the sibling relationships become increasingly fraught. Researching both working class and middle-class households in rural and urban Lebanon, a not infrequent pattern of competition was found between the wives of brothers and the sisters of brothers. Using case studies as ethnographic examples, the paper elucidates the complex love/power dynamics of the brother/sister relationships in adulthood.
2020 Supplement to Stephen H. Legomsky & David B. Thronson, Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy (7th ed. 2019)

This Supplement covers developments since the publication of the seventh edition of Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy in January 2019. It incorporates and replaces the 2019 Supplement. The 2020 Supplement includes, in part: • Major Supreme Court decisions in 2019 and 2020, including Barton v. Barr, Department of Commerce v. New York, Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam, Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California, and Nielsen v. Preap; • Public charge regulations and inadmissibility; • The Attorney General’s continued practice of overruling BIA precedent to curtail procedures and limit rights in the removal process; • Updates on policies at the border and relevant litigation, including materials on family separation, Migration Protection Protocols, “metering,” transit bar, CDC, and third country agreements policies; • Enforcement, including courthouse arrests, detention, sanctuary policies; • COVID-19 pandemic and impact on immigration and economy; • DACA updates; • Census-related litigation and policies; • Updates on asylum and the Convention Against Torture; and • Developments in states and localities regarding immigrants, including driver’s licenses for undocumented immigrants and access to professional licenses regardless of immigration status.
Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair Using a Clever Hook and Lasso Loop Technique in the Beach Chair Position: A Simple and Reproducible Guide.

Abstract Addressing subscapularis tendon pathology has garnered increased attention during shoulder arthroscopy in attempt to adequately restore glenohumeral force couples. The appropriate rebalancing of force couples of the rotator cuff musculature by repairing subscapularis tendon tears in patients with large rotator cuff tears has been shown to improve functional outcomes while decreasing retear rates. However, subscapularis tendon tears may be particularly challenging to diagnose and present a significant degree of technical difficulty with the description of multiple arthroscopic and open surgical techniques. In this comprehensive guide, we put forth a simple, concise, and reproducible arthroscopic technique using a Clever Hook and Lasso Loop stitch technique for repairing both high-grade partial and full-thickness tears of the subscapularis tendon.