cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating clinically significant change in mother and child functioning: comparison of traditional and enhanced behavioral parent training

The Strategies to Enhance Positive Parenting (STEPP) program, an enhanced behavioral parent training (BPT) intervention, was developed to improve engagement in and outcomes following treatment for single-mother families of school-age youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A previous randomized clinical trial of the STEPP program demonstrated that the intervention resulted in statistically significant improvements at the group-level in child oppositional behavior, various areas of child impairment, parental stress, and parenting behavior, relative to a wait-list control condition and a traditional BPT group. Despite benefits at the group-level, little is known about outcomes at the individual-level of enhanced BPT relative to traditional BPT for various child- and parent-level outcomes. The current study compares the extent to which traditional BPT and the STEPP program result in reliable change and recovery across various child- and parent-level outcomes in a sample of 80, 5–12 year old youth with ADHD (70 % male). Analyses demonstrated the benefit of participating in either BPT treatment; and participation in the STEPP program compared to traditional BPT was associated with only minimal incremental clinical benefit. Results, as well as clinical and research implications for assessment and treatment of high-risk families of youth with ADHD enrolled in BPT are discussed.
Evaluating the Significance of Delaying Intravenous Lipid Therapy During the First Week of Hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit

Background: The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) published guidelines in 2009 recommending against the use of intravenous lipids for parenteral nutrition (PN) within the first week of hospitalization in critically ill patients. This grade D recommendation is controversial as it is based on the results of 2 studies that evaluated approximately 100 patients and did not evaluate glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes associated with the receipt of lipids within the first week in the intensive care unit (ICU) compared with withholding lipids. Methods: This retrospective study included critically ill adult patients who received PN at a large, academic medical center. This study examined the incidence of new infections with receipt of early lipids (n = 66) compared with withholding lipids in the first 7 days (n = 29). Secondary outcomes included mortality, hyperglycemia, ICU length of stay (LOS), and...
Using MEDLINE as Standard Corpus for Measuring Semantic Similarity in the Biomedical Domain

Finding the similarity between biomedical terms and concepts is a very important task for biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. We propose and investigate the feasibility of using MEDLINE as standard corpus and MeSH ontology for measuring semantic similarity between concepts in the biomedical domain within UMLS framework. We adapted information-based semantic similarity measures from general English and applied them into the biomedical domain to measure the similarity between biomedical terms. The experimental results show that, by using MEDLINE and MeSH ontology, the information-based similarity measures perform very well and produce high correlations with human ratings. The similarity measure of Jiang & Conrath achieved 82% correlation with human similarity scores, and the average correlation with human scores of three measures is approaching 78%. These results confirm that MEDLINE is an effective information source for measuring semantic similarity between biomedical terms and concepts.
Design, modeling, and characterization of monolithically integrated InP-based (1.55 /spl mu/m) high-speed (24 Gb/s) p-i-n/HBT front-end photoreceivers

High-speed, long-wavelength InAlAs/InGaAs OEIC photoreceivers based on a p-i-n/HBT shared layer integration scheme have been designed, fabricated and characterized. The p-i-n photodiodes, formed with the 6000 /spl Aring/-thick InGaAs precollector layer of the HBT as the absorbing layer, exhibited a responsivity of /spl sim/0.4 A/W and a -3 dB optical bandwidth larger than 20 GHz at /spl lambda/=1.55 /spl mu/m. The fabricated three-stage transimpedance amplifier with a feedback resistor of 550 /spl Omega/ demonstrated a transimpedance gain of 46 dB/spl Omega/ and a -3 dB bandwidth of 20 GHz. The monolithically integrated photoreceiver with a 83 /spl mu/m p-i-n photodiode consumed a small dc power of 35 mW and demonstrated a measured -3 dB optical bandwidth of 19.5 GHz, which is the highest reported to date for an InAlAs/InGaAs integrated front-end photoreceiver. The OEIC photoreceiver also has a measured input optical dynamic range of 20 dB. The performance of individual devices and integrated circuits was also investigated through detailed CAD-based analysis and characterization. Transient simulations, based on a HSPICE circuit model and previous measurements of eye diagrams for a NRZ 2/sup 31/-1 pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS), show that the OEIC photoreceiver is capable of operation up to 24 Gb/s.
Expert opinions in cancer metastasis: Harvesting knowledge from uncertainty and discrepancies

Research in computational biology is often contingent on principal notions. Mathematical modeling is relying on valid initial assumptions. Text mining algorithms can only retrieve or extract information found in text. Knowledge representation requires a degree of knowledge consensus. Our understanding of certain areas in biology, however, is still in its infancy having a ripple effect in computational efforts.
FAMILY AND EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE: RECENT CHANGES IN FRANCE

This paper examines changes which have occurred in agricultural employment in France during the last two decades. It focuses on family employment since nowadays farm families provide more than half of the labour supply of the industry, as in nearly all the developed countries. The reasons behind the variation in the annual rate of decline in agricultural employment are split into two sets of factors: alterations in the age structure of the farm population, and modifications in the tendency to enter and leave farming in each age group. In respect of the later, the varied consequences of the occurrence of the economic crisis are discussed, together with the effects of deep sociological changes, especially in the relationships between members of the farm family.
An fMRI study of cerebrovascular reactivity and perfusion in obstructive sleep apnea patients before and after CPAP treatment

Abstract Objective Cerebrovascular reactivity is impaired in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) as demonstrated by transcranial Doppler studies. We use magnetic resonance imaging techniques to investigate the anatomical distribution of cerebrovascular reactivity changes in patients with OSAS, as well as their evolution after therapeutic and sham continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Methods Twenty-three men with moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea were compared to a healthy control group ( n =7) using a breath-holding functional magnetic resonance imaging task and the flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) imaging before and after 2months of therapeutic (active) or sub-therapeutic (sham) CPAP treatment. Results Significantly higher cerebrovascular reactivity was found in healthy controls as compared to patients in bilateral cortical and subcortical brain regions. Cerebrovascular reactivity increased with therapeutic CPAP in the thalamus and decreased with sham CPAP in medial frontal regions in OSAS patients. Duration of nocturnal hypoxemia and body mass index negatively correlated with cerebrovascular reactivity, particularly in the medial temporal lobe structures, suggesting a possible pathophysiological mechanism for hippocampal injury. There was no difference in perfusion between patients and control group, and no effect of CPAP or sham-CPAP treatment on perfusion in patients. Conclusions Observed cerebrovascular reactivity changes were neither homogeneous throughout the brain nor followed vascular territories, but rather corresponded to underlying neuronal networks, establishing a relationship between cerebrovascular reactivity and surrounding neuronal activity.
Multifrequency channel decompositions of images and wavelet models

The author reviews recent multichannel models developed in psychophysiology, computer vision, and image processing. In psychophysiology, multichannel models have been particularly successful in explaining some low-level processing in the visual cortex. The expansion of a function into several frequency channels provides a representation which is intermediate between a spatial and a Fourier representation. The author describes the mathematical properties of such decompositions and introduces the wavelet transform. He reviews the classical multiresolution pyramidal transforms developed in computer vision and shows how they relate to the decomposition of an image into a wavelet orthonormal basis. He discusses the properties of the zero crossings of multifrequency channels. Zero-crossing representations are particularly well adapted for pattern recognition in computer vision. >
Long-term outcomes in automated peritoneal dialysis: similar or better than in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?

Printed in Canada. All rights reserved. In many parts of the world, a progressively larger proportion of chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are being treated with automated PD (APD). Increasingly, the decision to use APD is being dictated by patient and physician preference rather than being based on medical considerations. It is important to determine if the PD modality has any effect on long-term patient outcomes. Studies examining the effects of APD on residual renal function have been inconsistent, and the effect of cycler use on native renal clearances, if any, is small and probably not clinically significant. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that peritonitis rates are somewhat lower in APD patients than in patients treated with continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). Two of three recent studies indicated that the risk for transfer to maintenance hemodialysis may be lower in APD patients, particularly in the early period after starting chronic PD. However, the risk for death in patients treated with CAPD and APD appears to be similar in most of the studies that have looked at that question. In summary, the longterm outcomes of CAPD and APD appear to be similar, and patient and physician preference are likely to increase the utilization of APD in many parts of the world.
Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: An In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is characterized by the contingent reinforcement of a designated behavior. Previously, feeding behavior in Aplysia has been demonstrated to be modified by operant conditioning, and a neural pathway (esophageal nerve; E n.) that mediates some aspects of reinforcement has been identified. As a first step toward a cellular analysis of operant conditioning, we developed an in vitro buccal ganglia preparation that expressed the essential features of operant conditioning. Motor patterns that represented at least two different aspects of fictive feeding (i.e., ingestion-like and rejection-like motor patterns) were elicited by tonic stimulation of a peripheral buccal nerve (n.2,3). Three groups of preparations were examined. In a contingent-reinforcement group, stimulation of E n. was contingent on the expression of a specific type of motor pattern (i.e., either ingestion-like or rejection-like). In a yoke-control group, stimulation of E n. was not contingent on any specific pattern. In a control group, E n. was not stimulated. The frequency of the reinforced pattern increased significantly only in the contingent-reinforcement group. No changes were observed in nonreinforced patterns or in the motor patterns of the control and yoke-control groups. Contingent reinforcement of the ingestion-like pattern was associated with an enhancement of activity in motor neuron B8, and this enhancement was specific to the reinforced pattern. These results suggest that the isolated buccal ganglia expressed an essential feature of operant conditioning (i.e., contingent reinforcement modified a designated operant) and that this analog of operant conditioning is accessible to cellular analysis.
Cardioprotection by Controlling Hyperamylinemia in a “Humanized” Diabetic Rat Model

Background Chronic hypersecretion of the pancreatic hormone amylin is common in humans with obesity or prediabetic insulin resistance and induces amylin aggregation and proteotoxicity in the pancreas. We recently showed that hyperamylinemia also affects the cardiovascular system. Here, we investigated whether amylin aggregates interact directly with cardiac myocytes and whether controlling hyperamylinemia protects the heart. Methods and Results By Western blot, we found abundant amylin aggregates in lysates of cardiac myocytes from obese patients, but not in controls. Aggregated amylin was elevated in failing hearts, suggesting a role in myocyte injury. Using rats overexpressing human amylin in the pancreas (HIP rats) and control myocytes incubated with human amylin, we show that amylin aggregation at the sarcolemma induces oxidative stress and Ca2+ dysregulation. In time, HIP rats developed cardiac hypertrophy and left-ventricular dilation. We then tested whether metabolites with antiaggregation properties, such as eicosanoid acids, limit myocardial amylin deposition. Rats were treated with an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase, the enzyme that degrades endogenous eicosanoids. Treatment doubled the blood concentration of eicosanoids, which drastically reduced incorporation of aggregated amylin in cardiac myocytes and blood cells, without affecting pancreatic amylin secretion. Animals in the treated group showed reduced cardiac hypertrophy and left-ventricular dilation. The cardioprotective mechanisms included the mitigation of amylin-induced cardiac oxidative stress and Ca2+ dysregulation. Conclusions The results suggest blood amylin as a novel therapeutic target in diabetic heart disease and elevating blood levels of antiaggregation metabolites as a pharmacological strategy to reduce amylin aggregation and amylin-mediated cardiotoxicity.
Shaping a Global Legal Framework for Counterinsurgency: Placing Postmodern War in Context

In Counterinsurgency Law, William Banks and several distinguished contributors explore from an interdisciplinary legal and policy perspective the multiple challenges that counterinsurgency operations pose today to the rule of law - international, humanitarian, human rights, criminal, and domestic.
Identification of nonlinear systems using random amplitude Poisson distributed input functions

Nonlinear system identification using a doubly random input function which is a Poisson train of events with random amplitudes as a system input is investigated. These doubly random input functions are useful for identifying systems that naturally require amplitude modulated point process inputs as stimuli such as the hippocampal formation in the central nervous system. This is an extension of earlier work in which a Poisson train of events with only constant amplitude was used as the input for system identification. Analogous to the Wiener theory, we have developed both continuous and discrete functionals up to second-order for this doubly random input function. Closed form solutions for the diagonal terms of the second-order kernels in both cases have been obtained and convergence properties are demonstrated. Two hypothetical discrete second-order nonlinear systems are illustrated and one of them was simulated to test the theory presented. Discrete kernels computed from the simulated data agree with the theoretical prediction.
Maximizing Return on Investment by Constructing Optimal Barriers Against Competitors' Market Entry

Product imitating, which is usually preceded by reverse engineering, is dened as the process of replicating the performance of an existing product in one or more of its performance areas and is a common industry practice. Imitating is often chosen as a design path to reduce investment costs and quickly enter a growing market. This paper presents metrics that can be used to quantify the barrier and time to market entry for a competitor pursuing an imitation design path. The market entry of a competitor releasing an imitation product to the masses can occur only after the process of reverse engineering and imitating. Therefore, a Barrier to Market Entry is the summation of the reverse engineering and imitation barriers. Products that have been reverse engineered, imitated, and released to the masses can greatly reduce the market share of the original developer. The approach presented in this paper is designed to facilitate the creation of products that protect themselves against reverse engineering and imitating. The presented approach balances the cost to develop such products against prolonged market share by introducing barriers to market entry. Through the use of unique materials, by the original developer, the time it takes for an imitator to release an imitation to the masses can be greatly delayed. The metrics presented are coupled with a numerical optimization technique in order to maximize the return on investment of the innovator. A simple structural example is used to illustrate the approach.
Factors Associated With Community Corrections Involvement Among Formerly Incarcerated People in Recovery

The current study examined whether current community supervision status was associated with differences in demographic characteristics, lifetime substance use patterns, and criminal history among a sample of formerly incarcerated individuals with a history of substance use problems. Results of multivariate analyses revealed participants on community supervision were more likely to have graduated from high school or earned a General Education Development test credential (GED; odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.15, 17.24]) and were less likely to have a history of psychiatric hospitalization (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = [0.08, 9.35]). These characteristics may be proxies for social and emotional functioning that influence eligibility for community supervision. Despite these apparent advantages, the community supervision group did not significantly differ from the formerly incarcerated group without current justice involvement on lifetime substance use patterns or criminal history, suggesting ...
Developing Yeast Models of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the most devastating types of diseases in older populations in our time. Significant efforts have been made over the last 20 years to understand the molecular, biochemical, and physiological alterations underlying these diseases. However, in most cases, little is known about their pathological mechanisms due to their high complexity and involvement of a multiplicity of cellular pathways. To gain insight into this group of disorders and to devise potential therapeutic approaches, cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative proteinopathies have been created. Among them, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been one of the most popular model organisms due to the degree of conservation of many biological pathways from yeast to human as well as its ease of use. Here, we describe how to create yeast models of neurodegenerative proteinopathies by ectopic expression of human proteins and how to perform a basic characterization of these models by analyzing cellular toxicity and protein aggregation.
Oxidative Stress Damages the Endothelium

The endothelium is especially vulnerable to free radical damage (oxidative stress), resulting in impaired formation of nitric oxide (NO) by several pathways, including uncoupling of the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) crucial to NO formation. To counteract oxidative stress, the body produces antioxidants, notably including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Production of these endogenous free radical scavengers progressively declines with aging. The body’s use of antioxidants in immune function, as well as the tendency to reduce production of antioxidants when these are supplemented from exogenous (external) sources, raises a question about the advisability of antioxidant supplementation. This chapter details the impact of progressive, cumulative, age-related endothelial cell damage by oxidative stress on blood pressure, blood lipids levels, cardiovascular and heart disease, and erectile dysfunction (ED).
Analytical model for ion stopping power and range in the therapeutic energy interval for beams of hydrogen and heavier ions

Many different approaches exist to calculate stopping power and range of protons and heavy charged particles. These methods may be broadly categorized as physically complete theories (widely applicable and complex) or semi-empirical approaches (narrowly applicable and simple). However, little attention has been paid in the literature to approaches that are both widely applicable and simple. We developed simple analytical models of stopping power and range for ions of hydrogen, carbon, iron, and uranium that spanned intervals of ion energy from 351 keV u(-1) to 450 MeV u(-1) or wider. The analytical models typically reproduced the best-available evaluated stopping powers within 1% and ranges within 0.1 mm. The computational speed of the analytical stopping power model was 28% faster than a full-theoretical approach. The calculation of range using the analytic range model was 945 times faster than a widely-used numerical integration technique. The results of this study revealed that the new, simple analytical models are accurate, fast, and broadly applicable. The new models require just 6 parameters to calculate stopping power and range for a given ion and absorber. The proposed model may be useful as an alternative to traditional approaches, especially in applications that demand fast computation speed, small memory footprint, and simplicity.
Tan's contact and the phase distribution of repulsive Fermi gases: Insights from quantum chromodynamics noise analyses

Path-integral analyses originally pioneered in the study of the complex-phase problem afflicting lattice calculations of finite-density quantum chromodynamics are generalized to nonrelativistic Fermi gases with repulsive interactions. Using arguments similar to those previously applied to relativistic theories, we show that the analogous problem in nonrelativistic systems manifests itself naturally in Tan's contact as a nontrivial cancellation between terms with varied dependence on extensive thermodynamic quantities. We analyze that case under the assumption of a Gaussian phase distribution, which is supported by our Monte Carlo calculations and perturbative considerations. We further generalize these results to observables other than the contact, as well as to polarized systems and systems with fixed particle number. Our results are quite general in that they apply to repulsive multicomponent fermions, they are independent of dimensionality or trapping potential, and they hold in the ground state as well as at finite temperature.
Deaf people's help-seeking following trauma: Experiences with and recommendations for the Massachusetts behavioral health care system.

Objective Deaf trauma survivors are one of the more underserved populations in behavioral health care and experience significant obstacles to seeking help. Repeated encounters with these barriers fuel negative perceptions and avoidance of behavioral health treatment. The current study sought to explore Deaf trauma survivors' help-seeking experiences and elicit their recommendations for improving Deaf behavioral health services in Massachusetts. Method We conducted semistructured American Sign Language interviews with 16 trauma-exposed Deaf individuals that included questions from the Life Events Checklist and the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview and questions about Deaf individuals' help-seeking behaviors. Qualitative responses regarding help-seeking experiences were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results In the aftermath of trauma, our participants emphasized a desire to work with a signing provider who is highly knowledgeable about Deaf culture, history, and experience and to interact with clinic staff who possess basic sign language skills and training in Deaf awareness. Most stressed the need for providers to better outreach into the Deaf community-to provide education about trauma, to describe available treatment resources, and to prove one's qualifications. Participants also provided suggestions for how behavioral health clinics can better protect Deaf survivors' confidentiality in a small-community context. Conclusions Deaf-friendly trauma treatment should incorporate the components of trauma-informed care but also carefully consider key criteria expressed by our participants: direct signed communication, understanding of Deaf history and experience, stringent practices to protect confidentiality, provider visibility in the community, and reliance on peer support and Deaf role models in treatment interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
Sound and fury: Modulation of aggressive behavior through acoustic signals

In any sexually reproducing animals, one expects aggressive encounters to occur between/among males because of their adaptive value; competition over resources (food, territory, mates, social status) plays a critical role in both natural and sexual selection in most species of animals (1, 2). Male–male interaction, when behaviorally enacted, is labeled as aggression, and it varies in expression from subtle gestures to outright physically combative encounters. Moreover, aggressive behavior is usually mediated by species-specific signals in one or more sensory modalities. In PNAS, Versteven et al. (3) continue the study of intermale acoustic signals in Drosophila melanogaster [e.g., Jonsson et al. (4)], advancing it by providing neurosensory mechanistic data by deploying classic lesion as well as genetic methods to probe the role of the fly’s “ears” in expressing aggressive behavior. The authors (3) show that the ability of hearing can affect the behavioral outcome of dyadic male–male encounters in laboratory contest arenas. The auditory basis of hearing in D. melanogaster has been subject to numerous studies at multiple levels of biological organization over many size scales (5). The auditory hearing organ, known as Johnston’s organ (JO), is the modified second segment of the antenna. Previous work has shown that the JO is stimulated by sound-induced vibrations, such as airflow from the beating wings of a nearby fly. The salient acoustic signals for communication are produced by the male extending one wing and briefly fluttering it at the target receiver fly. This stereotyped gesture takes place with the sender and receiver at very close proximity, within one or at most two body lengths. The JO is easily visible and very accessible for experimental manipulation, which made deafening the fly relative easy using classic techniques that prevent acoustic vibrations from setting the JO into motion or simply ablating it (figure 1 in … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: rrh3{at}cornell.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Bumps in the Road: Panniculitis in Children and Adolescents Treated with Vemurafenib

Vemurafenib is increasingly being used to treat nonmelanoma tumors that are positive for the BRAF V600E mutation. We report three children who presented with panniculitis induced by vemurafenib while undergoing treatment for central nervous system tumors and review the literature.
From Microstructure-Independent Formulas for Composite Materials to Rank-One Convex, Non-quasiconvex Functions

Examples of non-quasiconvex functions that are rank-one convex are rare. In this paper we construct a family of such functions by means of the algebraic methods of the theory of exact relations for polycrystalline composite materials, developed to identify G-closed sets of positive codimensions. The algebraic methods are used to construct a set of materials of positive codimension that is closed under lamination but is not G-closed. The well-known link between G-closed sets and quasiconvex functions and sets closed under lamination and rank-one convex functions is then used to construct a family of rotationally invariant, nonnegative, and 2-homogeneous rank-one convex functions, that are not quasiconvex.
De la autoficción a la ficción colectiva: Y todos éramos actores: un siglo de luz y sombra de Gustavo Gac-Artigas

The purpose of this study is to explore the expansion of the frontiers of autofiction through the analysis of And All of Us Were Actors: A Century Of Light And Shadow by Chilean writer and theater director Gustavo Gac-Artigas. According to the parameters established by Doubrovsky (1977), Lecarme (1984) and Delaume (2010 a) this novel perfectly represents the genre, but at the same time, by using the autofiction in the novel as a laboratory of total experimentation (Delaume, 2010b) and by (re)creating the fiction through the use of the theatrum mundi metaphor, he surpasses the limits of autofiction and compels the reader to join him in the construction of the collectfiction or collective fiction of an era.
Collaborative teaching and interdisciplinary learning in graduate environmental studies

Many graduate programs in environmental studies attempt to foster specialized knowledge and technical skills alongside interdisciplinary collaboration and integration. We discuss strategies for addressing these distinct—sometimes competing—goals in Evergreen State College’s Graduate Program on the Environment. Key strategies include (1) designing an academic program that balances specialization and integration; (2) approaching course planning with a “backward design model” that focuses on teaching outcomes rather than “covering” disciplinary content; (3) designing group assignments that require collaborative and multidisciplinary research and networking among students; (4) approaching thesis projects using place-based issues or research problems/questions developed in conjunction with local or regional organizations and a clear identification of relevant communities of practice to inform the scholarly work and analysis. Finally, we address the challenge of creating equitable social dynamics in teaching teams and offer reflections based on our 30-year tradition of collaborative team-teaching at the graduate level.
Heterogeneity and specialized functions of translation machinery: from genes to organisms

Regulation of mRNA translation offers the opportunity to diversify the expression and abundance of proteins made from individual gene products in cells, tissues and organisms. Emerging evidence has highlighted variation in the composition and activity of several large, highly conserved translation complexes as a means to differentially control gene expression. Heterogeneity and specialized functions of individual components of the ribosome and of the translation initiation factor complexes eIF3 and eIF4F, which are required for recruitment of the ribosome to the mRNA 5' untranslated region, have been identified. In this Review, we summarize the evidence for selective mRNA translation by components of these macromolecular complexes as a means to dynamically control the translation of the proteome in time and space. We further discuss the implications of this form of gene expression regulation for a growing number of human genetic disorders associated with mutations in the translation machinery.
Imaging by Convolution

Many images are constructed by active convolution arising from scanning motion. In others, even though motion is absent, the dependence of the image on the object can be expressed as a convolution integral, at least approximately. Examples of the former arise when the ground is scanned by the antenna of a microwave radiometer carried in an airplane or satellite for remote sensing purposes, when the sky is scanned by a radio telescope as in radio astronomy, or when a photographic transparency is scanned by passing light through a small orifice to a photodetector as in microdensitometry. When an object is photographed, pp the image is produced simultaneously rather than sequentially, but the intervention of the camera lens introduces degradation which also involves two-dimensional convolution. Image construction for the most part is linear, but even with linearity the convolution relation may be perturbed where there is partial failure of space invariance, as with lenses. Not uncommonly (as with overexposure or underexposure) there may also be some degree of nonlinearity. Both linearity and space invariance are prerequisites to the following discussion, which treats cases where there is a simple convolution relation between object and image. First we consider methods such as antenna scanning and photography, where the convolving function is a compact but fuzzy diffraction pattern, and then microdensitometry and other types of imaging, where the convolving function is more or less sharply bounded.
The Termination Stage in Bowen's Family Systems Theory

The termination stage has always been recognized as an important aspect of the clinical intervention process. Careful attention to that stage is even more critical in the current practice environment of short-term intervention and demands for measurable outcomes. Bowen's family systems theory, while well established in the field of clinical practice, does not incorporate clear directives for the practitioner about the ending stage of intervention. Still, its major concepts for assessment and intervention suggest a range of termination activities that can affirm and summarize a family's gains. In this article the authors offer a variety of ending strategies for use within family systems theory.
Effects of ivermectin on reproductive functions in ewes

In response to producers' concerns about possible detrimental effects of ivermectin on ewes during the breeding season, an evaluation of its effects on endocrinological, physiological, and behavioral measures of reproductive performance was made. Twenty cycling ewes were randomly assigned on d 10 (d 0 = estrus) to receive a single recommended oral dose of 200 micrograms/kg of BW of ivermectin or a control volume of water. Twelve hours after treatment, ewes received a luteolytic injection of 5 mg of PGF2 alpha and were introduced to fertile rams. On d 10 after mating, laparoscopies were performed to assess ovulation rate, and on d 18 conceptuses were surgically recovered. Blood samples were collected during the 92-h interval beginning immediately before ivermectin and control treatments and were assayed for LH. It was determined that 1) interval from PGF2 alpha-induced luteal regression to a) onset of estrus (36.1 +/- 1.4 vs 36.3 +/- 1.4 h) and b) onset of the preovulatory surge of LH (38.2 +/- 2.6 vs 44.2 +/- 2.6 h), 2) magnitude of the surge of LH (275.6 +/- 38.9 vs 199.8 +/- 38.9 ng/mL), 3) duration of the surge of LH (9.4 +/- .4 vs 9.0 +/- .4 h), 4) area under the curve of the surge of LH (54,321 +/- 7,419 vs 38,138 +/- 7,419 arbitrary units), 5) ovulation rate (2.1 +/- .4 vs 2.0 +/- .3 ovulations/ewe), 6) pregnancy rate (8/10 vs 5/10 ewes pregnant), and 7) conceptuses per ewe (1.75 +/- .37 vs 1.60 +/- .33) did not differ (all P > .1) between ivermectin- and control-treated ewes, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Applications of de Jong’s Theorem on Alterations

The purpose of this article is to give a survey of some of the applications of de Jong’s theorem on alterations [dJ]. Most of the applications fall into one of the following two categories:
Temporal patterning of neural progenitors in Drosophila.

Drosophila has recently become a powerful model system to understand the mechanisms of temporal patterning of neural progenitors called neuroblasts (NBs). Two different temporal sequences of transcription factors (TFs) have been found to be sequentially expressed in NBs of two different systems: the Hunchback, Kruppel, Pdm1/Pdm2, Castor, and Grainyhead sequence in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord; and the Homothorax, Klumpfuss, Eyeless, Sloppy-paired, Dichaete, and Tailless sequence that patterns medulla NBs. In addition, the intermediate neural progenitors of type II NB lineages are patterned by a different sequence: Dichaete, Grainyhead, and Eyeless. These three examples suggest that temporal patterning of neural precursors by sequences of TFs is a common theme to generate neural diversity. Cross-regulations, including negative feedback regulation and positive feedforward regulation among the temporal factors, can facilitate the progression of the sequence. However, there are many remaining questions to understand the mechanism of temporal transitions. The temporal sequence progression is intimately linked to the progressive restriction of NB competence, and eventually determines the end of neurogenesis. Temporal identity has to be integrated with spatial identity information, as well as with the Notch-dependent binary fate choices, in order to generate specific neuron fates.
Data mining for the health system pharmacist

Data mining is an application of computer technology that allows pharmacists to analyze the large amounts of clinical and administrative data related to patient care that health care organizations accumulate. Data mining is the process of taking the raw material (data) from the data warehouse and converting it to information that can be used by decision makers. Online analytical processing (OLAP) is the tool that accomplishes the data mining process. This article introduces the concept of data mining and related technologies, including the data warehouse, data mart, and OLAP - concepts that are closely related to one another. The benefits of applying data mining to pharmacy practice, with a focus on the point of care, are discussed. Successful data mining often requires an enterprise-wide information system as a prerequisite. Data can then be collected electronically at all points in the health care supply chain. A strategic view of the information flow in an acute care setting is provided. To further illustrate the application of data mining, several examples of OLAP integration are given. In addition, some unique data sources and a pharmacy specific reporting technology are described.
A multi-epitope DNA vaccine enables a broad engagement of diabetogenic T cells for tolerance in Type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by diabetogenic T cells that evaded tolerance mechanisms and react against multiple β-cell antigens. Antigen-specific therapy to reinstate tolerance (typically using a single β-cell antigen) has so far proved unsuccessful in T1D patients. Plasmid DNA (pDNA)-mediated expression of proinsulin has demonstrated transient protection in clinical trials, but long-lasting tolerance is yet to be achieved. We aimed to address whether pDNA delivery of multiple epitopes/mimotopes from several β-cell antigens efficiently presented to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells could also induce tolerance. This approach significantly delayed T1D development, while co-delivery of pDNA vectors expressing four full antigens protected more mice. Delivery of multiple epitopes resulted in a broad engagement of specific T cells, eliciting a response distinct from endogenous epitopes draining from islets. T-cell phenotypes also varied with antigen specificity. Unexpectedly, the repertoire of T cells reactive to the same epitope was highly polyclonal. Despite induction of some CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, protection from disease did not persist after treatment discontinuation. These data demonstrate that epitope-based tolerogenic DNA vaccines constitute effective precision medicine tools to target a broad range of specific CD4+ and CD8+ diabetogenic T-cell populations for prevention or treatment of T1D.
Measurement Properties of Sabogal's Familism Scale: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

Familism is a central Hispanic/Latino cultural value that emphasizes close, supportive family relationships and prioritizing family over the self. One of its best-known measures is Sabogal's Familism Scale (Sabogal, Marin, Otero-Sabogal, VanOss Marin, & Perez-Stable, 1987). Although widely used, this scale's measurement properties are not well understood. This study addressed that gap by examining the factor structure, factorial invariance, convergent and discriminant validity, and internal consistency of Sabogal's Familism Scale using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study. A diverse population-based sample of Hispanics/Latinos (N = 5,313) completed measures that were administered via interview in English or Spanish. Confirmatory factor analyses (n = 5,310) revealed that a three-factor model (familial obligations, perceived support from the family, family as referents; Sabogal's original three factors) fit the data well and did not vary across English and Spanish language groups (i.e., factorial invariance). Convergent and discriminant validities were also established; familism correlated positively with other Hispanic/Latino cultural values (simpatia, fatalism) and correlated negatively with U.S. acculturation. Internal consistency was acceptable. Sabogal's Familism Scale is recommended for continued use in the study of familism in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos.
Revised large mammal biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Barstow Formation (Middle Miocene), California

A new biostratigraphic zonation for the middle Miocene Barstow Formation based on the mammalian megafauna is presented. Four biostratigraphic zones are outlined, two containing fossil assemblages of early Barstovian (Ba1) age, and two with late Barstovian (Ba2) assemblages. Recommendations are made for defining and characterizing the Barstovian North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA). The Ba1 biochron is defined based on the first occurrence of Plithocyon, and the base of the Ba2 biochron is revised based on the first appearance of the antilocaprid Ramoceros. The ursid Plithocyon remains a valid defining taxon for the base of the Barstovian NALMA. The use of both gomphotheriid and mammutid proboscideans to define the base of the Ba1 or Ba2 is abandoned due to the diachrony of first appearances across North America. The Ba1 biochron is additionally characterized based on the first appearance of the equid Scaphohippus. The base of the Ba2 biochron is revised based on the first appearance of Ramoceros. The Ba2 can also be characterized by the first appearance of the borophagine canid Protepicyon and the anchitherine equid Megahippus.
Relationship Between Change in Heart Transplant Volume and Outcomes: A National Analysis.

Abstract Introduction While volume-outcome relationships in transplantation have been well-defined, the effects of large changes in center volume are less well understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of changes in center volume on outcomes after heart transplantation. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed of adult patients undergoing heart transplant between 2000-2017 identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Exclusions included annual volume Results Of the 29,851 transplants during the study period, 64% were at centers with stable volume (±25% annual change), while 10% were performed at contracting (-25% change or more) and 26% were performed at growing (+25% change or more) centers. Average volume was lower with contracting centers compared to stable or growing programs (21 vs. 36, p Conclusions Rapid growth of transplant center volume has occurred at select centers in the US without decrement in programmatic outcomes. Decreasing center volume has been associated with poorer outcomes, although the causative nature of this relationship requires further investigation.
Galiximab Sensitizes Malignant Human B Cell Lines to Apoptosis by Chemotherapeutic Drugs.

Galiximab is a primatized anti-CD80 antibody that is being investigated as a treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Results to date from clinical trials indicate that galiximab is well-tolerated and suggest clinical activity both as monotherapy and in combination with rituximab (anti-CD20). CD80 (B7.1), expressed not only by malignant B cells but also by normal B cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells as well as T cells, plays an important role in the complex and dynamic regulation of adaptive immunity by interacting with either co-stimulatory (e.g. CD28) or co-inhibitory (e.g. CTLA-4, PD-L1) receptors expressed by T lymphocytes. Inhibition of anti-lymphoma immunity that exists within the tumor microenvironment may reflect selection of inhibitory immune regulation mediated through CD80. Galiximab may thus function by directly targeting malignant and possibly non-malignant CD80-expressing cells for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, or by blocking CD80 interactions involved in suppressing anti-tumor immunity. In preclinical xenograft models, which do not assess the effect of galiximab on non-malignant cells given a lack of cross-reactivity with murine CD80, treatment with galiximab exhibited enhanced tumor growth inhibition when used in combination with either rituximab or with the chemotherapeutic drugs fludarabine and doxorubicin (Hariharan et al., abstract 3040, ASCO, 2007). However, the mechanisms by which galiximab enhances the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy remain unclear. Rituximab has been shown by us to chemosensitize tumor cells by inhibiting intracellular survival pathways. Thus, we hypothesized that treatment of B lymphoma cells with galiximab facilitates the cytotoxic activity of chemotherapeutic drugs by modifying intracellular anti-apoptotic signaling pathways, resulting in the alteration of pro and anti-apoptotic gene products. The above hypothesis was examined using Raji (Burkitt lymphoma) and IM-9 (multiple myeloma) cell lines as models. Treatment with galiximab resulted in significant inhibition of cell growth and proliferation and modest apoptosis with high concentration. Both Raji and IM-9 are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs; however, pretreatment with galiximab significantly sensitized the tumor cells to apoptosis induced by CDDP. The synergy achieved was found with subtoxic concentrations of CDDP (5–10 ug/mL) and galiximab. Analysis of the survival pathways and gene products regulating apoptosis following treatment with galiximab, CDDP, and combination will be presented. The present findings demonstrate that galiximab can synergistically enhance cytotoxicity mediated by chemotherapeutic drugs. These findings suggest that in vivo galiximab may have a chemosensitizing effect on resistant B cell malignancies, in addition to its direct cytotoxic effect via ADCC and CDC. The clinincal relevance of these findings will be discussed.