cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone formation after damaging in vivo fatigue loading results in recovery of whole-bone monotonic strength and increased fatigue life†

Bone has a remarkable capacity for self-repair. We previously reported a woven bone response after damaging in vivo fatigue loading of the rat ulna that led to a rapid recovery of whole-bone strength. In the current study we asked: does the bone response in the 12 days after damaging fatigue loading result in a bone that has normal fatigue properties? The right forelimbs of 52 adult rats were subjected to a single bout of in vivo fatigue loading. Nonloaded left forelimbs were used as controls. Ulnar geometric properties were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and ex vivo mechanical properties were assessed by three-point bending. On day 0, ulnae from loaded forelimbs had a 15–20% reduction in stiffness and ultimate force versus controls (p < 0.10), indicative of structural damage. On day 12, bone area at the midshaft was increased by 27% (p < 0.001) and microCT scans revealed periosteal woven bone at this site. This bone response led to a recovery of the monotonic properties of loaded ulnae at day 12 versus control (stiffness, p = 0.73; ultimate force, p = 0.96). Importantly, fatigue testing ex vivo at day 12 demonstrated significantly greater fatigue life in in vivo loaded ulnae versus controls (p < 0.001). Additionally, the slope of the fatigue-life curve was significantly less in loaded versus control ulnae (p < 0.002). We conclude that woven bone “repair” of a bone damaged by fatigue loading restores whole-bone strength and enhances resistance to further damage by repetitive loading. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:252–261, 2007
A new cystophorous cercaria in Lunatia pallida (Broderip & Sowerby) (Naticidae): Possibly the cercaria of Hemiurus levinseni Odhner, 1905 (Digenea, hemiuridae)

Abstract Large, previously undescribed cystophorous cercariae, which develop in rediae, were found in one specimen of the prosobranch Lunatia pallida (Broderip & Sowerby) (Naticidae) in the northern oresund, Denmark. The cercaria swims vigorously by a furcate appendage very similar to that of the cercaria of Derogenes varicus (Muller, 1784) (= Cercaria appendiculata Pelseneer, 1906). The free-swimming cercariae were seized by small calanoid cope pods and thereby inoculated into their haemocoel. The infected copepods died before the metacercariae could be identified. The cercaria is believed to be that of Hemiurus levinseni Odhner, 1905, because the arctic-boreal distribution of H. leuinseni coincides with that of L. pallida, and because the remaining hemiuroids found in Danish waters, either have known molluscan hosts, have a mainly Lusitanean distribution, or live in shallow, brackish inlets.
Hunting for Pirated Software Using Metamorphic Analysis

ABSTRACTIn this article, we consider the problem of detecting software that has been pirated and modified. We analyze a variety of detection techniques that have been previously studied in the context of malware detection. For each technique, we empirically determine the detection rate as a function of the degree of modification of the original code. We show that the code must by substantially modified before we fail to reliably distinguish it, and we show that our results offer a significant improvement over previous related work. Our approach can be applied retroactively to existing software and does not require access to the source code, and hence it is both practical and effective.
Sand dune materials and polar layered deposits on Mars

The possible place of sand in the Martian polar layered deposits is examined. The erosional features in layered deposits and the morphologic relationship of dunes and the layered deposits are discussed. The colors of the polar dunes are shown to be similar to the colors of dunes at other latitudes, suggesting that the polar dunes can be explained without any special or exotic mechanism. Consideration is given to mixing and segregation of materials by eolian processes observed on Mars, showing that sand was probably carried to the polar regions during part of the formation of the layered deposits.
Identification of a Third Autonomous Activation Domain within the Human Estrogen Receptor

Using a genetic selection system established in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have isolated, by random mutagenesis of the human estrogen receptor (ER), six mutants that display constitutive transcriptional activity. All of the mutants identified contained single base insertions or deletions leading to frameshift mutations, resulting in receptor truncations within the hormone-binding domain between amino acids (aa) 324-351. Interestingly, an ER mutant (aa 1-282) was transcriptionally inactive in yeast, suggesting that a domain important for transcriptional activity lies between aa 282 and 351 within human ER. Deletions representative of the mutants isolated in the yeast system were created in mammalian expression vectors and examined for transcriptional activity in animal cells to determine the physiological relevance of this domain. Receptors truncated at aa 282 were either weakly active or inactive; however, an ER deletion at aa 351 was approximately 50% as active as wild type ER (induced with estrogen). Furthermore, a chimeric receptor consisting of the DNA binding domain of GAL4 fused to aa 282-351 of the human ER was transcriptionally active on a GAL4 reporter. We conclude, therefore, that an autonomous activation domain (referred to as AF2a), functional in both yeast and mammalian cells, lies between aa 282-351 of the human ER.
Collection frequency affects percent Y-chromosome bearing sperm, sperm head area and quality of bovine ejaculates.

Abstract This study evaluated the percentage of Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoal (%Y-CBS) variation from ejaculates within individual males using two experiments. In the first experiment, six ejaculates were taken from each of five sexually rested (>30 days) Holstein bulls. Ejaculates were processed separately and stored in liquid nitrogen. From each ejaculate, five straws were thawed and equal sperm number, pooled samples were constructed using hemacytometer counts. Individual ejaculate DNA samples were extracted and quantified by spectroscopy. A Y-chromosome specific segment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the product separated by gel electrophoresis. Ethidium bromide stained bands were detected by image analysis and equated to a 50 %Y-CBS pool. In the second experiment (91 days), two ejaculates were collected from sexually rested (>21 days) bulls weekly and two ejaculates were collected from bulls every 21 days. Specific Y-chromosome (SRY) and X-chromosome (factor IX, F9) sperm DNA was amplified by PCR and the products separated by gel electrophoresis. Ethidium bromide stained bands were detected by image analysis and compared to a standard curve constructed from pure SRY and F9 PCR product. The log ratio (SRY/F9) of the corrected intensity densities were used to estimate the percent Y-chromosome DNA bearing spermatozoa (%Y-CDBS) in each ejaculate using inverse regression procedures. In Experiment 1, ejaculate differences for the first collection ranged from 17 to 71 %Y-CBS. Differences remained large for the second ejaculates and lessened for the third and fourth collections. Differences were least for the last two collections. Sperm head area also fluctuated. In Experiment 2, collection frequency affected the pattern of %Y-CDBS response. In bulls collected weekly, %Y-CDBS changed in a sinusoid fashion with a period of about 13.5 days. For bulls collected on a 21-day interval, %Y-CDBS ejaculate differences were high in the first ejaculate after sexual rest. Maximization of %Y-CDBS variation between ejaculate and its identification by PCR would allow ejaculate selection to be used to the alter the sex ratio in producers’ calf crops.
The Jihadi Insurgency and the Russian Counterinsurgency in the North Caucasus

A political scientist reviews the vicissitudes of the Caucasus jihadi insurgency and Russia's counterinsurgency efforts since 2005, drawing on the press, jihadist websites, and scholarship on insurgencies and counterinsurgencies. The development of jihadi-oriented fighting units, the rise and decline of Maskhadov's supremacy, the rise of Islamist elements, the Chechen separatist movement and the expansion of the jihad, Moscow's counter-jihadi successes, the jihadi network after the death of Basayev, and the rise and career of Ramzan Kadyrov are examined. These events are analyzed in terms of the dynamics of insurgency and counterinsurgency conflict.
Capital structure, priority rules, and the settlement of civil claims

Abstract Capital structure affects the bargaining position of a firm in the settlement of civil litigation when the civil judgment may cause the firm to become insolvent. We analyze this pretrial bargaining game under different bankruptcy priority rules. A leveraged capital structure can benefit the firm’s shareholders for two reasons. Most obviously, if the civil plaintiff will not receive top priority in bankruptcy, debt may serve to directly dilute the value of the civil claim. A more subtle effect, however, arises because the cost of a large civil judgment may be borne by the debtholders in bankruptcy. This can make the shareholders into tougher bargainers by narrowing the settlement range. This latter effect implies that even unsecured debt may be used strategically to dilute the value of civil claims, even when the civil plaintiff is given priority in bankruptcy. Welfare and legal implications are discussed.
Hippocampus and Retrosplenial Cortex Combine Path Integration Signals for Successful Navigation

The current study used fMRI in humans to examine goal-directed navigation in an open field environment. We designed a task that required participants to encode survey-level spatial information and subsequently navigate to a goal location in either first person, third person, or survey perspectives. Critically, no distinguishing landmarks or goal location markers were present in the environment, thereby requiring participants to rely on path integration mechanisms for successful navigation. We focused our analysis on mechanisms related to navigation and mechanisms tracking linear distance to the goal location. Successful navigation required translation of encoded survey-level map information for orientation and implementation of a planned route to the goal. Our results demonstrate that successful first and third person navigation trials recruited the anterior hippocampus more than trials when the goal location was not successfully reached. When examining only successful trials, the retrosplenial and posterior parietal cortices were recruited for goal-directed navigation in both first person and third person perspectives. Unique to first person perspective navigation, the hippocampus was recruited to path integrate self-motion cues with location computations toward the goal location. Last, our results demonstrate that the hippocampus supports goal-directed navigation by actively tracking proximity to the goal throughout navigation. When using path integration mechanisms in first person and third person perspective navigation, the posterior hippocampus was more strongly recruited as participants approach the goal. These findings provide critical insight into the neural mechanisms by which we are able to use map-level representations of our environment to reach our navigational goals.
Excess SeqA Leads to Replication Arrest and a Cell Division Defect in Vibrio cholerae

Although most bacteria contain a single circular chromosome, some have complex genomes, and all Vibrio species studied so far contain both a large and a small chromosome. In recent years, the divided genome of Vibrio cholerae has proven to be an interesting model system with both parallels to and novel features compared with the genome of Escherichia coli. While factors influencing the replication and segregation of both chromosomes have begun to be elucidated, much remains to be learned about the maintenance of this genome and of complex bacterial genomes generally. An important aspect of replicating any genome is the correct timing of initiation, without which organisms risk aneuploidy. During DNA replication in E. coli, newly replicated origins cannot immediately reinitiate because they undergo sequestration by the SeqA protein, which binds hemimethylated origin DNA. This DNA is already methylated by Dam on the template strand and later becomes fully methylated; aberrant amounts of Dam or the deletion of seqA leads to asynchronous replication. In our study, hemimethylated DNA was detected at both origins of V. cholerae, suggesting that these origins are also subject to sequestration. The overproduction of SeqA led to a loss of viability, the condensation of DNA, and a filamentous morphology. Cells with abnormal DNA content arose in the population, and replication was inhibited as determined by a reduced ratio of origin to terminus DNA in SeqA-overexpressing cells. Thus, excessive SeqA negatively affects replication in V. cholerae and prevents correct progression to downstream cell cycle events such as segregation and cell division.
A new class of nonlinear PID controllers with robotic applications

This paper introduces a new class of simple nonlinear PID controllers and provides a formal treatment of their stability analysis. These controllers are comprised of a sector-bounded nonlinear gain in cascade with a linear fixed-gain P, PD, PI, or PID controller. Three simple nonlinear gains are proposed: the sigmoidal function, the hyperbolic function, and the piecewise]linear function. The systems to be controlled are assumed to be modeled or approximated by second-order transfer functions, which can represent many robotic applications. The stability of the closed-loop systems incorporating nonlinear P, PD, PI, and PID controllers are investigated using the Popov stability criterion. It is shown that for P and PD controllers, the nonlinear gain is unbounded for closed-loop stability. For PI and PID controllers, simple expressions are derived that relate the controller gains and system parameters to the maximum allowable nonlinear gain for stability. A numerical example is given for illustration. The stability of partially-nonlinear PID controllers is also discussed. Finally, the nonlinear PI controller is implemented as a force controller on a robotic arm and experimental results are presented. These results demonstrate the superior performance of the nonlinear PI controller relative to a fixed-gain PI controller. Q 1998
Nondaily smokers should be asked and advised to quit.

Background Nondaily smokers are a growing subpopulation of smokers. Current cessation guidelines were developed for daily smokers, and how clinicians might help nondaily smokers is not clear. Methods Analyzing the 2000 National Health Interview Survey in 2004, we compared characteristics of nondaily smokers with never smokers and daily smokers. We used multivariate logistic regression to compare predictors of wanting to quit in 6 months between nondaily and daily smokers. Results About one in five current smokers was a nondaily smoker. Nondaily smokers reported better health than daily smokers, but had some health status indicators suggesting worse health than never smokers. Nondaily smokers were more likely to want to quit (odds ratio [OR]=1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.10–1.56) than daily smokers, but were less likely to report a physician having asked about tobacco use (41% vs 50%, p Conclusions While daily smokers may seem a higher cessation priority, nondaily smokers may be more likely to quit with brief interventions. Cessation messages should address health risks of any smoking, ethnic differences, smoke-free messages, and situational triggers.
Analysis and performance of inverted data base structures

The need to envision and architecture data base systems in a hierarchical level by level framework is stressed. The inverted data base (file) organization is then analyzed, considering implementation oriented aspects. The inverted directory is viewed realistically as another large data base which itself is subjected to inversion. Formulations are derived to estimate average access time (read only) and storage requirements, formalizing the interaction of data base content characteristics, logical complexity of queries, and machine timing and blocking specifications identified as having a first-order effect on performance. The formulations presented are necessary to be used in conjunction with any index selection criteria to determine the optimum set of index keys.
Exploiting locality in a TMS

This paper presents a new approach for exploiting Truth Maintenance Systems(TMSs) which makes them simpler to use without necessarily incurring a substantial performance penalty. The basic intuition behind this approach is to convey the locality of the knowledge representation of the problem solver to the TMS. The TMS then uses this locality information to control and restrict its inferences. The new TMSs accept arbitrary propositional formulae as input and use general Boolean Constraint Propagation(BCP) to answer queries about whether a particular literal follows from the formulae. Our TMS exploits the observation that if the set of propositional formulae are converted to their prime implicates, then BCP is both efficient and logically complete. This observation allows the problem solver to influence the degree of completeness of the TMS by controlling how many implicates are constructed. This control is exerted by using the locality in the original task to guide which combinations of formulae should be reduced to their prime implicates. This approach has been implemented and tested both within Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance Systems and Logic-Based Truth Maintenance Systems.
Evaluation of Tides from TOPEX/Poseidon in the Bohai and Yellow Seas*

TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) can provide accurate tide data in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. The accuracy of T/P as a measurement tool for tides in the coastal seas can be evaluated through comparison to data from in situ pressure gauges and coastal tide stations. The effort here is concentrated on the broad continental shelf region of the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Tide coefficients are derived from five years of T/P data for M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents. These constituents are responsible for about 80% of the tidal variability in the Yellow Sea. The T/P data are compared with two moored pressure gauges deployed along ground tracks and eight coastal tide gauges near the ground tracks. In addition, for internal consistency, the T/P data are compared at seven crossover points. Comparisons with tidal stations are quite good in the Yellow Sea, but not as good in the Bohai Sea. Comparisons of moored pressure gauges with T/P are better than coastal tide station comparisons in terms of tidal amplitude and phase. Crossover point comparisons are best in the Yellow Sea. The T/P data dropouts degrade the coefficient determination within 20 to 35 km of the coast.
Reconsidering Evolved Sex Differences in Jealousy: Comment on Harris (2003)

In a recent article, Harris (2003) concluded that the data do not support the existence of evolved sex differences in jealousy. Harris' review correctly identifies fatal flaws in three lines of evidence (spousal abuse, homicide, morbid jealousy), but her criticism of two other lines of evidence (self-report responses, psychophysiological measures) is based, in part, on a mischaracterization of the evolutionary psychological theory and a misunderstanding of the empirical implications of the theory. When interpreted according to the correct criterion (i.e., an interaction between sex and infidelity type), self-report studies (both forced-choice and non-forced choice) offer strong support for the existence of sex differences in jealousy. Psychophysiological data also offer some support, although these data are weakened by validity-related concerns. In addition, some refutational evidence cited by Harris (responses to real infidelity, responses under cognitive load) actually does not refute the theory. An integrative model that describes how jealousy might result from the interaction of sociocultural variables and evolved sex differences and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
Classification of Objects in Synthetic Aperture Sonar Images

This paper discusses an approach for the classification of objects in Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) images and its benefit over other approaches. Our approach fully utilizes raw sonar waveforms scattered from objects. To do so, we first locate objects of interest in an image obtained by SAS processing. Then we extract the portions of the raw sonar waveforms responsible for forming those imaged objects from the whole raw sonar data. We align/straighten these extracted waveforms for localized discriminant feature analysis from which we obtain local features used for classification. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach using real experimental sonar data.
The Role of IGF-1R in Pediatric Malignancies

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family consists of ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin), several receptors (including IGF-1R), and six binding proteins (IGFBP-1 through IGFBP-6). Members of this family regulate key cellular activities and they also play an important role in the development and progression of both adult and childhood cancers. Binding of a ligand to the receptor leads to its activation, followed by signal transduction along several pathways. In some childhood malignancies, IGF-1R can be activated by endocrine, autocrine, or paracrine mechanisms. Although mutations in IGF-1R have not been identified, this signaling pathway is upregulated in many childhood cancers. These findings have led to the development of a host of IGF-1R signaling modulators that are currently being tested in clinical trials. This review explores the role of IGF-1R in a range of childhood malignancies.
Wiki grows up: arbitrary data models, access control, and beyond

Ward Cunningham's vision for the wiki was that it would be "the simplest online database that could possibly work". We consider here a common manifestation of simplicity: the assumption that the objects in a wiki that can be edited (e.g., Wikipedia articles) are relatively independent. As wiki applications in new domains emerge, however, this assumption is no longer tenable. In wikis where the objects of interest are highly interdependent (e.g., geographic wikis), fundamental concepts like the revision and undoing must be refined. This is particularly so when fine-grained access control is required (as in enterprise wikis or wikis to support collaboration between citizens and government officials). We explore these issues in the context of the Cyclopath geowiki and present solutions that we have designed and have implemented or are implementing.
Ballot casting assurance via voter-initiated poll station auditing

The technology for verifiable, open-audit elections has advanced substantially since research on this topic began a quarter century ago. Many of the problems are well-understood and have solid solutions. Ballot casting assurance -- the problem of ensuring that a programmatically encrypted ballot matches the intentions of an individual human voter -- has recently been recognized as perhaps the last substantial obstacle to making this technology fully viable. Several clever schemes have been developed to engage humans in interactive proofs to challenge and check validity of each ballot cast, but such a high standard may be neither practical nor necessary. If done properly, substantial integrity can be obtained by giving voters and observers the option to challenge ballot validity without requiring all voters to do so. This option can be made unobtrusive so as to not interfere with the normal process for most voters, but there are numerous risks and subtleties that necessitate a careful examination of the process. This paper identifies some heretofore unobserved issues with this "simple" method of casting ballots and describes a detailed process that mitigates all known threats. In doing so, it provides a blueprint for how verifiable, open-audit elections can reasonably be conducted in practice.
Gain and Aperture Efficiency for a Reflector Antenna With an Array Feed

A figure of merit for array antennas can be defined using the signal processing concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain. The resulting array efficiency metric reduces to aperture efficiency for an isolated array and to a combination of aperture and spillover efficiency for an array feed. These results provide a practical way to measure aperture efficiency for active arrays and array feeds.
Automatic fluid velocity detection methods for digital angiography

Digital angiography is a medical procedure that is used to visualize blood flow. A radioisotope is injected through a catheter that has been maneuvered into the area to be visualized. A sequence of X-ray images is then captured. Digital subtraction is performed between X-ray images captured before and after the dye injection in order to visualize blood flow, without obscuring anatomical structures. Many hemodynamic parameters can now be determined, including blood how velocity. What is lacking in this procedure, however, is a measure by which the method for velocity determination can be verified. Here, the authors present the first step towards verification of automatic flow velocity calculation. They offer an objective comparison of four methods for automatic fluid velocity calculation in which the actual flow velocity is known. They give a concise description of the theory behind and implementation of each method. Finally, the authors discuss the results of applying the four techniques to their experimental data.
PROTONATION CONSTANTS OF 2,6-BIS(2-PYRIDYL)PYRIDINE AND 2,4,6-TRIS(2-PYRIDYL)-1,3,5-TRIAZINE AND FORMATION CONSTANTS OF THEIR BINARY AND TERNARY IRON(II) COMPLEXES

Abstract Equilibrium constants involving the ternary mixed ligand iron(II) complex [Fe(TPTZ)(terpy)]2+, determined spectrophotometrically at 23° and μ=0.5 M, are reported. Acidity constants of the protonated ligands and formation constants of the binary iron(II) complexes [Fe(TPTZ)2]2+ and [Fe(terpy)2]2+, measured as an adjunct to determining the ternary complex constants, are also reported. The results are of interest in elucidating mixed-ligand complexation effects as well as in confirming or correcting previously reported equilibrium constants of the binary complexes.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Rubber Tear.

Abstract A relatively simple technique has been described which allows observation of the deformation zone at tear tips in rubber specimens. Investigation of various rubbers revealed qualitative information about the type of yielding that occurs in the deformation zone under different conditions. The initial appearance of the tear tip in nitrile, polybutadiene (both with and without carbon filler), and natural rubber suggests a process of stretching followed by rupture and then relaxation onto the tear walls. Only in the case of a fluoro-elastomer was there evidence of cavitation, although microcavitation (of sizes ≪1 µm) may be occurring in the other rubbers at much higher magnification. On the other hand, aging in laboratory air had the dramatic effect of producing fibrous and nodular networks in the tear tip material of all the rubbers except the fluoroelastomer. In the first few hours, the network structure developed as cavities (Figure 9), but after 24 h the network was fully developed across the tea...
Targeting bacterial biofilms via surface engineering of gold nanoparticles

Bacterial biofilms are associated with persistent infections that are resistant to conventional antibiotics and substantially complicate patient care. Surface engineered nanoparticles represent a novel, unconventional approach for disruption of biofilms and targeting of bacterial pathogens. Herein, we describe the role of surface charge of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on biofilm disruption and bactericidal activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are important ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) pathogens. In addition, we study the toxicity of charged AuNPs on human bronchial epithelial cells. While 100% positively charged AuNP surface was uniformly toxic to both bacteria and epithelial cells, reducing the extent of positive charge on the AuNP surface at moderate concentrations prevented epithelial cell toxicity. Reducing surface charge was however also less effective in killing bacteria. Conversely, increasing AuNP concentration while maintaining a low level of positivity continued to be bactericidal and disrupt the bacterial biofilm and was less cytotoxic to epithelial cells. These initial in vitro studies suggest that modulation of AuNP surface charge could be used to balance effects on bacteria vs. airway cells in the context of VAP, but the therapeutic window in terms of concentration vs. surface positive charge may be limited. Additional factors such as hydrophobicity may need to be considered in order to design AuNPs with specific, beneficial effects on bacterial pathogens and their biofilms.
Emergent Chern-Simons excitations due to electron-phonon interaction

We address the problem of Dirac fermions interacting with transversal optical phonons. A gap in the spectrum of fermions leads to the emergence of the Chern-Simons excitations in the spectrum of phonons. We study the effect of those excitations on observable quantities: the phonon dispersion, the phonon spectral density, and the Hall conductivity.
Measuring narcissism with a single question? A replication and extension of the Single-Item Narcissism Scale (SINS)

Abstract Drawing on a large sample of American adults ( N = 2153) we replicate and extend the Single-Item Narcissism Scale (SINS) recently developed by Konrath, Meier, and Bushman (2014). Consistent with their initial study, we find that the SINS correlates positively with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and has good discriminant validity from common measures of self-esteem. Additionally, we provide new evidence that the SINS may not primarily tap into grandiose narcissism. We also find that in comparison to other common personality measures of narcissism, the SINS correlated somewhat less consistently with our behavioral measure and has a higher threshold for detecting narcissistic traits. Overall, we conclude that when inclusion of established measures is not feasible, the SINS may be a viable alternative.
Incidental radiologic findings at breast cancer diagnosis and likelihood of disease recurrence

Despite guidelines recommending against its routine use, perioperative imaging for distant metastases is frequently performed in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, uncovering incidental findings of uncertain significance. We assessed the clinical significance of incidental findings by determining if their presence is associated with disease recurrence. A retrospective review of staging imaging was performed in patients with stage II or III invasive breast cancer diagnosed during 2008-2009 at a large academic medical center. Data related to perioperative imaging and disease recurrence were abstracted from the medical record. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between incidental findings and time to disease recurrence. A total of 169 of 340 patients (49.7 %) underwent staging evaluation for distant metastases (CT chest, abdomen, pelvis, bone scan, and/or PET-CT). Of these, 146 (86.4 %) had at least one suspicious or indeterminate finding. Follow-up studies were performed in 73 (43.2 %) patients. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with metastatic disease at diagnosis, 18 of whom had stage III disease. In patients without metastatic disease at diagnosis, 32 later developed recurrence. Non-calcified pulmonary nodules were associated with shorter time to disease recurrence (hazard ratio 2.51, 95 % CI 1.13-5.57, p = 0.02). Imaging for distant metastases frequently reveals indeterminate findings, most of which are not associated with disease recurrence. The association between pulmonary nodules and recurrence warrants validation in an independent cohort. Overall, these findings support current guidelines recommending against routine extent of disease evaluation in patients with newly diagnosed stage II breast cancer.
Drones in U.S. Airspace: Principles for Governance

Flying drones — unmanned aerial vehicles — have been made famous by their use in the war on terrorism, notably in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, but such military drones are a small fraction of those used by the United States today. Thousands of drones are used for a wide variety of purposes, from scientific research to military operations. Both Government and the private sector both use drones mostly without weapons capabilities. Because of their drones’ wide-reaching surveillance capabilities, however, even unarmed drones could threaten personal privacy and civil liberties. As the Federal Aviation Administration develops regulations for the operation of drones in domestic skies, its should consider constitutional concerns and privacy rights.
More Sheaf Theory

We introduced sheaves of functions in the previous chapter as a convenient language for defining manifolds and varieties. However, as we will see, there is much more to this story. In this chapter, we develop sheaf theory in a more systematic fashion. Presheaves and sheaves are somewhat more general notions than what we described earlier. We give the full definitions here, and then explore their formal properties. We define the notion of an exact sequence in the category of sheaves. Exact sequences and the associated cohomology sequences, given in the next chapter, form one of the basic tools used throughout the rest of the book.We also give a brief introduction to Grothendieck’s theory of schemes. A scheme is a massive generalization of an algebraic variety, and quite a bit of sheaf theory is required just to give the definition.
Rotational spectra and nitrogen nuclear quadrupole coupling for the cyanoacetylene dimer: HCCCN⋯HCCCN

Abstract The rotational spectra of cyanoacetylene dimer, H C C C N⋯H C C C N, were recorded using Balle–Flygare type Fourier transform microwave (FTMW) spectrometers. The low J transitions were measured down to 1.3 GHz at very high resolution, FWHM ∼ 1 kHz. The spectral hyperfine structure due to the 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling interactions is well-resolved below 4 GHz using a low frequency spectrometer at the University of Arizona. The experimental spectroscopic constants were fitted as: B0 = 339.2923310(79) MHz, DJ = 32.152(82) Hz, H = −0.00147(20) Hz, eqQ(14N1) = −3.9902(14) MHz, and eqQ(14N2) = −4.1712(13) MHz. The vibrationally averaged dimer configuration is H C C C N⋯H C C C N. Using a simple linear model, the vibrational ground state and the equilibrium hydrogen bond lengths are determined to be: r0(N⋯H) = 2.2489(3) A and re(N⋯H) = 2.2315 A. The equilibrium center-of-mass distance between the two HCCCN subunits is rcom = 7.0366 A. Using the rigid precession model, the vibrational ground state center-of-mass distance and the pivot angles which HCCCN subunits make with the a-axis of H C C C N⋯H C C C N are rc.m. = 7.0603 A, θ1 = 13.0°, and θ2 = 8.7°, respectively. The calculated hydrogen bond energy of H C C C N⋯H C C C N is 1466 cm−1 using the MP2/aug-cc-PVTZ method in present work.
“It Was a Bum Rap” Self-Reports of Being Erroneously Arrested in a National Sample

Individual-level predictors of erroneous arrest for illegal behavior are investigated using a national level, probability sample. The analysis specifically examines whether being a “usual suspect” ...
Rolandic encephalopathy and epilepsia partialis continua following bone marrow transplant

Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a condition defined by prolonged focal myoclonus. Often resistant to therapy, EPC in children is frequently present in Rasmussen encephalitis, a form of chronic encephalitis of uncertain etiology. We discuss a child who developed bilateral EPC 5 months after a bone marrow transplant. Neuroimaging studies showed signal abnormalities on both sensory-motor areas. An extensive search failed to reveal the etiology of the disorder, but treatment with a broad-spectrum anti-viral agent was associated with resolution of the process. An unidentified infectious agent may be responsible for an encephalitis of the motor strip in immunosuppressed patients. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 26, 917–919.
Case Studies of PTC-Preventable Accidents

A 1969 collision of two Penn Central train resulted in four fatalities and forty-five injuries. This accident could have been prevented, had some type of train control system been in place. After this accident, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) asked the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to study the feasibility of requiring railroads to install some type of automatic train control system that would prevent human-factor caused accidents. Over the next almost four decades, a number of additional accidents occurred, culminating in the January, 2005 Graniteville Norfolk-Southern accident and the September, 2008 Metrolink Chatsworth accident.A little more than one month after the Metrolink accident, Congress passed the Rail Safety Improvement Act, which requires Positive Train Control (PTC). To better explain the positive train control requirements, this paper traces each to a detailed case study. Four different accidents are studied, each being an example of one of the four, core positive train control requirements. Included in the case study is a discussion about how positive train control would have prevented the accident, had it been present.This provides positive train control implementers and other railroad professionals with a better understanding of the factors that have caused or contributed to the cause of the positive train control preventable accidents studied.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring.

Antimicrobial agents can be allergenic, have toxic effects on the function of certain organ systems, produce idiosyncratic reactions, alter the normal bacterial flora of the body, and adversely interact with other medications. All possible untoward side effects must be carefully monitored when prescribing antimicrobial agents.
Version 9 Global broadcast and attention can be highly punctuated in fuzzy cognitive systems

Previous theoretical work on consciousness and other punctuated global broadcasts associated with attention states has focused on the evolutionary exaptation of the inevitable signal crosstalk between related sets of unconscious cognitive modules (UCM). This has invoked a groupoid treatment of the equivalence class structure arising from information sources ‘dual’, in a formal sense, to the UCM, via a standard spontaneous symmetry breaking/lifting methodology abducted from statistical physics, and through an index theorem approach based on an Onsager-like stochastic differential equations model. Surprisingly, similar arguments can be applied to the formally ‘fuzzy’ generalizations that are likely to better fit actual biological complexities.
History, science, and psychology

In 1877, James Ward and John Venn petitioned the University of Cambridge in England to have experimental psychology introduced as an academic discipline. The University Senate refused to do so on the grounds that it would “insult religion by putting the soul on a pair of scales” (Hearnshaw, 1989, p. 125). In a 1907 paper published in American Medicine , Dr. Duncan Macdougall of Haverhill, Massachusetts, described his attempt to put the soul on a scale (Macdougall, 1907). He persuaded six dying patients to spend their last hours in a special bed that rested on a platform beam scale. By comparing the weight of the individual (plus bed) before and immediately after death, Macdougall estimated the weight of the human soul to be about “three-fourths of an ounce.” He repeated this experiment with fifteen dying dogs, who manifested no weight loss upon expiration, confirming the popular belief that animals have no soul (Roach, 2003). From the dawn of recorded civilization, humans have not only speculated about the nature and causes of mind and behavior, but have also employed their ingenuity to test these speculations. In the seventh century BCE, the Egyptian king Psamtik I supposed that children with no opportunity to learn a language from other people would spontaneously develop the natural and universal language of humankind, which he presumed to be Egyptian (Hunt, 1994). He tested this hypothesis by having one of his subjects seclude a number of infants and observe which language they first spoke; he was disappointed to learn that they did not speak Egyptian. As the centuries progressed, critical thinkers continued to speculate about the nature and causes of mind and behavior and to subject their theories to empirical test. The process was accelerated by the scientific revolution in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and by the development of experimental physiology and evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century, which promoted the growth of the institutional science of psychology in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The story of this progression, development, and growth is the history of psychology.
The Organization of Somatosensory Cortex in Primates and Other Mammals

In pioneering studies on macaque monkeys, Marshall, Woolsey and Bard (1937) defined a region of postcentral parietal cortex that was responsive to stimulation of the body. The responsive region, which became known as the primary or first somatosensory region, S-I, contains four generally recognized architectonic fields, Areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2. Since the original report of Marshall et al. (1937), there have been a number of interpretations of the significance of these four fields, and of the organization of the S-I region of primates (for recent examples, see Carlson et al., 1982; McKenna et al., 1982; Jones et al., 1978; Paul et al., 1972). In a series of papers, stemming from our first report on the organization of the S-I region in owl monkeys (Merzenich et al., 1978), my colleagues and I have argued that each of the four architectonic fields constitutes a functionally distinct area of somatosensory cortex.
A Comparison of Student Engagement in the Online vs. Face-To-Face Environment

Enhancing student engagement has been a goal of increasing importance in higher education.AÂ This may be especially valuable in online courses, where face-to-face interactions and synchronous activities are often minimal or nonexistent. Students are thought to be engaged when they view course activities as meaningful, persist in the face of difficulties or obstacles, and wish to learn to achieve mastery of the material (Bomia et al., 1997; Schlecty, 1994). Given the importance of student engagement for effective teaching, it is important for instructors and course designers to understand the factors that foster engagement within the learning environment.The present study sought to measure and compare student satisfaction and engagement in online vs. face-to-face sections of Physiological Psychology taught in Spring and Fall 2015. An end of semester survey, adapted from the literature (Dixson, 2010; Ouimet & Smallwood, 2005), included 18 questions relevant to learner satisfaction, motivation and engagement. AÂ The preliminary data analysis was based on Spring 2015 data collected from 56 students total (22 online, 34 face-to-face).AÂ The findings indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the online and face-to-face sections for student learning satisfaction and overall engagement levels. Results suggest that online teaching and learning can be comparable to the face-to-face environment on these parameters. More complete analysis of the data from the Spring, Summer, and Fall 2015 semesters, as well as a discussion of implications for course design, will be presented. AÂ Faculty and course designers will learn about strategies for measuring and promoting student engagement within their own courses.
Morphological Transformation of Giant-Cell Tumor of Bone After Treatment with Denosumab: A Case Report.

Case: Denosumab, an inhibitor of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand), was recently introduced for the treatment of giant-cell tumor of bone (GCTB). We describe the clinical, radiographic, and histological features of a GCTB of the spine in a 24-year-old woman that progressed after neoadjuvant treatment with denosumab. Disappearance of the multinuclear osteoclastic giant cells was accompanied by newly formed woven bone, which was deposited in interconnected strands with a prominent fibrovascular stroma that was histologically and radiographically similar to that of an osteoblastoma. Conclusion: Pathologists, radiologists, and surgeons should be aware of this post-treatment transformation to avoid misdiagnosis.
The prognostic significance of thromboembolic events in patients treated for invasive cervical carcinoma

Results: Seven hundred sixty-six patients were diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer during study period. Records were available on 747 patients for mean follow up of 33 months. The incidence of thromboembolic events in cervical cancer patients was 9.0%. Incidence of thromboembolic events was higher in patients with advanced stage. There was no statistically significant difference when accounted by race, smoking history or tumor histology. As expected in patient with advanced stage, treatment modality was related to increased incidence of thromboembolic events. Survival analysis data showed that patients with thromboembolic events had a significantly poorer survival than patients without thromboembolic events.