cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genetic and developmental analysis of an acid deoxyribonuclease in Drosophila melanogaster.

A deoxyribonuclease, called DNase-1, that is active at acid pH in the presence of EDTA has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. The locus for the enzyme maps genetically to 61.8 on the right arm of the third chromosome. Cytogenetically, DNase-1 has been localized to within five to ten bands between 90C-2 and 90E. This analysis utilizes both electrophoretic variants and the Y-autosome translocations of Lindsley et al. (1972). DNase-1 is present in all stages of the life cycle, and the paternal genome actively contributes DNase-1 to the embryo between 0 and 1 hr after fertilization.
Preliminary report of a clinical trial of orally administered hog duodenum powder in the treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis.

In 1945 GilP published the first report on the use of preparations of hog intestine in the treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis. He introduced this form of therapy on the basis of the theory that ulcerative colitis might be a deficiency disease and that the deficient factor might be contained in the intestines. Gill reported on 10 cases treated with either raw pig's small intestine or a desiccated and defatted preparation of pig's small intestinal mucosa. Seven of these 10 cases showed marked symptomatic improvement within one month after beginning treatment with decrease in the number of bowel movements per day, disappearance of blood from the stools and subsidence of pain. Several of the patients who were benefited by the treatment were observed to develop an exacerbation when the administration of the intestinal powder was stopped and to undergo remission again with resumption of the medication. This cycle was repeated several times in two of the patients. In a subsequent report Gill2 stated that this therapy was continuing to show beneficial effects. Friedman3 has recently reported favorable results with the feeding of extracts of hog intestine in patients with ulcerative colitis. Ehrlich4 fed extract of hog stomach and claimed excellent results. The present study was prompted by Gill's report.
[17] Nystatin/ergosterol method for reconstituting ion channels into planar lipid bilayers

Publisher Summary Reconstitution of membrane channels into planar lipid bilayers is a powerful technique to determine the ion selectivity, transport rate, voltage dependence, and kinetics of membrane proteins. The major challenge with using planar bilayers to study ion channels is getting the channel into the bilayer. For nystatin/ergosterol-induced fusion, nystatin (an antibiotic) and ergosterol (a sterol) are added to the vesicle membrane. These components combine to form ion channels that induce fusion in the presence of a salt gradient. Channels are formed of -10 nystatin monomers in a barrel-stave arrangement with ergosterol apparently required as glue to hold the monomers together. When the glue is removed, the channels fall apart. Thus, if ergosterol-rich vesicles fuse into an ergosterol-free bilayer, nystatin channels will turn off after ergosterol dissociates from the channel complex and diffuses away into the huge excess of bilayer lipid. The ability to turn off the nystatin conductance is important for most applications, where the conductance of nystatin channels would interfere with the determination of conductance properties of the newly reconstituted ion channel protein. Several additional points are important for vesicle-bilayer fusion using any method, including delivery of vesicles to the bilayer and the biophysical characterization of reconstituted channels. These issues and details for successful formation of N/E vesicles are also presented in the chapter.
Leukemia in AKR mice. III. Size distribution of suppressor T-cells in AKR leukemia and neonatal mice.

Abstract Suppression of in vitro antibody forming potential of normal cells by leukemic cells of AKR and normal neonatal mice have many similarities. In both cases the suppression is by cell contact rather than by the elaboration of soluble suppressive factors and the suppression is sensitive to both x-irradiation and mitomycin C treatment. When the size distribution of suppressing cells in thymus and spleen were compared by velocity sedimentation, both leukemic and neonatal suppressing cells had similar size distribution in each organ. Both large and small cells in the thymus suppress but only large cells (sedimentation velocity >3.5 mm/hr) in the spleen are able to suppress. Leukemic cells in lymph node have a splenic size distribution, viz., only large cells suppress. Both large and small cells of a subcutaneously growing long passage AKR lymphoma are able to suppress. While large cells contain the bulk of cells actively incorporating tritiated thymidine and thus probably in cycle, small but significant amounts of incorporation in small suppressing cells is also seen.
The natural history of medical and psychiatric disorders in an American Indian community

In 1969, a Pacific Northwest American Indian community cohort (n=100) was interviewed for the presence of physical and psychiatric illnesses. The same community was studied again in 1988. This study describes the outcome among the original 100 subjects. The schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Lifetime Version (SADS-L) served as the basic interview instrument, supplemented by data from medical records, death certificates, and medical and community informants. Twenty-five subjects had died, 13 from cardiovascular disorders and seven from alcohol-related illnesses. Among the 46 subjects re-interviewed, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes had become significant sources of medical morbidity. Alcoholism was the most significant cause of psychiatric morbidity, particularly among males. This study indicates that greater attention should be focused upon prevention and treatment of alcoholism, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes in this community and in other American Indian populations.
Reading with rods: the superiority of central vision for rapid reading.

Purpose. To investigate why the central portion of the visual field is normally the optimalregion for pattern recognition.Method. The study uses a reading paradigm in which the text can only be seen with rod vision.Reading rates were measured as the text was positioned in different parts of the visual field.Result. Observers obtained the highest reading rates when rod-generated images were viewedat or near the fovea.Conclusion. The superiority of the centra fieldl for reading is neither linked to some exclusiveproperty of the cone visual system, no isr it primarily related to visual sensitivity or spatiotem-poral resolution. The superiority of reading in the central field is associated with some aspectof the visual cortical processes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:2341-2347.In humans, the ability to recognize complex spatialpatterns rapidly is associated with vision in one portionof the visual field, the region immediately surroundingthe fovea.
Eulerian computations in domains with moving boundaries

A general technique is described that yields second order accurate solutions for time dependent problems with moving surfaces. Because of the Eulerian formulation, the method is able to handle the interaction of several materials undergoing large distortions. The algorithm is easily changed to allow for different material behavior. Results are presented for a purely elastic problem where wave propagation dominates and for two problems where combined elastic perfectly plastic material flow is important. Extensions to three space dimensions is straight-forward using splitting methods.
Victorian Literature, Energy, and the Ecological Imagination

Allen MacDuffie's Victorian Literature, Energy, and the Ecological Imagination is one of the best and most expansive examples of an emergent trend in Victorian literary scholarship. As literary sch...
Ohmic contacts with different metal structures for lattice matched InP based heterostructures

AuGeNiAu and PdGeAu contacts to InP based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures are examined. Standard, non-recessed, transmission line model (TLM) structures do not accurately represent contact resistance when there is high interfacial resistance between InGaAs and InAlAs. A mathematical model using distributed resistance is reviewed. Three new TLM structures derived from the model are shown and new methods for measuring contact resistance are given. Different metal schemes were evaluated and different layer thicknesses within a given metal scheme were also compared using statistically designed experiments. PdGeAu was found to be consistently better for ohmic contacts than AuGeNiAu. The optimum thicknesses found in the PdGeAu system were 150/spl Aring/ of Pd and 500/spl Aring/ of Ge. >
Structure of 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate Aldolase III. SEQUENCE OF A HEXADECAPEPTIDE CONTAINING THE AZOMETHINE-FORMING LYSINE RESIDUE

Abstract A hexadecapeptide containing the azomethine lysine residue has been isolated from 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase following incubation with 14C-pyruvate and sodium borohydride, carboxymethylation, and digestion of the derivatized aldolase with trypsin. The radioactive peptide was isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The amino acid sequence was established as: Phe-e-N-(1-carboxyethyl)-Lys-Leu-Phe-Pro-Ala-Glu-Ile-Ser-Gly-Gly-Val-Ala-Ala-Ile-Lys This sequence bears no similarity to those of active site peptides of Class I fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolases from mammalian tissue.
Dual Marginality: The Impact of Auditory Status and Sexual Orientation on Abuse in a College Sample of Women and Men

This exploratory study examined the relationship between the combination of auditory status and sexual orientation, and experiencing interpersonal violence, as measured by sexual, physical, and psychological abuse. A cross-sectional examination of 1,023 undergraduate students including 222 Deaf and hard-of-hearing students provided the data. Findings revealed that gay, lesbian, and bisexual students who also were Deaf or hard of hearing were more likely to experience sexual, physical, and psychological abuse than those in mainstream majority groups. The combination of auditory minority with sexual minority status for students had the strongest effect for physical and psychological abuse. Implications for policy and future research are provided.
Dual host-defence functions of SPLUNC2/PSP and synthetic peptides derived from the protein.

PSP (parotid secretory protein)/SPLUNC2 (short palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 2) is expressed in human salivary glands and saliva. The protein exists as an N-glycosylated and non-glycosylated form and both appear to induce agglutination of bacteria, a major antibacterial function for salivary proteins. Both forms of PSP/SPLUNC2 bind LPS (lipopolysaccharide), suggesting that the protein may also play an anti-inflammatory role. Based on the predicted structure of PSP/SPLUNC2 and the location of known antibacterial and anti-inflammatory peptides in BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein) and LBP (LPS-binding protein), we designed GL13NH2 and GL13K, synthetic peptides that capture these proposed functions of PSP/SPLUNC2. GL13NH3 agglutinates bacteria, leading to increased clearance by macrophages and reduced spread of infection in a plant model. GL13K kills bacteria with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 5–10 μg/ml, kills bacteria in biofilm and retains activity in 150 mM NaCl and 50% saliva. Both peptides block endotoxin action, but only GL13K appears to bind endotoxin. The peptides do not cause haemolysis, haemagglutination in serum, inhibit mammalian cell proliferation or induce an inflammatory response in macrophages. These results suggest that the GL13NH2 and the modified peptide GL13K capture the biological activity of PSP/SPLUNC2 and can serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides.
On relatedness and adaptive topography in kin selection

Hamilton (1964a, b) constructed the verbal theoretical basis of modern kin selection theory which states that potentially “altruistic” individuals evolve to value their relatives according to the closeness of their genetic relatedness. In those fundamental papers, Hamilton restructed the brood selection models of Haldane (1932, 1955) and Williams and Williams (1957), and proposed the following criterion under which a gene for altruism may be expected to increase,
A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 8. Sorbent organic domains : Discovery of a humic acid glass transition and an argument for a polymer-based model

Analysis of a humic acid by differential scanning calorimetry has revealed the existence of a glass transition point. Glass transition temperatures, Tg, of water-wet and desiccator-dry specimens we...
A heuristic approach for the extraction of the region and boundary of mammalian cells in bio-electric images

A robust segmentation and boundary tracking technique for the extraction of the region and boundary of mammalian cells in bioelectric images is presented. The proposed algorithm consists of four steps. The first step is an image enhancement process composed of low-pass filtering and local contrast enhancement. The second step employs recursive global adaptive thresholding method based on the statistical information of the contrast enhanced image to separate cells and some other image features from the background. Due to the effective image enhancement produced in the previous step, global adaptive thresholding is sufficient to provide satisfactory image thresholding results. The third step in the segmentation process is composed of boundary tracking and morphological measurement for cell detection. A new efficient boundary tracking scheme is proposed. In the last step non-cell objects are found and removed from the segmented image based on the morphological information obtained in the last step.
Tumor-derived Mutations in the TRAIL Receptor DR5 Inhibit TRAIL Signaling through the DR4 Receptor by Competing for Ligand Binding *

TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a cytokine that preferentially induces apoptosis in tumor cells compared with normal cells through two receptors (DR4 and DR5). Somatic mutations in these receptors have been found in different kinds of cancer; however, it is poorly understood how the mutations affect signaling. We found that point mutations (L334F, E326K, E338K, and K386N) that were identified in human tumors result in the DR5 receptor losing its ability to form a functional death-inducing signaling complex and induce apoptosis. The mutant receptors also have a "dominant negative" effect whereby they inhibit the ability of TRAIL to induce apoptosis through functional DR4 receptors. This dominant negative mechanism is achieved through competition for TRAIL binding as shown by experiments where the ability of the mutant DR5 receptor to bind with the ligand was abolished, thus restoring TRAIL signaling through DR4. The inhibitory effect on signaling through the wild-type DR4 protein can be overcome if the inhibitory mechanism is bypassed by using a DR4-agonistic antibody that is not subject to this competition. This study provides a molecular basis for the use of specific therapeutic agonists of TRAIL receptors in people whose tumors harbor somatic DR5 mutations.
The significance of protein synthesis early in the etioplast to chloroplast conversion of wheat leaves as demonstrated by cycloheximide treatment

Cycloheximide (CH) at 5, 7, or 10 μg/ml altered plastid ultrastructure and pigment synthesis when applied to etiolated wheat tissue. CH at 5 μg/ml reduced the number of thylakoid membranes/granum but had little effect on the number of grana/plastid section or on plastid length. At 7 μg/ml, CH prevented normal conversion of etioplast to chloroplast during a 20 hour greening period but did not completely block the breakdown of the prolamellar body or membrane formation. A 4 hour light exposure prior to treatment was not adequate to stimulate normal chloroplast differentiation. A 10 hour greening period prior to treatment with 10 μg/ml CH permitted near normal chloroplast development. Chloroplast developed under these conditions possessed fewer grana/plastid section 3and fewer membranes/granum as compared with the controls. CH did not prevent the formation of crystalline prolamellar bodies during the 7.5 hour dark period following a 10 hour pre-light period nor did CH prevent the conversion of the prolamellar body to chloroplast membranes during a second greening period. Proteins synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes were required for chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis, membrane formation and grana development associated with the conversion of etioplasts to chloroplasts in wheat. The CH block occurs early in greening (10 hours) and CH has minor effects on granal stacking and formation beyond the initial 10 hour light period.
Factors Influencing Long-Term Settlement of Municipal Solid Waste in Laboratory Bioreactor Landfill Simulators

AbstractLong-term settlement of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactor and conventional landfills is caused by a number of mechanisms. Laboratory tests in bioreactor landfill simulators allow for a careful assessment of each mechanism and of the factors that affect it. A systematic review and synthesis of 98 tests from 29 mesoscale simulator studies available in the literature are presented. Long-term settlement is divided into three phases: the transitional phase, the active biodegradation phase, and the residual phase. Duration, strain, and long-term compression ratio (equal to the ratio of strain to duration) are calculated for each phase. Statistical analysis of the data is conducted. The majority of the long-term settlement occurs during the active biodegradation phase (9.5% strain on average), and the mean compression ratio is 0.168. The other two phases contribute significantly less to the total long-term settlement. The effects of the initial and operational conditions of simulators on the magn...
Measurement of the 133 Cs 6 p 2 P 1 / 2 state hyperfine structure

We employ crossed-beam laser spectroscopy to measure the hyperfine structure of the $6p{}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ state of atomic ${}^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ $(I=$$\frac{7}{2}$$).$ A frequency-stabilized Ti:sapphire laser with 1-GHz sidebands excites a thermal atomic cesium beam through the $6s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}$ $F=3,$$4\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6p{}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3,4$ resonance transitions at 895 nm. The hyperfine splitting of the excited state is determined from the observed fluorescence spectra. Our result for the $6p{}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$ ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3$ to ${F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4$ hyperfine splitting is 1167.54(32) MHz, yielding a magnetic dipole coefficient of $A=291.89(8)$ MHz. In this Brief Report we also compare our results with previous measurements and theory.
Load signalling by cockroach trochanteral campaniform sensilla

A major problem in sensory motor integration is to delineate how forces acting upon a leg are encoded and regulated in the control of posture and locomotion. We have studied responses of the trochanteral campaniform sensilla, the largest array of force detecting mechanoreceptors in the cockroach leg. Afferents from two groups of sensilla (Groups 3 and 4) encode forces applied to the leg in the plane of joint movement of the coxo-trochanteral joint. The receptors within Group 3 exhibit fixed patterns of recruitment that could differentially indicate when force levels are adequate to provide support and propulsion during walking.
An Algorithm for Obtaining Proper Models of Distributed and Discrete Systems

The development of automated modeling software requires strategies for synthesizing mathematical models of systems with distributed and discrete characteristics. A model order deduction algorithm (MODA) is developed to deduce a Proper System Model by selecting the proper complexity of submodels of components in a system subject to a frequency based metric. A Proper Model in this context means that (1) the system model has the minimum spectral radius out of all possible system models of equivalent or greater complexity, and (2) any increase in the model complexity will result in spectral radius beyond a specific frequency range of interest. Proper Models are also defined to have physically meaningful parameters. Proper Models are intended to be useful for design, where mapping the relationship between design parameters and dominant system dynamics is critical. While MODA is illustrated using the application of machine-tool drive systems, it is readily applicable to other modeling applications.
Impact of aquifer sediment grain size on petroleum hydrocarbon distribution and biodegradation

Abstract A site located in Hanahan, South Carolina, U.S.A., was contaminated in 1975 by JP-4 jet fuel. These coastal plain sediments are comprised of unconsolidated, fine-grained sands, but have interfingering lenses of clay. Heterogeneity in subsurface sediment grain size and contaminant distribution was examined in sediment collected in adjacent boreholes at discrete depth intervals (15–20 cm) in the saturated zone. Sediments were analyzed for JP-4 and for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) by GC-MS, and for sediment grain size to determine percentages of sand vs. clay and silt. Spatial heterogeneities in sediment grain size were found on a small vertical scale in adjacent boreholes, and between boreholes separated by 21-m distance, although coastal plain sediments are considered to be homogeneous. Jet fuel contamination was positively correlated with clay content of the sediment. In addition, biodegradation of radiolabeled amino acids, toluene and benzene was measured in laboratory microcosms from sediment collected from contiguous depths from a single borehole in the same area. Biodegradation of the three substrates was less in the predominantly clay sample than that in the sandy sample. Increased sorption and limited biodegradation may contribute to higher concentrations of contaminants in clay sediments.
Is it time to move to multidrug combinations

The clinical benefit of aggressive blood pressure (BP) control in reducing adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes is well documented. However, a majority of patients with hypertension remain poorly controlled with monotherapy and require two or more agents to achieve their target BP levels. Patients with hypertension who also have diabetes or renal disease benefit from even lower BP targets, but may be more difficult to treat and require three or more drugs to achieve control. Using two or more drugs, each at lower doses, is usually more effective and less commonly associated with adverse effects than higher doses of a single drug. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes and renal disease, the treatment of hypertensive patients with multidrug combinations will become even more common. Knowing how specific combinations can be used effectively will be an important component of the treatment strategy for hypertension.
Experienced Therapists' Approach to Psychotherapy for Adults With Attachment Avoidance or Attachment Anxiety

Interviews were conducted with therapists (N 12) nominated by peers as especially effective in working with clients with adult interpersonal problems. Open-ended questions asked how these therapists would approach 2 adult clients described in brief vignettes as having high attachment avoidance or anxiety. A coding team used a grounded theory approach to identify 8 higher order themes in the interviews: Conceptualization, Client Defenses, Managing Boundaries, Markers of Progress, Therapist Reactions, Targeted Interventions, Corrective Relational Patterns, and Internal Representations and Models. These themes were integrated into an inclusive theoretical model based on the core concept of therapists’ strategic management of therapeutic distance. The distance necessary to engage clients initially is adjusted later in therapy to create a corrective attachment in the psychotherapy relationship that facilitates change. Therapists described how, after engagement, they gradually increase therapeutic distance for clients with attachment anxiety who must then manage resulting frustration while learning to function more autonomously. Therapists gradually insist on decreased therapeutic distance to help clients with attachment avoidance overcome their fears of intimacy. Therapists discussed the specific techniques they use to manage therapeutic distance.
Fine structure of plasmodial nuclei in the slime moldPhysarum polycephalum I. Comparison of diploid and haploid vegetative mitosis

The same basic ultrastructural features of interphase and mitotic nuclei were found for both the haploid Colonia and the diploid wild type strains of the myxomycete,Physarum polycephalum. Differences in nuclear size and chromocenter numbers were observed, but the nucleolar cycle and the intranuclear and acentriolar type of mitosis characteristic of the plasmodial stage of the diploid is present in haploid plasmodia, ruling out any relation between ploidy level and type of mitotic figure.
Distribution of optineurin sequence variations in an ethnically diverse population of low-tension glaucoma patients from the United States.

PurposePrevious studies have suggested that Optineurin (OPTN) sequence variants contribute to low-tension glaucoma (LTG) in ethnically homogeneous populations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of OPTN sequence variants in an ethnically diverse population of LTG patients from t
The influence of non-uniform catalytic activity on the performance of a single spherical pellet

Abstract This work investigates the influence of a non-uniform distribution of the intrinsic catalytic activity of a single spherical pellet on its effectiveness factor, selectivity and deactivation. In most cases the performance of non-uniformly active catalysts is superior to that of uniformly active catalysts which have the same volume averaged activity. The specific deactivation mechanisms and rate as well as the diffusional resistance have an important influence on the most desired activity profile. Concentrating the catalytic activity in the exterior shell most often yields the maximal selectivity but it also yields minimal resistance to deactivation when compared with catalysts with the same volume averaged activity and different activity profiles. For this reason, when it is important to maintain the catalytic activity for long periods it may be desirable not to use catalysts in which the activity is concentrated in the exterior shell. It is also shown that the maximal temperature rise during regeneration of a catalyst, in which coke is deposited non-uniformly, may largely exceed that obtained for a uniformly coked pellet.
A cross-task comparison of false belief understanding in a Head Start population.

This research had two main goals: to compare different methods of assessing understanding of false belief and to extend the study of false belief to the population served by Project Head Start. Across two experiments the participants were ninety 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children, drawn from low-income, primarily African-American families. Each child responded to a battery of false belief tasks that varied in the type of belief in question (contents tasks versus locations tasks), the target for the belief ascription (own belief versus other's belief), the method of presenting the reality information (visual versus verbal), and the presence or absence of a deception context. Performance was better on locations tasks than on contents tasks and among older children compared to younger children; the other comparisons resulted in smaller and less consistent effects. Despite the improvement with age, the level of performance fell short of that typically reported in the literature. Although correlations among tasks were significant, fewer than half of the children performed consistently across the problems.
Vortex Loop Phase Transitions in Liquid Helium, Cosmic Strings, and High-Tc Superconductors

The distribution of thermally excited vortex loops near a superfluid phase transition is calculated from a renormalized theory. The number density of loops with a given perimeter is found to change from exponential decay with increasing perimeter to algebraic decay as T_c is approached, in agreement with recent simulations of both cosmic strings and high-T_c superconductors. Predictions of the value of the exponent of the algebraic decay at T_c and of critical behavior in the vortex density are confirmed by the simulations, giving strong support to the vortex-folding model proposed by Shenoy.
Selenium speciation by liquid chromatography-particle beam/mass spectrometry (LC-PB/MS): application to a yeast reference material and synthetic urine

Presented here is the comprehensive speciation of organic and inorganic selenium species via liquid chromatography-particle beam/electron impact mass spectrometry (LC-PB/EIMS). Two different matrices (SELM-1 selenium-enriched yeast certified reference material and synthetic urine) were analyzed for the content of methionine and selenium species utilizing this analytical tool. An ion-paring reversed-phase chromatographic separation using a linear gradient of water and methanol (each containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid), at 0.9 mL min−1 with an analysis time of less than 20 minute, was employed for the selenium speciation. Electron ionization mass spectra yielded clear and simple fragmentation patterns of the chemical species eluting from the chromatographic column. Quantification by a standard addition method was accomplished for methionine (m/z = 149 Da) and selenomethionine (m/z = 196 Da) with recoveries of 93% (9% RSD, n = 4) and 97% (11% RSD, n = 4), respectively. Absolute limits of detection on the nanogram level were obtained for each of the targeted species.
Subordinates' Resistance and Managers' Evaluations of Subordinates' Performance

The authors explored the validity of two perspectives as to how managers evaluate subordinates who resist downward influence attempts: a uniformly dysfunctional perspective (i.e., managers regard all manifestations of resistance as indicators of ineffective influence and rate subordinates unfavorably when they resist) and a multifunctional perspective (i.e., managers regard some manifestations of resistance as more constructive than others and rate subordinates more favorably when they employ constructive resistance tactics). The results of two studies provided support for an interactive model, which predicts that the uniformly dysfunctional perspective is characteristic of lower quality leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships and that the multifunctional perspective is characteristic of higher quality leader-member exchanges.
New Dynamics of ‘Old Europe’

The dynamics of the Franco-German relationship have changed under the impact of technological innovation, market integration, and multilateral institutions. Where once it might have been reasonable for ‘Old Europe’ to focus on the hard power available through military sources, now it is more important to focus on soft power and flexible adjustment. This new imperative operates for the United States as well. The question is whether anyone in the Bush administration realizes that fact.
Purification and partial characterization of urate oxidase from Drosophila melanogaster

Urate oxidase from Drosophila melanogaster has been purified to apparent homogeneity. An extract from a urate oxidase over producing mutant was first fractionated with differential centrifugation and ammonium sulphate precipitation. This extract was then passed through a xanthine—Sepharose 6B affinity column which acts as a selective adsorbent for urate oxidase. Urate oxidase has a subunit mol. wt of 40,480 ± 1340 and was judged to be pure on the basis of a single band in a silver stained SDS-PAGE slab gel.
EV(I1)olution of AML DNA methylation.

High expression of the ecotropic viral integration site (EVI1) gene is associated with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this issue of Blood , Lugthart et al show that EVI1 expression is also associated with a specific gene promoter DNA methylation signature in AML and present
New experimental results in atlas-based brain morphometry

In a previous meeting, we described a computational approach to MRI morphometry, in which a spatial warp mapping a reference or atlas image into anatomic alignment with the subject is first inferred. Shape differences with respect to the atlas are then studied by calculating the pointwise Jacobian determinant for the warp, which provides a measure of the change in differential volume about a point in the reference as it transforms to its corresponding position in the subject. In this paper, the method is used to analyze sex differences in the shape and size of the corpus callosum in an ongoing study of a large population of normal controls. The preliminary results of the current analysis support findings in the literature that have observed the splenium to be larger in females than in males.
H UGH K ENNEDY , Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1996). Pp. 358. £44.00 cloth, £15.99 paper.

Balanced, well-written surveys of the pre-modern history of the Middle East are still, unfortunately, quite rare, and works that illuminate specific areas of that past with aplomb are rarer still. Such, however, is no longer the state of our field with regard to Islamic Spain, which can now be studied and taught from the excellent survey provided by Hugh Kennedy. The book is a fine political history deftly attuned to the elucidation of critical historiographical issues. The importance of contemporary Arabic sources, or lack thereof, is central to the organization of this text, a point that the author utilizes throughout to prompt a sense of critical inquiry from the reader.
Reduced Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs with Dicumarol Supplementation

Abstract Lowered blood prothrombin time of layers, as a result of adding menadione sodium bisulfite complex (MSBC) to the diet, has been associated with an increased incidence of blood spots in eggs (Day and Woody, 1964). In contrast, the addition of anti-coagulants to layer diets has reportedly prolonged blood clotting times without affecting the incidence of blood spots (Waldroup and Harms, 1962; Siddiqui and Fry, 1963). Both of the above research groups concluded that prothrombin time and the incidence of egg blood spots appear not to be correlated. However, a critical examination of the data presented shows that the anti-coagulants actually decreased the percentage of eggs containing blood spots. The preliminary experiment reported herein was conducted to study the effect of supplemental dicumarol, MSBC and sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) on: (1) the incidence and size of blood spots in eggs, (2) blood prothrombin times and, (3) egg production and feed utilization of cage…
Alkali metal cation interactions with 12-crown-4 in the gas phase: Revisited

Abstract Quantitative interactions of alkali metal cations with the cyclic 12-crown-4 polyether ligand (12C4) are studied. Experimentally, Rb + (12C4) and Cs + (12C4) complexes are formed using electrospray ionization and their bond dissociation energies (BDEs) determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation of these complexes with xenon in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The energy-dependent cross sections thus obtained are interpreted using an analysis that includes consideration of unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of the reactant ions, and multiple ion-neutral collisions. 0 K BDEs of 151.5 ± 9.7 and 137.0 ± 8.7 kJ/mol, respectively, are determined and exceed those previously measured by 60 and 54 kJ/mol, respectively, consistent with the hypothesis proposed there that excited conformers had been studied. In order to provide comparable thermochemical results for the Na + (12C4) and K + (12C4) systems, the published data for these systems are reinterpreted using the same analysis techniques, which have advanced since the original data were acquired. Revised BDEs for these systems are obtained as 243.9 ± 12.6 and 182.0 ± 17.3 kJ/mol, respectively, which are within experimental uncertainty of the previously reported values. In addition, quantum chemical calculations are conducted at the B3LYP and MP2(full) levels of theory with geometries and zero point energies calculated at the B3LYP level using both HW*/6-311+G(2d,2p) and def2-TZVPPD basis sets. The theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with experiment, with B3LYP/def2-TZVPPD values being in particularly good agreement. Computations also allow the potential energy surfaces for dissociation of the M + (12C4) complexes to be elucidated. These are used to help explain why the previous studies formed excited conformers of Rb + (12C4) and Cs + (12C4) but apparently not of Na + (12C4) and K + (12C4).
Risperidone-associated diabetes mellitus: a pharmacovigilance study.

Study Objective. To explore the clinical characteristics of hyperglycemia in patients treated with risperidone. Design. Pharmacovigilance survey of spontaneously reported adverse events in risperidone-treated patients, with reports of haloperidol-associated hyperglycemia used as a control. Setting. Government-affiliated drug evaluation center. Intervention. The Food and Drug Administration MedWatch surveillance program was queried (risperidone, 1993-February 2002; haloperidol, late 1970s-February 2002) and results pooled with published cases. Measurements and Main Results. We identified 131 reports of risperidone-associated hyperglycemia in addition to seven reports of patients with hyperglycemia who received combined risperidone-haloperidol therapy and six reports of acidosis that occurred in the absence of hyperglycemia. We found 13 reports of haloperidol-associated hyperglycemia and 11 reports of acidosis without hyperglycemia. Of the reports of risperidone-associated hyperglycemia (monotherapy), 78 patients had newly diagnosed hyperglycemia, 46 had exacerbated preexisting diabetes, and 7 could not be classified. Mean ± SD age was 39.8 ± 17.4 years (range 8–96 yrs). Patients with new-onset diabetes (mean ± SD age 34.8 ± 15.7 yrs) were younger than those with preexisting diabetes (mean ± SD age 48.8 ± 17.5 yrs). The overall male:female ratio was 1.5. In most patients, hyperglycemia appeared within 3 months of the start of risperidone therapy. Severity of disease ranged from mild glucose intolerance to diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma. Twenty-six patients with acidosis or ketosis were reported. Four patients died. Conclusion. Atypical antipsychotic treatment may unmask or precipitate hyperglycemia. Although such cases attributed to clozapine or olanzapine are more numerous than those associated with risperidone, the number for risperidone-associated hyperglycemia is relatively higher than that observed with the conventional neuroleptic haloperidol.
Chemical Temperature Integration

Abstract The sugar-inversion method (Pallmann method) of deriving mean temperatures related the reaction velocity of sucrose hydrolysis to temperature by means of an Arrhenius-type equation. The method was tested for precision, accuracy and adaptability to climatological networks. Twenty-milliliter glass ampoules filled with a clear sucrose solution were used as temperature sensors. The sensors were virtually unaffected by shortwave radiation. Precision of the method for half-month periods in forested terrain was ±0.02C. Absolute accuracy of the method was severely affected by the nonlinearity of sensor response; this was circumvented by use of empirical corrections based on the temperature mean and amplitude. At five standard climate stations, arithmetic mean temperatures for half-month periods (1967–1968) were predicted with an average error of 0.37–0.64C in summer (over mean temperatures of 30 to 10C) and 0.86–1.05C in winter (over mean temperatures of 10 to −10C). The Pallmann method of temperature in...
Management of abdominal wound dehiscence using vacuum assisted closure in patients with compromised healing

Abstract Background Restoration of the abdominal wall’s integrity after postoperative wound dehiscence is frequently performed in a delayed fashion, necessitating a temporary dressing of the dehisced wound. Methods The Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) system (Kinetic Concepts, Inc., San Antonio, TX) was used in 21 patients with postoperative abdominal wound dehiscences that could not be closed immediately and who were at high risk for healing complications. The VAC device was used in conjunction with sharp debridement and it was maintained on a continuous mode with a negative pressure of −75 to −125 mm Hg. The dressing was changed every 2 days. VAC therapy was continued until the integrity of the abdominal wall was reestablished by surgical procedures or secondary healing. Results Thirteen patients had fascial dehiscence, and 9 of them had frank bowel exposure. Definitive fascial closure was performed in 9 of 13 patients with fascial dehiscence. Stable cutaneous coverage was subsequently achieved in all patients by local abdominal skin flap advancement (6), skin grafting (9), or secondary intention healing (6). Seven patients had part of their VAC therapy as outpatients. The complications included a low-output small bowel enterocutaneous fistula in 2 patients and partial skin graft loss in 1 patient. The fistulae resolved after operative treatment (1) or conservative treatment (1). Conclusion Integration of the VAC system in the management of post-laparotomy wound dehiscence in patients with compromised wound healing appears to be successful and should be considered in such patients to provide a stable, healed wound.
Immigration recommendations of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future.

The single word that best characterizes the handling of the topic of immigration by the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future is surprise. The commission and its staff were left floundering when they realized the possible impact of current levels of immigration on population growth. The Interim Report of the Commission issued in March 1971 stated: Right now about 80 percent of our annual population growth results from natural increase--the amount by which births exceed deaths. About 20 percent of our current growth is due to net immigration; the number has been averaging about 400000 annually. Historically speaking that is not many. In the years just before World War I the figures ran to twice that at a time when the United States had less than half the number of people it has now. Even so the long-term effects of immigration are large. This is partly because most immigrants enter the country in young adulthood at an age when their childbearing is at its peak. If the average family (including immigrants) had two children and immigration continued at 400000 per year the survivors and descendants of immigrants in the next 30 years would number 16 million in the 2000 and would have accounted for one-fourth of the total population increase during that period. Over the next 100 years immigrants and their descendants would account for nearly half of the increase in population from 204 to 340 million. (Commission on Population Growth and the American Future Interim Report 1971 8-9.) At the annual meeting of the Population Association of America held in Washington D.C. in April of 1971 Charles F. Westoff the Executive Director of the Commission’s staff frankly admitted that the reported finding came as a surprise and the staff and Commission were somewhat unprepared to deal with such an unexpected state of affairs. (excerpt)
Challenges of using electrical resistivity method to locate karst conduits—A field case in the Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky

Abstract Conduits serve as major pathways for groundwater flow in karst aquifers. Locating them from the surface, however, is one of the most challenging tasks in karst research. Geophysical methods are often deployed to help locate voids by mapping variations of physical properties of the subsurface. Conduits can cause significant contrasts of some physical properties that can be detected; other subsurface features such as water-bearing fractures often yield similar contrasts, which are difficult to distinguish from the effects of the conduits. This study used electrical resistivity method to search for an unmapped karst conduit that recharges Royal Spring in the Inner Bluegrass karst region, Kentucky, USA. Three types of resistivity techniques (surface 2D survey, quasi-3D survey, and time-lapse survey) were used to map and characterize resistivity anomalies. Some of the major anomalies were selected as drilling targets to verify the existence of the conduits. Drilling near an anomaly identified by an electrical resistivity profile resulted in successful penetration of a major water-filled conduit. The drilling results also suggest that, in this study area, low resistivity anomalies in general are associated with water-bearing features. However, differences in the anomaly signals between the water-filled conduit and other water-bearing features such as water-filled fracture zones were undistinguishable. The electrical resistivity method is useful in conduit detection by providing potential drilling targets. Knowledge of geology and hydrogeology about the site and professional judgment also played important roles in locating the major conduit.
Visibly Pushdown Languages for a GUI Parsing Application with Probabilistic Lexer

Automatic understanding of GUI (Graphic User Interfaces) is vitally important for applications such as quality assurance, user monitoring, speech activated devices, automatic generation of GUI for application accessibility, and GUI design. Likewise, automatic understanding of visually structured documents (e.g. PDF files) is vitally important for data mining purposes. Current GUI parsers share two major shortcomings: First, instead of representing the user experience, they are tightly coupled to the underlying object model of the GUI. Second, from a linguistic point of view, they are either too restrictive to describe enough GUIs, or too permissive, in which case, the language structure itself becomes very fragile. We designed and implemented a new GUI parsing language which avoids these problems. It is easy to maintain, robust to changes in the input, and finally - as a computer program - decidable and fast to parse.
Multicolor Coding of Cells with Cationic Peptide Coated Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are a new class of fluorophores, whose more prominent characteristics include size-tunable, narrow, fluorescence emission bands and broad overlapping excitation spectra of multiple col...
The effect of growth factors on both collagen synthesis and tensile strength of engineered human ligaments.

Growth factors play a central role in the development and remodelling of musculoskeletal tissues. To determine which growth factors optimized in vitro ligament formation and mechanics, a Box-Behnken designed array of varying concentrations of growth factors and ascorbic acid were applied to engineered ligaments and the collagen content and mechanics of the grafts were determined. Increasing the amount of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 led to an additive effect on ligament collagen and maximal tensile load (MTL). In contrast, epidermal growth factor (EGF) had a negative effect on both collagen content and MTL. The predicted optimal growth media (50 μg/ml TGFβ, IGF-1, and GDF-7 and 200 μm ascorbic acid) was then validated in two separate trials: showing a 5.7-fold greater MTL and 5.2-fold more collagen than a minimal media. Notably, the effect of the maximized growth media was scalable such that larger constructs developed the same material properties, but larger MTL. These results show that optimizing the interactions between growth factors and engineered ligament volume results in an engineered ligament of clinically relevant function.