cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nostalgia for war and the paradox of peace in the Colombian emerald trade

Abstract In 1991 the most prominent leaders of Colombia's emerald mining sector signed a peace agreement that brought a decades-long conflict to an end. Peace brought consolidation to the business. It gave mine owners the ability to control the supply of emeralds that would be let out onto the market. New efficiencies in the production process disrupted older social relations. Miners who had once let emeralds slip through their fingers, now exercised a much tighter control. In the time of the emerald wars, the owners of the mines had to sustain large followings. This meant that they had to be very generous and openhanded with their emeralds, diffusing them through networks of people joined together by kinship, affinity and personal loyalty. The end of the wars brought an end to the need for such followings. Miners could cut out many of the men and women who stood between themselves and the foreign buyers of Colombian stones. They could also restrict the scope of informal mining on their lands. Thus peace had the paradoxical effect of squeezing out the smaller players, disrupting the social networks formed in times of violence and threatening the livelihoods of thousands of miners and traders.
Genomic screening and genomic diagnostic testing-two very different kettles of fish.

Genomic testing can be misunderstood as being determinative, when in reality it is the same as all other tests and context is essential for its correct interpretation. Two hypothetical cases of testing for Marfan syndrome demonstrate how clinicians should contextualize genomic test results and the implementation of Bayes theorem in clinical decision-making.
Distress tolerance in PTSD

Abstract Distress tolerance is defined as the perceived or actual ability to tolerate negative or aversive emotional or physical states and is theoretically and clinically relevant to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Distress tolerance is conceptualized as a risk or resilience factor and a clinical target for PTSD prevention or early intervention efforts. Empirical research has documented the significant inverse association between distress tolerance and PTSD symptoms among youth and adults exposed to potentially traumatizing events, although the bulk of the existing studies are limited by mostly cross-sectional methodologies and/or a focus on subclinical samples. This chapter provides a theoretical framework for understanding the potential role of distress tolerance in the context of exposure to trauma and reviews extant literature. Future work, utilizing varied methodologies and focusing upon diverse populations, is needed to build upon this preliminary, potentially clinically meaningful, empirical foundation.
Gastroenteritis gone rogue.

A 56-year-old woman presented with 2 weeks of vomiting and diarrhea. Her troubles were just beginning.
Spatial patterns of adverse birth outcomes among black and white women in Massachusetts – the role of population-level and individual-level factors

This study explores spatial distribution of adverse birth outcomes (ABO), defined as low birth weight (<=2500 g) and preterm deliveries (gestational age <37 weeks), in black and white mothers in the state of Massachusetts, USA. It uses 817877 individual birth records from 2000-2014 aggregated to census tracts (census enumeration unit with population of approximately 4500 people). To account for small numbers of births in some tracts, an Empirical Bayes smoother algorithm is used to calculate ABO rates. The study applies ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial regression to examine the relationship between ABO rates, seven individual-level factors from birth certificates and nine population-level factors (income level, education level, race) from census data. Explanatory power of these factors varies between the two races. In models based only on individual-level factors, all seven factors were significant (p<0.05) in the black mothers’ model while only three were significant in the white mothers’ model. Models based only on population-level variables produced better results for the white mothers than for black mothers. Models that included both individual and population-level variables explained 40% and 29% of ABO variance for black and white women respectively. The findings from this study give health-care providers and health-care policy-makers important information regarding ABO rates and the contributing factors at a local level, thus enabling them to isolate specific areas with the highest need for targeted interventions.
Effect of artificial dawn light on cardiovascular function, alertness, and balance in middle-aged and older adults.

Study objectives When arising in the morning, many older people experience dizziness and difficulty maintaining proper balance, as the cardiovascular system is not able to compensate to the postural shift (standing) and maintain sufficient blood flow to the brain. Such changes in cardiovascular function are observed in young individuals exposed to a dawn simulation light. In this study, we examined whether exposure to a dawn simulation light could impact cardiovascular function and consequent changes in balance in middle-aged and older adults. Methods Twenty-three participants (67.3 ± 8.8 y), 12 of whom reported a history of dizziness in the morning, underwent two overnight stays in our laboratory. During both nights, they slept in complete darkness, except for the last 30 minutes of one of the nights during which a dawn simulation light was used. Continuous blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Subjective and objective alertness, salivary cortisol, and mobile and standing balance were examined upon arising. Results Dawn simulation light decreased (33%) the amount of sleep before morning awakening, lowered BP (6.24 mmHg), and increased HR (0.93 bpm). Despite these changes in physiology, there was no significant impact of dawn simulation on subjective or objective alertness, measures of standing or ambulatory balance, morning cortisol awakening response, or cardiovascular function after awakening. Conclusion While the dawn simulation did cause an increase in wake and a change in cardiovascular function prior to morning arousal in older adults, we could find no evidence of a functional change in either cardiovascular function or balance upon standing. Clinical trial Registered on Clinicaltrials.gov, #NCT02632318, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02632318.
Biological effects of mitomycin C on late corneal haze stromal fibrosis following PRK.

Abstract This review details the current understanding of the mechanism of action and corneal effects of mitomycin C (MMC) for prophylactic prevention of stromal fibrosis after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), and includes discussion of available information on dosage and exposure time recommended for MMC during PRK. MMC is an alkylating agent, with DNA-crosslinking activity, that inhibits DNA replication and cellular proliferation. It acts as a pro-drug and requires reduction in the tissue to be converted to an active agent capable of DNA alkylation. Although MMC augments the early keratocyte apoptosis wave in the anterior corneal stroma, its most important effect responsible for inhibition of fibrosis in surface ablation procedures such as PRK is via the inhibition of mitosis of myofibroblast precursor cells during the first few weeks after PRK. MMC use is especially useful when treating eyes with higher levels of myopia (≥approximately 6 D), which have shown higher risk of developing fibrosis (also clinically termed late haze). Studies have supported the use of MMC at a concentration of 0.02%, rather than lower doses (such as 0.01% or 0.002%), for optimal reduction of fibrosis after PRK. Exposure times for 0.02% MMC longer than 40 s may be beneficial for moderate to high myopia (≥6D), but shorter exposures times appear to be equally effective for lower levels of myopia. Although MMC treatment may also be beneficial in preventing fibrosis after PRK treatments for hyperopia and astigmatism, more studies are needed. Thus, despite the clinical use of MMC after PRK for nearly twenty years—with limited evidence of harmful effects in the cornea—many decades of experience will be needed to exclude late long-term effects that could be noted after MMC treatment.
Curricular Approaches Used by Adapted PE Teachers

Within adapted physical education (APE), there is a lack of knowledge regarding content and attitudes toward curricular domains, which can influence student learning. This study assessed APE teachers’ attitudes toward four curricular domains. Participants (n = 219) completed a modified version of the Attitudes Toward Curriculum in Physical Education inventory. Results indicated that the importance of all domains, but higher for social development and physical activity. Understanding the content taught in APE will help teacher educators create programs that will provide preservice teachers with the content knowledge and pedagogy skills to meet the needs of their students.Subscribe to TPE
Cuba's Integration into the Global Economy — How Much is Cuba Expected to Change; How Far is Cuba Willing to Go; and Will the EU Serve as the Mediator of Those Changes?

The essay considers the question: what internal Cuban legal adjustments will be necessary for Cuba to enter into a fully normalized relationship with the U.S. and the rest of the world? That raises three distinct questions made necessary by the profound changes that have occurred between the time U.S. Cuban normalization reached its high point in early 2016, and the changes in the world situation starting with the U.S. 2016 elections and its aftermath. The first question, examined in Part II, centers on consideration of the adjustments Cuba might have to undertake if it is to embed itself within the structures of global trade and finance. To that end, the chapter analyzes the legal changes Cuba would need to undertake to join international financial institutions and global and regional trade organizations. The second question, considered in Part III, examines the extent to which Cuba is disposed to consider these possible reforms. Against the objective of socializing Cuban legal and economic practices with global norms, the chapter will critically assess the extent to which the current Cuban socio-political framework can produce these modifications and the consequences for such limitations, including with respect to the limits of political reform and the relevance of human rights norms in the construction of economic legal and governance structures. The third question, considered in Part IV, then examines what may be possible in the aftermath of the U.S. Presidential election of 2016 (and its aftermath) and other global changes, including the emergence of a Chinese alternative to national embedding in global trade. These have considerably changed the terrain within with the consequences of U.S. - Cuba normalization can be considered. The examination considers the value of the European Union’s strategic initiative, the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) as a viable basis for Cuban reintegration in the global economy.
Investigating shock melting of metals through time-resolved x-ray diffraction of cerium

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the behavior of Ce under shock loading to stress states up to 22 GPa that span the shock-melt transition. Experiments reported here observed Ce held at a steady state for ∼500 ns prior to being uniaxially released to ambient pressure. Time-resolved XRD shows a constant diffraction pattern over the duration of the steady state with rapid solidification occurring on release. Cerium was found to remain crystalline as Poisson's ratio (ν) increases in the α-phase with incipient melt observed in XRD once ν reaches 0.5. Diffraction results along with sound speed measurements limit melt completion to be between 12 and 14 GPa, significantly lower than previously expected. The XRD results add confidence to previous methods used to define incipient melt and help to define a method to constrain the melt region along the Hugoniot independent of a light source.
Spatiotemporal event sequence discovery without thresholds

Spatiotemporal event sequences (STESs) are the ordered series of event types whose instances frequently follow each other in time and are located close-by. An STES is a spatiotemporal frequent pattern type, which is discovered from moving region objects whose polygon-based locations continiously evolve over time. Previous studies on STES mining require significance and prevalence thresholds for the discovery, which is usually unknown to domain experts. The quality of the discovered sequences is of great importance to the domain experts who use these algorithms. We introduce a novel algorithm to find the most relevant STESs without threshold values. We tested the relevance and performance of our threshold-free algorithm with a case study on solar event metadata, and compared the results with the previous STES mining algorithms.
Update on the Medical and Surgical Management of Urethral Condyloma.

Abstract Introduction Condyloma acuminata (CA) of the urethra presents a management challenge due to high recurrence rates, difficulty in accessing urethral lesions, risk of stricture formation, and potential for sexual dysfunction. While standard treatment modalities are acceptable for some external genital condyloma, they are not always feasible or appropriate for urethral lesions. Objectives We sought to review the literature on epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of urothelial CA with a focus on surgical treatment options. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed to identify all studies pertaining to urethral CA through November 2020. Results Urethral CA is a relatively rare, but challenging disease to manage with a considerable amount of treatment side effects and downstream morbidity associated. In our comprehensive review we have found a wide selection of treatment modalities ranging from minimally invasive strategies to surgical reconstructive techniques. Proper follow-up to monitor for disease recurrence at the 3–4 month mark is appropriate and will determine subsequent treatment strategies as needed. Future studies and treatment directions include novel drug delivery models to optimize minimally invasive topical drug efficacy. Conclusion Treatment of urethral CA should be approached in a step-wise fashion. Medical therapy would be an appropriate option for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients with small lesions who desire to avoid any interventions. If patient is symptomatic, has extensive disease burden or has failed medical therapy intervention should be considered with options including PDT, laser ablation or surgical excision with or without urethral reconstruction. Appropriate selection depends on patient characteristics and preferences along with prior treatment history. Kim CJ, Campbell SP, Allkanjari A, et al. Update on the Medical and Surgical Management of Urethral Condyloma. Sex Med Rev 2021;xxx:xxx–xxx.
The Effect of Drag Reduction and Other Improvements on the Design and Performance of Submerged Vehicles

A nondimensional method is utilized to provide the size of a submerged vehicle and its primary internal components as a function of the performance specifications, drag coefficient, propulsion system, and payload. The effect of technological improvements or of changes in the specified quantities is presented in the form of design changes in vehicle size, speed and range, or combinations thereof. The relative improvement in vehicle performance or size, resulting from individual technological improvements, aids in determining which type of technological improvement is the most important for a given vehicle.
Ferrokinetics and hemoglobin synthesis in man.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of a reasonable approach for the analysis of ferrokinetics in clinical disorders with special attention to iron deficiency anemia. In normal man, absorption and excretion account for less than 5% of the iron exchange in plasma so that ferrokinetic measurements may be regarded as an internal affair. Within this closed system, there is an infinitely complex pattern of exchange, because all body cells require some iron to function. The nature of internal iron exchange is discussed in the chapter. Ferrokinetics provide one of the useful approaches for the evaluation of erythropoiesis both in respect to the amount of red cell production and the characterization of maturation abnormalities. Studies of iron deficiency anemia further suggest that limitation in iron supply is frequently of importance in limiting erythropoiesis in those situations with a decrease in total body iron and in high output states, where reticuloendothelial cell output does not match maximal marrow requirements.
A Methodology for Examining System Aging Due to Interactions Between Chemically Incompatible Materials

We start with a stored and unused population of fielded engineered units that are composed of chemically incompatible materials. The units age primarily through heterogeneous chemical reactions between the materials resulting in possible degradation in performance. The engineered units are unused in storage, but may be called into actual service at any time. We sample several units from the population per year and perform a number of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, such as radiography, low-frequency vibration analysis and ultrasonic imaging on the selected units. From those units, some are selected for destructive testing (D-test) involving disassembly and testing of internal parts and components. Chemical analyses, mechanical properties measurements and other tests are performed. All of the above steps provide information that is used in the system simulation mathematical model. The system simulation model incorporates chemical reactions and gas-solid transport processes, along with changes in both the surface and bulk properties of the solids. Model results are used to suggest improvements in NDE analyses of the units and improvements in component and material analyses. Model results give trending indications of individual component and overall system changes over time, plus some understanding of the mechanisms involved which allow science-based predictions of the aged state of the units in future times. The NDE, D-test and model results can also be used to assess statistically the reliability and performance of the overall aging population of units.
The viral transmembrane superfamily: possible divergence of Arenavirus and Filovirus glycoproteins from a common RNA virus ancestor

Recent studies of viral entry proteins from influenza, measles, human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), and Ebola virus have shown, first with molecular modeling, and then X-ray crystallographic or other biophysical studies, that these disparate viruses share a coiled-coil type of entry protein. Structural models of the transmembrane glycoproteins (GP-2) of the Arenaviruses, lymphochoriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa fever virus, are presented, based on consistent structural propensities despite variation in the amino acid sequence. The principal features of the model, a hydrophobic amino terminus, and two antiparallel helices separated by a glycosylated, antigenic apex, are common to a number of otherwise disparate families of enveloped RNA viruses. Within the first amphipathic helix, demonstrable by circular dichroism of a peptide fragment, there is a highly conserved heptad repeat pattern proposed to mediate multimerization by coiled-coil interactions. The amino terminal 18 amino acids are 28% identical and 50% highly similar to the corresponding region of Ebola, a member of the Filovirus family. Within the second, charged helix just prior to membrane insertion there is also high similarity over the central 18 amino acids in corresponding regions of Lassa and Ebola, which may be further related to the similar region of HIV-1 defining a potent antiviral peptide analogue. These findings indicate a common pattern of structure and function among viral transmembrane fusion proteins from a number of virus families. Such a pattern may define a viral transmembrane superfamily that evolved from a common precursor eons ago.
Institutional Constraints and Policy Choice: An Exploration of Local Governance, by J.C. Clingermayer and R.C. Feiock

For more than twenty years, urban scholars have debated whether economic determinism and its fiscal implications trump municipal political action in local government policy choices. In a very real sense, the debate is about whether local politics matters. Somewhat lost in this discussion, although not entirely, is an issue that was once at the forefront of urban scholarship: the role of institutional structures. With the maturing theoretical interest in the new institutionalism, the time is ripe to revisit this area and determine whether institutional structures matter. According to James Clingermayer and Richard Feiock, they do.
System Dynamics and Its Contribution to Economics and Economic Modeling

Stock Stocks, which are sometimes referred to as “levels” or “states”, accumulate (i. e., sum up) the information or material that flows into and out of them. Stocks are thus responsible for decoupling flows, creating delays, preserving system memory, and altering the time shape of flows. Flow Flows of information or material enter and exit a system’s stocks and, in so doing, create a system’s dynamics. Stated differently, the net flow into or out of a stock is the stock’s rate of change. When human decision making is represented in a system dynamics model, it appears in the system’s flow equations. Mathematically, a system’s flow equations are ordinary differential equations and their format determines whether or not a system is linear or nonlinear. Feedback Feedback is the transmission and return of information about the amount of information or material that has accumulated in a system’s stocks. When the return of this information reinforces a system’s behavior, the loop is said to be positive. Positive loops are responsible for the exponential growth of a system over time. Negative feedback loops represent goal seeking behavior in complex systems. When a negative loop detects a gap between the amount of information or material in a system’s stock and the desired amount of information or material, it initiates corrective action. If this corrective action is not significantly delayed, the system will smoothly adjust to its goal. If the corrective action is delayed, however, the system can overshoot or undershoot its goal and the system can oscillate. Full information maximum likelihood with optimal filtering FIMLOF is a sophisticated technique for estimating the parameters of a system dynamics model, while simultaneously fitting its output to numerical data. Its intellectual origins can be traced to control engineering and the work of Fred Schwepe. David Peterson pioneered a method for adapting FIMLOF for use in system dynamics modeling.
Total quality management knowledge and education-an integrated approach

The author describes a total quality management integrated educational system as a model for developing educational resources. Information is provided to facilitate an understanding of how the educational system is integrated with the implementation process. The importance of developing an educational strategic plan is emphasized. A call is made for active participation by industry and educators in the development of educational resources to provide the knowledge required by those involved in improving organizational performance. >
A psychological effect of having a potentially viable sequestration strategy

Purposeful carbon sequestration by direct injection into the deep ocean can store carbon for centuries. Even after injected carbon begins to leak back out to the atmosphere, much of the injected carbon will remain sequestered because of the acid neutralizing capacity of seawater. The slow leakage that occurs centuries into the future can give a false sense of security that the carbon and climate problem is under control. If this were to cause policy makers to become less vigilant about reducing the total emissions of anthropogenic carbon, our descendants would be penalized with having much higher carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere when leakage begins. This "carelessness feedback" would apply to other forms of sequestration that are not permanent. To avoid falling into this trap requires generations of policy makers to be aware of the feedback and committed to intergenerational equity.
The Role of Serotonin in Tritonia diomedea1

SYNOPSIS. The within-swim pattern of cycle periods in Tritonia swimming changed when the behavior was repeatedly elicited suggesting that an excitatory process reaches a ceiling or wanes over repeated trials. Exposure to subthreshold stimuli enhanced swimming in response to a subsequent super-threshold stimulus, perhaps using a similar excitatory process. In reduced preparations, subthreshold stimuli increased action potential activity in identified serotonergic neurons. Finally, stimulating serotonergic neurons enhanced a fictive swimming pattern, much like subthreshold stimuli enhanced the swimming behavior. Both within-swim and across-swim changes in the swimming behavior may be caused by increased activity in identified serotonergic neurons. Comparative study suggests that ancestral serotonergic systems facilitated network oscillations for the production of rhythmic behaviors such as feeding and locomotion. This concept of serotonin as oscillatizer is used to explain the role of serotonergic neurons in Tritonia. Implications for human mental health are discussed.
A mobile-phone based field logging system for high quality Satsuma mandarin production

Satsuma Mandarin cultivated in Nanki, Mie, Japan is one of the most excellent rareripes. However, lack of agricultural continuators makes the translation of special agricultural skills much harder. Under these circumstances, advanced application of ICT to Mandarin production using the scientific evidences based on the sensing data is eagerly desired. In this sense, collaboration between ICT system developers and Mandarin growers should be necessary with sharing common understanding for the sustainable production of excellent Satsuma Mandarin based on the index for optimal irrigation control with sensing data. In this paper, we introduce a mobile-phone based data logging system with small rubber ball apparatus is proposed for cost effective way to collect cultivation diagnosis for Satsuma mandarin production. The data are collected to the server via internet and bring to each field worker via Web-based time-line UI, where they can compare other data such as temperature, the amount of isolation collected by local weather robot or reference user's data. The system was applied to a test field at test site in Kumano, Mie, Japan. In this paper, therefore, we tried to apply cutting-edge
REAP and WAVE: New Tools to Rapidly Assess/Discuss Nutrition with Patients

Dietary changes can be helpful in preventing or treating a variety of prevalent health problems. Physicians can be helpful in helping patients make positive dietary changes, be physically active and lose weight, but, for a variety of reasons, many physicians do little nutrition counseling. There is a need for brief, user-friendly tools to enable physicians to rapidly and accurately assess patients' diets and exercise habits as well as provide information to aid the physician in delivering effective nutrition counseling. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two new tools, WAVE and REAP, that have been developed by the Nutrition Academic Award to help physicians and other health care providers conduct nutrition assessment and counseling with their patients in a practical and effective manner. The WAVE acronym and tool is designed to encourage provider/patient dialogue about the pros and cons of the patients' current status related to Weight, Activity, Variety and Excess. The Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients (REAP) is a brief validated questionnaire that is designed to aid providers in performing a brief assessment of diet and physical activity. An accompanying Physician Key aids the provider in discussing the patient's answers and counseling them appropriately. REAP and WAVE can be helpful tools to facilitate nutrition assessment and counseling in the provider office. Depending on patients' health priorities and how much time is available, these tools can be used in a variety of ways to discuss nutrition with patients during a clinical encounter in 1-9 min.
Deflection measurements using Moire gap effect

The moire gap equation originally derived by Sciammarella and Chiang has been generalized to include linear and rotational mismatches. The equation is then applied to the measurement of deflection of beams and plates. The method has the advantages of being simple in comparison with other optical whole-field methods. The application of moire gap effect to the study of dynamic problems is also discussed.
Stressors associated with dyspnea in childhood: patients' insights and a case report.

Abstract Objective: To highlight the concept that stress can be associated with dyspnea in children. Methods: A chart review identified 22 patients (age range, 9–17 years) referred to a pediatric pulmonologist, who were offered instruction in self-hypnosis for treatment of dyspnea that persisted despite medical therapy. Patients were offered the opportunity to use hypnosis to gain insight into the causes of their dyspnea. Results: The dyspnea resolved in 18 of the 22 patients within 1 month of instruction in self-hypnosis for relaxation and symptom reduction. Eight of the 22 patients (age range, 11–16 years) chose to use hypnosis for insight. Using automatic word processing, they explained that their dyspnea was associated with stressful situations, or that it reduced the chances of having to experience an uncomfortable situation. For example, a girl with dyspnea resulting from vocal cord dysfunction realized during hypnosis that she developed her symptom in order to prevent herself from talking about inf...
INTERDEPENDENT BEHAVIOR WITH RELOCATION COSTS: THE COMPARATIVE STATICS OF SPATIAL HISTORY*

Relocation costs are a form of sunk costs because they are relevant to new entrants, not to agents at their existing locations. With sufficiently high relocation costs, initial (historically given) locations and other conditions determine the equilibrium assignment of agents to locations. Comparative static results depend on initial conditions, i.e., history matters and historical persistence can be characterized. The model suggests empirically-relevant results which can be tested by collecting data on relocation and transportation costs. For example, appropriate levels of these costs imply that suburbanization always occurs with the entry of new firms. Sequential entry strategies may be adopted by existing firms which earn pure profits. This may be contrasted with traditional NUE models which predict changes in the boundaries of central zones.
Do participant, facilitator, or group factors moderate effectiveness of the Body Project? Implications for dissemination

The Body Project is a dissonance-based selective eating disorder prevention program with a broad evidence-base. The study sought to determine if previous findings regarding participant moderators replicate in an effectiveness trial under more real-world conditions. This study also had the novel aim of examining facilitator characteristics and group-level variables as potential outcome predictors. These aims are critical for understanding when the intervention is most effective and for whom. Participants were 408 young women with body image concerns recruited from seven universities. Change in eating disorder symptoms at 1-year follow-up was the primary outcome. Intervention effects were significant for both participants who had low or high baseline symptom levels, but the effect size was approximately twice as large for participants with high initial symptom levels (d = 0.58 vs. 0.24). Intervention effects were not predicted by facilitator factors (education, age, BMI, sex) or by group size or attendance rate. This study demonstrates that participants with either low or high eating disorder symptoms will benefit from the intervention but if resources are limited, targeting those with elevated eating disorder symptoms may be sensible. Results also suggest that a wide variety of facilitators can effectively deliver the Body Project, which has encouraging implications for dissemination.
Retention of Memory through Metamorphosis: Can a Moth Remember What It Learned As a Caterpillar?

Insects that undergo complete metamorphosis experience enormous changes in both morphology and lifestyle. The current study examines whether larval experience can persist through pupation into adulthood in Lepidoptera, and assesses two possible mechanisms that could underlie such behavior: exposure of emerging adults to chemicals from the larval environment, or associative learning transferred to adulthood via maintenance of intact synaptic connections. Fifth instar Manduca sexta caterpillars received an electrical shock associatively paired with a specific odor in order to create a conditioned odor aversion, and were assayed for learning in a Y choice apparatus as larvae and again as adult moths. We show that larvae learned to avoid the training odor, and that this aversion was still present in the adults. The adult aversion did not result from carryover of chemicals from the larval environment, as neither applying odorants to naive pupae nor washing the pupae of trained caterpillars resulted in a change in behavior. In addition, we report that larvae trained at third instar still showed odor aversion after two molts, as fifth instars, but did not avoid the odor as adults, consistent with the idea that post-metamorphic recall involves regions of the brain that are not produced until later in larval development. The present study, the first to demonstrate conclusively that associative memory survives metamorphosis in Lepidoptera, provokes intriguing new questions about the organization and persistence of the central nervous system during metamorphosis. Our results have both ecological and evolutionary implications, as retention of memory through metamorphosis could influence host choice by polyphagous insects, shape habitat selection, and lead to eventual sympatric speciation.
Randomised controlled trial of thiopental for intubation in neonates.

AIMS To determine the effects of premedication with thiopental on heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation during semi-elective nasotracheal intubation in neonates. METHODS A randomised, placebo controlled, non-blinded study design was used to study 30 neonates (mean birthweight 3.27 kg) requiring semi-elective nasotracheal intubation. The babies were randomly allocated to receive either 6 mg/kg of thiopental (study group) or an equivalent volume of physiological saline (control group) one minute before the start of the procedure. Six infants were intubated primarily and 24 were changed from orotracheal to a nasotracheal tube. The electrocardiogram, arterial pressure wave, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation were recorded continuously 10 minutes before, during, and 20 minutes after intubation. Minute by minute measurements of heart rate, heart rate variability, mean blood pressure (MBP) and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) were computed. The differences for all of these between the baseline measurements and those made during and after intubation were determined. Differences in the measurements made in the study and the control groups were compared using Student9s t test. RESULTS During intubation, heart rate increased to a greater degree (12.0 vs −0.5 beats per minute, p vs 4.4 mm Hg; p vs 4.6 mm Hg; p CONCLUSIONS The heart rate and blood pressure of infants who are premedicated with thiopental are maintained nearer to baseline values than those of similar infants who receive no premedication. Whether this lessening of the acute drop in the heart rate and increase in blood pressure typically seen during intubation of unmedicated infants is associated with long term advantages to the infants remains to be determined.
MARVIN: A Web-Based System for Representing, Retrieving, and Visualizing Analogies

Analogies are essential in human cognition, reasoning, learning, communication, and problem solving. They can have a profound and broad effect on how we view and understand our world. In this paper we discuss the design, implementation, and evaluation of MARVIN (Markup for Analogy Representation and Visualization for the InterNet), a Web-based system for representing, retrieving, and visualizing human-conceived analogies that provides a medium and a common language for analogy practitioners to share their analogies. We developed a compact XML content model for analogy expressions for use in Web-based environments, and show that the model is capable of representing a wide range of human-conceived analogies. We demonstrate, using XSLT, several example methods for visualizing analogy expressions that use our model. We demonstrate methods for storing and retrieving such expressions and for ranking the retrieved expressions. We designed and implemented MARVIN to demonstrate these methods. A formative evaluation of the MARVIN system found that its visualization and retrieval capabilities are of value to analogy authors and end users. A performance test showed that MARVIN's analogy retrieval is scalable to large analogy archives.
Transformation of “a business in risks”: knowledge and learning for reinvention

Jardine Matheson & Company is a Hong Kong multi‐industry conglomerate that has gone through political upheaval, global and regional economic crises, and has survived and transformed itself several times in the process. Firm learning and adaptability are audited across five breakpoints (1832, 1885, 1977, 1996, 2004), thereby contributing information about changes in the long‐term, large‐scale behavior of Jardine Matheson & Company. The paper takes a historical transformation approach to learning and knowledge in Jardine Matheson, largely inspired by Edith Penrose and The Theory of the Growth of the Firm and the recent work of William Lazonick to describe a theory of innovative enterprise. The paper also draws on contemporary resource‐based and knowledge‐learning literature. The paper addresses the question of whether firms can learn from change and apply new knowledge for continuous reinvention. The analysis reveals the extent to which Jardine Matheson stimulated or adapted to changes in the environment and saw new opportunities for value capture that demanded the development or reuse of capabilities and the reconfiguration of relationships necessary for survival, transformation and advantage in Hong Kong and the ASEAN. The research is analytical, observational and interpretive. The analytic approach is generalizable and provides insight useful to scholars and practitioners. The research itself is neither predictive nor prescriptive. The research findings communicated here present a picture of Jardine Matheson's ability to acquire, integrate and apply knowledge.
Internalization of anti-nucleolin antibody into viable HEp-2 cells

Anti-nucleolin antibodies have been detected in patients with systemic connective tissue diseases (SCTD) including systemic sclerosis (SSc) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In vivo bound autoantibodies to nucleoli of epidermal keratinocytes have been demonstrated in skin from patients with SCTD. In this study, monoclonal antibody to nucleolin (D-3) was used to determine the distribution of nucleolin in different culture cells including HEp-2, HepG2, HRCC, Molt-4 and Wil2 cells. Nucleolin was found to be present on the surface of HEp-2 and HepG2 cells, but not on the surface of HRCC and lymphoblastoid (Molt-4 and Wil2) cells; in contrast, nucleolin was detected in the nucleoli of all permeabilized cells examined. In immunoprecipitation, using extracts from 32P-labeled HEp-2 cells as antigenic source, cell membrane as well as nuclear nucleolins were found to be phosphorylated with a molecular weight of 105 kDa. Viable HEp-2 and HepG2 cells were cocultured with IgG fraction of D-3 in a CO2 incubator for 1 to 24 h, and then permeabilized with acetone followed by immunofluorescence staining with FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies. Nucleolar staining was observed in cells after 10 h or longer of coculture. These data indicated that D-3 antibody reacted with cell membrane nucleolin and subsequently gain access into cells in a process related to pinocytosis.
Cellular control of connective tissue matrix tension

The biomechanical behavior of connective tissue in response to stretching is generally attributed to the molecular composition and organization of its extracellular matrix. It also is becoming apparent that fibroblasts play an active role in regulating connective tissue tension. In response to static stretching of the tissue, fibroblasts expand within minutes by actively remodeling their cytoskeleton. This dynamic change in fibroblast shape contributes to the drop in tissue tension that occurs during viscoelastic relaxation. We propose that this response of fibroblasts plays a role in regulating extracellular fluid flow into the tissue, and protects against swelling when the matrix is stretched. This article reviews the evidence supporting possible mechanisms underlying this response including autocrine purinergic signaling. We also discuss fibroblast regulation of connective tissue tension with respect to lymphatic flow, immune function, and cancer.
Ownership Structure, Board Relationships and CEO Compensation in Large US Corporations

Abstract Concern over the continuing rise in executive compensation and lacklustre company performance has led to an increase in investor and board activity in corporate governance. Institutional investors are leading the new activity and changing the nature of the governance system in the United States. A model of the evolving governance system is presented and relevant characteristics of firm ownership structure and the CEO-board relationship are explored with regard to their impact on the pay-performance link. The results for ownership structure suggest that institutional investors do limit the payment of unearned compensation to the CEO, but that the presence of 5% equity owners has no significant impact. The results concerning the CEO-board relationship suggest that longer tenure as CEO leads to greater compensation, but neither the percentage of outside directors, the director retainer, nor the CEO's years of company service have a significant effect on compensation. Overall, the evidence supports t...
Protection of telomeres through independent control of ATM and ATR by TRF2 and POT1

The telomeres that cap normal chromosomes share virtually the same structure as damaged DNA sequences within chromosomes. So how do telomeres evade recognition by the DNA-repair machinery? Simple: two telomere binding proteins, TRF2 and POT1, block the activation of two key DNA damage response pathways. With TRF2 and POT1 inactivated, telomeres can be 'repaired' into the chromosomes where they don't belong. At a gross level, telomere ends resemble the ends of a double-strand break caused by DNA damage, yet telomeres do not activate the DNA damage response. An insight is offered as to how this response is suppressed. Two telomere-binding proteins, TRF2 and POT1, inhibit the activities of two upstream 'sensor' damage-responsive kinases, ATM and ATR, respectively. As these kinases initiate the signalling cascades that provoke the repair of damaged DNA, their inhibition by TRF2 and POT1 makes the telomere ends 'invisible' to the DNA repair machinery. When telomeres are rendered dysfunctional through replicative attrition of the telomeric DNA or by inhibition of shelterin1, cells show the hallmarks of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase signalling2,3,4. In addition, dysfunctional telomeres might induce an ATM-independent pathway, such as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase signalling, as indicated by the phosphorylation of the ATR target CHK1 in senescent cells2,5 and the response of ATM-deficient cells to telomere dysfunction6,7. However, because telomere attrition is accompanied by secondary DNA damage, it has remained unclear whether there is an ATM-independent pathway for the detection of damaged telomeres. Here we show that damaged mammalian telomeres can activate both ATM and ATR and address the mechanism by which the shelterin complex represses these two important DNA damage signalling pathways. We analysed the telomere damage response on depletion of either or both of the shelterin proteins telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) and protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) from cells lacking ATM and/or ATR kinase signalling. The data indicate that TRF2 and POT1 act independently to repress these two DNA damage response pathways. TRF2 represses ATM, whereas POT1 prevents activation of ATR. Unexpectedly, we found that either ATM or ATR signalling is required for efficient non-homologous end-joining of dysfunctional telomeres. The results reveal how mammalian telomeres use multiple mechanisms to avoid DNA damage surveillance and provide an explanation for the induction of replicative senescence and genome instability by shortened telomeres.
Effect of Fish Size on the Filtering Efficiency and Selective Particle Ingestion of a Filter-Feeding Clupeid

Abstract We developed a model predicting the filtering efficiency of different sizes of filter-feeding gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. The model is based on the cumulative frequencies of interraker distances of the gill rakers and was corroborated by feeding trials in which gizzard shad ingested different sizes of suspended plastic microspheres and plankton. The proportion of particles removed by fish increased as a function of particle size, leveling off when particle diameters exceeded 35 μm for small fish (7.1–11.1 cm standard length, SL) and 55 μm for large fish (13.6–16.3 cm SL). According to selectivity index values computed from the filtering efficiency model, gizzard shad of 5, 15, and 25 cm SL would selectively feed on particles larger than 19, 40, and 63 μm, respectively. This change in selective particle ingestion may explain why phytoplankton becomes less important in the diet of gizzard shad and why this clupeid shifts its feeding niche as it increases in length.
Virus-Like Particles Containing the Tetrameric Ectodomain of Influenza Matrix Protein 2 and Flagellin Induce Heterosubtypic Protection in Mice

The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) is highly conserved among influenza A viruses and can be a promising candidate antigen for a broadly cross-protective vaccine. In this study, a tetrameric M2e (tM2e) and a truncated form of flagellin (tFliC) were coincorporated into virus-like particles (VLPs) to enhance its immunogenicity. Our data showed that the majority of M2e in VLPs was presented as tetramers by introducing a foreign tetramerization motif GCN4. Intranasal immunization with tM2e VLPs significantly enhanced the levels of serum IgG and IgG subclasses compared to soluble M2e (sM2e) in mice. tM2e VLPs also induced higher M2e-specific T-cell and mucosal antibody responses, conferring complete protection against homologous influenza virus infection. The immunogenicity of tM2e VLPs was further enhanced by coincorporation of the membrane-anchored tFliC (tM2e chimeric VLPs) or coadministration with tFliC VLPs as a mixture, but not the soluble flagellin, inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses conferring cross-protection against lethal challenge with heterotypic influenza viruses. These results support the development of tM2e chimeric VLPs as universal vaccines and warrant further investigation.