cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Bullying Baked into the University? The Organizational Placement of Human Resources and Its Relationship with Workplace Bullying

Human Resources professionals often comment that their offices would have more power if they reported directly to a cabinet level position. This research uses a Chi Square analysis of 165 HR professionals. The findings confirm that the organizational placement of HR offices is irrelevant in curtailing workplace bullying in higher education.
A High Road for the 21st Century

In the 1990s, American scholar Joel Rogers first proposed the term “High Road” to refer to policies and institutions that jointly uphold and advance the three social values of shared prosperity, environmental sustainability, and participatory democracy. While these values are as laudable and fundamental to social life today as they ever were, the intersecting and multiplying crises coming to a head in the 21st Century – climate change, the global COVID-19 pandemic, systemic racism, racial and gender oppression, state violence, police militarization and police brutality, mass surveillance, political polarization, rising inequality, and so many others – call for an updated definition of the High Road. Toward that end, this essay articulates four key pillars of a High Road for the 21st Century ("High Road-21"). It then translates each pillar into one or more High Road-21 policy objectives, and it briefly situates the resulting vision into a broader theory of change. It concludes with a call to action: readers are encouraged to endorse the High Road-21 agenda and commit to advancing it through their many, dynamic social roles.
Perspectives on virtual interviews-A follow-up study of the Comprehensive Endocrine Surgery Fellowship interview process.

Abstract Background The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Comprehensive Endocrine Surgery Fellowship interview stakeholders previously favored in-person interviews, despite time and expense. This study assessed perception changes given mandated virtual interviews because of coronavirus disease 2019. Methods Immediately after the 2020 Match, anonymous surveys were distributed to applicants (n = 37) and program directors (n = 22). Mixed-methods analyses were used to evaluate responses. Results were compared to data from a prior study of the 2013 to 2018 in-person interview process. Results Response rates were 82% (program directors) and 60% (applicants). Compared with prior applicants, 2020 applicants attended similar numbers of interviews (1–10, 32% vs 37%; P = .61), used fewer vacation days (23% vs 56%; P = .01), and most reported 0 expenses. Burdens included lack of protected time for interviews. The virtual format did not compromise applicant ability to meet faculty (mean rank = 6.8/10) or make favorable impressions (mean rank = 6.8/10). Program directors reported equivalent or improved assessments of applicants. Program directors (72%) and applicants (77%) indicated that future interviews should be partially or completely virtual. Conclusion In contrast to prior survey data, applicants and program directors now express interest in virtual or hybrid interview processes. Virtual interviews were less costly, less time-consuming, and met goals effectively. Integrating virtual interview components will require innovative strategies to reduce redundancies and promote equitable access.
Rigorous Lower Bounds on Paramagnetic Susceptibility

If rigorous lower bounds can be established for the paramagnetic susceptibility of an interacting system of Fermi particles they will be useful for, at least, two obvious reasons. Firstly, if they are well chosen, they may display rigorous conditions under which the susceptibility diverges, signalling the onset of some sort of spontaneous magnetic ordering. Secondly, we may improve our understanding of the mechanisms for the enhancement of paramagnetism which are well known, from rather simple arguments, to occur when repulsive interactions are present in a Fermi system. Recent work on related problems1,2,3 suggests a mathematical strategy for establishing lower bounds on quantities like the static, wave-vector dependent polarizability. The mathematics, which we shall elaborate as we proceed, is flexible enough to give considerable hope that sensitive lower bounds can in fact be constructed.
Kinetic studies of the activation of muscle phosphorylase phosphatase.

Abstract Inorganic phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, divalent metal ions, EDTA, m-propoxybenzamidine, and AMP were found to be competitive inhibitors of the reaction catalyzed by phosphorylase phosphatase. By a comparison of kinetic studies with the substrates, phosphorylase a and the phosphorylated peptide, it was deduced that inorganic phosphate affected the reaction by binding to the catalyst, whereas glucose-1-P inhibited by binding to the substrate, phosphorylase. Inhibition by divalent metal ions and m-propoxybenzamidine was explained by binding to a single site on phosphorylase phosphatase. This site is presumed to be the one that interacts with the arginyl function of the substrate. EDTA inhibition appears to occur at a different locus on the phosphatase. AMP changes the phosphatase reaction by binding to phosphorylase a. The phosphorylase a-AMP complex is poorly recognized, if at all, by phosphorylase phosphatase.
Modeling the Business Process by Mining Multiple Databases

Institutional databases can be instrumental in understanding a business process, but additional databases are also needed to broaden the empirical perspective on the investigation. We present a few data mining principles by which a business process can be analyzed in quantitative details and new process components can be postulated. Sequential and parallel process decomposition can apply, guided by human understanding of the investigated process and the results of data mining. In a repeated cycle, human operators formulate open questions, use queries to get relevant data, use quests that invoke automated search, and interpret the discovered knowledge. As an example we use mining for knowledge about student enrollment, which is an essential part of the university educational process. The target of discovery has been quantitative knowledge useful in understanding the university enrollment. Many discoveries have been made. The particularly surprising findings have been presented to the university administrators and affected the institutional policies.
Academia-industry alliances for biomedical innovation what can we do better? (1053.1)

Research conducted at academic medical centers significantly contributes to discovery, development, or repurposing of drugs and biologics. Industry partnerships can be a vital component to the init...
Importance of nutrition in the irradiation treatment of cervical carcinoma

Abstract We have been impressed with the average physician's indifference to the nutritional state of the patient with cervical cancer who is treated with irradiation. Malnutrition and anemia appeared to be a reason why some patients were unable to tolerate adequate treatment. These impressions were confirmed in part by a previous analysis. 3 References concerning the relation of the patient's nutritional state to irradiation treatment were requested of the American Cancer Society and librarians of the American College of Surgeons, the University of Tennessee, and the Knoxville Academy of Medicine. These sources were unable, however, to supply us with such studies. For this reason, a clinical study was undertaken to ascertain the relationship between the patient's nutritional state and the toleration of irradiation treatment for cervical carcinoma. Particular attention was given to anemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, and vitality. It is recognized that the resume is incomplete because many natural variables influence the outcome. Statistically, this report is considered acceptable only as a case study. Nevertheless the results support certain conclusions generally applicable to the kind of patient described.
Use of LEED, Auger emission spectroscopy and field ion microscopy in microstructural studies

The past fifteen years have produced great advances in the experimental study of solid surfaces. Vacuum systems that will readily attain pressures in the 10−11 to 102212;10 torr range are commercially available. Thus, once a surface is cleaned, the researcher has adequate time to obtain information before a contaminant film can form. Accompanying these advances in obtaining low pressures in clean systems has been the development of analytic tools for examining surfaces such as LEED (low energy electron diffraction), AES (Auger emission spectroscopy), and FIM (field ion microscopy).
Impact of near-field scattering on multichannel airborne radar measurements (MCARM)

One of the critical factors which limits the clutter and jammer suppression performance of the adaptive phased array radar is the near-field scattering effects from the antenna-aircraft interactions. In this paper, we present the impact of near-field scattering on space-time adaptive processing performance by modeling the BAC 1-11 aircraft and the multichannel airborne radar measurements array using the geometric theory of diffraction numerical code. We present results for a beam scanned over the wing where the near-field scattering effects are dominant.
Barriers to Permanency Planning for Older HIV-Affected Caregivers

Abstract HIV disease is now a major reason that grandparents and other older caregivers assume custodial care of minor children whose parents have died or become incapacitated. Grandparents are becoming custodial parents for a growing number of orphaned children, either through kinship care or informal means. Although these older caregivers are raising minors again because their adult children are unavailable due to a life threatening illness, we know little about whether these older surrogate parents are planning for the eventuality of their own deaths. This exploratory, qualitative, grounded theory study explored the permanency planning experiences of older caregivers of HIV-affected and HIV-infected minor children. Five barriers emerged impeding the permanency planning process for these older caregivers: Lack of knowledge about the legal process, lack of legal authority, emotional concerns, lack of informal social support, and HIV-related stigma. Implications for gerontological social work include the ...
Auto-inspection and permitting with a PV Utility Interface (PUI) for residential plug-and-play solar photovoltaic unit

Renewable energy resources are becoming popular with mass adoption in residential and commercial applications because of gradual cost reduction along with continuous technical advancements. Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the biggest players of renewable energy installations although soft costs remain as a major barrier for higher penetration of PV systems. To significantly lower the soft costs related to residential photovoltaic system installations, a Plug-and-Play (PnP) system has been designed which allows for a quick, low-cost installation. The method is much less invasive and labor intensive than traditional installation methods involving drilling holes through walls and installing additional panel boxes within the house. This paper presents the PnP electrical system, with emphasis on the controls, software, and system level communications within the system. A PV Utility Interface (PUI) circuit has been developed for automated electrical safety checks and authentication for implementing the PnP PV system. A data protocol has been used to deal with the master-slave controller setup in the system.
Stiffness analysis of multi-fingered dextrous hands based on contact geometry and configuration change

We consider the contact geometry and the effect of grasp configuration change. On the grasp stiffness, this paper deals with the stiffness analysis both at the grasped object and the joint levels. Moreover, a set of formulas for computing stiffness in the hand-object system has been developed by means of introducing the additional stiffness induced from the grasp configuration change. An example of two-fingered hand with its grasped object is used to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Finally, the paper discusses the influence of the stiffness change on grasping stability. >
The use of 6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after failure of azathioprine therapy.

Introduction: Azathioprine is a useful therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease that is difficult to control. However, 10% of patients are unable to tolerate azathioprine, and the best form of treatment for this group of patients is unknown. The azathioprine metabolite 6-mercaptopurine may be a useful therapy for these patients. Aim: To review our clinical experience of the use of the 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease patients who are intolerant of azathioprine. Methods: All patients who were prescribed 6-mercaptopurine in a 2-year period were identified from pharmacy records. The case notes were reviewed and those who had previously been intolerant of azathioprine were included. Results: A total of 19 with either ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease were included. The reasons for discontinuing azathioprine were side-effects (13 patients), failure of efficacy (four patients) and leucopenia (two patients). Eleven of the 19 patients (68%) tolerated 6-mercaptopurine, including seven out of 13 patients (54%) who discontinued azathioprine due to side-effects. The length of follow-up of patients on 6-mercaptopurine was between 126 and 780 days (median 390 days). Discussion: 6-mercaptopurine should be considered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who require continuing immunosuppressive therapy, but are intolerant of azathioprine.
Carbon-13 shieldings and couplings with platinum-195 in pyridine and bipyridyl complexes

CARBON-13 SHIELDINGS AND COUPLINGS WITH PLATINUM-195 IN PYRIDINE AND BIPYRIDYL COMPLEXES S. T. Chow and R. Bruce Martin Chemistry Dept., Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 (Received 20 August 1974) In addition to chemical shift changes expected upon coordination, complexes of platinum may show simple spin coupling due to the presence of the natural element of 34% of Pt-195 of spin onehalf, the remaining isotopes possessing zero spin. Thus some ligand hydrogen and carbon-13 resonance lines in a complex will appear as a main peak with two smaller equally spaced satellite peaks whose separation gives the Pt--C-13 or Pt-proton coupling constant. Such coupling constant information is potentially useful in identifying carbon and hydrogen resonances and also binding sites in more complex ligands such as nucleic acids. This communication reports Pt--C-13 and Pt-proton coupling constants in complexes of pyridine, 4-methylpyridine (~-picoline), 2,2'-bipyridyl, and 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl. All en and dmen complexes in the table were prepared by a standard method (i) as was Pt(en)(He0)e e+ (2). Complexes I and II were prepared by adding excess ligand to KePtCI4 and heating at 50°C for several hours. The final colorless solution was evaporated to dryness and extracted with D20. All complexes were prepared as solids and dissolved in D20 in which they gave clean nmr spectra which were recorded on JEOL PS-PFT-IOOP/ECI00
Heating a fluid by solar radiation

Abstract The simultaneous differential equations controlling the temperature of a plate heated by solar radiation, and the temperature of a fluid, which in turn is heated by the plate, are solved for the general case of time-dependent radiation. The special cases of uniform solar radiation, and linear time-dependent solar radiation are specified completely. A plot of plate temperature and fluid temperature versus time is shown for a typical case of heating with uniform solar radiation.
Thermal Conductivity of Complex Dielectric Crystals

The theory of the thermal resistivity of dielectric crystals at ordinary and high temperatures in terms of anharmonic three-phonon interactions is reformulated. The resistivity is similar in form to that obtained by Leibfried and Schl\"omann, but larger by a factor of 6.8. The theory is then extended to crystals where the unit cell contains many atoms. To include all three-phonon interactions one sums over all harmonics of the reciprocal-lattice vectors in an extended-zone representation. This sum increases the scattering rate. However, the matrix elements of the three-phonon processes are reduced in the case of large unit cells, because coherence is lost in the Fourier transform of the different bonds in each cell. A simplified model is chosen, and in this case the latter effect cancels the former, so that the anharmonic relaxation rate is substantially independent of the number of atoms per unit cell. However, the zone boundaries affect the phonon dispersion curves and reduce the group velocity of most modes. Using a model proposed by Slack, in which only the acoustic phonons of the fundamental zone contribute to the conductivity, and invoking the independence of the relaxation time with cell size here derived, the conductivity varies as the inverse cube root of the number of atoms per cell. The conductivity varies inversely with temperature, even if the phonon mean free path is shorter than the cell dimensions, because the major contribution to the anharmonic interaction comes from the highest harmonics of the fundamental reciprocal-lattice vectors.
Heritable osteoarthritis. Diagnosis and possible modes of cell and gene therapy.

Our goals for osteoarthritis (OH) are straightforward: we need to define the causes of the disease and/or ‘the cascade of events’ that produce the degeneration of joint cartilage. From there we need to move on to methods of preventing or curing the disease. As is well recognized, there are multiple causes for the degeneration of joint cartilage seen in OA. One of the hypotheses that we have pursued is that genetic mutations produce OA in a subset of patients with early onset forms of the disease. Another hypothesis we have pursued is that genetically caused OA may be the easiest target for both diagnosis and therapies for the disease. Accordingly, we began several years ago to use the candidate gene strategy to search for mutations in the gene for type II procollagen (COL2A1) in patients with early onset OA. In a proband referred to us by Dr Roland Moskowitz and his colleagues at Case Western Reserve, we located a single-base substitution that converted a codon for arginine to a codon for cysteine at the α1-519 position in the triple helix of the protein. The detection of the cysteine substitution suggested that the mutation was a disease-causing change because cysteine is not found in the interior of the triple helix of any fibrillar collagen. However, in common diseases such as OA it is frequently very difficult to be certain that a change seen in a gene does in fact cause the disease. Fortunately, Dr Moskowitz and his colleagues were able to provide us with data on the patient’s family, and it was possible to show that the mutation was co-inherited with the disease in a statistically convincing manner (lod score of greater than 3.0). Eyre et al. demonstrated that type II collagen extracted from the patient’s cartilage formed abnormal disulfide bonds. Subsequently, we were able to demonstrate that the mutation generates abnormal fibrils in a purified system for assembly of type II collagen fibrils. Examination of the fibrils by atomic force microscopy demonstrated that the mutated protein has the unusual effect of increasing the depth of the gap region in collagen fibrils (E. Adachi, O. Katsuma, S. Yamashina, D. J. Prockop, and A. Fertala, submitted for publication). More recently, we developed a line of transgenic mice expressing the mutated gene. Our preliminary observations on the transgenic mice suggest that they develop cartilage changes that resemble OA (S.-W. Li, M. Arita, L. Ala-Kokko, D. J. Prockop, in preparation). Therefore, we now have thoroughly convincing data that the mutation in this family caused the clinical syndrome of early onset OA associated with evidence of a
Fast UDFs to compute sufficient statistics on large data sets exploiting caching and sampling

User-Defined Functions (UDFs) represent an extensibility mechanism provided by most DBMSs, whose execution happens in main memory. Also, UDFs leverage the DBMS multi-threaded capabilities and exploit the C language speed and flexibility for mathematical computations. In this article, we study how to accelerate computation of sufficient statistics on large data sets with UDFs exploiting caching and sampling techniques. We present an aggregate UDF computing multidimensional sufficient statistics that benefit a broad array of statistical models: the linear sum of points and the quadratic sum of cross-products of point dimensions. Caching can be applied when the data set fits in main memory. Otherwise, sampling is required to accelerate processing of very large data sets. Also, sampling can be applied on data sets that can be cached, to further accelerate processing. Experiments carefully analyze performance and accuracy with real and synthetic data sets. We compare UDFs working inside the DBMS and C++ reading flat files, running on the same hardware. We show UDFs can have similar performance to C++, even if both exploit caching and multi-threading. As expected, C++ is much faster than UDFs when the data set is scanned from disk. We carefully analyze the case where sampling is required with larger data sets. We show geometric and bootstrapping sampling techniques can be faster than performing full tables scans, providing high accuracy estimation of mean, variance and correlation. Even further, sampling on cached data sets can provide accurate answers in a few seconds. Detailed experiments illustrate UDF optimizations including diagonal matrix computation, join avoidance and acceleration with a multi-core CPU, when available. A profile of UDF run-time execution shows the UDF is slowed down by I/O when reading from disk.
Authoritarian regimes against terrorism: lessons from China

Throughout history many terrorist organisations have originated in both democratic and authoritarian regimes. In their efforts to eradicate the terrorist threat, democracies and their authoritarian counterparts have employed a vast array of measures. Such measures, however, differ according to regime type. Thus, democracies generally have more constraints on their counterterrorist means than authoritarian regimes that are not bound by similar considerations. And while scholars agree on the differences in counterterrorist arsenals, no consensus exists as to whether democracies or authoritarian regimes are superior counterterrorists. This article presents a case study of China, a regime that has been fighting Uyghur separatism and terrorism since its founding in 1949 with authoritarian means. However, while authoritarian crackdowns in Xinjiang have ensured tactical respites leading to periods of relative stability, strategically China has facilitated the construction of a threat more radical than the initia...
The geometry of singular foci of planar linkages

The focal points of a curve traced by a planar linkage capture essential information about the curve. In a previous paper, we showed how to determine the singular foci of planar linkages from an expression for the tracing curve derived by use of the Dixon determinant. This paper gives an alternative approach to finding the singular foci, one that lends itself to simple geometric interpretations and does not require a derivation of the tracing curve equation. In many cases, singular foci can be determined from a simple graphical construction. The method is demonstrated for one inversion each of the Stephenson-3 six-bar and the Watt-1 six-bar. A by-product of the study is a technique for illustrating the non-real points on a tracing curve. Knowledge of the singular foci will be helpful in further study of path cognates.
Machine learning research

META is a Natural Language learning project whose specific objective is to acquire new word definitions and new concepts from contextual information in interactive dialogues. It is an instance of a learning-from-examples method, with a difference: learning proceeds in a reactive, knowledge-rich environment. Our initial research indicates that the interactive nature of the environment ought to be a crucial component of any general learning system. In brief, our investigations have led us to formulate the following hypotheses, which we intend to test and pursue further in the immediate future:1. Learning requires progressive refinement -- It is unreasonable to expect that a computer system (or a human) learn a concept or a skill without error, in its full embellished form, in one brief learning session. It must undergo a sequence of progressive test-and-update stages. In other words, a concept can be learned by first inducing a rough approximation of its final form and successively correcting this approximation with more accurate, more detailed information.2. Interaction with a reactive environment -- Interaction is the engine that drives learning processes. A learner must be able to direct queries to its teacher or perform experiments on its environment. It must be able test out new concepts and skills as it learns them.3. Reasoning by Analogy -- The more a system can learn by relating new concepts to old, by modifying existing concepts, or using chunks of existing concepts as building blocks, the more robust and general its learning mechanisms will be.
Experiences Deploying a Transparent Split TCP Middlebox and the Implications for NFV

This paper summarizes our experiences deploying a transparent Split TCP middlebox for WiFi networks in Enterprise customer environments. Since Split TCP is nearly two decades old, we believed this would be a straightforward application of well-known technology. Reality, however, would teach us otherwise. While we began our deployment in our own office with 3,000 users, we encountered several challenges in deploying this technology at customer sites. Each customer had different network architectures, security policies, and non-negotiable requirements. In particular, modifying the network architecture was frequently impossible. Deployment challenges tended to fall into two related but distinct categories. First, making the box transparent to both clients and servers required extending the notion of transparency from beyond just layer 3 and layer 4 to include layer 2. Second, the interaction of our middlebox with other middleboxes resulted in unexpected behaviors.Our deployments supported up to 15,000 simultaneous users and lasted up to 2 years. We offer up our experiences so that others need not repeat them. We discuss some implications of our experiences on deploying network functionality in virtual environments, or Network Function Virtualization (NFV). If NFV is to be successful in real environments, these challenges will need to be overcome.
Cryomicroscopic studies of the freezing of model solutions of cryobiological interest

Cryomicroscopy is the study, by microscopy, as they happen, of events occurring at subzero temperatures. The techniques employed can be very simple, or extremely complex. In its simplest form, cryomicroscopy consists of sitting a microscope in a cold room. The lack of cold tolerance of most microscopists is a serious limitation to this method, but it is a method with a long and honorable history. A more flexible, and more comfortable, approach is to equip a microscope with a special, temperature-controlled stage. A variety of such stages exists, and many are discussed by Diller (I). The degree of sophistication required in the design of such stages is in part determined by their operational requirements. Stages which are required to have close temperature control, together with an ability to change temperature very rapidly while still maintaining control, are more demanding in their construction. Stages for which the required temperature control is less or which need only produce intermediate rates of controlled temperature change are simpler. The freezing and thawing processes of aqueous biological systems can often be studied using a cryomicroscope. Although simply observing through the microscope can be an entertaining pastime, it is necessary to attempt to identify and characterize at least the key processes. In corn-
Cardiac transplant outcomes in pediatric patients with pre-formed anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies and/or positive retrospective crossmatch.

Background Children undergoing heart transplantation who have preformed anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) panel reactive antibodies (PRA) or positive retrospective crossmatch (XM) may be at increased risk for rejection and graft failure. We assessed outcomes of transplant recipients with either positive PRA before transplant or positive retrospective XM. Methods A review of 148 heart transplant patients between 1990 and 2006 was undertaken, identifying transplants in patients with pre-transplant PRA > 1% and/or a positive XM. Demographic information and detailed post-transplant outcomes including episodes of rejection, infection, and graft failure were recorded. Results There were 11 PRA positive (PRA+) transplants, 135 PRA negative (PRA−) transplants, and no PRA data on 2. There were 14 XM+ transplants, 115 XM− transplants, and no XM data on 19. Kaplan-Meier graft survival was better in XM− than XM+ patients ( p 10%). Conclusions Pediatric heart transplant patients whose retrospective XM is positive are at significantly increased risk for graft failure. Elevated pre-transplant PRA may not predict increased risk of graft failure, although markedly positive PRA (>10%) predicts a positive retrospective XM. Improved treatment for pediatric transplant patients with a positive retrospective XM is needed.
The role of continuous culture in modelling the human microflora

Continuous culture techniques have been applied successfully to the modelling of the microflora at various human sites, but especially the mouth and the colon. Complex microbial communities can be grown stably and reproducibly for prolonged periods under controlled environmental conditions. Key parameters can then be varied independently so that true cause-and-effect relationships can be established. The utility of some models has been increased by (a) the construction of diverse but defined inocula, (b) the use of growth media which reflect the main nutrients of the habitat, (c) the provision of surfaces for biofilm formation, and (d) the use of linked culture vessels (multi-stage systems) to permit spatial or temporal heterogeneity. Comparisons of the properties of such communities with clinical data have supported the validity of such model systems. Applications of these models have ranged from determining the relative significance of dietary versus endogenous nutrients on community balance and metabolism, to the effect of antimicrobial agents. These modelling studies have enabled significant insights to be made into the functions and properties of the resident human microflora.
Comparison of catalytic activity and inhibitors of quinone reactions of succinate dehydrogenase (Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) and fumarate reductase (Menaquinol-fumarate oxidoreductase) from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Escherichia coli succinate–ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and menaquinol–fumarate reductase (QFR) are excellent model systems to understand the function of eukaryotic Complex II. They have structural and catalytic properties similar to their eukaryotic counterpart. An exception is that potent inhibitors of mammalian Complex II, such as thenoyltrifluoroacetone and carboxanilides, only weakly inhibit their bacterial counterparts. This lack of good inhibitors of quinone reactions and the higher level of side reactions in the prokaryotic enzymes has hampered the elucidation of the mechanism of quinone oxidation/reduction in E. coli Complex II. In this communication DT-diaphorase and an appropriate quinone are used to measure quinol–fumarate reductase activity and E. coli bo-oxidase and quinones are used to determine succinate–quinone reductase activity. Simple Michaelis kinetics are observed for both enzymes with ubiquinones and menaquinones in the succinate oxidase (forward) and fumarate reductase (reverse) reactions. The comparison of E. coli SQR and QFR demonstrates that 2-n-heptyl 4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) is a potent inhibitor of QFR in both assays; however, SQR is not sensitive to HQNO. A series of 2-alkyl-4,6-dinitrophenols and pentachlorophenol were found to be potent competitive inhibitors of both SQR and QFR. In addition, the isolated E. coli SQR complex demonstrates a mixed-type inhibition with carboxanilides, whereas the QFR complex is resistant to this inhibitor. The kinetic properties of SQR and QFR suggest that either ubiquinone or menaquinone operates at a single exchangeable site working in forward or reverse reactions. The pH activity profiles for E. coli QFR and SQR are similar showing maximal activity between pH 7.4 and 7.8, suggesting the importance of similar catalytic groups in quinol deprotonation and oxidation.
Physical Education: A Professional Field

Considerable effort has been expended toward the development of a discipline of physical education. The nature of physical education, however, reveals that it is more likely a professional field than a discipline. What is required is a means to draw from the several contributing disciplines and subdisciplines information needed to improve the practice of physical education. A model is described which centers on “disciplined study in physical education” in which the integration and synthesis work necessary to produce a theorypractice link is undertaken.
Appropriate and Inappropriate Interpretation and Use of Test Scores in Early Intervention

Two types of test scores are often used for determining eligibility for early intervention services: standard scores and developmental-age scores. Because they are derived using different methods, ...
Low-frequency H-reflex depression in trained human soleus after spinal cord injury.

After spinal cord injury (SCI), widespread reorganization occurs within spinal reflex systems. Regular muscle activity may influence reorganization of spinal circuitry after SCI. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of long-term soleus training on H-reflex depression in humans after SCI. Seven subjects with acute ( 0.05) despite significant adaptations in torque and fatigue resistance (p < 0.05). Three subjects who began training very early after SCI retained H-reflex post activation depression, suggesting that early intervention of daily muscular activity may be important.
The Chemopreventive Effects of Orally Administered Dexamethasone in Strain A/J Mice Following Cessation of Smoke Exposure

Male Strain A/J mice were exposed for 6 mo, 6 h/d, 5d/wk to a mixture of cigarette sidestream and mainstream smoke with an average total suspended particulate concentration of 156 mg/m3. They then were removed into air and fed diet AIN93M containing 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone until killed 4 mo later for the evaluation of lung tumor multiplicities. In animals kept in air, an average of 1.3 tumors per lung was found, and in tobacco-smoke-exposed animals the average number of tumors per lung was 2.2 (p<.05). Addition of dexamethasone to the diet reduced lung tumor multiplicities in the tobacco smoke exposed animals to 1.4 (64% of control values), not quite statistically significant. In animals not exposed to tobacco smoke, however, dexamethasone significantly decreased lung tumor multiplicities to 46% of control values. In animals injected with the tobacco-smoke-specific carcinogen NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone], dietary dexamethasone significantly reduced lung tumor multiplicities to 38% of controls. It is concluded that the dietary intake of dexamethasone against full tobacco smoke might show improved chemopreventive activity when combined with other agents.
Efficient discovery of ASCL1 regulatory sequences through transgene pooling

Zebrafish transgenesis is a powerful and increasingly common strategy to assay vertebrate transcriptional regulatory control. Several challenges remain, however, to the broader application of this technique; they include increasing the rate with which transgenes can be analyzed and maximizing the informational value of the data generated. Presently, many rely on the injection of individual constructs and the analysis of resulting reporter expression in mosaic G0 embryos. Here, we contrast these approaches, examining whether injecting pooled transgene constructs can increase the efficiency with which regulatory sequences can be assayed, restricting analysis to the offspring of germ line transmitting transgenic zebrafish in an effort to reduce potential subjectivity. We selected a 64 kb interval encompassing the human ASCL1 locus as our model interval and report the analysis of 9 highly conserved putative enhancers therein. We identified 32 transgene-positive zebrafish, transmitting one or more independent constructs displaying ASCL1-like regulatory control. Through examination of embryos harboring one or more transgenes, we demonstrate that five of the nine sequences account for the observed control and describe their likely roles in ASCL1 regulation. These data demonstrate the utility of this approach and its potential for further adaptation and higher throughput application.
Urban marine ecology in southern California: the ability of riprap structures to serve as rocky intertidal habitat

Increasing human populations along marine coastlines has lead to increasing urbanization of the marine environment. Despite decades of investigations on terrestrial ecosystems, the effect of urbanization on marine life is not well understood. Riprap is the rocky rubble used to build jetties, breakwaters, and armored shorelines. Roughly 30% of the southern California shoreline supports some form of riprap, while 29% of the shoreline is natural rocky substrate. Astonishingly few studies have investigated this anthropogenic rocky habitat even though it rivals a natural habitat in area on a regional scale along a coastline that has been extensively studied. In this study, I compared the diversity and community structure of exposed rocky intertidal communities on four riprap and four natural sites in southern California. I ask the following questions: (1) does diversity or community composition differ between intertidal communities on riprap and natural rocky habitats in southern California, (2) if so, which organisms contribute to those differences, (3) which physical factors are contributing to these differences, and (4) do riprap habitats support higher abundances of invasive species than natural habitats? On average, riprap and natural rocky habitats in wave exposed environments in southern California did not differ from each other in diversity or community composition when considering the entire assemblage. However, when only mobile species were considered, they occurred in greater diversity on natural shores. These differences appear to be driven by wave exposure. The presence of invasive species was negligible in both natural and riprap habitats.
Edentulation Alters Material Properties of Cortical Bone in the Human Craniofacial Skeleton: Functional Implications for Craniofacial Structure in Primate Evolution

Skeletal adaptations to reduced function are an important source of skeletal variation and may be indicative of environmental pressures that lead to evolutionary changes. Humans serve as a model animal to investigate the effects of loss of craniofacial function through edentulation. In the human maxilla, it is known that edentulation leads to significant changes in skeletal structure such as residual ridge resorption and loss of cortical thickness. However, little is known about changes in bone tissue structure and material properties, which are also important for understanding skeletal mechanics but are often ignored. The aims of this study were to determine cortical material properties in edentulous crania and to evaluate differences with dentate crania and thus examine the effects of loss of function on craniofacial structure. Cortical bone samples from 15 edentulous human skulls were measured for thickness and density. Elastic properties and directions of maximum stiffness were determined by using ultrasonic techniques. These data were compared to those from dentate crania reported in a previous investigation. Cortical bone from all regions of the facial skeleton of edentulous individuals is thinner than in dentate skulls. Elastic and shear moduli, and density are similar or greater in the zygoma and cranial vault of edentulous individuals, whereas these properties are less in the maxilla. Most cortical bone, especially in edentulous maxillae, has reduced directional orientation. The loss of significant occlusal loads following edentulation may contribute to the change in material properties and the loss of orientation over time during the normal process of bone remodeling. These results suggest that area-specific cortical microstructural changes accompany bone resorption following edentulation. They also suggest that functional forces are important for maintaining bone mass throughout the craniofacial skeleton, even in areas such as the browridges, which have been thought to be little affected by function, because of low in vivo strains found there in several primate studies.
Long-term clinical and functional outcomes after treatment for localized Ewing's tumor of the lower extremity.

Purpose Retrospective review describing the 35-year University of Florida experience with Ewing's tumors of the lower extremity. Patients and Methods Fifty-three patients were treated between 1971 and 2006. Thirty patients were treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone and 23 patients were treated with surgery ± RT. Larger tumors and tumors of the femur were treated more often with definitive RT. Median potential follow-up was 19.2 years. Functional outcome was assessed using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS). Results Before 1985, 24% of patients were treated with surgery; since then, the rate has increased to 61%. The 15-year actuarial overall survival (OS), cause-specific survival (CSS), freedom from relapse, and limb preservation rates were 68% vs. 47% ( p = 0.21), 73% vs. 47% ( p = 0.13), 73% vs. 40% ( p = 0.03), and 43% vs. 40% ( p = 0.52), respectively, for patients treated with surgery ± RT vs. RT alone. Excluding 8 patients who underwent amputation or rotationplasty, the 15-year actuarial local control rate was 100% for the surgery ± RT group and 68% for the definitive RT group ( p = 0.03). The ranges of the TESS for surgery ± RT vs. RT alone were 70–100 (mean, 94) and 97–100 (mean, 99), respectively. Twenty-six percent (6/23) of patients had complications related to surgery requiring amputation or reoperation. Conclusions Overall survival and CSS were not statistically compromised, but we observed an increased risk of relapse and local failure in patients treated with RT alone, thereby justifying a transition toward primary surgical management in suitable patients. However, despite an adverse risk profile, patients treated with RT alone had similar long-term amputation-free survival and demonstrated comparable functional outcomes. Poor results observed in Ewing's of the femur mandate innovative surgical and RT strategies.
“Everything I've Done I've Done for Men”: One Woman's Deployment of Femininities and Her Pathway to Crime

The feminist pathways perspective offers a framework for understanding how patriarchal culture shapes gendered involvement in crime. While the pathway is shaped by gender and explains how gender matters as it relates to crime, we do not know how women construct gender along the route. Do they support patriarchy by speaking and acting in a traditionally feminine way, or do they present a more resistant femininity? Situating one woman's words in the pathways perspective, we find that Amber calls on both traditional femininity as well as a more resistant femininity throughout different experiences and periods during her life. When discussing victimization, abuse, and relationships, she frequently deploys the hegemonic feminine in her accounts. Interestingly, when describing self-medication and drug use, and acting out and crime, she more often uses pariah words and phrases. Femininity is not “one size fits all” and clearly can and does vary during important times and periods in our lives.
FRAT-2 preferentially increases glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated phosphorylation of primed sites, which results in enhanced tau phosphorylation

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein found primarily in neurons, and its function is regulated by site-specific phosphorylation. Although it is well established that tau is phosphorylated at both primed and unprimed epitopes by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), how specific proteins that interact with GSK3β regulate tau phosphorylation has not been thoroughly examined. Members of the FRAT (frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell lymphoma) protein family have been shown to interact with GSK3β, and FRAT-1 has been shown to modulate the activity of GSK3β toward tau and other substrates. However, the effects of FRAT-2 on GSK3β activity and tau phosphorylation have not been examined. Therefore in this study the effects of FRAT-2 on GSK3β activity and tau phosphorylation were examined. In situ, FRAT-2 significantly increased GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of tau at a primed epitope while not significantly affecting the phosphorylation of unprimed sites. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that association of FRAT-2 with GSK3β resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of a primed substrate but did not alter phosphorylation of an unprimed substrate. Further, in vitro assays using recombinant proteins directly demonstrated that FRAT-2 enhances GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of a primed substrate to a greater extent than an unprimed substrate. In addition, FRAT-2 is phosphorylated by GSK3β. This is the first demonstration of a protein differentially regulating the activity of GSK3β toward primed and unprimed epitopes.
Effect of Flavonoids and Related Compounds on Soybean Lipoxygenase-1 Activity

Soybean lipoxygenase-1 activity was determined in the presence of the flavonoid compounds quercetin, rutin and kaempferol, and with caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, which are cinnamic acids. All flavonoids and related compounds resulted in at least 10% inhibition of lipoxygenase activity on an equal weight basis. Inhibition of lipoxygenase-1 activity by flavonoids and cinnamic acids was compared to inhibition by butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydrox-ytoluene (BHT). Kaempferol, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid showed inhibition comparable to that of BHT. On an equimolar basis, rutin was the most effective inhibitor of lipoxygenase activity.
The c-myc gene encodes superimposed RNA polymerase II and III promoters

Abstract The first exon of the c- myc gene has unusual properties that suggest some further role in gene regulation. It encodes a large, evolutionarily conserved leader exon that is transcribed more frequently than the remaining exons of the c- myc gene. In what follows, we provide a possible explanation for these observations. We find that the major promoter of the c- myc gene is bifunctional; that is, it supports transcription by RNA polymerases II and III (pol II and III). Both enzymes initiate in vitro transcription from the major c- myc initiation site (P2), but pol III is completely blocked near the 3′ end of the first exon while pol II, though partially blocked, transcribes through this region. These superimposed transcriptional activities suggest a potential regulatory mechanism by which one polymerase system could influence the activity of another.