cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mulitple level network approach for clock skew minimization with process variations

In this paper, we investigate the effect of multilevel network for clock skew. We first define the simplified RC circuit model of a hybrid clock mesh/tree structure. The skew reduction effect of shunt segment contributed by the mesh is derived analytically from the simplified model. The result indicates that the skew decreases proportionally to the exponential of -R1/R, where R1 is the driving resistance of a leaf node in the clock tree and R is the resistance of a mesh segment. Based on our analysis, we propose a hybrid multi-level mesh and tree structure for global clock distribution. A simple optimization scheme is adopted to optimize the routing resource distribution of the multi-level mesh. Experimental results show that by adding a mesh to the bottom-level leaves of an H-tree, the clock skew can be reduced from 29.2 ps to 8.7 ps, and the multi-level networks with same total routing area can further reduce the clock skew by another 30%. We also discuss the inductive effect of mesh in the appendix. When the clock frequency is less than 4 GHz, our RC model remains valid for clock meshes with grounded shielding or using differential signals.
An Improved Copper Septum Magnet Design

A copper septum magnet of improved design has been developed to replace the existing F5 septum deflector in the slow-extraction channel at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS. The new magnet has several novel design features such as a solid rather than laminated core, a ball bearing suspended septum and a radiation resistant quick disconnect system.
Magnesium-calcium antagonism in the contraction of arterioles.

Erhohung des Mg-Spiegels im Blut hemmt Tonus und Kontraktilitat der Widerstandsgefasse im Muskel. Durch Noradrenalin hervorgerufene Verengerung wird gleich stark gehemmt wie die durch Reizung sympathischer Nerven verursachte Kontraktion. Ein Uberschuss an Ca++ verhindert die blockierende Wirkung des Mg++ auf die Kontraktilitat, der Tonusverlust der Gefasse wird durch Ca++ jedoch nicht ruckgangig gemacht. Die antagonistischen Wirkungen von Mg++ und Ca++ beruhen wahrscheinlich auf deren gegensatzlicher Wirkung auf die elektromechanische Kopplung im Gefassmuskel.
Vertical Differencing of the Primitive Equations in Sigma Coordinates

Abstract A vertical finite-difference scheme for the primitive equations in sigma coordinates is obtained by requiring that the discrete equations retain some important properties of the continuous equations. A family of schemes is derived whose members conserve total energy, maintain an integral constraint on the vertically integrated pressure gradient force, have a local differencing of the hydrostatic equation, and give exact forms of the hydrostatic equation and the pressure gradient force for particular atmospheres. The proposed scheme is a member of this family that in addition conserves the global mass integral of the potential temperature under abiabatic processes.
Genetics of allozyme variation in Gossypium arboreum L. and Gossypium herbaceum L. (Malvaceae)

Seed protein extracts from 90 accessions of Gossypium arboreum and 70 accessions of Gossypium herbaceum were electrophoretically analyzed for isozyme variation. Eighteen enzyme systems were resolved, ten of which were polymorphic among accessions. No within accession isozyme variation was observed within these highly inbred lines. A minimum of 24 genes encode the isozymes resolved and data is presented for codominant inheritance at 13 loci. Tests for non-random joint segregation in 63 of the 78 possible two-locus combinations from the 13 characterized loci give evidence for four pairs of linked genes (Lap2/Me1 [r=0.160+/-0.027], Lap2/Pgi1 [r= 0.285+/-0.055], Mdh6/Tpi1 [r= 0.197+/-0.028], and 6Pgd2/6Pgd3[r≈ 0.000]. Numerous presumptive duplicate isozyme loci were observed and these were usually expressed as patterns of nonsegregating heteromultimers within accessions. Single gene expression was also observed at several loci. The observed results are in agreement with those of previous cytological investigations which have proposed the polyploid origin of the diploid Old World Gossypiums.
Determination of total IgE by ELISA in tubes and plates compared with PRIST.

IgE was measured by ELISA in tubes and in microtiter plates, the results being compared with PRIST data. The recommended readings of the tube contents in a spectrophotometer (SPM) were compared with results using a multi-channel photometer (MCP). Geometric mean values (International Units) and standard deviations of 44 normal sera examined by the 3 different methods were: PRIST 16.2 ± 4.0; SPM 15.6 ± 4.9 and MCP 18.4 ± 4.4. Correlation coefficients were: PRIST-SPM r = 0.98; PRIST-MCP r = 0.98; and SPM-MCP r = 0.97. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were smaller for MCP than for SPM. In addition, reading in microtiter plates was much faster, while having little effect on sensitivity.
Pluripotency deficit in clones overcome by clone-clone aggregation: epigenetic complementation?

Abnormal gene expression patterns in somatic cell clones and their attrition in utero are commonly considered a consequence of errors in nuclear reprogramming. We observe that mouse clone blastocysts have less than half the normal cell number, and that higher cell number correlates with correct expression of Oct4, a gene essential for peri-implantation development and embryonic pluripotency. To increase the cell number, we aggregated genetically identical clones at the 4-cell stage. Clone–clone aggregates did not form more blastocysts, but the majority expressed Oct4 normally and had higher rates of fetal and postnatal development. Fertilized blastocysts with low cell numbers, induced by removal of two blastomeres at the 4-cell stage, did not exhibit abnormal Oct4 expression, indicating that improved gene expression and post-implantation development of clone–clone aggregates is not a consequence of increased cell number. Rather, we propose that complementation of non-cell-autonomous defects of genetically identical, but epigenetically different, embryos results in improved gene expression in clone–clone aggregates.
Basement membrane glycosaminoglycans: Examination of several membranes and evaluation of the effect of sonic treatment

Abstract The glycosaminoglycans of various basement membranes (human and bovine renal glomerular and tubular basement membranes as well as calf and cow anterior and posterior lens capsules) have been isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography after protease digestion. On the basis of composition, ion-exchange elution, electrophoretic mobility, and susceptibility to nitrous acid treatment heparan sulfate was identified as the predominant glycosaminoglycan component of each membrane. Quantitation of the heparan sulfate was achieved by a DEAE-cellulose microcolumn procedure and indicated that the amount of this component present in basement membranes spanned a wide range, extending from 0.3% of peptide weight in bovine and human tubular membranes to 6% in calf posterior lens capsule. Comparison of the heparan sulfate content of calf and cow anterior lens capsules indicated that it underwent a pronounced decrease with increasing age. Analyses of the glycosaminoglycan-peptide fractions from calf anterior and posterior lens capsules indicated hexuronic acid to xylose ratios of 29 and 37, respectively, and relatively low degrees of N-sulfation (0.2 N-sulfate, 0.6 total sulfate groups per repeating disaccharide). The composition of the lens capsule heparan sulfate was in many ways similar to that from bovine glomerular basement membrane ( N. Parthasarathy and R. G. Spiro, 1981, J. Biol. Chem.256, 507–513 ). The present study also indicated that the heparan sulfate content of bovine glomerular basement membrane (0.8 mg/100 mg peptide) was not appreciably altered even by prolonged sonic treatment.
A survey of primary and secondary keys through a case study

Abstract Two fundamental decisions face the designer of a database under an inverted file data base management system: (1) potential primary/secondary key definition and (2) selection among candidate keys for indexing. Functional dependencies and normalization have been defined as ways to construct potential primary keys. This tutorial paper suggests a set of both primary and secondary key types which has been helpful in developing potential keys. This set and the motivation for it are illustrated from an actual business database application. This application is further used to overview the benefits of a database design tool called ASSIST which evaluates alternative, potential keys.
Identification of a mating type-like locus in the asexual pathogenic yeast Candida albicans

Candida albicans , the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, is thought to lack a sexual cycle. A set of C. albicans genes has been identified that corresponds to the master sexual cycle regulators a1, α1, and α2 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type ( MAT ) locus. The C. albicans genes are arranged in a way that suggests that these genes are part of a mating type–like locus that is similar to the mating-type loci of other fungi. In addition to the transcriptional regulators a1, α1, and α2, the C. albicans mating type–like locus contains several genes not seen in other fungal MAT loci, including those encoding proteins similar to poly(A) polymerases, oxysterol binding proteins, and phosphatidylinositol kinases.
Stafford fault system: Structures documenting Cretaceous and Tertiary deformation along the Fall Line in northeastern Virginia

Four en echelon northeast-trending structures, including southeast-dipping monoclines and northwest-dipping, high-angle reverse faults, have been mapped along the inner edge of the Coastal Plain in northeastern Virginia–an area generally considered to be undeformed. Although displacements are small (15 to 60 m), the structures markedly affect the present distribution and thickness of Coastal Plain sediments. Structure-contour maps on Cretaceous and Paleocene lithostratigraphic units show that the amount of displacement on the structures increases downward, indicating recurrent movement. The major deformation took place in the Cretaceous and the middle(?) Tertiary, but some latest Tertiary or Quaternary movement is possible. The structures, herein named the Stafford fault system, extend for at least 56 km parallel to the Fall Line and the northeast-trending reach of the Potomac estuary. This relationship supports the hypothesis that the Fall Line and major river deflections along it have been tectonically influenced.
Tracking bacterial infection of macrophages using a novel red-emission pH sensor

The relationship between bacteria and host phagocytic cells is key to the induction of immunity. To visualize and monitor bacterial infection, we developed a novel bacterial membrane permeable pH sensor for the noninvasive monitoring of bacterial entry into murine macrophages. The pH sensor was constructed using 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (TCF) as an electron-withdrawing group and aniline as an electron-donating group. A piperazine moiety was used as the pH-sensitive group. Because of the strong electron-donating and -withdrawing units conjugated in the sensing moiety M, the fluorophore emitted in the red spectral window, away from the autofluorescence regions of the bacteria. Following the engulfment of sensor-labeled bacteria by macrophages and their subsequent merger with host lysosomes, the resulting low-pH environment enhances the fluorescence intensity of the pH sensors inside the bacteria. Time-lapse analysis of the fluorescent intensity suggested significant heterogeneity of bacterial uptake among macrophages. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of the bacterial 16 S rRNA gene expression within single macrophage cells suggested that the 16 S rRNA of the bacteria was still intact 120 min after they had been engulfed by macrophages. A toxicity assay showed that the pH sensor has no cytotoxicity towards either E. coli or murine macrophages. The sensor shows good repeatability, a long lifetime, and a fast response to pH changes, and can be used for a variety of bacteria.
Reorientations in the bacteriorhodopsin photoscycle are pH dependent

Chromophore reorientations during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle in the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium have been detected by time-resolved linear dichroism measurements of the optical anisotropy over the pH range from 4 to 10 and at ionic strengths from 10 mM to 1 M. The results show that reorientations in the L and M states of bacteriorhodopsin are pH dependent, reaching their largest amplitude when the membrane is at pH 6–8. Reorientations on the millisecond time scale of unexcited spectator proteins in the native purple membrane also depend on pH, consistent with the suggestion that spectator reorientations are triggered by reorientation of the photoexcited protein. The results imply that a group with a PK(a) of 5 to 6 enables reorientations, and that the deprotonation of a site at pH values above 9 restricts reorientational motion. This suggests that reorientations in M may be correlated with proton release.
On proton-deuteron backward elastic scattering at medium energies (II)

Abstract We examine rescattering corrections to the single nucleon exchange model of backward p-d elastic scattering and find them to be important at all energies. Using realistic deuteron wave functions we conclude that the rise at E p (lab) ∼ 400–600 MeV results from another mechanism, possibly the opening of the p + d → NNN 33 ∗ channel.
Hydraulic properties of soils subjected to aqueous solutions with diesel or ethanol-blended diesel

Abstract Diesel-ethanol blends (“diesohol”) are used or being considered as (automotive) fuel in many countries similar to gasoline-ethanol blends (“gasohol”). Because diesel and ethanol do not mix well, additional emulsifiers or solvents are needed to obtain stable blends. There is concern that the ethanol and additives in diesohol may adversely affect the subsurface quality upon (accidental) release to the subsurface environment because of increased solubility and decreased degradation of other organic compounds. This study deals with the impact on the soil hydraulic properties of an aqueous solution saturated with diesohol compared to that of an aqueous solution saturated with diesel or of plain water. Soil water retention data and the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks were measured in triplicate for two common California soils, of the Vista and Los Osos series, and blasting sand. The retention parameter α (inversely related to air entry) was significantly higher for diesohol compared to plain water (p = 0.02878) and somewhat higher compared to diesel (p = 0.1211). With respect to plain water, the value for Ks was significantly higher in the presence of either diesel (p = 0.04198) or diesohol (p = 0.04648), which was attributed to changes in soil structure. The HYDRUS model was used to simulate water flow as the result of either a constant head or a constant flux condition at the upper boundary of the Vista and Los Osos soils. For the Vista soil, water retention was clearly affected by the presence of ethanol whereas Ks was similar for all three solutions. Higher water contents in the upper soil profile and lower water fluxes to the underground were simulated for the aqueous solution with diesohol compared to the other two solutions. Although there was some change in retention due to ethanol (diesohol) for the fine-textured Los Osos soil, the four-fold increase in Ks for diesel and diesohol compared to the plain solution was far more important for the flow regime and the presence of ethanol did not have a great impact for this soil.
SV-P: An ignored seismic mode that has great value for interpreters

ABSTRACTWe show that SV-P reflectivity closely matches P-SV reflectivity; thus, in concept, an SV-P image should be as informative and as valuable as a P-SV image for seismic interpretation purposes. If the dip of rock layering is not severe, the length of the SV raypath involved in SV-P imaging is approximately the same as the length of the SV raypath in P-SV imaging; thus, the important lithology-sensitive VP/VS velocity ratio determined with SV-P data should be approximately the same as the VP/VS velocity ratio determined with P-SV data. We compare velocities used in P-SV imaging and SV-P imaging to emphasize the equivalence of P-SV and SV-P stacking velocities, and therefore seismic-derived VP/VS velocity ratios, obtained with both converted-wave modes. We compare images of P-SV and SV-P data to illustrate the high-quality images that can be made with a SV-P mode. The SV-P data used in these comparisons are recorded by vertical geophones, whereas the P-SV data are recorded by horizontal geophones. In ...
Coating of silica fibers by ultrafine particles in a flame reactor

Abstract Formation of high surface area fibers by in situ coating of silica fibers with nanosize silica particles in a flame reactor was studied. High surface area fibers have potential for use in fabrication of fiber reinforced ceramics, in high-efficiency filters and in chromatographic bioseparations. Silica (quartz) fibers, about 1 μm in diameter and 100 μm long were suspended in air using a Timbrell-type fiber generator and introduced into a flame reactor. High-temperature oxidation and hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride vapor resulted in the formation of silica aggregates that deposited onto the suspended fibers in the flame. Complete coverage of the fibers by the aggregates resulted in dendritic structures on the fibers as was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of SiCl 4 concentration on the enhancement of the specific surface area of the fibers was investigated. The specific surface area of the fibers was increased by more than 20 times compared to that of the bare fibers. A theoretical model for particle deposition and dendrite growth by coagulation and sintering in the free-molecule regime was proposed and compared with the experimental data.
The imaging process in field ion microscopy

Abstract Imaging by field ionization is a complex process. Only recently has the original concept of field desorption led to high resolution self-imaging of a surface. The better established use of field ionization in field-ion microscopy revealed experimental facts which in existing quantum mechanical discussions of the basic process are still quite incompletely understood. Problematic are the sharply localized origin of the ions a few A away from the metal surface, regional and local brightness features indicating chemical specificity within the b.c.c., f.c.c. and h.c.p. lattice groups of the pure metals, and selective imaging of constituents of alloys. A new aspect of the ionization process was introduced with the discovery, by the atom-probe, of field adsorption of image gas atoms at the apex of the substrate atoms. It is proposed that field ionization probability is greatly enhanced when the electron can tunnel through the intermediate apex-adsorbed atom. This hypothesis is applied to the qualitative explanation of several experimental features.
For K+ channels, Na+ is the new Ca2+

Although K + channels activated by Ca 2+ have long been known to shape neuronal excitability, evidence is accumulating that K + channels sensitive to intracellular Na + , termed K Na channels, have an equally significant role. K Na channels contribute to adaptation of firing rate and to slow afterhyperpolarizations that follow repetitive firing. In certain neurons, they also appear to be activated by Na + influx accompanying a single spike. Two genes encoding these channels, Slick and Slack , are expressed throughout the brain. The spatial localization of K Na channels along axons, dendrites and somata appears to be highly cell-type specific. Their molecular properties also suggest that these channels contribute to the response of neurons to hypoxia.
Glycolysis and phosphate turnover in the human erythrocyte.

Abstract 1. 1. The addition of iodoacetic acid (IAA) or sodium fluoride in concentrations which reduce the rate at which phosphate ions are taken up by human erythrocytes to about one-fifth of the normal rate decreased the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to about 10% of the level in normal blood at the end of 3 hr. The turnover of both the labile and stable P of ATP was significantly reduced by each inhibitor. These facts are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that inorganic phosphate normally enters the erythrocyte by the formation of ATP at the cell membrane. 2. 2. IAA reduced both the concentration of 2,3-DPGA and the turnover of P in this compound. NaF had no statistically significant effect on the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPGA) but depressed the turnover of P in this fraction. These effects were interpreted as additional evidence that 2,3-DPGA is an integral part of the glycolytic cycle of the erythrocyte.
A study of the effect of water management and electrode flooding on the dimensional change of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Water management and flooding play an important role in the performance and durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this study, a dynamic electro-mechanical analysis is performed to examine the performance of a working PEFC during hydration transients and flooding events. Cell resistance is measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the stress/strain characteristics – cell compression and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) dimensional change – are studied using a controlled compression unit (CCU). Ex-situ measurements of membrane thickness as a function of hydration level provide a direct correlation between ionic conductivity and thickness. During initial hydration of Nafion membranes there is a direct relationship between membrane conductivity and dimensional change (swelling) of MEAs. Electrode flooding is found to result in membrane hydration and an increase in stress or strain, depending on the compression mode of the fuel cell. Results suggest that hydration cycles and flooding events can lead to cell degradation due to the stresses imposed.
Anti-Guide Assisted Spatial Soliton Logic Gate

An anti-guiding structure is shown to assist spatial soliton dragging logic gate. A weak beam easily breaks the balanced symmetry of a pump propagating in an anti-guide, allowing very efficient optical switching. More than an order of magnitude improvement over previous spatial dragging gates is possible.
Teaching Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Heritage Language Students: Curriculum Needs, Materials, and Assessment edited by KONDO–BROWN, KIMI, & JAMES DEAN BROWN

The article reviews the book "Teaching Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Heritage Language Students: Curriculum Needs, Materials, and Assessment," edited by Kimi Kondo-Brown and James Dean Brown.
B-DNA structural determination of Na+ counterions at different humidities, ionic concentrations, and temperatures

Seventeen different computer experiments are presented and analyzed. In each experiment a three-turn B-DNA double helix fragment interacts with a variable number of water molecules (from 60 to 1200), with a variable number of sodium ions (from 30 to 63), at one or more temperatures (280, 300, 320 K). The experiments are performed with the Monte Carlo method using quantum-mechanically derived potentials. In the analysis of the experiments we partition the water molecules (and the corresponding interactions) as being either bound or in the first solvation shell or in the groove regions relative to DNA; for the former two cases, the number of water molecules and the water interaction energy are reported for selected atoms or groups of atoms. The entire study is condensed into eight tables. The use of these tables is exemplified by considering, in detail, some of the trends emerging from these experiments. The analyses are complemented by graphical representations presented either to elucidate the very complex pattern of hydrogen bonded water molecules, or to show the statistical distributions of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the water molecules.
A review and evaluation of networking technologies

Abstract The past few years have witnessed some of the major breakthroughs in data communications technologies and services. Most notably, broadband networking (e.g., Asynchronous Transfer Mode), Client/Server Computing, and Personal Communication Systems have revolutionized the field of data communication. These new technologies will have important implications for end-users as well as network managers and administrators. This article presents a review of the new networking technologies and an evaluation of each.
Diagnostic interviewing for family studies: Comparing telephone and face-to-face methods for the diagnosis of lifetime psychiatric disorders.

Family studies require assessment of large numbers of family members, many of whom are geographically dispersed, live in different time zones, are not available during working hours, live in neighborhoods which are unsafe, or do not wish to have attention drawn to them by the presence of an interviewer in their home. For these reasons, telephone interviews are a potentially valuable and economical method. We present a comparison of results from telephone and face-to-face interviews conducted with 435 relatives of 193 probands from a family study. No significant differences were found between telephone versus face-to-face interviewed relatives in rates of RDC or of DSM-III-R diagnoses. Nor were differences found in the length of interviews; number of family history reports completed; or number of relatives requiring consensus diagnoses due to diagnostic disagreement. We conclude that telephone and face-to-face interviews yielded comparable diagnostic information in this family study and that telephone interviewing is an acceptable and valuable alternative method for the diagnosis of lifetime psychiatric disorder in relatives.
Transmission of Ultrasound Through Living Human Thorax

Experiments are described demonstrating the passage of one-mc/sec continuous wave ultrasound through the heart and lungs at power levels of 100 mw/cm2 at the transducer terminals (a total of 1.25 watts). When the sound was directed through the region of the heart, the ultrasound was modulated by the moving intra-thoracic structures in synchronism with the heart beat. The records obtained were modified both by exercise and by amyl nitrite administered to the subject, but remained synchronous with the heart rate. Modulation of the ultrasound did not occur in two warm corpses. Sonic energy at the levels used to traverse the thorax did not affect a simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram. No deleterious effects have been observed on a subject whose heart was irradiated at 1 watt/cm2 and 3 watts/cm2 (totals of 12.5 and 37.5 watts, respectively) applied to transducer terminals at intervals over a period of one year (Appendix I). When continuous wave ultrasound was directed through a lung field clear of the heart, it was found that the attenuation varied 50 db between full inspiration and a lung emptying of 3400 cubic cm (0 db = full inspiration). In addition to direct transmission, sound is scattered throughout the thorax. The mechanics of the ultrasonic phenomena are described.
SEARCH FOR S = 2 BOSON RESONANCES IN THE MASS REGION OF 1.0 TO 3.1 GeV.

Abstract We present results on a search for S = 2 bosons in the final states K + K + ( I = 1), K 0 K + ( I = 1, I = 0) and KKnπ( π ⩾ 1) in a 9 GeV c K + p experiment. No statistically significant evidence for such resonances is observed in the mass region 1.0 to 3.1 GeV. The upper limit for the production cross section of the previously reported S = 2 enhancements at 1050 and 1280 MeV is estimated to be 1.5 and 2.0 μ, respectively.
Protein C deficiency and anticardiolipin antibodies in a family with premature stroke

Anticardiolipin antibodies and, rarely, protein C deficiency have been described in patients with stroke. The familial coexistence of these two prothrombotic defects has not been previously reported. We describe a family with debilitating strokes occurring at an early age in whom both anticardiolipin antibodies and protein C deficiency were found. The propositus and her deceased mother both suffered a stroke at age 50 years. The propositus had both anticardiolipin antibodies and protein C deficiency. After a detailed study of the remainder of the family, the tendency to form anticardiolipin antibodies appeared to be inherited independently of the protein C deficiency. The simultaneous occurrence of these abnormalities in one family suggests that it may be useful to test for both anticardiolipin antibodies and inherited anticoagulant protein deficiencies in patients with unusual or unexplained stroke. The differential expression of both protein C deficiency and anticardiolipin antibody production in various members of the described family may allow insight into the relative contributions of these two prothrombotic abnormalities for the development of thrombotic complications, including stroke.
Exponential Size Lower Bounds for Some Depth 3 Circuits

Exponential size lower bounds are obtained for some depth three circuits computing conjunction using one layer each of gates which compute Boolean functions of low total degree when expressed as polynomials, parity modulo-2 gates, and parity-modulo-q gates, where q is prime. One of these results implies a special case of the constant degree hypothesis of Barrington et al. The lower bounds are obtained from an algebraic characterization of the functions computed by the circuits: it is shown that certain integer multiples of these functions can be expressed as the sum of a lattice element and a function of small value. It is conjectured that this characterization can be used to resolve the constant degree hypothesis.
In Situ Data Biases and Recent Ocean Heat Content Variability

Abstract Two significant instrument biases have been identified in the in situ profile data used to estimate globally integrated upper-ocean heat content. A large cold bias was discovered in a small fraction of Argo floats along with a smaller but more prevalent warm bias in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data. These biases appear to have caused the bulk of the upper-ocean cooling signal reported by Lyman et al. between 2003 and 2005. These systematic data errors are significantly larger than sampling errors in recent years and are the dominant sources of error in recent estimates of globally integrated upper-ocean heat content variability. The bias in the XBT data is found to be consistent with errors in the fall-rate equations, suggesting a physical explanation for that bias. With biased profiles discarded, no significant warming or cooling is observed in upper-ocean heat content between 2003 and 2006.
Charge retention by gold clusters on surfaces prepared using soft landing of mass selected ions.

Monodisperse gold clusters have been prepared on surfaces in different charge states through soft landing of mass-selected ions. Ligand-stabilized gold clusters were prepared in methanol solution by reduction of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) with borane tert-butylamine complex in the presence of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. Electrospray ionization was used to introduce the clusters into the gas phase, and mass selection was employed to isolate a single ionic cluster species (Au11L53+, L = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane), which was delivered to surfaces at well-controlled kinetic energies. Using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), it is demonstrated that the Au11L53+ cluster retains its 3+ charge state when soft landed onto the surface of a 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol self-assembled monolayer (FSAM) on gold. In contrast, when deposited onto 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (COOH-SAM) and 1-dodecanethiol (HSAM) surfaces on gold, the clusters exhibit larger relati...
Impaired reality testing in an animal model of schizophrenia.

Background Schizophrenia is a chronic and devastating brain disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, symptoms reflecting impaired reality testing. Although animal models have captured negative symptoms and cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, none have addressed these defining, positive symptoms. Methods Here we tested the performance of adults given neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL), a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, in two taste aversion procedures. Results Normal and NVHL rats formed aversions to a palatable food when the food was directly paired with nausea, but only NVHL rats formed a food aversion when the cue predicting that food was paired with nausea. The failure of NVHL rats to discriminate fully real from imagined food parallels the failure of people with schizophrenia to differentiate internal thoughts and beliefs from reality. Conclusions These results further validate the NVHL model of schizophrenia and provide a means to assess impaired reality testing in variety of animal models.
Differential adenosine sensitivity in fibroblasts from different age donors.

Abstract The sensitivity of human fibroblasts from different age donors to adenosine induced growth inhibition did not correlate with age and age-related growth characteristics. Fetal fibroblasts (IMR-91) from a 16-week old male fetus, young fibroblasts (GM-316) from a 12-yr were cultured in 50 μg / ml (1.9 × 10 −4 M) to 200 μg / ml (7.6 × 10 −4 M) adenosine and the percent growth inhibition (cytostatis and cytolysis) was determined. Fetal fibroblasts were the most sensitive to adenosine, while young fibroblasts, with similar growth characteristics, were the least sensitive. The young cells exhibited a brief period of cytolysis followed by growth stimulation. Progeroid fibroblasts also exhibited growth stimulation after cytolysis. Middle-age and old fibroblasts exhibited similar adenosine sensitivity but with no growth stimulation. Adenosine induced inhibition of RNA labeling was observed only in fetal fibroblasts. Adenosine sensitivity did not correlate with cellular adenosine deaminase activity. Uridine at a concentration of 200 μg / ml (8 × 10 −4 M) did not significantly relieve adenosine induced growth inhibition in fetal cells.
Water and ion movement across the gas bladder of two physostomous fresh-water teleosts

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence for processes which can control the movement of tissue fluid across the trout gas bladder is presented. 2. 2. Trout gas bladder have a low permeability to water and measurable potentials exist across these structures (3.09 mV in the brook trout and 1.33 mV in the rainbow trout). 3. 3. Potentials are not due to Na+ transport but may be, in part, due to Cl− transport.
Document Delivery and Beyond

Abstract The phrase “document delivery and beyond” leads obviously to the question “beyond what?” This article reviews document delivery's recent past, the current mode of service and finally future visions. Also discussed are how the worlds of document delivery and Interlibrary Loan, two entities so long distinct, have collided and are melding firmly into one another and will pose questions regarding what this joining means to resource sharing in a “document delivery and beyond” arena.
Predictors of Patient Outcomes Following Interactions with Nurses

A research and theory-based model was used to identify outcome predictors of hospitalized patients' perceptions of caring and support by nurses. The model tested the effects of cogent personal characteristics of patients (general level of self-esteem and need for control while hospitalized) on their perceptions of humanistic caring and support from nurses and, in turn, considered the effect of these variables on situational appraisal, coping strategies, psychological distress, and coping effectiveness. The 120 hospitalized adult patients indicated that the moderate amount of humanistic caring they received was beneficial. Several factors influenced caring ratings. Higher positive ratings were received from younger patients; however, people with low self-esteem and those desiring more control over their care or reporting a high degree of pain tended to perceive more threat and psychological distress as a results of their encounters with nurses. Following positive caring experiences with nurses, patients with higher self-esteem levels reported effective coping. Overall, positive caring experiences, along with coping strategies and decreased psychological distress levels, explained 40% of the variance of hospitalized patients' ability to cope effectively following their encounters with nurses.
Frontiers in ATP synthase research: understanding the relationship between subunit movements and ATP synthesis.

How biological systems make ATP has intrigued many scientists for well over half the 20th century, and because of the importance and complexity of the problem it seems likely to continue to be a source of fascination to both senior and younger investigators well into the 21st century. Scientific battles fought to unravel the vast secrets by which ATP synthases work have been fierce, and great victories have been short-lived, tempered with the realization that more structures are needed, additional subunits remain to be conquered, and that during ATP synthesis, not one, but several subunits may undergo either significant conformational changes, repositioning, or perhaps even physical “rotation” similar to bacterial flagella(1,2). In this introductory article, the author briefly summarizes our current knowledge about the complex substructure of ATP synthases, what we have learned from X-ray crystallography of the F1 unit, and current evidence for subunit movements.
Sacred Groves and Local Gods: Religion and Environmentalism in South India

In recent years, environmentalists and scholars of religion have shown an enormous interest in the pan-Indian phenomenon of “sacred groves,” small forests or stands of trees whose produce is set aside for the exclusive use of a deity. This article seeks to contribute to scholarship on sacred groves by considering the meanings that Tamil villagers in the Madurai region attach to them. First, I describe the answers that people give when asked why they do not cut the trees in sacred groves: namely, the trees are the shade-giving temples or beauty-enhancing adornments of the deity. Second, I contextualize local discourse about sacred groves in the environmental and political history of the region to uncover old paradigms that inform present-day beliefs and practices. The forest gods of Tamil Nadu, I argue, are closely modeled on the pālaiyakkārar s (or poligars) of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, fierce local chieftains who formed alliances with, and sometimes defied, generations of rulers seeking to subdue the region. The often violent modes of worship these gods require has evoked considerable criticism, but I believe they have a lot to teach us about how people thrived for centuries in an unusually harsh environmental milieu.
LAVAGE ADMINISTRATION OF EXOGENOUS SURFACTANT IS SUPERIOR TO BOLUS IN MECONIUM INDUCED NONHOMOGENEOUS ACUTE LUNG INJURY IN PIGLETS. † 1813

LAVAGE ADMINISTRATION OF EXOGENOUS SURFACTANT IS SUPERIOR TO BOLUS IN MECONIUM INDUCED NONHOMOGENEOUS ACUTE LUNG INJURY IN PIGLETS. † 1813
A methodology for benchmarking distributed database management systems

A methodology for benchmarking distributed database management systems is proposed. A distributed environment is characterized in terms of the communication costs incurred in data movement between sites, the number of nodes that participate in processing a query and the data distribution scheme used in the network. These three major characteristics form a basis for eight query types that capture the query performance characteristics in the network. It is demonstrated that the performance characteristics of any distributed database management system can be captured by running queries based on these query types. Preliminary results obtained in applying the methodology in a single-user LAN environment are presented. >
Creation of an Ultracold Neutral Plasma

The study of ionized gases in neutral plasma physics spans temperatures ranging from 10 16 K in the magnetosphere of a pulsar to 300 K in the earth’s ionosphere [1]. At lower temperatures, the properties of plasmas are expected to differ significantly. For instance, three-body recombination, which is prevalent in high temperature plasmas, should be suppressed [2]. If the thermal energy of the particles is less than the Coulomb interaction energy, the plasma becomes strongly coupled, and the usual hydrodynamic equations of motion and collective mode dispersion relations are no longer valid [3]. Strongly coupled plasmas are difficult to produce in the laboratory and only a handful of examples exist [4], but such plasmas do occur naturally in astrophysical systems. In this work, we create an ultracold neutral plasma with an electron temperature as low as Te 100 mK, an ion temperature as low as Ti 10 mK, and densities as high as n 2 3 10 9 cm 23 . We obtain this novel plasma by photoionization of laser-cooled xenon atoms. Within the experimentally accessible ranges of temperatures and densities, both components can be simultaneously strongly coupled. A simple model describes the evolution of the plasma in terms of the competition between the kinetic energy of the electrons and the Coulomb attraction between electrons and ions. A numerical calculation accurately reproduces the data. Photoionization and laser cooling have been used before in plasma experiments. Photoionization in a 600 K Cs vapor cell produced a plasma with Te $ 2000 K [5], and a strongly coupled non-neutral plasma was created by laser cooling magnetically trapped Be 1 ions [6]. A plasma is often defined as an ionized gas in which the charged particles exhibit collective effects [7]. The length scale which divides individual particle behavior and collective behavior is the Debye screening length lD. It is the distance over which an electric field is screened by redistribution of electrons in the plasma, and is given by lD p
Through a glass darkly: one scientist's view

Electronic publication, as an alternative to more traditional media, will be adopted by the scientific and engineering community when it meets the needs of that community, when it overcomes the principal problems with conventional publication, and when the electronic option offers more useful capabilities. Certain electronic techniques satisfy the latter criterion. Electronic means provide desirable adjuncts to, but not displacement alternatives for, conventional journal publications.
Antecedents of interpersonal communication motivation

According to Schutz's theory of interpersonal motives and the uses and gratifications perspective, people communicate to gratify felt needs or wants. In this study we examined two main antecedents affecting motives for communicating interpersonally: life‐position and locus‐of‐control. Canonical correlation analysis supported our expectations for a sample of 428 persons: life position indicators were related to interpersonal communication motivation, and interpersonal motivations were congruent with the locus‐of‐control predisposition. We discussed the implications of these findings.
Review of sustainable and renewable energy activities in the state of Qatar

Although seemingly paradoxical, the hydrocarbon-rich countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia) are all engaged in sustainable energy research and initiatives. The reasons are varied and complex, but ultimately the natural resources of oil and gas from which the GCC nations derive most of their wealth are finite. Pollution is a growing concern in the Gulf, and the UAE, Kuwait and Qatar have some of the highest per capita carbon emission rates in the world, primarily from gas flaring and refining, and the proliferation of vehicles without emission controls. Qatar has only recently entered the field of sustainable energy research, and no projects have been fully deployed yet, but the planned R & D agenda is ambitious: aviation biofuels, solar photovoltaics (PV), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), polycrystalline silicon production, and solar desalination.
Diabetes Health Disparities: A Systematic Review of Health Care Interventions

Racial and ethnic minorities bear a disproportionate burden of the diabetes epidemic; they have higher prevalence rates, worse diabetes control, and higher rates of complications. This article reviews the effectiveness of health care interventions at improving health outcomes and/or reducing diabetes health disparities among racial/ethnic minorities with diabetes. Forty-two studies met inclusion criteria. On average, these health care interventions improved the quality of care for racial/ethnic minorities, improved health outcomes (such as diabetes control and reduced diabetes complications), and possibly reduced health disparities in quality of care. There is evidence supporting the use of interventions that target patients (primarily through culturally tailored programs), providers (especially through one-on-one feedback and education), and health systems (particularly with nurse case managers and nurse clinicians). More research is needed in the areas of racial/ethnic minorities other than African Americans and Latinos, health disparity reductions, long-term diabetes-related outcomes, and the sustainability of health care interventions over time.
Photosensitivity in the Sixth Abdominal Ganglion of Decapod Crustaceans: A Comparative Study

The existence of photosensitive neurons in the 6th abdominal ganglion of the crayfish has been known for over forty years. These structures have been considered unique to freshwater crayfish, largely due to their apparent absence in a closely related species, the lobsterHomarus. We have shown that abdominal photoreceptor neurons are widespread in occurrence among other marine decapod crustaceans. In addition to the electrical responses which result from illumination of the 6th ganglion, similarities in the distribution of afferent synaptic input and of the axon location in the nerve cord suggest that these cells are homologous central interneurons.
Nano-enabled synthetic biology

Biological systems display a functional diversity, density and efficiency that make them a paradigm for synthetic systems. In natural systems, the cell is the elemental unit and efforts to emulate cells, their components, and organization have relied primarily on the use of bioorganic materials. Impressive advances have been made towards assembling simple genetic systems within cellular scale containers. These biological system assembly efforts are particularly instructive, as we gain command over the directed synthesis and assembly of synthetic nanoscale structures. Advances in nanoscale fabrication, assembly, and characterization are providing the tools and materials for characterizing and emulating the smallest scale features of biology. Further, they are revealing unique physical properties that emerge at the nanoscale. Realizing these properties in useful ways will require attention to the assembly of these nanoscale components. Attention to systems biology principles can lead to the practical development of nanoscale technologies with possible realization of synthetic systems with cell-like complexity. In turn, useful tools for interpreting biological complexity and for interfacing to biological processes will result.