cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sheep gastrointestinal development in response to different dietary treatments

Physical maturation of the ruminal epithelium has previously been linked to ruminal production of VFA following the initiation of solid feed intake. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of VFA administration and energy intake on sheep gastrointestinal development. Twelve lambs were removed from their dams at birth and trained to nurse on nipple buckets. All lambs consumed milk until 49 d of age and were subsequently assigned to one of four treatments: continued ad libitum intake of milk (M), ad libitum intake of a pelleted lamb starter (F), restricted intake of a pelleted lamb starter (P: paired to the energy intake of M lambs), or continued ad libitum intake of milk replacer plus an oral VFA solution (V; 55.2:36.9:7.2 mmol/100 mmol acetate:propionate:butyrate) via stomach tube to provide 10% of the predicted NEg .A t slaughter visceral organs were removed and separated. Ruminal and intestinal tissues were weighed and intestinal tissue length was determined. Subsections of the rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the colon were used to determine total, epithelial and musculature DM, protein, DNA, and RNA. Data are presented as a percent of empty body weight (%EBW) unless otherwise noted. Both F and P stimulated increases (P<0.05) in rumen mass (2.2320.077 and 2.1260.238 %EBW, respectively), while V treatment did not (0.7610.038 %EBW) in comparison to milk fed animals (0.880.104 %EBW). Small intestinal weights (%EBW) were unaffected by P and F relative to milk fed animals yet increased in V (3.320.982, 2.660.242, 3.1220.354, and 4.0610.158 %EBW for M, P, F, and V, respectively). The ratio of small intestinal length to empty body weight declined (P<0.05) with intake of solid feed and VFA treatment. However, wet weight per unit length of the small intestine was increased by F, P and V above that observed for M. Thus, although VFA treatment at this dose was insufficient to induce normal ruminal development, intestinal physical development was stimulated by oral VFA infusion in developing lambs. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Corticolous Myxomycetes VIII: Trabrooksia, A New Genus

A new genus and species of corticolous Myxomycetes, Trabrooksia applattata, is characterized by its flattened plasmodiocarps and depressed sporangia, glossy to iridescent peridium, limeless fructif...
READ-ONLY Memory (ROM) Trigger Generator for Phase-Controlled Cycloconverters

A trigger generator has been developed that employs READ-ONLY memories (ROM's) and operates with a new approach to the problem of controlling the firing delay angle of cycloconverter SCR's. The circuit centers around a ROM which is addressed by two counters, one of which is cycled in synchronism with the cycloconverter source voltage and the other in synchronism with the cycloconverter output voltage. Then, for every address state, the memory directly specifies which SCR gates are to be triggered. This approach eliminates many analog circuits and results in a smaller, lower cost package that is geared toward high volume use and low maintenance. Also presented is a method for substantially reducing the memory requirements for the case of a 3?-3?4 cycloconverter.
GROWTH REGULATING PROPERTIES OF SOME THIOSEMICARBAZONES.

var. hominis H37Rv. The structure of some of these thiosemicarbazones (table I) is similar in certain respects to the structures of phenylacetic acid and some of its chlorinated oxy derivatives and their hydrazides, of salicylacetone U/ \ _CH:CH?CO-ChY and of dithiobiuret (NH2-CS-NH-CS-NH2), all of which possess pronounced growth regulating properties for some plants (1, 2, 3, 4). Therefore, it seemed of scientific as well as of practical interest to test the potential use in agriculture and horticulture of the thiosemicarbazones which are too toxic for practical chemotherapy of tuberculosis. The physical properties of these substances have been reported previously (?). The growth regulating properties of the thiosemicarbazone derivatives listed in table I have been tested on canes of Thompson seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera), using a technique described previously (7). Briefly, this test involves coating the apical inch of grape cuttings with a paste consisting of Carbowax 1500 in which the drug to be tested is uniformly suspended. Then the cuttings are placed in appropriate vessels with the bases immersed in water or in a solution of potassium nitrate to one and one half or two inches. In the present experiments, each grape cutting consisted of five to six internodes, each cutting received 2 to 2.5 mg. of thiosemicarbazones, and the basal ends of the cuttings were immersed in solutions of KNOs that ranged in concentration from 1 gram per liter to 0.0001 gram per liter. For each level of nitrate, the controls consisted of cuttings treated only with Carbowax 1500. All cuttings were dormant when the experiments began. Five to eight cuttings were exposed to each treatment in each experiment. Most of the thiosemicarbazones tested suppressed in some degree the normal expression of apical dominance in the budding grapevine cuttings. On the control canes the apical buds were the first, and sometimes only, ones to develop leaves. But on treated canes, the thiosemicarbazones frequently 622
Quantitation of Mercury in Petroleum by ETV-ICP-MS

A technique for quantitating soluble and suspended mercurials in petroleum was evaluated as potentially useful for the analysis and screening of crudes and napthas. Crudes and napthas can contain hazardous concentrations of mercury capable of causing the embrittlement of aluminum piping and heat exchange equipment. Electro-Thermal Vaporization (ETV) was used to atomize the sample at 2650°C. The aerosol of this untreated sample was channeled via an argon gas stream into an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The study centers on the alkanes ranging from pentane (C5) to dotriacontane (C32) and reveals trends relevant to the analysis of mixed nonpolar unknowns. The system produces useful sensitivities in the range of C5 to C14 with a detection limit of 3 (±50%) parts per billion in pentane. For carbon mixtures above C14 there was advanced equipment wear and suppression of the analytical signal. This suppression is attributed to changes in the sample transport efficiency and destabilization of the plasma due to a greater energy release for the longer chains. The formation efficiencies of the monovalent ion were considered, and several compounds were investigated. No statistical difference between the burning of diethyl-dithiocarbamate mercury (DEDTC Hg as found in Conostan standards) and elemental mercury as standards was found.
The ground used as energy source, energy sink, or for energy storage

Abstract The energy required to maintain a structure (building, cavity) at constant temperature can be reduced drastically by burying it in the ground or locating it below the ground surface. An exploration of the potential of this idea is performed using simple relations for unsteady heat conduction. It is found that, for example, the U factor describing heat conduction into the ground is less than 10% of the U factor of a well insulated above-ground building. The ground serves also as a heat storage medium for a yearly storage in an under-ground building when temperature fluctuations of a few degrees are accepted in the building and when the heat flux into the ground is the dominating heat loss. For a subsurface building, daily and possibly weekly energy storage can be achieved under the same conditions.
Fabrication of functionally graded reaction infiltrated SiC–Si composite by three-dimensional printing (3DP™) process

Carbon performs have been fabricated using the three-dimensional printing (3DP™) process for reaction-infiltrated SiC–Si composites. Starting with glassy carbon powders of 45–105 μm sizes, the preform was produced by printing acetone-based furfuryl resin binder. The bulk density and open porosity of the resulting preform was 0.6 g cm−3 and 48%, respectively. The binder printing conditions during preform fabrication mostly determined the preform microstructure. Pressureless reactive infiltration of such preforms at 1450°C in nitrogen atmosphere formed a SiC–Si composite with a coarse-SiC grain structure. Some residual carbon remained inside the SiC grains in this reaction bonded SiC–C due to sluggish reactivity of the larger carbon powder particles. Relatively complex-shaped carbon preforms with overhang, undercut, and inner channel structures were produced, demonstrating the capability of the 3DP process. A functionally graded SiC–Si composite was also fabricated, by varying carbon-yielding binder dosage during the preform fabrication, in order to control the spatial SiC concentration within the SiC–Si composite.
Effectiveness of antismoking public service announcements on children's intent to smoke

The authors randomly assigned 5th- and 8th-grade students to 1 of 3 treatment conditions to study the effects of frequency of exposure to an antismoking public service announcement (PSA) on the students' intent to smoke over time. They found that, among younger children only, viewing an antismoking PSA at least once reduced smoking intentions, although these positive effects did not remain over time. However, the antismoking PSA was effective for younger at-risk children. After younger at-risk children viewed the antismoking PSA once, their intent to smoke decreased significantly. Notably, these positive effects remained stable over time and mirrored the smoking intentions of younger children who were not identified as at risk.
Predictors of participation enfranchisement after spinal cord injury: the mediating role of depression and moderating role of demographic and injury characteristics.

Abstract Objectives (1) To examine the mediating effects of depressive symptoms on the relations between employment, grief, depression treatment, and participation enfranchisement after spinal cord injury (SCI); and (2) to examine the moderating role of demographic and injury characteristics, including sex, race, marital status, education, and injury level, and completeness on these relations. Design Cross-sectional survey as part of the Project to Improve Symptoms and Mood after SCI (PRISMS). Setting Rehabilitation facilities. Participants Persons with SCI (N=522; average age, 42y; 76% men; 64% white; 64% completed at least a high school education) enrolled from 2007 to 2011. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Participation enfranchisement. Results The final model fit the data relatively well (comparative fix index=.939; Tucker-Lewis Index=.894; root mean square error of approximation=.066; 90% confidence interval, .043–.089), explaining 32% of the variance in participation enfranchisement. Enfranchisement was positively related to employment and negatively related to depression. Grieving the loss of a loved one and the use of an antidepressant or psychotherapy were related to participation enfranchisement; these relations were mediated by depressive symptoms. Multigroup analyses supported the model's invariance across sex, marital status, severity of injury, and level of injury. Conclusions Depression appears to mediate the influence of employment, grief, and depression treatments on participation enfranchisement after SCI. These relations are applicable regardless of sex, marital status, and injury completeness and level. These findings highlight efforts to improve the detection and treatment of depression in SCI rehabilitation programs that may enhance participation.
EFFECT OF THYROID AND THYROTROPIC HORMONES UPON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (QO2) OF THE THYROID OF THE GUINEA PIG

THE EXPERIMENTS reported in this paper were undertaken to throw light upon the interrelationship between the thyroid and the anterior pituitary glands. Evaluation of the activities of the thyroid and thyrotropic hormones was made upon the basis of observations of the effect of these hormones upon the oxygen con-sumption of guinea pig thyroid in vitro. The oxygen consumption (202) of guinea pig thyroid tissue, when immersed in a medium containing the material to be tested, was measured by means of the Warburg apparatus. Standard technic for this apparatus was employed, that is to say, one hour at 38°C. with 100 agitations per minute. Thyroid glands of guinea pigs were sliced with very fine scissors and distributed among the vessels of a series of manometers in such a fashion that each vessel contained the same number of slices from each individ-ual thyroid gland.
Symmetry versus asymmetry in sexual isolation experiments

Two hypotheses predicting the ancestral or derived status of populations and based on asymmetrical mate discrimination (Kaneshiro, 1976; Watanabe and Kawanishi, 1979) were tested using nine laboratory populations of D. simulans, a highly outcrossed ancestral population, and eight populations derived from it via founder-flush-crash cycles. The data from individual mating tests using pairwise combinations of these populations fit the Kaneshiro hypothesis reasonably well, rejecting the Watanabe-Kawanishi hypothesis. However, more powerful tests rejected the Kaneshiro hypothesis for the data we analyzed. The values for derived females predicted by the Kaneshiro hypothesis were biased: they were consistently high for derived males and consistently low for ancestral males. We propose a hypothesis, based on variation in mating propensities and symmetrical mate discrimination. We assessed the power of Kaneshiro's and our hypotheses to predict the number of matings between derived females and derived males by plotting predicted vs. observed values and fitting these points to the expected line of unit slope passing through the origin. Predictions of our hypothesis explained more of the variance (r2 = 0.87) than predictions of the Kaneshiro model (r2 = 0.63). While asymmetrical sexual isolation undoubtedly occurs between some species, its existence cannot be determined simply by measuring mating frequencies in a single experiment.
Thoughts and feelings: Correlational relationships and cross-situational consistency

The current study was designed to examine: whether cognitions could be reliably classified into affective categories; the correlational relationship between specific cognitions and specific affective states; and the degree of cross-situational consistency in the use of particular cognitions. One hundred and five undergraduates completed a research scale consisting of 10 hypothetical situations followed by a series of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The behaviors were included as part of another project. For each situation, students rated how characteristic or descriptive each thought and feeling was for them. A series of analyses indicated that cognitions could be reliably classified into the affective categories of anger, anxiety, depression, suspiciousness, and rationality. However, very few significant relationships were found between specific cognitions and affective states. Ninety-five percent of the students were cross-situationally consistent in their rating of one or more thought categories. Additionally, a significant relationship (r =.304, p<.02)was found between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the rating of depressed thoughts by the cross-situationally consistent individuals. The results suggest that the relationship between thoughts and feelings is mediated by a number of person- and situation-specific variables. Replication and examination of cognitive-affective relationships in clinical populations are greatly needed.
Prognosis following sustained ventricular tachycardia occurring early after myocardial infarction

Abstract Eighty-seven patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) between 3 and 90 days after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were evaluated to define factors associated with a high risk of arrhythmia recurrence or death. Most patients had poor left ventricular function (mean ejection fraction 29 ± 12%), multivessel coronary artery disease (71%) and inducible sustained VT with programmed stimulation (87%). During a mean followup of 26 months, 36 patients (41%) died and 21 patients had arrhythmia recurrence (with 19 sudden deaths). Factors independently associated With mortality included: (1) treatment before 1981 (p
Global e‐tailing: US consumers' intention to shop for cultural products on the internet

Purpose – Aims to investigate consumers' shopping values and web site beliefs that influence their intention to shop for cultural products.Design/methodology/approach – Uses the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) as a framework to explain the structural interrelationships among internet shopping value, beliefs about the web site, shopping attitude, and shopping intention. A total of 203 persons responded to an invitation to participate in a web survey for the purpose of data analysis.Findings – Consumers' beliefs about the web site, especially with regard to merchandising, both directly and indirectly influenced their intention to shop for cultural products in the future. The proposed model supported the effectiveness of the extended TRA in the context of cultural product shopping on the internet. Overall, the findings confirmed elements of the TRA such as belief structures as determinants of attitudes and attitudes as determinants of behavioral intention.Practical implications – Consumers who shop for cultu...
A Model of Phototaxis and Its Evaluation With Anuran Amphibians

I. We propose a model of phototaxis based on the brightness-intensity function of the eye. Brightness (ψ) is a positive, monotonic function of the physical intensity (I). Electroretinographic studies of the anuran eye show brightness to be a sigmoid curve with intensity (measured logarithmically) - rather than obeying the WEBER-FECHNER Law or STEVENS' Power Law. Brightness-discrimination is best at the inflection-point of the curve (where d2/ψI2 = o). 2. In our model the inflection-point determines the optimum ambient illumination (O.A.I.) for the animal. If ambient illumination is greater than the O.A.L, the animal is photonegative; if less than the O.A.L, the same animal is photopositive. When behaving photopositively, anuran amphibians show a blue color-preference, and when behaving photonegatively show a U-shaged spectral response, which may not involve color vision. When the ambient intensity is at the O.A.L, the animal shows a random response to spectral stimuli. 3. Four factors besides phototactic movements help the eye to maintain its best operating range for brightness-discrimination : (a) visual duplexity, or possession of different kinds of photoreceptor cells with different operating ranges; (b) pupillary responses, which control the amount of light falling on the retina; (c) migration of the pigment-epithelium, which controls the amount of light striking the individual photoreceptor cells; and (d) dark- and light-adaptation of receptor cells, which increase sensitivity in the dark and decrease it in the light. 4. Nine new experiments tested predictions of the effects of stimulus-intensity on phototactic preferences to intensity. Eight sets of results were consistent with the model. The exception was later shown to be due to two factors of uncontrolled variables. 5. Seven new experiments tested predictions of the effects of stimulus-intensity on phototactic preferences to spectral stimuli. All seven sets of results were consistent with the model. 6. Five new experiments and four previously reported experiments tested predictions of the effects of adaptational state on phototactic preferences to intensity. All nine sets of results were consistent with the model. 7. Five new experiments and four previously reported experiments tested predictions of the effects of adaptational state on the phototactic preferences to spectral stimuli. All nine sets of results were consistent with the model. 8. The model shows that species are not classifiable as "photopositive" or "photonegative" because every species shows both kinds of phototactic behavior. The model suggests that the physiological mechanisms for response to intensity and spectral stimuli are intimately related. Furthermore, the model interprets species-differences as due primarily to the intensity of the O.A.L, a set-point that could be under genetic control. We suggest that genetic experiments on the phototaxis of Drosophila would yield higher "heritability" scores if the intensity of the stimuli and the state of the animal's adaptation were brought under experimental control.
Lunar Air Tide

Lunar tides in the oceans are familiar and easy to observe. Lunar tides in the atmosphere also exist, although their recognition is more difficult
Application of a thermal rearrangement reaction to questions of structure of condensed dihydrodiazepinones: The reaction of 2,3-diaminopyridine with ethyl benzoylacetate†

The condensation of an unsymmetrical aromatic diamine with a β-ketoester can afford two theoretically possible dihydrodiazepinone products, differentiation between which is, at best, difficult and laborious. A recently described (3) rearrangement reaction, whereby dihydrodiazepinones are thermally converted into N-substituted imidazolones, has now been applied to the elucidation of structures of ambiguous diazepinone derivatives. By means of the thermal rearrangement method, the diazepinone derivative resulting from the reaction of 2,3-diamino-pyridine and ethyl benzoylacetate, for which structures 1a and 1b are equally plausible, has been definitively characterized as the 2-phenyl-4-one compound, 1a.
The isotopic composition of silver in iron meteorites

Abstract Microgram quantities of silver were extracted from the troilite of Toluca iron meteorite and the metal phases of Sikhote Alin and Canyon Diablo meteorites using anion-exchange techniques. Isotopic analysis of silver in iron meteorites indicates a 2–3 per cent higher Ag 107 Ag 109 ratio relative to the terrestrial silver. If this excess Ag107 is attributed to the decay of the extinct radioactive nuclide Pd107, an unreasonably short interval of time between the end of nucleosynthesis and the formation of iron meteorites is indicated. The silver isotopic anomaly in iron meteorites appears too large to be attributed entirely to Pd107 produced in the galactic synthesis of elements, and may have to be interpreted in terms of a last-minute contribution of some amounts of short-lived radioactivities to the solar nebula, or by postulating that some Pd107 was produced in the solar system in its early stages, after its separation from the galactic nucleosynthesis. In either case, other short-lived radioactive nuclides would be extant in the early history of the solar nebula, and extinct radioactivity as the heat source in the early history of meteorite parent bodies becomes a definite possibility.
Gastric emptying and cholecystokinin in the control of food intake in suckling rats.

Abstract The rate of gastric emptying was determined in three-day old suckling rats. The gastric loads were given by gavage, and, after from 5 to 100 min, emptying was determined by removing the stomach and weighing the contents. Results were expressed as percentage of load still remaining in the stomach at one hour. The gastric loads in increasing order of speed of emptying were 1.0 M Na acetate, heavy cream, 0.5 M NaCl, milk, corn oil, 0.15 M lactose, 0.3 M glucose, 0.15 M NaCl, acidic water, and water. The rate of emptying was compared to the effectiveness in previous experiments of the same gastric loads in depressing intake. There was no significant correlation between rate of gastric emptying of the loads and their effectiveness in producing satiety. The octapeptide of cholecystokinin (80 Ivy dog units or 2.7 μg/kg i.p.) significantly depressed intake (measured as weight gain) of suckling rats of 1 1 2 hours , but the same dose did not slow gastric emptying. These findings indicate that rate of gastric emptying does not determine satiety in the suckling rat.
Energy-efficient asynchronous delay element with wide controllability

This paper proposes an energy-efficient asynchronous tunable delay element architecture, appropriate for low-to high-speed digital applications. The delay is made controllable via control currents. The presented delay cell improves upon the efficient thyristor-like-based circuits in prior art by reusing the charge supplied on one edge of the input during the next edge of the input. Over 50% energy reduction is achieved.
Orientation of Single-Span Transmembrane Peptides Investigated by Independent Solid-State NMR Methods: GALA and PISEMA

Model peptides of the “WALP” family have been shown by deuterium solid-state NMR to adopt small average tilt angles in model membranes; however, molecular dynamics simulations have consistently predicted larger tilt angles. It has been argued that peptide molecular motion could potentially compromise the observed tilt angles deduced from solid-state NMR. It was therefore of interest to employ an independent technique to address the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical methods.Here we report the analysis of the average orientation of single-span transmembrane peptides acetyl-GXALW(LA)6LWLAXA-[ethanol]amide (XWALP23, where X = K or G) in mechanically aligned lipid bilayers using two distinct solid-state NMR methods. GALA (Geometric Analysis of Labeled Alanines) employs the 2H signals of labeled alanine side chains, while the PISEMA (Polarization Inversion Spin Exchange at the Magic Angle) technique is based upon the 15N-1H signals from the peptide backbone. Due to the different angles between the helical axis and the Cα-Cβ or N-H bond vectors, these methods are expected to provide different sensitivities toward the molecular motion.GALA analysis of XWALP23 orientation in DLPC, DMPC and DOPC revealed that both peptides are tilted with respect to the membrane normal, with the magnitude of tilt dependent on membrane thickness (8-17° for KWALP23 and 6-13° for GWALP23). For comparison, PISEMA experiments were performed in DLPC, where the tilt is highest. The results from the two independent NMR methods are similar, with the tilt difference not exceeding 3 degrees (Vostrikov, V. et al. 2008. J Am Chem Soc, 38:12584). Although molecular dynamics simulations have not yet been performed for XWALP23 peptides, such calculations would be of interest for comparison with the experimental results from 2H NMR and 15N NMR, and with existing simulations for WALP19 and WALP23.
Diffusion-limited sulfidation of wustite

The sulfidation of wustite in H2S−H2O−H2−Ar atmospheres has been studied at temperatures of 700, 800, and 900°C with thermogravimetric techniques. Polycrystalline wustite wafers were equilibrated in a flowing H2O−H2−Ar gas stream and then sulfidizedin situ. During an initial transient stage a protective layer of FeS formed on the sample, and an intermediate layer of Fe3O4 formed between the FeO and FeS layers. Subsequently, the reaction followed a parabolic rate law. The parabolic rate constant varied from 0.22×10−2 mg2 cm−4 min−1 at 700°C to 6.5×10−2 mg2 cm−4 min−1 at 900°C. The reaction rate was limited by the diffusion of iron through the intermediate Fe3O4 layer which grew concurrently with the FeS layer and at the expense of the FeO core. After the FeO core was completely converted to Fe3O4, the process entered a passive stage during which no further mass changes could be detected.
Consumer ethics: Moral ideologies and ethical beliefs of a micro-culture in the US

Abstract This study explores the ethical ideologies and ethical beliefs of African American consumers using the Forsyth ethical position questionnaire (EPQ) and the Muncy–Vitell consumer ethics questionnaire (MVQ). The two dimensions of the EPQ (i.e. idealism and relativism), and gender were the independent variables and the four dimensions of the MVQ (i.e. illegal, active, passive and no harm) were the dependent variables. A sample of 283 students from a historically black university was used to explore the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Findings suggested that consumers who scored higher on the idealism scale and lower on the relativism scale were more likely to reject questionable activities. On average, females expressed more willingness to reject questionable activities than males.
Chronic problem wounds of dog limbs

Other dermatoses are capable of affecting the limbs and paws of dogs. One should approach the diagnostic workup of these cases in an organized manner, first obtaining a thorough history and performing a physical examination. A variety of diagnostic tests, including skin scrapings, cytology, fungal cultures, bacterial cultures, hematology, serum biochemical profiles, urinalysis, serology, radiology, histopathology, and direct immunofluorescence testing, may be necessary before a definitive diagnosis is reached. Therapy may be surgical, medical, or a combination of both depending upon the etiologic agent.
A single frame: imaging live cells twenty-five years ago.

In the mid-1980s live-cell imaging was changed by the introduction of video techniques, allowing new ways to collect and store data. The increased resolution obtained by manipulating video signals, the ability to use time-lapse videocassette recorders to study events that happen over long time intervals, and the introduction of fluorescent probes and sensitive video cameras opened research avenues previously unavailable. The author gives a personal account of this evolution, focusing on cell migration studies at the Marine Biological Laboratory 25 years ago. genesis 49:484–487, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Third and fourth order resonances in Hamiltonian systems

The stability of the origin of an autonomous Hamiltonian system is investigated when the system possesses a third or fourth-order resonance.H 2, the quadratic part ofH isH 2=∑n i=1 ω i J i and the resonance condition is ∑n i=1 k i ω i where thek ⩾ 0,i = 1, 2, ...,n are the natural or fundamental frequencies. It is shown that the only case in which the origin can be unstable is ifk i≥0,i=1,2,...,n. The condition for instability is then given in terms of the coefficients of the higher order terms in the Hamiltonian. The transfer of energy between modes is also investigated when a near-resonant condition exists.
Prostaglandin Synthetase in the Human Neonatal Kidney

Summary: Prostaglandins play an important role in renal physiology. We have studied the prostaglandin synthetase system in 10 human newborn kidneys ranging from 22 to 40 weeks of gestation who succumbed within 40 hr postnatally. Slices of medulla and cortex were incubated within 2 hr of death in a medium containing 50 μg arachidonic acid and 50 μCi [3H]arachidonic acid. The incorporation of [3H]AA into prostaglandin (PG)E and PGF was determined at 30-min intervals in medulla and cortex tissue and in the incubation media over 120 min and at 180 min, using silicic acid chromatography and scintillation counting. The study showed that biosynthesis of the primary prostaglandins occurs mainly in the renal medulla as early as 22 weeks of gestation, with the biosynthetic activity increasing concomitantly with advanced gestation. The ratio of PGE to PGF in the medulla and cortex was always greater than 1. The highest ratio was obtained in kidneys from neonates born before 28 weeks of gestation. Because prostaglandins are biosynthesized in the neonatal kidney, it is conceivable that hemodynamic and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis functions of prostaglandins may exist at this very early stage of development. Speculation: Because prostaglandins are biosynthesized early in the development of the neonatal kidney, it is conceivable that hemodynamic and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis functions for prostaglandins might exist at this very early stage of development. Further information into the significance of these findings awaits measurement of age-dependent biologic activity profiles of prostaglandins and their metabolites and prostaglandin-metabolizing enzymes which influence the net production of renal prostaglandins.
Fracture behavior of laminated metal-metallic glass composites

The crack growth behavior of metallic glass in laminated metal-metallic glass composites was investigated and compared to the crack growth characteristics of monolithic metallic glass. The composite arrangement significantly increases the crack growth resistance of the glass. Growth in the monolithic glass is catastrophic, whereas in the composite, it is stable. The behavior is described in terms of crack growth resistance(R) curves and discussed in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to toughness. It is found that an extrinsic factor,i.e., matrix bridging, makes the major contribution to increased crack growth resistance and that a limiting crack opening displacement model interprets the experimental data quite well. Enhanced glass deformation in the crack tip region, manifested by multiple shear band formation, is responsible for the intrinsic toughening observed. Physical models are developed to estimate the level of intrinsic toughening due to this effect.
Human monocyte IL-10 production is increased by acute ethanol treatment.

Abstract Immune alterations after acute ethanol treatment are characterized by abnormal monocyte mediator production and antigen presentation capacity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that some of the regulatory effects of ethanol on monocyte functions are mediated by elevated Mφ IL-10 production. Physiologically relevant in vitro doses of ethanol (25–100 mM) resulted in significantly increased IL-10 secretion by normal blood monocytes after 18 h stimulation. We found that monocyte IL-10 production induced by either ethanol or LPS increased at 10 h, maximized at 18 h and decreased by 40 h post-stimulation. Furthermore, ethanol significantly augmented LPS-induced monocyte IL-10 secretion at 18 h. Data also show that ethanol-induced changes in monocyte IL-10 mRNA levels mirror those seen at the protein levels. Greater IL-10 levels and IL-10 induction by LPS in adherent compared to non-adherent Mφ imply that adherence is an important co-stimulator for IL-10 production in human Mφ. We further showed that cyclooxygenase inhibitor treatment augments Mφ IL-10 production suggesting that elevated PGE 2 (and cAMP) is not necessary for IL-10 induction by ethanol or LPS in isolated Mφ. Finally, our data demonstrate that ethanol-induced elevated Mφ IL-10 contributes to the decreased Mφ TNF-α production seen after acute ethanol treatment. However, observation of an ethanol-induced decrease in TNF-α mRNA as early as 1.5 h after stimulation indicate that ethanol has an additional, IL-10 independent, effect on Mφ TNF-α production. These results suggest that elevated monocyte-derived IL-10 can contribute to the monocyte as well as other immune abnormalities after acute ethanol uptake.
Evidence for the Existence of Activated Molecules in a Chemical Reaction.

It is known that when ozone decomposes rapidly radiation is emitted, part of which at least lies in the visible and ultra-violet. Stuchtey has photographed the spectrum of the radiation using a quartz spectrograph. The radiation is scattered across the visible and extends, well out into the ultra-violet. In particular, the well known bands of ozone in the vicinity of 2450 Angstrom units come in definitely in the spectrum of the luminescence of the decomposition; there is also radiation of still higher frequency extending to approximately 2200A which seems to have been the limit of observation of Stuchtey's work. It is the purpose of this article to give the probable explanation of the emission of this remarkably short wave-length radiation, which, as will be shown, requires for its excitation energy quantities much larger than can be afforded by the ordinary heat of reaction.
TREATMENT WITH INTACT ANTI-B7-1 MAB DURING DISEASE REMISSION ENHANCES EPITOPE SPREADING AND EXACERBATES RELAPSES IN R-EAE

Abstract PLP139–151-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the SJL mouse is a Th1-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by a relapsing–remitting clinical course (R-EAE). Clinical relapses are mediated by T cells specific for a non-cross reactive secondary PLP epitope (PLP178–191) induced by epitope spreading. We have previously shown that B7-1 expression is upregulated in SJL mice undergoing R-EAE and in vivo treatment during remission with F(ab) fragments of anti-B7-1 mAb, blocked epitope spreading and disease progression. In contrast, the present study shows that treatment with intact anti-B7-1 mAb exacerbated clinical disease relapses and enhanced CNS demyelination. Anti-B7-1-treated mice showed enhanced in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the relapse-associated PLP178–191 epitope and responses to the immunodominant MBP84–104 epitope which are absent in the controls. Thus, ligation of B7-1 by intact mAbs has effects opposite to those of anti-B7-1 F(ab) fragments suggesting that the mAb is directly signaling through B7-1 expressed on T cells and/or APCs.
Parent-Child Interaction and Lexical Acquisition in two Domains: Color Words and Animal Names

This paper explores young children’s and parents’ use of color words and animal names in two published studies. The aim is to compare the ranges and kinds of these words in parentchild interaction and to consider the implications of these findings for our understanding of early lexical development. Color term data were drawn from the Gleason corpus in CHILDES: 12 boys and 12 girls ranging in age from 25-62 months, and their parents. Results showed that parents used and emphasized only the same 10 most basic colors, with many teaching episodes. Parents’ most frequent terms, red, blue, and green were also children’s most frequent terms and are the ones acquired earliest according to MacArthur Bates lexical norms. In the second study CLAN programs were used to identify animal names in corpora from a variety of families in CHILDES, with 44 children ranging in age from 1;6-6;2. Children and parents produced a remarkable number and range of animal terms, with individual preschoolers naming as many as 96 different, often rare, animals, such as crocodile and pelican. Parents and children thus attend to the same limited set of basic color terms. By contrast, biophilia, our shared human love of the living world is reflected in children’s extensive animal lexicon.
Functional roles of peptide cotransmitters at neuromuscular synapses in Aplysia

Neuromuscular synapses inAplysia have been used as model systems to study peptidergic cotransmission. Here we describe neuromuscular preparations in which it has been possible to investigate the physiological consequences of peptide transmitter release in detail. In the first preparation, the release of peptide cotransmitters from identified motor neuron B15 has been shown to be sensitive to the pattern of stimulation. High frequencies and long burst durations evoke peptide release that modulates muscle contractions in a manner similar to that produced by exogenous cotransmitter. By contrast, the release of the same peptide transmitters from motor neuron B1 show little dependence on pattern. We conclude that there are no stimulation patterns that are prerequisites for peptide release. Peptide cotransmitter release from motor neuron B47 has also been studied. B47, depending on the stimulation pattern, uses either ACh, which acts as a conventional inhibitory transmitter, or Ach plus neuropeptides, which act as excitatory modulatory cotransmitters. Thus, neuropeptide cotransmitters have the capability to greatly increase synaptic plasticity at neuromuscular synapses.
Role of air changes per hour (ACH) in possible transmission of airborne infections

The cost of nosocomial infections in the United States is estimated to be $4 billion to $5 billion annually. Applying a scientifically based analysis to disease transmission and performing a site specific risk analysis to determine the design of the ventilation system can provide real and long term cost savings. Using a scientific approach and convincing data, this paper hypothetically illustrates how a ventilation system design can be optimized to potentially reduce infection risk to occupants in an isolation room based on a thorough risk assessment without necessarily increasing ventilation airflow rate. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to examine the transport mechanism, particle path and a suggested control strategy for reducing airborne infectious disease agents. Most studies on the transmission of infectious disease particles have concentrated primarily on air changes per hour (ACH) and how ACH provides a dilution factor for possible infectious agents. Although increasing ventilation airflow rate does dilute concentrations better when the contaminant source is constant, it does not increase ventilation effectiveness. Furthermore, an extensive literature review indicates that not every exposure to an infectious agent will necessarily cause a recipient infection. The results of this study suggest a hypothesis that in an enclosed and mechanically ventilated room (e.g., an isolation room), the dominant factor that affects the transmission and control of contaminants is the path between the contaminant source and exhaust. Contaminants are better controlled when this path is uninterrupted by an air stream. This study illustrates that the ventilation system design, i.e., when it conforms with the hypothesized path principle, may be a more important factor than flow rate (i.e., ACH). A secondary factor includes the distance from the contaminant source. This study provides evidence and supports previous studies that moving away from the patient generally reduces the infection risk in a transient (coughing) situation, although the effect is more pronounced under higher flow rate. It is noted that future research is needed to determine the exact mode of transmission for most recently identified organisms.
Myocarditis masquerading as a ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocar- dium with a wide range of clinical presentations, from vague flu-like symptoms to rapidly progressive heart failure. The diagnosis is made histopathologically, with the help of immunohistochemical stains. Myocarditis is classified by specific criteria, and the myocardial biopsy reveals an inflammatory infiltrate with necrosis and/or de- generation of adjacent myocytes. The case of a young woman who presented with a ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is presented. The current literature is reviewed to discuss the approach to evaluation and treatment of suspected myocarditis.
Imaging of cholinergic terminals using the radiotracer [18F](+)-4-fluorobenzyltrozamicol: in vitro binding studies and positron emission tomography studies in nonhuman primates.

The goal of the present set of studies was to characterize the in vitro binding properties and in vivo tissue kinetics for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAcChT) radiotracer, [18F](+)-4-fluorobenzyltrozamicol ([18F](+)-FBT). In vitro binding studies were conducted in order to determine the affinity of the (+)- and (−)- stereoisomers of FBT for the VAcChT as well as sigma (σ2 and σ2) receptors. (+)-FBT was found to have a high affinity (Ki = 0.22 nM) for the VAcChT and lower affinities for σ1 (21.6 nM) and σ2 (35.9 nM) receptors, whereas (−)-FBT had similar affinities for the VAcChT and σ1 receptors (∼20 nM) and a lower affinity for σ2 (110 nM) receptors. PET imaging studies were conducted in rhesus monkeys (n = 3) with [18F](+)-FBT. [18F](+)-FBT was found to have a high accumulation and slow rate of washout from the basal ganglia, which is consistent with the labeling of cholinergic interneurons in this brain region. [18F](+)-FBT also displayed reversible binding kinetics during the 3 h time course of PET and produced radiolabeled metabolites that did not cross the blood-brain barrier. The results from the current in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that [18F](+)-FBT is a promising ligand for studying cholinergic terminal density, with PET, via the VAcChT. Synapse 25:368–380, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Remote Query Resonant-Circuit Sensors for Monitoring of Bacteria Growth: Application to Food Quality Control

This paper presents a technique for in-situ remote query monitoring of bacteria growth utilizing a printed thin or thick-film sensor comprised of an inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant circuit. The sensor, which is placed within the biological medium of interest and remotely detected using a loop antenna, measures the complex permittivity of the medium. Since bacteria growth increases the complex permittivity of a biological medium the LC sensor can be used to determine bacteria concentration. This paper presents results on monitoring of three different bacteria strains, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli JM109, and Pseudomonas putida, demonstrating application of the sensor for monitoring bacteria growth in milk, meat, and beer. Due to its low unit cost and remote query detection, the sensor is potentially useful for commercial scale monitoring of food quality.
Byron, Milton, and Psalms: Sublime Wrath, Poetic Justice

Dans les Psaumes, la violence et les terribles maledictions se trouvent parfois juxtaposes par le biais du langage a quelques-uns des plus beaux passages poetiques en Occident. Un aspect important de cette association est le lien entre le phenomene sublime de la colere de Dieu — dirigee soit vers le narrateur-psalmaudier, soit vers les ennemies de ce dernier — et le droit poetique. Je ferai valoir qu’on retrouve souvent cette dynamique dans les oeuvres de Milton et de Byron, deux auteurs dont la conscience poetique etait imbue des Psaumes. De facon generale, la dette qu’avait Milton a l’endroit des Psaumes a souvent ete soulignee; or, on a largement neglige l’influence de la violence de ces textes sur sa langue. Pour ce qui est de Byron, on a peu etudie ce dernier a cette lumiere, peut-etre parce qu’il fait peu directement reference aux Psaumes. Pourtant, sa poesie regorge de leur influence. Cet article explore, depuis la perspective de la psychologie et du langage sublime des Psaumes, la passion de Milton et Byron pour la justice sociale et la tres forte croyance qu’ils avaient en leurs talents poetiques singuliers.
Indication-based ordering: a new paradigm for glycemic control in hospitalized inpatients.

Background:Inpatient glycemic control is a constant challenge. Institutional insulin management protocols and structured order sets are commonly advocated but poorly studied. Effective and validated methods to integrate algorithmic protocol guidance into the insulin ordering process are needed.Methods:We introduced a basic structured set of computerized insulin orders (Version 1), and later introduced a paper insulin management protocol, to assist users with the order set. Metrics were devised to assess the impact of the protocol on insulin use, glycemic control, and hypoglycemia using pharmacy data and point of care glucose tests. When incremental improvement was seen (as described in the results), Version 2 of the insulin orders was created to further streamline the process.Results:The percentage of regimens containing basal insulin improved with Version 1. The percentage of patient days with hypoglycemia improved from 3.68% at baseline to 2.59% with Version 1 plus the paper insulin management protocol,...
Childhood abuse and loss in the lives of low-income women

About 700,000 cases of physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect are substantiated each year, making childhood maltreatment a common form of trauma in the histories of adults. We summarize the literature on the consequences of child maltreatment across the lifespan, agreeing with those researchers who see maltreatment as a public health problem. We examine low-income women's perceptions of the impacts of childhood abuse on their adult experiences through 19 life narratives collected during 2008. Using a theoretical lens of Hobfoll's Conservation of Resources, we discuss themes of loss and developmental stress in women's experiences of childhood maltreatment. We conclude with implications for professionals and case managers working with low-income women, suggesting that assessment for childhood maltreatment is an important aspect of supporting low-income women and their families on the road to self sufficiency. Language: en