cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food insecurity among women of reproductive age in Nepal: prevalence and correlates.

Food insecurity is widely prevalent in certain sections of society in low and middle-income countries. The United Nations has challenged all member countries to eliminate hunger for all people by 2030. This study examines the prevalence and correlates of household food insecurity among women, especially Dalit women of reproductive age in Nepal. Data came from 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that included 12,862 women between 15 and 49 years of age of which 12% were Dalit. Descriptive analysis was used to assess the prevalence of household food insecurity while logistic regression examined the relationship between women’s ethnicity and the risk of food insecurity after accounting for demographic, economic, cultural, and geo-ecological characteristics. About 56% of all women and 76% of Dalit women had experienced food insecurity. Ethnicity is strongly related to food insecurity. Dalit women were most likely to be food insecure, even after accounting for factors such as education and wealth. They were 82, 85, 89 and 92% more vulnerable to food insecurity than Muslims, Brahmin/Chhetri, Terai Indigenous, and Hill Indigenous populations, respectively. Education was a protective factor—women with secondary education (6th to 10th grade) were 39% less likely to be food insecure compared to their counterparts without education. With a more than 10th grade education, women were 2.27 times more likely to be food secure compared to their counterparts without education. Marriage was also protective. Economically, household wealth is inversely correlated with food insecurity. Finally, residence in the Mid-Western, Far-Western and Central Development regions was correlated with food insecurity. To reduce food insecurity in Nepal, interventions should focus on improving women’s education and wealth, especially among Dalit and those residing in the Far- and Mid-Western regions.
How Do We Know What the Visitor Knows?: Learning from Interpretation.

This paper presents a number of ideas for readers interested in finding what visitors learn from interpretation. First, some ideas from basic research in different fields of psychology promise appl...
CEO Machiavellianism and Strategic Alliances in Family Firms

In this study, we build on upper echelons theory and insights from psychology to suggest that CEO Machiavellianism is manifested in the alliance behaviors of family firms. Specifically, we argue th...
S-(−)-Oleocanthal as a c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and its application to synergize targeted therapies and prevent breast cancer recurrence

Abstract Breast cancer (BC) represents the second most cancer killer in the United States after lung cancer. The Mediterranean extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO)–rich diet reduces the incidence of breast and colon cancers. S-(−)-Oleocanthal (OC) is a natural phenolic occurring in EVOO. HGF/MET pathway, a validated major OC molecular target, is involved in escaping the therapeutic effects of multiple targeted and chemotherapies and initiating aggressive and recurrent BC. The intake of OC in EVOO over human history and the lack of other safe therapeutic alternatives qualify this bioactive natural product for long-term translational use to synergize with targeted and chemotherapies and prevent c-MET-dependent BC recurrence in patients and survivors. The use of OC as a first-in-class anti-BC c-MET inhibitor has numerous advantages including cost-effectiveness, with its sustained plant supply, and a readily scalable preparation procedure and ease of its use as a nutraceutical without the need for Food and Drug Administration approval.
Paul Capital and Project U: Secondary Sales of Private Equity Stakes

At a time of market turmoil, a university investment manager wants to unload the school's entire private equity portfolio; yet no public market exists, so the assistance of a partner at a PE firm is sought. This case provides an introduction to a range of secondary transactions and the valuation challenges that arise. Excerpt UVA-F-1626 Rev. Oct. 10, 2011 PAUL CAPITAL AND PROJECT U: SECONDARY SALES OF PRIVATE EQUITY STAKES Fall 2008 was a period of unprecedented market turmoil. Day after day, the headlines reported large declines in stock prices as waves of selling hit the market. Following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September, the S&P 500 had declined more than 50% from its 2007 high. Hedge funds were hit with redemption requests, causing them to liquidate securities. Even the hallowed halls of academia did not escape the carnage. Following the lead of Harvard and Yale over the previous decade, university endowments had aggressively increased their allocations to private equity (PE) and other so-called alternative investments. While these investments had often produced impressive returns, the previously favorable view of the sector quickly soured. As the value of the investments fell, they could not be easily sold because no public market existed for them. Further, investors in PE funds faced prospective capital calls that required them to put up additional capital. With cash in short supply, universities and other limited partners (LPs), facing budget pressures and investment losses, looked to unload their stakes in private equity. It was in this context that Patrick Derry, a partner at Paul Capital, had been contacted in November 2008 by an investment manager at Rhodes University seeking to sell its $ 162 million commitment to private equity. Derry had a good relationship with the investment manager and knew that the endowment was an LP with high-quality interests in PE funds. Because of his relationship and Paul Capital's reputation, this would be an exclusive deal to purchase the entirety of the endowment's holdings, if agreement could be reached on terms. In November, the investment committee at Paul Capital had authorized proceeding with “Project U” and had given the go-ahead for the first phase of due diligence. In February 2009, with the first and follow-up phases of due diligence completed, Paul Capital was nearing completion of a final offer to present to the endowment's investment committee. After investing nearly three solid months of work on the deal, Derry recalled, “It's often difficult to truly judge the seller's motivation. In this case, given what happened in the fall, we felt pretty good about the university's need to sell, but all that can change once a seller sees the size of the discount.” . . .
The ecosystem of apps and software integrated with certified health information technology.

Objective This study: 1) characterized the app market by EHR app gallery and type of app; 2) tracked changes in the EHR app galleries from the end of 2019 through 2020; and 3) examined how apps connect to EHR data systems, and if the apps support the HL7 FHIR standard. Materials and methods We developed a program that gathered data from the public app galleries hosted by Allscripts, athenahealth, Cerner Corporation, Epic Systems Corporation, and SMART. Data collection for this study began in December 2019 and ended December 2020. The program was run 11 times during this period, and the data collected were used to generate the findings and trends observed in this study. Results The total number of unique apps increased from 600 to 734 during the study period. The most common types of apps marketed were intended for administrative (42%) and clinical use (38%). About 1 in 5 apps (22%) described support for the FHIR standard. Support for FHIR varied by intended functionality and gallery. Discussion This study provides early insights into the number of third-party apps that are connecting to EHRs, what services they provide, and if these connections use standards-based application programming interfaces (APIs). Conclusion It is a federal government priority to improve the access and use of electronic health information, including third-party apps that can introduce competition as well as best-of-breed functions and user experiences. This study shows that there is room for growth, and variation exists among some of the largest EHR developers.
Interstitial Cystitis: New Concepts in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a disorder of the lower urinary tract that causes symptoms of pelvic pain and/or urinary frequency. Often mistaken for other urologic or gynecologic disorders, it is a gradually progressive disease that may affect as many as 1 in 4.5 women, as well as a significant number of men. IC has been considered difficult to detect because of its variable presentation and the lack of a generally accepted set of criteria for diagnosis. In recent years, however, significant advances have been made in the understanding of this complex and surprisingly common disorder.
Instrumentation for Process Control in Cell Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the instruments and measurement techniques used by the fermentation industry. It assesses the potential of these and other emerging techniques for use in cell culture. An important step in the development of an instrument system is the selection of the quantities to be measured. The choice generally depends upon the overall aim of the project and the nature of the biological system that is utilized. Instrumental methods can be classified into two general categories: offline and on-line. The cultivation of anchorage-dependent mammalian cells is one of the main problems in the large-scale production of cellular products and virus vaccines. A primary difficulty is of providing large, accessible surfaces for cell growth. A number of techniques proposed as means of solving this problem include the roller bottle, the multiplate propagator, the spiral plastic film bottles, the artificial capillary propagators, and the membrane tubing reels.
The DUCTOR: a theory revision system for propositional domains

This paper presents the theory revision component of an integrated learning system called the DUCTOR. This component is capable of repairing imperfect domain theories by generalizing and/or specializing the rules responsible for incorrect classifications of examples. These repairs are made so as to minimize the changes to the original domain theory that will make the theory consistent with the set of examples. The theory revision system has been tested on a real-world medical domain theory, with very good results.
Fluvial Erosion and Federal Public Policy in the Navajo Nation

A long-standing debate among scientists, environmental managers, and makers of federal public policy has centered on the causes and cures of rapid erosion on the Navajo Indian Reservation (Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah). Federal and tribal policies that address erosion problems have not accounted for the importance of climatic change because supporting data were unconvincing and because of a national preoccupation with the soil conservation-overgrazing relationship. Political and economic concerns in Southern California have influenced hydrologic and geomorphologic research in the Colorado River Basin and the reservation because of interest in irrigation and hydroelectrical power development associated with Hoover Dam. Preliminary analysis of recently developed hydrologic and climatic records shows that adjustments in southwestern regional climate directly affected fluvial processes through variation in surface moisture conditions as measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Variation in the index ov...
The Law-Free Zone and Back Again

The decade since 9/11 has seen three phases in the government’s approach to the legal aspects of detainee policy in the "war on terrorism." First, the Bush administration attempted to create a "law-free zone" in which it could deal with suspected terrorists free of legal restraint or interference by the other branches of government. After every rebuff by the Supreme Court the administration responded by seeking the "least-law alternative" and to that end invented new forms of adjudication: military commissions as substitutes for criminal trials, summary military tribunals to authorize indefinite detention without charge, and short-cut alternatives to traditional habeas procedures. In the second phase, the Obama administration made significant progress toward its stated goal of returning to the rule of law in the national security arena — in particular, by announcing the closure of Guantanamo, the end of the military commission system, and a commitment to using the federal courts to prosecute terrorists.The third phase began roughly with the return of the House of Representatives to Republican control in the 2010 elections. Congress employed its appropriations power to limit and then to foreclose the President’s ability to transfer detainees from Guantanamo, thus making it impossible to close the controversial detention center or to prosecute detainees held there in federal court, and forcing military commissions to resume. During the same period, the D.C. Circuit issued a series of decisions that effectively reversed the Supreme Court’s habeas decisions of 2004 and 2008. The Supreme Court’s failure to review these decisions has left detainees with essentially no meaningful opportunity to win release.This Article reflects on these developments, the Obama administration’s often surprisingly effective responses, and where detainee policy is likely to go next.
NUMERICAL AERODYNAMIC SIMULATION (NAS)

The history of the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Program, which is designed to provide a leading-edge capability to computational aerodynamicists, is traced back to its origin in 1975. Factors motivating its development and examples of solutions to successively refined forms of the governing equations are presented. The NAS Processing System Network and each of its eight subsystems are described in terms of function and initial performance goals. A proposed usage allocation policy is discussed and some initial problems being readied for solution on the NAS system are identified.
Efficient and Adaptive Lagrange-Multiplier Methods for Nonlinear Continuous Global Optimization

Lagrangian methods are popular in solving continuous constrained optimization problems. In this paper, we address three important issues in applying Lagrangian methods to solve optimization problems with inequality constraints. First, we study methods to transform inequality constraints into equality constraints. An existing method, called the slack-variable method, adds a slack variable to each inequality constraint in order to transform it into an equality constraint. Its disadvantage is that when the search trajectory is inside a feasible region, some satisfied constraints may still pose some effect on the Lagrangian function, leading to possible oscillations and divergence when a local minimum lies on the boundary of the feasible region. To overcome this problem, we propose the MaxQ method that carries no effect on satisfied constraints. Hence, minimizing the Lagrangian function in a feasible region always leads to a local minimum of the objective function. We also study some strategies to speed up its convergence. Second, we study methods to improve the convergence speed of Lagrangian methods without affecting the solution quality. This is done by an adaptive-control strategy that dynamically adjusts the relative weights between the objective and the Lagrangian part, leading to better balance between the two and faster convergence. Third, we study a trace-based method to pull the search trajectory from one saddle point to another in a continuous fashion without restarts. This overcomes one of the problems in existing Lagrangian methods that converges only to one saddle point and requires random restarts to look for new saddle points, often missing good saddle points in the vicinity of saddle points already found. Finally, we describe a prototype Novel (Nonlinear Optimization via External Lead) that implements our proposed strategies and present improved solutions in solving a collection of benchmarks.
How do image statistics impact lossy coding performance

It has been observed (Saha and Vemuri, 1999) that when we compress a variety of images of different types using a fixed wavelet filter, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values vary widely from image to image. This large variation in PSNR by as much as 30 dB, can only be attributed to the nature and inherent characteristics of the image, since everything else is fixed. In this paper, we analyze the set of test images to determine the features in the images that may cause the coding performance variations. It is shown that most of the gray-level image features do not have any direct effect on the coding performance, and image activity measure is the only feature that has a correlation with the PSNR value.
The Effect Of National Board Certification On Burnout Levels In Educators

Abstract Teacher retention has become a major issue facing policy makers as our nation's school-age population continues to grow while the teaching workforce continues to decline because of attrition and an aging workforce. Common reasons cited by teachers for leaving the profession can also be linked to burnout. This study examined burnout levels in a specific subset of teachers—those who achieved certification by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS). The potential benefits to teachers who pursue NBPTS certification include professional pride, recognition of outstanding teaching practice, new leadership roles and responsibilities, and higher salaries (Shapiro 1995). Some of these potential rewards seem to address a number of the factors that are related to the onset of burnout, and therefore may not only alleviate burnout but also impact retention rates. The study found that National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) demonstrated significantly lower levels of burnout in two of it...
Theoretical results on the tandem junction solar cell based on its Ebers-Moll transistor model

A one-dimensional theoretical model of the tandem junction solar cell (TJC) with base resistivity greater than about 1 ohm-cm and under low level injection has been derived. This model extends a previously published conceptual model which treats the TJC as an npn transistor. The model gives theoretical expressions for each of the Ebers-Moll type currents of the illuminated TJC and allows for the calculation of the spectral response, I(sc), V(oc), FF and eta under variation of one or more of the geometrical and material parameters and 1MeV electron fluence. Results of computer calculations based on this model are presented and discussed. These results indicate that for space applications, both a high beginning of life efficiency, greater than 15% AM0, and a high radiation tolerance can be achieved only with thin (less than 50 microns) TJC's with high base resistivity (greater than 10 ohm-cm).
The role of the enzyme in the succinate-enzyme-fumarate equilibrium

The following is an account of an investigation into the role of the enzyme in the succinate-enzyme-fumarate equilibrium. The method consisted in the comparison of the value of the free energy change in this reaction obtained from oxidation-reduction potentials, with that calculated from the entropies and other physicochemical properties of succinic acid and fumaric acid.
Nonhormonal explanations for sex discrepancy in human illness

Autoimmune illnesses have sex ratios that range from 10:1 female predominant to 1:3 male predominant. Potential genetic/chromosomal explanations include differences in X and Y chromosome genes, mutations or deletions of sex chromosomes, skewed inactivation of X chromosome genes, and gene imprinting. The latter may reflect epigenetic environmentally induced differences between the sexes. In addition, environmental exposure differences may explain sex differences in disease incidence. Pregnancy adds its own set of differences that may change susceptibility to autoimmune illnesses. Biological sex differences in immune function, especially those induced by sex hormones, are less likely explanations of sex differences.
Destination management in the South Bohemian region.

For a healthy development of tourism and all activities in the frame of this industry in the region it is necessary to harmonize the incomes and all effects of this branch with the quality of life of the local people and the aspects of environment protection. The guests require a certain level of service difference and variety, which could not be financed only by the locals. The negative aspects of mass tourism e.g. transport pollution and seasonal price increase, must be balanced by positive sides of tourism. For this task it is necessary to find a complex solution of this situation - destination management.
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccines against cancer: the Memorial Sloan Kettering experience.

Passively administered and actively induced antibodies have been associated with the eradication of circulating tumor cells and micrometastases in mice and humans. We have identified a series of cell surface carbohydrate and peptide antigens on melanomas, sarcomas, and cancer of the breast, prostate, ovary, and lung tissues. We found that breaking tolerance toward these tumor antigens was best achieved using vaccines containing antigens chemically conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) plus a potent immunological adjuvant (QS-21). To date, by using this approach to vaccination, antibodies have been induced in patients against glycolipid . antigens GM2, GD2, GD3, Fucosy1GM1, Globo H, and Lewis Y, and glycoprotein (mucin) antigens Tn, sialyl Tn, TF, and MUCL More recently, in a comparative study we investigated the T cell response induced by MUC1-KLH conjugates. Although a MUC1-specific T cell response was not consistently detected in any patient, the role of KLH in orienting the cytokine environment was crucial. We were able to confirm that KLH in these conjugate vaccines induces a Th1 T cell response as demonstrated by the high anti-KLH INF-7 secretion and the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses of this high titer IgG antibodies induced. Clinical trials using KLH conjugated glycolipid and glycoprotein vaccines, are currently ongoing. These range from phase I/II single antigens trials with glycosilated MUC1, polysialic acid, synthetic Fucosyl GM1 and GD2, to phase II trials with a polyvalent vaccine containing six or seven antigens. Randomized phase 11 trials with polyvalent vaccines are planned for initiation in 2001–2002 in patients with ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer.
Heuristic estimation of electromagnetically tracked catheter shape for image-guided vascular procedures

ABSTRACT In our previous work we presented a novel image-guided surgery (IGS) system, Kit for Navigation by ImageFocused Exploration (KNIFE). 1,2 KNIFE has been demonstrated to be e ective in guiding mock clinical proce-dures with the tip of an electromagnetically tracked catheter overlaid onto a pre-captured bi-plane uoroscopicloop. Representation of the catheter in KNIFE di ers greatly from what is captured by the uoroscope, dueto distortions and other properties of uoroscopic images. When imaged by a uoroscope, catheters can bevisualized due to the inclusion of radiopaque materials (i.e. Bi, Ba, W) in the polymer blend. 3 However, inKNIFE catheter location is determined using a single tracking seed located in the catheter tip that is representedas a single point overlaid on pre-captured uoroscopic images.To bridge the gap in catheter representation between KNIFE and traditional methods we constructed acatheter with ve tracking seeds positioned along the distal 70 mm of the catheter. We have currently investigatedthe use of four spline interpolation methods for estimation of true catheter shape and have assesed the error intheir estimation of true catheter shape. In this work we present a method for the evaluation of interpolationalgorithms with respect to catheter shape determination.Keywords: Image-guided surgery, shape estimation, vascular procedures, catheters
Electrochemically generated CaCO3 deposits on iron studied with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Calcium carbonate was preferentially electrodeposited onto the relatively high pH surface of an iron electrode held at highly reducing potentials in a CaCl2+NaHCO3 solution. Solution composition, temperature and additives influenced the structure and composition of the calcium carbonate deposit. The conditions that produce the three major crystalline phases (aragonite, vaterite and calcite) along with unstructured phases of calcium carbonate have been identified with FTIR spectroscopy. The use of Raman spectroscopy was also investigated as an in situ detection method for monitoring the calcium carbonate deposition process. The results demonstrate the applicability of an electrochemical method for producing controlled calcium carbonate deposition from solution.
CNDO studies on nonplanar conformations in somecis- andtrans-polybenzobisoxazoles and polybenzobisthiazoles

While essentially rigid in the axial direction, the rod-like polymerscis- andtrans- polybenzobisoxazole (PBO) and polybenzobisthiazole (PBT) do exhibit conformational flexibility with respect to rotations about the bonds between alternating phenylenes and heterocyclic groups. Since preparation of high-strength materials from these polymers requires a high degree of alignment, this flexibility should be important in this regard. CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations were therefore carried out to obtain the conformational-energy profiles of related model compounds. Thecis- andtrans-PBO models prefer the coplanar conformation while the barrier to the perpendicular conformation is about 8.4 kJ mol−1. Thetrans-PBT model prefers0 = 20° with barriers to the coplanar and perpendicular conformations of about 2.1 and 25.0 kJ mol−1, respectively. iModel compounds ofcis-PBT are bowed in the crystalline state. The bond-strain energies apparently responsible for bowing are estimated by comparing the CNDO/2 energy of the observed “bowed” molecule to that of a ficticious planar form. The “bowed” form is more stable by a large amount, indicating that in-plane bond-angle and bond-length distortions are not sufficient to relieve bond strain. Bowing hence appears to be a necessary alternative to these mechanisms for relieving the considerable strain within the planar form.
Continuous determination of nitrate concentrations in situ

Abstract A submersible chemical analyser (Scanner) was used to measure nitrate concentrations in situ to depths of nearly 2000 m. Nitrate anomalies with a vertical span of 5 m can be detected at lowering rates up to 40 m min−1. The nitrate concentrations measured in situ are in good agreement with hydrographic data collected by conventional means at the same location. The relative standard deviation of the analyses performed in situ is ±0.79%. The method can be easily extended to most other colorimetric analyses.
On the risk of mortality to primates exposed to anthrax spores

Current events have heightened the importance of understanding the risks from inhalation exposure to small numbers of spores of Bacillus anthracis. Previously reported data sets have not been fully assessed using current understanding of microbial dose response. This article presents an assessment of the reported primate dose-response data. At low doses, the risk to large populations of low doses of inhaled spores (e.g., < 100) is not insignificant.
Strong magnetic surface anisotropy of ultrathin Fe on curved Pt(111)

We investigate the step decoration growth and magnetic properties of Fe grown on a curved Pt(111) single crystal by means of low-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and the surface magneto-optical Kerr effect. We find that the step-induced magnetic anisotropy enhances the Curie temperature of Fe ultrathin films. Fe grown on high-vicinal-angle surfaces has larger values of both the saturation magnetization ${M}_{s}$ and coercivity ${H}_{c}$ compared with the flat surface. ${M}_{s}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ increases quadratically with the vicinal angle $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The atomic steps of the vicinal surface greatly affect the magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe films. Finally we find that the step-induced surface anisotropy ${K}_{s}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{4}$. The surface anisotropy of Fe on curved Pt(111) substrate is related to the numbers of atoms at the step edges and the polarization of proximal Pt atoms.
Alleyway paper flooring as a locus of nondifferential components of reward and nonreward odors

The locus of discriminable differences in conspecific odors arising from rewarded (R) and nonrewarded (N) trials administered to rats in a straight alleyway was examined by collecting the paper flooring from the alleyway after a squad of donor rats had received R or N. Paper flooring was also collected after a different squad of donors, with no history of alleyway R and N, merely walked on the paper. Different test rats were trained to discriminate between one of these kinds of alleyway paper and clean paper, and then each test rat was successively shifted through two more discriminations involving each of the other kinds of alleyway paper and clean paper. Results indicate that all of the alleyway papers retained olfactory components, which were discriminable from clean paper, and that interchanging the kinds of alleyway paper produced little disruption of discrimination. Implications for the volatility and nondifferential nature of components captured on the paper are discussed.
The Weak-Link Approach to the Synthesis of Inorganic Macrocycles.

Homobimetallic macrocycles are prepared from flexible ligands in high yield by means of a new and general synthetic strategy called the "weak-link approach" [Eq. (a)]. Small aromatic molecules can be aligned inside the cage based on their interactions with the two Rh centers of the macrocycle.
Probability, Personality, Age, and Risk Taking

Summary Male and female college (n = 22) and high school (n = 18) students were presented information concerning probability and were also measured on the personality variables of independence of judgment, response set, Machiavellianism, and open-mindedness. An investigation of the risky shift phenomenon revealed that an understanding of probability did not vitiate the shift toward greater risk. Age was shown to be functionally related to risk taking, the teen years showing greater proclivity for risk than later years. Independence of judgment emerged as a powerful predictor of initial risk; Machiavellianism bore no relationship to risk taking. Both of these findings concerning personality variables were at odds with earlier work. An interpretation of contextual interaction was advanced as a possible explanation.
The Causes and Consequences of Feminist Consciousness among Western European Women

Using data from the 1983 Euro-Barometer survey, this article examines the extent, determinants, and consequences of feminist consciousness among Western European women. The results indicate a surpr...
6S RNA Regulation of pspF Transcription Leads to Altered Cell Survival at High pH

6S RNA is a highly abundant small RNA that regulates transcription through direct interaction with RNA polymerase. Here we show that 6S RNA directly inhibits transcription of pspF, which subsequently leads to inhibition of pspABCDE and pspG expression. Cells without 6S RNA are able to survive at elevated pH better than wild-type cells due to loss of 6S RNA-regulation of pspF. This 6S RNA-dependent phenotype is eliminated in pspF-null cells, indicating that 6S RNA effects are conferred through PspF. Similar growth phenotypes are seen when PspF levels are increased in a 6S RNA-independent manner, signifying that changes to pspF expression are sufficient. Changes in survival at elevated pH most likely result from altered expression of pspABCDE and/or pspG, both of which require PspF for transcription and are indirectly regulated by 6S RNA. 6S RNA provides another layer of regulation in response to high pH during stationary phase. We propose that the normal role of 6S RNA at elevated pH is to limit the extent of the psp response under conditions of nutrient deprivation, perhaps facilitating appropriate allocation of diminishing resources.
Cytodifferentiation and synaptogenesis in the neostriatum of fetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys

Cytodifferentiation and synaptogenesis in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) were analyzed by the Golgi impregnation method and electron microscopy in 14 fetuses and 8 postnatal rhesus monkeys. During the second fetal month the neostriatum consists primarily of simple, mostly bipolar, immature cells and a small number of undefined profiles ending with growth cones. The first morphologically defined synapses appear in the putamen at embryonic day 60 ( E60 ) and in the head of the caudate nucleus at E65 . Synaptic density in both structures is less than one per 1000/micron2 of neuropil at this stage; synapses are characterized by asymmetric junctions between axonal profiles and immature dendritic shafts, accumulation of an intermembrane web and aggregation of round clear vesicles in presynaptic profiles. During the third fetal month neuronal cell bodies and glial cells enlarge, and axonal and dendritic processes in Golgi preparations become more complex. Although the basic morphology of synapses remains unchanged, their density increases to 9/1000 micron2 in the putamen and 3.7/1000 micron2 in the caudate. During the fourth fetal month the four principal cell classes of the neostriatum emerge. Spines on the shafts of dendrites are followed closely by the appearance of axospinous synapses. Synaptic density in the putamen is still significantly higher (10.1/1000 micron2) than in the caudate (5.4/1000 micron2), but by the end of the fifth fetal month ( E150 ) it is the same (80/1000 micron2) in both structures. A dramatic increase in synaptic density to 125/1000 micron2 occurs before term ( E165 ) with the emergence of the first asymmetric synapses as well as symmetric synapses with flat or pleomorphic vesicles that terminate predominately on dendritic shafts. Synaptic density continues to increase after birth, reaching a plateau of approximately 190/1000 micron2 at the end of the first postnatal month. Throughout postnatal development the proportions of symmetric and asymmetric synapses on the smooth dendritic shafts undergo systematic fluctuations which may reflect the ingrowth of various afferents as well as local cytological differentiation including the formation of cellular compartments.
Propranolol induced alopecia

Abstract A patient developed diffuse patchy alopecia following propranolol therapy. This was reproduced by re-challenge with the drug. The alopecia demonstrated the criteria for telogen effluvium.
Chronic lung disease of prematurity: A short history

Chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is commonly considered to be a consequence of assisted ventilation. However, prior to the description in 1967 of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), following ventilator therapy for respiratory distress syndrome, Wilson-Mikity syndrome (WMS) had been described in very preterm infants on minimal oxygen supplementation. In the 1970s and 1980s, many infants treated with assisted ventilation required prolonged mechanical ventilation after developing radiographic features of coarse infiltrates, severe hyperinflation, and microcystic changes, associated with hypercarbemia and the need for increased inspired oxygen concentrations. Some infants died and showed evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive bronchiolitis, and dysplastic change. The role of supplemental oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, and the immaturity of the lung have long been considered important in the etiology of CLD/BPD. More recently, the role of inflammation (particularly antenatal exposure to cytokines) and individual susceptibility (genetic predisposition) have assumed greater etiologic importance. The historical setting into which corticosteroid treatment for BPD was introduced is also discussed. After the licensing of exogenous surfactant to treat RDS in the early 1990s and more widespread use of prenatal corticosteroids in the mid-1990s, severe BPD became an unusual event. Gradually, the diagnosis of CLD, still often referred to as BPD, was based on an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. However, it is not clear that this 'new BPD' is substantially different from WMS. It is difficult to make prognostications about long-term lung function of these infants based on oxygen 'requirement' at 36 weeks, since supplemental oxygen is frequently used unnecessarily.
Life near the Roche limit - Behavior of ejecta from satellites close to planets

A study of the dynamics of nearby debris from impact craters was made to explain the distinctive features seen on Phobos, Deimis, and Amalthea. The planetary tides and satellite rotation were considered, and the usual pseudo-energy (Jacobi) integral was numerically calculated in the framework of a restricted body problem where satellites are modelled as triaxial ellipsoids rather than point masses. Iso-contours of this integral show that Deimos and Amalthea are entirely closed by Roche lobes, and the surfaces of their model ellipsoids lie nearly along equipotentials. Presently, the surface of Phobos overflows its Roche lobe, except for regions within a few km of the sub-Mars and anti-Mars points. The behavior of crater ejecta from the satellites of Mars were also examined by numerical integration of trajectories for particles leaving their surfaces in the equatorial plane.
Vitamin K Status and Bone Health: An Analysis of Methods for Determination of Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin*

Recent studies suggest that fracture risk is associated with increased undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Methods use differences in binding of undercarboxylated and fully carboxylated osteocalcin to hydroxyapatite or barium sulfate. We evaluated these methods and found that results varied with the amount and preparation of the salts. Furthermore, patient samples with differing amounts of total osteocalcin could not be directly compared. Errors in the determination of undercarboxylated osteocalcin were minimized by expressing data as the percent of the total osteocalcin in the sample, and correcting for the basal level of osteocalcin using a polynomial equation derived from multiple binding curves. Errors from 5-15% in estimation of undercarboxylated osteocalcin were observed without both of these corrections. When differing types of assays were employed (RIA, intact, N-terminal), results also were affected. In normal adults and children and in patients on long-term warfarin therapy, the percent osteocalcin not bound to hydroxyapatite was lower when measured with an intact assay than by a polyclonal RIA. Differences were related to the amount of N-terminal osteocalcin fragments, which had low affinity for hydroxyapatite and resulted in variable overestimation of undercarboxylated osteocalcin. In a kit specific for uncarboxylated osteocalcin, we found good discrimination between carboxylated and uncarboxylated intact osteocalcin. However, the assay detected large osteocalcin fragments and overestimated their concentration by up to 350%. Values for uncarboxylated osteocalcin were not different in patients on coumadin compared with normal adults with this kit, but when normalized to the total intact osteocalcin, percent uncarboxylated osteocalcin was greater in patients on coumadin than in controls, as would be expected. Kit values for uncarboxylated osteocalcin in normal children were higher than intact values in the same subject, because of the increased reactivity of the kit toward circulating fragments that were elevated in children. Thus, for estimation of undercarboxylated osteocalcin, care must be taken to standardize the hydroxyapatite or barium sulfite used for binding, to correct for the basal level of osteocalcin in the sample, to use immunoassays that do not detect small fragments, and to express the results as the percent of the total osteocalcin in the sample. Without these precautions, the assessment of undercarboxylated osteocalcin is not reliable.
TEN “QUICK AND DIRTY” COST‐CUTTING STRATEGIES FOR YOUR LIBRARY

In today's high tech environment, it is far too easy to sit back and complain about all the money that it takes to run a library and far more difficult to do anything about it. Gone are the days of the library whose costs consisted mainly of books, librarians, and buildings. Few people today, even fewer librarians, really understand the complexity of this small “city” of workers and the related costs required to run today's library. Computer systems, CD‐ROM towers, bar‐code readers, video tapes, these are the materials of today's library.
Pattern distortion of the stencil reticle caused by stress of silicon membrane and resist on the reticle

Silicon stencil reticle has been developing for the EB stepper, which is the electron beam projection lithography system for 70nm node generation and beyond. The reticle distortion is affected by stress such as silicon membrane stress and resist stress on a reticle in their fabrication. To analyze pattern distortion using finite element method (FEM), the image placement (IP) and the critical dimension (CD) errors of the stencil reticle were measured at every step of reticle fabrication processes. It was found that the resist stress is the key factor of IP error in the membrane process. In the wafer process, the IP errors are mainly related to silicon membrane stress. IP and CD errors of 200mm stencil reticle in both processes are discussed using FEM. The calculation results show CD errors are caused by the stress of silicon membrane. Moreover, it is discussed that CD error depends on pattern shape and density even on the stress-controlled reticle blanks.
A Non-Conforming Approximate Solution To A Specially Orthotropic Axisymmetric Thin Shell Subjected To A Harmonic Displacement Boundary Condition

Abstract In this paper an approximate closed form solution is developed to a specially orthotropic axisymmetric cylindrical thin shell subjected to a harmonic boundary condition. Modified Love-Timoshenko equations that model a shell forced by a longitudinal harmonic boundary condition at one end and grounded by a mechanical spring and damper at the other are used to formulate this boundary value problem. The shell equations and the boundary conditions correspond to a tension-dependent shell testing configuration with a longitudinal shaker at one end and a rope termination at the other. The approximate steady state closed form solution to the boundary value problem is then constructed, resulting in the equations of motion in the longitudinal and circumferential directions. It is shown that the circumferential motion of the shell is driven by the longitudinal motion. When the closed form solutions derived here are compared to finite element results for the thin shell problem, very close agreement is observed. However, the closed form solution has the advantage of being computationally more efficient than the finite element analysis. Additionally, the effects of the system parameters are explicit to the closed form solution and only implicit to the finite element solution.
Stability of Autism Spectrum Disorders Symptoms over Time

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) were initially studied only in early childhood. However, as the field saw a dramatic increase in interest and research productivity, the focus continued to expand across the life span. A second critical development has been early intervention and speculation regarding recovery. For these and other reasons, stability of core symptoms of ASD and concomitant behavior problems and syndromes across time has become a topic of considerable interest. In this paper, the extant literature on symptom stability in ASD over time is discussed. What we know and areas for future research are reviewed and critiqued.
The Use of Level 3 PSA for the Integrated Leakage Rate Test Interval Relaxation in Korea

Containment structure testing is intended to assure the leak-tight integrity of the containment structure under all design basis conditions. In Korea, ILRT testing frequency for PWR-type plants had been 1 every 5 years following the requirements of operating license. However, the utility had performed more frequently ILRT than the requirements due to the refueling outage of 18 months. The feasibility study of reducing the frequency of ILRT from 1 every 5 years to 1 every 10 years was performed with the method of performance-based containment leak-test program (NUREG-1493). To verify the justification of relaxation of test frequency, two activities were conducted. First, the recent 3 periods experiences of containment leakage-rate test were reviewed. And, Level 3 PSA for Ulchin Units 3 &4 as pilot plants was performed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
BACTERIAL CELL SHAPE

Bacterial species have long been classified on the basis of their characteristic cell shapes. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and maintenance of bacterial cell shape remain largely unresolved. The field has recently taken an important step forward with the discovery that eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins have homologues in bacteria that affect cell shape. Here, we discuss how a bacterium gains and maintains its shape, the challenges still confronting us and emerging strategies for answering difficult questions in this rapidly evolving field.
Characterization of optical nonlinearity in specially prepared photorefractive lithium niobate samples

A model for beam propagation through a nonlinear material that takes into account inhomogeneous induced refractive index changes due to the nonlinearity is first developed. The theory based on this model can be used to analyze the propagation of Gaussian beams through photorefractive lithium niobate. A focused Gaussian beam of circular cross-section incident on the sample emerges as an elliptic Gaussian after interaction in this material. We observe that the value of the nonlinearity coefficient derived from a z-scan of photorefractive lithium niobate compares favorably with that found by varying the power P of a Gaussian beam focused at a fixed longitudinal position within the sample and monitoring the far-field beam ellipticity. We use the value of the nonlinearity coefficient to determine the donor to acceptor ratio of dopants in photorefractive lithium niobate samples. We show how our theory can be extended to include two species of impurities in the photorefractive material.
Circuit reorganization in Ara-C-treated cerebellar cultures chronically exposed to picrotoxin

Organotypic cerebellar cultures derived from neonatal mice were exposed to the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine arabinoside, or to cytosine arabinoside plus picrotoxin, an anti-GABA agent that increased neuronal activity, for the first five days in vitro. The group treated with cytosine arabinoside alone was subsequently maintained in standard nutrient medium, while the group exposed to both cytosine arabinoside and picrotoxin was continuously maintained in medium with incorporated picrotoxin. Granule cells were destroyed and astrocytes were functionally compromised in both culture groups, and both groups exhibited Purkinje cell axon collateral sprouting, with projection of sprouted inhibitory terminals to unensheathed Purkinje cell somata and to Purkinje cell dendritic spines in equal numbers. Spontaneous cortical discharge rates were the same in both groups, and antidromic stimulation of Purkinje cell axons induced inhibition of cortical activity. These results differed from those of a previous study in which chronic exposure of otherwise untreated cerebellar cultures to anti-GABA agents increased the complement of inhibitory terminals on glially ensheathed Purkinje cell somata and resulted in a reduction of spontaneous cortical discharge rates. These differences were attributed to the failure of picrotoxin (1) to alter the plastic changes consequent to exposure to cytosine arabinoside, in which Purkinje cells had excess inhibitory projections, and (2) to extend inhibitory synaptogenesis in a system in which inhibitory synapse development was already enhanced.