cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MARS: A Multi-Attribute Routing and Scheduling Algorithm for DTN Interplanetary Networks

The Interplanetary Network (IPN) or the Interplanetary Internet is a network composed of interconnected space objects, which are in turn connected to mission control stations on the surface of Earth. The IPN is our only portal to the deep space, and yet it has been relatively sparse, until recently. With the ongoing and the planned missions to the outer space, the Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) based network infrastructure will require more scalable routing and scheduling algorithms. In this paper, we propose the first Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for message routing and scheduling in the IPN using Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) principles. Based on this model, we propose a novel MADM-based algorithm called Multi-Attribute Routing and Scheduling (MARS) algorithm. This algorithm uses a sliding window of size $n$ to schedule the first $n$ messages in the buffer based on multiple attributes. After finding the optimal schedule for these messages (in terms of delivery rate), they are routed using our proposed Dijkstra-based routing algorithm. We use an existing MADM technique, PROMETHEE II, and consider the four main attributes of a message: size, priority, time to live (TTL), and time in buffer (TiB). Finally, we run multiple simulation experiments in order to test the performance of the proposed MARS and show that MADM coupled with scheduling and routing in IPN delivers at least three times more messages than a previously proposed technique, the Contact Graph Routing (CGR), while significantly reducing the average end-to-end delay and overhead.
Fundamentals of Auditing Financial Reports

Audits are independent examinations of the records of an organization to ascertain how far the financial statements present a true picture of the firm and that accounting systems are well-controlled, legal, and accurate. Auditing has become such a ubiquitous phenomenon in the world that academics have chronicled the transition to “Audit Societies.” The early twentieth century saw the standardization of auditors’ tests and reporting. Statistical sampling and computer tools to conduct statistical samples and opinions based on them are an integral part of modern auditing. This chapter surveys the state of the profession and what the twenty-first century auditor needs to know.
Using Embedding Diagrams to Visualize Curvature

We give an elementary treatment of the curvature of surfaces of revolution in the language of vector calculus, using differentials rather than an explicit parameterization. We illustrate some basic...
Music education for social change: constructing an activist music education

In Music Education for Social Change: Constructing an Activist Music Education, Juliet Hess has a two-fold aim, (1) to present research on 20 activist-musicians from a range of cities across the U....
GenBio-MAPS as a Case Study to Understand and Address the Effects of Test-Taking Motivation in Low-Stakes Program Assessments.

The effects of test-taking motivation on student behaviors and performance on the GenBio-MAPS program assessment were analyzed. Filtering recommendations that GenBio-MAPS administrators can use to ...
Utilization of ECMO in vascular surgery: A presentation of two cases.

Abstract Introduction Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a form of temporary mechanical circulatory support commonly used during cardiothoracic interventions. Malperfusion during complex vascular procedures remains a significant risk that may potentially lead to multiple complications. Here, we report two cases highlighting the efficacy of VA-ECMO in both planned and emergent vascular interventions. Presentation of case In our first case, VA-ECMO was used to support an 82-year-old male during a high-risk thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Our second case details an emergent pulmonary embolectomy in which VA-ECMO was used as a bridge to cardiopulmonary bypass. In both cases, the procedures were well-tolerated, and the patients were discharged 17 days postoperatively. Discussion VA-ECMO has been increasingly used as a form of post-operative circulatory support following cardiothoracic and vascular interventions. However, only few instances of perioperative VA-ECMO use have been reported in the field of vascular surgery. Conclusion The presented cases highlight that the perioperative use of VA-ECMO may be a viable modality for required perfusion during complex planned or emergent vascular procedures.
Capitalizing on the messenger: Intra-tumoral delivery of RNA with a systemic effect.

As reported recently in Science Translational Medicine, intra-tumoral administration of mRNAs that encode four cytokines formulated in saline mediates regression of injected and distant murine tumors. The anti-tumor effect, which is also seen in the anti-PD-1-resistant setting and enhanced by checkpoint blockade, is mediated by tumor-specific T cells and natural killer cells.
Abstract 1634: A novel small molecule inhibitor of IRE1alpha reverses endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Over two-thirds of all breast cancer patients are estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+). However, almost 50% of all ER+ breast tumors do not respond or respond and later fail on endocrine therapy. Resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical problem and advanced ER+ breast cancer is largely an incurable disease. The mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapy remain unclear. We have reported that the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress-induced cellular adaptive mechanism, acts as a switch controlling the balance between cell death and cell survival in response to these therapies. UPR is activated by three molecular sensors: IRE1alpha, ATF6, PERK. Several components of the UPR, including IRE1alpha, are up-regulated in endocrine resistant cells. We now report a novel small molecule inhibitor of IRE1alpha: N-(4-Phenoxy-phenyl)-2-(5-pyridin-3-yl-2H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)-acetamide (NPPTA). We show that NPPTA interacts with IRE1alpha in vitro and can decrease IRE1alpha protein levels. NPPTA treatment alone inhibits cell proliferation in antiestrogen resistant ER+ breast cancer cells more effectively than in sensitive cells, and in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Normal breast epithelial cells are unaffected by NPPTA. In addition, NPPTA and TAM synergistically inhibit cell proliferation in TAM resistant breast cancer cells. NPPTA's activities are associated with induced G1 cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis/necrosis, and inhibition of anti-apoptotic signaling. Targeting IRE1alpha may be a new and effective strategy to reverse endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Citation Format: Ayesha N. Shajahan-Haq, Jacqueline Smith, Siva Dakshanamurthy, Difei Wang, Ahreej E. Eltayeb, Milton L. Brown, Robert Clarke. A novel small molecule inhibitor of IRE1alpha reverses endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1634. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1634
Geocerthia , a new genus of terrestrial ovenbird (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

The avian genus Upucerthia was until recently considered to consist of nine species (Sibley and Monroe 1990, Dickinson 2003, Remsen 2003) of mainly terrestrial ovenbirds, commonly known as earthcreepers. Recent molecular studies of the genus (Chesser et al. 2007, Fjeldsa et al. 2007) indicated that Upucerthia, as traditionally constituted, was highly polyphyletic, its nine species apparently belonging to four distinct lineages. Four species of Upucerthia – albigula, jelskii, validirostris, and the name-bearing species dumetaria – formed a well-supported clade sister to Cinclodes (Chesser et al. 2007, Fjeldsa et al. 2007). Of the five other species of Upucerthia, U. andaecola and U. ruficaudus formed a clade with Eremobius phoenicurus and Chilia melanura, all of which were subsequently transferred to the genus Ochetorhynchus (Chesser et al. 2007, Fjeldsa et al. 2007). Upucerthia harterti and U. certhioides formed a distinct clade and were placed in the newly erected genus Tarphonomus (Chesser and Brumfield 2007). The position of the final species, U. serrana, was not well resolved, although it appeared to form part of a clade including the genera Cinclodes and Upucerthia sensu stricto (Chesser et al. 2007, Fjeldsa et al. 2007).
John Ray's Cambridge Catalogue (1660)

John Ray, John Ray's Cambridge Catalogue (1660) trans. and ed. by P.H. Oswald and C.D. Preston. (Ray Society Series, vol. 173) London: Ray Society, 612 pp. £75.00. ISBN 0–903874–43–1; ISBN 978–0903...
Alpha-adrenergic blocking activity of prazosin. Effect on catecholamine levels and catecholamine synthetic enzymes.

Abstract Prazosin, a new antihypertensive agent, was demonstrated to be an effective and long lasting α-blocker. In comparison with phenoxybenzamine, prazosin caused a similar hypotensive response but failed to induce tachycardia. Both drugs depleted the norepinephrine content and stimulated an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the adrenal gland. Also, the norepinephrine content of the heart was decreased by chronic administration of each drug. Cardiac dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity, although decreased by phenoxybenzamine, was unchanged by prazosin. The effect of prazosin on heart rate and cardiac dopamine-beta-hydroxylase differs from the traditional α-blockers and could reflect the affinity of the drug for the postsynaptic alpha-receptor.
Superior hypogastric sympathectomy for the relief of pain associated with endometriosis.

T HE importance of superior hypogastric sympathectomy for the relief of primary and acquired dysmenorrhea has been emphasized recently in reports by Duncan1 Tucker,* Ingersoll and Meigs,3 and Browne.4 We have been interested in the use of this procedure primarily for the relief of pain associated with pelvic endometriosis and herewith we present our results in a series of 30 patients so treated at the St. Margaret Memorial Hospital during the years 1946 to 1951, inclusive, Follow-up studies were available on all, the postoperative period at the time of this writing ranging from six years to seven months. Our series, although small, comprises the’largest number of cases we have found in the literature to date, in which the importance of presacral neurectomy as a part of the conservative surgical management of endometriosis is emphasized.
Sri Lankan Prehistory Revealed

Book reviewed in this article: The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective. S. U. Deraniyagala. Memoir Volume 8, Parts 1 and 2. Sri Lanka: Department of Archaeological Survey, 1992. 813 pp.
The Effects of Prenatal Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Preterm Birth and Neonatal Outcomes

Objective To examine the relationship between prenatal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, preterm birth and immediate neonatal outcomes by measuring maternal hair nicotine.
CHASE 2 : rule based chase algorithm for information systems of type λ

A rule-based chase algorithm (called Chase2), presented in this paper, provides a strategy for predicting what values should replace the null values in a relational database. When information about an object is partially incomplete (a set of weighted values of the same attribute can be treated as an allowed attribute value), Chase2 is decreasing that incompleteness. In other words, when several weighted values of the same attribute are assigned to an object, Chase2 will increase their standard deviation. To make the presentation clear and simple, we take an incomplete information system S of type λ as the model of data. To begin Chase2 process, each attribute in S that has either unknown or incomplete values for some objects in S is set, one by one, as a decision attribute and all other attributes in S are treated as condition attributes. Assuming that d is the decision attribute, we take a subsystem S1 of S by selecting from S any object x such that d(x) ≠ NULL. Now, the subsystem S1 is used for extracting rules describing values of attribute d. In the next step, each incomplete slot in S which is in the column corresponding to attribute d is chased by previously extracted rules from S1, describing d. All other incomplete attributes in a database are processed the same way. This concludes the first loop of Chase2. The whole process is recursively repeated till no more new values can be predicted by Chase2. In this case, we say that a fixed point in values prediction was reached.
Predicting and Improving Recognition Memory Using Multiple Electrophysiological Signals in Real Time

Although people are capable of storing a virtually infinite amount of information in memory, their ability to encode new information is far from perfect. The quality of encoding varies from moment to moment and renders some memories more accessible than others. Here, we were able to forecast the likelihood that a given item will be later recognized by monitoring two dissociable fluctuations of the electroencephalogram during encoding. Next, we identified individual items that were poorly encoded, using our electrophysiological measures in real time, and we successfully improved the efficacy of learning by having participants restudy these items. Thus, our memory forecasts using multiple electrophysiological signals demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of using real-time monitoring of the moment-to-moment fluctuations of the quality of memory encoding to improve learning.
The Family Conference in Oncology: Benefits for the Patient, Family, and Physician

The family conference (FC) is a forum for communication with both the patient and family to discuss essential information about medical, educational, and psychosocial needs. It ensures appropriate decision-making, which is integral to comprehensive cancer care. Inclusion of the family creates opportunities and challenges. The main opportunities are for the family to share support for the patient and collaborate with the medical team. This can ease adaptation throughout the illness course with better adherence to recommended treatment plans and greater satisfaction with medical care. The challenge is to manage communication to evolve understanding when treatment outcomes are not curative, and to meet the medical information and psychosocial needs of the patient and family. The FC aim is to give the family confidence by: (1) providing a calm discussion and understanding the illness and treatment; (2) offering a sense of safety that patient's goals will be balanced by the impact on the family caregivers; (3) affording the opportunity to connect and sustain each other; (4) sharing hope and mutual empathy; and (5) maintaining self-efficacy to manage their needs. Using the FC to discuss the plan of care and at the same time assisting the family to process the impact of the illness optimizes benefit for the patient, family, and physician.
MODULATION OF MURINE HEPATOCYTE APOLIPOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY CYTOKINES.† 760

Disease states characterized by reticuloendothelial activation are associated with disordered lipoprotein metabolism. Apo A-I is the major apolipoprotein of high-density lipoproteins and is a cofactor for cholesterol esterification. Apo E is important in the receptor-mediated clearance of remnant lipoproteins. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cytokine treatment on cultured murine hepatocyte apo A-I and E synthesis and secretion. Primary murine hepatocytes were incubated for 48 hrs in the presence of 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) or IL-6 (n=4 wells for each cytokine). During the terminal 4 hrs of the incubation, apo A-I and E secretion and cell content were determined by ELISA assay. Apolipoprotein synthesis and degradation over this same period were analyzed by steady-state and pulse-chase35 S-methionine radiolabelling, followed by cell homogenate and culture medium apolipoprotein immunoprecipitation, SDS PAGE, and autoradiography. Apo A-I cellular content was reduced after IL-1 and IL-6 treatment by 40%(p<0.001) and 50% (p<0.001), respectively, and secretion was reduced 67%(p<0.001) by TNF-α treatment, as compared to controls. Radiolabelling studies revealed a decrease in apo A-I synthesis with TNF-α incubation, paralleling the decrease in secretion. Apo E cellular content was reduced after TNF-α and IL-6 treatment by 35% (p<0.04) and 33% (p<0.03), respectively, and secretion was reduced 40% (p<0.002), 41% (p<0.001), and 41% (p<0.001) by TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 incubation, respectively. Apo E synthesis was reduced by incubation with all three cytokines, again paralleling the changes in secretion. The rate of apo A-I and E degradation was not changed by incubation with any of the cytokines. We conclude that the predominant cytokines secreted by activated Kupffer cells modulate hepatocyte apo A-I and E secretion by inducing changes in apolipoprotein synthesis, not degradation.
Evaluation of sponging and of oral antipyretic therapy to reduce fever

A controlled clinical study compared the effectiveness of sponging with tepid water, ice water, and equal parts of 70 per cent isopropyl alcohol and water in addition to orally administered acetaminophen to reduce fever in children. More rapid reduction of fever was demonstrated when sponging was combined with the oral antipyretic drug. Sponging with ice water or with alcohol in water were equally effective and significantly superior to sponging with tepid water; however, sponging with tepid water afforded significantly better comfort during the sponging procedure.
Extrapolation Technique for Long Term Bit Error Rate Determination

An extrapolation method is presented for determination of characteristic curves of long term bit error rate (BER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for digital communication equipment. The method is to obtain a single reliable data point at a BER of 10-4 or 10-5 and then to draw a theoretically shaped curve through this reference. The technique is validated by both theoretically and experimentally demonstrating that variations of the internal anomalies that contribute to bit errors in digital communications receivers cause the BER curves to shift laterally, but that the curves retain their characteristic shape. Use of this extrapolation method can reduce test time by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude.
Scaling properties of faults and their populations

Abstract Faults are natural shear fractures which while active and growing are the source of seismicity and deformation within the brittle upper crust of the earth, and when dead are the relicts of past such deformation. Results are now conclusive that fault growth is a self-similar process in which the total geological slip scales linearly with fault length with a proportionality constant typically ≈10 −2 . More limited data also suggest linear scaling with fault length of the process zone size, and consequently, fracture energy. These observations, as well as the characteristic slip profiles of faults, are broadly consistent with a Dugdale-Barenblatt type elastic-plastic model of crack propagation. The scaling parameters are not universal but depend on rock properties. Secondary fault structures, such as the width of the cataclasite zone and of the process zone wake, the zone of enhanced brittle deformation surrounding the fault, also exhibit linear scaling with fault length and slip. Fault populations have often been found to be fractal, exhibiting a power law fault size distribution. Similar observations have been made for the scaling laws governing veins and joints. The primary difference is that the proportionality constant between aperture and length is ≈ 10 −3 , about a tenth that of faults, reflecting the lower strength of rock in tension than in shear.
Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): A review

Penaeid shrimp aquaculture is an important industry in the Americas, and the industry is based almost entirely on the culture of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Western Hemisphere shrimp farmers in 14 countries in 2004 produced more than 200,000 metric tons of shrimp, generated more than $2 billion in revenue, and employed more than 500,000 people. Disease has had a major impact on shrimp aquaculture in the Americas since it became a significant commercial entity in the 1970s. Diseases due to viruses, rickettsial-like bacteria, true bacteria, protozoa, and fungi have emerged as major diseases of farmed shrimp in the region. Many of the bacterial, fungal and protozoan caused diseases are managed using improved culture practices, routine sanitation, and the use of chemotherapeutics. However, the virus diseases have been far more problematic to manage and they have been responsible for the most costly epizootics. Examples include the Taura syndrome pandemic that began in 1991-1992 when the disease emerged in Ecuador, and the subsequent White Spot Disease pandemic that followed its introduction to Central America from Asia in 1999. Because of their socioeconomic significance to shrimp farming, seven of the nine crustacean diseases listed by the World Animal Organization (OIE) are virus diseases of shrimp. Of the seven virus diseases of penaeid shrimp, five are native to the Americas or have become enzootic following their introduction. The shrimp virus diseases in the Americas are increasingly being managed by exclusion using a combination of biosecurity and the practice of culturing domesticated specific pathogen-free (SPF) stocks or specific pathogen-resistant (SPR) stocks. Despite the significant challenges posed by disease, the shrimp farming industry of the Americas has responded to the challenges posed by disease and it has developed methods to manage its diseases and mature into a sustainable industry.
Apparent Limitations Of Phase Retrieval Method

Many phase retrieval problems cannot be readily solved with the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. In some cases no solution may exist. In all cases where the implied phase error is large, the algorithm partially converges to a phase afflicted with branch points and then seems unable to eliminate them, although the true phase cannot have branch points.
Competition between crystallization and dewetting fronts in thin polymer films

We investigate the competition between dewetting and crystallization fronts in thin polymer films where the velocities of these fronts are modulated by varying the temperature from a low temperature regime, where crystallization dominates, to a high temperature regime, where dewetting is more rapid and dominates the film structure. Specifically, thin films of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) on n-octyldimethylchlorosilane (ODS)-treated substrates are investigated as a model system exhibiting this general phenomenon. Structure formation at low temperatures is dominated by polycrystalline spherulitic structures that nucleate at random positions within the plane of the film, but at intermediate temperatures, where the crystallization and dewetting are strongly coupled, dewetting occurs preferentially at the grain boundaries between the spherulites. We term this phenomenon crystallization-induced dewetting (CID) and provide evidence that it arises from the high stresses at the spherulite grain boundaries that accompany local volume changes of the polymer material upon crystallization. CID is prevalent in a temperature range in which the angles between the grains are larger than a critical angle and this effect allows for considerable control over the resulting film morphology.
Choline in the Nutrition of Laying Hens

Abstract Lucas, Norris and Heuser (1946) have reported observations on the choline requirements of hens. We have carried out an experiment of similar nature with results pointing in the same direction. New Hampshire pullets which had been in production for approximately six months were transferred to laying cages and given an adjustment period. Following this period the birds were divided into groups as nearly uniform as possible upon the basis of previous production and body weight records. Twelve birds were used in group 1, (negative control) while six birds were used in each of the other groups. The rations used were fed as all-mash rations. The experiment was of 84 days’ duration and was divided into three periods of 28 days each. Daily records of egg production were kept and records of feed consumption and body weight were taken at the end of each 28 day period. The basal rations used . . .
On competition and endogenous firm efficiency

Conventional wisdom holds that product market competition disciplines firms into efficiency of operation. However, in a well known paper, Martin (1993) has shown that in a linear Cournot setting (with costs determined first and product market competition taking place in a second stage) the exact opposite obtains – a larger number of firms competing in the market implies lower firm efficiency. The note clarifies further the links between market structure and efficiency. Specifically, it argues why (and how) the result derived by Martin (1993) depends upon the assumptions made regarding the structure of demand and nature of conjectures held by firms as to their rivals' behavior. An illustrative counter-example (with Bertrand behavior and non-linear demand) in which entry increases efficiency is provided as well.
Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue and milk residues of oxytetracycline in goats following a single intramuscular injection of a long‐acting preparation and milk residues following a single subcutaneous injection

Separate groups of goats were used to determine drug depletion patterns in serum (n=10), tissue (n=20) and milk (n=8) following a single intramuscular (i.m.) dose of 20 mg/kg of a long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) formulation (Liquamycin LA-200). Milk residues were also determined following a subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the same product at the same dose. Serum samples were taken for 24 h post-treatment and tissues (fat, liver, kidney, muscle and injection site) collected at 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following injection. Milk from lactating goats was collected every 12 h for 8 days following both the i.m. and s.c. treatments utilizing an intervening 5-week washout period. Residues in serum and tissue were measured using a microbial inhibition assay, while milk residues were measured using both a microbial inhibition assay and a validated HPLC method. The serum pharmacokinetic parameters of OTC in goats were determined, with a mean AUC=67.4 microg h/mL, mean terminal half-life=14.4 h, and apparent clearance=0.33 L/kg h. Tissue half-lives could not be determined with confidence because the collection times provided only two points at which residues could be measured for most tissues. Oxytetracycline residues in all goat tissue samples measured less then cattle tissue tolerance by 96 h postdosing. One-compartment model describing milk depletion data for i.m. and s.c. dosing had terminal slope half-lives of 20.1 and 36.1 h, respectively. By 96 h post-treatment none of the milk samples contained OTC residues in excess of the cattle milk tolerance (0.3 p.p.m.). For both milk and tissue, the upper-bound 99% confidence intervals for the samples taken from goats 96 h postdosing were lower than approved cow milk and tissue tolerances.
OPTICAL, MECHANICAL AND WATER DROP IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYCRYSTALLINE GAP

A polycrystalline form of GaP has been synthesized and its optical and mechanical properties determined. The optical transmission is found to be intrinsic at long wavelengths in the infrared, being limited only by Fresnel reflection and multiphonon absorptions, beginning at approximately 1100 cm−1. The optical cut-off at short wavelengths is in agreement with earlier measurements on single crystal material. The fracture toughness of the polycrystailine material is found to be greater than that previously reported for single-crystal material. The single impact water drop damage velocity threshold (2 mm drop diameter) was estimated to be 250–280 ms−1, which is consistent with the measured polycrystalline fracture toughness.
Comparison of hprt and lacI mutant frequency with DNA adduct formation in N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-treated Big Blue rats.

N-Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) is the proximate carcinogenic metabolite of the powerful rat liver carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene. In this study, transgenic Big Blue(R) rats were used to examine the relationship between in vivo mutagenicity and DNA adduct formation by N-OH-AAF in the target liver compared with that in nontarget tissues. Male rats were given one, two, or four doses of 25 mg N-OH-AAF/kg body weight by i.p. injection at 4-day intervals, and groups of treated and control rats were euthanized up to 10 weeks after beginning the dosing. Mutant frequencies were measured in the spleen lymphocyte hprt gene, and lacI mutant frequencies were determined in the liver and spleen lymphocytes. At 6 weeks after beginning the dosing, the hprt mutant frequency in spleen lymphocytes from the four-dose group was 16.5 x 10(-6) compared with 3.2 x 10(-6) in control animals. Also at 6 weeks, rats given one, two, or four doses of N-OH-AAF had lacI mutant frequencies in the liver of 97.6, 155.6, and 406.8 x 10(-6), respectively, compared with a control frequency of 25.7 x 10(-6); rats given four doses had lacI mutant frequencies in spleen lymphocytes of 55.8 x 10(-6) compared with a control frequency of 20.4 x 10(-6). Additional rats were evaluated for DNA adduct formation in the liver, spleen lymphocytes, and bone marrow by (32)P-postlabeling. Adduct analysis was conducted 1 day after one, two, and four treatments with N-OH-AAF, 5 days after one treatment, and 9 days after two treatments. N-(Deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene was the major DNA adduct identified in all the tissues examined. Adduct concentrations increased with total dose to maximum values in samples taken 1 day after two doses, and remained essentially the same after four doses. In samples taken after four doses, adduct levels were 103, 28, and 7 fmol/microg of DNA in liver, spleen lymphocytes, and bone marrow, respectively. The results indicate that the extent of both DNA adduct formation and mutant induction correlates with the organ specificity for N-OH-AAF carcinogenesis in the rat. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:195-202, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Novel technique to measure the microwave response of high Tc superconductors between 4.2 and 200 K

This paper describes a novel technique for measurements of the complex surface impedance Z(s) of high-T(c) superconductors over an extremely wide range of temperature, from 4.2 K and at least 200 K. The technique uses a superconducting Pb-plated Cu high-Q-cavity resonator operated at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K, with the sample (typically a 3-mm-diam x 1-mm-thick disk) mounted on a sapphire rod in the center of cavity, at a high B-field and thermally insulated from the cavity walls, making it possible to control the sample temperature externally. Since the cavity characteristics are dominated by the sample properties (the contribution of the Pb-covered walls maintained at 4.2 K is negligible), measurement of the cavity Q and resonant frequency makes it possible to measure Zs as a function of the sample temperature. The Z(s) values for bulk Y1Ba2Cu3O(y) and La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO4 were measured over a temperature range 4.2-100 K.
β-Adrenergic modulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor expression and function in developing heart

Imbalances of β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) and muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) input are thought to underlie perinatal cardiovascular abnormalities in conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome. Admi...
Control and evaluation in the innovation process: The case of flexible manufacturing systems

Explores the problems in controlling and evaluating a radical process innovation in a batch manufacturing firm. Data come from interviews with individuals in various hierarchical levels and functions. The decision to adopt tended to be qualitative in nature and essentially made by two representatives of the organization's technostructure. Their major objective was to minimize the chance of disaster rather than to maximize efficiency. During implementation, quality control faced frequent, complex technical problems at the same time that there was pressure for immediate solutions. Cost accounting procedures were affected by the difficulty in developing completely objective standards. The strategies employed to solve these problems are discussed along with implications for the design of control procedures. One intriguing implication is that the characteristics of a radical new technology, along with other factors, influence the validity of the control procedures designed to evaluate it.
Broad spectrum antiemetic effects of CP-122,721, a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in ferrets

The potent, selective, tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-122,721 ([(+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)amino-2- phenylpiperidine]), at 0.01-1 mg/kg, s.c. reduced retching and vomiting elicited by loperamide, copper sulfate, ipecac syrup and cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner. ID50 values after subcutaneous administration ranged from 0.02 mg/kg (loperamide) to 0.08 mg/kg (ipecac). Oral CP-122,721 reduced cisplatin-induced emesis with an ID50 of approximately 0.08 mg/kg. The less active (2R, 3R)-enantiomer, CP-132.687, did not significantly suppress retching or vomiting induced by any of the emetogens. These data support the hypothesis that CP-122,721 blocks emesis by a specific action at tachykinin NK1 receptors. Its broad spectrum of antiemetic activity suggests a central site of action.
Effects of aluminum on the biochemical composition of Atlantic salmon.

Biomolecule content, dry weight, and wet weight of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., were monitored during 60-day exposure to aluminum, which began before hatch and extended to about the end of the alevin stage. The Atlantic salmon exposed to aluminum concentrations of 0, 33, 71, 124, or 264 μg/L at pH 5.5 for 60 days were evaluated for growth, survival, and biochemical effects on days 15, 30, and 60. Growth and survival were significantly reduced at the two highest aluminum concentrations by day 60. RNA and DNA were the most sensitive biomolecules monitored and were significantly reduced at the three highest aluminum concentrations by day 60. RNA∶protein and RNA∶DNA ratios were no more responsive than growth and survival. The lipid content of salmon was not significantly affected by exposure to aluminum. It was concluded that biomolecule content or ratios were not particularly sensitive indicators of growth effects in Atlantic salmon exposed to aluminum.
A-S:H Films Produced From Laser Heated Gases: Process Characteristics And Film Properties

A process for depositing a-Si:H films from CO 2 laser-heated gases has been demonstrated and modelled, the properties of resulting films have been investigated extensively. Film growth rate is determined by the peak gas temperature, defined by an energy balance between the absorption of the laser beam and thermal conduction to the substrate and the cell walls. The hydrogen content and neutral spin density follow an equilibrium function of the substrate temperature. The optical and electronic properties also depend on the substrate temperature.
Friday and Patil's Bivariate Exponential Distribution with Application to Drought Data

Motivated by hydrological applications, we derive the exact distributions of R = X + Y, P = XY and W = X/(X+Y) and the corresponding moment properties when X and Y follow Friday and Patil's bivariate exponential distribution. An application of the results is provided to drought data from Nebraska.
Simple: A Sequential Immunoperoxidase Labeling and Erasing Method:

The ability to simultaneously visualize expression of multiple antigens in cells and tissues can provide powerful insights into cellular and organismal biology. However, standard methods are limited to the use of just two or three simultaneous probes and have not been widely adopted for routine use in paraffin-embedded tissue. We have developed a novel approach called sequential immunoperoxidase labeling and erasing (SIMPLE) that enables the simultaneous visualization of at least five markers within a single tissue section. Utilizing the alcohol-soluble peroxidase substrate 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole, combined with a rapid non-destructive method for antibody-antigen dissociation, we demonstrate the ability to erase the results of a single immunohistochemical stain while preserving tissue antigenicity for repeated rounds of labeling. SIMPLE is greatly facilitated by the use of a whole-slide scanner, which can capture the results of each sequential stain without any information loss.
Simple microbore high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dopamine and cocaine from a single in vivo brain microdialysis sample

A microbore chromatographic method for the analysis of both dopamine and cocaine from in vivo brain microdialysis samples is described. To eliminate the need for separate chromatographic systems for each analyte, post-column electrochemical and ultraviolet detection systems were arranged in series. The limit of quantitation for dopamine (5 fmol) was well within range for detecting dialysate concentrations of this neurotransmitter in rats which were in a baseline, drug-free state. The limit of quantitation for cocaine (0.5 pmol) was sufficient to detect brain cocaine levels following the peripheral administration of a low dose of this psychostimulant (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Estimates of dialysate dopamine and cocaine concentrations after 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg cocaine (i.p.) were in agreement with reports which utilized separate HPLC analyses for each analyte.
Healing of experimentally produced lesions in articular cartilage following chondrocyte transplantation.

Articular cartilage is known to have limited ability to heal once injured, and attempts to heal lesions in cartilage have yielded equivocal results. The following experiments were performed to investigate healing in cartilage following transplantation of chondrocytes grown in vitro. The knee joint of the New Zealand White rabbit was used as the experimental model. An initial baseline study was made to determine the intrinsic capability of cartilage for healing defects that do not fracture the subchondral plate. A second experiment examined the effects of autologous in vitro grown chondrocytes on the healing rates of these defects. The results were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative light microscopy. In control defects not grafted with chondrocytes, 6 weeks after the initial defect was created, there was little repair. Macroscopic and histological findings were consistent with an osteoarthritic pathology such as synovitis and “cell nests.” Macroscopic results from grafted specimens displayed a marked decrease in synovitis and other degenerative changes. Defects which had received transplants had a significant amount of cartilage reconstituted (82%) compared to ungrafted controls (18%). Controls showed a healing rate comparable to that obtained in the initial baseline study.
3-Methylcholanthrene does not induce in vitro xenobiotic metabolism in spiny lobster hepatopancreas, or affect in vivo disposition of benzo[a]pyrene.

1. Administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (10 mg/kg) i.m. to spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, did not cause induction of the cytochrome P-450 content of hepatopancreas microsomes. 2. The rate of oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene or 7-ethoxyresorufin in reductase-fortified preparations of hepatopancreas microsomes was the same for corn oil-treated or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated lobsters. 3. Administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (10 mg/kg) i.m. to spiny lobsters one week prior to an i.v. dose of [14C]benzotalpyrene (1 mg/kg) did not influence the disposition of the radiolabelled benzo[a]pyrene in lobsters. 4. At one week after the dose of [14C]benzo[a]pyrene, approximately 40% of the dose of [14C]benzo[a]pyrene remained in the lobsters, regardless of treatment. 5. The digestive tract (hepatopancreas, intestinal contents, stomach and intestine) contained most (86%) of the 14C remaining in the lobsters.
Linkage analysis of processes

This paper presents a methodology for the analysis of the linkage among the processes in an organization. The methodology has three main steps: model construction; connectivity analysis; and structure analysis. The model construction step generates a linkage matrix which is used in the following steps. The connectivity analysis is based on linkage consistency and interprocess coupling metrics, which are defined for each process individually and for all the processes in the organization as a group. The clustering algorithm is based on a linkage intensity measure derived from the linkage matrix. Following a detailed description of the methodology and its metrics and algorithms, the results obtained in a medium-size software development organization are presented.
Nanoengineering a single-molecule mechanical switch using DNA self-assembly.

The ability to manipulate and observe single biological molecules has led to both fundamental scientific discoveries and new methods in nanoscale engineering. A common challenge in many single-molecule experiments is reliably linking molecules to surfaces, and identifying their interactions. We have met this challenge by nanoengineering a novel DNA-based linker that behaves as a force-activated switch, providing a molecular signature that can eliminate errant data arising from non-specific and multiple interactions. By integrating a receptor and ligand into a single piece of DNA using DNA self-assembly, a single tether can be positively identified by force‐extension behavior, and receptor‐ligand unbinding easily identified by a sudden increase in tether length. Additionally, under proper conditions the exact same pair of molecules can be repeatedly bound and unbound. Our approach is simple, versatile and modular, and can be easily implemented using standard commercial reagents and laboratory equipment. In addition to improving the reliability and accuracy of force measurements, this single-molecule mechanical switch paves the way for high-throughput serial measurements, single-molecule on-rate studies, and investigations of population heterogeneity. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/Nano/22/494005/mmedia (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Focal phospholipases A2 group III injections induce cervical white matter injury and functional deficits with delayed recovery concomitant with Schwann cell remyelination.

Abstract Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position. PLA2 are present in the brain and spinal cord and are implicated in several neurological disorders. Previously, we showed that PLA2 activity increases following traumatic spinal cord injury and injection of group III secretory PLA2 (sPLA2-III) demyelinates spinal cord axons. Here, we demonstrate that injections of sPLA2-III into the cervical dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) resulted in dose-dependent demyelination, loss of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, as well as axonopathy. Additionally, spared axons within the lesion were remyelinated by Schwann cells between weeks 2 and 3. To assess functional loss and recovery, we employed a modified “Staircase Test” pellet retrieval device and footprint analysis of forelimb function during locomotion. Pellet retrieval assessment sensitively detected the dose dependent lesion and its recovery after sPLA2-III injections with greater sensitivity than footprint analysis. We believe that this is the first report of a reaching task being able to discriminate between various grades of cervical white matter damage and varying extents of recovery. Thus, our results indicate that sPLA2-III can create white matter pathologies that are remyelinated by Schwann cells 2 to 3 weeks after injury. Additionally, the pellet retrieval test is a sensitive and quantifiable method for assessing the dysfunction and later recovery mediated by sPLA2-III injections.
Selenoprotein W of rat muscle binds glutathione and an unknown small molecular weight moiety.

Abstract When purified from rat muscle, selenoprotein W is fractionated into four forms distinguished by slightly different chromatographic behavior. Precise masses of the four forms were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass distribution of the forms (9549, 9592, 9853, and 9898 d) suggests that they occur through derivatization of the lowest mass form with two moieties of approximate masses 44 and 305 d. The apparent 305 d moiety was demonstrated to be glutathione (307 d) by reductive release from the 9853 d protein form with 1000-fold excess of dithiothreitol at 50°C. Milder conditions failed to remove the glutathione. The reduction produced nearly stoichiometric amounts of free glutathione as determined by HPLC of a fluorometric derivative. HPLC retention of the protein changed to match that of the 9549 d form, and a change of mass to 9550 d was observed by MALDI mass spectrometry. The identity of the 44 d moiety is unknown. The presence of glutathione in isolated selenoprotein W may suggest its involvement in the metabolism of this tripeptide.
Role of extracorporeal photopheresis in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection.

Photopheresis is a pheresis-based therapy that is currently available at approximately 70 medical centers worldwide. Recent evidence indicates that extracorporeal photopheresis can significantly prolong life, as well as induce a 60–75% response rate among individuals with advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Moreover, a 10–15% cure rate, in response to photopheresis alone, or in combination with interferon alfa, has been obtained at our institution. These complete responses have been characterized by the complete disappearance of morphologically atypical cells from the skin and blood. Southern blot analysis of peripheral blood specimens have also confirmed the indefinite disappearance of the malignant T-cell clone from the blood of patients with complete responses. Current immunological data obtained from in vitro human studies and from animal models suggest that the basis for the responses of CTCL patients are related to activation of treated macrophages resulting in release of cytokines, including substantial levels of TNF alfa, and, perhaps, to the induction of anti-clonotypic immunity directed against pathogenic clones of T-lymphocytes. In addition to the treatment of CTCL, a potential role for photopheresis in the therapy of autoimmune disease has been suggested by recent pilot studies of pemphigus vulgaris, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Furthermore, a randomized, single-blinded trial involving 79 patients with early onset, aggressive systemic sclerosis suggested that photopheresis could beneficially effect the course of the cutaneous thickening in this form of the disease. Lastly, two independent pilot studies of cardiac transplantation have indicated that photopheresis can reverse acute cardiac allograft rejection and potentially suppress ongoing chronic rejection. Randomized, controlled trials for these new indications for photopheresis therapy are currently in the early stages of implementation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.