cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Greater Oxidative Capacity in Primary Myotubes from Endurance-trained Women.

PURPOSE Exercise training promotes skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and an increase in maximal oxygen consumption. Primary myotubes retain some metabolic properties observed in vivo but it is unknown whether this includes exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations. The goal of this study was to test if primary myotubes from exercise-trained women have higher mitochondrial content and maximal oxygen consumption compared with untrained women. METHODS Six trained and nine untrained white women participated in this study. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle of the right leg were obtained and primary muscle cells were isolated. Maximal respiration rates, mitochondrial mRNA and protein content, and succinate dehydrogenase activity were measured in skeletal muscle and primary myotubes from trained and untrained women. RESULTS Trained women, compared with untrained women, had higher maximal whole-body oxygen consumption (+18%, P = 0.03), in vivo maximal skeletal muscle oxidative capacity measured with near infrared spectroscopy (+48%, P < 0.01), and maximal oxygen consumption in permeabilized muscle fibers (+38%, P = 0.02), which coincided with higher protein levels of muscle mitochondrial enzymes. Primary myotubes from trained women had higher maximal oxygen consumption (+38%, P = 0.03), suggesting that some elements of exercise-induced metabolic programming persists ex vivo. Consistent with this idea, myotubes from trained women had higher mRNA levels of transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to higher protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the existence of an "exercise metabolic program," where primary myotubes isolated from exercise-trained individuals exhibit greater mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity compared with untrained individuals. These myotubes may be a useful model to study molecular mechanisms relevant to exercise adaptations in human skeletal muscle.
Production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from specific mitochondrial sites under different bioenergetic conditions.

Mitochondrial production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is potentially important in cell signaling and disease. Eleven distinct mitochondrial sites that differ markedly in capacity are known to leak electrons to oxygen to produce O2 and/or H2O2 We discuss their contributions to O2/H2O2 production under native conditions in mitochondria oxidizing different substrates and in conditions mimicking physical exercise and the changes in their capacities after caloric restriction. We review the use of S1QELs and S3QELs, suppressors of mitochondrial O2/H2O2 generation that do not inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, as tools to characterize the contributions of specific sites in situ and in vivo.
Measuring and reporting campus sexual assault: Privilege and exclusion in what we know and what we do

As awareness of and national attention to campus sexual assault in the U.S. has grown, efforts to study and respond to the problem have increased. While these efforts are to be applauded, they have yet to fully challenge or correct the privileged and exclusive perspectives and assumptions regarding student experiences of campus sexual assault. Specifically, the experiences of white, heterosexual, cisgender, middle-class, and American citizens who are students at primarily elite, traditional colleges and universities are taken as the norm, while experiences of students of color, LGBTQ students, and international students are neglected. Here we examine two primary sources of information regarding campus sexual assault: large-scale self-report surveys and individual reporting to authorities. We first review the content of select large-scale surveys used to gather and measure self-reported data from students on the scope, prevalence, and character of campus sexual assault, and identify areas of omission and neglect regarding marginalized students. We then review literature on barriers to reporting to authorities specific to these groups that further exclude them from our understanding of the problem. We end with recommendations for improved efforts to study and respond to campus sexual assault that are more inclusive and comprehensive.
Effectiveness of the "Timed Up and Go" (TUG) and the Chair test as screening tools for geriatric fall risk assessment in the ED.

Abstract Objective We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the “Timed Up and Go” (TUG) and the Chair test as screening tools in the Emergency Department (ED), stratified by sex. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted at a Level 1 Trauma center. After consent, subjects performed the TUG and the Chair test. Subjects were contacted for phone follow-up and asked to self-report interim falling. Results Data from 192 subjects were analyzed. At baseline, 71.4% (n = 137) screened positive for increased falls risk based on the TUG evaluation, and 77.1% (n = 148) scored below average on the Chair test. There were no differences by patient sex. By the six-month evaluation 51 (26.6%) study participants reported at least one fall. Females reported a non-significant higher prevalence of falls compared to males (29.7% versus 22.2%, p = 0.24). TUG test had a sensitivity of 70.6% (95% CI: 56.2%–82.5%), a specificity of 28.4% (95% CI: 21.1%–36.6%), a positive predictive (PP) value 26.3% (95% CI: 19.1%–34.5%) and a negative predictive (NP) value of 72.7% (95% CI: 59.0%–83.9%). Similar results were observed with the Chair test. It had a sensitivity of 78.4% (95% CI: 64.7%–88.7%), a specificity of 23.4% (95% CI: 16.7%–31.3%), a PP value 27.0% (95% CI: 20.1%–34.9%) and a NP value of 75.0% (95% CI: 59.7%–86.8%). No significant differences were observed between sexes. Conclusions There were no sex specific significant differences in TUG or Chair test screening performance. Neither test performed well as a screening tool for future falls in the elderly in the ED setting.
Should Symptoms Be Considered an Indication for Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is a very common endocrine condition, yet management of this disease process remains controversial. Primary hyperparathyroidism can lead to a myriad of symptoms which not only decreases the quality of life of patients but also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and kidney stones. Parathyroidectomy is the only known cure for the disease. This review explores the definition of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism, the burden of disease, and the overwhelming benefits of parathyroidectomy.
A comparison of the effects of loxapine with ziprasidone and thioridazine on the release of dopamine and acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.

Rationale Atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs (APDs), produce preferential increases in dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) release in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) compared to the nucleus accumbens (NAC). The increase in DA release has been attributed, in part, to their greater serotonin (5-HT)2A relative to D2 receptor occupancy, while the basis for the increase in ACh has not yet been determined. Loxapine, a dibenzoxazepine congener of clozapine, is generally considered to be a typical APD because it produces significant extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in humans, at generally recommended clinical doses (60–100 mg/day), and catalepsy in rodents, although several studies have found it to be effective at lower doses which do not produce significant EPS. Moreover, loxapine, like its congener clozapine, has higher affinity for serotonin (5-HT)2A than dopamine D2 receptors, in vitro, suggesting the possibility it could be an atypical APD with clozapine-like potential.
Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D)

Mobile phones are close to ubiquitous in developing countries; Internet and broadband access are becoming commonplace. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) thus represent the fastest, broadest and deepest technical change experienced in international development. They now affect every development sector – supporting the work of hundreds of millions of farmers and micro-entrepreneurs; creating millions of ICT-based jobs; assisting healthcare workers and teachers; facilitating political change; impacting climate change; but also linked with digital inequalities and harms – with the pace of change continuously accelerating. Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) provides the first dedicated textbook to examine and explain these emerging phenomena. It will help students, practitioners, researchers and other readers understand the place of ICTs within development; the ICT-enabled changes already underway; and the key issues and interventions that engage ICT4D practice and strategy. The book has a three-part structure. The first three chapters set out the foundations of ICT4D: the core relation between ICTs and development; the underlying components needed for ICT4D to work; and best practice in implementing ICT4D. Five chapters then analyse key development goals: economic growth, poverty eradication, social development, good governance and environmental sustainability. Each chapter assesses the goal-related impact associated with ICTs and key lessons from real-world cases. The final chapter looks ahead to emerging technologies and emerging models of ICT-enabled development. The book uses extensive in-text diagrams, tables and boxed examples with chapter-end discussion and assignment questions and further reading. Supported by online activities, video links, session outlines and slides, this textbook provides the basis for undergraduate, postgraduate and online learning modules on ICT4D.
Quantifying heterogeneous deformation in grain boundary regions on shock loaded tantalum using spherical and sharp tip nanoindentation

Abstract Grain boundaries play an important role in the overall mechanical performance of metals and alloys; however, isolating the effects of individual grain boundaries remains rather challenging experimentally. In this work, wire-feed, electron beam additively manufactured tantalum is studied under shock loading conditions generating incipient spall damage. Three grain boundaries aligned parallel to the shock direction were isolated inside a single sample. Postmortem metallography showed voids preferentially appeared on two of the three grain boundaries which had high misorientation angles > 30° compared to the third grain boundary with a relatively lower misorientation angle
Der Buddha und der ‘Andere’: Zur religiösen Differenzreflexion und narrativen Darstellung des ‘Anderen’ im Majjhima-Nikāya , by Caroline Widmer

Der Buddha und der ‘Andere’: Zur religiosen Differenzreflexion und narrativen Darstellung des ‘Anderen’ im Majjhima-Nikāya, by Caroline Widmer. Zurich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015. 434 pp., €140 (hb). ISBN 978-3-525-54038-1 (hb).
Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE

Introduction Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets has been shown to be a consequence during orthodontic treatment. Fluoride-releasing resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) have been shown to protect the enamel from white spot lesions, but their bond strength has been proven inadequate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE, a bioactive material with strength superior to RMGICs, for inhibition of enamel demineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods Fifteen human teeth were sectioned and divided into two groups. One group was the control and had orthodontic brackets bonded with Transbond XT, while the second group had orthodontic brackets bonded with ACTIVA. The teeth were varnished within 2 mm of the bracket margins and immersed in an artificial caries solution for 3 days to create carious lesions. The teeth were sectioned and viewed under polarized light microscopy for the detection of enamel demineralization adjacent to the bracket, and then, the lesion areas were measured with a computer imaging system. Results There was a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) that ACTIVA had less enamel demineralization adjacent to the bracket when compared to the control group. Conclusions The results of this study have demonstrated that ACTIVA, a fluoride-releasing bioactive restorative material, inhibits demineralization of enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets when compared to a nonfluoride-releasing control.
Phase-change mechanism for evaporation in porous media using volume of fluid: Implicit formulation of interfacial temperature

Abstract In this study, a widely-utilized mechanism which relates the rate of phase change in two-phase flows to an interfacial superheat is described and modified to improve its physical consistency and overall performance when compared to the porous two-phase Stefan problem. Maintaining interface temperature at saturation temperature, the rate of phase change is taken to be proportional to the degree of superheating at the interface. The present work demonstrates how the superheat error can be made to meet the same convergence requirements already established for the temperature solution at each time step by comparing the interfacial energy balance to the present methods superheat relation at the fluid-fluid interface. The results are in good agreement with the presented analytical solution for the porous media Stefan problem using propane. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, incompressible Navier-Stokes and temperature equations are segregated and modified to incorporate the effects of porous media and the source terms for phase change. For low porosities, a limitation of the rate of phase change is observed due to a restriction in the availability of interstitial pore space occupied by the phase change fluid. At the other extreme, when solid content diminishes, the system is reduced to the classical Stefan problem in free flow. Between these two ranges, an optimum porosity exists where the rate of phase change is maximum.
Testing the Influence of Social Capital on Support for the Death Penalty

The division of opinions among Americans over the use of the death penalty is owed to a myriad of factors. While a number of works have examined public opinion on the death penalty, the extant literature does not examine the role of social capital as a determinant of support for or opposition to the death penalty. Here, it is argued that social capital explains in part why some Americans oppose the death penalty while other Americans do not. This investigation contends that social capital makes people less likely to support government action to kill convicted murderers. This hypothesis is confirmed. Utilizing data taken from the 2008 American National Election Study, the results of the logistic regression analyses show that social capital is inversely related to support for the death penalty.
Chemical Reaction Rates for Systems with Spin-Orbit Coupling and an Odd Number of Electrons: Does Berry's Phase Lead to Meaningful Spin-Dependent Nuclear Dynamics for a Two State Crossing?

Within the context of a simple avoided crossing, we investigate the effect of a complex-valued diabatic coupling in determining spin-dependent rate constants and scattering states. We find that, if...
Impact of a Plan of Care Protocol on Patient Outcomes in People Who Inject Drugs With Infective Endocarditis.

BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk of deleterious sequelae due to infective endocarditis (IE). A standardized, hospital-wide drug use-associated infection protocol targeting medication safety, pain management, and limiting external risk factors was implemented at an academic medical center to improve outcomes in PWID with IE. METHODS A quasi-experimental study included patients with active injection drug use and definite IE from January 2013 to July 2017 (preintervention group) and from September 2017 to January 2019 (intervention group). The primary outcome of interest was the 90-day all-cause readmission rate. Secondary outcomes included infection-related readmission rates, in-hospital and all-cause mortality rates, and the frequency of patients leaving against medical advice. RESULTS A total of 168 patients were included, in the 100 preintervention and 68 in the intervention group. Patients in the intervention group had reduced odds of 90-day all-cause readmission (adjusted odds ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.6) after adjustment for confounding variables. The 12-month all-cause mortality rate was also significantly reduced in the intervention group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, .07-.89). The intervention group had a higher proportion of patients leaving against medical advice (6% for the preintervention group vs 35% for the intervention group, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A drug use-associated infection protocol demonstrated reduced 90-day all-cause readmission and 12-month all-cause mortality rates in PWID with IE. This study highlights the importance of standardized care processes for improving care in this specialized patient population.
Introduction to the special issue: Select papers presented at the 2019 olc accelerate conference and the 2020 olc innovate conference

We are happy to present five articles selected from the many presented at OLC Accelerate, held November 19-22, 2019 in Orlando, Florida and OLC Innovate, moved from Chicago to a virtual conference in June 15-26, 2020. We invite the readers to consider presenting their research to OLC conferences in the future.
Psychotic Depression: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment

Psychotic depression was initially considered to be at one end of a continuum of severity of major depression. Subsequent experience demonstrated that psychosis is an independent trait that may accompany mood disorders of varying severity. While much has been learned about the impact of severe mood congruent delusions and hallucinations on the course and treatment response of depression, less is known about fleeting or mild psychosis, mood incongruent features, or psychotic symptoms that reflect traumatic experiences. Acute treatment of psychotic unipolar depression generally involves the combination of an antidepressant and an antipsychotic drug or electroconvulsive therapy. There is inadequate information about maintenance treatment of unipolar psychotic depression and acute and chronic treatment of psychotic bipolar disorder. Decision-making therefore still must rely in part on clinical experience.
Social determinants of health in electronic health records and their impact on analysis and risk prediction: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE This integrative review identifies and analyzes the extant literature to examine the integration of social determinants of health (SDoH) domains into electronic health records (EHRs), their impact on risk prediction, and the specific outcomes and SDoH domains that have been tracked. MATERIALS AND METHODS In accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we conducted a literature search in the PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases for English language studies published until March 2020 that examined SDoH domains in the context of EHRs. RESULTS Our search strategy identified 71 unique studies that are directly related to the research questions. 75% of the included studies were published since 2017, and 68% were U.S.-based. 79% of the reviewed articles integrated SDoH information from external data sources into EHRs, and the rest of them extracted SDoH information from unstructured clinical notes in the EHRs. We found that all but 1 study using external area-level SDoH data reported minimum contribution to performance improvement in the predictive models. In contrast, studies that incorporated individual-level SDoH data reported improved predictive performance of various outcomes such as service referrals, medication adherence, and risk of 30-day readmission. We also found little consensus on the SDoH measures used in the literature and current screening tools. CONCLUSIONS The literature provides early and rapidly growing evidence that integrating individual-level SDoH into EHRs can assist in risk assessment and predicting healthcare utilization and health outcomes, which further motivates efforts to collect and standardize patient-level SDoH information.
Bioactive Cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

3D-printed bone scaffolds hold great promise for the individualized treatment of critical-size bone defects. Among the resorbable polymers available for use as 3D-printable scaffold materials, poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) has many benefits. However, its relatively low stiffness and lack of bioactivity limit its use in load-bearing bone scaffolds. This study tests the hypothesis that surface-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (SO-CNCs), decorated with carboxyl groups, can act as multi-functional scaffold additives that (1) improve the mechanical properties of PCL and (2) induce biomineral formation upon PCL resorption. To this end, an in vitro biomineralization study was performed to assess the ability of SO-CNCs to induce the formation of calcium phosphate minerals. In addition, PCL nanocomposites containing different amounts of SO-CNCs (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 wt%) were prepared using melt compounding extrusion and characterized in terms of Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, crystallinity, thermal transitions, and water contact angle. Neither sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed CNCs (SH-CNCs) nor SO-CNCs were toxic to MC3T3 preosteoblasts during a 24 h exposure at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 3.0 mg/mL. SO-CNCs were more effective at inducing mineral formation than SH-CNCs in simulated body fluid (1x). An SO-CNC content of 10 wt% in the PCL matrix caused a more than 2-fold increase in Young's modulus (stiffness) and a more than 60% increase in ultimate tensile strength. The matrix glass transition and melting temperatures were not affected by the SO-CNCs but the crystallization temperature increased by about 5.5°C upon addition of 10 wt% SO-CNCs, the matrix crystallinity decreased from about 43 to about 40%, and the water contact angle decreased from 87 to 82.6°. The abilities of SO-CNCs to induce calcium phosphate mineral formation and increase the Young's modulus of PCL render them attractive for applications as multi-functional nanoscale additives in PCL-based bone scaffolds.
The Personal Reference Scale: An Approach to Social Judgment

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the judgment process as the means by which a person measures certain of his or her cognitions and perceptions. It introduces concept of the personal reference scale as a device for subjectively representing a set of stimuli. A reference scale measures a subjective quantity. The chapter develops logical criteria for inferring sameness and difference of quantity and scale and describes heuristic model of the reference scale for application in those situations in which it can be assumed that a reference scale and a physical scale measure the same quantity, or that two reference scales measure the same quantity. The chapter discusses theories of judgment in terms of that model. Theories of judgment, some of which have been contributed by social psychologists and some by psychophysicists, were surveyed in terms of the reference scale model. Most of them, it was revealed, can be viewed as theories of scale, rather than as theories of subjective quantities. Furthermore, all were seen to be fragmentary, referring primarily to one component of the reference scale model. An adequate theory of judgment would surely encompass all facets of the judge's reference scale.
Training and the Firm's Competitiveness: A Survey of Practitioners

Based theoretically on the resource-based view of the firm (RBV), this study surveys human resource professionals employed in small, medium, and large firms regarding the impact of training on various measures of the firm’s competitiveness. Based on the analysis of data obtained from the online survey of 111 human resource professionals, the majority of the participants rate the impact of training on various measures of their firms’ competitiveness moderate, high, or very high. The human resource professionals surveyed evaluate the impact of training on various measures of their firms’ competitiveness based on their communication with colleagues and management team.
Feedback Control of Nonstandard Discrete Singularly Perturbed Systems

Feedback control of linear shift-invariant singularly perturbed discrete systems of the form x 1 (k+1) = (I+A 11 )x 1 (k) + A 12 )x 2 (k) + B 1 u(k), x 2 (k+1) = A 21 x 1 (k) + A 22 x 2 (k) + B 2 u(k), where (I-A 22 ) may be singular is considered. Almost all available results are for the case of standard [1] systems, where (I-A 22 ) is assumed to be nonsingular. In a recent result Khalil [2], showed that under stabilizability-detectability assumption on the slow and fast models, the theory of feedback control of singularly perturbed systems may be extended to the nonstandard case. In this paper we extend the idea of [2] to the case of discrete singularly perturbed systems under the same assumption.
Differential toxicity of trans-permethrin in rainbow trout and mice. II. Role of target organ sensitivity.

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that even when trans-permethrin ester hydrolysis was inhibited in mice and the toxicity of trans-permethrin was increased at least 1.6 times by tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP), the toxicity of trans-permethrin remained 60 times greater in the rainbow trout than in the mouse. This information suggested that factors other than metabolism, such as target organ sensitivity, may play a role in the differential toxicity of trans-permethrin between rainbow trout and mice. Since the brain of both the fish and the mouse is believed to be a site of action of the pyrethroids, the concentration of permethrin in the brains of these two species at the onset of signs of pyrethroid toxicity was measured in an attempt to establish a correlation between permethrin brain levels and toxicity in the fish and mammal. Signs of pyrethroid toxicity, such as intense whole body twitches and loss of equilibrium, were observed in rainbow trout when 14C-trans-permethrin brain levels exceeded 1.5 μg/g brain, regardless of whether the compound was administered iv or ip. Pyrethroid toxicity signs, such as intense tremors and loss of righting, were not observed in mice until 14C-trans-permethrin levels reached 25 to 30 μg/g brain. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis indicated that 85 to 95% of the 14C was parent compound in the rainbow trout brains compared to 60 to 70% in the mouse brains. 14C-cis-Permethrin produced lethality in trout and mice when the 14C-cis-permethrin brain concentrations were 2 and 6 μg/g, respectively. The results suggest that the rainbow trout may be physiologically more sensitive to the action of permethrin than is the mouse. In the trout, the cis and trans isomers appear to be equal in toxicity while in the mouse the cis isomer is more active than the trans isomer. The difference in isomer sensitivity between the trout and mouse may suggest differences in specificities at the site of pyrethroid action. The physiologic basis for this difference in pyrethroid toxicity is not understood.
Guidelines for Medical Student Education in Community-Based Pediatric Offices

The special constellation of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are necessary to practice general pediatrics should be an integral part of the curriculum of all medical schools. Community-based pediatric educational experiences should be integrated into the medical school curriculum starting in the first year. The curriculum should be developed as a joint undertaking of clerkship directors and community pediatricians. Implementation of the curriculum requires ongoing faculty development to learn to use focused teaching, to establish educational objectives, and to adapt educational experiences to the unique characteristics of the office setting. Methods and techniques for the ongoing evaluation of the students' performance, and evaluating faculty members' abilities to implement an effective educational program must also be developed.
The GL(1|1) WZW-model: From supergeometry to logarithmic CFT

Abstract We present a complete solution of the WZW model on the supergroup GL ( 1 | 1 ) . Our analysis begins with a careful study of its minisuperspace limit (“harmonic analysis on the supergroup”). Its spectrum is shown to contain indecomposable representations. This is interpreted as a geometric signal for the appearance of logarithms in the correlators of the full field theory. We then discuss the representation theory of the gl ( 1 | 1 ) current algebra and propose an Ansatz for the state space of the WZW model. The latter is established through an explicit computation of the correlation function. We show in particular, that the 4-point functions of the theory factorize on the proposed set of states and that the model possesses an interesting spectral flow symmetry. The note concludes with some remarks on generalizations to other supergroups.
AIDS, Public Policy and Biomedical Research

The current epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) raises numerous public policy concerns for the medical community. The issues can be divided into two groups. Those concerns which require both immediate action and results are referred to as short-term issues. Those issues whose results will not be forthcoming for an indefinite time are called long-term issues. Short-term issues include the accuracy of reporting cases of AIDS, patient confidentiality, conditions of third-party reimbursement for health care, the breech of ethical responsibility of health care workers in caring for AIDS patients, public education and the problems of providing care in a disease of unknown cause and cure. Long-term issues focus on the organization of AIDS research—the role of federal health agencies, provisions for rebudgeting funds and medical research personnel, and the coordination of disparate research efforts. The issues raised by AIDS are discussed within the context of the history of the epidemic in an attempt to articulate unresolved problems and to encourage debate within the medical community.
Characteristics of Ti50-Pd(50-x)-W(x) High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy

Characteristics of high temperature shape memory alloy in Ti50-Pd(50-x)-W(x) at%, x = 3 and 5 system has been examined. The prepared ingot was homogenized at 1273 K for 86.4 ks followed by water quenched. The homogenized samples were hot-rolled at 1273 K to a plate shape with thickness of 3.5 mm and 1.0 mm. Transformation temperatures were determined by 4-probe electrical resistivity measurement. The transformation behavior in the both samples exhibited similar trend. The first heating curve showed no significant step. In contrast, the first cooling curve exhibited clear step due to martensitic transformation. After second cycle, the transformation behavior was stabilized, thus the clear steps in the cooling and heating curves were seen. Stressstrain curve of hot-rolled plate with 3.5 mm was examined by compression in Ti50-Pd47-W3 at% alloys. The sample exhibited 1 % shape memory effect. By bending test, nearly perfect SME effect was observed in hot rolled Ti50-Pd45-W5 at% alloy plate with thickness of 1 mm.
System design for performance control and deregulation: ‘Steersmanship’ in the new environment

Abstract This paper uses the ‘steersmanship’ paradigm to analyze firms ' strategic policy responses to deregulatory forces of the mid-1970s and 1980s. Relevant concepts from a system-design-for-performance-control (SDPC) model are applied to the deregulation phenomenon, using examples drawn primarily from the U.S. airline industry. The SDPC model indicates that a firm facing the move from regulation to deregulation will shorten its planning horizon, trim its management staff, neglect its long-term safety efforts, redirect its short-term marketing focus from service to price, loosen its labor contracts, and expand its diversification strategy. To insure survival, a delicate balance will have to be maintained. As derived from Ashby 's law of requisite variety and Simon's concept of bounded rationality, survival depends upon the environment 's variety being exceeded (or equalled) by the firm's variety, which, in turn, must be exceeded (or equalled) by management's decision-making/information -handling capacity.
Distribution of cadmium, lead and zinc in soil around two phosphate processing plants in Pocatello, Idaho.

The phosphate shale ores mined from Idaho contain high concentrations of certain trace elements. According to the data compiled by the US Geological Survey (1976), cadmium concentrations in the phosphate ores from this area are significantly high. For example, average cadmium concentration in Meade Peak phosphatic shale ore is 90 ppM with a maximum value up to 800 ppM. In the Bloomington Canyon vanadiferous zone phosphate rock, average cadmium concentration reaches 470 ppM. Phosphate fertilizers produced in this area have also been shown to contain high amounts of cadmium. A recent report by the US Geological Survey (1976) indicates that the concentrations of 14 selected elements in soil increase as the phsophate processing plants at Pocatello are approached. Concentrations of these elements within 1 mile northeast of the plants are generally about twice their concentrations 40 miles away. However, no data for cadmium was given. Since cadmium is a highly toxic trace element, knowledge of its distribution around the phosphate processing plants is essential for environmental considerations. In the summer of 1977, we investigated the distribution of cadmium, lead, and zinc in soil around the two phosphate processing plants outside Pocatello with respect to distance, depth, and wind direction.
Flushing: causes, investigation and clinical consequences

Abstract Flushing can occur as a physiological response or may indicate an underlying condition, such as carcinoid syndrome, mastocytosis or rosacea. The mechanisms and causes of flushing are discussed. Learning objective At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to describe the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of flushing and should be aware of the modalities to diagnose and treat this common dermatological sign.
To consolidate or distribute?: that is the question

In large companies, the processes of user-centered design (UCD)---or as these authors say, "customer-centered design (CCD)"---may be similar across business units, but the content of the work may differ dramatically from one unit to another. Thus, like many other "minority" professions, User Experience and UCD communities struggle with how to balance full involvement in and service to their business units with coordination, professional cohesion, and leadership across business units. In this month's column, our authors discuss how they and their colleagues at Hewlett Packard have been working to strengthen their professional community across the company, while preserving the ties linking practitioners and their business units.---Susan Dray and David Siegel
Blood pressure as an independent prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke.

Contexte et objectif: La tension arterielle est elevee chez la plupart des patients pendant un accident vasculaire cerebral aigu. Cependant, les donnees disponibles a ce sujet sont discordantes et sa valeur pronostique demeure incertaine. Methodes: Nous avons analyse les donnees de tension arterielle de 1 281 patients participant au Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) pour en determiner la signification pronostique ainsi que le risque de transformation hemorragique. Nous avons egalement examine la tension arterielle moyenne ponderee sur une periode de sept jours et l'impact d'un changement de la tension arterielle de 30% en 24 heures. Les patients porteurs d'une hypertension severe etaient exclus de l'etude TOAST. Resultats: Une tension arterielle systolique (TAS) a la hausse au moment de l'admission predisait une issue defavorable, ce qui n'etait pas le cas de la tension arterielle diastolique (TAD) ou de la tension arterielle moyenne (TAM). Cet effet n'etait pas significatif apres ajustement pour d'autres facteurs pronostiques connus. Une moyenne ponderee de la TAS et de la TAM qui augmente sur une periode de sept jours predisait une issue defavorable, ce qui n'etait pas le cas pour un changement de 30% dans la TA en 24 heures. Conclusions: La TA a l'admission n'est pas un facteur pronostique independant de l'accident vasculaire cerebral aigu, mais la moyenne ponderee de la TAS et de la TAM sur une periode de sept jours comporte probablement une valeur predictive, les valeurs les plus hautes ayant le pronostic le moins bon. Le controle de la tension arterielle pendant l'accident vasculaire cerebral aigu devra faire l'objet d'une etude prospective.
Activity coefficients of bicarbonate, carbonate and calcium ions in sea water

Abstract Measurements of pH of sea water samples equilibrated with known partial pressures of CO2 and with calcite and aragonite have enabled the determination of molal activity coefficient for bicarbonate, carbonate, and calcium ions in two sea water samples at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure. Results are: For standard artificial sea water ( chlorinity = 19.0‰, titration alkalinity = 2.36 × 10 −3 molal): γHCO3− = 0.550 ± 0.007γCO32− = 0.021 ± 0..004γCa2+ = 0.203 ± 0.010 For natural sea water from Woods Hole, Massachusetts ( chlorinity = 17.0‰, titration alkalinity = 2.09 × 10 −3 molal ): γHCO3− = 0.561 ± 0.006γCO32− = 0.024 ± 0..004γCa2+ = 0.223 ± 0.020 These values indicate the essential validity of the chemical model of Garrels and Thompson (1962). The normal range in temperature and salinity of the open ocean, away from immediate sources of fresh water, is sufficiently small so that the values cited above can be used, as a first approximation, to represent the whole ocean. Only relatively minor corrections for the effect of depth (pressure) on the activity coefficients need be made for depths less than 5000 m. Values of the activity coefficients when combined with measurements of pH, mCO32+ and carbonate alkalinity can be used to calculate the ion activity product, IAP = aCa2++ · aCO32−, for sea water. Comparison of IAP with the thermodynamic solubility product, Ks, of calcite and aragonite indicates that low latitude surface sea water is supersaturated with respect to both phases. Similar calculations for sea water at depth, based on an assumed “average” ocean model, indicate that a large proportion of sub-surface sea water is undersaturated with respect to calcite and, therefore, all other forms of CaCO3.
Surface TiIt Distributions of Homogeneously Aligned Liquid Crystals

Abstract The dielectric axes of surface molecules in a homogeneously aligned, nematic liquid crystal cell, have characteristic non-zero tilt orientations, δ, with respect to the bounding surface. An experimental technique is described which allows direct measurement of the average value of δ, , as well as the distribution about over a finite surface area. A theoretical treatment of threshold behavior of a homogeneously aligned cell with a surface tilt boundary condition in the presence of a vertical electric field and a non-vertical magnetic field is presented which allows the quantitative interpretation of the experimental measurements. “Good” surfaces utilizing conventional rubbing techniques have sharp Gaussian distributions which are characteristic of the type of liquid crystal. surface composition and orientation technique. This procedure leads to a useful, quantitative technique to evaluate processing and orientation techniques as well as a means to study surface phenomena.
Ingestion of Mycobacterium vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves learning in mice.

Coevolution of microbes and their hosts has resulted in the formation of symbiotic relationships that enable animals to adapt to their environments and protect themselves against pathogens. Recent studies show that contact with tolerogenic microbes is important for the proper functioning of immunoregulatory circuits affecting behavior, emotionality and health. Few studies have examined the potential influence of ambient bacteria, such as Mycobacterium vaccae on the gut–brain–microbiota axis. In this preliminary research, we show that mice fed live M. vaccae prior to and during a maze learning task demonstrated a reduction in anxiety-related behaviors and maze completion time, when tested at three maze difficulty levels over 12 trials for four weeks. Treated mice given M. vaccae in their reward completed the maze twice as fast as controls, and with reduced anxiety-related behaviors. In a consecutive set of 12 maze trials without M. vaccae exposure, treated mice continued to run the maze faster for the first three trials, and with fewer errors overall, suggesting a treatment persistence of about one week. Following a three-week hiatus, a final maze run revealed no differences between the experimentals and controls. Additionally, M. vaccae-treated mice showed more exploratory head-dip behavior in a zero maze, and M. vaccae treatment did not appear to affect overall activity levels as measured by activity wheel usage. Collectively, our results suggest a beneficial effect of naturally delivered, live M. vaccae on anxiety-related behaviors and maze performance, supporting a positive role for ambient microbes in the immunomodulation of animal behavior.
Developmental Relations between Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension: A Longitudinal Study from Grade 1 to Grade 2.

Abstract From a developmental framework, relations among list reading fluency, oral and silent reading fluency, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension might be expected to change as children’s reading skills develop. We examined developmental relations among these constructs in a latent-variable longitudinal study of first and second graders. Results showed that list reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension in Grade 1, but not in Grade 2, after accounting for text reading fluency (oral or silent) and listening comprehension. In contrast, text reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension in Grade 2, but not in Grade 1, after accounting for list reading fluency and listening comprehension. When oral reading fluency and silent reading fluency were compared, oral reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension after accounting for silent reading fluency in Grade 1, whereas silent reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension after accounting for oral reading fluency in Grade 2.
Derivations for a class of matrix function algebras

Abstract We study a class of matrix function algebras, here denoted T + ( C n ) . We introduce a notion of point derivations, and classify the point derivations for certain finite dimensional representations of T + ( C n ) . We use point derivations and information about n × n matrices to show that every T + ( C n ) -valued derivation on T + ( C n ) is inner.
Compact coupled resonators for slow-light sensor applications

We describe a new type of interferometer, the coupled spiral interferometer (CSPIN), which consists in a planar spiral-shaped waveguide with optical coupling between adjacent arms. We demonstrate through numerical simulations that when the arms are phase matched and contain straight parallel sections, a CSPIN supports strong slow-light resonances that are periodic in frequency and in the coupling coefficient of the arms. Compared to existing coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs), it presents the significant benefit of greater compactness (as 1/N, where N is the number of coupled resonators, or equivalently the number of arms). Being two dimensional, it is also easier to fabricate than a coil optical resonator (COR). We illustrate this concept with a spiral in the shape of a square with rounded corners and two arms. Resonant conditions in wavelength and coupling coefficient are shown to exist for which the group delay goes to infinity and the transmission goes to zero, as in a COR. The effective group delay (product of group delay and transmission), a useful figure of merit to quantify the efficacy with which light can be slowed down, is maximum on both sides of a wavelength resonance. For a square spiral ~70 mm in length made of a low-loss (0.16 m -1 ) silicon nitride waveguide, the maximum effective group delay is 15.9 ns (or a slow-down factor of 34.6). This value is independent of the number of arms (for a small loss), and it is the same value as for a COR with the same length and loss (for any N) and for a CROW with two resonators. This study shows that CSPINs offer a wide range of exciting new opportunities for implementing and utilizing slow light in numerous applications on a highly compact platform.
Accuracy Analysis of Screen Propagators For Wave Extrapolation Using a Thin-slab Model

One-way wave extrapolators, based on the split-step Fourier method or the generalized screen method, have been proposed recently as part of the solution to lessen the CPU and memory-size requirements of waveequation-style migration and imaging in three dimensions (3D). The phase-space path-integral formulation and the associated vertical slowness symbol analysis provide a general and convenient framework for the estimation of the accuracy of such approximate propagators. By comparing the dispersion relations of the screen propagators in the high-frequency (h-f) limit with the leading-order asymptotics of the vertical slowness symbol, and by numerical simulations of transmission through a heterogeneous, thin slab, it is found that for weak perturbations with respect to a homogeneous background medium both phase-screen and wide-anglescreen propagators perform well; for strong perturbations, our modification of the wide-angle-screen propagator shows superior accuracy.
Gene structure and expression of a novel Euglena gracilis chloroplast operon encoding cytochrome b6 and the beta and epsilon subunits of the H(+)-ATP synthase complex.

The genes encoding cytochrome b6 of the chloroplast cytochrome b6/f complex (petB) and the ATP synthase CF1-β subunit (atpB) and e-subunit (atpE) were identified on the EcoD fragment of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome. The complete nucleotide sequence of these three genes was determined. The petB-atpB-atpE genes are cotranscribed as a tricistronic operon. This gene organization differs from that of land plants in which atpB-atpE form a discistronic operon, and petB is within the psbB-ycf8-psbH-petB-petD operon. Euglena cytochrome b6 and the β-subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase are very similar in derived amino acid sequence to the corresponding gene products from other organisms. The e-subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase complex is more divergent. In Euglena, the petB-atpB-atpE genes contain introns, including two twintrons, at eight different positions. All of the intron positions were confirmed by analysis of cDNAs. Two independent intercistronic RNA processing events and 11 splicing reactions lead to the accumulation of the mature petB, atpB and atpE monocistronic mRNAs.