cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron correlations in an excited state of a quantum dot in a uniform magnetic field

Abstract Electron correlations in a two-electron two-dimensional ‘artificial atom’ or quantum dot (with harmonic confining potential) in the presence of a uniform magnetic field in an excited singlet state are studied via quantal density functional theory (QDFT). QDFT allows for the separation of the electron correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb repulsion, as well as the determination of the contribution of these correlations to the kinetic energy. The QDFT mapping is from the excited state of the quantum dot to one of noninteracting fermions in their ground state possessing the same basic variables of the density and physical current density, and the same orbital and spin angular momentum. A detailed analysis of these correlations in terms of their quantal sources, the corresponding ‘classical’ fields, and resulting potentials and energies is presented. The key conclusions are that as in natural atoms, the contributions of the Pauli and Coulomb correlations relative to the total energy for the excited state, are less than but of the same order of magnitude as those for the ground state of a quantum dot. However, in contrast, the correlation-kinetic contributions are an order of magnitude greater than those for a quantum dot in its ground state. These correlations constitute nearly 75 % of the kinetic and 25 % of the total energy. This result is consistent with prior work on low electron density Wigner systems in three-dimensions in which correlation-kinetic effects too play a significant role. The significance of these correlations to traditional excited state density functional theory is noted.
Combined high-intensity local treatment and systemic therapy in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base.

BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that primary tumor ablation can improve survival for some cancer patients with distant metastases. This may be particularly applicable to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) because of its tropism for locoregional progression. METHODS This study included patients with metastatic HNSCC undergoing systemic therapy identified in the National Cancer Data Base. High-intensity local treatment was defined as radiation doses ≥ 60 Gy or oncologic resection of the primary tumor. Multivariate Cox regression, propensity score matching, landmark analysis, and subgroup analysis were performed to account for imbalances in covariates, including adjustments for the number and location of metastatic sites in the subset of patients with this information available. RESULTS In all, 3269 patients were included (median follow-up, 51.5 months). Patients undergoing systemic therapy with local treatment had improved survival in comparison with patients receiving systemic therapy alone in propensity score–matched cohorts (2-year overall survival, 34.2% vs 20.6%; P < .001). Improved survival was associated only with patients receiving high-intensity local treatment, whereas those receiving lower-intensity local treatment had survival similar to that of patients receiving systemic therapy without local treatment. The impact of high-intensity local therapy was time-dependent, with a stronger impact within the first 6 months after the diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.255; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.210-0.309; P < .001) in comparison with more than 6 months after the diagnosis (AHR, 0.622; 95% CI, 0.561-0.689; P < .001) in the multivariate analysis. A benefit was seen in all subgroups, in landmark analyses of 1-, 2-, and 3-year survivors, and when adjusting for the number and location of metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS Aggressive local treatment warrants prospective evaluation for select patients with metastatic HNSCC. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Characterizing the gut microbiome in trauma: significant changes in microbial diversity occur early after severe injury.

Background Recent studies have demonstrated the vital influence of commensal microbial communities on human health. The central role of the gut in the response to injury is well described; however, no prior studies have used culture-independent profiling techniques to characterize the gut microbiome after severe trauma. We hypothesized that in critically injured patients, the gut microbiome would undergo significant compositional changes in the first 72 hours after injury. Methods Trauma stool samples were prospectively collected via digital rectal examination at the time of presentation (0 hour). Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (n=12) had additional stool samples collected at 24 hours and/or 72 hours. Uninjured patients served as controls (n=10). DNA was extracted from stool samples and 16S rRNA-targeted PCR amplification was performed; amplicons were sequenced and binned into operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97% sequence similarity). Diversity was analyzed using principle coordinates analyses, and negative binomial regression was used to determine significantly enriched OTUs. Results Critically injured patients had a median Injury Severity Score of 27 and suffered polytrauma. At baseline (0 hour), there were no detectable differences in gut microbial community diversity between injured and uninjured patients. Injured patients developed changes in gut microbiome composition within 72 hours, characterized by significant alterations in phylogenetic composition and taxon relative abundance. Members of the bacterial orders Bacteroidales, Fusobacteriales and Verrucomicrobiales were depleted during 72 hours, whereas Clostridiales and Enterococcus members enriched significantly. Discussion In this initial study of the gut microbiome after trauma, we demonstrate that significant changes in phylogenetic composition and relative abundance occur in the first 72 hours after injury. This rapid change in intestinal microbiota represents a critical phenomenon that may influence outcomes after severe trauma. A better understanding of the nature of these postinjury changes may lead to the ability to intervene in otherwise pathological clinical trajectories. Level of evidence III Study type Prognostic/epidemiological
Treatment of swine wastewater in marsh-pond-marsh constructed wetlands.

Swine waste is commonly treated in the USA by flushing into an anaerobic lagoon and subsequently applying to land. This natural system type of application has been part of agricultural practice for many years. However, it is currently under scrutiny by regulators. An alternate natural system technology to treat swine wastewater may be constructed wetland. For this study we used four wetland cells (11 m width × 40 m length) with a marsh-pond-marsh design. The marsh sections were planted to cattail ( Typha latifolia , L.) and bulrushes ( Scirpus americanus ). Two cells were loaded with 16 kg N ha -1 day -1 with a detention of 21 days. They removed 51% of the added N. Two additional cells were loaded with 32 kg ha -1 day -1 with 10.5 days detention. These cells removed only 37% of the added N. However, treatment operations included cold months in which treatment was much less efficient. Removal of N was moderately correlated with the temperature. During the warmer periods removal efficiencies were more consistent with the high removal rates reported for continuous marsh systems - often > than 70%. Phosphorus removal ranged from 30 to 45%. Aquatic macrophytes (plants and floating) assimilated about 320 and 35 kg ha -1 , respectively of N and P.
The Influence of Ex Parte Quirin and Courts-Martial on Military Commissions

A review of the impact of the 1942 Nazi saboteur case on the decision to revive military commissions in 2001 and comments on the tension created by the Military Commissions Act's guarantee of prosecutorial independence and the Convening Authority's oversight authority over the prosecution.
Self-blame and stress in undergraduate college students: The mediating role of proactive coping

Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating relationship of proactive coping on self-blame and stress among US undergraduate college students. Participants: The sample of undergraduate col...
Burnout in United States Healthcare Professionals: A Narrative Review

Burnout has reached rampant levels among United States (US) healthcare professionals, with over one-half of physicians and one-third of nurses experiencing symptoms. The burnout epidemic is detrimental to patient care and may exacerbate the impending physician shortage. This review gives a brief history of burnout and summarizes its main causes, effects, and prevalence among US healthcare workers. It also lists some strategies that physicians, organizations, and medical schools can employ to counter the epidemic.
Changing Sex-Ratios Among Immigrant Communities in the USA

Marriage patterns of immigrants can serve as an indicator of the degree of immigrant integration into their host countries. Literature on the economics of the household has focused on the role of the sex-ratio as an important determining factor in marriage market outcomes. Therefore, it is important to understand if and how the sex-ratio has changed over time and the mechanisms that may drive that change. In this paper, we explore recent changes in the sex-ratio among immigrants to the USA, focusing on the 24 highest sending countries of immigrants. First, building upon previous research, we document the non-gender-neutral nature of declining immigration to the USA. We approach this study from two different dimensions to document some of the forces driving this change in the sex-ratio. The first approach, focusing on changes between birth cohorts, demonstrates that immigration is declining more quickly for men than it is for women, leading to a decrease in the sex-ratio from above 100 and thus bringing about more gender-balanced migration. Second, we present results from an analysis of data on recently granted green cards, which suggests that the sex-ratio among this population is increasing from below 100, also bringing about more gender balance among immigrants. The period of study allows us to capture changes taking place pre- and post-Great Recession. We find declines in migration for both men and women during the Great Recession, but sharper recovery for women. Additionally, while migration has declined for both men and women in traditional receiving states, the stock of women has increased in non-traditional immigrant-receiving states.
Nanoscale toughening of ultrathin graphene oxide-polymer composites: mechanochemical insights into hydrogen-bonding/van der Waals interactions, polymer chain alignment, and steric parameters

This paper describes a systematic study on the nanoscale toughening of monolayer graphene oxide (GO) by an ultra-thin polymer adlayer, which impedes the propagation of cracks during intraplanar fracture. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the crack-bridging capabilities of a library of five hydrogen-bonding-capable polymers are explored against an epoxide-rich GO substrate. The best crack-bridging effect is found in polymers with functional groups that can both donate/accept hydrogen atoms and have better capability to form cooperative hydrogen bonds. Aligning the chains of poly(acrylic acid) orthogonally to the crack propagation direction significantly enhances the fracture toughness of monolayer GO (by 310%) in comparison to that for an adlayer with randomly arranged chains (180% enhancement). Notably, van der Waals interactions, which are seldom highlighted in the fabrication of strong GO-polymer interfaces, are found to also provide significant crack-bridging capabilities when the polymers possess large side groups. These results pave the way for a set of design criteria that can help in remediating the intrinsically brittle mechanical behavior of two-dimensional materials, a barrier that currently restricts their potential applications.
Insights from Southeastern US Nursery Growers Guide Research for Sterile Ornamental Cultivars 1

Abstract Some ornamental plants important to the nursery and landscape industries escape cultivation, spread to natural areas, and become invasive, outcompeting native plants in those ecosystems. D...
Aging Adults' Preferences for Wellness Program Activities and Delivery Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background Lifestyle wellness programs help prevent and manage chronic diseases, yet few are designed for aging adults. Purpose Identify characteristics associated with aging adults' preferences for wellness program activities and delivery characteristics. Subjects/methods Cross-sectional, self-administered survey of a convenience sample of 386 adults aged ≥55 years. Logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing preferences. Results Current healthy behaviors, gender, and age influenced many preferences, while BMI, multiple chronic conditions, self-rated general health status, and quality of life did not. Discussion Incorporating aging adults' preferences for wellness programs will help design appealing and engaging programs.
Performance of Light-Frame Timber Shear Walls Produced with Weathered Sheathing

AbstractLight-frame wood construction is the most common construction method used for single- and multifamily residential structures in the United States. Shear walls made with engineered wood stru...
Mouse neurogenous zone doubles during puberty

![Graphic][1] Puberty is often accompanied by making dumb decisions. Yet, despite its reputation, Michael Brecht and colleagues from Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, recently discovered that the awkward period of adolescence coincided with parts of the brain getting bigger in rats ([
In defense of the Ethics Code: a comment on O’Donohue (2019)

This article is a commentary on O’Donohue’s2019 37-point critique of the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ([Ethics Code] 2017). In this bri...
Abstract P6-10-23: Presence of circulating tumor cell clusters and elevated platelet counts interactively predict disease progression in advanced-stage breast cancer patients

Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and their clusters (CTC-clusters) are promising prognostic markers in breast cancer. Recently studies showed that platelets interact with tumor cells in the circulation and promote metastasis. However, no study has been reported to explore the effects of interactions between CTCs/CTC-clusters and platelets on the prognosis of breast cancer at the population level. Methods: A total of 146 female advanced-stage breast cancer patients were included in this study. CTCs and CTC-clusters were enumerated using the CellSearch system. Platelet count was obtained from laboratory tests. The individual and joint effects of CTCs/CTC-clusters and platelets on progression free survival (PFS) were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Elevated CTCs (≥ 5 CTCs/7.5 mL), presence of CTC-clusters, or high platelet counts (≥ 400 × 109/L) were individually associated with PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.69, 2.71, and 1.79, respectively). We further stratified patients into three risk groups according to the status of CTCs/CTC-clusters in combination with the level of platelet counts, including: 1) low-risk group: for CTC-related analyses, low CTCs ( Conclusions: Our results indicated the effects of interactions between the presence of CTC-clusters and high platelet counts on tumor progression and dissemination in breast cancer. Future studies are warranted to validate our findings and explore their biological mechanisms and clinical relevance. Citation Format: Chun Wang, Zhong Ye, Zhenchao Zhang, Maysa Abu-Khalaf, Daniel Silver, AnaMaria Lopez, Frederick Fellin, Saveri Bhattacharya, Rebecca Jaslow, Kaelan Yao, Darayus Toorkey, Neha Pancholy, Ronald Myers, Hushan Yang. Presence of circulating tumor cell clusters and elevated platelet counts interactively predict disease progression in advanced-stage breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-23.
Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

In light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) the optical axes of the image-forming microscope objective and the objective providing illumination of the specimen are at right angles to one another (Olarte et al., 2018). A sheet of light is incident on the specimen, and fluorescence is produced and hence detected only in that plane. To obtain images of multiple planes for three-dimensional reconstruction the light-sheet is displaced relative to the specimen either by scanning the illumination or by moving the specimen through the light-sheet (Huber et al., 2001). LSFM has the intrinsic capability of optically sectioning the specimen. An LSFM differs markedly from epi-illumination fluorescence microscopes, in which illumination is incident on the entire specimen. The key advantage of LSFM lies in the associated decreased photobleaching and phototoxicity in the specimen—up to three orders of magnitude, depending on the specimen—as compared with an epi-illumination fluorescence microscope (Reynaud et al., 2008).
Enhanced recovery protocol for transoral robotic surgery demonstrates improved analgesia and narcotic use reduction

Abstract Background No study has evaluated the impact of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol on opioid usage among patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Methods In this retrospective study, patients undergoing TORS were enrolled in an ERAS protocol and compared to control patients. Primary outcome measures included postoperative mean morphine equivalent dose (MED), Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) pain scores, and opioid prescriptions on discharge. Results The mean MED administered postoperatively was lower in the ERAS group (17.6 mg) than in the control group (65.0 mg) (p Conclusion The TORS ERAS protocol is associated with reduced postoperative opioid usage, lower pain scores, and reduced opioid requirements on discharge.
Research Findings; Contemporary Perceptions of Canadian Security Professionals Regarding the Challenges in Sharing Information with the Public Sector

This chapter contains the findings of the research conducted with Canadian security professionals working for financial institutions. The primary research focus was (a) to obtain information to understand better the challenges these private security professionals face in sharing information aimed at preventing cybersecurity incidents with the public sector and (b) to provide recommendations for banking key decision-makers on how best to robust their existing cybersecurity protections. In addition, this chapter examines the central problem of why private and public partnership relationships have been ineffective in monitoring, detecting, and reacting to cybersecurity incidents while attempting to share information and intelligence. Demographic data of the study participants, the current challenges these security professionals face in exchanging information with the public sector, as well as an evaluation of the general themes identified within the interviews are presented.
COVID-19 and the Curse of Piecemeal Perspectives

The world is in turmoil. A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has catapulted across the ever-evolving interface between humans and wild places relentlessly spreading coronavirus disease (COVID-19) amongst humans and bringing immense suffering and death to the farthest reaches of our planet. What was immediately apparent was that the virus responsible for this outbreak originated in wild animals. A wildlife source does not come as a surprise as the majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and two-thirds have their origin in wildlife. The commercial use of wildlife for consumption encompassing both legal and illegal trade is poorly regulated with porous boundaries between the two entities. This trade, particularly in live animals, creates super-interfaces along the food value chain co-mingling species from many different geographies and habitats while creating perfect conditions for the exchange and recombination of viruses. Since the SARS outbreak in 2002/2003, broad scientific consensus exists that long term, structural changes, and wildlife trade and market closures will be required to prevent future epidemics. The pragmatic, most cost-effective action governments can take with immediate effect is to ban the commercial trade of wild birds and mammals for consumption. Most importantly, this reduces the risk of future zoonotic transmission while also safeguarding resources for those Indigenous Peoples and local communities who rely on wild meat to meet their nutritional requirements.
Caste-ing wider nets of credit: A mixed methods analysis of informal lending and caste relations in Bihar

Abstract Rural Bihar has seen dramatic shifts in caste and economic relations in the past two decades, and yet few studies have examined how informal credit networks are organized in this new reality. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines extensive survey data from rural Bihar with four years of in-depth qualitative data on the supply and demand side of informal lending, we advance a holistic analysis of credit relations in Bihar. Our quantitative analysis demonstrates that despite the similarity in borrowing purpose, Scheduled Castes (SCs) are less likely to borrow within their kinship network and are charged a higher interest for smaller principal amounts. Evidence from survey data and qualitative interviews rule out market interlinkages or higher administrative costs of processing smaller loans as likely explanations. To explain the changing role of caste, we take an inter-disciplinary approach and borrow from sociological theories of relational inequalities, treating caste-based differentials in credit market outcomes as a dynamic relational problem between caste categories that are reproduced rather than erased over time. Using qualitative data, we demonstrate how, despite more suppliers trickling into the informal credit landscape, caste remains a defining feature, albeit through different causal mechanisms. SCs do not have access to upper-caste lenders through jajmani ties or cultural proximity; they also do not have collaterals to offer and rarely benefit from intra-kin lending due to limited SC lenders. These cumulative disadvantages have gradually and systematically sorted them into impersonal, but higher interest markets over time.
A look at WH-questions in direct and cross-examinations: Authentic vs. TV courtroom language

ABSTRACT Using a corpus-based register approach, this study explores language use of authentic and TV courtroom discourse through the lens of WH-questions, with a focus on direct and cross-examinations. Results show that in addition to differences as a result of these two discourse settings (i.e., authentic and TV courtroom), WH-questions accomplish different goals across the registers of direct and cross-examinations. For example, WH-questions are avoided in authentic cross-examinations, while in TV courtroom discourse WH-questions are used to engage viewers. Results explore how the different communicative purposes of authentic and TV courtroom settings impact the use of WH-questions in direct and cross-examinations.
Maternal Worry About Infant Weight and its Influence on Artificial Milk Supplementation and Breastfeeding Cessation

BackgroundMaternal worry about infant weight has inconsistently been reported as a breastfeeding barrier. Weight monitoring is a critical tool to assess adequacy of infant feeding. Yet, little is k...
Acceptance and Use of Home-Based Electronic Symptom Self-Reporting Systems in Patients With Cancer: Systematic Review.

Background: Electronic symptom self-reporting systems (e-SRS) have been shown to improve symptoms and survival in patients with cancer. However, patient engagement in using e-SRS for voluntary symptom self-reporting is less optimal. Multiple factors can potentially affect patients’ acceptance and engagement in using home-based e-SRS. However, such factors have not been fully explored in cancer populations. Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the acceptance and use of home-based e-SRS by patients with cancer and identify associated facilitators and barriers. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO (January 2010 to March 2020) were searched using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords such as symptom self-reporting, electronic/technology, cancer, and their synonyms. Included studies focused on the use of home-based e-SRS by patients with cancer and their families. Studies on patients’ use of e-SRS in clinical settings only were excluded. Of the 3740 papers retrieved, 33 were included in the final review. Factors associated with patient acceptance and use of e-SRS were extracted and synthesized. Results: Most e-SRS were web based (22/33, 66%) or mobile app based (9/33, 27%). The e-SRS initial acceptance, represented by patient enrollment rates, ranged from 40% (22/55) to 100% (100/100). High e-SRS acceptance was rated by 69% (59/85) to 77.6% (337/434) of the patients after they used the system. The e-SRS use, measured by patients’ response rates to questionnaires (ranging from 1596/3521, 45.33% to 92%) or system log-on rates (ranging from 4/12, 33% to 99/100, 99%), declined over time in general patterns. Few studies (n=7) reported e-SRS use beyond 6 months, with the response rates ranging from 62% (40/64) to 85.1% (541/636) and the log-on rates ranging from 63.6% (103/162) to 77% (49/64). The availability of compatible devices and technical support, interactive system features, information accessibility, privacy, questionnaire quality, patient physical/psychosocial status, and age were associated with patient acceptance and use of home-based e-SRS. Conclusions: Acceptance and use of home-based e-SRS by patients with cancer varied significantly across studies, as assessed by a variety of approaches. The lack of access to technology has remained a barrier to e-SRS adoption. Interactive system features and personalized questionnaires may increase patient engagement. More studies are needed to further understand patients’ long-term use of home-based e-SRS behavior patterns to develop personalized interventions to support symptom self-management and self-reporting of patients with cancer for optimal health outcomes.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A 56-year-old Caucasian male presents to his primary care physician (PCP) complaining of a 6-month history of shortness of breath when walking a few blocks or up stairs. Accompanying these symptoms are feelings of tightness in the chest and wheezing throughout the day. He also complains of a productive cough for the past several months and a recent upper respiratory infection requiring treatment with antibiotics. He denies chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, chills, recent weight loss, or syncope. He has a past medical history significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide, an angiotensin-con verting enzyme inhibitor, and a statin. He has no known drug allergies, no history of asthma, and states he has mild “hay fever” each spring, for which he takes over-the-counter antihistamines. He says he generally gets two to three respiratory illnesses each winter, but states that “they’re nothing out of the ordinary.” The patient has worked for the past 35 years as a dock worker in Baltimore, MD. He lives with his wife and has four adult children. He has a 60 pack per year tobacco history, drinks two to three beers per night, and six beers on weekends. He has no history of illicit drug use. Review of systems is negative. The patient says he has recently had to miss more and more work because of his shortness of breath and limitations on his activity, and notes that he is beginning to “feel a bit depressed” about the effects his symptoms have taken on his life.
The association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and chronic kidney disease using electronic health record data in urban Minnesota.

Background Recent evidence has shown that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may be an important environmental risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but few studies have examined this association for individual patients using fine spatial data. Objective To investigate the association between PM2.5 and CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] Methods We estimated the previous 1-year average PM2.5 from the first eGFR (measured with the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation using the first available creatinine measure during the baseline period [2012-2014]) using Environmental Protection Agency downscaler modeling data at the census tract level. We evaluated the spatial relative risk and clustering of CKD prevalence using a K-function test statistic. We assessed the prevalence ratio of the PM2.5 association with CKD incidence using a mixed effect Cox model, respectively. Results Patients (n = 20,289) in the fourth (PM2.5 > 10.4), third (10.3 Significance Exposure to higher PM2.5 is associated with a greater risk for incident CKD. Improvements in air quality, specifically at hotspots, may reduce CKD.
Collection of Data on Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity by U.S. Public Health Data and Monitoring Systems, 2015–2018

We aimed to assess Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data systems on the extent of data collection on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity as well as on age and race/ethnicity. Between March and September 2019, we searched 11 federal websites to identify CDC-supported or -led U.S. data systems active between 2015 and 2018. We searched the systems’ website, documentation, and publications for evidence of data collection on sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, and race/ethnicity. We categorized each system by type (disease notification, periodic prevalence survey, registry/vital record, or multiple sources). We provide descriptive statistics of characteristics of the identified systems. Most (94.1%) systems we assessed collected data on sex. All systems collected data on age, and approximately 80% collected data on race/ethnicity. Only 17.7% collected data on sexual orientation and 5.9% on gender identity. Periodic prevalence surveys were the most common system type for collecting all the variables we assessed. While most U.S. public health data and monitoring systems collect data disaggregated by sex, age, and race/ethnicity, far fewer do so for sexual orientation or gender identity. Standards and examples exist to aid efforts to collect and report these vitally important data. Additionally important is increasing accessibility and appropriately tailored dissemination of reports of these data to public health professionals and other collaborators.
A SIMPLE INTERVENTION RAISED RESIDENT-PHYSICIAN WILLINGNESS TO ASSIST TRANSGENDER PATIENTS SEEKING HORMONE THERAPY

ABSTRACT Objective: Lack of physician knowledge about transgender medicine is a barrier to care. An intervention with medical students changed attitudes about providing transgender medical care, but it is unknown whether at the level of postgraduate education an intervention could have a similar effect. We conducted such an intervention with resident-physicians. Methods: An intervention on transgender medicine covering the durability of gender identity and hormonal treatment regimens was added to the curriculum for residents. An anonymous survey assessed the residents' knowledge and willingness to assist with hormonal therapy before and after the lecture. Results: The percent of residents who agreed that they felt sufficiently knowledgeable to assist with hormonal therapy for a female-to-male patient increased significantly, from 5% before to 76% following the lecture (χ2, 24.7; degrees of freedom, 1; P Conclusion: The lecture significantly increased residents' knowledge and willingness to assist with hormonal therapy for transgender patients. Abbreviation: PGY = postgraduate year
Legal Protection for In‐Stream Flow

In the United States, states, rather than the federal government, have primary authority over water allocation. Those states west of the 100th meridian are, for the most part, arid or semiarid. Since early in their settlement, they have found a need to reconcile disputes between water users; each of these states follows the doctrine of prior appropriation to allocate water among competing users. Each state's system is unique, but their systems share many features. Most importantly, these systems define the value of water in terms of its use, and until late in the twentieth century, this meant use out of the stream. The prior appropriation system did not recognize any value for leaving water in a stream. Because the prior appropriation system functions as a seniority system, where the earliest user of a river retains always the first right of use, the system has created a challenge today for states and others seeking to protect remaining in-stream values, where water is “unused” except in sustaining the environment or by recreationists in a non-consumptive manner. Keywords: water law; in-stream flows; fisheries; Western states; water markets; recreational boating; public trust doctrine; federal law; Endangered Species Act; Clean Water Act
Representation Theory of Finite Groups

Representation theory of finite groups is an old subject extensively discussed in many textbooks on group theory. In this article, dedicated to Larry Biedenharn on the occasion of his 70th birthday, I will introduce a new technique to construct representations of finite groups and apply it to the study of vibrations of complex molecules. The development of this technique is stimulated by the recent advances in the spectroscopy of complex molecules, the best example being that of the fullerene molecule, c60, discovered in 1985 and prepared in macroscopic quantities in 1990. This molecule, Fig. 1, has 174 fundamental vibrations and one needs a very efficient method to deal with them, in particular to construct representations of its symmetry group (the icosahedral group, Ih).
Structural basis of Hox specificity.

On their own, the homeotic selector (Hox) transcriptional regulators bind very short, rather similar DNA sequences. To elevate their functional specificity, Hox proteins heterodimerize with other homeodomain-containing proteins. The structural basis for this fruitful partnership is now coming into view.
Optimum N and P rates for greenhouse production of vegetative coleus using constant liquid feed

ABSTRACTMany new coleus (C. hybridus cv.) cultivars are vegetatively propagated and require different fertilization practices from seed propagated cultivars. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate growth responses of Henna, Indian Summer, Mint Mocha, New Orleans Red, Red Head, and Trusty Rusty to 0, 70, 140, 280 and 420 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N), and Henna, Mint Mocha, Red Head, and Trusty Rusty to 0, 6.2, 12.4, 24.8, or 49.6 mg·L−1 phosphorus (P) to determine optimum constant liquid feed rates to produce marketable size plants from rooted cuttings. Positive growth responses in terms of biomass were found with increasing N rates but not P rates. For medium-sized cultivars such as Henna, Indian Summer, and New Orleans Red, quadratic responses were found in aboveground biomass, and N at 280 mg·L−1 resulted in similar plant size and dry weight as those fertilized at 140 and 420 mg·L−1 N. For large-sized cultivars such as Mint Mocha, Red Head and Trusty Rusty, plant dry weight responded linearly within the N ra...
Aiming Research Toward Understanding: Lessons We can Learn from Children

The thesis of this chapter is that the primary goal of research in mathematics education should be to understand what we study. It will be argued that developing understanding satisfies both fundamental or theoretic aims and practical aims simultaneously. Research efforts that do not aim to understand satisfy neither of these goals and are not worth making.
The latent factor structure of the WAIS-R: A factor analysis of individual item responses

Factor analytic examination of a 166 × 166 intercorrelational matrix that represents individual item scores from the 11 subtests of the WAIS-R provided evidence of five interpretable factors (N = 409). Two of these were identified as the Verbal and Performance factors previously encountered in traditional WAIS-R subtest-based factor analyses (Beck, Horwitz, Seidenberg, Parker, & Frank, 1985). The other three factors were characterized readily as involving (1) Advanced Vocabulary skills; (2) Basic Responsivity and (3) Advanced Computational ability. All three of these “new” factors accounted for at least 10% of the total variance, and comments are made with regard to the possible significance of their discovery to such topics as subtest variation and profile psychodiagnostics, theories that pertain to the nature and structure of human intellectual functioning, and subtest-based personality measurement theories.
In Vivo CD4+ T Cell Tolerance Induction Versus Priming Is Independent of the Rate and Number of Cell Divisions

In vitro studies have suggested that tolerance induction (i.e., anergy) is associated with an inability of T cells to proliferate vigorously upon Ag recognition. In vivo, the relationship between T cell proliferation and tolerance induction is less clear. To clarify this issue, we have been studying a model system in which naive CD4+ T cells specific for the model Ag hemagluttinin (HA) are adoptively transferred into different transgenic founder lines of mice expressing HA as a peripheral self-Ag. When transferred into two lines whose HA expression differs by at least 1000-fold, HA-specific T cells undergo multiple rounds of cell division before reaching a nonresponsive (i.e., tolerant) state. While the proliferative response is more rapid in mice expressing higher levels of HA, the T cells become tolerant regardless of the level of peripheral HA expression. When the T cells encounter HA expressed as a viral Ag, they proliferate at a similar rate and undergo the same number of divisions as with self-HA, but they do not become tolerant. These results indicate that a tolerizing stimulus can induce similar T cell mitotic rates as a priming stimulus. Therefore, CD4+ T cell tolerance induction in vivo is not the result of an insufficient proliferative response elicited upon TCR engagement.
Repeat blood cultures in children with persistent fever and neutropenia: Diagnostic and clinical implications.

Fever and neutropenia (FN) is one of the most common, life-threatening, and costly complications of treatment for childhood cancer [1–3]. Although initial blood cultures identify bloodstream infections (BSI) in 10–20% of children with FN, the majority of episodes do not have an identified infectious etiology, and fever persists despite antibiotic therapy in up to 40% of cases [4–7]. Although blood cultures are frequently repeated in children with persistent FN, it is unclear how often this strategy identifies additional BSI, and how management is altered based on subsequent blood cultures. Potential harms of excessive blood culture collection include iatrogenic blood loss, which may increase transfusion requirements, and false positive results, which lead to additional laboratory testing, unnecessary antibiotic therapy, and increased costs [8–10]. The optimal approach to repeating blood cultures during persistent FN was identified as an important research gap in recent pediatric FN guidelines [11]. Prior studies examining the yield of subsequent blood cultures in patients with FN have demonstrated varying rates of new BSI. In an adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) cohort, 1 (0.9%) of 109 patients who had blood cultures collected after day 1 of FN had a new pathogen identified by follow-up culture [12]. In a study of children with FN whose initial cultures were negative, new BSI were identified via subsequent cultures in 24 (10%) of 220 episodes [13]. Because secondary infections may occur during treatment for the initial infection, it is also important to evaluate the yield of subsequent blood cultures in children whose initial cultures are positive [6, 14]. Subsequent blood culture yield should also be evaluated in pediatric HSCT recipients, a group with high incidence of persistent FN and high risk for BSI [4, 15]. At our center, blood cultures are repeated every 24 hours in the setting of ongoing FN. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of subsequent cultures in order to better characterize the utility of this approach in children with persistent FN, including those with previous positive cultures and HSCT recipients.
Filial Piety and Its Divine Rewards: The Legend of Dong Yong and Weaving Maiden, With Related Texts

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2009 Pages: 160 Publisher: Hackett ISBN: 9781603841351 (soft cover).
Contributions of Population Genetics to Plant Disease Epidemiology and Management

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses contributions of population genetics to plant disease epidemiology and management. Population genetics and genetic variation in plant pathogens are subjects that have generated much interest since the late 1980s. Almost every recent issue of major plant pathological and mycological journals has at least one article on genetic variation of a plant pathogen species. Whether population genetics becomes an integral discipline within plant pathology depends, in part, on whether it can be integrated with epidemiology and disease management. Evolutionary biology and population genetics have the potential to deliver much basic information about plant pathogens. Population genetics is a field concerned with determining the extent and pattern of genetic variation in populations with the goal of understanding the evolutionary processes affecting the origin and maintenance of genetic variation. The conceptual framework is based on evolutionary biology and on the processes affecting the genetic composition of populations: selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and mating systems. The advances in technology also brought about a marked change in emphasis in population genetics of plant pathogens. The biology of pathogens at the population level and processes other than selection has been emphasized. Accurate population definition is essential so that sampling is done in a manner which will enable inferences to be made about the population of interest. From an operational perspective, recognition of population structure is very important when estimating population genetic parameters.
Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone Neurons in the Paraventricular Nucleus Project to the External Zone of the Median Eminence: A Study Combining Retrograde Labeling with Immunocytochemistry

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the major regulator of the pituitary-adrenal axis. CRH-immunoreactive perikarya are widely distributed in the central nervous system; however, only those which participate directly in the regulation of adrenocorticotropin are connected to the portal circulation in the external zone of the median eminence. The present study describes the identification of these hypophysiotropic neurons using retrograde labeling and CRH immunocytochemistry. Fluoro-Gold was injected peripherally then, 5 days later, the animals were treated with colchicine. Twenty-four hours later the animals were sacrificed, and their brains were immunostained for CRH with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The results indicate that the vast majority of the Fluoro-Gold-accumulating and CRH-immunopositive perikarya (hypophysiotropic neurons) are located in the medial parvicellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, not each CRH-immunoreactive neuron contains Fluoro-Gold, i.e. a small portion of these neurons project to areas of the brain other than the median eminence. The anterior, lateral and periventricular subdivisions of the PVN also contain hypophysiotropic CRH-immunoreactive perikarya, however, their number is much less than in the medial parvicellular subdivision. Scattered double-labeled cells are also present in the medial preoptic area and the dorsal hypothalamus, just behind the PVN. These results support previous observations that the PVN, particularly the medial parvicellular subdivision, is the predominant source of the hypophysiotropic CRH neurons.
Clinician Attributions and Disease Model Perspectives of Mentally Ill, Chemically Addicted Patients: A Preliminary Investigation

Brickman et al.'s (Brickman, P., Rabinowitz, V. C., Coates, D., Cohn, E., Kidder, L. (1982). Models of helping and coping. American Psychologist 37:364–384.) models of helping and coping provided a framework by which to compare clinicians’ attributions of blame and control among several hypothetical patients. Sixty-one mental health clinicians (MHCs) and addiction clinicians (ACs)—mostly master's level clinicians and registered nurses—rated attributions toward vignettes that depicted individuals with schizophrenia, alcoholism, and mentally ill, chemically addicted (MICA) classifications in 1995. Results indicate that MHCs attributed more blame to MICA patients than did ACs, but did not differ on their attributions of control. MHCs’ and ACs’ attributions of blame and control were generally low, consistent with a medical model. However, the endorsement of a disease model of alcoholism did not significantly predict the amount of blame attributed by the clinicians. Implications for treatment planning for MICA...
Metal-assisted assembly and stabilization of collagen-like triple helices.

Single-chain and TRIS-assembled collagen mimetic peptide structures incorporating catechol groups were synthesized. When 1/3 equiv of Fe3+ was added to the single-chain compound in 50 mM CAPS buffer (pH 10), the 1:3 Fe3+−catechol complex that formed acted as an N-terminal scaffold to assemble the triple helix. When 1 equiv of Fe3+ was added to the TRIS-assembled compound in the buffer solution, the Fe3+−catechol complex acted as an extra C-terminal scaffold, which lead to a triple helix with both termini tethered. The formation of this C-terminal complex increased the Tm by a remarkable 22 °C!
Linear programming relaxations of a network flow problem with applications in machinery industry

Globalization of design, manufacturing and logistics has made the production-transportation problem (PTP) an important aspect of the supply chain optimization. This problem is usually formulated with piecewise linear concave cost functions for both production and transportation costs, and then solved using a mixed-integer programming (MIP) algorithm. This paper studies the application of three different relaxations of the MIP formulation of the PTP and compares their computational efficiencies. A cutting-plane algorithm is adapted to improve the computational efficiency. Although the relaxations tend to provide similar optimal costs, they differ significantly with respect to computational complexity.
User fusion to constrain SAR targeting for TSTs

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) systems will not be effective and efficient without incorporating the user in acquiring and identifying a target. Typically, a SAR-ATR goal is to automatically identify a target for a user; however, in most cases, the data resolution and data availability is not accurate enough to identify the target over all operating conditions. Furthermore, when the target acquisition and recognition cycle is time-constrained, it is important for the SAR-ATR system to quickly present the target list, which the user can edit to reduce the target analysis time. In this paper, we explore user capabilities to assist in a time-sensitive target [TST] recognition task by understanding: (1) user needs, (2) SAR-ATR models and (3) simulation metrics for the SAR-ATR analysis. We utilize the User-Fusion Model, introduced by Blasch and Plano, to analyze the interaction between an image-based SAR-ATR analysis and user actions to facilitate a TST targeting task. Three metrics of throughput, timeliness, confidence, and accuracy are plotted in a novel 3D ROC curve for a given level of throughput to characterize a user-SAR-ATR (USA) model evaluation.