cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Robust Principal Component Analysis via Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers to GenE-Expression Prediction

Gene expression is the main process responsible for the function of every living cell. Thousands of genes expressed in a specific cell determine what that cell can do. Gene expression values can be measured by measuring the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. There are biological methods to measure gene expression in biological samples so researchers can find genes responsible for each disease. Some example methods are Reporter gene, Microarray, and RNA sequencing. These methods however are very costly and time consuming. Computational methods have the potential to help these studies by identifying reliable directions using prediction techniques on incomplete data; so novel and efficient techniques and algorithms to predict gene expressions are in high demand. In this paper, we describe a method to recover gene expression dataset based on robust principal component analysis (RPCA). We treat the differentially expressed genes as sparse noise S and non-differentially expressed genes as low-rank matrix Y. We show how S and Y can be recovered from gene expression data using RPCA. We also used existing implementations of three other iterative optimization based matrix completion methods to provide a comparative analysis of their performances. We show that this approach consistently outperforms the other methods with reaching improvement factors beyond 7.9 in measured mean squared error.
Colorectal cancer mutations are associated with survival and recurrence after pulmonary metastasectomy

Background and objectives While knowledge has grown extensively regarding the impact of mutations on colorectal cancer prognosis, their role in outcomes after pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) remains minimally understood. We sought to determine the prognostic role of mutant disease on survival and recurrence after metastasectomy. Methods Patients with available tumor sequencing profiles who underwent PM for colorectal cancer at a single institution from 2011 to 2017 were reviewed. Various demographic and clinicopathologic factors, as well as mutational status, were tested in the Cox regression analyses to identify predictors of survival and disease-free survival (DFS). Results A total of 130 patients met inclusion criteria, among whom 78 (60%) were male and the mean age was 57 years. The median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 58.2 months and 47%, respectively. A single pulmonary nodule was present in 54%. Disease recurrence occurred for 87 (67%) patients, including 75 (58%) who had at least one lung recurrence after metastasectomy at a median time to recurrence of 19.4 months. Upon multivariable analysis, RAS and TP53 mutations were associated with shorter survival DFS, while APC is associated with prolonged survival. Conclusions After metastasectomy for colorectal cancer, mutations in RAS, TP53, and APC play an important role in survival and recurrence.
Systemic Treatment of Hand Eczema: Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine, a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, is used in many dermatological disorders, including severe eczema. While there is little published literature of its use in hand eczema, it serves as a good short-term agent for recalcitrant severe hand eczema. Patients must be monitored carefully, particularly for renal side effects (including hypertension), while they are on the medication, and a long-term plan must be developed once the dermatitis is acutely controlled. It is also important to consider interactions with other drugs prior to starting the medication.
The Influence of Social Supports on Graduate Student Persistence in Biomedical Fields.

This paper describes a 1-year study with 101 historically underrepresented (HU) and majority biomedical doctoral students. Results, using PROCESS mediation analyses, gave evidence that providing di...
Prevention and Clinical Staging

Preventing psychosocial toxicities due to poorly controlled illness (job loss, interrupted education, criminal record) is an achievable goal in schizophrenia care. In this chapter, I show how different types of prevention of schizophrenia can improve clinical and social outcomes. If schizophrenia is viewed as a relapsing-remitting illness with accrued disability over time, then relapse prevention, an example of tertiary prevention, becomes an overarching goal of treatment. Intervening earlier in the course of illness (during the prodrome or around the time of a first episode of psychosis) are examples of secondary prevention that hold the promise of changing the long-term trajectory of schizophrenia toward a more benign course. A prolonged duration of untreated psychosis is one factor that, if reduced, improves outcomes. Clinical staging as an application of a prevention mind-set provides a powerful organizing framework that identifies clear treatment goals for each phase of schizophrenia.
Child Welfare System: Interaction of Policy, Practice and Algorithms

This paper focuses on understanding the collaborative work of multi-disciplinary teams in the child welfare system (CWS). CWS workers participate in meetings mediated by policies in place, current child-welfare practice, as well as algorithms that offer recommendations. We conducted 25 observations of these meetings to assess how algorithms aid decision-making in a domain where decisions often come down to the policies and practices in place. Our findings suggest that the algorithm works fairly well at recommending placement settings, however, these recommendations are often overridden because of policy or legal requirements. Moreover, re-appropriation of the placement algorithm to prescribe the rates for foster parents has led to unintended consequences. This poster identifies uses cases of the algorithm in place, scenarios where conflicts arise between the algorithm and policy/practice, as well as how these conflicts are addressed. Our work identifies a need for human-centered algorithms that can better support child welfare practice.
A non-canonical role for the autophagy machinery in anti-retroviral signaling mediated by TRIM5α

TRIM5α is a key cross-species barrier to retroviral infection, with certain TRIM5 alleles conferring increased risk of HIV-1 infection in humans. TRIM5α is best known as a species-specific restriction factor that directly inhibits the viral life cycle. Additionally, it is also a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that activates inflammatory signaling. How TRIM5α carries out its multi-faceted actions in antiviral defense remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that proteins required for autophagy, a cellular self-digestion pathway, play an important role in TRIM5α9s function as a PRR. Genetic depletion of proteins involved in all stages of the autophagy pathway prevented TRIM5α-driven expression of NF-κB and AP1 responsive genes. One of these genes is the preeminent antiviral cytokine interferon β (IFN-β), whose TRIM5-dependent expression was lost in cells lacking the autophagy proteins ATG7, BECN1, and ULK1. Moreover, we found that the ability of TRIM5α to stimulate IFN-β expression in response to recognition of a TRIM5α-restricted HIV-1 capsid mutant (P90A) was abrogated in cells lacking autophagy factors. Stimulation of human macrophage-like cells with the P90A virus protected them against subsequent infection with an otherwise resistant wild type HIV-1 in a manner requiring TRIM5α, BECN1, and ULK1. Mechanistically, TRIM5α was attenuated in its ability to activate the kinase TAK1 in autophagy deficient cells, and both BECN1 and ATG7 contributed to the assembly of TRIM5α-TAK1 complexes. These data demonstrate a non-canonical role for the autophagy machinery in assembling antiviral signaling complexes and demonstrate a role for autophagy in the establishment of a TRIM5α-dependent antiviral state.
High Affinity Nanobodies Block SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain Interaction with Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

ABSTRACT There are currently no approved effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanobodies are 12-15 kDa single-domain antibody fragments that are more stable and amenable to large-scale production compared to conventional antibodies. Nanobodies can also be administered in an inhaled form directly to the lungs. We have isolated several nanobodies that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain and block spike protein interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for viral entry into human cells via interaction with ACE2 on the cell surface. The lead therapeutic candidate, NIH-CoVnb-112, binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain at approximately 5 nM affinity, and blocks spike protein interaction with the human ACE2 receptor at approximately 0.02 micrograms/mL EC50 (1.1 nM). The affinity and blocking potency of NIH-CoVnb-112 are substantially better than previously reported candidate nanobody therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2, and bind to a distinct site. Furthermore, NIH-CoVnb-112 blocks interaction between ACE2 and several high affinity variant forms of the spike protein. When multimerized or combined with other nanobodies, the effective affinity and blocking interactions may be even more potent, as has been well described for other nanobody therapeutics. These resulting nanobodies have therapeutic, preventative, and diagnostic potential.
Phenotyping Cognitive Impairment using Graphomotor and Latency Features in Digital Clock Drawing Test

The Clock Drawing Test, where the participant is asked to draw a clock from memory and copy a model clock, is widely used for screening of cognitive impairment. The digital version of the clock test, the digital clock drawing test (dCDT), employs accelerometer and pressure sensors of a digital pen to capture time and pressure information from a participant’s performance in a granular digital format. While visual features of the clock drawing test have previously been studied, little is known about the relationship between demographic and cognitive impairment characteristics with dCDT latency and graphomotor features. Here, we examine dCDT feature clusters with respect to sociodemographic and cognitive impairment outcomes. Our results show that the clusters are not significantly different in terms of age and gender, but did significantly differ in terms of education, Mini-Mental State Exam scores, and cognitive impairment diagnoses.This study shows that features extracted from digital clock drawings can provide important information regarding cognitive reserve and cognitive impairments.
Destined for Greatness: A Family-Based Stress Management Intervention for African-American Mothers and their Children.

Abstract Rationale African-American mothers in the U.S. experience high rates of stress, placing them at risk for depression, anxiety, and preterm births, and their children at risk for poor social-emotional development later in childhood. Yet, few studies have developed and tested family-based interventions that target optimal management of stress in this population. Objective The current mixed methods study examined whether a six-week family-based intervention (e.g., cognitive behavioral stress management intervention component for mothers and mindfulness-based kindness curriculum for their children) was effective in improving psychosocial outcomes among low-income African-American mothers and increasing prosocial behaviors in their children. Method Seventy-two mothers (28% pregnant, 72% postpartum) completed pre- and post-intervention assessments of stress, depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy for stress management. Prosocial behaviors for 38 of their children (3–10 years of age) were also assessed via mother's self-report and two observational child assessments of sharing and helping behaviors. Qualitative interviews at post-intervention and reunion focus groups (up to two years later) were also conducted. Results Mothers showed significant reductions in perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety, as well as improved self-efficacy for stress management at post-intervention. Although observational assessments of children's sharing and helping behaviors did not change, mothers' qualitative responses indicated improvements in their child's prosocial behaviors at home. Qualitative responses also revealed unique stressors that mothers experienced, the short- and long-term impact of these interventions on mothers and their children, and program recommendations. Conclusions These results support the efficacy of family-based stress management interventions in this at-risk population.
Perceptions of Ethics in Persuasive User Interfaces

We explore the perceptions of the ethics of persuasive technology as applied to the design of user interfaces. We learn whether consumers of software see persuasion through technology as ethical, whether producers of software view the development of persuasive technology as ethical, and whether these opinions can be reconciled. This research consists of a review of relevant literature on the topic, a survey of software consumers, interviews with software producers, and an analysis of the data, resulting in conclusions intended to influence the responsible design of user interfaces in the future.
Near-field thermophotovoltaics for efficient heat to electricity conversion at high power density.

Thermophotovoltaic approaches that take advantage of near-field evanescent modes are being actively explored due to their potential for high-power density and high-efficiency energy conversion. However, progress towards functional near-field thermophotovoltaic devices has been limited by challenges in creating thermally robust planar emitters and photovoltaic cells designed for near-field thermal radiation. Here, we demonstrate record power densities of ~5 kW/m2 at an efficiency of 6.8%, where the efficiency of the system is defined as the ratio of the electrical power output of the PV cell to the radiative heat transfer from the emitter to the PV cell. This was accomplished by developing novel emitter devices that can sustain temperatures as high as 1270 K and positioning them into the near-field (<100 nm) of custom-fabricated InGaAs-based thin film photovoltaic cells. In addition to demonstrating efficient heat-to-electricity conversion at high power density, we report the performance of thermophotovoltaic devices across a range of emitter temperatures (~800 K–1270 K) and gap sizes (70 nm–7 µm). The methods and insights achieved in this work represent a critical step towards understanding the fundamental principles of harvesting thermal energy in the near-field. Near-field thermophotovoltaic holds the potential for achieving high-power density and energy conversion efficiency by utilizing evanescent modes of heat transfer, yet the performance still lags behind the far-field counterpart. Here, the authors combine thermally robust planar emitter with InGaAs PV to push the limit of near-field device further.
The Magnetothermopower of Single Crystal Indium

It has been previously shown that the application of a magnetic field produces large changes in the thermopower Sa of In and Al (as well as other metals) at temperatures of order θD/10, and initial attempts to explain these results have not been completely successful. By measuring a sufficient number of transverse magnetotransport properties, six being the minimum, it is possible to isolate the contributions of the two components of the thermoelectric tensor e″, i.e. e″xx and e″yx, to the magnetothermopower. We have used this approach to investigate the origin of the magnetothermopower of a high purity In single crystal with fields of 0–2T parallel to the tetrad axis, at temperatures of 2.5–8 K. For fields greater than a few hundred gauss, we find that the magnetothermopower is basically due to e″yx, and in fact for most temperatures and fields Sa ≃ ρyxe″yx where ρyx is the Hall resistivity. This result enables us to prove that phonon drag is mainly responsible for the observed effects at these intermediate temperatures.
Networks in economics and business

This chapter looks at graph representations of business organizations, the economy they comprise, and even the cities they inhabit. Some topics include network representations of management and collaboration within organizations, supply chains, and economic models. Many of these models predate the emerging science of networks, but nevertheless reflect an understanding that businesses and economic interactions run on connections, attracting investors with capital, bringing together creative people to implement ideas, managing supply lines for raw materials to create products, tackling challenges related to moving products from place to place, and stores to connect consumers to those products.
Adam Smith's Definition of Uncertainty and His Application of His Uncertainty Concept in Part I, Chapter XI of the Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith was the first economist, philosopher or mathematician in history to give a clear and specific definition of what the term “uncertainty” meant and to apply it consistently in his analysis of decision making in the Wealth of Nations. The term uncertainty for Smith, as it was for Keynes with his weight of the evidence variable, w, refers to epistemological uncertainty and has nothing whatsoever to do with the ontological uncertainty claims made by the Post Keynesian and Institutionalist schools of economics. Smith also was the first to recognize that uncertainty comes in different degrees or gradations. This paper covers Smith’s application of his uncertainty concept in Part I, chapter XI. This material has not been examined since Smith wrote his Wealth of Nations in 1776. Smith’s approach to decision theory leads directly to the use of probabilistic interval estimates and an emphasis on the lower bound.
Low density lipoprotein receptor regulation. Kinetic models.

Abstract The macromolecular species distribution in a receptor-mediated endocytotic pathway was computer simulated based on kinetic data reported in the literature. In the proposed model, the rapidity with which the recycled receptor is shuttled to the cell surface is indicated by the magnitude of k −3 , the shuttling constant. The magnitude of k −3 will vary with the experimental conditions, but when this value is large, the internalized receptor is shuttled back to the cell surface with a traverse time of 14 min. Under steady-state conditions, after the cells have been incubated in the presence of LDL for 5 h (M.S. Brown and J.L. Goldstein, Cell 9 (1976) 663), the time required for a receptor to traverse the entire endocytotic pathway is 52 min. Our simulation suggests that normal LDL binding in such a short-term experiment may be independent of receptor synthesis. Thus, the degradation of LDL and resultant build-up of cholesterol would have no apparent inhibitory effect on the down-regulation of receptor synthesis.
Interpretation of International Test Score Comparisons

The most recent findings of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) prompted widespread concern because the United States ranked relatively low in test score comparisons made at the end of secondary school. These reactions are based on a misleading and seriously flawed study. The article discusses the methodological problems in the comparisons and suggests an approach to international studies that would increase their relevance.
Reversal by Vitamin A Analogues (Retinoids) of Hyperplasia Induced by N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Mouse Prostate Organ Cultures

The antihyperplastic activity of beta-retinoic acid (RA) and nine synthetic analogues (retinoids) was examined in organ cultures of mouse prostate made hyperplastic by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). After 8 or 10 days, when most explants developed hyperplasia, the carcinogen was withdrawn and explants were incubated in control medium and medium containing different concentrations of a retinoid. The antimitotic activity of retinoids was compared with that of RA. Different retinoids produced variable degrees of mitotic inhibition in the hyperplastic prostate epithelium. The methylketo cyclopentenyl and 1-methoxyethyl cyclopentenyl analogues of RA were at least 50-fold more active than RA in reversing MNNG-induced hyperplasia. The trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogue of RA and retinyl methyl ether were significantly more active than RA. Three analogues, N-acetyiretinylamine, retinal acetyl hydrazone, and retinal oxime, were as active as RA. The chlorotrimethylphenyl analogue showed less activity than RA, and alpha-retinyl acetate was completely devoid of mitotic inhibitory activity.
Complex flow phenomena in MOCVD reactors: I. Horizontal reactors

Abstract Three-dimensional simulations of buoyancy driven flows in horizontal MOCVD reactors are presented along with corresponding deposition profiles for GaAs growth from TMGa and AsH 3 in H 2 at atmospheric pressure. The modelling equations and their solution by the Galerkin finite element method are summarized. The development of buoyancy driven roll patterns is demonstrated for two base cases showing very different behavior. The results show that mixed convection phenomena have a pronounced influence on film thickness uniformity in atmospheric MOCVD reactors and that the conventional 2D boundary analysis is only applicable in the absence of secondary flows. Furthermore, the model predictions of growth rates are in good agreement with published experimental data.
Fission Product and Aerosol Behavior Following Degraded Core Accidents

A review of reactor accidents and destructive tests shows that when water was present, only a very small fraction of the volatile fission product inventory (other than noble gases) was released to ...
Evolutionary Steps in Expert Systems Projects

An expert system is computer software that applies human expertise to solve problems, and successful applications result in numerous, diverse benefits. Generally, projects that develop expert systems go through several important evolutionary steps and contain unforeseen events. Our longitudinal study of two successful projects, the computer-aided requisition engineering system developed at General Electric Motors and the logistics management system developed at IBM, showed that establishment of a funded project, establishment of a multi-disciplinary development team, understanding and control of data, broad user involvement, internal development of new expertise, expansion of the user base, personnel shifts and reassignment of tasks and responsibilities, and the emergence of new business opportunities are important evolutionary steps in expert systems projects. In addition, the study revealed that top management support, business benefits, and a talented multidisciplinary team were critical to implementation success in both companies.
Characters of table algebras and applications to association schemes

Hanaki [A. Hanaki, Representations of association schemes and their factor schemes, Graphs Combin. 19 (2003) 195-201; A. Hanaki, Characters of association schemes and normal closed subsets, Graphs Combin. 19 (2003) 363-369] generalized many properties of characters of finite groups to characters of association schemes. In this paper we show that many of these properties also hold for table algebras. Our approach is not to generalize the proofs in [A. Hanaki, Representations of association schemes and their factor schemes, Graphs Combin. 19 (2003) 195-201; A. Hanaki, Characters of association schemes and normal closed subsets, Graphs Combin. 19 (2003) 363-369] to table algebras, but to prove many stronger properties, and then obtain results in [A. Hanaki, Representations of association schemes and their factor schemes, Graphs Combin. 19 (2003) 195-201; A. Hanaki, Characters of association schemes and normal closed subsets, Graphs Combin. 19 (2003) 363-369] as direct consequences.
Joint Prosthetics and Speech Treatment of Hypernasality: Report of Case

A major goal of science is to translate personal judgments into objective measurements. Nasal voice quality has been a particularly elusive speech characteristic to document, because judgments of nasality are highly influenced by other speech characteristics such as pitch, loudness, and general linguistic skill. Nevertheless, an orderly and systematic approach to fabrication of a speech prosthesis designed to reduce hypernasality should delineate how much is accomplished as well as how nasality is reduced. Measurement is essential if we are to state pretreatment conditions in universal terms and to identify specific results from the treatment procedures used. New bioelectronic instrumentation has recently been introduced to measure and plot nasality rather precisely and to provide the means for efficient and effective prosthodontic and speech management of hypernasality. A case is presented to demonstrate this new treatment approach and to provide insight into the associated treatment processes and results obtained.
EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN TRICKLE-BED REACTORS: APPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORY AND RANDOM WALK ANALYSIS

A model for the prediction of the radial effective thermal conductivity of cocurrent down-flow trickle-bed reactors in the complete wetting trickling flow regime is presented. The radial thermal conductivity is made up of two components: that due to heat conduction and that due to radial liquid dispersion. The former is evaluated based on the effective medium theory while the latter by a random walk analysis. Comparison of the calculated values with experimental data in the literature shows good agreement.
Cardiovascular stress of peroral gastrointestinal endoscopy.

A study of 60 consecutive patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy showed that the cardiovascular stress was low to moderate and that it might to a large extent be modified by careful use of sedation. The new occurrence of or increase in ectopic rhythm occurred in only 4 of the 60.
Public Management: Recent Research on the Political Context and Managerial Roles, Structures, and Behaviors

Public management has been rapidly developing as a subfield. Since other recent reviews have discussed many disciplinary and paradigmatic issues, this one concentrates on developments in research on the distinctive characteristics of public managers and the organizations in which they work. It takes aframework developed over a decade ago to describe propositions about public managers and organizations prevalent at that time, and describes how those observations have fared in conceptual and empirical work since then.
The rostro‐caudal position of cardiac myocytes affect their fate

During chick embryogenesis, cells destined to form cardiac myocytes are located within the primitive streak at stage 3 in the same relative anterior-posterior distribution as in the prelooped heart. The most rostral cells contribute to the extreme anterior pole of the heart, the bulbus cordis, and the most caudal to the extreme posterior end, the sinoatrial region. After gastrulation, these cells commit to the myocyte lineage and, retaining their relative positions, migrate to the anterior lateral plate. From stages 5 to 10 they diversify into atrial and ventricular myocytes, with the former located posteriorly and the latter, anteriorly. To determine the effect of a change in the rostro-caudal position of these cells on their diversification, anterior lateral plate mesoderm and the underlying endoderm were cut and rotated 180 degrees along the longitudinal axis, at stages 4-8. The subsequent diversification of these precursor cells into atrial and ventricular myocytes was examined using lineage-specific markers. Our results showed that altering location along the longitudinal axis through stage 6 changed the normal fate of a precursor cell. The orientation of the overlying ectoderm did not alter normal morphogenesis or determination of fate.
Effects of arterial and venous volume infusion on coronary perfusion pressures during canine CPR

Intraarterial (IA) volume infusion has been reported to be more effective than intravenous (IV) infusion in treating cardiac arrest due to exsanguination. A rapid IA infusion was felt to raise intraaortic pressure and improve coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). The purpose of this study was to determine if IA or IV volume infusion could augment the effect of epinephrine on CPP during CPR in the canine model. Nineteen mongrel dogs with a mean weight of 26.3 +/- 4.2 kg were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Thoracic aortic (Ao), right atrial (RA) and pulmonary artery catheters were placed for hemodynamic monitoring. Additional Ao and central venous catheters were placed for volume infusion. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and Thumper CPR was begun after 5 min (t = 5). At t = 10, all dogs received 45 micrograms/kg IV epinephrine. Six animals received epinephrine alone (EPI). Five dogs received EPI plus a 500 cc bolus of normal saline over 3 min intravenously (EPI/IV). Another group (n = 8) received EPI plus the same fluid bolus through the aortic catheter (EPI/IA). Resuscitation was attempted at t = 18 using a standard protocol. There was a significant increase in CPP over baseline in all groups. The changes in CPP from baseline induced by EPI, EPI/IV and EPI/IA were 20.6 +/- 3.7, 22.8 +/- 4.2 and 22.2 +/- 2.4 mmHg, respectively. Volume loading did not augment the effect of therapeutic EPI dosing. By increasing both preload and afterload, volume administration may in fact be detrimental during CPR.
Sigma Bond Activation by Cooperative Interaction: B+ + CH4 + nH2

The reactions of B+ + CH4 + nH2 (n = 1, 2) to produce B+ sigma-bonded insertion products have been studied by high-level ab initio computational techniques. The results demonstrate that the mechani...
A metallurgical expert system for interpreting FEA

Many thermomechanical processing operations can be studied with finite-element analysis techniques, but these analyses do not provide metallurgical information. For well-understood materials such as Ti-6Al-4V, the individual mechanisms governing microstructural evolution (e.g., grain growth, grain deformation, phase transformation, or recrystallization) can be codified into a set of rules. Information such as temperature and elongation of the material at each finite-element node can be used with these rules to predict the final microstructures and properties of the processed material, and these rules, in turn, can be used as the basis for a metallurgical expert system. This article describes the construction of a metallurgical post-processing program to predict microstructures and properties.
Uncoupling protein downregulation in doxorubicin-induced heart failure improves mitochondrial coupling but increases reactive oxygen species generation

Purpose Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy is limited by the development of dose-dependent left ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Uncoupling proteins (UCP) can inhibit mitochondrial ROS production as well as decrease myocyte damage from exogenous ROS. Prior studies have shown that cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA expression is decreased with acute doxorubicin treatment. However, the expression of UCP protein in hearts with doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and the resultant changes in mitochondrial function and oxidant stress have not been determined.
The effects of perspective alterations on apparent size and distance scales

Ss made magnitude estimations first of the areas, then of the distances, of four circles presented at five distances within an enclosed box 9 ft long. There were three viewing situations: the box had parallel walls, converging walls, or diverging walls. The variations in perspective cues influenced the apparent distance scales: with converging and parallel walls, apparent distance grew as the 1.4 power of physical distance; with diverging walls, it grew as the .95 power. Apparent area was related to distance differently in the three conditions: with converging walls, apparent area increased with distance; with parallel and diverging walls, apparent area decreased with distance. Apparent area was thus not related to changes in physical distance as the apparent distance effects would predict. In each condition, the ratio of apparent area to apparent distance (S′/D′) was a monotonie increasing function of retinal angle θ, but the rate of growth varied among the three conditions. The failure of θ D′ to define a unique value of S′ across conditions indicates that the size-distance invariance hypothesis is inadequate to predict the outcome of this experiment.
Time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques for the study of interfacial charge dynamics

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most powerful techniques to quantitatively analyze the chemical composition and electronic structure of surfaces and interfaces in a non-destructive fashion. Extending this technique into the time domain has the exciting potential to shed new light on electronic and chemical dynamics at surfaces by revealing transient charge configurations with element- and site-specificity. Here, we describe prospects and challenges that are associated with the implementation of picosecond and femtosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at third-generation synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers, respectively. In particular, we discuss a series of laser-pump/X-ray-probe photoemission experiments performed on semiconductor surfaces, molecule-semiconductor interfaces, and films of semiconductor nanoparticles that demonstrate the high sensitivity of time-resolved XPS to light-induced charge carrier generation, diffusion and recombination within the space charge layers of these materials. Employing the showcase example of photo-induced electronic dynamics in a dye-sensitized semiconductor system, we highlight the unique possibility to probe heterogeneous charge transfer dynamics from both sides of an interface, i.e., from the perspective of the molecular electron donor and the semiconductor acceptor, simultaneously. Such capabilities will be crucial to improve our microscopic understanding of interfacial charge redistribution and associated chemical dynamics, which are at the heart of emerging energy conversion, solar fuel generation, and energy storage technologies.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TARDIVE DYSKINESIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

We conducted an analogue functional analysis contrasting motor tasks with varying types of social consequences for movements associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) in 2 men who had been diagnosed with developmental disabilities and TD. Our findings suggest that TD-related movements were not a function of social reinforcement contingencies. However, motor-activation tasks decreased TD-related movements, suggesting a possible novel intervention.
READING LINCOLN'S MIND

Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999) William Lee Miller, Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography (New York: Knopf, 2002) Stewart Winger, Lincoln, Religion, and Romantic Cultural Politics (Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003) Since Good Friday 1865 most Americans have adored their sixteenth president. They venerate him because he so vividly embodies their two most cherished cultural stories—the poor farmer's boy risen to the top, the preacher of charity martyred for his people—while so strikingly surpassing even those mythic achievements. For the masses Lincoln lives on as the visionary emancipator, forgiving warrior, self-taught wordsmith, contemplative sage, and (most miraculous oxymoron of all) honest politician. For intellectuals Lincoln commands allegiance for his reasoned argument, his practical political judgment, his commitment to the principles underlying republican communities, and his tradition-rich eloquence (Shakespeare and the King James Version vying for prominence in his speech with authentic backwoods witticisms). How strange, then, that until Allen Guelzo's Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President appeared in 1999 no historian had written his intellectual biography. Many important studies of Lincoln's thought have been produced, going back to Harry V. Jaffa's 1959 classic Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues of the Lincoln–Douglas Debates (Guelzo calls it (p. 469) “incontestably the greatest Lincoln book of the [twentieth] century”) and beyond that to William E. Barton's now forgotten The Soul of Abraham Lincoln (1920), a trenchant study of Lincoln's religious thinking. But Guelzo is the first to produce an intellectually disposed life of Lincoln, one that follows the lead of Daniel Walker Howe (most recently expounded in Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln , 1997) by putting Lincoln's “Whig culture” and his distinctive theological musings at the heart of his personal and political story.
The Impact of Argumentativeness on Resistance to Persuasion

This investigation examined the impact of argumentativeness on cognitive responses and attitude change. A negative relationship between argumentativeness and attitudes was predicted. In addition, argumentatives were expected to produce greater numbers of counterarguments. This research also tested a mediational model for cognitive responses and examined the role of argumentativeness in moderating the effects of cognitive responses on attitudes. These predictions were tested by exposing respondents to three mass media messages and measuring argumentativeness. A no-message control group was also included. Volunteer undergraduate college students saw one television advertisement and read two print advertisements and were asked to complete a post hoc thought listing task and a series of dependent measures. Results indicate that argumentative individuals tend to be more resistant to persuasion. Furthermore, argumentatives were found to generate greater numbers of counterarguments. Attitude change for the highly argumentative individual was found to be a function of both positive and negative responses. In addition, the results of this investigation were inconsistent with the moderation hypothesis.
Section Two: Practice and Policy Issues

Michael Sheridan opens this section with a comprehensive review of the literature about the topic of religious and spiritually based interventions in social work. She examines a number of variables...
Representations and Invariant Equations of E(3)

Using methods analogous to those introduced by Gel’fand et al. [Representations of the rotation and Lorentz Groups and Their Applications (Pergamon, New York, 1963)] for the Lorentz group the matrix elements for the representations of the Lie algebra of the Euclidean group in three dimensions E(3) are explicitly derived. These results are then used to construct invariant equations with respect to this group and to show, in particular, that the nonrelativistic analog to the Dirac equation is not unique.
On uniformly contractive systems and quadratic equations in Banach space

The solution of quadratic equations using the contraction mapping principle is considered. A uniqueness result extending that given by Argyros is proved. Uniformly contractive systems theory is used to find approximate solutions and convergence criteria are given. In particular, only pointwise convergence of approximating operators is required to guarantee convergence of the approximate solutions. A theorem and algorithm for a continuation method are presented, and illustrated on Chandrasekhar's equation.
NATURAL CONVECTION IN A VERTICAL CHANNEL: I. INTERACTING CONVECTION AND RADIATION. II. THE VERTICAL PLATE WITH AND WITHOUT SHROUDING

Numerical finite-difference solutions enabled the determination of heat transfer rates for pure natural convection and for Interacting natural convection and radiation in a vertical parallel plate channel of finite height. Attention was focused on the effect of the thermal boundary conditions and on the role of radiation as an enhancement mechanism. The results also enabled comparisons of the heat transfer from a single isothermal vertical plate with that for a plate that is shrouded by an adiabatic wall situated parallel to the plate. For pure convection and at intermediate and large Grashof numbers, the rate of heat transfer for a channel with two Isothermal equt-temperature walls exceeds by more than a factor of 2 that for a channel with one isothermal wall and one adiabatic wall (note that the ratio of active heat transfer areas for the two cases Is equal to 2). At lower Grashof numbers, the heat transfer rates differ only slightly. Radiation effects were explored for the case of a channel having one ...
Transverse Injection into Subsonic Crossflow with Various Injector Orifice Geometries

Computational and experimental results are presented for a case study of single injectors employed in 90 deg transverse injection into a non-reacting subsonic flow. Different injector orifice shapes are used (including circular, square, diamond-shaped, and wide rectangular slot), all with constant cross-sectional area, to observe the effects of this variation on injector penetration and mixing. Whereas the circle, square, and diamond injector produce similar jet plumes, the wide rectangular slot produces a plume with less vertical penetration than the others. There is also some evidence that the diamond injector produces slightly faster penetration with less mixing of the injected fluid. In addition, a variety of rectangular injectors were analyzed, with varying length/width ratios. Both experimental and computational data show improved plume penetration with increased streamwise orifice length. 3-D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) results are obtained for the various injector geometries using NCC (National Combustion Code) with the kappa-epsilon turbulence model in multi-species modes on an unstructured grid. Grid sensitivity results are also presented which indicate consistent qualitative trends in the injector performance comparisons with increasing grid refinement.
Substitutes and complements in network flow problems

Abstract If f is a function of several variables, one calls a pair of variables substitutes(complements) if the change of the value of the function when both variables are increased is at most (at least) equal to the sum of the changes when each is increased separately. We here consider the case where f is the value of a maximum weight circulation on a network and the variables are the upper and lower bounds and the weights of a pair of arcs. We introduce a simple combinatorial criterion for two arcs to be in “series” or “parallel” and show that these two cases correspond to the variables being complements or substitutes respectively. This generalizes results of Shapley for the special case of the maximum flow and optimal assignment problems. We also show that our result is best possible in that if two arcs are neither in series nor parallel, then the corresponding variables can be either substitutes or complements or both.
Cognitive task effects on hemispheric blood flow in humans: evidence for individual differences in hemispheric activation.

Evidence from two indirect measures of hemispheric activity, EEG α and conjugate lateral eye movements, has pointed to the existence of individual differences in hemispheric activation. Results from a more direct indicator of hemispheric activity, regional cerebral blood flow as measured by the 133Xe inhalation method, show that such individual differences can be detected in the distribution of blood in the two hemispheres and that the amount of increase in blood flow in the right relative to the left hemisphere is correlated with performance on a spatial task. These results corroborate and extend the findings from the EEG and eye movement studies and suggest that the dimension of individual differences in hemispheric activation may exert significant influence on cognitive performance and on problem-solving strategies.
A computational modeling and molecular dynamics study of the Michaelis complex of human protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) and factor Xa (FXa)

Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) and antithrombin III (AT3) are members of the serpin superfamily of protease inhibitors that inhibit factor Xa (FXa) and other proteases in the coagulation pathway. While experimental structural information is available for the interaction of AT3 with FXa, at present there is no structural data regarding the interaction of ZPI with FXa, and the precise role of this interaction in the blood coagulation pathway is poorly understood. In an effort to gain a structural understanding of this system, we have built a solvent equilibrated three-dimensional structural model of the Michaelis complex of human ZPI/FXa using homology modeling, protein–protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods. Preliminary analysis of interactions at the complex interface from our simulations suggests that the interactions of the reactive center loop (RCL) and the exosite surface of ZPI with FXa are similar to those observed from X-ray crystal structure-based simulations of AT3/FXa. However, detailed comparison of our modeled structure of ZPI/FXa with that of AT3/FXa points to differences in interaction specificity at the reactive center and in the stability of the inhibitory complex, due to the presence of a tyrosine residue at the P1 position in ZPI, instead of the P1 arginine residue in AT3. The modeled structure also shows specific structural differences between AT3 and ZPI in the heparin-binding and flexible N-terminal tail regions. Our structural model of ZPI/FXa is also compatible with available experimental information regarding the importance for the inhibitory action of certain basic residues in FXa.
Local Sequence Targeting in the AID/APOBEC Family Differentially Impacts Retroviral Restriction and Antibody Diversification *

Nucleic acid cytidine deaminases of the activation-induced deaminase (AID)/APOBEC family are critical players in active and innate immune responses, playing roles as target-directed, purposeful mutators. AID specifically deaminates the host immunoglobulin (Ig) locus to evolve antibody specificity, whereas its close relative, APOBEC3G (A3G), lethally mutates the genomes of retroviral pathogens such as HIV. Understanding the basis for the target-specific action of these enzymes is essential, as mistargeting poses significant risks, potentially promoting oncogenesis (AID) or fostering drug resistance (A3G). AID prefers to deaminate cytosine in WRC (W = A/T, R = A/G) motifs, whereas A3G favors deamination of CCC motifs. This specificity is largely dictated by a single, divergent protein loop in the enzyme family that recognizes the DNA sequence. Through grafting of this substrate-recognition loop, we have created enzyme variants of A3G and AID with altered local targeting to directly evaluate the role of sequence specificity on immune function. We find that grafted loops placed in the A3G scaffold all produced efficient restriction of HIV but that foreign loops in the AID scaffold compromised hypermutation and class switch recombination. Local targeting, therefore, appears alterable for innate defense against retroviruses by A3G but important for adaptive antibody maturation catalyzed by AID. Notably, AID targeting within the Ig locus is proportionally correlated to its in vitro ability to target WRC sequences rather than non-WRC sequences. Although other mechanisms may also contribute, our results suggest that local sequence targeting by AID/APOBEC3 enzymes represents an elegant example of co-evolution of enzyme specificity with its target DNA sequence.
Progressive failure analysis of composite structures made of thermo-elastic solids

Abstract The constitutive relations and failure criteria of linear anisotropic thermo-visco-elastic solids are presented. The post-failure material behavior is proposed and the dynamic finite element equations for composite structures made of thermo-mechanical solids are formulated. A general-purpose finite element program COMPASS (COMPosite Analysis of Structure Systems) was developed. COMPASS is capable of performing stress and failure analyses of composite structures. In this work, to exemplify the capabilities of the code, progressive failure analysis of a composite laminate with a centred hole was performed.