cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ShcA Regulates Thymocyte Proliferation through Specific Transcription Factors and a c-Abl-Dependent Signaling Axis

Signaling via the pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR), along with associated signals from Notch and chemokine receptors, regulates the β-selection checkpoint that operates on CD4(-) CD8(-) doubly negative (DN) thymocytes. Since many hematopoietic malignancies arise at the immature developmental stages of lymphocytes, understanding the signal integration and how specific signaling molecules and distal transcription factors regulate cellular outcomes is of importance. Here, a series of molecular and genetic approaches revealed that the ShcA adapter protein critically influences proliferation and differentiation during β-selection. We found that ShcA functions downstream of the pre-TCR and p56(Lck) and show that ShcA is important for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent upregulation of transcription factors early growth factor 1 (Egr1) and Egr3 in immature thymocytes and, in turn, of the expression and function of the Id3 and E2A helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins. ShcA also contributes to pre-TCR-mediated induction of c-Myc and additional cell cycle regulators. Moreover, using an unbiased Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) screen, we identified c-Abl as a binding partner of phosphorylated ShcA and demonstrated the relevance of the ShcA-c-Abl interaction in immature thymocytes. Collectively, these data identify multiple modes by which ShcA can fine-tune the development of early thymocytes, including a previously unappreciated ShcA-c-Abl axis that regulates thymocyte proliferation.
Power amplifier nonlinearity effects on OFDM subcarrier transmit beamforming

The effect of a power amplifier nonlinearity on multi-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmitters utilizing subcarrier beamforming is investigated. Theoretical analysis and simulation shows that such systems can exhibit significant performance degradation due to the power amplifier nonlinearity when there are channel state feedback errors. The SINR degradation under solely channel mismatch is shown to be significantly better than when power amplifier nonlinearity effects are included. The ultimate conclusion is that power amplifier nonlinearity effects should be considered when designing per subcarrier transmit beamformers.
Rehearsing for Real Life: The Impact of the InterACT Sexual Assault Prevention Program on Self-Reported Likelihood of Engaging in Bystander Interventions:

The interACT Sexual Assault Prevention Program is an interactive, skill-building performance based on the pedagogy of Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed. A longitudinal evaluation of this program compared pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up data from 509 university student participants. Results suggested that the interACT performance was successful in increasing participants’ beliefs about the effectiveness of bystander interventions and the self-rated likelihood that participants would engage in bystander interventions in the future. Differences in both overall ratings and rates of change were noted. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder.

We compared the occurrence and timing of divorce in 391 parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a matched representative sample of parents of children without disabilities using a survival analysis. Parents of children with an ASD had a higher rate of divorce than the comparison group (23.5% vs. 13.8%). The rate of divorce remained high throughout the son’s or daughter’s childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood for parents of children with an ASD, whereas it decreased following the son’s or daughter’s childhood (after about age 8 years) in the comparison group. Younger maternal age when the child with ASD was born and having the child born later in the birth order were positively predictive of divorce for parents of children with an ASD. Findings have implications for interventions focused on ameliorating ongoing and long-term marital strains for parents of children with an ASD.
Optimal decay rate constant estimates from phased array data utilizing joint Bayesian analysis.

Since their initial description, phased array coils have become increasingly popular due to their ease of customization for various applications. Numerous methods for combining data from individual channels have been proposed that attempt to optimize the SNR of the resultant images. One issue that has received comparatively little attention is how to apply these combination techniques to a series of images obtained from phased array coils that are then analyzed to produce quantitative estimates of tissue parameters. Herein, instead of the typical goal of maximizing the SNR in a single image, we are interested in maximizing the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates that are obtained from a series of such images. Our results demonstrate that a joint Bayesian analysis offers a “worry free” method for obtaining optimal parameter estimates from data generated by multiple coils (channels) from a single object (source). We also compare the properties of common channel combination techniques under different conditions to the results obtained from the joint Bayesian analysis. If the noise variance is constant for all channels, a sensitivity weighted average provides parameter estimates equivalent to the joint analysis. If both the noise variance and signal intensity are similar in all channels, a simple channel average gives an adequate result. However, if the noise variance differs between channels, an “ideal weighted” approach should be applied, where data are combined after weighting by the channel amplitude divided by the noise variance. Only this “ideal weighting” provides results similar to the automatic-weighting inherent in the joint Bayesian approach.
SoundScan and the consolidation of control in the popular music industry

SoundScan is an information technology that compiles point of purchase sales data for use in constructing recording popularity charts and other marketing purposes. Although it represents the first significant procedural change in compiling Billboard charts in decades, many of SoundScan's effects have not been assessed. SoundScan shifts chart emphasis from `leading' outlets to mass-market stores, and increases the marketing efficiency of companies that can afford its price. This in turn may strengthen market barriers for smaller companies and ultimately decrease the number of new releases in the market. This article reviews the history of record charts and the SoundScan innovation, discusses industrial reactions to SoundScan and examines the implications of its use.
Purification and characterization of islet hormones (insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin) from the Burmese python, Python molurus

Insulin was purified from an extract of the pancreas of the Burmese python, Python molurus (Squamata:Serpentes) and its primary 10 20 structure established as: A Chain: Gly-Ile-Val-Glu-Gln-Cys-Cys-Glu-Asn-Thr -Cys-Ser-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Leu-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Cys -Asn. B- 10 20 Chain: Ala-Pro-Asn-Gln-His-Leu-Cys-Gly-Ser-His -Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val-Cys-Gly -Asp-Arg-Gly-Phe-Tyr-Tyr-Ser-Pro- 30 Arg-Ser . With the exception of the conservative substitution Phe → Tyr at position B25, those residues in human insulin that comprise the receptor-binding and those residues involved in dimer and hexamer formation are fully conserved in python insulin. Python insulin 125 was slightly more potent (1.8-fold) than human insulin in inhibiting the binding of (( I-Tyr-A14) insulin to the soluble full-length recombinant human insulin receptor but was slightly less potent (1.5-fold) than human insulin for inhibiting binding to the secreted 28 extracellular domain of the receptor. The primary structure of python glucagon contains only one amino acid substitution (Ser → Asn) compared with turtle / duck glucagon and python somatostatin is identical to that of mammalian somatostatin-14. In contrast, python 10 20 pancreatic polypeptide (Arg-Ile-Ala-Pro-Val-Phe-Pro-Gly-Lys-Asp -Ala-Ser-Val-Asp-Glu-Leu-Ala-Lys-Phe-Tyr -Thr-Glu-Leu-Gln-Gln- 30 Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile -Asn-Arg-Pro-Arg-Phe.NH ) contains only 35 instead of the customary 36 residues and the amino acid sequence 2 of this peptide has been poorly conserved between reptiles and birds (18 substitutions compared with alligator and 20 substitutions compared with chicken). © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
A Minced Chicken Embryo Medium for Cultivating Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms

Abstract The pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) of animal origin require tissues or body fluids for growth (Edward, 1954). Minced chicken embryos also provide substances capable of supporting growth of PPLO (Nelson, 1939; Lecce, Stinebring and Morton, 1953). It is the purpose of this note to describe a simplified medium composed of readily available ingredients for the cultivation of PPLO of animal origin. The medium has the following composition: Phenol Red Broth Base (Difco) 1.6 percent Yeast Hydrolysate (Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation) 1.0 percent Glucose 0.5 percent Maltose 0.5 percent Thallium Acetate 0.025 percent The above basal medium was autoclaved and adjusted to pH 7.8 with: 0.1 N sodium hydroxide Minced Chicken Embryos (Heated for 3 min. at 100°C.) 1.0 percent Penicillin (Added aseptically) 1000 units/ml. The basal medium was prepared in 100 ml. quantities and autoclaved for not more than 10 min. at 121°C. Minced embryos were obtained by macerating 7-day-old whole washed …
The America Economic Crisis Of 2009/2010: Three Pillars Of American Strength That Will Lead To Recovery

The notion of the Fall of the American Empire (Wojtowicz, 1993) is equivalent to the Peter Principal in that positive realization will always prevail over the negative perspective. Wojtowicz (1993) contends that Isaac Asimov wrote his foundation stories to show that every empire, even the most powerful one, has to fall eventually. Lawrence Peter (1984), an educator and hierarchiologist, argued that each manager will rise to the level in which he or she will fail. Inevitably , the Peter Principal failed because it placed a negative connotation on managerial growth. The same thing holds true with the Failure of the American Empire. America cannot fail because while there are many foundations of strength that has held America together since the American Revolution, there are three pillars that will help America continue to prosper. The three pillars are the strength of the military, the excellent education system, and the spirit of democracy that has led to capitalism. The spirit of democracy as Abraham Lincoln exemplifies as “A government of people, by the people, for the people,” has kept America vibrant and open for people to rise to the highest office in the free world (Powell and Powell, 1918). In the philosophical Age of Enlightenment, John Locke, a puritan in the England of Cromwell, put forth a new civil order: law based on reason, a government deriving its power from the governed, liberty to pursue individual goals as a natural right, and private property and its use in the pursuit of happiness (Wren and Bedian, 2009). These four ideas provide the bases of how our founders designed the America of today. This paper provides an overview of the three pillars that will influence the economic recovery of America in a positive way.
Low dose N, N-dimethylsphingosine is cardioprotective and activates cytosolic sphingosine kinase by a PKCε dependent mechanism

Objective: N , N -Dimethylsphingosine (DMS) is recognized as an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase (SphK), a key enzyme responsible for the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We previously showed that S1P was cardioprotective and that SphK was critical for myocardial ischemic preconditioning. Although DMS is an endogenous sphingolipid, its effect on cardiac function and cardioprotection at low concentration has not been studied. Methods In Langendorff-perfused wild-type and protein kinase C (PKC)e-null mouse hearts, cardiac function, infarction size, and SphK activity were measured. Results: Pretreatment with 0.3 μM and 1 μM DMS for 10 min protected against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiac function (LVDP, ±dP/dtmax) was improved and infarction size was reduced. The cardiac protection induced by DMS was abolished in PKCe-null mouse hearts. Administration of 1 μM DMS ex vivo increased cytosolic SphK activity. This enhanced SphK activity was abolished in PKCe-null mouse hearts. DMS also increased PKCe translocation from the particulate to the cytosolic fraction with no effect on PKCα distribution. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that SphK1 interacted with PKCe phosphorylated on Ser729. DMS also increased cytosolic Akt phosphorylation (Ser 473) and Akt translocation from a Triton-insoluble fraction to the cytosol. Conclusions: DMS has a biphasic effect on cardioprotection. Higher concentrations (10 μM) are inhibitory, whereas a low concentration (0.3 μM and 1 μM) of DMS protects murine hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury. DMS activates SphK in the cytosol via a PKCe dependent mechanism. The PKCe–SphK–S1P–Akt pathway is involved in the cardiac protection induced by DMS.
The economics of anaerobic digester operation on a Minnesota dairy farm

Anaerobic digesters for livestock operations are receiving attention for energy production and odor control. A farm-based digester went into operation in September 1999, on an 800-cow dairy farm in Minnesota. The goals of this paper are to analyze the contribution that a digester system can make to dairy farm profitability, and to demonstrate the impact of government and utility subsidies on profitability. Results indicate that the current selling price of electricity is not sufficient to justify building an anaerobic digester in most cases unless there is a subsidy or significant nonenergy market benefits.
A VLSI array architecture for the on-line training of recurrent neural networks

The authors show how to derive systematically a VLSI systolic array for the real time recurrent learning (RTRL) algorithm of D. Zipser and R.J. Williams (1989). The main goal is to match the RTRL algorithm to the ring architecture proposed by J.N. Hwang et al. (1990) that was shown to be generally applicable to many neural network models. Although this task was a straightforward extension for the retrieving phase, skillful reformulation of the learning phase was necessary. The control complexity and memory requirements of the processing elements remain reasonably low. >
Self- Versus Teacher Management of Behavior for Elementary School Students with Asperger Syndrome: Impact on Classroom Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a token economy and a self-management intervention in an inclusive kindergarten classroom. Two 5-year-old children with Asperger syndrome who were struggling to follow classroom rules participated in the study. An ABACABAC (A = baseline, B = token economy, C = self-management) design with a maintenance phase was used. Results show improvements in appropriate classroom behavior and academic engagement during the token economy and self-management phases. The improvements were maintained 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the study ended and the classroom teacher continued to use the self-management system with the target students and independently created and implemented a classwide self-management system. Social validity data suggested a strong teacher preference for the self-management intervention because of its ease of implementation and focus on student responsibility. Implications for future research are discussed.
A Survey of Practices of Pulmonary Function Interpretation in Laboratories in Northeast Ohio

Background Because many different reference equations are available for pulmonary function testing (PFT), and because different interpretive strategies could affect the interpretation of results, we assessed the variation in practice among 17 PFT laboratories. Methods PFT laboratory directors/supervisors in 17 hospitals (near Cleveland, Ohio) were surveyed between September 15, 2010, and January 5, 2011. The survey assessed the features of the laboratory, including equipment used, types of tests offered, volume of testing, reference equations used, and interpretive strategies employed (eg, how normal was determined, how tests were actually read, and so forth). Results Responses were received from all 17 laboratories and were verified using submitted sample PFT reports. The daily median number of tests performed and patients evaluated were 16 and six, respectively. Great variation was observed not only in the choice of reference equations for spirometry, but also in the criteria used to define airflow obstruction. Great variation was also observed in the reference equations used for lung volumes and diffusing capacity, as well as in the criteria used to define physiologic derangements such as restriction, hyperinflation, air trapping, and impaired diffusing capacity. Only three of the 17 laboratories reported and used the "lower limit of normal" to define PFT abnormality. Conclusions This survey demonstrated substantial variation in PFT laboratory practices, including the choice of reference equations, the criteria used to define abnormality, and the strategies for interpreting tests. The degree of variation raises concern about the consistency of the interpretation of results among laboratories and emphasizes the value of compliance with official guidelines to drive standardization.
Twenty-first century cyborgs: cosmetic surgery and aesthetic nationalism in Colombia

AbstractIn this article, I explore the institutional and symbolic construction of aesthetic nationalism in Colombia around a fetishization of women’s surgically exaggerated breasts and buttocks. While political scientists have focused almost exclusively on the internet and social media, other technological advancements have altered the relationships between state and society, public and private, and bodies and national inclusion. Combined with the transnational flow of ideas, goods, and people and a political economy that embraces cosmetic surgeries as a development model, this intersectional analysis suggests that aesthetic nationalism in Colombia has recentered the female body in the practice of nationalism, communicating political information, belonging, and power. Based on archival research, direct observation, and elite interviews, I argue that cosmetic interventions play a key role in conferring citizenship rights and defining the borders of the political community. This study contributes to our und...
On Inverting Large Matrices by Partitioning and Crout's Method

REFERENCES 1 Hart, T. J., Design Criteria and Analyses for Thin-walled Pressurized Vessels and Intet stage Structures, ARS Paper No. 1099-60, April 6, 1960. 2 Wong, R. E., Rapid Weight-Strength Analysis of Pressure Vessels, Product Engineering, pp. 95-98, Oct. 14, 1957. 3 Timoshenko, S., Theory of Plates and Shells, 1st Ed., p. 365, McGrawHill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1940. 4 Pierce, B O., A Short Table of Integrals, 3rd Ed., p. 24; Ginn and Company, Boston 1929.
Carcass Grade and Weight Studies in Marketing Livestock

HE carcass grade and weight method of selling livestock has recently evoked considerable interest among marketing researchers of the corn belt area. The successful experiences of the Canadians, who first adopted the carcass method of selling hogs on an optional basis in 1934 and made its application general in 1940, have led many agricultural economists and animal husbandmen to raise the question of whether or not such a system would net significant advantages over the present live weight method in this country. As a result, investigations are being carried on presently at a few midwestern institutions.
The Importance of Location in the Financing of Property Acquisitions by REITs

We explore the role of location in the financing of commercial real estate acquisitions by real estate investment trusts (REITs). More specifically, we examine how the location of a property relative to a REIT's main business location affects the financing of that property. We find that REITs are less likely to use mortgage for investments located within the same state as the firm's headquarters. This result is robust and statistically significant after we control for other potential reasons for mortgage financing and year fixed effects. Further, within those transactions that involve mortgages, REITs are as likely to use CMBS financing irrespective of property location, evidencing the widespread availability of conduit lenders.
Microscopy Society of America

Fellow Microscopists and Microanalysts, Colleagues and most importantly Students, welcome to Microscopy & Microanalysis 2011 here in Nashville, Tennessee, our seventeenth conference under that appellation.
Decay Schemes of 60 Zn and 62 Zn

The decays of 2.4-min $^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$ and 9.3-h $^{62}\mathrm{Zn}$ have been investigated with the use of Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray detectors. Coincidence relationships among the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were determined in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence experiments. It was established that the decay of 2.4-min $^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$ populates levels at 61.4, 334.4, 364.6, 572.4, and 669.7 keV in $^{60}\mathrm{Cu}$, and the decay of 9.3-h $^{62}\mathrm{Zn}$ populates levels at 40.84, 243.43, 287.86, 548.25, and 637.20 keV in $^{62}\mathrm{Cu}$. Many spin assignments have been made from present $log\mathrm{ft}$ values, previously reported conversion-electron data, and spectroscopic studies from nuclear reactions. The half-life of $^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$ was measured to be 2.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 min. The fraction of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay (positron plus electron capture) of $^{62}\mathrm{Zn}$ to the ground state of $^{62}\mathrm{Cu}$ was measured to be 0.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05; the ratio of positron to $K$ capture for the same decay was measured to be 0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01.
Unlike catalyzing error-free bypass of 8-oxodGuo, DNA polymerase λ is responsible for a significant part of Fapy·dG-induced G → T mutations in human cells.

8-OxodGuo and Fapy·dG induced 10–22% mutations, predominantly G → T transversions, in human embryonic kidney 293T cells in four TG*N sequence contexts, where N = C, G, A, or T. siRNA knockdown of pol λ resulted in 34 and 55% increases in the level of mutations in the progeny from the 8-oxodGuo construct in the TG*T and TG*G sequences, respectively, suggesting that pol λ is involved in error-free bypass of 8-oxodGuo. For Fapy·dG, in contrast, the level of G → T mutations was reduced by 27 and 46% in the TG*T and TG*G sequences, respectively, suggesting that pol λ is responsible for a significant fraction of Fapy·dG-induced G → T mutations.
Relationship of Cranial and Dental Features to Direction of Mastication in Tuco-Tucos (Rodentia: Ctenomys)

Cranial morphology and dental features (orientation of enamel bands and of tooth scars) were examined in osteological specimens of four species of Ctenomys ( C. magellanicus, C. maulinus, C. mendocinus , and C. opimus ) with the objective of understanding possible relationships between skull morphology, chewing direction, and subterranean lifestyle. Similarity of skull shape suggested that the four species studied chew in the same direction. Orientation of tooth scars and of enamel bands on the upper cheek teeth predicted an oblique angle of chewing, ca. −55 to −60°. In comparison to pocket gophers, the broadest-skulled Ctenomys are about as narrow as the narrowest-skulled geomyids. We suggest that broad skulls are not requisite for a fossorial lifestyle. Rather, skull morphology in subterranean rodents might be related to reception of substrate-borne vibrations.
Genital papillomavirus infections: current knowledge and future prospects.

SUMMARY Although much has been learned about the biology of HPV during the last decade, little progress has been made in the development of rational and effective patient management strategies. Without stronger evidence supporting a causal role for HPV in the development of genital tract and anal cancers, and without the availability of effective therapies, it is premature to recommend widespread screening for detection of HPV DNA or RNA with the molecular hybridization tests soon to be available commercially. Papanicolaou smear screening for detection of early precancerous changes of the cervix and referral for colposcopy and biopsy of areas of epithelium that are suspicious for intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, or anus remain the cornerstones of genital tract and anal cancer prevention. The patient care implications of subclinical persistent HPV infection of the genital tract are not well understood. For this reason, and because none of the available therapies are curative, treatment of large areas of normal-appearing genital tract epithelium also cannot be recommended at this time. It is hoped that, with the growing research focus on therapies that have the potential for virologic cure, some day effective treatment for subclinical infection will be available. Until that time, patients with recalcitrant or recurring genital warts may benefit most by the sequential application of different treatment modalities.
Zoning Power and Property Rights after Robinson Township

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court recently held that some portions of Act 13 of 2012 are unconstitutional. This ruling returned the right to zone for shale gas activities to the local municipal governments, allowing them to zone as they feel necessary. As a result, many communities located in these areas of existing or potential shale gas development will likely revisit their current zoning ordinances. While revisiting these ordinances, different viewpoints will surely play a role in determining how zoning will regulate shale gas activities. Any revisions or new enactments of zoning ordinances must be within the police power of the municipality. The courts have developed a framework of analysis to be used when determining such. This analysis must consider the interaction between environmental law, environmental concerns, property law, and community concerns. How these factors weigh will likely decide what future development is regulated. This article gives a broad overview of this interaction. It briefly discusses Act 13, the effect it had on zoning, and how Robinson Township affects this interaction. Next, it outlines the common regulatory scheme of zoning ordinances. It discusses the power municipalities have, allowing them to zone and police the land within their boundaries. Finally, it discusses how those regulatory schemes may be limited in their powers. These limits include the inability to engage in exclusionary zoning, including de facto exclusionary zoning.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Immigrant Youth: The Essentials

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) successfully treats a number of different emotional troubles youth experience. Though effectiveness studies with immigrant youth remain limited, the literature in existence reveals promising results for the treatment of immigrant youth with CBT. Modular CBT is a comprehensive treatment protocol specifically designed to flexibly address a variety of symptom clusters as well as attend to contextual psychosocial factors. In order to be potent, clinicians who practice must remain faithful to the cognitive-behavioral model and ground all interventions in the theoretical underpinnings. Case conceptualization represents the fundamental process that must be executed in order to understand the patient’s particular presentation, identify crucial targets of treatment, and guide interventions along the way. This chapter thoroughly defines and illustrates content and process factors that comprise competent CBT for immigrant youth. Confabulated clinical examples are included throughout to depict in detail the ways that CBT is mildly modified to address cultural factors salient to practice with immigrant youth.
Sources of Error in Vitamin A Analysis

Potential sources of error in analysis of vitamin A in animal feed and pet food are discussed. Errors arising during sample handling and preparation and those due to standards, calibration, sample size, hydrolysis, extraction, evaporation, detection, equipment calibration, and isomerization are addressed. Quality control practices are recommended, and safety considerations are outlined. A summary of systematic and random errors is provided.
On the mathematical modeling of the effect of treatment on human physical activity

Understanding the main trends in human behavior is fundamental to developing effective adaptive treatments. Inspired by this insight, this paper presents a mathematical quantification of the change of human behavior following external stimuli. In particular, statistical methods are applied to real physical activity data collected intensively using mobile wearable technologies. We explain the setup of the study conducted with multiple participants. Then, a preprocessing of the collected measurements, required to overcome the hurdles associated with behavioral data, is briefly discussed. Furthermore, we identify a dynamical affine model that approximates humans' sedentary behavior. The affine model is simple yet insightful. We show results of fitting time-invariant as well as switched models along with a quantification of the prediction errors. Moreover, the effect of various types of treatments on the sedentary behavior of several subjects is investigated. As expected, the results show that people react differently to external stimuli. However, common tendencies are clearly observed. Our findings emphasize the necessity of the application of personalized adaptive intervention. Future research directions are discussed accordingly.
Evolutionary genetics of host shifts in herbivorous insects: insights from the age of genomics

Adaptation to different host taxa is a key driver of insect diversification. Herbivorous insects are classic models for ecological and evolutionary research, but it is recent advances in sequencing, statistics, and molecular technologies that have cleared the way for investigations into the proximate genetic mechanisms underlying host shifts. In this review, we discuss how genome-scale data are revealing-at resolutions previously unimaginable-the genetic architecture of host-use traits, the causal loci underlying host shifts, and the predictability of host-use evolution. Collectively, these studies are providing novel insights into longstanding questions about host-use evolution. On the basis of this synthesis, we suggest that different host-use traits are likely to differ in their genetic architecture (number of causal loci and the nature of their genetic correlations) and genetic predictability (extent of gene or mutation reuse), indicating that any conclusions about the causes and consequences of host-use evolution will depend heavily on which host-use traits are investigated. To draw robust conclusions and identify general patterns in host-use evolution, we argue that investigation of diverse host-use traits and identification of causal genes and mutations should be the top priorities for future studies on the evolutionary genetics of host shifts.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings in adult civilian, military, and sport-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a systematic critical review

This review seeks to summarize diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies that have evaluated structural changes attributed to the mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in adult civilian, military, and athlete populations. Articles from 2002 to 2016 were retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar, using a Boolean search string containing the following terms: "diffusion tensor imaging", "diffusion imaging", "DTI", "white matter", "concussion", "mild traumatic brain injury", "mTBI", "traumatic brain injury", and "TBI". We added studies not identified by this method that were found via manually-searched reference lists. We identified 86 eligible studies from English-language journals using, adult, human samples. Studies were evaluated based on duration between injury and DTI assessment, categorized as acute, subacute/chronic, remote mTBI, and repetitive brain trauma considerations. Since changes in brain structure after mTBI can also be affected by other co-occurring medical and demographic factors, we also briefly review DTI studies that have addressed socioeconomic status factors (SES), major depressive disorder (MDD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The review describes population-specific risks and the complications of clinical versus pathophysiological outcomes of mTBI. We had anticipated that the distinct population groups (civilian, military, and athlete) would require separate consideration, and various aspects of the study characteristics supported this. In general, study results suggested widespread but inconsistent differences in white matter diffusion metrics (primarily fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], radial diffusivity [RD], and axial diffusivity [AD]) following mTBI/concussion. Inspection of study designs and results revealed potential explanations for discrepant DTI findings, such as control group variability, analytic techniques, the manner in which regional differences were reported, and the presence or absence of persistent functional disturbances. DTI research in adult mTBI would benefit from more standardized imaging and analytic approaches. We also found significant overlap in white matter abnormalities reported in mTBI with those commonly affected by SES or the presence of MDD and ADHD. We conclude that DTI is sensitive to a wide range of group differences in diffusion metrics, but that it currently lacks the specificity necessary for meaningful clinical application. Properly controlled longitudinal studies with consistent and standardized functional outcomes are needed before establishing the utility of DTI in the clinical management of mTBI and concussion.
The Origins of Corporate Social Responsibility

Although most corporate managers agree that engaging in socially responsible behavior is the correct thing for corporations to do, few can articulate a strong analytical foundation for this belief. The fact that engaging in this type of behavior may help to make corporations more profitable offers a partial reason for engaging in such behavior. However, profit-seeking fails to explain if or why corporations should engage in socially responsible behavior in circumstances in which no financial benefit to the corporation exist or the financial consequences are uncertain. The reason for this confusion over the obligation to engage in corporate responsibility rests on the fact that the essential nature of the corporation is not well understood. Each of the prevailing theories of the firm, i.e., concession theory, real entity theory, and aggregate theory, describe part of how the corporate form exists, but they fail to explain why the corporation exists. Because these theories are at times contradictory, yet each has some foundation in reality, some have argued for simply backing away from the question and embracing the indeterminacy of the corporation by embracing all three theories. Although this is tempting, resolving the essential nature of the corporation is necessary to help resolve a myriad of legal issues. As a result, this Essay and my other works introduce a new theory of the firm, collaboration theory. This theory views the corporation as a collaborative effort among a state government and those individuals organizing, operating, and owning the business entity to pursue economic development and economic gain. This theory is superior to the prevailing essentialist theories of the corporation because it explains both how and why the corporation exists. Under this theory, corporations are obligated to seek profit based on the deal struck among the state and individuals owning, operating, and organizing the corporation, but the co-adventurers in the corporation are obligated to treat each other in good faith whenever possible. This means corporations should only engage in socially irresponsible ways in which the financial benefit to the corporation is clear. Because of the uncertainty of life, this is only going to be the rarest of circumstances. In these rare circumstances, to control bad behavior on the part of the corporation, the government must engage in affirmative lawmaking and regulation to alter the cost–benefit analysis to force corporations to be ethical.
ADMET Properties: Overview and Current Topics

The absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) are important aspects of drug molecules. This chapter covers the physicochemical properties of drugs, the pH and solubility, and the approaches to improving aqueous solubility as well as the drug metabolism and drug/drug interactions, followed by recent development on databases particularly related to the ADMET profiling and prediction.
Salary surveys as institutional myth: ritual, validity, reality

The use of dialectics and social construction theory can help expose rationalized institutional myths used to create useable knowledge. This discussion presents a popular technique, advocated and used among public officials when establishing pay scales, called a salary survey. Salary surveys appear rational because they use logical positivist (quantitative) methods to illustrate a “truth” that is actually “symbolic.” This process is institutionalized when pay discussions and decisions are required to proceed on the basis of salary surveys. Salary surveys take on the role of myth when they become accepted by officials as an “objective reality” without a thorough examination of the biases and assumptions. This study uses the ritual, validity, reality dialectic to illustrate how administrators construct and shape reality through social interaction. Through this dialectic, some officials may want to question their acceptance of salary survey practices and consider the recommendations offered in this article.
Molecular Phylogeny and Morphological Distinctions of Two Popular Bivalves, Ctenoides scaber and Ctenoides mitis

One of the most well-known species in the bivalve family Limidae (d’Orbigny, 1846) is the brightly colored Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778), commonly known as the rough file clam or flame scallop. Distinguishing this bivalve from its close relative, C. mitis (Lamarck, 1807), can be difficult using only morphological features and has led to much taxonomic confusion throughout the literature. In this study, morphological characters were compared to a molecular phylogeny constructed using three genes (COI, 28S, and H3) in order to differentiate C. scaber and C. mitis. The phylogeny recovered two well-supported clades that differ significantly in shell rib numbers, but not tentacle colors. The two species were then placed in a larger phylogenetic context of the Limidae family, which revealed the need for further systematic revision across genera. As these bivalves are popular in aquaria, cannot be tank-raised, and have been overcollected in the past, proper species identification is important for assessing sustainable collection practices.
Advanced manufacturing—A transformative enabling capability for fusion

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) can create novel and complex engineered material structures. Features such as controlled porosity, micro-fibers and/or nano-particles, transitions in materials and integral robust coatings can be important in developing solutions for fusion subcomponents. A realistic understanding of this capability would be particularly valuable in identifying development paths. Major concerns for using AM processes with lasers or electron beams that melt powder to make refractory parts are the power required and residual stresses arising in fabrication. A related issue is the required combination of lasers or e-beams to continue heating of deposited material (to reduce stresses) and to deposit new material at a reasonable built rate while providing adequate surface finish and resolution for meso-scale features. Some Direct Write processes that can make suitable preforms and be cured to an acceptable density may offer another approach for PFCs.
Thieme MedOne ComSci

Part of Thieme’s MedOne online package, MedOne Communication Sciences (MedOne-ComSci) is a small database of publications in communication science and disorders, designed to be a teaching and learning resource for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and practicing professionals in audiology, speech-language pathology, and hearing science.
Self-making and the brain

Although explanations of human social behavior based directly on the activities of neurons in the brain are pervasive and entrenched in the natural sciences, scholars in the humanities and social sciences are not agreed about how to critique this new knowledge. Using ethnographic material from the United States of America, this article describes how quite different forms of subjectivity are being constructed by non-experts in relation to neurological explanations of social behavior. The article seeks to open up some questions about what is at stake in this variation and to suggest some possible implications of this variation for the scholarly critique of neuroscience.
Continuous Approaches for Solving Discrete Optimization Problems

This chapter contains short expository notes on applying continuous approaches for solving discrete optimization problems. We discuss some general aspects of the connection between integer programming and continuous optimization problems, along with several specific examples. The considered problems include maximum clique, satisfiability, the Steiner tree problem, minimax and semidefinite programming.
Intensity-Dependent Benefit of Statins in Survival Among Prospective Kidney Transplant Patients

Statin use in patients listed for in kidney transplant is believed to be beneficial. However, the optimum statin dose for improved survival in this high-risk population is unknown. Our study aimed to determine the impact of prekidney transplant statin dosage on survival postkidney transplant. In this retrospective cohort study, we enrolled patients who underwent kidney transplant from January 2005 to September 2015 at Rush University Medical. Data on the statin use and intensity used before kidney transplant were obtained. The patient population was stratified into 2 groups based on prekidney transplant use of statins. Patients using any form of statin, without regard to the type and dose, were placed in the statin groups, whereas the rest were categorized as the no statin group. The statin group was further classified into low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity statin subgroups based on the present atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease definition of statin intensity. The primary outcome was patient survival after kidney transplant. A total of 687 patients had data on statin use before kidney transplant were followed. Median follow-up time was 3.4 years (interquartile range 1.2 to 5.6 years). Multivariate analysis showed that the use of statins prekidney transplant was associated with improved survival postkidney transplant compared with prestatin group (Hazard ratio 0.56, confidence intervals 0.32 to 1.00, p = 0.05). When patients on statins were stratified by statin intensity, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significant dose-dependent improvement in survival. Multivariate analysis showed that the relation between statin intensity and survival was maintained even after adjusting for confounder (hazard ratio 0.30, confidence intervals 0.18 to 0.51, p
Navigating the Moral Realm of Counseling: Counselor’s Expressed Role Within and Awareness of Value Conversion:

This article builds off previous literature addressing the phenomenon of value conversion. We explored how aware counselors were of this phenomenon, what they did about it if they were, and how exp...
Temperamental negative affect, emotion-specific regulation, and concurrent internalizing and externalizing pathology among children with ADHD

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience high rates of temperamental negative affect and comorbid internalizing and externalizing pathology. The current study explored the role of emotion-specific regulation in accounting for the link between temperamental negative affect and psychopathology among children with ADHD. Forty parents of children ages 8–11 (N =29 males, N =11 females) completed measures of child temperament, emotion-specific dysregulation (i.e., anger dysregulation, sadness dysregulation), and psychopathology. Children completed a measure of emotion-specific dysregulation. Results revealed that anger dysregulation fully statistically accounted for the relationship between temperamental negative affect and concurrent externalizing problems. Sadness dysregulation did not account for the relationship between temperamental negative affect and internalizing problems. These novel findings implicate the robust role of anger dysregulation in explaining the link between temperamental negative affect and concurrent externalizing pathology. The results of this study have significant implications for the treatment of emotionally driven externalizing behavior among children with ADHD.
Tuning the In Vivo Transport of Anticancer Drugs Using Renal-Clearable Gold Nanoparticles.

Precise control of in vivo transport of anticancer drugs in normal and cancerous tissues with engineered nanoparticles is key to the future success of cancer nanomedicines in clinics. This requires a fundamental understanding of how engineered nanoparticles impact the targeting-clearance and permeation-retention paradoxes in the anticancer-drug delivery. Herein, we systematically investigated how renal-clearable gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) affect the permeation, distribution, and retention of the anticancer drug doxorubicin in both cancerous and normal tissues. Renal-clearable AuNPs retain the advantages of the free drug, including rapid tumor targeting and high tumor vascular permeability. The renal-clearable AuNPs also accelerated body clearance of off-target drug via renal elimination. These results clearly indicate that diverse in vivo transport behaviors of engineered nanoparticles can be used to reconcile long-standing paradoxes in the anticancer drug delivery.
Hispanic Parents' Involvement and Teachers' Empowerment as Pathways to Hispanic English Learners' Academic Performance.

This study examines the relationship between Hispanic English learners’ learning, their parents’ involvement, and their teachers’ empowerment through professional knowledge. It is believed that His...
The Nature of the Symbiosis between Cannonball Jellyfish and Spider Crabs in Georgia's Coastal Waters

Stomolophus meleagris (Cannonball Jellyfish) is a common Cnidarian species in the coastal waters of Georgia. Libinia spp. (spider crab) juveniles commonly inhabit the bell of the Cannonball Jellyfish, but there is uncertainty as to whether the crabs are parasitic on the Cannonball Jellyfish or are commensals. To assess the nature of this symbiosis, Cannonball Jellyfish were randomly sampled at multiple sites along the Georgia coast. For each Cannonball Jellyfish, the number of juvenile spider crabs inhabiting the bell was recorded along with multiple measurements of Cannonball Jellyfish and spider crabs. Our results suggest that the symbiosis between the Cannonball Jellyfish and juvenile spider crabs is an example of commensalism and not parasitism.