cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What White Mental Health Professionals Need to Understand About Whiteness: A Delphi Study

This Delphi study surveyed an interdisciplinary panel of diversity expert trainers (N=20) about what white mental health professionals need to understand about whiteness. The panel endorsed 162 items that included what white mental health professionals need to understand about historical and contemporary whiteness within the mental health fields and larger social systems, self of the therapist work for white therapists, as well as challenges to understanding whiteness in clinical training and practice. More specifically, the panel provided guidance on the cognitive and emotional transformations necessary for white mental health professionals to address whiteness, as well as the challenges to those transformations. The researchers provide clinical training implications for marriage and family therapists (MFTs) and other clinicians based on the results.
Propagation of Fraser Fir

Abstract Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], the most important Christmas tree species in North Carolina, is rapidly gaining popularity nationwide. It is propagated by seed, but special needs...
Perceptions about fentanyl-adulterated heroin and overdose risk reduction behaviors among persons seeking treatment for heroin use.

Abstract Background Fentanyl-adulterated heroin supply chains are increasing risks for fatal overdose in the U.S. Objective The current study examined the use of overdose risk reduction behaviors among persons seeking treatment for heroin use and whether perceptions about the presence of fentanyl in one's heroin are associated with overdose risk reduction behaviors. Method We recruited persons with opioid use disorder entering a managed withdrawal program. We used multiple linear regression to estimate the adjusted associations of participant characteristics and perception of fentanyl exposure with the frequency of engaging in each of five overdose reduction behaviors. Results Participants (n = 239; 75.3% male, 81.2% White, 67% injectors) estimated that 69.2% of the heroin they use contains fentanyl, and 94.6% knew that fentanyl increases overdose risk. Approximately 30% of respondents reported usually or always making sure others are around when they use heroin, carrying naloxone, taking “tester” doses of heroin or intentionally using in reduced amounts. While a majority of the sample reported never carrying naloxone or taking tester doses, and 70.2% reported never making sure that others around them carry naloxone, 84.5% had implemented one or more behavior at least rarely. Past month injection drug use was associated with making sure others are around, but perceptions about fentanyl in one's heroin were not associated with use of harm reduction behaviors. Conclusions In this sample of people who use heroin, although overdose risk reduction behaviors were not usually used, a majority had tried at least one behavior. That perceived exposure to fentanyl-adulterated heroin was not associated with the use of such behaviors provides important implications for public health education and intervention programming.
Dietary Neuroketotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: An Evidence Update and the Potential Role for Diet Quality.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with growing prevalence as the global population ages. Currently available treatments for AD have minimal efficacy and there are no proven treatments for its prodrome, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). AD etiology is not well understood and various hypotheses of disease pathogenesis are currently under investigation. A consistent hallmark in patients with AD is reduced brain glucose utilization; however, evidence suggests that brain ketone metabolism remains unimpaired, thus, there is a great deal of increased interest in the potential value of ketone-inducing therapies for the treatment of AD (neuroketotherapeutics; NKT). The goal of this review was to discuss dietary NKT approaches and mechanisms by which they exert a possible therapeutic benefit, update the evidence available on NKTs in AD and consider a potential role of diet quality in the clinical use of dietary NKTs. Whether NKTs affect AD symptoms through the restoration of bioenergetics, the direct and indirect modulation of antioxidant and inflammation pathways, or both, preliminary positive evidence suggests that further study of dietary NKTs as a disease-modifying treatment in AD is warranted.
Further Characterization of the Thyroid Microsomal Antigen by Monoclonal Antibodies

The thyroid microsomal antigen has been recently identified as a 107 kD protein (1) by Western blot and immunoprecipitation using sera of patients with thyroid autoimmune disease. In addition other studies have reported the presence of antibodies in those sera against human thyroid peroxidase (2), and a coelution during gel filtration of peroxidase enzymatic activity and microsomal antigenicity (3) suggesting an identity between microsomal antigen and thyroid peroxidase. We developed monoclonal antibodies against this 107 kD antigen to better characterize its nature and relationship to thyroid peroxidase.
Computational discovery of therapeutic candidates for preventing preterm birth

Few therapeutic methods exist for preventing preterm birth (PTB), or delivery before completing 37 weeks of gestation. In the US, progesterone (P4) supplementation is the only FDA-approved drug for use in preventing recurrent spontaneous PTB. However, P4 has limited effectiveness, working in only approximately one-third of cases. Computational drug repositioning leverages data on existing drugs to discover novel therapeutic uses. We used a rank-based pattern-matching strategy to compare the differential gene expression signature for PTB to differential gene expression drug profiles in the Connectivity Map database and assigned a reversal score to each PTB-drug pair. Eighty-three drugs, including P4, had significantly reversed differential gene expression compared with that found for PTB. Many of these compounds have been evaluated in the context of pregnancy, with 13 belonging to pregnancy category A or B - indicating no known risk in human pregnancy. We focused our validation efforts on lansoprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor, which has a strong reversal score and a good safety profile. We tested lansoprazole in an animal inflammation model using LPS, which showed a significant increase in fetal viability compared with LPS treatment alone. These promising results demonstrate the effectiveness of the computational drug repositioning pipeline to identify compounds that could be effective in preventing PTB.
The Influence of Film Critics

This chapter provides an overview of a number of academic studies on the influence of film critics. This includes an Emerson College study which found that film critics have a moderate influence on movies but that most of that influence is negative. Also, another study by the college found that film critics’ moderate influence on movies could have a significant impact on box office revenue.
The Role of Palliative Care Consultation in Withdrawal of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Cardiogenic Shock

Purpose To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients withdrawn from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (VA-ECMO), as well as the role of palliative care (PC) consultation in the decision to withdraw VA-ECMO. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of adult patients with cardiogenic shock treated with VA-ECMO at our institution between March 1, 2007 and May 31, 2019 to determine those who died after VA-ECMO was withdrawn. Patients were excluded if they survived less than 2 hours on VA-ECMO, died more than 72 hours after withdrawal, or were diagnosed with brain death prior to withdrawal. Results Of 643 Patients who received VA-ECMO, 127 patients (19.8%) were included. The etiology for VA-ECMO initiation included acute decompensated heart failure (11.8%), acute myocardial infarction (22.0%), extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (4.7%), post-cardiotomy shock (34.6%), and others (26.8%). Mean time on VA-ECMO was 6.1 days, and most patients had other forms of life support, including renal replacement therapy (64.6%), mechanical ventilation (97.6%), intra-aortic balloon pump or Impella (47.2%), and AICD or pacemaker (16.5%). After 2013, 43 patients (44.8%) had a PC consult with a mean of 6.4 days from initial consultation to withdrawal. Only 1 patient had capacity to request withdrawal, and 1 patient had no surrogate requiring a legal guardian to be designated. At the time of withdrawal, 31 (24.4%) had clinical or radiologic evidence of anoxic brain injury, and this was associated with number of life support measures, length of time on VA-ECMO, and number of PC visits (Wilks lambda 0.5549, DF 4,71, p = 0.006). The length of time on VA-ECMO correlated with increased number of PC visits (r=0.525, p=0.001). Presence of anoxic brain injury was associated with decreased number of PC visits (t=3.02, p=0.003). Conclusion Most patients withdrawn from VA-ECMO did not have capacity to determine their end of life care. Number of PC visits may be a surrogate marker of the complexity of the decision to withdraw. The longer the time on VA-ECMO, the greater the number of PC visits patients received. Further, the presence of anoxic brain injury was associated with fewer PC visits, which may indicate a less controversial decision to withdraw in patients with poor neurological prognosis.
New perspectives on MAC feedback capacity using decentralized sequential active hypothesis testing paradigm

The capacity of the MAC with feedback has been characterized through a multi-letter expression based on the work of Kramer. Except for the two-user Gaussian channel, this expression has resisted simplification; as a result there is no single-letter characterization for the capacity of the general discrete memoryless MAC (DM-MAC). In this paper we investigate connections between this problem and the problem of decentralized sequential active hypothesis testing (DSAHT). In this problem, two transmitting agents, each possessing a private message, are actively helping a third agent–and each other–to learn the message pair over a DM-MAC. The third agent (receiver) observes the noisy channel output, which is also available to the transmitting agents via noiseless feedback. We provide a characterization of the optimal transmission scheme for the DSAHT problem depending on an appropriately defined sufficient statistic. Returning to the problem of simplifying the multi-letter expression for the DM-MAC feedback capacity, we show that restricting attention to distributions induced by optimal transmission schemes for the DSAHT problem, without loss of optimality, transforms the capacity expression, so that it can be thought of as the average reward received by an appropriately defined stochastic dynamical system with time-invariant state space.
Primary Sarcomas of the Larynx: A Clinicopathologic Study of 27 Cases

Primary sarcomas of the larynx are rare and are associated with diagnostic and treatment challenges. Studies of these tumors are limited, and most examples have been reported as small series. To further increase our understanding of laryngeal sarcomas, we reviewed our experience of an adult cohort. A retrospective search for laryngeal sarcomas from our pathology archives and consultation files of one of the authors was performed. We studied 27 primary laryngeal sarcomas that included 25 males, and 2 females, with a mean age of 60 years (range 33–85). The cases included conventional chondrosarcoma (16), well-differentiated liposarcoma (2), clear cell chondrosarcoma (1), leiomyosarcoma (2), high grade myxofibrosarcoma (2), high grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (1), low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (1), malignant granular cell tumor (1), and Kaposi sarcoma (1). Data on treatment and follow-up was available in 17 and 16 cases, respectively. 12 patients underwent partial laryngeal resection; five had total laryngectomy, and the patient with Kaposi sarcoma received combined highly active antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy. Three patients developed local recurrence, and two patients developed metastases. The remaining patients with follow up had a favorable outcome and were disease-free after treatment. The important differential diagnosis of spindle cell sarcoma is sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma, and their distinction often requires extensive sampling of the mucosal surface and immunohistochemical analysis. The mainstay of treatment for laryngeal sarcomas is surgical removal, with the extent dictated by tumor type and grade. Adjuvant therapy is reserved for high-grade sarcomas and may be given in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting.
LGBTQ+ Rights, Anti-Homophobia and Tort Law Five Years after Obergefell

Tort law’s intersection with the rights of members of minority and historically oppressed groups is complicated, and its status as an instrument for the advancement of rights tenuous. Tort law embraces a “reasonable person” analysis, with tort liability is circumscribed by the attitudes, impressions, beliefs, knowledge, and understanding of the fictional average member of “the community,” and reaches for majoritarian sensibilities to regulate human interaction. Tort law is also shaped by the common law process, and can be slow to evolve to changes in social structures, patterns of human relations, and the needs of members of growing minority groups that have not achieved dominant status. On the other hand, because of the evolving content of reasonableness and the common law process, tort law is equipped to change as society changes. This paper considers how tort law responded to a distinctive and powerful exogenous shock – the Supreme Court’s landmark 2015 decision prohibiting the restriction of same sex marriage, Obergefell v. Hodges.
High Temperature Superconductivity in a Lightly Doped Quantum Spin Liquid

We have performed density-matrix renormalization group studies of a square lattice t-J model with small hole doping, δ≪1, on long four and six-leg cylinders. We include frustration in the form of a second-neighbor exchange coupling, J_{2}=J_{1}/2, such that the undoped (δ=0) "parent" state is a quantum spin liquid. In contrast to the relatively short range superconducting (SC) correlations that have been observed in recent studies of the six-leg cylinder in the absence of frustration, we find power-law SC correlations with a Luttinger exponent, K_{SC}≈1, consistent with a strongly diverging SC susceptibility, χ∼T^{-(2-K_{SC})} as the temperature T→0. The spin-spin correlations-as in the undoped state-fall exponentially suggesting that the SC "pairing" correlations evolve smoothly from the insulating parent state.
A sexual frustration theory of aggression, violence, and crime

Abstract Background Sexual frustration is a common experience for many people; it is one of the biggest frustrations in some individuals' lives; and it has been cited as a cause of immoral behavior for centuries. However, it does not feature prominently in any leading criminological theories . Methods This review builds on findings from frustration-aggression, strain, self-control, and sexual selection theories—along with research on a wide range of sexual and non-sexual behaviors—to propose an overarching sexual frustration theory of aggression, violence, and crime. Findings Sexual frustration is not only a problem for those who are “involuntarily celibate”; it also affects many people who are sexually active. Frustration arising from unfulfilled desires to have sex, unavailable partners, and unsatisfying sexual activities appears to increase the risks of aggression, violence, and crime associated with relief-seeking, power-seeking, revenge-seeking, and displaced frustration. Conclusion Although sexual frustration does not provide a sufficient explanation for aggression, violence, or crime on its own, understanding its influence on behavior is important. Specific recommendations are offered to facilitate theory-testing and future research.
New tricks for an old slug: the critical role of postsynaptic mechanisms in learning and memory in Aplysia.

The marine snail Aplysia has served for more than four decades as an important model system for neurobiological analyses of learning and memory. Until recently, it has been believed that learning and memory in Aplysia were due predominately, if not exclusively, to presynaptic mechanisms. For example, two nonassociative forms of learning exhibited by Aplysia, sensitization and dishabituation of its defensive withdrawal reflex, have been previously ascribed to presynaptic facilitation of the connections between sensory and motor neurons that mediate the reflex. Recent evidence, however, indicates that postsynaptic mechanisms play a far more important role in learning and memory in Aplysia than formerly appreciated. In particular, dishabituation and sensitization depend on a rise in intracellular Ca2+ in the postsynaptic motor neuron, postsynaptic exocytosis, and modulation of the functional expression of postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors. In addition, the expression of the persistent presynaptic changes that occur during intermediate- and long-term dishabituation and sensitization appears to require retrograde signals that are triggered by elevated postsynaptic Ca2+. The model for learning-related synaptic plasticity proposed here for Aplysia is similar to current mammalian models. This similarity suggests that the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory have been highly conserved during evolution.
Glutamatergic regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses glutamatergic regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The control of the secretory activity of GnRH producing neurons requires complex integration of sensory, seasonal, and behavioral cues, as well as feedback interactions with the gonadal steroids. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and its functions and mechanisms of action are extensively studied in extrahypothalamic sites, such as the hippocampus and the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The chapter also explains the role of glutamate in the regulation of GnRH secretion. This chapter summarizes the numerous studies that have been conducted to define the sites and mechanisms of action of glutamate in the regulation of GnRH secretion. In general, the studies have examined various aspects of an involvement of ionotropic glutamate receptor channels when data on a possible role of the metabotropic receptor class in the control of GnRH neurons are not available. The chapter also discusses the expression of glutamate receptor subunits in GnRH neurons.
The fast affine projection algorithm for active noise control

The fast affine projection (FAP) algorithm has proven to be useful in acoustic echo cancellation, where low-complexity but fast coefficient adaptation with very long (more than 1000 coefficient) filters is required. We extend the use of this algorithm to the active noise control task. Similar to the original FAP algorithm, this modified version computes the exact controller output without explicitly calculating the true controller filter coefficients. The complexity of the overall system is somewhat less than twice that of the standard FXLMS adaptive controller, making it amenable to real-time implementation. Simulations suggest that much faster controller convergence can be obtained over previous approaches. Extensions of the FAP algorithm to the task of on-line identification of the actuator characteristics are also discussed.
A Psychophysiological Mechanism Underlying Women’s Weight-Management Goals Women Desire and Strive for Greater Weight Loss Near Peak Fertility

Three studies demonstrated that conception risk was associated with increased motivations to manage weight. Consistent with the rationale that this association is due to ovulatory processes, Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that it was moderated by hormonal contraceptive (HC) use. Consistent with the rationale that this interactive effect should emerge when modern appearance-related concerns regarding weight are salient, Study 3 used a 14-day diary to demonstrate that the interactive effects of conception risk and HC use on daily motivations to restrict eating were further moderated by daily motivations to manage body attractiveness. Finally, providing evidence that this interactive effect has implications for real behavior, daily fluctuations in the desire to restrict eating predicted daily changes in women’s self-reported eating behavior. These findings may help reconcile prior inconsistencies regarding the implications of ovulatory processes by illustrating that such implications can depend on the salience...
Effects of tobacco constituents and psychological stress on the beta-adrenergic regulation of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer: Implications for intervention

This review summarizes current preclinical and clinical evidence in support of the hypothesis that smoking and psychological stress have significant cancer promoting effects on non small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer via direct and indirect effects on nicotinic receptor-regulated beta-adrenergic signaling. Evidence is provided that targeted pharmacological interference with the resulting hyperactive cAMP-dependent signaling by beta-blockers or by γ-aminobutyric acid as well as positive psychological influences may be highly effective in preventing and improving clinical outcomes of these cancers, provided that appropriate diagnostic protocols are followed to monitor systemic levels of stress neurotransmitters and cAMP.
Inclusive and Effective Adapted Physical Education: Meeting the Needs of Each Student

This article explores one approach to meeting the unique needs of students with disabilities using a systematic approach to decision-making called the achievement-based curriculum.
Lateral Spectrum Splitting Concentrator Photovoltaics: Direct Measurement of Component and Submodule Efficiency

To achieve high energy conversion efficiency, a solar module architecture called lateral spectrum splitting concentrator photovoltaics (LSSCPV) is being developed. LSSCPV can concentrate available sunlight and laterally split a single beam into bands with different spectra for absorption by different solar cells with band gaps matched to the split spectrum. Test assemblies of a sample LSSCPV architecture were constructed, each of which contains four p-n junctions and two optical pieces. Independent experiments or simulations had been implemented on the components but by using optimal assumptions. In order to examine the actual performances of all the components, which are dependent on each other and the light source, direct outdoor measurements were made. A set of self-consistent efficiency definitions was articulated and a test bed was developed to measure the parameters required by the efficiency calculation. By comparing the component efficiency items derived from the outdoor measurement and the expected values based on independent simulations, the potential opportunities for efficiency improvement are determined. In the outdoor measurement at the University of Delaware, the optical component demonstrated 89.1% efficiency. Additional assemblies were tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. One assembly demonstrated 36.7% submodule efficiency, which compares favorably with the 32.6% previously reportedmore » verified submodule efficiency.« less
A variational multiscale approach to strain localization – formulation for multidimensional problems

Abstract The multiscale approach to strain localization problems developed earlier, is generalized to higher dimensions. The key idea is the identification of the fine scale field with a component of the displacement that has a large gradient. The difference between the total displacement and the fine scale is the coarse scale field. The formulation is variationally based, with the weak form as the point of departure. With suitable assumptions on the space of fine scale fields, the weak form is separable into coarse and fine scale parts. The weak form of the fine scale problem is used to eliminate the fine scales from the formulation. This is achieved by way of a projection onto the fine scale space and allows a reformulation of the full problem in terms of coarse scale components alone. In this framework, fine scale interpolations are identified that ensure sharp resolution of localized displacement irrespective of the underlying finite element mesh. It is demonstrated that by correctly accounting for the “microstructural” fine scale behavior, the formulation results in solutions devoid of pathological mesh sensitivity. For problems wherein the detailed structure of the localized displacement is of interest, recovery of the fine scale components can be performed to reconstruct the entire displacement field. Several numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the robustness of the formulation.
Transient high frequency signal estimation: A model-based processing approach

By utilizing the superposition property of linear systems a method of estimating the incident signal from reflective nondispersive data is developed. One of the basic merits of this approach is that, the reflections were removed by direct application of a Wiener type estimation algorithm, after the appropriate input was synthesized. The structure of the nondispersive signal model is well documented, and thus its credence is established. We merely state the model and devote more effort to practical methods of estimating the model parameters. Though wealth of efficient methods exist, for calculating the reflection weights, a simpler approach was employed here, since our reflective signal model allows us to make some basic simplyfying assumptions. The technique essentially consists of calculating ratios of the autocorrelation function at lag zero and that lag where the incident and first reflection coincide. We initially performed our processing procedure on a measurement of a single signal. Multiple application of the processing procedure was required when we applied the reflection removal technique on a measurement containing information from the interaction of two physical phenomena. All processing was performed using SIG, an interactive signal processing package [6]. One of the many consequences of using SIG was that repetitive operations were, for the most part, automated. A custom menu was designed to perform the deconvolution process.
Picosecond High-Voltage Pulses Generation Using Low-Temperature (LT) GaAs

We report on the generation of 825 V electrical pulses with 1.4 ps rise time and 4 ps Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum using pulse biased Low-Temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive switch triggered by submicrojoule, 150 fs laser pulses. Dependence of the temporal pulse shape on both the electric field and the optical energy is observed and discussed.
Apparent Digital Vasomotor Hypotonicity in the Remission Stage of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

Longitudinal studies were performed on patients with recurrent attacks of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) during remission. Their psychophysiologic responses to standardized stress procedures (cold-pressor stimulation, breath holding, and immersion of the fifth digit in ice water) were tabulated. The data suggested that a peripheral vasomotor defect in ANUG may be reflected in elevated digital temperatures and general hypotonicity of the digital vasomotor system.
Conference on neuroscience and pragmatism: Productive prospects

The conference "Neuroscience and Pragmatism: Productive Prospects" was held on June 10, 2011 at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies in Arlington, Virginia.
Phylogenetic analysis of apiaceae subfamily apioideae using nucleotide sequences from the chloroplast rpoC1 intron

Phylogenetic relationships among 25 members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae, representing 7 of the 8 tribes and 8 of the 10 subtribes traditionally recognized in the subfamily, and 5 outgroups from Apiaceae subfamilies Hydrocotyloideae and Saniculoideae and allied families Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae have been inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the intron of the chloroplast gene RNA polymerase C1 (rpoC1). Sequence divergence values in pairwise comparisons of unambiguous positions among all taxa ranged from 0 to 11.3% of nucleotides and averaged 3.8%. Trees derived from rpoC1 intron sequences estimated using maximum parsimony or maximum likelihood methods are of essentially similar topology, and indicate that (1) subfamily Apioideae, with Heteromorpha as its most basal element, is monophyletic and is a sister-group to Eryngium, the only representative examined of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae, (2) Aralia (Araliaceae) arises from within a paraphyletic Apiaceae subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (represented by Centella and Hydrocotyle) and this clade is a sister-group to Apioideae+Saniculoideae, (3) there is a major phylogenetic division within Apioideae (excluding the basal Heteromorpha), with one clade comprising the genus Smyrnium and those taxa traditionally grouped in tribes Dauceae, Scandiceae, and Laserpitieae, and the other clade comprising all other examined taxa, and (4) relationships within each of these 2 major clades of Apioideae are largely equivocal owing to the low levels of nucleotide sequence divergence observed. Although rpoC1 intron sequences can provide valuable characters for addressing phylogenetic relationships among the outgroups and distantly related members of Apioideae, they have little power for resolving relationships among closely related taxa.
The effect of age on arteriovenous malformations in children and young adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging

Objective Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the most frequently encountered structural cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in childhood, excluding hemorrhages of prematurity. The goal of our study was to examine the relationship between age and AVM prevalence on imaging in children, which to date has not been well described.
Effects of indoor lighting (illuminance and spectral distribution) on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviors: The potential mediating role of positive affect.

Three studies examined the effects of key aspects of indoor lighting (illuminance, spectral distribution) on the performance of tasks that did not primarily involve visual processing. It was hypothesized that lighting conditions which generated positive affect among subjects would influence behavior and cognition in ways consistent with the findings of previous research on the influence of such affect. Results of all three studies offered partial support for this hypothesis. In Study 1, male and female subjects exposed to relatively low levels of illuminance (150 lux) assigned higher performance appraisals to a fictitious employee and included a broader range of words in specific word categories than subjects exposed to relatively high levels of illuminance (1500 lux). In Study 2, subjects exposed to warm white light reported stronger preferences for resolving interpersonal conflicts through collaboration and weaker preferences for resolving conflicts through avoidance than subjects exposed to cool-white light. Additionally, illuminance and spectral distribution (color) interacted to influence subjects' self-set goals on a clerical coding task. In Study 3, receipt of a small, unexpected gift and exposure to warm-white light both increased the amount of time subjects were willing to donate as unpaid volunteers. In addition, in the absence of a gift, subjects volunteered more time under low than under high illuminance.
Using hybrid modeling to simulate Maritime Transportation System of Systems (MTSoS)

Maritime transportation is one of the vital parts of the global supply chain. Its multi-stakeholder nature makes it very complex to understand and model. In this paper, we use the System of Systems paradigm to model and simulate maritime transportation. Different types of models are combined to explain the concept of hybrid modeling, and to simulate Maritime Transportation System of Systems (MTSoS).
Loss of the β1 subunit of the sodium pump during lymphocyte differentiation

The Na,K-ATPase, or sodium pump, is responsible for maintaining cellular volume and is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis; it is a ubiquitous transmembrane enzyme in higher eukaryotes and consists of an alpha and a beta subunit. In the mouse, two isotypes of beta with no known function have been identified: beta 1 and beta 2. We have studied the expression of beta 1 and beta 2 in lymphocytes from bone marrow, spleen, peripheral blood, and thymus. The beta 2 subunit is not expressed in any of the lymphocytes tested. Pre-B lymphocytes and the majority of mature, resting B cells in the bone marrow express the beta 1 subunit, as do all pre-T cells and mature thymocytes. In the spleen and in blood, beta 1 expression defines subsets of T and B lymphocytes. Mitogen-stimulated T and B cells lose beta 1 expression and do not express beta 2. While there is no indication that there is a change in alpha subunit isoform expression as a result of lymphocyte activation or that it is expressed in smaller amounts, there is a switch in the expression of the beta isoform.
Pressure dependence of the zero temperature real squashing mode in 3He-B.

We present measurements of the real squashing mode (RSQ) frequency at temperatures approaching T=0. The data are obtained through repeated frequency sweeps that yield the frequency of the RSQ attenuation maximum over a broad range oaf temperatures, at fixed pressure. We are thus able to record the value to which the RSQ frequency tends as T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, a number that is largely independent of temperature scale. Essential to these measurements is the use of nonresonant ultrasonic transducers.
Accumulation of Glucosylceramides in Multidrug-resistant Cancer Cells*

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors and cancer cell lines demonstrate a wide variety of biochemical changes. In this study we used drug-sensitive wild-type (wt) cancer cell lines and respective MDR subclones, and we demonstrate the accumulation of distinct lipids in MDR cells. These lipids were either absent or present at very low levels in drug-sensitive cells. The compounds, termed lipid-1 and lipid-2, migrated on thin-layer chromatography as a doublet. They could be radiolabeled by incubating MCF-7-AdrR (Adriamycin-resistant) breast cancer cells with [3H]serine, [3H]palmitic acid, or [3H]galactose. Utilization of these precursors by MCF-7-wt cells for synthesis of lipid-1 and -2 was minimal. Two inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis, L-cycloserine and fumonisin B1, prevented the observed accumulation of the lipid compounds. An inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthesis, 1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol, completely abolished the formation of lipid-1 and -2 in MCF-7-AdrR cells and, to a lesser extent, inhibited the formation of lactosylceramides and gangliosides. Utilizing mass spectrometry, the multidrug resistance-associated lipids were further characterized as monoglycosylceramides of two major species that contained either 16-carbon (palmitic) or 24-carbon (lignoceric and nervonic) fatty acids. The carbohydrate head group of glycosylceramides was identified as glucose, not galactose, thus designating the accumulated lipids as glucosylceramides. Incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into glucosylceramide was strikingly higher (8-10 times) in MCF-7-AdrR cells compared with MCF-7-wt cells. Since the rate of glucosylceramide degradation in MCF-7-AdrR cells was not attenuated, accelerated glycosphingolipid synthesis in MDR cells is suggested. Glucosylceramide also accumulated in KB-V-1, a vinblastine-resistant epidermoid carcinoma but not in KB-3-1, drug-sensitive wt cells. MDR ovarian adenocarcinoma cells (NIH:OVCAR-3) also contained elevated levels of glucosylceramide. Our results demonstrate a correlation between cellular drug resistance and alterations in glucosylceramide metabolism.
Fido, a Novel AMPylation Domain Common to Fic, Doc, and AvrB

Background The Vibrio parahaemolyticus type III secreted effector VopS contains a fic domain that covalently modifies Rho GTPase threonine with AMP to inhibit downstream signaling events in host cells. The VopS fic domain includes a conserved sequence motif (HPFx[D/E]GN[G/K]R) that contributes to AMPylation. Fic domains are found in a variety of species, including bacteria, a few archaea, and metazoan eukaryotes.
Spider area-based multi-objective stochastic energy and ancillary services dispatch

This paper presents a multi-objective stochastic optimization algorithm for coupled energy, reserve and reactive power dispatch in electricity markets. The algorithm intends to minimize expected total market payment, transmission congestion probability and power system emission. To guarantee secure and reliable operation of power systems even after the occurrence of disturbances, two preventive actions, maximizing expected voltage security margin and expected reactive power reserve, are incorporated into the proposed multiobjective algorithm. A spider area-based multi-objective stochastic optimization is proposed being applied to find a trade-off among all objectives. To speed up market clearing process, a scenario generation method is suggested for modeling wind speed volatility. Using Monte Carlo simulation method, eight indices are introduced and effectiveness of the proposed stochastic algorithm is evaluated.
AUC-based resolution in optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an interferometric technique using the low coherence property of light to axially image at high resolution in biological tissue samples. Transverse imaging is obtained with two-dimensional scanning and transverse resolution is limited by the size of the scanning beam at the imaging point. The most common metrics used for determining the axial resolution of an OCT system are the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM), the absolute square integral (ASI), and the root-mean-square (RMS) width of the axial PSF of the system, where the PSF of an OCT system is defined as the envelope of the interference fringes when the sample has been replaced by a simple mirror. Such metrics do not take into account the types of biological tissue samples being imaged. In this paper we define resolution in terms of the instrument and the biological sample combined by defining a resolution task and computing the associated detectability index and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The detectability index was computed using the Hotelling observer or best linear observer. Results of simulations demonstrate that resolution is best quantified as a probability of resolving two layers, and the impact on resolution of variations in the index of refraction between the layers is clearly demonstrated.
Calcified thrombus in the inferior vena cava in infants and children

Calcified thrombi in the prerenal (suprarenal) segment of the inferior vena have a characteristic radiographic appearance that permits accurate “plain film” diagnosis. Most have been fortuitously discovered in infants and young children. None of the affected individuals has had clinical evidence of venous obstruction. Vena caval obstruction is usually incomplete.Uncalcified clot caudal to the calcified thrombus caused complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava and renal veins in one of our patients, a healthy infant; since collateral flow was adequate surgery was not advised. We believe that aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic measures are unnecessary in the management of infants and children with calcified thrombi in the inferior vena cava.
Predictors of Treatment Discontinuation and Medication Nonadherence in Patients Recovering From a First Episode of Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, or Schizoaffective Disorder : A Randomized, Double-Blind, Flexible-Dose, Multicenter Study

OBJECTIVE To evaluate predictors of treatment discontinuation against medical advice and poor medication adherence among first-episode patients treated with olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone. METHOD First-episode patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV) were randomly assigned to olanzapine (2.5-20 mg/day), quetiapine (100-800 mg/day), or risperidone (0.5-4 mg/day) as part of a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, flexible-dose, multicenter study. Patients were enrolled from 2002 to 2004 at one of 26 sites in the United States and Canada. Survival analysis tested for predictors of treatment discontinuation against medical advice, while mixed models tested for predictors of poor medication adherence. Significant findings from the final models were replicated in sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Of the 400 patients randomly assigned to treatment, 115 patients who discontinued treatment against medical advice and 119 study completers were compared in this analysis. Poor treatment response (p < .001) and low medication adherence (p = .02) were independent predictors of discontinuation against medical advice. Ongoing substance abuse, ongoing depression, and treatment response failure significantly predicted poor medication adherence (p < .01). Higher cognitive performance at baseline and ethnicity (black) were also associated with lower medication adherence (p < .05). An association between poor medication adherence and illness insight at study entry was found at trend level (p = .059). CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of treatment response in predicting discontinuation against medical advice and poor adherence to medication in first-episode patients. These results also support interventions to improve adherence behavior, particularly by targeting substance use disorders and depressive symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00034892 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Determination of urinary cholesterol by gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract A method suitable for the routine determination of cholesterol in human urine has been developed. The procedure consists of a simple chloroform extraction of a urine aliquot, acetylation, and subsequent gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with an internal standard utilizing a peak-height ratio technique for quantitation. An assessment of the reliability of the method as well as excretion values in normal individuals are presented and discussed.
Weak polyelectrolytes tethered to surfaces: Effect of geometry, acid–base equilibrium and electrical permittivity

The structural and thermodynamical properties of weak polyelectrolytes end-tethered to surfaces of arbitrary geometry are studied using a molecular theory. The theory is based on writing down the free energy functional of the system including all the basic interactions and the explicit acid-base equilibrium for the chargeable groups of the polymer. The theory explicitly includes the size, shape, conformations, and charge distribution of all the molecular species. The electrostatic interactions include a density-dependent dielectric function, modeled with the Maxwell-Garnett mixing formula, to account for the composition-dependent permittivity. The minimization of the free energy leads to the distribution of all molecular species and their dependence on bulk pH and salt concentration. We apply the theory to polymer chains end-tethered to planar, cylindrical, and spherical surfaces. The radius of the curved surfaces is small to enhance the curvature effect. We find that when the grafting surfaces are uncharged, the approximation of a constant dielectric function works very well for both structural and thermodynamic properties. The structure of weak polyelectrolytes tethered on cylindrical and spherical surfaces is different from that of polymers tethered on planar surfaces due to the available volume as a function of the distance from the surface. Specifically, the degree of dissociation increases with increasing curvature of the surface. This is a manifestation of the coupling between the local density of protons, counterions, and polymer segments. The results can be interpreted in terms of the local Le Chatelier principle for the acid-base equilibrium, with proper account of the three local contributions: counterions, protons, and chargeable groups. We find that one can achieve local changes of pH between one to two units within 1-2 nm. The thickness of the tethered layers as a function of bulk pH shows a large increase when the pH is equal to the bulk pK. However, the variation with salt concentration is different for the different geometries. The largest swelling is found for cylindrical surfaces. The predictions from scaling theories of a maximum in the thickness of the film as a function of salt concentration is found for planar films, but not for curved surfaces. Finally, the interactions between cylinders with tethered polyelectrolytes is very different from the equivalent planar surfaces. These results are important for the interpretation of force measurements with nanoscale AFM tips. The implications of the results for the rational design of responsive tethered polymer layers is discussed together with the limitations of the theoretical approach.
Mapping out the Integration of the Components of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK): Examples from High School Biology Classrooms.

This study explored the nature of the integration of the five components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): (a) Orientations toward Teaching Science, (b) Knowledge of Student Understanding, (c) Knowledge of Instructional Strategies and Representations, (d) Knowledge of Science Curriculum, and (e) Knowledge of Assessment of Science Learning. Given the topic and context specificity of PCK, this investigation was conducted in the context of the photosynthesis and heredity instruction of four teachers who were working at the same high school with the same curricular materials. Data sources included classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, lesson plans, instructional materials, and students' work samples. Data were analyzed through three different approaches: (a) in-depth analysis of explicit PCK, (b) enumerative approach, and (c) the constant comparative method. Data analysis indicated five salient features of the integration of the PCK components: (a) the integration of the components was idiosyncratic and topic-specific; (b) Knowledge of Student Understanding and Knowledge of Instructional Strategies and Representations were central in the integration; (c) Knowledge of Science Curriculum and Knowledge of Assessment of Science Learning had most limited connection with other components; (d) Knowledge of Assessment of Science Learning was more often connected with Knowledge of Student Understanding and Knowledge of Instructional Strategies and Representations than with the other components; and (e) Didactic Orientations toward Teaching Science directed Knowledge of Instructional Strategies and Representations inhibiting its connection with other components. This study highlights that the quality of PCK depends on the coherence among the components as well as the strength of individual components. From a methodological perspective, this study demonstrates the possibility to make PCK more visible and accessible by using a PCK Map, a pictorial representation of the interactions of the PCK components. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 922–941, 2012
Uptake of Adenosine by Cultured Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Adenosine uptake by cerebral smooth muscle cells is a carrier-mediated process. The Km value for adenosine uptake is 10.0 microM and the Vmax is 0.95 nmol/min-mg cell protein. This uptake system is inhibited by the adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine at low adenosine concentrations. These results prove the existence of a nucleoside transport system associated with cerebral smooth muscle.