cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Type Influences Students' Perceptions of Faculty Self-Disclosures.

Background:Faculty might disclose personal information in order to illustrate a concept related to course material. However, the impact of self-disclosing potentially personal information (e.g., me...
Platelet transfusion: The effects of a fluid warmer on platelet function.

Platelet (PLT) transfusions are an important component of hemostatic resuscitation. The AABB has published several guidelines recommending that PLT units should not be infused through blood warming devices. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-one units of hospital blood bank apheresis PLTs were obtained. PLT-rich plasma (PRP) aggregometry and thromboelastography (TEG) were performed on the unit samples before and after the units were infused through a Ranger blood/fluid warming device. RESULTS There were no differences in any of the aggregometry results before and after infusion of the PLTs through the blood warmer (all P > .32). There was a significant reduction in the TEG maximum amplitude (MA) of 69.8 ± 7.9 mm before and 66.0 ± 8.8 mm after (P < .001) infusion of the PLTs through the blood warmer and α angle 61.8 ± 9.4° before and 59.3 ± 8.2° after (P = .044) infusion of the PLTs through the blood warmer, although both mean values were within normal range for the TEG and not clinically significant. There were very good correlations of aggregometry and TEG results before and after infusion of the PLTs through the blood warmer device. CONCLUSION This study did not demonstrate significant deleterious effect on PLT function from infusing apheresis PLT units through a blood warming device by PRP aggregometry. We did detect a statistically significant-but not clinically significant-reduction in TEG MA and α angle. The prohibition of transfusing PLT units though the Ranger blood warming device is not indicated.
“Burst Nucleation” vs Autocatalytic, “Burst” Growth in Near-Monodisperse Particle-Formation Reactions

In their highly cited 1950 paper (LaMer, V. K.; Dinegar, R. H. Theory, Production and Mechanism of Formation of Monodispersed Hydrosols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 4847–4854), LaMer and Dinegar po...
Establishing a Telehealth Program in Primary Care for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder.

Background More than 130 Americans die from opioid overdose each day. To address the opioid epidemic, opioid treatment programs are in place to treat substance use disorder. These programs have seen an influx of patients and are not able to accommodate the number of patients. Primary care practices can help with the crisis by providing an office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) program. Objective To describe the necessary steps and considerations to put in place for implementing a telehealth OBOT program. Establishing a telehealth program for patients controlled on medication-assisted treatment can improve access to care, improve patient compliance, and redirect the workflow of the family practice. Methodos After a literature review of established OBOT programs, state and federal laws, Medicare and reimbursement policies, a telehealth opioid treatment program was designed for private primary care practice. Conclusions Primary care practices can should implement an office based opioid treatment program via telehealth to improve workflow and accessibility to care. Implications for nursing To offer improved access to care for patients with opioid addiction and seamless workflow in the office-based setting, primary care practices should consider establishing their telehealth OBOT program based on the following recommendations.
Metabolism, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Considerations of Iron Overload, a Comprehensive Review

Transfusion has many benefits in certain pathological states and can be lifesaving; however, it can also have unwanted effects. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of iron metabolism and overload related to blood transfusion. Iron chelation therapy remains the standard of care for managing transfusion-related iron overload. Clinical investigations into refining these therapies to make them more effective, convenient, and tolerable are ongoing. Research into developing agents to modify previously untargeted aspects of iron metabolism is also being evaluated. Evidence suggests that exogenous transferrin may help normalize NTBI levels and curb the toxic effects of iron overload. Targeting hepcidin to influence iron absorption and mobilization is also being studied. Further refinement of these treatments should provide useful adjuncts and alternatives to existing options.
Developmental exposure to DDT or DDE alters sympathetic innervation of brown adipose in adult female mice.

Exposure to the bioaccumulative pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) has been associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and obesity in humans and experimental animals. These effects appear to be mediated by reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Although the neurotoxicity of DDT is well-established, whether DDT alters sympathetic innervation of BAT is unknown. We hypothesized that perinatal exposure to DDT or DDE promotes thermogenic dysfunction by interfering with sympathetic regulation of BAT thermogenesis. Pregnant C57BL/6 J mice were administered environmentally relevant concentrations of DDTs (p,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDT) or DDE (p,p’-DDE), 1.7 mg/kg and 1.31 mg/kg, respectively, from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 by oral gavage, and longitudinal body temperature was recorded in male and female offspring. At 4 months of age, metabolic parameters were measured in female offspring via indirect calorimetry with or without the β3 adrenergic receptor agonist, CL 316,243. Immunohistochemical and neurochemical analyses of sympathetic neurons innervating BAT were evaluated. We observed persistent thermogenic impairment in adult female, but not male, mice perinatally exposed to DDTs or p,p’-DDE. Perinatal DDTs exposure significantly impaired metabolism in adult female mice, an effect rescued by treatment with CL 316,243 immediately prior to calorimetry experiments. Neither DDTs nor p,p’-DDE significantly altered BAT morphology or the concentrations of norepinephrine and its metabolite DHPG in the BAT of DDTs-exposed mice. However, quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed a 20% decrease in sympathetic axons innervating BAT in adult female mice perinatally exposed to DDTs, but not p,p’-DDE, and 48 and 43% fewer synapses in stellate ganglia of mice exposed to either DDTs or p,p’-DDE, respectively, compared to control. These data demonstrate that perinatal exposure to DDTs or p,p’-DDE impairs thermogenesis by interfering with patterns of connectivity in sympathetic circuits that regulate BAT.
Sexual Gifts and Sexual Duties

In this essay I explore the idea of whether there are sexual duties to others and what the source of such duties might be. I provide reasons for thinking that such duties exist (there might even be, ironically, a Christian sexual duty, flowing from the nature of agape). I also explore whether there are supererogatory sexual actions — sexual actions that go beyond the demands of duty. I begin with a personal example of having had sex with a woman in graduate school out of moral duty —at least what I thought at the time was my moral duty. I end by addressing numerous factors that can exist in such types of cases, showing how intricate and complex our thinking about these issues should be.
Curative Violence: Rehabilitating Disability, Gender, and Sexuality in Modern Korea: Eunjung Kim Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2017

In Curative Violence, Eunjung Kim offers a supple analysis of the affective attachments to cure and the structures that scaffold them. Writing that ‘the imperative of cure is produced by historical...
Weinbaum, Alys Eve. The Afterlife of Reproductive Slavery: Biocapitalism and Black Feminism’s Philosophy of History

In the current moment, the predominance of biotechnology is difficult to ignore. This can be seen most vividly in a world collectively holding its breath in anticipation of a vaccine for COVID-19, ...
Indicators development to support intelligent road infrastructure in urban cities

Abstract Transportation systems play a vital role in contributing to the economic growth and social development of urban areas. However, a number of transportation-related issues continue to plague many urban areas. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) were introduced to solve some of these urban issues by combining advanced technologies and operational management into existing transportation systems; and many researchers and transportation professionals have contributed numerous theoretical and practical solutions toward the evolution of ITS. As transportation agencies continue to invest in existing transportation facilities, an understanding of their current status for ITS needs and the effects of investments made is required for a strategic long-term policy goal for intelligent transportation. This paper presents indicators we found that can be utilized for a consistent ITS development strategy for road appurtenances and operational management to promote intelligent road infrastructure (IRI) in urban cities. We developed these indicators utilizing a text mining technique that generated a total of 23 indicators under the service categories of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Using the indicators enables city officials to establish a consistent strategy in assessing the current status of urban roads and monitor the effects of investments made towards a long-term policy goal for ITS. Another contribution of our indicators is their dedicated use for urban road appurtenances and operational management, differentiating them from other ITS-related indicators. Our indicators can be assimilated easily into the need analysis at city-wide ITS planning programs due to their compatibility and can be extended to future research to develop factors to prioritize ITS needs and decision-making for cost-effective investments.
Doppler tissue imaging in children following cardiac transplantation: A comparison to catheter derived hemodynamics

Background Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between E:Ea and ventricular filling pressure in adults after heart transplantation. We sought to determine if E:Ea correlates with filling pressure after heart transplantation in children.
Nonintrusive optical electric field sensing

The operating principle and application of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and its use as a nonintrusive electric-field measuring device are discussed. The methods and technical difficulties in the construction of these sensors are explained, and some of the results are presented. The device uses a microantenna that allows collection of charges close to the waveguide. As a result, the device is sensitive to a small variation in external electric fields. In principle, the length of this antenna can be adjusted for a specific radiation measurement. >
Controller state and reference governors for discrete-time linear systems with pointwise-in-time state and control constraints

Reference governors enforce pointwise-in-time state and control constraints by temporarily modifying the reference command to a nominal closed-loop system whenever the danger of constraint violation exists. In this paper we propose a reference governor with the added capability of resetting internal closed-loop system states as necessary to avoid constraint violation. With this approach the constrained domain of attraction, i.e., the set of states recoverable without constraint violation, is enlarged. This scheme is referred to as the controller state and reference governor. The paper describes this scheme, analyzes its stability and convergence properties, and presents examples of applying it to aircraft flight control and gas turbine engine control examples.
The Mindful Therapist: A Clinician's Guide to Mindsight and Neural Integration

An integrated state of mindful awareness is crucial to achieving mental health. Daniel J. Siegel, an internationally recognized expert on mindfulness and therapy, reveals practical techniques that enable readers to harness their energies to promote healthy minds within themselves and their clients. He charts the nine integrative functions that emerge from the profoundly interconnecting circuits of the brain, including bodily regulation, attunement, emotional balance, response flexibility, fear extinction, insight, empathy, morality, and intuition. A practical, direct-immersion, high-emotion, low-techno-speak book, The Mindful Therapist engages readers in a personal and professional journey into the ideas and process of mindful integration that lie at the heart of health and nurturing relationships.
DALDA (H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2), a potent μ-opioid peptide agonist, affects various patterns of locomotor activities

Abstract The central effects of μ-opioid receptor agonist DALDA (ICV 0.00, 0.1, or 1.0 μg) were investigated in rats for 120 min on activity monitors. The durations in seconds of horizontal movement time, rearing time, and stereotypy time were measured during 12 consecutive 10-min time blocks. DALDA (ICV, 0.1 and 1.0 μg) resulted in biphasic effects, inhibition followed by activation for horizontal movement, rearing, and stereotypy times.
Hyperpolarized 3He MR lung ventilation imaging in asthmatics: Preliminary findings

Asthma is a disease characterized by chronic inflammation and reversible obstruction of the small airways resulting in impaired pulmonary ventilation. Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance (MR) lung imaging is a new technology that provides a detailed image of lung ventilation. Hyperpolarized 3He lung imaging was performed in 10 asthmatics and 10 healthy subjects. Seven asthmatics had ventilation defects distributed throughout the lungs compared with none of the normal subjects. These ventilation defects were more numerous and larger in the two symptomatic asthmatics who had abnormal spirometry. Ventilation defects studied over time demonstrated no change in appearance over 30-60 minutes. One asthmatic subject was studied twice in a three-week period and had ventilation defects which resolved and appeared in that time. This same subject was studied before and after bronchodilator therapy, and all ventilation defects resolved after therapy. Hyperpolarized 3He lung imaging can detect the small, reversible ventilation defects that characterize asthma. The ability to visualize lung ventilation offers a direct method of assessing asthmatics and their response to therapy.
CMOS digitally programmable filter for multi-standard wireless receivers

A technique for designing digitally programmable CMOS integrated filters for multi-standard wireless receivers is presented. The technique exhibits the wide frequency range of the transconductance amplifier filters while offering improved linearity. It utilises digitally controlled current followers to provide precise frequency characteristics that can be tuned over a wide range. A digitally tuned lowpass filter is designed for implementing the channel-select filter in the baseband chain of a multi-standard CMOS wireless receiver. Simulation and experimental results obtained from a 1.2 µm chip show a programmable frequency response covering the IS-54, GSM, IS-95 and WCDMA wireless standards.
Antithyroid effect of 2,3-dihydroxypyridine in vivo and in vitro.

AbstractThe antithyroid effect of 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (2,3-DHP) was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Thyroid studies were carried out on two groups of rats; one group of 14 rats were fed a low-iodine diet containing 1% 2,3-DHP for 25 days, and a control group of 12 rats received low-iodine diet alone. 2,3-DHP-treated rats had reduced thyroid function with a significant rise in serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels and decreased serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels; thyroxine (T4) and T3 contents of the thyroid gland were 20 and 10%, respectively, lower than those of controls. In vitro, 2,3-DHP inhibited peroxidase activity, and its antiperoxidase potency was similar to the commonly used thioureylene antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil. In addition, 2,3-DHP was a much weaker inhibitor of the thyroid conversion of T4 to T3 in vitro than propylthiouracil. 2,3-DHP represents a new class of antithyroid drug and its main action appears to be inhibition of peroxidase-catalyzed thyroid hormone formation in the thyroid ...
Children's food intake following drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame: Time course effects

In two experiments, 2-5-year-old children's responsiveness to caloric density cues was examined. In a preloading protocol, consumption of fixed volumes of drinks (205 ml in Experiment 1; 150 ml in Experiment 2), sweetened with sucrose, aspartame, aspartame plus low glucose maltodextrin, or a water control, was followed by ad lib consumption from among a variety of foods. Caloric drinks had about 90 kcal in Experiment 1, 65 kcal in Experiment 2. The delay interval between the preload and the ad lib consumption was 0, 30 or 60 minutes. In Experiment 1, 24 4- and 5-year-old children participated in only one delay interval, while in Experiment 2, all 20 2- and 3-year-old children were seen in all conditions. Results revealed evidence of caloric compensation, but no evidence of preload x time delay interaction. In both experiments, aspartame also produced a significant suppression of intake relative to water, primarily due to the pattern at 30 min following the preload. Across conditions, the suppression following aspartame was usually significantly less than that produced by the caloric sweet drinks, providing evidence for postingestive effects. In Experiment 1, suppression of intake was related to the children's preferences for the foods, not to macronutrient content; consumption of nonpreferred foods was most suppressed. Consumption of sweetened drinks as long as 1 hour prior to eating suppressed food intake, and this common feeding practice may also reduce dietary variety.
Species differences in the acute toxicity and tissue distribution of DDT in mice and hamsters

Abstract Orally administered DDT is acutely neurotoxic to the Swiss mouse and the Syrian golden hamster, but the latter is affected only at much higher doses. The central nervous system of each species is equally sensitive to DDT, since brain concentrations of DDT were similar after lethal doses. However, after an oral dose of 500 mg/kg, the DDT content of mouse brain was twice the value of that found in the hamster. This could not be explained by a species difference in absorption, metabolism or excretion of DDT, and is probably due to differences in the permeability of the blood/brain barrier to DDT. When animals were maintained on 250 ppm dietary DDT for 6 weeks, the total fat and liver residues were 7–8 times higher in the mouse than in the hamster, the mouse liver containing relatively more DDE and the hamster more DDD. The rate of urinary excretion of radioactivity was similar in control animals after [ 14 C]DDT administration; dietary DDT pretreatment stimulated [ 14 C]DDT metabolism and excretion in the hamster but had little effect in the mouse. Mice also consumed 3 times more DDT-containing food/kg body weight than the hamster, and these differences account for the higher tissue residues in the mouse. The species differences in DDT metabolism and tissue metabolites are discussed with reference to the difference in tumorigenic response to DDT in the mouse and hamster.
The group of stable self-equivalences

THE GROUP of homotopy classes of homotopy equivalences of a topological space with itself, denoted here as G(X), has been studied by various authors [3, 6, 111. It is of course a homotopy invariant, although not a functor from the homotopy category to the category of groups. The determination of the groups G(X) bears on the question of the choices for k-invariants in a Postnikov decomposition. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the groups G(X) is scanty. In general, we know that if X is a l-connected, finite complex, G(X) is finitely-generated (see remark in [3]). Unfortunately, it is shown [lo] that there are uncountably many, nonisomorphic groups with two generators. Thus, the mere fact that G(X) is finitely-generated does little to help in finding what the actual possibilities for G(X) are.
Bone mineral and collagen quality in humeri of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys given rhPTH(1-34) for 18 months.

A recent study of ovariectomized monkeys, treated with recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH)(1–34) at 1 or 5 mg/kg/day for 18 months or for 12 months followed by 6 months withdrawal from treatment, showed significant differences in the geometry and histomorphometry of cortical bone of the midshaft humerus. To determine the extent to which the rapid bone turnover and cortical porosity induced by rhPTH(1–34) in ovariectomized monkeys modified mineral content, mineral crystal maturity and collagen maturity (cross-link distribution) in the cortical periosteal and endosteal regions, cross-sections of the cortical bone of the mid-humerus, were examined using Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). FTIRI analyses demonstrated that rhPTH(1–34) altered bone mineral and collagen properties in a dose-dependent manner. Mineral crystal maturity and collagen cross-link ratio (pyridinoline/dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine) on both endosteal and periosteal surfaces decreased relative to ovariectomized animals, consistent with new bone formation. These changes were partially sustained after withdrawal of the higher dose of rhPTH(1–34), suggesting a prolonged after-effect on bone properties for at least two bone remodeling cycles. In conclusion, treatment of ovariectomized monkeys with rhPTH(1–34) had significant effects on cortical bone mineral-to-matrix ratio, mineral crystal maturity, and collagen cross-link ratio. These were fully reversible when the 1-μg rhPTH(1–34) treatment was withdrawn, but only partially reversed when the 5-μg rhPTH(1–34) dose was withdrawn.
Lung dendritic cells and IgE: the link between virus and atopy

Stephanie S Park, Sarah J Ehlenbach & Mitchell H Grayson† †Author for correspondence Medical College of Wisconsin, MACC Fund Research Center, Room 5075, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Tel.: +1 414 456 5648; Fax: +1 414 456 6487; wheeze@allergist.com ‘...the virus–FceRI–atopy axis certainly appears to provide much promise for understanding how and why atopic diseases develop, and more importantly, what could be done to prevent them...’
Effect of cocaine and lidocaine on the expression of kindled seizures in the rat

Abstract The effect of cocaine and lidocaine on the expression of kindled seizures was studied in male Long-Evans rats. Animals were implanted with an electrode in either the olfactory bulb, prepyriform cortex, or basolateral amygdala and kindled by daily electrical stimulation. Each animal was then tested for the expression of kindled seizures following the intraperitoneal administration of saline, 20 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride, or 20 mg/kg lidocaine hydrochloride. During testing the implantation site was stimulated every 60 sec at increasing current levels until an afterdischarge was elicited. Each animal was tested once under each drug at 96 hr intervals. The order of drug administration was counterbalanced across animals. Neither cocaine nor lidocaine had a significant effect on afterdischarge threshold. Both drugs significantly reduced the latency for clonus to occur following stimulation, a measure presumably related to the propagation of afterdischarges from the site of stimulation to other brain areas. In addition both cocaine and lidocaine significantly reduced the rated behavioral response to the stimulation due to a decrease in rearing and falling. Because they occurred with both cocaine and lidocaine, these effects appear to be of local anesthetic origin. In contrast, only cocaine significantly reduced afterdischarge duration, and only lidocaine significantly reduced clonus intensity. With the possible exception of clonus latency, these effects were present at all electrode sites studied. The results indicate that cocaine has pronounced effects on the expression of seizure activity in the olfactory forebrain, some of which are due to its local anesthetic action, and some not.
Can smartphone sensors enhance kinect experience

Kinect has become quite popular for gaming as it tracks players' natural gestures without a controller like other gaming systems. But it has some inherent limitations such as occlusion problem and fails to track a player accurately if there is an obstacle. In this work, we propose to leverage smartphone to supplement Kinect. We explore how to fuse information from Kinect's tracking with the smartphone's sensor readings to improve Kinect gaming experience.
An amplitude analysis for the reaction π+ p → π+π−π0 Δ++ at 7 GeV/c

Abstract An amplitude analysis for the reaction π+ p → π+π−π0 Δ++ at 7 GeV/c has been performed using the isobar model for the 3π system. The 3π-mass covers the range from 0.82 to 1.90 GeV. We observe strong A2 production. The spin parity of the ω ∗ (1700) is determined to be 3−. No significant A1 production can be seen.
Pacemaker properties of completely isolated neurones in Aplysia californica.

SINGLE-CELL pacemaker activity is interesting because of its function in temporal organization and information processing in the nervous system. Many invertebrate neurones are regularly and autonomously active1,2. Although the pacemaker rhythm probably originates within the recorded neurone, it is not clear whether it originates in the axonal tree or in the cell soma. Alving3 approached this question by studying pacemaker activity in the soma of Aplysia nerve cells, after ligaturing the axonal stem with fine sutures. The study described here presents evidence that nerve cell somata which are completely dissociated from all surrounding tissue and with or without axons, are able to maintain regular autorhythmic activity for periods of more than 24 h. The method of complete isolation of cells represents some progress over Alving's method because it is easier to accomplish, has a larger yield of viable neurones and allows longer recording periods.
Inversion of First-arrival Time Using Simulated Annealing

A technique is presented to invert first-arrival time using simulated annealing. The scheme is based on an extremely fast finite-difference solution of the Eikonal equation to compute the first-arrival time through the velocity models by the multistencils fast marching method. The core of the simulated annealing, the Metropolis sampler, is applied in cascade with respect to shots to significantly reduce computer time. In addition, simulated annealing provides a suite of final models clustering around the global solution and having comparable least-squared error to allow determining uncertainties associated with inversion results. The capability of this inversion technique is tested with both synthetic and real experimental data sets. The inversion results show that this technique successfully maps 2-D velocity profiles with high variation. The inverted wave velocity from the real data appears to be consistent with cone penetration test (CPT), geotechnical borings, and standard penetration test (SPT) results.
What Has Really Been Learned About Shamanism

Within anthropology, investigations of shamans and their altered states of consciousness have followed some of the prescriptive problems inherited from the discipline of psychology, coloring the assumptions and perspectives of students of shamanism. These inherited problems include the following: conscious/volitional versus unconscious/involuntary mentalisms; contentual objectivism versus contentual subjectivism; environmentalism versus nativism; monopsychism versus polypsychism; mechanism versus vitalism; and quantitativism versus qualitativism. Although the polemics of anthropological studies of shamanism have reflected these prescriptive perspectives, this has not inhibited the acquisition of new knowledge about shamanism. Nonetheless, a resolution of these problems is lacking due to insufficient data.
Recent Developments in State Tort Liability in Poland

In modern democratic countries, aggrieved citizens have a prospect of redress against the state for wrongs committed by its servants-officials and employees. The idea of sovereign immunity, based on the old axiom that the King can do no wrong, is clearly contrary to the principle of the rule of law. It prevailed during the era of absolutism, but gave way to protection of the citizen against abuses of state power, first in the civil law world and more recently in most of the common law jurisdictions. The most frequent and important wrongs that a citizen may suffer result either from administrative decisions or from torts. In general, courts may grant relief by reviewing acts of the administration after administrative remedies have been exhausted, except with respect to high-level decisions which amount to acts of state or fall within the discretionary function of government. Actions against the state may be brought either in courts of general jurisdiction (in the common law countries) or in special administrative courts (in many civil law jurisdictions). When Poland recovered her independence in 1918, she was subject to a variety of legal systems. Roughly, Russian law was applicable in the East, Austrian law in the South, Prussian law in the West, and a separate legal system, based on the French Civil Code, in Central Poland (the "Congress Kingdom"). The status of state liability was different in these four areas: Russian law prescribed state immunity; Prussian legislation was to the contrary.' A broad principle of state liability was proclaimed by the constitution of the reborn state in 1921. Art. 12 provided: [E]very citizen has the right to damages for harm caused to him by a state authority, civil or military, by reason of an official act which is against the law or the duties of service. Both the State and the responsible organ are jointly liable for the harm caused; the commencement of an action against the state or against public servants does not require
Spontaneous alternation in the Virginia opossum.

Summary.-Spontaneous alternation was studied in the maze behavior of five adult Virginia opossums (Dzdelphw virginiona). The two male and three female opossums were given massed trials in a T-maze and were found to alternate significantly. The data were interpreted as supporring the generaliry of the spontaneous alternation phenomenon. The term "spontaneo~s alternation" is used to describe systematic variability in maze running and has been studied almost exclusively in rats, although it has been observed in a variety of other species (Wayner & Zellner, 1958; Sugimura & Iwahara, 1958; Dembez & Fowler, 1958). As a result of these studies, the phenomenon has been considered to be ubiquitous and of great importance in motivation theory (Dernher, 1965). There is considerable present interest in the phenomenon since it provides a large portion of the data-base for stirnulussatiation as opposed to work-inhibition interpretations of response variability (Dember, 1965 ) . Recently, however, Hayes and Warren ( 1963 ) failed to find evidence of alternation in chicks and questioned the universality of the phenomenon. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the presence or absence of spontaneous alternation in the maze behavior of the Virginia opossum (DideLphus virginiana). The Virginia opossum, a native American marsupial, represents a transitional form between lower phyla, such as the birds and reptiles, and the higher mammals, and should, therefore, provide meaningful data concerning the universality of the alternation phenomenon. Method.-Five adult Virginia opossums, two males and three females, were used as Ss. All Ss were about 1 yr. of age. The opossums were housed individually in 24-in. X 24-ir. X 36-in. stainless steel cages with food and water continuously available. The apparatus was a cross-mate used as a T-maze in this experiment. The start box and goal boxes were 12-in. X 12-in. X 30-in. and the choice point connecting these was 12- X 12- X 12-in. The mate had black plastic walls, a clear plastic top, and a grid floor. The guillotine doors of the maze were electronically controlled from a monitor in a room adjacent to the maze room. The maze room was 8 ft. X 10 ft. X 8 ft. and was dark when Ss were being run, with the exception of light from photocel:~ located 6 in. from the end of each arm of the maze. 'This research was conducted at the Psychophysiology Laboratory of the Denver Veterans Administration Hospital and was supported by the Veterans Administration. The authors are indebted to Fred H. Herring for his assistance in this srudy. The study was conducted in accord with rhe MA statement of "Guiding Principles for the Humane Care and Use of Animals," December 15, 1962.
Phosphorescence from 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonate and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, commonly used fluorescence probes of biological structures.

— Phosphorescence at room temperature was observed for the 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) and l-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) bovine serum albumin complexes. It is suggested that the phosphorescence lifetimes of a few milliseconds for TNS and ANS will allow for the study of processes occurring on this time scale in biological macromolecules.
Joint relay selection and power allocation in cooperative FSO networks

Cooperative diversity is considered as an effective means for combating weather turbulence in FSO networks. We investigate the problem of maximizing the FSO network-wide throughput under constraint of a given power budget and a number of FSO transceivers. The problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem. We propose both centralized and distributed algorithms using bipartite matching and convex optimization to obtain highly competitive solutions. The proposed algorithms are shown to outperform the non-cooperative scheme and an existing relay selection protocol with considerable gains through simulations.
TOXIC, SUBLETHAL, AND LATENT EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON RED SEA MACROFAUNA

ABSTRACT This report studies the effects of crudes and a chemical oil counteractant on survival, metabolism, and behavior of representative species of Red Sea macrofauna under controlled environmental conditions. Specifically, it examines the action of crude oil from fields in Iran and in the Sinai, a chemical oil dispersant, and oil-dispersant mixtures on juveniles or adults of octocorals, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, and teleosts. The choice of bioassay methodology on response parameters, especially survival, is significant. A comparison of toxicity values derived from tests in large (1,500 Q), deep (2.0 m) tanks under conditions of continuous flow with those performed in small (3 Q) jars under static conditions demonstrated that most assay species were up to 30 times more resistant to almost all toxicants in large tanks. Tank tests also demonstrated a protective effect with increasing depth: organisms confined 1.0 to 1.8 m from the surface exhibited higher survival than those held at shallower d...
Evidence-based policies for youth sport programmes

Youth sport involvement can lead to outcomes classified as the 3Ps: performance, participation and personal development. The 3Ps are central to youth sport systems aimed at providing quality experiences to participants. A challenge for countries and national governing bodies is structuring sport to simultaneously facilitate the achievement of excellence and participation or the 3Ps. To illustrate this challenge, consider deliberate practice, which is an important activity for performance improvements, but also considered less enjoyable and less motivating compared to other sport activities, such as play. Thus, governing bodies often face the challenge of deciding which activities they intend to emphasize (e.g., early specialization directed at talent development or early diversification aimed at increasing participation), and this can have implications for the success/failure of the 3Ps. The purpose of this article is to describe an inclusive sport structure for children (under age 13) targeting the development of the 3Ps, which would be an asset to sport scientists, policymakers and practitioners. Common goals for the 3Ps include the following: avoid burnout/dropout, cultivate intrinsic motivation and maximize involvement in various sport activities. Our contention is the 3Ps can coexist under one system when that system is structured according to the age and competitive level of participants. The Developmental Model of Sport Participation and its seven postulates will be used as the basis of this article to provide evidence-based policies for children in sport.
Robust Damage-Mitigating Control of Mechanical Systems: Experimental Validation on a Test Apparatus

The goal of damage-mitigating control is to achieve high performance of operating machinery without overstraining the mechanical structures and the potential benefit is an increase in the component service life with no significant loss of performance. This paper presents the design of a test apparatus, the synthesis of a damage-mitigating control system, and the results of experimentation where the objective is to demonstrate the concept of fatigue damage reduction as an extension of multivariable robust feedback control. The test apparatus is built upon a three-degree-of-freedom, two-input three-output mechanical structure, The methodology of the damage-mitigating control synthesis is built upon the principles of: (i) frequency-domain identification of the plant dynamics and modeling of uncertainties in the state-space setting; and (ii) robust control based on the H∞ approach by taking both plant dynamic performance and material degradation of structural components into consideration. Case studies on the test apparatus indicate that fatigue life of specimens can be substantially extended with no appreciable degradation in the dynamic performance of the mechanical system.
Uniqueness of equilibrium points in bimatrix games

Bimatrix games are constructed having a given pair (x, y) as the unique equilibrium point within the class of all mixed strategy pairs whose nonzero components are the same as (resp., among) those of (x, y). In each case, necessary and sufficient conditions on (x, y) for the existence of such a game are obtained. All games having the first property are constructed. The work extends and complements recent (separate) works ofMillham [1972],Raghavan [1970] and the author. The methods and results are valid in the context of any ordered field.
Theoretical Study of the Effects of Templated Materials on Aggregate Formation

We have conducted Monte Carlo simulations to investigate a greatly simplified model for a blend composed of templated materials (polymers or monomers), smaller reacting particles and solvents on a two-dimensional lattice. In the simulations, we compute the mean chain conformation of flexible templated polymers, and the distribution of the number of adjacent reacting particles aligned along the same axis to rationalize how templated materials affect the physical aggregation of smaller particles in a blend. We first examine the effects of the effective interactions between templated materials and smaller reacting particles. For repulsive interactions, flexible templated polymers tend to contract to reduce repulsions arising from smaller reacting particles, but for attractive interactions, mean chain dimension increases to maximize attraction. When templated material composition is increased, the conformational deformation of templated polymers becomes more pronounced. Moreover, in the presence of attractive interactions, reacting particles are more dispersed in the blend. In contrast, repulsive interactions increase the probability of aggregation of reacting particles. Also, our findings show that templated monomers (without chain connectivity) interact with reacting particles more effectively than with templated polymers due to the greater interacting area per monomer, which enhances the dispersion and segregation of reacting particles in the blend due to the attractive and repulsive interaction, respectively. In addition, as templated material composition is increased, the probability of forming a larger aggregate decreases. This simple model allows us to elucidate the role of templated materials on the physical aggregation of smaller particles in a blend.
Liposomal Entrapment of Suramin

Abstract The liposomal entrapment of suramin and similar compounds in phospholipid vesicles was examined. For dipalmi‐toylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes, entrapment percentages ranged from 25 to 65% with 3‐25 mM phospholipid for aqueous solutions containing 0.07 mM of suramin. Incorporation of 30‐50 mol % cholesterol (CHL) into DPPC liposomes reduced the percentage suramin entrapment. Addition of positively‐charged stearylamine (5 mol %) to DPPC/CHL liposomes increased the entrapment from 2.3% to 30.3%. Entrapment was not affected by the incorporation of negatively‐charged phosphatidylglycerol into DPPC/CHL liposomes. When the amount of suramin was increased from 0.07 to 0.7 mM, the entrapment percentage decreased from 37% to 11% when DPPC was held constant at 6 mM. The entrapment of 0.07 mM Evans blue, a molecule similar in structure to suramin, was 51.6% in DPPC liposomes for 6 mM phospholipid. The entrapment percentage, however, decreased by about 50% when incorporated into 7:3 (DPPC/CHL) liposomes. The liposomal entrapment of disodium 1,5‐naphthalenedisulfonic acid (5.5%) and sodium 3‐amino‐2,7‐naphthalene‐disulfonic acid (1.2%) was very low compared to that of suramin or Evans blue. Differential scanning calorimetry studies of suramin and an aqueous dispersion of DPPC showed an apparent interaction between them. These observations suggest that a significant portion of the entrapped suramin results from binding of suramin to the surface of or intercalation into the liposomal bilayer. Surface binding or intercalation into the phospholipid bilayer may be attributed to both ionic and hydrophobic interactions. The ionic interaction would arise from the suramin sulfonate groups associating with the cationic choline portion of the phospholipid. The hydrophobic interaction would arise from the central portion of the suramin molecule associating with the phospholipid fatty acid chains.
Culture as an explanation in population health

In the last two decades, culture has emerged in population health as a common explanation for health outcomes and disparities. This paper systematically reviews such cultural accounts, focusing on a historical sample of articles from prominent population health journals (1930–2008, n=100) and a contemporary sample of articles in the American Journal of Public Health (2008, n=95). The review reveals that references to culture rarely (1) specify the precise pathways by which culture influences health or (2) assess the plausibility of these pathways. Despite these weaknesses, a few studies have begun to clarify, measure, and assess how culture can influence health outcomes, and these articles reflect promising new avenues for understanding how cultural factors influence variation in health and well-being.
Identifying anaphoric and non-anaphoric noun phrases to improve coreference resolution

We present a supervised learning approach to identification of anaphoric and non-anaphoric noun phrases and show how such information can be incorporated into a coreference resolution system. The resulting system outperforms the best MUC-6 and MUC-7 coreference resolution systems on the corresponding MUC coreference data sets, obtaining F-measures of 66.2 and 64.0, respectively.
Long-term Trends in China-Taiwan Relations: Implications for U.S. Taiwan Policy

Long-term political, economic, and military trends are reshaping the security environment in the Taiwan Strait in potentially destabilizing ways and undermining the ““one China”” framework. The United States has become more deeply involved in cross-strait relations to maintain stability and preserve the status quo, but this approach may not be sustainable.
A layered framework characterized by two independent tunnels: The single crystal structure of strontium vanadium (III) pyrophosphate, SrV2(P2O7)2

Abstract The crystal structure of strontium vanadium (III) pyrophosphate, SrV2(P2O7)2, has been analyzed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The title compound crystallizes in a triclinic (P1) unit cell, with lattice dimensions: a = 4.8006 (7)A, b = 7.117 (1)A, c = 7.8569 (8)A, α = 89.92 (1)°, β = 92.38 (1)°, γ = 106.57 (1)°, V = 257.05 (6)A3, and Z = 1. The single crystal structure refinement gives a final structure solution with R/Rw indexes on F20 of 0.021/0.030 for 100 variables and GOF = 1.38. The layered type structural framework, built up from corner-sharing VO6 octahedra and P2O7 pyrophosphate groups, possesses two types of tunnel structures of which the larger tunnels are occupied by strontium atoms. The strontium atoms are centered at the origin of the lattice and exhibit an irregular SrO10 polyhedron which can be best described as a tetra-face-capped octahedron. The structure comparison with previously reported BaTi2(P2O7)2 and NaxMoP2O7 (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) is also discussed.
The Synthesis of (S)-5-Fluoro-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(piperidin-3-ylmethoxy)-1H-indazole, a Norepinephrine/Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia

Compound 1, a norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitor (NSRI) for the treatment of fibromyalgia, has been synthesized in optically pure form in six linear steps and 48% overall yield with no chromatography. This route features a novel and efficient intramolecular cyclization to generate the indazolone core via a diazotization reaction and the preparation of a stable polymorph of the tartaric acid salt as the desired final form. The original synthetic route has been modified to avoid the use of toxic and expensive reagents, thus enabling the preparation of multigram quantities of API for toxicology studies.
A Hyperbolic Two-Step Model-Based Finite-Difference Method for Studying Thermal Deformation in a 3-D Thin Film Exposed to Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers

In this article we extend our previous research and study thermal deformation in a three-dimensional thin metal film exposed to ultrashort pulsed lasers based on a hyperbolic two-step model. A finite-difference scheme on a staggered grid is employed for solving the energy equations and the dynamic equations of motion. In particular, a fourth-order compact scheme is employed for evaluating the stress derivatives in the dynamic equations of motion. This method allows us to avoid nonphysical oscillations in the solution. Its performance is demonstrated by investigating thermal deformation in a gold thin film.