cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stacked optical waveguide photobioreactor for high density algal cultures

In this work, an ultracompact algal photobioreactor that alleviates the problem of non-optimal light distribution in current algae photobioreactor systems, by incorporating stacked layers of slab waveguides with embedded light scatterers, is presented. Poor light distribution in traditional photobioreactor systems, due to self-shading effects, is responsible for relatively low volumetric productivity. The optimal conditions for operating a 10-layer bioreactor are outlined. The bioreactor exhibits the ability to sustain uniform biomass growth throughout the bioreactor for 3 weeks, and demonstrates an 8-fold increase in biomass productivity. Using a genetically engineered algal strain, constant secreted ethylene production for over 45 days is also demonstrated. Since the stacked architecture leads to improved light distribution throughout the volume of the bioreactor, it reduces the need for culture mixing for optimum light distribution, and thereby potentially reducing operational costs.
Chiropractic management of a patient with ulnar nerve compression symptoms: a case report

Objective The purpose of this case report is to describe chiropractic management of a patient with arm and hand numbness and who was suspected to have ulnar nerve compression.
Analysis of Kohler illumination for 193 nm scatterfield microscope

A scatterfield microscope using 193 nm laser light was developed that utilizes angle-resolved illumination for high resolution optical metrology. An angle scan module was implemented that scans the illumination beam in angle space at the sample by linearly scanning a fiber aperture at a conjugate back focal plane. The illumination light is delivered directly from a source laser via an optical fiber in order to achieve homogeneous angular illumination. A unique design element is that the conjugate back focal plane (CBFP) is telecentric allowing the optical axis of the fiber to be scanned linearly. Initial results from full field and angle-resolved illumination are presented and potential applications in semiconductor metrology are described.
Biosensor to identify novel compounds with anti-prostate cancer activity

Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a highly inducible and tightly controlled enzyme that is the rate-limiting step for polyamine catabolism. Because polyamines increase in dividing cells, SSAT has long been a target for cancer drug discovery. We have shown that the ability to enhance SSAT activity is a useful tool for cancer research, perhaps especially so for prostate cancer since the polyamine pathway is particularly active in this organ. SSAT can be induced by small molecules, including the biogenic polyamines themselves, which activate the negative feedback mechanism used to remove excess levels of these polyamines. SSAT activity is known to be affected by many mechanisms and good evidence indicates that translation control is important. We recently found that SSAT translation control involves a stem loop at the beginning of the open reading frame (ORF) and an upstream ORF 5' to the initiating methionine. A nucleolin isoform suppresses translation by binding to and stabilizing a 5' stem loop of SSAT mRNA but this repression is released when increased polyamines activate nucleolin autocatalysis; i.e., this is a negative feedback system. The current study is designed to exploit these exciting results with the overall goal to identify drug candidates with high potency and desirable physical properties to take forward into pre-clinical development. Here we report the development and validation of a luciferase-based reporter system for the identification of compounds that are able to promote the translation of SSAT. The translational de-repression sensor system, which uses HEK293T cells transformed with a construct composed of SSAT mRNA modified to lack uORF function, is mutated to overcome repression and is linked at the 3' end with luciferase. As a proof of principle of the utility of the SSAT translation sensor, we screened 2 libraries, the Redox library consisting of antioxidants (84 compounds) and the FDA Approved Drug library (1,200 compounds). Untreated cells were used as the negative control, and cells treated with 10 µM DENSPM (N1, N11-diethylnorspermine) were the positive control. Twelve compounds were identified from these libraries that activate SSAT translation by at least 35% more than the basal expression. We conclude that an SSAT translational control-based high throughput screening sensor can lead to the identification of novel pharmacophores that are able to prevention and/or treat prostate cancer.
Laser remote chemical sensors at Raytheon

Raytheon and the U.S. Army have been developing laser remote chemical sensors for the last decade. This has included advanced transmitter and sensor development, field testing, and concepts for spacecraft, aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, ground-mobile transports, and fixed sites. The WILDCAT sensor utilizes a wavelength agile CO 2 laser with output energy of 1 J/pulse at a repetition rate of 100 Hz for ranges of 40 km. The receiver is composed of a 60 cm dia. telescope and HgCdTe detector, integrated into a gimbal system with full hemispherical scan. Algorithms allow for real-time data processing and concentration map display. An all solid state sensor breadboard has also been developed that is capable of 300 (mu) J output at 8-12 micrometers and 300 Hz repetition rate. The system is based on a Nd:YAG pump slab laser and two-stage, angle-tuned, optical parametric oscillator wavelength shifter. The system provides for power efficiency, compactness, and light weight that are consistent with manportability. Anticipated horizontal range is 3 km on the ground and 5 km vertically. Analysis of a space-based, low earth orbit system shows that chemical and biological species detection can be performed effectively by sensors derived from the laser components developed under these programs.
Associative learning of odor with food- or blood-meal by Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

The ability of many insects to learn has been documented. However, a limited number of studies examining associative learning in medically important arthropods has been published. Investigations into the associative learning capabilities of Culex quinquefasciatus Say were conducted by adapting methods commonly used in experiments involving Hymenoptera. Male and female mosquitoes were able to learn a conditioned stimulus that consisted of an odor not normally encountered in nature (synthetic strawberry or vanilla extracts) in association with an unconditioned stimulus consisting of either a sugar (males and females) or blood (females) meal. Such information could lead to a better understanding of the ability of mosquitoes to locate and select host and food resources in nature.
An effective class hierarchy concurrency control technique in object-oriented database systems

Abstract In this paper, we present a locking-based concurrency control scheme for object-oriented databases (OODBs). Our scheme deals with class hierarchy which is an important property in OODBs. The existing concurrence controls for a class hierarchy perform well only for specific environments. Our scheme is based on so-called special classes and can be used for any applications with less locking overhead than existing works, for both single inheritance and multiple inheritance. In this study, we show the superiority of our scheme over existing works.
A case study of carotenemia in anorexia nervosa may support the interrelationship of vitamin A and thyroid hormone

Abstract Elevated serum carotenoids (carotenemia) of unknown etiology is associated with anorexia nervosa. This case study reports a subject with anorexia nervosa and carotenemia who was followed while consuming a carotene-free enteral feeding for 34 days. Blood was collected periodically for clinical evaluation. Thyroid hormones, T 4 and T 3 , were analyzed by RIA and serum carotene was analyzed by HPLC. Despite the carotene-free diet, serum betacarotene (the provitamin A carotenoid) remained elevated concommitted with low T3. The carotenemia of anorexia nervosa is compared with that seen in normal individuals chronically consuming purified beta-carotene supplements and normal subjects receiving a carotene-free diet. Recent studies suggest that vitamin A and thyroid hormone interaction may be linked at the level of gene expression. The argument is presented that the carotenemia of anorexia nervosa together with the alteration in thyroid hormone may represent a biochemical marker for the molecular events altering the physiological profile of this starvation-like syndrome.
Rescuing ecosystems from extinction cascades through compensatory perturbations

Extinction cascades in food-web networks pose a challenge for ecosystem conservation. Sahasrabudhe and Motter use modelling to show that the removal or suppression of a species can compensate for the extinction of another one, and thus, reduce the likelihood of an extinction cascade.
Antigenic properties of polymeric and monomeric hemocyanin from Limulus polyphemus.

Abstract We examined the immunochemical behavior of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin (LPH) under various solvent conditions. In pH 8·2 tris buffer containing 0·01 M EDTA, LPH was a stable monomer with a molecular weight of 74,000; in pH 6·4 phosphate buffer with 0·01 M MgCl2, 90 per cent of the LPH existed as a polymer with a molecular weight of about 2,200,000. At pH values between 6·4 and 8·2, polymers of intermediate sizes were present, the relative amounts depending on the presence or absence of MgCl2. By quantitative precipitation, monomeric and polymeric antigens removed the same amount of antibody but about four times more polymeric LPH was required. The precipitin curve with polymeric LPH showed a broad zone of maximal precipation. Immunoelectrophoresis and absorption studies clearly demonstrated the presence of at least two different forms of LPH, which were antigenically distinct independently of the state of polymerization. Immunization of rabbits failed to show any difference in antigenicity between monomer and polymer.
Parity-violating internucleon potential and strong-interaction enhancement

The $\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\mathrm{NNV}$ vertices that enter the parity-violating internucleon potential are calculated in the Cabibbo and Weinberg-Salam models, using a mechanism whereby octet enhancement results from the short-distance behavior of the current-current product. A quark model is used to calculate the $\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\pi}$ vertex, and for the $\mathrm{NNV}$ vertices, a modified factorization approach is proposed. The Cabibbo $\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\pi}$ vertex is estimated to be an order of magnitude smaller than previous calculations had indicated and arguments against the previous method are given. In the Weinberg model the $\mathrm{NN}\ensuremath{\pi}$ vertex is $A({N}_{\ensuremath{-}}^{0})=1.3{{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}A({\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\ensuremath{-}}^{0})$, with only neutral currents contributing. In both models the $\mathrm{NNV}$ vertices have different SU(3) structure than previously found, and are enhanced. However, reasonable values of the enhancement parameters are not expected to be large enough to explain by themselves the large circular polarization measured in $n+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d+\ensuremath{\gamma}$.
Teleseismic tomography of the Loma Prieta Earthquake Region, California: Implications for strain partitioning

From teleseismic travel times we derive three-dimensional velocity models of the upper 71 km in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake region, central California. Shallow crustal structure is consistent with local-earthquake tomography. Horizontal velocity gradients at all depths suggest that the San Andreas fault was a deep shear locus, at least at one time. A large low-velocity feature near the Moho beneath Loma Prieta probably is caused by a crustal root. Two low-velocity features at about 45–70 km depth are offset right-laterally along the San Andreas by about 45 km. Cooling of this portion of the upper mantle [Furlong et al., 1989] could have frozen in displacements in this region within a few million years after passage of the Mendocino Triple Junction. These results are consistent with Furlong et al.'s model.
Functional neuroanatomic mapping of the rat striatum: regional differences in glucose utilization in normal controls and after treatment with apomorphine.

Glucose utilization was measured in 5 regions of rat striatum within four anterior-posterior levels. Areas of minimal and maximal glucose utilization were identified. Density-window image analysis was used to visualize and to quantify areas of minimal and maximal glucose utilization, which were also apparent upon close visual inspection. In a normal control group, there were substantial regional variations in striatal glucose utilization (e.g. dorsal vs ventral; dorsomedial vs dorsolateral), revealing a detailed pattern, previously unavailable, which served as a baseline to study the effect of systemic apomorphine. The highest levels of glucose utilization were in small islands 0.01–0.25 mm2, and in what appeared to be dense clusters of islands that formed larger zones. Apomorphine treatment decreased glucose utilization in dorsomedial regions, increased it in a ventromedial region, and did not change it in others. The findings emphasize the importance of regional analysis of striatum in functional and physiological studies, and provide a new baseline for analyses of striatal glucose utilization in studies of development and aging, drug effects, external stimuli, and rat models of movement disorders.
Mystery in experimental psychology, how to measure aesthetic emotions?

SUMMARY The wealth of human emotional expe-rience is made by aesthetic emotions.There are possibly thousands of aestheticemotions. They evolved relatively recentlycompared to basic emotions designatedby speciﬁc words. Measuring aestheticemotions, which may not be designatedby speciﬁc words, is more complicatedthan measuring basic emotions. Speciﬁcdifﬁculties have been discussed as wellas tentative approaches to overcomingthese difﬁculties. I challenge the experi-mental community to develop proceduresfor measuring aesthetic emotions beyondwords. REFERENCES Blood, A. J., and Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intenselypleasurable responses to music correlatewith activity in brain regions implicated inreward and emotion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 98, 11818–11823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.191355898Bonniot-Cabanac, M.-C., Cabanac, M., Fontanari,F., and Perlovsky, L. I. (2012). Instrumentalizingcognitive dissonance emotions. Psychology 3, 1018–1026. doi: 10.4236/psych.2012.312153Darwin, C. R. (1871). The Descent of Man, andSelection in Relation to Sex.
Zinc finger phage: affinity selection of fingers with new DNA-binding specificities

A phage display system was developed and used to select zinc finger proteins with altered DNA-binding specificities. The three zinc fingers of the Zif268 protein were expressed on the surface of filamentous phage, and a library of variants was prepared by randomizing critical amino acids in the first zinc finger. Affinity selections, using DNA sites with base changes in the region recognized by the first finger, yielded Zif268 variants that bound tightly and specifically to the new sites. This phage system provides a tool for the study of protein-DNA interactions and may offer a general method for selecting zinc finger proteins that recognize desired target sites on double-stranded DNA.
Scalar intermittency and the ground state of periodic Schrödinger equations

Recent studies of a passive scalar diffusing in a rapidly fluctuating Gaussian distributed linear shear layer have demonstrated intermittency in the form of broad tails and non‐symmetric limiting probability distribution functions. In this paper the authors explore similar issues within the context of a large class of rapidly fluctuating bounded periodic shear layers. We compute the evolution of the moments by analogy to an N dimensional quantum mechanics problem. By direct comparison of an appropriate system of interacting and non‐interacting quantum particles, we illustrate that the role of interaction is to induce a lowering of the ground state energy, which implies that the scalar PDF will have broader than Gaussian tails for all large, but finite times. We demonstrate for the case of Gaussian random wave initial data involving a zero spatial mean, that the effect of this energy shift is to induce diverging normalized flatness factors indicative of very broad tails. For the more general case with Gaussian random initial data involving a non‐zero spatial mean, the distribution must approach that of a Gaussian at infinite times, as required by homogenization theory, but we show that the approach is highly non‐uniform. In particular our calculation shows that the time required for the system to approach Gaussian statistics grows like the square of the moment number.
Multipartnered fertility: can it be reduced?

Is multipartnered fertility a matter that should be addressed by federal and state policy? To be considered a problem that merits a policy solution multipartnered fertility must be reasonably common and must have important consequences. Guzzo and Furstenberg found that the prevalence of multipartnered fertility among female Add Health respondents was quite low: Only 3% of the young women had had births with multiple partners. This finding may reflect that respondents were still at the beginning of their childbearing years (the sample was aged 19-25) and that those at highest risk such as school dropouts were not interviewed. Guzzo and Furstenberg did not analyze data from male respondents but interviews conducted as part of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) revealed that nearly 8% of men aged 15-44 had had children with at least two women. However in examining the prevalence of multipartnered fertility it is important to distinguish between the proportion of all women and men of reproductive age who have children with multiple partners and the proportion of mothers and fathers who do. The figures are much higher of course in analyses that focus on mothers and fathers: Fourteen percent of mothers in the Add Health study who were unmarried at first birth and 17% of fathers in the NSFG had had children with more than one partner. In a Wisconsin study that linked welfare (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and other means-tested programs) unemployment insurance and child support records 30% of mothers had had children with at least two partners; an additional 20% had had children by only one father but that father had had children with more than one woman. (excerpt)
Location sensing and privacy in a context-aware computing environment

This article presents and evaluates the performance of a location sensing algorithm developed and demonstrated at Carnegie Mellon University. We compare our model with various others based on different architectures and software paradigms. We show comparative results in accuracy, the complexity of training, total power consumption, and suitability to users. Our method reduces training complexity by a factor of eight over previous algorithms, and yields noticeably better accuracy. The algorithm uses less power than previous models, and offers a more secure privacy model.
Distribution of Lipids in Air-Fractionated Flours

SUMMARY Lipids were extracted with petroleum-ether, water-saturated butanol following petroleum-ether, or directly with water-saturated butanol from a composite hard red winter wheat flour and from five flours separated from the original flour by air classification. The lipids were fractionated by silicic acid column and thin-layer chromatography. Lipid contents increased as the protein contents of the flour fractions increased. The original flour contained a higher concentration of total and bound lipids than the residual coarse flour; the two flours contained comparable amounts of protein. It is postulated that shifts in particle size and in lipids during air fractionation might be responsible for differences in storability of various flour fractions as such, or in combination with other perishable food ingredients.
Increased voluntary running and decreased motor coordination in mice after neonatal corticosterone implantation

Abstract This is an initial report on the long-term functional effects of intensive corticosterone treatment in infancy. Mice given corticosterone during the period of postnatal brain growth have been shown to undergo a permanent reduction in brain size and DNA, that is particularly marked in the cerebellum. Animals so treated exhibit an increased voluntary running in activity wheels, that outlasts the period of steroid administration, but does not persist indefinitely in all cases. Maze learning by adults was unimpaired, although the treated mice tended to show a poorer initial adjustment to the maze. Despite the reduction in cerebellar size, the mice were able to run, swim, and climb a cord without obvious disability. However, the steroid treated mice showed a marked reduction in their ability to remain standing on a slowly rotating bar, and were less skillful in crossing a space between a cord and a narrow surface. The observations suggest that the mice given corticosterone in infancy had a lasting impairment in fine adjustment mechanisms of motor control, compatible with some interference in cerebellar function, secondary to the 25% reduction in cerebellar DNA. Furthermore, the treated mice were less active in an open field, and showed other behavior suggestive of differences in emotional reactivity.
Isolation of type C virions from a normal human fibroblast strain

Type C virions were spontaneously released from cultures of a diploid human cell strain. The varions have properties of known type C RNA tumor viruses and share antigenic determinants with the major interspecies-specific antigen (p30) of simian sarcoma virus. Antiserum to reverse transcriptase of gibbon ape leukemia virus inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the putative human virions and that of simian sarcoma virus, but has no effect on the corresponding enzymes of avian or murine RNA tumor viruses.
Novel Anthracene Diimide Fluorescent Sensor

Triaryl amine end-capped anthryl diimide, 1b, has been prepared with potential use as a chemical sensor (pH and nitroaromatics) and as a dye in thermochromic polymers. Fluorescence from linear low density polyethylene films doped with 1b shifts from red (excimer) at room temperature to green (single molecule) at higher temperatures.
Adult Phenology and Management of Spotted Tentiform Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

Pheromone traps were used to study male flight phenology of spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), in the major apple-producing regions of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia from 1986 through 1988. Trapping data indicated that P. blancardella completes four and a partial fifth generation per season. Adult emergence in November was attributed to portions of the fourth-generation pupal population that did not enter diapause. These adults did not contribute to the overwintering population because sap-feeding larvae did not develop into tissue feeders during this time. Laboratory and field studies suggested that the appearance of P. blancardella in the southern United States is due to population resistance to oregano phosphorous insecticides. Leafminer control was achieved with several insecticides applied before bloom; however, applications of pyrethroids before bloom disrupted mite predator populations from 12 to 18 wk after applications.
Merged Into One: Keystones of European Economic Governance, 1962–2012

In this article I assess the views of the European Commission on key subjects related to Europe’s economic governance. My examination is framed by a close reading of two documents, one issued in 1962 (‘the Action Programme for the Second Stage’) and the other in 2008 (‘EMU@10: successes and challenges after ten years of Economic and Monetary Union’). The resulting comparison reveals a pattern of intellectual flexibility on certain policy issues combined with almost dogmatic commitments on others. For example, the views expressed by the Commission regarding financial liberalization have changed significantly over the past half century; at the same time the Commission has insisted tenaciously on the necessity of moving towards (or later consolidating) a European monetary union. The nature of this pattern, and especially the defense of the same policy prescription under radically different circumstances, suggests a deeply-felt commitment rather than a reasoned analysis.
Interconnect rise time in superconducting integrated circuits

The influence of resistive losses on the voltage risetime of an integrated-circuit interconnection is reported. A distributed-circuit model is used to represent the interconnect. Numerous parametric curves are presented based on numerical evaluation of the exact analytical expression for the model's transient response. For the superconducting case in which the series resistance of the interconnect approaches zero, the step-response risetime is longer but signal strength increases significantly. Shunt conductance is also shown to affect the risetime. The relationships between the model's parameters and integrated-circuit geometry and material properties are discussed. >
Targeting Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer: Bringing New Life to Old Ideas

Since the identification of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, as being a driving factor for cancer progression and patient prognosis, MMPs have been studied extensively. Although early programs targeting MMPs were largely unsuccessful in clinical trials, they remain a viable and highly desirable therapeutic target based on preclinical studies and their role in disease progression. As information regarding the structure and function of these proteinases is compiled and biotechnology evolves, tools to develop better inhibitors are within our grasp. Improved methods for high throughput screening and in silico drug design programs have identified compounds which are highly potent, have high binding affinities, and exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. More recently, advances in drug delivery methods or compounds which bind outside the active site have brought new light to the field. In this review, we highlight the role of MMPs in cancer, clinical trials for MMP inhibitors, and novel approaches to targeting MMPs in cancer.
Abstract 381: Non-invasive histology for early detection of cutaneous melanoma and pigmented lesionsin vivo

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Rationale The diagnosis of melanoma is based on clinical identification followed by histopathologic confirmation. Surgical excision remains the mainstay for a suspicious lesion that will be evaluated for the morphological and cytological signatures of melanomas. However, in some patients such as those with atypical mole syndrome, multiple biopsies of each lesion can be burdensome. We have previously reported that imaging the distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin can be used to detect melanomas from benign lesions (Matthews TE et al. Sci Transl Med Feb 23;3(71)). In this pre-clinical study we extend our investigation in vivo using nonlinear pump-probe microscopy. We assess cellular morphology and detect the expression of eumelanin and pheomelanin, the two forms of melanin found in skin as markers of melanoma progression. Methods Two melanoma cells lines (A2058; SK-MEL-28) were incubated in human skin dermis. Grafts were xenotransplanted onto SCID mice (n=13, A2058; n=6, SK-MEL-28; n=2 control) and imaged every 8-10-days for cancer progression and morphological changes. Pump-probe microscopy was performed concurrently with two other established laser scanning microscopy methods, multiphoton autofluorescence (MPAF) and reflectance confocal scanning laser microscopy (RCSLM). After 4-8 weeks the subjects were euthanized and the tumor excised for histological examination. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to confirm the presence of the tumor and to correlate with the morphological findings after laser image acquisition. Results The in vivo pump-probe images of the cancer subjects showed an irregular distribution of the pigment, lacking the organized structure typical of skin. Pump-probe images of both melanoma cell lines indicated pigmentation that was either primarily eumelanin or a mixture of eumelanin and pheomelanin with marked spatial heterogeneity. Pigmentation was observed in the two control mice but localized on the basal cells with a well-organized cellular architecture. At the end of the cancer subjects’ life the histological examination showed atypical melanocytes mainly present as single cells in the dermal area. Hyperplasia was also present in the dermal compartment and in the dermal-epidermal junction of the skin. Conclusions The present work may open new avenues for the non-invasive detection of cellular and pigment lesions to prevent melanoma development and invasiveness. Such method can play a role in the diagnosis of melanoma in those patients with multiple lesions or in the areas of the body where the lesion is very exposed such as the face or neck and in ocular region. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 381. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-381
2005 APSA Teaching and Learning Conference Track Summaries: Track Eight: Technology

Recognizing the central role that technology now plays in political science education, organizers dedicated Track Eight of the 2005 Teaching and Learning Conference to an in-depth exploration of how technology impacts pedagogy and learning. During the three-day workshop, 30 track participants from throughout the discipline shared a wide range of experiences and ideas about how instructional technologies might help improve student learning and engagement. Track discussions ranged widely, covering the use of technology in diverse settings ranging from small seminars and discussion groups to large introductory lectures and distance learning courses. Along the way, presenters highlighted a number of normative concerns raised by technology use in teaching as well as a range of practical challenges often faced by faculty using technology in the field.
The Use of Reframing in Clinical Practice with Chinese Immigrants

Abstract Reframing can be an effective tool in enhancing a clinical practice that is based on a holistic understanding of the client's meaning systems, and the strengths and resilience exemplified in the client's life experience. Immigrant clients, who are often marginalized in society due to their markedly different sociocultural backgrounds and the pernicious effects of racism, tend to struggle with belief systems that are subjugated by those of the host country and internalize their losses and setbacks as personal deficits and failures. Two case vignettes of Chinese immigrants will be used to discuss how reframing can offer positive yet culturally relevant options for clients to create new meanings and adaptive behavior in their life situations.
Risk of infection accompanying the use of single-lumen vs double-lumen subclavian catheters: a prospective randomized study.

A prospective study was undertaken to compare the risks of a multiple-lumen catheter to bilateral subclavian catheters in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). All patients had one preexisting subclavian catheter. Patients were randomized into two groups: one group received a double-lumen catheter via a guidewire change of the preexisting single-lumen subclavian catheter. In the second group, a second single-lumen subclavian catheter was inserted and the preexisting single-lumen catheter was changed over a guidewire. Patients were followed by the Nutrition Support Service and were managed identically with regard to solutions given, catheter care, dressing changes, monitoring of mechanical complications, and evaluation of fever. Total infection rates in both groups were identical (22.7%). The difference in mechanical complication rates in the double-lumen catheter group (9%) and the group with bilateral single-lumen catheters (22.7%) was not significant by Fischer's exact test. The multiple-...
SUPG finite element computation of viscous compressible flows based on the conservation and entropy variables formulations

In this article, we present our investigation and comparison of the SUPG-stabilized finite element formulations for computation of viscous compressible flows based on the conservation and entropy variables. This article is a sequel to the one on inviscid compressible flows by Le Beau et al. (1992). For the conservation variables formulation, we use the SUPG stabilization technique introduced in Aliabadi and Tezduyar (1992), which is a modified version of the one described in Le Beau et al. (1992). The formulation based on the entropy variables is same as the one introduced in Hughes et al. (1986). The two formulations are tested on three different problems: adiabatic flat plate at Mach 2.5, Reynolds number 20,000; Mach 3 compression corner at Reynolds number 16,800; and Mach 6 NACA 0012 airfoil at Reynolds number 10,000. In all cases, we show that the results obtained with the two formulations are very close. This observation is the same as the one we had in Le Beau et al. (1992) for inviscid flows.
The SIN domain of the histone octamer is essential for intramolecular folding of nucleosomal arrays

The SIN domain within histones H3 and H4 is defined by a set of single amino acid substitutions that were initially identified as mutations that alleviate the transcriptional defects associated with inactivation of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Here we use recombinant histones to investigate how Sin- versions of H4 alter the structure of nucleosomal arrays. We find that an R45C substitution within the SIN domain of H4 does not disrupt nucleosome positioning nor does this Sin- version alter the accessibility of nucleosomal DNA. In contrast, we find that the R45C substitution eliminates Mg2+-dependent, intramolecular folding of the nucleosomal arrays. Our results suggest that Sin- versions of histones may alleviate the need for SWI/SNF in vivo by disrupting higher-order chromatin folding.
Damage Accumulation Mechanisms in Thermal Barrier Coatings

Progressive damage evolution leading to spallation was investigated in Electron Beam-Plasma Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) partially stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coating (TBC) applied to Nickel-based single crystal superalloy, Rene N5 with PtAl bondcoat. Thermal cycles were between 200-1177C. Progressive damage evolution was monitored using microscopy on samples subjected to a series of thermal cycles. Fick's law can describe the thermally grown oxide (TGO) thickness for early cycles. However, at higher number of thermal cycles, damage in the form of microcracks and their link-up results in the development of a larger delamination crack through the TGO layer and monitoring oxide thickness becomes difficult. Thus, both oxidation kinetics and damage appears to play significant roles as they relate to spallation. As the early microcracks coalesce to form a major delamination crack, the susceptibility for TBC buckling is increased. The damage thickness continues to increase with number of thermal cycles indicating a progressive buckling condition. Estimation shows that a delamination crack length of about sixteen times the TBC thickness is needed for the current material system to cause buckling. Progressive microcrack linking to form a large delamination crack followed by progressive buckling of the TBC layer appear to promote spallation. Physical evidence of microcrack link-up and progressive buckling was found in specimens prior to complete spallation.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of a polyimide

The dynamic mechanical properties of a polyimide (poly-4,4′-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) were studied from about 4 to 800°K. at audio frequencies. A prominent relaxation associated with absorbed water content occurs near 230°K. Below 270°K., the modulus undergoes a corresponding increase in value with increasing water content. Above 550°K. the onset of a major relaxation process is observed in the modulus data, and a maximum in the internal friction is observed at about 675°K. Minor relaxation peaks are also noted throughout the temperature range. Relatively minor differences are noted in the mechanical relaxation spectra for the polyimide when treated (after drying) with dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide, whereas the treatment with water after drying has a marked effect on the relaxation behavior. A reactor radiation dose of 3000 Mrad also causes only minor alterations in the dynamic mechanical spectra.
Design of the WIYN High Resolution Infrared Camera (WHIRC)

The WIYN High Resolution Infrared Camera (WHIRC) is a high-resolution near-infrared imager (0.8-2.5 μm) designed to produce superb images over a moderate (3.3' × 3.4') field of view on the WIYN 3.5 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. It takes scientific advantage of the excellent image quality produced by the telescope and its image stabilization subsystem, the WIYN Tip-Tilt Module (WTTM), which is located on one of two Nasmyth ports. WHIRC mounts to WTTM and reimages the WTTM focal plane to a plate scale of 0.1'' pixel-1 at the WHIRC detector. Its straight-through optical path makes for a compact, very low mass, instrument—a necessity, given the stringent moment-loading requirement at the WTTM interface. The WHIRC optical path consists of a vacuum window, a five-element collimator, a dual filter wheel, a five-element achromatic camera, and a 2k2 Raytheon VIRGO mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) detector. A novel all-aluminum lens cell design is used to achieve 13 μm lens centering tolerances between ambient and the 77 K operating temperature. A suite of 13 filters facilitates broadband (J, H, and Ks) imaging, as well as narrowband imaging tailored to a variety of astronomical investigations. The imaging performance of WHIRC is excellent. Irrespective of seeing, the telescope, and WTTM, WHIRC delivers 0.13'', 0.11'', and 0.08'' FWHM images in J, H, and Ks, respectively. On sky, the imaging is equally impressive yielding images as good as ~0.25 FWHM in Ks. In this article we describe the WHIRC design in detail and present the predicted and measured instrument performance.
Note on the spin-orbit part of the optical model potential

Abstract The spin-orbit part of the optical model potential is calculated using a modified, more accurate form of the impulse approximation model of Riesenfeld and Watson. In contrast to the usual model the integrations over the target particle momentum are performed. Comparison with the usual theories is discussed and the polarization of nucleons elastically scattered from carbon nuclei with the use of the Signell-Marshak nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts.
Genetic diversity survey.

Elizabeth Pennisi, in her News & Comment article about a new National Research Council (NRC) report “Evaluating human genetic diversity” (24 Oct. p. [568][1]), states that the committee (which I chaired) that wrote the report gave “a cautious nod of approval” to a proposed global survey of human genetic diversity. The committee strongly endorses such a survey, provided that it is conducted in a way that protects the individual identities and rights of the participants. However, contrary to what the article says, the committee neither approved nor disapproved of the so-called “consensus document” that has been identified as the Human Genome Diversity Project, although we have taken issue with some of the recommendations in the consensus statement. As stated in the executive summary of our report, after an exhaustive examination, the committee found that this document does not clearly explain the purpose of the project or provide the necessary safeguards for protecting participants. Accordingly, the committee focused its attention on the scientific merits of a global study of human genetic variation and the ethical, legal, and organizational difficulties such a study would have to confront. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.278.5338.568
Repetitive stepping in place identifies and measures freezing episodes in subjects with Parkinson's disease

Abstract Freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging to measure. We asked whether a repetitive stepping in place (SIP) task on force plates could identify freezing episodes (FEs) in PD subjects, self-classified as “freezers”, using the validated FOG questionnaire (FOG-Q) and whether a computerized algorithm could provide automatic detection of FEs during SIP. Thirty PD subjects and nine age-matched controls completed the SIP task. PD subjects were assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating motor Scale (UPDRS-III) and the FOG-Q. The identification of “freezers” using the SIP task correlated with the FOG-Q (r = 0.80, P
A testbed for Mars precision landing experiments by emulating spacecraft dynamics on a model helicopter

We propose the use of a model helicopter to emulate the landing dynamics of a spacecraft. Our controller accepts thruster inputs (like those on a spacecraft) and converts them into appropriate helicopter stick controls such that the resulting trajectory of the helicopter is close to the trajectory that would have been achieved by simply providing the same thruster inputs to a spacecraft. The approach relies on simplified models of the spacecraft and helicopter dynamics. Initial results in simulation indicate that the approach is feasible, with tracking accuracies on the order of 5 m.
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-Hydroxyapatite Composites: The Development of Osteoinductive Scaffolds for Bone Regenerative Engineering

Regenerative engineering represents a new multidisciplinary paradigm to engineer complex tissues, organs, or organ systems through the integration of tissue engineering with advanced materials science, stem cell science and developmental biology. While possessing elements of tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and morphogenesis, regenerative engineering is distinct from these individual disciplines since it specifically focuses on the integration and subsequent response of stem cells to biomaterials. One goal of regenerative engineering is the design of materials capable of inducing associated cells toward highly specialized functions. For example, the interaction of cells with calcium phosphate surfaces has proven to be an important signaling modality in promoting osteogenic differentiation. A biodegradable polymer-ceramic composite system has been developed from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and in situ synthesized hydroxyapatite based on the three-dimensional sintered microsphere matrix platform. We have systematically optimized scaffold physico-chemical, mechanical, and structural properties for bone tissue regeneration applications by varying several parameters such as solution pH, polymer:ceramic ratio, sintering time and sintering temperature. The bioactivity of composite scaffolds is attributed to their ability to deliver calcium ions to surrounding medium and allow for reprecipitation of calcium phosphate on the scaffold surface. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds have demonstrated increased loading capacity of osteoinductive growth factor (BMP-2) and a more sustained release profile due to a greater number of adsorption sites provided by the ionic calcium and phosphate groups as well as a larger matrix surface area. In vitro cell studies were performed to investigate the efficacy of this composite system to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. Cells cultured on the ceramic containing scaffolds exhibited significantly higher expression of osteoblastic markers and greater extracellular matrix mineralization than non-ceramic containing scaffolds, indicating the potential for the ceramic phase to promote osteogenic differentiation. In addition, loaded BMP-2 retained its bioactivity as a mitogen and osteoinductive agent during the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into mature osteoblasts. In vivo evaluation using a critical-sized ulnar defect model in New Zealand white rabbits demonstrated the ability of composite scaffolds to support cellular infiltration throughout the scaffold pore structure and vascularization of new tissue, as well as facilitate formation of newly mineralized bone tissue. The work described herein provides strong evidence for the potential of polymer-ceramic composite scaffolds to function as osteoinductive bone graft substitutes, and paves the way for future development of advanced tissue-inducing materials.
High pressure EPR studies of protein mobility in reversed micelles.

We have investigated the effect of pressure on structural properties of subtilisin solubilized in reversed micelles of Tween-85/isopropanol in hexane. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of spin-labeled enzyme indicate a reduction in spin-label mobility when the enzyme is transferred from aqueous solution to the microemulsion. One explanation for the spectral broadening is a change in the protein's active-site conformation and/or dynamics. However, over a W0 range of 80 to 180, EPR spectroscopy could detect no change in the enzyme's environment, conformation, or molecular dynamics. The EPR spectra also contained a contribution from free spin label located in an environment with a polarity roughly between that of propanol and bulk water. No changes in the polarity surrounding the free spin label nor in the enzyme's structural properties were evident at pressures up to 10,000 psi. Previous work has demonstrated that pressure can be used to manipulate the size of some reversed micelles, and the EPR data indicated that for this system such pressure tuning of micellar properties will not adversely affect the structure of solubilized enzyme. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication and performance of blazed transmission gratings for x-ray astronomy

We have developed a new type of soft x-ray diffraction grating. This critical-angle transmission (CAT) grating combines the advantages of traditional transmission gratings (low mass, extremely relaxed alignment and flatness tolerances) with those of x-ray reflection gratings (high efficiency due to blazing in the direction of grazing-incidence reflection, increased resolution due to the use of higher diffraction orders). In addition, grating spectrometers based on CAT gratings are well-suited for co-existence with high-energy focal plane microcalorimeter detectors as planned for the Constellation-X mission, since most high-energy x rays are neither absorbed nor deflected, and arrive at the telescope focus. We describe the CAT grating principle and design, and fabrication and x-ray diffraction efficiency results for a CAT grating with 1742 lines/mm. We have observed up to 46% diffraction efficiency in a single order, and up to 55% at blaze at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths. We present our recent fabrication and soft x-ray diffraction results for 200 nm-period (5000 lines/mm) gratings.