cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Practical Concept for Preoperative Identification of Patients with Impaired Primary Hemostasis

The findings of a large prospective study designed to identify primary and/or secondary hemostatic disorders before surgical interventions are presented. A total of 5649 unselected adult patients were enrolled to identify impaired hemostasis before surgical interventions. Each patient was asked to answer a standardized questionnaire concerning bleeding history. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and platelet counts (PC) including PFA-100 (platelet function analyzer): collagen-epinephrine (C/E), and collagen-ADP (C/ADP) were routinely done in all patients. Additional tests, bleeding time (BT), and von Willebrand factor (vWF: Ag) were performed only in patients with a positive bleeding history and/or evidence of impaired hemostasis; e.g., drug ingestion. The bleeding history was negative in 5021 patients (88.8%) but positive in the remaining 628 (11.2%). Impaired hemostasis could be verified only in 256 (40.8%) of these patients. The vast majority were identified with PFA-100: C/E (n=250; 97.7%). The other six patients with impaired hemostasis were identifiable solely based on the PT (n=2), PFA-100: C/ADP (n=2), and vWF: Ag (n=2). The PFA-100: C/ADP detected 199 patients (77.7%). The only abnormality found among patients with a negative bleeding history was a prolonged aPTT due to lupus anticoagulant in nine patients (0.2%). The sensitivity of the PFA-100: collagen-epinephrine was the highest (90.8%) in comparison to the other screening tests (BT, aPTT, PT, vWF: Ag). The positive predictive value of the PFA-100: collagen-epinephrine was high (81.8%), but the negative predictive value was higher (93.4%). The use of a standardized questionnaire and, if indicated, the PFA-100: C/E and/or other specific tests not only ensure the detection of impaired hemostasis in almost every case but also a significant reduction of the cost.
Changes in cerebral tissue oxygen saturation during anaesthetic-induced hypotension: an interpretation based on neurovascular coupling and cerebral autoregulation.

Summary There is currently no consensus regarding how to intervene in anaesthetic-induced hypotension. Whether or not the balance between cerebral oxygen supply and demand is maintained lacks adequate elucidation. It is thus intriguing to explore how cerebral tissue oxygen saturation is affected by anaesthetic-induced hypotension. Thirty-three patients scheduled for elective non-neurosurgical procedures were included in this study. Physiological measurements were performed immediately before induction with propofol and fentanyl and after tracheal intubation. Mean (SD) Bispectral index decreased from 84.3 (9.3) to 24.4 (8.0) (p < 0.001). Mean arterial pressure decreased from 84.4 (10.6) mmHg to 53.6 (11.4) mmHg (p < 0.001). However, cerebral tissue oxygen saturation remained stable (67.0 (9.4) % vs 67.5 (7.8) %, p = 0.6). These results imply that the fine balance between cerebral oxygen supply and demand is not disrupted by anaesthetic-induced hypotension. An interpretation based on neurovascular coupling and cerebral autoregulation is proposed.
Cadmium Glutarate Coordination Polymers Containing Hydrogen-Bonding Capable Tethering Organodiimines: From Double Interpenetration to Supramolecular Cavities Containing an Unprecedented Water Tape Morphology

Two cadmium glutarate coordination polymers incorporating the hydrogen-bonding capable tethering organodiimines 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) or bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (bpmp) have been prepared and structurally characterized. [Cd(glutarate)(dpa)]n (1) manifests a doubly interpenetrated decorated α-Po (pcu, 41263 topology) lattice, with octahedral coordination at cadmium. Compound 1 undergoes blue-violet luminescence upon UV irradiation. Use of the longer tethering organodiimine resulted in the formation of {[Cd(glutarate)(bpmp)(H2O)]·6H2O}n (2), which displays non-interpenetrated (4,4)-rhomboid grid coordination polymer layers. In contrast to 1, the cadmium ions in 2 adopt a pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry, with aqua ligands allowing construction of a hexagonal boron nitride (bnn, 4466 topology) supramolecular framework through interlayer hydrogen bonding. Unprecedented one-dimensional water molecule tapes with 2T5(2)7(2) classification occupy large ellipsoid channels coursing through the...
An adaptive reconfigurable dc-dc converter for renewable energy applications

A new adaptive reconfigurable flyback dc-dc converter topology is provided that can be used in a wide range of applications including PV energy systems. It provides the ability for plug and play use, as the output power can be adjusted by varying the energy passing through the reconfigurable secondary winding. A variable turn's ratio configuration adopted in the proposed converter can reduce secondary EMF and load voltage ripple under various conditions resulting in reduced stress on the output capacitor. Furthermore, the ability to vary the turn's ratio allows the converter to shift between Discontinuous conduction mode and Continuous conduction mode depending upon various load requirements. This flexibility allows the converter to operate at higher efficiency. Its operation principles and variations are discussed and verified by simulation results.
Dual guiding catheters for saphenous venous graft protection during native coronary angioplasty

The simultaneous use of two guiding catheters during angioplasty has been previously described for native coronary artery bifurcation lesions. We describe a case in which a dual guiding catheter, dual guidewire technique is used for angioplasty of a native vessel lesion spanning the anastomotic site of a sequential saphenous vein graft.
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR)-Stimulated Hepatic Expression of Cyp4a10, Cyp4a14, Cyp4a31, and Other Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α-Responsive Mouse Genes Is AICAR 5′-Monophosphate-Dependent and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Independent

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR), a prodrug activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increased hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 4a10, 4a14, and 4a31 mRNAs 2-, 3-, and 4-fold, respectively, and liver microsomal lauric acid ω-hydroxylation increased 2.8-fold. Likewise, mRNA levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-responsive genes, Acox1, Acadm, Cpt1a, and Fabp1, were also increased by AICAR treatment. AICAR did not elicit these changes in PPARα null mice. In isolated murine hepatocytes, AICAR and adenosine produced similar effects, and these responses were blocked by the PPARα antagonist [(2S)-2-[[(1Z)-1-methyl-3-oxo-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-propenyl]amino]-3-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl)ethoxy]phenyl]propyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester (GW6471). Inhibition of AMPK using compound C (dorsomorphin or 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-ylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) did not block the induction of the PPARα-responsive genes by AICAR or adenosine, and 6,7-dihydro-4-hydroxy-3-(2′-hydroxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-oxo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (A-769662), a non-nucleoside, direct activator of AMPK, did not increase expression of PPARα-responsive genes. An inhibitor of adenosine kinase, 5-iodotubercidin, blocked these responses, suggesting that the phosphorylation of AICAR and adenosine to AICAR 5′-monophosphate (ZMP) or AMP, respectively, was required. Concentrations of ZMP and AMP were elevated and ATP levels diminished at 24 h. The PPARα-dependent responses were associated with increased concentrations of oleic acid, a potent PPARα agonist, and diminished levels of oleoyl-CoA. Oleoyl-CoA synthase activity was inhibited by ZMP and AMP with IC50 values of 0.28 and 0.41 mM, respectively. These results suggest that PPARα is activated by increased concentrations of free fatty acids that may arise from impaired fatty acid metabolism caused by altered levels of ATP, AMP, and ZMP after AICAR or adenosine treatment.
Haemorrhagic thrombocytopathy associated with dilatation of the platelet--membrane complex.

Summary. We evaluated eight patients from four families because of a history of excessive bleeding. Most patients had prolonged bleeding times, absent secondary wave of platelet aggregation in response to epinephrine, collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and defective 14C-serotonin release and platelet factor 3 availability. These findings are characteristic of a platelet release defect. Electron-microscopic examination of the platelets of seven patients revealed a common abnormality. From 30% to 70% of the platelets in any given sample exhibited a prominent membrane complex and dilated, tortuous surface-connected canalicular system (‘swiss-cheese’ platelet). In two patients there was coincident storage-pool disease, but the remainder had adequate dense bodies and a normal ratio of ATP to ADP. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of platelet proteins and glycoproteins showed no abnormalities. The patency of the canalicular system was demonstrated in one patient by the observation that dense bodies appeared in the cannaliculi and outside the platelets following collageninduced aggregation of polylysine-treated platelets. Since platelet-aggregation responses to the calcium ionophore A23187 were normal, we conclude that the defective platelet function in these patients may be due to impaired calcium mobilization from the morphologically abnormal membrane complex.
The future of sensor and actuator systems

Abstract A sketch of a personal view on the future trends of sensors and actuators and their technologies is presented with the intention to stimulate thoughts and discussions. In the field of devices, besides new principles and new designs, efforts will be directed to improving the performance (stability, lifetime and cost) to increase user acceptance. Integrated sensors and actuators to form closed-loop functional units may be a way to raise the device performance and market share. Embedded distributed functional units in materials and structures to obtain on-demand material properties and programmable structure configurations will present new challenges in applications such as: noise and vibration control, programmable active surfaces for rotocraft, smart bridges, highways and buildings, smart skin for antennae and optical devices, artificial skins and muscles, etc. In the technology field, facilities and equipment specially for micromachining will be developed, and flexible and shared facilities will be set up. Packaging technology for functional units is a bottleneck now. Breakthrough in this area will need concentrated efforts. From sensors and actuators to microelectromenchanical systems (MEMS), to nanofabrication, smart materials and smart structures, the future of the field is unlimited.
The incidence of vision loss due to perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy associated with spine surgery: the Johns Hopkins Hospital Experience.

STUDY DESIGN Twenty-year retrospective review of 14,102 spine surgeries. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy (POION) in spine surgery at our institution. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In recent years, perioperative vision loss in patients undergoing spine surgery has become an issue of increasing concern to physicians, patients, and medicolegal experts. The incidence of POION in spine surgery has been addressed in two separate studies that found incidences of 0% and 0.12%. METHODS We performed a 20-year database search for all patients who underwent spine surgery and had a concurrent ICD-9 discharge diagnosis pertaining to vision loss. Patient charts were reviewed in detail to confirm the diagnosis of POION. RESULTS Of 14,102 cases of spine surgery during the study time frame, we identified 4 cases of POION, for an incidence of 0.028%. In 3 of the 4 cases, surgery was performed with the patient in the prone position; the fourth patient was placed in the lateral decubitus position. All affected patients had experienced intraoperative anemia, hypotension, or both. The average time of surgery was 420 minutes. CONCLUSIONS POION is a rare but potentially devastating and untreatable complication of spine surgery, particularly that performed with the patient in the prone position. Anemia, hypotension, long duration of surgery, and significant intraoperative hydration may all be risk factors for this condition. All patients undergoing spine surgery should be informed about the low but definite risk of this condition, and every attempt should be made during surgery to maintain stable hemoglobin and mean arterial pressure and to avoid overhydration.
Noninvasive Assessment of Cerebral Oxygenation during Acclimation to Hypobaric Hypoxia

Factors regulating cerebral tissue Po2 (PtO2) are complex. With the increased use of clinical PtO2 monitors, it has become important to elucidate these mechanisms. The authors are investigating a new methodology (electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry) for use in monitoring cerebral PtO2 in awake animals over time courses of weeks. The authors used this to study cerebral PtO2 in rats during chronic acclimation to hypoxia predicting that such acclimation would cause an increase in PtO2 because of increases that occur in capillary density and oxygen carrying capacity. The average PtO2 between 7 and 21 days was increased by 228% over controls.
Graded Exposure Therapy for Addressing Claustrophobic Reactions to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: A Case Series Report

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a safe, effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, and yet many patients develop claustrophobic reactions to the CPAP nasal mask and cannot tolerate this treatment. We examined the efficacy of a graded in-vivo exposure therapy for enhancing CPAP adherence using a retrospective, case series design. Objective CPAP adherence data were obtained on clinical patients who attended 1 or more sessions of exposure therapy with a behavioral sleep psychologist. Compared to pre-treatment, patients used CPAP significantly longer after exposure therapy. No predictors of treatment response were identified. CPAP exposure therapy may be beneficial in some cases; however, further research is needed to determine types of patients most likely to benefit from this therapy.
Disparate contributions of the Fanconi anemia pathway and homologous recombination in preventing spontaneous mutagenesis

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a chromosomal instability disorder in which DNA-damage processing defects are reported for translesion synthesis (TLS), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR; both increased and decreased). To reconcile these diverse findings, we compared spontaneous mutagenesis in FA and HR mutants of hamster CHO cells. In the fancg mutant we find a reduced mutation rate accompanied by an increased proportion of deletions within the hprt gene. Moreover, in fancg cells gene amplification at the CAD and dhfr loci is elevated, another manifestation of inappropriate processing of damage during DNA replication. In contrast, the rad51d HR mutant has a greatly elevated rate of hprt mutations, >85% of which are deletions. Our analysis supports the concept that HR faithfully restores broken replication forks, whereas the FA pathway acts more globally to ensure chromosome stability by promoting efficient end joining of replication-derived breaks, as well as TLS and HR.
Energetics and mechanics of nutritivesucking in the preterm and term neonate

Energetics and mechanics of sucking in preterm and term neonates weredetermined by simultaneous records of intraoral pressure, flow, volume, and work of individual sucks. Nine term infants (mean postconceptional age: 38.6±0.7 SD weeks; mean postnatal age: 18.4±6.1 SD days) and nine preterm infants (mean postconceptional age: 35.2±0.7 SD weeks; mean postnatal age: 21.9±5.4 SD days) were studied under identical feeding conditions. Preterm infants generated significantly lower peak pressure (mean values of 48.5 cm H 2 O compared with 65.5 cm H 2 O in term infants; P
A leakage reduced HVIC with coarse-fine UVLO

This paper presents a leakage reduced HVIC using coarse-fine UVLO deploying a coarse UVLO to minimize current consumption of the fine UVLO in idling mode, which overcomes the disadvantage of conventional high side UVLO in HVIC. The proposed HVIC is implemented in 0.5µm Fairchild HDG4D 650V CMOS process. The total current consumption of HVIC including coarse-fine UVLO at 3V power supply is 1µA, which is 10 times smaller current consumption than HVIC with conventional high side UVLO.
Theoretical investigation of the structure and coverage of the Si(111)-OCH3 surface

The surface structure, strain energy, and charge profile of the methoxylated Si(111) surface, Si(111)−OCH_3, has been studied using quantum mechanics, and the results are compared to those obtained previously for Si(111)−CH_3 and Si(111)−C_2H_5. The calculations indicate that 100% coverage is feasible for Si(111)−OCH_3 (similar to the methylated surface), as compared to only ∼80% coverage for the ethylated surface. These differences can be understood in terms of nearest-neighbor steric and electrostatic interactions. Enthalpy and free energy calculations indicate that the formation of the Si(111)−OCH_3 surface from Si(111)−H and methanol is favorable at 300 K. The calculations have also indicated the conditions under which stacking faults can emerge on Si(111)−OCH_3, and such conditions are contrasted with the behavior of Si(111)−CH_3 and Si(111)−CH_2CH_3 surfaces, for which stacking faults are calculated to be energetically feasible when etch pits with sufficiently long edges are present on the surface.
Uniform expansion bounds for Cayley graphs of SL2(Fp)

We prove that Cayley graphs of SL2(Fp) are expanders with respect to the projection of any fixed elements in SL(2, Z) generating a non-elementary subgroup, and with respect to generators chosen at random in SL2(Fp).
Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Second Edition. Barry Levine, ed. Washington, DC: AACC, 2003, 385 pp., $67.00 ($54.00 AACC members), softcover. ISBN 1-890883-87-5.

![Graphic][1] This is the second edition of a book intended as a text for students taking a one-semester course in forensic toxicology or as a desk reference source for laboratorians. The book consists of 22 chapters written by 20 contributors, most of whom are well-recognized authorities in this field. The overall organization of the book remains unchanged, with the chapters grouped into three sections: Part I (Introduction), Part II (Methodologies), and Part III (Analytes). Parts I and II comprise approximately one-half the book and Part III the remaining half. The … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Data Collection from FASTBUS to a DEC UNIBUS Processor through the UNIBUS-Processor Interface

This paper describes the use of the UNIBUS Processor Interface, an interface between FASTBUS and the Digital Equipment Corporation UNIBUS. The UPI was developed by Fermilab and the University of Illinois. Details of the use of this interface in a high energy physics experiment at Fermilab are given. The paper includes a discussion of the operation of the UPI on the UNIBUS of a VAX-11, and plans for using the UPI to perform data acquisition from FASTBUS to a VAX-11 Processor.
Abstract 2730: Anti-Her2/neu immunotoxins: Impact of monovalent and bivalent designs onin vitroandin vivoantitumor efficacy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Immunotoxins and designed fusion constructs have significant potential for improved cancer therapy and reduced toxic side effects. We compared the efficacy of anti-Her2/neu immunotoxins containing recombinant gelonin (rGel) in either monovalent or bivalent formats. The bivalent conjugate was Herceptin/rGel chemical conjugate and the monovalent constructs were Herceptin-derived scFv (4D5) fused to rGel in two orientations: 4D5/rGel and rGel/4D5. All three immunotoxins retained the affinity and specificity of the original antibody as well as the biological activity of rGel toxin. Cytotoxicity studies against a panel of Her2/neu expressing tumor cell lines revealed significant differences among these constructs. Both Herceptin/rGel conjugate and rGel/4D5 displayed the best cytotoxicity and specificity whereas 4D5/rGel was the least potent. IC50 values ranged from 0.1-1nM for Herceptin/rGel conjugate and rGel/4D5, but were 10-1000 fold higher for 4D5/rGel. BT474 M1 HR cells with acquired resistance to Herceptin, either by constitutive Akt activation or external factor stimulation, remained sensitive to these constructs compared to the parental cells. The cytotoxicity of all constructs was generally restricted to cells expressing high levels of Her2/neu indicating that Herceptin-based immunotoxins may not be toxic to normal tissues with endogenous (low or medium) levels of Her2/neu. Treatment of nude mice bearing well-developed SKOV3 tumor xenografts with either Herceptin/rGel or rGel/4D5 resulted in impressive tumor inhibition compared to either Herceptin or 4D5/rGel. These studies demonstrate that engineered fusion constructs are competitively effective compared with chemically-generated immunotoxins with longer plasma circulation times. Further characterization of the constructs on Her2/neu overexpressing tumor cells with MDR/MRP resistance is currently ongoing. In conclusion, our studies suggested that smaller, engineered monovalent fusion constructs have excellent, comparable activity compared to intact bivalent antibody conjugates. In addition, the orientation of rGel/scFv vs scFv/rGel can significantly impact the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic activity and should be a consideration in design optimization. Research conducted, in part, by the Clayton Foundation for Research. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2730. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2730
The labeling of DTPA-coupled proteins with 99mTc

Abstract We have determined that reduced 99 m Tc will often bind to proteins even in the presence of DTPA at reasonable concentrations. The extent of this competition varies with the protein but many possess this property. We have shown that, despite this competition, DTPA-coupled proteins can be labeled with 99 m Tc and that this labeling can be achieved at near-neutral pH using stannous ion for reduction. Both lysosome and IgG antibody were labeled with 99 m Tc after coupling with DTPA and their biodistributions determined at 1–2 h in mice along with the 111 In-labeled proteins as controls. The results of these animal studies show that the proteins are largely labeled at the DTPA sites and that they exhibit in vivo stabilities comparable to that of the 111 In labeled proteins.
Abstract LB-11: Discovery, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of N-benzyl-2-phenylpyrimidin-4-amine derivatives as potent USP1/UAF1 deubiquitinase inhibitors with anticancer activity against non-small cell lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Protein ubiquitination is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification that has been linked to many essential cellular processes in eukaryotes. In addition, deregulation of ubiquitin conjugation or deconjugation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including cancer. For example, the deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 (ubiquitin-specific protease 1) in association with its WD40-repeat protein binding partner, UAF1 (USP1-associated factor 1), is a known regulator of DNA damage tolerance and repair and has been proposed as a promising target for anticancer therapy. To further evaluate the USP1/UAF1 complex as a therapeutic target, we conducted a quantitative high throughput screen of >400,000 compounds and subsequent medicinal chemistry optimization in pursuit of small molecules that inhibit the deubiquitinating activity of USP1/UAF1. These efforts lead to the identification of ML323 and a series of N-benzyl-2-phenylpyrimidin-4-amine derivatives, which possess nanomolar USP1/UAF1 inhibition and exhibit excellent selectivity over related proteases. Moreover, we demonstrate a strong correlation between compound IC50 values for USP1/UAF1 inhibition in vitro and activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells, specifically increasing the level of ubiquitinated-PCNA and decreasing cell survival. Taken together, our results establish the druggability of the USP1/UAF1 deubiquitinase complex and its potential as molecular target for anticancer therapies. Citation Format: Thomas S. Dexheimer, Andrew S. Rosenthal, Diane Luci, Qin Liang, Mark A. Villamil, Ajit Jadhav, Anton Simeonov, Zhihao Zhuang, David J. Maloney. Discovery, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of N-benzyl-2-phenylpyrimidin-4-amine derivatives as potent USP1/UAF1 deubiquitinase inhibitors with anticancer activity against non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-11. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-11
RNA Expression Profiles From Blood for the Diagnosis of Stroke and Its Causes

A blood test to detect stroke and its causes would be particularly useful in babies, young children, and patients in intensive care units and for emergencies when imaging is difficult to obtain or is unavailable. Whole genome microarrays were used to show specific gene expression profiles in rats 24 hours after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia. These proof-of-principle studies revealed that groups of genes (called gene profiles) can distinguish ischemic stroke patients from controls within 3 to 24 hours after the strokes. In addition, gene expression profiles have been developed that distinguish stroke due to large-vessel atherosclerosis from cardioembolic stroke. These profiles will be useful for predicting the causes of cryptogenic stroke. The results in adults suggest that similar diagnostic tools could be developed for children.
Lung Cancer Mortality Risk for U.S. Menthol Cigarette Smokers

INTRODUCTION The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is currently assessing the public health impact of menthol cigarettes. Results from a recent U.S. cohort study, composed largely of Blacks and limited to 12 Southern states, found that menthol cigarette smokers had lower risks of lung cancer incidence and mortality than nonmenthol smokers. METHODS We conducted a survival analysis of current smokers from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement (n = 4,832), followed for mortality through linkage with the National Death Index. We estimated mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers, adjusting for a full set of demographic and smoking characteristics. RESULTS The overall HR for lung cancer mortality for menthol smokers was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.45-1.06). The HR for lung cancer mortality for menthol smokers at ages 50 and over was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.37-0.95). All-cause mortality net of lung cancer mortality did not differ for menthol and nonmenthol smokers. CONCLUSION We found evidence of lower lung cancer mortality risk among menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers at ages 50 and over in the U.S. population. It is not known, however, if these differences are due to the impact of menthol on cigarette smoking or long-term differences in cigarette design between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes.
Charge Retention by Organometallic Dications on Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces

Abstract Charge retention by mass-selected ruthenium trisbipyridine dications, or Ru(bpy) 3 2+ , soft-landed onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecane-1-thiol (FSAM), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (COOH-SAM), and 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (HSAM) on gold was examined using in situ time-resolved secondary ion mass spectrometry in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance apparatus (FT-ICR SIMS). FT-ICR SIMS analysis was performed during ion soft-landing and for 8–15 h after the ion beam was switched off. Our results demonstrate efficient retention of the doubly charged precursor ion on the FSAM and COOH-SAM surfaces manifested by the abundant Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ions in the SIMS spectra. In contrast, only the singly charged Ru(bpy) 3 + and Ru(bpy) 2 + ions were observed on HSAM, indicating rapid loss of at least one charge by the deposited dications. The signal of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ on COOH-SAM remained almost constant for more than 8 h after the end of ion soft-landing, while a relatively fast decay followed by a plateau region was observed on the FSAM surface. However, we found that SIMS analysis of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ions soft-landed onto FSAM is complicated by facile ion-molecule reactivity occurring either on the surface or in the SIMS plume, making it difficult to accurately measure the charge reduction kinetics. Efficient retention of the doubly charged Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ions on COOH-SAM is remarkably different from facile neutralization of protonated peptides deposited onto this surface reported in previous studies. Our results indicate different mechanisms of charge reduction of protonated molecules and permanent ions, such as Ru(bpy) 3 2+ , on SAM surfaces. Thus, we propose that proton loss is the major charge reduction channel for the protonated species, while electron transfer through the insulating SAM is responsible for the charge loss by permanent ions. Fundamental understanding of charge reduction phenomena is essential for controlled preparation of catalytically active substrates using ion soft-landing.
Social action in response to terrorism: Understanding xenophobic violence from a value-added perspective

Abstract This paper explores waves of xenophobic violence that have followed terrorist attacks in the United States from a value-added perspective. This work explores the applicability of Smelser's (1962) theory of collective behavior to these incidences of postattack violence, collectively characterizing these events as hostile outbursts. The history of postterrorism violence in the U.S. is detailed in this work, including a review of the first World Trade Center attack (1993), and the Oklahoma City bombing (1995). Special focus is placed on the immediate American response to the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. This paper culminates with a discussion of future research directions and the benefits that may result from conceptualizing postterrorism xenophobic violence as a hostile outburst in terms of preventing unnecessary bloodshed in the wake of terrorist activity.
Octafluoroisobutylene epoxide derivatives

Abstract Octafluoroisobutylene epoxide (OFIBO) reacts with alkoxides in a manner similar to hexafluoropropylene epoxide (HFPO). Higher oligomers of OFIBO than previously reported have been prepared, but no difunctional polymers with molecular weights as high as obtained with HFPO could be made. Unsaturated ethers derived from OFIBO dimer and from a potassium pentafluorophenoxide-OFIBO adduct have been incorporated into perfluorinated polymers. The unsaturated ether, perfluoro(2-phenoxypropene), affords a crosslinking site for the nucleophilic vulcanization of a tetrafluoro-ethylene-perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether) perfluoroelastomer.
Immunophenotypic Analysis of AIDS-Related Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Clinical Implications in Patients From AIDS Malignancies Consortium Clinical Trials 010 and 034

Purpose Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents a clinically heterogeneous disease. Models based on immunohistochemistry predict clinical outcome. These include subdivision into germinal center (GC) versus non-GC subtypes; proliferation index (measured by expression of Ki-67), and expression of BCL-2, FOXP1, or B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (Blimp-1)/PRDM1. We sought to determine whether immunohistochemical analyses of biopsies from patients with DLBCL having HIV infection are similarly relevant for prognosis. Patients and Methods We examined 81 DLBCLs from patients with AIDS in AMC010 (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone [CHOP] v CHOP-rituximab) and AMC034 (etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and dose-adjusted cyclophosphamide plus rituximab concurrent v sequential) clinical trials and compared the immunophenotype with survival data, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity, and CD4 counts. Results The GC and non-GC subtypes of DLBCL did not differ signif...
Spectral malware behavior clustering

We develop a version of spectral clustering and empirically study its performance when applied to behavior-based malware clustering. In 2011, a behavior-based malware clustering algorithm was reported by Rieck et al. We hypothesize that, owing to the more complex nature of our algorithm, it will exhibit higher accuracy than Rieck's but will require greater run-time. Through experiments using three different malware datasets, we largely substantiate this hypothesis. Our approach had comparable or superior accuracy to Rieck's over all of its parameter settings examined and ours had higher run-times (nonetheless, ours had run-times of less than one minute on all datasets). We also found our algorithm had no clear accuracy advantage, but much smaller run-times than Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering.
The OSSE Data Analysis System

The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) on board the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) spacecraft has a wide variety of operating modes, each of which produces its own type of data. Each operating mode has various adjustable parameters that effect the availability and interpretation of the various data types. OSSE, its modes and data products, have been described in detail elsewhere [1].
Endowed chairs named for surgeons.

Abstract The Oxford English Dictionary uses 2.5 columns to provide 15 different definitions or usages for the noun "chair." Number 6 reads as follows: "The seat from which a professor or other authorized teacher delivers his lectures … b. Hence the office or position of a professor."1 The first such use identified was in 1691: "His prudent presiding in the Professors chair." One would have thought that it should be easy to trace the history of something that goes back that far. As it turns out, there seems to be almost no documented information as to how the juxtaposition of a chair and a professorship came about, but there are some thoughts that have been repeated over and over again without any real documentation. A fund-raising brochure prepared for New York University contains material that has been copied by others and, even though the author cannot identify his source material, this brochure seems to have become a history source of its own. Quotations and modifications of this brochure provide background material2:
Additive‐Enhanced Redispersion of Ceramic Agglomerates

Deagglomeration of ceramic powders is usually accomplished by immersion of powders in a surfactant-containing liquid vehicle, followed by milling. We seek alternative mechanisms to the classical milling approach by generating a chemical pressure to break up the agglomerate. This study explores the enhanced redispersion of TiO2 ceramic compacts that contain a nonionic water-soluble polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). PEG forms a polymer solution within the agglomerated structure during redispersion. The resulting osmotic pressure gradient forces water into the porous structure and creates a tensile stress on the particle network with magnitudes as high as 0.6 MPa. Thus, the principle to achieving redispersion is to develop osmotic pressures that exceed the cohesive strength of the agglomerated structure. A critical PEG concentration of 2.0 vol% PEG 400 with respect to titania has been determined, below which redispersion is minimal.
Modeling leakage in ASIC libraries

Leakage is one of today's most important VLSI design issues, and ASIC design tools require accurate library leakage models. Leakage models have been traditionally derived from Spice simulation, but this approach is difficult and inflexible. Further, Spice simulation may not be possible for all IP in the library. We propose a new approach to modeling leakage of ASIC libraries. This approach is simple and flexible, and it is viable for all IP in the library. It requires no Spice simulation, yet its accuracy has been verified in silicon. It has been implemented for our 90nm ASICs
Critical Care Aspects of Lung Transplant Patients

Major strides have been made in lung transplantation during the 1990s and it has become an established treatment option for patients with advanced lung disease. Due to improvements in organ preserv...
Simultaneous multiple element detection by particle beam/hollow cathode-optical emission spectroscopy as a tool for metallomic studies: determinations of metal binding with apo-transferrin.

Particle beam/hollow cathode-optical emission spectroscopy (PB/HC-OES) is presented as a tool for the determination of metal ion loading in transferrin (Tf). The elemental specificity of optical emission spectroscopy provides a means of assessing metal ion concentrations as well as the relative amounts of metal per unit protein concentration (up to 2 moles of Fe per mole of protein). The PB/HC-OES method allows for the simultaneous detection of metal content (Fe (I) 371.99, Ni (I) 341.41 nm, Zn (I) 213.86 nm, and Ag (I) 338.28 nm in this case), as well as elemental carbon and sulfur (C (I) 156.14 nm and S (I) 180.73 nm) that are reflective of the protein composition and concentration. Quantification for the metal species is based on calibration functions derived from aqueous solutions, with limits of detection for the entire suite being less than 1.0 μM. Determinations in this manner eliminate much of the ambiguity inherent in UV-VIS absorbance determinations of Tf metal binding. Validation of this method is obtained by analyzing loading response of Fe3+ into Tf using the PB/HC-OES method and comparing the results with those of the standard UV-VIS absorbance method. Maximum Fe3+ loading of Tf (based on the number of available binding sites) was determined to be 71.2 ± 4.7% by the PB/HC-OES method and 67.5 ± 2.5% for the UV-VIS absorbance method. Element emission ratios between the dopant metals and the carbon and sulfur protein constituents allow for concentration independent determinations of metal binding into Tf. Loading percentages were determined for Ni2+, Zn2+, and Ag+ into Tf with maximum loading values of 19.5 ± 0.4%, 41.0 ± 4.4%, and 141.2 ± 4.3%, respectively. While of no apparent biological significance, Ag+ presents an interesting case as a surrogate for Pt2+, whose binding with Tf has shown to be quite different from the other metals. A different mode from the others is indeed observed, and is consistent with conjecture on the Pt2+ mechanisms. Competitive binding studies not easily performed using absorbance spectroscopy are easily performed by simultaneous, multielement analysis, reflective of the metals and the protein content. In this work, there is clear competition between and Fe3+ and Zn2+ for binding in the C-terminus lobe of Tf, while Ni2+ binds within the N-terminus lobe. Addition of Ag+ to this mixture does not affect the other metals’ distributions, but reflects binding at other protein sites.
Donepezil (Aricept) for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementing conditions

Alzheimer's disease is common, incurable and disabling. It is expected to grow dramatically in prevalence over the next 50 years. At current, the standard of care for patients with mild and moderately severe Alzheimer's disease includes the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Donepezil (Aricept) is a highly selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with a pharmacokinetic profile allowing once-daily dosing. There is an extensive knowledge base derived from published clinical trials of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease, revealing consistent efficacy in cognition, global clinical ratings and daily function. Donepezil is also associated with additional meaningful outcomes such as reduced risk for, or delay to, nursing home placement. Despite a sense of limited efficacy of this drug class among prescribers, number needed-to-treat analyses suggest donepezil is highly effective at reducing the long-term adverse outcomes associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Kinetics of both leukemic and normal cell population reduction following 5-azacytidine.

The cytotoxic effect of 5-azacytidine (AzaCR) on normal hematopoietic colony-forming units (NCFU) and L1210 leukemic colony-forming units (LCFU) in the femoral marrow of BALB/c × DBA/2 F1 mice was studied using the spleen colony assay. Dose-survival curves for LCFU and NCFU were biphasic. Repopulation of LCFU was rapid at a low dose of AzaCR (0.1 mg/mouse) but was delayed for greater than 6 days at higher doses (0.25 mg/mouse and above). Of the agents tested in this system, only AzaCR exhibited these properties. Survival of mice with L1210 leukemia following AzaCR administration was prolonged beyond that predicted by the degree of LCFU reduction alone, and reflected the delay in LCFU repopulation. In contrast, repopulation of NCFU in normal mice was not delayed at a high dose of AzaCR (0.5 mg/mouse). AzaCR produced a nine-fold greater reduction of NCFU in leukemic mice than in normal mice, measured 5 days after AzaCR injection. While divided doses of AzaCR produced LCFU cytotoxicity equivalent to a single dose, 24-hr infusions of high doses were inferior to single injections.
Tribological and Mossbauer Studies of Ion-Implanted Iron

A modified pin-on-disc wear test technique and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) have been used to characterize the tribological and microstructural properties, respectively, of pure Fe implanted with N and Ar ions at high current densities. CEMS measurements were made before and after wear testing. For the lubricated, mild adhesive wear conditions used here, no evidence was found for iron-nitride dissolution or N atom migration. Disordering of γ'-Fe 4 N did occur as a result of the wear process. All Nimplanted surfaces were tribologically superior to the Ar-implanted surface and an extremely wear-resistant surface layer about 30–50 nm thick was produced with a dose of 8×10 16 N atoms/cm 2 , at a dose rate of 100 μA/cm 2 . However, once this layer was worn away the wear rate returned sharply to that of unimplanted pure Fe. A high retained N dose has been observed even for a dose rate of 750 μA/cm 2 during which the sample reached 280°C.
Flexor carpi radialis response following a perturbation

EMG signal of the response of the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the non-dominant arm of six subjects was recorded after a mechanical pulse perturbation was applied to the forward stretched forearm. Two parameters were defined; the reflex onset time is the time elapsed between the perturbation application and the reflex activation, and the reflex magnitude is the magnitude of the reflex signal. Both variables were found independent of the perturbation characteristics (pulse magnitude and duration) and the muscle activity level.
Whole body and abdominal lipolytic sensitivity to epinephrine is suppressed in upper body obese women

We measured whole body and regional lipolytic and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) sensitivity to epinephrine in 8 lean [body mass index (BMI): 21 ± 1 kg/m2] and 10 upper body obese (UBO) women (BM...
Mining incomplete data: a rough set approach

A rough set approach to mining incomplete data is presented in this paper. Our main tool is an attribute-value pair block. A characteristic set, a generalization of the elementary set well-known in rough set theory, may be computed using such blocks. For incomplete data sets three different types of global approximations: singleton, subset and concept are defined. Additionally, for incomplete data sets a local approximation is defined as well.
Oppression Within Safe Spaces Exploring Racial Microaggressions Within Domestic Violence Shelters

Racial microaggressions are often unintentional and subtle forms of racism that manifest in interpersonal communications, behaviors, or environments. The purpose of this study was to explore the presence of racial microaggressions within domestic violence shelters and to understand how women respond to them. Using a phenomenological approach to data collection and analysis, 14 Black women from 3 different shelters were interviewed. Twelve women reported experiencing at least one racial microaggression, although few identified the experience as racist. Additional themes were also examined to understand why women did not identify their experiences of racial microaggressions as racist. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Lead shock oscillation and decoupling in propagating detonations

Experimental images of propagating detonation waves provide lead shock velocity measurements through the cell cycle. We examine the issue of local decoupling of the shock and reaction front using these data. In highly unstable mixtures with high reduced activation energy, experimental images and analysis suggest that local decoupling occurs at the end of the cell cycle. Regions of high ∞uorescence intensity are observed in shear layers in apparently decoupled portions of the detonation front.
Autonomous terrain characterisation and modelling for dynamic control of unmanned vehicles

We discuss techniques to predict the dynamic vehicle response to various natural obstacles. This method can then be used to adjust the vehicle dynamics to optimize performance (e.g. speed) while ensuring that the vehicle is not damaged. This capability opens up a new area of obstacle negotiation for UGVs, where the vehicle moves over certain obstacles, rather than avoiding them, thereby resulting in more effective achievement of objectives. Robust obstacle negotiation and vehicle dynamics prediction requires several key technologies that are discussed in this paper. We detect and segment (label) obstacles using a novel 3D obstacle algorithm. The material of each labelled obstacle (rock, vegetation, etc) is then determined using a texture or color classification scheme. Terrain load-bearing surface models are then constructed using vertical springs to model the compressibility and traversability of each obstacle in front of the vehicle. The terrain model is then combined with the vehicle suspension model to yield an estimate of the maximum safe velocity, and predict the vehicle dynamics as the vehicle follows a path. This end-to-end obstacle negotiation system is envisioned to be useful in optimized path planning and vehicle navigation in terrain conditions cluttered with vegetation, bushes, rocks, etc. Results on natural terrain with various natural materials are presented.
Dietary influence on protein level in milk and milk yield in dairy cows

Diet can influence the yield of milk protein more than it can influence milk protein content. Providing sufficient dietary crude protein in forms that will maximize amounts of amino acids required for milk protein synthesis to the gastrointestinal tract, in forms that can be digested and absorbed, will provide for optimal milk protein yield and content. Maximizing ruminal microbial protein synthesis is an important part of this strategy. The rest of the strategy involves providing sufficient amounts of the remaining required amino acids as ruminally protected proteins, or amino acids in forms that can be digested in the gastrointestinal tract. A diet deficient in protein will reduce milk protein content 1 to 2 g kg−1 and may substantially reduce yields of milk and milk protein. A diet containing high amounts of readily fermentable carbohydrates may increase milk protein content 1 to 2 g kg−1, and may increase yields of milk and protein, but may also result in digestive and metabolic upsets. Diets containing supplemental fat will increase yield of milk protein, but not as extensively as the increase in yield of milk, because milk protein content is usually reduced 1 to 2 g kg−1. The increased efficiency of milk fat and lactose synthesis is likely to be the reason for this depression in milk protein content. A means of overcoming this problem is a continuing research challenge.