cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A planetary system as the origin of structure in Fomalhaut's dust belt

In 1983 the IRAS orbiting satellite detected excess infrared radiation from the direction of Fomalhaut, a first magnitude star in the otherwise dim constellation Piscis Austrinus. It was radiation from a huge dusty disk around the star, about four times the size of our Solar System. The Advanced Camera for Surveys onboard the Hubble Space Telescope has now detected Fomalhaut's dust complex at high resolution at optical wavelengths. The disk is offset from the star in a way that suggests the presence of several planets. The debris disks around Beta Pictoris and AU Microscopii are both edge-on, and the disk around HR 4796A has a small radius. So the Fomalhaut disk, seen on a slope rather like the ring around Saturn, older than the others and closer to us, may become the disk of choice for the study of planet formation. The Sun and >15 per cent of nearby stars are surrounded by dusty disks that must be collisionally replenished by asteroids and comets, as the dust would otherwise be depleted on timescales <107 years (ref. 1). Theoretical studies show that the structure of a dusty disk can be modified by the gravitational influence of planets2,3,4, but the observational evidence is incomplete, at least in part because maps of the thermal infrared emission from the disks have low linear resolution (35 au in the best case5). Optical images provide higher resolution, but the closest examples (AU Mic and β Pic) are edge-on6,7, preventing the direct measurement of the azimuthal and radial disk structure that is required for fitting theoretical models of planetary perturbations. Here we report the detection of optical light reflected from the dust grains orbiting Fomalhaut (HD 216956). The system is inclined 24° away from edge-on, enabling the measurement of disk structure around its entire circumference, at a linear resolution of 0.5 au. The dust is distributed in a belt 25 au wide, with a very sharp inner edge at a radial distance of 133 au, and we measure an offset of 15 au between the belt's geometric centre and Fomalhaut. Taken together, the sharp inner edge and offset demonstrate the presence of planetary-mass objects orbiting Fomalhaut.
Anatomy of energetic changes accompanying urea-induced protein denaturation

Because of its protein-denaturing ability, urea has played a pivotal role in the experimental and conceptual understanding of protein folding and unfolding. The measure of urea's ability to force a protein to unfold is given by the m value, an experimental quantity giving the free energy change for unfolding per molar urea. With the aid of Tanford's transfer model [Tanford C (1964) J Am Chem Soc 86:2050-2059], we use newly obtained group transfer free energies (GTFEs) of protein side-chain and backbone units from water to 1 M urea to account for the m value of urea, and the method reveals the anatomy of protein denaturation in terms of residue-level free energy contributions of groups newly exposed on denaturation. The GTFEs were obtained by accounting for solubility and activity coefficient ratios accompanying the transfer of glycine from water to 1 M urea. Contrary to the opinions of some researchers, the GTFEs show that urea does not denature proteins through favorable interactions with nonpolar side chains; what drives urea-induced protein unfolding is the large favorable interaction of urea with the peptide backbone. Although the m value is said to be proportional to surface area newly exposed on denaturation, only approximately 25% of the area favorably contributes to unfolding (because of newly exposed backbone units), with approximately 75% modestly opposing urea-induced denaturation (originating from side-chain exposure). Use of the transfer model and newly determined GTFEs achieves the long-sought goal of predicting urea-dependent cooperative protein unfolding energetics at the level of individual amino acid residues.
Experiences with a Real Software Engineering Client

Encounters with a real software engineering client are described, along with the course format and content, project deliverables, and modus operandi. The project is a customary semester-long, team-oriented software development assignment involving the usual stages of the software lifecycle. The services of a real client, in need of software to help her with her day-to-day tracking of business transactions, subsidize our need for an end-user. Her involvement and input gives the class a real-life scenario and also increases the complexity of a medium-scale project by providing details of her software needs. This paper focuses on the lessons learned from using a real-life client. There is no doubt that using a real-life client is not an innovative idea. However, we offer novel ways of transacting and realizing a real-life client's specifications. We also offer some pedagogical techniques and summarize our experiences, with the intent of helping others who are implementing a similar scheme in their Software Engineering courses.
Women in interdisciplinary science: Exploring preferences and consequences

For at least a decade, U.S. funding agencies and university campuses have promoted the expansion of interdisciplinary research. At the same time, federal and local programs have sought to increase the participation of women and minorities in science, mathematics, and engineering. Research has focused on each of these trends independently, but very few studies have considered their interaction by asking how intellectual preferences for and professional consequences of interdisciplinary science might be influenced by gender, race, and/or ethnicity. Focused specifically on gender, this paper considers the expectation that women will be more drawn to interdisciplinary research, and explores the learning styles, work preferences, and career behaviors that might anticipate and/or explicate gender differences in interdisciplinary science. Principal mechanisms by which researchers engage in interdisciplinarity – cross-fertilization, team-collaboration, field-creation, and problem-orientation – are tested for evidence of gendering using preliminary empirical data from three studies. The results of this exploratory analysis offer clues about possible tendencies and raise questions about the potential costs and benefits for those who adopt them.
ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT AND THE WATER BALANCE OF NORTH AMERICA: PART I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER VAPOR FLUX FIELD

Abstract The atmospheric water vapor flux over North America and the Central American Sea (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) has been investigated for the period May 1, 1961–April 30, 1963, as part of a more general study of the water balance of these areas. Mean monthly values of the total vapor flux components are analyzed and the more important aspects of the regional vapor flux climatology are discussed and illustrated by maps and cross-sections. Additional insight into the seasonal march is obtained from the computation of the total monthly vapor flux across selected regional boundaries. Major features of the North American total vapor flux field previously described by Benton and Estoque are confirmed, but the more extensive data used in this study bring out additional significant detail, particularly over the southern United States. Important diurnal variations are found in the flux field, particularly during the summer south of 50° N. These result primarily from diurnal variations in the average m...
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Diseases of Aging: Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension.

Associations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and several chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, have been documented in recent years. Although most evidence suggests reduced RSA is the result of chronic disease rather than the cause, some studies have documented reduced RSA among at-risk individuals prior to disease onset. These results raise the possibility that decreased vagal tone may play a role in the pathogenesis of certain chronic diseases. Presented here is a brief overview of studies which examine the relationship between vagal tone, as measured by RSA and baroreflex gain, and diseases of aging, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Mechanisms by which vagal tone may be related to disease processes are discussed. In addition, we present results from a population-based study of RSA and hypertension in older adults. Consistent with previous studies, we found an inverse relationship between RSA and age, cigarette use, and diabetes. In logistic regression models which control for age, cigarette use, and diabetes, we found RSA was a significant negative predictor of hypertension. We conclude that the relationship between RSA and hypertension is somewhat independent of the age-related decline in parasympathetic activity.
Lifetime measurements of the 7d levels of atomic francium

Summary form only given. Atomic lifetime measurements are important probes of atomic structure because they depend on the initial and final state wave functions and the interaction that connects them. The study of francium, the heaviest alkali, has two advantages over other heavy elements. It has a simple atomic structure to calculate accurately, and it is possible to trap it with the well developed techniques of laser trapping and cooling despite the fact that its longest-lived isotope has a half-life of 20 minutes. Francium has the potential to increase our understanding of relativistic atoms while at the same time providing a good candidate for tests of the fundamental symmetries of parity and time in a calculable atomic system.
Economic Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Income Inequality in the Developed Countries A Cross-National Study

This article assesses the impact of economic globalization and domestic political factors on income inequality and state redistribution in the developed countries over the past two decades, using household-level data from the Luxembourg Income Study that are more detailed, accurate, and cross-nationally comparable than those used in previous empirical work. It examines three major modes of international integration—trade, direct foreign investment, and international financial flows—as well as four domestic political variables—the partisan balance of national cabinets, electoral turnout, union density, and the centralization of wage-setting institutions. The study finds only scattered relationships between global integration and income distribution or redistribution but reasonably strong positive relationships between several domestic political variables and an egalitarian distribution of income and/or extensive state redistribution. These findings are consistent with a growing number of studies that emphasize the resilience of domestic political factors in the face of economic globalization.
OESOPHAGEAL AND STOMACH INCLUSIONS OF APHIDS FEEDING ON VARIOUS CRUCIFERAE

When Myzus persicae, and a few other aphid species tested, feed on broad leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) or on one of several other Cruciferae, there regularly occur in their stomachs rod- or sausage-like structures with a diameter of about 5–15 μ. On other host plants, in particular on Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae, or on tulip and on an artificial diet, these structures do not occur. The material passes through the oesophagus into the stomach and accumulates there throughout the life of an aphid. The material is stainable with neutral red. In killed aphids the material gradually darkens. The material already begins to appear in some individuals one hour after transferring them from noncruciferous host plants or from the diet to mustard. In the lumen of the oesophagus the material may occur as short or long fragments, or as a strand extending through its entire length. The oesophagus is cleared of this material in nearly all aphids within 4 hours of feeding on tulip and within about 24 hours on an artificial diet, whereas this occurs in only half the aphids within a 24-hour period of starvation. It is assumed that the material consists of swallowed saliva which has been changed by the cruciferous sap. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG FESTE PARTIKEL IN OESOPHAGUS UND MAGEN BEI APHIDEN AN CRUCIFEREN Wenn Myzus persicae (Sulzer) und andere Aphidenarten an “broad leaf mustard” (Brassica juncea Coss., Rutensenf) und an einigen anderen Cruciferen saugen, finden sich im Magen regelmasig stabchen- oder wurstchenformige oder auch klumpige, feste Partikel mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 5–15 und mehr μ vor. Diese lassen leicht mit Neutralrot farben, sind in 1 N HCl auch in der Hitze bestandig und farben sich in getoteten Tieren von selbst braun oder schwarz. In Lausen, die an anderen Wirtspflanzen, insbesondere an Solanaceen und Chenopodiaceen, an Tulpe oder an einer kunstlichen Diat aufwuchsen, fehlen diese Partikel. Das Material gelangt durch den Osophagus in den Magen, wo es sich wahrend des ganzen Lebens ansammelt. Im Lumen des Osophagus kann es in Form kurzerer oder langerer Stucke oder als langer Strang vorliegen, der vom Cibarium durch den Osophagus und das Magenventil in den Magen reicht und diesen in mehrfachen Windungen durchzieht. Bei Ubertragung von Nichtcruciferen auf “broad leaf mustard” erscheint das Material manchmal schon nach einstundigem, meist erst nach 2–6 stundigem Saugen oder spater. Die Aufnahme des Materials erfolgt nicht oder zum mindesten nicht bevorzugt wahrend des Einstichvorganges. Es wird diskutiert, ob es sich um aufgenommenen Speichel, der durch eine Pflanzensaftkomponente verandert ist, handelt. Im Magen von vielen Blattlausarten finden sich bei adulten Tieren vier fadige, an einem Ende angeschwollene Gebilde (bei Larven entsprechend weniger), die als die Intima von Osophagus und Valvula cardiaca identifiziert wurden. Sie mussen nach den Hautungen in den Magen gelangen und hier verbleiben (Abb. 2).
Genetic interactions of hypomorphic mutations in the m7G cap-binding pocket of yeast nuclear cap binding complex: An essential role for Cbc2 in meiosis via splicing of MER3 pre-mRNA

Nuclear cap binding protein complex (CBC) is a heterodimer of a small subunit (Cbc2 in yeast) that binds the m(7)G cap and a large subunit (Sto1 in yeast) that interacts with karyopherins. In order to probe the role of cap recognition in yeast CBC function, we introduced alanine mutations (Y24A, F91A, D120A, D122A, R129A, and R133A) and N-terminal deletions (NΔ21 and NΔ42) in the cap-binding pocket of Cbc2. These lesions had no effect on vegetative growth, but they ameliorated the cold-sensitivity of tgs1Δ cells that lack trimethylguanosine caps (a phenotype attributed to ectopic association of CBC with the m(7)G cap of the normally TMG-capped U1 snRNA), thereby attesting to their impact on cap binding in vivo. Further studies of the Cbc2-Y24A variant revealed synthetic lethality or sickness with null mutations of proteins involved in early steps of spliceosome assembly (Nam8, Mud1, Swt21, Mud2, Ist3, and Brr1) and with otherwise benign mutations of Msl5, the essential branchpoint binding protein. Whereas the effects of weakening CBC-cap interactions are buffered by other actors in the splicing pathway during mitotic growth, the NΔ42 allele causes a severe impediment to yeast sporulation and meiosis. RNA analysis revealed a selective defect in the splicing of MER3 and SAE3 transcripts in cbc2-NΔ42 diploids during attempted sporulation. An intronless MER3 cDNA fully restored sporulation and spore viability in the cbc2-NΔ42 strain, signifying that MER3 splicing is a limiting transaction. These studies reveal a new level of splicing control during meiosis that is governed by nuclear CBC.
A Heuristic Study on the Importance of Anisotropic Error Distributions in Data Assimilation

Abstract A challenging problem in numerical weather prediction is to optimize the use of meteorological observations in data assimilation. Even assimilation techniques considered “optimal” in the “least squares” sense usually involve a set of assumptions that prescribes the horizontal and vertical distributions of analysis increments used to update the background analysis. These assumptions may impose limitations on the use of the data that can adversely affect the data assimilation and any subsequent forecast. Virtually all widely used operational analysis and dynamic-initialization techniques assume, at some level, that the errors are isotropic and so the data can be applied within circular regions of influence around measurement sites. Whether implied or used directly, circular isotropic regions of influence are indiscriminate toward thermal and wind gradients that may reflect changes of air mass. That is, the analytic process may ignore key flow-dependent information available about the physical error...
Chk2 Mediates Stabilization of the FoxM1 Transcription Factor To Stimulate Expression of DNA Repair Genes

The forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) transcription factor regulates expression of cell cycle genes essential for DNA replication and mitosis during organ repair and cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate that FoxM1-deficient (-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and osteosarcoma U2OS cells depleted in FoxM1 levels by small interfering RNA transfection display increased DNA breaks, as evidenced by immunofluorescence focus staining for phosphospecific histone H2AX. FoxM1-deficient cells also exhibit stimulation of p53 transcriptional activity, as evidenced by increased expression of the p21(cip1) gene. FoxM1-deficient cells display reduced expression of the base excision repair factor X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and breast cancer-associated gene 2 (BRCA2), the latter of which is involved in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, FoxM1 protein is phosphorylated by checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in response to DNA damage. This phosphorylation of FoxM1 on serine residue 361 caused increased stability of the FoxM1 protein with corresponding increased transcription of XRCC1 and BRCA2 genes, both of which are required for repair of DNA damage. These results identify a novel role for FoxM1 in the transcriptional response during DNA damage/checkpoint signaling and show a novel mechanism by which Chk2 protein regulates expression of DNA repair enzymes.
Unified spatial diversity combining and power allocation for CDMA systems in multiple time-scale fading channels

In a mobile wireless system, fading effects can be classified into large-scale (long-term) effects and small-scale (short-term) effects. We use transmission power control to compensate for large-scale fading and exploit receiver antenna (space) diversity to combat small-scale fading. We show that the interferences across the antennas are jointly Gaussian in a large system, and then characterize the signal-to-interference ratio for both independent and correlated (across the antennas) small-scale fading cases. Our results show that when each user's small-scale fading effects are independent across the antennas, there is a clear separation between the gains of transmission power control and diversity combining, and the two gains are additive (in decibels). When each user's small-scale fading effects are correlated across the antennas, we observe that, in general, the gains of transmission power control and diversity combining are coupled. However, when the noise level diminishes to zero, using maximum ratio combining "decouples" the gains and achieves the same diversity gain as in the independent case. We then characterize the Pareto-optimal (minimum) transmission power allocation for the cases of perfect and noisy knowledge of the desired user's large-scale fading effects. We find that using antenna diversity leads to significant gains for the transmission power.
An Arabidopsis Purple Acid Phosphatase with Phytase Activity Increases Foliar Ascorbate

Ascorbate (AsA) is the most abundant antioxidant in plant cells and a cofactor for a large number of key enzymes. However, the mechanism of how AsA levels are regulated in plant cells remains unknown. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) activation-tagged mutant AT23040 showed a pleiotropic phenotype, including ozone resistance, rapid growth, and leaves containing higher AsA than wild-type plants. The phenotype was caused by activation of a purple acid phosphatase (PAP) gene, AtPAP15, which contains a dinuclear metal center in the active site. AtPAP15 was universally expressed in all tested organs in wild-type plants. Overexpression of AtPAP15 with the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter produced mutants with up to 2-fold increased foliar AsA, 20% to 30% decrease in foliar phytate, enhanced salt tolerance, and decreased abscisic acid sensitivity. Two independent SALK T-DNA insertion mutants in AtPAP15 had 30% less foliar AsA and 15% to 20% more phytate than wild-type plants and decreased tolerance to abiotic stresses. Enzyme activity of partially purified AtPAP15 from plant crude extract and recombinant AtPAP15 expressed in bacteria and yeast was highest when phytate was used as substrate, indicating that AtPAP15 is a phytase. Recombinant AtPAP15 also showed enzyme activity on the substrate myoinositol-1-phosphate, indicating that the AtPAP15 is a phytase that hydrolyzes myoinositol hexakisphosphate to yield myoinositol and free phosphate. Myoinositol is a known precursor for AsA biosynthesis in plants. Thus, AtPAP15 may modulate AsA levels by controlling the input of myoinositol into this branch of AsA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
A Versatile RF Controller

The low level RF system developed for the new Bevatron local injector provides precise control and regulation of the Rf phase and amplitude for three 200 MHz linac cavities. The main features of the system are: ? Extensive use of inexpensive, off-the-shelf components ? Ease of maintenance ? Adaptability to a wide range of operation frequencies. The system utilizes separate function, easily removed RF printed circuit cards interconnected via the edge connectors. Control and monitoring are available both locally and through the computer. This paper will describe these features as well as the few component changes that would be required to adapt the techniques to other operating frequencies.
Coupling of electrical and mechanical switching in nanoscale ferroelectrics

While electric field induced ferroelectric switching has been extensively studied and broadly utilized, pure mechanical switching via flexoelectric effect has recently opened up an alternative method for domain writing due to their highly localized, electrically erasable and electric damage free characteristics. Thus far, few studies have been made on the coupling effect of electro-mechanical switching in ferroelectric materials, likely due to the experimental difficulty in the accurate definition of the tip-surface contact area and in the identification of mechanical contribution from electrical effect. Here, we employed self-consistent phase-field modeling to investigate the bi-polar switching behavior of (001) oriented Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin film under concurrent electric and strain field created via a piezoresponse force microscope probe. By separating the effects from electric field, homogeneous strain and strain gradient, we revealed that the homogeneous strain suppresses the spontaneous polarization and accordingly increases the coercive field, and the strain gradient favors unipolar switching and inhibit it in the reverse direction, thus causing lateral offset of the hysteresis loop. The uncertainty of flexoelectric coefficients and the influence of flexocoupling coefficients on switching have also been discussed. Our study could necessitate further understanding of the electric, piezoelectric, and flexoelectric contribution to the switching behavior in nanoscale ferroelectric oxides.
Carotenoids as Primary Photoreceptors in Blue-Light Responses

The preponderance of evidence for the identification of the so-called “blue light” photoreceptor (cryptochrome) is clearly in favor of a flavoprotein (Presti and Delbruck 1978). However, there remain some photobiological responses to blue light whose mediation cannot be explained readily by a flavoprotein photoreceptor. Therefore, the organizers of this First International Conference on the Effects of Blue Light in Plants and Microorganisms have requested that I serve as an advocatus diaboli for carotenoids, since their possible function as primary photoreceptors for some responses has not been excluded.
Empirical Implications for Small Business Drug Policies

The results of empirical studies of small and large businesses parallel each other regarding the characteristics of drug policies. Drug policies affect organizational performance, including improved productivity and reduced accidents. EAPs are an effective approach to drug policies. and outside contractors are common sources of information and services. Pre-employment testing is usually combined with other types of testing , but careful attention is needed to meet legal requirements. Employees with positive tests may cause difficulties, but, overall. employee morale rises. Small businesses without drug policies are increasing their competitive risks.
The Effect of Ge Segregation on Oxidation of Si

We have studied oxidation of various Si samples including: Ge implanted Si, CVD and MBE grown Si(0.4–4% Ge) alloys, and MBE grown Si-Si(Ge) superlattices. The samples were oxidized in pyrogenic steam (800–1000°C, atmospheric pressure) and at low temperature and high pressure (740°C, 205 atm of dry 02). The oxidized samples were analyzed with RBS/channeling and ellipsometry. An enhanced oxidation rate was seen for all Ge doped samples, compared with rates for pure Si. The magnitude of the enhancement increased with decreasing oxidation temperature. For steam oxidations the Ge was segregated from the oxide and formed an epitaxial layer at the Si-Si02 interface; the quality of the epitaxy was highest for the highest oxidation temperatures. For high pressure oxidation the Ge was trapped in the oxide and the greatest enhancement in oxidation rate (>100%) was observed.
Creep Deformation of Dispersion Strengthened NiAl and TiAl Intermetallics

In this study, the creep properties of two intermetallics; NiAl and TiAl have been evaluated. The former was selected based on its relatively high melting point, and the latter was based on its specific strength and high melting point. Tensile creep deformation rates in range of 760 to 930°C were determined as a function of stress for both monolithic NiAl, NiAl reinforced with HfC dispersoids and TiAl reinforced with TiB2 dispersoid. Microstructure and dislocation structures were examined both beore and after creep in both alloys to identify the creep mechanisms. In both systems, deformation occurs by power-law creep with diffusion controlling creep rate. Power-law breakdown regimes have been identified for both systems. In addition, TiAl undergoes dynamic recrystallization during creep resulting in smaller grain sizes than the initial value.
THE WOMAN WHO RAN AWAY: GENDER, POWER, AND PLACE AMONG THE ATBALMIN OF THE WEST SEPIK, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

The story of a young woman’s elopement frames an analysis of differential social power of women among the Atbalmin people of West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, during the early to middle 1980s. The elopement highlights- several dimensions of social difference not reducible to men’s domination of women. The first is inequality among men, which had much to do with men’s emphasis on male dominance over women. The second dimension is inequality among women, which informed countervailing assertions of female primacy. I focus here on the second dimension. I argue that differences in power and prestige among women have played a crucial role in Atbalmin social life, affecting how communities have been established as well as how they have thrived or declined. Though oriented toward the case of a particular society during a particular period, this article arguably holds implications for other times and places. ON 3 J ANUARY 1985, while I was in the midst of my research among the Atbalmin people of New Guinea, Ankon ran away. 1 Ankon was eighteen years old, a tall and slender woman who was still unmarried. She lived in a settlement only fifteen minutes’ walk from the one where I was staying. Dutip, her female cousin, told me that Ankon had been attracted to a man named Bokban whom she had met at a drumdance several days before. Ankon and Bokban had apparently decided to marry, although he was from an area a full two days’ walk away and he already had a wife (monogamous marriages were preferred by most women). Knowing that her family would object to the marriage, Ankon had covertly fol
Cortical thickness change in autism during early childhood.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at high spatial resolution can detect potential foci of early brain dysmaturation in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition, comparison between MRI and behavior measures over time can identify patterns of brain change accompanying specific outcomes. We report structural MRI data from two time points for a total of 84 scans in children with ASD and 30 scans in typical controls (mean age time one = 4.1 years, mean age at time two = 6.6 years). Surface-based cortical morphometry and linear mixed effects models were used to link changes in cortical anatomy to both diagnostic status and individual differences in changes in language and autism severity. Compared with controls, children with ASD showed accelerated gray matter volume gain with age, which was driven by a lack of typical age-related cortical thickness (CT) decrease within 10 cortical regions involved in language, social cognition, and behavioral control. Greater expressive communication gains with age in children with ASD were associated with greater CT gains in a set of right hemisphere homologues to dominant language cortices, potentially identifying a compensatory system for closer translational study. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2616-2629, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research on the Stray of Chinese Culture in Inter-cultural Communication

Intercultural communication is a two-way communication,in cross-cultural communication,due to various reasons Chinese culture has not been given enough attention,resulting in a lack of Chinese culture phenomenon.To establish equal cultural consciousness, strengthen the main cultural awareness,and the reform of foreign language teaching,strengthening the teaching of Chinese culture can help to overcome this phenomenon.
The geometric and dynamic structures of fluorocarbons and related compounds.

The information assembled in this review of the gas phase molecular structures of fluorocarbons and related compounds were derived from electron diffraction patterns and microwave spectra. We placed primary emphasis on the geometrical effects of fluorine substitution (bond distances, bond angles and internal rotational parameters). Clearly other aspects of molecular structure, such as dipole moments, average bond dissociation energies, photoelectron spectra, etc. merit codification. At first glance, interatomic distances and bond angles call attention to features which appear to be strictly localized within molecules. It is evident, however, that such a local bond concept is not consistent with the totality of structural data on the level of precision currently available. Furthermore, it is also clear that the level of accuracy now generally attainable in the computation of molecular geometries is considerably below experimentally derived quantities. Regularities in the molecular structures of organic fluorides have been uncovered. For some structural types there are strong similarities and comparable trends among the fluorides of elements other than carbon. The substitution or environmental effects on molecular structures raise interesting questions regarding the nature of chemical bonds, and the contrasts between fluorine and hydrogen substituents provide an incisive focal points for theoreticians.
Biochemical and genetic analysis of MAO A and B

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) (monoamine: O2 oxidoreductase EC 1.4.3.4.) is located in the mitochondrial outer membrane and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the degradation of catecholamines and other biogenic amines in the nervous system (Houslay et al., 1976; Murphy, 1978). The enzyme is believed to be comprised of two subunits of approximate molecular weight 60,000, with one subunit containing a covalently bound flavin co-factor (Minamiura and Yasunobu, 1978; Salach, 1979). Two types of MAO activity, A and B, have been defined by characteristic substrate preferences and inhibitor sensitivities (Johnston, 1968; Garrick and Murphy, 1980).
Multichannel activity propagation across an engineered axon network

Objective Although substantial progress has been made in mapping the connections of the brain, less is known about how this organization translates into brain function. In particular, the massive interconnectivity of the brain has made it difficult to specifically examine data transmission between two nodes of the connectome, a central component of the 'neural code.' Here, we investigated the propagation of multiple streams of asynchronous neuronal activity across an isolated in vitro 'connectome unit.' Approach We used the novel technique of axon stretch growth to create a model of a long-range cortico-cortical network, a modular system consisting of paired nodes of cortical neurons connected by axon tracts. Using optical stimulation and multi-electrode array recording techniques, we explored how input patterns are represented by cortical networks, how these representations shift as they are transmitted between cortical nodes and perturbed by external conditions, and how well the downstream node distinguishes different patterns. Main results Stimulus representations included direct, synaptic, and multiplexed responses that grew in complexity as the distance between the stimulation source and recorded neuron increased. These representations collapsed into patterns with lower information content at higher stimulation frequencies. With internodal activity propagation, a hierarchy of network pathways, including latent circuits, was revealed using glutamatergic blockade. As stimulus channels were added, divergent, non-linear effects were observed in local versus distant network layers. Pairwise difference analysis of neuronal responses suggested that neuronal ensembles generally outperformed individual cells in discriminating input patterns. Significance Our data illuminate the complexity of spiking activity propagation in cortical networks in vitro, which is characterized by the transformation of an input into myriad outputs over several network layers. These results provide insight into how the brain potentially processes information and generates the neural code and could guide the development of clinical therapies based on multichannel brain stimulation.
The effect of macroeconomic conditions on parental time with children: evidence from the American time use survey

This paper investigates the effect of changes in macroeconomic conditions on time allocation to children among mothers and fathers in the US. The study relies on 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data. Accounting for a variety of personal demographic characteristics, as well as state and year fixed effects, we find that an increase in state-level unemployment rates is associated with an increase in enriching child–father time in families with small children (ages 0–4). However, there is heterogeneity in results by race, education and marital status, with results being statistically significant for white, married and college-educated fathers. Additionally, we find some evidence that an increase in unemployment rates is also associated with an increase in primary childcare for fathers in families with small children, as well as some declines in total time that fathers spend with older children. In contrast to this result, we find that mothers’ total time with children, as well as primary childcare time, is invariant to macroeconomic fluctuations in the labor market, however, as the unemployment rate goes up we do observe small declines in enriching time that white mothers in families with small children devote to enriching activities.
Bananaworld: Quantum Mechanics for Primates

While a great part of the scientifically educated populace has heard of Schrodinger’s cat, they might not yet have heard about Jeffrey Bub’s bananas. If they are interested in quantum oddities that...
Subtle Injuries of the Lisfranc Joint

In fifteen patients, a subtle injury of the Lisfranc joint (tarsometatarsal articulation) was found. The lesion was defined as a diastasis of two to five millimeters between the bases of the first and second metatarsals, as seen on anteroposterior radiographs. There often was a long delay between injury and diagnosis. Eight patients were treated with a below-the-knee cast only, three had treatment with a cast and then tarsometatarsal arthrodesis, two had no initial treatment but later had arthrodesis, and two had open reduction and internal fixation. The duration of follow-up ranged from two to thirteen years after the diagnosis. There was no correlation between the severity of the diastasis and the patient's functional result. Marked disability and pain persisted in seven patients, and six of them had flattening of the longitudinal arch. Maintenance of the longitudinal arch usually was associated with a better functional outcome. When a patient has a subtle injury of the Lisfranc joint, weight-bearing lateral radiographs of both feet are needed to identify flattening of the longitudinal arch. Such radiographs should be made routinely in the evaluation of all injuries of the foot that may involve the Lisfranc joint.
High Degree of Variability in Reporting of Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy:

Background:Hip arthroscopy for the treatment of intra-articular pathology is a rapidly expanding field. Outcome measures should be reported to document the efficacy of arthroscopic procedures; howe...
Rapid Gastric Emptying/Pyloric Dysfunction

Rapid gastric emptying, also known as dumping syndrome, is a condition that results from the transition of undigested food from the stomach to the small intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, and epigastric pain, as well as tachycardia, palpitations, and hypotension. Rapid gastric emptying has been linked to gastric surgeries, but recently diabetes mellitus type II and viral illnesses have caused this condition. The diagnosis of dumping syndrome is based on clinical symptoms as well as a confirmed gastric scintigraphy revealing rapid gastric emptying. An oral glucose challenge can also be performed which provokes similar symptoms. The pathophysiology of dumping syndrome is most likely multifactorial, involving hormones (VIP, serotonin, and GLP-1), fluid shifts, and the characteristics of the chyme, or food bolus. Treatment of this syndrome is aimed around dietary modifications as a first-line recommendation. Small, more frequent complex carbohydrate meals with ingestion of liquids 1 h after solid food are suggested. Acarbose, anticholinergic medications, somatostatin, and gastric electrical stimulation have been shown to help with the symptoms of dumping syndrome not controlled with dietary changes. Research in the areas of the etiology, physiology, and treatment of dumping syndrome are a continued interest around the world, and hope to provide more answers to an evolving dysfunction.
Logical Experimental Design and Execution in the Biomedical Sciences

Lack of reproducibility has been highlighted as a significant problem in biomedical research. The present unit is devoted to describing ways to help ensure that research findings can be replicated by others, with a focus on the design and execution of laboratory experiments. Essential components for this include clearly defining the question being asked, using available information or information from pilot studies to aid in the design the experiment, and choosing manipulations under a logical framework based on Mill's "methods of knowing" to build confidence in putative causal links. Final experimental design requires systematic attention to detail, including the choice of controls, sample selection, blinding to avoid bias, and the use of power analysis to determine the sample size. Execution of the experiment is done with care to ensure that the independent variables are controlled and the measurements of the dependent variables are accurate. While there are always differences among laboratories with respect to technical expertise, equipment, and suppliers, execution of the steps itemized in this unit will ensure well-designed and well-executed experiments to answer any question in biomedical research. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of an Enhanced Disc Golf Game to Facilitate Players with Visual Impairments

Participation in recreational activities is important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle; however, obesity rates are climbing, particularly among individuals with visual impairments (VI). One of the contributing factors to the high obesity rates is the lack of accessible physical activities available for people with disabilities to participate in. Many of the current activities suggested to individuals with VI require teams and organization, and do not support inclusion between individuals with VI and those without. One solution to this is to create a mobile system for disc golf that facilitates accessibility for individuals with VI. Disc golf has become increasingly popular since its inception in the 1960s, and much of its popularity is likely due to its accessibility; with limited required equipment, free public courses, and a gentle learning curve for beginners, disc golf is an easy activity to become involved in. It would be an ideal activity to address physical activity and social needs for individuals with VI; however, the game is highly dependent on visual cues for locating goal points, avoiding obstacles, and finding one’s disc. This project aims to extend accessibility of disc golf by designing a theoretical auditory notification and GPS mapping system. This system is intended to be integrated into existing disc golf courses without affecting how the game is currently played, and its implementation would allow both individuals with and without VI to play the game simultaneously with one another.
Ordinary Differential Equations

Differential equations* play a vital role in the solutions to many problems encountered when modeling physical phenomena. All the disciplines in the physical sciences, with their own unique interests representing a variety of physical situations, require that the student be able to derive the necessary mathematical equation (often a differential equation) and then solve the equation to obtain the desired solution. We shall consider a variety of physical situations that lead to differential equations, using representative problems from several disciplines, and standard methods used to solve the equations will be developed.
A Fresh Look at Categorization Abilities in Persons with Autism

The significance of what people said to me, when it sank in as more than just words, was always taken to apply only to that particular moment or situation. Thus, when I once received a serious lecture about writing graffiti on Parliament House during a class trip, I agreed that I’d never do this again and then, ten minutes later, was caught outside writing different graffiti on the school wall. To me, I was not ignoring what I had been told, nor was I trying to be funny; I had not done exactly the same thing as I had done before. My behavior puzzled others, but theirs puzzled me too. It was not so much that I had no regard for their rules as that I couldn’t keep up with the many rules for each specific situation, (written by Donna Williams, an autistic adult, 1992, p. 69)
Consolidation of a Developmental Alliance in Querétaro, 1991–1997

The administration of Enrique Burgos in Queretaro (1991–1997) drew on close relations between officials, organized business, and labor to implement a clear strategy to achieve global competitiveness in response to Mexico’s trade opening and deepening market reforms during the 1990s. The state’s strategy prioritized technical education and research, industrial infrastructure, and firm-level productivity gains. Importantly, these policy outputs had a cross-cutting, “economy-wide” logic rather than being specific to individual sectors, a reflection of the influence of the state’s strong, encompassing business associations. In addition to regular dialogue with organized business and labor, Burgos brought private sector leaders into his government as top economic officials. The administration witnessed a major expansion of research, higher education, and industrial park infrastructure; increasing productivity; and deepening linkages with the global economy. The economic crisis of 1994–1995 did not produce major social, political, or economic upheaval in Queretaro.
REDAN: Relative Entropy-Based Dynamical Allosteric Network Model.

Protein allostery is ubiquitous phenomena that are important for cellular signalling processes. Despite extensive methodology development, a quantitative model is still needed to accurately measure...
Fluid imbibition at the bone-cartilage interface is associated with need for early chondroplasty following osteochondral allografting of the knee.

Abstract Purpose To determine the clinical significance of fluid imbibition at the bone-cartilage interface seen on postoperative MRI scans after osteochondral grafting of chondral lesions of the knee. Methods Retrospective review of patients enrolled in a prospective cartilage repair registry. Included patients underwent osteochondral autografting or allografting of the knee, had minimum one year of clinical follow-up, and underwent at least two postoperative MRI scans. The primary outcome was reoperation for arthroscopic debridement and chondroplasty or graft revision. Secondary outcomes included the radiographic fate of fluid imbibition. Results A total of 48 knees in 46 patients were analyzed, with mean 39 months clinical follow-up. Nine patients (19%) had fluid imbibition on at least one postoperative MRI scan, all of whom received allograft. Of these, two (22%) required eventual graft revision, four (45%) underwent arthroscopic chondroplasty but did not require revision, and three (33%) did not require any additional surgery by final follow-up. No demographic or surgical variable was associated with the presence of fluid imbibition. Fluid imbibition was significantly associated with need for chondroplasty (p = 0.05), but not graft revision. Conclusions Fluid imbibition on postoperative MRI following osteochondral allografting of the knee is associated with the need for arthroscopic chondroplasty, but should not be interpreted as a sign of a failing graft. Level of evidence Level IV, Case Series.
Mathematical framework for analysis of internal energy dynamics and spectral distribution in compressible turbulent flows

A new variable \ensuremath{\varphi} \ensuremath{\sim} \ensuremath{\surd}p is introduced to examine the dynamics of the internal energy, its mean and fluctuations, and then represent the exchange between kinetic and internal energy.
Avoiding burnout: A gastroenterologist's toolbox

Abstract Physician burnout is an increasingly recognized syndrome which not only negatively affects physicians but has a detrimental impact on the overall healthcare system; similar to other physicians, gastroenterologists are susceptible to burnout due to multiple competing responsibilities. Avoiding and treating burnout must utilize a multi-faceted approach to enhance recognition among physicians and peers, identify triggers and potential solutions, promote optimal coping mechanisms, and correct systemic issues. While as a medical community we have raised awareness regarding burnout, continued efforts are needed to develop modalities to prevent and mitigate burnout.