cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Green Peach Aphid Responses to Potato Leafroll Virus-Induced Volatiles Emitted During Disease Progression

Previous research has shown that green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), preferentially settle on leaflets of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) compared with sham-inoculated controls, at least in part because of aphid responses to volatile cues from the plants. The prior work used plants 4 wk after inoculation. In this study, aphid emigration from the vicinity of leaflets of PLRV-infected plants at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk after inoculation was compared with emigration from leaflets of sham-inoculated control plants. For the bioassay, 30 aphids were placed directly above a test leaflet on screening to exclude gustatory and tactile cues and in darkness to exclude visual cues. The numbers emigrating were recorded every 10 min for 1 h. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected from the headspace of the test plants, quantified, and compared among treatments. In bioassays with leaflets of upper nodes of the plants, aphid immigration rates were significantly lower from leaflets of PLRV-infected plants than from sham-inoculated plants at 4 and 6 wk after inoculation, but not at 2, 8, and 10 wk after inoculation. In bioassays with leaflets from lower nodes, emigration did not differ between PLRV-infected plants and sham-inoculated plants at any stage in the infection. Volatile compounds detectable in the headspace of intact plants at 2, 4, and 8 wk after inoculation (or sham inoculation) changed with plant age and with disease progression, potentially explaining behavioral responses of the aphids.
2‐Methyl‐3‐Phenylpropanal

2-Methyl-3-phenylpropanal product: 2-methyl-3-phenyl-propanal, 12.05 g (82%) byproduct: 2-methyl-2-phenylpropanal Keywords: arylation; metal-catalyzed reactions, palladium; 2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol; palladium acetate
The precocious two-year-old: status of the lexicon and links to the grammar.

This is a study of the lexical and grammatical abilities of 16 lexically precocious talkers. These children, aged 2;0 were compared to their age-matched peers, 22 typical talkers aged 2;0, and their expressive vocabulary-matched peers, 22 typical talkers aged 2;6. Individual differences in children's lexical knowledge at 2;0 were stable – evident in parent report, laboratory observation, and an experimental fast-mapping paradigm. In accordance with the continuity hypothesis, the lexically precocious children were also grammatically precocious, having a greater representation of grammatical types and tokens and more advanced combinatorial language than their typical age-matches. Their grammatical development was very similar to that of their older vocabulary-matched peers. Limits on continuity were highly constrained with no true dissociation between the lexicon and the grammar in 33 cases examined. We conclude that, among two-year-olds, grammatical development is more tightly associated with the size of the lexicon than with chronological age.
Interactions Between Magnetic Layers Lying Between Soft Boundary Layers

Analytic expressions are derived in the 2D frequency-domain for the interaction between magnetized layers that lie between two sheets of soft magnetic material. For example, in writing and reading with perpendicular magnetic recording, a multilayer `hard' magnetic medium lies between the soft magnetic underlayer (SUL) of the medium and the soft structures (including shields) that form the read and write heads. The expression for the interaction between different layers is an extension of earlier work, however the derivation of the self-interaction of a single layer is novel as is the translation of these interactions into tensor form in Cartesian coordinates suitable for micromagnetic modeling.
Everyday technologies across the continuum of dementia care

The nomenclature for Alzheimer disease has recently been revised to include preclinical and mild cognitive impairment stages, along with dementia. These new stages provide an opportunity for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies. Everyday technologies have a key role to play in all of these strategies as well as caregiver education and support. Primary prevention strategies include development of cognitive reserve through computerized brain fitness programs. Secondary prevention involves the development of routines, including mobile device based strategies to compensate for memory deficits. Telemedicine approaches can facility tertiary invention, and communication and internet resources aid in caregiver support and education.
The effects of membrane properties and structural parameters on the non-minimum phase behavior of the PEM fuel cell humidification system

The water vapor transfer across a Nafion® membrane exhibits an undesired non-minimum phase behavior. This paper will show that even in the disturbance-to-output loop, the non-minimum phase zero adversely affects the feedback controller design because of the coupling effect between the disturbance-to-output and the input-to-output loops. The non-minimum phase zero location is influenced by the channel plate structure and the membrane material property. The structural parameters examined in this research include channel plate dimensions and heat transfer coefficients. The membrane properties studied include membrane vapor transfer properties described in the Arrhenius’ equation. A governing equation to link the non-minimum phase zero and the parameters is developed in this paper. This equation shows that the non-minimum phase zero arises from the competing heat and mass transfer dynamics, and is determined by the structural parameters and membrane properties. A sensitivity study is presented and shows that structural and material property optimization can be used with the control system design to mitigate the non-minimum phase behavior in the PEM fuel cell humidification system.
A formalism for translator interactions

A formalism is presented for describing the actions of processors for programming languages—compilers, interpreters, assemblers—and their interactions in complex systems such as compiler-compilers or extendible languages. The formalism here might be used to define and answer such a question as “Can one do bootstrapping using a metacompiler whose metaphase is interpretive?” In addition an algorithm is presented for deciding whether or not a given system can be produced from a given set of component processors.
Finite-element solution of the Schrödinger equation for the helium ground state.

The finite-element method has been used to obtain numerical solutions to the Schr\"odinger equation for the ground state of the helium atom. In contrast to the globally defined trial functions of the standard variational approach, the finite-element algorithm employs locally defined interpolation functions to approximate the unknown wave function. The calculation reported herein used a three-dimensional grid containing nine nodal points along the radial coordinates of the two electrons and four nodal points along the direction corresponding to the cosine of the interelectronic angle. This produced an energy of -2.9032 a.u., which lies 0.017% above the Frankowski-Pekeris value. The values of 〈${r}^{n}$〉, for n=-2,-1, 1, and 2, are closer to those of Frankowski and Pekeris than from all of the variational calculations with the exception of the calculation performed by Weiss, whose energy and 〈${r}^{n}$〉 values are comparable to those of the finite-element computation.
Dirhodium(II) tetrakis(carboxamidates) with chiral ligands. Structure and selectivity in catalytic metal-carbene transformations

Structure-selectivity comparisons are made between chiral dirhodium(II) tetrakis(methyl 2-oxopyrrolidine-5-carboxylaten), Rh 2 (5S-MEPY) 4 and Rh 2 (5R-MEPY) 4 (5), and dirhodium(II) tetrakis(4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinones), Rh 2 (4R-BNOX) 4 and Rh 2 (45-BNOX) 4 (6), to ascertain and understand their relative effectiveness as catalysts for enantiocontrol in metal-carbene transformations. The syntheses, spectral characteristics, and X-ray structures for these dirhodium(II) compounds are reported. Each possesses two oxygen- and two nitrogen-donor atoms bound to each octahedral rhodium with a cis orientation of the nitrogen ligands
Factors and Guidelines to be Considered in Offering Treatment to Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease: A Personal Opinion

The most beautiful object I have ever seen in a photograph, in all my life, is the planet Earth seen from the distance of the moon, hanging there in space and obviously alive. Although it seems at first glance to be made up of innumerable separate species of living things, on closer examination everyone of its working parts, including us, is interdependently connected to all other working parts. It is, to put it one way, the only truly closed ecosystem any of us know about. To put it another way, it is an organism and it came into being about four and one-half billion years ago. It came alive with a life of its own, I shall guess, 3.7 billion years ago today, and I wish it a happy birthday and a long life ahead, for our children and their grandchildren and theirs and theirs and theirs. I Lewis Thomas
An MHC class Ib–restricted CD8 T cell response confers antiviral immunity

Although immunity against intracellular pathogens is primarily provided by CD8 T lymphocytes that recognize pathogen-derived peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia molecules, MHC class Ib–restricted CD8 T cells have been implicated in antiviral immunity. Using mouse polyoma virus (PyV), we found that MHC class Ia–deficient (Kb−/−Db−/−) mice efficiently control this persistently infecting mouse pathogen. CD8 T cell depletion mitigates clearance of PyV in Kb−/−Db−/− mice. We identified the ligand for PyV-specific CD8 T cells in Kb−/−Db−/− mice as a nonamer peptide from the VP2 capsid protein presented by Q9, a member of the β2 microglobulin–associated Qa-2 family. Using Q9-VP2 tetramers, we monitored delayed but progressive expansion of these antigen-specific CD8αβ T cells in Kb−/−Db−/− mice. Importantly, we demonstrate that Q9-VP2–specific CD8 T cells more effectively clear wild-type PyV than a VP2 epitopenull mutant PyV. Finally, we show that wild-type mice also generate Q9-restricted VP2 epitope–specific CD8 T cells to PyV infection. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for a defined MHC class Ib–restricted antiviral CD8 T cell response that contributes to host defense. This study motivates efforts to uncover MHC class Ib–restricted CD8 T cell responses in other viral infections, and given the limited polymorphism of MHC class Ib molecules, it raises the possibility of developing peptide-based viral vaccines having broad coverage across MHC haplotypes.
Artemia monica cyst production and recruitment in Mono Lake, California, USA

Annual egg production was determined for Artemia monica in Mono Lake, California, from 1983 to 1987. Annual oviparous (overwintering cyst) production was 3 and 7 million cysts m-2 yr-1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively, as measured by in situ sediment traps. Cyst production for the entire five year period was calculated using Artemia census data and inter-brood duration derived from mixolimnetic temperature. These estimates ranged from 2 to 5 million cysts m-2 yr-1. This method underestimated annual production by 30%, when compared to estimates using sediment traps. Cyst production was similar during 1983–1986 and showed a significant increase in 1987, which was due primarily to a larger reproductive population later in the year. Recruitment into the adult populations of the following spring ranged between 1.4 to 3.2%. Overall abundance of this generation reflected the patterns in annual cyst production. Compensatory effects must operate on the second generation of each year, since summer populations were similar in all years despite differences in cyst production.
The effect of pH buffering on reducing the pain associated with subcutaneous infiltration of bupivicaine

The authors propose that pH buffering of bupivicaine with sodium bicarbonate reduces the pain associated with its local subcutaneous infiltration. In a double-blind, prospective study, 62 healthy adult volunteers received a 0.5 mL subcutaneous infiltration of 0.5% buffered bupivicaine into the dorsum of a randomly chosen hand. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 by adding 0.05 mL of sodium bicarbonate (1 mEq/L [corrected]) to 10 mL vials of commercially available bupivicaine (1:200 dilution). The control hand was injected with the same amount of unbuffered agent. Pain was scored after each infiltration using a nonsegmented visual analogue scale. Student's t-test for paired measurements was used to analyze intergroup pain score differences. Forty-three subjects (69%) reported less pain with buffered bupivicaine and only 17 (27%) noted a modest increase: two subjects (3%) reported no difference. The mean pain score for the buffered agent was 22 mm compared with 30 mm for the control. The mean difference (control-experimental) was 8 mm (t = 4.64, df = 61, P less than .001). The authors conclude that the addition of sodium bicarbonate to bupivicaine reduces the pain associated with its local infiltration.
Perfectly phase-matched third-order distributed feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers

We report a novel laser cavity design in third-order distributed feedback (DFB) terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a perfectly phase-matching technique. This approach substantially increases the usable length of the third-order DFB laser and leads to narrow beam patterns. Single frequency emissions from 151 apertures (5.6 mm long device) are coherently added up to form a narrow beam with (FWHM≈6×11°) divergence. A similar device with 40 apertures shows more than 5 mW of optical power with slope efficiency ∼140 mW/A at 10 K pulsed operation.
Audiovisual materials in classroom instruction: A theoretical approach

The purpose of this paper was to synthesize appropriate literature in current learning concepts, current audiovisual research, and current speech textbooks in order to provide theoretical guidelines for the efficient and effective design and use of audiovisual materials in classroom instruction. In order to discover general theoretical guidelines the following categories were evolved: motivation, stimulus‐response, reinforcement, practice, reasoning and understanding, interference and transfer, and retention. These selected learning concepts permitted parallel examination of the literature within each area.
Individual and combined effects of behavior modeling and the cultural assimilator in cross-cultural management training.

This field experiment examined the individual and combined effects of behavior modeling and the cultural assimilator in the cross-cultural management training of 65 U.S. Government employees. Training evaluation criteria of learning, behavior, and reactions were used, and the results were generally supportive of the greater effectiveness of a combined approach. Participants receiving the combination of methods displayed significantly higher performance on a role play task (behavior evaluation) than a no-training control group and significantly higher gains in learning than those receiving either individual method and those in a no-training control group
SU-E-J-64: Landmark and ROI-Enhancement-Assisted Inter-Patient Deformable Registration of 3D Bladder CT Images

Purpose: Deformable image registration (DIR) of the pelvis, and in particular, the bladder, is known to be a difficult problem. We tested several pre‐processing strategies to improve the effectiveness of registration. Methods: We studied the use of automatically‐derived landmarks (LMs) and enhanced regions of interest (ROIs) to improve existing DIR algorithms, such as B‐Spline. The three outstanding LMs in the bladder are the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.We used 10 pelvic CT image sets with bladders of different shapes (either full or empty). Interpatient registration was performed using four Methods: 1. B‐Spline, standard intensity‐based B‐Spline registration;2. LM B‐Spline, B‐Spline registration with forced matching of corresponding landmarks;3. ROI enhancement (ROI Enh) B‐Spline, signal intensity of the bladder ROI enhanced during pre‐processing to weigh the bladder more when registering; 4. LM + ROI Enh B‐Spline. Results: 1. B‐Spline DIR resulted in poor registration due to the variance of shapes and sizes among the bladders.2. LM B‐Spline achieved the least distance between landmarks, albeit with poor Dice coefficient values and high registration uncertainty. This method is reliant on the number of landmarks. 3. ROI Enh B‐Spline achieved a higher Dice coefficient and lower registration uncertainty but larger LM distance, when compared to LM B‐Spline. This method is most applicable where ROI volume boundary alignment is sufficient. 4. LM + ROI Enh B‐Spline achieved the best Result, when taking into account of all the quantitative and qualitative measurements. In general, we observed a tradeoff between achieving a reliable bladder registration and reliable registration of other parts, such as bones. Conclusion: We developed three methods to improve DIR by combining existing approaches. For DIR of bladders, the application of LMs plus ROI Enh B‐Spline achieved the best overall results, based on quantitative results and physician opinion.
Molecular and mechanical properties of major ampullate silk of the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus.

Molecular and material properties of major ampullate silk were studied for the cobweb-building black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus. Material properties were measured by stretching the silk to breaking. The strength was 1.0 ( 0.2 GPa, and the extensibility was 34 ( 8%. The secondary structure of the major ampullate silk protein was studied using carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Alanine undergoes a transition from a coiled structure in pre-spun silk to a beta sheet structure in post-spun silk. We have also isolated two distinct cDNAs (both about 500 bp) which encode proteins similar to major ampullate spidroin 1 and 2 (MaSp1 and MaSp2). The MaSp1-like silk contains polyalanine runs of 5-10 residues as well as GA and GGX motifs. The MaSp2-like silk contains polyalanine runs of varying length as well as GPG(X)n motifs. L. hesperus major ampullate silk is more like major ampullate silk from other species than other L. hesperus silks.
Aging and exercise training reduce testes microvascular PO2 and alter vasoconstrictor responsiveness in testicular arterioles.

Testicular function and associated testosterone concentration decline with advancing age, and an impaired O2 supply may contribute, in part, to this reduction. We hypothesized that there would be a reduced microvascular Po2 (Po2m) in the testes from aged rats, and this reduced Po2m would be associated with impaired vasomotor control in isolated resistance arterioles. In addition, given the positive effect of exercise on microvascular Po2 and arteriolar function, we further hypothesized that there would be an enhanced Po2m in the testes from aged animals after aerobic exercise training. Testicular Po2m was measured in vivo via phosphorescence quenching in young and aged sedentary (SED) and exercise-trained (ET; 15 m/min treadmill walking, 15-degree incline, 5 days/wk for 10 wk) male Fischer-344 rats. Vasoconstriction to α-adrenergic [norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine (PE)] and myogenic stimuli in testicular arterioles was assessed in vitro. In the SED animals, testicular Po2m was reduced by ∼50% with old age (aged SED 11.8 ± 1.9 vs. young SED 22.1 ± 1.1 mmHg; P = 0.0001). Contrary to our hypothesis, exercise training did not alter Po2m in the aged group and reduced testicular Po2m in the young animals, abolishing age-related differences (young ET, 10.0 ± 0.8 vs. aged ET, 10.7 ± 0.9 mmHg; P = 0.37). Vasoconstrictor responsiveness to NE and PE was diminished in aged compared with young (NE: young SED, 58 ± 2 vs. aged SED, 47 ± 2%; P = 0.001) (PE: young SED, 51 ± 3 vs. aged SED, 36 ± 5%; P = 0.008). Exercise training did not alter maximal vasoconstriction to NE in young or aged groups. In summary, advancing age is associated with a reduced testis Po2m and impaired adrenergic vasoconstriction. The diminished testicular microvascular driving pressure of O2 and associated vascular dysfunction provides mechanistic insight into the old age-related decrease in testicular function, and a reduced Po2m may contribute, in part, to reduced fertility markers after exercise training.
A method for studying iron silicate liquids under reducing conditions with negligible iron loss

In studies of iron silicate liquids under reducing conditions at 1 atm pressure, iron losses from the melt can be minimized by suspending the liquid as a drop from a short segment of fine Pt wire. For a basaltic composition at 1275°C and oxygen fugacities appropriate to terrestrial magmas, iron losses from the melt are less than 0.5 wt.% of the amount present for run times less than about 20 hr.
Preliminary design study for a computer-interfaced multichannel pulse-height analyzer for nuclear data

Abstract A circuit is described for a digital pulse-height analyzer constructed wholly from commercially available computer logic and pulse-handling modules. The design combines the reproducible discrimination techniques of conventional analyzers for good differential linearity with a self-correcting successive approximation analog-to-digital converter for high speed and integral linearity.
A self-instructional manual for installing low-cost/no-cost weatherization materials: Experimental validation with scouts.

In this study, we describe the development and evaluation of a self-instructional program for installing 10 low-cost/no-cost weatherization materials (e.g., weatherstripping, caulking). This program was a weatherization and retrofit manual (WARM) providing step-by-step instructions and illustrations. Boy and Girl Scouts participated and used either the WARM or existing product instructions (EPI) to apply the materials. Scouts installed the materials properly only when they used the WARM.
Possible implications of future Kamioka experiments on the MSW effect

Abstract We discuss the possibility that further improvements in the sensitivity of the Kamiokande II detector may rule out the MSW effect as a solution to the solar neutrino problem. We show that although oscillations between electron-neutrinos and sterile particles may prevent the MSW effect from being ruled out, primordial nucleosynthesis considerations require that only one sterile particle be allowed to participate in the oscillations. A set of rules for the construction of such models is given and a simple example obeying these rules is presented.
GABA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens in rat brain

The ventral tegmental area receives a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) innervation from the nucleus accumbens and contains GABA immunoreactive neurons believed to be interneurons. We combined the immunocytochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold (FG) from the nucleus accumbens (Acb) with the detection of GABA within the same section of tissue in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain to determine whether there might also be reciprocal GABAergic projections in the mesolimbic pathway. Immunoperoxidase labeling for FG and immunogold-silver labeling for GABA were most readily distinguished within perikarya and dendrites in sections examined by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural observations indicated that 36% (n = 110) of the FG-labeled perikarya and dendrites also contained GABA immunoreactivity. The present results provide the first evidence that GABA is contained in a subpopulation of neurons in the mesolimbic pathway from the VTA to the Acb. The reciprocity of this circuitry may provide an important feedback loop thus facilitating inhibition of motor activity.
Development of a patient-specific two-compartment anthropomorphic breast phantom

The purpose of this paper is to develop a technique for the construction of a two-compartment anthropomorphic breast phantom specific to an individual patient's pendant breast anatomy. Three-dimensional breast images were acquired on a prototype dedicated breast computed tomography (bCT) scanner as part of an ongoing IRB-approved clinical trial of bCT. The images from the breast of a patient were segmented into adipose and glandular tissue regions and divided into 1.59 mm thick breast sections to correspond to the thickness of polyethylene stock. A computer-controlled water-jet cutting machine was used to cut the outer breast edge and the internal regions corresponding to glandular tissue from the polyethylene. The stack of polyethylene breast segments was encased in a thermoplastic 'skin' and filled with water. Water-filled spaces modeled glandular tissue structures and the surrounding polyethylene modeled the adipose tissue compartment. Utility of the phantom was demonstrated by inserting 200 µm microcalcifications as well as by measuring point dose deposition during bCT scanning. Affine registration of the original patient images with bCT images of the phantom showed similar tissue distribution. Linear profiles through the registered images demonstrated a mean coefficient of determination (r(2)) between grayscale profiles of 0.881. The exponent of the power law describing the anatomical noise power spectrum was identical in the coronal images of the patient's breast and the phantom. Microcalcifications were visualized in the phantom at bCT scanning. The real-time air kerma rate was measured during bCT scanning and fluctuated with breast anatomy. On average, point dose deposition was 7.1% greater than the mean glandular dose. A technique to generate a two-compartment anthropomorphic breast phantom from bCT images has been demonstrated. The phantom is the first, to our knowledge, to accurately model the uncompressed pendant breast and the glandular tissue distribution for a specific patient. The modular design of the phantom allows for studies of a single breast segment and the entire breast volume. Insertion of other devices, materials and tissues of interest into the phantom provide a robust platform for future breast imaging and dosimetry studies.
Absence of Retinal Crystals in High-Dosage Beta-Carotene Administration

AbstractPatients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) are photosensitive to short-wavelength solar exposure due to the endogenous presence of pro-toporphyrin in their tissues. Treatment has involved administration of high dosages of carotenoids, which are considered to protect the patient by quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging photically generated free radical species within the skin. β-Carotene and canthaxanthin have been used in Europe as a mixture in the treatment of EPP and have been associated with the presence of golden crystals in the retinae of some patients. However, the production of crystals has been attributed only to canthaxanthin.In this study, 13 patients with EPP, treated in the United States only with β-carotene, were examined for the presence of crystals. None were found, even though several patients had taken large lifetime doses of up to 821.52 g for periods of up to 19 years. This report presents the β-carotene dosage, blood levels, and retinal findings from these patients.
A separator for deironing sintered corundum

Processing of corundum chamotte on a PBSTs-63/100 separator ensures qualitative deironing of the material and permits a decrease in the mass fraction of iron oxides to 0.2%, regardless of their content in the initial chamotte.
Gravitational edema of the lungs observed during assisted respiration.

The chest radiographs of 25 patients having treatment with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and showing evidence of intrapulmonary edema were studied to demonstrate a possible direct relationship between the position of the patient and the position of the edema. There was a statistically highly significant positive correlation, with 79.6 percent examples of gravity-dependent fluid. Intrapulmonary edema is just one form of intra-alveolar infiltration and it is important to be able to distinguish it from other forms such as inflammatory consolidation. The fact that edema will tend to become displaced as the patient moves from side to side is the criterion, thus providing a useful diagnostic test in which the patient is positioned so that a subsequent chest x-ray film will demonstrate displacement if there is a fluid infiltrate, but not otherwise.
A bioinformatic and computational study of myosin phosphatase subunit diversity

Variability in myosin phosphatase (MP) subunits may provide specificity in signaling pathways that regulate muscle tone. We utilized public databases and computational algorithms to investigate the...
Multiresonant nonlinear spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Multiresonant nonlinear spectroscopy has been used to achieve narrowing of inhomo-geneously broadened spectral transitions. Multiply enhanced nonparametric spectroscopy(MENS) has been used to observe the narrowing in pentacene doped benzoic acid. The signaldependence of pentacene and benzoic acid lines on sample absorbance, detuning and laserintensity are studied.Recent papers from our group have established that nonlinear spectroscopy offersunique capabilities for dissecting individual spectral features of components in mixtures,narrowing inhomogeneously broadened spectral bands, and measuring mode mixing between vibrational states [1-22]. This paper will present additional information that complements previously published work. The reader is encouraged to consult the original literature for themain body of the work.Figure 1 shows schematic spectra for a molecular state gas phase that is either isolated in the gas phase, incorporated in a ______ L unique condensed phase environment, or distributed among
Beta-Gamma Angular Correlation Measurements on Au 198 . I. Directional and Circular Polarization Correlation

The beta-gamma directional correlation of ${\mathrm{Au}}^{198}$ has been measured as a function of the energy of the beta-particles. The anisotropy factor ${A}_{2}(W)$ in the beta-gamma directional correlation ${\mathcal{W}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\ensuremath{\theta}, W)=1+{A}_{2}(W){P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$ is proportional to $\frac{{p}^{2}}{W}$ and its value near the maximum beta energy is ${A}_{2}(2.8)=0.029\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$. The beta directional gamma circular polarization correlation of ${\mathrm{Au}}^{198}$ was measured using the backscattering of the circularly polarized gamma radiation from a radially magnetized iron disk. The correlation is of the form: ${\mathcal{W}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{pol}}(\ensuremath{\theta}, W)=1+(0.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)(\frac{p}{W}){P}_{1}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$. The shape correction factor of the first-forbidden beta spectrum is independent of the beta energy above $W=1.6$ within 5%.
Reconstructing the authenticity of place

Sociologists tend to over-conceptualize the divergent cultures of adjacent places, both neglecting necessary structural and institutional factors and focusing on symbols more than interests. In the post-industrial era, sense of place reflects geographical mobility, the social construction of landscape, and marketing strategies. Like gentrified neighborhoods and hipster districts in cities, rural regions like Vermont are reborn through the social, cultural, and economic efforts of local entrepreneurs to create a distinctive and authentic sense of place.
Brief Open-loop worst-case identification of nonSchur plants

This paper presents an LMI based algorithm for deterministic worst-case identification of nonSchur plants in an open-loop setting. Contrary to other approaches dealing with this problem, the proposed technique does not require prior knowledge of a stabilizing controller. The main result of the paper shows that, as the information is completed, the identified model converges, in the @?"2-induced topology, to the actual plant. Additional results include upper bounds on the worst-case identification error on the finite horizon. The usefulness of the proposed approach is illustrated with a practical example arising in the context of robust visual tracking.
`From Molehills Mountains Made: An Examination of Red and Blue State Cultural Stereotypes

Since 2000, in the USA Republican voting states have been called red and the Democrat ones called blue. We explore whether or not the cultural stereotype that red states harbour more virtuous constituents than blue states has merit. We relate the extent to which electoral votes were cast for George Bush during the 2004 election, a variable that we specify as the degree of redness, to a scale of moral conduct at the state level. This scale is a composite of indicators of socially disapproved behaviours that conservatives in particular are more concerned about than are liberals in the USA. The scale is an equally weighted sum of ranks on 13 aggregated indicators of behaviours. Our scale includes activities that are most strongly advocated and campaigned against by conservatives and covers sexual behaviour, substance abuse, family breakdown, and crime rates. Data are extracted from a variety of sources in 2000. We examine the untested presumption that inhabitants of red states are more moral than those in blue states, as some commonly held stereotypes would lead us to believe. No matter how the analysis is conducted, we reach the same inescapable conclusion. The red state/ blue state dichotomy just does not pan out empirically.
Endometrial ablation for heavy menstrual bleeding.

Purpose of review This review evaluates the currently available evidence regarding resectoscopic endometrial ablation (REA) and the various nonresectoscopic endometrial ablation (NREA) techniques used for heavy meastrual bleeding. Recent findings Laser endometrial ablation is now used infrequently, largely because of procedure time, but also because of the cost and training associated with the technique. REA can be performed in a wider spectrum of endometrial cavity configurations than NREA and, at least in expert hands remains the gold standatrd. Each of the five available types of NREA device possesses advantages and disadvantages over the others with respect to variables such as treatment time, required cervical dilation, and size and configuration of the endometrial cavity. All provide acceptable results that are comparable to that of REA in expert hands. Serious complications seem to be less common with NREA, but uterine perforation and bowel or other visceral injury can still uterine perforation and bowel or other visceral injury can still occur. When endometrial-ablation patients were followed for up to 5 years, repeat surgery rates ranged from 20 to 40%, thereby aroding both the direct and indirect tratment-related resource utilization. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices demonstrate similar clinical and patient-satisfaction outcomes to endometrial ablation but can be inserted in the office and allow maintenance of fertility. Both REA and NREA provde at least short- to intermediate-term options to hysterectomy for patients with heavy menstrual bbleeding and normal or near-normal endometrial cavities. Consequently, the ideal candidates are likely those who are within 5 years of menopause.
Peter Bergmann:The Education of a Physicist

I explore the early life and contributions of Peter Bergmann (1915–2002), focusing on his family background, education, and ideas. I examine how Bergmann’s formative years were shaped by the outspoken influence of his mother, a leading educational reformer; the distinguished reputation of his father, a renowned materials chemist; and his cherished hope of working with Albert Einstein (1879–1955), to whom he eventually became an assistant. Inspired by these and other notable thinkers, Bergmann became an exemplary organizer, educator, and mentor in the fields of general relativity and quantum gravity.
Pressurized liquid extraction using water/isopropanol coupled with solid-phase extraction cleanup for semivolatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and alkylated PAH homolog groups in sediment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are recognized as environmentally relevant for their potential adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. This paper describes a method to determine the distribution of PAH and alkylated homolog groups in sediment samples. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup, was developed to decrease sample preparation time, to reduce solvent consumption, and to minimize background interferences for full-scan GC–MS analysis. Recoveries from spiked Ottawa sand, environmental stream sediment, and commercially available topsoil, fortified at 1.5–15 μg per compound, averaged 94.6 ± 7.8%, 90.7 ± 5.8% and 92.8 ± 12.8%, respectively. Initial method detection limits for single-component compounds ranged from 20 to 302 μg/kg, based on 25 g samples. Results from 28 environmental sediment samples, excluding homologs, show 35 of 41 compounds (85.4%) were detected in at least one sample with concentrations ranging from 20 to 100,000 μg/kg. The most frequently detected compound, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, was detected in 23 of the 28 (82%) environmental samples with a concentration ranging from 15 to 907 μg/kg. The results from the 28 environmental sediment samples for the homolog series showed that 27 of 28 (96%) samples had at least one homolog series present at concentrations ranging from 20 to 89,000 μg/kg. The most frequently detected homolog series, C2-alkylated naphthalene, was detected in 26 of the 28 (93%) environmental samples with a concentration ranging from 25 to 3900 μg/kg. Results for a standard reference material using dichloromethane Soxhlet-based extraction also are compared.
Controlled sensing for multihypothesis testing based on Markovian observations

A new model for controlled sensing for multiphypothesis testing is proposed and studied in both the sequential and fixed sample size settings. This new model, termed a stationary Markov model, exhibits a more complicated memory structure in the controlled observations than the existing stationary memoryless model. In the sequential setting, an asymptotically optimal sequential test using a stationary causal Markov control policy enjoying a strong asymptotic optimality condition is proposed for this new model, and its asymptotic performance is characterized. In the fixed sample size setting, bounds for the optimal error exponent for binary hypothesis testing are derived; it is conjectured that the structure of the asymptotically optimal control for the stationary Markov model will be much more complicated than that for the stationary memoryless model.
Arrestin migrates in photoreceptors in response to light: a study of arrestin localization using an arrestin-GFP fusion protein in transgenic frogs.

Abstract Subcellular translocation of phototransduction proteins in response to light has previously been detected by immunocytochemistry. This movement is consistent with the hypothesis that migration is part of a basic cellular mechanism regulating photoreceptor sensitivity. In order to monitor the putative migration of arrestin in response to light, we expressed a functional fusion between the signal transduction protein arrestin and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in rod photoreceptors of transgenic Xenopus laevis. In addition to confirming reports that arrestin is translocated, this alternative approach generated unique observations, raising new questions regarding the nature and time scale of migration. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was performed on fixed frozen retinal sections from tadpoles exposed to three different lighting conditions. A consistent pattern of localization emerged in each case. During early light exposure, arrestin-GFP levels diminished in the inner segments (ISs) and simultaneously increased in the outer segments (OSs), initially at the base and eventually at the distal tips as time progressed. Arrestin-GFP reached the distal tips of the photoreceptors by 45–75 min at which time the ratio of arrestin-GFP fluorescence in the OSs compared to the ISs was maximal. When dark-adaptation was initiated after 45 min of light exposure, arrestin-GFP rapidly re-localized to the ISs and axoneme within 30 min. Curiously, prolonged periods of light exposure also resulted in re-localization of arrestin-GFP. Between 150 and 240 min of light adaptation the arrestin-GFP in the ROS gradually declined until the pattern of arrestin-GFP localization was indistinguishable from that of dark-adapted photoreceptors. This distribution pattern was observed over a wide range of lighting intensity (25–2700 lux). Immunocytochemical analysis of arrestin in wild-type Xenopus retinas gave similar results.
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of mortality following liver transplantation independent of MELD score.

Patients with diabetes mellitus overall experience worse health outcomes than non-diabetics, but whether this is true among recipients of liver transplantation still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality of diabetic and non-diabetic patients following liver transplantation. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 530 adult patients undergoing liver transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center from February 1995 to July 2006. Information on diabetes mellitus was available for 431 patients; 96 patients who had acute liver failure (n = 17), combined liver and kidney transplantation (n = 28), or died prior to discharge (n = 51) were excluded from analysis. Over a mean follow-up of 4.5 years, survival was 81% in the diabetic group and 94% among controls (p = <0.0001). After controlling for age (mean ± SD: 54.4 ± 7.6 in diabetics, 50.1 ± 9.6 in controls), body mass index (28.6 ± 6.6 in diabetics, 27.1 ± 5.4 in controls), presence of hepatitis C, and MELD score (17 ± 9.6 in diabetics, 19 ± 10.2 in controls), diabetes mellitus remained a significant predictor of death (HR 3.11, p = 0.01). Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for mortality following liver transplantation. Further investigation of this relationship should focus on the impact of more intensive pre- and post-liver transplantation glucose control, cardiovascular risk factor reduction, and the effects of accelerated atherosclerosis in the setting of immune suppression.
Felt Needs and Anticipatory Needs: Reformulation of a Basic Community Development Principle

"Felt needs" is a basic concept in community development. Felt needs are changes deemed necessary by people to correct the deficiencies they perceive in their community. The use of felt needs in community development practice involves the process of identifying needs, ranking their importance, and building programs based on the ranking. A frequent application of the concept is the methodology of needs assessment as a technique to gather data used for program definition and design. This paper explains why the concept of felt needs is inadequate for contemporary community development practice and why the needs assessment methodology is not an appropriate basis for program design. Felt needs are products of a past-to-present orientation. Continuing to function on the basis of felt needs will contribute to community development becoming increasingly irrelevant and incapable of addressing today's major social and economic issues. Felt needs should be replaced by the concept "anticipatory needs," which identifi...
Pathogenic role of natural killer T and natural killer cells in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice is dependent on the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is commonly used in biological studies to dissolve drugs and enzyme inhibitors with low solubility. Although DMSO is generally thought of as being relatively inert, it can induce biological effects that are often overlooked. An example that highlights this potential problem is found in a recent report demonstrating a pathogenic role for natural killer T (NKT) and natural killer (NK) cells in acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI) in C57Bl/6 mice in which DMSO was used to facilitate acetaminophen (APAP) dissolution. We report that NKT and NK cells do not play a pathologic role in AILI in C57Bl/6 mice in the absence of DMSO. Although AILI was significantly attenuated in mice depleted of NKT and NK cells prior to APAP treatment in the presence of DMSO, no such effect was observed when APAP was dissolved in saline. Because of this unexpected finding, the effects of DMSO on hepatic NKT and NK cells were subsequently investigated. When given alone, DMSO activated hepatic NKT and NK cells in vivo as evidenced by increased NKT cell numbers and higher intracellular levels of the cytotoxic effector molecules interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B in both cell types. Similarly, when used as a solvent for APAP, DMSO again increased NKT cell numbers and induced IFN-γ and granzyme B expression in both cell types. Conclusion: These data demonstrate a previously unappreciated effect of DMSO on hepatic NKT and NK cells, suggesting that DMSO should be used cautiously in experiments involving these cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Global plasmaspheric TEC and its relative contribution to GPS TEC

The plasmaspheric electron content is directly estimated from the global positioning system (GPS) data onboard JASON-1 Satellite for the first time. Similarly, the ground-based GPS total electron content (TEC) is estimated using about 1000 GPS receivers distributed around the globe. The relative contribution of the plasmaspheric electron content to the ground-based GPS TEC is then estimated globally using these two independent simultaneous measurements; namely ground-based GPS TEC and JASON-1 GPS TEC. Results presented here include data from 3 months of different solar cycle conditions (October 2003, May 2005, and December 2006). The global comparison between the two independent measurements was performed by dividing the data into three different regions; equatorial, mid- and high-latitude regions. This division is essential as the GPS raypaths traverse different distances through the plasmasphere at different latitudes. The raypath length through the plasmasphere decreases as latitude increases. The relative contribution of the plasmaspheric electron content exhibits a diurnal variation that depends on latitude with minimum contribution (∼10%) during daytime and maximum (up to 60%) at night. The contribution is also maximum at the equatorial region where the GPS raypath traverses a long distance through the plasmasphere compared to its length in mid- and high-latitude regions. Finally, the solar cycle variation of plasmaspheric contribution is also reported globally.