cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of alloyed Cu on localized corrosion susceptibility of Al–Cu solid solution alloys—Surface characterization by XPS and STEM

Abstract Cu additions to Al alloys decrease pitting susceptibility provided that the Cu is retained solid solution. In this study, a range of electrochemical, surface analytical and electron microscopy characterization experiments were carried out with Al–Cu solid solution alloys to understand the origins of this inhibiting effect. Potential-controlled electrochemical polarization experiments carried out in dilute chloride solutions show that stimulation of alloy dissolution without inducing passive film breakdown significantly ennobles a subsequently measured pitting potential. Similar effects are not observed with high-purity Al or Al–Zn solid solution samples. The ennobling effect is more difficult to detect in large area electrodes due to pit initiation triggered by defects and inclusions that are more regularly encountered in larger electrodes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Al–Cu solid solution samples reveals no Cu enrichment above detection limits. However, scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectral imaging of specially prepared Al–Cu needle-type samples shows that Cu is enriched at the alloy interface by a range of exposure regimens including those that induce pitting. These results suggest the possibility of local Cu enrichment at incipient pit sites by metastable pitting, which can contribute to an ennoblement of the critical pitting potential under certain circumstances.
Aqueous‐Phase Hydrogenation of Acetic Acid over Transition Metal Catalysts

Catalytic hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol has been carried out in aqueous phase on several metals, with ruthenium being the most active and selective. DFT calculations suggest that the initial CO bond scission yielding acetyl is the key step and that the intrinsic reactivity of the metals accounts for the observed activity.
Means Differ by .051% in Collaborative Study of Babcock and Ether Extraction Fat Tests

Tests of 84 randomly numbered raw milk samples in five Market Administrator laboratories produced an overall mean difference in milk fat of .051% when Association of Official Analytical Chemists Babcock and ether extraction (with minor modifications) methods were collaboratively compared. Variance was equal for the two tests. Implications are discussed in view of current state regulations and applications of these tests as reference methods for calibrating fat testing instruments.
A New Automated Quality Assessment Algorithm for Night Vision Image Fusion

In this paper we propose a perceptual quality evaluation method for image fusion which is based on human visual system (HVS) models. Our method assesses the image quality of a fused image using the following steps. First the source and fused images are filtered by a contrast sensitivity function (CSF) after which a local contrast map is computed for each image. Second, a contrast preservation map is generated to describe the relationship between the fused image and each source image. Finally, the preservation maps are weighted by a saliency map to obtain an overall quality map. The mean of the quality map indicates the quality for the fused image. Experimental results compare the predictions made by our algorithm with human perceptual evaluations for several different parameter settings in our algorithm. For some specific parameter settings, we find our algorithm provides better predictions, which are more closely matched to human perceptual evaluations, than the existing algorithms.
Traveling regions of high solar wind density observed in early August 1972

Summary. During the first 2 weeks of August 1972 the spatial average of solar wind electron concentration along the path from earth to Pioneer 9 was observed by the dual-frequency radio technique to vary in an unusual manner. The spacecraft was trailing earth in a heliocentric orbit, and its distances from earth and the sun were each approximately ¾ AU. A large increase in the concentration to ≈40/cm³ on August 3 was followed by a rapid decrease to an anomalously low value (under 1/cm³) on August 6. Another transient increase to ≈15/cm³ on August 9 was again followed by a region of low concentration. Others have measured number densities of 40/cm³ or 1/cm³ at points in the solar wind, but it is unusual to observe such densities as a spatial average over so long a path, because averaging tends to preclude extreme values. These observations permit discrimination between temporal and spatial flow patterns by virtue of the fact that any steady state flow during early August must have affected the measured spatial average for more than 4 days (the corotation delay). Because the high concentrations on August 3 and 9 each lasted only 1 day or less, it can be seen on this basis alone that the causative phenomena were not steady flows from the sun; rather, there must have been outward-traveling regions of unusually dense plasma. It is surmised that only the trailing edge of the first such region was still in the radio path when its geophysical manifestations were observed on August 4. If this interpretation is correct, the trajectory of the region of the most dense plasma probably appeared between earth and Pioneer 9.
Turbidite to current-reworked sand continuum in Upper Cretaceous rocks, U.S. Virgin Islands

Abstract A purely turbidite or gravity-emplaced interpretation does not adequately explain the origin of marine volcaniclastic strata in Upper Cretaceous units in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Most sandy layers, herein termed intermediate variants, record emplacement in two stages: first by turbidity currents, flowing toward the south, and then a subsequent reworking of these layers by bottom currents flowing toward the west. The sands, accumulating on lower slope aprons, were then displaced along bathymetric contours before burial. A natural continuum of deposits results between downslope-directed turbidity current and bottom current-tractive “end-member” deposits. The lower part of a variant layer typically preserves the original graded basal (A) turbidite division, while the texturally cleaner middle and upper parts of such a stratum usually show structures more typically associated with tractive transport. An inventory of the diverse suite of reworked sandy lithofacies in St. Croix may be comparable to other cases in the rock record and modern oceans that involve interaction between gravity-driven flows and bottom currents.
Tracking democracies: Italy and Japan in historical perspective

Abstract The Italian and Japanese roads toward democracy have been paved by external forces, by the timing of economic development, by ‘great’ leaders and by such factors as institutions, class structure, geography and even by accident. In finding a pair of countries where so much is similar, and yet where fundamental differences penist, comparativists have fertile ground in which to look for key factors in political (and democratic) change. This article, in short, takes aim at illuminating these factors by distinguishing between the structural and cultural conditions within which democratic tracks were laid in Japanese and Italian history. It concludes that a closer examination of leadership and agency is necessary to explain more fully democratic development in Italy and Japan.
Nonlinear dynamical properties of a somatosensory cortical model

Abstract This paper studies the existence of temporal diversity among cells in a neural network model of the somatosensory cortex. The model is based on extensive experimental observations of actual cell behavior. Phase space and Poincare section plots of time series data generated from the model show intricate dynamics. Using spectral analysis, we show that system follows quasiperiodic route to chaos. The dynamics of the system is summarized by constructing a bifurcation diagram and by determination of the Lyapunov exponent.
Thrombocytopenia and anemia in infants and children

Thrombocytopenia and anemia are the two most common hematologic conditions seen in the pediatric emergency department. Providers of emergency pediatric care must have an understanding of the causes and therapies for the various conditions that result from thrombocytopenia and anemia. This article reviews the common causes of isolated thrombocytopenia and anemia in infancy and childhood.
Electronics in Planning Space Flights

The phenomenally rapid growth of space flight has placed stringent demands upon the electronics engineer to develop instrumentation of modest size, weight, power consumption and heat dissipation, but of maximum sensitivity, stability, lifetime and reliability. Space flight is creating situations for which no well-developed precedents exist, thus requiring the evolution of new techniques or new basic ideas. Attitude control equipment of space craft will utilize infrared sensors, or the earth-magnetic field, or a radio beam from earth. Cryogenics will be applied to create low operating temperatures. Communications must be maintained by line-of-sight links; the NASA Deep Space Instrumentation Facility will be capable of serving space shots planned for the next few years. Communication systems can be substantially improved by using quantum-electronic devices and light-weight electric power supplies. Telemeter problems include the enormous amount of data which must be transmitted from giant launch vehicles, and the transmission from a space probe of a maximum of data over large distances with a minimum of power. The Saturn C-1 and Mariner telemeter systems are described to illustrate these problems. Space operations such as orbital rendezvous, orbital assembly and launch, approach and descent to the moon and planets will require automated equipment to an extent not previously faced on earth. Electric power supplies with long life, low weight and high reliability are required for the electric and electronic devices on board a space craft; solar and nuclear power appear most attractive to satisfy the requirements.
Synthesis of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) by monkey retina in organ culture: effect of monensin.

Abstract Whole monkey retinas were incubated in short-term organ culture with either radiolabeled amino acids or glucosamine. Soluble retinal proteins and proteins in the culture medium were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorography showed that the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), a 146,000 Mr glycoprotein localized in the extracellular matrix, is synthesized by the neural retina and rapidly secreted into the medium. Secretion is blocked by 10-5M monensin. No significant IRBP synthesis was observed in the pigment-epithelium-choroid complex. IRBP is thus the major component synthesized and secreted by the neural retina into the interphotoreceptor space. This, and its affinity for retinoid makes it a prime candidate for an extracellular retinoid transport vehicle.
Estimating changes in a multi-parameter exponential family

A two-stage procedure is studied for estimating changes in the parameters of the multi-parameter exponential family, given a sample X 1,…,X n. The first step is a likelihood ratio test of the hypothesis Hoof no change. Upon rejection of this hypothesis, the change point index and pre- and post-change parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood. The asymptotic (n → ∞) distribution of the log-likelihood ratio statistic is obtained under both Hoand local alternatives. The m.l.e.fs o of the pre- and post-change parameters are shown to be asymptotically jointly normal. The distribution of the change point estimate is obtained under local alternatives. Performance of the procedure for moderate samples is studied by Monte Carlo methods.
Homeomorphisms and generalized derivatives

When D is open in R”, f: D + Rk is said to be Lipschitzian provided each point in D has a neighborhood where f is Lipschitz continuous. For such maps the derivative f ‘(p) may not exist everywhere in D, but one can at least assign to each p a certain collection ~?f(p) of linear transformations from R” into R k called the generalized derivative (For the definition, see Section 4.) Reading Clarke [3] or Pourciau [20 J, one finds this notion of differentiability enjoys many nice properties, but only the following extension of the inverse function theorem needs to be singled out here: supposing f has values in R”, if af(p) is invertible (that is, if each linear transformation in af(p) is invertible) at every p, then f is a local homeomorphism. Of course local homeomorphisms are not generally homeomorphisms, and in this paper we seek additional conditions on the generalized derivative and the boundary behavior of the map, forcing f to be a homeomorphism. In mathematical economics, theorems of this type are crucial for establishing the uniqueness of competitive equilibrium points in abstract economies. For such applications, theorems that require the image off to satisfy a difficult to verify condition like simple connectedness are not very useful. Involving boundary restrictions and covering spaces, our results at first are topological, but then in Section 4 we blend these topological ideas with properties of the generalized derivative to obtain analytic conditions when the map is Lipschitzian. Throughout we suppose D is a domain with compact closure K in Euclidean n-space R”, B is the boundary K/D, F is a continuous map from K into R”, and f is the restriction F ( D. Our path will take us through covering spaces. We call f: D -m a covering if each point of fz, has an open neighborhood V whose preimage f -’ V is the pairwise disjoint union of open sets, each of which f maps homeomorphically onto V. When f is a covering, it is a local homeomorphism, yet not all local homeomorphisms are coverings.
Management control and the manufacturing hierarchy: Managing integrated manufacturing organizations

The complexity and scale of most manufacturing systems dictate a hierarchical approach to operations management (OM). Current OM models decompose the overall production problem into distinct and more manageable subproblems, at hierarchical levels characterized by product aggregation and time horizon, which mirror the organizational structure of traditional manufacturing concerns. These static models are particularly useful for establishing production goals and plans, but do not adequately capture the dynamic problems of production control and goal achievement in a changing operational environment. This article outlines an OM problem decomposition, based on a hierarchical management-control framework, which emphasizes the dynamic balance of autonomy and decentralization in achieving planned goals within a hierarchical organization. This conceptual framework is applied to the problem of distributed production scheduling, in which plant facilities are scheduled and controlled in separate groups. Objectives for real-time scheduling decision aids are developed, which reflect not only static considerations of time horizon and parameter aggregation, but also the organizational dynamics required for schedule control and replanning. In particular, schedule management practices must bound two hierarchical chain reactions, caused by replanning and decision-deferral, through the use of decentralization and autonomy.
Natural frequencies and biplanar response of generalized rotating spindle systems

Abstract A method of spatial discretization is given here which utilizes a sequence of comparison functions as obtained from associated beam characteristic functions. A varied form of beam characteristic function is utilized which exhibits excellent numerical behavior. A family of programs has been developed so as to maximize computational efficiency. The resulting programs require only geometrical, inertia and bearing stiffness parameters and output complete dynamic—and static—performance characteristics.
Measuring quality and cost of care: evaluation of an amputation clinical pathway

Abstract This study was based on nursing literature supporting the use of clinical pathways in case management systems to improve quality, reduce cost, and increase efficiency. Its purpose was to provide a descriptive analysis of outcomes in lower-extremity amputation caused by arterial occlusive disease. Patients were admitted between Jan. 1, 1989, and Sept. 1, 1995, with arterial occlusive disease for an above- or below-knee amputation and were cared for in three consecutive phases of nursing case management: (1) without a clinical pathway (group I), (2) with a consultation to rehabilitation services in the postoperative stay (group II), and (3) with a rehabilitation-focused clinical pathway (group III). The results of the study indicated more patients were able to return home from acute care and rehabilitation (52%) in group III than in group I and group II (40% and 44%, respectively). In addition, the hospital length of stay was reduced from 11 days to 8 days (geometric mean) once a rehabilitation consultation was included in the plan of care (group II). Although hospital charges rose initially with rehabilitation consultation ($18,627), they were reduced significantly when the pathway was used ($12,629; adjusted for rate increases). When patients were separated by level of amputation, those with below-knee amputations in group III had a significantly shorter length of stay and lower hospital charges than those in the other two groups, but comorbidity remained high. Nurse case managers can use this clinical pathway as a model for care as the findings support its cost effectiveness. They also demonstrate its effectiveness in enhancing the of quality care through a rehabilitation-focused, goal-oriented plan to return patients home.
Viewpoint: Can TQM Fill a Gap in Higher Education?

Abstract To improve the quality of teaching and learning, a customer-focused, outcome-oriented process is needed to impart content knowledge and to provide a learning process that develops specific skills in communication, problem solving, decisionmaking, and valuing. This manuscript presents a framework developed by management faculty to provide students with the skills needed for their continuing development in the changing work place. Total quality management concepts are used to fill the gap between students' achievements and employers' expectations by integrating and coordinating the teaching and learning of knowledge and skills across the curriculum and through co-curricular functions.
The effect of microstructure on air oxidation resistance of nuclear graphite

Abstract Oxidation resistance in air of three grades of nuclear graphite with different structures was compared using a standard thermogravimetric method. Differences in the oxidation behavior have been identified with respect to both (i) the rate of oxidation in identical conditions and the derived apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor and (ii) the penetration depth of the oxidant and the development of the oxidized layer. These differences were ascribed to structural differences between the three graphite grades, in particular the grain size and shape of the graphite filler, and the associated textural properties, such as total BET surface area and porosity distribution in the un-oxidized material. It was also found that the amount of strongly bonded surface oxygen complexes measured by thermodesorption significantly exceeds the amount afforded by the low BET surface area, and therefore low temperature oxygen chemisorption is not a reliable method for determining the amount of surface sites (re)active during air oxidation. The relationship between nuclear graphite microstructure and its oxidation resistance demonstrated in this work underlines the importance of performing comprehensive oxidation characterization studies of the new grades of nuclear graphite considered as candidates for very high temperature gas-cooled reactors.
Nitric Acid in the Presence of Supported P2O5 On Silica Gel Affords an Efficient and Mild System for Oxidation of Organic Compounds Under Solvent-Free Conditions

This paper describes an efficient and easy method for oxidation of alcohols 1 and sulfides 2 to their corresponding carbonyl compounds 3 and sulfoxides 4 with nitric acid in the presence of supported P2O5 on silica gel under solvent-free conditions in high yields.
Development of stereotyped behaviors during prolonged escalation of methamphetamine self-administration in rats.

Rationale Experimental animal studies have shown that repeated administration of psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine (METH), results in an altered behavioral response profile, which includes the sensitization of both locomotor and stereotyped behaviors. Although sensitization of these behaviors has been characterized in detail during bolus, investigator-administered drug administration, little is known about the development or expression of stereotypies during psychostimulant self-administration.
From Prison to Parenting

An estimated 1.5 million children have a parent held in a state or federal prison in the United States, an increase of more than half a million since 1991. Many of these children have disruptions in familial relationships such as growing up in foster care, with grandparents or other relatives, or moving around among an array of temporary caretakers. Incarcerated parents have few opportunities for parenting from the inside, and they worry about the impact of their separation on their children. Children of African American families are hit particularly hard. Nearly half the parents behind bars are Black; another 20% are Hispanic. As these parents struggle to make a fresh start, they will encounter myriad legal barriers that may make it extraordinarily difficult for them to succeed in caring for their children.
A New Look at Diastole

The isovolumic period following systolic ejection is associated with untwisting of the apex that follows systolic torsion of the left ventricle, with simultaneous generation of negative pressures in the left ventricle. Previous studies have described this period as isovolumic relaxation, and have regarded the untwisting as entirely caused by restoring elastic forces. However, evidence from several sources indicates that some ventricular muscle is still contracting during this period, and that this muscle is subepicardial muscle or the ascending spiral segment of the ventricular myocardial band that extends from the apex up along the left ventricular epicardium and the right ventricular side of the septum to the root of the aorta. It is possible that diastolic dysfunction is due to defective incoordination of muscle contraction between the ascending and descending segments of this band rather than to defective passive restoring forces.
Optimal transfer of spin-order between a singlet nuclear pair and a heteronucleus

Intramolecular spin-order transfer is a useful technique for signal enhancement of insensitive and low-concentration molecular species. We present a closed-form, optimized pulse sequence which maximizes the efficiency of transfer between a singlet (para) nuclear pair and a vicinal heteronucleus. Neglecting the decay of coherences while the nuclei are in the transverse plane, the scheme is unity efficient for all combinations of internuclear scalar couplings. Efficiency loss due to T2-like decay is also minimized by keeping the sequence as short as possible. We expect this result to be useful for hyperpolarization experiments in which the spin-order originates in parahydrogen, as well as studies of singlet state decay aimed at longer-term storage of spin-order in hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF HOLLOW CERAMIC MICROSPHERES BY WATER EXTRACTION OF COLLOIDAL DROPLETS

Hollow ceramic microspheres of Al2O3, SiO2, and mullite have been prepared by the combination of an emulsion technique with a water extraction sol-gel method. Concentration of sol, initial droplet size, and water extraction rate of the system are found to be the important process parameters controlling the size and wall thickness of the hollow microspheres, and their influences are shown. A model that correlates the morphology of microspheres to concentration and water extraction rate is proposed and is in good agreement with the experimental observations. The capability and limitation of this process for forming hollow microspheres are demonstrated. It was shown that hollow microspheres with sizes greater than 5 μm could be readily prepared, while a limitation was met for sizes less than 1 μm, in which case solid microspheres were normally formed.
A Transposon and Transposase System for Human Application

The stable introduction of therapeutic transgenes into human cells can be accomplished using viral and nonviral approaches. Transduction with clinical-grade recombinant viruses offers the potential of efficient gene transfer into primary cells and has a record of therapeutic successes. However, widespread application for gene therapy using viruses can be limited by their initially high cost of manufacture at a limited number of production facilities as well as a propensity for nonrandom patterns of integration. The ex vivo application of transposon-mediated gene transfer now offers an alternative to the use of viral vectors. Clinical-grade DNA plasmids can be prepared at much reduced cost and with lower immunogenicity, and the integration efficiency can be improved by the transient coexpression of a hyperactive transposase. This has facilitated the design of human trials using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system to introduce a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect the specificity of human T cells. This review examines the rationale and safety implications of application of the SB system to genetically modify T cells to be manufactured in compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) for phase I/II trials.
Parametric model-based characterization of IR clutter

This paper describes a method for parametrically characterizing IR clutter for missile seeker applications in terms of a Butterworth model of the power spectral density (PSD). Traditionally, models of the PSD have been characterized by a Gauss-Markov correlation model, or a similar variant. These tend to estimate the overall spectral shape and integrated spectral power (rms) level very well. However, they tend to be dominated by large spatial features, i.e., low wavenumbers, and consequently, tend to underestimate the power present at high wavenumbers. While this is often not a factor in many remote sensing applications, it is a critical issue for missile seekers, as targets are often sub pixel in extent, and hence compete against clutter at high spatial frequencies. The clutter parameterization algorithm performs a fit to a one-dimensional profile taken from a radially average slice through a two-dimensional PSD computed from geometrically and radiometrically corrected airborne dual-band IR imagery. The parameterization is iteratively constrained to optimize the fit at high wavenumbers, and a two-dimensional isotropic model is computed. A description of the parameterization algorithm, as well as a synopsis of model fits to various clutter types are presented. Additionally, a table of recommended global PSD parameters for clutter characterization (by waveband) is presented herein.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticles

The use of lasers, over the past few decades, has emerged to be highly promising for cancer therapy modalities, most commonly the photothermal therapy method, which employs light absorbing dyes for achieving the photothermal damage of tumors, and the photodynamic therapy, which employs chemical photosensitizers that generate singlet oxygen that is capable of tumor destruction. However, recent advances in the field of nanoscience have seen the emergence of noble metal nanostructures with unique photophysical properties, well suited for applications in cancer phototherapy. Noble metal nanoparticles, on account of the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance, possess strongly enhanced visible and near-infrared light absorption, several orders of magnitude more intense compared to conventional laser phototherapy agents. The use of plasmonic nanoparticles as highly enhanced photoabsorbing agents has thus introduced a much more selective and efficient cancer therapy strategy, viz. plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT). The synthetic tunability of the optothermal properties and the bio-targeting abilities of the plasmonic gold nanostructures make the PPTT method furthermore promising. In this review, we discuss the development of the PPTT method with special emphasis on the recent in vitro and in vivo success using gold nanospheres coupled with visible lasers and gold nanorods and silica-gold nanoshells coupled with near-infrared lasers.
Land Use and Transportation Interaction: Implications on Public Health and Quality of Life

Increases in per capita vehicle usage and associated emissions have spawned an increased examination of the ways in which our communities and regions are developing. Associated with increased vehicle usage are decreased levels of walking and biking, two valid forms of physical activity. The Surgeon General’s 1996 report, Physical Activity and Health, highlights the increasing level of physical inactivity as a growing cause of mortality. The costs and benefits of contrasting land development and transportation investment practices have been the subject of considerable debate in the literature. Findings have been refuted based on methodological grounds and inaccurate interpretation of data. Several of these studies, their methodological approaches, and their critiques are analyzed. While most agree that the built environment influences travel, considerable disagreement exists over the likely impacts of increased density, mix, and street connectivity on air quality, and on transportation system performance a...
Utility of a computerized data base for hydrogeologic investigations, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada

Abstract Kaufmann, R.F. and Friesen, H.N., 1979. Utility of a computerized data base for hydrogeologic investigations, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. In: W. Back and D.A. Stephenson (Guest-Editors), Contemporary Hydrogeology — The George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume. J. Hydrol., 43: 195-216. Hydrogeologic study of the shallow groundwater zone in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada involved development of an extensive computerized data base consisting of water analyses and water-well logs. The data were manipulated and reduced using a variety of graphical and statistical techniques applicable to analysis of spatial and temporal changes in water quality. Stratigraphic relations, permeability/transmissivity variations, water budgets and ambient quality relative to drinking-water standards were evaluated as part of an overall EPA funded study to determine the sources and extent of groundwater contamination and develop management alternatives to minimize adverse effects. Extension of the data base to include investigations concerned with improved definition of the Stratigraphic and structural makeup of the valley and to applied study of water quality, subsidence and water banking seems reasonable.
Urinary Excretion of 17-Ketosteroids in Ovarian Failure II. In Menometrorrhagia1

PATIENTS WHO EXPERIENCE too frequent or excessive uterine bleeding of functional origin may have diverse grades of ovarian failure. The severity of their ovarian disturbances can be gauged roughly by studies of endometrial biopsies taken at the onset of episodes of bleeding. Data from these studies as well as from a mass of clinical observations support the point of view that few of these patients exhibit any objective evidences of basic estrogenic deficiency, although intercurrent episodes of relative estrogenic deficiency obviously account for their menometrorrhagia (1). As a rule, these individuals are well feminized, lack the endocrinopathic signs of glandular diseases and are not possessed of hypoplastic sexual organs. Their ovarian disturbance concerns progesterone rather than the estrogens, being characterised by minimal or no corpus luteum activity. The proper selection of a group of patients with functional menometrorrhagia, characterised endocrinologically by deficiencies in corpus luteum functi...
Slow clones, reduced clonogenicity, and intraclonal recovery in X-irradiated L5178Y-S cell cultures.

Profound, long-lasting growth disturbances and reduced viability and clonogenicity were observed in suspension cultures of L5178Y-S (LY-S) murine leukemic lymphoblasts exposed to 0.25–6 Gy of X rays. In most cases, uncloned cultures grew at a reduced rate for periods corresponding to at least 100 cell generations, even when viability of such cultures returned to the normal level. These disturbances were analyzed in clones isolated using agar-supplemented medium. A slow phenotype was much more frequent among surviving clones isolated from LY-S cell cultures irradiated with 3 Gy of X rays than among clones isolated from nonirradiated controls. Growth of individual LY-S clones was affected to different extents, regardless of the clone's viability. The slowest clones had doubling time twice as long (22 h) as that of the control (10–12 h). More than 100 slow clones isolated from irradiated and nonirradiated cultures were followed for prolonged times, and some of them were further subcloned. The slow clones showed a high degree of heterogeneity, and selection for the slowest clone produced clones with increasing proliferative impairment and decreasing cloning efficiency. These results showed that progeny of X-irradiated LY-S cells contained many slowly growing cells, and that their presence affected the growth rate for scores of cell generations. The prolonged impairment of growth rate, viability, and clonogenicity appeared to depend on heritable lesions that were overcome as a result of intraclonal recovery. All slow clones were capable of such recovery, which for clones derived from irradiated cultures typically required periods corresponding to several scores of, but in some cases > 200, cell generations. Intraclonal recovery was much more rapid in slow clones isolated from nonirradiated cultures. This finding indicated that either slow phenotype depended on different cellular changes in the two groups of clones or mechanisms of intraclonal recovery were affected by radiation.
Time and Place as Variables in Acculturation Research

T HE study of acculturation or culture contact has become one of the most rapidly growing areas of interest within American anthropology. This thriving concern is apparent in the increasing number of papers dealing with acculturation which have appeared in journals and at professional meetings. In fact, so great has been this proliferation that one detects an almost apologetic tone on the part of journal editors and program chairmen for the amount of time and space which must be allotted to discussions of acculturation. The reasons for this growth of interest are several, but range along a continuum from the obvious utility of such studies to their impressive potential for contributions to the better understanding of the nature and mechanisms of cultural change. The practical end of this continuum is best represented by the research of the British social anthropologists in Africa prior to the second World War. Their preoccupation with the applicability of culture contact studies to practical administrative problems is easily discerned in the literature dating back to Malinowski's call for studies of "how European influence is being diffused into native communities" (1929:22) and the "five year plan" of African research described by Elkin (1932). In the United States, however, the trend toward applied studies of acculturation between the two World Wars has been almost wholly in terms of sociological studies of the problems of "Americanization." Within American anthropology, the study of acculturation has been limited almost exclusively to Euroamerican contacts with American Indians, and has tended to focus more on the study of acculturation as a dynamic process of cultural change than on "action" research. Thus, the primary interest of acculturation research has been its use as a testing ground for the development and trial of theory and methods in the study of culture change. The reasons for this theoretical and methodological orientation are intimately associated with the attempts in recent years to develop a more scientific analysis of cultural pheno-
Interaction of enkephalin peptides with anionic model membranes.

Abstract According to the model for passive transport across the membranes, the total flow of permeant molecules is related to the product of the water–membrane partition coefficient and the diffusion coefficient, and to the water–membrane interfacial barrier. The effect of membrane surface charge on the permeability and interaction of analgesic peptide ligands with model membranes was investigated. A mixture of zwitterionic phospholipids with cholesterol was used as a model membrane. The lipid membrane charge density was controlled by the addition of anionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylserine. Two classes of highly potent analgesic peptides were studied, c[ D -Pen 2 , D -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE) and biphalin, a dimeric analog of enkephalin. The effect of increased surface charge on the permeability of the zwitterionic DPDPE is a relatively modest decrease, that appears to be due to a diminished partition coefficient. On the other hand the binding of the dicationic biphalin ligands to membranes increases proportionally with increased negative surface charge. This effect translates into a significant reduction of biphalin permeability by reducing the diffusion of the peptide across the bilayer. These experiments show the importance of electrostatic effects on the peptide–membrane interactions and suggest that the negative charge naturally present in cell membranes may hamper the membrane transport of some peptide drugs, especially cationic ones, unless there are cationic transporters present.
Trend prediction for O3: An analysis of model uncertainty with comparison to detection thresholds

Abstract analysis of the effects of uncertain factors on near-term ozone (O 3 ) trend prediction is presented. Uncertainties in trend for both total O 3 and upper level O 3 are examined. We define a range of possible trend that is consistent with a range of model assumptions about kinetics, transport and trends in trace species. A “most probable” trend estimate is presented that includes the simultaneous effects of CFM release, increases in CO 2 and northern hemisphere subsonic aircraft emissions. The 10-year trend in total O 3 relative to 1970 is −0.1% for this case. Upper level O 3 is predicted to have decreased by 2.5% in the 10-year period between 1970 and 1980. Our estimated uncertainty ranges and “most probable” trend estimates are compared to detection thresholds developed from statistical models of Dobson total O 3 data and Umkehr data.
Cognitively-engineered multisensor image fusion for military applications

Abstract The fusion of imagery from multiple sensors is a field of research that has been gaining prominence in the scientific community in recent years. The technical aspects of combining multisensory image information have been and are currently being studied extensively. However, the cognitive aspects of multisensor image fusion have not received as much attention. In this study, a concurrent protocol procedure was used to identify how humans fuse information from visible and infrared imagery in low- and high-stress situations. The results of the concurrent protocol were used to develop operator function models, which were then used to develop preliminary design points for fusing multisensor image data. Fused image data were then used in a combat/target identification simulation, and operator performance, accuracy, and speed were compared with results obtained using unfused data. The results show that the model is an accurate depiction of how humans interpret information from multiple disparate sensors in this particular scenario, and that the algorithm design points show promise for assisting fighter pilots in quicker and more accurate target identification.
Primary Processes in the Photochemical Decomposition of Nitroalkanes

Nitromethane and nitroethane have been photolyzed in the liquid and gaseous phases in order to distinguish the various possible primary processes occurring for each compound. In the case of nitromethane, a free radical split has been postulated to account for the products as For nitroethane, there are at least two primary processes occurring, namely Various secondary reactions are discussed for both compounds.
Identifying potential soybean management zones from multi-year yield data

One approach for developing potential management zones for a variable-rate precision-agriculture system is to identify areas within a field exhibiting similar yield behavior. In this study, we applied cluster analysis of multi-year soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) yield to partition a field into a few groups or clusters with similar temporal yield patterns and investigated the relationships between these yield clusters and the easily measured properties elevation (and the simple terrain attributes derived from elevation) and apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC"a). The analysis was applied to 5 years of soybean yield data collected from 224 plots arranged along eight transects spanning a 16-ha field. The partitioning phase of cluster analysis revealed that the 224 locations were best grouped into five clusters. These clusters were roughly aligned with landscape position and were characterized by the yield response to growing season precipitation above or below the 40-year average. Canonical discriminant functions constructed from the simple terrain attributes and EC"a predicted correct cluster membership for 80% of the plots. While not perfect, the discriminant functions were able to capture the major characteristics of the yield cluster distribution across the field, indicating that these easily measured variables are strongly related to soybean yield. Applying the functions with high-resolution terrain and EC"a attributes, we mapped soybean yield zones within the 16-ha field and an adjacent 16-ha field where multi-year yield data were not available. Cluster analysis of multi-year yield data and easily measured terrain and soil date may be useful in constructing effective management zones within fields and once developed can be applied to similar fields lacking detailed spatial yield data.
Applications of Uncertainty Analysis Applied to Architecture Selection of Satellite Systems

One of the most significant challenges in conceptual design is managing the tradespace of potential architectures: choosing which design to pursue aggressively, which to keep on the table, and which to leave behind. The application is presented of a framework for managing a tradespace of architectures not through traditional effectiveness measures such as cost and performance, but instead through a quantitative analysis of the embedded uncertainty in each potential space system architecture. Cost and performance in this approach remain central themes in decision making, but uncertainty serves as the focal lens to identify potentially powerful combinations of architectures to explore concurrently in further design phases.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Pre-Cambrian Rocks

Analyses of sedimentary rocks from the Pre-Cambrian of South Africa show that they contain a variety of alkanes. Were these hydrocarbons incorporated into the sediments at the time of sedimentary deposition, and are they biogenic in origin ?
Transient inclusion formation and evolution in silicon killed steels

Transient inclusion formation in low carbon silicon killed steel as a result of ferroalloy additions of ferro-silicon (Fe75Si) and ferro-manganese (FeMn) (for de-oxidation and alloying) was studied in the laboratory using a novel experimental technique. Inclusion chemistries and morphologies were analysed using automated scanning electron microscopy (ASPEX). Formation of these inclusions was studied using thermodynamic software (FactSage) and a mechanism was proposed. Effect of solute concentration gradients during alloy dissolution and mixing was observed. Inclusions which formed initially, at low concentrations of ferroalloy, were liquid phase with a high concentration of FeO. Depending on the ferroalloy addition, initial inclusions become richer in SiO2 or MnO. Inclusions also underwent further phase transformations on cooling.
Human Nature, Individual Differences, and the Importance of Context: Perspectives From Evolutionary Psychology:

quency, journal of the Acoustical Society of Amer ica, 86, 2138-2148 (1989); W.A. Yost and S. Sheft, Modulation detection interference for discriminating a change in the depth of amplitude modulation, journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 88, S146 (1990). In most MDI experiments, the probe is 4,000 or 1,000 Hz, and the masker is separated in frequency from the probe by more than two octaves. The stimuli are usually 500 ms in duration and are presented at 60 to 75 dB SPL, usually in a back ground of continuous, wide-band, low-intensity noise that serves to mask the listener's ability to lis ten in frequency regions outside those associated with the probe, masker, or both. 8. The explanation of CMR and MDI based on fusing spectral components that are comodulated is only one of a number of proposed explanations for the phenomena.
Brain (Na+, K+)-ATPase and nonadrenergic function: recovery of enzyme activity after norepinephrine depletion

We examined the time course of K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase and ouabain binding associated with cerebral cortex (Na+,K+) -AT-Pase after depletion of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine depletion by the norepinephrine-selective neurotoxin DSP4 initially reduced the indices of (Na+,K+)-ATPase, with a significant correlation between ouabain binding and tissue norepinephrine levels 16 h after DSP4. Tissue norepinephrine content and DMI binding rapidly declined after DSP4 and remained essentially unchanged for at least 8 weeks. By contrast, the indices of (Na+,K+)-ATPase remained low for about two weeks but then gradually increased, returning to baseline levels by 8 weeks after DSP4. These data indicate that, while usually regulated in part by exposure to norepinephrine, brain (Na+,K+)-ATPase undergoes adaptation to prolonged noradrenergic depletion.
Green's functions and three-dimensional steady-state heat-conduction problems in a two-layered composite

A boundary-value problem for steady-state heat conduction in a three-dimensional, two-layered composite is studied. The method of Green's function is used in the study. Green's functions are constructed as double sums in terms of eigenfunctions in two of the three directions. The eigenfunctions in the direction orthogonal to the layers are unconventional and must be defined appropriately. The use of different forms of the Green's functions leads to different representations of the solutions as double sums with different convergence characteristics and it is shown that the method of Green's functions is superior to the classical method of separation of variables.
Cavity-Perturbation Measurement of Complex Permittivity and Permeability of Common Ferrimagnetics in Microwave-Frequency Range

This paper investigates complex permittivity and permeability of several commercially available yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and nickel-ferrite ceramics in the demagnetized state. The measurements were realized by using the rectangular cavity resonators in the frequency range 4.5-26.5 GHz