cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiberglass limb phantoms: fabrication and use for quantitative scintigraphy.

Quantitative radionuclide scintigraphy often requires empirical calibration factors derived from phantoms which simulate the radioactivity distribution, tissue geometry and tissue composition of the region of interest. This paper describes a method in which casts made with fiberglass tape are used to form realistic, water‐fillable phantoms of the limbs. Phantoms were constructed for the hind legs of the dog and rabbit, species frequently used in developing new radioscintigraphic techniques. Leg bones removed from euthanized animals were mounted anatomically within the casts. The dimensions of the phantom cavities were determined by x‐ray computed tomography. A procedure was developed for orienting the phantoms to match the hind leg geometry of a given experimental setup. Use of the phantoms for image activity calibration is illustrated for a geometric‐mean counting technique used to determine 99m Tc activity densities in soft‐tissue regions of the dog thigh. Generalization of the calibration technique to planar and tomographic imaging is straightforward. I n s i t u measurements of 99m Tc activity density obtained by external counting were compared with i n v i t r o radioassays of excised tissue. For 22 tissue samples obtained from four dogs, the i n s i t u and i n v i t r o data were linearly correlated (r=0.98, p≪0.001) over a 50‐fold range of activity density. The mean and standard deviation of the observed percent discrepancies [% discrepancy=100(i n s i t u−i n v i t r o)/i n v i t r o] were (7.8±2.9) and (13.7±2.1), respectively. A supplementary investigation indicated that the discrepancies resulted from a combination of various, individually small sources of error. In conclusion, durable phantoms with cavities closely simulating the irregular outer contours of the limbs can readily be fabricated with fiberglass tape in the laboratory setting. Use of such phantoms permits measurement of regional activities in the limbs with an average error of <15%.
The effect of supine exercise on the distribution of regional pulmonary blood flow measured using proton MRI.

The Zone model of pulmonary perfusion predicts that exercise reduces perfusion heterogeneity because increased vascular pressure redistributes flow to gravitationally nondependent lung, and causes ...
Pressure-temperature sensors: solution deposition of rare-earth-doped garnet films

Abstract An aqueous route to the deposition of multicomponent metal oxide films is based upon the complexation of precursor metal nitrate salts by glycine, or other organic complexant, followed by spin-coating the homogeneous solution onto pre-treated silica substrates. Glycine serves to frustrate the formation of cation oxides, thus precipitation. Upon dehydration, a glassy matrix results through which metal cations and nitrate anions are homogeneously dispersed. Subsequent heating of coated substrates initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction, which removes the organic matrix and residual nitrate leaving behind a film of the desired oxide composition. Using this method, Sm: YAG (Sm: Y 3 Al 5 O 12 -garnet) films about 150 nm thick have been deposited. The respective phases have been confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction measurements and fluorescence spectroscopy. Analogous studies using powders generated by the same technique provided the parameters for optimizing processing conditions to generate phase pure YAG films. The fluorescence emission wavelength and related lifetime of certain electronic transitions arising from metal cation dopants vary as a function of pressure and temperature suggesting their use as optical sensors. This work suggests the possible application of these films as pressure-temperature sensors in a planar waveguide configuration or as a coating material for optical fibers.
1125 DELAY IN DEGRADATION OF PULMONARY GLYCOGEN IN FETUSES OF STREPTOZOTOCIN-DIABETIC RATS

Pulmonary glycogen is thought to provide carbohydrate precursors for the synthesis of surface active phospholipids. Since the infant of the diabetic pregnancy (IDP) has delayed pulmonary maturation, we studied the developmental profile of lung glycogen in rat IDP from day 16 to term (day 22). Diabetes was induced by injection of 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Controls and IDPs had equal lung glycogen concentrations between day 16-20; however, the normal pattern of glycogen breakdown during the final 2 days of gestation was blunted in the IDPs. Glycogen synthetase levels were similar in IDPs and controls. Glycogen phosphorylase (total and active fractions) in the IDPs did not differ from controls. However, the ratio of active/total phosphorylase in the last 3 days of gestation, the time of rapid glycogen breakdown, was significantly lower in the IDPs (.17 ± .02 vs. .24 ± .01, p <.005). Preliminary analysis of lung phospholipids in the IDPs indicate a maturational delay by days 21-22, but not for day 20. The increased lung glycogen stores and the decreased lung phospholipid levels late in pregnancy suggest that substrate unavailability may be related to the delay in lung maturation in IDPs.
Uptake and efflux of chlorimuron ethyl by excised soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root tissue

Summary: Chlorimuron ethyl uptake into excised soybean root tissue was investigated using 14C-labelled herbicide. Chlorimuron ethyl accumulated in the root tissue, reaching a maximum concentration after 2 h and then declining over the next 2 h. The herbicide did not accumulate against a concentration gradient. The tissue concentration was linearly correlated with the external herbicide concentration. The Q10 between 15 and 25°C was 1.6. Addition of KCN and anoxia reduced uptake. The efflux of 14C that had accumulated in root tissue segments occurred in two phases: a rapid phase with a T½ value of 6.3 min and a slower phase with a T½ value of 172 min. Chlorimuron ethyl uptake and efflux in excised soybean root tissue closely resembled that previously observed in velvetleaf, a sensitive weed species. Resume: La penetration a l'interieur de tissus racinaires excises de soja a eteetudiee en utilisant de l'herbicide marque au 14C. Le chlorimuron ethy laccumule dans le tissu racinaire atteint un maximum apres 2 h et puis decroit pendant les 2 heures suivantes. L'herbicide ne s'est pas accumule selon un gradient de concentration. La concentration du tissu etait en correlation lineaire avec la concentration herbicide externe. Le Q10etait entre 15 et 25°C de 1,6. L'addition de KCN et l'anoxie reuisent la penetration. Le rejet du 14C accumule dans les segments de tissu racinaires se fait en 2 phases; une phase rapide avec T½ de 6,3 min, et une phase plus lente avec T½ de 172 min. La penetration et l'elimination du chlorimuron ethyl dans des tissus racinaires excises de soja ressemblent fortement a ce qui a ete trouve auparavant chez l'abutilon, une espece adventice sensible. Zusammenfassung: Das (14C-markierte) Herbizid Chlorimuron-Ethyl reicherte sich in isoliertcm Wurzelgewebe der Sojabohne in den ersten 2 h an und nahm in den nachsten 2 h wieder ab. Das Herbizid akkumulierte nicht nach einem Konzentrations-gradienten. Die Konzentration im Gewebe war zu der Umgebungskonzentration linear korreliert. Der Q10 zwischen 15 und 25°C betrug 1,6. Nach Zugabe von KCN und bei Sauerstoff-mangel verringerte sich die Aufnahme. Die Abnahme des in Wurzelgewebesegmenten akkumulierten 14C verlief in 2 Phasen: einer schnellen Phase mit T½= 6,3 min und einer langsamen Phase mit T½= 172 min. Aufnahme und Abgabe des Herbizids im Wurzelgewebe der Sojabohne ahnelten dem welches fruher in der Schonmalve, einem empfindlichen Unkraut, festgestellt warde
Dinitrophenylation of chicken gizzard myosin. Reactivity of the 17 000-dalton light chain

Abstract Chicken gizzard myosin rapidly incorporated 3 mol of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene per 4.7 · 105 g of protein with little change in the ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity. During an interval when 2 additional mol of the reagent were bound the K+-ATPase activity in the presence of EDTA was inhibited and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was altered to a lesser extent. Cysteine residues were modified in the dinitrophenylated gizzard myosin. The dinitrophenyl group was located mainly in the active proteolytic fragment, subfragment 1. Dinitrophenylation of the heavy and light chains was observed but major changes in the ATPase activity occurred when the 17 000-dalton light chain and some heavy chains were modified as judged by dissociation experiments in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Thiolysis of the dinitrophenylated gizzard myosin with 2-mercaptoethanol restored the ATPase activity and approx. 2 mol of the dinitrophenyl group were removed. The restoration of the enzymic activity, however, occurred when 1 mol of the label was thiolytically cleaved from cysteine residues of the 17 000-dalton light chain. Substrate Mg-ATP2− or MgADP did not protect the ATPase activity of modified gizzard myosin. In the presence of nucleotide there was an increase in the incorporation of the reagent, and a change in its distribution into the light and heavy chains. Calcium had no effect on the dinitrophenylation of this myosin. These results indicate that the reagent, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, could detect chemical differences in smooth muscle myosin when compared to the reactivity of other myosins. Thiol groups of the 17 000-light chain (and some heavy chains) are probably located peripheral to the active site region of gizzard myosin and they are involved in maintaining the enzymic activity of this protein.
Reducing Bias in Language Assessment: Processing-Dependent Measures.

One potential solution to the problem of eliminating bias in language assessment is to identify valid measures that are not affected by subjects' prior knowledge or experience. In this study, 156 r...
Reading Skills of Students With Speech Sound Disorders at Three Stages of Literacy Development

Purpose The relationship between phonological awareness, overall language, vocabulary, and nonlinguistic cognitive skills to decoding and reading comprehension was examined for students at 3 stages...
Ethylene glycol poisoning with a normal anion gap caused by concurrent ethanol ingestion: Importance of the osmolal gap

Ethylene glycol poisoning classically presents as a metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap. Metabolism of ethylene glycol to organic acids, and increased production of lactate, are responsible for the increased gap. We report the case of an alcohol user who consumed ethanol and ethylene glycol concurrently, and presented without acidosis, with a normal anion gap. Several hours later, when his serum ethanol level had declined, he developed severe acidosis with an elevated anion gap. An increased osmolal gap, not accounted for by the serum ethanol level, proved to be an important clue to the diagnosis. In this patient, ingestion of ethanol inhibited the hepatic metabolism of ethylene glycol to organic acids, obscuring the diagnosis. In intoxicated alcohol users, even in the absence of metabolic acidosis, serum osmolality measurements and calculation of the osmolal gap may facilitate the rapid diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning.
Error reduction and risk management in cytopathology

Currently, tort reform is not a major priority in either the Congress of the United States or in state legislatures. Thus, it is fortunate that medical negligence claims against pathologists are relatively infrequent, at 8.3% per year per 100 insured pathologists (data from the Doctors' Company, 2000-2003). However, claims for "missed" cervical cytology specimens rank third, behind those for alleged misinterpretation of breast biopsies and pigmented skin lesions. The severity of cervical cytology errors is high, at almost $700,000 per claim, surpassed only by those concerning melanoma. There are common threads that appear consistently in the analysis of slides from allegedly misdiagnosed cervical cytology cases, including small-cell variants of high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (HGSIL), present in small numbers; hyperchromatic crowded cell groups; atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS); smears taken during menses; other bloody smears, particularly with degenerative features or excessive inflammation; others showing atypical repair; and unsatisfactory samples. It is important for pathologists to spend time with cytotechnologists to emphasize the patterns of abnormal smears at low microscopic magnification and those backgrounds featuring blood and inflammation which require particular attention. Managing the "look-back" requirement of the Clinical Laboratory Amendments of 1988 (CLIA88) is also crucial; the need to issue amended reports as a consequence of that provision is quite rare. Procedures for administrating and reporting retrospective reviews under the CLIA88 should be clearly outlined in a peer-reviewed procedure document in each laboratory. They should be reviewed and approved by risk managers or insurance carriers, and documented in such a manner that one obtains maximal protection from legal discovery. Consumer education is particularly important in maintaining laboratory performance and reducing risk from error in cytology. Periodic feedback to clinicians on the quality of their smear preparations, the use of ancillary techniques (eg, human papillomavirus testing), and discussion of reporting terminology are important. Moreover, one should stress the need for pertinent clinical history that is often required to initiate quality control measures for evaluation and reporting of cervical cytology specimens. The incidence of cervical cancer in the United States, at only 9700 new cases per year, is low, emphasizing the need for clinical vigilance, attention to unexplained symptoms and signs, and biopsies of any cervical abnormality. These and other efforts may assist in reducing the risk of litigation attached to allegedly false-negative gynecologic and nongynecologic cytology samples.
Covalent labeling of the somatostatin receptor in rat anterior pituitary membranes.

The molecular characteristics of the somatostatin (SRIF) receptor were investigated by covalently crosslinking [125I-Tyr11]SRIF to rat anterior pituitary membranes using three heterobifunctional cross-linking agents, N-5-azido- 2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate, and N-succinimidyl-6-(4′-azido-2′-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate, and the homobifunctional agent disuccinimidyl suberate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography revealed two SRIF-binding proteins with apparent mol wt (Mr) of 69,000 and 66,000 that were selectively labeled by the four cross-linking agents. When cross-linking was performed with N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide, both proteins migrated as a broad band centered at 68,000; however, with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate, the band was resolved into 69,000 and 66,000 Mr components. N-Succinimidyl- 6-(4′-azido-2′-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate covalently labeled the 69,000 Mr protein and a minor species with a Mr of 45,0...
Parity, lactation and hip fracture.

The relationship between parity, lactation and the occurrence of hip fracture was investigated in a case-control study of white women. The cases were patients (n=174) aged 45 years and over with a radiologically confirmed first hip fracture sampled from among admissions to 30 hospitals in New York and Philadelphia between September 1987 and July 1989. Controls (n=174) were selected from general surgical and orthopedic services during the same time period and were frequency-matched to cases by age and hospital. Ever having a live birth was associated with reduced odds of hip fracture, controlling for age and hospital of recruitment (odds ratio =0.65; 95% confidence interval =0.41–1.04). When body mass index was also controlled, each birth was associated on average with a 9% reduction in the odds of hip fracture (odds ratio =0.92 [0.78–1.08]), although the trend was not statistically significant. After adjusting for number of births, lactation was not associated with hip fracture (adjusted odds ratio for 12 months of lactation or less =0.80 [0.42–1.55]; adjusted odds ratio for more than 12 months =1.08 [0.45–2.60]).
Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common pain conditions that have their highest prevalence among women of reproductive age. The higher prevalence of TMD pain among women, pattern of onset after puberty and lowered prevalence rates in the post-menopausal years suggest that female reproductive hormones may play an etiologic role in TMD. Two epidemiologic studies were designed to assess whether use of exogenous hormones is associated with increased risk of TMD pain. Both used data from automated pharmacy records of women enrolled in a large health maintenance organization to identify prescriptions filled for post-menopausal hormone replacement therapies (Study 1) or for oral contraceptives (OCs) (Study 2). Study 1 employed an age-matched case-control design to compare post-menopausal hormone use among 1291 women over age 40 referred for TMD treatment and 5164 controls not referred. After controlling for health services use, the odds of being a TMD case were approximately 30% higher among those receiving estrogen compared to those not exposed (P = 0.002); a clear dose-response relationship was evident. The relationship of progestin use to TMD was not statistically significant. Study 2 used a similar design to examine the relationship of OC use to referral for TMD care, drawing on data from 1473 cases and 5892 controls aged 15-35. Use of OCs was also associated with referral for TMD care, with an increased risk of TMD of approximately 20% for OC users, after controlling for health services use (P < 0.05). These results suggest that female reproductive hormones may play an etiologic role in orofacial pain. This relationship warrants further investigation through epidemiologic, clinical and basic research.
Effect of Vowel Identity and Onset Asynchrony on Concurrent Vowel Identification

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of vowel identity and temporal onset asynchrony on identification of vowels overlapped in time. Method Fourteen listeners with ...
Cardiac resynchronization therapy in pediatrics: emerging technologies for emerging indications.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become the standard of care for the treatment of heart failure in adults with decreased ventricular function and conduction delay who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy. Indications for CRT in adults include medically refractory heart failure with a QRS duration of ≧ 120 msec and a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension of ≧ 55 mm with ejection fraction ≦ 35%. No such consensus guidelines exist in pediatrics; however, recent preliminary data indicate that CRT is effective therapy for symptomatic heart failure in children in both the acute postoperative setting as well as in the ambulatory setting. CRT is a viable therapeutic option in children with decreased ventricular function and ventricular conduction delay. It is preferable to high-dose inotropic therapy and should be given serious consideration for the treatment of refractory heart failure prior to proceeding with heart transplantation.
Modulation of commercial hollow cathode lamps by a magnetic field in a magnetron configuration

An oscillating magnetic field generated by an underdamped capacitive discharge in a large coil is used to modulate the intensity of commercial hollow cathode lamps. Lamps are oriented in the coil so that the magnetic field is coaxial with the hollow cathode. This results in a pseudo-magnetron configuration where the magnetic field is normal to the electric field in the cathode space charge. This configuration results in ExB and diamagnetic drift motions of positive ions and electrons, so that these particles are trapped in circular orbits parallel to the cathode surface. Radiation intensity vs. time profiles are presented for Mn, Cr, Hg, Ag, and V lamps. With relatively high magnetic field strengths and low lamp current, periods of very low lamp intensity are obtained with high-intensity spikes occurring when the magnetic field changes direction. With lower field strengths and higher lamp current, a variety of patterns of intensity modulation is observed.
Electric field perturbations of spiral waves attached to millimeter-size obstacles.

Reentrant spiral waves can become pinned to small anatomical obstacles in the heart and lead to monomorphic ventricular tachycardia that can degenerate into polymorphic tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Electric field-induced secondary source stimulation can excite directly at the obstacle, and may provide a means to terminate the pinned wave or inhibit the transition to more complex arrhythmia. We used confluent monolayers of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes to investigate the use of low intensity electric field stimulation to perturb the spiral wave. A hole 2–4 mm in diameter was created in the center to pin the spiral wave. Monolayers were stained with voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS and mapped at 253 sites. Spiral waves were initiated that attached to the hole (n = 10 monolayers). Electric field pulses 1-s in duration were delivered with increasing strength (0.5–5 V/cm) until the wave terminated after detaching from the hole. At subdetachment intensities, cycle length increased with field strength, was sustained for the duration of the pulse, and returned to its original value after termination of the pulse. Mechanistically, conduction velocity near the wave tip decreased with field strength in the region of depolarization at the obstacle. In summary, electric fields cause strength-dependent slowing or detachment of pinned spiral waves. Our results suggest a means to decelerate tachycardia that may help to prevent wave degeneration.
Lunar glass compositions - Apollo 16 core sections 60002 and 60004

Approximately 500 glasses between 1 mm and 125 microns in size have been analyzed from fourteen samples from the Apollo 16 core sections 60002 and 60004. The majority of glasses have compositions comparable to those found in previous studies of lunar surface soils; however, two new and distinct glass compositions that are probably derived in part from mare material occur in the core samples. The major glass composition in all samples is that of Highland Basalt glass, but it also appears that high-K Fra Mauro Basalt (KREEP) glass is more common at the Apollo 16 site than was previously thought. The relative abundance of glasses within the core samples is random in distribution: each sample is characterized by a particular assemblage and distribution of the constituent glass compositions.
Thermodynamic model for MnO-containing slags and gas-slag-metal equilibrium in ferromanganese smelting

The thermodynamics of MnO-containing slags was reviewed, and the properties of such slags were correlated by application of the cell model. This model, together with a previously developed unified interaction parameter model for the metal phase, was used to simulate the gas-slag-metal conditions in the hearth of a ferromanganese submerged arc furnace. The calculated slag and metal compositions and distribution of Mn, Si, and K between slag, metal, and fume were compared with plant data and satisfactory agreement was obtained. A steady recirculation of potassium inside the furnace was also predicted. For a potassium percentage in the raw materials of 0.63 pct, the amount of the recirculating potassium was about 160 kg per metric ton of ferromanganese. Due to the recirculation, the average potassium content in the solid mix coming down to the hearth could be as high as 7 pct.
Lobular breast cancer: Excess familiality observed in the Utah Population Database

Family history of breast cancer (BC) is a strong predictor for developing female BC. Whether this excess familiality differs within morphological BC subgroups remains unclear. We assessed the risk of lobular breast cancer (LOB) and any BC among relatives of probands with LOB. We used the Utah Population Database (UPDB) to estimate familial relative risks (FRR) as well as average relatedness, using the genealogical index of familiality (GIF) statistic. The UPDB, a population-based resource, links genealogical data from over 2 million individuals to the Utah Cancer Registry. Consistent with other studies, analysis of all BC cases showed significantly increased risk of BC to relatives (first-degree relative [FDR]: FRR = 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.75-1.90). Morphology-specific risks showed that relatives of LOB probands had an increased risk of LOB (FDR: FRR = 4.51, 95% CI = 2.79-6.89) and an increased risk of any BC (FDR: FRR = 2.47, 95% CI = 2.12-2.85); both measures were significantly greater than the all BC FRR estimates, and surpassed even generalized early-onset BC risk. GIF analyses corroborated the FRR results and indicated that the excess relatedness of LOB cases extended to third-degree relatives. Our findings suggest that LOB has a heritable component and may represent a genetically homogeneous form of BC. Pedigrees with excess LOB may be useful in isolating additional BC predisposition genes. Relatives of women with LOB are at higher risk for BC than relatives of other BC subtypes; a more rigorous BC screening regime may be warranted for these individuals.
NEW METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE ONE-PARTICLE GREEN'S FUNCTION WITH APPLICATION TO THE ELECTRON-GAS PROBLEM

A set of successively more accurate self-consistent equations for the one-electron Green's function have been derived. They correspond to an expansion in a screened potential rather than the bare Coulomb potential. The first equation is adequate for many purposes. Each equation follows from the demand that a corresponding expression for the total energy be stationary with respect to variations in the Green's function. The main information to be obtained, besides the total energy, is one-particle-like excitation spectra, i.e., spectra characterized by the quantum numbers of a single particle. This includes the low-excitation spectra in metals as well as configurations in atoms, molecules, and solids with one electron outside or one electron missing from a closed-shell structure. In the latter cases we obtain an approximate description by a modified Hartree-Fock equation involving a "Coulomb hole" and a static screened potential in the exchange term. As an example, spectra of some atoms are discussed. To investigate the convergence of successive approximations for the Green's function, extensive calculations have been made for the electron gas at a range of metallic densities. The results are expressed in terms of quasiparticle energies E(k) and quasiparticle interactions f(k, k′). The very first approximation gives a good value for the magnitude of E(k). To estimate the derivative of E(k) we need both the first- and the second-order terms. The derivative, and thus the specific heat, is found to differ from the free-particle value by only a few percent. Our correction to the specific heat keeps the same sign down to the lowest alkali-metal densities, and is smaller than those obtained recently by Silverstein and by Rice. Our results for the paramagnetic susceptibility are unreliable in the alkali-metal-density region owing to poor convergence of the expansion for f. Besides the proof of a modified Luttinger-Ward-Klein variational principle and a related self-consistency idea, there is not much new in principle in this paper. The emphasis is on the development of a numerically manageable approximation scheme. (Less)
RESPONSE RATES AND COUPLE TYPE IN THE U.S. ARMY FAMILY RESEARCH PROGRAM SURVEY : A RESEARCH NOTE

Data from 7,792 marred soldiers who participated in the 1989 Army Family Research Program survey were analyzed for the effects of age, rank, racial background, geographic location, gender, separation from spouse, marital stability, number of children, dual military status, and satisfaction with the Army on spouses' response rates. All factors were significant except age and number of children. Overall, the most important factor was rank, with 58% of the spouses of officers responding compared to only 35% of the spouses of enlisted personnel. Spouses who were civilians, females, living with their soldiers in the United States, whose marriages were stable and who were married to white soldiers or officers were more likely to have responded to the spouses' survey. While the average response rate for spouses was 42.1%, it was nearly 68% among the civilian female spouses living together in the United States in stable marriages with officers who were very satisfied with Army life (n = 367). In contrast, respons...
The Pervasiveness of Senior Management's View of the Cultural Gaps Within a Division:

Participants in the study were all 153 management and professional workers—the senior and management teams—of a division of an electric utility. We determined if the operations and staff departments and the senior team identified the same cultural gaps within the division. Having found differences, we then determined if these gaps could be explained by individual-difference variables derived from Kilmann's model of culture. The explanatory variables included social style, decision-making style, and basic values. Although the need for anonymity precluded the optimal method of data analysis, our data suggest that senior team members are versatile, have different decision-making styles, and have different basic values than the management team members. The article discusses how management can close the cultural gap, given the three groups' differences.
Further development of rodent whole embryo culture: solvent toxicity and water insoluble compound delivery system.

Abstract In order to study the in vitro embryotoxicity and dysmorphogenesis of water insoluble compounds, solvents or chemical delivery systems of low toxicity and teratogenicity to the developing embryo must be found. Therefore, day 10.5 rat embryos were cultured for 2 days in whole rat serum containing 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 vol.% of ethyl alcohol, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, Tween 80, corn oil and 10% acetone/90% corn oil. No adverse effects occurred with any of the solvents at the 0.1% concentration level. At 0.5% ethyl alcohol and Tween 80 significantly reduced embryonic growth and increased the incidence of embryonic abnormalities. With the exception of corn oil and acetone/corn oil, embryos cultured in media containing 2.5% of various solvents failed to grow, did not differentiate, and died during the culture period. Corn oil suspended in rat serum by use of ultrasound was non-toxic even at concentrations of 2.5% and 10%. Growth parameters of embryos cultured in serum containing corn oil were indistinguishable from controls and overall morphogenesis was good (particularly at 2.5%). The order of increasing embryotoxicity and dysmorphogenesis of the studied liquids was corn oil
Effect of timing of feeding a high-concentrate diet on growth and attainment of puberty in early-weaned heifers.

Precocious puberty ( HC; CH > CC). Body weights in HC and CH treatments differed from a mean age of 169 through 238 d, after which BW did not differ between these treatments. The ADG over the entire experimental period was greatest for the HH treatment (1.2 +/- 0.04 kg/d; P CC; P < 0.05). Mean age at puberty for the HH and HC treatments (271 +/- 17 and 283 +/- 17 d of age, respectively) was earlier (P < 0.05) than for the CC treatment (331 +/- 11 d of age). Age at puberty in the CH treatment (304 +/- 13 d of age) was intermediate to and not different from the other treatments. Heifers fed the H diet during phase 1 attained puberty earlier (P < 0.05) than heifers fed the C diet during phase 1. In conclusion, increasing dietary energy intake in early-weaned heifers, through feeding a high-concentrate diet from 126 to 196 d of age, decreased age at puberty regardless of the diet fed after 196 d of age.
Trimethylsilyl Derivatization and Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometric Determination of Aspirin and Its Major Metabolites, I

This publication describes the experiments investigated for the determination of an appropriate derivatizing agent for aspirin and its major metabolites. The objectives were to determine agent(s) which fully derivatize all species, show minimal to no degradation, give an abundant ion for monitoring in EI-MS, and yield good chromatography. Additionally, minimal sample manipulation was preferred, since many of these reactions might be time consuming and the reagents hazardous for prolonged handling and exposure. Several derivatizing agents were investigated. These included HMDS, BSTFA, acetic anhydride, and PFPA, at various reaction conditions. The reagent and conditions determined to be optimum in derivatizing aspirin and its major metabolites were BSTFA reacted at 90°C for 1 h. Solutions were injected neat into the GC/MS system.
Sum-rule analysis of radio-frequency spectroscopy of ultracold Fermi gas

We carried out an analysis based on sum rules and determined the radio-frequency spectroscopy shift observed in Chin et al.'s experiment [C. Chin, M. Bartenstein, A. Altmeyer, S. Riedl, S. Jochim, J. Denschlag, and R. Grimm, Science 305, 1128 (2004)]. It is shown that such a shift can be interpreted as spin correlations peculiar to a BCS-type state. An analytical form for the shift is obtained which enables us to make quantitative comparisons with the experiment throughout the crossover. We also calculated the width of the resonance. An interesting consequence is noticed, which can possibly be tested by future experiments.
[14C]Deoxyglucose uptake and imaging in malignant melanoma

Since malignant tumors utilize more glucose than normal tissues, tumor uptake and autoradiographic imaging studies using the 14C-labeled glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (DG) provide a useful preclinical system to determine if similar human tumors will image in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-labeled DG (FDG-PET). We studied B16 murine melanomas of increasing metastatic potential (F1, low; BL-6, intermediate; F10, high) as a feasibility study to determine the potential for human melanoma imaging using FDG-PET. Male C57BL-6 mice (50 g) were implanted sc with 1-mm3 fragments of B16 melanomas. Fourteen days later mice were injected ip with 1.25 muCi of [14C]DG. Sixty minutes later tumor (T) and gastrocnemius muscle (M) were harvested, solubilized, and counted for [14C]DG dpm/mg to estimate glucose utilization. Autoradiographic imaging was carried out similarly, using 2.0 muCi or [14C]DG with 30-day exposure of T and M tissue sections (20 microns thick) to X-ray film. The uptake of [14C]DG (expressed as dpm/mg; % injected dose/g; and tumor-to-muscle uptake ratios) was 6 to 10 times higher in tumors than in muscle tissue (P less than 0.001). All three melanoma cell lines imaged successfully with [14C]DG autoradiography. Tumor uptake of [14C]DG did not correlate with increasing metastatic potential. The experimental B16 murine melanomas F1, BL-6, and F10 extract glucose at higher rates than muscle tissue, a property necessary for successful PET imaging of cutaneous melanoma. The lack of correlation between glucose extraction and metastatic potential suggests that the demands for glucose during tumor growth and metastasis are not related. This is the first laboratory study to predict that human malignant melanoma will image with FDG-PET.
Use of phase-conjugate interferometry for trace-compound detection

We discuss the potential use of nonlinear optical phase conjugation to enhance the performance of various classes of optical interferometric sensors and optical fiber biosensor devices, with potential application to trace-compounds detection of explosives and other species. Examples include Michelson interferometers, laser homodyne sensors, ellipsometers, and modulation spectrometers. We speculate that compensated interferometric devices using nonlinear optical phase conjugation may lead to a new class of fieldable remote sensor which is robust, compact, inexpensive, and portable, with the capability of functioning in real-world environments. In addition to explosive sensors, these compensated remote sensors have potential application for in situ monitoring of (epitaxial) growth processes, etch and wear operations, drug interdiction, impurity sensing, and environmental monitoring.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phenotype definitions: Some hidden issues in psychiatry

Three hidden problems in phenotype definition in psychiatric genetic studies are described. 1. Data on physical conditions in family members are not routinely collected in genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. These data may reveal cosegregation with psychiatric disorders which can be included in genetic analysis when defining the phenotype. Data on physical conditions can be obtained by a combination of medical checklists, medical history, and medical records. 2. Detailed clinical narrative summaries should be prepared on family members even if the narratives are not part of the diagnostic data included in centralized cell repositories for future distribution to qualified genetic investigators. Means for retaining the narratives for future use, while protecting patient confidentiality, should be sought. The narratives include detailed information on the context, severity, and sequence of the symptoms and can provide phenotype descriptions for reconsideration of diagnosis in the future. 3. The selection of early onset psychiatric disorders for genetic studies does not automatically mean that affected children should be included in genetic studies for some psychiatric disorders. Screening for genetic studies among child psychiatric patients and inclusion of children as affected in pedigrees should proceed with caution until more data are available from longitudinal studies on the continuity between childhood and adult psychiatric disorders.
Deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone (Cambrian) in central Arizona

Grain size, bedding thickness, dispersion of cross-stratification azimuths, and assemblages of sedimentary structures and trace fossils vary across central Arizona; they form the basis for recognizing six facies (A through F) in the Tapeats Sandstone. Five of these (A through E), present in western central Arizona, are marine deposits containing the trace fossil Corophioides ; several intertidal environments are represented. The association of large-scale cross-bedding (50 to 300 cm) that is characterized by compound cross-stratification, numerous reactivation surfaces, and herringbone patterns is typical of facies A and generally typical of the finer-grained, thinner-bedded facies B. The sedimentary structures and polymodal distribution of foreset azimuths common to facies A and B probably formed on intertidal sand bars during emergence and late-stage tidal runoff. Facies C consists of well-sorted sandstone, gently cross stratified or with continuous parallel stratification, and foresets tangential to the lower bedding surface. This facies generally occurs where the gradient of the depositional surface increases; it apparently was deposited on a beach by shoaling waves. Facies D and, to a lesser extent, the coarser-grained facies E are sandstones with trough cross-stratification, fining-upward cycles, abundant intercalated thin shale and sandstone, rare flaser bedding, and local bipolar distribution of foreset azimuths. Both facies are tidal flat deposits; facies D was probably produced by meandering tidal channels, whereas facies E was likely produced by migration of braided tidal channels. The sixth facies (F), present in eastern central Arizona, is an arkosic small-pebble conglomerate that lacks trace fossils; low dispersion of foreset azimuths and large-scale (1 to 11-m wide) cut-and-fill structure are typical. Facies F was deposited by bedload streams that transported coarse, poorly sorted sand and gravel westward to the intertidal flats.
BSM Emulator - advanced vehicle safety application testbed

The emerging IEEE 1609/802.11p network protocol suite [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] enables a variety of vehicular applications [8]. For example, applications based on SAE J2735 Basic Safety Messages (BSMs) [9] have been developed to avoid vehicle collisions and enhance driving safety. Evaluation of applications to be deployed is usually conducted with field trials, which are costly and labor intensive. In this paper, we develop and implement a network emulation platform (called the BSM Emulator) for the new IEEE 802.11p/1609 network. The BSM Emulator can generate SAE J2735 BSMs with different MAC addresses, emulating the existence and the behaviors of multiple OBUs and vehicles. By using this tool, one IEEE 802.11p/1609 device can imitate the BSM broadcast behaviors of multiple vehicles around an intersection, greatly facilitating field trials of vehicular networks/applications and reducing the cost of conducting field trials. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first work that develops and implements an integrated environment for the emulation of IEEE 802.11p/1609 network and SAE J2735 related vehicular applications.
Simulations of nonlinear harmonic generation by an internal wave beam incident on a pycnocline

Abstract. Internal wave beams generated by oceanic tidal flows propagate upward and interact with the increasing stratification found at the pycnocline. The nonlinear generation of harmonic modes by internal wave beams incident on a pycnocline has recently been demonstrated by laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. In these previous studies, the harmonic modes were trapped within the pycnocline because their frequencies exceeded that of the stratified fluid below. Here, two-dimensional numerical simulations are used to explore the effect of incidence angle on harmonic generation at a thin pycnocline. At incidence angles less than 30 degrees (typical of oceanic beams), the lowest harmonic mode freely radiates in the form of an internal wave beam rather than being trapped within the pycnocline. The results indicate that nonlinear refraction is the primary mechanism for harmonic generation at incidence angles exceeding 30 degrees, but that interaction of the incident and reflected beams is more important at smaller incidence angles. The simulations are compared to weakly nonlinear theory based on refraction at the pycnocline. The results yield good agreement for trapped harmonics, but weakly nonlinear theory substantially underpredicts the amplitude of the radiated harmonics.
International Consultation and Training on Group Work in South Asia

This article presents a consultation and training for faculty and graduate students in South Asia under the auspices of the United Nations’ Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) Program. It describes the development of a consultation relationship and training on group work. Needs assessments focusing on both cultural assumptions, and group theory and practice were conducted to identify cultural variables, and goals for the group work training. An outline of the process used and outcomes are presented.
SU-C-17A-04: Distortion Characterization and Correction of MR-SIM Images

Purpose: Distortions in MRI compromise spatial fidelity, potentially impacting delineation and dose calculation. We characterized 2D and 3D large field of view (FOV), system-level distortion to implement correction maps for MR-SIM treatment planning. Methods: For 2D in-plane distortion characterization, a 36×43×2 cm3 phantom with 255 known landmarks (∼1 mm3) was scanned using 1.0T high-field open MR-SIM in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal axes (TE/TR/α = 30/500 ms/90°, voxel size =1.4×1.4×5mm3). A binary template (reference) was generated from phantom schematic. An automated program converted MR-SIM images to binary via masking, thresholding, and testing for connectivity to identify landmarks. Distortion maps were generated by centroid mapping. Images were corrected via warping with inverse distortion maps. Temporal stability was assessed. 3D distortion was characterized using a 40×40×40 cm3 phantom (3D T1-FFE, TE/TR/α= 3.83/9 ms/10°, voxel size=1 mm3) and performing B-spline-based deformable image registration to CT-SIM (reference). Displacement vector fields describing vector distortion magnitude and distortion histograms were generated. Results: Over 9 months, B0-field distortions (mm) were 0.51 ± 0.84 (maximum = 5.5), 0.18 ± 0.84 (maximum = 5.5), and 1.03 ± 0.50 (maximum = 3.6) in transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes, respectively. Maximum distortions occurred 18–24 cm from isocenter for all planes. After implementing correction maps, distortions (mm) were reduced to 0.14 ± 0.19 (maximum = 2.12), 0.01 ± 0.21 (maximum = 1.68), and 0.17 ± 0.21 (maximum = 3.00) in transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes, respectively. 3D vector distortion was 0.59 ± 0.32 mm (maximum = 1.65) within 5 cm of isocenter. Distortions were non-negligible (mean = 1.57 ± 1.06 mm, maximum = 6.26), 10-15 cm from isocenter. Conclusion: Assessment of 2D distortion was conducted, revealing the need to further correct the periphery of MR-SIM images. Future work includes generating 3D corrections and quantifying objectinduced distortions to improve planning accuracy with MR-SIM. Research supported in part by a grant from Philips HealthCare
Laparoscopic colectomy shortens postoperative ileus in a canine model

Abstract Background. Proponents of laparoscopic colectomy claim a more rapid return of gastrointestinal function, but objective data supporting this contention are lacking. Our aim was to compare the duration of delay in gastrointestinal transit after total laparoscopic, laparoscopic-assisted, and open colonic resection. Methods. Thirty-nine female dogs were assigned to three groups: group 1, laparoscopic colectomy; group 2, laparoscopic-assisted colectomy; and group 3, open colectomy. Transit studies were performed before operation and on days 1, 2, 3, and 5 after a mid-descending colectomy with end-to-end anastomosis. Gastric emptying of liquids and small bowel transit of liquids were determined by means of radionuclide techniques. Gastric emptying of solids and colonic transit were measured by following transit of radiopaque spheres instilled into the stomach and proximal colon, respectively. Results. With each dog as its own control, gastric emptying returned to preoperative values by 2 days in group 1, 3 days in group 2, and 5 days in group 3. Small bowel transit returned to preoperative values on day 3 for groups 1 and 2 and on day 5 for group 3. Gastric emptying of solids and colonic transit returned to preoperative values on day 3 for group 1 and on day 5 for groups 2 and 3. Conclusions. These observations show that laparoscopic resection techniques in this canine model resulted in a more rapid return to normal gastrointestinal transit compared with open colectomy.
Mode spectra of natural disturbances in a circular jet and the effect of acoustic forcing

A modal spectrum technique was used to study coherent instability modes (both axisymmetric and azimuthal) triggered by naturally occurring disturbances in a circular jet. This technique was applied to a high Reynolds number (400,000) jet for both untripped (transitional) and tripped (turbulent) nozzle exit boundary layers, with both cases having a core turbulence level of 0.15%. The region up to the end of the potential core was dominated by the axisymmetric mode, with the azimuthal modes dominating further downstream. The growth of the azimuthal modes was observed closer to the nozzle exit for the jet with a transitional boundary layer. Whether for locally parallel flow or slowly diverging flow, even at low levels of acoustic forcing, the inviscid linear theory is seen to be inadequate for predicting the amplitude of the forced mode. In contrast, the energy integral approach reasonably predicts the evolution of the forced mode.
Paradigm Accountability (Reaction Paper to Heshusius' “The Newtonian Mechanistic…”)

Observations critiques concernant un article associant l'etat et la qualite des recherches et pratiques en education speciale a leurs references paradigmatiques