cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbonation of Viscous Fluids: Carbon Dioxide Holding Capacity and Rate to Saturation of Simulated Yogurt

The effect of temperature on ambient pressure carbonation of simulated yogurt was determined by sparging carbon moxide through the material at various temperatures for 60 min. As temperatures decreased from 17.2 to 3.3 °C, maximum dissolved carbon dioxide increased from 966 to 1450 ppm. A continuous carbonation was designed. Effects of gas/product ratio, carhonator pressure, and carbonation galed. At 9 °C, the simulated yogurt's saturation level was 0.90 volume of gas. Undissolved gas resulted in excessive sensity reduction. Differences in the pressure range of 137.9 to 551.6 kPa, as well as holding times beyond 8 s, had little effect on the extent of carbonation. Cette etude evalue l'effet de la temperature sur la capacite de retention du dioxyde de carbone dans un modele de yaourt et l'effet de la pression et de la teneur en gaz appliquees, sur le temps requis pour obtenir une saturation a pression ambiante dans un systeme continu. Lorsque la temperature baisse de 17,2 a 3,3°C, le taux de dissolution maximum de dioxyde de carbone augmente de 966 a 1450 ppm.
Pattern formation experiments in mobile actuator and sensor

Mobile actuator and sensor network (MAS-net) is a project that adds node mobility and close-loop control concept into the field of wireless sensor network. An experiment platform is built for the MAS-net project. In the experiment platform, cheap, small, and energy-efficient Mica2 motes have been used as both wireless sensors and real-time embedded mobile robot controllers. These mote-based robots are called MAS-motes. An integrated system has been developed to locate MAS-motes by an overhead camera, collect MAS-motes' sensor reading and assign destinations to MAS-motes. This system can communicate with robots via Mica2 motes' built-in radio chips. Pattern formation can bring great benefit to mobile wireless sensor network in sensing range, fault tolerance and sensor-actuator cooperation. This paper tries to use cheap, energy-efficient and mote-based MAS-motes to achieve formation with a given pattern.
Fission of odd-A and doubly odd actinide nuclei induced by direct reactions

Fission probability distributions have been measured using ($d,pf$), ($t,pf$), ($^{3}\mathrm{He},df$), ($^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha}f$), and ($t,\ensuremath{\alpha}f$) reactions to excite a variety of odd-$A$ and odd-odd actinide nuclei. Fission of the residual nuclei $^{229,231}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{231,232,233}\mathrm{Pa}$, $^{234,235,236,237,238,239}\mathrm{Np}$, $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$, $^{240,241,243,245,247}\mathrm{Am}$, $^{249}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$ was studied. These results and other data available from previous ($d,pf$), ($t,pf$), and ($n,f$) studies are analyzed with a statistical model to obtain estimates of the heights and curvatures of one or both peaks of the double humped fission barrier. Estimates of barrier parameters are obtained for the above nuclei and for $^{233}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{235,237,239}\mathrm{U}$, $^{239,243,245}\mathrm{Pu}$, $^{242,244}\mathrm{Am}$, $^{245,247}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{253}\mathrm{Cf}$. Systematic variations of the barrier parameters are discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION Measured fission probabilities, ${E}^{*}\ensuremath{\le}7.5$ MeV for $^{229,231}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{231,232,233}\mathrm{Pa}$, $^{234,235,236,237,238,239}\mathrm{Np}$, $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$, $^{240,241,243,245,247}\mathrm{Am}$, $^{249}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}$ using ($d,pf$), ($t,pf$), ($^{3}\mathrm{He},df$), ($^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha}f$), and ($t,\ensuremath{\alpha}f$) reactions. Deduced properties of the double peaked fission barrier for these nuclei and for $^{233}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{235,237,239}\mathrm{U}$, $^{239,243,245}\mathrm{Pu}$, $^{242,244}\mathrm{Am}$, $^{245,247}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{253}\mathrm{Cf}$.
Author, publisher, patron, world: a case study of old books and global consciousness

This essay focuses on the big books on distant parts of the world compiled by Olfert Dapper of Amsterdam between 1668 and 1688. It shows that in addition to his own efforts his publisher, Jacob van Meurs, and his patron, Nicolaes Witsen, made vital contributions to these works. It makes a case for the vital contribution to European knowledge of a wider world, and to the impact of that knowledge on broader cultural trends, of one who was not an eyewitness of distant shores but a diligent and sophisticated stay-at-home compiler. It urges scholars of these distant areas to pay attention to these books and others like them, and teachers to think about the benefits of discussing them with their students.
Maternal serum granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in preterm birth with subclinical chorioamnionitis.

Abstract Preterm birth has been linked with intrauterine infection and inflammation. Serum and amniotic fluid markers of inflammation, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and granulocytecolony stimulating factor (G-CSF), have been associated with clinical chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery. As G-CSF regulates the production and maturation of neutrophils, we sought to determine if maternal serum G-CSF levels are elevated in patients with preterm birth with subclinical histologic chorioamnionitis. Maternal serum G-CSF levels were significantly different among five groups of women studied ( P P P = 0.04, Mann-Whitney U test). Intrauterine infection may cause a local inflammatory process and initiate preterm labor. This inflammatory response may include production of G-CSF, which would enter the circulation and stimulate the migration of neutrophils to the site of infection. Our data support this concept, as maternal serum G-CSF is elevated with subclinical infection in association with preterm birth.
Epithelioid leiomyoma of the oral mucosa

Oral leiomyomas are rare because of the paucity of smooth muscle in the mouth. The solid and vascular types are the most frequent variants. The purpose of this article is to present the pathologic features and differential diagnosis of an example of epithelioid leiomyoma. A 50-year-old woman presented with a small raised nonpainful polypoid lesion of unknown duration on the right buccal mucosa. The tumor was well demarcated and consisted of large epithelioid cells with distinct cytoplasmic borders, round to oval nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. A few mitoses (4 in 20 high power fields) were present. Scattered spindle cells were also seen. The cytoplasm was eosinophilic to amphophilic and showed frequent clearing and retraction. Small capillaries were identified and surrounded by neoplastic cells that gave the lesion an angiomyomatous appearance. Masson trichrome stain highlighted focally smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed staining for vimentin, desmin, and muscle-specific actim.
The Study of Vehicle Load Monitoring System

Overloading the impact on traffic safety, measuring the deformation of leaf spring form the start, a vehicle load measuring system was designed based on ultrasonic sensors. In this article, the mathematics model of steel plate deformation and load is discussed upon the mechanics principle and obtain the relationship of load and deformation. Processing the data that the ultrasonic sensors measured by single-chip and using temperature sensor to compensate, it comes to the result of vehicle load.According to the test, the system achieved the purpose of real time measurement of vehicle load, and it is useful.
Micromechanical behavior of short-fiber polymer composites

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to measure the load transfer in short-fiber, high-modulus/epoxy composites as a function of angle to the loading direction, and to monitor strain concentrations in short-fiber composites due to fiber/fiber interactions. Toray M40B PAN-based carbon fibers were tested with sized, unsized, elastomer-treated surfaces. The matrix was Shell Epon 828 cured with TETA. It was found that incremental load transfer to the fibers compared well with theory. It was also found that the maximum strain transfer rate did not depend on the angle of orientation. The interface was found to change the strain concentration factors, with a noticeable decrease in the strain concentration factors observed for a weaker, more brittle interface. The strain concentration results were used to modify an existing model of composite strength.
Effects of prediction on timing and dynamics of vergence eye movements

Periodic square waves were used to generate predictable vergence eye movement responses. The timing and dynamic characteristics of vergence eye movement responses to predictable and non-predictable stimuli were compared. Results showed significant changes in timing characteristics along with a highly characteristic anticipatory movement in the early part of predictable vergence responses. This phenomenon is similar to that seen in saccadic eye movements and appears to influence the timing and dynamics of the subsequent vergence response. A model-based analysis of dynamics showed that the pulse width, pulse gain, and step gain of the motor command signal did not show major differences between predictable and non-predictable response. However, other model parameters related to the acceleration of the response showed a substantial decrease when the movements were predictive.
Here today, not gone tomorrow: long-term effects of corticosterone

There is a growing body of evidence from across animal taxa that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during development can have profound long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Several avian studies have revealed that the degree to which an individual’s hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responds to stressful stimuli as an adult may in effect have been ‘programmed’ or set as a result of that individual’s corticosterone exposure in ovo or as a nestling. Developmental exposure to corticosterone may also have effects upon avian ‘personalities’ or coping styles, and evidence from mammalian studies suggests that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although there does not appear to be a consistent across-species pattern, developmental exposure to elevated corticosterone levels may shape adult coping style with such exposure, resulting in adults that are more timid and with increased HPA axis responsiveness to stress than those individuals that were exposed to relatively little corticosterone as nestlings. Recent work in Florida Scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) has found that baseline corticosterone levels in nestlings at 11 days post-hatch explained 84% of the variation in ‘personality’ (bold vs. timid) when those individuals were tested at approximately 7 months of age. The overall ‘personality’ scores at 7–8 months of age were based upon tests that evaluated and combined the Jays’ responses to three tests: two startle and one neophobia stimuli. Here, we present findings on some of the factors that contribute to corticosterone levels of nestling Florida Scrub-jays, both within and among broods. Our prior and continuing research, as this overview will present, suggests that maternal attentiveness at the nest and paternal provisioning are important factors that mediate nestling corticosterone levels.
MIDDLE EOCENE REFRIGERATION — NEW EVIDENCE FROM CALIFORNIA PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES

In California, faunal parameters of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages change dramatically at the Lower-Middle Eocene boundary. By analogy with modern distributional data, these changes are interpreted to reflect alteration of the prevailing water-mass character from warm-temperate to temperate. The change from warm-temperate to temperate planktonic foraminiferal assemblages occurring over the California continental borderland is reconcilable with a minimum southward displacement of 15° latitude in water-mass boundaries and lends support to the concept of a bipolar Middle Eocene refrigeration.
Demonstration of a Passive, Low Noise, Millimeter-Wave Detector Array for Imaging

The design of a millimeter-wave (MMW) camera is presented. The camera is meant to serve as a demonstration platform for a new 32-channel MMW detector array that requires no pre-amplification prior to detection. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have worked with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and several contractors for four years to develop an affordable MMW detector array technology suitable for use in a large staring array. The camera described uses one particular embodiment of detector array that resulted from the program. This paper reviews the design of the MMW optics that will be used to form imagery with the linear array and the tradeoffs made in that design. Also presented are the results of laboratory tests of the detector array that were made at both ARL and NIST.
Functional dependence of optical parameters on circumferential forces in the cat lens.

Abstract It has been suggested that the accommodative mechanism acting in the cat eye may involve a function of translation of the lens on the optic axis as well as a shape change. The effect of changes in lens shape was investigated in the isolated cat lens as a function of circumferential forces. It is shown that, relative to observed amplitudes of accommodation in the cat eye, there is a small dioptric power change in the lens as a result of shape change. This offers support for the theory that the major accommodative mechanism in the cat eye is that of translation of the lens on the optic axis.
Valence ratings of emotional and non-emotional words in children

Abstract Words of varying emotional content are widely used as stimuli in studies that examine the cognitive responses to threat in childhood anxiety disorders. To date, there are limited data on word stimuli that elicit emotional responses in children. The purpose of this study was to collect children’s valence ratings of different types of emotional words. Typically developing children ( n = 174; ages: 9–11 years) rated a pre-selected list of 81 words from three emotional categories: threat, positive, and neutral. Children’s valence ratings differentiated the three word categories with strong internal consistency in each category. Furthermore, females provided more extreme valence ratings than males. Mean valence ratings and word characteristics for each word are provided. These words can potentially be used to develop experimental paradigms that examine reactions to emotional words in children with and without anxiety disorders.
Electric-Field Control of the Tautomerization and Metal Ion Binding Reactivity of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Immobilized to an Electrode Surface

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of a metal-complexing ligand, immobilized to a silver electrode surface, exhibits significant structural changes upon application of modest potentials. A detailed spectroscopic investigation shows that the potential applied to the electrode surface governs the tautomerization equilibrium of the immobilized ligand, p-((8-hydroxyquinoline)azo)benzenethiol (SHQ). Potential-dependent SERS spectra reveal that SHQ exists predominantly in a keto−hydrazone tautomeric form at applied potentials that are negative of −300 mV (vs Ag/AgCl), while the enol−azo tautomer is strongly favored at potentials positive of this value. The observed switching of the tautomer population occurs within a narrow range of applied potentials, ∼200 mV (Ag/AgCl). Electrical control over the tautomerization equilibrium of immobilized SHQ governs the reactivity of the ligand toward metal ion complexation, where the enol−azo tautomer exhibits much greater affinity for metal ion binding compar...
Generation of Ion Cyclotron Waves in Coronal Holes by a Global Resonant Magnetohydrodynamic Mode

The damping of ion cyclotron waves is a process that can provide effective coronal heating and solar wind acceleration. However, the mechanism of generation of these waves in the solar corona remains unclear. We suggest that the ion cyclotron waves in coronal holes are excited by plasma instability that is driven by current fluctuations of a global resonant magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mode. The frequency of the MHD mode is much lower than the proton gyrofrequency, so that its direct cyclotron damping is absent. At the same time, this frequency must be high enough to effectively generate the instability. We discuss the sources of such MHD waves in the coronal holes. The generated ion cyclotron waves are highly oblique with respect to the background magnetic field. We present qualitative arguments that these waves contribute to coronal heating and solar wind acceleration in a manner similar to that of the parallel-propagating waves usually used to explain the heating and acceleration. The scales of spatial inhomogeneity suggested by the observations and the amplitudes of the magnetic field fluctuations put limitations on the currents associated with MHD waves. We show that even with these limitations the current can still be large enough to drive the instability.
Possible contribution of the anterior forebrain commissures to bilateral motor coordination.

Abstract In search for possible functions mediated by anterior portions of the forebrain commissures in man, bilateral motor coordination was studied in two patients in whom the anterior commissure and the anterior two thirds of the corpus callosum had been sectioned to control for intractable epilepsy. Compared with normal controls and persons with a similarly severe history of epilepsy, patients with partial commissurotomy showed less improvement after nearly 500 trials of training, and performed at a consistently inferior level in terms of both quality and speed. It is suggested that the anterior commissurotomy eliminated a control mechanism involving direct interhemispheric interaction of motor corollary outflow, forcing these subjects to rely on slower visual and proprioceptive feedback systems. Direct hemispheric interaction appears to be important for the fine regulation of the lower motor system from within each hemisphere. Certain consistent performance characteristics of the patients and control subjects are discussed with respect to lateral dominance and ipsilateral control in motor functions.
THE SUBTLE BODY ECSTASY OF DAOIST INNER ALCHEMY

In Daoist mysticism, the body plays a much more central role than in comparative Western models. This is especially clear in the tradition of Daoism called inner alchemy, which arose in the Song dynasty and has remained dominant both among monastic and lay practitioners to the present day. In this model, the internal energies of the person are gradually and systematically refined from grosser, easily felt vibrations and secretions to pure qi, the original cosmic energy as present in the individual, and from there to spirit, the divine power that pervades the universe. Adepts transform who they are as persons to become one with the Dao, but they do not do it merely through mental reorientation. Their entire physical structure changes as the powers of the cosmos manifest in them and the Dao takes over their being. Mystical experience in this context is thus very much an embodied event.
Deformation in lamellar and crystalline structures: in situ simultaneous small‐angle X‐ray scattering and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements on polyethylene terephthalate fibers

Changes in the lamellar and crystalline structures were followed as a function of applied stress to understand the influence of the interactions between the crystalline and amorphous domains on the fiber properties. We observed a reversible transformation from a structure giving a four-point small-angle pattern to a structure giving a two-point pattern; these structures corresponded to the lamellae with oblique and normal lamellar surfaces, respectively. The characteristics of these two structures such as the stack diameter, stack height, and tilt angle were different and were determined by the processing conditions and did not change when the fiber was elastically deformed. The structure giving a two-point pattern was probably the load-carrying lamellar entity in these fibers. The diameter of the lamellar stacks, tilt angle of the lamellae, and the strain in the lamellar spacing appeared to have the most influence on properties such as tenacity and dimensional stability. The long-spacing strain, which is about the same as the fiber strain, determined the modulus at low elongation as well as ultimate elongation. These indicate that the lamellar stacks have at least as much influence as the interfibrillar chains on fiber properties. Structural features that determine the performance in semicrystalline polymers were investigated by analyzing four generations of polyethylene terephthalate fibers. Some of the fiber properties correlate with changes in the crystalline domains such as the crystalline orientation, size, and unit cell dimensions. Fibers in which the crystalline strain was large because of their strong linkages to the amorphous chains, and better load transfer, had the highest modulus and lowest ultimate elongation.
Water Dynamics in Nafion Fuel Cell Membranes: The Effects of Confinement and Structural Changes on the Hydrogen Bond Network†

The complex environments experienced by water molecules in the hydrophilic channels of Nafion membranes are studied by ultrafast infrared pump−probe spectroscopy. A wavelength-dependent study of the vibrational lifetime of the O−D stretch of dilute HOD in H2O confined in Nafion membranes provides evidence of two distinct ensembles of water molecules. While only two ensembles are present at each level of membrane hydration studied, the characteristics of the two ensembles change as the water content of the membrane changes. Time-dependent anisotropy measurements show that the orientational motions of water molecules in Nafion membranes are significantly slower than in bulk water and that lower hydration levels result in slower orientational relaxation. Initial wavelength-dependent results for the anisotropy show no clear variation in the time scale for orientational motion across a broad range of frequencies. The anisotropy decay is analyzed using a model based on restricted orientational diffusion within ...
Dynamic modeling and evaluation of solid oxide fuel cell - combined heat and power system operating strategies

Abstract Operating strategies of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined heat and power (CHP) systems are developed and evaluated from a utility, and end-user perspective using a fully integrated SOFC-CHP system dynamic model that resolves the physical states, thermal integration and overall efficiency of the system. The model can be modified for any SOFC-CHP system, but the present analysis is applied to a hotel in southern California based on measured electric and heating loads. Analysis indicates that combined heat and power systems can be operated to benefit both the end-users and the utility, providing more efficient electric generation as well as grid ancillary services, namely dispatchable urban power. Design and operating strategies considered in the paper include optimal sizing of the fuel cell, thermal energy storage to dispatch heat, and operating the fuel cell to provide flexible grid power. Analysis results indicate that with a 13.1% average increase in price-of-electricity (POE), the system can provide the grid with a 50% operating range of dispatchable urban power at an overall thermal efficiency of 80%. This grid-support operating mode increases the operational flexibility of the SOFC-CHP system, which may make the technology an important utility asset for accommodating the increased penetration of intermittent renewable power.
On CAT(0) structures for free-by-cyclic groups

Abstract We construct CAT ( 0 ) spaces on which various free-by-cyclic groups act. Let G be the free-by-cyclic group F ( a , c 1 , … , c n , d ) ⋊ φ Z with φ determined by ϕ ( a ) = a , ϕ ( c j ) = c j a κ , and ϕ ( d ) = d w , where w is some word not containing d. Our main result is that if the exponent sum of c n in w is non-zero, then there is a CAT ( 0 ) metric space on which G acts properly discontinuously and cocompactly by isometries.
Fear of Failure in the Context of Competitive Sport: A Commentary:

INTRODUCTION Allen Fox identified fear of failure as the key psychological culprit that interferes with athletes’ abilities to remain focused when competing in sport. I agree that fear of failure can be devastating to athletes for all the reasons that Dr. Fox suggests, as we have all witnessed (and even personally experienced) the severe performance decrements that can occur when this fear rears its ugly head (e.g., Greg Norman’s meltdown in the 1996 US Masters or Jana Novotna’s 1993 championship match choke at Wimbledon). However, I believe that fear of failure, as an inherent part of sport competition, can be harnessed and used as an important motivator for training and as a useful energy source (which requires some mental rewiring) during competition. My metaphor was intentional – fear of failure is a huge obstacle to overcome when it “rears its ugly head” – but systematic training of productive responses in pressure situations enables most athletes to manage this fear effectively. The “ugly head” is only revealed when athletes lack training and experience, or forsake their mental plans and focus strategies because they are not completely routinized or trusted. Peter Vidmar, U.S. Olympic gold medalist in gymnastics, describes his learned response to fear of failure:
Low-emitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates

Large-scale tree planting programs have been proposed, and are being implemented, as a means of reducing energy demand, mitigating urban heat islands, and improving air quality. However, many species of trees emit highly photochemically reactive hydrocarbons and the rates of such emissions can vary by four orders of magnitude, depending upon the tree species. Thus, planting of high-emitting trees species on a massive scale has the potential to adversely affect air quality rather than leading to improvement. However, the selection of low-emitting trees is difficult because emission rates have been experimentally determined for only a limited number of species. The present study describes a methodology for assigning biogenic emission rates based on taxonomic relationships. Using this methodology, direct emission measurements from 124 tree and shrub species found in the California South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) are used to assign emission rates to 253 other species found in the SoCAB but for which there are no measured emission rates. The combined listing of 377 species is ranked according to total (isoprene and monoterpenes) biogenic emission rate on an hourly basis. Although the ranking of trees developed here is specific to Southern California, the methodology described can be applied to other geographic areas to assist in the planting of low-emitting urban forests.
A unique synthesis method of transformerless active RC networks

Abstract A unique decomposition of active RC driving-point impedance functions is presented, which has been obtained by considering the driving-point synthesis problem in terms of the reflection coefficient. Application of the decomposition has been shown to guarantee the realization of the driving-point impedance in Kinariwala's cascade configuration and Sandberg's special configurations, each containing one negative impedance converter. The method imposes no restriction on the impedance function, except that it has only to be a real rational function. The decomposition technique can be easily programmed for a digital computer.
Congenital and Compensated Vestibular Dysfunction in Childhood: An Overlooked Entity

We report five children with previously unrecognized vestibular dysfunction detected by clinical examination and confirmed by quantitative vestibular testing. Patient 1 presented with fluctuating v...
β-Glucosylation as a Part of Self-Resistance Mechanism in Methymycin/Pikromycin Producing Strain Streptomyces venezuelae†

In our study of the biosynthesis of d-desosamine in Streptomyces venezuelae, we have cloned and sequenced the entire desosamine biosynthetic cluster. The deduced product of one of the genes, desR, in this cluster shows high sequence homology to β-glucosidases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages, a function not required for the biosynthesis of desosamine. Disruption of the desR gene led to the accumulation of glucosylated methymycin/neomethymycin products, all of which are biologically inactive. It is thus conceivable that methymycin/neomethymycin may be produced as inert diglycosides, and the DesR protein is responsible for transforming these antibiotics from their dormant to their active forms. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the translated desR gene has a leader sequence characteristic of secretory proteins, allowing it to be transported through the cell membrane and hydrolyze the modified antibiotics extracellularly to activate them. Expression of desR and biochemica...
Testing a Model of Suicide Ideation in College Students

This study examined several risk factors-negative life events (NLE), hopelessness, and depressive symptoms-believed to commonly precipitate suicide ideation in college students. A total of 345 undergraduates participated in the study. Students completed four self-report questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to construct a risk model of suicide ideation. This study confirmed depressive symptoms and hopelessness as predictors of suicide ideation in college students; however, NLE impacted suicidal thoughts through hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Interestingly, depressive symptoms exerted a stronger influence on suicide ideation than hopelessness. Hopelessness served as a partial mediator in the relationship between NLE and depressive symptoms; however, depressive symptoms fully mediated the relationship between NLE and hopelessness. Clinical implications for understanding suicide risk in college students are discussed.
A 3D hypoplastic model for cyclic analysis of concrete structures

Abstract This paper presents a hypoplastic model for three-dimensional analysis of concrete structures under monotonic, cyclic, proportional and non-proportional loading. The constitutive model is based on the concept of equivalent uniaxial strains that allow the assumed orthotropic model to be described via three equivalent uniaxial stress–strain curves. The characteristics of these curves are obtained from the ultimate strength surface in the principal stress space based on the Willam–Warnke curve. A cap model is added to consider loading along or near the hydrostatic axis. The equivalent uniaxial curve is based on the Popovics and Saenz models. The post-peak behavior is adjusted to account for the effects of confinement and to describe the change in response from brittle to ductile as the lateral confinement increases. Correlation studies with available experimental tests are presented to demonstrate the model performance. Tests with monotonic loading on specimens under constant lateral confinement are considered first, followed by biaxial and triaxial tests with cyclic loads. The triaxial test example considers non-proportional loading.
Choice of lard, but not total lard calories, damps adrenocorticotropin responses to restraint

Although rats given the choice of eating high-density calories as concentrated sucrose solutions or lard exhibit reduced responsivity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, rats fed high-fat diets have normal or augmented responses to stressors. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, we compared in adult male rats the effects of 7-d feeding with lard + chow (choice) to feeding a 50% lard-chow mixture (no-choice) and to chow only. Rats with choice composed diets with 50-60% total calories from lard. Rats were exposed to 30 min of restraint on d 7. In the choice group, there was a robust inhibition of ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint compared with chow or no-choice groups. Total caloric intake was less with choice than no-choice. Fat depot weights and body weight gain were similar in the high-fat groups. Leptin concentrations were equal but insulin was higher in the choice group. We conclude the following: 1) choice of eating high-density calories strongly damps hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress; without choice, high-density diet is ineffective; and 2) insulin may signal metabolic well-being, and may act through hypothalamic sites to reduce caloric intake but through forebrain sites to damp stress responses.
Ambient seismic noise tomography and structure of eastern North America

[1] The time derivative of cross-correlation functions (CCF) of ambient noise fields recorded by two stations can be approximated as the Green's Function (GF) between the stations. The CCFs are thus used as Peudo-GFs (dominated by surface waves) to invert for group velocity structure in eastern North America. Stations from two regional networks deployed to monitor the New Madrid Seismic Zone and eastern Tennessee seismic zone, together with stations of the US National Seismic Network, greatly improve tomographic ray coverage. The short period (T = 5 s) group velocity map shows strong correlations with the depth to Precambrian basement. Many subtle local structures can be clearly identified from the velocity map, including the Ozark uplift, Cincinnati Arch, Nashville Dome and the Blue Ridge province of the Appalachians showing relatively high group velocity. The long period (T = 15 s) group velocity map shows strong correlations with regional geology. Ancient rift basins, such as the Mid-Continent Rift (MCR) system, the Reelfoot rift, the Oklahoma Aulacogen and the Eastern Continent Rift, are associated with low velocity belts along their rift axes. We also find that all major seismic zones in eastern North America, such as the New Madrid seismic zone, Eastern Tennessee seismic zone as well as Ouachita Orogen seismic zone, are approximately located at transition zones separating velocity highs and lows. This observation suggests that those seismic zones may reflect the reactivation of ancient faults associated with continental rift and collision zones.
Comprehensive Situation Mapping for Robot Evaluation and Selection

Selecting the best robot for various applications is further complicated by the impracticality of physically modelling available robots in order to make an educated choice. Various methods have been proposed in the literature for tackling the robot selection problem. Some of these methods have been evaluated for assembly applications, the most common being what we call the “evaluative hierarchy”. Introduces a robot selection tool based on comprehensive situation mapping (CSM), an advanced derivative of influence diagramming (ID). Proposes that CSM provides the most consistent results, is easy to use, and gives the decision maker better insights into how various process variables can be chosen to ensure that the best available robot for the money is acquired.
Value of preoperative EEG for carotid endarterectomy

Purpose: This study was designed to determine whether the preoperative, baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used for intraoperative decision making during carotid endarterectomy, and to identify circumstances where the EEG can be eliminated. Methods: The charts of all patients undergoing carotid endartectomy at the authors' institution from June 1991 to May 1995 were reviewed to identify those patients that had adequate pre- and intraoperative EEG monitoring. EEGs during 331 carotid endartectomies in 303 patients were coded without knowledge of outcome; primary and secondary endpoints were EEG changes with clamping and clinical outcome, respectively. Results: The incidence of mortality and major neurological morbidity was 1.8%. Baseline-EEGs were abnormal in 105 patients (32%). Whereas baseline-EEG changes were highly predictive of EEG changes after anesthetic induction (P<.0001), they were not predictive of EEG changes with clamping or of clinical outcome. Prior stroke (CVA) predicted abnormal baseline-EEGs (P<.0001) and abnormal post-anesthetic EEGs (P<.0001) but did not predict changes with clamping or perioperative CVA. EEG changes with clamping occurred during 18% of operations; such changes were predicted only by contralateral occlusion (P<.0016) and EEG changes during a prior contralateral carotid endartectomy (P<.0001). The only variable that predicted an adverse neurological outcome was the presence of contralateral occlusion, which increased the likelihood of a perioperative neurological event seven-fold (P=.0038). Clinical outcomes in the 57 of 105 patients with abnormal baseline-EEGs and the 49 of 83 with prior CVA who were shunted were not different from those who were not. Conclusions: baseline-EEG is not of value for the prediction of adverse events during carotid endartectomy and can be eliminated. Because contralateral occlusion is highly predictive of changes with clamping, and patients undergoing a second carotid endartectomy will usually manifest EEG changes identical to those at the first, operative EEG monitoring can also be eliminated from both these circumstances. Finally, prior stroke does not lead to a higher incidence of clamp-induced EEG changes, and thus is not an indication for shunting in and of itself.
Direct actions of gossypol on cardiac muscle

Abstract Gossypol, an orally active male contraceptive, has been reported to produce cardiotoxity. In the present study, direct actions of gossypol on the heart muscle were examined using atrial muscle preparations isolated from guinea-pig heart. Gossypol (20–30 μM) produced a transient positive chronotropic effect in spontaneously beating right atrial muscle preparations and a transient positive inotropic effect which reached a peak at about 5 min followed by a marked negative inotropic effect in paced left atrial muscle. These effects of gossypol were not affected by blocking concentrations of phentolamine, nadolol or propranolol, cimetidine and atropine. Gossypol inhibited Na + , K + -ATPase isolated from guinea-pig brain, Na + pump activity in electrically stimulated left atrial muscle preparations of guinea-pig heart and Na + /Ca 2+ exchange in Na + -loaded sarcolemmal vesicles obtained from dog heart. Inhibition of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange required high concentrations of gossypol and was rapidly reversible whereas Na + , K + -ATPase inhibition was apparently irreversible. These results indicate that micromolar concentrations of gossypol have direct actions on cardiac muscle.
Parking slot assignment games

With the proliferation of location-based services, mobile devices, and embedded wireless sensors, more and more applications are being developed to improve the efficiency of the transportation system. In particular, new applications are arising to help vehicles locate open parking spaces. Nevertheless, while engaged in driving, travelers are better suited being guided to a particular and ideal parking slot, than looking at a map and choosing which spot to go to. Then the question of how an application should choose this ideal parking spot becomes relevant.Vehicular parking can be viewed as vehicles (players) competing for parking slots (resources with different costs). Based on this competition, we present a game-theoretic framework to analyze parking situations. We introduce and analyze Parking Slot Assignment Games (Psag) in complete and incomplete information contexts. For both models we present algorithms for individual players to choose parking spaces ideally. To evaluate the more realistic incomplete information Psag, simulations were performed to test the performance of various proposed algorithms.
Combined selenium and vitamin C deficiency causes cell death in guinea pig skeletal muscle

Abstract Combined antioxidant deficiencies of selenium and vitamin E or vitamin E and vitamin C in guinea pigs result in clinical illness. We hypothesized that combined selenium and vitamin C deficiency would have clinical consequences because in vitro interactions of these antioxidant nutrients have been reported. Because guinea pigs are dependent on dietary vitamin C, weanling male guinea pigs were fed selenium-deficient or control diet for 15 weeks before imposing vitamin C deficiency. Four dietary groups were formed and studied 3 weeks later: controls, vitamin C deficient, selenium deficient, and doubly deficient. Deficiencies were confirmed by determinations of glutathione peroxidase activity and vitamin C concentration in liver and skeletal muscle. Plasma creatine phosphokinase activity and liver, kidney, heart, and quadriceps histopathology were determined. Doubly deficient animals had moderately severe skeletal muscle cell death as judged by histopathology and plasma creatine phosphokinase activity of 6630 ± 4400 IU/L (control, 70 ± 5; vitamin C deficient, 95 ± 110; selenium deficient, 280 ± 250). Liver, kidney, and heart histology was normal in all groups. Muscle α -tocopherol levels were not depressed in the doubly deficient group, but muscle F 2 isoprostane concentrations were elevated in them and correlated with markers of cell death. We conclude that combining selenium and vitamin C deficiencies in the guinea pig causes cell death in skeletal muscle that is more severe than the injury caused by selenium deficiency. The elevation of muscle F 2 isoprostanes is compatible with the cell death being caused by oxidative stress.
Characterization of trisulfide modification in antibodies

Trisulfides are a posttranslational modification formed by the insertion of a sulfur atom into a disulfide bond. Although reports for trisulfides in proteins are limited, we find that they are a common modification in natural and recombinant antibodies of all immunoglobulin G (IgG) subtypes. Trisulfides were detected only in interchain linkages and were predominantly in the light-heavy linkages. Factors that lead to trisulfide formation and elimination and their impact on activity and stability were investigated. The peptide mapping methods developed for characterization and quantification of trisulfides should be applicable to any antibody and can be easily adapted for other types of proteins.
Separation and spectrophotometric determination of trace quantities of lithium in high-purity beryllium and beryllium oxide.

Abstract A spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of trace quantities of lithium in beryllium metal and its oxide. Lithium is selectively separated from beryllium by extraction from 1M potassium hydroxide solution into 0.1M dipivaloylmethane in diethyl ether. Fluoride, added before the extraction, successfully masks the beryllium; as little as 3μg of lithium can be separated from as much as 1 g of beryllium. The lithium is then back-extracted into 0.1M hydrochloric acid and is determined spectrophotometrically with o-(2-hydroxy-3,6-disulpho-1-naphthylazo) benzene arsonic acid, Thoron. In an acetone-water medium Beer's law is obeyed over the range 0.1–1.0 μg ml . The method has been applied successfully to the determination of lithium in concentrations as low as 3 ppm; the relative standard deviation for the determination of 200 ppm is 3%.
Molecular enthalpies: 2. ground-state thermodynamic and computed enthalpies of bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5,7-triene and its hydrogenation products

This article is a continuation of our investigation of enthalpies of formation and strain-compensated enthalpies of hydrogenation of medium-sized hydrocarbons. We have carried out calculations of δH f by MM2, MM3, and by the MNDO, AM1, and PM3 semi-empirical molecular orbital methods. Results are given for the bicyclo[2.2]octa-2,5,7-triene series ([2.2.2]barrelenes) Two of these compounds are potentially homoantiaromatic. Comparisons with ab initio calculations are made. A novel method of estimating strain relaxation during the stepwise hydrogenation of [2.2.2]barrelene is given.
Generalized symmetric elements generated by a prime sequence

Let \(A_1, A_2, \dots, A_n\) be a prime sequence in a local Noether lattice L. For \(k \ge 1, {\cal P} {_k}b \) denotes the set of finite joins in L of power products of the generalized symmetric elements of order k (majorization elements) in \(A_1, A_2, \dots, A_n\) together with 0 and I. We have previously showed that for \(k = 1, {\cal P} {_k}b \) is a Noetherian distributive \(\pi\)-domain. For \(n \le 3\) and for any \(k,{\cal P} {_k}b\) is again such a sub-\(\pi\)-domain of \({\cal P} {_1}b\). For \(n \ge 4\) and \(k \ge 2, {\cal P} {_k}b\) is not closed under the meet of \( {\cal P} {_1}b\). However \( {\cal P} {_k}b\) with its induced meet is again a Noetherian distributive \(\pi\)-domain. Each finite set of majorization elements asymptotically forms a distributive sublattice of \({\cal P}{_k}b\) for k sufficiently large.
The hippocampal/parahippocampal regions and recognition memory: insights from visual paired comparison versus object-delayed nonmatching in monkeys.

Recognition memory was assessed by submitting the same adult monkeys to visual paired comparison (VPC) with mixed delays (10-120 sec), followed by three consecutive versions of object-delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS): increasing delays (10-600 sec), lengthened lists (3-10 objects), and intervening distractors in the delays (light at 10 sec, motor task at 30-600 sec, or context change at 600 sec). Four groups were tested: normal controls, monkeys with ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampal formation (H), and monkeys with aspiration lesions of either the perirhinal (PRh) or parahippocampal (areas TH/TF) cortex. Group H was impaired on VPC at delays ≥60 sec but had difficulty on DNMS only at 600 sec delays with distraction. In group TH/TF, the VPC impairment emerged earlier (30 sec); yet, once the nonmatching rule was mastered, no significant change occurred on any DNMS condition. Only group PRh behaved congruently on VPC and DNMS, exhibiting a deficit at the easiest condition that worsened with increasing delays as well as in DNMS lengthened list and distraction conditions. These results led us to postulate that VPC and DNMS, as previously administered to monkeys, were not equivalent visual recognition memory probes. Specifically, we propose that, for VPC, because of passive (incidental) encoding, the animal's performance rests on both item familiarity and event recollection, whereas, for DNMS, because of active (purposeful) encoding, performance relies more on item familiarity. This proposal converges with current models postulating distinct, but interactive, mnemonic roles for the hippocampal and adjacent TH/TF regions.
Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy

Viruses have evolved to become highly efficient at nucleic acid delivery to specific cell types while avoiding immunosurveillance by an infected host. These properties make viruses attractive gene-delivery vehicles, or vectors, for gene therapy. Several types of viruses, including retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and herpes simplex virus, have been modified in the laboratory for use in gene therapy applications. Because these vector systems have unique advantages and limitations, each has applications for which it is best suited. Retroviral vectors can permanently integrate into the genome of the infected cell, but require mitotic cell division for transduction. Adenoviral vectors can efficiently deliver genes to a wide variety of dividing and nondividing cell types, but immune elimination of infected cells often limits gene expression in vivo. Herpes simplex virus can deliver large amounts of exogenous DNA; however, cytotoxicity and maintenance of transgene expression remain as obstacles. AAV also infects many nondividing and dividing cell types, but has a limited DNA capacity. Alternatively, chimeric viral-vector systems that combine advantageous properties of two or more viral systems are also being explored. Although viral-mediated gene delivery has proved to be the most efficient means of gene transfer, nonviral means are also under development. Many of these nonviral systems incorporate portions of viral vectors to increase the efficiency of gene delivery or expression. Retrovirus, adenovirus, and AAV vectors are being evaluated currently in several Phase 1 clinical trials for treatment of diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, Gaucher disease, and arthritis.