cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression patterns and function of chromatin protein HMGB2 during mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

The superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage is critical in maintaining tissue function and homeostasis and represents the site of the earliest changes in osteoarthritis (OA). The expression of chromatin protein HMGB2 is restricted to the SZ, which contains cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers [1]. Aging-related loss of HMGB2 and gene deletion are associated with reduced SZ cellularity and early onset OA [2]. This study addressed HMGB2 expression patterns in MSC and its role during differentiation. HMGB2 was detected at higher levels in human MSC as compared to human articular chondrocytes and its expression declined during chondrogenic differentiation of MSC (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Lentiviral HMGB2 transduction of MSC suppressed chondrogenesis as reflected by an inhibition of Col2a1 and Col10a1 expression. Conversely, in bone marrow MSC from Hmgb2-/- mice, Col10a1 was more strongly expressed than in wildtype MSC. This is consistent with in vivo results from mouse growth plates showing that Hmgb2 is expressed in proliferating and prehypertrophic zones but not in hypertrophic cartilage where Col10a1 is strongly expressed. Osteogenesis was also accelerated in Hmgb2-/- MSC. The expression of Runx2, which plays a major role in late stage chondrocyte differentiation, was enhanced in Hmgb2-/- MSC and HMGB2 negatively regulated the stimulatory effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on the Runx2 proximal promoter. Figure 1 HMGB2 expression during chondrogenesis of human MSC. Immunohistochemistry shows that HMGB2 is expressed at days 1 and 3, but that expression is reduced at days 7, 14 upon induction of chondrogenesis. SO: safranin O staining. These results demonstrate that HMGB2 expression is inversely correlated with the differentiation status of MSC and that HMGB2 suppresses chondrogenic differentiation. The aging-related loss of HMGB2 in articular cartilage may represent a mechanism responsible for the decline in adult cartilage stem cell populations.
Successful tricuspid valvulectomy without replacement for endocarditis during pregnancy.

5 t Gordon DG, Ashburn WL, Slutsky RL: Assessment of ventricular function by first-pass radionuclide angiography. In Berman DS, Mason DT, editors: Clinical nuclear cardiology. New York, 1981, Grune & Stratton, Inc, pp 204-223. Parker .J, Treves S: Radionuclide detection, localization and quantitation of intracardiac shunts and shunts between the great arteries. In Holman BL, editor: Principles of cardiovascular nuclear medicine. New York, 1978, Grune & Stratton Inc. pp 189-218. Howman-Giles RB, Gilday DL, Mason DT, Berman DS: Nuclear cardiology in pediatrics: Evaluation of intracardiac shunts and additional congenital diseases. In Berman DS, Mason DT, editors: Clinical nuclear cardiology. New York, 1981, Grune & Stratton, Inc, pp 285-317. Saalouke MG, Shapiro SR, Perry LW, Scott LP III: Incomplete anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Am J Cardiol 1977; 39:439-444. Perloff J: The clinical recognition of congenital heart disease. Philadelphia, 1978, W. B. Saunders Co, pp 281.284.
The Posterior Thyroplasty Window: Anatomical Considerations†

Objectives: Explain surgical technique of performing a posterior thyroplasty window. 1 Describe the internal laryngeal anatomy and structures available through the posterior window approach Describe posterior window approach. Study Design: Review of lateral laryngeal anatomy and retrospective review of 125 cases involving a posterior thyroplasty window approach. Review mechanics of stress and stress concentration inherent with partial removal of rigid substance. Describe anatomical considerations and surgical complications, methods: Charts were reviewed and tabulated for surgical complications, efficacy and safety of surgical approach, specific anatomical variations, and variety of surgery available through the posterior window. Results: Performance of 125 posterior thyroplasty windows revealed no evidence of entry into the piriform sinus. Three thyroid ala fractures ensued, two of the body and one of the inferior cornu. Operations available included arytenoid adduction, 1 arytenoid fixation, 2 lysis of joint adhesions, and access to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle for botulinum toxin injections. Conclusions: The posterior thyroplasty window affords easy, direct access to the internal, posterolateral larynx while preserving the cricothyroid joint, the action of the cricothyroid muscle, and the internal division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
A role for carnosine and anserine in histamine metabolism of the traumatized rat.

SummaryAdult cocks were wounded by incisions on the left side of the pectoral muscles and tissues taken 24 and 48 hr later for determination of anserine and carnosine. Both the anserine and carnosine concentrations were lower in the wounded tissue 24 hr after injury in comparison with uninjured controls and tissue from the uninjured area of the same animals. By 48 hr levels of anserine and carnosine were essentially back to normal. Young rats were injured by fracture of the femur and simultaneously injected ip with either saline, histamine or histidine (0.2 μmoles). The leg muscle concentrations of carnosine, anserine and free-histidine were approximately 25% lower in the injured, as compared to the uninjured animals. Histidine or histamine injection prevented the decrease, and in the case of uninjured rats induced an increase, particularly of carnosine.
Current trends in silicon research

Silicon is by far the most important material in the electronics industry, retaining its position as the host material for the fabrication of the vast majority of electronic devices, in spite of a substantial growth in devices using gallium arsenide and magnetic garnet films. According to recent estimates (l), U. S. integrated circuit production in 1981 will be worth $5.8 billion, out of a total $7.4 billion semiconductor industry. The world market is about twice this figure. Apart from computers, the rapid growth of the electronics industry has resulted from the continued development of new applications, for example, in cars, toys, games, and appliances.
Aging and Nutrition Education.

This paper reviews the present state of nutrition education programs in relation to aging. A summary of various facets of nutritional information that constitute different components of nutrition education programs for the elderly is discussed. A brief review of physiological changes with age that affect nutrient utilization and food selection, a review of changes in dietary intake and dietary requirements are presented. The psychological foundations of nutrition education programs, possible limitations of behavioral modification methods and the need for new approaches in diet therapy for the elderly are reviewed. A historical sketch of the government agencies involved in improving the nutritional status of elderly citizens, a description of reports on several nutrition education programs, and a discussion of future needs for nutrition education of the elderly are included.
Antimicrobial therapy issues facing pediatricians

In the field of infectious diseases, the emergence of new pathogens or old diseases in newly recognized forms; changing virulence of pathogens; changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility; new diagnostic techniques, drugs or vaccines; changing concepts of chemoprophylaxis; controversies about medical vs. surgical techniques; and the challenge of care of children with infectious diseases within new guidelines of managed care are recently identified areas of change. The increased resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to many commonly used antimicrobials and the increased proportion of beta-lactamase-producing nontypable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis concern many practitioners. The decreased antibiotic susceptibility of S. pneumoniae is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. Optimal therapy for mild, moderate or severe pneumococcal disease is dependent on current local susceptibility patterns. Group A streptococci are uniformly susceptible to readily achieved concentrations of all penicillins and cephalosporins. However, recent clusters of cases of rheumatic fever, increased recognition of toxic shock syndrome and bacteremic and localized severe pneumococcal disease have increased concern about the changing ecology of the Streptococccus and the implications for therapy. Finally recognition that many children with acute bacterial otitis media have resolution of disease without use of antimicrobial agents has led to more rigorous study designs for evaluating new drugs. Criteria for choice of antimicrobial agents for acute otitis media in children are based on clinical efficacy determined from studies of sufficient sample size to show differences among the products evaluated, microbiologic efficacy with aspirates of middle ear fluid before therapy and subsequent evaluation based on clinical criteria or repeat aspiration of middle ear fluid to define sterilization by the drug, side effects and toxicity, administrative advantages, acceptability and costs of illness
Immunochemical identification of endocrine cell types in the streptozotocin nicotinamide-induced rat islet adenoma.

Abstract The streptozotocin nicotinamide-induced rat islet adenoma is a benign encapsulated tumor that exhibits considerable histologic and endocrine variability. Individual tumors differ in their general pattern of cellular arrangement and often contain necrotic regions, ductlike structures and large amounts of interspersed connective tissue. The majority of tumors are polyhormonal. All contain insulin by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, although the amounts vary greatly. Glucagon and/or somatostatin immunoreactive cells are present in 62% of tumors by immunohistochemistry and in 86% by radioimmunoassay. Again, the amounts vary greatly. Pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity was localized in a small number of scattered cells in 31% of tumors studied. Tumors demonstrated considerable hormonal intra- and intertumor heterogeneity both by immunohistochemistry and by radioimmunoassay. From these data it is indicated that the tumor can neither be considered an “insulinoma” nor “pure” in endocrine composition. This histologic and endocrine variability must be taken into account when using the tumor as a source of islet mRNA or as a source of tissue in insulin biosynthetic work.
Materials for Control of Water Cooled Power Reactors

The control rod requirements of water cooled power reactors have been satisfied thus far with the successful operation of control rod systems containing B4C in tubes, Ag-In-Cd alloy, hafnium, or Eu...
Survey of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise Students Regarding Anticipated Behaviors Related to Breastfeeding in the Workplace

Abstract After the birth of their children, many women desire to work outside the home and to continue breastfeeding their children. In the United States, less than 25% of all major corporations support lactation in the workplace. Thus, many women discontinue breastfeeding much sooner than recommended. Future nutrition and health professionals, such as Junior- and Senior-level students, may be asked for advice regarding breastfeeding in the workplace, and individual preferences may bias their recommendations. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to survey intended actions of Juniors (n=31) and Seniors (n=38) majoring in Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise (HNFE) at Virginia Tech to determine participants' anticipated personal behaviors regarding breastfeeding in the workplace. Participants completed a 7-item Likert-type questionnaire with responses ranging from "Definitely Yes" = 5 to "Definitely No" = 1. Based on Chi-square analyses, responses to questions did not differ between Juniors and Seniors; thus, these two groups were pooled (N=69). Participants had a mean age of 21.3±1.7 years. Nearly 91% were female, and 90% of participants were Caucasian. While almost 91% of participants responded that they will breastfeed, only 45% intend to breastfeed or express breastmilk while working outside the home. Moreover, only 26%, 12%, and
Transitional variation and relationships among properties within loblolly pine growth rings

Loblolly pine microtome sections 100μm thick were tested wet in tension. This thickness was approximately double the outside diameter of tracheids. Results indicate a curvilinear relationship between tensile strength and specific gravity of microspecimens combining both earlywood and latewood zones. Contrary to expectations the rate of change in slope of curve, expressed as tangent angles, decreased as specific gravity increased. Both tensile strength and stiffness values of these microspecimens are low in relation to their specific gravity. This reduction in strength and stiffness is probably related to the low ratio of microspecimen thickness to tracheid diameter, but needs further investigation. If the proper ratio between microspecimen thickness and tracheid diameter is determined, the transitional variation in tensile strength and stiffness within growth ring may be accurately established. The transitional variation in specific gravity can be successfully established from microtome sections, however the method is time consuming and not completely free of errors.
Decentralization under the Fox Administration: Progress or Stagnation?

When Vicente Fox came to power in 2000, many believed that decentralization of the Mexican political system would be one of the top items on his agenda. This essay examines Fox9s efforts to transfer power to other branches and levels of government during his first three years in office. The main finding is that the current administration has not been more successful at promoting decentralization than its PRI predecessor. Moreover, states and municipalities have not embraced decentralization because they are ambivalent about bearing the financial and political costs of subnational independence. Con la victoria de Vicente Fox en el 2000, muchos creiian que la descentralizacioon seriia unos de sus proyectos de mayor prioridad durante su gestioon. El presente ensayo analiza las iniciativas de Fox durante los primeros tres annos de su gestioon y demuestra que los recursos financieros tanto como el poder poliitico siguen concentrados en las manos del gobierno federal. Fox no ha logrado descentralizar el sistema poliitico, en parte, porque los estados y los municipios resisten el cambio.
3-D imaging using a tunable laser source

A method for obtaining 3-D images by illuminating an object with frequency tunable laser light and recording information interfero- metrically is discussed. The instrumentation requirements include a telecentric imaging system and a tunable laser source capable of serially illuminating the object with multiple laser frequencies. Complex-valued image plane data is recorded interferometrically and processed using Fourier transform algorithms, and 3-D images obtained from a variety of objects are presented. These results demonstrate the wide range of measurement applications that can be addressed with this method.
Graphite/polyimide composites with improved toughness

Studies were performed to determine the toughness characteristics of composites prepared from modified addition-type polyimides, using Celion 6000 graphite fiber as the reinforcement. The polyimides were prepared from aromatic diamines containing flexibilizing ether connecting groups. The composite flexural and short beam shear strengths were determined at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Composite toughness was evaluated using 10 deg off axis tensile tests and double cantilever beam fracture tests at room temperature. The effects of the flexibilized resin structure on composite mechanical properties, toughness characteristics, and thermo-oxidative stability are discussed.
Evaluation and treatment of atlas burst fractures (Jefferson fractures).

✓ Although several large series of atlas fractures have been reported recently, none has concentrated on the evaluation and treatment of atlas burst fractures (Jefferson fractures). The treatment of this fracture is challenging. Its diagnosis may easily be missed due to concerns about associated trauma and absence of neurological signs. In addition, the open-mouth anteroposterior x-ray study, which is usually pathognomonic for the diagnosis, is often inadequate or not obtained. In order to clarify the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder, 17 cases of Jefferson fracture treated between 1982 and 1989 at the Louisiana State University Affiliated Hospitals are presented. The diagnosis was delayed in three patients because of a low index of suspicion and inadequate x-ray films. Four patients were noted to have unstable Jefferson fractures; all of these had an associated Type II odontoid fracture and were treated with occiput-C-2 wiring and fusion. The remainder of the patients had stable Jefferson fracture...
High speed plating: An air pressure flow system

Abstract An air pressure flow system (APFS) has been devised for use in the high speed plating process being developed to plate chromium. Employing the APFS, bright chromium deposits were electrodeposited at 12 μm min-1 (0.0005 in min-1) at current densities up to 7.9 A cm-2 (51 A in-2). The sample area plated at this rate was 84 cm2. The APFS is described and some initial results are presented.
The Biophysics of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in the Heart: The Importance of Temperature Monitoring

Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is a technique whereby high frequency alternating electrical current with frequencies of 350 kHz to 1 MHz is delivered through electrode catheters to myocardial tissue creating a thermal lesion. The mechanism by which RF current heats tissue is resistive (or ohmic) heating of a narrow rim (< 1 mm) of tissue that is in direct contact with the electrode. Deeper tissue planes are then heated by conduction from the small region of volume heating. Heat is dissipated from the region by further heat conduction into normothermic tissue, and by heat convection via the circulating blood pool and larger coronary vessels. The lesion size is proportional to the temperature at the electrode-tissue interface (which is also a function of power level if electrical factors remain constant), and to the size of the electrode. At temperatures above 100 degrees C, boiling occurs at the electrode-tissue contact point resulting in a rapid rise in electrical impedance. Therefore, a theoretical maximum lesion size exists for any given electrode geometry. Other factors that are important for RF lesion formation include electrode-tissue contact pressure and duration of RF delivery. Temperature rises monoexponentially, and duration of energy delivery should be at least 35 to 45 seconds to approach steady state.
Managing Workplace Conflict in the United States and Hong Kong.

We propose that managers have norms (standards of appropriate behavior) for resolving conflict, that these norms are culturally based, and that they explain cultural differences in conflict management outcomes. We confirm that the traditionally American norms of discussing parties' interests and synthesizing multiple issues were exhibited more strongly by American managers than by their Hong Kong Chinese counterparts. In addition, we confirm that the traditionally Chinese norms of concern for collective interests and concern for authority appeared more strongly among Hong Kong Chinese managers than among their American counterparts. American managers were more likely than Hong Kong Chinese managers, to resolve a greater number of issues and reach more integrative outcomes, while Hong Kong Chinese managers were more likely to involve higher management in conflict resolution. Culture had a significant effect on whether parties selected an integrative outcome rather than an outcome that involved distribution, compromise, higher management, or no resolution at all. Conflict norms explained the cultural differences that existed between reaching an integrative outcome and reaching an outcome involving distribution, compromise, or higher management; however, conflict norms did not fully explain the cultural differences that existed between reaching an integrative outcome and reaching no resolution.
A beam-shifting slab implemented using printed, tensor TL metamaterials

This paper presents the implementation of a beam-shifting slab (a transformation optics device) using tensor transmission-line (TL) metamaterials. The slab consists of printed unit cells exhibiting anisotropic effective material parameters, while the surrounding medium consists of printed isotropic unit cells. The measured electric field patterns within the beam-shifting slab and the surrounding media show close agreement with simulation. The results experimentally verify the anisotropic properties of tensor TL metamaterials and open new opportunities to design transformation optics devices at microwave frequencies.
NoC architectures with adaptive Code Division Multiple Access based wireless links

Multi-hop data transfer in conventional Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) results in lower rates of data transfer and higher energy dissipation. Long-range millimeter-wave wireless interconnects were envisioned to alleviate this problem. However, as the bandwidth of the wireless channels is limited an efficient media access control (MAC) scheme is required to enhance the utilization of the available bandwidth. In this paper we show that with multiple simultaneous access of the shared wireless medium using a traffic-adaptive Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) scheme the peak performance can be improved significantly while lowering energy dissipation in data transfer compared to the conventional wireline counterparts.
The Impact of Resilience to Change on the Transformational Leadership Behaviors Demonstrated by Frontline Sales Professionals

This study explores the impact of resilience and key demographics on the transformational leadership behaviors demonstrated by frontline sales professionals. Data were collected from a sample 356 frontline sales professionals (55% male, 45% female, and covering both large and small industries). The sample responded to two pre-validated surveys about their transformational leadership, resilience to change, and socio-demographic profile. The analysis indicates that resilience was a positive, low to moderate predictor of transformational leadership behavior explaining 23% of the variance in the transformational leadership behaviors. This study relied on self-reported responses, which are subject to biases that may result from the research participants’ capacity to recall or remember events and/or routinely demonstrated characteristics. The data obtained in this study confirms that the level of resilience to change in frontline sales professionals predicts a portion of the level of transformational leadership behaviors demonstrated by individuals and throughout organizations of varying sizes. The current literature lacks an exploratory analysis of the relationship between resilience to change and the demonstration of transformational leadership behaviors. This study adds to the empirical literature on both topics.
Evaluation of Copy Number Variations Reveals Novel Candidate Genes in Autism Spectrum Disorder Associated Pathways

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly heritable, yet relatively few associated genetic loci have been replicated. Copy number variations (CNVs) have been implicated in autism; however, the majority of loci contribute to <1% of the disease population. Therefore, independent studies are important to refine associated CNV regions and discover novel susceptibility genes. In this study, a genome-wide SNP array was utilized for CNV detection by two distinct algorithms in a European ancestry case–control data set. We identify a significantly higher burden in the number and size of deletions, and disrupting more genes in ASD cases. Moreover, 18 deletions larger than 1 Mb were detected exclusively in cases, implicating novel regions at 2q22.1, 3p26.3, 4q12 and 14q23. Case-specific CNVs provided further evidence for pathways previously implicated in ASDs, revealing new candidate genes within the GABAergic signaling and neural development pathways. These include DBI, an allosteric binder of GABA receptors, GABARAPL1, the GABA receptor-associated protein, and SLC6A11, a postsynaptic GABA transporter. We also identified CNVs in COBL, deletions of which cause defects in neuronal cytoskeleton morphogenesis in model vertebrates, and DNER, a neuron-specific Notch ligand required for cerebellar development. Moreover, we found evidence of genetic overlap between ASDs and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases. These genes include glutamate receptors (GRID1, GRIK2 and GRIK4), synaptic regulators (NRXN3, SLC6A8 and SYN3), transcription factor (ZNF804A) and RNA-binding protein FMR1. Taken together, these CNVs may be a few of the missing pieces of ASD heritability and lead to discovering novel etiological mechanisms.
Early intervention: distraction osteogenesis of the mandible for severe airway obstruction.

Objective. To determine benefits of early intervention in neonates with symptomatic micrognathia who underwent bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis within the first 90 days of life as relates to growth, need for supportive care, and further invasive procedures.Study Design. Case series with chart review.Setting. Tertiary care, academic children’s hospital.Subjects and Methods. Review of neonates with symptomatic micrognathia who underwent bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis in the past 5 years. Inclusion criteria included mandibular distraction osteogenesis performed within the first 90 days of life. Outcome measures included hospital course, growth curves, supportive home care needs, and airway at cleft repair.Results. Twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age at distraction was 30 days, and the average discharge was postoperative day 14. One patient required home oxygen, 50% were able to feed exclusively by oral diet, and no patients required tracheotomy. In addition, ...
Microbiology of Brazilian purpuric fever and diagnostic tests. Brazilian Purpuric Fever Study Group.

Resume des principales caracteristiques microbiologiques d'Haemophilus aegyptius, identifie comme etant l'agent responsable de la fievre purpurique bresilienne au Bresil
Tribocharging Characteristics of the Mars Dust Simulant (JSC Mars-1)

The determination of triboelectric properties of the Martian dust would be critical for future human and robotic missions to Mars. Several major studies relating to future missions to Mars have highlighted the significance of electrostatic charge accumulation and its impact on various aspects of the mission due to tribocharging of the Mars dust. The tribocharging properties of the Mars dust simulant (JSC Mars-1) against stainless steel and Teflon were characterized. An electronic single particle aerodynamic relaxation time (ESPART) analyzer was used to measure the aerodynamic size and charge distributions of the dust particles. Faraday cup measurements were used for calculating average charge-to-mass ratio. The average charge-to-mass ratio of dust tribocharged against stainless steel (SS) was -1.19 muC/g, whereas it was found to be +1.21 muC/g against Teflon (PTFE). These results indicated that the work function of the JSC Mars-1 lies between that of the SS and Teflon.
Physics of modes in a differentially rotating system – analysis of the shearing sheet

We analyse the linear non-vortical modes of the shearing sheet, a model compressible two-dimensional fluid system with constant density, constant shear, and Coriolis force. This model has several features found in differentially rotating systems of interest in astrophysics, such as disc galaxies, accretion tori, planetary rings, protostellar nebulae, and possibly even rotating stars.
Automated identification of cone photoreceptors in adaptive optics retinal images

In making noninvasive measurements of the human cone mosaic, the task of labeling each individual cone is unavoidable. Manual labeling is a time-consuming process, setting the motivation for the development of an automated method. An automated algorithm for labeling cones in adaptive optics (AO) retinal images is implemented and tested on real data. The optical fiber properties of cones aided the design of the algorithm. Out of 2153 manually labeled cones from six different images, the automated method correctly identified 94.1% of them. The agreement between the automated and the manual labeling methods varied from 92.7% to 96.2% across the six images. Results between the two methods disagreed for 1.2% to 9.1% of the cones. Voronoi analysis of large montages of AO retinal images confirmed the general hexagonal-packing structure of retinal cones as well as the general cone density variability across portions of the retina. The consistency of our measurements demonstrates the reliability and practicality of having an automated solution to this problem.
Basic limitations on the performance of stirling engines

The performance of Stirling engines is subject to limitations resulting from power dissipation in the regenerator. The dissipation is caused by pressure gradients in the regenerator required to generate flow. Without this flow the power output would be zero. Hence the dissipation is an essential element of the operation of the engine. Using linearized theory, the pressure in the compression and expansion spaces is found as a function of the ratio of piston amplitudes and piston phase difference. The regenerator is taken to be thermally perfect. All variations are taken to be sinusoidal in time. Expressions are derived for the dimensionless power output and the thermal efficiency at a given amplitude of the compression piston. Upper bounds on the power output and the efficiency are found as function of frequency and of regenerator void volume. Special attention is given to the case of piston amplitude ratio equal to 1.
Validation of mixed-genome microarrays as a method for genetic discrimination

Comparative genomic hybridizations have been used to examine genetic relationships among bacteria. The microarrays used in these experiments may have open reading frames from one or more reference strains (whole-genome microarrays), or they may be composed of random DNA fragments from a large number of strains (mixed-genome microarrays [MGMs]). In this work both experimental and virtual arrays are analyzed to assess the validity of genetic inferences from these experiments with a focus on MGMs. Empirical data are analyzed from an Enterococcus MGM, while a virtual MGM is constructed in silico using sequenced genomes (Streptococcus). On average, a small MGM is capable of correctly deriving phylogenetic relationships between seven species of Enterococcus with accuracies of 100% (n = 100 probes) and 95% (n = 46 probes); more probes are required for intraspecific differentiation. Compared to multilocus sequence methods and whole-genome microarrays, MGMs provide additional discrimination between closely related strains and offer the possibility of identifying unique strain or lineage markers. Representational bias can have mixed effects. Microarrays composed of probes from a single genome can be used to derive phylogenetic relationships, although branch length can be exaggerated for the reference strain. We describe a case where disproportional representation of different strains used to construct an MGM can result in inaccurate phylogenetic inferences, and we illustrate an algorithm that is capable of correcting this type of bias. The bias correction algorithm automatically provides bootstrap confidence values and can provide multiple bias-corrected trees with high confidence values.
Anomalous arrangement of the origins of the anterior choroidal and posterior communicating arteries: Case report

✓ A case of anomalous origin of the anterior choroidal and posterior communicating arteries in a 36-year-old woman with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is presented. Preoperative four-vessel angiography revealed a reverse relationship of these vessels, wherein the anterior choroidal artery origin was proximal to the origin of the posterior communicating artery. This arrangement is extremely rare; the only other reported case was in a patient undergoing angiography prior to acoustic neurinoma resection. It is believed that this is the first case reported in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage from rupture of an aneurysm arising from a vessel of such anomalous origin.
Prolonged focal epilepsy and hypoxemia as a cause of focal brain damage: A case study

A 48-year-old woman developed epilepsia partialis continue (EPC) involving the right arm and leg, which lasted for four weeks until she died. Systemic hypoxia associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute pneumonia complicated her hospital course. At autopsy, diffuse cortical changes resembling the sequelae of ischemic anoxia were observed in the left cerebral hemisphere. The right cerebral hemisp here and cerebellum were minimally involved. No other significant pathological processes could be identified in the central nervous system, and the cerebrovascular system was free of obstructive lesions. It is proposed that the left-sided damage was precipitated by the increased metabolic demand of the cerebral cortex associated with the EPC, with which autoregulatory circulatory responses were unable to cope in a patient with underlying hypoxia.
INFECTION CONTROL IN SUBACUTE CARE

Little or no published data are available regarding infections or infection control measures in subacute care units in the United States. Infection-control measures designed for long-term care facilities should, in general, suffice for subacute care units. When developing an infection-control program for a subacute unit, one must be continuously cognizant of the objectives of care rendered by such a unit to ensure that policies and procedures are consistent with those objectives.
Structure of plant seed oil bodies

Abstract Plant seeds store triacylglycerols in intracellular oil bodies as food reserves for germination. Each spherical oil body has a diameter of about 0.5–2.0 μm, and consists of a triacylglycerol matrix surrounded by a layer of phospholipids embedded with abundant and unique proteins called oleosins. Oleosins have special secondary structures which interact with the surface phospholipid layer and the matrix triacylglycerols. They stabilize the oil bodies and possibly serve as recognition signals for lipase binding during seed germination.
MMSE detection of multicarrier CDMA in the presence of correlated fading

Incorporating a framework from multivariate statistical theory, analytical results for the performance of (he downlink and uplink of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) in presence of correlated Rayleigh fading are presented. Complete generality is maintained by assuming no specific form for the covariance matrix of the desired user and interference. Statistical independence amongst subcarriers is considered only as a special case. The analysis is exact in the sense that the conventional Gaussian assumption is not invoked on the multiple access interference.
Counterfactual Thinking and Impact Evaluation in Environmental Policy

Impact evaluations assess the degree to which changes in outcomes can be attributed to an intervention rather than to other factors. Such attribution requires knowing what outcomes would have looked like in the absence of the intervention. This counterfactual world can be inferred only indirectly through evaluation designs that control for confounding factors. Some have argued that environmental policy is different from other social policy fields, and thus attempting to establish causality through identification of counterfactual outcomes is quixotic. This chapter argues that elucidating causal relationships through counterfactual thinking and experimental or quasi-experimental designs is absolutely critical in environmental policy, and that many opportunities for doing so exist. Without more widespread application of such approaches, little progress will be made on building the evidence base in environmental policy. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seasonal and flow‐driven dynamics of particulate and dissolved mercury and methylmercury in a stream impacted by an industrial mercury source

Sediments and floodplain soils in the East Fork Poplar Creek watershed (Oak Ridge, TN, USA) are contaminated with high levels of mercury (Hg) from an industrial source at the headwaters. Although baseflow conditions have been monitored, concentrations of Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) during high-flow storm events, when the stream is more hydrologically connected to the floodplain, have yet to be assessed. The present study evaluated baseflow and event-driven Hg and MeHg dynamics in East Fork Poplar Creek, 5 km upstream of the confluence with Poplar Creek, to determine the importance of hydrology to in-stream concentrations and downstream loads and to ascertain whether the dynamics are comparable to those of systems without an industrial Hg source. Particulate Hg and MeHg were positively correlated with discharge (r(2) = 0.64 and 0.58, respectively) and total suspended sediment (r(2) = 0.97 and 0.89, respectively), and dissolved Hg also increased with increasing flow (r(2) = 0.18) and was associated with increases in dissolved organic carbon (r(2) = 0.65), similar to the dynamics observed in uncontaminated systems. Dissolved MeHg decreased with increases in discharge (r(2) = 0.23) and was not related to dissolved organic carbon concentrations (p = 0.56), dynamics comparable to relatively uncontaminated watersheds with a small percentage of wetlands (<10%). Although stormflows exert a dominant control on particulate Hg, particulate MeHg, and dissolved Hg concentrations and loads, baseflows were associated with the highest dissolved MeHg concentration (0.38 ng/L) and represented the majority of the annual dissolved MeHg load. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1386-1400. Published 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
High frequency characterization of conductive inks embedded within a structural composite

Woven fabric composites provide an attractive platform for integrating electromagnetic functionality—such as conformal load-bearing antennas and frequency selective surfaces—into a structural platform. One practical fabrication method for integrating conductive elements within a woven fabric composite system involves using additive manufacturing systems such as screen printing. While screen printing is an inherently scalable, flexible and cost effective method, little is known about the high frequency electrical properties of its conductive inks when they are embedded within the woven fabric composite. Thus, we have completed numerical and experimental studies to determine the electrical conductivity of screen printable conductive inks that are embedded within this composite. We have also performed mechanical studies to evaluate how printing affects the structural performance of the composite.
What Is a Rheumatologist and How Do We Make One

Objective Graduate medical education is a critical time in the training of a rheumatologist, and purposeful evaluation of abilities during this time is essential for long-term success as an independent practitioner. The internal medicine subspecialties collectively developed a uniform set of reporting milestones by which trainees can be assessed and receive formative feedback, providing clarity of accomplishment as well as areas for improvement in training. Furthermore, the reporting milestones provide a schema for assessment and evaluation of fellows by supervisors. The internal medicine subspecialties were also tasked with considering entrustable professional activities (EPAs), which define the abilities of a subspecialty physician who has attained sufficient mastery of the field to be accountable to stakeholders and participate in independent practice. Although EPAs have been established for a few specialties, they had not yet been described for rheumatology. EPAs have value as descriptors of the comprehensive abilities, knowledge, and skills of a practicing rheumatologist. The rheumatology EPAs have a role in defining a specialist in rheumatology upon completion of training, and also represent the ways our specialty defines our abilities that are enduring throughout practice. Methods We describe the collaborative process of the development of both the subspecialty reporting milestones and the rheumatology EPAs. The reporting milestones evolved through discussions and collaborations among representatives from the Association of Specialty Professors, the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The EPAs were a product of deliberations by the Next Accreditation System (NAS) working group of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Committee on Rheumatology Training and Workforce Issues. Results Twenty-three subspecialty reporting milestones and 14 rheumatology EPAs were advanced and refined over the course of 3 subspecialty reporting milestone development summits and 3 ACR NAS working group meetings, respectively. Conclusion The subspecialty reporting milestones and rheumatology EPAs presented here stipulate reasonable and measurable expectations for rheumatologists-in-training. Together, these tools aim to promote enrichment and greater accountability in the training of fellows. Additionally, the EPAs define, for all stakeholders, the expertise of a rheumatologist in practice.
Relationship Between Trunk Muscle Torque and Bone Mineral Content of the Lumbar Spine and Hip in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between trunk muscle strength and bone mineral density (BMD). Fifty-six postmenopausal women, aged 38 to 73 years, were examined. The BMD of lumbar vertebrae L2-4, the femoral neck, the Ward's triangle, and the greater trochanter was measured with dual-photon absorptiometry. Isometric and isokinetic torque and work measurements obtained on a trunk testing unit were used to assess trunk flexor and extensor strength. Correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between most trunk torque and work measurements and BMD. The trunk extensors generally provided higher correlations with BMD than did the trunk flexors, and the isokinetic extension torque values demonstrated higher correlations than the isometric extension values in every case. Linear backward-regression models, based on the subjects' weight and trunk flexor and extensor torque and work measurements, demonstrated multiple-correlation coefficients of .67, .58, .43, and .65 in predicting the BMD of the L2-4 region, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and greater trochanter region, respectively. Estrogen therapy status did not affect the linear regression models. These data suggest a positive relationship in postmenopausal women between flexor and extensor torque values and BMD at the lower lumbar spine and proximal femur.
Kinetics and Modeling of the Removal of Nitric Oxide by Aqueous Sodium Persulfate Simultaneously Activated by Temperature and Fe2

The chemistry and kinetics of NO removal by aqueous solutions of sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) simultaneously activated by temperature and Fe2+ were studied in a bubble reactor. Reaction pathways were proposed and a mathematical model utilizing the pseudo-steady-state-approximation technique and film theory of mass transfer were developed. The model was solved numerically using the fourth order Runge–Kutta method in Matlab to obtain species concentrations; correlate experimental data; and estimate mass transfer and kinetic rate parameters. The model was used to investigate the effects of Na2S2O8 (0.01–0.2 M), Fe2+ (0–0.1 M), gas-phase NO (500–1000 ppm) concentrations and temperatures (23–90 °C), and is a follow-up to an experimental study, which demonstrated that Fe2+ activation further improved NO conversion by ∼10% at all temperatures. The model results, which appeared to fit those of the experiments remarkably well, were discussed and predicted kinetic data compared with available literature values.
Study of Dispersive Relaxations in Amorphous a-GexSi1−x:H by Photoinduced Absorption

Decays of photoinduced absorption in a-GexSi1-x:H were measured in the temperature range 10 to 80K and the results are discussed in terms of a tunnelling model.
Formalism, Pragmatism, and the Conservative Critique of the Eleventh Amendment

This essay reviews John T. Noonan, Jr., Narrowing the Nation's Power: The Supreme Court Sides With the States (Berkeley, University of California Press 2002). Judge Noonan's monograph is a critical review, by a well-known jurist, considered conservative in most circles, of the federalism decisions of the Rehnquist Court. Part I of the essay surveys Noonan's arguments, focusing mainly on his critique of the Eleventh Amendment cases. Liberal academics have been sharply critical of those cases. Part II considers what the position of conservatives has been, or should be, on those cases, especially given that the cases largely ignore interpretative methodologies favored by conservatives in other cases. The first two parts of the essay are mainly concerned with formalist arguments. Drawing on arguments made by Noonan, the third and fourth parts engage in a more pragmatic critique of the cases. Part III considers why the Rehnquist Court has seemingly decided so many cases raising Eleventh Amendment issues, and suggests that one of the reasons is the activism of state attorneys general in aggressively litigating the cases, as parties amici curiae, in the Supreme Court. An empirical study of the states' amicus-activity in such cases is presented. Part IV revisits additional rationales for, and empirical effects of, the Eleventh Amendment cases. With regard to the former, the essay addresses whether current doctrine has some functional justifications. With regard to the latter, the essay revisits claims that gaping exceptions to the doctrine, taken together with the purported availability of state law remedies, considerably ameliorates the supposed negative effects of the doctrine on the enforcement of federal law. The essay's conclusion briefly outlines an alternative path the conservative Justices could have, and perhaps should have, taken in shaping Eleventh Amendment doctrine.
Exploring factors associated with asthma-related emergency department visits among adults: A path analysis approach.

Abstract Background Asthma is an expensive chronic lung disease that affects 7% of U.S. adults and results in as many as 1.8 million emergency department (ED) visits each year. Pharmacists play an important role in managing asthma, including assessing control and monitoring disease progression, educating the patient about the disease and associated treatments, and ensuring safe and cost-effective medication use. However, comprehensive studies that account for the complex relationships between factors impacting asthma-related ED visits are lacking in the adult asthma population. Objective To explore the complex relationships between asthma control, medication use, co-morbid conditions, minority status, environment and asthma-related ED visits using a path analysis approach. Methods and materials Data for this study were obtained from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's Asthma Call Back Survey. Current asthmatics 18 and older were included in the sample. Path analysis was used to evaluate the direct effects of the independent variables on asthma-related ED visits, as well as the indirect effects mediated through asthma control, health status, and daily use of inhaled corticosteroids. Results Having controlled asthma (β = −0.153, p Conclusion These findings suggest that there may be race/ethnicity specific factors that may be targeted to reduce asthma-related ED visits in minority populations.