cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical changes and visual performance with orthokeratology

Orthokeratology has undergone drastic changes since first described in the early 1960s. The original orthokeratology procedure involved a series of lenses to flatten the central cornea and was plagued by variable results. The introduction of highly oxygen-permeable lens materials that can be worn overnight, corneal topography, and reverse-geometry lens designs revolutionised this procedure. Modern overnight orthokeratology causes rapid, reliable, and reversible reductions in refractive error. With modern designs, patients can wear lenses overnight, remove them in the morning, and see clearly throughout the day without the need for daytime refractive correction. Modern reverse-geometry lens designs cause central corneal flattening and mid-peripheral corneal steepening that provides clear foveal vision while simultaneously causing a myopic shift in peripheral retinal defocus. The peripheral myopic retinal defocus caused by orthokeratology is hypothesised to be responsible for reductions in myopia progression in children fitted with these lenses. This paper reviews the changes in orthokeratology lens design that led to the reverse-geometry orthokeratology lenses that are used today and the optical changes these lenses produce. The optical changes reviewed include changes in refractive error and their time course, high- and low-contrast visual acuity changes, changes in higher-order aberrations and visual quality metrics, changes in accommodation, and changes in peripheral defocus caused by orthokeratology. The use of orthokeratology for myopia control in children is also reviewed, as are hypothesised connections between orthokeratology-induced myopic peripheral defocus and slowed myopia progression in children, and safety and complications associated with lens wear. A better understanding of the ocular and optical changes that occur with orthokeratology will be beneficial to both clinicians and patients in making informed decisions regarding the utilisation of orthokeratology. Future research directions with this lens modality are also discussed.
Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy to the Posterior Fossa: Challenges and Nuances

Background Posterior fossa tumors are rare in adults and pose a challenge to treat due to the bony contour of the posterior fossa, complex anatomical structures including deep venous sinuses, and the proximity of the fourth ventricle and brain stem. We describe our experience with laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for the management of brain metastases and radiation necrosis of the posterior fossa. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 13 patients with metastases and radiation necrosis of the posterior fossa managed with LITT. Results Thirteen patients with histopathologically confirmed radiation necrosis (n = 5) and metastases (n = 8) of the posterior fossa underwent LITT. The median preoperative tumor was 4.66 cm3, and median postoperative ablation cavity volume was 6.29 cm3. The median volume of the ablation cavity was decreased to 2.90 cm3 at a 9-month follow-up. The median volume of peritumoral edema was 12.25 cm3, which fell to a median of 5.77 cm3 at 1-month follow-up. The median progression-free survival was 7 months (range, 3–14 months) and the mean overall survival was 40 months (range, 2–49 months) after LITT. There were no intraoperative complications. One patient experienced palsy of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves on follow-up, attributable to LITT. Conclusions Lesions of the posterior fossa are challenging to treat given their proximity to the dura and venous sinuses. Our findings demonstrate that LITT ablation may be a safe and feasible option for metastases and radiation necrosis of the posterior fossa. Larger studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of this approach.
RetSynth: determining all optimal and sub-optimal synthetic pathways that facilitate synthesis of target compounds in chassis organisms

The efficient biological production of industrially and economically important compounds is a challenging problem. Brute-force determination of the optimal pathways to efficient production of a target chemical in a chassis organism is computationally intractable. Many current methods provide a single solution to this problem, but fail to provide all optimal pathways, optional sub-optimal solutions or hybrid biological/non-biological solutions. Here we present RetSynth, software with a novel algorithm for determining all optimal biological pathways given a starting biological chassis and target chemical. By dynamically selecting constraints, the number of potential pathways scales by the number of fully independent pathways and not by the number of overall reactions or size of the metabolic network. This feature allows all optimal pathways to be determined for a large number of chemicals and for a large corpus of potential chassis organisms. Additionally, this software contains other features including the ability to collect data from metabolic repositories, perform flux balance analysis, and to view optimal pathways identified by our algorithm using a built-in visualization module. This software also identifies sub-optimal pathways and allows incorporation of non-biological chemical reactions, which may be performed after metabolic production of precursor molecules. The novel algorithm designed for RetSynth streamlines an arduous and complex process in metabolic engineering. Our stand-alone software allows the identification of candidate optimal and additional sub-optimal pathways, and provides the user with necessary ranking criteria such as target yield to decide which route to select for target production. Furthermore, the ability to incorporate non-biological reactions into the final steps allows determination of pathways to production for targets that cannot be solely produced biologically. With this comprehensive suite of features RetSynth exceeds any open-source software or webservice currently available for identifying optimal pathways for target production.
Monitoring Prediabetes Screening in Two Primary Care Offices in Rural Appalachia: A Quality Improvement Process.

Background One-third of the U.S. population has prediabetes, but 90% remain undiagnosed because healthcare providers are not screening for this condition. Objective The purpose of this quality improvement project was to monitor prediabetes screening and identification, and implement evidence-based recommendations including registered dietician referral. Methods This project involved using an evidence-based screening tool to measure individual risk of prediabetes. Aggregate data was collected to evaluate screening implementation, evidence-based recommendations offered by providers, and assess patient risk factors. Results The percentage of patients at risk for prediabetes was 41.3% (n = 111). The most frequent risks were identified as overweight, history of hypertension, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and older age. Providers offered education on weight loss 68.5% (n = 76) and exercise 76.6% (n = 85) but referred 33.3% (n = 37) patients for nutrition education. The screening rates were 52.3% (n = 176) and 72.5% (n = 244) in clinics A and B respectively. Conclusions A gap remains in using evidence-based recommendations to decrease risk of prediabetes. Prediabetes screening identified a greater percentage of persons in this population. Implications for nursing There is a need for consistent practice of evidence-based recommendations. This project set the benchmark for future efforts to educate, encourage, and measure providers successes.
Intracortical Brain–Machine Interfaces

A brain–machine interface, or BMI, directly connects the brain to the external world, bypassing damaged biological pathways. It replaces the impaired parts of the nervous system with hardware and software that translate a user’s internal motor commands into action. In this chapter, we will discuss the four basic components of an intracortical BMI: an intracortical neural recording, a decoding algorithm, an output device, and sensory feedback. In Sect. 5.2 we will discuss intracortical signals, the electrodes used to record them, and where in the brain to record them. The salient features of the neural signal useful for control are extracted with a decoding algorithm. This algorithm translates the neural signal into an intended action which is executed by an output device, such as a robotic limb, the person’s own muscles, or a computer interface. In Sect. 5.3 we will discuss classification decoders and how they can be implemented in a BMI for communication. In Sect. 5.4 we will discuss continuous decoders for moment-by-moment control of a computer cursor or robotic arm. In Sect. 5.5, we will discuss a BMI that controls electrical stimulation to directly activate a patient’s own paralyzed muscles and reanimate their arm. Finally, in Sect. 5.6, we will discuss ongoing work toward expanding sensory feedback with the goal of making intracortical BMIs a clinically viable option for treating paralysis, as well as other research trends.
Probing CO and N 2 Snow Surfaces in Protoplanetary Disks with N 2 H + Emission

Snowlines of major volatiles regulate the gas and solid C/N/O ratios in the planet-forming midplanes of protoplanetary disks. Snow surfaces are the 2D extensions of snowlines in the outer disk regions, where radiative heating results in an increasing temperature with disk height. CO and N_2 are two of the most abundant carriers of C, N, and O. N_2H^+ can be used to probe the snow surfaces of both molecules, because it is destroyed by CO and formed from N_2. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of N_2H^+ at ~0.”2–0.”4 resolution in the disks around LkCa 15, GM Aur, DM Tau, V4046 Sgr, AS 209, and IM Lup. We find two distinctive emission morphologies: N_2H^+ is either present in a bright, narrow ring surrounded by extended tenuous emission, or in a broad ring. These emission patterns can be explained by two different kinds of vertical temperature structures. Bright, narrow N_2H^+ rings are expected in disks with a thick Vertically Isothermal Region above the Midplane (VIRaM) layer (LkCa 15, GM Aur, DM Tau) where the N_2H^+ emission peaks between the CO and N_2 snowlines. Broad N_2H^+ rings come from disks with a thin VIRaM layer (V4046 Sgr, AS 209, IM Lup). We use a simple model to extract the first sets of CO and N_2 snowline pairs and corresponding freeze-out temperatures toward the disks with a thick VIRaM layer. The results reveal a range of N_2 and CO snowline radii toward stars of similar spectral type, demonstrating the need for empirically determined snowlines in disks.
Short-interval fires and vegetation change in southern California

Questions: In southern California, shortened fire return intervals may contribute to a decrease in native chaparral shrub presence and an increase in non-native annual grass presence. To test the hypothesis that short-fire return intervals promote a loss in shrub cover, we examined the contribution of single short-interval fires and abiotic conditions on the change of shrub cover within Ventura and Los Angeles counties. Through evaluating pre- and post-fire historical aerial images, we answered the following questions, 1) How has vegetation type cover changed after repeat fires? and 2) What landscape variables contribute the most to the observed change? Location: Ventura County and Los Angeles County, California, USA. Methods: We assessed the impact of a single short-interval fire by comparing vegetation recovery in adjacent once- and twice-burned fire burn polygons (long- and short-interval respectively). Pixel plots were examined within each polygon and vegetation cover was classified to vegetation type. We determined the best predictor of vegetation type cover with a linear mixed effects model comparison using Akaike Information Criterion. Results: Pre-fire and post-fire community type cover was highly correlated. Burn interval was the best predictor of tree cover change (lower cover in twice-burned pixel plots). Aspect was the best predictor of sage scrub cover change (greater cover on north-facing aspects). Years since fire was the best predictor of chaparral cover change (positive correlation) and sage scrub cover change (negative correlation). Conversion of chaparral to sage scrub cover was more likely to occur than conversion of chaparral to annual grass cover. Conclusions: Our study did not find extensive evidence of a decrease in chaparral shrub cover due to a single short-interval fire. Instead, post-fire cover was highly correlated with pre-fire cover. Chaparral recovery, however, was dynamic suggesting that stand recovery may be strongly influenced by local scale conditions and processes.
Tension and contention in language education for Latinxs in the United States: Experience and Ethics in Teaching and Learning, by Glenn Martínez and Robert W. Train. Center for Applied Linguistics, Routledge, New York, 2020, 212 pp., (Paperback) US$39.16. ISBN 9781138225121

The first in a new CAL–Routledge book series that addresses contemporary matters concerned with language education tensions in local and global contexts, Tension and Contention in Language Educatio...
The role of insurance status as a mediator of racial disparities in oropharyngeal cancer outcomes.

Background To assess the role of insurance status as a mediator of racial disparities in oropharyngeal cancer outcomes. Methods This was a population-based retrospective cohort study. Data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database. The study cohort included 11 627 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2010 and 2015. Results The association between black race and increased risk of unresectable disease was slightly attenuated, but persistent, after including insurance status as a covariate (odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95%CI 1.10-1.63). Likewise, black race was no longer associated with worse disease-specific survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95%CI 0.99-1.26), but remained associated with worse overall survival with a slightly decreased effect size (HR 1.13, 95%CI 1.01-1.25). Conclusions Insurance status plays a significant role in, but does not completely account for, the persistent racial disparities in oropharyngeal cancer outcomes.
A climate signal in exhumation patterns revealed by porphyry copper deposits

Porphyry copper deposits are emplaced at a fixed crustal depth in convergent tectonic settings. The age and distribution of deposits exposed at the surface suggest that mountain exhumation is influenced by precipitation rates.
Semantic Trees Revisited: Some New Completeness Results

The method of proving refutational completeness via semantic trees is extended to cope with some new proof search refinements of resolution. It is also shown that a broad class of refinements can be combined with various deletion rules and a strong restriction on factoring without loosing completeness.
American Environmentalism and the City: An Ecosystem Services Perspective

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. Ithas been accepted for inclusion in Cities and the Environment (CATE) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons at Loyola MarymountUniversity and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contactdigitalcommons@lmu.edu.
A 3D-HARPSS Polysilicon Microhemispherical Shell Resonating Gyroscope: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization

This paper presents, for the first time, the analysis, design, fabrication, and characterization of a microhemispherical resonating gyroscope ( $\mu $ HRG). A 3D high aspect-ratio poly- and single-crystalline silicon (HARPSS) process is developed to fabricate a stem-supported hemispherical shell with self-aligned tall capacitive electrodes intended for driving, sensing, and tuning of the gyroscope. The monolithic process consists of seven lithographic steps combining the HARPSS process with fabrication of a 3D curved microstructure to create electrodes with scalable capacitive gaps. The fabrication is successfully demonstrated with polysilicon $\mu $ HRG prototypes with a diameter of 1.2 mm and a shell thickness of 1 $\mu \text{m}$ . The frequency response is measured and gyro operation is examined using the integrated electrodes. Mode matching and mode alignment are successfully performed by applying tuning and quadrature nulling voltages. A closed-loop rate sensitivity scale factor of 8.57 mV/°/s was measured. Furthermore, design and process optimization of the support structure resulted in an improved quality factor ( $Q \sim 40\,000$ ).
Investigation of induction cells and modulator design for heavy ion accelerators

The induction linear accelerator has been a leading candidate in the US for the acceleration of high-current heavy ion beams to initiate inertial confinement fusion. The authors describe the rather unique parameters derived from the accelerator beam dynamics, and address the design and development of accelerator induction cells and their modulators to be used in a near-term driver scaling experiment named the Induction Linac Systems Experiments (ILSE) planned for construction starting in 1994. Work is underway to develop the cells and their pulse modulators. Tradeoffs between the amorphous core material, pulse length, and risetime and falltime are made against efficiency, costs, and technical risks. The tradeoffs between ferromagnetic material efficiency and costs are made with the size and costs of the PFNs. With a total requirement of up to 100 metric tons, ILSE could well become one of the largest users of ferromagnetic materials for pulsed applications. >
Language Policy and Education in the United States

The purpose of this review is to provide a balanced description of important aspects of language policy in the U.S. as they relate, either directly or indirectly, to educational practices in the United States. Language policies derive from the following sources: official enactments of governing bodies or authorities, such as legislation, executive directives, judicial orders or decrees, or policy statements; and non-official institutional or individual practices or customs. Policies may also evolve as a consequence of actions governments do not take, for example, by not providing support for the teaching or learning of a particular language, or language variety, or by designating and promoting an official language and ignoring other languages, or by failing to provide adequate resources to ensure all groups have equal opportunities to acquire the official language in educational settings. Policies may also evolve from grass roots movements and become formalized through laws, practices, or some combination of both. In this review, theoretical perspectives on language policy and education will be addressed only briefly (for background information, see Wiley 1996a; also see reviews by Christian & Rhodes in Volume 4; and by McCarty and by Faltis in Volume 5).
Antibody-mediated shift in the profile of glycoprotein A phenotypes observed in a mouse model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

It is well established that Pneumocystis carinii has the molecular capability for variation of a major surface antigen, glycoprotein A (gpA). However, the extent of expression of gpA variation among P. carinii organisms infecting a single host and whether this variation has any impact on host-parasite immunological interactions is unknown. Using a mouse model of P. carinii pneumonia, we were able to demonstrate the expression of more than one gpA phenotype in a closed population of infected mice. Administration of monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2B5, which is specific for one of the gpA phenotypes, resulted in a marked diminution in the frequency of this particular gpA phenotype in the population of organisms. This effect was due to a loss of trophozoites bearing the specific epitope recognized by MAb 2B5; cysts bearing the same epitope appeared unaffected. Interestingly, P. carinii was unable to introduce a new phenotype into the population to compensate for the loss of trophozoites bearing the epitope recognized by MAb 2B5. Discontinuing administration of MAb 2B5 allowed the MAb 2B5-binding phenotype to reemerge. This finding suggests that the phenotype recognized by MAb 2B5 was continually produced even when MAb 2B5 was present. Thus, although P. carinii exhibited a form of antigenic variation, it did not appear able to rapidly introduce new phenotypes into the population in response to destruction by antibodies.
Economic analysis of CNT lithium-ion battery manufacturing

Development of safe, economically competitive, and environmentally responsible nano-enabled products is desirable to avoid unintended consequences. Given the environmental health and safety uncertainties associated with nanomaterials, additional precautions for exposure prevention may be required, although not regulated. Companies working with engineered nanomaterials may want to understand decision tradeoffs for the costs associated with increased levels of occupational safety and potential environmental impacts. Recent advances in nanotechnology have resulted in the development of advanced lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide batteries enhanced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). These batteries have a much greater energy density and product life than traditional lithium-ion batteries. A stochastic process-based cost model (PBCM) is developed to investigate the cost drivers for manufacture of MWCNT NMC batteries targeted for satellite and computer applications. Various levels of occupational safety protection (low, medium and high assumed) are analyzed to determine their effect on total manufacturing cost. The results show that MWCNT cost has the highest impact on total unit cost for production of satellite batteries, whereas cycle time has the highest impact on the unit cost of computer batteries. The mixing step contributes the most to the total unit cost for both satellite and computer MWCNT NMC lithium-ion batteries due to the inclusion of MWCNT costs in the mixing step. The process-based cost model developed in this work not only offers estimation of the economic drivers associated with the MWCNT NMC battery manufacturing, but also allows consideration of strategies to reduce costs. Results contribute to safer manufacturing practices for CNT lithium-ion batteries for low and high production volume applications (satellites and portable computers, respectively).
A Duality Theorem and Upper Bounds for Approximation

The duality theorem referred to in the title is the following well-known (cf. Buck [1]) consequence of the Hahn—Banach theorem:
Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths from the East African Rift: age, structure, and history of the Tanzanian craton

In order to understand the effects of contractional and extensional tectonics on thick, mantle roots, we have undertaken a systematic study of mantle xenoliths from the Labait volcano, which lies within the East African Rift on the eastern boundary of the Archean Tanzanian craton. The Re-Os systematics of the Labait xenoliths show that ancient, refractory lithosphere is present to depths of ;140 km. Above this depth, the mantle section consists of harzburgitic xenoliths with whole rock 187 Os/ 188 Os between 0.1081 and 0.1140, corresponding to Re depletion (TRD) ages of 2.8 to 2.0 Ga. Chromites from these samples are generally less radiogenic than their corresponding whole rocks and have TRD ages between 2.5 to 2.9 Ga, yielding the best estimate for the age of this portion of the lithosphere. Coupled petrographic and isotopic data for some of these samples indicate they have been variably overprinted by recent addition of Re and/or radiogenic Os. Between 4.4 to 4.7 GPa (;140 to 150 km depth), peridotites are more fertile and yield younger TRD ages (1.0 Ga to future ages). The highest temperature sample has radiogenic 187 Os/ 188 Os (0.133), overlapping the range measured for metasomatic xenoliths and the Labait host melilitite (0.13 to 0.14). This range is taken to represent asthenospheric mantle beneath the Tanzanian craton, which has plume-like isotopic characteristics. The suite shows a good correlation on 187 Os/ 188 Os vs. temperature (hence depth) and 187 Os/ 188 Os vs. wt.% Al2O3 or CaO plots. These trends, which pass above primitive mantle compositions, may reflect mixing of recent plume-derived Os with ancient lithospheric Os, formation of the lowest portion of the lithosphere during successive melting events or a combination of both processes. Our data show that complete delamination of the lithospheric mantle has not occurred beneath the Tanzanian craton during its long tectonic history. However, if the Archean lithosphere was originally thicker than the ;140 km currently beneath Labait, then the lithosphere has been thinned, either by thermal erosion associated with the rift or by partial delamination during Proterozoic collision. Finally, we see no evidence for extensive lithospheric thinning associated with development of the East African Rift, although overprinting of the lithosphere by rift-related magmas has occurred. Copyright © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd
Accounting student perceptions of the nature and significance of extraordinary items data

Abstract In general, when extraordinary items are considered in accounting, they are discussed in the context of APB Opinion 30. However, because of other authoritative pronouncements which require extraordinary item treatment for certain events and transactions, the notion of what an extraordinary item is cannot be defined solely by Opinion 30. In fact, empirical evidence indicates that these items are more pervasive and persistent in occurrence than suggested by a reading of Opinion 30. The present paper examines student perceptions of the nature and significance of extraordinary items vis-a-vis actual reporting under current generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Student preceptions were obtained from a questionnaire constructed by the authors and administered recently to a total of seven upper-level accounting classes at a medium-sized, northeastern college. It was found that, along several dimensions, students are forming misconceptions. Reasons for these misconceptions are offered as well as several prescriptions for accounting educators when discussing extraordinary items with their students.
Modeling The Mechanics and Enzymatic Activities of Doubly, Singly and Unphosphorylated Smooth Muscle Myosin

Smooth muscle myosin II has two heads, each capable of ATP hydrolysis and actin binding. However, both heads are required for maximal force and motion generation (Tyska et al., 1999), where one head, by weakly interacting with actin, may serve as a “tether and guide,” to optimize the second head's mechanical performance (Kad et al., 2003). In addition to these non-equivalent mechanical roles, an asymmetric head-head interaction inhibits the mechanical and ATPase activities of unphosphorylated (0P) smooth muscle myosin where one head's (blocked head) actin-binding domain associates with the converter region of the second head (free head). How does the equilibrium between active and inhibited states depend on myosin's phosphorylation state and specifically when only one of its two heads is phosphorylated? Once fully active, how quickly do the heads exchange their mechanical roles? We have addressed these questions in a multistate kinetic and mechanical model.Based on single ATP turnover and steady-state ATPase data for fully active doubly phosphorylated (2P) smooth muscle myosin (Ellison et al. 2000, Rovner et al. 2006), we predict that, surprisingly, the two heads exchange their mechanical roles (i.e. weak vs. strong-binding head) slowly - at a rate of 0.1-0.3s^-1. By comparing ATPase and single molecule mechanical data (step size, attachment time, force-velocity) from fully active (2P), inhibited (0P), and smooth muscle myosin with only one head phosphorylated (1P), we predict that an equilibrium between active and inhibited conformations, which is phosphorylation-state dependent, can explain the enzymatic and mechanical data for all three phosphorylation states (2P, 1P and 0P). However, an alternative model can be proposed where the active and inhibited state equilibrium in the 1P state depends on the mechanical role of the phosphorylated head.
On statistical properties of the Lyapunov exponent of the generalized skew tent map

The statistical properties of the Lyapunov exponent of the chaotic generalized skew tent map is studied. Expressions of the mean and the variance of this Lyapunov exponent at each discrete time index are obtained. A sufficient condition for weakly mixing of the chaotic generalized skew tent map is derived, and the asymptotic distribution of its Lyapunov exponent is provided.
Kinetics of relaxation process of hopping ionic conduction in lattice gas systems

Abstract An analytical, microscopic treatment which can correctly describe the relaxation process of hopping ionic conduction from the adiabatic region to the isothermal region with equal rigor has been developed in interacting lattice gas systems. It is demonstrated that the relaxation motion of a single particle in the assembly is intrinsically non-Debye and follows the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) relaxation behavior even without interactions among mobile ions. This dependence is an apparent contrast to the current view that the anomaly is ‘created’ by interaction and disorder. Some conclusions with respect to the universal dynamic response observed in solid electrolytes are drawn from results of the analytical treatment.
Phylogenetic distribution of [3H]kainic acid receptor binding sites in neuronal tissue.

The phylogenetic distribution of specific binding sites for kainic acid was determined in 14 species including invertebrates and vertebrates. The highest level of binding was observed in brains of the frog (Xenopus laevis), followed by the spiny dogfish (Heterodontus francisci), the goldfish (Carasius auratus) and the chick (Gallus domesticus). Although significant specific binding was noted in some of the lowest forms tested (e.g. Hydra littoralis), this was not a consistent observation in the invertebrates. In most cases, specific binding to both high and low affinity sites was detected; notable exceptions were the cockroach brain (Periplaneta americana), which had negligible high affinity binding, and the crayfish brain (Procambarus) which had negligible low affinity binding. In the spiny dogfish, the smooth dogfish and the chick, the highest level of binding occurred in cerebellum with less in the forebrain and the least in the medulla; in the mammalian species, the highest level of binding occurred in the forebrain structures with less in the cerebellum and least in the medulla. Eadie plots of the saturation isotherms for [3H]kainic acid revealed similar kinetics of binding for frog whole brain, rat forebrain and human parietal cortex with two apparent populations of binding sites: KD1 = 25–50nM andKD2 = 3–14nM. While binding in the spiny dogfish forebrain and human caudate nucleus occurred exclusively at a high affinity component, the cerebella of chick, rat and man exhibited only a low affinity binding site. In the 3 species studied most extensively, frog, rat and man, unlabeled kainic acid was the most potent inhibitor of the specific binding of [3H] kainic acid. l-Glutamic acid was 20–200-fold less potent than kainic acid, and d-glutamic acid was 4–2500-fold less potent than its l-isomer. Reduction of the isopropylene side chain of kainic acid to form dihydrokainic acid decreased the affinity of the derivative 115–30,000-fold. Hill coefficients derived from these displacement curves were 1.0 for unlabeled kainic acid but approximately 0.5 for l- and d-glutamic acids and dihydrokainic acid, which is compatible with negative cooperativity. In summary, these studies demonstrated a widespread distribution throughout the animal kingdom of specific binding sites for kainic acid in neural tissue; the characteristics of these receptor sites are remarkably similar from primitive vertebrates to man.
Hayek and liberal pedagogy

The author employs Hayek’s concepts of knowledge and spontaneous order to outline a learning-centered alternative to teacher- and student-centered pedagogies. In a Hayekian classroom, learning (intellectual order) emerges from a polycentric web of instruction, study, conversation, frustration, and discovery that continually elicits and tests the knowledge claims of students and teachers. Yet, unlike Hayek’s impersonal market process, the process of liberal learning is both personal and impersonal. To capture this hybridity, the author supplements Hayek’s insights with those of Parker Palmer, a liberal educator whose analysis of the classroom as a community of truth is attuned to the interpersonal dimensions of knowing and learning.
Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigations of Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Triamidoamine Complexes of Tantalum That Contain Metal−Ligand Multiple Bonds

[N3N]TaPPh ([N3N]3- = [(Me3SiNCH2CH2)3N]3-) reacts with excess lithium metal in tetrahydrofuran to give “[N3N]TaPLi”, as judged by NMR studies and by reactions with RX at −35 °C to afford the phosphinidene complexes [N3N]TaPR (R = Me, n-Bu, SiMe3, SiMe2Ph). [N3N]TaCl2 reacts with 2 equiv of LiN(H)R (R = H, CMe3, Ph) to produce 1 equiv of RNH2 and imido complexes [N3N]TaNR and with 2 equiv of benzylmagnesium chloride or ((trimethylsilyl)methyl)lithium to afford the alkylidene complexes [N3N]TaCHR (R = Ph or SiMe3). The ethylene complex [N3N]Ta(C2H4) is formed quantitatively upon addition of 2 equiv of ethylmagnesium chloride to [N3N]TaCl2. [N3N]Ta(C2H4) decomposes in a first-order manner in solution over a period of days at room temperature to give a complex in which a C−N bond in the TREN backbone has been cleaved. Alkylation of [N3N]TaCl2 with 2 equiv of RCH2CH2MgX (R = CH3, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)3; X = Cl or Br) produces a mixture of alkylidene and products derived from decomposition of the incipient ...
The Chiari II malformation: Part IV. The hindbrain deformity.

Computed tomography successfully delineates the multiple components of the Chiari II malformation at the craniocervical junction, the hindbrain, and the cervical spinal cord. These include wide foramen magnum and upper cervical spinal canal; incomplete fusions of the posterior arches of C1 and lower cervical vertebrae; cascading protrusions of vermis, fourth ventricle, medulla, and cervical cord into the spinal canal; cervicomedullary “kinking”; anterior displacement and sequential sagittal compression of each protrusion by the protrusions posterior to it; compression of all protrusions by the posterior lip of foramen magnum and the posterior arch of C1; and associated cervical hydromyelia, cervical diastematomyelia, and cervical arachnoid cysts.
Dexamethasone Increases Calcium Channel Current Density in Neonatal Rat Primary Cultured Myocytes • 147

Dexamethasone Increases Calcium Channel Current Density in Neonatal Rat Primary Cultured Myocytes • 147
The Evolution of an Employee-Training Program: A Three-Year Flexible Organization Development Effort

The approach to organization development (OD) that is described in this article is offered as an alternative to a more traditional scientific methodology that has been viewed critically by Beer and Walton and by Burke. According to these researchers, OD projects should place emphasis on long-term involvements with organizations and include contextual variables and system dynamics in the research design. Intuitive skills should be used to sense and observe ongoing changes in the organization that influences the OD work. Flexibility of planned interventions must be a vital part of this process. The article describes the ongoing work of an OD consultant in a rapidly growing service organization (N ~ 130) during the past 3 years. Bullock and Batten's theoretical framework was used to conduct OD interventions. The article follows the client-consultant relationship from entry to the first diagnosis, first interventions, evaluations of these interventions, and the continuation of this cycle to the current status...
Gene transfer and molecular cloning of the human NGF receptor

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor are important in the development of cells derived from the neural crest. Mouse L cell transformants have been generated that stably express the human NGF receptor gene transfer with total human DNA. Affinity cross-linking, metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation, and equilibrium binding with 125I-labeled NGF revealed that this NGF receptor had the same size and binding characteristics as the receptor from human melanoma cells and rat PC12 cells. The sequences encoding the NGF receptor were molecularly cloned using the human Alu repetitive sequence as a probe. A cosmid clone that contained the human NGF receptor gene allowed efficient transfection and expression of the receptor.
Cutaneous Langerhans Cell Sarcoma Associated with Mediastinal T‐Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Lymphoma: Clonally Related Neoplasms

An 8-year-old male presented with several 1–4 cm, indurated, brownish-red nodules with superficial, punctate hemorrhagic crusts localized to the groin, which developed over several weeks. An initial biopsy was consistent with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. A work up, including a chest and abdominal CT scan demonstrated a large mediastinal mass which was diagnosed as precursor T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Treatment with a chemotherapeutic protocol resulted in shrinkage of both the mediastinal and cutaneous lesions. Late in the course of treatment the cutaneous lesions rapidly recurred and spread to various sites. A second skin biopsy showed an extensive diffuse infiltrate of histiocytic-appearing cells extending from the papillary dermis into the superficial subcutis. The cells had markedly pleomorphic, vesicular nuclei and abundant amphophilic cytoplasm. Numerous mitotic figures were present. The neoplastic cells were S-100 protein and CD1a positive by immunohistochemistry. The histopathologic diagnosis was Langerhans cell sarcoma. Gene rearrangement studies demonstrated clonal rearrangement of the T cell receptor gamma gene in specimens from both the mediastinal mass and one of the recurrent cutaneous lesions. The sizes of the PCR products were identical demonstrating a clonal relationship between the two neoplasms.
Reliability of corroded steel girder bridges

Steel girder bridges corrode due to environmental exposure. The result is a reduction in both the carrying capacity of a bridge and level of certainty concerning what the capacity may be. As a consequence, the level of safety diminishes with corrosion. A damage model is developed which evaluates the reliability of a corroded steel girder bridge over time. This model is used to evaluate the effects of bridge design and environment on safety. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the most important parameters in corroded bridge safety.
Freestream Nuclei and Traveling-Bubble Cavitation

Traveling-bubble cavitation inception tests were conducted in a 30.48 cm water tunnel with a Schiebe headform. A computer code was developed to statistically model cavitation inception on a Schiebe headform, consisting of a numerical solution to the Rayleigh-Plesset equation coupled to a set of trajectory equations. Using this code, trajectories and growths were computed for bubbles of varying initial sizes. An initial off-body distance was specified and the bubble was free to follow an off-body trajectory. A Monte Carlo cavitation simulation was performed in which a variety of random processes were modeled. Three different nuclei distributions were specified including one similar to that measured in the water tunnel experiment. The results compared favorably to the experiment. Cavitation inception was shown to be sensitive to nuclei distribution. Off-body effect was also found to be a significant factor in determining whether or not a bubble would cavitate. The effect of off-body trajectories on the critical bubble diameter was examined. The traditional definition of critical diameter based on the minimum pressure coefficient of the body or the measurement of liquid tension was found to be inadequate in defining cavitation inception.
Modular representations of the hall-janko group

We study modular representations of the Hall-Janko group and its double cover in characteristics 2, 3 and 5. In particular, we determine all extensions of simple modules. Results on the group G 2(2) ≅ PSU(3,3), which is isomorphic to a maximal subgroup of the Hall-Janko group, are also included.
In Situ ESD Protection Structure for Variable Operating Voltage Interface Applications in 28-nm CMOS Process

A multiple-discharge-path electrostatic discharge (ESD) cell for protecting input/output (IO) pins with a variable operating voltage (0.5–3.5 V) is presented. This device is optimized for low capacitance and synthesized with the circuit IO components for in situ ESD protection in communication interface applications developed in the 28-nm high-k metal-gate CMOS technology.
Three empirical studies of a software reuse reference model

The contribution of this paper is a reference model for the practice of software reuse. Our research thesis is that software development based upon a software reuse reference model improves quality of products, productivity of processes and product time-to-market for many software development enterprises. The definition and investigation of such a model has been carried out using three steps. First, the reference model is developed based on existing software reuse concepts. Second, this reference model is empirically studied using both legacy studies and lessons learned studies. Third, the impact of the reference model on software development productivity, quality, and time-to-market is empirically derived. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support for polygenic influences on ocular refractive error

Purpose Refractive errors, myopia, and hyperopia are common conditions requiring corrective lenses. The familial clustering of myopia has been well established. Several chromosomal regions have been linked to high myopia (12q, 17q, and 18q), to quantitative refraction among twins (3q, 4q, 8p, and 11p), and to families with moderate myopia (22q). This study examined the familial aggregation and pattern of inheritance of ocular refraction in an adult population, by using data from the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Methods Familial correlations were examined and segregation analysis was performed on the average refractive error measurements in the right and left eyes after adjustment for age, sex, and education. Analyses were based on 2138 individuals in 620 extended pedigrees with complete data on age, sex, education, and spherical equivalent. Results Substantial positive correlation was found between siblings (0.33), parents and offspring (0.17), and cousins (0.10) and lower correlation among avuncular pairs (0.08) after adjustment for age, sex, and years of education. The results of this segregation analysis do not support the involvement of a single major locus throughout the entire range of refractive error. However, models allowing for familial correlation, attributable in part to polygenic effects, provided a better fit to the observed data than models without a polygenic component, suggesting that several genes of modest effect may influence refractive error, possibly in conjunction with environmental factors. Conclusions These results support the involvement of genetic factors in the etiology of refractive error and are consistent with reports of linkage to multiple regions of the genome.
Rumoring during extreme events: a case study of deepwater horizon 2010

Social scientists have proposed many different factors thought to influence rumoring behavior. Classical rumor theory points to the perceived importance, the level of uncertainty or ambiguity, and the potential to impact decision making as influential in determining the extent of rumoring. In this work, we test some of these proposed rumor determinants in the context of the the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, using data on communication dynamics from the popular microblogging service Twitter. Using a latent factor model, we measure rates of hazard-related conversation by exploiting joint variation in multiple conversation streams. Time series analysis of the resulting rates suggests that media coverage of the event is a major driver of rumoring behavior, supporting importance/saliency theories and disconfirming theories of information substitution for this event. Relevance of the event to decision making behavior also turns out to be an influential predictor in this case. Since information diffusion via serial transmission is a fundamental process by which rumors spread, we compare rates of serial transmission between control and hazard-related communication. Twitter posts are much more likely to be retweeted when they contain hazard-related keywords (versus control words). Implications of these findings for disaster response are discussed.
The immunoregulatory role of type I and type II NKT cells in cancer and other diseases

NKT cells are CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. They also have been shown to play critical roles in the regulation of immune responses. In the immune responses against tumors, two subsets of NKT cells, type I and type II, play opposing roles and cross-regulate each other. As members of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which form a network of multiple components, they also interact with other immune components. Here, we discuss the function of NKT cells in tumor immunity and their interaction with other regulatory cells, especially CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.
Library automation at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1965-2000

Successful library system automation depends on many factors, both technological and organizational, including institution's flexibility in making changes that are consistent with a system's optimal use. Here, as the authors reflect on more than three decades of system implementation trial-and-error, they also examine the many interrelated factors that contribute to achieving a complete integration of automated library services.
Validity of DSM-IV Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Family Study Perspective

ABSTRACT Objective To test the hypothesis that the clinical severity of subtypes paralleled a gradient of familial severity. Method One hundred forty children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 120 normal control children and their biological relatives were studied. Because these data had been collected prior to the publication of DSM-IV, DSM-III-R symptoms were used to approximate DSM-IV subtypes using a method the authors had validated in prior work. Results The first prediction from the hypothesis was true: rates of ADHD among relatives of each subtype group were greater than rates among relatives of controls. But the second prediction did not hold: rates of ADHD were not significantly higher among relatives of combined-typed probands compared with relatives of other probands. The "gradient model" also predicted that subtypes would not "breed true" (i.e., the subtype of the relative would not be the same as that of the proband). The prediction of non-specificity was refuted for the inattentive and combined subtypes, but hyperactive-impulsive ADHD was found almost exclusively among relatives of hyperactive-impulsive probands. Conclusions Although the results are limited by some small subsamples along with the use of a DSM-III-R -ascertained sample, they provide little evidence for the idea that DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD correspond to familially distinct conditions. They also do not confirm the idea that the subtypes fall along a gradient of familial severity. Instead, they suggest that symptom differences among subtypes are due to nonfamilial, environmental causes.