cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic lateral ligament laxity: Reconstruction by the chrisman-snook and watson-jones peroneus brevis transfers and the modified brostrom procedure

Abstract The more than 80 procedures described for chronic lateral ligamentous instability generally are divided intoanatomic and nonanatomic procedures or augmented and nonaugmented procedures. Of the anatomic repairs, the modified Brostrom is currently the most commonly used. It is indicated for most chronically unstable ankles. Relative contraindications include generalized ligamentous laxity, previous reconstructive procedures, and lengthy time from the original injury. The Chrisman-Snook and Watson-Jones procedures are nonanatomic, augmented reconstructions in which a portion of the peroneus brevis is used to reconstruct the ATFL (Watson-Jones) or the ATFL and CFL (Chrisman-Snook). Indications for these procedures have included patients with combined ankle and subtalar instability, obese patients, athletes at high risk for repetitive rotation and varus ankle stresses (such as football linemen), patients with connective tissue disease (such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), and patients with failed direct (anatomic) repair.
Postmarketing Surveillance for “Modified-Risk” Tobacco Products

INTRODUCTION The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acquired authority to regulate tobacco products in 2009. This authority will provide a structured process for manufacturers to introduce products that may have "modified-risk" for morbidity or mortality relative to traditional tobacco products, with postmarketing surveillance and studies a condition of marketing. METHOD A narrative review approach was taken. The author searched and integrated publicly accessible literature on tobacco product surveillance as well as drug and medical device postmarket activities currently performed by FDA. RESULTS FDA relies on active and passive methods for postmarket surveillance and can require specific studies and risk evaluation and mitigation strategies for certain products, including those with abuse liability. Past efforts at examining the individual and population effects of reduced harm tobacco products provide an example of integrating different data streams. DISCUSSION Postmarket surveillance can be viewed in terms of the Agent-Host-Vector-Environment model, and concepts from diffusion of innovations are relevant to understanding factors associated with the adoption of new products by the population. Given that active and passive surveillance approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, multiple approaches may be necessary to evaluate population-level effects. Assuring that required studies are properly conducted and reported and that data indicating significant public health harms are quickly recognized will be important going forward. CONCLUSIONS The advent of broad regulatory authority over tobacco provides opportunities for policy evaluation research. The research community can provide FDA with the independent science it needs to evaluate the public health impact of novel tobacco products.
Estimating impervious surfaces from medium spatial resolution imagery using the self-organizing map and multi-layer perceptron neural networks.

article i nfo Article history: The studies of impervious surfaces are important because they are related to many environmental problems, such as water quality, stream health, and the urban heat island effect. Previous studies have discussed that the self-organizing map (SOM) can provide a promising alternative to the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks for image classification at both per-pixel and sub-pixel level. However, the performances of SOM and MLP have not been compared in the estimation and mapping of urban impervious surfaces. In mid- latitude areas, plant phenology has a significant influence on remote sensing of the environment. When the neural networks approaches are applied, how satellite images acquired in different seasons impact impervious surface estimation of various urban surfaces (such as commercial, residential, and suburban/ rural areas) remains to be answered. In this paper, an SOM and an MLP neural network were applied to three ASTER images acquired on April 5, 2004, June 16, 2001, and October 3, 2000, respectively, which covered Marion County, Indiana, United States. Six impervious surface maps were yielded, and an accuracy assessment was performed. The root mean square error (RMSE), the mean average error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) were calculated to indicate the accuracy of impervious surface maps. The results indicated that the SOM can generate a slightly better estimation of impervious surfaces than the MLP. Moreover, the results from three test areas showed that, in the residential areas, more accurate results were yielded by the SOM, which indicates that the SOM was more effective in coping with the mixed pixels than the MLP, because the residential area prevailed with mixed pixels. Results obtained from the commercial area possessed very high RMSE values due to the prevalence of shade, which indicates that both algorithms cannot handle the shade problem well. The lowest RMSE value was obtained from the rural area due to containing of less mixed pixels and shade. This research supports previous observations that the SOM can provide a promising alternative to the MLP neural network. This study also found that the impact of different map sizes on the impervious surface estimation is significant.
Judgement and decision: theory and application

INTR ODUCT ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...... 139 THE ORETICAL OR IENTAT ION S . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ........ . . . .. . .... . . 1 4 1 Historical Background ....... . ......... ..... . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . ..... . . . 1 4 1 Prescriptive Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 141 Algebraic Models of Judgment and Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... 1 44 Information Processing Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 145 JU DGMENT AN D DEC ISI ON PR OCE SSE S . . . . . . .... . .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Sources of Information and Uncertainty . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . 147 Bases for Inferences 149 Conflict, Integration, and Tradeoff 1 5 1 Behavioral Strategies i n Judgment and Choice 152 Development of Judgment and Decision Skills . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . ... ..... . . . . . ... . 154 APPLICAT ION S OF THE OR Y AN D R ESEARCH . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 155 Building a Structure for the Problem .. . . .... ....... . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . 155 Incorporating Judgments into the Aid ...... . . ........ 156 Evaluation and Implementation of Decision Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . 1 58 C ONC LUS ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 59
Tethering system design for Dante II

Dante II is a tethered mobile robot designed for volcano exploration. It has 6 pantographic legs, and is a rappelling robot that uses a tether to support itself on steep terrain, just as a mountaineer uses a climbing rope. The tether is connected to a generator and satellite communication station located at the volcano's rim. The satellite station relays data to and from remotely located operators. This paper describes the issues faced in the design of the tethering system of Dante II, and the approach used to address these issues.
Adaptive Ensemble Covariance Localization in Ensemble 4D-VAR State Estimation

AbstractAn adaptive ensemble covariance localization technique, previously used in “local” forms of the ensemble Kalman filter, is extended to a global ensemble four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-VAR) scheme. The purely adaptive part of the localization matrix considered is given by the element-wise square of the correlation matrix of a smoothed ensemble of streamfunction perturbations. It is found that these purely adaptive localization functions have spurious far-field correlations as large as 0.1 with a 128-member ensemble. To attenuate the spurious features of the purely adaptive localization functions, the authors multiply the adaptive localization functions with very broadscale nonadaptive localization functions. Using the Navy’s operational ensemble forecasting system, it is shown that the covariance localization functions obtained by this approach adapt to spatially anisotropic aspects of the flow, move with the flow, and are free of far-field spurious correlations. The scheme is m...
Diagnosis of experimental intraoperative myocardial infarction by measurement of certain enzymes

Abstract Elevation of the heat-stable lactic dehydrogenase (“LDH”) to abnormally elevated values seems to be a more valid indicator of the occurrence of a myocardial infarction intraoperatively or during the early postoperative period than are comparable elevations of GOT and LDH. However, if operations on the biliary tree are excluded, it seems that an extreme post-operative elevation of the serum GOT is also a valid indicator of the occurrence of a myocardial infarct. Since these conclusions are based upon data obtained from canine preparations, any clinical extrapolations that are made must be tentative.
Modular exponentiation via the explicit Chinese remainder theorem

Fix pairwise coprime positive integers p 1 ,P 2 ,..., p a . We propose representing integers u modulo m, where m is any positive integer up to roughly p 1 p 2 ... P s , as vectors (u mod p 1 , u mod p 2 ,.., u mod p s ). We use this representation to obtain a new result on the parallel complexity of modular exponentiation: there is an algorithm for the Common CRCW PRAM that, given positive integers x, e, and m in binary, of total bit length n, computes x e mod m in time O(n/lglgn) using n O(1) processors. For comparison, a parallelization of the standard binary algorithm takes superlinear time; Adleman and Kompella gave an O((lg n) 3 ) expected time algorithm using exp(O(n lg n)) processors; von zur Gathen gave an NC algorithm for the highly special case that m is polynomially smooth.
Strength and structure of glassy networks formed from dimethacrylates

Glassy networks were formed by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with both ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TGDM). The polymerization reaction was followed by estimation of vinyl group concentration from measurements of specific volume and infrared absorption. The sheets of polymer were cracked but gave fragments that were large enough to provide specimens suitable for a three-point bending test. Flexural strength decreased with increasing feed of dimethacrylate but, nevertheless, gave fairly strong products throughout the range of comonomer compositions c.f. PMMA, 144 ± 9 MPa; PTGDM, 132 ± 10 MPa; PEGDM, 66 ± 15 MPa. Examination of fracture surfaces indicated a predominantly brittle mode of fracture modulated by localized plastic deformation. In order to account for localized plastic deformation, it was postulated that the networks consist of highly crosslinked microgel particles in a much less crosslinked matrix.
Treatment of nonmetastatic and metastatic low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: Factors associated with resistance to single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy ☆

Abstract Objective To determine factors associated with resistance to methotrexate treatment of low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Methods We reviewed the records of 358 patients with low-risk GTN (FIGO stage I and stages II–III, score Results The complete response rate to initial methotrexate chemotherapy was 81% (290/358) and the complete response rate to actinomycin D as secondary therapy was 75% (48/64), for an overall complete response rate to sequential single-agent chemotherapy of 94% (338/358). The remaining 20 patients (6%) were all placed into permanent remission with the use of multiagent chemotherapy with or without surgery. Resistance to initial methotrexate chemotherapy was associated with increasing FIGO score (p Conclusions Sequential single-agent chemotherapy with methotrexate (0.4mg/kg–max 25mg) followed by actinomycin D (0.5mg) each given IV push for 5 consecutive days every other week for treatment of low-risk GTN resulted in only 6% of patients requiring multiagent chemotherapy and a 100% survival rate.
Indigenous Knowledge and Applied Anthropology: Questions of Definition and Direction

The word indigenous has been used to refer to specific groups of people defined by the criteria of ancestral territory, collective cultural configuration, and historical location in relation to the expansion of Europe. Since the 1980s, however, the term has evolved beyond its specific empirical reference. Combined with the term knowledge, it has come to signify a social science perspective as well as a philosophical and ideological position that rests on recognition of the role of knowledge in the power relations constituted by the expansion of Europe. This article outlines the evolution of this perspective and its relationship to applied anthropology. It argues that the perspective is based on a humanistic unease with the effect of westernization on indigenous peoples, and that this humanistic thinking has deep roots in applied anthropology. Recent studies that support the use of indigenous knowledge in planned social change (development) follow in this vein, and constitute a critique of aspects of Weste...
Dielectric response of periodic systems from quantum Monte Carlo calculations

We present a novel approach that allows us to calculate the dielectric response of periodic systems in the quantum Monte Carlo formalism. We employ a many-body generalization for the electric-enthalpy functional, where the coupling with the field is expressed via the Berry-phase formulation for the macroscopic polarization. A self-consistent local Hamiltonian then determines the ground-state wave function, allowing for accurate diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations where the polarization's fixed point is estimated from the average on an iterative sequence, sampled via forward walking. This approach has been validated for the case of an isolated hydrogen atom and then applied to a periodic system, to calculate the dielectric susceptibility of molecular-hydrogen chains. The results found are in excellent agreement with the best estimates obtained from the extrapolation of quantum-chemistry calculations.
Direct Adhesion of Warm Roll-Bonded Al1100/Polyurethane/Al1100 Sandwich Composite

Metal/polymer sandwich composites combine high stiffness, lightweight characteristics and favorable forming behavior due to the strong metal skin and soft polymer core. Among various techniques available for the manufacturing of metal/polymer sandwich composites, roll bonding can provide advantages over other techniques due to its mass production capability. Roll bonding of multilayer composites, however, is challenging due to significant differences in the mechanical properties and adhesion characteristics of polymeric and metallic materials. In this study, warm roll bonding (WRB) has been applied to fabricate a sandwich composite consisting of commercially pure aluminum (AL1100) and polyurethane (PU) sheets. The effects of WRB process parameters, which include surface roughness, preheat temperature, and rolling speed, on the adhesion strength have been investigated by the peel test. The failure mode changed from adhesive to cohesive as surface roughness increased. The optimal temperature and rolling speed were identified for WRB of the three-layer AL1100/PU/AL1100 sandwich composite.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Knee MRI patterns of bone marrow reconversion and relationship to anemia.

BackgroundBone marrow changes are commonly encountered on knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical relevance of these changes, especially as they relate to anemia, has not been studied in a large patient series.PurposeTo determine if the extent of bone marrow reconversion (BMR) can assist the radiologist in making recommendations for further evaluation for underlying anemia.Material and MethodsThis study included 457 patients who had knee MRI over a 2-year period. Bone marrow patterns in the distal femur, proximal tibia, and fibula were graded as follows: 1, homogeneous fatty marrow; 2, patchy red marrow in the distal femur; 3, patchy red marrow in the distal femur and tibia and/or fibula; and 4, complete BMR in the femoral, tibial, and/or fibular metaphyses.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between the hemoglobin concentration and BMR grades. In women, anemia (Hb ≤12.0 g/dL) was found in 31 of 127 (24%) patients with grade 1, 31 of 83 (37%) with grade 2, 24 of...
Aristotle and Business: An Inescapable Tension

This chapter attempts to assess the availability of Aristotle to the field of business ethics. It does so by reviewing some of the scholarly work which has dealt with this possibility against the backdrop of certain key themes in Aristotle’s thought. The chapter begins by first outlining the controversial nature of the claim that Aristotle is integral to the business ethics field. It then explains how such controversy is only natural given what Aristotle has to say about the relationship of wealth acquisition to the natural ends of man. The chapter goes through the arguments made by various scholars, some of whom seek to bring Aristotle to the business ethics table, and others who do not feel he deserves an invitation, while attempting to place the debate in the context of Aristotle’s radical “communitarianism” on the one hand and his radical “individualism” on the other. This is the obvious procedure because Aristotle maintains at one and the same time that the individual both belongs “body and soul” to the civic community and yet is able with the aid of philosophy to transcend the horizon of that community completely. Hence, it is that Aristotle is difficult to adjust to any moral context where the individual is in a middle state of being both in possession of certain rights against the community, and yet under certain social obligations to that community as part of an exchange for the sake of individual freedom. Aristotle’s paradoxical communitarian-individualism or individualist communitarianism is difficult to “privatize” to the level of an independent, profit-seeking commercial organization and also to “socialize” to the level of simple concern with the general welfare as distinguished from the individual pursuit of transcendence made possible by philosophic contemplation.
Clonogenically Culturing and Expanding CD34+ Liver Cancer Stem Cells in Vitro

A large number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been isolated and identified; however, none has been cultured in an unlimited manner in vitro without losing tumorigenicity and multipotency. In this study, we successfully clonogenically cultured a newly identified CD34+ liver CSC (LCSC) on feeder cells up to 22 passages (to date) without losing CSC property. Cloned CD34+ LCSC formed a round packed morphology and it could also be cryopreserved and recultured. Stem cell markers, CD34, CD117, and SOX2; normal liver stem cell markers, alpha fetoprotein, CK19, CK18, and OV6; putative CSC markers, CD44, CD133, EpCAM, and CD90; as well as CD31 were expressed in cloned CD34+ LCSC. SOX2 was the major factor in maintaining this LCSC before colonization, and interestingly, OCT4, SOX2, NAONG, Klf4, c-Myc, and Lin28 were upregulated in association with symmetric self-renewal for colony growth of CD34+ LCSC on feeder cells. Gene expression patterns of in vitro differentiation were consistent with our in vivo finding; furthermore, the tumorigenicity of cloned CD34+ LCSC was not different from uncloned CD34+ LCSC sorted from parental PLC. These results show that our cloned CD34+ LCSC maintained CSC property, including self-renewal, bipotency, and tumorigenicity after long-term culture, demonstrating that this LCSC can be cultured in an unlimited manner in vitro. Thus, establishing pure population of CSCs isolated from the patients will provide an opportunity to explore the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and cancer development, and to identify unique biomarkers presenting potential indicators of drug efficacy against CSCs for establishment of a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
Clinical trial perspective for adult and juvenile Huntington's disease using genetically-engineered mesenchymal stem cells

Progress to date from our group and others indicate that using genetically-engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports our plan to submit an Investigational New Drug application to the Food and Drug Administration for the future planned Phase 1 safety and tolerability trial of MSC/BDNF in patients with Huntington's disease (HD). There are also potential applications of this approach beyond HD. Our biological delivery system for BDNF sets the precedent for adult stem cell therapy in the brain and could potentially be modified for other neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Alzheimer's disease, and some forms of Parkinson's disease. The MSC/BDNF product could also be considered for studies of regeneration in traumatic brain injury, spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. This work also provides a platform for our future gene editing studies, since we will again use MSCs to deliver the needed molecules into the central nervous system.
Synchronous mode locking in gyrotrons

A problem encountered in the development of high efficiency sources of coherent radiation in the microwave and millimeter wavelength regime is the competition between various modes for energy from the electron beam. Much research has focused on the suppression of unwanted modes. However little work has been done on utilizing the microwave oscillator in the overmoded state. The idea developed here is to allow the modes which are above the start oscillation threshold to grow in an unimpeded fashion and to modify the relative phases between modes to lock the modes together. Thus coherent output is obtained with a concomitant modulation in either the amplitude or frequency. Here we investigate the mode locking of axial TE/sub 11n/ modes in a closed cavity gyrotron oscillator and discuss the feasibility of mode locking in an open resonator gyrotron structure. >
A neural network approach to face/palm recognition

This paper proposes a face/palm recognition system based on decision-based neural networks (DBNN). The face recognition system consists of three modules. First, the face detector finds the location of a human face in an image. The eye localizer determines the positions of both eyes in order to generate meaningful feature vectors. The facial region proposed contains eyebrows, eyes, and nose, but excluding mouth. (Eye-glasses will be permissible.) Lastly, the third module is a face recognizer. The DBNN can be effectively applied to all the three modules. It adopts a hierarchical network structures with nonlinear basis functions and a competitive credit-assignment scheme. The paper demonstrates its successful application to face recognition applications on both the public (FERET) and in-house (SCR) databases. In terms of speed, given the extracted features, the training phase for 100-200 persons would take less than one hour on Sparc10. The whole recognition process (including eye localization, feature extraction, and classification using DBNN) may consume only a fraction of a second on Sparc10. Experiments on three different databases all demonstrated high recognition accuracies. A preliminary study also confirms that a similar DBNN recognizer can effectively recognize palms, which could potentially offer a much more reliable biometric feature.
Data poisoning attacks against autoregressive models

Forecasting models play a key role in money-making ventures in many different markets. Such models are often trained on data from various sources, some of which may be untrustworthy. An actor in a given market may be incentivised to drive predictions in a certain direction to their own benefit. Prior analyses of intelligent adversaries in a machine-learning context have focused on regression and classification. In this paper we address the non-iid setting of time series forecasting. We consider a forecaster, Bob, using a fixed, known model and a recursive forecasting method. An adversary, Alice, aims to pull Bob's forecasts toward her desired target series, and may exercise limited influence on the initial values fed into Bob's model. We consider the class of linear autoregressive models, and a flexible framework of encoding Alice's desires and constraints. We describe a method of calculating Alice's optimal attack that is computationally tractable, and empirically demonstrate its effectiveness compared to random and greedy baselines on synthetic and real-world time series data. We conclude by discussing defensive strategies in the face of Alice-like adversaries.
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS WITH NON-STEMI: INSIGHTS FROM A NATIONAL DATABASE

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease subsequently leading to major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However there is paucity of data comparing outcomes in non STEMI patients with and without AF. Methods: We queried the HCUP's
“Wine-Dark Sea” in an Organic Flow Battery: Storing Negative Charge in 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Radicals Leads to Improved Cyclability

Redox-active organic materials (ROMs) have shown great promise for redox flow battery applications but generally encounter limited cycling efficiency and stability at relevant redox material concentrations in nonaqueous systems. Here we report a new heterocyclic organic anolyte molecule, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, that has high solubility, a low redox potential, and fast electrochemical kinetics. Coupling it with a benchmark catholyte ROM, the nonaqueous organic flow battery demonstrated significant improvement in cyclable redox material concentrations and cell efficiencies compared to the state-of-the-art nonaqueous systems. Especially, this system produced exceeding cyclability with relatively stable efficiencies and capacities at high ROM concentrations (>0.5 M), which is ascribed to the highly delocalized charge densities in the radical anions of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, leading to good chemical stability. This material development represents significant progress toward promising next-generation energy st...
Model-driven, Moving-Target Defense for Enterprise Network Security

This chapter presents the design and initial simulation results for a prototype moving-target defense (MTD) system, whose goal is to significantly increase the difficulty of attacks on enterprise networks. Most networks are static, which gives attacker’s a great advantage. Services are run on well-known ports at fixed, easily identifiable IP addresses. The goal of an MTD system is to eliminate the static nature of networks by continuously adapting their configuration over time in ways that seems random or chaotic to attackers, thus negating their advantage. The novelty of our approach lies in the use of runtime models that explicitly capture a network’s operational and security goals, the functionality required to achieve those goals, and the configuration of the system. The MTD system reasons over these models to determine how to make changes to the system that are invisible to users but appear chaotic to an attacker. Our system uses these runtime models to analyze both known and unknown vulnerabilities to ensure that adaptations occur often enough and in the right ways to protect the system against external attacks.
TRPing out Platelet Calcium: TRPM7 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-Like 7) Modulates Calcium Mobilization and Platelet Function via Phospholipase C Interactions.

Originally identified as coagulation factor IV, calcium (Ca2+) is now well established as a key cofactor in the formation of the tenase and prothrombinase complexes on the extracellular surfaces of activated platelets to ultimately mediate fibrin generation and hemostasis.1 Similarly, Ca2+ has long been known to serve an important intracellular role in orchestrating the cell biological responses of platelets in hemostatic plug formation.2–5 During the past several decades, as biochemical efforts have identified and refined roles for Ca2+ as an essential second messenger in virtually all cells,3 complementary studies of platelets have similarly detailed how spatiotemporal changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels regulate platelet granule secretion, cytoskeletal dynamics, aggregation, and other cell biological outputs underlying platelet physiology. On a general mechanistic level, changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations that trigger the cellular responses driving platelet function are solicited downstream of a variety of receptors that differentially activate phospholipase C (PLC) family members, resulting in inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) production and IP3R (IP3 receptor)-mediated release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (Figure).4,6–9 Figure. TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7) kinase domain interacts with phospholipase C (PLC) family members to regulate intracellular Ca2+ responses and platelet function (model). Platelet activation downstream of …
Democracia como obrigação e participação: dialogando com Simone Weil e Amartya Sen

Este artigo propoe uma reflexao sobre a democracia moderna em dialogo com dois pensadores de diferentes contextos, experiencias, crencas e ideologias: a filosofa francesa Simone Weil e o economista indiano Amartya Sen. A autor deste artigo apresenta a tese da democracia como obrigacao e participacao em dialogo com esses dois pensadores para fundamentar seu argumento. Partindo de uma postura cetica sobre a democracia como a melhor forma de governo, o autor argumenta que uma democracia, para ser real, eficiente e capaz de responder as demandas de justica, precisa ser alicercada na obrigacao e na participacao como elementos constitutivos de um povo sujeito. Obrigacao e participacao fornecem as exigencias indispensaveis para uma democracia. O pensamento de Simone Weil sobre obrigacao e a perspectiva de Amartya Sen em relacao a participacao oferecem intuicoes para o desafio de construir uma real democracia no mundo contemporâneo. Palavras-chave : Democracia. Obrigacao. Participacao. Simone Weil. Amartya Sen.
Topoisomerase VI senses and exploits both DNA crossings and bends to facilitate strand passage

Each human cell contains genetic information stored on approximately two meters of DNA. Like holiday lights in a storage box, packing so much DNA into such a small space leads to its entanglement. This snarled DNA prevents the cell from properly accessing and copying its genes. Type II topoisomerases are a group of enzymes that remove DNA tangles. They attach to one segment of a DNA tangle, cut it in half, remove the knot, and then repair the broken DNA strand. The process requires the proteins to ‘burn’ chemical energy. If topoisomerases make mistakes when they cut and reseal DNA, they could damage genetic information and harm cells. It is still unclear how these proteins recognize DNA tangles and use energy to remove knots instead of adding them. Here, Wendorff and Berger use biochemical approaches to look into topo VI, a type II topoisomerase found in plants and certain single-celled organisms. When DNA is tangled, it forms sharp bends and crossings. Their experiments reveal that topo VI has certain ‘sensors’ that detect where DNA bends, and others that recognize the crossings. Only when both features are present does the enzyme start working and using energy. These sensors act as fail-safes to ensure that topo VI only breaks DNA when it encounters a proper knot, and is not ‘set loose’ on untangled DNA. Future work will look at topo VI at an atom-by-atom level to reveal how exactly the enzymes ‘see’ DNA bends and crossings, and how interactions with the correct type of DNA triggers energy use and DNA untangling. Knowing more about topo VI can help researchers to understand how human and bacterial topoisomerases work. These results could also be generalized to other enzymes, for example those that help the genetic processes at play when sperm and egg cells form.
Good View Hunting: Learning Photo Composition from Dense View Pairs

Finding views with good photo composition is a challenging task for machine learning methods. A key difficulty is the lack of well annotated large scale datasets. Most existing datasets only provide a limited number of annotations for good views, while ignoring the comparative nature of view selection. In this work, we present the first large scale Comparative Photo Composition dataset, which contains over one million comparative view pairs annotated using a cost-effective crowdsourcing workflow. We show that these comparative view annotations are essential for training a robust neural network model for composition. In addition, we propose a novel knowledge transfer framework to train a fast view proposal network, which runs at 75+ FPS and achieves state-of-the-art performance in image cropping and thumbnail generation tasks on three benchmark datasets. The superiority of our method is also demonstrated in a user study on a challenging experiment, where our method significantly outperforms the baseline methods in producing diversified well-composed views.
PAPERS IN LABORATORY PHONOLOGY, VOL. V: ACQUISITION AND THE LEXICON.Michael B. Broe & Janet B. Pierrehumbert (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii + 400. $64.95 cloth.

This volume extends the traditional focus of this series on the phonology-phonetics interface with papers exploring the contribution of various types of empirical data—including acoustic, articulatory, and perceptual—to the principal themes embodied in the questions of what constitutes a possible word and what underlies the human capability to produce language.
The Idea of Socialism: Towards a Renewal

Axel Honneth, a professor of social philosophy at the University of Frankfurt and Columbia University, begins this essay by noting that while 100 years ago, socialism was taken seriously by all pro...
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphate-Sensing Pst/SenX3-RegX3 System Regulates ESX-5 Secretion to Evade Host Immunity

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type VII secretion system ESX-5, which has been implicated in virulence, is activated at the transcriptional level by the phosphate starvation responsive Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system. Deletion of pstA1 , which encodes a Pst phosphate transporter component, causes constitutive activation of the response regulator RegX3, hyper-secretion of ESX-5 substrates and attenuation in the mouse infection model. We hypothesized that constitutive activation of ESX-5 secretion causes attenuation of the Δ pstA1 mutant. To test this, we uncoupled ESX-5 from regulation by RegX3. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we defined a RegX3 binding site in the esx-5 locus. Deletion or mutation of the RegX3 binding site reversed hyper-secretion of the ESX-5 substrate EsxN by the Δ pstA1 mutant and abrogated induction of EsxN secretion in response to phosphate limitation by wild-type M. tuberculosis . Deletion of the esx-5 RegX3 binding site (Δ BS ) suppressed attenuation of the Δ pstA1 mutant in Irgm1 -/- mice, suggesting that constitutive ESX-5 secretion limits M. tuberculosis evasion of host immune responses that are independent of Irgm1. However, the Δ pstA1 Δ BS mutant remained attenuated in both NOS2 -/- and C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that factors other than ESX-5 secretion also contribute to attenuation of the Δ pstA1 mutant. In addition, a Δ pstA1 Δ esxN mutant lacking the hyper-secreted ESX-5 substrate EsxN remained attenuated in Irgm1 -/- mice, suggesting that ESX-5 substrates other than EsxN cause increased susceptibility to host immunity. Our data indicate that while M. tuberculosis requires ESX-5 for virulence, it tightly controls secretion of ESX-5 substrates to avoid elimination by host immune responses.
A catalogue of hidden momenta.

Electromagnetic fields carry momentum: . But if the centre of energy of a (localized) system is at rest, its total momentum must be zero. The compensating term has come to be called hidden momentum...
Racism, the Language of Reduced Recidivism, and Higher Education in Prison: Toward an Anti-Racist Praxis

This essay examines contemporary discourse alongside increased public interest regarding the provision, purposes, and outcomes of higher education for incarcerated people. Recidivism as the dominant desired outcome of higher education in the specific context of prison demands a particular kind of intervention, and in a society where Black, African American, and Latinxs are overly targeted for incarceration, rationales of reduced recidivism are disproportionately mapped onto bodies of Color. My gesture in this essay is that the language of reduced recidivism contributes to state violence that is disproportionately enacted against people of Color. I believe that directors, instructors, students, and supporters of college-in-prison programs have an opportunity to thoughtfully expand the reasons for higher education during incarceration and to counter public narratives focused on recidivism as part of an anti-racist praxis.
The Supreme Court and Special Education.

Special education has been the subject of many rulings in federal courts. These rulings have greatly affected the practice of special education. The most important of these cases have come from the...
Efficacy of eDNA as an early detection indicator for Burmese pythons in the ARM Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in the greater Everglades ecosystem

Abstract Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection of invasive species can be used to inform management decisions by delimiting occupied ranges and estimating detection probabilities. Environmental DNA is shed into the environment through skin cells and bodily fluids and can be detected in water samples collected from lakes, rivers, and swamps. In south Florida, USA, invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) occupy much of the Greater Everglades in mostly inaccessible habitat and are credited with causing severe declines in populations of native species. Detection of Burmese pythons by traditional methods, including trapping and visual searching, has been largely ineffective, making eDNA a superior method to identify invaded areas. We adapted a quantitative PCR eDNA assay for use in droplet digital PCR, a state-of-the-art method that improves the precision and accuracy of eDNA detection and quantification. From August 2014 to October 2016, locations in and around Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in southeast Florida were surveyed for Burmese python eDNA. Positive eDNA detections were made in each of the five sampling events, assessing a total of 399 samples, with moderate-to-high occurrence (ψ = 58–91%) and moderate detection (p = 38–70%) probabilities, potentially reduced by a high presence of PCR-inhibiting compounds in the water. The high occurrence rates and geographic distribution of the positive samples within Loxahatchee suggests a steady release of python eDNA from resident Burmese pythons and reduces support for transport of eDNA by boats or flowing water from the north. The first confirmed sighting of a Burmese python in the Refuge occurred in September 2016 after eDNA testing had indicated the presence of pythons. While the established population boundary is thought to be south of Loxahatchee, the eDNA detections indicate a northern range limit at, or north of, the refuge on the eastern side of the Florida peninsula. Our study demonstrates the utility of eDNA for determining more accurate range limits and expansion information for Burmese pythons, and provides a means for assessing control efforts.
Personalizing therapy for older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: Role of geriatric assessment and genetic profiling.

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) presents therapeutic challenges in older adults because of high-risk leukemia biology conferring chemoresistance, and poor functional status resulting in increased therapy-related toxicities. Recent FDA approval of 8 new drugs for AML has increased therapeutic armamentarium and also provides effective low-intensity treatment options. Rational therapy selection strategies that consider individual’s risk of therapy-related toxicities and probability of disease control can maximize benefits of available treatments. Studies have demonstrated that fitness level, measured by geriatric assessment can predict therapy-related toxicities, whereas cytogenetic and mutation results correlate with the probability of responses to standard chemotherapy. We are approaching an era when we move from “one size fits all” approach to personalized therapy selection based on geriatric assessment, genetic and molecular profiling.
WIPI1 is a conserved mediator of right ventricular failure

Right ventricular dysfunction is highly prevalent across cardiopulmonary diseases and independently predicts death in both heart failure (HF) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Progression towards right ventricular failure (RVF) can occur in spite of optimal medical treatment of HF or PH, highlighting current insufficient understanding of RVF molecular pathophysiology. To identify molecular mechanisms that may distinctly underlie RVF, we investigated the cardiac ventricular transcriptome of advanced HF patients, with and without RVF. Using an integrated systems genomic and functional biology approach, we identified an RVF-specific gene module, for which WIPI1 served as a hub and HSPB6 and MAP4 as drivers, and confirmed the ventricular specificity of Wipi1, Hspb6, and Map4 transcriptional changes in adult murine models of pressure overload induced RV- versus LV- failure. We uncovered a shift towards non-canonical autophagy in the failing RV that correlated with RV-specific Wipi1 upregulation. In vitro siRNA silencing of Wipi1 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes limited non-canonical autophagy and blunted aldosterone-induced mitochondrial superoxide levels. Our findings suggest that Wipi1 regulates mitochondrial oxidative signaling and non-canonical autophagy in cardiac myocytes. Together with our human transcriptomic analysis and corroborating studies in an RVF mouse model, these data render Wipi1 a potential target for RV-directed HF therapy.
Identities for Neoliberal Times: Constructing Enterprising Selves in an American Suburb

Introduct ion Neoliberalism has been defi ned as the dramatic expansion of the free market and according to Basil Bernstein, “market relevance” has become its key orienting criterion (1996, p. 86). Cindi Katz and her colleagues have described the formation of the “neoliberal subject” as characterized by “the devolution of more and more choice to a seemingly ever more autonomous individual who must rationally calculate the benefi ts and costs of all aspects of life” (Mitchell, Marston, and Katz, 2003, pp. 417-418).1 More specifi cally, Michael Apple recently argued that neoliberalism demands, “the constant production of evidence that one is in fact making an enterprise of oneself” (2001, p. 416), and can demonstrate what the biological anthropologist Emily Martin refers to as “earnable competence” (2000, p. 140). Although social scientists achieve a deeper understanding of the drivers and eff ects of neoliberalism and its attendant “enterprise culture” (Olssen, 1996; Rose, 1992; Torres, 2002), the processes through which “neoliberal subjects” are formed, and the range of identity characteristics they take on, remain unclear. Accordingly, this project set out to understand how youth in a center of “fast capitalism” see the future, and how they are equipping themselves for it.
Recursive Gaussian Processes and Fingerprinting for Indoor Navigation

This paper investigates the use of Gaussian Processes (GP) for RSS fingerprinting-based navigation. In particular, a recursive GP scheme to adapt the fingerprints as they evolve over time is discussed which accounts for the uncertainty of position labels associated to new RSS measurements. The marginalization over the uncertainty of position labels is here implemented numerically through cubature rules, which is seen from computer simulations to enhance field estimation performance and, ultimately, positioning results.
ApoC-III helical structure determines its ability to bind plasma lipoproteins and inhibit Lipoprotein Lipase-mediated triglyceride lipolysis.

In humans, apolipoprotein C−III (apoC−III) plasma levels have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This association is in part explained by the effects of apoC−III on triglyceride (TG) metabolism; apoC−III raises plasma TG by increasing very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL)mediated TG lipolysis, and impairing the removal of triglyceride−rich lipoprotein (TRL) remnants from the circulation. In this study, we explored the structure−function relationship of the interaction of apoC−III with plasma lipoproteins and its ultimate impact on LPL activity. The structural and functional properties of wild−type (WT) apoC−III were compared with two missense variants previously associated with lower (A23T) and higher (Q38K) plasma TG. ApoC−III in the lipid−free state is unstructured but its helix content and stability increases when bound to lipid. Lipid−bound apoC−III contains two alpha helices spanning residues amino acids 11−38 (helix 1) and 44−64 (helix 2). Investigation of the structural and functional consequences of the A23T and Q38K variants showed that these amino acid substitutions within helix 1 do not significantly alter the stability of the helical structure but affect its hydrophilic−lipophilic properties. The A23T substitution impairs lipoprotein binding capacity, reduces LPL inhibition, and ultimately leads to lower plasma TG levels. Conversely, the Q to K substitution at position 38 enhances the lipid affinity of helix 1, increases TRL binding capacity and LPL inhibition, and is associated with hypertriglyceridemia. This study indicates that structural modifications that perturb the hydrophilic−lipophilic properties of the alpha helices can modulate the hypertriglyceridemic effects of apoCIII.