cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of rabbit antihuman complement reagent.

A method is described to prepare antisera primarily directed against complement components coating red blood cells. The method is based on the Milgrem technic of exposing rabbit red blood cells to human serum prior to their injection into the same rabbit. Modification of this method designed to enhance the binding of complement to the cells, namely prior trypsinization and exposure to human serum diluted in low ionic strength sucrose, has resulted in the production of potent anticomplement reagents that contain very little anti-IgG after one short course of immunization. This reagent should be of value in the detection of complement binding antibodies in the blood bank.
Management of Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma

Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is a serious cancer that causes lameness due to its aggressive local effects and death due to early and widespread metastases. Amputation alone is palliative, with a 10% rate of survival to 1 year. Cisplatin chemotherapy (with or without doxorubicin) improves the chances of survival, but metastatic cancer is still the cause of death in most affected dogs. Limb sparing may be a viable alternative in some dogs.
A simple reaction turbine as a solar engine

Abstract This article describes the design of a simple reaction turbine operating on saturated low pressure steam that could be generated by a solar boiler. The turbine was developed primarily to obtain a small power unit for irrigation purfoses. Tests were therefore performed with the combination of turbine and a centrifugal pump. Horsepower curves and rotational loss curves are shown, and a comparison with five other small prime movers of varied design is also presented.
Crystal structure of GAP50, the anchor of the invasion machinery in the inner membrane complex of Plasmodium falciparum

The glideosome associated protein GAP50 is an essential protein in apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium, several species of which are important human pathogens. The 44.6kDa protein is part of a multi-protein complex known as the invasion machinery or glideosome, which is required for cell invasion and substrate gliding motility empowered by an actin-myosin motor. GAP50 is anchored through its C-terminal transmembrane helix into the inner membrane complex and interacts via a short six residue C-terminal tail with other proteins of the invasion machinery in the pellicle of the parasite. In this paper we describe the 1.7A resolution crystal structure of the soluble GAP50 domain from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The structure shows an αssα fold with overall similarity to purple acid phosphatases with, however, little homology regarding the nature of the residues in the active site region of the latter enzyme. While purple acid phosphatases contain a phosphate bridged binuclear Fe-site coordinated by seven side chains with the Fe-ions 3.2A apart, GAP50 in our crystals contains two cobalt ions each with one protein ligand and a distance between the Co(2+) ions of 18A.
Detecting shifts in functions of multivariate location and covariance parameters

Abstract Procedures are studied for monitoring for shifts in functions of the mean vector or covariance matrix of an arbitrary multivariate distribution. The procedures provide the capabilities, among others, to monitor a linear function (e.g. a contrast) of the mean vector, or to monitor the covariance matrix for shifts in variances, correlations, generalized variance or for shifts away from the conditions of sphericity or intra-class correlation structure. Two sampling schemes are considered: the retrospective and sequential settings. Test statistics are quadratic forms in split-sample mean and covariance estimates. The asymptotic theory of U-statistics is used to control null error rates. A small Monte Carlo study investigates non-null power and reaction time. A total of eight procedures are studied.
Control of gall morphology: tephritid gallformers (Aciurina spp.) on rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus)

. 1 Sibling species of tephritid flies occumng on separate subspecies of Chrysofhamizus nauseosus Hall and Clements have distinct gall moiphologies (smooth and cotton). 2 Cross matings of and subsequent confinement of the flies to particular host plants demonstrated that the insect's and not the plant's genotype dictated the morphology of the gall, although the plant genotype may determine whether or not a gall is produced. 3 The results implicate a possible single gene control mechanism for external gall morphology.
Microvascular disease and the progression of IgA nephropathy.

In order to examine the role of microvascular disease in the evolution of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the interrelationships among vascular sclerosis, glomerular sclerosis, age, and hypertension were determined by morphometric analysis of renal biopsies in 71 patients with IgAN; 63 age- and sex-matched individuals with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) served as normal controls. The following parameters in glomeruli and in vessels with an outer diameter of 60 μm or less were analyzed by multiple regression analysis: (1) percentage of glomeruli with segmental and/or global sclerosis; (2) percentage of vessel area in renal cortical tissue measured by the point-counting method; (3) index of hyaline change estimated as the percentage of the number of arteries showing hyaline change; (4) index of vessel wall thickness determined by the ratio of mural thickness to outer diameter of arteries; (5) number of vascular cross sections counted per 6.25 μm2. The results of the multiple regression analysis demonstrate that glomerular and vascular sclerosis are interrelated and that hypertension and vessel area are almost equally important as predictors of glomerular sclerosis. Vessel area proved to be an early marker of vasculopathy, as its values in IgAN, even in the absence of hypertension and/or glomerular sclerosis, exceeded those in age and sex-matched controls (with MCNS). These data, obtained by the use of quantitative methods, establish a role for vessel disease and hypertension in the progression of IgAN.
Structure-based interpretation of the Strouhal-Reynolds number relationship

The wake in the flow past a circular cylinder has posed a long-standing challenge to scientists since the late 19th century. Many aspects of this seemingly simple phenomenon remain unexplained. Of particular interest is the relationship between the dimensionless vortex shedding frequency (the Strouhal number St) and the ratio of inertial to viscous forces in the fluid (the Reynolds number Re). We propose a new St-Re relation based on the observations of the structure of a vortex street in flowing soap films. The measurements suggest a simple two-parameter form $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{t}=1/(A+B/\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e})$ that describes laminar vortex shedding remarkably well for bulk fluids as well as for two-dimensional flowing soap films.
Biologically active aromatic amines derived from carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: synthesis and mutagenicity of aminobenzo[α]pyrenes

Abstract The mutagenicities of 6-aminobenzo[α]pyrene (6-NH 2 -BP), 4-, 11- and 12-NH 2 -BP, and two N , N -diacetyl derivatives (4- and 12-N(Ac) 2 -BP) were compared to that of the parent compound, BP, and to the aromatic amine, 2-aminofluorene (AF), in the Ames' Salmonell typhimurium assay. In the presence of an S9 activating system all the compounds were mutagenic in strains TA100, TA98 and TA1538, but not in TA1535. The general order of mutagenic potency in TA98 and TA1538 was 4-NH 2 -BP>4-N(Ac) 2 -BP>12-NH 2 -BP>12-N(Ac) 2 -BP>AF>11-NH 2 -BP≅BP>6-NH 2 -BP; whereas in strain TA100, the order was 4-NH 2 -BP>>4-N(Ac) 2 -BP>BP>12-NH 2 -BP≅12-N(Ac) 2 -BP≅11-NH 2 -BP>6-NH 2 -BP≅AF. Inclusion of the deacylase inhibitor, paraoxon, in the incubation decreased the mutagenicity of 4-N(Ac) 2 -BP but had no effect on its primary amine. These data suggest that, at least for this group of compounds, arylamines derived from carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are activated to potent mutagens primarily through S9-mediated metabolism (e.g, N -oxidation) of the amine.
In vivo ARFI surveillance of subcutaneous hemorrhage (ASSH) for monitoring rcFVIII dose response in hemophilia A dogs

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) ultrasound is used in ARFI Surveillance of Subcutaneous Hemorrhage (ASSH), a new in vivo hemostasis assay, to assess bleeding response in hemophilia A dogs. ASSH bleeding parameters were calculated from a small dose response study with 7 hemostatically normal dogs and 7 dogs exhibiting severe hemophilia A. Hemophilia A dogs were imaged in the naive state and/or when prophylactically treated with different levels of recombinant canine FVIII before bleeding was induced. A standardized injury of a 1–2mm vein by needle puncture induced subcutaneous bleeding in soft tissue. Bleeding was monitored by ASSH for 60 minutes. There was a significant difference (p<0.05, Wilcoxon ranksum) in ASSH bleeding rate (BR) and a 34.8% reduction in occurrence of abnormal ASSH time to hemostasis (TTH) between naive hemophilia A and hemophilia A treated to 100% rcFVIII cohorts. These data indicate that ASSH could be relevant in differentiating bleeding responses to different levels of rcFVIII treatment.
Fractal dimension estimation using the fast continuous wavelet transform

We first review a method for the characterization of fractal signals introduced by Muzy et al. This approach uses the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and considers how the wavelet values scale along maxima lines. The method requires a fine scale sampling of the signal and standard dyadic algorithms are not applicable. For this reason, a significant amount of computation is spent evaluating the CWT. To improve the efficiency of the fractal estimation, we introduced a general framework for a faster computation of the CWT. The method allows arbitrary sampling along the scale axis, and achieves O(N) complexity per scale where N is the length of the signal. Our approach makes use of a compactly supported scaling function to approximate the analyzing wavelet. We discuss the theory of the fast wavelet algorithm which uses a duality principle and recursive digital filtering for rapid calculation of the CWT. We also provide error bounds on the wavelet approximation and show how to obtain any desired level of accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm by using it in the estimation of the generalized dimensions of a multi-fractal signal.
The first unambiguous determination of a nitrosyl-to-nitrite conversion in an iron nitrosyl porphyrin

The picket fence porphyrin complex [Fe(tpivpp)(NO)] undergoes complete conversion to the isolable N-bound nitrite derivative [Fe(tpivpp)(NO2)(py)] in air in the presence of pyridine: reconversion to the starting nitrosyl complex is achieved using triphenylphosphine as reductant.
Epistemological Restraint—Revisited

THOMAS NAGEL has argued that ‘true liberalism’ excludes appeals to conceptions of the good in political argument. According to Nagel, liberalism's impartiality is grounded not in skepticism but, rather, in its commitment to ‘epistemological restraint.’ As he puts it, ‘We accept a kind of epistemological division between the private and the public domains: in certain contexts I am constrained to consider my beliefs merely as beliefs rather than as truths, however convinced I may be that they are true, and that I know it.’ Nagel's notion of epistemological restraint has been roundly criticized by perfectionist liberals and advocates of liberal neutrality alike. In fact, even Nagel has come to reject the epistemological argument—in part, because of the epistemological asymmetry that it presupposes. In this paper, I offer an answer to Nagel's critics, one that makes the notion of epistemological asymmetry coherent. In so doing, I show how to defend liberal neutrality without embracing skepticism. I structure the paper in the following way: Section II lays out the critique of epistemological restraint; Section III defends the coherence of this notion; and Section IV considers an objection to the analysis developed in Section III.
Patterns of venom production and temporal polyethism in workers of Jerdon’s jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator

Ants are chemical factories, and among their more noticeable products are their venoms. Though many studies have addressed the properties and activities of ant venoms, basic venom-related physiological questions, such as how venom production and replacement may vary with age, are rarely addressed. The answers to these questions are fundamental to understanding the physiological capabilities of these organisms, as well as the parameters within which potential optimization of their investment in venom production must take place. The only previous investigation into venom production in ants found it to be limited to early life in workers of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Haight and Tschinkel, 2003). Because similar studies have not been conducted for comparison, it is unclear whether or not this is a common physiological pattern in ants. As a parsimonious way to address this question, and, more generally, to increase the currently scant information available regarding the venom-producing capabilities of ants, the longevity, temporal polyethism, age-related venom production, and age-related venom replacement capabilities of workers of Jerdon's jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator were investigated. Longevity varied from 10 days to nearly 2 years, with a median lifespan of 206 days. Workers remained in the nest when young, transitioned to outside work (foraging) after 50 days of age, and reached a plateau in their tendency to be outside the nest at 74 days of age. They eclosed with empty venom sacs, filled them by about 57 days of age, and were able to replace venom at all three ages tested (though at a higher rate when aged 100 days than 30 and 206). So, venom-production ability is not limited to early life in H. saltator workers, and aspects of venom physiology and exploratory behavior appear to coincide in a manner likely to result in foraging efficiency benefits; venom sacs reach fullness around the age workers begin their foraging careers, and venom replacement rate is highest around the age workers become the most dedicated foragers.
CORTICOSTRIATAL CONNECTIONS OF THE SUPERIOR TEMPORAL REGION IN RHESUS MONKEYS

Corticostriatal connections of auditory areas within the supratemporal plane and in rostral and caudal portions of the superior temporal gyrus were studied by the autoradiographic anterograde tracing technique. The results show that the primary auditory cortex has limited projections to the caudoventral putamen and to the tail of the caudate nucleus. In contrast, the second auditory area within the circular sulcus has connections to the rostral and the caudal putamen and to the body of the caudate nucleus and the tail. The association areas of the superior temporal gyrus collectively have widespread corticostriatal projections characterized by differential topographic distributions. The rostral part of the gyrus projects to ventral portions of the head of the caudate nucleus and of the body and to the tail. In addition, there are connections to rostroventral and caudoventral portions of the putamen. The mid-portion of the gyrus projects to similar striatal regions, but the connections to the head of the caudate nucleus are less extensive. Compared with the rostral and middle parts of the superior temporal gyrus, the caudal portion has little connectivity to the tail of the caudate nucleus. It projects more dorsally within the head and the body and also more dorsally within the caudal putamen. These differential patterns of corticostriatal connectivity are consistent with functional specialization at the cortical level. J. Comp. Neurol. 399:384–402, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemical specificity in the surface diffusion of clusters: Ir on W(211)

Abstract Although the diffusion of tungsten and rhenium clusters over the (211) plane of tungsten has recently been found to be quite similar, a significant chemical specificity should be expected for cluster migration. Such specificity has now been established in quantitative measurements on iridium doublets diffusing on W(211). With tungsten and rhenium, dimers have a lower activation energy for diffusion than do single atoms. For iridium dimers, the situation is reversed: single atoms diffuse over a barrier of 51 ± 5 kJ mol−1, compared to a barrier of 65 ± 6 kJ mol−1 for dimers. This, and differences in the diffusion dynamics, are shown to be a consequence of interactions specific to iridium adatoms.
Variation in access to outpatient substance abuse treatment: Organizational factors and conceptual issues

Abstract Access is a multidimensional concept representing the ease with which health services are initiated and sustained. In this study, conceptual domains of access—affordability, acceptability, accommodation, availability, service diversity, and competitive stance—are hypothesized to predict the time clients wait to receive services. A large, recently surveyed, nationally representative sample of outpatient substance abuse treatment organizations provided the data. Multivariate regression analysis of 326 organizations was conducted with the conceptual domains sequentially predicting the time clients waited to receive service. Results show that increased waiting time positively associated with treatment staff case overload and the average number of months clients spent in treatment and negatively associated with the percent of a treatment organization's client base on public assistance. Implications for policy makers and clinicians concerning client selection strategies by organizations and problems with the organizational capacity to treat clients are discussed. Areas for future research also are highlighted.
PSYCHODYNAMIC ISSUES IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Every human interaction involves “psychodynamic issues.” To attempt to address all of those that arise in the complex context of a psychiatric emergency service (PES) is an impossible task. This article describes some general principles of psychodynamic interviewing that are indispensable to interviewing all patients and patients with psychiatric emergencies in particular. Some of the advantages offered by these additions to the emergency psychiatrist's armamentarium are explained, and several frequently encountered clinical situations are described, demonstrating how a psychodynamically informed interview can enhance clinical outcomes.
Reply to Brettel and Byrdin: On the efficiency of DNA repair by photolyase

Responding to commentary (1), Brettel and Byrdin state (2) that nonproductive back electron transfer (ET) should be only moderately slower than forward ET, instead of the 2.4 ns reported by Liu et al. (3). We believe the authors base their conclusion on erroneous assumptions due to suboptimal experimental design and poor resolution data, as we explain below.
The carboxypeptidase activity of pancreatin U.S.P.

Pancreatin U. S. P. contains the enzyme carboxypeptidase. It is a relatively stable enzyme. Pumpkin seed globulin serves as an excellent substrate for its analysis. Its activity may be expressed in terms of cc. of 0.02 N sodium hydroxide required to neutralize the amino acids produced from a definite amount of pumpkin seed alpba-globulin.
The Impact of Analogy and Content Knowledge on Reading Comprehension: What Helps, What Hurts.

Little research has been done comparing reading comprehension of analogies between first language (L1) and second language (L2) readers, despite the fact that many L1 reading experts believe that analogies facilitate reading comprehension. This article explores the impact of analogies and prior content knowledge on reading comprehension of expository texts by both L1 and L2 readers. Written recall protocols from approximately 163 participants were analyzed for 2 texts. Readers were university students of either French or English as a foreign language and were categorized according to level of proficiency and amount of prior content knowledge. Participants read either an analogy or nonanalogy version of 2 separate passages in either their L1 or L2. Analogy had a debilitating effect on comprehension regardless of learner group on the 1st text and no significant effect on the 2nd text. Level of proficiency and prior content knowledge were significantly related to reading comprehension.
Establishment of a bioenergy-focused microalgal culture collection

Abstract A promising renewable energy scenario involves growing photosynthetic microalgae as a biofuel feedstock that can be converted into fungible, energy-dense fuels. Microalgae transform the energy in sunlight into a variety of reduced-carbon storage products, including triacylglycerols, which can be readily transformed into diesel fuel surrogates. To develop an economically viable algal biofuel industry, it is important to maximize the production and accumulation of these targeted bioenergy carriers in selected strains. In an effort to identify promising feedstock isolates we developed, evaluated and optimized contemporary high-throughput cell-sorting techniques to establish a collection of microalgae isolated from highly diverse ecosystems near geographic areas that are potential sites for large-scale algal cultivation in the Southwest United States. These efforts resulted in a culture collection containing 360 distinct microalgal strains. We report on the establishment of this collection and some preliminary qualitative screening studies to identify important biofuel phenotypes including neutral lipid accumulation and growth rates. As part of this undertaking we determined suitable cultivation media and evaluated cryopreservation techniques critical for the long-term storage of the microorganisms in this collection. This technique allows for the rapid isolation of extensive strain biodiversity that can be leveraged for the selection of promising bioenergy feedstock strains, as well as for providing fundamental advances in our understanding of fundamental algal biology.
Chloride ion activity electrode for the detection of abnormal milk.

Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to determine if the chloride ion activity electrode could be used to detect abnormal milk. Twenty samples of farm bulk tank milk were analyzed for chloride content by the Orion ion activity electrode, for leukocytes by the Coulter counter and for bacteria by the standard plate count. Results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.30 between leukocyte count and chloride content. When two out-of-line samples were excluded the correlation coefficient was 0.89.
Commentary: Terms that accurately reflect current best evidence.

NSTEAD OF BOLSTERING OUR confidence, systematic reviews and meta-analyses often demonstrate the limited scientific basis for many of our treatments. With respect to Kienbock’s disease (idiopathic osteonecrosis of the lunate), the science is poor, largely because the disease is uncommon and therefore difficult to study. The more limited the science, the more likely that our understanding of the disease will change as we perform more experiments. The etiology and pathophysiology of Kienbock’s disease and our ability to modify its course are open to debate. We do not know when or how the disease arrests, but we do know that the natural history is not inevitable progressive collapse and arthritis. With or without treatment, the disease often stops at one of the lower Lichtman stages. In a specific patient, we have no way of knowing when the disease started and whether or not it will progress. We meet patients with currently or previously asymptomatic Kienbock’s, so one should not assume that the disease started at the onset of symptoms. To gauge the importance of these considerations, consider the possibility that we might sometimes perform unnecessary surgery to try to modify the course of Kienbock’s that has already resolved or arrested. Because we currently cannot know the evolution of Kienbock’s disease in specific patients, I think it is time to reconsider the concepts of early and late stages of the illness as used by the authors. 1 I contend that we should judge our treatments according to their goals: to modify the course of mild or moderate disease or to salvage advanced disease. The term early implies that, if the disease does not progress, our intervention should get the credit—an assumption that goes beyond current best evidence. To learn more about Kienbock’s disease, we need to perform experiments that compare the ability of different treatments to modify the course of the disease or to relieve symptoms (palliate)—uncontrolled case series leave us with too many questions. As the authors of this systematic review confirmed, whether considered according to an early/late or disease modifying/salvage paradigm, we have yet to establish that our treatments make a meaningful difference in the course of Kienbock’s disease.
The Membrane-Proximal Stem Region of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein Confers Efficient Virus Assembly

In this report, we show that the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV G) contains within its extracellular membrane-proximal stem (GS) a domain that is required for efficient VSV budding. To determine a minimal sequence in GS that provides for high-level virus assembly, we have generated a series of recombinant ΔG-VSVs which express chimeric glycoproteins having truncated stem sequences. The recombinant viruses having chimeras with 12 or more membrane-proximal residues of the G stem, and including the G protein transmembrane-cytoplasmic tail domains, produced near-wild-type levels of particles. In contrast, viruses encoding chimeras with shorter or no G-stem sequences produced ∼10- to 20-fold less. This budding domain when present in chimeric glycoproteins also promoted their incorporation into the VSV envelope. We suggest that the G-stem budding domain promotes virus release by inducing membrane curvature at sites where virus budding occurs or by recruiting condensed nucleocapsids to sites on the plasma membrane which are competent for efficient virus budding.
Progesterone and Prostaglandin Secretion by Ovulated Rat Cumulus Cell-Oocyte Complexes

Hormone production (progesterone and prostaglandin) by oocyte-cumulus cell complexes was studied in the postovulatory period. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from oviducts of prepuberal rats after the synchronization of follicle development and ovulation with PMS gonadotropin and hCG injections. Cumulus masses from individual animals were cultured in roller vessels containing Eagles'Minimal Essential Media with or without added heat-inactivated rat sera (5% CO2- air; 37 C). Culture media were collected after 4.5 h of incubation and analyzed by RIA for prostaglandin E2 (PGE), PGF, and progesterone. Extensive progesterone secretion occurred during the culture period and was markedly stimulated by the addition of rat serum; however, cumulus masses did secrete some progesterone in the absence of rat serum and without exogenous gonadotropins. The addition of aminoglutethimide, a steroidogenesis inhibitor, suppressed progesterone secretion but did not alter the secretion of PG or PGE. Both PGF and PGE w...
Coherent somatic mutation in autoimmune disease.

Background Many aspects of autoimmune disease are not well understood, including the specificities of autoimmune targets, and patterns of co-morbidity and cross-heritability across diseases. Prior work has provided evidence that somatic mutation caused by gene conversion and deletion at segmentally duplicated loci is relevant to several diseases. Simple tandem repeat (STR) sequence is highly mutable, both somatically and in the germ-line, and somatic STR mutations are observed under inflammation.
Boards of Directors of the Hospitality and Tourism Industries: An Exploratory Analysis of Composition and Interlocks

Companies rely on their board members to provide leadership as well as access to other organizations and industries. This article presents an exploratory analysis of the industry affiliations of board members in the airline, hotel, and restaurant industries to determine what types of industry connections and expertise they bring to the organizations they serve.
PECTIC CONTENT OF PLANT MATERIALS.

Many plants and plant materials such as wood (2), tea (25), tobacco (15), cotton (16), hops (13), ramie (11), flax (12), grass (6), potato (10), plantain seed (20), celery (9), limes (22), guava (1), bergamot (23), and root hairs (21), have been shown to contain pectic compounds. Because different methods of extraction and analysis were employed, it is impossible to make comparative studies from these data of the pectic composition, types of pectic materials, and distribution of pectic compounds in these plants. A systematic study, employing uniform treatment of the pectic materials of leaves, cereal grains, apples, and citrus fruits, was conducted by Nanji and Norman (18). They determined water-soluble pectin, oxalic-acid-soluble pectin and ammonium-oxalate-soluble pectin. These data were interpreted as representing pectic material present as pectin, pectin in combination with metallic ions, and pectic acid. This interpretation was based on the theory that protopectin is an insoluble calcium, magnesium, or iron salt (19), and that treatment with oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate dissolved the pectin and pectates combined in this manner. More recent studies, however, (3, 4, 14^ 17, 24), lead to the conclusion that the pectic molecule is essentially a long-chain, poly-galacturonic molecule combined through intermolecular forces and anhydride structure to form the insoluble protopectin layers of the cell wall and middle lamella. Single treatment with water or acid does not remove any definite pectic compound, but yields a part of a series of pectic substances; continued hydrolysis progressively dissolves the entire protopectin layer. The lack of quantitative data for comparison of the distribution of pectin in the plant phyla has led to the present study. A large number of plants and plant materials have been included, and in order to obtain comparative data for the concentrations of each pectic fraction present, a system of extraction involving successive stages of hydrolysis was employed. The first stage involves the removal of the water soluble pectin ; the second, the easily hydrolyzable protopectin; and the third, the difficultly hydrolyzable protopectin. These analyses have been supplemented by data on gelling power of the pectic material. Extraction and analyses One hundred grams of the material was ground in a sausage mill ; 500 ml. of water were added, and the mixture was heated for one hour at 90? C, evaporated water being replaced during the heating. The pulp was then pressed free of the liquid and returned for a second extraction with 500 ml. of water containing 0.155 ml. H2S04 (pH = 1.5). The pulp was again
The Propensity to Reform: The United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada Compared

The outcome of the 2008 election in the United States (occurring amidst near financial collapse) raised the possibility of a revival of the Progressive‐New Deal‐Great Society reform tradition. To b...
Hemodialysis Treatment of Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Associated with Chronic Lithium Toxicity

Introduction A patient with chronic lithium toxicity developed a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia that resolved during removal of lithium by hemodialysis. Chronic lithium toxicity commonly results from diminished elimination and can produce neurotoxicity. Cardiovascular complications have been reported and generally affect the sinoatrial node and produce bradyarrhythmias. The majority of these arrhythmias require no emergent intervention. Ventricular arrhythmias associated with lithium toxicity are occasionally mentioned in the literature, but actual cases are rarely reported.
Metal hyperfine structure in magnesium chloride. The millimeter-wave spectrum of 25MgCl and 26MgCl

Abstract Rotational spectra of the magnesium and chlorine isotopomers of MgCl (X 2 ϵ + ) have been measured in the frequency range 260–380 GHz using direct absorption techniques. The species studied ( 25 Mg 35 Ml, 25 Mg 37 Cl, and 26 Mg 37 Cl) were created in a dc glow discharge by the reaction of magnesium vapor with CCl 4 . Several rotational transitions were recorded for each isotopomer, and fine structure, as well as hyperfine splittings due to the 25 Mg nucleus, were observed. Rotational, spin—rotation and hyperfine constants were determined for these radicals. The average value of the Fermi contact terms was b F ( 25 Mg) = −317.8 (4.9) MHz, indicating a large electron density at the magnesium nucleus.
The dynamics of collagen uncrimping and lateral contraction in tendon and the effect of ionic concentration.

Under tensile loading, tendon undergoes a number of unique structural changes that govern its mechanical response. For example, stretching a tendon is known to induce both the progressive “uncrimping” of wavy collagen fibrils and extensive lateral contraction mediated by fluid flow out of the tissue. However, it is not known whether these processes are interdependent. Moreover, the rate-dependence of collagen uncrimping and its contribution to tendon's viscoelastic mechanical properties are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to (a) develop a methodology allowing for simultaneous measurement of crimp, stress, axial strain and lateral contraction in tendon under dynamic loading; (b) determine the interdependence of collagen uncrimping and lateral contraction by testing tendons in different swelling conditions; and (c) assess how the process of collagen uncrimping depends on loading rate. Murine flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendons in varying ionic environments were dynamically stretched to a set strain level and imaged through a plane polariscope with the polarizer and analyzer at a fixed angle. Analysis of the resulting images allowed for direct measurement of the crimp frequency and indirect measurement of the tendon thickness. Our findings demonstrate that collagen uncrimping and lateral contraction can occur independently and interstitial fluid impacts tendon mechanics directly. Furthermore, tensile stress, transverse contraction and degree of collagen uncrimping were all rate-dependent, suggesting that collagen uncrimping plays a role in tendon's dynamic mechanical response. This study is the first to characterize the time-dependence of collagen uncrimping in tendon, and establishes structure–function relationships for healthy tendons that can be used to better understand and assess changes in tendon mechanics after disease or injury.
Social Reality and Social Problems: The Role of Expectancies

From the standpoint of basic theory and social policy it is important to understand the extent to which expectancies contribute to social problems. Naturalistic and meta-analytic evidence is reviewed showing that (a) expectations influence social reality and may contribute to social problems such as prejudice and inequities in educational and occupational opportunity, but (b) the influence of expectations on social reality generally is more limited than often claimed. One of the most important limitations on the contribution of expectations to social problems may be that they are often accurate (i.e., they predict others' behaviors and attributes without influencing those others' behaviors and attributes). Accurate expectations create neither cognitive biases nor self-fulfilling prophecies, and this article reviews evidence showing that people are often quite accurate. Nonetheless, even relatively modest expectancy effects may contribute to some social problems in important ways. Further, research suggests that certain conditions facilitate or inhibit the occurrence of expectancy effects. Consequently, under some conditions, the contribution of expectancy effects to social problems may be larger than the current empirical evidence suggests. The article concludes by discussing how to “harness Pygmalion effects” to develop interventions for alleviating particular social problems.
Reconstructing a Partially Observed Record of Tropical Cyclone Counts

Abstract An approach to reconstructing a partially observed annual time series of tropical cyclone counts is presented. The approach is based on a simple model of the time series of true counts and on a simple model of the way in which this time series is observed through time. The approach is applied to a record of observed tropical cyclone counts for the Australian region for the period 1910–88. Some diagnostics are presented that indicate the model performs fairly well at reproducing the behavior of the observed counts.
Multistage processing for automatic minefield detection using low-frequency SAR

An automatic, multistage algorithm for detecting minefields is introduced. This algorithm was tested, with encouraging results, against buried metal mines. The measurement data for this test were obtained using a low-frequency airborne SAR, collected during an extensive ground penetration experiment in Yuma, Arizona, in June 1993. Although verified using SAR data, the automatic minefield detection technique may prove applicable to other remote sensors as well.
Replication report: No spontaneous alternation in gerbils

Twelve male Mongolian gerbils were tested for spontaneous alternation in a T maze, a U maze, and a parallel-arm maze. Alternation rates did not exceed chance in any of the mazes. Albino rats, on the other hand, did alternate in the T and U mazes but not in the parallel-arm maze. It is suggested that the vestibular system of the gerbil may be associated with their failure to display spontaneous alternation.
Learning impairments after 6-OHDA treatment: a comparison with the effects of thiamine deficiency

Cortical norepinephrine, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were reduced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) jointly into the cisterna magna and the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. On subsequent behavioral testing, deficits were observed for spatial delayed alternation learning, but not for active or passive avoidance. Treatment with clonidine resulted in a significant improvement in spatial delayed alteration for experimental as compared to control animals. Injections of 6-OHDA into the cisterna magna alone had no significant effect on brain chemistry or behavioral measures. These results are similar to previous observations following a bout of thiamine deficiency, in which cortical catecholamines were depleted in animals that had exhibited deficits for spatial delayed alternation learning. We argue that the cortical catecholamine deficits observed in post-thiamine-deficient animals are sufficient to account for the delayed alternation deficits observed in this animal model of Korsakoff's psychosis.
Heat training in the box turtle (Terrapene Carolina)

A box turtle was trained on a black-white discrimination task, using escape from heat as a reinforcer. Original learning was followed by five successive cue reversals. It was surprising that the animal’s performance did not deteriorate with the first reversal and a learning set failed to develop over the remaining four reversals. The data on this animal were compared to those obtained on gerbils in an earlier study.
Examining the utility of epoxy replicas of single, natural fractures in dolostone for visualization experiments

Epoxy casts were created of five naturally occurring fractures in dolostone and aperture distribution was measured using a light attenuation method. The optically determined aperture matrices showed a skew towards smaller apertures, with the larger models demonstrating a lognormal distribution and the smaller models a normal distribution. Surface variograms of each display a significant degree of anisotropy. The models had spatial correlation ranges between 1.8 and 5 cm. The optical mean aperture, mean hydraulic aperture and mass-balance aperture were all determined. In addition, the coefficient of variation (C v) and anisotropy ratio (AR) for each model was determined to compare their predictions with the actual tracer behavior in each of the models. In all cases, the hydraulically determined mean aperture was the same order of magnitude as the optically determined mean aperture. The mass-balance-derived mean aperture differed significantly from the optical mean aperture based on the degree of channeling in the model. However, neither the C v nor the AR correlated well to the actual behavior of the tracers, suggesting they are insufficient to predict void connectivity. Overall the epoxy replicas performed moderately well and can be well characterized for use in studies where visualization is of primary importance.
An architecture for enabling distributed plug load control for commercial building demand response

Traditionally, a commercial building's responsiveness to a demand response event is limited to actuation of the building HVAC and/or lighting system. However, current technological innovations allow for a more “integrated” energy control system via the incorporation of plug-loads as actionable load. This paper outlines the software architecture of such a system to enable plug-loads as a demand response resource. Distributed local plug-load control is facilitated via the use of smart communicating power strips and Energy Information Gateways (EIGs), which bridge the gap between the central building controller an individual loads. Coordinated control of these distributed EIGs is accomplished via the central building controller, which receives and interprets external demand response signals and hosts a bidding process amongst the EIGs to meet the load shed criteria. The deployment of prototype systems based on this design architecture at UC Berkeley and the United States Air Force Academy will also be discussed.
The close multiple system mu Orionis - Masses and the mass-luminosity relation

The observations made of the secondary component B of the close visual binary mu Ori are described. The Reticon observations made at red wavelengths showed the secondary to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 4.78 days and nearly identical components having minimum masses of 1.1 solar mass each. Previous estimates are corroborated by the large spectroscopic mass ratio of B to A and B. The discovery that B is a pair of late-F dwarfs solves the apparent mass-luminosity relation discrepancy noted in previous studies.
Closed-Form Expressions of 3-D Via Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance

Closed-form expressions of the resistance, capacitance, and inductance for interplane 3-D vias are presented in this paper. The closed-form expressions account for the 3-D via length, diameter, dielectric thickness, and spacing to ground. A 3-D numerical simulation is used to extract electromagnetic solutions of the resistance, capacitance, and inductance for comparison with the closed-form expressions, revealing good agreement between simulation and the physical models. The maximum error for the resistance, capacitance, and inductance is less than 8%.
Kinematics of Abell 30

Abell 30 is a remarkable PN with a H-depleted core. Four bright knots have been identified in the [O III] line (Jacoby 1979). The previous kinematic study has shown that J1 and J3 form a pair expanding at radial velocities of ±25 km/s with respect to the central star, and J4 has a radial velocity of -22 km/s (Reay, Atherton, and Taylor 1983).
Capturing Empirically Derived Design Knowledge for Creating Conceptual Design Configurations

In an ideal design process, designers envision a configuration of components prior to determining dimensions or sizes of these components. Given the breadth of suppliers and production methods that exist today, most engineered artifacts are a mix of both custom-made parts and OEM (original equipment manufacturer) parts. The design of any future artifact must be carefully planned to take advantage of the diverse set of possibilities. We conjecture that computational design tools could be developed to help designers navigate the design space in creating configurations from detailed specifications of function. In this research, a methodology is developed that extracts design knowledge from an expanding online library of components in the form of grammar rules. From an initial implementation of forty-five rules compiled from 15 components extracted from three products, we demonstrate a computational process that builds a new design configuration by borrowing concepts from how common functions are solved in related designs.
Enhanced Intestinal Absorption of Insulin in Rats in the Presence of Sodium 5-Methoxysalicylate

Sodium 5-methoxysalicylate, previously shown to enhance the rectal absorption of several drugs, facilitates the absorption of insulin from the upper gastrointestinal tract, resulting in significantly elevated insulin levels and lowered glucose concentrations in the plasma of rats. Restricting the movement of insulin and adjuvant down the intestine by either ligation or use of a more viscous vehicle further increased the absorption of insulin.
Laser Capture Sampling and Analytical Issues in Proteomics

Proteomics holds the promise of evaluating global changes in protein expression and post-translational modification in response to environmental stimuli. However, difficulties in achieving cellular anatomic resolution and extracting specific types of proteins from cells have limited the efficacy of these techniques. Laser capture microdissection has provided a solution to the problem of anatomical resolution in tissues. New extraction methodologies have expanded the range of proteins identified in subsequent analyses. This review will examine the application of laser capture microdissection to proteomic tissue sampling, and subsequent extraction of these samples for differential expression analysis. Statistical and other quantitative issues important for the analysis of the highly complex datasets generated are also reviewed.
Noise sources in pyroelectric radiation detectors

Abstract A complete list of the noise sources in pyroelectric radiation detectors is given, both for untuned and for tuned electrical circuits, and for direct as well as heterodyne detection. In most situations the thermal noise of the detector predominates.
Listening Carefully: Improving Communication About Behavior and Development Recognizing Parental Concerns

A simple checklist was developed for completion by parents prior to their regular meetings with their pediatricians for health supervision. Its efficacy in improving communication between pediatricians and parents about behavioral and developmental concerns was evaluated. Without the checklist, 30 percent of parents' concerns were discussed. More items overall, and more items that were concerns of the parent, were discussed with the use of the checklist than without it (p less than 0.05). An intermediate but statistically significant effect was observed even when the pediatrician did not see the completed checklist (43% of concerns were discussed); this effect was increased when he did (53% of concerns discussed). There were marked differences among pediatricians in the number of concerns that were discussed both with and without use of the checklist. Items regarding patterns of family life and child care, death or illness, siblings, and other stresses of modern families were frequently indicated as concerns on the checklist but were less frequently discussed. The data demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple and efficient method to improve communication about childrens' behavior and development between their parents and their pediatricians.