cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural zinc ribbon HNH endonucleases and engineered zinc finger nicking endonuclease

Many bacteriophage and prophage genomes encode an HNH endonuclease (HNHE) next to their cohesive end site and terminase genes. The HNH catalytic domain contains the conserved catalytic residues His-Asn-His and a zinc-binding site [CxxC](2). An additional zinc ribbon (ZR) domain with one to two zinc-binding sites ([CxxxxC], [CxxxxH], [CxxxC], [HxxxH], [CxxC] or [CxxH]) is frequently found at the N-terminus or C-terminus of the HNHE or a ZR domain protein (ZRP) located adjacent to the HNHE. We expressed and purified 10 such HNHEs and characterized their cleavage sites. These HNHEs are site-specific and strand-specific nicking endonucleases (NEase or nickase) with 3- to 7-bp specificities. A minimal HNH nicking domain of 76 amino acid residues was identified from Bacillus phage γ HNHE and subsequently fused to a zinc finger protein to generate a chimeric NEase with a new specificity (12-13 bp). The identification of a large pool of previously unknown natural NEases and engineered NEases provides more 'tools' for DNA manipulation and molecular diagnostics. The small modular HNH nicking domain can be used to generate rare NEases applicable to targeted genome editing. In addition, the engineered ZF nickase is useful for evaluation of off-target sites in vitro before performing cell-based gene modification.
Axel dust on Saturn and Titan

The observed sharp drop in the geometric albedo of Titan shortward of 6000 A (also observed for Jupiter and Saturn) has been tentatively attributed to the presence of small absorbing particles referred to as Axel dust. The properties of Axel dust particles are studied, with the effect of scattering included through Mie theory, in an attempt to obtain a physically plausible set of parameters that properly characterizes the dust. Quantitative characteristics of the dust are described, scattering and absorption properties of various particle size distributions are calculated, and fits are made to observations of Titan and Saturn. It is found that: (1) a flat distribution of particle radii up to 0.1 micron and an imaginary part of the refractive index that varies as the -2.5 power of wavelength produce a good fit for Titan provided the extinction optical depth of the satellite's atmosphere is about 10 at 5000 A; (2) a clear layer of about 7 km-am hydrogen is required above the dust for a good fit to Saturn with the same dust properties; and (3) the inclusion of dust significantly increases the computed abundance of methane over the value given by reflecting-layer models.
Echocardiographic and Phonocardiographic Assessment of the St. Jude Cardiac Valve Prosthesis

Forty-three consecutive patients with a St Jude mitral, aortic, or combined prosthesis were studied by simultaneous phonocardiography and echocardiography. Twenty-eight patients had a mitral prosthesis, 20 an aortic prosthesis, and five had both. No opening click was recorded in any patient; however, a loud aortic or mitral closing click was recorded in all 43 patients. In patients with St Jude mitral valve prosthesis, an echo-free space separated the two leaflets during diastole; seven of these also had a mid-diastolic closing and late diastolic reopening motion; two of the seven had an associated closing mid-diastolic click. A mid-diastolic rumble was recorded in six of 28 patients with St. Jude mitral valve prosthesis. In patients with a St Jude aortic valve prosthesis, left atrium leaflet motion was recorded in 17 of 20 patients and was indistinguishable in appearance from echocardiograms obtained with various eccentric monocusp valves. In addition, we report one case of malfunction of a St. Jude mitral valve and one case of a paravalvular leak diagnosed by echophonocardiography. We concluded that the St Jude cardiac prosthesis has variable normal phonocardiographic-echocadiographic patterns. Knowledge of these variable patterns is important in assessing patients with suspected malfunction of a St. Jude cardiac prosthesis.
Applications of laser scanning microscopy for analysis of aquatic microhabitats

Laser scanning microscopy was used 1) to analyze Mn oxide-encrusted biofilms and particles in marine Mn-oxidizing enrichment cultures, 2) to optimize fluorescence in situ hybridization protocols of 16S ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide signature probes for single bacterial cell identification in particles from a wetland, and 3) to develop a combined immunofluorescence-microautoradiography procedure for analysis of the distribution of 14C-labeled organic compounds and 14C-mineralizing bacteria in groundwater seep sediments. The results demonstrated the wide applicability and benefits of using laser scanning microscopy for analysis of complex microbial assemblages.
Trust-Based Information Risk Management in a Supply Chain Network

Information risk management is crucial for an organization operating in an increasingly integrated and intensively communicated environment to mitigate risks and ensure core business functions. Given the open and dynamic nature of a supply chain network, information risk management is challenging and various factors must be considered. This article introduces a trust-based approach to facilitate supply chain participants to perform effective risk management. The major components of the proposed framework include supply chain member trust evaluation, data classification, and trust-based decision making. The major purpose of the framework is to control and mitigate information risks that a participant faces in a supply chain network (e.g., risks to information confidentiality, privacy, and integrity). We apply the principle of transitive trust for trust evaluation and use several decision tools for risk analysis and mitigation.
Accumulated tidal heating of stars over multiple pericentre passages near SgrA

We consider the long-term tidal heating of a star by the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center, SgrA*. We show that gravitational interaction with background stars leads to a linear growth of the tidal excitation energy with the number of pericenter passages near SgrA*. The accumulated heat deposited by excitation of modes within the star over many pericenter passages can lead to a runaway disruption of the star at a pericenter distance that is 4-5 times farther than the standard tidal disruption radius. The accumulated heating may explain the lack of massive (& 10M⊙) S-stars closer than several tens of AU from SgrA*.
Therapeutics in Renal Disease: The Road Ahead for Antiproliferative Targets

Discovery into the molecular basis of renal disease is occurring at an unprecedented rate. With the advent of the NIH Roadmap, there is a greater expectation of translating this knowledge into new treatments. Here, we review the therapeutic strategy to preserve renal function in proliferative renal diseases by directly inhibiting the mitogenic pathways within renal parenchymal cells that promote G0 to G1/S cell-cycle phase progression. Reductionist methodologies have identified several antiproliferative molecular targets, and promising preclinical testing of leading small-molecule drugs to modulate these targets has now led to landmark clinical trials. Yet, this advancement into targeted therapy highlights important differences between the therapeutic goals of molecular nephrology versus molecular oncology and, by extension, the poorly understood role of alternative target activity in drug efficacy. Systems research to clarify these issues should accelerate the development of this promising therapeutic strategy.
Parental Conflict and Infidelity as Predictors of Adult Children's Attachment Style and Infidelity

The purpose of this study was to conduct a quantitative analysis examining the impact of parental infidelity and conflict on the adult child's internal working models and romantic attachment style. Using a convenience sample of 150 undergraduates, we found no significant difference in the internal working models of adult children with and without knowledge of parental infidelity. Individuals who reported their parents as conflictual had a more negative view of self and of others. Additionally, adult children who had knowledge of their father's infidelity were more likely to engage in infidelity than adult children without such knowledge.
Numerical Trajectory Optimization with Swarm Intelligence and Dynamic Assignment of Solution Structure

Particle swarm optimization is an evolutionary optimization method that relies on a group of potential solutions to explore the search space. Conceptually, each particle in the swarm uses its own memory, as well as the knowledge accumulated by the entire swarm, to iteratively converge on the optimal solution. It is relatively easy to implement and, unlike gradient-based solvers, does not require an initial guess or continuity in the problem definition. Although particle swarm optimization has been successfully employed in solving static optimization problems, its application in dynamic optimization, as posed in optimal control theory, has been little explored. In this work, particle swarm optimization is used to generate near-optimal solutions to several nontrivial trajectory optimization problems, including thrust programming for minimum fuel, multiburn spacecraft orbit transfer, and computing minimum-time rest-to-rest trajectories for a robotic manipulator. A distinct feature of the particle swarm optimization implementation in this work is the runtime selection of the optimal solution structure. Optimal trajectories are generated by solving instances of nonlinear mixed-integer programming problems with the swarming technique. A dynamic multistage-assignment penalty function is incorporated to enforce the associated constraints. For each test case, the particle swarm optimization result is compared with a nearly exact solution found via a direct method using nonlinear programming. Numerical experiments indicate that swarm search can locate solutions to very great accuracy.
Current and future therapies for multiple sclerosis.

With the introduction of interferon-β1b in 1993 as the first FDA-approved treatment for multiple sclerosis, the era of treatment of this incurable disease began, and its natural course was permanently changed. Currently, seven different treatments for patients with multiple sclerosis with different mechanisms of action and dissimilar side effect profiles exist. These medications include interferon-β1a intramuscular (Avonex), interferon-β1a subcutaneous (Rebif), interferon-β1b subcutaneous (Betaseron/Extavia), glatiramer acetate (Copaxone), natalizumab (Tysabri), fingolimod (Gilenya), teriflunomide (Aubagio), and mitoxantrone (Novantrone). In addition, a large number of clinical trials are being conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of various experimental agents in patients with multiple sclerosis, including alemtuzumab, dimethyl fumarate, laquinimod, rituximab, daclizumab, and cladribine. In this paper, the author presents a concise and comprehensive review of present and potential treatments for this incurable disease.
Choice without Equity: Charter School Segregation

The political popularity of charter schools is unmistakable. This article explores the relationship between charter schools and segregation across the country, in 40 states, the District of Columbia, and several dozen metropolitan areas with large enrollments of charter school students in 2007�08. The descriptive analysis of the charter school enrollment is aimed at understanding the characteristics of students enrolled in charter schools and the extent to which charter school students are segregated, including how charter school segregation compare to students in traditional public schools. This article examines these questions at different levels, aggregating school-level enrollment to explore patterns among metropolitan areas, states, and the nation using three national datasets. Our findings suggest that charters currently isolate students by race and class. This analysis of recent data finds that charter schools are more racially isolated than traditional public schools in virtually every state and large metropolitan area in the nation. In some regions, white students are overrepresented in charter schools while in other charter schools; minority students have little exposure to white students. Data about the extent to which charter schools serve low-income and English Language Learners is incomplete, but suggest that a substantial share of charter schools may not enroll such students. As charters represent an increasing share of our public schools, they influence the level of segregation experienced by all of our nation�s school-aged children. After two decades, the promise of charter schools to use choice to foster integration and equality in American education has yet to be realized.
ASSISTING DEMOBILIZED RUSSIAN OFFICERS OBTAIN HOUSING: THE HOUSING CERTIFICATE OPTION

[&copy Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies] Under the dwelling purchase certificate program a retired or demobilized Russian officer returning from the "near abroad" is given a certificate which he can use to purchase a new housing unit in the market. The certificate is priced at estimated market price of dwellings, and prices vary by unit size and location (region). There was great uncertainty when the program was launched as to whether officers would find units available for purchase. In fact, most officers succeeded in using their certificate and most contacted several sellers in searching for housing.
Viscosity and thermal fields associated with strongly chaotic non-Newtonian thermal convection

The thermomechanical structure is investigated in strongly chaotic non-Newtonian thermal convection for both base-heated and internally-heated systems. Temperature can build up in stagnant regions and a non-Newtonian mantle can tolerate less internal heating. Viscosity fields of the strongly chaotic regime show a granular structure. The horizontal spectra of viscosity fluctuations obey a power-law and yield a fractal dimension of 1.6 to 1.8 for the isoviscosity lines, providing evidence for 2D turbulence. Long-wavelength viscosity variations are smoothed out by the turbulent non-Newtonian flows.
Haplotyping as perfect phylogeny: conceptual framework and efficient solutions

The next high-priority phase of human genomics will involve the development of a full Haplotype Map of the human genome [12]. It will be used in large-scale screens of populations to associate specific haplotypes with specific complex genetic-influenced diseases. A prototype Haplotype Mapping strategy is presently being finalized by an NIH working-group. The biological key to that strategy is the surprising fact that genomic DNA can be partitioned into long blocks where genetic recombination has been rare, leading to strikingly fewer distinct haplotypes in the population than previously expected [12, 6, 21, 7].In this paper we explore the algorithmic implications of the key (and now realistic) "no-recombination in long blocks" observation, for the problem of inferring haplotypes in populations. We observe that the no-recombination assumption is very powerful. This assumption, along with the standard population-genetic assumption of infinite sites [23, 14] imposes severe combinatorial constraints on the permitted solutions to the haplotype inference problem, leading to an efficient deterministic algorithm to deduce all features of the permitted haplotype solution(s) that can be known with certainty. The technical key is to view haplotype data as disguised information about paths in an unknown tree, and the haplotype deduction problem as a problem of reconstructing the tree from that path information. This formulation allows us to exploit deep theorems and algorithms from graph and matroid theory to efficiently find one permitted solution to the haplotype problem; it gives a simple test to determine if it is the unique solution; if not, we can implicitly represent the set of all permitted solutions so that each can be efficiently created.
Liat1, an arginyltransferase-binding protein whose evolution among primates involved changes in the numbers of its 10-residue repeats

The arginyltransferase Ate1 is a component of the N-end rule pathway, which recognizes proteins containing N-terminal degradation signals called N-degrons, polyubiquitylates these proteins, and thereby causes their degradation by the proteasome. At least six isoforms of mouse Ate1 are produced through alternative splicing of Ate1 pre-mRNA. We identified a previously uncharacterized mouse protein, termed Liat1 (ligand of Ate1), that interacts with Ate1 but does not appear to be its arginylation substrate. Liat1 has a higher affinity for the isoforms Ate1 1A7A and Ate1 1B7A . Liat1 stimulated the in vitro N-terminal arginylation of a model substrate by Ate1. All examined vertebrate and some invertebrate genomes encode proteins sequelogous (similar in sequence) to mouse Liat1. Sequelogs of Liat1 share a highly conserved ∼30-residue region that is shown here to be required for the binding of Liat1 to Ate1. We also identified non-Ate1 proteins that interact with Liat1. In contrast to Liat1 genes of nonprimate mammals, Liat1 genes of primates are subtelomeric, a location that tends to confer evolutionary instability on a gene. Remarkably, Liat1 proteins of some primates, from macaques to humans, contain tandem repeats of a 10-residue sequence, whereas Liat1 proteins of other mammals contain a single copy of this motif. Quantities of these repeats are, in general, different in Liat1 of different primates. For example, there are 1, 4, 13, 13, 17, and 17 repeats in the gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, bonobo, neanderthal, and human Liat1, respectively, suggesting that repeat number changes in this previously uncharacterized protein may contribute to evolution of primates.
FOA (first-order analysis) model of a granule-filled tube for vehicle crash energy absorption

An innovative means for improving crashworthiness is to use tubes filled with a granular material to absorb energy during the process of a crash. In this research, the implementation of granular materials in the tubes placed at the front posts of automobiles for improved safety has been studied. Granular particles can create enormous friction through their interactions; therefore a tube filled with a granular material can absorb much more crash energy than an empty tube. The application of granular materials to a crashworthiness design is very challenging but highly effective. In this research, an analytic model has been developed based on the modified effective thickness theory of a tube filled with granules.
Determination of membrane lipid differences in insulin resistant diabetes mellitus type 2 in whites and blacks.

Abstract Objectives Insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) can result from membrane lipid alterations. Blacks are at a higher risk of developing DM2; therefore, we investigated whether membrane lipid differences exist between blacks and whites and if differences contribute to impaired insulin binding in diabetes. Methods Subjects were recruited from four groups: white control (n = 10), black control (n = 10), white diabetic (n = 5), and black diabetic (n = 10). Diabetic subjects who had DM2 with insulin resistance on insulin monotherapy were matched by age and sex. The following determinations were made: fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, plasma lipid profile, red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids and cholesterol, and RBC insulin binding. Results The membrane lipid analysis showed racial differences in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC). The plasma membrane of whites showed higher PE and lower PC levels than that in blacks. The RBC rheologic (PE/phosphatidyl serine) properties (deformability) were lower in diabetics and black subjects. The saturated nature of RBC ([sphingomyelin + PC)/(PE + phosphatidyl serine]) was the lowest in white control subjects (P Conclusion The combination of increased saturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased saturated nature, and increased cholesterol/phospholipid can contribute to decreased membrane fluidity, resulting in insulin resistance. Also, decreased RBC deformability can make oxygen delivery through the capillaries difficult, create tissue hypoxia, and contribute to some of the known complications of diabetes. Membrane lipid alteration may be one of the reasons for a higher incidence of diabetes among blacks.
Temperature-Dependent Poling Behavior of Lead-free BZT–BCT Piezoelectrics

A high temperature poling method to improve the piezoelectric properties of the recently discovered lead-free system: Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT–BCT) has been developed. The effective d33 value and strain level can be increased by 40% when samples are cooled under field through the Curie temperature. The ferroelastic domain contribution appears quite modest relative to the strain improvement. An internal bias field, induced by defect charge carriers accumulation at grain boundaries, may facilitate the intergranular interactions resulting in larger lattice strains.
Characterization of cis-acting elements required for autorepression of the equine herpesvirus 1 IE gene

The immediate-early protein (IEP), the major regulatory protein encoded by the IE gene of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), plays a crucial role as both transcription activator and repressor during a productive lytic infection. To investigate the mechanism by which the EHV-1 IEP inhibits its own promoter, IE promoter-luciferase reporter plasmids containing wild-type and mutant IEP-binding site (IEBS) were constructed and used for luciferase reporter assays. The IEP inhibited transcription from its own promoter in the presence of a consensus IEBS (5′-ATCGT-3′) located near the transcription initiation site but did not inhibit when the consensus sequence was deleted. To determine whether the distance between the TATA box and the IEBS affects transcriptional repression, the IEBS was displaced from the original site by the insertion of synthetic DNA sequences. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the IEP is able to repress its own promoter when the IEBS is located within 26-bp from the TATA box. We also found that the proper orientation and position of the IEBS were required for the repression by the IEP. Interestingly, the level of repression was significantly reduced when a consensus TATA sequence was deleted from the promoter region, indicating that the IEP efficiently inhibits its own promoter in a TATA box-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that the EHV-1 IEP delicately modulates autoregulation of its gene through the consensus IEBS that is near the transcription initiation site and the TATA box.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and angiogenesis

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple lipid with many important biological functions such as the regulation of cellular proliferation, cellular migration, differentiation, and suppression of apoptosis. Although a direct angiogenic effect of LPA has not been reported to date, there are indications that LPA promotes angiogenesis. In addition, LPA is a chemoattractant for cultured endothelial cells and promotes barrier function in such cultures. To test the hypothesis that LPA is angiogenic, we used the chicken chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Sequence analysis of the cloned, full-length chicken LPA receptor cDNAs revealed three receptor types that are orthologous to the mammalian LPA(1), LPA(2), and LPA(3) receptors. We document herein that LPA is angiogenic in the CAM system and further that synthetic LPA receptor agonists and antagonists mimic or block this response, respectively. Our results predict that LPA receptor antagonists are a possible therapeutic route to interdicting angiogenesis.
Effects of Soluble Ferri−Hydroxide Complexes on Microbial Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage

Heterotrophic respiration of ferric iron by Acidiphilium cryptum was investigated in anoxic microcosms with initial media pH values from 1.5 to 3.5. No organic carbon consumption or iron reduction was observed with an initial pH of 1.5, indicating that A. cryptum may not be capable of iron respiration at this pH. Significant iron reduction was observed at pH 2.5 and 3.5, with different effects. When the initial pH was 3.5, pH increased to 4.7-5.5 over 60 days of incubation with simultaneous production of 0.4 g L(-1) Fe2+. However, at an initial pH of 2.5, no significant change in pH was observed during iron respiration, although the accumulation of soluble ferrous iron was significantly higher, averaging 1.1 g L(-1) Fe2+. The speciation of the ferric iron electron acceptor may explain these results. At pH values of 3.5 and higher, precipitated ferric hydroxide Fe- (OH)3 would have been the primary source of ferric iron, with reduction resulting in net production of OH- ions and the significant increases in media pH observed. However at pH 2.5, soluble complexes, FeOH2+ and Fe(OH)2+, may have been the more prevalent electron acceptors, and the alkalinity generated by reduction of complexed iron was low. The existence of charged ferri-hydroxide complexes at pH 2.5 was verified by voltammetry. Results suggest that initiation of bacterial iron reduction may result in neutralization of acid mine drainage. However, this effect is extremely sensitive to iron speciation within a relatively small and critical pH range.
Comparison of azinphosmethyl toxicity to juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)

The acute and sublethal responses of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) were evaluated to determine the relative effects of exposure to azinphosmethyl (APM). Acute responses were based on 96-h static-renewal bioassays at salinities of 5 and 20‰. Sublethal responses were based on inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity after 24-h exposures at each salinity and by measuring behavioral and stamina (swimming ability) responses of each species. The acute toxicity tests indicated that juvenile red drum were significantly more sensitive to APM than were mummichogs (mean lethal concentration [LC50] = 6.3-7.1 μg/L versus 65-84 μg/L). No significant differences were noted in the LC50 response of either species at reduced salinities. In contrast, mummichogs were more sensitive to APM-induced inhibition of brain AChE activity than juvenile red drum (mean effective concentration [EC50] 5.0 μg/L in red drum). Behavioral response tests indicated that neither species avoided pesticide-laden water, which may increase their vulnerability to APM runoff. Stamina assays indicated that juvenile red drum experienced a decreased ability to swim after a 6-h exposure to 12 μg/L APM. Mummichogs were less sensitive with respect to the effects of APM on swimming ability at concentrations as high as 24 μg/L APM (p < 0.1).
Glitch Detection in Hardware Implementations on FPGAs Using Delay Based Sampling Techniques

Glitches are the spurious signal transitions, which occur due to unbalanced path delays at the inputs of a gate. Presence of glitches in a digital system increases the number of signal transitions, thereby increasing the dynamic power consumption of the system. Consequently, overall power consumption, a major design criteria of a digital system, is increased. Furthermore, glitches are shown to be a source of side-channel leakage and can be exploited to enhance the success rate of power analysis attacks against cryptographic applications even in presence of side-channel countermeasures. Therefore, elimination of glitches in digital systems implemented on hardware platforms, such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), is imperative for low power and secure designs. However, a targeted application of glitch elimination techniques requires precise detection of possible glitches. While post place-and route simulation allows the user to detect and display glitches, it cannot take process variations of the FPGA into account. Furthermore, it relies solely on the accuracy of the simulation model. Hence, the implemented circuit might have glitches that were not exposed by simulation. Therefore, only measuring the actual hardware implementation will show all glitches. These measurements are typically made with high quality, fast, and therefore expensive oscilloscopes. In this paper we introduce a methodology to detect glitches in hardware implementations on FPGAs. We designed a circuit, that can be implemented inside the FPGA along with the circuit under test, which not only detects the presence of glitches but also captures the glitch waveform and the relative location of a glitch with respect to the system clock. To enhance the resolution of the captured waveform we over sample the data multiple times with different phase shifts of the sampling clock. Through our proposed method we can reliably detect glitches with a width as small as 2ns on a Spartan 3E FPGA and determine their location relative to the system clock with a resolution of 20ps.
Computer studies of respiration. 3. The carbon dioxide response curve: a case of spurious correlation.

The current model of the respiratory controller is discussed with particular reference to the “carbon dioxide response curve”. This curve represents the relationship between ventilation and alveolar carbon dioxide concentration, which is assumed to be the predictor of ventilation in the controller model. It is demonstrated that the correlation between these two parameters is spurious. An attempt is then made to correct this defect in the model by allowing for the time delays involved in the movement of carbon dioxide from lungs to brain. This procedure gives results which cast even more doubt on the model, however, and which suggest that the converse model—that is, one in which ventilation is used as a predictor of carbon dioxide concentration—may be at least as good.
Ion dechanneling due to lattice strains in semiconductor superlattices

A new source has been considered for the unusual ion dechanneling found in InAs-GaSb superlattices. This new source stems from the strains that occur in the layers because of the slight mismatch between the lattice constants of the two materials. The strains cause the rows and planes of atoms in the crystal that are inclined to the surface normal to have small directional misalignments at the interfaces between the layers. The effects of these misalignments have been incorporated into computer simulations of ion trajectories in the crystal and have been shown by means of the simulations to account in a reasonable manner for the observed dechanneling behavior. Two ways of measuring the amount of misalignment are suggested as a result of the simulations. Calculations have also been done as a function of the amount of misalignment to give some indication of how much dechanneling might be expected for superlattices composed of other pairs of materials with different degrees of mismatch.
An Analysis of Postvagal Inotropic Responses

SummaryStimulation of the right cervical vagosympathetic trunk in the chloralose-anesthetized, decentralized dog was followed by a two-component postvagal inotropic response: an initial return of contractility toward the control level, but significantly less than control and a secondary, more delayed, significant positive inotropic effect compared to control contractility. Maintenance of arterial pressure by ventricular pacing during vagal stimulation eliminated the late positive inotropic effect but not the early response. Occlusion of the inferior vena cava for 15-20 sec immediately following vagal stimulation delayed the late positive inotropic effect for a period equal to the duration of the occlusion. Blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (atropine) eliminated the late response as did blockade of beta adrenergic receptors (propranolol). Block of catecholamine release from sympathetic endings (guanethidine) had no effect on the late response. It is concluded that adrenal medullary catecholamine...
Does systematic analysis have a role in educational decision-making?

Abstract Systematic analysis of educational problems has had less impact on policy than its proponents in the United States had expected and is meeting with increasingly strong opposition from some segments of the traditional decision-making process. Political realists argue that decisions in the public sector, including education, are made on the basis of a political rationality rather than the economic rationality implied by systematic analysis. To them, systematic analysis is at best irrelevant and can be dysfunctional to the political process. The manuscript examines the merit of this challenge in the realm of public education and comes to the conclusion that analysis will have little impact on policy until it is properly integrated into the political process. A strategy for such integration is presented.
Origin and evolution of the canal raphe system in diatoms.

One lineage of pennate diatoms has a slit through the siliceous cell wall, called a “raphe,” that functions in motility. Raphid pennate diatoms number in the perhaps tens of thousands of species, with the diversity of raphe forms potentially matching this number. Three lineages—the Bacillariales, Rhopalodiales, and Surirellales—possess a complex and presumably highly derived raphe that is physically separated from the cell interior, most often by a set of siliceous braces. Because the relationship among these three lineages is unclear, the number of origins of the canal raphe system and the homology of it and its constitutive parts among these lineages, is equally unclear. We reconstructed the phylogeny of raphid pennate diatoms and included, for the first time, members of all three canal raphid diatom lineages, and used the phylogeny to test specific hypotheses about the origin of the canal raphe. The canal raphe appears to have evolved twice, once in the common ancestor of Bacillariales and once in the common ancestor of Rhopalodiales and Surirellales, which form a monophyletic group in our analyses. These results recommend careful follow-up morphogenesis studies of the canal raphe in these two lineages to determine the underlying developmental basis for this remarkable case of parallel evolution.
The equilibrated state of freezing as a basis for distinguishing lethal stresses of freezing in plants

Abstract A model for coordination of stresses that limit winterhardiness in plants based on the thermodynamic equilibrated state of freezing and melting provides a rational basis for distinction of freeze-induced energies which can stress and injure living organisms in various ways. The departure from equilibrium, other than the energy required for maintenance of the steady state, is the free energy of freeze stress when defined by forces that interfere with essential function or disrupt essential structure in plant tissue.
The determination of absolute infrared intensities with a Fourier transform spectrometer

In principle it is apparent that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy offers a number of significant advantages in the determination of infrared intensities integrated over the rotational fine structure in vibration-rotation bands. One expects that there should be no problem with photometric accuracy; yet, before embarking on a systematic program of study, we believe it important to establish that the method will work in practice. As a test case we have chosen the v2 fundamental of CO2 at 673 cm−1 since this is, in our experience, as difficult a band as any when it comes to measuring integrated intensities. We have, using a Digilab FTS-20 spectrometer, determined a value of the integrated intensity, Γ2 = 7901 ± 105 cm2/mol which should be compared with the value previously determined on a dispersive instrument, Γ2 = 7882 ± 110 cm2/mol. We have also determined a value of Γ3 = 25,300 ± 570 cm2/mol for the integrated intensity of the antisymmetric stretching fundamental.
Nanofiltration for trace organic contaminant removal: structure, solution, and membrane fouling effects on the rejection of perfluorochemicals.

The use of nanofiltration (NF) membranes for water recycling requires an improved understanding of the factors that govern rejection of potentially harmful organic trace contaminants. Rejections of 15 perfluorochemicals (PFCs)—5 perfluorinated sulfonates, 9 perfluorinated carboxylates, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)—by four nanofiltration membranes (NF270, NF200, DK, and DL) were measured. Rejections for anionic species were >95% for MW > 300 g/mol. FOSA (MW = 499 g/mol), which is uncharged at the pH of deionized water (5.6), was rejected as little as 42% (DL membrane). Decreasing the pH to less than 3 decreases rejection by up to 35%, effectively increasing the MWCO of NF270 by >200 g/mol, while a 2500 mg/L NaCl equivalent increase in ionic strength reduces rejections <1%. An alginate fouling layer increases transmission, where quantifiable, by factors of 4−8. Accumulation of PFCs on membranes was measured after the completion of rejection experiments. Based on rejection kinetics and the extent o...
CONTROL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS WITH RE-ENTRANT LINES

In this paper a mathematical framework of the control theory of manufacturing systems is proposed. All possible plant structures are classified. A mathematical dynamical model which describes the dynamics of a plant is developed. With the help of this model it is shown how the real time control policy which guarantees the stable work of the plant with the quasi-maximal production rate can be designed.
Possible breakdown of the reaction coordinate concept in condensed-phase chemistry

Abstract In liquid-phase isomerization reactions, local departures from Maxwellian distributions appear to occur in different zones of the reaction coordinate chosen as dihedral angle connecting cis and trans forms. These deviations become appreciable for light masses and high barriers. The results partially reflect the fact that the reaction coordinate derived from isolated-molecule considerations is a poor representation of the solution-phase dynamics.
Neighborhood racial context and perceptions of police‐based racial discrimination among Black youth

Renewed interest has occurred in the United States around racially biased policing. Unfortunately, little is known about the effects of neighborhood social context on black adolescents' experiences with racially biased policing. In the current study, we examined whether perceptions of racially biased policing against black adolescents are a function of neighborhood racial composition, net of other neighborhood- and individual-level factors. Using two waves of data from 763 black adolescents, we found that black adolescents most frequently are discriminated against by the police in predominantly white neighborhoods. This effect especially is pronounced in white neighborhoods that experienced recent growth in the size of the black population. Our results lend support to the “defended” white neighborhood thesis.
Vaccination of Gnotobiotic Piglets against Helicobacter pylori

To determine the effect of oral adjuvant-assisted and parenteral vaccination, germ-free piglets were vaccinated orally with and without labile toxin adjuvant or parenterally and challenged with viable Helicobacter pylori. All prechallenge vaccination regimens induced anti-H. pylori antibodies and suppressed bacterial colonization, but no vaccination regime completely prevented infection. Parenteral vaccination given after infection had no effect on bacterial colonization. Lymphocytic gastritis was present in all piglets challenged with live bacteria regardless of vaccination status. Neutrophilic gastritis was present in vaccinated challenged piglets but not in infected, unvaccinated piglets. Gastritis was not present in uninfected control piglets regardless of vaccination status. In gnotobiotic piglets, vaccination suppresses but does not prevent infection by H. pylori, and parenteral vaccination does not cure infected piglets. Vaccination does not ameliorate gastritis due to H. pylori in piglets but does induce neutrophilic gastric inflammation in some infected piglets.
Laser Raman measurements of dielectric coatings as a function of temperature

Single crystal Raman spectra of the anatase phase of titania have been acquired as a simultaneous function of temperature and pressure in a heated diamond anvil cell. Measured data are used to construct frequency contours in P space for particular allowed vibrational modes. The magnitude of stress in thin films deposited on various substrates and its temperature evolution have been evaluated from correlations between the P frequency maps and measured temperature-dependent mode frequencies exhibited by the films. A simple anharmonic oscillator model has been used to relate the temperature-dependence of the square of the mode frequency to the first order aiiharmonic contribution to the potential energy from which the thermal expansion coefficient (a) of polycrystalline films may be estimated. The stress dependence of a for bulk titania has been determined from this data and is compared with the predicted response of several stressed titania films. 1.
Impact of genetic correlations on accuracy of predicting future evaluations.

International evaluations for Holstein bulls were calculated by the International Bull Evaluation Service with data available in February 1995 from Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the US using current methodology with either correlations between countries of unity (0.995) or estimates of less than unity. To determine which of the two evaluation methods was most accurate, results of the two sets of evaluations for milk, fat, and protein yields for each country were compared with national evaluations in 1999. The 1999 national evaluations were assumed to be the best estimates of true genetic merit on a particular national scale. To reduce the impact of the part-whole relationship that results from earlier national data, a key part of the study was restricted to bulls with data from at least twice as many daughters for 1999 national evaluation as for 1995. Correlations and standard deviations of differences from later national evaluations showed no advantage to accounting for genetic correlations between countries. For bulls without national data in the earlier international evaluations and, therefore, no data in common with the later national evaluation, the advantage from using variable genetic correlations for yield was small. Thus, the use of variable genetic correlations had marginal value.
Analytical electron microscopy of leached layers on synthetic basalt glass

Analytical electron microscopy was used to characterize leached layers formed on a synthetic basalt glass after 300 days in deionized water, sodium chloride solutions, or sodium chloride solutions containing magnesium chloride. Ultramicrotomed cross-sections show that the leached layers consist of a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases whose composition and microstructure are sensitive to solution chemistry. In general, Na, Ca and Mg are selectively leached in all solutions, leaving behind surface alteration products which are rich in Fe, Ti, and Al. In deionized water and the NaCl solution, gibbsite (Al(OH)/sub 3/) is a major phase; in the Mg-containing solution, Si and Al are retained as smectite clays. Results are compared to the alteration of natural basalt glasses in marine environments, particularly as they relate to the use of basalt glass alteration as a means of verifying the long-term leaching behavior of nuclear waste form borosilicate glasses. 32 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Evaluation of Nonaqueous Solvent Systems for Countercurrent Chromatography Using an HPLC Assay to Determine Partition Coefficients of a Mixture of Compounds

Abstract A reversed phase HPLC assay was used to measure partition coefficients for salicylic acid, salicylamide and salicyluric acid in two-phase systems employing neat or aqueous ethylene glycol, formamide, or methanol and the organic solvents: ethylene dichloride, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and methyl isobutyl ketone. These solvent systems permit preparative separation by countercurrent chromatography of compounds with limited aqueous solubility. Salicylic acid, salicylamide and salicyluric acid are readily separated in the system employing ethylene glycol as the stationary phase and diethyl ether as the mobile phase.
Intensity and half width measurements of the (00°2-00°0) band of N2O

Measurements of the intensities and half widths of the lines of the (00 2 - 00 0) band of N2O have been made with a spectral resolution better than 0.06/cm. The band intensity has been determined to be 1.29/sq cm per atm at 296 K. The half widths have been measured for both N2 and self broadening.
Charging of Insulator Surfaces by Ionization and Transport in Gases

Insulator surfaces in gases collect charge when the rate of charge arrival exceeds the rate of conduction by the insulator from the surface region. The source of the collected charge may be in close proximity to, and hence greatly influenced by, the surface. Alternately, the source may be remote so that it releases charge independent of the surface accumulation. For the latter arrangement, charge transport through the gas greatly influences where it is collected. Surface charging is desired in some situations, such as for producing images or for processing. Charging is undesirable and hazardous in other situations; for example, where electrical failure may be triggered. A third possibility makes use of surface charge collection as a diagnostic procedure for materials and transport studies. This paper is concerned with the basic production and accumulation of surface charges from the adjacent gas and presents results on the processes involved. Transport parameters of drift, diffusion, and spacecharge effects are considered. Examples of charging and measured distribution under different conditions, including saturation effects, are analyzed.
Catheter rehabilitation of occluded aberrant pulmonary artery

A 10-year old girl underwent a CT angiogram to investigate right lung hypoplasia. This showed a normal bronchial tree, lung parenchyma and pulmonary venous drainage, but an absent right pulmonary artery. Cardiac catheterization with pulmonary vein wedge injections identified a disconnected hypoplastic right pulmonary artery system supplied by an occluded right-sided ductus arteriosus. Transcatheter recanalization of the ductus re-established right pulmonary artery flow and growth. Ultimately, this allowed for complete surgical repair and restoration of normal perfusion of the right lung, leading to complete functional rehabilitation.
Does Diversity at Undergraduate Institutions Influence Student Outcomes

Using two separate samples, this study establishes and replicates a model of the influence of two types of educational diversity on student outcomes. Study 1, using survey data regarding undergraduate experiences from a volunteer sample of 1,963 incoming law students, confirms measurement models for diversity and outcome constructs and tests models predicting student outcomes from Classroom Diversity and Contact Diversity. Study 2 utilizes data from a nationally representative sample of 6,100 incoming law students to replicate results from Study 1. Both studies find a positive relationship between diversity and educational outcomes. Results suggest that institutions of higher education should support informal interactions between students of diverse backgrounds and should encourage students to enroll in courses dealing with diversity.
MuFeSaC: Learning When to Use Which Feature Detector

Interest point detectors are the starting point in image analysis for depth estimation using epipolar geometry and camera ego-motion estimation. With several detectors defined in the literature, some of them outperforming others in a specific application context, we introduce multi-feature sample consensus (MuFeSaC) as an adaptive and automatic procedure to choose a reliable feature detector among competing ones. Our approach is derived based on model selection criteria that we demonstrate for mobile robot self-localization in outdoor environments consisting of both man-made structures and natural vegetation.