cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Domain Structure for Named Entity Recognition

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a fundamental task in text mining and natural language understanding. Current approaches to NER (mostly based on supervised learning) perform well on domains similar to the training domain, but they tend to adapt poorly to slightly different domains. We present several strategies for exploiting the domain structure in the training data to learn a more robust named entity recognizer that can perform well on a new domain. First, we propose a simple yet effective way to automatically rank features based on their generalizabilities across domains. We then train a classifier with strong emphasis on the most generalizable features. This emphasis is imposed by putting a rank-based prior on a logistic regression model. We further propose a domain-aware cross validation strategy to help choose an appropriate parameter for the rank-based prior. We evaluated the proposed method with a task of recognizing named entities (genes) in biology text involving three species. The experiment results show that the new domain-aware approach outperforms a state-of-the-art baseline method in adapting to new domains, especially when there is a great difference between the new domain and the training domain.
Clinical results of combined meniscus and femoral osteochondral allograft transplantation: minimum 2-year follow-up.

Purpose To determine clinical results after combined femoral osteochondral allograft and meniscus transplantation. Methods Thirty-two patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up were identified who had previously undergone combined meniscus allograft transplantation and fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation. Demographic and intraoperative data, including condylar defect size, as well as the preoperative and postoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Short Form 12 score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Lysholm score, were recorded. Paired tests and regression analysis were used, and an α value of .05 was set as significant with Bonferroni correction used in the case of multiple comparisons. Results The mean follow-up period was 4.2 years (range, 2 to 11 years). The mean condylar defect size was 4.7 ± 2.0 cm 2 at the time of the index procedure. Lysholm scores, IKDC scores, and all KOOS subdomains showed significant improvement from preoperatively to postoperatively ( P 2 had a significantly greater increase in the preoperative versus postoperative IKDC score ( P = .010), Lysholm score ( P = .018), and KOOS ( P = .016) than those with condylar defects greater than 4 cm 2 . Femoral condyle defect size was also significantly inversely correlated with the postoperative IKDC score ( P = .015), KOOS ( P = .003), and Lysholm score ( P = .010). The rate of patient satisfaction with the procedure was 82%. Conclusions Patients undergoing combined meniscus allograft and femoral osteochondral allograft transplantation showed improved functional scores after surgery. The postoperative scores, however, indicated residual knee dysfunction, and the reoperation rate was high. There was an inverse association between postoperative functional scores and the size of the condylar defect. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Eating Chinese Medicine

Reading medical anthropology could easily convince one that medicine everywhere is a pretty grim and ghoulish business. Healing technologies of all kinds seem invariably to address suffering and death (why else would we bother to study them?), and the apparently universal power relation of "doctor and patient" casts the victim of disease as also a victim of social inequality or of structuring cultural models. In this article I take a slightly different tack, departing from an already well-developed anthropology of the body to propose that medical practice might at times be a source not just of domination but of empowerment, not just of symptom relief but of significant pleasure. The practice in question is that of traditional Chinese medicine. The "pleasures" that I explore are those of the late 1970s and the 1980s in urban China. In the wake of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which ended in 1976, economic reform was well under way, writing of all kinds was exploding into a hyperactive publishing and academic universe, and free markets were bursting with commodities, while every sort of expertise went up for sale. The bitter divisions produced by 25 years of aggressive political campaigns were neither forgotten nor fully remedied, and the difficulties of competing in a global capitalist market made the future appear as perilous as the past had been bitter. A vocal and paternalistic leadership still blared normative propaganda in every medium, and "the four modernizations" seemed at times to demand as much self-sacrifice
AGANGLIONIC AND FUNCTIONAL MEGACOLON IN CHILDREN—A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA

Megacolon in early infancy and childhood may be due to a number of causes. The proper treatment must necessarily depend upon the accuracy of the diagnosis as to etiology in each patient. We have reviewed our cases of functional megacolon, i.e., "meconium plug syndrome," "acquired constipation," or "colonic inertia" and have encountered examples of unnecessary enterostomy, colostomy and/or pull-through procedures which were performed for what appeared to be congenital aganglionic megacolon. We have also observed numerous examples of prolonged unproductive conservative treatment in patients who were subsequently proven to have aganglionic megacolon. A review of the conventional signs and symptoms and radiographic studies which were carried out on these patients suggests that these observations alone are insufficient to establish a diagnosis and allow for definitive therapy. The full thickness rectal wall biopsy has, by contrast, been an extremely valuable diagnostic aid. At the present time, we do not feel that a definite diagnosis can be established without rectal biopsy which, when properly performed and studied by an experienced pathologist, will differentiate between patients who require major surgery and those who may be expected to respond to conservative medical management.
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro

Using an in vitro model in which endothelial cells can be induced to invade a three-dimensional collagen gel to form capillary-like tubular structures, we demonstrate that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro. The inhibitory effect was observed on both bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) and bovine microvascular endothelial (BME) cell, and occurred irrespective of the angiogenic stimulus, which included basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the synergistic effect of the two in combination, or the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate. LIF inhibited bFGF- and VEGF-induced proliferation in BAE and BME cells. In addition, LIF inhibited BAE but not BME cell migration in a conventional two-dimensional assay. Finally, LIF decreased the proteolytic activity of BAE and BME cells and increased their expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. These results demonstrate that LIF inhibits angiogenesis in vitro, an effect that can be correlated with a LIF-mediated decrease in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and extracellular proteolysis.
Self-determination theory in schools of education: Can an empirically supported framework also be critical and liberating?

In many graduate schools of education there is strong resistance to formal theories, especially those that are supported through quantitative empirical methods. In this article we describe how self-determination theory (SDT), a formal and empirically focused framework, shares sensibilities with critical theorists concerning the importance of actors' own embedded experiences of the world, and the importance of liberation and resistance to hegemony. Yet we argue that, unlike many post-modern views that are largely negative, SDT is truly critical precisely because it posits a common human nature, which can be more or less supported and allowed to flourish in different cultural and institutional contexts.
A New Linear Mixture Model for Hyperspectral Image Analysis

In the original linear mixture model, the same set of endmembers is used for mixture analysis of an entire image. Since not all of these endmembers participate in the mixing process of each pixel, it is more reasonable to find a subset of endmembers that is actually involved in the construction of each pixel. The resulting mixture model, referred to as multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA), has been proposed. In this paper, we develop two algorithms to determine the optimal set of endmembers for each pixel, where the sum-to-one and non-negativity constraints can be automatically relaxed. We believe these algorithms can help to improve the accuracy of linear mixture analysis of hyperspectral imagery; it is also useful to multispectral imagery to overcome the limitation due to low data dimensionality.
Cooperative autonomous behavior of aggregate units over large scale terrain

Experiences with an object-oriented simulation system, the RAND Integrated Simulation Environment (RISE) and two projects, the Advanced Geographic Experiments project (AGE) and the Surveillance Systems Analysis model (SUSAN), are described. The system incorporates digital terrain, roads, railroads, rivers, conceptual terrain entities, autonomously behaving objects, computer graphics and animation, interactive user interfaces and multiprocessing. The author emphasizes autonomous behavior over complex scripts generated by human players, thus greatly shortening the scenario preparation time required of other such models. The system emphasizes portability and speed and exhibits significant scale-up capabilities-tens of thousands of objects rather than hundreds. >
Growth of detector-grade CZT by Traveling Heater Method (THM): An advancement

In this present work we report the growth of Cd{sub 0.9}Zn{sub 0.1}Te doped with In by a modified THM technique. It has been demonstrated that by controlling the microscopically flat growth interface, the size distribution and concentration can be drastically reduced in the as-grown ingots. This results in as-grown detector-grade CZT by the THM technique. The three-dimensional size distribution and concentrations of Te inclusions/precipitations were studied. The size distributions of the Te precipitations/inclusions were observed to be below the 10-{micro}m range with the total concentration less than 10{sup 5} cm{sup -3}. The relatively low value of Te inclusions/precipitations results in excellent charge transport properties of our as-grown samples. The ({mu}{tau}){sub e} values for different as-grown samples varied between 6-20 x 10{sup -3} cm{sup 2}/V. The as-grown samples also showed fairly good detector response with resolution of {approx}1.5%, 2.7% and about 3.8% at 662 keV for quasi-hemispherical geometry for detector volumes of 0.18 cm{sup 3}, 1 cm{sup 3} and 4.2 cm{sup 3}, respectively.
A time-stepping coupled finite element-state space model for induction motor drives. I. Model formulation and machine parameter computation

A time-stepping coupled finite element-state-space model for induction motor drives is developed. The model utilizes an iterative approach to include the effects of magnetic nonlinearities, and space harmonics due to the machine magnetic circuits' topology and discrete winding layouts. Model formulation and development, which include an improvement in the layout of the cage circuit representation, are given in this paper. This improvement leads to an enhancement of the "well-posedness", that is, reduction of ill-conditioning in the overall numerical convergence of the model. Meanwhile, in a companion paper results of induction motor performance simulation are compared with no-load and load tests for sinusoidal and inverter operating conditions. Particular attention is given to comparison between sinusoidal and inverter operating losses obtained from this generalized model.
Psychopathy, aggression, and the processing of emotional stimuli in non-referred girls and boys.

Research shows that individuals with psychopathic traits differ in how they process negative emotional stimuli. However, it is unclear whether these differences are specific to certain types of negative emotional stimulus and whether they are more strongly associated with psychopathic traits or aggression. Further, it is not clear whether or not deficits in emotional processing generalize to females and ethnic minority individuals with psychopathic traits. In this study, we examined the emotional processing of visual stimuli using a dot-probe task in 50 non-referred girls and boys (mean age of 9.30; SD = 2.00). Overall, there was a significant association between proactive aggression and reduced responsiveness to distressing stimuli. In addition, the predicted association between psychopathic traits and reduced responsiveness to distressing stimuli was only found for children high on aggression. Also, the associations among aggression, psychopathic traits, and responsiveness to distressing stimuli did not differ for boys and girls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A scalable FPGA-based digitizing platform for radiation data acquisition

Regulating the proliferation of nuclear materials has become an important issue in our society. In order to detect the radiation given off by nuclear materials, systems implementing detectors connected to data processing modules have been developed. We have implemented a scalable, portable detection platform with a data processing module about the size of an external DVD drive. The data processing component of our system utilizes real-time data handling and has the potential for growth and behavior modifications through custom FPGA code editing. The size of our system is dynamic, so additional input channels can be implemented if necessary. This paper presents a scalable, portable detection system capable of transmitting streaming data from its inputs to a PC or laptop. The system also performs tail/total integral pulse shape discrimination (PSD) in real time on the FPGA to filter the data and selectively transmit pulses to a PC. The data arrives at the inputs of the data capturing module, is processed in real time by the onboard FPGA and is then transferred to a PC or laptop via a PCIe cord in discrete packets. The maximum transfer rate from the FPGA to the PC is 2000 MB/s. The Detection for Nuclear Non-Proliferation Group at the University of Michigan will use the detection platform to achieve pre-processing of radiation data in real time. Such pre-processing includes PSD, pulse height distributions and particle times of arrival.
Measuring Fair Employment Practices: The Search for a “Figure of Merit”

Quantitative measures of equal employment opportunity in the bureaucracy are of quite recent vintage, even though data have been collected on minority employment since the early 1960s. Such measures as have been developed are useful in the sense that they are simple and easy to comprehend. Concentrating as they do on integration alone, however, they do not capture a sufficiently wide variety of personnel practices to truly assess equal employment opportunity. This paper presents a new measure which retains the basic simplicity required of a figure of merit but expands the dimensions of former measures to include an index of the occupational distribution of minorities within an organization. The measure presented implies a policy goal of income parity for minority groups within the bureaucracy and assesses progress toward that goal. It is argued that a worthy figure of merit can promote cost-effective implementation of public policy with regard to fair employment within the civil service.
HCN fluorescence on Titan

Abstract The HCN emission features near 3 μm recently detected by Geballe et al. (2003, Astrophys. J. 583, L39) are analyzed with a model for fluorescence of sunlight in the ν 3 band of HCN. The emission spectrum is consistent with current knowledge of the atmospheric temperature profile and the HCN distribution inferred from millimeter-wave observations. The spectrum is insensitive to the abundance of HCN in the thermosphere and the thousand-fold enhancement relative to photochemical models suggested by Geballe et al. (2003, Astrophys. J. 583, L39) is not required to explain the observations. We find that the spectrum can be matched with temperatures from 130 to 200 K, with slightly better fits at high temperature, contrary to the temperature determination of 130±10 K of Geballe et al. (2003, Astrophys. J. 583, L39). The HCN emission spectrum is sensitive to the collisional de-excitation probability, P 10 , for the ν 3 state and we determine a value of 10 −5 with an accuracy of about a factor of two. Analysis of absorption lines in the C 2 H 2 ν 3 band near 3 μm, detected in the same spectrum, indicate a C 2 H 2 mole fraction near 0.01 μbar of 10 −5 for P 10 =10 −4 . The derived mole fraction, however, is dependent upon the value adopted for P 10 and lower values are required if P 10 at Titan temperatures is less than its room temperature value.
Runoff-generated debris flows: Observations and modeling of surge initiation, magnitude, and frequency

[1] Runoff during intense rainstorms plays a major role in generating debris flows in many alpine areas and burned steeplands. Yet compared to debris flow initiation from shallow landslides, the mechanics by which runoff generates a debris flow are less understood. To better understand debris flow initiation by surface water runoff, we monitored flow stage and rainfall associated with debris flows in the headwaters of two small catchments: a bedrock-dominated alpine basin in central Colorado (0.06 km2) and a recently burned area in southern California (0.01 km2). We also obtained video footage of debris flow initiation and flow dynamics from three cameras at the Colorado site. Stage observations at both sites display distinct patterns in debris flow surge characteristics relative to rainfall intensity (I). We observe small, quasiperiodic surges at low I; large, quasiperiodic surges at intermediate I; and a single large surge followed by small-amplitude fluctuations about a more steady high flow at high I. Video observations of surge formation lead us to the hypothesis that these flow patterns are controlled by upstream variations in channel slope, in which low-gradient sections act as “sediment capacitors,” temporarily storing incoming bed load transported by water flow and periodically releasing the accumulated sediment as a debris flow surge. To explore this hypothesis, we develop a simple one-dimensional morphodynamic model of a sediment capacitor that consists of a system of coupled equations for water flow, bed load transport, slope stability, and mass flow. This model reproduces the essential patterns in surge magnitude and frequency with rainfall intensity observed at the two field sites and provides a new framework for predicting the runoff threshold for debris flow initiation in a burned or alpine setting.
Nonstereotyped Lymphoma B Cell Receptors Recognize Vimentin as a Shared Autoantigen

Ag activation of the BCR may play a role in the pathogenesis of human follicular lymphoma (FL) and other B cell malignancies. However, the nature of the Ag(s) recognized by tumor BCRs has not been well studied. In this study, we used unbiased approaches to demonstrate that 42 (19.35%) of 217 tested FL Igs recognized vimentin as a shared autoantigen. The epitope was localized to the N-terminal region of vimentin for all vimentin-reactive tumor Igs. We confirmed specific binding to vimentin by using recombinant vimentin and by performing competitive inhibition studies. Furthermore, using indirect immunofluorescence staining, we showed that the vimentin-reactive tumor Igs colocalized with an anti-vimentin mAb in HEp-2 cells. The reactivity to N-terminal vimentin of IgG FL Igs was significantly higher than that of IgM FL Igs (30.4 versus 10%; p = 0.0022). However, vimentin-reactive FL Igs did not share CDR3 motifs and were not homologous. Vimentin was expressed in the T cell-rich regions of FL, suggesting that vimentin is available for binding with tumor BCRs within the tumor microenvironment. Vimentin was also frequently recognized by mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma Igs. Our results demonstrate that vimentin is a shared autoantigen recognized by nonstereotyped FL BCRs and by the Igs of mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma and suggest that vimentin may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple B cell malignancies. These findings may lead to a better understanding of the biology and natural history of FL and other B cell malignancies.
Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Mature Embryos of a Diverse Set of Wheat Genotypes

This paper compared the behavior of a diverse set of wheat genotypes in their tissue culture response. Significant differences were detected in plant regeneration, culture efficiency, and regeneration capacity when mature embryos of 47 wheat cultivars, breeding lines, and the common wheat progenitors, Triticum monococcum, T.tauschii, and Aegilops speltoides were compared. Although not currently used in wheat tissue culture, mature embryo-derived callus of cv. ‘Zak’ (SWS), ‘Scarlet’ (HRS), ‘Tara’ (SWS), ‘Jagger’ (HRW), ‘UC 1036’ (HRS), and ‘Kyle’ durum showed better or comparable plant regeneration than commonly cultured cultivars ‘Fielder’ and ‘Bobwhite.’ Of the three diploid wheat progenitors tested, Ae. speltoides regenerated the most plants. In one replicated experiment, callus induction was correlated with culture efficiency (r = 0.42; p = 0.002) and regeneration capacity (r = 0.39; p = 0.002), and in a second larger screen, callus induction correlated with the total number of plants regenerated (r = 0.6; p = 0.001. Immature and mature embryos of ‘Bobwhite’ and ‘Crocus’ were compared for callus induction and plant regeneration. Immature embryos were superior explants in terms of plant regeneration. However, sufficient numbers of plants can be regenerated from mature embryos saving on growth facility resources and time required for the collection of immature embryos.
Clinical Importance of Positive Test Results for Lupus Anticoagulant and Anticardiolipin Antibodies

associated with aCL isotype or titer. Furthermore, thromboembolism prevalence was not increased when all LA assays were positive, although a history of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism was nonsignificantly associated with positive results for all 4 LA tests. The likelihood of having both LA- and aCL-positive test results was higher among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (26 [19.0%] of 137 patients with positive results for one or both tests), but they had no more thrombotic events or fetal loss than other patients in our study group. • Conclusions: The DRVVT identified more patients with LA than the other LA tests, but more than 1 LA test was required to identify all patients with LA. Positive results were much more common for aCL than for LA. No single LA test or anticardiolipin isotype correlated with thrombosis or systemic disease in this population. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:467-475
Computational study of millimeter wave scattering from bullet rosette type ice crystals

Some interesting aspects of millimeter-wave (35, 94, 220 GHz) scattering properties of various types of ice crystals are presented. These ice crystals include three types of bullet rosettes which are compared with hexagonal columns and hexagonal plates. The elevation angle dependence of differential reflectivity and linear depolarization ratio for certain bullet rosettes show distinct signatures that are different than columns and plates.
Locational Equilibria in Weberian Agglomeration

A simple Weberian agglomeration is developed and then extended as an innovative fixed-charged, colocation model over a large set of locational possibilities. The model is applied to cases in which external economies (EE) arise due to colocation alone and also cases in which EE arise due to city size. Solutions to the model are interpreted in the context of contemporary equilibrium analysis, which allows Weberian agglomeration to be interpreted in a more general way than in previous analyses. Within that context, the Nash points and Pareto efficient points in the location patterns derived in the model are shown to rarely coincide. The applications consider agglomeration from two perspectives: one is the colocation behavior of producers as the agents of agglomeration and the other is the interaction between government and those agents in the interest of agglomeration policy. Extending the analysis to games, potential Pareto efficiency and Hicks optimality are considered with respect to side payments between producers and with respect to appropriate government incentives toward agglomeration.
Numerical Simulation and Theoretical Analysis of Perturbations in Hypersonic Boundary Layers

Direct numerical simulations of receptivity in a boundary layer over a flat plate and a sharp wedge were carried out with two-dimensional perturbations introduced into the flow by periodic-in-time blowing-suction through a slot. The free stream Mach numbers are equal to 5.92 and 8 in the cases of adiabatic flat plate and sharp wedge, respectively. The perturbation flow field was decomposed into normal modes with the help of the multimode decomposition technique based on the spatial biorthogonal eigenfunction system. The decomposition allows filtering out the stable and unstable modes hidden behind perturbations having another physical nature.
Introduction to Global Health, Biomaterials, and Therapeutics

The general health status of the world has improved substantially over the past two centuries, likely due to a combination of better nutrition, economic growth, public health developments, and improved medical treatments. The last half century alone has seen tremendous improvements, with life expectancies in India and China soaring by approximately 30 years since 1950. Nevertheless, the world is still far from achieving the Millennium Development Goals, eight largely health-related international development objectives established in 2000. As scientists and engineers, it is critical that we assess the state of these and other health goals to determine where the needs are most pressing and where we should direct our research efforts to have a meaningful impact.
Fabrication of Passive Wireless Sensor by Pulsed Laser Scribing of Indium Tin Oxide

Passive wireless sensors have been studied by many groups as means of sensing chemical and physical properties in inaccessible locations without the need to include a power source at the sensor location. Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films are attractive for gas sensing. In this work, we show that laser scribing can be effectively used to fabricate an antenna structure from ITO thin films. This structure is suitable for a wireless chemical sensor.
A Rapid and Simple Assay to Determine if Macroamylase Is the Cause of Hyperamylasemia

Macromolecules are known to precipitate selectively in concentrated solutions of polyethylene glycol. This report describes the use of polyethylene glycol 6000 to distinguish macroamylase from normalsized serum amylase. Preliminary studies indicated that a PEG concentration of 12% and a 10-min incubation at 37°C separated normal serum amylase from macroamylase. Using these conditions, study of 18 macroamylase-containing sera showed precipitation of at least 73% of the amylase activity. In contrast, in 46 normal sera and 16 hyperamylasemic (but not macroamylasemic) sera,
Del tráfico entre antropología y arte contemporáneo

Tomando los estudios sobre la economia de las drogas ilicitas como referente metodologico, el articulo discute preliminarmente la nocion de “trafico” en relacion a cuatro aspectos del cruce de fronteras entre la antropologia y el arte contemporaneo. 1. Transportar o movilizar bienes –en este caso, simbolicos, esto es basicamente ideas, categorias y conceptos pero tambien estrategias de apropiacion y recontextualizacion pertinentes tanto a la etnografia como al arte contemporaneo. 2. Describir el caracter “contaminante” que tales bienes eventualmente adquieren cuando circulan en diferentes contextos (academico, gestion cultural, artes visuales), provocando por ello estrategias defensivas entre unos y otros. 3. Dar cuenta del caracter conflictivo de las micro-practicas que se ponen a prueba durante el dialogo entre distintos saberes sancionados academicamente como campos o disciplinas. 4. Discutir los codigos de la ilegalidad que acompanan a la calidad de “traficante” y el capital simbolico que se deriva de ello.
Simplification of femtosecond transient absorption microscopy data from CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films into decay associated amplitude maps.

This work aims to simplify multi-dimensional femtosecond transient absorption microscopy (TAM) data into decay associated amplitude maps (DAAMs) that describe the spatial distributions of dynamical processes occurring on various characteristic timescales. Application of this method to TAM data obtained from a model methyl-ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite thin film allows us to simplify the data set comprising 68 time-resolved images into four DAAMs. These maps offer a simple means to visualize the complex electronic excited-state dynamics in this system by separating distinct dynamical processes evolving on characteristic timescales into individual spatial images. This approach provides new insight into subtle aspects of ultrafast relaxation dynamics associated with excitons and charge carriers in the perovskite thin film, which have recently been found to coexist at spatially distinct locations.
Analysis of radiation exposures from nuclear medicine procedures with respect to background radiation

2717 Objectives Many patients are concerned about the amount of radiation received from nuclear medicine procedures without realizing they are exposed to radiation from the environment. In one year, the average person is exposed to 311 millirem (mrem) of natural background radiation. This lack of knowledge can be challenging for technologists when answering patient questions regarding radiation exposure. The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the amount of radiation from various procedures and present it in terms of naturally occurring radiation exposures. Methods Manufacturer package inserts for commonly used radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine were reviewed to obtain the total body radiation absorbed dose of a 70 kilogram patient. Radiation exposure from low-dose computed tomography (CT), which is employed with Single Photon Computed Emission Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), was also calculated. Various accredited websites were reviewed to obtain information on naturally occurring radiation obtained from our environment. The medical and natural radiation exposures were then evaluated and presented in comprehensible equivalent terms for the ease of patient understanding. Results Table 1 displays a partial list of comparative radiation exposures. Conclusions By providing a visual guide between medical and natural radiation exposures, Nuclear Medicine Technologists can help patients relate the amount of radiation obtained from a procedure to natural radiation exposures received in everyday life. Presenting exposure comparisons in easily understandable terms equips technologists to effectively address patient concerns.
Extremity Fractures in Children: 3. Lower Extremity

Most hip fractures in children are extracapsular. Accurate reduction is essential. Femoral shaft fractures can be treated by closed reduction or traction. Any form of traction demands daily thoughtful scrutiny by the physician. Vascular ischemia is not limited to the first 24 hours after traction is applied.
Structure–Property Relationship of Bifunctional MnO2 Nanostructures: Highly Efficient, Ultra-Stable Electrochemical Water Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts Identified in Alkaline Media

Manganese oxides of various structures (α-, β-, and δ-MnO2 and amorphous) were synthesized by facile methods. The electrocatalytic properties of these materials were systematically investigated for catalyzing both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Extensive characterization was correlated with the activity study by investigating the crystal structures (XRD, HRTEM), morphologies (SEM), porosities (BET), surfaces (XPS, O2-TPD/MS), and electrochemical properties (Tafel analysis, Koutechy-Levich plots, and constant-current electrolysis). These combined results show that the electrocatalytic activities are strongly dependent on the crystallographic structures, and follow an order of α-MnO2 > AMO > β-MnO2 > δ-MnO2. Both OER studies and ORR studies reveal similar structure-determined activity trends in alkaline media. In the OER studies, α-MnO2 displays an overpotential of 490 mV compared to 380 mV shown by an Ir/C catalyst in reaching 10 mA cm(-2). Meanwhile, α-MnO2 also exhibits stability for 3 h when supplying a constant current density of 5 mA cm(-2). This was further improved by adding Ni(2+) dopants (ca. 8 h). The superior OER activity was attributed to several factors, including abundant di-μ-oxo bridges existing in α-MnO2 as the protonation sites, analogous to the OEC in PS-II of the natural water oxidation system; the mixed valencies (AOS = 3.7); and the lowest charge transfer resistances (91.8 Ω, η = 430 mV) as revealed from in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In the ORR studies, when reaching 3 mA cm(-2), α-MnO2 shows 760 mV close to 860 mV for the best ORR catalyst (20% Pt/C). The outstanding ORR activity was due to the strongest O2 adsorption capability of α-MnO2 suggested by temperature-programmed desorption. As a result, this discovery of the structure-related electrocatalytic activities could provide guidance in the further development of easily prepared, scalable, and low-cost catalysts based on metal oxides and their derivatives.
Sociologists and Marketologists

What are the principal differences between sociologists and marketing men? This article provides some significant answers.It deals with the extent to which marketing men may turn to sociologists fo...
Mesorectal node metastasis from gynecological cancer in the era of 3D conformal pelvic radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy

Whole pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT) is an integral part of treatment for locally advanced cervical and vaginal cancer prior to brachytherapy. The most common beam arrangements for WPRT are opposed anteroposterior/ posteroanterior beams and the 4-field box. The lateral fields of the 4-field box spare small bowel and a portion of the rectum from radiation. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is increasingly used for gynecologic (GYN) cancers to improve dose conformity. Before the availability of computed tomography (CT), the portals used for WPRTwere determined solely based on bony anatomy. Because fluoroscopy-based planning risks geometric miss,1,2 CT-based planning is now considered standard. Conventional WPRT portals are designed to include the primary tumor, uterus, upper vagina, and regional lymphatics (common, external and internal iliac, and presacral lymph nodes). However, the mesorectum is not consistently contoured as a target volume. The advent of fluorine-18 fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan has increased
Study of GC-MS and auto mass deconvolution identification system (AMDIS) in pesticide poisioning analysis

Objective:To establish a approach for fast detection of unkown toxic matters in pesticide poisoning.Methods:The sample extraction was analyzed by GC-MS in fullscan mode,then the data was processed by AMDIS software.Results:AMDIS could effectively remove the impurity interference on the identification of the targeted compounds and automatically search the targeted database,and can give a comformation result.Conclusion:GC-MS technique combination with AMDIS can automate and rapidly identify poisons.
Primary exploration on the epigenetic effects of SPNE on gene expression of rice

Treating different varieties of rice by using SPNE.Comparing the growth and the differences of peroxidase isozyme and gene transcription(by PAPD of cDNA) in F1 seedlings between the treated group and the control and between the multi-generation treated group and the control group.Results showed that SPNE distinctly affected the growth and epigenetic phenotypes of F 1 rice seedlings.The effect on the plant height of F1 from the system that their parents had been treated with SPNE was distinct,so was the effect on peroxidase isozyme of regular rice variety Suizhenxiang.The result of cDNA RAPD also showed a certain differences.In addition,it was suggested by analyzing the rice with treating for two successive generations that the changes in isozyme and gene transcription may partly hereditable. SPNE may distinctly affect peroxidase isozyme and gene transcription of rice,and these effects have epigenetic characteristics.
Rural medical practice. Computer-assisted method to study primary health care.

Few efforts have been made to define the knowledge and skills required in providing primary health care. This study of a series of 284 patients at a university rural health center in northern Florida attempted to identify patients' reasons for seeking medical care and to analyze the physician's responses to their needs. A method of collecting these data, which are easily processed by computer, is presented.
A preliminary comparative survey of computer architecture courses across the nation's top schools

We provide a survey of introductory computer architecture courses across the top 40 engineering schools as defined by the US News and World Report, in order to discover the differences between course content, style, and outcomes. We acquire this data from respective institutional websites and propose a schema to effectively represent it, recommending a centralized database for aggregate curriculum analysis. We find evidence to suggest variance among course titles, place in a CS educational sequence, and content. We highlight key examples from universities that are especially outside the norm, and provide commentary on evident trends.
Substantial Humic Acid Adsorption to Activated Carbon Air Cathodes Produces a Small Reduction in Catalytic Activity

Long-term operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can result in substantial degradation of activated carbon (AC) air-cathode performance. To examine a possible role in fouling from organic matter in water, cathodes were exposed to high concentrations of humic acids (HA). Cathodes treated with 100 mg L–1 HA exhibited no significant change in performance. Exposure to 1000 mg L–1 HA decreased the maximum power density by 14% (from 1310 ± 30 mW m–2 to 1130 ± 30 mW m–2). Pore blocking was the main mechanism as the total surface area of the AC decreased by 12%. Minimization of external mass transfer resistances using a rotating disk electrode exhibited only a 5% reduction in current, indicating about half the impact of HA adsorption was associated with external mass transfer resistance and the remainder was due to internal resistances. Rinsing the cathodes with deionized water did not restore cathode performance. These results demonstrated that HA could contribute to cathode fouling, but the extent of power re...
The development of peptide ligands that target helix 69 rRNA of bacterial ribosomes.

Abstract Antibiotic resistance prevents successful treatment of common bacterial infections, making it clear that new target locations and drugs are required to resolve this ongoing challenge. The bacterial ribosome is a common target for antibacterials due to its essential contribution to cell viability. The focus of this work is a region of the ribosome called helix 69 (H69), which was recently identified as a secondary target site for aminoglycoside antibiotics. H69 has key roles in essential ribosomal processes such as subunit association, ribosome recycling, and tRNA selection. Conserved across phylogeny, bacterial H69 also contains two pseudouridines and one 3-methylpseudouridine. Phage display revealed a heptameric peptide sequence that targeted H69. Using solid-phase synthesis, peptide variants with higher affinity and improved selectivity to modified H69 were generated. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine relative apparent dissociation constants of the RNA–peptide complexes.
Selection of fiducial locations and performance metrics for point-based rigid-body registration

A method is described to select the location and number of fiducials used in point-based, rigid-body registration of two coordinate frames. Two indices are introduced which are used to search for the optimum configuration of fiducials. They can be used to quickly evaluate a large number of configurations because no actual registration is involved in their calculation. Furthermore, configurations yielding small values of the indices correlate well with configurations which result in optimum registrations. Three registration performance metrics are discussed, and it is shown that optimization of different metrics leads to different selection of fiducial configurations. If an optimized configuration is selected as a starting configuration of N fiducials, the addition of extra fiducials does not significantly improve the registration in most cases. This work is based on 3D data acquired with three different instruments, each having different noise and bias characteristics.
Stealthy attacks with insider information: A game theoretic model with asymmetric feedback

Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) are highly motivated and persistent, and they often operate in a stealthy way to avoid detection. Moreover, an advanced attacker may choose to approach insiders within the organization. Insider information can not only reduce the attack cost significantly but also make the attack more covert. Although stealthy attacks and insider threats have been considered separately in previous works, the coupling of the two is not well understood. As both types of threats are incentive driven, game theory is an appropriate tool to reason about the strategic behavior for each participant. We propose a non-zero sum three-player game model to study the interplay between APT and insider threats. Our model is built upon the two-player FlipIt game model for stealthy takeover with two extensions. First, we consider an asymmetric feedback structure where the defender is observable, while the attacker is stealthy and obtains delayed feedback about the defender's security updates. Second, we consider a three-player setting by introducing an insider with a double role, where it can help either the attacker or the defender according to the payoffs. We characterize the subgame perfect equilibria of a sequential game with the defender as the leader, and the insider and the attacker as the followers. We derive various insights from the game model, and discuss approaches for achieving more efficient defense in the face of both a stealthy attacker and an insider with double roles.
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in rabbit eye: Role of antibody and interferon

The effect of VSV infection in rabbit eye was investigated. The findings indicated that maximum virus growth in the rabbit cornea coincided with peak keratitis on postinfection day 1. Thereafter, keratitis was generally not observed, whereas infectious virus was detected in the cornea through day 6. Primary virus infection in the cornea of one eye produced serum-neutralizing antibody which did not protect the contralateral control cornea against an initial infection with homologous virus. Virus infection in the cornea did not spread to other segments of the eye and produced resistance in that cornea to reinfection with homologous but not heterologous virus. Resistance to reinfection of the cornea was correlated with presence of a virus-neutralizing substance. The data also suggested that resistance to or recovery from VSV infection in the cornea might be mediated by inducers of interferon, e.g., bacterial endotoxin (S. marcescens), statolon (Venicillium stoloniferum), and complexed polynucleotide RNA (polycytidylic: polyinosinic acids).
Statistical design and analysis for plant cover studies with multiple sources of observation errors

Summary 1.Effective wildlife habitat management and conservation requires understanding the factors influencing distribution and abundance of plant species. Field studies, however, have documented observation errors in visually estimated plant cover including measurements which differ from the true value (measurement error) and not observing a species that is present within a plot (detection error). Unlike the rapid expansion of occupancy and N-mixture models for analyzing wildlife surveys, development of statistical models accounting for observation error in plants has not progressed quickly. Our work informs development of a monitoring protocol for managed wetlands within the National Wildlife Refuge System. 2.Zero-augmented beta regression is the most suitable method for analyzing areal plant cover recorded as a continuous proportion but assumes no observation errors. We present a model extension that explicitly includes the observation process thereby accounting for both measurement and detection errors. Using simulations, we compare our approach to a zero-augmented beta regression that ignores observation errors (naive model) and an ‘ad hoc’ approach using a composite of multiple observations per plot within the naive model. We explore how sample size and within-season revisit design effect the ability to detect a change in mean plant cover between two years using our model. 3.Explicitly modeling the observation process within our framework produced unbiased estimates and nominal coverage of model parameters. The naive and ‘ad hoc’ approaches resulted in underestimation of occurrence and overestimation of mean cover. The degree of bias was primarily driven by imperfect detection and its relationship with cover within a plot. Conversely, measurement error had minimal impacts on inferences. We found > 30 plots with at least three within-season revisits achieved reasonable posterior probabilities for assessing change in mean plant cover. 4.For rapid adoption and application, code for Bayesian estimation of our single-species zero-augmented beta with errors model is included. Practitioners utilizing our R-based simulation code can explore trade-offs among different survey efforts and parameter values, as we did, but tuned to their own investigation. Less abundant plant species of high ecological interest may warrant the additional cost of gathering multiple independent observations in order to guard against erroneous conclusions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Central Nervous System

Cross-sectional imaging (ultrasound, CT, and MR) has completely revolutionized the way in which we look at the central nervous system. Once again, the ordering physician must ask, “What do I want to know?” If the concern is about the bony vault, a skull series may suffice, but if the real interest is diagnosing an intracranial lesion, one of these cross-sectional modalities should be used. We begin with the skull for anatomy of the cranial vault and then cover intracranial anatomy. Lastly, indications for imaging evaluation of the head, neck, and spine are discussed.
The Contributions of Phonological Awareness, Alphabet Knowledge, and Letter Writing to Name Writing in Children With Specific Language Impairment and Typically Developing Children

Purpose Name writing is one aspect of emergent writing that has been used to understand emergent literacy development. Name-writing skills and the relationship of name writing to other emergent lit...
Acceleration Characterization for Reentry Orbit Determination with Unmodeled Maneuvers

A new acceleration characterization filter is formulated for reentry orbit determination with unmodeled maneuvers. Drag and lift accelerations are treated as deterministic disturbances that can be ...