cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age and wheel running modulate the response to intra-hippocampal IL-4/IL-13 administration

Normal aging is associated with low-grade neuroinflammation that results from age-related priming of microglial cells. Further, aging alters the response to several anti-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-4 (IL-4). One intervention that has been shown to modulate microglia activation in the aged brain, both basally and following an immune challenge, is exercise. However, whether engaging in exercise can improve responsiveness to anti-inflammatory cytokines is presently unknown. The current study evaluated whether prior exercise training increases sensitivity to anti-inflammatory cytokines that promote the M2 (alternative) microglia phenotype in adult (5-month-old) and aged (23-month-old) C57BL6/J mice. After 8 weeks of exercise or control housing, mice received bilateral hippocampal injections of an IL-4/IL-13 cocktail or vehicle. Twenty-four hours later hippocampal samples were collected and analyzed for expression of genes associated with the M1 and M2 microglia phenotypes. Preliminary results show that IL-4/IL-13 increased expression of the M2 associated genes arginase, Fizz-1, YM1, and CD206. With the exception of CD206, age and/or exercise modulated expression of all M2 associated genes following IL-4/IL-13 administration. Further, aged mice showed increased expression of interleukin-1 β relative to adults, which was unaffected by IL-4/IL-13 or wheel running. Analysis of additional M1 and M2 associated genes is currently in progress. Collectively, preliminary findings indicate that aged mice show a differential response to anti-inflammatory cytokines relative to adult mice and that exercise can modulate aspects of this response.
Atomic layer deposition of TiO2 films on particles in a fluidized bed reactor

Abstract Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of controlled-thickness TiO 2 films was carried out on particle substrates in a fluidized bed reactor for the first time. Films were deposited on 550 nm SiO 2 spheres and 65 nm ZnO nanoparticles for enhanced optical properties. Nanoparticles were fluidized with the assistance of a magnetically-coupled stirring unit. The metalorganic precursor titanium tetraisopropoxide was used here followed by either H 2 O or H 2 O 2 to deposit TiO 2 at various substrate temperatures. Growth rates of 0.01 nm/cycle and 0.04 nm/cycle were achieved when using H 2 O and H 2 O 2 as the oxidizer, respectively. These conformal TiO 2 films were verified using HRTEM, ICP–AES, XPS and UV absorbance measurements. The specific surface area changed appropriately after the particle size increased by the deposition of films with a given density, which showed that primary particles were not agglomerated together due to the coating process. In situ mass spectrometry was used to monitor reaction progress throughout each ALD reaction cycle. Bulk quantities of powder were successfully functionalized by TiO 2 nanofilms without wasting excess precursor.
RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS TO BEEF MUSCLE VISUAL COLOR

Unadjusted percentage reflectance ratios or differences at 630 nm/580 nm, 507 nm/572 nm, 572 nm/525 nm, 630 nm — 580 nm and K/S adjustment of 572 nm/525 nm and 507 nm/572 nm showed high pooled within-cell correlation coefficients to visual color scores of beef muscles displayed under 1076 lumens/m2 Deluxe Warm White lighting at 2°C up to 5 days. Adjusting reflectance to K/S did not improve correlation coefficients. Multiple regression analysis showed that %R 630 nm —%R 580 nm contributed most to R2 of prediction equations in three of four beef muscles studied. Use of %R 630 nm —%R 580 nm is recommended.
Absence of Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase Activity in Human Melanocytic Nevi In Vivo

Cellular senescence is an irreversible withdrawal from the cell cycle without cell death, and may represent a barrier to malignancy. Replicative senescence results from critical telomere shortening, which may be overcome in tumors by expression of the hTERT telomerase (Bodnar et al., 1998). Senescence may also occur independent of telomere shortening, through expression of single oncogenes in otherwise genetically intact cells (Serrano et al., 1997). In fact, mutational activation (BRAFV600E, HRAS, NRAS) or amplification (HRAS, NRAS) of oncogenes is a relatively common finding in a variety of melanocytic nevi (Pollock et al., 2003), including dysplastic (Pollock et al., 2003), congenital (Pollock et al., 2003; Bauer et al., 2007) and Spitz (Bastian et al., 2000) nevi. These findings, combined with the capacity of these individual oncogenes to induce a senescent phenotype when introduced into normal melanocytes in vitro (Michaloglou et al., 2005; Denoyelle et al., 2006), suggest that oncogeneinduced senescence represents a barrier to transformation from nevus to melanoma (Mooi et al., 2006). In support of this notion, two groups (Michaloglou et al., 2005; Gray-Schopfer et al., 2006) recently reported expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in 100% of congenital nevi examined.
A comprehensive chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for the oxidation of N-butane

A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism is developed for the intermediate and high temperature oxidation of n-butane. The mechanism, consisting of 238 elementary reactions among 47 chemical species, is validated by comparison between computed and experimental results from shock tubes, turbulent flow reactor, and premixed laminar flames. The turbulent flow reactor experiments are described briefly. The model accurately reproduces n-butane combustion kinetics for wide ranges of pressure, temperature, and fuel-air equivalence ratio. In spite of the large number of species and reactions, it is found that computed results are most sensitive to reactions involving the H/sub 2/-O/sub 2/-CO submechanism, in agreement with other modeling studies of hydrocarbon oxidation. 38 references, 1 figure, 1 table.
Stimulation of pregnenolone synthesis by ACTH in rat adrenal sections.

Pregnenolone accumulates in rat adrenal sections incubated in the presence of cyanoketone, and it is thus possible to directly study the net conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. ACTH and cyclic-AMP stimulate net pregnenolone synthesis to a degree which is sufficient to fully explain their effects on corticosterone production. Calcium and continued protein synthesis are directly required for the ACTHinduced stimulation of pregnenolone synthesis. Despite accumulation of pregnenolone within the adrenal tissue during incubation in media without added protein, there is no apparent inhibition of pregnenolone synthesis. The latter suggests that cholesterol side-chain cleavage is not significantly affected by the accumulated pregnenolone (Endocrinology 89: 958, 1971)
Prototype microvalve using a new magnetic microactuator

In this paper, we describe the design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype microvalve which makes use of a novel magnetic microactuator. The completed device consists of three layers, with the bottom two layers making up the normally closed valve. The top layer (actuator) contains the flux generator on its top surface combined with Ni/Fe plated through holes for guiding the flux to the valve. The actuator and valve components are separately fabricated and then attached to form the completed device. Preliminary test results show that the valve is capable of controlling gas flow in the range of tens to hundreds of (mu) L/min. This device will, therefore, be useful in its target applications, which is a microfluidic total analysis system ((mu) TAS) that will require precise valving at moderate flow rates (about 100 (mu) L/min).
Influence of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure on the Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Women

Background— The influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) on incident atrial fibrillation (AF) is not well studied among initially healthy, middle-aged women. Methods and Results— A total of 34 221 women participating in the Women’s Health Study were prospectively followed up for incident AF. The risk of AF across categories of systolic and diastolic BP was compared by use of Cox proportional-hazards models. During 12.4 years of follow-up, 644 incident AF events occurred. Using BP measurements at baseline, we discovered that the long-term risk of AF was significantly increased across categories of systolic and diastolic BP. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for systolic BP categories (<120, 120 to 129, 130 to 139, 140 to 159, and ≥160 mm Hg) were 1.0, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.28), 1.28 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.63), 1.56 (95% CI, 1.22 to 2.01), and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.77 to 4.22) (P for trend <0.0001). Adjusted hazard ratios across baseline diastolic BP categories (<65, 65 to 74, 75 to 84, 85 to 89, ...
Auditory brain stem responses in the cat. I. Intracranial and extracranial recordings

A spatial and temporal analysis of auditory evoked potentials within the brain stem were performed in cats to determine the areas of the brain stem having large amplitude voltage fields, corresponding in latency to each of the components of the scalp-recorded auditory brain stem response (ABR). On the basis of this criterion, the first few components (occurring within 2 msec post-stimulus) were attributed to activity in a single structure, the eighth nerve. In contrast, each of the other components was correlated with large amplitude fields in at least two sites within the brain stem auditory pathways. The findings demonstrate a complex spatial and temporal distribution of electrical events within the auditory brain stem pathways, which preclude any simple one-to-one relationship between a given anatomical site and a particular component of the ABR. The possibility that the determination of the generators might be influenced by filtering of the evoked potentials was also examined. High-pass filtering of the evoked potentials resulted in a modification of the defined generators for only one of the components studied (P4). Filtering had little effect on the components of the scalp-recorded ABR.
A generalized probabilistic theory of causal relevance

I advance a new theory of causal relevance, according to which causal claims convey information about conditional probability functions. This theory is motivated by the problem of disjunctive factors, which haunts existing probabilistic theories of causation. After some introductory remarks, I present in Section 3 a sketch of Eells's (1991) probabilistic theory of causation, which provides the framework for much of the discussion. Section 4 explains how the problem of disjunctive factors arises within this framework. After rejecting three proposed solutions, I offer in Section 6 a new approach to causation that avoids the problem. Decision-theoretic considerations also support the new approach. Section 8 develops the consequences of the new theory for causal explanation. The resulting theory of causal explanation incorporates the new insights while respecting important work on scientific explanation by Salmon (1971), Railton (1981), and Humphreys (1989). My conclusions are enumerated in Section 9.
On circle containment orders

A partially ordered set is called acircle containment order provided one can assign to each element of the poset a circle in the plane so thatx≤y iff the circle assigned tox is contained in the circle assigned toy. It has been conjectured that every finite three-dimensional partially ordered set is a circle containment order. We show that the infinite three dimensional posetZ3 isnot a circle containment order.
Some winter characteristics of the northern high-latitude ionosphere

Winter diurnal behavior of northern high latitude ionospheric electron density using temperature data from Langmuir probes
Les ressources, les compétences et la formation chez le constructeur Areva

L'enjeu humain derriere le renouveau du nucleaire pour un constructeur comme Areva est le suivant: comment soutenir une croissance rapide tout en construisant un groupe industriel international, solide, centre sur la performance des equipes et des hommes ? Il faut donc etre en mesure d'integrer efficacement les nouveaux collaborateurs et les fideliser, faire de la diversite des equipes une veritable richesse et le garant de la performance, mais surtout toujours mieux gerer les carrieres. En somme, donner plus de place a l'initiative individuelle et devenir un veritable employeur de reference.
Microtia: Epidemiology and genetics

Microtia is a congenital anomaly of the ear that ranges in severity from mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the ear, and can occur as an isolated birth defect or as part of a spectrum of anomalies or a syndrome. Microtia is often associated with hearing loss and patients typically require treatment for hearing impairment and surgical ear reconstruction. The reported prevalence varies among regions, from 0.83 to 17.4 per 10,000 births and the prevalence is considered to be higher in Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and Andeans. The etiology of microtia and the cause of this wide variability in prevalence are poorly understood. Strong evidence supports the role of environmental and genetic causes for microtia. Although some studies have identified candidate genetic variants for microtia, no causal genetic mutation has been confirmed. The application of novel strategies in developmental biology and genetics has facilitated elucidation of mechanisms controlling craniofacial development. In this paper we review current knowledge of the epidemiology and genetics of microtia, including potential candidate genes supported by evidence from human syndromes and animal models. We also discuss the possible etiopathogenesis in light of the hypotheses formulated to date: neural crest cells disturbance, vascular disruption and altitude.
Public domain software for exposure assessment modeling

This paper concentrates on thirteen exposure assessment modeling software. The models can be downloaded from the Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) Bulletin Board System.
Quantitative Intersectionality: A Critical Race Analysis of the Chicana/o Educational Pipeline

Utilizing the critical race framework of intersectionality, this research reexamines the Chicana/o educational pipeline through a quantitative intersectional analysis. This approach disaggregates data along the intersection of race, class, gender, and citizenship status to provide a detailed portrait of the educational trajectory of Mexican-origin people along the Chicana/o education pipeline. In turn, this allows us to capture nuanced educational outcomes for this population as they are shaped by intersecting systems of oppression and privilege. Evident through this analysis are the diverse patterns of achievement for Chicanas and Chicanos who live under distinct social, economic, political, and legal conditions.
Fatty acid synthase inhibition in human breast cancer cells leads to malonyl-CoA-induced inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and cytotoxicity.

Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS) induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo without toxicity to proliferating normal cells. We have previously shown that FAS inhibition causes a rapid increase in malonyl-CoA levels identifying malonyl-CoA as a potential trigger of apoptosis. In this study we further investigated the role of malonyl-CoA during FAS inhibition. We have found that: [i] inhibition of FAS with cerulenin causes carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) inhibition and fatty acid oxidation inhibition in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells likely mediated by elevation of malonyl-CoA; [ii] cerulenin cytotoxicity is due to the nonphysiological state of increased malonyl-CoA, decreased fatty acid oxidation, and decreased fatty acid synthesis; and [iii] the cytotoxic effect of cerulenin can be mimicked by simultaneous inhibition of CPT-1, with etomoxir, and fatty acid synthesis with TOFA, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor. This study identifies CPT-1 and ACC as two new potential targets for cancer chemotherapy.
Social dominance and female reproductive behaviour in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract The relationship between dominance rank and female sexual behaviour was examined in rheusus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living in a social group. High-ranking females engaged in copulatory series as frequently as lower-ranking females. Furthermore, lower-ranking females copulated with as many available males as did high-ranking females. Social rank did appear to influence the pattern of sexual activity exhibited, in that copulatory series were more often initiated by the higher-ranking animal of the mating pair. Copulatory series involving high-ranking females were characterized by more mounts by males and were longer in duration. Higher-ranking animals interfered more often with copulatory series involving other animals, but such interference was not effective in preventing completion of the series. These data indicate that any reproductive advantage conferred to high-ranking females is not the result of sexual competition in social-living rhesus monkeys.
Business and industrial development on American Indian reservations

The purpose of this paper is to describe the recent growth of manufacturing enterprises on Indian reservations. After presenting some statistical information regarding the number of firms operating on reservations and the size of their labor forces, the discussion shifts to some of the factors which are inhibiting further Indian industrial development. Such factors as transportation difficulties, lack of nearby markets, and the quality of human resources are considered. However, consideration is also given to the advantages of a reservation location such as low labor costs, abundant natural resources and access to BIA training subsidies.
Age-related changes in capsaicin-induced degeneration in rat brain.

Previous results indicate that the pattern of capsaicin-induced degeneration in the rat central nervous system is age-related. Experiments utilizing capsaicin's selective neurodegenerative effects to study the function of central neural circuits will therefore require a detailed understanding of capsaicin's central neurotoxicity in rats of different ages. The goal of this experiment was to characterize the degeneration induced in the rat brain by systemic treatment with capsaicin at different ages (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 75 days, or 11 months), using a cupric silver stain to label degenerating neurons. Results revealed degenerating cell bodies in the ventromedial brainstem in capsaicin-treated rats of all age groups, though they were more numerous in adult rats than in pups. In addition, many areas contained capsaicin-induced nerve terminal degeneration both in rat pups and in adult rats. These areas were the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord dorsal horn; the solitary tract; the nucleus of the solitary tract, visceral portion; the area postrema; the trigeminal nerve and spinal trigeminal nucleus; the medial nucleus of the inferior olive; the rostral, dorsomedial and dorsolateral interpeduncular subnuclei and overlying interfascicular nucleus; the supramammillary area; the lateral septal nucleus; the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterior medial portion; the optic nerve and tract; the suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventroposterolateral portion; the magnocellular subnucleus of the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus; the intergeniculate leaf; the medial pretectal nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. In several, but not all of these areas, the apparent density of degenerating terminals was significantly less in adult rats than in pups. In other brain sites, capsaicin-induced degeneration was observed only in rats younger than 30 days of age. These areas were the lateral habenula, medial part; the sphenoid nucleus; and the stria medullaris. Still other brain sites lost their sensitivity to capsaicin sometime between 30 and 75 days of age. These areas were the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial posteromedial part; the medial preoptic nucleus, central part; the septohypothalamic nucleus; the ventral reuniens area; and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Adult rats 75 days and 11 months of age did not differ detectably in their response to capsaicin. Thus, loss or attenuation of capsaicin sensitivity is not progressive; throughout life. It does not occur in all capsaicin-sensitive sites. Where it does occur, loss of sensitivity occurs prior to adulthood and follows a distinct and reproducible time course that may differ for different sites.
Evaluation of a quail embryo model for the detection of botulinum toxin type A activity

Day 15 quail embryos were evaluated as a bioassay to detect biologically active botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A). Embryos injected with ≥20 ng BoNT had >74% determined nonviable; embryos injected with 10 to 0.5 ng BoNT were 70 to 45% nonviable; embryos injected with 1.0 to 0.1 ng BoNT were 59 to 18% nonviable. The LD50 for quail embryos was approximately 0.2 ng BoNT/embryo (28 μg BoNT/kg of body weight). Injection with BoNT did not interfere with yolk sac retraction into the abdominal cavity, but did restrict aircell and eggshell pipping, initiating morbidity and nonviable status and enabling preemptive euthanasia.
Meta-analysis: Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy reduces treatment failure in acute respiratory infection

Source Citation Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD007498...
ABSENCE OF HYDRONIUM ION FORMATION IN A TERNARY CROWN ETHER.MINERAL ACID.WATER COMPLEX : X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 1,8-OXYBIS(ETHYLENEOXYETHYLENEOXY) -ANTHRACENE-9,10-DIONE-HNO3.3H2O

The X-ray crystal structure of 1,8-oxybis(ethyleneoxyethyleneoxy)anthracene-9,10-dione, 1, in the presence of nitric acid and water has been determined. The structure indicates the complex can be described principally as 1·HNO3·2H2O (only two water molecules in contact with the acid), as opposed to [H5O2·1]+NO3-, where the proton has been transferred to water to from a higher-order hydronium ion. Formation of a solid-state, strong mineral acid adduct without hydronium ion formation has not been previously observed.
Adding the Organizational Perspective: How Organizations Shape Service Work Abroad

International volunteering is an increasingly popular form of service work, but the scholarship on international volunteering has done little to unpack the assertion that organizations shape the international volunteering experience. We demonstrate the utility of taking an organizational perspective by reporting on an ethnographic investigation of an international voluntary service episode in Southern India. In doing so, we attend to all of the parties common to international volunteering—the coordinating international volunteer service organization, the host NGOs, and the volunteers—and pay particular attention to the organizational dynamics that influence the service rendered. We find that the different actors in the service relationship understood successful international development efforts in different ways, which frustrated the productivity of the relationships in question. These mismatched goals were partly the legacy of a partnership-formation process that followed a cultural–historical logic rather than an instrumental one. The consequences were dissatisfaction on the part of volunteers and mixed benefits for the organizations with which they were matched. We suggest that these findings have relevance to other international volunteering sites.
THE STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION OF DUDRESNAYA HAWAIIENSIS SP. NOV. (RHODOPHYTA)

A B S T R A C T of Dutdresnaya hawaiiensis sp. nov. of the Dumontiaceae, Cryptonemiales, is given. The genus, which includes 8 previously described species, has heretofore not been reported from the Hawaiian Islands. Dudresnaya hawaiiensis is distinguished from other species of the genus by its thick, short stipe, its closely clustered main branches, and its very dense covering of slightly flattened, obovate branchlets. The structure of the carpogonial and auxiliary-cell branches and the development of the carposporophyte and of the spermatangia are discussed and compared with those in other species of the genus. THE GENUS Dudresnaya includes 8 species, the usual habitat of which is below the intertidal belt. Except for D. verticillata (Withering) Le Jolis (as D. coccinea [C. Agardh] Crouan et Crouan by some authors) and D. crassa Howe, the species have been collected only infrequently. Dudresnaya verticillata is a European species, and it has the widest distribution among the 8 species. It has been found in the Mediterranean, in the Adriatic, and in the North Atlantic at Ireland, England, and France. Dudresnaya crassa has been collected only from Bermuda. Taylor's (1950) study of this species is, to my knowledge, the only extensive, recent work on any of the species of Dudresnaya. The other species are little-known and generally have not been encountered in areas other than their type localities. These and their general type-areas are: D. australis J. Agardh, South Australia; D. japonica Okamura, Japan; D. minima Okamura, Japan; D. colombiana Taylor, Colombia; D. bermnudensis Setchell, Bermuda; and D. nodulosa Ercegovic, Adriatic Sea. In describing D. hawaiiensis, the genus is being reported from the Hawaiian Islands for the first time. The gross vegetative structure of this new species is unique in the genus. The basic structures involved in post-fertilization events are typical of the genus in that the nutritive cell is in the carpogonial branch and the auxiliary cell is intercalary in the auxiliary-cell branch.
The effects of stressful arousal on conjugate lateral eye movement

This study investigated the relationship between stressful arousal and conjugate lateral eye movement tendencies in right-handed males. Sixty subjects were asked both neutral and mildly emotional questions after watching either a stressful industrial accident movie or a bland control film. Subjects had been previously classified as either right-movers, left-movers, or bidirectionals on the basis of their responses in a prefilm interview. A statistically significant interaction between dominant direction and film condition was found on right eye movement. Subjects classified as right-movers displayed increased right eye movement preferences under the stress film, compared to the neutral film condition. This effect was seen with neutral, but not mildly emotional, questions. Results were interpreted within an elaborated brain asymmetry model of conjugate lateral eye movement, in which stressful arousal is assumed to increase subjects' reliance on characteristic, neurologically based ways of dealing with stimuli. Implications for theory and research on brain-behavior relationships in ego-defensive styles are discussed.
Meshless simulation of crack propagation in multiphase materials

The material body considered in this work consists of multiphases. Digital imaging data are taken as the input to specify the configuration and composition of the specimen. Meshless method is demonstrated as a superior numerical tool to analyze crack initiation and propagation in multiphase material. A fracture criterion, based on the ratio of the opening stress over the material toughness distributed in front of the crack tip, is proposed to determine the direction of crack propagation of mixed mode fracture problem in multiphase material. Numerical results are presented and discussed.
Graphitic mesoporous carbon-supported molybdenum carbides for catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to mixed alcohols

Abstract Molybdenum carbide (β-Mo2C) nanoparticles were synthesized in situ on a soft-templated graphitic mesoporous carbon (GMC) and other commercial carbon materials (activated charcoal and carbon black) by carbothermal hydrogen reduction (i.e., carbon supports as carburizing agents). The catalytic activity of these carbon-supported and bulk carbides for carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogenation to mixed alcohols (mainly C1–C3) was investigated at 573 K and 3.0 MPa, showing that their areal specific rates for CO conversion increase with decreasing the carbide particle size, independent of the supports. GMC appears to be a preferable support of β-Mo2C to activated charcoal and carbon black because of its ability for the formation of smaller carbide particles resulting in higher catalytic activity. Addition of a minor amount of K2CO3 into β-Mo2C/GMC (molar K/Mo = 0.05−0.5) promotes the formation of higher alcohols (C2+–OH) considerably, leading to a maximum space time yield (STY) for C2+–OH at medium K/Mo ratio of 0.1. Compared with typical Rh/GMC catalyst promoted triply with Mn, Li, and Fe oxides, the K2CO3-promoted β-Mo2C/GMC catalyst shows higher C2+–OH selectivity (30 vs. 25 mol-C% on CO2-free basis) and STY (71 vs. 46 mg (h gcat)−1) in spite of its suppressed formation of CH3OH.
High altitude echolocation of insects by bats

The orientation sounds of many bats, almost certainly belonging to the genus Tadarida, were recorded at altitudes of 100 to 300 m above the ground by means of an ultrasonic radio microphone. Both in North Queensland, Australia, and in southern Utah and Nevada, USA, bats were often more numerous at 200 to 300 m than near the ground. Rapid increases in pulse repetition rate often indicated that these bats were actively hunting flying insects. The absence of clutter at high altitudes may significantly facilitate the detection and capture of insect prey.
Identifying and Analyzing High Impact Routing Events with PathMiner

Understanding the dynamics of the interdomain routing system is challenging. One reason is that a single routing or policy change can have far reaching and complex effects. Connecting observed behavior with its underlying causes is made even more difficult by the amount of noise in the BGP system. In this paper we address these challenges by presenting PathMiner, a system to extract large scale routing events from background noise and identify the AS or link responsible for the event. PathMiner is distinguished from previous work in its ability to identify and analyze large-scale events that may re-occur many times over long timescales. The central idea behind PathMiner is that although a routing change at one AS may induce large-scale, complex responses in other ASes, the correlation among those responses (in space and time) helps to isolate the relevant set of responses from background noise, and makes the cause much easier to identify. Hence, PathMiner has two components: an algorithm for mining large scale coordinated changes from routing tables, and an algorithm for identifying the network element (AS or link) responsible for the set of coordinated changes. We describe the implementation and validation of PathMiner. We show that it is scalable, being able to extract significant events from multiple years of routing data at a daily granularity. Finally, using PathMiner we study interdomain routing over past 9 years and use it to characterize the presence of large scale routing events and to identify the responsible network elements.
Effect of the 8-aminoquinoline primaquine on culture-derived gametocytes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

Gametocytes from the Honduras I/CDC clone HB-3 ofPlasmodium falciparum were exposed to different concentrations of primaquine diphosphate. It could be shown that the drug acts specifically on the mitochondria of the cells by destroying their internal structure and causing these organelles to swell.
Using the Jolly-Seber Model to Estimate Population Size, Mortality, and Recruitment for a Reservoir Fish Population

Abstract A multiple mark-recapture experiment was conducted in which the Jolly-Seber model was used to estimate population size, survival, and recruitment of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in an unfished reservoir. Fish were marked with either two Floy tags or one Floy tag and a clipped fin. Estimated loss rates for each mark were used to correct survival estimates. There was no evidence of initial mortality due solely to tagging; however, at high water temperatures (25–30 C), we detected short-term mortality due to hooking, handling, tagging, and holding. By simulating a multiple mark-recapture experiment, we demonstrated that the Jolly-Seber model provides reliable estimates of population size and survival at a low sampling intensity if survival is high and population size is large. Tag loss at low time-dependent rates did not noticeably affect the reliability of estimates of population size and survival rate for a simulated mark-recapture experiment conducted at a low sampling intensity. Receive...
Deuteron Disintegration by Electrons

The cross section for the disintegration of deuterons by electrons has been calculated. Near the threshold the "magnetic" cross section is larger, increasing with the square while the "electric" cross section increases with the cube of the energy. They become equal at about 600 kev above the threshold when each has a value of 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}31}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The disintegration neutrons should be observable from 50 kev up. An experiment of this kind might therefore be used to check the theoretically predicted magnetic disintegration. This seems desirable since a parallel effect for photo-disintegration has so far not been observed.
Vibert's European union: A United Nations or a United States?

In his book, Europe: A Constitution for the Millennium, Frank Vibert explores every major issue that will arise in the design of a constitution for a European political union. Can the theoretical constructs of constitutional economics be used to aid in the practical design of a European constitution? This is what Vibert attempts to do in his book. This review contains a more detailed discussion and analysis of a few of Vibert's main theses. In particular, it focuses, on several key issues that will be the major determinants of whether the European Union will achieve lasting success.
Smith-Magenis Syndrome Diagnosed at Birth

Most cases of Smith-Magenis Syndrome are diagnosed in children with self-destructive behaviors, disturbed sleep patterns, dysmorphic features, speech delay, and mental retardation. We report the detection of an interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 17 at band p11.2 in a newborn infant with mild dysmorphic features. She was born at 39 gestational weeks and chromosome analysis was performed within the first 24 hours after birth due to the findings of prominent forehead, mild midface hypoplasia, small nose, and anteverted nostrils. Cytogenetic analyses in metaphases (450 bands) and prometaphases (750 bands) revealed the presence of an interstitial deletion 17p11.2. The microdeletion for the Smith-Magenis region was confirmed with fluorescence “in situ” hybridization (FISH) studies using the dual color Vysis probe and the ONCOR probe. Chromosome studies and FISH studies are pending on the parents. The diagnosis of an interstitial deletion 17p11.2 in a newborn infant offers the opportunity to provide early intervention and behavior management of the severe developmental and behavioral symptoms described in this syndrome. It also raises the question on whether or not this microdeletion may be present in children with dysmorphic features who are not diagnosed because they have milder clinical manifestations of this syndrome.
Cardiotoxicity of tricyclic antidepressants in primary cultures of rat myocardial cells

Primary cultures of myocardial cells were used to evaluate the cardiotoxic potential of various tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, cellular viability, and beating rates were measured to compare the cardiotoxicity of amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, and nortriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants were added to the cultures to give final concentrations of 1 X 10(-5), 1 X 10(-4), and 1 X 10(-3) M. Treatments lasted 1 and 4 h. All TCAs tested caused significant release of LDH and decreased cellular viability when added at 1 X 10(-3) M for 1 and 4 h. Amitriptyline was the only compound that caused significant LDH release 4 h after exposure to lower doses. Decreased viability was observed 4 h after exposure to all TCAs at a concentration of 1 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-3) M. Arrhythmias were observed 1 h after exposure to 1 X 10(-5) and 1 X 10(-4) M amitriptyline. All doses of amitriptyline inhibited beating 4 h after exposure. Imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline at a concentration of 1 X 10(-5) M decreased the beating rates of cultured myocytes 1 and 4 h after exposure. Arrhythmias and/or total inhibition of beating were observed when the cultures were exposed to higher concentrations of these compounds. Based on these data, the rank order of cardiotoxicity was amitriptyline greater than imipramine = desipramine greater than nortriptyline.
A feature dictionary supporting a multi-domain medical knowledge base

Because different terminology is used by physicians of different specialties in different locations to refer to the same feature (signs, symptoms, test results), it is essential that our knowledge development tools provide a means to access a common pool of terms. This paper discusses the design of an online medical dictionary that provides a solution to this problem for developers of multi-domain knowledge bases for MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System). Our Feature Dictionary supports phrase equivalents for features, feature interactions, feature classifications, and translations to the binary features generated by the expert during knowledge creation. It is also used in the conversion of a domain knowledge to the database used by the MEDAS inference diagnostic sessions. The Feature Dictionary also provides capabilities for complex queries across multiple domains using the supported relations. The Feature Dictionary supports three methods for feature representation: (1) for binary features, (2) for continuous valued features, and (3) for derived features.
Optimizing HMQC for ISn spin systems

A general analysis of the HMQC experiment for ISn nuclear spin systems is described. The optimal condition for setting up the HMQC experiment was derived. At this optimal condition, the expected HMQC signal was maximized and unwanted signals were satisfactorily reduced. The result was confirmed with the HMQC spectra of an organolithium compound. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing the formation and maintenance of all-male gorilla groups in captivity

The social housing of males is of particular importance for captive managers of polygynous species. In this work, we highlight nine areas we believe are important to the successful formation and maintenance of all-male gorilla groups. Although more data are still needed to complete our understanding of these groups, the general picture that emerges is that all-male groups can be a functional social unit for male gorillas, the longevity of which might be improved by careful planning. It appears that the best time to form all-male groups is when the animals are still immature, as males in this age class have been observed to form some of the most stable groups. Efforts should be made to diversify the groups in terms of rearing history, particularly with respect to hand-reared males, and to limit the amount of hand rearing experienced by males. Groups probably should contain no more than three or four adult males. Exhibits should be designed to provide visual barriers, refuges for subordinate animals, the means to separate individuals, and possibly the means to isolate all-male groups from mixed-sex groups. Additionally, because it is likely that some males will have to be removed from all-male groups, zoos need to design facilities that provide state-of-the-art housing for solitary individuals. It is hoped that by identifying bachelor males early in life and establishing cooperative management plans across institutions, zoos will be able to provide beneficial, long-term social situations for all male gorillas in captivity. Zoo Biol 23:189–203, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The echo approach to formal verification

In this research abstract, we propose Echo: a general formal verification approach that combines theorem proving, model checking, and code-level tools to show an implementation's compliance with its formal specification. We believe that this approach is novel since the major proof step is carried out between two abstract specification models, thus avoiding or mitigating the difficulty of the direct compliance proof of a concrete implementation against an abstract formal specification in traditional Floyd-Hoare verification. We present our prototype design and implementation of the major components of the approach and we instantiate the approach to verify SPARK Ada implementations against PVS specifications. We conducted an initial experiment to determine the feasibility of the approach using a hypothetical avionics system.
A Model of Sustainable Living: Collective Identity in an Urban Ecovillage

Ecovillages are burgeoning communitarian phenomena in postindustrialized countries whose members push for ecologically sustainable change. The author situated a case study of an urban ecovillage in...
The need to look elsewhere: The push and pull of underrepresented minority faculty professional networks

Minority faculty are dramatically underrepresented in science. Qualitative studies of minorities in the workplace point to evidence of exclusion, and qualitatively different experiences in the work environment. Yet, little is known about how these factors matter in the structure and resources of professional networks of underrepresented minorities (Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans). Most studies have focused on work environment issues, and little is known about minority networks. Do underrepresented minorities develop different career-oriented networks than the majority? And how do those differences relate to research productivity? Based on data collected as part of an NSF-funded national study of academic scientists, this paper reports findings regarding the structure, composition, and career resources in the professional networks of minority academic scientists. Preliminary results using a series of explanatory models and statistics show that although minorities do not have significantly different network sizes, they do differ in terms of network composition and resources. More specifically, minorities tend to have larger collaborative networks outside their current institutions. This is explained mostly by perceptions of personal support within one's own academic institution. As a result, work climate variables help explain differences in productivity.
The Hunt for iNKT Cell Antigens: α-Galactosidase-Deficient Mice to the Rescue?

The endogenous lipids that control the functions of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells remain enigmatic. In this issue of Immunity, Darmoise et al. (2010) report that lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A destroys self-antigens recognized by iNKT cells.
Discussion of: “Flattening the organization: the effect of organizational reporting structure on budgeting effectiveness”

This paper is a discussion of Hannan et al. (Rev Account Stud, 2010), wherein subordinate-participants are endowed with private information, and superior-participants can potentially affect budget requests through their ability to reject them. Their findings are of interest to research on both the design of budgeting systems and span of control. I discuss the relevance of HRT to these literatures and comment on their implementation and experimental design. Also, I offer suggestions for future research, one of which is to explicitly introduce monitoring into experiments on span of control.
Karyotypic similarity identified by multiplex-FISH relates four prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines: PC-3, PPC-1, ALVA-31, and ALVA-41.

Recently developed molecular cytogenetic techniques for karyotyping are providing new and important insights regarding the chromosomal changes that occur in solid tumors. We used multiplex-FISH to analyze four adenocarcinoma cell lines, PC-3, PPC-1, ALVA-31, and ALVA-41, in which the characterization of a large number of rearranged chromosomes was partially or substantially inconclusive by G-banding. Although the original descriptions of these lines depict them as distinct entities established from different patients, this study demonstrates that these four lines share numerous, highly rearranged chromosomes, strongly supporting the conclusion that they are derived from the same patient material. Our analysis indicates that PPC-1, ALVA-31, and ALVA-41 were derived from PC-3 through mechanisms involving clonal progression represented by sequential changes and clonal diversion represented by differing patterns of changes. Extensive cellular heterogeneity was detected in all four lines, and most rearrangements included segments derived from multiple chromosomes. Each line also showed a set of unique derivative chromosomes. However, a limited number of metaphase cells (approximately 10) was analyzed for each line, and numerous single-cell abnormalities were detected in all of them. Therefore, it is plausible that the number of clonal, shared, and/or unique rearrangements has been underestimated. These cell lines have been utilized as models for understanding the biology of prostate cancer and reportedly differ in their cell physiology. Rather than detracting from their value, a complete understanding of the interrelationships of these lines to one another may provide the opportunity to define the molecular changes that have led to their individual malignant phenotypes.
Reference materials for marine science

The second edition of the catalog of reference materials suited for use in marine science, originally compiled in 1986 for NOAA, IOC and UNEP, has been recently completed. The catalog lists more than 900 reference materials from thirteen producers and contains information about their proper use, sources, availability, and analyte concentrations. The reference material matrices include ashes, airborne particulate matter, gases, oils, rocks and sediments, sludges, tissues and waters. Reference materials used for the evaluation of instruments and the determination of sample physical properties are also included. Indices are available for elements, isotopes and organic compounds, as are cross references to CAS registry numbers, and alternate names and chemical structures of selected organic compounds.