cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of age-associated mitochondrial DNA deletion breakpoint regions from mice suggests a novel model of deletion formation

Mitochondrial genomes with multiple types of DNA deletions have been shown to accumulate with age in various tissues from humans, monkeys, rats, mice, and C. elegans. The deleted genomes have been classified based on characteristics of the deletion breakpoints such as the presence (or absence) of direct repeat sequences. The prevalence of direct repeats located precisely at deletion breakpoints in human mitochondrial DNA deleted genomes has led several investigators to propose slip replication or recombination as mechanisms of deletion formation. Other sequence motifs such as topoisomerase II cleavage recognition sites and secondary or tertiary structures have also been implicated in aiding deletion formation. We have characterized, from mouse skeletal muscle and brain tissues, the breakpoint regions from 36 mitochondrial genomes with deletions. Based on the large number of deletion breakpoints precisely flanked by small (2–4 nucleotides) direct repeats, we propose “replication jumping” as an important mechanism of deletion formation. In this model, the polymerase stutters during replication, possibly in an area that has been oxidatively modified. The nascent strand then anneals to a complementary downstream region and replication continues after the removal of any single-stranded “excess” DNA up to a double-stranded region, resulting in a mutant genome.
Antigenic and catalytic disparity in the distribution of cytochrome P-450-dependent 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α- and 24-hydroxylases

Chick 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase with a molecular weight of 57 kDa, can be isolated as described by Mandel et al. (1990b). Under normal physiological circumstances, it occurs exclusively in kidney mitochondria. An isozyme of the 1α-hydroxylase, known as the 24-hydroxylase, which uses the same substrate to yield an isomeric product, is also a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, has a molecular weight of 55 kDa, and likewise occurs in kidney mitochondria. The amino-terminal sequences of the first 10 residues of the two isozymes are 100% homologous. Monoclonal antibodies of the IgM class raised against the 1α-hydroxylase, which quantitatively discriminate against other P-450 cytochromes of mitochondrial or microsomal origin, recognize and interact with the 24-hydroxylase as an antigen. In the present study we show that the intestine, which is the only non-renal tissue with demonstrable 24-hydroxylase activity, gives a positive peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical reaction using the monoclonal antibodies against the 1α-hydroxylase. The reactions revealed that the antigen in the kidney is restricted to the cortical proximal tubular cells while in the intestine, the antigen is localized in the enterocytes of the villi. In kidney medullary or intestinal crypt cells, or in liver, heart and lung tissues where 1α-hydroxylase or 24-hydroxylase activity could not be detected using cell or tissue homogenates, the immunohistochemical reactions were also negative. Since it has been reported that chick embryonic intestine possesses 1α-hydroxylase activity that is absent in the mature intestine, our results would suggest that the mature intestinal 24-hydroxylase represents a modified 1α-hydroxylase as a consequence of developmentally imposed requirements regulating calcium homeostatic activity in this tissue. The difference in the molecular weights of the two enzymes would indicate either genomic processing prior to the translation of their respective mRNAs, or a post-translational processing of the larger 1α-hydroxylase to the smaller 24-hydroxylase.
Patients With Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Have Antecedent Symptoms

Background The characteristics of patients who sustain unstable slipped capital femoral epiphyses (SCFEs) are not well described compared to their counterparts who sustain stable SCFE. Although patients with unstable slips are usually identified owing to acute symptoms, it is unclear whether these patients have premonitory symptoms that could heighten the awareness of treating physicians to the possibility of an unstable slip and lead to timely diagnosis and treatment.
Magnetically Driven Flows in Arched Plasma Structures

Laboratory experiments demonstrate high-speed plasma flows from both footpoints of arched magnetic flux tubes, resulting in bulk plasma transport into the flux tube and persistent axial collimation even as the flux tube lengthens and kinks. The measured flows are in agreement with the predictions of hoop force and collimation models involving fundamental MHD forces. These forces are expected to drive plasma acceleration in other open flux configurations with arched geometries, such as those found on the solar surface.
Birth Order and Cooperativeness: Peer Ratings

Considerable research has been directed at exploring the relationship between birth order and personality (Schachter, 1959; Warren, 1966). Firstborns, more than Ss in any other ordinal position, share a number of diverse social and personality characteristics. Alms (1966) mentioned Dean has noted the greater tendency of the firstborn to cooperate. The present study was designed to examine in more detail the predicted relationship between ordinal position and cooperativeness. Cooperativeness, it was felt, should be assessed through peer rating since peers' impressions are free from the social obligations imposed by adults. However, cooperativeness is difficult to assess without some standard of comparison. Undergraduate dormitory counselors, because of their role, should have standards for cooperativeness and thus were asked to conduct the ratings. Two male and two female undergraduate dormitory counselors rated each of the students on their respective residence floors for cooperativeness (0 to 100%). After these ratings were made each S's ordinal position was obtained. A total of 11 1 undergraduates were rated in this manner. Preliminary analyses indicated that there were no sex differences in the ratings and the data were combined. There were 50 first- or only borns and 61 later borns. The mean cooperativeness rating for the firstborns was 69.62 (SD = 29.03) while that for later borns was 74.70 (SD = 21.15). t tests computed on the ratings for the two groups showed no significant differences in cooperation of first- and later borns (t = 1.06; df = 110; 9 > .15). These results, unlike prior research (Alms, 1966) clearly indicated no relationship between ordinal position and cooperativeness. Peers in a semi-adult role did not perceive any differences in cooperativeness between first- and later borns. Two interpretations are possible. Perhaps adults hold more stringent standards for cooperation than present raters. That is, the dormitory counselors were not as sensitive to differences in cooperation as adults might have been and thus relationships may have been masked. A second alternative can also be suggtsted. Firstborns may place greater emphasis on cooperating with adults than with their peers, even though the peers function somewhat like adults. That is, firstborns are especially sensitive to differences between peers and adults in a supervisory role and make sharp distinctions in their own behavior as a result. Additional support for this interpretation is provided by studies showing the susceptibility of the firstborn to social pressure, especially in the presence of adults (Capra & Dittes, 1962; McArthur, 1956; Warren, 1966). The present results suggest the relationship between the informant or rater and the firstborn should be considered as an important source of variability when assessing the relationship between ordinal position and other psychological characteristics. Moreover, the statement that firstborns are more cooperative appears to need some qualification.
The Equilibrium Figures of Phobos and Other Small Bodies

Computations of figures of hydrostatic equilibrium for isolated rotating bodies are discussed. It is shown that the theoretical figure of equilibrium for Phobos is a triaxial ellipsoid whose a and b axes differ by about 25% and that this difference is less than 2% for Deimos. A density of less than 3.9 g/cu cm is estimated for Phobos. Equilibrium figures are also examined for the inner satellites of Jupiter and Saturn as well as for small asteroids.
Monopera, a new genus of scrophulariaceae from South America

Monopera is described as a new genus in the Scrophulariaceae, subfamily Scrophularioideae, tribe Angeloneae. Two species are transferred fromAngelonia,Monopera micrantha andMonopera perennis. These species are described and illustrated, and a key is provided.
ATTRIBUTIONS OF THE TERM FEMINIST: A FACTOR ANALYTIC DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURING INSTRUMENT

This study attempts to develop a measure of the attributions of the term feminist. Seven hundred and sixty-eight undergraduate students (361 males and 407 females) completed a 91-item semantic differential test relevant to the label feminist. Principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation produced five factors indicating that when the term feminist is used, attributions of General Evaluation, Behavioral Characteristics, Political Orientation, Sexual Preference, and Gender Classification are likely to be made. Factor analysis of split halves of the sample shows an internal replication and consequently, a stability of the obtained factor structure. This study presents students’ judgments on specific items defining these factors, thereby indicating the evaluative associations of the term.
Late Victorian visual reasoning and Alfred Marshall's economic science

Today the economic diagram is employed universally in teaching and research by professional economists. Yet the history of its construction shows that much that has been regarded as distinctive of twentieth-century visual culture was prefigured in the nineteenth. This paper will place the construction of the first economic diagrams by Alfred Marshall in the context both of contemporary visual technologies developed in other moral sciences, and of his wider theory of industrial production. The paper will argue that an understanding of the background to the historical graphs, constructed by the Cambridge political economist from the late 1860s onwards, will necessitate a revision of the narrative of modern visual reasoning, as recently advanced by Lev Manovich. In recent decades professional art historians have started to read seriously the work of historians of science and to incorporate their findings into their own work. Svetlana Alpers's account of Dutch realist art in the seventeenth century, The Art of Describing, for example, attempts to distinguish the northern and the southern traditions of Renaissance painting, and locate the former within the same epistemic tradition that witnessed the rise of the Royal Society and the experimental method in natural philosophy. Another art historian, Jonathan Crary, has worked to revise traditional narratives of nineteenth-century visual modernism. According to Crary, the abstract paintings of the Impressionists and the Cubists, as well as the rise of more popular photographic and cinematic realism, are manifestations of a single transformation of vision that occurred around 1820 to 1840; modern art is the by-product of a scientific paradigm shift from geometrical to physiological optics. One of the features that unites the work of Alpers and Crary, and indeed separates their approaches from traditional art history, is a refusal to accord a privileged status to the traditional objects of art history, and a subsequent shift in their field of interest from 'art' to the wider category of 'vision'. One consequence of this widening of focus is that the visual practices and products of the sciences have entered into the revisionist narratives of such 'historians of vision'.' Such a transformation in the methodological practice of these art historians will be readily understandable to historians of science who, over a comparable period, have * UWP, Duke University, Bell Tower/East Campus, Box 90025, Durham, NC, 27708-0025, USA. 1 S. Alpers, The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century, Chicago, 1983; J. Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, MA, 1990. It is not insignificant that both of these authors situate their work in reference to Foucault's The Order of Things. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.11 on Wed, 10 Aug 2016 05:41:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Segment‐based mass customization: an exploration of a new conceptual marketing framework

In this paper, it is argued that the concept of mass customization should not be treated as an alternative strategy to market segmentation. It should be seen as an integral part of market segmentation theory which offers the best way to satisfy individual consumer’s unique needs and wants while yielding profits to companies. Though the overall objective of the concept of mass customization is to recognize individual differences among customers and modify the offerings accordingly, by using the logic of the segmentation theory, this paper argues that mass customization is also not simply equal to segmenting‐to‐one. If all the relevant variables that affect buyer behavior are taken into account, the result is an untenably large number of market segments (finally segment of one). However, practically, creating separate marketing programs for each individual in most circumstances will become extremely difficult, even not feasible, and less profitable. In response to this dilemma, this paper proposes a new concept of “Segment‐based mass customization”. The basic idea behind this concept is that, mass customization is the efforts of reaching a segment unit efficiently and profitably. The efficiency and profitability will be determined by whether the mass customization is based on an optimal segment size, which is subject to the market situation and company resources. Finally, this paper comes up with a series of propositions which are relevant to developing a good customization strategy.
Genetics of age-related macular degeneration

Gene discoveries will lead to more effective them pies for AMD by identifying specific underlying disease mechanisms that might be corrected by drugs or gene therapy. For example, investigations are currently being carried out using pigment epithelium-derived factor (FEDF). The gene for this potent inhibitor of angiogenesis has been incorporated into an adenoviral vector and delivered into the eye by intravitreal injection to inhibit growth of new blood vessels in eyes with neovascular AMD. In the future, as the genetics of this complex disease are unraveled, more effective treatments and preventative measures that target specific molecular defects underlying the development of AMD can be expected.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of (N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(Cp)Cl complexes

Abstract The use of microwave heating for the synthesis of a series of (N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(Cp)Cl complexes is presented. This protocol allows for a considerable reduction of the reaction times required using conventional heating, while affording comparable or better yields of the desired complexes. Their application as pre-catalysts in the microwave-assisted anaerobic oxidation of secondary alcohols is also discussed.
The flavonoids of Xylonagra (onagraceae)

Abstract Xylonagra arborea is a monotypic genus of the tribe Onagreae of the Onagraceae. The species is restricted to the desert regions of central Baja California in western Mexico. Four flavonol glycosides, myricetin 3- O -glucoside, myricetin 3- O -rhamnoside, quercetin 3- O -glucoside and quercetin 3- O -rhamnoside were found to occur in methanolic leaf extracts of each of the populations sampled. The data are consistent with earlier investigations of leaf flavonoids in the Onagreae and suggest interesting changes in B-ring hydroxylation patterns within the tribe.
Ferric chloride-graphite intercalation compounds prepared from graphite fluoride

The reaction between graphite fluoride and ferric chloride was observed in the temperature range of 300 to 400 C. The graphite fluorides used for this reaction have an sp3 electronic structure and are electrical insulators. They can be made by fluorinating either carbon fibers or powder having various degrees of graphitization. Reaction is fast and spontaneous and can occur in the presence of air. The ferric chloride does not have to be predried. The products have an sp2 electronic structure and are electrical conductors. They contain first stage FeCl3 intercalated graphite. Some of the products contain FeCl2*2H2O, others contain FeF3 in concentrations that depend on the intercalation condition. The graphite intercalated compounds (GIC) deintercalated slowly in air at room temperature, but deintercalated quickly and completely at 370 C. Deintercalation is accompanied by the disappearing of iron halides and the formation of rust (hematite) distributed unevenly on the fiber surface. When heated to 400 C in pure N2 (99.99 vol %), this new GIC deintercalates without losing its molecular structure. However, when the compounds are heated to 800 C in quartz tube, they lost most of its halogen atoms and formed iron oxides (other than hematite), distributed evenly in or on the fiber. This iron-oxide-covered fiber may be useful in making carbon-fiber/ceramic-matrix composites with strong bonding at the fiber-ceramic interface.
Temperature sensitivity of differential absorption lidar measurements of water vapor in the 720-nm region

Recently measured properties of water vapor (H2O) absorption lines have been used in calculations to evalute the temperature sensitivity of differential absorption lidar (Dial) H2O measurements. This paper estimates the temperature sensitivity of H2O lines in the 717-733-nm region for both H2O mixing ratio and number density measurements, and discusses the influence of the H2O line ground state energies E-double-prime, the H2O absorption linewidths, the linewidth temperature dependence parameter, and the atmospheric temperature and pressure variations with altitude and location on the temperature sensitivity calculations. Line parameters and temperature sensitivity calculations for 67 H2O lines in the 720-nm band are given which can be directly used in field experiments. Water vapor lines with E-double-prime values in the 100-300/cm range were found to be optimum for Dial measurements of H2O number densities, while E-double-prime values in the 250-500/cm range were found to be optimum for H2O mixing ratio measurements.
Similar photospheres, different mantles - A study of four O stars

The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of the spectra of four O stars (10 Lac, S Mon, HD 46223, and Zeta Pup) which have similar effective temperatures, taking into account an attempt to find the reason for differences regarding the spectral type of the stars. The photospheres of the stars are examined, taking into account the effective temperatures, radii, speed of rotation, and masses. Information is presented about the equivalent widths and profiles of strong lines in the visible and ultraviolet spectra of each star. It is found that the four stars have similar photospheres but different mantles. The stars are assigned different spectral types because the empirically selected lines used for determining spectral type in class O are sensitive primarily to conditions in the mantle of the star and not to conditions in the photosphere. Questions concerning the reasons for the differences regarding the mantles are also explored.
A rapid and sensitive assay for chitinase using tritiated chitin.

Abstract Radioactive chitin, prepared by acetylation of chitosan with tritiated acetic anhydride, was used as substrate in a rapid and extremely sensitive assay for chitinase. The procedure is based on the insolubility of chitin and the solubility in water of the reaction product, diacetylchitobiose. The course of the chitinase reaction is nonlinear, a result that cannot be attributed to an artifact of the method, to inhibition by product, or to instability of the enzyme. Some evidence points to structural heterogeneity of the substrate as a cause for this behavior. Reacetylated chitosan was also used as an adsorbent in the purification of chitinase with better results than with the previously used colloidal chitin.
An augmented computer model of motor unit reorganization in neurogenic diseases of skeletal muscle.

A computer model of denervation and complete reinnervation in skeletal muscle was originally developed for the purpose of furthering an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of motor unit reorganization in neurogenic diseases. We now describe its successor, a computer model for investigating different rates of denervation and reinnervation, as well as incomplete reinnervation. The new model introduces the concept of permanent denervation and features enhanced interactive control over the distribution of motor unit centers and additional measures of dispersion and co-dispersion of muscle fibers. The use of this model for investigating pathophysiologically significant issues in denervating diseases is illustrated pathophysiologically significant issues in denervating diseases is illustrated with five different sets of parameters. These simulate some of the processes that may be operational in chronic spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and progressive postpolio muscular dystrophy. The enhanced model will allow in-depth analysis of the influence of hypothesized pathophysiological processes on clinical, electrophysiological and pathological outcomes in human disease. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EXPRESSION OF VEGF IN THE RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM DISRUPTS LUNG MORPHOGENESIS IN VIVO . • 408

EXPRESSION OF VEGF IN THE RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM DISRUPTS LUNG MORPHOGENESIS IN VIVO . • 408
Case Study of Voltage Sag in Customer Substation

This paper presents the main results of a work aimed at resolving voltage sags in customer substation, by measuring and analyzing the power quality problem. The work is based on a power quality monitoring system built in the customer substation. A large number of power quality events are recorded to pick up the voltage sag performance, the voltage sag characteristics and the number of sags issummarized. SARFI-curve method according to IEEE P1546 is used to analyze the sag influence on customer’s sensitive electrical equipment. Combined with the specific situation, a set of solution to voltage sag problem is proposed to improve power conditioning for sensitive loads and reduce economy losses.
Experimental and computational study of oxidation of diethyl sulfide in a flow reactor

Abstract The destruction of diethyl sulfide was studied experimentally and computationally at high temperatures under diluted oxidation conditions. The experiments were conducted in an atmospheric, turbulent flow reactor with a Reynolds number of around 5000, at four different operating temperatures between 630 and 740 °C. These oxidation experiments, with diethyl sulfide initially at approximately 100 ppm in the reactor, included near-stoichiometric conditions (Φ ∼ 1) and fuel-lean conditions with the equivalence ratio (Φ ∼ 0.1). On-line, radially extractive sampling in conjunction with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis was performed to quantify species at four locations along the centerline of the flow reactor. Species concentrations were presented as functions of residence time in the reactor and were compared to mechanism predictions. A previously published pyrolysis mechanism has been updated and extended to include kinetics of the partially oxidized intermediates. The new mechanism still reproduces the previously reported experimental pyrolysis results satisfactorily and provides reasonable agreement with experimental measurements for the present oxidation conditions. Important reactions were identified by sensitivity analysis and rate of production analysis by using the mechanism.
Limits on photon density radiated by a point charge.

General limits are derived for the achievable brightness and photon density in phase space under very general assumptions. Upper as well as lower limits are given for a classical electric charge radiating in a vacuum, including the case when the emitting charge has velocity approaching zero. Even in the latter case the lower limit given here is in general positive. A figure of merit for photon sources, such as undulators, is defined.
An algorithm for computing the distance spectrum of trellis codes

A class of quasiregular codesis defined for which the distance spectrum can be calculated from the codeword corresponding to the all-zero information sequence. Convolutional codes and regular codes are both quasiregular, as well as most of the best known trellis codes. An algorithm to compute the distance spectrum of linear, regular, and quasiregular trellis codes is presented. In particular, it can calculate the weight spectrum of convolutional (linear trellis) codes and the distance spectrum of most of the best known trellis codes. The codes do not have to be linear or regular, and the signals do not have to be used with equal probabilities. The algorithm is derived from a bidirectional stack algorithm, although it could also be based on the Viterbi algorithm. The algorithm is used to calculate the beginning of the distance spectrum of some of the best known trellis codes and to compute tight estimates on the first-event-error probability and on the bit-error probability. >
FDA Ruling and Nutritionally Focused Menus: Alternative Strategies to Comply with the U.S. Federal Guidelines

Research indicates that 65% of Americans over the age of 20 years old are considered overweight. To address this public health issue, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has proposed new nutritional guidelines for restaurant menus. This study includes development and redesigning of drive-thru menus to comply with the FDA guidelines. An experiment was conducted using real drive-thru menus from selected nationwide chains complying with FDA ruling and alternative nutritionally focused menus. The first set of experimental menus includes presentation of calorie information for all menu items offered. The second set of experimental menus includes color coded calorie specific menu categories (low, regular, and high). The obtained results indicated that the experimental nutritionally focused drive-thru menus were preferred significantly over the FDA format menus (control group). Consumers made healthier choices (low calorie menus) more often with the experimental menus over the FDA suggested format. In addition...
HLA class II “typing”: Direct sequencing of DRB, DQB, and DQA genes

Routine clinical HLA class II typing is based largely on serological and cellular methods. These methods have many drawbacks that have led to the evaluation of molecular approaches to typing, including restriction fragment length polymorphism studies and oligotyping. We present here an alternative molecular approach, sequence-based typing (SBT), that allows direct determination of the sequences of all HLA class II polymorphic genes, thus providing the most detailed information currently possible in this regard. The data presented here using SBT are based on direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DRB, DQB, and DQA cDNAs using a limited number of oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are designed to allow simultaneous determination of allelic sequences in any heterozygote as well as characterization of DRB isotypic complexity. Two types of amplification oligonucleotides (nonconserved and/or conserved) are used for DRB typing, which involves a maximum of four simultaneous cDNA/PCR/sequencing reactions. The first of these reactions only uses conserved oligonucleotides and is designed to detect all the different DRB transcripts present in any given heterozygote; the other three reactions use nonconserved oligonucleotides and are designed to ensure the unambiguous interpretation of the most complex DRB heterozygote combinations. Characterization of DQA1 and DQB1 sequences can be performed by using conserved oligonucleotides and only involves one reaction per locus. We have applied SBT to 43 homozygous cell lines and to 38 different heterozygote combinations that had previously been serologically typed. In all cases we were able to determine the allelic composition at DRB1, DRB3/4/5 and/or DQB1, and DQA1 loci of these cell lines and subjects; our results, analyzed by blind protocol, were consistent with the serological phenotypes. SBT can be extended to class I and class III genes and is automatable. We believe that this strategy deserves further evaluation as a possible HLA typing method.
POSTMORTEM INVASION OF MUSCLE FOOD BY A PROTEOLYTIC BACTERIUM

Serratia marcescens was used to study the process of bacterial invasion of intact and comminuted meats (fresh and frozen-thawed) as well as the bacterium's ability to hydrolyze reconstituted collagen. Fresh intact pork was more susceptible to invasion when the inoculated surface was vertical to the inoculum. In comminuted beef and pork, invasion was more extensive in meat that had undergone at least one freeze-thaw cycle. The addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (up to 0.5%, w/w) to comminuted beef and pork results in a reduction in the depth of penetration (up to 16% and 84%, respectively). Cooked (63°C and 77°C) intact beef samples were more susceptible to bacterial invasion than uncooked beef. Meat cooked to an end-point temperature of 77°C exhibited less resistance to bacterial invasion than samples cooked to an end-point temperature of 63°C. Fiber orientation in cooked beef samples played a significant role in the final depth of penetration. Bacterial invasion in cooked beef was more pronounced in samples where the inoculated surface was vertical to the inoculum. Results indicated that bacterial invasion is not a function of the collagenolytic acitivity present in bacterial proteases. The invasive process or mechanism is strongly influence by the hydration of the meat proteins and the availability of pores or canals, which are created during cooking or as a result of freezing and thawing of meats.
Predicting Women's College Experiences from Life History Data: A Four-Year Study.

The present study was conducted over a four-year period to determine if life history or biographical information could be used to predict various college experiences of women. At the beginning of their freshman year, 897 women were administered a comprehensive life history questionnaire. During the last quarter of their senior year, 327 women (who received the life history questionnaire four years earlier) completed an inventory which assessed major dimensions of college experiences. Results indicated that life history data could be used to make longitudinal predictions of women's college experiences. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for counseling students in higher education.
Aqueous solutions of unipositive cadmium; reactions of (CdI)22+(aq)

Aqueous solutions 10−3 mol dm−3 in (CdI)2, prepared by treating O2-free solutions of Cd(ClO4)2 or Cd(O3SCF3)2 with Cd powder at 65 °C, can be handled by conventional methods; the comproportionation constant (Cd2+ + Cd ⇌ Cd22+) is estimated as 0.018 (24 °C, I = 1.14 M) and the formal oxidation potential as −0.45 V; this atypical state readily reduces I3−, IrCl62−, pyridine complexes of (NH3)5RuIII, and superoxo derivatives of (NH3)5CoIII.
Assembly of a functional replication complex without ATP hydrolysis: a direct interaction of bacteriophage T4 gp45 with T4 DNA polymerase.

Abstract The seven-protein bacteriophage T4 DNA replication complex can be manipulated in vitro to study mechanistic aspects of the elongation phase of DNA replication. Under physiological conditions, the processivity of DNA synthesis catalyzed by the T4 polymerase (gp43) is greatly increased by the interaction of this enzyme with its accessory proteins (gp44/62 and gp45) and the T4 single-stranded DNA binding protein (gp32). The assembly of this T4 holoenzyme requires hydrolysis of ATP by the gp44/62 complex. We demonstrate here that processive T4 holoenzyme-like DNA synthesis can be obtained without hydrolysis of ATP by simply adding gp45 to the T4 DNA polymerase at extremely high concentrations, effectively bypassing the ATPase subunits (gp44/62) of the accessory protein complex. The amount of gp45 required for the gp43-gp45 heteroassociation event is reduced by addition of the macromolecular crowding agent polyethylene glycol (PEG) as well as gp32. A chromatographic strategy involving PEG has been used to demonstrate the gp43-gp45 interaction. These results suggest that gp45 is ultimately responsible for increasing the processivity of DNA synthesis via a direct and functionally significant interaction with the T4 DNA polymerase. A corollary to this notion is that the specific role of the gp44/62 complex is to catalytically link gp45 to gp43.
Women's neuroethics? Why sex matters for neuroethics

The Neuroethics Affinity Group of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH) met for the third time in October 2007 to review progress in the field of neuroethics and consider high-impact priorities for the future. Closely aligned with ASBH's own goals of recruiting junior scholars to bioethics and mentoring them to successful careers, the Neuroethics Affinity Group placed a call for new ideas to be presented at the Group meeting, specifically by junior attendees. One group responded with the idea to probe a new direction for neuroethics focused on the neuroscience of gender differences. In the spirit of full disclosure, two of the authors are a student (Chalfin) and fellow (Murphy) of the program I formerly directed at Stanford University. The third (Karkazis) is junior faculty there. The intellectual ownership of the ideas in the report below, however, are entirely theirs. Like lit torches in a juggling act, there are many directions this project can go. The report is a snapshot of these authors' first iteration of the concept of women's neuroethics. Many thanks are extended to participants of the ASBH Neuroethics Affinity Group meeting whose enthusiasm and feedback was immensely helpful in shaping the concept and moving it ahead.
Interferon-γ Enhances the Pulmonary CXC Chemokine Response to Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Challenge

CXC chemokines are major chemoattractants for pulmonary polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) recruitment. To study the effects of interferon (IFN)-gamma on the pulmonary chemokine response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, rats were treated with intratracheal IFN-gamma (1x10(5) U/rat) 24 h before an intratracheal LPS (100 microg/rat) challenge. Intratracheal LPS caused significant increases in both cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and pulmonary PMNL recruitment. IFN-gamma enhanced these responses. IFN-gamma also increased LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in BAL fluid. LPS-induced TNF-alpha and CINC mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages was increased by IFN-gamma. CD11b/c and CD18 expression on circulating PMNLs was not affected by IFN-gamma, nor was the chemotaxis of these cells. IFN-gamma increases the pulmonary CXC chemokine response, which may serve as one mechanism underlying enhanced PMNL delivery into the lung.
Palmitoylation of intracellular signaling proteins: regulation and function.

▪ Abstract Protein S-palmitoylation is the thioester linkage of long-chain fatty acids to cysteine residues in proteins. Addition of palmitate to proteins facilitates their membrane interactions and trafficking, and it modulates protein-protein interactions and enzyme activity. The reversibility of palmitoylation makes it an attractive mechanism for regulating protein activity, and this feature has generated intensive investigation of this modification. The regulation of palmitoylation occurs through the actions of protein acyltransferases and protein acylthioesterases. Identification of the protein acyltransferases Erf2/Erf4 and Akr1 in yeast has provided new insight into the palmitoylation reaction. These molecules work in concert with thioesterases, such as acyl-protein thioesterase 1, to regulate the palmitoylation status of numerous signaling molecules, ultimately influencing their function. This review discusses the function and regulation of protein palmitoylation, focusing on intracellular protein...
Mechanism of the reaction of 2-haloketones with 2-aminopyridine

Abstract Time-dependent 1H NMR spectra of DMSO-d6 solutions of p-substituted phenacyl bromides and 2-aminopyridine indicate that the formation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines occurs via two relatively long-lived intermediates, C and D, which are in equilibrium with each other. The assigned structures are in accord with chemical shifts, pKa estimates, and substituent effects (-OMeCH3, -H, and -NO2) on both the equilibrium constant (C⇌D) and rates of reaction. The slowest step in the reaction with phenacyl bromide is conversion of the intermediate D to product E. With phenacyl chloride no intermediates are observed and initial formation of C determines the overall rate. Even through the intermediate D is already protonated, its conversion to E is subject to acid catalysis. Compared to the p-OMe substituent, the p-NO2 group enhances the rate of formation of C and D by a factor of only 2.6. The same rate enhancement is observed in the reaction of pyridine with phenacyl bromides. Rates of reaction of a given phenacyl halide with pyridine and 2-aminopyridine are similar. It is concluded that the initial reaction is alkylation of the pyridine nitrogen atom to give C and that the other possible initial condensation product, the carbinolamine F, cannot be a kinetically significant intermediate. Reasons for preferred N-alkylation are presented. Recommendations for improved syntheses of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are included.
Extrahepatic lesions induced by acetaminophen in the mouse.

Acetaminophen in acute overdose is primarily recognized as potentially hepatotoxic with few descriptions of extrahepatic lesions other than nephrotoxicity. Fasted adult, male mice, both standard and germ-free, were given acetaminophen orally and killed at selected times, from 30 minutes to 48 hours after treatment. In addition to the expected hepatic effects after 600 mg acetaminophen/kg, degenerative and necrotic changes were found in four non-hepatic tissues. Nephrosis developed 2 to 4 hours after treatment and paralleled the course of hepatic damage. Necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium in the absence of inflammation was evident 4 to 6 hours after acetaminophen administration as was onset of testicular changes. Spermatidic degeneration with early development of spermatidic multinucleated giant cells were characteristic features. Areas of lymphoid necrosis were also visible in splenic follicles and Peyer's patches 18 to 24 hours after treatment. These observations have demonstrated that other tissues in a...
Infection of hamsters with historical and epidemic BI types of Clostridium difficile.

BACKGROUND North American and European hospitals have reported outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with unexpectedly high mortality caused by a newly recognized group of C. difficile strains, group BI. Our objective was to compare, in hamsters, the virulence of a historical nonepidemic BI type, BI1, with that of 2 recent epidemic BI types, BI6 and BI17, and with that of 2 standard toxigenic strains, K14 and 630. METHODS For each strain, 10 hamsters were given 1 dose of clindamycin, followed 5 days later with 100 C. difficile spores administered by gastric inoculation. Outcomes were recorded. RESULTS The hamster model demonstrated variations in mean times from inoculation to death (for BI6, 40 h; for BI1, 48 h; for K14, 49 h; for BI17, 69 h; for 630, 102 h; for BI6, BI1, and K14 vs. 630, P< .01; for BI17 vs. 630, P< .05) and from colonization to death (for BI1, 7 h; for BI17, 13 h; for BI6, 16 h; for K14, 17 h; for 630, 52 h; for BI1, BI17, BI6, and K14 vs. 630, P< .01). CONCLUSION Group BI strains were not more rapidly fatal than the standard toxinotype 0 strain K14 but were more rapidly fatal than the standard toxinotype 0 strain 630. BI6, the most common BI type in our collection, was particularly virulent in hamsters, consistently causing death within 48 h of inoculation.
A Vision Open-Loop Visual Servoing

Considering eye-in-hand visual servoing, a new vision open-loop system scheme is proposed, this method evades the hardness of constructing image Jacobian, and needn't update or invert Jacobian at all time, the delay produced by low sampling rates and burden of computing is weakened, system performance is very improved. In order to verify the scheme, simulation of a 2 DOF manipulator eye-in-hand visual servoing system for positioning and tracking task is made, and results show the validity of the proposed scheme, there is the practicality. We propose the relationship among visual servoing task.
Different Strokes for Different Folks: Connecting with Students for Academic Success

Schools are challenged to provide meaningful learning experiences to prepare students for immediate and long-term success. The controversial Common Core is an attempt to institute a national curriculum in the United States to align with other countries. Regardless of the approach, academic content is an important starting point for schools. Varying delivery methods are the companions to connecting with students for successful learning experiences. This article addresses how teachers might consider personality aspects in delivering curricula effectively. The methodology of doing so is explained by examining the Process Education Model, its components and implications. Also included are outcomes of several research and application projects.
Large radius transport channel studies for applications on Saturn

High-current relativistic electron beams (e-beams) produced on the Saturn pulsed power accelerator at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) can be used to generate high dose bremsstrahlung radiation. Typically, multiple concentric ring diodes on Saturn produce currents of approximately 10 MA at voltages of about 1.8 MV. For some applications, radial convergence of the outer rings to smaller radius is required; one convergence technique studied here is Z-discharge transport (ZDT). To study the beam characteristics and transport efficiencies in ZDT channels at various pressures, 2D fluid/PIC hybrid simulations and bench-top experiments are performed in which R/sub channel//spl sim/L/sub channel/. Self-fields and collisional effects were modeled self-consistently using a tenuous medium model. Although simulations of an idealized ZDT channel demonstrated the efficacy of this scheme, bench-top experiments to generate the required discharge currents and plasma density profiles were discouraging. As an alternative, injection and transport of the e-beams through an un-ionized gas and focused by a current carrying cylindrical wire-array were simulated and found to be promising.
BIOSENSORS IN CHEMICAL SEPARATIONS

Identification of biomolecules in complex biological mixtures represents a major challenge in biomedical, environmental, and chemical research today. Chemical separations with traditional detection schemes such as absorption, fluorescence, refractive index, conductivity, and electrochemistry have been the standards for definitive identifications of many compounds. In many instances, however, the complexity of the biomixture exceeds the resolution capability of chemical separations. Biosensors based on molecular recognition can dramatically improve the selectivity of and provide biologically relevant information about the components. This review describes how coupling chemical separations with online biosensors solves challenging problems in sample analysis by identifying components that would not normally be detectable by either technique alone. This review also presents examples and principles of combining chemical separations with biosensor detection that uses living systems, whole cells, membrane receptors, enzymes, and immunosensors.
Additive Theories of Rationality: A Critique

Additive theories of rationality, as I use the term, are theories that hold that an account of our capacity to reflect on perceptually-given reasons for belief and desire-based reasons for action can begin with an account of what it is to perceive and desire, in terms that do not presuppose any connection to the capacity to reflect on reasons, and then can add an account of the capacity for rational reflection, conceived as an independent capacity to ‘monitor’ and ‘regulate’ our believing-on-the-basis-of-perception and our acting-on-the-basis-of-desire. I show that a number of recent discussions of human rationality are committed to an additive approach, and I raise two difficulties for this approach, each analogous to a classic problem for Cartesian dualism. The interaction problem concerns how capacities conceived as intrinsically independent of the power of reason can interact with this power in what is intuitively the right way. The unity problem concerns how an additive theorist can explain a rational subject's entitlement to conceive of the animal whose perceptual and desiderative life he or she oversees as ‘I’ rather than ‘it’. I argue that these difficulties motivate a general skepticism about the additive approach, and I sketch an alternative, ‘transformative’ framework in which to think about the cognitive and practical capacities of a rational animal.
Network coordinated distributed demand management for optimal large-scale charging of PHEVs/PEVs

Designing efficient demand management policies for charging Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEVs) and Plug-in Electrical Vehicles (PEVs) is becoming a vital issue as increasing numbers of these vehicles are being introduced to the power grid. In order to avoid overloads and satisfy customer preferences in terms of the time and cost of charging, a distribution-level charging algorithm can be formulated to solve a constrained optimization problem. In this paper, we have developed a novel network distributed algorithm for optimal charging of PHEVs/PEVs within a consensus algorithm framework. In our design, the global optimal power allocation under all local and global constraints is reached by peer-to-peer coordination of charging stations. Therefore, the need for a central control unit is eliminated. In this way, the single node congestion is avoided when the size of the problem is increased, and the system gains robustness against single link/node failures.
Progress toward a multi-basin calibration for quantifying deep sea calcite preservation in the tropical/subtropical world ocean

article i nfo The development of a quantitative and multi-basin deep sea calcite preservation proxy is important for a better understanding of the marine carbonate system, both in modern sediments and in down core work. We present CaCO3 preservation data from 89 core top samples in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We observe that the Globorotalia menardii Fragmentation Index (MFI) has potential to trace deep sea CaCO3 dissolution quantitatively across the tropical/subtropical world ocean. This is evident in the robust relationship between MFI and bottom water calcite under-saturation in six depth transects with markedly different bottom water CO3 2� saturation states. We also found a strong relationship between MFI and modeled estimates of percent CaCO3 dissolved at our core top locations. Corroboration for MFI's dissolution trend in the subtropics comes from the concurrent drop in size-normalized shell weight of Globorotalia truncatulinoides specimens with increasing CO3 2�
Rigorous control conditions diminish treatment effects in weight loss-randomized controlled trials.

Rigorous control conditions diminish treatment effects in weight loss-randomized controlled trials