cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporally and spatially resolved measurements of fuel mole fraction in a turbulent co diffusion flame

Local time-series measurements of carbon monoxide mole fraction have been made in aturbulent CO diffusion flame. Two types of intrusive miniature optical probes, combined with tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, have been employed to give temporal resolution of approximately .5 ms and spatial resolution of .5 to 2 cm. One probe guides laser light to an absorption path of varying length located in the flame. The second probe is a sampling probe in which gases extracted from the flame are analyzed in an in-line absorption cell. Measurements have been made at several axial and radial locations downstream of the fuel nozzle, in both flame gases and a cold jet of CO, each with Reynolds number of 1.2×104. The data have been analyzed to provide statistical quantities, including probability density functions, and spectral information in the form of power spectra and autocorrelations. These results demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the two probe techniques and allow useful comparisons between the cold and combusting flows.
Measurement of heart and breathing signals of human subjects through barriers with microwave life-detection systems

Two life-detection systems using electromagnetic waves, at X-band (10 GHz) and L-band (2 GHz), have been constructed to detect the breathing and heart signals of human subjects who are located behind barriers. The X-band system can penetrate a brick wall of up to about 1.5 ft, and the L-band system can detect the breathing and heart signals of a human subject buried under a pile of dry rubble up to 3-ft thick. >
The effect of polymer host on volume phase holographic recording properties

We have studied the effect of unsaturated-polyester and epoxy hosts on the volume phase holographic recording properties of media using camphorquinone and 2, 3-pentanedione as guests. The sensitivity, determined by holographic diffraction efficiency on exposure to an Ar+ laser, was used as a probe for the chemical behavior of the medium. Intramolecular, photochemical reactions involving 2, 3-pentanedione in the epoxy hosts are less effective than in the polyesters. For inter-molecular reactions initiated by photoexcited camphorquinone, media having polyester hosts are again more sensitive. The availability in unsaturated-polyester hosts of residual monomer for free-radical addition reactions is a determining factor in the recording mechanism.
The Synergistic Effect of Tool Geometry and Hard Turning vs. Grinding Processes on 3D Surface Micro Topography

Surface topography induced by precision machining is critical for component performance. This paper is to study the synergistic effects of work materials, machining processes, and tool geometry on the geometrical surface quality. Four representative surface topographies of turned and ground surfaces were prepared at “extreme” machining conditions (gentle and abusive) and compared in terms of 3-dimensional (3D) surface features of amplitude, area and volume, spatial, and hybrid parameters. The 3D surface topography maps revealed the anisotropic and repeatable nature of a turned surface which was in sharp contrast with the random and isotropic nature of a ground surface. In general, a gentle turned surface has higher values of amplitude parameters (arithmetic mean, root mean square, maximum height of summits, maximum depth of valleys, and ten-point height) than an abusively turned surface, whereas the opposite was true for the ground counterparts. Only the gentle ground surface has a negative skewness which means that the topography distribution is more biased towards the valley side. The larger kurtosis value of the abusively ground surface implies a more peaked surface topography. The gentle ground and abusively turned surfaces have a much larger bearing area ratio and therefore better bearing capacity than the gentle turned and abusively ground ones. The abusively ground surface has higher fluid retainability than other surfaces in terms of mean void volume.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cultural Transmission and Contraceptive Use – Evidence from US-Mexico Migration

We estimate the impacts of international migration on contraceptive choice of women in Mexico. We find that women belonging to migrant families and having past migration experience have higher propensity to use modern contraceptives. For instance, migrant family women are 75% more likely to use contraceptive pills and 36% more likely to use condoms with their partners than their non-migrant counterparts. We obtain these effects after controlling for traditional economic variables such as income and access. To establish a causal effect, we use historic municipality level migration and return migration as instruments for the current decision to migrate, correcting for the potential self-selection involved in international migration. We argue that these results are robust to different specifications and estimation strategies and are not driven by individual or spatial omitted variables.
Sound velocity measurements on laser-heated MgO and Al2O3

Abstract Brillouin spectroscopy, in conjunction with CO2 laser-heating, was employed to measure sound velocities at high temperatures on single crystals of MgO and Al2O3. The acoustic velocities of MgO were measured to a temperature exceeding 2500 (1 0 0) K, the highest temperature at which the Brillouin scattering measurements have been carried out. The temperature of MgO was inferred on the basis of independent sound velocity measurements using a resistance heater. The thermal background in the Brillouin spectra remained negligible to 1900 K and became problematic only at temperatures exceeding 2300 K. Both Brillouin and Raman measurements were performed on CO2 laser-heated samples of single-crystal α-Al2O3 to temperatures exceeding 2000 (1 0 0) K. The temperature dependence of the Raman shift was used to estimate the sample temperature. Our high-temperature velocity measurements in different crystallographic directions are in agreement with previous high-temperature elasticity measurements by resonance techniques. This demonstrates the usefulness of Raman scattering to characterize moderate temperatures (where the intensity of thermal radiation is low). Our results show that Brillouin scattering coupled with CO2 laser-heating is a viable means of performing sound velocity measurements at temperatures significantly higher than those readily made using resistance heating.
The compensation of national union presidents: Moderating effects of union size

Over the last forty years numerous reseachers from the fields of economics, finance, and human resources management have proposed and empirically evaluated a number of models in efforts to identify determinants of executive compensation. Recently, similar research efforts have been undertaken to identify compensation determinants for union officers, both at the local and national levels. As an extension of these works, this study found measures of union financial strength, job complexity, performance and tenure in office to be directly related to national union presidents’ compensation. Although union income and relative union member earnings were the strongest determinants of officer compensation for the sample of unions as a whole, analyses of three subgroups of unions based on size revealed very different findings for large as opposed to small and medium-sized unions.
Micro-tailoring micro- and nano-composites: towards variable orthotropy for bio-mimicking materials

This paper promotes the general paradigm that a composite’s internal structure can be micro-tailored to achieve a multifunctional physical response through the use of the Field Aided Micro Tailoring (FAiMTa) technique. The FAiMTa technique relies on curing a polymer composite while in its liquid state in the presence of an electric field. The particles within the composite align themselves in the direction of the electric field and create an orthotropic composite structure. This technology can lead to composite materials having a micro-tailored structure mimicking biological systems. As an initial step towards this goal, uniformly orthotropic composites, which are prepared by the FAiMTa technique, are mechanically characterized. Two epoxy based systems are considered: a composite having micro-sized graphite particles whereas the other has micro-sized aluminum particles. Mechanical tests show the change of material properties according to direction of the particle alignment within the composite. Optical microscopy also confirms the created orthotropic microstructure. The next step in development of FAiMTa technique is the reduction of stress concentration near a geometric discontinuity by properly orienting particulate structures within the composite. Our on-going efforts toward optimization of the composites are briefly outlined.
Social Support and Functioning of Nuclear Families Headed by Lesbian Couples

Changes in social and sexual mores in the latter part of the 20th century have become apparent in the diverse families who live openly in communities throughout the United States. Among these diverse family systems is the nuclear family that is headed by a lesbian couple. The findings of predominantly qualitative research studies on the social support and functioning of this increasingly visible family form have identified the needs of these nontraditional nuclear families. This article presents an overview of the empirical findings about nuclear families that are headed by lesbian couples. Moreover, it discusses the implications of the findings for empowering interventions with, and social work advocacy for, lesbian mothers, co-mothers,and their children.
Apollo 12 Magnetometer: Measurement of a Steady Magnetic Field on the Surface of the Moon

The Apollo 12 magnetometer has measured a steady magnetic field of 36 ± 5 gammas on the lunar surface. Surface gradient measurements and data from a lunar orbiting satellite indicate that this steady field is localized rather than global in its extent. These data suggest that the source is a large, magnetized body which acquired a field during an epoch in which the inducing field was much stronger than any that presently exists at the moon.
Determinants of drug delivery and transport to solid tumors.

This presentation addresses the barriers and determinants and the importance of drug-induced apoptosis in drug transport and delivery to organs and solid tumors. In particular, we examined the roles of interstitial space, drug removal by capillaries, tissue structure and tissue composition on drug distribution. Drug transport in bladder tissues is described by the distributed model which combined monodimensional Fickian diffusion and first order removal of drug by the perfusing blood. Microscopic evaluation of the spatial drug distribution in bladder, prostate and tongue indicates heterogeneous drug distribution with large and erratic concentration gradient. In general, drug distribution favors interstitial space and vasculature, with little penetration in muscles. Drug penetration into 3-dimensional solid tumors is typically 5- to 10-fold slower than in monolayer cultures. The transport of highly protein-bound drugs such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin in a solid tumor is retarded by a high tumor cell density and enhanced by drug-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, the delivery of a highly protein-bound drug to cells in a solid tumor is affected by its apoptotic effects and is therefore determined by the drug concentration and the treatment duration, i.e. treatment schedule. Under in vitro and in vivo conditions, the delivery of highly protein-bound drugs to tumor can be enhanced by using a pretreatment that induces apoptosis and reduction in cell density, and by using treatment schedules designed to take advantage of these drug-induced changes in tumor tissue composition. In conclusion, in addition to the usual processes involved in drug transport such as distribution through vascular space, transport across microvessel walls, and diffusion through interstitial space in tumor tissue, other factors including tissue structure and composition and alteration by drug-induced apoptosis are important determinants of drug distribution in organs and solid tumors.
Pharmacy without borders

Even though I was at The Ohio State University (OSU) for 35 years, new beginnings are not really new for me. Some of you have heard me say, “The illusion of motion can be created two ways: by moving the object or moving the background.” At OSU, I held at least seven different positions, each of
Vertical nystagmus in infants with congenital ocular abnormalities

In a series of 131 patients with congenital nystagmus, nine patients initially presented with vertical nystagmus associated with congenital ocular abnormalities. Four patients initially presented with upbeating nystagmus. All four of these patients had Leber's amaurosis. The upbeating nystagmus became horizontally directed in three of the four patients prior to one year of age. The other patient is now eight years old and upbeating nystagmus persists. CT scanning reveals cerebellar vermis hypoplasia in this patient. Five patients with albinism in this series presented initially with seesaw nystagmus. In two cases this resolved to one year of age, but in the other three cases, it is still intermittently seen in children ranging in age from two and a half to five years old. Vertically directed nystagmus may be associated with some ocular abnormalities in infancy and is not always a sign of isolated neurologic disorders.
Differentiating value orientations and unity in values as predictors of varying family business system processes

Abstract This study evaluates a human ecology conceptual framework for family businesses where the value orientations within the family business system are considered a distinct construct from unity in values. This study uses the 2007 American Family Business Survey to differentiate values from unity. Findings from this study support this human ecology differentiation and results include a lack of relationship between unity and values, and the disproportionate role of unity in the creation and maintenance of formal processes, whereas values, and specifically “family-first” businesses tend to preference the creation of family councils. Implications include relevance for future investigative studies focused on the role of family involvement, and practical implication for the creation and maintenance of formal processes such as family councils.
Exploring perceptions of online infidelity

This study examines the similarities, differences, and potential linkages between perceptions of online infidelity and traditional infidelity using a sample of 123 individuals in committed relationships. Respondents nominated both sexually and emotionally based behaviors as unfaithful and expressed greater distress in response to hypothetical emotional, as compared to sexual, online infidelity. Unlike traditional infidelity, men generally were not more upset by sexual online infidelity than were women. Both men and women believed that emotional and sexual online infidelities were likely to co-occur. A face-to-face meeting was perceived to be more likely following emotional, as compared to sexual, online infidelity and men were viewed as more likely than women to engage in sexual intercourse, given a face-to-face meeting with the online contact.
A synthesis of 2-aryl-3-hydroxybenzothiophenes and analogs by the base promoted cyclization of N-phenyl-2-(benzylthio)benzamides

Abstract A new methodology is described for the synthesis of 3-hydroxybenzothiophenes, 3-hydroxypyridothiophenes, and the corresponding selenophene analogs by the base promoted cyclization of corresponding 2-(benzylthio)arenecarboxanilides. The starting materials are readily prepared using directed metalation of the corresponding arenecarboxanilides.
Cost Effectiveness of Regulation-Compliant Filtration To Control Sediment and Metal Pollution in Urban Runoff

The implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) to control urban runoff presents major structural and managerial challenges for cities. We developed a decision support system (DSS) for TMDL compliance at the city level to solve for a phased, least-cost strategy toward meeting four TMDLs using stormwater filtration. Based on a case-study city, we modeled wet weather flows and associated discharge of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS), cadmium, copper, and zinc to receiving waters by coupling U.S. EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM v. 5.0) with the geographic dataset of the urban drainage network. We linked a mixed integer linear programming algorithm to the watershed model for deriving cost-effective selection and placement of curb inlet filters to meet mass- and concentration-based TMDL requirements. The least cost solution for meeting the city's TMDL waste load allocations for TSS (73.9% reduction), Cd (50.6% reduction), Cu (30.0% reduction), and Zn (55.7% reduction) would require 1071 filter inserts at a cost of $1.7 million. In contrast, random placement of 1071 filters or uniform placement of 1266 filters is effective only for TSS and would cost $4.0 million and $4.8 million, respectively. Our results demonstrate the increases in cost-effectiveness of using an optimization-based DSS for urban watershed management.
Hemodynamic Studies of Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Cardiac output, venous and arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance and blood volume were measured in patients with acute myocardial infarction, with and without shock, and on recovery, and in patients without heart disease. Cardiac output falls to below normal after myocardial infarction, and rises significantly, though not always to normal, on recovery. Cardiac output was very low when myocardial infarction was complicated by shock. Fall of cardiac output to very low levels following myocardial infarction does not necessarily lead to development of shock. Venous pressure tended to be elevated in patients in shock as a result of myocardial infarction. Cardiac output was subnormal in patients with arteriosclerosis but without clinical heart disease: this was not attributable to reduced body oxygen consumption.
Global Context, National Interdependencies, and the Ecological Footprint: A Structural Equation Analysis

This paper develops a theoretical integration and estimates an associated structural equation model of the ecological footprints of nations. The ecological footprint is an approximation of environm...
Hatchetfishes Hold Horizontal Attitudes During Diagonal Descents

Based on analysis of videotape records, species of the genus Argyropelecus are capable of swimming diagonally downwards at considerable speeds without altering their body postures. Morphological evidence strongly suggests that they are able to swim diagonally upwards in a similar way. Their distinctive hatchetlike profile presents a streamlined airfoil in both diagonal and horizontal movements, even though the body is not tilted. Modifications of the caudal musculature probably enable all hatchetfishes (including members of the other two genera, Polyipnus and Sternoptyx) to use the tail for propulsion for both diagonal and horizontal movements. The dorsal fin probably aids in diagonally downward movements and the pelvic and anal fins in diagonally upward movements, whilst the pectoral fins serve as stabilizers for these movements, and as an axis of rotation for striking at prey. The seemingly ungainly shape of the hatchetfish is the result of achieving a streamlined, fish-like shape for horizontal and diagonal movements without tilting of the body, presumably in order to maintain an effective camouflage in midwater.
Werbewirkung durch Imagery-Processing

Die Frage, warum bestimmte Informationen oder Werbemittel mehr und andere weniger Uberzeugungskraft aufweisen, beschaftigt die Marketingforschung und verwandte Gebiete schon seit geraumer Zeit. Eine dieser Thematik zuzuordnende Forschungsrichtung, die in den letzten zwanzig Jahren eine Forschungstradition entwickelte, ist die Imagery-Forschung. Autoren, die sich dieser Forschungsrichtung zuwenden, erklaren die Wirkung von Informationen damit, dass die Elemente in dieser Information Gedachtnisinhalte oder Imaginationen (Fantasien bzw. Vorstellungen) bei den Rezipienten auslosen, die ihrerseits die Bewertung des relevanten Meinungs- oder Werbeobjekts beeinflussen. In diesem Beitrag wird zunachst dargestellt, welche Hypothesen im Mittelpunkt der neueren Imagery-Forschung stehen. Der Nutzen dieser Uberlegungen besteht zum Beispiel fur die Werbepraxis darin, dass konkrete Hinweise fur die Werbegestaltung gegeben werden. Anschliesend wird der Stand der empirischen Forschung zu diesen Hypothesen vorgestellt. Hier zeigt sich, dass die empirischen Erkenntnisse hinter dem Stand der theoretischen Forschung zuruckgeblieben sind. Am Ende dieser Abhandlung werden Vorschlage unterbreitet, wie die theoretischen Uberlegungen einer weitergehenden Analyse unterzogen werden konnen.
Is Tube Feeding an Option in Patients With Liver Disease

Tube feeding in patients with liver disease is often approached with trepidation because of fears of bleeding with tube placement due to the presence of esophageal varices or coagulopathy. However, the amount of published data supporting these fears is limited. This manuscript examines the issues surrounding tube feedings in patients with liver disease.
Probabilistic Procedure for Analyzing Construction Pay Adjustment Systems

Statistical quality assurance specifications containing pay adjustment provisions for quality let the contractor decide what levels of quality to target during construction. A procedure and accompanying computer program have been developed to address the optimization of target quality levels. This dual-purpose procedure will help contractors intelligently set target quality levels and help highway agencies validate their quality assurance specifications and pay adjustment provisions. By using the proposed procedure, a contractor can answer the question, "What target quality levels will lead to maximum profit in my specific situation?" The informal procedure contractors currently use does not consider probability and risk. Also, by following the same proposed procedure by using its own data, an agency can answer the question, "What quality levels are the specifications forcing our contractors to deliver?" This important question must be properly answered for the agency to determine the impact of its pay ad...
The environment versus genetics in controlling the contribution of MAP kinases to synaptic plasticity.

Summary Background A challenge in biomedical research is to design experimental paradigms that reflect a natural setting. Even when freshly isolated tissues are used, they are almost always derived from animals housed in cages that poorly reflect the animal's native environment. This issue is highlighted by studies on brain function, where mice housed in a more natural "enriched environment" display enhanced learning and memory and delayed onset of symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases compared to mice housed conventionally. How the environment mediates its effects on brain function is poorly understood. Results We show that after exposure of adolescent mice to an "enriched environment," the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity that is thought to contribute to learning and memory, involves a novel signal transduction pathway that is nonfunctional in comparable mice housed conventionally. This environmentally gated signaling pathway, which rescues defective LTP induction in adolescent Ras-GRF knockout mice, consists of NMDA glutamate receptor activation of p38, a MAP kinase that does not contribute to LTP in mice housed conventionally. Interestingly, the same exposure to environmental enrichment does not have this effect in adult mice. Conclusions This study reveals a new level of cell signaling control whereby environmental factors gate the efficacy of a specific signaling cascade to control how LTP is induced in adolescent animals. The suppression of this gating mechanism in mature animals represents a new form of age-dependent decline in brain plasticity.
Sibs with Acrocephalopolydactylous Dysplasia (Elejalde Syndrome) in a Non-Consanguineous Family

Acrocephalopolydactylous dysplasia, (Elejalde syndrome) is a rare condition; only six cases have been reported to date. We describe two infants born with Elejalde syndrome (ES); compare the clinical, pathological, and histological findings with those of known cases of Elejalde syndrome. The post-mortem histology study of the skin shows hyperplasia of connective tissues, a diagnostic sign in this condition. We describe cardiomegaly, cleft palate, and cryptorchidism not reported previously.
Turbulent Junction Vortex with Upstream Ribbed Surface

Results of the experimental investigations of the effect s upstream flat plate ribbed surface on turbulent junction flow and downstream wake are presente d. The junction flow was developed using a NACA 0012 airfoil mounted normal to a flat plate downstream of its leading edge. The experiments were carried out at four control planes of 50%, 100%, 133%, and 166% of the chord length. Results show that the rible ts displace the location of the horseshoe vortex away from the corner and toward the flat plate edge and reduce its strength. There are significant re ductions in mean streamwise circulation downstream at 133% and 166% planes.
New IOC initiatives in global ocean programs

The United States, led by its Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) representative Anthony J. Calio, is moving ahead on a number of activities sponsored by IOC, which is a specialized agency of the United Nations, affiliated with the U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), with 114 member states. At the recent IOC Assembly in Paris, a number of discussions focused on the role of the commission in support of studies on global change being planned by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The concept of global environmental change calls for the interdisciplinary study of the earth as a systematic whole, with participation of scientific institutions, national and international agencies, and scientists and technicians from both the advanced and the developing countries in all parts of the world. With the active involvement of the United States and other member states, the IOC could, as the U.N. lead agency for ocean sciences and services, significantly contribute to those ocean-related aspects of global change studies that require support from governments.
Simulation of triaxial induction measurements in dipping, invaded, and anisotropic formations using a Fourier series expansion in a nonorthogonal system of coordinates and a self-adaptive hp finite-element method

Borehole triaxial induction instruments were designed to diagnose and measure rock electrical conductivity parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane. Experience has shown that the interpretation of triaxial induction measurements often requires numerical modeling for a proper diagnosis of rock electrical conductivity anisotropy in the presence of geometric effects such as dipping wells, layer boundaries, and invasion. We introduce a new algorithm to simulate triaxial induction measurements that combines a Fourier series expansion in a nonorthogonal system of coordinates with a 2D goal-oriented, self-adaptive, high-order hp finite-element method. This procedure enables the accurate and reliable simulation of triaxial induction measurements across reservoir rock formations with extreme contrasts of electrical conductivity while reducing the 3D computational complexity associated with deviated wells. Numerical results indicate that borehole dip effects on triaxial induction measurements are larger than...
Towards parallel I/O in finite element simulations

I/O issues in finite element analysis on parallel processors are addressed. Viable solutions for both local and shared memory multiprocessors are presented. The approach is simple but limited by currently available hardware and software systems. Implementation is carried out on a CRAY-2 system. Performance results are reported.
The Masks of Identities: Who's Who? Delusional Misidentification Syndromes

Delusional misidentification syndromes (DMSs) are complex psychotic phenomena that may be present in a variety of ways within the context of several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Since the first case of Capgras syndrome was described in 1923, various other syndromes have been identified, including Fregoli syndrome, intermetamorphosis, subjective doubles, reduplicative paramnesia, mirrored self, delusional companions, and clonal pluralization of the self. In this article, we review each of the different syndromes in definition and presentation, as well as the field's attempts at classifying them. We then describe their role in forensic psychiatry, particularly in regard to their potential as a marker of a particular subpopulation or of illness severity and their consideration in risk assessments of violence. A review of the literature was conducted for this purpose, and, although it was extended to include publications from over four decades, it revealed a paucity of research on DMSs.
Wideband efficiency improvement of fiber optic systems by carrier subtraction

Carrier subtraction from a weakly modulated optical signal is proposed, analyzed, and demonstrated to improve fiber-optic system efficiency. For constant photodetector current, an amount of carrier suppression results in an equal amount of RF gain. Improvement of 9-13 dB in link loss from 1 to 25 GHz is measured using a Fabry-Perot filter operating in the reflection mode. Measured induced harmonic distortion agrees with predicted values. >
Vocabulary mining for information retrieval: rough sets and fuzzy sets

Abstract Vocabulary mining in information retrieval refers to the utilization of the domain vocabulary towards improving the user’s query. Most often queries posed to information retrieval systems are not optimal for retrieval purposes. Vocabulary mining allows one to generalize, specialize or perform other kinds of vocabulary-based transformations on the query in order to improve retrieval performance. This paper investigates a new framework for vocabulary mining that derives from the combination of rough sets and fuzzy sets. The framework allows one to use rough set-based approximations even when the documents and queries are described using weighted, i.e., fuzzy representations. The paper also explores the application of generalized rough sets and the variable precision models. The problem of coordination between multiple vocabulary views is also examined. Finally, a preliminary analysis of issues that arise when applying the proposed vocabulary mining framework to the Unified Medical Language System (a state-of-the-art vocabulary system) is presented. The proposed framework supports the systematic study and application of different vocabulary views in information retrieval.
Full-Thickness Lamellar Keratoplasty: A Histologic Study in Human Eyes

Four human eyes, obtained 38 days to 5 years after full-thickness lamellar keratoplasty, were studied by light microscopy for evidence of fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation between the donor Descemet's membrane and the recipient stromal bed. There was delayed healing in the membrane to stroma interface, but at the graft margins a relatively normal stroma-to-stroma healing response was evident. Even in the five-year specimen, bridging of recipient collagen to donor Descemet's membrane was noted only where it was associated with subgraft vascularization. All donor endothelium had disappeared. These studies indicate that in human eyes, retention of Descemet's membrane results in a weaker total graft-host bond than provided by conventional lamellar keratoplasty. In addition, this altered healing may predispose to pseudoanterior chambers that may decrease visual acuity and diminish the theoretical optical advantages of a smooth Descemet's membrane in the graft host interface.
Natural Social Contracts

There are two fundamental problems for instituting a social contract. The first is cooperating to produce a surplus; the second is deciding how to divide this surplus. I represent each problem by a simple paradigm game, a Stag Hunt game for cooperating to produce a surplus, and a bargaining game for its division. I will discuss these simple games in isolation, and end by discussing their composition.
Rate-sensitive contractile responses of lymphatic vessels to circumferential stretch.

Phasic contractile activity in rat portal vein is more sensitive to the rate of change in length than to absolute length and this response is widely assumed to be a general characteristic of myogenic behaviour for vascular smooth muscle. Previously, we found that rat lymphatic vessels exhibit phasic contractile behaviour similar to that of portal vein. In the present study, we hypothesized that lymphatic muscle would exhibit rate-sensitive contractile responses to stretch. The hypothesis was tested on rat mesenteric lymphatics (90–220 μm, i.d.) using servo-controlled wire- and pressure-myograph systems to enable ramp increases in force or pressure at different rates. Under isometric conditions in wire-myograph preparations, both the amplitude and the frequency of phasic activity were enhanced at more optimal preloads, but superimposed upon this effect were bursts of contractions that occurred only during fast preload ramps. In such cases, the ratio of contraction frequency during the ramp to that at the subsequent plateau (at optimal preload) was > 1. Further, the frequency ratio increased as a function of the preload ramp speed, consistent with a rate-sensitive mechanism. In contrast, the amplitude ratio was < 1 and declined further with higher ramp speeds. Downward preload ramps produced corresponding rate-sensitive inhibition of contraction frequency but not amplitude. Similar findings were obtained in pressurized lymphatics in response to pressure ramps and steps. Our results suggest that lymphatics are sensitive to the rate of change in preload/pressure in a way that is different from portal vein, possibly because the pacemaker for generating electrical activity is rate sensitive but lymphatic muscle is not. The behaviour may be widely present in collecting lymphatic vessels and is probably an important mechanism for rapid adaptation of the lymphatic pump to local vascular occlusion.
Deficient prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia detected by the multi-site COGS

Background Startle inhibition by weak prepulses (PPI) is studied to understand the biology of information processing in schizophrenia patients and healthy comparison subjects (HCS). The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) identified associations between PPI and single nucleotide polymorphisms in schizophrenia probands and unaffected relatives, and linkage analyses extended evidence for the genetics of PPI deficits in schizophrenia in the COGS-1 family study. These findings are being extended in a 5-site “COGS-2” study of 1800 patients and 1200 unrelated HCS to facilitate genetic analyses. We describe a planned interim analysis of COGS-2 PPI data.
Ballistic transport in semiconductors

The ballistic transport approximation in semiconductors is considered, in light of recent calculations which show that the accuracy of this approximation is improved when the mass appropriate to this effect is enhanced over the normal effective mass. We show that this enhancement is a consequence of the presence of scattering even on the very short time scale.
Laundering Cotton Fabric Part I: Effects of Detergent Type and Water Temperature on Soil Removal

In six university laboratories, white cotton fabric was repeatedly soiled with a synthetic sebum and clay and laundered in home-type equipment. Two built nonionic detergents were used at 70° and 140°F.After 24 treatments, evidence of a buildup of soil on all samples was obtained from the increase in extracted oil and ash content, the decrease in Rd values and the increase in "b" values. The mean percentages of total soil removed varied among the laboratories. Clay soil was removed more readily than oily soil. More soil was removed by laundering at 140° than at 70°F. The regular detergent had better detersive action than the cold-water detergent. Water temperature was more important than detergent type in soil removal. Redeposition of soil onto unsoiled laundered fabrics was negligible.Extraction and ashing gave a better indication of total residual soil than reflectance measurement.Use of novial filter during reflectance measurement indicated the effectiveness of optical brighteners in whitening fabrics.
Writing for Nonlawyers

When writing for nonlawyers, some of us maintain a misguided sense of professionalism, which can lead to an unnecessarily formal writing style that ignores audience needs.
Kin Discrimination in Protists: From Many Cells to Single Cells and Backwards.

During four decades (1960-1990s), the conceptualization and experimental design of studies in kin recognition relied on work with multicellular eukaryotes, particularly Unikonta (including invertebrates and vertebrates) and some Bikonta (including plants). This pioneering research had an animal behavior approach. During the 2000s, work on taxa-, clone- and kin-discrimination and recognition in protists produced genetic and molecular evidence that unicellular organisms (e.g. Saccharomyces, Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium, Tetrahymena, Entamoeba and Plasmodium) could distinguish between same (self or clone) and different (diverse clones), as well as among conspecifics of close or distant genetic relatedness. Here, we discuss some of the research on the genetics of kin discrimination/recognition and highlight the scientific progress made by switching emphasis from investigating multicellular to unicellular systems (and backwards). We document how studies with protists are helping us to understand the microscopic, cellular origins and evolution of the mechanisms of kin discrimination/recognition and their significance for the advent of multicellularity. We emphasize that because protists are among the most ancient organisms on Earth, belong to multiple taxonomic groups and occupy all environments, they can be central to reexamining traditional hypotheses in the field of kin recognition, reformulating concepts, and generating new knowledge.
The marine environment and ballast water management law

This article contains a study of international and national measures dealing with the potential threat of pollution and the introduction of alien species that may come from the discharge of improperly treated ballast water. Ballast water management policy, law and coastal biosecurity strategies are considered. There are challenges to achieving the ideals of ballast water laws, as correctly pointed out by President Denholm of the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), such as the cost of achieving these measures in today9s economic climate; however, this article emphasizes the long-term effects of ignoring proper ballast water management. This article encourages a sustained commitment to strategies aimed at dealing with pollution and the harm that may be caused by marine invasive species that often find their way around the world as a result of ballast water discharges. With the imminent implementation of international law on ballast water and a federal court of appeals in the United States ordering the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to rewrite a portion of its ballast water dumping rules, ballast water policy justly deserves unrelenting global attention.
Development and evaluation of a rolling horizon purchasing policy for cores

A number of companies utilise end-of-use products (i.e. cores) for remanufacturing or recycling. An adequate supply of cores is needed for such activities. Establishing a purchasing policy for cores, over a finite planning horizon, requires multi-step ahead forecasts. Such forecasts are complicated by the fact that the number of cores in any future period depends upon previous sales and recent returns of the product. Distributed lag models have been used to capture this dependency for single-period ahead forecasts. We develop an approach to use distributed lag models to make multi-period ahead forecasts of net demand (i.e. demand minus returns), and investigate the cost implications, at a prescribed service level, of using such forecasts to purchase cores on a rolling horizon basis. Our results indicate that the effects of errors in the sales forecasts are negligible if sales follow an autoregressive pattern but are substantial when sales are more random. Dynamic estimation of the parameters in a rolling ...
From nonfinite to finite 1D arrays of origami tiles.

ConspectusDNA based nanotechnology provides a basis for high-resolution fabrication of objects almost without physical size limitations. However, the pathway to large-scale production of large objects is currently unclear. Operationally, one method forward is to use high information content, large building blocks, which can be generated with high yield and reproducibility. Although flat DNA origami naturally invites comparison to pixels in zero, one, and two dimensions and voxels in three dimensions and has provided an excellent mechanism for generating blocks of significant size and complexity and a multitude of shapes, the field is young enough that a single “brick” has not become the standard platform used by the majority of researchers in the field.In this Account, we highlight factors we considered that led to our adoption of a cross-shaped, non-space-filling origami species, designed by Dr. Liu of the Seeman laboratory, as the building block ideal for use in the fabrication of finite one-dimensional...
Cytology and Developmental Morphology of Kernkampella Breyniae-Patentis and Ravenelia Hobsoni

SUMMARY Cytological work on Kernkampella breyniae-patentis and Ravenelia hobsoni was undertaken to find out the relationship between the two genera. It was found the two genera are not related. Development and formation of the teliospore heads, epipatella, germ pores of the teliospores, formation of the pendulous individual cystidial cells of K. breyniae-patentis and hygroscopic cells of R. hobsoni, development of urediospores, and nuclear morphology of K. breyniae-patentis and R. hobsoni are explained. A new genus, Kernkampella, was recently described based on two species of Ravenelia, R. breyniae-patentis and R. breyniae (Rajendren, 1970). The present paper explains the developmental morphology, cellular mechanics of the teliospore wall, germ pores, cystidia, urediospore development, pathogenicity and nuclear morphology of Kernkampella breyniae-patentis and Ravenelia hobsoni. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clinical and economic analysis of short-course versus standard-course antithymocyte globulin (rabbit) induction therapy in deceased-donor renal transplant recipients.

Purpose The immunosuppressive effects of and costs associated with short-course antithymocyte globulin rabbit (ATG [rabbit]) therapy versus standard-course ATG (rabbit) therapy in deceased-donor renal transplant recipients were evaluated. Methods The records of 84 consecutive patients who received a deceased-donor renal transplant at the Montefiore Einstein Center for Transplantation in 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Donor and recipient characteristics, including rates of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, serum creatinine (SCr) levels, and frequency of complications, and drug costs were collected. Patients were excluded if they had donor-specific antibodies identified before transplantation or hepatitis-C-positive serology or were under 18 years of age. Results A total of 60 patients were included in the study, with 28 receiving short-course ATG (rabbit) therapy and 32 receiving standard-course ATG (rabbit) therapy. Baseline patient demographic characteristics were similar between groups. Six months after transplantation, biopsy-confirmed acute rejection episodes did not significantly differ between the short-course ATG (rabbit) and standard-course ATG (rabbit) groups (17.8% versus 12.5%, respectively), nor did SCr concentrations (1.56 mg/dL versus 1.85 mg/dL). The frequency of therapy-related leukopenia was greater in patients receiving standard-course ATG (rabbit). Patients treated with short-course ATG (rabbit) received a total mean dose of 4.6 mg/kg, compared with 7.3 mg/kg for patients in the standard-course ATG (rabbit) group, resulting in a mean cost saving of $2548 per patient. Conclusion After six months, there were no significant differences in biopsy- confirmed acute rejection episodes or SCr levels between deceased-donor renal transplant recipients receiving short-course versus standard-course ATG (rabbit) induction therapy. The mean cost saving associated with short-course therapy was $2548 per patient.
Use of MIDAS individual vehicle records data to investigate driver following behaviour

Atkins was commissioned by the Highways Agency to investigate the impact on driver behaviour of three legends that have been proposed as potential alternatives to the current standard `Keep Your Distance' (KYD) message. The study has used an analysis method based on `Individual Vehicle Records' (IVR) from the MIDAS system. The headways were grouped into four categories (not following, normal following, close following and aggressive following) and multivariate linear regression was used to identify whether the messages had a statistically significant impact on the amount of close and aggressive following. The results showed that all the messages had a small but statistically significant impact on close following behaviour.
Reducing pharmacy wait time to promote customer service: A follow-up study

Purpose The present study had 3 objectives: (1) to evaluate the effects of 2 different interventions (feedback regarding customer satisfaction with wait time and combined feedback and goal setting) on wait time in a hospital outpatient pharmacy; (2) to assess the extent to which the previously applied interventions maintained their effects; and (3) to evaluate the differences between the effects of the original study and those of the present follow-up study. Subjects and methods Participants were 10 employees (4 pharmacists and 6 technicians) of an outpatient pharmacy. Wait times and customer satisfaction ratings were collected for "waiting customers." An ABCB within-subjects design was used to assess the effects of the interventions on both wait time and customer satisfaction, where A was the baseline (no feedback and no goal setting); B was the customer satisfaction feedback; and C was the customer satisfaction feedback, the wait time feedback, and the goal setting for wait time reduction. Results and conclusions Wait time decreased after baseline when the combined intervention was introduced, and wait time increased with the reintroduction of satisfaction feedback (alone). The results of the replication study confirm the pattern of the results of the original study and demonstrate high sensitivity of levels of customer satisfaction with wait time. The most impressive result of the replication is the nearly 2-year maintenance of lower wait time between the end of the original study and the beginning (baseline) of the replication.