cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to John Dewey's functional psychology

John Dewey's functionalism and instrumentalism arose from his defense of a teleological understanding of human activity and intelligence. E. B. Titchener's counterdefense of structuralism in the late 1890s placed Wundt's psychological methodology in opposition to functionalism. However, investigations that convincingly re-interpret Wundt instead permit the disclosure of much fundamental agreement. Examination of Dewey's earliest work shows that his commitment to teleology, with its attendant organicist and voluntarist orientation, arose from an early allegiance to G. S. Morris's Aristotelianized neo-Hegelianism and an inspirational debt to Wundt's psychology and philosophy. William James's influence on Dewey's development toward instrumentalism must be accordingly de-emphasized.
Gender and Local Party Leadership in America

ABSTRACT A growing body of literature suggests important gender differences in the leadership of political institutions. It seems clear, for instance, that female legislators, especially legislative leaders, approach their jobs differently than do their male colleagues–and that these differences have an impact on the policy process. The exploration of gender differences in party organizations, however, is underdeveloped. This study, based on a telephone survey of 805 local party leaders, suggests that many hypotheses regarding gender-based differences cannot be supported by the data. Yet, important distinctions emerge. Specifically, women party leaders are much more likely to be found on the West Coast, to be older and more ideological, to oversee smaller budgets, and to have a more “responsible” outlook than their male counterparts. This last point, that female party leaders are quite concerned about policy matters and the types of candidates party organizations should support, may have broad ramificatio...
An Elastic/Viscoplastic Finite Element Model for Predicting Polymerization Stresses in Light-Activated Dental Composites

The purpose of this paper is to apply a finite deformation, elastic/viscoplastic approach to predict curing stresses in three light-cured dental composites, using Perzyna’s theory. Time-dependent constitutive parameters were obtained from mercury dilatometry, dynamic mechanical analysis and constrained shrinkage strerss testing. The numerical approach was verified by using the results of an experiment on a simple aluminum tooth model of a cavity preparation that was bulk-filled with light-cured dental composite restorative materials. The numerically predicted strain patterns were similar to those seen experimentally for the three different dental composites.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The future of the short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments in the US: MiniBooNE and ORLaND

Following the potential oscillation signals from LSND, several short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments are currently in different development stages in the US. They are targeted at unambiguously confirming or dismissing these observations. The MiniBooNE experiment at FermiLab will focus on the vμ → ve appearance channel using a decay-in-flight vμ beam. The ORLaND experiment at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory will focus on the vμ → ve decay-at-rest channel, while being able to perform a wide variety of neutrino physics in parallel to the oscillation searches.
Science, Human Nature, and a New Paradigm for Ethics Education

For centuries, religion and philosophy have been the primary basis for efforts to guide humans to be more ethical. However, training in ethics and religion and imparting positive values and morality tests such as those emanating from the categorical imperative and the Golden Rule have not been enough to protect humankind from its bad behaviors. To improve ethics education educators must better understand aspects of human nature such as those that lead to “self-deception” and “personal bias.” Through rationalizations, faulty reasoning and hidden bias, individuals trick themselves into believing there is little wrong with their own unethical behavior. The application of science to human nature offers the possibility of improving ethics education through better self-knowledge. The author recommends a new paradigm for ethics education in contemporary modern society. This includes the creation of a new field called “applied evolutionary neuro-ethics” which integrates science and social sciences to improve ethics education. The paradigm can merge traditional thinking about ethics from religious and philosophical perspectives with new ideas from applied evolutionary neuro-ethics.
A Monte carlo simulated annealing approach to optimization over continuous variables

Abstract Numerical optimization methods based on thermodynamic concepts are extended to the case of continuous multidimensional parameter spaces. Techniques which allow this strategy to be implemented efficiently and reliably, including a self-regulatory mechanism for choosing the random step distribution, are described. The method is applied to a set of standard global minimization problems, and to a typical non-linear least-squares functional fitting problem.
Roles and links—or forward to cutter

Modifications and changes introduced by users since the introduction of the Uniterm System of Coordinate Indexing by Mortimer Taube in 1952 are discussed in this paper. Many of these modifications and changes seem to represent a movement toward conventional specific subject heading and indexing techniques in the choice of entries, although this is obscured by the terminology. The authors suggest that conventional terminology be used where it is applicable, that the literature has largely concerned the method of choice of subject entry words rather than the principle of bibliographic coordination, and that users of the system might have profited by more direct comparison of their work with conventional techniques derived from Cutter's work of 1876.
Use of a multiple family group for crisis intervention

This paper describes the ultilization of a multiple family group as a novel crisis intervention technique for the families of hospitalized burn patients following a tank car explosion. The technique combined a multiple family group with an information group model using a multidisciplinary team of liaison psychiatrist, chaplain, social worker, and psychiatric nurse consultant. A brief dicussion of the theoretical model and literature is included, as well as an assessment of the group process, the perspective of the different disciplines involved, and a follow-up report.
Two approaches to the field experience and the effects on attitudes of preservice teachers towards inclusion

Abstract Preservice teachers must be prepared to successfully include students with disabilities in their general education classrooms. This preparation calls for a restructuring of teacher education to develop coursework that examines not only the characteristics of the exceptional learner, but immerses students in experiences that create the positive attitudes integral to this goal. This study describes two approaches to the field experience component of a course in exceptionalities for elementary education majors, one involving young children and the other involving adults (aged 18–21) with moderate to severe mental and/or physical disabilities. In general, while the experiences did not differentially effect change in attitude as measured on self‐report surveys, both were successful in positively changing some of the attitudes of preservice teachers toward students with disabilities and toward inclusion.
Microbial Interactions during Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus often colonize the nasopharynx. Children are susceptible to bacterial infections during or soon after upper respiratory tract infection (URI). We describe colonization with these 4 bacteria species alone or in combination during URI. Data were from a prospective cohort of healthy children 6 to 36 months of age followed up for 1 year. Analyses of 968 swabs from 212 children indicated that S. pneumoniae colonization is negatively associated with colonization by H. influenzae. Competitive interactions shifted when H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis colonized together. In this situation, the likelihood of colonization with all 3 species is higher. Negative associations were identified between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus and between H. influenzae and S. aureus. Polymicrobial interactions differed by number and species of bacteria present. Antimicrobial therapy and vaccination strategies targeting specific bacterial species may alter the flora in unforeseen ways.
Design of a Propane Ammoxidation Catalyst Using Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and genetic algorithms (GAs) are applied to the optimal design of a catalyst for propane ammoxidation. The mole percentages of six components of a catalyst (P, K, Cr, Mo, Al2O3/SiO2, and VSb5WSn) are used as inputs, and the activity and the acrylonitrile selectivity serve as the two outputs. This trained optimal linear combination (OLC) network is used to evaluate the yield of new catalyst compositions generated during GA optimization. The best yield of acrylonitrile found after GA optimization is 79%, which is higher than the highest yield previously reported (64%). The OLC neural network, using the acrylonitrile yield (i.e., activity times selectivity) as the output, greatly improves the simulation of the catalyst system compared to a simple, single-network architecture. In particular, whereas single-network methods can all easily reproduce the experimental patterns used for training and validation, the OLC is markedly superior for generalizing to novel catalyst patterns.
FEM-based scattered data modeling and visualization

Abstract A critical challenge in visualizing scattered data is to correctly model the sample data so that data variation throughout the volume of interest can be accurately rendered. The commonly used interpolation-based approach is unsatisfactory, as it often generates physically impossible data values in the modeling process. In addition, it does not provide a systematic way of estimating errors. The interpolation methods used for modeling are usually different from those used for rendering, which causes inconsistency and misrepresentation. Furthermore, interpolation methods cannot handle discontinuities, due to their inherent assumption that the data are continuous. To eliminate these and other problems, we construct an alternative approach to scattered data visualization. Based on the finite element method (FEM), this FEM-based approach incorporates the governing equations of the data into the modeling process to ensure the modeled data to be physically meaningful. It provides error estimates that can guide the refinement of the finite element network to obtain the desired accuracy. It allows the selection of basis functions in the modeling process to match with the interpolation functions used by the rendering process so that consistency can be achieved. It handles discontinuities with the help of the double-layer scheme. Furthermore, it converts the data-modeling problem from an interpolation problem into a boundary-value problem, and therefore reduces the requirement on the density of the input sample data, a feature which is very valuable to applications where sample data are hard to obtain. This paper presents the framework and a sample implementation of the FEM-based approach along with some examples.
Case Report of Unilateral Eosinophilic Fasciitis in a Vietnamese Woman

Symmetric skin thickening of the limbs with deep fascial inflammation is the hallmark of eosinophilic fasciitis. We describe a woman who presented with unilateral progressive skin thickening. Examination of a full-thickness skin biopsy revealed an inflammatory process and fascial changes consistent with eosinophilic fasciitis. In contrast to other scleroderma mimics, eosinophilic fasciitis generally responds rapidly to glucocorticoid therapy. It is possible that unilateral eosinophilic fasciitis is under-recognized and can easily be misdiagnosed as another scleroderma variant if a full-thickness biopsy is not reviewed by a dermatopathologist. Recognition of this subtype of eosinophilic fasciitis is important given the profound differences in prognosis of eosinophilic fasciitis and other scleroderma variants.
Synthesis of organoarsenic, organoantimony, and organobismuth poly(ether esters) from reaction with glycyrrhetinic acid and their preliminary activity against pancreatic cancer cell lines

Polyether esters were rapidly formed employing the interfacial condensation of Group VA triphenylmetal dihalides with glycyrrhetinic acid in moderate yield and chain length. Infrared spectroscopy shows the formation of metal–oxygen bonds. The products are a mixture of bridging and non-bridging structures about the metal atom. Proton NMR and MALDI MS results are consistent with the formation of the polyether esters. Some of the polymers exhibit inhibition of the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Distribution of Sugar and Soluble Solids in the Maize Stalk

Limited worldwide energy sources have encouraged the search for energy alternatives such as stalk sugar in maize, L. Information on the distribution and amount of sugars and soluble solids found in maize stalks will be important if the maize plant is to be exploited for its total energy production. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of soluble solids in the stalks of three maize hybrids. Three field plantings of five replicates were made at 4-wk intervals in 1981,1982, and 1983. Juice was sampled from each of the first ten internodes of two plants from each plot and a Brix reading taken by hand-held refractometer. In 1983, internode samples from each node in each plot were bulked and analyzed for sugar content using High Performance Liquid Chromotography (HPLC). Significant variation for soluble solids occurred among years, hybrids, and nodes. An older hybrid, developed for the South, had stalks that tended to increase in soluble solids concentration from bottom to the top of the plant. Two more recently developed hybrids decreased in soluble solids concentration from soil level upward toward the ear node, but increased from the ear node upward. The change or difference in pattern of soluble solids gradients for the more recently developed hybrids was attributed in part to selection for increased resistance to stalk rot, which is positively correlated with sugar content.
Hotel managers’ perceived diversity climate and job satisfaction: The mediating effects of role ambiguity and conflict

Abstract Given the increase of multiculturalism into the hospitality labor force, corporate investments in providing a positive diversity climate at work have increased over the last two decades. However, few studies have focused on managers’ perceived diversity climate and how their perceived diversity climate has an impact on their work experience, which is a significant gap in the literature considering that the hospitality workforce is diverse and multiracial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hotel managers’ perceived diversity climate on three outcomes: role ambiguity, role conflict, and job satisfaction. Survey data were collected from 130 hotel and lodging managers. The results showed that managers who perceived a positive diversity climate also reported less role ambiguity and role conflict, but more job satisfaction. Role ambiguity and role conflict mediated the relationship between perceived diversity climate and job satisfaction.
When does serendipity become screening? The deliberate search for noncardiac pathology on electron-beam computed tomography.

To the Editor: Horton and colleagues1 recently demonstrated that extra-cardiac pathology “requiring additional work up” is detectable by electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) in almost 8% of patients undergoing investigation for assessment of coronary artery calcification. These findings are interpreted as offering a golden and currently wasted opportunity to treat subclinical disease, with the intention of alleviating future suffering and improving prognosis. There are, however, considerable practical and ethical considerations dependent on this conclusion because the practice described by the authors becomes, in effect, a rudimentary screening program. Accordingly, a fundamental set of principles governing the use of any proposed screening tool must be applied. Wilson and Jungner2 were the first to promulgate these rules, and the rules have since been taken up and strengthened by most national …
Multi-core investigation of a lotic bay of Lake of the Woods (Minnesota, USA) impacted by cultural development

The freshwater Zippel Bay (Minnesota, USA), from its headwaters to its outlet on Lake of the Woods, a larger lake, was identified as a degraded system because of augmented nutrient and sediment loads, and for low oxygen affecting aquatic life. Anthropogenic impacts were purportedly from stressors including agriculture, urban development and hydrologic modifications, so paleolimnology using multiple indicators was employed in the bay and its two primary tributaries to characterize long-term trends since European settlement of the region. Isotope analyses of the sediment cores indicated notable shifts in sedimentation rates in response to human activities, and the application of a new diatom-based nutrient model to fossil diatom assemblages indicated that phosphorus levels have approximately doubled over the last ∼150 years. While Zippel Bay appears to be naturally eutrophic, increased nutrient loads have resulted in significant algal blooms, particularly during late summer. The multiple-core approach revealed that anthropogenic activities upgradient of the two tributaries varied in their contributions to aquatic degradation in Zippel Bay, and that despite the close proximity of the cores, there has been notable spatial variation in water quality. This research also further validates the application of traditional freshwater paleolimnological methods to lotic systems with sufficient sedimentary regimes. This study has important implications for Zippel Bay as it quantifies the extent of limnological impacts and underlines the need for remediation.
Sex Differences in Opioid-Induced Enhancement of Contact Hypersensitivity

Previous research has demonstrated that, in male rats, the magnitude of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) can be enhanced by morphine treatment. The present experiments test the hypothesis that the μ-opioids morphine, etorphine, and buprenorphine would produce significant sex differences in the magnitude of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced CHS. During tests conducted over a 192-h period, morphine, etorphine, and buprenorphine administered before elicitation of CHS on the external surface of the ear (pinna) potentiated the CHS response, and the magnitude of this enhancement was significantly greater in females than males. By contrast, morphine had no effect on croton oil-induced irritant contact dermatitis, indicating that morphine's effects on CHS do not generalize to immunologically nonspecific forms of contact dermatitis. Activation of brain μ-opioid receptors is responsible for the effects of morphine on CHS, because intracere-broventricular treatment with the μ-opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine blocked morphine potentiation of CHS in females and males. The sex differences in morphine potentiation of CHS appear to be a result of the gonadal hormonal milieu, because castration enhanced the CHS response following vehicle and morphine treatment, whereas ovariectomy significantly attenuated the enhancement of CHS by morphine. Because ovariectomy had no effect on the CHS response following vehicle treatment, the presence of female gonadal hormones may underlie the sex differences in morphine potentiation of CHS in gonadally intact animals. Overall, these results support an increased sensitivity to the modulatory effects of opioids on the CHS response in females that depends on the interaction between gonadal hormones and the central μ-opioid system.
Target velocity measurements from speckled images

The transverse component of velocity for a moving laser-illuminated target is determined using computer image processing. Active imaging is employed in which the target is coherently illuminated producing a speckled image in the pupil plane of a CCD array. Multiple image scans are recorded following the same procedure used to retrieve the incoherent target image. This data is electronically processed to produce an interference pattern dependent upon the distance traveled between image scans. The velocity component transverse to the line of sight of the system is calculated using the distance traveled and time elapsed between scans. The axial component of velocity is shown to reduce the visibility of the interference pattern.
Characterization of a Sindbis virus variant with altered host range

A variant of Sindbis virus which is much more infectious for mouse cells than the standard virus has been examined for biochemical properties which might be responsible for this biological difference. The variant has a much enhanced ability to adsorb to mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC 315) cells, but when these cells were pretreated with heparin, they were able to adsorb the standard virus almost as well as the variant. This suggested that there was a surface charge difference between variant and standard virus. Differential elution of the viruses from hydroxyapatite and the results of isoelectric focusing of the virion glycoproteins substantiate this interpretation. Both viral glycoproteins E1 and E2 from the variant were more negatively charged than those of the standard virus but we were unable to find changes in tryptic peptides of the variant. Differences were found in stability of the two virus strains to heat and proteolytic enzymes.
Energy Transfer from Quantum Dots to Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Light Harvesting

Because of their efficient energy-transport properties, porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive compounds for solar photochemistry applications. However, their absorption bands provide limited coverage in the visible spectral range for light-harvesting applications. We report here the functionalization of porphyrin-based MOFs with CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) for the enhancement of light harvesting via energy transfer from the QDs to the MOFs. The broad absorption band of the QDs in the visible region offers greater coverage of the solar spectrum by QD–MOF hybrid structures. We show through time-resolved emission studies that photoexcitation of the QDs is followed by energy transfer to the MOFs with efficiencies of more than 80%. This sensitization approach can result in a >50% increase in the number of photons harvested by a single monolayer MOF structure with a monolayer of QDs on the surface of the MOF.
Seminoma at roswell park, 1970 to 1979. An analysis of treatment failures

A retrospective study of all cases of seminoma treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1970 through 1979 was conducted. Fifty-six evaluable patients treated initially with radiation therapy were seen during this period, and the overall survival rate at an average follow-up period of 52 months was 82%. The survival rate in patients with bulky abdominal or supradiaphragmatic metastases was only 33% (4 of 12 patients). Treatment failures were analyzed to determine their apparent causes and the implication of such failures to the future management of seminoma. The use of combination chemotherapy as the initial treatment modality in advanced seminoma is discussed in light of these results.
Formation of the tetraploid intermediate is associated with the development of cells with more than four centrioles in the elastase-simian virus 40 tumor antigen transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Abstract The development of pancreatic cancer in transgenic mice expressing the simian virus 40 tumor antigen placed under controlling regions of the elastase I gene is characterized by the sequential appearance of tetraploid and then multiple aneuploid cell populations. Pancreatic tissues from such transgenic mice were studied between 8 and 32 days of age. Virtually 100% of acinar cell nuclei had immunohistochemically detectable tumor antigen by 18 days. Tetraploid cells were demonstrated by DNA content flow cytometry by 20 days and were associated with the appearance of interphase cells that had 5-11 centrioles per cell in single thin sections of pancreatic tissue examined by electron microscopy. Mitotic cells also were observed that had 5 or more centrioles per cell that were incorporated into the poles of bipolar or at least tripolar spindle apparatuses. These observations indicate that formation of the tetraploid intermediate in the diploid----tetraploid----aneuploid sequence of pancreatic tumor formation in elastase-simian virus 40 tumor antigen transgenic mice is accompanied by the development of cells with 5 or more centrioles that can be incorporated into the poles of abnormal mitotic spindles. We speculate that cells with more than 4 centrioles are predisposed to the formation of multipolar mitoses that may yield daughter cells with chromosomal gains and losses, resulting in the subsequent development of aneuploid tumors.
Ventilation-Perfusion Abnormalities in the Premature Infant: Triple Gradient

Extract: Serial studies of arterial and alveolar oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen tensions, arterial pH, and ratios of dead space: tidal volume were made in 24 nondistressed premature infants. By determining arterial-alveolar gradients, the sequence of development of ventilation/perfusion relations in the non-distressed premature infant can be determined. The presence of an arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradient and elevated VD/VT ratio indicate the presence of overventilated/underperfused areas. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients may be due to shunting, underventilation (low ventilation/perfusion ratio), or diffusion block. Although underventilation exists, as evidenced by the presence of a urinary-alveolar gradient for N2, it is not a major cause of arterial unsaturation. This evidence suggests that shunting of blood, either through intracardiac shunts or atelectatic lung, is a major cause of arterial unsaturation in the premature infant. Speculation: Further extension of this work should make possible the construction of VA/Q curves for the individual patient and thus show in even greater detail the maturation of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion.
Kinetic analysis of 3H-serotonin accumulation in four regions of rat brain after lesions in the medial forebrain bundle

Abstract Kinetic analysis of 3 H-serotonin accumulation by crude synaptosomal suspensions of neocortex, hippocampus and caudate or by whole homogenates of cerebellum revealed the presence of a high affinity uptake component having an apparent K m for serotonin which ranged from 2.8 to 6.0 × 10 −8 M. A second, low affinity, uptake component with an apparent K m of 7 × 10 −6 M was present in caudate. A comparable low affinity uptake component for serotonin was not observed in neocortex, hippocampus or cerebellum. Lesions in the medial forebrain bundle produced significant decreases in serotonin comtent of neocortes, hippocampus and caudate (66 to 75%) and a significant increase in serotonin content of cerebellum (25%). The lesions did not affect the apparent K m of the high affinity uptake system but did produce change in V max which paralleled the changes in content of serotonin. The lesions also produced decreases in dopamine and norepinephrine content of caudate and a comparable decrease in the V max of the low affinity uptake system with no change in the apparent K m . There was a correlation of 0.97 between the endogenous content of serotonin and the V max of the high affinity uptake system. These results support the view that the high and low affinity components of serotonin uptake represent accumulation into serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons, respectively.
Transpulmonary passage of Albunex as a marker of intracardiac hemodynamics and outcome in chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract Background Aggressive management to reduce pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) reduces hospitalization rates and is crucial for patients awaiting transplantation but may require periodic invasive monitoring with right heart catheterization. Methods The purpose of this study was to define the relation of transpulmonary passage of Albunex (Mallinckrodt Medical, St Louis, Mo) to intracardiac hemodynamic and clinical outcome in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). Patients (n=38) with chronic CHF underwent graded dobutamine infusion (baseline, 5, 10, 20 μg/kg per minute; 5-minute stages) with 5.0 mL Albunex injected intravenously at each stage. The dobutamine dose at which Albunex appeared in the left ventricle was determined. All patients had right heart catheterization to determine PASP and PCWP. Results Transpulmonary passage of Albunex at baseline or at 5 μg/kg per minute dobutamine infusion predicted PCWP 20 mm Hg with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 94%. No patient with Albunex passage at baseline sustained a major adverse event. Major adverse events occurred in 11 of 21 patients in whom Albunex either failed to cross or crossed the pulmonary bed at a dose of 20 μg/kg per minute of dobutamine. Conclusion In patients with chronic CHF, transpulmonary passage of Albunex during dobutamine infusion can be used to predict both elevated and normal intracardiac pressures and to identify a subset of patients at high risk for an adverse outcome.
Highly active anti-hepatitis C therapy: seven lessons from HIV

The HCV direct-acting antiviral treatment era is underway. Although there are some important differences, it is likely that the experience with HCV will be similar in many respects to what already occurred with HIV. This paper considers seven important lessons learned with HIV and the degree to which they should be anticipated with HCV.
Analysis of mineral trioxide aggregate surface when set in the presence of fetal bovine serum.

Abstract Understanding the chemical and physical characteristics of set mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) surface can provide insight into its bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to describe the surface chemistry and morphology of gray and white MTA set in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Eight MTA blocks were prepared: four set in the presence of water and four in FBS. The surface morphologic characteristics were studied via scanning electron microscopy. The surface chemical composition of the set cement was investigated by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence. No difference was found between gray and white MTA when set in the same solution. However, MTA/FBS and MTA/water present differing surface morphology and chemical distributions. When set in FBS, MTA’s surface had a homogenous distribution of chemicals and a relatively smooth globular appearance. MTA/water’s surface was biphasic, containing large hexagonal crystalline plates composed of calcium embedded in a pool of globular crystals.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins 2 and 3 in Prostate Tissue: Clinical Correlations

AbstractPurpose: The insulin-like growth factor system has recently been shown to have important mitogenic effects in the prostate. The system consists of 2 ligands: insulin-like growth factor types 1 and 2, which are potent mitogens for prostate cell growth, and 6 insulin-like growth factor binding proteins that modify the activity of these growth factors. Recently, changes in serum levels of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3 have been identified in prostate cancer patients but in vivo studies of these changes have not been previously reported.Materials and Methods: We performed immunohistochemical staining for insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3 in areas of benign disease, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and cancer from specimens obtained from 24 patients who underwent prostatectomy to determine changes in the quantity of these proteins with progression from the benign through the premalignant and into the malignant states. Quantification of the differences noted i...
Use of percutaneous liver biopsies in marginal liver donors.

STRATEGIES to maximize availability of scarce donor organs have included evaluation of suboptimal or marginal organ donors. This may include donors over age 60; those with positive serologic markers for hepatitis B or hepatitis C; those with hypertensive, renal, or cardiac disease; and those with high-risk behavior for HIV transmission. Under some circumstances, these donors may be considered for liver donation only. Histologic examination of marginal liver-only donors by frozen section prior to transplantation can exclude some marginal donors. The liver biopsy can be performed prior to surgical recovery, and the results can be used to decide whether surgical recovery is appropriate. This study looks at the utility and cost savings to the Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) when percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) frozen section evaluation is performed prior to surgical recovery in a group of marginal liver-only donors.
The thermodynamic properties of the Fe-Ni-H ternary system

Abstract The temperature variation of the solubility of hydrogen in a series of Fe-Ni “binary solvents” in equilibrium with H2-gas has been determined. These equilibrium measurements have been carried out in the α(b.c.c.) and γ(f.c.c.) phase fields and also in Fe-Ni solutions which had been critically annealed to produce the ordered FeNi3-structure. Large departures from Arrhenius behavior in the solubility at low temperatures have been found. The partial enthalpy and entropy of an H-atom in solution have been determined from the solubility data. These thermodynamic data have been compared with the electronic structure of the “binary solvent”.
Carbon sequestration in different wetland plant communities in the Big Cypress Swamp region of southwest Florida

Wetlands offer many ecosystem services, including the long-term sequestering of carbon (C) in soil. Here we present a study of C sequestration rates in a relatively undisturbed wetland landscape of southwest Florida. Accordingly, carbon sequestration was determined in four wetland plant communities and an adjacent hydric pine flatwood community that represent a gradient of inundation extent. Going from the wettest to the driest, communities were designated as: deep slough, bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), wet prairie and pond cypress (Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium). An adjacent hydric pine flatwood community was also included in the study as a reference upland site. Three soil cores were collected from each of these communities and were analyzed for total C content. Core samples were also analyzed for 137Cs and 210Pb activity to estimate accretion rates. C sequestration rates (g-C m−2 yr−1) were the highest in the deep slough (98 ± 9) and bald cypress (98 ± 5) followed by the pond cypress (64 ± 7)...
Toward a Multicultural Feminist Perspective on Fiction for Young Adults.

Feminist social science investigations of children's books over the past 20 years have employed the liberal feminist assumptions that marked the paradigmatic study by Weitzman, Eifler, Hokada, and Ross. The authors illustrate the value of a multicultural feminist approach to children's literature by “listening” to themes of oppression and resistance in 16 recent young-adult novels about non-White, non-American, or nonheterosexual characters. Their findings point to a greater variety of such themes than they might have heard if they had used only a liberal feminist lens in their reading of children's books. The findings also lead to elaborations of current multicultural and global feminist theories themselves.
Spatial parameter variation by Orthogonal Trend Surface Expansions: An application to the analysis of welfare program participation rates

Abstract This paper describes Orthogonal Trend Surface Expansions (OTSEs), a technique for investigating the spatial variation of a model's parameters. OTSEs implement in spatial contexts the Expansion Method's approach to the study of parametric stability/drift. Here OTSEs are used to test for parameter variation in a model of participation in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), a large U.S. welfare program.
A Comparative Evaluation of Femorofemoral Crossover Bypass and Iliofemoral Bypass for Unilateral Iliac Artery Occlusive Disease

The purpose of this study was to compare the results of extra-anatomic femorofemoral crossover bypass grafting to the anatomic iliofemoral bypass grafting procedure in the treatment of patients with unilateral iliac artery occlusive disease with respect to patency and limb salvage. The records of all patients with unilateral iliac artery disease who underwent revascularization between January 1988 and December 1995 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) were retrospectively reviewed; 108 patients were identified and divided into two groups. Group I (n=68; male/female=44/24) was composed of all patients who underwent a femorofemoral crossover extra-anatomic bypass. All patients who underwent an iliofemoral anatomic bypass constituted group II (n=40; male/female=24/16). The mean age for group I was 60 years (range 28-87) and for group II, 54 years (range 14-86). The medical risk factors between both groups were comparable. Except for the higher incidence of gangrene in group II the indications for surgery were comparable between both groups. A polytetrafluoroethylene graft was used in 88% of group I patients and in 90% of group II patients (NS). In the remaining patients, an autogenous vein conduit was used. Two patients from group I (2.9%) died in the perioperative period (NS). Graft patency was assessed by clinical evaluation, Doppler-derived ankle/brachial indices, and color duplex imaging. The cumulative primary and secondary patency rates, limb salvage, and patient survival were calculated by use of life table analysis (SE<0.1). The need for simultaneous outflow and inflow procedures at the time of surgery was comparable between both groups. The proportion of patients who underwent further revascularization during follow-up was also comparable. The 5-year primary and secondary graft patency rates were 81.7% and 90.3%, in group I and 61.3% and 80.5% in group II. Although the difference between both groups was not significant there was a tendency toward higher rates with femorofemoral bypass. The 5-year survival rates of 80.3% for group I and 73.3% for group II were comparable. These data suggest that there is no significant difference in the long-term results between the femorofemoral crossover bypass grafts and iliofemoral grafts. Both procedures result in acceptable patency and limb salvage rates. The femorofemoral bypass is, however, more attractive, for it can be performed under local anesthesia if needed and does not involve the creation of the retroperitoneal incision necessary with the iliofemoral bypass.
Repeat revaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged 55-74 years living in Alaska: no evidence of hyporesponsiveness.

Abstract Background Older adults are at highest risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and are recommended to receive vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Antibody concentrations decline following vaccination. We evaluated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of revaccination and repeat revaccination. Methods Adults aged 55–74 years were vaccinated with a 1st to 4th dose of PPV23. Participants were eligible for revaccination if a minimum of 6 years had passed since their last dose of PPV23. Blood collected on the day of vaccination and 30 days later was analyzed by ELISA for IgG to five serotypes. Functional antibody activity was measured using an opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) assay. Reactions to vaccination were documented. Results Subjects were vaccinated with a 1st dose ( n = 123), 2nd dose ( n = 121), or 3rd or 4th dose ( n = 71) of PPV23. The post-vaccination IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were similar among first-time vaccinees and re-vaccinees for all serotypes with the exception of a lower GMC for serotype 1 in re-vaccinees. The post-vaccination OPK geometric mean titers (GMTs) were similar among first-time vaccinees and re-vaccinees with the exception of a higher GMT for serotype 6B in re-vaccinees. Compared to first-time vaccinees, re-vaccinees reported more joint pain ( p = 0.004), fatigue ( p = 0.019), headache ( p = 0.014), swelling ( p = 0.006), and moderate limitation in arm movement ( p = 0.025). Conclusions Repeat revaccination with PPV23, administered 6 or more years after the prior dose, was immunogenic and generally well tolerated.
Quantifying improvements in the preprocessing stage of a classification system for surface-mounted-device images

In this paper, the preprocessing stage of a surface mounted device (SMD) image classification system (ICS) is presented for improvement. The ICS uses two images of the same scene taken using two different types of illuminations, top and side. For each scene, we encounter one of three different cases: SMD present, SMD absent with a speck of glue, and SMD absent with no speck of glue. After areas of improvement to the ICS are identified, a methodology is presented to define and evaluate preprocessing methods. The methodology first defines criteria to improve the images for a fixed case and from it two new methods, the NewC and NewB, are proposed for preprocessing. The existing system, which uses a simple subtraction operation to combine the images, is also evaluated since it serves as a reference. The NewC method applies edge enhancement techniques to the available images before subtraction and the NewB method uses only the side illuminated image using also edge enhancement. The methodology then requires the development of image measurement descriptors that are computed for each preprocessing output image for the SMD present cases in the training database. Some descriptors use the Radon Transform to describe SMD edges in the images and others use energy or a signal-to-noise ratio measure. From the descriptors, image improvement indicators are developed and computed. These are statistical measures of data dispersion applied to the distributions of one or more descriptors and which allow us to assess preprocessing systems. Both NewC and NewB methods are clearly shown to be superior to the ImageC method. The NewC and NewB methods are clearly shown to be superior to the ImageC method. The NewC method is slightly better than the NewB method indicating that very little use is made of the information in the top illuminated image.
An approach to the synthesis of the naphthyridinomycin alkaloids: The synthesis of two subunits

Abstract The preparations of the tetrahydroisoquinolinol (2) and the -γ-carboxy-γ-formylglutamate (3) subunits, required for a proposed synthesis of naphthyridinomycin, are described.
Current usage of the epicene pronoun in written English

This paper deals with current epicene pronominal usage in written English. The first part focuses on the prescription of the so-called generic he' and includes a short review of research into epicene pronominal usage in the last three decades. The results of previous research serve as a background to the present study, which, based on two corpora of written English, aims at elucidating singular epicene pronominal choices in the writing of British and American writers. The study shows that the traditional form he' is no longer predominant, while singular they' is the pronoun most likely to be used. He' or she' is shown to be used rather rarely. It is argued that the choice of singular epicene pronoun is considerably influenced by the semanto-syntactic type of the antecedent and by the social roles stereotypically associated with the referent. Also, differences between British and American writers are discussed. It is shown that American writers are more conservative in their choice of singular epicene pronoun and an explanation of the difference is suggested.
The effect of diabetes mellitus on organ dysfunction with sepsis: an epidemiological study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic co-morbid medical conditions in the USA and is frequently present in patients with sepsis. Previous studies reported that people with DM and severe sepsis are less likely to develop acute lung injury (ALI). We sought to determine whether organ dysfunction differed between people with and without DM and sepsis. Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey US, sepsis cases from 1979 to 2003 were integrated with DM prevalence from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Diabetes Surveillance System. During the study period 930 million acute-care hospitalisations and 14.3 million people with DM were identified. Sepsis occurred in 12.5 million hospitalisations and DM was present in 17% of patients with sepsis. In the population, acute respiratory failure was the most common organ dysfunction (13%) followed by acute renal failure (6%). People with DM were less likely to develop acute respiratory failure (9% vs. 14%, p < 0.05) and more likely to develop acute renal failure (13% vs. 7%, p < 0.05). Of people with DM and sepsis, 27% had a respiratory source of infection compared with 34% in people with no DM (p < 0.05). Among patients with a pulmonary source of sepsis, 16% of those with DM and 23% of those with no DM developed acute respiratory failure (p < 0.05); in non-pulmonary sepsis acute respiratory failure occurred in 6% of people with DM and 10% in those with no DM (p < 0.05). In sepsis, people with diabetes are less likely to develop acute respiratory failure, irrespective of source of infection. Future studies should determine the relationship of these findings to reduced risk of ALI in people with DM and causative mechanisms.
Estimating the NIH Efficient Frontier

Background The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is among the world’s largest investors in biomedical research, with a mandate to: “…lengthen life, and reduce the burdens of illness and disability.” Its funding decisions have been criticized as insufficiently focused on disease burden. We hypothesize that modern portfolio theory can create a closer link between basic research and outcome, and offer insight into basic-science related improvements in public health. We propose portfolio theory as a systematic framework for making biomedical funding allocation decisions–one that is directly tied to the risk/reward trade-off of burden-of-disease outcomes.
Use of the Vacuum Arc Discharge for the Surface Modification

Steel surface saturation by nitrogen (nitriding) results in a high increase in surface hardness and a decrease in friction rate. This treatment is widely used to increase the lifetime of cutting tools and wearing parts in machines. A new approach of steel surface treatment by using the vacuum arc discharge in nitrogen is presented. The apparatus uses two arc vacuum discharges. The first discharge is a metal vapor discharge and serves for both the cleaning- heating of the treated surface and for the initiation of the second vacuum arc discharge in nitrogen. The vacuum arc source of metallic plasma allows us the simultaneous implantation of desirable metals and surface saturation by nitrogen. The developed arc vacuum discharge method shortens the nitriding time 2 to 3 times in comparison to the glow discharge technology. The suggested method of the surface treatment is suitable for a wide variety of steels. The hardness measurement results of nitriding and combined chromium with nitriding treatments of several steel samples are presented and discussed.