cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Original Contribution: Event-dependent control of noise enhances learning in neural networks

We have devised noise-control algorithms, using biological adaptation as an analogy, for application to response optimization in adaptive systems generally. The present paper illustrates one of these algorithms by showing its effects on increasing the rate of learning in neural networks. Optimization procedures usually employ simulated annealing by which noise is systematically decreased at a constant rate. Our methods are time-invariant, and control the level of injected noise solely through the response of the system. Such time-invariant noise algorithms (TINA) may be more applicable than annealing to adaptive systems that must respond to unpredictable environments, and may find analogy in brain function. Both TINA and annealing have surprising properties of a new form of generalization in which networks that have been trained in the presence of noise are able to exhibit enhanced rates of learning in a subsequent learning task when no noise is present. We use special features of the geometry of error-surfaces, depicting the error as a function of changes in synaptic weights, to discuss the effect of noise in enhancing the rate of learning, and to compare learning strategies available to networks exposed to the different training procedures. The applicability of the findings to biological systems is discussed.
Rapid decrease in CD8 T cells following treatment of mice with exogenous corticosterone

Abstract. Corticosterone (CORT) belongs to a family of steroid hormones known as the glucocorticoids. CORT is produced in vivo in response to physical and psychological stress and has immunosuppressive qualities. As an immunosuppressant, CORT alters the frequency of immune cells in lymphoid organs. This study quantified the effects of exogenous CORT on splenic CD8+ T cells in mice. CD8+ T cells are critical for destruction of virally infected and tumorigenic host cells. Thus, it is important to determine the timing by which CORT alters the frequency of CD8+ T cells. CORT was administered in the drinking water of C57BL/6 mice for time intervals ranging from 12-120 hours. Following treatment, spleens were harvested and processed, total splenocytes were counted, and CD8+ T cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Spleens from mice treated with CORT were significantly smaller than spleens from untreated mice following just 12 hours of exposure to CORT. A marked decline in both naive (CD44lo) and activated (CD...
Absolute yield of 140.5 keV gamma ray following decay of 99Mo

Abstract The absolute intensity for the dominant 140.5 keV gamma ray in 99Tc was determined to be 90.7 ± 0.6 per 100 99 Mo disintegrations for 99Mo decay in equilibrium with the decay of the 99Tc∗ daughter. Relative intensities for K X-ray and gamma rays emanating from 99Mo in equilibrium with its 99Tc∗ daughter were measured using several Ge photon detectors. These include a direct measurement of the very weak 142.6 keV gamma ray. Combining these intensities with an evaluated set of electron-conversion coefficients provided a set of absolute intensities and uncertainties for the observed gamma rays. A complete discussion of the method of analysis, showing relationships among uncertainties of measured and evaluated data, is given.
DAMN: a distributed architecture for mobile navigation

An architecture is presented in which distributed task-achieving modules, or behaviours, cooperatively determine a mobile robot's path by voting for each of various possible actions. An arbiter then performs command fusion and selects that action which best satisfies the prioritized goals of the system, as expressed by these votes, without the need to average commands. Command fusion allows multiple goals and constraints to be considered simultaneously. Examples of implemented systems are given, and future research directions in command fusion are discussed.
Incidence of Pineal Gland Cyst and Pineoblastoma in Children With Retinoblastoma During the Chemoreduction Era

Purpose To report on the frequency of cysts and tumors of the pineal gland in patients with retinoblastoma. Design Observational retrospective case control study. Methods setting: Institutional. study population: Four hundred eight patients treated for retinoblastoma from January 2000 to January 2012 at Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. observation procedure: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the pineal gland were evaluated in all patients with retinoblastoma. Characteristics of patients with pineal cysts and pineoblastoma were reviewed. main outcome measures: Comparison of frequency of pineal gland cyst and pineoblastoma in children managed with systemic chemoreduction vs other methods. Results Of 408 patients, treatment included systemic chemoreduction in 252 (62%) and nonchemoreduction methods in 156 (38%). Overall, 34 patients (8%) manifested pineal gland cyst and 4 (1%) showed pineoblastoma. Of all 408 patients, comparison (chemoreduction vs nonchemoreduction) revealed pineal cyst (20/252 vs 14/156, P = .7) and pineoblastoma (1/252 vs 3/156, P = .1). The pineal cyst (n = 34) (mean diameter 4 mm) was asymptomatic (n = 34), followed conservatively (n = 34), and with minimal enlargement (n = 2, 9%) but without progression to pineoblastoma. The cyst was found in 22 germline and 12 nongermline patients ( P = .15). Among the 4 patients with pineoblastoma, all had germline mutation and 2 had family history of retinoblastoma. Among all patients with family history of retinoblastoma (n = 45), 2 (4%) developed pineoblastoma. The pineoblastoma was asymptomatic in 2 patients and symptomatic with vomiting and headache in 2 patients. The mean interval from date of retinoblastoma detection to pineal cyst was 2 months (median 2, range 0-8 months) and to pineoblastoma was 27 months (median 28, range 7-46 months). Management included aggressive chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with 2 survivors. Conclusions Pineal gland cyst was incidentally detected in 8% of retinoblastoma patients, causing no symptoms, and without progression to pineoblastoma. Pineoblastoma was detected in 1% of patients and fewer patients who received systemic chemotherapy developed pineoblastoma, possibly indicating a systemic protective effect.
Numerical evaluation of the Wilkie inflation model

Abstract Simple formulas are developed to evaluate numerically the first and second order moments of the Wilkie inflation stochastic model. For the mean and the variance of the average rate of inflation over different periods numerical values are compared with simulated values giving the order of magnitude of the simulation error.
Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Containing 2-Aminopurine

A new method is reported for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing 2-aminopurine residues at selected sites. This method involves protection of the 2-aminopurine ribonucleoside, reduction to the deoxyribonucleoside and standard preparation of the 5'-0- (4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-O-(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite. The 2-aminopurine phosphoramidite prepared by this method couples with high efficiency and is stable under standard automated synthesis conditions. The presence and location of the 2-aminopurine residue is easily verified by treatment of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide with hot piperidine. The mechanism for selective hydrolysis of the 2-aminopurine residue in alkaline solution is predominantly direct cleave of the glycosidic bond.
Effect of pregnancy on surgically induced endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys

There are few objective data to support the clinical impression that pregnancy exerts a beneficial effect on endometriosis. In this study, we examined the progression-regression of endometriosis in pregnant and nonpregnant monkeys. Endometriosis was surgically induced in 16 monkeys and classified as minimal (n = 5), mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 4), or severe (n = 2). Monkeys were mated and pregnancy occurred in three monkeys with minimal, three with mild, and one with moderate endometriosis. Laparotomy was performed to stage the disease and to obtain biopsy specimens of implants 1 month post partum or 6 to 8 months after initial operation in nonpregnant monkeys. Monkeys with minimal and mild disease had complete regression of macroscopic disease. Histologic examination of the implants showed only fibrosis and hemosiderin deposits, except in one animal with mild endometriosis containing microscopic foci of endometrial glands. The one monkey with moderate disease had significant, but not complete regression of implants. Endometriosis in nonpregnant monkeys tended to progress. These findings demonstrate that pregnancy does exert a beneficial effect on endometriosis and suggest that pregnancy commonly results in complete resolution of minimal or mild disease.
Diabetic sensory neuropathy effect on ankle joint movement perception.

Abstract Objective: To determine if diabetic subjects with lower extremity cutaneous sensory neuropathy also have a loss of ankle joint movements of ankle joint movement perception and measures of cutaneous sensory function was also investigated. Design: Diabetic subjects with and without sensory neuropathy and individuals without diabetes participated in this study. Setting: All subjects were community-living individuals. Participants: Fifty-one subjects, ages 40 to 68. Seventeen of the 34 subjects with diabetes had significant distal sensory neuropathy as determined by cutaneous perception of mechanical vibration. All individuals without diabetes were volunteers from the community. Most subjects with diabetes were recruited through direct referral from their physicians. Interventions: Ankle joint movement perception threshold (JMPT) was assessed using a device designed for this study. Cutaneous sensory function under both halluces was measured for vibration perception using a vibrometer and for touch-pressure perception using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Main Outcome Measures: Ankle JMPTs (degrees) were compared to measurements of cutaneous vibration perception (volts) and touch-pressure perception (monofilaments force ratings). Results: Diabetic subjects with cutaneous sensory neuropathy demonstrated a significant loss of ankle movement perception ( p r = .43 to .67. Conclusions: Although individuals with cutaneous sensory loss secondary to diabetic neuropathy also demonstrated loss of movement perception at the ankle, the relatively low explained variance between the two types of assessment (18% to 45%) indicates that the severity of ankle joint movement perception deficits cannot be directly implied from cutaneous sensory tests.
Tuning Thermal Conductivity With Mechanical Strain

Mechanical strain provides an efficient way for tuning thermal conductivity of materials. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is performed to systematically study the strain effects on the lattice thermal conductivity of silicon and carbon based materials (mainly nanostructures: Si nanowire and thin film, single-walled carbon naotube (SWCNT) and single layer graphene) and bulk polymer materials. Results show that thermal conductivity of the strained silicon nanowires and thin films decreases continuously when the strain changes from compressive to tensile. However, the thermal conductivity has a peak value under compressive strain for SWCNT and at zero strain for single layer graphene. In contrast, thermal conductivity of polymer materials increases with increasing tensile strain. The underlying mechanisms are analyzed in this paper for both types of materials. We found that the thermal conductivity of silicon and carbon based materials can be related to the phonon dispersion curve shift and structural buckling under strain and for polymer chains thermal conductivity directly connects to the orientations of the chains. This thermal conductivity dependence with strain can guide us to tune the thermal conductivity for materials in applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Excitatory amino acid antagonists induce a phencyclidine-like catalepsy in pigeons: Structure-activity studies

The excitatory amino acid antagonists D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D,L-AP5), its isomers D-(-)-AP5 and L-(+)-AP5, D,L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (AP4), D,L-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (AP7), beta-D-aspartylaminomethylphosphonic acid (ASP-AMP), cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid (cis-PDA), and gamma-D-glutamylaminomethylsulphonic acid (GAMS) were tested for their ability to produce a phencyclidine (PCP)-like catalepsy in pigeons when administered intracerebroventricularly. Each of the antagonists produced catalepsy, although L-AP5, and the non-selective antagonists GAMS and cis-PDA, produced the effect only at toxic doses. The rank order of potency to produce catalepsy was AP7 greater than D-AP5 greater than D,L-AP5 greater than cis-PDA greater than ASP-AMP greater than AP4 greater than L-AP5 greater than GAMS; there was a strong positive correlation between this rank order of potency in vivo and the potency order of these compounds in vitro as NMDA antagonists. The antagonists did not displace significant amounts of [3H]N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (a congener of phencyclidine) from its recognition site in the brain of pigeon. Thus, the PCP-like catalepsy that is produced by the excitatory neurotransmission at NMDA-preferring receptors that are distinct from, but related to, PCP receptors. The results strongly support the hypothesis that a reduction of neurotransmission at excitatory synapses, utilizing NMDA-preferring receptors, may underlie catalepsy in pigeons induced by PCP.
New Genus and Species, Idionycteris phyllotis, Recorded from the United States

The Mexican big-eared bat, Idionycteris phyllotis (Allen) is one of the rarest bats in North America. Handley (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 69, 1956) has reviewed the taxo-nomic history of the two previously known specimens. The first, secured on March 24, 1878, in San Luis Potosi, Mexico, became the type of Corynorhinus phyllotis as named by G. M. Allen (Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60: 352, April, 1916). The second specimen, a female taken on June 17, 1922, at Miquihauna, Tamalipas, Mexico was described as a new …
Nutrient Transformation and Retention by Coastal Prairie Wetlands, Upper Gulf Coast, Texas

Coastal prairie wetlands (CPWs) are small, rain-fed depressions and flats that, together with their catchments, occupy approximately 40 % of the landscape around Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. Many CPWs are unregulated because they are perceived as “isolated” and a significant nexus has not been established. Results from sampling of precipitation and surface water of 12 CPWs revealed that CPWs had lower concentrations of nitrate- nitrogen (mean 18 μg L-¹) than precipitation (342 μg L-¹). A similar trend was observed for ammonia-N. Organic nutrient concentrations were several times higher in wetlands than in precipitation. Based on water budgets for six CPWs, net annual nutrient export rates indicate that CPWs are strong sinks for inorganic N and P; moderate sinks for organic N and P, and sources of dissolved organic carbon. Capture, storage, transformation, and pulsed releases of nutrients to Galveston Bay and its tributaries emphasize the role of CPWs in regulating water quality on a landscape scale. These finding demonstrate a nexus with navigable waters.
Labeling schemata and syntactic descriptions of pictures

Advocating the view that the so-called pattern recognition problem is much more appropriately studied as a problem of pattern analysis and description, a specific syntactic descriptive model is proposed for classes of pictures composed of linelike elements. The implementation of this model envisages a two-stage processing of digitized input pictures. A formalism is worked out in detail within which the labeling algorithms used in the first stage can be efficiently described and studied. A system structure for a computer to carry out this class of picture processing operations—called parallel processing—is outlined and it is shown that a natural extension of ALGOL can be made to serve as an adequate programming language for such a computer. The extension of this model and the processing details to deal effectively with noisy input pictures is considered. Some criteria for acceptable noise-cleaning techniques are discussed. Several examples of labeled pictures are included to illustrate the validity and power of the proposed model and the processing techniques.
Minimizing latency for augmented reality displays: Frames considered harmful

We present initial results from a new image generation approach for low-latency displays such as those needed in head-worn AR devices. Avoiding the usual video interfaces, such as HDMI, we favor direct control of the internal display technology. We illustrate our new approach with a bench-top optical see-through AR proof-of-concept prototype that uses a Digital Light Processing (DLP TM ) projector whose Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) imaging chip is directly controlled by a computer, similar to the way random access memory is controlled. We show that a perceptually-continuous-tone dynamic gray-scale image can be efficiently composed from a very rapid succession of binary (partial) images, each calculated from the continuous-tone image generated with the most recent tracking data. As the DMD projects only a binary image at any moment, it cannot instantly display this latest continuous-tone image, and conventional decomposition of a continuous-tone image into binary time-division-multiplexed values would induce just the latency we seek to avoid. Instead, our approach maintains an estimate of the image the user currently perceives, and at every opportunity allowed by the control circuitry, sets each binary DMD pixel to the value that will reduce the difference between that user-perceived image and the newly generated image from the latest tracking data. The resulting displayed binary image is “neither here nor there,” but always approaches the moving target that is the constantly changing desired image, even when that image changes every 50μs. We compare our experimental results with imagery from a conventional DLP projector with similar internal speed, and demonstrate that AR overlays on a moving object are more effective with this kind of low-latency display device than with displays of similar speed that use a conventional video interface.
High-resolution local current measurement of CdTe solar cells

We investigate local electronic properties of CdTe solar cells using electron beam to excite electron-hole pairs and evaluate spatially resolved photocurrent characteristics. Standard semiconductor processes were used to fabricate Ohmic metal contacts on the surface of p-type CdTe / n-type CdS device extracted from a commercial solar panel. An ion milling process was used to prepare cross-sections of the devices. Local injection of carriers was controlled by an acceleration voltage of electron beam (1 kV to 30 kV) in a scanning electron microscope, and the results were correlated with the local morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the devices.
Sequence heterogeneity of murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus: the role of endogenous virus

A defective murine leukemia virus is the causative agent of murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). We have cloned cDNAs from both virus infected and non-infected cells using the PCR methods with primers corresponding to the franking sequence of the unique p12 gag gene. Sequence analysis of these cDNA clones revealed: (i) the presence of endogenous virus related to MAIDS virus in C57BL/6 mice, (ii) B cell lineage specific expression of endogenous virus and (iii) extensive heterogeneity of MAIDS virus recovered from virus infected cells due to the recombination of the related viruses (defective pathogenic virus, ecotropic virus and endogenous virus). These findings suggest that the creation of virus variants in infected cells may play an important role in virus pathogenesis and escape from immune attack during the development of MAIDS.
Fertility, migration, and mortality in an old order Amish community.

Mortality fertility and migration data were used to identify population structure in a group of Old Order Amish living in New York State.... Despite evidence that suggests that the Amish have health risks comparable to U.S. population and that they under-utilize health care this study demonstrates that Amish age standardized death rates are 19% below the U.S. death rate in 1960. Natural fertility combined with low infant mortality migrating to form new communities when population density increased and selective but appropriate use of western biomedicine have emerged as strong cultural patterns that facilitated reproductive success and longevity among the Amish. (EXCERPT)
WLC37-4: ICI Coefficient Estimation for OFDM Systems in Mobile Channels

Due to the superior spectral efficiency and robustness over the multipath channels, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has served as one of the major modulation schemes for the modern communication systems. In the future, the wireless OFDM systems are expected to operate at high carrier-frequencies, high speed and high throughput mobile reception, where the fast time-varying fading channels are encountered. The channel variation destroys the orthogonality among the subcarriers and leads to the intercarrier interference (ICI). ICI poses a significant limitation to the wireless OFDM systems. In this paper, we develop a pilot-aided minimum mean square error (MMSE) ICI coefficient estimation algorithm for combating the rapid time-variant channels. Our MMSE ICI estimator utilizes the channel correlation properties. Since the channel statistics are usually unknown, we also investigate the mismatch between the underlying channel model and the actual channel statistics. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the achieved mean square ICI estimation error mostly depends on the number of pilots instead of such a mismatch. In addition, a MMSE equalizer incorporated with our ICI coefficient estimation scheme can greatly improve the symbol error rate in the rapid time-variant channels with multiple Doppler frequencies over the conventional one-tap equalizer.
Fine-needle aspiration findings in patients with polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands.

BACKGROUND Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands (PLAC) is a low grade neoplasm that predominantly occurs in the minor salivary glands. In this site it is amenable to biopsy and histologic diagnosis. However, experience with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy findings in these tumors is limited. The authors describe the FNA cytology of this entity. METHODS Fine-needle aspirates from two primary parotid and three metastatic PLACs were reviewed and correlated with their histology. RESULTS All aspirates showed similar cytologic features, with hypercellular smears showing branching papillae, sheets and clusters composed of bland uniform cells with round-to-oval nuclei, dispersed chromatin, and absent or inconspicuous nucleoli. The cells generally had a scant-to-moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitoses and nuclear pleomorphism were absent. These cells formed tubular structures containing hyaline globules in all cases and often a dispersed myxohyaline stroma. Bare nuclei also frequently appeared in the background. Two cases, which had prior histologic diagnoses, were diagnosed on FNA as metastatic PLAC. One metastatic case was diagnosed as benign metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma. One primary case was diagnosed as adenoid cystic carcinoma and one case as PLAC on FNA. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic differential diagnosis of PLAC includes adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, and monomorphic adenoma. PLAC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck masses, where the cytology suggests one of these tumors, even when the clinical context (involvement of a major salivary gland, lymph node metastasis) is not typical of PLAC. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:31–6. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic fabric and remanence analyses of cores from the U.S. continental margin and the Vema Channel

Abstract Paleomagnetic analyses have been performed on 8 cc cubic samples from 20 gravity and piston cores (172 samples) taken at the base of the U.S. continental margin in the region of a Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent (DWBUC) and from 28 gravity and piston cores (484 samples) from the eastern flank on the Vema Channel. Downcore remanent magnetic (RM) and magnetic fabric measurements have been performed on these samples to examine the effects of depositional mechanisms on the magnetization of sediment at both sites. Vector diagrams after stepwise a.f. demagnetization to 50 mT for both suites of samples indicate variable RM stability above 8–10 cm depth. Below this depth, samples exhibit a stable, apparently primary RM after demagnetization to fields of 10 mT. These results indicate that if the RM is to be used to orient these deep-sea cores, samples should be chosen from greater than 10 cm depth in core and demagnetized to at least 10 mT. Fabric analyses, based on anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements, reveal primary sedimentary fabric in most cores from the U.S. continental margin, but anomalous fabric below 40–80 cm depth in some Vema Channel cores. This anomalous fabric is believed to be the result of soft-sediment deformation at the site. AMS long-axis alignments are essentially random for these Vema Channel cores. Under the DWBUC however, the dominant fabric appears to be normal to the current flow direction while cores from outside the DWBUC exhibit a long-axis AMS alignment which parallels bottom contours. The magnetic fabric parameter F s for core-top samples on the eastern flank of the Vema Channel exhibits high values directly under fast flowing Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and relatively low values under more sluggish water masses above AABW. These F s results are consistent with those reported for earlier Vema Channel studies and for results from DWBUC core-top samples.
The electromagnetic interactions of massive gauge fields

Abstract The electromagnetic interactions of the vector mesons are discussed in terms of the Lagrangian of a massive gauge field. It has been shown elsewhere that this Lagrangian makes some successful correlations between the strong interactions at low energies and the weak currents. If the electromagnetic field is introduced in a minimal way, the resulting Lagrangian also provides a possible description of the electromagnetic properties of the hadrons as well as the leptons. In this scheme the pseudoscalar mesons are coupled to the electromagnetic field only through the massive vector particles. The differences in electromagnetic structure between the proposed theory, which has SU(3) symmetry, and a corresponding SU(2) model are investigated; and in particular, it is shown in the SU(3) case that the source of the electromagnetic field is determined not only in the usual way by the convective current and the magnetic moment of the charged mesons, but alternatively and equally well by the neutral mesons in accordance with the field current identities. The corresponding SU(2) model does not have this feature. Finally, it is suggested that the theory is more convergent than an arbitrary charged vector theory because of its chiral SU(3) structure.
High-brightness, fiber-coupled diode laser development at Coherent

In this work, we present the development of a suite of high brightness, fiber-coupled diode lasers at Coherent Direct Diode Systems. Experimental results of high coupling efficiency into 50-200 μm, 0.2 numerical aperture (NA) fibers will be presented. In addition to the high-brightness laser diode bar with single mode emitters, various configurations of diode laser bars with multimode, broad area emitters will be utilized to achieve similar level of brightness. The enabling technology in these products is supported by key developments in micro and macro optics, diode laser packaging, and system architecture.
Photochemical nitric oxide precursors: synthesis, photochemistry, and ligand substitution kinetics of ruthenium salen nitrosyl and ruthenium salophen nitrosyl complexes.

Described are syntheses, characterizations, and photochemical reactions of the nitrosyl complexes Ru(salen)(ONO)(NO) (I, salen = N,N‘-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato) dianion), Ru(salen)(Cl)(NO) (II), Ru(tBu4salen)(Cl)(NO) (III, tBu4salen = N,N‘-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneiminato) dianion), Ru(tBu4salen)(ONO)(NO) (IV), Ru(tBu2salophen)(Cl)(NO) (V, tBu2salophen = N,N‘-1,2-phenylenediaminebis(3-tert-butylsalicylideneiminato) dianion), and Ru(tBu4salophen)(Cl)(NO) (VI, tBu4salophen = N,N‘-1,2-phenylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneiminato) dianion). Upon photolysis, these Ru(L)(X)(NO) compounds undergo NO dissociation to give the ruthenium(III) solvento products Ru(L)(X)(Sol). Quantum yields for 365 nm irradiation in acetonitrile solution fall in a fairly narrow range (0.055−0.13) but decreased at longer λirr. The quantum yield (λirr = 365 nm) for NO release from the water soluble complex [Ru(salen)(H2O)(NO)]Cl (VII) was 0.005 in water. Kinetics of thermal back-reactions to re-form the nitro...
Speech Production Changes Under Fluency-Evoking Conditions in Nonstuttering Speakers

Changes in airflow and intraoral pressure between baseline and four fluency-evoking Conditions—choral reading (CR), metronome pacing (MET), delayed auditory feedback (DAF), and masking noise (NOISE...
Behavior Analysis and Community Practice: A Review

Behavior analysis has made major contributions to social work practice on the individual, family, group, and organizational levels. Combining recent advances in behavioral theory, particularly Skinner's concept of cultural practices and Glenn's work related to sets of inter locking contingencies, with a review of the available empirical literature, behavior-analytic principles can now clearly begin to provide guidance for practice at a community level. In this article, applications of these principles for increasing the level and quality of community participation, building prosocial community practices, and reducing undesirable community practices are examined. Of particular importance is the emerging evidence for the need to emphasize strategies focusing on positive reinforcement to shape and maintain desirable actions, as opposed to coercive efforts to suppress undesirable ones. Essential skills of behavioral practice also are identified, as are critical directions for further conceptual development, p...
The operation of magnetic amplifiers with various types of load: Part I ¿ Load currents for given angle of firing

The operation of magnetic amplifiers with sensitive core materials is characterized by time intervals in the cycle during which the voltage of the a-c power source is balanced (or ?absorbed?) almost entirely by the rates of change of core fluxes, and by other intervals in which the core fluxes are nearly constant and the voltage of the power source substantially appears applied to the load.
Recall and attitudes in patients with prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives. To assess the ability of men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate to recall aspects of testing leading to their diagnosis, recall of the informed consent process, and their satisfaction with treatment and that treatment’s impact on their lives. Methods. A Gallup Organization telephone survey of a national sample of 421 men with known prostate cancer randomly selected from a pool of men identified during “National Prostate Cancer Awareness Week” was performed from November 1995 to January 1996. Men were queried about diagnostic tests performed to make the diagnosis of prostate cancer, reasons for being “tested,” sources of importance in helping men make an informed treatment decision, informed consent discussions, treatment satisfaction, treatment-related quality of life, and the quality of ongoing physicians’ care. Results. Patients’ recall of procedures performed to diagnose prostate cancer is poor; less than 20% remember having a “biopsy.” More than 80% depended entirely on their attending urologist for informed consent and education about prostate cancer management. Forty percent sustained a complication as a result of their treatment, primarily impacting their sexual or urinary function. Ongoing follow-up care provided by physicians was reported as poor in the management of sexual or urinary problems by 50% and 33% of patients, respectively. Conclusions. Patients are generally satisfied with the care process for prostate cancer. However, the lack of patient recall for diagnostic procedures makes the adequacy of the current informed consent process questionable and suggests the need for increased efforts at improving patient education.
Development of monolithic Cd 1-x Zn x Te arrays with improved energy and spatial resolution

We have fabricated several monolithic x-ray detector arrays from Cd0.9Zn0.1Te material. The principle advantages of this material are its relatively high stopping power and room temperature operation. Recently fabricated linear arrays exhibit improved spatial and energy resolution as compared to our previous versions. Each array is 25.3 mm long with 32 independent detector elements, yielding a center-to-center spacing of 0.8 mm. Gaps of less than 100 micrometers , but with greater than 2 gigaohms of resistance, separate the pixel contacts. Our results indicate that smaller spacings and gap widths are possible with our current fabrication methods. The arrays have been operated in a pulse counting mode with photon energy discrimination. Results for energy resolution and spatial response are presented. Examples of low dose x ray transmission images obtained with a prototype linear scanner utilizing multiple arrays are shown here. By using the energy discrimination capability of the arrays and electronic readout, we have also been able to generate dual-energy images of various samples.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Locating the difficulty in insight problems: individual and sex differences.

This experiment was designed to determine whether difficult problems can be made easier by manipulating a major obstacle. Standard and supposedly simplified versions of 6 insight problems were used. 311 male and 233 female Ss were given 3 of the standard versions and 3 of the simplified versions of the problems. The results showed that the supposedly helpful manipulations had limited value. For males, the standard versions of only 3 of the problems were significantly more difficult than the simplified versions; for females, there were differences on 3 problems (2 in the same direction as the males) but none reached significance. The problems were analyzed individually for sources of failure of the manipulation. Results suggested that a single hint cannot provide significant improvement since a problem appears to be difficult for different people for a variety of reasons. Chance factors also play a part in successful problem solving. Results also confirmed earlier findings showing that hints or suggestions...
Observation and Modeling of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Bend Junctions

Single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) bends, with diameters from approx. 1.0 to 2.5 nm and bend angles from 18 deg. to 34 deg., are observed in catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons at 600 - 1200 C. An algorithm using molecular dynamics simulation (MD) techniques is developed to model these structures that are considered to be SWNT junctions formed by topological defects (i.e. pentagon-heptagon pairs). The algorithm is used to predict the tube helicities and defect configurations for bend junctions using the observed tube diameters and bend angles. The number and arrangement of the defects at the junction interfaces are found to depend on the tube helicities and bend angle. The structural and energetic calculations using the Brenner potential show a number of stable junction configurations for each bend angle with the 34 deg. bends being more stable than the others. Tight binding calculations for local density of state (LDOS) and transmission coefficients are carried out to investigate electrical properties of the bend junctions.
How Treatment is Constructed Among Graduates and Dropouts in a Prison Therapeutic Community for Women

ABSTRACT This study explores the influence of client constructions of “drug treatment” on their expectations and participation in a prison-based therapeutic community program. Initial investigation into client attrition revealed that those clients who prematurely left the program frequently did so under the assumption that they had never received treatment. Indeed, clients who dropped out of the program overwhelming believed that “treatment” consists of a passive, hierarchical relationship with a counselor in which activities are tailored to respond to the uniqueness of the individual's life experiences. The therapeutic community modality de-emphasizes individually tailored treatment in favor of peer-group counseling and role modeling. In light of a treatment modality that deviated from their expectations, clients defined the program as “punishment” and dropped out. Of those clients who remained in the program to graduate, many maintained similar notions'of an ideal type of treatment, but these changed to...
Anternet: The regulation of harvester ant foraging and Internet congestion control

Distributed networks, such as ant colonies and the Internet, operate without central control. Such systems are regulated using feedback based on local interactions among simple components. In this paper, we investigate the algorithms evolved by harvester ant colonies in Arizona to adapt the foraging rate to the available food on a given day. The connection with congestion control algorithms in the Internet, namely TCP, is studied. We find that the algorithm used by the ants corresponds with the three main states of TCP — slow-start, congestion avoidance and timeout. We obtain a mathematical model of the feedback based steady-state foraging activity of the ants. We also consider the spacings between successive returning foragers and find that this process is well-approximated by a Poisson process at high foraging rates.
Meniere's disease and otosclerosis (without oval window involvement).

It is our opinion that otosclerosis is a not infrequent cause of sensorineural hearing loss starting between the late teens and early 60's and, if suspected, that polytome X-rays of the labyrinth can give valuable confirmatory evidence. We have approximately 250 polytome X-ray examinations in our clinic which show evidence of otosclerosis with pure or predominant sensori-neural hearing loss. We have been particularly interested in a group of 25 patients with signs and symptoms of Meniere's disease with polytome X-ray evidence of otosclerosis of the labyrinthine capsule. They all have had typical acute rotary vertigo with nausea and vomiting, fluctuating sensori-neural hearing loss of the end-organ type,. and all have been studied extensively audiometrically. All have at least some degree of bilateral involvement. Seven have siblings either with Meniere's disease or adult onset sensori-neural hearing loss of the end-organ type. We feel it is of considerable practical importance to identify Meniere's disease when it occurs in association with labyrinthine capsule otosclerosis, because we have a strong impression that sodium fluoride in 60 mg. per day doses for one to two years tends to arrest progression of the hearing loss and to reduce or eliminate recurring bouts of acute vertigo. Occasionally, when hydrops is a factor in the sensori-neural hearing loss, we have seen distinct hearing improvement after starting sodium fluoride treatment. (Two case reports are presented in the complete paper with audiograms and medial and lateral oblique polytome views of the labyrinth showing otosclerosis.) When otosclerosis and Meniere's disease are associated there usually seems to be bilateral involvement. These constitute about 10 percent of our cases of Meniere's disease and most patients with unilateral involvement show no X-ray evidence of otosclerosis. The majority of patients having signs and symptoms of bilateral Meniere's disease that we have studied, have had polytome X-ray evidence of otosclerosis. We do not feel that we have conclusively proven an association between the observed bilateral Meniere's disease and the suspected labyrinthine otosclerosis. The final proof will depend on post mortem histo-pathologic study of these temporal bones, and we hope that this material will be available in the future.
Effect of texture and spin reorientation on the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets.

Effects of texture--muniaxial, two-dimensional isotropic, and isotropic--mon the hysteresis loops of fully consolidated ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{15}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{79}$${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ and (NdDy${)}_{15}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{79}$${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ magnets have been investigated between 4.2 and 273 K. The steps in the loops, due to the spin reorientation have been observed to become more pronounced as the texture symmetry increases. Models based on uniaxial, two-dimensional isotropic, and isotropic magnetization are proposed to describe the loop shapes below the spin-reorientation temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{sr}}$. The ratio of the extrapolated remanence, before and after spin rotation, has been shown to be indicative of the magnetic texture.
The Paradox of Redistricting: How Partisan Mapmakers Foster Competition but Disrupt Representation

The authors examine constituency changes induced by redistricting and ask three questions:What explains the amount of instability and uncertainty induced by redistricting? Does uncertainty affect legislators’ career choices? How do these changes affect election outcomes? The authors show that partisan redistricting plans are able to produce significant instability between elections, especially for opposing-party incumbents. Their findings have important implications for representation: through redistricting, strategic actors can disrupt the stability that many theorists would consider paramount for the operation of a democratic republic. The authors show that the effects of redistricting go beyond the simple examination of changes in each district’s underlying partisanship.
TOWARDS A GENERAL THEORY OF COMPUTABILITY

There are nowadays two kinds of computers: digital computers and analogue computers. The principal distinction is this. The questions and answers of a digital computer are presented in symbolic form, perhaps printed on a tape or on cards. An analogue computer, on the other hand, relies on the dependence of one physical magnitude on another. For example, the question (or the input) may be an electrical voltage, and the answer (or output) another voltage related to the first in a manner determined by the structure of the machine.
Phylogeny and Phylogeography of North American Castanea Mill. (Fagaceae) Using cpDNA Suggests Gene Sharing in the Southern Appalachians (Castanea Mill., Fagaceae)

ABSTRACT North American Castanea consists of three morphologically variable species: Castanea dentata, Castanea pumila, and Castanea ozarkensis. Taxonomy of these species has been complicated by intermediate morphology, similarity in growth habit due, in part, to the chestnut blight, and putative naturally occurring hybridization in the southern Appalachians. The primary goal of this study was to determine if chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) distribution reflects the morphological variation observed in North American Castanea. To that end, we sequenced a single cpDNA gene region for 233 accessions collected from much of the range of the genus in North America. Once samples were grouped into haplotypes, we sequenced additional cpDNA regions to ensure that the observed haplotypic relationships were robust. We identified four main lineages and observed that for three of these, leaf and twig morphology are reliable predictors of haplotype identity (especially outside of the southern Appalachians). Haplotypes of the f...
Seasonal Dynamics of Nutrient Limitation in a Tropical High-Altitude Lake (Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia): Application of Physiological Bioassays

Five types of physiological assay were applied to samples from three sites in Lake Titicaca, PeruBolivia (16”s) to assess the magnitude and seasonality of N or P limitation of algal growth. Phosphorus appeared to be in abundant supply relative to growth requirements throughout 1982. Alkaline phosphatase levels were low (~3 nmol substrate converted.cc.g-‘Chl aeliter-l), 3zP0.,3turnover times were always long (> lo3 min in the main body of the lake), and little or no phosphorus was accumulated by the seston during short term enrichments. Ammonium enhancement assays suggested a persistent cellular shortage of nitrogen throughout all seasons in the plankton of a large shallow bay, and in the main basin when the water was stratified. High ammonium uptake capacities, as measured with the NH,+ analogue [L4C]methylammonium, and selective accumulation of nitrogen from N plus P enrichments provided supportive evidence of cellular N deficiency. Winter mixing brought large quantities of NO,- and SRP into the surface euphotic zone of the main basin, and throughout this period neither N nor P appeared to be limiting. Polymixis in the shallow bay resulted in large variations in nitrogen supply and deficiency, and these effects were modulated in part by changes in depth of the euphotic zone. Nitrogen was always in low abundance relative to phosphorus in Lake Titicaca, but the extent of nutrient control on algal growth varied considerably with site and time of year.
The Boundary Layer on an Axisymmetric Body With and Without Spin

The results from an experimental study of the boundary layer surrounding an axisymmetric model consisting of a 3-caliber secant ogive nose, a 2-caliber cylindrical midsection, and a 1-caliber 7-deg conical boattail are presented. Low-speed flow visualization data at zero angle of attack are shown for Reynolds numbers between 315,000 and 1,030,000 (based upon total body length), and ratios of peripheral to freestream velocity between 0 and 1.67. The smoke-flow photographs display the various stages of transition of the boundary layer. In addition, pressure distribution data are included for the nonspinning case. The pressure data are used in conjunction with the photographic data to present a "physical" picture of the boundary-layer development on the model.
Resonators for Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths

Further considerations on the mm-wave Fabry-Perot interferometer are presented. Computed Q values for parallel metal plate resonators indicate that at spacings around 2.5 cm, values ranging from 60,000 at 3 mm, to 300,000 at 0.1 mm wavelengths are possible. The plates must, however, be quite flat. These results are important for many investigations, and in particular for mm and sub-mm wave maser research. For the aperture per wavelength ratios possible here, diffraction effects should be small. Consideration is given to using curved reflectors or focused radiation in applications where the fields must be concentrated. For this purpose, re-entrant conical spherical resonators are treated in detail, as regards operation in the TEM mode at high orders of interference. Expressions for the Q and shunt impedance are given, and high values are possible at mm and sub-mm wavelengths. Quasi-optical methods of coupling into and out of such a resonator are proposed, and the higher modes possible in such a resonator are considered. Results indicate that it could have application to the mm-wave generation problem, and that it represents a good resonant cavity for solid state research at mm and sub-mm wavelengths, and for maser applications in particular.
Allograft vasculopathy and death in a cardiac transplant patient with angiographically normal coronary arteries

A cardiac transplant patient died of severe left ventricular dysfunction 2 weeks after coronary angiography demonstrated normal coronary arteries. Post mortem examination showed significant and diffuse allograft vasculopathy. Coronary angiography may have limited sensitivity in detecting allograft vasculopathy.