cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directed evolution relieves product inhibition and confers in vivo function to a rationally designed tyrosine aminotransferase.

The Escherichia coli aspartate (AATase) and tyrosine (TATase) aminotransferases share 43% sequence identity and 72% similarity, but AATase has only 0.08% and 0.01% of the TATase activities (kcat/Km) for tyrosine and phenylalanine, respectively. Approximately 5% of TATase activity was introduced into the AATase framework earlier both by rational design (six mutations, termed HEX) and by directed evolution (9–17 mutations). The enzymes realized from the latter procedure complement tyrosine auxotrophy in TATase deficient E. coli. HEX complements even more poorly than does wild-type AATase, even though the (kcat/Km) value for tyrosine exhibited by HEX is similar to those of the enzymes found from directed evolution. HEX, however, is characterized by very low values of Km and KD for dicarboxylic ligands, and by a particularly slow release for oxaloacetate, the product of the reaction with aspartate and a TCA cycle intermediate. These observations suggest that HEX exists largely as an enzyme–product complex in vivo. HEX was therefore subjected to a single round of directed evolution with selection for complementation of tyrosine auxotrophy. A variant with a single amino acid substitution, A293D, exhibited substantially improved TATase function in vivo. The A293D mutation alleviates the tight binding to dicarboxylic ligands as Kms for aspartate and α-ketoglutarate are >20-fold higher in the HEX + A293D construct compared to HEX. This mutation also increased kcat/KmTyr threefold. A second mutation, I73V, elicited smaller but similar effects. Both residues are in close proximity to Arg292 and the mutations may function to modulate the arginine switch mechanism responsible for dual substrate recognition in TATases and HEX.
Associated random variables and martingale inequalities

Many of the classical submartingale inequalities, including Doob's maximal inequality and upcrossing inequality, are valid for sequences Sj such that the (Sj+1-Sj's are associated (positive mean) random variables, and for more general “demisubmartingales”. The demisubmartingale maximal inequality is used to prove weak convergence to the two-parameter Wiener process of the partial sum processes constructed from a stationary two-parameter sequence of associated random variables Xijwith \(\mathop \sum \limits_i \mathop \sum \limits_j {\text{Cov}}\left( {X_{{\text{oo}}} ,X_{ij} } \right) < \infty \).
Absolute Counting Using the Zero Probability Analysis

A method has been developed to automatically correct for the dead time losses in a 4?s and 4?s-? coincidence calibration facility. Since radioactive disintegrations occur at random in a manner described by the Poisson distribution, the probability of observing exactly "0" counts in an interval in which the average number of counts is "vT', is: Po = e-vT. By measuring "Po" in the interval "T", the true counting rate "v" can be calculated. This counting rate, as thus determined, is independent of any model for dead time behavior of the detector and substantially independent of secondary pulses. A simple three-channel instrument which measures "Po" is described. This analysis is applied to Geiger, proportional, and scintillation detectors. Comparison of the true counting rate from this analysis to the conventional output can be used as a simple, accurate determination of resolving time.
Two-photon correlated states and third-order nonlinear optical processes in linear chains

ZHOU, and A. F. GARITODepartment of PhysicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA 19104L INTRODUCTIONEarlier, we had shown how electron correlation effects in it-electron virtualexcitation processes determine the large, ultrafast nonresonant nonlinear opticalresponses of conjugated organic and polymeric materials13. Explicit account of theCoulomb repulsion between electrons in many.electron configuration interaction theoryleads to results for the magnitude, sign, dispersion, and length dependence of thenonresonant third order optical susceptibility of conjugated chainsthat differ markedly from those obtained by independent particle calculations. The majorfinding is that virtual transitions involving previously unknown, strongly correlated,energetically high-lying two-photon states are essential to the determination of 'ji(.o)4;o)1,o)2,o)3) of linear polyenes13• Most importantly, in a recently completedcomparative study of the frequency dependent dc4nduced second harmonic susceptibilityYijkl(-2co;o),o),O) and third harmonic susceptibility yj(-3w;w,w,w) at nonresonantwavelengths for key linear polyene chains, the correlated states description wasconfirmed to be in excellent quantitative agreement with experiment in the magnitude,sign, dispersion, and length dependence for both 7,jkl(-2w;w,w,O) and'yijkl(-3c0;co,o),w)4' The importance of these correlation effects has received additionalconfirmation from subsequent independent theoretical studies57In this paper, we summarize the comparative results between experiment andtheory for yijkl(-c04;col,o)2,co3) of conjugated linear chains. Based on these results, weshow that underestimating correlation effects leads to the wrong sign not alone the wrongmagnitude for 'jkl(-co4;.o1,co2,co3) and, moreover, that this neglect is inherentlycontained in heuristic models of Yijkl(-o4;co1,c12,o) derived solely from the linearpolarizability a,j(.(o; co).
Methodology for generating exposure tool specifications for alternating phase-shift mask application for 70-nm node

An enhanced methodology of generating exposure tool specification, specifically lens specification, using alternating phase shift mask (AltPSM) features as anchor structures is introduced in this paper. The use of AltPSM as a resolution enhancement technique requires a unique set of exposure tool requirement on lens and body functionality. The lens aberration level requirement and sensitivity of certain type of Zernike term need to be identified for optimization of the lens for AltPSM application. The NA/Sigma scaling of AltPSM with current level of aberration is discussed briefly. We also extend the response surface CD model to a quadratic model that includes cross talk among Zernike terms. New definition of CD aberration sensitivity based on the quadratic model allows the sensitivity term to include the crosstalk effect. Specifications for aberration levels were established by Monte Carlo CD simulation, taking into account the inherent correlation between Zernike coefficients that we determine from analysis of the pupil Power Spectral Density. Difference on the phasemap behavior and final calculated specification are compared for the correlated and uncorrelated Zernike case. Finally we briefly discuss the flare effect on trim mask exposure and the issues in AltPSM EMF simulation in a high NA regime. Similar treatment for image placement indicated it is as critical as CD for 70nm mode AltPSM application.
Voltammetric study of copper(I) thioacetamide complexes

The composition and stability of copper(I) complexes with thioacetamide (TAA) have been evaluated with the help of square-wave voltammetry using the fast pulse technique. Two species, namely Cu(I) (TAA) and Cu(I) (TAA)2, have been identified having the formation constants log β1=16.85; log β2=18.03. The complex is stable in highly acidic medium (pH≤1). The application for the determination of copper is pointed out.
Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of helix IV and the adjoining loops in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli: Glu126 and Arg144 are essential. off.

Cys-scanning mutagenesis has been applied to the remaining 45 residues in lactose permease that have not been mutagenized previously (from Gln100 to Arg144 which comprise helix IV and adjoining loops). Of the 45 single-Cys mutants, 26 accumulate lactose to > 75% of the steady state observed with Cys-less permease, and 14 mutants exhibit lower but significant levels of accumulation (35-65% of Cys-less permease). Permease with Phe140-->Cys or Lys131-->Cys exhibits low activity (15-20% of Cys-less permease), while mutants Gly115-->Cys, Glu126-->Cys and Arg144-->Cys are completely unable to accumulate the dissacharide. However, Cys-less permease with Ala or Pro in place of Gly115 is highly active, and replacement of Lys131 or Phe140 with Cys in wild-type permease has a less deleterious effect on activity. In contrast, mutant Glu126-->Cys or Arg144-->Cys is inactive with respect to both uphill and downhill transport in either Cys-less or wild-type permease. Furthermore, mutants Glu126-->Ala or Gln and Arg144-->Ala or Gln are also inactive in both backgrounds, and activity is not rescued by double neutral replacements or inversion of the charged residues at these positions. Finally, a mutant with Lys in place of Arg144 accumulates lactose to about 25% of the steady state of wild-type, but at a slow rate. Replacement of Glu126 with Asp, in contrast, has relatively little effect on activity. None of the effects can be attributed to decreased expression of the mutants, as judged by immunoblot analysis. Although the activity of most of the single-Cys mutants is unaffected by N-ethylmaleimide, Cys replacement at three positions (Ala127, Val132, or Phe138) renders the permease highly sensitive to alkylation. The results indicate that the cytoplasmic loop between helices IV and V, where insertional mutagenesis has little effect on activity [McKenna, E., et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 11954-11958], contains residues that play an important role in permease activity and that a carboxyl group at position 126 and a positive charge at position 144 are absolutely required.
Comments on the article “Mechanical properties of the paper sheets treated with different polymers” by S. Kamel, M. El-Sakhawy, A.M.A. Nada, Thermochem. Acta (2004) 421 (1–2) 81–85.

This paper provides reinterpretation of the data reported in an article [1]. The rate constants using a first order kinetic mechanism are evaluated for the untreated and treated Rakata paper. The data allows for the calculation of the activation energy and the frequency factor.
Predictive Models for Flank Wear in Near Dry Machining

The objective of this paper is to present a methodology to analytically model the tool flank wear rate in near-dry turning. The resulting models can serve as a basis to minimize time-consuming machining tests in predicting tool life. Analytical models, including cutting force model, cutting temperature model, and tool wear model, are presented. The cutting force model was established based on Oxley’s model with modifications for lubricating and cooling effect due to the air-oil mixture in near-dry machining. The cutting temperature was obtained by considering a moving or stationary heat source in the tool. The tool wear model contained abrasive mechanism, adhesion mechanism, and diffusion mechanism. The important factors related to this model were contact stresses and temperatures that were obtained from the cutting force model and the cutting temperature model. To develop these models, a set of cutting experiments using carbide tools on AISI 1045 steels were performed to calibrate the coefficients in the models and to verify the proposed flank wear mechanisms. The comparisons between the model-predictive flank wear and experimental results showed that the flank wear in near dry machining can be estimated well by the proposed models. It was also found that the cutting velocity was a dominant factor among the cutting conditions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Analysis of a symmetric laminate with mid-plane free edge delamination under torsion: theory and application to the edge crack torsion (ECT) specimen for mode III toughness characterization

Abstract A shear deformation theory is developed to analyze a symmetric laminate with mid-plane edge delamination under torsion loading. The theory is based on an assumed displacement field which includes shear deformation. The governing equations and boundary conditions are obtained from the principle of virtual work. Closed-form solutions for the compliance and strain energy release rate are obtained. The theory is used to analyze a mid-plane Edge Crack Torsion (ECT) specimen used for characterizing the mode III delamination behavior of composites. The prediction of the present theory for a [90, (±45)n, (±45)n, 90]s class of laminates is compared with existing test data, and good agreement is observed. In addition, the Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) is found to be less accurate for the analysis of the edge crack torsion specimen. The layup effect on the behavior of some ECT specimens is analyzed using the present theory.
Macrophage Migration in Experimental Atherosclerosis

With the object of testing the importance of macrophage transport of lipid in the production of atheromas, a radioisotope was employed in labeling reticuloendothelial cells. Rabbits were injected with this isotope, and lipemia induced by cholesterol feeding. Subsequently the animals were sacrificed and the distribution of the label determined. High concentrations of the label were found in Kupffer cells, in splenic and marrow macrophages, but no significant increase was demonstrated in aortic atheromas. This finding is interpreted as evidence against the macrophage theory of genesis of atherosclerosis.
Correction of ``drying gels: I. General theory''

The pressure in the liquid in the pores of a solid body is calculated by a general method. The resulting strain is calculated for the special case of a microstructure consisting of rods intersecting at right angles. This note corrects an error in a previous paper [Drying Gels: I. General Theory].
Stem cells: Low-risk reprogramming.

New techniques circumvent a roadblock to the production of embryonicstem-cell-like lines from adult tissue. Such reprogrammed cell lines should be much safer to use for therapy. The discovery that non-germline adult cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, able to differentiate into any cell type, opened up exciting possibilities. Reprogrammed cells — called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells — should have great potential in regenerative medicine, but most current methods of producing them involve viral gene delivery that could cause abnormalities in the induced cells. Two groups in this issue report on a collaboration that has succeeded in producing pluripotency in human cells without using viral vectors. Stable iPS cells were produced in both human and mouse fibroblasts using virus-derived 2A peptide sequences to create a multicistronic vector incorporating the reprogramming factors, delivered to the cell by the piggyBac transposon vector. The 2A-linked reprogramming factors, not required in the established iPS cell lines, were then removed.
Cytoreductive prostatectomy: Evidence in support of a new surgical paradigm (Review)

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second ranked cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The current standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) includes systemic therapies with no option for surgery. In contrast, in other malignancies such as breast and kidney cancer, cytoreduction plays an integral role in the treatment of metastatic disease. In this framework, there are emerging data that suggest a potential oncologic benefit to cytoreduction in mPCa. The majority of the data are retrospective in nature suggesting that patients with mPCa who had prior radical prostatectomy (RP) had a better survival, as well as improved response to systemic therapy. Similarly, patients who presented with metastatic disease and received definitive local therapy (RP or radiation) had greater survival than patients who received no treatment. In order to confer maximum potential benefit, operating in the setting of mPCa must be technically feasible with acceptable morbidity. It has been demonstrated in many studies that operating on locally advanced disease (T3a/b) does have similar morbidity as lower stage cancer. This may be applicable in the metastatic setting, because although PCa may have metastasized, it may remain locally advanced. On the molecular level there are a number of explanations concerning the potential benefit of cytoreduction. However, these ideas remain speculative with no concrete evidence to date.
Stochastic Flows, Reaction-Diffusion Processes, and Morphogenesis

Recently, anexact procedure has been introduced [C. A. Walsh and J. J. Kozak,Phys. Rev. Lett.47:1500 (1981)] for calculating the expected walk length 〈n〉 for a walker undergoing random displacements on a finite or infinite (periodic)d-dimensional lattice with traps (reactive sites). The method (which is based on a classification of the symmetry of the sites surrounding the central deep trap and a coding of the fate of the random walker as it encounters a site of given symmetry) is applied here to several problems in lattice statistics for each of whichexact results are presented. First, we assess the importance of lattice geometry in influencing the efficiency of reaction-diffusion processes in simple and multiple trap systems by reporting values of 〈n〉 for square (cubic) versus hexagonal lattices ind=2, 3. We then show how the method may be applied to variable-step (distance-dependent) walks for a single walker on a given lattice and also demonstrate the calculation of the expected walk length 〈n〉 for the case of multiple walkers. Finally, we make contact with recent discussions of “mixing” by showing that the degree of chaos associated with flows in certain lattice systems can be calibrated by monitoring the lattice walks induced by the Poincare map of a certain parabolic function.
Sacred mountains and beloved fetuses: can loving or worshipping something give it moral status?

Part One addresses the question whether the fact that some persons love something, worship it, or deeply care about it, can endow moral status on that thing. I argue that the answer is “no.” While some cases lend great plausibility to the view that love or worship can endow moral status, there are other cases in which love or worship clearly fails to endow moral status. Furthermore, there is no principled way to distinguish these two types of cases, so we must conclude that love or worship never endow moral status. Part Two takes up the hard question of why we have to be careful of things that others love or worship, given that the things do not thereby have moral status. I argue that it is sometimes bad for those who love or worship the things if we mistreat them. I develop an account of when love and worship, and person projects more generally, succeed in expanding the scope of what counts as good or bad for the person engaged in the project.
Gender and Salary in Graduate Schools of Social Work: An Outworn Issue?:

The study reported in this article reassessed gender-related inequities in the salaries of faculty members of graduate schools of social work in light of methodological questions about earlier rese...
Architecture and signal transduction mechanism of the bacterial chemosensory array: Progress, controversies, and challenges

Recent research has deepened our understanding of the ancient, conserved chemosensory array that detects small molecule attractants and repellents, and directs the chemotaxis of bacterial and archaeal cells towards an optimal chemical environment. Here we review advances towards a molecular description of the ultrastable lattice architecture and ultrasensitive signal transduction mechanism of the chemosensory array, as well as controversies and challenges requiring further research. Ultimately, a full molecular understanding of array structure and on-off switching will foster (i) the design of novel therapies that block pathogenic wound seeking and infection, (ii) the development of highly specific, sensitive, stable biosensors, and (iii) the elucidation of general functional principles shared by receptor patches in all branches of life.
Transfer factor in vitro abrogation of blocking factors and amplification of immunoreactivity directed to soluble tumor associated antigens in the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay

26 breast cancer patients with recurrent disease were studied in order to evaluate whether transfer factor (TF) could abrogate serum blocking factors (SBF) and transfer or amplify immune reactivity directed to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by using the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay (LAI). When 11 leukocyte samples obtained from patients reactive to cancer extract were preincubated with autologous blocking sera in the presence of PBS, nonspecific TF, or specific TF, leukocytes from these patients gained reactivity against breast cancer extract in none out of 11, one out of 11, and nine out of 11 experiments, respectively. Specific TF was obtained from donors with positive LAI breast cancer extract. Mean percentage LAI differences between control extract and breast cancer extract were −4.5±2.6, 0.5±1.7, and 15.5±2.4. The results of specific TF were significantly different from those of nonspecific TF (P<0.005). When nine leukocyte samples obtained from patients unreactive to cancer extract were preincubated with autologous blocking sera in the presence of PBS, nonspecific TF, or specific TF, leukocytes from these patients gained reactivity against breast cancer extract in none out of nine, one out of nine, and seven out of nine experiments, respectively. Mean percentage LAI differences between control extract and breast cancer extract were −4.6±2.0, 0.6±2.3, and 11.8±3.5. The results of specific TF were again significantly different from those of nonspecific TF (P<0.005). When allogeneic blocking sera were utilized, similar results were obtained. When specific TF was administered in two doses, 1 week apart subcutaneously to six breast cancer patients who were unreactive to breast cancer extracts, four patients gained reactivity against breast cancer extracts. Our in vitro experiments support the presence of a specific component in transfer factor extract which can transfer or amplify cell-mediated reactivity with abrogation of SBF directed at TAA.
Martian blue-clearing during 1967 apparition

Abstract The occurence of Martian blue-clearing during a 20-month observational patrol is tabulated and summarized. Periods of clearing were more numerous and stronger during the 1967 apparition than during 1965. The percentage of nights in which some form of clearing was detected was 48.5% of the total nights of quality violet-blue observations. Blue-clearings were noted 175 days before opposition and 349 days after opposition.
Microwave free carrier Faraday effect in semiconductors--perturbation theory for guided waves

Abstract At frequencies approaching the electron-lattice collision frequency, the weak field Faraday effect can be used to study details of scattering mechanisms that are manifested in the complex Hall terms of the permittivity tensor. Plane wave theories that may apply to experiments using infrared or visible light do not apply rigorously to the guided wave experiments that have been performed in this frequency range. This paper describes a guided wave theory relating the real and imaginary parts of the weak field Hall terms to microwave measurements performed on a degenerate TE mode waveguide containing a longitudinally magnetized cubic semiconductor. The theory assumes only that the magnetic field is small and takes losses and reflections into consideration exactly.
Risk aversion, public disclosure, and long-lived information

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for characterizing the optimal behavior of a risk-averse insider under disclosure requirements. We show that there is an equilibrium in which the insider camouflages his trades with a noise component so that his private information is revealed slowly and linearly.
Vibrational spectra, structure, and theoretical calculations of 2-chloro- and 3-chloropyridine and 2-bromo- and 3-bromopyridine

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of 2-chloropyridine, 3-chloropyridine, 2-bromopyridine, and 3-bromopyridine have been recorded and assigned. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set) produce excellent agreement with the experimental values. Ab initio calculations (MP2 with the cc-pVTZ basis set) were utilized to compute the molecular structures, which were compared to those of pyridine and the corresponding fluoropyridines. All of the 2-halopyridines show a shortening of the N–C(2) bond resulting from the halogen substitution on the C(2) carbon atom. All of the other ring bond distances for the 2-halopyridines and 3-halopyridines are little different from pyridine itself.
Properties of Nuclear Matter

The properties of nuclear matter have been determined by the solution of the nuclear many-body problem, using the reaction matrix theory of Brueckner. The nonlinear integral equations characteristic of the theory have been solved with the aid of the fast electronic computer IBM 704. The two-body interaction assumed is the phenomenological potential of Gammel, Christian, and Thaler.It is found that the binding energy of nuclear matter, neglecting Coulomb forces, is 14.6 Mev per particle at a density corresponding to a radius parameter ${r}_{0}=1.00\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. The Coulomb repulsion in a heavy nucleus is shown to drop the density by approximately 15%. The tensor force is shown to give approximately 6-Mev binding energy.The results are found to be very sensitive to the self-consistency requirements of the theory, the binding energy shifting from 14.6 Mev to 34.4 Mev if the velocity dependence of the single-particle potential is neglected. The actual solutions were made self-consistent by an iteration procedure which converged in five or six iterations, the final results being self-consistent to one part in ${10}^{5}$ or ${10}^{6}$.The effective mass for nucleon motion in the Fermi sea is found to vary from $0.56M$ for slow particles to $0.66M$ for particles near the Fermi surface. This velocity dependence of the potential is closely related to the symmetry energy which also depends, however, on the shifting in the spin populations as the neutronproton ratio is changed from unity. The symmetry energy computed is 10 to 15% larger than that deduced from experiment.
On the LASSO and Dantzig selector equivalence

Recovery of sparse signals from noisy observations is a problem that arises in many information processing contexts. LASSO and the Dantzig selector (DS) are two well-known schemes used to recover high-dimensional sparse signals from linear observations. This paper presents some results on the equivalence between LASSO and DS. We discuss a set of conditions under which the solutions of LASSO and DS are same. With these conditions in place, we formulate a shrinkage procedure for which LASSO and DS follow the same solution path. Furthermore, we show that under these shrinkage conditions the solution to LASSO and DS can be attained in at most S homotopy steps, where S is the number of nonzero elements in the final solution. Thus the computational cost for finding complete homotopy path for an M × N system is merely O(SMN).
A parallel Monte-Carlo finite-element procedure for the analysis of multicomponent random media

We present a new first-principle framework for the prediction of effective properties and statistical correlation lengths for multicomponent random media. The methodology is based upon a variational hierarchical decomposition procedure which recasts the original multiscale problem as a sequence of three scale-decoupled subproblems. The focus of the current paper is the computationally intensive mesoscale subproblem, which comprises: Monte-Carlo acceptance–rejection sampling; domain generation and parallel partition based on Voronoi tesselation; parallel Delaunay mesh generation; homogenization-theory formulation of the governing equations; finite-element discretization; parallel iterative solution procedures; and implementation on message-passing multicomputers, here the Intel iPSC/860 hypercube. Two (two-dimensional) problems of practical importance are addressed: heat conduction in random fibrous composites, and creeping flow through random fibrous porous media.
Increasing the number of biopsy cores improves the concordance of biopsy Gleason score to prostatectomy Gleason score

OBJECTIVE To evaluate taking more biopsy cores for predicting the radical prostatectomy (RP) Gleason score compared with the biopsy Gleason score, as although random sextant biopsies are the standard for a tissue diagnosis of prostate cancer, and taking more biopsies increases the detection rate, it is uncertain whether taking more cores improves the prediction of the RP Gleason score. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analysed retrospectively 404 patients from three centres (Seattle 162, Washington 107 and Chicago 135) who had RP for prostate cancer. Six, eight or 10 biopsies were taken based on the physician's preference and the patient's characteristics. RESULTS Before RP, 158 (39%) patients had six, 65 (16%) had eight and 181 (45%) had 10 biopsy cores taken. The accuracy of the Gleason sum of the three groups was 65/158 (41%), 26/65 (40%) and 104/181 (57.5%), respectively (P < 0.004, 10-core vs six-core). However, when comparing the Gleason score separately (i.e. 4 + 3 is not equal to 3 + 4), the accuracy of the three groups was 48/158 (30%), 20/65 (31%), and 95/181 (52.5%), respectively (P < 0.001, 10-core vs six core). CONCLUSIONS Taking more biopsy cores improves the accuracy of the biopsy Gleason score in predicting the final Gleason score at RP; the predictive accuracy of the final Gleason score may be increased from 41% to 58% by increasing the number of biopsies from six to 10.
The Limitations of “Vulnerability” as a Protection for Human Research Participants

Vulnerability is one of the least examined concepts in research ethics. Vulnerability was linked in the Belmont Report to questions of justice in the selection of subjects. Regulations and policy documents regarding the ethical conduct of research have focused on vulnerability in terms of limitations of the capacity to provide informed consent. Other interpretations of vulnerability have emphasized unequal power relationships between politically and economically disadvantaged groups and investigators or sponsors. So many groups are now considered to be vulnerable in the context of research, particularly international research, that the concept has lost force. In addition, classifying groups as vulnerable not only stereotypes them, but also may not reliably protect many individuals from harm. Certain individuals require ongoing protections of the kind already established in law and regulation, but attention must also be focused on characteristics of the research protocol and environment that present ethical challenges.
Patient education for Hispanic Americans

Hispanic Americans are the second largest minority in the United States, and this population is growing rapidly. Given that there are some important differences between Hispanic culture and mainstream U.S. culture, providing effective patient education to Hispanics requires being aware of their special characteristics and needs. Only limited information is now available about Hispanic Americans. In this paper, some of the data and their implications for patient education are presented and discussed. For example, Hispanic Americans are not receiving the health care services they need and want, so patient educators will probably need to reach out to them. Morbidity and mortality data and risk prevalence data are examined with an eye toward identifying health problems that are likely to need attention when caring for this population. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are offered for providing effective patient education to Hispanics. Much more needs to be learned about the Hispanic Americans. Patient educators who have been working with Hispanics need to report on their efforts, and, if the lack of literature on patient education programs for Hispanics reflects a shortage of programs for Hispanics, this situation also needs to be remedied.
The Chemical Composition of the Blood of the Dairy Goat

Summary Data were presented on the range and average composition of certain constituents of the whole blood and plasma of dairy goats. A comparison of the arterial and venous blood of lactating and non-lactating animals was made. For purposes of comparison, a tabulation of comparative data on the composition of the blood of other species was presented. No significant differences in the goat plasma were noted in comparison with other mammals. It will be seen that the cell volume of the goat is unusually low probably due to the small size of the red blood corpuscle.
COMPLETE PRIMARY REPAIR OF EXSTROPHY

ABSTRACTPurpose: The surgical correction of bladder exstrophy to achieve continence with voiding remains a challenging problem for the urologist. Since 1989 we have performed complete primary repair for exstrophy based on the concept that the primary defect of bladder and cloacal exstrophy is anterior herniation. Thus, the bladder and urethra must be treated as a single unit to move them posteriorly into the pelvis. We present this technique.Materials and Methods: From 1989 to 1997, 18 patients with bladder exstrophy and 6 with cloacal exstrophy underwent complete primary repair of exstrophy. This procedure was done on day 1 of life in 18 patients. Mean followup is 44 months (range 4 months to 8 years).Results: At a median followup of 48 months 4 boys and 4 girls have volitional voiding after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy, 21 patients have continent intervals and 2 boys void with continent intervals after complete primary repair of cloacal exstrophy. No patient has had a loss of renal funct...
Transmissible Proteins: Expanding the Prion Heresy

The once heretical concept that a misfolded protein is the infectious agent responsible for prion diseases is now widely accepted. Recent exciting research has led not only to the end of the skepticism that proteins can transmit disease, but also to expanding the concept that transmissible proteins might be at the root of some of the most prevalent human illnesses. At the same time, the idea that biological information can be transmitted by propagation of protein (mis)folding raises the possibility that heritable protein agents may be operating as epigenetic factors in normal biological functions and participating in evolutionary adaptation.
TIDES AND GRAVITY WAVES IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE

The subject of this review is amply dealt with in existing papers and monographs. Data on atmospheric tides below 120 km as well as theoretical developments through about 1967 are described in detail in Chapman and Lindzen (1970). Some more recent results are given in a sequence of papers (Lindzen, 1970a, b; Lindzen and Blake, 1970) dealing with the effects of viscosity and conductivity on tides - especially in the thermosphere. The subject of internal gravity waves in the upper atmosphere is well covered by Hines (1960, 1963). Some more recent developments are to be found in Pitteway and Hines (1963) and Booker and Bretherton (1967). A comprehensive review of the subject by Walter Jones will soon appear in Handbuch der Physik. The two subjects are by no means unrelated. Atmospheric tides are essentially internal gravity waves (modified by the earth’s sphericity and rotation) for which the periods (integral fractions of a day) are known precisely and for which the excitations, while not perfectly known, are better known than they are for most other gravity waves.
Optimal lower bounds on the hydrostatic stress amplification inside random two-phase elastic composites

Composites made from two linear isotropic elastic materials are subjected to a uniform hydrostatic stress. It is assumed that only the volume fraction of each elastic material is known. Lower bounds on all r th moments of the hydrostatic stress eld inside each phase are obtained for r 2. A lower bound on the maximum value of the hydrostatic stress eld is also obtained. These bounds are given by explicit formulas depending on the volume fractions of the constituent materials and their elastic moduli. All of these bounds are shown to be the best possible as they are attained by the hydrostatic stress eld inside the Hashin{Shtrikman coated sphere assemblage. The bounds provide a new opportunity for the assessment of load transfer between macroscopic and microscopic scales for statistically dened microstructures. Keywords. A Composite materials; B Failure criteria; C Stress concentrations
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS—VI. IDENTIFICATION OF THE FREE RADICALS GENERATED DURING THE PHOTOLYSIS OF MUSK AMBRETTE, MUSK XYLENE AND MUSK KETONE

— Musk ambrette (4-tert-butyl-3-methoxy-2,5-dinitrotoluene), a common component of perfumes, soaps, and some food flavorings, can cause cutaneous photosensitization reactions including photoallergy. These may be mediated through free radicals formed during photolysis. When musk ambrette was photolyzed under nitrogen in basic methanol, two distinct nitro anion radicals were identified by electron spin resonance. One radical was centered on a nitro group in the plane of the aromatic ring, while the other was centered on a nitro group twisted out of the plane of the ring due to steric hindrance by bulky substituents on either side of the group: the two radicals appeared to interconvert and maintain an equilibrium concentration ratio. Two closely related compounds which are also used in perfumes, but have not been reported to cause photosensitizing reactions, also produced free radicals during photolysis. Musk xylene (2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-dimethyl-5-tert-butylbenzene) generated two nitro anion radicals, both of which were centered on twisted nitro groups, while musk ketone (3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylacetophenone) produced only one nitro anion radical, which is also twisted. Athough these nitro anion radicals are probably the first step in the photolysis of these nitroarornatic molecules, it seems likely that in vivo they will undergo further reduction to produce more reactive species including the corresponding nitroso and hydroxylamine derivatives. In addition, autoxidation of the nitro anion radical intermediate forms superoxide.
Exploring Ownership in a Developmental Context

Ownership and economic behaviors are highly salient elements of the human social landscape. Indeed, the human world is literally constructed of property. Individuals perceive and manipulate a complex web of people and property that is largely invisible and abstract. In this chapter, the authors focus on drawing together information from a variety of disciplines, including legal theory, philosophy, psychology, and economics, to begin creating a coherent picture of the cognitive architecture that underlies ownership concepts. In doing so, the authors review theories of ownership and discuss recent research that highlights the unique contributions garnered by studying ownership in a developmental context.
Revisiting Rodriguez v. Los Angeles Unified School District: A Case of Intra-district Inequities

In the early 1980’s, Mexican American parents from LAUSD initiated the Rodriguez case. The author received a phone call one afternoon from a Mexican American parent organization from LAUSD. The researcher was told that the Mexican American parents had a gut feeling and perception that their community schools were treated unequally and that the facilities clearly revealed part of the problem. They asked the author if he could do a study to test their perceptions since no one else would conduct such a study. The author agreed to conduct the study but many challenges were involved in such an endeavor. First, the LAUSD Offi ce had no public studies available on resource allocations. Second, a literature review at the time also revealed no research on the facilities inequity that the parents were raising. No study had ever been done in the southwest to answer the kind of questions the Mexican American Parents were posing. Third, no major studies were found in the literature that was related to the parents’ concerns on school fi nance resources and facilities to inform the methodology. Lastly, the parents had no funds or funding source for the study but they were hoping it could still move forward. The researcher met with the parent representatives a number of times and also conducted site visits to see what challenges they perceived. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) and the Rosenberg Foundation eventually provided some fi nancial support for the study. Espinosa LAUSD Study (1985) The purpose of the Espinosa (1985) LAUSD Study was fourfold: (1) to describe and compare the distribution of fi scal resources, achievement scores, poverty, language classifi cations, percent and number of students, and school size using 86 randomly selected schools within the Los Angeles Unifi ed School District during 1985-86 school year, and (2) to analyze the relationship between fi scal and school environmental resources and achievement data using a stratifi ed sample based upon ethnicity of the student population, (3) to create, a technical research study that was required as part of the formal complaint process that included the US Justice Department and (4) to present to twenty legal organizations to determine the feasibility and legal challenges possible in LAUSD. In order for the Rodriguez v. LAUSD case to move forward, the legal community had to be convinced there were causes of action and that there was data to support the concerns of the parents. The 22
Language-related erps: Scalp distributions and modulation by word type and semantic priming

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp to investigate the processing of word stimuli. Three tasks were used: (1) a task comparing words that provided an anomalous or normal sentence ending, (2) a word-list task in which different word types were examined, and (3) a word-list task in which semantic priming was examined. ERPs were recorded from a 50-channel montage in an attempt to dissociate overlapping ERP features by their scalp distributions. The focus of these studies was the N400, an ERP previously associated with language processing (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980). The temporal interval typically associated with N400 (250--500 msec) was found to contain overlapping ERP features. Two of these features were common to both sentence and word-list tasks---but one appeared different. Anomalous sentence endings and words with semantic content in lists both showed coincident negative left frontotemporal and midline-anterior ERP foci, peaking at 332 msec for sentences and 316 msec for word lists. The most negative voltage obtained in the sentence task peaked at 386 msec and had a midline-posterior focus. A right frontotemporal focus developed after the midline-posterior focus and outlasted its duration. The most negative voltage for content words in lists was reached at 364 msec. The distribution of this ERP was extensive over the midline and appeared to differ from that observed in the sentence task. Modulation of language-related ERPs by word type and semantic priming was investigated using the word-list tasks, which required category-detection responses. Two novel findings were obtained: (1) The ERP distributions for words serving grammatical function and content words differed substantially in word lists. Even when devoid of any sentence context, function words presented significantly attenuated measures of N400 compared to content words. These findings support hypotheses that suggest a differential processing of content and function words. (2) Semantic priming functionally dissociated two ERP features in the 250--500 msec range. The later and most negative midline ERP feature (peaking at 364 msec) was attenuated by semantic priming. However, the earlier left frontotemporal feature (peaking at 316 msec) was enhanced by semantic priming. The isolation of this novel language-related ERF' that is sensitive to semantic manipulations has important consequences for temporal and mechanistic aspects of theories of language processing.
Surgical outcomes of total knee replacement according to diabetes status and glycemic control, 2001 to 2009.

Background: Poor glycemic control in patients with diabetes may be associated with adverse surgical outcomes. We sought to determine the association of diabetes status and preoperative glycemic control with several surgical outcomes, including revision arthroplasty and deep infection. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in five regions of a large integrated health-care organization. Eligible subjects, identified from the Kaiser Permanente Total Joint Replacement Registry, underwent an elective first primary total knee arthroplasty during 2001 through 2009. Data on demographics, diabetes status, preoperative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and comorbid conditions were obtained from electronic medical records. Subjects were classified as nondiabetic, diabetic with HbA1c < 7% (controlled diabetes), or diabetic with HbA1c ≥ 7% (uncontrolled diabetes). Outcomes were deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within ninety days after surgery and revision surgery, deep infection, incident myocardial infarction, and all-cause rehospitalization within one year after surgery. Patients without diabetes were the reference group in all analyses. All models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results: Of 40,491 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty, 7567 (18.7%) had diabetes, 464 (1.1%) underwent revision arthroplasty, and 287 (0.7%) developed a deep infection. Compared with the patients without diabetes, no association between controlled diabetes (HbA1c < 7%) and the risk of revision (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99 to 1.76), risk of deep infection (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.86), or risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.17) was observed. Similarly, compared with patients without diabetes, no association between uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7%) and the risk of revision (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.54), risk of deep infection (OR, 0.55; 95% CI 0.29 to 1.06), or risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.13) was observed. Conclusions: No significantly increased risk of revision arthroplasty, deep infection, or deep venous thrombosis was found in patients with diabetes (as defined on the basis of preoperative HbA1c levels and other criteria) compared with patients without diabetes in the study population of patients who underwent elective total knee arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Meeting report - TGF-β superfamily: signaling in development and disease.

The latest advances on the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways were reported at the July 2013 FASEB Summer Research Conference ‘The TGF-β Superfamily: Development and Disease’. The meeting was held in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA at 6700 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains. This was the seventh biannual meeting in the series. In attendance were investigators from a broad range of disciplines with a common interest in the mechanics of TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways, their normal developmental and homeostatic functions, and the diseases associated with pathway misregulation.
Social Media And Networking Technologies: An Analysis Of Collaborative Work And Team Communication

Digital communication increases students’ learning outcomes in higher education. Web 2.0 technologies encourages students’ active engagement, collaboration, and participation in class activities, facilitates group work, and encourages information sharing among students. Familiarity with organizational use and sharing in social networks aids students who are expected to be facile in these technologies upon graduation (Benson, Filippaios, and Morgan, 2010). Faculty members become coaches, monitoring and providing feedback to students rather than directing activities. While Web 2.0 technologies, including social networks, may act as a distraction in a teaching environment, our findings suggest that effective social networking in learning environments sustain quality instruction and skills-development in business education.