cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of new intramammary infection at calving by prepartum teat dipping.

Abstract Cows were subjected to teat dipping in a commercial iodophor germicide twice daily for at least 7 days immediately before calving to assess efficacy of the practice in reducing new intramammary infection at calving. In a cold season and in a warm season, groups of about 35 cows successively calving were treated and were compared with similarly sized and selected control groups. There were no advantages for teat dipped over control cow groups for incidence of new intramammary infections at calving, for new infections that persisted for longer than 14 days after calving, or for new infections that required antibiotic therapy. Incidence of new infection in warm weather (27.3% of quarters) was twice that in cool weather (13.6%). The most frequently isolated pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus uberis . Staphylococcus aureus infections were more likely to persist into the new lactation (83%) than were infections by other pathogens (38 to 57%).
Perceptions of Audible Nasal Emission in Speakers with Cleft Palate: A Comparative Study of Listener Judgments:

Objective: Audible nasal emission is a common speech distortion observed in persons with cleft palate. This study examined the validity and reliability of perceptual judgments of audible nasal emission using interval scaling and magnitude estimation techniques. Participants: Speech samples were collected from six adolescents with repaired cleft palate, all of whom demonstrated audible nasal emission. A total of 31 adults performed rating tasks in which they judged the severity of audible nasal emission in speech samples. Measures: Occurrences of audible nasal emission in speech samples were identified using visual and auditory inspection. Using an acoustic modification technique, samples were digitally modified to amplify perceived occurrences of audible nasal emission to create three stimulus conditions. The original recording of the speech samples served as a control condition. The severity of audible nasal emission in the samples was judged by multiple listeners using interval scaling and magnitude est...
Data demonstrating the effects of build orientation and heat treatment on fatigue behavior of selective laser melted 17–4 PH stainless steel

Axial fully-reversed strain-controlled ([Formula: see text]) fatigue experiments were performed to obtain data demonstrating the effects of building orientation (i.e. vertical versus horizontal) and heat treatment on the fatigue behavior of 17-4 PH stainless steel (SS) fabricated via Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (Yadollahi et al., submitted for publication [1]). This data article provides detailed experimental data including cyclic stress-strain responses, variations of peak stresses during cyclic deformation, and fractography of post-mortem specimens for SLM 17-4 PH SS.
Abstract 268: Differential Activation and Subcellular Targeting of Erk1/2 and Akt in Response to β-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Transactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Cardiomyocytes

β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) are critical regulators of cardiac function whose dysregulation during heart failure are associated with diminished cardiac function, however βAR-mediated EGFR transactivation has been shown to relay cardioprotection via unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that EGFR transactivation may result in differential activation and subcellular targeting of prosurvival kinases known to be downstream of EGFR, namely ERK1/2 and Akt. Thus, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and subcellular distribution was assessed in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (RNCM). Treatment of RNCM with the βAR agonist isoproterenol (Iso) resulted in significant phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 (P-ERK) and Akt (P-Akt), in the cytosolic, plasma membrane and nuclear fractions. EGFR inhibition with AG1478 resulted in complete ablation of Iso-induced P-ERK in all fractions, as did MEK1/2 inhibition with PD184352. Total ERK levels did not change in any fraction under any condition, which along with the PD184352 data suggests Iso-mediated EGFR-dependent effects on ERK1/2 activity at different cellular locations is reliant upon MEK1/2 trafficking. While Akt phosphorylation in response to Iso-mediated EGFR transactivation was not sensitive to EGFR inhibition in the cytosol, the P-Akt response was completely abrogated by AG1478 in the plasma membrane and nuclear fractions. The PI3K inhibitor LY-294002 blocked Iso-induced Akt phosphorylation in all fractions, confirming reliance upon PI3K activity for Iso-mediated Akt activation. Additionally, total Akt levels remained constant over all treatments except at the plasma membrane, where AG 1478 reduced T-Akt, suggesting that Akt recruitment and PI3K activity each contribute to an increase in plasma membrane-associated P-Akt, whereas increased nuclear P-Akt in response to Iso-induced EGFR signaling depends solely on PI3K activity. In all, these results demonstrate differential impact of βAR-mediated EGFR transactivation on the subcellular activation and targeting of cardiomyocyte ERK1/2 and Akt. Further understanding of the downstream consequences of these effects in response to βAR-mediated EGFR transactivation could lead to improved therapies for the treatment of heart failure.
Assessment of inhibition of porcine hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by 48 commercial drugs.

Drug interactions due to inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are not well understood in veterinary medicine. Forty-eight commercial porcine medicines were selected to evaluate their potential inhibition on porcine hepatic CYP450 enzymes at their commercial doses and administration routes. Those drugs were first assessed through a single point inhibitory assay at 3 µM in porcine liver microsomes for six specific CYP450 metabolisms (phenacetin o-deethylation, coumarin 7-hydroxylation, tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation, bufuralol 1-hydroxylation, chlorozoxazone 6-hydroxylation and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation). When the inhibition was > 10% in the single point inhibitory assay, IC50 values (inhibitory concentrations that decrease biotransformation of selected substrate by 50%) were determined. Overall, 17 drugs showed in vitro inhibition on one or more porcine hepatic CYP450 metabolisms with different IC50 values. The potential in vivo porcine hepatic CYP450 inhibition by those drugs was assessed by combining the in vitro data and in vivo Cmax (maximum plasma concentrations from pharmacokinetic studies of the porcine medicines at their commercial doses and administration routes). Three drugs showed high potential inhibition to one or two porcine hepatic CYP450 isoforms at their commercial doses and administration routes, while seven drugs had medium risk and seven had low risk of such in vivo inhibition. These data are useful to prevent potential drug interactions in veterinary medical practice.
Mass spectrometry-based monitoring of millisecond protein–ligand binding dynamics using an automated microfluidic platform

Characterizing protein–ligand binding dynamics is crucial for understanding protein function and for developing new therapeutic agents. We present a novel microfluidic platform that features rapid mixing of protein and ligand solutions, variable incubation times, and an integrated electrospray ionization source for mass spectrometry-based monitoring of protein–ligand binding dynamics. This platform offers many advantages, including solution-based binding, label-free detection, automated operation, rapid mixing, and low sample consumption.
Detection of streptococcal antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.

Rapid detection systems for identifying antibody or bacterial antigen have been used for two to three years. The analysis for the presence of bacterial antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis has been used in the detection of neonatal and pediatric infections. In the present report, the previous data concerning the detection of group B streptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid, sera, and urine of injected newborns was reinforced. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was also established as a method for detecting group B streptococcal antigen in amniotic fluid and group D streptococcal antigen in body fluids, and for verifying group A streptococcal antigen from 24-hour culture plates. This is a further extension of the use by the clinical laboratory of counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the detection of bacterial antigen.
Band-Gap Reduction and Dopant Interaction in Epitaxial La,Cr Co-doped SrTiO3 Thin Films

We show that by co-doping SrTiO3 (STO) epitaxial thin films with equal amounts of La and Cr, it is possible to produce films with an optical band gap ∼0.9 eV lower than that of undoped STO. Sr1–xLaxTi1–xCrxO3 thin films were deposited by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy to show that the Cr dopants are almost exclusively in the Cr3+ oxidation state. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements and theoretical modeling suggest that it is thermodynamically preferred for La and Cr dopants to occupy nearest-neighbor A- and B-sites in the lattice. Transport measurements show that the material exhibits variable-range hopping conductivity with high resistivity. These results create new opportunities for the use of doped STO films in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications.
Public health education reform in context: a commentary on the Institute Of Medicine's Report "Who Will Keep The Public Healthy?".

In a time of limited resources and public indifference, much needs to be done to modernize and maintain the profession of public health. Public health education must incorporate new knowledge and new strategies that will be needed to protect the public’s health, as well as adapt and expand to meet new challenges and demands. The Institute of Medicine’s (IOM’s) Report Who Will Keep the Public Healthy is a timely and important contribution to the debate about the future of public health that identifies areas of new or expanding knowledge to which public health practitioners must have access. 1 The report points out the need for a central organizing construct for public health education and to improve opportunities for practice-based learning. The ecological model promoted by the report is ar obust and comprehensive model. The report fails, however, to clarify the authors’ conceptual approach to education or to address the tensions inherent in the multiple perspectives and methodologies of the new core content areas it recommends. Although the executive summary notes in passing that, “Radical change is called for,” the authors miss an opportunity to fully explain or justify this call. We agree that fundamental, and perhaps even radical, change is necessary. In our view, however, three fundamental issues for public health education are raised but not addressed in the IOM report. First, the report calls for significant expanded content in public health education without giving attention to the already problematic balance between breadth and depth. Second, the report highlights new challenges and proposed solutions without discussing current and historic deficiencies in the public health infrastructure and educational system. Such deficiencies have been well documented in other IOM reports and elsewhere, 2‐4 but the
Grid refinement strategies for large eddy simulation of round jets

This paper investigates the effect of grid refinement on LES results for constant and variable density turbulent round jets. The constant density jet is evaluated with both the dynamic Smagorinsky and dynamic mixed nonlinear models for subgrid momentum transport at five different resolutions. The variable density helium-air jet, using the common combination of the dynamic Smagorinsky model for momentum and the dynamic eddy diffusivity model for mixture fraction, is evaluated on three different grids with different resolution of the transition region. We assess the sensitivity of the LES to spatial resolution in terms of the ability to predict mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles. Also, the dimensionless subgrid scale dissipation is examined to provide further insight into flow dynamics and coupling between numerical and modeling errors. Beyond a certain grid refinement level, the LES predictions show evidence of grid independence; further, if the transition region of the jet is sufficiently well represented, then the accuracy of the full simulation is less affected by coarser downstream resolution.
Development of Interviewer Response Rate Standards for National Surveys

Realistic response rate expectations are important for successfully allocating and managing data collection efforts under limited resources. Interviewer performance is often evaluated against respo...
International Migration and National Development: From Orthodox Equilibrium to Transnationalism

This article reviews theoretical perspectives on migration and development, starting with nineteenth-century political economy theories focused on “colonizing” migrations from England and other European powers and concluding with the emerging literature on immigrant transnationalism and its consequences for sending nations. The general concept of equilibrium has until currently dominated orthodox economic theories of both colonizing and labor migrations from peripheral regions to advanced nations. The counteroffensive, led by Gunnar Myrdal and theorists of the dependency school, centered on the notion of cumulative causation leading to increasing poverty and the depopulation of peripheral sending areas. Both perspectives registered numerous empirical anomalies, stemming from a common view of migration flows as occurring between separate politico-economic entities. An alternative conceptualization of such flows as internal to an overarching global system has improved our understanding of causes and consequences of labor migration and has framed the back-and-forth complexities of these movements captured in the novel notion of transnationalism.
Effects of level of feed intake on nitrogen, amino acid and energy digestibilities measured at the end of the small intestine and over the total digestive tract of growing pigs.

A replicated trial of 3 X 3 Latin square design was conducted with growing pigs (about 29 kg initially) to determine the effects of different levels of feed intake on nutrient digestibilities determined near the end of the small intestine and over the total digestive tract. Pigs were fiftted with simple T-cannula. Feeding levels were ad libitum (AL) and limit-fed (4.5 or 3% of body weight/d). A 16% sorghum-soybean diet was used. Limit-fed pigs were fed at 12-h intervals and water was limited to 2 liters/kg of diet; AL pigs received water ad libitum. Consumption by pigs fed ad libitum averaged 6% of body weight/d. Neither feeding method nor level greatly affected nutrient digestibility measured at the end of the small intestine, but values tended to decrease as feeding level decreased. Comparisons of nutrient digestibility between AL and limit-fed pigs ranged from 2.9 to .7 percentage units, with only N (P less than .10) and methionine (P less than .05) reaching significance. Differences between 4.5 and 3% were slightly larger, ranging from 4.3 to -.2 percentage units, with differences for dry matter, N, gross energy and several amino acids reaching significance (P less than .10 or P less than .05). Measured over the total tract, observed differences among feeding levels were again small, but the trend was reversed, with digestibilities increasing as feeding level decreased. The estimated percentage of ingested nutrients that disappeared in the large intestine increased as feeding level decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract 1615: Metastasis suppression by KP54 and non-KP54 kisspeptins

The KISS1 metastasis suppressor blocks metastasis by inhibiting colonization at secondary sites. In order to suppress metastasis, KISS1 must be secreted and cleaved by furin into kisspeptins. Kisspeptin-54 (KP54, K 67 to F 121 ) binds a G-protein coupled receptor, KISS1R, and the mechanism of metastasis suppression has been assumed to be through KP54 binding with KISS1R. However, since KISS1 is cleaved extracellularly, and since none of the cells tested express KISS1R, an alternate hypothesis is required - another kisspeptin is responsible for suppressing metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we engineered all ten of the possible kisspeptins based upon predicted dibasic cleavage sites (M 1 -Q 145 ; M1-R 56 ; M 1 -R 67 ; M 1 -R 124 ; R 56 -R 66 ; R 67 -F 121 ; R 56 -F 121 ; R 56 -Q 145 ; R 67 -Q 145 ; R 124 -Q 145 ). The (KISS1 Manufactured Peptides, or KMP) each contained the same secretion signal as nascent KISS1 and were designated KMP1 to KMP10 respectively. Each KMP was expressed individually in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Following intravenous injection, experimental lung metastases were quantified. While KP54 expression suppressed metastasis, other KMP lacking the KISS1R binding motif also suppressed metastasis as or more effectively (p 1 - R 56 ) completely suppressed metastasis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the mechanism of action for metastasis suppression by KISS1 does not necessarily require activation of KISS1R, and also suggests the existence of additional receptors. Support: CA134981, Natl Fndn Cancer Res, Komen SAC11037, KS Bioscience Auth, P30-CA168524, Steiner Family Fund for Metastasis Research. Citation Format: Kelsey R. Hampton, Keke M. Pounds, Andrew P. Trembath, Danny R. Welch. Metastasis suppression by KP54 and non-KP54 kisspeptins. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1615.
BCI-Based Neuroprostheses and Physiotherapies for Stroke Motor Rehabilitation

Despite best available physiotherapy, the stroke survivor population remains affected by significant motor impairment in both upper and lower extremities. Many emerging rehabilitative approaches have ultimately proven to be no better than standard physiotherapy. Hence, there is still a great need for novel methods that can help improve motor outcomes beyond conventional physiotherapy. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may be one such approach. BCIs translate brain signals into control commands for external devices using decoding algorithms. They can be applied to allow those with irreversible paralysis, due to stroke, to directly control prosthetic devices with their brain. Alternatively, they can be applied as novel rehabilitative tools to help improve motor recovery after stroke. However, utilizing BCIs for stroke rehabilitation is a nascent field. While many preliminary clinical studies suggest that BCIs are promising as either neuroprostheses or as rehabilitative tools, there have not been any definitive clinical trials to demonstrate their effectiveness in improving functional or neurological outcomes. Hence, no current practice recommendations can be made regarding BCIs for stroke rehabilitation.
Orthopaedic Basic Science. Biology and Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. 2nd ed.

Magnetic imaging of the musculoskeletal system Neoplasia Bone densitometry Form and function of articular cartilage Tendon Ligament Meniscus Skeletal muscle Growth plate and bone development Molecular biology of bone injury and repair Nerve Biomechanics Biomaterials Kinesiology Experimental Design and statistcs.
Parallel interval stabbing on the automata processor

The Automata Processor was designed for string-pattern matching. In this paper, we showcase its use to execute integer and floating-point comparisons and apply the same to accelerate interval stabbing queries. An interval stabbing query determines which of the intervals in a set overlap a query point. Such queries are often used in computational geometry, pattern matching, database management systems, and geographic information systems. The check for each interval is programmed as a single automaton and multiple automata are executed in parallel to provide significant performance gains. While handling 32-bit integers or single-precision floating-point numbers, up to 2.75 trillion comparisons can be executed per second, whereas 0.79 trillion comparisons per second can be completed for 64-bit integers or double-precision floating-point numbers. Additionally, our solution leaves the intervals in the set unordered; allowing addition or deletion of an interval in constant time. This is not possible for contemporary solutions wherein the intervals are ordered, making the query times faster, but making the updating of intervals complex. Our automata designs exemplify techniques that maximize resource utilization and minimize performance bottlenecks, which may be useful to future application developers on this processor. Their modular design allows them to become constituent parts of larger automata, where the numerical comparisons are part of the overall pattern matching operation. We have validated the designs on hardware, and the routines to generate the necessary automata and execute them on the AP will be made available as software libraries shortly.
Comprehensive approach to the management of the patient with multiple rib fractures: a review and introduction of a bundled rib fracture management protocol

Rib fractures are common among patients sustaining blunt trauma, and are markers of severe bodily and solid organ injury. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality, including multiple pulmonary complications, and can lead to chronic pain and disability. Clinical and radiographic scoring systems have been developed at several institutions to predict risk of complications. Clinical strategies to reduce morbidity have been studied, including multimodal pain management, catheter-based analgesia, pulmonary hygiene, and operative stabilization. In this article, we review risk factors for morbidity and complications, intervention strategies, and discuss experience with bundled clinical pathways for rib fractures. In addition, we introduce the multidisciplinary rib fracture management protocol used at our level I trauma center.
DOES 3-HOUR POINT OF CARE TROPONIN I PREDICT 6-HOUR POINT OF CARE TROPONIN I FOR PATIENTS IN A CHEST PAIN UNIT

Background: In the United States, there are over 6 million visits to the emergency room annually with complaints of chest pain. It is important to quickly triage those patients that may be experiencing acute coronary syndrome from those that may be appropriate for safe and early discharge. Many
Initial therapy with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus Yttrium90 radioembolization (Y90) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

e15131 Background: TACE is standard initial therapy for patients (pts) with intermediate stage HCC. Nonrandomized comparisons from specialty centers suggest Y90 may be as effective as TACE but adequately powered studies in similar risk pts have not been conducted. We sought to examine the comparative effectiveness of TACE vs Y90 in routine care settings. Methods: Pts diagnosed with HCC from 2004-2009 treated initially with TACE or Y90 were identified from SEER-Medicare, including pts eligible on the basis of disability. Key covariates included age, diagnoses for complications and cause of cirrhosis, stage. Treatment was determined from procedure codes. Multilevel Poisson models clustered by hospital compared frequency of emergency room (ER) visits and hospital admissions ≤90 days from treatment. Survival (OS) in the entire cohort was compared using multivariable Cox proportional hazards. We used PS weighting to compare the relative risk (RR) of mortality of Y90 to TACE among pts with similar risk as those...
Extinction by a homogeneous spherical particle in an absorbing medium

We use a recent computer implementation of the first-principles theory of electromagnetic scattering to compute far-field extinction by a spherical particle embedded in an absorbing unbounded host. Our results show that the suppressing effect of increasing absorption inside the host medium on the ripple structure of the extinction efficiency factor as a function of the size parameter is similar to the well-known effect of increasing absorption inside a particle embedded in a nonabsorbing host. However, the accompanying effects on the interference structure of the extinction efficiency curves are diametrically opposite. As a result, sufficiently large absorption inside the host medium can cause negative particulate extinction. We offer a simple physical explanation of the phenomenon of negative extinction consistent with the interpretation of the interference structure as being the result of interference of the field transmitted by the particle and the diffracted field due to an incomplete wavefront resulting from the blockage of the incident plane wave by the particle's geometrical projection.
Smad3 suppresses Nrf2-mediated expression of GCLC.

3491 Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. TGF-β signaling occurs through transmembrane serine-threonine kinase type II and type I receptors. Smad2 and Smad3 transcription factors activated by type I receptor and common Smad4 translocate to the nucleus to regulate transcription of target genes. In cDNA microarray studies in mouse mammary epithelial NMuMG cells, we identified new target genes suppressed by TGF-β including Gstp2, Gsta4, Gstm1, catalase, and glutamate cysteine ligase. These genes are regulated by the Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2p45 related transcription factor Nrf2 (Chan and Kwong Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1517: 19-26, 2002; Kwak et al, Mol. Med. 2: 135-145, 2001;Chanas et al., Biochem. J. 356(A2): 405-410, 2002) which binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) as a heterodimer and participates in the regulation of Phase II gene expression, a component of cancer chemoprevention. (Ramos-Gomez et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:3410-3415, 2001). GCLC, the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) was used as a molecular surrogate to determine if TGF-β signaling could suppress Nrf2-regulated gene expression. NMuMG cells were transiently co-transfected with either a GCLC Lux or an ARE/GCLC Lux reporter and vectors expressing Nrf2 or Smad3E (a constitutively active Smad3 molecule). Exposure to TGF-β or Smad3E suppressed activity of both Lux reporters and was shown to be dependent upon Nrf2 binding to the ARE as mutation of the GCLC–ARE site abrogated Lux activity. TGF-mediated suppression, however, could be inhibited by forced expression of Nrf2; this could be reversed by co-transfection of Smad3E. GMSAs coupled with immunoprecipitation immunoblotting experiments demonstrated that Smad3 associated with Nrf2 in an off DNA reaction. c-Jun was shown to participate in ARE-dependent expression of GCLC, as demonstrated by the ability of His tagged c-Jun to immunoprecipitate Nrf2, loss of GCLC Lux reporter activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts containing a targeted disruption of c-Jun, and the ability of forced expression of c-Jun in HepG2 cells to induce ARE-dependent GCLC reporter activity in an ARE-dependent fashion. Similar to the results obtained with Nrf2, induction of GCLC Lux activity by co-transfection of c-Jun was reversed by forced expression of Smad3E. Wild type and Smad3 null dermal mouse fibroblasts were transfected with the GCLC Lux reporter. Loss of Smad3 expression enhanced basal GCLC Lux reporter activity while reconstitution of Smad 3 into the null cells reduced GCLC Lux activity to the level observed in Smad3 +/+ cells. Similar results occurred when cells were exposed to TGFβ. These data suggest that TGF-β suppresses Nrf2-mediated gene expression via Smad signaling.
Improved Modelling of Electrical Substation Equipment for Seismic Loads

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the improvement in modeling of electrical substation equipment for seismic loads. Improvements in the methods used for modeling electric substation equipment through a combination of experimental and analytical studies are explored. The experimental studies were a combination of in-situ field measurements of this equipment at four sites selected from Pacific Gas & Electric facilities and laboratory experimental modal analyses. The in-situ tests considered the transmissibility of the ambient and forced vibration ground motion to the support locations of the equipment, as well as the low level response of the equipment itself due to force-calibrated hammer excitation. The experimental modal analyses considered the linear response of the equipment under low level, force-calibrated hammer excitation. The analytical studies interpreted the vibration data using commercially available software in order to define the frequency, mode shape and damping characteristics of the equipment. Multiple degree-of-freedom, lumped parameter modal models were developed for the equipment. Simple analytical models were developed that closely matched the experimental data in order to predict the transformer's dynamic response under dynamic loading. These modal models can be integrated with standard finite elements to model structural response modifications due to mass or stiffness changes resulting from support structures. The analytical studies recommend improved methods for modeling equipment and major components.
Strategies for the genetic improvement of Fe efficiency in plants

Plant genotypes grown on calcareous soil that are unable to mobilize inorganic iron (Fe) develop Fe deficiency chlorosis. Leaves may recover during the growing season, but in general, plant production is reduced. One way to correct this nutritional deficiency is to genetically modify the Fe utilization of genotypes. The objective of this review is to discuss breeding methods used to improve Fe efficiency of plants. Information was obtained from recently published reports. A summary of the inheritance of Fe efficiency in several plant species is also included. In oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch) and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the pedigree method of breeding is used to improve Fe efficiency. The backcrossing method is also used in dry bean. Recurrent selection has been used to improve Fe efficiency of populations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In soybean, population development strategies that are used to improve Fe-efficiency of high-yielding cultivars include single-crosses, backcrosses, and three- and four-way crosses.
Fungal Diseases in Reptiles

Mycotic diseases in reptiles encompass infection with any member of the kingdom Fungi. Approximately 100 species are considered pathogens or potential pathogens in mammals and birds. Reports of fungal disease in reptiles are rare compared to such reports in higher vertebrates. The integumentary, digestive and respiratory systems are most commonly affected. From a comparative standpoint, phycomycosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, dermatophilosis and geotrichosis appear to be more common, while such systemic fungal diseases as histoplasmosis, North American blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis and paracoccidioidomycosis have not been reported. However, some of the lesser known fungi such as the genera Trichosporon, Chrysosporium, Beauveria, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Paecilomyces have been reported as causative agents of disease in reptiles.
Prior Probabilities and Counterfactual Conditionals

By a counterfactual I shall mean any conditional expressed in the subjunctive mood Examples of a counterfactual and what will be called its corresponding indicative are: If Alice were here, Bill would be too, and If Alice is here, Bill is too.
Learning to anticipate and avoid planning problems through the explanation of failures

This paper presents an approach to learning during planning that focuses on learning to predict planning problems through an analysis of the planner's own failures. The need to predict failures in order to avoid them is argued and a method for learning the features that predict problems from a causal analysis of planning failures is discussed. A further argument is also given concerning the natural integration of this approach to learning with an overall theory of case-based planning. An implementation of these learning ideas is presented in the case-based planner CHEF, which creates new plans from old in the domain of Szechwan cooking. The CHEF planner uses an anticipate and avoid approach to planning problems that is sharply contrasted with the create and debug approach taken by existing planners.
Exercise as 'precision medicine' for insulin resistance and its progression to type 2 diabetes: a research review.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity epidemics are in effect in the United States and the two pathologies are linked. In accordance with the growing appreciation that ‘exercise is medicine,’ it is intuitive to suggest that exercise can play an important role in the prevention and/or treatment of these conditions. However, if exercise is to truly be considered as a viable alternative to conventional healthcare prevention/treatment strategies involving pharmaceuticals, it must be prescribed with similar scrutiny. Indeed, it seems reasonable to posit that the recent initiative calling for ‘precision medicine’ in the US standard healthcare system should also be applied in the exercise setting. In this narrative review, we consider a number of explanations that have been forwarded regarding the pathological progression to type 2 diabetes both with and without the concurrent influence of overweight/obesity. Our goal is to provide insight regarding exercise strategies that might be useful as ‘precision medicine’ to prevent/treat this disease. Although the etiology of type 2 diabetes is complex and cause/consequence characteristics of associated dysfunctions have been debated, it is well established that impaired insulin action plays a critical early role. Consequently, an exercise strategy to prevent/treat this disease should be geared toward improving insulin sensitivity both from an acute and chronic standpoint. However, research suggests that a chronic improvement in insulin sensitivity only manifests when weight loss accompanies an exercise intervention. This has resonance because ectopic fat accumulation appears to represent a central component of disease progression regardless of whether obesity is also part of the equation. The cause/consequence characteristics of the relationship between insulin resistance, pathological fat deposition and/or mobilsation, elevated and/or poorly-distributed lipid within myocytes and an impaired capacity to use lipid as fuel remains to be clarified as does the role of muscle mitochondria in the metabolic decline. Until these issues are resolved, a multidimensional exercise strategy (e.g., aerobic exercise at a range of intensities and resistance training for muscular hypertrophy) could provide the best alternative for prevention/treatment.
The game of Tri

is a familiar example of a Tic-Tac-Toe paper-and-pencil strategy game. Such games help students evaluate alternatives and their consequences. These skills are important mathematical skills as well. Another paper-and-pencil strategy game for two players that can be used to develop these skills is the game of "Tri." To play the game, two players arrange six dots in the shape of a hexagon on a piece of paper. Each player in turn draws a line segment joining two points that are not already joined by a line segment. The moves of each player can be identified by having players use pencils of different colors for drawing their lines. The first player to draw a triangle, all of whose sides are drawn with his color, is a winner. A winning triangle must have three of the original six points as vertices. Unlike Tic-Tac-Toe, in which there is a strategy that forces the game to end in a tie, Tri always has a winner (Harary 1972). The sequence of moves in figure 1 shows that there can be a winner of a nontrivial game as early as the seventh move. Once the players develop a winning strategy for Tri the game can be made more
Pragmatic boundaries between mitigation and deception: the case of warning and advice in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

El presente articulo analiza el recurso de la mitigacion en la relacion medico-paciente y los efectos que se derivan en un acto de habla de advertencia. Partiendo del analisis de Lakoff & Johnson (1980) sobre el proceso cognitivo y selectivo que tiene lugar en el uso de las metaforas, veremos que cuando la mitigacion se emplea para suavizar un acto de habla se produce un proceso selectivo similar. La mitigacion, pues, se usa como un mecanismo eufemistico que contribuye a suavizar connotaciones semanticas relevantes y a destacar otros que son mas manejables desde un punto de vista interactivo, a pesar de ser semanticamente menos relevantes. Argumentamos que la mitigacion puede alterar la fuerza ilocutiva de la advertencia y cambiar la fuerza ilocucional y la finalidad comunicativa. Si se hubiera concebido como una advertencia, se habria podido entender como una recomendacion. Tambien analizamos la diferencia entre estos actos de habla y concluimos que, en un contexto pandemico, el efecto de la mitigacion no es cortes ni cooperativo.
Using mind mapping technology for personal preparedness planning.

Objective: Organizing key information for personal disaster preparedness in an efficient and accessible format is critical to ensure practical utility. The authors examine the use of mind mapping technology to organize personal disaster preparedness information and explore the potential of mind mapping software as a tool to create individual and family preparedness resources. Design: The general features of mind maps are considered and a sample family preparedness plan was created using TheBrain, a mind mapping software. Results: Mind maps are a promising tool to organize personal preparedness plans with the ability to include significant amounts of varied information in a structure that emphasizes relationships between topics and enables collaborative sharing.
The Development and Implementation of a Cardiac Home Hospice Program: Results of a RE-AIM Analysis:

Background:Use of hospice has grown among patients with heart failure; however, gaps remain in the ability of agencies to tailor services to meet their needs.Aim:This study describes the implementa...
Chromosomal alteration and fusion gene expression in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a clinical study

Objective To study the relationship between the cytogenetic and the prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods RT-PCR was used to detect the common fusion gene, chromosome number and structure in 103 children with ALL. The effects of chromosome and fusion gene changes on treatment response and survival time were analyzed. Results Among 103 children with ALL, 52 cases had normal gene number and no fusion gene, and 51 cases had fusion gene, including 22 cases with TEL-AML1 positive, 10 cases with bcr-abl positive, 11 cases with E2A-PBX1 positive, 2 cases with MLL-AF4 positive, 3 cases with HOX11 positive, 1 case with SIL-TAL1, 1 case with dupMLL and 1 case with TLS-ERG. The average survival time of bcr-abl group was shorter than that of non-fusion gene group, TEL-AML1 group and E2A/PBX1 group respectively, and there were significant differences [(16.5±3.8) months vs (34.6±1.7) months, (31.6±1.4) months, (34.5±3.3) months, all P 0.05]. The average survival time of non-fusion gene group had no significant differences compared with TEL-AML1 group and E2A-PBX1 group(both P>0.05), but had significant differences with other fusion gene group (P<0.05). There were 18 patients with abnormal chromosome number and structure, including 4 cases with diploid, 14 cases with super diploid. The patients with diploid had shorter survival time [(19.8±4.8) months vs (37.5±2.2) months, χ2 = 7.375, P = 0.007] and were easier to relapse than ones with super diploid. The average survival time of patients with different white blood cell count and lactate dehydrogenase levels had significant differences (both P<0.05). Conclusion Detection of cytogenetics and chromosome fusion genes can be used to determine the prognosis and outcome of children with ALL, which has important guiding significance for the realization of individualized treatment. Key words: Leukemia, lymphoblastic, acute; Child; Fusion gene; Chromosome
Perioperative Outcomes of Carotid Interventions in Octogenarians.

Background In octogenarians with carotid stenosis, data supporting the decision to intervene and choice of intervention with either carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to compare the perioperative outcomes of CEA and CAS in octogenarians, and to identify patients at high risk for unfavorable outcomes. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2011–2018) was queried for patients aged ≥80 years who underwent CAS or CEA. Propensity scores were created for the odds of undergoing CAS. Patients were matched 1:1 based on propensity score and outcomes were compared after matching. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for unfavorable postoperative outcomes. Results In total, 15,858 and 527 patients who underwent CEA and CAS were identified. After matching, there was no difference between CEA and CAS in perioperative stroke (2.3% vs. 2.9%; P = 0.56), cardiac complications (2.3% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.99), mortality (1.1% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.44), length of stay (median [interquartile range], 2 [1–4] vs. 1 [1–4] days; P = 0.13), and 30-day readmission (11.8% vs. 11.6%; P = 0.92). On multivariable analysis, the following were predictive for postoperative stroke: urgent operation (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68–2.69; P III (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.15–1.86; P = 0.002). Urgent procedure (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 2.11–3.87; P Conclusions Outcomes of CEA and CAS were similar in octogenarians. Risk factors for worse intervention outcomes were identified, which may guide risk-benefit discussions and shared decision-making.
P169 Impact Comparison of a Poverty Simulation On High School and College Students’ Understanding of and Sensitivity Toward Economic Hardship

Background For those who have not experienced or been exposed to poverty, its impact can be challenging to comprehend. Providing opportunities that expose college students to these realities can enhance their ability to empathize with future patients and clients. For youth, such opportunities may also expand their familiarity with potential careers and service opportunities related to working with the poor. Objective To evaluate and compare the impact of the Community Action Poverty Simulation (CAPS) on perceptions of and sensitivity toward poverty among both high school and college students. Study Design, Setting, Participants High school and college students took part in separate simulations in which participants lived out a “month” as a person living in poverty. Each simulation lasted approximately 1.5 hours. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Pre- and post-tests were used to assess understanding, attitudes, and sensitivity toward individuals experiencing economic hardship. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants. Mixed model ANOVAs and paired 2 sample t-tests were used to assess changes in variables over the course of the simulation and between the 2 groups. Results A total of 44 high school and 48 college (mean age: 15.3 and 22.0 years, respectively) students participated in the simulations. Overall, improvement in attitudes, sensitivity, and understanding about the challenges facing the poor was detected. Greater gains in awareness of the challenges facing the poor, such as lack of childcare were seen among the high school students. Conclusions Exposure to the challenges of poverty via simulation enhanced students’ understanding of and empathy toward those who experience economic hardship. This simulation was particularly impactful for high school students. Such exposures may increase the likelihood that students pursue helping professions, and those that do will be more empathetic toward those experiencing economic hardship. Funding Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Dean's Grant for Research; Walmart Community Grant.
Geographical Accuracy of Place-Based Collegiate Athletic Conference Names in the United States

College athletic competition constitutes a significant aspect of life in the United States. Virtually, every institution of higher learning fields intercollegiate teams in a multitude of sporting a...
Shakespeare and Senecan Tragedy

Shakespeare's tragic characters have often been seen as forerunners of modern personhood. It has been assumed that Shakespeare was able to invent such lifelike figures in part because of his freedom from the restrictions of classical form. Curtis Perry instead argues that characters such as Hamlet and King Lear have seemed modern to us in part because they are so robustly connected to the tradition of Senecan tragedy. Resituating Shakespearean tragedy in this way - as backward looking as well as forward looking - makes it possible to recover a crucial political dimension. Shakespeare saw Seneca as a representative voice from post-republican Rome: in plays such as Coriolanus and Othello he uses Senecan modes of characterization to explore questions of identity in relation to failures of republican community. This study has important implications for the way we understand character, community, and alterity in early modern drama.
Incorporating Social Justice Advocacy and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Training in the Recruitment and Retention of Diverse Graduate Students

The critical shortage of school psychologists across the nation has been a long-standing issue, along with the need to diversify the profession. While recruitment efforts have attempted to attract culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students into school psychology programs, novel practices integrating social justice advocacy and interdisciplinary collaborative training may aid in both recruitment and retention efforts. Broadly, graduate programs in education and psychology disciplines are ripe with opportunities to collaborate in a coordinated effort to meet the complex educational and mental health needs of diverse children and adolescents. The purpose of the manuscript is to (1) outline and address barriers relating to the critical shortage of CLD school psychologists, (2) promote integration of social justice advocacy and interdisciplinary collaborative training, and (3) provide strategies and recommendations to recruit and retain CLD students in graduate training programs.