cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and dynamics of water confined in single-wall carbon nanotubes

The structure and dynamics of water confined in open-ended single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), here referred to as nanotube-water, were investigated by a combined neutron-scattering and molecular-dynamics-simulation study. A 'shell + chain' configuration of nanotube-water that is consistent with both experimental observations and simulation results was identified at low temperatures. The shell consists of a square-ice sheet rolled into a hollow cylinder inside an SWNT in a tube-in-tube configuration. The chain along the centreline of the shell comprises a single file of water molecules. Large fluctuations via hydrogen-bond breaking/formation, including those associated with molecules between the shell and the chain, prevail even at very low temperatures and the resulting overall hydrogen-bond network of nanotube-water is weakened significantly. Hydrogen bonds associated with the chain are especially pliable. The fluctuations increase drastically with temperature, leading to the disappearance of the shell–chain structure at ~210 K and the realization of confined supercooled water. A comparison of the hydrogen-bond energetics and relaxation processes of nanotube-water with those of confined supercooled water in porous silica MCM-41-S is discussed.
Endomicroscopy of Barrett's Esophagus

Endomicroscopy is a remarkable technical advance in gastrointestinal mucosa imaging. In 2003, Kiesslich and colleagues described the first human use of contrast-aided confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) as a novel technique for in vivo microscopic imaging of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Both probe-based and endoscope-based systems have been applied to many gastrointestinal disorders, including Barrett's esophagus (BE) and associated neoplasia. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy can be used in conjunction with highresolution white light endoscopy and other contrast enhancement techniques. It has proven high accuracy for prediction of high-grade neoplasia and cancer. In vivo imaging of both flat BE and mucosal lesions can influence diagnosis and thereby impact upon decision making regarding tissue sampling and endoscopic therapy. This article discusses the scientific literature related to clinical use of CLE for BE, the techniques for performing CLE in the esophagus, and the potential future directions for CLE in BE and esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Stokes matrix in conical scattering from a one-dimensional randomly rough metal surface

We calculate the elements of the Stokes matrix for the scattering of light from a one-dimensional randomly rough metal surface in the general case when the plane of incidence is not perpendicular to the generators of the surface. By using Green's second integral identity one can obtain a system of four coupled integral equations for the components of the electric and magnetic fields parallel to the generators of the surface, and their normal derivatives, evaluated on the surface. The components of the scattered electric and magnetic fields are given in terms of integrals containing these four source functions. The system of four coupled integral equations is solved numerically for each of 2000 realizations of the surface profile function, and the results are used in calculating the elements of the Stokes matrix for the scattering geometry assumed. It is found that all elements of the Stokes matrix are nonzero, in contrast to the case when the plane of incidence is perpendicular to the generators of the one-dimensional surface. The results of this study provide complete information about the diffuse scattering properties of one-dimensional randomly rough metal surfaces.
Viscosity and the Structure of Molten Silicates

A magnetically controlled null-point modification of the rotating crucible viscometer has been devised which enables measurements of the viscosity of liquids to be made at maximum temperatures of 1850 degrees C. The instrument has been applied to measure the viscosity of the system CaO-SiO$\_{2}$ over the composition range 30 to 58 mole% CaO. The flow is Newtonian. The viscosity isotherms are smooth functions of composition and do not exhibit the inflexion found in previous work carried out in (attackable) graphite crucibles. Up to 1700 degrees C the energy of activation is constant for all systems. For compositions containing more than 38$\cdot $8 mole% CaO, the energy of activation falls at temperatures 1700 degrees C. The energy of activation is small compared with that for flow in liquid silica. Over the composition range studied it falls little (45 to 35 kcal mole$^{-1}$) with increase of CaO content. The energy of activation observed is inconsistent in magnitude and variation with composition with the current theory of the structure of liquid silicates and glasses due to Endell & Hellbrugge. In liquid SiO$\_{2}$ and systems containing less than about 12 mole% metal oxide the flow unit is SiO$\_{2}$. At about this composition a fundamental change occurs in the structure of the melt. For systems with a metal oxide content of more than about 12 mole% the flow unit is a discrete silicate anion, the size of which increases regularly with increasing concentration of SiO$\_{2}$. The simplest discrete silicate anions compatible with valency, stereochemical and electro-neutrality considerations are deduced for various compositions of the liquid. The structure thus suggested is consistent with observations on the viscosity of silica and of the system Na$\_{2}$O-SiO$\_{2}$; and with results on the temperature of maximum density in silica, X-ray diffraction in glasses, the solubility of CaF$_{2}$ in silicates, and the partial molar volume results for simple alkali metal glasses.
Age-related changes in rates of protein synthesis and degradation in rat tissues.

It has been hypothesised that a diminished capacity for protein synthesis and degradation underlies a decreased adaptability to environmental stimuli seen during ageing. In this study rates of total protein synthesis and degradation were examined in rats between 1 and 24 months of age. Synthesis rates in heart, lung, skeletal muscle and skin were based on the uptake of [14C]proline into protein when administered with a flooding dose of unlabelled proline. Degradation rates were derived from the difference between protein deposition and synthesis rates. Total protein synthesis rates in 1-month-old animals ranged from 20.4 +/- 1.3% per day (S.E.M.) in skeletal muscle to 39.6 +/- 1.3% per day in lung. In heart, lung and skeletal muscle, synthesis rates decreased 2-fold during the first 6 months of life, while over the same period in skin they decreased 6-fold. Degradation accounted for the bulk of protein synthesised at all ages, and the age-related changes for rates for breakdown closely mirrored those for synthesis. These results, do not support the hypothesis that a general decrease in protein turnover underlies a diminished adaptability in older animals.
Axially symmetric problems of stationary heat conduction and thermoelasticity for a body with thermally active or thermally insulated disk inclusion (crack)

We present solutions of axially symmetric problems of stationary heat conduction and thermoelasticity for a body with a thin thermally active disk inclusion (where the temperature or heat flow is given) and also with a thermally insulated inclusion. The heat conduction problems are reduced to integral equations, and exact solutions are obtained in the case where their right-hand sides are polynomials of arbitrary degree. We determine the components of the stress tensor and displacement vector as well as, in the case of cracks, the stress intensity factors.
Back to the future: The potential relationship between leisure and education

There is a long, documented history of the relationships among leisure, recreation, and education dating back to Greek philosophy.Originally there was little differentiation among the terms as they were presented as a unified process for youth and human development. Over time, each of these fields has developed, and their definitions have been shaped and reshaped. Using some of the original conceptions from Aristotle and Plato, coupled with foundational premises suggested by Dewey, this article frames current youth development efforts in a historical context. The authors suggest that perhaps what the separate professions might define as high-quality leisure, recreation, and educational experiences still maintain links among each. They further suggest that planned experiences with increasing levels of coordination can strengthen these links and develop an "education-for-leisure" perspective among participating youth and the choices they make. Self-determination theory (SDT) refers to the autonomy in choosing a particular behavior or action. Youth development opportunities that make connections between the content of a regular school day and choice of activity during out-of-school time can inculcate self-determined leisure choices that are productive. Planned and intentional educational experiences expand the possibilities for productive recreational choices. This article therefore proposes a framework for increasing levels of coordination among educational and recreational entities so that participating youth can develop and adopt an education-for-leisure disposition.
Single Coronary Artery

![Figure][1] As part of the workup for pulmonary hypertension, a 59-year-old man underwent coronary angiography. This demonstrated a single coronary artery arising from the right sinus of valsalva, which gave off 3 branches that supplied the entire left ventricle. Left ventricular function
Strategic environmental assessment for sustainable urban development

Abstract Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) evaluates the environmental impacts of policies, plans, and programs. This article examines the use of SEA for sustainable urban development. We first explore opportunities for SEA to promote sustainability principles. Then, we analyze case studies that have applied SEA to comprehensive planning. Our results indicate that SEA can effectively weave sustainability principles into the fabric of urban plans. Finally, we highlight both SEA's potential and its challenges for sustainable urban development.
On functors expressible in the polymorphic typed lambda calculus

Abstract Given a model of the polymorphic typed lambda calculus based upon a Cartesian closed category K , there will be functors from K to K whose action on objects can be expressed by type expressions and whose action on morphisms can be expressed by ordinary expressions. We show that if T is such a functor then there is a weak initial T-algebra and if, in addition, K possesses equalizers of all subsets of its morphism sets, then there is an initial T-algebra. These results are used to establish the impossibility of certain models, including those in which types denote sets and S → S′ denotes the set of all functions from S to S′.
Synthesis and electronic factors in thermal cyclodimerization of functionalized aromatic trifluorovinyl ethers.

A series of 19 p-substituted aromatic trifluorovinyl ether compounds were prepared from versatile intermediate p-BrC6H4OCFCF2 and underwent thermal radical mediated cyclodimerization to new difunctional compounds containing the 1,2-disubstituted perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) linkage. The synthetic scope demonstrates the functional group transformation tolerance of the fluorovinyl ether, and the dimers are useful as monomers for traditional step-growth polymerization methods. 19F NMR spectra confirmed that p-substitution affects the trifluorovinyl ether group chemical shifts. The first kinetic studies and substituent effects on thermal cyclodimerization were performed, and the results indicated that electron-withdrawing groups slow the rate of cyclodimerization. The data were further analyzed using the Hammett equation, and reaction constants (ρ) of −0.46 at 120 °C and −0.59 at 130 °C were calculated. This study presents the first liner free energy relationship reported for the cyclodimerization of aromatic t...
Opposite effects of acute ethanol exposure on GAP-43 and BDNF expression in the hippocampus versus the cerebellum of juvenile rats

Abstract The adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol, with intoxications at this developmental age often producing long-lasting effects. The present study addresses the effects of a single acute ethanol exposure on growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in neurons in the cerebellum and hippocampus of adolescent rats. Male postnatal day 23 (P23) Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to ethanol vapors for 2 h and after a recovery period of 2 h, the cerebellum and hippocampus were harvested and samples were taken for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) determinations. We found that this exposure resulted in a mean BAC of 174 mg/dL, which resembles levels in human adolescents after binge drinking. Analyses of total RNA and protein by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting, respectively, revealed that this single ethanol exposure significantly decreased the levels of GAP-43 mRNA and protein in the cerebellum but increased the levels of mRNA and protein in the hippocampus. BDNF mRNA and protein levels were also increased in the hippocampus but not in the cerebellum of these animals. In situ hybridizations revealed that GAP-43 and BDNF mRNA levels were primarily increased by alcohol exposure in hippocampal dentate granule cells and CA3 neurons. Overall, the reported alterations in the expression of the plasticity-associated genes GAP-43 and BDNF in juvenile rats are consistent with the known deleterious effects of binge drinking on motor coordination and cognitive function.
Fractionation in the solar nebula, II. Condensation of Th, U, Pu, and Cm

Reasonable assumptions concerning activity coefficients allow the calculation of the relative volatility of the actinide elements under conditions expected during the early history of the solar system. Several of the light rare earths have volatilities similar to Pu and Cm and can be used as indicators of the degree of fractionation of these extinct elements. Uranium is considerably more volatile than either Pu or Cm, leading to fractionations of about a factor of 50 and 90 in the Pu/U and Cm/U ratio in the earliest condensates from the solar nebula. Ca,Al-rich inclusions from the Allende meteorite, including the coarse-grained inclusions, have a depletion of U relative to La of about a factor of three, suggesting that these inclusions may have been isolated from the nebular gas before condensation of U was complete. The inclusions, however, can be used to determine solar Pu/U and Cm/U ratios if the rare earth patterns are determined in addition to the other normal measurements.
PREDICTING SITE ABANDONMENT AT WETHERILL MESA

The abandonment of sites throughout 800 years of prehistoric occupation of Wetherill Mesa, Colorado is predicted by relating the length of time sites were inhabited to the availability of arable land under conditions of minor climatic fluctuations. The prehistoric climate is derived from dendroclimatological studies. The predictions of site abandonment are obtained through the use of a computer simulation. Results indicate that many abandonments may have been due to decreased crop yields caused by local variation in rainfall and length of the growing season.
A field ion microscope study of ferrous martensite

Abstract The field ion images of as-quenched ferrous martensite in a Fe-0.88% C-0.45% Mn steel have been studied for morphology and fine structure. The images contain many striations which are considered to be transformation and deformation twins. These are oriented along {112}M for the transformation twins and along {145}M for the deformation twins. They are 15 to 40 A wide and spaced 15 to 90 A apart. The agreement of the observed parameters (orientation, spacing, and width) of the streaks with published values for transformation and deformation twins in ferrous martensite establishes the identity of the streaks as twins. It has also been possible to compare the transformation of retained austenite in bulk material with its associated constraints and in a thinned-down field ion tip where the constraints would be of much lesser magnitude. No difference has been observed in twin structure between these two cases.
Ribosome formation by puromycin-treated Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Puromycin causes an unbalanced synthesis of RNA in Bacillus subtilis , while net increase in protein of the cell is prevented. Under these conditions, an accumulation of abnormal particles (between 18 S and 25 S) containing newly formed ribosomal RNA (16 S and 23 S) occurs. Experiments on the fate of the RNA contained in these particles have provided the following information. 1. 1. The ribosomal RNA contained in the abnormal particles is unstable, as indicated by its degradation to acid-soluble material when synthesis of RNA de novo is blocked by actinomycin D. 2. 2. When puromycin is removed from the culture, most of the pre-formed ribosomal RNA is incorporated into ribosomes by combining with ribosomal protein synthesized preferentially by the recovering cells. 3. 3. The preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein during recovery from puromycin treatment can also occur in the presence of actinomycin D, resulting in incorporation of some of the pre-formed RNA directly into ribosomes. An accumulation of the information for ribosomal protein during puromycin treatment is indicated.
Permutation flow‐shop theory revisited

The paper provides a new theoretical framework for generating dominance conditions and lower bounds and for solving special cases. All existing and new results have been derived in a routine and simple manner.
The needs of governments to produce services: A conceptual framework for its measurement

This paper explores the notion of service needs from the perspective of government officials who produce services rather than that of citizens who consume those services. Specifically, the paper introduces a conceptual framework and an operational procedure that would make it less difficult for government producers to reflect the multi-dimensional and multi-directional characteristics of service needs in the process of service policy making.
Interpretation of ethane hydrate equilibrium data for porous media involving hydrate-ice equilibria

Equilibrium pressures for the dissociation of ethane hydrate confined in silica gel pores of nominal radii 7.5, 5.0 or 3.0 nm were measured over a range of temperatures. Each of these porous media contained a broad distribution of pore radii. At higher temperatures, the pressures were larger than previously reported for bulk hydrates, and generally increased with a decrease in nominal pore radius for those data where the equilibria involved liquid water. However, at the lowest temperatures (where the equilibria involved ice), the pressures were identical (within expected experimental uncertainties) for all three silica gels and the same as reported by various authors for the bulk hydrate. The lack of any dependence of the equilibrium pressure on pore size at the lowest temperatures (where the equilibrium involves ethane hydrate, ethane gas, and ice) indicates that, below the quadruple point temperature of the smallest pore in which hydrate formed, there is no detectable effects on the equilibrium pressure due to the restricted geometries of the porous media. It suggests that the interface relevant to the formation of hydrate in silica gel pores is that between the hydrate and aqueous phase (Henry et al., 1999) and that within experimental error the surface energy between the hydrate and aqueous phase can be approximated by that between ice and the appropriate aqueous phase.
Automatic Discovery and Inferencing of Complex Bioinformatics Web Interfaces

The World Wide Web provides a vast resource to genomics researchers, with Web-based access to distributed data sources such as BLAST sequence homology search interfaces. However, finding the desired scientific information can still be very tedious and frustrating. While there are several known servers on genomic data (e.g., GeneBank, EMBL, NCBI) that are shared and accessed frequently, new data sources are created each day in laboratories all over the world. Sharing these new genomics results is hindered by the lack of a common interface or data exchange mechanism. Moreover, the number of autonomous genomics sources and their rate of change outpace the speed at which they can be manually identified, meaning that the available data is not being utilized to its full potential. An automated system that can find, classify, describe, and wrap new sources without tedious and low-level coding of source-specific wrappers is needed to assist scientists in accessing hundreds of dynamically changing bioinformatics Web data sources through a single interface. A correct classification of any kind of Web data source must address both the capability of the source and the conversation/interaction semantics inherent in the design of the data source. We propose a service class description (SCD)-a meta-data approach for classifying Web data sources that takes into account both the capability and the conversational semantics of the source. The ability to discover the interaction pattern of a Web source leads to increased accuracy in the classification process. Our results show that an SCD-based approach successfully classifies two thirds of BLAST sites with 100% accuracy and two thirds of bioinformatics keyword search sites with around 80% precision.
Synchronic and Diachronic Emergence

I discuss here a number of different kinds of diachronic emergence, noting that they differ in important ways from synchronic conceptions. I argue that Bedau's weak emergence has an essentially historical aspect, in that there can be two indistinguishable states, one of which is weakly emergent, the other of which is not. As a consequence, weak emergence is about tokens, not types, of states. I conclude by examining the question of whether the concept of weak emergence is too weak and note that there is at present no unifying account of diachronic and synchronic concepts of emergence.
Nanodroplets on a planar solid surface: temperature, pressure, and size dependence of their density and contact angles.

The shape and the density of a liquid drop on a planar solid surface, embedded in an inert gas at constant temperature and pressure, were examined on the basis of a microscopic density functional approach that accounts for the entropic (temperature-dependent) and energetic contributions to the free energy of the system. Integro-differential equations describing the profile and the density of a cylindrical (2D) drop were derived by the variational minimization of the Gibbs free energy with respect to both the drop profile and density under the assumption of uniform density. The equations were solved numerically using the constraint of a constant number of molecules Nl per unit length of the drop. It was shown that for temperatures lower than a certain temperature Tw the free energy against density has generally two minima, representing a stable equilibrium state and a metastable one. One of those minima is located at a density corresponding to the density of a normal liquid, whereas the other one is locate...
Robust and Error Controllable Boolean Operations on Free-Form Solids Represented by Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surfaces

AbstractA method for performing robust and error controllable Boolean operations on free-form solids represented by Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces (CCSSs) is presented. The method is voxelization based but different from previous voxelization based approaches a continuous geometric representation is provided for the result of each Boolean operation. This is achieved by doing the Boolean operations in the parameter spaces of the solids instead of the object space. This approach allows us to easily compute a parametric approximation of the intersection curve and consequently build a continuous geometric representation of the Boolean operation result. The new method also allows secondary local voxelization to be performed on intersecting subpatches to increase accuracy of the Boolean operation result. Because voxelization process of the new method is very fast and robust the overall process is fast and robust. Most importantly error of each Boolean operation result can be precisely estimated hence error ...
Acoustically induced vibration of circular cylindrical rods

An analysis is presented for the steady-state response of a circular cylindrical rod subjected to a plane wave; rod displacement natural frequency including fluid inertia effect, and radiation damping, are obtained in closed form. It is shown that the added mass coefficient depends only on the nondimensional wave number ..cap alpha.. and the radiation damping zeta/sub r/ depends on ..cap alpha.. and mass ratio ..beta... The rod displacement is proportional to wave amplitude and rod radius, and depends on ..cap alpha.. and ..beta...
Lymphatic spread of pagetic osteogenic sarcoma detected by bone scan.

Bone scans are widely utilized for detection of metastases from bone sarcomas. Technetium methylene diphosphonate scan ([99mTc]MDP) is one of the most popular radiotracers used for that purpose. Lymphatic spread of bone sarcomas is unusual and often difficult to diagnose. Unfortunately, bone scans are not as sensitive in demonstrating lymphatic spread of sarcomas as they are at demonstrating hematogenous spread. A bone scan will often fail to demonstrate lymph nodes metastases until there is mineralization at the affected node. In this report, we highlight an interesting case of a patient with secondary osteogenic sarcoma (OS) from Paget's disease in the distal femur with non-ossified inguinal nodal metastasis diagnosed with [99mTc]MDP. Lymph node involvement was not appreciated on plain radiographs or computed tomography (CT).
Stochastic Seismic Inversion Using Both Waveform And Traveltime Data And Its Application to Time-lapse Monitoring

A stochastic approach to seismic inversion using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is proposed. Seismic depth and time image data are used as the input for EnKF stochastic seismic inversion. The sonic log is used to estimate source wavelet and create initial models for the inversion, which provides an efficient integration of sonic log data and seismic data. We use both travel time and waveform data for the inversion and obtain the absolute seismic velocity instead of the relative impedance. EnKF can continuously update the model using time-lapse data. A synthetic example is used to demonstrate the possible application to seismic monitoring.
A discussion of upper stratospheric ozone asymmetries and SAGE trends

[1] A chemical box model constrained by Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) measurements of CH4, H2O, NOx, and temperature in 1992–1994 has been used in an attempt to simulate ozone trend measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) at 43 km, 45° latitude and their hemispheric differences. The model is successful in simulating the seasonal cycle in ozone mixing ratios observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument including the 15% larger values in the Southern Hemisphere at the wintertime ozone maximum. The model indicates that this hemispheric asymmetry is associated with hemispheric temperature differences of approximately 10°K; in contrast, hemispheric differences in methane and the resulting effects on ClOx make only a small contribution to this ozone asymmetry. The model predicts that, based on observed Cly increases, the ozone decrease in the Southern Hemisphere should have exceeded that in the Northern Hemisphere by approximately 1%/decade. This is consistent with an observed ozone hemispheric trend difference of 1.7 ± 2.1%/decade (1σ) for 1979–1997 and −0.8 ± 2.8%/decade for 1985–1997 from SAGE I and SAGE II (version 6.1) measurements. These trend differences are caused by hemispheric differences in temperature in early winter and in CH4 in late winter. The model, based on changes in Cly but not in other specified parameters, calculates a larger downtrend of ozone than is observed by SAGE II in 1985–1997 by approximately 3.1 ± 1.4%/decade (1σ), but it qualitatively simulates the observed ozone trend variations over the period 1979–1997. The amplitude of the model calculated downtrend would be reduced by approximately 1%/decade for a methane increase of 1%/yr. Observed temperature decreases of approximately 0.1°K/yr would have decreased the magnitudes of the calculated ozone downtrends on pressure surfaces by approximately 1%/decade but could have affected SAGE trends by a small amount in the opposite direction because of associated geopotential height changes.
The State of the Empirical Research Literature on Stakeholder Involvement in Program Evaluation

Evaluators widely agree that stakeholder involvement is a central aspect of effective program evaluation. With the exception of articles on collaborative evaluation approaches, however, a systematic review of the breadth and depth of the literature on stakeholder involvement has not been published. In this study, we examine peer-reviewed empirical studies as the first step in establishing a firm foundation for a discussion of stakeholder involvement. We excluded all studies that did not provide descriptions of their methods, helping ensure that we only reviewed studies with strong methodological warrants for their findings. We address three key questions about the state of the empirical literature on stakeholder involvement, focusing on the studies' methodological and contextual characteristics, and the involvement themes and substantive nature (positive, negative/mixed, or explanatory/normative) of the findings. We provide detailed findings in an appendix at http://aje.sagepub.com/supplemental or http://...
Non-supervised classification of aerosol mixtures for ocean color remote sensing

Satellite ocean-color algorithms generally use aerosol-mixture models to estimate and remove the atmospheric contribution to the measured signal. These models, based on aerosol samples, may or may not be realistic. In atmospheric correction, we are more interested in the optical behavior of the aerosols through the entire atmosphere. Comparisons of SeaWiFS-derived and measured aerosol optical thickness have revealed a systematic underestimation of the Angstrom coefficient, suggesting that the reference models may not be representative of actual conditions. To investigate the adequacy of the models and ultimately to improve atmospheric correction, we analyze atmospheric optics data collected by the AERONET project under a wide range of aerosol conditions at coastal and island sites. Using non-supervised classification techniques (self-organized mapping, hierarchical clustering), we determine the natural distribution of retreived aerosol properties of the total atmospheric column, i.e., the volume size distribution function and the refractive index, and more importantly identify clusters in this distribution. These clusters may be used as new aerosols mixtures in radiative transfer algorithms. We compare the clusters with the SeaWiFS reference models and, through application examples, conclude about their potential to improve atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color.
Religious Music and Health in Late Life: A Longitudinal Investigation.

Listening to religious music is often an important part of religious life. Yet there has been little empirical research on it. The purpose of this study is to test a conceptual model that specifies one way in which religious music may be associated with change in health over time. This model contains the following core relationships: (a) People who attend worship services more often will have stronger emotional reactions to religious music, (b) individuals who are more emotionally involved in religious music will be more likely to feel a close sense of connectedness with other people, (c) people who feel more closely connected with others will be more hopeful about the future, and (d) individuals who feel more hopeful will be more likely to rate their health favorably over time. The data provide support for each of these relationships. Significant variations by race were also observed in the findings.
A relation between non-Markov and Markov processes

With the aid of a transformation technique, it is shown that some memory effects in the non-Markov processes can be eliminated. In other words, some non-Markov processes are rewritten in a form obtained by the random walk process; the Markov process. To this end, two model processes which have some memory or correlation in the random walk process are introduced. An explanation of the memory in the processes is given.
Ludwig Bamberger and the Rise of Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1848–1893

Theodor Mommsen called him “the most German man.” The Israelit noted that he had never stepped forward as a Jew. Ernest Hamburger writes that he was the only Jewish deputy who omitted the usual declaration about his religious allegiance in the parliamentary manual. “It was without significance for him.” In his will he requested that “no religious ceremony take place since this is absolutely contrary to my conviction.” And even after his death, when his brother Rudolf established a fund of ten thousand marks for the Berlin Jewish community, it was specified that books could be distributed to talented children except those who attended religious schools. Thus we have a picture of Ludwig Bamberger, the most German man or at least a completely emancipated Jew.
Synchronous non-small cell lung cancers

Introduction The few series of synchronous lung cancers have included small cell and carcinoid tumors. We wished to determine the prognosis for patients with synchronous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A database of 3034 lung cancer patients was reviewed for synchronous NSCLC. Survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank analysis. Results There were 27 patients (0.8%). Fourteen were completely resected (CR) and had a 5-year survival rate of 45% The 5-year survival rate for patients whose highest stage tumor was stage I or II was 38%, versus 0% for patients whose highest tumor stage of III ( P = 0.01). The 5-year survival rate for patients with two stage I tumors was 41 % versus 0% for patients with 2 stage III tumors ( P = 0.03). The 5-year survival rate for patients treated with wedge resections was similar to that for patients treated with lobectomies or pneumonectomy (L/P). Conclusions We conclude that the prognosis for patients with synchronous NSCLC may not be dismal if both tumors are resectable and stage I or II. Wedge resections are an alternative for those who cannot tolerate L/P.
Estrogen-induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray

Neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) form a crucial segment of the motor pathway that produces the lordosis posture, the hallmark of female rat sexual behavior. One suggested mechanism through which estrogen facilitates lordosis is by remodeling synaptic connectivity within the VMH. For instance, estrogen alters VMH dendritic spine density. Little is known, however, about the local VMH microcircuitry governing lordosis nor how estrogen alters synaptic connectivity within this local circuit to facilitate sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to define better the neuron types within the VMH microcircuitry and to examine whether estrogen alters synaptic connectivity, as measured by dendritic spine density, on VMH projection neurons. A retrograde tracer was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle or estradiol. Retrogradely labeled VMH neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow, then immunostained for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha). VMH neurons that project to the PAG had more dendrites than functionally unidentified neurons. Additionally, VMH projection neurons could be subdivided into those located within the cluster of ER alpha-containing neurons and those medial to the cluster. Estrogen decreased spine density by 57% on the long primary dendrites of VMH projection neurons located within the ER alpha cluster but not on projection neurons medial to the cluster. Only 4% of the VMH projection neurons expressed ER alpha. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate sexual behavior by decreasing spines selectively, via an indirect mechanism, on a subset of VMH neurons that project to the PAG.
Synthesis of Chiral Trifluoromethylated Amines by Palladium-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Hydrogenation-Hydrogenolysis Approach

The synthesis of chiral 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethylamines by palladium-catalyzed diastereoselective heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation is described. The one-pot process involves two steps; the diastereoselective hydrogenation of chiral 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl-N-1′-phenylethylimines and the hydrogenolysis of the methylbenzyl group on the amino function. During both the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis steps favorable stereoinduction was observed, and the products were obtained in 90–93% ee and 50–55% yield.
High-fidelity simulation testing of intelligent and adaptive aircraft control laws

This paper compares the robustness of seven popular adaptive and intelligent control approaches using a high fidelity aircraft simulation. The control laws were originally developed and tuned using a lower fidelity simulation of the same aircraft, which is significantly different from the high fidelity simulation used to generate all results in, this paper. The control law approaches examined are fuzzy logic, linearly and nonlinearly parameterized neural network approaches, an indirect adaptive version of dynamic inversion, variable structure, and a hybrid approach that combines direct and indirect adaptive elements. In addition, a conventional scheduled dynamic inversion controller is used as baseline. The approaches are demonstrated on a high fidelity six degree-of-freedom simulation with nonlinear aerodynamic and engine models, actuator models with position and rate saturations, and turbulence. Simulation results are given for single and multi-axis pitch and roll maneuvers in both nominal and failed cases.
New technique for studying reaction forces during primate behaviors on vertical substrates

Recording reaction forces from primates during behaviors on vertical substrates, such as leaping, climbing, or biting trees, typically requires the design and construction of customized recording devices or mounting commercially available force platforms in a vertical position. The technical difficulties imposed by either option have hindered in vivo research on the kinetics of primate behaviors on vertical substrates. We describe a simple, inexpensive apparatus for recording forces from primate behaviors on vertical substrates. The apparatus includes an instrumented beam fastened directly to a horizontal force platform and a surrounding vertical substrate that does not contact the instrumented beam or platform. The contact piece at the end of the instrumented beam is positioned flush with the noninstrumented vertical substrate, and reaction forces elicited on this instrumented section are directed to the force platform. Because most of the vertical substrate is not instrumented, we can isolate and record forces from a single limb or jaw during a behavior. Biewener and Full ([1992] Biomechanics Structures and Positions: A Practical Approach; New York: Oxford University press, p. 45-73) gave seven criteria to consider when designing a customized force-recording device. Where appropriate, we tested if our apparatus met their criteria. The apparatus accurately records forces in three orthogonal directions, has low cross-talk, maintains a high frequency response, exhibits a linear response up to at least 200 Newtons, and displays a uniform response to a given force across the instrumented contact piece. Our design does not easily facilitate the identification of the point of force application. Therefore, joint moments cannot be easily calculated. This limitation, however, does not affect the apparatus's ability to accurately record the magnitude and direction of a force (as shown by other tests). We developed this apparatus to measure jaw forces during tree gouging in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), but the general design can be readily modified to study a variety of primate behaviors on vertical substrates.
Effect of Wii-Based Balance Training on Corticomotor Excitability Post Stroke

The objective was to examine the effectiveness of a 3-week balance training program using the Nintendo Wii Fit gaming system (Nintendo Wii Sports, Nintendo, Redmond, WA) on lower limb corticomotor excitability and other clinical measures in chronic stroke survivors. Ten individuals diagnosed with ischemic stroke with residual hemiparesis received balance training using the Wii Fit for 60 min/day, three times/week, for three weeks. At the end of training, an increase in interhemispheric symmetry of corticomotor excitability of the tibialis anterior muscle representations was noted (n = 9). Participants also showed improvements in reaction time, time to perform the Dual Timed-Up-and-Go test, and balance confidence. The training-induced balance in corticomotor excitability suggests that this Wii-based balance training paradigm has the potential to influence neural plasticity and thereby functional recovery.
Scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised for a Sample of Children with Emotional Handicaps

Because there is little available research, this study examined the associations between scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised for 85 children with diagnosed emotional handicaps. Analysis indicated associations were significant.
Noninvasive Assessment of Load Reduction in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure Patients

Therapy with phentolamine can improve the condition of patients with congestive heart failure due to the inotropic effect of this drug as well as its vasodilating action. Therefore, 8 patients with volume-overloaded left ventricles due to aortic insufficiency and mitral insufficiency received 50 mg of phentolamine 4 times a day for 2 weeks. Peak and end systolic wall stress were estimated using a noninvasive echocardiographic technique. The peak systolic wall stress in this group was 133 X 10(3) dynes/sq cm, which is similar to the reported normal value. However, the end systolic wall stress was 89 X 19(3) dynes/sq cm, which is much higher than the reported normal values. After PO administration of phentolamine, the end systolic stress was normalized while the peak systolic stress was reduced below normal. As a result of therapy with phentolamine, the ejection fraction, the percentage of change in the minor axis, and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening significantly increased. Thus, PO administration of phentolamine can improve left ventricular function in patients with mitral insufficiency and aortic insufficiency.
Storage Studies of Diluted Cock Semen for Use in Artificial Insemination of Chickens

Abstract ARTIFICIAL insemination of poultry has been used quite successfully for the more economical use of sires, especially in progeny test breeding, and for using a particular male which is otherwise incapable of normal mating, according to Warren and Gish (1942). Bonadonna (1939) suggested the use of artificial insemination for fertilizing the eggs of hens confined to batteries. Burrows and Quinn (1938) showed that it was possible to obtain percentages of fertility by the use of artificial insemination as high as could be obtained through natural matings. Burrows and Marsden (1938) increased fertility from an old tom turkey by the use of artificial insemination. Results obtained by Bonnier and Trulsson (1939) showed that 30 percent semen diluted in Ringer solution gave better results than undiluted semen, on the average. Burrows and Quinn (1939) reported that semen in storage at 4.4° C. lost its fertilizing ability in two hours, when stored at . . .
Proteomics computational analyses suggest that the bornavirus glycoprotein is a class III viral fusion protein (γ penetrene)

Background: Borna disease virus (BDV) is the type member of the Bornaviridae, a family of viruses that induce often fatal neurological diseases in horses, sheep and other animals, and have been proposed to have roles in certain psychiatric diseases of humans. The BDV glycoprotein (G) is an extensively glycosylated protein that migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 84,000 to 94,000 kilodaltons (kDa). BDV G is post-translationally cleaved by the cellular subtilisin-like protease furin into two subunits, a 41 kDa amino terminal protein GP1 and a 43 kDa carboxyl terminal protein GP2. Results: Class III viral fusion proteins (VFP) encoded by members of the Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae and Baculoviridae have an internal fusion domain comprised of beta sheets, other beta sheet domains, an extended alpha helical domain, a membrane proximal stem domain and a carboxyl terminal anchor. Proteomics computational analyses suggest that the structural/functional motifs that characterize class III VFP are located collinearly in BDV G. Structural models were established for BDV G based on the post-fusion structure of a prototypic class III VFP, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G). Conclusion: These results suggest that G encoded by members of the Bornavirdae are class III VFPs (gamma-penetrenes).
Effects of ovariectomization and ractopamine hydrochloride inclusion on heifer feedlot performance, meat yield, and tenderness of select muscles.

Abstract Forty-eight British cross heifers were used to examine the effects of ovariectomization (OVX v. intact; INT) and ractopamine-HCl inclusion (0 or 0.41 mg/kg of BW day− 1; NORAC or RAC) for the final 31 days on performance, meat yield, and tenderness of select muscles. Ractopamine supplemented heifers had heavier BW (P ≤ 0.05) and greater dressing percent than NORAC. Dressing percent was also greater (P 0.08) organ weights or percent intramuscular fat. Ractopamine inclusion increased (P ≤ 0.05) subprimal weight for the shoulder clod and bottom round. However, ractopamine inclusion and sex class had minimal effects on subprimal yields or slice shear force. Heifers receiving ractopamine had increased BW, DP, carcass weight and select subprimal weights without impacting meat quality. Ovariectomization did not influence the affects of ractopamine supplementation.
Firm's Choice of Regulatory Instruments to Reduce Pollution: A Transaction Cost Approach

This paper extends transaction costs economics to analyze relationships between firms and regulatory agencies. It compares the economic efficiency of firm-agency governance structures for dealing with pollution reduction. The transaction costs of three ideal type governance structures are analyzed: command and control regulation, market based mechanisms, and negotiated agreements. We propose that the choice of governance structure will depend on the strategies firms are pursuing given their transaction attributes and market opportunities.
Bioacoustic surveys of planktonic sound scatterers and of their diel and seasonal variability in the northwest Gulf of Mexico

A vessel-mounted 150 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), which is employed to gather underway data on near-surface current velocity, was used in March and June 1992 to survey plankton stocks using backscattered ADCP signal intensity. Relative backscatter intensity was calibrated with salinity-temperature-depth data from CTD casts to determine an absolute backscatter intensity in decibels (dB) in 8 m bins, from 16 to 320 m. Time versus depth matrices were then constructed to display temporal and spatial patterns of aggregations of sound scatterers. >