cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Amorphous Mg-Ni-Y Alloy by Mechanical Alloying and Pulsed Current sintering

Amorphous powder of Mg-Ni-Y system was prepared by mechanical alloying, and the amorphous bulk was produced by pulsed current sintering. The corrosion resistance was measured by polarization curve of the sintered amorphous specimen. After mechanically alloying of elementary powders for 400 h, Mg80Ni15Y5 and Mg80Ni10Y5B5 were obtained as powder but Mg80Ni5Y5B10 are obtained like a fish scale. Mg80Ni15Y5 powder consisted of amorphous phase and Mg2Ni compound as the result by XRD and DSC measurements. However, Mg80Ni10Y5B5 powder was almost amorphous phase. The bulk amorphous alloys were produced by pulsed current sintering of these amorphous powders at 423 K and 500 MPa. The pore ratio was about 0.6 %. The Mg amorphous alloys had higher corrosion potentials and lower corrosion current density than AZ91D alloy and pure Mg, and their corrosion resistances of Mg alloy were improved.
Effect of stimulation of adrenal cortex on blood pepsinogen in animals and man.

SummaryBlood pepsinogen levels were measured in cats, dogs, rats, and man following acute and chronic administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and/or cortical steroids. Despite demonstration of adrenal cortical stimulation, pepsinogen activity did not increase. The data indicate that blood pepsinogen activity does not constitute an index of adrenal cortical activation.
Applications of Electro-optic Polymers in Photonics

This review gives a summary of our research in the applications of EO polymers for very broad band infrared modulators, in solving some of the initial problems one faces in integrating semiconductor electronics and EO polymers, and in the fabrication of low loss infrared waveguides.
Hired as a Caregiver, Demanded as a Housewife Becoming a Migrant Domestic Worker in Turkey

Women from post-socialist countries started migrating to Turkey in the second half of the 1990s to work in the domestic work sector. Migrant domestics have formed their niche as live-in caregivers,...
Effect of intraoperative propranolol on serum creatine kinase MB release in patients having elective cardiac operations.

Intraoperative beta blockade has been evaluated as an adjunct to hypothermic cold blood potassium cardioplegia by quantitating serum creatine kinase MB release. Randomization of 80 patients having coronary artery bypass grafting and 18 patients having valve replacement with or without bypass grafting resulted in 46 of the former and seven of the latter receiving propranolol 0.05 mg/kg 4 to 5 minutes before aortic cross-clamping. Among patients having bypass grafting, infarct size (in gram-equivalents) was 7.9 ± 0.7 gm-Eq for the propranolol group and 10.3 ± 0.8 (p
Myocardial function after preservation for 24 hours

The orthotopically transplanted heart undergoes several steps between harvest from the donor and reperfusion in the recipient: (1) cardioplegic arrest and cooling, (2) ischemia during the operation, (3) in most cases a preservation or storage period of varying duration, and (4) reperfusion. Each of these steps represents a period during which damage to the heart can occur. In this study we have quantified the degree of damage sustained by a donor heart during each of these steps. This objective was achieved by evaluating the function of rabbit hearts via Langendorff procedures following (Group 1) cooling and reperfusion; (Group 2) cardioplegic arrest, cooling, and reperfusion; (Group 3) arrest, cooling, 1 hour of ischemia (5° or 25° C), and reperfusion; (Group 4) arrest, cooling, 24 hours of preservation, and reperfusion; and (Group 5) arrest, cooling, 24 hours of preservation, 1 hour of ischemia (25° C), and reperfusion. Comparisons were made between groups and to control hearts. Cooling and reperfusing the heart (Group 1) led to no loss of function, although recovery to precooling function levels required approximately 25 minutes. Hearts that were arrested before cooling (Group 2) regained full function without the slow recovery time. Hearts that were arrested, cooled, and made ischemic at 5° C (Group 3) recovered 95% of preischemic contractile function: maximum systolic pressure and the maximum positive derivative of the systolic pressure curve. No change in diastolic compliance was detected. Hearts that were arrested, cooled, and made ischemic at 25° C (Group 3) recovered 89% of preischemic contractile function (maximum systolic pressure and the maximum positive derivative of the systolic pressure curve). Again, no change in diastolic compliance was detected. Hearts that were arrested, cooled, preserved for 24 hours, and reperfused (Group 4) recovered 84% of control contractile function (maximum systolic pressure and the maximum positive derivative of the systolic pressure curve), whereas hearts that had the additional hour of ischemia at 25° C (Group 5) recovered only 75% of control contractile function. In the latter two groups diastolic compliance was also compromised. Group 4 had a 20% decrease in the volume required to reach 10 mm Hg, and Group 5 had a 26% decrease. Pressure-volume curves suggest a loss of contractility and a loss of compliance in these hearts. These data indicate that while significant damage occurred as a result of ischemia and reperfusion, this damage was masked by the larger decrease in function occurring as a result of the preservation period.
Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder.

Abstract: Background: Episode duration, recurrence rates, and time spent in manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder (BD) is not well defined for subtypes of the disorder. Methods: We reviewed the course, timing, and duration of episodes of mania and depression among 1130 clinically treated DSM-IV-TR BD patients of various types, and compared duration and rates as well as total proportion of time in depressive versus manic episodes during 16.7 average years at risk. Results: As expected, episodes of depressions were much longer than manias, but episode-duration did not differ among BD diagnostic types: I, II, with mainly mixed-episodes (BD-Mx), or with psychotic features (BD-P). Recurrence rates (episodes/year) and proportion of time in depression and their ratios to mania were highest in BD-II and BD-Mx subjects, with more manias/year in psychotic and BD-I subjects. In most BD-subtypes, except with psychotic features, there was more time in depressive than manic morbidity, owing mainly to longer depressive than manic episodes. The proportion of time in depression was highest among those who followed a predominant DMI course, whereas total time in mania was greatest in BD with psychotic features and BD-I. and with an MDI course. Conclusions: Subtypes of BD patients differed little in episode-duration, which was consistently much longer for depression. The findings underscore the limited control of bipolar depression with available treatments.
Fractal Analysis of Scaling and Spatial Clustering of Fractures

Fractures exist over a wide range of scales, from the largest faults to microfractures, and this range is primarily responsible for scaling effects observed in fractured-rock hydrology and bulk mechanical properties of fractured rock (Witherspoon and others, 1979; Thorp and others, 1983; DeMarsily, 1985).
A high dynamic range 4th-order 4–8 GHz Q-enhanced LC band-pass filter with 2–25% tunable fractional bandwidth

This paper presents a fourth-order synthetic Q-enhanced LC band-pass filter (BPF) in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS, where 4th-order BPF response has been synthesized by subtracting two 2nd-order BPF responses. Operating frequency of the filter is tunable from 4–8 GHz. Using a switched-varactor control for a high linearity, the filter achieves 150–166 dB · Hz normalized dynamic range (DR) with a tunable fractional bandwidth range of 2–25% at the center frequency of 6 GHz. The ultimate out-of-band rejection of the filter is > 65 dB and > 52 dB on the lower and upper side of the center frequency, respectively. The filter consumes 112–125 mW of DC power dissipation. The core chip size is 0.53×0.7 mm2.
The problem of being and the question about God

Un des grands themes de la pensee philosophique dans la tradition occidentale est le probleme de la nature de Dieu, son existence et sa relation au monde. L'A. suggere certaines strategies permettant de penser le theisme classique a partir de l'existence et de la question de Dieu. Il n'utilise pas seulement le concept metaphysique traditionnel mais aussi la problematique des approches de la question de Dieu via l'ontologie fondamentale. La transcendence en tant qu'alterite radicale est le don de l'amour sans condition. Pour apprehender ce don de transcendence il faut une hermeneutique du savoir et une phenomenologie de la reponse.
Ionospheric ion temperature climate and upper atmospheric long‐term cooling

It is now recognized that Earth's upper atmosphere is experiencing a long-term cooling over the past several solar cycles. The potential impact of the cooling on societal activities is significant, but a fundamental scientific question exists regarding the drivers of the cooling. New observations and analyses provide crucial advances in our knowledge of these important processes. We investigate ionospheric ion temperature climatology and long-term trends using up-to-date large and consistent ground based datasets as measured by multiple incoherent scatter radars (ISRs). The very comprehensive view provided by these unique observations of the upper atmospheric thermal status allows us to address drivers of strong cooling previously observed by ISRs. We use observations from two high latitude sites at Sondrestrom (Invariant latitude 73.2°N) from 1990-2015, and Chatanika/Poker Flat (Invariant latitude 65.9°N) over the span of 1976-2015 (with a gap from 1983-2006). Results are compared to conditions at the mid-latitude Millstone Hill site (Invariant latitude 52.8°N) from 1968-2015. The aggregate radar observations have very comparable and consistent altitude dependence of long-term trends. In particular, the lower F region (< 275 km) exhibits dayside cooling trends that are significantly higher (-3 to -1K/year at 250 km) than anticipated from model predictions given the anthropogenic increase of greenhouse gases. Above 275 km, cooling trends continue to increase in magnitude but values are strongly dependent on magnetic latitude, suggesting the presence of significant downward influences from non-neutral atmospheric processes.
Targeting "bad" B cells in multiple sclerosis: Could laquinimod be part of the armamentarium?

Laquinimod is an orally available quinoline 3-carboxamide derivative drug studied in phase II and III clinical trials for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn disease. Laquinimod has shown promise in RRMS clinical trials,1,2 and identifying the mechanism underlying its disease-modifying effects could help target it to the patient population where it would be most effective. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have suggested that the drug may ameliorate disease by modulating innate and adaptive immune responses, for example via effects on macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and T-helper (Th) cells.3–5 However, its key effector mechanisms and the cellular targets by which the drug ameliorates disease are still not fully resolved. The article by Varrin-Doyer et al.6 in this issue of Neurology ® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation sheds new light on this question and provides important insights that could be relevant for the treatment of MS. In elegant experiments, Varrin-Doyer et al. provide convincing evidence that treatment with laquinimod strongly ameliorates disease in 2 models of recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)–induced EAE and spontaneous EAE in mice transgenic for a T-cell receptor specific for MOG35-55 peptide and a MOG-specific immunoglobulin H chain knock-in (2D2 × Th mice). In both of these models, the authors show that laquinimod treatment prevented the development of T-follicular-helper (Tfh) cells and decreased the production of MOG-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Interestingly, in a spontaneous model of EAE, associated with the formation of meningeal follicle-like structures that are populated by B and T cells,7 laquinimod therapy reduced the number and the size of these cellular aggregates.
Influence of Maternal Factors in Neonatologists' Counseling for Periviable Pregnancies.

Background Neonatologists have varying counseling practices for women with threatened periviable pregnancies. Previous research has suggested this variability may be influenced by social and economic factors of the mother. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the relative influence of maternal factors in counseling recommendations for periviable pregnancies. Methods A national cohort of neonatologists was sent a web-based survey. Five maternal characteristics were varied across eight vignettes: age, education, race, parity, and pregnancy “intendedness.” Following each vignette, participants reported their likelihood to recommend full resuscitation versus comfort care. Conjoint analysis was used to assess the relative influence of each factor on respondents' recommendations. Results Responses from 328 neonatologists were included. Of the five tested maternal characteristics, parity and intendedness had the highest importance scores (40.2 and 35.0), followed by race, education, and age. If parents requested resuscitation, respondents were highly likely to comply with preferences, with little variation across vignettes. Conclusion Fetal-specific factors such as gestational age and estimated weight are known to influence counseling and decision making for extremely preterm infants. Our results suggest that maternal factors may also influence counseling practices, although physicians are likely to comply with parental preferences regardless of maternal factors. Future research should identify how maternal characteristics impact actual counseling practices.
Child Neurology: Childhood basilar artery occlusion and stroke.

Stroke is one of the major causes of childhood mortality. Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) has an annual estimated rate as high as 3.3 cases per 100,000 children (with the vertebrobasilar territory involved in up to 36% of cases); however, the incidence of isolated childhood basilar artery occlusion (BAO) and stroke (BAS) is unknown.1 Adult BAO carries up to a 90% mortality rate, while death or severe neurologic deficits may be seen in 50% of children with BAO/BAS.1,2 The following case report describes a 12-year-old boy with BAO leading to BAS. Clinical symptoms, differential diagnoses, associated comorbidities, and current trends in acute treatment of pediatric BAO/BAS are also discussed.
Volatile loss during homogenization of lunar melt inclusions

Volatile abundances in lunar mantle are critical factors to consider for constraining the model of Moon formation. Recently, the earlier understanding of a “dry” Moon has shifted to a fairly “wet” Moon due to the detection of measurable amount of H_2O in lunar volcanic glass beads, mineral grains, and olivine-hosted melt inclusions. The ongoing debate on a “dry” or “wet” Moon requires further studies on lunar melt inclusions to obtain a broader understanding of volatile abundances in the lunar mantle. One important uncertainty for lunar melt inclusion studies, however, is whether the homogenization of melt inclusions would cause volatile loss. In this study, a series of homogenization experiments were conducted on olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the sample 74220 to evaluate the possible loss of volatiles during homogenization of lunar melt inclusions. Our results suggest that significant loss of H_2O could occur even during minutes of homogenization, while F, Cl and S in the inclusions remain unaffected. We model the trend of H_2O loss in homogenized melt inclusions by a diffusive hydrogen loss model. The model can reconcile the observed experimental data well, with a best-fit H diffusivity in accordance with diffusion data explained by the “slow” mechanism for hydrogen diffusion in olivine. Surprisingly, no significant effect for the low oxygen fugacity on the Moon is observed on the diffusive loss of hydrogen during homogenization of lunar melt inclusions under reducing conditions. Our experimental and modeling results show that diffusive H loss is negligible for melt inclusions of >25 μm radius. As our results mitigate the concern of H_2O loss during homogenization for crystalline lunar melt inclusions, we found that H_2O/Ce ratios in melt inclusions from different lunar samples vary with degree of crystallization. Such a variation is more likely due to H_2O loss on the lunar surface, while heterogeneity in their lunar mantle source is also a possibility. A similar size-dependence trend of H_2O concentrations was also observed in natural unheated melt inclusions in 74220. By comparing the trend of diffusive H loss in the natural MIs and in our homogenized MIs, the cooling rate for 74220 was estimated to be ∼1 °C/s or slower.
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum Oregon-R-modENCODE Strain BDGP2 Isolated from Drosophila melanogaster Gut.

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus plantarum Oregon-R-modENCODE strain BDGP2 was isolated from the gut of Drosophila melanogaster for functional host microbial interaction studies. The complete genome comprised a single circular genome of 3,407,160 bp, with a G+C content of 44%, and four plasmids.
A 31P{1H} NMR Spectroscopic Study of Phosphorus-Donor Ligands and Their Transition Metal Complexes

31P{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a particularly useful tool for studying the reactions of P-donor ligands such as phosphines and phosphites with transition metals and other Lewis bases because the reactions take place on the nonbonding pair of electrons on the phosphorus. In addition, 31P has a 100% natural abundance and a high gyromagnetic ratio resulting in a high sensitivity that allows the spectra to be recorded using small amounts of sample. An activity that combines air-sensitive synthesis of transition metal complexes of P-donor ligands and the characterization of these complexes with 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy has been developed for an upper-division, laboratory-based inorganic course. This laboratory familiarizes students with this useful nucleus for NMR spectroscopy and allows them to study the factors that affect the 31P{1H} NMR chemical shifts of phosphorus-donor ligands and their transition metal complexes. Details of the activity, including procedure and pretest, are provided...
Assessing Writing: The future of writing assessment

Introduction When we look back at writing assessment in the 20th century, we see a number of phenomena. These include the rise of large testing firms and the concomitant rise in the popularity of so-called ‘objective tests’ that purported to measure writing ability through multiple-choice tests; the subsequent movement – led primarily by writing teachers – to measure writing through actual writing, and the resulting refinement and general acceptance of the impromptu essay test; and another teacher-led movement, this time towards portfolios, as a reaction to the ‘one-shot’ approach to essay testing. At the same time, rapid advances in technology and increased global communication have been leading to radical changes in the way writing is used and tested, changes we are only just now beginning to appreciate. Furthermore, there is a growing awareness among educators, theorists, and assessment specialists of the sociopolitical aspects of assessment. Thus, rather than viewing writing assessment as neutral, value-free activities, we now clearly understand that decisions about whom to test, what to test, how, when, and where to test it, and how test results are to be used take place in arenas where different groups of stakeholders have different agendas and value systems. As we progress through the 21st century, therefore, there are a number of areas in which we can expect to see changes and challenges in writing assessment. In this chapter I will focus on two of these areas.
Trends and Issues in International Education Programs for Visually Handicapped Children

Professionals who work with visually handicapped children face certain common problems throughout the world. This article summarizes some trends and issues in international education, including the...
Engaging Collaborative Learners with Helping Agents

We present the results of a study in which we contrast alternative forms of collaborative learning support in the midst of a collaborative design task in which students negotiate between increasing power and increasing environmental friendliness. Our research question is whether interactive instructional support in collaborative learning environments is more effective when it is offered as solicited or unsolicited help. The finding from our classroom study is that dialogue-based support is more effective in this collaborative context when invitations for help in the form of pointer hints are offered automatically, but dialogue agents are only provided when the invitation is explicitly accepted.
Measurement of Underhood Temperatures with Various Ventilations

The management of underhood temperatures is becoming ever more important as emissions and noise regulations become more severe. The emissions regulations typically add to the heat load, while the noise regulations lead to a more tightly sealed engine compartment.
KA1 Domains: Unity in Mechanistic Diversity.

The enzymatic activity of protein kinases is often tightly controlled by regulatory domains with a conserved structural mechanism. In this issue of Structure, Emptage et al. (2018) report how the kinase associated-1 domain (KA1) autoinhibits kinase activity with a striking structural diversity.
Thermochemical Properties: Enthalpy, Entropy, and Heat Capacity of C2-C3 Fluorinated Aldehydes. Radicals and Fluorocarbon Group Additivity.

Thermochemical properties of fluorinated aldehydes are important for understanding their stability and reactions in the environment and in thermal processes. Structures and thermochemical properties of C1 to C3 fluorinated aldehydes are determined by use of computational chemistry. Standard enthalpies of formation for 30 C2- and C3-fluorinated aldehydes and 31 radicals were calculated with 11 different ab initio and density functional theory methods: CBS-APNO, CBS-4M, CBS-QB3, M06-2X, ωB97X, B3LYP, G-2, G-3, G-4, and W1U via several series of isodesmic reactions. Entropy, S°298, and heat capacities, Cp(T)’s (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500) from vibration, translation, and external rotation contributions are calculated on the basis of the vibration frequencies and structures obtained from the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) density functional method. Potential barriers for the internal rotations are also from this method and used to calculate hindered rotor contributions to S°298 and Cp(T)’s using direct integration over energy leve...
Adherence to consensus guidelines for screening of primary aldosteronism in an urban healthcare system.

Abstract Background Primary aldosteronism is a common cause of secondary hypertension. Treatment with adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid receptor-blockers can prevent long-term adverse outcomes. This study aimed to determine primary aldosteronism screening rats in patients with hypertension in an underserved urban healthcare system. Methods We reviewed records of outpatient adults in an urban healthcare system from 2013 to 2017. Chart review along with International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th editions, diagnosis codes were used to identify patients meeting inclusion criteria for screening according to the 2016 Endocrine Society guidelines. The corresponding aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and 24-hour urine aldosterone values were identified. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine positive predictors of screening. Results Of 15,511 hypertensive patients seen, 6,809 (43.8%) met criteria for screening. Blacks were the most common racial group, and Medicare and Medicaid were the most frequent insurers. The aldosterone-to-renin ratio level was checked in 86 (1.3%) patients; 22 (25.6%) had an aldosterone-to-renin ratio >20. Of the 77 patients with hypertension and incidentaloma, 14 (18.2%) had an aldosterone-to-renin ratio checked. Additional positive predictors for being screened were hypertension and hypokalemia and sustained hypertension. Conclusion Screening rates for primary aldosteronism in an underserved population are low. Proper identification of primary aldosteronism in those at risk could help ameliorate long-term effects of disease.
U.S. v. Haymond on Re-imprisonment Without a Jury Trial

Criminal punishments often include a period of supervised release after the completion of a prison sentence. During this time, the government can re-invoke prison time if the convict commits a further offense. But does re-imprisonment following a determination of guilt by a judge grounded in a preponderance of the evidence—but not a jury grounded in evidence beyond a reasonable doubt—violate the protections of the Constitution? Haymond presents deep questions about the constitutional standards for post-conviction supervision of criminals.
Putting Rigorous Evidence Within Reach: Lessons Learned from the New Heights Evaluation.

PURPOSE This article uses an evaluation of New Heights, a school-based program for pregnant and parenting teens in the District of Columbia Public Schools, to illustrate how maternal and child health programs can obtain rigorous evaluations at reasonable cost using extant administrative data. The key purpose of the article is to draw out lessons learned about planning and conducting this type of evaluation, including the important role of partnerships between program staff and evaluators. DESCRIPTION This article summarizes the evaluation's research design, data sources, and lessons learned about ingredients contributing to the successful implementation of this study. The evaluation employed a difference-in-differences design to estimate program impacts using administrative data merged across agencies. ASSESSMENT Several features of New Heights and its context facilitated an evaluation. First, New Heights leaders could clearly describe program components and how the program was expected to improve specific student education outcomes. These outcomes were easy to measure for program and comparison groups using administrative data, which agencies were willing to provide. Second, buy-in from program staff facilitated study approval, data agreements, and unanticipated opportunities to learn about program implementation. Finally, time spent by evaluators and program staff in conversation about the program's components, context, and data resulted in greater understanding and a more useful evaluation. CONCLUSION The New Heights evaluation is a concrete example of how a small program with a modest evaluation budget can obtain evidence of impact. Collaborative relationships between researchers and program staff can enable these informative studies to flourish.
Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy presenting as recurrent syncope

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare condition in which embolization of tumor cells to the pulmonary arterioles causes fibrocellular intimal thickening and activation of the coagula...
Reconfigurable nanoelectronics using graphene based spintronic logic gates

This paper presents a novel design concept for spintronic nanoelectronics that emphasizes a seamless integration of spin-based memory and logic circuits. The building blocks are magneto-logic gates based on a hybrid graphene/ferromagnet material system. We use network search engines as a technology demonstration vehicle and present a spin-based circuit design with smaller area, faster speed, and lower energy consumption than the state-of-the-art CMOS counterparts. This design can also be applied in applications such as data compression, coding and image recognition. In the proposed scheme, over 100 spin-based logic operations are carried out before any need for a spin-charge conversion. Consequently, supporting CMOS electronics requires little power consumption. The spintronic-CMOS integrated system can be implemented on a single 3-D chip. These nonvolatile logic circuits hold potential for a paradigm shift in computing applications.
Sub-millimeter resolution imaging through animal tissue ultrafast gated electronic holography

We have developed a new ultrafast optical technique for two-dimensional imaging of absorbing objects embedded in diffusing media that is well suited to imaging through human tissue. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated 0.1 mm resolution of submillimeter objects completely obscured by 6 mm of raw chicken muscle tissue. This, to our knowledge, is the highest spatial resolution ever reported in this type of application. We have also demonstrated the capability of imaging, with sub-millimeter resolution, objects buried in diffusing material several centimeters thick. The implications are that this technique is a good candidate for application to the problem of non-invasive imaging through human breast tissue for tumor screening.
Hungry for Sex: Differential Roles for Ustilago maydisb Locus Components in Haploid Cells vis à vis Nutritional Availability

Mating-types allow single-celled eukaryotic organisms to distinguish self from non-self in preparation for sexual reproduction. The components of mating-type loci provide initial self/non-self-recognition through pheromone and receptor interactions that control early cell fusion events. However, they may also provide a second level of scrutiny that requires differences in alleles leading to production of a transcription factor required for successful downstream developmental pathways after initial cell fusion. Interestingly, the protein subunits of these transcription factors have not been thoroughly examined for their roles, if any, in the haploid cells themselves. In Ustilago maydis, the causative agent of galls in maize plants, the b locus, encoding bEast (bE) and bWest (bW), components of the eventual requisite transcription factor, has been extensively studied for its role in formation of the stable dikaryon after mating and subsequent pathogenic program. Little is known, however, about any roles for bE or bW in haploid cells. Since mating in fungi is often induced under conditions of nitrogen starvation, we have explored connections between the b locus and the nitrogen-sensing and response pathways in U. maydis. We previously identified a connection in haploid cells between the b locus and Ump2, the high-affinity transceptor, a protein that both transports ammonium and triggers filamentous growth as a response to nitrogen starvation. Deletion of the entire b locus abrogates the filamentous response to low ammonium, a phenotype that is rescued by overexpression of Ump2. Here we further investigated the individual roles of bE and bW in haploid cells. We show that bE and bW are expressed differentially in haploid cells starved for ammonium. Their respective deletion elicits different effects on transcription of mating and pathogenic-related genes and, importantly, on the degree of pathogenic development in host plants. This is the first demonstration of a role for these mating locus components on haploid development and the first to demonstrate a connection to the ammonium transceptors.
Externalizing Behaviors are Associated with Increased Parenting Stress in Caregivers of Young Children with Autism

Parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report higher levels of stress than parents of typically developing children. Few studies have examined factors associated with parental stress in early childhood. Even fewer have investigated the simultaneous influence of sociodemographic, clinical, and developmental variables on parental stress. We examined factors associated with stress in parents of young children with ASD. Multiple regression models were used to test for associations between socioeconomic indices, developmental measures, and parental stress. Externalizing behaviors, communication, and socialization skills accounted for variance in parental stress, controlling for ASD diagnosis. Results highlight the importance of interventions aimed at reducing externalizing behaviors in young children as well as addressing stress in caregivers of children with ASD.
Teaching Comparative Legal History: Latin American Legal Systems

This short essay was written for the book "Teaching Legal History: Comparative Perspectives," edited by Robert M. Jarvis and published in 2014. In it, I describe my approach to teaching a course comparing US and Latin American legal systems, topics covered, and readings I assign to students.
Traditional Knowledge and Creative Commons - White Paper

The tension between the protection of Traditional Knowledge and IP frameworks is being exacerbated by digital technologies that have made the creation, dissemination, appropriation and remixing of knowledge and cultural artifacts easier than ever before. Indigenous communities’ preservation efforts and control over traditional knowledge sometimes also seem to conflict with the ‘open’ ecosystem, which consists of organizations, communities, and individuals supporting open and free culture, open licensing and access to knowledge. This is because traditional knowledge is often perceived as being part of the public domain by default, when it is not. In particular, the sharing of cultural works related to indigenous communities through open licenses needs to be better understood. Traditional knowledge does not always fit into open licensing structures. It also seems to conflict with the ‘open’ ecosystem. This potential conflict raises questions about the best ways to share and disseminate Traditional Knowledge using open licenses. This paper focuses on the divide between Creative Commons policies and tools and traditional knowledge to which copyright may be applicable. Part I will provide an overview of the contestations between traditional knowledge and conventional IP systems. Part II will explore the tensions between openness and traditional knowledge. It will attempt to reconcile the two by highlighting examples where various strategies were applied to assuage the concerns of Indigenous communities and where open licenses might find a place.
Does cognitive behavioral therapy for depression target positive affect? Examining affect and cognitive change session-to-session.

OBJECTIVE Researchers have been interested in the role of negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression. We examined cognitive change (CC) and these two affect variables across the course of CBT. METHOD Patients (N = 125; M age = 31.7, SD = 13.35; 60% female; 83% Caucasian) participated in 16 weeks of CBT for depression. They completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Immediate Cognitive Change Scale at each session and a measure of affect before and after each session. RESULTS NA decreased (rate of change p < .001, d = -1.08) and PA increased (p < .001, d = 0.53) during treatment. CC predicted next-session PA, 0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 0.11], and NA, -0.09, 95% CI [-0.14, -0.04], and was concurrently associated with change in PA, 0.36, 95% CI [0.30, 0.42], and NA, -0.32, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.26], over the course of a session. Presession PA, 0.22, 95% CI [0.17, 0.26], and NA, -0.13, 95% CI [-0.17, -0.08], predicted postsession CC, while pre to postsession change in PA, -0.05, 95% CI [-0.09, -0.002], and NA, 0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 0.11], predicted change in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Although NA and PA both change in CBT, the changes in PA are more modest. Both NA and PA predict symptom change, consistent with the possibility that increasing PA may be beneficial. CC and affect change are reciprocally related, suggesting that CC may contribute to affect change, while affect may also facilitate CC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The Boom, the Bust, and the Cost of the Cleanup: Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells in Pennsylvania and Implications for Shale Gas Governance

Pennsylvania has the longest history of oil and gas drilling in the world, and the state’s governance of the industry has matured and continues to evolve. The long history of policy development provides a panoramic perspective useful for the governance challenges of ensuring responsible oil and gas development in the shale era. We make three observations from the Pennsylvania experience. First, sensible policies can be slow to emerge, especially ones that address long-term issues like well reclamation. A second observation is that the mere presence of reclamation requirements and knowledge of well locations does not ensure proper reclamation as evidenced by a high abandonment rate under such a policy regime. Lastly, bonding requirements for conventional wells have been–and are still–far less than actual reclamation costs (roughly half of the costs by our estimates). The same is now true of shale well bonding requirements. A single shale well bond is $10,000, but our analysis of reclamation data for more than 1,200 wells suggests that reclaiming a typical shale well would cost more than $90,000. Bonding requirements are not the only means for encouraging and paying for proper reclamation, but other methods, such as setting aside revenue raised through the state’s Impact Fee on unconventional wells, are not currently used.
Power, Preferences, and Balancing: The Durability of Coalitions and the Expansion of Conflict

Wolford, Scott. (2012) Power, Preferences, and Balancing: The Durability of Coalitions and the Expansion of Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/isqu.12036 © 2012 International Studies Association Conflicts can expand when third parties perceive future threats from attackers, but how do they evaluate threats from coalitions rather than single states? Multilateral aggregations of power can generate fear in observers that coalitions may soon turn against them. Yet only some provoke opposition from observers, reducing their chances of success and expanding the conflict, while others do not. What accounts for this difference? I analyze a game-theoretic model of a third party�s decision to intervene in an ongoing conflict and a coalition�s decision to disband afterward, which is most likely when its preferences are diverse. When coalitions are powerful, an increasing diversity of foreign policy preferences reduces the probability that observer states balance against them, but when coalitions are weak, increasing diversity increases the probability of balancing. I find support for this conditional relationship between power, preferences, and balancing in a sample of 180 interstate crises from 1946 to 2000.
A Plea for Order in a Complex Disease—Answered

Likely because of its relative rarity, our understanding of esophageal cancer has suffered from a lack of resolution related to the inappropriate grouping of the different types and locations of malignancy into one “grab bag.” Richard R. Grant said that “the value of identity of course is that so often with it comes purpose.” Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction provides today’s most comprehensive and tailored description of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging, and therapy of malignancy of a single region within the upper digestive tract. The definition of the esophagogastric junction is defined in this text as a 10-cm region of territory divided equally by the endoscopic cardia; while this purely anatomic description of tumor location (“Siewert Classification”) may blend somewhat different diseases (e.g., distal esophageal and proximal gastric adenocarcinoma) with separate pathophysiology, it has served as an integral component of our lexicon in this arena and heretofore enabled order to be established to this complex subject matter. Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction is a festschrift of sorts, honoring Dr. hc J. Rudiger Siewert who has been a primary thought leader in esophageal cancer over the past 30 years and served as mentor and/or inspiration to many of the authors in this book. The chapters are succinct and well written, and the topics follow a logical progression of thought. There are 15 chapters with each including multiple subsections that direct the reader through a distillation process of the most important concepts. Without being terse, the pertinent and clinically useful material is delivered in easy-to-understand and compressed form. Although there is a paucity of figures and images, and the ones that are present are of satisfactory quality, this fact likely contributes to the reasonable cost compared most other texts. Perhaps the most attractive aspect of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction is that as one reads through, a sense of “order” is appreciated and this ultimately frames the barriers that exist in the care of these patients. I left this text with many new perspectives and a sense of “purpose.”
On the relation between insolation and climatological variables—I. Analysis of insolation patterns at Fort Worth, Texas☆

Abstract The design of systems for utilization of solar energy as an alternate energy source necessitates reasonable estimates of the expected insolation in any region of interest. Climatological data on sky cover and visibility are routinely available in most areas, but good insolation data are not. From a study of the relation between climatological data and insolation data at Fort Worth, Texas, a table has been devised that can be used to estimate insolation from observed sky cover and visibility. A detailed description of insolation at Fort Worth is given. This correlation will allow designers of solar energy systems to estimate insolation in other southwestern locations for which climatological data are available.
X-ray imaging with multiple-pinhole cameras using a posteriori holographic image synthesis.

Extended source Fourier transform holography for single image synthesis of multiple identical images produced by multiple pinhole camera in X ray astronomy
Analogy for viscoelastic fluids - momentum, heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe flow

Abstract The analogy between momentum, heat and mass transfer, which applies to the turbulent pipe flow of Newtonian fluids, is often used for viscoelastic fluids. A comparison of the most extensive experimental results for viscoelastic fluids in turbulent pipe flow leads to the conclusion that the use of the analogy in such cases is incorrect. For viscoelastic fluids there is no simple direct analogy between the three transport phenomena.
Optimal inventory policies in decentralized supply chains

Abstract This paper studies the inventory behavior of autonomous and self-serving firms in a decentralized retailer–manufacturer serial supply chain. We first analytically characterize the optimal inventory policies for each firm both with and without information sharing, revealing an inherent simple structure of optimal inventory behavior: replenishments are triggered by ultimate customer demand directly. We then consider various extensions: (1) N-stage serial systems, (2) batch ordering policies, (3) fixed setup costs, and (4) Markovian customer demand.
Velocity profiles in two interdiffusing gas streams

Abstract Experimental velocity profiles are presented for tube flow in which a strong concentration gradient occurs in a binary gas mixture. With convective and diffusive velocities of approximately the same size, the velocity profiles are markedly different from the parabolic profiles ordinarily expected and may exhibit a minimum along the centerline of the tube. A concentration profile from first order diffusion theory is used with a power series to produce an approximate axial velocity distribution.
Behavioral Treatment of Conversion Disorder in Adolescence: A Case Example of Globus Hystericus.

The present single case study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for the treatment of a patient diagnosed with globus hystericus, a conversion disorder characterized by a perceived lump in the throat. The patient was a non-mentally retarded 12-year-old female who refused to swallow solids because she thought that her throat muscles would involuntarily constrict and result in choking. She lost approximately .5 lbs. per week during the 6 months prior to treatment. Improvements in weight gain were demonstrated consequent to the implementation of behavior therapy, with weight gain being particularly pronounced after contingency contracting was added to therapy. Weight gain was maintained at 1, 6, and 10 months posttreatment.
Maintaining the benefits of CMOS scaling when scaling bogs down

A survey of industry trends from the last two decades of scaling for CMOS logic is examined in an attempt to extrapolate practical directions for CMOS technology as lithography progresses toward the point at which CMOS is limited by the size of the silicon atom itself. Some possible directions for various specialized applications in CMOS logic are explored, and it is further conjectured that double-gate MOSFETs will prove to be the dominant device architecture for this last era of CMOS scaling.
A new approach to bipolar device modeling for CAD

A new approach to modeling which yields accurate large-signal models for bipolar devices, including all important fundamental effects and their interactions, is introduced. The resulting models lend themselves to efficient analysis by SCEPTRE while demonstrating substantial exactness. Steady-state transistor-model characteristics depicting general capabilities of the modeling technique are presented.
Measurement of the forward scattering cross section with photon echoes

Abstract The decay in photon echo amplitude with interval T between pulses provides a method for the determination of the small angle dependence of the forward elastic scattering cross section.
Survey of African American Portrayal in Introductory Textbooks in American Government/Politics: A Report of the APSA Standing Committee on the Status of Blacks in the Profession

This study surveys recent editions of circulating introductory texts for teaching American government/politics courses. Most of the major textbooks used for these courses utilize the traditional institutional and behavioral approaches to the study of American government, which have historically treated the African American political experience as separate from mainstream American politics; thus, relegating its discussions to a separate chapter on “civil rights” or “equal rights.” Modeling our textbook reviews after the APSA Standing Committee on the Status of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgendered in the Profession (Novkov and Gossett 2007) and the non-published 2006 report to the APSA Standing Committee on the Status of Blacks in the Profession, we analyze 27 circulating introductory American government/politics textbooks to examine to what extent African Americans are integrated into the study of American politics.This report was commissioned and supported by the American Political Science Association's Standing Committee on the Status of Blacks in the Profession. The Committee reviewed earlier drafts and accepted the final report for publication and distribution. The Committee members include James Jennings, co-chair (Tufts University); Angela K. Lewis, co-chair (University of Alabama, Birmingham); Kerry L. Haynie (Duke University); Alice Jackson (Morgan State University); Mark Q. Sawyer (University of California, Berkley); Rogers M. Smith (University of Pennsylvania); Robert Starks (Northeastern Illinois University); and Toni-Michelle Travis (George Mason University).
Foreign Direct Investment, Licensing, and Incentives for Innovation

In a two-period duopoly model, this paper considers a foreign firm’s choice between licensing and FDI and studies the relative impact of these modes of technology transfer on the incentives for innovation of that firm and its domestic rival. Relative to licensing, FDI limits technology spillovers to the domestic firm but dissipates more rents in the product market. Internalization allows the foreign firm to build on an existing technological advantage. While the local firm develops its best technology if initial licensing is followed by FDI, the foreign firm transfers the most efficient technology under FDI in both periods.