cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-based Generative Adversarial Networks

We introduce the "Energy-based Generative Adversarial Network" model (EBGAN) which views the discriminator as an energy function that attributes low energies to the regions near the data manifold and higher energies to other regions. Similar to the probabilistic GANs, a generator is seen as being trained to produce contrastive samples with minimal energies, while the discriminator is trained to assign high energies to these generated samples. Viewing the discriminator as an energy function allows to use a wide variety of architectures and loss functionals in addition to the usual binary classifier with logistic output. Among them, we show one instantiation of EBGAN framework as using an auto-encoder architecture, with the energy being the reconstruction error, in place of the discriminator. We show that this form of EBGAN exhibits more stable behavior than regular GANs during training. We also show that a single-scale architecture can be trained to generate high-resolution images.
Scalable Delivery and Remediation of Engineering Assessments using Computer-Based Assessment

Inspired by the success of Computer-Based Assessment (CBA) prevalent in disciplines outside of Engineering, a large-scale multiple-year project has been undertaken at the University of Central Florida (UCF) to develop authentic CBA assessments. To-date 29 faculty at UCF have converted their assessments for delivery in a vacated computer lab which was repurposed to create an Evaluation and Proficiency Center (EPC), which realizes proctored testing, autograding, and scanning of scratch sheets for formative and summative assessments. The scrap sheets are utilized to self-motivate learners to revisit the EPC to remediate their missed problems with the assistance of the Graduate Teaching Assistant tutors who were freed up via reduction in their grading loads. Meanwhile, the learners build their soft-skills, as well as their confidence, to convey and explain solutions to engineering problems. Using this EPC-based delivery model, the scalability of the assessment infrastructure is measured and evaluated across seven Engineering degree programs and seen to be capable of harvesting over $400,000 of instructional value annually.
Overview and basics of the retinotectal system

Abstract An important research area in developmental neurobiology concerns the mechanisms behind the formation of topographic maps, which constitute the lion’s share of the central nervous system. The mechanisms must build in both considerable flexibility as well as stability and reproducibility. The retinotectal projection, the basis of visual localization, has long been the leading model for such studies. Its advantages include ease of manipulation of physiological stimuli and ease of surgical exposure of both retina and tectum. The early theory of its formation is Sperry’s chemoaffinity, which envisaged selective matching of homophilic receptors on retinal fibers and tectal cells, which in one version were arranged as corresponding gradients across the two sheets of neurons. This chapter introduces the development of ideas in this area, centering on the early finding of seemingly contradictory results, and continuing with the uncovering of gradients, exploration of plasticity, and computer modeling of results.
A rapid and simple bead-bashing-based method for genomic DNA extraction from mammalian tissue.

Conventional genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction methods can take hours to complete, may require fume hoods and represent the most time-consuming step in many gDNA-based molecular assays. We systematical...
Building [UIV70(OH)36(O)64]4− Oxocluster Frameworks with Sulfate, Transition Metals, and UV

Uranium (IV) oxide clusters, colloids, and materials are designed and studied for 1) nuclear materials applications, 2) understanding environmental fate and transport of actinides, and 3) exploring the complex bonding behavior of open-shell f-elements. U IV -oxyhydroxsulfate clusters are particularly relevant in industrial processes and in nature. Recent studies have shown that counter-cations to these polynuclear anions differentiate rich structural topologies in the solid-state. Here we present nine different structures with wheel-shaped [U 70 (OH) 36 (O) 64 (SO 4 ) 60 ] 4- (U 70 ) linked into 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional frameworks with sulfate, divalent transition metals (Cr II , Fe II , Co II , Ni II ) and U V . Small-angle X-ray scattering of these phases dissolved in butylamine reveals differing supramolecular assembly of U 70 clusters, controlled primarily by sulfates. However, observed trends in transition metal linking guide future design of U 70 -materials with different topologies. Finally, U 70 linking via U IV -O-U V -O-U IV bridges presents a rare example of mixed oxidation state uranium oxides without disorder.
Being, Doing, Feeling: The Constitutive Role of Emotions in Professional Identity

Scholars have shown that professionals construct their identity around specialized knowledge. When this knowledge is replaced, changed, or threatened by an outside group, their identity can be chal...
Pressure scaling of the collisional broadening parameters of Kr 4p6S01→→5p[3/2]2 transition.

Pressure scaling of collisional broadening parameters of krypton (absorber) 4p6S01→→5p[3/2]2 transition centered at 107.3 nm in the presence of nitrogen N2 (perturber) is investigated. The absorption spectrum in the vicinity of the transition is obtained from the two-photon excitation scan of krypton in the presence of the perturber at different prescribed pressures varying from a few torrs to 10 atm. The absorption spectra reveal noticeable asymmetry at atmospheric pressure, and the asymmetry becomes increasingly pronounced with pressure; however, the absorption spectra at sub-atmospheric pressures tested are symmetric. The absorption spectra are fitted with synthetic asymmetric Voigt profiles across all pressures, wherein the asymmetry parameter is varied to capture the asymmetry at different pressures. The collisional shift (δC), the symmetric equivalent collisional full width at half maximum (wC,0), and the asymmetry parameter (a) are determined from the synthetic fits at various pressures. All the parameters are observed to vary linearly with pressure over the entire range of the pressure values tested. The mechanisms that cause the asymmetry in the absorption spectra are also discussed.
Management of the Difficult Pediatric Airway

This review discusses the most current relevant literature regarding management of the difficult pediatric airway. Periodic review of the latest research ensures that anesthesia providers are educated on the most current practices. The review will provide practical evidence to support the use of various devices and techniques, including video laryngoscopy, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, apneic oxygenation, use of neuromuscular blockade, ultrasound, and more. A simple algorithm for managing the difficult pediatric airway is also provided. Understanding the risk factors for the difficult pediatric airway, along with thorough preparation, will aid in reducing complications, which can be devastating. Providers must maintain proficiency in the skills, both traditional and novel, required to effectively and safely manage the expected and unexpected difficult pediatric airway.
A hybrid endocardial-epicardial biventricular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator to circumvent the tricuspid valve.

The development of pacing and defibrillator systems that do not involve hardware traversing the tricuspid annulus can be desirable in order to minimize lead-related complications such as tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Occasionally, primary tricuspid valve pathology (i.e., infectious endocarditis, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, carcinoid disease) or congenital heart disease prohibits use of transvenous leads and alternative strategies are required to provide pacing or defibrillation. We describe such a case in which a biventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator was implanted using a hybrid system involving endocardial and epicardial components. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Financial integration and credit democratization: Linking banking deregulation to economic growth

Abstract We use a matching method that constructs synthetic counterfactual states to identify the channels that link bank deregulation to financial integration, and thereby to economic growth. We document a positive, but conditional, effect of financial integration on economic growth. We explore the heterogeneous effects of financial integration across states depending on the capital mobility in each state. Our results reveal a correlation between financial integration and subsequent banking sector changes related to an expansion in loan recipients. We show that financial integration democratizes lending and spurs economic growth.
Does expressive writing or an instructional intervention reduce the impacts of test anxiety in a college classroom

Test anxiety is a major concern in education because it causes uncomfortable feelings in test-anxious students and may reduce the validity of exam scores as a measure of learning. As such, brief and cost-effective interventions are necessary to minimize the negative impact of test anxiety on students’ academic performance. In the present experiment, we examine two such interventions: expressive writing (Experiment 1) and an instructional intervention (Experiment 2), with the latter developed from a similar intervention for stereotype threat. Across four authentic exams in a psychology class, students alternated between completing the intervention and a control task immediately before completing the exams. Neither intervention was effective at reducing test anxiety or improving exam performance. The present results suggest that these interventions may not be successful in addressing the impacts of test anxiety in all classroom settings.
The Practical Utility of Functional Electrical Stimulation Exercise for Cardiovascular Health in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with chronic spinal cord injuries (SCI). This review focuses on the importance of exercise, specifically functional electrical stimulation (FES) exercise, as an intervention to reduce CVD risk in individuals with SCI. Regular exercise of sufficient intensity (~6 METS) decreases overall risk of CVD in able-bodied individuals. Individuals with SCI have difficulty achieving this intensity since paralyzed muscle cannot contribute to the exercise response. FES is a practical intervention in which paralyzed musculature is stimulated to create joint movements that mimic exercise. FES increases oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and cardiovascular stress but to a much lesser extent than exercise performed by non-paralyzed muscle, possibly due to numerous disrupted feedforward and feedback neural pathways that limit cardiovascular and pulmonary adjustments. FES can be combined with exercise of non-paralyzed muscle (hybrid-FES) to overcome some of these limitations and further increase exercise intensity and cardiovascular responses. However, the addition of supplemental therapies may still be needed for individuals with SCI to obtain health benefits of exercise and reductions in CVD risk similar to uninjured individuals. Hybrid-FES is a practical intervention to increase exercise intensity and oxygen consumption to levels identified to reduce CVD risk, but FES alone should not be considered synonymous with voluntary exercise. However, potential adjunctive therapies may still be needed for individuals with SCI to obtain health benefits of exercise and reductions in CVD risk similar to uninjured individuals.
Raman2RNA: Live-cell label-free prediction of single-cell RNA expression profiles by Raman microscopy

Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-seq) and other profiling assays have opened new windows into understanding the properties, regulation, dynamics, and function of cells at unprecedented resolution and scale. However, these assays are inherently destructive, precluding us from tracking the temporal dynamics of live cells, in cell culture or whole organisms. Raman microscopy offers a unique opportunity to comprehensively report on the vibrational energy levels of molecules in a label-free and non-destructive manner at a subcellular spatial resolution, but it lacks in genetic and molecular interpretability. Here, we developed Raman2RNA (R2R), an experimental and computational framework to infer single-cell expression profiles in live cells through label-free hyperspectral Raman microscopy images and multi-modal data integration and domain translation. We used spatially resolved single-molecule RNA-FISH (smFISH) data as anchors to link scRNA-seq profiles to the paired spatial hyperspectral Raman images, and trained machine learning models to infer expression profiles from Raman spectra at the single-cell level. In reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), R2R accurately (r>0.96) inferred from Raman images the expression profiles of various cell states and fates, including iPSCs, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) cells, stromal cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. R2R outperformed inference from brightfield images, showing the importance of spectroscopic content afforded by Raman microscopy. Raman2RNA lays a foundation for future investigations into exploring single-cell genome-wide molecular dynamics through imaging data, in vitro and in vivo.
Prehistoric Timbuktu and its hinterland

Timbuktu, an iconic destination for medieval caravans crossing the Sahara, has a prehistoric phase, here before AD 1000, which shows varying urban traits. The author's new project examines the context of Timbuktu's prehistoric urbanism by mapping the settlement patterns in its hinterland, and seeks to understand the social impacts of the Sahara's changing climate.
Rational Approximations in the Complex Plane for Laplace Transforms of Transcendental Linear Operators

Oscillations in a complex system such as a neuron or an area of cortex imply that recursive exchanges of ions and energy are taking place. Dynamic modeling starts with writing two coupled differential equations having at least two state variables, the output of each equation providing input to the other. These relations describe a feedback loop. One of the two equations models the forward limb, and the other models the feedback limb of the loop. In order to evaluate the coefficients in each of the two equations, it is desirable to open the loop and to record and measure the input and output of each limb. I was able to open the negative feedback loop in the prepyriform cortex by inducing deep surgical anesthesia, and to measure the resulting open loop impulse response of the forward limb by fitting to it the curve from a sum of realvalued exponential terms. My task was to restructure the equation and interpret it in terms of postsynaptic potentials from dendrites of pyramidal cells. The first question was, were the gamma oscillations the product of feedback within the individual neurons, which then synchronized their discharges by their synaptic interactions, or were they the product of interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons? The next question was, how could the zeros be identified, counted, and evaluated? The poles were easy to find and count, but they could not be correctly evaluated without the zeros. Finding the zeros is the hardest problem in linear analysis.
Influence of patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation on quadriceps activation in individuals with knee joint injury.

BACKGROUND Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation is a common intervention to address muscle weakness, however presents with many limitations such as fatigue, muscle damage, and patient discomfort that may influence its effectiveness. One novel form of electrical stimulation purported to improve neuromuscular re-education is Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation (PENS), which is proposed to mimic muscle-firing patterns of healthy individuals. PENS provides patterned stimulating to the agonist muscle, antagonist muscle and then agonist muscle again in an effort to replicate firing patterns. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a single PENS treatment on knee extension torque and quadriceps activation in individuals with quadriceps inhibition. METHODS 18 subjects (10 males and 8 females: 24.2±3.4 years, 175.3±11.8cm, 81.8±12.4kg) with a history of knee injury/pain participated in this double-blinded randomized controlled laboratory trial. Participants demonstrated quadriceps inhibition with a central activation ratio of ≤90%. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps and central activation ratio were measured before and after treatment. The treatment intervention was a 15-minute patterned electrical stimulation applied to the quadriceps and hamstring muscles with a strong motor contraction or a sham group, who received an identical set up as the PENS group, but received a 1mA subsensory stimulation. A 2×2 (group × time) ANCOVA was used to determine differences in maximal voluntary isometric contraction and central activation ratio between groups. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction was selected as a covariate due to baseline differences. RESULTS There were no differences in change scores between pre- and post-intervention for maximal voluntary isometric contraction: (PENS: 0.09±0.32Nm/kg and Sham 0.15±0.18Nm/kg, p=0.713), or central activation ratio:(PENS: -1.22±6.06 and Sham: 1.48±3.7, p=0.270). CONCLUSIONS A single Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation treatment did not alter quadriceps central activation ratio or maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Unlike other types of muscle stimulation, PENS did not result in a reduction of quadriceps torque. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
NMDA receptors and AMPA/kainate receptors mediate parallel injury in cerebral cortical cultures subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two distinct hypotheses to explain a greater value of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists as neuroprotective agents in focal ischemia compared with global ischemia—including, (1) the toxic potential of NMDA receptor overactivation is small, and is only a critical factor in neuronal death under certain special conditions, such as in the partial energy depletion associated with the focal ischemic penumbra, (2) The toxic potential of NMDA receptor overactivation is large, but limited by endogenous mechanisms especially active in global ischemia. Only when NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity is suppressed does a more slowly triggered toxicity of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors become apparent. The critical difference between these two hypotheses is the rank order of NMDA versus AMPA/kainate receptors, with respect to excitotoxic potential. In both hypotheses, the occurrence of calcium overload is suggested to trigger neurodegeneration. Because AMPA/kainate receptor families mediate most fast excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the CNS, they may contribute heavily to sodium overload during and after an ischemic insult, leading subsequently to calcium overload.
Nonlinear THz optics and control in complex solids

I will discuss nonlinear interaction between THz light and matter. Especially, I will discuss the nonlinear response of infrared active phonons and superconducting plasmons in High Tc cuprates.
Molecular Gas in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

The discovery of CO emission (Wilson, Jefferts & Penzias 1970) 25 years ago opened a major new astronomical window which has led to important advances in many areas of Galactic and extragalactic astronomy. The strength and ubiquity of the CO lines, CO isotopic lines, and other millimeter transitions have provided extraordinary diagnostics for studying molecular interstellar matter in the Milky Way and in external galaxies. All dense interstellar gas is molecular hydrogen, H2 (Solomon & Wickramasinghe 1969), due to the sharp transition from HI to H2 caused by the self-shielding of H2 from photodissociation by absorption in the Lyman bands followed by emission downward into the continuum. The balance between formation on grains and photodissociation yields an optically thick self-shielding layer in all clouds where the total neutral hydrogen density n(H + 2H2) > 100 cm−3. Since H2 itself has no radio or millimeter transitions and HI is absent, abundant minor constituents like CO become the main tracer of H2. All current star formation takes place in molecular clouds since the first stage of star formation is the formation of high-density interstellar clouds. Molecular clouds and particularly giant molecular clouds (GMC), with masses > 1 x 105 M⊙, the most massive objects in the Galaxy are a major component of the interstellar medium.
MICROPROCESSORS PERFORM ENGINE CONTROL FUNCTIONS

An overview of Digital Engine Controls is presented in light of the various phases required to develop an engine control microcomputer system. Topics include breadboarding techniques, vehicle mounted hardware, preproduction circuit sets, custom LSI circuit development and advanced integration. A brief review of depletion mode NMOS technology is presented along with details of a suitable family of 16 bit microprocessors, memories, and digital/analog input/output functions that can be implemented with LSI IC's to perform real time engine control. Finally, a development time table is presented which highlights program milestones in a two year development cycle. /GMRL/
Size characterization of sulfuric acid aerosol emissions

In the course of a vehicle dynamometer study of sulfur emissions from an automobile equipped with oxidation catalysts, aerosol size distribution measurements were made while the exhaust was rapidly mixed with 10 parts of filtered air in a dilution tube. Results obtained with an electrical aerosol analyzer show that, under these dilution conditions, the sulfuric acid aerosols are consistently smaller than 0.3 ..mu..m in diameter. The distribution of aerosol volume (or mass) is slightly bimodal with maxima near 0.03 and 0.09 ..mu..m particle diameters. When a light-scattering effect is computed from theory using the observed particle size distributions good agreement is obtained between theory and measured light scattering. Within a reasonable margin of error, consistency is found between cascade impactor data, nephelometer light-scattering data, electrical analyzer data, and chemical analyses for sulfate.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SIZE OF THE SELENITE-EXCHANGEABLE METABOLIC POOL AND TOTAL BODY OR LIVER SELENIUM IN RATS

This study explored the quantitative relationship between the size of the selenite-exchangeable metabolic pool (WSe-EMP) and total body or liver Se in rats of varying age and past Se intake. We performed four experiments. In one, weanling rats were fed either a Se-deficient or Se-supplemented diet for 30 d, followed by measurement of WSe-EMP and total body Se. For the other experiments, rats were fed natural sources of Se without added selenite until adult age and then either subjected to acute Se restriction during the 7 d of measurements or maintained on a Se-sufficient diet. For the animals fed the selenite diet, the 7-d average ratio of WSe-EMP:total body Se (Se(end),0) was 0.370 +/- 0.009, which was not significantly different from the corresponding value (0.350 +/- 0.018, P greater than 0.05) for the Se-deficient group. When the group mean values of WSe-EMP were correlated with the corresponding mean values of Se(end),0 for all experiments, we obtained highly linear relations (r2 greater than 0.96). When WSe-EMP for each animal was correlated with the corresponding value of total body endogenous Se (Se(end)) or liver Se(end) (for t = 1 or 7 d), we found equally strong linear relations (r2 greater than or equal to 0.99). We concluded that WSe-EMP accurately reflected total body Se content or the Se content of such organs as liver, regardless of past Se intake, chemical form of Se or age and size of the animals.
Functional outcome of arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint using parallel screw fixation.

Background: Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is a reliable procedure for a painful hallux. Most studies focus on the surgical results rather than the functional outcome for ...
Analysis of an institutional protocol for thyroid lobectomy: Utility of routine intraoperative frozen section and expedited (overnight) pathology.

Background Intraoperative frozen section (FS) often is performed in patients who undergo thyroid lobectomy to determine the need for completion thyroidectomy. At our institution, if FS pathology is benign, final pathology is expedited overnight. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of FS and to identify a cost-effective management algorithm for thyroid lobectomy. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy between January 2009 and May 2013. Preoperative cytology ranged from “benign” to “suspicious for malignancy.” Clinically significant cancers were defined as >1 cm in size, or multifocal microcarcinomas. Results Of the 192 patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy with FS, FS was suspicious for malignancy in 5 (3%) patients; 1 (0.5%) underwent immediate completion thyroidectomy. On final pathology, 9 (5%) patients had clinically significant cancers and underwent completion thyroidectomy. FS had a sensitivity and positive predictive value of 22% and 40%, respectively, in identifying clinically significant thyroid cancer. Cost of thyroid lobectomy at varying rates of same-day discharge favored thyroid lobectomy without FS but with expedited pathology for all scenarios. Conclusion At our institution, there appears to be limited utility of FS at the time of thyroid lobectomy given the low predictive value for diagnosing a clinically significant thyroid cancer. In patients who are admitted overnight, expedited pathology is slightly less costly and may improve patient quality-of-life and decrease costs by avoiding delayed completion thyroidectomy. Overnight pathology for patients who undergo thyroid lobectomy may achieve modest cost-savings depending on institutional FS results and rates of malignancy.
The pragmatic politics of media reform: Media movements and coalition-building in Latin America

This article analyzes the strategies and the impact of two ‘media movements’ in Latin America — the experiences of civic coalitions working on media policy reform in Uruguay, and advocacy journalism about tobacco control in Argentina — through interviewing the principle actors involved in these movements and reviewing the literature relevant to them. Media movements refer to a broad set of civic initiatives to transform media structures, practices, and content. The analysis aims to discuss the goals and tactics of civic actions to promote media democracy. The cases show a critical yet pragmatic sensitivity among progressive actors who use advocacy and legislative mechanisms to catalyze changes in media systems. The article has three implications for the study of global media democracy. First, to assess the impact of media movements, it is necessary to understand the press as a field that ‘refracts’ the influence of external forces. The successes and setbacks of media movements suggest the need to understa...
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of 10O.14 and 10O.8

Abstract The compounds N(p-n-decyloxybenzylldene)p-n-tetradecylaniline. 10O.14, and N(p-u-decyloxyben-zy1idene)p-n-octylaniline. 10O.8 of the well known nO.m homologous series exhibit FG and ACFG phase sequence variants. The molecular tilt in the tilted smectic C, F and G phases is measured by X-ray diffraction studies. The measured tilt angles are small and show temperature independence in the F phase.
Self-Peeling Reversible Dry Adhesive System

Geckos rely on mechanical toe actions for adhesion detachment. Such an internal adhesion reversal mechanism is absent from synthetic gecko adhesives. We report a self-peeling reversible dry adhesive with a dry adhesive layer and a shape memory polymer layer, the latter of which introduces a thermal adhesion reversal mechanism.
The Development of Organizational Capabilities and Corporate Entrepreneurial Processes: The Case of Chinese Automobile Firms

Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) has contributed to the rapid growth of emerging-market firms (EMFs), yet little is known about this phenomenon from a process perspective. This article examines how EMFs develop organizational capabilities in pursuit of CE as a strategy to catch up with their global competitors. By adopting a case study method, our in-depth analysis of two leading Chinese automobile companies identifies specific organizational capabilities that enable firms’ CE activities at different stages—initiation, development, and implementation. Our findings also reveal how different means of developing organizational capabilities lead to different catch-up strategies, which subsequently influence firms’ entrepreneurial transformation and value creation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long-term effects of dietary sucrose and starch on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in miniature swine.

Abstract Miniature swine were fed cholesterol-containing diets in which approximately 60% of calories were derived from either sucrose or cornstarch. The effects on serum concentration of lipids, glucose, and insulin and on the development of atherosclerosis were studied. There were no significant differences in serum cholesterol or triglyceride concentration between swine consuming either diet for up to 2 years. There was, however, significantly more variability in the serum cholesterol levels of animals consuming sucrose compared with starch. This was due primarily to two animals in the sucrose group that maintained substantial hypercholesterolemia over the length of the experiment. No significant differences were seen between dietary groups in glucose or insulin concentrations either in fasting levels or in response to intravenous tolbutamide. The extent of aortic atherosclerosis in animals of the two dietary groups was not significantly different after 1 and 2 years on experiment. After 1 year, however, the coronary arteries from the sucrose-fed animals were significantly more diseased than those from the starch-fed animals. This difference was not present after 2 years. Consequently, in the absence of an effect of the type of dietary carbohydrate on the serum cholesterol concentration, the substitution of sucrose for starch did not result in a significantly greater amount of atherosclerosis. Rather, the extent of atherosclerosis appeared more dependent on the serum cholesterol concentration which showed considerable individuality of response, particularly among animals consuming the diet containing sucrose. The two animals from the sucrose group that maintained the highest serum cholesterol concentration also had the greatest extent of atherosclerosis.
A method for quantitative evaluation of carbonate dissolution in deep-sea sediments and its application to paleoceanographic reconstruction☆

Abstract A method is proposed by which the degree of attrition of the tests of certain foraminifera species, such as Globorotalia menardii and Globorotalia tumida, is used to “scale” the amount of CaCO3 that has been dissolved from sediment. The scale is calibrated experimentally in the laboratory. The method has been applied to three calcareous cores from the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. It is shown that the original CaCO3 contents in these cores were high (82–95%) and relatively uniform compared to the present down-core values. About 65 to 85% of the originally deposited CaCO3 has been dissolved, corresponding to dissolution rates on the order of 0.1-0.3 moles/cm2/yr. These results indicate that appreciable solution could have occurred on sea floor rich in calcareous sediments and that the variation in CaCO3 content in a core may have resulted largely from dissolution. The difference in the degree of solution between glacial and interglacial sediments in these cores is not so distinct, with ⋍ 10% less intense dissolution during glacial times on the average. However, the dissolution minimum occurring around the late Wisconsin glaciation (10,000–20,000 yr B.P.) previously noted in several cores elsewhere is confirmed. At that time, near the site of core M70 PC-20 in the southwest Pacific, the CO 3 2− concentration of the bottom water is estimated to have been approximately 5% higher than the present value, and the calcite lysocline was about 300 m deeper. To evaluate possible variations in CaCO3 deposition rate across the glacial-interglacial transitions requires precise age control, which the present study lacks.
Untapped density: site design and the proliferation of suburban multifamily housing

Suburban multifamily housing is an often overlooked housing typology that is the fastest growing housing market in the United States and holds strong potential for achieving smart growth goals in suburbia. This paper focuses on understanding the roots of suburban multifamily site design and development. Through case studies of suburban multifamily development in Oregon, Arizona, Florida, and Massachusetts, this paper looks at the specific ways in which regulation, typical development practice, and design culture have shaped the current pattern of suburban multifamily development. It then proposes ways in which current planning, development, and design practices might shift in order to take advantage of this growing housing trend to create multi‐modal, more livable, and less congested suburban communities.
Increased mortality in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities

A population-based cohort of 10-year-old children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hearing impairment or vision impairment, who were ascertained at 10 years of age in a previous study conducted in metro Atlanta during 1985-87, was followed up for mortality and cause of death information. We used the National Death Index to identify all deaths among cohort members during the follow-up period (1985-95). We estimated expected numbers of deaths on the basis of actual age-, race- and sex-specific death rates for the entire Georgia population for 1989-91. The objective was to quantify the magnitude of increased mortality and evaluate the contribution of specific disabilities to mortality among children and adolescents with one or more of five developmental disabilities. A total of 30 deaths were observed; 10.1 deaths were expected, yielding an observed-to-expected mortality ratio of almost three to one. The numbers of observed deaths exceeded those of expected deaths, regardless of the number of disabilities present, but the ratios were statistically significant (at the 95% confidence level) only in children with three or more co-existing disabilities. In general, the magnitude of the mortality ratios was directly related to various measures of the severity of the person's disability. An exception to this pattern was the elevated mortality from cardiovascular disease among cohort members with isolated mental retardation (three observed deaths vs. 0.2 expected). The specific underlying causes of death among other deceased cohort members included some that were the putative cause of the developmental disability (e.g. a genetic syndrome) and others that could be considered intercurrent diseases or secondary health conditions (e.g. asthma). Prevention efforts to decrease mortality in adolescents and young adults with developmental disabilities may need to address serious conditions that are secondary to the underlying disability (i.e. infections, asthma, seizures) rather than towards injuries, accidents and poisonings, the primary causes of death for persons in this age group in the general population.
Ultrasound of the Equine Eye and Adnexa and Clinical Applications

Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic technique for the evaluation of the eye and adnexa in many equine ocular diseases. Critical information regarding treatment, monitoring, and prognosis can be obtained with ultrasonography when conventional ophthalmologic examination is not possible. These include horses where ocular opacities or severe eyelid swelling preclude visualization of the more posterior structures of the eye or the entire eyeball. Clinical applications of ultrasound in the evaluation of different ocular and adnexal diseases in horses are described.
Parenting and adolescent antisocial behavior and depression: evidence of genotype x parenting environment interaction.

Background Little is known about the interplay of genotypes and malleable risk factors in influencing adolescent psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Information on these processes is crucial in designing programs for the prevention of psychiatric disorders. Objective To assess whether latent genetic factors and measured parent-child relationships interact (G × E) in predicting adolescent antisocial behavior and depression. Design We characterized risk of antisocial behavior and depression in adolescents by means of a genetically informed design. We used in-home questionnaire and observational measures of adolescent outcomes and environmental moderators (parenting), and a latent variable behavior genetic analytic model. Setting A nationally distributed sample recruited from random-digit dialing and national market panels. Participants A total of 720 families with at least 2 children, 9 through 18 years old, stratified by genetic relatedness (monozygotic and dizygotic twins, full biological siblings in nondivorced and stepfamilies, and half-siblings and biologically unrelated siblings in stepfamilies). Main Outcome Measures Antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms. Results There was an interaction of genotype and both parental negativity and low warmth predicting overall antisocial behavior, as well as aggressive and nonaggressive forms of antisocial behavior, but not depression. Genetic influence was greater for adolescent antisocial behavior when parenting was more negative or less warm. Genotype-environment correlation was partialled out in the analysis and thus did not account for the results. Conclusion This study demonstrates, on the basis of careful measurement and appropriate analytic methods, that a continuous measure of parenting in the normative range moderates the influence of genotype on antisocial behavior.
Seismic Precursors to the Mount St. Helens Eruptions in 1981 and 1982

Six categories of seismic events are recognized on the seismograms from stations in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens. Two types of high-frequency earthquakes occur near the volcano and under the volcano at depths of more than 4 kilometers. Medium- and low-frequency earthquakes occur at shallow depths (less than 3 kilometers) within the volcano and increase in number and size before eruptions. Temporal changes in the energy release of the low-frequency earthquakes have been used in predicting all the eruptions since October 1980. During and after eruptions, two types of low-frequency emergent surface events occur, including rockfalls and steam or gas bursts from the lava dome.
Scores on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Comprehensive Form for Emotionally Conflicted Adolescents:

Subtest scores on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Comprehensive Form were compared for 27 emotionally conflicted adolescents. Correlations b...
Interactions among factors affecting stillbirths in Holstein cattle in the United States.

Abstract Each year about 7% of the Holstein calves born in the United States die within 48 h of birth. The exact cause of death is unknown. The purpose of this article is to examine the complex interactions among factors (e.g., parity, season of birth, dystocia, year) contributing to stillbirth rates. A modified chi-squared automated interaction detection algorithm was used to develop classification trees explaining the most likely sequence of factors that result in a stillborn calf. The data were 666,341 births from the MidStates Dairy Records Processing Center and the National Association of Animal Breeders. Primiparous and multiparous cows clearly differ in the rate of stillbirths, 11.0 and 5.7%, respectively. Dystocia followed parity as the next most important factor within both primiparous and multiparous cows. In primiparous cows, season, year of birth, or gestation length ranked third as an important predictor for dystocia equal to 1, 2, or 3+, respectively. Gestation length ranked third in importance among the factors that affect stillbirth rates for all levels of dystocia in multiparous cows. Among multiparous cows needing assistance (dystocia 3+), stillbirth rates were greatest for shorter gestations less than the average of 280 d, 55.3% for −15 to −12 d, 45.5% for −11 to −9 d, 33.7% for −8 to −5 d, 23.8% for −4 to 13 d, and 35.4% for 14 to 15 d. Gestation length pinpointed the time when stillbirths occurred, as indicated by the increase from 23.8% stillbirth rate among calves born at or above the mean gestation length to 55.3% for those calves born −15 to −12 d below the mean gestation. Further investigation of the relationship between stillbirth rates and gestation length is needed to develop a more complete understanding of the biological processes resulting in the loss of calves at birth. Primiparous cows and multiparous cows were best analyzed separately. In multiparous cows, the third most influential factor was gestation length at all levels of dystocia. Among births needing assistance, gestation lengths of −4 to 13 d had similar stillbirths rates of 23.8%. The analysis procedure also defined three intervals below the mean with significantly different stillbirth rates; −15 to −12 d (55.3%), −11 to −9 d (45.0%), and −8 to −5 d (33.7%) This suggest that gestation length did not have a linear, quadratic, or exponential trend in relation to stillbirths.
Recent advances in vibro-impact dynamics and collision of ocean vessels

Abstract The treatment of ship impacts and collisions takes different approaches depending on the emphasis of each discipline. For example, dynamicists, physicist, and mathematicians are dealing with developing analytical models and mappings of vibro-impact systems. On the other hand, naval architects and ship designers are interested in developing design codes and structural assessments due to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads in liquefied natural gas tanks and ship grounding accidents. The purpose of this review is to highlight the main differences of the two disciplines. It begins with a brief account of the theory of vibro-impact dynamics based on modeling and mapping of systems experiencing discontinuous changes in their state of motion due to collision. The main techniques used in modeling include power-law phenomenological modeling, Hertzian modeling, and non-smooth coordinate transformations originally developed by Zhuravlev and Ivanov. In view of their effectiveness, both Zhuravlev and Ivanov non-smooth coordinate transformations will be described and assessed for the case of ship roll dynamics experiencing impact with rigid barriers. These transformations have the advantage of converting the vibro-impact oscillator into an oscillator without barriers such that the corresponding equation of motion does not contain any impact term. One of the recent results dealing with the coefficient of restitution is that its value monotonically decreases with the impact velocity and not unique but random in nature. Slamming loads and grounding events of ocean waves acting on the bottom of high speed vessels will be assessed with reference to the ship structural damage. It will be noticed that naval architects and marine engineers are treating these problems using different approaches from those used by dynamicists. The problem of sloshing impact in liquefied natural gas cargo and related problems will be assessed based on the numerical and experimental results. It is important for vessel designers to determine the capacity of ships to resist random slamming loads, sloshing loading impact, grounding accidents and ships collisions.
Probability, Many-Valued Logics, and Physics

The present paper is concerned chiefly with the problem of scientific prediction. It aims at a factual analysis of the processes leading to prediction, and ventures an appraisal, in the light of this analysis, of some modern and unconventional theories of probability and truth. But although prediction is here chosen as the central issue of discussion, I do not wish to imply that, in its usual sense, it is the only or even the dominant issue of scientific research.
An enhanced approach for implementing total productive maintenance in the manufacturing environment

Many systems in use today are not performing as intended, nor are they cost effective in terms of their operation and support. Manufacturing systems, in particular, often operate at less than full capacity, productivity is low, and the costs of producing products are high. In dealing with the aspect of cost, experience has indicated that a large percentage of the total cost of doing business is due to maintenance‐ related activities in the factory; i.e. the costs associated with maintenance labour and materials and the cost due to production losses. Further, these costs are likely to increase even more in the future with the added complexities of factory equipment through the introduction of new technologies, automation, the use of robots, and so on. In response to maintenance and support problems in the typical factory environment, the Japanese introduced the concept of total productive maintenance (TPM), an integrated life cycle approach to factory maintenance and support. TPM methods and techniques have been successfully implemented in Japan through the past decade, and more recently in the USA. Inherent within the TPM concept are the aspects of enhancing the overall effectiveness (efficiency) of factory equipment, and providing an optimal group organizational approach in the accomplishment of system maintenance activities. Both the equipment and the organizational sides of the spectrum need to be addressed in fulfilling the objectives of TPM. It is believed that while many successes have been realized in structuring organizations to respond better to the maintenance challenge, very little progress has been made relative to the influence of equipment design for minimal maintenance and support (i.e. the incorporation of reliability, maintainability, and supportability characteristics in design). Briefly addresses this aspect of the problem, identifies some design analysis/evaluation tools that can be used, and recommends an approach for the continuous improvement of manufacturing systems in terms of operation and support.
What's the Best Course? Evidence From Alumni on the Value of Business Presentations Preparation

Developing effective presentation skills is a core competence skill for business communicators. Self-report data from a survey of 1,610 2- to 12-year business alumni show that 37.1% present monthly and 27.9% present weekly in their current positions. Alumni who completed a general public speaking course, or both managerial communication and a public speaking course, reported higher current levels of confidence across 12 aspects of business presentations than alumni who took only a managerial communication course or who relied on embedded presentation assignments in disciplinary courses. Gains were reported for content skills since graduation, with less confidence handling nervousness and delivery.