cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubilization of the atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: a new detergent system and rapid assays.

Abstract The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, identified by tritiated l -quinuclidinyl benzilate ( l -[ 3 H]QNB) binding, was solubilized from porcine atrial membranes using a 5:1 ( w w ) ratio of digitonin and cholate. Specific binding activities of the solubilized receptor solutions usually exceeded 1.0 nmol l -[ 3 H]QNB sites per gram of protein, representing 75–98% total site recovery and a two- to threefold enrichment over untreated atrial membranes. Two rapid assays for measuring the binding activities of detergent extracts were devised and compared with equilibrium dialysis. All three methods gave similar results. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the solubilized receptor for l -[ 3 H]QNB as determined by the three methods varied from 230 to 450 p m depending on the method and temperature.
Mutants of E. coli in which bacteriophage P4 cannot activate the late genes of its helper, bacteriophage P2

Abstract Mutants of Escherichia coli strain C have been isolated which fail to support normal growth of satellite phage P4 even though its helper P2 is present as a prophage. The host mutations prevent P4-directed activation of the late genes of the P2 helper. In contrast, activation of P2 late genes during P2 infection is unimpaired. These results indicate that P2 and P4 activate the late genes of P2 by different mechanisms. P4-directed transactivation is temperature-sensitive in two of the four mutants. Mutants of P4 which overcome the defect in the host can be isolated only on these thermosensitive host mutants. Growth of coliphages λ, φ80, P1, T4, and φX174 is defective on one or more of these bacterial mutants. Growth of T7 is not affected.
Temperature dependence of He atom scattering from NaCl(001)

Abstract A nearly monoenergetic He atom beam was scattered from the NaCl(001) surface in the direction as a function of crystal temperature. The scattering in the specular direction was examined, employing a time-of-flight technique to separate the scattered elastic and inelastic He atom signals. The crystal temperature was varied from 120K to 670K, covering the range over which the scattering goes from mainly elastic to mostly multiphonon inelastic scattering. The elastic specular signal decreased with increasing crystal temperature in accordance with the Debye-Waller effect and eventually could no longer be detected. However, with increasing temperature the inelastic signal grew relative to the elastic signal and formed a well-defined “foot” directly around the elastic peak. A theory based on small energy exchanges in the collisions and the Debye model was developed which shows the main features of the measurements; namely, the behavior of the inelastic intensity and the FWHM of the foot as a function of target temperature.
Utility requirements for advanced LWR passive plants

Abstract LWR Passive Plants are becoming an increasingly attractive and prominent option for future electric generating capacity for U.S. utilities. Conceptual designs for ALWR Passive Plants are currently being developed by U.S. suppliers. EPRI-sponsored work beginning in 1985 developed preliminary conceptual designs for a passive BWR and PWR. DOE-sponsored work from 1986 to the present in conjunction with further EPRI-sponsored studies has continued this development to the point of mature conceptual designs. The success to date in developing the ALWR Passive Plant concepts has substantially increased utility interest. The EPRI ALWR Program has responded by augmenting its initial scope to develop a Utility Requirements Document for ALWR Passive Plants. These requirements will be largely based on the ALWR Utility Requirements Document for Evolutionary Plants, but with significant changes in areas related to the passive safety functions and system configurations. This work was begun in late 1988, and the thirteen-chapter Passive Plant Utility Requirements Document will be completed in 1990. This paper discusses the progress to date in developing the Passive Plant requirements, reviews the top-level requirements, and discusses key issues related to adaptation of the utility requirements to passive safety functions and system configurations.
Ultra-wide bandwidth timing networks

We present an algorithm for ultra-precise timing in large wireless networks. Our approach uses physical-layer UWB round-trip time-of-flight measurements to achieve precise timing between any two nodes, and fast re-timing based on UWB pulse broadcasting and diversity combining, allowing the precise timing to “propagate” through even large-scale networks. The algorithm also ensures that a virtual timing network evolves from a large set of randomly placed nodes. Simulation results show that the algorithm converges and maintains network timing, regardless of the size of the network.
Rationing a "Free" Good: A Classroom Experiment

Abstract: The author describes a classroom experiment that illustrates the welfare effects of allocating a good on a first-come, first-served basis. In the first round, each student must decide how long to wait in an imaginary line for candy, without knowing how much will be distributed or how long others are willing to wait. In making this decision, a student must balance a desire to win candy with a desire to spend as little time as possible in line. The supply and demand curves for the candy are then revealed and the consumer surplus and time spent waiting are measured. In subsequent rounds, students are allowed to change their wait times in light of this new information. Their wait times eventually conform to the textbook model of nonprice allocation with perfect information.
AMINO ACID REGULATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE RNA SYNTHESIS.

The 5-fluorouracil response of T4 amber mutants was studied in the absence of amino acids, which was achieved by amino acid shiftdown following phage infection. Amino acid deprivation results in a decreased response of early and late mutants to 5-fluorouracil and suggests that phage RNA synthesis is subject to amino acid regulation. Chloramphenicol restores the 5-fluorouracil response, which substantiates the idea that such response reflects phage RNA synthesis. The effects of amino acid deprivation are much greater in Escherichia coli B strains than in E. coli K strains.
Bell, Merton and Mills as Veblen Critics: A Comment

. Professors Tilman and Simich offer some thought provoking and reasoned criticisms of the analysis and applications of Veblen's social theory by Bell, Merton and Mills. However, while Tilman and Simich identify some key concepts and ideas central to Veblen's social theory development, they fail to articulate the inner logic of Veblen's paradigm which integrates and amplifies the individual concepts and ideas: the genetic, evolutionary development of the life process. Veblen's evolutionary paradigm not only challenges but threatens the very legitimacy of much of orthodox analysis in such disciplines as sociology, economics and political science.
Phase Imaging In Scanning Optical Microscopes

The confocal scanning optical microscope (CSOM) has the major advantages of a very short depth of focus, transverse definition, and image contrast that are better than with a standard microscope. The depth resolution of these microscopes is of the order of a wavelength. However, if it is necessary to carry out thickness measurements of films a small fraction of a wavelength thick, or profile steps with this order of height change, phase measurement techniques become a useful tool. Our aims have therefore been to incorporate within-CSOM phase contrast techniques and differential techniques for quantitative measurement of the position of edges, edge slope, and the thickness of thin films. In conventional microscopes this is most widely accomplished with Zernike phase contrast systems or by using Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC). In CSOMs, heterodyne interference techniques have been used. This paper will describe two methods of phase imaging that we have been investigating, phase contrast and differential interference contrast. Most of the experiments were initially carried out on a single pinhole mechanically-scanned CSOM. Our recent goal has been to test our initial concepts on the real-time scanning optical microscope (RSOM). This microscope uses a Nipkow disk with 200,000 pinholes to dramatically increase the scan speed.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of leucocytic and serum factors on fibrinogen biosynthesis in cultured hepatocytes.

Abstract Primary monolayer cultures of fetal rat liver cells have been used to determine whether factors derived from sera and/or leucocytes from traumatized animals can act directly on hepatocytes to cause an increased synthesis of fibrinogen, an acute-phase reactant. The data show that fibrinogen synthesis increases in a dose-response relationship by the addition of leucocytic supernatant preparations from cells of rabbits that had previously been subjected to a peritoneal injection of sterile glycogen. The response of the hepatocytes to leucocytic factor is independent of the presence of fetal bovine serum. In other experiments, fibrinogen synthesis was also significantly stimulated over controls when hepatocytes were incubated in medium supplemented with dialyzed sera from either turpentine-stimulated or sham-operated rats. These findings lend support to the notion that there is a non-dialyzable factor(s) in the sera of traumatized animals that interacts with hepatocytes to elicit the acute-phase response.
Reliability of cranial CT versus intracerebral pressure measurement for the evaluation of generalised cerebral oedema in children

Objective. To examine the extent to which intracranial pressure (ICP) in children after severe brain trauma can be determined by cranial CT.¶Materials and methods. Two experienced paediatric radiologists, without any knowledge of the clinical symptoms, evaluated 124 CT scans from 65 children (average age 5.4 years) who underwent intracranial measurement of their cerebral pressure.¶Results. CT had high sensitivity (99.1 %) for ’high cerebral pressure' but a much lower specificity (78.1 %). The examiners tended to estimate ICP as ’high' even when actual ICP was low. Since therapy for lowering cerebral pressure involves potential risks, actual cerebral pressure measurement, particularly in children, should be considered before intervention (e. g. hyperventilation or trepanation). We report the change in different intracerebral fluid compartments with varying cerebral pressure and modifications of the density of the brain tissue in an inter- and intraobserver comparison.¶Conclusion. The radiologist cannot differentiate, for methodological reasons, between a change in the intracranial fluid compartments not associated with a change in ICP and one in which it is critically elevated. Before any interventional treatments such as decompression-trepanation or hyperventilation are instituted, measurement of ICP should be considered, especially in children.
Imaging Signal Transduction in Living Cells with Fluorescent Proteins

Until recently, studies in this field of signal transduction have involved the "what" and "when" of signaling. Who talks to whom and for how long? With the advent of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, it has become possible to monitor signaling events in living cells in real time. This has added the dimension of "where" to the study of cellular signaling. This lecture, which is a part of "Cell Signaling Systems: A Course for Graduate Students," provides a survey of how green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged probes for signaling events have been used to elucidate new pathways, to describe the kinetics of signaling events at the single-cell level, and to reveal upon which subcellular compartments these events take place. Some of the findings confirm previous ones using biochemical techniques, and others have been surprising. Examples include those utilizing protein localization, relocalization, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The design of FRET probes is described. The detection of small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) signaling in living cells is used as an example to explore the creative and diverse ways investigators have developed to look at this system.
Childhood Wrist Circumference is Not a Predictor of Insulin Resistance in Adulthood

We sought to determine whether childhood wrist circumference predicts insulin resistance in adulthood. Measures were taken in prepubertal children and then approximately 30 years later in the same subjects as adults. Our findings suggest that wrist circumference in childhood is not a predictor of insulin resistance in adulthood.
A Green Display for the Internet

In typical use, a liquid crystal display (LCD) with high resolution, brightness and color saturation can consume over half the total system power in a modern mobile device. This paper examines LCD optical transmittance and system electrical design to extend battery run time. By applying a solid understanding of critical optical parameters and complementary system design, a low power “Green” display can be achieved. The LCD in the Pixel Chromebook [1], will be used as a baseline for discussion.
Huang DT, Weissfeld LA, Kellum JA, et al Risk Prediction With Procalcitonin and Clinical Rules in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC: Procalcitonin is a biomarker that appears to correlate with bacterial infection. WHAT QUESTION THIS STUDY ADDRESSED: Does a procalcitonin level add prognostic information for pneumonia patients in conjunction with scoring systems such as the Pneumonia Severity Index or CURB-65? WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE: Among 1,651 patients with community-acquired pneumonia in 28 US emergency departments, procalcitonin levels did not add prognostic information for most pneumonia patients. Among higher-risk groups by Pneumonia Severity Index score, low procalcitonin level predicted lower mortality. HOW THIS MIGHT CHANGE CLINICAL PRACTICE: Clinicians should continue using validated prognostic scoring systems for pneumonia. Low procalcitonin level could be considered as a factor for selected patients who would otherwise be considered high risk to be treated in a lower acuity setting.
Early Temperament and Attachment Security with Mothers and Fathers as Predictors of Toddler Compliance and Noncompliance

This longitudinal study (n = 106) examined associations between temperament, attachment, and styles of compliance and noncompliance. Infant negative temperamental reactivity was reported by mothers at 3, 5 and 7 months. Infant attachment was assessed (Strange Situation) at 12 (mothers) and 14 months (fathers). Toddlers' styles of compliance/noncompliance were measured using two laboratory contexts (clean-up/delay) at 20 months. Results indicated that temperament and attachment predicted toddler behaviour. Toddlers who were secure with mothers and low in temperamental negative reactivity showed more committed compliance than those who were insecure and low in negative reactivity or secure and high in negative reactivity. In addition, interactions revealed that relations between infant–mother attachment and defiance depended on infant–father attachment security, temperament and context. Findings highlight the differential and complex roles of temperament and attachment as potential precursors of later social competence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An activity system analysis of a tripartite technology-supported partnership for school reform.

School improvement often involves partnerships between multiple stakeholder groups. In order to understand the strengths and challenges of a partnership, it is necessary to examine the objectives and practices of the constituent groups and the forces that shape these practices. This paper presents an activity theory analysis of relationships between three professional communities of practice in a school reform effort, Hawai'i Networked Learning Communities. Essential tensions between the activity systems of the communities are analyzed to understand key issues encountered in the implementation, particularly with respect to the role of technology in mediating a program of professional development.
Systematic security assessment at an early processor design stage

One critical aspect of a secure hardware design is the ability to measure a design's security. In this paper, we propose a hardware security assessment scheme that provides a systematic way of measuring and categorizing a hardware feature's security concern at an early design stage. The proposed scheme is developed to measure security exposure and risk of a design. The scheme takes a two level questionnaire format and scores a feature based on the answers to the questions. Based on the security score, a feature is then categorized into no, low, medium or high security concern. We discuss several representative questions in detail and evaluate a number of current and future processor features using the scheme. Overall, the assessments from our scheme concur with the security evaluation results by industry security experts, providing an effective security measurement for hardware designs.
33-Year-Old Liver Transplant Recipient Returns From Hunting Trip in Sudan With Intermittent Fevers and Gross Hematuria

Clinical Historyl Patient: 33-year-old male. Chief Complaint: Intermittent fevers, joint pain, gross hematuria Past Medical History: Eight years status post orthotopic liver transplant for hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Allograft is stable with no evidence of rejection. Medications: Prograf and tenofovir Physical Exam Findings: Alert, oriented, thin gentleman, no thrush. Family History: Adopted, unknown Social History: Recent travel to Sudan and Kenya for 3 weeks on a hunting trip; returned 3 weeks prior to admission. The patient reports several mosquito exposures and ate buffalo, which he skinned and cooked on the riverbank. He walked through flood waters from the Nile River but did not swim in any lakes or rivers. Principal Laboratory Findings: See Table 1 . * RVFV : Rift Valley fever virus ELISA : enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgM : immunoglobulin M IgG : immunoglobulin G RT-PCR : reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
George Stibitz's values and R.C. Archibald's slide rule

This article is about history, innovation, organizations, and people. Although the author largely constrains himself to topics that have been developed during the past few years, like George Stibitz did in 1946, he returns to older stories to illuminate the fundamental themes and values of the computer age.
Heteroepitaxy: The Missing Link Between Surface Chemistry and Dry Corrosion

We have investigated the initial stages of Cu (001) oxidation in dry and moist oxidizing conditions using in situ ultra-high vacuum (UIHV) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To investigate the role of moisture in the solid state reactions in Cu oxidation, we have examined the oxidation of Cu (001) with water vapor. Our observation indicate that water vapor causes reduction of Cu2O and retards the oxidation rate if both oxygen gas and water vapor are used simultaneously which contradicts the thermochemical data. We are also modeling the nucleation to coalescence of the oxide scale using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation and have noted a qualitative agreement.
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older primary care patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometrics and outcomes following cognitive behavioral therapy

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used, comprehensive self-report measure of sleep quality and impairment, which has demonstrated good psychometric properties within various populations, including older adults. However, the psychometric properties of the PSQI and its component scores have not been evaluated for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Additionally, changes in PSQI global or component scores have not been reported following cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) of late-life GAD. This study examined (1) the psychometric properties of the PSQI within a sample of 216 elderly primary care patients age 60 or older with GAD who were referred for treatment of worry and/or anxiety; as well as (2) response to CBT, relative to usual care, for 134 patients with principal or coprincipal GAD. The PSQI demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and adequate evidence of construct validity. Those receiving CBT experienced greater reductions in PSQI global scores at post-treatment, relative to those receiving usual care. Further, PSQI global and component scores pertaining to sleep quality and difficulties falling asleep (i.e., sleep latency and sleep disturbances) demonstrated response to treatment over a 12-month follow-up period. Overall, results highlight the usefulness of the PSQI global and component scores for use in older adults with GAD.
Molecular Recombination in T4 Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid I. Tertiary Structure of Early Replicative and Recombining Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Abstract A replicative hybrid resulting from the infection of heavy (substituted with 5-bromodeoxyuridine) bacteria with light (not substituted with 5-bromodeoxyuridine) radioactive bacteriophage was isolated from a CsCl density gradient. Sedimentation studies indicate that 60% of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) behaves as if it were in units more than four times as large as an intact reference molecule. Under the electron microscope, hybrid molecules appeared tangled, showed puffs and loops, occupied a small area, and often had a total length twice that of mature phage. This indicates that sucrose gradient sedimentation is not applicable as a method for estimating the relative molecular size of replicative forms of DNA. After denaturation, the separated strands of hybrid were of the same size as those of reference DNA. CsCl density gradient analysis revealed no terminal covalent addition of new material to the old parental strand. The possibility of a continuous growth of the DNA molecule, either on a single-stranded level or as a double helical structure, is disproved. When chloramphenicol (CM) was added at critical times after infection, DNA synthesis continued at a constant rate. The parental label soon assumed and retained a hybrid density, despite concomitant synthesis of DNA, throughout the rest of the period of incubation in CM. The hybrid moiety, however, actively participated in replication and exchanged its partner strand for a new one; this was demonstrated by changing the density label during incubation in CM. A new enzyme synthesized shortly after infection introduced single-stranded “nicks” into the parental DNA. Since nicking can be inhibited by chloramphenicol, the responsible enzyme is not of host origin. The time of the appearance of this enzyme coincided with the onset of molecular recombination. Another enzyme, which mediates the repair of the continuity of the polynucleotide chain after recombination, appeared after recombination. If selectively inhibited by chloramphenicol, recombinant molecules remained unrepaired, and, upon denaturation, the parental fragment was liberated in pure form.
Computationally Efficient Approximations to Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Parameterization

Abstract Bulk cloud microphysics parameterizations typically employ time steps of a few tens of seconds. Although the computational burden of these parameterizations is acceptable for the 1-day mesoscale cloud simulations for which they were designed, the time steps are unacceptably short for direct application of them parameterizations to global-climate simulation. To increase the computational efficiency of bulk cloud microphysics parameterizations, we introduce two approximations that are appropriate for stratiform clouds. By diagnosing rather than predicting rain and snow concentrations and by assuming instantaneous melting of snow, we have found that the permissible time step is increased tenfold (to 2–6 min) with little loss in accuracy for vertical motions and time scales characteristic of those resolved by general circulation models (GCMs). Such time steps are sufficiently long to permit application of bulk cloud microphysical parameterizations to GCMs for multiyear global simulations. However, we...
Body Weight and Rumen-Reticulum Capacity in Tule Elk and Mule Deer

The relationship between body size and rumen‐reticulum capacity among conspecific individuals is predicted to be isometric. We examined whether the relationship between body weight and rumen‐reticulum capacity was isometric in adult male and female tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes ) and in adult female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). We detected no effect of sex on this relationship in elk, and the slope of the regression was 1.0 for one measure of rumen‐reticulum capacity and ,1.0 for another. Among deer, the slope of the relationship was ,1.0 in one measure of rumen‐reticulum capacity, and we detected no relationship with the other.
The new Devonian (Givetian) heteractinid sponge Gondekia from Ontario, Canada, and evolution of the astraeospongiids and eiffeliids

The new genus and species, Gondekia hastula, are described from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Hungry Hollow Formation of southwestern Ontario. Astraeospongium lancifer Reimann, 1945, is also included in the new genus and A. acicularis is considered a synonym of that species. Gondekia has a flat saucer-like form and a felted, but thin, skeleton composed of at least three orders of regularly spaced and oriented simple sexiradiates. Gondekia is placed in the Eiffeliidae but is convergent toward the Astraeospongiidae in having a somewhat thickened wall.
DSM-III and Behavioral Assessment

The main focus of this chapter is the relationship between behavioral assessment and the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-III: American Psychiatric Association, 1980). Introductory topics include the advantages and disadvantages of classification systems in general, and a brief description of DSM-III, along with its strengths and weaknesses. The pros and cons of DSM-III from the vantage of behavioral assessors are emphasized. The utility of the manual in achieving the goals of behavioral assessment is discussed, with the conclusion that it offers useful suggestions to behavioral assessors, but that it cannot replace behavioral assessment. Finally, a particular, proposed contribution of behavioral assessment to DSM-IV is described.
Viscoelasticity of Glass-Forming Materials: What About Inorganic Sealing Glasses?

Glass forming materials like polymers exhibit a variety of complex, nonlinear, time-dependent relaxations in volume, enthalpy and stress, all of which affect material performance and aging. Durable product designs rely on the capability to predict accurately how these materials will respond to mechanical loading and temperature regimes over prolonged exposures to operating environments. This cannot be achieved by developing a constitutive framework to fit only one or two types of experiments. Rather, it requires a constitutive formalism that is quantitatively predictive to engineering accuracy for the broad range of observed relaxation behaviors. Moreover, all engineering analyses must be performed from a single set of material model parameters. The rigorous nonlinear viscoelastic Potential Energy Clock (PEC) model and its engineering phenomenological equivalent, the Simplified Potential Energy Clock (SPEC) model, were developed to fulfill such roles and have been applied successfully to thermoplastics and filled and unfilled thermosets. Recent work has provided an opportunity to assess the performance of the SPEC model in predicting the viscoelastic behavior of an inorganic sealing glass. This presentation will overview the history of PEC and SPEC and describe the material characterization, model calibration and validation associated with the high Tg (~460 °C) sealing glass.
Clinician Attitudes, Screening Practices, and Interventions to Reduce Firearm-Related Injury

Firearm injury is a leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. We sought to systematically identify and summarize existing literature on clinical firearm injury prevention screening and interventions. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov for English-language original research (published 1992-2014) on clinical screening methods, patient-level firearm interventions, or patient/provider attitudes on the same. Unrelated studies were excluded through title, abstract, and full-text review, and the remaining articles underwent data abstraction and quality scoring. Of a total of 3,260 unique titles identified, 72 were included in the final review. Fifty-three articles examined clinician attitudes/practice patterns; prior training, experience, and expectations correlated with clinicians' regularity of firearm screening. Twelve articles assessed patient interventions, of which 6 were randomized controlled trials. Seven articles described patient attitudes; all were of low methodological quality. According to these articles, providers rarely screen or counsel their patients-even high-risk patients-about firearm safety. Health-care-based interventions may increase rates of safe storage of firearms for pediatric patients, suicidal patients, and other high-risk groups. Some studies show that training clinicians can increase rates of effective firearm safety screening and counseling. Patients and families are, for the most part, accepting of such screening and counseling. However, the current literature is, by and large, not high quality. Rigorous, large-scale, adequately funded studies are needed.
Uncertainty Evaluation for Parameterized Spacecraft Architectures in Conceptual Design

A conceptual design methodology combining uncertainty source identification and analysis methods with a parameterized spacecraft modeling framework is proposed. The parameterized model generates complete finite element and integrated dynamic models given a set of key design variables. The approach to uncertainty combines this modeling tool with Design of Experiments techniques in order to investigate the uncertainty space. Experimental design matrices and analysis of variance are used to identify the parameters which may contribute most to the uncertainty of model outputs. Given a reduced set of critical parameters, a bounded uncertainty analysis is run across the tradespace, and competing designs are compared based on their robustness to parametric uncertainty. The methodology is applied to an example large, flexible space telescope. The fully parameterized spacecraft model allows key substructures to be swapped and overall spacecraft dimensions to be changed based on the input variables. Given a sample range of design variables, nearly 1300 nominal design realizations are analyzed. The parameter identification and uncertainty analysis techniques are then applied to those designs that have superior nominal performance in order to determine the performance under uncertainty. The resulting uncertainty bounds are further used to identify which design variables are practical “knobs” for moving through the design space given the presence of uncertainty.
131I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Theranostics in Neuroblastoma: Historical Perspectives; Practical Applications

Much efficacy is gained in clinical practice if a single agent can be used for both diagnosis and therapy, a practice termed theranostics. Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG), a norepinephrine analogue with high sensitivity and specificity for neuroblastoma, is an exemplar of theranostics. The physiologic biodistribution of mIBG, with absence of uptake in bone and bone marrow, allows ready detection not only of primary soft tissue tumors but also of disease in bone and marrow, the two most common sites of metastases in those with neuroblastoma. Owing to its increased sensitivity and specificity in disease detection compared to the Technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan, (123)I-mIBG has become the cornerstone of staging and therapeutic response monitoring in patients with neuroblastoma. More recently, semiquantitative scoring systems have been developed to evaluate disease burden and response to treatment based on (123)I-mIBG scans. Initial data suggest that the use of these semiquantitative scoring methods has prognostic value in assessing outcomes for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. When labeled with (131)I, mIBG can be used as a systemic therapeutic agent to treat high-risk disease, and to date, over 1000 patients with neuroblastoma have been treated worldwide with this agent. This article reviews the evolution of (131)I-mIBG therapy from its initial use as a single therapeutic agent to modern applications involving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplant as well as its use as a front-line agent in high-risk neuroblastoma.
Looking for familiar faces.

In the Brevia “100% accuracy in automatic face recognition” (25 January, p. [435][1]), R. Jenkins and A. M. Burton proposed a simple method to “elevate machine performance to the standard of familiar face recognition in humans.” However, these statements seem overoptimistic. Only one
The role of receptors in the maturation-dependent adenoviral transduction of myofibers

One of the major hurdles facing the application of adenoviral gene transfer to skeletal muscle is the maturation-dependent transduction of muscle myofibers. It was recently proposed that the viral receptors (Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and the integrins αvβ3/β5) play a major role in the poor adenoviral transduction of mature myofibers. Here we report the findings of morphological studies designed to determine experimentally the role of receptors in the adenoviral transduction of mature myofibers. First, we observed that the expression of both attachment and internalization receptors did not change significantly during muscle development. Second, when an extended tropism adenoviral vector (AdPK) that attaches to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSP) is used, a significant reduction of adenoviral transduction still occurs in mature myofibers despite HSP's high expression in mature skeletal muscle fibers. Third, when the adeno-associated virus (AAV) is used, which also utilizes HSP as a viral receptor, muscle fibers at different maturities can be highly transduced. Fourth, the pre-irradiation of the skeletal muscle of newborn mice to inactivate myoblasts dramatically decreased the transduction level of Ad and AdPK, but had no effect on AAV-mediated viral transduction of immature myofibers. These results taken together suggest that the viral receptor(s) is not a major determinant in maturation-dependent adenoviral transduction of myofibers.
Coupled electron–heat transport in nonuniform thin film semiconductor structures

A theory of transverse electron transport coupled with heat transfer in semiconductor thin films is developed, conceptually modeling structures of modern electronics. The transverse currents generate Joule heat with positive feedback through thermally activated conductivity. This can lead to instability known as thermal runaway, or hot spot, or reversible thermal breakdown. A theory here is based on the optimum fluctuation method modified to describe saddle stationary points determining the rate of such instabilities and conditions under which they evolve. Depending on the material and system parameters, the instabilities appear in a manner of phase transitions, similar to either nucleation or spinodal decomposition.
Comparison of xenon-enhanced CT with ultrafast CT for measurement of regional cerebral blood flow.

PURPOSE To compare an ultrafast CT method for estimating regional cerebral blood flow with a more commonly used xenon-enhanced CT method. METHODS Xenon CT and ultrafast CT were used to estimate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 12 healthy beagle dogs. Measurements were obtained for left and right hemisphere, cortical gray matter, basal ganglia, and deep white matter. The ability of each method to show differences in blood flow between regions of high flow (gray matter) and low flow (white matter) was evaluated, both for large (> 0.75 cm3) and small (< 0.5 cm3) regions of interest. In addition, side-to-side differences in rCBF were evaluated to determine the minimum difference that would suggest a significant alteration in blood flow. RESULTS There was less interanimal variance in absolute rCBF measurements obtained using xenon CT; ultrafast CT appeared to accentuate rCBF differences between high flow and low flow regions. There were strong side-to-side correlations in rCBF when measured by ultrafast CT, which suggests that this technique may be particularly useful in detecting focal alterations in rCBF restricted to one hemisphere of the brain. CONCLUSIONS Ultrafast CT measures of rCBF compare favorably with those obtained using xenon CT.
Multidisciplinary approach to decrease pediatric trauma undertriage

Abstract Background Trauma activation and/or leveling criteria are designed to balance the potential harm to individual patients from undertriage (UT) of severe injuries versus overutilization of resources from overtriage (OT) of lesser injuries. The American College of Surgeons (ACS) recommends an acceptable UT rate ≤5% and OT 25%-50%. To improve UT or OT, an intervention was performed to (1) improve accuracy in following established leveling criteria and (2) modify activation criteria in an evidence-based manner to better identify severely injured children. Methods Results from a prospective, interventional process improvement study performed at an ACS-verified level I pediatric trauma center are reported. The baseline period included all pediatric trauma patients who met registry inclusion criteria for 2010. The intervention period included two consecutive 3-mo periods in 2011-2012; phase I of the study involved moving the leveling responsibility from emergency department physicians to the nursing care team leaders. Phase II of the study implemented revised leveling criteria. Sustainability was assessed by evaluating data from 2014. Results In phase I, accuracy in assigned trauma activation level improved from 70% to 99%. UT decreased 10%-8%, and OT decreased 37.5%-33.3%. In phase II, UT decreased 8%-5.1%, and OT increased 33%-40%. Adherence to the activation criteria remained stable (95%). For 2014, UT was 5.3% and OT was 18.2% demonstrating sustainability. Conclusions Shifting trauma leveling responsibilities to nursing care team leaders improved accuracy. Revising the activation criteria to include Center for Disease Control and ACS guidelines, as well as tailoring the activation criteria to the program-specific population, further reduced UT rates in a sustainable fashion.
Urinary Tract Neoplasia

This article is a review of reports on neoplasia of the equine urinary tract. Clinical signs associated with equine patients with urinary tract neoplasia are summarized along with a description of diagnostic methods used in such patients. The prognosis for treatment of urinary tract neoplasia is guarded. A review of the limited treatments that have been reported to date are also provided in this article.
‘Cato’ and Virtue

The popularity of Gordon’s Discourses on Tacitus and Sallust was foreshadowed by the immensely successful series of Cato’s Letters, which Gordon wrote with John Trenchard for the London Journal, beginning in 1720. They published their series in four bound volumes in 1724.1 Americans quoted ‘Cato’ frequently throughout the revolutionary period, and particularly during the constitutional debate.2 Cato’s great concern was liberty, the essential attribute of a republic, particularly the freedom of the press, and his letters were also known as the ‘Essays on Liberty’.3
Technology-Based Service Innovation in Hospitals: The Role of Collective and Competitive Strategies

There is a management truism that constant innovation breeds consistent success. Innovative use of technologies in product or service design, manufacturing, distribution, and delivery often yields competitive advantage and greater profitability in the marketplace. Integration of new technologies into organizational structure spurs reconfiguration of work processes that improves efficiency and product quality. However, consistent innovation can be difficult to achieve given the costs of innovation, the impacted nature of technical knowledge and learning, institutional pressures for conformity within an industry, and organizational barriers to change.
Mining Network Hotspots with Holes: A Summary of Results

Given a spatial network and a collection of activities (e.g. crime locations), the problem of Mining Network Hotspots with Holes (MNHH) finds network hotspots with doughnut shaped spatial footprint, where the concentration of activities is unusually high (e.g. statistically significant). MNHH is important for societal applications such as criminology, where it may focus the efforts of officials to identify a crime source. MNHH is challenging because of the large number of candidates and the high computational cost of statistical significance test. Previous work focused either on geometry based hotspots (e.g. circular, ring-shaped) on Euclidean space or connected subgraphs (e.g. shortest path), limiting the ability to detect statistically significant hotspots with holes on a spatial network. This paper proposes a novel Network Hotspot with Hole Generator (NHHG) algorithm to detect network hotspots with holes. The proposed algorithm features refinements that improve the performance of a naive approach. Case studies on real crime datasets confirm the superiority of NHHG over previous approaches. Experimental results on real data show that the proposed approach yields substantial computational savings without reducing result quality.
Resistance to PARP inhibitors by SLFN11 inactivation can be overcome by ATR inhibition.

// Junko Murai 1 , Ying Feng 2 , Guoying K. Yu 2 , Yuanbin Ru 2 , Sai-Wen Tang 1,3 , Yuqiao Shen 2 and Yves Pommier 1 1 Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 2 BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA 3 Current affiliation: Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stranford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Correspondence to: Yves Pommier, email: // Keywords : PARP-trapping, ATR, PARP inhibitor, BRCA, homologous recombination Received : August 25, 2016 Accepted : August 26, 2016 Published : September 27, 2016 Abstract Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPIs) kill cancer cells by trapping PARP1 and PARP2. Talazoparib, the most potent PARPI inhibitor (PARPI), exhibits remarkable selectivity among the NCI-60 cancer cell lines beyond BRCA inactivation. Our genomic analyses reveal high correlation between response to talazoparib and Schlafen 11 ( SLFN11 ) expression. Causality was established in four isogenic SLFN11 -positive and -negative cell lines and extended to olaparib. Response to the talazoparib-temozolomide combination was also driven by SLFN11 and validated in 36 small cell lung cancer cell lines, and in xenograft models. Resistance in SLFN11 -deficient cells was caused neither by impaired drug penetration nor by activation of homologous recombination. Rather, SLFN11 induced irreversible and lethal replication inhibition, which was independent of ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint. The resistance to PARPIs by SLFN11 inactivation was overcome by ATR inhibition, mechanistically because SLFN11 -deficient cells solely rely on ATR activation for their survival under PARPI treatment. Our study reveals that SLFN11 inactivation, which is common (~45%) in cancer cells, is a novel and dominant resistance determinant to PARPIs.
Medication Adherence in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Adherence to oral medications has been repeatedly shown to fall below the recommended 80% to 95% in pediatric and adult cancer populations. The purpose of this review is to report the state of the science about oral medication adherence during the acute phase of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation across the lifespan. An exhaustive search of the literature yielded 5 records for inclusion in the review. Two studies examined adherence in pediatrics, 2 in adults, and 1 included both pediatric and adult patients. Three studies were descriptive and 2 were interventional in design. The rate of adherence to oral medications ranged from 33% to 94.7%. Adherence decreased over time in all studies except in 1 pharmacist-led intervention study. Different methods were used to measure adherence, but most relied on self-report. Further research is needed in medication adherence in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to better understand facilitators, barriers, and relationships to health outcomes.
Gasoline Particle Filter Development

Gasoline particle filter (GPF) development includes optimization of multiple, competing targets: low backpressure, high clean filtration, acceptable strength, high oxygen storage capacity, small size, and low cost. A three-way catalyst + GPF system needs to meet targets for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides in addition to particle mass and/or particle number. GPFs behave differently than diesel particle filters (DPFs) in terms of regeneration and ash loading behavior due to vastly different operating conditions. In a relatively clean exhaust condition on GDI relative to diesel, an empty GPF can have filtration efficiencies on the order of 60%. This was improved to 80–90% with a small amount of soot and/or ash on the filter walls, or higher catalyst washcoat loading. In the course of this work, models were developed to predict backpressure, filtration, and chemical performance.
Evolution of a minimal parallel programming model

We take a historical approach to our presentation of self-scheduled task parallelism, a programming model with its origins in early irregular and nondeterministic computations encountered in automa...
Can thrombus age guide thrombolytic therapy

Venous thrombosis (VT) is a common yet complex clinical condition that has shown minimal alteration in clinical management for decades. It is well known that thrombus evolves structurally over time, with complex changes resulting from the interplay between coagulation factors, cytokines, leukocytes and a myriad of other factors. Our current treatment options are most effective in the acute thrombus, which is composed predominantly of a loose mesh of fibrin and red blood cells (RBCs), making current anticoagulation therapies and thrombolytics quite effective in treatment. Later stages of thrombus are more cellular containing leukocytes, and develop a fibrotic collagenous framework that is more resistant to our current treatments. Understanding the biology of an evolving thrombus will allow us to tailor our treatment and optimize outcomes, as well as focus on novel therapies for the treatment of chronic thrombus. Given the morbidity and mortality of both post thrombotic syndrome (PTS) in patients with deep VT, as well as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), new and innovative therapies must continue to be explored to help prevent these potentially devastating conditions.
Workflow and Middleware

Facilitation of US workflow is key component of a successful US program management. Workflow of both images and reports requires careful integration of machine data and software. Terminology is defined, and networking is explained in regard to US information. Current commercial software solutions are discussed.