cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures

Based on the available literature on activation of brain structures by fear- and anger-inducing stimuli, on the effects of electrical and chemical stimulation and lesions of candidate structures, and on connectional data, we propose that both the fear and power-dominance drives are represented in four distinct locations: the medial hypothalamus, lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, midline thalamic nuclei, and medial prefrontal cortex. The hypothalamic fear representation is located in the dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, the midbrain representation in the caudal part of the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, the thalamic representation primarily in parts of the paraventricular and reuniens thalamic nuclei, and the cortical representation in prelimbic cortex. The hypothalamic power-dominance representation is located in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial aspect of the ventromedial nucleus, and in adjacent parts of the medial preoptic area. The corresponding midbrain representation occurs in rostral part of the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, and the thalamic representation in parts of the paraventricular, parataenial, and reuniens thalamic nuclei. We discuss sensory/mnemonic inputs to these representations, and outputs to premotor structures in the medulla, caudate-putamen, and cortex, and their differential contributions to involuntary, learned sequential, and voluntary motor acts. We examine potential contributions of neuronal activities in these representations to the subjective awareness of fear and anger.
Resonant Mode-hopping Micromixing

A common micromixer design strategy is to generate interleaved flow topologies to enhance diffusion. However, problems with these designs include complicated structures and dead volumes within the flow fields. We present an active micromixer using a resonating piezoceramic/silicon composite diaphragm to generate acoustic streaming flow topologies. Circulation patterns are observed experimentally and correlate to the resonant mode shapes of the diaphragm. The dead volumes in the flow field are eliminated by rapidly switching from one discrete resonant mode to another (i.e., resonant mode-hop). Mixer performance is characterized by mixing buffer with a fluorescence tracer containing fluorescein. Movies of the mixing process are analyzed by converting fluorescent images to two-dimensional fluorescein concentration distributions. The results demonstrate that mode-hopping operation rapidly homogenized chamber contents, circumventing diffusion-isolated zones.
SATURATION OF THE DECAY INSTABILITY FOR COMPARABLE ELECTRONIC AND ION TEMPERATURES.

We present a model for the nonlinear evolution of the electron-plasma ion-acoustic decay instability when the ratio of electron and ion temperatures is of order 1. Ion nonlinear Landau damping is found to be the dominant saturation mechanism. We calculate the saturated spectral intensity and pump absorption coefficient. An estimate is given of the energy that the enhanced fluctuations absorb from an electromagnetic wave incident on an inhomogeneous plasma.
SPEECH CHANGES IN PARKINSONISM DURING L-DOPA THERAPY: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

: In the few reported studies on the effects of drug therapy on the speech symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease, the conclusion generally has been that medication does not improve speech. Recent studies on the drug, L-dopa, indicate that large doses reduce the severity of physical signs and symptoms. In this investigation, the speech of 21 parkinsonian patients was evaluated under various conditions of L-dopa therapy. Although statistical significance was obtained for only one aspect (the time factor) of speech in favor of improvement during maximal dosage (4–8 gm daily), there appeared to be a trend in the direction of improved speech during L-dopa therapy. These findings are not nearly as dramatic as the improvement in physical symptoms observed in the same patients. However, the speech changes all occurred within less than one month; greater changes might have been observed had the patients been followed for a longer period with maximal dosage.
Management of unilateral cervical radiculopathy in the military: the cost effectiveness of posterior cervical foraminotomy compared with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

Object To review the cost effectiveness for the management of a unilateral cervical radiculopathy with either posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) or anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in military personnel, with a particular focus on time required to return to active-duty service. Methods Following internal review board approval, the authors conducted a retrospective review of 38 cases in which patients underwent surgical management of unilateral cervical radiculopathy. Nineteen patients who underwent PCF were matched for age, treatment level, and surgeon to 19 patients who had undergone ACDF. Successful outcome was determined by return to full, unrestricted active-duty military service. The difference in time of return to active duty was compared between the groups. In addition, a cost analysis consisting of direct and indirect costs was used to compare the PCF group to the ACDF group. Results A total of 21 levels were operated on in each group. There were 17 men and 2 women in the PCF grou...
Bridging the gap in forward and reverse supply chains for evolving electronic products

The potential for environmental, social, and economic advances enabled by information and communication technologies (ICTs) is tremendous: ‘Smart Grid’ systems hold promise for resource conservation and climate change mitigation; innovations in ICT help transition countries from industrial to knowledge economies, and bridging the digital divide in developing countries can help achieve Millennium Development Goals worldwide: ending poverty, enabling universal education, and creating global partnerships. However, the benefit possible from global use of ICTs cannot be realized without a corresponding build up of digital infrastructure. This projected increase in ICT products is of particular concern to environmental sustainability, in large part due to the global health, safety, and environmental effects of managing these products in the waste stream. The ability to quantify and manage environmental impacts of ICT products is complicated by continuous evolution of product form and function. The work described herein provides an assessment of how changing form factor and material composition in common consumer electronics - desktop and notebook computers - may influence the electronic waste stream in the U.S. Results indicate that dematerialization on a per product basis is largely offset by increasing volumes of the total waste stream. From an economic standpoint, end-of-life value will be enhanced by the increasing use of lightweight materials such as aluminum and magnesium but potentially impacted by decreasing precious metal content. This paper also suggests that common design for end-of-life heuristics may be less applicable to ICT products undergoing rapid technological progress, as exemplified by the changing form factor and lightweighting of the consumer notebook computer.
Normal transcapillary pressures in human skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissues

Abstract Starling pressures (capillary blood pressure, interstitial fluid pressure, blood oncotic pressure, and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure) were measured in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissues of 19 normal humans. Due to inaccessibility of muscle and subcutis capillaries to micropuncture, continuous recording of capillary blood pressure was confined to the fingernail-fold microcirculation. Interstitial fluid pressure was determined acutely by using wick catheters introduced under local anesthesia into tissues of the leg. Oncotic pressure of venous blood was measured in 0.1-ml samples of serum by a colloid osmometer. Interstitial fluid was collected by empty wick catheters. An equation for calculation of interstitial fluid oncotic pressure was formulated which incorporates experimentally measured values of total protein and albumin concentrations. Calculated values for interstitial fluid oncotic pressure correlated well with directly measured values. In fingernail-fold tissue of one human subject mean capillary blood pressure (± SD) was 31 ± 11 mm Hg. In leg subcutaneous tissue of the same subject, interstitial fluid pressure was −1.3 ± 0.5 mm Hg, blood oncotic pressure was 28 ± 0.6 mm Hg, and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure was 9.1 ± 1.0 mm Hg. In skeletal muscle of the same subject's leg, interstitial fluid pressure was 0.5 ± 1.5 mm Hg, and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure was 8.3 ± 1.6 mm Hg. Based on data for interstitial fluid pressure, blood oncotic pressure, and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure, and assuming the capillary membrane reflection coefficient is 0.9 for both tissues, filtration equilibrium across the capillary wall would occur at a mean capillary blood pressure of 16 mm Hg in subcutis and 18 mm Hg in skeletal muscle.
Prototheca wickerhamii--an alga infecting the hand.

This report describes a hand infection caused by an alga, Prototheca wickerhamii . This rare organism presents most often as chronic dermatitis or bursitis of the upper extremity. Routine stains and cultures are easily confused with fungi. Only early, radical excision of the involved structures will effect a cure.
Joint Model of Freight Mode and Shipment Size Choice

Mode and shipment size choice are among the most critical logistics decisions but are typically studied separately in freight demand studies despite their strong correlations. The study described in this paper used an innovative copula-based framework to model freight mode and shipment size choice simultaneously as a joint decision-making problem. The study used a copula-based joint multinomial logit-multinomial logit model in which both mode choice and shipment size were modeled as discrete choices in a multinomial logit structure. The proposed copula-based model was intended to capture the potential effects of observed and unobserved factors that jointly affect both choices. The data used in this study were gathered through a large-scale establishment survey conducted in 2011 in the United States. The survey provided detailed information on more than 1,840 individual shipments that were used to develop the disaggregate models. Results of the estimated model underline the importance of the interrelations...
Diagnostic open-lung biopsy after bone marrow transplantation

The development of pulmonary infiltrates is an ominous sign in the immunocompromised host (ICH). Selection of the best diagnostic and therapeutic approach is often difficult, and in part depends on the risk-to-benefit ratio of various diagnostic modalities, such as bronchoscopy, bronchioalveolar lavage, percutaneous needle biopsy, and open-lung biopsy (OLB). We reviewed our experience with OLB and bronchoscopy in a predominantly pediatric bone marrow transplantation population, and attempted to assess the frequency with which OLB results directed a therapeutic change, as well as the clinical results of any such therapeutic alteration. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 87 bone marrow transplantation recipients undergoing diagnostic OLB from 1975 to 1986. Bronchoscopic and OLB cultures, histopathologic studies, serological data, and autopsy results were all carefully examined. An assessment of therapeutic alteration as a result of OLB was made, and clinical changes attributable to an OLB-directed therapeutic alteration were sought. Ninety-four OLBs and 37 bronchoscopic examinations were performed in 87 patients. All patients had undergone bone marrow transplantation, most often for leukemia (58/87) or aplastic anemia (13/87). The mean interval from bone marrow transplantation to OLB was 106 days. There were no intraoperative complications, but minor postoperative surgical complications were frequent (incidence, 21%). Postoperative mortality, defined as a death occurring within 30 days of surgery, was 45% (39/87). Seventy-four percent of the patients (64/87) died during the course of the study, at a mean of 43 days after OLB. Most OLBs (60%) yielded a specific diagnosis, defined as the establishment of a precise cause for the infiltrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Agrarian reform in the Dominican Republic: An associative solution to the collective/individual dilemma

Abstract The dilemma of appropriate organizational structure for agrarian reform projects is pervasive in all of Latin America. Collectives or production cooperatives provide superior vehicles for necessary credit and technical assistance, but, unlikely family plots, they are wrought with administrative problems and low worker incentive. This case study of land reform projects in the Dominican Republic presents the limitations of collective and individual farming structures, and characterizes an intermediate “associative” preferred by the Dominican reform beneficiaries. Empirical evidence shows higher productivity as the reform projects adopt the associative structure.
Review of hard copy systems for digital medical imaging

ABSTRACT In this paper we review image requirements and the potential use of various printing technologies to record digital diagnosticradiographic information. An analysis of limitations and advantages of alternate imaging systems compared to current laserimager/silver halide film systems will be presented. The future move to digital radiology along with its hard copy require-ments will also be discussed.The winning technologies in the market place will be determined by their ability to provide adequate image quality at low costwhile meeting productivity, durability, and convenience requirements. The first technology to meet these requirements willhave a tremendous advantage in the market place.Medical imaging hard copy is dominated by the use of silver halide media providing monochrome images of diagnostic imagequality. As new digital medical imaging modalities have emerged they have opened the door to new hard copy technologies.These new technologies have been born and nurtured outside the medical market by small markets with high image qualityrequirements or by largemarkets with lower image quality requirements. The former have tended to provide high cost, highquality solutions and the latter low cost, low quality solutions. Silver halide media still dominates, at least in part, because itprovides high image quality at a relatively low cost. Yet, the trend away from wet silver halide is evident. These new hardcopy technologies are being tested to determine their applicability to the medical market and are finding niches where theyprovide value. A clear winner that provides the required image quality at low cost has yet to emerge.Key Words: Medical, Hard Copy, Gray Scale, Image Quality, Digital Imaging
Rethinking the dating of old French syllable-final consonant loss

SUMMARYBased on the assumption that the loss of the Old French word-internal syllable-final consonants (/S/ ( = [s] and [z]), /N/ ( = all nasal consonants), forward a unified analysis of these changes according to which they should have taken place within two or three centuries, rather than the ten or eleven centuries that has previously been assumed. I provide empirical support for this analysis. Previous hypotheses, which treat the changes as entirely separate events, are shown to be inadequate and lacking of tenable empirical support.RESUMEBase sur la supposition que la perte en ancien francais des consonnes finales des syllabes internes (/S/ ( = [s] et [z]), /N/ (=toute consonne nasale), /I/ et /R/) sont des manifestations individuelles d'un seul processus general, j'avance une analyse unifiee de ces changements selon laquelle ils ont du avoir lieu dans une periode de deux ou trois siecles, au lieu de dix ou onze siecles, comme on l'a suppose avant. Je pourvois des donnees empiriques a l'appui de cette analyse. Je montre que les hypotheses precedentes, selon lesquelles les changements sont des evenements tout a fait separes, sont insuffisantes et manquantes de soutien empirique defendable.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAufgrund der Annahme, dass der Verlust der wort-internen Konsonanten in Silben-Endstellung (/S/ ( = [s] und [z]), /N/ ( = alle Nasalkonsonanten), /l/ und /R/) Anzeichen eines einzigen Prozesses ist, wird eine einheitliche Analyse dieser Veranderungen vorgelegt, denenzufolge sie in einem Zeitraum von zwei oder drei Jahrhunderten stattgefunden haben sollen, und nicht, wie bisher angenommen, von zehn oder elf. Fur diese Analyse wird empirische Stutze geliefert. Es wird gezeigt, dass bisherige Hypothesen, diese Veranderungen als vollkommen getrennte Ereignisse zu behandeln, wegen ihres Mangels an haltbarer, empirischer Stutze unzureichend sind.
Mixed Hepatocellular–Cholestatic Liver Injury after Pioglitazone Therapy

As suggested by the patient described in this report, patients receiving pioglitazone may develop serious liver injury and should be observed for evidence of hepatitis.
Technipionium bound state formation and decays

Abstract Color octet technipion pairs bound together by the strong interaction could be produced at hadron colliders via gluon-gluon fusion. They would decay to W + W − , γγ, and Zγ with branching fractions of order (0.1–0.3)%. These signals are easily detectable at multi-TeV hadron supercolliders.
Decentralized Regulation using Local Controllers with Limited Communication

Abstract A decentralized stochastic control problem is solved for a linear system with two local controllers that exchange their control signals by transmission over noisy communication links. Each local controller contains a subsystem that approximately reconstructs the system state. A deterministic version of this problem is also considered. In each case expressions are presented for the performance of the controlled system.
Regional correlation of Mesoproterozoic structures and deformational events in the Albany-Fraser orogen, Western Australia

Geologic mapping and meso- and microstructural analysis of a previously unstudied area in the western part of the Mesoproterozoic Albany–Fraser orogen, Western Australia, leads to a correlation of deformational events along the exposed length of the orogen. The earliest deformational event (D1) accompanied granulite-facies metamorphism and is characterized by a locally preserved subhorizontal foliation and associated recumbent folds. This event is interpreted to record northwest–southeast contraction. The second event (D2) produced a subvertical, east-northeast-striking foliation and variably plunging, upright folds. Northwest-vergent folds (toward 333°) and sparse kinematic indicators suggest southeast-up tectonic transport with a dextral component of movement. A third deformational event (D3) is manifested by a conjugate set of mylonitic to cataclastic shear zones with a dominant, dextral set oriented at 105° and a subordinate, sinistral set oriented at 010°. The bisector of the average orientations for the shear zones is 325°, consistent with northwest–southeast shortening. Like the D2 structures, the D3 structures may represent deformation in a dextral transpressive setting. D4 structures include two subvertical joint sets, one oriented at 355° and the other at 105°. All structures are similar in geometry and kinematics to structures near Albany, which have been constrained to 1190–1170 Ma (Precambrian Res., 59 (1992) 95), as well as structures east of Esperance that are associated with a major tectonothermal event at 1345–1260 Ma (Precambrian Res., 102 (2000) 155). Additional geochronological data, particularly from the Western Albany–Fraser orogen, are needed to resolve this apparent discrepancy. There is a near one-to-one correlation in lithology, structural style, metamorphic grade, kinematics, and possibly timing of deformational events between the Albany–Fraser orogen and the Bunger Hills of East Antarctica, supporting the previously suggested ties between these two areas. Marked dissimilarities, however, in model TDM ages, U–Pb zircon dates, kinematics and timing of deformation, and timing of metamorphism between the Albany–Fraser orogen and the Oaxacan Complex of southern Mexico raise serious doubts regarding the viability of Rodinia reconstructions that juxtapose those two Mesoproterozoic terranes.
Reconciliation in the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)

Theory predicts that it should often be in the best interests of gregarious animals to repair social bonds damaged by within-group conflict. Indeed, reconciliation in many primates takes the form of affiliative behavior occurring shortly after a conflict. Here we inquired whether reconciliation also occurs among spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), gregarious carnivores whose social lives share much in common with those of cercopithecine primates. In a large group of free-living hyenas in Kenya, we used focal animal observations to monitor rates at which various affiliative behaviors occurred before and after dyadic aggressive interactions. An affiliative behavior was identified as having a conciliatory function only if it occurred more frequently after than before fights, and if it was also associated with reduced rates of aggression between former opponents during the post-conflict interval. Of all affiliative behaviors monitored, only two types satisfied both these criteria: greeting behavior and non-aggressive approach. Over 72% of conciliatory behaviors occurred within the first five minutes after a fight, and hyenas reconciled after 14.6% of 698 fights. Mean conciliatory tendency (CT) for individual hyenas was 11.3%. Hyenas exhibited higher CTs when they were recipients (victims) of aggression than when they were aggressors, and they showed higher CTs in interactions with non-kin than with kin. Conciliatory tendencies did not vary with age--sex classes of opponents or with rank distance between opponents. Conciliatory tendency in spotted hyenas fell at the low end of the CT range observed among primates.
Birth weight, gestational age, and perinatal deaths in 5,471 infants of diabetic mothers

ALTHOUGH HIGHER BIRTH WEIGHT and increased fetal and neonatal deaths are well-known features of pregnancy in diabetic women, '-4 the relative infrequency of diabetes in pregnancy has precluded statistical study of the interrelationships of birth weight, gestational age, and fetal and neonatal deaths. This report explores these interrelations for a group of 5,471 singleton infants of white diabetic mothers for the years 1958 through 1969. Comparison is made with 2,000,688 singleton infants of nondiabetic white women born during the same period.
On the representation theorem for exchangeable arrays

Abstract Aldous and Hoover have proved independently that an array X = (Xij, i, j ∈ N ) of random variables is exchangeable under separate or joint permutations of rows and columns, iff a.s. Xij≡f(α, ξi, ηj, ξij) or Xij≡f(α, ξi, ξj, ξij), respectively, for some measurable function f: R 4→ R and some i.i.d. random variables α, ξi, ηj, ξij, i, j∈ N , or α, ξi, ξij=ξji, 1≤i≤j. Hoover also gave a criterion for two functions f and g as above to give rise to arrays with the same distribution. The aim of this paper is to give an elementary proof of Hoover's result, and to deduce some further equivalence criteria. The present methods will also provide a simple approach to certain conditional properties of exchangeable arrays.
Biodegradable Polyesters Containing Ibuprofen and Naproxen As Pendant Groups

Controlled release of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen could be beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory diseases while reducing the side effects resulting from their continuous use. Novel biodegradable polyesters solely comprised of biocompatible components (e.g., tartaric acid, 1,8-octanediol, and ibuprofen or naproxen as pendant groups) have been synthesized using tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst at 130 °C and subsequently characterized to determine their structures and physicochemical properties. The polymers release the free drug (ibuprofen or naproxen) in vitro in a controlled manner without burst release, unlike the release rates achieved when the drugs are encapsulated in other polymers. These new biomaterials are not cytotoxic toward mouse fibroblasts up to 0.10 mg/mL. The drugs retain their chemical structure following hydrolytic degradation of the polymer, suggesting that bioactivity is preserved.
Magnetically immobilized nanoporous giant proteoliposomes as a platform for biosensing

We report a biosensing method that is based on magnetically immobilized functional liposomes. The vesicles encapsulate magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and enzymatic sensing reagents. Magnetic attraction between MNP and external magnets first immobilizes liposomes onto the surface of a coverglass. With the assistance from α-hemolysin (aHL), translocations of analytes through a lipid membrane trigger intravesicular enzymatic reactions. After 90 s incubation, the product from the sensing reactions, resorufin, was probed by laser-induced fluorescence. Detection of two analytes, glucose and ethanol, was demonstrated using two types of functional vesicles. The effects of MNP-containing vesicles and biotinylated vesicles on aHL's translocations of analytes were also compared. Unlike biotinylated lipids, MNP facilitate immobilization of liposomes without compromising the integrity of membrane and pore-forming activity of aHL.
Student development of board game strategies in a web-based graphical infrastructure (abstract only)

We describe the design for a distributed game-playing environment suitable for student software development of player strategies. The framework has three main components: the game server, which runs as a RESTful web service on the Internet, the game client, which runs on the student's computer, and the graphical interface, which runs inside a web browser on the student's computer. Our earlier framework ran all components locally, and in a single programming language. The new framework supports single-user sessions, in which the student-implemented player plays against another, possibly faculty-supplied, software player, or against a human player. It also supports multi-user sessions, in which student players on two or more separate computers can play against each other in a single game. Supported by the NSF, award ID 1044721.
The effects of the mutator gene on molecular changes and mutation in Salmonella typhimurium

Frequency of mutation was followed, in histidine-requiring mutants of the LT2 and LT7 strains of Salmonella typhimurium . Mutagenic agents used were: 2-amino-purine (AP), 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BD), sodium nitrite (NO 2 ), t -butyl hydroperoxide ( t -butyl) and beta -propiolactone (BPL). Some of the histidine mutants were of spontaneous origin, while others were induced by ultraviolet irradiation (u.v.) and 2-aminopurine. All but one of the twelve auxotrophic derivatives of the LT2 strain, which were originally obtained after treatment with AP, showed an increase in “reverse” mutation frequency with BD. The u.v.-induced auxotrophs gave a variety of responses with the different mutagenic agents and no particular mutational pattern predominated. Of the 54 LT2 strains of spontaneous origin tested, 26% were affected by base analogues, 45% by BPL and 28% by t -butyl. In 52% of the cases, t -butyl and BPL were mutagenic for the same strains. A greater proportion of the LT7 strains of spontaneous origin responded with base analogues and the other chemicals. The increase paralleled the presence of the mutator gene. All chemicals used, except nitrite, were mutagenic with 90% or more of the 80 LT7 strains possessing the mutator gene. The pattern of induction to prototrophy in LT7 strains lacking mutator was very similar to that of LT2 strains.
On the openness and discreteness of mappings with unbounded characteristic of quasiconformality

The paper is devoted to the investigation of topological properties of space mappings. It is shown that orientation-preserving mappings $ f:D \to \overline {{\mathbb{R}^n}} $ in a domain $ D \subset {\mathbb{R}^n} $ , n ≥ 2; which are more general than mappings with bounded distortion, are open and discrete if a function Q corresponding to the control of the distortion of families of curves under these mappings has slow growth in the domain f (D), e.g., if Q has finite mean oscillation at an arbitrary point y 0 ∈ f (D).
Cu-To-Cu Electron Tunneling in Copper Monooxygenases

The copper enzymes α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM), tyramine β-monooxygenase (TβM) and dopamine β-monooxygenase (DβM) catalyze critical physiological reactions that process hormones and neurotransmitters in higher eukaryotes. In these enzymes, a finely tuned long-range electron-transfer reaction between the enzyme's copper sites is required for catalytic turnover. We conducted extensive electronic structure analysis of PHM, providing understanding of the mechanism of electron tunneling. Our focus has been on the long-range Cu-to-Cu electronic coupling, mediated by protein and by water. Our results indicate that the Tyr79 residue plays an important role in shuttling electrons between the centers. We interpret these results in light of kinetic studies as well as prior theoretical results on related copper oxygenases. Ongoing studies are probing how ligands bound to the catalytic electron acceptor site influence charge transfer kinetics.
The poetics of destruction: Death metal rock

(1994). The poetics of destruction: Death metal rock. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 91-103.
Mechanism of Ascorbic Acid Oxidation by Cytochrome b561

The 1 equiv reaction between ascorbic acid and cytochrome b(561) is a good model for redox reactions between metalloproteins (electron carriers) and specific organic substrates (hydrogen-atom carriers). Diethyl pyrocarbonate inhibits the reaction of cytochrome b(561) with ascorbate by modifying a histidine residue in the ascorbate-binding site. Ferri/ferrocyanide can mediate reduction of DEPC-treated cytochrome b(561) by ascorbic acid, indicating that DEPC-inhibited cytochrome b(561) cannot accept electrons from a hydrogen-atom donor like ascorbate but can still accept electrons from an electron donor like ferrocyanide. Ascorbic acid reduces cytochrome b(561) with a K(m) of 1.0 +/- 0.2 mM and a V(max) of 4.1 +/- 0.8 s(-1) at pH 7.0. V(max)/K(m) decreases at low pH but is approximately constant at pH >7. The rate constant for oxidation of cytochrome b(561) by semidehydroascorbate decreases at high pH but is approximately constant at pH <7. This suggests that the active site must be unprotonated to react with ascorbate and protonated to react with semidehydroascorbate. Molecular modeling calculations show that hydrogen bonding between the 2-hydroxyl of ascorbate and imidazole stabilizes the ascorbate radical relative to the monoanion. These results are consistent with the following mechanism for ascorbate oxidation. (1) The ascorbate monoanion binds to an unprotonated site (histidine) on cytochrome b(561). (2) This complex donates an electron to reduce the heme. (3) The semidehydroascorbate anion dissociates from the cytochrome, leaving a proton associated with the binding site. (4) The binding site is deprotonated to complete the cycle. In this mechanism, an essential role of the cytochrome is to bind the ascorbate monoanion, which does not react by outer-sphere electron transfer in solution, and complex it in such a way that the complex acts as an electron donor. Thermodynamic considerations show that no steps in this process involve large changes in free energy, so the mechanism is reversible and capable of fulfilling the cytochrome's function of equilibrating ascorbate and semidehydroascorbate.
Concerning stimulation by injected fluoroaluminate of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers

Abstract Single barnacle muscle fibers from Balanus nubilus were used primarily to examine the validity of two ideas: first, that the injection of KF stimulates the ouabain-insensitive Na+ efflux, and that this action is potentiated by adding AlCl3 (Al) in a low concentration to the solution of KF prior to injection. And second, that the injection of a KF-AlCl3 solution into ouabain-poisoned, K ± - depolarized fibers elicits a stimulatory response resembling that obtained by injecting GTP. The results of this study are as follows: injection of 0.5 M KF into unpoisoned fibers causes a sustained rise in the resting Na+ efflux. However, injection of a 0.5 M KF, 10−3 M AlCl3 solution leads to a reduced rather than an augmented response. Whereas injection of 0.5 M KF into ouabain-poisoned fibers elicits a marked stimulatory response, the injection of 0.5 M KF, 10−3 M AlCl3 reduces the remaining Na+ efflux. Injection of KF-AlCl3 in equimolar concentrations, e.g., 0.25 M, elicits a response that is significantly larger than that obtained by injecting 0.25 M KF. A dose-response curve indicates that a 0.2 M solution of fluoroaluminate probably represents an optimal concentration. Injection of 0.3 M KF following peak stimulation by injecting 0.3 M AlCl3 completely reverses this response to Al. In sharp contrast, injection of a 0.3 M KF, 0.3 M AlCl3 mixture following peak stimulation by injecting 0.3 M AlCl3 is ineffective. Injection of KF into ouabain-poisoned, K+ depolarized fibers does not always cause sustained stimulation of the remaining Na+ efflux. But injection of KF-AlCl3 in equimolar concentration always seems to cause a delayed sustained stimulatory response. Sustained stimulation is also observed after injecting Na2GTP. Although these results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the primary point of action of equimolar KF-AlCl3 solutions following injection into barnacle fibers is the membrane adenylate cyclase system, they raise doubts about the validity of the concept that trace amounts of Al are required for KF to act as a positive effector of this system.
Frequency of Development of Aortic Cuspal Prolapse and Aortic Regurgitation in Patients With Subaortic Ventricular Septal Defect Diagnosed at <1 Year of Age

The natural history of aortic cuspal prolapse and aortic regurgitation (AR), studied most commonly in subpulmonic ventricular septal defect (VSD), has not been well defined in isolated, unrepaired VSD diagnosed during infancy. This study aimed to define the incidence and progression of aortic cuspal prolapse and AR in patients with subaortic VSDs diagnosed at
Design analysis of IC power delivery

Power delivery design plays a critical role in ensuring power delivery integrity and achieving overall design power efficiency. A power delivery network (PDN) consists of a multiplicity of passive and active components, which interact with each other in a complex manner. Under this context, power delivery design is a multifaceted problem and a holistic system optimization involving joint design of the passive distribution sub-network and active voltage converters and regulators is indispensable. This paper provides a succinct review of the related PDN analysis and design problems and motivates the need for system-level co-optimization of key design parameters in order to optimally trade off between power supply noise, power efficiency, area overhead and stability.
Optimal Procurement Design of an Assembly Supply Chain with Information Asymmetry

We study a decentralized assembly supply chain in which an assembler (she) assembles a set of n components, each produced by a different supplier (he), into a final product to satisfy an uncertain market demand. Each supplier holds private cost information to himself, for which the assembler only has a subjective estimate. Furthermore, the assembler believes that the suppliers' costs follow a joint discrete probability distribution. The assembler aims to design an optimal menu of contracts to maximize her own expected profit. The assembler's problem is a complex multi-dimensional constrained optimization problem. We prove that there exists a unique optimal menu of contracts for the assembler, and we further develop an efficient algorithm with a complexity of O(n) to compute the optimal contract. In addition, we conduct a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to analyze how environmental parameters affect individual firm's performance and the value of information to the assembler, to each supplier, and to the supply chain. Our results suggest that each supplier's private cost information becomes more valuable to the assembler and each supplier when the average market demand increases or when the final product unit revenue increases. Surprisingly, when a supplier's cost volatility increases and its mean remains the same, the value of information to the assembler or to each supplier does not necessarily increase. Furthermore, we show that when the suppliers' cost distributions become more positively correlated, the suppliers are always worse off, but the assembler is better off. However, the value of information for the assembler might increase or decrease.
Frame-based attack representation and real-time first order logic automatic reasoning

Internet has grown by several orders of magnitude in recent years, prompting network security as a great concern. Hence, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are used to timely detect intrusions and defend against attack attempts. However, the current IDS technology generates a huge volume of alert events due to false alarm alerts, and requires costly alert manual reviewing due to the lack of intelligence in IDS. As a solution, security information management (SIM) is a growing area of interest in network security. In this paper, we propose FAR-FAR (frame-based attack representation and first-order logic automatic reasoning) system in SIM to relieve the administrator from the time-consuming and costly alert manual reviewing. With the backward-chaining, FAR-FAR can make real-time reasoning for network attack scenarios. In FAR-FAR, the aggregated alerts from different IDS agents are converted into uniform frame-structured streams by case grammar. Afterwards, first-order logic production rules are used to extract the hidden attack scenarios. Our simulation results show that FAR-FAR's attack scenario reasoning rate for the incoming alerts are generally far less than the incoming alerts' inter-arrival time. This guarantees FAR-FAR to automatically reason the attack plans in real time and predict possible attack attempts at an early stage.
A novel microdevice for the treatment of hydrocephalus: design and fabrication of an array of microvalves and microneedles

We present an implantable, microfabricated device for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is a medical condition, in which an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, a water-like fluid that circulates around and protects the brain and spinal cord.) occurs in the brain. The novel microdevice presented here mimics the function of natural one-way valves, arachnoid villi, found in the human brain. Hence, we name it microfabricated arachnoid villi (MAV). The MAV consists of an array of one-way microvalves and hollow microneedles. The one-way microvalves control flow based on pressure differential. A Parylene microvalve array with a dome petal geometry was designed and fabricated. Initial flow tests demonstrated the desired low cracking pressure of the valve and a sufficient mechanical stability. The hollow microneedle array was designed to pierce the dura mater membrane (A tough fibrous membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord and lining the inner surface of the skull.) and provide a conduit for CSF. An SU-8 microneedle array was designed and successfully microfabricated. The innovative MAV may open a new era in the treatment of hydrocephalus.
Extension Looks to Research

Abstract THE land grant colleges were established by law as the agencies within the states responsible among other things for finding, analyzing, and disseminating information on the technical phases of scientific agricultural production. The most effective fulfillment of this job depends on proper coordination and cooperation in the administration of the research, teaching, and extension programs, and a feeling on the part of the workers that the entire state is the campus of the experiment station and the agricultural college. It is my object as an extension worker to point out in this paper some of the ways in which the program of the extension service, which is the agency responsible for the dissemination of agricultural information within the states, may be made more effective through better cooperation and coordination with the research program. Not so many years ago, the material published by the agricultural experiment stations was going to relatively . . .
Laboratory heparin resistance in burn injury complicated by venous thrombosis

Anticoagulation with heparin is required in the management of the burn patient if their clinical course is complicated by venous thrombosis. Heparin therapy is commonly monitored by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) but this assay can be unreliable in patients with acute inflammation because of an increase in plasma factor VIII levels that result in an underestimation of the heparin concentration. We report an example of heparin resistance that occurred in a patient who developed venous thrombosis following extensive second-degree burns. Heparin doses in excess of 60,000 units per day were required to produce a significant elevation in the APTT. The plasma factor VIII level was found to be markedly elevated to 455% and the plasma heparin concentration as determined by the anti-factor Xa assay was disproportionately elevated in relation to the APTT. Physicians treating patients with burn injury complicated by venous thrombosis should be aware of the potential development of factor VIII-related heparin resistance when large amounts of heparin are required to obtain a satisfactory elevation in the APTT. Measurement of the plasma heparin concentration will avoid excessive heparin administration and the serious bleeding which can result.
Architecture for comparing alternative designs of a tactical naval command and control system using discrete-event simulation

Research was conducted recently at Naval Postgraduate School focusing on the development of a system architecture for a tactical naval Command and Control (C2) system. The system architecture methodology started with describing an operational concept, moved to the co-development of the functional architecture and the physical architecture, and concluded with the development of a notional operational architecture. A portion of the contact prosecution process for a Surface Action Group (SAG) involved in securing local sea control was modeled in the discrete-event simulation software Arena®, and this effort is the focus of this paper. Simulations for both potential alternative designs were conducted. Finally, a comparison of the simulation results demonstrated the feasibility of the developed architecture framework to compare alternative designs of the C2 system.
Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on the consequences of asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways involving a characteristic pattern of airway infiltration with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells, subepithelial deposition of collagen, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle and of goblet cells and submucosal glands. The consequences of this chronic process include episodic or persistent symptoms, bronchial hyperreactivity, attacks of bronchoconstriction that may require emergency care or hospitalization and can lead to death, impairment in quality of life, and the development of irreversible airflow obstruction. Careful pathologic studies have shown that inhaled corticosteroid therapy can reverse or suppress airway inflammation, and prospective controlled clinical trials have proven that it can also improve symptoms, reduce bronchial hyperreactivity, and reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. It is also highly likely, although it is not yet proven, that inhaled corticosteroid therapy reduces the risk of asthma fatality and prevents or retards airway wall remodeling. These beneficial effects are easily shown in patients with moderate or severe asthma. Although inhaled corticosteroid therapy also benefits patients with mild asthma, it is less certain that the costs and risks of continuous therapy are justified. For these patients, the most important issues that remain to be resolved are the nature of the risk of development of permanent airflow obstruction and the effects of early, sustained treatment on the chances of sustained remission of asthma after all therapy has been stopped. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:S5-S16.)
The Future in Inequality

and Donald R. Peterson. 1983. Close Relationships. New York: Freeman. Keltner, Dacher, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson. 2003. ‘‘Power, Approach, and Inhibition.’’ Psychological Review 110:265–84. Lawler, Edward J., Shane R. Thye, and Jeongkoo Yoon. 2009. Social Commitments in a Depersonalized World. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Magee, Joe C. and Adam D. Galinsky. 2008. ‘‘Social Hierarchy: The Self-reinforcing Nature of Power and Status.’’ Academy of Management Annals 2:351–98. Molm, Linda D. 2006. ‘‘The Social Exchange Framework.’’ Pp. 24–45 in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, edited by Peter J. Burke. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ———. 2010. ‘‘The Structure of Reciprocity.’’ Social Psychology Quarterly 73:119–31. Thye, Shane R. 2000. ‘‘A Status Value Theory of Power in Exchange Relations.’’ American Sociological Review 65:407–32. Yang, Yung-Jui and Chi-yue Chiu. 2009. ‘‘Mapping the Structure and Dynamics of Psychological Knowledge: Forty Years of APA Journal Citations (1970–2009).’’ Review of General Psychology 13: 349–56.
Compositional and microstructural profiles across Nb/sub 3/Sn filaments produced by different fabrication methods

The next generation of high field magnets for fusion and accelerator applications requires the development of Nb/sub 3/Sn strands with significantly higher critical current densities. Our recent work has shown that when the specific pinning force is normalized to the grain boundary density (the primary pinning site in this material), a strong increase in pinning force is observed for high Sn content strand, suggesting a strong compositional dependency for pinning in this material. In this study we use advanced FESEM techniques to quantify the compositional and microstructural variations to a sub-100 nm level. A stepped compositional and microstructural variation was observed across bronze-processed Nb/sub 3/Sn filaments with sharp interfaces for both Cu(Sn)-Nb/sub 3/Sn and Nb/sub 3/Sn-Nb. Microstructural variation was observed on the scale of the original filaments in high Sn, MJR but not across the coalesced filament mass. A very high microstructural uniformity was observed in a PIT monofilament. Thus a major influence of Sn appears to be exerted through its influence on the composition gradient.