cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Personality Factors and Motives on Photographic Communication

This study examined photographic communication within the uses and gratifications framework. Several personality factors were tested as predictors of motives for communicating via photographs. Memory, relationship maintenance, self-expression and relationship formation motives positively predicted photographic communication. Extraversion positively predicted most photo messaging use motives, while Neuroticism was a negative predictor of photo messaging use. The remaining three personality predictors, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness also provided significant findings.
Use of a Novel 5′‐Regioselective Phosphitylating Reagent for One‐Pot Synthesis of Nucleoside 5′‐Triphosphates from Unprotected Nucleosides

5'-Triphosphates are building blocks for enzymatic synthesis of DNA and RNA. This unit presents a protocol for convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs and NTPs) from any natural or modified base. This one-pot synthesis can also be employed to prepare triphosphate analogs with a sulfur or selenium atom in place of a non-bridging oxygen atom of the α-phosphate. These S- or Se-modified dNTPs and NTPs can be used to prepare diastereomerically pure phosphorothioate or phosphoroselenoate nucleic acids. Even without extensive purification, the dNTPs or NTPs synthesized by this method are of high quality and can be used directly in DNA polymerization or RNA transcription. Synthesis and purification of the 5'-triphosphates, as well as analysis and confirmation of natural and sulfur- or selenium-modified nucleic acids, are described in this protocol unit.
Colloidal Silica based High Selectivity Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) Slurry

Among various properties of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurry, selectivity plays a key role in global planarization of high density and small pattern size shallow trench isolation (STI) process. Lack of adequate selectivity can lead to defects such as dishing and erosion. To improve the selectivity of STI CMP process, CMP characteristics of silica and silicon nitride wafer were investigated using colloidal silica slurry as a function of slurry pH. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, was added to increase the selectivity of the slurry. As a result, selectivity increased from 3 to 25. It was concluded that selective passivation layer formed on silicon nitride wafer surface at acidic slurry pH range was responsible for the observed selectivity increase. Adsorption characteristics of SDS on silica and silicon nitride were measured as a function of slurry pH and concentration of SDS. As indicated by zeta potential behavior under acidic pH conditions, SDS adsorption on silicon nitride was significantly higher han silica due to the electrostatic forces. Significantly higher SDS coating on silicone nitride seems to have resulted in lubrication layer leading to increased polishing selectivity.
Family and school capital explaining regional variation in math and reading achievement

Abstract We know that inequality varies by region and also begins early in life. Bivariate data suggest that 5–14-year-old children in the 1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) score differently in reading and mathematics achievement depending on their region, with children in the South and West scoring lower. We combine literatures on regional bases of inequality and family and school capital to generate hypotheses explaining these differences. Analyses of covariance provide supportive evidence. For both outcomes among boys, the variation is explained by additive models including family and child social and human capital, although selected aspects of school capital are also influential; these models also explain math achievement among girls. A model including both additive and interactive effects explains regional differences in reading achievement for girls. We interpret these findings in terms of their implications for studying inequality in child achievement as well as for emphasizing the importance of regional inequality, particularly beyond the South versus non-South distinction.
Effect of Nicotine and Epinephrine on in Vivo Coagulation Time in Rabbits

The intravenous administration of 0.01 or 0.02 mg./Kg. of nicotine to rabbits induced significant reductions in the time for blood to coagulate as measured by the Lee-White capillary tube method. Epinephrine induced a biphasic response with significant reductions resulting from small doses (0.01 and 0.02 mg./Kg.) and an increase from a larger dose (0.08 mg./Kg.). Intermediate doses (0.04 and 0.06 mg./Kg.) did not produce changes that were significantly different from control values. The combined treatment with nicotine, 0.01 mg./Kg., and epinephrine, 0.04 or 0.06 mg./Kg., increased the time to coagulate over that of the smaller doses of epinephrine or nicotine alone. The administration of piperoxan, 0.25 mg./Kg., 10 minutes before either nicotine or epinephrine, 0.01 mg./Kg., blocked the increased rate of coagulation.
Poverty, Residential Mobility, and Student Transiency within a Rural New York School District.

Abstract Human capital models assume residential mobility is both voluntary and opportunity-driven. Residential mobility of low income households, however, often does not fit these assumptions. Often characterized by short-distance, high frequency movement, poverty-related mobility may only deepen the social and economic instability that precipitated the movement in the first place. Children may be particularly affected because of disrupted social and academic environments. Among community institutions, schools often experience significant student turnover as a consequence. This paper presents a case study of student transiency and residential instability within an impoverished rural New York school district, examining both enrollment change data and residential histories collected from economically disadvantaged parents of mobile students. It finds that poverty-related mobility is frequently not voluntary but the consequence of precipitating social and economic crises at the household level in combination with the inability to obtain adequate and affordable housing. Hence, poverty-related hypermobility may be interpreted as both a consequence and determinant of rural community disadvantage.
Disposition of cholinesterase following implantation of nerve into innervated and denervated muscle.

Abstract The following operative procedures were carried out on separate groups of adult rats: A. denervation of the sternomastoid muscle; B. denervation of the sternomastoid muscle plus simultaneous implantation of the hypoglossal nerve 6 mm away from the site of the original innervation; C. implantation of the hypoglossal nerve into the normally-innervated sternomastoid muscle. After periods of 1 to 20 weeks the muscles were removed, teased into individual fibers, and stained for cholinesterase. In group A, cholinesterase activity at the site of the original sole plate could be discerned even after 8 weeks postoperatively. In group B, new cholinesterase-positive sole plates were first observed 4 weeks postoperatively. By 8 weeks postoperatively 38 per cent of the muscle fibers exhibited newly-formed sole plates at about 2 mm distance from the original myoneural junction. In group C, the implanted nerve failed to induce the formation of new sole plates. It may be concluded that intact innervation renders a muscle fiber refractory to hyper-neurotization, for a nerve implanted into a normally-innervated muscle fails to induce sole plate formation, and a nerve implanted into a denervated muscle only established one new sole plate per muscle fiber. Furthermore, sites other than the original myoneural junction are capable of forming a discrete cholinesterase-positive end plate provided that an intimate relation between nerve and muscle can be established at this locus.
Vibrational and electronic spectra of matrix-isolated pentacene cations and anions.

Abstract Pentacene cations and anions have been formed by electron bombardment of a vapor phase mixture of pentacene, Ar and CCl 4 and trapped in an argon matrix. The electronic and infrared spectra of both ions have been recorded. Increasing concentrations of CCl 4 resulted in the eventual disappearance of the anion spectrum. The intensity distributions of the IR spectra of the ions are similar but differ markedly from the distribution of neutral pentacene. The ion intensities resemble the distribution of the so-called interstellar ‘unidentified infrared’ bands. The visible bands of neutral, cationic and anionic pentacene are compared with the diffuse interstellar bands.
Oxidation Resistant Ceramic Composites: How Weak Interfaces Became Designed Failure Processes

Interest in ceramic composites arises from their potential for dramatically improved damage tolerance, as compared to monolithic ceramics, while delivering similar high-temperature properties. The remarkable toughening effect resulting from the proper combination of brittle phases is dependent upon the failure process developing in a particular way; matrix cracks must deflect into fiber debonding cracks that run in or near the fiber/matrix interface and permit some relative displacement. In early composites the requirements for crack deflection and good composite behavior seem to have been almost fortuitously satisfied by native C layers; however, the most productive uses of ceramic composites are dependent upon the development of fiber coatings that not only promote the desired interfacial failure, but also satisfy the additional requirement of being oxidation resistant. Though conceptually simple, the management of a failure process—specifically, predetermining the progress of cracks on a very local level—places a very demanding and unprecedented requirement on the materials designer. Historically, the details of fracture events were of interest principally for insight into means of avoiding them. The composite problem imposes the new requirement that we design to promote a special kind of fracture, and control post-fracture fiction within a certain range. This truly is a higher level of sophistication than heretofore attained, and its complexities have deterred many investigators from seriously addressing the problem. Nevertheless, there has been progress both in depth of understanding and in actual achievement of viable systems. Moreover, very interesting properties of several families of materials have been uncovered. These issues will be outlined and discussed in more detail with the objective of developing a broad view of the lessons learned and opportunities revealed.
A multi-level computational model for multi-scale damage analysis in composite and porous materials

Abstract An adaptive multi-level methodology is developed in this paper to create a hierarchy of computational sub-domains with varying resolution for multiple scale problems. It is intended to concurrently predict evolution of variables at the structural and microstructural scales, as well as to track the incidence and propagation of microstructural damage in composite and porous materials. The microstructural analysis is conducted with the Voronoi cell finite element model (VCFEM), while a conventional displacement based FEM code executes the macroscopic analysis. The model introduces three levels in the computational domain which include macro, macro–micro and microscopic analysis. It differentiates between non-critical and critical regions and ranges from macroscopic computations using continuum constitutive relations to zooming in at `hotspots' for pure microscopic simulations. Coupling between the scales in regions of periodic microstructure is accomplished through asymptotic homogenization. An adaptive process significantly increases the efficiency while retaining appropriate level of accuracy for each region. Numerical examples are conducted for composite and porous materials with a variety of microscopic architectures to demonstrate the potential of the model.
Growth Rate Inheritance in Japanese Quail 3. Thyroid Activity of Lines Selected Under Different Nutritional Environments

Abstract ALTERATIONS in thyroid activity accompanying growth rate selection have been difficult to detect. In comparing mice selected for large and small body size, Edwards (1962) could find no significant strain differences in either thyroidal radioiodine uptake or thyroid secretion rate. In a comprehensive study with chickens selected for high and low body weight at 8 weeks of age, Washburn and Siegel (1963) measured the influence of dietary thiouracil upon body weight, feather development, blood pressure, hematocrit, and oxygen consumption. A significant line by goitrogen interaction was reported only in respect to hematocrit level. Using similarly selected lines of chickens, Farrington and Mellen (1966) found no significant differences in thyroxine secretion rate when birds were compared at the same age (4 weeks). If, however, birds were compared at different ages but at less discrepant body weights, a significant difference in thyroxine secretion rate was observed (4-week high line, 1.41 μg./100 g. . . .
Improved prediction of dismount velocity for tracking

The velocity measurements on moving objects like humans are complicated by the characteristics of bipedal or quadrupedal gait, in contrast to the bulk motion of a vehicle. We utilize the characteristic bipedal motion to recognize and track humans and vehicles. We characterize the moving objects based on its unpredictability and attempt to identify the class. We extract the velocity of the moving human and separate it from the micro-Doppler of the human motion in order to improve the speed of the velocity measurement and thus the extracted acceleration. We describe the detection, tracking, and characterization of moving objects like people and vehicles, as well as the radar sensors used for the measurements, and detail the velocity extraction at millisecond speeds. We discuss the robustness of the approach and potential improvements.
A new full‐nest classification approach

This study conceptually and empirically develops an improved approach for classifying full-nest households. Unlike existing life-cycle models, this study separates traditional full-nest couples who marry and have children at a young age from those who delay marriage and childbearing until their 30s. Nontraditional delayed full-nest spouses held nontraditional sex role norms and values and experienced greater work and time pressures. They also consumed more healthy foods and beverages, avoided convenience and junk foods, but consumed more meals prepared away from home, as well as alcoholic beverages, than their traditional counterparts. While extant life-cycle approaches use age of head of household to separate school-age and older full-nest families, this study uses the transitions of the youngest child to school age, and then to teenage years. This distinction more effectively captures life-style and consumption differences than does the traditional life-cycle approach. Overall, this new full-nest classification scheme outperforms existing life-cycle approaches in identifying unique sex-role norms and values profiles as well as household food and beverage consumption patterns. It also captures meaningful and significant differences, in dollar values of home entertainment devices and furniture and of major durable assets not uncovered by previous research. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this full-nest classification approach be incorporated into extant life-cycle models. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Zinc Deficiency in Guinea Pigs

SummaryThis study has demonstrated that the guinea pig does require zinc. The animals fed a zinc deficient diet (1.2 ± 0.4 ppm) had a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the plasma and femur zinc concentration compared with those guinea pigs fed a diet containing 104 ± 8.4 ppm zinc. The quantitative requirement of zinc for the guinea pig has not been determined in this study. A possible use of the guinea pig in a study to investigate the relationship between zinc and ascorbic acid is discussed.
Value/Ethical Issues in the 2000 Election

Elections offer significant insight into ethical and value issues related to candidates and political parties and changes in the electorate including the non-voters. This election brought numerous value issues to the fore that will continue to be relevant to political activity. The winner of the popular vote lost in the Electoral College after a contentious vote count in Florida. The election brought into focus issues of direct popular election with a loss of power to less populated states and reform of ballot/election procedures and campaign financing. Overall, the Supreme Court and Ralph Nader lost credibility; John McCain, Hillary Clinton and Joe Lieberman gained. The belief that every vote counted was shown to be false in this as in other elections. The press gave life to the issue of capital punishment even though the issue did not separate the two major presidential candidates. The election revealed significant geographical differences in voting patterns and minority vote choices with significant implications for the future.
Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of EGFR and KRAS Mutations in Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background Somatic mutations in EGFR (exons 19 and 21) and KRAS (exon 2) are found in lung adenocarcinomas and have potential prognostic value in patients with advanced disease. These mutations also have therapeutic significance, as they predict for sensitivity and resistance, respectively, to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Whether EGFR and KRAS mutations also have an impact on survival in patients who undergo lung resection for curative intent in the absence of targeted therapy has not been established. Methods We analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes data for 296 patients who underwent resection at our institution for stage I–III lung adenocarcinoma. Tumors were assessed for both EGFR and KRAS mutations by established methods. Results EGFR and KRAS mutations were found in tumors from 40 (14%) and 50 (17%) patients, respectively. Patients with EGFR mutant tumors were more likely to be never smokers (48%), present with stage I disease (88%), and had a 90% (95% confidence interval [CI] 70–97%) 3-year overall survival, whereas patients with KRAS mutant tumors were more likely to be former/current smokers (92%), present with locally advanced disease (40%), and had a 66% (95% CI 48–79%) 3-year overall survival. Conclusions EGFR and KRAS mutations define distinct molecular subsets of resected lung adenocarcinoma. Because EGFR and KRAS mutations also predict whether tumors are sensitive or resistant, respectively, to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, they can readily be used in clinical trials to help guide the administration of specific types of adjuvant therapy.
Enhanced Transrectal Ultrasound Modalities in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Standard grayscale transrectal ultrasound has a poor sensitivity for detection of prostate cancer. Saturation biopsy schemes have improved prostate cancer detection rates over standard template biopsy schemes, but carry additional morbidity and cost. Enhanced ultrasound modalities (EUM), including color and power Doppler, contrast-enhancement, harmonic and flash replenishment imaging, and elastography have demonstrated improved prostate cancer detection. EUM targeting areas with increased or abnormal vascularity or firmness for biopsy offer improved prostate cancer detection. EUM, detect prostate cancer more efficiently than standard ultrasound guided biopsies. These emerging technologies may potentially augment standard prostate biopsy in clinical practice.
A taste receptor required for the caffeine response in vivo.

Summary Caffeine is a methylxanthine present in the coffee tree, tea plant, and other naturally occurring sources and is among the most commonly consumed drugs worldwide. Whereas the pharmacological action of caffeine has been studied extensively, relatively little is known concerning the molecular mechanism through which this substance is detected as a bitter compound. Unlike most tastants, which are detected through cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors, it has been proposed that caffeine and related methylxanthines activate taste-receptor cells through inhibition of a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) [1]. Here, we show that the gustatory receptor Gr66a is expressed in the dendrites of Drosophila gustatory receptor neurons and is essential for the caffeine response. In a behavioral assay, the aversion to caffeine was specifically disrupted in flies missing Gr66a. Caffeine-induced action potentials were also eliminated, as was the response to theophylline, the methylxanthine in tea. The Gr66a mutant exhibited normal tastant-induced action potentials upon presentation of theobromine, a methylxanthine in cocoa. Given that theobromine and caffeine inhibit PDEs with equal potencies [2, 3], these data further support the role of Gr66a rather than a PDE in mediating the caffeine response. Gr66a is the first gustatory receptor shown to be essential for caffeine-induced behavior and activity of gustatory receptor cells in vivo.
Correlated Dispersionless Structure in Suprathermal Electrons and Solar Energetic Ions in the Solar Wind

Dispersionless modulations in particle intensity are commonly observed in impulsive solar energetic ion events and are occasionally observed within low-energy (less than 1.4 keV) solar electron bursts. The electron burst modulations commonly occur in direct association with discontinuous changes in the intensity of the solar wind electron strahl. Both the energetic ion and the suprathermal electron burst modulations have been interpreted in terms of spatially limited burst source regions and magnetic field-line footpoint motions in the solar atmosphere. Concentrating on impulsive ion modulation events previously reported, we show that there is generally a close connection between the dispersionless modulations in energetic ions in those events and the simultaneous dispersionless modulations in low-energy solar electron bursts and in the electron strahl. This demonstrates that dispersionless modulations in both particle species have a common cause, which we associate with relatively abrupt changes in magnetic connection to the Sun. We find that some of these abrupt connection changes occur at structural boundaries in the solar wind flow. More often, the connection changes appear to arise from field-line footpoint motions or, possibly, solar wind turbulence. To a first approximation, when dispersionless structure is present in both particle species, the electrons and ions appear to be accelerated on the same field lines in spatially confined regions in the corona. Overall, however, the data suggest that electron burst source regions usually are more spatially uniform, have considerably broader spatial extents than the ion sources, or both.
Culture and History: Subregional Variation Among the Maya

Mayas from Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico, narrate strikingly similar stories that are part of their oral tradition. These similarities reflect the fact that Mayas from both areas share a common cultural tradition dating to preHispanic times and a basic pattern of beliefs central to the Mesoamerican cultural complex. At the same time, the stories contain notable differences that can be explained historically and traced both to pre-Hispanic or postHispanic developments as they combined with ecological conditions. In this study, we compare the present expression of a series of Earth Lord accounts and explain interesting differences that we observed between two groups of Maya Indians. Our results suggest that the differences can be traced to the diverse ways by which peasants are incorporated at various degrees into the capitalist system, mainly through trade or through wage labor or combinations of these with other forms of production. Although such comparisons must be viewed with caution, they are worthwhile to pursue because they provide insights into the subregional variation within the Maya area and the social and historical processes that underlie this variation. Vogt (n.d.:5) considered the Maya an ideal case for this type of comparison, stating: "Careful comparative analysis of the marked contrasts in ecological settings and historical experience should eventually account for the present variation in Maya culture." From the perspective of theory, this discussion contributes to that of the interaction between oral tradition, as an element of ideology, and social practice. What function, if any, do these stories have? Why do people narrate them? How do people's actions affect their ideas about things? Do people's daily lives have anything to do with the stories they tell? The answers to these questions have implications for the broader discussion on the relations be
Metal mesh interference filters for the far infrared.

Far ir Fabry-Perot type interference filters consisting of two parallel, closely spaced metal meshes have been reported by others. Using improved techniques, filters of this type have been fabricated with larger finesse and peak transmittance. Measured transmittance curves, obtained with the Aerospace lamellar grating interferometer have led to transmittance peaks whose sharpness appears to be limited principally by the beam convergence angle within the instrument (8°). From the measured peaks, finesses as large as 100 are obtained. Available mesh materials permit the construction of filters for any frequency from 10 cm−1 (or lower) to at least 200 cm−1. These will require absorbing components to eliminate unwanted harmonics.
Workshop: Bioinformatics methods for reconstruction of Infectious Bronchitis Virus quasispecies from next generation sequencing data

Viral infections cause a significant burden on animal health, reducing yields and increasing production costs due to expensive control programs. Vaccination is a vital part of control programs; however, its effectiveness is reduced by the quick evolution of escape viral quasispecies in animal hosts. Existing techniques for studying quasispecies evolution and response to vaccines have severely limited sensitivity and often require prior knowledge of sequence polymorphisms. By generating millions of short reads per run, with no need for culture or cloning, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enable comprehensive identification of viral quasispecies infecting an animal. However, analysis of NGS data is challenging due to the huge amount of data on one hand, and to the short read lengths and high error rates on another. As a consequence, many tools developed for Sanger reads do not work at all or have impractical runtimes when applied to NGS data. Even newly developed algorithms for de novo genome assembly from NGS data are tuned for reconstruction of haploid genomes, and work poorly when the sequenced sample contains a large number of closely related sequences, as is the case in viral quasispecies. To address these shortcomings we have developed computational methods for reconstructing quasispecies sequences and estimate their frequencies from both shotgun and amplicon NGS data. Preliminary analysis of 454 sequencing reads generated from synthetic pools of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) clones and field isolates collected at various intervals after vaccination with attenuated live IBV vaccine will be presented.
Complexity and the productivity of innovation

Innovation underpins the industrial way of life. It is assumed implicitly both that it will continue to do so, and that it will produce solutions to the problems we face involving climate and resources. These assumptions underlie the thinking of many economists and the political leaders whom they influence. Such a view assumes that innovation in the future will be as productive as it has been in the recent past. To test whether this is likely to be so, we investigate the productivity of innovation in the United States using data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The results suggest that the conventional optimistic view may be unwarranted. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An updated view on the structure and function of PYRIN domains.

The PYRIN domain (PYD) is a protein–protein interaction domain, which belongs to the death domain fold (DDF) superfamily. It is best known for its signaling function in innate immune responses and particularly in the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large protein complexes that allow the induced proximity-mediated activation of caspase-1 and subsequently the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of inflammasome assembly was only recently elucidated and specifically requires PYD oligomerization. Here we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of PYD signaling and its regulation by PYD-only proteins.
Evidence for global developmental change is intact

In this article, I argue that most of the claims made by Morrison, Morrison, and Keating (1992) do not undermine the key results of the Kail (1988) study and that, contrary to their claims, the evidence still provides support for the original conclusion that a global mechanism is implicated in age-related change in speed of processing.
Collaborative ventures between U.S. and foreign manufacturing firms

Abstract The recent upsurge in collaborative ventures involving U.S. and foreign manufacturing firms in research, production, and marketing has raised questions concerning the causes of these novel methods of organizing innovation and the consequences of these activities for the competitiveness of U.S. firms. This paper surveys recent trends and implications in collaboration between U.S. and foreign manufacturing firms, drawing on a comparative study of these activities in eight manufacturing industries. The causes of recent growth in international collaboration are both technological and policy-related. The structure of collaboration, the activities incorporated into collaborative ventures, and the amount and direction of technology transfer between U.S. and foreign firms all vary across industries. As a result, the case for any comprehensive policy governing such collaborative ventures is weak. Moreover, the future role and effects of collaborative ventures will vary considerably across U.S. industries.
Heat shock transcription factor 1 as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion-based neurodegeneration are associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins, resulting in neuronal dysfunction and cell death. However, current treatments for these diseases predominantly address disease symptoms, rather than the underlying protein misfolding and cell death, and are not able to halt or reverse the degenerative process. Studies in cell culture, fruitfly, worm and mouse models of protein misfolding-based neurodegenerative diseases indicate that enhancing the protein-folding capacity of cells, via elevated expression of chaperone proteins, has therapeutic potential. Here, we review advances in strategies to harness the power of the natural cellular protein-folding machinery through pharmacological activation of heat shock transcription factor 1--the master activator of chaperone protein gene expression--to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Carbon tetrachloride-dependent inhibition of lipid secretion by isolated hepatocytes. Characterization and requirement for bioactivation.

Abstract Secretion of lipid as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) by isolated hepatocytes was studied in a system in which the cells were exposed to a constant concentration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) throughout the duration of the incubation. Inhibition of secretion was characterized in terms of CCl 4 concentration and duration of incubation. Half-maximum inhibition of VLDL secretion occurred at 80 μM CCl 4 . At 390 μM CCl 4 , VLDL secretion was inhibited 40% in 2 min and was suppressed completely in 5 min. No CCl 4 -dependent release of cellular glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase occurred under the conditions studied. Evidence is presented indicating that the metabolism of CCl 4 is required for the expression of CCl 4 -dependent inhibition of lipid secretion. With respect to the parameters studied, the isolated hepatocyte system closely mimics the hepatic response of the intact animal to CCl 4 .
Complex interactions between marine sponges and their symbiotic microbial communities

To investigate the importance of symbiont-derived nutrition to host sponges, we coupled manipulative shading experiments with stable isotope analyses of isolated symbiont and host cell fractions. Experiments were conducted with four common reef sponges: Aplysina cauliformis, A. fulva, Neopetrosia subtriangularis, and Niphates erecta. The sponge N. erecta lacks photosymbionts, had a higher growth rate under shaded conditions, and displayed no difference in chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations across treatments. Isotope values suggested that this sponge obtains nutrition from particulate organic matter in the water column. In contrast, sponges hosting cyanobacterial symbionts (Aplysina spp. and Neopetrosia) had lower growth rates and lower Chl a concentrations under shaded conditions, suggesting that these hosts rely on photosymbiont nutrition. d15N and d13C values of sponge and microbial cell fractions demonstrated that, while both carbon and nitrogen are transferred from symbionts to host cells in A. cauliformis, only carbon is transferred in N. subtriangularis, and only nitrogen is transferred in A. fulva. Under shaded conditions, shifts in symbiont d13C values were coupled to shifts in host d13C values in some, but not all, host species, suggesting that the stability of these interactions varies across host species. Symbiont-derived nutrients are transferred to the cells of host sponges, and the variability observed among host species indicates that these interactions are more complex than originally hypothesized.
Sources of geographic mobility among professional workers: A multivariate analysis.

Using the 1960 Census of Population one-in-a-thousand sample, this study investigates determinants of geographic mobility among professional, technical, and kindred workers. Multiple regression analysis reveals that age accounts for most of the explained variance in mobility, followed by income, education, regional location, sex, family size, and marital status. Additional variables—class of worker, race, nativity, professional type, size of place and industry—add no significant increments to explained variance.
Increased concentrations of glycine in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient mouse neuroblastoma cells.

—The profile of axonally transported [3H]leucine-labelled proteins in motor fibres of rabbit cervical vagus nerve was studied at time intervals after the appearance of fast-phase and before the slow-phase proteins, viz. 16 h after labelling of the cell bodies. No moving peak of radioactivity was seen. The transport blocking agents colchicine and vinblastine in vitro showed no difference in the mechanisms of anterograde transport between fast-phase and later-phase proteins, but differed in their effects on the retrograde flow. Double-ligature experiments in vitro indicated the presence of rapidly-migrating labelled proteins in cervical vagus up to 23.5 h after labelling and demonstrated the retrograde redistribution of proteins from nerve terminals and from a ligature. There was no evidence for an intermediate rate of protein transport.
Microscopic nonlinear susceptibilities: the sky is not the limit

ABSTRACT Sum rules have been shown to impose a fundamental limit on the off-resonant nonlinear-optical susceptibility.'5We review this work, which was applied to determining the off-resonant limits, and show that sum rules can alsobe used to impose limits on resonance. Two-photon absorption is used a an example.Keywords: susceptibility, hyperpolarizability, sum rules, two-photon absorption, Second Harmonic, Hyper-Rayleigh scattering, Optical Limiting, Third Harmonic, Four-wave mixing 1. INTRODUCTION The fundamental limit of the hyperpolarizability, fi, is given (1)where N is the number of electrons in the molecule and E10 the energy to the first excited state. n is the refractive index of the material and the first term in parentheses is the local field factor. e is the charge of theelectron and m the electron mass. This result is truly amazing: the maximum value of the hyperpolarizabilitydepends on only two properties of the molecule: the number of electrons and the energy to the first excited state.All the other complications with regards to the molecular structure are irrelevant -
Identification of differentially expressed cDNA transcripts from a rat odontoblast cell line

Odontoblasts and osteoblasts are two among the myriads of cell types present in the craniofacial complex. Both have a common ectomesenchymal origin and secrete macromolecules that are necessary for the formation of dentin and alveolar bone via matrix-mediated mechanisms. The mineralized matrices of bone and dentin differ in morphology and function but several mineral associated proteins, formerly thought to be tissue specific, have been found to be common in both tissues. To decipher the complex molecular mechanisms involved in mineralized dentin formation, the suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) approach has been used to identify the genes expressed by polarized odontoblasts. Employing SSH, 187 cDNA clones were identified from the subtracted cDNA library. Many of these genes have not been previously reported to be expressed by terminally differentiated odontoblasts. Genes were classified into seven groups based on the predicted function of the encoded proteins: extracellular matrix; cytoskeletal components, molecules involved in adhesion and cell-cell interaction; metabolic enzymes, transporters, ion channels; protein processing, protein transport and protein folding molecules; nuclear proteins (transcription factors, DNA processing enzymes); signaling molecules and genes of yet unknown function. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis performed for five putative novel genes and one new isoform of amelogenin revealed differential expression levels in the osteoblasts, ameloblasts and the odontoblasts of the developing rat molars. Some of the known genes isolated from this enriched pool were the cleavage products of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) namely, phosphophoryn (PP) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP). Interestingly amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin were also expressed in the odontoblasts during dentin formation.
Stability of Stock and Diluted Rituximab

Purpose The stability of two rituximab preparations stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags at 4 °C for up to 14 days was investigated. Methods Two types of test samples were prepared: (1) 10 mL of rituximab solution (10 mg/mL) drawn directly from the original manufacturer’s vial and injected into sterile glass vials and (2) 3 mL of rituximab 10 mg/mL mixed with 17 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection and injected into sterile PVC bags. Samples were analyzed immediately after preparation and after storage at 4 °C for 3, 7, and 14 days. Rituximab activity at the designated time points was measured using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Chemical stability was defined as the retention of ≥85% of the drug’s initial activity. Physical stability was evaluated through visual inspection for color changes or precipitate formation under normal laboratory lighting. Results The results of ELISA testing (with spectrophotometric absorbance assessment) indicated that the percentage of initial rituximab activity retained was over 85% for both test preparations under the storage conditions evaluated; no changes in color or turbidity were observed in any of the test samples. These findings suggest that extending the expiration dating of both stock and diluted rituximab solutions beyond the manufacturer-specified limit of 24 hours is feasible. Conclusion Rituximab 10 mg/mL undiluted in glass vials and 1.5 mg/mL diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in PVC bags are stable at 4 °C for up to 14 days.
Photoionization investigation of defect traps in mercuric iodide room-temperature x-ray spectrometers

Impurities in mercuric iodide (HgI2) x-ray spectrometers are investigated by photoionization (PI) spectroscopy. The observed spectrum is shown to be a function of the particular impurities present in the material both in as-grown material and in material intentionally doped with Cu and Ag. The effect of contaminants on detector performance is also explicitly demonstrated as is the need for high purity starting materials and carefully controlled processing conditions.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phase Distribution in a High Pressure Slurry Bubble Column via a Single Source Computed Tomography

Due to their numerous advantages, Slurry Bubble Column Reactors (SBCR) are gaining wide importance in the petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, and biochemical industries. Most previous literature studies on the fluid dynamics and the phase holdup distribution in SBCR are limited to low superficial gas velocity, low solids loading, and the atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the presence of a solids phase poses difficulties in probe measurement techniques such as pitot tube and optical probe and see through measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry (PIV), Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Single source γ-ray Computed Tomography (CT) has been used to measure cross-sectional phase holdup distribution in two-phase systems. In the present study, a new methodology has been developed that combines a single source CT with overall gas holdup measurement, along with valid assumptions, to measure the cross-sectional holdup distribution of the three phases in a slurry bubble column. The implementation of developed methodology has been demonstrated using air-water-glass beads (150 µm) at selected conditions of superficial gas velocity and operating pressure.
Responses of the purkyně cells of a selachian cerebellum (Mustelus canis)

Summary Electrophysiological investigations have been performed on the cortex of the dogfish cerebellum paralleling those carried out on the mammalian cerebellum. The principal objective has been to see how far the neuronal structures of the dogfish cerebellum exhibit behaviors comparable with their mammalian counterparts. In their responses to antidromic invasion the dogfish and mammalian Purkyně cells are similar, there being blockage of propagation along the dendrites. However, after this invasion, a much longer time (about 40 msec) is required for full recovery of the dogfish Purkyně cell. Presumably, by their synapses on the dendritic spines, a parallel fiber volley is very effective in generating the discharge of impulses from Purkyně cells, there being often a double or a triple discharge at a frequency as high as 200/sec. By their depth profile, these synaptically evoked impulses reveal that they have approximately the same limitations of dendritic involvement as do the antidromically propagating impulses, and subsequently the Purkyně cell exhibits the same slow recovery of about 40 msec. In addition to this synaptic excitatory action, a parallel fiber volley may have a prolonged inhibitory action on Purkyně cells, as tested by depression of their antidromic invasion. It is postulated that this inhibition of about 500 msec duration is mediated by the stellate cells of the molecular layer, the inhibitory pathway being parallel fibers to stellate cells to Purkyně cell dendrites. Stimulation of the afferent fiber pathway to the cerebellum often evokes a powerful unitary excitation of Purkyně cells that is characterized by a repetitive spike discharge of 3 or 4 impulses superimposed on a depolarization of 20–30 msec duration. This is a typical climbing fiber response. Extracellular recording often reveals that the rhythmic spike responses of adjacent Purkyně cells are so well synchronized that they give a rhythmic wave of about 200/sec and decrementing over 3 or 4 cycles. Sometimes responses typical of a climbing fiber are evoked with a latency as long as 10 msec. It is postulated that the climbing fiber to the Purkyně cell under observation is a branch from a parent stem deep in the cerebellum, and that the stimulus excited another branch of this fiber, so that there is a long conduction delay via an axon reflex pathway. There has been a discussion of these results in relation to investigation on the cerebellar cortices of other vertebrates.
The 7Li(α,n)10B differential cross section for α-energies of up to 8 MeV

Abstract Three neutron groups, populating the 1.74 MeV, the 0.72 MeV and the ground state of 10B were studied. The 0° differential cross section was determined in 0.1 MeV intervals for Eα = 4.8 to 7.9 MeV. Angular distributions for the n0 group, populating the ground state of 10B, were taken at fifteen α-energies and for the n1 group at five energies. Neutron production cross sections derived from these distributions were compared to the well-known 10B(n, α0) cross section, using the reciprocity theorem, and to the total yield as published by other authors. Except near the 7Li(α, n) threshold where the angular distribution is isotropic, all distributions show asymmetry about 90° and generally peak backwards. Compound-nucleus formation involving overlap of several resonances appears dominant for the emission of the ground state neutron group, whereas for the n1 group certain evidence of the interference between compound-nucleus formation and direct reaction is seen.
A wave-vector-frequency-domain method for linear/nonlinear wave modeling in heterogeneous media

In this paper, we will present a modified wave-vector-frequency-domain method for predicting linear/nonlinear wave propagation in arbitrarily heterogeneous media. The Westervelt equation for heterogeneous media will be transformed into the wave-vector-frequency-domain. An implicit analytic solution based on the Green's function will be shown and can be solved by a previously developed stepping algorithm. Numerical results are compared with those of the k-space method which shows good agreement.
The least flexible job first rule in scheduling and in queueing

We consider an environment with m machines in parallel operating at different speeds. The processing requirements of all jobs are independent and have the same exponential distribution. Job j may only be processed on a specific subset of the m machines, referred to as its restricted set. The restricted sets are nested and preemptions are allowed. We show that the Least Flexible Job to the Fastest Machine (LFJ-FM) minimizes the expected makespan and the total expected completion time.