cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional and metal-insulator transition characteristics of sputtered vanadium oxide thin films on yttria-stabilized zirconia

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films have been shown to undergo a rapid electronic phase transition near 70 °C from a semiconductor to a metal, making it an interesting candidate for exploring potential application in high speed electronic devices such as optical switches, tunable capacitors, and field effect transistors. A critical aspect of lithographic fabrication in devices utilizing electric field effects in VO2 is the ability to grow VO2 over thin dielectric films. In this article, we study the properties of VO2 grown on thin films of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ). Near room temperature, YSZ is a good insulator with a high dielectric constant (\(\epsilon _{\rm r} > 25\)). We demonstrate the sputter growth of polycrystalline VO2 on YSZ thin films, showing a three order resistivity transition near 70 °C with transition and hysteresis widths of approximately 7 °C each. We examine the relationship between chemical composition and transition characteristics of mixed phase vanadium oxide films. We investigate changes in composition induced by low temperature post-deposition annealing in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, and report their effects on electronic properties.
Molecular genetic, biochemical and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the role of the tryptophan residues of glutamine-binding protein from Escherichia coli.

Abstract The results of molecular genetic, biochemical and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on glutamine-binding protein of Escherichia coli suggest that the only two tryptophan residues, at positions 32 and 220, in the protein molecule are likely to be involved in (or sensitive to) interactions with the membrane-bound protein components of the glutamine transport system. It has been found that both tryptophan residues have limited motional freedom, are located away from the surface of the protein molecule and are not close to the ligand-binding site. Their presence, however, is required for the optimal transport of l -glutamine across the cytoplasmic membrane, though not essential for the ligand-binding process. The relevance of these results to the structure and function of the glutamine-binding protein in the glutamine transport system is discussed.
Technical Note: Mathematical Properties of the Optimal Product Line Selection Problem Using Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis

Selecting and pricing product lines is an essential activity in many businesses. In recent years, quantitative approaches for such tasks have been gaining in popularity. One often-employed method is to use data from traditional rankings/ratings-based conjoint analysis and attack the product line selection problem with enumeration or heuristics. In this note, we employ a relatively new methodology known as choice-based conjoint analysis (to model customer preferences) and investigate its mathematical properties when used to model the product line selection problem. Despite some inherent limitations resulting from its aggregated formulation, we show that this more parsimonious conjoint approach has some special mathematical properties that lead to an efficient optimal algorithm to tackle the product line/price selection problem. As a result, problems of realistic size can be solved efficiently using standard, commercially available mathematical programming codes.
Microfabrication by electrochemical metal removal

Recent advances in the development of electrochemical metal-removal processes for microfabrication are reviewed in this paper. After a brief description of the process, several important parameters are identified that determine the material-removal rate, shape control, surface finishing, and uniformity. The influence of surface film properties, mass transport, and current distribution on microfabrication performance are discussed. Several examples of microelectronic component fabrication are presented. These examples demonstrate the challenges and opportunities offered by electrochemical metal removal in microfabrication.
Solvent structure in aqueous mixtures—I. ionic mobilities in dioxane-water mixtures at 25°C

Precise conductance measurements are reported for KCl, KBr and Bu4NBr in dioxane-water mixtures at 25°C in the water-rich region. Solvent viscosities are also included. Since transference data for KCl in these mixtures were available, limiting ionic conductances could be calculated. The initial large increase in the Walden product observed for structure-breaking ions in the water-rich region of ethanol-water mixtures is considerably smaller or non-existent in the case of dioxane-water. Existing evidence, including the viscosities here, indicate that dioxane does not enhance long-range order in water. Consequently, the small initial increase in the Walden product observed here is attributed to a dehydration effect rather than to better structure-breaking properties of the ions. This confirmed by the order found for the effect. As was the case in ethanol-water mixtures, the Bu4N+ ion loses its structure-making properties continuously as dioxane is added to water. It is shown that the Zwanzig equation, which takes into account solvent-dipole relaxation, cannot explain quantitatively these results for dioxane-water mixtures.
Spawning periodicity of the lancelet, Asymmetron lucayanum (Cephalochordata), in Bimini, Bahamas

Abstract Developmental genetic studies of cephalochordates, which give evolutionary insights into the origin of the vertebrates from the invertebrates, require a supply of embryos and larvae. To date, such studies have been limited to the genus Branchiostoma. My purpose here is to establish a practical method for obtaining developmental stages of Asymmetron, a second and relatively inaccessible cephalochordate genus. Reproductive periodicity of Asymmetron lucayanum was studied for a total of 1626 specimens in 22 collections made between November 2008 and December 2010 in the lagoon at Bimini, Bahamas. Water temperatures at the collection site were also measured. The lancelets were collected by sieve at early afternoon low tides and transported to the laboratory for determination of sex, body length, gonad index, and capacity to spawn (by dark stimulation on the evening of collection). The sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1, and the minimum length at sexual maturity was about 10 mm. During spr...
Accumulation of α-mannosidase-1 in Dictyostelium discoideum requires many developmentally essential genes☆

Abstract α-Mannosidase-1, one of the earliest known developmentally controlled gene products in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum , accumulates intracellularly during both axenic growth and development. The accumulation of α-mannosidase-1 activity prematurely ceases in all of 125 randomly isolated aggregation-deficient mutants at discrete times in development resulting in significantly reduced levels of cellular enzyme activity. This suggests that, unlike other developmentally controlled enzymes in this organism, the continued accumulation of α-mannosidase-1 activity is controlled by a large number of genes essential for early development. α-Mannosidase-1 misregulation and the aggregation-deficient phenotype are caused by the same mutation since (1) morphological revertants exhibit a coreversion to both fruiting ability and wild-type α-mannosidase-1 accumulation and (2) normal enzyme accumulation depends on the ability to aggregate and ultimately fruit in a conditional aggregation-deficient mutant. This type of regulation does not appear to be due to differences in enzyme secretion or changes in the overall rate of total protein synthesis. Aggregation-deficient mutants continue to synthesize protein beyond the time in development at which α-mannosidase-1 accumulation ceases. Our studies indicate that most of the 50–125 genes required for aggregation in Dictyostelium are also required for the normal accumulation of α-mannosidase-1 activity.
Revisiting Amazonian phylogeography: insights into diversification hypotheses and novel perspectives

The Amazon Basin harbors one of the richest biotas on Earth, such that a number of diversification hypotheses have been formulated to explain patterns of Amazonian biodiversity and biogeography. For nearly two decades, phylogeographic approaches have been applied to better understand the underlying causes of genetic differentiation and geographic structure among Amazonian organisms. Although this research program has made progress in elucidating several aspects of species diversification in the region, recent methodological and theoretical developments in the discipline of phylogeography will provide new perspectives through more robust hypothesis testing. Herein, we outline central aspects of Amazonian geology and landscape evolution as well as climate and vegetation dynamics through the Neogene and Quaternary to contextualize the historical settings considered by major hypotheses of diversification. We address each of these hypotheses by reviewing key phylogeographic papers and by expanding their respective predictions. We also propose future directions for devising and testing hypotheses. Specifically, combining the exploratory power of phylogeography with the statistical rigor of coalescent methods will greatly expand analytical inferences on the evolutionary history of Amazonian biota. Incorporation of non-genetic data from Earth science disciplines into the phylogeographic approach is key to a better understanding of the influence of climatic and geophysical events on patterns of Amazonian biodiversity and biogeography. In addition, achieving such an integrative enterprise must involve overcoming issues such as limited geographic and taxonomic sampling. These future challenges likely will be accomplished by a combination of extensive collaborative research and incentives for conducting basic inventories.
Application of computer methods to the calculation of triglyceride structure.

A digital computer method for the calculation of triglyceride structure using a FORTRAN program has been developed. The results of several methods of calculation and hypothesis of glyceride structure were compared with values determined experimentally. The comparison obtained with the random, restricted random, 1,3-random-2-random distribution hypotheses, as well as other proposed hypotheses, indicated that the 1,3-random-2-random hypothesis best approximated the values obtained experimentally by other investigators.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE : I. CHARACTERISTICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE VIRUS.

1. The two strains of virus named GD VII and FA, respectively, accidentally discovered during experiments with yellow fever, have been shown to be immunologically related to each other, as well as to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis. 2. Infection of the central nervous system can be produced with both strains by intracerebral, intranasal, or intraperitoneal inoculations. The cardinal symptom produced by the GD VII strain of virus by all three methods of inoculation is a flaccid paralysis of the limbs. The symptoms produced by the FA strain are referable to lesions of the brain when infection is produced by intracerebral and intranasal inoculation. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus, however, a flaccid paralysis is usually produced. 3. By the use of graded collodion membranes the particle size of the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis has been shown to be from 9 to 13 mµ 4. The stability of the virus at different hydrogen ion concentrations has been tested. It has been found that there are two optima of stability, one at about pH 8.0 and the other at pH 3.3. 5. The virus is readily inactivated at 37°C. by 1 per cent hydrogen peroxide. 6. Of organic solvents tested, ether had no action, whereas ethyl alcohol in 20 per cent concentration almost completely inactivated the virus after 45 minutes in the cold. 7. The virus can be precipitated by means of ammonium sulfate. 8. With increasing age mice acquire a relative resistance to the virus. 9. Immunity to a subsequent intracerebral inoculation can be produced by intraperitoneal, as well as intranasal, administrations of relatively large amounts of virus. 10. Mice infected by the intracerebral inoculation of a relatively avirulent virus acquire a high degree of immunity to a subsequent inoculation of a highly virulent strain. 11. The course of infection in mice following intracerebral, intranasal, and intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus has been studied.
One step purification of D-galactose and L-arabinose kinases from Phaseolus aureus seedlings by ATP-sepharose affinity chromatography.

Abstract 8-β-Aminoethylthio-adenosine triphosphate has been synthesized as an ATP derivative and was successfully coupled with N-hydroxysuccinate ester sepharose. The bounded ATP analog can be used on affinity chromatography as a specific substrate ligand for the purification of kinases by means of enzyme substrate binding interaction. Both solubilized and membrane-bound d -galactokinase and l -arabinokinase extracted from mung bean seedlings were immobilized on the ATP-sepharose gel and purified by elution either with a high ionic strength solution (1 m NaCl) or high concentration of a second substrate.
EDGE: An initiative to study submerged continental lithosphere around the U.S.

EDGE is a project initiated by a broad consortium of geologists and geophysicists to use state-of-the-art marine geophysical techniques to study the geologic history of submerged continental lithosphere on U.S. margins. A 2-year proposal to support commercial acquisition, processing, and interpretation of deeppenetration multichannel seismic reflection data from selected transects identified in the Gulf of Alaska, off the Oregon-Washington coast, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, and off the Mid-Atlantic region of the East Coast (Figure 1) has recently been funded by the National Science Foundation. Additional monies to support this first phase of EDGE are presently being provided by industry. The purpose of this article is to acquaint the widest possible spectrum of the geoscience community with the genesis, development, and prospects of EDGE, and to solicit continuing input on the most important scientific problems that can be addressed on U.S. margins with modern marine geophysical methods. This input will then be used to develop and continue the EDGE project.
A family-school homework intervention program for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically have multiple problems with homework performance that may contribute to academic skills deficits and underachievement. Specialized interventions to address the homework problems of children with ADHD is greatly needed. A brief family-school training program to address the homework problems of children with ADHD is described. The Homework Success Program (HSP) involves group parent training in cognitive and behavioral principles and strategies that have empirical support in the literature. This program involves increasing parent understanding of their child's behavior and training in behavioral techniques to improve academic productivity and behavioral functioning. In addition, an emphasis is placed on improving goal-setting skills and increasing parent-teacher collaboration to address homework problems. Procedures for incorporating children into the intervention program are also included. Suggestions are made for assessing progress and outcomes in academic and behavioral functioning and parent-child interactions. Case illustrations are presented to demonstrate methods that may be useful in evaluating program effectiveness and to describe the types of outcomes that may occur when this program is implemented. Future research directions and suggestions for implementing this program in community and school settings are discussed.
Specificity of Fear Survey Schedule Items and the Prediction of Avoidance Behavior

Previous research has generally found low correlations between verbally reported fear and avoidance behavior. The present investigation indicated, however, that the level of descriptive detail of self-report measures can be varied so as to increase the strength of the relation between these two fear indices. This suggests that lack of concordance between behavioral and self-report measures of fear generally found in previous research is partly a function of methodological inadequacies associated with self-report measurement.
Phasing spin-echo-acquired 31P spectroscopic images using complex conjugate data reversal.

A simple method has been developed for phasing 31P spectroscopic images acquired with short echo-time (1–2 ms) spin-echo sequences. The technique is based on reconstructing complete echoes in the time domain by the reversal of the complex conjugate of the data. After Fourier analysis, a magnitude reconstruction is used, which no longer broadens the lines. Advantages of the method compared to other phasing procedures are discussed.© 1992 Academic Press,Inc.
Thoracic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background: A growing number of case reports suggest that pulmonary disease occurs in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) more frequently than previously recognized. Screening studies have also identified pulmonary abnormalities in a significant proportion of IBD patients. Methods: A focused literature review of respiratory abnormalities in IBD patients and 55 English-language case series documenting 171 instances of respiratory pathology in 155 patients with known IBD. Results: Screening studies using respiratory symptoms, high-resolution CT, and pulmonary function testing support a high prevalence of respiratory abnormalities among patients with IBD. Case reports and series document a spectrum of respiratory system involvement that spans from larynx to pleura, with bronchiectasis as the single most common disorder. IBD patients have a threefold risk of venous thromboembolism, and recent investigations have also revealed possible ties between IBD and other diseases involving the respiratory system, including sarcoidosis, asthma, and α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency. Conclusion: Respiratory symptoms and diagnosed respiratory system disorders are more common among patients with IBD than generally appreciated. The spectrum of respiratory disorders occurring among patients with IBD is very broad. Diseases of the large airways are the most common form of involvement, with bronchiectasis being the most frequently reported form of IBD-associated lung disease.
Nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody prevents diabetes and blocks induction of insulin autoantibodies following insulin peptide B:9-23 immunization in the NOD mouse

Abstract Introduction: Insulin peptide B:9-23 is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes that induces insulin autoantibodies and prevents diabetes in the NOD. However, immunization with peptide without adjuvant may be insufficient to reverse disease or induce long-term tolerance. Furthermore, recent experience has demonstrated the potential dangers of disease exacerbation or anaphylaxis with peptide immunotherapy. Methods: Combination therapy of B:9-23 with a nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (YTS 177.9) was studied in female NOD mice from 4 through 6 weeks of age. Injections of either B:9-23 in saline, YTS 177.9 antibody, or both peptide and antibody were given to mice. Results: By 52 weeks follow-up, 40% of B:9-23-treated, 100% of YTS177.9-treated, and 70% of B:9-23 and YTS177.9 combination-treated mice remained diabetes-free. IAA, both spontaneous and induced by B:9-23, was almost completely suppressed in mice receiving YTS 177.9. In addition to suppression of IAA expression, anti-B:9-23 peptide antibodies are also suppressed in mice receiving B:9-23 with YTS 177.9, compared to B:9-23 alone. Conclusion: A brief course of the nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (YTS 177.9) in NOD mice confers long-term protection from diabetes and insulitis and profoundly blocks spontaneous and B:9-23 peptide-induced insulin autoantibodies.
Family Development Cycle: Social Class and Inequality in Rwanda

A conceptual model of the importance of landholdings to the social and demographic differentiation which impacts on income or income inequality was empirically tested in Rwanda. Another objectives was to demonstrate the importance of a dynamic process between household level variables which results in inequalities. Data on 1019 farm households (husbands wives and adult members) in 1988 were derived from a nationwide stratified random sample of households from the 1988 Nonfarm Strategies Survey of Rwanda. Data were obtained on demographic characteristics of household members nonfarm and off-farm employment of household members permanent and temporary migration patterns of selected household members fertility/family size behaviors and plans economic support networks sources of household income physical characteristics of the farm and residence hired farm labor and plans aspirations and opinions of parents and adult children on nonfarm training and employment and the future. The family development model is based on the 6 phases proposed by Hohn. A regression model of the social and demographic differentiation variables (education of household head control over labor family development cycle and expansion adult workers in the household and farm size) on income yields: an R = .60 and R2 = .36 at the .01 level of significance. The findings confirm that farmers with higher levels of education operate larger farms and use larger quantities of hired labor. Farm size also increases with the expansion of the family as tested in the analysis of variance. More paid labor and more family labor available is related to the increase in size of landholdings. Farm size is a pivotal variable in the process of income generation. Income inequality is affected by household variations in landholdings (beta = .31) and the household control over labor (beta = .31). The implication is that lesser educated farmers may improve their income by hiring farm labor. Social differentiation will exert a stronger effect on income. Family inheritance will not be necessary when access to credit guidance and employment opportunities are available to lower income young men and women.
A Proposed Value Structure for a Sustainable Society.

Summary The proposed value structure for a sustainable society constitutes a forecast of values and value relationships that are necessary to make a society sustainable over the long run. Values are defined as having the following characteristics: (1) They are held only by individual humans—other species do not value; societies do not value. (2) They are strongly held positive valences. (3) They generalize to other persons and society. (4) They typically form into hierarchies. (5) They are the basic glue of society. The value structure recognizes that humans most fundamentally value their own life and are innately selfish. This central value, when modified by valuation on aggressiveness and competitiveness produces a society that is unsustainable. On the other hand, innate selfishness modified by empathy, compassion and a sense of justice for all is sustainable. The following four values—one's own life, high quality of life, compassion, and justice—are the core of the proposed value structure because they are grounded in the very essence of being human. A parsimonious listing of instrumental values, that fulfill these core values, are presented in the latter part of the paper. The paper concludes by discussing why a society organized according to the proposed structure would be more sustainable and also with suggestions for using this proposed structure to provoke thought and discussion.
Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndrome: Type II A, hypoglossiahypodactylia—report of a case

A case of oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndrome, Type II A, hypoglossia-hypodactylia is reported. The features essential for the diagnosis of this congenital defect include a reduction in tongue size, hypoplastic mandible and variable limb anomalies.
Board composition and corporate philanthropy

Using agency theory, this study empirically examined the relationship between board composition and corporate philanthropy. Generally, the ratio of insiders to outsiders, the percentage of insider stock ownership, and the proportion of female and minority board members were found to be positively and significantly associated with firms' charitable contributions.
Private agricultural research in Asia

Abstract Agricultural research in South and South-east Asia was started by a mix of private companies, commodity groups and governments. In the 1960s and 1970s, government research increased rapidly, commodity groups declined in importance and there were signs of private research growth. Recently, the increased demand for modern inputs and changes in government policy provide greater incentives for private research, but first they have to resolve a number of issues about the role private research should play in their societies.
The response of planted trees to vegetation zonation and soil redox potential in created wetlands

We examined interrelationships among natural vegetation zones, soil redox potential (Eh), and metrics of tree seedling performance (i.e survival, growth, and photosynthesis) for planted Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer saccharinum, Quercus palustris, and Quercus bicolor at two created perched wetlands (two years and five years old) in Michigan, USA. Vegetation zones apparently associated with hydrology were fully developed at both sites. Wetland zones always had lower mean Eh than upland zones, indicating mostly anaerobic and aerobic root environments, respectively. Eh values for transition zones were similar to aerobic upland zones at the five-year-old site, and changed from anaerobic to aerobic conditions over the growing season at the two-year-old site. At the five-year-old site, transition zone trees of all species generally had greater height growth, survival, and were less likely browsed by deer than upland trees. They also had much greater survival and endured shorter periods of anoxia stress than wetland trees. Photosynthesis was positively related to survival and Eh, suggesting that unfavorable carbon balance may help explain low survival in the anoxic wetland zone. Management implications include: (1) vegetation zonation is a good indicator of wetland hydrological factors important to planted tree performance; (2) targeting developed transition vegetation zones for tree planting could increase the success and efficiency of efforts to create forested wetlands; and (3) transition zones extended over only a 9.3 cm vertical elevation gradient, indicating the importance of precise grading when creating perched forested wetlands.
The Stress-inducted Proteins RTP801 and RTP801L Are Negative Regulators of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in cell growth control. mTOR stimulates cell growth by phosphorylating p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryote initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1). The mTOR pathway is regulated by a wide variety of cellular signals, including mitogenic growth factors, nutrients, cellular energy levels, and stress conditions. Recent studies have proposed several mechanisms to explain how mTOR is regulated by growth factors and cellular energy levels. However, little is known as to how mTOR is regulated by stress conditions. We observed that two stress-induced proteins, RTP801/Redd1 and RTP801L/Redd2, potently inhibit signaling through mTOR. Our data support that RTP801 and RTP801L work downstream of AKT and upstream of TSC2 to inhibit mTOR functions. These results add a new dimension to mTOR pathway regulation and provide a possible molecular mechanism of how cellular stress conditions may regulate mTOR function.
An Algorithm for Assigning Uses to Sources in a Special Class of Transportation Problems

This paper considers a special class of transportation problems in which the needs of each user are to be supplied entirely by one of the available sources. We first show that an optimum solution to this special transportation problem is a basic feasible solution to a slightly different standard transportation problem. A branch-and-bound solution procedure for finding the desired solution to the latter is then presented and illustrated with an example. We then consider an extension of this problem by allowing the possibility of increasing at a cost the source capacities. The problem formulation is shown to provide a generalization to the well known assignment problem. The solution procedure appears to be relatively more efficient when the number of uses greatly exceeds the number of sources.
Bandwidth-Conserving Real-Time VoIP Teleconference System

Teleconferencing is an essential feature in any business telephone system. A teleconference allows associates to engage in a group discussion by conducting a virtual meeting while remaining at geographically dispersed locations. Teleconferencing increases productivity while reducing travel costs and saving travel time. In a VoIP telephone system, we face the significant challenge of providing a teleconference feature that can support a large-scale teleconference without using excessive bandwidth. This paper presents a new, bandwidthefficient way of implementing a real-time VoIP teleconference system^1. This new method provides all of the features that existing teleconference systems provide, but this new approach consumes considerably less data bandwidth than existing systems require. The new system allows a network with a given capacity to accommodate almost double the number of conference participants that an existing system would allow.
The United Way System at the Crossroads: Community Planning and Allocation

United Way (UW) organizations have long portrayed themselves as performing three core functions for local communities: fund-raising, community planning, and fund-allocation. Contradictory forces in...
Evolutionary and Ecological Relationships of Gill Slit Morphology in Extant Sharks

1,3 ABSTRACT. One of the defining characteristics of Elasmobranchii is the external gill slits, through which water is expelled during exhalation. The morphology of the gill slits is presumed to vary among elasmobranchs, between ram and suction ventilators, and between pelagic and benthic species. However, the evolution of gill slit morphology and the relationship to behavior and ecology is not clear. The relative length of each slit, relative distance between adjacent pairs of slits, and number of slits positioned over the pectoral fin were quantified in 289 preserved specimens representing 185 species in 69 genera, 28 families, and 8 orders of sharks. Six character states of relative gill slit length, five character states of relative inter-gill slit spacing, and five gill slit positions over the pectoral fin were identified. Character mapping onto a phylogeny reveals that the basal state for extant Selachii is to possess slits of similar relative length and spacing with no slits over the pectoral fin. Multiple character states in various combinations evolved within the Carcharhiniformes, which is the most speciose extant group. Ontogenetic differences in gill slit morphology were found in the 12 genera in which adult and juvenile data were collected. Slit spacing in juveniles has an equal tendency to become more similar or more different in adults, whereas slit length changes more often from more similar in juveniles to increasingly different in adults. Exploring the relationships among gill slit morphology and ventilation mode in modern sharks reveals character complexes that are common to four body types. Macropelagic types are ram ventilators with a longer first slit length, similar slit spacing in most, and no slits over the pectoral fin. Most littoral types are ram ventilators, with decreasing slit length and spacing and with one slit over the fin. Benthic types are suction ventilators with decreasing slit length and spacing and up to four slits over the fin. Bathic and micropelagic types are suction ventilators with no slits over the fin and most having similar slit length and spacing. Morphological differences in gill slit morphology may correspond to hydrodynamic differences in exhaled water from the slits by habitat.
The association of emotion regulation with lifestyle behaviors in inner-city adolescents.

Abstract Purpose Recent research suggests a role of cognitive self-regulation skills on obesity and lifestyle behaviors. However, very little is known about the role of emotion regulation. This study examined the association of emotion regulation with lifestyle behaviors and examined a mediational model testing the effects of emotion regulation through self-efficacy and depressive symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 602 adolescents (mean age 12.7 years) from 4 public schools in the Bronx, NY. The sample was 58% female, predominantly Hispanic (74%) and US born (81%). Emotion regulation was assessed by 3 indicators and defined as a latent variable. Dependent variables included fruit/vegetable intake, snack/junk food intake, frequency of physical activity, and time spent in sedentary behaviors. Structural equation modeling examined the association of emotion regulation with lifestyle behaviors, with self-efficacy and depressive symptoms defined as potential mediators. Results The analyses showed that there was a positive association of emotion regulation with higher intake of fruits/vegetable and greater physical activity, which was mediated by self-efficacy. Emotion regulation was related to snack/junk food intake and sedentary behavior, and the structural equation model indicated pathways through an inverse relation to depressive symptoms, but these pathways were only observed in adolescent girls and not boys. Conclusions These findings indicate that the ability to regulate emotions among adolescents has a role in weight-related behaviors. Future studies may need to explore the relation of other dimensions of emotion to positive health behaviors and study aspects of emotion regulation that may be more relevant for boys.
Plasmonics and templated systems for bioapplications

The science of surface plasmons in noble metal nanoparticles and in thin metal film–glass interfaces is driving most innovations in biochemical and biomedical applications. The sensitivity of these charge density oscillations toward changes in the geometry and the surrounding medium is more than capable in detecting antibody–antigen and molecular interactions, diagnosing an array of diseases, and delivering drugs in the form of an absorption peak in the visible to the near-infrared region. Modifications on the physical parameters and functionalities on the surface can be used to control the position of the maximum localized surface plasmon resonance absorbance peak or the minimum bulk SPR reflectivity dip. Several lithographic techniques such as colloidal templating can now produce binary and tertiary patterns with more controlled SPR peaks. On the other hand, the surfaces of plasmonic materials should also be properly functionalized in order to selectively recognize specific analytes. Hence, the flexible low-cost synthesis of artificial antibodies complements the surface plasmon properties of metallic nanomaterials. Continuous progress in these fields should make low-cost and responsive biosensors available for point-of-care applications and personal diagnostics.
Mango: a bias-correcting ChIA-PET analysis pipeline

Motivation: Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) is an established method for detecting genome-wide looping interactions at high resolution. Current ChIA-PET analysis software packages either fail to correct for non-specific interactions due to genomic proximity or only address a fraction of the steps required for data processing. We present Mango, a complete ChIA-PET data analysis pipeline that provides statistical confidence estimates for interactions and corrects for major sources of bias including differential peak enrichment and genomic proximity. Results: Comparison to the existing software packages, ChIA-PET Tool and ChiaSig revealed that Mango interactions exhibit much better agreement with high-resolution Hi-C data. Importantly, Mango executes all steps required for processing ChIA-PET datasets, whereas ChiaSig only completes 20% of the required steps. Application of Mango to multiple available ChIA-PET datasets permitted the independent rediscovery of known trends in chromatin loops including enrichment of CTCF, RAD21, SMC3 and ZNF143 at the anchor regions of interactions and strong bias for convergent CTCF motifs. Availability and implementation: Mango is open source and distributed through github at https://github.com/dphansti/mango. Contact: ude.drofdnats@redynspm Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An Artificial Neural Network Model to Reduce False Alarms in Satellite Precipitation Products Using MODIS andCloudSatObservations

AbstractThe Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua and Terra platform with 36 spectral bands provides valuable information about cloud microphysical characteristics and therefore precipitation retrievals. Additionally, CloudSat, selected as a NASA Earth Sciences Systems Pathfinder satellite mission, is equipped with a 94-GHz radar that can detect the occurrence of surface rainfall. The CloudSat radar flies in formation with Aqua with only an average of 60 s delay. The availability of surface rain presence based on CloudSat together with the multispectral capabilities of MODIS makes it possible to create a training dataset to distinguish false rain areas based on their radiances in satellite precipitation products [e.g., Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)]. The brightness temperatures of six MODIS water vapor and infrared channels are used in this study along with s...
Population reach and recruitment bias in a maintenance RCT in physically active older adults.

Objective:To assess the representativeness of older adults recruited to a physical activity maintenance RCT by conducting sequential comparisons to characterize study sample composition changes occurring between sampling frame construction and study enrollment. Method:Study subjects (N = 1049) were 50 to 70 year old men and women who had increased physical activity within the past year recruited from a Midwestern managed care organization. Results:Those responding to an initial mailed screener differed on demographic, behavioral, and SES characteristics from those not responding. Compared with ineligibles, eligible individuals were significantly younger, more highly educated, and more likely to report improved health in the prior year. Compared with eligible individuals who did not enroll, enrollees had generally higher education and income. Conclusions:Physical activity promotion programs in older adults may have limited reach and substantial volunteer bias. Additional strategies to increase the reach of...
To Tell or Not to Tell

The underreporting of rape is well known; however, there is less information on women who fail to disclose to anyone. This online study suggests that 24% of 242 women who were non-disclosing compared with those who had disclosed were significantly less likely to seek treatment for emotional injuries. Also, almost two thirds of non-disclosing women believed the abuse was their fault versus 39.1% of women with prior disclosure. Of clinical interest is that regardless of disclosure pattern, there was no significant difference in reports of depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder, and the majority of respondents endorsed support for online counseling over telephone or individual contact.
Instantiation of semantic categories in sentence comprehension by Alzheimer patients.

This study examined whether Alzheimer patients can make elaborative inferences based on the semantic context provided by a sentence. More specifically, if presented with the name of a category in a sentence do they, like normals, infer (instantiate) the particular member of that category most appropriate to the meaning of the sentence (e.g., if a sentence mentions a container of juice, do they infer it is a bottle). Patients were presented with a sentence containing the name of a concrete category. The sense of the sentence was consistent with a low-dominant member of that category. Patients were then shown drawings of four members of that category and asked to select the one appropriate to the sentence. They were later asked to name the drawings. If semantic information is degraded in Alzheimer patients for those objects Alzheimer patients cannot name (as has been claimed), then AD patients should be unable to carry out the type of elaborative semantic inference required to instantiate. Results showed that Alzheimer patients were highly accurate at instantiating even objects they could not name. This is consistent with a relative preservation of semantic knowledge about concrete objects in Alzheimer patients. ( JINS , 1999, 5 , 685–691.)
Translating Locative Prepositions

A network was trained by back propagation to map locative expressions of the form "noun-preposition-noun" to a semantic representation, as in Cosic and Munro (1988). The network's performance was analyzed over several simulations with training sets in both English and German. Translation of prepositions was attempted by presenting a locative expression to a network trained in one language to generate a semantic representation; the semantic representation was then presented to the network trained in the other language to generate the appropriate preposition.
Effect of frequency on subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary dystonia

Background: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an alternative target choice for treating primary dystonia, but little is known about the most effective programming parameters. Objective: Here we prospectively evaluate the effect of low versus high frequency subthalamic nucleus DBS in patients with predominantly cervical or upper extremity primary dystonia. Methods: Seven patients were stimulated at low frequency stimulation (60 Hz) for the first three months and then switched to high frequency stimulation (130 Hz) until month six. Severity of dystonia was determined by a blinded rater (unaware of the patient’s pre or post-operative status) who scored the Burke Fahn Marsden dystonia rating scale movement score (BFMDRS-M) and the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale severity score (TWSTRS-S) preoperatively, three, six, and twelve months post-surgery. Results: Patients had a lower mean improvement of 16.6% in BFMDRS-M and 9.5% in TWSTRS-S at three months using low frequency stimulation compared to a 52.3% (p ¼ 0.018) and 45.2% (p ¼ 0.028), respectively, noted at six months using high frequency stimulation. At 12 months (using 130 Hz), the BFMDRS-M and TWSTRS-S improved by 51.8% (p ¼ 0.022) and 56% (p ¼ 0.034). Patients developed transient dyskinesia (during low and high frequency stimulation) which improved with programming adjustments. Conclusion: This study offers further support of the effectiveness of subthalamic nucleus DBS in the treatment of primary dystonia and finds that high frequency stimulation was more effective than low frequency stimulation. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Synthesis and Incorporation of Thienylene Vinylene Oligomers in Main-Chain Copolymers

Poly [2,5-thienylene vinylene] (PTV) has been studied extensively over the past decade for both its metallic conductivity behavior upon chemical doping, as well as its interesting third order nonlinear optical properties. PTV oligomers have been synthesized by the group, as well as others, and the formation of polaron-like radical-cations or bipolaron-like dications by oxidative doping has been demonstrated. In this paper the authors describe a general synthetic approach to PTV oligomers functionalized for copolymer formation by step-growth reaction.
Ginna Steam Generator Tube Rupture

At 9:25 a. m. on January 25, 1982, a single steam generator tube ruptured in the “B” steam generator at the R. E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant. Prior to the incident, the plant, a two-loop Westinghouse design, had been operating at full power with no indications of primary to secondary leakage. The incident resulted in activation of on-site and off-site emergency plans. Established plant emergency response procedures were used to bring the plant to a cold shutdown condition. Unexpected operational occurrences will be discussed along with procedure, training, and hardware changes which have occurred as a result of post-incident reviews.
Incivility In The Accounting Classroom

Classroom incivility is any action that interferes with a harmonious and cooperative learning atmosphere in the classroom (Feldman, 2001). We compared the perceptions of accounting faculty to the perceptions of cross-disciplinary faculty relating to both the definition of student actions as incivility and the occurrence of incivility. We also compared faculty and business administrator perceptions to investigate the level of administrator awareness of accounting classroom incivility. Our results indicate that accounting faculty are more likely to define potentially disruptive student behaviors as incivility and reported higher levels of classroom incivility than cross-disciplinary faculty. We find general agreement between accounting faculty and business administrators relating to both the definition and occurrence of incivility.
Considerations in the extraction of physically significant parameters for various c-Si cell architectures

Equivalent circuit models are often applied to experimental current-voltage (I-V) data of solar cells to quantify key features of device performance. The appropriate model to use is heavily dependent on the device architecture and the properties of each material layer. With the application of an appropriate model, physical meaning can be applied to each of the fitting parameters, to better describe the underlying device physics. This work investigates various methods in which extraction of physically significant fitting parameters can be achieved and identifies the limitations and special consideration required for specific crystalline silicon (c-Si) cell architectures. I–V characteristics of large sample sets of p-type monocrystalline and multicrystalline Al-BSF cells and p-type PERC are evaluated to provide statistical data on the ability of various electrical models to describe device performance by providing accurate, repeatable and meaningful model parameters.
Prolonged administration of oral etoposide in non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II trial.

PURPOSEThe trial was undertaken to investigate the activity and toxicity of a prolonged schedule of oral etoposide in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween March 1989 and August 1990, 25 patients with advanced NSCLC were treated with oral etoposide 50 mg/m2/d for 21 consecutive days, repeated every 28 to 35 days. The median patient age was 60 years (range, 38 to 84 years); male:female ratio was 12:13. Eight patients had stage IIIB disease; 17 had stage IV. Seventy-six percent of patients had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1. No patient had received previous chemotherapy with standard agents; nine patients had received previous or concurrent radiation therapy. Plasma etoposide concentrations were measured to estimate etoposide bioavailability and kinetics.RESULTSFive of 22 patients (23%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10% to 43%) had partial responses. Median response duration was 5 months (range, 2 to 6 months). Four o...