cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rejoinder to "latent class model diagnosis from a frequentist point of view"

Dr. Formann's article gives substantial detail about model checking statistics, in contrast to graphical displays, for checking latent class models (LCMs). This detailed literature review of model checking statistics goes beyond our relatively brief one, which focused instead on graphical methods. We thank Dr. Formann for useful critiques of underutilized methodology for model checking. While providing a useful review of frequentist model checking procedures, the critique of our article is in some places incorrect and conveys ideas about LCM with which we disagree. Our main points of disagreement are discussed in turn.
Fundamentals of Gifted Education: Considering Multiple Perspectives. Callahan, C. M., & Hertberg-Davis, H. L. (Eds.). (2013)

Handbooks abound in the field of gifted education, and they tend to be encyclopedic and difficult for students to use. Fundamentals of Gifted Education: Considering Multiple Perspectives, however, ...
Evaluation of the microstructure of dry and hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers: microscopy and simulations

The morphology of dry and hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers at cryo and room temperature is examined using TEM/STEM with EELS capability. Z-contrast imaging was utilized to identify the micro-phase separation of the hydrophilic side chains containing water and the hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backbones. The results compare very favourably with hydrated morphologies obtained through mesoscale dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. The cryo-STEM images of plunge-frozen samples was also found to agree with morphologies based on SAXS experiments.
Some FAQs about usage pricing

This is a list of Frequently Asked Questions about usage-based pricing of the Internet. We argue that usage-based pricing is likely to come sooner or later and that some serious thought should be devoted to devising a sensible system of usage-based pricing.
Russian Periodical Index Digital Project (Letopis' zhurnal'nykh statei, 1956-1975)

The Indiana University Digital Library Program 1 has dig- itized and published on the World Wide Web a twenty-year portion of Letopis' zhurnal'nykh statei (1956-1975), 2 a serial publication that in- dexes Russian periodicals from 1926 to the present. It covers more than 1,700 journals, series, and continuing publications of academies, univer- sities, and research institutes in the humanities, sciences, and social sci- ences, as well as some popular literature. The work was partially funded by a three-year (1999-2002) U.S. Department of Education grant. This article describes the challenges the Indiana University Digital Library Program encountered in digitizing and encoding this resource and creat-
Use of evidence-based data to drive your patient safety program

The Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) is committed to conducting and supporting health services research and promoting technical improvements that enhance the quality of health care delivered in the United States. A significant focus of AHRQ's efforts has been its work on patient safety, and it had depended on numerous collaborative efforts both inside and outside of the federal government to exponentially increase what it could accomplish alone. In 2001 fiscal year, Congress appropriated $50 million for the AHRQ's patient safety research initiatives that were collectively aimed at expanding the nation's capacity to conduct research in this field. The portfolio is guided by a user-driven patient safety research agenda that was developed at the September 2000 National Summit on Medical Errors and Patient Safety Research. The research results generated by this initiative will provide an evidentiary base for system improvements that, when implemented, will greatly enhance the safety of the nation's health care system.
Calculated fission properties of the heaviest elements

A quantitative calculation is presented that shows where high-kinetic-energy symmetric fission occurs and why it is associated with a sudden and large decrease in fission half-lives. The study is based on calculations of potential-energy surfaces in the macroscopic-microscopic model and a semi-empirical model for the nuclear inertia. For the macroscopic part a Yukawa-plus-exponential model is used and for the microscopic part a folded-Yukawa single-particle potential is used. The three-quadratic-surface parameterization generates shapes for which the potential-energy surfaces are calculated. The use of this parameterization and the use of the finite-range macroscopic model allows for the study of two touching spheres and similar shapes. The results of the calculations in terms of potential-energy surfaces and fission half-lives are presented for heavy even nuclei. The surfaces are displayed in the form of contour diagrams as functions of two moments of the shape. 53 refs., 15 figs., 1 tab.
A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic study of paramolybdate and paratungstate a adsorbed on copper: Interfacial structure and implications regarding corrosion inhibition

Abstract Paramolybdate (Mo 7 O 6- 24 ) and paratungstate A(W 7 O 6- 24 ) are shown on copper to be irreversibly chemisorbed from aqueous solutions. Vibrational frequencies and intensities are interpreted in terms of a model which suggests that these molecules interact with a coppersurface via oxygens which were terminal in the solution species. The reduction of both paramolybdate and paratungstate A can be monitored by observation of the surface enhanced Raman (SER) signal. Both the adsorption and electroreduction of paramolybdate and paratungstate A probably contribute to their function as localized corrosion inhibitors.
Solar radiation forecasting under asymmetric cost functions

Grid operators are tasked to balance the electric grid such that generation equals load. In recent years renewable energy sources have become more popular since they are both clean and sustainable. Because of intermittency of renewable energy sources like wind and solar, the operators are required to predict renewable generation and allocate some operating reserves to mitigate errors. If they overestimate the renewable generation during scheduling, they do not have enough generation available during operation. So overestimation of resources create a more serious problem than underestimation. However, many researchers who study the solar radiation forecasting problem evaluate their methods using symmetric criteria like root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE). In this paper, we investigate solar radiation forecasting under LinLin and LinEx which are asymmetric cost functions that are better fitted to the grid operator problem. We formulate the problem as an optimization problem and we use linear programming and steepest descent algorithm to find the solution. Simulation results show substantial cost saving using these methods.
The Interaction of Rabbit Reticulocyte Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor eIF-2B with Chain Initiation Factor 2: Studies with N-Ethylmaleimide and Trypsin

Abstract Treatment of eIF-2B and eIF-2 with NEM abolishes nucleotide exchange and GTP-binding activities of the proteins. Incubation of eIF-2B with [ 14 C]NEM results in strong labeling of the 82- and 55-kDa subunits and with less labeling of the other subunits. Preincubation of eIF-2B with eIF-2 interferes with [ 14 C]NEM labeling of the 82- and 55-kDa subunits. All three (α , β , and γ) subunits of eIF-2 are labeled strongly by [ 14 C]NEM. Limited digestion of eIF-2B with trypsin inhibits nucleotide exchange activity but does not interfere with GTP binding. Under these conditions, the 65-kDa subunit is degraded completely while the other subunits remain intact. Treatment of eIF-2 with trypsin results in the generation of eIF-2 lacking the β-subunit (eIF-2αγ). eIF-2(αγ) binds [ 3 H]GDP equally well as intact eIF-2. In the presence of eIF-2B, the exchange of [ 3 H]GDP for GTP from eIF-2.[ 3 H]GDP prepared with eIF-2(αγ) is diminished considerably. [ 3 H]GTP binding to eIF-2 (αγ) is also four- to five-fold less than to intact eIF-2. In addition, the association of eIF-2B with intact eIF-2, but not with eIF-2(αγ), reduces by two-fold the rate and extent of removal of 32 P by alkaline phosphatase from CK-2-phosphorylated 82-kDa subunit.
Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from rat bone marrow cells: purification to high specific activity by a two-step affinity chromatography procedure.

Abstract This report describes a two-column scheme for purifying a pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from rat bone marrow cells. Purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose and cellulose phosphate, with selective elution of the enzyme by substrates (UMP, ATP). The enzyme preparation appeared to be about 90% pure upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, exhibited an exceptionally high specific activity (>600 μmol/min/mg protein), and was obtained with 30–36% recovery of enzyme activity. It was concluded that UMP, dUMP, and CMP serve as phosphate acceptors for the enzyme, based on the parallel behavior displayed by enzyme activity with these substrates both during the purification process and during other procedures. The purified enzyme preparation did not display dTMP kinase activity. This report also describes a simplified radiotracer assay for pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinases. Thin-layer chromatography on polyethyleneimine-cellulose is used to resolve residual substrates and products. Because both nucleoside di- and triphosphates remain at the origin, the assay is insensitive to the action of nucleoside diphosphate kinases and does not require the use of marker compounds. A variety of radiolabeled substrates can be used with this assay, including UMP, dUMP, CMP, and dTMP.
Semi-Markov models for degradation-based reliability

This article presents hybrid, degradation-based reliability models for a single-unit system whose degradation is driven by a semi-Markov environment. The primary objective is to develop a mathematical framework and associated computational techniques that unite environmental data and stochastic failure models to assess the current or future health of the system. By employing phase-type distributions, it is possible to construct a surrogate environment process that is amenable to analysis by exact Markovian techniques to obtain reliability estimates. The viability of the proposed approach and the quality of the approximations are demonstrated in two numerical experiments. The numerical results indicate that remarkably accurate lifetime distribution and moment approximations are attainable.
Primary peritonitis caused by Raoultella ornithinolytica in a 53‐year‐old man

Introduction: Raoultella ornithinolytica is a Gram‐negative bacillus. This bacillus was until recently often confused with Klebsiella spp. It is known primarily for causing histamine fish poisoning or scombroid syndrome, and rarely causes human infections. This case report discusses a patient who presented with generalized primary peritonitis due to R. ornithinolytica. Case presentation: A 53‐year‐old Scandinavian man resident in Botswana, sub‐Saharan Africa, presented to the emergency department shortly after onset of lower abdominal pain and dysuria. He was treated for urinary tract infection and discharged. He came back after 16 h with more severe, generalized abdominal pain and a fever of 38 °C. Abdominal sonography was unremarkable. Examination confirmed peritonitis, particularly marked in the right iliac fossa. He had mild leukocytosis 13.1×109 l−1, a C‐reactive protein level of 372.7 mg l−1 and his serum albumin level was 31 g l−1. He was admitted for parenteral antibiotics, laparoscopic peritoneal lavage and appendectomy. He had 500 ml of free pus in the abdomen with no evident focal source. A pus swab grew R. ornithinolytica. The pathology showed mild early acute appendicitis with severe periappendicitis and suppurative peritonitis. He was discharged home after 7 days of parenteral antibiotics. Conclusion: R. ornithinolytica infections are rare in humans, but they can be life‐threatening.
Family Division and Mobility in North China

The authors examine family division of wealth and social mobility in China. They investigate "the experience of three north China villages surveyed by Japanese researchers in the 1930s and assess this evidence in view of other information on landholding patterns. Our findings amplify and confirm the insights of scholars who have argued that division fragments largeholdings. We offer empirical evidence that reproduction was not uniform across social strata and that classes tended to converge as the result of family division and the demographic processes underlying it." (EXCERPT)
How I became a torchbearer for matrix theory

(1988). How I Became a Torchbearer for Matrix Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 9, pp. 801-812.
Removal of NO by Reversible Adsorption on Fe−Mn Based Transition Metal Oxides

A series of Fe−Mn-based transition metal oxides were prepared and used for NO adsorption at 25 °C in the presence of O2. The sorbents were also characterized by BET surface area, TPD, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. Both TGA and chemiluminescent NO/NOx analyzer experiments showed that the mixed oxides were efficient and reversible sorbents for NO removal. The NOx capacity decreased in the order of Fe−Mn−Ti, Fe−Mn−Zr > Fe−Mn−Ce, Fe−Mn−Ni > Fe−Mn−Co > Fe−Mn−Cu, Fe−Mn. The maximum NOx capacity reached 42−45 mg/g of sorbent for the Fe−Mn−Ti and Fe−Mn−Zr oxides. SO2 and CO2 decreased the NOx adsorption amount only slightly. H2O decreased the NOx adsorption significantly, but the inhibition was reversible. TPD profiles indicated that NOx species could desorb at temperatures below 400 °C. The high efficiency for NO removal on these oxides was related to their high activities in NO oxidation to NO2 at 25 °C. FTIR spectra showed that the nitrate was the final species for NO adsorption. NO2 and nitrite were the interme...
Recent Research on Warfare in the Old Testament

In an introduction to the English translation of Gerhard von Rad’s classic work Holy War in Ancient Israel, Ollenburger (1991) reviewed the major contributions on the topic of warfare through to 19...
Reinforcers, values, and vocational maturity in adults

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test the notion that job reinforcers and occupational values are related to vocational maturity. The importance of 21 reinforcers and 11 values were rated by 207 vocational rehabilitation clients nad 59 graduate students. The dependent measure was the Adult Vocational Maturity Index. Older subjects with more education were more vocationally mature. Those subjects who considered-(a) getting a feeling of accomplishment, (b) doing work without feeling it is morally wrong, (c) having steady employment, (d) independence, (e) opportunity to use special talents, (f) challenge, and (g) self-satisfaction-important, were high in vocational maturity. Subjects who considered such things as-(a) telling other workers what to do, (b) having the position of “somebody” in the community, and (c) prestige-important, were lower in vocational maturity. The data indicated that choice of occupational reinforcers and preferences for specified values are reflected in the individual's “vocational maturity”.
A novel paradigm in greenhouse gas mitigation

The ultimate chemical fate of the conventional fossil fuel combustion is always CO2 and H2O, two well-known greenhouse gases responsible for contributing considerably to the global warming. We propose a radically new concept where CO2 and H2O are converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen (individually) at one hand and into syngas (if present together; a more likely scenario) under mild experimental conditions. The products then become practical feeds for generating clean electric power via solid oxide fuel cells. Syngas is also an ideal precursor for the manufacturing of scores of valuable organic compounds, including synthetic fuels by Fischer–Tropsch process. Thus, the technique promotes beneficiation rather than sequestration and storage—currently the most widely accepted option for addressing the issue of mitigating the CO2-related greenhouse gas emission. The process uses either a ferrous metal or its oxide for the target-specific conversion. In addition to being inexpensive and readily available commodities, the oxide, in particular, happens to be an industrial waste as well; most of it is landfill destined. Furthermore, the two greenhouse gases are reduced into ready-to-use fuel precursors, and the solid reactants are transformed into a component from which ceramic magnets (ferrites) could be manufactured. Thus, the concept is innovative because it not only creates valuable clean energy precursors, but it does so while reducing the impact of yet another industrial and ecological pollutant. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Interview vs. paper-and-pencil administration of the McGill pain questionnaire

Abstract In a 2 × 2 design, college student subjects described one of two levels of cold pressor pain (threshold or tolerance) with the McGill Pain Questionnaire administered via one of two modes (interview or paper-and-pencil). Interview administration was associated with higher scores on 5 of the 6 MPQ scores calculated. Data did not support the notion that this effect is entirely attributable to increased probability of interviewed subjects' endorsement of descriptors for which clarification of meaning was sought. Reliable effects of pain intensity were also found on 5 of the 6 measures, but in no case did pain intensity and mode of administration significantly interact.
Time-stress correspondence in viscoelastic materials: an equation for the stress and temperature shift factor

Stress-time correspondence principle discovered experimentally by O'Shaughnessy already in 1948 [1] is considered. Using the Doolittle formula for the viscosity as a function of free volume [2], an...
Overpressure and Fluid Flow in the New Jersey Continental Slope: Implications for Slope Failure and Cold Seeps

Miocene through Pleistocene sediments on the New Jersey continental slope (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1073) are undercompacted (porosity between 40 and 65%) to 640 meters below the sea floor, and this is interpreted to record fluid pressures that reach 95% of the lithostatic stress. A two-dimensional model, where rapid Pleistocene sedimentation loads permeable sandy silt of Miocene age, successfully predicts the observed pressures. The model describes how lateral pressure equilibration in permeable beds produces fluid pressures that approach the lithostatic stress where overburden is thin. This transfer of pressure may cause slope failure and drive cold seeps on passive margins around the world.
Maternal Emotional Responsiveness and Toddlers' Social-Emotional Competence

Abstract—This study investigated, via extended naturalistic observation: (a) how mothersand children responded emotionally to each other's emotional displays; eUid (b) whetherratings of the child's social-emotional competence (made when the mother was absent)could be predicted by specific matemal responses to the child's emotions. Subjects were28 mother-toddler pairs. Sequential analyses suggested that emotional dialogue does existbetween mothers and children: certain emotional responses of mothers and children occurredmore often than expected by their base rate during interaction. Matemal responsivenessto child sadness, anger, fear and neutrjdity predicted dimensions of children's social-emotional competence. Implications regarding the mother-child affective environment,socialization of emotion and socisd competency, and developmental methodology arediscussed.Keywords: Social competence, mother-child interaction, maternal responsiveness,emotion IntroductionThe two central goals of this investigation were: (1) to illustrate and specify thenature of maternal/toddler emotional responsivity to each other's emotions; and (2)to demonstrate the importance of maternal emotional responsiveness to toddlers' social-emotioned development. Both attachment and socialization of emotion theories supportthese goals, each offering a unique perspective on matern2d emotional responsiveness(Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978; Halberstadt, 1991; Malatesta, 1981;Malatesta, Culver, Tesman & Shepard, 1989).According to the attachment perspective, infzint social-emotional development ismaximized when the caregiver is sensitive (i.e. aware ofthe infant's emotional signals,interpreting them accurately, and responding contingently; see Main, Tomasini T Malatesta & Haviland, 1982).
Synthesis of crescent aromatic oligoamides.

This article describes the synthetic procedures for the preparation of crescent (and helical) aromatic oligoamides developed in recent years in our laboratory. The large-scale preparation of a variety of monomers derived from various tetrasubstituted benzenes is presented. Three different strategies for constructing various oligomers consisting of meta- and meta/para-linked benzene residues are discussed. Factors affecting coupling efficiency and yields are analyzed. The developed synthetic methods have provided the basis for the preparation of longer oligomers and for the development of solid-phase synthesis.
Orbital ordering, ferroelasticity, and the large pressure-induced volume collapse in PbCrO3

We predict a tetragonal ground state for perovskite-structured PbCrO${}_{3}$ from density functional theory (DFT) $+$ $U$ calculations, and explain its anomalously large volume. The predicted structure is stabilized due to orbital ordering of Cr $d$ in the presence of a large tetragonal crystal field, mainly due to off-centering of the Pb atom. At higher pressures (smaller volumes) there is a first-order transition to a cubic phase where the Cr-$d$ orbitals are orbitally liquid. This phase transition is accompanied by a \ensuremath{\sim}11.5% volume collapse, one of the largest known for transition-metal oxides. The large ferroelasticity and its strong coupling to the orbital degrees of freedom could be exploited to form potentially useful magnetostrictive materials.
Integration of Research and Practice in Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Findings from Focus Groups of Clinicians, Researchers, Educators, Administrators, and Policy Makers.

Clinicians, researchers, educators, administrators, and policy makers, who represented stakeholders in the substance abuse treatment field, participated in 5 focus groups. Four general areas regarding integration of research and practice were investigated: definition of research, training/education, current integration, and future integration.
Observational constraints of light element nucleosynthesis

Enhanced deuterium was not detected in the metal-poor halo stars HD 140283, the protoplanetary nebula AFGL 2688, or the Orion nebula. The Galactic Center (GC) deuterium abundance in the 50 km/s molecular cloud is (2.0–10)×10−6 and less than the local ISM DH = (0.9–1.7)×10−5. Thus the GC D results from infall of primordial halo matter combined with astration. The GC has not had an extended period (> 1Gyr) AGN activity, a large cosmic-ray luminosity (< 1038 W), or a large γ-ray flux luminosity (< 1035 W). Because there are no Galactic sources of D, the primordial DH ∼ 10−4. Therefore big-bang nucleosynthesis models predict a baryon density less than the critical density necessary to close the Universe in a flat Einstein de-Sitter Universe with < four neutrino families. Li and B (ISM LiH = 2×10−9 and BH = 2.5 × 10−10) are produced via cosmic-ray spallation reactions and possibly ν reactions in supernova envelopes. Li is also produced via mass loss from super-Li-rich red giants (LiH = 3×10−6) but LiCl and LiNC were not detected in the circumstellar envelope of the super-Li-rich C star IY Hya nor in the molecular envelope of the protoplanetary nebula AFGL 2688. These results can be explained if the circumstellar cloud formed prior to the SLR phase and the PN formed after the SLR phase. Enhanced Li and B abundances (expected from stellar activity) were not detected in the Galactic Center with LiH ⩽ 3.9 × 10−8 and BH ⩽ 2.7 × 10−6 so that the time-integrated cosmic-ray p flux is not enhanced by more than 100 times over the Galactic disk value.
Shift outliers in linear inference

Shifts in responses typically are obscured from users, so that regression proceeds as if unshifted. At issue is the infusion of such shifts into classical analysis. On projecting outliers into the "Regressor" and "Error" spaces of a model, findings here are that shifts in responses may account for shifts in the OLS solutions, or for inflated residuals, or both. These in turn impact estimation, prediction, and hypothesis tests, all of vital interest to users, and all considered here. Tools for identifying shifts are given. Case studies illustrate effects of shifts on regression, to include a reexamination of studies from the literature.
Web-based network analysis and design

The gradual acceptance of high-performance networks as a fundamental component of today's computing environment has allowed applications to evolve from static entities located on specific hosts to dynamic, distributed entities that are resident on one or more hosts. In addition, vital components of software and data used by an application may be distributed across the local/wide area network. Given such a fluid and dynamic environment, the design and analysis of high-performance communication networks (using off-the-shelf components offered by third party manufacturers) has been further complicated by the diversity of the available components. To alleviate these problems and to address the verification and validation issues involved in engineering such complex networks, a web-based framework for the design and analysis of computer networks was developed. Using the framework, a designer can explore design alternatives by constructing and analyzing configurations of the design using components offered by different researchers and manufacturers. The framework provides a flexible and robust environment for selecting and verifying the optimal solution from a large and complex solution space. This paper presents issues involved in the design and development of the framework.
Fibrous Protein of Human Epidermis

The fibrous proteins of the malpighian layer of human epidermis (prekeratin) have been isolated with citrate buffer, pH 2.65, and shown to consist of 7 polypeptide chains varying in molecular weight from 45,000 daltons to 67,000. Some variation in the number and amount of the components was observed in prekeratin prepared from the epidermis of different individuals. The fibrous proteins of the stratum corneum were isolated with Tris buffer, pH 9.0, containing 6 M urea and 0.1 M mercapto-ethanol and were found to have a pattern similar to prekeratin but not identical to it. However, fibrous protein isolated from the superficial layers of the stratum showed a considerably different pattern indicating that there was post-translational modification of the protein in the late stages of keratinization. These data show that human keratin has the same heterogeneity which was observed previously in cow epidermis. This was further confirmed by studying the polypeptide chain content of prekeratin from a large number of lesions showing benign epidermal hyperplasia, where considerable variation in composition was observed.
Identification and functional characterization of melatonin Mel 1a receptors in pancreatic β cells: potential role in incretin-mediated cell function by sensitization of cAMP signaling

Abstract Melatonin receptors are expressed within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and melatonin induces a direct effect on insulin secretion ex-vivo. Here, we report the endogenous expression of the melatonin Mel 1a receptor in the INS-1 pancreatic β cell line. Pharmacological characterization of the receptor using a CRE-luciferase reporter gene demonstrated its functional activity in INS-1 cells, displaying the characteristic signaling properties of the Gi/o coupled receptor. Acute melatonin treatment of INS-1 cells in the presence of either forskolin or the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) caused an attenuation of the responses in insulin secretion, insulin promoter activity, and CRE mediated gene expression, consistent with its effects in inhibiting cAMP mediated signal transduction. However, prolonged exposure (12 h) of INS-1 cells to melatonin treatment resulted in a sensitization of cAMP mediated responses to forskolin and GLP-1. Insulin secretion, insulin promoter activity and CRE mediated gene expression levels were augmented compared with responses without melatonin pre-treatment in INS-1 cells. In isolated rat islets, insulin secretion was enhanced following melatonin pre-treatment both in the absence and presence of GLP-1 or forskolin. This phenomenon reflects observations reported in other cell types expressing the melatonin Mel 1a receptor, and may represent the first evidence of a specific physiological role for melatonin-induced sensitization.
Statistics and Data Analysis From Elementary to Intermediate

(2001). Statistics and Data Analysis From Elementary to Intermediate. Technometrics: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 237-238.
Purification of sucrose esters by ultrafiltration

A sucrose ester product containing glycerides and free fatty acids has been separated into a sucrose ester rich fraction and a glyceride-fatty acid rich fraction by ultrafiltration using a benzene or carbon tetrachloride solution and a polysulfone membrane which normally separates solutes above and below a molecular weight of 10,000.
Obtaining uniform results in the histochemical technic for acid phosphatase.

The capricious nature of the results obtained in acid phosphatase preparations is notorious. An investigation of the causes of this is presented. It was found that it is possible to produce uniform preparations. In addition to many small details which must be carefully followed, two major factors radically affecting the results were observed: the technic of mounting the section on the glass slide, and the technic of deparaffinization and hydration. The final technic worked out is presented in the Summary and Conclusions.
Redescription and Ontogeny of Lepeophtheirus Kareii Yamaguti, 1936 (Copepoda, Caligoida)

Platichthys stellatus wird als neuer Wirt von Lepeophtheirus kareii beschrieben. Lepeophtheirus kareii wird neubeschrieben und seine Ontogenie bis zum Copepodid-Stadium dargestellt.
Deflagration instability in the quark-hadron phase transition.

With the aim of determining the scale of inhomogeneities produced by the transition of quarks to hadrons in the early Universe, we study the hydrodynamic stability of slow combustion (deflagration). For a front velocity v, the phase boundary is unstable on a time scale \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}(1/${\mathit{v}}^{3}$) fm; surface tension stabilizes bubbles below a critical size. For supercoolings implied by the bubble separations of interest for inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis (\ensuremath{\sim}1 m), \ensuremath{\tau} is much less than the duration of the phase transition. Bubble disruption could restore homogeneous nucleosynthesis.
Successful Strategy for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Interstitial Pneumonia After Human Leukocyte Antigen-Identical Bone Marrow Transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia is a frequent and often fatal complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Because therapy for CMV pneumonia was, until recently, largely ineffective, prophylactic methods were explored. This study shows that the strategy of using CMV seronegative blood products for seronegative patients with seronegative donors or weekly administration of intravenous immunoglobulin for all other patients reduced the attack rate of CMV pneumonia. The results of this study are put into the perspective of previously published data.
National security and environmental protection: new realities in American public policy

Definitions of "National Security" revolve around the ability of a nation to defend borders and project power. Some have challenged these definitions and tried expanding the concept to include environmental protection as part of national interest. This idea hasn't achieved broad acceptance and the core remained focused on the activities of the military. In the United States post–September 11 2001, these areas were thrust together and conflicts of authorities arose. This article examines conflicts that have arisen in American policy revolving around environmental protection and national security; in particular in the areas of public dissemination of environmental information, Community Right–To–Know, Energy Policy, Nuclear Power Regulation, and Defense Department compliance with environmental laws.
Response of understory vegetation and soil moisture to infrequent heavy defoliation of chemically thinned juniper woodland.

Abstract Targeted grazing programs that use small ruminants to control invasion of undesired woody plants are increasing across western North America. However, information regarding the potential impact of these herbivory regimes on non-target vegetation is lacking. We conducted a study in central New Mexico to determine the effects of removing all above-ground herbaceous biomass during winter in plots located beneath (under-canopy) or close to (inter-canopy) live one-seed juniper trees ( Juniperus monosperma ) or dead tree snags that had been chemically treated 10 years previously. In under-canopy plots (defoliated in 2005 and 2006) understory herbaceous cover was not affected by the defoliation treatment; however, biomass production of Bouteloua gracilis and other perennial grasses decreased. In inter-canopy plots (defoliated in 2006), the defoliation treatment increased total herbaceous cover in plots between live trees, whereas biomass production was not affected. Simulated infrequent targeted grazing in a juniper woodland had slight detrimental effects on non-target plants in under-canopy plots by decreasing biomass production of native grasses under dead and live trees but had positive effects on inter-canopy plots by increasing total herbaceous basal cover. Superficial volumetric water content was not affected by the defoliation treatment, suggesting that simulated targeted grazing does not increase superficial soil moisture.
Paramyxovirus V Protein Interaction with the Antiviral Sensor LGP2 Disrupts MDA5 Signaling Enhancement but Is Not Relevant to LGP2-Mediated RLR Signaling Inhibition

ABSTRACT The interferon antiviral system is a primary barrier to virus replication triggered upon recognition of nonself RNAs by the cytoplasmic sensors encoded by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology gene 2 (LGP2). Paramyxovirus V proteins are interferon antagonists that can selectively interact with MDA5 and LGP2 through contact with a discrete helicase domain region. Interaction with MDA5, an activator of antiviral signaling, disrupts interferon gene expression and antiviral responses. LGP2 has more diverse reported roles as both a coactivator of MDA5 and a negative regulator of both RIG-I and MDA5. This functional dichotomy, along with the concurrent interference with both cellular targets, has made it difficult to assess the unique consequences of V protein interaction with LGP2. To directly evaluate the impact of LGP2 interference, MDA5 and LGP2 variants unable to be recognized by measles virus and parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) V proteins were tested in signaling assays. Results indicate that interaction with LGP2 specifically prevents coactivation of MDA5 signaling and that LGP29s negative regulatory capacity was not affected. V proteins only partially antagonize RIG-I at high concentrations, and their expression had no additive effects on LGP2-mediated negative regulation. However, conversion of RIG-I to a direct V protein target was accomplished by only two amino acid substitutions that allowed both V protein interaction and efficient interference. These results clarify the unique consequences of MDA5 and LGP2 interference by paramyxovirus V proteins and help resolve the distinct roles of LGP2 in both activation and inhibition of antiviral signal transduction. IMPORTANCE Paramyxovirus V proteins interact with two innate immune receptors, MDA5 and LGP2, but not RIG-I. V proteins prevent MDA5 from signaling to the beta interferon promoter, but the consequences of LGP2 targeting are poorly understood. As the V protein targets MDA5 and LGP2 simultaneously, and LGP2 is both a positive and negative regulator of both MDA5 and RIG-I, it has been difficult to evaluate the specific advantages conferred by LGP2 targeting. Experiments with V-insensitive proteins revealed that the primary outcome of LGP2 interference is suppression of its ability to synergize with MDA5. LGP29s negative regulation of MDA5 and RIG-I remains intact irrespective of V protein interaction. Complementary experiments demonstrate that RIG-I can be converted to V protein sensitivity by two amino acid substitutions. These findings clarify the functions of LGP2 as a positive regulator of MDA5 signaling, demonstrate the basis for V-mediated LGP2 targeting, and broaden our understanding of paramyxovirus-host interactions.
Factor from swamp water induces hatching in eggs of Anopheles diluvialis (Diptera : Culicidae) mosquitoes

Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, An. smaragdinus Reinert, and An. diluvialis Reinert mosquitoes are recently described sibling species that occur in northern Florida where the adults are sympatric but larvae develop in different aquatic habitats. The hatching dynamics of these species showed that An. diluvialis utilizes a hatching stimulus that occurs in the substrate in intermittently flooded swamps. Most eggs of An. quadrimaculatus and An. smaragdinus hatch spontaneously in distilled water, but most eggs of An. diluvialis do not. Most An. diluvialis eggs hatch when placed in swamp water or when placed in an infusion of distilled water, leaf litter, and detritus from intermittently flooded swamps, suggesting the presence of an exogenous compound(s) as a hatching factor for this species. Percentage of egg hatch was largest in infusions made from swamp soil and in hexane extracts of swamp water, indicating that the hatching factor is a chemically stable organic substance. Because this phenomenon was not observed with water from lakes, ponds, springs, spring outlet streams, and rivers, An. diluvialis appears to require the hatching factor to facilitate egg hatch when intermittently flooded swamps are inundated. This article reports an exogenous compound being exploited as a hatching stimulus by an Anopheles mosquito.
Double-chamber right ventricle: experience with 17 cases.

Abstract Double-chamber right ventricle (DCRV) is a distinct anatomic entity created by a high take-off of the moderator band resulting in obstruction to flow within the sinus portion of the right ventricle. Frequently associated with a VSD, DCRV exhibits no typical clinical findings, and thus cardiac catheterization and angiography are requisite for its identification. Proper presurgical diagnosis and full knowledge of associated cardiac lesions should provide a minimal operative risk and excellent prognosis for patients with DCRV.
Trade Hedging and the Dynamic Stability of the Foreign Exchange Market

This paper uses a simple difference equation model to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the foreign exchange market under a regime of flexible exchange rates. It is shown that unhedged trade transactions can produce a dynamically unstable market, particularly if contracts are denominated in the seller's currency. We then examine the influence of trade hedging, using either the forward market or an artificial currency unit, and find that it considerably enhances the overall likelihood of stability.
Experience Design in the 13th Century: The Case of Restaurants in Hangzhou 体验十三世纪设计—以杭州餐馆为例

This exploratory investigation expands on the findings reported by Kiefer (2002) on the development of the restaurant trade in 13th-century Hangzhou. Pine and Gilmore (1998) coined the term experience economy to describe a shift from selling services to selling experiences. The concept of orchestrating experiences has become a new paradigm and attracted the attention of many scholars. In fact, many customer-centered organizations have successfully embraced this philosophy. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we would like to further explore the various factors that made Hangzhou an ideal setting for restaurants. Secondly, we hypothesize that experiences were staged more than 700 years before the respective concepts were first mentioned by scholars.
Triops granarius (Lucas) (Crustacea) as a natural enemy of mosquito larvae.

LITERATURE on the natural enemies of mosquitoes reviewed by Hinman1–3, contains little to suggest that crustaceans are of much significance as biological control agents. Therefore, and in view of the fact that there is renewed interest in biotic factors in vector control4, this communication may stimulate others to pursue the matter further than I can.
The effect of the residence time distribution on the performance and efficiency of combustors

The fraction of unburned fuel as a function of residence time in a combustor was computed for two extreme cases: the perfectly-stirred and the plug-flow type combustors. It is shown that an “ideal” residence time distribution can be obtained by the combination of the two types of combustors in such a way that the perfectly stirred part is followed by the plug flow combustor in series. This combination of the two combustor types enables the highest volumetric rates of combustion to be obtained for a given combustion efficiency. Experiments were carried out both with a 1/10 scale water model of the IJmuiden furnace and also in the IJmuiden tunnel furnace. A salt solution was introduced as a tracer into the “burner fluid” of the water model and the residence time distribution was determined by measuring the decay of the salt concentration with time in the exit stream after cutting off the tracer flow. The form of the residence time distribution curves indicated that the combustor volume consisted of two parts, a well stirred and a plug flow type volume fraction in series. By introducing the “burner fluid” in the form of a swirling jet and by varying the degree of swirl it was possible to vary the ratio of the mean residence time in the perfectly stirred section to that in the whole combustor ( s / ) over a wide range. Residence time distributions were also determined in the IJmuiden furnace while burning pulverized anthracite. The tracer in this case was argon and the technique was the same essentially as in the water model experiments. The comparison of the residence time distributions in the cold model and in the furnace showed good agreement when the value of the dimensionless group G φ /G x ·ϑ was maintained the same for both model and prototype. ( G φ is the axial flux of the angular momentum of the swirling burner fluid, G x the axial flux of the linear momentum, and ϑ the burner radius.) Good agreement was found also between the experimental values of the unburned fraction of the fuel at the boundary of the two types of zones and those predicted from theory.
Multilevel bioluminescence tomography based on radiative transfer equation Part 2: total variation and l1 data fidelity

In this paper we study the regularization with both l1 and total-variation norm for bioluminescence tomography based on radiative transfer equation, compare l1 data fidelity with l2 data fidelity for different type of noise, and propose novel interior-point methods for solving related optimization problems. Simulations are performed to show that our approach is not only capable of preserving shapes, details and intensities of bioluminescent sources in the presence of sparse or non-sparse sources with angular-resolved or angular-averaged data, but also robust to noise, and thus is potential for efficient high-resolution imaging with only boundary data.
Perturbed cracks in two dimensions: A reprise

A nominally straight crack of finite length is subjected to planestrain loadings. A perturbation method is developed for calculating the stress-intensity factors, based on an asymptotic analysis of the governing hypersingular boundary integral equation for the crack-opening displacement. Comparisons with a recent paper by Ballarini and Villaggio are made.
Characteristic patterns of dendritic remodeling in early-stage glaucoma: evidence from genetically identified retinal ganglion cell types.

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is a hallmark of glaucoma and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. The type and timing of cellular changes leading to RGC loss in glaucoma remain incompletely understood, including whether specific RGC subtypes are preferentially impacted at early stages of this disease. Here we applied the microbead occlusion model of glaucoma to different transgenic mouse lines, each expressing green fluorescent protein in 1–2 specific RGC subtypes. Targeted filling, reconstruction, and subsequent comparison of the genetically identified RGCs in control and bead-injected eyes revealed that some subtypes undergo significant dendritic rearrangements as early as 7 d following induction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). By comparing specific On-type, On-Off-type and Off-type RGCs, we found that RGCs that target the majority of their dendritic arbors to the scleral half or “Off” sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) undergo the greatest changes, whereas RGCs with the majority of their dendrites in the On sublamina did not alter their structure at this time point. Moreover, M1 intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, which functionally are On RGCs but structurally stratify their dendrites in the Off sublamina of the IPL, also underwent significant changes in dendritic structure 1 week after elevated IOP. Thus, our findings reveal that certain RGC subtypes manifest significant changes in dendritic structure after very brief exposure to elevated IOP. The observation that RGCs stratifying most of their dendrites in the Off sublamina are first to alter their structure may inform the development of new strategies to detect, monitor, and treat glaucoma in humans.
End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements in children with acute asthma.

Objectives: A noninvasive method to assess ventilation may aid in management of children with acute asthma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) values and disease severity among children with acute asthma. Methods: This was a prospective, blinded, observational study of children 3–17 years old treated for acute asthma in a pediatric emergency department (ED). EtCO2 measurements were taken before the initiation of therapy and after each nebulization treatment (maximum of three). Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), oxygen saturation, and disposition were recorded. Treating physicians, unaware of the EtCO2 results, made all treatment decisions, including disposition. Results: One hundred children were enrolled. The mean initial EtCO2 value was 35 mm Hg (95% confidence interval = 34.3 to 36.1 mm Hg). The mean disposition EtCO2 value was 33.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval = 32.6 to 34.4 mm Hg). PEFR measures were completed on 43 patients and PASS recorded on 100 patients. There was an overall trend toward lower EtCO2 values during treatment (p < 0.01). Sixteen patients were admitted. Initial EtCO2 values were lower among children admitted to the hospital (35.6 mm Hg vs. 32.9 mm Hg; Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.02). EtCO2 values at disposition did not differ between groups based on PEFR, PASS, or hospital admission. Conclusions: Noninvasive bedside measurement of EtCO2 values among children with acute asthma is feasible. EtCO2 values did not distinguish children with mild disease from those with more severe disease. Further data are needed to clarify the association between EtCO2 values and other indicators of disease severity, particularly in children with more severe disease. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2007; 14:1135–1140 a 2007 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine