cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Classes of Control-Lyapunov Functions

The main result of this paper establishes the equivalence between null asymptotic controllability of nonlinear finite-dimensional control systems and the existence of continuous control-Lyapunov functions (CLF’s) defined by means of generalized derivatives. In this manner, one obtains a complete characterization of asymptotic controllability, applying in principle to a far wider class of systems than Artstein’s Theorem (which relates closed-loop feedback stabilization to the existence of smooth CLF’s). The proof relies on viability theory and optimal control techniques.
Politicians, Farmers, and Ecologists

The decline of African plains game has been taking place for all of the twentieth century. At the same time, rural poverty has become a larger problem on the continent, and many scholars have found a connection between the two. This paper examines Zimbabwe's policies of private wildlife ranching from both a political and an ecological perspective. The research finds that although commercial wildlife ranching is an ecological and economic success, there are large political problems with this rapidly developing land use practice, given the continuing racial disparities in land tenure in Zimbabwe.
Differences in n-3 and n-6 PUFA biosynthesis in African and European Americans (806.16)

Levels and ratios of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LcPUFAs) impact a wide range of biological activities and human diseases. We have shown marked differences in the synthesis of the n-6 LcPUFA, arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6), between African (AfAm) and European (EuAm) ancestry populations in the US. N-3 LcPUFA biosynthesis is more complex, including up to 4 additional biochemical steps to make docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6, n-3). Given the critical role of the balance of n-6 and n-3 LcPUFAs on biological responses, the objective of the current study was to compare the efficiency of biosynthesis of both n-6 and n-3 LcPUFA in AfAm and EuAm subjects. Serum levels of PUFAs were examined in two cohorts, and AfAm contained higher DHA levels in both cohorts (p= 4 x 10-6 and 1.7 x 10-9) and higher DHA to precursor n-3 PUFA ratios (p=1.7x10-8 and 6.8x10-20) than EuAm. Analysis of 77 candidate SNPs in the six genes proposed to participate in LcPUFA biosynthesis revealed str...
Prioritization of care in adults with diabetes and comorbidity

Approximately half of adults with diabetes have at least one comorbid condition. However, diabetes care guidelines focus on diabetes-specific care, and their recommendations may not be appropriate for many patients with diabetes and comorbidity. We describe Piette and Kerr's typology of comorbid conditions, which categorizes conditions based on if they are clinically dominant (eclipse diabetes management), symptomatic versus asymptomatic, and concordant (similar pathophysiologic processes as diabetes) versus discordant. We integrate this typology with clinical evidence and shared decision-making methods to create an algorithmic approach to prioritizing care in patients with diabetes and comorbidity. Initial steps are determining the patient's goals of care and preferences for treatment, whether there is a clinically dominant condition or inadequately treated symptomatic condition, and the risk of cardiovascular disease. With these data in hand, the clinician and patient prioritize diabetes treatments during a shared decision-making process. These steps should be repeated, especially when the patient's clinical status changes. This patient-centered process emphasizes overall quality of life and functioning rather than a narrow focus on diabetes.
Research Synthesis on Assistive Technology use by People with Learning Disabilities and Difficulties

In this article, we provide a synthesis of the literature available on the use of assistive technology (AT) by elementary through postsecondary education students with learning disabilities and/or difficulties. The synthesis addresses the following questions: 1. What types of AT are being used in educational and workplace settings? 2. What are the outcomes for students with learning disabilities and difficulties who use AT? 3. What types of AT, as used by students with learning disabilities and difficulties, necessitate additional research, and 4. Does the use of AT improve performance and retention rates? Answers to these questions are based upon analysis of seven articles found through an extensive literature search based upon the following criteria: (a) Empirical studies on AT; (b) Studies published in refereed journals; (c) Study participants attending elementary through postsecondary educational institutions; (d) Non-mainstreamed technologies (i.e. technology not used regularly by people without disabilities such as spell checkers, grammar checkers, word processing software, educational software); (e) Technology that is used to compensate for learning difficulties and not used to remediate, and (f) Study participants identified as having a learning disability or learning difficulty. Overall, the use of AT as a compensatory strategy by students with learning disabilities and/or difficulties was shown to be effective.
Differential Mode of Chitinase Hydrolysis of Chitin and Chitan

The structural biopolymer chitin (generally defined as a homopolymer of β-1–4 linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) has recently gained a wider audience do to academic and industrial interests in seeking applications of shell fisheries wastes for medical, water purification and agricultural uses (Muzzarelli, 1977; Mien and Rodriguez-Kabana,1982; Cabib, 1987). Depolymerases have a central role in each of these studies, whether from the perspective of product preservation or from the point of view of targeted enzymatic attack. Berger and Reynolds (1958) described the chitinase of Streptomyces griseus as an endolytic chitinase having the definitive property of releasing the disaccharide N,N’-diacetylchitobiose (chitobiose) as the ultimate end product. Chitobiase then hydrolyzes one mole of chitobiose producing two moles of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Growth in adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex: a comparison of youth from low‐ versus middle‐income backgrounds

Background: This study examined adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and risky sex. Analyses further examined the influences of late childhood involvement in these problem behavior outcomes, with mediation through teen delinquency and alcohol use, and examined differences in the pathways for youth from low- compared to middle-income backgrounds. Method: Multiple-group latent growth curve modeling was conducted using data collected from a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to age 24. Self-report assessments included delinquent involvement, alcohol use, and sexual activity in late childhood; delinquency and alcohol use in adolescence; and crime, AUDs, and risky sex in early adulthood. Results: Late childhood delinquent involvement was associated with young adult crime, AUDs, and risky sex indirectly through adolescent delinquency, and had a persistent direct effect on crime. Adolescent delinquency also mediated the relation between early sex onset and crime. Early alcohol use predicted a higher level of, and a faster rate of increase in, adolescent drinking, which predicted, in turn, young adult AUDs and risky sex. Significant group differences indicated stronger associations between adolescent delinquency and each young adult outcome for youth from low- compared to those from middle-income backgrounds. Conclusions: Early intervention may help prevent the development of crime, AUDs, and risky sex behaviors, especially among disadvantaged youth. Language: en
Aerodynamics for an entry research vehicle

A candidate configuration, called the Entry Research Vehicle, is being proposed for a Shuttle launched flight experiment program. This vehicle will be used to demonstrate maneuverability in the upper atmosphere, test developing thermostructure concepts, and measure the atmospheric flight conditions encountered by the vehicle. The techniques used to predict the hypersonic aerodynamics of this vehicle through the various flight regimes in the upper atmosphere are discussed. Results of wind-tunnel data from the Langley Hypersonic Helium Tunnel and Shuttle flight data support the aerodynamic predictions.
Investigations on the neural tissue-limb deplant of the salamander.

Pharmacological, electrophysiological, and histological studies have been performed on a nerve-limb deplant in the dorsal limb of the axolotl salamander. The preparation, which consists of a limb and a segment of spinal cord transplanted contiguously in a host salamander, exhibits spontaneous electrical and contractile activity a few weeks after transplantation. By electromyographic recording it has been possible to study the response of the preparation to a variety of transmitter substances and neuropharmacological agents and to determine their locus of action on the preparation. Cholinoceptive regions appear to be present at the myoneural junction as well as in the innervating neurons. Glutamic acid has an excitatory and γ-aminobutyric acid an inhibitory effect on the neuronal cell bodies. The preparation offers a unique opportunity to investigate developmental, neurochemical, and functional correlations in the nervous system.
Photovoltaics Application in Building Design : Building Integrated Photovoltaics Design in Solar Decathlon 2007

To deal with the energy crisis, alternative energy has been widely used to replace fuel sources. Solar power is a safe, clean and renewable energy, among all the solar technologies, photovoltaics is the most promising technology which can convert solar energy into electricity. It is becoming increasingly popular and applied to many areas of life. One of the most important applications is building integrated photovoltaics. This paper described the application of BIPV in solar decathlon competition 2007, summarized performance of the house in the measured energy balance contest and also the author discussed some notable issues in BIPV design.
Some small-sample properties of some recently proposed multivariate outlier detection techniques

Recently, several new robust multivariate estimators of location and scatter have been proposed that provide new and improved methods for detecting multivariate outliers. But for small sample sizes, there are no results on how these new multivariate outlier detection techniques compare in terms of p n , their outside rate per observation (the expected proportion of points declared outliers) under normality. And there are no results comparing their ability to detect truly unusual points based on the model that generated the data. Moreover, there are no results comparing these methods to two fairly new techniques that do not rely on some robust covariance matrix. It is found that for an approach based on the orthogonal Gnanadesikan–Kettenring estimator, p n can be very unsatisfactory with small sample sizes, but a simple modification gives much more satisfactory results. Similar problems were found when using the median ball algorithm, but a modification proved to be unsatisfactory. The translated-biweights...
A Study of Pulmonary Ligament Arteries: Relationship to Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration

Intralobar pulmonary sequestration (ILS) has generally been considered a congenital malformation, mainly because of the presence of one or more systemic arteries to the sequestered portion of lung. We performed a study of the pulmonary ligaments in children without congenital pulmonary or vascular disease that demonstrated systemic arteries in ten of 11 cases, with as many as five arteries present in a single case. These arteries arose from the thoracic aorta, contributed to the esophageal plexus, and traversed the pulmonary ligament to ramify in the visceral pleura. A sequence of events including bronchial obstruction, pneumonia, pulmonary artery occlusion, pleuritis, and parasitization of pulmonary ligament (or diaphragmatic) arteries leading to the "creation" of an ILS is proposed.
Decision Style, Incongruity Preference and Leadership Style:

Comparisons of scores for 215 management students on the Least Preferred Co-worker Scale, the Driver Decision Style Exercise, and the General Incongruity Adaptation Level Self-description Test showed that decision style was positively related to incongruity preference, but neither of these measures was related to leadership style.
Calculations on a turbulent heterogeneous jet entering a half space

Integral equations have been used in calculations on turbulent nonisothermal jets of variable composition escaping into a space filled with air. The calculations are in satisfactory agreement with experiment.
Changes in activity of enzymes metabolizing glucose 6-phosphate during development of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

Abstract During the formation of fruit bodies in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune , there are changes in the specific activities of the enzymes utilizing glucose 6-phosphate. These include a 50% increase in the relative amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase followed by a decrease in this enzyme and a 90% decrease in phosphoglucomutase activity. This results in a 10-fold change in the relationship between these two enzymes during development. The activities in several mutants were examined and abnormal enzyme levels were found in some cases. The activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was also examined, and its contribution to the assay of the other enzymes was determined.
Public relations' role in defining corporate social responsibility

Observers call for companies to establish codes of corporate social responsibility, but few have studied how companies become aware of and codify standards. This study of the practitioner's role in developing standards suggests that practitioners often are left out of ethical decision making, and that persons who prepare codes of ethical performance typically view external publics as less important than internal publics. Social science methods are widely recognized as helpful in identifying and establishing standards, although they are not actually used very much.
Gas-Phase Molecular Structure of Decachlorocorannulene, C20Cl10. An Electron-Diffraction Study Augmented by ab Initio, DFT, and Normal Coordinate Calculations

The molecular structure of decachlorocorannulene has been investigated by gas-phase electron diffraction with help from quantum chemical calculations at the HF and B3LYP level with several basis sets and from normal coordinate analysis. The structure is in excellent agreement with the prediction from the B3LYP/ 6-311G* calculation. The molecule of C 5 v symmetry is bowl-shaped with five six-membered rings fused to the central five-membered ring and to each other. The bowl is flatter than the similar corannulene molecule and is consistent with the lower inversion barrier predicted from calculations. The bond lengths (r g /A) with uncertainties of 2σ for the four different types of C-C bonds are C 1 -C 2 (in the C 5 ring, or "hub") = 1.421(17), C 1 -C 6 (spokes from the hub) = 1.383(23), C 6 -C 7 (flanking bonds from ends of spokes) =1.472(18), and C 7 -C 8 (the rim bonds) = 1.410(27). The C-Cl bond length is 1.732(5) A.
Evaluation and extension of physical property-porosity models based on minimum solid area

Physical property-porosity models based on minimum solid areas of idealized stackings of either: (1) spherical particles partially bonded (e.g. sintered), or (2) spherical pores in a solid matrix are shown to agree with appropriate physical property data for bodies whose porosity is reasonably represented by such stackings. Appropriate physical properties are those determined mainly by local stress or flux, e.g. elastic properties, strengths, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The minimum solid areas are, respectively, the: (1) bond (e.g. neck) area between particles defining pores smaller than the particles, or (2) minimum web thickness between adjacent pores being more than or equal to the surrounding particles (e.g. bubbles in a foam). Combinations of the models for mixtures of basic porosity types and changes in basic model parameters (e.g. stacking) over the significant porosity range covered, are shown to agree with the literature (mainly mechanical) property data for bodies of appropriate porosity combinations. Areas of further development and testing are noted.
Bureaucracy and New Product Innovation

The large, production-oriented organization (bureaucracy) has difficulty innovating. Yet, in rapidly changing technology industries, new product innovation is a condition of success. How are firms ...
Light absorption by primary particle emissions from a lignite burning plant

Anthropogenic aerosols from the burning of fossil fuels contribute to climate forcing by both scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and estimates of climate forcing by light-absorbing primary particles have recently been published. While the mass and optical properties of emissions are needed for these studies, the available measurements do not characterize the low-technology burning that is thought to contribute a large fraction of light-absorbing material to the global budget. The authors have measured characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from a small, low-technology lignite-burning plant. The PM emission factor is comparable to those used to calculate emission inventories of light-absorbing particles. However, the fine fraction, the absorbing fraction, and the absorption efficiency of the emissions are substantially below assumptions that have been made in inventories of black carbon emissions and calculations of climate forcing. The measurements suggest that nonblack, light-absorbing particles are emitted from low-technology coal burning. As the burning rate increases, the emitted absorption cross-section decreases, and the wavelength dependence of absorption becomes closer to that of black particles.
Spectra of Reciprocal Transmission: Generalization to Saturated Regions

Abstract The results of Munk et al. (1981), relating spectra of ocean sound-speed and water-particle velocity to observable acoustic spectra are applicable only in the geometrical optics region. It is shown that analogous formulas that are valid in the saturated regions can be written if expressions involving the phase spectra are replaced with appropriate expressions involving coherence functions of the acoustic wave function.
RhoA triggers a specific signaling pathway that generates transforming microvesicles in cancer cells

Vesicular structures called microvesicles (MVs) that are shed from the surfaces of cancer cells are capable of transferring oncogenic cargo to recipient cancer cells, as well as to normal cells, sending mitogenic signals that greatly enhance tumor growth. Because MVs are stable in the circulation, they also may have a key role in secondary colonization and metastasis. Thus, understanding how MVs are generated could have important consequences for interfering with cancer progression. Here we report that the small GTPase RhoA triggers a specific signaling pathway essential for MV biogenesis in various human cancer cells. Inhibiting the activity of different proteins comprising this pathway blocks MV biogenesis in the donor cancer cells and prevents oncogenic transformation in cell culture as well as tumor growth in mice. Although RhoA has often been implicated in human cancer, these findings now highlight a previously unappreciated role for this GTPase in malignant transformation, and demonstrate that blocking MV biogenesis may offer novel approaches for interfering with malignant transformation.
Antitumor activity of peptide amphiphile nanofiber-encapsulated camptothecin

Self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers were used to encapsulate camptothecin (CPT), a naturally occurring hydrophobic chemotherapy agent, using a solvent evaporation technique. Encapsulation by PA nanofibers was found to improve the aqueous solubility of the CPT molecule by more than 50-fold. PAs self-assembled into nanofibers in the presence of CPT as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Small-angle X-ray scattering results suggest a slight increase in diameter of the nanofiber to accommodate the hydrophobic cargo. In vitro studies using human breast cancer cells show an enhancement in antitumor activity of the CPT when encapsulated by the PA nanofibers. In addition, using a mouse orthotopic model of human breast cancer, treatment with PA nanofiber-encapsulated CPT inhibited tumor growth. These results highlight the potential of this model PA system to be adapted for delivery of hydrophobic therapies to treat a variety of diseases including cancer.
Optical phase-transparent data grooming exchange of multi-channel 100-Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK signals

We propose a simple method to realize multi-channel grooming exchange using the degenerate FWM in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Optical phase-transparent data exchange of four-channel 100-Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK signals is demonstrated with a penalty &#60;4.7dB.
BUMP: A FORTRAN program for identifying Dose-Response curves subject to down-tur

Abstract BUMP is a FORTRAN implementation of a modified Jonckheere-Terpstra test, proposed by Simpson and Margolin, to test nonparametrically for a dose-response curve when a downturn is possible at high doses. The Jonckheere-Terpstra statistic is commonly used to test for increasing or decreasing trends in dose-response relationships. In many experimental settings, however, a test agent has more than one effect, and a “bump”-shaped dose-response can occur. For instance, increasing the concentration of a certain nutrient on a petri dish may increase the growth rate at low doses yet decrease the growth rate at high doses because of toxicity. The modified test allows one to assess the significance of the initial increase in the dose-response curve and yet to minimize the effect on the conclusions of any downturn at higher doses. A complete system which operates directly on SYSTAT/MYSTAT files is available for the IBM-PC and compatibles; it includes a utility which converts ASCII data files to the SYSTAT/MYSTAT format. The FORTRAN 77 source code is available for those who would like to run BUMP on other machines.
Abstract PD03-06: Simvastatin radiosensitizes differentiated and stem-like breast cancer cell lines and is associated with improved local control in inflammatory breast cancer patients treated with post-mastectomy radiation

Among women with non-inflammatory triple-negative and triple-negative inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), the 5-yr actuarial rates of local failure after radiation are 11%–35% and 45%, respectively, in part influenced by the contribution of radioresistant cancer stem cells to these cancers. Herein we explored the radiosensitization of breast cancer stem-like cells in vitro and examined the influence on local control after post-mastectomy radiation (PMRT) among IBC patients taking statins. SUM149, SUM159 and MCF-7 cells were cultured in standard monolayer cultures and stem cell enriching anchorage independent clonogenic cultures with simvastatin and treated with increasing concentrations of radiation. Survival curves were generated and t-test was used to compare surviving fraction (SF) of groups. p Simvastatin radiosensitized all cell lines in both types of clonogenic culture assays. The triple-negative IBC cell line SUM149 had the greatest response to combined treatment regardless of the radiation dose used in monolayer cultures (SF2: 0.417 vs 0.319, SF4: 0.136 vs 0.075, SF6: 0.026 vs 0.018, in control vs treated respectively, all p Patients with IBC and triple negative non-IBC breast cancer have the highest rates of local failure and no available known radiosensitizers. Here we report significant improvement in local control after PMRT among statin users with IBC and significant radiosensitization across triple-negative and IBC cell lines of multiple subtypes using simvastatin. Clinical value in patients without hypercholesterolemia remains to be established. These encouraging data suggest simvastatin may be an appropriate radiosensitizing agent for clinical trials. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD03-06.
Advances in photopolymer films for display holography

ABSTRACT Improved performance holographic photopolymer films have been developed and are available foruse in recording volume reflection holograms for display holography. This paper discusses the propertiesof images recorded in DuPont OmniDex® 706 holographic recording film and images shifted in color usingOmniDex® GA2-RED color tuning film and the OmniDex dry color tuning process. Process of use andprocess latitude for both kinds of images are described. Several process variation methods for controllingthe appearance of the final image are discussed. 2. INTRODUCTION Practical photopolymer materials for recording volume phase holograms were discovered over twenty years ago12 and their invention has since launched a considerable number of research efforts36.Active interest in this area at DuPont in the intervening years has led to the development of the OmniDex®family of dry-processable holographic photopolymer films7'8. It was recognized early that in contrast to the traditional volume holographic materials these materials would offer the distinct advantage of easy
High-angle annular dark-field microscopy of Mo/Si multilayer structures

Abstract The high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) technique of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been applied to the study of Mo/Si multilayer structures fabricated by e-beam evaporation and sputtering under various growth conditions. Comparison with bright-field STEM images confirms that the HAADF technique can give high-resolution imaging contrast which is sensitive to the atomic number of the scatterer and is free of the complications of dynamical scattering and coherent interference effects which are limitations of the bright-field electron microscopy. The HAADF images allow compositional distributions to be drawn concerning the sharpness of the interfaces between the layers. A method for quantifying the compositional variations across the layers is proposed.
Lessons of the Marshall plan for Eastern Europe

(1998). Lessons of the Marshall plan for Eastern Europe. The International Spectator: Vol. 33, The Euro: Looking Ahead, pp. 149-168.
YopM Puts Caspase-1 on Ice

Caspase-1-mediated detection of pathogens is a potent arm of the innate immune system. LaRock and Cookson (2012) show that the Yersinia type III secretion effector, YopM, directly inhibits caspase-1.
Using the intranet to build teamwork

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss using the intranet to build teamwork.Design/methodology/approach – The author provides a useful viewpoint on using the intranet to build teamwork.Findings – Many organizations are attempting to use teams and allowing these employees to engage in self‐directed work. To be successful these teams must work in an integrated, collaborative fashion toward an organizational goal or vision. One of the keys to this success is having rapid, meaningful feedback about performance for all team members. It is argued that the intranet combined with current visualization software can provide not only such feedback but also help the team stay focused and become more integrated.Originality/value – Provides a useful discussion on using the intranet to build teamwork.
The Relationship Between Types of Rap Music and Memory in African American Children

Heavy metal and rap music are the two most scrutinized forms of music. Heavy metal music, which features the thundering rhythm of the electric bass guitar and drums, is often characterized by songs that glorify violence, abuse against women, hate, deviant sexual activity, and the occult, notably satanic worship (King, 1987). Rap music also often advocates violence, substance abuse, and sex, but heavy metal music generally advocates rebellion and satanism as well. There are several types of rap music; the most popular are called gangsta, hip-hop, political, and commercial. Each type of rap music has distinguishable characteristics. Gangsta rap contains graphic and derogatory language and advocates violence and the use of drugs. It also contains many obscenities and downplays the importance of women. In this regard, examples of artists whose music is considered gangsta rap are AMG and Snoop Doggy Dog. Hip-Hop rap is a mosaic of jazz, rhythm and blues, and rap music. Examples of artists whose music is considered hip-hop are the Fugees and Heavy D. In contrast, political rap music pertains to Black power struggles and criticism of the police, government, and organized establishments. Examples of artists whose rap music is considered political are Public Enemy and KRS One. Furthermore, commercial/pop rap is mainstream rap that appeals to both African American and European American popula-
An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2

THE ancestors of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) may have evolved from a reservoir of African non-human primate lentiviruses, termed simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV)1. None of the SIV strains characterized so far are closely related to HIV-12–6. HIV-2, however, is closely related to SIV (SIVmac) isolated from captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)7. SIV infection of feral Asian macaques has not been demonstrated by serological surveys8,9. Thus, macaques may have acquired SIV in captivity by cross-species transmission from an SIV-infected African primate. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebm atys), an African primate species indigenous to West Africa, however, are infected with SIV (SIVsm) both in captivity9–11and in the wild (P. Fultz, personal communication). We have molecularly cloned and sequenced SIVsm and report here that it is closely related to SIVmac and HIV-2. These results suggest that SIVsm has infected macaques in captivity and humans in West Africa and evolved as SIVmac and HIV-2, respectively.
A Kind of Spatial Angular Magnetic Gear Transmission

Gear exciting is of vital importance in modern power transmission systems. But when the requirements of angular gear transmission are needed, the shortcomings of the current mechanical and magnetic gear transmission are even more obvious. The traditional mechanical gear boxes have the construction of direct mechanical contact, whose disadvantages are low efficiency, noisy, apt to lubricate, easy to produce vibrations to be damaged and so on. And the existing magnetic gear is coaxial which can’t meet the need of angular transmission. In this paper, the construction of a kind of spatial angular magnetic gear, which has no direct mechanical contact between the driven axis and load axis, is proposed. Besides, the principle of the gear ratio is introduced and a concrete magnetic gear is analyzed. The results show that the range of the angle of this magnetic gear can be very large.
The mechanism of action of solution fluoride upon the demineralization rate of human enamel

Abstract Equations have been derived and computations carried out for the demineralization rates of tooth enamel employing the “Fluorapatite” model. The model assumes that when hydroxyapatite is exposed to a low fluoride concentration, a layer of fluorapatite is formed around the apatite crystal and this fluorapatite is assumed to be the thermodynamic governing phase during dissolution. The demineralization rates have been obtained as a function of the fluoride ion concentration, the hydrogen ion concentration, the total buffer concentration, the diffusion coefficients of all the species involved, the dissociation constant of buffer acid (Ka), and the solubility products of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite. The “Fluorapatite” model has been critically examined with experimental data obtained with synthetic apatites and enamel powder. Experiments were carried out as a function of solution fluoride concentration, the common ions (calcium and phosphate) and pH. In the case of synthetic sample, TVA (P.D.), all of the experiments were in quantitative agreement with the model when a fluorapatite solubility product value of 1 × 10−130 to 1 × 10−132 was used in conjunction with a hydroxyapatite solubility product value of 1 × 10−130 to 1 × 10−132. In the case of the powdered enamel studies values of Kfap ∼- 1 × 10−119 and Khap ∼- 1 × 10−118 gave good consistency with experiments. It was found necessary to consider the influence of fluoride initially present in the enamel samples to achieve the best agreement of the data with model. The “Fluorapatite” phase has been interpreted as that formed by the isomorphous substitution of the surface hydroxyls by the fluoride rather than by the reprecipitation of a “true” fluorapatite phase upon the original hydroxyapatite crystals. These studies have been found to be consistent with those reported earlier ( Higuchi et al., 1969, 1965). Thus it may be concluded that a single a priori physical model has thus far described all of the experimental data on enamel and synthetic apatite dissolution rates in a self-consistent manner.
Vibrational Affect Sound Theory and Practice in Qualitative Research

This article examines the theoretical, methodological, and practical possibilities of sound for qualitative research. Moving from an understanding that sounds are a form of vibrational affect, the ...
How wellness programs can boost the bottom line through employee involvement

More and more firms are adopting health promotion programs. They reduce costs, and increase employee productivity. The authors review the types of programs companies are offering, discuss the pros and cons, and note some of the best programs available today. They also offer helpful advice for implementing a wellness program. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structural and magnetic properties of cobalt nanoparticles encased in siliceous shells

Stable colloidal dispersions of cobalt nanoparticles were prepared by refluxing toluene solutions of dicobalt octacarbonyl in the presence of poly(dimethylsiloxane-b-(methylvinylsiloxane-co-methyl(2-trimethoxysilethyl)siloxane)) (PDMS-b-(PMVS-co-PMTMS)) dispersion stabilizers. The nanoparticles coated with the polysiloxane copolymer were subsequently heated at 600 or 700 °C with the goal of forming siliceous shells on the cobalt surfaces to protect them from oxidation. The thermolysis processes at 600 and 700 °C produced increases in the cobalt specific saturation magnetizations (σs) from 48 to 141 and 146 emu g−1 of cobalt respectively. The siliceous coatings provided oxidative protection under ambient conditions for long periods. However, mechanically grinding the thermally treated nanoparticles led to decreases in σs upon aging in air. Particle size analyses indicated an increase in average particle size in the materials heated at 600 °C, but the materials that were heated at 700 °C retained their smal...
Human ocular following initiated by competing image motions: evidence for a winner-take-all mechanism

The initial ocular following responses (OFRs) elicited by 1/4-wavelength steps applied to the missing fundamental (mf) stimulus are in the backward direction and largely determined by the principal Fourier component, the 3rd harmonic [Sheliga, B. M., Chen, K. J., FitzGibbon, E. J., & Miles, F. A. (2005). Initial ocular following in humans: A response to first-order motion energy. Vision Research, 45, 3307–3321]. When the contrast of the 3rd harmonic was selectively reduced below that of the next most prominent harmonic—the 5th, which moves in the opposite (forward) direction—then the OFR reversed direction and the 3rd harmonic effectively lost all of its influence as the OFR was now largely determined by the 5th harmonic. Restricting the stimulus to just two sine waves (of equal efficacy when of equal contrast and presented singly) with the spatial frequencies of the 3rd and 5th harmonics of the mf stimulus indicated that the critical factor was the ratio of their two contrasts: when of similar contrast both were effective (vector sum/averaging), but when the contrast of one was <1/2 that of the other then the one with the lower contrast became ineffective (winner-take-all). This nonlinear dependence on the contrast ratio was attributed to mutual inhibition and was well described by a weighted-average model with just two free parameters. Further experiments with broadband and dual-grating stimuli indicated that nonlinear interactions occur not only in the neural processing of stimuli moving in opposite directions but also of stimuli that share the same direction and differ only in their spatial frequency and speed. Clearly, broad-band and dual-grating stimuli can uncover significant nonlinearities in visual information processing that are not evident with single sine-wave stimuli.
Electrode configurations for detection of intraventricular haemorrhage in the premature neonate.

Intraventricular haemorrhage is a common cause of death in premature human infants. As preventative measures and treatments become available, a method for monitoring and detection is required. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a viable monitoring method compared to modalities such as ultrasound, MRI or CT because of its low cost and contrast sensitivity to blood. However, its sensitivity to blood may be obscured by the low conductivity skull, high conductivity cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and shape changes in the head and body. We estimated the sensitivity of three 16-electrode and impedance measurement configurations to bleeding using both idealized spherical and realistic geometry three-dimensional finite element models of the neonatal head. Sensitivity distribution responses to alterations in skull composition as well as introduction of conductivity anomalies were determined. Of the three patterns tested, a measurement scheme that employed electrodes at locations based on the 10–20 EEG layout, and impedance measurements involving current return over the anterior fontanelle produced superior distinguishabilities in regions near the lateral ventricles. This configuration also showed strongly improved sensitivities and selectivities when skull composition was varied to include the anterior fontanelle. A pattern using electrodes placed in a ring about the equator of the model had similar sensitivities but performed worse than the EEG layout in terms of selectivity. The third pattern performed worse than either the Ring or EEG-based patterns in terms of sensitivity. The overall performance of the EEG-based pattern on a spherical homogeneous model was maintained in a sensitivity matrix calculated using a homogeneous realistic geometry model.
Ultraviolet radiation and malignant melanoma

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun is divided into three regions: ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared. The UV spectrum is further subdivided into UVA (320400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVC (200-290 nm). Solar energy in the UVC range is completely absorbed by the ozone layer, and thus it does not reach the Earth’s surface.3 Although epidemiologic evidence supports the notion that sunlight is germane to the development of cutaneous melanoma, the precise action spectrum for melanoma formation is still unknown. For nonmelanoma skin cancer, UVB appears to be the most carcinogenic.” What is the evidence for UVB’s involvement in melanoma? First, UVB can be absorbed by DNA, leading to mutations and cellular transformation. Second, UVB can stimulate melanocytic proliferation. Third, UVB is immunosuppressive in mice and can lead to diminished tumor resistance. Fourth, blistering sunburns are caused by UVB and represent a risk factor for melanoma. Lastly, melanoma incidence correlates directly with UVB flux and gradients of UVB by latitude.” Absorption of UVB energy by DNA leads to photoproducts such as pyrimidine dimers.6 If DNA repair is not properly executed, mutations in critical oncogenes, such as the ras oncogene, can lead to uncontrolled melanocyte proliferation and eventual tumor formation.7,8 Likewise, UVB may also interfere with normal functioning of tumor-suppressor genes, thereby inducing melanoma. A group of investigators has shown that UVB-
Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin in advanced gynecologic cancers.

Abstract Objective. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) may have enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity compared with the parent compound. This phase II study further evaluates the activity of Doxil in patients with ovarian cancer and explores activity in other gynecologic cancers. Methods. Sixty-three patients were treated with Doxil 50 mg/m 2 infused over 1 h; 44 were evaluable. Forty-eight had epithelial ovarian cancer and all received prior treatment with cisplatin and paclitaxel: 27 received two to six prior regimens, 44 were platinum resistant, 21 patients had measurable disease, and 27 had evaluable disease only. Results. The overall survival of these patients was 10 months (range, 0.25–33); progression-free survival was 3 months (range, 0.25–18). The response rate among those with measurable disease was 19%, with a median duration of 4.5 months (range, 3–12). The response rate of 22 patients with elevated CA-125 was 59%; median duration was 3.5 months (range, 1–12). Also, 27% achieved prolonged stabilization of disease for a median of 7 months (range, 5–18). Overall, treatment was well tolerated in this heavily pretreated population. Grade 3 and 4 toxic effects were: 5 grade 3 stomatitis, 3 grade 3 skin, 1 each grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, 5 admits for infection, and no neutropenic fever; nausea and vomiting were uncommon in 204 cycles to ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion. This study demonstrates the activity of Doxil in heavily pretreated patients with ovarian cancer and poor prognostic features and confirms the prolonged responses and favorable toxicity profile. Encouraging findings were also observed in the patients with nonovarian gynecologic cancers.
BRYOSEDGWICKIA, A NEW SYNONYM OF PLATYGYRIELLA (HYPNACEAE)

Bryosedgwickia is considered a synonym ofPlatygyriella and the following transfers are proposed:P. aurea, P. aureoides, P. densa, P. fragilifolia, P. kirtikarii andP. pringlei. A key is provided to the accepted species ofPlatygyriella. Excluded species are treated asHondaella entodontea (C. Mull.) Buck andIsopterygium jamaicense (Bartr.) Buck.
Impurity-Correlation Factors for Diffusion in Diamond-Structure Crystals

The correlation equations for impurity diffusion in the diamond structure have much in common with the equations for self-diffusion in pure face-centered-cubic and diamond structures. Comparison of these equations allows the four-frequency expression for the impurity-correlation factor in the diamond structure to be calculated to the same precision as the correlation factor for self-diffusion in a pure face-centered-cubic structure. This precision is an order of magnitude better than that for any previous calculation of this impurity-correlation factor. The calculation also illustrates an effect that choice of diffusion direction can have on the form of the correlation-factor equations. In these calculations, a generalized method is developed of calculating impurity-correlation factors in terms of effective-vacancy-return probabilities ${U}_{q}$, including contributions from vacancies which move far away from the impurity before effectively returning to their original site. Connections between various calculational techniques are discussed. The accurate values obtained here are compared with previous calculations done by a variety of other methods. This allows an evaluation of the problems arising in various standard calculational techniques.
Double dissociation of amygdala and hippocampal contributions to trace and delay fear conditioning.

A key finding in studies of the neurobiology of learning memory is that the amygdala is critically involved in Pavlovian fear conditioning. This is well established in delay-cued and contextual fear conditioning; however, surprisingly little is known of the role of the amygdala in trace conditioning. Trace fear conditioning, in which the CS and US are separated in time by a trace interval, requires the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. It is possible that recruitment of cortical structures by trace conditioning alters the role of the amygdala compared to delay fear conditioning, where the CS and US overlap. To investigate this, we inactivated the amygdala of male C57BL/6 mice with GABA A agonist muscimol prior to 2-pairing trace or delay fear conditioning. Amygdala inactivation produced deficits in contextual and delay conditioning, but had no effect on trace conditioning. As controls, we demonstrate that dorsal hippocampal inactivation produced deficits in trace and contextual, but not delay fear conditioning. Further, pre- and post-training amygdala inactivation disrupted the contextual but the not cued component of trace conditioning, as did muscimol infusion prior to 1- or 4-pairing trace conditioning. These findings demonstrate that insertion of a temporal gap between the CS and US can generate amygdala-independent fear conditioning. We discuss the implications of this surprising finding for current models of the neural circuitry involved in fear conditioning.
Relative Deprivation, Equity/Inequity, and Psychological Well-Being Men and Women in One- and Two-Job Families

The research reported here compared the extent to which relative deprivation, based on general social comparisons and perceptions of equity/inequity derived from specific comparisons in an intimate relationship, influenced the psychological well-being of men and women in one- and two-job families. Data were analyzed from interviews with 130 couples in one-job families and 135 families in two-job families. Beyond the discomfort and unfair treatment accompanying them, both relative deprivation and inequity were associated with depression when they were considered in the same model.
Speed estimation with propagation maps

We propose a neural architecture that estimates the speed of motion. The basis is a two-dimensional map made of locally connected integrate-and-fire neurons, that propagates and integrates synaptic input in a dendritic-cable-like manner, but irrespective of any direction. The propagation dynamics of such a map are tuned to filter preferred speeds: slow map dynamics filter slow speeds, fast map dynamics filter fast speeds. The propagation map is potentially simple enough for an analog hardware approach.
Many-body ionization in a frozen Rydberg gas.

In a dense gas of $300\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms of $n\ensuremath{\sim}50$ ionization occurs on a 100 ns time scale, far too fast to be explained by the motion of the atoms or photoionization by 300 K blackbody radiation. Rapid ionization is accompanied by spectral broadening, with the spectrum becoming continuous at $n=88$ at a density of $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The atomic transitions broaden both smoothly and by the emergence of new features, which we attribute to multiple atom absorptions. We attribute the rapid ionization to a sequence of near resonant dipole-dipole transitions through virtual states in this intrinsically many-body system, culminating in the ionization of some of the atoms.