cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anterograde memory loss induced by hypothermia in rats

In contrast with the extensive animal research on retrograde amnesia, relatively little attention has been given to anterograde amnesia. Moreover, previous studies of anterograde amnesia have not always clearly separated the effects of the anterograde treatment on acquisition from those on retention. Thus, hypothermia-induced anterograde amnesia for a one-trial conditioned fear memory was examined in three experiments. Experiment 1A demonstrated an anterograde disruption of performance in subjects receiving training in the hypothermic state (29°C) and tested 24 hr later. Acquisition of the target memory in animals exposed to hypothermia prior to conditioning was demonstrated in Experiment 1B. Subjects conditioned while in a hypothermic state (29°C) performed similarly to noncooled subjects if tested shortly after conditioning (while still in a hypothermic state), but not 24 hr after conditioning (while in a normothermic state). Experiment 2 shows that the anterograde amnesia effect is temperature dependent. That is, of animals trained at 29 or 33°C, only the more hypothermic group demonstrated deficits in retention when tested 24 hr later. This experiment also attempted, unsuccessfully, to demonstrate recovery of the amnestic memory by administration of a noncontingent footshock prior to testing. Implications of the failure to demonstrate recovery of memory are discussed along with possible mechanisms involved in producing anterograde amnesia.
A Multipurpose Catheter for Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Monitoring plus Atrial Pacing

A new multipurpose flow-directed pulmonary arterial catheter has been developed and evaluated in 30 patients with acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction. The catheter permits monitoring of the bipolar atrial electrogram, pulmonary arterial or wedge pressure, central venous pressure, and cardiac output, plus atrial pacing. The standard Swan-Ganz thermistor-equipped catheter was modified to incorporate two ring electrodes on the shaft at 25 and 26 cm from the tip. With the pair of electrodes positioned in the right atrium at the junction with the superior vena cava, stable electrograms of high quality were recorded in all 30 subjects, some for as long as six days. These high-fidelity atrial electrograms permitted rapid and accurate diagnosis of many complex dysrhythmias in these unstable patients. Because of the limited noise in the signal of the electrogram, continuous quantitative measurements of intervals by a computerized system was feasible. Furthermore, the stable intracavitary position of electrodes provided a reliable site for atrial pacing, with pacing thresholds (2 to 12 ma; average, 5 ma) that remained stable for up to four days. Atrial pacing was used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrial tachyarrhythmias, digitalis intoxication, and ventricular dysrhythmias.
The melting of polyacrylonitrile

Abstract The melting point of a series of acrylonitrile—vinyl acetate copolymers were measured by differential thermal analysis and the data treated with the Flory relationship for melting-point depression. As a result of this calculation, the melting point of polyacrylonitrile was found to be 322 °C. Additional calculations revealed that the heat of fusion derived from copolymer experiments was about one half the value obtained from diluent studies and that reasonable heats of fusion could be calculated from copolymer melting-point depression experiments if the assumption is made that the effective concentration of the minor component is two times the actual amount present.
Transient potassium current in native Xenopus oocytes.

Depolarization of follicle-enclosed oocytes of Xenopus laevis obtained from some donors elicits, in addition to other responses, a fast transient outward current. After holding the membrane potential at -- 100 mV this response begins to be activated by depolarizations to around -- 30 mV, and increases progressively as the voltage is raised further. A striking characteristic is that the current recovers only slowly (several seconds) from inactivation following a depolarizing pulse. Because of its outward direction and insensitivity to removal of extracellular chloride or addition of tetrodotoxin, the current probably arises largely through a flux of potassium ions. The current was abolished after treatment of oocytes with collagenase to remove enveloping cells, and although it was blocked by barium and zinc ions, tetraethylammonium was relatively ineffective. In addition, the potassium current was unaffected by 5 mM manganese, suggesting that it does not arise as a consequence of an influx of calcium into the oocyte.
Factors Influencing Attitudes Toward the Commitment of Economic Resources to Outdoor Recreation Development

Data were collected from 1,386 Ohio residents in the fall of 1985 on a statewide basis to examine factors affecting willingness to commit economic resources to improve outdoor recreation facilities in the state. The research expectations used to guide the study were developed using utility modeling. The theoretical perspective basically argues that people would be more willing to support the commitment of limited economic resources to development efforts that have the potential to produce benefits for them. While the explained variance is relatively low, the findings are shown to be consistent with study hypotheses. The findings reveal that respondents believed more economic resources should be allocated to the development of outdoor recreation facilities. Implications of the findings are discussed in the context of future outdoor recreation development programs.
Advanced Pre-Clinical Research Approaches and Models to Studying Pediatric Anesthetic Neurotoxicity

Advances in pediatric and obstetric surgery have resulted in an increase in the duration and complexity of anesthetic procedures. A great deal of concern has recently arisen regarding the safety of anesthesia in infants and children. Because of obvious limitations, it is not possible to thoroughly explore the effects of anesthetic agents on neurons in vivo in human infants or children. However, the availability of some advanced pre-clinical research approaches and models, such as imaging technology both in vitro and in vivo, stem cells, and non-human primate experimental models, have provided potentially invaluable tools for examining the developmental effects of anesthetic agents. This review discusses the potential application of some sophisticated research approaches, e.g., calcium imaging, in stem cell-derived in vitro models, especially human embryonic neural stem cells, along with their capacity for proliferation and their potential for differentiation, to dissect relevant mechanisms underlying the etiology of the neurotoxicity associated with developmental exposures to anesthetic agents. Also, this review attempts to discuss several advantages for using the developing rhesus monkey model (in vivo), when combined with dynamic molecular imaging approaches, in addressing critical issues related to the topic of pediatric sedation/anesthesia. These include the relationships between anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity, dose response, time-course, and developmental stage at time of exposure (in vivo studies), serving to provide the most expeditious platform toward decreasing the uncertainty in extrapolating pre-clinical data to the human condition.
Subcritical water extraction of amino acids from Atacama Desert soils

Amino acids are considered organic molecular indicators in the search for extant and extinct life in the Solar System. Extraction of these molecules from a particulate solid matrix, such as Martian regolith, will be critical to their in situ detection and analysis. The goals of this study were to optimize a laboratory amino acid extraction protocol by quantitatively measuring the yields of extracted amino acids as a function of liquid water temperature and sample extraction time and to compare the results to the standard HCl vapor- phase hydrolysis yields for the same soil samples. Soil samples from the Yungay region of the Atacama Desert ( Martian regolith analog) were collected during a field study in the summer of 2005. The amino acids ( alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and valine) chosen for analysis were present in the samples at concentrations of 1 - 70 parts- per- billion. Subcritical water extraction efficiency was examined over the temperature range of 30 - 325 degrees C, at pressures of 17.2 or 20.0 MPa, and for water- sample contact equilibration times of 0 - 30 min. None of the amino acids were extracted in detectable amounts at 30 degrees C ( at 17.2 MPa), suggesting that amino acids are too strongly bound by the soil matrix to be extracted at such a low temperature. Between 150 degrees C and 250 degrees C ( at 17.2 MPa), the extraction efficiencies of glycine, alanine, and valine were observed to increase with increasing water temperature, consistent with higher solubility at higher temperatures, perhaps due to the decreasing dielectric constant of water. Amino acids were not detected in extracts collected at 325 degrees C ( at 20.0 MPa), probably due to amino acid decomposition at this temperature. The optimal subcritical water extraction conditions for these amino acids from Atacama Desert soils were achieved at 200 degrees C, 17.2 MPa, and a water- sample contact equilibration time of 10 min.
Liberal arts student learning outcomes: An integrated approach

Researchers completing a study of liberal arts education sought to identify learning outcomes associated with both wisdom and citizenship. They have synthesized these themes into seven outcomes that facilitate effective student learning and development.
Respiratory treatment history predicts suck pattern stability in preterm infants

Sensory deprivation and motor restriction associated with extensive oxygen therapy may lead to poor oromotor control in preterm infants. Non-nutritive suck is one of the first complex oromotor behaviors infants perform. This study determined the spatiotemporal variability of non-nutritive suck (NNS) pressure trajectories in three preterm groups with differing oxygen histories-one control group with minimal or no O(2) therapy, and two Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) groups with either a mild/moderate (RDS1) or moderate/severe (RDS2) O(2) history. The Non-nutritive Suck Spatiotemporal Index (NNS STI) quantifies spatial and temporal variability across kinematic trajectories, and was calculated from digital representations of infants' suck pressure signals. An ANCOVA revealed a significant effect for group (p < .001) on the NNS STI measure, with RDS2 infants showing highly variable NNS patterning, and thus relatively underdeveloped suck. Extensive oxygen therapy, which alters the oral sensory environment and reduces motor experiences, disrupts the development of coordinated NNS in preterm infants.
The integrity of the centriole inSaccharomyces

The observation that the number of centrioles in the centrosome of a yeast cell correspond to the degree of ploidy supportsHarper's view that the centriole is a constant, stable, essential cell structure. The implications of this view on the function of the centriole and the integrity of the spindle fiber will be considered in subsequent communications.
14-3-3ζ Mediates Resistance of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma to an Anthracycline-based Chemotherapeutic Regimen

Patients presenting with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are treated with a standard anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic mixture consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP). Half of DLBCL patients will develop chemo-refractory tumors due to the emergence of CHOP-resistant DLBCL cells. We isolated DLBCL cells that were resistant to CHOP as a model system to investigate the molecular basis of CHOP resistance. Resistant cells emerged from CHOP-sensitive DLBCL populations after repeated cycles of on-off exposure to stepwise increased dosages of CHOP. A proteomic analysis of CHOP-sensitive and -resistant DLBCL cells identified the ζ isoform of the 14-3-3 family as a differentially expressed protein. CHOP-sensitive cells showed reduced expression of 14-3-3ζ protein in the presence of high-dose CHOP relative to control cells. In contrast, CHOP-resistant cells expressed markedly higher levels of 14-3-3ζ regardless the presence of high-dose CHOP. Because 14-3-3ζ is known to exert anti-apoptotic influences and chemoresistance in lung, colon, and prostate carcinoma, we hypothesized that 14-3-3ζ promotes survival of DLBCL cells in CHOP. In support of our hypothesis, knockdown of 14-3-3ζ by small interfering RNA restored the sensitivity of resistant DLBCL to CHOP-induce apoptosis. In addition, 14-3-3ζ expression was highly up-regulated in a resected DLBCL lymph node relative to a normal lymph node by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, more than half of 35 DLBCL tissues showed elevated 14-3-3ζ expression relative to normal lymph tissue by immunohistochemical analysis. Our study implicates 14-3-3ζ in the pathogenesis of DLBCL and suggests a promising combination strategy with a 14-3-3 inhibitor for the treatment of refractory DLBCL.
Metastases suppressors and prostate cancer.

Even though diagnosis of prostate cancer can be made earlier than in the past, prognosis is still difficult. The discovery of new metastatic markers should aid in treatment design.
Electrochemically-driven solid-state amorphization in lithium–metal anodes

Abstract As lithiated–metal alloys such as Li–Si or Li–Sn are of great interest as high energy density anodes for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, a fundamental understanding on how the metals behave upon lithiation is important. X-ray diffraction and HREM experiments in this work reveal that the crystallization of equilibrium inter-metallic compounds (e.g. Li–Si) is inhibited during lithiation at room temperature, and that formation of highly lithiated glass instead occurs. This glass is shown to be metastable with respect to the equilibrium crystalline phases. We show that the mechanism of electrochemical alloying is electrochemically-driven solid-state amorphization (ESA), a process closely analogous to the diffusive solid-state amorphization (SSA) of thin films. Experimental results on the diffusive reaction of Li and Si bilayer films support the proposed mechanism.
Electromagnetic wave scattering from a rough interface above a chiral medium: generalized field transforms.

In order to derive full-wave solutions for electromagnetic wave scattering from rough interfaces between achiral media (free space for instance) and chiral media that satisfy generalized constitutive relations, it is necessary to employ complete modal expansions for the electromagnetic fields above and below the interface. To this end, the familiar Fourier transforms of the fields are expressed as generalized field transforms consisting of the radiation term, the lateral waves, and the surface waves. Maxwell’s equations are converted into generalized telegraphists’ equations [in the companion paper (this issue), J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 30, 335 (2013)] upon the imposition of exact boundary conditions. These telegraphists’ equations are coupled first-order differential equations for the forward- and backward-traveling wave amplitudes associated with all the different species of waves (radiation, lateral, and surface waves) excited at the surface of the chiral medium. The analysis presented here includes the completeness and orthogonal relations of the basis functions associated with the modal expansions. This work is used to distinguish between depolarization due to the chiral properties of the medium and depolarization due to surface irregularities. It has applications in remote sensing and identification of biological and chemical materials based on their optical activity.
Conductivity of disordered quantum lattice models at infinite temperature: Many-body localization

We reinvestigate the behavior of the conductivity of several disordered quantum lattice models at infinite temperature using exact diagonalization. Contrary to the conclusion drawn in a recent investigation of similar quantities in identical systems, we find evidence of a localized regime for strong random fields. We estimate the location of the critical field for the many-body localization transition for the random-field $XXZ$ spin chain, and compare our findings with recent investigations in related systems.
Giant Galapagos tortoises walk without inverted pendulum mechanical-energy exchange.

SUMMARY Animals must perform mechanical work during walking, but most conserve substantial mechanical energy via an inverted-pendulum-like mechanism of energy recovery in which fluctuations of kinetic energy (KE) and gravitational potential energy (GPE) are of similar magnitude and 180° out of phase. The greatest energy recovery typically occurs at intermediate speeds. Tortoises are known for their slow speeds, which we anticipated would lead to small fluctuations in KE. To have an effective exchange of mechanical energy using the inverted-pendulum mechanism, tortoises would need to walk with only small changes in GPE corresponding to vertical center-of-mass (COM) fluctuations of <0.5 mm. Thus, we hypothesized that giant Galapagos tortoises would not conserve substantial mechanical energy using the inverted-pendulum mechanism. We studied five adult giant Galapagos tortoises Geochelone elephantopus (mean mass=142 kg; range= 103–196 kg). Walking speed was extremely slow (0.16±0.052 m s–1; mean ± 1 s.d.). The fluctuations in kinetic energy (8.1±3.98 J stride–1) were only one-third as large as the fluctuations in gravitational potential energy (22.7±8.04 J stride–1). In addition, these energies fluctuated nearly randomly and were only sporadically out of phase. Because of the dissimilar amplitudes and inconsistent phase relationships of these energies, tortoises conserved little mechanical energy during steady walking, recovering only 29.8±3.77% of the mechanical energy (range=13–52%). Thus, giant Galapagos tortoises do not utilize effectively an inverted-pendulum mechanism of energy conservation. Nonetheless, the mass-specific external mechanical work required per distance (0.41±0.092 J kg–1 m–1) was not different from most other legged animals. Other turtle species use less than half as much metabolic energy to walk as other terrestrial animals of similar mass. It is not yet known if Galapagos tortoises are economical walkers. Nevertheless, contrary to biomechanical convention, poor inverted-pendulum mechanics during walking do not necessarily correspond to high mechanical work and may not result in a high metabolic cost.
Mice heterozygous for CREB binding protein are hypersensitive to γ-radiation and invariably develop myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm

Myelodysplastic syndrome is a complex family of preleukemic diseases in which hematopoietic stem cell defects lead to abnormal differentiation in one or more blood lineages. Disease progression is associated with increasing genomic instability and a large proportion of patients go on to develop acute myeloid leukemia. Primarily a disease of the elderly, it can also develop after chemotherapy. We have previously reported that CREB binding protein ( Crebbp) heterozygous mice have an increased incidence of hematological malignancies, and others have shown that CREBBP is one of the genes altered by chromosomal translocations found in patients suffering from therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome. This led us to investigate whether hematopoietic tumor development in Crebbp +/− mice is preceded by a myelodysplastic phase and whether we could uncover molecular mechanisms that might contribute to its development. We report here that Crebbp +/− mice invariably develop myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm within 9 to 12 months of age. They are also hypersensitive to ionizing radiation and show a marked decrease in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity after irradiation. In addition, protein levels of XRCC1 and APEX1, key components of base excision repair machinery, are reduced in unirradiated Crebbp +/− cells or upon targeted knockdown of CREBBP levels. Our results provide validation of a novel myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm mouse model and, more importantly, point to defective repair of DNA damage as a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this currently incurable disease.
Effect of endotoxin on opossum oesophageal motor function

Endotoxin induces nitric oxide (NO*) synthase and alters gastrointestinal functions. We explored the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on oesophageal motor function at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The effects of inhibiting inducible NO* synthase (iNOS) were studied 12 h after administration of LPS with/without aminoguanidine (AG). Oesophageal manometry was performed and tissue bath studies were performed with muscle strips from the oesophagus and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). Plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were determined. The amplitudes of peristaltic pressure waves, resting LOS pressure and the percentage LOS relaxations were diminished by LPS. AG attenuated the decrease in amplitude of oesophageal pressure waves, LOS pressure, and percentage relaxation of LOS brought about by LPS. LPS decreased electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced relaxation of LOS muscle. AG attenuated this decrease in LOS relaxation. The off-response of transverse oesophageal muscle strips was decreased, and AG antagonized this effect. Plasma concentrations of nitrite/nitrate were increased. The increase in plasma nitrite/nitrate was attenuated by AG. These studies support the hypothesis that endotoxin modulates oesophageal motor function by increasing NO production and suggest that this results from the induction of iNOS.
Explaining Teacher Explanations of Pupil Performance; A Self-Presentation Interpretation.

Professional teachers often make counterdefensive attributions for pupil performance-they tend to assume responsibility for student failure and to give the student credit for success. This study examines the possibility that teachers' counterdefensive attributions are self-presentations designed to establish favorable social identities. The study simulates an experiment by Ross et al. (1974) in which teachers were led to believe that they had been successful or unsuccessful in teaching a lesson to a pupil. Simulation observers were assigned to one of ten conditions in a 2 x 5 experiment. Observers learned that a particular teacher either failed or succeeded and offered either no explanation or one of four explanations that varied from highly or moderately defensive to moderately or highly counterdefensive. The moderately counterdefensive attributions corresponded to the mean attributions given by teachers in the Ross et al. study. Consistent with the prediction of the self-presentation analysis, observers rated the moderately counterdefensive teacher significantly more positively than the moderately or highly defensive teacher on traits relevant to professional competence as well as concern for others and overall likability.
Bortezomib and EGCG: no green tea for you?

In this issue of Blood, Golden and colleagues report findings that indicate patients undergoing bortezomib-containing chemotherapy should avoid consuming green tea products.
Impaired flow-mediated vasodilatation is associated with increased left ventricular mass in a multiethnic population. The Northern Manhattan Study.

Increased left ventricular (LV) mass is one of the most important prognostic factors for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.1,2 LV mass is known to be determined by various factors, such as blood pressure,3,4 body size,3,5 age,6,7 sex,8 race,9 and insulin resistance.10,11 Aging, hypertension, and obesity are the most powerful factors in explaining LV hypertrophy, but a portion of LV mass variance not accounted for by conventional risk factors may still exist.12 Indeed, LV hypertrophy is observed even in normotensive subjects, and the prognostic impact of LV hypertrophy in them is similar to that seen in hypertensive subjects even after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors.13 Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) is a well-established noninvasive method to estimate endothelial function. FMD is thought to reflect the regulation of vascular tone and diameter mediated by contracting and relaxing factors. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is the most important in the latter group. In an experimental study, endothelial NO synthase-deficient mice were shown to develop age-related myocardial hypertrophy.14 Furthermore, some previous reports indicated that the inhibition of NO synthase induced LV hypertrophy independent of arterial blood pressure level,15,16 suggesting that the increase in hypertrophic response of cardiac myocytes in response to stimuli such as angiotensin II might contribute to LV hypertrophy,17 although the mechanism is not clear. Accordingly, impaired FMD, which predominantly reflects reduced production of endothelial NO, could be of importance in the development of LV hypertrophy. There have been a few reports showing a significant association between impaired FMD and increased LV mass,18–21 whereas one report could not find the association.22 However, in these studies the subjects were excluded if they had established CV risk factors, including diabetes and hyperlipidemia and obvious hypertension. In addition, the sample size of those studies was not sufficient to allow adjustment for a number of potential covariates. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between peripheral endothelial function and LV mass in a multiethnic community-based cohort.
The Generation X Faculty is Arriving

It’s that time of year again. Across small and large, urban and rural, commuter and residential institutions, students and faculty are preparing for the beginning of the academic year. Syllabi are updated, enrollments confirmed, classrooms assigned, faculty meetings set, students advised, committees formed, and the list goes on. During the summer months, some faculty members travel to distant locations for research or vacation. Others teach courses on campus or lead study abroad. I always imagine that some enjoy 8–10 weeks of leisure, reading novels and exploring new hobbies and recreation. I have yet to find that person of leisure; instead, all are busy trying to balance faculty work with personal or family time. A small percentage of the faculty are not “returning”, but rather they are “beginning”— either launching or relocating a career to another college or university. For these new arrivals, no matter how seasoned, the new location may be both exciting and frustrating as they encounter new colleagues, policies, practices, students, and culture—only the disciplinary or professional knowledge remains constant in this new location. Like many other institutions, the University of Georgia attempts to ease the transition with a faculty orientation held in the fall. These new colleagues represent various types of appointments: tenured and tenure track, lecturers, public service faculty, research associates, and so on. With 15 colleges and schools, representing virtually every discipline, field, and profession, the mix of new faculty joining the University of Georgia annually is quite diverse. Accordingly, in the orientation, we cover a wide variety of topics in short modules presented by the responsible head/leader (e.g., faculty governance, research, instruction, technology, Center for Teaching and Learning, legal affairs). If a session is totally unrelated to the faculty member’s interest, at least it is short; and everyone hears a brief overview and is pointed in the direction of web resources and people resources. Apparently, the topics were mostly relevant, for at the end of the day, the 100-plus new faculty members remained enthusiastic; and, at the reception, the deans and other administrators mixed happily among the new recruits. I did notice that a majority of the new faculty were part of Generation X (1964–1980). So, I was pleased that we had a member of our Teaching Academy to present on work/life Innov High Educ (2011) 36:287–289 DOI 10.1007/s10755-011-9196-6
Amniotic fluid in baboon pregnancies with normal versus growth-retarded fetuses

Abstract Amniotic fluid samples from 12 pregnant baboons at 173 to 176 days of gestation were studied. Five fetuses were growth retarded and seven were normally developed. Mean amniotic fluid volumes and composition (osmolality, protein concentration, delta optical density at 450 nm, and amniotic fluid/maternal plasma creatinine ratio) were similar in the two groups. Growth-retarded fetuses had amniotic fluids with a lower mean (±SE) pH than their normally developed peers (7.50 ± 0.083 versus 7.85 ± 0.084, p = 0.023). Intrauterine growth-retarded fetuses appeared to ingest amniotic fluid at a slower mean rate than normally developed fetuses (609 ± 50.9 versus 769 ± 48.6 ml/day, p = 0.05), but the difference disappeared when the estimates were corrected for fetal weight. Whether these data may be extrapolated to human pregnancies is speculative but appears likely in view of the similarities between amniotic fluid volume and composition in normal baboon and human pregnancies.
A population-based analysis of emergent versus elective paraesophageal hernia repair using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Background As the life expectancy in the United States continues to increase, more elderly, sometimes frail patients present with sub-acute surgical conditions such as a symptomatic paraesophageal hernia (PEH). While the outcomes of PEH repair have improved largely due to the proliferation of laparoscopic surgery, there is still a defined rate of morbidity and mortality. We sought to characterize the outcomes of both elective and emergent PEH repair using a large population-based data set.
Towards Sustainable Mass Tourism: Paradigm Shift or Paradigm Nudge?

This department has been specifically introduced to include findings of special significance and problem areas of subtle nuances in tourism research. Insightful contributions presenting the state of the art, preferably from the developing societies, will be appreciated. It will also encourage scholars and authors to think against the grain, probing the consistency of theoretical notions and research trends whose heuristic value is all too often taken for granted. For details, contact Editor-in-Chief Tourism Recreation Research, A-965/6 Indira Nagar, Lucknow, India. e-mail: tvsingh@sancharnet.in
Analysis of a Simultaneous CNC Turning and Boring Operation via Multisensor Monitoring

The introduction of multi-axis CNC machining has reduced machining time and increased production rates. However, optimizing simultaneous operations to produce quality parts and prolong tool life still possesses a challenge to engineers due to the mutual interactions of two tools removing material and the amount of factors and noise in a production environment. Since there are multiple factors and the sources of error are unknown, we use a statistical approach to obtain and organize information. A design of experiment study was implemented across twelve sensor responses to optimize the spindle speed, feed rate, inner diameter (ID) depth of cut and outer diameter (OD) depth of cut for simultaneous turning and boring roughing operations. The optimal machining conditions were obtained by a response optimizer from Minitab 16 statistical software. The optimized settings result in 13% reduced cutting and 10% reduced total power consumption for a 3% increase of average power. Future studies will cross correlate different responses to reduce the number of sensors in developing a robust adaptive controller for chatter detection and tool condition monitoring.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals

When large, predatory fishes and invertebrates were excluded from areas of a coral reef in the Florida Keys, USA, densities of the normally rare gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum, a principal predator of gorgonian corals, increased 19-fold. Gorgonians in predator exclosures were grazed more frequently and extensively by C. gibbosum than were gorgonians in uncaged areas. In exclosures, 14% of all gorgonians showed recent predation by C. gibbosum, with 62% of the entire colony surface being removed from these attacked individuals. In areas where predators of C. gibbosum were not excluded, only 5% of gorgonians exhibited recent damage, with only 26% of the colony surface being removed from these few damaged individuals. Thus, the increases in both frequency and extent of attack combined to produce an 8x increase in gorgonian damage following removal of large predators. These patterns suggest that predators typically suppress C. gibbosum populations, that overfishing of these predators could release C. gibbosum from top-down control, and that this release will allow increased damage to gorgonian corals.
Reaction dynamics in the formidable gap

One of the least understood and least exploited aspects of nanoscience is dynamic coupling between directional translation at mesoscales (lengths above ~50 nm) and changes in local chemical bonding (lengths below ~1 nm). A major cause is the traditional dominance of two distinct and seemingly incompatible models for describing dynamics at the two scales: continuum mechanics based on the balance of forces, i.e., mechanical equilibrium (lengths above ~50 nm) and activated escape from an energy well, i.e., chemical equilibrium (below ~1 nm). These models yield meaningful results within their respective dimensional limits but leave processes in between in the gray area of conceptual ambiguity and technical intractabil- ity. Such processes underlie phenomena as diverse as catastrophic failure of strained materi- als, operation of motor polymers, behavior of polymer flows, and mechanosensing. Chemomechanics integrates the two conventional dynamic models into a single inter- nally consistent, scale-independent framework that is essential for a quantitative understand- ing and the efficient exploitation of dynamic coupling across the "formidable gap" at ~1-50 nm. Chemomechanics holds promise (1) to facilitate significantly the design of new stress-responsive and actuating polymers, including those optimized specifically for the propulsion of autonomous nanomechanical devices and for use in micro- and nanoscale stress sensors; and (2) to yield general predictive molecular relationships between chemical composition, structure, and mechanical properties of polymers both at the single-chain and bulk levels. Theoretical and experimental studies of dynamic coupling across the formidable gap have traditionally been carried out within soft-matter physics. As far as I am aware, my group was the first to approach the problem from a chemist's perspective. Below, I summa- rize the state-of-the-art of chemical understanding of processes in the formidable gap from both theoretical and experimental perspectives.
Targeted Therapy for Advanced Basal-Cell Carcinoma: Vismodegib and Beyond

Basal-cell carcinoma is a commonly occurring skin malignancy that has the potential to progress into locally invasive or resistant disease, as well as spread distantly. Due to advances in the molecular understanding of the disease over the last two decades, it has been discovered that the Hedgehog pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease and can be exploited as a treatment target. Several agents that inhibit the Hedgehog pathway have reached clinical studies and one drug, vismodegib, has recently been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved based on clinical activity and tolerability in patients with advanced basal-cell carcinoma. This review will describe the clinical development of vismodegib, as well as the proper application of the drug in clinical practice. Other important clinical questions, such as mechanisms of resistance to vismodegib and the role of other Hedgehog pathway inhibitors currently in development will also be discussed.
H/sup /spl infin// mixed sensitivity minimization for stable infinite-dimensional plants subject to convex constraints

This paper shows how convex optimization may be used to design near-optimal finite-dimensional compensators for stable linear time invariant (LTI) infinite dimensional plants. The infinite dimensional plant is approximated by a finite dimensional transfer function matrix. The Youla parameterization is used to parameterize the set of all stabilizing LTI controllers and formulate a weighted mixed-sensitivity H/sup /spl infin// optimization that is convex in the Youla Q-parameter. A finite-dimensional (real-rational) stable basis is used to approximate the Q-parameter. By so doing, we transform the associated optimization problem from an infinite dimensional optimization problem involving a search over stable real-rational transfer function matrices in H/sup /spl infin// to a finite-dimensional optimization problem involving a search over a finite-dimensional space. In addition to solving weighted mixed sensitivity H/sup /spl infin// control system design problems, it is shown how subgradient concepts may be used to directly accommodate time-domain specifications (e.g. peak value of control action) in the design process. As such, we provide a systematic design methodology for a large class of infinite-dimensional plant control system design problems, in short, the approach taken permits a designer to address control system design problems for which no direct method exists, illustrative examples are provided.
Using propensity scoring to estimate program-related subgroup impacts in experimental program evaluations.

This article discusses the use of propensity scoring in experimental program evaluations to estimate impacts for subgroups defined by program features and participants’ program experiences. The authors discuss estimation issues and provide specification tests. They also discuss the use of an overlooked data collection design—obtaining predictions that program intake staff make about applicants’ likely program assignments and experiences—that could improve the quality of matched comparison samples. They demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in producing credible subgroup findings using data from a large-scale experimental evaluation of Job Corps, the nation’s largest federal education and training program for disadvantaged youths.
Evaluation of Perturbations in Serum Thyroid Hormones During Human Pregnancy Due to Dietary Iodide and Perchlorate Exposure Using a Biologically Based Dose-Response Model

A biologically based dose-response model (BBDR) for the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis was developed in the nearterm pregnant mother and fetus. This model was calibrated to predict serum levels of iodide, total thyroxine (T 4 ), free thyroxine (fT 4 ), and total triiodothyronine (T 3 ) in the mother and fetus for a range of dietary iodide intake. The model was extended to describe perchlorate, an environmental and food contaminant, that competes with the sodium iodide symporter protein for thyroidal uptake of iodide. Using this mode-of-action framework, simulations were performed to determine the daily ingestion rates of perchlorate that would be associated with hypothyroxinemia or onset of hypothyroidism for varying iodide intake. Model simulations suggested that a maternal iodide intake of 75 to 250 µg/day and an environmentally relevant exposure of perchlorate (~0.1 µg/ kg/day) did not result in hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism. For a daily iodide-sufficient intake of 200 µg/day, the dose of per
A TCL/TK Widget for Display of MEDM Screens

A new Tcl/Tk widget has been created to display MEDM screens inside a Tcl/Tk application. Tcl/Tk parses the MEDM input files and the appropriate widgets are created and linked to the associated process variables. One advantage of this approach is that an X-Windows emulator is not required to view and manipulate the MEDM screen under a Windows operating system. Another benefit is that the MEDM screen can now be tightly integrated into a scripting language to attach higher-level logic to various process variable manipulations. Further details and examples of the new widget will be discussed.
Evolutionary codings and operators for the terminal assignment problem

Given a collection of terminals, each with a demand, a collection of concentrators, each with a capacity, and costs of connecting the terminals to the concentrators, the terminal assignment problem seeks a set of such connections of minimum cost and without the total demand at any concentrator exceeding its capacity. One genetic algorithm for this problem encodes candidate solutions as strings of concentrator labels; in three other GAs, chromosomes are permutations of terminal labels decoded by a greedy decoder. In comparisons on 40 instances of the problem, the string-coded GA consistently performs poorly, while among the three permutation-coded GAs, one that applies only mutation almost always outperforms the other two, which use crossover operators as well as mutation.
Childhood Cancer Camps Their Role in Adults Surviving Childhood Cancers Lives

This study investigates the role that childhood cancer camps continue to play in the lives of adults surviving childhood cancers (ASCCs). Specifically, the purpose of this study is to understand the roles these camps play in enhancing ASCCs’ psychosocial and emotional well-being and access to information. Twenty-three ASCCs participated in this study. Illness narratives were used to understand ASCCs’ camp experiences. Three themes emerged from the data analysis to reflect ASCCs’ experiences: (1) normalcy, (2) meaningful camp experiences, and (3) access to information. Results show that in the years following camp participation, childhood cancer camps continue to play an important role in ASCCs’ lives, providing them with ongoing social and emotional support and access to resources.
Low-Complexity Map Channel Estimation for Mobile MIMO-OFDM Systems

This paper presents a reduced-complexity maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) channel estimator with iterative data detection for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over mobile multiple-input multiple- output channels. The optimal MAP estimator needs to invert an NNT x NNT data-dependent matrix each in OFDM symbol interval, where N is the number of subcarriers and NT is the number of transmit antennas. We derive an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm with low-rank approximation to avoid inverting large-size matrices, and thus drastically reduce the receiver complexity. In the iterative process, channel parameters are initially obtained by a least square (LS) estimator for temporary symbol decisions. Then, inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to fast fading is approximated and canceled. Finally, the temporary symbol decisions and the ICI-canceled received signals are processed by the EM-based MAP estimator to refine the channel state information for improved detection. The proposed scheme achieves about 2 dB gain over the LS scheme in channels with medium to high normalized Doppler shifts.
Born-again Buganda or the limits of traditional resurgence in Africa

Since the restoration of traditional leaders in Uganda in 1993, the Kingdom of Buganda has developed unusually effective institutions, financing mechanisms and policy tools, re-building itself as a quasi-state. The reinforcement of Buganda's empirical statehood provides one of the farthest-reaching examples of the current trend of traditional resurgence in African politics and to some extent supports claims for the participation of traditional structures in contemporary political systems. Yet, the Buganda experiment also highlights the limits of traditional resurgence as a mode of reconfiguration of politics in Africa. First, it is unclear how the kingdom can maintain the momentum of its revival and the allegiance of its subjects in view of its fiscal pressure on the latter and the limited material benefits it provides to them. Already the monarchists are finding it difficult to translate the king's symbolic appeal into actual mobilisation for development, shedding doubts on one of the main justifications for the kingdom's rebirth. Second, Buganda's claims to political participation clash with the competing notion of sovereignty of the post-colonial state. These limits are likely to confront other similar experiments across the continent.
Single-molecule force spectroscopy: optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers and atomic force microscopy

Single-molecule force spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate the forces and motions associated with biological molecules and enzymatic activity. The most common force spectroscopy techniques are optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers and atomic force microscopy. Here we describe these techniques and illustrate them with examples highlighting current capabilities and limitations.
Thomas Parran Award Lecture: transmission and prevention of transmission of HIV-1.

Transmission of HIV requires a sufficiently infectious HIV carrier and a susceptible host. The parameter most closely associated with the sexual transmission of HIV is the viral concentration generally measured in serum or plasma as a surrogate for genital tract secretions. In their landmark study investigators working in the Rakai District of Uganda demonstrated that HIV transmission was very unlikely to occur when the concentration in blood fell below 3000 copies/mL blood. We developed assays to detect HIV in semen and collected a large number of specimens so as to accurately model the relationship between the concentration of HIV in semen and transmission probability. Shown in Figure 1 are the results of a probabilistic model built on measurement of HIV concentration in semen and the number of endocervical CCR5 receptors. The results of this model agree quite closely with empiric data available. The most contagious subjects would be expected to have the greatest concentration of HIV in genital secretions. Increased viremia is observed under 3 circumstances: 1) during the first days of infection when "ramp up viremia" is observed before host defenses such as antibodies and cell-mediated immunity can reduce viral replication; 2) when patients with acute or established HIV harbor concomitant "classic" STD pathogens; and 3) in the last stages of HIV disease when AIDS develops but people remain sexually active. (excerpt)
Path Based Timing Validation for Timed Asynchronous Design

Timing is an important parameter necessary to ensure the correctness of a design. Timed asynchronous designs can have complex timing paths that include combinational cycles. Commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools do not support asynchronous designs because timing graphs are required to be acyclic. This paper reports on a methodology that enables commercial tools to support full cyclic path timing validation of timed asynchronous designs.
The Impact of Page Charges on ESA Finances

Page charges have been the salvation of the Entomological Society of America. They have been a boon to our financial stability. They have extricated us from what threatened to be a disastrous financial squeeze that would have greatly weakened the Society and curtailed its ability to publish the manuscripts of its members.