cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of an interprofessional medication error workshop on healthcare student perceptions.

Abstract Background The integration of interprofessional education (IPE) into health professional curricula is critical to ensuring safe and efficient delivery of patient care. The intent of this manuscript is to describe the results of a pilot study designed to evaluate the impact of a large-scale interprofessional medication error prevention workshop on student perceptions of team-based patient care in the prevention of medication errors. Interprofessional education activity Pharmacy, medical, and physician assistant students’ perceptions of the role of multidisciplinary patient care teams in preventing medication errors were evaluated before and after participating in a three-hour interprofessional medication errors prevention workshop utilizing a modified version of the validated Attitudes Towards Health Care Teams Scale. Discussion When comparing student attitudes among the three schools, statistically significant differences in student perceptions across the items and subscales (e.g., quality of care/process and physician centrality) captured in the instrument utilized were identified. Additionally, differences in the responses of pharmacy, medical, and physician-assistant students were found, highlighting the areas where healthcare education can be targeted to bridge the gap in opinion. Implications We demonstrated an overall positive impact of an interprofessional medication errors prevention-themed workshop on the attitudes of the participating healthcare students. Future directions and research initiatives focusing on the role of IPE and the influence of IPE workshops on team-based performance are indicated to validate the influence of this method of education on the attitudes of post-graduate healthcare trainees and healthcare practitioners.
Radon radioactivity measurements in underground water: A comparison between different diagnostics techniques

In this article, authors report experimental results obtained, with different diagnostics setups, for radon activity concentration measurement in underground water for human use. An overview is giv...
Metabolic relevance for N-hydroxy L-arginine reduction in estrogen-negative breast cancer cells.

We had shown Nw-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA) as a promising blood-based biomarker for estrogen-receptor-negative (ER−) breast cancer (BC) that differentiates ER− BC based on grade and molecular phenotype. In this in vitro study, we assessed the metabolic relevance for ER− BC-specific NOHA modulation and correlated them with NOHA regulatory responses. This study aids future NOHA clinical utility in ER− BC diagnosis and therapy management and would prove useful for potential drug discovery and development process.
Expanding the Role of Digital Photographs in Evaluation Practice: Documenting, Sense-Making, and Imagining

Abstract: Program stakeholders and evaluators routinely generate and share digital photographs. Three frameworks for using photographs in evaluation practice are discussed: documenting social change, facilitating sense-making, and inspiring and imagining social change. These are rooted in scholarship from arts-informed inquiry and visual sociology and anthropology. Using this framework, a review of existing literature demonstrates an extensive use of photographs for documentation and a growing use of photographs for sense-making and inspiring and imagining social change in evaluation practice. The paper concludes with a case example of how an evaluation team used digital photographs in an evaluation of a teacher professional development program. Resume : Les personnes impliquees dans un programme et les evaluateurs du programme generent et partagent regulierement des photographies numeriques. L’auteur presente trois cadres pour l’utilisation de photographies dans la pratique de l’evaluation: documenter les changements sociaux, donner du sens, inspirer et imaginer les changements sociaux. Cette analyse est tiree de recherches s’appuyant sur des demarches artistiques et provenant des domaines de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie visuelles. S’appuyant sur ce cadre, la revue de la litterature indique une utilisation intensive des photographies a des fins de documentation et une uti-lisation croissante des photographies pour donner du sens et inspirer et imaginer le changement social dans la pratique de l’evaluation. A la fin de cet article, vous trouverez un exemple concret de la facon dont une equipe d’evaluation a utilise des photographies numeriques dans le cadre d’une evaluation d’un programme de perfectionnement professionnel des enseignants.
Nonlinear Acoustic Properties of Structural Materials — A Review

One of the most obvious manifestations of the nonlinear stress-strain relation in elastic solids is the existence of thermal expansion due to a non-parabolic atomic potential. From the acoustic point of view, this nonlinearity immediately explains a variety of observations such as stress effects on the sound propagation velocities and acoustic harmonic generation, which is basically a distortion of the wave. Additional nonlinearities come about due to dislocation motion, or the initiation of plastic flow, and the nucleation of a new phase, such as in the case of a martensitic transformation, e.g. Other examples are nonlinear acoustic effects that are induced at free and internal surfaces caused for a variety of reasons. Detailed acoustic experiments on these phenomena have been made over the past forty years but the ideas have not been applied seriously in NDE. The present paper is a short review of work, some of which this author has been involved in. The objective is to show the utility of nonlinear acoustics for NDE of structural materials.
Detection and Diagnosis of Soybean Diseases for Improved Management

In recent years a considerable amount of information has been obtained on prediction or forecasting of soybean diseases. These systems vary in methodology and the extent to which they have been developed and applied. They all, however, have a common objective of improving an aspect of management of the crop or product. This paper groups the systems into four classifications: general disease prediction; disease prediction for individual diseases; disease prediction for seed diseases before harvest; and detection of diseases that affect seed quality after harvest. It describes the epidemiological basis of the systems, how they are used, and their application in management of soybean diseases.
Regional Perspectives on the Soviet Central Asian Paleolithic

In his concluding remarks to the recently published Paleolithic of the U.S.S.R., Boriskovsky (1984b) turned to the famous site of Teshik Tash in Uzbekistan. He recounted Teshik-Tash’s excavator’s, Okladnikov’s observation made in 1949 that the Neanderthalers showed a degree of collective solidarity and reciprocal exchange somewhat unusual for peoples of the Ancient Paleolithic. (In the Soviet Union, the term Ancient Paleolithic, “Drevniy Paleolit, ” traditionally includes the European term Middle Paleolithic as well as Lower Paleolithic). The basis for this observation was that the faunal material in the cave did not consist of complete skeletons of the Siberian mountain goat, the principal source of meat, but consisted instead of portions of the carcass. Both Boriskovsky and Okladnikov inferred that the hunters’ behavior which created this faunal pattern must have been butchering at a kill site some distance from the cave and subsequent transport of selected portions to the site. There, the meat was shared with the nonhunting members of the group.
The Effect of Diversity on Feelings of Belongingness for New Engineering Students

This research category full paper seeks to understand if feelings of belonging differ according to student demographics for first-year engineering students. Engineering has maintained a stable profile (i.e., white, masculine, and male) for many years, despite national trends in higher education. Multiple researchers have demonstrated that increased diversity leads to improved communication skills, creativity, and problem-solving capabilities, all goals that directly align with engineering’s core values. The lack of diversity within engineering has resulted in a culture which produces engineers that are underprepared and lacking the skills required to work in an increasingly diverse and global engineering market. Engineering’s cultural attitude towards diversity has created environments where students, especially underrepresented minorities (URM), feel that they do not belong despite meeting the academic requirements. To better understand feelings of belongingness within engineering education, the research team set out to answer the question: How do feelings of belongingness differ across demographic characteristics for new (second week) engineering students, enrolled in a first-year first-semester engineering course? Our results demonstrate that neither disability status, race or sexual identity significantly affect how new engineers report their perception of belonging. Female students entered engineering feeling that they belong but at a level significantly lower than their male peers. This suggests that there is still much work to be done in the K-12 environment to cultivate female students’ interest and confidence in engineering, as well as room for improving the welcoming of all students into engineering education.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Myocardial Infarction in the Transgender Population.

Background: As of 2016, ≈1.4 million people in the United States identify as transgender. Despite their growing number and increasing specific medical needs, there has been a lack of research on ca...
A Scientific Guidance to Welfare Planning with System Dynamics Modeling

The public discussion towards abortion policy in Alabama triggered research interest from many prestige scholars to revisit the often-polarized topic. Our research focus on exploring the implication using the policy change as an external perturbation raising attention to the existing diseases conditions causing infant morbidity and mortality, e.g. HIV and STI, providing an alternative perspective through System Dynamics Modeling to illustrate the practical problems and propose possible solutions to achieve effective governance. The existence and response tackling transmittable diseases pose challenges in providing consistent quality medical care and increasing burden in the context of heath sector development. Taking into the consideration of limited public sector resources with many competing areas for spending and investment, the importance to prioritize based on need and relative challenges becomes the determinant factor to effective policy decision making process. This paper begins with a review of previous relevant experiment in system dynamics concerning public health, then it presents a functional model designed to include existing conditions of transmittable disease (HIV and STI) in a population and medical financial burden for families. Although our model encompasses a detailed process including the potential policy change in Alabama, our focus in on the connection between disease cases in infant to overall public welfare, which are responsible for the majority of health impairment in the U.S.
Modeling elasto-visco-bio-plastic mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste in landfills

This paper presents a mechanical model for the prediction of short-term and long-term settlement of municipal solid waste in landfills. The load-induced volumetric compression, shear behavior, tensile behavior, and the time-dependent creep compression behavior of the waste are modeled using the soft soil creep model. The compression induced by decomposition of waste is modeled based on the phenomenon of wetting-induced strains observed in compacted fills with expansive soils. The proposed model is validated using benchmark datasets obtained from two long-term laboratory experiments performed on waste samples obtained from a landfill in UK. Two additional numerical simulation cases (CONV—without leachate injection and BIOR—with leachate injection) were examined by application of the proposed mechanical model on a typical full-scale landfill cell geometry to determine the spatial and temporal variation in the short-term and long-term settlement characteristics of waste in the simulated landfill cell. The settlement of waste predicted by the model could capture the key mechanisms of short- and long-term waste settlement in landfills. The leachate injection in BIOR simulation enhanced the rate of depletion of the degradable solids resulting in a significant increase in the waste settlement. For the simulated landfill and waste conditions, the biodegradation-induced settlement contributed to more than 90% of the settlement of the waste in both CONV and BIOR simulations. The distribution of the injected leachate had a considerable influence on the settlement profiles observed within the waste.
ATM virtual private networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks are aimed at supporting a variety of services, including voice, video and data, while allowing the users to efficiently share network resources. Efficiency and flexibility in managing the resources are essential to meet the different quality requirements of these services. Network resources include trunk bandwidth, switching capacity, and buffer space in the ATM cross-connects. Sharing these resources is a complex task, since different applications have different traffic characteristic and quality of service (QOS) requirements. For example, video is characterized by continuous bit rate (CBR) or variable bit rate (VBR) traffic, while voice and data are bursty in nature. The quality requirements also depend on the type of service under considerations—some services, like video and voice, have strict end-to-end delay requirements, whereas others may be carried on a best-effort basis.
DeepBlur: A Simple and Effective Method for Natural Image Obfuscation.

There is a growing privacy concern due to the popularity of social media and surveillance systems, along with advances in face recognition software. However, established image obfuscation techniques are either vulnerable to re-identification attacks by human or deep learning models, insufficient in preserving image fidelity, or too computationally intensive to be practical. To tackle these issues, we present DeepBlur, a simple yet effective method for image obfuscation by blurring in the latent space of an unconditionally pre-trained generative model that is able to synthesize photo-realistic facial images. We compare it with existing methods by efficiency and image quality, and evaluate against both state-of-the-art deep learning models and industrial products (e.g., Face++, Microsoft face service). Experiments show that our method produces high quality outputs and is the strongest defense for most test cases.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Epidemiology in the United States From 2000 to 2016.

Introduction Pleural mesothelioma constitutes about 80% of all mesotheliomas. The peak incidence of malignant mesothelioma estimated using the cancer registries was in early 1990 to 2000 in the United States. The disease is primarily associated with asbestos exposure. The latency period between asbestos exposure and the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) can range anywhere from 15 to 60 years. Asbestos exposure was peaked during the industrial revolution and World War II due to military and shipyard exposures. It is often difficult for the pathologist to distinguish different histological subtypes; due to the disease's rarity and the inadequate tissue sample obtained. There is no available data on the difference in epidemiology of different subtypes of MPM. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER), cancer incidence data include population-based registries covering approximately 34.6% of the U.S. population. Here in our study, we analyze malignant pleural mesothelioma epidemiology in the United States, emphasizing different histological subtypes. Methods SEER data from 2000 to 2016 was used in our study. The primary site of cancer is selected as pleura, and malignant behavior only is selected as the filter. Data were analyzed using the SEER stat program. Overall epidemiology of MPM and epidemiology of epithelioid, fibrous, and biphasic histological subtypes were analyzed separately. We used annual percentage change (APC) to evaluate the trend in the epidemiology of MPM. Results summary A total of 11,857 cases of MPM were included in the primary cohort from the SEER 18 registry from 2000 to 2016. The total prevalence of MPM was highest in 2009 and was lowest in 2016. The APC in MPM incidence during this period is -2.0. After removing 5,989 cases with non-specified histology during the same period, the APC for each histological type is -0.7 for fibrous type, 1.8 for epithelioid type, and 2.9 for biphasic type. Out of 17 regional registries included in the study, the greatest statistically significant change in APC was seen in the Hawaiian registry -4.1. In contrast, the lowest statistically significant difference was seen in Seattle (Puget Sound) registry -1.7. The APC in the incidence of MPM among males during the study period was -2.4 while that of females was -0.9. The Iowa registry showed a statistically significant increase in APC of the epithelioid malignant mesothelioma with a statistically insignificant reduction in the overall MPM APC. Conclusion The overall incidence of MPM in the United States is declining, while the data showed an increase in the incidence of epithelioid and biphasic histological subtypes. The authors believe that these conflicting results can be attributed to improved histological diagnosis and improved biopsy techniques.
A cohort study of the perinatal outcome of radiofrequency ablation in complicated monochorionic multiple pregnancies based on a different needle insert angle.

ObjectiveTo compare the pregnancy outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for complicated multiple pregnancies between fetal abdominal and dorsal needle insertion angles.MethodsWe performed a his...
Red for Ed Teacher Movements: Exploring Roles and Symbols in the Politics of the Superintendency:

Purpose: In recent years, a new wave of teacher-led political action has erupted resulting in work stoppages in several states across the United States. This study examines how superintendents navi...
Sequencing of an Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells of the Pancreas: A Case Report

Background: Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells/osteoclast-like giant cell reaction (UC-OGC) is a rare form of pancreatic cancer historically associated with a poor prognosi...
Erratum to: Planetary Nebulae

The table of planetary nebulae parameters contains the name, Perek-Kohoutek (PK) designation (galactic longitude and latitude, 1 and b, followed by discovery order) and accurate optical right ascensions (R.A.) and declinations (Dec.) in the epoch 1950.0 from Blackwell and Purton (1981) and Milne (1973, 1976). When accurate positions were not available, those with less precision were obtained from the Perek-Kohoutek (1967) catalogue and its supplements. The optical angular diameter, θ, heliocentric radial velocity, V r , expansion velocity, V e , flux density, S6cm at 6 cm wavelength, absolute flux in the Hβ line, F(Hβ), electron density, N e , electron temperature, T e , the B and V magnitudes of the central star, and the extinction constant, C, for the brightest planetary nebulae were obtained from Lang (1980) and Pottasch (1984).
Cardiovascular responses to artificial gravity combined with exercise

Astronauts experience important physiological adaptation to weightless environment, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular deconditioning, and vestibular disorientation. Physiological deconditioning will be even more challenging in future long-duration space missions, for example to Mars, in which astronauts will be exposed to microgravity for six to eight months before landing without external help to support egress. Artificial gravity (AG) is a comprehensive countermeasure that could prevent physiological deconditioning during extended exposure to microgravity, particularly if it is combined with exercise. Here, we are investigating the effect of short-radius centrifugation combined with ergometer exercise on human physiology, particularly on the cardiovascular system. One subject is tested under three different levels of AG: 0g (no centrifugation), 1g, and 1.4 g (g levels measured at the feet). At each AG level, the subject completes a 25 min bicycle ergometry exercise protocol with three different exercise intensities: warm-up (25W), moderate (50W), and vigorous (100W). Continuous cardiovascular variables (heart rate, blood pressure, pulse pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, and vascular resistance) are measured at heart level using a ccNexfin system (Edward Lifescience). Preliminary results show that the extent to which the cardiovascular system responds to artificial gravity depends on the gravity level being applied, suggesting that artificial gravity combined with exercise may be effective as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning in space.
Histidine Triad (HIT) Superfamily

Histidine triad (HIT) enzymes are an ancient superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases that catalyse mechanistically similar but biologically distinct reactions on nucleotide-containing substrates in pathways important for cellular growth, apoptosis, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, vitamin and carbohydrate metabolism. Four branches of HIT enzymes function as nucleotide hydrolases. These enzymes include homologues and paralogues of histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein, fragile histidine triad protein, APRATAXIN and scavenger decapping protein, which act in various cellular compartments. One diverse branch of the HIT superfamily contains nucleotide transferases and phosphorylases related to galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, AppppA phosphorylase, adenylylsulfate: phosphate adenylyltransferase, adenosine diphosphate-glucose phosphorylase and VTC2, the guanosine diphosphate-l-galactose phosphorylase. This review provides tools to discern the identities and the probable functions of HIT enzymes from their sequences. Key Concepts: Histidine triad enzymes act on substrates containing a nucleoside monophosphate linked to distinct leaving groups. HINT, FHIT, APRATAXIN and DCPS are HIT hydrolases. GALT and VTC2 are HIT transferases. Particular HIT enzymes are targeted to different cellular compartments to carry out their functions. HIT enzymes remove nucleotide adducts from proteins and DNA and transform low-molecular-weight metabolites in cells. Keywords: HINT; FHIT; GALT; VTC2; APRATAXIN; DCPS
Stringing Together a Solid State

Formulations of string theory may describe some complex electronic interactions in condensed matter systems.
A modification of the measuring cell for the investigation of the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases by the hot-wire method

The construction of an instrument for measurements by the absolute hot-wire method is described. The thermal conductivity of toluene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and air in the temperature range 20–160° C was measured to an accuracy of 1% Natural convection in the cylindrical gap (δ=0.675 mm) when the measuring cell is vertical occurs when GrPr > 3400.
Representation of Multiple Kinematic Parameters of the Cat Hindlimb in Spinocerebellar Activity

Bosco, G. and R. E. Poppele. Representation of multiple kinematic parameters of the cat hindlimb in spinocerebellar activity. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1421–1432, 1997. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSC...
Office gynecologic cytology

Abstract The 10 second acridine orange staining method of Riva and Turner has been compared with the classical Papanicolaou method for the cytodiagnosis of gynecologic cancer. The results indicate that a clinician with 2 weeks of special training in the method can obtain results with sufficient accuracy for incorporation of this method into the office laboratory. Other advantages of the method are also discussed.
How German Is It

How German Is It? Alan Kramer and John Horne understand by Sonderweg something quite spe- cific: ‘the Wehler interpretation of German history,’ one refuted by David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley in 1980. Now ‘things have moved on.’ Since they agree with Blackbourn and Eley on all counts, for me to open my discussion with a question about the Sonderweg looks like an attempt to tar them with the Wehler brush, part them from his vanquishers, and ‘reduce’ their book to a con- tribution to a moribund debate. I understand ‘Sonderweg’ differently. To me, it refers to the inner motors pushing modern German history in a direction unhappily different from the ‘West’ (a collectivity coterminous with the Allies in the world wars). Identifying and examining these motors have produced a great variety of Sonderweg inter- pretations, by many distinguished historians, in political, intellectual, and (espe- cially in the syntheses of Ralf Dahrendorf in 1965 and Hans-Ulrich Wehler in 1972) social history, and not a few challenges to each. Having myself done battle with the Sonderweg, I believed the stake had been driven into its heart. One of the great merits of German Atrocities is that it has forced me, and I suspect others as well, to think again. Thus the question with which my review opened, ‘Is it too soon to retire the Sonderweg?’, was directed first of all against myself. Their book was a vigor- ous reminder that the ‘German Problem,’ to which all those investigations into Germany’s domestic history that we now label ‘Sonderweg’ had sought a solu- tion, was from the outset (and long before the Holocaust became central to our understanding of the German twentieth century) posed by German behaviour in the international arena. Had the European experience between 1914 and 1945 been no more bloody than the years between 1871 and 1914, such ques- tions as whether Germany’s Junkers had been unnaturally preserved in an aspic of high tariffs, or whether its middle class was unpolitical and allergic to con- flict, to name only two, would hardly have exercised our attention. Germany’s domestic idiosyncrasies, such as they were, would not have carried the freight of explanation that made their investigation so exigent. The war changed that. And, as Horne and Kramer reveal so convincingly, it was the atrocities that for many gave this catastrophe its meaning and shaped its memory—on both sides. Like Barbara Tuchman, who also perceived that ‘Belgium … became to many the “supreme issue” of the war’ (Guns of August, p. 359), Horne and Kramer endorse the Entente’s explanation when they move beyond the contingent frictions of battle (‘proximate causes’, which my review acknowledged they German History Vol. 24 No. 1 10.1191/0266355406gh369xx © 2006 The German History Society
A Survey of Policies and Practices in Support of Breastfeeding Mothers in the Workplace

ABSTRACT: This survey examined types and prevalence of policies established by large companies to support breastfeeding among their employees. Twelve firms with known breastfeeding support programs were surveyed by telephone. In addition, a survey was mailed to 100 of the most profitable Fortune 500 companies; 29 percent responded. All repondents had maternity leave policies including guaranteed return to the same or a similar position; 32 percent had flex time and part-time policies; and less than 5 percent had job sharing or day care available. Only 14 percent of responding companies allowed breastfeeding in the workplace; 5 percent had an electric breast pump and 48 percent had refrigeration facilities on site. Fourteen percent of the respondent companies reported having available health care and educational materials related to parenting. The types of support available in companies contacted because they were known to take an affirmative position are described.
Transcriptional stimulation of the human NHE3 promoter activity by PMA: PKC independence and involvement of the transcription factor EGR-1.

NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchanger 3) is essential for Na+ absorption in the ileum and is expressed in a cell-specific manner in the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelial cells. In the present study, we report the stimulatory effect of PMA on the hNHE3 (human NHE3) transcription. Pretreatment with actinomycin D or cycloheximide blocked the up-regulation of the NHE3 mRNA by PMA, indicating that the increased level of NHE3 mRNA expression is regulated by transcriptional activation and is dependent on de novo protein synthesis. 5′-Deletion of the promoter region and transfection analysis in C2BBe1 cells revealed that the PMA effect is mediated through a GC-rich DNA region between nt −88 and −69. Gel mobility-shift assays demonstrated that in nuclear extracts from C2BBe1 cells grown under the basal growth conditions, Sp1 (stimulating protein-1) and Sp3 interact with this GC-rich DNA region, while, in PMA-treated nuclear extracts, PMA-induced EGR-1 (early growth response gene product 1) transcription factor binds to the same site. Binding of EGR-1 diminished the Sp1 and Sp3 interactions with this promoter region significantly. Co-transfection of Sp1 or Sp3 into SL2 cells activated the NHE3-reporter constructs, suggesting that Sp1 and Sp3 act as positive regulators of the NHE3 expression. In addition, overexpression of EGR-1 was sufficient to transactivate the NHE3-reporter gene activity, and knockdown of EGR-1 with gene-specific small interfering RNA resulted in inhibition of the PMA-induced up-regulation of the endogenous NHE3 mRNA expression. Furthermore, the PKC (protein kinase C) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride did not affect PMA-induced NHE3 promoter activity, suggesting that PMA stimulation of the hNHE3 gene expression may be PKC-independent.
Interactions of resonances and global bifurcations in Rayleigh-Benard convection

Abstract We present detailed two-parameter experimental studies of hysteresis and overlapping of resonances and secondary Hopf bifurcations in the quasiperiodic regime of low-aspect-ratio Rayleigh-Benard convection in solutions of 3 He in superfluid 4 He. The global bifurcations inferred from this experiment are similar to those observed in numerical studies of two-parameter families of maps of the plane with nonconstant jacobian.
A surface crack in a graded medium loaded by a sliding rigid stamp

In this article the coupled problem of crack/contact mechanics in a nonhomogeneous medium is considered. The underlying physical problem to which the results might be applicable is the initiation and the subcritical growth of surface cracks in a graded medium loaded by a sliding rigid stamp in the presence of friction. The dimensions of the graded medium are assumed to be very large in comparison with the local length parameters of the crack/contact region. Thus in formulating the problem the graded medium is assumed to be semi-infinite. The objective of the study is to determine, in addition to contact stresses, the in-plane component of the surface stress and the stress intensity factors at the crack tip. These are the primary load factors controlling the initiation and the subsequent growth of surface cracks in the graded medium. The coupled mixed boundary value problem is solved and the results are presented for various combinations of friction coefficient, material nonhomogeneity constant and crack/contact length parameters.
Human capital and wages: a comparison of Albanian and Italian immigrants

This paper identifies the factors influencing earnings gaps between migrants belonging to old immigrant groups (defined as those with long established migration linkages with the receiving country) and those belonging to new immigrant groups. Earnings are conceptualized as a function of human capital, decomposed into the portion acquired in the home country and the portion acquired in the receiving country. It is hypothesized that poor transferability of human capital acquired at home dampens wages more for new than for old immigrant groups. Further, it is hypothesized that upon arrival in the destination, new immigrant groups accumulate human capital faster than old immigrant groups. The empirical analysis focuses on Albanians in the United States as a representative of a new immigrant group and Italians as a representative of an old immigrant group. The analysis is based on pooled data from the 2000 US Census 5 % sample, and the 2001–2007 American Community Survey (ACS) 3 % sample. Findings suggest that (1) Albanian immigrants earn substantially less than Italian immigrants; (2) human capital acquired at home has a positive impact on wages, but the level of human capital transferability is low for Albanians; (3) upon arrival, both Italian and Albanian immigrants accumulate human capital, but the speed of human capital accumulation is faster for Albanians than for Italians.
Enzyme regulation in C4 photosynthesis: purification, properties, and activities of thioredoxins from C4 and C3 plants.

Abstract Procedures are described for the purification to homogeneity of chloroplast thioredoxins f and m from leaves of corn (Zea mays, a C4 plant) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea, a C4 plant). The C3 and C3f thioredoxins were similar immunologically and biochemically, but differed in certain of their physiochemical properties. The f thioredoxins from the two species were capable of activating both NADP-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) when tested in standard thioredoxin assays. Relative to its spinach counterpart, corn thioredoxin f showed a greater molecular mass (15.0–16.0 kDa vs 10.5 kDa), lower isoelectric point (ca. 5.2 vs 6.0), and lower ability to form a stable noncovalent complex with its target fructose bisphosphatase enzyme. The C3 and C4m thioredoxins were similar in their specificity (ability to activate NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and not fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) and isoelectric points (ca. 4.8), but differed slightly in molecular mass (13.0 kDa for spinach vs 13.5 kDa for corn) and substantially in their immunological properties. Results obtained in conjunction with these studies demonstrated that the thioredoxin m-linked activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase in selectively enhanced by the presence of halide ions (e.g., chloride) and by an organic solvent (e.g., 2-propanol). The results suggest that in vivo NADP-malate dehydrogenase interacts with thylakoid membranes and is regulated to a greater extent by thioredoxin m than thioredoxin f.
Effects of Negation on Adults' Disjunctive Reasoning Abilities

Summary Forty-four adult Ss evaluated conclusions for two types of disjunctive arguments. The disjunctive premise of each argument was an inclusive (e.g., either P or Q or both) or exclusive (e.g., either P or Q but not both) proposition. The presence or absence of the negative “not” was varied systematically in the components of each of these disjunctive premises. Contrary to previous findings in the area of concept attainment, the results indicated that exclusive disjunction arguments were significantly (p < .05) easier than inclusive disjunction arguments. In addition, the location of the negative(s) in the major premise had a significant (p < .001) effect on the number of reasoning errors, and a significant (p < .001) differential effect according to the type of disjunction. In general, the results replicated, clarified, and extended the findings of previous research on concept attainment and deductive reasoning.
Improved survival in young children with acute granulocytic leukemia treated with combination therapy using cyclophosphamide, oncovin, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone

Seven of 17 children (41%) under 5 years of age with acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) treated with either cytosine arabinoside-cytoxan (CA-CYT) or Mini-COAP (CA-CYT with vincristine sulfate [VCR] and prednisone) have been in continuous complete remission 4 years or more. CA and CYT were each given in the dosage of 120 mg/m2 intravenously, daily in 3 divided doses, for 4 days. Induction consisted of two courses given at intervals of 2 weeks; during maintenance the courses were repeated at intervals of 4 weeks. In the Mini-COAP regimen, standard 28-day VCR-prednisone therapy was superimposed on CA-CYT induction and 4-day VCR-prednisone pulses were superimposed on CA-CYT maintenance. Transient moderate to severe myelosuppression was frequent; other manifestations of toxicity were mild. Administration of drugs at home was feasible in many instances. Mini-COAP was proved to be an effective therapeutic regimen for young children with AGL and should be considered as initial therapy.
Serum immunoglobulin levels in newborn infants. I. Evaluation of a radial diffusion plate method

IgM, IgA, and IgG were quantitated by a radial diffusion plate method using commercially available antiserum agar plates. The values obtained, when submitted to statistical analysis, showed the method to be both satisfactory and simple, provided a number of safeguards are taken to minimize the relatively wide coefficient of variation in results obtained when sera with low levels of IgM (20 mg. per cent and below) are tested.
Graduate Programs That Prepare Educational Measurement Specialists

What are typical requirements in graduate measurement programs? How d o programs in measurement and research methods differ?
An update on radioimmunotherapy for lymphoma

SUMMARY Radioimmunotherapy is a promising treatment for B-cell lymphoma. 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®) and 131I-tositumomab (Bexxar®) combine the potent antilymphoma effect of radiation with the specificity of antibody targeting. They have shown efficacy in follicular lymphoma in the setting of relapsed or refractory disease as consolidation regimens after first-line therapy, and in the front-line setting as single agents. Given their tolerability, they are actively being investigated as therapies or adjuncts for elderly patients with relapsed or high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. They have been added to autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant preparatory regimens in early clinical trials with acceptable safety and efficacy. Early concerns over excess rates of treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia have not come to fruition, but these questions remain to be fully answered. Ultimately, these are promising treatments for a variety of B-cell lymphomas. Th...
Strict Fine Maxima

We provide a simple probabilistic proof of a result of J. Kral and I. Netuka: If $f$ is a measurable real-valued function on $\mathbb{R}^d$ ($d > 1$) then the set of points at which $f$ has a strict fine local maximum value is polar.
P02-52 - Efficacy of forensic statement analysis in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive eyewitnesses accounts about highly stressful events

Forensic statement analysis (FSA) research has shown that statements provided by truthful persons may differ from those proffered by individuals who are lying. However, these data are from low stress laboratory study environments that do not compare to situations of stress experienced by people experiencing legal jeopardy or threatening events. As such, our current understanding about how well this may apply to real world situations is limited. This study tested whether speech content of genuine eyewitness accounts about exposure to a highly stressful, personally relevant event differed from deceptive accounts. Military personnel were randomized to Genuine or Deceptive Eyewitnesses groups. Genuine eyewitness reported truthfully about their exposure to interrogation stress associated with military survival school training; Deceptive eyewitnesses studied transcripts of genuine eyewitnesses for 24 hours prior to being interviewed. Cognitive Interviews of all were recorded, transcribed and assessed by FSA raters blind to the status of participants. The accounts of genuine eyewitnesses contained more external and contextual referents, more unique words, a greater total word count and lower type-token ratio (TTR) than did deceptive accounts. The classification accuracy when using FSA techniques on Cognitive Interview elicited eyewitness accounts was 82%; FSA methods may be effective in determining whether eye witness accounts about real world, high-stress events are genuine; these data have relevance to professionals working with asylum seekers, or professionals in law enforcement, security and in criminal justice.
Delayed Gelation Through Chain-Transfer Reactions: Mechanism For Stress Reduction In Methacrylate Networks.

Abstract Chain-transfer reactions from thiols to methacrylates are expected to delay gelation and possibly reduce stress at the bonded interface of dental restorations. Thiol additives with varying structures were combined with a dimethacrylate commonly used in dental materials. Polymerization stress/modulus development were monitored by a tensometer/rheometer, respectively, both coupled with RT-NIR. For all thiol-modified materials, conversion and modulus were 5–25% higher than the control, and maximum reaction rate was 25–50% lower. Gel point conversions were 12–22% (control = 5%), and deceleration was observed at later stages in conversion (30–60%; control = 15%). Consequently, even with increased conversion/modulus, stress values were either equal or reduced compared to the control. This approach does not require any modification in the bonding/photoactivation procedures, and seems promising for stress management not only in polymeric dental materials, but also for other applications of glassy, crosslinked photopolymers, as long as thiol volatility is addressed.
Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization

Traditional analyses of the evolution of intelligence have emphasized commonality and continuity among species. However, recent research suggests that humans might have specialized in a particular kind of intelligence that is related to understanding mental states such as desires, intentions and beliefs. Data indicate that the ability to reflect on one's own mental states, as well as those of others, might be the result of evolutionary changes in the prefrontal cortex. Behavioral studies in children and chimpanzees reveal both similarities and striking differences in the developmental pathways that lead to theory-of-mind capacities. Humans and great apes share many ancient patterns of social behavior, but it is too early to be certain if they interpret them in the same manner. Humans might have evolved a cognitive specialization in theory of mind, forever altering their view of the social universe.
Backward and forward masking associated with saccadic eye movement.

Visual masking effects on test flash thresholds were measured under real and simulated eye movement conditions to determine whether visual masking is primarily responsible for elevations in threshold that are sometimes associated with saccadic eye movements. Brief luminous flashes presented to the central retina before, during, and after saccades were masked by stimuli presented either pre- or postsaccadically. The amount and time course of masking were quantitatively dependent on stimulus parameters of intensity and temporal separation and were unaffected by eye movement parameters (amplitude, velocity, direction) as long as retinal stimulus conditions were constant. The duration of forward masking was longer than that of backward masking. When retinal conditions during saccades were mimicked while the eyes were held steady, masking interactions were identical to those obtained during real saccades. These results indicate that masking effects during saccades in ordinary environments are determined solely by the stimulus situation at the retina. Putative nonvisual, centrally originating saccadic suppression suggested by other authors is evidently not additive with visually determined masking during saccades.
Norms for Experiencing Emotions

Norms for experiencing emotions were analyzed for 1,056 participants from five African nations (Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe) in a cross-cultural study. Results showed much within-nation as well as between-nation variability in norms. Multigroup latent class analysis showed that the more collectivistic African nations found guilt more desirable and pride less desirable than the less collectivistic African nations. Many of the classes found in the African nations resembled classes found in other cultures, providing evidence for the universality of some norms; culture-specific norms for emotions were also found. Contrary to expectations regarding norms for emotions in collectivistic cultures, Africa-specific norms for emotions included a large class of people who found all negative emotions undesirable.
Improvement of initial remission rate by introduction of CSII.

We studied 65 insulin-dependent diabetic children and adolescents diagonosed during the period 1976–86 to find out the occurrence and duration of postini-tial remission, the relationship between the remission behaviour and the initial treatment introduced by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), the favoring factors and the prognostic value of remission. A postinitial remission occurred in 36 patients (55.4%) being complete in only two boys (3.1%). The mean duration was 10.8 months and median was 7.8 months: the shortest period one month and the longest 36 months. On the other hand, remission occurred in 16 out of 19 patients (84.2%) with CSII and 15 out of 37 patients (40.5%) with conventional treatment (CT) as initial treatment. The mean duration of remission was 14.6 ± 10.6 months in the CSII group and 6.8 ± 4.7 months in the CT group. Further, our study proved a significant increase of urinary C-peptide excretion in the patients with CSII during their remission. Through our study in comparison with CT, we were able to see an improvement in the remission rate by introducing the CSII for a short term in the initial treatment and it led us to realize that what caused it was the recovery of endogeneous insulin secretion capacity.
Usefulness of mean aortic valve gradient and left ventricular diastolic filling pattern for distinguishing symptomatic from asymptomatic patients.

Consecutive, symptomatic (n = 15) and asymptomatic (n = 25) men with aortic stenosis (valve area < 1.2 cm2) and no clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia underwent radionuclide angiography at rest and during supine bicycle ergometry. Ejection fraction, diastolic filling pattern and aortic valve area/gradient were measured on enrollment and when patients became symptomatic (n = 10) or underwent valve replacement (n = 22) during a 2-year follow-up period. Both groups had similar heart rate, blood pressure and ejection fractions, but mean aortic gradients were higher in symptomatic (53 +/- 4 mm Hg) than asymptomatic (37 +/- 2 mm Hg) subjects p < 0.01. Functional limitation evoked by exercise was prevalent even in the asymptomatic group but symptomatic patients exercised to lower work levels than asymptomatic subjects (184 +/- 27 and 307 +/- 32 kg.m/min, respectively, p = 0.02). Ejection fraction failed to increase with exercise in either group. Symptomatic subjects had supranormalization of early diastolic filling with shorter time to the peak filling rate than asymptomatic subjects (137 +/- 16 and 172 +/- 9 ms, respectively, p < 0.05) and a greater first 1/3 filling fraction. The 10 patients who became symptomatic during follow-up had higher first 1/3 filling fractions (53 +/- 7 and 42 +/- 5%, respectively) and mean gradients (41 +/- 4 and 33 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively) than subjects who remained asymptomatic, p < 0.05. High mean aortic gradients, impaired exercise tolerance and enhanced early diastolic filling distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic patients.