cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repair of damaged DNA in the absence of protein synthesis in mammalian cells

Abstract Inhibition of protein synthesis in HeLa S3 and CHO cells by cycloheximide rapidly reduces semiconservative DNA replication, but repair replication of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light or X-rays is unaffected by cycloheximide for up to 8 h and is only slightly reduced (35%) by 20 h. These results indicate that repair replication does not require concomitant protein synthesis, and the enzymes involved in such repair appear to have long lifetimes in the cell.
Photochemical cross-linking of the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe to 30S-subunit protein S7 at the ribosomal A and P sites

Abstract Yeast tRNAPhe, containing the photoreactive nucleoside 2-azidoadenosine at position 37 within the anticodon loop, has been cross-linked to the aminoacyl-tRNA (A) and peptidyl-tRNA (P) binding sites of the Escherichia coli ribosome. The 30S subunit was exclusively labeled in each case, and cross-linking occurred to both protein and 16S rRNA. Electrophoretic and immunological analyses demonstrated that S7 was the only 30S-subunit protein covalently attached to the tRNA. However, digestion of the A and P site-labeled S7 with trypsin revealed a unique pattern of cross-linked peptide(s) at each site. Thus, while the anticodon loop of tRNA is in close proximity to protein S7 at both the A and P sites, it neighbors a different portion of the protein molecule in each. The placement of the aminoacyl- and peptidyl-tRNA binding sites is discussed in relationship to recent models of the 30S ribosomal subunit.
Thallium counterion distribution in cubic insulin crystals determined from anomalous x-ray diffraction data.

Abstract To determine the distribution of monovalent cations around a protein we have measured anomalous scattering diffraction data from Tl-containing cubic insulin crystals at pH 8 and pH 10.5. The differences between Bijvoet reflection pairs within each set of data were used to calculate anomalous scattering difference maps. Both maps show the same six Tl+ sites, which include two well-ordered Tl+ ions previously identified from isomorphous exchange experiments. The other four sites constitute a second class of cations, which, while much more mobile than the protein atoms, are associated with particular ligating groups. Three of the six Tl+ sites are created exclusively by protein main and side chain carbonyl dipoles rather than negatively charged groups. All of the Tl+ ions are positioned so as to interact with both protein atoms and water molecules. The Tl+ occupancies appear to depend in a complex way on interactions with each other and flexibility in the protein structure. The combined occupancies of these cations are slightly less than is required to neutralize the net protein charge of approximately -2e at pH 8 but account for only about half of the approximately -5e protein charge at pH 10.5. Thus, more disordered counterions, not seen in these Bijvoet anomalous scattering difference maps, are more numerous at higher protein net charge.
The Impact of Corn Stover Removal on N2O Emission and Soil Respiration: an Investigation with Automated Chambers

Corn stover removal, whether for silage, bedding, or bioenergy production, could have a variety of environmental consequences through its effect on soil processes, particularly N2O production and soil respiration. Because these effects may be episodic in nature, weekly snapshots with static chambers may not provide a complete picture. We adapted commercially available automated soil respiration chambers by incorporating a portable N2O analyzer, allowing us to measure both CO2 and N2O fluxes on an hourly basis through two growing seasons in a corn field in southern Minnesota, from spring 2010 to spring 2012. This site was part of a USDA multilocation research project for five growing seasons, 2008–2012, with three levels of stover removal: zero, full, and intermediate. Initially in spring 2010, two chambers were placed in each of the treatments, but following planting in 2011, the configuration was changed, with four chambers installed on zero removal plots and four on full removal plots. The cumulative data revealed no significant difference in N2O emission as a function of stover removal. CO2 loss from the full removal plots was slightly lower than that from the zero removal plots, but the difference between treatments was much smaller than the amount of C removed in the residue, implying loss of soil carbon from the full removal plots. This is consistent with soil sampling data, which showed that in five of six sampled blocks, the SOC change in the full removal treatments was negative relative to the zero removal plots. We conclude that (a) full stover removal may have little impact on N2O production, and (b) while it will reduce soil CO2 production, the reduction will not be commensurate with the decrease in fresh carbon inputs and, thus, will result in SOC loss.
The effect of isomalathion and O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate on the in vivo metabolism of malathion in rats

Abstract Two organophosphorus impurities of technical malathion, isomalathion and O,S,S -trimethyl phosphorodithioate, were examined for their effects on the in vivo metabolism of malathion in rats. Both impurities were confirmed to be potent in vivo inhibitors of plasma, liver, and kidney malathion carboxylesterases at relatively low doses. Pretreatment of rats with these impurities followed by administration of [ 14 C]malathion resulted in changes in the quantities of certain malathion metabolites excreted into the urine. Compared to the corn oil-pretreated control animals, the most notable change in the impurity-pretreated animals was in the decrease in the mount of malathion diacid excreted along with a commensurate increase in the amount of excreted malathion α monoacid. An increase in malaoxon metabolites in the urine of impurity-pretreated rats was indicated, suggesting that more malaoxon was originally produced in these animals.
Magnetic properties of heavy-rare-earth orthomanganites

Abstract The orthorhombic phases of YMnO3, HoMnO3 and YbMnO3 were made by transformation of the normal hexagonal phases at 1000°C and 35–40 kbar. The magnetic susceptibilities were measured from 4·2 to 400 K. Antiferromagnetic ordering is evident at 42 K for YMnO3 and 9 K for HoMnO3. The paramagnetic Curie temperatures were decreased considerably in magnitude from those of the hexagonal phases, being −67 K for YMnO3, −23K for HoMnO3 and −83 K for YbMnO3. HoMnO3 is metamagnetic below 9 K. In YbMnO3 and HoMnO3, both the rare-earth and Mn ions carry approximately their full moment. The magnetic structures are discussed in comparison with the orthoferrites. It is shown that strong Jahn-Teller distortion around the Mn3+ ion leads to a slight reduction in the lattice parameter c(b′), and thence to the low magnetic ordering temperatures.
Investigation of a dye ring laser with backscattering.

The dynamics of the two counterpropagating modes of a dye ring laser with backscattering have been studied experimentally. By varying the power of the pump laser, we have observed the dye-laser intensities change from random switching to anticorrelated oscillations. When the magnitude of the backscattering coefficient R is close to the critical value ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the laser exhibits noise-induced transition between the switching region and the oscillation region. This noise-induced effect can be attributed to pump fluctuations. A frequency lock-in effect has been observed in the oscillation region when \ensuremath{\Vert}R\ensuremath{\Vert} is near ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The experimental results are compared with solutions obtained both from the analysis of the third-order equations of motion and from the Monte Carlo simulations of these equations with additive and multiplicative noise.
Effect of Insulin on the Synthesis in Vitro of Hexokinase in Rat Epididymal Adipose Tissue

The ability of insulin to increase the hexokinase content of epididymal adipose tissue was studied in vitro, using glucose, pyruvate, or alanine as energy source. Glucose alone caused an increase in hexokinase content which was maximal at 1–10 mm glucose when compared to controls incubated with no energy source. Insulin by itself was ineffective but, in the presence of 10 HIM glucose, caused a significant stimulation at 5×1O-4 U/ml. The effect of insulin with glucose present was significant when expressed per mg extract protein, per g tissue, or per fat pad. Pyruvate alone caused a significant increase in hexokinase activity /mg protein. Insulin led to a significant further increase. Insulin is thus, itself, a stimulator of hexokinase content when a suitable energy source is available. The presence of glucose, the substrate for the enzyme, is not necessary. The stimulation of hexokinase activity by insulin with glucose or pyruvate as energy source was blocked by the addition of actinomycin D to the incuba...
A (not) NICE way to verify the openflow switch specification: formal modelling of the openflow switch using alloy

The introduction of Software Defined Networks (SDNs) is completely changing the way in which networks are built and managed. SDNs decouple data from control plane access, which makes introduction of new network functionalities significantly simpler. The philosophy of OpenFlow is a move towards centralization, where a single controller program manages the logic of switches. While centralized systems are often easier to coordinate, the likelihood of bugs is still high. Despite the existence of an OpenFlow Specification [3], it may still be possible observe unexpected behavior while adhering to this Specification. This can be due to various reasons, such as underspecification of some aspect of the protocol or a contrived sequence of events. One of the emerging techniques to verify (prove that a system satisfies its specification) standards and protocols is formal modeling. Created at some chosen level of abstraction, the purpose of a formal model is to enable precise understanding, specification, and analysis of the system. The modeling language Alloy has been noted as a tool that lends itself to modeling complex networks. In fact, it has been used in many applications [1], including the analysis of Chord [6, 7] which led to a counterexample proving the incorrectness of the protocol. The main contribution of this paper is to apply the principles of formal modeling to OpenFlow. Concretely we use model enumeration (Alloy and Alloy Analyzer [5]) to model an OpenFlow-capable switch. The aim of this project is twofold: (1) to provide a proof of correctness (or not) of the OpenFlow Switch Specification Version 1.1.0 and (2) provide researchers with a complete OpenFlow Switch module that can be used as a foundation to verify various applications or types of networks (more detail in Section 4 and our site [2]). The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Sec-
The thermal transitions and structural properties of 5α-cholestan-3β-ol esters of aliphatic acids

Abstract 5α-Cholestan-3β-ol esters of aliphatic acids undergo both enantiotropic and monotropic changes of state. Ten saturated and three unsaturated esters have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing microscopy to determine transition temperatures, enthalpies, and entropies. The results are compared with an analogous series of cholesterol esters. All esters of evennumbered n -alkanoic acids from C 2 2 to C 20 melt from a crystalline state to an isotropic liquid. The crystalline state has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction. The C 8 to C 20 esters have progressively increasing crystalline melting transition temperatures from 76 to 99°C and possess similar X-ray powder diffraction patterns, suggesting that these compounds form an isostructural series. Esters of C 2 , C 4 , and C 6 acids exhibit polymorphism. Crystalline cholestanol oleate melts to an isotropic liquid, whereas cholestanol linoleate and linolenate fail to crystallize, even after several months at −20°C. Esters of the even-numbered saturated acids from C 4 to C 14 form monotropic cholesteric liquid crystalline phases. Esters C 10 , C 12 , and C 14 form smectic liquid crystalline phases. Cholestanol oleate, linoleate, and linolenate form both cholesteric and smectic mesophases. The lower smectic to cholesteric and cholesteric to isotropic transition temperatures of the cholestanol esters compared to the corresponding transition temperatures of the analogous cholesterol esters suggest that the Δ 5 double bond in cholesterol increases the thermal stability of the mesophases of cholesterol esters.
Adaptive Grid Use in Air Quality Modeling

Fernando Garcia-Menendez and Mehmet Talat Odman * School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; E-Mail: fernandog@gatech.edu * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: odman@gatech.edu; Tel.: +1-404-894-2783; Fax: +1-404-894-8266. Received: 28 June 2011; in revised form: 31 August 2011 / Accepted: 2 September 2011 / Published: 9 September 2011 Abstract: The predictions from air quality models are subject to many sources of uncertainty; among them, grid resolution has been viewed as one that is limited by the availability of computational resources. A large grid size can lead to unacceptable errors for many pollutants formed via nonlinear chemical reactions. Further, insufficient grid resolution limits the ability to perform accurate exposure assessments. To address this issue in parallel to increasing computational power, modeling techniques that apply finer grids to areas of interest and coarser grids elsewhere have been developed. Techniques using multiple grid sizes are called nested grid or multiscale modeling techniques. These approaches are limited by uncertainty in the placement of finer grids since pertinent locations may not be known a priori, loss in solution accuracy due to grid boundary interface problems, and inability to adjust to changes in grid resolution requirements. A different approach to achieve local resolution involves using dynamic adaptive grids. Various adaptive mesh refinement techniques using structured grids as well as mesh enrichment techniques on unstructured grids have been explored in atmospheric modeling. Recently, some of these techniques have been applied to full blown air quality models. In this paper, adaptive grid methods used in air quality modeling are reviewed and categorized. The advantages and disadvantages of each adaptive grid method are discussed. Recent advances made in air quality simulation owing to the use of adaptive grids are summarized. Relevant connections to adaptive grid modeling in weather and climate modeling are also described.
Consistency of cross-validation when the data are curves

Abstract Suppose one observes a random sample of n continuous time Gaussian processes on the interval [0, 1]; in other words, each observation is a curve. Of interest is estimating the common mean function of the processes by a kernel smoother. The bandwidth of the kernel estimator is chosen by a version of cross-validation in which deleting an observation means deleting one of the n curves. It is shown that using this form of cross-validation leads to an asymptotically optimal choice of bandwidth. This result is contrasted with the inconsistency of cross-validation in a seemingly more tractable problem.
Experimental determination of the relativistic fine-structure splitting in pionic Ti and Fe atoms

Using a high-resolution crystal spectrometer we have measured the relativistic angular-momentum splittings of the 5g-4f and 5f-4d transitions in pionic Ti and Fe atoms. The observed fine-structure splittings of 85.3±3.0 eV in π- Ti and 158.5±7.8 eV in π- Fe agree with the calculated splittings of 88.5 and 167.6 eV, respectively, arising from the Klein-Gordon equation and from small corrections due to vacuum polarization, strong interaction, and electron screening.
An optimisation model for transportation of hazardous wastes

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has considerably increased the transport of materials along the US-Mexico borders. Maquiladoras are business entities that are structured to take relative advantages offered by both countries to develop cost-effective products. Current Mexican regulations require that hazardous wastes generated by US companies be shipped back for proper disposal. The movement of hazardous wastes across the US-Mexico border is likely to increase in years to come. The broad goal of this study is to develop a decision support system to determine best routes for transporting hazardous wastes across the South Texas ndash; Mexico border and evaluate critical factors that influence the shipment of wastes. The results of the study indicate that the hazardous landfills in Texas are of significant economic value and help foster cross-border manufacturing practices. The installation of hazardous waste incinerators in South Texas could be economically beneficial for treating hazardous wastes generated in Maquiladoras close to South Texas. However, a variety of meteorological, environmental, economic and social factors must be considered to evaluate the feasibility of siting these incinerators. Conservation practices and innovative processes to minimise and possibly eliminate hazardous waste generation are however necessary for long-term sustainability of Maquiladora operations.
Inhibition of trans-permethrin hydrolysis in Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and use of inhibitors as dyrethroid synergists

Abstract A variety of organophosphorus compounds, carbamates, chelators, sulfhydryl group reagents, ions, and potential competitive inhibitors were tested as in vitro inhibitors of trans-permethrin hydrolysis by midguts of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). The nonpolar (aryl or long chain alkyl) organophosphorus compounds were found to be the most effective inhibitors, with some having I50s of less than 10−10 M. Paraoxon analogs with O-alkyl groups that were ethyl or longer were approximately equally effective inhibitors, while -thiono analogs were much less effective than -oxon analogs. For both carbamates and chelators the most effective compounds were those possessing aryl moieties. For sulfhydryl group reagents, both ions (Hg+2, Cu+2) and aryl compounds (γ-bromonitroacetophenone, 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid) were effective. Except for Hg+2, and Cu+2, the ions tested were relatively inactive. Several substituted 3-phenylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanones produced I50s of less than 10−7 M. The oxidative inhibitors, pyrethroids, and other esters, amides, and alcohols examined were only moderately active (I50 > 10−6 M) at best. Of the compounds tested topically, the most potent synergists were the arylchloroorganophosphates, although a chelator (dibenzoylmethane) and a sulfhydryl group reagent (γ-bromonitroacetophenone), and 3-phenylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone showed some activity. The synergists that were effective for trans-permethrin on P. includens, were generally effective for fenvalerate on P. includens and trans-permethrin on Heliothis virescens (F.) as well.
Expression and purification of the α and β subunits of Drosophila casein kinase II using a baculovirus vector

Two recombinant baculoviruses that express the alpha and beta subunits of Drosophila melanogaster casein kinase II, respectively, have been constructed. The expressed proteins are similar to the authentic Drosophila subunits in size and are recognized by antisera raised against the Drosophila holoenzyme. Extracts derived from cells infected with the alpha subunit-expressing virus display elevated casein kinase II activity in vitro. This activity is markedly enhanced in extracts of cells infected with both viruses, or when alpha and beta subunit-containing extracts are mixed in vitro following lysis. Recombinant holoenzyme and the alpha subunit were purified to near homogeneity using phosphocellulose column chromatography. The specific activity of the purified recombinant holoenzyme was very similar to that of the native enzyme, and was fivefold higher than that of the purified free alpha subunit. The Stokes radius of the recombinant holoenzyme was estimated to be 50 A, a value similar to that reported for the native enzyme, whereas the alpha subunit demonstrated a Stokes radius of 26.5 A. Studies using sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that, under conditions of high ionic strength, the quaternary structure of the purified holoenzyme was tetrameric (like the native enzyme), whereas the structure of the alpha subunit was monomeric. At lower ionic strength the recombinant holoenzyme had a significantly higher sedimentation coefficient, characteristic of the formation of filaments found for the native enzyme. Interestingly, the purified catalytic subunit also displayed a higher S value under conditions of low ionic strength, revealing the formation of alpha subunit aggregates.
A Roll Call Analysis of the Endangered Species Act Amendments

Public choice economics view legislative process as a transaction in the political market. Interest groups demand regulation in their favor and lobby lawmakers. The lawmakers analyze an assortment of factors and supply legislation to the winning group, thereby maximizing their rent from the political market. This article examines Endangered Species Act (ESA) amendments from a public choice perspective. Congressional voting on the ESA amendments are assessed using a model based on political incentive and ideology. The results show that the lawmakers' voting behavior is correlated with their party affiliation, ideology, and several characteristics of their home state, such as number of endangered species, proportion of urban population, contribution of the natural resources and construction sectors in gross state product, and geographical location Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.
A Structured Approach for Calibrating Steady‐State Ground‐Water Flow Models

A structured approach for calibrating two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water flow models is developed. The first step of the proposed approach is to replace the heterogeneous aquifer with an equivalent homogeneous one using the geometric mean of transmissivities. Then, boundary conditions are adjusted with the aid of a scatter gram to reduce bias of the simulated hydraulic head distribution of the equivalent homogeneous aquifer. After the bias is removed, the differences between the simulated mean hydraulic head and the observed hydraulic head, resulting from small-scale heterogeneities, are then reduced by adjustment of local transmissivity values based on hydrological and geological information. The validity of the proposed procedure was tested for a hypothetical aquifer under idealized conditions and it was then applied to the Avra Valley in southern Arizona to demonstrate its utility in real world scenarios.
Entropic Trapping and Escape of Long DNA Molecules at Submicron Size Constriction

We studied the passage of DNA molecules, driven by an electric field, through a microfabricated channel with 90 nm size constrictions. DNA molecules were entropically trapped at the constriction and escaped with a characteristic lifetime. Counterintuitively, longer DNA were found to escape entropic traps faster than shorter ones. DNA molecules overcome the entropic barrier by stretching their monomers into the constriction, which results in the fact that the energy barrier for DNA escape is independent of the chain length.
Notes on the marine algae of the Bermudas. 14. Five additions to the benthic flora, including a distinctive second new species of Crassitegula (Rhodophyta, Sebdeniales) from the western Atlantic Ocean

A new red algal species, Crassitegula laciniata (Sebdeniaceae, Sebdeniales), was described from recent collections made on offshore Bermuda reef habitats, and it was distinguished morphologically a...
Genetic Transfer of Gynomonoecy from Diploid to Triploid Eastern Gamagrass

Seed yields of eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. (Andropogoneae), are limited by scarcity of fertile female florets and excessive maleness in its monoecious inflorescence. Gynomonoecious variants, with sex reversal in formerly male spikelets and reactivation of suppressed female florets, are known that have a greater seed production potential than monoecious forms. Sexual reproduction is exclusively observed in diploid eastern gamagrass, whereas facultative apomictic reproduction is the rule in polyploid forms. This study was designed to combine recessive genes for gynomonoecy from diploids with genes for apomixis from polyploids to develop true breeding (apomictic), prolific seed producing (gynomonoecious) lines. Diploid parents with allele(s) for gynomonoecy were used in each of three generations of interploidy matings to transfer gynomonoecy from diploid to triploid eastern gamagrass. A first generation fertile triploid hybrid and a second generation BIII derived tetraploid hybrid were used as intermediates for genetic transfer. Ninety triploid progeny from the third generation of cytotype intermatings yielded three gynomonoecious individuals, one with relatively good female fertility and two that failed to set seed. The low percentage (3.3%) of triploid progeny that inherited the gynomonoecions trait indicates a strong selection force against gynomonoecy at the triploid level. The breeding strategy employed is considered a practical method to move genes from diploid to higher ploidy levels for subsequent stabilization by apomixis. All programs and services of the USDA are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap.
Cyclic stress-strain behavior of shape memory polymer based syntactic foam programmed by 2-D stress condition

Abstract Cyclic stress-strain responses of a shape memory polymer based syntactic foam and pure SMP were investigated after a two dimensional (2-D) programming process. Three types of cyclic loading patterns were used: multiple compression-tension cycles at 5% maximum strain, one compression-tension cycle at 40% maximum strain, and one coupled thermo-mechanical cycle at 40% maximum strain. The results indicate that the foams initially harden after the first cycle and then soften in subsequent cyclic loadings, while the pure SMP shows a monotonous softening. The hysteresis loops tend to shrink and approach asymptotically to a steady state before fatigue failure for both the foam and the pure SMP. The programmed foam and the programmed pure SMP are less sensitive to their strain histories, and dissipate more energy as compared with the non-programmed counterparts, showing better fatigue properties at the same strain level. Also, the programmed foam exhibits better mechanical properties under one cyclic thermo-mechanical loading, possessing a good adaptability to ambient temperature changing. Furthermore, the programmed foam demonstrates an increase in yield strength during compression and a decrease in residual tensile stress during tension. These particularly facilitate the programmed foam to be used as a self-healing sealant in expansion joints.
Development of a MALDI-TOF-MS method to identify and quantify butyrylcholinesterase inhibition resulting from exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides

A novel, proteomics based method was developed for the detection, quantification, and categorization of serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors, including organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CBs). This method was based on the MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of the trypsin generated BChE active site peptide (191-SVTLFGESAGAASVSLHLLSPR-212) previously modified by reaction with an OP or CB. The ionization efficiency of OP modified active site peptides by MALDI was greatly improved by adding diammonium citrate to the MALDI matrix, which made the quantification of OP exposure feasible. Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.98) between the normalized abundance ratios (NARs) and OP concentrations or logarithm of carbaryl concentration was obtained. The accuracy of the developed assay was evaluated by comparison of IC50 and IC100 values from the assay with those determined by the Ellman method. Results from this method were comparable with those from the Ellman method. The advantage of the assay was that both the origin and the extent of pesticide exposure can be determined in one analysis. Our MALDI method can provide critical evidence for the pesticide exposure at low BChE inhibition levels even down to 3%, not available with the Ellman method.
Renal transplantation in two cases of amyloidosis.

Abstract Bilateral nephrectomy and renal transplantation were performed in two patients with severe renal amyloidosis and progressive azotaemia. One patient, whose amyloid was associated with familial Mediterranean fever, has survived for 24 months and showed no recurrence of amyloid on biopsy of the donor kidney 12 months after transplant. The second patient, with amyloid secondary to osteomyelitis, became normotensive, but died from an abscess 5 months after transplantation. The donor kidney in this individual also showed no amyloid. It is recommended that renal transplantation in amyloid disease still be regarded as an experimental procedure to be done in selected patients only.
Singing Across the Scars of Wrong: Johnny Cash and His Struggle for Social Justice

The life and music of Johnny Cash are explored in this article as we detail his commitment to social justice. Situating his politics and biography within a cultural criminology orientation, we show that Cash’s lived politics and edgy music reflect his concerns with the working class, the dispossessed, the rebellious, the American Indian, and above all, the convict. A pusher of social causes, Cash advocated for prison reform through decades of social activism and public and private politics.
Diffusion-weighted imaging in breast cancer: relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient and tumour aggressiveness

Aim To assess the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging in diagnosing and characterizing breast malignancy. Materials and methods From April 2006 to April 2009, all consecutive patients with breast cancer undergoing breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent surgery in our hospital were enrolled in this study. MRI was performed using a 1.5T MRI unit using a dedicated, bilateral, four-channel breast coil. The MRI protocol included a diffusion sequence acquired using b values of 0 and 1000s/mm 2 . For each malignant lesion the relationships between tumour grade and histology and the relative value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were analysed. Results There were 136 female patients with 162 lesions. Histology revealed 149 invasive carcinomas and 13 ductal carcinomas in situ . There were 34 grade 1, 61 grade 2, and 67 grade 3 lesions. The mean ADC value of all malignant lesions was 1.03×10 −3 mm 2 /s. The mean ADC values for invasive and in situ carcinomas were 1.03×10 −3 mm 2 /s and 1.05×10 −3 mm 2 /s, respectively. The mean ADC values for grade 1, 2, and 3 tumours were 1.25×10 −3 mm 2 /s, 1.02×10 −3 mm 2 /s, and 0.92×10 −3 mm 2 /s, respectively. A statistically significant ( p in situ lesions) was 1.19×10 −3 mm 2 /s, whereas the mean ADC value of the "more aggressive" group (G2–G3 invasive carcinomas) was 0.96×10 −3 mm 2 /s ( p Conclusion The study confirms the usefulness of diffusion imaging in assessing the aggressiveness of breast tumours. ADC appears to be a promising parameter in the evaluation of the degree of malignancy of breast cancer tissue.
A Sustained, Cytoplasmic Transgene Expression System Delivered by Cationic Liposomes

A plasmid containing the reporter gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), driven by the bacteriophage T7 promoter was co-delivered with purified T7 RNA polymerase by the DC-chol cationic liposomes into human embryonic kidney 293 cells to obtain a transient (2 days) CAT gene expression. To prolong the expression, a T7 autogene which contains the T7 RNA polymerase gene driven by the T7 promoter was included in the transfection complex as a self-amplifying regeneration mechanism for the polymerase. High level CAT gene expression was observed up to 5 days after transfection. This strong and sustained expression system should be useful in gene transfer experiments.
Imaging temperature-dependent field emission from carbon nanotube films: Single versus multiwalled

Field emission properties of vertically aligned single- and multiwalled carbon nanotube films at temperatures up to 1000°C are investigated by electron emission microscopy, enabling real-time imaging of electron emission to provide information on emission site density, the temporal variation of the emission intensity, and insight into the role of adsorbates. The nanotube films showed an emission site density of 104∼105∕cm2, which is compared to the areal density (from 1012–1013∕cm2to108–109∕cm2). At ambient temperature, the emission indicated temporal fluctuation (∼6%–8%) in emission current with minimal changes in the emission pattern. At elevated temperatures, the emission site exhibited an increase in emission site intensity. From the experimental observations, it is proposed that the chemisorbed molecules tend to desorb presumably at high applied electric fields (field-induced) in combination with thermal effects (thermal-induced) and provide a contrasting comparison between semiconducting (single-wal...
Interdiffusion at the interface of polymeric bilayers: evidence for reptation?

Abstract Neutron reflection is used to study the interdiffusion in equal molecular weight polystyrene bilayer melts with a spatial resolution of 10 A. Interfacial widths and concentration profiles at the bilayer interface are obtained for annealing times up to and beyond the reptation time, τ d . For t τ d , the reptation model predicts a mean square displacement of monomers whose time dependence is a power law, the exponent of which changes with time. For the relatively lightweight polymers of M ∼ 233 000, the mean square displacements of monomers is in general agreement with predictions; the permanence of a discontinuity at the interface — which also follows from the reptation model — is observed only for molecular weights M ∼ 1 000 000.
Etch induction time in cellulose nitrate: A new particle identification parameter

Abstract By the use of a “continous etch” method, it has been ascertained that particle tracks do not appear in cellulose nitrate track detectors until a certain finite time after etch has been started: this etch induction time may provide a unique signal for distinguishing ions of different atomic number, Z, and possibly also resolving the mass, M, of such ions. Empirical relations between etch induction time and various experimental quantities are described, as is a simple theory of the cause of etch induction time, which can be related to experimental evidence on hand. There is reason to believe that etch induction time appears in other types of plastic track detectors and may indeed be a general phenomenon all track detectors.
Gold Nanoparticles as Optical and Mechanical Resonators

Plasmons in metal nanoparticles can strongly couple to excitons in semiconductor nanocrystals, leading to new optical phenomena. They can also serve as highly sensitive probes of the damping of mechanical vibrations within the nanoparticles.
Time resolved laser-induced plasma dynamics

The structure and evolution of the laser-induced vapor plume and shockwave were measured from femtosecond time resolved shadowgraph images. By changing the wavelength of the probe beam (400 and 800 nm), differences in the opacity of the vapor plume were measured as a function of delay time from the ablation laser pulse. The evolution of the temperature and electron number density during and after the ablation laser pulse were determined and compared for ablation in argon and helium background gases. A laser supported detonation wave (LSD) observed for ablation in argon, blocks the incoming laser energy and generates a high-pressure region above the vapor plume.
Lattice vibrations of crystal 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-tribromobenzene

Abstract Polarized Raman spectra for the 0–100 cm −1 region of oriented single crystals of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-tribromobenzene are reported. An assignment is suggested for the librational and translational crystal vibrations. The spectra of the two crystals are very similar, and frequencies of the heavier 1,3,5-tribromobenzene are consistently lower than those for the other crystal.
Magnetron motion of ions in the cubical ICR cell

Abstract The magnetron motion of ions in the cubical ICR cell is observed as a large-amplitude oscillating signal on the receiver plates. The frequency of this signal is compared with that calculated on the basis of the potentials and ion motions in the real cubical cell with excellent agreement. Observation of the magnetron frequency as a function of time following ion formation is used to investigate the effects of potential inhomogeneity and space charge; qualitative agreement is found with a simple model.
Examining the Activities of Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACTThis study examined the external activities of P&T committees while making formulary and drug use decisions using a theoretical framework derived from organizational research. A national survey of pharmacist members of P&T committees was conducted in which 105 responses were received from a list of 308 teaching hospitals eligible for the study (34.7%). Activities aimed at gathering external feedback and support (i.e., ambassadorial/information-gathering activities) were the most prominent. Activities directed at protecting the committee members from outside influence (i.e., guard activities) were relatively less common. The relationship of these activities to group performance was explored using structural equation modeling. The analysis indicated that a possible relationship exists between the ambassadorial/information-gathering activities and subsequent committee performance.
Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure

Earlier work on the glottalization of word-initial vowels sought an account in terms of the morphosyntactic hierarchy and isolated facts about stress, without accounting for the possible role of phrase-level prosodic structure. More recent work based on prosodic theory (Pierrehumbert & Talkin, 1992; Pierrehumbert, 1995) has shown that prosodic constituents and prominence are important factors in the description of glottalization: word-initial vowels glottalize with higher frequency at the beginnings of intonational phrases, and to a greater degree if the word is pitch-accented. The work reported here extends Pierrehumbert & Talkin’s findings using a different method, and reports additional dependencies on prosodic structure. The study is based on a different style of speech and a wider variety of prosodic and segmental contexts, in a speech corpus that was produced with communicative intent (FM radio news style, 3709 word-initial vowels produced by five speakers, three female and two male). Analysis of this corpus shows that glottalization of word-initial vowels is influenced by fullvs.intermediate intonational phrase boundaries and pitch accent on the target syllable or word, but the effect of the preceding segmental context is small in comparison. These results are robust despite substantial interspeaker differences in both the distribution and nature of glottal onsets, and illustrate the value of revisiting earlier morphosyntactic analyses with prosodic structure in mind.
Decreasing the Cutoff for Elevated Blood Lead (EBL) Can Decrease the Screening Sensitivity for EBL

Change in the definition of elevated blood lead (EBL) from greater than or equal to 10 μg/dL (cutoff A) to greater than or equal to 5 μg/dL (cutoff B) was recently endorsed in the United States. A potential effect of this change is to decrease the screening sensitivity for EBL detection. We demonstrate this effect by simulated sampling of an example patient distribution for lead. Using lead-dependent assay imprecision, simulated sampling of the patient distribution tracked individual misclassifications relative to the EBL cutoff. Decreasing the EBL cutoff from A to B reduced screening sensitivity for EBL detection in this population to less than 90%, a decrease of 4%. The result was due to the fact that, for B, a greater fraction of the EBL population was near the EBL cutoff and therefore subject to misclassification due to assay imprecision. The effect of the decreased EBL cutoff to reduce EBL screening sensitivity is likely to apply to EBL screening programs generally.
Cyclization of polyubiquitin by the E2-25K ubiquitin conjugating enzyme

For most substrates of ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent degradation, recognition by the proteasome is mediated by a covalently attached signal assembled from multiple ubiquitins linked to each other via the C terminus of one Ub and the e-amine of Lys48 of another Ub. Among Ub-conjugating enzymes, E2-25K is unique in its ability to synthesizein vitro unanchored Lys48-linked poly-Ub chains from mono- or poly-Ub, E1, and ATP; thus, E2-25K has distinct binding sites for donor and acceptor (poly)Ub. During studies of chain assembly by E2-25K, we observed that Lys48-linked tri-Ub was efficiently converted to a new species that upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migrated between linear di-Ub and tri-Ub. Analysis of this product by mass spectrometry and tryptic digestion showed that it was a cyclic form of tri-Ub. Cyclization of tri-Ub requires E1, E2-25K, ATP, and that the linear substrate has a free Gly76 C terminus on the proximal end Ub and a Lys48 side chain available on the distal end Ub. E2-25K similarly can catalyze the cyclization of longer poly-Ub chains, including tetra- and penta-Ub. Although cyclic tri-Ub resists hydrolysis by the PA700 or isopeptidase T deubiquitinating enzymes, it can be disassembled to Ub monomers by isopeptidase(s) in a red blood cell extract. Thus, if cyclic poly-Ub forms in vivo, it will not accumulate as a dead-end product.
Observations of the Early Evolution of an Explosive Oceanic Cyclone during ERICA IOP 5. Part II: Airborne Doppler Analysis of the Mesoscale Circulation and Frontal Structure

Abstract Using airborne Doppler radar data collected onboard the NOAA P-3 aircraft during ERICA IOP 5, the three-dimensional wind field of the circulation center of an explosive extratropical cyclone is shown. The cyclone was entering its rapid intensification stage at the time of the analysis. The circulation formed along a frontal boundary and was characterized by mean vertical velocity, vorticity, and divergence values comparable to those derived for mature hurricanes. In addition, the circulation at this early stage of cyclone development was relatively shallow (>2.5 km AGL). Intense convection occurred within and surrounding the center of the circulation suggesting that diabatic effects played a role in its development. It is believed that the mesoscale circulation is the preexisting, shallow low that has been shown to form in association with explosive cyclogenesis. The wind synthesis also revealed the structure of the bent-back warm front, which had undergone a scale contraction. The intensity of t...
EFFECTS OF ATTENTIONAL SET AND RHYTHMIC COMPLEXITY ON ATTENDING

In a target detection task involving sustained attentional monitoring, rhythmic properties of tone sequences were found to affect detection performance (area under receiver-operating characteristic curves) and reaction times. Alternating tone frequencies (high, low) formed three different recurrent rhythms (binary, trinary, mixed) which varied in complexity. Attentional set was also manipulated so that participants attended either to tones of both frequencies (divided) or to only the higher of the two tones (selective). The most interesting finding involved an interaction between attentional set and rhythm, indicating that selective attending is enhanced by the most complex (mixed) rhythm, whereas divided attending tends to be best with the simplest rhythm (binary). Results are discussed in terms of a theory of dynamic attending, in which it is assumed that listeners actively use attending oscillators to direct attending.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN THE ANTISNAKE BEHAVIOR OF CALIFORNIA GROUND SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS BEECHEYI)

California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) have evolved behavioral defenses against their two predators, the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) and Pacific gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer). Two studies were used to exam­ ine individual variation in anti snake behavior as it might be affected by selection operating on arousability, fearfulness, and aggressiveness. In Study I the behavioral consistency of two litters of lab-reared juveniles was examined at two age periods during encounters with a caged gopher snake and domestic cat. Close-range investigation and tail flagging appeared to be governed by short-term motivational states that were not strongly correlated across age. Age correlations revealed that individual tendencies to throw substrate were relatively consistent for the snake and even more so for the cat. In Study 2, wild-caught adults were obtained from five sites where rattlesnakes and gopher snakes were abundant and from five sites where these snakes were rare or absent. Squirrels in a seminaturallaboratory set­ ting were given balanced presentations of a caged rattlesnake and gopher snake separated by 5 days. Snakes were recognized by all squirrels as potentially dangerous, irrespective of experience, age, and selective regime. Substrate throwing also was positively correlated for the two snakes in both groups of adults, indicating that level of aggressiveness is a consis­ tent component of temperament not specific to species of snakes. Physiological arousal was not correlated strongly for the two snakes, but it was significantly lower in squirrels from sites where snakes were abundant. This suggests some specialization to reduce anxi­ ety that possibly enhances tactical decision making.
Optimizing ULK film properties to enable BEOL integration with TDDB reliability

Increasing circuit density in multilevel back-end-of line (BEOL) interconnects is necessary to improve integrated circuit performance and area scaling. Ultra low-k (ULK) dielectrics are used to minimize capacitance for lower power consumption and better capacitance-resistance (RC) performance. However, these materials pose integration and reliability challenges, which have limited our ability to scale the dielectric constant lower.1 Minimizing porosity, maximizing carbon content, and altering how carbon is bonded in porous SiCOH films reduces plasma-induced damage (PID) to the ULK and improves TDDB reliability, but these improvement must be balanced by maintaining other film properties such as elastic modulus. This paper describes one technique to achieve this combination of high carbon content and low porosity to allow k scaling while meeting integration and reliability requirements.
Frustrated Reconstruction at the Surface of a Glassy Polymer

The introduction of hydrophilic functional groups at the surface of poly(4-methylstyrene) provided a system for studying the thermal reconstruction of the surface of a glassy polymer at temperature...
Mind the Gap: Attitudes about Miranda Warnings among Police Chiefs and Citizens

Research shows that the police subculture can be characterized by a distinct set of values and beliefs. Much of the police subculture research has focused on common characteristics and values found among a sample of police officers. Fewer studies have considered how the police, as a group, are similar to citizens. In this study, attention is given to similarities and differences in how the police and the public perceive the Miranda warnings. Attention is also given to whether type of neighborhood (low crime versus high crime) is related to attitudes about the Miranda warnings. Findings suggest that while the warnings are perceived in different ways there are similarities that could bridge the gap between the police and public. Implications are suggested.