cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas Phase Photochemistry Can Distinguish Different Conformations of Unhydrated Photoaffinity-Labeled Peptide Ions

Peptides containing the chromophore, benzophenone (as the amino acid, 4-benzoyl-phenylalanine (Bpa)), have been synthesized to explore the feasibility of gas-phase photochemical cross-linking to investigate the conformations of unsolvated peptides. The main product of UV irradiation of a BP-containing peptide is CO2 loss from the peptide C terminus. To test whether decarboxylation results from hydrogen abstraction from acidic residues, we synthesized peptides designed to limit the contact between the Bpa and the peptide C terminus. Such contact is necessary for hydrogen abstraction. The peptide, Ac-Bpa-Ala10-Lys, forms an extended α-helix in the gas phase, thus preventing the N-terminal Bpa from approaching the C terminus.1 In contrast, Ac-Bpa-Gly10-Lys is a flexible peptide that can adopt multiple “random globule” conformations in the gas phase, some of which could allow contact between the termini and thus photoinduced reaction. On simultaneous UV irradiation of a mixture of both electrosprayed gas-phas...
Masterpieces: Chapters on the History of An Idea

The Description for this book, Masterpieces: Chapters on the History of An Idea, will be forthcoming.
Genetic Analysis Reveals the Identity of the Photoreceptor for Phototaxis in Hormogonium Filaments of Nostoc punctiforme

In cyanobacterial Nostoc species, substratum-dependent gliding motility is confined to specialized nongrowing filaments called hormogonia, which differentiate from vegetative filaments as part of a conditional life cycle and function as dispersal units. Here we confirm that Nostoc punctiforme hormogonia are positively phototactic to white light over a wide range of intensities. N. punctiforme contains two gene clusters (clusters 2 and 2i), each of which encodes modular cyanobacteriochrome-methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) and other proteins that putatively constitute a basic chemotaxis-like signal transduction complex. Transcriptional analysis established that all genes in clusters 2 and 2i, plus two additional clusters (clusters 1 and 3) with genes encoding MCPs lacking cyanobacteriochrome sensory domains, are upregulated during the differentiation of hormogonia. Mutational analysis determined that only genes in cluster 2i are essential for positive phototaxis in N. punctiforme hormogonia; here these genes are designated ptx (for phototaxis) genes. The cluster is unusual in containing complete or partial duplicates of genes encoding proteins homologous to the well-described chemotaxis elements CheY, CheW, MCP, and CheA. The cyanobacteriochrome-MCP gene (ptxD) lacks transmembrane domains and has 7 potential binding sites for bilins. The transcriptional start site of the ptx genes does not resemble a sigma 70 consensus recognition sequence; moreover, it is upstream of two genes encoding gas vesicle proteins (gvpA and gvpC), which also are expressed only in the hormogonium filaments of N. punctiforme.
Preparation of serum oxytocin and arginine vasopressin prior to radioimmunoassay: simultaneous extraction and separation on C18 Sep-Pak cartridges.

Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are often secreted in response to the same stimuli. The hormones are seldom assayed together, however, because of labor intensive sample preparation and the duplicate volumes required. A method has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and separation of OT and AVP from a single serum sample. The method is suited for sample preparation prior to radioimmunoassay (RIA) and reduces sample volume and processing time by 50%. Serum, supplemented with labeled and unlabeled OT and AVP, was adsorbed onto C18 (octadecasilyl-silica, ODS) Sep-Pak cartridges. After washing with phosphosaline and 3% aqueous acetone, OT was eluted with 98% aqueous acetone followed by AVP with 80% acidified (0.02mol/L HCl) acetone. The recoveries, determined by radioactivity and RIA measurements, were 86 ± 3% (OT) and 71 ± 7% (AVP). Cross contamination was less than 10%. Sep-Paks extracted up to 100 pg/mL of the hormones from 10 mL of serum. The method was employed to measure OT and AVP in the pregnant ewe. Both hormones were elevated during salt-loading and dehydration and were decreased by carotid infusions of ethanol.
Definable properties of the computably enumerable sets

Abstract Post in 1944 began studying properties of a computably enumerable (c.e.) set A such as simple, h-simple, and hh-simple, with the intent of finding a property guaranteeing incompleteness of A . From the observations of Post ( 1943 ) and Myhill ( 1956 ), attention focused by the 1950s on properties definable in the inclusion ordering of c.e. subsets of ω, namely E = ( W n neω , ⊂). In the 1950s and 1960s Tennenbaum, Martin, Yates, Sacks, Lachlan, Shoenfield and others produced a number of elegant results relating ∄-definable properties of A , like maximal, hh-simple, atomless, to the information content (usually the Turing degree, deg( A ) of A . Harrington and Soare ( 1991 ) gave an answer to Post's program for definable properties by producing an ∄-definable property Q ( A ) which guarantees that A is incomplete and noncomputable, but developed a new Δ 3 0 -automorphism method to prove certain other properties are not ∄-definable. In this paper we introduce new ∄-definable properties relating the ∄-structure of A to deg( A ), which answer some open questions. In contrast to Q ( A ) we exhibit here an ∄-definable property T ( A ) which allows such a rapid flow of elements into A that A must be complete even though A may possess many other properties such as being promptly simple. We also present a related property NL ( A ) which has a slower flow but fast enough to guarantee that A is not low, even though A may possess virtually all other related lowness properties (low 2 and others) and A may simultaneously be promptly simple.
glial cells missing: a genetic switch that controls glial versus neuronal fate.

Abstract The glial cells missing (gcm) gene in Drosophila encodes a novel nuclear protein that is transiently expressed early in the development of nearly all glia. In loss-of-function gcm mutant alleles, nearly all glia fail to differentiate, and, where we can follow them in the PNS, are transformed into neurons. In gain-of-function gcm conditions using transgenic constructs that drive ectopic gcm expression, many presumptive neurons are transformed into glia. Thus, gcm appears to function as a binary genetic switch for glia versus neurons. In the presence of gcm protein, presumptive neurons become glia, while in its absence, presumptive glia become neurons.
Application of OOP type theory: state, decidability, integration

Important strides toward developing expressive yet semantically sound type systems for object-oriented programming languages have recently been made by Cook, Bruce, Mitchell, and others. This paper focusses on how the theoretical work using F-bounded quantification may be brought more into the realm of actual language implementations while preserving rigorous soundness properties. We simultaneously address three of the more significant problems: adding a notion of global state, proving type-checking is decidable, and integrating the more widely implemented view that subclasses correspond to subtypes with the F-bounded view.
Norepinephrine and traumatic brain injury: a possible role in post-traumatic edema

Unilateral cerebral contusion is associated with an early (30 min) increase in norepinephrine (NE) turnover followed by a later (6-24 h) depression of turnover which is bilateral and widespread throughout the brain. Blockade of NE function during the first few hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI) impedes subsequent recovery of function without enlarging the size of the lesion. The current studies were carried out to characterize further the timing of the switch from increased to decreased NE turnover and to investigate the pathogenesis of the delayed recovery of function associated with blocking NE function. Adult male rats had unilateral somatosensory cortex contusions made with a 5 mm diameter impact piston. They were killed after 2 h and their brains analyzed for NE turnover by HPLC with electrochemical detection. In general, NE turnover (the ratio of 3-methoxy-4-hyroxyphenylglycol to NE levels) had returned to sham-lesion control levels in most brain regions by 2 h after either left or right sided contusions. The only exceptions were a persistent 87% increase at the lesion site after right-sided contusions and 22% and 32% increases in the contralateral cerebellum after right- and left-sided contusions, respectively. Blockade of alpha1-adrenoceptors by treatment with prazosin (3 mg/ kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to TBI produced edema in the striatum and hippocampus at 24 h which was not seen saline-treated rats nor in rats where NE reuptake was blocked with desmethylimipramine (DMI; 10 mg/kg, i.p.). DMI increased edema at the lesion site at 24 h, however. These data suggest that the early increase in NE release following unilateral cerebral contusion is protective and that this may act to stabilize the blood-brain barrier in areas adjacent to the injury site. Drugs that interfere with this enhanced noradrenergic function might enhance the damage caused by TBI.
Comparative studies of hemoglobins from the clouded tiger salamander before and after metamorphosis.

Some comparative biochemical studies on the hemoglobin from the clouded tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, before and after metamorphosis indicate (1) there is no hemoglobin change with metamorphosis; (2) both hemoglobins show three major fractions (Fractions I, II, III) in ion exchange chromatography and two bands in gel electrophoresis; (3) these fractions possess identical chemical properties except for their electrophoretic mobilities, and peptide maps; (4) Under our experimental conditions, Fraction II can be formed by the appropriate recombination of subunits present in equilibrium with Fractions I and II.
Analytical Method of Capacitor Allocation on Distribution Primary Feeders

This paper reports the development of an analytical method to determine the best capacitor locations, reactive compensation level, and yearly loss reductions under a wide range of annual reactive load conditions for use in distribution system design. The results show that, not only is more than 80 percent yearly loss reduction possible with non-switched capacitor banks, but also optimum reacttve-compensation level and maximum yearly loss reduction can be expressed in a simple mathematical equation.
Adjustment of male homosexuals and heterosexuals

A consideration of the marked disagreement in the literature concerning the adjustment of homosexuals compared to heterosexuals led to the present study. Male homosexuals (307) and male heterosexuals (137), obtained from nonclinical sources, responded to questionnaires measuring several adjustment variables. For the total samples, the homosexuals, compared to the heterosexuals, described themselves as less well adjusted on four scales, better adjusted on three scales, and not different on six scales. A select group of masculine homosexuals, in contrast to masculine heterosexuals, reported better adjustment on six factors, no differences on six dimensions, and atypical adjustment on one factor. The importance of considering nonclinical masculine vs. feminine homosexuals and heterosexuals, the multifactorial nature of adjustment, and the problem of subject selection are discussed.
Does brain penetration of anti-HIV drugs matter?

Soon after the introduction of protease inhibitors and the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy, the concept of eradication of HIV-1 from infected individuals seemed a realistic goal.1 However, the possibility that sanctuaries for virus existed within anatomical sites, such as the central nervous system (CNS), that are protected from the peripheral immune response and that may have impaired drug penetration loomed as a major barrier to eradication. Today we are more cautious about the prospect of HIV-1 eradication. Yet consideration of protected viral reservoirs remains important, particularly in light of data that show different antiretroviral resistance mutations in viruses from brain compared with peripheral sites of infection.2 Could the HIV epidemic be transformed into one in which systemic infection is controlled but brain infection, and dementia, persist? Could protected sites theoretically reinfect the blood and cause treatment failure, especially if they fostered local outgrowth of drug resistant virus? Many antiretrovirals, particularly the protease inhibitors, yield limited brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug concentrations.3 Are we thus allowing increased viral replication in the brain and potential treatment failure in our patients? To assess the importance of brain penetration of anti-HIV agents, several issues and questions must first be addressed. We conclude that until these issues are resolved antiretroviral regimens should be designed to include agents with good CNS penetration. AIDS dementia is estimated to occur in about 15% of HIV-1 infected patients with advanced disease. The disorder is uncommon in the absence of significant immunosuppression and patients typically have peripheral blood CD4 cell counts below 200 ×106/l. The pathogenesis of AIDS dementia is incompletely understood, but is intimately linked to productive viral infection of brain macrophages or microglia; secondary mechanisms related to host factors as well as viral components probably play an important part.4 …
Bayesian monitoring to detect a shift in process mean

A Bayesian analogue of the Shewhart X-bar chart is defined and compared with cumulative sum charts. The comparison identifies types of production process where the Bayesian chart has better expected performance than the cumulative sum chart. Implementing the Bayesian chart requires more detailed knowledge of the process structure than is required by the best-known types of charts, but acquiring this information can yield tangible benefits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyrosine Sulfation of Human Antibodies Contributes to Recognition of the CCR5 Binding Region of HIV-1 gp120

Sulfated tyrosines at the amino terminus of the principal HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 play a critical role in its ability to bind the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and mediate HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that a number of human antibodies directed against gp120 are tyrosine sulfated at their antigen binding sites. Like that of CCR5, antibody association with gp120 is dependent on sulfate moieties, enhanced by CD4, and inhibited by sulfated CCR5-derived peptides. Most of these antibodies preferentially associate with gp120 molecules of CCR5-utilizing (R5) isolates and neutralize primary R5 isolates more efficiently than laboratory-adapted isolates. These studies identify a distinct subset of CD4-induced HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies that closely emulate CCR5 and demonstrate that tyrosine sulfation can contribute to the potency and diversity of the human humoral response.
The regulation of American foundations: Looking backward at the Tax Reform Act of 1969

The American Tax Reform Act of 1969 represented a major watershed in the law of philanthropy, introducing a new classification scheme —one that sharply distinguished between ‘private foundations’ and other charitable organisations- and, for the private foundation category, a new regulatory system, new regulatory sanctions, a new tax on investment income and new restricitons on the deductibility of property gifts. After briefly tracing the origins of this legislation, the paper sets forth five norms that should characterise the legislative process, and proceeds to explore, albeit in abbreviated fashion, the extent to which each of these norms was respected by the Congress in 1969. The paper then turns from an examination of regulatory principles to a consideration of regulatoryimpacts, dealing with several ways in which the 1969 Act appears to have caused diversion of resources, including: diversion of charitable giving from foundations to non-foundation charities (with consequences for the ‘birthrate’ of foundations); diversion of resources from charitable to non-charitable uses; diversion of funds from charitable channels to the US Treasury; and a diversion of resources from certain grantees to others. The mitigating effects of recent forms of deregulation are described, followed by the suggestion that more deregulation is desirable, in order to sustain the health and strength of America's private foundation sector.
Time delay compensation in a wireless tracking control system with previewed reference

In this paper, a wireless tracking control problem with varying time delay longer than one sampling interval is discussed, and a preview controller is employed for precise motion control. A delay-dependent system model is first introduced and a reference generator is then employed to model the previewed future reference. The system model is augmented with the reference generator and an optimal controller is synthesized to minimize a quadratic cost function of tracking errors and control inputs. A time-varying Kalman filter is designed for state estimation and feedback control. To make the Kalman filter feasible under long time delay, a linear regression model is proposed for delay estimation based on past measurements. A new wireless protocol called RT-WiFi is developed for high-speed and real-time control applications. Using the delay measurement from the RT-WiFi network, simulation studies is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Contradictions and compromise: the curriculum-in-use as negotiated ideology in two welfare-to-work classes

The purpose of this study is to explore how ideologies about work and education are enacted and negotiated in educational programmes for welfare recipients. Data for this study were collected over a six-month period in two publicly funded educational programmes for welfare recipients in a southern state of the USA. Data consisted of interviews, classroom observations, official documents and curriculum materials, and informal conversations with teachers and students. It was found that although teachers and students at times problematized official discourses in their interviews, these discourses were usually upheld when ideologies were enacted and negotiated in the classrooms. When students raised questions in class and sought to discuss problematic issues, they were discouraged from doing so by teachers, who quickly led discussions back into ‘safe zones’, thus upholding official discourses of the programme. The findings raise questions concerning the ability of these programmes to solve unemployment proble...
Hyperon Resonance Photoproduction at CLAS

The study of hyperon resonances has entered a new era of precision with advent of high-statistics photoproduction data from the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. These data have multi-particle final states, allowing clean identification of exclusive reactions associated with strange mesons and baryons. Examples of physics results are: evidence for isospin interference in the decay of the Λ ( 1405 ) resonance; a strong suggestion of meson cloud effects in the structure of the Σ ( 1385 ) resonance; data from K ⁎ photoproduction that will test the existence of the purported K 0 ( 800 ) meson. Properties of other hyperon resonances will also be studied in the near future.
Collaborative Science Workflows in SQL

SQLShare is a Web-based application that emphasizes a simple upload-query-share protocol over conventional database design and uses ad hoc interactive query over general-purpose programming. Here, a case study examines the use of SQLShare as an alternative to script-based scientific workflows for a project in observational biological oceanography.
PCS-I — A point counting stereology program for cell biology

PCS-I is a versatile BASIC program designed to collect and process stereological point counting data from electron micrographs of cells. The program can accept the point counts from three sources: (i) a set of user-definable keys programmed as counters; (ii) a numeric pad that enters counts line by line; and (iii) a data tape cartridge. The program calls for all the information needed to solve stereological equations and then helps the user to interpret the suitability of the sample size by drawing error curves. The coefficients of the stereological equations and the output headings can be readily modified to accommodate a new set of experimental parameters, which gives a substantial amount of flexibility to the program. PCS-I is easy to use and offers a practical solution to the problem of data management for biological stereology.
Effects of three-body interactions on the structure of clusters

Abstract The structure of 54 and 147 atom clusters was studied using molecular dynamics at constant temperature and incorporating three-body interactions to the usual pairwise additive potentials among atoms. The effects of three-body interactions of the triple-dipole and exchange overlap type on the aggregation of clusters are: (1) to diminish the coordination number resulting in a global expansion of the clusters; (2) to increase internal disorder in such a way as to lower the crystallization temperature; (3) to favor certain features characteristic of random close packing of spheres at the expenses of destroying locally paired tetrahedra and octahedra, in the temperature range 0.25 ⩽ T ⩽ 0.4.
Optimizing softcopy display of radiographic images acquired with a prototype flat-panel detector

This study optimized softcopy display of digital radiographic images acquired using a prototype flat panel detector. Six look up table (LUT) shapes were evaluated, consisting of linear, logarithmic, exponential, 1-exp, sigmoidal, and reverse sigmoidal. Representative digital radiographs covering five body regions (skull, neck, chest, knee and foot) were reviewed on a monitor. Images were assessed on a scale of 1 to 10, with a score of 1 indicating an uninterpretable examination, and a score of 10 indicating a perfect image. The difference between the final and initial image quality scores were ((Delta) ), which corresponds to the improvement achievable by the selected LUT. Major improvements in image quality were achieved using LUTs of the type 1-exp. A comprehensive analysis was made of four versions of the 1-exp LUT applied to forty clinical images. Use of the one version of this 1-exp LUT resulted in the best achievable image quality in 95% of the cases (38/40), with an average (Delta) score of 3.4. These results demonstrate that a logarithmic style LUT can significantly improve image quality in comparison to linear LUTs. Of particular importance was the fact that a single LUT achieved excellent image quality for a broad range of clinical radiographs.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Couette flow of a radiating fluid - Optically thick medium.

Planar Couette flow of a radiating fluid is considered in the particular limit where the fluid has a high opacity to radiation. Temperature distributions and heat-transfer rates are obtained in closed form for a wide class of variation of the Rosseland mean absorption coefficient with temperature. It generally is found that since viscous dissipation adds heat to the fluid and thus raises the temperature level everywhere, very marked temperature maxima occur within the flow if the absorption coefficient increases more rapidly than a moderate rate (roughly the fourth power) with temperature. In fact, if ordinary heat conduction is neglected, the temperature may go to infinity under certain conditions. Generally, conduction and optically thick radiation tend to smooth temperature profiles, whereas dissipation tends to increase temperatures in the interior of the fluid. Limiting cases of these competing tendencies are discussed, and representative temperature profiles are given. It is concluded that temperature profiles and heat-transfer rates are very sensitive to the temperature variation of the mean absorption coefficient. Nomenclature a = proportionality const for absorption coeff cp = specific heat at constant pressure cj , 2 = const of integration h =' plate separation distance i = unit vector in x direction k = thermal conductivity kR = Rosseland mean volumetric absorption coeff / = 1/kR = mean absorption length n = exponent in temperature dependence of absorption coeff
Relationship Characteristics Associated with the Experience of Hurt in Romantic Relationships: A Test of the Relational Turbulence Model

We employed the relational turbulence model to identify (a) relationship characteristics associated with people’s appraisals of hurtful messages, and (b) features of hurtful episodes and relationship characteristics that correspond with the directness of communication about hurt. We conducted a study in which 135 dating couples reported on their relationship once per week for 6 weeks. Relational uncertainty and interference from partners were positively associated with (a) the intensity of hurt, (b) appraisals of the intentionality of hurt, and (c) perceived damage to the relationship. Features of the hurtful episode were more proximal predictors of the directness of communication about hurt than characteristics of the relationship. We discuss how our findings shed light on the relational turbulence model and hurtful communication.
Annealing effects on the solid state properties of transition‐metal coordination complexes and networks based on diene polymers with palladium chloride

This study focuses on the thermal and mechanical properties of 1,2-polybutadiene and 3,4-polyisoprene with an inorganic salt, bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium (II). Upon mixing in THF, effective crosslinks are formed because the acetonitrile ligands of the palladium salt are displaced by olefinic pendant groups of the polymers. Using a simple nth-order irreversible kinetic rate model, the palladium-catalyzed Heck-like exothermic reaction in solid films was characterized via isothermal and nonisothermal DSC. Thermal energy and mass balances appropriate to a batch reactor are developed from first principles and applied to the isothermal DSC output curve to calculate the time dependence of reactant conversion. Relevant kinetic parameters, such as the order of the reaction, the characteristic time constant for the chemical reaction, and the activation energy, have been determined. The kinetic data suggest that the palladium-catalyzed crosslinking reactions are diffusion controlled in the solid state because the reaction order is very close to unity. Higher glass transition temperatures (T g ) are measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) when (i) palladium concentration, (ii) annealing (heat treatment) time, and (iii) annealing temperature increase. After 2 h of annealing at 80°C, which corresponds to a temperature below the first exothermic crosslinking reaction ( 115°C) during nonisothermal DSC kinetic studies, rubbery materials containing very low concentrations of PdCl 2 (i.e., 0.5 mol %) exhibit reinforced ductile stress-strain response. When annealing is performed at the peak temperature of the first exothermic event, the rubbery materials are transformed into glasses. Transition-metal compatibilization of atactic 1,2-polybutadiene and 3,4-polyisoprene via PdCl 2 is demonstrated by monitoring the glass transition obtained from dynamic mechanical tan δ profiles. The effect of annealing this ternary reactive blend produces a glassy material exhibiting an elevated T g and synergistic mechanical properties.
Determination of iodine value fatty acids by a flow-injection method

Abstract An automated method for determining the iodine value for various industrial fatty acids is described. The method is based on flow-injection techniques and the chemistry is a modified version of the standard Wij's solution method. The system is fully computerized with an AIM-65 microcomputer. Two detection system, u.v.-visible absorbance and potentiometric sensing, are compared. Results comparable to the conventional method are obtained. Continuous-run sample throughput rates of 12 h −1 are eralistic.
subaltern historiography on the Rio Grande: on Gutiérrez's when Jesus came, the corn mothers went away

When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846. RAMON A. GUTIERREZ.
Unified turbulence closure model for axisymmetric and planar free shear flows

A new two-equation turbulence model based on the exact turbulent kinetic energy and the variance of vorticity or enstrophy equations is developed and used to calculate planar and axisymmetric free shear flows. It is shown that one set of model constants reproduces available growth rates and similarity profiles of velocity and shear stress. In general, agreement is well within the scatter of experimental data.
Photo-initiation of intermolecular bonding and oxide deposition in Ti-based alkoxide solutions

Abstract Photoexposure of a water-stable, Ti-alkoxide, (OC 6 H 6 N) 2 Ti(OC 6 H 2 (CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 3 -2,4,6) 2 , dissolved in a water/pyridine solution yielded an insoluble, solid phase, present in the form of suspended particles and a deposited material on the vertical side-wall of the solution container. Raman analysis of these photoproducts confirmed the UV-initiation of hydrolysis and condensation reactions in the alkoxide reagent. The excitation wavelength dependence of the photostructural effects observed provides insight into the mechanisms contributing to these photoinduced phenomena. The results are extended to enable the photopatterned deposition of physical relief structures directly from solution in this system.
Negative transfer as a function of experimentally-acquired meaningfulness: The influence of number, and relative and absolute strengths of List-1 associates

Associative meaning of CVC stimuli was established by pairing the CVC's with meaningful words (Associates) in List-1 (A–B). Transfer to List-2 (A–C) was assessed as a function of: (a) Number of associates (2, 4, or 8) established to each List-1 stimulus; (b) Gradient of associative strength (Flat or Steep); (c) degree of learning (DL) of List-1 associates (5 or 10 trials). Variables (a) and (b) were studied in Exp. I. Negative transfer increased as a function of number of associates. In Exp. II the number of List-1 associates was extended to include 8 per stimulus, 2 values of DL being employed. Negative transfer increased as a positive function of Number of Associates and DL variables. Implications for an associative probability theory of learning are discussed.
Teacher training and economics understanding of Albanian high school students

Abstract We examined the level of economics knowledge of Albanian 11th grade and 12th grade students who had completed their required economics course. Our primary interest was how economics knowledge differed by student and teacher characteristics, particularly teacher training in market-oriented economics. The findings showed a significant increase of students’ economics knowledge after they completed the required economics course. The model accounted for 35% of the variance on the post-test scores of TEL, with type of teacher training a significant predictor of students’ economics knowledge.
Evolutionary Origins of Viviparity in the Reptilia. I. Sauria

Reproductive mode data were extracted piecemeal from the literature and superimposed over currently accepted phylogenies to permit estimation of the minimum frequencies with which viviparity (live-bearing) has evolved in lizards, aswell as to facilitateanalysisoffactors hypothesizedto inlluencethis evolution. Viviparity has arisen on at least 45 separate occasions in the Sauria. Each ofthese origins is pinpointed phylogeneticallyas far as is now possible. Ofthese origins, 22 have occurred in the Scincidae, ten in the Iguanidae, five in the Anguidae, two each in the Lacertidae and Gekkonidae, and one each in the Chamaeleontidae, Xantusiidae, Agamidae, and Cordylidae. Further origins may be detected in the Scincidae, Iguanidae, and Diploglossa as phylogenetic relationships are elucidated. Over 19 % of the saurian species are live-bearing, and about 2/3 of the viviparous species are skinks. Most of the sub-generic saurian origins ofviviparity have occurred in cold climates, possibly as an adaptation to facilitate maternal thermoregulation of the developing embryos. Phylogenetic distributions of these origins are consistent with hypotheses that genetic sex-determination of the male-heterogametic type as weil as a tendency towards egg'retention preadapt a lineage for viviparity. Evolution of the live-bearing mode may be constrained by temperature-dependent sex determination, female heterogamety, and formation of highly calcified eggshells.
On considering the unintended impact of evaluation: Reactive distortions in program goals and activities

The relationship between program planning and evaluation can be viewed as bidirectional; that is, evaluation methods, procedures, instruments, and criteria not only are determined by, but also influence, program goals and activities. Within the human services context, several factors or sources of reactivity between evaluation and program planning can be identified. These involve (a) quantification of goals and activities, (b) preferences by different audiences for various kinds of evaluation data, (c) values and evaluation criteria, and (d) evaluation requirements and resource availability. Effects of these reactive features are discussed and illustrated with examples drawn from mental health evaluation and accountability practices. It is argued that for evaluation to be a credible and useful practice, evaluators should plan their efforts and assess their own effectiveness within the larger context of human service systems.
Field ion microscopic observations of the formation of molybdenum films epitaxially related to tungsten sub substrates

Abstract The field ion microscope was used to study the structure of molybdenum vapor-de-posited on tungsten tips. Films prepared in the range 370 to 850 K were of duplex character having a defective layer superimposed upon an epitaxial layer. When condensed at 77 K the molybdenum was microcrystalline in general, although parts of the deposit near the substrate were structurally similar to it. All films became entirely epitaxial when subsequently heated, with the low temperature films passing through intermediate structures similar to those possessed by the others as-formed. The transformation was associated with the outward progression of an epitaxial layer from the molybdenum-tungsten interface.
Cationic ring-opening photopolymerimization methods for volume hologram recording

ABSTRACT A new photopolymer holographic recording material based on cationic ring-opening polymerization avoids limitations of conventional holographic photopolymers resulting from the free radical chemistrytypically employed. The effects of oxygen, moisture, and component characteristics on holographicrecording characteristics are described. Sensitivities greater than 0. 1 cm2/mJ and refractive index modulations greater than 5x103 are achievable with negligible changes in the physical dimensions (volume change as low as 0.4 %) of the imaged material. Linear recording is observed for exposure fluence up to20 mJ/cm2. Good Bragg selectivity consistent with the imaged thickness is observed, and both theangular response and the diffraction efficiency are stable in these materials without the need for post-imaging fixing procedures. Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization, Photopolymer, Volume Hologram, Bragg Selectivity, Shrinkage 1. INTRODUCTION The first use of a photopolymer system to record volume-phase holograms was reported byresearchers at Hughes Aircraft Co. in 1969.1 Many other research groups have subsequently describedholographic photopolymer systems. A useful early review of this work by Torulinson and Chandross2includes a discussion on recording mechanism; a SPIE Milestone volume includes selected papers from
The Variable Effects of Stress on Alcohol Use from Adolescence to Early Adulthood

Despite evidence of a strong association between stress and level of drinking in adolescent populations, the role of stress in accounting for changes in drinking behavior throughout the adolescent ...
Comparative studies on hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of leaves and internodes of alamo switchgrass.

Abstract Hydrothermal pretreatment was performed on the leaves and internodes portions of Alamo switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., to enhance the digestibility of cellulose towards cellulase. It was observed that extractives free leaves portion provided 18.1% lower pretreatment gravimetrical yield and 33.8% greater cellulose-to-glucose yield than internodes portion. The degree of polymerization (DP) and ultrastructure of cellulose were determined by gel-permeation chromatography and solid-state cross polarization/magic angle spinning 13 C NMR experiments. The results suggested that hydrothermal pretreatment hydrolyzed amorphous cellulose and yielded a product enriched in paracrystalline cellulose. Furthermore, the DP of cellulose was reduced to one third of the origin value after hydrothermal pretreatment. The resulting biomass after pretreatment for leaves and internodes has similar cellulose ultrastructure and chemical profiles. The results of the enzymatic hydrolysis studies of cellulose suggest that the reduced DP of cellulose of pretreated switchgrass was an important factor influencing the enhanced digestibility of pretreated switchgrass.
Incremental deployment of a router-assisted reliable multicast scheme

Recently, several schemes have been proposed that address the problem of scalable reliable multicast using router assistance. These include LMS, PGM, AIM and OTERS, among others. While these schemes (arguably) achieve significantly better performance than non-assisted schemes, a thorny issue remains: are these schemes incrementally deployable? More specifically, what is the performance impact of partial deployment to the application and the network? What is the best strategy to deploy such schemes? These questions, while very important, have not been addressed yet.In this paper we investigate the performance of Light-weight Multicast Services (LMS) under various deployment strategies. Our results are preliminary, mostly due to lack of established strategies for incremental deployment of such services. First, we propose a method to incrementally deploy LMS which has minimal impact on router processing and state. Then, we investigate the performance of LMS for various basic deployment strategies, including random, core, stub, and border router deployment, and for different topologies, including random and transit-stub topologies. We also examine node v.s. path deployment. Our evaluation is carried out using the ns simulator and topologies generated with GT-ITM. Our results show that there are significant differences among the various deployment strategies with random being the worst. Finally, we discuss our observations in the context of other router-assisted schemes and identify common issues.
Assessing internal models for faster learning of robotic assembly

This work investigates what makes a robotic assembly process “learnable” for the explicit purpose of improving the performance of that process. It has been observed that even stochastic search methods like Genetic Algorithms (GA) can benefit from advanced models of the assembly task. Models built from the results of random samplings of a parameter space have been used previously to predict the performances of parameter sequences not yet evaluated, but the question of what properties of the models actually benefit the optimization remained. A quantitative analysis algorithm is derived and tested on physical assemblies for validation. Results are provided that illustrate the efficacy of the analysis algorithm for prediction-based performance enhancement when such models are used.
The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT): Guidelines for reporting randomized trials.

BackgroundThe rules for reporting the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in published manuscripts have been elusive, and many nurse scientists have learned to write research reports by trial and error.ApproachNew comprehensive guidelines for reporting RCTs are now available to authors, e
Detection of seizure-like movements using a wrist accelerometer

Abstract Caregivers of people with epilepsy are commonly concerned about unwitnessed seizures causing injury and even death. The goal of this study was to determine if a wrist-worn motion detector could detect tonic–clonic seizures. Individuals admitted for continuous video/EEG monitoring wore a wristwatch-size device that was programmed to detect rhythmic movements such as those that occur during tonic–clonic seizures. When such movement was detected, the device sent a Bluetooth signal to a computer that registered the time and duration of the movements. Recorded detections were compared with the routinely recorded video/EEG data. Six of 40 patients had a total of eight tonic–clonic seizures. Seven of the eight seizures were detected. Nonseizure movements were detected 204 times, with opportunity for canceling transmission by the patient. Only one false detection occurred during sleep. In principle, this device should allow caregivers of people with tonic–clonic seizures to be alerted when a seizure occurs.
Technical and institutional factors in the emergence of project management

Abstract This paper explores the fundamental question of why the practice and discipline of project management emerged during the 1940s through the 1960s in the United States. Although projects have been around for millennia, not until the middle of the 20th century in the U.S. military–industrial–academic complex did project management become formalized in institutional processes and as an academic discipline. The paper argues that technical complexity and novelty were the primary factors driving project management and its engineering counterpart systems engineering, as a new organizational form. Institutional factors such as the need for legal separation between government and industry created important secondary effects that drove the particular forms in which project management evolved. This paper uses examples from large scale, complex projects of the 1940s through 1960s in the aerospace and computing industries to tease out the fundamental technical and institutional factors that led to the emergence of project management in these two key American industries during this period.
Seed to seed

Michael Fenner's 1985 book entitled Seed Ecology was packed with information about seeds, and served an important role in stimulating many students to become involved in this field. Now, Michael Fenner and Ken Thompson have expanded this book from 42 000 to 94 000 words and from 334 to 1117 cited references in their new book The Ecology of Seeds. As in the previous book, The Ecology of Seeds begins with life histories, reproductive strategies and energy allocation, and then takes the reader through seed dispersal, dormancy and germination, ending with seedling establishment and the limitations of recruitment in canopy gaps.
Measuring emotional intelligence.

The purposes of this study were (a) to develop a measure of emotional intelligence, the Emotional Intelligence Inventory and (b) to find the underlying dimensions of the inventory by testing 111 hi...
Ion beam expansion due to ion cyclotron wave interactions

We observe radial expansion of an ion beam propagating along a homogeneous guide magnetic field. The beam spreading appears to arise from interactions with beam-excited resonant ion cyclotron waves. Magnitude and scaling of the expansion agree with a theory based on a resonant diffusion process.
Shape analysis of the middle cranial fossa of schizophrenic patients. A computerized tomographic study.

Abstract Recent morphometric studies indicate that both right and left temporal lobe volumes are reduced in schizophrenic patients. Subsequent studies suggested that this volumetric reduction is the result of focal or multifocal gray matter abnormalities. Since in early life brain growth or lack thereof influences the overlying skull configuration, we attempted to elucidate the time of onset of the temporal lobe lesion in schizophrenic patients by quantifying both the volume and shape of their middle cranial fossa. Computerized tomographic scans of 17 schizophrenic patients and an equal number of age-matched controls were digitized using a LOATS image analysis system. The middle cranial fossa was manually outlined and software routines allowed the quantification of volume and shape parameters. Our results showed that no significant differences were present between schizophrenic patients and controls. If the bilateral reduction in temporal lobe volumes in schizophrenic patients is the result of an early onset (e.g., developmental) lesion, the resultant foci of gray matter abnormality may occur distant to the base of the skill. Alternatively, tissue loss may be insufficient to alter the development of the overlying skull or to be detected by our methods.
Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency Prevents Diet-induced Hepatic Triacylglycerol Accumulation and Hyperglycemia in Mice

Acid sphingomyelinase plays important roles in ceramide homeostasis, which has been proposed to be linked to insulin resistance. To test this association in vivo, acid sphingomyelinase deletion (asm–/–) was transferred to mice lacking the low density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr–/–), and then offsprings were placed on control or modified (enriched in saturated fat and cholesterol) diets for 10 weeks. The modified diet caused hypercholesterolemia in all genotypes; however, in contrast to asm+/+/ldlr–/–, the acid sphingomyelinase-deficient littermates did not display hepatic triacylglyceride accumulation, although sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids were substantially elevated, and the liver was enlarged. asm–/–/ldlr–/– mice on a modified diet did not accumulate body fat and were protected against diet-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Experiments with hepatocytes revealed that acid sphingomyelinase regulates the partitioning of the major fatty acid in the modified diet, palmitate, into two competitive and inversely related pools, triacylglycerides and sphingolipids, apparently via modulation of serine palmitoyltransferase, a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo sphingolipid synthesis. These studies provide evidence that acid sphingomyelinase activity plays an essential role in the regulation of glucose metabolism by regulating the hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerides and sphingolipids during consumption of a diet rich in saturated fats.
The size of sums of sets, II

We prove inequalities which give lower bounds for the Lebesgue measures of setsE +K whereK is a certain kind of Cantor set. For example, ifC is the Cantor middle-thirds subset of the circle groupT, then $$m(E)^{1 - log2/log3} \leqq m(E + C)$$ for every BorelE ⊆T.
Euthanasia : American attitudes toward the physician's role

This is a study of American public opinion toward euthanasia and the physician's role in performing it. The authors examine how these attributes are affected by religious affiliation, religious self-perception, political self-perception and education. The data include 8384 American respondents from years 1977, 1978, 1982, 1985 and 1988 of the General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center. The findings suggest that highly educated, politically liberal respondents with a less religious self-perception are most likely to accept active euthanasia or suicide in the case of terminally ill patient. The data also show that Americans tend to draw a distinction between the suicide of a terminally ill patient and active euthanasia under the care of a physician, preferring to have the physician perform this role in the dying process. The tendency to see a distinction between active euthanasia and suicide was clearly affected by religious affiliation and education.