cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Direct Anterior Approach for 1-Stage Bilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty: Early Outcome Analysis of a Single-Surgeon Case Series.

Abstract Background One-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty (B-THA) is rarely performed despite a 20% incidence of bilateral degenerative hip disease requiring surgical intervention. Methods We retrospectively evaluated functional outcomes in 22 consecutive patients undergoing B-THA with a matched cohort undergoing unilateral THA by the same surgeon using the direct anterior approach. Results Although there was a significant difference in blood loss ( P P P = .09), number of discharges to a rehabilitation facility ( P = .22), or postoperative Harris Hip scores ( P = .75). Conclusions Advances in blood loss and pain management protocols in association with the direct anterior approach should renew interest in the efficacy of 1-stage B-THA.
Blumberg, Baruch Samuel

1925– American virologist and research physician who discovered the ‘Australia antigen’ of the hepatitis B virus. Keywords: australia antigen; hepatitis B
Counter-Revolutionary Kuhn?

Thomas Kuhn A Philosophical History for Our Times. Steve Fuller. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000. 490 pp. $35, £24.50. ISBN 0-226-26894-2. In this detailed and provocative account, Fuller argues that--despite the dramatic shift in the image of science and scientific progress that followed The Structure of Scientific Revolutions--Kuhn held very conservative views of science and how it ought to be studied.
Making Geometry Visible: An Introduction to the Animation of Geometric Algorithms

Abstract This chapter surveys the field of geometric algorithm animation, which has flourished in the past five years. Algorithm animation uses moving pictures to explain a computer algorithm to students learning programming, to algorithm researchers, and to programmers involved in debugging. We examine systems used to create animations of algorithms, focusing on those that specialize in geometry. We also consider a selection of animations, pointing out some useful techniques, and continue with some consideration of general design issues and specific animation techniques, closing with a look at the future.
Toward Intracellular Targeted Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics

A number of anti-cancer drugs have their targets localized to particular intracellular compartments. These drugs reach the targets mainly through diffusion, dependent on biophysical and biochemical forces that allow cell penetration. This means that both cancer cells and normal cells will be subjected to such diffusion; hence many of these drugs, like chemotherapeutics, are potentially toxic and the concentration achieved at the site of their action is often suboptimal. The same relates to radiation that indiscriminately affects normal and diseased cells. However, nature-designed systems enable compounds present in the extracellular environment to end up inside the cell and even travel to more specific intracellular compartments. For example, viruses and bacterial toxins can more or less specifically recognize eukaryotic cells, enter these cells, and direct some protein portions to designated intracellular areas. These phenomena have led to creative thinking, such as employing viruses or bacterial toxins for cargo delivery to cells and, more specifically, to cancer cells. Proteins can be genetically engineered in order to not only mimic what viruses and bacterial toxins can do, but also to add new functions, extending or changing the intracellular routes. It is possible to make conjugates or, more preferably, single-chain proteins that recognize cancer cells and deliver cargo inside the cells, even to the desired subcellular compartment. These findings offer new opportunities to deliver drugs/labels only to cancer cells and only to their site of action within the cells. The development of such dual-specificity vectors for targeting cancer cells is an attractive and potentially safer and more efficacious way of delivering drugs. We provide examples of this approach for delivering brain cancer therapeutics, using a specific biomarker on glioblastoma tumor cells.
Age differences in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from mental health services: results from the collaborative psychiatric epidemiology surveys

Objective This study examined variation by age in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from mental health services (MHS). Methods Drawn from the nationally representative Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (2001–2003), the current sample included 1286 adults from age 18 to 87 years who had at least one DSM-IV diagnosis and had used MHS during the past year. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to predict satisfaction with and perceived benefit from past year MHS use. Independent variables were sociodemographic factors and objective and perceived needs. Results Results from multiple linear regression analyses showed that older age was positively associated with both MHS satisfaction (p < 0.05, β = 0.105) and perceived amount of benefit (p < 0.05, β = 0.106), as was better self-rated mental health (p < 0.001, β = 0.186; p < 0.001, β = 0.177). A greater number of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses was negatively associated with satisfaction (p < 0.05, β = −0.089). Marital status was found to be a moderator of the effect of age: for married respondents, age had a significant effect on both outcome variables (p < 0.05, β = 0.102; p < 0.05, β = 0.105), but for unmarried respondents, it did not. Conclusions Our findings show clear evidence of age differences in satisfaction with and perceived benefit from MHS. The findings provide important implications for future interventions targeted to improve MHS satisfaction. Age-specific strategies should be developed to prevent delay in mental health treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relaxation: An Introduction

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Phenomenological Observations of Relaxation 3 Physicochemical Origin of Relaxation 4 Spin–Spin Relaxation, T2 5 Measurements of T1 and T2 6 PhysiCochemical Mechanisms of Relaxation 7 Relaxation Due to Radiation Damping 8 Relationship Between T1 and T2 Relaxation Times 9 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Enhanced electrification charge densities due to recirculatory flow

A model is developed for volume charge accumulation in recirculatory flow between a charge source and several charge relaxation regions. According to the model, large volume charge densities result if the residence time in the relaxation volumes is small compared to the oil dielectric relaxation time. Under these conditions, charge can accumulate in the oil with each pass through the flow loop, until charge leakage just balances charge generation. To stimulate the volume charge accumulation in a transformer, a flow loop experiment was developed in which transformer oil was circulated at volume flow rates of 2-20 GPM between a 55-gallon reservoir and a paper cellulose filter. The charge density entering and exiting the filter was simultaneously measured using absolute charge sensors. Bypassing the reservoir resulted in increased volume charge densities, in agreement with the model. It is concluded that charge densities can be enhanced by recirculated flow if the charge is not allowed to significantly relax before re-entering a paper filter charge source. >
Lossy source coding with Byzantine adversaries

We study a problem in which a source is encoded into n packets, any t of which may be altered in an arbitrary way by Byzantine adversaries. The decoder receives the n packets and, without knowing which packets were altered, seeks to reconstruct the original source to meet a distortion constraint. We examine a layered architecture for this problem that separates the lossy compression from the coding for adversarial errors. We show that this architecture is optimal in the binary-Hamming and quadratic-Gaussian cases yet suboptimal in general. Our optimality proofs use characterizations of the size of a maximal set with a given diameter in Hamming and Euclidean spaces.
Ideals of Student Excellence and Enhancement

Discussions about the permissibility of students using enhancements in education are often framed by the question, “Is a student who uses cognitive-enhancing drugs cheating?” While the question of cheating is interesting, it is but only one question concerning the permissibility of enhancement in education. Another interesting question is, “What kinds of students do we want in our academic institutions?” I suggest that one plausible answer to this question concerns the ideals of human excellence or virtues. The students we want in our academic institutions are virtuous or, at least minimally, possess certain virtues. I argue that a virtuous student may choose to use cognitive-enhancing drugs for reasons of self-improvement. That a virtuous student may choose to use cognitive-enhancing drugs for reasons of self-improvement illustrates that under certain conditions motivation can determine the permissibility of using enhancements. Building upon this I suggest a virtues-based institutional rule for governing and guiding student-use of cognitive enhancers in an academic institution to be for the right reasons. This ideals of human excellence or virtues approach offers interesting and unique insights for issues of enhancement in education, as it might turn out, that uneasiness many people have about students using cognitive-enhancing drugs has less to do with issues of enhancement and more to do with the motivations and character of students.
Syntheses and preliminary biological studies of four meso-Tetra[(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrins

Two meso-tetra[(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrins (para- and meta-regioisomers) and their corresponding Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized with the aim of studying the effect of carborane distribution and metalation on the biological properties of this series of compounds. In vitro cell toxicity, uptake/efflux, and subcellular localization using rat 9L, mouse B16 and/or human U-373MG cells were evaluated. All four amphiphilic porphyrins display very low cytotoxicities and time- and concentration-dependent uptake by cells, which is influenced by serum proteins. Preliminary subcellular localization studies suggest that one of these compounds localizes in close proximity to the cell nucleus. All four nido-carboranylporphyrins show promise as boron-carriers for the boron neutron capture therapy of cancers, particularly the metal-free nido-carboranylporphyrins 5 and 12, which are able to deliver higher amount of boron to cells in vitro than the corresponding zinc complexes.
Environmental Sociology and the State of the Discipline

L'A. examine un nouveau domaine de la sociologie appliquee, la sociologie environnementale, dans le but de comprendre et de rechercher des solutions aux questions de la pertinence de la specialisation, de son impact sur l'integrite de la discipline ainsi que de l'existence et de la nature du coeur intellectuel de la sociologie. Sa reflexion s'inscrit dans le cadre plus large d'une evaluation de la crise interne a la discipline sociologique, crise en partie liee a la tension entre la sociologie en tant que science et le role qu'elle joue dans l'evaluation et la resolution des problemes societaux.
Tunable hyperbolic metamaterials using metal-insulator transition in VO2

We present a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial by exploiting the metal-insulator phase transition in vanadium oxide and demonstrate the transition of its in-plane dielectric constant from positive to negative value by temperature control.
Remarks on a Veneziano-type formula with logarithmic trajectories

Abstract Two aspect of a Veneziano-type formula with logarithmic trajectories, proposed recently by Coon, are discussed: (1) the formula can not be used to construct an amplitude which is crossing symmetric and Regge behaved in all channels, (2) the odd daughter trajectories can not be eliminated by a restriction on the trajectory functions as in the Veneziano model. The second point is further illustrated by applying Coon s modification of the Veneziano formula to the Virasoro amplitude.
Housing tenure, structure, and crowding among Latino households

This article examines the effect of federal housing and public assistance programs on the housing quality of different Latino households. The research tests models of crowding and housing tenure and structure for Latino households. The data for this research are from the 1990 Latino National Political Survey-Panel Study of Income Dynamics (LNPS-PSID). Findings reveal that housing and public assistance programs do help alleviate crowding among the Latino population, but they do not help Latino households achieve ownership of a single-family home. All the demographic variables in the model contribute to the explanation of crowding, and a majority also significantly explain housing tenure and structure. Significant differences are found among Latino subgroups in the explanatory variables for crowding, tenure, and structure.
An elementary extension of Tietze's theorem

Here C(X) and C(A) are the sets of continuous real-valued functions on X and A, respectively. F is an extension of f means F(x) =f(x) if x E A. While Theorem T is included in almost any text on point-set topology, none of the many books we surveyed mentions anything more general than Theorem T, either as a corollary or as an exercise. Of course, some texts observe that by translation one can extend a function f satisfying M1 <f(x) < M2, x E A, to a ftinction F satisfying M1 < F(x) < M2, x E X when M1 and M2 are any two constants, not just M2 = c = M as given in Theorem T. It should be observed that the original Tietze Theorem was stated for metric spaces and later generalized by Urysohn to normal Hausdorff spaces. Also, some extensions of Theorem T different from what is presented here appear in the literature (cf. [2]). This note considers the following question: Let A be a closed subset of X and assume g, h E C(X) such that g(x) < h(x) for every x E X. If f is a function in C(A) lying between g and h, i.e. g(x) <f(x) < h(x) for every x in A, can f be extended to a function F in C(X) lying between the same two functions? The following easy exercises lead directly from Theorem T to an affirmative answer to the question. However, we show later that there is a more general version that can be verified immediately from Theorem T.
The use of human acellular dermal matrix for chest wall reconstruction

Background Reconstruction of chest wall defects has evolved, but challenges remain. This is particularly true when defects are large or contamination is present. Although numerous materials are available for reconstruction, acellular dermal matrix has the advantage of becoming vascularized and incorporated autologously. By its resistance to infection and lack of adhesion formation, it is a promising although expensive alternative to synthetic materials in some circumstances. This report examines our experience with human acellular dermal matrix (HADM) in reconstruction of major chest wall and diaphragmatic defects. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of all patients who underwent thoracic reconstruction using HADM between March 2007 and March 2010 at Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center. Data acquisition included demographics, surgical indications, operative details, complications, and follow-up evaluation. Results Ten patients were identified. Indications included thoracic tumor resection in 5, Clagett procedure modification for postpneumonectomy empyema in 2, resection of chest wall osteomyelitis in 2, and pneumonectomy for multiple aspergillomata in 1. Complications occurred in 4 patients and included respiratory failure, pneumonia, and wound seromas. All wounds healed without need to remove or revise the HADM, and sound chest wall closure was achieved in every case. Conclusions HADM is an effective but expensive alternative to synthetic mesh in reconstruction of chest wall and diaphragmatic defects. It is particularly attractive for use under conditions of potential or overt contamination.
Comparative study of the Gaussian form of the Bhattacharyya metric for ATR performance evaluation

The Gaussian form of the Bhattacharyya distance measure is being used by some in the automatic target recognition (ATR) community to select features and to estimate an upper performance bound for ATR algorithms. One reason for the popularity of this measure is that it is readily computed. This paper shows through both empirical and analytic results the inadequacy of this metric. Empirical results are obtained by processing ADTS field data through both the Gaussian form of the Bhattacharyya distance and a nonparametric error estimation scheme. Analytic results are obtained by deriving the Gaussian form of the Bhattacharyya distance metric for distributions other than Gaussian. These results show that the Gaussian form of the Bhattacharyya distance cannot be trusted to provide a reliable upper performance bound. Additional empirical and analytic results show by using a nonparametric performance estimator that when the data is transformed to be more Gaussian the Bhattacharyya metric gives better performance estimates. The transformations discussed are the power transform and a mode seeker that decomposes the data into Gaussian modes. A conclusion is that tools can be and should be developed that improve the utility of the Bhattacharyya metric mainly since they provide useful information about the distribution of the data. The major conclusion is that even with these tools nonparametric error estimation techniques are superior. The nonparametric performance bounds are more reliable, and the proper use of the Bhattacharyya metric depends upon considerable knowledge of the data distributions.
Akt in Ischemia and Reperfusion

Injury due to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) causes an inflammatory response due to oxidative damage, which triggers stress signaling processes that eventually result in cell apoptosis and death. There are a number of chemical mediators and pathways involved in the I/R response. Thus from a therapeutic point of view, it would be most efficient to focus on the most important active mediators of inflammation and apoptosis and manipulate these to improve cell function and survival. Over the last few years, the Akt pathway has become such a target due to its role as a signaling pathway where modulation of substrates prevents apoptosis. The involvement of Akt in the cell survival pathway is a complex process that requires an extensive machinery of intracellular events. The aim of this review is to organize these findings to better understand Akt's mechanism of protection and how it modulates specific substrates in the heart, liver, and brain affected by I/R. Akt functions as a survival kinase by phosphorylating a number of apoptosis-regulatory molecules such as BAD, forkhead transcription factors, caspase 9, and IkappaB kinase to influence NF-kappaB and GSK-3beta. Akt's broad scope places it at the center of multiple critical steps, allowing it to play a protective role in various organs affected by I/R injury. From a practical and clinical application point of view, the upregulation of Akt could potentially be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic strategies to treat I/R injury and thus to improve cell and organ function. The means by which Akt manipulation should occur is not well defined, and it is possible that pharmacologically, such as in the case of selectin inhibitors in our experience or through well-orchestrated gene therapy, this important molecule can be better upregulated and therefore can offer effective protection. The short- and long-term effects with Akt upregulation have not been well studied so far. Early concerns about cancer or cardiac damage potential are inconclusive. Thus, more experiments are required in this particular area of research.
A nutritionally based school program for control of eating in obese children

The effects of procedures designed to regulate food intake were evaluated for six low socioeconomic level obese black children in a Head Start Center during breakfast and lunch meals. Techniques to change food intake involved increasing prelunch activity level implemented in a withdrawal design and improved food selection according to broad nutritional standards implemented across breakfast and lunch in a multiple baseline fashion. The eating treatment was then withdrawn and reimplemented across the settings. During the eating treatment, foods available to the children were placed in three categories (red, yellow, and green) according to whether the children should decrease, maintain, or increase intake of these foods. Children were given red, yellow, or green stars after each meal if they ate amounts of food appropriate to the nutritional criteria. The stars could be exchanged for inexpensive toys. Results indicated a decrease in caloric intake as a function of either increasing activity or eating regulation procedures. However, changes in food selection were only observed during the eating regulation procedures.
EFFECT OF SENSORY AND BEHAVIORAL DEPRIVATION UPON EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR IN THE RAT

The presenr research is designed to investigate the question: What is the effect upon exploratory behavior of varying durations of early behavioral and early sensory deprivation? Shortly after weaning, rats were placed in one of three living conditions: a normal-sized cage, a very small hardware-cloth cage, or a very small sheetmetal cage placed in a light-proofed, sound-screened cabinet. After 25, 50, or 100 days each animal was given four exploratory-behavior tests in a standard Y-maze ( 3 ) . Measures were taken of amount and orderliness of exploratory behavior and of "emotionality"in the Y-maze.
Preparation, applications, and digital simulation of carbon interdigitated array electrodes.

Carbon interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes with features sizes down to 1.2 μm were fabricated by controlled pyrolysis of patterned photoresist. Cyclic voltammetry of reversible redox species produced the expected steady-state currents. The collection efficiency depends on the IDA electrode spacing, which ranged from around 2.7 to 16.5 μm, with the smaller dimensions achieving higher collection efficiencies of up to 98%. The signal amplification because of redox cycling makes it possible to detect species at relatively low concentrations (10–5 molar) and the small spacing allows detection of transient electrogenerated species with much shorter lifetimes (submillisecond). Digital simulation software that accounts for both the width and height of electrode elements as well as the electrode spacing was developed to model the IDA electrode response. The simulations are in quantitative agreement with experimental data for both a simple fast one electron redox reaction and an electron transfer with a following...
6 Identifying the Mouse Gene Responsible for Congenital Progressive Hydronephrosis (CPH).

Obstructive uropathy is the leading cause of chronic renal failure and ESRD in children. Understanding the genetic and molecular control of urinary tract development is critical for making an impact on obstructive uropathy. Presently, little is known about the specific molecular causes of obstructive uropathy. The congenital progressive hydronephrosis (cph) mouse was described as having a random recessive mutation in the C57Bl/6J strain of mice in 1978 and was crudely mapped to mouse chromosome 15 between the visible markers belted (bt) (now ADAMTS20) and Caracul (Ca) (now Krt2–6g). The cph mutant provides an excellent model of obstructive uropathy that closely mimics the process in humans. The renal phenotype of homozygous cph mutants is not grossly visible at day 1 of age but can be detected microscopically with abnormalities of the renal papillae indicating onset in-utero. Radiographic analysis demonstrates profound hydronephrosis with obstruction at the level of the UPJ. We hypothesize that the identification of the cph gene and mutation therein, will provide novel insight into the mechanism of development of congenital progressive hydronephrosis and allow identification of important signaling molecules required for both normal and abnormal genitourinary tract development. Obligate heterozygote mice for cph, were mated to the 129Ola strain of mice to generate F1 progeny containing the cph mutation. Random F1 animal matings has resulted in the generation of F2 mice homozygous for the cph mutation. DNA samples from F2 mice homozygous for the cph mutation have been used for analysis. We have obtained multiple cph mutants on this F2 background and we have begun linkage analysis using SSLP markers in the candidate region on Chromosome 15. Through cross-over analysis using MIT markers we have narrowed the region of the mutation on Chromosome 15. We have found a marker, D15Mit172, very close to the proposed genomic location of the cph gene that is consistently inherited as homozygous for the B6 allele in all affected F2 animals genotyped, giving 100% concordance with this marker and the cph phenotype in seven of fifty-one F2 mice to date. This finding leads us to believe that the D15Mit172 marker can be used as a proxy locus for genotyping embryos in the F2 genetic background for in-utero analyses. Simultaneous candidate gene sequencing and Real Time RT-PCR analysis has been performed and narrowed the candidate field. A promising gene has been identified.
Phenomenology of jet quenching in heavy ion collisions

We derive an analytical expression for the quenching factor in the strong quenching limit where the ${p}_{T}$ spectrum of hard partons is dominated by surface emission. We explore the phenomenological consequences of different scaling laws for the energy loss and calculate the additional suppression of the away-side jet.
Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents as a Basis for Determining Dosage Regimens

Pharmacodynamic parameters, such as the rate of bactericidal activity with increasing drug concentrations, post-antibiotic effect, sub-MIC effects, post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement and first-exposure effect, more accurately describe the time course of antimicrobial activity than the MIC and MBC. Aminoglycosides and quinolones exhibit concentration-dependent killing and induce prolonged post-antibiotic effects. The amount of drug rather than the dosing frequency determines the efficacy of these drugs. However, high peak levels can reduce the emergence of resistance, and once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides can also reduce nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. On the other hand, beta-lactam antibiotics show time-dependent killing and produce prolonged post-antibiotic effects only with staphylococci. The frequency of drug administration is an important determinant of outcome for these drugs, as the duration of time serum levels exceed the MIC is the major determinant of efficacy.
Perspectives on the international commercial space infrastructure

Abstract Commercial space activities are emerging as a potentially important segment of the economy in the Western World. However, the high entry costs and the high technological risks are significant impediments to private sector investment in major commercial space segments, such as transportation, microgravity materials processing, and remote sensing. Governments throughout the Western World have developed or are establishing commercial space policies and the infrastructure to minimize the financial, technical, and institutional risks to private industry in commercial space ventures. At the same time, the private sector is also trying to do its share to support the overall space commercialization efforts. These initiatives for the microgravity segment are described and compared for the United States, Western Europe, and Japan.
Demonstration of an environmental sensor based on an integrated optical whispering gallery mode resonator

We have designed and fabricated integrated optical whispering gallery mode disk resonators in silicon oxy-nitride. We demonstrate their potential as evanescent-field environmental sensors through tests using sucrose solutions and protein suspensions.
COMPATIBLE APPROACH TO CONCRETE STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

The effectiveness of a concrete pavement construction specification depends on the degree of correlation the criteria in the specification have to the material properties and behavior characteristics that govern the performance of pavements. Since concrete strength is determined on the basis of small test specimens, it is important that the strength measured in these specimens be representative of the strength within the actual configuration of a pavement system. A primary deficiency in this regard is that strengths obtained from different test specimens can be quite different from each other and from the strength of the concrete in the pavement. This fact raises the question of which specimen should serve as a representative concrete strength standard that would allow a reliable measure of concrete quality and yet provide a parameter that is compatible with design stress calculations. This deficiency is encompassed within size and geometry effects that are present when estimating strength from small test specimens. Since most distresses in concrete pavements are due to tension-induced cracking, it is only logical that tension-type tests be used to represent concrete resistance to failure. A simplified tension test method, based on the fracture mechanics theory, provides a solution to the deficiency by taking into account size and geometry effects. The method considers the geometry of the specimen from which the strength is being measured (e.g., cylinder) and the geometry of the structure to which the measured strength is being applied (e.g., pavement slab). This method makes it possible to circumvent the problem of obtaining a representative strength value from a small laboratory specimen.
On the fusion of multi-granularity linguistic label sets in group decision making

Group decision-making problem is a common and crucial human activity. Many times due to inherent uncertainty, exact numbers can be either costly or unnecessary to be applied to express experts' opinions or preferences. The use of linguistic labels makes expert judgment more reliable and informative for decision-making. This paper presents a new fusion approach for multi-granularity linguistic information for managing information assessed in different linguistic term sets (multi-granularity linguistic term sets). The paper also presents the application of this approach to a decision-making problem with multiple information sources, assuming that the linguistic performance values given to the alternatives by the different experts are represented in linguistic term sets with different granularity and/or semantic.
Sarcomeric myosin heavy chain is degraded by the proteasome.

Cardiac myofibrillar proteins, like all other intracellular proteins, are in a dynamic state of continual degradation and resynthesis. The balance between these opposing metabolic processes ultimately determines the number of functional contractile units within each cardiac muscle cell. Although alterations in myofibrillar protein degradation have been shown to contribute to cardiac growth and remodeling, the intracellular proteolytic systems responsible for degrading myofibrillar proteins to their constitutive amino acids are currently unknown. Lactacystin, a recently developed, highly specific proteasome inhibitor, was used in this study to examine the role of the proteasome in myosin heavy chain (MHC) degradation in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Cells were treated with growth medium alone or with lactacystin (1–50 µM) for up to 48 h. Lactacystin significantly increased the total protein/DNA ratio and markedly prolonged MHC half-life. Other proteasome inhibitors, namely carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal (10 µM) and N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-norleucinal (100 µM), were also effective in suppressing MHC degradation. Lactacystin and other proteasome inhibitors also suppressed the markedly accelerated MHC degradation associated with Ca2+ channel blockade but did not prevent the disassembly and loss of myofibrils that accompanied contractile arrest. Thus, sarcomere disassembly precedes the degradation of MHC, which is at least in part mediated by the proteasome.
Animal model to study the effect of adrenal hormones on epithelial function.

The action of aldosterone to increase the renal excretion of potassium and reduce urinary losses of sodium has been known for nearly 30 years. Our understanding of the mechanism of action of aldosterone, however, has been derived primarily from in vitro studies on anuran and mammalian tissues. The interpretation of experiments performed in vivo has often been unclear because of technical problems related to maintaining plasma levels of endogenous adrenal hormones at basal or high physiological levels and uncertainties related to biological equivalent doses in studies where synthetic glucocorticoids have been used to substitute for Cortisol or corticosterone. To evaluate the in vivo action of aldosterone and glucocorticoids on epithelial tissues, an experimental animal model was developed in which chronic physiological levels of both types of adrenal hormones could be altered by experimental design.
Cavernous sinus syndrome caused by a primary paranasal sinus non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Although uncommon, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occasionally arise from the nose and paranasal sinuses. Rarely, they may invade into the cavernous sinus and produce signs and symptoms that characteristically include unilateral ophthalmoplegia, sensation loss in the distribution of the ophthalmic and other divisions of the trigeminal nerve, sympathetic nerve paralysis and proptosis. In this report, we present a case of cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS) caused by infiltration of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from the adjacent paranasal sinuses and address issues regarding its diagnosis and treatment.
The relationship of institutional size and complexity to faculty autonomy: A reconsideration and caution

Recent review and criticism of the role of size as a variable in the study of organizations prompts a reconsideration of the casual role attributed to size in the study of colleges and universities. Literature relating institutional size to faculty autonomy is reviewed and critiqued. Secondary analyses using multiple regression techniques are conducted on data from the Stanford Project on Academic Governance. Results show that the causal role of size in the determination of faculty autonomy in colleges and universities is modest, when other variables are controlled. Methodological difficulties in the study of size in colleges and universities are discussed.
Seminal collection, seminal characteristics and pattern of ejaculation in llamas

Semen was collected from 10/10 llamas during 26/30 (87%) collection attempts using an artificial vagina mounted inside a surrogate female. For the 26 semen collections, the duration of copulation (mount to dismount) with the artificial vagina was 31.7 +/- 12.0 min (mean +/- SD). Seminal pH was 8.1 +/- 1.1, and seminal volume per collection was 3.0 +/- 1.9 ml. Sperm concentration per collection was 1.0 +/- 0.8 x 10(6) sperm/ml, total number of spermatozoa was 2.9 +/- 3.1 x 10(6), total sperm motility was 23.7 +/- 20.0%, and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was 39.7 +/- 18.5%. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa were categorized according to abnormal heads (20.1 +/- 19.9%), tail-less heads (8.7 +/- 8.9%), abnormal acrosomes (12.9 +/- 12.4%), abnormal midpieces (1.0 +/- 3.7%), cytoplasmic droplets (11.1 +/- 12.4%), and abnormal tails (6.6 +/- 12.0%). There were 0.3 +/- 0.3 million motile, morphologically normal spermatozoa per collection: less than 1000 during the first 5 min of copulation, 0.01 +/- 0.01 x 10(6) between 5 and 10 min of copulation, 0.04 +/- 0.08 x 10(6) between 10 and 15 min of copulation, 0.09 +/- 0.21 x 10(6) between 15 and 20 min of copulation, and 0.15 +/- 0.28 x 10(6) between 20 min and the end of copulation.
Building a Copper Pipe "Xylophone.".

Music is central to the life of many students. This article describes using the equation for frequency of vibration of a transversely oscillating bar or pipe (with both ends free to vibrate) to build a simple and inexpensive xylophone-like musical instrument or set of chimes from a 3 m section of copper pipe. The instrument produces a full major scale and can also be used to investigate various musical intervals.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Prosthetic Blood Vessels

Composite materials technology is applied to the design, fabrication, and testing of a mechanically anisotropic vascular prosthesis. A 4-ply laminated tube made from a segmented polyetherurethane is described and the effect of various environments on the laminate integrity is discussed.
On the complexity of reachability and motion planning questions (extended abstract)

In this paper we consider from a theoretical viewpoint the complexity of some reachability and motion planning questions. Specifically, we are interested in determining which generalizations of the basic mover's problem result in computationally intractable problems. It has been shown that for any set of motion-planning problems with bounded degree of freedom, there is a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the motion-planning problem (although the degree of the polynomial may be large), but the two most basic generalizations to the problem, multiple movable obstacles and conformable objects, result in much harder problems. It has been shown that the warehouseman's problem is P-space hard: in this paper we show that the reachability problem for one of the simplest types of conformable objects, a two-dimensional linear (“robot arm”) linkage, is P-space complete. In addition, we demonstrate some motion-planning problems that take exponential time.
Inversion (X)(p11.4q22) associated with Norrie disease in a four generation family.

We report on a 4-generation family in which Norrie disease occurs together with a pericentric inversion of the X chromosome in all affected males and carrier females. The breakpoint in the short arm of the X chromosome appears to be at the purported location of the Norrie disease gene. This is the second report of an association between Norrie disease and a chromosome aberration involving Xp11, and the first report of a specific gene disruption, thus physical gene location, due to a pericentric chromosome inversion. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nanoscale Structure and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Hydrogels

AbstractRecently, hydrogels have been employed in a variety of engineering applications as promising materials, since their porous structure and hydrophilicity enables them to absorb a large amount of water. Atomistic simulations lead to a better understanding of their properties at nanoscale, especially mechanical properties. In this study, hydrogel is studied using a molecular dynamics (MD) framework, considering condensed-phased optimized molecular potential (COMPASS) as the force field. Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEDGE) and poly-oxy-alkylene-amines (Jeffamine) are the epoxy and curing agent used for hydrogels, and a novel cross-linking method is applied. Radial Distribution Functions (RDFs) show that the cross-links are the hydrophilic part of hydrogel. RDFs and mechanical properties are reported for different water amounts. The results show that an increase in water content leads to a decrease in elastic modulus of the hydrogel.
The Effects of Alteration on the Natural Remanent Magnetization of Three Ophiolite Complexes: Possible Implications for the Oceanic Crust

Magnetic properties are compared for the pillow basalts and sheeted dike complexes for the following three ophiolite suites: Macquarie Island (~27 million years), Troodos Massif, Cyprus (~ middle Cretaceous), and Smartville complex, California (~Jurassic). The magnetic properties of the pillow basalts strongly depend on their degree of alteration. From the least altered, low-temperature- oxidized, upper pillow basalts of Macquarie Island and the pillow basalts of the Troodos Massif (zeolite facies metamorphism) to the most altered pillow basalts of the Smartville complex (greenschist facies metamorphism) the average intensity of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) decreases from a maximum of 80 × 10-4 to 0.50 × 10-4 gauss; the Koenigsberger ratio (Q) decreases from 6 to 0.3; the contribution due to viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) increases, and the NRM stability with respect to alternating fields decreases. For the most altered pillow basalts of the Smartville complex the NRM is probably predominantly a VRM, acquired during the present polarity epoch. Thermomagnetic analyses for the least altered pillow basalts exhibit the characteristic behavior of low-temperature-oxidized cation deficient titanomagnetites, while the more altered pillow basalts have reversible thermomagnetic curves with magnetite-like Curie points, probably caused in situ by thermally induced unmixing of the low-temperature-oxidized titanomagnetites. The sheeted dike complexes have NRM intensities of about 10×l0-4 gauss and Q values of about 0.8, and most of their magnetic properties do not vary much between the three ophiolite complexes.
Observations of random walk of the ground in space and time.

We present results of micron-resolution measurements of the ground motions in large particle accelerators over the range of spatial scales $L$ from several meters to tens of kilometers and time intervals $T$ from minutes to several years and show that in addition to systematic changes due to tides or slow drifts, there is a stochastic component which has a ``random-walk'' character both in time and in space. The measured mean square of the relative displacement of ground elements scales as $d{Y}^{2}\ensuremath{\approx}ATL$ over a broad range of the intervals, and the site dependent constant $A$ is of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}\text{ }\text{ }(\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s})/\mathrm{m}$.
Influence of multielectron excitations on the band structure of adsorbate overlayers

Photoelectron spectra from ordered CO on Cu(111) exhibit anomalously small $4\ensuremath{\sigma}$ band dispersion compared to all other CO adsorption systems previously studied. The bonding $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ band displays normal one-electron dispersion. It is shown that the energy dependence of the $4\ensuremath{\sigma}$ band expected for a single-particle system is transferred into $k$-dependent intensity variations of the quasiparticle excitation and the intense satellite line \ensuremath{\sim}2 eV lower in energy. The first moment of the spectral weight function over this energy range recovers the anticipated one-electron band dispersion.
Products of chains with monochromatic maximal chains and antichains

There is a product of two linear orders of size \(2^{\aleph _0 } \) with the property that every subset or complement thereof contains a maximal chain. Furthermore, for regular ℵα, there is a product of two linear orders of size ℵα+2 that when colored with fewer than ℵα colors always has a monochromatic maximal chain. As a corollary, for every uncountable strong limit cardinal κ, there is an ordered set of cardinality κ that must be colored with at least κ colors before no monochromatic maximal chains are present. Duals of these results show that at least as much is true for maximal antichains.
Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias: III. Suggested experimental procedures

Experimental procedures are suggested to test the theory developed in previous papers which may have applications to predicting the spread of information by contact through a population. The experiment is designed to test the statistical properties of the “acquaintance net” of the population. Thus behavioral aspects are for the time being eliminated, and attention is focused exclusively in the properties of the potential communication net itself. Since the theory is not mathematically rigorous, it might be advisable to perform experiments with statistical materials only, such as playing cards, to test the validity of the assumptions and approximations of the theory in dealing with particular statistical processes. One such experiment has been performed. The results agree closely with those calculated from one of the derived equations.
Catalytic cracking of alkylcyclohexanes: Modeling the reaction pathways and mechanisms

The cracking reaction pathways and mechanisms of ethylcyclohexane and 1-cyclohexyloctane with a rare earth Y (REY) catalyst were studied. Experiments at 500°C indicated that the dominant reactions were ring opening with subsequent secondary cracking, cracking in the alkyl side chain, isomerization, and hydrogen transfer. A kinetic model of the catalytic cracking of 1-cyclohexyloctane was developed using a novel mechanism-based lumping scheme that exploits the chemical similarities within reaction families. The formal application of 17 reaction family matrices, which correspond to 13 reaction family classes, to the matrix representations of the reactants and derived products generated the model. The reaction family concept was further exploited to constrain the kinetics within each reaction family to follow a quantitative structure/reactivity Polanyi relationship. Ultimately, nine Polanyi relationship parameters and three coking/deactivation parameters were determined by optimizing the model fit to the experimental data. The resulting model correlations were excellent, as the overall parity between experimental and model values was yModel=−0.000470+0.986yExp with a correlation coefficient of 0.971. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 29: 545–560, 1997.
XI. The photoelectric emission of thin films

Summary § 1. The thin films studied are those formed by heating oxidized silver (and some other metals) in caesium vapour.
2-D Spectral Imaging Approach to Optical Mammography for Enhanced Resolution and Quantitative Oximetry

We present a spectral imaging system for 2-D breast mapping and quantitative in vivo oximetry. It acquires broadband spectra (650-900 nm) with a spectral density of 2 points/nm and a spatial density of 25 pixels/cm2.
Mechanics of textile composites: Micro-geometry

Abstract Textile fabric geometry determines textile composite properties. Textile process mechanics determines fabric geometry. In previous papers, the authors proposed a digital element model to generate textile composite geometry by simulating the textile process. The greatest difficulty encountered with its employment in engineering practice is efficiency. A full scale fiber-based digital element analysis would consume huge computational resources. Two advances are developed in this paper to overcome the problem of efficiency. An improved contact-element formulation is developed first. The new formulation improves accuracy. As such, it permits a coarse digital element mesh. Then, a static relaxation algorithm to determine fabric micro-geometry is established to replace step-by-step textile process simulation. Employing the modified contact element formulation in the static relaxation approach, the required computer resource is only 1–2% of the resource required by the original process. Two critical issues with regards to the digital element mesh are also examined: yarn discretization and initial yarn cross-section shape. Fabric geometries derived from digital element analysis are compared to experimental results.