cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiofibromas in Tuberous Sclerosis: A Lightand Electron Microscopic Study

Angiofibromas from two patients with tuberous sclerosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed that these tumor-like nodules (which in the past have been called adenoma sebaceum) were made up of dilated capillaries, venules and arterioles embedded in connective tissue. At the ultrastructural level the arterioles embedded in connective tissue. At the ultrastructural level the endothelium of these vessels showed large numbers of microvilli on their luminal surface. The stroma contained many banded structures (so-called fibrous long spacing collagen). Myofibroblasts recently described in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas were not found in these angiofibromas of tuberous sclerosis.
Wall-to-bed heat transfer in circulating fluidized beds

Heat Transfer from the wall of a circulating fluidized bed to the fast bed suspension has been investigated for several materials. The range of investigation includes dense and dilute phase fast fluidization and pneumatic transport. The overall heat transfer coefficient was found to be a function mainly of cross-sectional average suspension density. Effects of superficial velocity and solids mass flux were obscured by their interrelationship to the suspension density. Two models from the literature are evaluated using present and published data.
The Changing Nature of Dividend Policy and Its Implications for the Investor

Dividend yields are at an all-time low in the current decade, and the dividend payout ratio is down to 30%. This article examines the reasons why these changes have taken place, whether they are likely to continue in the future, and the implications for the investor. Empirical investigation of high-yield stock performance after the passage of the 2003 Tax Act indicates, at best, a neutral performance. The author’s survey of 1,207 practicing financial analysts portends a continuation of less emphasis on dividend payout and a great emphasis on stock buybacks and internal reinvestment of profits. The total return concept will continue to take on greater meaning for the investor.
James Baldwin's Queer Utility

In his introduction to the 1991 collection Brother to Brother: New Writings by Black Gay Men, Essex Hemphill recalls his search for writing by and about black gay men as a difficult attempt to find...
TRPM2 Channels Protect Hearts from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

TRPM2 channels are expressed in the heart and vasculature. To elucidate the function of TRPM2, we generated a global TRPM2-KO mouse. To evaluate whether TRPM2 channels were functional in the heart, we activated TRPM2 channels with H2O2 and demonstrated that Ca2+ influx was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and significantly higher in WT compared to TRPM2-KO myocytes. We then examined the effects of TRPM2 channels on cardiac function, both at rest and after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. At rest, there were no differences in LV mass, heart rate, fractional shortening (FS) and +dP/dt between WT and TRPM2-KO hearts. At 2-3 days post-I/R injury, despite similar areas-at-risk and infarct sizes, TRPM2-KO hearts had lower FS and +dP/dt when compared to WT hearts. Compared to WT I/R myocytes, expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) and NCX1 current were increased, and action potential duration was prolonged in TRPM2-KO I/R myocytes. After 2 h of hypoxia followed by 30 min of reoxygenation to simulate I/R in vitro, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly higher in TRPM2-KO when compared to WT myocytes. Oxygen radical scavenging enzymes (SOD1 and SOD2) and their upstream regulators (FoxO1, FoxO3a and HIF-1α) were lower while NADPH oxidase (Nox2) was higher in TRPM2-KO I/R hearts. We conclude that TRPM2 channels protected hearts from I/R injury by enhancing expression of oxygen radical scavenging enzymes, thereby reducing oxidative stress associated with ischemia-reperfusion.
Association of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene variants with acute lung injury in African American children with pneumonia

Objectives:The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator regulates fluid balance in alveolar epithelial cells and appears to modulate the inflammatory response. To determine whether more severe lung injury in children who develop community-acquired pneumonia is associated with variations k
Predictors of never testing for HIV among a national online sample of men who have sex with men in Norway

Background: HIV testing among persons at risk of infection has become a cornerstone in prevention and control of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Understanding factors related to HIV testing is thus fundamental for informing prevention and testing initiatives. Aims: This study aims to identify prevalence of, and factors that are associated with, HIV testing. Methods: This study analysed data from 2011 HIV-negative and untested MSM collected in a national, online survey. Results: More than a third (35.3%) of MSM had never received an HIV test result. Multivariate logistic regression results showed that compared with men ever tested, untested men were younger (odds ratio, OR 0.95), closeted about same sex attractions (OR 3.84), had low educational level (OR 0.47), low HIV transmission and testing knowledge (OR 0.98), did not believe that HIV testing is free (OR 0.27), had never taken a test for sexually transmitted infection (OR 0.08), and had not engaged in sex abroad in the past year (OR 0.69). Conclusions: These r...
General supersymmetric equations involving unconstrained chiral superfields

Four-dimensional second-order supersymmetric equations involving an arbitrary function of an unconstrained chiral superfield are proposed. In three dimensions a new invariant operator provides the generalization of analogous two-dimensional equations that are of first order in the fermion field.
Production of Be 7 in 30-42 Mev He-Ion Bombardment of Oxygen, Aluminum, and Copper

The production of Be/sup 7/ in targets of oxygen aluminum and copper bombarded with 30- to 42-Mev He ions was studied using radiochemical techniques. At 40-Mev He-ion bombarding energy the formation cross sections are 1.4 mb, 0.22 mb, and 0.018 mb, respectively. For aluminum and oxygen targets the Be/sup 7/ fragments are emitted sharply forward, implying-a direct-interaction mechanism. Estimations of the energies of the Be/sup 7/ fragments, along with the observation that for Al/sup 27/ target the yield of Na/sup 24/ is equal to the yield of Be/sup 7/, suggests that in this particular case interaction involves the pickup of a He/sup 3/ fragment from the nucleus by the impinging He/sup 4/ ion with the deposition of less than 7 Mev of excitation energy in the Na/sup 24/ residual nucleus. (auth)
Coach and Player—Ethics and Dangers of Dual Relationships

(1993). Coach and Player—Ethics and Dangers of Dual Relationships. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 84-86.
Drug-induced amnesia impairs implicit relational memory

Amnesic patients have difficulty consciously recollecting past events, but they perform normally on implicit memory measures that do not require conscious access. Now, an innovative study offers compelling evidence that even implicit memory can be impaired during amnesia, temporarily induced in healthy subjects using a neuropharmacological manipulation (midazolam). Importantly, midazolam impaired implicit, relational memory, whereas non-relational memory was preserved, supporting the characterization of conscious memory in terms of relational encoding.
Changes in Transportation Infrastructure and Commuting Patterns in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1960-2000.

Population decentralization has been a salient feature of the landscape of most U.S. urban areas since 1950. Nathaniel Baum-Snow (2007) documents that the aggregate population of central cities of the 139 largest metropolitan areas (henceforth, MSAs) declined by 17 percent between 1950 and 1990 while aggregate MSA population growth was 72 percent during this period. Expansion of the highway network in urban areas accounts for about one-third of the gap in central city and MSA population growth rates. While transport network expansions clearly generated urban population decentralization, there is little evidence to date on how this decentralization manifested itself as changes in employment locations and commuting patterns. In this paper, I present evidence indicating that employment decentralization occurred apace with residential decentralization between 1960 and 2000 such that their relative spatial concentrations remained remarkably unchanged. A byproduct has been that most commutes of MSA residents no longer involve central cities at all. Central cities as defined by their geographies in 1960 were the origin and/or destination of only 38 percent of commutes made by MSA residents in 2000, down from 66 percent in 1960. Using planned portions of the interstate highway system as a source of exogenous variation, estimates reported in Section III indicate that urban highway construction played a pivotal role in generating this shift. New highways primarily increased the number and fraction of commuting flows within suburban areas at the expense of commutes within central cities. Because within suburb commutes are longer than other types of commutes on average, results are consistent with Gilles Duranton & Matthew Turner’s (2009) evidence that the elasticity of kilometers driven with respect to lane-kilometers of highways in urban areas is one.1
The anteroventral third ventricle region is critical for the behavioral desensitization caused by repeated injections of angiotensin II

A single central injection of angiotensin II (AngII) potently increases water intake; however, a growing body of research suggests that repeated, acute intracerebroventricular injections of AngII cause a reduction in the dipsogenic response to subsequent AngII. This AngII-induced behavioral desensitization is specific to the effects of angiotensin and mediated by the angiotensin type-1 (AT1) receptor. The neuroanatomical substrate for this phenomenon, however, remains unknown. The anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region is an important site for the behavioral and physiological actions of AngII. Therefore, we hypothesized that this region also mediates the effects of repeated central AngII administration. In support of this hypothesis, we found that repeated injections of AngII into the AV3V reduced water intake stimulated by a test injection of AngII given into this region. Moreover, repeated AngII injections in the AV3V reduced water intake after AngII was injected into the lateral ventricle. These studies also demonstrate that activation of the AT1 receptor within the AV3V is required for AngII-induced behavioral desensitization because direct injection of the AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan, into the AV3V blocked the desensitizing effect of repeated AngII injections into the lateral ventricle. These findings provide additional support for a role of the AV3V in the dipsogenic actions of AngII, and suggest that this region is critical for the desensitization that occurs after acute repeated central injections of AngII.
Analyses of electromagnetic forces of concentrated winding permanent magnet brushless motors with rotor eccentricity

Analyses of harmonic electromagnetic forces have been a major factor for the noise reduction of concentrated winding permanent magnet brushless motors with rotor eccentricity. In this paper, the distributions of electromagnetic forces of the motors with rotor eccentricity are evaluated by measurement using search coils, and finite element analysis (FEA). The spatial distributions of the electromagnetic forces, and the time variation of the electromagnetic forces by using the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) are visualized. The harmonic component of the forces caused by the rotor eccentricity is specified. A rotor structure is designed to reduce the magnitude of the harmonic component, and the effect is confirmed by FEA.
Choroidal Melanoma Clinically Simulating A Retinal Angioma

An amelanotic fundus lesion in a 35-year-old man was associated with a dilated retinal vessel, thus suggesting the diagnosis of retinal angioma. Fluorescein angiography and B-scan ultrasonography were not diagnostic, but a radioactive phosphorus uptake test suggested the lesion was malignant. The enucleated globe showed a malignant choroidal melanoma drained by a large retinal vein.
Differential effect of chronic ethanol administration on rates of protein synthesis on free and membrane-bound polysomes in vivo in rat liver during dependence development.

Abstract Administration of ethanol thrice daily to rats in amounts sufficient to induce a high degree of physical dependence resulted in a 20% decrease in the rate of protein synthesis on liver membrane-bound polysomes in vivo after 3 days of treatment without affecting the rate on free polysomes. The inhibition was attributable to a decrease in the rate of polypeptide elongation as evidenced by comparable decreases in nascent chain synthesis and completed protein release without any change in leucine uptake by liver. Chronic ethanol treatment did not affect the quantity or distribution of free and membrane-bound polysomes, the DNA concentration, or the weight of liver. The inhibition of protein synthesis on membrane-bound polysomes cannot, therefore, be readily ascribed to ethanol-induced nutritional deficiencies or to some nonspecific toxic effect of ethanol.
Hepatic Ganglioside Abnormalities in a Patient with Familial Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Summary: Familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FEL) is an autosomal recessive disease of unknown pathogenesis. Because of evidence of increased circulating and hepatic lipids in FEL, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the hepatic lipids of a patient with this disease. In contrast to normal qualitative characteristics and to normal or only mildly elevated concentrations of total lipids, neutral lipids, phospholipids, and neutral glycosphin-golipids, this study reports a significant elevation of acidic glyco-sphingolipids, gangliosides (387 versus 147 nmole lipid-bound sialic acid/g wet weight, patient versus control). This quantitative abnormality was unusual in that it included disproportionately increased concentrations of most of the minor hepatic ganglioside species rather than either a marked increase in one single or a generalized nonspecific increase in all gangliosides, which is characteristic of known disorders exhibiting hepatic ganglioside storage. Activities of the hepatic lysosomal glycosylhydrolases which are important in ganglioside metabolism were therefore assessed by using artificial substrates. Of the enzymes tested, β-galactosidase activity alone was remarkable, being moderately reduced (33% of that of the normal liver); no biochemical explanation for the reduction was found. The findings suggest FEL may be associated with a unique quantitative and qualitative abnormality in hepatic gangliosides, the cause of which remains to be elucidated.
Modeling and Experimental Verification of Transient/Residual Stresses and Microstructure Formation in Multi-Layer Laser Aided DMD Process

Despite enormous progress in laser aided direct metal/material deposition (LADMD) process many issues concerning the adverse effects of process parameters on the stability of variety of properties and the integrity of microstructure have been reported. Comprehensive understanding of the transport phenomena and heat transfer analysis is essential to predict the thermally induced residual stresses and solidification microstructure in the deposited materials. Traditional solidification theories as they apply to castings or related processes, assume either no mass diffusion in the solid (Gulliver-Scheil) or complete diffusion in the solid (equilibrium lever rule) in a fixed arm space. These are inappropriate in high energy beam processes involving significantly high cooling rates. The focus of this paper is the solute transport in multi-pass LADMD process, especially the coupling of the process scale transport with the transport at the local scale of the solid-liquid interface. This requires modeling of solute redistribution at the scale of the secondary arm spacing in the dendritic mushy region. This paper is an attempt toward a methodology of finite element analysis for the prediction of solidification microstructure and macroscopic as well as microscopic thermal stresses. The computer simulation is based on the metallo-thermo-mechanical theory for uncoupled temperature, solidification, phase transformation, and stress/strain fields. The importance of considering phase transformation effects is also verified through the comparison of the magnitudes of residual stresses with and without the inclusion of phase transformation kinetics. The simulation has been carried out for H13 tool steel deposited on a mild steel substrate.
The monoclonal xenoantibody Q6/64 recognizes a determinant expressed by certain gene products of the A and B loci of the HLA region

A combination of serological (cytotoxicity, binding assay, lysostrip) and immunochemical (indirect immunoprecipitation, sequential immunoprecipitation, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis) assays have shown that the monoclonal antibody Q6/64 recognizes an antigenic determinant which is expressed by certain gene products of the A and B loci of the HLA region. The determinant identified by Q6/64 is spatially close to those which define the serological polymorphism of the HLA-A, B, C antigenic system. The results presented in this study in conjunction which those recently published by other investigators indicate that sharing of determinants among HLA-A and -B allospecificities is more frequent than originally assumed on the basis of the cross-reactivity pattern obtained with alloantisera. This conclusion is in agreement with the high degree of homology in the primary amino-acid sequence of A and B allospecificities.
Technique for harvesting the radial artery as a coronary artery bypass graft

The radial artery was proposed and then abandoned as a coronary artery bypass graft in the 1970s. Development of new pharmacologic antispasmodic agents and minimally traumatic harvesting techniques has led to a revival of the use of the radial artery in coronary artery bypass procedures. Unlike the saphenous vein in the lower extremities, the radial artery in the volar forearm is not a subcutaneous structure. Safe harvest of the artery requires an understanding of volar forearm anatomy. Based on review of anatomy, cadaver dissection, and clinical experience with 40 patients, we have developed a technique for radial artery harvest. The volar forearm is divided into three zones: the proximal zone, the middle zone, and the distal zone. In each zone, important anatomic landmarks are identified. Our harvesting technique has resulted in minimal postoperative morbidity and no postoperative ischemic complications. Although the pedicled internal thoracic artery graft remains the primary arterial conduit for myocardial revascularization, the radial artery is an excellent additional bypass conduit.
DISTRIBUTIONS OF POND-BREEDING ANURANS: AN OVERVIEW OF MECHANISMS

Concern over the fate of amphibians has led to increasing attention on the mechanisms that underly their distribution. Among pond-breeding anurans, surveys have revealed that most species are restricted to a minority of ponds, but distributions can shift over time. The mechanisms for these patterns fall into two broad classes: variation in environmental attributes among ponds, and the impact of spatial context surrounding ponds. There is abundant evidence that embryonic and larval anurans are sensitive to variation in a large number of abiotic and biotic variables. In some cases these effects on performance have been linked to variation among natural ponds, and compelling evidence suggests that anuran distributions may be restricted by the action of local conditions. While these explanations are often discussed in terms of single variates (e.g., hydroperiod), field experiments suggest that elimination will often result from the joint action of multiple factors (e.g., low pH and high metal concentrations)....
Three-dimensional interactions of a free jet with a perpendicular synthetic jet

Three-dimensional interaction of an axisymmetric free jet with a single synthetic jet that is oriented perpendicular to the free jet was investigated experimentally using PIV. The main objective was to investigate the effect of the upstream location of the synthetic jet, inside the nozzle of the main jet ( Re U e = 6600). The interaction location of the synthetic jet (for a range of momentum coefficients) was varied from 0.4 to 1.4 orifice diameters upstream of the main jet exit plane. The synthetic jet was driven at a frequency of 1000 Hz, which corresponds to a Strouhal number of 0.16 (within the range of unstable modes of the free jet). To better explore the complex flow field resulting from the interaction, a reduction technique was used where 3D flow renderings were calculated from multiple 2D measurement planes. The interaction is affected by two mechanisms: (1) direct impact of the synthetic jet into the main jet, and (2) amplification of unstable modes of the main jet. When the momentum coefficien...
Generation of time-reversed wave fronts by nonlinear refraction*

We describe a nonlinear method for generating, nearly instantaneously, a time-reversed replica of any monochromatic-beam wave pattern. The method employs the interaction of the incident beam, of arbitrary wave front, with counter-propagating plane “pump” waves in a homogeneous, transparent, nonlinear medium. Media are shown to exist in which time-reversed waves can be generated with high efficiency using available laser pump sources.
Gas Sensor Materials Based on Semiconductor Nanocrystal / Polymer Composite Films

High-throughput screening experimentation and multivariate spectral data analysis has been applied to evaluate the gas sensitivity of multi-size CdSe nanocrystals embedded in multiple polymer matrices. We have found that when CdSe nanocrystals of different size (2.8 and 5.6 nm diameter) were incorporated into polymer films, the photoluminescence (PL) response patterns upon laser excitation at 407-nm and exposure to polar and non-polar solvents were unexpectedly different. Additionally, these response patterns were dependent on the nature of polymer. We analyzed the spectral PL response from both sizes of CdSe nanocrystals using multivariate analysis tools. Results of this multivariate analysis demonstrate that a single film with different size CdSe nanocrystals serves as a selective sensor.
On time-limited writing therapy.

A study was made of 6 undergraduate men and 11 women who volunteered to writing therapy on a time-limited basis, instead of oral, face-to-face therapy, for which they were paid. Pre- and posttest evaluations included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, self-ratings, and ratings of the writing therapy protocols by judges. Results showed reliable gains on the former inventory in terms of less “serious” pathology and more social assertiveness, on the latter test results showed more posttesting interest in achievement, change, heterosexual relationships and more assertive tendencies. Protocol evaluations by the judges indicated client gains in confidence and in problem-solving efforts; clients' self-ratings showed favorable reactions to therapy. The economy of writing as a therapeutic method was demonstrated in terms of words written each session by clients and therapists.
Prospects for quantitative chemical mapping of surfaces using the Surface Analysis by laser ionization (SALI) technique

Abstract Determination of the lateral distributions of constituents on surfaces is important in a large variety of applications. Although scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is commonly used, better sensitivity can often be achieved by scanning SIMS within practical time constraints. However, this depends strongly on both the species of interest and the local matrix of the sample. Large variations in secondary ion yields among species lead to severe difficulties in the quantitative interpretation of SIMS chemical maps. Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization (SALI) is a recently developed technique that uses non-resonant multiphoton ionization of neutral species emitted from the sample surface. In most situations, the neutrals constitute a much greater portion of the sputtered material than do the secondary ions, and so are much less sensitive to variations in secondary ion yields. The result is that SALI data can be quantified more easily than SIMS data, while achieving comparable detection sensitivities. In this paper, the prospects for quantitative chemical mapping of surfaces is evaluated for SALI using recent experimental results for achievable useful yields. The theoretical detection capabilities of SALI is compared to that for SIMS and AES as a function of spatial resolution. It is demonstrated that the capabilities of SALI compare very well with those of SIMS and AES in applications of surface chemical mapping at high spatial resolution.
CT appearance of acute abdomen as initial presentation in lymphoma of the large and small bowel

Computed tomography (CT) is playing an increasingly greater role as the initial diagnostic imaging modality for acute abdomen. Abdominal pain is the most common presenting complaint for intestinal lymphoma, and acute abdomen is a not infrequent admitting complaint. We present the CT findings of five patients with intestinal lymphoma whose initial complaint was acute abdomen. Of these five patients, four had an identifiable mass that was located in the right lower quadrant, with the fifth patient having no identifiable mass on CT. The average mass size was 7.8 cm. Three of the patients showed involvement of the colon only, and two showed involvement of the small bowel only, with acute abdomen in only one of the patients with small-bowel involvement being due to direct extension from mesenteric lymph nodes. Pneumoperitoneum and free intraperitoneal fluid were seen in two patients. It is important, therefore, that the radiologist be aware that one of the causes of acute abdomen with primary bowel involvement is lymphoma, which can simulate appendicitis or diverticulitis in its presentation clinically and by physical examination.
Affinity membranes: a 10-year review

Abstract A review of affinity membrane publications from 1989 to 1999 is presented containing six major divisions: (a) modification of existing membranes for affinity adsorption applications; (b) membranes specifically prepared for affinity binding; (c) module designs for immuno- and other affinity sorption processes; (d) the kinetics of the affinity sorption process; (e) a selection of interesting applications that have appeared during the period and (f) a summary of reviews published during the period. Although there have been a large number of membrane preparation and process applications described in the literature during the period covered by the review, the commercialization of affinity membranes remains meager. One purpose of the review is to point out opportunities for more applied development of affinity membranes, including the design of appropriate modules to house them. From the available literature it should be possible to produce high efficiency separation devices based on the combination of sieving and adsorption characteristics of affinity membranes.
EGFR is phosphorylated at Ty845 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a significant proportion of hepatocellular carcinomas. Recent studies of EGFR inhibitors to treat hepatocellular carcinoma have been encouraging and better understanding of EGFR signaling may lead to more effective strategies for inhibiting this key pathway. The EGFR can be phosphorylated at different tyrosine sites, leading to subsequent activation of different pathways. Cell line and animal studies have shown that MAPK and STAT-3 are important mediators of the EGFR signal in liver cells. However, little is known about EGFR phosphorylation and subsequent signaling in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the site of EGFR phosphorylation by Western blot in 18 hepatocellular carcinomas. Fourteen of 18 hepatocellular carcinomas had detectable EGFR by Western blotting and 13 of 14 showed phosphorylation at tyrosine 845. In contrast, no EGFR phosphorylation was detected at tyrosine 998, tyrosine 1045, or tyrosine 1068, which signal through other pathways including STAT-3 and MAPK. These findings were further explored by examination of EGFR expression and signaling pathway activation in tissue arrays comprised of 73 hepatocellular carcinomas using antibodies that recognize phosphorylated (or activated) proteins. Tissue array studies also found no correlation between EGFR expression (29% of cases) and STAT-3 nuclear positivity (16%), AKT (4%), MAPK (3%), or STAT-5 (3%) positivity, all P>0.05. EGFR expression was correlated with hepatitis B infection, but not with tumor size, nuclear grade, or proliferative rate. We conclude that EGFR is phosphorylated at tyrosine 845 in most hepatocellular carcinomas and that EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry does not correlate well with STAT-3, STAT-5, MAPK, or AKT immunostaining.
Hermann J. Muller, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Leslie Clarence Dunn, and the Reaction to Lysenkoism in the United States

This article outlines the response of three U.S. geneticists—Hermann Muller, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and Leslie Dunn—to the anti-genetics campaign launched by the Soviet agronomist Trofim Lysenko. The Cold War provided a hospitable environment for Lysenko's argument that genetics was racist, fascist science. In 1948, at a session of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lysenko succeeded in banning genetics in the USSR. The movement against genetics soon spread to Soviet-allied states around the globe. Efforts to rebut Lysenkoism were launched in the United States, Great Britain, and other Western countries by scientists who saw Lysenko as a pseudo-scientific charlatan. Muller, Dobzhansky, and Dunn were among the biologists most active in this counter-campaign. The history of their campaign reveals the challenges scientists faced at an important moment in the field of biology, with the recent synthesis of genetics and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, as well as the difficulties...
Efficacy of a Fabricated Customized Splint and Tendon and Nerve Gliding Exercises for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Brininger TL, Rogers JC, Holm MB, Baker NA, Li Z-M, Goitz RJ. Efficacy of a fabricated customized splint and tendon and nerve gliding exercises for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Objective To compare the effects of a neutral wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) splint with a wrist cock-up splint, with and without exercises, for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Design A 2×2×3 randomized factorial design with 3 main factors: splint (neutral wrist and MCP and wrist cock-up), exercise (exercises, no exercise), and time (baseline, 4wk, 8wk). Setting Subjects were evaluated in an outpatient hand therapy clinic. Participants Sixty-one subjects with mild to moderate CTS; 51 subjects completed the study. Interventions There were 4 groups: the neutral wrist and MCP group and the neutral wrist and MCP-exercise group received fabricated customized splints that supported the wrist and MCP joints; the wrist cock-up group and the wrist cock-up-exercise group received wrist cock-up splints. The neutral wrist and MCP-exercise and wrist cock-up-exercise groups also received tendon and nerve gliding exercises and were instructed to perform exercises 3 times a day. All subjects were instructed to wear the assigned splint every night for 4 weeks. Main Outcome Measures We used the CTS Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) and the Functional Status Scale (FSS) to assess CTS symptoms and functional status. Results Analysis of variance showed a significant main effect for splint and time on the SSS ( P P =.014) and FSS ( P P =.029), respectively. There were no interaction effects. Conclusions Our results validate the use of wrist splints for the treatment of CTS, and suggest that a splint that supports the wrist and MCP joints in neutral may be more effective than a wrist cock-up splint.
Functional biomechanics of the thoracolumbar vertebral cortex.

Studies were conducted on human cadaver thoracolumbar vertebrae, at the T12-L5 level, of five males and six females. Isolated vertebral bodies, free of posterior elements, were first scanned using dual photon absorptiometry and then underwent axial compressive loading. All of the vertebral bodies failed as a result of compressive fractures of the bone. Results indicated that the mechanical load-deflection response was non-linear and biphasic. The mean cross-sectional areas of the vertebral bodies progressively increased from L1, to L5. The maximum load carrying capacity was not dependent upon spinal level. The bone mineral content (BMC) obtained using dual photon absorptiometry in the lateral projected plane increased from L, to L5. Male vertebral bodies consistently had higher BMC than female specimens. The cortical shell contributed 12·44% (mean) of the total cross-sectional area in the male, 17·56% in the female; 8·85% of the BMC in the male and 1654% in the female. In contrast, it accounted for 43·8% (mean) of the total load in the male compared to 35·2% in the female specimens. Mean failure loads of decorticated vertebrae were significantly lower (p<0.001) when compared with that of the adjacent intact vertebral bodies. In one osteoporotic spine, the cortical shell accounted for 74% of the total strength. The anatomical placement of the thin shell which enables it to act as an encasing element to resist the collapse of the trabeculae under compression, and the difference in rigidity of the two structural components, and their differing sensitivity to metabolic influences, seem to explain this relatively high magnitude of load absorption in spite of its limited contribution to vertebral geometry.
Interactions of Ca, Zn, and Cd Ions at Buried Solid/Water Interfaces Studied by Second Harmonic Generation†

The adsorption of Ca, Zn, and Cd ions at the solid/water interface was studied using second harmonic generation (SHG). Specifically, we used the SHG χ(3) technique to assess and evaluate metal adsorption at a bare fused quartz/water interface, as well as at a carboxylic acid functionalized fused quartz/water interface. Adsorption isotherms were obtained for the metals at each interface and were fit with the diffuse layer and triple layer models to obtain adsorption free energies, interfacial potentials, absolute adsorbate number densities, and interfacial charge densities. The carboxylic acid functionalized interface displayed lower adsorption free energies but higher adsorbed metal number densities than the bare fused quartz/water interface. We suggest that metal binding at the bare fused quartz/water interface is driven by the initial number of deprotonated surface sites and that it proceeds through an outer-sphere mechanism. In contrast, metal binding at the carboxylic acid functionalized interface is ...
Asymptotic theory for a fast frequency detector

A fast technique for efficient online signal detection and tracking is extended by analyzing the asymptotic distribution of the detector. A version of the technique is seen to have potentially greater precision than other fast estimators, the upper bound being O(1/n/sup 2/3/). Coupled with another device, there is potential for achieving the convergence precision of the maximum likelihood estimate, which, by conventional methods, entails considerably computational expense. >
Mode-Wise Phonon Properties of Bismuth Telluride

Thermal transport properties and thermal transport control are important for many materials, for example, low thermal conductivity is desirable for thermoelectric materials. Knowledge of mode-wise phonon properties is crucial to identify dominant phonon modes for thermal transport and design effective phonon barriers for thermal transport control. In this paper, we adopt the normal mode analysis to investigate spectral phonon properties, and to calculate phonon dispersion relations and phonon relaxation times in bismuth telluride. Our results agree with previously reported data for long-wavelength longitudinal acoustic phonon and A1g optical phonon obtained from ultrafast time-resolved measurements. By combing the frequency dependent anharmonic phonon group velocities and lifetime, mode-wise thermal conductivities are predicted to reveal the contributions of heat carriers with different polarizations and wavelength.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
African Newspaper Union List: low‐tech resource/high‐tech access

Describes the development of the African Newspaper Union List by the Africana Librarians Council of the African Studies Association, in conjunction with the Center for Research Libraries. The process involved selecting a project which was attractive to funding agencies, effectively addressed a real problem of Africana libraries, and would not overburden already busy staff at the participating libraries. The difficulties that had to be overcome included the challenge of developing a high‐tech project for librarians whose main experience with technology was limited to its use in library service, not its design and implementation. Other challenges were the nature of the problems of acquiring publications from Africa, and the small pool of participating librarians who were widely scattered geographically, each in quite different institutional settings.
Tensile Strengths of Notched Composites

The tensile strengths of several different aligned fiber-epoxy resin com posites containing cracks perpendicular to the fibers have been measured as a function of crack size. The fibers were surfac...
A new assay for proteases using fluorescent labeling of proteins

Abstract A simple assay for proteases based on the fluorescent labeling of insoluble proteins (fibrin) or of soluble casein by 2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2 H )furanone has been developed. Fluorescence of the liberated peptide-fluorophors resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis is easily measured in the supernatant after separation of the unreacted fluorescent fibrin by centrifugation or from unreacted casein-fluorophor by acid precipitation. Nanogram quantities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase can be measured.
Cratering on Mathilde

Abstract Crater populations on Mathilde are assessed from NEAR flyby images. Small to intermediate-sized craters (1/2 to 5 km diameter) approach saturation equilibrium spatial densities and exhibit a range of degradation states similar to the crater populations on Ida. They probably represent a population in quasi-equilibrium between the creation and the destruction of craters caused by saturated impacts on Mathilde. Very large craters, with diameters approaching or exceeding the average radius of Mathilde itself, dominate the shape of Mathilde and represent a uniquely high spatial density of craters on a planetary surface. Formation of these large craters were remarkably ineffective in modifying, let alone destroying, preexisting topography. We speculate that Mathilde's retention of so many large, relatively well-preserved craters may be due to its bulk material properties and/or rubble-pile internal structure. The overall crater populations on Mathilde are consistent with (although do not uniquely require) the same production function (i.e., same projectile power-law size distribution) observed in the cratering records of the Moon, Gaspra, and (apparently) Ida.
46.2: New OLED Pixel Circuit and Driving Method to Suppress Threshold Voltage Shift of a‐Si:H TFT

We propose a new organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pixel circuit with a variable capacitor that allows to compensate threshold voltage (Vth) shift completely, and also propose a pixel driving method to suppress Vth shift.
First Date Sexual Expectations: The Effects of Who Asked, Who Paid, Date Location, and Gender

This investigation examined the effects of who asked, who paid, date location, and gender on first date sexual expectations and related attitudes. Participants from a large southwestern university in the United States reported that men hold higher first date sexual expectations than women, particularly when men asked and paid for the date and the date occurred at an apartment versus the movies or restaurant. When women asked and paid for the date and the date occurred at her apartment, men hold higher rape myth acceptance beliefs than when the man asked and paid for the date or when either sex asked for the date and the partners “went dutch” on expenses. Additional sexual- and gender-related findings, discussion, and implications follow.
Recurrent astroblastoma treated with gamma knife radiosurgery.

Astroblastomas are exceedingly rare central nervous system tumors. Surgical resection is the standard initial treatment for astroblastomas. Still, some astroblastomas that have been completely resected recur. The optimal treatment for these lesions is unclear. There are no previous reports of the use of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in the treatment of astroblastomas. The patient is a 58 year old woman who had undergone resection of a left parieto-occipital tumor at an outside hospital in 2002, with repeat resection for recurrences in 2005 and 2007. Pathologic analysis at the Mayo Clinic demonstrated the tumor to be a low-grade astroblastoma. Repeat imaging in 2008 again demonstrated recurrence, and the patient was referred to our center for Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Pre and post-contrast T1 stereotactic MR images were obtained and imported into the treatment planning system for the Gamma Knife Perfexion. Two foci of tumor consistent with the patient’s known left parietal astroblastoma were identified. A prescription dose of 18.00 Gy to the 50% isodose was delivered, and 16 isocenters were used. Follow-up imaging 17 months post-radiosurgery demonstrated a decrease in tumor size. Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents a useful treatment modality for recurrent astroblastomas. While surgical resection of low grade astroblastomas can be curative, Gamma Knife radiosurgery may be beneficial in cases where gross total resection is not feasible.
Japanese spotted fever in Korea.

Jang and colleagues in 2004 claimed their study to be the first documentation of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiosis in Korea and indicated that Japanese spotted fever (JSF) was prevalent in Korea from 1992 to 1993 (1). I believe that some drawbacks exist in their study design and have drawn them to a premature and inadequate conclusion.
Library statistics, questionnaires, and the machlup study

In the AAUP Bulletin of October 1976, the Machlup article about scarcity of library statistics leaves a false impression, for academic librarians collect many useful statistics. Questionnaires often lack proper terminology, especially regarding serials, continuations, and monographic series, and the Machlup questionnaire contains unusually imprecise definitions. Further, the labor involved in taking statistics must be weighed against the potential benefits, especially in the light of forces beyond librarians' control. There are ways in which library statistics are paying off. Conclusions of the Machlup Study will hopefully be made known beyond library circles.
Research in Organizational Behavior

The article presents a review of the book "Research in Organizational Behavior," vol. 5, edited by L.L. Cummings and Barry M. Staw.
Personal observations on the role of the lumbrical muscles in carpal tunnel syndrome

A case of carpal tunnel syndrome is presented in which an abnormally high origin of a lumbrical muscle seemed to be the cause. Since the patient and author are the same, the symptoms of compression and during the postoperative period are well documented. Evoking the symptoms by exercise or active motion is suggested for future diagnostic tests. A surgical incision more ulnarward is recommended.
Brain Physiology and Pathophysiology in Mental Stress

Exposure to various forms of stress is a common daily occurrence in the lives of most individuals, with both positive and negative effects on brain function. The impact of stress is strongly influenced by the type and duration of the stressor. In its acute form, stress may be a necessary adaptive mechanism for survival and with only transient changes within the brain. However, severe and/or prolonged stress causes overactivation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis thus inflicting detrimental changes in the brain structure and function. Therefore, chronic stress is often considered a negative modulator of the cognitive functions including the learning and memory processes. Exposure to long-lasting stress diminishes health and increases vulnerability to mental disorders. In addition, stress exacerbates functional changes associated with various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for neuroscientists who are seeking a concise account of the effects of stress on learning and memory and associated signal transduction mechanisms. This review discusses chronic mental stress and its detrimental effects on various aspects of brain functions including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and cognition-related signaling enabled via key signal transduction molecules.
RNA binding and core complexes constitute the U-insertion/deletion editosome.

Enzymes embedded into the RNA editing core complex (RECC) catalyze the U-insertion/deletion editing cascade to generate open reading frames in trypanosomal mitochondrial mRNAs. The sequential reactions of mRNA cleavage, U-addition or removal, and ligation are directed by guide RNAs (gRNAs). We combined proteomic, genetic, and functional studies with sequencing of total and complex-bound RNAs to define a protein particle responsible for the recognition of gRNAs and pre-mRNA substrates, editing intermediates, and products. This approximately 23-polypeptide tripartite assembly, termed the RNA editing substrate binding complex (RESC), also functions as the interface between mRNA editing, polyadenylation, and translation. Furthermore, we found that gRNAs represent only a subset of small mitochondrial RNAs, and yet an inexplicably high fraction of them possess 3' U-tails, which correlates with gRNA's enrichment in the RESC. Although both gRNAs and mRNAs are associated with the RESC, their metabolic fates are distinct: gRNAs are degraded in an editing-dependent process, whereas edited mRNAs undergo 3' adenylation/uridylation prior to translation. Our results demonstrate that the well-characterized editing core complex (RECC) and the RNA binding particle defined in this study (RESC) typify enzymatic and substrate binding macromolecular constituents, respectively, of the similar to 40S RNA editing holoenzyme, the editosome.
Length of The Beatles' Songs

Length of The Beatles' Songs” shows the length and release date of each of The Beatles' 210 songs. Perhaps the figure should include more than 210 songs, as the list of Beatles songs on Wikipedia.o...