cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of Local ISM Emission with the Berkeley Euv/fuv Shuttle Telescope

The Berkeley extreme ultraviolet/far ultraviolet shuttle telescope (BEST) will be launched on the Space Shuttle as part of the NASA UVX project. The Berkeley spectrometer will make observations of the cosmic diffuse background in the 600 to 1900 A band, with a spectral resolution of 10 A. The sensitivity and spectral resolution of the instrument make it ideal for the study of components of the interstellar medium in the 10 to the 4th power to 10 to the 6th power K range.
Mindfulness for Tics

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that a mindfulness-based approach may be helpful for individuals with tics. The following chapter begins with an overview of the theoretical rationale and current empirical support for a mindfulness-based approach to tics. It then presents a practical guide for implementing a mindfulness-based approach to tics, with a focus on introducing mindfulness, the body scan, mindful movement, a tic-specific sitting meditation, and mindfulness of factors associated with tic worsening. Challenging or complex issues are also discussed.
Does growth impairment underlie the adverse effects of dexamethasone on development of noradrenergic systems

Abstract Glucocorticoids are given in preterm labor to prevent respiratory distress but these agents evoke neurobehavioral deficits in association with reduced brain region volumes. To determine whether the neurodevelopmental effects are distinct from growth impairment, we gave developing rats dexamethasone at doses below or within the therapeutic range (0.05, 0.2 or 0.8 mg/kg) at different stages: gestational days (GD) 17-19, postnatal days (PN) 1-3 or PN7-9. In adolescence and adulthood, we assessed the impact on noradrenergic systems in multiple brain regions, comparing the effects to those on somatic growth or on brain region growth. Somatic growth was reduced with exposure in all three stages, with greater sensitivity for the postnatal regimens; brain region growth was impaired to a lesser extent. Norepinephrine content and concentration were reduced depending on the treatment regimen, with a rank order of deficits of PN7-9 > PN1-3 > GD17-19. However, brain growth impairment did not parallel reduced norepinephrine content in magnitude, dose threshold, sex or regional selectivity, or temporal pattern, and even when corrected for reduced brain region weights (norepinephrine per g tissue), the dexamethasone-exposed animals showed subnormal values. Regression analysis showed that somatic growth impairment accounted for an insubstantial amount of the reduction in norepinephrine content, and brain growth impairment accounted for only 12%, whereas specific effects on norepinephrine accounted for most of the effect. The adverse effects of dexamethasone on noradrenergic system development are not simply related to impaired somatic or brain region growth, but rather include specific targeting of neurodifferentiation.
Dynamics of a Multimode Laser with Nonlinear, Birefringent Intracavity Elements

Many laser systems have been developed that contain intracavity nonlinear crystals for harmonic generation. Often, these crystals are birefringent in nature. If the laser cavity does not contain any polarization or mode selecting elements such as Brewster windows and Fabry-Perotetalons, such a laser may operate in many modes with orthogonal polarizations. A diode laser pumped Nd:YAG laser with a birefringent intracavity KTP crystal was studied by Baer [1], who found the output of the laser exhibited large scale amplitude fluctuations when the intracavity doubling crystal was present. He developed a rate equation model for the laser, including the effect of the crystal nonlinearity, but neglecting its birefringence, and showed that the model predicted unstable behavior for multimode operation.
Veterans Courts: Early Outcomes and Key Indicators for Success

The growing trend within the judicial, treatment, and advocacy communities toward specialized courts for military veterans raises important questions about the effectiveness of such courts in rehabilitating veterans. Both principally and practically, veterans courts observers may take opposing positions regarding the appropriateness and effectiveness of placing veterans in a specialized, treatment-based court program simply because of their military service. This chapter explores these challenging issues in two parts. First, we undertake a discussion of first principle concerns related to veterans courts by reviewing research studies examining the link between veterans and criminal misconduct. The return of 1.6 million veterans from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan has re-ignited the still unsettled controversy over whether veterans suffering from combat trauma are more likely than their non-veteran counterparts to commit criminal misconduct after returning home. While firm conclusions may be difficult (and unpopular) to draw, the issue warrants attention in any serious discussion about the merits and best practices of veterans court programs. Second, we present early findings from an assessment we conducted of the practices, procedures, and participant populations of certain veterans courts operating as of March 2011. Of the 53 courts invited to participate, 14 provided a response by completing either an online or paper survey. Of these, seven submitted sample policies and procedures, participant contracts, plea agreements, and mentor guidelines for our review. Drawing on these courts’ common practices and procedures, we identify key operational components courts should consider in implementing veterans court programs. We also conclude that veterans court outcomes, at least at present, appear at least as favorable as those of other specialized treatment courts.
Using eddy covariance to detect leaks from CO2 sequestered in deep aquifers

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the eddy covariance method of measuring earth-atmosphere CO2 exchange, including past applications to measurements of volcanic venting of CO2. It assesses the ability to detect leaks from geologic CO2 reservoirs by comparing expected leakage rates to typical ecological flux rates. While the character and magnitude of ecological fluxes are well established, reservoir leakage rates and areas are uncertain. Fairly conservative estimates based on ensuring the economic viability of CO2 sequestration are constructed. The estimates of leakage rate and area yield leakage fluxes that range from 1 to 10 times the magnitude of typical ecological fluxes. This approach shows promise for the monitoring of CO2 sequestration in deep aquifers. Leak detection is shown to be a simpler problem than leak quantification, but both can in principle be accomplished using eddy covariance under conditions favorable for the measurement.
Hazards of Food Contact Material: Bisphenol A and Endocrine Disruption

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are substances that interfere with hormone action. These chemicals are found in food as natural components (i.e., phytoestrogens and mycotoxins); hormonal contaminations (i.e., hormones administered to increase animal growth); pesticide residues on crops and in meat, eggs, and dairy (i.e., insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides); industrial chemicals and byproducts that contaminate food (polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins); and chemicals used in food packaging. This article will focus on one chemical, bisphenol A, a high production chemical with estrogenic and other endocrine-disrupting properties used in the epoxy resins that line food and beverage cans as well as polycarbonate plastics, and the controversies surrounding the potential adverse effects produced by this chemical.
Neighborhood Housing Resilience: Examining Changes in Foreclosed Homes During the U.S. Housing Recovery

The surge in foreclosures in the United States that began in 2007 reached a peak in mid-2011, and since then, the rate of foreclosures has been decreasing, providing evidence of the housing market ...
How Systems Could Be Intuitively Seen

Starting with this chapter, this book turns its attention and focus to applications of the abstract systems theory established in the previous chapters in areas of business decision making by introducing the so-called systemic yoyo model. This model plays the role of intuition and playground for developing appropriate analytic models to attack various issues encountered in the business world. In other words, this yoyo model provides an actual stage for various investigations of business scenarios to take place at the height of holistic thinking so that realistically beneficial conclusions can be derived rigorously.
Structural elements of a pH-sensitive inhibitor binding site in NMDA receptors

Context-dependent inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has important therapeutic implications for the treatment of neurological diseases that are associated with altered neuronal firing and signaling. This is especially true in stroke, where the proton concentration in the afflicted area can increase by an order of magnitude. A class of allosteric inhibitors, the 93-series, shows greater potency against GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptors in such low pH environments, allowing targeted therapy only within the ischemic region. Here we map the 93-series compound binding site in the GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptor amino terminal domain and show that the interaction of the N-alkyl group with a hydrophobic cage of the binding site is critical for pH-dependent inhibition. Mutation of residues in the hydrophobic cage alters pH-dependent potency, and remarkably, can convert inhibitors into potentiators. Our study provides a foundation for the development of highly specific neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of neurological diseases. Context-dependent inhibition of NMDA receptors has important therapeutic implications for treatment of neurological diseases. Here, the authors use structural biology and biophysics to describe the basis for pH-dependent inhibition for a class of allosteric NMDAR inhibitors, called the 93-series.
Proximal Algorithms

This monograph is about a class of optimization algorithms called proximal algorithms. Much like Newton's method is a standard tool for solving unconstrained smooth optimization problems of modest size, proximal algorithms can be viewed as an analogous tool for nonsmooth, constrained, large-scale, or distributed versions of these problems. They are very generally applicable, but are especially well-suited to problems of substantial recent interest involving large or high-dimensional datasets. Proximal methods sit at a higher level of abstraction than classical algorithms like Newton's method: the base operation is evaluating the proximal operator of a function, which itself involves solving a small convex optimization problem. These subproblems, which generalize the problem of projecting a point onto a convex set, often admit closed-form solutions or can be solved very quickly with standard or simple specialized methods. Here, we discuss the many different interpretations of proximal operators and algorithms, describe their connections to many other topics in optimization and applied mathematics, survey some popular algorithms, and provide a large number of examples of proximal operators that commonly arise in practice.
Toward parsimonious modeling of frequency of areal runoff from heavy-to-extreme precipitation in large urban areas under changing conditions: a derived moment approach

Translating changes in land surface conditions and climate into changes in precipitation, runoff and flood frequencies over a range of catchment scales is a pressing challenge for hydrologic design and flood risk management today. In this paper, we describe a novel approach for modeling areal runoff frequency from heavy-to-extreme precipitation in large urban areas using a simple but general stochastic model for runoff at point scale and bi- and univariate parametric probability distributions for positive point precipitation and areal runoff, respectively. We apply the approach to the Dallas–Fort Worth area using a 22-year historical multisensor precipitation dataset from the National Weather Service to characterize how the different factors that specify the second-order statistics of precipitation, imperviousness and soil water holding capacity at point scale may shape areal runoff frequency, and to assess how changes in precipitation climatology and land surface conditions may change areal runoff frequency as a function of catchment scale and magnitude of precipitation. The results indicate that areal runoff frequency is impacted most significantly by changes in climatological mean and coefficient of variation of positive point precipitation, water holding capacity of soil, imperviousness, and spatial correlation scale of positive point precipitation given the probability of occurrence of heavy-to-extreme precipitation, and that a very small number of low-order statistics of point precipitation may describe areal runoff frequency given the conditional probability distribution models for point precipitation and areal runoff. The approach presented hence offers a parsimonious physically-based alternative to purely numerical approaches based on integrated modeling, or empirical approaches based solely on statistical modeling toward predictive modeling of areal precipitation and runoff frequencies under changing hydroclimatological conditions.
Conformational analysis3̄CXXIV: The conformation of ring A in the 4,4-dimethyl-3-androstanone system. The crystal structure of 4,4-dimethylandrostan-3-on-17β-yl benzoate

Abstract Molecular mechanics calculations indicate that the deformed chair and twisted-boat conformations are similar in energy for a 4,4-dimethyl-3-keto steroid. Earlier dipole moment work on such compounds is discussed. The crystal structure of 4,4-dimethylandrostan-3-on-17β-yl benzoate has been determined. The crystals are orthorhombic, P212121, a = 17.096 (2), b = 22.136 (e), c = 6.217 (1) A. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares to R − 0.039, RXXX = 0.038, based on 2168 observed reflections. Ring A is shown to exist in a chair form, deformed as indicated by the calculations.
Oral Health Status of Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background. Diabetes is associated with poor oral health, as well as reduced access to dental care. A large percentage of patients hospitalized in the United States carry a diagnosis of diabetes; however, the oral health status of patients with diabetes who are hospitalized is unknown. Methods. All patients meeting inclusion criteria on the general medicine service of a tertiary care hospital were invited to participate. Subjects were asked about their access to dental care and perceptions of their oral health. A dental hygienist conducted examinations, including decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and periodontal screening and recording (PSR) indices on a subset of subjects. Results. The 105 subjects had a mean age of 69 ± 12 years and a median A1C of 7.5 ± 2.1%. Rates of comorbidity and polypharmacy were high. The mean number of DMFT was 23.0 ± 7.2, with 10.1 ± 7.2 missing teeth. Forty-four percent of subjects had a removable prosthesis. Sixty-eight percent had a PSR index ≥4 in at least one sextant, indicating moderate periodontal disease. Conclusion. Rates of missing teeth, removable prostheses, and periodontal inflammation were high among hospitalized patients with diabetes, but patients did not perceive their oral health to be poor. Health care providers should be aware of the oral health risks of patients with diabetes during hospitalization, and dentists should consider screening patients with diabetes for recent hospitalization.
Scalable Probes of Measurement-Induced Criticality

We uncover a local order parameter for measurement-induced phase transitions: the average entropy of a single reference qubit initially entangled with the system. Using this order parameter, we identify scalable probes of measurement-induced criticality that are immediately applicable to advanced quantum computing platforms. We test our proposal on a 1+1 dimensional stabilizer circuit model that can be classically simulated in polynomial time. We introduce the concept of a "decoding light cone" to establish the local and efficiently measurable nature of this probe. We also estimate bulk and surface critical exponents for the transition. Developing scalable probes of measurement-induced criticality in more general models may be a useful application of noisy intermediate scale quantum devices, as well as point to more efficient realizations of fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Artificial night light helps account for observer bias in citizen science monitoring of an expanding large mammal population

The integration of citizen scientists into ecological research is transforming how, where, and when data are collected, and expanding the potential scales of ecological studies. Citizen-science projects can provide numerous benefits for participants while educating and connecting professionals with lay audiences, potentially increasing the acceptance of conservation and management actions. However, for all the benefits, collection of citizen-science data is often biased towards areas that are easily accessible (e.g. developments and roadways), and thus data are usually affected by issues typical of opportunistic surveys (e.g. uneven sampling effort). These areas are usually illuminated by artificial light at night (ALAN), a dynamic sensory stimulus that alters the perceptual world for both humans and wildlife. Our goal was to test whether satellite-based measures of ALAN could improve our understanding of the detection process of citizen-scientist-reported sightings of a large mammal. We collected observations of American black bears Ursus americanus (n = 1,315) outside their primary range in Minnesota, USA, as part of a study to gauge population expansion. Participants from the public provided sighting locations of bears on a website. We used an occupancy modelling framework to determine how well ALAN accounted for observer metrics compared to other commonly used metrics (e.g. housing density). Citizen scientists reported 17% of bear sightings were under artificially lit conditions and monthly ALAN estimates did the best job accounting for spatial bias in detection of all observations, based on AIC values and effect sizes ( β ^ = 0.81, 0.71-0.90 95% CI). Bear detection increased with elevated illuminance; relative abundance was positively associated with natural cover, proximity to primary bear range and lower road density. Although the highest counts of bear sightings occurred in the highly illuminated suburbs of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan region, we estimated substantially higher bear abundance in another region with plentiful natural cover and low ALAN (up to ~375% increased predicted relative abundance) where observations were sparse. We demonstrate the importance of considering ALAN radiance when analysing citizen-scientist-collected data, and we highlight the ways that ALAN data provide a dynamic snapshot of human activity.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically Ill patients with COVID-19 in Northeast Ohio: low mortality and length of stay.

Background: Published coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) reports suggest higher mortality with increasing age and comorbidities. Our study describes the clinical characteristics and outcomes for all intensive care unit (ICU) patients admitted across the Cleveland Clinic enterprise, a 10-hospital health care system in northeast Ohio, serving more than 2.7 million people. Methods: We analyzed the quality data registry for clinical characteristics and outcomes of all COVID-19-confirmed ICU admissions. Differences in outcomes from other health care systems and published cohorts from other parts of the world were delineated. Results: Across our health care system, 495 COVID-19 patients were admitted from March 15 to June 1, 2020. Mean patient age was 67.3 years, 206 (41.6%) were females, and 289 (58.4%) were males. Mean Acute Physiology Score was 45.3, and mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score was 60.5. In total, 215 patients (43.3%) were intubated for a mean duration of 9.2 days. Mean ICU and hospital length of stay were 7.4 and 13.9 days, respectively, while mean ICU and hospital mortality rates were 18.4% and 23.8%. Conclusion: Our health care system cohort is the fourth largest to be reported. Lower ICU and hospital mortality and length of stay were seen compared to most other published reports. Better preparedness and state-level control of the surge in COVID-19 infections are likely the reasons for these better outcomes. Future research is needed to further delineate differences in mortality and length of stay across health care systems and over time.
Doing and undoing nation through ART: a Franco-American comparison.

Abstract This article explores a Franco–American comparison of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically as it relates to sex selection and cross-border reproduction. As a basis for comparison, the nation can materialize in the form of state structure just as much as in cultural–economic assemblages or ideologies that breach geopolitical boundaries. By juxtaposing many contrasts between the French and US contexts – departure versus destination country, highly regulated versus deregulated governance, medical versus social applications, and access (or lack thereof) via public versus private health insurance sectors – it may be difficult to imagine how these extremes occupy a common continuum of globalized market channels. I suggest that invisible or semi-visible reproductive practices along with ART governance provide an avenue to stake out or protect the ‘French’ way of being and doing ART just as much as they make the ‘American’ way simultaneously elusive and easy to appropriate. Ultimately, both the French and American approaches to ART collude in the institutionalization of globalized markets. Through the case of cross-border and (sex) selective ART, it is possible to see how both the French and the Americans are involved in the undoing and doing of nation via ART as global assemblage.
Global Sales, International Currencies and the Currency Denomination of Debt

We document that the currency denomination of the debt of developed country firms is strongly related to the geographical distribution of their sales. On average, a unit increase in the percentage of sales in a country is associated with an equivalent increase in the proportion of debt denominated in the corresponding currency. Consistent with the existence of fixed costs of debt issuance, we find that the relationship between the currency denomination of debt and the geography of sales vanishes below the 5% threshold for sales. Finally, we document significant home currency bias and international currency bias in debt issuance. In particular, we show that, controlling for the geography of sales, firms issue more debt denominated in their home currency and the two most traded currencies, the US dollar and the euro.
Abstract P710: Using Dictionary Learning to Determine Differences in Vasculature Between Males and Females to Understand Gender Differences in Stroke

Introduction: Between males and females, there is a variation in stroke incidence, with males having a stroke incidence 33% higher than women. This difference may be partly due to gender difference...
The invisible barrier: Providing end of life support to pediatric oncology families during COVID-19.

With the emergence of a global pandemic, the landscape for psychosocial service delivery to pediatric cancer patients and their families shifted. There was a transition to provide psychosocial supp...
Eusapia Palladino Anthologized

This is an essay review of Eusapia Paladino: Materialisations and Intellergetic Phenomena in Physical Mediumship, compiled by Scott Dickerson (No publication place: Runabout, 2016. 286 pp. ISBN-13: 978-1530915859).
Heterozygous L1-deficient mice express an autism-like phenotype

The L1CAM (L1) gene encodes a cell adhesion molecule that contributes to several important processes in the developing and adult nervous system, including neuronal migration, survival, and plasticity. In humans and mice, mutations in the X chromosome-linked gene L1 cause severe neurological defects in males. L1 heterozygous female mice with one functional copy of the L1 gene show complex morphological features that are different from L1 fully-deficient and wild-type littermate mice. However, almost no information is available on the behavior of L1 heterozygous mice and humans. Here, we investigated the behavior of heterozygous female mice in which the L1 gene is constitutively inactivated. These mice were compared to wild-type littermate females. Animals were assessed in five categories of behavioral tests: five tests for anxiety/stress/exploration, four tests for motor abilities, two tests for spatial learning, three tests for social behavior, and three tests for repetitive behavior. We found that L1 heterozygous mice express an autism-like phenotype, comprised of reduced social behaviors and excessive self-grooming (a repetitive behavior also typical in animal models of autism). L1 heterozygous mice also exhibited an increase in sensitivity to light, assessed by a reluctance to enter the lighted areas of novel environments. However, levels of anxiety, stress, motor abilities, and spatial learning in L1 heterozygous mice were similar to those of wild-type mice. These observations raise the possibility that using molecules known to trigger L1 functions may become valuable in the treatment of autism in humans.
Galanin inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase expression in midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Galanin (GAL) inhibits midbrain dopamine (DA) activity in several experimental paradigms, yet the mechanism underlying this inhibition is unclear. We examined the effects of GAL on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in primary cultures of rat embryonic (E14) ventral mesencephalon (VM). One micromolar GAL had no effect on the number of TH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in VM cultures. However, 1 µm GAL reduced an approximately 100% increase in TH-ir neurons in 1 mm dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP)-treated cultures by ∼50%. TH-ir neuron number in dbcAMP-treated VM cultures was dose-responsive to GAL and the GAL receptor antagonist M40 blocked GAL effects. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative immunoblotting experiments revealed that GAL had no effect on TH mRNA levels in VM cultures but reduced TH protein. VM cultures expressed GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 receptor mRNA. However, dbcAMP treatment resulted in a specific ∼200% increase in GALR1 mRNA. GALR1 activity is linked to a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive opening of G protein-gated K+ channels (GIRKs). GAL reduction of TH-ir neuron number in dbcAMP + GAL-treated cultures was sensitive to both PTX and tertiapin, a GIRK inhibitor. GAL inhibition of midbrain DA activity may involve a GALR1- mediated reduction of TH in midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
Arginine 197 of lac repressor contributes significant energy to inducer binding. Confirmation of homology to periplasmic sugar binding proteins.

Based on primary sequence homology between the lactose repressor protein and periplasmic sugar-binding proteins (Muller-Hill, B. (1983) Nature 302, 163-164), a hypothetical sugar-binding site for the lac repressor was proposed using the solved x-ray crystallographic structure of the arabinose-binding protein (ABP) (Sams, C. F., Vyas, N. K., Quiocho, F. A., and Matthews, K. S. (1984) Nature 310, 429-430). By analogy to Arg151 in the ABP sugar site, Arg197 is predicted to play an important role in lac repressor binding to inducer sugars. Hydrogen bonding occurs between Arg151 and the ring oxygen and 4-hydroxyl of the sugar ligand, two backbone carbonyls, and a side chain in ABP, and similar interactions in the lac repressor would be anticipated. To test this hypothesis, Arg197 in the lac repressor protein was altered by oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis to substitute Gly, Leu, or Lys. Introduction of these substitutions at position 197 had no effect on operator binding parameters of the isolated mutant proteins, whereas the affinity for inducer was dramatically decreased, consistent with in vivo phenotypic behavior obtained by suppression of nonsense mutations at this site (Kleina, L. G., and Miller, J. H. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 212, 295-318). Inducer binding affinity was reduced approximately 3 orders of magnitude for Leu, Gly, or Lys substitutions, corresponding to a loss of 50% of the free energy of binding. The pH shift characteristic of wild-type repressor is conserved in these mutants. Circular dichroic spectra demonstrated no significant alterations in secondary structure for these mutants. Thus, the primary effect of substitution for Arg197 is a very significant decrease in the affinity for inducer sugars. Arginine is uniquely able to make the multiple contacts found in the ABP sugar site, and we conclude that this residue plays a similar role in sugar binding for lactose repressor protein. These results provide experimental validation for the proposed homology between ABP and the lac repressor and suggest that homology with ABP may be employed to generate additional insight into the structure and function of this regulatory protein.
Purification of acetoacetate decarboxylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and cloning of the acetoacetate decarboxylase gene in Escherichia coli

In Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.4) is essential for solvent production, catalyzing the decarboxylation of acetoacetate to acetone. We report here the purification of the enzyme from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and the cloning and expression of the gene encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme in Escherichia coli. A bacteriophage lambda EMBL3 library of C. acetobutylicum DNA was screened by plaque hybridization, using oligodeoxynucleotide probes derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence obtained from the purified protein. Phage DNA from positive plaques was analyzed by Southern hybridization. Restriction mapping and subsequent subcloning of DNA fragments hybridizing to the probes localized the gene within an approximately 2.1 kb EcoRI/Bg/II fragment. A polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 28,000 corresponding to that of the purified acetoacetate decarboxylase was observed in both Western blots (immunoblots) and maxicell analysis of whole-cell extracts of E. coli harboring the clostridial gene. Although the expression of the gene is tightly regulated in C. acetobutylicum, it was well expressed in E. coli, although from a promoter sequence of clostridial origin.
A travel-study health education course in England and Scotland.

(1976). A Travel-Study Health Education Course in England and Scotland. Health Education: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 5-7.
Evaluation of Internally Cured Concrete Pavement Using Environmental Responses and Critical Stress Analysis

Three full-scale instrumented test slabs were constructed and tested using a heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) to evaluate the structural behavior of internally cured concrete (ICC) for use in pavements under Florida condition. Three mix designs selected from a previous laboratory testing program include the standard mixture with 0.40 water-cement ratio, the ICC with 0.32 water-cement ratio, and the ICC mixture with 0.40 water-cement ratio. Concrete samples were prepared and laboratory tests were performed to measure strength, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinkage properties. The environmental responses were measured using strain gages, thermocouples, and linear variable differential transformers instrumented in full-scale concrete slabs. A 3-D finite element model was developed and calibrated using strain data measured from the full-scale tests using the HVS. The results indicate that the ICC slabs were less susceptible to the change of environmental conditions and appear to have better potential performance based on the critical stress analysis.
Repletion of Folate-Depleted Rats with an Amino Acid—Based Diet Supplemented with Folic Acid

Folate depletion and repletion protocols are not well standardized. Weanling rats were moderately depleted of folate in 28 d with a folate-free purified diet based on 17% amino acids as the nitrogen source. They were then folate repleted for 23 d with the amino acid diet supplemented with either 125, 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 micrograms folic acid/kg. Hematology, growth and tissue folate levels were measured in subsets of the rats when they were 24 (baseline), 52 (depleted) and 75 d old (repleted). The same measurements were made in control rats that had been fed 2 mg folic acid/kg of the amino acid diet for the same period of time. Our findings show that with repletion, growth of previously depleted rats is in direct proportion with the level of supplementation up to 1000 micrograms folic acid/kg diet. Serum folate levels of repleted rats also increased in proportion to supplementation between 500 to 2000 micrograms/kg diet, and liver folate levels increased proportionally with the level of supplement within the range of 125 to 2000 micrograms/kg diet. The 2000 micrograms/kg supplement was sufficient to restore liver folate levels equivalent to that of controls, but body weight and serum folate levels failed to catch up with that of controls in the 23-d repletion period. There was a nonlinear relationship between serum and liver folate levels: serum folate remained constant at about 6 micrograms/l as liver folate increased to about 7 micrograms/g, then serum folate diverged by increasing to 120 micrograms/l with only minor increases in liver folate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Version to Women Who Work and Perceived Discrimination among Euro-Americans and Mexican-Americans:

Perceptions of discrimination based on sex are presented for groups of Mexican-American men and women and Euro-American men and women. A measure of aversion to women who work is introduced and attitudes for the four groups are presented. Based on present significant differences and current demographic trends, discrimination based on sex will continue, and cultural attitudes may in fact perpetuate that.
Where Federalism Didn’t Fail

The governmental response to Hurricane Katrina was not the unalloyed failure that is often portrayed. The response was a mixture of success and failure. Successes occurred when a foundation had been laid for intergovernmental cooperation, as with the largely successful pre-landfall evacuation of Greater New Orleans, the multistate mobilization of the National Guard, and the search and rescue operations of the U.S. Coast Guard and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Postmortems should draw lessons from such successes rather than concentrate entirely on the numerous failures. It is now clear that a challenge on this scale requires greater federal authority and a broader role for the armed forces—the institution of our government most capable of massive logistical operations on a moment’s notice. —President George W. Bush, September 15, 2005 I can say with certainty that federalizing emergency response to catastrophic events would be a disaster as bad as Hurricane Katrina. The current system works when everyone understands, accepts, and is willing to fulfill their responsibilities…. the bottom-up approach yields the best results. —Florida governor Jeb Bush, October 19, 2005
Female-biased gene expression in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

Females of the malaria-carrying mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, must deal with a number of tasks never confronted by males, including blood-feeding and defense against Plasmodium infection. Here, we examine global gene expression differences between the sexes in A. gambiae via Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays and find a dramatic over-representation of genes expressed more highly in females. Approximately 10% of the genome has greater than a fourfold difference in expression between males and females, with 71% of these differences being female-biased.
Heuristic Algorithms for Aggregating Rail-Surface-Defect Data

An optical inspection system has been developed to detect the presence of defects on the surface of rails. The system classifies each 6 in. (15 cm) length of railhead as defective or nondefective and generates large quantities of disaggregate, sequential condition data. Defective rail surfaces can then be corrected by grinding the surface of the rail. However, this requires that condition data be aggregated to a level suitable for making maintenance decisions, and that prior recognition be given to practical constraints such as adjusting minimum grinding length to the configuration of the particular grinding machine. Data-aggregation procedures range from rule-based techniques to mathematical optimization methods. This paper reviews these aggregation techniques and, consequently, formulates the grinding problem as a set-packing integer programming formulation. Two heuristic solution methods are proposed to solve a set-packing problem of high dimension resulting from a large number of feasible packs for rail-surface-condition data. These methods effectively moderate the computational intensiveness and time complexity associated with using existing procedures.
Bounding the required sample size for geologic site characterization

The proposed objective of limited sample geologic site characterization is to minimize the chance of unknown and unexpected extremes. This problem proves to be extremely difficult when the data are spatially correlated. A generalization of the classical one-sided nonparametric tolerance interval, based upon the statistical concept of associated random variables, establishes a rigorous, almost distribution-free, tool for computing the minimum required sample size for site characterization. An upper bound on the required number of samples follows from a heuristic measure for the quantity of information in a spatially dependent sample; the measure presented is the equivalent number of uncorrelated samples and is calculated using an estimated variogram. An empirical check of the upper and lower bounds, using more than 2 million simulations and seven real data sets produces a heuristic rule for quantifying the required number of samples.
What's new for 2002?

The Joint Commission's anticipated changes for 2002 include clarifications to existing standards in three manuals and several new initiatives.
Historical overview and latest results: 30 years of silica glass fiber reliability

In this paper we present a brief historical review, including a discussion of some of the advances we think have been made in the area of mechanical reliability of lightguide fibers. Fatigue and aging of these fibers are reviewed in detail. It is shown that these processes are fundamental to the silica glass itself, at least under normal environmental conditions. It is suggested that the single most important outstanding issue is the determination of the presence of fatigue and/or aging limits. If these limits are shown to exist in general, or at least under certain conditions, a major simplification of lifetime analysis will have been accomplished.
Silicon-on-insulator bipolar transistors

Thin-film lateral n-p-n bipolar transistors (BJT) have been fabricated in moving melt zone recrystallized silicon on a 0.5-µm silicon dioxide substrate thermally grown on bulk silicon. Current-voltage characteristics of devices with different base widths (5 and 10 µm) have been analyzed. The use of a metal gate over oxide covering the base region has allowed the devices to be operated as n-channel MOSFET's as well thus surface effects on device characteristics have been investigated under varying gate-bias voltages. Maximum dc current gain values of 2.5 were achieved with a 5-µm base width and values around 0.5 with a 10-µm base width. Higher gain values were impeded by onset of high-level injection which occurred at low currents because of light base doping of these devices.
Octahedral Metal Carbonyls. 67.1 Rates of Reaction of Olefins with cis-[(Chlorobenzene)(Triphenylphosphine Tetracarbonyltungsten(O)] Produced Via Pulsed Laser Flash Photolysis

Abstract Rates of reaction of olefins and diolefins (1-hexene, cyclohexene, norbornene, cis-2-heptene, trans-4-octene, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene) with m-[(CB)(PPh3)W(CO)4] (CB α chlorobenzene) produced upon pulsed laser flash photolysis of cis-(pip)(PPh3)W(CO)4 in CB solution have been determined, for some systems at several temperatures. Olefin-coordination takes place after reversible CB-dissociation from cis-[(CB)(PPh3)W(CO)4], a predominant species present in solution after flash photolysis. These rates have been compared to those for analogous reactions with Lewis bases coordinating through N (piperidine) and P (P(O-i-Pr)3); all rates are roughly similar. Thus, despite the greater thermodynamic stability of complexes containing W-N and W-P bonds, olefin coordination to V is competitive with W-N and W-P coordination. The implications of these conclusions with respect to mechanisms of olefin catalysis by coordinatively unsaturated Group VI-B metal carbonyl intermediates are discussed.
EFFECT OF GRAIN BOUNDARY MELTING ON SLIDING IN BICRYSTALS: A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY

Resultats d'un calcul de dynamique moleculaire du glissement au joint de grains dans un bicristal de Lennard-Jones a trois dimensions
Some voice fundamental frequency characteristics of oral reading and spontaneous speech by hard-of-hearing young women.

Fundamental frequency (fo,) characteristics of 12 hard-of-hearing young women were compared with those of 12 hard-hearing control subjects during oral reading and spontaneous speech. The normal-hea...
Spin waves excited by dc currents injected into single ferromagnetic thin films

It is well known theoretically and experimentally that spin waves can be excited by current in magnetic trilayer and multilayer structures where the current is spin polarized by one of the magnetizations and interacts with the others. However, it has also been observed experimentally that a nonpolarized dc current flowing through a point contact into a single ferromagnetic thin film can induce spin waves. We investigate this phenomenon using a model in which the spins of the conduction electrons interact with a nonuniform magnetization and the current is treated perturbatively. To a first-order approximation, the spin-wave modes excited by the injected current have been characterized and the relationship between the dynamic properties of the spin waves and the applied current and applied magnetic field has been established. Calculated results are then used for comparison with the experimental observations.
Fatigue degradation of the crack wake zone in monolithic alumina

Abstract This study examines the microstructural role of crack-face bridging mechanisms in a monolithic ceramic, subjected to cyclic loading conditions. By utilizing a unique post-fracture-tensile experiment, the fatigue properties of a commercially available alumina are examined. Based on the current results, one will conclude that a frictional wear mechanism is activated when the crack-bridging grains are permitted to slide in their sockets. When the peak loads and displacements are held below values which cause grain sliding, no fatigue damage is evident. Above the threshold values, however, notable damage may be observed. This cumulative wear process reduces the effectiveness of the bridging stress and lowers the toughness of the material. For the quasistatic bridging problem, accumulation of damage has been related to grain-size features, but apparent from data in this study, fatigue-related damage depends upon damage to sub-grain-size features.
Compounding crises of economic recession and food insecurity: a comparative study of three low-income communities in Santa Barbara County

Santa Barbara County exhibits some of the highest rates of food insecurity in California, as well as in the United States. Through ethnographic research of three low-income, predominantly Latino communities in Santa Barbara County, this study examined the degree to which households had been experiencing heightened levels of food insecurity since the economic recession and ensuing coping strategies, including gender-specific repercussions and coping strategies. Methods included administering a survey with 150 households and conducting observation and unstructured interviews at various local food-centered venues. Results indicated that households from the three communities were experiencing heightened levels of food insecurity and that all three communities were employing diversification of procurement, adjustments to a reduced or limited food budget, reliance on food assistance, and revitalization of the home as a site of domestic food production and preparation as coping strategies. The results also suggested that women suffered disproportionately higher psychological and physical costs associated with compounding crises. In conclusion, the experiences narrated by low-income households reflect a form of citizenship that appears compromised by a host of variables perceived to exist outside the realm of local control. Shifting toward an operational framework of food sovereignty may allow these communities to become more resilient in the face of future political, environmental, social, and economic stressors.
Hyperoxic/Hypercapnic Gas Inhalation as a Route to Increase Contrast from Tumor Tissue in Near-Infrared Imaging of Breast Tissue

We explore inhalation protocols to implement hyperoxic/hypercapnic gas inspiration in a clinical setting. These inspired gases could yield sufficient contrast from abnormal tumor vasculature in breast tissue using differential optical imaging in the near infrared.
Corrections to weak-interaction parameters in theories of technicolor

Abstract Using chiral dynamics techniques, we compute the leading corrections to the Z 0 boson mass and to ϱ = ( M W / M Z cos θ w ) 2 which be induced by technicolor interactions.
Energetics of transition-metal alloy formation: Ti, Zr, and Hf alloyed with the heavier 4d and 5d elements.

Total-energy calculations yielding heats of formation for ordered compounds of Ti, Zr, and Hf alloyed with Tc, Re, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, and Pt are presented. There exist both experimentally based phase diagrams and a substantial number of experimental heats of formation for these systems, and the present results are in accord with these; e.g., the co-occurrence of compounds at differing compositions is correctly predicted. The heats, as a function of the fractional alloy composition /ital x/, generally differ markedly from the /ital x/(1/minus//ital x/) dependence so often envoked. An explanation of the heat behavior for the Ti-, Zr-, and Hf-depleted alloys is found in their densities of states and is associated with the /ital d/ bands of the other alloy constituent being decoupled from the Fermi level.
MYCOPLASMA (PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS) AND BLOOD GROUP I; ASSOCIATIONS WITH NEOPLASTIC DISEASE.

Mycoplasma (Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms) and Blood Group I; Associations with Neoplastic Disease
Errors, Durable and Otherwise

Social life consists of making mistakes, then correcting them. The big questions do not concern who makes the fewest mistakes and why, but whether the mistakes are fruitful, how fast people recognize them, and how well they correct them. The same principles apply to writing books, even if the interaction and error-correction take longer to operate than in everyday conversation. This symposium's vigorous, vital critiques of Durable Inequality establish that my book is no exception to the rule. Clearly in writing the book I made mistakes of at least four kinds: