cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Experience with the PillCam Patency Capsule prior to Video Capsule Endoscopy: A Real-World Experience

Background. In patients with known or suspected risk factors for gastrointestinal stenosis, the PillCam patency capsule (PC) is given before a video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in order to minimize the risk of capsule retention (CR). CR is considered unlikely upon excretion of the PC within 30 hours, excretion in an undamaged state after 30 hours, or radiological projection to the colon. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of 38 patients with risk factors for CR, who received a PC from 02/2013 to 04/2015 at Klinikum Augsburg. Results. Sixteen of our 38 patients observed a natural excretion after a mean time of 34 hours past ingestion. However, only 8 patients observed excretion within 30 hours, as recommended by the company. In 20 patients passage of the PC into the colon was shown via RFID-scan or radiological imaging (after 33 and 45 hours, resp.). Only 2 patients showed a pathologic PC result. In consequence, 32 patients received the VCE; no CR was observed. Conclusion. Our data indicates that a VCE could safely be performed even if the PC excretion time is longer than 30 hours and the excreted PC was not screened for damage.
Model Description and Application

In Chap. 5, we traced the evolution of two prominent consultation models, mental health consultation and behavioral consultation, and discussed the assumptions and principles underlying each. An approach to strategic communication based on Raven’s social power and interpersonal influence models (Erchul & Raven, 1997) was reviewed briefly, followed by a discussion of issues (e.g., the 14 “know the territory” questions, the A VICTORY model) that should be addressed in order to gain successful entry into the service delivery network of schools. In this chapter, we discuss research findings that point to the limitations inherent in relying on any one consultation model as a means of delivering comprehensive services in the schools. Based on these limitations, we present an integrated model of school consultation that we believe is particularly appropriate for use by internal consultants (e.g., school psychologists) and that combines the elements of social influence and professional support within a problem-solving context. Each of these elements (problem solving, social influence, professional support) is discussed as a component task of the school consultation process, which begins after the consultant has a basic understanding of schools and classrooms and has successfully entered the service delivery network. The chapter concludes by considering the outcomes of successful school consultation in terms of improving the learning and adjustment of children as clients and improving the professional functioning of teachers as consultees.
Chapter 6 Probabilistic Analysis of Self-Assembled Molecular Networks

Abstract Several papers appeared recently on mapping computation onto nanofabrics with defect mapping followed by defect avoidance. However, such techniques are for permanent or manufacturing faults. Hence even after defect avoidance based configuration, the nanofabrics remain susceptible to natural operational faults. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic broadcast based defect map generation scheme suitable for self-assembled molecular nanofabrics. We also develop a hierarchical probabilistic design methodology to build fault-tolerant architectures on reconfigurable molecular nanofabrics using structural redundancy. We add various forms of redundancy to primitive structural elements and determine the appropriate levels of the hierarchy for insertion of such redundancy mechanisms. The effectiveness and scalability of the probabilistic toolset we have developed is also illustrated by evaluating the performance of our defect mapping scheme and by computing different critical design trade-offs.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Temperature Regulation in MUS MUSCULUS. I. Partitioning of Variance.

Heritabilities (from parent-offspring regression) and intraclass correlations of full sibs for a variety of traits were estimated from 225 litters of a heterogeneous stock (HS/Ibg) of laboratory mice. Initial variance partitioning suggested different adaptive functions for physiological, morphological and behavioral adjustments with respect to their thermoregulatory significance. Metabolic heat-production mechanisms appear to have reached their genetic limits, with little additive genetic variance remaining. This study provided no genetic evidence that body size has a close directional association with fitness in cold eiivironments, since heritability estimates for weight gain and adult weight were similar and high, whether or not the animals were exposed to cold. Behavioral heat conservation mechanisms also displayed considerable amounts of genetic variability. However, due tc strong evidence from numerous other studies that behavior serves an important adaptive role for temperature regulation in small mammals, we suggest that fluctuating selection pressures may have acted to maintain heritable variation in these traits.
Investigation of mercury deposition and potential sources at six sites from the Pacific Coast to the Great Basin, USA.

The Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project showed that USA National Parks had fish mercury (Hg) concentrations above threshold concentrations set for wildlife. Since significant areas of the Western USA are arid, we hypothesized that dry deposition would be important. The primary question was whether sources of Hg were local and thus, easily addressed, or regional (from within the United States), or global (long range transport), and more difficult to address. To investigate this, surrogate surfaces and passive samplers for the measurement of GOM deposition and concentration, respectively, were deployed from the coast of California to the eastern edge of Nevada. Meteorological data, back trajectory modeling, and ozone concentrations were applied to better understand potential sources of Hg. Lowest seasonal mean Hg deposition (0.2 to 0.4 ng m− 2 h− 1) was observed at low elevation (< 100 m) Pacific Coast sites. Highest values were recorded at Lick Observatory, a high elevation coastal site (1279 m), and Great Basin National Park (2062 m) in rural eastern Nevada (1.5 to 2.4 ng m− 2 h− 1). Intermediate values were recorded in Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks (0.9 to 1.2 ng m− 2 h− 1). Results indicate that local, regional and global sources of air pollution, specifically oxidants, are contributing to observed deposition. At Great Basin National Park air chemistry was influenced by regional urban and agricultural emissions and free troposphere inputs. Dry deposition contributed ~ 2 times less Hg than wet deposition at the coastal locations, but 3 to 4 times more at the higher elevation sites. Based on the spatial trends, oxidation in the marine boundary layer or ocean sources contributed ~ 0.4 ng m− 2 h− 1 at the coastal locations. Regional pollution and long range transport contributed 1 to 2 ng m− 2 h− 1 to other locations, and the source of Hg is global and as such, all sources are important to consider.
Effects of Nanofiltration on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Precursor Removal and Speciation in Waters Containing Low Concentrations of Bromide Ion

A study was undertaken to determine trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursor removal by nanofiltration (NF). Cross-flow experiments were conducted with three NF membranes and six natural waters spanning total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in the range 3.3−13.1 mg/L and bromide ion concentrations in the range 0.5−2.3 μM. Permeate and feedwaters were analyzed for all nine HAA species containing bromine and chlorine. The rejection of THM and HAA precursors decreased with increasing feedwater recovery suggesting that the transport of these materials is controlled by molecular diffusion across the polymeric membranes rather than by physical sieving at membrane surfaces. Therefore, the maximum feedwater recovery in NF systems designed for disinfection byproduct control may be limited by deteriorations in permeate water quality in addition to fouling caused by precipitation of sparingly soluble salts. High rejections of TOC coupled to low removals of bromide ion by some NF membranes resulte...
Spelling correction in the PubMed search engine

It is known that users of internet search engines often enter queries with misspellings in one or more search terms. Several web search engines make suggestions for correcting misspelled words, but the methods used are proprietary and unpublished to our knowledge. Here we describe the methodology we have developed to perform spelling correction for the PubMed search engine. Our approach is based on the noisy channel model for spelling correction and makes use of statistics harvested from user logs to estimate the probabilities of different types of edits that lead to misspellings. The unique problems encountered in correcting search engine queries are discussed and our solutions are outlined.
Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase by Tetracyclines

The effect of various antibiotics on the rate of hydrolysis of an olive oil emulsion by hog pancreatic lipase was studied by potentiometric titration. Tetracycline, demethyl-chlortetracycline and doxycycline were able to inhibit this lipase system completely, at appropriate drug concentrations. None of the other drugs tested were able to affect this enzyme system significantly. These included penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfasoxazole and sulfamethoxazole..
Insights into bacterial CO2 metabolism revealed by the characterization of four carbonic anhydrases in Ralstonia eutropha H16

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and bicarbonate. These enzymes play important roles in cellular metabolism, CO2 transport, ion transport, and internal pH regulation. Understanding the metabolic role of CAs in the chemolithoautotropic bacterium Ralstonia eutropha is important for the development of high performance fermentation processes based on the bacterium’s capability to fix carbon using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Analysis of the R. eutropha H16 genome sequence revealed the presence of four CA genes: can, can2, caa and cag. We evaluated the importance of each of the CAs in the metabolism of R. eutropha by examination of growth and enzyme activity in gene deletion, complementation, and overexpression strains. All four purified CAs were capable of performing the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3–, although the equilibrium towards the formation of CO2 or HCO3– differs with each CA. Deletion of can, encoding a β-CA, affected the growth of R. eutropha; however the growth defect could be compensated by adding CO2 to the culture. Deletion of the caa, encoding an α-CA, had the strongest deleterious influence on cell growth. Strains with deletion or overexpression of can2 or cag genes exhibited similar behavior to wild type under most of the conditions tested. In this work, Caa was studied in greater detail using microscopy and complementation experiments, which helped confirm its periplasmic localization and determine its importance for robust growth of R. eutropha. A hypothesis for the coordinated role of these four enzymes in the metabolism of R. eutropha is proposed.
Psychometric properties of the automatic thoughts questionnaire-positive with inpatient adolescents

The psychometric properties of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire—Positive (ATQ-P; Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988) were examined in 206 adolescent inpatients. The ATQ-P demonstrated excellent internal consistency. ATQ-P scores converged significantly with positive emotionality and inversely with a variety of negative affect measures. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by significantly stronger relationships among ATQ-P scores and depressive constructs than among ATQ-P scores and anxious constructs. When depression was partialed from the ATQ-P and anxiety relationships, ATQ-P scores were independent of anxious constructs. ATQ-P scores were significantly lower in depressed than nondepressed adolescents, though this relationship was moderated by gender. Factor structure of ATQ-P items was consistent with adult samples. Results support the psychometric properties of the ATQ-P and the use of positive cognitions to discriminate depression from anxiety in adolescents.
A micro liquid column chromatography procedure for twelve anticonvulsants and some of their metabolites

Abstract Solvent extracts of 50 μl volumes of serum were sufficient for the determination of twelve anticonvulsant drugs. The liquid chromatography procedure utilized a C-18 reversed-phase column and isocratic elution with 15% acetonitrile in water. No derivatization was required. Eluted anticonvulsants were detected by UV absorption at 195 nm and quantitated by drug—internal standard peak area ratios. The procedure provided linear working curves over the concentration range from 1 to 100 mg/l of drug in the serum. The procedure for serum provided recoveries of the drugs from 92 to 101%. Within-day precision was about 4% and day-to-day precision was about 6.5%. The procedure has been applied to urine samples to facilitate bioavailability studies. Data are also given for several metabolites. There is a discussion of many practical aspects of the procedure to improve the reliability of the results.
3-D Modeling from Range Imagery: An Incremental Method with a Planning Component

In this article we present a method for automatically constructing a solid (in the CAD sense) model of an unknown object from range images. The model acquisition system provides facilities for range image acquisition, solid model construction and model merging: a solid representation is derived from a mesh surface that models the range data from each view, which is then merged with the model built from previous sensing operations. This modeling system has the benefit of constructing a solid model at each phase of the acquisition process, and is able to model parts that are difficult or impossible using other methods, such as extremely thin parts or those with deep through-holes. We introduce a technique that utilizes the incomplete model resulting from the merging process to plan the next sensing operation by finding a sensor viewpoint that will improve the fidelity of the model. A number of examples are given for the modeling of various objects that include planar and curved surfaces, features such as through-holes, and large self-occlusions.
Positivity‐preserving, flux‐limited finite‐difference and finite‐element methods for reactive transport

A new class of positivity-preserving, flux-limited finite-difference and Petrov–Galerkin (PG) finite-element methods are devised for reactive transport problems.The methods are similar to classical TVD flux-limited schemes with the main difference being that the flux-limiter constraint is designed to preserve positivity for problems involving diffusion and reaction. In the finite-element formulation, we also consider the effect of numerical quadrature in the lumped and consistent mass matrix forms on the positivity-preserving property. Analysis of the latter scheme shows that positivity-preserving solutions of the resulting difference equations can only be guaranteed if the flux-limited scheme is both implicit and satisfies an additional lower-bound condition on time-step size. We show that this condition also applies to standard Galerkin linear finite-element approximations to the linear diffusion equation. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the behavior of the methods and confirm the theoretical conditions on time-step size, mesh spacing, and flux limiting for transport problems with and without nonlinear reaction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latin America's resurgent theatre

(1954). Latin America's resurgent theatre. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 401-406.
Reframing nursing education: the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses initiative

Abstract Quality and safety are paramount concerns in today's health care industry. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses Initiative (QSEN), funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, has identified six competencies for graduates of all levels of prelicensure programs and the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to meet them. The authors describe the three phases of the QSEN initiative and their experiences as one of two associate degree pilot schools involved in the early phases of QSEN.
X-RAY REFLECTIVITY STUDY OF A MONOLAYER OF FERRITIN PROTEINS AT A NANOFILM AQUEOUS-AQUEOUS INTERFACE

The formation of thin aqueous films on top of an aqueous subphase is demonstrated. The films form through a complex spreading process that results in the coexistence of macroscopic lenses and films that are several nanometers thick. Aqueous biphase solutions of poly(ethylene glycol), potassium phosphates, and water are used to form these films. Synchrotron X-ray scattering is used to characterize the structure of the thin film and to probe the adsorption of proteins to the film. X-ray reflectivity measures the layer thickness (4-5 nm) and the roughness of the two interfaces of the film. Surface and interfacial tension measurements, combined with the X-ray measurements, indicate that the films are a thin layer of the bulk solution rather than a monolayer of PEG molecules. The film can be described by an excess free energy with a short range piece (due primarily to capillary wave entropic repulsion) and a long-range van der Waals interaction. Biomolecules, such as proteins, can be trapped at the aqueous-aqueous interface or in the thin film. This idea is demonstrated by an X-ray reflectivity study of ferritin proteins that form a 2-dimensional array at the interface. It is shown that the electron density interfacial profile of the ferritin trapped in this thin film is consistent with the known crystal structure of ferritin. In the absence of the thin film, ferritin does not adsorb to the interface.
The effect of flutter on the temperature of poplar leaves and its implications for carbon gain

The leaf temperatures of two poplar species (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. fremontii Wats.) were characterized by attaching thermocouples to leaves that were either constrained to a fixed position or allowed to flutter naturally. There were no observed temperature differences between fluttering and constrained leaves in the lower canopy, but fluttering leaves at the top of the canopy were as much as 2–4°C cooler than constrained leaves. An increase in heat transfer, a decrease in light interception or both could account for these observed differences in the temperature of fluttering versus constrained leaves. Fluttering can increase the boundary-layer conductance to convective heat exchange by as much as 50 and 20% for laminar and turbulent flow, respectively. The benefit that these leaf temperature differences may provide to the carbon economy of a poplar canopy was dependent on the ambient temperature. Populus fremontii, which is frequently exposed to daytime temperatures exceeding 35°C during summer months in the central valley of California, USA, could show an increase in carbon gain as a result of lower upper canopy leaf temperatures. For aspen, the benefit would be much smaller and often negative because of much lower air temperatures. Lower leaf temperatures may also increase the water use efficiency of poplars. However, the maintenance of lower leaf temperatures may not be the primary adaptive significance of leaf flutter.
Effect of surface contamination on the UHV tribological behavior of the Cu(111)/Cu(111) interface

Friction and adhesion measurements have been made using two Cu(1 11) samples modified by the presence of atomic adsorbates. Copper surfaces with 10–15 A thick contaminant films resulting from exposure to the atmosphere exhibited a static friction coefficient of μs = 0.75 ± 0.18. A sharp increase in the friction coefficient was observed when the contaminant layer was reduced to submonolayer thickness by sputtering and for the cleanest Cu(111) surfaces studied the static friction coefficient was μs = 4.4 ± 1.3. To further investigate the tribological effect of submonolayer coverages of surface contamination adhesion experiments were performed using surfaces modified with sulfur adsorbed at coverages in the range θs = 0.0–0.39 ML (saturation). The adhesion coefficient of the clean surfaces (μad = 0.69 ± 0.20) was markedly reduced by the presence of 0.05 ML of sulfur and decreased monotonically with increasing sulfur coverage to a limiting value of μad = 0.26 ± 0.07 at θs = 0.39.
Intracranial Atherosclerosis as a Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke during Open Heart Surgery

Background Embolic stroke is a feared complication after open heart surgery. Many patients undergo testing of the carotid arteries before surgery, but intracranial atherosclerosis is not commonly assessed as a mechanism. Methods We reviewed a prospectively maintained database of all open heart surgeries at our institution from 2005 to 2007 for patients who developed a periprocedural ischemic stroke. These patients were assessed for the mechanism of stroke through radiographic imaging of the intracranial circulation to determine the frequency of intracranial atherosclerosis as a mechanism for perioperative stroke. Results A total of 10,367 patients underwent open heart surgery from 2005 to 2007 and 180 (1.74%) patients were noted to have an ischemic stroke. Of the 180 patients, 98 (55%) underwent intracranial imaging and 29 (30%) were noted to have narrowing of an intracranial vessel. Seventeen (17.4%) patients were found to have infarct ipsilateral to the stenosis, but 8 (8.1%) of these patients were also noted to have infarcts in other vascular territories. Thus, 9 (9.1%) patients were thought to have a stroke solely related to the intracranial stenosis. Conclusions Intracranial atherosclerosis may be an underreported mechanism for perioperative stroke after open heart surgery. Further study is required to better understand the prevalence of the disease in this population and subsequent risk of stroke.
Transient patterns of acetylcholinesterase activity in visual cortex of the rat: normal development and the effects of neonatal monocular enucleation.

Abstract This paper describes the normal development and disappearance of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in layer IV of rat visual cortex and the effects of neonatal monocular enucleation on this transient pattern of AChE activity. Subjects were laboratory-born male or female Long-Evans rats. Some animals underwent monocular enucleation within 6 h of birth. Animals were sacrificed at various ages and AChE activity was detected histochemically in tissue sections. AChE activity is first detectable histochemically in visual cortex area 17 as a fine fiber-like plexus in layer IV at about 7 postnatal days of age. The intensity of the staining increases during the second postnatal week and reaches peak intensity at days 12–14. The intensity of the AChE staining in layer IV of area 17 appears to decrease during the third postnatal week and the dense AChE band disappears by postnatal day 21. The distribution of AChE in layer IV of area 17 corresponds closely to the field of termination of geniculocortical projections and the fiber-like pattern of AChE activity resembles the appearance of an axonal terminal field. Neonatal monocular enucleation results in a marked decrement in the spatial extent of the AChE activity in layer IV of cortical area 17. The AChE-positive plexus is lost in the medial regions of area 17 contralateral to the enucleated eye. AChE activity remains in the lateral part of area 17, probably corresponding to that part of area 17 innervated by secondary projections from the intact ipsilateral eye. The functional role of this transient AChE activity is unknown. The present data suggest that AChE activity is characteristic of geniculocortical axon terminals during the period of time in which they are establishing functional connections with postsynaptic sites in cortex.
A high-performance computational framework for fast crystal plasticity simulations

Abstract We present a new computational framework aimed at dramatically reducing time needed for crystal plasticity simulations. The framework is based on a combination of the recently developed numerical implementations of crystal plasticity in the spectral representation for obtaining the response of single crystals and specialized computer hardware that integrates a graphics-processing unit (GPU). Following a divide and conquer approach adapted here from a fast GPU8 method for matrix operations, we describe a new GPU based implementation of the spectral crystal plasticity and demonstrate its performances through a few example case studies involving a Taylor-type polycrystalline model. Using a single GPU card, the novel framework described herein provides speedup factors exceeding three orders of magnitude over the conventional crystal plasticity numerical schemes.
Analysis of clinicians’ attitudes towards pharmacogenomics

Aim: The use of genetic information to guide a patient’s drug therapy will have a great influence on clinical practice within healthcare. However, despite the prospective benefits of pharmacogenetic testing, little is known regarding what clinicians actually think about this promising technology. The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes towards pharmacogenetic testing not previously highlighted within a larger study on clinicians’ knowledge and attitudes about pharmacogenetic testing conducted by an interdisciplinary group of researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Materials & methods: The sample included 184 responses to an open-ended question. A thematic analysis of these responses was completed. Results: The thematic analysis identified several themes that were not previously delineated within the original study. The analysis uncovered five additional themes including: application concerns, lack of successful integration, accessibility, potential harm and optimism. Conc...
An analysis of vertical velocity spectra obtained in the bomex fair-weather, trade-wind boundary layer

Spectra of vertical velocity fluctuations measured on board an aircraft flying over the sea along and across the wind during the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) are stratified and composited according to estimates of the Monin-Obukhov stability length. This was done to test the hypothesis that a hierarchy of physical mechanisms, responding to wind shear and buoyancy, is active in the turbulent transfer processes of the oceanic subcloud layer. Despite the possibility that the data contain a heading-independent bias, it is concluded that a major change of eddy structure occurs over a narrow range of stability. This agrees well with an early theory on convection over land and observations of herring gull flight characteristics. The vertical variation of the spectral-composites compares favorably with other observations over land and sea. Physical models are suggested to explain the data. One of these models is in agreement with theoretical results concerning ringlike convection. The spectral data, which begin to lose confidence at about 10 km, suggest that a limiting size of eddies over the ocean is approximately twice the depth of the subcloud layer (in this case 600 m) regardless of the kind of eddy structure.
Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the brain stem neural circuit controlling esophageal peristalsis in rats.

Abstract Background/Aims: The central subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract has been implicated in central reflex control of esophageal peristalsis. This study determined the presence of nitric oxide synthase in the brain stem circuit controlling esophageal peristalsis by combining transsynaptic retrograde tract tracing with pseudorabies virus and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH) histochemistry. Methods: Virus was injected into the esophagus of 10 of 15 rats. After 60–63 hours, brain sections were processed for viral immunofluorescence and NADPH histochemistry. Results: Fluorescent neuronal labeling was limited to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus and the central subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Most fluorescence-labeled neurons in the central subnucleus stained positively for NADPH (double labeled). In the compact formation, there were almost no double-labeled neurons; however, NADPH-stained terminals surrounded fluorescence-labeled motoneurons. Conclusions: NO synthase is present in premotor neurons of the central subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract that innervate esophageal motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus. NADPH staining in both somata and terminals of esophageal premotor neurons suggests that NO is involved in neurotransmission in the central subnucleus and at the site of synaptic contact between esophageal premotor neurons and motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus.
Soup to nuts: affordable tools for building and maintaining labs

Limited IT funds are a fact of life at most institutions. You may be surprised by how much you can do with what you have though. Using new products in conjunction with tried and true existing technologies you can take steps to maintain both your bottom line and your sanity at the same time. Obtaining a competitive price for your computing hardware is the easy part. We're going to go beyond that and work on building a "champagne" lab on a "beer" budget. What components go into building a lab that can wow your customers without driving you crazy you ask? Deployment Tools: Ghost and ASRSoftware Security: DriveShield, MacShield, KeyServerMaintenance: PC-Rdist, Group PolicyFacility Security: Web Cameras, Access Control ReadersPrinting: PharosAffordable tech laden lecterns: touch panels and processors and multimedia projection All of the above components have been used at the U of R to create successful and affordable labs. You can use some or all depending on what you need, and many institutions already have parts of these solutions in place. Knowing what's out there and how to bring it all together is the challenge.
A Survey of Wireless Power Transfer and a Critical Comparison of Inductive and Capacitive Coupling for Small Gap Applications

Inductive power transfer (IPT) and capacitive power transfer (CPT) are the two most pervasive methods of wireless power transfer (WPT). IPT is the most common and is applicable to many power levels and gap distances. Conversely, CPT is only applicable for power transfer applications with inherently small gap distances due to constraints on the developed voltage. Despite limitations on gap distance, CPT has been shown to be viable in kilowatt power level applications. This paper provides a critical comparison of IPT and CPT for small gap applications, wherein the theoretical and empirical limitations of each approach are established. A survey of empirical WPT data across diverse applications in the last decade using IPT and CPT technology graphically compares the two approaches in power level, gap distance, operational frequency, and efficiency, among other aspects. The coupler volumetric power density constrained to small gap sizes is analytically established through theoretical physical limitations of IPT and CPT. Finally, guidelines for selecting IPT or CPT in small gap systems are presented.
Generation of a functional liver tissue mimic using adipose stromal vascular fraction cell-derived vasculatures

One of the major challenges in cell implantation therapies is to promote integration of the microcirculation between the implanted cells and the host. We used adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells to vascularize a human liver cell (HepG2) implant. We hypothesized that the SVF cells would form a functional microcirculation via vascular assembly and inosculation with the host vasculature. Initially, we assessed the extent and character of neovasculatures formed by freshly isolated and cultured SVF cells and found that freshly isolated cells have a higher vascularization potential. Generation of a 3D implant containing fresh SVF and HepG2 cells formed a tissue in which HepG2 cells were entwined with a network of microvessels. Implanted HepG2 cells sequestered labeled LDL delivered by systemic intravascular injection only in SVF-vascularized implants demonstrating that SVF cell-derived vasculatures can effectively integrate with host vessels and interface with parenchymal cells to form a functional tissue mimic.
Our Problems Are Your Sibling's Fault: Exploring the Connections Between Conflict Styles of Siblings During Adolescence and Later Adult Committed Relationships

The present study examined the connection between conflict styles used with siblings in adolescence and conflict styles utilized in current romantic committed relationships. Questionnaires were administered to 144 participants. Results indicate that multiple types of conflict styles used with siblings during adolescence correspond to similar conflict styles used in adult romantic relationships. Implications for therapy and family life education are discussed.
Microglia as liaisons between the immune and central nervous systems: functional implications for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). As the tissue macrophage of the CNS, microglia have the potential to regulate and be regulated by cells of the CNS and by CNS-infiltrating immune cells. The exquisite sensitivity of microglia to these signals, coupled with their ability to develop a broad range of effector functions, allows the CNS to tailor microglial function for specific physiological needs. However, the great plasticity of microglial responses can also predispose these cells to amplify disproportionately the irrelevant or dysfunctional signals provided by either the CNS or immune systems. The consequences of such an event could be the conversion of self-limiting inflammatory responses into chronic neurodegeneration and may explain in part the heterogeneous nature of multiple sclerosis.
Nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract An improved method is described for making chromosome spreads of the plasmodium of the myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum . It consists of isolating metaphase nuclei, spreading the chromosomes with hot lactic acid, and staining with acetic-orcein. Most sublines derived from the Backus Wis 1 sclerotium had about 1 pg of DNA per nucleus, and had nuclei with 50 and 75 chromosomes in both the growing and sporulating plasmodium. Mature spores contained 0.6 pg of DNA, and hatching amoebae had 20–25 chromosomes and 0.6 pg of DNA. Plasmodia of the homothallic Colonia strain had a nuclear DNA content of about 1 pg, and had 35–40 chromosomes during growth and sporulation. Polyploid plasmodial sublines were found which had 1.5 and 3 times the normal DNA content and chromosome number. The polyploid sublines had the same plasmodial protein:DNA and RNA:DNA ratios as normal cultures. DNA content of nuclei varied directly with nuclear surface area. Ploidy was determined by the parent amoebae and therefore can serve as a genetic marker. A simple technique is given for completing the life cycle of P. polycephalum axenically. Germinating spores are plated without bacteria on one-tenth strength semidefined plasmodial growth medium, containing 2% agar. Plasmodia are visible in 2–4 days.
Geophysical Characterization Of A Levee With Dc Resistivity And Electromagnetic Measurements

A geophysical characterization of a portion of American River levees in Sacramento, California was conducted in May 2007. Targets of interest included sand lenses that underlay the levees and the depth to a clay unit that underlies the sand. The concern is that the erosion of these sand lenses can lead to levee failure in highly populated areas of Sacramento. DC resistivity and electromagnetic surveys were conducted over a 6 mile length of the levee on roads and bicycle and horse trails. 2-D inversions were conducted on all the geophysical data. The OhmMapper and SuperSting surveys produced consistent inversion results that characterized the targets of interest. GEM-2 apparent resistivity data were consistent with the DC inversion results. However, the GEM-2 data could not be inverted due to large system drifts. While this would not be as large a problem in conductive terrains, it is a problem for a small induction number electromagnetic profiling system such as the GEM-2 in a resistive terrain (the sand lenses). Despite issues with the GEM-2 inversion, this geophysical investigation was successful in detection of the sand lenses and the depth to the clay zone of interest.
On non‐blocking switching networks

A switching network may be informally described as a collection of single-pole, single-throw switches arranged so as to connect a set of terminals called inputs to another set of terminals called outputs. It is non-blocking if, given any set of connections from some of the inputs to some of the outputs, and an idle input terminal x and idle output terminal y, then it is possible to connect x to y without disturbing any of the existing connections. Denote by σ(a, b) the minimal number of switches necessary to connect a inputs to b outputs using a non-blocking network. We are interested in studying the growth of σ(a, a) as a ∞. Results of C. Clos show that σ(a, a) ⩽ C ae2√log a·log 2. We show that σ(a, a) ⩽ 8a(log2a)2.
Beyond the continuum of care: conceptualizing day treatment for children and youth.

Traditionally, any program in the middle of the continuum of care—between inpatient and outpatient treatment on the dimensions of intensity and expense—has been called day treatment. This conception has yielded a diversity of programs, some of which are nebulously articulated and poorly understood. Day treatment should be thought of as an intervention designed to respond to the deficiencies of inpatient and outpatient care. Without a clear understanding of its unique features, day treatment programs will incorporate the weaknesses of inpatient and outpatient treatment. The distinctive features of day treatment are highlighted, using examples from the literature.
Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change

Lucky indeed are the students taking Richard Turco's course and using his book, Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change. They have an enthusiastic and communicative lecturer who is a true authority in his field and who passionately devotes his efforts to enlightening his students.The passion is evident in the text, but it never interferes with the rigor of the material presented. Earth Under Siege is based on lectures given by Turco in a popular course for undergraduate students of all stripes at the University of California at Los Angeles. Student knowledge that is provided by a high school college preparatory curriculum is assumed.The style is engagingly informal and the book is a delight to read. Sprinkled throughout are pithy comments, many humorous, that are designed to heighten student understanding and interest. They also reveal Turco's personal opinions about issues of air pollution. However, despite the title, it is clear that Turco is not an environmental zealot. He is scientifically accurate and thorough in presenting vital information about air pollution on all scales, local through global. He is also clear-eyed and nondoctrinaire in presenting social, political, and economic aspects of air pollution. His devotion is to the education of individuals who can become informed members of an environmentally aware society.
Ligands and Activators of Nuclear Hormone Receptors Regulate Epidermal Differentiation During Fetal Rat Skin Development

Because a protective barrier is essential for life, the development of the epidermis and stratum corneum must be completed prior to birth. The epidermal permeability barrier is comprised of corneocytes embedded in a lipid enriched matrix. Recent studies from our laboratory, using an explant model of fetal rat skin development that closely parallels in utero development, have shown that hormones and other activators of members of the nuclear receptor family regulate permeability barrier ontogenesis by stimulating lipid metabolism and the formation of the extracellular lipid lamellae. Using this model we sought to determine whether these hormones and nuclear activators also regulate keratinocyte differentiation during fetal development. Profilaggrin/filaggrin and loricrin expression, assessed by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry, were progressively increased during epidermal ontogenesis. Whereas profilaggrin/filaggrin and loricrin were not expressed at day 17 of gestation, by day 19 both were present in the upper layers of the epidermis and both became still more abundant by day 21. These developmental changes also occurred in fetal skin explants cultured in vitro for 4 d, although the expression levels did not appear as robust as in utero . Whereas neither profilaggrin/filaggrin nor loricrin were expressed in control explants cultured for 2 d, they were seen in explants treated with either thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, or estrogens. In contrast, dihydrotestosterone treatment delayed the expression of profilaggrin/filaggrin and loricrin. Moreover, both clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligand, and juvenile hormone III, a farnesoid X-activated receptor activator, markedly accelerated fetal epidermal differentiation, stimulating both profilaggrin/filaggrin and loricrin expression. Our results demonstrate that several hormones and activators of nuclear hormone receptors regulate epidermal differentiation during fetal development, affecting key constituents of both keratohyalin granules and the cornified envelope. Thus, a variety of ligands/activators of nuclear receptors accelerate not only permeability barrier ontogenesis, but also the expression of structural proteins essential for stratum corneum formation.
Alexander's Disease

This is the first pathologic report of an infant at 37 weeks' gestation with Alexander's disease. The findings demonstrate that the disease can arise in utero and be extensive at birth before myelination begins.
Multiple equilibrium solutions to the Bénard problem at the third critical Rayleigh number

Abstract The exceptional accuracy and stability properties of static and dynamic nodal integral techniques have allowed them to be used to investigate the fine structure of the Benard natural convection problem as a function of aspect ratio for the unfitted heated cavity. It was demonstrated that multiple unstable equilibrium solutions, corresponding to different values of net angular momentum, exist for the third critical Rayleigh number over the range of aspect ratios between approximately 1.1 and 2.5. These solutions were traced out by a path-dependent extrapolation process.
Exotic states of matter in heavy meson decays

The potential of decays of mesons containing heavy quarks [including B mesons and the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)]$ for producing final states of matter with unusual quark configurations, such as $\mathrm{qq}\overline{q}\overline{q}$ or $\mathrm{qqqq}\overline{q},$ is investigated. The usefulness of antineutron detection in such searches is stressed.
Construction of FLAG tagging vectors for Candida albicans

We have constructed three new vectors for Candida albicans (pFLAG-Act1, pFLAG-Mal2, and pFLAG-Met3). The proteins can be expressed as C-terminal FLAG-tagged proteins under the control of different promoters (ACT1, MAL2, and MET3). To confirm the protein expression, we used the Renilla reniformis luciferase and the drug efflux pump Cdr1p of Candida albicans as reporters. The luciferase protein expressed by the MET3 promoter was found to have the strongest activity of the three promoters when cultured in a methionine-depleted synthetic medium. Cdr1p was expressed as a C-terminal FLAG-tagged protein using either these vectors or PCR-mediated integration. The fluconazole resistance was increased by the Cdr1p expression in a CDR1 homozygous disruptant. The expressed proteins were detected by Western blotting using the anti-FLAG antibody. We also constructed a Cdr1p-FLAG expressing strain, in which we directly tagged Cdr1p with FLAG on the genome loci, using a PCR-based integrative marker cassette that was amplified using the pFLAG vector. We then confirmed the protein expression by Western blotting. Thus, these new vectors are useful as C. albicans genetic tools.
The sleeping and waking states of infants: Correlations across time and person

Abstract Study of the sleeping and waking states of infants was extended to the time domain by analyzing their temporal covariation over a 4-week interval using the intraperson correlation coefficient. As a methodological question, inter-person and intra-person correlation matrices were compared. Twenty-eight fullterm, normal infants were observed in the home weekly from 2 to 5 weeks of age. Over each 7-hour observation, the following states were recorded every 10 seconds: Alert, Non-Alert Waking Activity, Fussing, Crying, Daze, Drowse, Sleep-Wake Transition, Active Sleep, Quiet Sleep, and Unclassified Sleep (sleep during periods of the day when a mother was holding her baby). Data were obtained in two social contexts: when the baby was with the mother and when alone. Significant individual differences were found for each of the states in both social contexts. When the baby was alone, there were a greater number of intra-person correlations than inter-person correlations. All correlations between the waking states and Active Sleep or Quiet Sleep were negative, suggesting the hypothesis that the underlying neurobiological mechanisms may allow a degree of substitution among coupled sleep and wake states. This is an extension of the original hypothesis by Roffwarg, Muzio, and Dement. There were fewer systematic relationships among the states when the babies were with their mother in comparison with periods when they were alone. It was concluded that: (1) an intra-person analysis is the appropriate one for examining state as a process which occurs over time within individuals; (2) for some conditions an inter-person analysis may be substituted for the intra-person analysis; (3) mother-infant interactions account for the reduced number of state associations when the infant is with its mother; and (4) examination of the full range of sleeping and waking states is required for an understanding of the states as a behavioral system.
Adults' perceptions of infant sex and cuteness

Five experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between infant sex and adults' perceptions of infant physical attractiveness. College students rated the cuteness and/or sex of male and female infants at each of six age levels: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 months. The results indicated that (a) subjects had little difficulty assigning a sex label to infants, although in some instances the assigned label was incorrect; (b) older infants received higher cuteness ratings than younger infants; (c) cuter infants were more likely to be perceived as female than male; (d) Labeled Males received higher cuteness ratings than Labeled Females, although this effect was stronger for Perceived Males than for Perceived Females; and (e) perceived cuteness influenced perceived sex. Results are interpreted as generally supporting the existence of a sex stereotype related to physical attractiveness.