cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual motion: 3-D scene recovery using focal length-induced optic flow

Optic flow has shown to be a rich source of 3-dimensional scene structure. In this work we report on an approach that induces optic flow without camera motion. This approach has been suggested before but the core issue, shape matching across focal lengths was not addressed. We propose a model-based matching technique based on the physics of optical zooming. >
Traffic of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells.

Traffic of major histocompability complex Class II molecules in rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells
Fluorescent-antibody techniques for the identification of group D streptococci: direct staining method.

Abstract Fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques were employed in an attempt to develop a rapid test for the identification of group D streptococci. Fresh isolates were obtained from sewege and feces of sheep, cattle, horses, rabbits, chickens, geese, and rats. Identification to species were made by the conventional physiological, biochemical, and serological tests. Both whole and disrupted cells of representative strains of each species were used for the preparation of the group D streptococcus vaccine. Globulin fractions of individual and pooled antisera were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and the resulting conjugates were tested with homologous and heterologous antigens. The specificity of the conjugates and staining was assessed by adsorption and inhibition tests utilizing controls with homologous and heterologous antigens. Employing the direct staining method and individual and pooled conjugates, it was possible to obtain 84 and 85% positive FA reactions, respectively, with group D streptococcal strains. Trypsinization of the smears prior to staining eliminated all FA cross-reactions observed with non-group D streptococci and staphylococci. These findings suggest that the direct staining method will be of value in the rapid identification of group D streptococci.
Creating a Godless Community: The Collective Identity Work of Contemporary American Atheists

Based on 45 in-depth interviews, textual analysis, and participant observation with seven different atheist organizations, this article investigates the collective identity work of atheists in the United States. It explores the social psychological and interactional dynamics of atheist organizations as well as how they contribute to the construction and maintenance of atheist identities. I discuss the various strategies atheists employ as they collectively manage a stigmatized identity and negotiate the meaning of their atheism with one another and with the nonatheist public. This is accomplished in part through an analysis of the identity politics and minority discourse contemporary atheists currently engage. In addition, and more broadly, this study explores the relationship between collective identity and social action through an analysis and description of contemporary atheist activism.
Identification and quantification of vinpocetine and picamilon in dietary supplements sold in the United States

Vinpocetine and picamilon are drugs prescribed in many countries to treat a variety of cerebrovascular disorders. In the United States, vinpocetine and picamilon have never been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, but they are both available for sale directly to consumers as dietary supplements. We designed our study to determine the accuracy of supplement labels with regard to the presence and quantity of vinpocetine and picamilon. A validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array method was developed for the quantification of vinpocetine and picamilon. The separation was achieved using a reversed phase (C-18) column, photodiode array detection, and water/acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Vinpocetine and picamilon were detected at concentrations as low as 10 and 50 ng/mL, respectively. The presence of vinpocetine and picamilon was confirmed using reference standards. Twenty-three supplements labelled as containing vinpocetine were available for sale at two large supplement retail chains; 17 contained vinpocetine with quantities ranging from 0.3 to 32 mg per recommended daily serving. No vinpocetine was detected in six of the sampled supplements. The supplement label implied that vinpocetine was a constituent of lesser periwinkle in three of the supplements. Of the 31 picamilon supplements available for sale from a variety of retailers: 30 contained picamilon in quantities ranging from 2.7 to 721.5 mg per recommended daily serving. We found that consumers cannot obtain accurate information from supplement labels regarding the presence or quantity of vinpocetine and picamilon. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femtosecond laser photodisruption of primate trabecular meshwork: an ex vivo study.

PURPOSE. The femtosecond laser has been realized as an advantageous tool for micromachining, and the feasibility of employing it for surgical procedures has been investigated. A prior study demonstrated dose-dependent femtosecond laser photodisruption of peripheral corneal tissue through a gonioscopic lens in enucleated porcine eyes and of the trabecular meshwork (TM) in human corneoscleral rim tissues, with little collateral damage. The present study was undertaken to extend these efforts to ex vivo primate eyes. METHODS. Photodisruption of the TM in enucleated baboon eyes and human donor eyes was performed with a gonioscopic lens and a custom femtosecond laser ablation delivery system. Laser ablation was executed with a Titanium:Sapphire laser (800-nm wavelength), focused with a 0.15-NA lens, with the following settings: pulse duration, 45 fs; pulse energy, 60 to 480 J; pulse repetition rate, 1 kHz, total exposure time, 0.001 to 0.3 seconds. The laser lesions were evaluated by two-photon microscopy. RESULTS. Laser-induced lesions were consistently observed in the TM of the baboon and human eyes and visualized by two-photon microscopy. These oblique, trough-shaped lesions, which did not penetrate the juxtacanalicular region, had sharp edges and showed no evidence of thermal coagulation. The dimensions of the lesion increased linearly with both pulse energy and exposure time. CONCLUSIONS. The present study demonstrates that laser ablation of the TM ab interno in ex vivo primate eyes is feasible by a custom femtosecond laser ablation system with a gonioscopic lens. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:1198 –1204)
Pharmacological Prevention of Thromboembolism in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction is a well recognized problem with an increasingly significant impact on healthcare in the form of congestive heart failure (CHF). Advances in medicine have led to improved survival after myocardial infarction (MI) and as a result, an increased prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. An increased incidence of thromboembolism, especially stroke, in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction is also well recognized. Pharmacological strategies to prevent stroke have been proposed in numerous studies. For example, anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure has been shown to reduce mortality rates and the incidence of stroke; however, its role in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and normal sinus rhythm is unclear and utilization of anticoagulation in these patients varies widely. The role of aspirin to prevent thromboembolism in patients with CHF is controversial. The relatively new pharmacological agent ximelagatran, which has an advantage of unmonitored oral administration has the potential to change the anticoagulation strategy in patients with heart failure. Important trials to define optimal therapy for reducing the risk of thromboembolism and death in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and sinus rhythm include the recently reported WATCH (Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart failure) trial and the WARCEF (Warfarin versus Aspirin in Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction) trial, which is currently underway. The WATCH trial failed to outline significant differences between aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), warfarin, and clopidogrel in the primary composite endpoint of all-cause mortality, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke. Combined data from WATCH and WARCEF may provide sufficient statistical power to clarify outcomes such as stroke and death in patients with reduced cardiac ejection fraction. The pooled data may also help define optimal preventative measures for thromboembolism in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and sinus rhythm.
Mathematical Analysis of Nonlinear Helmbold-type Equations of Warfare☆

Abstract An important variable-coefficient nonlinear differential-equation model for combat between two homogeneous military forces is studied. Results for the representation of force-level trajectories are given as well as new important “simple-approximate” battle- outcome-prediction conditions. Such conditions are very significant in modern operations research for developing important insights into the dynamics of combat. Conditions are also investigated under which the nonlinear Helmbold-type differential-equation model may be transformed into a linear combat model. These results allow one to study inefficiences of scale in combat and provide important insights into the tradeoffs between quantity and quality of weapon systems.
NON-IODIDE RADIOACTIVITY IN COMMERCIAL SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM RADIO-IODIDE (I131)1

Some samples of commercially available solutions of sodium radio-iodide (I131) were found to contain radioactive iodine in a form electrophoretically and chromatographically different from iodide. This material (designated “S”) was anionic, was not affected by reducing agents in neutral or alkaline solution and its radioactivity could be converted almost completely to iodide by heating or by acidifying the solution. Errors in the estimation of thyroidal uptake of iodide could conceivably occur under certain circumstances if tracer solutions containing appreciable “S” were used. In the more recently available solutions of sodium radio-iodide (I131), some of which contained cysteine hydrochloride, only iodide-I131 has been detected.
“Cold” media victims

(1976). “Cold” media victims. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 15, The Early and Middle Childhoood Years of Schooling, pp. 120-125.
A simple test for toxicity of Number 2 fuel oil and oil dispersants to embryos of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

Abstract A simple test, using embryos of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, was employed to determine the toxicity of two commercial oil dispersants (Corexit 7664 and Corexit 9527) and toxicity of the water soluble fraction of Number 2 fuel oil (WSFoil) prepared with and without the addition of the dispersants. Tests revealed P. pugio embryos were similar to previously measured life stages in their sensitivity to WSFoil prepared without dispersants. They were approximately ten times more sensitive to water soluble fractions of dispersed oil, which may have been due to the increases in total hydrocarbons (measured analytically). Both temperature and salinity of the sea water affected toxicity of WSF prepared with dispersants, the most obvious effect being earlier onset of mortalities at higher temperatures. Differences observed in the onset of mortalities with WSF prepared with and without dispersants implicated egg-casing permeability as a factor in toxicity. The shrimp embryo toxicity test, described here for the first time, exhibited highly significant results, outstanding reproducibility and virtually 100% response within a narrow time interval.
Splenectomy in treatment of hemorrhagic purpura

Abstract A case of hemorrhagic (essential thrombocytopenic) purpura apparently cured by splenectomy is reported. Recovery has been maintained for four years and eight months and is complete from both clinical and hematologic standpoints. The disease appeared in the patient's first puerperium. Fifteen blood platelet counts were made over a period of six and one-half months and at no time was more than one platelet discovered on the slide. Six blood transfusions were given but failed to elicit platelet response. The bleeding time was sixty minutes. The pathologic report on the spleen showed little change from normal. The cause of hemorrhagic purpura is not known. The nature of the relationship between the platelet reduction and the purpura is obscure; clinical recovery may occur without return of platelets to the peripheral blood. The reason for the disappearance of the platelets is likewise a matter of speculation. A widely accepted hypothesis is disease of unknown nature of the reticuloendothelium, but the findings in the spleens removed at operation in this condition bring only slight support to this theory. Basis is lacking for regarding splenectomy as a strictly casual therapy of hemorrhagic purpura. Justification for the operation must be sought in the spectacular success of the intervention in some cases. Indications for the operation in a particular case are to be looked for in the gravity of the effect of the bleeding on the patient and the failure of medical measures and transfusions. Excessive bleeding at operation need not be feared.
DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS

Many disorders of the gastrointestinal tract have cutaneous manifestations. Thus, a careful examination of the skin may uncover clues to underlying diseases of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This article explores the alimentary-cutaneous relationship.
The dark side of trust: Conceptualizing and measuring types of communicative suspicion

This paper seeks to enhance understanding of how individuals go about making truth/lie judgments. In this paper, we argue for the existence of three distinct constructs related to suspicion (generalized communicative suspicion or “GCS,” situationally‐aroused or “state” suspicion, and lie‐bias), create and validate a measure of GCS, and provide a test of the relationship between these constructs. Results from three separate studies are reported. The first study tested the dimensionality and construct validity of a newly‐developed measure of GCS. The second study provided a replication of the GCS scale's factor structure, and further tested its construct validity by examining the scale in comparison to measures of several related constructs. The third study tested the predictive utility of this measure, and allowed for a test of the relationship between GCS, state suspicion, and lie‐bias. The results of all three studies are consistent with the validity of the GCS measure, and have important implications fo...
The effect of low temperature on yield and renewal cane production in relation to carbohydrate levels in roses

Abstract Rosa hybrida , cultivars ‘Samantha’ and ‘Cara Mia’, grafted on R. manetti , were subjected to 3 periods of 0° C night temperature during the 1978–1979 winter season, while the usual day temperatures were maintained. Significant increases in cane renewal were obtained after either a 23 December 1978 to 8 January 1979 or a 22 February 1979 to 23 March 1979 low-temperature treatment, but not after a 30 September 1978 to 30 October 1978 treatment. In the former 2 treatments, total non-structural carbohydrates were found to exceed 20% in leaves and 9% in stems. Plants in the October cold-night treatment and in the control treatment had lower carbohydrate levels. The cold night temperature treatments seriously upset timing of rose production for holidays, although more flowers were actually produced after the winter and late winter treatments than by the control plants. Possibly a shorter low temperature treatment could achieve the same effect with less disruption of the peak flowering-periods.
CLAP, a Novel Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing Protein in the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Pathway, Regulates NF-κB Activation and Apoptosis *

Abstract Molecules that regulate NF-κB activation play critical roles in apoptosis and inflammation. We describe the cloning of the cellular homolog of the equine herpesvirus-2 protein E10 and show that both proteins regulate apoptosis and NF-κB activation. These proteins were found to contain N-terminal caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs) and novel C-terminal domains (CTDs) and were therefore named CLAPs (CARD-like apoptoticproteins). The cellular and viral CLAPs induce apoptosis downstream of caspase-8 by activating the Apaf-1-caspase-9 pathway and activate NF-κB by acting upstream of the NF-κB-inducing kinase, NIK, and the IkB kinase, IKKα. Deletion of either the CARD or the CTD domain inhibits both activities. The CARD domain was found to be important for homo- and heterodimerization of CLAPs. Substitution of the CARD domain with an inducible FKBP12 oligomerization domain produced a molecule that can induce NF-κB activation, suggesting that the CARD domain functions as an oligomerization domain, whereas the CTD domain functions as the effector domain in the NF-κB activation pathway. Expression of the CARD domain of human CLAP abrogates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced NF-κB activation, suggesting that cellular CLAP plays an essential role in this pathway of NF-κB activation.
Flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel as inferred from velocity measurements

A photoionization technique was used to study flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel. Vertical surveys of the axial component of flow velocity just downstream from the nozzle exit were obtained, and estimates of freestream density were inferred from the velocity measurement technique. The pitot pressure was measured and compared to the average axial component of velocity as a function of time for the two cases when air and CO2 were used as test gases. Vertical velocity and static density profiles at the nozzle exit are presented for the case when CO2 was used as test gas. Experimental results were used to determine the diameter and uniformity of the test core at the nozzle exit and the duration of the quasi-steady flow period. These data are relevant to evaluation of the suitability of operating an expansion tube as an expansion tunnel. The expansion tunnel is an expansion tube with a conical nozzle positioned at the exit of the acceleration section, so that nozzle entrance flow conditions are hypersonic and characterized by hypervelocity.
Intracerebroventricular glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36) amide inhibits sham feeding in rats without eliciting satiety

Glucagonlike peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) and its receptors are present in several brain regions and may play a role in the physiological control of feeding. To investigate the effect of GLP-1 on eating in the absence of postingestive food stimuli, rats were implanted with gastric cannulas for sham feeding and lateral ventricular cannulas for infusion of GLP-1. Rats (n = 10) sham fed 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 45 min, beginning 5 min after intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of 2.5 microL of artificial cerebrospinal fluid with 0-30 microg of GLP-1 . Behaviors were observed each minute using a time-sampling technique. Additionally, lick-by-lick records of the microstructural pattern of sucrose intake were made during the first 15 min of each test for five rats receiving 3 and 10 microg of GLP-1. GLP-1 decreased sham-fed intake by as much as 50%, but GLP-1 did not terminate sham feeding. The frequency of observations of feeding was decreased, but the frequency of resting, the terminal item in the behavioral sequence of postprandial satiety in real feeding rats, did not reliably increase. No abnormal behaviors were observed. Although GLP-I did not affect the latency to begin sham feeding, it significantly reduced the initial rate of licking. GLP-I did not affect the motor aspects of licking, because the interlick intervals within individual bursts of licking or overall lick efficiency were normal. These data suggest that intracerebroventricular infusions of GLP-1 inhibit sham feeding by decreasing the orosensory positive feedback that drives licking, rather than by activating physiological satiating mechanisms or nonspecific mechanisms such as aversion or motor incapacity.
Allantoinase from shoot tissues of soybeans

Abstract Allantoinase, catalysing the hydrolysis of allantoin to allantoic acid, was isolated from leaves and fruits of soybeans. The enzyme was only partially
Optimization of anodic bonding to MEMS with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coatings

ABSTRACT This work describes full wafer encapsulation of released, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coated, multi-level polysilicon surface micromachines using the anodic bonding technique. This process has been utilized to protect fragile surface micromachines from damage due to particles, moisture contamination, and post-release die handling. The anodic bonding process was optimized to ensure strong glass-to-wafer bonds, while maintaining the effectiveness of liquid-phase and vapor-phase deposited SAM coatings. The temperature, time, and voltage effects on each SAM coating was analyzed. Glass-to-silicon and glass-to-SAM coated silicon had shear strengths of ~18 MPa. Glass-to-polysilicon bonds had lower shear strengths of ~10 MPa. Bonds were hermetic to 5x10 -8 atm-cm 3 /s. Keywords: anodic bonding, full wafer packaging, anti-stiction coatings, Pyrex 7740, surface micromachines 1. INTRODUCTION Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are sensitive to particle contamination and rough handling due to their small size and fragile nature. Wafer level encapsulation of microsystems helps to mitigate some of the common failure modes such as damage due to stress, moisture, handling, and particulates. This work describes a full-wafer packaging technique that mitigates these concerns. Several full-wafer packaging techniques that work to encapsulate MEMS inside cavities are eutectic bonding,
Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging

The positron emitting radionuclide 64Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of 64Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using 18F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of 64Cu compared with 18F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
Perceived coercion in substance abuse treatment: The eye of the beholder?

Aims: To examine potential differences in subjective perceptions of coercion between substance abuse professionals and clients in how they view events that trigger entry to treatment. Such differences may influence both the clinician's approach and the client's response to treatment.Participants, measurement and findings: Seventy-four substance abuse treatment outpatients and 75 certified substance abuse clinicians rated 15 treatment entry-related events based on the degree of choice an individual would have in entering treatment. Clients perceived internal sources of coercion as more coercive, whereas the clinicians perceived external items as more coercive. Furthermore, clients' views of external coercive events appeared to be more uni-dimensional than for internal events, whereas clinicians perceived internal events as more cohesive relative to external events.Conclusions: Discrepant perceptions of treatment entry triggers may impact the development of a working alliance and the use of motivational str...
Effects of Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension on the Newborn Lamb's Cardiovascular Responses to Rapid Hemorrhage

Summary Nineteen newborn lambs, spontaneously breathing room air, were hemorrhaged of 50% of their measured blood volume over a 30-min period. They were then observed for the following 90 min. No fluid or blood was reinfused during the study. Eight of the 19 lambs survived beyond the study period, the other 11 died at the end of the hemorrhage or during the recovery period. All lambs became hypotensive and bradycardic during the hemorrhage. All became tachycardic after the hemorrhage. Blood pressure of the survivors returned towards baseline levels whereas it continued to fall in the non-survivors. All animals became anemic, acidotic, and hypocarbic but remained normoxemic. Myocardial blood flow fell to approximately 50% of baseline levels in both survivors and non-survivors during, and at the end of the hemorrhage. It returned to near baseline levels in the survivors by 90 min posthemorrhage. Cerebral blood flow remained at baseline levels during the hemorrhage in the survivors but cerebral oxygen delivery decreased. Flow rose 10% above baseline levels 90 min after hemorrhage but oxygen delivery remained low. In the non-survivors, cerebral blood flow fell to 60% of baseline and cerebral oxygen delivery was 50% of baseline by the end of the hemorrhage. A group of five lambs was hemorrhaged and studied in the same fashion as the 19, except that they breathed 4.5% CO2 beginning 15 min before the hemorrhage, during the hemorrhage and 90 min recovery period. Four of these five survived the study period. They remained normocarbic and became more acidotic than the animals that breathed room air. Blood pressure and heart rate fell during hemorrhage but these decreases were less than in either group of room air breathing animals. During recovery they became tachy­ cardic and blood pressure returned to baseline levels. Myocardial blood flow increased 20% above baseline by the end of hemorrhage and 40% above baseline by 90 min posthemorrhage. Cerebral blood flow increased 40% above baseline during the hemorrhage and remained at that level at the end of hemorrhage and 90 min afterwards. The increase in brain blood flow was sufficient to maintain oxygen delivery to the brain at baseline levels throughout the experiment.
Emerging Biomarkers in Cognition

Knowledge of aging and dementia is rapidly evolving with the aim of identifying individuals in the earliest stages of disease processes. Biomarkers allow clinicians to show the presence of a pathologic process and resultant synapse dysfunction and neurodegeneration, even in the earliest stages. This article focuses on biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment caused by Alzheimer disease, structural magnetic resonance imaging, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography, and PET with dopamine ligands. Although these biomarkers are useful, several limitations exist. Several new biomarkers are emerging and a more biological characterization of underlying pathophysiologic spectra may become possible.
Title 16 united states code §55 and its implications for management of concession facilities in Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park is one of the nation's most scenic and ecologically/geologically important parks. Unfortunately, the park is subject to extensive development of concession facilities and associated high levels of visitor use. Those concerned with preservation of the park's resources have attempted to limit the types and extent of such facilities to reduce adverse impacts. Strictly speaking, resolution of the preservation versus use controversy must be based on whether the National Park Service is adhering to its legislative mandate to regulate development and use in the parks. The common interpretation of legislative mandates for national parks, including Yosemite, is that they call for a difficult balancing between the conflicting goals of preservation and use. Accordingly, although concession developments cause significant impacts, they usually have been interpreted to be within the legal discretion allowed the secretary of the interior. However, the usual interpretations of the meanings of legislative mandates for Yosemite National Park have not considered Title 16 United States Code §55, which is a very restrictive statute limiting concession facilities. Many of the limitations imposed on concession facilities by the plain language of the statute have been exceeded. If it can be shown that 16 United States Code §55 is a valid statute, the policy implications for park management in Yosemite National Park would be considerable — namely, that significant reductions in concession facilities could be required. This article examines whether the statute can reasonably be thought to be valid and encourages others to conduct further examination of this question.
Student Beliefs about Pascal Programming

This study examined the beliefs constructed by college students enrolled in an introductory course in Pascal programming regarding the larger programming process, including design, debugging, testing, and maintenance, as well as coding. Students rated programs on the criteria of ease of comprehension, ease of debugging and testing, ease of maintenance, modification, and extension, and quality of overall design; they also justified their ratings orally. These same interviews were repeated with expert programmers as the participants. The students' and experts' justifications showed that students noticed the advantages of avoiding complexity, while experts noticed the advantages of managing complexity. This article discusses these results in light of the constructivist framework and suggests implications for instruction.
Caregiving issues in the geriatric medical encounter

Most assistance to dependent older people is provided by family members. Although family assistance varies according to the nature and severity of patients' dependencies, common tasks include (1) giving physicians and other health care providers accurate information about symptoms, including type, duration, and severity; (2) managing the care of acute and chronic conditions, including arranging for physician visits and accompanying transportation, assisting with the preparation for and recovery from diagnostic procedures, and supervising or monitoring medical regimen adherence; (3) providing assistance with personal care and household management; and (4) planning and helping to make decisions regarding future personal and medical care, including the timing and setting of relocation to long-term care settings, the nature and intensity of medical interventions, and end-of-life care. Supporting families in these tasks and facilitating their optimal performance demands that the geriatric medical encounter be expanded to include families, This article outlines what is known about caregiving issues in the geriatric medical encounter and outlines practical suggestions for managing these issues.
Epidural and subarachnoid administration of opioids for nonmalignant pain: Technical issues, current approaches and novel treatments

As intraspinal opioid infusions are being offered to an increasing number of patients with chronic noncancer pain, technical considerations and complications have become important. For these technical considerations, there are points that are unclear and controversial and others that appear to be "minor" but, if missed, can lead to disastrous pump complications. Among the controversial areas are type of testing for a spinal infusion, method for needle placement in the spine, and type of pump. For the apparently minor considerations, important areas are attention to the method of puncture of the paraspinal fascia, anchoring of catheter, pump placement, and initial filling of the pump. As experience with these infusions is accumulated, and as the financial climate in medicine changes, the approaches to these techniques appear to be changing toward a general consensus. Recent scientific advances, both in newer analgesic substances and in innovative methods for intraspinal delivery of these substances, also are affecting these approaches.
On the removal of air-borne droplets by the human respiratory tract: I. The lung

Calculations as to the fate of air-borne particles in the respiratory tract are given in a paper by W. Findeisen (1935). It is the purpose of the present paper to extend and modify these calculations. The results obtained for total retention in the lungs are found to be in general agreement with published data (cf. Landahl and Herrmann, 1948). The calculated results also give information on the amounts deposited in various regions as well as the amounts retained in different fractions of expired air.
Preventive Asthma Care Delivery in the Primary Care Office: Missed Opportunities for Children With Persistent Asthma Symptoms

Abstract Objective To describe which National Heart Lung and Blood Institute preventive actions are taken for children with persistent asthma symptoms at the time of a primary care visit and determine how care delivery varies by asthma symptom severity. Methods We approached children (2 to 12 years old) with asthma from Rochester, NY, in the waiting room at their doctor's office. Eligibility required current persistent symptoms. Caregivers were interviewed via telephone within 2 weeks after the visit regarding specific preventive care actions delivered. Bivariate and regression analyses assessed the relationship between asthma symptom severity and actions taken during the visit. Results We identified 171 children with persistent asthma symptoms (34% black, 64% Medicaid) from October 2009 to January 2011 at 6 pediatric offices. Overall delivery of guideline-based preventive actions during visits was low. Children with mild persistent symptoms were least likely to receive preventive care. Regression analyses controlling for demographics and visit type (acute or follow-up asthma visit vs non-asthma-related visit) confirmed that children with mild persistent asthma symptoms were less likely than those with more severe asthma symptoms to receive preventive medication action (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14–0.84), trigger reduction discussion (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19–0.82), recommendation of follow-up (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.87), and receipt of action plan (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16–0.86). Conclusions Many children with persistent asthma symptoms do not receive recommended preventive actions during office visits, and children with mild persistent symptoms are the least likely to receive care. Efforts to improve guideline-based asthma care are needed, and children with mild persistent asthma symptoms warrant further consideration.
Effect of pyridine compounds on ammonia oxidation by autotrophic nitrifying bacteria andMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Ammonia oxidation, as measured by nitrite production, was inhibited by 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl-pyridine (nitrapyrin, N-serve) in the methane-oxidizing bacterium,Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, and the autotrophic nitrifying organisms,Nitrosococcus oceanus andNitrosomonas marina. 6-Chloropicolinic acid, a hydrolysis product of nitrapyrin, was ineffective as an inhibitor of ammonia oxidation by either the methanotroph or the autotrophs. Picolinic acid (2-carboxy-pyridine), in contrast, inhibited nitrification by the methane-oxidizing bacterium but not by the autotrophic cultures. Picolinic acid may provide a means for differentiating ammonia oxidation attributable to methanotrophs from that resulting from autotrophs in environmental studies.
Reported Prevalence of Drug Abuse Comorbidity in a City-wide Emergency Rooms System

Frequency and results of urine toxicology screens in a state-guided system of emergency rooms in a large city were compared with frequency and results of the same tests in the same population at a university-run intensive treatment psychiatric unit. Differences both in prevalence and in results were noted, with the emergency rooms testing significantly less patients than the intensive treatment unit and documenting a significantly lower rate of active substance abuse comorbidity to psychiatric disorders. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed, including clinical, attitudinal, and cost containment factors. These findings have a definite impact on treatment decision making, diagnostic precision, and validity of epidemiologic reports.
Simultaneous elimination of carryover contamination and detection of DNA with uracil-DNA-glycosylase-supplemented loop-mediated isothermal amplification (UDG-LAMP)

We report a one-pot, closed-vessel enzymatic assay that eliminates carryover contamination while preserving robust DNA amplification in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), providing reliable and rapid detection of target DNA in contaminated samples.
Sequence of centromere separation: Orderly separation of multicentric chromosomes in mouse L cells

Mouse L cells have many dicentric chromosomes and one with eight centromeres. All eight centromeres behave similarly until midmetaphase when most centromeres split into two units each in apparently quick succession but out-of-phase. This premature separation leaves one or perhaps two closely located centromeres intact, which separate at late metaphase-anaphase, drawing the two chromatids to opposite poles. Such dominance of one centromere over all others, though unexplained, ensures the lack of any mitotic abnormality such as bridges or fragments. These observations show that all the centromeres are retained as functional primary constrictions except for a change in functional regulation when more than one centromere are located on a chromosome.
Natural history of severe chronic fatigue syndrome.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the natural history of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in a severely ill group of patients at three points in time. Design: Patients were enrolled from April 1992 to February 1994 and were evaluated three times. Time 1 (at enrollment): history, physical evaluation, and psychiatric evaluation; Time 2 (median = 1.6yrs after initial evaluation): postal questionnaire to assess current condition; Time 3 (median = 1.8yrs after Time 2): medical and psychiatric evaluations. Setting: The New Jersey CFS Cooperative Research Center, an ambulatory setting. Patients: Twenty-three patients fulfilled the 1988 case definition for CFS and had symptom complaints that were substantial or worse in severity. All patients were ill less than 4.5 years; and none had a DSM-III-R psychiatric disorder in the 5 years before illness onset; none had substance abuse in the 10 years before enrollment. Main Outcome Measures: Severity of CFS symptoms was assessed by self-report questionnaires, laboratory tests, and medical examination. Psychological status was assessed using the Q-D15 and the Centers for Epidemiological Study—Depression Scale. At each time of evaluation, patients were categorized as severe, slightly improved, improved, and recovered. Results: Over the 4 years of the study, 13 patients remained severely ill, 9 improved but still fulfilled the 1994 case definition for CFS, and 1 recovered. Illness duration, mode of onset, psychiatric status or depressed mood at intake, or chemical sensitivity did not predict illness outcome. One patient was diagnosed with an alternate illness, but it probably did not explain her CFS symptoms. Mood improved for those patients whose illness lessened. Conclusions: The prognosis for recovery was extremely poor for the severely ill subset of CFS patients. The majority showed no symptom improvement and only 4% of the patients recovered. Illness severity between Times 2 and 3 remained stable.
Exploring a sustainable and public information ecology

This article explores the design and execution of an intentionally public information ecology by focusing on three of the primary communication activities (blogging, videos, and microblogging) taking place immediately before, during, and after a small international conference of digital media professionals. Drawing on an activity theory framework for analyzing data collected via an exploratory version of contextual inquiry, the author describes two interrelated categories of stabilizing moves for fomenting a public information ecology: those driven by the organization to maintain and publicize a coherent organizational identity narrative, and those driven by conference participants that sometimes diverge from that organizational narrative. Analyzing these two broad categories of stabilizing moves yields insights into how online writing practices may help foster effective and sustainable information ecologies.
Design of new tooth profiles for high-load capacity gears

Abstract A new method for the design of line-contact gear profiles is introduced in this paper. In this method, the deviation function technique will be applied to generate the new gear profiles. Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines will be implemented as the deviation functions. Compared to current line-contact gears of involute profiles, some of these new profiles could achieve greater average profile conformity, which results in decreased contact stresses, and could also achieve decreased bending stresses. Since these gears are capable of carrying higher loads than gears of equivalent sizes, there should be cost savings and reduced machine sizes in certain special applications
GAS-BODY-BASED CONTRAST AGENT ENHANCES VASCULAR BIOEFFECTS OF 1.09 MHz ULTRASOUND ON MOUSE INTESTINE

Abstract Anesthetized hairless mice were exposed to continuous or pulsed 1.09-MHz ultrasound with or without prior injection of a gas-body-based ultrasound contrast agent. Albunex® at a dose of 10 mL/kg increased the production of intestinal hyperemia, petechia and hemorrhages by continuous ultrasound. For pulsed ultrasound, with 10 μs pulses and 0.01 duty cycle, petechiae were produced for exposures as low as 1 MPa spatial peak pressure amplitude with added gas bodies. The enhancement of petechiae production was robust for pulsed exposure; for example, at 2.8 MPa, an average of 227 petechiae was obtained with added gas bodies, which was 30 times more than without the agent. The production of petechia was roughly proportional to the dosage of Albunex ® for pulsed exposure. Results did not appear to be strongly dependent on pulsing parameters, but long bursts (0.1 s) were somewhat more effective than pulses (10 μs). The observed vascular bioeffects appeared to involve both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms for continuous exposure, but to result primarily from gas-body activation for pulsed exposure.
Vetting the links of the web

Many web links mislead human surfers and automated crawlers because they point to changed content, out-of-date information, or invalid URLs. It is a particular problem for large, well-known directories such as the dmoz Open Directory Project, which maintains links to representative and authoritative external web pages within their various topics. Therefore, such sites involve many editors to manually revisit and revise links that have become out-of-date. To remedy this situation, we propose the novel web mining task of identifying outdated links on the web. We build a general classification model, primarily using local and global temporal features extracted from historical content, topic, link and time-focused changes over time. We evaluate our system via five-fold cross-validation on more than fifteen thousand ODP external links selected from thirteen top-level categories. Our system can predict the actions of ODP editors more than 75% of the time. Our models and predictions could be useful for various applications that depend on analysis of web links, including ranking and crawling.
Zwitterionic vs. charge-solvated structures in the binding of arginine to alkali metal ions in the gas phase

The relative alkali metal ion (M+) affinities between a side-chain functionalized amino acid in its canonical form (free acid) and the corresponding methyl ester (M = Li, Na, K, Cs), and between a zwitterionic amino acid and isomeric alkyl esters (M = Na), are determined in the gas phase based on the dissociation of A1–M+–A2 heterodimers, in which A1 and A2 represent ester and/or amino acid ligands (kinetic method). With all dimers studied, the affinities increase in the order free acid < ester < zwitterion. With this information at hand, the M+ affinities of arginine, which may bind M+ as a free acid or as a zwitterion, are compared with those of arginine methyl ester, which cannot form a zwitterion, and with those of the amino acid betaine, a permanent zwitterion. These experiments indicate that the Li+ and Na+ complexes contain the free acid form of arginine (charge solvation), whereas the complexes with the larger K+ and Cs+ ions contain zwitterionic arginine (salt bridge).
Studies of Aedes Triseriatus Oviposition Attractants Produced by Larvae of Aedes Triseriatus and Aedes Atropalpus (Diptera: Culigidae)

Holding waters of 4th-instar larvae of both Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) are shown contain an oviposition attractant for Ae. triseriatus adults. It is demonstrated that the attractants are contained in the volatile fraction of this material. Experiments in which physical contact with the larval holding water is prevented demonstrate the importance of olfactory mechanisms in oviposition site selection. Acetone extracts of eggs of Ae. triseriatus do not contain an oviposition attractant for this species.
Interlimb and within limb force coordination in static bimanual manipulation task

The aim of the study was to compare the coordination of hand grip (G) and load force (a force that tends to cause slippage of a grasped object; L) in static bimanual manipulation tasks with the same data obtained from the similar dynamic tasks. Based on the previous findings obtained from dynamic tasks, it was hypothesized that an increase in the rate of L change would be predominantly associated with a decrease in the coordination of the within limb forces (coordination of G and L of each hand as assessed through the correlation coefficients), while a decrease in coordination of interlimb forces (between two G and two L) will be less pronounced. Regarding the pattern of modulation of G, the same increase in L frequency was also expected to be associated with a decrease in G gain and an increase in G offset (as assessed by slope and intercept of the regression lines obtained from G to L diagrams, respectively), as well as with an increase in average G/L ratio. Subjects exerted oscillatory isometric L profiles by simultaneous pulling out two handles of an externally fixed device under an exceptionally wide range of L frequencies (0.67–3.33 Hz). The results demonstrated relatively high correlation coefficients between both the interlimb and within limb forces that were only moderately affected under sub-maximal L frequencies. Furthermore, the hypothesized changes in G gain and offset appeared only under the highest L frequency, while the G/L ratio remained unaffected. We conclude that, when compared with the dynamic tasks based on the unconstrained movements of hand-held objects that produce similar pattern of L change, the static manipulation tasks demonstrate a consistent and highly coordinated pattern of bilateral G and L under a wide range of frequencies. However, the neural mechanisms that play a role in the revealed differences need further elucidation.