cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental determination of the solubility of the assemblage paragonite, albite, and quartz in supercritical H2O

Abstract The concentrations of Na, Al, and Si in an aqueous fluid in equilibrium with natural albite, paragonite, and quartz have been measured between 350°C and 500°C and 1 to 2.5 kbar. Si is the dominant solute in solution and is near values reported for quartz solubility in pure H 2 O. At 1 kbar the concentrations of Na and Al remain fairly constant from 350°C to 425°C but then decrease at 450°C. At 2 kbar, Na increases slightly with increasing temperature while Al remains nearly constant. Concentrations of Si, Na, and Al all increase with increasing pressure at constant temperature. The molality of Al is close to that of Na and is nearly a log unit greater than calculated molalities assuming Al(OH) 0 3 is the dominant Al species. This indicates a Na-Al complex is the dominant Al species in solution as shown by Anderson and Burnham (1983) at higher temperature and pressure. The complex can be written as NaAl ( OH ) 0 4 ± nSiO 2 where n is the number of Si atoms in the complex. The value of n is not well constrained but appears to be less than or equal to 3. The results indicate Al can be readily transported in pure H 2 O solutions at temperatures and pressures as low as 350°C and 1 kbar.
CARTOGRAPHIC GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF MOIRE PATTERNS PRODUCED BY DOT TINT SCREENS

The physical attributes of moire patterns produced by tint screens, their arrangement, gray tone, orientation and size, may be mathematically defined in terms of their screen separation angle. In this paper equations for moires produced by dot tint screens with a square dot arrangement are theoretically derived and empirically verified. These equations provide a physical foundation for perceptual research into the visual effectiveness of moire patterns as area symbols on maps. Les proprietes materielles du moirage produit par les ecrans teintes, par leur disposition, par leur grise, par leur orientation et leurs dimensions peuvent etre definies mathematiquement en fonction de l'angle de separation de leur ecran. Dans le present document, on a calcule theoriquement et verifie empiriquement les equations du moirage produit par les ecrans teintes par points disposes en carre. Ces equations donnent une base materielle aux recherches en matiere de perception sur l'efficacite visuelle du moirage qui sert a repr...
A Comparison of Study Session Formats on Attendance and Quiz Performance in a College Course.

We compared two formats for optional study sessions offered to students in a research methods course. Study sessions alternated between a game format (e.g., Behavioral Jeopardy) and a student-directed question and answer format, presented in counterbalanced order across different sections of the same course. The results of the alternating treatments design in Study 1 indicated that, despite improvements in quiz performance relative to baseline, there were no consistent differences between the two formats on attendance at the study sessions or on weekly quiz performance. Similar results were obtained in a systematic replication (Study 2) in which opportunities to respond to game questions were equated across study sessions.
Diagenetic Model for Carbonate Rocks in Mid-Continent Pennsylvanian Eustatic Cyclothems: ABSTRACT

Diagenetic patterns in cyclic Mid-Continent Pennsylvanian carbonates are readily explained in terms of a predictive diagenetic model derived logically from the eustatic depositional model for widespread Pennsylvanian cyclothems. Transgressive shoal-water calcarenites are characterized by overpacking of grains, discernible neomorphism (with excellent preservation of structure) of originally aragonitic grains (ooids, green algae, mollusks), and ferroan calcite and dolomite cement, which indicate movement from the marine phreatic environment of deposition and diagenesis into the low-oxygen deeper burial connate zone, with substantial compaction before any cementation. Offshore invertebrate calcarenites associated with offshore ("core") shales also are characterized by overpa king of grains and ferroan carbonate cements, which indicate a similar diagenetic history. Regressive shoal-water calcarenites show a much greater variety of diagenetic features, including early marine cement rims and large-scale leaching of originally aragonitic grains, commonly with subsequent collapse of micrite envelopes, grain fragments, and overlying material in samples insufficient stabilized by early cement rims. This was followed by pervasive cementation by blocky calcite before much further compaction, then by ferroan calcite, and finally ferroan dolomite in remaining voids. This pattern indicates replacement of depositional marine phreatic water by meteoric water, which dissolved unstable carbonate grains and then deposited stable carbonate cements in environments that eventua ly became increasingly oxygen-depleted and otherwise chemically changed, probably as mixing-zone and deeper connate water moved back into the rock and replaced the meteoric water during and after the succeeding transgression. Trends in calcilutites are essentially similar to those in calcarenites of equivalent phase of deposition, with evidence of subaerial exposure and meteoric vadose soil formation in strata at the top of many regressive limestones. It is apparent that with the regression of the sea and emergence that terminated deposition of a cyclothem, meteoric water penetrated the permeable parts of the regressive carbonate and left its distinctive diagenetic patterns of early leaching and cementation before much compaction occurred, but rarely did meteoric water penetrate the impe meable offshore shale, which acted as a seal and allowed associated deep-water and underlying transgressive carbonates to become more deeply buried and substantially compacted before cementation, with unstable grains undergoing slow neomorphism in the absence of leaching. End_of_Article - Last_Page 580------------
Constructing Gangs: The Social Definition Of Youth Activities

Despite previous research, there remains no consensus on definitions of who is a gang member, what is a gang, and what is gang activity. This paper examines these issues based on results of a survey administered to two groups involved in responding to gangs—members of a gang task force and officers of an urban police department—and a group of juvenile detainees. Considerable differences are observed among the three groups in their appraisal of the extent and impact of gang activity, number of gangs and gang members, and gang-relatedness of five vignettes. The implications for formulating a policy response to gangs are discussed.
How “Proficient” Is Proficient? Bilingual Listeners' Recognition of English Words in Noise

Purpose Shi (2011, 2013) obtained sensitivity/specificity measures of bilingual listeners' English and relative proficiency ratings as the predictor of English word recognition in quiet. The current study investigated how relative proficiency predicted word recognition in noise. Method Forty-two monolingual and 168 bilingual normal-hearing listeners were included. Bilingual listeners rated their proficiency in listening, speaking, and reading in English and in the other language using an 11-point scale. Listeners were presented with 50 English monosyllabic words in quiet at 45 dB HL and in multitalker babble with a signal-to-noise ratio of +6 and 0 dB. Results Data in quiet confirmed Shi's (2013) finding that relative proficiency with or without dominance predicted well whether bilinguals performed on par with the monolingual norm. Predicting the outcome was difficult for the 2 noise conditions. To identify bilinguals whose performance fell below the normative range, dominance per se or a combination of d...
Effect of sleep deprivation on medical resident and student cognitive function: A prospective study

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive function test results decrease after a typical night of on-call duty, on the basis of the amount of sleep that is obtained. Study Design: Two standard cognitive functions tests (the Grooved Pegboard and California Verbal Learning Test II) were administered to the 30 participants who were members of the obstetrics and gynecology house staff and to medical students at Emory University School of Medicine. Each test was administered twice, before and after on-call duty. The data were analyzed with a paired two-tailed Student t test. Results: For the California Verbal Learning Test II, trial 5 showed a decrease in score of 0.8 ( P =.05) after on-call duty. Trials 1 through 5 showed a decrease in score of 3.5 ( P =.01). Conclusion: This finding suggests that cognitive function test scores do decrease after on-call duty. Scrutiny of this issue by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education is justified, and the issue should continue to be evaluated. Our finding suggests that a change in our current educational structure is warranted. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1198-1201.)
Heat transfer through single and double vertical walls in natural convection: Theory and experiment

The heat transfer through vertical partitions surrounded by thermally-stratified fluids is studied theoretically and experimentally. The theory is based on the Oseen linearization method. The analytical results show the effect of thermal stratification on the partition temperature, fluid flow and heat flux. The relationship between overall heat transfer (Nusselt number) and the degrees of thermal stratification on both sides of the partition is determined. The experimental part of the study confirms the heat transfer features predicted analytically. In particular, it is shown that the theoretical Nusselt number calculation is in good agreement with experimental measurements. It is shown also that the net heat transfer between the two ends of a rectangular enclosure is proportional to (1 + n)−0.61, where n is the number of vertical partitions inserted in the middle of the enclosure.
A posttranscriptional role for the yeast Paf1-RNA polymerase II complex is revealed by identification of primary targets.

Summary The yeast Paf1 complex (Paf1C: Paf1, Cdc73, Ctr9, Rtf1, and Leo1) is associated with RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) at promoters and coding regions of transcriptionally active genes, but transcript abundance for only a small subset of genes is altered by loss of Paf1. By using conditional and null alleles of PAF1 and microarrays, we determined the identity of both primary and secondary targets of the Paf1C. Neither primary nor secondary Paf1C target promoters were responsive to loss of Paf1. Instead, Paf1 loss altered poly(A) site utilization of primary target genes SDA1 and MAK21 , resulting in increased abundance of 3′-extended mRNAs. The 3′-extended MAK21 RNA is sensitive to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), as revealed by its increased abundance in the absence of Upf1. Therefore, although the Paf1C is associated with Pol II at initiation and during elongation, these critical Paf1-dependent changes in transcript abundance are due to alterations in posttranscriptional processing.
CaMKIIT287 and T305 regulate history-dependent increases in α agonist-induced vascular tone

CaMKII is a calcium and calmodulin-activated kinase that has been shown to regulate learning and memory in the brain, and contractility in blood vessels. Following Ca activation, CaMKII autophosphorylates, gaining a calcium-independent autonomous activity that reflects a molecular memory of having previously come into contact with calcium. The present study addresses whether the molecular memory properties of CaMKII are involved in the modulation of sustained vascular tone. We demonstrate a history-dependence of α agonist-induced vascular tone and show that CaMKII activation in vascular cells is also history dependent. Autophosphorylation of Thr287, which is classically associated with autonomous activity, does not persist during tone maintenance after transient increases in intracellular calcium levels. However, we have found that another site, Thr305, known from in vitro studies to be inhibitory, is regulated by α agonists in that the inhibitory action is removed, thus leading to a delayed reactivation of CaMKII as measured by Thr287 phosphorylation. By the use of a small molecule CaMKII inhibitor (KN93) as well as a decoy peptide (autoinhibitory peptide; AIP) we show a cause and effect relationship between CaMKII reactivation and sustained vascular tone maintenance. Thus, it appears that a complex interplay between the regulation of Thr305 and Thr287 provides a novel mechanism by which a history-dependence is developed and contributes to a new facet of molecular memory for CaMKII of relevance to vascular tone maintenance.
DAYS OF 1939 AND 1941

Hitler's decree on Bohemia and Moravia was read over the radio by Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in midmorning of 16 March 1939. (Czech president Emil Hacha heard the proclamation in his room in the castle.) Hitler appeared on a balcony of some building for a moment to greet jubilant Germans; inspected, in the castle courtyard, a group of Nazi students (in their role as victims of Czech terror); briefly received members of the Czech government and President Hacha in audience; and was gone again immediately. Magic Prague did not attract the Fuhrer; he slept over in the Sudetenland and the next day went by way of Olomouc and Brno to Vienna, where he took lodgings at the Hotel Imperial and announced two appointments: Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath became Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia, and K. H. Frank, his second-in-command, secretary of state.
It's all entertainment—sure. But what exactly is entertainment? Communication research, media psychology, and the explanation of entertainment experiences

Abstract This paper attempts to systematize current theoretical perspectives and empirical research on entertainment. Based on the notion that entertainment is a multidimensional construct that primarily describes the pleasant experiences of users while spending time with the media, less pleasant aspects of this sort of media usage are also taken into consideration. The proposition to reconstruct entertainment as a form of play is made. This perspective regards entertainment as a form of coping with reality and thereby encompasses the different functions, such as compensations, gratifications, and self-realization.
LKB1 and MO25 Demonstrate Significant Interaction with Myofilament Proteins

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energetic regulator in the heart that is activated by alterations in energetic status. AMPK has been shown to alter both metabolic status as well as contractile function in the heart. However to become fully activated, the upstream kinase complex LKB1/MO25/STRAD must phosphorylate AMPK. Recent evidence from our lab clearly illustrates that pre-incubation of demembranated cardiac trabeculae with the LKB1/MO25/STRAD complex (alone) can alter Ca2+-sensitivity of isometric tension development. The mechanism underlying the ability of the LKB1/MO25/STRAD complex to alter myofilament contractility is currently unknown. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the LKB1/MO25/STRAD complex alters myofilament contractility through a direct interaction with myofilament proteins. To test this hypothesis, cardiac trabeculae or cut papillary tissue was harvested from 2 month old male Sprague-Dawley rats following a Krebs-Henselet perfusion. Cardiac trabeculae or papillary strips were demembranated overnight and washed. Myofibrils were isolated and solubilized. Using western blot analysis we show that MO25 remained associated with myofibrillar proteins. Next, we incubated demembranated muscle strips with the LKB1/STRAD/M025 complex (0.02 U/μL) for thirty minutes at 30 C. Following incubation, myofibrils were isolated and solubilized. By western blot analysis, we show a significant increase in the amount of Mo25 as well as LKB1 associated with myofibrillar proteins over un-incubated controls (p=0.0354 and p=<0.0001 for MO25 and LKB1, respectively). We conclude that the myofibrillar proteins can interact with the LKB1/MO25/STRAD complex and that this may underlie the impact of this complex on contractile function. Future studies will be designed to address the physiological relevance of this interaction as well as determine the specific proteins that are interacting with the LKB1/MO25/STRAD complex.
A Comparison of Growth of Individual Meat Bacteria on the Lean and Fatty Tissue of Beef, Pork and Lamb

Growth of Hafnia alvei, Serratia liquefaciens, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus curvatus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides on inoculated lean and fat tissue of beef, pork and lamb was investigated. Increases in H. alvei, S. liquefaciens and L. plantarum counts on refrigerated beef and pork fat usually were greater (P<0.05) than on comparable lean samples. On dark-firm-dry (DFD) beef, these differences in counts between lean and fat samples were smaller or disappeared. Increases in L. mesenteroides and L. curvatus counts on fat were either smaller than or did not differ from those on lean samples. Sour, buttermilk-like off-odors were the most common defect on stored samples.
Embeddings into the Medvedev and Muchnik lattices of Π01 classes

Let w and M be the countable distributive lattices of Muchnik and Medvedev degrees of non-empty Π10 subsets of 2ω, under Muchnik and Medvedev reducibility, respectively. We show that all countable distributive lattices are lattice-embeddable below any non-zero element of w. We show that many countable distributive lattices are lattice-embeddable below any non-zero element of M.
Gating on germinal center B cells

During adaptive immune responses, lymphocyte activation takes place in the germinal centers (GCs) of secondary lymphoid organs. Dissecting the populations that participate in the GC process is, by definition, difficult. In this issue of Blood , Jackson and colleagues report that a small percentage (
UFD4 lacking the proteasome-binding region catalyses ubiquitination but is impaired in proteolysis.

The ubiquitin system recognizes degradation signals of protein substrates through E3–E2 ubiquitin ligases, which produce a substrate-linked multi-ubiquitin chain. Ubiquitinated substrates are degraded by the 26S proteasome, which consists of the 20S protease and two 19S particles. We previously showed that UBR1 and UFD4, two E3 ligases of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interact with specific proteasomal subunits. Here we advance this analysis for UFD4 and show that it interacts with RPT4 and RPT6, two subunits of the 19S particle. The 201-residue amino-terminal region of UFD4 is essential for its binding to RPT4 and RPT6. UFD4 ΔN, which lacks this N-terminal region, adds ubiquitin to test substrates with apparently wild-type activity, but is impaired in conferring short half-lives on these substrates. We propose that interaction of a targeted substrate with the 26S proteasome involves contacts of specific proteasomal subunits with the substrate-bound ubiquitin ligase, with the substrate-linked multi-ubiquitin chain and with the substrate itself. This multiple-site binding may function to slow down dissociation of the substrate from the proteasome and to facilitate the unfolding of substrate through ATP-dependent movements of the chaperone subunits of the 19S particle.
Stability of several iron and rhodium ternary oxides in a reducing atmosphere

Abstract The relative stability towards reduction of iron and rhodium in the delafossite and perovskite structures is correlated with the free energy of formation of α-Fe2O3 and Rh2O3.
Verifiable resource accounting for cloud computing services

Cloud computing offers users the potential to reduce operating and capital expenses by leveraging the amortization benefits offered by large, managed infrastructures. However, the black-box and dynamic nature of the cloud infrastructure makes it difficult for them to reason about the expenses that their applications incur. At the same time, the profitability of cloud providers depends on their ability to multiplex several customer applications to maintain high utilization levels. However, this multiplexing may cause providers to incorrectly attribute resource consumption to customers or implicitly bear additional costs thereby reducing their cost-effectiveness. Our position in this paper is that for cloud computing as a paradigm to be sustainable in the long term, we need a systematic approach for verifiable resource accounting. Verifiability here means that cloud customers can be assured that (a) their applications indeed physically consumed the resources they were charged for and (b) that this consumption was justified based on an agreed policy. As a first step toward this vision, in this paper we articulate the challenges and opportunities for realizing such a framework.
Higher order optimal approximation of Csiszar's f-divergence

Abstract Here are established various sharp and nearly optimal probabilistic inequalities giving the high order approximation of Csiszar's f -divergence between two probability measures, which is the most essential and general tool for their comparison. The above are done through Taylor's formula, generalized Taylor–Widder's formula, an alternative recent expansion formula. Based on these we give many representation formulae of Csiszar's distance, then we estimate in all directions their remainders by using either the norms approach or the modulus of continuity way. Most of the last probabilistic estimates are sharp or nearly sharp, attained by basic simple functions.
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy likely affects up to one-third of adults with diabetes. All diabetic patients are likely to develop peripheral neuropathy if they live sufficiently long. Recognition is crucial for initiation of the preventive strategies that have been demonstrated to decrease the potential risk for the development of diabetic foot ulcers, foot infection, Charcot foot, or amputation. The mainstay of current treatment is optimal glucose and hemoglobin A(1C) control. Drug therapy has limited potential for controlling the associated pain. Alternative methods of treatment have thus far demonstrated limited success.
The split-brain neonate: a surgical method for corpus callosum section in newborn kittens.

One way to determine the importance of interhemispheric interaction in the development of adaptive and acquired behavior is to section completely the corpus callosum about the time of birth before myelination commences and before any significant hemispheric interaction takes place. Therefore, we developed a technique for commissurotomy in the neonatal kitten 36 to 72 hr of age. A specially designed “commissurotomy knife” was used which eliminated retraction of the hemispheres. Histology showed completeness of corpus callosum section as well as commissure of the fornix without any apparent damage to cortical or subcortical structures. This technique meets the following criteria: (1) reproducibility of lesions without additional nonspecific damage; (2) minimal exposure and manipulation of the delicate newborn brain; (3) brief operational procedure minimizing risk of infection; and (4) low mortality rate.
Quantum Mechanical Calculations on Selectivity in the KcsA Channel: The Role of the Aqueous Cavity

We have carried out quantum calculations on selected residues at the intracellular side of the selectivity filter of the KcsA potassium channel, using the published X-ray coordinates as starting points. The calculations involved primarily the side chains of residues lining the aqueous cavity on the intracellular side of the selectivity filter, in addition to water molecules, plus a K+ or Na+ ion. The results showed unambiguously that Na+ significantly distorts the symmetry of the channel at the entrance to the selectivity filter (at the residue T75), while K+ does so to a much smaller extent. In all, three ion positions have been calculated: the S4 (lowest) position at the bottom of the selectivity filter, the top of the cavity, and the midpoint of the cavity; Na+ is trapped at the cavity top, while K+ is cosolvated by the selectivity filter carbonyl groups plus threonine hydroxyl groups so that it can traverse the filter. Only one water molecule remains in the K+ solvation shell at the upper position in...
Acute effects of intraoperative multisite ventricular pacing on left ventricular function and activation/contraction sequence in patients with depressed ventricular function.

Multisite Pacing Effect on LV Function. Introduction: We hypothesized that simultaneous right and left ventricular apical pacing would result in improvement in left ventricular function due to improved coordination of segmental ventricular contraction. Structural changes in ventricular muscle present in dilated cardiomyopathy compromise ventricular excitation and mechanical contraction. Methods and Results: Eleven patients with depressed left ventricular function having cardiac surgery underwent epicardial multisite pacing with continuous transesophageal echocardiographic imaging. Quantitative measurement of percent fractional area change was performed, and segmental changes in contraction sequence resulting from simultaneous right and left ventricular pacing were assessed by application of phase analysis to recorded transesophageal images. There was no statistically significant difference between the paced QRS duration achieved with simultaneous right and left ventricular apical pacing and the native QRS duration (139 ± 39 msec vs 106 ± 18 msec, P = NS), but all other paced modes resulted in longer QRS durations. Percent fractional area change improved with simultaneous right and left ventricular apical pacing hut not with other paced modes (41.5 ± 11.9 vs 34.3 ± 9.7, P < 0.01). Phase analysis demonstrated a resequencing of segmental left ventricular activation/contraction when compared to baseline ventricular activation. Conclusion: Simultaneous right and left ventricular apical pacing results in acute improvements in global ventricular performance in patients with depressed ventricular function. Improvements may result from pacing-induced global coordination through recruitment of left and right ventricular apical and septal segments critical to effective ventricular contraction.
Evaluation of Hydrous Ethanol Combustion in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor

The use of commercial hydrous ethanol reduces the energy cost of producing that fuel, and results in a larger net energy gain per dollar invested. Current production of commercial grade ethanol contains 5% water, and is used routinely in gasoline engines, primarily as an additive, and is currently being considered for use in gas turbines. In this study ethanol is burned in a swirl-stabilized combustor, air is introduced at a constant flow rate through a dump diffuser, and fuels ranging from 0%–20% water in ethanol are injected via pressure-orifice atomizing nozzles. The goal of the study is to examine the combustion characteristics of hydrous ethanol and to make an assessment of its suitability for a gas turbine engine. The flame structure is observed using high speed OH and CH radical chemiluminescence imaging. These observations, combined with overall metrics such as lean blowout, flame holding, heat release and emissions, are a necessity in obtaining the complete picture of hydrous ethanol combustion and are required to fully evaluate hydrous fuel as an option in continuous flame applications.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Long-term automated surveillance of a commercial nuclear power plant

Abstract A pattern recognition system for monitoring nuclear reactor signals is presented. The system is based on detecting deviations from baseline signatures learned automatically during normal plant operation. The capabilities and limitations of the recognition approach were investigated during a 2 1 2 - year continuous, on-line series of experiments at the Sequoyah-1 nuclear power plant.
Structure of ligand-gated ion channels: critical assessment of biochemical data supports novel topology.

Abstract Rapidsignaling across the synaptic junction is partially mediated by the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily (LGICS), which includes inhibitory glycine and GABA receptors and excitatory acetylcholine and serotonin receptors. The glycine receptor (GlyR) can assemble as homopentamers of α subunits, and baculovirus expression systems are capable of overexpressing large quantities of active receptors. Limited proteolysis coupled to mass spectrometry on reconstituted α1 GlyR homopentamers identified proteolytic cleavages within proposed transmembrane domains postulated to fold as bilayer-spanning α helices in the “classical” model and identified unexpected membrane-associated regions in the N-terminal domain (J. F. Leite et al., 2000, J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13683–13689). In this review, optimized sequence alignments were used to integrate these proteolysis data with biochemical information determined in studies of all the LGICS members in order to construct a novel topological model.
The Radioimmunoassay of Human Urinary Kallikrein and Comparisons with Kallikrein Activity Measurements

Human urinary kallikrein was purified to homogeneity, and an antiserum to it was raised in rabbits. A RIA was devised which uses this rabbit antiserum (Keq= 2.75 × 1011 M-1) in a final dilution of 1:2,500,000 and the purified kallikrein labeled with 125I using a lactoperoxidase method. Assay sensitivity is 8 pg kallikrein. Thus far, the assay is specific for human and perhaps monkey urinary kallikrein. Correlations between this assay of immunoreactive kallikrein and the α-N-Tosyl-L-arginine-[3H]methylester (Tos-Arg-OMe) activity method or a kininogenase assay were highly significant (r = 0.94 and 0.96, respectively) and show that each assay measures human urinary kallikrein comparably. Low or high dietary sodium intakes,maneuvers known to change human urinary Tos-Arg-OMe esterase excretion, change immunoreactive kallikrein to an equivalent degree. Normal black children, already known to excrete significantly less Tos-Arg-OMe esterase than white children, excrete similarly reduced amounts of immunoreactive...
Low-Temperature Saturation of the Dephasing Time and Effects of Microwave Radiation on Open Quantum Dots

The dephasing time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ of electrons in open semiconductor quantum dots, measured using ballistic weak localization, is found to saturate below $\ensuremath{\sim}100\mathrm{mK}$, roughly twice the electron base temperature, independent of dot size. Microwave radiation deliberately coupled to the dots affects quantum interference indistinguishably from elevated temperatures, suggesting that direct dephasing due to radiation is not the cause of the observed saturation. Coulomb blockade measurements show that the applied microwaves create sufficient source-drain voltages to account for dephasing due to Joule heating.
A toxicologically based weight-of-evidence methodology for the relative ranking of chemicals of endocrine disruption potential.

Abstract A toxicologically based predictive scheme is presented for quantitatively ranking chemical agents with respect to their capacity to ensure endocrine disruption in target species based on short-term bioassays. Criteria providing the predictive framework include: (1) endocrine disruption as a multistage process, (2) phylogenetic considerations, (3) model system, and (4) estrogenic potency. Relative rankings were calculated for 15 environmentally relevant agents reported to have endocrine-disrupting effects. The relative ranking process offers a procedure for assessing the potential of endocrine disruption and for identifying data gaps for specific chemical agents. Although the current scheme is limited to “estrogenic” agents, it is anticipated that future refinements (e.g., incorporation of antiestrogenic potency data) will improve the system.
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1)-mediated Phosphorylation Is Governed by Competition between Substrates for Interaction with Raptor

In this study, the interaction of mTORC1 with its downstream targets p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1 was evaluated in both mouse liver and mouse embryonic fibroblasts following combined disruption of the genes encoding 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2. Phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was dramatically elevated in the livers of mice lacking 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 following feeding-induced activation of mTORC1. Immunoprecipitation of mTORC1 suggested that elevated phosphorylation was the result of enhanced interaction of p70S6K1 with raptor. These findings were extended to a cell culture system wherein loss of 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 resulted in elevated interaction of p70S6K1 with IGF1-induced activation of mTORC1 in conjunction with an enhanced rate of p70S6K1 phosphorylation at Thr-389. Furthermore, cotransfecting HA-p70S6K1 with 4E-BP1, but not 4E-BP1(F114A), reduced recovery of mTORC1 in HA-p70S6K1 immunoprecipitates. Together, these findings support the conclusion that, in the absence of 4E-BP proteins, mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of p70S6K1 is elevated by a reduction in competition between the two substrates for interaction with raptor.
The treatment of adult obesity through direct manipulation of specific eating behaviors.

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of three different conditions on weight loss in adult obese subjects. The three conditions were: (1) Monitoring-Contract (MC) in which subjects were reinforced by the return of a valued possession for changes in eating habits; (2) Monitoring (M); and Attention-Placebo (AP). Subjects in the MC group lost significantly more absolute weight and a significantly greater percentage of weight at the end of treatment than did the subjects in the M and AP groups. These changes were still manifested at a 2 month and a 6 month follow-up. The long-term advantages of a weight reduction program which focuses on gradual and systematic weight loss through changes in eating habits are discussed.
Pacific Decadal Variability: Paced by Rossby Basin Modes?

AbstractA systematic study is presented of decadal climate variability in the North Pacific. In particular, the hypothesis is addressed that oceanic Rossby basin modes are responsible for enhanced energy at decadal and bidecadal time scales. To this end, a series of statistical analyses are performed on a 500-yr control integration of the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3). In particular, a principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis is performed to identify modal behavior in the subsurface pressure field.It is found that the dominant energy of sea surface temperature (SST) variability at 25 yr (the model equivalent of the Pacific decadal oscillation) cannot be explained by the resonant excitation of an oceanic basin mode. However, significant energy in the subsurface pressure field at time scales of 17 and 10 yr appears to be related to internal ocean oscillations. However, these oscillations lack the characteristics of the classical basin modes, and must either be deformed beyond recogni...
Hemangiomas of the salivary glands

Five salivary gland hemangiomas in adults are reported. The feasibility of preoperative diagnosis on clinical and radiologic grounds is emphasized. Adult hemangiomas are of the cavernous type and can be differentiated from infantile capillary hemangiomas clinically as well as histologically. Cavernous hemangiomas in the adult should be treated by surgical excision.
Evolution of HCN by thermal oxidative degradation from nylon 66 at high temperatures including burning

Work on the evolution of HCN from nylon 66 was extended to temperatures from ca. 300 to 695°C. Below ca. 300°C the evolution of HCN is governed by chemical decomposition, and above 300°C the evolution is controlled by diffusion. Above 530°C oxidation of HCN becomes noticeable and ignition occurs at 590°C. The rate constants for all of the temperature ranges and for the oxidation of HCN are given in terms of Arrhenius equations. The activation energy for the oxidation of HCN before ignition (590°C) is reached is 47 kcal/mole, and beyond this point, the oxidation is controlled by diffusion. The rate constants increase linearly with oxygen concentration as long as HCN oxidation is negligible; however, they pass through maxima if HCN oxidation is appreciable (some HCN is evolved even in the absence of oxygen). A new flash degradation apparatus has been constructed for these high-temperature ranges and a degradation mechanism has been proposed which is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.
Verbs of Inherently Directed Motion Are Compatible with Resultative Phrases

Levin and Rappaport Hovav (1995) (henceforth L&RH) show that resultative predication serves as a diagnostic for unaccusativity in English: if a resultative can be predicated of the single argument of a monadic verb, that verb is unaccusative. However, they point out that if a monadic verb cannot occur with a resultative, it does not necessarily follow that the verb in question is not unaccusative. For example, they conclude on the basis of (1) *Willa arrived breathless that the subclass of unaccusatives they call verbs of inherently directed motion (henceforth VIDMs) are incompatible with resultatives for independent reasons. In this squib I argue that L&RH's account for the apparent incompatibility of resultatives with VIDMs cannot be maintained and that the ungrammaticality exhibited by (1) is found with all unaccusatives. Thus, it cannot be concluded on the basis of this example that VIDMs are incompatible with resultatives. Given L&RH's explanation for the types of resultatives that can occur with inherently delimited verbs like breath, I argue that VIDMs, like all inherently delimited unaccusatives, are compatible with resultatives
Mechanism for the formation of synaptic projections in the arthropod visual system.

THE axons of photoreceptors in arthropods project in a precisely ordered manner from the retina to the lamina. As retina and lamina consist of two-dimensional arrays of structural units (the ommatidia and the cartridges, respectively), a particular unit of origin and a specific target unit can be defined uniquely for each axon. In a number of species, such as water fleas1, crabs2 and locusts3, all axons originating from an ommatidium terminate in the same cartridge, where they form synapses onto laminar neurones. How is a particular target cartridge selected by the retinular axons as they grow into the laminar anlage during embryogenesis? The adult pattern of projections could arise in several ways. For example, each ommatidium and each cartridge could have unique chemical labels varying with or according to their positions in their respective domains. Input and target could then be matched by a chemoaffinity mechanism such as that originally proposed by Sperry4 for the formation of vertebrate retinotectal connections. A second possibility is that retinular fibres do not recognise any specific labels in the laminar cells, but grow into this region in the appropriate spatio–temporal order to sequentially fill available sites in a pre-formed laminar array. In a variation of this second mechanism the lamina would be unstructured at the time of arrival of retinular axons and the axons would impose a pattern on the lamina by sequentially recruiting immature laminar neurones to form the regular array of cartridges. These possibilities have been tested by deleting ommatidia at specified developmental stages in Daphnia magna, a small branchiopod crustacean with a total of 22 ommatidia and 22 cartridges1. The observations reported here support the last hypothesis, that the order of retinular axon ingrowth determines the retino–laminar projections in this organism.
Studies on the functional role of α-adrenoceptors in the cardiac sympathetic ganglia of the dog

Abstract Inhibitory α-adrenoceptors were studied in cardiac ganglia of pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Blockade of α 1 - or α 2 -adrenoceptors augmented preganglionic nerve stimulation induced tachycardia without altering the response to postganglionic nerve stimulation. The effect produced by blockade of ganglionic α 1 -adrenoceptors with terazosin had different frequency-response characteristics from, was smaller magnitude than, and was additive with the effect produced by blockade of ganglionic α 2 -adrenoceptors with rauwolscine. The response to activation of ganglionic nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the absence of electrical stimulation of the preganglionic nerve was not affected by blockade of either α 1 - or α 2 -adrenoceptors. The response to nicotinic cholinergic receptor activation during periods of continuous preganglionic nerve stimulation was augmented following blockade of α 2 -adrenoceptors but unaffected by α 1 -adrenoceptor blockade. These results suggest that there are two different inhibitory pathways involving α-adrenoceptors in mammalian sympathetic ganglia and provide evidence that these inhibitory pathways are operative under the experimental conditions of ganglionic transmission.
The oscilloscopic view: Retinal illuminance and contrast of point and line targets

The specification of intensity of self-luminous point and line targets, such as those created on cathode-ray tubes, is discussed and methods are outlined for measuring it and deducing the resulting retinal illuminance. The calculations can be extended to the specification of contrast by combining them with the more traditional method of identifying the retinal illuminance provided by uniform backgrounds. Such values of contrast are not independent of observation distance.
Relationships among probability distributions of stream discharges in floods, climate, bed load transport, and river incision

per unit area of drainage basin (an effective precipitation rate P )t oa: a � 1 / P n , where n � 1.6. Using this relationship, we confirm that rivers in arid regions should incise less rapidly as climate becomes yet more arid. (If no water flows, the ‘‘river’’ transports no sediment.) Whether aridification of an initially humid environment leads to increased or decreased incision rates, however, depends on the minimum (threshold) discharge capable not only of transporting bed load but also sufficient to scour alluvium from the riverbed and then erode the bedrock. The curve fit relating P to a implies that for aridification to accelerate incision, floods that recur only once or twice per millennium (or less frequently) must carry out most of the incision. An overestimate of n could permit smaller, more frequent floods to incise, but it appears that in only special circumstances will aridification accelerate steam incision.
A COMPARISON OF TWO ABSTRACTING SERVICES FOR SURGICAL LITERATURE, AND SOME FACTORS IN THE COMPARISON OF ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES

The suspension of some of the great German medical abstracting services during World War II and the keenly felt need for a comprehensive abstracting service in English, particularly for clinical medicine, brought about the establishment of Excerpta Medica as a non‐profit organization in 1947. Since its inception the service has expanded into several sections covering not only the usual divisions of clinical and preclinical medicine but also subjects like Cancer and Tuberculosis which are of present‐day interest and importance. Now that some of the German abstracting services have been revived there is apt to be some amount of duplication between them and Excerpta Medica, and the small library in particular has to evaluate them to get the best for the money or the most suitable for its purposes.
Application of reflectometer techniques to accurate reflection measurements in coaxial systems

The theory of a single directional-coupler reflectometer having two auxiliary tuners is reviewed, giving emphasis to precision-measurement possibilities. Problems in setting up this system for measurements in coaxial line are discussed, and a system for measurements in the frequency range 3.95?5.85 Gc/s is described. The development of ?/4 short-circuit reflection standards and sliding terminations is presented. The results of measurements of the reflection from connectors and various loads at 4Gc/s are given.
A Study on Cultural Awareness through Commercials and Writing.

ABSTRACT This study presents the results of two groups of Spanish compositions from fifth-semester students. The written assignment was to compare the cultural differences observed in a television commercial shown in the classroom. The participants were divided into two groups: Group NCD (the Non-Culture Discussion Group) was given the writing task with no pre- or postviewing culture-discussion activities; Group CD (the Culture Discussion Group) was given the same writing task with pre- and postviewing culture discussion activities. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to assess the students' ability to observe cultural differences between the target culture and their native culture as presented in the commercial, and 2) to assess how the procedures to view the commercial affected the quality of their writing. The compositions were compared observing the cultural themes and the writing skills. The results indicate the importance of follow-up activities, such as those used with Group CD, for the commercial viewing.
Internal Disinhibition Predicts Weight Regain Following Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance

Objective: The disinhibition scale of the Eating Inventory predicts weight loss outcome; however, it may include multiple factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the disinhibition scale and determine how its factors independently relate to long-term weight loss outcomes. Research Methods and Procedures: Exploratory factor analysis of the disinhibition scale was conducted on 286 participants in a behavioral weight loss trial (TRIM), and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on 3345 members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a registry of successful weight loss maintainers. Multivariate regressions were used to examine the relationships between the disinhibition scale factors and weight over time in both samples. Results: Using baseline data from TRIM, two factors were extracted from the disinhibition scale: 1) an “internal” factor that described eating in response to internal cues, such as feelings and thoughts; and 2) an “external” factor that described eating in response to external cues, such as social events. This factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis in the NWCR. In TRIM, internal disinhibition significantly predicted weight loss at 6 months (p = 0.03) and marginally significantly predicted weight loss at 18 months (p = 0.06), with higher levels of internal disinhibition at baseline predicting less weight loss; external disinhibition did not predict weight loss at any time-point. In NWCR, internal disinhibition significantly predicted one-year weight change (p = 0.001), while external disinhibition did not. Discussion: These results suggest that it is the disinhibition of eating in response to internal cues that is associated with poorer long-term weight loss outcomes.