cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of criteria for Predicting erosion and accretion on an estuarine sand beach, Delaware Bay, New Jersey

Predicting erosion and accretion of sand beaches in estuaries is important to managing shoreline development and identifying potential relationships between biological productivity and beach change. Wave, sediment and profile data, gathered over twenty-nine days on an estuarine sand beach in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, were used to evaluate the performance of four criteria that predict beach erosion and accretion due to wave-induced cross-shore sediment movement (Dean 1973; Sunamura and Horikawa 1974; Hattori and Kawamata 1980; Kraus et al. 1991). Each criterion defines a relation, between a wave and sediment parameter, and includes a coefficient that discriminates beach erosion and accretion events. Relations, based on small-scale laboratory and field data, were evaluated for predicting erosion or accretion at the study site. Significant wave heights at the study site, monitored near high water, ranged from 0.08 to 0.52 m with periods of 2.4 to 12.8 s. Median grain sizes of sediments on the beach foreshore, gathered at low water, ranged from 0.33 to 0.73 mm. All four criteria showed a clustering of erosion and accretion events. Relations derived from small-scale laboratory data were better predictors of erosion on the profile at the field site than those derived from field data gathered on exposed ocean environments. The planar profile and dominance of incident waves of low height and short period are similar to laboratory conditions characterized by initial planar beach slopes and monochromatic waves. Decreasing the value of the empirical coefficient to account for the differences in the magnitude of wave energy and grain size increases the performance of the criteria tested to predict erosion of the profile.
Histopathology of familial versus nonfamilial dilated cardiomyopathy

Abstract Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is most likely a heterogenous group of diseases characterized by ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. Approximately 20% of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy have familial disease, which may be inapparent by review of the family history alone. It has been suggested that histopathologic features, particularly the presence of bizarrely shaped mitochondria, may be useful in distinguishing familial from nonfamilial disease. We investigated 57 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, 13 familial and 43nonfamilial or indeterminate. Pathologic examination of right endomyocardial biopsy specimens showed no significant differences between the familial, nonfamilial, or indeterminate groups by light microscopy or electron microscopy. We conclude that the distinction between familial and nonfamilial dilated cardiomyopathy cannot be made by histopathologic examination in most cases.
Student reflections on an academic service learning experience in a computer science classroom

The focus of this paper is to introduce the topic of academic service learning and describe the need for academic service learning experiences in technical fields such as computer science and information technology.The intellectual roots of academic service learning, as discussed by Morton and Saltmarsh, go back to the Progressive Era in U.S. history, particularly in the works of Jane Addams, John Dewey, and Dorothy Day. Service learning has been defined as an activity that provides a benefit to someone else. It is the structured intentional engagement in serving a community that defines academic service learning and differentiates it from other types of service. In academic service learning, both the student learner and the community being served benefit from the experience. Within the fields of information technology and computer science, the need for academic service learning experiences arise partly due to the fact that our fields have traditionally been highly technical.Our approach to teaching an upper-level Topics in Programming course, in addition to the technical software engineering content, was to focus heavily on critical thinking, problem solving, project management, communication, and team dynamics. The instructional delivery method used in our course was a student centered, seminar format focusing on a culminating activity of student engagement in their development of a comprehensive information system for SERVE, Inc., a local community service provider. This paper will summarize selected confidential student comments that expressed the student's perception of the extent to which the service project helped them achieve the learning objectives of the course and how this academic service learning experience contributed to their professional growth and development. These comments are grouped according to the corresponding topics related to course learning objectives and academic service learning goals, including Project Management and Planning, Working with Clients, Documentation, Teamwork/Leadership, and Communication.
The influence of preadsorbed canine von Willebrand factor, fibronectin and fibrinogen on ex vivo artificial surface-induced thrombosis.

We have examined the effects of preadsorption of several canine plasma proteins on surface-induced thrombogenesis in a canine ex vivo model. Our technique allowed determination of initial deposition and subsequent embolization of 51Cr-labeled platelets and 125I-fibrinogen onto and from polymeric arterio-venous shunts in non-anticoaguated canines. Segments of the tubing were removed at various time points between 2 and 120 minutes of blood contact for examination of the morphology of the thrombus by scanning electron microscopy. Thrombus deposition was measured on uncoated plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and PVC precoated with canine von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibronectin, partially purified fibrinogen (fibrinogen which contained vWF and fibronectin as impurities), or purified fibrinogen (fibrinogen which had been further purified to remove fibronectin and vWF). Preadsorption of all proteins studied enhanced the thrombogenic response relative to that of the uncoated surface. Precoating with vWF or partially purified fibrinogen resulted in the deposition of the greatest number of thrombi, and embolization was slower than on shunts precoated with canine fibronectin or purified fibrinogen. The deposition-embolization profiles for the fibronectin and purified fibrinogen-coated surfaces were similar. The amount and time sequence of initial adhesion and spreading of platelets was related to the extent and time sequence of peak thrombus formation. The partially purified fibrinogen-coated and vWF-coated surfaces had more adhered and spread platelets at the earliest time points and a greater number of larger thrombi at the peak deposition times. The slowest rate of platelet adhesion and spreading was seen on the purified fibrinogen-coated surface. White blood cells were present very early on surfaces precoated with vWF and partially purified fibrinogen, and were present prior to embolization on all surfaces. Major conclusions from this work indicate that, although fibrinogen and fibronectin promote thrombogenesis when adsorbed to a surface, vWF is even more active in promoting platelet disposition and in anchoring thrombi to the surface of biomaterials. Thus, differences in vWF adsorption to biomaterials may be a determinant of surface-induced thrombogenesis.
The life and afterlife of Elmer J. McCurdy, a melodrama in two acts.

(1979). The Life and Afterlife of Elmer J. McCurdy, A Melodrama in Two Acts. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 123-131.
Pragmatism's contributions to international relations

This article examines the methodological and substantive contributions that pragmatism stands to make in the field of international relations (IR) theory. The methodological advantages that pragmatism offers have been described by many scholars in recent years, but the substantive contributions that classical American pragmatists (1870–1930) made to the study of international order have been largely overlooked. It suggests that a careful reading of this philosophical canon, particularly the writings of Charles Sanders Peirce and Josiah Royce, will provide important resources for today's IR theorist.
Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of Icosahedral Virus RNA

Single-stranded genomic RNAs from four icosahedral viruses (poliovirus, turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), and satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV)) along with the RNA from the helical tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were extracted using phenol/chloroform. The RNAs were imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) under dynamic conditions in which the RNA was observed to unfold. RNAs from the four icosahedral viruses initially exhibited highly condensed, uniform spherical shapes with diameters consistent with those expected from the interiors of their respective capsids. Upon incubation at 26 degrees C, poliovirus RNA gradually transformed into chains of globular domains having the appearance of thick, irregularly segmented fibers. These ultimately unwound further to reveal segmented portions of the fibers connected by single strands of RNA of 0.5-1 nm thickness. Virtually the same transformations were shown by TYMV and BMV RNA, and with heating, the RNA from STMV. Upon cooling, the chains of domains of poliovirus RNA and STMV RNA condensed and re-formed their original spherical shapes. TMV RNAs initially appeared as single-stranded threads of 0.5-1.0 nm diameter but took on the structure of the multidomain chains upon further incubation at room temperature. These ultimately condensed into short, thick chains of larger domains. Our observations suggest that classical extraction of RNA from icosahedral virions produces little effect on overall conformation. As tertiary structure is lost however, it is evident that secondary structural elements are arranged in a sequential, linear fashion along the polynucleotide chain. At least in the case of poliovirus and STMV, the process of tertiary structure re-formation from the linear chain of secondary structural domains proceeds in the absence of protein. RNA base sequence, therefore, may be sufficient to encode the conformation of the encapsidated RNA even in the absence of coat proteins.
Regionally-Specific Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown significant cross-sectional differences among normal controls (NC) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in several fiber tracts in the brain, but longitudinal assessment is needed. Methods We studied 75 participants (25 NC, 25 amnestic MCI, and 25 mild AD) at baseline and 3 months later, with both imaging and clinical evaluations. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was analyzed in regions of interest (ROIs) in: (1) fornix, (2) cingulum bundle, (3) splenium, and (4) cerebral peduncles. Clinical data included assessments of clinical severity and cognitive function. Cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in FA, within each ROI, were analyzed with generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results Cross-sectionally, AD patients had lower FA than NC (p Conclusions Using DTI, findings indicate FA is decreased in specific fiber tracts among groups of subjects that vary along the spectrum from normal to AD, and that this measure is stable over short periods of time. The fornix is a predominant outflow tract of the hippocampus and may be an important indicator of AD progression.
Enhancing an introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience at free medical clinics.

Objectives The aim of the study was to assess and improve first-year student pharmacists' satisfaction and learning experience in a Student-Run Free Medical Clinic Project (SFMCP) providing medical care to an underserved population. Methods Two consecutive classes of first-year student pharmacists at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences participated in an Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE) at the UCSD SFMCP. This IPPE involved two inter-professional evening free clinics which provide medical care to an underserved population and opportunities for healthcare professional training and service. Year 1 students completed a self-assessment survey instrument and year 2 students completed the survey instrument plus a new competency checklist tool. Average scores from the self-assessment survey instrument were compared between years 1 and 2. Key findings Initial survey results showed that students felt the SFMCP was worthwhile; however, they did not experience enough involvement in the patient assistance programme or non-pharmacy-related clinic activities. After the competency checklist tool implementation, overall student pharmacist satisfaction of the SFMCP IPPE remained high (88%), participation in identified weak areas improved and students agreed that the tool helped focus their clinic experience. Conclusions Areas of improvement were identified with the survey instrument and the competency checklist tool increased achievement of learning objectives. Overall, student pharmacists felt the SFMCP IPPE was a good learning experience. Practising pharmacists can employ these or similar tools in specific practice settings, to evaluate and help ensure that student pharmacists or interns are achieving applicable learning objectives.
The pathobiology of biliary epithelia

Our understanding of the pathobiology of biliary epithelia is rapidly growing because of a surge of investigative activity. This became possible after suitable experimental models and techniques were developed with which to study cholangiocyte biology. Although the molecular mechanisms of bile formation by cholangiocytes and the role of these cells as a major cellular target in a variety of severe hepatobiliary diseases are currently being investigated, many questions remain unanswered, particularly regarding cholangiocellular functions, both in normal and abnormal conditions. As current experimental models become more refined, scientists with interests as diverse as cell biology and physiology, morphology, pharmacology, immunology, genetics, and oncology can be expected to further clarify the pathobiology of biliary epithelia.
Effects of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells in vitro.

Abstract We investigated the effects of a group of pharmaceutical agents commonly ingested by reproductive-aged women, acetaminophen and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), on progesterone (P) production by cultures of highly differentiated porcine granulosa cells. These compounds were added to cultures over a dose range of 10 −8 to 10 −5 M and P, and cell protein was measured after 24 hours. P production was suppressed by acetaminophen, fenoprofen, and sulindac to a maximum of 81%, 76%, and 71% of control, respectively. P production was enhanced by butazolidin at all doses tested to a maximum of 140% of control. Granulosa cell protein was suppressed by butazolidin and salicylic acid to a maximum of 81% of controls. These data imply that acetaminophen and several NSAID have the potential for clinical reproductive toxicity with differing individual effects on reproductive tract tissues, suggesting further selective testing in vivo.
Risk of second malignancies in patients with early-stage classical Hodgkin's lymphoma treated in a modern era.

Second malignancies remain an issue affecting morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors of early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). We undertook this study to determine if treatment in the modern era resulted in decreased second malignancies. Patients diagnosed with stage I–II cHL between 1988 and 2009 who received radiation therapy (RT) were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Freedom from second malignancy (FFSM) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate analysis (UVA) was performed using the Log-Rank test, and included age, gender, year of diagnosis, and stage. Multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed using Cox Proportional Hazards modeling. The study cohort included 8807 patients. The median age at diagnosis was 32 years (range: 2–85). The majority of patients had stage II disease (n = 6044, 69%), 597 (7%) had extranodal involvement (ENI), and 1925 (22%) had B symptoms. Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 7.2 years (range: 0–22). Five hundred twenty-three (6%) patients developed a second malignancy. Median latency to second malignancy was 5.8 years (range: 0.1–21.5). Of the 523 patients that developed a second malignancy, 228 (44%) occurred in the first 5 years, 139 (27%) were diagnosed between years 5–10, and 156 (30%) beyond 10 years. The 10 year FFSM for patients treated between 1988 and 1999 was 93.0% versus 95.1% for patients treated between 2000 and 2009 (P = 0.04), On MVA, treatment between 2000 and 2009 was associated with a HR for second malignancy of 0.77 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.62–0.96, P = 0.02) compared to the treatment between 1988 and 1999. Our analysis suggests that in patients treated with RT for stage I or II cHL, treatment prior to 2000 had a slightly higher risk of second malignancy compared to treatment in 2000 and later. Further studies, with longer follow-up of patients treated in the modern era are needed to confirm these findings.
Cis-Regulatory Elements Required for a Lineage-Specific Gene Expression in the Sea Urchin Embryo

The sea urchin Cyllla cytoskeletal actin gene is activated in late cleavage in blastomeres of the aboral ectoderm lineages, and throughout embryogenesis Cyllla transcription is restricted to the aboral ectoderm. Temporal and spatial control is accomplished via a complex cis -regulatory domain extending approximately 2.3 kb upstream of the Cyllla transcription initiation site. This regulatory domain includes some twenty sites of in vitro DNA: protein interaction. The functional significance in vivo of several of these elements has been established in transgenic embryos bearing Cyllla CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) reporter gene constructs, together with molar excesses of one of various nonoverlapping competitor sequences containing one, or a few, specific site(s) of in vitro interaction. The excess sites competitively titrated the available regulatory proteins away from the corresponding sites associated with the Cyllla CAT reporter genes. Competition with each of six nonoverlapping regions identified six different sites that function as positive regulators of Cyllla transcription. Two additional regions identified nonhomologous sites that control spatial expression
Life-cycle nitrogen budget for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, reared on artificial diet

Abstract Lymantria dispar larvae were reared on a wheat germ-based artificial diet from egg eclosion until pupation. Utilization efficiency of dietary nitrogen underwent an age-specific decrease from 75% in the first instar to 54 and 43% for last-instar female and male larvae, respectively. Relative rates (mg/day/mg biomass) of nitrogen consumption and assimilation also decreased during larval development, but the excretion rate of nitrogen was constant for all instars and both sexes. Larval % nitrogen decreased as the larvae matured, while the percentage in the frass increased. These data suggest that need for nitrogen decreases as the larva matures. While L. dispar is comparatively inefficient at assimilating dietary nitrogen, over one-half of that assimilated by the female larva is transferred to egg production by the adult.
Patents, learning by doing, and market structure in the chemical processing industries

For a sample of 24 chemical products, count data models are used to evaluate firms' propensity to patent and the link between patented process innovations and output prices. The results show that process patenting was largely an outgrowth of ‘learning by doing’. Propensity to patent increased with firm size but decreased with market concentration. Reductions in output prices were strongly linked to learning by doing, and more weakly to the rate of patenting. Producer firms appear to have been more successful than non-producers in appropriating the value of patented process innovations.
Robust Two-gene Classifiers for Cancer Prediction

Two-gene classifiers have attracted a broad interest for their simplicity and practicality. Most existing two-gene classification algorithms were involved in exhaustive search that led to their low time-efficiencies. In this study, we proposed two new two-gene classification algorithms which used simple univariate gene selection strategy and constructed simple classification rules based on optimal cut-points for two genes selected. We detected the optimal cut-point with the information entropy principle. We applied the two-gene classification models to eleven cancer gene expression datasets and compared their classification performance to that of some established two-gene classification models like the top-scoring pairs model and the greedy pairs model, as well as standard methods including Diagonal Linear Discriminant Analysis, k-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine and Random Forest. These comparisons indicated that the performance of our two-gene classifiers was comparable to or better than that of compared models.
Concentrations and solubility of metals from indoor and personal exposure PM2.5 samples

Abstract An assessment of trace metal quantification capabilities for indoor (123±53 μg; mean±standard deviation of particle mass) and personal exposure (PE) (32±12 μg) PM2.5 samples from Baltimore, MD was undertaken as part of an EPA study investigating health effects associated with particulate matter. This study included determination of total PM2.5 metal concentrations by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis, as well as method development to quantify amounts of water and acid-extractable metals from PM2.5 using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analytical uncertainties, filter blank contributions, and sample preparation were all found to significantly impact quantification limits. The ICP-MS leaching procedure resulted in partial extraction of metals from the PM2.5. Most of the extractable components of the metals were in a water-soluble form suggesting a high potential for bioavailability of elements from respiratory exposure to PM2.5. A comparison of PM2.5 trace metal concentrations from indoor air samples collected from a central indoor site versus concurrently collected PE samples indicates that resident activities result in exposure to higher concentrations of soluble trace metals.
A formal procedure for generating regional product accounts for U.S. regions

Abstract This paper first presents a discussion of the role that regional product accounts can play in assessing regional economic performance, and provides empirical examples of regional product tables as well as a two-industry regional accounting framework for the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. A formal procedure for generating prototype regional accounts from the U.S. national commodity-industry accounts is then presented. The method is designed to be replicable, using only standard secondary data available for most states and metropolitan areas. The philosophy underlying the method is one of maximizing the information content of the final table by using data at their most disaggregated levels. Finally, we stress the importance of modifying the prototype model using superior, primary data as resources allow.
PCR amplification and cloning of tyrosine decarboxylase involved in synephrine biosynthesis in Citrus.

Background The phenolic amine synephrine is a vascoconstrictor and bronchiectatic agent and holds promise as an aid to weight management and obesity reduction. Synephrine is structurally similar to the active ingredients of several commercial cold remedies. Some Citrus contain high concentrations of synephrine. An enzyme involved in synephrine biosynthesis, tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC), is a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that decarboxylates tyrosine to yield CO 2 and tyramine. We used PCR to screen, clone and sequence this gene from various synephrine producing and nonproducing Citrus species and varieties to determine if DNA sequence of this gene correlated with synephrine presence. Results PCR amplification and comparison of DNA sequence indicates DNA sequence differences that may cause production of truncated proteins to be produced in some nonsynephrine producing Citru s. Conclusion Synephrine production may be genetically determined in part by the gene for TYDC.
Alice first: 3D interactive game programming

For introductory programming courses, we recommend teaching Alice as a precursor to teaching object-oriented languages such as Java. This presentation describes and demonstrates the approach of a newly published workbook that uses a highly motivating story-telling 3D virtual world interactive game design and development pedagogical approach. Students create animated movies and in the process learn object-oriented programming fundamentals.
A Correction Algorithm for Particle-Size Distribution Measurements Made with the Forward-Scattering Spectrometer Probe

Multiparticle coincidence events in the scattering volume of the forward‐scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) cause the instrument to bias the measurement of the particle size distribution of atmospheric aerosols toward large diameters. We employ a probabilistic model based on Poisson statistics to determine the average diameter and rms width of the actual size distribution as functions of the average diameter and rms width of the measured distribution. We compare our predictions to a Monte Carlo simulation of the FSSP operation
BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF CYCLOPARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS.

A series of 10 branched-chain alkanes and 4 cycloalkanes were employed individually as elective culture substrates for bacteria in soil. Only 2-methylbutane and 2-methylpentane yielded bacteria, one each. Both bacteria grew at the expense of eachn-alkane from C1 to C22 but they were very selective for branched-chain substrates. Compounds with less branching were most readily utilized. Neither organism grew at the expense of various cycloalkanes as sole sources of carbon and energy. The 2-methylbutane isolate was studied in detail. Resting cell suspensions were able to produce α-ketoglutaric acid from each of the compounds the bacterium was able to utilize for growth.
Catch Rates and Size Structure of Two Ictalurids Sampled with Different Sizes of Hoop Nets

ABSTRACT Hoop nets with initial openings of 0.6 m and 0.8 m were set in a Missouri River tributary stream to determine if catch per unit effort (CPUE) and size structure [length (mm)] of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and flathead catfish Pylodictus olivaris differed between the two sizes of nets, set baited or unbaited. Catch per unit effort for channel catfish varied from 0 to 12 and was higher in 0.6-m hoop nets independent of bait; however, CPUE was only significantly higher in unbaited 0.6-m hoop nets (P = 0.03). Length of channel catfish captured in unbaited 0.6-m hoop nets was significantly (P = 0.03) lower than in unbaited 0.8-m hoop nets. Similar trends were observed for flathead catfish; however, sample sizes were low and subsequently statistical power (1-β) was < 0.13. Nevertheless, these data indicate that standardizing initial hoop size is important, especially if comparative information is sought.
Near-field plasmonic enhancement via nanogratings on hollow pyramidal aperture probe tip

We present the design of hollow near-field scanning microscope (NSOM) probe with nanogratings-on-tip to transport and concentrate localized surface plasmonic polariton (SPP) wave. By adding nano-grooves started from the intensity-maximum locations of lowest transmission mode and with pitch period supporting the metal-air interface SPP mode, the power throughput is increased at over 530 times comparing with single aperture probe with 405nm source and 100nm diameter aperture size. Two types of nanograting probe designs are chosen for fabrication and the power enhancement comparison is examined by probing the near-field fluorescent intensity of excited uniform quantum dots (QDs) layer via micro-contact printing method.
Vibrational AFM-Based Nano-Placing: Modeling and Simulation

Bottom-up fabrication presents the potential applications of improved materials and highly effective devices. Matter at the microscale can be manipulated using micro-placing techniques that rely solely on surface forces. These techniques can be used on rough substrates and allow for fast manipulation. In the present paper, we will investigate generalizing these techniques to manipulate nanoscale samples. The use of dynamic oscillations of the manipulator is proposed to allow for controlled release at the nanoscale. The effects of the adhesion and sample mass on the manipulation outcome are investigated. Simulations are conducted to help select the amplitude and the frequency of the vibrations and to improve the accuracy of the manipulation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Kidney Patients' Intention to Receive a Deceased Donor Transplant: Development of Stage of Change, Decisional Balance, and Self-Efficacy Measures

In order to sustain life, patients whose kidneys fail must receive dialysis or obtain a transplant. This study reports on the development and validation of measures of Stage of Change, Decisional Balance and Self-efficacy based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to assess patients' readiness to receive a deceased donor transplant. We surveyed 293 transplant-eligible kidney patients about their deceased donation readiness. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses for all measures demonstrated factor structures similar to previous application of the TTM to other health behaviors, excellent model fit and good internal and external validity. These brief, reliable instruments with good psychometric properties can guide the development of improved, individually-tailored transplant education for patients.
Conformational changes in a polyethylene model under tension and compression

Using a realistic model for polyethylene (PE), the molecular dynamics technique is used to simulate atomic motion in a crystal. The calculations reveal conformational disorder above a critical temperature. The rate of isomerization computed from molecular dynamics is compared to transition-state theory and leads to an activation energy under stress of ∼ 30 kJ/mol, 15 kJ/mol above the single-bond rotation value. In the unstressed case, the activation energy for the process is less.
PARENTAL DIVORCE IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD: Some Preliminary Findings

Developmental differences in reactions to parental divorce have not been examined beyond adolescence, and the impact of divorce on older offspring has thus been minimized. Central themes that emerged from an exploratory study of 18-to-23-year-olds suggest that the break-up of their parents' marriage represents a critical event deserving of further attention from researchers and clinicians.
PGC-1α at the intersection of bioenergetics regulation and neuron function: from Huntington's disease to Parkinson's disease and beyond

Neurons are specialized cells with unique features, including a constant high demand for energy. Mitochondria satisfy this constant demand, and are emerging as a central target for dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease. PPARγ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcription co-activator for nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, and thereby coordinates a number of gene expression programs to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Studies of PGC-1α knock-out mice have yielded important insights into the role of PGC-1α in normal nervous system function and potentially neurological disease. HD is caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion in the huntingtin protein, and decades of work have established mitochondrial dysfunction as a key feature of HD pathogenesis. However, after the discovery of the HD gene, numerous reports produced strong evidence for altered transcription in HD. In 2006, a series of studies revealed that PGC-1α transcription interference contributes to HD neurodegeneration, linking the nuclear transcriptionopathy with the mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequent work has strengthened this view, and further extended the role of PGC-1α within the CNS. Within the last year, studies of Parkinson's disease, another involuntary movement disorder long associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, have shown that PGC-1α dysregulation is contributing to its pathogenesis. As PGC-1α is likely also important for aging, a process with considerable relevance to neuron function, translational studies aimed at developing therapies based upon the PGC-1α pathway as a high priority target are underway.
Effects of Gay Identity, Gender and Explicitness of Advertising Imagery on Gay Responses to Advertising

The present research draws from literature relating to gay identity in psychology and sociology and feminist theory to consider the effect of gay identity and gender on gays' and lesbians' attitudes toward various types of advertising content that are most commonly used to target gay consumers. As such, this study empirically tests whether gay males' and lesbians' responses to gay-oriented advertising content are moderated by individual characteristics: (1) the degree to which they identify as gay, and (2) their gender, and by the explicitness and gender of the gay-oriented advertising imagery.
Phase retrieval for sparse signals using rank minimization

Signal recovery from the amplitudes of the Fourier transform, or equivalently from the autocorrelation function is a classical problem. Due to the absence of phase information, signal recovery requires some form of additional prior information. In this paper, the prior information we assume is sparsity. We develop a convex optimization based framework to retrieve the signal support from the support of the autocorrelation, and propose an iterative algorithm which terminates in a signal with the least sparsity satisfying the autocorrelation constraints. Numerical results suggest that unique recovery up to a global sign change, time shift and/or time reversal is possible with a very high probability for sufficiently sparse signals.
Serological cross-reaction between the lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide antigens of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and strains of Citrobacter freundii and Citrobacter sedlakii

A strain of Citrobacter sedlakii showing serological cross-reaction with Escherichia coli O157 antisera was demonstrated to produce a lipopolysaccharide O-antigen having an identical structure with that of the E. coli O157 O-antigen. A strain of Citrobacter freunndii showing similar cross-reaction with E. coli O157 specific monoclonal antibody was shown to produce a lipopolysaccharide O-antigen composed of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the structure [ 2)-alpha-D Rhap-(1-3)-beta-D-Rhap-(1-4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-]. This O-antigen differs from that of the E. coli O157 O-antigen and also lacks a component 2-substituted 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residue implicated as the common epitope in the lipopolysaccharide O-antigens of previously investigated bacterial species showing serological cross-reactivity with E. coli O157 antisera. The C freundii O-antigen presents an interesting example of structural mimicry within a bacterial polysaccharide antigen.
Antisense-mediated angiotensinogen inhibition slows polycystic kidney disease in mice with a targeted mutation in Pkd2

Renal cyst enlargement is associated with the activation of both the circulating and intrarenal renin-angiotensin systems. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the substrate for renin. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of AGT inhibition on renal cyst enlargement. An AGT antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that selectively inhibits AGT mRNA was injected once weekly in PKD2WS25 mice [an orthologous model of human autosmal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) involving mutation of the Pkd2 gene] from 4 to 16 wk of age. The AGT ASO resulted in a 40% decrease in AGT RNA in the kidney, a 60% decrease in AGT RNA in the liver, and a significant decrease in AGT protein in the kidney and serum. The AGT ASO resulted in a significant decrease in kidney size, cyst volume density, and blood urea nitrogen. The AGT ASO resulted in a significant decrease in transforming growth factor-β and interstitial fibrosis in the kidney. Mice treated with the AGT ASO had a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1 and IL-12] in the kidney. Cluster of differentiation (CD)36 is a scavenger receptor found on tubular cells that can activate the renin-angiotensin system. Administration of a CD36 ASO had no effect on PKD and kidney function, suggesting that the effect of the AGT ASO is independent of CD36. In summary, AGT inhibition resulted in significant decreases in kidney size and cyst volume and an improvement in kidney function in PKD mice. The AGT ASO resulted in a decrease in transforming growth factor-β, interstitial fibrosis, and the proinflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and IL-12 in the kidney.
Whose Ideas? Whose Words? Authorship of Ronald Reagan's Radio Addresses

On January 5, 1975, Ronald Reagan completed two terms as governor of California, and soon thereafter he began taping his nationally syndicated radio program. Between January 1975 and October 1979, with the exception of a brief interlude to compete for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976, the former governor delivered three-minute commentaries that were broadcast every week by approximately 300 U.S. radio stations, reaching an audience of between 20–30 million listeners.
Introduction: the history of arsenic trioxide in cancer therapy.

Although arsenic can be poisonous, and chronic arsenic exposure from industrial or natural sources can cause serious toxicity, arsenic has been used therapeutically for more than 2,400 years. Thomas Fowler's potassium bicarbonate-based solution of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) was used empirically to treat a variety of disorders, and in 1878, was reported to reduce white blood cell counts in two normal individuals and one with "leucocythemia." Salvarsan, an organic arsenical for treating syphilis and trypanosomiasis, was developed in 1910 by Paul EHRLICH: In the 1930s, arsenic was reported to be effective in chronic myelogenous leukemia. After a decline in the use of arsenic during the mid-20th century, reports from China described a high proportion of hematologic responses in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who were treated with arsenic trioxide. Randomized clinical trials in the U.S. led to FDA approval of arsenic trioxide for relapsed or refractory APL in September 2000.
Surface Defect-mediated Reactivity of Au/TiO2(110)

Metal clusters supported by transition metal oxides, as exemplified by the Au/TiO2 system, have found broad applications as catalytic and sensor materials. The unusual properties of these systems originate from the specific interactions of metal clusters mediated by an oxide substrate, including local reduction below the cluster. In this work, we present recent results on the local interactions between one-dimensional defects on a TiO2 surface and their reactivity with oxygen and Au nano-clusters studied by a combination of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy (STM/S). High-resolution STM images, interpreted with first-principles theory, show that the observed one-dimensional strands have partially reduced Ti atoms coordinated above three-coordinated, surface oxygen atoms. When strands are exposed to 5 x 10-7 Torr O2 at 300 K, oxygen is adsorbed and randomly nucleated on and along the strands. The results indicate the presence of exposed Ti that act as an active site for oxygen adsorption even at room temperature. Gold nano-particles of diameters 5 nm and less have also been deposited on the sub-stoichiometric rows of TiOx and characterized by STM. Like point defects and step edges on TiO2(110), the strands serve as nucleation sites for gold nano-clusters. The 1D defects of the surface are interpreted in terms of a surface crystallographic shear type structure, in contrast to the proposed Ti2O3 added row model by Onish and Iwasawa [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, (1996) 791]. The implications of this behavior and specific interaction between gold clusters, defects and gas molecules for catalytic activity of the Au/TiO2 system are discussed.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Measurements for a Square Channel With 45 deg Round-Edged Ribs at High Reynolds Numbers

Experiments to determine heat transfer coefficients and friction factors are conducted on a stationary 45 deg parallel rib-roughened square channel, which simulates a turbine blade internal coolant passage. Copper plates fitted with silicone heaters and thermocouples are used to measure regionally averaged heat transfer coefficients. Reynolds numbers studied range from 30,000 to 400,000. The ribs studied have rounded (filleted) edges to account for manufacturing limitations of actual engine blades. The rib height (e) to hydraulic diameter (D) ratio (e/D) ranges from 0.1 to 0.2, while spacing (p) to height ratio (p/e) ranges from 5 to 10. Results indicate an increase in the heat transfer due to the ribs at the cost of a higher friction factor, especially at higher Reynolds numbers. Round-edged ribs experience a similar heat transfer coefficient and a lower friction factor compared with sharp-edged ribs, especially at higher values of the rib height. Correlations predicting Nu and f as a function of e/D, p/e, and Re are presented. Also presented are correlations for the heat transfer and friction roughness parameters (G and R, respectively).
Control of the crystallinity in TiO2 microspheres through silica impregnation

The crystal grain size as well as the crystallinity in nanoscale TiO2 have been determined to be of importance to the photocatalytic activity, however it is difficult to control while maintaining a high surface area. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of anatase titania microspheres with controllable grain sizes, which are obtained by impregnating the porous networks of amorphous titania microspheres with silicate oligomers through the addition and hydrolysis of the precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and calcining the obtained composite. Varying the amount of TEOS added controls to the degree of silicate impregnation, which restricts the anatase grain growth during calcination and enables the tuning of the grain size from 4–25 nm while maintaining a spherical morphology. The silica is then removed through base etching in order to utilize the microspheres. The photocatalytic performance of microspheres with enhanced crystallinity is tested using the model system of the degradation of Rhodamine B under UV irradiation and the rate constants determined are compared against the surface area and grain size of the microspheres to determine optimal conditions.
The evolution of a perturbed vortex in a pipe to axisymmetric vortex breakdown

The evolution of a perturbed vortex in a pipe to axisymmetric vortex breakdown is studied through numerical computations. These unique simulations are guided by a recent rigorous theory on this subject presented by Wang & Rusak (1997a). Using the unsteady and axisymmetric Euler equations, the nonlinear dynamics of both small- and large-amplitude disturbances in a swirling flow are described and the transition to axisymmetric breakdown is demonstrated. The simulations clarify the relation between our linear stability analyses of swirling flows (Wang & Rusak 1996a, b) and the time-asymptotic behaviour of the flow as described by steady-state solutions of the problem presented in Wang & Rusak (1997a). The numerical calculations support the theoretical predictions and shed light on the mechanism leading to the breakdown process in swirling flows. It has also been demonstrated that the fundamental characteristics which lead to vortex instability and breakdown in high-Reynolds-number flows may be calculated from considerations of a single, reduced-order, nonlinear ordinary differential equation, representing a columnar flow problem. Necessary and sufficient criteria for the onset of vortex breakdown in a Burgers vortex are presented.
Comparison of the Balance Accelerometer Measure and Balance Error Scoring System in Adolescent Concussions in Sports

Background:High-technology methods demonstrate that balance problems may persist up to 30 days after a concussion, whereas with low-technology methods such as the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), performance becomes normal after only 3 days based on previously published studies in collegiate and high school athletes.Purpose:To compare the National Institutes of Health’s Balance Accelerometer Measure (BAM) with the BESS regarding the ability to detect differences in postural sway between adolescents with sports concussions and age-matched controls.Study Design:Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Forty-three patients with concussions and 27 control participants were tested with the standard BAM protocol, while sway was quantified using the normalized path length (mG/s) of pelvic accelerations in the anterior-posterior direction. The BESS was scored by experts using video recordings.Results:The BAM was not able to discriminate between healthy and concussed adolescents, whereas the BESS...
The double burden of age and disease on cognition and quality of life in bipolar disorder

Objective Bipolar disorder (BPD) and normal aging are known to impact cognitive skills and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study investigated how aging and disease interact in predicting cognitive and psychosocial outcomes. Methods Eight cognitive and ten subjective HRQOL domain ratings were measured. Subjects included 80 young (18–29 years) and late middle-aged (50–65 years) BPD patients in the euthymic phase and 70 age-equivalent healthy comparison participants. Results An age X disease interaction was detected in three domains of cognitive functioning that reflect emotion processing, processing speed, and executive functioning skills, with BPD patients in the older group performing most poorly. There was a double burden of aging and disease on reported ability to perform physical tasks. However, regardless of age, disease status was associated with lower ratings of HRQOL in the psychosocial/affective sphere and the majority of cognitive domains. Post hoc analyses revealed that number of years ill was positively associated with select HRQOL ratings in older, but not younger BPD adults. Conclusions These findings may stimulate future longitudinal study of cognition and quality of life in BPD patients across the life span, focusing on additive and interactive effects of aging and disease burden, which could culminate in developing more effective treatment and rehabilitation strategies for this traditionally challenging to treat population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Read|Write: Table + Chair

The Table + Chair project forms part of a series of closely related architectural interventions that also included the production of a new entry facade for the School of Architecture reception offices at Ohio State University. The work entailed the production of a table and chair that were to be used by students in the process of fillingout official paperwork while waitingto meet with school administrators and counselors. These paper “forms” would become the written code of the students' education—their program—and in many ways would determine the course of their education. This presented an opportunity to fabricate furniture that explored the effects of the cross-contamination of material presence with informational patterns by using digital technologies.