cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Survival Times after Administration of Tipifarnib or Ara-C-Containing Therapy, to Older Patients with Newly-Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Abstract Non-cytotoxic (“targeted”) therapies are finding increasing use as initial treatment of older patients with untreated AML. However, the effect of this practice on survival is unknown. We compared survival times in 140 patients age ≥ 65 given the non-cytotoxic agent tipifarnib (T) at 5 centers (C1–C5) not including M.D. Anderson (MDA) with survival in similarly-aged patients treated at MDA with intermediate-dose ara-C + idarubicin (IA, 124 patients) or + agents other than idarubicin (XA, 49 patients). Because there was no randomization between T and IA or XA comparisons were confounded by center effects (C1–C5 versus MDA). This motivated use of Bayesian sensitivity analyses accounting for hypothetical between-center effects as well as age, performance status, cytogenetics, and whether AML was de novo or secondary. These analyses suggested that, while the odds were 7 to 1 that T was associated with shorter survival than IA or XA, it was nonetheless plausible (95% credible interval for relative risk included 1.0) that survival with T was in fact longer than with IA or XA. More importantly, the magnitude of the differences in survival was sufficiently short that a case could be made for use of T given its greater convenience. More generally we suggest that single-arm trials administering experimental therapies to patients with AML should include interim comparison of survival times with those obtainable with standard therapy, and that randomized phase II trials to avoid treatment-trial confounding may be desirable.
Taxonomic Soil Regions

Kellogg (1930) divided the state into three broad soil taxonomic regions, including from south to north, the Gray-Brown Forest (Alfisols), Transitional (tension zone), and Podzols (Spodosols) (Fig. 2.9). The soil maps of Wisconsin from 1927 through 1968 (Chap. 2) were based on the associations of soil series. The 1993 map of Madison and Gundlach (Fig. 2.12) was similar to Hole’s 1968 map (Fig. 2.10) except that the legend divided the soils by geographic region.
Wrongful convictions and prototypical black features: Can a face‐type facilitate misidentifications?

Purpose Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions, and Black men, more than other racial groups, are affected by this memory error. A subgroup of Black men who have stereotypically Black features (dark skin, wide lips, and nose) are associated with the criminal-Black-man stereotype more than their atypical counterparts. This perception of criminality leads to harsh sentencing and misidentification from line-ups in laboratory studies. In this study, we investigated whether face-type biases that lead to misidentifications in the laboratory extend to real-world cases. Method Participants rated the face stereotypicality of Black men exonerated by the Innocence Project (IP) with DNA evidence, who were incarcerated due to eyewitness misidentification (IP eyewitness) and for non-misidentification reasons (IP other). Results Higher stereotypicality-face ratings were given to IP eyewitness exonerates than to IP other exonerates regardless of participant race. Moreover, the face ratings were unrelated to the race of the eyewitness in the actual case (i.e., cross-race, same race), suggesting that cross-race misidentification was not associated with higher stereotypicality ratings of the IP eyewitness exonerates. Conclusions These findings are consistent with extant laboratory research wherein Black men with stereotypical facial features are at increased risk for eyewitness misidentification and that face-type biases extend beyond cross-race judgements. These results further highlight the risk of face-type judgements in misidentifications that potentially contribute to error in real-world cases.
Quantitative Total Bone Imaging in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Using NaF PET/CT.

e16016 Background: Advanced prostate cancer is associated with the development of osseous metastases. There are no current tools that allow assessment of treatment response in bone. Methods: Quanti...
Harnessing the Immune System Against Leukemia: Monoclonal Antibodies and Checkpoint Strategies for AML

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common leukemia among adults and is associated with a poor prognosis, especially in patients with adverse prognostic factors, older age, or relapsed disease. The last decade has seen a surge in successful immune-based therapies in various solid tumors; however, the role of immune therapies in AML remains poorly defined. This chapter describes the rationale, clinical data, and toxicity profiles of immune-based therapeutic modalities in AML including naked and conjugated monoclonal antibodies, bispecific T-cell engager antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and checkpoint blockade via blockade of PD1/PDL1 or CTLA4. Monoclonal antibodies commonly used in AML therapy target highly expressed “leukemia” surface antigens and include (1) naked antibodies against common myeloid markers such as anti-CD33 (e.g., lintuzumab), (2) antibody-drug conjugates linked to either, (a) a highly potent toxin such as calicheamicin, pyrrolobenzodiazepine, maytansine, or others in various anti-CD33 (gemtuzumab ozogamicin, SGN 33A), anti-123 (SL-401), and anti-CD56 (lorvotuzumab mertansine) formulations, or (b) radioactive particles, such as 131I, 213Bi, or 225Ac-labeled anti-CD33 or CD45 antibodies. Novel monoclonal antibodies that recruit and promote proximity-induced cytotoxicity of tumor cells by T cells (bispecific T-cell engager [BiTE] such as anti CD33/CD3, e.g., AMG 330) or block immune checkpoint pathways such as CTLA4 (e.g., ipilimumab) or PD1/PD-L1 (e.g., nivolumab) unleashing the patients T cells to fight leukemic cells are being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with AML. The numerous ongoing clinical trials with immunotherapies in AML will improve our understanding of the biology of AML and allow us to determine the best approaches to immunotherapy in AML.
Testing a Computerized Cognitive Training Protocol in Adults Aging With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial Rationale and Protocol.

Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders occur in nearly 50% of adults with HIV. Such disorders can interfere with everyday functioning such as driving and medication adherence. Therefore, cognitive interventions are needed to address such neurocognitive disorders as well as improve everyday functioning, especially as people age with HIV. Objective: This article reports and discusses the overall rationale and development of speed of processing training, a computerized Internet cognitive training program, to improve this specific neurocognitive ability as well as everyday functioning and quality of life in adults aging with HIV. Although this protocol has been shown to improve speed of processing, everyday functioning, and quality of life in healthy, community-dwelling older adults in the advanced cognitive training in vital elderly (ACTIVE) study, its efficacy in adults aging with HIV has not been established. Nevertheless, such a cognitive intervention is particularly germane as 52%-59% of adults with HIV experience HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and both the frequency and severity of such disorders may increase with advancing age. Methods: The description of this longitudinal randomized controlled trial covers the following: (1) rationale for speed of processing training in this clinical population, (2) overview of overall study design, (3) eligibility criteria and HAND, (4) intervention dosage, (5) assessment battery, and (6) examination of biomarkers. Results: The project was funded in April 2016 and enrolment is on-going. The first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2020. Conclusions: Similar novel cognitive intervention approaches are suggested as they may be of value to those with HAND and may utilize similar features of this current randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocol to examine their therapeutic efficacy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02758093; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02758093 (Archived by Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6p8C5fBCX) [JMIR Res Protoc 2017;6(4):e68]
Abstract 351: Temperature Dependency of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Norepinephrine-Deficient Mice

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (Dbh) knockout mice lack the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, but have intact sympathetic neurons and adrenergic receptors. These mice offer an excellent model for assessing the role of the sympathetic nervous system in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Mouse blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) increase as ambient temperature drops below the thermoneutral temperature (30° C), apparently due to sympathetic nervous system activation. The present study tested the hypothesis that BP and HR are not sensitive to changes in ambient temperature in Dbh knockout (KO) mice lacking sympathetic function. BP, HR and activity data were obtained at least one week after BP telemeters were implanted in the carotid artery. Eight Dbh wild type (WT) and 7 KO mice were initially maintained at 23° C, singly housed in temperature-controlled brooders with a 12-hour light-dark cycle. With 3° C temperature changes every 3-4 days, chambers were warmed to 32° C, followed by cooling back to 23° C. Twenty-four hour averaged BP and HR were significantly lower in KO than WT mice at all temperatures, although activity levels were no different. HR, averaged over 24hr, were significantly higher at 23° C after cooling from 32° C for both genotypes (mean±SD; KO: 376±24 to 462±53 beats/min, P=0.016; WT: 411±22 to 542±46 beats/min, P=0.008). In contrast, BP increased with the drop in temperature only in the WT mice (KO: 83±7 to 87±10 mmHg, P=0.109; WT: 94±9 to 107±9 mmHg, P=0.008), and BP differences between 32° and 23° C were greater in WT mice (delta BP 23 ° -32 ° averaged 12.2±5.4 mmHg for WT and 4.2±5.0 mmHg for KO, P=0.011). Activity did not change as ambient temperature was lowered. These data indicate that effects of ambient temperature on HR occur independently of sympathetic activation, but our results confirm that an intact sympathetic nervous system is required for the pressor effect of a cooler environmental temperature.
Death of a Dogma: Cyclin D Activates Rb by Mono-phosphorylation

The current textbook dogma of G1 cell cycle progression proposes that cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6 inactivates the pRb tumor suppressor during early G1 phase by progressive multi-phosphorylation, termed hypo-phosphorylation, to release E2F transcription factors that specifically turn on the cyclin E gene, which then activate Cdk2 and complete pRb’s inactivation by hyper-phosphorylation at the restriction point. However, this model has remained largely untested from a biochemical standpoint for more than 20 years. Moreover, the biologically active form(s) of pRb present during early G1 phase is uncharacterized, and a precise understanding of a potential “pRb phospho-code,” regulating association with individual pRb partners, remains elusive. Recently, using quantitative 2D isoelectric focusing (2D IEF) to directly count phosphates on pRb, we have shown pRb to be exclusively mono-phosphorylated in early G1 phase by cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6 complexes acting to modify only one of each of the 14 Cdk phosphorylation sites per individual pRb molecule. Mono-phosphorylated pRb is functionally active in early G1 phase and binds to and represses E2Fs as well as the E1a oncoprotein. Biologically, cells undergoing a DNA damage response activate cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6 to generate mono-phosphorylated pRb to regulate global transcription, whereas un-phosphorylated pRb is inactive during a DNA damage response. At the late G1 restriction point, activation of cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes inactivates pRb by quantum hyper-phosphorylation. These observations fundamentally change our understanding of G1 cell cycle progression and show that mono-phosphorylated pRb, generated by cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6, is the biologically active pRb isoform in early G1 phase that represses E2F transcription and that cyclin E-Cdk2 is the pRb inactivating kinase. These findings raise clear questions about the role of cyclin D1 as an oncogene and about the cellular state elicited by drugs targeting cyclin D1’s partner kinases, Cdk4 and Cdk6. Herein, we summarize the findings leading to this paradigm shift and offer a hypothesis reconciling the apparently contradictory roles of cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6 as pRb activator and as a common oncogenic driver.
Answer to February 2016 Photo Quiz

Answer: Invasive fungal infection of the right paranasal sinus demonstrating two distinct, adjacent morphologies consistent with a Mucorales (Zygomycetes) mold and a narrow, septate hyaline mold. Fungal culture of the debrided right paranasal sinus tissue grew Fusarium and Rhizopus species,
Emerging data converter architectures and techniques

This paper discusses several aspects of recent data conversion architectural innovations. The symbiotic relationship between converter applications and converter technologies is outlined by means of examples. The potential interference on that from the increasing popularity of figures of merit (FOMs) is highlighted. Then, two classes of emerging data converter architectures and techniques, namely time-domain converters and compressive sampling techniques, that are showing promising progress, are presented.
Capacity Planning for Publicly Funded Community Based Long-Term Care Services

Long-term care (LTC) provides medical and non-medical services to people with chronic disease or disability, many of whom are older adults eligible for receiving care through public funding sources. Annual spending on LTC in the United States exceeds $200 billion per year and is increasing rapidly. As a large portion of the population receives publicly-paid LTC, the public programs supporting LTC face increasing financial pressures. Although nursing home care has been a viable option, it is three times more costly than community-based care, which offers a flexible alternative by providing care at home and in the community. However, little is known on how much infrastructure is needed to provide such care. We showcase the potential of operations research to support decision making to improve the LTC delivery system. We formulate an optimal control problem to determine the infrastructure capacity of community-based care from a cost saving viewpoint. This example shows that methodologies of operations research can provide valuable insights in improving LTC delivery.
Dynamics and Control of Near-Wall Coherent Structures

Using direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow, we present a new method for skin friction reduction by prevention of streamwise vortex formation near the wall. Instability of lifted, vortex-free low-speed streaks is shown to generate new streamwise vortices, which dominate near-wall turbulence phenomena. Significantly, the 3D features of the (instantaneous) instability-generated vortices agree well with the coherent structures educed (i.e. ensemble-averaged) from fully turbulent flow. Based on this crucial role of streak instability in vortex generation, we develop a new technique for drag reduction, enabling large-scale flow forcing without requiring instantaneous flow information. As proof-of-principle, x-independent forcing, with a wavelength of 400 wall units and an amplitude of only 6% of the centerline velocity, produces a significant sustained drag reduction: 20% for imposed counterrotating streamwise vortices and 50% for colliding, z-directed wall jets. The drag reduction results from weakened longitudinal vortices near the wall, due to forcing-induced suppression of the underlying streak instability. In particular, the forcing significantly weakens the wall-normal vorticity flanking lifted low-speed streaks, thereby arresting the streaks’ instability responsible for vortex generation. These results suggest promising new drag reduction strategies, e.g. passive vortex generators or colliding spanwise jets from x-aligned slots, involving large-scale (hence more durable) actuation and requiring no wall sensors or control logic.
Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneities of Capillary Hemodynamics and Its Functional Coupling During Neural Activation

The cerebral vascular system provides a means to meet the constant metabolic needs of neuronal activities in the brain. Within the cerebral capillary bed, the interactions of spatial and temporal hemodynamics play a deterministic role in oxygen diffusion, however, the progression of which remains unclear. Taking the advantages of high-spatiotemporal resolution of optical coherence tomography capillary velocimetry designed with the eigen-decomposition statistical analysis, we investigated intrinsic red blood cell (RBC) velocities and their spatiotemporal adjustment within the capillaries permeating mouse cerebral cortex during electrical stimulation of contralateral hind paw. We found that the mean capillary transit velocity (mCTV) is increased and its temporal fluctuation bandwidth (TFB) is broadened within hind-paw somatosensory cortex. In addition, the degree to which the mCTV is increased negatively correlates with resting state mCTV, and the degree to which the TFB is increased negatively correlates with both the resting state mCTV and the TFB. In order to confirm the changes are due to hemodynamic regulation, we performed angiographic analyses and found that the vessel density remains almost constant, suggesting the observed functional activation does not involve recruitment of reserved capillaries. To further differentiate the contributions of the mCTV and the TFB to the spatiotemporally coupled hemodynamics, changes in the mCTV and TBF of the capillary flow were modeled and investigated through a Monte Carlo simulation. The results suggest that neural activation evokes the spatial transit time homogenization within the capillary bed, which is regulated via both the heterogeneous acceleration of RBC flow and the heterogeneous increase of temporal RBC fluctuation, ensuring sufficient oxygenation during functional hyperemia.
Analysis of US Energy Scenarios

Abstract This manuscript reviews a collection of recent energy scenarios from a policy and planning perspective and compares these scenarios quantitatively with respect to US energy consumption, energy efficiency, and carbon content of the fuel mix in 2020. “Carbon efficiency,” a combined measure of the effects of energy efficiency and decarbonization, is defined and is shown to be proportional to the product of energy efficiency and the inverse of the carbon content of the fuel mix. The scenarios are compared on a graph of total energy consumption in 2020 versus carbon efficiency and the results used to define a set of stylized meta-scenarios that span a broad range of possible US energy futures. Pathways to these meta-scenarios and implications for US energy policy are discussed in comparison to past and present US energy experience.
12 – Animals in the lives of children

Publisher Summary All therapeutic interventions involving animals rest on a powerful assumption: there is something about animals that powerfully attracts and motivates humans. This assumption seems particularly compelling when children are involved. This chapter examines the assumption closely and documents the pervasiveness of animals, both real and symbolic, in children's lives. It draws on four conceptual approaches—psychodynamic, relational and self-psychologies, ecological psychology and the biophilia hypothesis—and considers how existing research might support and also challenges hypotheses drawn from these approaches. Although the empirical base of human/animal interaction (HAI) studies continues to grow, there remain many gaps in knowledge. A review of research on HAI and children's development still raises more questions than provides answers. Scholars have considered theory and research on the possible role of animals in children's lives: nurturance and caring for others, including empathy; coping with stress; emotion regulation, self-control and positive adjustment; reduction of maladaptive outcomes, such as conduct disorder symptoms; theory of mind; social support; and physical activity, among other outcomes. Diverse theoretical frameworks provide conceptual underpinning for AAT with children and their families. These frameworks see animals as freeing up repressed thoughts and feelings, providing an affirming and supportive relationship, reflecting the dynamics of the family system, and focusing and calming the child and family in the therapeutic context.
ESTIMATING THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS IN THE COMMUNITY

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a poorly understood disease characterized by debilitating fatigue and neuromuscular and neuropsychological symptoms. Despite numerous studies on the subject, the epidemiology of the syndrome in the community remains largely unexplored. An estimate of the prevalence in the population is presented, approximating the Centers for Disease Control criteria as well as the prevalence estimates of the fatigue symptom complex that include fatigue, disability, and neuromuscular and neuropsychological symptoms. The study population consisted of a very large, multicenter, stratified, and random sample of a general population health survey known as the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Data used for this study were gathered between 1981 and 1984. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule, a highly structured mental health interview, was used to assess the lifetime prevalence of medical and psychological symptoms. Chronic fatigue was common. A total of 23 percent of the subjects reported having experienced the symptom of persistent fatigue sometime during their lives. Chronic fatigue syndrome, however, as defined by the Centers for Disease Control, appeared to be quite rare in the general population. Only 1 of 13,538 people examined was found to meet a diagnosis of the syndrome with an approximation of the CDC criteria. Fatigue symptom complex was frequently related to medical or psychiatric illness or substance abuse; thus, persons meeting partial criteria of chronic fatigue syndrome were also found to be rare when psychiatric or medical exclusions were applied.
Estimating Walking Speed in the Wild.

An individual’s physical activity substantially impacts the potential for prevention and recovery from diverse health issues, including cardiovascular diseases. Precise quantification of a patient’s level of day-to-day physical activity, which can be characterized by the type, intensity, and duration of movement, is crucial for clinicians. Walking is a primary and fundamental physical activity for most individuals. Walking speed has been shown to correlate with various heart pathologies and overall function. As such, it is often used as a metric to assess health performance. A range of clinical walking tests exist to evaluate gait and inform clinical decision-making. However, these assessments are often short, provide qualitative movement assessments, and are performed in a clinical setting that is not representative of the real-world. Technological advancements in wearable sensing and associated algorithms enable new opportunities to complement in-clinic evaluations of movement during free-living. However, the use of wearable devices to inform clinical decisions presents several challenges, including lack of subject compliance and limited sensor battery life. To bridge the gap between free-living and clinical environments, we propose an approach in which we utilize different wearable sensors at different temporal scales and resolutions. Here, we present a method to accurately estimate gait speed in the free-living environment from a low-power, lightweight accelerometer-based bio-logging tag secured on the thigh. We use high-resolution measurements of gait kinematics to build subject-specific data-driven models to accurately map stride frequencies extracted from the bio-logging system to stride speeds. The model-based estimates of stride speed were evaluated using a long outdoor walk and compared to stride parameters calculated from a foot-worn inertial measurement unit using the zero-velocity update algorithm. The proposed method presents an average concordance correlation coefficient of 0.80 for all subjects, and 97% of the error is within +/- 0.2 m/s. The approach presented here provides promising results that can enable clinicians to complement their existing assessments of activity level and fitness with measurements of movement duration and intensity (walking speed) extracted at a week time scale and in the patients' free-living environment.
Hidden Color and the b 1 Structure Function of the Deuteron

The b1 structure function is an observable feature of a spin-1 system sensitive to non-nucleonic components of the target nuclear wave function. A simple model for hidden-color, six-quark configurations is proposed and found to give substantial contributions for values of x > 0.2. Good agreement with Hermes data is obtained. Predictions are made for an upcoming JLab experiment.
Virtual Shadowing Program for Preclinical Medical Students.

Our annual summer shadowing program for preclinical medical students faced significant challenges due to COVID-19-related safety and resource concerns during Summer 2020. We created a pilot 7-week virtual shadowing program with the goal of providing virtual observational clinical experiences to increase students’ clinical exposure and understanding of medical specialties. Faculty and preclinical medical students were matched via student preference selection and mentor availability. A practice guide was developed that outlined suggested virtual shadowing procedures. Afterward, participating faculty and students were surveyed on their experience. Overall, both faculty and students found the program effective and experienced limited technological difficulty.
Comparative Evaluations

My response to Engelmann (2008) will be based on several questions that will allow both its author and the general reader to determine whether the assumptions I make as an interpreter of this complex paper are congruent or incongruent with their own interpretations of the text. The interpretations by the writer, by any commentator, and the diverse interpretations of a general audience together with my own interpretations will, I hope, facilitate some fruitful ‘comparative evaluations.’ I articulate my inferences of the most dense part of the paper, namely the ‘concrete immediate Consciousness and the developing absent outside.’ My hope is to address Engelmann’s question: “Am I in a better disposition to judge modern theories of consciousness?” The last section of my response spells out more personal comments to my all too brief and single encounter with Arno Engelmann. It is there that Arno Engelmann’s fascinating statement “I am a citizen of the world” is addressed through its counterparts in my life.
Bias of the Immune Response to Pneumocystis murina Does Not Alter the Ability of Neonatal Mice to Clear the Infection

Newborn mice are unable to clear Pneumocystis (PC) infection with the same efficiency as adults due, in part, to their inability to develop a robust immune response to infection until three weeks of age. It is known that infants tend develop a Th2 skewed response to antigen so we sought to determine whether a biased cytokine response altered the clearance of PC infection in neonatal mice. P. murina infection in neonatal mice resulted in increased IL-4 expression by CD4 T cells and myeloid cells, augmented IL-13 secretion within the airways and increased arginase activity in the airways, indicative of Th2-type responses. P. murina-infected IL-4Rα−/− neonates had a shift towards Th1 cytokine production and increased numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells within the lung as well as elevated levels of P. murina-specific IgG. IFNγ−/− and IL-23 p19−/− mice had altered CD4-T cell-dependent cytokine and cell responses. Though we could alter the T helper cell environment in neonatal knockout mice, there was no loss in the ability of these pups to clear infection. It is possible that the Th2 phenotype normally seen in neonatal mice protects the developing lung from pro-inflammatory immune responses without compromising host defense against P. murina.
Large seasonal fluctuations of groundwater radioiodine speciation and concentrations in a riparian wetland in South Carolina

Abstract Recent studies evaluating multiple years of groundwater radioiodine (129I) concentration in a riparian wetland located in South Carolina, USA identified strong seasonal concentration fluctuations, such that summer concentrations were much greater than winter concentrations. These fluctuations were observed only in the wetlands but not in the upland portion of the plume and only with 129I, and not with other contaminants of anthropogenic origin: nitrate/nitrite, strontium-90, technecium-99, tritium, or uranium. This unexplained observation was hypothesized to be the result of strongly coupled processes involving hydrology, water temperature, microbiology, and chemistry. To test this hypothesis, an extensive historical groundwater database was evaluated, and additional measurements of total iodine and iodine speciation were made from recently collected samples. During the summer, the water table decreased by as much as 0.7 m, surface water temperature increased by as much as 15 °C, and total iodine concentrations were consistently greater (up to 680%) than the following winter months. Most of the additional iodine observed in the summer could be attributed to proportional gains in organo-iodine, and not iodide or iodate. Furthermore, 129I concentrations were observed to be two-orders-of-magnitude greater at the bottom of the upland aquifer than at the top. A coupled hydrological and biogeochemical conceptual model is proposed to tie these observations together. First, as the surface water temperature increased during the summer, microbial activity was enhanced, which in turn stimulated the formation of mobile organo-I. Hydrological processes were also likely involved in the observed iodine seasonal changes: (1) as the water table decreased in summer, the remaining upland water entering the wetland was comprised of a greater proportion of water containing elevated iodine concentrations from the low depths, and (2) water flow paths in summer changed such that the wells intercepted more of the contaminant plume and less of the diluting rainwater (due to evapotranspiration) and streamwater (as the lower levels promote a predominantly recharging system). These results underscore the importance of coupled processes influencing contaminant concentrations, and the need to assess seasonal contaminant variations to optimize long-term monitoring programs of wetlands.
The Impact of Peer Death on Adolescent Girls: A Task-Oriented Group Intervention

Adolescents' exposure to death is high, with approximately 40% of adolescents reporting past year death of a peer. Each of the estimated annual 14,000 deaths of adolescents has an impact on friends, classmates, and peers, with adolescent girls experiencing more peer deaths within a one year time frame than boys. Much of the literature focuses on parent or sibling death but little on the death of a peer. The sudden and unexpected nature of adolescent deaths appears to be a common experience that deeply affects adolescent girls and puts them at risk for a wide range of negative physical, emotional, social, and cognitive outcomes. The author outlines a task-oriented group intervention that meets the developmental, emotional, cognitive, and gender-specific needs of adolescent girls grieving the death of a peer.
Drug Abuse and Behavioral Disinhibition

Traditional models of drug abuse emphasize the drug’s rewarding effects as reinforcing drug use to the point of physical dependence and addiction. However, the past several years have seen an increased focus on the role of cognitive disturbances both as temporary acute reactions to drugs and as enduring impairments owing to prolonged chronic drug abuse. This chapter focuses on impairments of impulse control and reviews several lines of research that point to the role of impaired control in the development and maintenance of drug abuse disorders. The sections describe how the concept of impaired control is embedded in diagnostic classifications of alcohol abuse disorders and how impaired control characterizes constructs, such as impulsivity and disinhibition, which are key aspects of personalities and psychopathologies commonly associated with drug abuse. Cognitive approaches to the concept of impaired self-control are also examined with the aim of identifying how specific impairments in the ability to inhibit an action can contribute to drug abuse, and possibly emerge as a consequence of prolonged drug abuse. The chapter concludes by highlighting areas for further research, such as gaining a better understanding of the role of deficient inhibitory control in drug abuse for more effective treatment development.
Podróże do Niemiec i do Polski. Emocje Żydów odwiedzających poholocaustową Europę

W artykule przedstawiono nowe spojrzenie na problem konfrontowania sie Żydow z poholocaustowymi Niemcami i Polską. Jest to spojrzenie z perspektywy emocji wyrazanych przez Żydow podrozujących do tych krajow od lat czterdziestych XX wieku do dziś. Artykul stanowi wiec swoisty montaz nakladających sie uczuc Żydow wobec odwiedzanych regionow. Celem tekstu jest udowodnienie, ze Niemcy i Polska to dla Żydow nie tylko „krajobraz ruin”, ale przestrzen krzyzowania sie wielu skomplikowanych emocji.
- CeAb1: Abl-related PTK (C. elegans)

The Caenorhabditis elegans abl gene was identified by virtue of its sequence similarity to the mouse c-ab1. The predicted protein product, CeAb1, of the gene contains structural domains that exhibit up to 67% amino acid identity with similar domains in the mouse protein. Subunit of CeAb1 protein comprise 1210 amino acids and molecular weight of 13600. Database accession number of CeAbl is M13235 for EMBL. Sites of interest in protein are Y448, putative autophosphorylation; the N-terminal 7 amino acids are predicted from the genomic sequence only and have not been confirmed by cDNA clones.
Wellbeing and Green Spaces in Cities

There is mounting evidence that exposure to green spaces enhances a person's capacity to manage the demands and pressures of modern living. But how could this be? Through what process or pathways could neighborhood green spaces have such impacts? What evidence supports such claims? This chapter addresses these questions by examining three pathways—and the empirical evidence in support of each—through which exposure to urban green spaces might promote wellbeing. The chapter ends with a call to action that will ensure that people around the world have access to nature at every doorstep.
Racing lipid rafts for synaptic-vesicle formation.

A new screen for proteins that bind cholesterol in vivo has identified synaptophysin I. This protein’s cholesterol-binding ability may be of key importance in the generation of synaptic vesicles at plasma membranes.
In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of Aging in Alloy ZK60A

The effect of c-axis rod-shaped precipitates on the individual deformation mechanisms of extruded magnesium alloy, ZK60A, are examined using in-situ tension and compression testing of solutionized, under-aged, peak-aged, and over-aged material. The results reemphasize that alloy ZK60A exhibits only a modest aging response. The yield stress is slightly increased during compression testing, however, the flow stress plateau associated with deformation twinning is actually enhanced. This suggests that precipitation simultaneously increases the stress required to initiate significant twinning, while retaining the ease with which the twin volume fraction can increase. The previously published load relaxation associated with tensile twinning is confirmed conclusively by this in-situ study.
[5] Cross-linking of synaptoneurosome G proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cross-linking of synaptoneurosome G proteins. A means of probing the organizational structure of G proteins in their native membrane environment is to examine the structures obtained after treatment of the membranes with cross-linking agents. Greater the stringency of the cross-linking reactions, the more credible the interpretations of the cross-linked structures is established. For this purpose a sulfhydryl-based monofunctional cross-linker, p -phenylenedimaleimide ( p -PDM) is appropriate both because of the short phenyl group as spacer between the maleimide or sulfhydryl reactive groups and because it is known that G-proteins contain multiple sulfhydryl residues for potential cross-linking. Synaptoneurosome membranes are employed because they contain essentially all of the known species of G-proteins and are a relatively specific type of membrane from the brain cortex. Detergents exert varying effects on the organizational structures of G proteins. For example, extraction of membranes with Lubrol yields heterotrimeric structures (monomers) of G proteins whereas extraction with digitonin yields large, presumably multimeric structures. Cross-linking of Lubrol and digitonin extracts demonstrates this point.
Biological process, essential origin, and identity

In his famous essentialist account of identity, Kripke holds that it is necessary to the identity of individual people that they have the parents they do in fact have. Some have disputed this requirement, treating it either as a reason to reject essentialism or as something that should be eliminated in order to make essentialism stronger. I examine the reasoning behind some of these claims and argue that it fails to acknowledge the complex and multi-faceted importance of biological process in determining identity and distinguishing significant differences between biological and non-biological cases. In fact, this failure derives from an inherent tendency to treat the biological case in just the same way as the non-biological case at least at one important point in its history—the point of formation. This analysis offers a way of salvaging Kripke’s original claims. I focus in particular on the views of Graeme Forbes and Teresa Robertson, but also discuss the views of Nathan Salmon, M. S. Price and E. J. Lowe.
Root numbers and the parity problem

Let E be a one-parameter family of elliptic curves over a number field. It is natural to expect the average root number of the curves in the family to be zero. All known counterexamples to this folk conjecture occur for families obeying a certain degeneracy condition. We prove that the average root number is zero for a large class of families of elliptic curves of fairly general type. Furthermore, we show that any non-degenerate family E has average root number 0, provided that two classical arithmetical conjectures hold for two homogeneous polynomials with integral coefficients constructed explicitly in terms of E. The first such conjecture -- commonly associated with Chowla -- asserts the equidistribution of the parity of the number of primes dividing the integers represented by a polynomial. We prove the conjecture for homogeneous polynomials of degree 3. The second conjecture used states that any non-constant homogeneous polynomial yields to a square-free sieve. We sharpen the existing bounds on the known cases by a sieve refinement and a new approach combining height functions, sphere packings and sieve methods.
Renal insufficiency, renal calculi and nephrocalcinosis in sarcoidosis: Report of eight cases

Abstract In eight cases of sarcoidosis in which renal complications were present, renal calculi were demonstrable in five cases, nephrocalcinosis in one case and renal insufficiency in two cases. Hypercalcemia was present in six of the cases. The possible mechanisms for the hypercalcemia are discussed. Renal insufficiency may be secondary to widespread granulomatous infiltration, nephrocalcinosis, or a combination of both processes.
Looped versus single-stranded flexor tendon repairs: a cadaveric mechanical study.

Purpose To compare the tensile properties of 4-strand modified Kessler flexor tendon repairs using a looped or single-stranded suture. Methods We evaluated the mechanical properties of 4-strand Kessler zone II core suture repairs using either looped or single-stranded suture in human flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus tendons. Forty repairs were performed on tendons from bilateral cadaveric hands: 20 matched tendons were divided into equal groups of 3-0 looped and 3-0 single-strand repairs and 20 additional matched tendons were divided into equal groups of 4-0 looped and 4-0 single-strand repairs. Repaired tendons were tested in uniaxial tension to failure to determine mechanical properties and failure modes. Data were analyzed to determine the effect of repair type (ie, looped vs single-stranded) for each suture caliber (ie, 3-0 and 4-0). Results Single-strand repairs with 3-0 suture demonstrated a significantly greater maximum load to failure and a significantly higher force at 2-mm gap compared with repairs with looped 3-0 suture. All 8 looped repairs with 3-0 suture failed by suture pullout whereas 7 of 8 repairs with 3-0 single-stranded suture failed by suture breakage. The mechanical properties of looped versus single-stranded repairs with 4-0 caliber suture were not statistically different. Repairs with 4-0 caliber suture failed by suture breakage in 8 of 10 single-strand repairs and failed by suture pullout in 6 of 10 repairs with looped suture. Conclusions In a time-0 ex vivo human cadaveric core suture model, the mechanical properties of a 4-strand repair using 3-0 single-stranded suture were significantly better than the same 4-strand repair performed with looped suture. Clinical relevance Four-strand flexor tendon repairs with 3-0 suture are mechanically superior when performed with single-strand suture versus looped suture.
Adsorbate-Promoted Tunneling-Electron-Induced Local Faceting of D/Pd{110}-(1 × 2)

We have utilized tunneling electrons and thiophene adsorption to draw deuterium (D) from within the single-crystal bulk beneath Pd{110} up to subsurface adsorption sites. We found local faceting induced by this process, and determined the energy threshold of drawing bulk D to subsurface sites to be 0.38 ± 0.02 eV. We show that these facets propagate along the ⟨110⟩ direction of the substrate, and that Pd{110} adopts the (1 × 1) surface reconstruction on the induced facets, yet maintains the paired row (1 × 2) structure on unaffected regions. After producing subsurface D, the facet plane tilts 3.2 ± 0.8° off the substrate plane.
Comparison of heart size and serum concentration as determinants of digoxin tissue concentration in the normal and hypertrophied rabbit heart.

Abstract The relative importance of myocardial mass and serum concentration as determinants of tissue concentration of digitalis glycosides is unknown. Left ventricular hypertrophy was induced in rabbits by a technique of banding the aorta to produce a significant systolic gradient. The weight of the hypertrophied left ventricle of 6 animals exceeded that of the 5 control animals by an average of 49.6 percent. Tritiated digoxin (125 μCi/mg) in a dose of 0.045 mg/kg was given intravenously to each animal. Serum samples were obtained at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours at which time the animals were sacrificed and all tissues and sera analyzed for digoxin content. There was no significant difference in serial serum concentrations between the control animals and those with cardiac hypertrophy for the duration of the experiment. Results of this experiment revealed a definite linear relation between increasing serum concentration and tissue concentration of 3 H digoxin. Tissue serum ratios were relatively constant and averaged 2.3. Variation of myocardial mass, normal or hypertrophied, is not a significant factor in tissue concentration of digoxin. Serum concentration rather than myocardial mass is the determining factor in myocardial tissue concentration of tritiated digoxin; thus, the presence of cardiac hypertrophy does not undermine the usefulness of the serum level of digoxin in providing an estimate of myocardial digoxin tissue concentration.
Business ethics, ideology, and the naturalistic fallacy

This paper addresses the relationship between theoretical and applied ethics. It directs philosophical attention toward the concept of ‘ideology’, conceived as a bridge between high-level principles and decision-making practice. How are we to understand this bridge and how can we avoid the naturalistic fallacy while taking ideology seriously? It is then suggested that the challenge posed by ideology in the arena of organizational ethics is in many ways similar to the challenge posed by developmentalist accounts of moral ‘stages’ in the arena of individual ethics, namely, how to account for the normative force of frameworks that are theoretically derivative yet practically essential.
Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of n-octyl fluoroformate and a comparison with n-octyl chloroformate solvolysis

The specific rates of solvolysis of n-octyl fluoroformate have been measured at 24.2 °C in 28 pure and binary solvents. For the 23 solvents for which both NT (solvent nucleophilicity) and YCl (solvent ionizing power) values are known, a correlation using the two-term Grunwald–Winstein equation leads to sensitivities towards changes in the two scales of 1.80 ± 0.13 (l value) and 0.79 ± 0.06 (m value), respectively. For seven solvents, a parallel study was made of n-octyl chloroformate solvolysis and F : Cl specific rate ratios were, in most instances, above unity, consistent with the association step of an association–dissociation (addition–elimination) pathway being rate-determining.
A RAS Renaissance: Emerging Targeted Therapies for KRAS-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Of the numerous oncogenes implicated in human cancer, the most common and perhaps the most elusive to target pharmacologically is RAS. Since the discovery of RAS in the 1960s, numerous studies have elucidated the mechanism of activity, regulation, and intracellular trafficking of the RAS gene products, and of its regulatory pathways. These pathways yielded druggable targets, such as farnesyltransferase, during the 1980s to 1990s. Unfortunately, early clinical trials investigating farnesyltransferase inhibitors yielded disappointing results, and subsequent interest by pharmaceutical companies in targeting RAS waned. However, recent advances including the identification of novel regulatory enzymes (e.g., Rce1, Icmt, Pdeδ), siRNA-based synthetic lethality screens, and fragment-based small-molecule screens, have resulted in a "Ras renaissance," signified by new Ras and Ras pathway-targeted therapies that have led to new clinical trials of patients with Ras-driven cancers. This review gives an overview of KRas signaling pathways with an emphasis on novel targets and targeted therapies, using non-small cell lung cancer as a case example.
Reduction of Murine Cutaneous UVB-Induced Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes by Dietary Canthaxanthin

The effect of dietary canthaxanthin, retinyl palmitate, or their combination on the tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocyte response (T-TIL) in de novo murine ultraviolet type B irradiation-induced tumors was investigated to elucidate potential mechanisms of action of these compounds. We found that dietary canthaxanthin greatly reduced the number of tumor-infiltrating helper/inducer, suppressor/cytotoxic, and interleukin-2 receptor-positive T lymphocytes and also observed a concomitant statistically significant increase in tumour incidence in canthaxanthin-fed animals. The addition of retinyl palmitate to the canthaxanthin diet ameliorated this negative effect on TIL and the development of skin tumors. We conclude that dietary retinyl palmitate and canthaxanthin can modulate the host T-cell immune response within a growing tumor and may affect tumorigenicity.