cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crayfish tonic inhibition: Prolonged modulation of behavioral excitability by classical GABAergic inhibition

Previous studies have indirectly implicated the two neurotransmitters 5- HT and GABA in mediating tonic inhibition of the crayfish lateral giant (LG) escape reaction. In this study, pharmacological agents were selectively delivered to restricted portions of the abdominal CNS (where LG escape circuitry resides) to assess directly the role of these two transmitters in tonic inhibition. Both 5-HT and GABA depressed monosynaptic, electrical transmission to the LG neurons, the command neurons for LG escape, and application of either transmitter resulted in a depolarizing conductance increase in the LG neuron. The effects of 5-HT persisted in preparations in which chemical transmission was effectively abolished, implying that there are 5-HT receptors on the LG neuron itself, along with the known GABA receptors. Restricted delivery of the GABA chloride channel blocker picrotoxin to only the abdominal CNS blocked the expression of tonic inhibition there (without interfering with the rostral generation of tonic inhibition). Therefore, if 5-HT mediated tonic inhibition, the effects of 5-HT on the abdomen should also be antagonized by picrotoxin. However, this was not the case, thus suggesting that 5-HT does not mediate tonic inhibition. The most likely neurotransmitter used for tonic inhibition is GABA acting via ligand-gated chloride channels. Thus, although this form of behavioral modulation can be tonically active for very long periods, it nevertheless appears to be mediated by a classical synaptic mechanism.
A practical unification algorithm

Abstract By refining Robinson's algorithm, Corbin and Bidoit obtained a unification algorithm that is fast for typical unification problems. The worst-case time of their algorithm, however, is O ( n 2 ). This paper gives two additional refinements that improve the worst-case time to O ( nα ( n , n )), where α ( n , n ) is an extremely slowly growing function of n . The resulting algorithm was originally developed by Baxter. Measurements show it to be quite fast.
Silhouette classification using pixel and voxel features for improved elder monitoring in dynamic environments

We present a method for improving human segmentation results in calibrated, multi-view environments using features derived from both pixel (image) and voxel (volume) space. The main focus of this work is to develop a low-cost, vision-based system for passive activity monitoring of older adults in the home, to capture early signs of illness and functional decline and allow seniors to live independently. Silhouettes are extracted to address privacy concerns. Specific embedded assessment goals include daily gait, fall risk, and overall activity, as well as fall detection. To achieve these goals, accurate, robust segmentation of human subjects (silhouette extraction) from captured video data is required. We present a simple technique that makes use of features acquired from background subtraction results (silhouettes) of multiple calibrated cameras, along with the 3D voxel object formed from the intersection of those multiple silhouettes in a volume space to improve human segmentation results in dynamic environments; moving objects, non-human objects, and lighting changes often complicate this task. The technique is qualitatively evaluated on three data sequences, two of which were captured in an independent living facility for older adults.
Gradient analysis of reversed treelines and grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico

Objective: Treeless meadows and parks are widespread but poorly understood features of the montane vegetation of the western USA. These communities frequently form reversed treelines where grassy valleys occur below forested slopes above. Our purpose was to assess the environmental correlates of such treelines, as well as patterns in the composition and diversity of grasslands and forest margins in the Valles Caldera National Preserve. Location: Valles Caldera National Preserve (35°50'-36°00' N, 106°24'-106°37' W, 2175-3150 m), Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA. Methods: We conducted a gradient analysis based on 200 nested quadrats on transects crossing reversed treelines and spanning the compositional heterogeneity of grasslands. We used cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling to assess relationships between compositional variation and environmental variables. Results: We found strong, highly significant relationships of the vegetation to gradients in slope inclination, soil texture, moisture, nutrient availability, and nighttime minimum temperatures. Reversed treelines are most strongly associated with shifts in the thermal regime, exhibit weaker relationships with soil texture and nutrient content, and show no relationship with gravimetric soil moisture. Gradients in aspect, soil moisture, and annual mean temperature are associated with compositional variation within grasslands and forest margins. Conclusions: Lower nightly minimum temperatures and fewer consecutive frost-free days resulting from cold-air drainage may prevent tree seedling establishment in valley bottoms via photo-inhibition, tissue damage, or frost heaving. Finetextured soils may also impede tree seedling establishment in valley bottoms. These findings lay the groundwork for experimental and physiological tests of these potential causes of these reversed treelines.
Decreased G-protein-mediated regulation and shift in calcium channel types with age in hippocampal cultures.

The membrane density of L-type voltage-sensitive Ca 21 channels (L-VSCCs) of rat hippocampal neurons increases over age [days in vitro (DIV)] in long-term primary cultures, apparently contributing both to spontaneous cell death and to enhanced excitotoxic vulnerability. Similar increases in L-VSCCs occur during brain aging in vivo in rat and rabbit hippocampal neurons. However, unraveling both the molecular basis and the functional implications of these age changes in VSCC density will require determining whether the other types of highthreshold VSCCs (e.g., N, P/Q, and R) also exhibit altered density and/or changes in regulation, for example, by the important G-protein-coupled, membrane-delimited inhibitory pathway. These possibilities were tested here in long-term hippocampal cultures. Pharmacologically defined whole-cell currents were corrected for cell size differences over age by normalization with whole-cell capacitance. The Ca 21 channel current density (picoamperes per picofarad), mediated by each Ca 21 channel type studied here (L, N, and a combined P/Q 1 R component), increased through 7 DIV. Thereafter, however, only L-type current density continued to increase, at least through 21 DIV. Concurrently, pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-coupled inhibition of non-L-type Ca 21 channel current induced by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen or by guanosine 59-3-O(thio)triphosphate declined dramatically with age in culture. Thus, the present studies identify selective and novel parallel mechanisms for the time-dependent alteration of Ca 21 influx,
Ovis ammon (aries) cycloceros (Afghanistan wild sheep)

These karyotypes came from blood cultures and were donated by the late Dr. F. Ulbrich, Giessen, Germany. They are indistinguishable from those of the aoudad, Ammotragus lervia (Folio 137, Vol. 3). A typical Robertsonian system exists among members of the Caprinae with Capra hircus (Folio 92, Vol. 2) and Capra ibex (Folio 140, Vol. 3) having only acrocentrics (2n=60), the present species with 2 metacentrics (2n=58), Ovis a. nigrimontana (Folio 144, Vol. 3) with 4 metacentrics (2n=56), Ovis aries (Folio 45, Vol. 1) with 6 metacentrics (2n=54), and Hemitragus jemlahicus (Folio 141, Vol. 3) with 12 metacentrics (2n=48).
Reducing length of stay of patients in an outpatient OB clinic: a simulation approach

In the health care industry, a pressing issue is the need to assess and analyze care services in order to ensure efficient and quality care. For outpatient clinics, length of stay of patients is an important performance measure in helping to determine service quality. The Community Women's Clinic associated with the University of Arkansas for Medical Science is a practice dedicated to providing outpatient obstetrics care including high risk pregnancy. In this study, we develop an appointment template driven simulation model of the clinic, validate the model, and run several "what-if" scenarios to identify optimal number of staff to minimize the length of stay of patients in the clinic. The best scenario of adding one advanced practice nurse, one patient care technician, and one additional capacity in the non-stress test room improved the length of stay of patients for the entire clinic by 19% and for the high risk patients by 10%. We achieved these improvements without affecting the actual clinic activities which the clinic management had difficulty in achieving through many manual interventions.
PARTIAL-BODY RADIATION OF QUEEN HONEYBEES

SUMMARYBy shielding abdominal segments III–V, queen honeybees were enabled to survive otherwise lethal doses of radiation; in contrast, irradiating only segments III–V with 10 000 r. killed all queens within three weeks, as did whole-body irradiations. Lead shields are described that protect part of the abdomen and permit irradiation of either the spermatozoa in the spermatheca or the oogonia of the ovary, with higher doses that could otherwise be administered without killing the queen.
Inbreeding Depression and Laboratory Adaptation in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), suffered severely from inbreeding depression after one generation of brother-sister mating. Larval viability was particularly affected. Inadvertent selection for laboratory adaptation appeared to have a greater impact on mating behavior of females than of males. Maintenance of large colony sizes and outcrossing laboratory females to field-collected males may be practical methods of avoiding significant inbreeding depression in laboratory colonies.
Release of Soluble Protein from Peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) and Its Adsorption by Activated Charcoal

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) allergy is a major cause of food-induced anaphylaxis. The potential use of activated charcoal (AC) to adsorb and reduce the bioavailability of peanut protein allergens for use in the moderation of hypersensitivity reactions was investigated. The rate and extent of protein release from peanut and the adsorption of the solubilized protein by AC was determined under physiological pH values and confirmed in vivo using a porcine animal model system. Peanut proteins were adsorbed with equal efficiency at pH 2 and 7 and are completely removed from solution by an AC/protein ratio of approximately 80:1. This suggests that AC can bind protein under gastric (pH 2) or intestinal (pH 7) conditions. The rapid adsorption of soluble peanut allergens and the continuous binding of allergens released from peanut particulate material suggest the potential efficacy of using AC for gastric decontamination and possible elimination of a biphasic allergic reaction.
Abstract A104: The impact of insurance instability and care after abnormal cancer screening

The intent of health insurance reform is to improve care through the expansion of access to care for minority, vulnerable, and underinsured populations. In 2006 the Massachusetts Health Reform Legislation sought to improve access to care by increasing insurance coverage. We sought to assess the impact of insurance instability on vulnerable women with an abnormal screening event, looking at whether they achieved a diagnostic resolution, comparing pre and post insurance reform cohorts. We studied women at 6 community health centers, as they care for a disproportionate group of women with unstable insurance coverage. We analyzed billing data for all women following an abnormal breast or cervical cancer screening exam at 6 community health centers in two cohorts: 2004–2005 (pre reform) and 2007–2008 (post reform). We observed insurance claims for eighteen months before and after the abnormal screening exam, and recorded insurance coverage and frequency of health insurance switches. We categorized switches into five levels of favorability from the most favorable representing women who were always privately insured to the least favorable representing women who were always uninsured. The outcome of interest is the time it takes to reach diagnostic resolution, dichotomized to those who resolved within 365 days of abnormal screening and those who did not. We conducted Mantel-Haenszel Chi square analyses to observe if insurance instability changed the proportion of women with diagnostic resolution between the pre and post reform periods. We examined 1944 women, 433 women in the pre reform period and 1511 women in the post reform period. Subjects had an average age of 43 (± 16) years and were 35% white, 32% black, 28% Hispanic, and 5% other, primarily Vietnamese. Women in the sample received care at their community health center for an average of 25 months and during that time had an average of 17 visits. At the time of the abnormal cancer screening in the pre reform period, 21% of women were uninsured, 46% had public insurance, and 32% had private insurance. We placed women into 5 categories of insurance instability: 21% were always privately insured, 18% were always publically insured, 21% had at least one switch but were never uninsured, 22% had at least one switch to an uninsured state, and 18% were consistently without insurance. The proportion always uninsured dropping from 25% to 16%, and the proportion always privately insured increasing from 17% to 23% in the pre-compared to post-insurance reform period, 2 27.7, p Limitations of the study include the inability to assess the length of non coverage between switches or to identify switches which occurred between health care visits. Insurance reform significantly improved coverage, with fewer women consistently uninsured. Our results did not show an association between changes in insurance stability and delays in time to diagnostic resolution. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A104.
Low Pressure Band Tuning in Wurtzite CdSe Quantum Dots

Several studies to date have probed structural phase transitions in quantum dots (QDs) at high pressure. At low pressure (< 1 GPa), the optical properties of solvated nanomaterials are modulated by pressure induced electronic level tuning, particularly for surface and trap states. In fact, low pressure studies on solvated CdSe QDs may provide insight into the participation of surface hole traps and electron traps on the excited state optical properties in these materials. We report findings of QD size dependent pressure coefficients and postulate that trap state tuning, surface reconstruction events, and electron-hole exchange interactions may play a role in the low-pressure regime.
On the father-son depiction in The Assistant

This paper examines the role played by the successful father-son depiction in revealing the themes in The Assistant by Bernard Malamud.
N-type, omega-conotoxin-sensitive Ca2+ channels mediate electrically evoked release of ACh in guinea pig trachea.

To determine whether N- or L-type Ca2+ channels mediate acetylcholine (ACh) release from airway parasympathetic nerve endings, we compared the effects of omega-conotoxin (N-type inhibitor) and nifedipine (L-type inhibitor) on electrically evoked release of ACh in guinea pig trachea. Reconnected segments of guinea pig trachea were mounted in organ baths containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer, indomethacin (10 microM) to inhibit cyclooxygenase, neostigmine (1 microM) to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, and atropine (0.3 microM) to inhibit muscarinic autoreceptors, as well as phentolamine and propranolol to inhibit adrenergic receptors. After electrical field stimulation (EFS), aliquots of buffer were removed, and ACh was measured directly by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Tracheas were stimulated for 10-min periods at a frequency of 5 Hz, and ACh release was measured for five separate periods (S1-S5) after treatment with increasing concentrations of omega-conotoxin or vehicle alone (acetic acid). Thirty minutes was allowed between stimulation periods. We found that EFS-evoked release of ACh was inhibited by omega-conotoxin in a concentration-dependent manner [mean effective concentration (EC50) approximately 8 nM] but was unaffected by vehicle treatment. In other experiments, ACh release was measured for two separate periods (S1 and S2), and between periods tracheas were treated with omega-conotoxin (1 microM), nifedipine (10-100 microM), tetrodotoxin (TTX), or buffer containing low (0.8 mM) Ca2+. ACh release was 12 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) and 3 +/- 0.3 pmol.mg protein-1.min-1 before and during omega-conotoxin (n = 5, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cobalt(II) Complex of a Diazoalkane Radical Anion

β-Diketiminate cobalt(I) precursors react with diphenyldiazomethane to give a compound that is shown by computational studies to be a diazoalkane radical anion antiferromagnetically coupled to a high-spin cobalt(II) ion. Thermolysis of this complex results in formal N–N cleavage to give a cobalt(II) ketimide complex. Experimental evaluation of the potential steps in the mechanism suggests that free azine is a likely intermediate in this reaction.
Developmental and psychiatric evaluation in the preschool context.

Many children less than 5 years of age are enrolled in early childhood education programs. This provides an opportunity for early detection of developmental problems and disturbances in emotional and behavioral functioning. Traditionally, developmental and psychiatric evaluations of young children took place in child guidance clinics or private offices. An alternative venue for conducting evaluations is within a preschool program. This article addresses the rationale and advantages of this approach, the methods for conducting evaluations on-site, and special issues that arise when collaborating with early childhood settings.
Spotlighting Advances in Special Education

This article presents statistical highlights on special education in the United States for the period 1948–1963. They are based on a nationwide survey conducted by the US Office of Education. The survey reveals striking increases in the number of: (a) school systems providing special education; (b) pupils enrolled in programs for the education of the exceptional; and (c) special teachers and speech and hearing specialists in the schools.
Un-fathoming the Spirit of Sustainability

Over the last twenty years, a considerable amount of thought has gone into the stubborn refusal of solutions to one of the most intractable issues of our civilization: global warming. Despite clear indications that global warming and its attendant feedback effects are likely to cause extensive damage across the globe—and may threaten the survival of human civilization itself—significant enough change in human behaviors to avoid this future has been absent in recent history. The most rigorous body of academics and professionals studying global warming and its impacts, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has reported, with 90 % accuracy, that global warming is anthropogenic; similarly, these same scientists have articulated an array of dire consequences, within our lifetimes, if humans continue to fuel current behaviors with long-held assumptions that structure reified relations to nature and to other human beings. This essay applies recent theoretical insights from anthropology, cultural theory, and philosophy, as well as findings in marine biology and other marine sciences, scientific and social science approaches to the theories of global warming, and paleontological research to investigate and exhume the largely unexamined assumptions driving geoglobal politics of identity and the fissured, highly mobile, provisional networks of globalization itself. Cabo Pulmo, the northernmost surviving coral reef in North America, functions as an example of the “awkward engagement” characteristic of global exchange and reveals the lines of friction in global encounters. Finally, the Cabo Pulmo community offers a counterdiscourse to the failures of globalization to re-envision, reimagine, and reconstitute environmental sustainability as the community discovers alternative economic, human, and environmental identities.
PD-1 blockade modulates chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells: refueling the CAR.

To the editor: Antibodies blocking the programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) on T cells produce tumor regression in multiple cancers by disrupting the PD-L1/PD-1 (programmed death-ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1) immune inhibitory axis.[1][1][⇓][2][⇓][3][⇓][4]-[5][5] This approach to
Reactive Constrained Mixtures for Modeling the Solid Matrix of Biological Tissues

This article illustrates our approach for modeling the solid matrix of biological tissues using reactive constrained mixtures. Several examples are presented to highlight the potential benefits of this approach, showing that seemingly disparate fields of mechanics and chemical kinetics are actually closely interrelated and may be elegantly expressed in a unified framework. Thus, constrained mixture models recover classical theories for fibrous materials with bundles oriented in different directions or having different reference configurations, that produce characteristic fiber recruitment patterns under loading. Reactions that exchange mass among various constituents of a mixture may be used to describe tissue growth and remodeling, which may also alter the material’s anisotropy. Similarly, reactions that describe the breaking and reforming of bonds may be used to model free energy dissipation in a viscoelastic material. Therefore, this framework is particularly well suited for modeling biological tissues.
Evolution of Visceral Control in Invertebrates

The control of invertebrate viscera – mainly the vascular and digestive systems – has evolved over millions of years by first developing the basic cellular components in single-cell animals. The components were then incorporated into neural mechanisms for the control of pumping, chewing, and peristaltic activities in metazoa. The details of the circuits producing these behaviors can be illustrated by five invertebrate preparations that progress from simple to more complex networks. Comparison of these systems as well as their neuromodulatory control can explain a great deal about how they have evolved.
Machine Learning Classification of Tree Cover Type and Application to Forest Management

This article is driven by three goals. The first is to use machine learning to predict tree cover types, helping to address current challenges faced by U.S. forest management agencies. The second is to bring previous research in the area up-to-date, owing to a lack of development over time. The third is to improve on previous results with new data analysis, higher accuracy, and higher reliability. A Deep Neural Network DNN was constructed and compared with three baseline traditional machine learning models: Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and K-Nearest Neighbor KNN. The neural network model achieved 91.55% accuracy while the best performing traditional classifier, K-Nearest Neighbor, managed 74.61%. In addition, the neural network model performed 20.97% better than the past neural networks, which illustrates both advances in machine learning algorithms, as well as improved accuracy high enough to apply practically to forest management issues. Using the techniques outlined in this article, agencies can cost-efficiently and quickly predict tree cover type and expedite natural resource inventorying.
Pathogenesis of cerebral edema in patients with acute renal and liver failure and the role of the nephrologist in the management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe and complex illness and one of the most daunting conditions managed in the ICU. Because the renal care is intertwined with multiple disciplines, the aim of this review is to examine the multifactorial pathogenesis of cerebral edema in ALF, covering basic established facts as well as recent advances in our understanding of this condition. RECENT FINDINGS Acetaminophen remains the most common cause of ALF in the United States and many European countries. The incidence of cerebral edema continues to decline owing to earlier detection and improved management. The pathogenesis of cerebral edema has shifted from a unifactorial hypothesis involving the failed liver to a multifactorial cause. Recent evidence focuses on the role of liver-induced systemic inflammation and its implication in increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The role of brain aquaporin-4 in mediating water entry into the brain is further clarified. Controversial data regarding the effect of acute kidney injury on the brain emerged. Hyponatremia has been shown to worsen the outcome in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients thus validating findings in animal models. New evidence shed the light on the changes in serum osmolality and potential tissue hypoxia during continuous renal replacement therapy and points to the risks associated with such therapy. SUMMARY ALF is a severe systemic illness that is potentially reversible. Understanding the interaction between the multiple failed organs will help the nephrologist provide well tolerated and efficient care.
A Kinetics Approach to Surface Wrinkling of Elastic Thin Films

Complex wrinkle patterns have been observed in various thin film systems, typically with integrated hard and soft materials for various applications as well as in nature. The underlying mechanism of wrinkling has been generally understood as a stress-driven instability. On an elastic substrate, equilibrium and energetics set the critical condition and select the wrinkle wavelength and amplitude. On a viscous substrate, wrinkles grow over time and kinetics select the fastest growing mode. Moreover, on a viscoelastic substrate, both energetics and kinetics play important roles in determining the critical condition, the growth rate, and wrinkle patterns. The dynamics of wrinkling, while analogous to other phase ordering phenomena, is rich and distinct under the effects of stress and film–substrate interactions. In this chapter, a kinetics approach is presented for wrinkling of isotropic and anisotropic elastic films on viscoelastic substrates. Analytic solutions are obtained by a linear perturbation analysis and a nonlinear energy minimization method, which predict the kinetics of wrinkle growth at the early stage and the equilibrium states at the long-time limit, respectively. In between, a power-law coarsening of the wrinkle wavelength is predicted by a scaling analysis. Furthermore, the kinetics approach enables numerical simulations that demonstrate emergence and transition of diverse wrinkle patterns (ordered and disordered) under various conditions.
Continuous Integration and Delivery for HPC: Using Singularity and Jenkins

Continuous integration, delivery, and deployment (CICD) is widely used in DevOps communities, as it allows for teams of all sizes to deploy rapidly-changing hardware and software resources quickly and confidently. In this paper, we will describe how University of Colorado Boulder Research Computing has adopted these practices on the RMACC Summit supercomputer [17] to allow system engineers and researchers alike to capitalize on the benefits of CICD-centric development workflows. We will introduce the topic of CICD at a high level and describe how such practices can ease common software management challenges for High-Performance Computing (HPC) resources. We will then document the infrastructure deployed for Summit, and explain how software such as Jenkins and Singularity enabled adaptation for an HPC environment. We will conclude with two case studies discussing the use of our CICD infrastructure: one case study from the perspective of a system engineer maintaining user-facing resources, and the other case study from the perspective of a researcher developing, maintaining, and using the MFiX-Exa codebase.
Reconstruction-Based Estimation of the Scatter Component in Positron Emission Tomography

A new method to assess the scatter component in positron emission tomography (PET) based on estimating the low-frequency component corresponding to scattered events using ordered subsets - expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstructions is proposed in this paper and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation studies, experimental phantom measurements and clinical studies. The rationale of this method called Statistical Reconstruction-Based Scatter Correction (SRBSC) is that the image corresponding to scattered events in the projection data consists of almost low-frequency components of activity distribution and that the low-frequency components will converge faster than the high-frequency ones in successive iterations of statistical reconstruction methods such as OSEM. The second assumption is that the high-frequency components will be smeared, i.e. filtered by the scatter response kernels. A simple model has been devised to parameterize the scatter component using Monte Carlo simulations. The unscattered component estimated using SRBSC was compared to the true unscattered component as estimated by Monte Carlo simulations for simple phantom geometries and clinically realistic source distributions. Quantitative analysis was also performed on reconstructed images using simple metrics like the contrast, absolute concentration, recovery coefficient and signal-to-noise ratio. The SRBSC method tends to undercorrect for scatter in most regions of the 3D Hoffman brain phantom, but gives good activity recovery values which average within 1%. It was concluded that the proposed method improves image quality and the contrast compared to the case where no correction is applied and that an accurate modeling of the scatter component is essential for a proper scatter correction.
Theoretical Analysis of Models for Enzyme Synthesis

Biological processes at the molecular level are extremely complex and descriptive analysis alone is completely inadequate for evaluation of the relationships between individual functional units. Therefore, it is essential that formalized relationships be established between the operational elements of the system and that the problem be solved in a quantitative manner. In order to facilitate the analysis, it is often useful to set up a functional model of the sys-tem. The validity of such models depends essentially on the available experimental data and the ingenuity of the model builder. Since the performance of a realistic model will be compared with that of the normal system, its success depends essentially on the soundness of the model. We assume, of course, that adequate mathematical procedures are used. In contrast, highly sophisticated mathematical treatment does not produce any significant results when applied to a poor model.
Influences on Catered Event Ordering in a University Workplace: Development and Validation of the Understanding Food Ordering Survey.

Purpose:To develop and validate an instrument to identify factors that influence what is ordered for catered events for employees at a large university.Design:Themes derived from focus groups were ...
The SERC 5-Year Technical Plan: Designing the Future of Systems Engineering Research

The Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC), a US University Affiliated Research Center, developed the 2014–2018 Technical Plan to provide the vehicle by which to align the SERC Vision and Research Strategy with the US Federal Government Sponsor’s top research priorities. This paper summarizes the SERC Vision, the Sponsor’s needs, and the SERC’s response to these needs. It then describes the objectives, approach and content of the original five-year SERC Technical Plan, and provides an overview of the results. Emerging systems challenges are noted along with the approach that is being used to ad-dress them in the upcoming Five Year Technical Plan. Finally, this paper de-scribes the status of the new plan and some of the opportunities and challenges that it provides.
Iliotibial Band Tenodesis With a Tenodesis Screw for Augmentation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with lateral extra-articular tenodesis using a strip of the iliotibial band (ITB) has been shown to increase postoperative stability of the knee. This Technical Note describes a method of ITB tenodesis in which a central slip of the ITB is passed deep to the lateral collateral ligament and then rerouted anteriorly for fixation at a location anterior and proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle. Five whipstitches are passed through the ITB, and a second distal suture is tied around the distal end. Of the 4 suture tails, 3 are passed through a tenodesis screwdriver, and the screw is placed in the previously reamed bone socket. A closed loop is formed around the tenodesis screw by tying off the suture tails. This technique creates a sling around the lateral collateral ligament, which serves as a checkrein to internal rotation in cases in which increased stability is warranted, such as revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in an athlete.
Revenue effort of local governments:determinants, impacts, and policy implications

The literature on the revenue effort of local governments in the U.S. is deficient in that most studies focus only on identifying the general patterns of revenue effort. This study remedies the deficiency by exploring the determinants and impacts of local government revenue effort. It finds that both high personal income and adverse socioeconomic conditions contribute to high revenue effort. It also finds that jurisdictions with high revenue effort tend to obtain high grant revenues. In addition, contrary to the predictions of previous studies, it finds that the number of business firms located in a jurisdiction tends to rise as revenue effort increases. Finally, the policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Love and Justice

A common theme in twentieth century Christian ethics was that the agapic love for the neighbor that Jesus commands is to be understood as gratuitous benevolence, and that love, so understood, is in tension with justice. The author argues that this is a misinterpretation of Jesus’ love command, and that when agapic love is rightly understood, there is no conflict between love and justice. Jesus’ second love command is a quotation from Leviticus 19. When we look at the context of the command in Leviticus, we see that doing justice is not pitted against love but is instead an example of love. The author concludes by proposing that agapic love be understood as care rather than gratuitous benevolence. When we care about someone, we see to it that they are treated justly.
The Modification of Ho'oponopono as Group Therapy in a Male Adolescent Residential Group Home Setting

This study reports on the utility of Ho'oponopono, a traditional Native Hawai'ian family conflict-resolution method, for use as group therapy in a male adolescent group home. During Ho'oponopono, members discuss conflict, accept responsibility for their actions, forgive others, and release the emotional aspects of conflict. Staff members determined which values should be modeled and reinforced within group therapy and during everyday living. Data collected included limited participant observation, transcript analysis, and client interviews. Interpersonal theme analysis indicated that old responses of fear, naivete, ignoring boundaries, and displaying anger and hostility were transformed into new responses of openness, understanding the system, establishing boundaries, and utilizing communication techniques. A discussion of the efficacy of Ho'oponopono as a viable cross-cultural method for reducing general group conflict, improving interdependence among members, and promoting therapeutic change, is offered.
Queer information literacies: social and technological circulation in the rural Midwestern United States

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people living in rural communities have unique needs related to cultural and information access about their identities. A growing body of lite...
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy

Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders of voluntary muscle presenting at birth or in early infancy with weakness and evidence for a dystrophic myopathy on biopsy. Initially recognized more than a 100 years ago, considerable progress in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms has been made recently. An emerging theme among gene products involved in the pathogenesis of CMD is their involvement with the extracellular matrix of muscle, including the disorders of O-mannosyl-linked glycosylation of α-dystroglycan which may also include abnormalities of neuronal migration as well as the disorders of a collagen type VI affecting both muscle and connective tissue.
“Let them eat cake, she says”: Assessing Marie-Antoinette’s Image

“Let them eat cake, she says”: Assessing Marie-Antoinette’s Image examines key historical moments in which the ill-fated French queen appears in the mainstream popular culture of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, such as the rise of Austro-Fascism in the late 1920s and 1930s, the Great Depression, or the Women’s Liberation (uman ribu) movement in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. By analyzing the aspects of her representation in films, books, anime, and manga, and the political and economic circumstances in which these cultural works were created, we can see that during moments of political or economic upheaval or a major shift in gender roles, Marie-Antoinette appears as a figure of dignified motherhood, royalty, or simply as an ordinary woman thrust into extraordinary circumstances.
The Differential Diagnosis of Persistent Critical Illness and Other Causes of Prolonged ICU Stays

The differential diagnosis of prolonged ICU stays includes intrinsic patient and admitting diagnostic characteristics, things that happen during the course of critical illness, and organizational failures. Among these, existing (albeit fragmentary) data suggest that the development of new cascading problems in the ICU is the most common experience of patients with prolonged ICU stays. Such patients with persistent critical illness have been defined as those patients whose “reason for being in ICU is now more related to their ongoing critical illness than their original reason for admission to the ICU.” There are urgent research needs for such patients, but accepting the dynamism inherent in such a clinical course has implications for contemporary clinical care.
Supreme Court Clerks and the Death Penalty

This Essay is part of GW's Supreme Court Clerks at 100 symposium. The Supreme Court is involved, directly or otherwise, with virtually every execution carried out in the United States. Most executions are appealed to the Court, and inmates commonly request a stay of execution a few days or hours before their scheduled death. The clerks review these requests and recommend a ruling. A few days after I arrived at the Court, I got my first death penalty assignment. As the date drew near, the defendant asked the Court to stay his execution. I opened his file and began to read.
Defining the Homo- and Heterodimerization Propensities of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

The eight metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) serve critical modulatory roles throughout the nervous system. The molecular diversity of mGluRs is thought to be further expanded by the formation of heterodimers, but the co-expression of mGluR subtypes at the cellular level and the relative propensities of heterodimer formation are not well known. Here, we analyze single-cell RNA sequencing data and find that cortical pyramidal cells express multiple mGluR subtypes with distinct profiles for different receptor combinations. We then develop quantitative, fluorescence-based assays to define the relative homo- and heterodimer propensities across group-I, -II, and -III mGluRs. We find a strong preference for heterodimerization in a number of cases, including mGluR2 with mGluR3, which we confirm in frontal cortex using in situ RNA hybridization and co-immunoprecipitation. Together, our findings support the biological relevance of mGluR heterodimerization and highlight the complex landscape of mGluR populations in the brain.
Lung cancer screening in patients with previous malignancy: Is this cohort at increased risk for malignancy?

To determine the rate of second primary lung cancer (SPLC) and describe the clinical characteristics and radiological findings in individuals with a prior history of cancer presenting to a low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening program at a tertiary cancer center. Patients with a previous history of malignancy, a life expectancy ≥ 5 years referred for CT lung cancer screening between May 2, 2011, and November 28, 2018, were included. Demographics regarding risk factors including smoking history and prior history of thoracic radiation were collected. CT scan features assessed nodule size, morphologic features, and number. The Lung-CT Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) scoring system was retrospectively applied to studies performed before October 2014 and prospectively applied to remainder of studies. Data was collected in a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)–compliant manner. A total of 543 patients were studied (mean age of 66 years). All had a previous history of cancer, most commonly breast cancer 205 (38%), head and neck cancer 105 (19%), and lung cancer 87 (16%). Of screening CTs performed, 17.5% were positive screening study results as per Lung-RADS scoring system. SPLC was diagnosed in 35 patients (6.4%) with 21 prevalence cancers detected and 14 interval cancers detected in subsequent screening rounds. The rate of screen-detected SPLC in patients with prior malignancy is higher than reported rates seen in historical prospective screening studies. Our study suggests the need for prospective research to evaluate any mortality benefit that screening may have in this population. • The rate of screen-detected second primary lung cancer in patients with prior malignancy is higher than reported rates seen in historical prospective randomized lung cancer screening studies in a general screened population. • Patients with a prior malignancy undergoing lung cancer screening have higher rates of positive screening studies and higher rates of invasive diagnostic procedures than those reported in a general screening population. • Prospective research is required to evaluate if screening offers a mortality benefit in this population.
Abstract 162: DNA methylation activates TP73 expression in human breast cancer tumorigenesis

Epigenetic events that cause changes in gene expression are common in human cancers. However, the connection between TP73 expression and its epigenetic functionality in tumorigenesis has not been widely explored. As a transcription factor, p73 is activated in a similar manner to p53 in response to DNA damage and regulates the expression of downstream genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, there are other compounding functions of this gene that reflect its non-tumor-related characters, thus making it very difficult to assess its specific role in tumorigenesis, which results from an accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that alter normal cell growth and survival pathways. TP73 is the homologue of the master tumor suppressor TP53 involved in cellular responses to stress and development. The TP73 gene encodes two different proteins TAp73 and ΔNp73 and maps to a region on chromosome 1p36 that is frequently deleted in neuroblastoma and other tumors and is thought to contain multiple tumor suppressor genes. However, the analysis of p73-knockout mice yielded conflicting results with respect to tumor suppression. World-wide efforts in sequencing the TP73 gene in patient tumor samples have not provided evidence for genetic alterations as a common cause of TP73 inactivation in human cancers. Therefore, the role of TP73 in tumorigenesis has remained elusive to date. In this study, we determined TP73 expression in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), non-cancerous Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) skin fibroblasts, human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 & MDA321), neuroblastoma cell lines (IMR32 & SK-N-SH) and normal skin fibroblast cell line (HS27). We also conducted an immunohistochemistry analysis of TP73 expression in human normal breast tissues, cancerous breast tissues and non-cancerous (cancer-adjacent) breast tissues. The results show that TP73 expression is evident only in cancer cell lines and breast cancer tissues. Moreover, methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing studies revealed that TP73 promoter is activated only in cancer cell lines by DNA methylation. Furthermore, ChIP assay results demonstrated that CTCF (a chromosomal networking protein CCCTC binding factor) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) bind to TP73 promoter and regulate TP73 expression. These observations demonstrate the existence of a positive correlation at the promoter site of TP73 between its expression and DNA methylation. However, TP73 expression is not involved in cell proliferation, which may prove significant for the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Citation Format: Zhixing Yao, David R. Yao, William Yu, Zaki A. Sherif. DNA methylation activates TP73 expression in human breast cancer tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 162.
Caring Leadership: The Role of Principals in Producing Caring School Cultures

Despite increasing attention to the importance of caring in education, most research on caring in schools focuses on narrow dyadic relationships between individuals. The present study explores the ...
Advances in the Management of Pediatric Sarcomas

The prognosis of pediatric patients who present with metastatic or recurrent sarcomas remains poor. In this review, we summarize the advances in the management of metastatic and relapsed pediatric sarcoma by highlighting recent and future clinical trials. Research into the identification of novel therapies for refractory pediatric sarcomas continues to advance. Outcomes have not improved in several decades underlying a need for improved understanding of the biology behind these tumors and the identification of novel therapeutic molecular targets that can be exploited pharmacologically. Multiple challenges remain for novel therapy in sarcomas such as the selection of effective targets, management of toxicities, and the tumor microenvironment. Many unique challenges remain in the treatment of patients with refractory pediatric sarcomas. Multiple strategies and targets are under investigation that hold promise.
Numerical Simulations of Mach Stem Formation via Intersecting Bow Shocks

Abstract Hubble Space Telescope observations show bright knots of H α emission within outflowing young stellar jets. Velocity variations in the flow create secondary bow shocks that may intersect and lead to enhanced emission. When the bow shocks intersect at or above a certain critical angle, a planar shock called a Mach stem is formed. These shocks could produce brighter H α emission since the incoming flow to the Mach stem is parallel to the shock normal. In this paper we report first results of a study using 2-D numerical simulations designed to explore Mach stem formation at the intersection of bow shocks formed by hypersonic “bullets” or “clumps”. Our 2-D simulations show how the bow shock shapes and intersection angles change as the adiabatic index γ changes. We show that the formation or lack of a Mach stem in our simulations is consistent with the steady-state Mach stem formation theory. Our ultimate goal, which is part of an ongoing research effort, is to characterize the physical and observational consequences of bow shock intersections including the formation of Mach stems.