cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A plan for directional dark matter sensitivity in high-pressure xenon detectors through the addition of wavelength shifting gaseous molecules

Xenon is an especially attractive candidate for both direct WIMP and 0νββ decay searches. Although the current trend has exploited the liquid phase, the gas phase xenon offers remarkable performance advantages for: energy resolution, topology visualization, and discrimination between electron and nuclear recoils. The NEXT-100 experiment, now under construction in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory, Spain, will operate at ~ 15 bars with 100 kg of 136Xe for the 0νββ decay search. We will describe recent results with small prototypes, indicating that NEXT-100 can provide about 0.5% FWHM energy resolution at the decay's Q value (2457.83 keV), as well as rejection of γ-rays with topological cuts. However, sensitivity goals for WIMP dark matter and 0νββ decay searches indicate the probable need for ton-scale active masses. NEXT-100 provides the springboard to reach this scale with xenon gas. We describe a scenario for performing both searches in a single, high-pressure, ton-scale xenon gas detector, without significant compromise to either. In addition, even in a single ton-scale, high-pressure xenon gas TPC, an intrinsic sensitivity to the nuclear recoil direction may exist. This plausibly offers an advance of more than two orders of magnitude relative to current low-pressure TPC concepts. We argue that, in an era of deepening fiscal austerity, such a dual-purpose detector may be possible at acceptable cost, within the time frame of interest, and deserves our collective attention.
Regional stabilization: a model for policy decision

A policy simulative model with the main purpose of simulating the effects of alternative policy moves and obtaining an accurate read-out of resulting urban-suburban conditions is the focus of this paper.
Downstream migratory behavior of hatchery-reared, radio-tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in the Penobscot River, Maine, USA

Abstract Migratory patterns and timing of smolt movements of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) were assessed by placing radio tags on salmon in 1990 and 1991 and releasing fish at Howland, Maine, about 91 km upstream from the mouth of the Penobscot River. Fish movements were tracked by vehicles on streamside roads and by airplanes. Fish released in April moved quickly into the main channel of the river, although 47% of the signals ceased or became stationary within 10 km of the release site, owing to predation, battery failure, or cessation of migratory behavior. Only 3% of smolts were tracked over 40 km downstream. Of those fish actively migrating downstream, the passage rate averaged 3.7 km day −1 , ranging from 0.5 to 15.7 km day −1 .
The China health and nutrition survey: an important database for poverty and inequality research

This paper examines the China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS), an ongoing international collaborative project designed to investigate the effects of economic reforms, family planning policies, and other programs implemented by China’s central and local governments on the health and nutritional status of its population.
Expression of cellular prion protein on blood cells: potential functions in cell physiology and pathophysiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases.

The cellular prion protein (PrPc) holds a central role in the pathophysiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). The hallmark of these progressive neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of the protease-resistant, pathologic conformation of prion protein (PrPres) in the CNS. The conformational change is thought to be propagated by a template-like effect in which a normal prion protein (PrPc) interacts with its PrPres isoform and assumes the pathologic conformation. In its natural conformation, the prion protein is expressed on many different cell types, but its physiological function has yet to be clearly defined. PrPc expressed on blood cells or present in plasma may contribute to the transport of TSE infectivity found in blood of infected animal models. We examine the expression of PrPc on human and animal blood cells and its potential functional roles and discuss studies of transfusion-mediated transmission of TSE infectivity in animals.
Neuronal mapping: a photooxidation reaction makes Lucifer yellow useful for electron microscopy

Irradiation Lucifer yellow-filled neurons with intense blue light in the presence of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine produces an electron-opaque osmiophilic polymer within the injected cells. This technique is valuable when cobalt or horseradish peroxidase injections are difficult or when a second intracellular marker is needed to demonstrate neuronal contacts.
Observations on the Russian Heartland

An American economic geographer comments on two preceding papers devoted to the new Russian "Heartland." Initially focusing on the legacy of Soviet infrastructure development for present-day oil and gas production (and consequently regional economic fortunes), he proceeds to explore the spatial pattern of multiplier effects stemming from resource development. In the ethno-political context, the author ponders whether an exclusivist Russian ethnic nationalism may replace the inclusive Soviet internationalism. A final challenge to territorial cohesion is the need for a viable mechanism of income redistribution from a few "rich" donor regions to many making no net contribution to the federal budget. 19 references. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 010, L71, P20, R11.
Linking triangles: synthesis and structure of [Cu3(phen)4(PPh3)](BF4)3 · X and [Cu5(phen)7](BF4)5 · 4(NO2C6H5) (phen=4,7-phenanthroline and X=Et2O or 2 THF)

Abstract Two new coordination polymers containing Cu(I) and 4,7-phenanthroline (phen) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. 1a , [Cu 3 (phen) 4 (PPh 3 )](BF 4 ) 3 · 2(THF), crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a =11.5407(6) A, b =14.5687(7) A, c =23.579(1) A, α =74.203(1)°, β =80.530(1)°, γ =83.998(1)°, and Z =2. 1b (isostructural with 1a ), [Cu 3 (phen) 4 (PPh 3 )](BF 4 ) 3 · Et 2 O, also crystallizes in the triclinic, space group P 1 , with a =11.4920(6) A, b =14.5074(8) A, c =23.749(1) A, α =73.599(1)°, β =79.871(1)°, γ =83.814(1)°, and Z =2. 2 , [Cu 5 (phen) 7 ](BF 4 ) 3 · 4(NO 2 Ph), crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 , with a =11.7867(9) A, b =14.5076(1) A, c =15.946(1) A, α =100.076(1)°, β =106.637(1)°, γ =95.612(1)°, and Z =1. Three unique copper atoms reside in the asymmetric units of all three compounds; each display trigonal Y-shaped coordination environments. For 1 , (Cu 3 phen 3 ) +3 bowl shaped triangles are linked through a phen bridge into one-dimensional chains. In 2 , two Cu(I) cations have similar coordination environments containing three bridging phen ligands, but the third Cu(I) cation is coordinated by two fully occupied phen ligands, as well as a one-half occupied phen ligand, or a one half-occupied BF 4 − anion which sit roughly on the same general position. The Cu(I) centers are linked through the phen ligands to form a ladder-like structure composed of two disordered chains (similar to those seen in 1 ) fused together. Extensive π–π stacking interactions are observed in both 1 and 2 .
Intensive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Treatment Protocol for Mental Health Providers

The authors describe a protocol for intensive cognitive behavioral therapy (I-CBT) for children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). After a review of pediatric OCD and efficacious treatments, the rationale for an intensive approach to treatment is provided along with findings in the extant literature. Subsequently, a session by session outline of I-CBT for pediatric OCD is provided. Finally, a case example of this treatment approach is discussed.
Gts and interrogative tableaux

A variant of the standard deductive tableau system is introduced, and interrogative rules are added, resulting in a so-called interrogative tableau system. A game-theoretical account of entailment is sketched, and the deductive tableau system is interpreted in these terms. Finally, it is shown how to extend this account of entailment into an account of interrogative entailment, thereby providing a semantics for the interrogative tableau system.
LUNG GROWTH IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS ASSESSED BY MULTI-SLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Rationale and Objectives Postnatal lung growth and development have primarily been evaluated from a very limited number of autopsied lungs, but it remains unclear whether alveolarization of the lung is complete during infancy and whether the conducting airways grow proportionately. The purpose of this study was to evaluate lung growth and development in vivo in infants and toddlers using multislice computed tomography. Materials and Methods Thirty-eight subjects (14 male, 24 female) aged 17 to 142 weeks underwent low-dose volumetric high-resolution computed tomographic imaging at an inflation pressure of 20 cm H 2 O during an induced respiratory pause. Lung volume and weight were determined, as well as airway dimensions (inner and outer area and wall area) for the trachea and the next three to four generations. Results Lung volume, air volume, and tissue volume increased linearly with body length. The air and tissue components of the lung parenchyma increased at a constant rate with each other. In addition, airway caliber decreased with increasing generation from the trachea into each lobe. Airway caliber was also correlated with body length; however, there was no interaction effect between airway generation and body length on transformed airway size. Conclusions In vivo assessment suggests that the growth of the lung parenchyma in infants and toddlers occurred with a constant relationship between air volume and lung tissue, which is consistent with lung growth occurring primarily by the addition of alveoli rather than the expansion of alveoli. In addition, the central conducting airways grow proportionately in infants and toddlers. This information may be important for evaluating subjects with arrested lung development.
COMPETITION FOR DEPOSITS BETWEEN BANK AND NONBANK FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY is to ascertain the extent of competition for deposits between the principal depository-type financial intermediaries-commercial banks, savings and loan associations, and mutual savings banks. This problem is couched in terms of demand analysis, the assumption being that competition between these financial intermediaries is a function of the demand for their liabilities. The model's underlying premise is that decision units (i.e., holders of financialintermediary liabilities under consideration) have an "inventory management" problem in that they seek to hold an optimum composition of liquid assets. The relative amount of a given financial-intermediary liability held by decision units is assumed to be primarily a function of its yield and the yields of other intermediary liabilities. Statistical demand functions were estimated (using multiple regression) for demand deposits, time deposits, savings and loan shares, and mutual-savings-banik deposits. These equations were estimated in both linear and log-linear form. For example, the linear equation for demand deposits is:
Reactivity of Alkanes on Zeolites: A Computational Study of Propane Conversion Reactions

In this work, quantum chemical methods were used to study propane conversion reactions on zeolites; these reactions included protolytic cracking, primary hydrogen exchange, secondary hydrogen exchange, and dehydrogenation reactions. The reactants, products, and transition-state structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G* level and the energies were calculated with CBS-QB3, a complete basis set composite energy method. The computed activation barriers were 62.1 and 62.6 kcal/mol for protolytic cracking through two different transition states, 30.4 kcal/mol for primary hydrogen exchange, 29.8 kcal/mol for secondary hydrogen exchange, and 76.7 kcal/mol for dehydrogenation reactions. The effects of basis set for the geometry optimization and zeolite acidity on the reaction barriers were also investigated. Adding extra polarization and diffuse functions for the geometry optimization did not affect the activation barriers obtained with the composite energy method. The largest difference in calculated activati...
Political psychology in evaluation: A theoretical framework

The author describes how political psychology, an emerging field that explores the intersection of political science and psychology, can help in conducting evaluations. For example, an evaluator might examine the validity of behavioral assumptions of programs, policies, or organizational mechanisms and people's motivations and subjective experiences within these contexts. An evaluator might also explore the normative orientations of programs and policies, for example, how target goals and implementers are politically framed in a positive or negative light. The author describes a framework for political psychology as applied to evaluation, a brief review of relevant literature and discussion of methodology, and an example of an evaluation informed by political psychology. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association
288 THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON PERIPHERAL METABOLISM OF THYROXINE

The peripheral metabolism of T4 has been noted to be altered in a number of non-thyroidal illnesses. The known relationship of thyroid hormones and oxygen consumption led to these studies investigating the effects of hypoxia on peripheral metabolism of T4, T4, T3, rT3 and TSH levels were determined in patients with status asthmaticus and eyanotic heart disease, none of whom were cachectic or malnourished. Mean results are tabulated below. There was a significant decrease in T3 levels with a significant increase in rT3 in the patients with chronic hypoxia. Even hypoxia of short duration caused a significant increase in rT3. T4 levels were also lower in the chronic hypoxic group. These data are similar to the findings obtained during catabolic non-thyroidal illnesses. These alterations in thyroid function tests may reflect an adaptive phenomenon at the cellular level, i.e., a protective mechanism which can divert T4 to rT3, or conversely, as during cold exposure, can increase production of T3. In light of these data correlating hypoxia and thyroid hormones, the suggestions that the low thyroid function levels in RDS infants may be etiologically related to RDS may need to be reevaluated.
Laughter and hubris in she stoops to conquer: The role of Young Marlow

By examining directorial prerogatives in the interpretation of Young Marlow, this essay suggests that Goldsmith's “She Stoops to Conquer” can be performed as high and critical comedy.
Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants in a Chinese hamster cell line.

Abstract A replica plating method was used for the isolation of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants after treatment of Chinese hamster cells with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). No significant increase in ts mutants was found after this treatment. The limitations and advantages of the replicating procedure to detect such differences, as well as an alternative method, are discussed. Mutants isolated were classified into two general groups—density-dependent and clear-cut—as measured by survival at low and high cell densities at the restrictive temperature. The density-dependent mutants may be truly “leaky”, losing a metabolite to the medium at an excessive rate at the restrictive temperature. On the other hand, the one clear-cut mutant analyzed extensively dies at a rate determined by its ability to utilize one or more components from the medium. It shows an inverse density relationship in rate of death, as inferred from rates of macromolecular synthesis, as opposed to its growth rate at the permissive temperature.
The Socio-economic Determinants of HIV/AIDS Infection Rates in Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe

Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey, this article analyses the relationship between HIV status and the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of adults in Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. It constructs the risk profile of the average adult, computes the values of age, education and wealth where the estimated probability of infection assumes its highest value, and determines the percentage of adults for whom these three factors are positively correlated with that probability. It finds that in all four countries: (i) the probability of being HIV-positive is higher for women than for men; (ii) the likelihood of infection is higher for urban than for rural residents; and (iii) there is an inverted-U relationship between age and HIV status. Also that, unlike gender, rural/urban residence and age, the relationship between the probability of infection and wealth, education and marital status varies by country. The results provide support for country-specific and more targeted HIV policies and programmes.
Resistance to Bt corn by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the U.S. corn belt

Transgenic Bt corn hybrids that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner have become the standard insect management tactic across the U.S. Corn Belt. Widespread planting of Bt corn places intense selection pressure on target insects to develop resistance, and evolution of resistance threatens to erode benefits associated with Bt corn, such as reduced reliance on conventional insecticides. Recognizing the threat of resistance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires seed companies to include an insect resistance management (IRM) plan when registering a Bt trait. The goal of IRM plans is to delay Bt resistance in populations of target insects. One element of IRM is the presence of a non-Bt refuge to maintain Bt-susceptible individuals within a population, and growers are required to implement IRM on-farm by planting a refuge. Field-evolved resistance has not been detected for the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), even though this species has been exposed to Bt proteins common in U.S. corn hybrids since 1996. The IRM situation is unfolding differently for Bt corn targeting the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. In this article, we examine the scientific evidence for D. v. virgifera resistance to Bt rootworm traits and the cropping system practices that have contributed to the first reports of field-evolved resistance to a Bt toxin by D. v. virgifera . We explain why this issue has developed, and emphasize the necessity of an integrated pest management approach to address the issue.
A critical evaluation of closure methods via two simple dynamic systems

Two simple dynamic systems with cubic nonlinearity and additive Gaussian white noise are used to assess the performance and the usefulness of closure methods in nonlinear random vibration. One of the systems has a single potential well while the other has two potential wells. It is shown that the performance of closure methods is determined by the structure of the moment equations rather than the way in which these equations are closed. For the system with one potential well, any closure method is satisfactory. For the system with two potential wells, closure methods can be inaccurate irrespective of the closure level. It is also shown that moment equations can be augmented with moment inequalities to solve approximately the infinite hierarchy of moment equations.
Genre-based tasks in foreign language writing: Developing writers’ genre awareness, linguistic knowledge, and writing competence

Abstract This study examines how novice foreign language (FL) writers develop their genre awareness, linguistic knowledge, and writing competence in a genre-based writing course that incorporates email-writing tasks. To define genre, the study draws on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) that sees language as a resource for making meaning in a particular context of use rather than as a set of fixed rules and structures ( Halliday, 1994 ). To design genre-based syllabi that can promote both language and writing development, the study also attempts to link genre to task ( Norris, 2009 ). In the fifteen-week writing course, Japanese undergraduate students ( n = 70) engaged in carefully designed genre-based tasks, where they learned the ways in which different genres are shaped by different linguistic resources to achieve their goals through sequenced task phases. Three sets of qualitative and quantitative data were collected to examine students’ changes as a FL writer: survey, interviews, and the emails written at the beginning and the end of the semester. The results showed that the students made progress in their genre awareness and perceptions, and that changes in their awareness were apparent in their actual written products. The study discusses that a combination of genre and task can create a crucial pedagogical link between socially situated writing performance and choices of language use, which is expected to serve as a springboard to create interfaces between writing and language development in FL contexts.
Paramagnetic Resonance below 1°K: Spin-Lattice Relaxation of Ce 3 + and Nd 3 + in Lanthanum Magnesium Nitrate

An apparatus is described for performing paramagnetic resonance experiments at $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}9.6$ kMc/sec at temperatures down to $T\ensuremath{\approx}0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, obtained by adiabatic demagnetization. It is used to extend the spin-lattice relaxation rate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ measurements of the previous paper on Nd in the double nitrate ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{12}$.24${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O down to 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, where the direct process is very well displayed. For $z\ensuremath{\perp}H$ the result is ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=0.3coth(\frac{h\ensuremath{\nu}}{2kT})$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, to be compared to the theoretical estimate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=0.6coth(\frac{h\ensuremath{\nu}}{2kT})$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. At the lowest temperatures the relaxation rate tends toward the temperature-independent value of spontaneous phonon emission.For Ce in the double nitrate, the observed spin-bath relaxation rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at temperatures below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is not the direct spin-lattice relaxation rate, but rather a phonon-limited bottleneck rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{coth}^{2}(\frac{h\ensuremath{\nu}}{2kT})$ which is concentration dependent. The results are consistent with the bottleneck rate ${{T}_{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$ observed in the previous paper for other ions at higher temperatures. We find a lower limit for the true direct process ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}g20coth(\frac{h\ensuremath{\nu}}{2kT})$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Categorization of real and replica objects by 14- and 18-month-old infants.

In studies of infant categorization (especially sequential touching), replicas of real objects are utilized on the assumption that infants treat replicas as they do reals. Do infants categorize replicas of objects in the same way as they categorize real objects? This question was addressed in a sequential touching task, where 14- and 18-month-olds were presented with four sets of objects: real phones and hairbrushes, real lemons and pears, replica phones and hairbrushes, and replica lemons and pears. On the whole, mean run length and number of contacts did not differ between real and replica objects. Moreover, mean run length was significantly greater than chance for phones and hairbrushes, but not for lemons and pears; both ages categorized the former sets but not the latter. The findings suggest that infants of this age treat replicas as equivalent to reals and that replicas are appropriate stimuli to use in the sequential touching procedure to address questions of young children’s categorization.
Creativity Measurement Through Use of Judgment Criteria in Physics

The problem of study reported in this paper is the construction and validation of a set of judging criteria for use in evaluating creativity in the physics classroom. An eighteen item judging criterion instrument was developed to assess the relative creativity of paper-and-pencil products produced by thirty-three college general physics students on six assignments. The instrument, called the Judging Criteria Instrument (JCI), was studied for validity by a multiple method of correlating results found from the instrument with results obtained with the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and with judgments of thirty teachers evaluating products indpendently. The JCI and teacher judgment scores were shown to be reliable through using the split-halves technique. All correlations were calculated in terms of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The JCI was shown to be valid. The study also indicated that an average of four peer scores employing the JCI does provide a better measurement of creativi...
Hierarchical Clustering via Joint Between-Within Distances: extending Ward's Minimum Variance Method

We propose a hierarchical clustering method that minimizes a joint between-within measure of distance between clusters. This method extends Ward's minimum variance method, by defining a cluster distance and objective function in terms of Euclidean distance, or any power of Euclidean distance in the interval (0,2]. Ward's method is obtained as the special case when the power is 2. The ability of the proposed extension to identify clusters with nearly equal centers is an important advantage over geometric or cluster center methods. The between-within distance statistic determines a clustering method that is ultrametric and space-dilating; and for powers strictly less than 2, determines a consistent test of homogeneity and a consistent clustering procedure. The clustering procedure is applied to three problems: classification of tumors by microarray gene expression data, classification of dermatology diseases by clinical and histopathological attributes, and classification of simulated multivariate normal data.
Magnetic detection of crack initiation and propagation

Abstract Crack initiation and propagation in steel has been detected by measurements of magnetic flux variations.
A morphometric analysis of polymorphism in the pharyngeal dentition of Cichlasoma minckleyi (Teleostei: Cichlidae).

Abstract Dental polymorphism in teleost fishes often involves production of a robust dentition, or “molarization”, in one morph. The lower pharyngeals of a sample of wild-caught individuals of the polymorphic Cuatro Cienegas cichlid, Cichlasoma minckleyi (Kornfield and Taylor) (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 96 (1983) 253), were measured to investigate morphological changes associated with molarization. Principal components analysis demonstrates that dental variability in this species increases in larger fish, and that only the molariform morph contributes to this increase. Reduced major axis regression analyses between pairs of variables indicate that the papilliform morph increases both tooth measures and numbers, whereas the molariform morph maintains a relatively constant number of teeth as it produces teeth of progressively larger size. In the papilliform morph, negative allometric scaling between tooth size and dentigerous area is compensated for by addition of teeth. Tooth size variables are isometric in the molariform morph, and tooth numbers are nearly static. These results are consistent with those reported for other polymorphic cichlid species. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms whereby tooth form in polyphyodont species may respond to environmental factors (like food hardness), but possibilities include direct mechanical influences or transmission of signals via nerves to developing replacement teeth.
The Moderating Roles of Gender and Anti-Gay Prejudice in Explaining Stigma by Association in Male Dyads

Using a convenience sample of 157 undergraduates, this study explored the likeability ratings of target characters from selected film clips who were described as gay or heterosexual as they associated with a gay-described foil character (i.e., a character against which the target is compared). As predicted, male respondents who strongly endorsed anti-gay prejudice viewed gay-described targets more favorably than heterosexual-described targets when each target was paired with a gay foil. Further, this pattern of biased ratings by high-prejudice male participants against our heterosexual target differentiated these participants from both low-prejudice male and high-prejudice female respondents. In contrast, but as hypothesized, high-prejudice female respondents compared to high-prejudice males rated heterosexual-described targets more favorably than they rated gay-described targets.
Laurent-Cauchy Transforms for Analysis of Linear Systems Described by Differential-Difference and Sum Equations

The Taylor-Cauchy transform for the analysis of nonlinear systems was presented at the 1959 IRE National Convention. In this paper it is shown that the Laurent-Cauchy transform can be derived from the Taylor-Cauchy transform by a simple mapping. Whereas a complex ? plane is used in the Taylor-Cauchy transform, a complex ? plane is used in the Laurent-Cauchy trans-form where the two complex variables are related by ?= 1/?. In the Taylor-Cauchy transform method, W(k)(?), the kth derivative of W(?), converges inside a circle. However, in the Laurent-Cauchy transform method, H(?) converges outside of a circle of radius R. Thus, W(k)(?) is expressible by a Taylor series whose general term is ? wn,k?n and H(?) is expressible by a Laurent series whose general term is ? hn ? -n. In either case, the relation between the coefficients of the power series and the function of a complex variable is given by Cauchy's integral. In conjunction with the Laplace transform, the Laurent-Cauchy transform can be used to analyze discrete-continuous systems such as digital servomechanisms, retarded feedback control systems, certain analog-digital computer systems, and pulsed-data systems. If n is replaced by n T, where T is a sampling time, and hn is taken to mean h(n T), the Laurent-Cauchy transform reduces to the Z-transform. A table of Laurent-Cauchy transforms, several theorems, and three examples are given in the paper.
A long-term regional simulation and observations of the hydroclimate in China

Driven by the complex topography, inhomogeneous land surface conditions and large-scale circulation exhibiting strong variability at various time scales, the hydroclimate of China presents many unique features and poses a great challenge for climate modeling. This paper provides detailed analyses of observations and a 20-year regional climate simulation to improve our understanding of the diverse hydroclimate regimes in China. Eastern China is greatly influenced by the East Asian monsoon, leading to heavy summer rainfall that exhibits large variations at the intraseasonal and interannual time scales. The Hai River and Huaihe River basins feature the largest interannual variations in summer rainfall, with the Middle and Lower Yangtze River and Pearl River basins showing the next highest variability. In the wettest regions of the Middle and Lower Yangtze River basin and Southeast Coast, the land surface plays a comparatively passive role as evaporation is not limited by soil moisture, and boundary layer and precipitation processes are only weakly influenced by soil wetness. In contrast, northern and western China are marked by dryer and less cloudy conditions, and interannual variations in summer rainfall are typically half of that in eastern China. Precipitation is largely balanced by evapotranspiration. The land surface plays a moremore » active role in the water cycle in these regions. This is supported by the strong correlations between soil moisture and sensible heat flux, evaporative fraction, and mixed layer depth, indicating a strong influence of soil wetness on atmospheric stability and precipitation processes. The overall spatial distribution, seasonal variations, and extreme precipitation are well simulated by the regional climate model. However, the simulation produces more rainfall associated with the lower rain rates in central and southern China. This suggests that some mechanisms responsible for heavy rainfall may not be properly simulated by the model due to insufficient spatial resolution or physical representation. A second major weakness of the regional simulation lies in its ability to capture the interannual variations of summer rainfall. The lower anomaly correlations obtained in the regional simulation compared to the global reanalysis suggest that interannual variations in the large scale circulation may not be faithfully reproduced in the regional simulation as the model solution is not highly constrained in the interior of the regional domain without some forms of nudging towards the global reanalysis.« less
Effects of prostaglandin F2α prostaglandin E2 and arachidonic acid on the induction of oviposition in vivo and in vitro in oviparous lizards

Abstract Gravid females of four different species of oviparous lizard were treated in vivo with varying doses of prostaglandin F 2 α (PGF 2 α ), prostaglandin E 2 or arachidonic acid (AA). In contrast to previous studies examining birds and viviparous lizards, no dosage induced oviposition in any of the treated females. All females, however, did exhibit behaviors associated with oviposition. Intact oviducts removed from gravid females and placed in organ culture did oviposit when treated with 30 or 100 ng PGF 2 α /ml of culture media. Arachidonic acid at similar concentrations also was effective in stimulating birth. These data suggest that prostaglandins can stimulate oviposition in oviparous lizards but further suggest that their action may be inhibited by oviducal innervation until just prior to natural birth.
Response to Letter by Schestatsky and Picon

Response: The letter by Drs Schestatsky and Picon brings to light the economics of medical care that are difficult to generalize within a particular nation and impossible globally. Given the differences in techniques, types of coils, and size of aneurysms, there are no …
Deficit Irrigation Effects on Water Use Characteristics of Bentgrass Species

This study was designed to determine the effects of deficit irrigation on water use traits of colonial (Agrostis capillaris L.), creeping (A. stolonifera L.), and velvet (A. canina L.) bentgrasses and to compare their water use. Field experiments were conducted from July to November in 2002 and 2003. Plots were irrigated at four levels of irrigation based on the percentage of actual evapotranspiration (ET a ): 100, 80, 60, and 40% ET a replacement. The influence of deficit irrigation on water use was evaluated by measuring soil water depletion (SWD) and water use efficiency (WUE). The WUE was quantified by the ratio of canopy net photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate and carbon isotope discrimination (CID). Evapotranspiration (ET) rates were compared among the three species under nonlimiting moisture conditions (100% ET a ). Our results demonstrated that water use characteristics varied with species, irrigation regime, and climatic conditions. Irrigating at either 60 or 80% ET a had no significant effects on WUE compared with 100% ET a irrigation; however, plots irrigated at 60% ET a exhibited higher SWD compared with plots at 80 and 100% ET a . Velvet bentgrass exhibited lower SWD, higher WUE, and lower CID compared with colonial bentgrass during the summer treatment period, and creeping bentgrass exhibited intermediate water use characteristics among the three species. These results suggest that irrigating bentgrass species at 60 to 80% ET a could be practiced to increase WUE during summer and 40% ET a during fall months under the conditions of this study.
MTF and CTF measuring system for digital still cameras

An inexpensive measurement system for characterizing digital still cameras is described. The method adopted involves performing mathematical analyses directly on the images of test charts obtained from the DSC. These charts comprise of squarewave patterns with selected spatial frequencies, the phases of which with respect to the CCD sensors cover most or all of the phase domain. By working on the final images generated by DSCs, we can include the effects of the digital signal processing on the performance of the DSC. Slightly rotated optical patterns of squarewaves with different spatial frequencies were projected on the CCD to determine the phase-dependent CTF. These phase-dependent data were then statistically analyzed to obtain average CTF values that better describe the characteristics of the DSC. The low cost system developed in our laboratory is very suitable for evaluating and designing digital signal processing algorithms when developing digital still cameras.
Some linguistic and statistical problems in pattern recognition

Abstract It has been pointed out that all pattern recognition activities depend on writing and reading descriptions of patterns and pattern classes in some special purpose language. This uniform point of view allows all these languages to be considered in terms of some predicate calculus. The feature extraction problem then turns out to be the problem of simplification of sentences by defining new predicates in the language. It has been suggested that the problem can be looked upon as one in the presentation of algebras. A hypothesis has been suggested which might explain the importance of simplicity of description in pattern recognition and in scientific theories.
Hypothermia plus Erythropoietin for neonatal neuroprotection? Commentary on Fan et al. and Fang et al.

Hypothermia plus erythropoietin for neonatal neuroprotection? Commentary on Fan et al. and Fang et al.
Treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are expressed differently in children and adolescents than in adults. Consequently, diagnostic procedures and multidisciplinary treatments need to be tailored to the unique developmental, medical, nutritional, and psychological needs of children and adolescents with eating disorders. This paper reviews current research outlining the differences between child, adolescent, and adult eating disorders. Research is then reviewed concerning the effectiveness of hospitalization, partial hospitalization, individual dynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, family therapy, and medication for treating anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and related eating disorders in children and adolescents. Specific recommendations are made for practitioners to tailor these treatments to their eating-disordered child and adolescent patients, following a stepped-care, decision-tree model of intervention that takes into account the effectiveness, cost, and intrusiveness of the interventions.
Remotely operated MR-guided neurosurgical device in MR operating room

A robust near real-time MRI based surgical guidance and navigation scheme has been developed, validated and used. The key concept of the method is to use intra-operative MRI to facilitate the trajectory alignment process of a biopsy needle in neurobiopsy. Since the trajectory corresponding to the biopsy needle pivoted at an entry point on patient skull has two degrees of freedom, the orientation of the needle can be tracked using a 2D imaging plane placed perpendicular to the desired trajectory. Using a near real- time visual feedback during the adjustment of an alignment guidance device, the required trajectory alignment was translated into a simple in-plane targeting task on computer monitor. The orientation adjustment was achieved remotely via a set of MR-compatible strings, which were connected to a joystick. The concept of MR-guided targeting was successfully validated on a phantom set-up. This MR based guidance technique has practically allowed neurosurgeons to accomplish the required needle alignment to an arbitrary trajectory remotely in a straight forward procedure on any conventional MR scanner. Before needle insertion, the trajectory can be validated. Two successful biopsy cases using the new methodology and device have shown that the remotely operated device under MR-guidance is both effective and accurate for neurosurgery.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Derivative pricing with non-linear Fokker–Planck dynamics

Abstract We examine how the Black–Scholes derivative pricing formula is modified when the underlying security obeys non-extensive statistics and Fokker–Planck dynamics. An unusual feature of such securities is that the volatility in the underlying Ito–Langevin equation depends implicitly on the actual market rate of return. This complicates most approaches to valuation. Here we show that progress is possible using variations of the Cox–Ross valuation technique.
Electronic states of intrinsic surface and bulk vacancies in FeS2.

Understanding the stability and reactivity of iron sulfide phases is key to developing predictive capabilities for assessing their corrosion and catalytic activity. The differences between the free surface and the bulk interior of such phases are of particular importance in this context. Here, we employ density functional theory to investigate the formation energetics and electronic structure of intrinsic Fe and S vacancies in bulk pyrite (FeS2) and on the pyrite (100) surface. The formation energies of intrinsic bulk vacancies of all charge states are found to be high, ranging from 1.7 to 3.7 eV. While the formation energies of surface vacancies are lower, varying from 1.4 to 2.1 eV for S vacancies and from 0.3 to 1.7 eV for Fe vacancies, they are too large to result in significant sub-stoichiometry in bulk pyrite at moderate temperatures. On the basis of charged defect formation energies and defect equilibria calculations, intrinsic charge carriers are expected to outnumber point defects by several orders of magnitude, and therefore, pure pyrite is not expected to demonstrate p-type or n-type conductivity. The presence of surface states is observed to cause a reduction in the band gap at the (100) surface, which was captured computationally and experimentally using tunneling spectroscopy measurements in this work. The vacancy-induced defect states behave as acceptor-like or donor-like defect states within the bulk band gap. The findings on the stoichiometry and the electronic structure of active sites on the (100) surface have important implications for the reactivity of pyrite.
Is Desalination Affordable?—Regional Cost and Price Analysis

Desalination has proven to be a reliable and efficient water supply option in many countries, especially in times of water scarcity. However, high desalination costs and high prices for desalinated water (twice or three times higher than those from traditional water sources) have been hindering an uptake and the development of desalination in many countries. Applied desalination technology, capital and operational costs, production capacity, water salinity are just a few factors determining the final cost of desalinated water that varies considerably between $1.7–9.5/kgal ($0.45–2.51/m3). The final prices for desalinated water and the related costs for local municipalities are among the most crucial determinants of the overall short- and long-term effectiveness of desalination processes. This paper provides an in-depth analysis on economics of desalination with country specific examples. It depicts a comprehensive picture of cost variability of desalinated water and points out challenges for cost-effective desalination in the future.
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in Preferential Trade Agreements: Democracy, Boilerplates, and the Multilateral Trade Regime

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have increased dramatically in the past several decades and play an important role in the global economy. Dispute settlement mechanisms (DSMs) in these internat...
Functionalized analogues of 5,8,10-trideazafolate as potential inhibitors of GAR Tfase or AICAR Tfase

Abstract A series of TDAF-based analogues of 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid are examined in efforts to explore the formyl transfer region of GAR Tfase and AICAR Tfase.
The effect of inter-factory linkage flexibility on inventories and backlogs in integrated process industries

Clusters of factories are sometimes located in close proximity and run together as an integrated unit. These integrated production systems, found in chemical, aluminium, paper, and other process industries, offer many advantages but have to cope with an additional constraint. Factories in these systems must supply sufficient by-products to other factories or use their by-products. If there is insufficient flexibility in these inter-factory linkages, the system builds excess inventories and backlogs. But this flexibility comes at a cost, and that raises the question: how much of it is sufficient? The literature does not provide an answer. We report here a first step in investigating the nature of the relationship between flexibility in these inter-factory linkages and the level of inventories and backlogs in the system. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we show that this relationship is highly non-linear: tightly integrated systems build excessive inventories and backlogs, but a small amount of flexibility in...
ABNORMAL PROPAGATION IN THE SKYRME MODEL

It is shown that the Skyrme Lagrangian exhibits abnormal propagation effects similar to those analyzed by Velo and Zwanziger for higher spin fields. The difficulty does not arise for the vector stabilized versions. Implications for the chiral soliton program are briefly discussed.
The use of one-bead one-compound combinatorial library method to identify peptide ligands for α4β1 integrin receptor in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Using a ‘one-bead one-compound’ combinatorial library method and whole cell binding assay, we have identified peptide ligands that bind preferentially to human lymphoid malignant cells but not to normal human peripheral lymphocytes. These peptides have a common motif of Leu-Asp-Ile, Leu-Asp-Phe, or Leu-Asp-Val. Anti-α4 integrin antibody blocks binding of cells to these peptides which indicates that the target receptor for these peptides is α4β1 integrin. These findings may have important therapeutic and diagnostic implications in the treatment of lymphoma, leukemia, and various immunologic disorders.
Complexes of cobalt(II) with chloride and thiocyanate ions in dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract The important cobalt(II)-chloride ion complexes which form in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions are Co(DMSO)Cl3− and CoCl42− and their overall formation constants are (4.21±0.58)×108 M−3 and (1.12±0.16)×109 M−4, respectively, at 25°C. The important cobalt(II)thiocyanate ion complexes which form in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions are Co(DMSO)5(NCS)+, Co(DMSO)4(NCS)2, and Co(NCS)42− and their overall formation constants are (465±72) M−1, (5.12±0.48)×10 M−2 and (5.79±0.55)×106 M−4, respectively, at 25°C. A value of 20±4 M−1 was found for the Co(DMSO)62+. ClO4− ion pairing constant. Molar absorptivities of the complexes are reported for selected wavelengths