cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fasting gastric pH and its relationship to true hypochlorhydria in humans.

Abnormally low rates of gastric acid secretion (hypochlorhydria) are associated with bacterial overgrowth, enteric infection, and with hypergastrinemia and an increased risk of gastric neoplasms. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of fasting gastric juice pH measurements to detect true hypochlorhydria. True hypochlorhydria was defined as a peak acid output in response to a maximally effective stimulant of acid secretion that was below the lower limit of normal for 365 consecutive healthy subjects. In these healthy subjects, average basal pH was 2.16±0.09 in men and 2.79±0.18 in women. In 109 consecutive experiments in 28 subjects with true hypochlorhydria, fasting gastric pH averaged 7.44±0.11 in men and 7.65±0.33 in women. Fasting pH exceeded the upper 95% confidence limit of normal (5.09 in men and 6.81 in women) in 102 of the 109 experiments (94%). Thus, fasting pH measurement was a sensitive method for diagnosing bona fide hypochlorhydria.
Resource allocation using Link State Propagation in OFDMA femto networks

Abstract Femtocells offer many advantages in wireless networks such as improved cell capacity and coverage in indoor areas. As these femtocells can be deployed in an ad hoc manner by different consumers in the same frequency band, the femtocells can interfere with each other. To fully realize the potential of the femtocells, it is necessary to allocate resources to them in such a way that interference is mitigated. We propose a distributed resource allocation algorithm for femtocell networks that is modelled after link-state routing protocols. Resource allocation using Link State Propagation (RALP) consists of a graph formation stage, where individual femtocells build a view of the network, an allocation stage, where every femtocell executes an algorithm to assign OFDMA resources to all the femtocells in the network and local scheduling stage, where a femtocell assigns resources to all user equipments based on their throughput requirements. Our evaluation shows that RALP performs better than existing femtocell resource allocation algorithms with respect to spatial reuse and satisfaction rate of required throughput.
Roentgenology of the pulmonary infarct

HROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE, and pulmonary embolism as a part of it, is a serious clinical problem, very much in the forefront of current clinical and experimental investigation. The roentgen diagnosis, however, has not received the attention it deserves. This is true even for the pulmonary infarct which, when present, so much enhances the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Thus, both the editor and the author of this chapter availed themselves of the opportunity to lift the radiologic presentation of the pulmonary infarct from its organic context and place it under the heading of alveolar lesions, where it properly belongs for morphologic reasons. Pulmonary embolism can be considered in its four natural stages: first, the predisposing conditions resulting in thrombosis; second, the actual embolic event; third, the immediate effects; and finally, the late effects, also including recurrent embolism. The present discussion is concerned solely with the pulmonary infarct, one of the potential immediate by-products of the acute embolic episode. General experience has shown that infarcts occur only in a certain number of embolic instances. However, infarcts occur often enough and facilitate the clinical and radiologic diagnosis of embolism to such a degree that they deserve our special attention. Despite the well-established pathology of pulmonary embolism, clinical awareness of this condition has been fragmentary and its great frequency has only recently been appreciated. There are several reasons why this took so long. The condition was often obscured by pulmonary, pleural or cardiovascular changes which were mistakenly attributed to pneumonia or other lung or heart disease. Recent changes in pathologic doctrine have promoted better understanding of pathogenesis of pulmonary emboli. Most important, angiography and lung scanning have decisively improved our ability to detect and confirm their presence. The process of pulmonary infarction embodies a series of events which follow the sudden and continued occlusion of an artery. The region supplied by the artery undergoes ischemia, followed by hyperemia, hemorrhage into the alveolar spaces, degeneration, necrosis, inflammation, and either encapsulation by connective tissue or conversion into a fibrous scarll (Fig. l).* In the early stage, the alveoli are filled with edema fluid and blood, but the larger alveolar sacs and ducts still contain air.” These ill-defined, only partly engorged areas cause correspondingly ill-defined, faint, cloudy roentgen “The word infarct, used first by Laennec, is derived from a Latin verb meaning “packing full,” like stuffing a sausage. It refers to the filling of the air spaces with extravasated blood. FELIX G. FLEISCHNER, M.D.: Clinical Professor of Radiology Emeritw, Harvard Medical
On the generation of direct combustion noise in turbulent non-premixed flames

Generation of combustion noise in an unconfined turbulent non-premixed flame is investigated. For this, a model is developed, combining Lighthill's acoustic analogy with a flamelet-based combustion model to consistently express all thermochemical quantities by a set of reduced scalars. The model is applied in a large-eddy simulation, and the acoustic pressure in the far field is obtained from an integral solution. Three relevant acoustic source terms with different source characteristics and Mach number scaling are identified. The spatial distribution and spectral characteristics of the acoustic sources are analyzed, and it is shown that the acoustic source due to chemical reaction is the main noise contributor, and is located in the upper part of the flame. Contributions from the acoustic sources due to Reynolds stresses and fluctuating mass flux are found to be virtually insignificant at low frequencies. Discrepancies in the prediction of high-frequency sound pressure level in the jet forward direction ...
Priapism in Children with Sickle Cell Disease

A review of hospital admissions during 80 months revealed only 8 patients with episodes of priapism of approximately 400 pediatric male patients with sickle cell disease. The patients, who ranged in age from 5 to 19 years, underwent a 99mtechnetium penile scan, and 4 had a low and 4 had a high flow scan. Three cases resolved with hydration alone. Five patients received exchange transfusion of whom 3 subsequently underwent shunt procedures. One patient with a 5-year history of recurrent stuttering episodes was placed on transfusion therapy for 6 months and stuttering episodes have not recurred. One patient had a cerebrovascular accident 1 day after hospital discharge and another had priapism while on chronic transfusion therapy for a cerebrovascular accident. Each postpubertal patient had a severe clinical course; 1 had temporary impotence for 3 months and another had impotence at 2 weeks but was lost to followup. While 99mtechnetium penile scans may help clarify the severity of vascular stagnation, in our small group they were not helpful in predicting clinical course.
Confessions of a microsimulator: problems in modeling the demography of kinship.

The author discusses problems involved in modeling the effects of demographic factors on historical kinship patterns with a focus on microsimulation models. "Since microsimulations of kinship ignore the correlations in demographic behavior within kin groups they ordinarily understate the variance of kinship distributions; for many kin types they also underestimate the expected number of kin." The author concludes that "those who design demographic models of kinship should be sensitive to the potential for systematic error." (EXCERPT)
Durable remission of diabetes after bariatric surgery: What is the underlying pathway?

Abstract Background: In the past, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was regarded as a progressive, incurable disease for which palliative therapy could not, over the long term, prevent the associated amputations, blindness, renal failure, and early mortality. This is no longer true. Full and durable remission of type 2 DM, with major decreases in morbidity and mortality, is now achieved regularly with several types of surgery that reduce contact between food and the foregut. Objectives: The aims of this article are to review the impact of bariatric surgery on obesity, remission of DM, and obesity-related morbidity and mortality, and the possible mechanisms for this advance. Methods: This article is based on our 2 meta-analyses of the literature published through April 30, 2006, as well as the most significant reports in the bariatric surgical literature that have been published in English since April 30, 2006. The studies included in our second meta-analysis provided the details of the methodology for the present literature review, including the levels of evidence. Results: Results of our 2 meta-analyses were published previously. Briefly, the analyses revealed that the clinical and laboratory manifestations of type 2 DM resolved or improved in most of the patients who underwent bariatric surgery; the responses were greatest in the patients who lost the most excess body weight; and the improvements were maintained for ≥2 years. The studies reported that intestinal operations such as gastric bypass reduced contact between food and the foregut, produced full and durable remission of DM, reduced mortality, and reversed other comorbidities associated with severe obesity (eg, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, hypertension, stress incontinence). Insulin levels decreased markedly after surgery, as did glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and fasting blood glucose levels. Although these effects were initially attributed to weight loss, the rapid reversal of DM within a matter of days after surgery suggest that bariatric surgery changes the signaling mechanism of the gut with pancreatic islet cells, muscles, fat, the liver, and other organs. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery has opened new vistas, producing durable full remission of type 2 DM—a breakthrough previously considered impossible—with normalization of A1C levels over time and discontinuation of all antidiabetes medication for many patients. These advances create new opportunities for exploring the mechanisms of type 2 DM and its control through pharmaceutical approaches. DM is no longer an irreversible, incurable, or hopeless disease.
In situ transcription and detection of CD 1a mRNA in epidermal cells: An alternative to standard in situ hybridization techniques

Abstract To develop methods for the investigation of mRNA transcription in rare epidermal cells, we used in situ transcription to study CD1a mRNA in isolated CD1a positive cells. We chose to study this Langerhans cell marker because it is not known which epidermal cells actually produce the CD1a protein and because there is evidence that CD1a mRNA is alternately spliced, a situation which could lead to truncated or alternate protein products in CD1a surface protein negative cells. Disaggregated epidermal cells were resolved into CD1a surface protein positive and negative groups by fluorescence activated cell sorting and cytocentrifuged onto glass slides. A synthetic 52 base, CD 1a specific anti-sense oligomer was hybridized to CD1a gene transcripts in these cells, and radiolabeled cDNA synthesized in situ on the oligomerprimed CD 1 a transcripts. The labeled cDNA fragments were visualized in the cells of origin by autoradiography, and grains per cell were counted. Sixty-eight percent of cells expressing CD1a protein contained CD1a mRNA, as evidenced by grain counts more than two standard deviations above the mean value for similar cells carried through the same procedure with a control oligomer, or the mean value of CD1a surface protein negative cells treated with the CD1a specific oligomer. Thus, it seems likely that the CD1a protein positive epidermal cells use CD 1a mRNA to make their own CD1a protein, and that a truncated or masked CD1a protein is not made by CD1a negative neonatal foreskin epidermal cells. In our hands, in situ transcription is simpler and faster than standard methods of in situ hybridization with pre-labeled cDNA or RNA probes. Furthermore, it can be applied to the detection of any message of known sequence. The combination of cell sorting and in situ transcription can be used to localize and quantify the expression of specific mRNA by individual cells, allowing the study of rare and difficult-to-obtain cells.
Augmentation of transfer of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in mice by irradiation of recipients.

Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) can be adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic recipients using spleen cells from susceptible strains of mice primed in vivo with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) following in vitro activation of spleen cells by culture with MTg. Irradiation of recipient animals markedly augments the severity of thyroiditis induced in this system. Irradiation of recipients does not alter the time course of the development of thyroiditis, nor does it alter the requirement for both in vivo priming and in vitro activation of spleen cells for the development of EAT. Spleen cells from EAT-resistant strains of mice (e.g., Balb/c) do not induce EAT in irradiated recipients. Irradiated recipients develop significant levels of anti-MTg antibodies while unirradiated recipients have little detectable antibody response. The augmenting effect of irradiation can be substantially reversed by transferring naive spleen cells to recipients prior to the transfer of MTg/LPS-primed in vitro-activated spleen cells. In addition athymic CBA/Tufts nude mice develop more severe EAT than CBA/Tufts nude/+ littermates following transfer of activated CBA/J spleen cells. These data suggest that natural suppressor cells may regulate the development of EAT at the effector cell level.
Structure of histone mRNA stem-loop, human stem-loop binding protein and 3′hExo ternary complex

Metazoan replication-dependent histone messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have a conserved stem-loop (SL) at their 3'-end. The stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) specifically recognizes the SL to regulate histone mRNA metabolism, and the 3'-5' exonuclease 3'hExo trims its 3'-end after processing. We report the crystal structure of a ternary complex of human SLBP RNA binding domain, human 3'hExo, and a 26-nucleotide SL RNA. Only one base of the SL is recognized specifically by SLBP, and the two proteins primarily recognize the shape of the RNA. SLBP and 3'hExo have no direct contact with each other, and induced structural changes in the loop of the SL mediate their cooperative binding. The 3' flanking sequence is positioned in the 3'hExo active site, but the ternary complex limits the extent of trimming.
Permeability and partition coefficient of aqueous sodium chloride in soft contact lenses

Transport of physiologic saline through soft contact lenses is important to on-eye behavior. Using a specially designed Stokes-diaphragm cell, we measure aqueous NaCl permeabilities through commercial soft contact lenses at 35°C. The permeabilities increase exponentially with the water content of the lenses spanning a range from 10−7 to 10−5 cm2/s. Equilibrium partition coefficients are obtained by the back-extraction of lenses initially immersed in 1M aqueous NaCl. Partition coefficients also increase with lens water content but over a smaller range, from 0.1 to 0.7. Because the partition coefficient values are smaller than the water content of the lenses, ideal theory is not followed. Donnan exclusion, bound water, and excluded volume are proposed explanations. The diffusion coefficients of aqueous NaCl through soft contact lenses increase with increasing lens water content following free-volume theory. Aqueous NaCl diffusivities in the lower water-content lenses are smaller than the diffusion coefficient of NaCl in water by factors up to 100 indicating very tortuous diffusion paths. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Domain decomposition methods for EMC/EMI modeling: Antenna placements on a large air platform

We apply a recently developed multi-solver domain decomposition method (MS-DDM) to compute the antenna pattern of a S-band monopole antenna taking into account the couplings from the surrounding 23 other antennas, both in-band and out-of-band couplings, and the effects of the large air platform on which the S-band antenna is mounted. Since the air platform is electrically large and multi-scale in nature, the usual integral equation methods tax heavily on the computer resources and maybe even fail to converge when iterative Krylov matrix solution technique is employed. To provide a converging integral equation approach for modeling the air platform, we further apply the integral equation domain decomposition method (IE-DDM) as an effective preconditioner for the resulting combined field integral equation (CFIE) method. The fundamental strategy of the proposed MS-DDM is to decompose the entire computational domain into many sub-regions based on the local material properties and geometrical features. Moreover, the coupling between well-separated sub-regions is implemented through Stratton-Chu representation formulas. However, for the touching interfaces between neighboring sub-regions, a Robin transmission condition is introduced to mitigate the troublesome self integral terms with weak singular kernels. Numerical results of the S-band monopole antenna mounted conformally on a mockup F-16 fighter jet, together with 23 other antennas, are shown to demonstrate the flexibility and potentials of the proposed hierarchical MS-DDM and IE-DDM approach. Antenna patterns of the S-band monopole antenna in free space as well as the results including all the couplings form the other antennas and the air platform are also presented.
Stress-induced hypertensive reaction in a patient receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Report of a case

A case illustrating the potential for hypertensive crisis in the ambulatory dental patient under treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors is presented. It is somewhat unique in that it appears to contradict much of the literature, which states that circulating, endogenous catecholamines are not expected to be a factor in initiating this potentially severe complication. Since this patient had not taken any food or drink prior to the appointment, it may be conjectured that endogenous catecholamines released as a result of stress and dental pain initiated the crisis.
NAKED PHILOSOPHER-ASCETICS: Some Observations on the Shramana Religious Sprectrum

Except for the Buddhist tradition, India's ancient Shramana (that is, non-Hindu) religions and philosophies have attracted little attention from scholars. Yet the work of those few scholars has contributed greatly to our understanding. At the beginning of a new millennium, it is worth looking back, first at the ancient and medieval muddle that kept the West confused for so long, and then at the nineteenth- and twentiethcentury mileposts on this journey of discovery. We can also now, for the first time, assign each of the Shramana groups to its position on the Indian religious spectrum. The Shramana tradition includes five known groups: the Buddhists, the Ajivikas, the Jains, the Gymnosophists, and the Lokayatas. G. C. Pande has argued strongly that these are remnants of the Indus Valley culture - older than the Vedic tradition of the Aryans, and always an alternative to it. 1 Indeed, the Jains make a similar claim, venerating 24 Tirthankaras, or spiritual guides - 22 of whom stretch back into prehistoric times. Nearchus, who traveled to India in the army of Alexander the Great in 326 B.C.E., immediately noticed two Indian religious traditions: the Brahmanas (who at that time enjoyed official sanction as advisors to kings), and the Shramanas who did not - the Gymnosophists being among this latter group. 2 The ambassador Megasthenes, after living in India, confirmed this division into two main clusters, but
Natural Air-Sea Flux of CO2 in Simulations of the NASA-GISS Climate Model: Sensitivity to the Physical Ocean Model Formulation

Results from twin control simulations of the preindustrial CO2 gas exchange (natural flux of CO2) between the ocean and the atmosphere are presented here using the NASA-GISS climate model, in which the same atmospheric component (modelE2) is coupled to two different ocean models, the Russell ocean model and HYCOM. Both incarnations of the GISS climate model are also coupled to the same ocean biogeochemistry module (NOBM) which estimates prognostic distributions for biotic and abiotic fields that influence the air-sea flux of CO2. Model intercomparison is carried out at equilibrium conditions and model differences are contrasted with biases from present day climatologies. Although the models agree on the spatial patterns of the air-sea flux of CO2, they disagree on the strength of the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean sinks mainly because of kinematic (winds) and chemistry (pCO2) differences rather than thermodynamic (SST) ones. Biology/chemistry dissimilarities in the models stem from the different parameterizations of advective and diffusive processes, such as overturning, mixing and horizontal tracer advection and to a lesser degree from parameterizations of biogeochemical processes such as gravitational settling and sinking. The global meridional overturning circulation illustrates much of the different behavior of the biological pump in the two models, together with differences in mixed layer depth which are responsible for different SST, DIC and nutrient distributions in the two models and consequently different atmospheric feedbacks (in the wind, net heat and freshwater fluxes into the ocean).
Glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity in fine-needle aspiration of salivary gland lesions: a useful adjunct for the differential diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms

The value of immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in salivary gland lesions was investigated in 33 fine-needle aspiration smears. The study utilized cytologic material from ten pleomorphic adenomas, six normal salivary glands, three cases of chronic sialadenitis, three Warthin's tumors, two adenoid cystic carcinomas, three adenocarcinomas, two malignant mixed tumors, one acinic cell carcinoma, and three mucoepidermoid carcinomas. All tested pleomorphic adenomas stained positively. The adenoid cystic carcinomas and the cases of chronic sialadenitis, along with the low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, were negative for GFAP immunoreactivity. These results indicate that immunostaining for GFAP may be a valuable aid in the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma; GFAP may be especially helpful in distinguishing those cases for which the differential diagnosis includes the aforementioned salivary gland neoplasms.
Glutaraldehyde-reacted immunoprecipitates of l-gulonolactone oxidase are suitable for administration to guinea pigs

The potential pharmacologic use of enzymes has long been considered. Practical applications, however, have been limited by the toxicity and allergic response to administered foreign proteins. A simple in vitro modification that allows the intraperitoneal administration of large doses of L-gulonolactone oxidase to guinea pigs is described. The enzyme is precipitated by guinea pig antisera and reacted with glutaraldehyde (0.125%). The product is comparatively nontoxic in guinea pigs. Administration of this enzyme enables guinea pigs to synthesize ascorbic acid. Success of this approach may depend on reinforcement by the bifunctional reagent of the enzyme-antibody complex.
Fouling Study of Silicon Oxide Pores Exposed to Tap Water

We report on the fouling of Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-fabricated silicon oxide nanopores after exposure to tap water for two weeks. Pore clogging was monitored by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on both bare silicon oxide and chemically functionalized nanopores. While fouling occurred on hydrophilic silicon oxide pore walls, the hydrophobic nature of alkane chains prevented clogging on the chemically functionalized pore walls. These results have implications for nanopore sensing platform design.
Why do patients develop post-fundoplication symptoms?: a perspective from a consultative gastroenterologist (CG)

Why do patients develop post-fundoplication symptoms?: a perspective from a consultative gastroenterologist (CG)
InGaAs/GaP quantum dot light-emitting diodes on Si

We report on the growth, structure, and luminescence of In0.5Ga0.5As/GaP self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) on exact Si (001) by means of an epitaxial GaP/Si template. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction showed indistinguishable transitions during SAQD growth, indicating similar growth kinetics on GaP/Si and bulk GaP. In0.5Ga0.5As SAQD stacks on both substrates yielded nearly identical photoluminescence spectra, with peak position, peak-width, and integrated intensity varying by <5%. We then describe the characteristics of In0.5Ga0.5As/GaP SAQD light-emitting diodes on Si. These results demonstrate that combining In0.5Ga0.5As/GaP SAQDs with GaP/Si templates provides a novel path for monolithic integration of optoelectronics with Si.
Growth and characterization of large YBa2Cu3O7−x single crystals

Abstract Centimeter sized crystal plates of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x have been obtained using a bulk composition and method described by Schneemeyer et al. modified for growth in a pure oxygen atmosphere. A porous MgO crucible and long soak time promote large crystals. Mg was not detectable in the crystals. Electron microbeam analysis using a 60 A monochromator crystal for the oxygen determination gave the composition: Y 1.05 Ba 2.02 Cu 2.94 O 6.52 ± 0.06. As-grown crystals from the melt surface exhibit a fairly sharp T c with zero resistance at 80 K, and show complex twinning and crack patterns. Optical micrographs of a lightly polished surface normal to the c -axis of a ∼ 3 mm crystal delineate twinning and fine scale microcracking; this crystal surface now has a zero resistance at 68 K. Microhardness measurements and micro-fracture observations indicate intrinsic properties that may inhibit or impede large scale manufacture of electronic ceramics.
Shallow flow past a cylinder : control of the near wake

Vortex formation in the near wake of shallow flow past a vertical cylinder can be substantially delayed by base bleed through a very narrow slot. The structure of the wake associated with this delay changes dramatically with the dimensionless momentum coefficient of the slot bleed. At very low values, where substantial vortex delay is attainable, the bleed flow is barely detectable. For progressively larger values, various forms of jets issue from the slot, and they undergo ordered, large-amplitude undulations, not necessarily synchronized with the formation of the large-scale vortices. When the cylinder is subjected to appropriate rotational perturbations, in the presence of small-magnitude base bleed, it is possible to transform the delayed vortex formation to a form characteristic of the naturally occurring vortices and, furthermore, to induce a large change of the phase, or timing, of the initially formed vortex, relative to the cylinder motion.These features of the near-wake structure are assessed via a technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry, which provides whole-field patterns of vorticity, Reynolds stress, amplitude distributions of spectral peaks, and streamline topology at and above the bed, for both the delayed and recovered states of the wake. Among the findings is that even small bleed can substantially alter the patterns of streamline topology and Reynolds stress at the bed, which has important consequences for the bed loading.These alterations of the near-wake structure occur in conjunction with modifications of the shallow approach flow, which is incident upon the upstream face of the cylinder. The topology at the bed, which is altered in accord with attenuation of the well-defined vorticity concentration of the horseshoe (standoff) vortex, shows distinctive patterns involving new arrangements of critical points.
Premotor neurons encode torsional eye velocity during smooth-pursuit eye movements

Responses to horizontal and vertical ocular pursuit and head and body rotation in multiple planes were recorded in eye movement-sensitive neurons in the rostral vestibular nuclei (VN) of two rhesus monkeys. When tested during pursuit through primary eye position, the majority of the cells preferred either horizontal or vertical target motion. During pursuit of targets that moved horizontally at different vertical eccentricities or vertically at different horizontal eccentricities, eye angular velocity has been shown to include a torsional component the amplitude of which is proportional to half the gaze angle ("half-angle rule" of Listing's law). Approximately half of the neurons, the majority of which were characterized as "vertical" during pursuit through primary position, exhibited significant changes in their response gain and/or phase as a function of gaze eccentricity during pursuit, as if they were also sensitive to torsional eye velocity. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant contribution of torsional eye movement sensitivity to the responsiveness of the cells. These findings suggest that many VN neurons encode three-dimensional angular velocity, rather than the two-dimensional derivative of eye position, during smooth-pursuit eye movements. Although no clear clustering of pursuit preferred-direction vectors along the semicircular canal axes was observed, the sensitivity of VN neurons to torsional eye movements might reflect a preservation of similar premotor coding of visual and vestibular-driven slow eye movements for both lateral-eyed and foveate species.
Compiling a Massive, Multilingual Dictionary via Probabilistic Inference

Can we automatically compose a large set of Wiktionaries and translation dictionaries to yield a massive, multilingual dictionary whose coverage is substantially greater than that of any of its constituent dictionaries? The composition of multiple translation dictionaries leads to a transitive inference problem: if word A translates to word B which in turn translates to word C, what is the probability that C is a translation of A? The paper introduces a novel algorithm that solves this problem for 10,000,000 words in more than 1,000 languages. The algorithm yields PanDictionary, a novel multilingual dictionary. PanDictionary contains more than four times as many translations than in the largest Wiktionary at precision 0.90 and over 200,000,000 pairwise translations in over 200,000 language pairs at precision 0.8.
Fast Fashion and In-Store Hoarding: The Drivers, Moderator, and Consequences

In-store hoarding refers to the practice of taking possession of an item and keeping it for themselves while shopping although they are not sure whether to buy or not. We examined theoretical links among in-store behavior, hedonic shopping value, and repatronage intention and a moderating role of fashion innovativeness in the impacts of the three fast fashion factors (perceived perishability, scarcity, and low price) on in-store hoarding. The model was tested using female shoppers from two leading fast fashion retailers in the U.S. We found that while perceived perishability was a stronger driver of in-store hoarding for the high innovativeness group, perceived scarcity was a stronger driver of this act for the low innovativeness group. In-store hoarding and perceived perishability tend to produce positive retail outcomes by increasing hodonic shopping value and repatronage intentions. We discussed theoretical and pratical implications for marketers or retailers in the fashion industry.
Our Agenda for Technology Integration: It's Time to Choose

I sometimes ask graduate students —as an informal measure of their baseline knowledge at the beginning of a semester —what “technology integration” means to them. Here’s a sample re sponse written by a teacher enrolled in the first week of her first educational technology course: A classroom that has successfully integrated technology into the curriculum would be one where you would not really notice it because it would be so second nature. The teacher would not have to think up ways to use whatever tools were available, but would seamlessly use them to enhance the learning of whatever content was being covered. Technology [would be] used to assist in acquiring content knowledge, and t he acquisition of technology skills [would be] secondary. Contrast this depiction with what the International Society for Technology in Education’s (ISTE) National Educational Technology Standards for Students (NETS -S; ISTE, 2002) say about technology inte gration: Curriculum integration with the use of technology involves the infusion of technology as a tool to enhance the learning in a content area or multidisciplinary setting….Effective integration of technology is achieved when students are able to select technology tools to help them obtain information in a timely manner, analyze and synthesize the information, and present it professionally. The technology should become an integral part of how the classroom functions —as accessible as all other classroom tools. Though both explanations acknowledge a necessary link with curriculum, the latter depiction emphasizes how students would use tools to obtain information, while the former emphasizes how students’ content learning would be assisted with tool use. T he distinction is more than semantic, and its import may well point to one of two primary reasons why many —if not most —large-scale technology integration efforts are perceived to have failed: technocentrism and pedagogical dogmatism. In this editorial, I o ffer thoughts about each of these phenomena and invite you to respond.
A rapid functional assay for the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 based on the mobilization of internal calcium.

The molecular targets for trace amines (TAs) such as p-tyramine and β-phenylethylamine have been recently discovered and have been shown to comprise a family of G-protein-coupled receptors based on DNA sequence homologies. These have been termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) because TAs do not activate all of the identified receptors. Because TA may be involved in modulating a variety of behaviors including mood, cognition, and addiction, it is of interest to discover novel ligands for TAARs to probe the role TAs play in brain function. Pharmacophore development for the Gs-coupled human TAAR1 (hTAAR1) would be aided by a rapid functional assay amenable to screening libraries of compounds. Accordingly, the authors used RD-HGA16 CHO-1 cells from Molecular Devices, which stably express the promiscuous Gq, Gα16, to create a cell line stably expressing hTAAR1, thereby coupling receptor activation to the mobilization of internal calcium. They used this cell line to develop a homogenous fluorometric i...
The Effects of Speed on Skilled Chess Performance

Two types of mechanisms may underlie chess skill: fast mechanisms, such as recognition, and slow mechanisms, such as search through the space of possible moves and responses. Speed distinguishes these mechanisms, so I examined archival data on blitz chess (5 min for the whole game), in which the opportunities for search are greatly reduced. If variation in fast processes accounts for substantial variation in chess skill, performance in blitz chess should correlate highly with a player's overall skill. In addition, restricting search processes should tend to equalize skill difference between players, but this effect should decrease as overall skill level increases. Analyses of three samples of blitz chess tournaments supported both hypotheses. Search is undoubtedly important, but up to 81% of variance in chess skill (measured by rating) was accounted for by how players performed with less than 5% of the normal time available.
Heat-Labile Enterotoxin: Beyond G M1 Binding

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One major virulence factor released by ETEC is the heat-labile enterotoxin LT, which is structurally and functionally similar to cholera toxin. LT consists of five B subunits carrying a single catalytically active A subunit. LTB binds the monosialoganglioside GM1, the toxin’s host receptor, but interactions with A-type blood sugars and E. coli lipopolysaccharide have also been identified within the past decade. Here, we review the regulation, assembly, and binding properties of the LT B-subunit pentamer and discuss the possible roles of its numerous molecular interactions.
Neurogenic factor-induced Langerhans cell activation in diabetic mice with mechanical allodynia

Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting dendritic cells located in the skin. It has been reported that LC activation is associated with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN); however, the mechanism of LC activation is still unclear. The db/db mouse, a rodent model of PDN, was used to study the roles of LCs in the development of PDN in type 2 diabetes. Hind foot pads from db/db and control db/+ mice from 5 to 24 weeks of age (encompassing the period of mechanical allodynia development and its abatement) were collected and processed for immunohistochemistry studies. LCs were identified with immunohistochemistry using an antibody against CD207 (Langerin). The intraepidermal nerve fibers and subepidermal nerve plexus were identified by immunohistochemistry of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and tropomyosin-receptor kinase (Trk) A, the high affinity nerve growth factor receptor. CD207-positive LCs increased in the db/db mouse during the period of mechanical allodynia, from 8 to 10 weeks of age, in both the epidermis and subepidermal plexus. At 16 weeks of age, when mechanical allodynia diminishes, LC populations were reduced in the epidermis and subepidermal plexus. Epidermal LCs (ELCs) were positive for Trk A. Subepidermal LCs (SLCs) were positive for CD68, suggesting that they are immature LCs. Additionally, these SLCs were positive for the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and were in direct contact with TNF-α-positive nerve fibers in the subepidermal nerve plexus during the period of mechanical allodynia. Intrathecal administration of SB203580, a p38 kinase inhibitor, significantly reduced mechanical allodynia, TNF-α expression in the subepidermal plexus, and increased both ELC and SLC populations during the period of mechanical allodynia. Our data support the hypothesis that increased LC populations in PDN are activated by p38-dependent neurogenic factors and may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDN.
Time-Invariant Regressor In Nonlinear Panel Model With Fixed Effects

This paper generalizes the intuition of Hausman and Taylor (1981, Econometrica 49, 1377–1398) and develops a method of dealing with a time-invariant regressor in nonlinear panel models with fixed effects. We illustrate the usefulness of our result by discussing the implication for some nonlinear models of social interactions.We are grateful to Dan Ackerberg and Jerry Hausman for helpful comments. The first author gratefully acknowledges financial support from NSF grant SES-0313651.
On Some Reliability Implications of Electronic Circuit Design

Practical approaches to improved reliability have been made difficult to develop at least in part because reliability is an interdisciplinary art involving solid-state physics, circuit theory, and information engineering. In this paper, I delineate some of the factors that must be considered in improving reliability at the design stage. A major factor in achieving this result is the demonstration that the levels of power dissipation in discrete active devices can be reduced by up to at least a factor of 10, with actual improvement in overall circuit operation. The key to this improvement is the fact that with most active devices, the characteristics displayed in a circuit are very sensitive to output current level, but much less sensitive to output supply voltages as long as they exceed a minimum value. As supply voltages are reduced, the power dissipated decreases proportionately, but operating characteristics need not be changed. A series of ``paper'' designs can quickly verify the independence of operating conditions with respect to the output supply voltage. The result is less waste power, less cooling requirement, and, because of the sensitivity of MTBF (mean time between failure) to device temperature, increased overall MTBF, allowing systems to approach their life expectancy more closely. The subject of electron tube circuit reliability is also included in the discussion, first because the same principles that apply to bipolar and field-effect transistors apply to electron tubes as well, and because high-power transmitters still must use electron tubes in their final stages.
Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism during acute hypoxia and recovery.

— The levels of ATP, ADP, AMP and phosphocreatine, of four amino acids, and of 11 intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism in mouse brain were determined after: (1) various degrees of hypoxia; (2) hypoxia combined with anaesthesia; and (3) recovery from severe hypoxia. Glycogen decreased and lactate rose markedly in hypoxia, but levels of ATP and phosphocreatine were normal or near normal even when convulsions and respiratory collapse appeared imminent. During 30 s of complete ischaemia (decapitation) the decline in cerebral ATP and phosphocreatine and the increase in AMP was less in mice previously rendered hypoxic than in control mice. From the changes we calculated that the metabolic rate had decreased by 15 per cent or more during 30 min of hypoxia. Hypoxia was also associated with decreases of cerebral 6-phosphogluconate and aspartate, and increases in alanine, γ-aminobutyrate, α-ketoglutarate, malate, pyruvate, and the lactate :pyruvate ratio. Following recovery in air (10 min), increases were observed in glucose (200 per cent), glucose-6-phosphate, phosphocreatine and citrate, and there was a fall in fructose-1, 6-diphosphale. Similar measurements were made in samples from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. Severe hypoxia produced significant increases in lactate and decreases in glycogen in all areas; γ-aminobutyrate levels increased in cerebral cortex and brain stem, but not in cerebellum. No significant changes occurred in ATP and only in cerebral cortex was there a significant fall in phosphocreatine. Phosphocreatine, ATP and glycogen were determined by quantitative histochemical methods in four areas of medulla oblongata, including the physiological respiratory centre of the ventromedial portion. After hypoxia, ATP was unchanged throughout and the changes (decreases) in phosphocreatine and glycogen were principally confined to dorsal medulla, notably the lateral zone. Thus there is no evidence that respiratory failure is caused by a ‘power’ failure in the respiratory centre. It is suggested that in extremis a protective mechanism may cause neurons to cease firing before high-energy phosphate stores have been exhausted.
Classifying software maintenance

A revision is presented of E.B. Swanson's classification scheme for software maintenance (1976). The proposed classification system can be objectively determined from the changes that occur between versions of the software. The system was developed by analyzing the changes that occur between different versions of COBOL programs that were produced in commercial environments. >
Consonant-vowel cohesiveness in speech production as revealed by initial and final consonant exchanges

Two experiments use a procedure developed by Carter and Bradshaw (1984) to examine the role of syllable structure in speech production. In the procedure, subjects exchange phonological segments in corresponding positions of a pair of visually­ presented words or nonwords and to produce the resulting words or nonwords as quickly as possible. Carter and Bradshaw had shown that the pattern of latencies mirror that of frequencies of exchange errors in natural speech. The first experiment of the present study shows that initial consonant exchanges are promoted by phonetic similarity of the exchanging consonants and they reflect a bias for producing real words. With these influences controlled, Experiment 2 replicates and extends the finding of Carter and Bradshaw that initial consonant exchanges are made more rapidly than final consonant exchanges. The discussion relates the latency difference between these conditions to a difference in the "cohesiveness" of initial and final consonants with their vowel. In particular, in Experiment 2, more than one-third of errors made on final-consonant or vowel exchanges are exchanges of the whole syllable rhyme (VC), whereas just 10% of errors made on initial consonant or vowel exchanges are exchanges of the initial CV of the word. Various explanations for the difference in cohesiveness are examined in post hoc analyses.
The response of a radio-astronomy synthesis array to interfering signals

Multiplying interferometers, and the more complex synthesis arrays that have been developed from them, possess the advantage of greater discrimination against interfering signals than can be obtained with single-antenna radio telescopes. The major contribution to this effect results from the relative changes of the phases of the signals received in spaced antennas, associated with the sidereal motion of a cosmic source across the sky. Signals that do not show this predictable phase behavior are substantially suppressed in the data processing. In this paper an approximate general expression for the interference response is derived and compared with results of an experimental test. The major uncertainty results from the variability of the gain of the antenna sidelobes in which the interferenee is received. Threshold levels at which interference becomes harmful are derived for the very large array (VLA) of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. In the case of broad-band interfering signals, further rejection occurs because inequalities in the time delays of the signal paths via the individual antennas result in decorrelation. The magnitude of the decorrelation depends upon the position of the source of interference, and as an example, computations are given for broad-band signals from a satellite in geostationary orbit. General thresholds for harmful interference to radio astronomy are given in International Radio Consultive Committee (CCIR) Report 224, and the present results are not intended to supercede them. Rather, the intention is to provide data specific to synthesis arrays to allow more accurate coordination in certain frequency ranges shared with active spectrum users. A possible application to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is mentioned.
Opinion of White Americans about African Americans: The Case of Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Even though the opinion of white Americans regarding African Americans has changed since the post World War II era, common misperceptions about African Americans have not disappeared from American society. In Winston-Salem, many of the old misperceptions and racist opinions about African Americans that prevailed in the pre WW II era continue to thrive alongside new patterns of prejudice. Evidence from this research suggest that a minority of the white residents hold favorable or sympathetic opinions such as the call for equitable distribution of opportunities and burdens; by contrast a majority are either “prejudiced” or “ambivalent” regarding their opinions on certain issues about African Americans. The intolerance of those deemed “prejudiced” are fuelled by misperceptions and ethnocentrism while the prejudicial sentiments of the “ambivalent” stemmed from their own insecurities triggered by the fluid social, economic and political environment in Winston-Salem. In the final analysis, white prejudice against African Americans provided a basis for understanding racial inequalities in Winston-Salem.