cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rerupture Following Flow Diversion of a Dissecting Aneurysm of the Vertebral Artery: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background Dissecting aneurysms of the posterior cerebral circulation can wield significant treatment challenges with devastating clinical outcomes. Despite an expanded therapeutic armamentarium, these vascular lesions remain relatively difficult to diagnose and portend high associated morbidity and mortality. Methods A ruptured, fusiform, dissecting aneurysm of the mid V4 segment of the right vertebral artery (VA) distal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery origin resulted in a Hunt and Hess grade 5, Fisher scale score 4 subarachnoid hemorrhage. The lesion incorporated 360 degrees of the vessel wall and extended across an area measuring 11 mm in length and 6.8 mm in width at maximum dimension. The vascular lesion was treated with 2 overlapping Pipeline Embolization Devices. Results Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated an origin of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery mildly stenosed by the dissecting aneurysm. The left VA was markedly hypoplastic. After deployment of 2 overlapping Pipeline Embolization Devices, the aneurysm neck was well covered with appropriate positioning of the stent construct with good apposition to the vessel wall. There was contrast stasis within the aneurysm. The patient was managed with dual antiplatelet therapy. He demonstrated initial clinical and radiographic improvement. However, on the night of the second postprocedure day, the patient succumbed to rerupture of the aneurysm. Conclusions The literature posits that nonsaccular, fusiform, and dissecting aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar circulation can be occluded with consistency and success using flow diversion techniques. Endovascular treatment of a ruptured dissecting aneurysm of the VA is technically feasible and can be performed with or without parent artery occlusion. Outcomes following flow diversion of the posterior circulation may depend on the location of the dissection and viability of collateral circulation. In the present case, adequate coverage of the aneurysm did not portend a positive outcome.
Multi-material, multi-layer femtosecond laser surface processing

Femtosecond laser surface processing (FLSP) is a material processing technique used to produce self-organized micro/nanostructures on metals. The hierarchal structures can improve the surface properties of materials when applied to specific applications such as enhancing heat transfer. In this paper, we demonstrate a recently developed technique termed multi-material, multi-layer FLSP (3ML-FLSP). With 3ML-FLSP, micro/nanoscale features can be produced that are composed of multiple materials by processing surfaces using traditional FLSP techniques that are layered with thin foils of different materials. We demonstrate results with three layers of different metals (304 stainless steel, copper, and aluminum) clamped together during laser processing to create structures composed of all three metals. Ion beam milling is used to cross-section structures for subsurface analysis of the microstructure. The three metals did not mix within the bulk of the microstructures indicating that the microstructures were produced primarily through preferential removal of material around the structures. However, there was mixing of all three materials within the nanoparticle layer that covers the microstructures.
Rare-Event Simulation for Multiple Jump Events in Heavy-Tailed Lévy Processes with Infinite Activities

In this paper we address the problem of rare-event simulation for heavy-tailed Levy processes with infinite activities. We propose a strongly efficient importance sampling algorithm that builds upon the sample path large deviations for heavy-tailed Levy processes, stick-breaking approximation of extrema of Levy processes, and the randomized debiasing Monte Carlo scheme. The proposed importance sampling algorithm can be applied to a broad class of Levy processes and exhibits significant improvements in efficiency when compared to crude Monte-Carlo method in our numerical experiments.
Impact of Component® TE-G with Tylan® on performance of stocker calves

Evaluation of Component® TE-G with Tylan® (Elanco Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) on stocker calf performance.
Becoming a Clinician: Organization, Interprofessional Considerations, Documentation, Billing, and Insurance

Clinical practice in radiation oncology involves a wide range of skills in a complex and ever-changing environment. The stereotypical radiation oncology residency program provides training in the knowledge base and technical expertise required to manage patients’ medical needs but often lacks explicit education in the “softer” but equally necessary skills of understanding patient values, keeping our knowledge base current, building a referral base, and navigating billing codes and documentation standards. Just as our evidence base grows and clinical treatment guidelines evolve, the specific details of these skills may change over time. Nevertheless, certain fundamental principles remain applicable through all treatment paradigms. To this end, this chapter provides a principle-based framework to approaching clinical radiation oncology with a goal of successfully building a professional portfolio no matter the circumstances.
Proportion of critical congenital heart defects attributable to unhealthy prepregnancy body mass index among women with live births in Florida, 2005-2016.

BACKGROUND Associations between maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and congenital heart defects have been reported, however, the proportion of critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) attributable to unhealthy prepregnancy BMI has not been determined. Our objective was to investigate the association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and CCHDs. METHODS The Florida Birth Defects Registry was used to identify infants with CCHDs born between 2005-2016. Birth certificate data were used to define the source population and identify perinatal and socio-demographic characteristics. BMI values were categorized as underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), obese I (30.0-34.9), obese II (35.0-39.9), and obese III (≥40.0). Multi-predictor logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 99% confidence intervals representing the association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and CCHDs. Adjusted population attributable fractions (PAFs) for the aORs were calculated. RESULTS We observed a significantly increased risk of "any CCHD" in infants born to women at any level of obesity. Among the 12 CCHDs examined, 5 showed a significantly increased risk among mothers in the two highest obesity levels (II & III). Approximately 8% of all CCHDs may be attributed to suboptimal maternal prepregnancy BMI, with the highest total individual CCHD PAFs for pulmonary valve atresia (21.7%) and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (12.8%). CONCLUSIONS Women with suboptimal prepregnancy BMI are at increased odds of having a child born with a CCHD. We found evidence of a direct dose-response relationship between prepregnancy BMI and odds for CCHD; with variation by CCHD subtype.
Thwarted Belongingness Mediates Interpersonal Stress and Suicidal Thoughts: An Intensive Longitudinal Study with High-risk Adolescents.

Objective Interpersonal negative life events (NLEs) have been linked to risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, little is known about how this risk is conferred over the short term and the mechanisms linking interpersonal NLEs to suicide risk, particularly in adolescents. This study used an intensive longitudinal design to examine thwarted belongingness with family and friends as potential mechanisms linking interpersonal NLEs to suicidal thoughts. Method Forty-eight adolescents (Mage = 14.96 years; 64.6% female, 77.1% White), who recently received acute psychiatric care for suicide risk, were followed intensely for 28 days after discharge. Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment was used to measure presence of interpersonal NLEs at the day level, fluctuations in thwarted belongingness with family and friends (separately) within day, and fluctuations in suicidal thoughts within day. A multi-level structural equation model was utilized to examine family thwarted belongingness and friend thwarted belongingness as parallel mediators in the relationship between interpersonal NLEs and next-day suicidal thoughts. Results Significant direct effects were observed between interpersonal NLEs and family thwarted belongingness, family thwarted belongingness and suicidal thoughts, and friend thwarted belongingness and suicidal thoughts. In addition, family, but not friend, thwarted belongingness significantly mediated the association between interpersonal NLEs and next-day suicidal thoughts. Conclusions Interpersonal NLEs predicted greater suicidal thoughts over the short term (next day) in high-risk adolescents. Findings suggest how interpersonal NLEs may confer risk for suicidal thoughts - by reducing feelings of family belongingness. Future research is needed to examine how modifying belongingness may reduce suicide risk in adolescents.
HPV Testing Behaviors and Willingness to Use HPV Self-sampling at Home Among African American (AA) and Sub-Saharan African Immigrant (SAI) Women.

Background HPV self-sampling is an emerging HPV testing method that offers reliable identification of cervical precancer and cancer. To determine the feasibility of HPV self-sampling in the USA, information is needed regarding women's use of HPV test and willingness to use self-sampling, especially among disparate groups such as African American (AA) and sub-Saharan African immigrant (SAI) women. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with having had at least one HPV test and willingness to use HPV self-sampling among AA and SAI women. Methods AA and SAI women (n = 91) recruited from community settings completed a survey in a cross-sectional study. Data included sociodemographics, HPV and HPV testing knowledge, and willingness to use a HPV self-sampling test at home. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate associations with having had a HPV test and willingness to use self-sampling. Results Respondents mean age was 38.2 years (SD = 12.6) and 65% were SAIs. The majority (84%) reported having had at least one Pap test and (36%) had at least one HPV test. Sixty-seven percent were willing to self-sample at home. Age, education, and HPV testing knowledge were associated with having had a HPV test. Being uninsured and likelihood to accept a Pap test if recommended were associated with willingness to use self-sampling at home for an HPV test. Conclusions Health care providers have an important role in recommending cervical cancer screening according to current guidelines. HPV self-sampling may be a promising strategy to reach older, less educated, uninsured, and underinsured Black women.
Reply to Slater-Hammel's Note on Vulgar Errors. II

(1969). Reply to Slater-Hammel's Note on Vulgar Errors. II. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 443-443.
Resistencia a herbicidas: Glifosato

Se presenta una revision actualizada de los mecanismos generadores de resistencia a herbicidas, en plantas, y los factores que favorecen su desarrollo. Se reunen las especies que actualmente han sido denunciadas como resistentes a glifosato, en Argentina y el mundo. Se explica el mecanismo de accion y de desarrollo de resistencia de este xenobiotico, poniendo enfasis en las conductas preventivas
Immiserizing growth for a tariff-distorted, small economy: Further analysis

Abstract The paper derives an exact criterion for deciding if capital accumulation in a small, open economy where the only distortion is a tariff on imports will result in a loss of welfare–a possibility shown by Johnson. The relationship with a previous criterion derived by Bertrand and Flatters is discussed.
Deformation modeling and the strain transient dip test

Recent efforts in material deformation modeling reveal a trend toward unifying creep and plasticity with a single rate-dependent formulation. While such models can describe actual material deformation, most require a number of different experiments to generate model parameter information. Recently, however, a new model has been proposed in which most of the requisite constants may be found by examining creep transients brought about through abrupt changes in creep stress (strain transient dip test). The critical measurement in this test is the absence of a resolvable creep rate after a stress drop. As a consequence, the result is extraordinarily sensitive to strain resolution as well as machine mechanical response. This paper presents the design of a machine in which these spurious effects have been minimized and discusses the nature of the strain transient dip test using the example of aluminum. It is concluded that the strain transient dip test is not useful as the primary test for verifying any micromechanical model of deformation. Nevertheless, if a model can be developed which is verifiable by other experimentts, data from a dip test machine may be used to generate model parameters.
A Ladder-Structured Decision Tree for Recognizing Tumors in Chest Radiographs

We describe a hierarchic computer procedure for the detection of nodular tumors in a chest radiograph. The radiograph is scanned and consolidated into several resolutions which are enhanced and analyzed by a hierarchic tumor recognition process. The hierarchic structure of the tumor recognition process has the form of a ladder-like decision tree. The major steps in the decision tree are: 1) find the lung regions within the chest radiograph, 2) find candidate nodule sites (potential tumor locations) within the lung regions, 3) find boundaries for most of these sites, 4) find nodules from among the candidate nodule boundaries, and 5) find tumors from among the nodules. The first three steps locate potential nodules in the radiograph. The last two steps classify the potential nodules into nonnodules, nodules which are not tumors, and nodules which are tumors.
Happiness increases verbal and spatial working memory capacity where sadness does not: Emotion, working memory and executive control

The effects of emotion on working memory and executive control are often studied in isolation. Positive mood enhances verbal and impairs spatial working memory, whereas negative mood enhances spatial and impairs verbal working memory. Moreover, positive mood enhances executive control, whereas negative mood has little influence. We examined how emotion influences verbal and spatial working memory capacity,whichrequiresexecutivecontrol tocoordinate betweenholdinginformationinworking memory andcompleting a secondarytask. We predicted that positive moodwould improve both verbalandspatial working memory capacity because of its influence on executive control. Positive, negative and neutral moods were induced followed by completing a verbal (Experiment 1) or spatial (Experiment 2) working memory operation span task to assess working memory capacity. Positive mood enhanced working memory capacity irrespective of the working memory domain, whereas negative mood had no influence onperformance.Thus,positivemoodwasmore successfulholdinginformationinworkingmemorywhile processing task-irrelevant information, suggesting that the influence mood has on executive control supersedes the independent effects mood has on domain-specific working memory.
My O'Myeloid, a tale of two lineages.

Blood giving rise to endothelium, evidence of which is described by Bailey et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS, has been a hot-button topic in the adult hematopoietic/vascular literature. Paradigms of hematopoietic and endothelial shared origins are well established in the embryo. However, the demonstration that this phenomenon occurs in the adult has been significantly more controversial.
Differential regulation of multiple glucose transporter genes in Leishmania mexicana.

We have studied the structure and expression of glucose transporter genes in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania mexicana. Three distinct glucose transporter isoforms, LmGT1, LmGT2, and LmGT3, are encoded by single copy genes that are clustered together at a single locus. Quantitation of Northern blots reveals thatLmGT2 mRNA is present at ∼15-fold higher level in promastigotes, the insect stage of the parasite life cycle, compared with amastigotes, the intracellular stage of the life cycle that lives within the mammalian host. In contrast, LmGT1 and LmGT3 mRNAs are expressed at similar levels in both life cycle stages. Transcription of the LmGT genes in promastigotes and axenically cultured amastigotes occurs at similar levels, as measured by nuclear run-on transcription. Consequently, the ∼15-fold up-regulation of LmGT2 mRNA levels in promastigotes compared with amastigotes must be controlled at the post-transcriptional level. Measurement of LmGT2 RNA decay in promastigotes and axenic amastigotes treated with actinomycin D suggests that differential mRNA stability may play a role in regulating glucose transporter mRNA levels in the two life cycle stages.
Quantum cryptography on multi-user network architectures

Quantum cryptography applies the uncertainty principle and the no-cloning theorem to allow to parties to share a secret key over an ultra-secure link. Present quantum cryptography technologies provide encryption key distribution only between two users. However, practical implementations of encryption key distribution schemes require establishing secure quantum communications amongst multiple users. This paper looks at some of the advantages and drawbacks of some common network topologies that could be used in sending cryptographic keys across a network consisting of multiple users. These topologies are the star, ring, and bus networks. Their performances are compared and analyzed using quantum bit error rate analysis. The paper also presents an experimental demonstration of a six-user quantum key distribution network implemented on a bus topology.
Different motion cues are used to estimate time-to-arrival for frontoparallel and looming trajectories.

Estimation of time-to-arrival for moving objects is critical to obstacle interception and avoidance, as well as to timing actions such as reaching and grasping moving objects. The source of motion information that conveys arrival time varies with the trajectory of the object raising the question of whether multiple context-dependent mechanisms are involved in this computation. To address this question we conducted a series of psychophysical studies to measure observers’ performance on time-to-arrival estimation when object trajectory was specified by angular motion (“gap closure” trajectories in the frontoparallel plane), looming (colliding trajectories, TTC) or both (passage courses, TTP). We measured performance of time-to-arrival judgments in the presence of irrelevant motion, in which a perpendicular motion vector was added to the object trajectory. Data were compared to models of expected performance based on the use of different components of optical information. Our results demonstrate that for gap closure, performance depended only on the angular motion, whereas for TTC and TTP, both angular and looming motion affected performance. This dissociation of inputs suggests that gap closures are mediated by a separate mechanism than that used for the detection of time-to-collision and time-to-passage. We show that existing models of TTC and TTP estimation make systematic errors in predicting subject performance, and suggest that a model which weights motion cues by their relative time-to-arrival provides a better account of performance.
Thin films in photothermal solar energy conversion

Abstract Thin films play an important part in photothermal solar energy conversion. They intercept, redirect and concentrate the incident solar radiation and convert it into useful heat. The cost of materials and their processing makes thin films the most cost-effective solution, since most optical interactions occur within 1 μm of the front surface. However, the large surface-to-volume ratio of thin films facilitates degradation processes that limit the service life. Durability at elevated temperatures is essential and sets solar thin film technology aside from conventional applications. Spectrally selective coatings are discussed in detail, with emphasis on single-film converters, absorber-reflector tandems, dark mirrors and heat mirrors. A discussion of reflecting films and glazings concludes the review.
The insolvent state: analyzing organized procedures for restructuring the bankrupt sovereign

The purpose of this Article is to examine the impetus behind the movement for a sovereign bankruptcy procedure. The intention is to look at what has (and has not) been said on this issue and evaluate the soundness of various proposals. Part II of this Article looks at the background of international debt crises and the underlying discussions that have taken place on this issue in the international arena. Part III looks at more recent thinking on the subject, sheds light on Argentina's catastrophic global debt crises, and discusses the statutory and market-oriented solutions for sovereign debt crises. Part IV concludes that the way forward, for now, is to include majority action provision in bond contracts while encouraging responsible internal governance for sovereigns. Such an approach is beneficial until the international market revisits an overarching proposal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aminoacylation of Escherichia coli cysteine tRNA by selenocysteine

Abstract Unfractionated Escherichia coli B tRNAs have been aminoacylated with selenocysteine by using homologous aminoacyl synthetases. Cochromatography of [ 3 H]cysteyl-tRNA and [ 75 Se]selenocysteyl-tRNA on reverse-phase chromatography-5 columns revealed nearly coincident radioactive elution profiles for the two charged tRNAs. Acylation of a mixture of tRNAs with cysteine protected selenocysteine-acceptor activity from inactivation by periodate oxidation. Likewise, preacylation with selenocysteine protected cysteine acceptor from oxidation. Levels of charging with cysteine are reduced about 50% by the presence of a 40-fold excess of selenocysteine. These results indicate that selenocysteine is bound to cysteine-accepting tRNAs, although it does have considerably lower affinity for the ligase than cysteine. The ester linkage of selenocysteyl-tRNA was shown to be somewhat more stable than that of cysteyl-tRNA under the same conditions. These experiments show that selenocysteine can participate in the early steps leading to peptide-bond formation and provide a possible pathway for selenocysteine incorporation into protein.
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Management:

Acute myocardial infarction is caused by abrupt thrombotic coronary occlusion. About 1.5 million patients will suffer a heart attack and 10 to 20% of them will die in the U.S.A. annually. Accurate diagnosis and early reopening (reperfusion) of infarct-related coronary artery will lower mortality (2 to 7%) and morbidity of patients and improve their post-MI recovery. There are several effective therapies available to reopen closed infarct-related coronary arteries. Thrombolytic or clot dissolving therapy can be safely used in about one-third of heart attack stricken patients. The expected effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in treated patients is 70 to 80% of reperfusion rates and 7 to 8% mortality rates. Direct coronary angioplasty of the infarct-related coronary artery represents the most aggressive, yet the most effective reperfusion modality available to all patients suffering from acute MI. Direct angioplasty, when used appropriately, will result in 97 to 99% reperfusion rates and 2 to 3% mortality ...
Tools for building advanced user interfaces

System developers are noticing that their design decisions strongly affect computer usability. The design of the user interface has an important bearing on the knowledge users must have to accomplish work through the user-computer interface. Recognition of this fact is leading to the development of User Interface Management Systems (UIMSs). A UIMS is a design concept for separating the details of user interaction from the details of advanced applications. This paper shows how UIMS research and research into the representation of user process knowledge (i.e., user how-to-do-it skills) can help developers understand issues involving ease of learning and ease of use. This parallel progress in UIMS development and in user modeling makes it easier to build high-quality advanced user interfaces.
Building Enacted Science Curricula on the Capital of Learners

The study examines how social and cultural factors mediate the teaching and learning of science in an Australian high school. Grade 10 students, many of them new migrants, often transient and from circumstances of economic hardship, were taught a 5-week unit on chemistry by a teacher with social and cultural histories similar to those of most of her students. Structures that framed the enacted curriculum included the provision of well-equipped laboratories and supplies, and the teacher's emphasis on students building positive emotional energy, communities of learners, and science-related identities associated with success and interest in science. The teacher taught in ways that encouraged students to participate and succeed in learning science facts and concepts, experiencing science as relevant to everyday life, exploring significant social issues, and accurately following procedures to complete labs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed89:577–594, 2005
Tweeting democracy? Examining Twitter as an online public relations strategy for congressional campaigns’

Abstract Considering the integral relationship between public relations and democracy ( Martinelli, 2011 ) coupled with the growing use of social media for democratic aims ( Smith, 2011 ) the current study examines the effectiveness of Twitter as a public relations communications tool for congressional campaigns. Specifically, as a means of testing Twitter's effectiveness in informing and engaging voters, congressional candidate and political party Twitter use for all 435 U.S. House of Representatives races (N = 1284) are compared with 2010 election outcomes. Results indicate that candidates’ Twitter use significantly increased their odds of winning, controlling for incumbency and Party ID. Additionally, significant differences between incumbents’ and challengers’ Twitter use during the election cycle emerged, which has important implications for public relations practices aimed at achieving democratic outcomes.
Application Of Optical-Fiber Pins To Explosive, Pulse-Power Generators

Arrays of optical-fiber pins, known as microballoon optical pins, have been used to diagnose the dynamic deformation of an explosive pulsed-power generator. The pin data determine the effects of multimegampere electrical current loading on generator performance. The pins are required to work in the adverse environment of the generator, consisting of explosives and explosive products and very large, rapidly-changing electrical currents that give rise to intense electromagnetic interference. The optical pin is a shock arrival-time sensor consisting of an optical fiber tipped with a gas-filled microballoon about 200 microns in diameter. When a strong pressure pulse impinges on the microballoon, the shock-heated gas within the spherical shell emits a bright flash. The light is transmitted via the optical fiber to an electronic streak camera which simultaneously records signals from many pins. The signals from an array of these sensors measure the time profile of the impact of the explosive-driven armature with the stationary conical stator. Details of the microballoon pin are described at this meeting by Benjamin and Mayer. The microballoon pin was compared with the conventional flash-gap technique in which air, confined in a much larger space, is shock-heated to produce a time-of-arrival flash. The two methods gave essentially identical results on the first shot. Since the microballoon was more convenient to use and indicated a greater range of usefulness in future applications, we used it exclusively on the subsequent shots. The microballoon optical-fiber pin gave us the data necessary for the next generator design iteration and will be used extensively in the future.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electroacoustic music: updating the library collection

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a variety of current resources associated with electroacoustic music suitable for updating academic and large public library collections.Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken in the paper is to identify resources meant to provide guidance in locating appropriate resources and to identify specific resources regarding electroacoustic collections that are grouped in several categories for ease of reading.Findings – The complexity of definition of electroacoustic music and its interdisciplinary nature has had a negative impact on availability of collection development guides for electroacoustic music. Furthermore, resource formats associated with this type of music are heavily dependent on technology and change with great frequency which makes them challenging to keep up with.Originality/value – The paper offers practical advice about updating electroacoustic music collections.
Vector field driven design for lightweight signal processing and control schemes for autonomous robotic navigation

We address the problem of realizing lightweight signal processing and control architectures for agents in multirobot systems. Motivated by the promising results of neuromorphic engineering which suggest the efficacy of analog as an implementation substrate for computation, we present the design of an analog-amenable signal processing scheme. We use control and dynamical systems theory both as a description language and as a synthesis toolset to rigorously develop our computational machinery; these mechanisms are mated with structural insights from behavior-based robotics to compose overall algorithmic architectures. Our perspective is that robotic behaviors consist of actions taken by an agent to cause its sensory perception of the environment to evolve in a desired manner. To provide an intuitive aid for designing these behavioral primitives we present a novel visual tool, inspired vector field design, that helps the designer to exploit the dynamics of the environment. We present simulation results and animation videos to demonstrate the signal processing and control architecture in action.
Selective Role for β-Protein Kinase C in Signaling for O⨪2 Generation but Not Degranulation or Adherence in Differentiated HL60 Cells

Abstract A role for protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes is implicated in the activation of phagocytic cell functions. An antisense approach was used to selectively deplete β-PKC, both βI- and βII-PKC, but not α-PKC, δ-PKC, or ζ-PKC in HL60 cells differentiated to a neutrophil-like phenotype (dHL60 cells). Depletion of β-PKC in dHL60 cells elicited selective inhibition of O⨪2generation triggered by fMet-Leu-Phe, immune complexes, or phorbol myristate acetate, an activator of PKC. In contrast, neither ligand-elicited β-glucuronidase (azurophil granule) release nor adherence to fibronectin was inhibited by β-PKC depletion. Ligand-induced phosphorylation of a subset of proteins was reduced in β-PKC-depleted dHL60 cells. Phosphorylation of p47phox and translocation of p47phox to the membrane are essential for activation of the NADPH oxidase and generation of O⨪2. β-PKC depletion had no effect on the level of p47phoxin dHL60 cells but did significantly decrease ligand-induced phosphorylation of this protein. Furthermore, translocation of p47phox to the membrane in response to phorbol myristate acetate or fMet-Leu-Phe was reduced in β-PKC-depleted cells. These results indicate that β-PKC is essential for signaling for O⨪2 generation but not cell adherence or azurophil degranulation. Depletion of β-PKC inhibited ligand-induced phosphorylation of p47phox, translocation of p47phox to the membrane, and activation of O⨪2 generation.
Does parasitoid attack strategy influence host specificity? A test with New World braconids

Parasitoid attack strategy has been divided into two broad cat- egories, koinobiosis and idiobiosis, based on the arrest of host development and the intimacy of larval contact. Koinobionts allow the host to continue developing and larvae usually feed within the host body, whereas idiobionts stop host development and larvae usually feed externally. 2. Comparisons of host ranges from rearings of parasitoids from specific host communities have shown that koinobionts are more host specific than idiobionts. These tests suggested that parasitoid attack strategy influenced specialisation in parasitoid-host interactions within certain host communities. 3. To determine whether this pattern was consistent within a single parasitoid lineage that utilises hosts from many different communities, the host ranges of koinobiont and idiobiont braconid genera of the New World were compared. Koinobiont genera utilised fewer host families than idiobionts, suggesting that parasitoid attack strategy may direct the evolution of host specificity throughout the evolutionary history of parasitoid lineages.
Mitigation of Photodiode Induced Even-Order Distortion in Photonic Links With Predistortion Modulation

A new class of predistortion techniques for suppressing photodiode generated even-order distortion is presented. Modulation induced distortions can be generated to cancel the photodiode even-order contributions. This method is described conceptually, theoretically, and experimentally in a generalized fashion to include intensity-, phase-, and polarization-modulation implementations. Measured suppression of photodiode second-order distortion upwards of 34 dB is demonstrated with frequencies ranging from 1 to 35 GHz.
Contaminant Residues in the Bloater (Coregonus Hoyi) of Lake Michigan, 1969–1986

Residues of DDT, PCBs, and dieldrin in Lake Michigan bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) decreased between 1969 and 1986. All values for contaminant residues were measured and reported as μg/g of whole fish, wet weight; the error limits represented the 95% confidence interval half widths. Total DDT content declined 87%, from 9.9 in 1970, when its use was banned, to 1.3 in 1974, and then averaged 0.88 in 1978–1986 with a low of 0.67 in 1986. Between 1976–1986, p,p’DDD averaged 0.08 and p,p’DDT averaged 0.1; p,p’DDE reached a low of 0.48 in 1980, then averaged 0.53 in 1980–1986. Dieldrin averaged 0.25 until 1974, when it was banned, peaked at 0.55 in 1978, and decreased to 0.20 by 1986. PCBs, first analyzed in 1972, declined 64% (from 5.7 to 2.2) between 1972 and 1980 and were at 1.64 in 1986. The great decline in PCBs occurred following the 1976 ban. A 49% decrease in the lipid content of bloaters from 1980 to 1986 suggested a dietary change possibly due to changing food source makeup.
Resting energy expenditure is not increased in prepubertal children with Alagille syndrome.

Increased resting energy expenditure (REE) is a possible explanation for the negative energy balance seen in children with Alagille syndrome (AGS). We evaluated 16 subjects with AGS and 37 healthy controls and did not find a significant difference in REE (101% ± 12%, 105% ± 13%, respectively).
Impaired visibility: the air pollution people see

Abstract Almost every home and office contains a portrayal of a scenic landscape whether on a calendar, postcard, photograph, or painting. The most sought after locations boast a scenic landscape right outside their window. No matter what the scene – mountains, skyscrapers, clouds, or pastureland – clarity and vividness are essential to the image. Air pollution can degrade scenic vistas, and in extreme cases, completely obscure them. Particulate matter suspended in the air is the main cause of visibility degradation. Particulate matter affects visibility in multiple ways: obscures distant objects, drains the contrast from a scene, and discolors the sky. Visibility is an environmental quality that is valued for aesthetic reasons that are difficult to express or quantify. Human psychology and physiology are sensitive to visual input. Visibility has been monitored throughout the world but there are few places where it is a protected resource. Existing health-based regulations are weak in terms of visibility protection. Various techniques, including human observation, light transmission measurements, digital photography, and satellite imaging, are used to monitor visibility. As with air pollution, trends in visibility vary spatially and temporally. Emissions from the developing world and large scale events such as dust storms and wildfires affect visibility around much of the globe.
Increased activation of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine by acivicin.

Abstract The effect of acivicin (ACV) on cell growth, cell cycle progression, and intracellular accumulation of 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC) was examined. Treatment of H9 cells with ACV (1 μM) plus ddC (25 μM) for 24 hrs inhibited cell growth to 74 ± 7%, arrested cells in the S phase, and increased the cellular ddC accumulation to 195-208% of control. The concentrations of ddCTP, the active form of ddC, was increased 3.4 fold in ACV treated cells.
Clinical radiological issues in orthodontic practice

Abstract Radiology has long played a critical role in the treatment planning of theorthodontic patient. The focus of this article is on common issues that confront the orthodontist and how a basic understanding of radiological techniques and simple radiological procedures can be used to resolve them. The article addresses the advantages and shortcomings of the two most common films, the cephalogram and the panoramic view, taken by orthodontists. It goes on, however, to discuss other views that can easily be taken in the private office to supplement these radiographs.
Customized Training in the Workplace

Rapid changes in manufacturing technology and procedures have created a need for additional training for workers. Traditional postsecondary school vocational training is generally perceived as not adequately meeting this need because vocational training programs quickly become obsolete. Customized labor training, typically implemented at the workplace, is a possible alternative to vocational training. Such training programs are frequently oriented toward specific organizational needs rather than general skill development. In-depth interviews with personnel directors, trainers, and worker-students in 20 organizations using customized labor training programs specified three different settings that entail different background conditions and outcomes for customized training: large, unionized monopoly sector firms that have developed intensive training programs; smaller, periphery sector firms that use state support for training largely as a subsidy to underwrite initial orientation costs for workers; and new ...
Platinum Supported on NbRuyOz as Electrocatalyst for Ethanol Oxidation in Acid and Alkaline Fuel Cells

Platinum supported on a mixed metal oxide, NbRu{sub y}O{sub z} (8Nb:1Ru), was evaluated as an electrocatalyst for the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in 0.1 M HClO{sub 4} and 1 M KOH. The support was synthesized from a liquid precursor solution of metal chlorides that was aerosolized and thermally decomposed into a powder via the spray pyrolysis (SP) process. Two samples were of primary interest: 30%Pt deposited onto the support by dry impregnation and 60%Pt as part of the precursor solution that underwent in situ SP Pt dispersion. TEM, SEM, and XRD were used to confirm morphology and deposition of Pt. XPS and XAS studies confirmed elemental distribution and oxidation state of Pt catalyst. In situ IRRAS studies in 0.1 M HClO{sub 4} show that these electrocatalysts are capable of facilitating the complete oxidation pathway of EOR, involving scission of the C-C bond and CO oxidation.
Inhibition of Brain Glycolysis by Aluminum

Aluminum inhibited both the cytosolic and mitochondrial hexokinase activities in rat brain. The IC50 values were between 4 and 9 microM. Aluminum was effective at mildly acidic (pH 6.8) or slightly alkaline (pH 7.2-7.5) pH, in the presence of a physiological level of magnesium (0.5 mM). However, saturating (8 mM) magnesium antagonized the effect of aluminum on both forms of hexokinase activity. Other enzymes examined were considerably less sensitive to inhibition by aluminum. The IC50 of aluminum for phosphofructokinase was 1.8 mM and for lactate dehydrogenase 0.4 mM. At 10-600 microM, aluminum actually stimulated pyruvate kinase. Aluminum also inhibited lactate production by rat brain extracts: this effect was much more marked with glucose as substrate than with glucose-6-phosphate. However, the IC50 for inhibiting lactate production using glucose as substrate was 280 microM, higher than that required to inhibit hexokinase. This concentration of aluminum is comparable to those reportedly found in the brains of patients who had died with dialysis dementia and in the brains of some of the patients who had died with Alzheimer disease. Inhibition of carbohydrate utilization may be one of the mechanisms by which aluminum can act as a neurotoxin.
Rationale, design and methods for process evaluation in the HEALTHY study

The HEALTHY study was a multi-site randomized trial designed to determine whether a 3-year school-based intervention targeting nutrition and physical activity behaviors could effectively reduce risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes in middle school children. Pilot and formative studies were conducted to inform the development of the intervention components and the process evaluation methods for the main trial. During the main trial, both qualitative and quantitative assessments monitored the fidelity of the intervention and motivated modifications to improve intervention delivery. Structured observations of physical education classes, total school food environments, classroom-based educational modules, and communications and promotional campaigns provided verification that the intervention was delivered as intended. Interviews and focus groups yielded a multidimensional assessment of how the intervention was delivered and received, as well as identifying the barriers to and facilitators of the intervention across and within participating schools. Interim summaries of process evaluation data were presented to the study group as a means of ensuring standardization and quality of the intervention across the seven participating centers. Process evaluation methods and procedures documented the fidelity with which the HEALTHY study was implemented across 21 intervention schools and identified ways in which the intervention delivery might be enhanced throughout the study.
Immune response products alter CNS acitivity: Interferon modulates central opioid function

The presents report provides evidence to support the hypothesis that peptides released during an immune response alter CNS activity and thus may provide a means for the immune system to transmit afferent single into the brain. Specifically, it is demonstrated that recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFN-α), a peptide associated with the immune response to viral infection, can alter opiate withdrawal severity in a dose-dependent manner upon direct injection into brain areas essential for this phenomenon. These results are compared and contrasted with the effect of systemically injected rIEN-α upon opiate withdrawal. In addition, an electrophysiological investigation into the basis of the interaction of opioids and rIFN-α in brain structures essential for the expression of opioid activities is also presented. Finallu, the effects of rIFN-α upon the functions of both the CNS and other systems is discussed in terms of the effects reported for other peptides associated with immune responses.
Crime scene investigation: An exercise in generating and analyzing DNA evidence*

The goal of this project is to introduce students to molecular biology techniques using an experimental setting that inspires both scientific and personal interest. The project is designed as a small group apprenticeship for gifted high school juniors or seniors who can spend full time in a sponsor's laboratory for at least 1 week. The students begin by examining evidence from a mock crime scene that consists of hair samples from the crime scene and from five potential suspects. Students extract DNA from the hair samples and amplify a hypervariable region within the mitochondrial genome using the polymerase chain reaction. Amplified products are then sequenced and compared with the crime scene sequence using DNA alignment software. In consecutive projects, students from four different schools successfully identified the suspect who matched the crime scene evidence. This project is a valuable learning tool not only due to the comprehensive introduction to molecular biology techniques but also because it helps the students to connect scientific exploration with well publicized media events and provides a window into potential career opportunities in the field of molecular biology.
Conceptualization and treatment of bowel obsessions: two case reports

Bowel obsessions have long been recognized in clinical settings, usually presenting as an overwhelming fear of losing bowel control in public. Conceptual issues with regard to this disorder have hampered treatment efforts. For example, disagreement exists as to its proper classification within the spectrum of anxiety disorders: it has been conceptualized both as a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder and as a symptom of social phobia, panic disorder, and agoraphobia. In addition, the comorbidity of bowel obsessions and functional bowel disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome is not understood. While reports of pharmacological intervention exist, little has been written about psychological treatment techniques. This paper uses two cases studies of successful behavioral treatment of bowel obsessions as illustrations to address the above issues.
Anabolic Steroid Use: Indications of Habituation among Adolescents

The use of anabolic steroids (AS) by adolescent males is argued to be more widespread than currently acknowledged. Although the long-term physiological and psychological ramifications of use are not well established, current research and anecdotal information suggest that there is reason for concern. In addition, very little is known about the attitudes and behaviors of these adolescent AS users. While the debate concerning the physiological versus the psychological dependence liability of various drugs continues to evolve, there seems to be a consensus that drug dependence is not a per se phenomenon and that the characteristics of dependence differ in accordance with the drug being used. The following article attempts to identify characteristics of the adolescent male AS user and suggests that AS use does have a dependence potential. The AS user population was found to be significantly different from nonusers in several areas such as self-perceptions of health and strength, interest in controlling AS use...