cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oscillator Strengths and Electron Collision Rates for Fine-Structure Transitions in O II

Electron impact excitation collision strengths for the fine-structure transitions between the lowest 13 levels of the 2s22p3, 2s2p4, and 2s22p23s configurations and from these levels to the next 22 other lowest levels of the 2s2p4, 2s22p23s, and 2s22p23p configurations have been calculated using a 62-level Breit-Pauli R-matrix approach with orthogonal radial functions and a 47-level Breit-Pauli R-matrix approach with nonorthogonal radial functions. A B-spline basis has been used for the description of continuum functions, and no orthogonality constraint has been imposed between the continuum functions and the valence atomic orbitals in 47-level calculation. Oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for the fine-structure transitions have been calculated using nonorthogonal orbitals in the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock approach. The present oscillator strengths normally compare very well with a previously available calculation. The collision strength is averaged over a Maxwellian velocity distribution to obtain the effective collision strengths as a function of electron temperature. The effective collision strengths are presented over a wide temperature range (2 × 103 to 105 K) suitable for modeling of astrophysical plasmas.
Guided genes for tumor warfare.

T cells have been recruited to both produce and deliver vectors to specific tumors in an animal model.
The effect of vitamin D on linear growth in infancy

Summary The rate of growth in length of infants given one teaspoonful of high grade cod liver oil (340 to 400 U.S.P. units of vitamin D daily) has been compared with the rate of linear growth of infants given the same type of diet, but with the source of vitamin D from irradiated milk (60 to 135 U.S.P. units of vitamin D daily) or its vitamin D equivalent as cod liver oil or cod liver oil concentrate milk, and with standard growth rates reported in the literature. A review of the growth standards shows that the rate of linear growthin infancy is increasing. Standards reported in 1929 and 1933 show rates of growth definitely increased over those of older standards. Infants given 340 to 400 U.S.P. units of vitamin D daily grow at rates definitely more rapid than those of even the recent standards. Infants ingesting from 60 to 135 U.S.P. units of vitamin D daily grow at the same rate as the recent standards. Exposure to sunlight increased the rate of growth in the few infants in whom this measure was tried and who were receiving the lower of the two stated amounts of vitamin D. The increased rate of linear growth is ascribed chiefly to the increased intake of vitamin D and its resultant effect on skeletal growth. Although the influence of vitamin A has not been entirely excluded, certain of the observations recorded indicate that vitamin A was not the limiting factor in the growth of the infants studied.
Predictive inference for a future response using symmetrically trimmed sample from the half-normal model

In this paper, the likelihood function and the posterior density function for the parameters given a symmetric trimmed sample are derived. It is assumed that the sample follows the half-normal model. By making use of the Bayesian framework, the predictive density for a single future response is derived. An informative prior is used to derive the predictive results. A simulated sample and a real life sample are utilized to illustrate the results.
A semi-analytical method to estimate interface elastic properties

In this paper, we propose a semi-analytical method to evaluate a lower bound for the elastic properties of bimaterial interfaces such as grain boundaries for example. In this method, interfacial elastic properties are estimated analytically in terms of the inter-atomic potentials of the material. To evaluate the lower bound of these analytical expressions, one only needs to know the relaxed configuration of the atomic assembly near the interface of interest. In comparison with other existing methods, the semi-analytical method developed here significantly reduces the amount of computation. More importantly, because of the analytical nature of the method, it provides a much better tool to study and have a fundamental understanding of the elastic behavior of bimaterial interfaces.
General Interest Supporting Beginning Teachers with Computer Networks

Interactive computer networking offers a promising medium for the induction support of first- year teachers. This research investigates the nature and type of support delivered to 39 beginning teac...
Unconstrained handprint recognition using a limited lexicon

A word recognition system has been developed at NIST to read free-formatted text paragraphs containing handprinted characters. The system has been developed and tested using binary images containing 2,100 different writers' printings of the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution. Each writer was asked to print these sentences in an empty 70 mm by 175 mm box. The Constitution box contains no guidelines for the placement and spacing of the handprinted text, nor are there guidelines to instruct the writer where to stop printing one line and to begin the next. While the layout of the handprint in these paragraphs is unconstrained, a limited-size lexicon may be applied to reduce the complexity of the recognition application. The system's four components have been combined into an end-to-end hybrid system that executes across a UNIX file server and a massively parallel SIMD computer. The recognition system achieves a word error rate of 49% across all 2,100 printings of the Preamble (109,096 words). This performance is achieved with a neural network character classifier that has a substitution error rate of 14% on its 22,823 training patterns.
Advanced 1.1um pixel CMOS image sensor with 3D stacked architecture

This paper demonstrates an advanced 1.1um pixel backside illuminated CMOS image sensor with a 3D stacked architecture. The carrier wafer in conventional BSI is replaced by ASIC wafer, which contains a part of periphery circuit and is connected to the sensor wafer through bonding technology. With proper layout design and process improvement, the impact of 3D connection (Through Via, TV) on the sensor performance can be significantly minimized. In addition, for the first time, the degradation of stacked pixel performance during the folded circuit operation under sensor array is found and improved. The final stacked sensor exhibits the comparable pixel performances to conventional BSI. Furthermore, stacked architecture provides the opportunity to enhance sensor performance by the separate process tuning for sensor wafers (without any effect on ASIC wafers), leading to a further improvement of dark performance.
Evaluation of Teat Coverage Persistency and Teat Health for 2 New Prototype & 1 Commercial Dry Period Persistent Barrier Teat Dips

Mastitis research has shown that 40-50% of intramammary infections (IMI) are contracted during the dry or non-lactating period with the greatest percentages of these occurring during the first and last two weeks of the dry period. The ability to develop and apply external persistent barrier teat dip products (like a liquid bandage) that can persist for these 1 week periods could decrease IMI, thus improving animal health and performance, and product quality and safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate 2 new prototype persistent barrier dry cow teat dips compared to a commercially available dry cow barrier teat dip, with particular interest and comparisons of dip persistency in providing teat end protection, and overall teat end and skin health. Cows dipped with commercial T-Hexx dip had significantly greater persistency and protection compared to experimental dips A (2323-124-01) and B (2323-125-01). Experimental dips were easy to apply (as was control dip). Problems with experimental dips are they crack, shed, and rip more easily and thus come off. It seems to rub and shred on the teat end also even though dip may remain on the side or barrel of the teat. Believe this has to do with the consistency or thickness of the film and its tensile strength.
Magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the internal anatomy in the Baller-Gerold syndrome

The Baller-Gerold syndrome is identified by radial aplasia with craniosynostosis. Only 12 cases have been reported previously in the literature; none of the reports describe surgical treatment for the radial aplasia. We report the case of a 10-month-old female infant with this syndrome, including severe bilateral radial clubhands. A radial anlage, which was tethering growth of the ulna, was suspected on physical examination and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging. Resection of the anlage resulted in dramatic improvement in elbow extension, but additional follow-up will be necessary to determine the complete functional effect of the procedure.
Concept and Fundamentals of Temporal-Spatial Pulse Representation for Dislocation Source Modeling

For far-field wave-motion response to a point dynamic dislocation source, the temporal and spatial features of the source mechanism are characterized, respectively, by two factors, i.e., a source time function for dislocation growth and a combination of nine couples of impulse forces that is equivalent to the final dislocation. The mathematical representation for each of the couples, referred to as spatial couples, is a couple of impulses acting in opposing directions with an infinitesimal separation distance or, in the limit, by the derivative of the impulse with respect to the separation-distance parameter This study proposes a temporal-spatial pulse representation for the nine couples, referred to as temporal-spatial couples, and subsequently for the dislocation source modeling. Each temporal-spatial couple consists of two impulses acting in opposite directions with both an infinitesimal separation distance and an infinitesimal time delay. By examining dynamite source modeling, this study shows that the proposed representation can intrinsically integrate the spatial and temporal features of the dislocation sources from the response point of view. This study also shows an example of a point, shear-slip seismic source modeling using traditional and proposed pulse representations for far-field wave motion. Discussion is finally provided for the implications of the proposed representation in broad applications.
II. The Influence of the Mutiny of 1857 on Land Policy in India

THE events of I857 etched themselves deeply into the consciousness of the British in India. Throughout the remaining years of British rule the lessons of the Mutiny were never forgotten; indeed they provided the constant backdrop against which British policy was enacted. To a large extent this experience played a decisive role in recasting the whole direction of British policy. Its impact on policy toward the native Indian states was sharp, and lasting in its effects. Canning realized that the native states were 'break-waters to the storm which would otherwise have swept over us in one great wave', and he henceforward, by his grant of the right of adoption, committed Britain to their maintenance.' This post-Mutiny solicitude for the native states stands in obvious contrast with the deprecatory, if not avowedly annexationist, policy of Canning's predecessors. On land settlement policy the Mutiny had a no less marked influence. This has not always been recognized, yet it is in many ways more significant, for land policy has played a central role in the history of India. The Government of India traditionally derived most of its revenue from the land. When the British came to power, in order to collect the revenue they had of necessity to record and define the rights in land of the various classes of society. This responsibility gave to the British an instrument of great power in shaping the structure of Indian society; for, as they bestowed the rights and privileges at their disposal on one class or another, they could virtually insure the dominance of that class.2 Indeed land policy, through its influence on the distribution of power within Indian society, was perhaps the one really effective organ of social change open to the British in the nineteenth century. Recent studies have thrown much light on the development of British land policy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.3 These authors have examined in some detail the controversies over land policy which divided 1 See Foreign Dispatch from Governor General to Secretary of State, no. 43 A of 30 April i 86o. 2 To some extent, of course, the British had to take account of established patterns of landholding. Yet in their self-confidence they felt free to ignore forms of land tenure they disliked; and moreover, Indian land tenures had been largely disorganized by the anarchy of the eighteenth century. As Sir George Campbell noted 'We found all the interests in land throughout most of India in a sort of fluid state, to be moulded much as we thought expedient and just' (Memoirs of my Indian Career, II, 44). 3 Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford, 1959); Kenneth Ballhatchet, Social Policy and Social Change in Westernz India 1 817-30 (1957); B. B. Misra, The Central Administration of the East India CompanJy (1959).
Governance in Permanent Whitewater: the board’s role in planning and implementing organisational change

Theoretical perspectives on organisational governance tend to position boards and top management teams in relationships characterised either as control or collaboration. These perspectives may not take into account the realities faced by organisations needing to undertake changes to meet the demands of turbulent environments. What are the critical roles that boards should play to successfully accomplish organisational change? This study first examines research on organisational change in order to identify critical contributions that boards can make to successful planning and implementation of organisational change. Testable propositions are then presented that suggest roles boards should play in effectively guiding organisational change while protecting the interests of an organisation’s stakeholders.
An efficient approach to solving fuzzy MADM problems

Abstract An approach using defuzzifying methods is proposed for the fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) problem. The computational effectiveness and efficiency of six defuzzifying methods combined with the simple additive weighting (SAW) method are evaluated based on a comparison to the improved fuzzy weighted average (IFWA) followed by four fuzzy ranking methods. Numerical examples are discussed to demonstrate the implementation and effectiveness of the methods.
Advancing membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) with hollow‐fiber membranes installed in the cathode compartment

BACKGROUND Synergistic cooperation between membrane technology and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) creates a membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) that can produce electricity directly from organics while maintaining a high-quality effluent. This study aims to advance the MBER concept with hollow-fiber membranes installed in a cathode compartment for alleviating membrane fouling. RESULTS The MBER achieved 90% removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 69% removal of the total inorganic nitrogen; the turbidity of the membrane permeate was mostly below 2 NTU. The operation of this MBER theoretically consumed 0.09 kWh m-3, significantly lower than the energy consumption in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The energy production in the MBER was 0.011–0.039 kWh m-3 from the synthetic solution, or 0.032–0.064 kWh m-3 from the cheese wastewater. The Coulombic efficiency varied between 10 and 30%, affected by the substrate type and loading rates. CONCLUSIONS The MBER with ultrafiltration membranes installed in the cathode greatly improved membrane performance with a constant low trans-membrane pressure (which drives water through the membrane) during the testing period, when treating either a synthetic solution or real wastewater from a cheese plant. The MBER technology has potential advantages in energy consumption/production compared with MBRs, and may offer better handling of operating conditions than AnMBRs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Other QRS-T patterns that may be mistaken for myocardial infarction; IV. alterations in blood potassium; myocardial ischemia; subepicardial myocarditis; distortion associated with arrhythmias.

The electrocardiograms of patients in whom myocardial infarction was excluded at autopsy are presented to bring out (1) differentiation of patterns due to subendocardial ischemia or hypopotassemia from those due to subendocardial infarction; (2) differentiation of cove-plane T inversion associated with subepicardial myocarditis or ischemia from that accompanying myocardial infraction; (3) errors resulting from attempts to draw diagnostic inferences from the registraition of prominent Q waves and/or cove negative T waves in ectopic beats or tachycardias.
Oceanographic Satellite Remotely-Sensed Data Holdings: Past, Present and Future

Although U.S. satellites have been gathering environmental data from space since the early 1960's, prior to the launch of SEASAT in July 1978, whatever satellite data that was used by oceanographic or other marine-oriented scientists and engineers had to be obtained from systems primarily designed for meteorology, land-use or other nonmarine disciplines. This paper will briefly describe the types of satellite data that are on archive at NOAA and of interest and use to oceanographic researchers.
The scope of instrumental morality

In The Order of Public Reason (2011a), Gerald Gaus rejects the instrumental approach to morality as a viable account of social morality. Gaus’ rejection of the instrumental approach to morality, and his own moral theory, raise important foundational questions concerning the adequate scope of instrumental morality. In this article, I address some of these questions and I argue that Gaus’ rejection of the instrumental approach to morality stems primarily from a common but inadequate application of this approach. The scope of instrumental morality, and especially the scope of pure moral instrumentalism, is limited. The purely instrumental approach to morality can be applied fruitfully to moral philosophy only in situations of extreme pluralism in which moral reasoning is reduced to instrumental reasoning, because the members of a society do not share, as assumed by traditional moral theories, a consensus on moral ideals as a basis for the derivation of social moral rules, but only an end that they aim to reach. Based on this understanding, I develop a comprehensive two-level contractarian theory that integrates traditional morality with instrumental morality. I argue that this theory, if implemented, is most promising for securing mutually beneficial peaceful long-term cooperation in deeply pluralistic societies, as compared to cooperation in a non-moralized state of nature.
Intravenous desensitization to allopurinol in a heart transplant patient with gout.

Background Oral desensitization with allopurinol presents a problem for patients with allopurinol hypersensitivity and gout that needs to be controlled rapidly. To our knowledge, only 1 case report of intravenous (IV) desensitization has been previously published. Objective To present a case report of a patient with cutaneous reactions to allopurinol who underwent IV allopurinol desensitization. Methods Intravenous infusion of allopurinol was performed using an escalating, 19-dose protocol. Results No adverse reactions were precipitated by 2 IV, escalating dose procedures, allowing continuation of effective treatment of the patient's hyperuricemia. Conclusions This case of safe and effective desensitization with allopurinol by the IV route should emphasize the need for a trial of this protocol in additional patients in whom rapid desensitization would be advantageous.
Synthesis of Cellular Silica Structure Under Microchannel Confinement

A silica cellular structure was synthesized as a novel means of enhancing the geometrical surface area of a silicon microchannel with cell diameter of ∼10 μm and cell interconnectivity of ∼0.4. Surface-selective infiltration, assembly, and partial sintering of polystyrene microspheres in the microchannel were used as mechanisms to create a sacrificial template. The polymer template was infiltrated with a silica precursor, and the infiltrated structure was dried and calcined at 500°C to remove the polymer phase and subsequently sintered at 1100°C to form dense silica skeleton. Volume shrinkage and crack formation during calcining and sintering of the infiltrated silica structure were strongly influenced by silica particle size in the precursor. In comparison with free-standing cellular specimens prepared by similar template methods, the shrinkage and cracking issues offered an interesting challenge for synthesizing the cellular structure which could be net-shaped into the spatial confinement of the microchannel geometry.
Demonstration of the Stierwalt effect caused by scatter from induced coating defects in multilayer dielectric filters

Many applications of optical technology require the use of narrow bandpass filters with superior levels of out-of-band rejection. Frequently, system designs require that the filter be placed in close proximity to a detector or focal plane array. Many years ago Stierwalt (Opt. Eng. 13 (1974) G115; Proc. SPIE 132 (1978) 134) discovered that some filters that met out-of-band rejection specifications in a spectrophotometer did not meet specification when integrated into a focal plane assembly. In fact, he reported that proximal to the detector, one filter passed three orders of magnitude more out-of-band light. Since then, the Stierwalt effect has become widely discussed, but few papers have been published regarding this effect. Many investigators assume that the effect originates with scatter in the films, but very little data have been reported. In this paper, we demonstrate that optical coatings with high levels of scatter resulting from introduction of model coating defects exhibit an enhanced Stierwalt effect as compared to otherwise identical coatings that do not contain these defects. The seeding was done by depositing sparse 1 μm polystyrene spheres upon a clean substrate before sputter depositing a simple band-stop filter. Light rejection from filters prepared in this way showed a strong dependence upon the distance between the film and the detector. Filters deposited without the spheres showed a much smaller effect.
Heat and Freshwater Transport through the Central Labrador Sea

Abstract The seasonal and interannual variations in the export of Labrador Sea Water (LSW), and in the heat and freshwater transport through the central Labrador Sea, are examined for two different periods: from 1964 to 1974, using Ocean Weather Station Bravo data, and from 1996 to 2000, using data collected from profiling floats. A typical seasonal cycle involves a 300-m thickening of LSW (convection) followed by an equivalent thinning (restratification). Restratification is characterized by a drift of properties toward boundary current values that is indicative of a vigorous lateral exchange. The net result is a convergence of heat and salt, between 200 and 700 m, that balances the net surface heat loss to the atmosphere and partially offsets the surface freshwater accumulation due to surface, lateral exchange. Interannual variations in the export of LSW can be explained by taking into account changes in the central Labrador Sea–boundary current density gradient, which governs the lateral exchange. Inte...
Simulated soya bean production during the recovery phase of a nuclear winter

Abstract The recovery phase of a nuclear winter has been projected to restrict plant productivity for 1–3 years because of reductions in temperature and solar radiation. Since soya bean may be a crucially important crop after a nuclear war, a physiologically-based model was used to simulate potential production. Simulated temperature reductions throughout the growing season of 2–4°C allowed some crop production, but yields were substantially reduced. Greater temperature reductions resulted in crop failures for the longer season cultivars.
Localization and characterization of phenol sulfotransferase in human platelets.

Abstract Phenol sulfotransferase was localized as a soluble enzyme in platelets from human blood. The enzyme was found to esterify a variety of endogenous phenolic biogenic amines including tyramine, dopamine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as phenol. Of the substrates tested dopamine was found to be most rapidly conjugated when present at a concentration of 30 μM while tyramine was found to be the best substrate at a concentration of 100 μM. The Km value for tyramine was 59 μM and tyramine concentrations of 400 μM or greater resulted in apparent substrate inhibition. The possible clinical implications of of these findings are discussed.
Impact of prenatal alcohol consumption on placenta-associated syndromes

Abstract The biology of placental and fetal development suggests that alcohol may play a significant role in increasing the risk of feto-infant morbidity and mortality, but study results are inconsistent and the mechanism remains poorly defined. Previous studies have not examined the risk of placenta-associated syndromes (PASs: defined as the occurrence of either placental abruption, placenta previa, preeclampsia, small for gestational age, preterm, or stillbirth) as a unique entity. Therefore, we sought to examine the relationship between prenatal alcohol use and the risk of PAS among singleton births in the Missouri maternally linked data files covering the period 1989–2005. Logistic regression with adjustment for intracluster correlation was used to generate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with nondrinkers, drinkers were more likely to be smokers, 35 years of age or older, black, and multiparous. Drinkers had an increased risk of PAS (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.22,1.31) when compared with their nondrinking counterparts. The risk of PAS was progressively amplified with increasing prenatal alcohol consumption ( P for trend
In vitro analysis of polymer candidates for the development of absorbable vascular filters.

Abstract Purpose To test absorbable materials as a prelude to development of an absorbable vena cava filter for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and Methods Three absorbing polymer candidates, poliglecaprone (Monocryl; sizes 4–0 and 1), polyglactin (Vicryl; sizes 4–0 and 1), and polydioxanone (PDSII; sizes 4–0, 2–0, 0, and 1), were fabricated into vascular filters and evaluated in an engineered closed circulation system that replicated human physiologic characteristics. Material performance was determined over a period of 10 weeks via weekly tensile testing, yielding stress-versus-strain parameters. Control samples of the same absorbable polymers were also tested in a static buffer. Results PDSII (size 2–0) retained 69% strength in circulation versus 86% in control at 6 weeks ( P P Conclusions Polydioxanone appears to be a strong candidate for novel absorbable vascular filters for PE prevention, with sufficient strength retention to catch emboli for at least 6 weeks and sequentially absorb via hydrolysis into CO 2 and H 2 O within 22 weeks.
Assessing global supply chains: perspectives on performance measures across leading countries

Contingency theory suggests that each performance measure carries different emphases and is subject to contextual factors. Although useful, comparative measures of firm performance are fraught with difficulties in comparison mainly for two reasons: different measures carry dissimilar emphasis, and disparate national financial and business practices can exert innate bearings in the measures. Finding a context-invariant performance measure serves as a platform to conduct global supply chain performance comparison studies. Basing on longitudinal 2,400 international observations, this study explores if there exists significant difference among commonly employed performance measures across major countries and proposes context-invariant measures. While the results confirm the previous studies that accounting- and market-based performance indicators show different emphases among countries and country groups, this study finds sustained growth rate, growth rate in sales, and composite performance scores invariant of locus.
Active capture design case study: SIMS faces

We present a design case study for the SIMS Faces application. The SIMS Faces application is an Active Capture [1] application that works with the user to take her picture and record her saying her name for inclusion on the department web page. Active Capture applications are systems that capture and direct human action by working with the user, directing her and monitoring her progress, to complete a common goal, in this case taking her picture when she is smiling and looking at the camera. In addition to producing a working Active Capture application, the project also included studying the design of Active Capture applications. The team conducted an ethnographic study [2] to inform the design of the interaction with the user, prototyped a set of tools to support the design process, and iterated a design process involving bodystorming, a Wizard-of-Oz study, the prototyped tools, and a user test of the implemented application.
Tunable Microcavities in 3-D Photonic Crystals for Single-Photon Emission

Microcavities in high-index-contrast 3-D photonic crystals could achieve ultra-high quality factors and be robust against fabrication distortions. A scheme for single-photon emission will be presented and new fabrication approaches will be discussed.
The examination and quantitation of tissue cytosolic receptors for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using hydroxylapatite.

Abstract An assay using hydroxylapatite has been developed for the examination and quantitation of cytosolic receptors for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). This method, as compared to others, has a relatively high ratio of specific to nonspecific binding of [3H]TCDD and is relatively rapid. The total number of specific binding sites and equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) for [3H]TCDD were determined in hepatic cytosol from Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL 6J , DBA 2J , and B6D2F 1 J mice. With the exception of the cytosol from DBA 2J mice in which little specific binding was observed, high-affinity, specific binding was obtained in all cases. The rat hepatic cytosol demonstrated the highest affinity for [3H]TCDD with a KD of 0.12 n m . The total amount of specific [3H]TCDD binding in hepatic cytosol from B6D2F 1 J mice was found to be intermediate between that of the C57BL 6J and DBA 2J parents. Ligand competition studies suggest the specificity of binding of various compounds to the receptor species from Sprague-Dawley rats is similar to that observed with the hepatic cytosol from C57BL 6J mice. These data support the hypothesis that, as in mice, the particular cytosol binding species in rats is the receptor that may mediate the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity.
Multi-site data collection for a spoken language corpus

This paper describes a recently collected spoken language corpus for the ATIS (Air Travel Information System) domain. This data collection effort has been co-ordinated by MADCOW (Multi-site ATIS Data COllection Working group). We summarize the motivation for this effort, the goals, the implementation of a multi-site data collection paradigm, and the accomplishments of MADCOW in monitoring the collection and distribution of 12,000 utterances of spontaneous speech from five sites for use in a multi-site common evaluation of speech, natural language and spoken language.
Oxygen radicals in CNS damage

The products of univalent reduction of oxygen, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical, are capable of causing cellular damage and death. They are, therefore, logical candidates as mediators of vascular and parenchymal injury in the central nervous system (CNS). This paper reviews the sources of oxygen radicals in the CNS, their effects on cerebral vessels and on brain and spinal cord parenchyma, and the evidence which implicates oxygen radicals in various pathological conditions of the CNS.
Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus).

Feeding experiments and laboratory analyses were conducted to establish the essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Juvenile red drum were maintained in aquaria containing brackish water (5 ± 2‰ total dissolved solids) for two 6-week experiments. Semipurified diets contained a total of 70% lipid consisting of different combinations of tristearin [predominantly 18:0] and the following fatty acid ethyl esters: oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and a mixture of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) containing approximately 60% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate. EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate) rapidly reduced fish growth and feed efficiency, and increased mortality. Fin erosion and a “shock syndrome” also occurred in association with EFA deficiency. Of the diets containing fatty acid ethyl esters, those with 0.5–1% (n-3) HUFA (0.3–0.6% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate) promoted the best growth, survival, and feed efficiency; however, the control diet containing 7% menhaden fish oil provided the best performance. Excess (n-3) HUFA suppressed fish weight gain; suppression became evident at 1.5% (n-3) HUFA, and was pronounced at 2.5%. Fatty acid compositions of whole-body, muscle and liver tissues from red drum fed the various diets generally reflected dietary fatty acids, but modifications of these patterns also were evident. Levels of saturated fatty acids appeared to be regulated independent of diet. In fish fed EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate), monoenes increased and (n-3) HUFA were preferentially conserved in polar lipid fractions. Eicosatrienoic acid [20:3(n-9)] was not elevated in EFA-deficient red drum, apparently due to their limited ability to transform fatty acids. Red drum exhibited some limited ability to elongate and desaturate linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)] and linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)]; however, metabolism of 18:3(n-3) did not generally result in increased tissue levels of (n-3) HUFA. Based on these responses, the red drum required approximately 0.5% (n-3) HUFA in the diet (approximately 7% of dietary lipid) for proper growth and health.
Dietary and psych predictors of weight loss after gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Identifying severely obese patients who will succeed after bariatric surgery remains challenging. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify preoperative patient characteristics associated with weight loss, the roles of many dietary and psychological characteristics are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine preoperative dietary and psychological predictors of successful weight loss after bariatric surgery. Materials and methods This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass from September 2011–June 2013 at a single institution ( n = 124). Patient demographics, comorbidities, dietary and psychological factors, and weight loss outcomes were extracted from the electronic medical record. Bivariate associations between these factors and successful weight loss (≥50% excess body weight) were examined. Factors significant at P ≤ 0.1 were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results On bivariate analysis, absence of either type 2 diabetes or hypertension, preoperative weight 50 lbs, no previous purging or family history of obesity, and no soda consumption preoperatively were associated with successful weight loss ( P 50 lbs (OR, 0.12 [95% CI, 0.04–0.43]), and decreasing soda consumption by >50% (OR, 0.27 [95% CI, 0.08–0.99]). Conclusions Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, significant previous weight loss, and poor soda consumption habits are more likely to experience suboptimal weight loss after bariatric surgery. Additional preoperative counseling and close postoperative follow-up is warranted for these patients.
Quantitative sampling of demersal plankton migrating from different coral reef substrates1

Continuous quantitative sampling of demersal zooplankton rising from a Philippine coral reef reveals a distinct pattern of nocturnal vertical migration. Demersal plankton live within the reef by day and migrate into the water column by night. The amount of plankton rising from specific reef substrates is significantly related to the degree of three-dimensional structure of the substrates: branching coral provides the most demersal plankton and sand the least. Coral rubble resulting from dynamite fishing is comparable to sand in its plankton production.
Problems among managers of AI personnel

The authors describe a recent survey of American association of artificial intelligence members, which revealed motivational problems among managers. This situation was in contrast to high levels of motivation of artificial intelligence system designers. The survey results for AI system designers are compared to those of managers, and then the AI managerial data are compared to the US motivational norms for managers of computer personnel. Causes for the problems are discussed and suggestions provided. >
Modeling of doubly lossy and dispersive media with the time-domain finite-element dual-field domain-decomposition algorithm

A numerical scheme is presented for the time-domain finite-element modeling of an electrically and magnetically lossy and dispersive medium in the dual-field domain-decomposition method. Existing approaches for modeling doubly lossy and dispersive media are extended to the dual-field case, yielding a general dual-field domain-decomposition scheme for modeling large-scale electromagnetic problems involving such media. A quantitative analysis is performed to estimate the error induced by the modeling of medium dispersion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with a disease-modifying antirheumatoid arthritis drug.

: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an uncommon disorder marked by the abnormal accumulation of surfactant within the alveoli. Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis develops in patients who are immunosuppressed, usually with corticosteroids. We present a case of biopsy-proven pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a patient undergoing therapy with the disease-modifying antirheumatoid arthritis drug leflunomide (Arava; Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ). He was treated with whole lung lavage and discontinuation of leflunomide with good results. This is the first reported association of secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with leflunomide therapy. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis should be considered in patients with diffuse lung disease that develops while on disease-modifying antirheumatoid arthritis drug therapy.
A simple expert system for the reasoning of systolic designs

The author presents a simple expert system developed for the reasoning of systolic designs. It is based on the STA formalism, the spatial inductive techniques developed earlier, and a temporal induction technique (briefly introduced in this paper) to perform formal verification of systolic array designs. Induction techniques exploit the regularity and locality attributes of systolic arrays. The system is implemented in Prolog, making use of its pattern matching, automatic backtracking, and the depth-first searching rules to perform efficient reasoning. The techniques are applied to several array designs, including the 1D convolution array and a triangular matrix inversion array, which are described in this paper. >
A recursive algebra and query optimization for nested relations

The nested relational model provides a better way to represent complex objects than the (flat) relational model, by allowing relations to have relation-valued attributes. A recursive algebra for nested relations that allows tuples at all levels of nesting in a nested relation to be accessed and modified without any special navigational operators and without having to flatten the nested relation has been developed. In this algebra, the operators of the nested relational algebra are extended with recursive definitions so that they can be applied not only to relations but also to subrelations of a relation. In this paper, we show that queries are more efficient and succinct when expressed in the recursive algebra than in languages that require restructuring in order to access subrelations of relations. We also show that most of the query optimization techniques that have been developed for the relational algebra can be easily extended for the recursive algebra and that queries are more easily optimizable when expressed in the recursive algebra than when they are expressed in languages like the non-recursive algebra.
Detached direct numerical simulations of turbulent two-phase bubbly channel flow

Abstract DNS simulations of two-phase turbulent bubbly channel flow at Re τ = 180 (Reynolds number based on friction velocity and channel half-width) were performed using a stabilized finite element method (FEM) and a level set approach to track the air/water interfaces. Fully developed turbulent single-phase solutions obtained previously using the same stabilized FEM code were used as the initial flow field, and an appropriate level-set distance field was introduced to represent the air bubbles. Surface tension and gravity forces were used in the simulations to physically represent the behavior of a bubbly air/water two-phase flow having a liquid/gas density ratio of 858.3. The simulation results were averaged to obtain the liquid and gas mean velocity distributions, the local void fractions as well as the local turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate of the liquid phase. The liquid phase parameters were compared with the corresponding single-phase turbulent channel flow to determine the bubbles’ influence on the turbulence field.
Glioblastoma Heterogeneity and Cancer Cell Plasticity

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant type of primary brain tumor. It represents one of the deadliest human cancers, with an average survival at diagnosis of about 1 year. This poor prognosis is due to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence after surgical removal. One of the most important hallmarks of GBM is tumor heterogeneity. Intertumor heterogeneity is mostly characterized by distinct genetic alterations that occur in individual tumors originating in the same organ and allows the classification of these tumors into different molecular subtypes. Intratumor heterogeneity-the diversity within individual tumors-has become the focus of research interest in the past few years, and tumor cell plasticity as a new source of cancer stem cells has added another level of complexity to this phenomenon. This review describes the molecular heterogeneity of GBMs at the transcriptome level and the expression profile-based classification of histopathologically indistinguishable tumors into different subtypes. In addition, the role of dedifferentiation of tumor cells into a stem cell-like state is discussed as a source of cellular heterogeneity within tumors, highlighting tumor cell plasticity as an important driver of GBM heterogeneity. Understanding tumor heterogeneity will help design better therapies against GBM and avoid tumor recurrence.
Parametric Adaptive Spectrum Sensing Framework for Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

The opportunistic usage of the spectrum must be done without causing any interference to the licensed spectrum users. Conventional non-adaptive wideband spectrum sensing approaches could potentially be inefficient since they generally employ the same scanning resolution, even though the spectrum might contain different types of signals, individually requiring scans with different resolutions. In this paper, we present a novel spectrum sensing framework that adapts its parameters across the spectrum of interest according to the characteristics of its occupancy. We also propose a dynamic scheduling algorithm for spectrum sensing which allocates different time resolutions to different portions of the spectrum. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm improves the efficiency of spectrum sensing over a non-adaptive approach.
Assessment of manual workload limits in gynecologic cytology: reconciling data from 3 major prospective trials of automated screening devices.

Previous prospective studies have shown different results when comparing automated and manual screening of gynecologic cytology. The results of 3 large prospective studies were reviewed and relative sensitivity used as a gold standard. No significant differences could be shown in relative sensitivity between the ThinPrep Imaging System and the FocalPoint GS Imaging System ( P > .05). When manual screening was restricted to less than 6 hours per day, 50 or fewer slides per day, and at least 6 minutes per slide (<10 slides/h), the relative sensitivity for automation was significantly lower for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and above (ASC+) (0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–0.83) than when manual screening was not restricted (1.07; 95% CI, 1.03–1.10). All 3 sites that screened 10 or more slides per hour manually had a relative sensitivity for automation that was significantly higher for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and above (HSIL+) than for the remaining groups who screened less than 10 slides per hour (1.40 [95% CI, 1.22–1.60] vs 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95–1.00]). These results suggest that location finding of abnormalities (ASC+) may be more strongly associated with time spent screening per day, whereas classification/interpretation skills (HSIL+) may depend on time spent on an individual case. There is no evidence that automated screening devices are more sensitive than manual screening performed at lower well-defined workloads. More restricted workloads (≤41 slides/d, ≤4.5 h/d) for manual screening may perform significantly better than automated screening devices as measured by histologic cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and above.
Comparison of reproductive capacity among univoltine, semivoltine, and re-emerged parent spruce beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

New spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), adults of univoltine and semivoltine life cycles, as well as re-emerged parent beetles, were laboratory-tested for differences in reproductive capacity and brood characteristics. Parameters measured from the three groups include dry weight, lipid content, and egg production. Brood characteristics measured include egg length, development rates, and survival densities. Although there were some differences in dry weight and lipid content, females from the univoltine, semivoltine, and re-emerged parent groups did not greatly differ in egg production. Egg length was slightly smaller for eggs from univoltine parents, but other measured brood characteristics did not differ among the three parent groups, including the density of the surviving brood. In a field study, re-emerged parent beetles were determined to be flight capable. These findings imply that populations with univoltine broods will have higher growth rates than semivoltine populations. Consequently, the presence of univoltine broods, which is weather dependent, increases the risk of a beetle outbreak or can accelerate the rate of spruce mortality in an established outbreak. These results also indicate that re-emerged parent beetles can contribute substantially to brood production. Suppression strategies can be more effective if managers consider the ecological consequences of brood production from the three parent groups.