cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parents of the mentally retarded child: emotionally overwhelmed or informationally deprived?

Forty families with children seen at a mental retardation clinic were studied to see how much parental expectations could change as a result of a clinical experience that primarily emphasized effective communication regarding the child's abilities and future. Despite the relatively brief time spent with these parents, they had significant changes in expectations for and behavior toward their children. The generalization that most parents of the mentally retarded adopt neurotic mechanisms must be questioned.
Latent Class Detection and Class Assignment: A Comparison of the MAXEIG Taxometric Procedure and Factor Mixture Modeling Approaches.

Taxometric procedures such as MAXEIG and factor mixture modeling (FMM) are used in latent class clustering, but they have very different sets of strengths and weaknesses. Taxometric procedures, popular in psychiatric and psychopathology applications, do not rely on distributional assumptions. Their sole purpose is to detect the presence of latent classes. The procedures capitalize on the assumption that, due to mean differences between two classes, item covariances within class are smaller than item covariances between the classes. FMM goes beyond class detection and permits the specification of hypothesis-based within-class covariance structures ranging from local independence to multidimensional within-class factor models. In principle, FMM permits the comparison of alternative models using likelihood-based indexes. These advantages come at the price of distributional assumptions. In addition, models are often highly parameterized and susceptible to misspecifications of the within-class covariance struc...
Shear flow in nematic liquid crystals: Fréedericksz transition as a bifurcation.

We numerically investigate the Freedericksz transition for steady state plane shear flow of nematic liquid crystals between two parallel plates in the presence of external magnetic fields. Three typical configurations with the external field in the plane of the flow and perpendicular to it, in the plane and along the flow, and where it is perpendicular to the plane of the flow are considered. In each case, the Freedericksz transition is studied as a bifurcation problem. Beginning with a steady state shear flow, solutions corresponding to slowly increasing magnetic fields and those corresponding to fields which are suddenly turned on at a given intensity are studied. For a typical idealized nematic, we show that the symmetric pitch-fork bifurcation in the absence of shear becomes a transcritical bifurcation from the trivial solution in one configuration while in another it resembles a disconnected pitch-fork where the turning point of the disconnected branch is a generic singularity in the absence of symmetry or a trivial solution.
Birkhoff interpolation of entire functions

Abstract We study the interpolation of certain classes of entire functions and their derivatives at the nonnegative integers, which, under certain conditions, reduces to the Birkoff interpolation of polynomials.
The temporomandibular joint of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): part 1 - characterisation in health and disease.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to characterise the histologic, biomechanical and biochemical properties of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of California sea lions. In addition, we sought to identify structure–function relationships and to characterise TMJ lesions found in this species. Design Temporomandibular joints from fresh cadaver heads ( n = 14) of California sea lions acquired from strandings were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The specimens were also evaluated for their mechanical and biochemical properties. Furthermore, if TMJ arthritic changes were present, joint characteristics were described and compared to healthy joints. Results Five male and 9 female specimens demonstrated macroscopically normal fibrocartilaginous articular surfaces and fibrous discs in the TMJ. Out of the 9 female specimens, 4 specimens had TMJ lesions were seen either in the articular surface or the disc. Histologically, these pathologic specimens demonstrated subchondral bone defects, cartilage irregularities and inflammatory cell infiltrates. The normal TMJ discs did not exhibit significant direction dependence in tensile stiffness or strength in the rostrocaudal direction compared with the mediolateral direction among normal discs or discs from affected joints. The TMJ discs were not found to be anisotropic in tensile properties. This feature was further supported by randomly oriented collagen fibres as seen by electron microscopy. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in biochemical composition of the discs dependent upon population. Conclusion The TMJ and its disc of the California sea lion exhibit similarities but also differences compared to other mammals with regards to structure–function relationships. A fibrous TMJ disc rich in collagen with minimal glycosaminoglycan content was characterised, and random fibre organisation was associated with isotropic mechanical properties in the central region of the disc.
Getting Started: Helping a New Profession Develop an Ethics Program

Both of us have been involved with helping professions, especially new scientific or technological professions, develop ethics programs—for undergraduates, graduates, and practitioners. By “ethics program”, we mean any strategy for teaching ethics, including developing materials. Our purpose here is to generalize from that experience to identify the chief elements needed to get an ethics program started in a new profession. We are focusing on new professions for two reasons. First, all the older professions, both in the US and in most other countries, now have ethics programs of some sort. They do not need our advice to get started. Second, new professions face special problems just because they are new—everything from deciding who belongs to the profession to formalizing ethical standards so that they can be taught. Our purpose in this paper is to generalize from our experience and to identify some of the fundamentals for getting an ethics program started in a new profession. We present our recommendations in the form of response to 6 questions anyone designing an ethics program for a new profession should ask. We realize that our brief discussion does not provide a complete treatment of the subject. Our purpose has been to point in the right direction those considering an ethics program for new profession.
Dynamic interrogation of wireless antenna sensor

This paper presents the dynamic interrogation of a wireless antenna sensor for mechanical vibration monitoring. In order to interrogate the antenna resonant frequency at sufficient high speeds, a wireless interrogator that consists of a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) synthesizer, a signal demodulation unit, and a real-time digital signal processing program was developed. The principle of operation of the dynamic wireless sensing system is first described, followed by the description of the design and implementation of the antenna sensor and the wireless interrogator. After calibrate the antenna sensor response using static tensile tests, dynamic interrogation of the wireless antenna sensor was carried out by subjecting the test specimen to a sinusoidal tensile load. The resonant frequency shifts of the antenna sensor were compared with the strains calculated from the applied loads. A good agreement between the antenna sensor readings and the strain values were achieved. A sampling rate of up to 50 Hz was demonstrated.
Potency Test of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Poliovirus Receptor. • 772

Potency Test of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Poliovirus Receptor. • 772
First record of Lepidodactylus lugubris in Suriname

The natural distribution of Lepidodactylus lugubris includes portions of south and southeast Asia, as well as areas of the western and central Pacific, but it has become established extralimitally in association with the movement of people and cargo by ship (Bauer and Henle, 1994; Lever, 2003). Known localities in Central and South America include coastal sites in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (Smith and Grant, 1961; Schauenberg, 1968; Mechler, 1968; Ineich, 1999; Lever, 2003; Kohler, 2003). This species was not previously known from Suriname (Hoogmoed, 1973), and this is the first reported population. The species was common on walls at night at the Eco Resort Hotel in Paramaribo, where no other nocturnal gecko species were seen, but was absent from less humanimpacted areas investigated in the Brokopondo District of Suriname. The nearest published localities are in Colombia. Kluge (1968 [1966]) reported the species from an unspecified locality in eastern Colombia. This record is not, however, supported by cited voucher material, making the southwestern Colombian localities of Guapi, Tumaco, Cali and Anchicaya (Ineich, 1999), each approximately 2750 km away, the nearest confirmed Lepidodactylus sites. The single Brazilian record is based on the holotype of Peropus neglectus Girard, 1858, a junior synonym of L. lugubris, from Rio de Janeiro, but the locality is suspect and the species has never again been found in Brazil (Vanzolini, 1968). Thus, the Paramaribo animals reported here represent the southernmost Atlantic population of Lepidodactylus lugubris and the only South American population east of the Isthmus of Panama.
High performance superconducting wire in high applied magnetic fields via nanoscale defect engineering

High temperature superconducting (HTS) wires capable of carrying large critical currents with low dissipation levels in high applied magnetic fields are needed for a wide range of applications. In particular, for electric power applications involving rotating machinery, such as large-scale motors and generators, a high critical current, Ic, and a high engineering critical current density, JE, in applied magnetic fields in the range of 3 5 Tesla (T) at 65 K are required. In addition, exceeding the minimum performance requirements needed for these applications results in a lower fabrication cost, which is regarded as crucial to realize or enable many large-scale bulk applications of HTS materials. Here we report the fabrication of short segments of a potential superconducting wire comprised of a 4 m thick YBa2Cu3O7− (YBCO) layer on a biaxially textured substrate with a 50% higher Ic and JE than the highest values reported previously. The YBCO film contained columns of self-assembled nanodots of BaZrO3 (BZO) roughly oriented along the c-axis of YBCO. Although the YBCO film was grown at a high deposition rate, three-dimensional self-assembly of the insulating BZO nanodots still occurred. For all magnetic field orientations, minimum Ic and JE at 65 K, 3 T for themore » wire were 353 A cm−1 and 65.4 kA cm−2, respectively.« less
Surface and Mechanical Property Measurements of H Technology Needle-Punched Nonwovens

The H 1 technology needle-punching process is a patented invention from Fehrer, AG. H 1 technology machinery is used to develop a set of polyester/cotton blended nonwoven substrates. A suitable protocol is developed to clean, process, and blend cotton with polyester fibers suitable for needle-punching on the needle-loom line. Results from the physical property measurements of the H 1 webs are reported in this paper. In addition, surface characteristics are studied using the sliding friction apparatus and scanning electron microscopy. Frictional properties are characterized by a newly derived simple friction factor.
A CONVERSATIONAL MARKETING DECISION GAME

This paper describes the use of a conversational marketing game and compares conversational games to batch games.
Fabrication of optical waveguide taper couplers utilizing SiO 2

The fabrication of optical waveguide couplers involving tapered layers of is discussed. Details of the SiO2 photolithographic fabrication processing sequence are presented. This process utilizes carefully controlled etchant undercutting and has been found to be quite reproducible. It has allowed fabrication of tapers having changes in SiO2 thickness of 1.0 μm over lengths of 55–75 μm. Results are presented which demonstrate taper transverse uniformity for distances of over 600 μm. The smoothness and gradual nature of the tapers are apparent in scanning electron microscope pictures of a taper cross section.
Review of WinBUGS 1.4

WinBUGS, a software package that uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to fit Bayesian statistical models, has facilitated Bayesian analysis in a wide variety of applications areas. This review shows the steps required to fit a Bayesian model with WinBUGS, and discusses the package's strengths and weaknesses. WinBUGS is highly recommended for both simple and complex Bayesian analyses, with the caveat that users require knowledge of both Bayesian methods and issues in MCMC.
Mechanisms for the evolution of complex and diversely elaborated sepals in Iris identified by comparative analysis of developmental sequences

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Crested sepals, which have evolved at least five times in Iris, are adaxially elaborated with a sinuous and/or uneven median structure (crest) along the proximal-distal axis and sometimes with various lateral structures (ridges, crests, and linear protuberances) flanking the median crest. These structural elaborations are complex yet diverse in form, providing a good opportunity to investigate developmental mechanisms for the diversification of reproductive lateral organs. METHODS Morphologies of the median and lateral structures at different developmental stages from selected crested sepals representing the major types of structural elaborations were recorded using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Developmental (morphogenetic) events that contribute to changes in shape (e.g., sinuousness, unevenness) between consecutive stages were recorded. Developmental sequences-trajectories that consist of a series of developmental events-were compared in a phylogenetic context. KEY RESULTS Three developmental events (development of outgrowths, greater expansion of the upper zone, and greater expansion of the lower zone), are shared across lineages, occur in the same developmental sequences, and are responsible for the changes in shape during the development of diverse structural elaborations. In addition, two novel developmental events and the development of trichomes on elaborate structures were observed within the core-crested clade. CONCLUSIONS Developmental sequences are conserved across independently evolved crested lineages. Heterochronic and heterotopic shifts of developmental events play the major role in the diversification of elaborations of crested sepals in Iris. The evolution of novel developmental events and the development of trichomes also contribute to the diversity.
Feasibility of actigraphy wristband monitoring of atopic dermatitis in children

Background/purpose Actigraphy monitors are used to monitor sleep and scratching. Previous studies have implemented these monitors to evaluate behavior in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. However, such monitoring devices have been implemented in a paucity of studies involving pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of actigraphy monitoring in children with mild-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Methods A total of six pediatric subjects were recruited. The severity of atopic dermatitis at the wrist area was assessed prior to placement of the wristband monitor. After wearing the wristbands for 7 days, subjects returned to clinic to undergo reassessment of the wrist area to determine if atopic dermatitis was exacerbated by the wrist-worn device. Data on sleep quality and how often patients wore the wristband monitors were also collected. No subjective data from the subjects or parents/caregivers were collected on tolerability of the monitors. Results None of the subjects exhibited exacerbation of atopic dermatitis at the wrist area after wearing the actigraphy monitors for 7 days. No adverse events were reported. Pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis exhibited less total sleep time compared with children evaluated in previous actigraphy studies. Conclusion Actigraphy wristband monitoring can be used to continuously assess disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis.
Collaboration-Specific Color-Map Design

Designing color maps for domain experts differs fundamentally from designing them for general audiences. The same human-perception issues are at play, but with domain experts, domain-specific knowledge should inform the design choices. So, close collaboration between the visualization designers and experts is necessary. This article presents guidelines derived from such collaboration to help designers create effective color maps.
Nail Size in Normal Infants: Establishing Standards for Healthy Term Infants

The nails of 48 healthy infants of 39 to 41 weeks' gestation were measured with dial calipers to establish both a method for measurement of nails and standards of nail size. Nail width and length were measured directly, and an estimated area was calculated. Nail area was compared between sexes and races and was not found to differ significantly except between races for the first fingernail. A description of the term newborn nail is presented.
Boronic acid, B‐(iodomethyl)‐, bis(1‐methylethyl) ester

[167967-38-6] C7H16BIO2 (MW 269.92) InChI = 1S/C7H16BIO2/c1-6(2)10-8(5-9)11-7(3)4/h6-7H,5H2,1-4H3 InChIKey = AYUMKJXRNXLZJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for preparation of allylic/homoallylic/propargylic boronic esters, and one-carbon homologation of boronic ester) Alternate Names: diisopropyl iodomethaneboronate; diisopropyl iodomethylboronate; diisopropyl (iodomethyl)boronate; diisopropoxy iodomethylborane. Physical Data: bp 92–94 °C at 30 mmHg.1 Analysis of Reagent Purity: diisopropyl iodomethylboronate is characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR.1, 2 Purification: can be purified by distillation. Solubility: soluble in organic solvents such as CH2Cl2, THF, diethyl ether, and so on. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: distillation provides diisopropyl iodomethylboronate as a colorless liquid that can be stored under argon atmosphere for an extended period of time.
Combating Aging with the Colt Duty Cycle Equalizer

Bias temperature instability, hot-carrier injection, and gate-oxide wear out will cause severe lifetime degradation in the performance and the reliability of future CMOS devices. The design guard band to counter these negative effects will be too expensive, largely due to the worst-case behavior induced by the uneven utilization of devices on the chip. To mitigate these effects over a chip’s lifetime, this paper proposes Colt, a simple yet holistic scheme to balance the utilization of devices in a processor by equalizing the duty cycle ratio of circuits’internal nodes and the usage frequency of devices. Colt relies on alternating true-and complement-mode operations to equalize the duty cycle ratio of signals (thus the utilization of devices) inmost data path and storage devices. Colt also employs a pseudorandom indexing scheme to balance the usage of entries in storage structures that often exhibit highly uneven utilization of entries. Finally, an operand-swapping scheme equalizes utilization of the left and right operand data paths. The proposed mechanisms impose trivial overhead in area, complexity, power, and performance, while recapturing 27% of aging-induced performance degradation and improving meantime to failure by an estimated 40%.
Sleepwalking Precipitated by Treatment of Sleep Apnea with Nasal CPAP

A 33-year-old man with a long history of snoring, observed apneic episodes, and excessive daytime sleepiness, underwent all-night polysomnography, which demonstrated severe obstructive sleep apnea. During the nasal CPAP trial, two episodes of sleepwalking were observed during a period of delta sleep rebound. (Chest 1991; 99:750–51)
Quantification of front end planning input parameters in capital projects

Front end planning (FEP) is recognized by both academia and industry for its potential for improving project success. Despite wide acceptance of its value, the FEP process varies in its implementation throughout the construction industry and from one project to another. Diverse circumstances will require different human and financial resources for successful implementation. The Construction Industry Institute (CII) has captured the FEP implementation efforts of leading owners and contractors since 1996 through CII’s Benchmarking and Metrics (BM&M) program. This paper quantifies several parameters for successful FEP implementation effort in terms of cost, schedule and project management (PM) team size. The paper also examines selected parameters in light of several project characteristics. Analyses show that FEP implementation efforts differ depending on project characteristics such as industry type and project nature, amongst others. The quantitative summaries presented in this paper will help practitioners plan for appropriate levels of implementation and resource utilization during front end planning.
Computer analysis of left ventricular dynamic geometry in man

Analysis of left ventricular performance in 20 normal patients was undertaken using biplane cineangiography and a semiautomatic computer image processing system. The analysis included evaluation of volumes, ejection fraction, regional shortening, patterns of ejection and filling and, when simultaneous left ventricular pressure was recorded stroke work, stroke power, wall stress and internal myocardial work. All of these data were calculated from digitized images stored permanently on digital magnetic tape, and can be reproduced without reanalysis of the cine film. Normal left ventricular function is described by an end-diastolic volume index of 82 +/- 3 ml, an ejection fraction of 60 +/- 2 percent, left ventricular mass index of 97 +/- 6 g/m2, peak first derivative of volume (dV/dt) of 485 +/- 28 ml/sec, anterior shortening of 48 +/- 2.3 percent, inferior shortening of 33 +/- 1.7 percent, lateral shortening of 29 +/- 1.5 percent, anterior mean shortening velocity (Vcf, in percent of end-diastolic length [L]/sec) of 1.5 +/- 0.1 L/sec, inferior Vcf of 1.1 +/- 0.06 L/sec and lateral Vcf of 0.94 +/- 0.2 L/sec, stroke work of 1.33 +/- 0.21 joules, mean stroke power of 3.7 +/- 0.62 joules/sec, integrated left ventricular pressure (tension-time index) of 2,866 +/- 340 mm Hg-sec, and integrated stress (stress-time index) of 7,260 +/- 765 (X 10(3)) dynes sec/cm2. Internal myocardial work was calculated from the strain energy. More internal work was expended in circumferential than logitudinal shortening (circumferential, 0.69 +/- 0.1 joules; longitudinal, 0.41 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.01), because hoop stress was greater than meridian stress (hoop, 201 +/- 20 dynes/cm3 X 10(3); meridian, 126 +/- 13, P less than 0.001). This analysis of left ventricular performance provides a reliable means for identifying abnormal ventricular function and may be more sensitive than any one measurement alone. The use of digital image processing makes this complex functional analysis of left ventricular performance feasible.
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 messenger ribonucleic acid in rat pituitary: localization and regulation by immune challenge, restraint stress, and glucocorticoids.

CRF receptor 2 (CRF R2) has been identified in the rat pituitary. However, the cell types that express the receptor remained to be determined. In the present study, we localized CRF R2 mRNA in gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. Ribonuclease protection assays of anterior pituitary mRNA further showed that the dominant receptor type is CRF R2α. We also demonstrated that the expression of CRF R2 in the pituitary is sensitive to alterations to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as CRF R2 mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary of male rats were significantly decreased 6 h after bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection or restraint stress. Subcutaneous corticosterone injections also resulted in significant suppression of CRF R2 mRNA levels in the pituitary, suggesting that glucocorticoids are involved in modulating CRF R2 mRNA levels in the pituitary under stress. LPS administration still caused a significant suppression of CRF R2 mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary of adrenalectomized ...
How will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere

A global average model of the coupled mesosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere is used to examine the effect of trace gas variations on the overall structure of these regions. In particular, the variations caused by CO2 and CH4 doublings and halvings from present day mixing ratios are presented. The results indicate that the mesosphere and thermosphere temperatures will cool by about 10 K and 50 K, respectively, as the CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios are doubled. These regions are heated by similar amounts when the trace gas mixing ratios are halved. Compositional redistributions also occur in association with changes in the temperature profile. The results show that global change will occur in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere as well as in the lower atmosphere during the 21st century.
Gate sizing: finFETs vs 32nm bulk MOSFETs

FinFET devices promise to replace traditional MOSFETs because of superior ability in controlling leakage and minimizing short channel effects while delivering a strong drive current. We investigate in this paper the gate sizing of finFET devices, and we provide a comparison with 32nm bulk CMOS. Wider finFET devices are built utilizing multiple parallel fins between the source and drain. Independent gating of the finFET's double gates allows significant reduction in leakage current. We perform temperature-aware circuit optimization by modeling delay using temperature-dependent parameters, and by imposing constraints that limit the maximum allowable number of parallel fins. We show that finFET circuits are superior in performance and produce less static power when compared to 32nm circuits.
ON QUANTIFYING TOLERANCE OF HERBIVORY FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSES

As the evolutionary importance of plant tolerance of herbivory is increasingly appreciated, more and more studies are not just measuring a plant's tolerance, but are comparing tolerance among plant genotypes, populations, species, and environments. Here, we suggest that caution must be taken in such comparative studies in the choice of measurement scales (and data transformations) for damage levels and plant performance. We demonstrate with a simple scenario of two plant groups of equal tolerance how the choice of scales can lead one to infer that the first group is more tolerant, the second group is more tolerant, or the two groups are equally tolerant-using the identical dataset. We conclude that to make reliable, logically consistent inferences when comparing tolerances among groups of plants, damage and performance should both be on an additive scale or both on a multiplicative scale.
Psychosocial Adjustment in Twin Pairs with and without Hemifacial Microsomia

Abstract Objective: To compare the psychosocial adjustment of children with and without hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Design: This cross-sectional pilot study investigated psychosocial adjustment of twin pairs in which one twin was affected with HFM and the other was unimpaired. Data were analyzed using paired t tests. Setting: The dental medicine clinic of a large urban children's hospital, serving a multistate area. Participants: Participants were six twin pairs aged 9 to 15 years and their parents. Data were also collected from classroom teachers. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included: the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher Report Form (TR9, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem inventory (SEI), and a structured self-concept interview (the Self-interview). Results: Children with HFM had significantly higher CBCL and TRF total behavior problem scores and lower SEI general self-esteem scores than their unimpaired twins. No differences were found in CBCL competence scores. Interview data reveale...
Role of neurophysiologic evaluation in diagnosis.

The electrodiagnostic evaluation assesses the integrity of the lower-motorneuron unit (i.e., peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscle). Sensory- and motor-nerve conduction studies measure compound action potentials from nerve or muscle and are useful for assessing possible axon loss and/or demyelination. Needle electromyography measures electrical activity directly from muscle and provides information about the integrity of the motor unit; it can be used to detect loss of axons (denervation) as well as reinnervation. The electrodiagnostic examination is a useful tool for first detecting abnormalities and then distinguishing problems that affect the peripheral nervous system. In evaluating the patient with extremity trauma, it can differentiate neurapraxia from axonal transection and can be helpful in following the clinical course. In patients with complex physical findings, it is a useful adjunct that can help discriminate motor neuron disease from polyneuropathy or myeloradiculopathy due to spondylosis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000;8:190-199
Acousto-optic compressing photodetector approach for cw signals

Two types of acoustooptic compressing photodetector structures suitable for continuous wave or long pulsewidth signals are described. The first compressing photodetector structure utilizes the subthreshold operation of carrier transport over the blooming gate to generate a compressing transfer characteristic. The second compressing structure utilizes the Coulombic repulsion of carriers at high carrier densities to generate a compressing transfer characteristics. The first structure is optimum for long integration times (10 to 200 microns), while the second structure is appropriate for short integration times (1 to 20 microns). Both detector structures initially exhibit an integration characteristic followed by a compresing characteristic. In both cases, the onset of the compressing characteristic is adjustable by varying the offset bias between the blooming gate and the imaging gate. The first detector structure exhibits a logarithmic compressing characteristic while the second detector structure exhibits a square-root compressing characteristic. Simulation models have been developed for both detector structures.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nematicity driven by hybridization in iron-based superconductors

In this Rapid Communication, we study an effective model for the normal state of iron-based superconductors. It has separate but interacting itinerant and localized degrees of freedom, originating from the ${d}_{xz}$ and ${d}_{yz}$ and from the ${d}_{xy}$ iron orbitals, respectively. At low temperatures, below a mean-field phase transition, these different states condense together in an excitonic order parameter. We show that, at even lower temperatures, after another phase transition, this ordered state can spontaneously break the ${C}_{4}$ lattice symmetry and become nematic. We propose this mechanism as an explanation of the tendency towards nematicity observed in several iron-based compounds.
Detection of minimal residual disease in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia using polymerase chain reaction predicts impending relapse.

After achieving remission, approximately one-third of patients with T- cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) relapse due to the resurgence of residual leukemic cells that cannot be detected in remission by morphologic methods. Thus, the early detection of residual disease is highly desirable to monitor the efficacy of therapy, or to institute an alternative mode of therapy. Toward this aim, we have examined the applicability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in bone marrow samples from patients with T-ALL in morphologic remission. Two different approaches were taken to identify leukemic clone-specific sequences that could be used as targets for PCR amplification. The first technique used T-cell receptor-delta (TCR-delta) gene rearrangements that were sequenced directly after PCR amplification of leukemic DNA. This method was successful in generating clone-specific probes for 76% of T-ALL patients screened. An alternative method was used to clone and sequence a TCR-beta chain gene from leukemic cells to generate a specific probe. The PCR assays that we used were specific for each patient9s leukemic clone, and were capable of routinely detecting one leukemic cell in 10(4) normal cells. Using these sensitive PCR-based assays, we found no evidence for persistence of the leukemic clone in any of the bone marrow samples from four T-ALL patients who are in long-term (3.9 + to 8.1 + years) remission. In contrast, we detected residual disease in clinical remission samples from two patients who subsequently relapsed. In one patient, where we had appropriate samples, we observed a dramatic expansion of the leukemic clone 3 months before clinical relapse. These results suggest that PCR-based assays for detection of MRD in T-ALL patients have great potential in predicting impending relapse, and in determining the efficacy of the anti-leukemic therapy. These methods may also allow the identification of long-term survivors.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Well-Being in a Low-income, Urban Cohort

OBJECTIVE: This study tests the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multidimensional well-being in early adulthood for a low-income, urban cohort, and whether a preschool preventive intervention moderates this association. METHODS: Follow-up data were analyzed for 1202 low-income, minority participants in the Chicago Longitudinal Study, a prospective investigation of the impact of early experiences on life-course well-being. Born between 1979 and 1980 in high-poverty neighborhoods, individuals retrospectively reported ACEs from birth to adolescence, except in cases of child abuse and neglect. RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds of the study sample experienced ≥1 ACEs by age 18. After controlling for demographic factors and early intervention status, individuals reporting ACEs were significantly more likely to exhibit poor outcomes than those with no ACEs. Those with ≥4 ACEs had significantly reduced likelihood of high school graduation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37; P CONCLUSIONS: ACEs consistently predicted a diverse set of adult outcomes in a high-risk, economically disadvantaged sample. Effective and widely available preventive interventions are needed to counteract the long-term consequences of ACEs.
Introducing professional computing issues into the CS curriculum ACM committee on professional ethics

Computing professionals face ethical conflicts. A true professional faces these challenges intelligently and analytically. Professional practice consists of both technical knowledge and the skillful application of that knowledge guided by ethical standards. Computing professionals, like other professionals, must reason through tradeoffs between technical issues, legal issues, economic issues, stakeholder interests, and ethical principles.
Characterization of the Self-Assembly of meso-Tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS4–) in Aqueous Solutions

The aggregation of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS4–) in phosphate solutions was investigated as a function of pH, concentration, time, ionic strength, and solution preparation (either from dilution of a freshly prepared 2 mM stock or by direct preparation of μM solution concentrations) using a combination of complementary analytical techniques. UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated the formation of staggered, side-by-side (J-type) assemblies. Their size and self-associative behavior were determined using analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle X-ray scattering. Our results indicate that in neutral and basic solutions of H2TPPS4–, porphyrin dimers and trimers are formed at micromolar concentrations and in the absence of NaCl to screen any ionic interactions. At these low concentrations and pH 4, the protonated H4TPPS2– species self-assembles, leading to the formation of particularly stable aggregates bearing 25 ± 3 macrocycles. At higher concentrations, these structures furt...
Changes to extreme wave climates of islands within the Western Tropical Pacific throughout the 21st century under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, with implications for island vulnerability and sustainability

Abstract Waves are the dominant influence on coastal morphology and ecosystem structure of tropical Pacific islands. Wave heights, periods, and directions for the 21st century were projected using near-surface wind fields from four atmosphere–ocean coupled global climate models (GCM) under representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. GCM-derived wind fields forced the global WAVEWATCH-III wave model to generate hourly time series of bulk wave parameters around 25 islands in the mid to western tropical Pacific Ocean for historical (1976–2005), mid-century, and end-century time periods for the December–February and June–August seasons. The December–February regional wave climate is dominated by strong winds and large swell from extratropical cyclones in the north Pacific while the June–August season brings smaller waves generated by the trade winds and swell from Southern Hemisphere extratropical storms. Extreme significant wave heights decreased (~ 10.0%) throughout the 21st century under both climate scenarios compared to historical wave conditions and the higher radiative forcing RCP 8.5 scenario displayed a greater and more widespread decrease in extreme significant wave heights compared to the lower forcing RCP 4.5 scenario. An exception was for the end-century June–August season. Offshore of islands in the central equatorial Pacific, extreme significant wave heights displayed the largest changes from historical values. The frequency of extreme events during December–February decreased under RCP 8.5, whereas the frequency increased under RCP 4.5. Mean wave directions rotated more than 30° clockwise at several locations during June–August, which could indicate a weakening of the trade winds' influence on extreme wave directions and increasing dominance of Southern Ocean swell. The results of this study underscore that December–February large wave events will become smaller and less frequent in most regions, reducing the likelihood and magnitude of wave-driven flooding at these island locations over the 21st century. However, relatively large increases in the mean of the top 5% of significant wave heights and large changes to the mean direction of these waves in the June–August season at several islands within 150–180° E will drive greater flooding and island morphological change along previously more stable shorelines. The reported results herein project large changes to tropical Pacific island wave climates that will be necessary for assessing island vulnerability under climate change in future studies.
INCLUSION AND IDENTIFICATION IN VIRTUAL TEAMS: WHEN DOES LEADER-MEMBER VIRTUAL COMMUNICATION MATTER?

Creating and sustaining strong member psychological connections to the group is challenging in virtual teams. In such settings, can virtual communication with team leader foster member inclusion an...
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Aflatoxicol in Milk, Blood, and Liver

Samples of milk were extracted with chloroform, the extract was transferred to methanol, and residual interferences were removed by liquid-liquid partition against hexane and by silica gel column chromatography. Aflatoxicol (AFL) in the purified extract was resolved on a mu Bondapak C18 column, using water - methanol - acetonitrile - tetrahydrofuran (70 + 15 + 20 + 3) as the mobile phase, and measured with a fluorescence detector (excitation 325-385 nm, emission greater than 408 nm). Recoveries of AFL added to samples of whole pasteurized milk at levels ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 ng/mL averaged 92% (range 78-100%). The method for AFL has also been applied to the analysis of raw milk, whole beef blood, and beef liver, with recoveries of 70-88%.
Wittgenstein and Tufte on Thinking in 3D: 'Escaping Flatland'.

Before the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein became Bertrand Russell’s protege at Cambridge, his formal education was directed towards shaping the mind of a sophisticated research engineer. The engineer’s ability to visualise inventions and solve design problems by creatively altering configurations of their elements calls for constructive, spatial, synthetic thinking. Training in engineering drawing builds visual thinking skills and teaches engineers how to represent visualised three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. Visualisation involves seeing projective relations in the mind’s eye, which plays a critical role in the Bild theory of the Tractatus, Wittgenstein’s early philosophical classic. He asked himself ‘What is the ground of our---certainly well-founded---confidence that we shall be able to express any sense that we like in our twodimensional script?’ As Edward Tufte says, ‘Even though we navigate daily through a perceptual world of three dimensions...the world displayed on our information displays is caught up in the two dimensionality of the endless flatlands of paper and video screens...Escaping this flatland is the essential task of envisioning information.’ I will explore how Wittgenstein’s Tractatus relates to Tufte’s theories of envisioning information and could contribute to understanding the principles underlying three-dimensional visualisation.
“Ordering Up” Medical Care

“Well, it’s an unusual request It’s true that Dennis is small. He’s in the 5th percentile, but we have found no metabolic abnormality. Generally growth hormone isn’t prescribed unless there is abnormality. It has its dangers and I’m not sure I’d feel right giving it to Dennis.”
CHAPTER 7 – RC Circuit Analysis

A good way of beginning to learn about resistor–capacitor (RC) circuits is by analyzing a simple circuit in which a single resistor is connected in series with a single capacitor. Phasor diagrams can be drawn for the voltage and current waveforms. When two voltages are out of phase, they cannot be added as the voltage drops in a resistive series circuit would be added to obtain the total applied voltage. The total voltage must be calculated by another type of addition known as vector addition. In vector addition, a common phasor diagram is formed. When two vectors are added, the parallelogram method is used. The parallelogram method is used to show the relationship of the resultant total impedance, Z, to the value of the resistance and capacitance in a series RC circuit. Its magnitude is its length and its direction is its phase. Pythagorean Theorem is used to calculate impedance and involves right triangle. The tangent function can be used to find the phase angle of the RC circuit.
Long-Term Potentiation, Long-Term Depression, and Learning

Publisher Summary Almost everyone agrees that information is acquired, stored, and retrieved by the brain. All brains consist of individual cellular elements. Most neurons have the same parts: a dendritic tree, cell body, axon, and synaptic boutons. From the time of Pavlov, conditioned reflexes have been thought to involve specific neural pathways. In fact, simple neural reflexes may be incorporated into conditioned reflexes. The hippocampus is viewed as having a temporally restricted role in memory, in both animals and humans. As mentioned in this chapter with respect to the saturation experiments of McNaughton and colleagues, when viewed from the perspective of distributed memories, partial sparing of function may be sufficient to permit learning. One of the reasons to target genes is that these genetic procedures have the potential to overcome the current limitations of pharmacology. The hippocampus displays obvious anatomical abnormalities, including an increase in granule and pyramidal cells. The results of the random probe test suggest that the mutant mice did not know the spatial location of the hidden platform, although they apparently were able to use some strategy to escape the maze.
Endoscopic-Assisted Repair of Superior Canal Dehiscence.

Abstract Superior canal dehiscence (SCD) is a bony defect of the superior canal that can cause vestibular and/or auditory symptoms. Surgical repair of SCD provides effective relief from symptoms, and the middle fossa craniotomy approach with binocular microscopy offers direct visualization and surgical access to the arcuate eminence. However, for SCDs located along the downsloping tegmen medial to the peak of the arcuate eminence, a direct light of sight may be obscured, rendering visualization with traditional microscopy difficult. The endoscope is the ideal adjunct in middle fossa craniotomy approach SCD surgery and offers a safe, effective means to identify and repair arcuate eminence defects hidden from microscopic view.
The use of a kinestatic charge detector for human bone mineral densitometry

A 2016 channel kinestatic charge detector has been built at the University of Tennessee (UT) which allows dual-energy bone mineral densitometry images to be acquired of a 40/spl times/40 cm field at 0.2 mm resolution in about 1 second. The high X-ray quantum efficiency of the detector combined with the low noise of the 2016 channel data acquisition system allows high accuracy and high resolution to be achieved at only modest dose. Bone density measurements have just commenced with the full field detector this month, and bone densitometry images of an inanimate calibration phantom and a frozen 4.7 kg turkey have been acquired so far. >
Development of sociality and emergence of independence in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) calf from birth to 36 months

Dolphin calves spend most of their time swimming with their mother immediately after birth. As they mature, the calves become increasingly independent, and begin to interact more often with other calves, juveniles, and sub-adults. For bottlenose dolphin calves, sociality is related to maternal behaviors. Unfortunately, much less is known about the development of sociality and emergence of independence for killer whale calves. The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental changes in social behaviors and solitary activities of a killer whale calf across a 36-month period. Focal follow video recordings of a mother-calf pair housed at SeaWorld San Antonio were collected 2–6 times a day for 5–15 min at 6-month intervals. Using a sample of randomly selected video recordings at each month, developmental changes in swims and social interactions with her mother, swims and social interactions with non-maternal partners, and solitary activities (e.g., solitary swims, solitary play) were observed across the months. The calf spent most of her time swimming with the mother across the 36-month period. The time the calf socialized with her mother was greater than the time she socialized with others at each month. Besides her mother, the calf socialized more often with the other adult female compared to adult males. As the calf matured, the increase in the time she spent socializing with adult killer whales other than the mother corresponded with an increase in the rate and time spent in solitary play. The developmental trends of sociality and emerging independence replicate research conducted with calves of other dolphin species. Zoo Biol. XX:XX–XX, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.