cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The challenge to delivering oral health services in rural America.

Objectives This review identifies the challenges to oral health in rural America and describes areas of innovation in prevention, delivery of dental services, and workforce development that may improve oral health for rural populations. Methods This descriptive article is based on literature reviews and personal communications. Results Rural populations have lower dental care utilization, higher rates of dental caries, lower rates of insurance, higher rates of poverty, less water fluoridation, fewer dentists per population, and greater distances to travel to access care than urban populations. Improving the oral health of rural populations requires practical and flexible approaches to expand and better distribute the rural oral health workforce, including approaches tailored to remote areas. Solutions that involve mass prevention/public health interventions include increasing water fluoridation, providing timely oral health education, caries risk assessment and referral, preventive services, and offering behavioral interventions such as smoking and tobacco cessation programs. Solutions that train more providers prepared to work in rural areas include recruiting students from rural areas, training students in rural locations, and providing loan repayment and scholarships. Increasing the flexibility and capacity of the oral health workforce for rural areas could be achieved by creating new roles for and new types of providers. Solutions that overcome distance barriers include mobile clinics and telehealth technology. Conclusions Rural areas need flexibility and resources to develop innovative solutions that meet their specific needs. Prevention needs to be at the front line of rural oral health care, with systematic approaches that cross health professions and health sectors.
Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid After Ultraviolet Irradiation of Sensitive and Resistant Haemophilus influenzae

Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been measured as a function of ultraviolet (UV) radiation dose in wild-type and seven UV-sensitive strains of Haemophilus influenzae. At the UV doses used, all strains were able to resume DNA synthesis, even those which are unable to excise pyrimidine dimers from their DNA. These excisionless strains showed longer UV-induced delays in DNA synthesis than all but one of the other strains. The longest delay was shown by DB117, a strain which can excise dimers but which is recombination deficient and unable to rejoin X ray-induced single-strand breaks. All strains showed a progressive decrease in sensitivity as they approached the stationary phase.
Photoluminescence of m‐plane GaN grown on m‐plane sapphire by MOCVD

The photoluminescence of m-plane GaN grown on m-plane sapphire substrate by MOCVD is reported. The defect related emissions with temperature and excitation power dependence are detailed. In addition to the near band-edge emission (at ∼3.472 eV), two major defect-related bands (D1∼3.43 eV and D2∼3.34 eV) are dominant in the low temperature spectra. The D1 emission exhibits thermal quenching with two activation energies (8 and 30 meV), similar to that of a-plane GaN grown on r-plane sapphire. The D2 band was found to consist of a complex overlap of multiple emissions. By fitting the asymmetric band using multiple Gaussian functions, the extracted emission at ∼3.34 eV was shown to have thermal activation energy ∼17–20 meV. This emission exhibits different behavior from that of D2 in a-plane GaN in temperature and excitation power dependency, indicating the possible involvement of different defects due to the changes in growth characteristics. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interdependence of temperature and calcium variation on the action potential of neurons

Abstract The effects of changes in external calcium concentration on intracellularly-recordedaction potentials of frog spinal ganglion cells were studied at temperatures from 8 to 22°C,the upper limit being set by the occurrence of conduction block. Spike amplitude was rela-tively constant over the entire range, falling appreciably only at the extremes. Maximumrates of rise and fall of the action potential increased regularly with temperature. The slopeof this relation was greatest for the normal physiological calcium concentration of 1.8 mM;thus maximum rates were considerably less than normal when either high (18 mM) or low(0.36 mM) concentrations of external calcium were tested in the upper range of temperature,while there was little or no difference at low temperature, particularly with high calcium.Rates of rise were consistently higher over the entire temperature range after the use of hyper-polarization to reduce steady-state sodium inactivation; reduction of external calcium furtherincreased the effect of hyperpolarization over the entire temperature range.
Top-down design of a system summary program

The design of a software system is a complex process involving consideration of several levels and varying amounts of detail within each level. This paper discusses a top-down design of an on-line system summary application. The design is presented in the following fashion: System description providing the background information necessary for further design development and a functional description of the desired application system.
Biosynthesis of stigmasterol from sitosterol in Digitalis Lanata.

Abstract After administration of sitosterol-3-14C to a Digitalis lanata plant, radioactive stigmasterol was isolated by chromatography and shown to be radiochemically pure by crystallization to constant specific activity.
Blind source separation technique for reduction of co-channel interference

A technique for co-channel interference reduction that uses blind separation of source signals through independent component analysis (ICA) is given. An outline of an ICA-based BPSK receiver operating in a flat non-dispersive channel is presented. The performance of the receiver is evaluated through computer simulations which demonstrate the significant improvement of the receiver performance.
Creativity in the Workplace: People, Problems, and Structures.

In a dynamic global economy, creativity and innovation are essential requirements for organizational success. Creativity, unfortunately, has not always been seen as playing an important role in the design and structure of organizations. In this article, we argue that creativity and innovation are key requirements for the growth and adaptation of organizations. Subsequently, we review a series of articles, appearing in this issue, about how we might encourage creativity and innovation in the workplace. Some potentially useful directions for future research are discussed along with the methodological issues likely to arise as we seek to understand creativity in the workplace.
Affective distinctiveness: Illusory or real?

The contributions to this special issue illustrate the value of cognitive methods and theory in the study of affect. Together, this work makes a compelling case that it is time to move beyond the question of whether human affect and cognition represent completely independent constructs, and that there is much yet to be gleaned about affect from the perspective of cognitive science. Evidence that aspects of affect can be conceived as cognition leaves open the question of whether all aspects of affect are a special case of cognition. We pose a series of questions about whether all aspects of affect can be subsumed within cognition; and if not what the fundamental distinctions might be between affect and cognition, where and on what basis the line might be drawn between affect and cognition, what is the nature of the interactions between affect and cognition, and how are these processes implemented in the human nervous system.
Contracting Out Security

Abstract Private security companies (PSCs) currently receive a great deal of attention in the news media, in sensationalist reporting, and increasingly in scholarly books and articles. While the scholarly books and articles make significant contributions to our understanding of this global phenomenon, there are several impediments to analysis that must be recognized and overcome if analysis is to be improved. Three of these impediments are reviewed in this article. The author suggests that US government material is currently available to minimize impediments and offers a framework to make analytical sense of it. Since contracting out is based on contracts, and unless the complexities of awarding and managing contracts are understood, recommendations made to reform the process of contracting out security are unrealistic.
Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcerative Disease of the Aorta: Do Emergency Physicians Need to Worry?

Abstract Background In recent years, different aortic pathologies have been grouped together and described in terms of a spectrum of disease referred to as Acute Aortic Syndrome (AAS). Overlapping of these conditions has traditionally introduced discrepancy to the understanding of the pathophysiology and definitive care. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU), an ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque, has been increasingly recognized as the individual cause of the acute aortic pathology. Objective The natural evolution and complications of PAU are described, as well as the current diagnostic strategies, definitive management options, and initial care in the emergency department. Discussion The natural history of PAU is variable but is generally considered to be an AAS with a high incidence of complications. The clinical differentiation of symptomatic PAU from other causes of AAS is very challenging. Computed tomography imaging has provided additional accuracy with the use of the retrospective electrocardiographic gating technique. Despite traditional surgical therapies for aortic pathology, later studies have demonstrated the success of non-operative management, such as endoluminal grafting. Conclusion The relative rarity of this disease, the difficulties in its detection, and the lack of precise guidelines about its management may result in diagnostic delays. Asymptomatic patients with well-controlled blood pressure are safely managed as outpatients in close consultation with vascular surgery.
Hydrodynamic-model calculation of second-harmonic generation at a metal surface.

Using a hydrodynamic model of collective electronic motion we calculate the efficiency of second-harmonic generation in a simple reflection geometry. The model applies to a smooth, jellium metal surface, which is treated as having a sequence of steps in the equilibrium electron-density profile. We derive both the equations of motion and additional boundary conditions necessary for our approach. The final formulas are numerically evaluated for various values of the system's parameters. The results show considerable variation with frequency, especially when multipole modes are present in the linear response. We demonstrate that the general results can be usefully paramet- rized in terms of bulk optical properties and a pair of complex, frequency-dependent parameters that summarize the response at the surface.
Adsorption complexes of O2 on Fe/MFI and their role in the catalytic reduction of NOx

Abstract Exposure to oxygen of Fe/MFI catalysts, prepared by sublimation, results in an adsorbed oxygen species capable of reacting with nitrogen oxide or carbon monoxide at room temperature. The IR bands in the perturbed T-O-T vibration region indicate oxidation of Fe2+ at room temperature. The FTIR data also show that more nitro groups and nitrate ions are formed from NO+O2, if Fe/MFI is exposed to oxygen first, than if nitrogen oxide is dosed first. Formation of these NOy groups is faster on pre-reduced than on pre-oxidized catalysts, which suggests that diatomic oxygen is adsorbed on sites which, in the pre-oxidized catalysts, are occupied by oxide ions. Over pre-reduced catalysts, carbon monoxide oxidation with 18 O 2 yields significant amounts of C 18 O 16 O and a small amount of C 18 O 2 , even at room temperature. It is uncertain whether the adsorbed diatomic oxygen is present as a superoxide ion, as previously detected by ESR on Fe/MFI, Co/MFI and V/MFI at 77 K, or as a peroxo groups bridging over two iron ions, as identified in DFT analysis. Formation of nitrate ions is visualized by interaction of nitrogen oxide with a superoxide ion, possibly via a peroxynitrite ion.
Complications of irradiated allografts in orthopaedic tumor surgery.

Massive structural allografts used for replacement of bone defects after removal of bone tumors have several complications, including fracture, infection, and nonunion. To decrease the rate of infection, irradiation of selected allografts before their implantation was performed. This study evaluated
The Role of Managerial and Professional Motivation in the Career Success of Management Professors

Two limited domain theories of organizational motivation, the professional and the hierarchic, were tested in the professional context using professor members of the Academy of Management as subjec...
ATP content and pollen germinability of some conifers

Abstract ATP content in air-dried pollen of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) was found to be correlated significantly with germinability. ATP level appears to be a good biochemical index with which to predict pollen germinability in less than 20 min.
Development of Apolipoprotein B Antisense Molecules as a Therapy for Hyperlipidemia

As new studies demonstrate that lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduce cardiovascular disease, and as goals for LDL-C in high-risk individuals are reduced further and further, reaching those goals becomes more difficult for a significant percentage of the population. New therapeutic approaches to lower LDL-C would, therefore, be advantageous, particularly in those who are most likely to suffer cardiovascular disease—associated morbidity and mortality. Mouse and human genetic models suggest that decreasing hepatic apolipoprotein B (apoB) production may be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Because antisense oligonucleotides naturally distribute to the liver and can specifically inhibit synthesis of proteins from their messenger RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides represent a potential approach for decreasing the biosynthesis of apoB, and thereby, the production of both very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL. Newly developed apoB antisense approaches have produced results in animal models and humans, providing proof of concept regarding reductions in LDL-C concentrations. Surprisingly, despite prior experience with inhibitors of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, which also inhibits the secretion of VLDL, apoB antisense-mediated reduction in VLDL secretion does not appear to cause marked steatosis. The mechanisms whereby two different approaches for inhibiting apoB and triglyceride secretion have different effects on hepatic triglycerides are currently being examined.
Enzymatic methylation of skeletal muscle contractile proteins.

The biological methylation of histidine and lysine residues in contractile proteins from the skeletal muscles of embryonic and posthatched chicks was studied. 3-Methylyhistidine-14C, and 14C-labeled e-N-monomethyllysine, e-N-trimethyllysine and 3-methylhistidine-14C were obtained from acid hydrolyzates of actin and myosin, respectively, following intraperitoneal injection of 6-day-old chicks with l -methionine-methyl-14C. Actin isolated from 9-, 11-, 14-, and 16-day-old embryonic chick skeletal muscle was deficient in 3-methylhistidine, reached normal levels at 18 days, and remained constant at all later ages. In in vitro, studies, whole skeletal muscle homogenates and myofibrillar fractions derived from homogenates catalyzed the transfer of the methyl group of S-adenosyl- l -methionine-methyl-14C to histidine and lysine residues of myofibrillar protein with synthesis of radioactive 3-methyl-histidine, e-N-monomethyllysine, e-N-dimethyllysine, and e-N-trimethyllysine. The sarcoplasmic proteins also yielded these labeled methylated amino acid residues, except that e-N-trimethyllysine incorporated higher levels of radioactivity and small amounts of labeled 1-methylhistidine were detected. Actin, isolated from the myofibrillar fraction after incubation with S-adenosyl- l -methionine-methyl-14C, contained radioactive 3-methylhistidine, e-N-monomethyllysine and e-N-dimethyllysine, while myosin from a similar reaction medium contained radioactive 3-methyl-histidine, e-N-monomethyllysine and e-N-trimethyllysine.
Description of Helium-Plasma Rate Processes by Means of Simultaneous Differential Rate Equations

A set of seven simultaneous differential rate equations which describe both the temporal and spectral characteristics of a pulsed microwave discharge in pure helium is derived. The rate equations describe the plasma characteristics, as well as the light emission, both during and after the application of the microwave power pulse to the discharge tube which is situated in a travelling wave structure rather than a cavity. A computer is used to solve the rate equations and certain of the rate constants are varied so as to obtain the best agreement between the computer solutions and the experimentally observed light emission characteristics. By doing this, two types of information become available. First, one may obtain approximate values of rate constants which are otherwise very difficult to measure and second, the time variation of variables such as electron temperature, metastable density, molecular ion density, etc. may be obtained with some degree of confidence. The role of the processes He+ + 2He ? He2+ + He, Hem + Hem ? He+ + He + e + KE, and Hem + Hem ? He2+ + e + KE in producing the afterglow is examined. The computer solutions indicate that the first two processes may be ignored and that the conversion frequency for the third process is approximately 5x108cm3/ sec although the rate equations are somewhat insensitive to variations in the value of this conversion frequency.
Correlations between kindergarten teachers’ attitudes toward mathematics and teaching practice

Abstract This study examined correlations between teachers’ attitudes toward mathematics/teaching mathematics and the practice of developmentally appropriate mathematics. This study tested two independent variables: (1) kindergarten teachers’ attitudes toward mathematics; and (2) kindergarten teachers’ attitudes toward teaching mathematics; and their relationships with the practice of developmentally appropriate mathematics. The researcher designed a survey questionnaire by cross‐referencing several instruments and the review of related literature. A sample of 200 kindergarten teachers was randomly selected from the Indiana Department of Education website directory. Of the 200 kindergarten teachers, 81 teachers participated in this study by returning the survey questionnaire to the researcher via the postal service, e‐mailing, or posting the response over the Internet. Each independent variable was tested to determine the level of its statistical significance by using multiple linear stepwise regression p...
A study of the hatching process in aquatic invertebrates. XVI. Events of eclosion in Calopsectra neoflavellus Malloch (Diptera, Tendipedidae). XVII. Hatching in Argulus megalops Smith (Crustacea, Branchiura)

Hatching in the tendipedid, Calopsectra neoflavellus involves first a slow uptake of water by the embryo during development, whereby it increases in size and comes to fill entirely the space within the chorion. After completion of embryonic development, the prolarva increases still more in size by swallowing and absorbing water. Internal pressure thus generated results in the bursting of the chorion. The larva then frees itself by active movements.
A note on the demand for money

This paper attempts to clear up a common confusion in the literature centering around the demand for money. It will be shown that the current literature confuses an excess demand for or supply of money in the foreign exchange market with an excess demand for or supply of domestic cash balances. 1 The following statement by Cleveland and Brittain illustrates this common confusion [Cleveland and Brittain, 1976, pp. 20-1] : "There is a measure of truth in singling out hedging or speculation against the dollar as a source of world inflation. Such speculative flows did enlarge the monetary base and the money supply in European countries, as well as in Japan. In fact, inflows of dollars, partly speculative in character, were responsible for much of the inczease in other industrial countries' monetary bases in the year 1970-73 . . . . But, it is a different question whether the inflows caused the money supply and price inflation in these countries to be greater than they otherwise would have been. Monetary theory suggests that this was probably not the case. Inflation occurs when there is an excess of money supply over the demand for money. The inflows of funds occurred in response to a new, speculative demand for marks. Thus, it was the increase in demand for marks that gave rise to the increase in the supply of marks; therefore, the inflows could not have created or contributed to creating an excess of mark money supply over demand. How, then, could they have raised German prices above the level they otherwise would have reached?" From the above we may infer that because Germans and others were acquiring marks, they must have had an excess demand for holdings of them. However, for example, German firms that had been borrowing dollars abroad wanted to convert these dollars to marks on the foreign exchange market. There was an excess demand
Inflammatory breast carcinoma treated by radical radiotherapy.

Sixty-two patients with localized clinical inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated with curative, radical radiotherapy doses to the breast and draining lymphatics. Fifty patients have died from disease, 7 are alive with disease, and 5 are free of disease at time of reporting, thus indicating the fulminant nature of this rare form of breast cancer. Median survival is approximately 18 months. A five-year actuarial survival and relapse-free survival of 14% and 6%, respectively, are obtained. Local and regional recurrence was noted in 43 of 62 patients (69%). Twelve patients (19%) failed in the locally irradiated area only, 31 patients (50%) failed in both local, regional, and distant sites, and 14 patients (23%) failed with distant metastases only. Due to the complex dosimetry required in the treatment of breast cancer, retrospective analysis was made of actual tumor doses delivered before 1972. The breast was oftentimes calculated to receive 20 to 35% less than the stated dose. Doses in excess of 6000 rads tumor dose seem necessary since 14 of the 15 patients with persistent disesase had received less than this dose. However, once tumor exceeded 10 cm increasing dose within clinical therapeutic ranges failed to control disease, although the recurrence-free interval wasmore » somewhat prolonged. Since 1976, twice-a-day fractionation has been used in larger tumors, and this appears to have decreased the local recurrence rate to 33% (2/6) patients. Preliminary results of adjuvant multiple drug therapy appear encouraging.« less
Kirchhoff-Born migration

The classical Kirchhoff migration method assumes an asymptotic ray theory form of the Green’s function. To be consistent with ray theory assumptions, the ray slowness model that produces this function must be a smooth version of the true slowness model. However, the implied wavefield extrapolation through the smooth model introduces diffraction errors. These diffraction errors are predicted via a first order Born approximation that includes a surface and volume integral term. The surface integral represents the wavefield extrapolation through the smooth slowness model and the volume integral is the slowness perturbation contribution to the wavefield propagator.
Influence of background luminance on visual sensitivity during saccadic eye movements

Detection thresholds were measured for a brief test flash projected on a uniform background before, during, and after saccadic eye movement. The amount and duration of threshold elevation during saccades was directly dependent on background illumination; no significant elevations occurred at backgrounds of ¯2.0 log fl or less. Similar results were obtained during fixation when the backgrounds were “saccadically” displaced.
Staircase convex results for a certain class of orthogonal polytopes

Let \({\mathcal{C}}\) be a finite family of distinct boxes in \({\mathbb{R}^{d}}\) whose intersection graph is a block graph, and let \({S = \cup \{C :C {\rm in} \mathcal{C}\}}\). Let \({T \subseteq S}\). If for every a, b in T there is an a − b staircase in S, then T lies in a staircase convex union of boxes \({\cup \{B : B {\rm in} \mathcal{B}\}}\), where each Bi in \({\mathcal{B}}\) is a subset of some associated box Ci in \({\mathcal{C}}\) and where the intersection graph of \({\mathcal{B}}\) is a connected block graph. This result, in turn, allows us to obtain for set S analogues of established theorems concerning staircase convex sets and their unions in \({\mathbb{R}^{d}}\). Moreover, when S is staircase starshaped, then its staircase kernel will be staircase convex.
How Bacterial Pathogens Eat Host Lipids: Implications for the Development of Fatty Acid Synthesis Therapeutics

Bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) is a target for the development of novel therapeutics. Bacteria incorporate extracellular fatty acids into membrane lipids, raising the question of whether pathogens use host fatty acids to bypass FASII and defeat FASII therapeutics. Some pathogens suppress FASII when exogenous fatty acids are present to bypass FASII therapeutics. FASII inhibition cannot be bypassed in many bacteria because essential fatty acids cannot be obtained from the host. FASII antibiotics may not be effective against all bacteria, but a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and -positive pathogens can be effectively treated with FASII inhibitors.
United Nations Bias and Force Commitments in Civil Conflicts

A sizeable literature has been devoted to determining the effectiveness of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping in ending civil wars. Much less work has attempted to improve our understanding of the force-level commitments made by the UN to ongoing conflicts. We systematically address the issue of UN force commitments to civil conflicts and their relation to conflict hostility. Specifically, we posit that UN force deployments are a product of UN Security Council (UNSC) bias in favor of or against individual conflict factions and the battlefield performance of those combatants. To test our arguments, we employ newly collected data on UNSC resolution bias, monthly peacekeeping personnel commitments, and dynamic monthly-conflict conditions for African civil conflicts over the 1991–2008 period. We find that bias in UNSC resolutions is an important determinant of UN troop-deployment levels when its preferred side is sustaining higher casualties. These findings have important implications for peacekeeping effective...
Evolutionary adaptation to thermosensation

Organisms continuously evolve to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Chief among these are daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Relatively small in terms of real physical values, temperature fluctuations of just a few degrees can profoundly affect organismal functions. In vertebrates, temperature is detected by primary afferents of somatosensory neurons, which express thermo-gated ion channels. Most of our knowledge about temperature receptors comes from seminal studies in mice and rats. Recent work uncovered thermosensory mechanisms in other vertebrates, shedding light onto the diversity of thermosensory adaptations. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms of thermosensation in different species and discuss the need to use the standard laboratory rodents and non-standard species side-by-side in order to understand fundamental principles of somatosensation.
The relationship between cardiac output and effective renal plasma flow in patients with cardiac disease

The relationship between effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and cardiac output was examined in 46 patients (22 with congestive heart failure and 24 following cardiac surgical procedures) by simultaneously measuring the global ERPF by the single-injection method and cardiac output by the thermodilution method. Of the patients in the heart-failure group, 21 also had pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure (PAEDP) recorded at the same time. ERPF and cardiac output were found to be related by the regression equation: cardiac output=2.08+0.0065 ERPF (r, 0.80), with a SE of estimate of 0.81 l/min. ERPF and PAEDP were related by the regression equation: PAEDP= 45.02–0.0675 ERPF (r, 0.86), with a SE of estimate of 5.5 mm Hg. ERPF may be a useful noninvasive method of estimating cardiac output if it is known that no intrinsic kidney disease is present, and if the error of 0.81 l/min (1 SE of estimate) is within the range of clinical usefulness. The error is principally attributable to the determination of cardiac output by the thermodilution method.
The Trappings of Science Media Messages, Scientific Authority, and Beliefs About Paranormal Investigators

This study examines the influence of media messages about paranormal investigators on perceptions of how scientific and credible such investigators are, as well as on beliefs about paranormal pheno...
A further note on innovations, martingales and nonlinear estimation

We present a rigorous approach to nonlinear estimation of signals in additive white Gaussian noise using the innovations method. The general argument is deliberately chosen to follow the same lines as in the linear case given in a previous note. Although a much heavier use of martingales is necessary here, the parallelism is quite striking.
Friction Stir Welding: a Versatile Process for Light Metal Applications

Friction stir welding is a solid-state process that could be beneficially used for joining and repair of light metal alloys in transportation and defense applications. In this study, various applications, processes, and resulting properties of friction stir welds have been explored. First, the effects of various processing parameters on the resulting weld microstructures were studied. Second, tensile properties and fatigue crack growth mechanisms in friction stir welded 6061-T6 alloys were investigated. Fatigue crack propagation responses of the base and friction stir processed materials were studied in ambient conditions using compact tension specimens and multiple stress ratios, R=0.1, 0.5, and 0.7. Third, various exploratory studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of novel friction stir welding techniques for joining of dissimilar materials, porosity reduction, creation of in-situ metal-matrix composites for local reinforcement, and welding of die casting alloys. These findings will be systematically presented and discussed.
Effectiveness of dental health educational programs in schools

The largest and most important group that may be reached by health education is found in the school system. Children not only are fast learners and anxious to acquire new skills but also are at risk for the development of dental health problems. Therefore, regardless of the equivocal nature of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of school dental health educational programs, it is important that they continue to be developed. The programs created should have objectives, pretesting, participatory and cognitive experiences, periodic review of dental health program by an advisory committee, a liaison between school personnel and health professionals, and realistic models to assess the effects of the program on health. Because dental disease preventive programs and regimens such as water fluoridation, topical fluorides, dental sealants, and oral hygiene regimens are available that have the potential to eliminate dental disease, effort should be made to increase the awareness of the children who can benefit from them.
Cell communication: A discourse and speculation on a possible role for mathematics in the developing theories of cancerous growth and immune reactions

Abstract It may be useful, at least for now, to visualize the signal to stop growth in cell “contact inhibition” as electrical rather than chemical. Chains of cells, which have been traced in tissue as low-resistance pathways, can be regarded as transmission lines with high-pass filter characteristics. Such lines could communicate cell contact signals deep into tissue. No such signals would be received from (or by) cancerous tisdue cells on contact at one end of the line because such cells fail to form the low-resistance, low-capacitance junctions now believed to be formed by all normal cells in connective tissue.
Changing Medical Practice and Medical Malpractice Claims

I use statistical data to describe the populations of malpractice claims in New York and Massachusetts, and in-depth interviews with physicians and claimants to explore the human side of medical malpractice claims. I argue that medical malpractice claims are associated with tertiary medical care delivered within a business setting. Several major themes emerge from my analysis. There is a strong distinction between physicians' and claimants' definitions of medical outcomes. Physicians judge medical outcomes in terms of generally accepted medical practice. In contrast, patients judge medical outcomes in terms of how their lives have changed. Physicians voice their concerns about the uncertainty in the practice of medicine. Marginalization, which occurs when physicians push their patients' personal and social concerns related to their treatment to the periphery, is a major concern of claimants. The physicians' interviews also contain themes of anger, distrust of patients, and defensive medicine; patients' themes include anger, vindication, and deference towards their former physicians. Finally, some physicians and claimants view medicine more as a business rather than as a humanistic institution.
Influence of saliva upon hemagglutination by influenza virus.

SummarySaliva of human adults possesses the capacity to inhibit agglutination of erythrocytes by influenza virus. Under the conditions of study the effectiveness varies among individuals and at different times. Its action is not significantly affected by heating at 56° C for 30 minutes; nor is its behavior influenced by heating of the virus. Nevertheless, the action of the inhibitor appears to be upon the virus rather than upon the erythrocytes. The nature of the inhibitor has not been determined but it is suggested that saliva represents a physiologic source of materials such as have been shown to interfere with hemagglutination in in vitro systems.
A Treatment of Transportation Problems by Primal Partition Programming

J. B. Rosen's Primal Partition Programming method [Rosen, J. B. 1964. Primal partition programming for block diagonal matrices. Numerische Mathematik6.] is applied to the classical transportation problem and to some related generalizations or extensions. Observations on the special structure of the constraint matrix result in a subproblem which may be solved by inspection, a unimodular master inverse of order m and in a considerable reduction in the number of vectors spanning the dual space of the master problem. This inverse and master problem may be replaced by a directed network of at most mm-1 arcs and m nodes, where m is the number of sources. Dual feasibility is maintained throughout the optimization procedure. The generalizations and extensions treated are: i The upper bounded transportation problem, ii the transportation problem in which the source availabilities are subject to some general linear constraints and, iii the parametric transportation problem. Programming of the method for a digital computer is quite simple and requires only integer arithmetic except for ii. Computing efficiency compares quite well with the specialization of the Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition method to transportation problems [Williams, A. C. 1962. A treatment of transportation problems by decomposition. J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math.101, March.] and other methods of solution.
The generalized green function for the excited states of H

Abstract The generalized Green function of the excited states of the hydrogen atom is obtained in a partial-wave expansion.
Incipient species formation in salamanders of the Ensatina complex

The Ensatina eschscholtzii complex of plethodontid salamanders, a well-known “ring species,” is thought to illustrate stages in the speciation process. Early research, based on morphology and coloration, has been extended by the incorporation of studies of protein variation and mitochondrial DNA sequences. The new data show that the complex includes a number of geographically and genetically distinct components that are at or near the species level. The complex is old and apparently has undergone instances of range contraction, isolation, differentiation, and then expansion and secondary contact. While the hypothesis that speciation is retarded by gene flow around the ring is not supported by molecular data, the general biogeographical hypothesis is supported. There is evidence of a north to south range expansion along two axes, with secondary contact and completion of the ring in southern California. Current research targets regions once thought to show primary intergradation, but which molecular markers reveal to be zones of secondary contact. Here emphasis is on the subspecies E. e. xanthoptica, which is involved in four distinct secondary contacts in central California. There is evidence of renewed genetic interactions upon recontact, with greater genetic differentiation within xanthoptica than between it and some of the interacting populations. The complex presents a full array of intermediate conditions between well-marked species and geographically variable populations. Geographically differentiated segments represent a diversity of depths of time of isolation and admixture, reflecting the complicated geomorphological history of California. Ensatina illustrates the continuing difficulty in making taxonomic assignments in complexes studied during species formation.
Clinical relevance of ceramide metabolism in the pathogenesis of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): Attenuation of C18-ceramide in HNSCC tumors correlates with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis

It has been documented previously that defects in the generation of C(18)-ceramide, a product of ceramide synthase 1 (CerS1), also known as longevity assurance gene 1 (hLASS1), play important roles in the pathogenesis and/or progression of HNSCC. However, whether altered levels of ceramide generation in HNSCC tumors have any clinical relevance remains unknown. In this study, the levels of endogenous ceramides were measured in tumor tissues of 45 HNSCC patients as compared to their normal tissues using high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and then possible link between ceramide levels and the clinical parameters of HNSCC were examined. The data showed that the levels of C(16)-, C(24)-, C(24:1)-ceramides were significantly elevated in the majority of tumor tissues compared to their normal tissues, while the levels of only C(18)-ceramide were significantly decreased in HNSCC tumors, especially in tumor tissues of male patients. Importantly, it was also shown here that decreased C(18)-ceramide levels in HNSCC tumor tissues were significantly associated with the higher incidences of lymphovascular invasion, and pathologic nodal metastasis. Importantly, attenuation of C(18)-ceramide was also positively linked to the higher overall stages of the primary HNSCC tumors. Therefore, these data suggest, for the first time, that the defects in the generation/accumulation of C(18)-ceramide might have important clinical roles in HNSCC, especially in lymphovascular invasion and nodal disease.
The distribution of β-tubulin isotypes in cultured neurons from embryonic, newborn, and adult mouse brains.

Abstract Tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules, is an α/β heterodimer. Both α- and β-tubulin exist as numerous isotypes, differing in their amino acid sequences and encoded by different genes. The differences are highly conserved in evolution, suggesting that they are functionally significant. Neurons are a potentially very useful system for elucidating this significance, because they are highly differentiated cells and rich in tubulin isotypes. We have examined the distribution of β-tubulin isotypes in mouse primary cultured cortical neurons from embryonic fetus, newborn pups and adults. Neurons from both embryonic and adult mouse brains express the βI, βII, and βIII isotypes, but apparently not βIV or βV. βI, βII, and βIII are found in both cell bodies and neurites. However, the situation is different in newborn mice. Although βI and βIII are present in these neurons in both cell bodies and neurites and βIV is absent, just like in embryonic and adult mice, two striking differences were noted in the neurons from newborn mice. First, βV is apparently present evanescently in the neurons in both cell bodies and neurites. Interestingly, the βV was expressed strongly in newborn neurons after one day of culture; expression became much weaker after 3 days, and almost disappeared after 5 days. Second, the distribution of βII is different from other isotypes. After newborn mouse neurons were cultured for 3 days, βII started to disappear partly from the cell bodies; this was much more pronounced after five days in culture. Our findings suggest that βII's major function may involve the neurites and not the cell body. They also raise the possibility that βV has a unique role in the neurons of newborn mice.
Effect of cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterase inhibition on morphine tolerance and physical dependence.

Abstract The effects of cyclic nucleotides and theophylline were assessed in mice rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by the pellet implantation procedure. Tolerance was quantified by the increase in amount of morphine to produce analgesia and dependence by the decrease in amount of naloxone to precipitate withdrawal jumping. By these criteria, pretreatment with a single intravenous injection of cyclic 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was found to enhance markedly tolerance and dependence development. Repeated injections of theophylline were also affective. Cycloheximide and beta-adrenergic blockers prevented the accelerating effect of cAMP and with more frequent administration also decreased the development of tolerance and dependence. It is concluded that cAMP may have a role in morphine tolerance and dependence development.
Preserved Close Linkage Between the Genes Encoding Troponin I and Troponin T, Reflecting an Evolution of Adapter Proteins Coupling the Ca2+ Signaling of Contractility

Ca2+-regulated motility is essential to numerous cellular functions, including muscle contraction. Systems with troponin C, myosin light chain, or calmodulin as the Ca2+ receptor have evolved in striated muscle and other types of cells to transduce the cytoplasm Ca2+ signals into allosteric conformational changes of contractile proteins. While these Ca2+ receptors are homologous proteins, their coupling to the responding elements is quite different in various cell types. The Ca2+ regulatory system in vertebrate striated muscle represents a highly specialized such signal transduction pathway consisting of the troponin complex and tropomyosin associated with the actin filament. To understand the molecular mechanism in the Ca2+ regulation of muscle contraction and cell motility, we have revealed a preserved ancestral close linkage between the genes encoding two of the troponin subunits, troponin I and troponin T, in the genome of mouse. The data suggest that the troponin I and troponin T genes may have originated from a single locus and evolved in parallel to encode a striated muscle-specific adapter to couple the Ca2+ receptor, troponin C, to the actin–myosin contractile machinery. This hypothesis views the three troponin subunits as two structure–function domains: the Ca2+ receptor and the signal transducing adapter. This model may help to further our understanding of the Ca2+ regulation of muscle contraction and the structure–function relationship of other potential adapter proteins which are converged to constitute the Ca2+ signal transduction pathways governing nonmuscle cell motility.
Acceleration of Hemolysis in Relation to Chemical Structure. III. The C-10 Alcohols

ConclusionThe accelerating power of 4 C-10 alcohols on saponin hemolysis is in the order of n-decanol> tetrahydro-geraniol>citronellol>geraniol, these differences corresponding to small structural differences in the accelerating molecule.
Intensity Anomalies and Perturbations in the CN Bands

The rotational structures of the 0,0 violet and the 9,4 red CN bands, developed by CH${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ in active nitrogen, are measured on plates from the first and second orders of a 30-ft. grating. The rotational constants of the ${b}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma},v=0$ and the ${a}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma},v=4$ states are in good agreement with the previously published values; those for the $v={9}^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state are $B_{}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}_{9}{}^{}=1.5312\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0008$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $D_{}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}_{9}{}^{}=7.408\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The A-doubling in this state, except for four perturbations, can be represented by use of the constants ${p}_{0}=+0.01597$ and ${q}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.00080$. The value ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=+0.021$ is determined for the spin doubling in the ${b}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma},v=0$ state. Four perturbations are found at $K=4,7,11, \mathrm{and} 15$ for ${b}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$; extra $P$ and $R$ lines separated from the main lines by $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=\ensuremath{-}0.352 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},+0.938 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},+1.177 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}, \mathrm{and} +1.212$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, appear in both the 0,0 and 0,1 bands of the violet system. In the red system, shifts of the right amount and direction in the lines ${Q}_{1}[3\frac{1}{2}]$, ${R}_{1}[7\frac{1}{2}]$, ${P}_{1}[7\frac{1}{2}]$, ${R}_{2}[10\frac{1}{2}]$, ${P}_{2}[10\frac{1}{2}]$, and ${Q}_{2}[15\frac{1}{2}]$ confirm the assumption that rotational levels of $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi},v=9$, perturb those of ${b}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma},v=0$, and that the perturbations occur for the $K$ and $J$ values indicated. (Brackets denote upper state $J$.) The values of the perturbation matrix elements are obtained for the various levels. Some anomalies of the $R$ branch band lines in the range 23-29 of ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values in the 0,0 violet band are mentioned.The mechanism responsible for the enhancements of the main and extra lines of the 0,0 violet band is discussed. Collisions involving interstate transfer ($^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{a}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$) evidently occur, or are enhanced, at each perturbed level; and rapid redistribution of molecules among rotational levels by collisions must also occur. Where spin doublets are resolvable in the violet bands, rotational redistribution occurs without change of spin direction.