cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Electrode Reaction Characteristics with Reactant Gas Addition Measurement in a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

Reaction characteristics of an anode and cathode were investigated by overpotential analyses in 100 cm 2 class molten carbonate fuel cells. For the overpotential analysis, a reactant gas addition (RA) method was developedin this work, wherein reactant flow rate and partial pressure were used as parameters by the addition of a reactant to an electrode. RA represented these effects on the electrode reactions in the form of overpotential. RA revealed that the anodic overpotential was comprised of each overpotential due to the gas-phase mass-transfer resistance of the reactants, H 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O, thus depending on the flow rate of the species. It also indicated that the anode reaction was a severe mass-transfer control process of CO 2 and H 2 O species compared with H 2 at normal operation conditions. RA showed that cathodic overpotential was mainly due to a deficiency of O 2 species in the carbonate electrolytes and depended on the O 2 and CO 2 partial pressures. The cathodic overpotential also showed flow rate dependence at high utilizations. RA revealed reaction characteristics at the anode and cathode, respectively; the anode is a mass-transfer control process in the gas phase, whereas the cathode is mainly a mass-transfer control process in the liquid phase at normal operation conditions.
On-chip integration of a microfluidic valve and pump for sample acquisition and movement

We report on the on-chip integration of a valve and pump for acquiring microfluidic samples and moving them through micro-channels. The valve employs temperature-sensitive hydrogels which are controlled by micro-heaters. The pump is a nickel rotor actuated magnetically by an external rotating magnet. The valve is fabricated as a series of hydrogel rings spaced within microfluidic channels. The expanded state of the hydrogel cylinders at low temperatures blocks liquid flow. Upon application of heat, the hydrogels contract in volume allowing liquid to flow through them. The pump brings about a recirculating movement of the liquid within the microchannel due to the rotation of the nickel rotor. The device is fabricated by combining liquid phase photopolymerization of structural polymers and temperature responsive hydrogels, with nickel electroplating. The valve has a response time of ~45 s and the pump generates a flow rate of ~1 μL/min.
The nicotine withdrawal assessment for youth: initial instrument validation and psychometric properties.

Abstract Within the field of adolescent tobacco use, there does not exist a consistently used and validated measure of adolescent nicotine withdrawal symptoms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Nicotine Withdrawal Assessment for Youth (N-WAY), a new measure of adolescent nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Smokers and nonsmokers, ranging from 13 to 19 years old, were administered the N-WAY and other smoking information questionnaires in order to examine its reliability and validity. The N-WAY demonstrated satisfactory test–retest reliability ( r = 0.74–88) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.90–0.92). Its total symptom score accurately discriminated current smokers from nonsmokers. The N-WAY was demonstrated to measure a construct different than nicotine dependence symptoms while correlates of nicotine withdrawal symptoms, such as number of daily cigarettes smoked and prior quit attempts, accurately predicted total N-WAY symptom and impact scores. Preliminary results indicate the N-WAY is a reliable and valid assessment of adolescent nicotine withdrawal symptoms among current smokers.
Technology in services: Past myths and future challenges

Abstract Common misperceptions about services are that they are low-value-added, small-scale, low-capital-intensity, and technologically unsophisticated industries. The paper offers evidence that services such as communications, finance, transportation, and health care are large, capital-intensive industries responsible for commercial application of some of the most sophisticated technologies available. The paper explores the ways in which technologies applied in services activities are changing the structure of domestic and global competition in both goods and services industries. An analysis of competitive structures—the way production and distribution are organized in different industries—suggests strongly that services and manufacturing activities are inextricably interdependent and that many of the emerging strategic opportunities and threats in world trade—and particularly in global manufacturing operations—arise from the services technologies created for the communication, transportation, distribution, and financial management (services) industries.
Comparative mapping of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous systems of nudibranch molluscs.

The relative simplicity of certain invertebrate nervous systems, such as those of gastropod molluscs, allows behaviors to be dissected at the level of small neural circuits composed of individually identifiable neurons. Elucidating the neurotransmitter phenotype of neurons in neural circuits is important for understanding how those neural circuits function. In this study, we examined the distribution of γ-aminobutyric-acid;-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) neurons in four species of sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia): Tritonia diomedea, Melibe leonina, Dendronotus iris, and Hermissenda crassicornis. We found consistent patterns of GABA immunoreactivity in the pedal and cerebral-pleural ganglia across species. In particular, there were bilateral clusters in the lateral and medial regions of the dorsal surface of the cerebral ganglia as well as a cluster on the ventral surface of the pedal ganglia. There were also individual GABA-ir neurons that were recognizable across species. The invariant presence of these individual neurons and clusters suggests that they are homologous, although there were interspecies differences in the numbers of neurons in the clusters. The GABAergic system was largely restricted to the central nervous system, with the majority of axons confined to ganglionic connectives and commissures, suggesting a central, integrative role for GABA. GABA was a candidate inhibitory neurotransmitter for neurons in central pattern generator (CPG) circuits underlying swimming behaviors in these species, however none of the known swim CPG neurons were GABA-ir. Although the functions of these GABA-ir neurons are not known, it is clear that their presence has been strongly conserved across nudibranchs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:794–810, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lyusternik-Sobolev lemma and the asymptotic stability of a third-order linear equation

We suggest a sufficient test for the asymptotic stability of a third-order linear equation, in which one should check the existence of a function with certain special properties.
Calculating Structures and Free Energies of Complex Molecules: Combining Molecular Mechanics and Continuum Models

A historical perspective on the application of molecular dynamics (MD) to biological macromolecules is presented. Recent developments combining state-of-the-art force fields with continuum solvation calculations have allowed us to reach the fourth era of MD applications in which one can often derive both accurate structure and accurate relative free energies from molecular dynamics trajectories. We illustrate such applications on nucleic acid duplexes, RNA hairpins, protein folding trajectories, and protein−ligand, protein−protein, and protein−nucleic acid interactions.
Facilitated pointing to remembered objects in front: evidence for egocentric retrieval or for spatial priming?

Recent spatial memory theories propose that long-term spatial memories are retrieved egocentrically. One source of evidence comes from imagined perspective taking, in which participants learn an object layout, later imagine standing at one object and facing a second (orienting) object, and then point to a third (target) object from the imagined perspective. Pointing is faster for target objects in the anterior than in the posterior half of imaginal space. This “front facilitation” is consistent with asymmetric sensory and biomechanical body properties (favoring the anterior half of body space), supporting claims of egocentric retrieval. However, front facilitation might actually result from spatial priming: Proximity differences might cause orienting objects to prime target objects more in the anterior than in the posterior half of imagined space. Using a modified perspectivetaking task that unconfounded front facilitation and spatial priming, two experiments identified separate influences of front facilitation and spatial priming when participants imagined perspectives within the surrounding environment or a remote environment.
Categorical quasivarieties via Morita equivalence

We give a new proof of the classification of to-categorical quasivarieties by using Morita equivalence to reduce to term minimal quasivarieties. ?
Multivariate path analysis of specific cognitive abilities in the Colorado Adoption Project.

A multivariate path model of genetic and environmental transmission was fitted to specific cognitive abilities data (verbal, spatial, perceptual speed, and visual memory) and evaluated using a maximum-likelihood estimation procedure. In this first multivariate behavioral genetic analysis of adoption data, cultural transmission was modeled via parental phenotypes, each parental phenotype being allowed to affect all traits in the offspring, and assortative mating and cross-assortative mating were accommodated. Results of a preliminary analysis indicated that selective placement is absent in this study. When the full model was fitted to the data, it was found that assortative mating is more important than cross-assortative mating but is substantial only for verbal ability. Genetic transmission parameters are modest in size, whereas cultural transmission is both small and nonsignificant. A simplified model in which cultural transmission and genotype-environment correlation are constrained to be zero provided a good fit to the data. Analyses of the structures of genetic and environmental correlation matrices indicated a strong genetic general factor and a similar, but weaker, environmental factor. Inspection of the genetic transmission parameters suggests that genetic continuity between early childhood and adulthood may be substantial for verbal ability, spatial ability, and perceptual speed.
Introduction to analysis of errors inherent in multispectral imaging through the sea surface 1: Target and media effects

Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging of submerged objects is a key technique in the airborne detection of environmental degradation in marine structures such as reefs, shellfish habitats, and seagrass beds. Additional applications involve detection of submerged ordnance in nearshore reef and surf zones, as well as contraband detection in drug interdiction operations. Unfortunately, the spectral response variability of targets, media (atmosphere and seawater), and camera optical components (e.g., intensifier and dielectric filter coatings) currently obviates accurate model-based detection of submerged objects from airborne imagery, based on spectral signature alone. In this paper, the first of a two-part series, we discuss and quantify various sources of target, media, and sensor errors that confound the signature-based recognition of submerged objects under realistic conditions. Analyses are based on data published primarily in the open literature, and are couched in terms of a model of signature recognition in which optical path perturbations are referred to the focal plane. Given such a model, the spatial and spectral detectability of submerged objects can be more readily predicted within the limits of accuracy incurred by standard measurements of ocean optical parameters.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thirteen week rodent feeding study with processed fractions from herbicide tolerant (DP-Ø73496-4) canola.

The potential health effects of meal and oil processed from seed of genetically modified (GM) canola plants (OECD unique identifier: DP-O73496-4; hereafter referred to as 73496 canola) containing an insert that expresses the GAT4621 protein conferring tolerance to nonselective herbicidal ingredient glyphosate were evaluated in a subchronic rodent feeding study. Sprague–Dawley rats (12/sex/group) were administered diets containing dehulled, defatted toasted canola meal (DH meal) and refined/bleached/deodorized canola oil (RBD oil) processed from seed of plants that were untreated (73496), sprayed in-field with glyphosate (73496GLY), the non-transgenic near-isogenic (091; control), or one of four commercially available non-GM reference canola varieties (45H72, 45H73, 46A65, 44A89). All diets were formulated as a modification of the standard laboratory chow PMI® Nutrition International, LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet® 5002 (PMI® 5002). DH canola meal and RBD canola oil replaced all commodity soybean fractions typically incorporated in PMI® 5002. No toxicologically significant differences were observed between the test and control groups in this study. The results reported herein support the conclusion that DH meal and RBD oil processed from seed of 73496 canola are as safe and nutritious as DH meal and RBD oil processed from seed of non-GM canola.
Plasticity in juvenile hormone in male burying beetles during breeding: physiological consequences of the loss of a mate.

Abstract Burying beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis , have facultative biparental care. They bury and prepare small vertebrate carcasses that provide food for their young. Here we establish the juvenile hormone (JH) profiles of paired females , paired males and single males and investigate some of the environmental and social factors that may affect these profiles. Before larvae hatch JH profiles of paired males and females were similar. However, after larvae hatch and during brood care, JH titers of females were very high and those of single males were significantly higher than those of paired males. We tested the hypothesis that higher JH was a response to the need for increased parental care by manipulating brood size. Although JH titers of single males caring for small versus large broods were not significantly different, when comparing JH titers and larval growth (a measure of parental effort), a significant positive correlation emerged. In contrast, we found that food quality had no effect on JH levels suggesting that increased feeding by males and females after carcass discovery cannot explain the elevation of JH. The regulation of JH in male burying beetles appears thus to be dependent on the presence of a mate and on critical stimuli from young.
A Globalized Conflict: European Anti-Jewish Violence during the Second Intifada

The globalization of the Arab–Israeli conflict during the period of the second intifada against Israel (from the autumn 2000 through at least the spring of 2005) has fostered anti-Jewish violence in Europe and throughout the world. With this globalized conflict as a context, this paper explores the effects of four explanatory factors on counts of anti-Jewish violence in 10 European countries. These factors are the relative sizes of a country’s Jewish and Muslim populations; how interpretations of the events in the Middle East mobilize the perpetrators; the unresponsiveness of bystanders; and the ambivalence of ordinary Europeans. Poisson multilevel models of the effects of these social structural and attitudinal variables suggest that all four factors contribute to violence. The violence counts include major attacks like shootings, knifings, bombings, and arson; and major violent incidents like vandalism and physical aggression without the use of a weapon.
A generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation: Classical field-theoretic approach

An exact classical field theory, for a recently proposed nonlinear generalization of the Schr?dinger equation, is presented. In this generalization, a nonlinearity depending on an index q appears in the kinetic term, such that the free-particle linear Schr?dinger equation is recovered in the limit q?1. It is shown that besides the usual , a new field must be introduced, which becomes only when q?1. In analogy to the linear case, is interpreted as the probability density for finding the particle at time t, in a given position inside an arbitrary finite volume V, for any q. The possible physical consequences are discussed, and, in particular, the important property that the fields and do not interact with light.
Is off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting superior to conventional bypass in octogenarians?

Objective Selected patients appear to benefit from off-pump coronary artery bypass compared with conventional coronary artery bypass with cardiopulmonary bypass. It is unknown whether elderly patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting operations derive any benefit when performed off-pump. We hypothesized that off-pump coronary bypass offers a greater operative benefit to elderly patients when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass. Methods A total of 1993 elderly patients (age ≥ 80 years) underwent isolated, primary coronary artery bypass graft operations at 16 different statewide centers from 2003 to 2008. Patients were stratified into 2 groups: conven-tional coronary artery bypass (n = 1589, age = 82.5 ± 2.4 years) and off-pump bypass (n = 404, age = 83.0 ± 2.4 years). Preoperative risk, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, and costs were evaluated. Results Patients undergoing off-pump bypass grafting were marginally older ( P = .001) and had higher rates of preoperative atrial fibrillation (14.6% vs 10.0%; P = .01) and New York Heart Association class IV heart failure (29.7% vs 21.1%; P P = .15). Compared with off-pump bypass, conventional coronary bypass incurred higher blood transfusion rates (2.0 ± 1.7 units vs 1.6 ± 1.9 units; P = .05) as well as more postoperative atrial fibrillation (28.4% vs 21.5%; P = .003), prolonged ventilation (14.7% vs 11.4%; P = .05), and major complications (20.1% vs 15.6%; P = .04). Importantly, postoperative stroke (2.6% vs 1.7%; P = .21), renal failure (8.1% vs 6.2%; P = .12), and postoperative length of stay ( P = .41) were no different between groups. Despite more complications in patients having conventional bypass, operative mortality ( P = .53) and hospital costs ( P = .43) were similar to those of patients having off-pump procedures. Conclusions Performance of coronary artery bypass grafting among octogenarian patients is safe and effective. Off-pump coronary artery bypass confers shorter postoperative ventilation but equivalent mortality to conventional coronary artery bypass. Off-pump coronary artery bypass was associated with a reduction in the composite incidence of major complications in unadjusted and adjusted analyses and should be considered an acceptable alternative to conventional bypass for myocardial revascularization in elderly patients.
Astrocytoma and Schwann cells in coculture

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the principal intermediate filament protein found in mature astrocytes. Although the exact function of GFAP is poorly understood, it is presumed to stabilize the astrocyte’s cytoskeleton and help in maintaining cell shape. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that when astrocytes were cocultured with primary Schwann cells (pSCs), astrocytes became hypertrophied and fibrous with intensely positive GFAP staining and segregated Schwann cells (SCs) into pockets. In order to understand the functional role of GFAP in this already established astrocyte-SC coculture model, we generated GFAP-negative cell lines from a GFAP-positive astrocytoma cell line and cocultured both the cell lines with pSCs. Our studies demonstrate that the GFAP-positive cell line put out processes toward the SCs, whereas the GFAP-negative cells did not form processes and the majority of the cells remained round. The most significant and interesting finding of this study, however, is the formation of elaborate processes by SCs when grown in coculture with the astrocytoma cells, unlike SCs cultured alone, which showed their typical bipolar spindle-shaped morphology. The extent of processes did not seem to be dependent on GFAP, since SCs cultured with both the cell lines formed similar processes. This coculture model may be useful in elucidating the factor(s) responsible for the formation of processes by SCs and can be further help in our understanding of the mechanism of morphological transformation of SCs.
Gray-Level Resolution Of Flying-Spot-Scanner Systems

An analysis of the performance of a cathode-ray-tube flying-spot-scanner film reading system requires a treatment of the gray level resolution of the system. This paper discusses three types of gray level encoding schemes for a digital film reading system; equal transmission, equal density and equal reliability levels. The maximum number of detectable levels, or the minimum gray level change detectable, to a given reliability is presented along with a trade-off analysis and a discussion of the utility of each method. Calibration and measurement of a hardware system by analysis of maximum signal available is discussed.© (1967) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Invariant Sullivan–De Rham Forms on Cyclic Sets

Let Y be a topological space; and suppose that the circle group, S 1 , which will be denoted by G throughout this paper, is acting on Y . Then the equivariant cohomology H * G ( Y ) of Y is defined to be H *( Y G ), where Y G =( EG × Y )/ G , the Borel construction. Because of the bundle map Y G → BG , the cohomology H * G ( Y ) is an H *( BG )-module. With rational coefficients H *( BG ; ℚ)=ℚ[ u ], where deg( u )=2. And, when Y is a reasonably nice finite-dimensional space, for example, a finite-dimensional G -CW-complex, then the localized module H * G ( Y ; ℚ)[ u −1 ] is isomorphic to H * G ( Y G ; ℚ)[ u −1 ] via the restriction homomorphism, where Y G ⊆ Y is the fixed point set. (See, for example, [ 2 ].) That this very useful Localization Theorem does not generalize to infinite dimensional spaces can be seen by taking Y = EG , for example.
Friction drag resulting from the simultaneous imposed motions of a freestream and its bounding surface

Abstract The problem of laminar fluid flow which results from the simultaneous motions of a freestream and its bounding surface in the same direction has been investigated numerically. A special focus was to establish thresholds demarking the degree of interaction between the two imposed motions. For the case in which the freestream velocity, U ∞ , is greater than the surface velocity, U S , it was found that surface velocities as great as 0.183 U ∞ could be tolerated without causing an appreciable effect on the drag force. On the other hand, in the case where the surface velocity exceeds the freestream velocity, the drag is significantly affected by freestream velocities ⩾0.0686 U S . The validity of the so-called relative-velocity model was investigated. In that model, the relative velocity between the two media is used in conjunction with the drag-force formula for the dominant of the two motions acting alone. The results of exact solutions demonstrate that this model is flawed and underpredicts the drag force. Finally, a new model, termed the similarity-based , relative-velocity model was devised by which exact similarity solutions were obtained. The drag results provided by this model may be considered to be the definitive information for application.
NANOELECTRONICS – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

As device sizes approach the nanoscale, new opportunities arise from harnessing the physical and chemical properties at the nanoscale. It is now feasible to contemplate new nanoelectronic systems based on new devices with completely new system architectures. This paper will give an overview of the materials, technology, and device opportunities in the nanoscale era. So far, much of the nanoscale sciences have been researched in the physics, chemistry, and materials science communities. While there have been plenty of good science in the nano world, nanotechnology is still at its infancy. The engineering community is poised to make a major impact in transforming good nanoscience into useful nanotechnology. The disciplined performance benchmarking against alternatives as practiced by the engineering community will prove to be invaluable to the development of new nanotechnologies. Examples of such performance benchmarking exercises will be shown and directions for future work will be suggested.
Loss of Bim results in abnormal accumulation of mature CD4-CD8-CD44-CD25- thymocytes

Abstract The process of thymopoiesis is tightly regulated by a series of selection events which ensure that only functional T-lymphocytes directed against foreign antigens are exported into the periphery. The adaptive immune response largely depends on the regulation of thymocyte development, and thymocytes which fail selection in the thymus are removed by apoptosis. However, the roles of specific apoptotic proteins in early T-lymphocyte development are poorly understood. Here, we report a novel function for Bim in thymocyte development. There is an accumulation of thymocytes in Bim −/− mice that lack expression of CD4, CD8, CD44, and CD25 but express CD3 and TCR β . Further, the CD4 − CD8 − CD25 − CD44 − CD3 + TCR β + thymocytes are smaller and do not proliferate. These data suggest that these thymocytes are mature DN thymocytes that may have down-regulated the expression of CD4 and CD8. The DN thymocyte phenotype in Bim −/− mice is unaffected by the additional loss of Bak or Bax and is similar to the thymic phenotype in mice lacking both Bak and Bax. These data demonstrate that Bim functions to ensure the proper homeostasis of mature thymocytes during selection and thymic export.
Origin of the residual transforming activity of denatured Bacillus subtilis DNA.

Abstract Assays of the transforming activity of fractions obtained from a density-gradient of thermally denatured Bacillus subtilis DNA show that the residual activity is located away from the bulk of the DNA (denatured) and at densities corresponding to native or nearly native DNA. By using biologically formed hybrid DNA in which one strand has an enhanced density, it is shown that the two strands of the molecules bearing the residual activity do not separate under denaturing conditions. Thus the residual transforming activity of this DNA (1 to 4%) is due to a denaturation-resistant fraction. The inactive, denatured DNA is not taken up by competent cells, unless it is converted to the bihelical form by renaturation, in which case about 40% of the transforming activity of native DNA is restored.
Down-Structure Method of Viewing Geologic Maps to Obtain Sense of Fault Separation

Mackin9s (1950) instructions to view a geologic map of cross-faulted strata down the dip of the bedding, to “see” the sense of dip separation directly, should be modified to view the map in the direction of plunge of the trace of displaced surfaces on the fault. However, even though the separation sense is then correctly interpreted, the sense of slip components and respective sense of separation may disagree, depending on the geometric relations of the pitch of the net slip and the pitch of the trace of the bed or vein on the fault.
Induction of mRNA for chemokines and chemokine receptors by prostaglandin F2α is dependent upon stage of the porcine corpus luteum and intraluteal progesterone.

This study tested the hypotheses that prostaglandin (PG) F2α increases expression of genes related to recruitment of leukocytes in mature but not early corpus luteum (CL) and that insensitivity to PGF2α action in early CL is dependent on high intraluteal progesterone (P4) concentrations. Experiment 1 examined early (0.5 h) and late (10 h) in vivo effects of PGF2α on mature (d 17 of pseudopregnancy) and early (d 9) porcine CL. Real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA for chemokines (IL8, CXCL2, CCL2, CCL8, CCL4, CCL11) and chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CXCR2, CCR5). Western blotting was used to measure protein expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB proteins. Treatment with PGF2α for 10 h increased mRNA for almost all of these genes (all expect CXCL2 and CCL11) in d 17 CL but not d 9 CL. Treatment with PGF2α also led to greater phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB-1A protein in d 17 than d 9 CL. Experiment 2 had a 2 × 2 factorial design with d 9 gilts treated or not treated with epostane (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor to suppress intraluteal P4) and treated or not treated with PGF2α. Treatment with PGF2α (10 h) or epostane alone did not induce expression of any of these genes in d 9 CL. However, PGF2α + epostane increased expression of all of these genes except CCL11. In conclusion, PGF2α increases mRNA for chemokines and chemokine receptors in mature CL with similar PGF2α effects induced in early CL if intraluteal P4 is suppressed prior to PGF2α treatment.
Monitoring Cysteine and Histidine Ligands in Zinc-Finger Peptides via Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the active sites of zinc-finger peptides, via ring modes of metal-bound histidine and metal−S(cysteine) stretching modes of Cd-substituted peptides.
Comparisons of heterogeneous multiscale finite element method and localized homogenization process for modeling aperiodic metamaterials

A common approach in modeling metamaterials is through the use of homogenization process. Recently, the development of the heterogeneous multi-scale finite element methods (HM-FEM) together with the advancements in non-conformal domain decomposition methods have made it possible to simulate many complex electromagnetic problems with multi-scale features. We present herein comparisons of full-wave simulations, taking into account the microscopic structural details, against the simplified homogenization process results using various numerical examples.
Nano-Structured Phase Change Materials and Their Calorimetry

Phase change materials (PCMs) store thermal energy through a phase transition. Extending the use of PCMs to transient thermal management of electronic handheld devices requires storage capacity beyond 195 kJ/m3 , typical limit of a paraffin. Nano-structures can potentially increase the material choice for PCMs. Melting behavior and heat of fusion are empirically known to be altered in nano-structures. In this paper, we present thermodynamic modeling to show that confinement can lead to an enhancement in the heat of fusion of soft matter. We present material concepts that can serve as such enhanced PCMs. We also discuss modifying existing calorimetry techniques to measure the heat capacity of nanometer scale thin films of soft matter. Design and sensitivity details of nano-calorimeter are presented to analyze phase change phenomenon in ultra-thin polymer films.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Antiemetic effects of flesinoxan in cats: comparisons with 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin

Abstract The antiemetic effects of flesinoxan were evaluated following s.c. administration in cats. Flesinoxan produced a dose-dependent suppression of motion sickness and also reduced xylazine-induced emesis at higher doses. Flesinoxan had short latency to onset and may have a brief duration of action. It was slightly more potent that 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), in contrast to their relative potencies on most other in vivo measures. High doses of both agonists produced defensive behavior as a result of 5-HT 1A receptor stimulation. (−)-Propranolol, which previously reduced 8-OH-DPAT suppression of feline motion sickness, failed to reduce the antiemetic effect of flesinoxan. The dose of 3 mg/kg of NAN-190 (1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl]piperazine) produced a slight decrease in motion sickness and added to the suppression of motion sickness by low doses of flesinoxan via an uncertain mechanism. It also reduced the antiemetic effect of higher doses of flesinoxan. In contrast, NAN-190 produced additive antiemetic effects when combined with 8-OH-DPAT and little if any reduction. NAN-190 reduced the defensiveness produced by both flesinoxan and 8-OH-DPAT. Phentolamine and sulpiride reduced neither the antiemetic effect nor the defensive behavior produced by flesinoxan, thus ruling out a role for α-adrenoceptors and dopamine D 2 receptors. Flexinoxan exerted a broad spectrum antiemetic effect by an action at 5-HT 1A receptors as does 8-OH-DPAT, but differed in its response to putative 5-HT 1A receptor antagonists.
A parturient with severe bullous emphysema from intravenous drug abuse

A parturient with severe talcosis-induced, bullous emphysema presented for urgent cesarean delivery. Respiratory effects of anesthesia, positioning for delivery and residual effects of postoperative analgesics all potentially affect the choice of anesthetic technique and drugs used in a patient with severe emphysema. This parturient was given epidural anesthesia for delivery and postoperative analgesia maintained with epidural infusion of bupivacaine and clonidine.
Effect of limestone reactivity and percent on production by dairy cows in early lactation.

Seventy-two Holstein cows (16 first lactation) were assigned to four treatments: A) normal-grind limestone (800 to 1000 mu) added to provide .77% calcium (total ration dry basis); B) fine-grind limestone (less than 150 mu) at .77% calcium; C) normal-grind at 1.15% calcium; and D) fine-grind limestone at 1.15% calcium. Cows fed diets containing .77% calcium had higher percent milk fat and fat yield than those fed 1.15% calcium diets, and cows fed fine-grind limestone had greater percent fat and fat yield than those fed normal-grind limestone. Four percent fat-corrected milk was higher for cows fed .77% calcium diets. Trends were similar for heifers in first lactation. Dry matter intake was higher for cows fed .77% calcium diets, and nutrient efficiency for milk synthesis favored cows fed fine-grind 1.15% calcium. Fecal pH was higher during wk 4 on treatment for cows fed high calcium diets; however, 8 wk were not different. Fecal starch and calcium and phosphorus in plasma were not different between treatments: however, heifers fed fine-grind 1.15% calcium showed a decrease of fecal starch with time.
Conformal anomaly of some 2-d Z (n) models

Abstract We describe a numerical calculation of the conformal anomaly in the case of some two-dimensional statistical models undergoing a second-order phase transition, utilizing a recently developed method to compute the partition function exactly. This computation is carried out on a massively parallel CM2 machine, using the finite size scaling behaviour of the free energy.
Physical and chemical properties of platelet-activating factor obtained from human neutrophils and monocytes and rabbit neutrophils and basophils

Platelet-activating factor secreted by stimulated human neutrophils and monocytes and rabbit neutrophils and basophils was isolated, purified and chemically and physically characterized. All four preparations had identical thin layer chromatographic behavior in a variety of solvent systems, identical solubility behavior in various organic and aqueous solvents and responded comparably to a variety of chemical and physical agents designed to reveal the presence functional groups. These findings indicate that human neutrophil and monocyte, and rabbit neutrophil and basophil derived platelet-activating factor preparations are indistinguishable, and support the conclusion that platelet-activating factor is a neutral, polar lipid molecule whose functional activity is dependent upon the presence of a carboxylic acid ester.
Isolation, characterization, and primary structure of rubredoxin from the photosynthetic bacterium, Heliobacillus mobilis

Rubredoxin is a small nonheme iron protein that serves as an electron carrier in bacterial systems. Rubredoxin has now been isolated and characterized from the strictly anaerobic phototroph, Heliobacillus mobilis. THe molecular mass (5671.3 Da from the amino acid sequence) was confirmed and partial formylation of the N-terminal methionyl residue was established by matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectroscopy. The complete 52-amino-acid sequence was determined by a combination of N-terminal sequencing by Edman degradation and C-terminal sequencing by a novel method using carboxypeptidase treatment in conjunction with amino acid analysis and laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry. The molar absorption coefficient of Hc. mobilis rubredoxin at 490 nm is 6.9 mM-1 cm-1 and the midpoint redox potential at pH 8.0 is -46 mV. The EPR spectrum of the oxidized form shows resonances at g = 9.66 and 4.30 due to a high-spin ferric iron. The amino acid sequence is homologous to those of rubredoxins from other species, in particular, the gram-positive bacteria, and the phototrophic green sulfur bacteria, and the evolutionary implications of this are discussed.
Nickel hyperaccumulation as an anti-herbivore trait: considering the role of tolerance to damage

Metal hyperaccumulation is a striking trait exhibited by many plant species, but the evolutionary ecology of metal hyperaccumulation is poorly understood. It has been widely hypothesized that metal hyperaccumulation evolved to protect plants from herbivory. However, there is currently little evidence that metal hyperaccumulation enhances the fitness of plants in the presence of herbivory. In this study, we conducted a multi-factor greenhouse experiment to examine the effects of two soil nickel concentrations (unamended (0 μg/g) and nickel amended (600 μg/g)), and three levels of artificial damage (0, 10 and 50%) on the growth of plants from two populations of Thlaspi montanum var. montanum. We observed a significant interaction between soil nickel and artificial damage. An a posteriori analysis of this interaction revealed that the presence of nickel significantly improved the ability of T. montanum to tolerate the negative effects of intense damage. Our results indicate that metal hyperaccumulation could benefit T. montanum by increasing its tolerance to damage. This study suggests that there is a potential for the evolution of metal hyperaccumulation in response to intense herbivory on T. montanum.
The elasticity of substitution in 19th-century manufacturing

The importance of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor in determining the distribution of income and the bias of technical change has long been recognized. Sir John Hicks’ (1932, pp. 117-120) seminal work defining the parameter also developed the relationship between it and factor shares when factor proportions changed. Subsequent works have incorporated technological change into the analysis.’ This study attempts to broaden our knowledge of the parameter by estimating microeconomic production functions for 19th century manufacturing sectors. A major new data set including over 14,000 individual firms listed in the Philadelphia manuscript censuses of 1860, 1870, and 1880 is used to estimate u using three standard linear estimators.’ The main finding is that the early period of manufacturing was likely characterized by a less than unitary elasticity of substitution. The degree of detail and intertemporal scope of this data set allow for interesting comparisons of the results obtained through the alternative models. The remainder of the paper is divided into four parts. Section I discusses the alternative estimators, their probable biases, and previous estimates for the 19th century. Section II describes the data set and variable definitions, and Section III provides the empirical results. Section IV concludes.
Abstract 4682: Compensatory activation of alternative DNA repair pathways following exposure to the PARP Inhibitor ABT-888in vitroand in patients with solid malignancies

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL PARP inhibitors are being developed with the hope of inhibiting base excision repair in tumor cells following DNA insult. They do so by inhibiting poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1(PARP-1) which plays an important role in the repair of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) breaks. Although some PARP inhibitors have been shown to suppress its target at safely achievable concentrations in humans, mono-therapy with these agents is generally not able to induce responses. The compensatory effect of alternative repair pathways, including., homologous recombination (HR) repair, nucleotide excision repair (NER), among others, could potentially be responsible for this lack of effect. Examples of HR repair proteins include those involved in the Fanconi Anemia/BRCA pathway and for NER, the ERCC proteins. We performed Western immunoblot analysis to evaluate the expression level of PAR, Fanconi Anemia D2, ERCC1 and beta-actin proteins in the human cancer cell lines H1299 (lung) and MDA-MB-231(breast) following exposure to the PARP inhibitor ABT-888 (veliparib). The expression level of these protein was also evaluated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from consenting patients with advanced solid malignancies participating in a dose escalation trial with ABT-888, as monotherapy or in combination with mitomycin C. PAR protein level was reduced at 6 hours post ABT-888 exposure (5μM) and maintained at low levels through 48 hours in the H1299 and MDA-MB-231cancer cells. However FANCD2 and ERCC1 protein expression was elevated simultaneously in these cancer cells post ABT-888. Similarly, FANCD2 and ERCC1 protein levels increased in the PBMCs of 22 patients analyzed following ABT-888 as a single agent (n=12) or in combination with mitomycin C (n=10). These results confirm that ABT888 can inhibit its target PAR expression both in cancer cells and patients’ PBMCs. However, our results also show that ABT-888 up-regulates homologous recombination (HR) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways, which have the potential of resulting in not only resistance to the antitumor effect of ABT-888, but also in decreasing the effect of DNA targeting cytotoxic chemotherapy when combined with isolated PARP inhibition. It is plausible that cancers with defective FA or NER pathways, which are incapable of mounting a compensatory response, would represent a better target for ABT-888 alone or in combination with DNA targeted cytotoxic chemotherapy. Experiments aimed to evaluate this notion are underway. The potential role of other compensatory repair mechanisms also merit further investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4682. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4682
Applicability of MIL-STD-449D and MIL-STD-469 to Modern Radar Systems

MIL-STD-449D and MIL-STD-469 are not completely applicable to modem radar systems, specifically those with an electronically scanned antenna. Some of the requirements most applicable to electronically scanned radar systems are identified and some suggestions for their revision are offered. The need for improved definitions along with suggested definitions is presented.
A Microprocessor-Controlled Water-Pollution monitoring System

A water-quality monitor was designed and built to sample water flowing over a weir in White Oak Creek near the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). ORNL is required to sample the water at regular volume intervals to determine whether it meets federal water-quality standards. Because the monitor must yield a high accuracy (0.1%) in measuring water volume and high repeatability (0.1%) of sample size and demonstrate long-term stability (low drift), a digital control system using a microprocessor was developed to replace the analog controller in an existing monitor. tract with the Union, Carbide Corporation.
Induction of Oligodendrocytes From Adult Human Olfactory Epithelial‐Derived Progenitors by Transcription Factors

Neurosphere-forming cell (NSFC) lines have been derived from cultures of adult olfactory neuroepithelium obtained from patients and cadavers. These progenitors remain undifferentiated when maintained in minimal essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, but have the potential to differentiate along glial or neuronal lineages. However, few of these cells ever express mature neuronal or glial markers in defined medium. To evaluate the potential of NSFCs to form oligodendrocytes, two transcription factors, Olig2 and Nkx2.2, were introduced into NSFCs to determine whether their expression is sufficient for oligodendrocyte differentiation, as has been shown in the embryonic avian and murine central nervous systems in vivo. NSFCs transfected with Olig2 or Nkx2.2 alone exhibited no phenotypic lineage restriction. In contrast, simultaneous transfection of Olig2 and Nkx2.2 cDNA produced characteristic oligodendrocyte morphology and antigenicity, including myelin basic protein (MBP). Furthermore, a population of Olig2-expressing NSFCs also expressed Sox10. Cotransfection of NSFCs with Nkx2.2 and Sox10, but not Olig2 and Sox10, produced a MBP(+) oligodendrocytic phenotype. Coculture of NSFCs transfected with Olig2 and Nkx2.2 or Nkx2.2 and Sox10 with purified sensory neurons, demonstrated frequent contacts between NSFC processes and axons, including the early stages of ensheathment. These studies demonstrate transcription factors governing early development of chick and mouse oligodendrocyte formation, also apply to human progenitors isolated from adult olfactory neuroepithelium. Our long-term goal is to develop cell populations for future studies used to determine the therapeutic utility of these olfactory-derived NSFCs for autologous transplantation into donors with central nervous system trauma or neurodegenerative diseases.
Ultrastructural Documentation of HLA-DR Antigen Reactivity in Normal Human Acrosyringial Epithelium

We have observed that monoclonal antibodies directed against human Ia-like antigens react with a subset of epidermal keratinocytes as well as Langerhans cells in normal human skin. Membrane reactivity for HLA-DR antigen in flattened ductal keratinocytes and in adjacent cuticular cells forming the acrosyringial lumen was observed using immunoelectron microscopy. It should be recognized that Ia-positive acrosyringial keratinocytes represent a potential source of contamination in methods designed to study and isolate Langerhans cells using antibodies directed against HLA-DR antigens. Teleologic considerations of HLA-DR antigen expression in the acrosyringium are discussed.
In Situ Probing of the Surface Hydration of Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes: Structural and Environmental Effects

Surface hydration has been proposed as the key nonfouling mechanism of zwitterionic materials. Because these materials have various chemical structures and will be used in complex environments, in situ probing of their surfaces in different aqueous environments is crucial to understanding their surface hydration properties. In this work, the surfaces of three zwitterionic polymer brushes in aqueous solutions with salts or varied pH were probed using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The SFG spectra indicate the ordering of the polymer brushes in water and the strong hydrogen bonding of the interfacial water molecules. The ordering of water at the surfaces of carboxybetaine polymers changed with pH, but at the sulfobetaine polymer surface, this ordering was not affected by pH. The interfacial ordering of water also decreased when salt ions were associated with the polymers. Ions from different salts had different interfacial binding affinities depending on the ion type and the polyme...