cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterobimetallic complexes with MIII-(μ-OH)-MII cores (MIII = Fe, Mn, Ga; MII = Ca, Sr, and Ba): structural, kinetic, and redox properties

The effects of redox-inactive metal ions on dioxygen activation were explored using a new FeII complex containing a tripodal ligand with 3 sulfonamido groups. This iron complex exhibited a faster initial rate for the reduction of O2 than its MnII analog. Increases in initial rates were also observed in the presence of group 2 metal ions for both the FeII and MnII complexes, which followed the trend NMe4+ < BaII < CaII = SrII. These studies led to the isolation of heterobimetallic complexes containing FeIII-(μ-OH)-MII cores (MII = Ca, Sr, and Ba) and one with a [SrII(OH)MnIII]+ motif. The analogous [CaII(OH)GaIII]+ complex was also prepared and its solid state molecular structure is nearly identical to that of the [CaII(OH)FeIII]+ system. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicated that the diamagnetic [CaII(OH)GaIII]+ complex retained its structure in solution. Electrochemical measurements on the heterobimetallic systems revealed similar one-electron reduction potentials for the [CaII(OH)FeIII]+ and [SrII(OH)FeIII]+ complexes, which were more positive than the potential observed for [BaII(OH)FeIII]+. Similar results were obtained for the heterobimetallic MnII complexes. These findings suggest that Lewis acidity is not the only factor to consider when evaluating the effects of group 2 ions on redox processes, including those within the oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II.
Explicit disassociation of a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus during extinction training reduces both time to asymptotic extinction and spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion.

Abstract Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) may be acquired when an animal consumes a novel taste (CS) and then experiences the symptoms of poisoning (US). This aversion may be extinguished by repeated exposure to the CS alone. However, following a latency period in which the CS is not presented, the CTA will spontaneously recover (SR). In the current study we employed an explicitly unpaired extinction procedure (EU-EXT) to determine if it could thwart SR of a CTA. Sprague–Dawley rats acquired a strong CTA after three pairings of saccharin (SAC the CS) and Lithium Chloride (LiCl the US). CTA acquisition was followed by extinction (EXT) training consisting of either (a) CS-only exposure (CSO) or (b) exposure to saccharin and Lithium Chloride on alternate days (i.e., explicitly unpaired: EU). Both extinction procedures resulted in ⩾90% reacceptance of SAC, although the EU extinction procedure (EU-EXT) significantly decreased the time necessary for rats to reach this criterion (compared to CSO controls). Rats were subsequently tested for SR of the CTA upon re-exposure to SAC following a 30-day latency period of water drinking. Rats that acquired a CTA and then underwent the CSO extinction procedure exhibited a significant suppression of SAC drinking during the SR test (as compared to their SAC drinking at the end of extinction). However, animals in the EU-EXT group did not show such suppression in drinking compared to CSO controls. These data suggest that the EU-EXT procedure may be useful in reducing both time to extinction and the spontaneous recovery of fears.
Soil moisture mediated interaction between Polygonatum biflorum and leaf spot disease

Fungal pathogens can regulate the abundance and distribution of natural plant populations by inhibiting the growth, survival, and reproduction of their hosts. The abiotic environment is a crucial component in host–pathogen interactions in natural plant populations as favorable conditions drive pathogen development, reproduction, and persistence. Foliar plant pathogens, such as fungal lesions referred to generically as “leaf spot disease,” are particularly responsive to increased moisture levels, but the manner in which the abiotic environment drives disease dynamics, and how these diseases regulate natural plant populations, is not fully understood. We investigate (1) the impact of ambient soil moisture and diffuse light on the prevalence of a leaf spot pathogen (Phyllosticta sp.) in a natural population of Polygonatum biflorum, an understory herb native to deciduous forest understories in the eastern US, and (2) the effects of the fungal pathogen on the survival, growth, and abundance of the plants. We tracked six P. biflorum populations and disease incidence, as well as soil moisture and diffuse light, between 2003 and 2005 in the understory deciduous forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina, USA. Results show that both the occurrence of P. biflorum and the prevalence of P. biflorum leaf spot disease are highest where soil moisture is intermediate and diffuse light is lowest. Disease occurrence depends upon plant presence, but it also adversely impacts plant survival, abundance, and growth. These results suggest that leaf spot disease is likely to impact population dynamics, which in turn vary as a function of environmental drivers.
Genome reassembly with high-throughput sequencing data

Motivation Recent studies in genomics have highlighted the significance of structural variation in determining individual variation. Current methods for identifying structural variation, however, are predominantly focused on either assembling whole genomes from scratch, or identifying the relatively small changes between a genome and a reference sequence. While significant progress has been made in recent years on both de novo assembly and resequencing (read mapping) methods, few attempts have been made to bridge the gap between them.
Linear stability theory of oscillatory Stokes layers

The stability of the oscillatory Stokes layers is examined using two quasi-static linear theories and an integration of the full time-dependent linearized disturbance equations. The full theory predicts absolute stability within the investigated range and perhaps for all the Reynolds numbers. A given wavenumber disturbance of a Stokes layer is found to be more stable than that of the motionless state (zero Reynolds number). The quasi-static theories predict strong inflexional instabilities. The failure of the quasi-static theories is discussed.
Testis development and gonadotropin secretion in broiler breeder males

One-day-old chicks were used to evaluate testis development and concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone during ontogenesis. Males on a conventional breeder program (control) were reared on a 15L:9D photoperiod and ad libitum food and water intake for 2 wk. On the third week, males were placed on a restricted diet and the photoperiod was reduced to 8L:16D. Males on a pedigree breeder program (broilerized) were reared on a 23L:1D photoperiod and unrestricted food and water intake for 6 wk. At 7 wk, males were placed on a restricted diet and the photoperiod was reduced to 8L:16D. On wk 18, both treatment groups were photostimulated (16L:8D) until the end of the experiment (50 wk). After photostimulation, there was an exponential increase in testis weight (TW), FSH, and testosterone concentrations. At 28 wk, TW from broilerized males were significantly heavier than those from control birds, and concentrations of luteinizing hormone, FSH, and testosterone were maximal at that time. After 28 wk, there was a significant decrease in FSH and testosterone concentrations that were associated with reduced TW. No correlation was observed between BW and TW. However, TW was highly correlated with FSH concentrations and daily sperm production. Our data suggest that management and photoperiod had a profound effect on testicular function that was associated with FSH concentrations in male broiler breeders.
BOOK REVIEW: R. Ellis, Tiger Bone & Rhino Horn: The Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine

Tiger Bone & Rhino Horn: The Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine. R. Ellis. 2005. Shearwater Books of Island Press, Washington, DC. 294 pp. $17.99 cloth. Richard Ellis, a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History and celebrated author and artist, presents an intriguing and (quite unfortunately) timely and relevant look at a major cause of the loss of many species worldwide: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The volume is meant for lay readers with interests in natural history and conservation, and the prose is, thankfully, devoid of technical jargon. Yet the information is up-to-date and comprehensive enough to offer something new for those of us who have looked at various aspects of Asian wildlife markets professionally.
Millions and Billions of Channels

The history of the Harvard SETI group is inextricably linked with the history of Paul Horowitz. Horowitz became enamored with SETI as a student at Harvard, reading Ed Purcell’s paper “Radio Astronomy and Communication Through Space” (Purcell, 1960), discussing with his roommates a class that Carl Sagan was teaching there using a draft of Shklovskii and Sagan’s “Intelligent Life in the Universe” (Shklovskii and Sagan, 1966) as a text, and finally attending a Loeb Lecture series at Harvard by Frank Drake (Drake, 1969). The series was officially about pulsars but Drake did manage to slip in one inspiring talk about SETI. Horowitz says that “It was this lecture that launched me into this field; it was a revelation that you could go beyond idle speculation – you could actually calculate stuff.”
Freedom to Experiment: Toward a Concept of Inventor Welfare

Almost twenty-five years ago, the Federal Circuit turned unauthorized experimental use of another's patented invention into patent infringement. As with other patent doctrines standing at the intersection of exclusion and competition, the court has taken a hard line in favor of exclusion. The hard and fast rule here is particularly significant because experimental use is the most important form of competition in the patent domain. Over the same period, the Supreme Court has consistently rejected the Federal Circuit's hard line approach. The Court's decisions, most recently in eBay and KSR, have favored more nuanced approaches and, as a result, opened the patent domain to increased competition. The Supreme Court has not spoken to the experimental use defense. This article examines the demise of the currently comatose experimental use defense and then reformulates it into a robust doctrine that better reflects the constitutional policy of promoting progress in science and useful arts. It begins by showing how a distended profit logic emerged in the 1980s to turn the virtue of independent experimentation into the vice of patent infringement. This inflated profit logic is an overstatement of incentive theory, the intuitively attractive precept that has long dominated patent policy despite its profound difficulties. More broadly, the current jurisprudence short-circuits analysis of interactions between key patent law conceptions of public benefit and private right, idea and invention, process and product. In this light, the second section builds the foundation for a revised patent policy that is more faithful to the constitutional norm of promoting progress and practically superior to the current approach and its unworkable incentive theory. In particular, the section introduces a concept of inventor welfare and, with it, begins to reshape dynamic efficiency as the logic of progress. The final section presents a schematic phenomenology of the invention process to serve as the framework for restoring independent experimentation to its vital role in the constitutionally inscribed process of invention.
Plasma and red cell cholesterol.

The experimental production of hypercholesteremia in rabbits by three independent methods—namely, high-fat feeding, cortisone injection, and Tween-80 injection—results in an elevated plasma total cholesterol, whereas the total RBC cholesterol remains constant. Previous work on plasma and red cell cholesterol in humans has been substantiated. Normal total plasma and red cell cholesterol values are 187 ± 32 and 129 ± 20 mg.%, respectively. Elevated plasma total cholesterol occurring in coronary arteriosclerosis, diabetes, nephritis, hypothyroid, Hodgkin's disease, and obesity does not affect the erythrocyte levels. Elevated erythrocyte total cholesterol levels occur in sickle cell and pernicious anemia accompanied by slightly sub-normal plasma levels. A hypothesis is advanced to explain the variability of plasma cholesterol and the relative constancy of red cell cholesterol.
Identifying Reusable Primitives in Narrated Demonstrations

The assumption that we can preprogram robots with all the information necessary for their function becomes impractical as the range of robotics applications grows. One widely proposed solution is the specification of reusable task plans, or recipes, consisting of a sequence of primitive actions. However, the primitive actions, such as unscrewing a nut in a car maintenance task, cannot always be predefined and thus must be learned for a particular robot platform and workspace. In this work, we present a novel algorithm that enables a robot to identify a reusable motion trajectory associated with each primitive action of a plan. Our approach segments the motion data captured during the demonstration of a human performing the given task, while also leveraging the human's verbal cues. We evaluated our algorithms in a pilot study with 6 users executing 90 primitive actions.
A NEW METHOD FOR DETECTION OF "IMMUNE" TYPE OF ANTI-B ANTIBODY.

SummaryImmune anti-B antibody was detected by absorption of sera with certain rabbit red cells (BR), and agglutination and hemolysis of the absorbed serum with human group B red cells. The antibody (anti-Bi) activity was found only in IgG fraction. The method might be useful for detection of immune anti-B antibody in human sera especially in cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to group B incompatibility.
Modified Modal Strain Energy Method Used for Predicting Damping Characteristics of Hard-Coating Thin Plate

Considering the small damping characteristics of hard-coating materials and the calculation error caused by classic modal strain energy method,a newmethod was proposed to predict damping characteristics of hard-coating composite structure. The principle formulas of modified modal strain energy method were deduced. A case of cantilever plate covered with MgAl hard coating was carried out,and the effects of the hard coating materials parameters and coating thickness on the damping characteristics of composite structure were discussed. The analysis results showed that the increase of Young's modulus,loss factor or thickness of coating can improve the damping properties of the composite structure. The relevant research results provide a reference for the preparation of hard coating materials and design of damping vibration reduction.
A Construction of Cartesian Authentication Codes from Vector Space over Finite Fields

This paper gives a construction of Cartesian authentication codes from vector space. Its size parameters and probabilities of successful impersonation attack and substitution attack are also computed respectively .
Effectiveness evaluation of health education on smoking control among health-care workers in Shunyi District,Beijing

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of health education on smoking control among health-care workers in Shunyi District, Beijing.Methods Three hundred and thirty-one health-care workers were recruited from hospitals in Shunyi District, Beijing by systematic sampling. Baseline information was collected with anonymous questionnaire survey from all the participants, then health education on smoking control was applied for all of them, and another questionnaire survey was conducted after the intervention. Data were put into a dataset by Epi-Data 3.02 software and analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software.Results Status of smoking, awareness of, attitude to, idea and ability of smoking control improved to a certain extent in the health-care workers after health education intervention.Conclusions Health education could help health-care workers improve their knowledge and ability in smoking control, which played a very important role in promotion of smoking control in the society as a whole.
Identification of the amino acid mutations associated with human erythrocyte spectrin alpha II domain polymorphisms.

Four distinct spectrin alpha II domain polymorphisms are known to occur in several nonwhite populations. Type 1 is essentially the only form found in whites and is also the most common form in nonwhites. In contrast to most other spectrin mutations that are single-base substitutions, two of the alpha II domain polymorphisms, types 2 and 3, are particularly unusual because they appear to involve 4-Kd insertions relative to type 1. We have identified the mutations responsible for these polymorphisms using biochemical approaches and a computer database of spectrin-domain peptides separated by two-dimensional gels. The type 3 mutation is characterized by an apparent 4-Kd increase in alpha II domain peptides with no change in pI. This apparent molecular weight increase is a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel artifact resulting from an Arg-->His mutation at residue 22 of the domain. The type 4 polymorphism shows a basic charge shift with no apparent change in molecular weight on gels. This charge shift results from a mutation of Thr-->Arg at position 174 of the domain. This mutation appears to be linked to a “silent” mutation at position 130 from an Ile-->Val. Support for possible linkage was obtained from analysis of three unrelated donors with the type 2 polymorphism. The type 2 polymorphism shows both the charge shift characteristic of the type 4 mutation and the apparent size shift that defines the type 3 polymorphism. Analysis of type 2 peptides confirmed that the two mutations described above for type 4 as well as the mutation at residue 22 observed in type 3 occur simultaneously in type 2. The observation that the type 2 polymorphism is a composite of the type 3 and 4 mutations is especially surprising because the type 2 polymorphism occurs far more frequently than either the type 3 or 4 forms. The basis for apparent linkage between the mutations at residues 130 and 174, which are encoded by different exons, is also not clear. Identification of the mutations described here permits design of genetic screening analyses that can be applied to larger populations to evaluate this potential linkage.
Electrical Characteristics of SiO 2 Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition on 4H–SiC After Nitrous Oxide Anneal

Properties of SiO2 gate dielectric deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on Si-face of 4H silicon carbide (SiC) were systematically studied. The interface state and effective fixed charge densities of ALD SiO2 on n-type 4H–SiC with various post deposition anneal (PDA) conditions were evaluated. It has been found that nitrous oxide (N2O) PDA not only reduces the effective fixed charge density, which includes the fixed oxide charge and charged interface states, at SiC/SiO2 interface but also decreases the gate leakage current. Negative effective fixed charge is observed at SiC/ALD SiO2 interface after N2O PDA. ALD SiO2-based lateral n-channel MOSFETs show high threshold voltage with the promising field-effect mobility and the peak field-effect mobility increases with N2O PDA temperature.
pH effects on basolateral membrane ion conductances in gallbladder epithelium

The pH sensitivity of the basolateral membrane voltage of Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells (Vcs) was evaluated with conventional and pH-sensitive intracellular microelectrodes. Elevating solution CO2 from 1 to 5% (at constant [HCO3-] = 10 mM) caused a depolarization of Vcs from -76 +/- 3 to -60 +/- 2 mV and a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi) from 7.36 +/- 0.04 to 7.05 +/- 0.03. Serosal exposure to a 50 mM HCO3(-)-5% CO2 solution [at constant extracellular pH (pHo)] caused a similar cell acidification (delta pHi = 0.27), whereas at 3 min Vcs was unchanged. Exposure to 1 mM HCO3- (at constant CO2) depolarized Vcs from -77 +/- 2 to -56 +/- 2 mV and caused a small decrease in pHi (from 7.36 +/- 0.03 to 7.33 +/- 0.03). These results indicate that the observed depolarizations of Vcs are attributable to changes in pHo and not in pHi. Basolateral membrane potassium conductance (GK) congruent to chloride conductance (GCl) congruent to 0.50 mS/cm2 in 10 mM HCO3(-)-1% CO2 Ringer. The depolarization of Vcs caused by elevation of serosal [K+] in 50 mM HCO3(-)-5% CO2 was similar to that observed under control conditions. In contrast, the depolarization of Vcs elicited by elevating serosal [K+] was reduced by about two-thirds in 1 mM HCO3-, whereas the depolarization caused by reduction of serosal [Cl-] was increased twofold in 1 mM HCO3-, compared with control. Inasmuch as the apparent ratio of membrane resistances remained unchanged during serosal solution acidification, the most likely explanation for the observed decrease in Vcs is a reduction of basolateral K+ permeability concomitant with an increase in Cl- permeability.
Influence of Surface Conditions on the Strength of Ceramics

The effects of mechanical treatment (grinding, lapping, and vibratory polishing), chemical machining, and atmospheric conditions on the mechanical strength of alumina are described and analyzed.
Multimodality Imaging of Neurodegenerative Processes: Part 1, The Basics and Common Dementias.

OBJECTIVE. Multimodality imaging plays an important role in the structural and functional characterization of neurodegenerative conditions. This article illustrates the basic concepts of anatomic, metabolic, and amyloid imaging and describes the application of a multimodality approach in the evaluation of patients with the more common neurodegenerative dementia processes. Proper utilization of clinically available imaging techniques allows greater insight into these common disease processes. CONCLUSION. Recognizing the strength of combined anatomic, metabolic, and amyloid imaging can allow a more complete and confident assessment of patients with common degenerative dementias. This added knowledge can improve clinical care, allow initiation of appropriate therapies and counseling, and improve prognostication.
Technology and Adaptation on the Modern Battlefield: A Battlefield Perspective on the Adoption of Unmanned Aircraft

How do individuals respond to the introduction of new technologies on the battlefield? What explains variation in the ways in which these new technologies are adopted? Existing literature within security studies highlights bureaucratic, organizational, and cultural barriers to the adoption of new military technology. Largely missing from these discussions is an understanding of human responses to technological change, and how these responses might impact the use of new technologies on the battlefield. In this paper we explore tactical level barriers to the adoption of one particular technology – unmanned aerial vehicles. Indeed, despite a burgeoning interest in UAVs, we know little about how they are perceived from the battlefield. These perspectives are important since tactical level operators are often the first to experience new technologies and play an important role in determining how these technologies impact the course of conflict. To access tactical-level views, we employ survey experiments and interviews of ground fires personnel from 2003 to 2014 and find that these personnel have psychological reactions to the introduction of new technology that shape the ways in which it is used. In the case of UAVs in particular, tensions between the desire to mitgate risk to aircrew on the one hand, and a lack of trust in unmanned platforms on the other, creates a strong preference for manned aircraft with implications for the future role of UAVs on the battlefield.
Characterization of tunnel mutants reveals a catalytic step in ammonia delivery by an aminoacyl-tRNA amidotransferase.

The Helicobacter pylori Asp-tRNA(A) (sn) /Glu-tRNA(G) (ln) amidotransferase (GatCAB) utilizes an uncommonly hydrophilic, ~ 40 A ammonia tunnel for ammonia/ammonium transport between isolated active sites. Hydrophilicity of this tunnel requires a distinct ammonia transport mechanism, which hypothetically occurs through a series of deprotonation and protonation steps. To explore the initiation of this relay mechanism, the highly conserved tunnel residue D185 (in the GatA subunit) was enzymatically and computationally investigated by comparing D185A, D185N, and D185E mutant enzymes to wild-type GatCAB. Our results indicate that D185 acts as an acid/base residue, participating directly in catalysis. To our knowledge, this is the first example of acid/base chemistry in a glutamine-dependent amidotransferase ammonia tunnel.
Developmental screening in children with CHD: Ages and Stages Questionnaires.

Objective Standardised developmental screening tools are important for the evaluation and management of developmental disorders in children with CHD; however, psychometric properties and clinical utility of screening tools, such as the Ages & Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ-3), have not been examined in the CHD population. We hypothesised that the ASQ-3 would be clinically useful for this population. Study design ASQ-3 developmental classifications for 163 children with CHD at 6, 12, 24, and/or 36 months of age were compared with those obtained from concurrent developmental testing with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. Results When ASQ-3 screening failure was defined as ⩾1 SD below the normative mean, specificity (⩾81.9%) and negative predictive value (⩾81.0%) were high across ASQ-3 areas. Sensitivity was high for gross motor skills (79.6%), increased with age for communication (35.7–100%), and generally decreased with age for problem solving (73.1–50.0%). When ASQ-3 screening failure was defined as ⩾2 SD below the normative mean, specificity (⩾93.6%) and positive predictive value (⩾74.5%) were generally high across ASQ-3 areas, but sensitivity was low (31.1%) to fair (62.8%). The ASQ-3 showed improved accuracy in predicting delays over clinical risk factors alone. Conclusions The ASQ-3 appears to be a clinically useful tool for screening development in children with CHD, although its utility varied on the basis of developmental area and time point. Clinicians are encouraged to refer children scoring ⩾1 SD below the normative mean on any ASQ-3 area for formal developmental evaluation.
multiplierz v2.0: A Python‐based ecosystem for shared access and analysis of native mass spectrometry data

The continued evolution of modern mass spectrometry instrumentation and associated methods represents a critical component in efforts to decipher the molecular mechanisms which underlie normal physiology and understand how dysregulation of biological pathways contributes to human disease. The increasing scale of these experiments combined with the technological diversity of mass spectrometers presents several challenges for community-wide data access, analysis, and distribution. Here we detail a redesigned version of multiplierz, our Python software library which leverages our common application programming interface (mzAPI) for analysis and distribution of proteomic data. New features include support for a wider range of native mass spectrometry file types, interfaces to additional database search engines, compatibility with new reporting formats, and high-level tools to perform post-search proteomic analyses. A GUI desktop environment, mzDesktop, provides access to multiplierz functionality through a user friendly interface. multiplierz is available for download from: https://github.com/BlaisProteomics/multiplierz; and mzDesktop is available for download from: https://sourceforge.net/projects/multiplierz/.
Non-Compete Enforceability and Inbound Open Innovation: The Impact of Human Capital Strategies

Prior research generally posits that non-compete agreements impede employee mobility and therefore negatively impacts so- called inbound open innovation, defined as the use of external knowledge in...
Supersymmetry, Some Simple Examples

If one considers fermionic and bosonic quantum systems that each separately has operators coming from Lie algebra or superalgebra representations on their state spaces, when one combines the systems by taking the tensor product, these operators will continue to act on the combined system. In certain special cases, new operators with remarkable properties will appear that mix the fermionic and bosonic systems and commute with the Hamiltonian (these operators are often given by some sort of “square root” of the Hamiltonian).
Identity Shift Effects of Self-Presentation and Confirmatory and Disconfirmatory Feedback on Self-Perceptions of Brand Identification

Extending prior research that has noted individuals’ self-presentation and subsequent feedback can affect self-perceptions, we report 2 studies assessing this identity shift with respect to brand i...
Evaluation of potentially achievable vaccination coverage of the second dose of measles containing vaccine with simultaneous administration and risk factors for missed opportunities among children in Zhejiang province, east China.

ABSTRACTObjectives: This study aimed to evaluate the potential achievable coverage of the second dose of measles containing vaccine (MCV2) when the protocol of simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines was fully implemented. Risk factors for missed opportunity (MO) for simultaneous administration of MCV2 were also investigated. Methods: Children born from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2014 and registered in Zhejiang provincial immunization information system were enrolled in this study. The MO of simultaneous administration of MCV2, the actual age-appropriate coverage (AAC) of MCV2 and the potentially achievable coverage (PAC) of MCV2 were evaluated and compared across different birth cohorts, by different socio-demographic variables. For the 2014 birth cohort, logistic regression model was used to detect the risk factors of MOs, from both socio-demographic and vaccination service providing aspects. Results: Compared to the AAC, the PAC of MCV2 increased significantly from 2005 birth cohort to 201...
Radius of Care in Secondary Schools in the Midwest: Are Automated External Defibrillators Sufficiently Accessible to Enable Optimal Patient Care?

Context: Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death among young athletes. According to the American Heart Association, an automated external defibrillator (AED) should be available within...
Plasma Diagnostics and End-Point Detection

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses plasma diagnostics and end-point detection. Plasma diagnostic techniques predate the development of plasma processing for semiconductor technology. The use of diagnostic techniques to characterize plasma processing has evolved as the technology that has become more established and crucial to the manufacture of integrated circuits. When plasma etching was first developed, several diagnostic techniques were available that had utilized glow discharges as sources for previous studies. These techniques were applied by using commercially available plasma reactors as the source for the diagnostic tool to study the chemistry and physics occurring in these important glow-discharge systems. End-point detection of the etching process has been a fortuitous development that has resulted from the study of plasma reactions by various diagnostic tools. Techniques that were used initially to understand the mechanisms of the plasma process led to indications that the end point of an etching process could be monitored. Because of the critical nature of most plasma processes for circuit manufacturing, nearly all diagnostic tools have been exploited to determine the completion of the critical etching process.
Criteria for Transfer From the Coronary Care Unit

Efficient use of coronary care unit (CCU) beds has become critical in the current era of medical cost containment, since intensive care units consume the greatest proportion of hospital expenses (1). Although some emphasis has recently been placed on appropriate coronary care admission practices, little has been written regarding criteria for discharge from the CCU (2). Indeed, none of the major cardiovascular texts consider this subject and most journal articles merely acknowledge the lack of consensus among institutions regarding CCU practices without developing standards for further comparison (3). This chapter is therefore not a rigorous review of the current medical literature but rather an initial attempt to define broad patient groups routinely admitted to the CCU for suspected acute myocardial ischemic syndromes with attention to simple clinical criteria which could be used to facilitate expedient and safe CCU discharge of patients within each group. Consequently four broad patient groups defined by clinical observations within the initial 72 hours during the CCU admission will be discussed (Figure 1). Group I is comprised of patients admitted for suspected but unproven myocardial infarction defined after 24 hours of observation, Group II consists of patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarctions, Group III consists of patients with complicated infarctions, and Group IV consists of patients with unstable angina. The latter three groups are defined by clinical characteristics evolving over the initial 72 hours of the CCU admission.
Global Integration of Locally Integrable Vector Fields

The material of this talk stems from Artin’s presentation of Cauchy’s theorem, but really belongs in connection with basic real analysis, in a course on calculus of several (actually two) variables. No knowledge of complex analysis is assumed. Some basic knowledge about partial derivatives, is taken for granted, but no more than what is in [La 87], Chapter VIII, §4. A more complete treatment will be found in [La 97], Chapters XV and XVI.
Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry for Analytical Microbiology

Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful analytical techniques for the characterization, identification, and classification of microorganisms. Using different variations or combinations of GC and MS, one can detect and identify natural metabolic products of cells, separate and identify monomeric structural components, profile composition of cells or cell fractions, or detect at a trace level the presence of bacteria using characteristic chemical markers. This chapter reviews basic instrumental aspects of GC, particularly capillary GC, and MS from the perspective of analytical microbiology.
A Practical Approach to NFS Response Time Monitoring

NFS and the automounter simplify both filesystem access and filesystem management in large, distributed networks. In demanding environments, however, they require a network management strategy which ensures a consistent and acceptable level of performance. This paper reviews available tools for measuring NFS response time including rpcspy, nfswatch, nfsstat, and WireTap. We then describe a heuristic technique we have implemented on top of basic NFS response time statistics. It is used to create a management measure of network quality based upon NFS response time, and to proactively focus on NFS performance bottlenecks.
Measure differential inclusions

When modeling dynamical systems with uncertainty, one usually resorts to stochastic calculus and, specifically, Brownian motion. Recently, we proposed an alternative approach based on time-evolution of measures, called Measure Differential Equations, which can be seen as natural generalization of Ordinary Differential Equations to measures. The approach allows to pass to the limit in discrete approximations and attain finite-speed diffusion, concentration and other phenomena. In this paper we start building the theory of Measure Differential Inclusions which are the counterpart of Differential Inclusions for measures. We provide the general definitions and prove existence of solutions under continuity and convexity properties.
Engineering nanomolar peptide ligands that differentially modulate EphA2 receptor signaling

The EPH receptor A2 (EphA2) tyrosine kinase plays an important role in a plethora of biological and disease processes, ranging from angiogenesis and cancer to inflammation and parasitic infections. EphA2 is therefore considered an important drug target. Two short peptides previously identified by phage display, named YSA and SWL, are widely used as EphA2-targeting agents owing to their high specificity for this receptor. However, these peptides have only modest (micromolar) potency. Lack of structural information on the binding interactions of YSA and SWL with the extracellular EphA2 ligand-binding domain (LBD) has for many years precluded structure-guided improvements. We now report the high-resolution (1.53–2.20 A) crystal structures of the YSA peptide and several of its improved derivatives in complex with the EphA2 LBD, disclosing that YSA targets the ephrin-binding pocket of EphA2 and mimics binding features of the ephrin-A ligands. The structural information obtained enabled iterative peptide modifications conferring low nanomolar potency. Furthermore, contacts observed in the crystal structures shed light on how C-terminal features can convert YSA derivatives from antagonists to agonists that likely bivalently interact with two EphA2 molecules to promote receptor oligomerization, autophosphorylation, and downstream signaling. Consistent with this model, quantitative FRET measurements in live cells revealed that the peptide agonists promote the formation of EphA2 oligomeric assemblies. Our findings now enable rational strategies to differentially modify EphA2 signaling toward desired outcomes by using appropriately engineered peptides. Such peptides could be used as research tools to interrogate EphA2 function and to develop pharmacological leads.
Integration Errors in Image Reconstruction of Circularly Symmetric Objects in Computer Assisted Tomography

Computer assisted tomography is a new technique for producing X-ray images of exceptional clarity. The basic data consist of transmitted intensities at a series of uniformly spaced positions and angles. These data can then be used to reconstruct the image by a Fourier transform algorithm first developed in the context of radio- astronomy. A brief summary of the general technique is given. We then discuss the discretization error arising from the necessity of using a discrete approximation to the final integral in the reconstruction, restricting ourselves to objects with circular symmetry. We show that the analysis is considerably simplified if one works in the Fourier domain, and consider the error made by constructing an approximation to the desired kernel by linear interpolation. We show that the error is roughly proportional to 1/m2, where m is the number of scans.
A Comparative Study of Smart Grid Security Based on Unsupervised Learning and Load Ranking

Due to the increasing number of risk factors, energy sector has been experiencing interruptions (attack) in the normal operation both externally and internally. Different methods are used for the identification and evaluation of vulnerabilities due to these interruption in the complex and critical infrastructures like the smart grid. Based on the objective of the attack, the performance and effectiveness of the learning-based approaches may vary when compared with other approaches to identify critical components of the smart grid. In this work, we adopted two target selection strategies (one is an unsupervised learning algorithm and the other is a load ranking based approach) for attack and measured system performances based on two evaluation metrics. We conducted the experiments on four different standard power system test cases and compared the performances of the aforementioned target selection strategies by two evaluation metrics. We used K-means clustering as the unsupervised learning method for the target selection of contingencies. To evaluate the system damage, we used generation loss and number of transmission line outages. For different attack orders, with two different attack objectives (evaluation metrics), experiments were conducted on W&W 6 bus system, IEEE 7 bus system, IEEE 8 bus system, and IEEE 300 bus system. We showed that, a clustering based attack performs better when the system is relatively large (highly dense in terms of connection to other buses) and the objective is to achieve a high number of transmission line outages. On the other hand, load ranking based attack outperforms clustering based attack when the attack objective is to achieve higher generation loss, regardless of the size of the system.
Introduction to calcium isotope geochemistry: Past lessons and future directions

Abstract Calcium (Ca) isotopes have been utilized as geochemical tools since the 1970s, increasing in popularity and scope since the mid- to late 1990s. Research conducted over the past thirty years has revealed a range of applications for Ca isotopes that are highlighted in this introduction and Special Issue, as well as a series of interesting and fundamental problems that have yet to be resolved. For such a chemically-simple system, in comparison to redox-active elements for instance, the level of complexity is both surprising and intellectually attractive. While the advent of multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers made metals such as Fe, Mg, and Zn considerably more accessible analytically, the precision and ease of Ca isotopic analysis did not radically improve in a comparable manner. For a variety of reasons, one of which may be perceived analytical difficulty, the application of Ca isotopes to geological questions remains in the shadows, to some extent, in the Geosciences. In this introduction, we identify (i) areas that we think are most fertile for the application of Ca isotopes as tools and (ii) outstanding questions and future directions that can move the field towards increased utility and broader acceptance by the Geosciences community.
Emerging patterns of collection development in expanding resource sharing, electronic information and network environment

ContentsIntroduction * Library Collections and Distance Information: New Models of Collection Development for the 21st Century * Library Collections at Century?s End: Lessons from American Express * Designing Serial Collections for the 21st Century * Will Electronic Information Finally Result in Real Resource Sharing? * Friends or Predators: Evaluating Academic Periodicals Price Histories as a Means of Making Subscription Decisions * Collecting, Sharing, and Networking: The Roles and Responsibilities of a National Library * Emerging Patterns of Partnership in Collection Development: A Subscription Vendor?s Perspective * New Partners for Collection Development
Regional and field-specific differences in Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with blighted North Carolina wheat.

Abstract Worldwide, while Fusarium graminearum is the main causal species of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in small-grain cereals, a diversity of FHB-causing species belonging to different species complexes has been found in most countries. In the U.S., FHB surveys have focused on the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) and the frequencies of 3-ADON, 15-ADON, and nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes. A large-scale survey was undertaken across the state of North Carolina in 2014 to explore the frequency and distribution of F. graminearum capable of producing NIV, which is not monitored at grain intake points. Symptomatic wheat spikes were sampled from 59 wheat fields in 24 counties located in three agronomic zones typical of several states east of the Appalachian Mountains: Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Tidewater. Altogether, 2197 isolates were identified to species using DNA sequence-based methods. Surprisingly, although F. graminearum was the majority species detected, species in the Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC) that produce “emerging mycotoxins” were frequent, and even dominant in some fields. The FTSC percentage was 50–100% in four fields, 30–49% in five fields, 20–29% in five fields, and 12% in a single field, indicating that routine testing for NIV is probably unnecessary. The patchy distribution of FTSC species in wheat crops demonstrated the need to investigate the potential importance of their mycotoxins and the factors that allow them to sometimes outcompete trichothecene producers. An increased sampling intensity of wheat fields led to the unexpected discovery of a minority FHB-causing population.
A Window into Your Gut: Biologically Inspired Engineering of Mini-gut Tubes In Vitro.

Recently in Nature, using biologically inspired design principles to recapitulate native crypt-villi topography and luminal flow, Nikolaev et al. engineered an intestinal organotypic culture system that is capable of long-term epithelial homeostasis. Mini-gut tubes were used in month-long studies of parasite-host interactions and completely regenerated following injury.
Ecological psychology as social psychology

Several articles published in this journal over a number of years have examined the social dimensions of Gibsonian ecological psychology. The present paper picks up several of their themes, with an...
Multi-period Portfolio Optimization using Model Predictive Control with Mean-Variance and Risk Parity Frameworks

We employ model predictive control for a multi-period portfolio optimization problem. In addition to the mean-variance objective, we construct a portfolio whose allocation is given by model predictive control with a risk-parity objective, and provide a successive convex program algorithm that provides 30 times faster and robust solutions in the experiments. Computational results on the multi-asset universe show that multi-period models perform better than their single period counterparts in out-of-sample period, 2006-2020. The out-of-sample risk-adjusted performance of both mean-variance and risk-parity formulations beat the fix-mix benchmark, and achieve Sharpe ratio of 0.64 and 0.97, respectively.
Self-Directed Technology to Improve Urinary Symptoms.

Primary care practices commonly encounter women and men of all ages with a wide variety of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that can negatively impact quality of life. The reported prevalence of stress, urge, or mixed-type urinary incontinence (UI) among women varies widely depending upon
Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview.

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been noted to be comorbid with a variety of psychiatric disorders. These include oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, as well as affective, anxiety, and learning disorders. Considerable debate has revolved as to the meaning of this overlap. Does it occur by chance or is it an artifact of referral bias? Are the comorbid conditions secondary to the ADHD, or can other psychiatric disorders masquerade as attentional problems? Alternatively, ADHD may exist as distinct subtypes, each with its specific comorbidity. Studies that have examined the comorbidity of oppositional, conduct, affective, anxiety, and learning disorders in ADHD are reviewed. ADHD and ADHD with conduct disorder appear to be distinct subtypes, possibly with different etiologies. While the short-term response to stimulants is the same in these two groups, children with ADHD and conduct disorder children have higher rates of antisocial personality as adults. Coexisting anxiety appears to attenuate impulsivity in ADHD, and stimulant response is poorer in ADHD children with comorbid anxiety. Anxiety and ADHD appear to be inherited independently. A subset of ADHD children also meet criteria for bipolar disorder, although the exact prevalence of this diagnosis in ADHD children is strongly debated. Regardless of prevalence, this is a severely impaired group of ADHD children, with high rates of aggression and psychiatric disorder in their families. The comorbidity of ADHD and major depression is much less studied, and few firm conclusions can be made about it. Finally, about 20%-25% of ADHD children meet criteria for a learning disorder, but learning disorders appear to be independent of ADHD.