cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Observations on the Vitamin D Requirement of Turkey Poults

Abstract IT WAS reported previously (Jukes and Sanford, 1939) that approximately 200 A.O.A.C. chick units of vitamin D per 100 grams of diet were required by turkey poults in the first 4 weeks to produce maximal calcification. Attention was drawn to the observation that turkeys and chicks might exhibit a species difference in their response to different forms of vitamin D. This species difference has been further established by the work of Willgeroth and co-workers with dihydrotachysterol (1943). The present report deals with further experiments on the response of poults to varying levels of vitamin D. EXPERIMENTAL Day-old turkey poults were placed in electrically heated battery brooders in a room from which all daylight was excluded, and were fed the experimental diets immediately. Each group contained 14 birds, 7 of which were obtained from eggs laid by the University of California experimental flock (Jukes and Sanford, 1939) and 7 from a . . .
Lewis acid promoted photocyclization of arylimines. Studies directed towards the synthesis of pentacyclic natural products.

Abstract Arylimines are converted into 9-azaphenanthrene derivatives (38–46%) when photolyzed in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate.
Segregation of moving objects using elastic matching

We present a method for figure-ground segregation of moving objects from monocular video sequences. The approach is based on tracking extracted contour fragments, in contrast to traditional approaches which rely on feature points, regions, and unorganized edge elements. Specifically, a notion of similarity between pairs of curve fragments appearing in two adjacent frames is developed and used to find the curve correspondence. This similarity metric is elastic in nature and in addition takes into account both a novel notion of transitions in curve fragments across video frames and an epipolar constraint. This yields a performance rate of 85% correct correspondence on a manually labeled set of frame pairs. Color/intensity of the regions on either side of the curve is also used to reduce the ambiguity and improve efficiency of curve correspondence. The retrieved curve correspondence is then used to group curves in each frame into clusters based on the pairwise similarity of how they transform from one frame to the next. Results on video sequences of moving vehicles show that using curve fragments for tracking produces a richer segregation of figure from ground than current region or feature-based methods.
Effect of self-interaction on charged black hole radiance

Abstract We extend our previous analysis of the modification of the spectrum of black hole radiance due to the simplest and probably most quantitatively important back-reaction effect, that is self-gravitational interaction, to the case of charged holes. As anticipated, the corrections are small for low-energy radiation when the hole is well away from extremality, but become qualitatively important near extremality. A notable result is that radiation which could leave the hole with mass and charge characteristic of a naked singularity, predicted in the usual approximation of fixed space-time geometry, is here suppressed. We discuss the nature of our approximations, and show how they work in a simpler electromagnetic analogue problem.
The Angular Clustering of Distant Galaxy Clusters

We discuss the angular clustering of galaxy clusters at -->z > 1 selected within 50 deg2 from the Spitzer Wide-Infrared Extragalactic survey. We use a simple color selection to identify high-redshift galaxies with no dependence on galaxy rest-frame optical color using Spitzer IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm photometry. The majority (>90%) of galaxies with -->z > 1.3 are identified with ( -->[3.6] − [4.5])AB > − 0.1 mag. We identify candidate galaxy clusters at -->z > 1 by selecting overdensities of ≥26-28 objects with -->[3.6] − [4.5] > − 0.1 mag within radii of -->1.4', which corresponds to -->r z = 1.5. These candidate galaxy clusters show strong angular clustering, with an angular correlation function represented by -->w(θ ) = (3.1 ± 0.5)(θ/1')−1.1 ± 0.1 over scales of -->2'- -->100'. Assuming the redshift distribution of these galaxy clusters follows a fiducial model, these galaxy clusters have a spatial-clustering scale length -->r0 = 22.4 ± 3.6 h−1 Mpc and a comoving number density -->n = 1.2 ± 0.1 × 10−5 -->h3 Mpc−3. The correlation scale length and number density of these objects are comparable to those of rich galaxy clusters at low redshift. The number density of these high-redshift clusters corresponds to dark matter halos larger than -->(3–5) × 1013 -->h−1 -->M☉ at -->z = 1.5. Assuming the dark halos hosting these high-redshift clusters grow following ΛCDM models, these clusters will reside in halos larger than -->(1–2) × 1014 -->h−1 -->M☉ at -->z = 0.2, comparable to rich galaxy clusters.
Andreev bound state tunneling: spectroscopy of unconventional superconductivity

Planar tunneling spectroscopy is used to investigate the quasi- particle density of states of YBCO. The tunneling conductance, taken as a function of temperature, magnetic field, crystallographic orientation, Pr, Zn and Ni doping and ion-induced damage confirms that the observed zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) is an Andreev Bound State (ABS). This ABS occurs at the interface of an unconventional superconductor, that breaks the order parameter reflectional symmetry: in this case, the (110) surface of YBCO. An applied magnetic filed causes a splitting of the ZBCP, which is due to the Doppler shift arising from the scalar product of the quasiparticle velocity with the superfluid momentum, V F (DOT)P S . A dramatic dependence of the ZBCP splitting with the direction of the applied field demonstrates that the transport properties of the ABS are highly anisotropic with respect to the crystal axes. In zero field, the ZBCP splits below T s approximately 8K, which is a manifestation of a phase transition into a state that breaks time-reversal symmetry.
Quantum disorder due to singlet formation: The Plaquette lattice

Abstract I study the order/disorder transition due to singlet formation in a quantum spin system by means of exact diagonalization. The systems is build by spin 1/2 on a two-dimensional square lattice with two different kinds of antiferromagnetic Heisenberg interactions. The interaction Jp connects 4 nearest neighbor spins on a plaquette. The interaction Jn connects the plaquettes with each other. If Jp=Jn the systems reduces to the simple square lattice case. If one of the interactions becomes sufficiently larger then the other the purely quantum effect of singlet formation drives the system into a disordered phase with only short range correlations in the plaquettes and a spin gap. I study the transition point by evaluating the spin gap and spin–spin correlations. I compare the results with previously calculated data from a non-linear σ model approach, spin wave theory and series expansion calculations. I confirm a critical value of Jn≈0.6 for the quantum phase transition point.
A history of the New York Branch of the American Psychological Association, 1903-1935.

[The Eastern Psychological Association (EPA) held its 65th annual meeting in 1994. The numbering of those meetings began with a meeting of the New York Branch of the American Psychological Association in 1930, but the roots of the EPA are much deeper, beginning with the formation of the New York Branch in 1903. The branch began as a forum for the exchange of scientific information in psychology in the New York City area. It was initially successful, meeting three times per year for a one-day program, and featured a Who's Who of speakers delivering some of the most important papers in the history of American psychology. After World War I its character, like that of psychology, began to change as the program reflected the growth in applied psychology and the membership began to be dominated by nonpsychologists. Its reorganization in 1930 restored control of the branch to university-based psychologists and reestablished the scientific goals that characterize the EPA today.]
Beam Profile Monitor System for the Bevalac Transfer Line

Incorporated in the current Bevalac transfer line upgrade project is a proposal for a new electronic beam monitoring system. It will be designed to amplify, convert, and transmit the signals of twelve 16 by 16 multi-wire grids to a central computer located in the Bevatron control room. Each station will contain interface amplifiers and a local microprocessor to convert wire grid currents into digitized values which will then be transmitted via a serial data channel to the main computer. The system will have a large dynamic range (1 nano to 1 milli-ampere of beam current), be designed for distributed operation, and will be easily expandable. This paper will describe the basic electronic hardware and software components of the proposed system.
A Reinvestigation of the Reaction of Hydrazine Hydrate With 2-Substituted Styryl-4-Quinazolones

Abstract The reaction of hydrazine hydrate with certain 2-substituted styryl-4-quinazolones results in the formation of a novel tricyclic heterocycle and not the previously reported acyl hydrazide. A mechanistic rationale is presented.
Formation of Globular Clusters in Hierarchical Cosmology

We study the formation of globular clusters in a Milky Way-size galaxy using a high-resolution cosmological simulation. The clusters in our model form in the strongly baryon-dominated cores of supergiant molecular clouds in the gaseous disks of high-redshift galaxies. The properties of clusters are estimated using a physically motivated subgrid model of the isothermal cloud collapse. The first clusters in the simulation form at z ? 12, while we conjecture that the best conditions for globular cluster formation appear to be at z ~ 3-5. Most clusters form in the progenitor galaxies of the virial mass Mh > 109 M?, and the total mass of the cluster population is strongly correlated with the mass of its host galaxy: MGC = 3 ? 106 M?(Mh/1011 M?)1.1. This corresponds to a fraction ~2 ? 10-4 of the galactic baryons being in the form of globular clusters. In addition, the mass of the globular cluster population and the maximum cluster mass in a given region strongly correlate with the local average star formation rate. We find that the mass, size, and metallicity distributions of the globular cluster population identified in the simulation are remarkably similar to the corresponding distributions of the Milky Way globular clusters. We find no clear mass-metallicity or age-metallicity correlations for the old clusters. The zero-age mass function of globular clusters can be approximated by a power law dN/dM M-? with ? ? 2, in agreement with the mass function of young stellar clusters in starbursting galaxies. We discuss in detail the origin and universality of the globular cluster mass function. Our results indicate that globular clusters with properties similar to those of observed clusters can form naturally within dense gaseous disks at z 3 in the concordance ?CDM cosmology.
Cyclopropane-Derived Peptidomimetics. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Enkephalin Analogues

It is known that peptide mimics containing trans-substituted cyclopropanes stabilize extended conformations of oligopeptides, and molecular modeling studies now suggest that the corresponding cis-cyclopropane dipeptide isosteres could stabilize a reverse turn. To begin to assess this possibility, a series of cis-substituted cyclopropanes were incorporated as replacements of the Gly2-Gly3 and Phe4-Leu5 dipeptide subunits in Leu-enkephalin (H2N-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH), which is believed to bind to opiod receptors in a conformation containing a β-turn. General methods for the synthesis of the cyclopropane-containing dipeptide isosteres -XaaΨ[COcpCO]Yaa- and -XaaΨ[NHcpNH]Yaa-were developed by a sequence that featured the enantioselective cyclization of allylic diazoacetates catalyzed by the chiral rhodium complexes Rh2[(5S)-MEPY]4 and Rh2[(5R)-MEPY]4. A useful modification of the Weinreb amidation procedure was applied to the opening of the intermediate lactones with dipeptides, and a novel method for the syn...
Minimum-cost portfolio insurance ☆

Abstract Minimum-cost portfolio insurance is an investment strategy that enables an investor to avoid losses while still capturing gains of a payoff of a portfolio at minimum cost. If derivative markets are complete, then holding a put option in conjunction with the reference portfolio provides minimum-cost insurance at arbitrary arbitrage-free security prices. We derive a characterization of incomplete derivative markets in which the minimum-cost portfolio insurance is independent of arbitrage-free security prices. Our characterization relies on the theory of lattice-subspaces. We establish that a necessary and sufficient condition for price-independent minimum-cost portfolio insurance is that the asset span is a lattice-subspace of the space of contingent claims. If the asset span is a lattice-subspace, then the minimum-cost portfolio insurance can be easily calculated as a portfolio that replicates the targeted payoff in a subset of states which is the same for every reference portfolio.
Input Decisions and Price-Quality Schedules

Often, a firm engaged in a single production process produces a variety of outputs, each with different quality attributes. This is the case in fruit production, clear-cut forestry, fishing, and mining. The technology may be specified in terms of a production-quality-input use relationship. For each unit of output, quality attributes are mapped onto unit revenue through a price-quality schedule. For example, rough diamonds and other precious gems are evaluated according to clarity, color, cut, and carat weight (Bruton 1971, p. 133). Producers may have some control over the quantity and quality of the resulting products, and so can react to changes in the price-quality schedule even if the initial, quality-weighted, average price per unit does not change. In the case of diamonds, digging deeper into a seam (a pipe) or widening the mine shaft will result in more rough stones and perhaps a change in the distribution of stone qualities. Thus, quantity and quality may be inextricably linked. Consider the case of a small diamond mining firm that sells to the De Beers-controlled Central Selling Organization. The firm negotiates a price-quality schedule and, based on geological and other data, it wishes to optimize the size of its operations, taking into account changes in the volume and the qualitative composition of output. The purpose of this article is to study the optimal input choices of a firm in such an environment and to show how shifts in the price-quality schedule, production technology, or both affect these choices. In the case of diamonds, the price-quality schedule might shift during a recession, if new diamond mines come on stream, or if a global marketing campaign proves to be a success. Shifts in the production technology might involve the use of mechanical rather than manual harvesters in fruit or horicultural cropping and the choice of nets in commercial fishing. In the case of mineral mining, the use of construction inputs to expand a mine shaft are the decisions of interest. With fruit, it might be water or fertilizer usage.
Effective Web data extraction with standard XML technologies

Abstract We describe an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based methodology for Web data extraction that extends beyond simple “screen scraping”. An ideal data extraction process can digest target Web databases that are visible only as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) pages, and create a local replica of those databases as a result. What is needed is more than a Web crawler and set of Web site wrappers. A comprehensive data extraction process must deal with such obstacles as session identifiers, HTML forms, client-side JavaScript, incompatible datasets and vocabularies, and missing and conflicting data. Proper data extraction also requires solid data validation and error recovery to handle data extraction failures. Our ANDES software framework helps solve these problems and provides a platform for building a production–quality Web data extraction process. Key aspects of ANDES are that it uses XML technologies for data extraction, including Extensible HTML and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations, and provides access to the “deep Web”.
The Transition from Spacecraft Development to Flight Operations: Human Factor Considerations

In the field of aeronautics and astronautics, a paradigm shift has been witnessed by those in academia, research and development, and private industry. Long development life cycles and the budgets to support such programs and projects has given way to aggressive task schedules and leaner resources to draw from all the while challenging assigned individuals to create and produce improved products of processes. however, this "faster, better, cheaper" concept cannot merely be applied to the design, development, and test of complex systems such as earth-orbiting of interplanetary robotic spacecraft. Full advantage is not possible without due consideration and application to mission operations planning and flight operations, Equally as important as the flight system, the mission operations system consisting of qualified personnel, ground hardware and software tools, and verified and validated operational processes, should also be regarded as a complex system requiring personnel to draw upon formal education, training, related experiences, and heuristic reasoning in engineering an effective and efficient system. Unquestionably, qualified personnel are the most important elements of a mission operations system. This paper examines the experiences of the Deep Space I Project, the first in a series of new technology in-flight validation missions sponsored by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), specifically, in developing a subsystems analysis and technology validation team comprised of former spacecraft development personnel. Human factor considerations are investigated from initial concept/vision formulation; through operational process development; personnel test and training; to initial uplink product development and test support. Emphasis has been placed on challenges and applied or recommended solutions, so as to provide opportunities for future programs and projects to address and disposition potential issues and concerns as early as possible to reap the benefits associated with learning from other's past experiences.
Job level changes and wage growth

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of job level changes on wages accounting for both the potential endogeneity of promotions and measurement error in job level changes.Design/methodology/approach – Instruments for job level changes the workers' use belief about the possibility of a promotion from the previous period. Reasons why the respondent believes that a promotion is not possible are used as a second set of instruments. Also, the paper estimates separate wage effects for men and women.Findings – The paper indicates that promotions carry a roughly 18 percent wage increase; compared to a 7 percent premium when using ordinary least squares estimation. The paper also finds that men receive much larger wage increases when promoted, compared with women.Originality/value – This is the first paper to account for the endogeneity of promotions in wage estimates. Accurately estimating the relationship between job level changes and wages helps people to understand wage growth over a wo...
SFM: synchronizing forms manager

This paper describes a system being developed at Kansas State University to support the flow of intelligent forms through a local area network of microcomputers. The intelligent form is briefly described along with the supporting network architecture. The proposal is presented that a new software device is required to handle the flow of forms, the Synchronizing Forms Manager. This software will have a combination of operating system and compiler functions and will manage communications between computers, trigger and handle dynamic priority updates of forms, keep system maps, synchronize system clocks, and perform translation of form commands.The Synchronizing Forms Manager (SFM) is described with its associated data structures, operations, and syntax. Further research efforts are discussed with their implications for the office environment.
Binding of oxysulfur anions to macrocyclic iron(II,III): [(Fe(TPP))2SO4] and Fe(Me6[14]-4,11-dieneN4)(S2O5)]

Abstract In an attempt to produce substrate-Fe(II) complexes potentially relevant to the mechanism of action of sulfite reductase, several anaerobic reaction systems were investigated. The system Fe(TPP)+SO2 in benzene afforded [(FE(TPP))2SO4] (1), which was obtained in single crystal form as the solvate [(Fe- (TPP))2SO4]·C6H6·2SO2. This compound crystallizes in orthorhombic space group P21221 with a= 12.647(2), b=13.483(3), c=23.409(6) A and Z=2. Complex 1 contains five-coordinate Fe(III) units bridged by sulfate ion binding as a monodentate ligand to each metal. The structure of 1 is closely similar to that in a differently solvated, rhombohedral lattice reported earlier. The oxidized product results from traces of dioxygen and is probably formed from a bridged peroxide intermediate in a reaction demonstrated earlier. The system [Fe(Me6- [14]-4,11-dieneN4)(MeCN)2]2++(n-Bu4N)HSO3 in acetonitrile yielded yellow, high-spin [Fe(Me6[14]- 4,11-dieneN4)(S2O5)] (2). Compound 2 crystallizes as the acetonitrile monosolvate in monoclinic space group C2/c with a=9.575(3), b=16.557(4), c= 15.409(4) A, β=96.85(2)° and Z=4. Complex 2 contains a chelating disulfite, generated in the equilibrium 2HSO3−⇌S2O52−+H2O. Dimensions of coordinated and free disulfite are not significantly different; however, the ligand is disordered around a C2 axis passing through the Fe atom and bisecting the SS bond of the chelate ring. This is the first structure of a transition metal disulfite complex. The results suggest the conditions necessary to the formation of an authentic sulfite or bisulfite complex of a Fe(II) tetraaza macrocycle, species potentially suitable as models of the enzyme-substrate complex of sulfite reductase.
International patterns of cigarette smoking and global antismoking policies

This paper provides a recent look at global smoking trends across population subgroups for a large sample of countries. Attention to international aspects has been scarce in the literature. The prevalence of various smoking control policies across different country groups is discussed. The level of economic development in a country and the demographic characteristics of the population appear to be crucial determinants of smoking prevalence. Among four categories of smoking control policies—advertising restrictions, sales restrictions, territorial restrictions, and packaging requirements—territorial restrictions on tobacco use seem most popular across countries, while sales restrictions are least popular. Price (tax)-based policies to control smoking are not effectively being used in many countries, especially developing countries.
Rebuilding physical education in the Western occupation zones of Germany, 1945–1949

After the Second World War, the British, American and French believed education could be used to promote democracy in Germany. The Western powers faced particular difficulties with the field of physical education because of the strong Nazi influence in this area during the Third Reich. The premier pre-war physical education teacher training institute was located in the Soviet sector of Berlin. To help solve that problem as well as the dearth of qualified physical education teachers in post-war Germany, the Western Allies wanted to create a new institution for physical education. This article places the creation of the Deutsche Sporthochschule in Cologne within broader Allied education plans and goals for the occupation of Germany.
How to trap a non-standard penguin? Isospin symmetry violations in B-decays with enhanced chromomagnetic dipole operator

Abstract A recently proposed non-standard model solution to the problem of low semileptonic branching ratio B SL which suggests a large branching ratio for the decay b → sg is critically examined. It is shown that the effects of the enhanced chromomagnetic dipole operator might lead to significant violations of isospin symmetry in rate radiative decays of B -mesons.
Dosimetric and clinical predictors of the development of moist desquamation in breast cancer irradiation

Objectives To evaluate the impact of patient and treatment factors on the incidence and timing of moist desquamation (MD) during adjuvant whole-breast radiotherapy (RT).
On Some Free Products of Von Neumann Algebras which are Free Araki–Woods Factors

We prove that certain free products of factors of type I and other von Neumann algebras with respect to nontracial, almost periodic states are almost periodic free Araki–Woods factors. In particular, they have the free absorption property and Connes' Sd invariant completely classifies these free products. For example, for λ, μ ∈]0, 1[, we show that(M2(C),ωλ)*(M2(C),ωμ)is isomorphic to the free Araki–Woods factor whose Sd invariant is the subgroup of R+* generated by λ and μ. Our proofs are based on algebraic techniques and amalgamated free products. These results give some answers to questions of Dykema and Shlyakhtenko.
Electrochemical decomposition of urea with Ni-based catalysts

Abstract Nickel based catalysts (Ni, Ni-Zn, and Ni-Zn-Co) synthesized through electrodeposition and alkaline leaching processes were used as electrocatalysts for the electrochemical decomposition of urea to benign nitrogen and fuel cell grade hydrogen. The performances of the Ni-based catalysts for the urea decomposition were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and polarization techniques. The results of the CVs show that the Ni-Zn catalysts and the Ni-Zn-Co catalysts decreased the onset potential of urea oxidation by 40 mV and 80 mV, respectively when compared to Ni catalysts. The highest efficiency for the oxidation of urea was observed with the Ni-Zn-Co catalysts. The Ni-Zn and Ni-Zn-Co catalysts are promising materials for large-scale urea removal/decomposition from urea-rich wastewater, as well as for hydrogen production.
Comparative environmental constitutionalism

As more and more countries around the globe are amending their constitutions to recognises environmental rights and duties relating to air, water, the use of natural resources, sustainability, climate change, and more, courts are increasingly engaging with these provisions and developing a common constitutional law of environmental rights. This article examines this growing jurisprudence and surveys the central axes around which debates about environmental constitutionalism revolve. First, we examine whether environmental rights are more suitably advanced at the international level or at the national level of constitutional law, as is increasingly the case; the former offers two alternatives—protecting the environment for its own sake or protecting it as a human right, whereas constitutionalism tends to integrate the two approaches. Concluding that international protection presents problems of articulation and enforcement, we examine the arguments for protection of environmental rights at the level of national constitutionalism. Lastly, we argue that engaging in comparative constitutionalism is a necessary component of understanding the envisioned reach and inherent limitations of environmental constitutionalism.
Novel S-ribosylhomocysteine analogues as potential inhibitors of LuxS enzyme.

Selective cross-coupling of the protected 6-fluoro-6-iodo-α-D-ribo-hex-5-enofuranose with 2 equivalents of 4-ethoxy-4-oxobutylzinc bromide in the presence of Pd[P(Ph)3]4 followed by deprotections gave methyl 5,6,7,8,9-pentadeoxy-6-fluoro-α/β-D-ribo-dec-5(Z)-enofuranuronate; a S-ribosylhomocysteine analogue with the sulfur and carbon-5 atoms replaced by the fluoro(vinyl) unit.
gSketch: on query estimation in graph streams

Many dynamic applications are built upon large network infrastructures, such as social networks, communication networks, biological networks and the Web. Such applications create data that can be naturally modeled as graph streams, in which edges of the underlying graph are received and updated sequentially in a form of a stream. It is often necessary and important to summarize the behavior of graph streams in order to enable effective query processing. However, the sheer size and dynamic nature of graph streams present an enormous challenge to existing graph management techniques. In this paper, we propose a new graph sketch method, gSketch, which combines well studied synopses for traditional data streams with a sketch partitioning technique, to estimate and optimize the responses to basic queries on graph streams. We consider two different scenarios for query estimation: (1) A graph stream sample is available; (2) Both a graph stream sample and a query workload sample are available. Algorithms for different scenarios are designed respectively by partitioning a global sketch to a group of localized sketches in order to optimize the query estimation accuracy. We perform extensive experimental studies on both real and synthetic data sets and demonstrate the power and robustness of gSketch in comparison with the state-of-the-art global sketch method.
Olefin cross-metathesis in the preparation of polycyclopropanes: formal synthesis of FR-900848

Abstract Olefin cross-metathesis was used for the efficient incorporation of an E -olefin between two cyclopropane residues. The generation of a bis-cyclopropyl alkene homodimer, followed by cross metathesis with a terminal vinyl polycyclopropane, provided excellent yields of the targeted compounds with good olefin stereoselectivity. The strategy was applied to generation of a quinta-cyclopropane intermediate found in a previous synthesis of the natural product FR-900848.
Asymmetric catalysis of epoxide ring-opening reactions.

The discovery of the metal salen-catalyzed asymmetric ring-opening (ARO) of epoxides is chronicled. A screening approach was adopted for the identification of catalysts for the addition of TMSN3 to meso-epoxides, and the chiral (salen)CrN3 complex was identified as optimal. Kinetic and structural studies served to elucidate the mechanism of catalysis, which involves cooperative activation of both epoxide and azide by two different metal centers. Covalently linked bimetallic complexes were constructed on the basis of this insight, and shown to catalyze the ARO with identical enantioselectivity but 1−2 orders of magnitude greater reactivity than the monomeric analogues. Extraordinarily high selectivity is observed in the kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides using the (salen)CrN3/TMSN3 system. A search for a practical method for the kinetic resolution reaction led to the discovery of highly enantiomer-selective hydrolytic ring-opening using the corresponding (salen)CoIII catalyst. This system displays ext...
Design of an experimental multiple instantaneous response file

An experimental model of an electronic reference retrieval file in which all file entries are interrogated simultaneously has been designed and constructed. The experimental model is designed to store and search on a file of indexes to 5,000 documents. A document index consists of a decimal accession number and up to eight English word descriptors that are closely related to the contents of the document. The vocabulary required to describe the documents is held in a machine dictionary that has a design capacity of 3,000 words. In the model delivered to the sponsor, Rome Air Development Center, the storage capacity is only partially used. The specification for the delivered model calls for the storage of approximately 1,100 documents that were selected from the ASTIA (now DDC) Technical Abstract Bulletin and of the vocabulary needed to describe them (about 1,000 words). The document indexes and the dictionary words are stored in wiring patterns associated with arrays of linear ferrite magnetic cores.A search question, consisting of one to eight descriptors in their natural English form, is entered by means of an electric typewriter. During entry of the search question, the dictionary magnetic store is interrogated by the alphabetic code of each search word. If a word is not contained in the dictionary, it is automatically rejected. After all words of the search question have been entered, the document magnetic store is interrogated by the search question in superimposed code form. The comparison between the search word and the document indexes is made for all documents simultaneously and the machine instantaneously determines if any documents in the file include the search question. If there are none, the machine indicates visually that there is no response. If there is at least one, the machine counts the number of responding documents and displays this number. Then it types out the indexes of all responding documents on the same typewriter that was used to ask the question.
Adaptive grid radiation hydrodynamics with TITAN

Abstract We have developed a code which solves the coupled sets of radiation transfer and fluid dynamics equations (time dependent in one spatial dimension) by employing a fully implicit adaptive grid procedure to detect, resolve, and track the relevant physical structures. We have formulated TITAN as a general purpose code, written it in a user friendly manner, and documented it in detail. This code is available to the (astrophysical) community for the application to a broad variety of computational problems both as a research and a teching tool. We demonstrate the code's power and versatility in a series of simple problems. They range from pure hydrodynamics tests (shock tubes and blast waves), via radiation transfer tests (radiative heating and cooling), to radiation hydrodynamics tests (radiative shocks and blast waves). These can be viewed as predecessors to a host of interesting astrophysical problems such as nova and supernova explosions and light curves, accretion onto compact objects, star formation, and stellar variability.
Efficient and Practical Ag-Catalyzed Cycloadditions between Arylimines and the Danishefsky Diene

An efficient Ag-catalyzed method for asymmetric addition of the Danishefsky diene to various aryl imines to afford cycloadducts in ≥89% ee and ≥85% isolated yield is reported. Reactions are effected with 0.1−1 mol % catalyst (4 °C), and the chiral ligand is readily prepared from commercially available materials, including the inexpensive i-Leu. These catalytic asymmetric cycloadditions can be carried out without the use of solvent or with undistilled THF in air. A first generation supported chiral catalyst that effectively promotes the cycloaddition reaction and can be recycled (five cycles) is described.
Dual-modality drainage of infected and symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis: long-term clinical outcomes.

Background Management options for symptomatic and infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) have evolved over the past decade from open surgical necrosectomy to more minimally invasive approaches. We reported the use of a combined percutaneous and endoscopic approach (dual modality drainage [DMD]) for the treatment of symptomatic and infected WOPN, with good short-term outcomes in a small cohort of patients. Objective To describe the long-term outcomes of 117 patients with symptomatic and infected WOPN treated by DMD. Design Review of a prospective, internal review board–approved database. Setting Single, North American, tertiary-care center. Patients All patients with symptomatic and infected WOPN treated by DMD at our institution between 2007 and 2012. Intervention DMD of symptomatic and infected WOPN. Main Outcome Measurements Disease-related mortality, pancreaticocutaneous fistula formation, need for early and late surgical intervention, procedure-related adverse events. Results A total of 117 patients underwent DMD for symptomatic and infected WOPN. A total of 103 have completed treatment, with all percutaneous drains removed. Ten patients are still undergoing treatment, and 4 patients died with percutaneous drains in place (3.4% disease-related mortality). For the patients completing therapy, the median duration of follow-up was 749.5 days. No patients required surgical necrosectomy or surgical treatment of DMD-related adverse events; 3 patients required late surgery for pain (n = 2) and gastric outlet obstruction (n = 1). There were no procedure-related deaths. In patients who have completed treatment, percutaneous drains have been removed in 100%; no patients have developed pancreaticocutaneous fistulas. Limitations Single-center design, lack of a comparison group. Conclusion DMD for symptomatic and infected WOPN results in favorable clinical outcomes; complete avoidance of pancreaticocutaneous fistulae, surgical necrosectomy, and major procedure-related adverse events, while maintaining single-digit disease-related mortality.
Synthesis of tedanolide and 13-deoxytedanolide. Assembly of a common C(1)-C(11) subtarget.

In this Letter we describe a synthetic strategy and an efficient assembly of a common C(1)−C(11) subtarget, (−)-3, for (+)-tedanolide (1) and (+)-13-deoxytedanolide (2), architecturally complex marine macrolides displaying potent antitumor activity. Key elements of the synthesis include two iterations of the Evans aldol protocol to construct the C(1)−C(6) moiety and a stereocontrolled vinyl anion addition to generate the C(8,9) trisubstituted olefin incorporating stereogenicity at C(7). Alkylation with a model epoxide demonstrates that (−)-3 is a competent dithiane for further elaboration of the macrolide skeleton.
Spin squeezing and reduced quantum noise in spectroscopy.

We investigate the quantum-mechanical noise in spectroscopic experiments on ensembles of N two-level (or spin-1/2) systems where transitions are detected by measuring changes in state population. By preparing correlated states, here called squeezed spin states, we can increase the signal-to-noise ratio in spectroscopy (by approximately ${\mathit{N}}^{1/2}$ in certain cases) over that found in experiments using uncorrelated states. Possible experimental demonstrations of this enhancement are discussed.
Death of Stellar Baryonic Dark Matter

The nature of the dark matter in the Universe is one of the outstanding questions in astrophysics. In this talk, I address possible stellar baryonic contributions to the 50–90% of our Galaxy that is made of unknown dark matter. First I show that faint stars and brown dwarfs constitute only a few percent of the mass of the Galaxy. Next, I show that stellar remnants, including white dwarfs and neutron stars, are also insufficient in abundance to explain all the dark matter of the Galaxy. High energy gamma-rays observed in HEGRA data place the most robust constraints, Ω WD < 3 × 10−3 h −1, where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s−1 Mpc−1. Overproduction of chemical abundances (carbon, nitrogen, and helimn) provide the most stringent constraints, Ω WD < 2 × 10−4 h(−1). Comparison with recent updates of microlensing data are also made. According to the gamma-ray limit, all Massive Compact Halo Objects seen by the experiments (Machos) can be white dwarfs if one takes the extreme numbers; however, from chemical overproduction limits, NOT all Machos can be white dwarfs. Comments on recent observations of the infrared background and of white dwarfs are also made. In conclusion, a nonbaryonic component in the Halo seems to be required.
Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of 1,3-Dienes with Boronic Esters via Reductive Formation of π-Allyl Palladium Intermediates under Oxidative Conditions

A palladium-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of 1,3-dienes with boronic esters in which a π-allyl Pd species is generated directly from a 1,3-diene via a Pd-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation is reported. Both the scope of the process and the origin of a highly selective 1,2-addition are discussed.
Generalized flux vacua

We consider type II string theory compactified on a symmetric T6/2 orientifold. We study a general class of discrete deformations of the resulting four-dimensional supergravity theory, including gaugings arising from geometric and ``nongeometric'' fluxes, as well as the usual R-R and NS-NS fluxes. Solving the equations of motion associated with the resulting = 1 superpotential, we find infinite families of supersymmetric vacua with all moduli stabilized. These solutions have parametrically small string coupling and moduli masses, although we expect that a complete string realization of these models would suffer from large α' corrections. We also describe some aspects of the distribution of generic solutions to the SUSY equations of motion for this model, and note in particular the existence of an apparently infinite number of solutions in a finite range of the parameter space of the four-dimensional effective theory.
Asymmetric aldol addition of aldehydes to a difluoroketene silyl acetal catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids

Abstract Aldol reaction of aldehydes with difluoroketene ethyl trimethylsilyl acetal (1) in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of chiral Lewis acid 2 or 3 provides the corresponding α,α-difluoro β-hydroxy esters 4–12 with high enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). Reaction temperature has a great influence on the enantiofacial selection of aldehydes; the reactions of benzyloxyacetaldehyde catalyzed by Lewis acid 2 at −78 and −30°C gave the (+)- and (−)-α,α-difluoro β-hydroxy esters 7 in optical yields of 98% and 85%, respectively.
The abortion-breast cancer connection.

The reputation of abortion as safe for women—which claim is explicitly part of the Roe v. Wade decision—has rightfully come under serious question for many reasons over the years since Roe. One of the reasons that “safe abortion” has come under question is the evidence linking abortion to an increased risk of breast cancer (ABC link). The ABC link has been an issue that has been in and out of the limelight in recent years. It is an issue which has stubbornly refused to go away despite recurrent pronouncements from high places of its nonexistence. A recent example is a 2004 article in the prestigious British medical journal The Lancet.1 The paper was promoted by the mainstream media as “a full analysis of the current data.”2 According to the byline on the paper, the results of all these studies were compiled into a “collaborative reanalysis,” by the “Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer,” a group of authors too numerous to list. However, a small print footnote reveals that the study was actually put together by a group of five scientists at Oxford University, headed by prominent British epidemiologist Valerie Beral. The Beral study’s conclusion is unequivocal: “Pregnancies that end as a spontaneous or induced abortion do not increase a woman’s risk of
Milankovitch-scale correlations between deeply buried microbial populations and biogenic ooze lithology

The recent discoveries of large, active populations of microbes in the subseafloor of the world9s oceans supports the impact of the deep biosphere biota on global biogeochemical cycles and raises important questions concerning the functioning of these extreme environments for life. These investigations demonstrated that subseafloor microbes are unevenly distributed and that cell abundances and metabolic activities are often independent from sediment depths, with increased prokaryotic activity at geochemical and/or sedimentary interfaces. In this study we demonstrate that microbial populations vary at the scale of individual beds in the biogenic oozes of a drill site in the eastern equatorial Pacific (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 201, Site 1226). We relate bedding-scale changes in biogenic ooze sediment composition to organic carbon (OC) and microbial cell concentrations using high-resolution color reflectance data as proxy for lithology. Our analyses demonstrate that microbial concentrations are an order of magnitude higher in the more organic-rich diatom oozes than in the nannofossil oozes. The variations mimic small-scale variations in diatom abundance and OC, indicating that the modern distribution of microbial biomass is ultimately controlled by Milankovitch-frequency variations in past oceanographic conditions.
On a Form of Artificial Submarine Cable

IN order to illustrate the effect which capacity has on the sending of arbitrary electrical disturbances along a conductor, Mr. C. F. Varley, about the year 1860, devised an artificial submarine cable equivalent in its action to a real cable long enough to reach from England to Australia. For obvious reasons such a device would be a most instructive piece of lecture-table apparatus.
Underdiagnosis of genital herpes by current clinical and viral-isolation procedures

Abstract Background The current clinical strategy for diagnosing genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in women relies on clinical findings plus the selective use of viral culture. The effectiveness of this approach for identifying women with genital herpes is unknown. Methods We performed physical examinations, colposcopy, Pap smears, viral cultures, and HSV type-specific serologic assays of 779 randomly selected women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Results Evidence of HSV type 2 infection was detected in 363 women (47 percent), and 9 others (1 percent) had positive cultures indicative of urogenital or anal infection with HSV type 1. Of these 372 women, only 82 (22 percent) had symptoms. Fourteen women (4 percent) had viral shedding without symptoms, 60 (16 percent) had formerly had symptomatic episodes, and 216 (58 percent) had antibodies to HSV-2 with neither viral shedding nor a history of clinical episodes. Characteristic ulcerations of the external genitalia were present in ...
Dictionary of interfaces in proteins (DIP). Data bank of complementary molecular surface patches.

Molecular surface areas of proteins are responsible for selective binding of ligands and protein-protein recognition, and are considered the basis for specific interactions between different parts of a protein. This basic principle leads us to study the interfaces within proteins as a learning set for intermolecular recognition processes of ligands like substrates, coenzymes, etc., and for prediction of contacts occurring during protein folding and association. For this purpose, we defined interfaces as pairs of matching molecular surface patches between neighboring secondary structural elements. All such interfaces from known protein structures were collected in a comprehensive data bank of interfaces in proteins (DIP). The up-to-date DIP contains interface files for 351 selected Brookhaven Protein Data Bank entries with a total of about 160,000 surface elements formed by 12,475 secondary structures. For special purposes, the inclusion of additional structures or selection of subgroups of proteins can be performed in an easy and straightforward manner. Atomic coordinates of the constituents of molecular surface patches are directly accessible as well as the corresponding contact distances from given atoms to their neighboring secondary structural elements. As a rule, independent of the type of secondary structure, the molecular surface patches of the secondary structural elements can be described as quite flat bodies with a length to width to depth ratio of about 3:2:1 for patches consisting of more than ten atoms. The relative orientation between two docking patches is strongly restricted, due to the narrow distribution of the distances between their centers of mass and of the angles between their normal lines, respectively. The existing retrieval system for the DIP allows selection (out of the set of molecular patches) according to different criteria, such as geometric features, atomic composition, type of secondary structure, contacts, etc. A fast, sequence-independent 3-D superposition procedure was developed for automatic searches for geometrically similar surface areas. Using this procedure, we found a large number of structurally similar interfaces of up to 30 atoms in completely unrelated protein structures.