cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of housing costs on the living arrangements of single mothers

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of housing costs on a single mother's living arrangement decision, whether to head her own household or live in the household of other adults. The empirical analysis is conducted using individual-level data from the 1986 Current Population Survey and MSA-level housing cost data based on HUD's Fair Market Rents. Consistent with a priori expectations, the major finding is that increased housing costs significantly reduce a single mother's probability of household headship. This result is especially pronounced for single mothers under age 36.
Governmental Subsidies for Public Transit: History, Current Issues, and Recent Evidence

Funding for transit in the United States has been in a state of transition for half a century. Transit has evolved from a private industry sustained by farebox revenues to a public entity supported by a federal and, more recently, state and local governments. To better understand the complex funding environment of public transit, especially the role of public subsidies, this research examines the history of public funding for transit, investigates issues that have influenced financial support for transit recently, and compares funding arrangements in ten cities for evidence of how transit agencies are adapting to the current funding environment. The authors find that the characteristics of local transit funding are strongly influenced by the funding approaches of state governments, and the dedicated funding for transit is increasingly critical, especially where funds must be raised locally. Metropolitan areas with considerable dedicated funding sources are at an advantage for undertaking large capital projects.
Women and heart failure

Almost half of the patients affected with congestive heart failure (CHF) in the United States are women. However, past studies have included predominantly men and generalized results to women. Many women with CHF are older, have hypertension, and have higher ejection fractions. Survival differences have been reported previously with conflicting results. Although treatment for left ventricular dysfunction is somewhat standardized, treatment for diastolic dysfunction is less defined. Clinical trials for this group of patients, many of whom are women, have not been performed. In comparison with men, women have several cardiovascular differences as well as differences in electrical properties. In addition, response to medical (pharmacologic) therapy may differ in men and women. Finally, functional status has been shown to be compromised in both men and women with CHF; however, some studies have shown women to experience more exercise intolerance. This may be because more women than men have diastolic dysfunction. Few women have been included in exercise trials. Future trials must address women with CHF, many of whom are older and have normal (or near normal) left ventricular function or diastolic dysfunction. (Heart Lung® 2001;30:87-97.)
Perceived Barriers to Exercise and Stage of Exercise Adoption in Older Women of Different Racial/Ethnic Groups

The purpose of this study was to determine whether barriers to exercise differ among racial/ethnic groups at the same stage of exercise adoption and adjacent stages within racial/ethnic groups. Questions about stage of exercise adoption and perceived barriers to exercise were administered to a cross sectional sample of 745 African American, 660 Hispanic, 738 Native American/Native Alaskan, and 769 Caucasian U.S. women aged 40 years and older. Correlations between rankings of barriers among racial/ethnic groups within the same stage ranged from .43 to .89. For each racial/ethnic group, significant differences existed between adjacent stages in the percentage of women reporting barriers to interfere with exercise (p < .10). Barriers were not similar enough among racial/ethnic groups to recommend that the same barriers be addressed for all races/ethnicities.
The fluidised combustion of coal

Fundamental and engineering aspects of fluidised combustion are reviewed. The main areas discussed include: u - the application of the two phase theory of fluidisation to the combustion of coal, - the relevance of available information on the kinetics of volatile evolution, volatile combustion and of the carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions to the combustion of coal in the fluidised bed, - the retention of sulphur by the addition of sorbents to the bed solids and the conversion of fuel nitrogen to NO followed by its partial reduction by char to N 2 , - the rates of heat transfer to tubes immersed in the bed and - the effects of operation at elevated pressures. Finally research needs arising from the practical application of fluidised combustion are discussed.
Amalgamation and the invariant trace field of a Kleinian group

Let Γ be a Kleinian group of finite covolume and denote by Γ(2) the subgroup generated by {γ2:γ ∈ Γ}. In [9] the trace field of Γ(2) was shown to be an invariant of the commensurability class of Γ. In [8] this field was termed the invariant trace field of Γ and further properties of this field were studied. Following the notation of [8] we denote the invariant trace field of Γ by k(Γ).
Race/ethnicity and telomere length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Telomere length has emerged as a marker of exposure to oxidative stress and aging. Race/ethnic differences in telomere length have been infrequently investigated. Leucocyte telomere length (LTL) was assessed 981 white, black and Hispanic men and women aged 45-84 years participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Direct measurement and questionnaire were used to assess covariates. Linear regression was used to estimate associations of LTL with race/ethnicity and age after adjustment for sex, income, education, smoking, physical activity, diet, and body mass index. On average blacks and Hispanics had shorter telomeres than whites (adjusted mean differences (standard error) in T/S ratio compared to whites: -0.041 (0.018) for blacks and -0.044 (0.018) for Hispanics). Blacks and Hispanics showed greater differences in telomere length associated with age than whites (adjusted mean differences in T/S ratio per one year increase in age -0.0018, -0.0047, and -0.0055 in whites, blacks, and Hispanics respectively). Differences in age associations were more pronounced and only statistically significant in women. Race/ethnic differences in LTL may reflect the cumulative burden of differential exposure to oxidative stress (and its predictors) over the lifecourse.
Justice in the Context of Family Balancing

Bioethics and feminist scholarship has explored various justice implications of non-medical sex selection and family balancing. However, prospective users' viewpoints have been absent from the debate over the socially acceptable bounds of non-medical sex selection. This qualitative study provides a set of empirically-grounded perspectives on the moral values that underpin prospective users' conceptualizations of justice in the context of a family balancing program in the United States. The results indicate that couples pursuing family balancing understand justice primarily in individualist and familial terms rather than in terms of social justice for women and girls or for children resulting from sex selection. Study participants indicated that an individual's desire for gender balance in their family is ethically complex and may not be inherently sexist, immoral or socially consequential, particularly given the social context in which they live. Our findings suggest that the social conditions that contribute to prospective users' desires for gender balance in their families may direct them away from recognizing or engaging broader social justice concerns relating to sexism and stratified reproduction.
Efficient Data Interpretation and Compression over RFID Streams

Despite its promise, RFID technology presents numerous challenges, including incomplete data, lack of location and containment information, and very high volumes. In this work, we present a novel data interpretation and compression substrate over RFID streams to address these challenges in enterprise supply-chain environments. Our results show that our inference techniques provide good accuracy while retaining efficiency, and our compression algorithm yields significant reduction in data volume.
CloudClustering: Toward an Iterative Data Processing Pattern on the Cloud

As the emergence of cloud computing brings the potential for large-scale data analysis to a broader community, architectural patterns for data analysis on the cloud, especially those addressing iterative algorithms, are increasingly useful. MapReduce suffers performance limitations for this purpose as it is not inherently designed for iterative algorithms. In this paper we describe our implementation of Cloud Clustering, a distributed k-means clustering algorithm on Microsoft's Windows Azure cloud. The k-means algorithm makes a good case study because its characteristics are representative of many iterative data analysis algorithms. Cloud Clustering adopts a novel architecture to improve performance without sacrificing fault tolerance. To achieve this goal, we introduce a distributed fault tolerance mechanism called the buddy system, and we make use of data affinity and check pointing. Our goal is to generalize this architecture into a pattern for large-scale iterative data analysis on the cloud.
Constructing a Linear Network Code for Multicast Networks Based on Hypergraphs

Network coding is a promising generalization of routing which allows a node to generate output messages by encoding its received messages. An important scenario where network coding offers unique advantages is a multicast network where a source node generates messages and multiple receivers collect the messages. In a multicast network, linear network codes are preferred due to its sufficiency and simplicity. In this paper, we propose a method to transform the linear coding problem to a graph theory problem. With the help of hypergraphs, we model the linear codes by constructing a pseudo-dual graph of the multicast network. A valid linear code is equal to a cover in the pseudo-dual graph satisfying some constraints. By iterative refinements, an eligible cover can be found in polynomial time. Moreover, this method can be readily applied to many minimum network coding problems as well.
Current pulses during water treeing detection system

A detection system has been developed to seek signals associated with water treeing. In this paper, Part 1 of two parts, the test system is found able to detect fast pulses generated by charges as small as 1.2 fC and slow pulses with current amplitudes as small as 66 nA, with 27 MHz bandwidth. Such pulses are studied in the following paper. The detection system functions in real time and non-invasively, using the common configuration of a dielectric between electrodes. Very low noise, wide bandwidth transimpedance (current in, voltage out) preamplifiers detect very small and fast current pulses in two ground electrodes which monitor the same sample respectively at an 'active' (treeing) region, and a 'reference' (no treeing) region. The currents in the sample are observed by their image currents in the electrodes. Noise that appears identically in both channels (e.g. corona) can be ignored by a fast logic circuit that selects data to be recorded. Noise components that are different in the two channels and their effects also are studied; they are small enough to be defeated primarily by a fast discriminator. An averaging mode is sometimes used to characterize signals and further reduce noise when one signal type is recurrent; noise artifacts in those averages are identified. A means is developed to observe the phase of the 60 Hz HV when short events are recorded. The detection system is studied carefully in this paper for confidence in the ultimate conclusions. The use of the system to study events during water treeing is described in the following paper.
H2-O Inhibits Presentation of Bacterial Superantigens, but Not Endogenous Self Antigens

H2-O/HLA-DO are MHC class II accessory molecules that modulate exogenous Ag presentation. Most class II accessory molecules are expressed in all professional APC; however, H2-O is only expressed in B cells and medullary thymic epithelial cells. Because B cells present exogenous Ags and superantigens (SAgs), and medullary thymic epithelial cells are specialized APC for self Ags during negative selection in the thymus, we have hypothesized that H2-O might play a role in MHC class II-restricted SAg and self Ag presentation. In this study, we demonstrate that H2-O expression inhibits presentation of the bacterial SAgs staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B to four SAg-reactive T hybridoma cells. In contrast, H2-O has no effect on presentation of endogenous self Ags, as measured by tumorigenicity in vivo and Ag presentation to three self Ag-specific T hybridoma cells. Additional experiments suggest that H2-O inhibits presentation of exogenous Ags by both newly synthesized and recycling MHC class II molecules. These data suggest H2-O may have a physiological role in tolerance induction and SAg-mediated toxic shock.
Relative Effects of Human and Feral Hog Disturbance on a Wet Forest in Hawaii

The effects of 20 months of intensive disturbance by humans, as well as the presence of feral hogs Sus scrofa, was measured on vegetation. Both forms of disturbance have been thought severely to affect Hawaiian rain forests by reduction of plant cover and allowing the proliferation of exotic plants. Despite much human use throughout the study area, the only significant (P ≤ 0·05) effects were within 2 m of a trail. This disturbance was limited to vegetation < 10 cm in height. No change in canopy cover or in incidence of exotic plants was noted. Feral hog usage was approximately three times higher in the study area than outside, and caused a great deal of damage to the vegetation. The direct impact of humans is relatively minor, being restricted to < 5% of the area. The greater frequency of hogs in the study area could have an undetermined but possibly serious effect on the vegetation.
A technique that facilitates an accurate comparison between stereotactic and IMRT plans

A non-invasive localization and immobilization method that facilitates tomographic intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) of intracranial tumors with accuracy comparable to that achieved with invasive methods were developed. This method combines coordinate systems of Linac based-radiosurgery (RS), stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), and tomographic IMRT treatment planning systems (TPSs). In this method, stereotactic localization frame (BRW-LF) with the NOMOS CT pointer attached to its top is used for CT scanning. The patient is scanned from the tip of the CT pointer to the bottom ring of the localization frame. Thus, CT slices contain fiducial marks for RS, SRT, and tomographic IMRT. Contouring of patient anatomy and target(s) is done on imaging system that can communicate with both RS and NOMOS-IMRT TPSs. Treatment planning is concurrently done for both stereotactic and IMRT methods using the same study set. This provides more accurate comparison of competing treatment plans. The same patient immobilization system is used for both treatment techniques. For IMRT patient localization, a modified Target Box replaced the original NOMOS Target Box. This Target Box is attached to the Linac Target Localization Frame when a patient is in a treatment position. For fractionated IMRT treatments, the accuracy of frame repositioning is checked before every fraction using the stereotactic Depth Helmet. This method of immobilization and localization method was clinically tested. Based on the comparison of developed SRT and IMRT treatment plans, the IMRT method was selected. Depth Helmet measurements verified that an accurate (/spl sim/1 mm) repositioning of the patient was achieved.
Insect Herbivore Outbreaks Viewed through a Physiological Framework: Insights from Orthoptera

The Cloud was hailing grasshoppers. The cloud was grasshoppers. Their bodies hid the sun and made darkness. Their thin, large wings gleamed and glittered. The rasping whirring of their wings filled the whole air and they hit the ground and the house with the noise of a hailstorm. On the Banks of Plum Creek (by Laura Ingalls Wilder) 1.
Design concepts for microwave GaAs FET active filters

A comprehensive history of microwave active filter development to date is given. A design methodology is presented for the realization of precision broadband filters in the face of problems such as the nonideal behavior of microwave GaAs FETs and the low Q and related parasitic effects of monolithic-microwave-integrated-circuit (MMIC) inductors and capacitors. The feasibility of this approach is illustrated by the computer-simulated design of a cascadable, second-order microwave bandpass filter. >
Alterations in the Calcitonin and Calcitonin modulated proteins, E-cadherin and the enzyme tissueTransglutaminase II during the window of implantation in a baboon model of endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological condition associated with infertility. We have previously demonstrated dysregulation of several molecular markers of uterine receptivity in a baboon model of induced endometriosis. Specifically, reduced levels of endometrial progesterone receptor (PR) and progesterone (P)-regulated genes, HOXA10 and FKBP52 were observed during the window of uterine receptivity in baboons with endometriosis, suggesting that this disease results in the development of an endometrial P resistance. In this study calcitonin (CALC) and CALC-modulated proteins, E-cadherin (E-Cad) and tissue Transglutaminase (tTgase-2) were evaluated in the eutopic endometrium of endometriotic animals throughout disease progression. Endometriosis was induced in normal cycling baboons by intraperitoneal inoculation of menstrual endometrium. Eutopic and ectopic endometrium was harvested consecutively from each animal at 1, 6 and 15 months of disease, during the window of receptivity. Control eutopic endometrium was s...
Case report of vasovagal syncope associated with single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in a healthy adult participant

Background Non-invasive brain stimulation-related seizures or syncopal events are rare. However, we report on a syncopal event in a healthy female during a transcranial magnetic stimulation single-pulse testing session.
The Elasticity Of Marketing Return On Investment

This paper demonstrates that the marketing return on investment (MROI) can be inversely related to profits in healthy, high performance firms. In light of this, the authors contend that MROI is a poor metric for evaluating profitable performance, because lower MROI is not always a sign of poor performance and higher MROI is not always a sign of higher performance. However, MROI can be converted into an elasticity of efficiency and used as a diagnostic tool to help marketing managers choose more profitable levels of promotion. MROI in the role of a diagnostic tool has stronger theoretical foundations than in its role as an evaluation metric. The paper presents the elasticity of MROI to changes in marketing expense as a practical tool for marketing managers to improve the profitability of marketing.
Data model for personalized patient health guidelines: an exploratory study.

Practitioner guidelines simultaneously provide broad overviews and in-depth details of disease. Written for experts, they are difficult for patients to understand, yet patients often use these guidelines as a source of information to help them to learn about their health. Using practitioner guidelines along with patient information needs and preferences, we created a method to design an information model for providing patients access to their personal health information, linked to individualized, relevant supporting information from guidelines within a patient portal. This model consists of twelve classes of concepts. We manually reviewed and annotated medical records to demonstrate the validity of our model. Each class of the model was found within at least one patient’s record, and seven classes of concepts appeared in over half of the patients’ records annotated. These annotations show that the model produced by the method can be used to determine what guideline information is relevant to an individual patient, based on concepts in their health information.
Oncogenes of avian acute leukemia viruses are subsets of normal cellular genes.

Avian acute leukemia viruses are a group of defective retroviruses which cause neoplasia in animals after short periods of latency. Transformation induced by the acute leukemia viruses usually manifest the direct expression of one or two viral onc genes that include characteristic elements transduced from cellular genes termed proto-oncogenes. Table 1 demonstrates the oncogenic properties of these viruses. Of particular interest to our laboratory is the MC29 subgroup of acute transforming viruses with onc-specific sequence termed myc as well as the avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) subgroup with an onc-specific sequence termed myb. There are dramatic biologic differences between these two subgroups of viruses. As illustrated in Table 1, the MC29 subgroup possesses a broad spectrum of oncogenicity in vivo, causing leukemia and solid tumors in animals, and the ability to transform a variety of cells such as fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells in vitro. By contrast, the AMV subgroup has a much narrower spectrum of oncogenicity in vivo, causing leukemia, but not solid tumors, and possesses the ability to transform only hematopoietic cells in vitro.
Development of Transport Properties Characterization Capabilities for Thermoelectric Materials and Modules.

Thermoelectric (TE) generators have very important applications, such as emerging automotive waste heat recovery and cooling applications. However, reliable transport properties characterization techniques are needed in order to scale-up module production and thermoelectric generator design. DOE round-robin testing found that literature values for figure of merit (ZT) are sometimes not reproducible in part for the lack of standardization of transport properties measurements. In Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), we have been optimizing transport properties measurements techniques of TE materials and modules. We have been using commercial and custom-built instruments to analyze the performance of TE materials and modules. We developed a reliable procedure to measure thermal conductivity, seebeck coefficient and resistivity of TE materials to calculate the ZT as function of temperature. We use NIST standards to validate our procedures and measure multiple samples of each specific material to establish consistency. Using these developed thermoelectric capabilities, we studied transport properties of Bi 2 Te 3 based alloys thermal aged up to 2 years. Parallel with analytical and microscopy studies, we correlated transport properties changes with chemical changes. Also, we have developed a resistance mapping setup to measure the contact resistance of Au contacts on TE materials and TE modules as a whole in a non-destructive way. The development of novel but reliable characterization techniques has been fundamental to better understand TE materials as function of aging time, temperature and environmental conditions.
Psychological Factors Influencing Responses to Major Near Earth Object Impacts

Plans to prevent or minimize a global catastrophe will be based on human judgment and will therefore involve a combination of reason and emotion. This paper draws from the behavioral science literature and from historical precedent to identify some of the sociological and psychological factors that are likely to influence the planning process. Characteristics likely to distinguish NEO impacts from more common disasters such as volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and floods include significant warning time, a greater potential for extensive global damage, and a post-impact environment that could prevent full recovery. Impediments to effective planning include the giggle factor, media distortions, supernatural interpretations, and interagency competition. The Janis-Mann conflict model of decision making suggests that effective decisions rest on a careful assessment of the situation, recognition of the complexities of various options, painstaking integration of new information as it becomes available, a sense of hope that a good course of action is available, and a conviction that there is time to find and implement it. This paper concludes with a brief look at the sociological and psychological aspects of survival communities, such as portrayed optimistically in the 1998 science fiction movie Deep Impact.
Pigeon's (Columba livia) paradoxical preference for the suboptimal alternative in a complex foraging task

Recent research has examined a task in which choice of 1 alternative A provides reinforcement and in addition, allows access to alternative B that also provides reinforcement. However, although initial choice of B also provides reinforcement, it does not also allow access to A. Thus, optimal performance would be to always choose A. Curiously, Salwiczek et al. (2012) reported that adult wrasse (cleaner) fish mastered this task within 50 trials, whereas monkeys and apes had great difficulty with it. The authors attributed the species differences to ecological differences in the species foraging experiences. However, Pepperberg and Hartsfield (2014) found that parrots too learned this task. In Experiment 1, using the manual presentation of stimuli, we found that pigeons actually showed a reliable preference for B, the suboptimal alternative. In Experiment 2, we replicated the suboptimal preference using an automated version of the task. We hypothesized that the pigeons may have been basing their preference on the frequency of reinforcement associated with each alternative (initially, all trials ended with choice of B, whereas only half of the trials involved choice of A). In Experiment 3, we tested the hypothesis that the pigeons' preference was influenced by the frequency of reinforcements associated with A and B. Thus, when the pigeon chose A, we replaced B with C, so reinforcement occurred to B only when they chose it first. With this procedure we found that B was no longer preferred over A. Thus, the data supported our hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Effect of Hub Leakage Flow on Two High Speed Axial Flow Compressor Rotors

The effect of hub leakage flow on the performance of two high speed transonic rotors is investigated through numerical simulations and experiments. The leakage flow emanates from a small gap between the stationary and rotating parts of the hub flow path upstream of the rotor. Results of both the experiments and CFD simulations show that the introduction of a small leakage flow (0???25% of the main passage flow) can reduce the total pressure rise produced by the rotor across the entire span and generate a significant deficit in the total pressure profile near the hub. Numerical simulations done with a sinusoidal distribution of the leakage flow across the rotor pitch show that this deficit is present even when there is zero net leakage. Particle tracer studies of CFD simulations show that this deficit is due to the flow blockage produced by the radial migration of the low momentum leakage fluid. The performance degradation trends predicted by the simulations are qualitatively confirmed in the experimental investigation.Copyright ?? 1997 by ASME
Graying of Hair Produced by Ingestion of Phenylthiocarbamide

Summary(1) After being placed on a stock diet and given phenylthiocarbamide solution as the sole source of fluid, with one exception 23 black or black hooded rats showed definite graying, some as early as 27 days and all within 58 days. (2) Approximately 83 days after the phenylthiocarbamide solution was replaced by tap water, five rats that had shown marked graying turned completely black again. (3) The experiments showed that graying may result from a positive factor in the diet, a poison, as well as from a deficiency of some factor.
MultiChord Framework Supporting Grid Data Service Management

With the development of P2P technology,people can implement management of grid data services by using P2P structure.Compared with the way of single server,P2P structure has several advantages,such as preventing single failure,good expansibility and so on.This paper proposes an improved P2P structure——MultiChord based on Chord,and provides good support for the management of grid data services based on the domain.
Surveillance on Adverse Events Following Immunization with Vaccine in Yueyang in 2009

Objective To analyze the adverse events following immunization(AEFI) with vaccine in Yueyang in 2009,so as to reduce the incidence of AEFI and improve the quality of AEFI surveillance.Methods The distribution characteristics of AEFI in Yueyang in 2009 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.And the quality of AEFI surveillance was assessed.Results There were 175 cases of AEFI reported in Yueyang in 2009,including 106 cases with coincidental illness(60.57%),68 cases with adverse reaction(38.86%),and 1 case with psychogenic reaction(0.57%).No vaccine quality events and inoculation incidents occurred.The report incidence rates of AEFI in measles and mumps vaccine,measles vaccine,and influenza A H1N1 vaccine were 702.91/100,000,14.38/100,000,and 4.61/100,000,respectively.There were 7 surveillance indicators,6 indicators reached the standard,of which 3 indicators was 100%.Conclusions The surveillance report of AEFI in Yueyang in 2009 improved significantly and the results preliminarily reflected the local distribution of AEFI,but the overall quality needed to be improved.
A clinical study of natural childbirth; a preliminary report from a teaching ward service.

Abstract In considering our experience we believe that we are justified in saying that our limited series has shown that natural childbirth is a definite entity which can be taught successfully in a teaching ward obstetric service. We believe that natural childbirth techniques offer decided advantages to mother and child, and are psychologically desirable for most women.
Prediction of 5-year survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients based on computed tomography peritoneal carcinomatosis index

To evaluate whether the quantification of peritoneal metastases in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients using the peritoneal carcinomatosis index, detected by CT (CT-PCI), correlates with the serum levels of tumor marker CA-125 and 5-year survival. The CT-PCI was determined in 82 patients with stage III or stage IV ovarian cancer using the Sugarbaker classification prior to cytoreductive surgery. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate CT-PCI and CA-125 levels. Correlation of presurgical CT-PCI, optimal surgical cytoreduction, and 5-year survival was established using binary logistic regression analysis. A score for prediction of 5-year survival probability was established using multivariate backwards binary logistic regression. Presurgical CT-PCI correlates significantly with presurgical CA-125 serum levels (r = 0.487, P < 0.001). Multivariate binary logistic regression suggested significantly improved 5-year survival with lower CT-PCI and lower ECOG performance scores. CT-PCI allows quantification of peritoneal disease in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients, similar to CA-125. CT-PCI in combination with ECOG performance has the potential to help evaluate the 5-year survival probability.
The Designer Student Immigrant Complex: Its Impact on Learning

To show how their learning trajectories were impacted by the complex, I first trace how the designer student immigrant complex developed both within and across events. In keeping with Wortham and Reyes’s (Discourse analysis beyond the speech event. New York: Routledge, 2015) observation that social identification is best conceived across trajectories, I examine chains of events involving my focal students over the course of the 2008 school year. Next, I analyze the relationships they maintained with their teachers and classmates. My decision to study their relationships with others – in particular how they engaged in acts of discursive positioning – is also motivated in part by Silverstein’s (Language structure and linguistic ideology. In P. Clyne, & R. Hanks, & C. Hofbauer (Eds.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels (pp. 193–247). Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979) observation that in order “to understand how speaking (or other similar uses of language) is effective social action … we must systematize the description of relationships of coexistence” (p. 205).
Effective Mass of an Electron Bubble in Superfluid Helium-4

We present the results of computer simulations of the motion of an electron bubble through superfluid helium-4 when acted upon by an electric field. The simulations are based on an extended version of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. The temperature is assumed to be sufficiently low for the drag exerted on the bubble by thermal excitations to be negligible, and the calculations are made for velocities below the critical velocitie for nucleation of vortices and roton production. We calculate the effective mass $$m*$$ of the bubble and obtain results in excellent agreement with the measurements of Poitrenaud and Williams, and Ellis, McClintock, and Bowley.
A motion-artifact tracking and compensation technique for dry-contact EEG monitoring system

A digital online technique for motion artifact (MA) tracking and compensation is reported for electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring using dry-contact electrodes. A safe, low-level pseudorandom noise (PN) signal is driven to the body through a reference electrode as a test signal to measure the bio-potential acquisition-path gain (APG) of the electrode-tissue interface (ETI). The measurement result is then utilized by a digital-domain gain compensator to act in the opposite way to the MA-induced APG variation, thereby compensating the multiplicative motion artifact (MMA) in real time. The remaining baseline wander or additive motion artifact (AMA) is treated by a digital high-pass filter (HPF). The interference of the test signal to the EEG signal acquisition is negligible in this technique due to the nearly white spectrum of the PN signal.
Genetics of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a group of disorders defined by specific lower motor neuron involvement. Proximal 5q SMA, the most common of these disorders, is caused by loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene and retention of the SMN2 gene. The copy number of SMN2 and the amount of full-length SMN produced by SMN2 determines the severity of phenotype. Additional modifiers exist in trans as haploidentical siblings can have a wide variance in phenotype. Moreover, there are many small SMN missense mutations that result in SMA. The most severe missense mutations often result in SMN protein that fails to oligomerize; and the mild mutations, while not functional by themselves, instead oligomerize with the small amount of full-length SMN produced by SMN2. Therapies that either increase SMN from SMN2 or reintroduce SMN using gene delivery are currently in clinical trials.
The Impact of Education on Intergroup Attitudes: A Multiracial Analysis

How does education affect racial attitudes? Past studies focus almost exclusively on whites’ attitudes toward blacks, neglecting important minority populations. This study extends previous research...
Design and operational experience of a microwave cavity axion detector for the 20 - 100 μeV range

Abstract We describe a dark matter axion detector designed, constructed, and operated both as an innovation platform for new cavity and amplifier technologies and as a data pathfinder in the 5–25 GHz range ( ∼ 20 – 100 μ eV ) . The platform is small but flexible to facilitate the development of new microwave cavity and amplifier concepts in an operational environment. The experiment has recently completed its first data production; it is the first microwave cavity axion search to deploy a Josephson parametric amplifier and a dilution refrigerator to achieve near-quantum limited performance.
Measurement of Antenna Patterns for Oceanographic Radars Using Aerial Drones

AbstractA new method is described employing small drone aircraft for antenna pattern measurements (APMs) of high-frequency (HF) oceanographic radars used for observing ocean surface currents. Previous studies have shown that accurate surface current measurements using HF radar require APMs. The APMs provide directional calibration of the receive antennas for direction-finding radars. In the absence of APMs, so-called ideal antenna patterns are assumed and these can differ substantially from measured patterns. Typically, APMs are obtained using small research vessels carrying radio signal sources or transponders in circular arcs around individual radar sites. This procedure is expensive because it requires seagoing technicians, a vessel, and other equipment necessary to support small-boat operations. Furthermore, adverse sea conditions and obstacles in the water can limit the ability of small vessels to conduct APMs. In contrast, it is shown that drone aircraft can successfully conduct APMs at much lower c...
Impact of Firm Characteristics and Monetary Policy Environment on Firms' Profitability Ratios and Price Multiples: Evidence from U.S. Industrial Firms

In this study, U.S. manufacturing firms’ profitability measures including profit margins and returns on equity are examined over the 1971-2005 period. We find strong support for the “insulation hypothesis” as our results show that the profitability ratios and the valuation multiples of U.S. manufacturing firms are insulated from the effects of monetary policy, and that firm size, tangibility, and leverage all have a significant role in the insulation effect. We also find that while contractionary policy is significantly correlated with these firms’ profitability and price multiples, it has different impacts on high leverage and low leverage firms.
Spending on social and public health services and its association with homicide in the USA: an ecological study

Objective To examine whether state-level spending on social and public health services is associated with lower rates of homicide in the USA. Design Ecological study. Setting USA. Participants All states in the USA and the District of Columbia for which data were available (n=42). Primary outcome measure Homicide rates for each state were abstracted from the US Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting. Results After adjusting for potential confounding variables, we found that every $10 000 increase in spending per person living in poverty was associated with 0.87 fewer homicides per 100 000 population or approximately a 16% decrease in the average homicide rate (estimate=−0.87, SE=0.15, p Conclusions Based on our findings, spending on social and public health services is associated with significantly lower homicide rates at the state level. Although we cannot infer causality from this research, such spending may provide promising avenues for homicide reduction in the USA, particularly among states with lower levels of poverty.
Long-term outcomes after hand-sewn versus circular-stapled (25 and 29 mm) anastomotic technique after esophagogastrectomy for esophageal cancer.

Background Anastomotic stricture following esophagogastrectomy (EG) can lead to significant dysphagia, necessitating interventions such as endoscopic dilatation. These post-operative complications gain importance with the increased survival rate of patients after EG. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of both circular-stapled (CS: 25 and 29 mm) and hand-sewn (HS) anastomoses after EG. Methods We reviewed prospectively accrued data from December 2004 to December 2014 identifying all patients undergoing EG for esophageal cancer. Immediate post-operative and long-term complications were noted. Primary outcome measures included anastomotic leak and stricture, dysphagia, and subsequent. Results A total of 142 patients were identified for analysis. The method used for reconstruction was noted: CS-EEA-25 mm (n = 30), CS-EEA-29 mm (n = 30), and HS (n = 82). Demographics, tumor pathology, and tumor locations were similar in each group. All groups experienced similar rates of anastomotic leak, stricture, and dysphagia. Furthermore, post-operative dilations for symptomatic dysphagia were required in 3 (10%), 4 (13%), and 9 (11%) patients, P = 0.91. Conclusion In this cohort, the method of anastomotic construction had no bearing on the rate of complications after EG for the treatment of esophageal cancer. Furthermore, long-term need for dilations for symptomatic dysphagia was equal among all groups.
Conducting Linguistic Fieldwork in Kyrgyzstan

This piece is intended for the social science researcher, especially the graduate student embarking on a new project. If you are planning to conduct fieldwork in a country where you are a foreigner, I hope you will find some of the following useful.
Hydraulic permeability of meniscus fibrocartilage measured via direct permeation: Effects of tissue anisotropy, water volume content, and compressive strain

Abstract Hydraulic permeability is an important material property of cartilaginous tissues, governing the rate of fluid flow, which is crucial to tissue biomechanics and cellular nutrition. The effects of strain, anisotropy, and region on the hydraulic permeability in meniscus tissue have not been fully elucidated. Using a one-dimensional direct permeation test, we measured the hydraulic permeability within statically compressed porcine meniscus specimens, prepared such that the explants were in either the axial or circumferential direction of either the central or horn (axial direction only) region of the medial and lateral menisci. A constant flow was applied and the pressure difference was measured using pressure transducers. Specimens were tested under 10–20% compressive strain. Permeability values were in the range of 1.53–1.87 × 10−15 m4/Ns, which is comparable to values found in the literature. Permeability was significantly anisotropic, being higher in the circumferential direction than in the axial direction. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between strain level and permeability for all groups. Lastly, no statistically significant difference was found between permeability coefficients from different regional locations. This study provides important information regarding structure-function relationships in meniscal tissues that helps to elucidate biomechanics and transport in the tissue, and can aid in the understanding of the tissue’s role in the function of the knee joint and onset of osteoarthritis.
Risk communication: a tool for behavior change.

This chapter presents some of the theories and models underpinning effective communication practice. It also emphasizes the central role of communication in achieving effective program implementation. Whether the communication is aimed at changing the attitudes and behavior of professionals, various segments of the public, or other target audiences, the basic approach is the same. The following checklist provides a guide to program planners (Arkin 1991): Commit adequate time, effort, and resources to communication planning and pretesting. Begin by singling out specific issues and specific target audiences. Then design messages based on the target audiences' values, needs, and interests. Conduct (or review existing) market research on the target audience to understand what will motivate them. Pretest messages and materials with the target audience to assure understanding and relevance to their needs and interests. Make sure that messages and materials appear where the target audience will pay attention to them (for sensitive issues, community and interpersonal channels that allow interactive discussion are very important). Produce public service announcements that are of high quality, community specific, marketed to stations, and targeted to audiences likely to see them when public service air time is available (such as fringe viewing times). Combine public service announcements with news and other uses of the mass media (e.g., building on related news) to increase exposure to issues. Use a combination of the mass media and community channels that will reach the target audience. Work collaboratively with other organizations, including drug treatment facilities, law enforcement and social service agencies, and other community organizations that have complementary strengths. Begin to coordinate efforts as early as possible in program planning. Use a multipronged communication strategy to focus on what an individual should do, how the individual can start to change, and factors that help reinforce individual change, such as peer approval and community support. Track progress and identify when, and what kind of, changes are needed in communications. Combine communications with other strategies needed to support change (e.g., access to treatment or positive alternatives to drug use). Set reasonable, short-term communication objectives to reach the long-term goal. Then, commit to communications as one program component over the long term. It is important to remember that one-shot campaigns are unlikely to have a lasting effect and that progress is incremental.
Penile Necrosis Secondary to an Indwelling Foley Catheter

AbstractPenile necrosis is a rare entity but it may be brought about more readily if certain risk factors are present. Such factors are discussed in this paper and the reader is forewarned about this problem.
Structure and Function of Myxobacteria Cells and Fruiting Bodies

The structure of vegetative myxobacterial cells is generally similar to that of other Gram-negative bacteria. The cells are surrounded by a polysaccharide glycocalyx (slime) through which fimbriae sometimes protrude at the cell poles. The slime forms a common matrix for the cell population when growth occurs in swarms on solid surfaces. Underneath the slime layer is a cell envelope consisting of an outer membrane and an inner membrane (plasma or cell membrane). Sandwiched between the outer and inner membranes is a third layer, presumably the peptidoglycan, responsible for much of the strength of bacterial cell walls. The cytoplasm is typically prokaryotic and contains no obvious membrane-bound organelles. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) appears to be similar to other bacterial DNA (see Chapter 3). The cells move by gliding motility, but it has not been possible to find any intracellular organelles or filaments that are specifically involved in motility (Burchard 1981). As discussed in this chapter, polar fimbriae are involved in the gliding of groups of cells. Fimbriae, however, are not required for the gliding of single cells.