cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PET of Serotonin 1A Receptors and Cerebral Glucose Metabolism for Temporal Lobectomy

The objective of this study was to compare 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) PET with cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) PET for temporal lobectomy planning. Methods: We estimated 5-HT1A receptor binding preoperatively with 18F-trans-4-fluoro-N-2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-1-yl]ethyl-N-(2-pyridyl) cyclohexane carboxamide (18F-FCWAY) PET and CMRglc measurement with 18F-FDG in regions drawn on coregistered MRI after partial-volume correction in 41 patients who had anterior temporal lobectomy with at least a 1-y follow-up. Surgery was tailored to individual preresection evaluations and intraoperative electrocorticography. Mean regional asymmetry values and the number of regions with asymmetry exceeding 2 SDs in 16 healthy volunteers were compared between seizure-free and non–seizure-free patients. 18F-FCWAY but not 18F-FDG and MRI data were masked for surgical decisions and outcome assessment. Results: Twenty-six of 41 (63%) patients seizure-free since surgery had significantly different mesial temporal asymmetries, compared with 15 non–seizure-free patients for both 18F-FCWAY (F1,39 = 5.87; P = 0.02) and 18F-FDG PET (F1,38 = 5.79; P = 0.021). The probability of being seizure-free was explained by both 18F-FDG and 18F-FCWAY PET, but not MRI, with a significant additional 18F-FCWAY effect ( χ 2 2 = 9.8796; P = 0.0072) after the probability of being seizure-free was explained by 18F-FDG. Although MRI alone was not predictive, any combination of 2 lateralizing imaging studies was highly predictive of seizure freedom. Conclusion: Our study provides class III evidence that both 5-HT1A receptor PET and CMRglc PET can contribute to temporal lobectomy planning. Additional studies should explore the potential for temporal lobectomy based on interictal electroencephalography and minimally invasive imaging studies.
Effects of skew on EMI for HDMI connectors and cables

This paper describes the effects of intra-pair skew on electromagnetic interference (EMI) for High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) connectors and cables by analyzing both simulations and measurement results. Measurement methods like VLSI GTEM and current clamps are used to show the effects of skew on EMI for terminated HDMI connector/cable assemblies. Numerical simulations are used to study several factors contributing to skew in a differential cable and their impacts on EMI. Both the measurement and simulation data show a clear trend of increased EMI that corresponds to an increase in skew. The data indicates the need for a lower cable skew specification for high speed connectors and cables to better facilitate compliance with FCC regulations
Large-scale vegetation features of the Amazon basin visible on the JERS-1 low-water Amazon mosaic

During September-November 1995, and again in May-June 1996, high-resolution L-band HH-polarized SAR imagery of the entire Amazon basin was acquired by the JERS-1 satellite, as part of Global Rain Forest Mapping project. Approximately 2500 scenes for each date are being mosaicked into digital datasets with 3 arc-second (approximately 100 m) resolution, and regional mosaics at the original 12.5 m resolution are being compiled for selected areas. The acquisitions were timed to low-water (Sep-Oct 1995) and high-water (May-Jun 1996) conditions for the main stem of the Amazon River. Mosaicking of the low-water data has been completed by NASDA. Mosaicking of the high-water data, and land-cover classification of the joint dataset, are ongoing. This paper presents an overview of major vegetation features visible on the low-water mosaic, and an initial assessment of the backscattering characteristics of representative areas.
Jπ = 0+ states in the (fp) shell excited in the (3He, n) reaction

Abstract The ( 3 He, n) reaction has been used to study strongly excited 0 + states in nuclei in the fp region. Measurements were made on targets of 46,48,50 Ti, 50,52,54 Cr, 54,56,58 Fe and 58,60,62,64 Ni at an energy of 15 MeV. In addition to the ground state transitions, L = 0 transitions to excited states were identified in all residual nuclei except 64,66 Zn. Many of the observed states can be identified as analogues of low-lying states in isobaric nuclei and can be predicted by the pairing vibration model (PVM). In many cases, low-lying excited states are seen which are not predicted by this model. Present results are consistent with the view that these states represent fragments of the expected PVM state. A comparison of present results with available (p, t) data leading to the same final nucleus suggests that little mixing occurs between states with different PVM configurations.
Comment on ``Observation of intrinsic bistability in resonant-tunneling structures''

It is suggested that the intrinsic bistability observed by Goldman et al. (1987) occurred not because of charging of the well, as is claimed, but because of oscillations in the negative-resistance region. A typical I-V curve for a double-barrier resonant-tunneling (DBRT) diode which is known to be oscillating is presented. In a reply to this comment, Goldman et al. show that the series resistance (of about 100 ohms) in Sollner's sample leads to extrinsic, rather than intrinsic, bistability. It is furthermore suggested that the mere presence of an oscillation does not in itself exclude intrinsic bistability in a DBRT structure. It is also noted that the intrinsic bistability and buildup of negative charge-space in a DBRT structure well has been demonstrated experimentally by Payling et al. (1987).
Configuration relocation and defragmentation for reconfigurable computing

Custom computing systems exhibit significant speedups over traditional microprocessors by mapping compute-intensive sections of a program to reconfigurable logic (Hauck, 1998). However, the high overhead of reconfiguration can limit the execution times achievable with these systems. Research has shown that the ability to relocate and defragment configurations on an FPGA dramatically decreases the overall configuration overhead (Li et al., 2000). We therefore explore the adaptation of the Xilinx 6200 series FPGA for relocation and defragmentation. Due to some of the complexities involved with this structure, we also present a novel architecture designed from the ground up to provide relocation and defragmentation support with a negligible area increase over a generic partially reconfigurable FPGA.
Sparse matrix/canonical grid method applied to 3-D dense medium simulations

The sparse matrix/canonical grid (SMCG) method, which has been shown to be an efficient method for calculating the scattering from one-dimensional and two-dimensional random rough surfaces, is extended to three-dimensional (3-D) dense media scattering. In particular, we study the scattering properties of media containing randomly positioned and oriented dielectric spheroids. Mutual interactions between scatterers are formulated using a method of moments solution of the volume integral equation. Iterative solvers for the resulting system matrix normally require O(N/sup 2/) operations for each matrix-vector multiply. The SMCG method reduces this complexity to O(NlogN) by defining a neighborhood distance, r/sub d/, by which particle interactions are decomposed into "strong" and "weak." Strong interaction terms are calculated directly requiring O(N) operations for each iteration. Weak interaction terms are approximated by a multivariate Taylor series expansion of the 3-D background dyadic Green's function between any given pair of particles. Greater accuracy may be achieved by increasing r/sub d/, using a higher order Taylor expansion, and/or increasing mesh density at the cost of more interaction terms, more fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and longer FFTs, respectively. Scattering results, computation times, and accuracy for large-scale problems with r/sub d/ up to 2 gridpoints, 14/spl times/14/spl times/14 canonical grid size, fifth-order Taylor expansion, and 15 000 discrete scatterers are presented and compared against full solutions.
Tumor necrosis factor-α induces insulin resistance in endothelial cells via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway

Chronic inflammation contributes to vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Systemic infusion of TNF-alpha abrogates insulin's action to enhance skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion. In skeletal muscle TNF-alpha induces insulin resistance via the p38 MAPK pathway. To examine whether p38 MAPK also regulates TNF-alpha-induced vascular insulin resistance, bovine aortic endothelial cells (bAECs) were incubated+/-TNF-alpha (5 ng/ml) for 6 h in the presence or absence of SB203580 (p38 MAPK specific inhibitor, 10 microM) after serum starvation for 10 h. For the last 30 min, cells were treated+/-1 nM insulin, and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, and eNOS activity were measured. TNF-alpha increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation, potently stimulated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, and blunted insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine and Akt phosphorylation and eNOS activity. TNF-alpha also potently stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AMPK. Treatment with SB203580 decreased p38 MAPK phosphorylation back to the baseline and restored insulin sensitivity of IRS-1 tyrosine and Akt phosphorylation and eNOS activity in TNF-alpha-treated bAECs without affecting TNF-alpha-induced ERK1/2 and AMPK phosphorylation. We conclude that in cultured bAECs, TNF-alpha induces insulin resistance in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway via a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism and enhances ERK1/2 and AMPK phosphorylation independent of the p38 MAPK pathway. This differential modulation of TNF-alpha's actions by p38 MAPK suggests that p38 MAPK plays a key role in TNF-alpha-mediated vascular insulin resistance and may contribute to the generalized endothelial dysfunction seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the cardiometabolic syndrome.
Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils.

Abstract Pyrogenic carbon (biochar) amendment is increasingly discussed as a method to increase soil fertility while sequestering atmospheric carbon (C). However, both increased and decreased C mineralization has been observed following biochar additions to soils. In an effort to better understand the interaction of pyrogenic C and soil organic matter (OM), a range of Florida soils were incubated with a range of laboratory-produced biochars and CO 2 evolution was measured over more than one year. More C was released from biochar-amended than from non-amended soils and cumulative mineralized C generally increased with decreasing biomass combustion temperature and from hardwood to grass biochars, similar to the pattern of biochar lability previously determined from separate incubations of biochar alone. The interactive effects of biochar addition to soil on CO 2 evolution (priming) were evaluated by comparing the additive CO 2 release expected from separate incubations of soil and biochar with that actually measured from corresponding biochar and soil mixtures. Priming direction (positive or negative for C mineralization stimulation or suppression, respectively) and magnitude varied with soil and biochar type, ranging from −52 to 89% at the end of 1 year. In general, C mineralization was greater than expected (positive priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at low temperatures (250 and 400 °C) and from grasses, particularly during the early incubation stage (first 90 d) and in soils of lower organic C content. It contrast, C mineralization was generally less than expected (negative priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at high temperatures (525 and 650 °C) and from hard woods, particularly during the later incubation stage (250–500 d). Measurements of the stable isotopic signature of respired CO 2 indicated that, for grass biochars at least, it was predominantly pyrogenic C mineralization that was stimulated during early incubation and soil C mineralization that was suppressed during later incubation stages. It is hypothesized that the presence of soil OM stimulated the co-mineralization of the more labile components of biochar over the short term. The data strongly suggests, however, that over the long term, biochar–soil interaction will enhance soil C storage via the processes of OM sorption to biochar and physical protection.
The Headpiece Domain of Dematin Regulates Cell Shape, Motility, and Wound Healing by Modulating RhoA Activation

RhoA is known to participate in cytoskeletal remodeling events through several signaling pathways, yet the precise mechanism of its activation remains unknown. Here, we provide the first evidence that dematin functions upstream of RhoA and regulates its activation. Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts were generated from a dematin headpiece domain null (HPKO) mouse, and the visualization of the actin morphology revealed a time-dependent defect in stress fiber formation, membrane protrusions, cell motility, and cell adhesion. Rescue experiments using RNA interference and transfection assays revealed that the observed phenotypes are due to a null effect and not a gain of function in the mutant fibroblasts. In vivo wounding of adult HPKO mouse skin showed a decrease in wound healing (reepithelialization and granulation) compared to the wild-type control. Biochemical analysis of the HPKO fibroblasts revealed a sustained hyperphosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at tyrosine 397 as well as a twofold increase in RhoA activation. Inhibition of both RhoA and FAK signaling using C3 toxin and FRNK (focal adhesion kinase nonrelated kinase), respectively, revealed that dematin acts upstream of RhoA. Together, these results unveil a new function of dematin as a negative regulator of the RhoA activation pathway with physiological implications for normal and pathogenic signaling pathways.
Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppresses the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to influenza A virus without affecting cytolytic activity in the lung

The immune response to influenza virus is exquisitely sensitive to suppression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); however, the cellular mechanisms underlying the suppressive effects of TCDD are unknown. Mice exposed to TCDD exhibited a dose-responsive increase in mortality following an otherwise non-lethal influenza virus infection. Given that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are generally thought to resolve primary infections in the lung, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to TCDD suppresses T-cell responsiveness, leading to decreased CTL in the lung. After infection with influenza virus, naive CD8+ lymphocytes are activated and differentiate in the mediastinal lymph node (MLN). In mice exposed to TCDD and infected with influenza virus, the number of CD8+ MLN cells was reduced 60% compared to vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, MLN cells from TCDD-treated mice failed to develop cytolytic activity, and the production of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma was suppressed. Exposure to TCDD also altered the production of virus-specific antibodies, decreased the recruitment of CD8+ cells to the lung, reduced the percentage and number of bronchoalveolar lavage cells bearing a CTL phenotype (CD8+CD44hiCD62L(l) degrees ), and suppressed IL-12 levels in the lung. Despite our findings that exposure to TCDD suppressed T cell-dependent functions, the cytolytic activity of lung lavage cells from TCDD and vehicle treated mice was equivalent, and IFN gamma levels in the lungs of mice treated with TCDD were enhanced 10-fold. Thus, while exposure to TCDD suppressed a number of responses associated with the development of adaptive immunity to influenza virus, a direct link between these effects and enhanced susceptibility to influenza remains unclear.
New Perspectives in the History of Indian Education, Parimala Rao (ed.), 2014, Orient Blackswan

This volume edited by Parimala Rao indeed offers refreshingly “new perspectives” to our current understanding of education in colonial India. The essays in the volume underline the ways in which th...
Eight new species of Lemodes (Lagriomorpha) (Coleoptera: Anthicidae: Lemodinae) from Indonesian New Guinea, with a revised key to the species

Eight new species of the anthicid genus Lemodes Boheman are described from Indonesian New Guinea: L. elegans, L. punctata, L. rugosa, L. schawalleri, L. securiforma, L. sulcata, L. telnovi, and L. triplehorni. Habitus and salient anatomical images of adults, as well as diagnoses with respect to related species of the subgenus Lagriomorpha, are presented. A revised key to the 26 known species of Lemodes is also presented.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bellin Memorial Hospital, Green Bay, Wisconsin

The isolation of measles virus in primary Rhesus monkey kidney cells (PRMK) in patients with documented giant-cell pneumonia who have presented without a rash is limited. The diagnosis usually is made by cytologic examination of nasal or bronchial secretions in which characteristic multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are observed. The diagnosis of giant-cell pneumonia has been associated with measles virus but not exclusively. Canine distemper, herpes group viruses, and parainfluenza infections have been associated with these cells. In addition, vitamin A deficiency also has been cytologically associated with multinucleated giant cells. The authors describe the isolation of measles virus from bronchial washing and sputum in PRMK cells at 4 days from an 11-year-old child with acute interstitial pneumonia who was in remission for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Classic cytopathologic effect (CPE) consisting of syncytial and hole formation on the PRMK monolayer was apparent. In addition, a foamy appearance of the monolayer was noted in an otherwise clean lot of monkey cells. Confirmatory testing with measles antibody of the infected areas of the monolayer by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) was positive for measles antigen and negative for mumps, parainfluenza (types I, II, and III) and influenza A and B virus. Serologic studies for measles antibody revealed an IFA IgG titer of greater than 1:10,240, and an IgM titer of 1:128. Cytologic examination of the same bronchial fluid revealed the typical giant cells with characteristic inclusions associated with measles virus. Because this disease usually is severe, and often fatal, prompt recognition of this virus is essential, not only to the patient, who can be treated with immunoglobulin and/or antiviral therapy, but also to prevent the spread of the virus to other patients and medical personnel. These findings also support direct evidence for the etiologic role of measles virus in giant-cell pneumonia that has been detected either histologically or cytologically and in tissue culture at autopsy.
Early urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in preterm infants

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the neonatal intensive care setting is multifactorial and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the utility of novel urinary biomarkers to predict the development and/or severity AKI in preterm infants. We performed a case-control study on a prospective cohort of preterm infants (<32 wk), to compare seven urine biomarkers between 25 infants with AKI and 20 infants without AKI. Infants with AKI had significantly higher neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (median, control (CTRL) vs. AKI; 0.598 vs. 4.24 µg/ml; P < 0.0001). In contrast, urinary epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels were significantly lower in infants who developed AKI compared to controls (median, CTRL vs. AKI; 0.016 vs. 0.006 µg/ml; P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for NGAL for prediction of stage I AKI on the day prior to AKI diagnosis (day-1) was 0.91, and for the prediction of stage II/III, AKI was 0.92. Similarly, urine EGF was a predictor of renal injury on day -1 (AUC: 0.97 for stage I and 0.86 for stage II/III AKI). Urinary biomarkers may be useful to predict AKI development prior to changes in serum creatinine (SCr) in preterm infants.
A 110–132GHz VCO with 1.5dBm peak output power and 18.2% tuning range in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS for D-Band transmitters

This paper presents the design and measurement results of a mm-wave voltage controlled oscillator in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology for application in D-Band transmitters. The VCO is designed using two oscillators operating at f0=60 GHz and arranged in a push-push configuration, to provide a D-Band output. The wide tuning range is achieved by employing a hyper-abrupt junction varactor. The VCO delivers a peak output power of 1.44dBm at 127GHz to a 50Ω load with a tuning range of 18.2% centered at 121GHz. The chip consumes 42mW of DC power from a 1.5V supply and hence achieves a peak DC-to-RF efficiency of 3.3%.
Extraventricular long-axis cannulation of the hippocampus: technical considerations.

BACKGROUND Patients with hippocampal epileptogenic foci may benefit from targeted intracranial monitoring of seizures and treatments such as hippocampal electrical stimulation, closed-loop stimulation, and stereotactic laser ablation. Each may benefit from a greater volume of hippocampal coverage with long-axis cannulation. Furthermore, an extraventricular trajectory avoids brain shift and reduces the risk of hemorrhage from ependymal breach. Unfortunately, detailed descriptions of the technical aspects of longitudinal cannulation of the hippocampus remain sparse. OBJECTIVE To develop a standard protocol for extraventricular longitudinal hippocampal cannulation. METHODS Images from 25 patients stereotactically implanted with 27 longitudinal hippocampal devices were retrospectively reviewed to determine the location of the burr hole or twist drill craniostomy. Simulated planning for bilateral occipital trajectories was then performed on a second cohort of 25 patients (50 trajectories) with mesial temporal sclerosis. An entry point derived from these 77 trajectories was subsequently validated on a third cohort of 25 patients (50 trajectories). RESULTS Extraventricular long-axis hippocampal implantation necessitates a lateral-to-medial and cephalad-to-caudal trajectory that skirts the inferomedial border of the temporal horn. Measurements from 64 trajectories suggested a consensus entry point that successfully facilitated 50 test trajectories as well as frame placement on 4 patients requiring long-axis hippocampal cannulation. CONCLUSION Although trajectories must be individually tailored for each patient, we recommend a starting entry point approximately 5.5 cm superior to the external occipital protuberance and 5.5 cm lateral to midline for extraventricular long-axis hippocampal cannulation in adult patients. Identification of this point is particularly important when positioning the stereotactic frame.
The Design of RFID Reader Based on USB-Host

a low-cost,portable RFID reader is designed and implement,which adopts data storage module based on USB-Host technology.At the same time the hardware composition of reader,and hardware and software design of data storage modules are given,which reduces the development cost of reader greatly.
Study on the Serological Markers of Hepatitis B among Different Occupations of Xi'an City

[Objective]To understand the common modes of HBV markers among different occupations in Xi'an City.[Methods]HBV markers were detected with ELISA,the result was measured according to GB 17010-1997;analysis was made withχ2 based literature summaries.[Results]The detection result among 317 617 cases indicated that the main modes were HBsAg+,anti-HBe+,anti-HBc+(22.89%) and HBsAg+,anti-HBe+,anti-HBc+(43.20%),these two modes occupied 66.09% of the total;next to them were the modes of HBsAg+,anti-HBc+(14.00%) and other modes(11.25%);the above four modes occupied 91.37% of the total;the difference was significant among different occupations.[Conclusion]To study the infection modes among different occupations is very significant for hepatitis control.
A recessive genetic screen for components of the RNA interference pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells

Several key components of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway were identified in genetic screens performed in nonmammalian model organisms. To identify components of the mammalian RNAi pathway, we developed a recessive genetic screen in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Recessive genetic screens are feasible in ES cells that are Bloom-syndrome protein (Blm-) deficient. Therefore, we constructed a reporter cell line in Blm-deficient ES cells to isolate RNAi mutants through a simple drug-selection scheme. This chapter describes how we used retroviral gene traps to mutagenize the reporter cell line and select for RNAi mutants. Putative RNAi mutants were confirmed using a separate functional assay. The location of the gene trap was then identified using molecular techniques such as Splinkerette PCR. Our screening strategy successfully isolated several mutant clones of Argonaute2, a vital component of the RNAi pathway.
High-dose cytosine arabinoside and fractionated total-body irradiation: an improved preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission

Twenty children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second (18 patients) or third (two patients) complete remission after bone marrow relapse received allogeneic bone marrow transplants from histocompatible sibling donors. The preparative regimen for marrow transplantation consisted of 12 doses of 3,000 mg/m2 cytosine arabinoside twice daily for six days followed by 1,200 cGy total-body irradiation (six doses of 200 cGy twice daily for three days). The preparative regimen was well tolerated, and all patients showed marrow engraftment promptly. Twelve patients are alive in complete remission 12+ to 79+ months posttransplant; eight patients are over 48 months posttransplant. Six patients died 1 to 9 months posttransplant of nonleukemic causes: (two each of graft-v-host disease, interstitial pneumonitis, and infection). Two patients developed recurrent leukemia at 15 and 30 months posttransplant. Both have died at 19 and 36 months posttransplant. Life table analysis reveals an actuarial survival and event-free survival rate of 58% and a marrow relapse rate of 17%. These results suggest that high-dose cytosine arabinoside and fractionated total-body irradiation is a relatively nontoxic and highly effective preparative regimen for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia that deserves further evaluation.
Potential theory for recurrent symmetric infinitely divisible processes

Let X be a locally compact, second countable Abelian group. Let ϕ(t), t≥0, be an irreducible, recurrent, symmetric infinitely divisible Hunt process on X such that for t>0, ϕ(t)-ϕ(0) has a bounded continuous density p(t,·) with respect to Haar measure on X. Potential theory is developed for the kernel k = ∫ 0 1 p(t,·)dt · ∫ 1 ∞ (p(t,·)−p(t,0))dt. In particular, balayage and equilibrium problems corresponding to an arbitrary relatively compact Borel set are formulated and solved and the solutions are characterized in terms of energy. Logarithmic potential theory is included as the special case corresponding to planar Brownian motion.
Enzymatic studies relating to the mode of action of 5-mercapto-2'-deoxyuridine.

Kinetic studies of the effects of 5-mercapto-29-deoxyuridine (MUdR) and some of its derivatives on the thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthetase of Escherichia coli B are presented. It was found that MUdR and its S-methyl derivative are phosphorylated by thymidine kinase, while other derivatives, including the disulfide, are not. In crude extracts of E. coil B, thymidylate synthetase was inhibited by MUdR (but not the S-methyl derivative) in the presence of ATP only. MUdR 59-monophosphate (MUdRP) was prepared by enzymatic phosphorylation of MUdR and found to be a potent inhibitor of purified E. coil B thymidylate synthetase (Ki = 4.0 x 10-8 M; Ki/Km = 0.0085), competitive with the substrate, deoxyuridylate. The "anomalous" strong binding of MUdRP to this enzyme is discussed. The results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the mode of action of MUdR involves the metabolic activation of the analogue via phosphorylation by thymidine kinase and subsequent inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by the active form, MUdRP, resulting in the inhibition of DNA synthesis.
19 – Dissolved Organic Carbon: Detrital Energetics, Metabolic Regulators, and Drivers of Ecosystem Stability of Aquatic Ecosystems1

Publisher Summary Trophic structure has dominated evaluations of the rates of energy fixation by primary producers in terrestrial and aquatic pelagic communities, and the rate of transfer of efficiencies of this energy to higher trophic levels. Flows of energy within the trophic structures and their variants specifically addressed predation, that is, ingestion of particles of organic matter. Trophic structure and energy fluxes were evaluated predominantly in pelagic regions on the basis of ingestion of particulate organic matter by living organisms, and the effects of consumption on the population dynamics of trophic levels. Metabolism of particulate detritus (nonliving) especially dissolved organic matter from many pelagic and nonpelagic autochthonous and from allochthonous sources, dominates both material and energy fluxes. In providing an overview and syntheses of the evaluations of organic carbon, a general consensus has emerged along several directions of thought concerning the functions of dissolved organic matter in aquatic ecosystems. The inland water systems are being treated as integrated ecosystems with the increasing and full appreciation that the metabolism of the lakes and rivers is dependent largely or to a major extent on metabolism in the adjacent drainage basin. Commonality of function is found amid the plethora of individual habitat diversity. This important merger is especially evident in the recognition that the processes are functionally similar in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Differences are apparent at the sources of organic matter, which affect the rates of utilization, but not the operation of utilization. The rates of utilization differ because of the dominance of more recalcitrant organic substrates in inland water ecosystems.
Feasibility study of a position-sensitive hemispheric CZT radiation detector(Conference Presentation)

In this work, we reconfigured the design of the electrodes, incorporating the high-granularity position-sensitive 3D concept into a larger geometrical form factor, e.g., hemispheric detectors, to improve the uniformity of charge collection and the energy resolution. We designed and fabricated new position-sensitive hemispheric detectors and measured the pulse-height spectra and acquired charge transport data and other electrical measurements with different sealed radioactive sources before and after modifying the design, and compared their performance to identify the optimum configuration. We then applied charge-loss corrections by utilizing the x-y-z positional information from the charge-sensing pads for each event. Based on our simulations and experimental data, we optimized a new configuration for our position-sensitive hemispheric detectors that can effectively be fabricated as large as 20x20x15-mm3 size. Furthermore, our simulation suggests that we can achieve an energy resolution of <1% (FWHM) at 662 keV from even 10x10x5 mm3 sized position-sensitive hemispheric detectors using average-grade CZT crystals.
A Novel Inhibitor of BET Family Bromodomains Demonstrates In Vivo and I n Vi tro Potency in B-Cell Malignancies

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy with aberrant activation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway. Despite durable remissions with targeted therapies (e.g., ibrutinib) in CLL, it remains an incurable disease. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and dysregulation of chromatin regulators have been shown to contribute to the neoplastic phenotype and the differential biologic behavior of tumor cells, including leukemia. An additional layer of epigenetic complexity in cancer cells is the acquisition of super-enhancer regions enriched at genes with known oncogenic function including MYC and BCL2. Super-enhancers in multiple myeloma cells and other tumors have been found strongly enriched for binding of BRD4, a member of the human bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain family of proteins which includes BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and the testis-specific member BRDT. BRD4 binds to acetylated lysines on histones and regulates the expression of important oncogenes (e.g., MYC and BCL2). We investigated the therapeutic benefit of BET inhibition in cell culture and in vivo disease models of leukemia/lymphoma using PLX51107, a novel BRD4 inhibitor with unique binding mode. Results: We report that BRD4 is significantly overexpressed in CLL patient-derived B-cells compared to B-cells from healthy donors on both transcript and protein level (p Conclusion: Collectively our findings reveal BRD4 as a valid and novel target for epigenetic therapy directed against core transcriptional programs in malignant/proliferating B-cells and provide support for use of PLX51107 as an effective treatment in clinical trials for relapsed/refractory CLL patients and related aggressive forms of B-cell malignancies, with the ultimate goal of improving the outcome of these patients. Disclosures Byrd:Acerta Pharma BV: Research Funding.
Fault ride through characteristics of connection of large wind power island to VSC-HVDC grid

With increasing scale of wind power development, large wind power bases will, where there is no support from synchronous power source, be directly connected to the grid and therefore one of developing trends to transmit currently large-scale wind power is transmit the wind power “island” with the long distance VSC-HVDC transmission technology when it is connected to the grids. When a large-scale wind power island is connected to a VSC-HVDC grid, the wind turbines and the VSC-HVDC grid will influence each other's operation and control, and in particular, in the case of fault, mutual coupling of dynamic characteristics of electrical variables at different time scales between the wind turbines and the VSC-HVDC grid cannot be ignored. The paper is focused on non-synchronous detection of disturbance, one of key problems found in connection of wind power to the VSC-HVDC grid, and studies the fault ride-through (FRT) technology for the island-connected large-scale wind power and the VSC-HVDC grid, by analyzing the impact of fault-response characteristics of the wind power and the VSC-HVDC grid at different time scales on each other.
Pornography Consumption and Satisfaction: a Meta-Analysis

A classic question in the communication literature is whether pornography consumption affects consumers' satisfaction. The present paper represents the first attempt to address this question via meta-analysis. Fifty studies collectively including more than 50,000 participants from 10 countries were located across the interpersonal domains of sexual and relational satisfaction and the intrapersonal domains of body and self satisfaction. Pornography consumption was not related to the intrapersonal satisfaction outcomes that were studied. However, pornography consumption was associated with lower interpersonal satisfaction outcomes in cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal surveys, and experiments. Associations between pornography consumption and reduced interpersonal satisfaction outcomes were not moderated by their year of release or their publication status. But analyses by sex indicted significant results for men only.
The Psychosocial Effects of Radiation Disasters on Young Children

Over the past 30 years, three major radiation disasters have occurred globally causing widespread destruction. During the aftermath, individuals living in the disaster zones suffered adverse psychosocial effects. Radiation disasters are associated with considerable psychosocial burden for affected individuals especially young children. Some of the more prevalent problems include anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychosomatic complaints such as abdominal pain, headaches, and insomnia. Past radiation disasters demonstrated that the psychosocial effects were more prominent than physical health concerns. Knowledge regarding how to address this psychosocial burden on young children is valuable for educators worldwide. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the psychosocial effects of radiation disasters on young children and provide age appropriate recommendations for educators regarding delivering psychosocial care following the event.
Mixed Approach Retrospective Analyses of Suicide and Suicidal Ideation for Brand Compared with Generic Central Nervous System Drugs.

Several different types of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) have previously been associated with an increased risk of suicide and suicidal ideation (broadly referred to as suicide). However, a differential association between brand and generic CNS drugs and suicide has not been reported. This study compares suicide adverse event rates for brand versus generic CNS drugs using multiple sources of data. Selected examples of CNS drugs (sertraline, gabapentin, zolpidem, and methylphenidate) were evaluated via the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for a hypothesis-generating study, and then via administrative claims and electronic health record (EHR) data for a more rigorous retrospective cohort study. Disproportionality analyses with reporting odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used in the FAERS analyses to quantify the association between each drug and reported suicide. For the cohort studies, Cox proportional hazards models were used, controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics as well as the background risk of suicide in the insured population. The FAERS analyses found significantly lower suicide reporting rates for brands compared with generics for all four studied products (Breslow–Day P < 0.05). In the claims- and EHR-based cohort study, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was statistically significant only for sertraline (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.38–0.88). Suicide reporting rates were disproportionately larger for generic than for brand CNS drugs in FAERS and adjusted retrospective cohort analyses remained significant only for sertraline. However, even for sertraline, temporal confounding related to the close proximity of black box warnings and generic availability is possible. Additional analyses in larger data sources with additional drugs are needed.
Detection of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) in melanoma

The tumor antigen chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) appears to be a useful biomarker to identify melanoma cells and an attractive target to apply antibody-based immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma. Here we described the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining method to detect the expression of CSPG4 in melanoma cells and tissues.
AIDS in Africa: A Significant Challenge and a Disconnected Response

AIDS is everywhere, either in rich or poor countries. Young or old people … people are dying with AIDS everyday. Malawian Journals Project, Graciano Magwira, August 11, 2005 AIDS took the lives of 1 million people in 2016, more than twothirds of whom lived in Africa. Although Africa has only 16% of the world's population, it is home to 65% of all new HIV infections. This chapter describes both the challenge AIDS has been in Africa as well as the responses to AIDS by ordinary Africans, their governments, and the greater international community. Because evaluating HIV/AIDS interventions requires a general understanding of HIV prevalence and transmission patterns, I start with a brief overview of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. I then describe responses to AIDS, including local community responses and large global initiatives. The next section highlights the disconnect between interventions as imagined in global capitals and as actually implemented at the grassroots level. The final section examines why there is a disconnect and proposes how to explain it. HIV/AIDS in Africa: A Brief Overview HIV is the acronym for human immunodeficiency virus, a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Progression from HIV infection to AIDS disease is long, usually taking 8 to 12 years in the absence of treatment. Although people may experience mild symptoms immediately after infection, there is a long latent phase before AIDS weakens the immune system. AIDS makes the body less capable of fighting infections and ultimately leads to death from opportunistic infections. There is no vaccine for HIV and there is no cure for AIDS. HIV is a global pathogen with African roots. The original discovery of the virus in the 1980s is credited to laboratories in the United States and France (Epstein, 1996; Crane, 2013), but the most detailed analysis suggests the virus’ origins lie somewhere in Central Africa (Vidal et al., 2000; Iliffe, 2006; Pepin, 2011), where some of the earliest evidence of HIV has been found (Nahmias et al., 1986; Worobey et al., 2008). Scientists estimate HIV was “circulating in the African population near the beginning of the 20th century” (Worobey et al., 2008, 663).
Architecture and Production Readiness Reviews in Practice

Detailed description of procedures around architecture reviews. In order to succeed in building and deploying complex software solutions, an architecture is essential. For many in the industry structured reviews of these architectures is also de rigor. Practices for such reviews have been developed and reported on for years. One aspect that does not receive as much attention but is no less important is the relationship between these architectures and the requirements for deploying them into production environments. At Wolters Kluwer's Corporate Legal Services we first established a typical architecture review process and then established a two phase production preparation review process. This paper describes in detail how these practices work and some of the technical results of these reviews including the frequency and style of the reviews, the process automation around them, and the number and nature of some of the technical flaws eliminated by enforcing these reviews. This paper lays the ground work for others who would be interested in following similar practices.
Edge Materials, Wear and Fluids for Cutting and Grinding

By comparison with the mechanics and thermal models for machining in Chapter 3, this chapter will be less quantitative and more qualitative. The calculations in Chapter 3 treated the interfaces at the rake face of the cutting edge or wheel contact region in grinding as if everything was known in a very precise and quantitative way. In reality this is not the case. This chapter covers cutting edge materials and fluids applied at the interface, where they interact with the workpiece to affect both the friction, temperatures and wear in machining and grinding.
Isolated Flat Epithelial Atypia on Core Biopsy Specimens Is Associated With a Low Risk of Upgrade at Excision

Objectives We present a retrospective review of 111 breast core biopsy specimens with flat epithelial atypia (FEA) and corresponding excision to better understand rates of upgrade following this diagnosis. Methods In total, 252 breast core biopsy specimens were identified. Cases were excluded if biopsy slides or excision results were unavailable, for ipsilateral carcinoma or other findings warranting excision, or biopsy performed for indications other than mammographically detected calcifications. Coincident atypical lobular hyperplasia was not excluded. Diagnoses were confirmed by breast pathologists, and mammographic images were reviewed. Results Ultimately, 111 biopsy specimens with FEA were included. In subsequent excisions, one (1%) of 111 showed invasive carcinoma, 20 (18%) atypical ductal hyperplasia, 20 (18%) lobular neoplasia, 31 (28%) FEA, and 39 (35%) no atypical findings. Conclusions FEA on core biopsy specimens is associated with a low rate of upgrade to invasive carcinoma. Close follow-up may be a reasonable alternative to excision for isolated FEA on core needle biopsy specimens.
cis-4-[18F][1]fluoro-L-proline (18F-FP) positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging (PET/CT) as a novel method to quantify liver collagenogenesis in the setting of early stage alcoholic liver fibrosis.

267 Objectives: Early-stage liver fibrosis (LF), associated with Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), is potentially reversible, but difficult to detect and quantify. In this study we evaluated the application of a positron emitting radiofluorinated analog of the proline amino acid, 18F-FP, as a potential novel approach to early-stage LF detection, in vivo. Uptake of 18F-FP by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was quantified as a surrogate of collagenogenesis in an early-stage LF model. Methods: For in vivo studies, we quantified the normal 18F-FP uptake in liver using PET/CT imaging in controls and traced the 18F-FP biodistribution over time in different organs. Static 18F-FP PET/CT imaging was then used to trace 18F-FP uptake in the liver in the setting of early-stage LF compared to 18F-FP uptake in normal liver. Early-stage LF was confirmed by histopathology, blood chemistry, and clinical factors. High 18F-FP purity was confirmed prior to each experiment by HPLC. 18F-NaF PET/CT was performed concurrently and the biodistribution was compared to 18F-FP as a control for free 18F. Findings were correlated with collagen gene expression. Results: In vivo,18F-FP uptake in early-stage LF was optimally imaged during a 60-150 minute imaging period. There was minimal fibrosis in ASH mice, but no difference in HA and alpha 2M (A2M). However, quantification of 18F-FP uptake using % of injected dose (ID), nCi/cc and standardized uptake values (SUVs) demonstrated liver uptake of 18F-FP in early-stage LF was 2-3 times that of controls, and strongly correlated with liver collagen expression (r = 0.97), which was statistically significant (p Conclusions: 18F-FP PET/CT imaging can distinguish increased liver proline uptake in early-stage LF, in vivo, before chemical biomarkers. These resultssuggest promise as a novel non-invasive diagnostic tool to detect early-stage LF in patients with ALD.
The resurgence of community in online learning

In this contribution Stephen Downes addresses the question of how massive open online courses (MOOCs) will impact the future of distance education. The presentation considers in some detail the nature and purpose of a MOOC in contrast with traditional distance education. He argues that MOOCs represent the resurgence of community-based learning and will describe how distance education institutions will share MOOCs with each other and will supplement online interaction with communitybased resources and services. The phenomenon of ‘wrapped MOOCs’ will be described, and Downes will outline several examples of local support for global MOOCs. The implications for the non-English-speaking world of distance education will be considered, and Downes will outline strategies and examples of the use of MOOCs to promote linguistic diversity.