cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Study of the Glutathione (GSH) Reactivity of N-Arylacrylamides: 1. Effects of Aryl Substitution

Success in the design of targeted covalent inhibitors depends in part on a knowledge of the factors influencing electrophile reactivity. In an effort to further develop an understanding of structure–reactivity relationships among N-arylacrylamides, we determined glutathione (GSH) reaction rates for a family of N-arylacrylamides independently substituted at ortho-, meta-, and para-positions with 11 different groups common to inhibitor design. We find that substituent effects on reaction rates show a linear Hammett correlation for ortho-, meta-, and para-substitution. In addition, we note a correlation between 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the acrylamide with GSH reaction rates, suggesting that NMR chemical shifts may be a convenient surrogate measure of relative acrylamide reactivity. Density functional theory calculations reveal a correlation between computed activation parameters and experimentally determined reaction rates, validating the use of such methodology for the screening of synthetic candid...
Youth with disabilities in the United States Child Welfare System

Abstract Existing literature suggests that youth with disabilities are known to be at increased risk of maltreatment in the form of abuse and/or neglect. Little is known, however, about the experiences of youth with disabilities who are living in foster care or who are supervised by child protection authorities. This study establishes a baseline estimate of the prevalence of youth with disabilities living in foster care, documents reasons for child protection system involvement, identifies placement types while youth are in care and explores case outcomes. This cross-sectional, exploratory study draws on data from the 2012 Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System (AFCARS) for foster youth in 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. A sample of youth with disabilities (N = 36.492) and a comparison group without disabilities (N = 601.539) were identified. Findings about demographics, reasons for child removal, foster care placements, permanency planning goals and case outcomes are presented. Findings have implications for the prevention the removal of youth from caregivers, the need for family supports to prevent foster care involvement, the promotion of community inclusion of foster youth while in foster care and the need for inter-system collaboration at the transitional age stage.
Multiscale modeling of acoustic wave propagation in 2D heterogeneous media using local spectral basis functions

SUMMARY Seismic wave equation modeling is an essential part of all full wavefield based seismic imaging, inversion and data analysis methods. Solving seismic wave equation on highly heterogeneous media is computationally expensive and reduced-order models can be used to speed-up the computations by reducing the degrees of freedom. In this abstract we present a reduced order model that consists of an application of the multiscale finite element method to solving the acoustic wave equation using spectral multiscale basis functions (Enriched MsFEM). Generally, the continuous multiscale basis functions are constructed by solving local spectral problems first and a careful selection of partition of unity functions. We then choose the eigenvectors that correspond to small, asymptotically vanishing eigenvalues to form our approximation spaces. This method efficiently captures the effects of fine scale features of the domain on wave propagation without solving the problem on the fine mesh. The computation of basis functions on different coarse grid blocks is totally independent, which makes this method easy to parallelize. Compared to discontinuous multiscale methods, the proposed continuous methods have advantages in capturing subgrid effects more accurately; however, the mass matrix resulting in continuous multiscale methods is no longer block-diagonal. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that the method shows higher accuracy compared to traditional MsFEM and can reduce computation time and memory costs.
Nearshore Berm Performance at Newport Beach, California, USA

In 1992, approximately 1,276,000 cubic yards of littoral material was hydraulically placed into a berm configuration in nearshore water depths at Newport Beach, California, USA. A monitoring program conducted included directional wave measurements, beach and bathymetric profiles, surficial sediment sampling, and controlled aerial photography. Analysis of the bathymetric profiles collectively indicate the berm is experiencing a shoreward-directed dispersal; there is no evidence suggesting offshore or alongshore directed berm movement. Sediment physical characteristics and grain size distribution indicating the berm effects on the seabed are discussed. Recently proposed models for berm stable/active categorization and migration rate are examined. Surfing at the site was significantly enhanced; the berm created breaking wave conditions never before experienced at this location.
The influencet of storage period towards Blood Cell Analysis of vein blood

Objective:To study the influence of storage period towards Blood Cell Analysis of vein blood.Method:Analyze vein blood sample at six point-in-time and analyze the results.Result:It is no distinct difference from the results in 8 hours.And we need analyze the MPV in 1 hours better.Conclusion:We should analyze the vein blood sample as quickly as possible.
Analysis of the Spatial Scattering Characteristic for the Reentry Target Cloaked by Plasma Based on the Physical Optics Method

Numerical simulations of chemical reaction flow passing around the reentry target have been carried out with the eleven-element model.The distribution of flow parameters has been obtained for different reentry altitudes and Mach numbers.Based on the results of chemical reaction flow field,with the application of the input impedance method and multilayered medium model,the RCS of the reentry target has been computed using the physical optics method.The effect of flow states on the scattering characteristic has been analyzed.The propagation characteristic of electromagnetic waves in plasmas and the interaction of electromagnetic waves with plasmas have been studied.The results are significant to the identification,the plasmas stealth and the communication of reentry targets.
Light, behavior, and biologic rhythms.

The most potent environmental synchronizer of “biologic clocks” in mammals is the light-dark cycle. The author describes experiments that identify a particular pathway—a direct connection between retina and hypothalamus—as the main route by which such biologic rhythms as the daily activity cycle, the estrous cycle, and the annual reproductive cycle are entrained to the external environment.
Benign ovarian stromal tumors associated with free peritoneal fluid

Ten ovarian stromal tumors (fibromas and thecomas) associated with free peritoneal fluid were compared with 60 similar lesions in patients devoid of fluid at laparotomy. The tumors were studied microscopically and one, associated with fluid, was examined by electron microscopy. There appears to be a critical relationship between the mass volume of solid tissue and surface area of a given tumor, and a significant component of distinctive myxoid tissue in determining the presence or absence of free fluid. Tumors smaller than 10 cm. in diameter were not associated with fluid nor were larger tumors lacking myxoid tissue. No explanation relating to the formation of fluid was found ultrastructurally. Our observations favor transudation of extracellular fluid from the stroma through the thin capsular surface as the basic mechanism.
Twelve Years Since Importance of Cross-Cultural Competency Recognized: Where Are We Now?

Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the content and volume of literature that has been written on cultural competency in emergency medicine since its educational imperative was first described by the Institute of Medicine in 2002. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search through the PUBMED portal in January 2015 to identify all articles and reviews that addressed cultural competency in emergency medicine. Articles were included in the review if cultural competency was described or if its impact on healthcare disparities or curriculum development was described. Two reviewers independently investigated all relevant articles. These articles were then summarized. Results: Of the 73 abstracts identified in the initial search, only 10 met criteria for inclusion. A common theme found among these 10 articles is that cultural competency in emergency medicine is essential to reducing healthcare disparities and improving patient care. These articles were consistent in their support for cross-cultural educational advancements in the EM curriculum. Conclusion: Despite the documented importance of cultural competency education in medicine, there appears to be only 10 articles over the past 12 years regarding its development and implementation in emergency medicine. This comprehensive literature review underscores the relative dearth of publications related to cultural competency in emergency medicine. The limited number of article findings is striking when compared to the growth of emergency medicine research over the same time period and can serve as a stimulus for further research in this significant area of EM education.
Stimuli Generation for Functional Hardware Verification with Constraint Programming

We survey the application of constraint programming techniques for stimuli generation in functional hardware verification, which can be considered the largest and most important industrial application of constraint programming. We provide a thorough introduction to the application domain, aimed at people unfamiliar with this area. We show the sources of constraints and the unique aspects of the constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) arising in this field. We then present CSP models of a wide variety of stimuli generation problems, as well as the state of the art techniques used to solve them. We also discuss the current challenges in this area, and the prospects of solving them by advancing constraint programming technology beyond the state of the art.
P.W.S. Andrews' Manufacturing Business Revisited

ABSTRACTP.W.S. Andrews (1914–1971) was a remarkable industrial economist at Oxford University, prominently as a member of the Oxford Economists’ Research Group (OERG) and Nuffield College. In the final few years of his life, he held a professorship at Lancaster University. As a self-described ‘practical theorist’, Andrews thought economists, particularly in the 1930s, inappropriately extended Marshall in a more formal, technical manner whereby the detailed reality of industrial economics was overshadowed. Such a ‘methodological mistake’ of a priori reasoning trumping the inductive method was countered by the OERG’s emphasis on grounded empiricism featuring extensive primary research on real businesses. A product of this research was Andrews’ Manufacturing Business that proffers a novel theory of the business firm. This article revisits Andrews’ signature book, paying particular attention to its apparent curiously harsh reviews by Austin Robinson and Arnold Plant, two distinguished Marshallian industrial e...
Effects of CO2, pH and temperature on respiration and regeneration in the burrowing brittle stars Hemipholis cordifera and Microphiopholis gracillima

Abstract Hemipholis cordifera and Microphiopholis gracillima are burrowing brittlestars that differ in burrow architecture and oxygen obtaining strategies: M. gracillima actively ventilates a gallery while H. cordifera has a simple chamber and instead relies on oxygen being transported from arms exposed to the overlying water using hemoglobin in its water vascular system. To determine the possible effects of near future climate change on both species, in terms of metabolism and regeneration, they were exposed to current (25 °C & 28 °C) and elevated (32 °C) temperatures, as well as normal (8.1) and hypercapnia/lowered pH (7.8 & 7.6) in all combinations for six weeks. Oxygen uptake was measured weekly during this period. As expected, M. gracillima had a higher overall oxygen uptake rate than H. cordifera . Both species had highly variable oxygen uptake and were significantly affected by the week was measured. H. cordifera experienced increased oxygen uptake at the higher temperature (32 °C) and as a result of interactive effects of time and pH 7.6. Both species experienced interactive effects of pH and temperature, but there was no clear pattern. Increased temperature positively affected arm regeneration in H. cordifera , increasing both length and percent recovery. There were no effects on disc regeneration observed in M gracillima , however lower pH decreased the dry weight in both intact and regenerating animals. Calcification, measured as percent inorganic content, was not affected in either species by regeneration, temperature or pH. Despite the minor effects on its physiology, M. gracillima experienced lower percent survivorship than H. cordifera . Temperature had the most effect, with survivorship higher at 28 °C, than at 25 °C or 32 °C. These results indicate that both species are operating near or at their physiological limits and may be unable to cope with future drastic changes.
Design and optimization of gasoline direct injection engines using computational fluid dynamics

Abstract: This chapter discusses the role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling in gasoline direct injection (DI) engine combustion system design and development. It starts with a brief review of injector technologies and the impact of the spray characteristics on the combustion system optimization. The main challenges to the optimization of a homogeneous-charge DI combustion system are to improve volumetric efficiency and fuel–air mixing homogeneity with reduced surface fuel wetting. Examples are included to demonstrate how CFD modeling is utilized to optimize the intake port design for improved flow capacity while providing adequate in-cylinder flow motion, to optimize combustion chamber design to improve fuel-air mixing at high speed and high load condition by alleviating the impact of intake flow on fuel spray, and to optimize fuel injection and cam strategy for improved fuel-air mixing homogeneity. For stratified-charge operation, CFD modeling has been applied to optimize the matching between intake flow motion and the spray configuration to generate stable charge stratification with the least amount of smoke emissions over a wide operation window. The boosted DI combustion system promotes its unique challenges in fuel–air mixing, knock mitigation, and higher heat flux requirement for catalyst warm-up in turbo-charged Di engines. However, it also provides further opportunity for combustion system optimization with fewer requirements on intake flow capacity. CFD modeling has been applied to optimize the intake port design to improve in-cylinder flow motion and mixing homogeneity. This chapter also provides a perspective view of CFD modeling in future combustion system development. CFD computational speed and simulation accuracy are two equally important aspects of CFD simulation in combustion system development and optimization. Better physical models are essential to the development of future advanced combustion systems with better fuel economy, higher power density, and cleaner emissions.
Feasibility and acceptability of a toolkit to facilitate clinician use of exposure therapy for youth.

ABSTRACTExposure therapy is a key element of cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety. However, few clinicians outside of specialty anxiety clinics routinely use exposures with anxious y...
Interface Chemistry of Contact Metals and Ferromagnets on the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3

The interface between the topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 and deposited metal films is investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy including conventional contact metals (Au, Pd, Cr, and Ir) and magnetic materials (Co, Fe, Ni, Co0.8Fe0.2, and Ni0.8Fe0.2). Au is the only metal to show little or no interaction with the Bi2Se3, with no interfacial layer between the metal and the surface of the TI. The other metals show a range of reaction behaviors with the relative strength of reaction (obtained from the amount of Bi2Se3 consumed during reaction) ordered as Au < Pd < Ir < Co ≤ CoFe < Ni < Cr < NiFe < Fe, in approximate agreement with the behavior expected from the Gibbs free energies of formation for the alloys formed. Post metallization anneals at 300 °C in vacuum were also performed for each interface. Several of the metal films were not stable upon anneal and desorbed from the surface (Au, Pd, Ni, and Ni0.8Fe0.2), while Cr, Fe, Co, and Co0.8Fe0.2 showed accelerated reactions with the underlying ...
AGENT BASED MODELING: FINE-SCALE SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF PERTUSSIS

Abstract. In epidemiology, spatial and temporal variables are used to compute vaccination efficacy and effectiveness. The chosen resolution and scale of a spatial or spatio-temporal analysis will affect the results. When calculating vaccination efficacy, for example, a simple environment that offers various ideal outcomes is often modeled using coarse scale data aggregated on an annual basis. In contrast to the inadequacy of this aggregated method, this research uses agent based modeling of fine-scale neighborhood data centered around the interactions of infants in daycare and their families to demonstrate an accurate reflection of vaccination capabilities. Despite being able to prevent major symptoms, recent studies suggest that acellular Pertussis does not prevent the colonization and transmission of Bordetella Pertussis bacteria. After vaccination, a treated individual becomes a potential asymptomatic carrier of the Pertussis bacteria, rather than an immune individual. Agent based modeling enables the measurable depiction of asymptomatic carriers that are otherwise unaccounted for when calculating vaccination efficacy and effectiveness. Using empirical data from a Florida Pertussis outbreak case study, the results of this model demonstrate that asymptomatic carriers bias the calculated vaccination efficacy and reveal a need for reconsidering current methods that are widely used for calculating vaccination efficacy and effectiveness.
Competing mechanisms with multi-unit consumer demand

Abstract The competing mechanisms literature is extended to a market setting in which firms have fixed capacity, and there is a continuum of consumers who desire multiple units and can only purchase from one firm. Firms choose incentive compatible mechanisms in which consumers report their utility types; consumption of the good and payments of the numeraire are continuous functions of the reports. Uniform price auctions with reserve prices, reinterpreted as direct mechanisms, are not consistent with equilibrium. However, modified auctions without reserve prices but with type-specific entry fees do constitute an equilibrium of the competing mechanisms game under additional regularity assumptions. When all firms announce fixed prices at the perfectly competitive level, this profile also constitutes an equilibrium of the competing mechanisms game.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Changing the Mean by Changing the Mien

What follows is a description of how our group of nephrologists transformed the delivery of healthcare to our patient population with chronic kidney disease (CKD) over 8 years. This required significant changes in our mindset and attitudes. The changes primarily involved adopting a highly automated and protocol-driven style of care that was geared toward efficiency without a sacrifice in quality. Our emphasis was delivery of high quality, relevant, evidence-based, patient-centered, multidisciplinary care with enthusiastic and dedicated participation by a broad coalition of involved stakeholders, not only nephrologists, but also internal medicine trainees and faculty, family medicine physicians, the clinical laboratory staff, nurse practitioners, social workers, pharmacists, and dietitians.
Global stability of flowing red blood cell trains

Flowing trains of red blood cells are stable when tightly confined but can otherwise break down into an irregular flow. A linear stability formulation is developed to analyze this biological phenomena, advancing understanding of its origin and guiding the design of devices that process blood cells.
Application of Laguerre Polynomials in the Analysis of Neutron-Wave Propagation

An energy-dependent transport theory solution for the infinite medium neutron-wave propagation problem is obtained by applying a Laguerre polynomial expansion to represent the flux energy dependenc...
Integrating molecular imaging and behavioral neuroscience: Seeing animal models in a new light

1200 Objectives Behavioral neuroimaging in animals allows us to map preclinical models of clinical studies by examining both behavioral and molecular imaging endpoints simultaneously. We will describe the development and validation of a new paradigm in which PET and receptor specific radiotracers can capture dynamic molecular events in behaving animals. Our change in emphasis from imaging nonspecific brain targets to specific molecular events represents a significant shift and offers a new tool for understanding brain/behavior relationships. Methods Using [11C]-raclopride (11C-rac) as a prototypical probe whose displacement reflects changing dopamine (DA), we constructed drug challenges to directly perturb 11C-rac (loading doses of cold rac) or indirectly change 11C-rac by changing DA (METH to increase and AMPT to decrease DA). Paired scans were performed where uptake occurred in the awake state followed by anesthesia. Behaviors were videotaped digitally analyzed and compared to changes in 11C-rac binding. Results Behavioral challenges revealed parallels analogous to human PET studies. Stress decreased 11C-rac binding, an effect that significantly correlated with behavior and was similar in magnitude to that following METH. Cue exposure in cocaine-addicted animals significantly decreased 11C-rac; this decrease correlated with measures of craving and the magnitude was similar to the decrease in 11C-rac from acute cocaine. Conclusions We found that changes in 11C-rac binding were closely linked to individual differences in behavior in each model tested. Animals with little genetic variation and no difference in rearing will respond uniquely to stress and this response closely reflects 11C-rac binding. This reflects a variability common to clinical PET studies. Research Support Supported by DOD PR02620 and NIH R01-DA02529 to WKS
Fuzzy Web Information Classification Agents

We are in an era with information overload. It becomes more and more difficult for us to analyze the fast-changing information and make decision upon the analyses. The web information agent appears to give us an easy way. In general, intelligent Web agents based on the CWI (Computational Web Intelligence) techniques can help a better e-Business [15]. CWI is a hybrid technology of Computational Intelligence (CI) and Web Technology (WT) dedicating to increasing QoI (Quality of Intelligence) of e-Business applications on the Internet and wireless networks [15]. Fuzzy computing, neural computing, evolutionary computing, probabilistic computing, granular computing, rough computing, WT, data mining, personalization and intelligent agent technology are major techniques of CWI. Currently, seven major research areas of CWI are (1) Fuzzy WI (FWI), (2) Neural WI (NWI), (3) Evolutionary WI (EWI), (4) Probabilistic WI (PWI), (5) Granular WI (GWI), (6) Rough WI (RWI), and (7) Hybrid WI (HWI). In the future, more CWI research areas will be added. Here, FWI techniques are mainly used in the fuzzy Web information classification agent.
Does socioeconomic status account for racial and ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival

Background For many childhood cancers, survival is lower among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics in comparison with non-Hispanic whites, and this may be attributed to underlying socioeconomic factors. However, prior childhood cancer survival studies have not formally tested for mediation by socioeconomic status (SES). This study applied mediation methods to quantify the role of SES in racial/ethnic differences in childhood cancer survival. Methods This study used population-based cancer survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database for black, white, and Hispanic children who had been diagnosed at the ages of 0 to 19 years in 2000-2011 (n = 31,866). Black-white and Hispanic-white mortality hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for age, sex, and stage at diagnosis, were estimated. The inverse odds weighting method was used to test for mediation by SES, which was measured with a validated census-tract composite index. Results Whites had a significant survival advantage over blacks and Hispanics for several childhood cancers. SES significantly mediated the race/ethnicity-survival association for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, neuroblastoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma; SES reduced the original association between race/ethnicity and survival by 44%, 28%, 49%, and 34%, respectively, for blacks versus whites and by 31%, 73%, 48%, and 28%, respectively, for Hispanics versus whites ((log hazard ratio total effect - log hazard ratio direct effect)/log hazard ratio total effect). Conclusions SES significantly mediates racial/ethnic childhood cancer survival disparities for several cancers. However, the proportion of the total race/ethnicity-survival association explained by SES varies between black-white and Hispanic-white comparisons for some cancers, and this suggests that mediation by other factors differs across groups.
Drought Scenario Analysis Using RiverWare: A Case Study in Urumqi River Basin, China

In this study, we applied RiverWare modeling approach to evaluate the management decisions on surface water and groundwater diversions in the agricultural watershed of the Urumqi River Basin of Xinjiang in Northwestern China. A rule-based daily time step RiverWare model was developed to simulate the hydrologic effects of different water management alternatives considering irrigation and drainage systems, crop water use, and diversion rules at the diversion dams within the basin. Daily data period from 2005 to 2009 was used to calibrate the model and 2010-2012 was used to validate the model. A calibrated daily RiverWare model was then used to evaluate the management decisions under different drought scenarios that generated by using the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) that developed to simulate inflow from upstream of Yingxiongqiao gaging station. Two drought scenarios (reduced precipitation and increased temperature) analysis were performed, and the corresponding hydrological variables were compared to the baseline scenario. The results indicated that the model adequately reproduced the historical inflows for the Wulabo Reservoir. The scenario analysis results suggest that the reduced precipitation led to increased groundwater pumping for irrigation both in the spring and summer. The increased temperature induces a significant increase in surface runoff in the basin and leads to increased crop water demand within the irrigation district, and however does not necessarily reduce the groundwater pumpage. Water operation policies from RiverWare provide guidelines for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water resources within the basin under different water supply scenarios in the future.
Diffusive light scattering and collection for advanced device applications

Spectral management and diffusive light transport enables plants to both survive on extremely low irradiance and also to survive long enough under extreme temperature and pressure to leave imprints in super-heated impact glasses. These properties are related to structures wherein a low density of light absorbent particles are embedded in a light scattering and spectral selective reflective matrix. This marvelous diffusive light engineering has wide-ranging applications based on bio-mimicry. Where, environmentally sensitive radiative-to-non-radiative lifetime ratios increase the photon flux to the chlorophyll molecules best positioned for favorable photochemistry and for preservation under extreme conditions. The embedding of absorptive particles within a transparent scattering matrix has far reaching intriguing applications. Included is the extreme heating of light absorbent particles within a relatively cold matrix. Interestingly, the hot absorbent particle-cold matrix condition is critical for the efficient extreme heating of small particles. Here the potential of non-equilibrium passive diffusive light collection will consider be explored using one of the most challenging application extreme particle heating for controlled nuclear fusion.
Detecting Malicious Assembly with Deep Learning

We present our work on evaluating the usefulness of deep, convolutional neural networks (DNN) for classifying assembly or machine code as malicious or benign. Our results show that a DNN trained on a small dataset showed 95.1% accuracy in program classification. We also show a modified network can achieve 88% accuracy in classifying nine types of malware on a larger dataset, leaving room for future work to address variable length files.
Isoscapes for Terrestrial Migration Research

Abstract This chapter is chiefly concerned with how “iscoscapes” or the patterns of spatial isotope ratio variations in the environmental substrates are crucial in understanding migration ecology, with a focus on the environmental systems and the modeling approaches that can be employed by the researcher. The different processes of mapping isotopic variation are discussed with reference to (a) Rayleigh distillation and precipitation, (b) hydrological mixing of waters, (c) isotopic compositions of soil and leaf waters, (d) the effects of gas exchange on carbon isotope ratios of plant tissues, (e) nitrogen isotopes and lastly (f) the isotopic variation in the trace element strontium. This is followed by examining the issues of spatial organization and isotope patterning that details the mapping of isotopes, the uncertainty of isoscape predictions and the varied iscoscapes available for terrestrial migration research with examples. The section finally concludes by raising the question of efficacy of such isoscape data products in migration studies.
The Myth of Hydrogen Pores in Aluminum Castings

The equilibrium solubility of hydrogen in liquid and solid aluminum is reviewed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of hydrogen as pores are evaluated. It has been determined that homogeneous nucleation of hydrogen pores is impossible. Moreover, in situ observations of pore formation in melts with high hydrogen contents are inconsistent with heterogeneous nucleation of hydrogen pores. The only mechanism for hydrogen to contribute to pore formation is the inflation of bifilms by diffusion. Hence, in the absence of bifilms in the melt, measuring and controlling hydrogen content in the melt would be unnecessary.
Outcomes of Endoscopic Surveillance in Individuals With Genetic Predisposition to Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer.

Background & Aims Pathogenic germline variants in CDH1 are associated with risk for diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) and lobular breast cancer. The reported high incidence of DGC and limited sensitivity of endoscopy in detection have prompted recommendation for total prophylactic gastrectomy for carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic (PLP) germline variants of CDH1. Multigene panel tests have identified increasing numbers of carriers of PLP variants in CDH1 who lack a family history of DGC. We evaluated outcomes of endoscopic surveillance for carriers of PLP variants of CDH1 with and without family history of DGC. Methods Individuals from 13 families with germline PLP variants of CDH1 were evaluated at the Michigan Medicine Cancer Genetics Clinic from January 1998 through May 2018. Outcomes of esophagogastroduodenoscopy examinations, histopathology analyses, and surgery were compared between individuals with and without a family history of DGC. Results We identified 20 carriers of germline CDH1 PLP variants; they underwent endoscopic examinations and/or gastrectomy. None had abnormal findings visible during endoscopy. Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) was detected in 12 of 20 subjects. All but 1 of the carcinomas were tiny and confined to the lamina propria, and 1 was transmural. Seven of 12 subjects who had SRCC reported no diagnoses of DGC in first-degree relatives and did not meet established criteria for CDH1 analysis based on a 3-generation family pedigree. Conclusions More than half of individuals with germlines variants of CDH1 that are PLP had histopathologic evidence for DGC on endoscopy and/or gastrectomy. Family history of DGC and endoscopic findings therefore do not appear to be reliable determinants of risk of SRCC in individuals with genetic predisposition to DGC.
Pilot Study: Neurocognitive Disorders and Colonoscopy in Older Adults.

In a preoperative anesthesia setting with integrated neuropsychology for individuals >64 years, we completed a pilot study examining the association between neurocognitive disorders with frequency of missed colonoscopies and quality of bowel preparation. Gastroenterologists completed the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) for each patient. Of 47 older adults seen in our service, 68% met criteria for neurocognitive disorders. All individuals failing to attend the colonoscopy procedure had met criteria for major neurocognitive disorder. Poor bowel preparation was also identified in 100% of individuals with major neurocognitive disorder and 28% of individuals with mild neurocognitive disorder. Our pilot data suggest that, in high-risk individuals, the presence of neurocognitive disorders are risk factors for missed appointments and inadequate bowel preparation. These pilot data provide reference statistics for future intervention protocols.
Chapter 2 – Composition and Cardinal Rules

This chapter emphasizes the need to develop a photographer’s eye and consider the elements of composition. It stresses several elements of composition. It suggests that photographers must first consider their own viewpoint of the subject. The same object or area may be best viewed from one direction rather than from another direction. What considerations may affect this choice? One viewpoint may include too many distracting elements, which are easily eliminated from a different viewpoint. One viewpoint may include the photographer’s shadow, which should always be avoided if possible. If it is impossible to exclude a partial shadow from being seen from one viewpoint, then totally covering a small area in shadow should be considered. Once the “primary subject” is determined, additional elements in the foreground and background and to the left and to the right of the “primary subject” should be eliminated from the field of view. This can sometimes be accomplished best by framing the subject with the camera held either horizontally or vertically, depending on the shape of the subject. Composition suggests that the photographer makes choices to optimally frame the subject matter. Composition should be as carefully considered as either exposure issues or focusing techniques.
A Mechanism for Modulation of Cellular Responses to VEGF

We thank Dr. C. Eng (Ohio State University), Dr. C. Patterson (University of Texas), Dr. E. Pluskota, Dr. Nissam Hat, Dr. W. Kim, and Dr. V. Byers-Ward (CCF) for assistance and reagents.
An unusual presentation of hemiparesis: Rapidly progressing Streptococcal pneumoniae meningitis secondary to acute mastoiditis.

Abstract A sixty-three year-old male who arrived to our emergency department with signs and symptoms of an acute left middle cerebral artery cerebrovascular accident. Initial neurovascular imaging failed to demonstrate any abnormalities that explained his symptoms. His neurologic status rapidly deteriorated in conjunction with the development of severe sepsis. The patient required endotracheal intubation and was transferred to our intensive care unit. After an extensive diagnostic work-up, the etiology of his condition was determined to be due to bacterial meningitis originating from acute mastoiditis. Cultures of cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood grew Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patient improved with intravenous antimicrobials, intravenous dexamethasone and a left sided myringotomy with tympanostomy tube. The patient made a complete neurological recovery following this treatment.
Improving reports of health risks: Life history calendars and measurement of potentially traumatic experiences.

Objectives Recall error biases reporting of earlier life experiences, even potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs). Better tools for accurate retrospective reporting of PTEs and other health risk factors have the potential for broad scientific and health intervention benefits. Methods We designed a life history calendar (LHC) to support this task and randomized more than 1000 individuals to each arm of a retrospective diagnostic interview, including detailed measures of PTEs, with and without the LHC. This is one of the largest experiments ever done to assess the benefit of an LHC approach and the only large-scale experiment done in a poor, agrarian, non-Western setting (rural Nepal). Results Results demonstrate use of an LHC in retrospective measurement can significantly increase lifetime reports of PTEs, especially reports of two or more PTEs. The LHC increases PTE reporting more for men and those with less education. Conclusions The LHC approach is practical for many uses ranging from large surveys of the general population to clinical intake of new patients. It significantly increases reporting of health risk factors.
Best practices for managing innovations in public libraries in the USA

Public libraries serve as anchors for thousands of communities across the United States. Innovations are critical for the survival and relevance of public libraries in the country. Few studies, if ...
Effective Deep Learning Approaches for Predicting COVID-19 Outcomes from Chest Computed Tomography Volumes

Abstract The rapid evolution of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in an urgent need for effective clinical tools to reduce transmission and manage severe illness. Numerous teams are quickly developing artificial intelligence approaches to these problems, including using deep learning to predict COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis from computed tomography (CT) imaging data. In this work, we assess the value of aggregated chest CT data for COVID-19 prognosis compared to clinical metadata alone. We develop a novel patient-level algorithm to aggregate the chest CT volume into a 2D representation that can be easily integrated with clinical metadata to distinguish Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19+) from other cases of viral pneumonia and normal healthy chest CT volumes with state-of-the-art performance. Furthermore, we present a multitask model for joint segmentation of different classes of pulmonary lesions present in COVID-19 infected lungs that can outperform individual segmentation models for each task. We directly compare this multitask segmentation approach to combining feature-agnostic volumetric CT classification feature maps with clinical metadata for predicting mortality. These approaches enable the automated extraction of clinically relevant features from chest CT volumes for risk stratification of COVID-19+ patients.
A New Hybrid Voltage Source Converter with Reduced Device Count for HVDC Applications

This paper presents a new hybrid voltage source converter topology for HVDC applications. It consists of strings of diodes in the upper converter arms and cascaded switched-diode cells in the lower converter arms. Compared to the conventional Alternate Arm Modular Multilevel Converter (AA-MMC) families, which this converter belongs to, it reduces the number of active switches by half since the upper converter arms use naturally commutated devices (diodes). Therefore, it provides 50 percent reduction in the number of gate drivers and associate control circuits. In addition, it reduces the semiconductor device power loss significantly compared to other similar alternate arm converter topologies due to the reduction in the number of active switches and its unique circuit operation. The basic operating principle of the proposed converter and its associated control strategy that regulates the power exchange between the converter, and the ac and dc networks are discussed in detail. The operation of the proposed converter is verified using PLECS and simulation results validating its operations are presented.
Environmental responsibility and Rohingya refugees: potential grounds for justice

In response to extreme violence by Myanmar, over one million Rohingya refugees have flooded into Bangladesh, resulting in massive scale deforestation, land erosion, farmland degradation, and destru...
Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins influence the elastic response of synovial fluid nanofilms on model oxide surfaces

Synovial fluid (SF) is the natural lubricant found in articulated joints, providing unique cartilage surface protecting films under confinement and relative motion. While it is known that the synergistic interactions of the macromolecular constituents provide its unique load-bearing and tribological performance, it is not fully understood how two of the main constituents, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins, regulate the formation and mechanics of robust load-bearing films. Here, we present evidence that the load-bearing capabilities, rather than the tribological performance, of the formed SF films depend strongly on its components integrity. For this purpose, we used a combination of enzymatic treatments, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and the surface forces apparatus (SFA) to characterize the formation and load-bearing capabilities of SF films on model oxide (i.e., silicates) surfaces. We find that, upon cleavage of proteins, the elasticity of the films is reduced and that cleaving GAGs results in irreversible (plastic) molecular re-arrangements of the film constituents when subjected to confinement. Understanding thin film mechanics of SF can provide insight into the progression of diseases, such as arthritis, but may also be applicable to the development of new implant surface treatments or new biomimetic lubricants. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
Neural Network Applications to Developing Hybrid Atmospheric and Oceanic Numerical Models

4-DVar – Four Dimensional Variational (about DAS) CAM – Community Atmospheric Model DAS – Data Assimilation System DIA – Discrete Interaction Approximation ECMWF – European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast EOF – Empirical Orthogonal Functions ENM – Environmental Numerical Model GCM – General Circulation (or Global Climate) Model HEM – Hybrid Environmental Model HGCM – Hybrid GCM HP – Hybrid Parameterization LWR – Long Wave Radiation LWR NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research NNIA – Neural Network Interaction Approximation NNIAE – Neural Network Interaction Approximation using EOF NSIPP – Natural Seasonal-to-Interannual Predictability Program Prmse(i) – RMSE for the ith profile, see equation (11.10) PRMSE – Profile RMSE, see equation (11.11)
新興ウイルス感染症の網羅的検出方法（RDV法）の確立と応用

We developed a new system for detection of viral nucleic acids because rapid detection of pathogens is necessary to prevent potential outbreaks of infectious diseases. This system, named rapid determination of viral RNA sequences (RDV), involves whole-genome amplification and a new direct sequencing technique. Using the RDV system, it is possible to obtain viral nucleic acid sequences within 2 days. The nucleic acid sequences of SARS-CoV and West Nile virus, which represent emerging and re-emerging infectious viruses, were determined from infectious viral culture supernatant by the RDV method. We demonstrated the clinical application of this system in human specimens and its diagnostic usage in mosquitoes. Furthermore, new adenovirus and herpesvirus were found in bats using the RDV method.
Catalytic synthesis of chlorofluorocarbon alternatives

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the synthetic routes available to several of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) under consideration for commercial development, as well as some that have already been commercialized. The need for retention of hydrogen in the molecule has led to the development of a wide variety of catalysts and processes that are selective in this regard. Starting materials for such processes have included hydrocarbons, halohydrocarbons, olefins and haloolefins. The general processes of HF addition to olefins, halogen exchange, isomerization, disproportionation, chlorofluorination, and hydrogenolysis constitute the majority of the approaches. The chapter discusses the catalytic synthesis of key CFC alternatives. An ideal CFC substitute is one that offers identical performance properties of the CFC it replaces with the added stipulation that it does not destroy the ozone layer and has low global warming potential. Because CFCs are in such widespread use and realistic HFCs for every need is not been identified, HCFCs, when available, is suggested as bridging molecules to fulfill a short-term need.
Network Reliability and Fault Tolerance

This article introduces fundamental concepts in fault tolerance and reliability as applied to networks, with a focus on high-speed backbone networks. We first introduce basic terminology and elements necessary to fault tolerance, then describe the basic strategies for detecting and handling failures in networks. The discussion then builds on these basics to illustrate recovery schemes for high-speed backbone networks. An examination of the relationship between network topologies and recovery strategies follows, beginning with rings and then covering more general mesh networks. We cover some basic techniques used in packet-switched networks, and conclude with a discussion of local-area network approaches to fault tolerance. Keywords: networking; optical networks; circuit-switched; packet-switched; SONET; ATM; reliability; fault tolerance
A simplified model for determining the spectral quality of daylight and the availability of solar energy at any location

ABSTRACT Using solar irradiance data gathered over the past eight years (1968-1976) a very simple model for determining daily and hourly totals of solar irradiance has been derived. The simplified model works extremely well for broad spectral regions, i.e., the total irradiance, the visible (400 nm - 700 nm), and the total IR (800 nm to 2800 nm). Smaller regions (100 nm bands) are not computed with the same accuracy because of the spectral dependency of such parameters as the albedo, water vapor and ozone. Also, this model does not give good results around sunrise and sunset. The computational accuracy of the model of daily totals and hourly totals on clear days is within ± 10% when compared to values obtained from Eppley precision pyranometers. The accuracy for 100 nm bands is considerably less being greater than ± 10% on clear days and cloud corrections will increase the errors to ± 25%.