cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Double Bind of American Indian Need-Based Sovereignty

This essay examines a double bind that faces indigenous peoples in the Anglophone settler states, the double bind of need-based sovereignty. This double bind works as follows: indigenous sovereigns, such as American Indian tribal nations, require economic resources to exercise sovereignty, and their revenues often derive from their governmental rights; however, once they exercise economic power, the legitimacy of indigenous sovereignty and citizenship is challenged within settler society. Through analysis of Florida Seminole gaming and the threatened severance of Seminoles’ governmental status by mid-1900s federal “termination” policy, I show how economy-linked limits to indigenous sovereignty and citizenship rest on debates over culture, over what it is that renders American Indians distinctive as individuals and as collectives. Today, as during termination debates, Seminoles and other American Indian peoples struggle to position their economic well-being not as an anomaly or an abandonment of indigenous ways but, rather, as the result of an ongoing commitment to collective self-governance. With the sounds of termination echoing in gaming debates, it is possible to identify the reemergence of need-based sovereignty as a key modality of settler colonialism in the United States.
African American Beliefs About Diabetes

In this presentation, a diabetes explanatory model of rural, African American adults at high risk for diabetes is described. Kleinman's explanatory model of illness was used as the organizing framework. African American men and women (N=42), between the ages of 18 and 51, participated. Participants described their knowledge and beliefs about diabetes, preventing diabetes, and whether diabetes could be cured or controlled. A common explanatory model of diabetes was not shared among the participants, and gender and age differences were apparent. Common themes included diabetes "running in families", "eating too much sugar", and "not taking care of yourself" as causes of diabetes. Weight and physical activity or exercise were not seen as contributing to the development of diabetes. Participants were not sure if diabetes could be prevented. These results provide information to address primary prevention of diabetes in this at-risk group.
Dual Method Use Among a Sample Of First‐Year College Women

CONTEXT: Dual method use-using one protective method to reduce the risk of STDs and another to prevent pregnancy-is effective but understudied. No prior studies have employed an event-level approach to examining characteristics associated with dual method use among college women. METHODS: In 12 consecutive monthly surveys conducted in 2009-2010 data on 1843 vaginal intercourse events were collected from 296 first-year college women. Women reported on their use of condoms and hormonal contraceptives during all events. Multilevel regression analysis was used to assess associations between event- month- and person-level characteristics and hormonal use and dual method use. RESULTS: Women used hormonal contraceptives during 53% of events and condoms during 63%. Dual method use was reported 28% of the time and only 14% of participants were consistent users of dual methods. The likelihood of dual method use was elevated when sex partners were friends as opposed to romantic partners or ex-boyfriends (odds ratios 2.5-2.8) and among women who had received an STD diagnosis prior to college (coefficient 2.9); it also increased with level of religiosity (0.8). Dual use was less likely when less reliable methods were used (odds ratio 0.2) and when women reported more months of hormonal use (0.8) were older than 18 (coefficient -4.7) and had had a greater number of partners before college (-0.3). CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the characteristics associated with dual method use may help in the design of potential intervention efforts. Copyright (c) 2014 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Anesthesia for Operative Dentistry: Time for a Reevaluation

lontrol of pain and management of patients are constant sources of concern and research. Anesthe­ tic techniques are improved continually and new drugs and combinations of drugs are evaluated.1,2 Although it would be beyond the scope of this paper to review in detail the total concentration and direc­ tion of research on control of pain and management of patients, a recent paper on the history and current use of anesthesia provides a pertinent summary statement. Travin says: “The relief of pain during dental treatment has been the object of an unrelent­ ing quest. From the early discovery of anesthetic agents to the development of modern general anes­ thesia w ith its diverse tech n iq u es, th is search sought to make dental treatment more comfortable for the patient yet free from any compromise with safety. Traditionally, our concern has always been directed toward the elim ination of pain.”3 As more effective anesthetic drugs have been de­ veloped, it has become routine in many offices and clin ics (including the clin ic at the Syracuse Veter­ ans Administration M edical Center) to adm inister a form of chem ical anesthesia for any type of treat­ ment that might be painful. Currently, routine use of anesthetics, especially local anesthetics, has a l­ lowed dentists to work with greater confidence and ease in the belief that they are providing the most effective treatment with m inim um discomfort to pa­ tients. Although this assum ption may be true in most situations, routine use of local anesthetics also may serve as a source for new fears, anxieties, and pain for patients. This paper explores this idea as it relates to the routine use of anesthetics in operative dentistry for reduction of tooth structure during preparation of cavities. It is suggested that most patients may not need and may prefer not to have anesthesia during preparation of cavities, that the quality of care may be enhanced and the level of anxiety decreased if local anesthetics were not pro­ vided routinely for these treatments, and that more research is needed to evaluate the requirements for anesthetics in operative dentistry.
Family resemblances in personality

Parent-offspring regressions, sibling correlations, and other measures of family resemblance in personality were computed for 54 personality traits, assessed by several psychometric personality tests as part of the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition. Considering all scales, the results suggest that a small familial/heritable component exists with regard to individual differences in personality, but did not demonstrate that some domains of personality are more familial or heritable than others.
Communicating shared resources: a model for distributed real-time systems

A real-time formalism called communicating shared resources (CSR) is presented. CSR consists of a programming language that allows the explicit expression of timing constraints and resources, and a computation model that resolves resource contention based on event priority. A full denotational semantics is provided for the programming language, grounded in a resource-based computation model. To illustrate CSR, a distributed robot system consisting of a robot arm and a sensor is presented. >
NON‐CARDIAC THORACIC ULTRASOUND IN 75 FELINE AND CANINE PATIENTS

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of non-cardiac diseases of the small animal thorax. Ultrasound images from a total of 75 animals (26 cats and 49 dogs) were compared to cytologic, histopathologic, and necropsy findings. Clinical diagnoses included neoplasia of the mediastinum, pleura, or lungs (43); idiopathic mediastinal cyst (3); diaphragmatic or peritoneopericardial hernia (4); lung lobe torsion (1); pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates (1); and idiopathic, chylous, congestive heart failure, or lymphangiectasia associated pleural effusion (14). In the remaining 9 patients, a definitive diagnosis was not obtained. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirate was performed in 56 patients; 1 of these also had an ultrasound-guided tissue core biopsy. Of the fine needle aspirates, 51 (91%) were diagnostic. Ultrasound examination, particularly when accompanied by guided tissue sampling, can be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of non-cardiac intrathoracic lesions.
PWM Control Architecture With Constant Cycle Frequency Hopping and Phase Chopping for Spur-Free Operation in Buck Regulators

This paper introduces a new Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control scheme for buck regulators that combines phase chopping with frequency hopping to achieve spur-free operation while delivering low output noise floor with no subharmonics due to hopping. The proposed regulator hops between two, four, or eight switching frequencies, but chops their phases to fully eliminate spurs, even with only two frequencies. Peaking in the noise floor around the eliminated spurs is minimized by hopping as fast as every switching cycle, and by spacing the frequencies 0.5 MHz apart. This results in less than 1.7% drop in the regulator's efficiency and less than 4 mV increase in the voltage ripple. Implemented in standard 0.35- μm CMOS technology, the proposed regulator's area and power overhead beyond conventional single-switching-frequency design is only 8% and 3%, respectively. With a spur-free spectrum and low noise floor across all frequencies, the proposed architecture can serve as a low-noise regulator for powering noise-sensitive loads without post linear regulation or additional passive filtering. Moreover, spur-free operation facilitates its integration in mixed-signal systems on chip without interfering with sensitive circuits that share the same substrate or power rails. The proposed architecture is also a good candidate for implementing class-D amplifiers, as it preserves the control loop's linearity.
The “Natural Order” of Morpheme Acquisition: A Historical Survey and Discussion of Three Putative Determinants

The paper discusses the history and implications of the so-called “morpheme” studies. A brief overview of L1 research in this regard is followed by a more detailed discussion of L2 research. Thereafter, the paper explores the impact of three putative determinants of acquisition order: semantic complexity, input frequency, and native language transfer. The possible role of these determinants in accounting for perceived differences in L1 and L2 acquisition orders is also discussed, along with their implications for various theoretical perspectives on language acquisition. The paper concludes with both practical applications and criticism of existing natural (morpheme) order studies as well as suggestions for future work in this field, such as investigating target languages other than English and developing a multi-determinant approach to acquisition order.
Asynchrone Pulse — Ein Zeichen arterieller Strombahnbehinderung

Das Tasten des arteriellen Pulses ist eine der altesten und wohl die haufigste arztliche Untersuchung. Uber Wert und Aussagekraft bestehen keine Zweifel. Will man jedoch palpatorisch erhobene Befunde objektivieren, so stost man auf gewisse technische Schwierigkeiten bei der Messung der Pulsationsstarke.
Religious Proximity and Cultural Distance: An Introduction on the East/West Dichotomy

Editor's introduction to this issue of the Bulletin for the Study of Religion. Explores the East/West dichotomy in religious studies, situating the discussion within the framework of cultural and human geography (specifically processes of proximity and distance). Also introduces a two pieces related to the Bulletin's affiliation with NAASR (an interview with the new president, Russell McCutcheon, and the NAASR Notes).
Type I and Type II error rates in the last observation carried forward method under informative dropout

Dropout is a persistent problem for a longitudinal study. We exhibit the shortcomings of the last observation carried forward method. It produces biased estimates of change in an outcome from baseline to study endpoint under informative dropout. We developed a theoretical quantification of the effect of such bias on type I and type II error rates. We present results for a setup where a subject either completes the study or drops out during one particular interval, and also under the setup in which subjects could drop out at any time during the study. The type I error rate steadily increases when time to dropout decreases or the common sample size increases. The inflation in type I error rate can be substantially high when reasons for dropout in the two groups differ; when there is a large difference in dropout rates between the control and treatment groups and when the common sample size is large; even when dropout subjects have one or two fewer observations than the completers. Similar results are also o...
Optical Materials and Devices for A Mid-IR Sensing Platform

Mid-Infrared optical sensing offers label-free biochemical identification because it overlaps with the characteristic absorption from a wide range of molecules. I will present chip-scale mid-IR sensors using i. hybrid polymer-silicon nitride waveguides and ii. opto-nanofluidic slot waveguides.
Modified ground-truthing: an accurate and cost-effective food environment validation method for town and rural areas

A major concern in food environment research is the lack of accuracy in commercial business listings of food stores, which are convenient and commonly used. Accuracy concerns may be particularly pronounced in rural areas. Ground-truthing or on-site verification has been deemed the necessary standard to validate business listings, but researchers perceive this process to be costly and time-consuming. This study calculated the accuracy and cost of ground-truthing three town/rural areas in Minnesota, USA (an area of 564 miles, or 908 km), and simulated a modified validation process to increase efficiency without comprising accuracy. For traditional ground-truthing, all streets in the study area were driven, while the route and geographic coordinates of food stores were recorded. The process required 1510 miles (2430 km) of driving and 114 staff hours. The ground-truthed list of stores was compared with commercial business listings, which had an average positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.57 and sensitivity of 0.62 across the three sites. Using observations from the field, a modified process was proposed in which only the streets located within central commercial clusters (the 1/8 mile or 200 m buffer around any cluster of 2 stores) would be validated. Modified ground-truthing would have yielded an estimated PPV of 1.00 and sensitivity of 0.95, and would have resulted in a reduction in approximately 88 % of the mileage costs. We conclude that ground-truthing is necessary in town/rural settings. The modified ground-truthing process, with excellent accuracy at a fraction of the costs, suggests a new standard and warrants further evaluation.
CO2 Desorption Kinetics for Immobilized Polyethylenimine (PEI)

The CO2 desorption rate from CO2-loaded immobilized polyethylenimine (PEI) on mesoporous silica was investigated in a fluidized bed unit. Nonisothermal studies were carried in the temperature range of 340–380 K and different heating rate (1.0–2.7 K/min). The tests were performed using two different inlet CO2 concentrations, mainly 16.5% and 33%. The kinetics involved in CO2 desorption was studied by applying various analytical techniques (model-free and model-fitting) to the nonisothermal data. The model-free approach represented by the nonisothermal isoconversional methods revealed that the apparent Arrhenius parameters (A and Ea) increased with extent of conversion for 0 ≤ X ≤ 0.3, followed by an approximately nearly constant value at the higher CO2 desorption levels. In the constant-Ea region, the nonisothermal CO2 desorption follows a two-dimensional diffusion model. The apparent Arrhenius parameters (ln A and Ea) evaluated were 71.3 ± 3.6 and 230.5 ± 13.0 kJ/mol, respectively.
Political Parties and Intergovernmental Relations in 1984: The Consequences of Party Renewal for Territorial Constituencies

Democratic and Republican efforts at party renewal have differed in approach, but both can be recognized as intergovernmental phenomena having significant implications for American federalism. The Democratic Party's national charter and delegate selection rules, for instance, have federalized the governing structure of the party. The national Republican Party organization has developed such a large base of financial resources and campaign services that state Republican parties and candidate committees have begun to accept national party authority along with its money. Moreover, as national, state, and local parties and candidates increasingly coordinate their delegate selection, finance, and other campaign activities, they may transform the decentralized party system that has been a protector of state and local influence within the federal government. National ideological constituencies within both party organizations may rival territorial and functional constituencies for the attention of federal elected officials.
Eccrine Angiomatous Hamartoma: A Clinicopathologic Review of 18 Cases.

Background:Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH) is a benign cutaneous lesion defined by the proliferation of hamartomatous eccrine and capillary-like vascular elements in the dermis. However, the epidemiologic, morphologic, and histopathologic aspects of this uncommon disorder have yet to be fully de
Lattice vibrations in the Frenkel-Kontorova Model. II. Thermal conductivity

We applied the formulas for the phonon spectral-density function that we presented in the previous paper of this series to analyze the thermal conductivity of the lattice in the framework of the Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) model. We found that two extra mechanisms of phonon scattering (different from the point impurities, three-phonon processes, and boundary scattering typical of all crystals), viz., resonance, and anharmonic scattering, that mainly influences the thermal conductivity of the lattice. The frequencies of resonance scattering are discrete, and their number increases from a finite number to infinity with their transition from the commensurate to the incommensurate state. Changing the amplitude and period of the FK model changes the frequencies and the frequency number of resonance scattering and the intensity of anharmonic scattering. We analyze these changes in detail. Our theory can explain all existing numerical results on this problem and suggest strategies to reduce the thermal conductivity of the lattice of layered materials.
Taiko Boom: Japanese drumming in place and motion

As Japan’s most well-known export in the category of ‘world music’, taiko drumming ensembles have spread globally throughout the Japanese diaspora to such an extent that scholarly literature on tai...
Successful Prevention of Ileal Conduit Stomal Stenosis: Experience During A 12-Year Period

AbstractSelection of a stomal site and a pedicle skin flap technique for construction of the ileal conduit stoma are credited with prevention of stomal stenosis in 59 patients during a 12-year period.
Chronic systemic Dacron and Teflon embolization of a Beall Model 103 mitral valve prosthesis

A case is presented of chronic systemic Dacron and Teflon embolism arising from a Beall Model 103 mitral valve prosthesis installed 11 years earlier. The emboli induced intense foreign body reaction resulting in numerous microgranulomas throughout the body. Multiple microinfarctions in the brain accounted for repeated episodes of transient ischemic attacks. Wearing of the prosthesis with consequent embolic complications seems to be the inevitable terminal fate of such early models of the Beall valve. Regular assessment of the functional status of such prostheses, particularly those in place for more than 5 years, is strongly recommended.
Murine Models of Caytaxin Deficiency

Although classically ascribed to dysfunction of the basal ganglia, work with the dystonic (dt) rat has shown that dystonia can arise from abnormal cerebellar output. The dt rat manifests generalized dystonia caused by deficiency of the neuronally restricted protein, caytaxin. Electrophysiological and biochemical studies provided evidence that defects at the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synapse in the dt rat lead to abnormal bursting firing patterns in the cerebellar nuclei, which increase linearly with postnatal age. Mouse models of caytaxin deficiency (jittery, sidewinder, and hesitant) show variable degrees of dystonia and ataxia.
Surgical Ganglionic Plexus Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: Is All Hope Lost for the Plexus?

Despite decades of progress, contemporary ablation approaches for atrial fibrillation (AF) have reached an efficacy “ceiling” with reported single-procedure atrial–arrhythmia-free survival beyond 3 years after percutaneous catheter ablation of 54% for paroxysmal AF (PAF) and 42% for persistent
Does Length of Relationship or Gender Predict Response to Behavioral Diabetes Intervention

Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine, through secondary analysis, whether the length of a couple's relationship and the participants' gender are associated with glycemic response to a type 2 diabetes (T2D) behavioral couples-based intervention. Methods A randomized trial was conducted to test the impact of a couples-level, telephone-based behavioral intervention on hemoglobin A1C in patients with T2D. One hundred and four patients and partners participated in the couples intervention arm, and 94 individuals participated in the individual arm. A1C levels were measured at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Results Results of the regression analysis showed that for men with T2D (n = 35) in the couples intervention group, longer length of relationship was associated with lower A1C at 1-year follow-up, after controlling for baseline A1C, diabetes duration, and income. Length of relationship was not significantly related to follow-up glycemic measures for women or men with T2D in the individual intervention. Conclusions Study findings suggests that for men with T2D in a couples-based intervention, those in longer relationships may be more likely to benefit from the intervention. More research is needed to better understand factors that contribute to successful couples-based behavioral approaches to help adults with T2D improve their glycemic control.
Collective identities and formal ideologies in the Irish grassroots pro-asylum seeker movement:

This article examines the relationship between formal ideologies and processes of collective identity construction across two key waves of mobilisation of pro-asylum-seeker groups in Ireland, namel...
Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and treatment of electronic nicotine delivery system use in the United States.

Abstract Introduction This study presents nationally representative data on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity and treatment (including pharmacological and nonpharmacological) among electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users. Methods Face-to-face interviews in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Results Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime ENDS use were 3.8% (SE = 0.14) and 5.4% (SE = 0.17). Odds of ENDS use were greater among men than women, regardless of timeframe. Rates were lower among Blacks, Hispanics and Asians/Pacific Islanders relative to Whites. Odds of 12-month and lifetime ENDS use was also higher among younger ( Conclusions ENDS use is substantially comorbid, especially with nicotine use disorder. Virtually all ENDS users smoked cigarettes. Research is needed to understand their role in smoking cessation, adverse effects on bodily systems and their potential for addiction and comorbidity.
Nebula: Distributed Edge Cloud for Data Intensive Computing

Centralized cloud infrastructures have become the popular platforms for data-intensive computing today. However, they suffer from inefficient data mobility due to the centralization of cloud resources, and hence, are highly unsuited for geo-distributed data-intensive applications where the data may be spread at multiple geographical locations. In this paper, we present Nebula: a dispersed edge cloud infrastructure that explores the use of voluntary resources for both computation and data storage. We describe the lightweight Nebula architecture that enables distributed data-intensive computing through a number of optimization techniques including location-aware data and computation placement, replication, and recovery. We evaluate Nebula performance on an emulated volunteer platform that spans over 50 PlanetLab nodes distributed across Europe, and show how a common data-intensive computing framework, MapReduce, can be easily deployed and run on Nebula. We show Nebula MapReduce is robust to a wide array of failures and substantially outperforms other wide-area versions based on emulated existing systems.
HierFlat: flattened hierarchies for improving top-down hierarchical classification

Large-scale classification of structured data where classes are organized in a hierarchical structure is an important area of research. Top-down approaches that leverage the hierarchy during the learning and prediction phase are efficient for solving large-scale hierarchical classification. However, accuracy of top-down approaches is poor due to error propagation, i.e., prediction errors made at higher levels in the hierarchy cannot be corrected at lower levels. One of the main reasons behind errors at the higher levels is the presence of inconsistent nodes that are introduced due to the arbitrary process of creating these hierarchies by domain experts. In this paper, we propose two different data-driven approaches (local and global) for hierarchical structure modification that identifies and flattens inconsistent nodes present in the hierarchy. Our extensive empirical evaluation of the proposed approaches on several image and text datasets with varying distribution of features, classes and training instances per class shows improved classification performance over competing hierarchical modification approaches. Specifically, we see an improvement up to 7 $$\%$$ in Macro-F1 score with our best approach over best top-down baseline. We also show that our modified hierarchy leads to improved classification performance for classes with few training samples in comparison with flat approach. Further, our experimental evaluation shows that combining the prediction from flat and hierarchical model in an ensemble setting results in better classification performance.
Sleep and Sleep Disorders

Nearly all drugs of abuse and alcohol have considerable effects on sleep efficiency, sleep continuity, sleep stages, and consequent next-day alertness. It has been hypothesized that such drug effects on sleep and wake function may act as contributing factors in maintaining compulsive and excessive drug use, as well as factors that increase the risk for relapse. Alcohol at high doses disrupts sleep continuity and suppresses REM sleep. In abstinent alcoholics, a REM sleep disturbance is predictive of relapse. Stimulants, which have daytime alerting effects, have been shown to increase alertness and wakefulness at night, and suppress REM sleep. Analgesics have been found to decrease REM sleep and total sleep time, as well as increase daytime sleepiness. Hallucinogens have varying effects on sleep. MDMA has been shown to reduce sleep time without having major effects on REM sleep, whereas marijuana has been found to decrease REM sleep while increasing slow wave sleep. Older sedative-hypnotics like the barbiturates are also REM suppressant. In fact, virtually all drugs of abuse have REM suppressant properties, at least acutely. In contrast, the newer sedative-hypnotics (i.e., the benzodiazepine receptor agonists) which have a low abuse liability have been shown to have little effect on REM sleep.
Planar-lens Enabled Beam Steering for Chip-scale LIDAR

A lens-enabled chip-scale beam steering device for LIDAR is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated with azimuthal, ϕ range = 38.8°, and polar, θ range = 12.0°, beam-steering. The device allows for beam-steering at low power and low cost.
Practical Design Considerations for a Si IGBT + SiC MOSFET Hybrid Switch: Parasitic Interconnect Influences, Cost, and Current Ratio Optimization

In this paper, a hybrid switch (HyS) consisting of a large current rated Si insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device connected in parallel with a small current rated SiC MOSFET device (low SiC/Si current ratio below unity) is proposed for high-current high-power converters. A systematic analysis involving a parametric sweep to understand the influence and to derive a boundary line of the parasitic interconnection inductance unbalance between Si and SiC within the HyS is presented. The boundary line prescribes the selection of an appropriate gate sequence control. A comprehensive cost analysis was performed using commercial 1.2 kV devices to demonstrate the cost viability of a 1:4 or 1:6 SiC/Si current ratio HyS compared to a SiC MOSFET. An algorithm using a dynamic junction temperature prediction is presented to select an optimum SiC/Si current ratio, which ensures a reliable HyS operation. Using a design example, the possibility of reliability using a 1:6 SiC/Si HyS is studied. A 650 V Si-IGBT- and SiC-MOSFET-based HyS (1:5 SiC/Si current ratio) was successfully demonstrated in a dc–dc boost converter. Also, electromagnetic interference analysis is presented for the HyS-based converter operation.
Enhancement of recombinant protein production in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plant cell suspension cultures with co-cultivation of Agrobacterium containing silencing suppressors.

We have previously demonstrated that the inducible plant viral vector (CMViva) in transgenic plant cell cultures can significantly improve the productivity of extracellular functional recombinant human alpha-1-antiryspin (rAAT) compared with either a common plant constitutive promoter (Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S) or a chemically inducible promoter (estrogen receptor-based XVE) system. For a transgenic plant host system, however, viral or transgene-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) has been identified as a host response mechanism that may dramatically reduce the expression of a foreign gene. Previous studies have suggested that viral gene silencing suppressors encoded by a virus can block or interfere with the pathways of transgene-induced PTGS in plant cells. In this study, the capability of nine different viral gene silencing suppressors were evaluated for improving the production of rAAT protein in transgenic plant cell cultures (CMViva, XVE or 35S system) using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression co-cultivation process in which transgenic plant cells and recombinant Agrobacterium carrying the viral gene silencing suppressor were grown together in suspension cultures. Through the co-cultivation process, the impacts of gene silencing suppressors on the rAAT production were elucidated, and promising gene silencing suppressors were identified. Furthermore, the combinations of gene silencing suppressors were optimized using design of experiments methodology. The results have shown that in transgenic CMViva cell cultures, the functional rAAT as a percentage of total soluble protein is increased 5.7 fold with the expression of P19, and 17.2 fold with the co-expression of CP, P19 and P24.
Preparing for Your Future Spouse

The chapter provides guidance for those contemplating the very important decision of anticipating- and pursuing- the decision of preparing for one’s future spouse. The author provides principles that young adults can apply to each stage of the preparation process, including building the right personal foundation for making this event possible, how to believe for the right person, and what actions to take once one thinks he or she might have met that person.
Sex and race differences in the association between sleep duration and adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Abstract Background Short sleep duration has been consistently associated with obesity. However, few studies in adults have assessed whether this association varies by sex and race. Methods In the 2013–2016 examination of 1116 participants from the biracial Bogalusa Heart Study, habitual sleep duration was measured in categories ( 8 hours) using self-report. Anthropometry was performed and adiposity was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Linear regression models estimated the relationship between sleep duration and adiposity adjusting for age, education, employment, bed partner status, depressive symptoms, smoking status, physical activity, and the use of alcohol and sleeping pills. Effect modification by sex and race was examined using cross-product terms in the models and marginal means were reported. Results Of 1116 participants (mean age 48.2 years), 58.3% were female, and 31.7% were Black. In adjusted analyses, women sleeping Conclusions In this sample, lower habitual sleep duration was associated with greater adiposity among women compared to men. Further research is needed to understand the potential mechanisms of the adverse metabolic effects of short sleep in women.
Searching for Harmonia. «Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus» and Hungarian Anabaptists

In Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus (1668) Grimmelshausen depicts the Hungarian Hutterites as an ideal society, focusing predominantly on the ethics and social structure of this communal branch of Anabaptism. In this critical reading, I explore how Grimmelshausen fictionalized the religious minority, its commitment to particular social structures and ethical aspects, and its separation from society. As part of this analysis, the study investigates which social and religious principles drawn from polemical accounts and contemporary sources influence and counter the minority’s image as an ideal society and how this image of the religious group supports the novel’s notion of utopia.
Hydrochus spanglerorum n. sp., a remarkable, highly derived species from Brazil, Guyana, and Suriname (Coleoptera: Hydrochidae).

A new species of Neotropical Hydrochus, H. spanglerorum n. sp., is described, based on specimens collected in Brazil, Guyana, and Suriname. The new species has unusual external and male genitalia morphology, which are described, discussed and illustrated. Among other unusual characters, the males have markedly pitted and iridescent femora, and the male genitalia have the parameres and basal piece fused, and the aedeagus dorsal basal lobe located near the distal end of the male genitalia.
Local and non-local modeling aspects of three-dimensional cracks growth initiation

Three-dimensional crack growth initiation is examined under the assumption that the crack front remains smooth. Two important modeling issues, specific to three-dimensional rather than two-dimensional cracks, are addressed. First, it is established that, at each point along the crack front, the velocity and configurational force are two-dimensional vectors, lying in the local normal plane. This allows one to generalize any two-dimensional crack growth criterion to three dimensions. Second, a simple mesoscopic model to account for along-the-front non-locality is proposed. This model eliminates pathological growth patterns ubiquitous to basic models applied to three-dimensional cracks. Further, the model is straightforward to use as it relies on standard fracture properties only.
Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Analyze X-Ray Radiographs for Multi-Label Classifications of Thoracic Diseases

Currently, it takes approximately 6 to 8 weeks from the initial doctor's examination to diagnose lung disease. This could potentially lead to the patient's condition worsening, the disease becoming unmanageable, or may lead to the patient's death. In order to aid doctors in the accurate and more timely diagnosis of their patients, we propose the use of convolutional neural networks for computer-aided diagnosis. Our application uses image recognition to identify the traits of various diseases in radiographs to successfully diagnose a patient. This is done through training a CNN with a dataset of 112,120 images of lung diseases. The model was tested with a resulting validation accuracy of 93 percent. The application will benefit patients suffering from these illnesses as it is time-efficient, cost-effective, and more accurate than manual diagnosis.
Pathologic and flow cytometric features of a case of canine ventral cervical lymphangiosarcoma.

An 11-y-old spayed female German Shepherd was presented for a second opinion of ventral cervical swelling of 3-mo duration. On examination, the dog had significant dependent ventral cervical swelli...
Transnational Anti-Bribery Law

This chapter focuses on private firms’ compliance with norms concerning transnational bribery. It begins with an overview of the regulatory context and obstacles to effective enforcement norms against transnational bribery. It then reviews how compliance is defined, how it ought to be defined, and obstacles to the achievement of optimal compliance. Finally, it ends by focusing on the next steps forward in this space: (1) greater information sharing from private firms to outsiders in order to better analyze and evaluate the current efficacy of compliance programs targeting anti-bribery, and (2) increased co-ordination between enforcement agencies on the state and global level to better tackle transnational bribery.
Book Review: Challenges and Current Interventions in Rural Schools

A review of the book: No Longer Forgotten: The Triumphs and Struggles of Rural Education in America, edited by Michael Q. McShane and Andy Smarick. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. ISBN: 978-1-4758-4608-9. 177 pages.
Rethinking “gold standards” and “best practices” in the assessment of autism

Failure to correctly diagnosis autism is problematic in both the false-positive and false-negative directions. Diagnosing autism when it is not truly present can direct limited resources away from ...
Eight poems by Golan Haji

Golan Haji (Jūlān Ḥājī, b. 1977) is a Kurdish-Syrian poet, translator, and physician, currently based in Paris. He is the author of five books of poetry. His first collection Nādā fī al-ẓulumāt (He...
CALCULATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LiF-AlF_3 MELTS

The dissociation model of complex ion, combined with the sublattice solution model is applied to calculate constants and heats of dissociation successively of complex ion AlF_6~(3-). The results show that AlF_6~(3-)in LiF-AlF_3 melt has a stronger tendency to dissociation and smaller heats of dissociation than that in other alkali fluoride and the alumi- num fluoride system. The molar concentration of each composition in LiF-AlF_3 melts are calculated, and the thermodynamic properties of mixing for LiF(l) and AlF_3(s) are calculated as well. The results of calculation agree with experimental results.
Die Philosophie und die Interpretation der Bibel

Das Kapitel behandelt, nach einer allgemeinen Diskussion des Verhaltnisses der Hermeneutik zu den anderen philosophischen Disziplinen, erstens die vormoderne Bibelinterpretation in Judentum und Christentum, zumal bei Philon von Alexandrien und Augustinus. Den Durchbruch zur modernen Bibelhermeneutik, den es anhand von Spinoza, Vico, Hume, Kant, Fichte, Hegel, David Friedrich Straus und Nietzsche verfolgt, fuhrt es zweitens auf die wissenschaftliche Revolution, die den Wunderglauben unterhohlte, die Trennung der Suche nach dem Sinn eines Textes von derjenigen nach dessen Wahrheit, die historistische Entdeckung des radikalen Wandels der menschlichen Natur und das zunehmende moralische Unbehagen an biblischen Lehren zuruck. Drittens diskutiert es, inwieweit Gadamers Kritik an der modernen historistischen Hermeneutik die Moglichkeit eines neuen interpretatorischen Zugangs zur Bibel eroffnet.
The Invalidation of the EU-US Privacy Shield and the Future of Transatlantic Data Flows: Testimony of Professor Neil Richards before the United States Senate

This is the prepared testimony and statement for the records, including responses to questions for the record of Professor Neil Richards before the United States Senate Commerce Committee on December 9, 2020. The testimony explains that while Congress has failed to pass a comprehensive privacy bill despite many opportunities, the judgment of the European Court of Justice in Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook, (commonly known as “Schrems 2”) represents a real opportunity for it to do just that in the near future. The testimony argues first that Congress should not just pass a comprehensive privacy bill, but one that gets it right, that provides clear but substantive rules for companies, and which provides adequate protections and effective remedies for consumers. A law that meets these features will not just protect consumers – it will be good for business as well, by helping enable transatlantic data flows and building the consumer trust that is essential for long-term sustainable economic prosperity for all. Second, it explains what the judgment in Schrems 2 requires, with particular emphasis on factors within the jurisdiction of the Senate Commerce Committee. Third, it offers some ways in which the Committee’s work can solve some of the challenges for data flows and privacy law that the Schrems 2 judgment raises or illustrates. Fourth, it argues that this Committee should pass a strong privacy law (including a duty of loyalty) that builds the consumer trust that is so essential to sustainable and profitable commerce.
THE PROBLEM OF OLD EVIDENCE

There is an underground stream in modern epistemology, starting from Pascal and Huygens in the seventeenth century. In ours, it is represented largely, but not wholly, by the writers who call themselves Bayesian. To follow Pascal and Huygens means only to represent opinion in terms of probabilities (possibly vague) and to insist that the subject of opinion cannot be understood in isolation from those of value or practice. The Bayesians add to this a specific attempt to reconstruct traditional epistemo-logical concepts in probabilistic terms. This attempt (for an overview, see Horwich [1982]) begins with the definition of confirmation as enhancement of subjective probability. I wish there were a catchy name for the three centuries old underground alternative as a whole. (Perhaps probabilism, a term that has some currency, could do.) For the specifically Bayesian addition, Clark Glymour raised a specific difficulty: the problem of old evidence.
Dose Dependence of Carcinogen-Induced Changes in Tracheal Epithelium in Organ Culture

The effect of varying concentration of a chemical carcinogen on the histology and cytology of tracheal epithelium exposed to the agent was studied in order to determine a maximally effective concentration and duration of exposure for tumorigenesis. Organ cultures consisting of segments of rat tracheas sectioned transversely into rings were incubated in McCoy’s 5A medium (modified) with 10% calf serum to which benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) had been added in concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 µg/ml. Replicate cultures from these carcinogen-exposed groups and from control groups exposed to medium alone or medium containing Tween 60, the vehicle for the BaP, were sampled at regular intervals.
Genetically Controlled Variation in the Shapes of Enzymes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that electrophoretic alleles of enzyme loci are typically detected and characterized by comparing their mobilities on starch or acrylamide gels. This provides a straightforward and convenient approach to detect genetic polymorphism, as mobility classes appear to be clearly discontinuous in most systems. In discussing electrophoretically detected enzyme polymorphism of this sort, differences among alleles are commonly ascribed to amino-acid substitutions involving charged residues. The observed discontinuities in gel mobility would be an integral property of such “charge state” variation. It reviews that in ideal electrophoresis, a protein migrates in a field at a rate determined by its net charge. However, gel electrophoresis does not conform to ideal conditions, as the gel and protein interact during the course of the protein's migration. Whether one visualizes the interactions as frictional or hydrodynamic, the shape and size of proteins should also affect their migration rates on gels.
Compound Microscopes Using Reflected Light

Microscopy by reflected light may be used for a number of reasons: to look at a natural surface such as a leaf, feather, skin, shell, or fossil; to compare surfaces after aging, usage, weathering, or other exposure; or to prepare an inside surface for studying an opaque substance, such as bone, metal, coal, ore mineral, ceramics material, or pigmented plastic. Microscopy can answer such questions as how many layers are there in a seashell, tree’s growth, laminated paper, or board? What is the structure of a sponge, tree cone, botanical cane, zoological organ, fossil, rock, ore (Figure 4.1), brick, cement, or plastic filled with biological material (Figures 4.2-4.5)?(1–5) Indeed the specimen may be a particulate material, such as seeds, tiny insects, sand, rock dust (Figure 4.6(1)), or small crystals. Such specimens may be better embedded in a dark, pigmented resin for reflected light than in a clear, colorless resin for transmitted light.
Effect of two gums on the development, rheological properties and stability of egg albumen foams

Egg albumen foams (8%) with and without added propylene glycol alginate or xanthan gum (both at 0.2% concentration on wet weight basis) formed after 1–5 min whipping were tested for their consistency using squeezing flow viscometry and stability. The apparent stress at two specimen heights (1.5 and 1.0 mm) and the residual stresses after 60 and 120 s relaxation, at 1 mm height, served as measures of the foams consistency and degree of solidity, respectively. The drainage rate and changes in the air bubbles size distribution with time served as indicators of the foams' physical stability. The two gums had a dramatic effect on both the foams consistency and degree of solidity and to a lesser extent on their stability. In most cases though, the effects were clearly noticeable in foams beaten for 3 min or longer. Since the two gums' effects on the foams properties could not be attributed to stoichiometric considerations, it is suggested that they were primarily due to strengthening the cells walls, an observation that is supported by the relatively small differences in the foams general structure.
Incremental computation of resource-envelopes in producer-consumer models

Interleaved planning and scheduling employs the idea of extending partial plans by regularly heeding to the scheduling constraints during search. One of the techniques used to analyze scheduling and resource consumption constraints is to compute the so-called resource-envelopes. These envelopes can then be used to derive effective heuristics to guide the search for good plans and/or dispatch given plans optimally. The key to the success of this approach however, is in being able to recompute the envelopes incrementally as and when partial commitments are made. The resource-envelope problem in producer-consumer models is as follows: A directed graph G= has X={X0,X1…Xn} as the set of nodes corresponding to events (X0 is the "beginning of the world" node and is assumed to be set to 0) and E as the set of directed edges between them. A directed edge e= in E is annotated with the simple temporal information [LB(e), UB(e)] indicating that a consistent schedule must have Xj scheduled between LB(e) and UB(e) seconds after Xi is scheduled (LB(e)≤UB(e)). Some nodes (events) correspond physically to production or consumption of resources and are annotated with a real number r(Xi) indicating their levels of production or consumption of a given resource. Given a consistent schedule s for all the events, the total production (consumption) by time t is given by Ps(t) (Cs(t)). The goal is to build the envelope functions g(t)=max{s is a consistent schedule}(Ps(t)- - Cs(t)) and h(t)=min{s is a consistent schedule}(Ps(t) - Cs(t)). In this paper, we provide efficient incremental algorithms for the computation of g(t) and h(t), along with flexible consistent schedules that actually achieve them for any given time instant t.