cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaporation/Precipitation from a W/O Microemulsion Base

The evaporation path in a microemulsion base of water, sodium dodecylsulfate, and pentanol was extended to include the subsequent precipitation stage caused by the restriction of the surfactant solubility. The results revealed the surfactant to be the only compound to precipitate during the evaporation/precipitation stage; the relative content of the two volatile compounds in the liquid phase was adjusted to the required level by the evaporation.
Relationship of total serum IgE levels in cord and 9-month sera of infants.

Summary To characterize IgE levels at birth and changes in those levels during the first year of life and to identify Factors that might influence IgE levels in infancy, we measured IgE levels in 1074 umbilical cord sera and in 697 sera obtained at 9 months of age in a healthy population of infants enrolled at birth into the Children's Respiratory Study in Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Serum IgE levels at birth and 9 months were log normally distributed with geometric means of 0.09 and 3.87 IU/ml, respectively. Cord serum IgE levels were unaffected by maternal smoking. Levels varied according to month of birth with a nadir in September. Cord and 9-month serum IgE levels were higher in boys than in girls, Hispanics compared with Anglos, and infants who developed eczema compared with those who did not, but the mean increases in log IgE from birth to 9 months were not significantly affected by these factors. A significant correlation between IgE levels at cord and 9 months was observed (r= 0.44; P < 0.0001). Also, mean log IgE levels at 9 months in infants grouped according to cord serum IgE levels maintained the same rank order of mean values as the cord groups. These data indicate that 9-month IgE levels are influenced by cord serum IgE levels and that the main influence of gender, ethnicity and susceptibility to eczema on IgE levels occurs before birth.
Thermal adaptation of cellular membranes in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Changes in temperature disrupt the fluidity of cellular membranes, which can negatively impact membrane integrity and cellular processes. Many ectotherms, including Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen), adjust the glycerophospholipid composition of their membranes to restore optimal fluidity when temperatures change, a type of trait plasticity termed homeoviscous adaptation.Existing data suggest that plasticity in the relative abundances of the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) underlies cellular adaptation to temporal variability in the thermal environment. For example, laboratory populations of D. melanogaster evolved in the presence of temporally variable temperatures have greater developmental plasticity of the ratio of PE to PC (PE/PC) and greater fecundity than do populations evolved at constant temperatures.Here, we extend this work to natural populations of D. melanogaster by evaluating thermal plasticity of glycerophospholipid composition at different life stages, in genotypes isolated from Vermont, Indiana and North Carolina, USA. We also quantify the covariance between developmental and adult (reversible) plasticity, and between adult responses of the membrane to cool and warm thermal shifts.As predicted by physiological models of homeoviscous adaptation, flies from all populations decrease PE/PC and the degree of lipid unsaturation in response to warm temperatures. Furthermore, these populations have diverged in their degree of membrane plasticity. Flies from the most variable thermal environment (Vermont, USA) decrease PE/PC to a greater extent than do other populations when developed at a warm temperature, a pattern that matches our previous observation in laboratory-evolved populations. We also find that developmental plasticity and adult plasticity of PE/PC covary across genotypes, but that adult responses to cool and warm thermal shifts do not.When combined with our previous observations of laboratory-evolved populations, our findings implicate developmental plasticity of PE/PC as a mechanism of thermal adaptation in temporally variable environments. While little is known about the genetic bases of plastic responses to temperature, our observations suggest that both environmentally sensitive and environmentally specific alleles contribute to thermal adaptation of membranes, and that costs of plasticity may arise when the adult environment differs from that experienced during development.
Theoretical Results on Base Station Movement Problem for Sensor Network

The benefits of using mobile base station to prolong sensor network lifetime have been well recognized. However, due to the complexity of the problem (time-dependent network topology and traffic routing), theoretical performance limit and provably optimal algorithms remain difficult to develop. This paper fills this important gap by contributing theoretical results regarding the optimal movement of a mobile base station. Our main result hinges upon a novel transformation of the joint base station movement and flow routing problem from time domain to space domain. Based on this transformation, we first show that if the base station is allowed to be present only on a set of pre-defined points, then we can find the optimal time span for the base station on each of these points so that the overall network lifetime is maximized. Based on this finding, we show that when the location of the base station is un-constrained (i.e., can move to any point in the two-dimensional plane), we can develop an approximation algorithm for the joint mobile base station location and flow routing problem such that the network lifetime is guaranteed to be at least (1-epsiv) of the maximum network lifetime, where epsiv can be made arbitrarily small depending on required precision.
Conjugate heat transfer in channels with internal longitudinal fins

A computational study examines the fully developed laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of a parallel-plate channel with internal, longitudinal, rectangular fins. The fins are integrally attached to the channel top wall, whose outer surface is heated uniformly. The bottom wall is adiabatic. The study determines the effects of varying the fin height, the fin thickness, the fin pitch, and the wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio on the pressure drop in the channel and the heat transfer from the exposed channel wall and fin surfaces. The results of the conjugate heat transfer study, which are applicable to the design of heat exchangers, include the overall heat transfer, the channel pressure drop, the heat transfer per unit pumping power, and the distributions of the local temperature and velocity.
Natural Compounds as Next Generation Herbicides

Herbicides with new modes of action (MOAs) are badly needed due to the rapidly evolving resistance to commercial herbicides, but a new MOA has not been introduced in over 20 years. The greatest pest management challenge for organic agriculture is the lack of effective natural product herbicides. The structural diversity and evolved biological activity of natural phytotoxins offer opportunities for the development of both directly used natural compounds and synthetic herbicides with new target sites based on the structures of natural phytotoxins. Natural phytotoxins are also a source for the discovery of new herbicide target sites that can serve as the focus of traditional herbicide discovery efforts. There are many examples of strong natural phytotoxins with MOAs other than those used by commercial herbicides, which indicates that there are molecular targets of herbicides that can be added to the current repertoire of commercial herbicide MOAs.
Task-set switching with natural scenes: Measuring the cost of deploying top-down attention

In many everyday situations, we bias our perception from the top down, based on a task or an agenda. Frequently, this entails shifting attention to a specific attribute of a particular object or scene. To explore the cost of shifting top-down attention to a different stimulus attribute, we adopt the task-set switching paradigm, in which switch trials are contrasted with repeat trials in mixed-task blocks and with single-task blocks. Using two tasks that relate to the content of a natural scene in a gray-level photograph and two tasks that relate to the color of the frame around the image, we were able to distinguish switch costs with and without shifts of attention. We found a significant cost in reaction time of 23–31 ms for switches that require shifting attention to other stimulus attributes, but no significant switch cost for switching the task set within an attribute. We conclude that deploying top-down attention to a different attribute incurs a significant cost in reaction time, but that biasing to a different feature value within the same stimulus attribute is effortless.
Synthetic Aperture Imaging Polarimeter

There is a strong need for the ability to terrestrially image resident space objects (RSOs) and other low earth orbit (LEO) objects for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) applications. The Synthetic Aperture Imaging Polarimeter (SAIP) investigates an alternative means for imaging an object in LEO illuminated by laser radiation. A prototype array consisting of 36 division of amplitude polarimeters was built and tested. The design, assembly procedure, calibration data and test results are presented. All 36 polarimeters were calibrated to a high degree of accuracy. Pupil plane imaging tests were performed in by using cross-correlation image reconstruction algorithm to determine the prototype functionality.
Making Local Planning Work for Urban Agriculture in the North American Context A View from the Ground

A small but growing literature is investigating the benefits of urban agriculture (UA) in North America, but there has been little analysis of the practical planning and policy implications of thes...
Phosphoramidate and phosphate prodrugs of (−)-β-d-(2R,4R)-dioxolane-thymine: Synthesis, anti-HIV activity and stability studies

A series of phosphoramidate and phosphate prodrugs of DOT were synthesized via dichlorophosphate or H-phosphonate chemistry and evaluated for their anti-HIV activity against LAI M184V mutants in PBM cells as well as for their cytotoxicity. The antiviral and cytotoxic profiles of the prodrugs were compared with that of the parent compound (DOT), and it was found that four aryl phosphoramidates 5, 18, 20, and 26 showed a significant enhancement (8- to 12-fold) in anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity. Chemical stability of these prodrugs was evaluated in phosphate buffer at pH values of biological relevance (i.e., pH 2.0 and 7.4). Enzymatic hydrolysis was also studied in esterase or lipase in buffer solution. Chemical stability studies indicate that the phosphoramidates have good chemical stability at pH 2.0 and at pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Phosphoramidate prodrugs were hydrolyzed in vitro by esterase or lipase and found to be better substrates for lipases than for esterases. 1,3-Diol cyclic phosphates showed potent anti-HIV activity without increasing the cytotoxicity compared with that of DOT and have good chemical and enzymatic stability. Long-chain lipid phosphates, although showed potent anti-HIV activity, exhibited increased cytotoxicity.
Solution Procedures for Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes

We present three algorithms to solve the infinite horizon, expected discounted total reward partially observed Markov decision process POMDP. Each algorithm integrates a successive approximations algorithm for the POMDP due to A. Smallwood and E. Sondik with an appropriately generalized numerical technique that has been shown to reduce CPU time until convergence for the completely observed case. The first technique is reward revision. The second technique is reward revision integrated with modified policy iteration. The third is a standard extrapolation. A numerical study indicates the potentially significant computational value of these algorithms.
A high-resolution high-frequency monolithic top-shooting microinjector free of satellite drops - part I: concept, design, and model

Introduces an innovative microinjector design, featuring a bubble valve, which entails superior droplet ejection characteristics and monolithic fabrication, which allows handling of a wide range of liquids. This new microinjector uses asymmetric bubbles to reduce crosstalk, increase frequency response and eliminate satellite droplets. During a firing, i.e., droplet ejection, the "virtual valve" closes, by growing a thermal bubble in the microchannel, to isolate the microchamber from the liquid supply and neighboring chambers. Between firings, however, the virtual valve opens, by collapsing the bubble, to reduce flow restriction for fast refilling of the microchamber. The use of bubble valves brings about fast and reliable device operation without imposing the significant complication fabrication of physical microvalves would call for. In addition, through a special heater configuration and chamber designs, bubbles surrounding the nozzle cut off the tail of the droplets being ejected and completely eliminate satellite droplets. A simple one-dimensional model of the operation of the microinjector is used to estimate the bubble formation and liquid refilling.
Antennal Sensory Structures of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Notes on Aquatic Adaptations

A scanning electron micrograph study was conducted of adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel to determine the types and locations of sensory structures on the antennae. The antenna consists of a scape, six-segmented funicle, and club. Females had significantly longer antennal segments than males, but no other sexually dimorphic characteristics were found. Trichoid sensilla, two types of squamaform sensilla, tuft hairs, and hydrofuge scales were found on the antennae. The distal third of the club was densely covered by trichoid sensilla that likely function in gustation and olfaction. Hydrofuge scales were on the antennal club, and plumose hydrofuge scales were on the rostrum. Squamiform sensilla were among the plumose hydrofuge scales on the rostrum. The information gained from this study may be used to design electrophysiological studies to provide information about the attractiveness of volatile compounds from rice plants and potential weevil pheromones. Aspects of the plastron of the weevil are also discussed. The antennae of rice water weevils have sensilla and hydrofuge adaptions for an aquatic environment and were found to be unique when compared to five species of terrestrial weevils.
Evolution of the optical response of sputtered CdS:O as a function of temperature

The linear absorption spectrum of an oxygenated CdS (CdS:O) thin film was measured as a function of annealing temperature. Subtle changes in the absorption spectrum were observed for short annealing times at temperatures up to 275 °C. Much more significant changes were observed as the temperature was increase from 275 °C to 325°C. Interestingly, at some point, increasing the temperature does not result in a change in the spectrum, indicating complete conversion into CdS. This evolution is also observed when the CdS:O film is capped with a thin film of CdTe. This suggests that an unreacted CdS:O layer is not likely to survive post deposition processing in CdTe solar cells.
Do Campaign Donors Influence Polarization? Evidence from Public Financing in the American States

Does the source of campaign funds influence legislative polarization? We develop competing theoretical expectations regarding the effects of publicly financed elections on legislative voting behavior. To test these expectations, we leverage a natural experiment in the New Jersey Assembly in which public financing was made available to a subset of members. We find that public financing exerts substantively negligible effects on roll-call voting. We then find a similar result in an examination of state legislatures. We conclude that, counter to the logic of the US Supreme Court, pundits, and reformers, the source of campaign funds exerts minimal influence on polarization.
Identification of a dTDP-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway that oscillates with the molting cycle in Caenorhabditis elegans

L-Rhamnose is a common component of cell-wall polysaccharides, glycoproteins and some natural products in bacteria and plants, but is rare in fungi and animals. In the present study, we identify and characterize a biosynthetic pathway for dTDP-rhamnose in Caenorhabditis elegans that is highly conserved across nematode species. We show that RML-1 activates glucose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) in the presence of either dTTP or UTP to yield dTDP-glucose or UDP-glucose, respectively. RML-2 is a dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, converting dTDP-glucose into dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose. Using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that coincubation of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose with RML-3 (3,5-epimerase) and RML-4 (4-keto-reductase) produces dTDP-rhamnose. RML-4 could only be expressed and purified in an active form through co-expression with a co-regulated protein, RML-5, which forms a complex with RML-4. Analysis of the sugar nucleotide pool in C. elegans established the presence of dTDP-rhamnose in vivo . Targeting the expression of the rhamnose biosynthetic genes by RNAi resulted in significant reductions in dTDP-rhamnose, but had no effect on the biosynthesis of a closely related sugar, ascarylose, found in the ascaroside pheromones. Therefore, the rhamnose and ascarylose biosynthetic pathways are distinct. We also show that transcriptional reporters for the rhamnose biosynthetic genes are expressed highly in the embryo, in the hypodermis during molting cycles and in the hypodermal seam cells specifically before the molt to the stress-resistant dauer larval stage. These expression patterns suggest that rhamnose biosynthesis may play an important role in hypodermal development or the production of the cuticle or surface coat during molting.
Inhibition of chemical communication between male and female bollworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by sublethal amounts of permethrin

The effect of topical applications of sublethal amounts of permethrin on the behavior of bollworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), attractancy of females, response of males to traps, and the effects of field applications were investigated. Results showed that untreated females attract two-thirds of the males captured in traps compared with females treated with sublethal amounts of permethrin; 70% of males responding to pheromone traps were untreated compared with males treated with sublethal amounts of permethrin; males respond equally to pheromone traps located in untreated and treated areas of cotton fields sprayed with permethrin; significantly fewer moths are found during daylight hours in areas of cotton fields treated with 0.055 kg permethrin (AI) per hectare; and moth capture at night is reduced on sugar lines located in the middle of cotton fields sprayed the same day with 0.11 kg permethrin (AI) per hectare.
ACTH Therapy in Epileptic Spasms without Hypsarrhythmia

The short and long-term effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in 30 children ages 11 to 86 months (median 29 months) with epileptic spasms (ES) without hypsarrhythmia were analyzed at Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Japan.
Transformer insulation system—a review of the guiding principles for thermal classification

1. Because of the extensive functional accelerated test data that has been correlated with systems that have been field service tested for a great many years, the time-temperature relationship used to classify insulation systems can be used as a very useful tool.
Exploring Relationships in Surface-Hardness Data Collected With Different Instruments

Two instruments are used to measure impact attenuation on athletic field playing surfaces: the F355 Apparatus A (F355) and the Clegg Impact Soil Tester (CIST). Although both devices use weighted missiles equipped with accelerometers to measure impact attenuation, Gmax, little information is available in the peer-reviewed scientific literature comparing data collected with these devices on natural and synthetic turf athletic field playing surfaces. A 2-year field study was conducted at the University of Tennessee Center for Athletic Field Safety in 2012 and 2013 to determine whether data collected with a CIST could be used to predict values with the F355. Ten different synthetic turf and four natural turfgrass surfaces constructed over four root zone types were subjected to 30 simulated traffic events at two rates (three events wk−1 and 10 events wk−1). Three impact attenuation samples were collected with both devices on all surfaces for each rate of simulated traffic. Two regression analyses were conducted: one using all 252 data points collected annually and a second that incorporated blocking to account for within surface sampling. In both years, associations between impact attenuation data collected with the CIST and the F355 were weak. CIST values only explained 9 % of the variability in F355 data in 2012 (R2 = 0.09) and 24 % in 2013 (R2 = 0.24). When accounting for surface sampling, CIST values only explained 46 % of the variability in F355 data in 2012 (R2 = 0.46) and 56 % in 2013 (R2 = 0.56). Residuals around these best-fit regression lines were ±25 Gmax, indicating that the CIST cannot accurately predict impact attenuation values with the F355 within this range. Future research should continue to explore relationships between the F355 and CIST across diverse playing surface types and environments.
Application of Antibiotics Rotation to Control Bacterial Resistance in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective To explore the effect of antibiotics rotation on reducing bacterial resistance in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).Methods Five hundred and two neonates who were treated with antibiotics(ceftazime,piperacillin/tazobactam or cefotaxime) in the NICU of Dongguan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital during Jan.2007 to Jan.2010 were recruited.The changes of bacterial resis-tance in 108 neonates infected by klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies during 5 study periods of rotation use of ceftazime and piperacillin/tazobactam were observed.The children were treated with ceftazime,piperacillin/tazobactam or cefotaxime casually in 12-month′s baseline period,and treated with ceftazime and piperacillin/tazobactam alternately in the following four 6-month′s periods.Results As the suspended use of ceftazime extended,the rate of ceftazime-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies decreased from 59.3% in baseline period to 40.4% in period 3,and 45.9% in period 4,the rate of ceftazime-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies had significant difference among the 5 periods(χ2=3.992,P0.05).The piperacillin/tazobactam resistance decreased from 6.7% in baseline period to 2.6% in period 4,and 4.5% in period 5,the rate of piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies had significant difference among the 5 periods(χ2=4.683,P0.05).The rate of cefotaxime resistance decreased yearly,the cefotaxime resistance decreased from 59.8% in baseline period to 47.8% in period 2,45.4% in period 3,40.4% in period 4,and 33.6% in period 5,the rate of cefotaxime-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies had significant difference among the 5 periods(χ2=3.896,P0.05),but the rate of cefotaxime resistance was still high after 2 years suspended use,and could not be eliminated.Conclusions Antibiotic rotation in a relative closed environment can reduce bacterial resistance.It takes longer than 2 years to eliminate bacterial resistance.It is an important and tough task to decrease bacterial resistance.
Value Orientation on Social Fairness and Justice from Hu Jintao's

From the point of view of relationships between the social fairness justice and socialist system,socialism construction with Chinese characteristics,the properties of CPC,CPC'S goal and socialistic harmonious society,Comrade Hu Jin-tao had fully affirmed the value of social fairness and justice,highlighting the importance of social fairness and justice.
Research on Material Coding System in Organizations Directly Affiliated to SGCC

Material coding is a critical element for successful implementation of ERP.Organizations directly affiliated to State Grid Corporation of China(SGCC)run a variety of businesses.It becomes difficult to build an effective coding system during the informationization process.This paper summarizes the main problems of material coding occurred in the process of ERP implementation.Classification with characteristics method is introduced to solve the coding problems,and this method sets an example for the material coding standards and norms in the organizations directly affiliated to SGCC.
Abstract B161: Mechanisms underlying the induction of natural killer cell exhaustion in metastatic melanoma

NK cells from malignant melanoma patients exhibit an exhausted phenotype characterized by i) up-regulation of inhibitory receptors (TIM-3, KIRB1 and KIRNKAT2), ii) down-regulation of activating receptors (NKG2D and NKp46), IL-2R and transcription factors (T-bet and Eomes) and iii) loss of IFN-γ production, proliferation and cytotoxicity (Cancer Immunol Res 2014). This exhaustion can be partially reversed by checkpoint blockade of Tim-3. The mechanisms underlying the induction of the development of exhausted NK cells and its reversal are still not well defined. We hypothesize that reversal of exhaustion in NK cells should contribute towards the full restoration of immune responses that are required to eliminate melanoma cells. For that reason it is essential to more fully appreciate the mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in the TME. It is known that the metastatic melanoma microenvironment is characterized by the overexpression and production of different ligands or receptors such as i) galectin-9/HGMB-1/CEACAM-1 for Tim-3 ii) MICA for NKG2D iii) CD155 for DNAM-1 /TIGIT/CD96 iv) GD3 for Siglec7/9 that fully contribute to induction of NK-cell exhaustion. The aim of this project is to use transcriptome and CyTOF analysis for comparing human healthy donors (HD) and melanoma donors (MD) patterns to identify the factors and signaling mechanisms that promote immune cell exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). Our preliminary results show that priming NK cells from HDs with IL-2 increases expression levels of epigenetic modifiers (HIST1H1C, HIST1H4I, ZNF286B, HIST2H2BE) whereas IL-2/IL-12 stimulated NK cells up regulated mRNA encoding cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF) and chemokines (CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL3). This is consistent with an activation phenotype that can also be observed by CyTOF analysis where only IL-2/IL-12 stimulated NK cells are able to produce the following cytokines and chemokines: IFN-γ, TNFα, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL1. We also found that STAT and Lck proteins are important intermediaries for the priming and activation process on NK cells. STAT4 and STAT5 are involved in IFN-γ production which is important for early control of tumors; and Lck is involved in modulating inhibitory signals mediated by Tim-3 (Nat Med 2012). Data on MD samples are being evaluated in order to define the cellular mechanisms dysregulated during NK cell exhaustion. These studies should lead to the discovery of additional checkpoint molecules and signaling pathways that can be modulated to restore both innate and adaptive immunity in vivo. Citation Format: Elena Gonzalez-Gugel, Shaheen Ensanyat, Adiel Munk, Nina Bhardwaj. Mechanisms underlying the induction of natural killer cell exhaustion in metastatic melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B161.
Wrist and hand skeletal injuries in children.

Abstract When accidents occur, the hand is the part of the body most often thrust out to lessen the consequences, resulting in a wide array of combinations of soft-tissue and chondro-osseous injuries. Pediatric wrist and hand skeletal injuries discussed in this article include growth mechanism injury, fractures and dislocations, nailbed injuries, fingertip injuries, burns, and frostbite.
Similarities and Differences Between Yoruba Traditional Healers (YTH) and Native American and Canadian Healers (NACH)

Indigenous people of the world have used the services of medicine men and traditional healers from time immemorial. According to the World Health Organization, 80 % of the world's populations consult traditional healers. With an emerging globalization of health services in the world, there is a need for western mental health practitioners to learn and understand the practices of indigenous healers across the globe. This paper will not only highlight the similarities and differences between Yoruba traditional healers of Western Nigeria and Native American and First Nation Canadian traditional healers, but it will also allow practitioners to gain clearer perspectives of indigenous clients from Yoruba land and those from the United States of America and Canada. This ultimately will inform culturally sensitive clinical practice with these populations.
The history of myelin.

Andreas Vesalius is attributed the discovery of white matter in the 16th century but van Leeuwenhoek is arguably the first to have observed myelinated fibers in 1717. A globular myelin theory followed, claiming all elements of the nervous system except for Fontana's primitive cylinder with outer sheath in 1781. Remak's axon revolution in 1836 relegated myelin to the unknown. Ehrenberg described nerve tubes with double borders in 1833, and Schwann with nuclei in 1839, but the medullary sheath acquired its name of myelin, coined by Virchow, only in 1854. Thanks to Schultze's osmium specific staining in 1865, myelin designates the structure known today. The origin of myelin though was baffling. Only after Ranvier discovered a periodic segmentation, which came to us as nodes of Ranvier, did he venture suggesting in 1872 that the nerve internode was a fatty cell secreting myelin in cytoplasm. Ranvier's hypothesis was met with high skepticism, because nobody could see the cytoplasm, and the term Schwann cell very slowly emerged into the vocabulary with von Lenhossek in 1895. When Cajal finally admitted the concept of Schwann cell internode in 1912, he still firmly believed myelin was secreted by the axon. Del Rio-Hortega re-discovered oligodendrocytes in 1919 (after Robertson in 1899) and named them oligodendroglia in 1921, thereby antagonizing Cajal for discovering a second cell type in his invisible third element. Penfield had to come to del Rio-Hortega's rescue in 1924 for oligodendrocytes to be accepted. They jointly hypothesized myelin could be made by oligodendrocytes, considered the central equivalent of Schwann cells. Meanwhile myelin birefringence properties observed by Klebs in 1865 then Schmidt in 1924 confirmed its high fatty content, ascertained by biochemistry by Thudichum in 1884. The 20th century saw X-ray diffraction developed by Schmitt, who discovered in 1935 the crystal-like organization of this most peculiar structure, and devised the g-ratio concept in 1937. A revolution happened around the same time: saltatory conduction, the very reason for myelin existence, discovered by Tasaki in 1939 and confirmed by Huxley and Stampfli in 1949. After the second world war, widely available electron microscopes allowed Geren to finally discover the origin of myelin in 1954, exactly a century after Virchow coined 'myelin' in 1854. Geren had the genial insight that the Schwann cell wraps around the axon and generates a spiral of compacted membrane–myelin. The central origin of myelin took a little longer due to the special configuration of oligodendrocyte distanced from the axon, but in 1962 the Bunges established the definitive proof that oligodendrocyte secretes myelin. The era of myelin biology had begun. In 1973 Norton devised a method to purify myelin which launched the modern molecular era.
Copolymerization of lactones and bioaromatics via concurrent ring-opening polymerization/polycondensation

The general and efficient copolymerization of lactones with hydroxy-acid bioaromatics was accomplished via a concurrent ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and polycondensation methodology. Suitable lactones were L-lactide or e-caprolactone and four hydroxy-acid comonomers were prepared as hydroxyethyl variants of the bioaromatics syringic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Copolymerization conditions were optimized on a paradigm system with a 20 : 80 feed ratio of caprolactone : hydroxyethylsyringic acid. Among six investigated catalysts, polymer yield was optimized with 1 mol% of Sb2O3, affording eight copolymer series in good yields (32–95% for lactide; 80–95% for caprolactone). Half of the polymers were soluble in the GPC solvent hexafluoroisopropanol and analyzed to high molecular weight, with Mn = 10 500–60 700 Da. Mass spectrometry and 1H NMR analysis revealed an initial ring-opening formation of oligolactones, followed by polycondensation of these with the hydroxy-acid bioaromatic, followed by transesterification, yielding a random copolymer. By copolymerizing bioaromatics with L-lactide, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polylactic acid (PLA, 50 °C) could be improved and tuned in the range of 62–107 °C; the thermal stability (T95%) of PLA (207 °C) could be substantially increased up to 323 °C. Similarly, bioaromatic incorporation into polycaprolactone (PCL, Tg = −60 °C) accessed an improved Tg range from −48 to 105 °C, while exchanging petroleum-based content with biobased content. Thus, this ROP/polycondensation methodology yields substantially or fully biobased polymers with thermal properties competitive with incumbent packaging thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (Tg = 67 °C) or polystyrene (Tg = 95 °C).
Some Recipes Can Do More Than Spoil Your Appetite: Analyzing the Security and Privacy Risks of IFTTT Recipes

The use of end-user programming, such as if-this-then-that (IFTTT), is becoming increasingly common. Services like IFTTT allow users to easily create new functionality by connecting arbitrary Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices and online services using simple if-then rules, commonly known as recipes. However, such convenience at times comes at the cost of security and privacy risks for end users. To gain an in-depth understanding of the potential security and privacy risks, we build an information-flow model to analyze how often IFTTT recipes involve potential integrity or secrecy violations. Our analysis finds that around 50% of the 19,323 unique recipes we examined are potentially unsafe, as they contain a secrecy violation, an integrity violation, or both. We next categorize the types of harm that these potentially unsafe recipes can cause to users. After manually examining a random selection of potentially unsafe recipes, we find that recipes can not only lead to harms such as personal embarrassment but can also be exploited by an attacker, e.g., to distribute malware or carry out denial-of-service attacks. The use of IoT devices and services like IFTTT is expected only to grow in the near future; our analysis suggests users need to be both informed about and protected from these emerging threats to which they could be unwittingly exposing themselves.
High-resolution magnetic imaging with an array of flux guides

Potential applications in neuroscience, such as recordings of neural electrical activity at a microscopic scale, set demanding requirements on both high-resolution and high-sensitivity magnetic imaging. Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) based on lasers and alkali-metal vapor cells are the most sensitive magnetic field sensors that do not require cryogenic cooling. Recently, we constructed and tested an ultra-sensitive magnetic microscope by combining a cm-size spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) OPM with a pair of flux guides (FGs). The FGs served to direct the magnetic flux from a microscopic source of magnetic field to the OPM to improve simultaneously the spatial resolution and the magnetic field sensitivity. The specific demonstrated performance of the FG-OPM device was resolution 250 μm and sensitivity 23 pT/ Hz1/2, with potential for further improvement according to numerical simulations to the level that a single neuron could be detected. Our previous demonstration and simulations were done for a single pair of FGs. In this work, we numerically investigated the performance of a parallel multi-FG system and show that similar high resolution and high sensitivity are feasible. Many applications such as the neuronal direct magnetic imaging, non-destructive tests, and detection of magnetic particles with high throughput are anticipated.
Supercooling in the Adult Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Relative to Physiological Condition and Diet

Severe winter temperatures are known to reduce overwintering survival of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman), but the mechanisms responsible for overwintering mortality are poorly understo...
A Mental Model of the Learner: Teaching the Basic Science of Educational Psychology to Future Teachers

Although most teacher education programs include instruction in the basic science of psychology, practicing teachers report that this preparation has low utility. Researchers have considered what sort of information from psychology about children's thinking, emotion, and motivation would be useful for teachers' practice. Here, I take a different tack. I begin by considering three varieties of statements in basic science: empirical observations, theoretical statements, and epistemic assumptions. I suggest that the first of these can support classroom application, but the latter two cannot. I use that conclusion as a starting point for considering the instruction of prospective teachers in psychology.
Amélioration du parcours de soins en oncologie mammaire grâce au numérique et à la télémédecine : une expérimentation réussie

Resume L’interet du suivi a distance des patients traites pour un cancer par questionnaires medicaux hebdomadaires remplis sur leur smartphone a ete demontre dans des etudes internationales publiees avec un gain en qualite de vie et meme en survie de plusieurs mois. Une etude pilote menee en Nouvelle-Aquitaine a evalue l’apport de l’utilisation conjointe de plusieurs outils technologiques innovants (suivi par questionnaires medicaux hebdomadaires sur tablettes, montres connectees, telemedecine et plateforme d’echange securisee entre soignants) dans l’amelioration du parcours de soins de patientes atteintes de cancer du sein et habitant loin de leur centre de traitement avec des resultats tres prometteurs.
Median Neuropathy After Blood Draw Mimics Painful Clenched Fist Syndrome in a Child

Background: Clenched fist syndrome is a rare disorder, often attributed to a conversion disorder without anatomic basis. Here, we review the literature surrounding clenched fist syndrome and challenge the assumption it is always psychiatric in origin, via description of a case of clenched fist syndrome responsive to surgical nerve decompression. Methods: An unusual case of clenched fist syndrome is reviewed and discussed. Results: A child presenting with clenched fist syndrome failed conservative measures consisting of formal hand therapy, multidisciplinary pain management, and psychiatric treatment. On clinical examination, she had findings consistent with median nerve entrapment. After undergoing surgical decompression of the median nerve in the forearm and carpal tunnel, the clenched fist resolved immediately. Conclusions: Nerve compression may be an unrecognized factor underlying some cases of clenched fist syndrome. Evaluation by a hand surgeon or a hand therapist skilled in the detection of peripheral nerve entrapment or injury should be considered as part of the workup for this rare disorder.
The Atiyah-Singer index formula for subelliptic operators on contact manifolds, Part II

The Atiyah-Singer index theorem is a topological formula for the index of an elliptic differential operator. The topological index depends on a cohomology class that is constructed from the principal symbol of the operator. On contact manifolds, the important Fredholm operators are not elliptic, but hypoelliptic. Their symbolic calculus is noncommutative, and involves analysis on the Heisenberg group. For a hypoelliptic differential operator in the Heisenberg calculus on a contact manifold we construct a symbol class in the K-theory of a noncommutative C*-algebra of symbols. There is a canonical map from this analytic K-theory group to the deRham cohomology of the manifold, which gives a class to which the Atiyah-Singer formula can be applied. We prove that the index formula holds for these hypoelliptic operators. Our methods derive from Connes' tangent groupoid proof of the index theorem.
Association Between Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep and Cerebrovascular Changes in Children With Sickle Cell Disease.

Study Objectives:Periodic limb movements (PLMs) have been associated with increased risk of stroke, but there is currently scarce research exploring this relationship in the setting of sickle cell ...
Against 'Economic Man': A Feminist Challenge to Prevailing Neoclassical Norms in K-12 Economics Education.

This article outlines core tenets of feminist economics and contrasts these tenets with traditional neoclassical economic assumptions about human nature, value, markets, inequality, and power. Furt...
Case report of rhabdomyosarcomatous transformation of a primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common primary mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. Mutations of KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha have been well characterized in GISTs. Patients with KIT mutations are generally sensitive to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, some patients with GIST, while initially sensitive to TKIs, gain resistance in later stages of treatment. Heterologous rhabdomyomsarcomatous dedifferentiation of advanced GISTs after long-term imatinib mesylate (IM) therapy has been reported. In these cases, the underlying molecular mechanism of tumor progression and transformation is unclear. We report one such patient with rhabdomyosarcomatous dedifferentiation of a GIST without metastatic disease after brief 3-month therapy with IM. The tumor was composed of two distinct phenotypes, a CD117 negative region with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation directly adjacent to a CD117 positive classic GIST region. Molecular analysis identified the activating KIT exon 11 mutation in both regions, indicating a common origin for both phenotypes. Additionally, the dedifferentiated component contained two synonymous variants in platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and KIT. The increased number of synonymous variants in the rhabdomyosarcomatous region may reflect increased genetic instability of this tumor that may have resulted in the loss of CD117 expression in the dedifferentiated component. This study adds to the growing consensus that rhabdomyosarcomatous GIST progresses from a common GIST primary tumor. The role of IM in this progression is uncertain; however short duration of IM treatment in this study supports the hypothesis that rhabdomyosarcomatous GIST progression is not a consequence of IM therapy. Furthermore, we provide additional information supporting the observation that CD117 negative rhabdomyosarcomatous transformation maintains the activating KIT variant without KIT expression.
Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for Prostatic Artery Embolization

Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) was initially described for management of patients with prostatic hematuria. However, it has since been found to be effective in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Animal studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy in reducing prostate volumes, paving the way for clinical trials in humans. Several comparative studies have been performed that have demonstrated that PAE can considerably improve urinary symptoms safely, but not to the same degree at traditional surgical techniques. Numerous single-arm trials have been summarized in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews suggesting that PAE is effective in treating LUTS with a very low rate major complication including sexual dysfunction.
Phubbing friends: Understanding face threats from, and responses to, friends’ cell phone usage through the lens of politeness theory

The study examined friends’ phubbing (i.e., the act of snubbing a relational partner by using a cell phone in his/her presence), through the lens of politeness theory. Quantitative and qualitative ...
High dynamic range particle image velocimetry analysis of viscous inhalant flows

High dynamic velocity range (DVR) flows are challenging to measure with traditional double-pulse particle image velocimetry (PIV) since no single correlation time scale optimally resolves particle displacements over the entire DVR of interest. Inhalant flows are ubiquitous in engineering and biology and feature a high DVR as they draw viscous fluid through an orifice from a surrounding reservoir since large interior tube velocities rapidly attenuate with exterior distance from the inhalant orifice. We conducted a high-DVR PIV study of viscous inhalant flow hydrodynamics by developing and applying a multi-time-lag type processing scheme to construct DVR-enhanced flowfields. The algorithm adapts existing multi-time-lag type schemes into one that is well suited for slowly evolving flows with a persistent spatiotemporal structure. Correlation analyses between image pairs across two optimized time scales produce a pair of correlation maps well suited for resolution of targeted high and low measurement velocities. An evaluation map based on the best statistical relative strength of the local correlation peak amplitude and peak ratio is then used to spatially reconstruct a single DVR-enhanced velocity field with a DVR on the order of 1000:1. Numerical simulations show close agreement with measured flows everywhere following DVR enhancement, and the high-DVR PIV results reveal marked differences in the exterior flow kinematics and dynamics due to varying viscous and boundary interaction effects. The inlet velocity profiles at the tube orifice are highly sensitive to the Reynolds number within this range (1–100) and show notable departures from classically assumed uniform pipe entry profiles, impacting flow development lengths downstream.High dynamic velocity range (DVR) flows are challenging to measure with traditional double-pulse particle image velocimetry (PIV) since no single correlation time scale optimally resolves particle displacements over the entire DVR of interest. Inhalant flows are ubiquitous in engineering and biology and feature a high DVR as they draw viscous fluid through an orifice from a surrounding reservoir since large interior tube velocities rapidly attenuate with exterior distance from the inhalant orifice. We conducted a high-DVR PIV study of viscous inhalant flow hydrodynamics by developing and applying a multi-time-lag type processing scheme to construct DVR-enhanced flowfields. The algorithm adapts existing multi-time-lag type schemes into one that is well suited for slowly evolving flows with a persistent spatiotemporal structure. Correlation analyses between image pairs across two optimized time scales produce a pair of correlation maps well suited for resolution of targeted high and low measurement velociti...
Enantioselective Catalytic Allylation of Acyclic Ketiminoesters: Synthesis of α-Fully-Substituted Amino Esters.

We report the first direct catalytic enantioselective allylation of acyclic α-ketiminoesters to afford α-allyl-α-aryl and α-allyl-α-trifluoromethyl amino esters in excellent isolated yield (91–99%)...