cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANTIC85: a general purpose finite element package for computer aided design and analysis of electromagnetic devices

A description is given of ANTIC85, a powerful and user-friendly finite-element-based magnetic field analysis package. This program is used for the design and analysis of electromechanical devices for automotive applications. It is applicable to general two-dimensional and axisymmetric three-dimensional static and transient nonlinear magnetic field problems. The unique feature of this package is its ability to solve the coupled power-electronic, mechanical, and magnetic field problem for solenoid actuators. The theoretical basis and structure of this package are presented. Applications to a four-pole 3 kW permanent-magnet starter motor and a variable-reluctance-type speed sensor are shown. >
Differential sensitivity of "old" versus "new" APOBEC3G to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif.

HIV-1 Vif counteracts the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by inhibiting its encapsidation into virions. Here, we compared the relative sensitivity to Vif of APOBEC3G in stable HeLa cells containing APOBEC3G (HeLa-A3G cells) versus that of newly synthesized APOBEC3G. We observed that newly synthesized APOBEC3G was more sensitive to degradation than preexisting APOBEC3G. Nevertheless, preexisting and transiently expressed APOBEC3G were packaged with similar efficiencies into vif-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions, and Vif inhibited the encapsidation of both forms of APOBEC3G into HIV particles equally well. Our results suggest that HIV-1 Vif preferentially induces degradation of newly synthesized APOBEC3G but indiscriminately inhibits encapsidation of “old” and “new” APOBEC3G.
Advances in Dissolution Technology: Design, Pros and Cons

AbstractTo date dissolution tests are considered to be the most reliable predictors of bioavailability of drugs. Dissolution tests are critical and difficult to carry out properly. A review of different dissolution apparatii currently in use or employed in the past is present along with the advantages and disadvantages offered by each. Criteria as to design, operation, sensitivity, etc. of an in vitro dissolution system are outlined which would assist in fabrication of a more efficient and reliable apparatus. If one is to obtain meaningful results, care and attention must be given to those aspects that have been identified as crucial. To date no universal dissolutiuon test has yet been devised that in every instance gives the same rank order for in vitro dissolution and in vivo availability for different formulation and batches.
The Guerrilla Wars of Central America: Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala

From the 1960s to the 1980s revolutionary nationalists in Central America believed that only armed struggle could free their countries from US domination and oligarchical rule. Saul Landau tells the story of three bitter and bloody civil wars. In the 1980s the wars being fought in these tiny nations engaged the entire political world, as the US obsession with the Sandinistas produced the Iran-Contra scandal. In El Salvador the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero focussed world attention on the torture and murder of Catholic priests in Latin America. In Guatemala, US intervention in the 1950s helped to produce the bloodiest sequence of military governments in Central America. These conflicts had their roots in the extreme inequalities of the region and were fuelled by US financial and military intervention, as US policy-makers saw in every regional conflict a Cold War dimension.
Antibodies to poly d(A-T) and their reactions with oligonucleotides and nucleic acids.

Abstract Antibodies to poly d(A-T)‡ were elicited in two rabbits by immunization with complexes of heat-denatured poly d(A-T) and MBSA. Denaturation of poly d(A-T) was carried out in a salt solution and in distilled water. The antibodies were characterized by precipitation, hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay procedures. The antibody bound poly d(A-T) and cross reactions were observed with dAdo, dThd, poly(b) and ApU but not with UpA. V.faba satellite and calf thymus DNAs were bound at least as well as poly d(A-T); DNA from B. subtilis and Pseudomonas were poorly bound. After absorption of the serum with Ado-RSA, Thd-RSA and BSA, the antisera were directed primarily to heat-denatured poly d(A-T). Cross-reactions were observed with mouse myeloma DNA, poly(dT), poly(dA)-poly(dT) but not with poly(dA). The results indicated that anti-poly d(A-T) recognizes sequence and secondary structures. The immunochemical data are in accord with findings made by other workers on DNA and synthetic polynucleotides by physical studies, such as X-ray diffraction and scattering. Moreover, the immunochemical data support earlier contentions that local conformations in nucleic acids are responsive to primary sequences as is the case with proteins. Also described are procedures for the synthesis of poly d(A-T)-[ 3 H]A and poly ([ 3 H]A-T). For the preparation of the latter, TTP was synthesized from TMP which was prepared enzymically from Thd.
Balanced ion chamber measurement of half-lives of several radioisotopes

Half lives of six gamma emitters were measured using a Balanced Ion Chamber arrangement with one chamber driven by a radium source. Data analyzed by least squares yielded the following results: Se/sup 75/, 120.4 plus or minus 0.2 day; Zn/sup 65/, 245.7 plus or minus 1.1 day; Ru/sup 106/, 265.8 plus or minus 1.7 day; Ag/sup 110//sup m/ 255.0 plus or minus 0.8 day,; Cs/sup 134/, 2.05 plus or minus 0.05 year, and Ce/sup 144/, 277 plus or minus 4 day. (au th)
Passive transfer of streptococcus-induced antibodies reproduces behavioral disturbances in a mouse model of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection.

Streptococcal infections can induce obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders. In children, this syndrome, frequently associated with disturbances in attention, learning and mood, has been designated pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Autoantibodies recognizing central nervous system (CNS) epitopes are found in sera of most PANDAS subjects, but may not be unique to this neuropsychiatric subset. In support of a humoral immune mechanism, clinical improvement often follows plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin. We recently described a PANDAS mouse model wherein repetitive behaviors correlate with peripheral anti-CNS antibodies and immune deposits in brain following streptococcal immunization. These antibodies are directed against group A β-hemolytic streptococcus matrix (M) protein and cross-react with molecular targets complement C4 protein and α-2-macroglobulin in brain. Here we show additional deficits in motor coordination, learning/memory and social interaction in PANDAS mice, replicating more complex aspects of human disease. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that humoral immunity is necessary and sufficient to induce the syndrome through experiments wherein naive mice are transfused with immunoglobulin G (IgG) from PANDAS mice. Depletion of IgG from donor sera abrogates behavior changes. These functional disturbances link to the autoimmunity-related IgG1 subclass but are not attributable to differences in cytokine profiles. The mode of disrupting blood–brain barrier integrity differentially affects the ultimate CNS distribution of these antibodies and is shown to be an additional important determinant of neuropsychiatric outcomes. This work provides insights into PANDAS pathogenesis and may lead to new strategies for identification and treatment of children at risk for autoimmune brain disorders.
Gene transfer, expression and inheritance of PRSV-rainbow trout-GH cDNA in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)

A recombinant plasmid containing the Rous sarcoma virus-long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR) promoter linked to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) growth hormone (GH) cDNA was microinjected into fertilized carp eggs. Genomic DNA extracted from pectoral fin of individual presumptive transgenic fish was analyzed by dot blot and Southern blot hybridization, using the RSV-LTR and/or the GH cDNA sequences as probes. Out of 365 presumptive transgenic fish analyzed, 20 individuals were found to contain pRSV-rtGH-cDNA sequence in the genomic DNA. Expression of the trout GH polypeptide was detected by immunobinding assay in the red blood cells of nine transgenic fish tested. The level of expression, however, varied among the transgenics and could not be correlated with exogenous DNA copy number. Although there was considerable variation in the sizes of the transgenic fish, those microinjected during the one-cell stage were (P less than 0.05) 22% larger, on the average, than their sibling controls. A randomly selected fraction of the progeny derived from crosses between transgenic males and non-transgenic females inherited the foreign DNA. These transgenic progeny grew faster (P less than 0.05) than their non-transgenic siblings.
SU‐FF‐T‐185: Commissioning of a Mobetron Electron Linear Accelerator

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the commissioning of our Mobetron electron linear accelerator and share the experience gained during the commissioning process. Method and Materials: The Mobetron is a relatively lightweight and mobile linear accelerator that has been developed for use in an operating room suite for delivering intra-operative radiation therapy. This accelerator is capable of delivering a therapeutic beam of electrons with nominal energies of 4, 6, 9 or 12 MeV. The Mobetron comes with a variety of circular cones, ranging in field size from 3 to 10 cm diameter, in 0.5 cm increments, and 3 different angles, flat, 15 and 30 degrees. For each energy and cone, the percent depth dose (PDD), isodose distribution and output factor were measured. These measurements were performed in a water phantom. A dose per MU calibration was performed for each energy, using the 10 cm flat cone, according to the TG-51 protocol. The stability of this output was monitored as a function of time. Finally, dose values were measured at various locations around the Mobetron during operation in order to determine shielding requirements and warm-up procedures. Results: PDDs and isodose distributions for the various cone sizes, cone angles and beam energies are presented. Additionally, plots of output factors as a function of field size for the 3 different sets of cones and beam energies are provided. Lastly, the doses at different locations around the Mobetron are shown and the impacts of these doses on shielding and warm-up procedures are discussed. Conclusions: The commissioning is complete. PDDs and isodose distributions measured for the Mobetron were similar to those measured for the linac used previously. Due to the machines' design, we found the output did vary with time, by as much as 3% over a period of about 10 days.
Maternal folate deficiency results in selective upregulation of folate receptors and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 associated with multiple subtle aberrations in fetal tissues.

BACKGROUND Homocysteine, which increases in folate deficiency, can upregulate folate receptors (FR) at the translational level by increasing the interaction between a short cis-element in the 5′-untranslated region of FR-α mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 (hnRNP-E1). Perturbation of this RNA-protein interaction on GD8.5 induces neural tube defects and neurocristopathies in mice. FR upregulation can also reduce cell proliferation independently of folate deficiency in some human cells. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that sustained murine maternal folate deficiency would negatively impact pregnancy outcomes, upregulate FR, and selectively reduce fetal cell proliferation. METHODS Dams were fed chow with various levels of folic acid added for eight weeks before and throughout pregnancy. Following sacrifice on GD17, dams were compared for folate and homocysteine status as well as pregnancy outcomes. Fetuses from some groups were evaluated by specific biochemical, molecular, and immunohistochemical studies for FR, hnRNP-E1, and apoptosis. RESULTS When compared to dams fed a folate-replete diet, those dams on a folate-depleted diet developed reduced red cell folates and hyperhomocysteinemia and an inverse dose-dependent upregulation of FR and hnRNP-E1 on GD17 without alterations in cell number in the majority of tissues. However, FR overexpression was accompanied by a significant reduction in the net number of cells in the midgut, lung, pons, tongue, and olfactory epithelium, and with premature differentiation in dorsal root ganglion cells and dysplasia of taste buds. By contrast, in the brain, spinal cord, diaphragm, and primordium of follicles of vibrissae, there was less FR expression, which accompanied a net reduction in number of cells and architectural anomalies. Subtle “immunohistochemical footprints” of apoptosis on GD17 fetuses corresponded with net cell loss in the lung and olfactory epithelium. Upregulation of FR could be explained by a homocysteine-induced RNA-protein interaction in folate-depleted fetuses that led to a proportionate increase in murine FR biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Maternal folate deficiency results in selective upregulation of FR and hnRNP-E1 associated with multiple aberrations in fetal tissues that include increased cell loss, architectural anomalies, and premature differentiation. The potential significance of these findings to explain the wide spectrum of folate-responsive birth defects in humans is discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Spectra of Neon and Argon in the Extreme Ultra-violet

AT the April meeting of the American Physical Society (see Physical Review, 25, 886, 1925) we reported the existence of a very strong pair of lines in the spectrum of neon at λλ 743.78 and 735.95, together with some ten other lines, all combinations with a fundamental Ip term in this spectrum. We are glad to see that G. Hertz (Die Naturwissenschaften, May 29) has independently found the same strong pair, and that their position agrees satisfactorily with our measures and with that obtained by him from resonance potential observations.
W adatom-adatom interactions on the W(110) surface

We report a theoretical study of W adatom-adatom interactions on the W(110) surface, using a modified fourth moment approximation to tight-binding theory. The binding sites and interaction energies of adatom pairs on the (110) surface are determined. The present calculations indicate a strong angular anisotropy for adatom-adatom interactions and oscillatory behavior of interactions along a given direction which is consistent with recent field ion microscopy (FIM) observations [Watanabe and Ehrlich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 (1989) 1146]. A simple bond coordination argument has been proposed to explain the short range interactions. For long ranges, the interaction is slightly repulsive, due to indirect elastic interactions via the substrate.
WARRANTY POLICY IMPACT ON NET REVENUES DUE TO OPTIONAL PURCHASES

A stochastic model is developed which can be used to set warranty periods so that a small percentage of items sold in a store are returned for rebates, repairs or replacements. If return to the store provides benefits to the retailer such as purchase of upgrades, ability to sell additional related goods or to sell snacks and other unrelated merchandise, while the customer is waiting, then profits may be maximized by setting warranty periods so that a larger percentage of the population will revisit the store. Results for products with initially high failure rates (TV sets, complex electronic components and cellular phones) versus products with gradually increasing failure rates (tires, batteries) are compared using simulations. Initially high rates of failure in conjunction with revenues from additional purchases that are greater than zero and initial losses that are low may be more lucrative than revenues from gradually increasing wear out replacements. Minimal levels of additional purchases, initial loss in value and rate reduction per number of periods can be established based on realistic simulation data in order for retailers and manufacturers to facilitate profit maximization using warranty policy.
Molecular basis for the autoreactivity against thyroid stimulating hormone receptor.

(1992). Molecular Basis for the Autoreactivity Against Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor. International Reviews of Immunology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 135-165.
Predictors of major morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: A Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database risk adjustment model

Objective To create a model for perioperative risk of esophagectomy for cancer using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Database. Methods The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Database was queried for all patients treated with esophagectomy for esophageal cancer between January 2002 and December 2007. A multivariable risk model for mortality and major morbidity was constructed. Results There were 2315 esophagectomies performed by 73 participating centers. Hospital mortality was 63/2315 (2.7%). Major morbidity (defined as reoperation for bleeding [n = 12], anastomotic leak [n = 261], pneumonia [n = 188], reintubation [n = 227], ventilation beyond 48 hours [n = 71], or death [n = 63]) occurred in 553 patients (24%). Preoperative spirometry was obtained in 923/2315 (40%) of patients. A forced expiratory volume in 1 second P = .0044). Important predictors of major morbidity are: age 75 versus 55 ( P = .005), black race ( P = .08), congestive heart failure ( P = .015), coronary artery disease ( P = .017), peripheral vascular disease ( P = .009), hypertension ( P = .029), insulin-dependent diabetes ( P = .009), American Society of Anesthesiology rating ( P = .001), smoking status ( P = .022), and steroid use ( P = .026). A strong volume performance relationship was not observed for the composite measure of morbidity and mortality in this patient cohort. Conclusions Thoracic surgeons participating in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Database perform esophagectomy with a low mortality. We identified important predictors of major morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Volume alone is an inadequate proxy for quality assessment after esophagectomy.
Spinal stenosis surgery in pediatric patients with achondroplasia

Object Achondroplasia is a hereditary form of dwarfism caused by a defect in endochondral bone formation, resulting in skeletal abnormalities including short stature, shortened limb bones, macrocephaly, and small vertebral bodies. In the pediatric population, symptomatic spinal stenosis occurs at all spinal levels due to the abnormally narrow bone canal. In this study, clinical outcomes were assessed in children with achondroplasia after spinal canal decompression. Methods A retrospective review was conducted involving pediatric patients with heterozygous achondroplasia and symptomatic stenosis after decompressive procedures at the authors' institution within a 9-year period. Measured outcomes included resolution of symptoms, need for repeated surgery, presence of fusion, development of deformity, and complications. Forty-four pediatric patients underwent a total of 60 decompressive procedures. The average patient age at surgery was 12.7 years (range 5–21 years). Forty-nine operations were performed for i...
Ultrafine aluminium nitride powder produced by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition of trimethylaluminium

Plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition of trimethylaluminium (TMAI) with ammonia (NH3) as reactive gas, was used to prepare aluminium nitride (AIN) ultrafine powder. The effect of r.f. current, susceptor temperature and TMAI concentration on particle formation was studied. High r.f. current activated the gas-phase reaction sufficiently to obtain considerable powder formation. It was observed that increasing susceptor temperature led to an increase of powder formation rate and improved the crystallinity of as-synthesized AIN powder as well. Increasing TMAI concentration, on the other hand, led to an increase of powder formation rate of AIN, while much higher TMAI concentration induced the formation of an aluminium carbide (Al4C3) phase due to dissociation of the methyl radicals instead of the Al-C bond.
Selective caspase activation may contribute to neurological dysfunction after experimental spinal cord trauma

Caspases are implicated in apoptotic cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the relative contribution of these proteases to the secondary injury process has been only partially described. We examined the activation of caspases 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9 from 1 hr to 7 days after moderate contusion injury induced by a weight-drop method in the rat. Tissue homogenates from a 1-cm segment of cord that contained the site of impact were processed by fluorometric enzymatic activity assays and/or immunoblotting methods. Caspases 3, 8, and 9 were activated from 1 to 72 hr after injury, whereas caspases 1, 2, and 6 were not. Double-label immunohistochemistry utilizing antibodies for CNS cell-type-specific markers and active subunits of caspases 3, 8, or 9 showed that, at 4 and 72 hr after injury, these caspases were primarily activated in neurons and oligodendrocytes, rather than in astrocytes. Active caspase subunits were present in neurons within the necrotic lesion core at 4 hr after injury and in cells more than several segments away at 4 or 72 hr after injury. Intrathecal injection of the pan-caspase inhibitor Boc-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethylketone (Boc-d-fmk) at 15 min after injury improved locomotor function 21 and 28 days later. Treatment with the selective caspase 3 inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (z-DEVD-fmk) improved function at 21 days after injury. These data suggest that caspases 3, 8, and 9 may be differentially activated in white and gray matter after spinal cord trauma and that such activation may contribute to subsequent neurological dysfunction.
Persistence of Ia antigen and antigen-presenting activity by cultured human monocytes.

Abstract Human peripheral blood monocytes cultured in vitro on plastic for up to 28 days supported the proliferation of antigen-specific, HLA-restricted T-cell blasts as well as freshly isolated blood mononuclear cells. Seventy-three percent of adhered monocytes were Ia antigen-positive by immunofluorescence when the cultures were initiated, this proportion fell to 70 ± 13% after 28 days. The antigen-presenting function of cultured monocytes was inhibited by monoclonal anti-Ia antibody as compared with freshly isolated mononuclear cells. These results indicate that human monocytes retain their antigen-presenting function during maturation to macrophages in vitro .
Automated Intracranial Pressure Prediction Using Multiple Features Sources

Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) causes serious problem on traumatic brain injury patient. Automated and non-intrusive ICP level prediction saves cost and enhances efficiency. An automated ICP level prediction model based on machine learning method is proposed in this paper. Multiple features, including midline shift, intracranial air cavities, ventricle size, texture patterns, and blood amount, are selected, extracted and aggregated using different methods. Some demographic information, such as age and injury severity score, is also considered as candidate features. After the feature aggregation, the most important features are selected by a feature selection scheme applied on 10 fold nested cross validation. The final support vector machine classification result using RapidMiner shows the effectiveness of the proposed method in ICP level prediction.
The internal radiation of a planetary atmosphere

Abstract We show how to find the spherical harmonics moments of the radiation at any point within a homogeneous layer embedded in an inhomogeneous planetary atmosphere given only the moments at the boundaries of the layer. The result is used to determine the heating rate within a cloud in a realistic model atmosphere. It is also used to estimate the visibility of the ground from various points in the cloud as a function of view angle. The strength of the method is that the multiple scattering problem for the full atmosphere need be solved only, independently of the proposed applications.
Towards richer process principles

Today's and tomorrow's complex, interdependent, dynamic systems require richer process principles than the simplistic principles in the Agile Manifesto or in simplistic sequential waterfall or Vee models. The resulting principles should capitalize on the strengths of these while avoiding their weaknesses.
Results of a Multicenter Trial using the BTA Test to Monitor for and Diagnose Recurrent Bladder Cancer

AbstractObjectives: We compare the Bard BTA† †Bainbridge Diagnotic Sciences, C.R. Bard, Inc., Redmond, WA. (bladder tumor antigen) test to voided cytology studies in patients undergoing surveillance cystoscopy for recurrent bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: A prospective, blinded, multicenter trial was performed.Results: A total of 499 patients underwent 1,014 cystoscopic examinations and tumor was identified in 151. The bladder tumor antigen test was mode sensitive than cytology studies in detecting recurrent cancer (p less than 0.001), being positive in 61 cases versus 25 for cytology. The trial in healthy volunteers and nonurological patients estimates bladder tumor antigen test specificity to be 95.9 percent.Conclusions: The bladder tumor antigen test is a simple, rapid and inexpensive adjunct to cystoscopy, and the results are equivalent or superior to those of voided cytology as performed in this trial.
A constant temperature method for the growth of KTN single crystals

Abstract A method is described for the synthesis of single crystals of the type KTa 1−x Nb x O 3 , which have predetermined and controlled properties for use in electro-optical modulator devices. The crystal is grown at a constant temperature, utilizing a temperature gradient in the melt. This method has yielded large, high optical quality, homogeneous crystals up to 4 × 4 × 3 cm. The composition of the crystals grown varied between KTa 0.70 Nb 0.30 O 3 and KTa 0.61 Nb 0.39 O 3 , with Curie temperatures ranging from −52°C to +16°C. In a given sample, the Curie temperature varied within ±3°C. An electro-optic effect was observed on these crystals.
Why Does Job Segregation Lead To Wage Inequality among African Americans? Person, Place, Sector, or Skills?

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between job segregation by race and wages among African Americans. In particular, we look at why African Americans employed in predominantly Black jobs are paid lower wages compared to African Americans in predominantly White jobs. We ask whether the reason for the wage gap is found in characteristics of individuals, in the neighborhood where jobs are located, in the position of industries and firms within a segmented economy, or in skill requirements of jobs. We address this question using the Atlanta sample of the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality. In Atlanta, African Americans employed full-time working in jobs where the majority of their co-workers are also Black are earning $3,470 less annually than African Americans employed in predominantly White jobs. We find that the wage gap among African Americans created by job segregation is not the result of residential segregation, as the spatial mismatch thesis proposes. Instead, the gap appears to be driven by the skill requirements of the jobs in which African Americans are employed. Predominantly Black jobs are overrepresented within the positions that experienced falling returns to wages with the restructuring of the U.S. economy—service industries and occupations that require few skills.
Person Perception: Subject-Determined Versus Investigator-Determined Concepts

Summary Subject-determined words were freely elicited by the use of four different methods over four sessions. These words were compared to standard investigator-determined word lists traditionally used in person perception. Results indicated that free response methodology is feasible in person perception research, and that this technique enables a subject to identify referents with a high degree of accuracy. Comparisons between subject-determined word lists and investigator-determined word lists indicate that the median overlap is small (about 12%), which suggests that researchers should be cautious in assuming that they are equivalent.
Neonatal upper limb ischaemia. The case for conservative management.

General supportive measures, the ability to avoid infection, the natural tendency to improvement and the feasability of major reconstructive procedures later suggest that neonatal limb ischaemia should be managed conservatively at first, despite an alarming appearance. The number of infants at risk, especially due to prematurity and effective resuscitation, is theoretically increasing.
Stem Cell Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Stimulate Luteinizing Hormone-Independent Differentiation of Rat Ovarian Theca Cells

The signal initiating ovarian theca cell (TC) differentiation is gonadotropin independent because theca precursor cells do not contain LH receptors. Previously we demonstrated that preantral follicles produce paracrine TC differentiating factors that promote androgen production by an LH-independent mechanism. This study tested the effects of two granulosa cell-produced peptides, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and stem cell factor (SCF), on TC differentiation and androgen production. Neutralizing antibodies to either IGF-I or SCF blocked the stimulatory effects of follicle-conditioned medium on TC precursor differentiation more than 90%. The TC isolated from the ovaries of hypophysectomized immature rats by percoll gradient centrifugation were cultured (48 h) with and without SCF (0-100 ng/ml) and IGF-I (0-100 ng/ml) to test their effects on TC differentiation. Androsterone in the medium was measured by RIA. Luteinizing hormone receptor, steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein (StAR), CYP11A, CYP17, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) mRNAs were measured by specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. Stem cell factor or IGF-I alone did not stimulate androsterone production but in combination caused a concentration-dependent increase in androsterone levels. Maximum androsterone levels were less than those stimulated by LH (0.1 ng/ml) alone. Although IGF-I synergistically augmented LH stimulation of androsterone production, SCF did not alter LH-stimulated androsterone production in the presence or absence of IGF-I. Stem cell factor alone had no effect on LH receptor, StAR, CYP11A, and 3beta-HSD mRNA expression but decreased CYP17 mRNA levels. Insulin-like growth factor-I alone had no effect on StAR or CYP17 mRNA expression but increased LH receptor, CYP11A, and 3beta-HSD mRNA levels. In combination, SCF plus IGF-I increased the expression of all five mRNAs. These data support the conclusion that IGF-I and SCF are important regulators of TC differentiation.
Lipid composition of tracheobronchial secretions from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract The lipid composition of tracheobronchial secretions from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis was investigated. Lipids were extracted from the dialyzed and lyophilized samples, and fractionated on silicic acid columns into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The lipids contained in each fraction were separated into individual components by thin-layer chromatography and quantified. The secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis were found to contain about 30% more lipids than that of normal individuals and exhibited elevated levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and glycosphingolipids. The level of free fatty acids and glyceroglucolipids was higher in the normal secretions. The phospholipids of cystic fibrosis secretions exhibited higher content of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine, while the normal samples contained more lysophosphatidylcholine. The glycosphingolipids of both types of samples consisted mainly of glucosyl- and lactosylceramides. The major glyceroglucolipid of the normal tracheobronchial secretions was tetraglucosyl glyceroglucolipid, whereas hexa- and octaglucosyl glyceroglucolipids were the predominant compounds of the cystic fibrosis secretions.
Short Course of Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide and Bortezomib for Graft-versus-Host Disease Prevention after Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Is Feasible and Yields Favorable Results: A Phase I Study.

Abstract An effective graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) preventative approach that preserves the graft-versus-tumor effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains elusive. Standard GVHD prophylactic regimens suppress T cells indiscriminately and are suboptimal. Conversely, post-transplantation high-dose cyclophosphamide selectively destroys proliferating alloreactive T cells, allows the expansion of regulatory T cells, and induces long-lasting clonal deletion of intrathymic antihost T cells. It has been successfully used to prevent GVHD after allogeneic HSCT. Bortezomib has antitumor activity on a variety of hematological malignancies and exhibits a number of favorable immunomodulatory effects that include inhibition of dendritic cells. Therefore, an approach that combines post-transplantation cyclophosphamide and bortezomib seems attractive. Herein, we report the results of a phase I study examining the feasibility and safety of high-dose post-transplantation cyclophosphamide in combination with bortezomib in patients undergoing allogeneic peripheral blood HSCT from matched siblings or unrelated donors after reduced-intensity conditioning. Cyclophosphamide was given at a fixed dose (50 mg/kg on days +3 and +4). Bortezomib dose was started at .7 mg/m2, escalated up to 1.3 mg/m2, and was administered on days 0 and +3. Patients receiving grafts from unrelated donors also received rabbit antithymocyte globulin. The combination was well tolerated and allowed prompt engraftment in all patients. The incidences of acute GVHD grades II to IV and grades III and IV were 20% and 6.7%, respectively. With a median follow-up of 9.1 months (range, 4.3 to 26.7), treatment-related mortality was 13.5% with predicted 2-year disease-free survival and overall survival of 55.7% and 68%, respectively. The study suggests that the combination of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide and bortezomib is feasible and may offer an effective and practical GVHD prophylactic regimen. The combination, therefore, merits further examination.
An Experimental Examination of the Impact of Choice of Treatment Components on Treatment Integrity

Although there is a growing body of research on the use of performance feedback to improve treatment integrity, antecedent interventions have received little attention. Antecedent interventions are simple to use and have a strong research base. This study examined the effects of offering teachers choice of treatment components. A choice condition was compared with a no-choice condition in which an expert-derived treatment was used. An A/B/C/A/C/B design with counterbalancing was combined with a simultaneous-treatments design to examine treatment integrity and student problem behavior for 3 teacher–student dyads. The results indicated that, although both treatments improved student behavior, higher levels of treatment integrity and better behavioral outcomes were associated with the choice condition. The results are discussed in terms of the merits of simple antecedent strategies for improving treatment integrity and the benefit of adding experimental design elements that provide a more direct measure of t...
Metal bioavailability and toxicity through a sediment core.

Sediment cores from Richard Lake near Sudbury, Ontario, were sectioned and analyzed for total metal content, plus metal bioavailability and toxicity to Hyalella azteca (after equilibration with oxygenated overlying water). Strong and similar sediment profiles were observed for Cd, Co, Cu and Ni in the sediment. However, these differed from metal bioavailability profiles (bioaccumulation by Hyalella and metals in overlying water). Bioavailability profiles for Cu also differed from those for Cd, Co or Ni. The deepest sediment layers, deposited prior to industrial development, were non-toxic. Sediment toxicity was attributed to Ni dissolution into overlying water. Moreover, differential bioavailability of Ni in surface and deeper sediment layers was observed. This can affect the interpretation of toxicity data for sediments collected by different methods (e.g. core vs. grab samples). Based on Pb-210 dating and trends in Ni in the core, chronic toxicity of surface sediments from Richard Lake might approach non-toxic levels in about 15 years.
Dog pack attack: hunting humans.

Dog bite-related fatalities, although unusual, accounted for 304 deaths in the United States between 1979 and 1996 and 6 fatalities in Canada between 1994 and 1996. Fatal dog pack attacks and attacks involving human predation are less common. The following describes a dog pack attack on a family of
Multiple-channel models of human vision: bandwidth considerations.

Physiological constraints and mathematical properties of the Fourier transform imply that frequency-selective channels in the visual system must have nonzero bandwidth. Existing experimental results for aperiodic patterns, interpreted in light of a multiple-channel model, indicate not only that nonzero bandwidths must be used in such a model, but also that bandwidths vary with the characteristic frequency of the channels.
Identification of genes associated with growth cessation and bud dormancy entrance using a dormancy-incapable tree mutant

Background In many tree species the perception of short days (SD) can trigger growth cessation, dormancy entrance, and the establishment of a chilling requirement for bud break. The molecular mechanisms connecting photoperiod perception, growth cessation and dormancy entrance in perennials are not clearly understood. The peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] evergrowing (evg) mutant fails to cease growth and therefore cannot enter dormancy under SD. We used the evg mutant to filter gene expression associated with growth cessation after exposure to SD. Wild-type and evg plants were grown under controlled conditions of long days (16 h/8 h) followed by transfer to SD (8 h/16 h) for eight weeks. Apical tissues were sampled at zero, one, two, four, and eight weeks of SD and suppression subtractive hybridization was performed between genotypes at the same time points.
Organic synthesis on the microgram scale. III separation and purification of steroids

This paper describes techniques for separation and purification of steroids on the thin-layer plate. Two or more operations can be performed on the same plate in order to avoid loss of material and product.
930-106 Potentiation of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Mediated Coronary Vasodilatation by Beta Adrenergic Stimulation

Increases in circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and norepinephrine (NE) occur during the evolution of heart failure. While NE may augment ANP synthesis, a modulating action upon the biological actions of ANP is unclear. In vitro, the beta-adrenergic agonist ( β A) isoproterenol (ISO) down-regulates the AN Pclearance receptor which indirectly augments the biologically active ANP receptor. In vivo, the β A antagonist propranolol attenuates natriuretic peptide mediated coronary vasodilatation. We therefore hypothesized that, in vivo, ISO would potentiate subthreshold coronary vasodilating actions of ANP. Five anesthetized dogs were instrumented to measure left circumflex (LCx) coronary blood flow (CBF). Intracoronary (IC) ANP (100 nglbolus) was administered in the LCx before and after the IC-ISO (1 mg over 15 min). Acetylcholine (ACh 1 nglkg) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP 100 nglkg) were administered to determine the influence of ISO on endothelial dependent and independent vasodilatation. In the control state ( * p l 0.05). both IC-ACh and IC-SNP resulted in marked coronary vasodilatation (▵ CBF ACh 76 ± 6 * mllmin and SNP 37 ± 7 * ) while IC-ANP did not alter CBF. IC-ISO increased basal CBF (52 ± 11 ml/min to 87 ± 21 * ) and LV contractility (+ dP/dt 1803 ± 93 mmHgL/sec to 2395 ± 151 * ). and decreased coronary vascular resistance (CVR 2.6 ± 0.3 RU to 1.4 ± 0.2 * ) and coronary perfusion pressure (105 ± 7 mmHg to 87 ± 7 * ). In the presence of ISO, IC-ANP significantly increased CBF (87 ± 21 ml/min to 117 ± 26 * ) while ACh and SNP-mediated coronary vasodilation were similar to control changes. In summary, IC-ISO augments ANP-mediated coronary vasodilatation but does not enhance ACh or SNP mediated vasodilatation. This observation suggests a functional link between the natriuretic peptide system and the β -adrenergic system in the control of CBF. The elevation in circulating catecholamines observed in CHF may, therefore, serve in part to augment endogenous ANP-mediated coronary vasodilation and thus be coronary protective in the progression of CHF.
Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction Syndrome

Isolated left ventricular noncompaction (ILVNC) is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by prominent trabeculae, deep intertrabecular recesses, and thickened myocardium with 2 distinct layers (compacted and noncompacted). Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and appropriate therapies remain poorly defined. Data were collected on patients diagnosed with ILVNC by echocardiographic criteria at the Mayo Clinic from 2001 through 2006. These data were entered prospectively into a clinical database and retrospectively analyzed. All-cause mortality, stroke, and development of atrial fibrillation (AF) were compared to community and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathic (DC) controls. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies were examined. Thirty patients with confirmed ILVNC were included in analyses (mean age at diagnosis 39 ± 19.5 years, 60% men). Three patients with ILVNC died during follow-up (mean 2.5 ± 1.2 years) compared to 5 DC and 1 community controls. No mortality difference was observed among these groups (p = 0.42 and 0.054, respectively). No ILVNC deaths were observed in patients with normal LV ejection fraction. New-onset AF was diagnosed in 2 patients with ILVNC, and none was observed in DC controls. Stroke occurred in 2 DC controls and none was observed in patients with ILVNC. ICDs were implanted in 11 patients with ILVNC. No appropriate therapies were identified during follow-up, but 2 patients underwent inappropriate therapies related to AF. In conclusion, mortality in patients with ILVNC is similar to that in DC patients. Deaths were observed only in patients with decreased LV ejection fraction, suggesting that ICD therapy may be reserved for this subgroup. New-onset AF may lead to inappropriate ICD discharges.
Analysis of the structure and mechanisms of extinction of a counterflow methanol-air diffusion flame

Abstract Numerical calculations were performed to determine the structure and to clarify the extinction mechanisms of diffusion flames stabilized between counterflowing streams of methanol and air. The calculations were performed at a value of the thermodynamic pressure equal to 1 atmosphere, with different values for the rate of strain and with two different chemical kinetic mechanisms. We will refer to these two mechanisms as “mechanism a” and “mechanism b.” Mechanism a and mechanism b have the same set of elementary reactions, but the rate constants for these elementary reactions were obtained from two different references. Temperature profiles, concentration profiles of various species, rates of production and destruction of various species, and rates of various reactions were plotted as a function of the axial coordinate using mechanism a and mechanism b. Both chemical mechanisms show that the structure can be subdivided into three regions: the fuel consumption region where the reaction proceeds via the path CH3OHCH2OHCH2OCO, H2, the H2CO oxidation region where the compounds H2 and CO oxidize to form H2O and CO2, and the radical destruction region where radicals are destroyed by three body reactions. If mechanism a is used, we conclude that at low rates of strain the concentration of CH2OH and HCO are in steady state and, if partial equilibrium is assumed for certain reactions, there exist algebraic relations among the concentrations of the radicals OH, H, and O. As the rate of strain is increased, HCO is no longer in steady state and no solution was obtained for a strain rate greater than 521 s−1. However, if mechanism b is used, the concentration of HCO alone is in steady state, and there also exist algebraic relations among the concentrations of the radicals OH, H, and O. As the rate of strain is increased, no solution was obtained for a strain rate greater than 168 s−1, and we speculate that extinction of the flame is due to a large value of the activation energy for a reaction controlling the pyrolysis of CH2OH to CH2O.
Performance and Near-Wake Measurements for a Vertical Axis Turbine at Moderate Reynolds Number

Experiments were performed with a 1 m diameter, 1 m tall three-bladed vertical axis turbine in a towing tank. Rotor power and drag (or thrust) were measured at a tow speed of 1 m/s, corresponding to a turbine diameter Reynolds number ReD = 106 and an approximate blade chord Reynolds number Rec = λU∞c/ν ∼ 105. Mechanical exergy efficiency estimates were computed from power and drag measurements using an actuator disk approach. Characteristics of the turbine’s near-wake were measured at one turbine diameter downstream. Variation of all three mean and fluctuating velocity components in the vertical and cross-stream directions were measured at peak turbine power output via acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The effect of tip speed ratio on near-wake mean velocity was observed at the turbine center line. Transverse profiles of mean velocity, fluctuating velocity, and Reynolds stresses were also measured at the turbine’s quarter height for two tip speed ratios of interest. Results are compared and contrasted with previous lower Reynolds number studies, and will provide a detailed data set for validation of numerical models.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Mesalamine blocks tumor necrosis factor growth inhibition and nuclear factor κB activation in mouse colonocytes

Abstract Background & Aims: Derivatives of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine) represent a mainstay in inflammatory bowel disease therapy, yet the precise mechanism of their therapeutic action is unknown. Because tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, we investigated the effect of mesalamine on TNF-α–regulated signal transduction and proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. Methods: Young adult mouse colon cells were studied with TNF-α, epidermal growth factor, or ceramide in the presence or absence of mesalamine. Proliferation was studied by hemocytometry. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and IκBα expression were determined by Western blot analysis. Nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation was determined by confocal laser immunofluorescent microscopy. Results: The antiproliferative effects of TNF-α were blocked by mesalamine. TNF-α and ceramide activation of MAP kinase were inhibited by mesalamine, whereas epidermal growth factor activation of MAP kinase was unaffected. TNF-α–stimulated NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation and the degradation of Iκ-Bα were blocked by mesalamine. Conclusions: Mesalamine inhibits TNF-α–mediated effects on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and activation of MAP kinase and NF-κB. Therefore, it may function as a therapeutic agent based on its ability to disrupt critical signal transduction events in the intestinal cell necessary for perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory state. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;116:602-609