cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in bulk solution pH caused by the inherent controlled-current electrolytic process of an electrospray ion source

Abstract The redox reactions that take place in the metal capillary of an electrospray ion source to maintain charge balance alter the composition of the initial solution entering the capillary. Data presented here demonstrate that under certain ES conditions, solution pH may be decreased significantly (by at least 4 pH units) as a result of the electrolytic oxidation of water in positive ion mode electrospray-mass spectrometry (ES-MS). Furthermore, it is shown that this pH change can have an affect on the appearance of the ES mass spectrum of an of analyte. An ES ion source in which the pH of an indicator solution exiting the capillary is monitored optically, before the spraying process, is used to demonstrate that electrolytic reactions in positive ion mode ES can decrease the pH of the initial solution. ES-MS studies using bovine heart cytochrome c are used to illustrate the influence of the electrolytically-induced pH change on the gas-phase ion signals for the multiply protonated protein. The magnitude of electrolytically-induced changes in solution pH will be most significant in non-buffered solutions near neutral pH when using metal spray capillaries or metal contacts to solution comprised of difficult to oxidize material (e.g. platinum or gold). Any pH changes will increase in magnitude as the flow rate decreases and/or ES current increases (all other ES parameters constant). Therefore, the potential impact of these redox reactions in ES-MS, if any, will probably be most important in the very low flow rate ES-MS systems (≤ 1.0 μL min−1).
Performance of a Pulse Detonation Combustor-Based Hybrid Engine

A key concept envisioned for Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) technology is a hybrid engine, where a Pulse Detonation Combustor (PDC) replaces the combustor in a conventional gas turbine. A systems level performance estimation model for a PDC-based hybrid engine cycle was presented. A variable property formulation was used to estimate the cycle performance parameters namely the thermal efficiency (ηth ) and the net specific work (Wnet ). Performance estimations were obtained using a one-step finite-rate chemistry to simulate reactions, and the frozen reactions assumption to model the products of combustion. Two specific parametric studies are performed in which the compression ratio (CR) and the purge fraction (pf) were systematically varied. The predicted variations of ηth and Wnet with varying compression ratio and purge fraction are in agreement with the trends reported in the literature. For a range of values of CR (1-40), performance (ηth ) advantage of a PDC-based hybrid engine is predicted, when compared to a conventional gas turbine engine. The present calculations show that the assumed unsteady turbine component efficiency (ηT ) for the case of a PDC-based hybrid engine has a large effect on ηth . An experimental study investigating the operation of a multi-tube PDC-turbine hybrid system was performed to understand the effect of unsteady flows entering the turbine on the turbine component performance (ηT ). An eight-tube PDC can-annular configuration was integrated with a single-stage axial turbine nominally rated for 10 lbm/s, 25000 RPM and 1000 hp. The system accumulated a total of 144 minutes of operation with long duration runs of approximately 5 minutes, in order for the rig to achieve thermal steady state and for the turbine to attain constant speed. The turbine component efficiency was found to be similar under PDC-fired operation and steady flow operation within the uncertainty of the measurement.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Seeing one another as “other”

Abstract In this paper, the authors discuss two complementary life history research projects investigating prospective teachers' identities in relation to their race and social class. Drawing on the experiences of one student from each study, they show how both whites and students of color primarily thought about one another as “others”—people who fundamentally differed from one another and whom they understood through preconceived ideas about a group. The authors draw on a Bakhtinian notion of how a “surplus of sight” enables one to develop understandings of an “other” and also of oneself.
Robust estimation of the exponential mean parameter for small samples: Complete and censored data

This paper studies methods for simple estimation of the exponential mean parameter in small samples in the presence of outliers. Existing estimation methods are discussed. Adaptation of these methods to allow for Type I censoring is investigated. New robust procedures are proposed. A series of simulation experiments Indicate trimming provides significant protection against outliers while the premium is usually small when trimming uncontarninated samples. A linearly weighted mean is recommended for uncontarninated samples, both censored and complete. In larger samples, (n - 20), the proposed Huber-type estimator performs quite well in all situations of censoring and contarnination
Sputtered films for wavelength-selective applications

Abstract Spectrally selective coatings have potentially important applications in solar-thermal-electric conversion, solar photovoltaic conversion, solar heating and window insulation. These coatings can be divided into two classes: transparent heat mirrors transmit solar radiation and reflect thermal radiation; selective absorbers absorb solar radiation and have a low IR emissivity. We prepared by r.f. sputtering cermet absorbers (MgO-Au and Cr 2 O 3 -Cr) and transparent heat mirror films (TiO 2 /Ag/TiO 2 , tin-doped In 2 O 3 and tin-doped In 2 O 3 microgrids) that have excellent wavelength-selective properties. We also recently succeeded in preparing excellent tin-doped In 2 O 3 films on Mylar by ion beam sputtering. The tin-doped In 2 O 3 films also have good electrical conductivities, making them excellent transparent conductors.
Direct measurement of the energy distribution of hot electrons in silicon dioxide

The energy distribution of hot electrons in high‐field stressed amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) films have been measured using a vacuum emission technique. Electrons having average energies ≳2 eV and an energy relaxation length of λ≊32 A are observed at all fields studied (≳ 2 MV/cm). However, contrary to previous theoretical expectations, the majority of carriers in the distribution remains stable at all fields. The results are in agreement with other recent experiments (electroluminescence and carrier separation) which only measure the average energy of hot electrons in SiO2 and with recent Monte Carlo transport calculations which include scattering by both optical and acoustic phonon modes. Results for varying SiO2 thickness, metal gate thickness, oxide composition, and metal gate composition will be discussed.
A study of molecular fractionation during the crystallization of polymers

Polyethylenes of six different molecular weights and distributions have been crystallized isothermally from the melt at 90 to 129 °C and under elevated pressure (5,000 bar) at 225 to 240 °C. The crystallized polymer and the supernatant melt have been analyzed after quenching to low temperature, by selective dissolution using DSC and viscometry. In addition, data on solution crystallization of the literature were analysed. It was observed that fractionation occurs according to molecular weight. Melt and solution data on the critical molecular weight, chosen so that 90% by weight of the supernatant melt or solution has lower molecular weight and 90% of the crystals have higher molecular weight, agree when shifting the crystallization temperatures by 36 °C. The critical molecular weight-crystallization temperature relationship shows a 1/ΔT2 dependence. The equilibrium segregation on crystallization to hypothetical fully extended chain crystals yields a lower limit of segregation. At low supercooling, molecular lengths many times the equilibrium length and many times the lamellar thickness are reproducibly, selectively and permanently excluded from the crystal. Molecular nucleation is proposed to be the explanation for the observed facts.
Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells

Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells and contain their own genome (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Unlike the nuclear genome, which is derived from both the egg and sperm at fertilization, the mtDNA in the embryo is derived almost exclusively from the egg; that is, it is of maternal origin. Mutations in mtDNA contribute to a diverse range of currently incurable human diseases and disorders. To establish preclinical models for new therapeutic approaches, we demonstrate here that the mitochondrial genome can be efficiently replaced in mature non-human primate oocytes (Macaca mulatta) by spindle-chromosomal complex transfer from one egg to an enucleated, mitochondrial-replete egg. The reconstructed oocytes with the mitochondrial replacement were capable of supporting normal fertilization, embryo development and produced healthy offspring. Genetic analysis confirmed that nuclear DNA in the three infants born so far originated from the spindle donors whereas mtDNA came from the cytoplast donors. No contribution of spindle donor mtDNA was detected in offspring. Spindle replacement is shown here as an efficient protocol replacing the full complement of mitochondria in newly generated embryonic stem cell lines. This approach may offer a reproductive option to prevent mtDNA disease transmission in affected families.
Physical degradation of emulsions via the molecular diffusion route and the possible prevention thereof

The quantitative aspects of the rate of growth of the large particles and the rate of dissolution of the small particles in emulsions were theoretically examined for the case in which the process is diffusion controlled in the external phase. It was found that even if the miscibility of the dispersed phase is as low as about 1 × 10−7 Gm. per ml. the size distribution of micron size emulsion particles may change appreciably in 1 year. Furthermore, according to this mechanism the emulsion stability is approximately proportional to the particle volume. It is proposed that such unstable emulsions may be stabilized with respect to this process by the addition of small amounts of a third component which must distribute preferentially in the dispersed phase. Sedimentation experiments carried out with carbon tetrachloride emulsions in water with and without hexadecane and Nujol as additives support the theory.
Structural and insulator-metal quantum phase transitions on a lattice

We consider 2D gas of spinless fermions with the Coulomb and the short range interactions on a square lattice at T=0. Using exact diagonalization technique we study finite clusters up to 16 particles at filling factors $\nu=1/2$ and 1/6. By increasing the hopping amplitude we obtain the low-energy spectrum of the system in a wide range from the classical Wigner crystal to almost free gas of fermions. The most efforts are made to study the mechanism of the structural and insulator-metal transitions. We show that both transitions are determined by the energy band of the defect with the lowest energy in the Wigner crystal.
Touting Stem Cells—We Have Seen the Enemy and He Is Us

In the pantheon of potential medical cure-alls, stem-cell therapy has enjoyed a long and storied existence in the public imagination. Widely believed to be one of the most promising avenues for tre...
Lower Parental Satisfaction with Child's Primary Care Provider (PCP) in Early Childhood Asthma † 626

Lower Parental Satisfaction with Child's Primary Care Provider (PCP) in Early Childhood Asthma † 626
The effect of motivational arousal through films on salivary immunoglobulin A

Abstract One-hundred and thirty-two college students were exposed in small groups to two films which contrasted in the extent to which they aroused either power or affiliation motivation. In previous studies high power motivation, if it is inhibited, has been associated with lower levels of salivary immunoglobulin A (S-Ig A), and high affiliation motivation, if it is not inhibited, is associated with higher concentrations of S-Ig A. The film which aroused power motivation more was not followed by a decrease in S-Ig A concentrations as predicted, but the film was followed by a significant reduction in S-Ig A concentrations for those individuals with the inhibited power motive syndrome at baseline as compared to individuals characterized by other motive syndromes. The film which aroused affiliation motivation more was followed by an increase in S-Ig A concentrations immediately afterwards, and this increase was sustained an hour later when subjects continued to dwell on the loving relationships that charact...
Comparison of mean climate trends in the Northern Hemisphere between National Centers for Environmental Prediction and two atmosphere‐ocean model forced runs

[1] Results are presented for two greenhouse gas experiments of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies atmosphere-ocean model (AOM). The computed trends of surface pressure; surface temperature; 850, 500, and 200 mbar geopotential heights; and related temperatures of the model for the time frame 1960–2000 are compared with those obtained from the National Centers for Enviromental Prediction (NCEP) observations. The domain of interest is the Northern Hemisphere because of the higher reliability of both the model results and the observations. A spatial correlation analysis and a mean value comparison are performed, showing good agreement in terms of statistical significance for most of the variables considered in the winter and annual means. However, the 850 mbar temperature trends do not show significant positive correlation, and the surface pressure and 850 mbar geopotential height mean trends confidence intervals do not overlap. A brief general discussion about the statistics of trend detection is presented. The accuracy that this AOM has in describing the regional and NH mean climate trends inferred from NCEP through the atmosphere suggests that it may be reliable in forecasting future climate changes.
Photo-induced current transient spectroscopy of single crystal Tl6I4Se

The compound Tl6I4Se is a promising wide band gap semiconductor for hard radiation detection at room temperature. To further improve its detection efficiency, native defects have been investigated using photo-induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS). We observe two shallow acceptor levels with mean activation energies of 76, 175 meV, and two shallow donor defects 62, and 96 meV, respectively. No deeper donor levels are observed. The levels are attributed to native point defects. Defect capture cross sections in the range 10−21 to 10−18 cm2 were measured. The small capture cross sections are attributed to the effective screening of the defects due to a large static dielectric constant.
Electron Emission From Oxide Coated Filaments

Emission from oxide coated filaments.\char22{}(1) Effect of various gases. Platinum iridium filaments were coated with oxides of Ba and Sr by repeatedly dipping in a solution of the nitrates and burning in a C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ atmosphere. Under good vacuum conditions the emission corresponds to the equation $I=a{T}^{2}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{b}{T}}$ where $a=.00107$ amp/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $b=12,100$ deg. for the filaments studied. The presence of oxygen in small amounts (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mm) decreases the emission ten to a thousand fold, depending on the temperature, while argon, hydrogen, CO and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ cause a great increase. These results indicate that the emission is due not to the oxides but to a film of metal. (2) Positive ion bombardment also increases the emission, probably by reducing some of the oxide. (3) Flashing at 1600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for 1 to 5 min. de-activates the filament, but heating at lower temperatures (900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) restores the activity. (4) Distribution of initial velocities was found to follow Maxwell's law, but the average energy came nearly 30 per cent higher than that corresponding to the temperature of the filament.
Adaptation level effects in discrimination of flicker frequency.

Pigeons accustomed to food reinforcement for responding in the presence of a 25-Hz flickering light were exposed to several sets of flicker-frequency stimuli arranged as increasing and decreasing series. In the first experiment, food was occasionally delivered for key pecks during 30-s periods of 25-Hz flicker appearing at the beginning, midway, and at the end of an ascending and descending series of nine frequencies, ranging from 13 to 37 Hz. These stimuli appeared for 15-s periods with no food available (extinction). Gradients of responding to flicker values in the ascending series differed from those in the descending series, showing displacements in peak responding toward the lower and higher frequency values, respectively. The same effects occurred when the sequence was changed so that a descending series was followed by an ascending series of frequencies. These effects are consonant with an adaptation level (AL) interpretation and were replicated in a second experiment in which durations of the extinction presentations were increased to 30 s. In a final condition, only a descending series was presented and displacement of peak responding from 25 Hz to a higher frequency stimulus, 28 Hz, was observed.
Maternal Mental Health and Parenting Stress After the Birth of a Very Low Birthweight Infant † 1337

There is little information detailing how families adapt to the experience of VLBW birth and subsequent caregiving demands. Mothers of high risk (HR) VLBW infants with BPD (n = 122), low risk (LR) VLBW infants without BPD (n = 84), and term (T) infants were folowed longitudinally from birth at 8, 12, 24, and 36 months (corrected ages). At each visit standardized normative measures of child development (Bayley Scales), maternal psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory), parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index), and (at 2 and 3 years) family impact (Impact on Family Scale) were given to assess the relationship of high/low risk VLBW birth on maternal and family stress. Groups did not differ in sex, race, socioeconomic status, or age. Group differences over time were assessed using repeated measures MANOVAS, with significant group and time (all F's 3.5, p's <.05) effects found on all outcomes. Maternal psychological symptoms were elevated for both HR and LR groups neonatally but by 2 and 3 years, LR mothers had the lowest levels of symptoms, while HR mothers reported greater distress. Parenting stress did not differ until 3 years when HR mothers reported greater stress related to child characteristics. After the neonatal period, LR mothers did not differ from T mothers on any measure except for financial stress at 2 years, while HR mothers reported higher stress in family impact domains. Severity of maternal mental health symptoms was inversely related to child developmental outcome at all ages for HR mothers. These findings indicate that the psychosocial impact of VLBW birth varies with the medical risk, developmental outcome, and age of the infant.
Bayesian estimators for conditional hazard functions.

Summary. This article introduces a new Bayesian approach to the analysis of right-censored survival data. The hazard rate of interest is modeled as a product of conditionally independent stochastic processes corresponding to (1) a baseline hazard function and (2) a regression function representing the temporal influence of the covariates. These processes jump at times that form a time-homogeneous Poisson process and have a pairwise dependency structure for adjacent values. The two processes are assumed to be conditionally independent given their jump times. Features of the posterior distribution, such as the mean covariate effects and survival probabilities (conditional on the covariate), are evaluated using the Metropolis-Hastings-Green algorithm. We illustrate our methodology by an application to nasopharynx cancer survival data.
Perspectives pour une didactique des langues contextualisée edited by BLANCHET, PHILIPPE, DANIELE MOORE, & SAFIA ASSELAH RAHAL

The article reviews the book "Perspectives pour une didactique des langues contextualisee," edited by Philippe Blanchet, Daniele Moore and Safia Asselah Rahal.
Design of Chemically Stable, Potent, and Efficacious MDM2 Inhibitors That Exploit the Retro-Mannich Ring-Opening-Cyclization Reaction Mechanism in Spiro-oxindoles

Inhibition of the MDM2–p53 protein–protein interaction is being actively pursued as a new anticancer therapeutic strategy, and spiro-oxindoles have been designed as a class of potent and efficacious small-molecule inhibitors of this interaction (MDM2 inhibitors). Our previous study showed that some of our first-generation spiro-oxindoles undergo a reversible ring-opening-cyclization reaction that, from a single compound in protic solution, results in an equilibrium mixture of four diastereoisomers. By exploiting the ring-opening-cyclization reaction mechanism, we have designed and synthesized a series of second-generation spiro-oxindoles with symmetrical pyrrolidine C2 substitution. These compounds undergo a rapid and irreversible conversion to a single, stable diastereoisomer. Our study has yielded compound 31 (MI-1061), which binds to MDM2 with Ki = 0.16 nM, shows excellent chemical stability, and achieves tumor regression in the SJSA-1 xenograft tumor model in mice.
Simulation of solar wind space weathering in orthopyroxene

Abstract We have simulated solar wind-based space weathering on airless bodies in our Solar System by implanting hydrogen and helium into orthopyroxene at solar wind energies (~1 keV/amu). Here we present the results of the first scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) study of one of these simulants. It has been demonstrated that the visible/near infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra of airless bodies are dependent on the size and abundance of nanophase iron (npFe 0 ) particles in the outer rims of regolith grains. However, the mechanism of formation of npFe 0 in the patina on lunar regolith grains and in lunar agglutinates remains debated. As the lattice is disrupted by hydrogen and helium implantation, broken bonds are created. These dangling bonds are free to react with hydrogen, creating OH and/or H 2 O molecules within the grain. These molecules may diffuse out through the damaged lattice and migrate toward the cold traps identified at the lunar poles. This mechanism would leave the iron in a reduced state and able to form npFe 0 . This work illustrates that npFe 0 can be nucleated in orthopyroxene under implantation of solar wind hydrogen and helium. Our data suggest that the solar wind provides a mechanism by which iron is reduced in the grain and npFe 0 is nucleated in the outer surfaces of regolith grains. This formation mechanism should also operate on other airless bodies in the Solar System.
Rotavirus Infection of Cultured Primary Murine Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells 874

Rotavirus, the leading cause of infectious gastroenteritis in children, infects mature villous epithelial cells (EC) of the small intestine. However, because primary villous epithelial cells are difficult to maintain in culture, studies of rotavirus pathogenesis and immunogenesis have used either epithelial cell lines from human colonic carcinomas (such as Caco2 or HT-29 cells), or monkey or canine kidney epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to establish primary cultures of murine small intestinal epithelial cells and determine their susceptibility to rotavirus infection. EC were isolated from the small intestines of both adult and suckling (7-day-old) Balb/c mice using a modification of the method of Evans et al. (J Cell Sci 1992, 101:219-231). Following digestion of the small intestine by collagenase and dispase, cells were cultured on plastic or Matrigel (a basement membrane matrix). EC detached as either single cells or small organoids. Greater than 90% of isolated cells were viable as determined by trypan-blue exclusion and conversion of intracellular calcein AM in culture. Consistent with their epithelial origin, cells stained positively for cytokeratin, and expressed sucrase, maltase, lactase and palatinase. Cultures of live EC were maintained for up to 5 days with minimal proliferation, but little contamination from mesenchymal cells. To determine the susceptibility of cultured EC to rotavirus infection, suckling and adult mice were inoculated with murine rotavirus strain EDIM, at a dose of 6 × 104 SD50, and sacrificed 6 or 18 hrs post-infection (pi). Cultures of EC from EDIM-infected suckling mice harvested 18hrs pi, showed progressive CPE over 12-72 hours in culture. CPE was not observed in suckling mice whose EC were harvested 6 hrs pi or in adult mice 6 or 18 hrs pi. CPE was observed as migration of cells into syncytial-like clumps which increased in size over 3 days. EC from animals inoculated with lower doses of EDIM showed evidence of decreased CPE that correlated with the virus concentration. Studies are ongoing to determine if the observed CPE is due to cell-to-cell spread of virus, or to cytokines elaborated by EC. This system may provide a useful in-vitro model for study of the interactions between rotavirus and the intestinal epithelium.
PORPHYRIN ACCUMULATION BY ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUES OF THE AORTA

A complex mixture of porphyrins termed hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) has been clinically useful for tumor localization. When sections of human aorta containing atheromatous plaques were incubated with HPD, accumulation of fluorescent porphyrin was observed within the plaques. Analytic studies showed that the plaques had accumulated hematoporphyrin (HP), which is substantially more hydrophilic than that HPD fraction generally associated with tumor localization. Fluorescence spectra suggest that the plaque binding sites of HP resemble the relatively aqueous micelles formed by the detergent sodium dodecylsulfate. This result has implications for tumor-localization procedures, since accumulation of hydrophilic porphyrins by tumors has been reported.
Real Estate History: An Overview and Research Agenda

As perhaps the first comprehensive historiographic and bibliographic essay on real estate history to be published, this essay casts a wide net, offering a review of the literature and suggestions for research opportunities in the many and varied streams of academic endeavor that flow into the new specialty of real estate history. Moving away from anecdotal personal and company biographies, the field is maturing and expanding toward more sophisticated and analytical studies that intersect a variety of disciplines. The exhaustive analysis of both traditional and innovative work provided in the text is complemented by a selected bibliography of the publications discussed in the article.
Reliable transport and storage protocol with fountain codes for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Due to high energy efficiency and fast data query, data-centric storage (DCS) is a promising technique for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN). However, the harsh sea environment poses new challenges to the design of underwater DCS protocols. First, because of long propagation delay and unreliably data links of underwater acoustic communications, long-distance multihop reliable data transport needs to be investigated. Secondly, due to the high node failure probability in the unattended UASNs, data reliability demands better protection. To address these two issues together, a fountain codes based reliable transport and storage (RTS) protocol is proposed in this paper. In the RTS protocol, a distributed fountain coding scheme is designed to facilitate reliable data delivery and multiple acknowledgements are adopted to ensure the control message reliability. In addition, to guarantee uniform data reliability, we devise a distributed storage scheme with concatenated fountain codes. Analyses are provided to reveal the performance of the proposed RTS protocol, which include storage reliability, energy consumption and number of retransmissions.
Kondo and anti-Kondo coupling to local moments in EuB 6

With a treatment of the $4f$ states of ${\mathrm{EuB}}_{6}$ based on $\mathrm{LDA}+U$ (LDA---local-density approximation) method, the mixing of Eu f states with B p states around the X point of the Brillouin zone is shown to have unexpected consequences for the effective exchange interactions. We analyze in detail the orbital character of electronic states close to the Fermi level and discuss the effective exchange between the itinerant electrons and the local $4f$ moments. The analysis suggests that the ordered phase may provide the first example of a half-metallic semimetal, and that the physics of ${\mathrm{EuB}}_{6}$ should be described in terms of a two-band Kondo lattice model with parallel (ferromagnetic) coupling of the conduction electrons and antiparallel (antiferromagnetic) coupling of the valence electrons to the local $4f$ moments.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Evaluation of Ventricular Function

Cardiacmagneticresonanceimaging(CMR)isanaccurate and reproducible technique for the evaluation of cardiac function. It is also the current reference standard for the assessment of both left 1 and right 2 ventricular volumes 3 and mass 4 asdocumentedbybothexvivo 5,6 andinvivostudies. 3,7 CMRprovidescardiacviewsatanydesiredplaneduringmultiple phases of the cardiac cycle that can be prospectively prescribed with high temporal and spatial resolution. Moreover, the excellent tissue contrast characteristics and favorable signal-to-noise ratio allow for superb delineation of the endocardial and epicardial borders, allowing for easy, semiautomatic contour detection. These qualities, among others that will be elaborated in this review, have led to its continued growth in both the clinical and the research setting and it is now considered the reference standard for evaluation of global and regional ventricular function.
On the contribution from skin steps to boundary-layer generated interior noise

Abstract An estimate is made of the aircraft interior noise produced by high subsonic turbulent wall pressures interacting with a fuselage skin step formed when adjacent, elastic panels overlap. The panels are modelled as thin elastic plates bonded in the vicinity of the step, and clamped along a line transverse to the mean flow direction. Sound is produced by scattering of the turbulence induced flexural skin motions at the clamp line, and by interaction of the turbulence pressure with the step. The skin step component is found to be significant at high frequencies,abovethe convective resonance frequency of the panels (at which the turbulence convection velocity equals the flexural wave speed). At typical cruise Mach numbers, however, when boundary layer generated sound is believed to dominate interior cabin noise, the critical frequency above which skin step noise is important is of the order of 10 kHz, which is beyond the range of interest in practice. The critical frequency is much lower at take-off and landing approach conditions, but the turbulent boundary layer is then a relatively unimportant contributor to cabin noise.
Differential distribution of poly(A)-containing RNA in the embryonic cells of Oncopeltus fasciatus. Analysis by in situ hybridization with a [3H]poly(U) probe.

Abstract The regional distribution of poly(A)+ RNA was examined in the embryonic cells of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, by in situ hybridization of histological sections with a [3H]poly(U) probe. As shown by a number of control experiments, this probe interacts specifically with poly(A) sequences preserved in the sections. Using this method, it was shown that labeling of periplasmic and vitellophage nuclei increases markedly early during syncytial blastoderm formation. At this time, label also increases in the vitellophage cytoplasm but not in the cytoplasm surrounding the blastodermal nuclei. Labeling continues to increase in the blastodermal nuclei during cellularization and germ band differentiation without a concomitant accumulation in the blastodermal cell cytoplasm. At the time of germ band invagination, the region of the most intense subcellular labeing shifts from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the invaginated cells. This shift is not evident in the blastodermal cells which remain at the surface of the egg to become the serosa. In the serosa and the vitellophage energids, labeling then decreases as histogenesis proceeds. Significant labeling of the nuclei and cytoplasm of the invaginated germ band cells continues through germ layer formation. It is concluded that poly(A)+ RNA, probably synthesized de novo following oviposition, is subject to differential intracellular distribution in three types of Oncopeltus embryonic cells which may reflect cell-specific patterns of mRNA or poly(A) metabolism.
Connection between Newtonian simulations and general relativity

On large scales, comparable to the horizon, the observable clustering properties of galaxies are affected by various general relativistic effects. To calculate these effects one needs to consistently solve for the metric, densities, and velocities in a specific coordinate system or gauge. The method of choice for simulating large-scale structure is numerical N-body simulations which are performed in the Newtonian limit. Even though one might worry that the use of the Newtonian approximation would make it impossible to use these simulations to compute properties on very large scales, we show that the simulations are still solving the dynamics correctly even for long modes and we give formulas to obtain the position of particles in the conformal Newtonian gauge given the positions computed in the simulation. We also give formulas to convert from the output coordinates of N-body simulations to the observable coordinates of the particles.
A semi-empirical method for estimating molecular quadrupole polarizabilities

Abstract It is demonstrated that a loglog plot of (field-gradient) quadrupole polarizabilities against dipole polarizabilities of “chemically similar” atoms can be well fit with a straight line. The theoretical justification for this is discussed. The hypothesis is advanced that the average quadrupole polarizability for a molecule can be estimated from the average dipole polarizability using the best fit to the atomic data. This method works well for H2, the only molecule with an accurately known quadrupole polarizability.
Pediatric Colon Surgery: Challenges, Functional Outcome and Quality of Life

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis has been shown to offer adult patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and chronic ulcerative colitis the chance for cure, relief of symptoms, or relief from medication. However, these diseases may present in childhood, and medical and surgical care of the sick child involves unique challenges. Preservation of function and a normal quality of life weigh heavily on the family, and the risk of cancer is still a distant concern for school-age children contemplating their teen and college years. The decision to operate represents a balance of the risks of disease with the consequences of surgery. The procedures are complex and have significant perioperative morbidity, but with special attention to the unique aspects of childhood familial adenomatous polyposis and chronic ulcerative colitis, excellent function and quality of life can be assured. This review will focus on the pediatric aspects of ileoanal surgery, the types of procedures performed, the associated outcomes, and quality of life.
Electroelastic Modeling and Experimental Validation of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Broadband Random Vibrations

Energy harvesting from ambient environment has received increasing attention over the last decade due to the need for minimizing the dependence on conventional batteries in wireless applications. Among the methods of vibration-to-electricity conversion, piezoelectric transduction has been investigated by numerous research groups due to the ease of application and high power density offered by piezoelectric materials. Electromechanical modeling efforts of piezoelectric energy harvesters have been mostly focused on deterministic forms of excitation input, as in the typical case of harmonic excitation. In most practical applications, however, ambient vibrational energy is often stochastic with broad frequency content. This paper presents analytical and numerical modeling, simulations, and experimental validations of piezoelectric energy harvesting from broadband random vibrations. The models employed herein are based on distributed-parameter electroelastic solution to ensure that the effects of higher vibration modes are included. The goal is to predict the expected value of the power output in terms of the given power spectral density (PSD) or time history of the random vibration input. The analytical estimations are based on the PSD of broadband random base excitation and distributed-parameter frequency response functions (FRFs) of the coupled voltage and vibration response. The numerical simulations use the Fourier series representation of base acceleration history in an ordinary differential equation solver that employs first-order electroelastic equations. The simulations are compared against the experiments for a brass-reinforced PZT-5H bimorph under different random excitation levels. The analytical and numerical simulations exhibit very good agreement with the experimental measurements. Soft and hard ceramic and single crystal bimorphs (made of PZT-5H, PZT-8, PMN-PZT, and PMN-PZT-Mn) are compared for broadband random excitation through a theoretical case study.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Finite element analysis of a holonomic elastic-plastic problem

A thorough analysis of the finite element method is given for a holonomic elastic-plastic problem. An inequality of the Cea's lemma type is proved, which is the basis of error estimates for various finite element solutions. Difficulty caused by a non-differentiable term in the problem can be overcome by using two convergent procedures, an iterative procedure and a regularization procedure. An a-posteriori quantitative error estimate is derived for the regularized solution.
The hRad51 and RecA proteins show significant differences in cooperative binding to single-stranded DNA.

Abstract The human Rad51 protein (hRad51), like its bacterial homologue RecA, catalyzes genetic recombination between homologous single and double-stranded DNA substrates. Using IAsys biosensor technology, we have examined the critical first step in this process, the binding of hRad51 and RecA to ssDNA. We show that hRad51 binds cooperatively and with high affinity to an oligonucleotide substrate in both the absence and presence of nucleotide cofactors. In fact, both ATP and ATPγS have a slight inhibitory effect on hRad51 binding affinity. We show that this results from a decrease in the intrinsic affinity of a given monomer for ssDNA, which is counterbalanced by an increase in the cooperative assembly of protein onto DNA. In contrast, we show that the dramatic NTP-induced increase in ssDNA binding affinity of RecA is accounted for by a significant increase in cooperative filament assembly and not by an increase in the intrinsic DNA binding affinity of monomeric RecA. These results demonstrate that although the hRad51 and RecA proteins display many structural and functional similarities, they show profound inherent mechanistic differences.
Structure in the Neutron Scattering Spectra of Zirconium Hydride

Neutron double-differential cross sections of four polycrystalline samples of $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{H}}_{x}$ with hydrogen-to-zirconium ratios ($x$) of 0.54, 1.03, 1.56, and 2.00 have been measured with high-energy resolution by downscattering of neutrons from initial energies of 171.5 and 244.8meV. Clear evidence of structure in the one-phonon optical peak of Zr${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is observed for the first time. This structure consists of two maxima located at energy transfers of 137 and 143 meV and a shoulder located at 154meV. Similar structure is indicated for the other hydride samples but it becomes less well defined as the hydrogen-to-zirconium ratio decreases. The observed structure is compared with predictions of a central-force model calculation by Slaggie, which includes the effects of interactions between hydrogen atoms. The widths of the hydrogen vibration peaks are found to depend upon the zirconium-to-hydrogen ratio as well as upon the momentum transferred in the scattering process.
Expression of basic helix-loop-helix/PAS genes in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei contain a circadian clock that drives rhythmicity in physiology and behavior. In mice, mutation of theClock gene produces abnormal circadian behavior [Vitaterna M. H.et al. (1994)Science264, 715–725]. TheClock gene encodes a protein containing basic helix-loop-helix and PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains [King D. P.et al. (1997)Cell89, 641–653]. The PAS domain may be an important structural feature of a subset of genes involved in photoreception and circadian rhythmicity. The expression and regulation of messenger RNAs encoding eight members of the basic helix-loop-helix/PAS protein superfamily were examined byin situ hybridization. Six of the genes studied (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter-2,Clock, endothelial PAS-containing protein, hypoxia-inducible factor1α and steroid receptor coactivator-1) were expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult and neonatal mice. No evidence for rhythmicity of expression was observed when comparing brains collected early in the subjective day (circadian time 3) with those collected early in subjective night (circadian time 15). Neuronal PAS-containing protein-1 messenger RNA was expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult (but not neonatal) mice, and a low-amplitude rhythm of neuronal PAS-containing protein-1 gene expression was detected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuronal PAS-containing protein-2 messenger RNA was not detected in adult or neonatal suprachiasmatic nucleus. Exposure to light at night (30 or 180 min of light, beginning at circadian time 15) did not alter the expression of any of the genes studied. The expression of multiple members of the basic helix-loop-helix/PAS family in the suprachiasmatic nucleus suggests a rich array of potential interactions relevant to the regulation of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Chinese apparel value chains in Europe: low-end fast fashion, regionalization, and transnational entrepreneurship in Prato, Italy

Focusing on of the Chinese immigrants in the apparel industry in Prato, Italy, the paper shows that the emergence of pronto moda (the apparel industry in Prato) is a unique response to the rise of fast fashion in Europe. Bridging the literature of regionalization and value chain studies with the literature of transnational entrepreneurship in economic geography, the author shows that the competitiveness of pronto moda lies in both production teams in Prato and transnational Chinese networks across Europe. In particular, three lesser known dimensions of pronto moda are revealed. First, the internal power asymmetry within the Chinese production teams in Prato helps to stabilize the potentially fluid production teams but at the same time further contributes to persistent labor irregularities. Second, transnational Chinese entrepreneurship is affecting the low-end fast-fashion market in Europe especially in the horizontally integrated production networks supported by Chinese manufacturers and traders which ha...
A note on branchial formulae of decapoda

mature Procaris differ from other adult eukyphids for which the branchial formula is known, and resemble some of the Dendrobranchiata, Euzygida, and Reptantia. The lack may be regarded as a paedomorphic specialization independently attained in the different decapod suborders, since the slightly richer formula found in the other Eukyphida is more primitive than the Procaris formula, according to the general principles set out by Burkenroad (1981: 258). LITERATURE CITED
Targeting SOX17 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Creates Unique Strategies for Isolating and Analyzing Developing Endoderm

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can provide insights into development of inaccessible human tissues such as embryonic endoderm. Progress in this area has been hindered by a lack of methods for isolating endodermal cells and tracing fates of their differentiated progeny. By using homologous recombination in human ESCs, we inserted an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene into the SOX17 locus, a postulated marker of human endoderm. FACS purification and gene expression profiling confirmed that SOX17(+)-hESC progeny expressed endodermal markers and unveiled specific cell surface protein combinations that permitted FACS-based isolation of primitive gut tube endodermal cells produced from unmodified human ESCs and from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Differentiating SOX17(+) endodermal cells expressed markers of liver, pancreas, and intestinal epithelium in vitro and gave rise to endodermal progeny in vivo. Thus, prospective isolation, lineage tracing, and developmental studies of SOX17(+) hESC progeny have revealed fundamental aspects of human endodermal biology.
Personality differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and controls

Background: Differences in personality profiles were examined between children who differed in their co-morbidity of externalizing disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). Methods: 11- and 17-year-old male and female twins from a community sample were categorized as ADHD only, CD only, co-morbid CD-ADHD, and controls (no ADHD or CD) based on threshold and subthreshold CD and ADHD diagnoses assessed with structured interviews. Multivariate analyses were used to identify patterns of personality that differentiate these four diagnostic groups. It was hypothesized that significant differences would be found in the pattern of personality variables between participants in the co-morbid group, compared to the other three groups, and that these differences would hold across developmental periods. Results: As expected, the co-morbid group had a pattern of personality marked by higher Negative Emotionality and lower Constraint than the other diagnostic groups. This pattern was evidenced across gender and age cohort. Conclusions: An extreme personality profile may represent a liability toward the occurrence of ADHD and CD with more extreme profiles contributing to the occurrence of both disorders among boys and girls. Implications for treatment planning and theoretical development are discussed.
Social Policy, “Deservingness,” and Sociotemporal Marginalization: Katrina Survivors and FEMA

Limiting assistance in the context of the neoliberal U.S. welfare state relies on a distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor. Hurricane Katrina survivors were caught between two opposing cultural characterizations—”deserving” disaster victims and “undeserving” welfare cheats. In this article, I examine Hurricane Katrina survivors' experiences with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s rental assistance policies and practices, as their experiences reveal important aspects of how aid is allocated in the context of the contemporary U.S. welfare state, and what consequences this has for marginalized populations. I analyze in-depth interviews and field observations with displaced Katrina survivors and find that FEMA policies and practices assumed a “middle class” model of family structure and economic standing. Those who did not fit into this model were made to wait while their cases were investigated, which had negative psychological and material consequences. I argue that being made to wait, or temporal domination, is a central component of the larger sociotemporal marginalization of the poor, or the way in which time structures social stratification. Temporal domination is a feature of neoliberal social policy, neither maliciously intended nor entirely unintended, that has the consequence of punishing the “undeserving.”