cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature distribution in side- and end-pumped laser crystal rods: temporal and spatial variations

Knowledge of the temperature distribution of laser rods end pumped by laser diodes or other laser systems is relevant when thermal stress and crystal damage are expected. The temperature of a multipulsed or continuously pumped laser rod is given as a double-series expression and as a function of time. The mathematical model considers all surface cooling rates, the spatial and temporal variations of the pump beam, and the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the rod material. This eigenfunction expansion representation was employed to predict the spatial and time-dependent quasi-steady-state temperature in Ti:sapphire, Nd:YAG, and Cr:LiSAF laser rods of specific dimensions.
Chemical and physical speciation of mercury in Offatts Bayou: A seasonally anoxic bayou in Galveston Bay

A chemical equilibrium model was used to predict the solution speciation of dissolved mercury (Hg) in the stratified water column of Offatts Bayou, a subestuary in Galveston Bay, Texas, which undergoes seasonal anoxia in bottom waters. Chemical equilibrium modeling was conducted using conditional stability constants and concentrations of Hg-complexing organic ligands experimentally determined by competitive ligand equilibration methods. Dissolved Hg complexation was dominated by interactions with sulfide and dissolved organic matter (DOM) (HOHgHS0, HOHgHS(DOM), HgSHS2, and HgS 2{ 2 ) at all depths. Sulfide and glutathione competed for methylmercury (MeHg) complexation in oxic layers; in anoxic waters, sulfide complexation dominated MeHg speciation. The particle–water distribution coefficient (Kd) of Hg decreased in the anoxic layer of the water column, where the dissolved sulfide concentration increased, providing evidence that sulfide complexation influences the solubility of Hg. The solubility of MeHg was elevated in the anoxic as compared to the oxic layers, and this distributional feature was coincident with a change in the solution speciation of dissolved MeHg from glutathione/sulfide complexation in the oxic layers to a predominantly sulfide complexation in the anoxic layers. Maximum enrichment of Hg, MeHg, and iron (Fe) in suspended particulate matter was observed in the lower layer of the pycnocline, most likely resulting from formation of insoluble Fe oxide, which scavenged dissolved Hgsulfide and MeHg-sulfide species. The concomitant decrease in dissolved inorganic Hg, Fe, and sulfide in the anoxic layers is suggested to result from scavenging of inorganic Hg by FeS, which is in accordance with the Hg speciation model. Overall, Hg cycling in the water column of Offatts Bayou was associated with sulfide and DOM complexation, Fe dissolution/precipitation, water column production of MeHg, and/or efflux of MeHg from anoxic sediment.
DSM-5 proposals for mood disorders: a cost-benefit analysis.

Purpose of review The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 revision is underway. The review examines draft proposals for changes in mood disorders (posted February 2010 on DSM-5 web site), explains their rationale, and considers relative costs vs. benefits. Recent findings Proposals covered include recommendation for a comorbid anxiety dimension; addition of a new disorder, mixed anxiety depression; replacement of mixed manic episodes with a ‘mixed features’ specifier applicable to manic, hypomanic, and major depressive episodes; addition of severity dimensions for manic and major depressive episodes; and removal of the bereavement exclusion in major depressive episode. Although some proposals (particularly the anxiety dimension and the use of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) as depression severity dimension) may improve clinical and research utility, others have a high potential for false positives (e.g., addition of mixed anxiety depression, removal of bereavement exclusion), unclear clinical utility (e.g., mixed features specifier for depressive episodes), or problematic implementation (e.g., use of Clinical Global Impression (CGI), which requires prior experience of treating bipolar patients, for rating manic episode severity). Summary A cost–benefit analysis of mood proposals yields mixed results, with some having significant benefits and others carrying the risk of significant problems. Only proposals in which benefits outweigh costs should be included in the final DSM-5.
Exotic armalcolite and the origin of Apollo 11 ilmenite basalts

Abstract Armalcolite is probably partly exotic in lunar basalt 10022 as suggested by K2O,SiO2-rich devitrified glass included within it. Assimilation of armalcolite (and possibly ilmenite) and addition of a K2O,SiO2 rich liquid probably helped produce the high TiO2 content and variable alkali contents of Apollo 11 ilmenite basalts
A Snapshot of Steps towards Change through Educational Technology

Personal computers entered the scene in the 1980s, and the keepers of academe are still holding their breath for changes they expect must come, or hope can't come, or perhaps have already come without anyone's notice. The progress of university educational technology over the past quarter century has been ironically frustrating. Universities brim with masters of computing technology. Universities pioneered the Internet, and university researchers were among the first to explore it. For every economic sector, virtually every human endeavor, there are cadres of university experts ready to hold forth on how that activity is being reshaped by information and communication technology. Yet for university education itself, change has been modest. To be sure, modern universities have large information technology budgets and students make heavy use of computers, with text processors replacing the typewriters of 25 years ago and Web browsers replacing trips to the library. But the classroom has been relatively untouched, and the rhythm of semesters, lectures, notes, and exams unfolds in 2008 much as it did in 1983, or even in 1883. If real changes will come to university education through information technology, they will come along two dimensions, each of which has nervewracking implications for traditional institutions. First is the actual conduct of teaching and learning. There is an increasing unease today that university instruction is not as effective as it should be. Here information technology can be both motive and means for change. For example, as it becomes easy for students to access instructional material through the Web, the significance of lectures as sources of information
Influences of Sea Surface Temperature and Ground Wetness on Asian Summer Monsoon

Abstract The authors have conducted a series of experiments with a general circulation model to understand the influences of sea surface temperature (SST) and ground wetness (GW) (measured by snow amount and soil moisture content) on the Asian summer monsoon. The experiments are designed to illustrate the dominant features of monsoon response to SST and GW forcings and to delineate the relative importance of each forcing function in contributing to the variability of the monsoon. Results indicate that ocean basin-scale SST anomalies exert a stronger control on the interannual variability of the monsoon compared to GW anomalies. The impact of SST anomalies on the monsoon appears nonlinear with respect to warm and cold events. The monsoon is weakened during the warm events but changes less noticeably during the cold events. The diminution of monsoon circulation associated with the warm SST anomalies is accompanied by a broad-scale reduction in water vapor convergence and monsoon rainfall. Results also indic...
Radiation-induced skin injury in the animal model of scleroderma: implications for post-radiotherapy fibrosis.

Radiation therapy is generally contraindicated for cancer patients with collagen vascular diseases (CVD) such as scleroderma due to an increased risk of fibrosis. The tight skin (TSK) mouse has skin which, in some respects, mimics that of patients with scleroderma. The skin radiation response of TSK mice has not been previously reported. If TSK mice are shown to have radiation sensitive skin, they may prove to be a useful model to examine the mechanisms underlying skin radiation injury, protection, mitigation and treatment. The hind limbs of TSK and parental control C57BL/6 mice received a radiation exposure sufficient to cause approximately the same level of acute injury. Endpoints included skin damage scored using a non-linear, semi-quantitative scale and tissue fibrosis assessed by measuring passive leg extension. In addition, TGF-β1 cytokine levels were measured monthly in skin tissue. Contrary to our expectations, TSK mice were more resistant (i.e. 20%) to radiation than parental control mice. Although acute skin reactions were similar in both mouse strains, radiation injury in TSK mice continued to decrease with time such that several months after radiation there was significantly less skin damage and leg contraction compared to C57BL/6 mice (p < 0.05). Consistent with the expected association of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) with late tissue injury, levels of the cytokine were significantly higher in the skin of the C57BL/6 mouse compared to TSK mouse at all time points (p < 0.05). TSK mice are not recommended as a model of scleroderma involving radiation injury. The genetic and molecular basis for reduced radiation injury observed in TSK mice warrants further investigation particularly to identify mechanisms capable of reducing tissue fibrosis after radiation injury.
Some Characteristics of Dielectric Image Lines at Millimeter Wavelengths

The attenuation characteristics of several dielectric image lines have been calculated for the frequency range extending from 24 to 100 kmc and have been checked experimentally at 35 and 70 kmc. To obtain low attenuation at these high frequencies, dielectric materials with little loss and small size of cross section are required, while low values of the dielectric constant are also desirable. The effects of the size and shape of the dielectric cross section and of low dielectric constant are treated separately. To find proper materials with low dielectric constants several new foam plastics were investigated. Three types were found suitable for image line use, and in fact, these plastics have such good electrical and physical properties that they should be useful in many microwave applications. A qualitative measure of field extent is given for several image lines at 35 or 70 kmc, and various image lines and associated components are discussed. A new type of image line, called the tape line, is described.
An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale

We present a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) capable of reproducing simultaneously the aggregated behavior of changes in water storage in the hillslope surface, the unsaturated and the saturated soil layers and the channel that drains the hillslope. The system of equations can be viewed as a two-state integral-balance model for soil moisture and groundwater dynamics. Development of the model was motivated by the need for landscape representation through hillslopes and channels organized following stream drainage network topology. Such a representation, with the basic discretization unit of a hillslope, allows ODEs-based simulation of the water transport in a basin. This, in turn, admits the use of highly efficient numerical solvers that enable space–time scaling studies. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether a nonlinear ODE system can effectively replicate observations of water storage in the unsaturated and saturated layers of the soil. Our first finding is that a previously proposed ODE hillslope model, based on readily available data, is capable of reproducing streamflow fluctuations but fails to reproduce the interactions between the surface and subsurface components at the hillslope scale. However, the more complex ODE model that we present in this paper achieves this goal. In our model, fluxes in the soil are described using a Taylor expansion of the underlying storage flux relationship. We tested the model using data collected in the Shale Hills watershed, a 7.9-ha forested site in central Pennsylvania, during an artificial drainage experiment in August 1974 where soil moisture in the unsaturated zone, groundwater dynamics and surface runoff were monitored. The ODE model can be used as an alternative to spatially explicit hillslope models, based on systems of partial differential equations, which require more computational power to resolve fluxes at the hillslope scale. Therefore, it is appropriate to be coupled to runoff routing models to investigate the effect of runoff and its uncertainty propagation across scales. However, this improved performance comes at the expense of introducing two additional parameters that have no obvious physical interpretation. We discuss the implications of this for hydrologic studies across scales.
Social Behavioral Goals and Reimbursable Developmental Activity Strategies

This article is designed to assist new practitioners and those returning to activity group work to develop behavioral goals which are reimbursable and socially developmental across five levels of participation. It presents examples of activities appropriate for five levels of social group development. In addition, it provides an example of an activity group protocol directed toward a specific group level. Finally, it includes suggested strategies for activity group leaders in schools, clinics, and hospitals.
Abstract 15558: Clinical Impact of Coronary Protection During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: First Reported Series of 20 Patients

Background: Coronary protection with a guidewire, coronary balloon or stent positioned in the coronary artery is a pre-emptive technique to manage coronary obstruction during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Reported clinical experience with this technique is limited, merely in the form of case reports. We hereby describe the largest single center experience of left main (LM) coronary protection during TAVR (Table). Methods & Results: Of 636 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR from 9/2012 [[Unable to Display Character: –]] 1/2014, LM coronary protection was used in 20 patients deemed to be at increased risk of LM compromise. Indications for LM protection included valve-in-valve in 7 (35%) patients, low LM in 13 (65%) patients (average CT distance between LM ostium and aortic annulus: 7.9 mm; range 1.1-11.6 mm) and pre-TAVR significant LM stenosis in 4 (20%) patients. Coronary guidewire was used in all cases; angioplasty balloon was used in 3 cases and coronary stent in 8. LM compromise occurred in 5 out of 20 cases, only 1 of them was symptomatic and the others were found during selective LM injections following valve deployment. These patients underwent unplanned LM stenting to treat de-novo LM compromise noted after valve deployment. One patient underwent planned balloon inflation in a previously placed LM ostial stent and 4 patients with pre-TAVR LM stenosis underwent planned LM stenting following valve deployment; all resulting in TIMI 3 flow without any complication. Device success was 100%; there were 3 cases of in-hospital major complications without evidence of LM compromise (1 case of atrial fibrillation and hypotension few days after TAVR, 1 prolonged hospitalization secondary to pneumonia and 1 delayed extubation in a patient with COPD). There was no in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: The coronary protection technique can prevent the serious complication of coronary obstruction after TAVR and should be considered in all patients deemed to be at increased risk of LM compromise.
The Macroeconomic Treatment of Aid Increases in IMF-Supported Programs

This note was produced as background to the IEO evaluation of the IMF and Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa. It sets out the technical analysis underpinning the evaluation's estimate for spending and absorption ratios and elaborates further on its scope, rationale and limitations. It also presents more detailed results regarding the treatment of aid increases in country programs supported by the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) between 1999 and 2005 (including those outside Africa). These results show that, in cases where international reserves were high and inflation was low, PRGF program design implicitly followed an immediate 'spend and absorb' approach for aid increases. In cases where reserves were low, at least some of the increases in aid were programmed to be used to boost these reserves instead of financing additional net imports. In cases where the authorities faced domestic financing problems (proxied by high inflation), they programmed some aid increases to pay down domestic debt instead of financing additional net expenditures.
A New Household Panel in the U.S.

The NSF SBE has invited the research community to submit white papers outlining grand challenge questions that are both foundational and transformative. This white paper argues that a new long-term household panel would be foundational and transformative both to economics and related social sciences.
Biochemical Concomitants of the Storage of Behavioral Information

The topic of the 25th Mosbach Colloquium testifies to the significant recent interest, as well as progress, in understanding sensory mechanisms. While it is logical to think of sensory reception as the beginning of a coding process and to therefore next consider the storage of encoded information, it is appropriate to first address ourselves to the vast conceptual gap between receptor interactions and the subsequent processing steps in the nervous system. In the recent studies on E. coli chemotaxis [1, 2], we see the beginning of a complete story, albeit at an elementary level — of how a sensory input is used to elicit a response of biological significance to the organism. In a higher animal, sensory information is first transduced into nerve impulses which are centrally processed and in some way associated with temporally related events. This paper will describe biochemical attempts, particularly over the past 10 years in our laboratory as well as those of others, to understand when, in relation to the learning process memory storage occurs, where, if at all, memory storage functions are localized in the vertebrate brain and what kinds of molecular events appear to mediate the process.
Neurologists and technology: The changing “Facebook” of practice

Summary Social and traditional media are revolutionizing health care. Medicine, once an art practiced behind closed doors, is now part of the public domain. This article will help neurologists navigate a complex maze of technology to optimize patient care without compromising privacy. We offer ideas for improving our digital “footprint.” Guidance is given on maintaining professional demeanor in all private and public interactions to help us avoid personal or patient insult and injury. Acknowledging that neurology is becoming a specialty of increased personal and social education, we outline ways to proactively improve our patient care and education locally and globally.
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve canal

OBJECTIVE Meralgia paresthetica causes dysesthesias and burning in the anterolateral thigh. Surgical treatment includes nerve transection or decompression. Finding the nerve in surgery is very challenging. The author conducted a cadaveric study to better understand the variations in the anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). METHODS Twenty embalmed cadavers were used for this study. The author studied the LFCN's relationship to different fascial planes, and the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). RESULTS A complete fascial canal was found to surround the nerve completely in all specimens. The canal starts at the inguinal ligament proximally and follows the nerve beyond its terminal branches. The nerve could be anywhere from 6.5 cm medial to the ASIS to 6 cm lateral to the ASIS. In the latter case, the nerve may lodge in a groove in the iliac crest. Other anatomical variations found were the LFCN arising from the femoral nerve, and a duplicated nerve. A thick nerve was found in 1 case in which it was riding over the ASIS. CONCLUSIONS The variability in the course of the LFCN can create difficulty in surgical exposure. The newly defined LFCN canal renders exposure even more challenging. This calls for high-resolution pre- or intraoperative imaging for better localization of the nerve.
Continuous Pairwise Comparisons

One often assumes that comparisons are discrete and carried out in a matrix of numbers. However, our eyes and other senses perform comparisons in a continuous way by making many simultaneously. Here the mathematics of pairwise comparisons is generalized to the continuous case. It is more likely that in evolution, little creatures h ad and now still have a "feeling" about the environment in which they find themselves by sensing many things at once. Through evolution, sensing has been transformed to thinking and to discrete comparisons. This paper presents some material from other works written about continuous comparisons.
High-resolution 1 H-MRSI of the brain using short-TE SPICE.

Purpose To improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for high-resolution spectroscopic imaging using a subspace-based technique known as SPectroscopic Imaging by exploiting spatiospectral CorrElation (SPICE). Methods The proposed method is based on a union-of-subspaces model of MRSI signals, which exploits the partial separability properties of water, lipid, baseline and metabolite signals. Enabled by this model, a special scheme is used for accelerated data acquisition, which includes a double-echo CSI component used to collect a “training” dataset (for determination of the basis functions) and a short-TE EPSI component used to collect a sparse “imaging” dataset (for determination of the overall spatiospectral distributions). A set of signal processing algorithms are developed to remove the water and lipid signals and jointly reconstruct the metabolite and baseline signals. Results In vivo 1H-MRSI results show that the proposed method can effectively remove the remaining water and lipid signals from sparse MRSI data acquired at 20 ms TE. Spatiospectral distributions of metabolite signals at 2 mm in-plane resolution with good SNR were obtained in a 15.5 min scan. Conclusions The proposed method can effectively remove nuisance signals and reconstruct high-resolution spatiospectral functions from sparse data to make short-TE SPICE possible. The method should prove useful for high-resolution 1H-MRSI of the brain. Magn Reson Med 77:467–479, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Aging: Evolutionary Theory Meets Genomic Approaches

Modern evolutionary theory describes aging as the result of an accumulation of late-acting, deleterious genes caused by reduced force of natural selection late in life, combined with selection for genes that are beneficial early in life but damaging late in life. Theories based on this logic predict that organisms will be optimized for overall fitness as opposed to maximum longevity. Recent advances in genomics combined with large-scale methods for single gene knockout in several common aging models have allowed the first genome-wide studies of life span. These studies provide insight into several aspects of the biology of aging that relate to evolution, including the scope of cellular processes that influence longevity and the conservation of longevity determinants between organisms. Here we review the evolution of the aging field over the past several years and the implications of the move toward genomics. We also highlight key results and discuss their importance and relation to evolutionary theories of aging.
Long-term unemployment, heterogeneity, and state dependence

In dieser Arbeit wird zur Erklarung individueller Wiederbeschaftigungschancen von Arbeitslosen mittels Individualdaten fur osterreich ein Abgangsratenmodell geschatzt, wobei unter Berucksichtigung von unbeobachteter Populationsheterogenitat auf verschiedene Formen von “state dependence” getestet wird. Die Abgangsrate in Beschaftigung steigt mit zunehmender Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer an und hangt primar von bestimmten personlichen Charakteristika der Arbeitslosen und der Zahl der erhaltenen Arbeitsangebote ab. Die individuellen (Wieder-)Beschaftigungschancen von Personen, die neu oder wieder in das Erwerbsleben eintreten, sind relativ gering und werden auserdem durch vergangene langfristige Arbeitslosigkeit stark reduziert.
Identification of the Plant Ribokinase and Discovery of a Role for Arabidopsis Ribokinase in Nucleoside Metabolism.

Abstract Ribose can be used for energy or as a component of several important biomolecules but in order for it to be used in either capacity it must first be phosphorylated by ribokinase (RBSK). RBSK proteins are part of the phosphofructokinase-B (pfkB) family of carbohydrate kinases. Sequence comparisons of pfkB proteins from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with the human and E. coli RBSK identified a single candidate RBSK, At1g17160 (AtRBSK). AtRBSK is more similar to predicted RBSKs from other plant species and to known mammalian and prokaryotic RBSK than to all other PfkB proteins in Arabidopsis. AtRBSK contains a predicted chloroplast transit peptide, and we confirmed plastid localization using AtRBSK fused to YFP. Structure prediction software verified that the AtRBSK sequence mapped onto a known RBSK structure. Kinetic parameters of purified recombinant AtRBSK were determined to be Kmribose = 153 μM +/- 17 μM, KmATP = 45.9 μM +/- 5.6 μM, kcat = 2.0 s-1. Substrate inhibition was observed for AtRBSK (KiATP = 2.44 mM +/- 0.36 mM), as has been demonstrated for other RBSK proteins. Ribose accumulated in Arabidopsis plants lacking AtRBSK. Such plants grew normally unless media was supplemented with ribose, which led to chlorosis and growth inhibition. Ribose accumulated in plants lacking AtRBSK. Both chlorosis and ribose accumulation were abolished upon the introduction of a transgene expressing AtRBSK-MYC, demonstrating that the loss of protein is responsible for the ribose hypersensitivity. Ribose accumulation in plants lacking AtRBSK was reduced in plants also deficient in the nucleoside ribohydrolase NSH1, linking AtRBSK activity to nucleoside metabolism.
Exploring molecular distributed detection

Chemical-exchange provides a fundamental mechanism by which microorganisms and biological cells communicate. Using this concept and the idea of biological sized nanomachines, this paper explores the detection of a undesired biological agent in a distributed setting. Distributed in the sense that the system information is dispersed across the nanomachines, each possessing limited communication capabilities. To study this problem, the molecular distributed detection system is divided into four major components. The first is the biological agent itself. The second is a collection of autonomous nano-sized sensors, capable of observing the environment, and releasing a certain type of communication molecule directly related to that observation. The third is an aqueous molecular transmission channel under drift, modeled using Brownian motion. The fourth is a fusion stage that collects the communication molecules and fuses this information to determine if a biological agent is present or not. Using this framework, we explore biological agent detection performance using optimal and suboptimal fusion rules in a parallel topology for diverse potential applications.
MNK inversely regulates TELO2 vs. DEPTOR to control mTORC1 signaling

mTORC1 is the major homeostatic nutrient sensor for the cell. As such, it is integrated into diverse signaling networks and co-factor interactions that determine its activity. Our recent work implicates the mTORC1 co-factor and PI3K-related Kinase (PIKK) stabilizer, TELO2, in regulating mTORC1 activity in a MAPK-Interacting Kinase (MNK) responsive manner during mitogenic stimulation of cancer cells and T cell activation.
Epigenetic Programming by Microbial Pathogens and Impacts on Acute and Chronic Disease

Epigenetic programming of the pathogen and the host can have a marked influence on the development and progression of acute and chronic disease. Bacterial pathogenesis may be viewed as a developmental program similar to that of cell differentiation and development in eukaryotes. Bacterial epigenetic programming is imparted by DNA methylation, whereby the virulence traits expressed by a pathogen may depend on the cumulative interactions between the microbe and its environment. Such bacterial “memory” provides a means for adaptation to the varied subsequent microenvironments encountered during the infective process. DNA methylation can affect DNA–protein interactions and resultant gene expression by altering DNA thermodynamic stability and curvature and by methyl-group-mediated steric hindrance. Some of these epigenetic interactions can form heritable DNA methylation patterns in the microbial genome that control gene expression in their progeny cells. Microbes can also stimulate heritable changes in the host epigenome via infection-associated alterations to host epigenetic determinants including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin-associated complexes, and noncoding RNA-mediated silencing. The resultant changes in host chromatin remodeling and gene expression may be localized and/or systemic due to direct microbe-to-host cell communication or via dissemination of microbial-host signaling. Thus, the role of epigenetics in host–microbe interactions may be the nexus of many pathological syndromes even though there may be no apparent direct link between infection and disease, providing the basis for the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostic tests for diseases with epigenomic determinants.
Transition to Low- and Zero-Carbon Energy and Fuels

Switching from high-carbon to low- and zero-carbon energy sources and fuels is considered Holy Grail of the decarbonization policy. The evolutionary model of the substitution of primary energy sources predicts that methane followed by hydrogen will take over the energy market during the current century. The interplay of three energy systems based on methane, electricity, and hydrogen (dubbed Decarbonization Triangle) can greatly facilitate and expand the decarbonization of global economy. Many challenges hindering the expansion of intermittent renewable energy sources (solar and wind) could potentially be addressed by means of interconnected electricity, methane, and hydrogen grids that form a large integrated low-carbon energy network. Due to the complimentary and synergistic nature of the basic elements of the networks, in combination, they can provide more energy services per unit of primary energy with associated economic and environmental benefits. The main strategies and pathways to transitioning to low-to-zero carbon energy systems and the prerequisites for building Methane and Hydrogen Economies are analyzed in this chapter.
How Accurately Can an Observer Assess Participant Self-Reported Workload?:

Subjective workload assessments are used often in human factors, almost always from the perspective of the one performing the task. How well would an observer or experimenter be able to subjectivel...
A method for evaluating coyote scent baits

A method for evaluating candidate coyote scent baits to make coyote control more selective has been developed. Each odorous compound is placed on a wad of cotton within a disposable tissue capsule secured between two metal plates. One or several horizontal or vertical scent stations or both can then be placed within a test area into which a coyote is released. A single observer, located in a blind, can observe the animal's responses to the scents. The type of frequency of the coyote's responses to compounds can be recorded. Such information is valuable in selecting scents for use with various methods of coyote control.
Simulation and Optimization In Flow Planning and Management

Most of the aviation technical community is familiar with, “What if…”, the typical question associated with simulation modeling. A simulation normally evaluates a series of proposed action plans, or scenarios, in which a computer program mimics reality by stepping through all interacting events as they happen. What happens depends of course on suggested strategies being modeled. By analyzing the aftermath, by being abl’e to have a vision of what would happen should a scheme be implemented, planners can identify sensible solutions to problems. Computer simulation, by playing out a scenario to its end, can capture nearly all the complex interactions that would take place in real life, interactions too numerous to anticipate by routine thought processes. Thus figuratively, simulation provides a crystal ball view of the future that is beyond ordinary human insight.
Evolving Imaging Modalities in the Diagnosis and Staging of Penile Cancer

Accurate staging of penile cancer is of paramount importance in the evaluation of a patient presenting with this malignancy as well as in devising an optimized therapeutic approach. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis has a relatively predictable pattern of metastatic spread via the lymphatic system. It is this reliable pattern of spread which makes this disease one of the rare malignancies in which a thorough and effective resection of regional lymphatic involvement can result in potential cure. Metastatic spread of SCC from the penis first involves the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes, followed by the pelvic lymph nodes. The presence of metastatic disease in the regional lymph nodes and the extent of lymph node involvement are vital determinants of patient survival. Local staging of penile cancer and an understanding of the invasiveness and extent of the primary tumor are also essential for adequate surgical planning. Adequate preoperative assessment of local clinical staging allows for effective decision making for penile sparing surgery (partial penectomy, wide local excision) versus the necessity for a more radical local resection. Moreover, it allows a frank discussion with the patient as to what can be expected postoperatively. A detailed discussion of the postsurgical appearance of the external genitalia is critical for the patient’s psychological well-being.
Autonomous Tags: Language as Generative of Culture

The first intelligent agent social model, created by the author in 1991, used tags with emergent meaning to simulate the emergence of institutions based on the principles of interpretive social science. This symbolic interactionist simulation program existed before Holland’s Echo, however, Echo and subsequent programs with tags failed to preserve the autonomy of perception of the agents that displayed and read tags, as first program did. These subsequent tag programs include Epstein and Axtell; Axelrod; Hales; Hales and Edmonds; Riolo, Cohen and Axelrod, as well as the works on contagion originating in Carley, etc. The only exceptions are the author’s 1995 SISTER program, and Axtell, Epstein, and Young’s 2001 program on the emergence of social classes, which was influenced by the symbolic interactionist simulation program at George Mason University, and Steels’ 1996 work. Axtell Epstein and Young’s program has since been credited for strong emergence (Desalles et al.). This paper explains that autonomy of perception is the essential difference in the symbolic interactionist implementation of tags that enables a strong emergence to occur, and that is why strong emergence has occurred in the works of Duong and of Axtell, Epstein and Young. This paper explains the important differences in existing tag models, pointing out the qualities that enable symbolic interactionist models to become social engines with strong emergence, and also introduces new work that puts the SISTER program in a spatial grid, and explores what happens to prices across the grid. In half of the runs, a standard of trade, or money, emerges.
Lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria species: similarity between N. polysaccharea and N. meningitidis LOSs.

The Neisseria genus consists of 20 species, and humans host ten of the species. N. meningitidis (meningococcus) and N. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) are the two pathogenic species that can cause meningitis and gonorrhea in humans, respectively. The eight other (nonpathogenic) Neisseria species found in humans are N. lactamica, N. polysaccharea, N. cinerea, N. elongata, N. flavescens, N. mucosa, N. sicca, and N. subflava. Ten other species are found in animals [10]. This chapter deals with the lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) of Neisseria. The LOSs in the two pathogens are surface antigens and also play important roles in their pathogenesis [19]. The biosynthesis and chemistry of N. meningitidis LOSs have been studied extensively and reviewed [13, 23]. The focus here is on the LOSs of commensal N. polysaccharea, which is closely related to N. meningitidis.
CONSTRICTIVE REMODELING: DO CONCEPTS OF REMODELING DURING CHRONIC HYPERTENSION APPLY TO RESTENOSIS?

Restenosis following angioplasty traditionally has been attributed to intimai hyperplasia involving the release of growth factors. Growth factors presumably induce a subgroup of smooth muscle cells in the media of the vessel wall to undergo phenotypic transformation, migrate into the intima, proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix [1]. A new concept that has been proposed recently is that constrictive remodeling with a reduction in vessel caliber may be another mechanism that contributes to restenosis [2, 3].
Civic underpinnings of legal change: Gay rights, abortion, and gun control

In this article, I offer a civic view of legal change. This view emphasizes the role of citizens and describes the connection between civic bonds and new, sustainable legal doctrine, especially constitutional doctrine. I use three current socio-legal movements - gay rights, abortion, and gun control - as illustrations, and I emphasize the role of non-lawyers and civic organizing in creating legal, and social, change through those movements.
Freeze verification: time for a fresh approach

Verification is a crucial issue in the debate over the nuclear freeze. The author argues that the benefits to the United States under a freeze, even if verification is imperfect, outweigh those of the arms race.
Cyberattack Prediction Through Public Text Analysis and Mini-Theories

This paper describes a new approach to detection and tracking of potential cyberattacks from analyzing large quantities of cyber-related webpage text, using ontological knowledge about such attacks combined with composable causal models represented in Probabilistic Soft Logic. The stages of a cyberattack kill chain are viewed as a sequence of both observed and unobserved events (e.g., reconnaissance, weaponize, exploit, install) and explicit mentions of, or related to, such events are examined as potential signals for a future attack. Using a suite of natural language processing techniques, sentences from input news texts are automatically classified according to the described cyberattack event, then enriched with named entity recognition for the rapid detection of key elements that might be associated with potential cyberattacks. We present our work as a framework for rapid and flexible predictive analysis of the ever-increasing amount of cyber-related text data, with initial experiments indicating that event detection using parsing and named entity recognition combined with statistical relational learning show promise in time-series prediction from news text.
Lessons Learned from Building a Pediatric-to-Adult Sickle Cell Transition Program.

Objective More effective transitions and transfers of young people with sickle cell disease (SCD) into the adult healthcare setting is a focus of both primary care and specialty care medical organizations. Effective transition and transfer requires six core elements: establishing a policy, tracking progress, administering transition readiness assessments, planning for adult care, transferring to adult care, and integrating into an adult practice. We developed a program using these six core elements. The objective of our report was to assess the development and implementation of this program. Methods We used the six core elements to develop and implement a program at Virginia Commonwealth University for children and adolescents with SCD to transition to adult health care. Results We assessed individuals' differences by age and grade, their independent living skills, their feelings about moving to adult care; tallied and analyzed several assessment scales; and assessed transfer success and patient retention. Conclusions The principles and lessons we learned in developing and implementing this program over 5 years, accompanied by caring, flexible, and dedicated care team members, often can overcome even severe barriers to care transitions.
"I don't believe you": investigating the effects of robot trust violation and repair

When a robot breaks a person's trust by making a mistake or failing, continued interaction will depend heavily on how the robot repairs the trust that was broken. Prior work in psychology has demonstrated that both the trust violation framing and the trust repair strategy influence how effectively trust can be restored. We investigate trust repair between a human and a robot in the context of a competitive game, where a robot tries to restore a human's trust after a broken promise, using either a competence or integrity trust violation framing and either an apology or denial trust repair strategy. Results from a $2\times 2$ between-subjects study ( $n=82$ ) show that participants interacting with a robot employing the integrity trust violation framing and the denial trust repair strategy are significantly more likely to exhibit behavioral retaliation toward the robot. In the Dyadic Trust Scale survey, an interaction between trust violation framing and trust repair strategy was observed. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering both trust violation framing and trust repair strategy choice when designing robots to repair trust. We also discuss the influence of human-to-robot promises and ethical considerations when framing and repairing trust between a human and robot.
Review of the Literature on Latin America in Ketab-e-Jom’eh

This paper aims to analyze a weekly magazine called Ketab-e-Jom’eh (Friday’s Book) and the reflection of Latin American’s revolutionary movements in it. Ketab-e-Jom’eh, published from July 26, 1979, to May 22, 1980, was supervised by a number of the most legendary Iranian authors and poets, such as Ahmad Shamloo1 and Gholam Hossein Saedi. I focus on the way a particular perspective on Latin American movements is constructed and perpetuated among Ketab-e-Jom’eh’s lectors. With a symbolic approach, I analyze those texts through their symbolic representation in the Iranian society, which requires me to study those symbols and their concomitant relevance in Iran. Eventually, I will use an interpretative approach to examine this magazine’s ideologically motivated articles in the broader context of the Iranian society with its particular traits. The dialectic relationship between literature and society helps us understand literature as the product of social conditions and influential factors in society. The position that I develop here echoes Louis de Bonald’s belief that “through a careful reading of any nation’s literature ‘one could tell what this people had been’” (as cited in Hall, 1979, p. 13). I employ such an expansive horizon to scrutinize the selection of literature on Latin American guerillas. I shall unfold the magazine’s ideological orientation from the angle of the context in which it is used. I aim to show that the historical context of the Iranian society at the moment gives those articles specific meanings. In pursuit of my goals, I will recontextualize the articles to determine their primary significance in the Iran of the 1970s and 1980s.
The downfall: listening to non-urban communities and their language ideologies

Increased mobility due to globalization and other geopolitical shifts has changed school demographics worldwide. In the Midwest, much of this new immigrant population is Spanish-speaking and in nee...
Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Mo-Doped Co-Free Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cobalt-free layered oxides have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, implementation of these materials has been hindered by their low rat...
An autocollimator with sub-microradian sensitivity

We present a simple autocollimator with sub-microradian sensitivity. To demonstrate the capabilities of our autocollimator, we study the simple harmonic motion of a cantilever beam and apply an external force to affect the cantilever's resonant frequency in the context of dynamic force microscopy. Our setup is ideal for the advanced undergraduate instructional laboratory and allows a variety of high-precision, tabletop experiments.
The role of emotional and instrumental support from parents on facets of emerging adult impulsivity

Abstract Supportive systems during emerging adulthood play an important role in assisting emerging adults with emotion regulation and decision-making processes. The current study examined the influence of parent (i.e., maternal and paternal) emotional and instrumental support on different facets of impulsivity (i.e., positive urgency, negative urgency, sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance) in the context of gender differences. Results of path analysis suggested maternal instrumental support related to improved cognitive control systems (i.e., negatively related to lack of perseverance and premeditation) in women and improved socioemotional systems (i.e., negatively related to positive and negative urgency) in men. Paternal instrumental support related to improved cognitive control systems (i.e., negatively related to lack of perseverance and lack of premeditation) in emerging adult men. Instrumental support, rather than emotional support, of emerging adult children may be particularly important to facilitating cognitive control and socioemotional development.
Insight into developmental mechanisms of global and focal migration disorders of cortical development

Cortical development involves neurogenesis followed by migration, maturation, and myelination of immature neurons. Disruptions in these processes can cause malformations of cortical development (MCD). Radial glia (RG) are the stem cells of the brain, both generating neurons and providing the scaffold upon which immature neurons radially migrate. Germline mutations in genes required for cell migration, or cell-cell contact, often lead to global MCDs. Somatic mutations in RG in genes involved in homeostatic function, like mTOR signaling, often lead to focal MCDs. Two different mutations occurring in the same patient can combine in ways we are just beginning to understand. Our growing knowledge about MCD suggests mTOR inhibitors may have expanded utility in treatment-resistant epilepsy, while imaging techniques can better delineate the type and extent of these lesions.