cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Role Modeling in Sport and Physical Education

Our profession is not consistently demonstrating effective modeling in skill and fitness development among our students and athletes. This article provides an overview of role modeling in the psychomotor and fitness domains.
Theoretical measures of school integration

The linear indices (H3 andφ3) are the most straightforward among the existing measures of integration. They are independent of the assumption that the proportion of minority students in the classroom is the sole determinant of student welfare.
A pilot study on the use of divalproex sodium in the treatment of behavioral agitation in elderly patients with dementia: assessment with the behave-ad and CGI rating scales

Abstract Behavioral agitation is a common manifestation of dementia in the elderly. Currently, however, no medications for the treatment of dementia-associated behavioral agitation have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In this open-label, uncontrolled pilot study, we assessed the effects of valproic acid in 10 patients with this condition by means of two rating scales—the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) rating scale and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) rating scale. Elderly patients with dementia who presented to an inpatient geropsychiatry ward for treatment of behavioral disturbances were screened for behavioral agitation and received a thorough clinical evaluation to confirm a diagnosis of dementia according to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). If patients had a baseline score of 4 or higher on the BEHAVE-AD, they were considered for treatment with divalproex sodium. After screening, patients were weaned from psychotropic medications during a 3-day washout period and started on divalproex sodium 250 mg/d. The dose was increased as needed, based on clinical response and the emergence of side effects. Predose valproic acid levels were checked weekly; in addition, on the same days valproic acid blood levels were obtained, patients were rated by unmasked observers by means of the BEHAVE-AD and CGI rating scales. Ten patients (age range, 63 to 87 years) were studied. Five patients improved, as evidenced by 1-point improvements in the CGI score and improvements of 20% to 50% from baseline scores in the BEHAVE-AD score. Peak doses of divalproex sodium ranged from 500 to 2250 mg/d, and peak valproic acid blood levels ranged from 46 to 83 μg/mL. The data suggest that divalproex sodium may be an effective treatment for behavioral agitation in elderly patients with dementia, but a larger double-masked, placebo-controlled study is needed.
A Shotgun Proteomic Method for the Identification of Membrane- Embedded Proteins and Peptides

Integral membrane proteins perform crucial cellular functions and are the targets for the majority of pharmaceutical agents. However, the hydrophobic nature of their membrane-embedded domains makes them difficult to work with. Here, we describe a shotgun proteomic method for the high-throughput analysis of the membrane-embedded transmembrane domains of integral membrane proteins which extends the depth of coverage of the membrane proteome.
Effect of composition of the light satellite DNA on solubility in phenol

Abstract Fractions of d(A-T)n of Cancer borealis were obtained by thermal chromatography and were tested for their solubility in phenol. Fractions eluted at higher temperatures and containing a higher amount of C+G were progressively less soluble in phenol. Experiments with oligonucleotides showed that tri- to pentanucleotides which were soluble in phenol contained A, T and either a C or a G but not both.
Impaired hearing for high tones

(1938). Impaired hearing for high tones. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 138-144.
The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics

morphology in point and line, a conventional representation of some considerable clinical use. The properties of form which it abstracts have been used to study craniofacial growth, to diagnose deviations of an individual from population norms, and to plan orthodontic treatment and assess its progress and results. The extensive literature on cephalometric and craniometric methods includes many papers on sources of error in the method, such as enlargement difficulties and errors in positioning of the subject, and on problems in interpretation. For instance, think of the difficulty of quantifying three dimensions from images, or pairs of images in two. These are technical problems which can generally be controlled through calibration and care. But, however useful it may be in the study of craniofacial growth and in clinical orthodontics, current cephalometrics has conceptual as well as technical handicaps. These more fundamental difficulties may be traced to discrepancies between the technology of today and the research style of an earlier era.* During the development of modern biostatistics, shortly after the turn of the century, human craniums were used extensively as a source of raw data. The human skull, after all, has several features which appeal to the biostatistician developing tools for his trade: It is very complex; it varies widely in shape during ontogeny, through phylogeny, and between species; it is an important and widely studied region for clinical investigation; it has long been a prime indicator of racial identity and biological relationships in prehistory; and, for many of us, it has always had a certain morbid fascination. Although all these factors were known to
Developing Skills in a Physical Geography Laboratory.

Abstract The ability to solve problems and to make decisions is an important intellectual attribute. Judging from existing laboratory manuals, very little attention appears to have been directed in introductory physical geography towards developing the skills related to this attribute. This paper describes an attempt to define and develop skills in the setting of an introductory physical geography course, and gives example of the activities used in the laboratory. The skills defined are categorized as those which are geographic and those which generally intellectual. Some comment is also made on the teaching styles which appear appropriate to foster such skill development.
Human brain: Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and isozyme distribution in different areas

Three human post-mortem brains were dissected into seventeen areas and assayed for aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) activity employing two assay systems: one at 68 microM and another at 13.6 mM propionaldehyde. The levels of activity with 68 microM propionaldehyde were significantly higher in cerebellum and putamen. The same brain areas were also examined by isoelectric focusing. By this procedure two distinct bands of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (the cytoplasmic E1 and mitochondrial E2) could be readily visualized in cerebellum and putamen while other brain areas contained mainly the mitochondrial E2 isozyme.
Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease

Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a vasoconstrictive and prothrombotic state in the vasculature; it plays a role in all stages of cardiac disease and is a significant independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. Nitric oxide (NO) performs multiple biologic activities in the endothelium, including vasodilation and antithrombotic actions. Reduced NO bioactivity is a major component of endothelial dysfunction. Impaired NO bioactivity is an important factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and in the metabolic syndrome. The functions of NO bioactivity in the heart go well beyond those in the endothelium, as all 3 NO synthase (NOS) isoforms-endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS, and inducible NOS-are expressed in cardiac myocytes and mediate systolic, diastolic, and chronotropic cardiac functions. Impairment of NO bioactivity is a pathogenic factor in various forms of cardiac disease. Although these findings support the potential use of NO-targeted therapies for treatment of cardiac disease, the complexities of the biologic actions of NO in the vasculature and heart are such that development of therapies is still largely in the preliminary stages.
Semiconductor laser linewidth measurements for space interferometry applications

Narrow linewidth (<100KHz) semiconductor lasers are expected to be a key technology in NASA's stellar interferometry missions to search for planets around nearby stars. Long coherence length lasers are needed for precise (20 pm to 5 mn) measurements of the optical path difference. This work discusses results using the self-heterodyne delay technique to measure 1.3 micrometer InP based DFB lasers. We will also address practical issues concerning detection and elimination of back reflections, choice of fiber length and resolution, and measurement of laser 1/f and current supply noise.
Changes of amino acid concentrations in the rat vestibular nuclei after inferior cerebellar peduncle transection.

Although there is a close relationship between the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) and the cerebellum, little is known about the contribution of cerebellar inputs to amino acid neurotransmission in the VNC. Microdissection of freeze-dried brain sections and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were combined to measure changes of amino acid concentrations within the VNC of rats following transection of the cerebellovestibular connections in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Distributions of 12 amino acids within the VNC at 2, 4, 7, and 30 days after surgery were compared with those for control and sham-lesioned rats. Concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased by 2 days after unilateral peduncle transection in nearly all VNC regions on the lesioned side and to lesser extents on the unlesioned side and showed partial recovery up to 30 days postsurgery. Asymmetries between the two sides of the VNC were maintained through 30 days. Glutamate concentrations were reduced bilaterally in virtually all regions of the VNC by 2 days and showed complete recovery in most VNC regions by 30 days. Glutamine concentrations increased, starting 2 days after surgery, especially on the lesioned side, so that there was asymmetry generally opposite that of glutamate. Concentrations of taurine, aspartate, and glycine also underwent partially reversible changes after peduncle transection. The results suggest that GABA and glutamate are prominent neurotransmitters in bilateral projections from the cerebellum to the VNC and that amino acid metabolism in the VNC is strongly influenced by its cerebellar connections. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A behavioral analysis of controversial topics in first language acquisition: Reinforcements, corrections, modeling, input frequencies, and the three-term contingency pattern

Due to the antibehaviorist trends that were predominant during the recent decades in the field of language development, it has been generally doubted, overlooked, or simply denied that parental reward/punishment, corrections, imitation, and other learning-theoretical phenomena do have any impact during the course of language transmission/acquisition. R. Brown who collected the most encompassing corpora of mother-child interactions supported this trend by providing authoritative assertions as to the absence of these phenomena. To reevaluate these assertions which had been generally accepted without independent evaluations, the transcripts of Brown were reanalyzed employing equivalent samples of the interactions of Adam and Eve with their mothers. Equivalence was defined on the basis of Mean Length of Utterance which ranged between 1.4 and 4.2 morphemes. Adam was between 27 and 35 months old and Eve between 18 and 27 months during the time of data collection. Thirty-nine teaching techniques of the mothers and 37 learning strategies of the children were differentiated. The teaching techniques included conditioned positive reinforcement, obvious linguistic corrections, conditioned punishment, several forms of less obvious corrections, and various forms of modeling. Frequencies of techniques as well as frequencies of specific linguistic constructions in the input were counted. Patterns of interactions were established by means of transitional probabilities between the techniques and strategies. With the exception of obvious conditioned punishment, high frequencies of specific teaching techniques and of types of linguistic input were encountered. The interactions between the mothers and the children exhibited not only a considerable degree of structure, that is, the patterns occurred with a frequency that by far surpassed chance coocurrences, but they also appeared largely to be instructionally highly meaningful. One dyad often employed an overt form of the behavioristic three-term contingency pattern of stimulus-response-reinforcement. It is, therefore, concluded not only that the learning opportunities for the children were overwhelmingly rich but also that learning-theoretical conceptualizations can be useful in describing at least part of the phenomena observable during the process of language transmission/acquisition. Since only a small part of the differentiated phenomena could be readily accounted for by learning theoretical conceptualizations, it is furthermore concluded that these conceptualizations do not seem to be sufficient though they appear to be necessary to account for some aspects of language transmission/acquisition.
Endovascular recanalization of infrapopliteal occlusions in patients with critical limb ischemia.

Background Endovascular therapies are increasingly used for treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI). Infrapopliteal (IP) occlusions are common in CLI, and successful limb salvage may require restoration of arterial flow in the distribution of a chronically occluded vessel. We sought to describe the procedural characteristics and outcomes of patients with IP occlusions who underwent endovascular intervention for treatment of CLI. Methods All patients with IP interventions for treatment of CLI from 2006 to 2012 were included. Angiographic and procedural data were compared between patients who underwent intervention for IP occlusions vs IP stenosis. Restenosis was determined by Doppler ultrasound imaging. Limb salvage was the primary end point of the study. Additional end points included primary patency, primary assisted patency, secondary patency, occlusion crossing success, procedural success, and amputation-free survival. Results A total of 187 patients with CLI underwent interventions for 356 IP lesions, and 77 patients (41%) had interventions for an IP occlusion. Patients with an intervention for IP occlusion were more likely to have zero to one vessel runoff (83% vs 56%; P P P = .02). Wire crossing was achieved in 83% of IP occlusions, and the overall procedural success for IP occlusions was 79%. The overall 1-year limb salvage rate was 84%. Limb salvage was highest in the stenosis group, slightly lower in the successful occlusion group, and lowest in the failed occlusion group (92% vs 75% vs 58%, respectively; P = .02). Unsuccessfully treated IP occlusions were associated with a significantly higher likelihood of major amputation (hazard ratio, 5.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.89-17.7) and major amputation or death (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-6.63). Conclusions Successful endovascular recanalization of IP occlusions can be achieved with guidewire and support catheter techniques in most patients. In patients selected for an endovascular-first approach for IP occlusions in CLI, this strategy can be successfully implemented with favorable rates of limb salvage.
Two pharmacological types of cardiac slow Na+ channesl as distinguished by verapamil

Old chick embryonic hearts were either minced and placed into explant cultured or disaggregated and placed into cell culture. TTX insensitive slow Na+ channels were acquired which were not blocked by 1 mM Mn2+. Verapamil also failed to block these channels. In contrast, fresh young (3 day old) embryonic hearts left intact possess naturally occurring slow Na+ channels which are blocked by verapamil. These findings suggest that there are two pharmacological types of slow Na+ channels; verapamil blocks one type but not the other.
Thermally stable narrow-bandpass filter prepared by reactive ion-assisted sputtering.

Thermal stabilities of three-cavity narrow-bandpass (NB) filters with high-index half-wave spacers and 78–102 layers of Ta2O5 and SiO2 prepared by reactive ion-assisted bipolar direct-current (dc) magnetron sputtering of tantalum and silicon targets, respectively, were investigated. Pure argon and pure oxygen were used as the sputtering gas and the reactant, respectively. The oxygen gas was introduced and ionized through the ion gun and toward the unheated BK7 glass substrate. The refractive indices of single-layer Ta2O5 and SiO2 films were 2.1 and 1.45, respectively, at 1550 nm, which were comparable with those of films prepared by other ion-assisted coating techniques. The moisture-resistant properties of the films were excellent as evidenced from the water-immersion test, implying that the packing density of the films was close to that of their bulk materials. The temperature-dependant wavelength shifts of the NB filters were <3 × 10-3 nm/°C at temperatures of <75 °C, indicating that the temperature-induced wavelength shift of the filter was <0.15 nm when the temperatures were raised from room temperature to 75 °C, which was compliant with Bellcore GR-1209-CORE generic requirements of NB filters used for optical-fiber communication systems.
The geometry of minimal shape-preserving projections onto Πn

Abstract We obtain minimal shape-preserving projections onto the n th degree algebraic polynomials via a geometric approach.
Systematics of yeast species in the Candida parapsilosis group.

The systematics ofCandida species that may or may not ferment carbohydrates and which assimilate trehalose, xylose, and mannitol, but do not assimilate lactose, melibiose, raffinose, inositol, dulcitol, or KNO3 were examined. Included were:C. albicans, C. albicans var.stellatoidea, C. diddensii, C. bogoriensis, C. claussenii, C. lusilaniae, C. natalensis, C. obtusa, C. oregonensis, C. parapsilosis, C. parapsilosis var.querci, C. polymorpha, C. pulcherrima. C. reukaufii, C. solani, C. tropicalis, C. tropicalis var.lambica andC. viswanathii. The species were delimited and a basis for separation established.
Evidence for enhanced dipolar interactions between Pt centers in binuclear phosphorescent complexes

Abstract Transient studies are used to examine the radiative decay dynamics in a series of phosphorescent platinum binuclear complexes. The complexes studied consist of square planar (2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2′)Pt units bridged by either pyrazole or thiopyridine ligands. We observe an increase in radiative lifetime as temperature is reduced from 300 K to 4 K when the binuclear complexes, named 1, 2 and 3 with Pt–Pt spacings 3.19 A, 3.05 A, and 2.83 A, respectively, are doped into a p-bis(triphenylsilyly)benzene wide energy gap host. The lifetimes for 1, 2 and 3 are τ = 6.3 ± 0.1 μs, τ = 2.3 ± 0.1 μs, and τ = 2.0 ± 0.1 μs at T = 295 K, respectively. At T = 4 K, those values increase to τ = 8.6 ± 0.1 μs, τ = 14.4 ± 0.1 μs, and τ = 17.0 ± 0.1 μs, suggesting that the neighboring heavy metal centers in compounds 2 and 3 have significant orbital overlap. A three-level zero-field splitting model yields the lowest triplet energy splittings of 28 ± 3 cm−1, 142 ± 9 cm−1, and 113 ± 10 cm−1 for compounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
New method of eliminating mesh pattern of image fiber

In order to eliminate the mesh pattern due to pixels of the imagefiber, we have developed and studied the new image processing method. As a result, it has been found that the quality of the processed image is improved in brightness and contrast without blurring.
A quarter century of progress on the early detection and treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

The last 25 years have witnessed tremendous changes in ourability to detect autism very early in life and provide interventionsthat can significantly influence children’s outcomes. It was once questioned whether autism could be recognized before children had developed language and symbolic play skills; now changes in early behaviors, as well as structural brain changes, have been documented in infants 6–12 months of age who later develop autism. Advances in brain imaging and genetics offer the possibility of detecting autism before the syndrome is fully manifest, thereby reducing or preventing symptoms from developing.Whereastheprimarymodeofbehavioralinterventionafewdecadesagoreliedonoperantconditioning,recentapproachesintegratethemethodsof applied behavioral analysis within a developmental, relationship-focused intervention model that are implemented by both parents and clinicians. These interventions have been found to have positive effects on children’s developmental trajectory, as measured by both behavioral and neurophysiological assessments. Future approaches will likely combine both behavioral and pharmacological treatments forchildren who have less robust responsesto behavioral interventions. There has been a paradigm shift in the way that autism is viewed, evolving from a lifelong condition with a very poor prognosis to one in which significant gains and neuroplasticity is expected, especially when the condition is detected early and appropriate interventions are provided. The grand challenge for the future is to bridge the tremendous gap between research and the implementation of evidence-based practices in the broader community, both in the United States and worldwide. Significant disparities in accessto appropriate health care forchildren with autism exist that urgently require advocacyand more resources.
It Takes 15 to Tango: Making Sense of the Many Ubiquitin Ligases of p53

The transcription factor p53 regulates numerous cellular processes to guard against tumorigenesis. Cell-cycle inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy are all regulated by p53 in a cell- and context-specific manner, underscoring the need for p53 activity to be kept low in most circumstances. p53 is kept in check primarily through its regulated ubiquitination and degradation by a number of different factors, whose contributions may reflect complex context-specific needs to restrain p53 activity. Chief among these E3 ubiquitin ligases in p53 homeostasis is the ubiquitously expressed proto-oncogene MDM2, whose loss renders vertebrates unable to limit p53 activity, resulting in early embryonic lethality. MDM2 has been validated as a critical, universal E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53 in numerous tissues and organisms to date, but additional E3 ligases have also been identified for p53 whose contribution to p53 activity is unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our knowledge regarding how p53 activity is apparently controlled by a multitude of ubiquitin ligases beyond MDM2.
The influence of time sequence of cisplatin administration and continuous low dose rate irradiation (CLDRI) on their combined effects on a murine squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract The influence of time sequence of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (cisplatin) administration and continuous low dose rate irradiation (CLDRI) on their combined effects was studied in the SCC VII/SF tumor, a murine squamous cell carcinoma. Concurrent cisplatin i.p. infusion at 0.22 mg/kg/hr and CLDRI at 0.6 Gy/hr had a supraadditive effect on the survival of the SCC VII/SF tumor cells. Cisplatin by itself was more effective against the SCC VII/ SF tumor when given by bolus injection than by continuous infusion i.p. However, when cisplatin at a dose of 6 mg/kg was given by bolus i.p. injection either immediately before or after CLDRI, the combined effects on the SCC VII/SF tumor cell survival were no more than additive. Exposure to CLDRI at 0.6 Gy/hr for 24 hours did not sensitize the SCC VII/SF tumor to subsequent treatment with cisplatin. These results suggest that when cisplatin is combined with CLDRI, for the optimal anti-tumor effect, it is best to infuse the cisplatin continuously during the course of CLDRI.
Planktonic blue-green algae: Production, sedimentation, and decomposition in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin

During two annual phytoplankton cycles (1976, 1977), growth, primary production, and sedimentation were measured in Lake Mendota. Blue-green algal blooms developed after lake stratification in a succession of dominant genera. Aphunizomenon and Anabaena normally dominated early populations with Microcystis becoming more important by midsummer. Periodic declines in blue-green algal standing crop could be accounted for by a combination of epilimnetic decomposition and sedimentation. For Aphunixomenon and Anubuenu, decomposition appeared to be primarily important, whereas sedimentation accounted for more of the decline of Microcystis. Estimates for annual sediment accumulation obtained by correcting the observed sedimentation rates for resuspension agreed Fairly well with values calculated from coring data. For the period of blue-green algal dominance, about 57-67% of the organic carbon was lost from particles during sedimentation due to decomposition. Further decomposition occurred at the sediment surface so that only about 11% of the original organic material was more or less permanently buried. Amounts of blue-green algal volume, particulate chlorophyll, and particulate phosphorus measured in the traps also indicated that significant decomposition had occurred during sedimentation.
A reliable LZ data compressor on reconfigurable coprocessors

Data compression techniques based on the Lempel-Ziv (LZ) algorithm are widely used in a variety of applications, especially in communications and data storage. However, since the LZ algorithm involves a considerable amount of parallel comparisons, it may be difficult to achieve a very high throughput using software approaches on general-purpose processors. In addition, error propagation due to single-bit transient errors during LZ compression causes a data integrity problem. We present an implementation of LZ data compression on reconfigurable hardware with concurrent error detection for high performance and reliability. Our approach achieves 100 Mbps throughput using four Xilinx 4036XLA FPGA chips. We also present an inverse comparison technique for LZ compression to guarantee data integrity with less area overhead than traditional systems based on duplication. The resulting execution time overhead and compression ratio degradation due to concurrent error detection is also minimized.
Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

1. The Chechens encounter Russia 2. Soviet genocide 3. The eruption of the 'Chechen Revolution' 4. Dudaev in power, 1992-4 5. Russia confronts secessionist Chechnya, 1992-4.
Clinical evaluation of pesticide exposure and poisonings

Pesticide exposures cause disorders varying from straightforward topical irritant reactions, such as those to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, to complex systemic illness, such as that resulting from cholinesterase inhibition by organophosphate pesticides. The acute illness syndromes associated with pesticides most commonly encountered by clinicians are illustrated here by cases reported to the California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program. The issues raised include asthma associated with exposure to contaminants in organophosphate insecticides, systemic toxicity of ingested pyrethroids (in children), and illnesses associated with spills or misuse of fumigants.
A pilot study of comprehensive ultrasound education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine: a pioneer year review.

Objective Ultrasound is a versatile diagnostic modality used in a variety of medical fields. Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSUSOM) is one of the first medical schools in the United States to integrate an ultrasound curriculum through both basic science courses and clinical clerkships. Methods In 2006, 25 portable ultrasound units were donated to WSUSOM. First-year medical students were provided an ultrasound curriculum consisting of 6 organ-system sessions that addressed the basics of ultrasound techniques, anatomy, and procedural skills. After the last session, students were administered 2 anonymous and voluntary evaluations. The first assessed their overall experience with the ultrasound curriculum, and the second assessed their technical skills in applying ultrasound techniques. Results Eighty-three percent of students agreed or strongly agreed that their experience with ultrasound education was positive. On the summative evaluation, nearly 91% of students agreed or strongly agreed that they would benefit from continued ultrasound education throughout their 4 years of medical school. Student performance on the technical assessment was also very positive, with mean class performance of 87%. Conclusions As residency programs adopt ultrasound training, medical school faculty should consider incorporating ultrasound education into their curriculum. Portable ultrasound has the potential to be used in many different settings, including rural practice sites and sporting events. The WSUSOM committee's pilot ultrasound curriculum will continue to use student feedback to enhance the ultrasound experience, helping students prepare for challenges that they will face in the future.
XCluster Synopses for Structured XML Content

We tackle the difficult problem of summarizing the path/branching structure and value content of an XML database that comprises both numeric and textual values. We introduce a novel XML-summarization model, termed XCLUSTERs, that enables accurate selectivity estimates for the class of twig queries with numeric-range, substring, and textual IR predicates over the content of XML elements. In a nutshell, an XCLUSTER synopsis represents an effective clustering of XML elements based on both their structural and value-based characteristics. By leveraging techniques for summarizing XML-document structure as well as numeric and textual data distributions, our XCLUSTER model provides the first known unified framework for handling path/branching structure and different types of element values. We detail the XCLUSTER model, and develop a systematic framework for the construction of effective XCLUSTER summaries within a specified storage budget. Experimental results on synthetic and real-life data verify the effectiveness of our XCLUSTER synopses, clearly demonstrating their ability to accurately summarize XML databases with mixed-value content. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first work to address the summarization problem for structured XML content in its full generality.
Molecular and isotopic tracers used to examine sources of organic matter and its incorporation into the food webs of San Francisco Bay

Multiple indicators (Chl a, C : N ratios, [6L3C]POC, and two classes of lipid biomarker compounds- sterols and phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids) were used to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in the origin of particulate organic matter (POM) in the San Francisco Bay (SFB) estuary. Comparisons were made between the northern and southern subestuaries of SFB, as well as along the salinity gradient of northern SFB. Two sample types were collected-seston, which was used to characterize the bulk POM, and tissues of the suspension-feeding bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis -in order to evaluate the assimilable portion of the POM. Samples were collected around biological and physical events (phytoplankton blooms and freshwater inflow) thought to be the primary mechanisms controlling temporal variability in organic matter sources. Seston samples indicate that phytoplankton sources of POM are important throughout the entire SFB system, with additional inputs of organic matter from bacterial and terrestrial vascular plant sources delivered to the northern region. Analysis of biomarker compounds in- P. amurensis tissues indicates that phytoplankton supply a large fraction of the assimilable carbon to clams throughout SFB, although isotopic analysis of clam tissues suggests that the origin of this reactive carbon varies spatially and that freshwater algae are an important source of reactive organic matter to clams living in northern SFB.
Design of a Dynamic Priority-Based Fast Path Architecture for On-Chip Interconnects

In modern multi-core system-on-chip (SoC) architectures, the design of innovative interconnection fabrics is indispensable. The concept of the network-on-chip (NoC) architecture has been proposed recently to better suit this requirement. Especially, the router architecture has a significant effect on the overall performance and energy consumption of the chip. We propose a dynamic path management scheme that exploits network traffic information during switch arbitration. Consequently, flits transferred across frequently used paths are expedited by traversing a reduced router pipeline. This technique, based on pipeline bypassing, is simulated and evaluated in terms of network latency and average power consumption. Simulation results with real-world application traces show that the architecture improves the performance up to 30% while incurring only minimal area/power overhead.
Classification and generation of active compensated non‐inverting VCVS building blocks

SUMMARY It is shown that the active compensated non-inverting voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) structures employing two operational amplifiers (op-amps) may be classified into two major classes. Class 1, in which the phase compensation condition does not depend on the unity-gain bandwidth of the op-amps used, and class 2, in which the phase compensation condition depends on the unity-gain bandwidth of both op-amps. Detailed comparison tables which include the condition for phase compensation, the phase error, the magnitude error and the realizable bandwidth are given.
RAGE Suppresses ABCG1-Mediated Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux in Diabetes

Diabetes exacerbates cardiovascular disease, at least in part through suppression of macrophage cholesterol efflux and levels of the cholesterol transporters ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is highly expressed in human and murine diabetic atherosclerotic plaques, particularly in macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that RAGE suppresses macrophage cholesterol efflux and probed the mechanisms by which RAGE downregulates ABCA1 and ABCG1. Macrophage cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 and HDL and reverse cholesterol transport to plasma, liver, and feces were reduced in diabetic macrophages through RAGE. In vitro, RAGE ligands suppressed ABCG1 and ABCA1 promoter luciferase activity and transcription of ABCG1 and ABCA1 through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG)-responsive promoter elements but not through liver X receptor elements. Plasma levels of HDL were reduced in diabetic mice in a RAGE-dependent manner. Laser capture microdissected CD68(+) macrophages from atherosclerotic plaques of Ldlr(-/-) mice devoid of Ager (RAGE) displayed higher levels of Abca1, Abcg1, and Pparg mRNA transcripts versus Ager-expressing Ldlr(-/-) mice independently of glycemia or plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Antagonism of RAGE may fill an important therapeutic gap in the treatment of diabetic macrovascular complications.
A Cartographic History of Indian-White Government Relations during the Past 400 Years

This is a historical cartographic analysis of Indian and Euro-American relations in the United States. We explore the threefold roles of government, academic, and tribal mapping, and bring them together with some findings. As can be seen, government and academia have shared cartographic data; both have learned from the tribes, and in turn, the tribes have learned from the others, not always to their well-being. All of these issues are involved in the affairs of Indians in our country and are discussed to analyze the ongoing spatial activities across the dynamic landscape of Native America.
Assessment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Anxiety

A substantial proportion of children with anxiety disorders have comorbid or secondary disruptive behavior problems. Assessing these conditions, and determining the boundaries of disruptive behavior from anxiety, is necessary for comprehensive treatment implementation. This chapter reviews the major approaches for assessing disruptive behavior disorders including clinical structured and semi-structured interviews, rating scales, functional analysis, and behavioral observations. An illustrative case study is presented highlighting the methods described.
Sorting the Domain

Our focus in this section will be on the difference in the variety of entities that the sets and the union approaches are committed to. In order to study this question, we need to have a way of characterizing variety and of testing for its activity in the grammar. We will start with the idea that the variety of a set of objects is established by dividing that set into different categories. If a semantic theory posits a domain of entities having a wide variety of entities in it, and if this variety is really relevant to the grammar, then it should make reference to the categories into which the domain is divisible. For example, a predicate may apply felicitously only to entities of a certain category.
Two Distinct Cyclodipeptide Synthases from a Marine Actinomycete Catalyze Biosynthesis of the Same Diketopiperazine Natural Product

Diketopiperazine natural products are structurally diverse and offer many biological activities. Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) were recently unveiled as a novel enzyme family that employs aminoacyl-tRNAs as substrates for 2,5-diketopiperazine assembly. Here, the Nocardiopsis sp. CMB-M0232 genome is predicted to encode two CDPSs, NozA and NcdA. Metabolite profiles from E. coli expressing these genes and assays with purified recombinant enzymes revealed that NozA and NcdA catalyze cyclo(l-Trp-l-Trp) (1) biosynthesis from tryptophanyl-tRNA and do not accept other aromatic aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. Fidelity is uncommon among characterized CDPSs, making NozA and NcdA important CDPS family additions. Further, 1 was previously supported as a biosynthetic precursor of the nocardioazines; the current study suggests that Nocardiopsis sp. may derive this precursor from both NozA and NcdA. This study offers a rare example of a single bacterium encoding multiple phylogenetically distinct enzymes that yield the same secondary metabolite and provides tools for chemoenzymatic syntheses of indole alkaloid diketopiperazines.
Arylamidase and cathepsin-A activity of normal and dystrophic human muscle.

SummaryHuman skeletal muscle ho-mogenate has been shown to contain enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-leu-cyl p-nitroanilide and carbobenzoxygluta-myl-L-tyrosine, known substrates, respectively, for arylamidase and cathepsin A. The muscle arylamidase was found to be inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. Addition of Co2+ resulted in slight stimulation of its activity. Neither ethylenediamine tetra-acetate nor thiol compounds had any appreciable effect on the enzyme. When compared to controls, no significant differences in muscle arylamidase levels were observed in patients with muscular dystrophies and certain selected neuromuscular diseases. Cathepsin A was, however, increased in muscles moderately affected by muscular dystrophy and denervating diseases.
ET-61NOVEL LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR THE DELIVERY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS TO GLIOBLASTOMA

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most lethal types of cancer. Novel therapies are urgently needed for patients with GBM. Recently we demonstrated high expression of ZEB-1 but low expression of microRNA-200 (miR-200) in GBM samples, and that suppressing ZEB-1 expression or re-expressing miR-200 in GBM cells decreased GBM invasion, increased sensitivity to the chemotherapy temozolomide, and prolonged survival in mouse xenotransplantation studies. Therefore, using nucleic acids to modify ZEB-1 or miR-200 expression is a potential novel GBM therapeutic strategy. However, the transport technology that enables nucleic acids to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and enter GBM is not available. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) found in the BBB are lined with caveolin, scavenger receptors class B type I (SR-B1), and low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr), which are essential to the endocytosis/ transcytosis processes of BMEC. We engineered a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP) that targets caveolin, SR-BI, and LDLr on BMEC. The LNP is composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol (Chol) and poloxamer (PXR). Flow cytometric analysis indicates that LNP composed of PC/Chol/PXR are avidly taken up by BMEC, approximately 23-fold higher than LNP composed of PC only. Intravenous injection of PC/Chol/PXR, but not PC, LNP in mice leads to their accumulation in the central nervous system including the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Fluorescent microscopy reveals that PC/Chol/PXR LNP efficiently delivers fluorescent nucleic acids to human GBM cells, which express 2- to 5-fold higher levels of caveolin than normal brain cells. Our data indicate that the innovative PC/Chol/PXR LNP has high potential to deliver nucleic acids to GBM in vivo, and enable the utility of nucleic acids as a therapeutic modality against GBM. (Supported by UF Research Opportunity Seed Fund, McKnight Brain Institute Therapeutic Discovery and Translational Research Award, NIH/NINDS NS055165 and the McKinney, Maren, and Thompson Regenerative Medicine Funds).
Use of a self-expanding stent in the palliation of rectal cancer recurrences. A report of three cases.

Background: Patients with nonresectable rectal cancer recurrences and elderly high risk patients are currently given a colostomy as a palliative therapy. To improve the quality of life in these patients, we inserted a self-expanding metal stent to relieve the symptoms of obstruction caused by a rectal cancer recurrence. Methods: Three patients (two male, one female; ages 61, 69, and 59), all suffering from a rectal cancer pelvic recurrence and diffuse metastases, had a stent inserted. Using fluoroscopic and endoscopic control, a metal guidewire was passed through the obstruction. A mild dilatation of the stenosis was carried out before positioning of the expandable metal stent. Results: The procedure was successful at the first attempt in all the patients, and stool evacuation was immediate. Patients complained of rectal tenesmus during the first 48 h, which was treated with nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs. However, there were no serious complications related to the procedure. Regular endoscopic and clinical follow-up were carried out. No patient had any evidence of recurrent obstruction. Conclusion: In cases of inoperable rectal cancer recurrence, the placement of self-expanding metal stents is technically feasible and safe, and it avoids a permanent colostomy.
Why did they do that?: the methodology of reasons for action

‘Why did they do that?’ is one of the most common questions in International Relations. However, we cannot access other people’s reasons for action the same way that we perceive our own; we cannot introspect the reasons of other actors. This paper provides a unifying framework that delineates different types of knowledge claims regarding reason attribution. There are three possible methodological responses: (1) assume a possible reason and explain behavior in terms of that reason; (2) avoid the direct attribution of reason to individuals and locate explanatory leverage at an analytical level beyond the individual actor reason; and (3) use empirical evidence to adjudicate between possible reasons. Excessive skepticism of evidence of reasons lessens our understanding of the causes of action. When using empirical evidence, contrary to existing arguments, the paper shows that private settings do not systematically favor the true revelation of reasons. The paper also proposes a general principle, consilience, that allows evaluation of empirical claims of reason attribution that subsumes several existing methodological considerations, organizes them, and gives a consistent means of choosing between alternative reason attributions.
Effect of metal ions on brain peptidase activity.

SummaryThe effect of Ca++, Mg++, Cu++, Zn++, Cd++, Co++, Mn++, MoO4, Ni++, Fe+++ and Al+++ was studied on the enzymatic hydrolysis, by cerebral peptidases, of glycyl-L-leucine and glycyl-diglycine. The inhibition was shown to be of different orders of magnitude for different metals. Only cobalt ions were shown to enhance the hydrolysis of glycyl-diglycine by promoting the hydrolysis of the diglycine residue in the tripeptide which normally resists hydrolysis. This effect was specific for diglycine and not applicable to the other N-glycyl dipeptides which are normally not hydrolyzed by brain.
Conjugation of C-14-diethylstilbestrol by chicken liver in vitro.

SummaryChicken liver was incubated with C14-labeled diethylstilbestrol (C14-DES). Without incubation 94.6% of the radioactivity was extracted with ethanol while after incubation only 82.6% was removed from the tissue. Partition of the radioactivity between water and ether at pH 7 gave 7% of the counts in water from unincubated tissue and 75% of the counts in water after incubation. Hydrolysis of the aqueous portion with β-glucuronidase and paper chromatography established that the material was conjugated DES. Assay of the extracts for uterotropic activity using immature mice indicated that the conjugate was but 8% as potent as the free compound although incubation caused a 50% loss of estrogenic potency.
Development of modern CANDU PHWR cross-section libraries for SCALE

Abstract A new set of SCALE fuel lattice models have been developed for the 28-element and 37-element CANDU fuel assembly designs using modern cross-section data from ENDF-B/VII.0 in order to produce new reactor data libraries for SCALE/ORIGEN depletion analyses. These new libraries are intended to provide users with a convenient means of evaluating depletion of CANDU fuel assemblies using ORIGEN through pre-generated cross sections based on SCALE lattice physics calculations. The performance of the new CANDU ORIGEN libraries in depletion analysis benchmarks to radiochemical assay data were compared to the previous version of the CANDU libraries provided with SCALE (based on WIMS-AECL models). Benchmark comparisons with available radiochemical assay data indicate that the new cross-section libraries perform well at matching major actinide species (U/Pu), which are generally within 1–4% of experimental values. The library also showed similar or better results over the WIMS-AECL library regarding fission product species and minor actinoids (Np, Am, and Cm). However, a notable exception was in calculated inventories of 154Eu and 155Eu, where the new library employing modern nuclear data (ENDF/B-VII.0) performed substantially poorer than the previous WIMS-AECL library (which used ENDF-B/VI.8 cross-sections for these species). The cause for this discrepancy appears to be due to differences in the 154Eu thermal capture cross-section between ENDF/B-VI.8 and ENDF/B-VII.0, an effect which is exacerbated by the highly thermalized flux of a CANDU heavy water reactor compared to that of a typical light-water reactor spectrum. Overall, the new SCALE-based CANDU libraries appear to give very good agreement to experimental benchmarks, indicating that the new libraries should provide satisfactory depletion calculation performance generally comparable or better to the prior WIMS-AECL libraries.
Strategy and Advance of Colorectal Cancer Screening

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors.In China,the incidence and mortality have increased steadily.It has been proven that screening among general population can effectively reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer.Developed countries have rich experience in colorectal cancer screening and have achieved initial success.This article presented a brief introduction to current colorectal cancer screening methods among general population,eligibility criteria for target population,and screening circles.The strategies and advances of colorectal cancer screening both domestically and internationally were reviewed.Related challenges were also revealed to provide reference to develop China’s colorectal cancer screening strategy.