cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computerized electroencephalography in the evaluation of early dementia

In elderly patients presenting to an ambulatory practice with complaints of cognitive disturbance, early dementia must be differentiated from depression. The present paper describes the application of standard electroencephalography and evoked potential testing (EEG/EP) and computerized electroencephalography with evoked potential mapping (CEEG/EPM) in the analysis of 64 elderly patients complaining of cognitive disturbance. Although previous reports have claimed a sensitivity level of up to 80% for EEG in demented patients, it appears that a lower sensitivity (37% for EEG alone and 61% for EEG/EP) may be expected at the time of early presentation according to the present study. No EEG/EP abnormalities were detected in patients with depression. In demented patients, CEEG/EPM was abnormal in 85% (46 of 54) of cases compared to 10% (1 of 10) of cases with depression. Specific information was obtained from EEG/EP studies that helped differentiate the various causes of dementia in three cases. In CEEG/EPM studies, a pattern of relative suppression of alpha activity or suppressed auditory P300 amplitude in the posterior parietal regions was observed in 11 or 23 (48%) patients with Alzheimer's disease and 2 of 31 (6%) patients with other forms of dementia. None of the depressed patients demonstrated such changes. Based on the present study, it appears that computerized techniques may hold promise as an adjunct to standard EEG evaluation of patients with mild cognitive change in whom diagnosis of dementia or depression is in doubt. Although standard EEG rarely demonstrates characteristic changes that may help differentiate causes of dementia, CEEG/EPM appears to demonstrate, on occasion, abnormalities in the posterior temporal and parietal regions in patients with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease and rarely in other forms of dementia or depression.
Teachers' Psychological Presence on Students' Writing-Task Engagement

Abstract An investigation of the effects of varying degrees of psychological presence of teachers on the writing-task engagement of middle school students reporting low and high levels of linguistic self-efficacy was conducted in this study. Four major variables were included in the design: (a) degree of psychological presence of the teacher (manipulated by having students write to the teacher or to the researcher), (b) students' reported level of linguistic self-efficacy (low or high), (c) students' gender, and (d) students' assignment to one of two teachers. The two major findings of this study were as follows: The teacher variable interacted with each of the other three independent variables (psychological presence of teacher in the writing situation, students' linguistic self-efficacy, and students' gender) to have a significant effect on students' writing task engagement; and students reporting a high level of linguistic competence were more engaged when writing to the researcher (lesser psychologica...
Effect of four pretreatment techniques on porcelain-to-metal bond strength

Porcelain bond strengths of three base metal alloys with different metal pretreatment techniques were studied. Statistically significant differences were found in bond strengths achieved between the different metals but not with the different pretreatments. Each metal displayed considerable variation in bond strength with each of the pretreatment techniques. Collectively, the base metal alloys evaluated displayed a disturbing tendency for adhesive failure through the porcelain-metal interface, although this was not universal. Manufacturers and ceramists should develop a specific regime for porcelain bonding for each alloy used. Standardized testing should demonstrate adequate bond strengths with cohesive failure through the body of the porcelains.
GENETIC VARIATION IN ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND SURVIVAL RESPONSES TO DROUGHT IN TWO NATIVE GRASSES: KOELERIA MACRANTHA AND ELYMUS ELYMOIDES

ABSTRACT. Genetic variation in ecophysiological and survival responses to drought was studied in 2 northern Arizona native grass species, Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult, (prairie Junegrass) and Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey. ssp. elymoides (squirreltail). Low- and high-elevation populations of each species were compared in a greenhouse common garden experiment that included simulated drought. Leaf gas-exchange characteristics were significantly affected by simulated drought and often by population elevation, but gas-exchange responses to drought were similar for high- and low-elevation populations. Compared to high-elevation populations, low-elevation populations of both species had higher net photosynthetic rate and predawn water potential, and for E. elymoides had higher stomatal conductance. Leaf-level water-use efficiency did not differ between populations for either species. Populations also differed significantly in leaf morphological characteristics related to water use. Compared to high-eleva...
We are all business marketers now

Purpose – This paper seeks to argue that a business‐marketing outlook is a lucid perspective for enhancing the value of business school faculty services provision and administration. Given the number of scholars worldwide in the area of business marketing (several hundred) compared with the number in consumer behavior (many thousands), there is speculation as to why business marketing attracted fewer scholars until recently (even though the phenomenon and subject have been around just as long). The evolution of business and industrial marketing as a bona fide field of academic study is documented. The importance of the business‐marketing arena is reaffirmed by arguing that it is not simply a field of inquiry but a perspective that helps legitimately align the academic world to the business world and ensures relevance and rigor in everything people do as marketing professors.Design/methodology/approach – This is both a historical examination and a contemporary analysis of business marketing. It is based on...
Does Helicobacter pylori Protect against Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children

Summary Background Helicobacter pylori infection and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in children seem to have a reversed association with socioeconomic status (hygienic condition) and allergy conditions. While Hp infection (Hp) is highly associated with poor hygiene and/or poor socioeconomic status, but not with allergic conditions (asthma, rhinitis, etc.), EoE has the opposite epidemiological relationship (high association with allergy but low with low hygienic conditions). Aim To investigate the association between Hp infection and EoE in children. Methods A retrospective chart review of all children who undergo the first upper endoscopy procedure in the gastroenterology clinic, between 2007 and 2012, was performed. Demographic, endoscopic and histological data were collected. The data was divided into 4 diagnostic groups: Hp infection, EoE, reflux esophagitis, and children who had normal histology. The relationship between Hp positive children and the other groups was performed. Results A total of 966 charts were available for review. Esophagitis, idiopathic gastritis, EoE, and Hp infection were detected in 268 (28%), 480 (49%), 62 (6%), and 31 (3%) children, respectively. The mean age of the EoE group was significantly lower compared to all reference groups (p < .002), but no significant different was detected among the reference groups (gastritis, GERD, and Hp infection; p = 1.00). Simple logistic regression analysis using Hp infection as a predictor for EoE did not find a significant relationship between these two variables (p-value = .471, OR = 0.478, 95% CI 0.06–3.56). However, multivariable logistic regression analysis between EoE and the reference groups indicated a significant negative relationship between Hp infection and EoE (p-value = .023, adjusted OR = 0.096, 95%CI 0.013–0.72). Neither gastritis nor GER showed significant relationship with EoE (p-values are 1.000 and .992, respectively). Conclusion A reversed association between Hp and EoE was found in a cohort of West Virginia children. The possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Innovative techniques for improving overlay accuracy by using DCM (device correlated metrology) targets as reference

Overlay metrology performance as Total Measurement Uncertainty (TMU), design rule compatibility, device correlation and measurement accuracy are been challenged at 2x nm node and below. Process impact on overlay metrology becoming critical, and techniques to improve measurement accuracy becomes increasingly important. In this paper, we present an innovative methodology for improving overlay accuracy. A propriety quality metric, Qmerit, is used to identify overlay metrology measurement settings with least process impacts and reliable accuracies. Using the quality metric, an innovative calibration method, ASC (Archer Self Calibration) is then used to remove the inaccuracies. Accuracy validation can be achieved by correlation to reference overlay data from another independent metrology source such as CDSEM data collected on DCM (Device Correlated Metrology) hybrid target or electrical testing. Additionally, reference metrology can also be used to verify which measurement conditions are the most accurate. In this paper we bring an example of such use case.
Characterizing the optimal allocation of storage space in production line systems with variable processing times

We consider the optimal allocation of buffer storage spaces in unpaced production lines with variable processing times. It is known that for a fixed total number of buffer spaces, the production rate can often be improved by deliberately unbalancing the buffer allocations in an inverted bowl pattern (the “storage bowl phenomenon”), with more storage space allocated to the internal stations than to the end stations. It has been hypothesized that if the total number of buffer spaces is also a decision variable, then for a reasonable cost model the optimal allocation would have one additional storage space at each of the internal stations. This paper uses a cost model to show that the optimal allocation is more complicated than this. For balanced lines, the inverted bowl pattern is typically optimal, but the bowl shape becomes more and more pronounced (in an absolute sense) with larger numbers of buffer spaces. However, the relative shape of the bowl stays fairly constant. However, if the workload is unbalanced, the buffer space pattern deviates from the bowl pattern by reducing the number of buffer spaces in buffers that are not adjacent to the bottleneck machine.
A self-similarity traffic analysis of an internet-based multiplayer online game

An analysis of traffic generated by the popular Internet-based online game engine, Unreal Engine, is presented. Network parameters such as packet length, interarrival time and aggregate data rate are observed for analyzing aspects of self-similarity. Client-side packet traces are collected and analyzed for both client and server traffic. Initial analysis of over three million packets indicates client generated traffic shows strong long-range dependence of a self-similar nature primarily due to packet length associated with user actions. On the contrary, server generated traffic seen at the client, while still exhibiting a heavy tail, is more short-range dependent in regions where self-similarity is observed.
The Impact of Pre‐College Computer Exposure on Student Achievement in Introductory Computer Programming Courses

A post‐treatment retention achievement examination was given to 160 students who had taken FORTRAN based introductory computer programming courses during the 1984‐1985 academic year at the Colorado School of Mines. The test was administered during the first week of the fall semester following the course. One of the objectives for this study was to determine to what extent exposure to computers prior to taking the introductory course would affect the student's performance on the retention test. Three different levels of pre‐college exposure ranging from a high school course to personal computer ownership were evaluated. The analyses showed that all three levels of pre‐college exposure to computers had a significant beneficial effect on student retention of the introductory computer programming material.
Identification of human DNA sequences complementary to chromosomal RNA with an improved RNA/DNA gradient hybridization technique

Native DNA components in the human genome were identified with an improved RNA/DNA gradient hybridization technique. 3H-Labelled complementary RNA transcribed from total human DNA was hybridized to homologous DNA which had been mildly sheared to generate single-stranded ends. Unhybridized RNA was eliminated from the reaction mixture by column chromatography before the hybrids were subjected to CsCl gradient centrifugation. Nine radioactive peaks representing RNA/DNA hybrids were reproducibly found at buoyant densities of 1.687, 1.693, 1.696, 1.699, 1.702, 1.705, 1.708, 1.711 and 1.715 g/cm3. The technique was also utilized to hybridize I125-labelled human chromosomal RNA to DNA. Three distinct radioactive peaks were found at the heavy buoyant densities of 1.702, 1.705, and 1.708 g/cm3, suggesting a differential enrichment of DNA components with sequences complementary to chromosomal RNA.
Growing up Kennedy: the role of medical ailments in the life of JFK, 1920-1957

As a result of the opening of new materials at the John F Kennedy Library relating to John F Kennedy's medical problems, we have a better understanding of the specific nature of those ailments, how they were treated, and how he responded to them. Most important, this study focuses on how his medical problems affected his relationship with his parents, especially his father, in the context of an older sibling who personified what a Kennedy should be: bright, athletic, and healthy. John Kennedy's response to family expectations produced a sometimes rebellious and detached youth who learned to rely on his charm, wit, intellect, and inner toughness to overcome adversity. In the process of dealing with serious medical issues into adulthood, John Kennedy revealed both courage and fortitude-traits that would eventually carry him to the White House.
A low-temperature thermometer for 1H, 19F, and 13C

Abstract A single sample is described which can be used with either proton, fluorine, or carbon resonance spectra to calibrate probe temperature down to -145°C. Calibration data are tabulated.
The role of hydrophobic interactions in binding of polyamines to non NMDA receptor ion channels.

Abstract Block of kainate subtype glutamate receptor channels by internal polyamines was analysed using outside out patches from HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with GluR6(Q). Tetramines with different numbers and spacing of methylene groups between NH2 groups produced biphasic rectification well fit by the Woodhull model for a weakly permeable ion channel blocker. Such analysis revealed an increase in binding energy of 611 cal M−1 for each methylene group added over the range 6–12 (CH2), suggesting that a major component of block by polyamines involves hydrophobic binding. Isomers with the same number of CH2 groups but different spacing between NH2 groups showed similar affinity. Due to differences in pKa values for protonation of NH2 groups, the average charge on the tetramines studied would be expected to vary from 3.98 to 2.22 at physiological pH; despite this, the voltage dependence of block was similar for all tetramines tested, with a mean value for zθ of 1.82, similar to values for polyamines with five or six NH2 groups. In contrast, for 1,3-propane diamine (DA3 zθ 0.83), and the N-propyl- (zθ 1.42) and N,N′-diethyl- (zθ 1.37) analogues of DA3, there was an increase in the voltage dependence of block on addition of hydrophobic groups.
Ion Chromatographic Determination of the Principal Inorganic Ion in Bulk Antibiotic Salts

Abstract Two ion-chromatographic procedures were developed for determining the principal inorganic ions in bulk antibiotic salts. The anion system enables sulfate determination in sulfate salts of polymyxin, neomycin, streptomycin, and dihydrostreptomycin, with typical analysis times of 8 min/sample and a relative precision of ± 2% (95% confidence interval). The cation system is applicable to sodium or potassium analysis in the respective penicillin salts in 9-16 min with a relative precision of ± 2.5%. These methods offer speed, specificity, and easy sample preparation compared with traditional assays.
Network Optimization and Control

We study how protocol design for various functionalities within a communication network architecture can be viewed as a distributed resource allocation problem. This involves understanding what resources are, how to allocate them fairly, and perhaps most importantly, how to achieve this goal in a distributed and stable fashion. We start with ideas of a centralized optimization framework and show how congestion control, routing and scheduling in wired and wireless networks can be thought of as fair resource allocation. We then move to the study of controllers that allow a decentralized solution of this problem. These controllers are the analytical equivalent of protocols in use on the Internet today, and we describe existing protocols as realizations of such controllers. The Internet is a dynamic system with feedback delays and flows that arrive and depart, which means that stability of the system cannot be taken for granted. We show how to incorporate stability into protocols, and thus, prevent undesirable network behavior. Finally, we consider a futuristic scenario where users are aware of the effects of their actions and try to game the system. We will see that the optimization framework is remarkably robust even to such gaming.
Host‐plant effects on Parasyrphus melanderi (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on a willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

. 1 Generalist predators are repelled by chrysomelid (Chrysomela spp., Phratora vitellinue L.) larval defensive secretions that are obtained from salicin in their host plants. But little is known about the effect of these secretions on specialist predators. 2 In this study, we describe the feeding behaviour of a fly, Parasyrphus melanderi Curran (Diptera: Syrphidae), which feeds on Chrysomela aeneicollis Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Parasyrphus melanderi lays its eggs on C.aeneicollis egg clutches, and its larvae consume C.aeneicollis eggs and larvae. 3 Chrysomela aeneicollis hatching rates were significantly lower (20%) on clutches with fly eggs than on clutches without them (40%). Half of the clutches with one fly egg had survival rates below 5%, and when two fly eggs were present (four clutches), the entire clutch was consumed. 4 In nature, P.melanderi eggs were 3 times more abundant on a salicylaterich willow species S.orestera Schneider, than on the medium-salicylate S.geyeriana Anderss. (1.8 v 0.6 eggs per clutch). On 18% of the S.orestera clones, all the beetle clutches contained fly eggs. In laboratory-choice tests, P.melanderi larvae fed equally rapidly on C.aeneicollis larvae that were chemically defended (feeding on S.orestera) as on larvae that produced no secretion (feeding on the salicylate-poor S.lutea Nutt.). This predator does not appear to be deterred by C.aeneicollis's defensive secretion. We discuss the implications of specialist predators on determining host suitability to herbivorous insects.
Synovial chemokine expression and relationship with knee symptoms in patients with meniscal tears.

Summary Objective In patients with knee OA, synovitis is associated with knee pain and symptoms. We previously identified synovial mRNA expression of a set of chemokines (CCL19, IL-8, CCL5, XCL-1, CCR7) associated with synovitis in patients with meniscal tears but without radiographic OA. CCL19 and CCR7 were also associated with knee symptoms. This study sought to validate expression of these chemokines and association with knee symptoms in more typical patients presenting for meniscal arthroscopy, many who have pre-existing OA. Design Synovial fluid (SF) and biopsies were collected from patients undergoing meniscal arthroscopy. Synovial mRNA expression was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was administered preoperatively. Regression analyses determined if associations between chemokine mRNA levels and KOOS scores were independent of other factors including radiographic OA. CCL19 in SF was measured by ELISA, and compared to patients with advanced knee OA and asymptomatic organ donors. Results 90% of patients had intra-operative evidence of early cartilage degeneration. CCL19, IL-8, CCL5, XCL1, CCR7 transcripts were detected in all patients. Synovial CCL19 mRNA levels independently correlated with KOOS Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores (95% CI [−8.071, −0.331], P = 0.036), indicating higher expression was associated with more knee-related dysfunction. SF CCL19 was detected in 7 of 10 patients, compared to 4 of 10 asymptomatic donors. Conclusion In typical patients presenting for meniscal arthroscopy, synovial CCL19 mRNA expression was associated with knee-related difficulty with ADL, independent of other factors including presence of radiographic knee OA.
Oxygen uptake of human placental tissue as affected by selected substrates and drugs.

SummaryThe rate of oxygen consumption of fresh human chorionic villi was measured by conventional manometric methods. The addition of dextrose or pyruvate did not influence the QO2 whereas succinate and hy droquinone increased the rate in proportion to their concentrations.The QO2 of human placental tissue is depressed by merperidine, Amytal, scopolamine and diethylstilbestrol and stimulated by dinitrophenol. Morphine had no effect, while methadon stimulated respiration in low concentrations and depressed it at higher levels. None of the drugs exerted an effect in therapeutic concentrations.
Parsons Receives 2009 Charles S. Falkenberg Award

Mark A. Parsons received the AGU Charles S. Falkenberg Award, presented jointly by AGU and the Earth Science Information Partnership (ESIP), at the 2009 Summer Federation of Earth Science Information Partners Conference, held 7–10 July 2009 in Santa Barbara, Calif. The award honors “a scientist under 45 years of age who has contributed to the quality of life, economic opportunities, and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information and to the public awareness of the importance of understanding our planet.”
CB4-03: An Eye on the Future: A Review of Data Virtualization Techniques to Improve Research Analytics

Background/Aims: Integrating data across systems can be a daunting process. The traditional method of moving data to a common location, mapping fields with different formats and meanings, and performing data cleaning activities to ensure valid and reliable integration across systems can be both expensive and extremely time consuming. As the scope of needed research data increases, the traditional methodology may not be sustainable. Data Virtualization provides an alternative to traditional methods that may reduce the effort required to integrate data across disparate systems. Objective: Our goal was to survey new methods in data integration, cloud computing, enterprise data management and virtual data management for opportunities to increase the efficiency of producing VDW and similar data sets. Methods: Kaiser Permanente Information Technology (KPIT), in collaboration with the Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute (MAPRI) reviewed methodologies in the burgeoning field of Data Virtualization. We identified potential strengths and weaknesses of new approaches to data integration. For each method, we evaluated its potential application for producing effective research data sets. Results: Data Virtualization provides opportunities to reduce the amount of data movement required to integrate data sources on different platforms in order to produce research data sets. Additionally, Data Virtualization also includes methods for managing “fuzzy” matching used to match fields known to have poor reliability such as names, addresses and social security numbers. These methods could improve the efficiency of integrating state and federal data such as patient race, death, and tumors with internal electronic health record data. Discussion: The emerging field of Data Virtualization has considerable potential for increasing the efficiency of producing research data sets. An important next step will be to develop a proof of concept project that will help us understand to benefits
Dying of Cold in the Sunbelt: Elderly Hypothermia Mortality Rates

Given that Sunbelt states promote their images by stressing their good climate, the question arises as to how healthy their climate is for the elderly. This study compares deaths attributed to excessive cold for persons sixty years of age and over in Sunbelt and nonsunbelt states for the years 1980–1985. State mortality data are analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple correlations. Blacks of both sexes have significantly higher death rates in the Sunbelt, while the reverse is true for whites. Death rates by age group were generally lower in the Sunbelt, though the few significant correlations showed a Sunbelt bias. The latter may be linked to particularly severe winters.
Dextran transport through asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes: Comparison with hydrodynamic models

Abstract Although dextran sieving is often used to evaluate the pore size characteristics of the ultrafiltration membranes, there is still considerable disagreement regarding the proper interpretation of these sieving measurements. We obtained experimental data for the transport of polydisperse dextrans through asymmetric polyethersulfone membranes of differing molecular weight cut-off in a stirred ultrafiltration device. Gel permeation chromatography is used to evaluate the actual sieving coefficient as a function of dextran molecular weight from data for the bulk and filtrate concentrations, with the bulk mass transport effects evaluated using a stagnant film model. There is no evidence of any dextran deformation even at fluxes as high as 10−4 m/sec. The flux dependence of the actual sieving coefficients is in good agreement with membrane transport theory, allowing the evaluation of both the hindered diffusivities and asymptotic sieving coefficients as a function of dextran molecular weight. The results are shown to be in good agreement with available hydrodynamic models for spherical solutes in cylindrical pores with the effective solute to pore size ratio evaluated using a partitioning model which implicitly accounts for the membrane pore size distribution.
Theories of priming: I. Associative distance and lag.

Automatic associative priming occurs in a large number or memory retrieval tasks, including semantic categorization, lexical decisions, item recognition, naming, and judgments or spatial location. Priming has been commonly attributed to one or the other of 2 alternative mechanisms: spreading activation or construction or compound retrieval cues. This article reports the results or 3 experiments that were designed to test spreading-activation and non-spreading-activation models or priming. The findings were consistent with the spreading-activation models, but inconsistent with the non-spreading-activation models. These results suggest that a rejection of spreading-activation mechanisms is premature
A compact representation of proofs

A structure which generalizes formulas by including substitution terms is used to represent proofs in classical logic. These structures, called expansion trees, can be most easily understood as describing a tautologous substitution instance of a theorem. They also provide a computationally useful representation of classical proofs as first-class values. As values they are compact and can easily be manipulated and transformed. For example, we present an explicit transformations between expansion tree proofs and cut-free sequential proofs. A theorem prover which represents proofs using expansion trees can use this transformation to present its proofs in more human-readable form. Also a very simple computation on expansion trees can transform them into Craig-style linear reasoning and into interpolants when they exist. We have chosen a sublogic of the Simple Theory of Types for our classical logic because it elegantly represents substitutions at all finite types through the use of the typed λ-calculus. Since all the proof-theoretic results we shall study depend heavily on properties of substitutions, using this logic has allowed us to strengthen and extend prior results: we are able to prove a strengthen form of the firstorder interpolation theorem as well as provide a correct description of Skolem functions and the Herbrand Universe. The latter are not straightforward generalization of their first-order definitions.
Fine structural studies of the rat vas deferens.

A fine structural study of the normal rat vas deferens was undertaken utilizing perfusion fixation. Morphological features not previously appreciated were revealed using this technique of fixation, and included the following. The rat vas deferens exhibited a gross morphological and microscopic differentiation along its length: A proximal segment was characterized by a thin muscular wall, an epithelium of low height (comparable to that of the cauda epididymidis) and a distended lumen typically filled with an accumulation of sperm; a distal segment exhibited a thick muscular wall, a convoluted mucosa, and a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long stereocilia extending into the lumen. The transition from the morphology typical of the proximal segment to that of the distal segment was gradual and progressive, marked by an increase in the mass of the muscular wall and in the height and ultrastructural complexity of the epithelium. Clear or “foamy” cells, characteristic of the cauda epididymidis, were observed in the initial centimeter of the vas deferens. Also, a cell type designated as “mitochondrion-rich” was observed in the distal vas segment. The structure of the small mitochondria in such cells, however, did not conform to the description of mitochondria in similar cells found in the human (Hoffer, '76). Intraepithelial macrophages containing residual accumulations which often resembled spermatozoan remnants in advanced stages of dissolution were present in all segments of the rat vas deferens, confirming in this species a spermiophagic role for such cells.
The effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol and exercise on blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis in the goat

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol and treadmill exercise on blood plasma cholesterol and development of atherosclerosis in young goats. Eighteen two-week-old goats, assigned to four groups for 22 weeks, were fed 100 g whole milk and, after 14 weeks, 50 g corn and cob meal daily/kg body weight. The four groups received, respectively, 250, 175, 100 and 25 mg cholesterol/kg body weight daily in the milk. From week 10 to week 22 of the experiment half of the goats in each group were exercised on a motorized treadmill at a rate of 6.4 km/h for 15 min daily, five days per week. Addition of cholesterol to the diet increased the mean plasma cholesterol in each of the four groups, but between-group comparisons were statistically significant for only the 250-mg group versus the 25mg group. Exercise had no effect on plasma cholesterol. Analysis of serial blood samples of 16 of the goats during one day of the experiment indicated no significant diurnal variations. Six males, three exercised and three nonexercised, were sacrificed; all had extensive aortic sudanophilia. Histological preparations from sudanophilic areas of all aortas showed areas of intimal thickening composed of foam cells. These same areas stained strongly for lipid with Oil Red 0. No histological evidence of calcium deposition or fibrous plaques was found.
An adaptive software library for fast Fourier transforms

In this paper we present an adaptive and portable software library for the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The library consists of a number of composable blocks of code called codelets, each computing a part of the transform. The actual FFT algorithm used by the code is determined at run-time by selecting the fastest strategy among all possible strategies, given available codelets, for a given transform size. We also present an efficient automatic method of generating the library modules by using a special-purpose compiler. The code generator is written in C and it generates a library of C codelets. The code generator is shown to be flexible and extensible and the entire library can be generated in a matter of seconds. We have evaluated the library for performance on the IBM-SP2, SG1-2000, HP-Exemplar and Intel Pentium systems. We use the results from these evaluations to build performance models for the FFT library on different platforms. The library is shown to be portable, adaptive and efficient.
Protein synthetic patterns during differentiation of imaginal discs in vitro.

Abstract Leg, wing, and eye-antennal imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster were obtained by dissection from late-third instar larvae and cultured in vitro in Schneider's medium containing β-ecdysone. Differentiation of adult structures was obtained in more than 90% of all cultures. Differentiation was somewhat slower than normal in vivo development, but synchronous, repeatable, and reasonably completed structures were obtained. Our initial efforts at analyzing the molecular events of imaginal disc differentiation in culture have been to study the protein synthetic pattern which occurs throughout the culture period. Discs were pulse labeled with [ 35 S]methionine, and the proteins were separated by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the synthetic pattern was done by autoradiography of these gels using X-ray film. In all three disc types, pronounced changes in protein synthetic patterns occurred throughout the culture period. These changes appeared to be under strict temporal control. Although disc-specific differences could be seen, a comparison of the three discs types revealed a striking similarity in the changes which occurred in the patterns of protein synthesis during the 5-day culture period. In general, the protein synthetic patterns of different imaginal discs at the same period during differentiation showed greater similarities than the patterns of a single disc type at different periods. These results are consistent with a view of differentiation as a tightly controlled program of gene activation and deactivation operating throughout the differentiation process.
Effects of optical feedback with dispersive loss on the amplitude noise and relaxation resonance of semiconductor lasers

Optical feedback from an external cavity containing an element of dispersive loss was used to reduce the amplitude noise of a semiconductor laser. At feedback levels of P_(fb)/P_(out) ≈ 10^(-2)), a maximum amplitude noise reduction of 16 decibel was measured close to threshold but the potiential for reduction was reduced considerably at higher injection currents as the laser noise approached the shot noise limit. In addition, the threshold current decreased and the linewidth was reduced to 10 kHz. The relaxation oscillation peak in the amplitude noise spectrum was also found to be dramatically suppressed and we find evidence that the relaxation resonance can be moved to much higher frequencies using optical feedback techniques.
Noise-Enhanced Detection of Micro-Calcifications in Digital Mammograms

The appearance of micro-calcifications in mammograms is a crucial early sign of breast cancer. Automatic micro-calcification detection techniques play an important role in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This, however, still remains a challenging task. This paper presents novel algorithms for the detection of micro-calcifications using stochastic resonance (SR) noise. In these algorithms, a suitable dose of noise is added to the abnormal mammograms such that the performance of a suboptimal lesion detector is improved without altering the detector's parameters. First, a SR noise-based detection approach is presented to improve some suboptimal detectors which suffer from model mismatch due to the Gaussian assumption. Furthermore, a SR noise-based detection enhancement framework is presented to deal with more general model mismatch cases. Our algorithms and the framework are tested on a set of 75 representative abnormal mammograms. They yield superior performance when compared with several classification and detection approaches developed in our work as well as those available in the literature.
Public Health Systems and Services Research: Dataset Development, Dissemination, and Use

Public health systems and services research (PHSSR) is defined as "a field of study that examines the organization, financing, and delivery of public health services within communities and the impact of those services." PHSSR is a relatively young field and suffers from a paucity of research resources. In this article, we describe the development and utility of a data resource, housed on the Health Services and Sciences Research Resources website maintained by the National Library of Medicine, which provides easy access to instruments, indices, and datasets that are relevant to PHSSR researchers. We also investigate efforts to promote the use and dissemination of these data resources, including the awarding of research grants and the organization of a PHSSR conference.
Making a Difference in Making Miracles: Common Roadblocks to Miracle Question Effectiveness

This article describes a clinical investigation of student-therapists' use of the miracle question (MQ). Data used for this project came from transcribed role-play videotapes by six student-therapists. Transcripts were coded, and findings highlight challenges that prevent beginning therapists from effectively using the MQ. The primary themes that emerged were problems related to introducing, framing, and following up on the MQ. Practical recommendations are offered for improving therapist training in effective use of the MQ.
The influence of a defendant's body weight on perceptions of guilt.

To investigate the influence of a defendant’s weight on simulated jurors’ perceptions of guilt. Participants were 471 lean and overweight adults (mean body mass index: 25.34±5.91) who read a vignette describing a case of check fraud while viewing one of four images of the alleged defendant (a lean male, a lean female, an obese male or an obese female). Participants rated the defendant’s culpability on a 5-point Likert scale and completed measures of anti-fat attitudes. Male respondents endorsed greater overall weight bias than females (F (1470)=23.815, P<0.01, η2=0.048). A three-way interaction was detected between participant sex, defendant sex and defendant weight on perceptions of guilt such that when the defendant was female, male participants were significantly more likely to find her guilty if she was obese than if she was lean (guilt ratings=4.05±0.83; 3.31±1.03, respectively; F(1467)=5.935, P=0.015, R2=0.060). In addition, lean male participants were significantly more likely to believe that the obese female defendant met criteria for check fraud, and indicated greater belief she would be a repeat offender, compared with the lean female defendant (t(90)=2.081, P=0.040; t(90)=2.395 P=0.019, respectively). There were no differences in perceptions of guilt or responsibility between the obese male and the lean male defendants. The results of this novel study indicate that both weight and gender of a defendant may affect juror perceptions of guilt and responsibility.
A fast method for designing optimal transmit codes for radar

This paper proposes a new method to finding transmit codes for radar. It has been used to find 17 polyphase Barker codes, binary codes up to length 301, and polyphase codes of varying length for constellation sizes 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. A common method for finding transmit codes is the minimization of the side lobe level. While low side lobes is a necessary condition for low range profile estimation error, it is not the only objective. The method proposed in this paper seeks to minimize the estimation error of a range profile directly, rather than seeking to minimize an implicit quantity. As such, the radar codes in this paper minimize the range profile estimation error, and one of their properties is a low side lobe level.
Myocardial Connective Tissue Metabolism in Response to Injury: HISTOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND COLLAGEN IN RAT HEARTS AFTER ISOPROTERENOL-INDUCED INFARCTION

Arteriosclerotic and nonarteriosclerotic rats were given isoproterenol sufficient to cause massive myocardial injury. Hearts, livers, and kidneys were taken for analysis of the connective tissues at various intervals. Mucopolysaccharide was identified as Hale-positive material digestible with testicular hyaluronidase. Hexosamine and hydroxyproline were determined by chemical means. The changes in the connective tissue following infarction were divided into two phases. The first, occurring 1 to 2 days after the induction of necrosis, was characterized by extensive edema, accumulation of hexosamine, and by histologically demonstrable mucopolysaccharide. The second phase, 3 to 7 days after infarction, was characterized by changes typical of wound healing in general, involving both mucopolysaccharide and collagen deposition in foci of myocardial scar tissue formation. The increase in hexosamine was the same in arteriosclerotic breeder animals, which required one-half the dose of isoproterenol, as in virgin animals receiving the full dose of isoproterenol. Since the dose was selected to produce relatively the same degree of necrosis in each type of animal, it was thought that the increase in hexosamine was directly related to the injury and not to the isoproterenol per se . No comparable increase in hexosamine was observed in either the liver or kidney.
Incidence of Z band streaming and myofibrillar disruptions in skeletal muscle from healthy young people

Skeletal muscle tissue was obtained from the vastus lateralis or peroneus brevis muscles of 34 healthy volunteers. Focal and extensive areas of Z band streaming and disruption of myofibrillar architecture without Z band streaming were quantified in Araldite-embedded specimens examined in the phase microscope. Extensive areas of Z band streaming in more than 2.0 percent of fibers was present in only two of the 34 volunteers. Myofibrillar disruptions without Z band streaming was much less common than Z band streaming. The size of extensive areas of Z band streaming or myofibrillar disruptions was quantified by counting the number of adjacent fibrils and contiguous sarcomeres occupied by either type of lesion. These data should be of use in determining if such lesions are present in excessive amounts in suspected pathologic material.
Female Entrepreneurship in Japan

Japanese female entrepreneurs constitute a negligible proportion of the total entrepreneurs for the time being. Attitudinal constraints, social traditions and the management practices that developed after the Second World War inhibited their emergence so far. However, female entrepreneurship seems to be at the confluence of several tendencies favouring its development on better basis than before. In general term, Japanese corporate culture of the last decade has stressed the importance of entrepreneurship and its place in the economy. There is an awakening among women giving them the feeling that they have a larger role to play in the social and industrial fields. Their integration is facilitated by the gradual change in prevailing mentalities and attitudes regarding female employment, including female entrepreneurship. In a period of reconsideration of the premises of the dominant business system paradigm, female employment is now a matter of national politics as well as a major organisational choice on macro-economic and societal terms. The objective of this article is to investigate the current conditions prevailing in Japan and to assess the reality of the changes and of the prospects. The first part consists in an analysis of the current situation of female entrepreneurs in Japanese society and economy. It is followed by an analysis of the main aspects of public policy in this respect. In the second part are exposed the preliminary results of a survey undertaken in 2003. The data result from responses to questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 20 female entrepreneurs in the Tokyo area. The interviews covered the issues of the motives of creation of the business, the perception of the business needs, the obstacles to objectives’ achievements and the reasons of the choice of a given type of business.
Organizing large structural modelbases

Presents a hierarchically structured approach to organizing large structural modelbases using an information theoretic criterion. Objects (patterns) are modeled in the form of random parametric structural descriptions (RPSDs), an extension of the parametric structural description graph-theoretic formalism. Objects in scenes are modeled as parametric structural descriptions (PSDs). The organization process is driven by pair-wise dissimilarity values between RPSDs. The authors also introduce the node pointer lists, which are computed offline during modelbase organization. During recognition, the only exponential matching process involved is between the scene PSD and the RPSD at the root of the organized tree. Using the organized hierarchy along with the node pointer lists, the remaining work simplifies to a series of inexpensive linear tests at the subsequent levels of the tree search. The authors develop the theory and present three modelbases: 50 objects built from real image data, 100 CAD models, and 1000 synthetic abstract models. >
Radio Recombination Line Maser Objects: New Detections with the SMA

Hydrogen radio recombination line (RRL) masers are a rare phenomenon in star forming regions. Since RRL masers were first detected in 1989 toward the emission line star MWC349A, several single-dish surveys at millimeter wavelengths have been carried out to detect other RRL maser objects. However, although RRL maser amplification is expected to appear at wavelengths <2mm, MWC349A still remains as the only RRL maser object known to date. In this contribution, I will present our recent findings of two new RRL maser objects with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) toward the massive star forming regions Cepheus A HW2 and MonR2-IRS2. Sub-millimeter observations with interferometers such as the SMA and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) open the possibility to detect a much larger sample of RRL maser objects, where very detailed information about the kinematics and physical structure of the innermost ionized regions can be obtained toward these objects.