cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Art and Science of Contemporary Drug Development

There are several recent thoughtful and highly instructive publications on drug research that treat extensively the problems associated with the design and discovery of new chemical entities (e.g., [1–4]). In addition, the rate of new drug discovery and the economics of research and development have been under close scrutiny, particularly since enactment of the 1962 amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 in the United States [4–7]. Quite apart from the actual drug-discovery efforts of a pharmaceutical manufacturer are the equally difficult, vitally important, and costly activities involved in the developmental stages that lead to an approved, marketable product. Very little has been published on the details of this broad and complex subject.
Anemia due to Inadequate Iron Sources or Poor Iron Utilization

Anemias due to dietary iron deficiency and poor iron utilization have some features in common. In both, the anemia is hypochromic and microcytic. Also in both, the levels of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin are increased, even though many of the causes of ineffective iron utilization are actually associated with normal or increased iron stores. Appropriate use of currently available assays, including a determination of the level of serum ferritin, can distinguish between many of these disorders. Above all, a logical approach with attention to the clinical response to treatment with iron medications will help achieve a rapid diagnosis.
A videogame intervention for tobacco product use prevention in adolescents

Abstract Purpose This pilot study evaluated the short-term effects of an interactive videogame on changing adolescent knowledge, beliefs and risk perceptions, and intentions to use e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and other tobacco products. A secondary aim was to evaluate players' game experience. Methods Participants (N = 80 11–14 year olds) were recruited from 7 community-based afterschool programs in New Haven, Connecticut and Los Angeles, California. The design was a single group pre-post design with replication. A pre-test survey was administered that included demographic variables and knowledge, risk perceptions, beliefs, and intentions to use e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and other tobacco products. An interactive videogame focusing on risky tobacco use situations was subsequently played in four 60-min sessions over a four-week period, followed by a post-test survey. Analyses included paired t-tests of pre-post videogame change, regression analyses, and path analyses testing mediational effects of beliefs and risk perceptions on the relationship between knowledge and intentions. Results The videogame changed knowledge of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products (p's Conclusion Results suggest that brief exposure (4 h over 4 weeks) to a videogame focused on changing knowledge and attitudes towards tobacco products may have a promising effect on preventing risk for early adolescent tobacco product use, particularly for e-cigarettes.
The effects of different cold‐temperature regimes on development, growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor

Global climate change is expected to both increase average temperatures as well as temperature variability.Increased average temperatures have led to earlier breeding in many spring-breeding organisms. However, individuals breeding earlier will also face increased temperature fluctuations, including exposure to potentially harmful cold-temperature regimes during early developmental stages.Using a model spring-breeding amphibian, we investigated how embryonic exposure to different cold-temperature regimes (control, cold-pulse, and cold-press) affected (a) compensatory larval development and growth, (b) larval susceptibility to a common contaminant, and (c) larval susceptibility to parasites.We found: (a) no evidence of compensatory development or growth, (b) larvae exposed to the cold-press treatment were more susceptible to NaCl at 4-days post-hatching but recovered by 17-days post-hatching, and (c) larvae exposed to both cold treatments were less susceptible to parasites.These results demonstrate that variation in cold-temperature regimes can lead to unique direct and indirect effects on larval growth, development, and response to stressors. This underscores the importance of considering cold-temperature variability and not just increased average temperatures when examining the impacts of climate disruption.
Undocumented Student Participation in Education Abroad: An Institutional Analysis

This research explores institutional practices supporting undocumented student participation in U.S. education abroad at a California public research university. This institution successfully enrolled more than 40 undocumented students studying abroad between 2013 and 2016. Four university staff members, an immigration attorney, and eight undocumented students who successfully studied abroad were interviewed. During this time, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program was in effect through federal Executive Order, providing some protections for certain eligible youth immigrants living without current legal status in the U.S. DACA-approved students were eligible to formally access education abroad through a federal U.S. program known as Advance Parole from late 2012 through fall 2017, when the order was rescinded. All student participants studied abroad and interviews were conducted prior to the Fall 2017 Presidential Rescission of DACA and cessation of Advance Parole study abroad opportunities for DACA students. Findings demonstrate that undocumented students navigate study abroad with specific considerations for federal, state, and institutional policies, which may contradict or misalign with institutional practices and methods traditionally utilized to support study abroad students, thus further marginalizing this underrepresented population of students. This research highlights promising practices supporting undocumented students in education abroad and the findings from these interviews inform international educators and allies how to better support underrepresented students on and off-campus, and suggests considerations for other marginalized student populations interested in education abroad.
Primal- und Dual-Algorithmen zur Optimierung von Markov-Prozessen: Ein Vergleich der Algorithmen von Dantzig-Wolfe und Howard

In dem folgenden Aufsatz sollen zwei Algorithmen zur Optimierung vonMarkov-Prozessen, die vonDantzig-Wolfe undHoward entwickelt wurden, diskutiert werden. Es kann gezeigt werden, das der Algorithmus vonHoward ein Dualproblem behandelt, wahrend beim Verfahren vonDantzig-Wolfe ein Primal-Problem zugrunde gelegt wurde. Beide Algorithmen weisen eine Schar von sich entsprechenden Vor- und Nachteilen auf, die miteinander verglichen werden.
Recycling in America: A Reference Handbook

Recycling in America: A Reference Handbook Patricia Murphy Science Reference Librarian, Virginia Tech, University Libraries, Blacksburg, VA 24062-9001 USA. TEL: 703- Kimball, Debi. Recycling in America: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues series). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC- CLIO, Inc., 1992. 254 pp. US$39.50 hardcover ISBN: 0-87436- 663-1. Printed on recycled, acid-free paper. As noted in the introduction, the field of recycling has been an evolving one, often affected by the needs and interests of society. For example, during World War II recycling was viewed as a necessity due to a shortage of certain materials. After the war, recycling was pushed to the background as disposable items were developed and consumers adopted a use it once and throw it away attitude. Only in recent years has recycling reemerged, this time as an industry driven by consumers more concerned about the environment than about personal convenience. Because of the evolving nature of recycling, any reference handbook on the topic will be somewhat out-of- date even before publication, and this book is no exception. Recycling in America is not meant to be a comprehensive reference source, but rather a starting point for anyone gathering information on recycling. Following a format similar to other reference books in the Contemporary World Issues series, the handbook is divided into seven sections, including a directory of state, federal, and private recycling organizations; an annotated bibliography of print and nonprint reference materials; brief biographies of leaders in the national recycling effort; and a summary of state recycling legislation (compiled from the WESTLAW database). An overview of the recycling movement and a partial chronology of the history of garbage provide an interesting historical perspective. A short glossary, list of acronyms, and a comprehensive index complete the volume. Appropriate for both public and academic libraries, the handbook presents a nontechnical look at recycling and a variety of resources where further information on the topic can be obtained.
Multiracial Categorization, Identity, and Policy in (Mixed) Racial Formations

This article examines recent developments in the literature on multiracial categorization, policy, and identity—one that has grown as data on multiracial populations have become widely available, p...
Abnormal stress responsiveness and suicidal behavior: A risk phenotype

Abstract Suicidal behavior is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in psychiatric illness. However, only a subset of patients with psychiatric illnesses, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), commit suicide. This raises the question of how those who manifest suicidal behavior differ from those who do not. In the context of a stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior, the reaction to stress has often been overlooked. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction is proposed as an index of a disordered response to stress that thereby is part of the pathogenesis of risk for suicide in major depression. Suicide attempters are distinguished from non-attempters by a cluster of traits that include greater mood dysregulation and subjective distress, more pronounced reactive aggressive traits, impaired problem solving and learning, and distortion of perceived social cues. In this review, we show how these traits and risk for suicide are potentially linked to HPA axis dysfunction, which in turn can be traced back to genetic predisposition, and early life stress-related epigenetic mechanisms.
Visual Recovery and Vascular Reperfusion After Vaso-Occlusive Retinopathy From Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Purpose To report a case of visual recovery and vascular reperfusion after vaso-occlusive retinopathy from anti-phospholipid syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Observations A 15-year-old boy with a known diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus and a clinically significant anti-phospholipid panel presented with sudden vision loss in the left eye. Examination and ocular imaging revealed signs of vaso-occlusive retinopathy. The patient was immediately started on high dose intravenous steroids, followed by mycophenolate mofetil. He remained on aspirin. After showing no improvement in retinal arteriole and capillary perfusion he was started on therapeutic anti-coagulation with enoxaparin. He regained 20/20 vision. Intravenous fluorescein angiography demonstrated reperfusion of retinal arterioles. Optical coherence tomography angiography showed return of flow in the capillary networks. Conclusions We present a case of vaso-occlusive retinopathy in a patient with known systemic lupus erythematosus and a clinically significant anti-phospholipid panel, thus meeting criteria for anti-phospholipid syndrome. He was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone, mycophenolate motefil, aspirin, and enoxaparin. The patient not only had great recovery of visual acuity, but also demonstrated reperfusion of arterioles and reconstitution of flow in the retinal capillary network. These findings suggest that the vaso-occlusive disease is reversible if the diagnosis is made promptly and intensive therapy is initiated. Importance Currently there are no reported cases of vaso-occlusive retinopathy from APLS and SLE with visual recovery, reperfusion, and return of capillary flow.
Closing the Gap: The Benefits of Lowering Pay Ratios

Having the exact same compensation for all people, particularly in market-driven capitalistic societies, is a challenging prospect that would be nearly impossible to achieve. However, this chapter argues that such societies would benefit from actively working to lessen the gap between those who are paid the most and those who are paid the least. This chapter focuses on one measure of global policy interest—CEO-to-worker pay ratios. First, the chapter discusses how the rise in CEO pay compared with that of the average worker has directly contributed to increased income inequality. Next, the chapter explores what is considered by different societies to be a “fair” CEO-to-worker pay ratio. Finally, the chapter discusses recent policy initiatives to both disclose and cap pay ratios around the world.
Enabling Technologies and the Role of Private Firms: A Machine Learning Matching Analysis

Investments in enabling technologies—including the fifth-generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks (5G), artificial intelligence (AI), and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) t...
INTERFERON GAMMA RELEASE ASSAYS FOR CHILDREN IN THE UK: PATCHY AVAILABILITY, VARIATION IN USE AND UNCERTAINTY ABOUT RESULTS

Objective Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) have recently been introduced into clinical practice for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Current UK guidelines recommend the use of IGRA to aid the diagnosis of latent TB. We aimed to survey paediatric TB specialists on their use of IGRA. Methods TB specialists were identified by a method described previously (Adalat et al) and sent the six-question survey by e-mail between January and February 2008. Results 39/100 paediatricians completed the survey. 60% had used IGRA. Practice varied in the use of the tests in specified patient groups. IGRA were used outside the indications of the national guidelines by 22 paediatricians. 16% had IGRA performed in their local laboratory, 22% sent specimens >100 miles away. Only 9% reported no pragmatic problems with IGRA use. Laboratory accessibility, costs, and sceptism about the clinical value of the tests were reported to preclude the use of these assays in the investigation of TB. Conclusions IGRA are not readily available for use throughout the UK. When available, there are variations amongst paediatricians in the clinical applications; national guidelines are not adhered to. Uncertainty about the clinical value of these tests also precludes their use. Longitudinal studies of IGRA in children with latent TB are needed. If these show benefit and cost effectiveness, then availability and funding for these tests will need to be reviewed.
How Stakeholder Engagement Affects IT Projects

An information system (IS) is a gathering of people, processes, data and information technology that cooperate to collect, store, process, and deliver an output that the information is desired to support an organization. Stakeholders deeply influence project success, especially for complex projects where heterogenous stakeholders are involved. Therefore, understanding the participation of stakeholders to influence the projects is very crucial for the business. This paper argues that it is the organization, its behavior, and management issues such as stakeholder’s management which plays a very key role in the improvement of the situation. As the degree of stakeholder involvement increases, it also increases the gravity of the problems. Skilled stakeholders always knew what they wanted and always prepared prior to the meetings about the details of the requirements. A good amount of effort was provided to manage the stakeholders. Project Managers always do believe that managing stakeholders are important for project success. Project Managers always share expectation when they find that the project is not running based on expectation. It is always important that stakeholders do understand how the software will function even though they may not understand the technical challenges.
Deep Convolution for Irregularly Sampled Temporal Point Clouds

We consider the problem of modeling the dynamics of continuous spatial-temporal processes represented by irregular samples through both space and time. Such processes occur in sensor networks, citizen science, multi-robot systems, and many others. We propose a new deep model that is able to directly learn and predict over this irregularly sampled data, without voxelization, by leveraging a recent convolutional architecture for static point clouds. The model also easily incorporates the notion of multiple entities in the process. In particular, the model can flexibly answer prediction queries about arbitrary space-time points for different entities regardless of the distribution of the training or test-time data. We present experiments on real-world weather station data and battles between large armies in StarCraft II. The results demonstrate the model's flexibility in answering a variety of query types and demonstrate improved performance and efficiency compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
Density-dependent impacts of invasive Vincetoxicum rossicum (pale swallowwort) and native Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed) on plant traits and competitive interactions

Invasive plants have become an increasingly pressing ecological problem, and the ability of invasive plants to out-compete native plants seriously threatens both biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. One invasive plant species increasing in abundance in temperate regions of the United States is Vincetoxicum rossicum (pale swallowwort), which has been observed to displace native confamilial Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed) in habitats where both species overlap. We sought to examine the effects of trait characteristics, trait variation, and density-dependent interactions on the competition between these species. We examined field-grown trait variability across an environmental gradient in western New York and applied a density-based competitive factorial design in a greenhouse setting. Both species grew in a wide range of environmental conditions in the field, but pale swallowwort exhibited more trait variation and greater specific leaf area than common milkweed, potentially reflective of increased efficiency in resource capture. Swallowwort density was a significant predictor of plant traits in the field. In the greenhouse, interspecific competition was more intense than intraspecific competition, with negative impacts of milkweed density on swallowwort growth. Although its trait variability allows it to survive in many environments, on an individual basis at low densities, swallowwort is not a strong competitor. However, this invader gains competitive advantages over native species due to Allee effects, which increase its ecological impact and success as density increases. Swallowwort is likely to remain a successful invader in disturbed temperate ecosystems and continue to have negative impacts on communities where it achieves high densities.
The Air Pollution Tradeoff in India: Saving More Lives Versus Reducing the Inequality of Exposure

Chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) represents one of the largest global public health risks, leading to millions of premature deaths annually. For a country facing high and spatially variable exposures, prioritizing where to reduce PM 2.5 concentrations leads to an inherent tradeoff between saving the most lives and reducing inequality of exposure. This tradeoff results from the shape of the concentration-response function between exposure to PM 2.5 and mortality, which indicates that the additional lives saved per unit reduction in PM 2.5 declines as concentrations increase. We estimate this concentration-response function for urban areas of India, finding that a 10 unit reduction in PM 2.5 in already-clean locations will reduce the mortality rate substantially (4.2% for a reduction from 30 to 20 µgm -3 ), while a 10 unit reduction in the dirtiest locations will reduce mortality only modestly (1.2% for a reduction from 90 to 80 µgm -3 ). We explore the implications of this PM 2.5 /mortality relationship by considering a thought experiment. If India had a fixed amount of resources to devote to PM 2.5 concentration reductions across urban areas, what is the lives saved/inequality of exposure tradeoff from three different methods of employing those resources? Across our three scenarios—1) which reduces exposures for the dirtiest districts, 2) which reduces exposures everywhere equally, and 3) which reduces exposures to save the most lives —scenario 1 saves 18,000 lives per year while reducing the inequality of exposure by 65%, while scenario 3 saves 126,000 lives per year, but increases inequality by 19%. Funding: None to declare. Declaration of Interest: Authors declare no competing interests Ethical Approval: Not applicable for this study.
Acoustoelectric Interactions in III-V Compound Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the acoustoelectric interactions in III–V compound semiconductors. The collections of charge carriers responsible for the transport of electricity in a semiconductor interact with the crystal lattice and exchange energy. In acoustoelectrically active semiconductors, piezoelectric and deformation potential effects generate internal electric fields that accompany the acoustic modes of lattice vibration. Whenever the conduction carriers are drifting faster than the velocity of sound, the space-charge electric fields of the drifting carriers' couple to the acoustic waves of the lattice and acoustic-wave amplification may occur. A strong on-axis acoustoelectric interaction dominates the off-axis interactions in specimens of n-type InSb which are longer than approximately 1 cm. In shorter length specimens, off-axis acoustoelectric interactions are nucleated and are manifested by the generation of microwave noise radiation. The exact solution of the acoustoelectric interaction for collinear static fields is also described in this chapter. It is found that the off-axis acoustic-wave propagation conditions are determined from the solution of the uncoupled eigenvalue equation.
Proteome changes in sugar beet in response to Beet necrotic yellow vein virus

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a devastating sugar beet pathogen. Resistance is limited and resistance-breaking isolates are becoming problematic. Effective disease control strategies will come from a better understanding of disease and resistance. BNYVV-induced differential sugar beet protein expression was evaluated with multidimensional liquid chromatography. Of more than 1000 protein peaks detected in root extracts, 7.4 and 11% were affected by BNYVV in the resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. Using tandem MALDI-TOF-MS, 65 proteins were identified; differential expression of some was verified using RT-PCR. Proteomic data suggest involvement of systemic resistance components in Rz1-mediated resistance and phytohormones in symptom development.
Bonus Pay for Research Faculty

Research faculty at many U.S. medical schools are expected to generate sufficient external funding to become substantially self-supporting. With increasing frequency, schools are instituting salary bonus plans to reward basic science faculty for crossing certain thresholds of sponsored research funding or recovering targeted portions of their salaries from extramural grant support. These new compensation policies could threaten the traditional relationships of faculty scholars and teachers to the university and undermine long-cherished concepts of academic values, mission, and duty.
Mediators versus Moderators, Conceptual Distinction

Given a causal hypothesis that one variable X affects another Y, the question of mediation refers to the mechanism that produces that causal affect. A meditational analysis is conducted by identifying plausible mediating variables (M) and controlling for these statistically. The question of moderation is whether a causal effect differs in magnitude as a function of some third variable. A moderation analysis is conducted by examining if the effect of X on Y depends on a moderator (M) such that there is a statistical interaction between X and M. Keywords: data analysis in psychology; statistical methods in psychology; cause-and-effect-relationships
Antioxidants inhibit ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cerebral arterioles.

Background and Purpose—Hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite are capable of generating hydroxyl radical and are commonly suspected as sources of this radical in tissues. It would be useful to distinguish the source of hydroxyl radical in pathophysiological conditions and to clarify the mechanisms by which antioxidants modify vascular actions of oxidants. Methods—We investigated the effect of three antioxidants—dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), salicylate, and l-cysteine—on the cerebral arteriolar dilation caused by topical application of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows. We also tested the effect of these antioxidants on the vasodilation caused by pinacidil and cromakalim, two known openers of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Results—DMSO was more effective in inhibiting dilation from hydrogen peroxide, whereas salicylate and l-cysteine were more effective in inhibiting dilation from peroxynitrite. All three antioxidants inhibited dilation in concentrations tha...
Performance of the Spectracon in Astronomical Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the performance of the Spectracon in astronomical spectroscopy. The performances of the Spectracon and the Lallemand electronic camera were compared by using the two systems at the focus of the same optical spectrograph, to observe the same astronomical sources, on the same type of recording emulsion. The spectrograph camera used was the 20-in. Schmidt camera of the coude spectrograph of the 120-in. reflector. The Spectracon used to obtain the spectrogram reproduced had a particularly low background, which was barely detectable after an exposure of 120min. The backgrounds of the three other Spectracons tested at Lick were higher, being easily detectable with exposures of 30 to 60 min, thus, allowing for the effect of demagnification in the Lallemand tube The background of the Spectracon is usually larger than the background of the Lallemand tube by a factor of about six. It is shown that owing to the high resolving power of the Bowen camera and Spectracon, the resolution of the spectrogram obtained with this combination is about equal to that obtained with the Lallemand tube and 20-in. camera when the same slit width is used.
Dynamics and Stability of Bose-Einstein Condensates: The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Periodic Potential

The cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a lattice potential is used to model a periodic dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensate. Both two- and three-dimensional condensates are considered, for atomic species with either repulsive or attractive interactions. A family of exact solutions and corresponding potential is presented in terms of elliptic functions. The dynamical stability of these exact solutions is examined using both analytical and numerical methods. For condensates with repulsive atomic interactions, all stable, trivial-phase solutions are off-set from the zero level. For condensates with attractive atomic interactions, no stable solutions are found, in contrast to the one-dimensional case [8].
Hominid Brain Evolution: Looks Can Be Deceiving

What is the evolutionary history of the human brain? Conventional wisdom holds that cranial capacity began to increase rapidly about 2 million years ago, almost doubling in size, then leveling off in the modern era. In her research commentary, Falk discusses results presented in the same issue by Conroy et al . that cast doubt on this neat picture. By means of computed tomography, the reseachers were able to measure accurately the cranial capacity of a new specimen of Australopithecus africanus . The measured value is significantly less than expected, and Falk suggests this will cause a major reevaluation of previous measurements of hominid skulls and a profound alteration in the understanding of brain evolution.
Potentially curative surgery of colon cancer: the influence of blood vessel invasion

A number of series have examined the influence of blood vessel invasion (BVI) by tumor on survival of patients with colorectal cancer; however, there are little data available regarding its influence on patterns of failure. In an effort to determine the influence of BVI on the patterns of failure and survival in colon cancer, a retrospective review of 294 patients who underwent potentially curative surgery at the New England Deaconess Hospital (NEDH) was performed. Patients whose tumors had BVI experienced a significant decrease in the 5-year actuarial survival rate. BVI had little impact on the patterns of failure in stage B2 disease, but a significant increase in total failure and local failure (as a component of failure) occurred in stage C2. However, when examined by proportional hazards analysis, BVI was found not to be an independent prognostic variable. For patients with stage C2 tumors, which are also BVI+, radiation therapy to the tumor bed might play a contributory role in overall management.
Stochastic neural adaptive control using state space innovations model

An attempt is made to contribute to the unification of traditional state space adaptive control and neural system theory. A stochastic neural adaptive control algorithm, where the system identification is based on the state space innovations model, which employs a neural network architecture, is presented. The control law is derived from a quadratic (one-step-ahead prediction) performance index, which in combination with the neural identification constitutes an excellent neural adaptive control algorithm. >
Success and truth in the realism/anti-realism debate

I aim to clarify the relationship between the success of a theory and the truth of that theory. This has been a central issue in the debates between realists and anti-realists. Realists assume that success is a reliable indicator of truth, but the details about the respects in which success is a reliable indicator or test of truth have been largely left to our intuitions. Lewis (Synthese 129:371–380, 2001) provides a clear proposal of how success and truth might be connected, comparing a test of success of our theories to medical tests with low rates of false positives and false negatives. But, contrary to what Lewis claims, I argue that it is not enough for the realist to undercut the claim that success is not a reliable indicator of truth. Rather, the realist must show that our current best theories are likely true. Further, I argue that tests in science are unlike medical tests in a number of important ways.
Studies of the Pain Produced by Mafenide Acetate Preparations in Burns

• In a double-blind triple cross-over clinical study, 37 patients were exposed to several formulations of mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon Cream) and their pain responses were recorded and converted to a semiquantitative pain index. The 11.2% concentration in cream was two to three times more painful than the 5% concentration. Hypertonicity and not the pH level appears to be the cause of the pain produced by the high (11.2%) concentration. The tonicity of the cream carrier and 11.2% mafenide acetate are 1,080 mOsm/kg and 1,100 mOsm/kg, respectively, for a total of 2,180 mOsm/kg. The carrier cream without glycerol and a 5% concentration of mafenide cream were much less painful than the 11.2% concentration of mafenide. Both afforded a great deal of relief to the patients who received the medications. ( Arch Surg 110:1446-1449, 1975)
Transistor reordering for power minimization under delay constraint

In this article we address the problem of optimization of VLSI circuits to minimize power consumption while meeting performance goals. We present a method of estimating power consumption of a basic or complex CMOS gate which takes the internal capacitances of the gate into account. This method is used to select an ordering of series-connected transistors found in CMOS gates to achieve lower power consumption. The method is very efficient when used by library-based design styles. We describe a multipass algorithm that makes use of transistor reordering to optimize performance and power consumption of circuits, has a linear time complexity per pass, and converges to a solution in a small number of passes. Transformations in addition to transistor reordering can be used by the algorithm. The algorithm has been benchmarked on several large examples and the results are presented.
Mandibular osteonecrosis and Ramsay Hunt syndrome following a case of herpes zoster.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the agent that causes chicken pox, a common childhood infection that characteristically presents as vesicular rashes affecting the trunk and head. After the primary infection has resolved, VZV lies dormant in the spinal dorsal root ganglia or extramedullary cranial nerve ganglia until reactivation results in herpes zoster (shingles). The sensory nerves of the trunk, as in classic shingles, and the fifth cranial nerve, as in trigeminal zoster, are the most frequently affected. Shingles is an acute viral infection characterized by the appearance of painful unilateral vesicular rash usually restricted to a dermatomal distribution of a sensory nerve. The rash of shingles is usually preceded by pain and paresthesia. A rare, severe complication of the reactivation of VZV in the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve is Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS). RHS is characterized by otalgia, vesicles in the auditory canal, and ipsilateral facial paralysis. An even rarer complication of VZV infection includes post-zoster osteonecrosis. This report documents a case of severe mandibular osteonecrosis and RHS after an outbreak of herpes zoster and treatment strategies.
ClpXP Degradation of the DNA-Protection Protein Dps Requires Auto-Tethering to the Enzyme

Dps is a dodecameric bacterial protein that acts to prevent the formation of hydroxyl radicals and condenses cellular DNA to form “biocrystals” under stressful conditions, protecting the chromosome from damage. During exponential growth, Dps is continually synthesized but rapidly degraded by the AAA+ protease ClpXP, resulting in a low cellular concentration. Dps degradation is rapidly turned off when cells respond to nutritional or oxidative stresses, allowing Dps to accumulate swiftly and counteract the damaging effects of the stressors. This environmental regulation of degradation is highly specific; stressors such as hydrogen peroxide result in the stabilization of Dps, while the degradation of other ClpXP substrates is not affected by this treatment. Maintenance of genomic integrity then crucially depends upon selective proteolysis of Dps by ClpXP only during non-stress conditions. The molecular mechanism of Dps recognition and degradation by ClpXP was probed through a combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques. Dps degradation exhibits an absolute requirement for the N-terminal domain of ClpX, a region that mediates interaction with substrate-delivery proteins called adaptors. The characterized ClpX adaptor SspB as well as a peptide representing only the ClpX-binding region of SspB are each able to compete efficiently with ClpXP for Dps degradation. The N-terminus of Dps seems to interact with ClpX, primarily on its N-domain. An extended region or multiple regions within the N-terminus of Dps are required for efficient competition of Dps degradation by ClpXP. Thus, Dps functions analogously to an adaptor protein by using its unstructured N-terminus to tether itself to ClpX during the degradation process. This mechanism may increase the affinity of Dps for ClpX by allowing the two proteins to engage in multiple contacts simultaneously.
Atomic Structure of Scallop Myosin Subfragment S1 Complexed with MgADP: A Novel Conformation of the Myosin Head

Abstract The crystal structure of a proteolytic subfragment from scallop striated muscle myosin, complexed with MgADP, has been solved at 2.5 A resolution and reveals an unusual conformation of the myosin head. The converter and the lever arm are in very different positions from those in either the pre–power stroke or near-rigor state structures; moreover, in contrast to these structures, the SH1 helix is seen to be unwound. Here we compare the overall organization of the myosin head in these three states and show how the conformation of three flexible "joints" produces rearrangements of the four major subdomains in the myosin head with different bound nucleotides. We believe that this novel structure represents one of the prehydrolysis ("ATP") states of the contractile cycle in which the myosin heads stay detached from actin.
First report of soft rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on borage in North Dakota.

Borage (Borago officinalis) is an oilseed crop that is being evaluated as an alternative crop in North Dakota. During September 2004, borage plants in a field in Cass County, North Dakota were dying from a watery soft rot. The main stems and lateral branches were affected, and affected plants were usually completely lodged and prostrate. Dead plants had bleached and shredded stems with black sclerotia (9.1 ± 3.0 × 2.6 ± 0.5 mm) inside the pith and on the epidermis. At the time of observation, borage plants were flowering and forming pods and seed. Approximately 60% of the plants were visually affected by the watery soft rot. Sclerotia were collected from diseased plants, soaked in a 0.5% NaOCL solution for 30 s, air dried, and placed in petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus grew from the plated sclerotia that subsequently produced white mycelium and black sclerotia (4.8 ± 1.2 × 2.5 ± 1.0 mm), which is characteristic of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (3). To confirm pathogen...
Vitamin Retention And Sensory Evaluation Of Selected Foods Prepared By Boiling, Boiling‐In‐Bag, And Steaming Methods

The vitamin C and B6 retentions and sensory qualities of foods prepared by boiling-in-bag were compared with those cooked by conventional methods. Broccoli, carrots, peas, potatoes, and flounder were cooked by boiled (broiled for flounder), boiled-in-bag, and steamed methods to equivalent tenderness. Sensory analysis indicated no significant differences in characteristics of the foods among the preparation methods, except that peas boiled-in-bag and steamed were significantly darker in color than boiled peas, and potatoes boiled- in-bag were significantly more moist than those boiled or steamed. The retention of vitamins C and B6 was higher in foods boiled-in-bag than those which were boiled or steamed.
Structure equations for a cosmic-string model with a Coleman-Weinberg potential

A cosmic-gauge-string model based upon aU(1)-Higgs theory containing a generic symmetry-breaking potential is considered. Dimensionless structure equations are obtained and examined for the case in which either an ordinary tree potential or a one-loop Coleman-Weinberg potential is incorporated. Asymptotic solutions are obtained for each case and compared.
A Multichannel Data Acquisition and Processing System for Laser Spectroscopic Experiments

A microcomputer-controlled data acquisition and processing system, developed to carry out a variety of pulsed-laser spectroscopic experiments, is described. The hardware consists of largely off-the-shelf spectroscopic instrumentation in conjunction with an IBM personal computer. Versatile software with interactive graphics his been written with the use of Turbo BASIC. The software and hardware components are discussed in detail. As an example of the system performance, the LIF spectrum of S2O has been acquired with the use of an Nd:YAG pumped dye laser as the excitation source. Examples of interactive screen displays and a publication-quality spectrum are presented.
COMPETING/PARALLEL REACTION OF CHLORINE AND CHLORINE DIOXIDE DURING KRAFT PULP BLEACHING

The nature of chlorine dioxide substitution for chlorine in the chlorination reaction sequence of pulp bleaching in not well understood. Multiple results may be obtained by simply altering the order of chlorine-chlorine dioxide addition and the amount of chlorine dioxide substitution. Kinetic curves for chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and various levels of chlorine dioxide substitution were generated. The effects of these various processes on delignification (kappa number reduction) and Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX) generation were investigated. More than half of the AOX was found to be generated within the first one minute of any reaction sequence. Similar portions of the delignification were also found to occur within the first one minute of chlorination. The work examines the assumption that chlorine and chlorine dioxide react with different portions of the lignin. Thus chlorine and chlorine dioxide compete for only a part of the lignin molecule. The order of chemical addition dictates which chemical mo...
Editor's perspective: the interatrial septum.

In this installment of our journal’s teaching rounds, Debruyne et al1 provide an outstanding learning experience constructed on simple and logical teaching steps of what at first glance seems to be a complex and partially random observation. Their case and the findings they discuss highlight the difficulties in specifically targeting 1 of 2 structures living together on the true interatrial septum Article see p e73 A true septum is a partitioning wall shared between 2 structures. The true interatrial septum is a relatively limited structure, which in the periannular region is referred to as the midseptum. The fossa ovalis and this midseptal region are the only places where one can penetrate and can create an intraconnection between the 2 atria. More superiorly, the right and the left atria separate from each other with intervening fibrous tissue and pericardiac fat. This is why transseptal puncture across the superior limbus (above the fossa) necessarily exits the heart before reentering the left atrium. More caudally, the coronary sinus and the pyramidal space constitute the so-called posterior septum. This region, however, is not a partition between the right and the left atria but a separate posterior pyramid-shaped space. The midseptum is the place of residence for the compact AV node. Although accessory …
Superparamagnetic Behavior of MnFe2O4 and α‐Fe2O3 Precipitated from Silicate Melts

Manganese ferrite and α-Fe2O3 particles were precipitated within silicate melt systems to produce very unusual magnetic properties. Assemblies of particles of both kinds behaved super-paramagnetically when the particle size was small enough. As the particle size was increased, the magnetic properties of the ferrite system increased, but those of the α-Fe2O3 system decreased; the latter is expected from Neel's theory of a net spontaneous magnetic moment created by uncompensated magnetic sublattices at very small particle sizes. Liquid-in-liquid phase separation was pronounced in the manganese ferrite-glass systems, which may have influenced the precipitation behavior. Room-temperature initial mass susceptibilities were as high as 2 × 10 −2 cgs, and specific magnetizations as high as 26 gauss/g were observed. Precipitation of α-Fe2O3 particles exhibiting super-paramagnetic behavior was possible only with very low-viscosity melts. Initial mass susceptibility values changed by as much as a factor of 30 between 296° and 77°K.
Polymeric biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration

This paper reviews recent work involving polymeric biomaterials used for skin, cartilage, bone, vascular, nerve and liver regeneration. Skin trauma involves damage to the epidermal, dermal and/or subdermal tissues. Epithelial, dermal and full-thickness replacements are considered. Cartilage research is mainly focused on replacing hyaline cartilage. Researchers investigate both nondegradable polymers, which must provide mechanical stability, and degradable polymers, which must support cartilage regeneration. Natural healing in large bone defects often fails. Materials for bone reconstruction must be biocompatible, offer mechanical properties similar to those of bone and support tissue regeneration. The area of vascular grafts draws attention as improvements to the patency of existing materials are needed. Studies to improve current vascular graft polymers as well as develop new polymers are reviewed below. The design and testing of materials for nerve regeneration, to repair damage caused by illness or accident, is an active area of research. Directional nerve guidance via tubulation is discussed, as are matrix materials to enhance axonal extension. Finally, liver transplantation remains one of the only options for chronic liver disease and the demand for liver transplants far exceeds the number of available organs. The complexity of parameters involved in liver regeneration is presented here.
INDIVIDUAL DECISIONAL CONSISTENCY ACROSS COLLEGIAL COURTS

This article examines the decisional consistency of U.S. Supreme Court justices with lower collegial court experience in a twofold effort to expose the potential policy implications of consistent or inconsistent behavior and to show the value of longitudinal analysis of individual rather than aggregate decisional patterns. The results show a fairly high level of consistent behavior but with marked differences across the case subjects. The article concludes with an assessment of the implications for justice selection processes and Supreme Court decision-making theory.
Simulation of traditional and optimal sampling schedule designs for digestion and passage models

The determinants of the Fisher information matrix and accuracy of parameter estimation were evaluated for a combined design and four even, four geometric and three D-optimal sampling schedule designs using either a digestion or passage model. Initially, three sets of parameters were used to calculate three D-optimal sampling schedule designs and then these optimal designs were tested with other parameters. The combined design was a combination of the sampling schedules derived from the initial D-optimal designs. The D-optimal designs were, in general, not robust when parameters were varied and were more sensitive to changes in the passage model parameter values. The combined design was not the best scheduling design in all cases but was the best design on the average. The even sampling schedules were the worst designs for the digestion model but were the second best designs for the passage model. The longer time geometric designs performed as consistently but not as well as the combined design for both models and as well as the even design for the passage model. The results from this study suggest that using a design that may not be the best design for a particular set of experimental conditions will be the most robust design over a range of conditions.
Electrolyte and water excretion in arterial hypertension. II. Studies in subjects with essential hypertension after antihypertensive drug treatment.

The increased capacity of hypertensive subjects to excrete sodium is frequently reduced by effective antihypertensive drug treatment. This reduction in sodium excretion is not necessarily associated with changes in renal hemodynamic function or resting sodium excretion. It appears to result from an alteration in renal tubular activity. The findings suggest that the arterial pressure per se may operate to control sodium excretion. They also are consistent with the hypothesis that certain disturbances in sodium excretion in arterial hypertension may be the result and not necessarily the cause of an elevated blood pressure.