cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photofading in cotton fibers dyed using red, yellow, and blue direct dyes during examination with microspectrophotometry (MSP).

Abstract Microspectrophotometry (MSP) is a rapid, nondestructive technique for the analysis of color in textile fibers. This technique combines microscopy and ultraviolet (UV)/visible (Vis) spectroscopy, allowing for very small colored samples, like dyed textile fibers, to be analyzed directly and thereby eliminates the need for time consuming and destructive extractions. While MSP is generally accepted to be a nondestructive evaluation method, a loss of color during analysis, or photofading can occur. In this work, cotton fabric dyed with blue, yellow, and red direct dyes at different concentrations. Dye photofading during MSP examination was investigated by measuring the absorbance at a specific position on the fibers from these fabrics, periodically over the course of 30 min. Visible color loss and a reduction in absorbance was observed for all three colors, but was most pronounced for the fibers dyed red. A major goal of this study is to increase awareness of the photofading phenomenon when analyzing cotton fibers using MSP.
Charge storage at the nanoscale: understanding the trends from the molecular scale perspective

Supercapacitors or electrical double layer (EDL) capacitors store charge via rearrangement of ions in electrolytes and their adsorption on electrode surfaces. They are actively researched for multiple applications requiring longer cycling life, broader operational temperature ranges, and higher power density compared to batteries. Recent developments in nanostructured carbon-based electrodes with a high specific surface area have demonstrated the potential to significantly increase the energy density of supercapacitors. Molecular modeling of electrolytes near charged electrode surfaces has provided key insights into the fundamental aspects of charge storage at the nanoscale, including an understanding of the mechanisms of ion adsorption and dynamics at flat surfaces and inside nanopores, and the influence of curvature, roughness, and electronic structure of electrode surfaces. Here we review these molecular modeling findings for EDL capacitors, dual ion batteries and pseudo-capacitors together with available experimental observations and put this analysis into the perspective of future developments in this field. Current research trends and future directions are discussed.
Bipolar Electrochemistry on a Nanopore-Supported Platinum Nanoparticle Electrode.

In this Technical Note, we describe a method to fabricate nanopore-supported Pt nanoparticle electrodes and their use in bipolar electrochemistry. A Pt nanoparticle is deposited on the orifice of a solid-state nanopore inside a focused-ion beam (FIB) system. Complete blockage of the nanopore with Pt metal forms a closed bipolar nanoparticle electrode whose size and shape can be tunable in one simple step. Nanoparticle electrodes and their arrays can be prepared on different substrates such as the tip of a glass pipet, a double-barrel pipet, and a freestanding silicon nitride membrane. Steady-state voltammetry can be performed on such nanoparticle electrodes via bipolar electrochemistry. Moreover, an array of Pt nanoparticles can be used for fluorescence-enabled electrochemical microscopy. Future use of highly advanced FIB systems may allow nanoparticles of <10 nm to be fabricated which may enable coupled electrochemical reactions of single redox molecules. Pipette-supported single particle electrodes may ...
An Evolutionary Graph-Based Approach for Managing Self-Organized IoT Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are one of the most rapidly developing information technologies and promise to have a variety of applications in Next Generation Networks (NGNs) including the IoT. In this paper, the focus will be on developing new methods for efficiently managing such large-scale networks composed of homogeneous wireless sensors/devices in urban environments such as homes, hospitals, stores and industrial compounds. Heterogeneous networks were proposed in a comparison with the homogeneous ones. The efficiency of these networks will depend on several optimization parameters such as the redundancy, as well as the percentages of coverage and energy saved. We tested the algorithm using different densities of sensors in the network and different values of tuning parameters for the optimization parameters. Obtained results show that our proposed algorithm performs better than the other greedy algorithm. Moreover, networks with more sensors maintain more redundancy and better percentage of coverage. However, it wastes more energy. The same method will be used for heterogeneous wireless sensors networks where devices have different characteristics and the network acts more efficient.
The ethical turn in critical legal thought

This essay examines the rise of "ethics" in critical legal studies since the mid-1990s. A description of the contested meanings of ethics in relation to justice, including especially the ethical theories of Emmanuel Levinas, is included, as is an analysis of the significance of a radical conception of ethical responsibility for law, politics, and critical theory.
Impact Aversion in Arbitrator Decisions (WITHDRAWN)

An aversion to salient mistakes leads arbitrators to make mistakes more often, even where directives are clear, incentives strong, and post-hoc evaluation perfect. We study the choices of Major League Baseball umpires, who are directed to make binary decisions according to a single, objective criterion: pitch location. Using state- of-the-art pitch location technology, we examine over one million such decisions and find that every umpire in our sample distorts his directive by avoiding the option that would more strongly change the expected outcome of the game. This impact aversion is consistent with an avoidance of public scrutiny. Umpires face criticism from the public for mistakes that disrupt the course of the game; impact- averse umpires avoid scrutiny by avoiding game-changing options that could be mistaken.
Das Milton Friedman Problem?: A Reassessment of Friedman's Contributions to Economic Methodology

In terms of economic methodology, Friedman’s most well-known contribution is his 1953 essay, “The Methodology of Positive Economics.” This important contribution has overshadowed his earlier contribution to economic methodology, entitled “Lerner on the Economics of Control” (1947). Whereas Friedman (1953) argued that economic theory can be built upon unrealistic assumptions, ironically, what has been almost forgotten is that Friedman (1947) attacked the theory of market socialism precisely for its unrealistic assumptions. This irony presents an interesting puzzle, which we adjudicate in this essay. We argue that in each case, Friedman was making an immanent critique of his intellectual opponents that was rhetorically consistent, yet methodologically inconsistent. This methodological inconsistency is irreconcilable, since Friedman (1953) contradicts the analysis of Friedman (1947).
Platform-as-a-Service Architecture for Parallel Video Analysis in Clouds

In this paper, we propose a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) architecture to facilitate the process of large scale video analysis. The proposed platform provides a unified framework to integrate and configure various video analysis engines, which can then work collaboratively to accomplish video analysis tasks with an user-specified workflow. In addition, users can adaptively adjust the amount of computation resources for speeding up jobs without affecting the dispatched jobs. Finally, we show a real video analysis application which is built on top of the proposed platform to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Instructional Adaptations: Accommodations and Modifications That Support Accessible Instruction

This chapter discusses accessibility of classroom-based instruction to support students with disabilities in educational environments. Specifically, we articulate assumptions related to the content of instruction and student performance expectations when making instructional adaptations as well as potential consequences of misalignment between adaptations used in instruction and assessment. We identify distinctions underlying the use of instructional accommodations as opposed to instructional modifications and present examples to illustrate the similarities and differences between these adaptations. This chapter is intended to help special education service providers, administrators, and policy makers understand the role of instructional adaptations for improving the accessibility of educational environments.
Subjective morbidity following fibular free flap reconstruction in head and neck cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the presence of subjective post-operative donor site morbidity after fibula free flap reconstruction in head and neck cancer patients, utilising three validated instruments: the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment questionnaire and the Lower Limb Core Scale. METHODS In this retrospective study, all head and neck cancer patients who underwent fibula free flap reconstruction between January 2009 and July 2014 were identified. All questionnaires and their respective subcomponents were scored. RESULTS Twenty-one cases were included. Patients were found to have a higher Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment bothersome index (22.42 vs 13.77, p = 0.03), a lower Short Form 36 Health Survey Physical Component Summary score (42.44 vs 50, p < 0.01) and a decreased Lower Limb Core Scale score (47.08 vs 90.52, p < 0.01), compared to US population norms. The Short Form 36 Health Survey Mental Component Summary scores and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment function index failed to demonstrate significant differences. Gender affected overall disability. CONCLUSION In this study, significant long-term disability was demonstrated after fibular flap reconstruction, as measured by the Lower Limb Core Scale.
Smartphones are more reinforcing than food for students.

Abstract College students engage in high-frequency smartphone use, despite potential negative consequences. One way to conceptualize this behavior is to consider it a highly reinforcing activity. Comparing motivation for smartphones to a powerful primary reinforcer, such as food, can establish their relative reinforcing value. This study investigated whether smartphones were more reinforcing than food, as well as the relationships between smartphone reinforcement, texting use, and smartphone motives. Participants were 76 college students (50% female, Mage = 18.9, SD = 0.99) who had no access to food for three hours and to their smartphones for two hours. After this modest deprivation period, participants worked for time to use their smartphones and 100-cal portions of their favorite snack food concurrently, with the work to obtain portions of both commodities increasing. The amount of smartphone use earned during the task was manipulated across groups (20, 30, 60, 120 s) to establish what amount of smartphone use was needed to motivate responding. Additionally, reinforcing efficacy of smartphones and food using a hypothetical purchase task and motivations for smartphone use was collected. Smartphones were more reinforcing than food using either measurement methodology (p's
Organized for Cycles of Change

Why is the commercial IT market organized unlike other Harvard Business School markets? That is more challenging to answer than you would think. The IT market seems to change more quickly than other industries, and it seems to use frontier technologies more often. Neither trait is unique to IT, however, financial maikets change quickly. Biotech uses frontier technology. Why does the presence and combination of quick change and frontier technology seem so special to the organization of IT maikets? Here is a related puzzle. Over the last five decades, many parts of computing and networking have become compartmentalized into submaikets. Specialists inhabit each category and sometimes work with specialists in other categories, and sometimes not Sometimes a single fi rm works in many of those submarkets, and sometimes many independent entrepreneurs do. While compartmentalization itself is not unique to IT -the automobile supply chain possess similar features, for example -the IT market witnesses frequent rearrangement of those categories, and the leading fi rms therein. Sometimes it is orderly and sometimes not. How did it get to be that way?
Global cardiac surgery: lessons learnt from the global neurosurgery movement

Surgical care is increasingly considered as a crucial pillar of robust health systems. Five billion people worldwide lack access to safe surgical care, responsible for 16.9 million deaths every year and one-third of the global burden of disease.1 Contrary to previous belief, investing in surgical care is cost-effective on an individual and macroeconomic level, preventing a loss of 12.3 trillion dollars in economic growth by low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) by 2030.1 In the past decade, the field of global surgery has gradually evolved, with its zenith paralleling the 2015 launch of the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery and the WHO Resolution WHA68.15. Since this release, several surgical subspecialties have gained important ground to create awareness surrounding the importance of their respective fields within the wider discussions. For example, the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists established a global platform for anaesthesiologists focused on capacity-building and promoting safety and quality of care, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Paediatric surgery has developed a global consensus group within the Global Initiative for Children’s Surgery, addressing its global disparities. Neurosurgery, once discarded as too complex for LMICs, has evolved to become a mainstay of global health discussions. Strategic efforts to heighten visibility and awareness about the need for expansion of neurosurgical services have led neurosurgery to become a major priority of the WHO’s Emergency and Essential Surgical Care Programme. Cardiac surgery, however, can be considered the unborn child of global surgery , with limited unified efforts to address the >4.5 billion people without access to cardiac surgery.2 To illustrate, the third edition of the Disease Control Priorities, examining the global burden of disease and cost-effective interventions, does not include any cardiac intervention …
Cardiovascular Outcomes in African Americans with Sickle Cell Trait and Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND Sickle cell trait (SCT) is common among African Americans and has been historically considered to be benign. Recently, SCT has been associated with an increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease in the general population. Our understanding of SCT has been extrapolated largely from data of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Notably, in SCD, the outcomes differ by sex. The effect of SCT on cardiovascular risk in the African American CKD population is unknown, and the interaction between SCT and sex on cardiovascular risk has not been investigated. METHODS We performed a 2-center retrospective cohort study of all African American patients with SCT using international classification of disease diagnosis codes and CKD (using the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria) with at least 1 year of follow-up between January 2005 and December 2017. A reference group of -African American CKD patients without SCT was used as a comparator during the same period. SCT patients and the reference patients were matched at baseline for age, sex, comorbidities, and proteinuria. Primary outcomes were incident coronary artery disease (CAD), incident stroke, and all-cause mortality. Analysis of effect modification between sex and SCT on primary outcomes was performed. RESULTS We identified 621 African American CKD patients, 217 SCT patients, and 404 reference patients. The mean age was 56 ± 13 years and 66% were female. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 69 ± 30 mL/min. The mean follow-up time was 8 ± 4 years. There were no significant differences in the primary outcomes comparing SCT patients to matched controls. The interaction term between SCT and sex, however, was significant in the CAD model (p < 0.01). Stratification by sex showed no increased risk in females but a significantly increased risk for CAD in male SCT patients (hazard ratio [HR] 2.14; 95% CI 1.18-3.86), which persisted after multivariable analysis (HR 2.13; 95% CI 1.17-3.86). CONCLUSION SCT is associated with an increased risk for CAD in African American males with CKD. The excess risk in males with SCT appears to follow the same pattern as risk in males with SCD. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Fertility counseling and preservation discussions for females with Turner syndrome in pediatric centers: practice patterns and predictors

Objective To examine fertility counseling and fertility preservation (FP) referrals for young women with Turner syndrome (TS) at pediatric centers and identify possible associations with patient demographic and medical characteristics. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Pediatric academic medical centers. Patient(s) Four hundred and sixty-nine young women with TS (mean age = 14 years, standard deviation 8.5 years; 77% white) who received care between March 2013 and March 2018. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Standardized form to abstract demographics, medical (karyotype; menarchal status; developmental, neuropsychological, and psychological concerns), and treatment characteristics (duration of care, receipt of multidisciplinary care, documentation of fertility/pregnancy counseling, FP specialist referrals) from medical records. Result(s) We found that 67% of families had documented fertility counseling, although only 27% of charts documented counseling with patients specifically. Only 10% of patients were referred to a FP specialist; 59% of patients with spontaneous menarche had no referral. Pregnancy risk counseling was documented in 38% of charts. In multivariate analyses, families were more likely to receive counseling if the patients had multidisciplinary care (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.82). Greater duration of care (AOR 1.16); mosaic (AOR 47.94), complex (AOR 14.59), or partial deletions karyotypes (AOR 35.69); spontaneous menarche (AOR 4.65); and multidisciplinary care (AOR 4.02) had increased odds of FP specialist referrals. Patients with developmental concerns (AOR 0.08) had decreased odds of referrals. Conclusion(s) Fertility and pregnancy counseling are not routinely documented among patients with TS, and even patients with a limited window of reproductive potential were infrequently referred to FP specialists. Patients seen in multidisciplinary clinics were more likely to receive recommended counseling.
Identifying a clinically relevant cutoff for height that is associated with a higher risk of waitlist mortality in liver transplant candidates.

Height explains a substantial proportion of gender-based disparity in waitlist mortality among liver transplant candidates. We sought to identify a clinically relevant height cutoff below which waitlist mortality increases significantly. We examined all nonstatus one adult liver transplant candidates from 2010 to 2014. We used a recursive application of the minimum P value approach with univariate competing risk regressions (deceased donor liver transplantation as the competing risk) to detect differences in waitlist mortality with regards to height. Of 69 883 candidates, 36% (24 819) were women and 64% (45 064) were men. Median height for all was 173 cm: 163 cm in women, 178 cm in men. The optimal search method of recursively evaluating smaller height intervals yielded 166 cm as the optimal height cutoff. Using height <166 cm as the cutoff, 72% of women and 9% of men met criteria. Compared to candidates ≥166 cm, "short stature" candidates had higher rates of death/delisting (28% vs 24%) and lower rates of transplantation (38% vs 44%) (P < .01 for both). After adjustment for clinical and demographic characteristics, height <166 cm remained associated with an 8% increased risk of waitlist mortality (95% CI 1.03-1.14, P < .01). Short candidate height may be a motivation to explore split livers or living donors as accelerated liver transplantation options.
Reconciling Disparate Guidelines: The American College of Physicians Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidance Statement.

Qaseem and colleagues evaluated recent colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines for the American College of Physicians to offer guidance in light of the differing recommendations of guideline g...
Understanding Reintensified Multiyear El Niño Events

Author(s): Kim, JW; Yu, JY | Abstract: To understand the unique temporal evolution of the 2014–2016 multiyear El Nino event, which can be characterized as a successive and reintensified event preceded by a weak El Nino, this study examines similar events in a 2,200-yr simulation of Community Earth System Model, version 1. By contrasting multiyear El Nino events with single-year ones, we find that the succession characteristics of multiyear El Nino events are primarily caused by a negative North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the first-year winter via subtropical Pacific coupling processes. By contrasting reintensified multiyear El Nino events with lingering ones, we find that the reintensification characteristics are caused by a negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in the first-year fall via tropical interbasin coupling processes. The phase information of the preceding winter NPO and fall IOD together can be used to project the evolution characteristics of El Nino events, particularly the reintensified multiyear and transitional single-year events.
Social Networks of Clients in First-Time DUI Programs.

Objective:Social networks play an important role in the development of and recovery from problem drinking behaviors; however, few studies have measured the social networks of individuals convicted ...
Abstract IA15: Metabolic coordination of cancer cell fate

Increasing evidence demonstrates that intracellular metabolic pathways can be critical drivers of tumor progression. Metabolites provide the biomass required for cancer cell proliferation and contribute to antioxidant defenses that promote survival and metastatic dissemination. Moreover, oncogenic mutations in several metabolic enzymes lead to accumulation of pathological levels of metabolites that interfere with histone and DNA demethylation and impose a block to differentiation. However, absent these mutations, whether the metabolic profile of cancer cells contributes to the establishment or maintenance of malignant cell identity remains poorly understood. Combining in vitro culture of cancer cells with mouse models of tumor progression, we aim to define the metabolic changes driven by common oncogenes and tumor suppressors and elucidate how these metabolic alterations affect cancer-associated phenotypes. In particular, we focus on how metabolic alterations influence regulation of the chromatin landscape and differentiation programs that antagonize tumor progression. These studies will provide insight into the mechanisms through which tumor cells evade differentiation and sustain malignancy. Citation Format: Lydia Finley. Metabolic coordination of cancer cell fate [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Virtual Conference on Epigenetics and Metabolism; October 15-16, 2020; 2020 Oct 15-16. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(23 Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.
Health outcomes in a national sample of American Indian and Alaska Native adults: Differences between multiple-race and single-race subgroups.

Objectives To determine differences among multi-race (MR) American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN), single race (SR) AIANs, and SR-Whites on multiple health outcomes. We tested the following hypotheses: MR-AIANs will have worse health outcomes than SR-AIANs; SR-AIANs will have worse health outcomes than SR-Whites; MR-AIANs will have worse health outcomes than SR-Whites. Methods Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were used to examine general health, risk behaviors, access to health care, and diagnosed chronic health conditions. Those identifying as SR-White, SR-AIAN, and MR-AIAN were included in multinomial logistic regression models. Results Compared to SR-AIANs, MR-AIANs had more activity limitations, a greater likelihood of experiencing cost as a barrier to health care and were more likely to be at increased risk and diagnosed with more chronic health conditions. Both SR and MR-AIANs have worse health than SR-Whites; MR-AIANs appear to be at increased risk for poor health. Conclusions The current study examined access to health care and nine chronic health conditions, neither of which have been considered in prior work. MR AIANs are at increased risk compared to SR groups. These observations beg for further inquire into the mechanisms underlying these differences including stress related to identify, access to care, and discrimination. Findings support the continued need to address health disparities among AIANs regardless of SR or MR identification.
Changed From Glory Into Glory: The Liturgical Formation of the Christian Faith:

This article is an attempt to flesh out this ancient idea of lex orandi, lex credendi by clarifying both the nature of lex credendi, religion, and lex orandi, liturgy, constructing a framework for ...
Epistemology of Teaching Librarians: Examining the Translation of Beliefs to Practice

How do the personal epistemological beliefs of instruction librarians inform their teaching practices? By learning about their personal beliefs about knowledge acquisition, are librarians better equipped to create an environment more conducive to student learning? These questions informed a mixed-methods research study. Using the Approaches to Teaching Inventory, 283 teaching librarians answered 22 questions about their teaching practices and how they believe students learn. We interviewed 12 of these librarians to learn more about their teaching practices and epistemological beliefs. Seven themes emerged as influences on the instructional practices of librarians that ranged from learning biases to classroom tensions.
Germline and sporadic mTOR pathway mutations in low-grade oncocytic tumor of the kidney.

Low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) of the kidney is a recently described entity with poorly understood pathogenesis. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and complementary approaches, we provide insight into its biology. We describe 22 LOT corresponding to 7 patients presenting with a median age of 75 years (range 63-86 years) and male to female ratio 2:5. All 22 tumors demonstrated prototypical microscopic features. Tumors were well-circumscribed and solid. They were composed of sheets of tumor cells in compact nests. Tumor cells had eosinophilic cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei (without nuclear membrane irregularities), focal subtle perinuclear halos, and occasional binucleation. Sharply delineated edematous stromal islands were often observed. Tumor cells were positive for PAX8, negative for CD117, and exhibited diffuse and strong cytokeratin-7 expression. Six patients presented with pT1 tumors. At a median follow-up of 29 months, four patients were alive without recurrence (three patients had died from unrelated causes). All tumors were originally classified as chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, eosinophilic variant (chRCC-eo). While none of the patients presented with known syndromic features, one patient with multiple bilateral LOTs was subsequently found to have a likely pathogenic germline TSC1 mutation. Somatic, likely activating, mutations in MTOR and RHEB were identified in all other evaluable LOTs. As assessed by phospho-S6 and phospho-4E-BP1, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) was activated across all cases but to different extent. MTOR mutant LOT exhibited lower levels of mTORC1 activation, possibly related to mTORC1 dimerization and the preservation of a wild-type MTOR copy (retained chromosome 1). Supporting its distinction from related entities, gene expression analyses showed that LOT clustered separately from classic chRCC, chRCC-eo, and RO. In summary, converging mTORC1 pathway mutations, mTORC1 complex activation, and a distinctive gene expression signature along with characteristic phenotypic features support LOT designation as a distinct entity with both syndromic and non-syndromic cases associated with an indolent course.
Social Justice Tort Theory

Alongside the dominant law and economics and corrective justice approaches to tort law, a new genre of tort theory based on principles and perspectives of social justice has come into its own and deserves recognition. Social justice tort theory starts from the premise that tort law reflects and reinforces systemic forms of injustice in the larger society and maintains that the compensatory ideal of tort law cannot be extricated from these larger systems. It is multi-dimensional and intersectional, recognizing that the impact of injury lands intersectionally, sometimes changing the intensity of the injury or distorting the nature of the injury. Social justice tort scholars have examined torts in gendered and racialized contexts, as well as in ordinary cases that seem to have little to do with systemic injury. In addition to feminist and critical race theory, they have borrowed from critical disability studies, queer theory and political economy. Their work demonstrates how tort law unfairly distributes damages, fails to provide adequate relief for victims of sexual assault or for people who suffer racial insult and discrimination, and erases maternal and reproductive harms. In their work, we can see common deconstructive moves (an emphasis on disparate impacts and devaluation; a teasing out of cognitive bias; and a critique of exceptionalism in tort doctrine) as well as guiding principles for reconstruction (incorporating victims’ perspectives; treating boundaries between civil rights law and tort law as permeable; and enhancing dignity and recognition).
Jointly leveraging spatial transcriptomics and deep learning models for pathology image annotation improves cell type identification over either approach alone.

The disorganization of cell types within tissues underlies many human diseases and has been studied for over a century using the conventional tools of pathology, including tissue-marking dyes such as the H&E stain. Recently, spatial transcriptomics technologies were developed that can measure spatially resolved gene expression directly in pathology-stained tissues sections, revealing cell types and their dysfunction in unprecedented detail. In parallel, artificial intelligence (AI) has approached pathologist-level performance in computationally annotating H&E images of tissue sections. However, spatial transcriptomics technologies are limited in their ability to separate transcriptionally similar cell types and AI-based pathology has performed less impressively outside their training datasets. Here, we describe a methodology that can computationally integrate AI-annotated pathology images with spatial transcriptomics data to markedly improve inferences of tissue cell type composition made over either class of data alone. We show that this methodology can identify regions of clinically relevant tumor immune cell infiltration, which is predictive of response to immunotherapy and was missed by an initial pathologist9s manual annotation. Thus, combining spatial transcriptomics and AI-based image annotation has the potential to exceed pathologist-level performance in clinical diagnostic applications and to improve the many applications of spatial transcriptomics that rely on accurate cell type annotations.
Cultivating Multiculturally Competent Counselors Through Movies

Confined by monocultural geographic features or encapsulated life experience, many counselor-training programs or trainees suffer from the lack of a multicultural environment, which could benefit students’ education. Recognizing the limitations in reality, the author introduces the use of movies to counterbalance the disadvantages, while maximizing students’ multicultural counseling competency. Aiming toward helping trainees vicariously reach the culmination of studies in counseling, this article addresses the use of cinemeducation in the context of cross-cultural counseling, via the application of qualitative research methodology. The theoretical underpinning of the movie project, the use of movies to augment students’ multicultural counseling opportunities outside classrooms, and students’ reactions are all discussed.
Standard Solutions and Titratable Acidity

The titratable acidity assay in this laboratory exercise is one of many types of chemical analyses in which a constituent is titrated with a standard solution of known strength to an indicator endpoint. From the volume and concentration of standard solution used in the titration, and the sample size, the concentration of the constituent in the sample can be calculated. The assay for titratable acidity is a volumetric method that uses a standard solution of sodium hydroxide which reacts with the organic acids present in the sample, titrating to a phenolphthalein or pH endpoint. The normality of the sodium hydroxide solution, the volume used, and the volume of the test sample are used to calculate titratable acidity, expressing it in terms of the predominant acid present in the sample. In this laboratory exercise, the standard acid, potassium acid phthalate, is used to determine the exact normality of the standard sodium hydroxide that is then used to determine the titratable acidity of food products.
UvrABC incision of N-methylmitomycin A-DNA monoadducts and cross-links.

Abstract The Escherichia coli UvrABC endonuclease is a multisubunit enzyme that initiates the repair of a wide variety of DNA lesions in vivo by making dual incisions on a damaged strand at the eighth or ninth phosphodiester bond 5' and the fourth or fifth phosphodiester bond 3' to the modified base. It has been hypothesized that UvrABC is able to recognize a broad spectrum of lesions because it does not recognize the lesion per se but rather gross helical distortions that the lesion induces in the DNA. Several lesions have recently been studied which are thermal stabilizing and are not believed to distort the DNA grossly, including the CC-1065-N-3-adenine and anthramycin-N-2-guanine adducts. We have studied the activity of UvrABC in vitro on another thermal stabilizing and nondistortive adduct, N-methylmitomycin A (NMA), a bifunctional DNA-alkylating agent that reacts with guanine on the side facing the minor groove, yielding either monoadducts or interstrand cross-links. NMA adducts increase the thermal stability of DNA, and theoretical calculations indicate that NMA adducts do not grossly distort the DNA helix. Our results show that UvrABC makes incisions at the eighth phosphodiester bond 5' and the fifth phosphodiester bond 3' to an NMA monoadduct, consistent with the incision pattern observed for the majority of other lesions that are also recognized by UvrABC. DNA containing a site-specific NMA cross-link was also recognized and incised by UvrABC. The rate of incision of NMA cross-linked DNA was about 200-fold higher in supercoiled molecules than in relaxed molecules, whereas the rate of incision of DNA containing NMA monoadducts was stimulated approximately 2-fold by supercoiling. The signal for UvrABC recognition and incision of damaged DNA is discussed in relation to the ability of UvrABC to incise NMA adducts as well as other nondistortive lesions.
Complementary and Dual Variational Principles in Mechanics

In this chapter, we consider a theory of complementary and dual variational principles associated with a large class of linear boundary- and initial-value problems of mechanics. The mathematical setting for the class of problems we wish to examine is the following abstract linear problem: find an element u of a Hilbert space U such that $$\Lambda {\text{u = F, F}} \in {\text{u'}}$$ (4.1) where Λ is a linear operator from U into its dual U′ which is given as a product of three linear operators, $$\Lambda = {\text{A*EA}}$$ (4.2) Here A is a continuous linear operator from U into a Hilbert space V, E is a canonical isomorphism mapping V onto its dual V′, and A* is the adjoint of A which, by definition, maps V ′ into U′.
Far Infrared Spectral Observations of the Galactic Center Region from the Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory

Low resolution spectra in the region 45–250 microns of SgrA and SgrB2 were obtained in July/August, 1975, with the 91 cm telescope on the Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The spectra were taken with a single-beam Michelson interferometer utilizing a Mylar beam-splitter and a Ge-Ga bolometer with a beam diameter of 1.4 min. FWHM. Preliminary results give mean brightness temperatures for SgrA of roughly 90°K and for SgrB2 of roughly 40°K. SgrA was observed with a resolution of approximately 6 cm-1, while the resolution for B2 is approximately 3 cm-1. In addition, the HII region NGS 7538 was also observed at approximately 9 cm-1 resolution. The data will be presented and discussed.
Characterization of ADCs using a non-iterative procedure

This paper describes procedures to obtain optimum error models for ADCs using a non-iterative technique. The goal of "phase-plane" compensation for ADCs is to determine the error which is introduced by a converter as a function of the ADC state and the (estimated) slope of the input signal. Past calibration schemes have been frustrated by uncertainties about the input calibration signal. In this paper, the error characteristic is expressed as a linear combination of a set of basis functions, which is then optimised to minimize the harmonic distortion in the output sample sequence. Degradation in performance due to inaccurate estimates of the input signal is avoided. The theories developed in this paper are applied to an 8-bit ADC sampling at 204.8 MSPS. Experimental results show that dynamic range performance can be improved by as much as 12 dB over the Nyquist band. A further interesting result is that an error function measured for one ADC is found to work equally well for another ADC taken from the same production run. The errors determined are thus found to be unique to the ADC design and production, and not to the test and representation methods. It is believed that this is the first time that results of this nature have been reported in the literature. >
Justice White and the Law

Let me begin where Justice White began. First, Justice White believed in the law. He believed both in its power and in its legitimacy. His constitutional judgments were rooted in a fundamental premise—that the application of law in a democracy is not something to be feared; rather, the exercise by government of legitimate authority is essential, and welcome, in a free and democratic land. Second, Justice White did not equate the “law” with courts or the decisions of courts. Justice White did not embrace the notion, commonly expressed across the political spectrum, that the Third Branch is actually the first among the coordinate branches of our federal government. For him, the preeminent lawmakers in our constitutional government—through which law derives its legitimacy from the consent of the governed—are our legislatures, with federal law clearly supreme over state authority. In his view, whenever the United States Supreme Court constructs new limitations on agencies of government, it bears the heavy burden of justifying its refusal to defer to Congress, state legislatures, juries, and the other institutions of republican democracy. Third, Justice White had confidence in democratic institutions, and, at the threshold, he had confidence in public officials. He began with a presumption that those who hold positions of public trust generally act in good faith. To be sure, the presumption was rebuttable, and it surely could be overcome or destroyed by the factual record before him. But he never
Detection of two smooth colony phenotypes in a Salmonella enteritidis isolate which vary in their ability to contaminate eggs.

Abstract Salmonella enteritidis isolates were obtained from eggs after infection of Leghorn hens with a parent isolate (SE6) known to only infrequently contaminate eggs. Isolates from eggs exhibited two phenotypes that were subtly different. One phenotype was typically smooth, while the other was transiently rough. Both sets of isolates were phage type 13A and positive for D1 epitopes. Immunoblot analysis of entire colonies and gas chromatographic analysis of purified lipopolysaccharide revealed that the phenotypic difference between isolates was due to a quantitative difference in O antigen and possibly a qualitative difference in the lipid A core region. In addition, the two isolates had different opacity properties when examined at 600 nm. When the two isolates were used to inject egg-laying hens, a significant difference in the ability to contaminate eggs was detected.
Los vecinos del Preclásico en Xochitécatl y la institucionalización de la religión

Durante el Preclasico los habitantes de Xochitecatl y sus vecinos del Altiplano Central mexicano institucionalizaron ciertos elementos religiosos clave para los sistemas posteriores del Clasico y el Posclasico, entre ellos la orientacion de las estructuras principales, el simbolismo de las ofrendas rituales y la veneracion del dios Tormenta
Diode laser heterodyne observations of silicon monoxide in sunspots: A test of three sunspot models

Absorption features from the 8 micron SiO fundamental (upsilon = 1-0) and hot bands (upsilon = 2-1) have been observed in sunspots at sub-Doppler resolution using a ground-based tunable diode laser heterodyne spectrometer. The observed line widths suggest an upper limit of 0.5 km/s for the microturbulent velocity in sunspot umbrae. Since the silicon monoxide abundance is very sensitive to sunspot temperature, the measured equivalent widths permit an unambiguous determination of the temperature-pressure relation in the upper layers of the umbral atmosphere. In the region of SiO line formation (log P sub g = 3.0-4.5), the results support the sunspot model suggested by Stellmacher and Wiehr (1970).
Factors Affecting Expression of Enhanced Catalase Activity in a Tobacco Mutant with O2-Resistant Photosynthesis

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mutants with 40 to 50% more catalase activity than wild type show O2-resistant photosynthesis under conditions of high photorespiration. More than 90% of the population of mutant plants of an M7 and M8 generation had enhanced catalase activity, and nearly 40% had activities >3 standard deviations above the mean of wild type. Superoxide dismutase activity was the same in mutant and wild-type leaves. The greater photosynthetic rate of mutant leaves previously observed in the laboratory was confirmed with field-grown plants that showed significantly higher rates (8%) than wild type during 8 days of measurements during a 19-day period of active growth. The tip region of expanding mutant leaves had higher catalase activity than the base of the lamina, and photosynthesis was O2 resistant in 42% O2 in the tip compared with the base, thus further supporting the hypothesis that there is a biochemical linkage between these traits. Plants grown in high light (270 micromole photons per square meter per second) had greater catalase activity and an activity ratio of mutant to wild type of 1.45 compared with 1.22 for those grown in low light (130 micromole photons per square meter per second). After acclimation for 3 weeks, plants transferred from low to high light showed increasing activities, and after 5 days the activity ratio of mutant to wild type was the same as in plants acclimated in higher light. The role of enhanced catalase activity in reducing photorespiratory CO2 is discussed.
Dysplasia is more common in the distal than proximal colon in ulcerative colitis surveillance

Background: In patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC), current dysplasia surveillance guidelines recommend four-quadrant biopsies every 10 cm throughout the colon. However, this may be inefficient if neoplastic lesions are localized in particular segments of the colorectum. The aim was to determine whether a difference exists in the anatomic distribution of dysplasia discovered in UC patients undergoing colonoscopic surveillance. Methods: From an institutional database of over 700 patients with UC who underwent two or more surveillance colonoscopies between 1994–2006, we identified all patients with flat (endoscopically invisible) low-grade dysplasia (fLGD) or advanced neoplasia (colorectal cancer [CRC] or high-grade dysplasia [HGD]). Pathology reports were reviewed regarding the anatomic location of all dysplastic lesions. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the frequencies of neoplasia among the different colonic segments. Results: We identified 103 patients who progressed to any neoplasia (fLGD, HGD, or CRC). These patients underwent a total of 396 colonoscopies. The mean age at first surveillance colonoscopy was 48.6 years, with a mean UC disease duration of 18.2 years; 100% had extensive disease. Fifty-five patients developed advanced neoplasia. The rectosigmoid was found to have a significantly greater number of biopsies positive for advanced neoplasia and for any neoplasia compared to all other colonic segments (P < 0.0007); 71.2% of all advanced neoplasia was in the rectosigmoid. Conclusions: The majority of dysplastic lesions identified in a surveillance program was detected in the rectosigmoid. Endoscopists should consider taking a greater percentage of biopsies in these segments as opposed to more proximal areas. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Remote observing with the Keck Telescopes

We describe the remote observing capabilities currently provided at the Keck Headquarters in Waimea (located approximately 32 km from the Keck summit and at an elevation of 850 m) as well as the subset of capabilities now available from the mainland via the Internet. The bandwidth available between the telescope and the remote observing site determines which of several remote observing software and networking architectures is most cost-effective. We describe our operational experience with several different architectures, differentiating between those used at Keck headquarters and those used for remote observing from the mainland. Methods for optimizing bandwidth are explored, including the pipelining of image readout with data compression and transmission to the remote site. Tradeoffs between network bandwidth, security, and portability of software to remote observing sites are also explored.
A Born Educator and Researcher [Guest Editorial]

The articles in this special section present the life and work of Yannis Tsividis, a reknown circuit designer who revolutionized MOS transistor modeling.
Genetics of bacteriophage P22. IV. Correlation of genetic and physical map using translocatable drug-resistance elements.

Abstract Insertions of the translocatable drug-resistance elements Tn1 (which confers resistance to ampicillin) and Tn10 (which confers resistance to tetracycline) into the genome of phage P22 have been used to correlate large parts of the genetic and physical maps. Physical analysis with restriction endonucleases and heteroduplex analysis in the electron microscope of insertions whose genetic position could be determined sufficed to locate most of the late genes of P22.