cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Downscaling spatial structure for the analysis of epidemiological data

Abstract Many widely accessible forms of socio-economic and public health data have been subjected to some form of spatial aggregation. Polygonal units, such as US Census tabulation areas, political boundaries, transportation analysis zones and ZIP codes, are often used to represent the spatial extent of these data. While convenient, this type of spatial aggregation, not only ignores the underlying variability of the data of interest, but also the spatial relationships between observations. Although privacy concerns are certainly an important issue in this context, spatial data aggregation can negatively influence one’s ability to accurately surveil disease and identify locations (or clusters of locations) with increased disease incidence. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of supplementary spatial data, particularly street networks, for downscaling the spatial structure of polygonal units. Spatial statistical tests are then used to identify clusters of disease incidence for the downscaled study area. Results suggest that the downscaled spatial structure of polygonal units provides valuable information on the spatial distribution of disease and can facilitate a more detailed spatial analysis of epidemiological data. Prostate cancer data aggregated to ZIP codes for a region of New York State are used to illustrate this concept.
Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and Proactiveness in SMEs

This study utilizes data from 1,048 firms in six countries to assess the impact of national culture and certain institutions that are representative of national culture on two key dimensions of ent...
Phase behavior of polymer–solvent mixtures

Abstract Phase equilibria for mixtures of a polymer and a supercritical solvent are investigated by means of Expanded Gibbs Ensemble simulations. Our results indicate that such systems exhibit both lower and upper critical solution temperature (LCST and UCST) phenomena. Closed-loop miscibility diagrams are observed for systems with no specific preferences for like and unlike components. The results of our simulations for Lennard–Jones polymer–solvent mixtures are in qualitative agreement with experimental data for polymers in supercritical solvents.
Carboxymethylcellulose: Effect of degree of polymerization and substitution on tablet disintegration and dissolution

Highly polymerized grades of carboxymethylcellulose sodium serve effectively as disintegrating agents for tablets. The preferred disintegrants have a high degree of polymerization with a small number of carboxymethyl groups. Grades with a low degree of polymerization are poor disintegrating agents irrespective of their degree of substitution. The dissolution rates of sulfamethoxazole tablets correlated with the disintegration times.
Assessing Founders to Predict Venture Success: Lessons from Psychologists and Venture Capital Firms

Abstract: Although risk is inherent in the very definition of entrepreneurship, there is a wealth of existing research that can provide guidance in forecasting a founder's capabilities for success. This literature and its limitations are reviewed with an eye toward implications for entrepreneurship in health and human services.
A New Paradigm of Interactive Artery/Vein Separation in Noncontrast Pulmonary CT Imaging Using Multiscale Topomorphologic Opening

Distinguishing pulmonary arterial and venous (A/V) trees via in vivo imaging is a critical first step in the quantification of vascular geometry for the purpose of diagnosing several pulmonary diseases and to develop new image-based phenotypes. A multiscale topomorphologic opening (MSTMO) algorithm has recently been developed in our laboratory for separating A/V trees via noncontrast pulmonary human CT imaging. The method starts with two sets of seeds-one for each of A/V trees and combines fuzzy distance transform and fuzzy connectivity in conjunction with several morphological operations leading to locally adaptive iterative multiscale opening of two mutually conjoined structures. In this paper, we introduce the methods for handling “local update” and “separators” into our previous theoretical formulation and incorporate the algorithm into an effective graphical user interface (GUI). Results of a comprehensive evaluative study assessing both accuracy and reproducibility of the method under the new setup are presented and also, the effectiveness of the GUI-based system toward improving A/V separation results is examined. Accuracy of the method has been evaluated using mathematical phantoms, CT images of contrast-separated pulmonary A/V casting of a pig's lung and noncontrast pulmonary human CT imaging. The method has achieved 99% true A/V labeling in the cast phantom and, almost, 92-94% true labeling in human lung data. Reproducibility of the method has been evaluated using multiuser A/V separation in human CT data along with contrast-enhanced CT images of a pig's lung at different positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEPs). The method has achieved, almost, 92-98% agreements in multiuser A/V labeling with ICC for A/V measures being over 0.96-0.99. Effectiveness of the GUI-based method has been evaluated on human data in terms of improvements of accuracy of A/V separation results and results have shown 8-22% improvements in true A/V labeling. Both qualitative and quantitative results found are very promising.
New developments in emotion regulation with an emphasis on the positive spectrum of human functioning

There is converging evidence from several psychological fields on the ways in which individuals engage in specific strategies to modify, alter, or accept their emotional experiences to obtain more desirable outcomes. The current Special Issue is dedicated to a series of examinations on how these self- regulatory strategies can promote resilience, create and sustain positive moods and intrinsic motivation, and aid in the repair of different negative emotions. The content of these articles are briefly reviewed in the context of additional ideas for scientific advancements in understanding and developing positive health. Human beings are not passive agents that simply experience emotions. Besides experiencing emotions, individuals monitor, regulate, and in some cases, struggle with them. Individuals' develop relationships with their own subjective, behavioral, and physiological affective responses which can serve as vulnerabil- ity factors for psychological distress and disorder (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, suppression) or resilience factors that increase the likelihood of pleasurable, engaging, and meaningful living (e.g., savoring, acceptance). With the ubiquity of emotional experi- ences, short and long term goals, and situational challenges, people are inclined to manage their emotions in ways to obtain more desirable outcomes or at least attempt to control or cope with adverse outcomes. Of course, individuals differ in their ability to attend to, accurately identify, and process emotions; willingness to experience and express emotions; flexibility to adopt regulatory strategies that are appropriate to the environ- mental context; and capacity to recognize the effectiveness of
Is the Kock pouch still a viable option

Despite the success the Kock pouch has had in providing continence for many patients requiring ileostomy, the procedure has failed to gain widespread acceptance as a viable option for patients requiring proctocolectomy. The reasons for this include the complexity of the operation, the initial reports of high complication rates associated with the Kock pouch and the advent of the ileo-anal reservoir. However, technical developments and experience have led to a progressive decline in both early and late complications. Early complications now approximate to those of any other major intra-abdominal bowel operation. The incidence of late complications requiring revisional surgery has decreased from 54% to 9.3%–25%. Operative mortality, originally reported as high as 4.3%, is now almost zero. Although the ileo-anal reservoir is the preferred alternative to conventional ileostomy, it is not suited to all patients. The current status of the continent ileostomy and its role in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is reviewed. Any surgeon interested in providing a continent option for the patient requiring proctocolectomy should be aware of the significant improvement in the operative results of the conztinent ileostomy using contemporary surgical techniques. The answer to the question “Is the Kock pouch still a viable option?” is therefore unequivocally yes. Recent advances in surgical technique and postoperative care have decreased the incidence of complications to acceptable levels when performed by experienced surgeons. Patients unsuited to restorative proctocolectomy and those 5–15% of patients who have failed after restorative proctocolectomy may desire a continent option. The Kock pouch still offers a valuable alternative to conventional ileostomy in these patients.
Tenebrionidae from Dominican amber (Coleoptera)

Only few fossil Tenebrionidae have been described, mostly from Baltic amber (see Spahr 1981). The only fossils described from the New World appear to be a few species from Florissant shales (Wickham 1913; 1914a, b), those from the California asphalt deposits (Doyen & Miller 1980) and a single species from Dominican amber (Kaszab & Schawaller 1984). Based on Wickham's description and illustrations, the fragmentary fossils he placed in or near extant genera may be ascribed to Tenebrionidae only with uncertainty. In contrast, the Tenebrionidae from the California asphalts all clearly represent species which occur in the immediate area today, and are probably best regarded as subfossils. Screening of many thousands of Dominican amber inclusions has gradually resulted in the accumulation of 29 species of Tenebrionidae, represented by 50 specimens. The account which follows possibly represents the most comprehensive taxonomic survey of any large insect family known to occur in Dominican amber.
Appraisal of health risks: the roles of masculinity, femininity, and sex

The study examined the relationship between gender role orientation and appraisals of health risks. A random sample of college students from a U.S. university responded to the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Subjects also were presented with sets of scenarios that depicted health-threatening events. They rated the extent to which different environmental events and the degree to which immediate illness symptoms posed a threat to their health. The ratings did not differ significantly between men and women or between individuals who were above versus below the median on the masculinity dimension. The one consistent result was an interaction between femininity and sex of subject - highly feminine men exhibited the highest health concern ratings compared to the other subgroups. Additional analyses ruled out potential confounding variables. The findings suggest that the extent to which males are socialised toward greater femininity appears to lead to a heightened sense of awareness and concern about health compromising circumstances. Our results are consistent with a growing body of psychosocial literature showing the beneficial effects of femininity on health and illness outcomes.
Observation of radiative surface plasmons in metal-oxide-metal tunnel junctions

A peak in the UV region of the spectrum of light emitted from metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunnel junctions has been observed at room temperature. Both the amplitude and wavelength of the peak are sensitive to applied junction bias. The UV peak corresponds to the normal or radiative surface plasmon mode while a visible peak, also present in the present spectra and reported in past MOM literature, is due to the tangential or nonradiative mode. The radiative mode requires no surface roughness or gratings for photon coupling. The results show that it is possible to obtain radiative surface plasmon production followed by a direct decay into photons with MOM tunnel diodes. A MOM diode with a double anode structure is found to emit light associated only with the nonradiative mode. The thickness dependence of the UV peak, along with the experimental results of the double anode MOM diode and the ratio of the UV peak to visible peak, support the contention that the UV light emission is indeed due to the radiative surface plasmon.
Effect of antiferromagnetic transition on the optical-absorption edge in MnO, α − MnS , and CoO

The effect of the magnetic transition on the optical-absorption edge has been studied for three antiferromagnetic crystals, MnO, $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{MnS}$, and CoO. MnO shows a red shift, whereas $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{MnS}$ and CoO show a blue shift. The observations can be satisfactorily explained by a model which attributes the absorption edge to electron transitions from the magnetic ions to the conduction band. In the process, the electrons are localized around the ions excited. The lattice distortion and the changes in magnetic interactions are both significant for the effect.
A commentary on the 12-step program.

PROFESSOR KBANTZLAN HAS numerous articles on this subject that I frequently use for medical student and resident education, especially his published beliefs that abstinence must be attempted and attained before psychotherapy can be effective. In fact, much faculty discussion has evolved over the past 8 years at my university about this subject. I excerpted several of his prior articles in defense of my belief that abstinence is the first and most basic tenet for establishment of recovery and caused a great discussion among some colleagues. However, the present article is a statement of author opinions rather than research. My colleague and friend, John Chappel, long ago reminded me that Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is not a “self-help” group. If it were the individual (self) who was doing the helping, there would be no need for a group. Rather, a more appropriate phrasing might be “group-help” (my term, not John’s) because recovery seems to hinge on attendance of meetings and the reinforcement received from others for following the proscribed processes. For those groups that follow the precepts of AA, a far more acceptable term might be “12-step.” However, for the non-1Zstep groups, I suggest use of the term, “group-help.” Most recovering individuals in my acquaintance have done so using the precepts of AA. I frequently hear of therapies that are successful, but I never seem to meet any of the recovering individuals from those therapies. The recovering men and women I have met came predominantly through 12-step programs, occasionally through other spiritual groups such as church (maybe 5%?), and even more rarely through “spontaneous remission” (maybe 1%) although all of my patients have tried this method). My pragmatic approach is that because 12-step pro-
The epidemiology of bacteriuria in pregnancy

Bacteriuria in pregnancy is now easily detected by various techniques adapted to the office setting. It is importtant to screen for bacteriuria in pregnancy because 3%–10% of pregnant women will be positive for occult infection. Up to 30% thus infected will subsequently develop pyelonephritis later in pregnancy, which in turn is associated with premature labor and delivery. This entity must be detected and treated as early as possible in pregnancy to prevent these adverse effects.
Finite Element Analysis of Laser Fabricated Microjoint Performance in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Assessment of neural biocompatibility requires that materials be tested with exposure in neural fluids. Laser bonded microjoint samples made from titanium foil and polyimide film (TiPI) were evaluated for mechanical performance before and after exposure in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for two, four and twelve weeks at 37°C. These samples represent a critical feature i.e., the microjoint — a major weakness in the bioencapsulation system. The laser microbonds showed initial degradation up to four weeks which then stabilized afterwards and retained similar strength until twelve weeks. To understand this bond degradation mechanism better, a finite element modeling approach was adopted. From the finite element results, it was revealed that the bond degradation was not owing to the hygroscopic expansion of polyimide. Rather, relaxation of the process induced residual stresses may have resulted in weakening of the bond strength as observed from experimental measurements.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Atom-trapping in the Lamb-Dicke regime in a far-off-resonance optical lattice

We form a 1D optical lattices for Cs atoms using light tuned a few thousand linewidths below the 6S1/2(F equals 4) yields 6P3/2(F' equals 5) transition at 852 nm. In this far-off- resonance lattice the time scale for damping of motional coherences and kinetic energy can be orders of magnitude longer than the vibrational oscillation period for atoms trapped in the lattice potential wells. Atoms are loaded directly into deeply bound states, by adiabatic transfer from a superimposed, near-resonance optical lattice. This yields a mean vibrational excitation n approximately equals 0.3, and localization (Delta) z approximately (lambda) /20 deep in the Lamb-Dicke regime. Light scattering subsequently heats the atoms, but the initial rate is only of order 10-3 vibrational quanta per oscillation period. Low vibrational excitation, localization in the Lamb-Dicke regime and low heating rates make these atoms good candidates for resolved- sideband Raman cooling, and for the generation and study of non-classical states of center-of-mass motion. We propose a scheme for resolved-sideband Raman cooling and quantum state preparation; the scheme employs Raman coupling between magnetic sublevels induced by the lattice light field itself.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Popcorn primary colonic phytobezoar

A compulsive popcorn eater presented with complaints of abdominal and rectal pain, abdominal distention, and obstipation of one week's duration. Physical examination revealed a large lower abdominal mass, and roentgenograms demonstrated a large bezoar in the rectosigmoid region. This case describes the first report of a primary colonic bezoar caused by the ingestion of raw popcorn kernels.
Destructive encephalopathy in incontinentia pigmenti: A primary disorder?

A 3-day-old infant with incontinentia pigmenti presented with acute encephalopathy associated with neuroradiographic findings of hemorrhagic necrosis and brain edema. No specific infectious, inflammatory, vascular, or metabolic abnormality was identified. We speculate that there is a variably expressed mutant protein in incontinentia pigmenti that could cause either developmental brain malformations or a destructive process.
Modern posterior screw techniques in the pediatric cervical spine

Treatment of children with cervical spine disorders requiring fusion is a challenging endeavor for a variety of reasons. The size of the patients, the corresponding abnormal bony anatomy, the inherent ligamentous laxity of children, and the relative rarity of the disorders all play a part in difficulty of treatment. The benefits of modern posterior cervical instrumentation in children, defined as rigid screw-rod systems, have been shown to be many including: improved arthrodesis rates, diminished times in halo-vest immobilization, and improved reduction of deformities. The anatomy of children and the corresponding pathology seen frequently is at the upper cervical spine and craniocervical junction given the relatively large head size of children and the horizontal facets at these regions predisposing them to instability or deformity. Posterior screw fixation, while challenging, allows for a rigid base to allow for fusion in these upper cervical areas which are predisposed to pseudarthrosis with non-rigid fixation. A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the cervical spine, the morphology of the cervical spine, and the available screw options is paramount for placing posterior cervical screws in children. The purpose of this review is to discuss both the anatomical and clinical descriptions related to posterior screw placement in the cervical spine in children.
Four-component gas/water/oil displacements in one dimension: Part I. structure of the conservation law

This paper presents the first analysis of the mathematical structure of a system of conservation laws modeling compositional flow of four components in three phases. The phase behavior that results from assuming the equilibrium volume ratios of the components in the phases are fixed (constant K-values) when up to three phases may form, is studied. We parameterize the equations in the three-phase region and show that within the three-phase region two of the characteristic curves can be found using three-phase immiscible flow theory. The third eigenvalue can also be found analytically when the K-values are constant. We show that the eigenvalue problem given by the conservation law has a discontinuity at the boundary of the two- and three-phase regions. Finally, the loss of strict hyperbolicity is discussed.
Proteomics of cerebral injury in a neonatal model of cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Objective Concern over neurologic injury limits safe duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in surgery for congenital cardiac disease. Proteomics is a novel and powerful technique to study global protein changes in a given protein system. Using a neonatal model of cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA, we sought to characterize the protein changes associated with DHCA brain injury. Methods Ten neonatal piglets were randomized to cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA or sham operation. DHCA animals underwent induction of bypass (100 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ), cooling to 18°C, then DHCA for 60 minutes. Animals were rewarmed to normothermia, weaned from bypass, and harvested after 30 minutes off bypass. Sham animals underwent sternotomy without further instrumentation. Plasma samples were taken before bypass and before harvest. Proteins differentially expressed in the cerebral neocortex between the 2 groups were determined by 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis using fluorescent cyanine dyes and mass spectrometry. A second group of 4 piglets were similarly randomized and, after the experiment, tissues underwent perfusion-fixation for histologic examination. Results Cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA caused extensive histologic and ultrastructural cerebral injury. Proteomic analysis of cerebral cortex found 10 protein spots to be differentially expressed; 9 were identified by mass spectrometry to represent 6 proteins, including apolipoprotein A-1, neurofilament-M protein, and enolase. Decreased expression of plasma apolipoprotein A-1 was found in DHCA. Conclusions The acute protein changes associated with cerebral injury in a neonatal model of cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA have been characterized. These may direct further research aimed at attenuating injury seen from cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA.
A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOID VARIATION IN ARNICA SUBGENUS AUSTROMONTANA (ASTERACEAE)

Species of Arnica subgenus Austromontana produce a total of 23 leaf flavonoids, including simple and methylated flavone and flavonol glycosides as well as highly methylated flavone aglycones and a 6-hydroxylated flavone. Most of the taxa exhibit considerable interpopulational variability, with the number of compounds per population ranging from 2 to 14. Analysis of flavonoid variation in 1 3 populations representing all 9 species of the subgenus was carried out using cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and binary discriminant analysis. Results indicate the flavonoid profile of the very rare A. viscosa is the most distinctive in the subgenus. Although exhibiting considerable interpopulational all populations of A. gracilis, a hybrid taxon, form a very distinct and cohesive group, supporting its recognition at the specific level. Additionally, chemical diversification from A. cordifolia has taken place largely in the Klamath region of Oregon and California. The range of variability exhibited by A. cordifolia is reflected in these Klamath region derivatives. ARNICA L. subgenus Austromontana Maguire consists of nine montane to alpine species restricted primarily to western North America (Wolf and Denford, 1984a). Members of the subgenus are extremely polymorphic, largely due to microspecies formation via apomixis (Wolf, 1980; Wolf and Denford, 1984a). Recent studies based on morphological, cytological, geographical, and chemical analyses concluded that the two widespread species A. cordifolia Hook. and its derivative A. latifolia Bong., are ancestral species of the subgenus (Wolf and Denford, 1 984b, c). From these two species, major evolutionary diversification within the subgenus has taken place largely in the Klamath region of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California (Wolf and Denford, 1 984c). Four of the nine species are relatively rare and are restricted to the Klamath region. Additionally, A. gracilis Rydbg., an alpine species of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest, is a hybrid between A. cordifolia and A. latifolia and has been recognized at the specific level (Wolf and Denford, 1 984b). Flavonoid chemistry has been especially useful in suggesting evolutionary relationships within Arnica subgenus Austromontana. Species of the subgenus elaborate a total of 23 leaf flavonoids, including simple and methylated flavone and flavonol glycosides as well as highly methylated flavone aglycones and a 6-hydroxylated flavone (Wolf and Denford,
Algorithms for automated inspection

The demand to minimize the number of defects along with the increasing availability of computerized vision systems has made the on-line inspection of all production parts a feasible option in modern manufacturing systems. Vision systems enable noncontact, and thus, nondestructive measurements. An image of the production part is electronically obtained and stored in digital form in a computer. In most cases, the image is then processed to identify the local edges of the object. At a higher image processing level, information on lkocal edges is used to obtain the boundaries of the object. Measurements on the computationally obtained boundary can then be performed mathematically, allowing tests to verify the shape and dimensions of the production part. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate and present methods for the determination of shapes and the use of this information for on-line quality inspection.
Expression of foreign genes, GUS and hygromycin resistance, in the halophyte Kosteletzkya virginica in response to bombardment with the Particle Inflow Gun

A 'Particle Inflow Gun' was constructed to introduce the glucuronidase (GUS) and hygromycin resistance genes into halophytic suspension cells of Kosteletzkya virginica. The transient expression of the GUS gene was associated with the cell culture conditions, physical parameters during the use of the Particle Inflow Gun, and different promoters coupled to GUS. When the CaMV35S promoter was used, the cells adapted at 85 mM NaCl had a similar gene transfer efficiency to those of the non-salt-adapted control, while expression was less in the 170 mM and 255 mM NaCl-adapted cells. Both elevating bombardment pressure to 1.65 mPa and shortening the distance between the cells and the particle holder from 21 cm to 9 cm enhanced GUS expression in the cells grown in four salinity treatments. An ABA-responsive promoter induced the expression of the GUS gene either with 10 -4 M ABA or with salts in the post-bombardment medium in both control and NaCl-adapted cell lines. Stable transgenic callus lines were isolated by using hygromycin-containing medium after bombarding the suspension cells with the Particle Inflow Gun. The presence of the GUS gene in stable transformants was confirmed not only by histochemical and fluorimetric assays for the GUS activity, but also by Southern hybridization of RT-PCR amplified mRNA.
Intestinal absorption of ferritin in the suckling rat.

Extensive absorption of ferritin was demonstrated in the proximal and distal ileum of 8–12 day-old rats. In some regions, ferritin droplets were distributed in the basal cytoplasm of the columnar epithelium and in the lamina propria one hour after feeding. Subsequently, iron-positive material was localized adjacent to vessels of the lamina propria and in macrophages. Absorption of lesser quantities was demonstrated in the duodenum.
A Framework for Ontology-Based Heterogeneous Data Integration for Cost Management in Product Family Design

High quality, high impact and economical products and systems are important goals for an enterprise. The usage of product families can be strategic to achieving these goals, yet defining these families can be challenging, requiring the consideration of numerous cost factors. This requires bringing together a great number of heterogeneous data sources of varying formats in a manner that allows the product development team to easily locate and reuse information in a collaborative manner across time and space. To date, our work has focused on the development and use of an Activity-Based Cost ontology (ABC ontology) to guide designers drill down to get at information for product family design. However, this ontology is built in such a way that it can only support information retrieval from the ontology and does not bring together and connect heterogeneous data resources. It does not address the problem of designers who struggle with obtaining relevant details from different departments in an enterprise. While there have been several semantic data schema integration tools for heterogeneous data resources integration, these tools cannot guide users to related information, that would lead to the root cause of the high cost. In this paper, in order to better manage cost in product family design, an ontology-based framework is put forward that builds on our prior work and combines the advantages of ABC ontology and data schema integration tools. The ontology-based framework can guide users to the proper information aspects through querying the central ontology, and give users detailed information about these aspects from heterogeneous data resources with the support of local ontologies. Ultimately, this framework will facilitate designers with better utilization of cost-related factors for product family design from a whole enterprise perspective.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Stress-sensitive reservoirs

Changes in reservoir fluids during production (fluid expansion, dissolution of gas, among others) have long been recognized, but reservoir strata themselves, except for compaction-drive reservoirs, typically have been considered to be static systems. However, a growing number of increasingly sophisticated measurements have demonstrated that some variations in reservoir deliverability are related to interactions between changing fluid pressures, reservoir stresses, and natural-fracture permeability during production and/or injection.
A new (old)anatomy

Howard Adelmann’s majestic five volume Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology was published nearly 50 years ago. A mix of paraphrase and translation, as well as extended commentary, Adelmann described Malpighi as “one of the cardinal figures in the history of biology. As we look back over the three centuries that separate him from us, he may, for all his towering stature, at first glance seem a distant figure. And yet he and his work are not so remote after all” (Vol. 1, xxii). Much has changed in the history of biology since Adelmann’s groundbreaking work, and among the many lessons to be taken from Domenico Bertoloni-Meli’s carefully researched, persuasive and, at times, beautifully rendered book is that the life sciences in the early modern period must be studied with an eye to the history of science, medicine and philosophy—i.e., calling Malpighi simply a “biologist” is very liable to mislead. This point, though only implicit in Meli’s choice to study Malpighi “in relation to the medico-anatomical world of his time” (4), indicates the interdisciplinary character of Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy.
Muscle Relaxant Action of β-Hydroxylamine Cinnamonyl Hydroxamic Acid in Isolated Organs

β-Hydroxylamine cinnamonyl hydroxamic acid produced muscle relaxation in the guinea pig trachea, the rabbit jejunum, and the rabbit atria. This relaxing action was not blocked by α- or β-blocking agents, atropine and diphenhydramine; however, it could be antagonized with epinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine. The degree of muscle relaxation was dose dependent and expressed itself in decreased force exerted and decreased frequency of spontaneous contractions. The β-hydroxylamine cinnamonyl hydroxamic acid-induced muscle relaxation could not be explained in terms of any known neurohumoral mediator inhibition and appears to be direct and attributable to the unique molecular structure of the hydroxamic acid itself.
Do Procedural Justice Perceptions in a Selection Testing Context Predict Applicant Attraction and Intention Toward the Organization

This study examines the effects of procedural justice perceptions on outcomes in an actual selection context with applicants taking a general mental ability test to gain employment as utility meter readers. Applicant attraction and intention related to the organization were measured at 3 time periods. This allowed us to control for initial levels of outcome variables and the pass‐ fail result when assessing procedural justice effects. Procedural justice perceptions modestly predicted organizational attractiveness and intention prior to pass‐ fail feedback. However, the procedural justice effects on these outcomes were diminished after controlling for the pass‐ fail result. Either changes in R 2 or regression coefficients associated with procedural justice perceptions failed to achieve significance for all outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for procedural justice research and for employment managers.
DB-PABP: a database of polyanion-binding proteins

The interactions between polyanions (PAs) and polyanion-binding proteins (PABPs) have been found to play significant roles in many essential biological processes including intracellular organization, transport and protein folding. Furthermore, many neurodegenerative disease-related proteins are PABPs. Thus, a better understanding of PA/ PABP interactions may not only enhance our understandings of biological systems but also provide new clues to these deadly diseases. The literature in this field is widely scattered, suggesting the need for a comprehensive and searchable database of PABPs. The DB-PABP is a comprehensive, manually curated and searchable database of experimentally characterized PABPs. It is freely available and can be accessed online at http://pabp.bcf.ku.edu/ DB_PABP/. The DB-PABP was implemented as a MySQL relational database. An interactive web interface was created using Java Server Pages (JSP). The search page of the database is organized into a main search form and a section for utilities. The main search form enables custom searches via four menus: protein names, polyanion names, the source species of the proteins and the methods used to discover the interactions. Available utilities include a commonality matrix, a function of listing PABPs by the number of interacting polyanions and a string search for author surnames. The DB-PABP is maintained at the University of Kansas. We encourage users to provide feedback and submit new data and references.
Organization and translation of mRNA in sympathetic axons.

Many axons carry out the synthesis of macromolecules independent of their cell bodies but the nature, organization and magnitude of axonal protein synthesis remain unclear. We have examined these features in axons of chick sympathetic neurons in cell culture. In situ hybridization showed that poly(A) mRNA is abundant and non-uniformly distributed in nearly all axons. The specific transcripts for β-actin and actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) were also present and non-uniformly distributed in axons, with an approximately hundredfold higher concentration in growth cones, branch points and axonal varicosities than in the axon shaft. Immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies indicates that β-actin, ADF and neurofilament protein (NF) are translated in axons independently of cell bodies. Quantification of the distribution of β-actin and ADF mRNAs showed that their ability to enter the axon was likely to be a property of the neuron as a whole rather than of individual axons. To compare the distribution of axonally translated protein to that of mRNA, we performed 35 S metabolic labeling with axons separated from their cell bodies. Axonally synthesized proteins were distributed throughout the axons and their synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide but not by chloramphenicol. Proteins translated mainly or exclusively in axons or cell bodies were both detected by metabolic labeling. Axons separated from their cell bodies synthesized up to 5% as much protein in a 3-hour period as did intact neurons. Because axons in our culture conditions contain ∼50% of the non-nuclear volume of the neurons, we estimate that axoplasm of sympathetic neurons has a protein synthetic capacity per unit volume equal to 10% that of cell body cytoplasm.
“Equivalent Retirement Ages” and Their Implications for Social Security and Medicare Financing

The projected implications of population aging, especially the attendant costs of income support and health care, are based on a definition of normal retirement age as age 65, although the retirement age for full Social Security benefits will be raised gradually to age 67 by the year 2027. Should the retirement age be increased beyond what is now scheduled in the 1983 law? This article discusses the concept of "equivalent retirement ages" as a method for determining an appropriate age for normal retirement, and points out the usefulness and limitations of raising normal retirement age as a policy instrument.
The Role of the Amygdala in Emotional Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the role of the amygdala in emotional learning. The amygdala is an almond-shaped area of the brain lying between the external capsule and the hypothalamus. A brief overview of amygdaloid morphology and electrophysiology is presented. Anatomical targets of the central nucleus of the amygdala that appear important for various signs of fear are enumerated, along with studies looking at the effects of lesions and electrical or chemical stimulation of the amygdala. The chapter shows the possible role of the amygdala in attention as well as the data showing that an intact amygdala is necessary for fear conditioning is mentioned. Finally, the role of excitatory amino acid transmitters in the amygdala in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear is reviewed. Many of the amygdala projection areas are critically involved in specific signs that are used to measure fear and anxiety. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits a pattern of behaviors that mimics natural or conditioned states of fear. Lesions of the amygdala block innate or conditioned fear, as well as various measures of attention, and local infusion of drugs into the amygdala has anxiolytic effects in several behavioral tests.
sex, money, and the status of women in aboriginal south Bougainville

The economics of sexuality and its relationship to female status were examined among 3 south Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) groups -- Nagovisi Siwai and Buin -- where variations in female status appear related to economic factors. Data examined included the use of tokens of exchange in marriage prestations fines for adultery presents between lovers and prostitution. The performance of promise of sex acts occasioned economic exchanges in several different contexts. These contexts were marriage fornication and adultery and for Siwai and Buin only prostitution. The exchange value of sex acts in these various contexts were contrasted along with the amount of remuneration given to principal actors and remuneration to others not taking part in the sexual activity. The Nagovisi made use of only the finer grade of shell money. Even today when universal bride-price is Nagovisi informations never mention anything about the exchange of valuables as a sign that a couple can be considered married. The 3 things that are alway pointed out are that the couple sleeps in the same house walks around together and the man works in the womans garden. To fornicate and to commit adultery were and are regarded as wrong but not unusual. In Siwai sex acts outside of marriage comprised fornication adultery and prostitution. It was customary for a man to give his partner in a sexual liaison a gift of some kind. In Buin bride-price was paid and as in Siwai the bride herself received 1 or more shell strands. Fornication took place in Buin but parents of the chiefly class tried to preserve their daughters chastity by closely monitoring the girls activities.
Mothers' perceptions of the impact of woman abuse on their parenting.

Previous studies have examined the effects of domestic violence on women's parenting solely through questionnaire data. The current study, consistent with feminist theory, examines women's narratives about parenting in domestic violence situations through a semistructured interview. Thematic analysis of these interviews revealed that most women believed that their parenting was affected by their partner's violence. Interestingly, women reported not only negative effects of the violence on their parenting but also some positive effects, indicating that women frequently actively mobilize their resources to respond to the violence on behalf of their children. These findings are in contrast to theoretical conceptualizations of women who have experienced domestic violence as helpless or as focused solely on the batterer's needs.
A Steady-Hand Robotic System for Microsurgical Augmentation

This paper reports the development of a robotic system designed to extend a human’s ability to perform small-scale (sub-millimeter) manipulation tasks requiring human judgment, sensory integration,...
The Impact of Structural Budget Deficits on Commercial Bank Interest Rates: Reply

This study examines the impact of the structural budget deficit on the cost of funds at commercial banks. The cost of funds is measured as an ex ante real interest rate. The results of an instrumental variables estimate in first differences indicate that the structural deficit exercises a positive impact on the ex ante real commercial bank cost of funds.
Uncertainty Analysis of Tunnel Roof Stability

Fractures, joints, and other discontinuities significantly influence the stability of excavations in rock. Unstable blocks of rock in the roofs of tunnels can have a significant effect on the safety and economic feasibility of highways and railroads. The stability of tunnel roof keyblocks subject to self-weight and surface forces is examined using linear programming methods. An instability measure based on the concept of fuzzy sets is used to characterize the level of instability. On the basis of analysis of the instability measure, the support pressure required to stabilize the tunnel roof can be estimated. A probabilistic analysis based on the expectation of the instability measure is used to examine the effect of the uncertainties caused by the variability of rock material properties.
Sexual selection hinders adaptation in experimental populations of yeast

Sexual selection, the suite of processes that lead to differential mating success among individuals, probably influences the evolutionary trajectory of populations. Because sexual selection often s...
The effect of industrial diversity on state unemployment rate and per capita income

This paper examines the effect of industrial diversification on state unemployment and per capita income. Diversification may provide a form of employment insurance to states during cyclic downturns. Thus well diversified states should experience lower unemployment. To the extent that specialization confers economic benefit, however, more concentrated states should have higher per capita personal income. We use two sets of panel data for seventeen states spanning a thirty-eight year period to test these hypotheses. When state heterogeneity is controlled for properly, our results show that a strong link exists between industrial diversity and reduced unemployment. The evidence that per capita personal income is associated with industrial concentration is much weaker.
60 GHz sources using optically driven HBTs

Millimeter-wave sources at 60 GHz have been demonstrated using optically driven heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) configured as photodetectors. Two techniques were used to optically generate the millimeter waves: the mixing of two continuous wave lasers and the mode locking of a semiconductor laser. The millimeter-wave power generated from these two configurations was radiated into free-space using integrated planar twin dipole antennas and heterodyne detected with signal to noise ratios>40 dB. As part of these experiments, the DC optical gain and quantum efficiency of the HBT photodetectors were determined. >
Environmental and Personality Psychology

I was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, on April 10, 1936. My parents, Margaret Conlon and Robert Craik, were first-generation Americans. My maternal grandparents had come from counties Cavan and Monaghan in Ireland; my paternal grandmother was born in Rosemarket, Wales, whereas my paternal grandfather, Henry Craik, was born in Tweedmouth, in the border district linking England with Scotland. My wife, Janice, also born in Pawtucket, and I were married in Providence in 1957; she earned her BA degree in English at the University of California at Berkeley in 1962. Two of our children, Jennifer and Kenneth, have received their undergraduate degrees from the University of California at Berkeley, while Amy is now beginning her studies at Reed College.
Phase mode analysis of directional elements in a circular array

A technique for analyzing the directional elements of a circular array is presented. The technique is based on phase mode decomposition of measured element patterns. It can be used to calibrate the array and may help identify sources of measurement errors. It is illustrated with patterns from a 108-element circular array.
Predicting Children’s Depressive Symptoms from Community and Individual Risk Factors

Community, demographic, familial, and personal risk factors of childhood depressive symptoms were examined from an ecological theoretical approach using hierarchical linear modeling. Individual-level data were collected from an ethnically diverse (73% African-American) community sample of 197 children and their parents; community-level data were obtained from the U.S. Census regarding rates of community poverty and unemployment in participants’ neighborhoods. Results indicated that high rates of community poverty and unemployment, children’s depressive attributional style, and low levels of self-perceived competence predict children’s depressive symptoms, even after accounting for demographic and familial risk factors, such as parental education and negative parenting behaviors. The effect of negative parenting behaviors on depressive symptoms was partially mediated by personal variables like children’s self-perceived competence. Recommendations for future research, intervention and prevention programs are discussed.