cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical validation of the 7th AJCC-TNM nodal staging system in lymph node-positive patients undergoing radical cystectomy.

4588 Background: The AJCC TNM staging system for bladder cancer has recently been updated. In the new 7th edition, staging of lymph node (LN) metastases is based on anatomical location instead of s...
Effectiveness of Pharmacist Intervention to Reduce Medication Errors and Health-Care Resources Utilization After Transitions of Care: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Objectives Medication errors are common during transitions of care. The main objective of the current investigation was to examine the effectiveness of pharmacist-based transition of care interventions on the reduction of medication errors after hospital discharge. Methods A systematic search was conducted to detect published reports of randomized trials using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed database, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar inclusive to July 1, 2015. Search terms included pharmacist, medication, errors, readmission, transition, and discharge. A priori main outcomes included medication errors and health-care resources utilization (hospital readmission and/or emergency room visits). Quantitative analysis was performed using a random effect method. Results Thirteen randomized trials examining 3503 patients were included in the final analysis. The aggregate effect of the 10 studies evaluating the effect of pharmacists intervention on the incidence of medication errors during transitions of care favored pharmacist over control with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.44 (0.31-0.63). The overall effect of 4 studies evaluating the effect of a pharmacist intervention on the incidence of emergency room visits compared with control favored the pharmacist intervention, odds ratio (95% CI) of 0.42 (0.22-0.78), number needed to treat (95% CI) of 6.2 (3.4-31.4). Conclusions Pharmacist transition of care intervention is an effective strategy to reduce medication errors after hospital discharge. In addition, a pharmacist intervention also reduces subsequent emergency room visits. Hospitals should consider implementing this intervention to improve patient safety and quality during transitions of care.
High powered rocketry: design, construction, and launching experience and analysis

In this study, the nuts and bolts of designing and building a high powered rocket have been presented. A computer simulation program called RockSim was used to design the rocket. Simulation results are consistent with time variations of altitude, velocity, and acceleration obtained in the actual flight. The actual drag coefficient was determined by using altitude back-tracking method and found to be 0.825. Speed of the exhaust determined to be 2.5 km s−1 by analyzing the thrust curve of the rocket. Acceleration in the coasting phase of the flight, represented by the second-degree polynomial of a small leading coefficient, have been found to approach '-g' asymptotically.
Pathways of Success Experiences Among the “Lost Boys” of Sudan: A Case Study Approach

In recent years, changes in the nature of warfare have increased the risks for children. In the decade 1986–1996, UNICEF (1996) estimates that two million children were killed in wars and one million orphaned or separated from their parents. Statistics on the total number of children separated from their parents are lacking, but in 2003, 12,800 unaccompanied refugee children applied for asylum in developed countries—4 % of total asylum applicants (UNHCR, 2004). These children, living without the support and protection of adults, are a particularly vulnerable group (Hepburn, Williamson, & Wolfram, 2004). Occasionally, it is deemed in the best interest of children without adult support (known as separated or unaccompanied children) to resettle them in another country, especially when their parents are deceased or untraceable and they are unlikely to return to their own country because of continuing conflict. Such was the case for a group of youth known in the media as the “Lost Boys” of Sudan.
Co-opetition in enhancing global port network resiliency: A multi-leader, common-follower game theoretic approach

Abstract Ports are key elements of global supply chains, providing connection between land- and maritime-based transportation modes. They operate in cooperative, but competitive, co-opetitive, environments wherein individual port throughput is linked through an underlying transshipment network. Short-term port performance and long-term market share can be significantly impacted by a disaster event; thus, ports plan to invest in capacity expansion and protective measures to increase their reliability or resiliency in times of disruption. To account for the co-opetition among ports, a bi-level multiplayer game theoretic approach is used, wherein each individual port takes protective investment decisions while anticipating the response of the common market-clearing shipping assignment problem in the impacted network. This lower-level assignment is modeled as a cost minimization problem, which allows for consideration of gains and losses from other ports decisions through changes in port and service capacities and port cargo handling times. Linear properties of the lower-level formulation permit reformulation of the individual port bi-level optimization problems as single-level problems by replacing the common lower-level by its equivalent Karush Kuhn Tucker (KKT) conditions. Simultaneous consideration of individual port optimization problems creates a multi-leader, common-follower problem, i.e. an unrestricted game, that is modeled as an Equilibrium Problem with Equilibrium Constraints (EPEC). Equilibria solutions are sought by use of a diagonalization technique. Solutions of unrestricted, semi-restricted and restricted games are analyzed and compared for a hypothetical application from the literature involving ports in East Asia and Europe. The proposed co-opetitive approach was found to lead to increased served total demand, significantly increased market share for many ports and improved services for shippers.
On The Inclusion Lp (μ) ⊂ Lq (μ)

(1978). On The Inclusion Lp (μ) ⊂ Lq (μ) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 85, No. 6, pp. 479-481.
Tuning thermoresponsive behavior of diblock copolymers and their gold core hybrids: part 1. Importance of placement of amphiphilic end groups on the diblock copolymers.

Abstract We report the effects of use and placement of amphiphilic end groups as a valuable tool to achieve significant changes in the thermoresponsive properties of diblock copolymers without the need to resort to compositional changes. We prepared diblock copolymers of di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate with phenyl dithioester and carboxylic acid chain ends and compared the effects of placement of these amphiphilic chain ends on the cloud points of the copolymers. All the copolymers were high molecular weight (greater than 20 kDa) with a polydispersity between 1.1 and 1.2, and the cloud points were measured by UV–vis spectrophotometry and reported as the temperature at 50% normalized transmission. The thermoresponse showed a significant dependency on end group placement, reaching as much as a 28 °C difference in measured cloud point simply by exchanging end group placement rather than compositional changes. The effect is attributed to changes in the solvation and mobility from chain end placement affecting the degree of association of the chains. The underlying effect is due to the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in combination with the use of amphiphilic chain end placement that can be applied to copolymers with different blocks at the chain ends. This work shows that substantial changes in thermo-response properties can be achieved by re-arranging monomer components rather than changing monomer composition. This may have value in biomedical materials where the range of acceptable monomers is limited.
Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Keratitis

An infectious keratitis is a sudden, often life-changing infection most commonly affecting younger, more active individuals. Visual outcomes are primarily dependent on the rapid recognition and effective treatment of the infection as outcomes are sensitive to even small degradations in corneal contour and clarity. While the vast majority of routine corneal infections are amenable to empiric fluoroquinolone therapy, progressive antibiotic resistance and emerging atypical pathogens are challenging this paradigm. An understanding of the risk factors, disease presentation, and disease course are, therefore, critical in the selection of appropriate empiric therapy and diagnostic techniques. Cultures remain the gold standard for identifying responsible pathogens. More rapid and sensitive molecular diagnostics are supplanting cultures for specific diseases such as herpetic keratitis, and confocal microscopy is increasingly utilized for atypical keratitides such as fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Interpretation of these newer modalities is, however, critical in their appropriate use.
Introduction—Epistemology and Probability in Quantum Theory: Physics, Mathematics, and Philosophy

The introduction offers an outline of, as I shall term it here, the “nonclassical” epistemology of quantum mechanics and the corresponding view of quantum probability, which, jointly, ground the argument of this study. It also discusses the relationships among physics, philosophy, and mathematics from this perspective. Sections 1.1 and 1.2 give a general philosophical outline of nonclassical epistemology and the corresponding view of probability. Section 1.3 considers the relationships among physics, mathematics, and philosophy in quantum mechanics from this epistemological perspective. Section 1.4 offers a discussion of concepts, including the very idea, or concept, of concept, in physics, mathematics, and philosophy. I conclude in Section 1.5 with a discussion of the role of interpretation in quantum mechanics, and of the possible differences between Bohr’s and the present views concerning the status of the two respective interpretations of quantum mechanics.
Proton Beam Therapy (For CNS Tumors)

For CNS tumors, proton beam therapy is a unique modality of radiation that offers several physical advantages as compared to traditional photon radiation. Protons have superior dose conformality and therefore significantly reduce normal tissue exposure to low dose radiation. This improved dosimetry translates into improved clinical outcomes for some indications of radiation therapy, and these scenarios will be further explored in this chapter. However, there are certain limitations to proton therapy, including the high capital costs and the lack of robust data on clinical applications. The true clinical benefit of proton therapy remains an active area of investigation, and ongoing studies to measure the potential reduction of treatment-related adverse effects will help to elucidate these controversies. In this chapter, the evolution, potential applications, and limitations of proton therapy will be described. Important treatment considerations, treatment planning, and quality assurance guidelines are also defined.
The effect of audit opinion signature on a jury's perception of negligence

New regulation by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCOAB) and the International Auditing & Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) regarding changes to the way audit opinions are signed has resulted in very different outcomes. The PCAOB requires audit firms to report the audit partner's name on Form AP, which is available on the PCAOB website. The IAASB, on the other hand, requires mandatory disclosure of the audit partner on the audit opinion. Opponents argued that requiring partner signature would increase liability. Based on a scenario depicting fraudulent activity, assessed jury negligence is higher when the partner signs their name to the audit opinion than when they sign their firm's name when measuring both partner and firm negligence. Firm size was assessed but found to be insignificant. Finally, we examined the effect of psychological contract violation theory in relation to the audit opinion signature method, with results suggesting the relationship between signature method and perceived auditor negligence is mediated by trust.
The psychometric properties of a new oral health illness perception measure for adults aged 62 years and older

Background Based on the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM), a new integrated Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised for Dental Use in Older/Elder Adults (IPQ-RDE) was developed for single and multiple dental conditions. This study describes psychometric properties of the IPQ-RDE for adults 62 years and older. Methods Participants (n = 198) living in 16 subsidized housing facilities completed the IPQ-RDE and a questionnaire assessing their socio-demographics, frequency of dental visits, perceived condition of teeth/gums, depression, social support, and oral health quality of life (OHQOL). Participants received dental screening for presence/absence of teeth, coronal and root caries, and periodontitis. The 43-item IPQ-RDE was tested for internal (construct, discriminant) and external validity (concurrent, construct, discriminant, predictive) and reliability (internal consistency). Results Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that a ten-factor model in accordance with the CSM framework (identity, consequences, control, timeline, illness coherence, treatment burden, prioritization, causal relationship, activity restriction, emotional representations) had good construct validity based on significant factor loadings and acceptable model fit (RMSEA = 0.065, CFI = 0.902). Edentulous participants had significantly higher mean factor scores (inaccurate perception) for overall IPQ-RDE and four constructs indicating concurrent validity. Discriminant validity was suggested by non-relationship with external measures (education, dental visit frequency). Predictive validity was indicated by the negative correlation of most constructs with OHQOL suggesting that inaccurate perception was related to lower quality of life. Internal consistency of eight IPQ-RDE constructs was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.73). Conclusions The IPQ-RDE is a valid and reliable new measure for assessing older adult’s perception of dental conditions. It can be an important tool for oral health behavioral research to restructure older adult’s perception of dental conditions, and subsequently prevent tooth loss and improve oral health quality of life.
Seeking Wisdom: A Physician’s Journey in the Wake of “Charlottesville”

What do situations like the events of August 11th and 12th in Charlottesville have to teach us about wisdom, and what does wisdom have to teach us about Charlottesville? This chapter will focus on the experience of adversity and its relationship to wisdom. It will review what is known about how people move through adversity in a positive, wisdom generating way and apply this to the current, complex circumstances represented by Charlottesville.
Effect of Hot Rolling on Naval Brass/WC Nanocomposite

Abstract Metal matrix nanocomposite emerges as an important class of novel materials that can offer tunable mechanical, electrical, and thermophysical properties. With various types and volumes of nanoparticles in the metals, more design variables need to be considered for successful processing of these materials. In this paper, the hot rolling effect on Cu-40wt.% Zn alloy (naval brass) and its nanocomposite (with 10 vol.% WC) was studied at a suitable rolling temperature after a careful consideration of the complex phase composition and phase transition in the Cu-40 wt.% Zn. The rolling thickness reduction of 35% was applied. After the hot rolling, WC nanoparticles were distributed and dispersed more uniformly in the metal matrix. The microhardness of pure Cu-40 wt.% Zn after hot rolling was 179.42 HV while that of Cu-40 wt.% Zn with 10 vol.% of WC was enhanced to 230.10 HV. Electrical conductivity of the hot rolled samples were measured and the conductivity of the hot rolled nanocomposites was much higher than 1 MS/m, which is suitable for various applications that demand supreme mechanical properties and reasonable conductivities.
Longitudinal time course of muscle impairments during partial weight-bearing in rats.

In the near future, space agencies plan to send the first crews for extended stays on the Moon and Mars, where gravity is significantly reduced compared to Earth (0.16×g and 0.38×g, respectively). However, the long-term effects of partial gravity have not yet been elucidated, and ensuring astronauts’ health and performance is crucial to the success of these missions. Using a quadrupedal partial weight-bearing (PWB) model in rats that we designed, we investigated the longitudinal time course of muscle function at three different PWB levels. We demonstrated that both muscle mass and muscle function are significantly impaired in reduced weight-bearing environments as early as after 7 days of suspension. Moreover, we showed that muscular alterations are correlated to the PWB level and do not reach a plateau during a 1-month exposure to reduced weight-bearing, emphasizing the need for mitigating countermeasures for safe and successful extraterrestrial exploration.
Simple Theoretical Model for Thermal Conductivityof Crystalline Polymers

The thermal conductivity of crystalline polymers is higher than their amorphous counterparts yet still spans three orders of magnitude. In this study, by quantifying intrinsic properties including ...
Twisted Teeth: Ovarian Torsion Secondary to Mature Teratoma.

Evaluation of undifferentiated pediatric abdominal pain presents a unique set of challenges, especially in the setting of inconclusive and limited diagnostic imaging. In this case report, a female child presented to the emergency department with persistent abdominal pain, normal lab studies, and unusual trans-abdominal pelvic ultrasound findings. Urgent exploratory laparoscopy was completed, demonstrating a torsed adnexa rotated around a very large, mature teratoma, with irregular masses consistent with fully developed teeth. Early recognition of atypical pediatric abdominal pain in the setting of equivocal diagnostic imaging findings and collaboration with surgical colleagues resulted in a positive outcome for this patient.
Space-Time and the Galilean Transformation

According to our viewpoint, the concept of time is determined by the operations by which it is measured. We have to distinguish two sorts of time; the time of events taking place near each other in space, or local time, and the time of events taking place at considerably separated points in space, or extended time. As we now know, the concept of extended time is inextricably mixed up with that of space. This is not primarily a statement about nature at all, and might have been made simply by the observation that the operations by which extended time is measured involve those for measuring space. Of course historically the doctrine of relativity was responsible the critical attitude which led to an examination of the operations of measuring time, but relativity was not necessary for a realization of the spatial implications of time.
Implementation of the Primary Spine Care Model in a Multi-Clinician Primary Care Setting: An Observational Cohort Study.

Abstract Objective The objective of this investigation was to compare the value of primary spine care (PSC) with usual care for management of patients with spine-related disorders (SRDs) within a primary care setting. Methods We retrospectively examined existing patient encounter data at 3 primary care sites within a multi-clinic health system. Designated clinicians serve in the role as PSC as the initial point of contact for spine patients, coordinate, and follow up for the duration of the episode of care. A PSC may be a chiropractor, physical therapist, or medical or osteopathic physician who has been trained to provide primary care for patients with SRDs. The PSC model of care had been introduced at site I (Lebanon, New Hampshire); sites II (Bedford, New Hampshire) and III (Nashua, New Hampshire) served as control sites where patients received usual care. To evaluate cost outcomes, we employed a controlled quasi-experimental design for analysis of health claims data. For analysis of clinical outcomes, we compared clinical records for PSC at site I and usual care at sites II and III, all with reference to usual care at site I. We examined clinical encounters occurring over a 24-month period, from February 1, 2016 through January 31, 2018. Results Primary spine care was associated with reduced total expenditures compared with usual care for SRDs. At site I, average per-patient expenditure was $162 in year 1 and $186 in year 2, compared with site II ($332 in year 1; $306 in year 2) and site III ($467 in year 1; $323 in year 2). Conclusion Among patients with SRDs included in this study, implementation of the PSC model within a conventional primary care setting was associated with a trend toward reduced total expenditures for spine care compared with usual primary care. Implementation of PSC may lead to reduced costs and resource utilization, but may be no more effective than usual care regarding clinical outcomes.
Arf1 orchestrates Rab GTPase conversion at the trans-Golgi network.

Membrane trafficking pathways are regulated by Arf and Rab GTPases that help define membrane domains. We report that Arf1 recruits two Rab-GAP proteins to inactivate Rab1 and Rab6 at the Golgi comp...
Role of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping for Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma in Small Biopsy and Cytology Specimens.

Context.— The diagnosis of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) traditionally requires surgical tissue biopsy because of the paucity of diagnostic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Diagnosis can be challenging in small core needle and cytologic biopsies, which are increasingly used because of reduced costs and minimal invasiveness. Flow cytometric (FC) identification of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells is possible, but FC test efficacy is not well studied outside of validation settings, especially in small specimens. Objective.— To assess the testing efficacy of FC performed on small biopsy and cytology specimens for the diagnosis of CHL. Design.— We reviewed 131 patients with CHL and 459 patients without CHL during a 3-year period who underwent a small biopsy procedure, including core biopsy and/or cytology evaluation, with concurrent routine clinical FC testing for CHL, assessing performance of FC in small specimens. Results.— Evaluating testing efficacy, sensitivity was 95.4% and specificity was 98.2%, whereas positive and negative predictive values were 92.2% and 99.0%, respectively. Although there were more false-positive results than compared with published validation studies, expert review identified distinct diagnostic pitfalls; awareness of these may improve testing efficacy. Conclusions.— Although FC diagnosis of CHL was historically considered unfeasible, our findings in a real-world clinical setting suggest that FC adds diagnostic value to small biopsy evaluation, reducing time to treatment, costs, and invasive excisional procedures.
Trade-offs in initial and long-term handling efficiency of PIT-tag and photographic identification methods

Abstract Individual identification is required for long-term investigations that examine population-level changes in survival or abundance, and mechanisms associated with these changes in wild populations. Such identification generally requires the application of a unique mark, or the documentation of characteristics distinctive to each individual animal. To minimize impacts to often declining populations, scientific and ethical concerns encourage marking strategies that minimize handling time (i.e., stress) for captured individuals. We examined the relative efficacy of passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagging and photo-identification to identify individual Boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas boreas) in field and indoor settings. We evaluated whether initial handling time was influenced by identification method (PIT-tag or photo-identification) or environment (field or indoor) and assessed the applicability of each method in long-term monitoring programs. Initial handling time was higher for PIT-tagging than photo-identification and higher in the field than in an indoor environment; however, handling time for previously PIT-tagged individuals was greatly reduced such that photo-identification led to > 5.5 times more handling time than PIT-tagging over the course of a toad's lifetime. Investigators must determine the trade-off between initial and subsequent handling times to minimize the expected (mean) cumulative handling time for an individual over the course of a study. Cumulative handling time is a function of the study design and the species’ survival and detection probabilities. We developed a Shiny Application to allow investigators to determine the identification method that minimizes handling time for their own study system.
Energy-efficient parking analytics system using deep reinforcement learning

Advances in deep vision techniques and ubiquity of smart cameras will drive the next generation of video analytics. However, video analytics applications consume vast amounts of energy as both deep learning techniques and cameras are power-hungry. In this paper, we focus on a parking video analytics platform and propose RL-CamSleep, a deep reinforcement learning-based technique, to actuate the cameras to reduce the energy footprint while retaining the system's utility. Our key insight is that many video-analytics applications do not always need to be operational, and we can design policies to activate video analytics only when necessary. Moreover, our work is complementary to existing work that focuses on improving hardware and software efficiency. We evaluate our approach on a city-scale parking dataset having 76 streets spread across the city. Our analysis demonstrates how streets have various parking patterns, highlighting the importance of an adaptive policy. Our approach can learn such an adaptive policy that can reduce the average energy consumption by 76.38% and achieve an average accuracy of more than 98% in performing video analytics.
Earth Satellite Radio Studies of the Ionosphere

The first instance of the use of extraterrestrial radio sources to study the ionosphere occurred shortly after World War II, when Hey et al. (1946) noticed short period fluctuations in 64 MHz radiation from Cygnus. At first, these signal variations were attributed to fluctuations of the source, but subsequent correlation studies at spaced receiver sites suggested that their origin was in the earth’s atmosphere (Smith et al. 1950; Little 1952). Hewish (1952) pointed out that these “radio star” emanations could, in fact, be used to study the irregular nature of the ionosphere. Representative results from some of these early investigations of the ionosphere using radio stars are given in papers by: Parthasarathy et al. (1959), Little et al. (1962), Owren et al. (1964), and Fremouw (1966).
Expanded Indications and Improved Outcomes for Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Over Time

Demand for nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has increased. The authors’ initial NSM guidelines included risk reduction and cancers 2 cm or smaller located more than 2 cm from the nipple. The relative contraindications included obesity, large and/or ptotic breasts, and prior radiation. This study aimed to evaluate changes over time in NSM indications, surgical approach, and early outcomes. After institutional review board approval, the study identified 354 patients scheduled for 588 NSMs, 341 (96 %) of whom underwent 566 NSMs. Changes across time [early (2009–2010), mid (2011–2012), and recent (2013–6/2014)] were assessed using tests for linear trend. For patients undergoing reconstruction, NSMs increased from 24 % (early) to 40 % (recent) (p = 0.004). Among the NSM patients, average body mass index, proportion with bra cup sizes of C or larger, and prior radiation increased significantly over time. Performance of NSM for tumors 2 cm or less from the nipple increased from 5 to 18 %, and after neoadjuvant therapy, from 8 to 21.5 % (p = 0.02). Use of inframammary, radial, and reduction-type incisions increased over time, together with intraoperative laser angiography (both p < 0.0001). Concomitantly, the overall complication rate, complications requiring treatment, and postoperative nipple loss decreased. During a median follow-up period of 19 months, five locoregional recurrences (LRR) were observed, for an estimated 2-year LRR rate of 1.7 % [95 % confidence interval (CI), 0–3.9 %]. Over time, the indications for NSM expanded in terms of patient characteristics, tumor stage, and prior therapy, whereas the complication rates decreased. Excellent short-term outcomes suggest that NSM is a reasonable approach for many risk-reduction and cancer patients without disease in the nipple–areolar complex. Further study is needed to assess long-term aesthetics, patient satisfaction, and oncologic safety.
Infinitary Properties of Models Generated from Indiscernibles

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates infinitary properties of models generated from objects that cannot be distinguished by any property or relation defined by a formula. It also highlights the importance of infinitary languages and lists out the applications of these properties.
Chronic paronychia, osteomyelitis, and paravertebral abscess in a child with blastomycosis

Blastomycosis is an unusual fungal infection in children. It is often a chronic infection characterized by granulomatous and suppurative lesions. Clinical manifestations include either pulmonary findings or disseminated disease. Disseminated blastomycosis usually begins with a lung infection that spreads to the skin, bones, and central nervous system. This is a case report of a child with chronic blastomycosis presenting with chronic paronychia, fever, cough, malaise, and back pain. The child underwent surgical drainage of a paravertebral abscess and administration of intravenous amphotericin B. He was discharged in good condition on oral therapy with ketoconazole. The literature on blastomycosis, with particular emphasis on clinical presentations and management, is reviewed. When the history and physical examination suggest a chronic granulomatous or disseminated disease, such as tuberculosis, the physician must include blastomycosis in the differential.
Financial Networks and Optimally-Sized Portfolios

In this paper, we consider the financial equilibrium problem consisting of multiple sectors, each of which seeks to determine the optimal size of its portfolio, along with its optimal holdings of assets as well as liabilities. We construct the network underlying each sector's optimization problem and then provide the equilibrium conditions and the equivalent variational inequality formulation. We identify the financial network that represents the system in equilibrium and propose the modified projection method for the computation of the equilibrium assets, liabilities, portfolio sizes, and prices. The algorithm decomposes the problem into network subproblems. We then provide numerical examples illustrating the model and the computational approach.
FAST PROTEIN DYNAMICS PROBED WITH INFRARED VIBRATIONAL ECHO EXPERIMENTS

▪ Abstract IR vibrational echo experiments are used to study dynamics in myoglobin (Mb) by investigating the dephasing of the CO-stretching mode of CO bound at the active site of the protein (Mb-CO). The temperature dependence and the viscosity dependence of Mb-CO pure dephasing have been measured in several solvents. In low-temperature, glassy solvents, the pure dephasing has a power law temperature dependence, T1.3, that reflects glasslike protein dynamics. In liquids, the temperature dependence is much steeper and arises from a combination of pure temperature dependence and the influence of decreasing solvent viscosity with increasing temperature. As the solvent viscosity decreases, the ability of the protein's surface to undergo topological fluctuations increases, which in turn increases the internal protein-structural fluctuations. The protein-structural motions are coupled to the CO bound at the active site by electric field fluctuations that accompany movements of polar residues. The dynamic electr...
Health outcomes in US children with abdominal pain at major emergency departments associated with race and socioeconomic status.

Objective Over 9.6 million ED visits occur annually for abdominal pain in the US, but little is known about the medical outcomes of these patients based on demographics. We aimed to identify disparities in outcomes among children presenting to the ED with abdominal pain linked to race and SES. Methods Data from 4.2 million pediatric encounters of abdominal pain were analyzed from 43 tertiary US children’s hospitals, including 2.0 million encounters in the emergency department during 2004-2011. Abdominal pain was categorized as functional or organic abdominal pain. Appendicitis (with and without perforation) was used as a surrogate for abdominal pain requiring emergent care. Multivariate analysis estimated likelihood of hospitalizations, radiologic imaging, ICU admissions, appendicitis, appendicitis with perforation, and time to surgery and hospital discharge. Results Black and low income children had increased odds of perforated appendicitis (aOR, 1.42, 95% CI, 1.32- 1.53; aOR, 1.20, 95% CI 1.14 – 1.25). Blacks had increased odds of an ICU admission (aOR, 1.92, 95% CI 1.53 - 2.42) and longer lengths of stay (aHR, 0.91, 95% CI 0.86 – 0.96) than Whites. Minorities and low income also had lower rates of imaging for their appendicitis, including CT scans. The combined effect of race and income on perforated appendicitis, hospitalization, and time to surgery was greater than either separately. Conclusions Based on race and SES, disparity of health outcomes exists in the acute ED setting among children presenting with abdominal pain, with differences in appendicitis with perforation, length of stay, and time until surgery.
Thinking of Wildfire as a Natural Hazard

Natural hazards theory with its emphasis on understanding the human-hazard interaction has much to offer in better understanding how individuals respond to the wildfire hazard. Ironically, very few natural hazards studies have actually looked at wildfires, despite the insights the field might offer. This report is structured around four interrelated questions that are often heard from individuals involved with wildfire management. Examining these four items through the natural hazards lens can demonstrate just a few of the ways the field can help us think more clearly about individual response to risk and how to increase participation in fire mitigation and support for fire management practices.
Loss mechanisms and quality factor improvement for inductors in high-resistivity SOI processes

Silicon-on-insulator processes have the potential to realize high-quality factors in spiral inductors, but only if the loss mechanisms involved are clearly understood. Partially-depleted SOI (PD-SOI) processes must address losses in the semiconducting Silicon layer below the spiral inductor turns, even when high-resistivity substrates are employed. These losses are illustrated with a simplified lumped-element model and an array of inductors with different materials below is measured to confirm the theory. Q values achieved are up to 19 in the popular frequency range of 1 to 6 GHz without the use of expensive thick-metal in the process.
Item Parceling in Structural Equation Modeling: A Primer

This article provides a primer of the statistical technique called parceling, or aggregating items and using those aggregates as indicators of latent constructs, for structural equation modeling (SEM). First, two major types of parceling (subset-item-parcel and all-item-parcel approaches), alongside the traditional item-based approach, are illustrated. Second, both pros and cons of parceling are explicated. Parceling provides psychometric and modeling-related benefits. Risks associated with parceling are also noted. Particularly, potential induction of estimation bias and model misspecification are pointed out. In relation to the latter problem, unidimensionality of the scale is highlighted as an important prerequisite for the use of parceling. Finally, issues of the number of parcels per factor and parcel-building algorithms are discussed. Forming three parcels per factor by the random algorithm is recommended. Suggestions and general guidelines for the use of item parceling for SEM are also provided.
Who Governs Academic Freedom in International Studies

Who has the right to, and the responsibility for, determining the content of international studies?1 This question is at the heart of portentous charges against members of the International Studies Association (ISA). The outcome of this controversy is bound to have a major impact on professional conduct in our field. The objective in this article is to consider the implications of attacks that would limit dissent in international studies. The occasion for this assessment is David Horowitz's book The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America (2006): a list that profiles so-called extremists in the social sciences and humanities, including eight colleagues in the ISA. The subject of this article, however, is a spate of encroachments on academic freedom in our field. Horowitz's group is but one of a range of initiatives to rein in academic freedom—paradoxically, in the name of protecting academic freedom. Aspects of this critique of alleged abuses in the university classroom and in the way in which institutions of higher education are run is inscribed in bills in several state legislatures and the U.S. House of Representatives as part of the College Access and Opportunity Act (H.R. 609). These bills are inspired by the “Academic Bill of Rights,” which would abridge the free speech of professors and require universities to ensure political pluralism. Backing this legislation are chapters of Students for Academic Freedom at 150 educational institutions nationwide. Its Web site (http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org) serves as a national watchdog that enables students to post their grievances about reputed political indoctrination and their teachers’ biases. This patriotism seeks to restrict dissent in the university deemed un-American and provides grounds for sanctions, as illustrated in comments about Ward Churchill, a controversial professor (discussed below), by Newt Gingrich, the former speaker of the House of Representatives: “We are going …
Blended Science: The Rewards and Challenges of Integrating the Science Disciplines for Instruction

This paper provides an overview of blended science instruction, a term used to represent instructional plans by which the science disciplines are connected to each other and occasionally to other school subjects. The central rationales for such instruction, the historical development of blended instructional plans, and a review of the current proponents and forms of such instruction are provided. The primary varieties of blended instruction, including integrated, unified, and coordinated science, are compared and contrasted. Special attention is given to the major recommendations in support of blended science coming from philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, and pragmatic domains. The conclusions section includes some of the challenges facing those who plan an integrated teaching focus.
Digitizing criminals: web delivery of a century on the cheap

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the process, challenges and lessons learned from carrying out a small digital project to create a web resource of unique historic materials related to crime in New York City. All aspects of digital project management are discussed, including selection, infrastructure, budgeting, workflow and delivery.Design/methodology/approach – Experiences from project administration, including management of a combination in‐house and outsourced digitization and metadata are discussed. Formation and management of the resulting web resource is explained, which is the product of a creative amalgamation of commercial and open source software. Challenges encountered are presented with suggestions for practical solutions and considerations for future projects.Findings – This grant‐funded pilot project presented foreseen and unforeseen problems. Lessons learned and solutions suggesting best approaches for a small‐scale digitization project are presented here.Practical implicat...
Adaptive estimation of non–linear regression models

This paper summarizes from an econometric perspective recent work by statisticians on adaptive estimation. It also presents new findings concerning the adaptive estimability of non-linear regression models.
Enthalpy distributions in proteins.

Experimental data on the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of proteins can be used to calculate approximate enthalpy distributions for these molecules using the maximum-entropy method. C(p) (T) data is first used to calculate a set of moments of the enthalpy distribution, and these are then used to estimate the enthalpy distribution. If one knows the temperature expansion of the heat capacity through the (n - 2)th power of DeltaT (measured from the expansion center), then this is enough information to calculate the nth moment of the enthalpy distribution. Using four or more moments is in turn enough information to resolve bimodal behavior in the distribution. If the enthalpy distribution of a protein exhibits two distinct peaks, then this is direct experimental confirmation of a two-state mechanism of denaturation, the two peaks corresponding to the enthalpy of the native and unfolded species respectively. If the heat capacity of a protein exhibits a maximum at the denaturation temperature, then there is the possibility that the enthalpy distribution will be bimodal, but the presence of a maximum in the heat capacity is not a sufficient condition for this kind of behavior. We construct a phase diagram in terms of the appropriate variables to indicate when a maximum in the heat capacity will also give rise to bimodal behavior in the enthalpy distribution. We illustrate the phase diagram using literature data for a set of proteins.
Metabolism of low molecular weight ribonucleic acids in early sea urchin embryos.

There are three major low molecular weight RNAs (150 to 300 nucleotides) larger than 5S rRNA present in sea urchin embryos. Two of these are localized in the nucleus and one is localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear species contain capped 5' termini, with a cap I structure. These RNAs are synthesized starting in late cleavage and continuing through pluteus. Relative to 5S RNA there is a 10-fold change in the rate of synthesis of these RNAs, due primarily to a decrease in their rate of transcription after blastula. The RNAs are metabolically stable and the nuclear RNA genes ae reiterated 50 to 100 times in the genome. Significant amounts of these RNAs are present in sea urchin eggs, enough to supply the embryo during early cleavage, prior to initiation of their synthesis.
Magnetic fabric of sediments from the La Jolla submarine Canyon and Fan, California

Abstract The results of measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of 24 box cores from the La Jolla Submarine Canyon and Fan are described and compared with magnetic fabrics produced under controlled conditions and with visible directional sedimentary structures. Many cores have a fabric similar to that produced during deposition from running water in the laboratory, and it is concluded that most of the sediment had a fabric of this type immediately after deposition. Most of the samples from the upper canyon have a “primary” magnetic fabric, characterised by a near horizontal magnetic foliation plane, susceptibility maxima well grouped in this plane and approximately parallel to the canyon axis, and q values ranging about 0.4. The sediments from the fan-valley and from the fan show, at least, traces of a similar type of primary fabric. In general, maximum susceptibility axes trend approximately parallel to the fan-valley axis and to the crests of the adjacent levees. The effects of two types of deformation were distinguished: the first of these, recognized by a tendency of the susceptibility minima to be streaked out toward the horizontal and by variable q values, is explained as being the result of forces tangential to the bedding plane, possibly the component of gravity acting tangentially to the side slopes of the channel. The second type of deformation, reflected in the magnetic fabric by low total anisotropy, high q values, and scattered directions of susceptibility axes, is thought to be due to the randomizing action of burrowing organisms.
Fungal keratitis: emerging trends and treatment outcomes.

Purpose.To review the trends, risk factors, causative organisms, treatment, and outcomes of fungal keratitis at the authors’ institution.Methods.A retrospective review of the records of consecutive patients diagnosed with fungal keratitis at the authors’ institution from January 1999 to June 2006.Re
Sulfolipid I of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, strain H37Rv I. Purification and properties

Abstract A sulfur-containing lipid extracted from virulent human strains of Mycobactenum tuberculosis and previously described by Middlebrook and co-workers has been shown to consist of several families of sulfolipids, many of which are structurally related. The most abundant class, sulfolipid I, is obtained by DEAE-cellulose column Chromatographic procedures. This substance is a complex glycolipid ester of average empirical formula C145H275O20NS, molecular weight 2400; the carbohydrate moiety bears a single sulfuric acid half ester substituent, in a secondary equatorial position. The ammonium salt undergoes spontaneous desulfation under such innocuous circumstances as mere dissolution in ether. Strains of Mycobacterium bovis which have been examined elaborate only minute amounts of similar substances; none appear to be identical with the principal sulfolipid of human strains.
The analysis of case-control studies of the efficacy of screening for recurrence of cancer

Occasionally, the efficacy of screening for cancer recurrence has been evaluated by means of case-control studies. However, these studies generally have not been designed and analyzed in a manner that will yield an unbiased result. The commentary shows that by adhering to the principles developed for the analysis of studies of the efficacy of screening for the presence of a given cancer in persons with no history of this disease, a case-control study of screening for recurrence will improve its chances of obtaining valid findings.
The future of tourism and globalization: Some critical remarks

Abstract Present-day generalizations on the future of tourism see it as a key force in the process of globalization. This paper challenges this notion by pointing out that our knowledge of the real shape of world travel and tourism is still quite limited and that the sketchy evidence we can gather with present-day tools thus presents a much more modest picture confronting the claim that tourism has reached a high level of globalization. While it is an activity practiced all over the world, it is scarcely global. In this sense, the perception that tourism is wholeheartedly global and that it mainly connects the richer parts of the world with the poorest pleasure peripheries is but a figment of the post-romantic collective imagination that dominates much tourism research.
Convection and anisotropy of the inner core

Estimation of the Rayleigh number of the inner core suggests that this region is convecting. The flow pattern is likely to produce crystallographic preferred orientation of the elastically anisotropic hexagonal closest packed (ϵ) phase of iron, such that compressional-wave velocities would be greater in the axial relative to the equatorial direction by roughly 1 percent. This result is in agreement with seismological evidence that the inner core is elastically anisotropic.