cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE AGED AND IDENTIFIED EMPLOYMENT PREFERENCES OF THERAPEUTIC RECREATION STUDENTS

Past research has demonstrated that the proportion of health care personnel willing to engage in geriatric practice is low. A common explanation for this occurrence suggests that the documented negative attitudes held by many health care providers toward the aged is accompanied by such discriminatory behavior as avoidance. The primary intent of this study was to explore both the attitudes of future therapeutic recreation (TR) professionals toward older adults and their stated preferences in terms of working with geriatric populations. Participants in this study were 95 TR majors from three universities. Two instruments, Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People Scale and the Therapeutic Recreation Work Preference Survey, were used to collect the data for this study. Statistical analysis revealed that whereas the subjects’ attitudes toward the aged were generally positive, the subjects expressed a clear preference to work with younger rather than with older clients. Possible explanations for this finding are pre...
p-vinylbenzeneboronic acid polymers for separation of vicinal diols

A relatively simple procedure was developed for preparing poly(p-vinylbenzeneboronic acid)-coated porous polystyrene beads which were shown to sorb and desorb vicinal diols reversibly through complex formation and to reject other hydroxy compounds. The complexing is highly pH dependent. By suitable adjustment of operating conditions, columns can be used for quantitative recovery of vicinal diols or can be used to separate mixtures of different vicinal diols chromatographically.
Automated beam placement for breast radiotherapy using a support vector machine based algorithm

ing >95% of the prescription dose (V95%) of the WB without a 5mm superficial layer decreases by only 0.74% (p ¼0.0002) and the V95% for the tumor bed with 1.5cm margin remains unchanged. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated the feasibility of using a SVM-based algorithm to determine optimal beam placement without a physician’s intervention. The proposed method reduced the dose to OARs, especially for supine treated patients, without any relevant degradation of dose homogeneity and coverage in general. V C 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity predicts aggression after treatment

This study examined the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and aggression (verbal, psychological, and physical aggression) in a longitudinal dataset. Participants were 175 males in PTSD residential treatment who were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 4-month follow-up. Post-treatment PTSD severity predicted aggression at post-treatment and 4-month follow-up, adjusting for age, pre-treatment PTSD severity, and pre-treatment aggression. When examining the relation between aggression and specific PTSD symptom clusters, post-treatment Reexperiencing, Avoidance/Numbing and Hyperarousal symptoms predicted aggression at posttreatment and 4-month follow-up. These results support the hypothesis that post-treatment PTSD severity may be an important marker of post-treatment aggression risk and may offer unique information important to clinicians and patients focused on the development and maintenance of adaptive, non-aggressive relationships after intensive PTSD treatment.
Equations for the calculation of mean ejection pressure

Two simple equations for the calculation of mean ejection pressure (MEP) are described and compared with true MEP determined by manual planimetry. The equations were tested and found to have a high degree of correlation with true MEP over a wide range of peak systolic pressures, pulse pressures, and heart rates in humans and several animal species.
Production, fertility, survival, and body measurements of Montbéliarde-sired crossbreds compared with pure Holsteins during their first 5 lactations

Two-breed crossbreds of Montbeliarde and Holstein (MO × HO) as well as 3-breed crossbreds of Montbeliarde and Jersey/Holstein (MO × JH) were compared with pure Holstein (HO) cows for production, somatic cell score (SCS), fertility, survival to subsequent calving, mortality, and body measurements during their first 5 lactations. Cows calved for the first time between 2005 and 2010 and were housed in either a confinement herd or a herd that had access to pasture for 165d of the year in the north central region of the United States. Body, hoof, and udder measurements of cows were also objectively measured. The MO × HO crossbred cows were not different from pure HO cows for fat-plus-protein production during any lactation. However, the MO × JH crossbred cows had 5% lower fat-plus-protein production compared with pure HO cows in the confinement herd. On the other hand, the MO × JH crossbred cows were not different for fat-plus-protein production in the third to fifth lactation compared with pure HO cows in the seasonal pasture herd. Across the 2 herds, the MO × HO and MO × JH crossbred cows had 21% higher first-service conception rate, 41 fewer days open, and 12% higher pregnancy rate compared with the pure HO cows. Furthermore, the MO × HO (5%) and MO × JH (12%) crossbred cows had lower mortality rates than the pure HO cows (18%). Because of superior fertility and lower mortality rates, the MO × HO and MO × JH crossbred cows, combined, had greater survival to second (+13%), third (+24%), fourth (+25%), and fifth (+17%) lactation compared with pure HO cows. For body measurements, MO × HO were similar to pure HO cows for hip height and heart girth, but MO × HO cows had more body condition and greater body weight (+39kg) across the first 5 lactations. The MO × JH cows had more body condition but 5cm shorter hip height and 28kg less body weight than pure HO cows across the first 5 lactations. Foot angle was steeper and hoof length was shorter for MO × HO cows, but MO × JH cows were similar to pure HO cows for hoof measurements.
Significance of Intraindividual Changes in Maximum Expiratory Flow Volume and Peak Expiratory Flow Measurements

To examine criteria to assess s&@cant changes of measurements derived from the forced expiratory vital capacity (FVC), and to examine changes in the peak expiratory flow (PEF') maneuvers, ten subjects were tested on approximately 30 occasions Since mid Wright peak flow meters are incredngIy d for clinical and research pqmses, peak flow intraindividoal varhbiMy and relations to FVC peak flow were examkd, each set of tests consisting of five WC maneuvers and one peak flow. Mecrsruements on a pnemnotachograpb included WC, (FEVl), maximum midexphaOrg &W (MMF or FEFfS-75%), and iustantaneous maximum expiratory flow after 50 and 75 percent expiration of tbe everal measurements derived from recording the forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver are used to determine the presence of or to assess the severity of airways obstruction. These measurements include the forced expiratory volume in the first second ( FEVI ) , the maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMF or FEF25-75%), peak flow, and the instantaneous flow after 50 percent and 75 percent of the FVC has been expired (Vmaxm and ~max758, respectively). Although it is usually assumed that these measurements are virtually independent of subject effort and are therefore reproducible, this assumption should be evaluated. Furthermore, when using such measurements to detect abnormality or significant change, one must consider the normal biologic variability. Intersubject variability especially appears to differ among these measurements. Intrasubject variability has also been Thus, it is necessary that multiple FVC maneuvers be performed at the time of testing and some appropriate data selection be used"-l3 to obtain
Cortisone effect in stages of hepatic injury. A cytochemical, autoradiographic, and histologic study☆

Abstract The effects of cortisone treatment in different stages of liver injury were studied using subacute ethionine intoxication in the rat as experimental model. The progression of the disease was divided into a “florid” phase during which bile ductular cell proliferation and fibrosis increased and various enzyme activities decreased, and a subsequent “stationary” phase, during which these parameters remained almost unchanged. Cortisone treatment during the “florid” phase arrested, but did not reverse, ductular cell proliferation and fibrogenesis, apparently promoting an equilibrium between anabolism and catabolism of ductular cells and fibers in the liver. At the same time the decreased enzyme activities were restored to normal, presumably because of cortisone effect upon existing hepatocytes. In the “stationary” phase the anabolic-catabolic equilibrium was spontaneously established, and cortisone treatment had no further effect. The results suggest that cortisone treatment is effective only in certain phases of hepatic disease.
Adapting to Cultural Differences in Residential Design: The Case of Korean Families Visiting the United States

As globalization brings cultural changes, interior designers and architects are striving to understand the new design requirements of changing populations. The purpose of the study is to examine Korean temporary residents' housing perceptions and housing adjustment behaviors in U.S. residences. Working from Morris and Winter's (1978, 1994) theory of family housing adjustment, qualitative study was conducted with Korean female temporary residents visiting the United States. Using a purposive sampling strategy, 27 women between the ages of 33 and 54 participated in interviews, observations, and documentation of their previous housing conditions in Korea. Results indicated that planned total duration of stay and length of residency in the United States were the primary factors affecting housing perception and adjustment; consequently, four representative types of cross-cultural temporary residents were postulated to define different consumer housing types. These residents voiced a range of views on their U.S. temporary housing. The positive impressions of the temporary housing included surrounding natural environment, built-in storage, combined open kitchen and living room, and exterior building appearance, whereas the sample viewed the following features more negatively: carpeted floor, interior lighting, bathroom condition, foyer, and types of heating systems. In response to the negatively perceived conditions, the temporary residents changed their behaviors, modified existing housing attributes, endured less-than-ideal circumstances, or moved. Among cultural housing attributes, a carpeted floor was the most difficult for Korean temporary residents to adapt to.
Lasers - Where Are We Now And Where Are We Going?

Over the past 16 years, the state of laser technology has advanced from the level of the initial demonstration to the myriad of uses that exist today. What the future holds for the uses of lasers can only be guessed at by extrapolation. Lasers have already become an integral part of modern technology, and their number of uses is still expanding rapidly. This paper presents an in-depth overview of laser technology -past, present, and future. The history of the laser and its applications are covered, from the original demonstration to the present, with emphasis on the influence that basic laser studies and laser applications has had on each other.
The effect of carotid sinus stimulation on intracellular potentials of the heart.

Although many of its effects have not been clarified, it is well known that the carotid sinus reflex has a profound influence on the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the carotid sinus reflex on the canine heart.The present experiments were performed on the in situ canine heart: 1) during sinus rhythm, 2) during electrically driven rhythm, and 3) during electrically driven rhythm after the administration of atropine. Before and during carotid sinus stimulation, the intracellular and surface electrograms, standard lead II electrocardiograms and aortic blood pressure were simultaneously recorded. The intracellular and surface electrograms were obtained from the epicardial surfaces of the right atrium and the left ventricle.Atrium. The duration of the membrane action potential (MAP) shortened during sinus rhythm and electrically driven rhythm. There were no significant changes in the amplitude of the MAP and the membrane resting potential (MRP). The PQ interval in the standard lead II electrocardiogram became significantly prolonged during both types of rhythm. The P amplitudes decreased during sinus rhythm. The shortening of the duration of the MAP was almost entirely inhibited by atropine.Ventricle. The duration of the MAP during sinus rhythm showedsignificant widening. The ST segment in the surface electrogram became significantly elevated during sinus rhythm and during electrically driven rhythm. The QT interval in the standard lead II electrocardiogram prolonged significantly during sinus rhythm, but less so during electrically driven rhythm. The RR interval became significantly prolonged during sinus rhythm. After atropine, the duration of the MAP widened very slightly during electrically driven rhythm.The following possibilities are discussed: Electrical behavior in atrial muscle is mainly mediated by the cholinergic nervous system. The response of the sinoatrial node is caused by cholinergic activity as well as by the decrease in adrenergic activity.The effect of carotid sinus stimulation on intracellular electrograms is more apparent in atrial muscle and in the sinoatrial node than in ventricular muscle.
A FIELD STUDY OF JOB APPLICANT INTERVIEW PERCEPTIONS, ALTERNATIVE OPPORTUNITIES, AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

A field study was conducted to examine several factors related to young job applicants, their reactions to job interviews, and their intentions to accept a job if oflFered. Immediately following their interviews, 422 applicants voluntarily responded to questionnaire s concerning the interview, parents' and friends' pressure for them to take the job, alternative job opportunities, and behavioral intentions to accept the job. Applicants who responded more favorably to their interviewers felt somewhat more positive about taking a job in the recruiting organization. Perceived alternative job opportunities moderated the relationship between reactions to the job and acceptance intentions. Multivariate effects were found for applicant sex, applicant race, and interviewer sex on reactions to the interviewer and the interview. Further research on the role of parental and peer pressure on job acceptance among young workers is suggested, as is the moderating role of alternative opportunities. The implications of race and sex diflFerences in interview reactions are also discussed. Although much research has been conducted on employee recruitment and selection, nearly all of this research has focused on college recruiting (Rynes, Heneman, & Schwab, 1980); both laboratory and field investigations have concentrated on highly educated job applicants seeking upper level jobs (e.g., Powell, 1984; Rynes & Miller, 1983) and how they choose organizations. An ignored, yet important, segment of the labor force consists of job applicants seeking entry level jobs (including part-time and seasonal jobs) requiring no previous training or experience. We will consider two main issues in this paper. First, we will consider the factors that relate to applicants' intentions to accept a job if offered. Second, we will consider how the
Ethical Leadership: a Prerequisite for Effective Schools

The effective principal must be an ethical principal, according to this writer, who offers guidelines for ethical leadership.
Enhanced aggregation of alginate-coated iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles in the presence of calcium, strontium, and barium cations.

Early-stage aggregation kinetics studies of alginate-coated hematite nanoparticles in solutions containing alkaline-earth metal cations revealed enhanced aggregation rates in the presence of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, but not with Mg2+. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of the aggregates provided evidence that alginate gel formation was essential for enhanced aggregation to occur. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) aggregation results clearly indicated that a much lower concentration of Ba2+ compared to Ca2+ and Sr2+ was required to achieve a similar degree of enhanced aggregation in each system. To elucidate the relationship between the alginate's affinities for divalent cations and the enhanced aggregation of the alginate-coated hematite nanoparticles, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to probe the interaction forces between alginate-coated hematite surfaces under the solution chemistries used for the aggregation study. Maximum adhesion forces, maximum pull-off distances, and the work of ad...
Comparison of MIMD and SIMD strategies for Monte Carlo modelling of kinetically coupled reactions

Abstract The atomic-level description of a complex heavy hydrocarbon feedstock and its complete temporal product behavior is a challenging and computationally intensive problem which requires robust reaction simulations to accurately account for kinetic interactions and efficient utilization of available computer hardware for solution. Herein we discuss the parallel implementation of different Monte Carlo reaction algorithms for two prototype kinetic problems and examine their efficiency on MIMD and SIMD parallel architectures. The concepts developed are subsequently applied to a complex resid pyrolysis model. Both fixed- and variable-time step Monte Carlo approaches to the stochastic simulation algorithm were investigated. The prototype kinetic problems consisted of Ai⇌Bi with Ldngmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson kinetics for i = 1–3 and a hypothetical 1–5 ring aro matic hydrogenation simulation. The two parallel architectures utilized were BBN's TC2000 (MIMD) and Thinking Machines CM-2 (SIMD). A new modelling approach that stochastically samples the reaction environment to provide an estimate of species' interactions is introduced. This “partial system” approach exhibited excellent parallel efficiency ( > 90%) on the TC2000. The simple prototype Ai⇌Bi kinetic problem was also successfully implemented on the SIMD CM-2. While the 1–5 ring hydrogenation problem efficiently took advantage of the MIMD architecture, its performance on the CM-2 was quite poor due to the the lack of a match between the data focus of complex model simulations and the CM-2 data parallel paradigm. The resid pyrolysis model performed extremely well on the MIMD machine.
RNAi Factors Are Present and Active in Human Cell Nuclei

RNAi is widely appreciated as a powerful regulator of mRNA translation in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. However, the presence and activity of RNAi factors in the mammalian nucleus has been the subject of considerable debate. Here, we show that Argonaute-2 (Ago2) and RNAi factors Dicer, TRBP, and TRNC6A/GW182 are in the human nucleus and associate together in multiprotein complexes. Small RNAs can silence nuclear RNA and guide site-specific cleavage of the targeted RNA, demonstrating that RNAi can function in the human nucleus. Nuclear Dicer is active and miRNAs are bound to nuclear Ago2, consistent with the existence of nuclear miRNA pathways. Notably, we do not detect loading of duplex small RNAs in nuclear extracts and known loading factors are absent. These results extend RNAi into the mammalian nucleus and suggest that regulation of RNAi via small RNA loading of Ago2 differs between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Sleep and Older Patients

Sleep disturbances are common among older adults. The elderly population reports more symptoms associated with poor sleep initiation and maintenance and increased daytime napping. Sleep problems may be caused by various factors, including medication use, medical and psychiatric illnesses, and primary sleep disorders. The consequences of poor sleep quality may include cognitive impairment, daytime sleepiness, and reduced quality of life. The evaluation and management of these disorders is discussed in this review.
Massive Cuff Tears Alter Joint Function and Decrease Cartilage Mechanics Following Return to Overuse Activity in a Rat Model

Rotator cuff tendon tears are common conditions which can alter shoulder joint function and over time, cause secondary damage to the surrounding tissues, including the cartilage and other remaining tendons. Glenohumeral joint stability is dependent on a dynamic balance between rotator cuff forces, in particular the subscapularis anteriorly and the infraspinatus posteriorly. An intact rotator cuff stabilizes the joint, allowing for concentric rotation of the humeral head on the glenoid. However, a massive rotator cuff tear involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus may disrupt the normal balance of forces at the joint, resulting in abnormal joint loading. This is of particular concern in populations who perform activities requiring repeated overhead activity (e.g., laborers, athletes). Our lab has previously demonstrated that restoration of the subscapularis-infraspinatus anterior-posterior force balance improves shoulder function by providing a stable fulcrum for concentric rotation of the humeral head on the glenoid [1]. However, the long term consequences caused by disruption of the anterior-posterior force balance (supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear) on the glenoid cartilage and adjacent (intact) tendons, particularly in the case of an overuse population, remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of disrupting the anterior-posterior force balance on joint function and joint damage using a clinically relevant overuse model system. We hypothesized that a disrupted anterior-posterior force balance (supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear) would result in H1) decreased joint function and H2) inferior adjacent tissue (glenoid cartilage, biceps and subscapularis tendon) properties compared to an intact anterior-posterior force balance (supraspinatus only tear).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Pacemakers and exercise. Current status, future developments and practical implications of physiological pacemakers.

This report summarises the limitations of current pacemakers during exercise, and the status and potential clinical applications of rate-responsive pacemakers. The truly physiological pacemaker, which by definition maintains both atrioventricular (AV) synchrony and rate control for maximum haemodynamic benefit, remains the objective of current research efforts
Place-Specific Economic Base Multipliers

There is now wide realization that US nonmetropolitan areas are remarkably heterogeneous. Consequently the estimation of employment multipliers should address the diverse attributes and settings of these regions. In response, in this paper we outline a means for estimating cross-sectional economic base multipliers that vary from one place to another. Multipliers of this sort can be used to assess the impacts of new projects but should not be used to forecast growth. The discussion focuses on America’s micropolitan counties, which are those significant urban clusters located outside of the nation’s metropolitan areas. The multiplier estimates account for numerous contextual conditions of both the natural and human-created variety. All estimates are made from employment data pooled across the 1980, 1990, and 2000 censuses. Micropolitan counties with high human capital, low specialization, abundant natural amenities, and isolated locations have relatively more local employment and therefore larger multipliers.
Intracranial Multifocal Dural Involvement in Multiple Myeloma: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Multiple myeloma is an incurable clonal B-cell malignancy with terminally differentiated plasma cells that accounts for 1% of all malignancies in the United States. It may present with tumors consisting of discrete masses of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells in either bone or soft tissues. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of myeloma is uncommon and is observed in approximately 1% of cases. It may manifest as dural myeloma or intraparenchymal infiltration, or with diffuse leptomeningeal involvement. Dural involvement of myeloma without parenchymal or leptomeningeal disease is an even rarer occurrence, with only 5 cases reported in the medical literature. There are no established treatment guidelines for CNS myelomatosis; prognosis and literature on the use of treatment modalities for this complication is reviewed herein.
Restrictions on radial magnetic field and flow solutions for the solar wind

In Parker's original model, the solar wind is represented as a spherically symmetric hydrodynamic flow. The velocity is radially directed and decoupled from the magnetic field. The simple extension of this model to include a dependence on the polar angle, θ, is shown to be invalid for radial flow and radial magnetic field. This work demonstrates how ad hoc symmetry conditions imposed to simplify a non-linear problem can be incompatible with the basic hydromagnetic equations.
DNA distribution and respiratory activity of Spodoptera frugiperda populations infected with wild-type and recombinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.

Abstract Spodoptera frugiperda cells were infected with a wild-type Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and with a recombinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The recombinant virus was derived from the wild-type virus and produced β-galactosidase instead of polyhedrin. The changes in cell size, cell growth, viability, DNA distribution, and respiratory activity were followed through the time course of the infection. The DNA content as measured by flow cytometry of infected cells increased to approximately 1.8 times the value of uninfected cells and the distributions of single-cell DNA content of the infected cells were strongly deformed. Early in the infection the respiratory activity passed through a maximum. The mitochondrial activity based on Rhodamine 123 labelling of cells infected with the recombinant virus, as determined by flow cytometry, also passed through a maximum at 24 h post infection while the mitochondrial activity of cells infected with the wild-type virus continued to increase. Evolution of single-cell mitochondrial activity was different in uninfected populations and in populations infected with wild-type and with recombinant virus. In all experiments performed, the recombinant virus influenced cell behavior and the measured parameters earlier than the wild-type virus. The influence of the multiplicity of infection was stronger for the wild-type virus than for the recombinant virus.
Hemispheric asymmetries and joke comprehension

Joke comprehension deficits in patients with right hemisphere (RH) damage raise the question of the role of the intact RH in understanding jokes. One suggestion is that semantic, or meaning, activations are different in the RH and LH, and RH meanings are particularly important for joke comprehension. To assess whether hypothesized differences in semantic activation in the two hemispheres were relevant to joke comprehension, we recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as healthy adults read laterally presented “punch words” to one-line jokes and nonjoke controls. Jokes presented to the RVF/LH elicited larger amplitude N400 than the nonjoke endings; when presented to the LVF/RH, the joke and nonjoke endings elicited N400s of equal amplitude. This finding suggests that semantic activations in the two hemispheres do differ, with RH semantic activation facilitating joke comprehension. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Choice in a changing world

Decision models which aspire to generality are weak since they must be divorced from any societal environment, or assume universality for one form of society. The former is the case with normative rational models, the latter with descriptive ones such as incrementalism. To assume that decision modes vary in response to environmental factors might be a more fruitful basis for analysis. This is the point of departure for the present paper, which offers a conceptual framework independent ofa priori assumptions about the decisionmaker's environment. Among hypotheses which are presented on the relationships between environmental and decision variables, is the suggestion that an important factor affecting the style of decisionmakers is their perception of change. An environment perceived as relatively stable or gradually changing will elicit incremental decision processes, while decisionmakers finding themselves subjected to rapid change in a turbulent environment may adopt a decision mode called entrepreneurial. This is distinguished from the incremental mode by, among other characteristics, its greater propensity for risk.
Visual Perceptual Learning in Human Object Recognition Areas: A Repetition Priming Study Using High-Density Electrical Mapping

It is often the case that only partial or degraded views of an object are available to an observer, and yet in many of these cases, object recognition is accomplished with surprising ease. The perceptual filling-in or "closure" that makes this possible has been linked to a group of object recognition areas in the human brain, the lateral occipital (LO) complex, and has been shown to have a specific electrophysiological correlate, the N(cl) component of the event related potential. Perceptual closure presumably occurs because repeated and varied exposure to different classes of objects has caused the brain to undergo "perceptual learning," which promotes a robust mnemonic representation, accessible under partial information circumstances. The present study examined the impact of perceptual learning on closure-related brain processes. Fragmented pictures of common objects were presented, such that information content was incrementally increased until just enough information was present to permit closure and object recognition. Periodic repetition of a subset of these picture sequences was used to induce repetition priming due to perceptual learning. This priming has an electrophysiological signature that is putatively generated in the LO complex, but significantly precedes the electrophysiological correlate of closure. The temporal progression of priming- and closure-related activity in the LO complex supports the view that sensory processing entails multiple reentrant stages of activity within processing modules of the visual hierarchy. That the earliest priming-related activity occurs over LO complex, suggests that the sensory trace itself may reside in these object recognition areas.
The theoretical utility of constructs for self

Abstract Despite the emergence of many complex behavioral repertoires during the first year of life, including anticipatory reactions, fear, and symbolic play, it is not necessary to assume that the infant is aware of its actions, intentions, or emotions. It is the conscious awareness of feelings, actions, and intentions that requires the invention of a construct of self. After the first birthday a correlated set of phenomena appears that requires self-awareness. Several of these are presented and discussed. We believe that one of the critical functions that accompanies the emergence of self-awareness is the ability to infer the cause of an event. Maturation of the central nervous system also participates in the development of self-awareness, but self-awareness cannot be reduced to maturation of neural tissue. Rather, these material changes permit psychological incentives to produce the new psychological competencies.
Effect of dendrimer generation on electron self-exchange kinetics between metal tris(bipyridine) core dendrimers

Here we report the first measurement of homogeneous electron transfer between oxidized and reduced metal tris(bipyridine) core dendrimers by NMR line-broadening; the results indicated that, as the generation of the dendrimer increased, the rate of self-exchange decreased.
Structural insights into the stabilization of MALAT1 noncoding RNA by a bipartite triple helix

The X-ray crystal structure and biochemical analysis of a triple helix formed between the expression and nuclear retention element (ENE) and the 3′ poly(A) tail of the human long noncoding RNA MALAT-1 reveals the basis of its stability and how it confers resistance to degradation.
Assignment of anonymous DNA probes to specific intervals of human chromosomes 16 and X

Anonymous DNA probes mapping to human chromosome 16 and the distal region of the human X chromosome were isolated from a genomic library constructed using lambda EMBL3 and DNA from a mouse/human hybrid. The hybrid cell contained a der(16)t(X;16)(q26;q24) as the only human chromosome. Fifty clones were isolated using total human DNA as a hybridisation probe. Forty six clones contained single copy DNA in addition to the repetitive DNA. Pre-reassociation with sonicated human DNA was used to map these clones by a combination of Southern blot analysis of a hybrid cell panel containing fragments of chromosomes 16 and X and in situ hybridisation. One clone mapped to 16pter →16p13.11, one clone to 16p13.3→16p13.11, four clones to 16p13.3→16p13.13, two clones to 16p13.13→16p13.11, one clone to 16p13.11, seven clones to 16p13.11→16q12 or 16q13, four clones to 16q12 or 16q13, three clones to 16q13→16q22.1, four clones to 16q22.105→16q24, and nineteen clones to Xq26→Xqter. Two clones mapping to 16p13 detected RFLPs. VK5 (D16S94) detected an MspI RFLP, PIC 0.37. VK20 (D16S96) detected a TaqI RFLP, PIC 0.37 and two MspI RFLPs, PIC 0.30 and 0.50. The adult polycystic kidney disease locus (PKD1) has also been assigned to 16p13. The RFLPs described will be of use for genetic counselling and in the isolation of the PKD1 gene. Similarly, the X clones may be used to isolate RFLPs for genetic counselling and the isolation of genes for the many diseases that map to Xq26→qter.
How 'unused' codewords make a redundant code

This paper tackles the theoretical questions connected to the calculation of various redundant forms in the information sector. In particular it is suggested a logical framework which reunifies the discussion of the active and the passive redundancies. We relate the present method to Shannon's entropy.
Determining the penguin effect on CP violation in B0--> pi + pi -

A major goal in B physics is measuring the CP-violating asymmetry in the decay ${\mathit{B}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. In order to determine one of the phase angles in the CKM matrix from this decay it is necessary to determine the influence of the penguin amplitude. Here we show how, using SU(3) symmetry, the penguin effect can be approximately determined from the ratio of the decay rates of ${\mathit{B}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{K}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\mathit{B}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
Weeding Is Not Just for Gardeners: A Case Study on Weeding a Reference Collection.

Weeding a reference collection can be time consuming, a thankless job, and an endless task. It is a dusty job and can add to the librarian's workload. Weeding the collection can add to its currency and usability; plus it removes outdated materials. Periodically weeding allows librarians to remember what is in the collection and what can be removed due to curriculum changes.
AudioBrowser: a mobile browsable information access for the visually impaired

Although a large amount of research has been conducted on building interfaces for the visually impaired that allows users to read web pages and generate and access information on computers, little development addresses two problems faced by the blind users. First, sighted users can rapidly browse and select information they find useful, and second, sighted users can make much useful information portable through the recent proliferation of personal digital assistants (PDAs). These possibilities are not currently available for blind users. This paper describes an interface that has been built on a standard PDA and allows its user to browse the information stored on it through a combination of screen touches coupled with auditory feedback. The system also supports the storage and management of personal information so that addresses, music, directions, and other supportive information can be readily created and then accessed anytime and anywhere by the PDA user. The paper describes the system along with the related design choices and design rationale. A user study is also reported.
Evidence for high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Gorda Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract The first water-column survey of the axial valley of the Gorda Ridge, a slow- to medium-rate spreading center within 300 km of the coast of Oregon and California, found strong evidence for ongoing hydrothermal venting. At the northern end of the ridge, anomalously high concentrations of helium-3, dissolved manganese, particulate iron, and methane confirmed the hydrothermal origin of the above-bottom plumes identifiable as maxima in light-attenuation profiles. The presence of excess radon-222 and the highly soluble hydrothermal precipitate anhydrite in the plumes require a local vent source; the precipitation of anhydrite requires fluid temperatures of at least 130°C. Indications of hydrothermal activity elsewhere in the axial valley were inconclusive.
Tasks and mediators of mourning: A guideline for the mental health practitioner

Clinicians who work with bereaved individuals around grief issues need a way to understand the process of mourning. Generally, the mourning process can be conceptualized as involving either stages, phases, or tasks. In this article the author selects the task model and outlines the tasks of mourning as well as identifying 6 mediators of mourning that influence both the grief experience and duration of the bereavement course. This model is useful for working with both complicated and uncomplicated bereavement. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure

Background— The ratio of early transmitral velocity to tissue Doppler mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/Ea) has been correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in a wide variety of cardiac conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of mitral E/Ea for predicting PCWP in patients admitted for advanced decompensated heart failure. Methods and Results— Prospective consecutive patients with advanced decompensated heart failure (ejection fraction ≤30%, New York Heart Association class III to IV symptoms) underwent simultaneous echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation on admission and after 48 hours of intensive medical therapy. A total of 106 patients were included (mean age, 57±12 years; ejection fraction, 24±8%; PCWP, 21±7 mm Hg; mitral E/Ea ratio, 20±12). No correlation was found between mitral E/Ea ratio and PCWP, particularly in those with larger left ventricular volumes, more impaired cardiac indexes, and the presence of cardiac resynchronization t...
Follow the Language: Our Science Terms Appearing as Business Metaphors

Copyright: © 2013 Bell AH. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This is the age of intellectual cross-fertilization in fisheries and livestock production. In our university programs and companies, we have in large part escaped the limiting “silos” of the past to make the most of insights from a broad range of scientific disciplines. We also borrow best practices from applied fields such as supply chain management, “big data” analytics, and consumer behavior.
Osborn waves in a patient with hypothermia due to severe hypothyroidism

An 88-year-old female with history of hypothyroidism was brought to our emergency department with acute change in mental status. Her vital signs were significant for a core body temperature of 88°F (31°C). She was found to be severely hypothyroid (serum TSH—7.14 mU/l, Free T4—0.5 ng/dl) …
Long-term deep brain stimulation in a patient with essential tremor: Clinical response and postmortem correlation with stimulator termination sites in ventral thalamus. Case report

Essential tremor can be suppressed with chronic, bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventralis intermedius nucleus (Vim), the cerebellar receiving area of the motor thalamus. The goal in this study was to correlate the location of the electrodes with the clinical efficacy of DBS in a patient with essential tremor. The authors report on a woman with essential tremor in whom chronic bilateral DBS directed to the ventral thalamus produced adequate tremor suppression until her death from unrelated causes 16 months after placement of the electrodes. Neuropathological postmortem studies of the brain in this patient demonstrated that both stimulators terminated in the Vim region of the thalamus, and that chronic DBS elicited minor reactive changes confined to the immediate vicinity of the electrode tracks. Although the authors could not identify neuropathological abnormalities specific to essential tremor, they believe that suppression of essential tremor by chronic DBS correlates with bilateral termination of the stimulators in the Vim region of the thalamus.
Planetary science: Windy clues to Saturn's spin

Saturn's rotation period has been a mystery. An estimate based on its meteorology comes with implications for our understanding of the planet's atmospheric jet streams and interior structure.
Pointing and tracking concepts for deep-space missions

This paper summarizes part of a FY1998 effort on the design and development of an optical communications (Opcomm) subsystem for the Advanced Deep Space System Development (ADSSD) Project. This study was funded by the JPL X2000 program to develop an optical communications (Opcomm) subsystem for use in future planetary missions. The goal of this development effort was aimed at providing prototype hardware with the capability of performing uplink, downlink, and ranging functions from deep space distances. Such a system was envisioned to support future deep space missions in the Outer Planets/Solar Probe (OPSP) mission set such as the Pluto express and Europa orbiter by providing a significant enhancement of data return capability. A study effort was initiated to develop a flyable engineering model optical terminal to support the proposed Europa Orbiter mission - as either the prime telecom subsystem or for mission augmentation. The design concept was to extend the prototype lasercom terminal development effort currently conducted by JPL's Optical Communications Group. The subsystem would track the sun illuminated Earth at Europa and farther distances for pointing reference. During the course of the study, a number of challenging issues were found. These included thermo-mechanical distortion, straylight control, and pointing. This paper focuses on the pointing aspects required to locate and direct a laser beam from a spacecraft (S/C) near Jupiter to a receiving station on Earth.
Does slower rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair lead to long-term stiffness?

Hypothesis Conservative rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair does not result in long-term stiffness and improves rates of tendon healing. Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated 43 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears who underwent a standardized, conservative protocol of full-time sling immobilization without formal therapy for 6 weeks after arthroscopic repair. At 6 to 8 weeks of follow-up, we categorized patients as "stiff" if they demonstrated forward elevation of less than 100° and external rotation of less than 30° passively; all others were designated "nonstiff." Active range of motion in forward elevation, external rotation, and internal rotation was assessed at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Constant-Murley scores were assessed at 1 year. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in all patients to assess tendon healing. Results Ten patients (23%) were considered stiff after rotator cuff surgery. At 1 year, there was no difference in mean forward elevation (166° vs 161°, P = .2), external rotation (62° vs. 58.4°, P = .5), or internal rotation (T7.4 vs T8.2, P = .07) between the stiff and nonstiff groups, respectively. There were no differences in final ASES (83 vs 79, P = .57) and Constant-Murley scores (77 vs. 74, P = .5). Repeat MRI suggested a trend toward a lower retear rate among the stiff patients (70% intact in stiff group vs 36% in nonstiff group, P = .079). Two clinically significant cuff retears occurred in the nonstiff cohort. Discussion Concerns for recalcitrant stiffness have led some to favor early postoperative therapy. We found that early restriction of motion did not lead to long-term stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, even in patients who were clinically stiff in the early postoperative period. Conclusions Sling immobilization for 6 weeks after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair does not result in increased long-term stiffness and may improve the rate of tendon healing.
Lambda phage transcription in human fibroblasts.

Abstract Lambda bacteriophage was used to infect human fibroblasts and viral specific RNA was detected by hybridization with lambda DNA. A correlation was found between the amount of virus used in each infection and the percentage of lambda-specific RNA produced. The percentage of lambda-specific RNA (0.2%) reached a maximum after 4 days. Cells monitored for 41 days following infection continue to produce lambda-specific RNA.
Molecular biology of neuronal intermediate filaments

In the past few years, several neuronal intermediate filament proteins have been characterized. While ongoing investigations have continued to shed light on their developmental expression, the importance of different domains of the proteins for assembly, the elements in their genes necessary for tissue-specific expression, and the role of phosphorylation of neurofilaments, the function(s) of these structures remain a matter of speculation.
The Gadonanotubes revisited: A new frontier in MRI contrast agent design

Abstract In this review, the application of the Gadonanotubes (GNTs) as high-performance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) is discussed. Through published and some unpublished work, we describe how the loading and nanoscale confinement of multiple Gd 3+ ions within ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotubes (US-tubes) produces GNTs with MRI efficacies 40 to 90 times greater than current clinical CAs. Since there is a continuing need to increase MRI sensitivity, the molecular factors affecting the performance of Gd 3+ -based CAs are described and their optimization is considered for Gd 3+ -based agents, in general, and the GNTs in particular. The GNTs are new (ca. 2005) high-performance nanotechnology-inspired MRI CAs with promise for advanced T 1 -weighted MR molecular imaging applications.