cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic Constants and the Electrical Transition in Ti 2 O 3

Measurements have been made of the transit times of pulses of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves in single-crystal samples of ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ having appropriate orientations at various temperatures between 75 and 580 K. Sample-length-versus-temperature data were also obtained using a dilatometer. The elastic constants deduced from our measurements are found to exhibit anomalies connected with the gradual electrical transition which starts at about 400 K. Minima in ${C}_{11}$, ${C}_{33}$, and ${C}_{12}$ and a maximum in ${C}_{13}$ are accounted for semiquantitatively by means of a calculation of the contribution of $\mathrm{Ti} 3d$ electrons to the elastic constants using a deformation-potential approach and two $3d$ subbands whose separation decreases drastically with increasing temperature and becomes negative above the electrical transition. Electron-electron and/or electron-phonon interactions may be involved implicitly via the strong dependence of the energy gap on temperature. The temperature dependence of ${C}_{44}$ is accounted for as a lattice effect, and ${C}_{14}$ is so small that no attempt is made to interpret its temperature dependence. The room-temperature bulk modulus and Debye-temperature-versus-temperature results are reported.
Belief convergence to facilitate cooperative behaviors

In Artificial Intelligence (AI), utility functions are used to compare the relative goodness of an AI system making one decision over another. These utility functions, along with their coefficients and parameters, comprise a set of beliefs. The term “belief” is used to describe how autonomous systems associate quantified confidences in the existence of things that make up their worldly knowledge; hence, decisions made by an AI system are governed by the states of its belief. Just as in control system theory where the states are quantities used to estimate and describe the behaviors of electrical and/or mechanical systems, belief states are quantities that are used to describe and estimate decision making characteristics. For evolving AI systems (e.g., ones that change their belief states over time through learning) and heterogeneous systems (e.g., ones that do not share a common notion of a global belief), it is important to develop mechanisms that will allow these systems to converge their beliefs, where they can determine how each other “thinks.” This is important since it will allow each agent in a cooperating collective to make decisions that optimally solves their individual needs, along with their collective needs, without requiring explicit communication or a mediator. In this paper, methodologies are presented that facilitate belief convergence. The significance of this study is that we demonstrate how a state observer, such as a Kalman filter, can be used by each agent in a collective to estimate neighboring belief states. This is done with no a priori information of their neighbors' belief states, and by only comparing each individual's estimate for the required effort of the whole collective to perform a group plan.
Nonspecific DNA Binding and Bending by HUαβ: Interfaces of the Three Binding Modes Characterized by Salt-Dependent Thermodynamics

Previous isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and Forster resonance energy transfer studies demonstrated that Escherichia coli HU(αβ) binds nonspecifically to duplex DNA in three different binding modes: a tighter-binding 34-bp mode that interacts with DNA in large (>34 bp) gaps between bound proteins, reversibly bending it by 140(o) and thereby increasing its flexibility, and two weaker, modestly cooperative small site-size modes (10 bp and 6 bp) that are useful for filling gaps between bound proteins shorter than 34 bp. Here we use ITC to determine the thermodynamics of these binding modes as a function of salt concentration, and we deduce that DNA in the 34-bp mode is bent around-but not wrapped on-the body of HU, in contrast to specific binding of integration host factor. Analyses of binding isotherms (8-bp, 15-bp, and 34-bp DNA) and initial binding heats (34-bp, 38-bp, and 160-bp DNA) reveal that all three modes have similar log-log salt concentration derivatives of the binding constants (Sk(i)) even though their binding site sizes differ greatly; the most probable values of Sk(i) on 34-bp DNA or larger DNA are -7.5±0.5. From the similarity of Sk(i) values, we conclude that the binding interfaces of all three modes involve the same region of the arms and saddle of HU. All modes are entropy-driven, as expected for nonspecific binding driven by the polyelectrolyte effect. The bent DNA 34-bp mode is most endothermic, presumably because of the cost of HU-induced DNA bending, while the 6-bp mode is modestly exothermic at all salt concentrations examined. Structural models consistent with the observed Sk(i) values are proposed.
Rationale for a System of International Reserves for the Open Ocean

There appears to have been little consideration given to the concept of marine reserves in open-ocean ecosystems, whereas a large number of protected areas for coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems have been or are now being developed around the world (Agardy 1994; Rowley 1994). We argue that, given the rapidly rising pressures on the oceans due to human overpopulation and associated resource extraction, ocean conservation and management in the twenty-first century should include an international system of marine reserves for the open ocean. Such a system would be practical, and the benefits would be of global importance. We define open ocean as including both the water column (the pelagic realm) and the sea floor (the benthic realm) in international waters, that is beyond 200 miles (320 km) from a nation's coastline. We have little doubt that there are long-buried and passing references in scattered literature to some aspects of the concepts we present. For example, de Fontaubert et al. (1996) note without further elaboration that certain ecosystems embraced by coastal marine protected areas might extend across legal national boundaries and "into the high seas." Similar statements can probably be found in the burgeoning literature of marine conservation, biodiversity, and coastal marine reserves, but we have not found a distinct argument or proposal for reserves on the open ocean. Why should there be reserves on the high seas? Midocean waters remain largely without international environmental protection. The U.S. National Research Council (1995) identified the "pelagic open ocean" and the
The prevalence of cystoid macular oedema on optical coherence tomography in retinitis pigmentosa patients without cystic changes on fundus examination.

To determine the prevalence of cystoid macular oedema (CME) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with no evidence of cystic macular lesions on fundus examination. We included 63 RP patients with no evidence of cystic-appearing macular changes on fundus examination. All patients underwent a complete ocular examination including best-corrected visual acuity using an ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) chart, intraocular pressure measurement, anterior segment examination, and a detailed fundus examination. On 50 of the 63 patients, Fourier-domain OCT was performed using the radial slicer protocol. An additional 13 of the 63 patients were scanned using the macular thickness protocol on a time-domain OCT unit. The diagnosis of CME was defined by the presence of hyporeflective lacunae with well-defined boundaries on at least two of the scans. The mean age of patients included in the study was 36 years (range 9–71 years). Out of the 63 patients examined, 20 showed CME in at least one eye (32%), whereas 11 patients showed CME in both eyes (18%). Our findings demonstrate that a substantial number of RP patients with CME, as determined by OCT, may not show cystic changes by direct ophthalmoscopy or contact lens biomicroscopy. Knowledge of the high frequency for CME in such patients can serve to identify those who may be amenable to current or future treatment strategies of their macular oedema and can potentially impact on future therapeutic trials where visual acuity is used as an outcome measure.
Enhanced hardness in lattice‐matched single‐crystal TiN/V0.6Nb0.4N superlattices

Single‐crystal TiN/V0.6Nb0.4N superlattice films were deposited on MgO(100) substrates using ultrahigh vacuum reactive sputtering from two magnetron sources with a computer‐controlled shutter. X‐ray diffractometer measurements showed first‐ and second‐order superlattice peaks while electron diffraction showed up to seventh‐order superlattice reflections. Direct observations using cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy showed that the superlattices had flat, abrupt interfaces, but contained threading dislocations. Microhardness values for the superlattices ranged from to 3100 to 4100 kg/mm2, depending on the superlattice period (λ), compared with 1500 for an alloy with equal average composition. The hardness values for these lattice‐matched superlattices agreed with those previously reported for TiN/VN superlattices with a lattice mismatch of 2.4%, although the hardness peak was less pronounced. The present results indicate that coherency strains do not play the major role in enhancing the hardne...
Transfer of autoimmune encephalomyelitis with T lymphocytes in strain 13 guinea pigs.

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and/or tuberculin sensitivity were transferred to histocompatible recipients with myelin basic protein-stimulated and/or PPD stimulated guinea pig lymph node T cells previously separated by depletion of B cells (“panning”) on rabbit anti-guinea pig Ig antibody-coated Petri plates. The depletion was augmented by complement-mediated lysis using mouse anti-guinea pig B-cell monoclonal antibody (31D2), rabbit anti-mouse Ig, and rabbit complement. B cells did not transfer EAE nor provide protection against active immunization with guinea pig spinal cord antigen.
Rational design of viral vectors based on rigorous analysis of capsid structures.

The design of viral vectors has been predicated upon a central assumption—exploitation of viral transduction mechanisms to effect efficient transfer of therapeutic genes. Implicit in these initial efforts was the notion that viral tropism, such as it was understood, was an intrinsic parameter which could likewise be expropriated for delivery of therapeutic transgenes. On this basis, the principal strategy embodied in the initial generation of viral vectors involved incorporation of therapeutic transgenes within the context of the genome of the parent virus.
Plasma physics and the interruption of an electric circuit

This paper reviews the fundamentals of circuit interruption from both a scientific and an engineering viewpoint. The paper starts by discussing the interaction between a circuit interrupter and its associated power system. It then proceeds to describe the different methods of arc interruption. These first two parts form the background for the main purpose of this paper: to review the scientific understanding of arc interruption. Since the common ingredient in all circuit interrupters is the electric arc, the understanding of the process of circuit interruption is closely related to the scientific understanding of the behavior of arcs under both steady-state and transient conditions. Recent progress it this area is reviewed. Since arc interruption is a process during which a gas is changed from a high-temperature conducting state to a low-temperature insulating state, the knowledge of electrical breakdown of high-temperature gases is of fundamental importance, and this subject is discussed in some detail. References are provided for further study.
Stoichiometric hydrolysis of long chain acyl-CoA and measurement of the CoA formed with an enzymatic cycling method.

Abstract A new method for measuring long chain acyl-CoA is presented in this paper. It consists of two main procedures: stoichiometric hydrolysis of long chain acyl-CoA with fatty acid synthetase and measurement of the CoA formed with an enzymatic cycling system containing citrate synthase, carnitine acetyl transferase, and malate dehydrogenase. The concentration of long chain acyl-CoA was determined in freeze-clamped liver and “freeze-blown” brain. The values obtained for liver are similar to those previously reported. The values obtained for brain are 11.3 ± 0.8 nmole/g wet wt in 48 hr starved rats and 11.2 ± 0.6 nmole/g wet wt in fed rats.
Inverse-phosphocholine lipids: a remix of a common phospholipid.

Zwitterionic inverse-phosphocholine (iPC) lipids contain headgroups with an inverted charge orientation relative to phosphocholine (PC) lipids. The iPC lipid headgroup has a quaternary amine adjacent to the bilayer interface and a phosphate that extends into the aqueous phase. Neutral iPC lipids with ethylated phosphate groups (CPe) and anionic iPC lipids nonethylated phosphate groups (CP) were synthesized. The surface potential of CPe liposomes remains negative across a broad pH range and in the presence of up to 10 mM Ca2+. CP liposomes aggregate in the presence of Ca2+, but at a slower rate than other anionic lipids. Hydrolysis of CP lipids by alkaline phosphatases generates a cationic lipid. CPe liposomes release encapsulated anionic carboxyfluorescein (CF) 20 times faster than PC liposomes and release uncharged glucose twice as fast as PC liposomes. As such, iPC lipids afford a unique opportunity to investigate the biophysical and bioactivity-related ramifications of a charge inversion at the bilayer...
Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen for management of postmenopausal breast cancer in the advanced disease and neoadjuvant settings

The third-generation aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, exemestane and letrozole have become firmly established as the agents of choice in patients with tamoxifen-resistant tumors. Large, well-conducted, double-blind clinical trials directly comparing the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole with tamoxifen in the advanced disease setting have matured. Based on these trials, there is sufficient evidence to choose one of these agents over tamoxifen because of a superior time to disease progression and acceptable toxicity which includes a lower incidence of thromboembolic complications. Information for the steroidal aromatase inhibitor exemestane will be forthcoming from a phase III trial which has completed accrual. Consistent with the findings in the advanced disease setting, a double-blind trial comparing letrozole with tamoxifen in the neoadjuvant setting revealed superiority for letrozole in terms of clinical response rate. This provides a strong impetus for further study of the aromatase inhibitors in the preoperative setting.
Optical loss reduction in high-index-contrast chalcogenide glass waveguides via thermal reflow

A thermal reflow technique is applied to high-index-contrast, sub-micron waveguides in As2S3 chalcogenide glass to reduce the sidewall roughness and associated optical scattering loss. We show that the reflow process effectively decreases sidewall roughness of chalcogenide glass waveguides. A kinetic model is presented to quantitatively explain the sidewall roughness evolution during thermal reflow. Further, we develop a technique to calculate waveguide optical loss using the roughness evolution model, and predict the ultimate low loss limit in reflowed high-index-contrast glass waveguides. Up to 50% optical loss reduction after reflow treatment is experimentally observed, and the practical loss limiting factors are discussed.
Randomized Controlled Trial: Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skill Intervention for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Anxiety is common among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and may amplify the core social disability, thus necessitating combined treatment approaches. This pilot, randomized controlled trial evaluated the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of the Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skills Intervention (MASSI) program in a sample of 30 adolescents with ASD and anxiety symptoms of moderate or greater severity. The treatment was acceptable to families, subject adherence was high, and therapist fidelity was high. A 16 % improvement in ASD social impairment (within-group effect size = 1.18) was observed on a parent-reported scale. Although anxiety symptoms declined by 26 %, the change was not statistically significant. These findings suggest MASSI is a feasible treatment program and further evaluation is warranted.
Accuracy of an Analog Computer

1. To determine how accurate the computing components representing a given variable have to be, assume that they constitute one more piece of measuring equipment which must handle the data before it is fed into an ideal computer. 2. In general, the components of an analog computer must have individual accuracies consistent with the measuring equipment available to the group it belongs to. 3. The static accuracy of an operational amplifier may be measured simply by observing the grid voltage in a closed-loop connection as the output is swung through its full range at some low frequency (Fig. 2). Phase shift may be measured simply (Fig. 3), but usually does not play an important part in establishing limits of performance for the computer. 4. Integrator random drift may be measured simply, but is only one cause contributing to integrator error. Account should be taken of the grid deviations measured in the static test above, or else drift measured about a number of non-zero output levels. 5. The effect of integrator drift is to limit the computing time. Required computing time and highest required frequency are determined directly for real-time simulation. In other computing, one may be traded for the other, so long as the product R remains constant. R is the number of cycles of the highest frequency contained in the longest time. Two computers may be compared by comparing their R's; comparing drift rates, computing times, or maximum frequencies alone is not valid.
The rise and fall of international organization as a field of study

Have scholars properly understood, anticipated, predicted, and in any way helped to shape international organization developments since 1945? Or have they merely reported on events as they unfolded, shifting their research foci from one momentary concern to another in response to the ebb and flow of conditions in the world around them? One pattern that characterizes the maturation of the field of international organization in the postwar era is the steady disengagement of international organization scholars from the study of organizations, so that today one must question whether such a field exists any longer except in name only. The discussion traces the rise and fall of international organization as a field of study, first describing the origins and the evolution of the field, then analyzing the failure of international organization scholars generally to anticipate or shape international organization developments, and finally offering some suggestions for reviving the field and the institutions themselves which are its raison d'etre.
Interaction decay of nonionic surfactants at water surfaces

Abstract For large ether molecule surfactants with an alkane tail as the hydrophobic moiety and an ethylene oxide head (C 2 H 4 O) (POE) as the hydrophilic moiety, water surface tension drop in their presence is triggered by the attraction of water molecules to hydrophilic POE heads of surfactants at the air–water interface, which can be related to interactions between POE chains. It was found that interactions between POE chains decayed exponentially with respect to separation distance and increased with increase in POE chain length.
Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis.

General Summary This paper offers data obtained from a fairly large project on experimental chemotherapy of several filarial infections. The first work, performed in cotton rats which naturally harbour in filarial parasite known as Litomosoides carinii , showed definitely that this infection in this animal can be eradicated by the intensive administration of any of several antimony-containing drugs, these drugs having their principal action on the adult phase of the parasite. Methods essentially similar to those used in the experimental animals were then applied in infections with three human filarial worms—namely, W. bancrofti , L. loa , and O. volvulus . In the work with W. bancrofti , 114 persons infected with this parasite were treated with any of several antimony-containing drugs, or with an arsenical, and fifteen additional patients were kept untreated as a control group. The results obtained in the treated group varied considerably, depending upon the drug used. The most satisfactory drug, in respect both of the patients' tolerance and of the effect on the parasites, was neostibosan, a pentavalent antimony preparation. Of thirty-five subjects treated with neostibosan, twenty-five appeared entirely to lose their infections with W. bancrofti within 2 years of the end of therapy. All the control patients remained infected for this period of observation, and some of these had substantially more intensive infections at the end of this time than at the beginning. Only three subjects with L. loa infection were available for experimentation. Of these, one had many microfilariae in his day blood; and the other two persons had marked symptoms (Calabar swellings) but no circulating microfilariae prior to therapy. After intensive treatment with neostibosan, the number of embryos fell by over 90 per cent. within 15 months in the blood-positive subject, and all symptoms in the other two individuals disappeared within 8 months after treatment. No control subjects on this part of the work were available. Altogether, forty subjects with O. volvulus were studied but, for reasons states in the text, data on only sixteen can be reported. Of these sixteen, eight were treated intensively with neostibosan and eight were kept untreated as a control group. Ten months after therapy, no essential difference between the treated and control groups could be seen in the numbers of microfilariae in skin biopsies, although during the course of treatment, a marked reduction in the numbers of microfilariae in the skin seemed to occur. It was concluded that neostibosan is without permanent effect on onchocerciasis.
Metalloproteases and adipogenesis: a weighty subject.

Obesity has become a prevalent health hazard in industrialized countries and is closely associated with a number of pathological disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. 1 Even with such serious health implications there is still a great deal to learn before we can fully understand the mechanisms controlling adipocyte differentiation during normal development as well as in pathological conditions. Adipose tissues are aggregates of specially differentiated mesenchymal cells capable of storing large amounts of triglycerides in periods of energy excess and subsequently releasing those triglycerides during energy deprivation. Kawaguchi and colleagues 2 in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology introduce a mouse model that, together with several other recent studies, 3,4 may lead to greater understanding of the events in the extracellular microenvironment that mediate mesenchymal fate decisions and adipocyte differentiation.
Grain boundary ordering configurations in the L12 or Ni3Al structure

Abstract A grain boundary in the L1 2 structure (A 3 B ordered f.c.c.) that has a regular repeating structure (which must have a coincidence site lattice misorientation) will have different possible ordering configurations, based on different placements of the A and B atoms within the underlying f.c.c. structure. A general method is presented for determining the number of different ordering configurations for such a boundary, and the implications of these different configurations on the properties of the polycrystal are discussed.
Predicting involuntary patients' length of stay

A comparison was made of lengths of stay for involuntary patients treated in a local facility with those admitted to a state mental hospital. Involuntary patients treated in the local facility had much shorter lengths of stay than those treated at the state hospital even though the case mix was similar at both institutions. These findings suggest that local treatment may be less costly than state hospitalization for involuntary patients.
Serotonin-, Protein Kinase C-, and Hic-5-associated Redistribution of the Platelet Serotonin Transporter

Emerging data indicate the existence of multiple regulatory processes supporting serotonin (5HT) transporter (SERT) capacity including regulated trafficking and catalytic activation, influenced by post-translational modifications and transporter-associated proteins. In the present study, using differential extraction and sedimentation procedures optimized for the purification of cytoskeletal and membrane-skeletal associated proteins, we analyze SERT localization in platelets. We find that most of the plasma membrane SERT is associated with the membrane skeleton. This association can be enhanced by both transporter activation and 5HT2A receptor activation. Inactivation of transport activity by phorbol ester treatment of intact platelets relocates SERT to the cytoskeleton fraction, consequently leading to transporter internalization. The translocation of SERT between these compartments is correlated with changes in the interaction with the LIM domain adaptor protein Hic-5. Co-immunoprecipitation and uptake activity studies suggest that Hic-5 is a determinant of transporter inactivation and relocation to a compartment subserving endocytic regulation. Associations of SERT with Hic-5 are evident in brain synaptosomes, suggesting the existence of parallel mechanisms operating to regulate SERT at serotonergic synapses.
Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient Independent of the Boundary Conditions

We present an experimental method of non-invasively measuring the optical pathlength distribution in diffusive media using dual-fiber interferometry, which allows for the evaluation of the diffusion coefficient independent of the boundary conditions.
Classical biological control of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), in southern California

Abstract A cooperative classical biological control project against the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), infestation in the low-desert region of California was initiated in the fall of 1999. Subsequently, the parasitoids Anagyrus kamali Moursi (Encyrtidae), Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal (Encyrtidae) and Allotropa sp. nr. mecrida (Walker) (Platygastridae) were reared and released for permanent establishment. Population densities of mealybug and percent parasitism were monitored at a number of mulberry tree and carob tree sites for five consecutive years. The population density of M. hirsutus within the first year was reduced by approximately 95%. Over the entire 5-year period of the project, the average regional population density of the mealybug exhibited a continued decline. Anagyrus kamali was the predominant parasitoid, often parasitizing in excess of 50% of the mid-to-late stage M. hirsutus in the first 2 years following the parasitoid’s release. Although Gyranusoidea indica was rarely found from spring through early fall, it did represent 40% of the parasitoid species composition during winter. By 2005, the platygastrid parasitoid, Allotropa sp. nr. mecrida did not appear to be established following numerous releases in 2003 and 2004. Hyperparasitism of A. kamali by resident species (Marietta sp. & Chartocerus sp.) was frequently over 35% during 2000. However, hyperparasitism was considerably lower during each successive year, coincident with declining densities of both mealybug and the primary parasitoid host. Field collections of two other species of mealybugs common in Imperial Valley demonstrated that they are not being utilized as alternate non-target hosts by the newly introduced parasitoids.
Remarks on a west greenlandic verbal paradigm

Abstract Eskimo languages, as is well known, are ergative-absolutive .with respect to the case marking of the nominal terms of the clause: there is a special morphological case that marks the agent of a transitive clause, while the object of the transitive and the subject of an intransitive are in a different case. The case of the transitive agent is traditionally called the relative in Greenlandic studies (following Kleinschmidt 1968 (1851)), but I will refer to it as the ergative, since that is the term that is now more generally used in typological studies. The case of the transitive object and intransitive subject is the absolutive.
Inversion of gas-surface scattering data for potential determination using functional sensitivity analysis. I, A case study for the He-Xe/C(0001)potential

A general iterative inversion procedure based on functional sensitivity analysis is presented for determining the gas–surface interaction potential from low energy elastic scattering data. Formally, Tikhonov regularization, singular function analysis, and a recently developed exact transformation technique are implemented to render the inversion stable and efficient. Specifically, the simulation of helium scattering from a rigid periodic xenon monolayer on the graphite (0001) face is considered. It is found that the functional sensitivity densities of the diffraction intensities with respect to the He–Xe/C(0001) potential contain profound information, thus are invaluable in guiding the inversion of scattering data to yield the potential. Although, unequivocal determination of the full three‐dimensional potential from the inevitably incomplete experimental data may be difficult, we demonstrate that simulated input data consisting of a finite number of polar scan specular intensities can be used to accurate...
Pain and discomfort associated with mammography among urban low-income African-American women.

African–American women have lower rates of breast cancer screening than Caucasian women. Discomfort during mammography may deter women from rescreening. Research to date has focused primarily on Caucasian women. This study examined mammography-associated discomfort among urban, low-income African–American women, and how discomfort influenced rescreening intentions. Using survey data from 530 urban African–American women aged 45 years and older, we assessed sociodemographic, psychological, and health-related predictors of pain or discomfort, and associations between pain or discomfort and intention for rescreening. Seventy-six percent of women reported discomfort; reasons included machine compression (96%), breast size (36%), stature (30%), and roughness by technicians (18%). Intention to rescreen within 2 years was significantly reduced with reporting any discomfort (OR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.98), reporting two specific reasons—stature (OR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.72) and technician roughness (OR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.72), and attributing more sources for pain or discomfort (p for trend = 0.02). Most women reported discomfort; for some, this influenced intended adherence. Offering women the opportunity to control the amount of compression may reduce the pain associated with mammography and subsequently increase compliance.
A Systematic Review of Assessments for Identifying Executive Function Impairment in Adults With Acquired Brain Injury

Purpose To synthesize quantitative findings concerning measures of executive function (EF) in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). Method Electronic databases were searched for studies of EF as...
The Size of the Supportive Component in Organizations: A Multi-Organizational Analysis

In an analysis of thirty organizations of various typcs, the authors examilne the relation of varying size of the supportive componienit to other organizational characteristics such as total size, age, number of operating sites, diversification of activities performed, alnd type of organizational function. Total organizational size and number of locatiolns appear to be related to
An analysis of 1,423 facial fractures in 788 patients at an urban trauma center

The hospital records of all patients presenting to a large urban trauma center emergency department with facial fractures from 1980 through 1984 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 788 patients in the study group, averaging 1.8 fractures per patient for a total of 1,423 facial fractures. The study population had 638 (80.9%) males and 150 (19.1%) females. Racial mix was 71.6% black, 27.8% white, and 0.6% oriental. The most frequent fracture involved the zygoma (23.6%), followed by the orbital floor (21.4%), maxilla, mandible, and nasal bones. The most frequent etiology was assault with a blunt object or fist (70.1%) followed by motor vehicle accidents (13.5%), falls (9.3%), and gunshot wounds (6.1%). Initial diagnostic procedures included a facial X-ray series in 99.9%, tomograms in 43.1%, and CT studies in 8.1%. Surgical intervention was required in 61.2% of cases. Prosthetic materials were used in 8.5% of the cases. At our institution, personal assault was found to be the primary cause of both midface fractures and mandibular fractures.
Should we model dependence and nonstationarity, and if so how?

It can be difficult to develop, fit to data, and generate from, models that capture dependence and/or nonstationarity in simulation inputs. Should we bother? How should we go about it? I will discuss these issues, focusing on three examples: call center arrivals, ambulance travel speeds and wind modeling for America's Cup races.
Corollin, coronillin and coronarian: Three new 3-nitropropanoyl-d-glucopyranoses from Coronilla varia

Abstract Three new 3-nitropropanoyl- d -glucopyranoses, 2,3,6-tri(3-nitropropanoyl)-α- d -glucopyranose (corollin), 1,2,6-tri(3-nitropropanoyl)-α- d -glucopyranose (coronillin) and 2,6-di(3-nitropropanoyl)-α- d -glucopyranose (coronarian) were isolated from the aerial parts of Coronilla varia . Structural assignments were made on the basis of 220 MHz NMR spectra.
Does telecommuting really increase productivity

As many companies have learned in the last decade, the reality of telecommuting does not reflect the hype, the expected potential, or the existing literature.
Relative Harvestability by Angling of Blue Catfish, Channel Catfish, and Their Reciprocal Hybrids

Abstract One hundred and eighty-seven each of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, and their reciprocal hybrid crosses were stocked communally in a 0.1-hectare pond (7,480 fish/hectare) in April 1977. Each group was heat-branded prior to stocking for subsequent identification. The fish were grown for 181 days, after which the pond was fished for 35 man-hours (350 man-hours/hectare) on October 16 and 17. The pond was drained on October 19 and the remaining fish were harvested. A total of 290 kg (518 fish) was harvested by fishing and draining. Seventy-five (14.5%) of the fish were caught by the anglers in the two days. The hybrids were more susceptible to angling than the parent species. Heterosis for catchability was 158.6% by number and 203.6% by weight of fish caught. Channel catfish ♀ x blue catfish ♂ hybrids were more catchable than the reciprocal hybrids. Average length of all fish that were caught was greater than for those that were not caught. Fishing success in ...
Survey of neural network technology for automatic target recognition

A review is presented of ATR (automatic target recognition), and some of the highlights of neural network technology developments that have the potential for making a significant impact on ATR are presented. In particular, neural network technology developments in the areas of collective computation, learning algorithms, expert systems, and neurocomputer hardware could provide crucial tools for developing improved algorithms and computational hardware for ATR. The discussion covers previous ATR system efforts. ATR issues and needs, early vision and collective computation, learning and adaptation for ATR, feature extraction, higher vision and expert systems, and neurocomputer hardware. >
A technique for optimization of enteral feeding regimens: implementation on a microcomputer.

Many clinical factors must be taken into account in choosing an appropriate enteral feeding regimen for a particular patient. In a patient with multiple medical problems, this decision process may become overwhelmingly complex. This paper discusses a mathematical adjunct to aid in this problem. Using patient-specific weights for various clinical factors, an algorithmic determination is made of the degree of correspondence between the characteristics of available preparations and those weights. A microcomputer implementation rendering this method usable to the medical health care professional has been created, and is described. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:208-212, 1986)
Advanced controls for multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant optimization

Abstract An in-depth study of an MSF desalination plant control system has been conducted. The degrees of freedom analysis based on a dynamic mathematical model was used to determine the number of controlled (PVs) and manipulated variables (MVs). The analysis of the control problem points to a fully interacting multivariable system. Furthermore, prudent plant practices dictate strict bounds on several of these PVs and MVs and the desire to achieve unit optimization is felt. Thus, the MSF plant is an ideal candidate for constrained model predictive control (CMPC). A locally developed CMPC was designed to achieve a variety of operational objectives such as maximizing distillate production or performance ratio, minimizing energy consumption, etc. CMPC provides set points to the existing PID controllers and, thus, integrity with the existing instrumentation is maintained. The performance of CMPC was tested utilizing the SPEEDUP dynamic simulation software and the results are excellent. For example, it is shown that for an illustrative plant, steam savings of $1.6 million per year are possible. The potential impact of CMPC for MSF plants is rather large considering that there are several hundred plants throughout the world all of which are currently on PID-type control.
The risk of land tenure insecurity through formalisation in Latin America

Lisa Turner de Vera analyses why land formalisation will not alleviate poverty without associated labour market and access to finance policies.
STUDIES ON THE UTILIZATION OF COCONUT MEAL A New Enzymic-Chemical Method for Fiber Free Protein Extraction of Defatted Coconut Flour

A simple enzymic-chemical protein extraction process was developed. Proteases rather than carbohydrases were more efficient for the enzymatic treatment. Dilute NaOH was more effective than dilute HCl for the complementary chemical treatment. The combined treatments were more efficient than each of the two separately. The method devised was equally effective when applied to live coconut meals obtained through different oil extraction techniques. The partial hydrolysis of the protein during the proteolytic enzyme treatment appears to enhance the protein extractability by the complementary chemical treatment. Further, the resultant product is free of fiber
Stark Spectroscopy of Tryptamine Immobilized on a Gold Electrode

Abstract Electroreflectance (ER), ellipsometry, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements were performed for immobilized tryptamine on polycrystalline gold electrodes. SERS study indicates that the indole ring does not interact directly with the gold surface. Ellipsometric measurements yielded a thickness of the tryptamine layer of (1.98 ± 0.05) nm and an inferred surface concentration of 3.3 × 10 −6 mol/m 2 . ER measurements were performed in the wavelength region 200–300 nm using the NIST synchrotron ultraviolet radiation facility (SURF). The ER response was interpreted as a Stark shift in the tryptamine absorption line at 218 nm. Assuming that the tryptamine layer consists of two stacked tryptamine molecules associated at the indole rings, a unified analysis of ER and ellipsometric data gave the difference between the static dipole moments of the solvated ground and excited states of 0.65 × 10 −30 C m in low ionic strength buffer (0.01 M PBS) and 0.25 × 10 −30 C m in high ionic strength buffer (0.01 M PBS + 1.0 M NaClO 4 ). The results point to the importance of the composition of the solvation shell. Semiempirical quantum chemistry calculations of tryptamine molecules gave a qualitative explanation of the ER response in the low ionic buffer. The large ER response suggests that the method could be applied to the study of the tryptophan environment in adsorbed proteins.
Fast beam decay in an electron storage ring with low-energy injection

Abstract The phenomena of the fast beam decay which was often observed in electron storage rings with low-energy injection was studied. Drift motion of the trapped ions in the bending magnetic field was found to play an important role in the fast beam decay.
Synthesis of cyclooxygenase products by human anterior uvea from cyclic prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2).

The ability of human anterior uvea to synthesize cyclooxygenase products like thromboxane-A2 (TxA2), prostaglandin (PG) I2, E2 and D2 was assessed by using radiometric chromatography and bioassay techniques. Incubation of cyclic PC endoperoxides with indomethacin-treated human anterior uvea (IHIM) produced TxA2-like activity. IHIM, when either pretreated with imidazole, a TxA2 synthetase inhibitor, or boiled, failed to generate TxA2-like activity, indicating an enzymatic nature of the endoperoxide transformation. In addition, bioassay with rabbit aorta and dog coronary artery demonstrated that human anterior uvea not only synthesizes TxA2-like but also PGI2-like activities. Other evidence that human anterior uvea is capable of generating PGI2 came from studies on the extraction and subsequent stability of the substance formed from PGH2 following incubation with IHIM. Radiometric chromatography further confirmed the generation of 6-keto-PGF1α (PGI2 end product) which was inhibited by tranylcypromine (a PGI2 synthetase inhibitor). Human anterior uvea also synthetized PGF2α, PGE2 and PGD2 from 14C-PGH2. Boiled anterior uvea failed to generate these cyclooxygenase products from [14C]PGH2 indicating that the synthesis of TxA2, PGI2, E2, F2α and D2 was enzynatic in nature.
On the incorporation of local correlation effects into ionic solids

Two distinct means of introducing local correlation effects are considered here. In the first we develop a one center pseudopotential method, and apply it to the lowest excitons of the F and U centers in KCl and the newly measured core (1s) excitonic spectra of NiO. While the results obtained at the lowest truncation level are in good agreement with experiment, convergence is poor as higher terms are added, thus precluding general use of the method. In the second method, the solid is replaced by a cluster with appropriate boundary conditions, and correlation effects are treated by the independent electron pair approximation (IEPA). Application to the lowest exciton of LiF produces an energy of 12.6 eV (to which correlation contributes 2.5 eV) in good agreement with the experimental value of 12.5 eV.
Estimating demand by using sales information: inaccuracies encountered

Abstract Demand data is integral to a company’s overall information requirement. This is particularly true for manufacturers and retailers with regard to capacity, production, and inventory planning. Notwithstanding the implicit inaccuracies encountered, companies are predisposed to employ sales data as a primary source of information for estimating future demand. In this paper, by adopting a two-product setting, we measure inventory cost inaccuracies that arise from using sales data in estimating demand. By analyzing these costs, we also explore the conditions under which the resulting inaccuracies are either “lessened” or become “acute.” In this context, the determining rule of an induced substitution structure between the two products during stockout occasions is explicitly analyzed. We use a newsboy framework, in a two product environment, wherein one product may be taken as a direct substitute for the other. We provide necessary and sufficient optimality conditions and an extensive computational study to illustrate and support our findings and to provide additional insights on the conditions characterizing optimal stocking policies.
Suitability of frozen and lyophilized reference sera for cholesterol and triglyceride determinations

Observations on the suitability of frozen and lyophilized reference sera stored at -20 degrees C are presented. These sera, intended for use as controls for both cholesterol and triglyceride determinations, covered ranges for cholesterols from 4 to 8 mmol/l and for triglyceride from 0.7 to 2.4 mmol/L. We observed no change in cholesterol or triglyceride concentration in either the frozen or lyophilized forms of serum during almost 5 years of storage. The suitability of these materials for cholesterol and triglyceride determinations is demonstrated by representative methods. Our results show that lyophilized reference sera can be shipped unprotected by dry ice without any effect on cholesterol or triglyceride concentration. Although the total cholesterol concentration was unchanged with storage, changes did occur in the lipoproteins carrying these lipid constituents.
A resistive ratio standard for measuring direct voltages to 10 kV

A highly accurate guarded voltage-ratio standard has been developed for measuring direct voltages from the range of a standard cell to 10 kV. The ratio standard has a resolution capability of 0.1 ppm for ratios of 1:1 to 10 000:1 with an estimated uncertainty of 0.2 ppm. It is designed for operation at a rating of 2 kΩ/V and consists of an adjustable reference section in series with three resistance groups each containing nine nominally equal sections. The resistance ratios are determined by a self-calibration technique using a 1:1 bridge. A series-parallel mode of calibration provides an additional check on the accuracies of the ratios. The standard is housed in a temperature-controlled oil bath whose oil is filtered to remove moisture and contaminants.