cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in the regulation of peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and engraftment by cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) have become the preferred source of stem cells for autologous transplantation because of the technical advantage and the shorter time to engraftment. Administration of hematopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) results in mobilization of PBSCs into the peripheral blood. G-CSF and GM-CSF differ somewhat in the number and composition of CD34+ cells and effector cells mobilized to the peripheral blood; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the release and engraftment of CD34+ cells by these growth factors is poorly understood. This review provides a recent update on the involvement of hematopoietic growth factors, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokine receptors in the regulation of stem cell release and engraftment. The involvement of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), VLA-5, leukocyte function associated-1 molecule (LFA-1), and L-selectin and their receptors CXCR4 a...
Circular External Fixation Frames with Divergent Half Pins: A Pilot Biomechanical Study

The use of hexapod circular external fixators has simplified the ability to correct complex limb deformities without cumbersome frame reconfigurations. These frames are applied primarily using half pin mountings and may be difficult to utilize given the constraints of traditional half pin constructs. We compared the biomechanical performance of simplified divergent half pin frames to mountings currently being utilized for application of hexapod frames. Three 6-mm half pins per limb segment were placed into sawbones at 60° divergent angles in both the sagittal and coronal planes in a 2-cm diaphyseal fracture gap model. Pin mountings were attached to a standardized four-ring construct. This was compared to similar four-ring frames with two differing pin/wire configurations: (1) two tensioned wires per ring placed at 90° angles, a total eight wires; and (2) two 5-mm half pins per ring placed at 90° angles, a total eight half pins. The divergent 6-mm half pin frames demonstrated similar performance compared the standardized tensioned wire and 5-mm half pin frames in terms of axial micromotion and angular deflection. Based on the mechanical performance of these divergent half pin frames we believe they can be used clinically without detrimental consequences.
Development of inferences over elementary-school grades: III. Verbatim and forward-consequence inferential errors made by regular and gifted students

Students in second, fourth, and sixth grade regular and gifted classes were read a series of short stories by their teachers. They were then asked to identify two statements about each story as true or false. Half of the statements were factual (verbatim); of these, half were true, half false. The other half of the test statements were all false but were arranged so that if a forward-consequence inference implicit in the story were made they would be true. Susceptibility to inferential bias in memory showed no improvement over grades for the regular students and improved only for the sixth-grade gifted students. These results contrast sharply with those for verbatim items, on which the usual improvement occurred over grades.
Full-spectrum interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings at 100 kHz for detection of impact loading

This paper explains key innovations that allow monitoring of detailed spectral features of an FBG in response to impact loading. The new system demonstrates capture of FBG spectral data at rates of 100 kHz. Rapid capture of the entire reflection spectrum at such high reading rates shows important features that are missed when using systems that merely track changes in the peak location of the spectrum. The update rate of 100 kHz allows resolution of features that occur on transient time scales as short as 10 µs. This paper gives a detailed description of the unique features of the apparatus and processes used to capture the data at such a rapid rate. Furthermore, we demonstrate this interrogation scheme on a composite laminate system during impact.
Bond dissociation energy and Lewis acidity of the xenon fluoride cation.

This study focuses upon the Lewis acid reactivity of XeF+ with various bases in the gas phase and the determination of the bond dissociation energy of XeF+. The bond dissociation energy of XeF+ has...
57 Fe NCR of Fe phases in “magnetic cassiterites”

A pyralspite garnet from an anomalously magnetic concentrate of a pegmatitic cassiterite ore has been investigated using 57Fe nuclear gamma-ray resonance spectroscopy. The quadrupole splitting and isomer shift values of 3.6 mm/s and 1.4 mm/s, respectively, are among the largest observed for Fe2+ ions and indicate a very low covalency of the dodecahedral Fe2+ — O2-bonds. These data support the more recent and lower value (10.2–10.1 kcal/ mole) of White and Moore (1972) for the CFSE of the dodecahedral Fe2+ ion and suggest that the CFSE should be a useful approximation to the site preference energy of Fe2+ for this site.
Policing and research: two cultures separated by an almost‐common language

The recent paper ‘Ending the “Dialogue of the Deaf”: Evidence and Policing Policies and Practices, an Australian Case Study’ (Bradley & Nixon, 2009) provides a vivid depiction of the gulf between r...
Management and results of sciatic nerve injuries: a 24-year experience

Object. The purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to present results and provide management guidelines for various types of sciatic injuries. Methods. Over a 24-year period, 380 patients with sciatic nerve injuries were managed. In 230 patients (60%), the injury was at the buttock level, with injection injuries comprising more than half of these cases. Thigh-level sciatic injury was evaluated in 150 cases (40%) and was usually secondary to one of four main causes: 1) gunshot wound; 2) femur fracture; 3) laceration; or 4) contusion. Patients with partial deficits uncomplicated by severe pain or with significant spontaneous recovery or late referral were managed medically. Surgical exploration was not indicated in 23% of injuries at the thigh level and almost 50% of those at the buttock level. Most of these patients achieved partial but good spontaneous recovery, especially in the tibial division distribution. Surgical intervention was required for more complete and persistent deficits in either ...
Neutral composition measurements by the Pioneer Venus Neutral Mass Spectrometer during Orbiter re‐entry

Measurements by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS) instrument during Orbiter re-entry have been made from 18-24 hours local solar time, above 170 km, of He, and from midnight to 4.5 hours below 200 km of He, N, O, CO, N2, and CO2. Preliminary results indicate that in the post-midnight sector He is the dominant species above 170 km, O the dominant species from 140-170 km and CO2 the dominant species below 140 km. Estimated scale height temperatures for He, O and CO2 of about 105-120 K are similar to those observed in 1978-80 at higher solar activity. The densities at 1 am local solar time and at 150 km are within 35% of those measured earlier. The He bulge is also similar to that observed in 1978-80 confirming that thermosphere superrotation is still present. Comparison with the results of a Venus Thermosphere General Circulation Model suggests the nightside is not sensitive to changes in solar activity due to the isolation of the day and night thermospheres. Apparently, the relatively small changes in the dayside thermosphere with solar activity have little impact on the nightside thermosphere.
“Novelty” cells in association cortex of cat

Responses of single neurons in the suprasylvian cortical association areas of the chloralosed cat to auditory, tactile and visual stimuli were studied. All cells responded to all modalities of stimulation. A number of cells showed complex integrative effects to polysensory combinations of stimuli. These cells also exhibited a “novelty” effect: cell discharge probability increased as interstimulus interval was increased, in some instances up to 30 sec or more. Stimulus combinations and variations of interstimulus interval interacted in a complex manner in their effects on cell discharge probability.
Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon

Seismic signals recorded from impacts of missiles at the White Sands Missile Range are radically different from the signal recorded from the Apollo 12 lunar module impact. This implies that lunar structure to depths of at least 10 to 20 kilometers is quite different from the typical structure of the earth's crust. Results obtained from this study can be used to predict seismic wave amplitudes from future man-made lunar impacts. Seismic energy and crater dimensions from impacts are compared with measurements from chemical explosions.
Local and macroscopic transport from a 1.5-in. Cylinder in a turbulent air stream

The local and macroscopic thermal transfer coefficients were experimentally investigated for a 1.5-in. copper cylinder located in a transverse flowing turbulent air stream. Measurements of local transport and pressure coefficient were made throughout the entire perimeter of the cylinder. The Reynolds number was varied from 2,600 to 86,000 and the free-stream turbulence from 0.013 to 0.25. The estimated integral turbulence scale was found to vary from 0.3 to 0.5 in. over the range of conditions of flow investigated. The local transfer coefficient near stagnation increased 35% as a result of an increase in turbulance over the range indicated. Displacements of the locus of separation with varying Reynolds numbers and turbulence level were found.
Middle School Mathematics Teachers' Knowledge of Students' Understanding of Core Algebraic Concepts: Equal Sign and Variable.

This article reports results from a study focused on teachers' knowledge of students' understanding of core algebraic concepts. In particular, the study examined middle school mathematics teachers' knowledge of students' understanding of the equal sign and variable, and students' success applying their understanding of these concepts. Interview data were collected from 20 middle school teachers regarding their predictions of student responses to written assessment items focusing on the equal sign and variable. Teachers' predictions of students' understanding of variable aligned to a large extent with students' actual responses to corresponding items. In contrast, teachers' predictions of students' understanding of the equal sign did not correspond with actual student responses. Further, teachers rarely identified misconceptions about either variable or the equal sign as an obstacle to solving problems that required application of these concepts. Implications for teacher professional development are discussed.
Non-local propagation of correlations in quantum systems with long-range interactions.

The maximum speed with which information can propagate in a quantum many-body system directly affects how quickly disparate parts of the system can become correlated and how difficult the system will be to describe numerically. For systems with only short-range interactions, Lieb and Robinson derived a constant-velocity bound that limits correlations to within a linear effective ‘light cone’. However, little is known about the propagation speed in systems with long-range interactions, because analytic solutions rarely exist and because the best long-range bound is too loose to accurately describe the relevant dynamical timescales for any known spin model. Here we apply a variable-range Ising spin chain Hamiltonian and a variable-range XY spin chain Hamiltonian to a far-from-equilibrium quantum many-body system and observe its time evolution. For several different interaction ranges, we determine the spatial and time-dependent correlations, extract the shape of the light cone and measure the velocity with which correlations propagate through the system. This work opens the possibility for studying a wide range of many-body dynamics in quantum systems that are otherwise intractable.
Membrane potential determination in large unilamellar vesicles with hexakis(2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile)technetium(I)

The accumulation of the lipophilic cation hexakis (2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile)technetium (99mTc-MIBI) within large unilamellar vesicles made from egg phosphatidylcholine was examined as a function of time and membrane potential (Em). Equilibrium distribution occurred within minutes at 30 degrees C. The transmembrane distribution of Tc-MIBI was measured at Em = 0 mV and at a series of negative membrane potentials. The distribution of Tc-MIBI was in close agreement with the Nernst equation for passive distribution of a permeant ion across a bilayer, permitting the membrane potential to be predicted from Tc-MIBI distribution. In this respect, Tc-MIBI behaves similarly to other radioprobes of membrane potential, but with unique properties including high specific activity (10(9) Ci/mol), rapid kinetics of distribution, low potential-independent binding, and short half-life (6.02 h). The results indicate a mechanism for tissue accumulation of Tc-MIBI in vivo that may in part account for its utility in clinical imaging of ischemic myocardium.
Did the Universe Evolve

A new type of explanatory mechanism is proposed to account for the fact that many of the dimensionless numbers which characterize particle physics and cosmology take unnatural values. It is proposed that all final singularities 'bounce' or tunnel to initial singularities of new universes at which point the dimensionless parameters of the standard models of particle physics and cosmology undergo small random changes. This speculative hypothesis, plus the conventional physics of gravitational collapse, together comprise a mechanism for natural selection, in which those choices of parameters that lead to universes that produce the most black holes during their lifetime are selected for. If our Universe is a typical member of the ensemble that results from many generations of such reproducing universes then it follows that the parameters of our present Universe are near a local maximum of the number of black holes produced per universe. Thus, modifications of the parameters of particle physics and cosmology from their present values should tend to decrease the number of black holes in the universe. Three possible examples of this mechanism are described.
The Culture of Domestic Violence Advocacy: Values of Equality/Behaviors of Control

SUMMARY Domestic violence advocacy is a culture unto itself. The themes it addresses, in combination with the dominant frames of discourse (Fairclough, 1989) used in the daily conversations of advocates and their supporters, contribute to the stagnation of domestic violence advocacy as a profession and stunt its ability to address the non-homogenous, culturally diverse group of men, women and children living under the tyranny of violence within their homes. Social and political ties to funding institutions and government agencies reify existing concepts about domestic violence education and allow little opportunity for improvement. This article details the methodology and findings of a qualitative, ethnographic research project conducted at an undisclosed domestic violence agency. Qualitative results were analyzed using methods of grounded theory, discourse analysis and narrative analysis. Results revealed four major discourse themes that contribute to the current culture of domestic violence advocacy: (1...
Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder originating from transitional cell carcinoma of anus

A unique case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with the primary being in the anus is reported. The patient presented with acute urinary retention from a large bladder tumor, which was thought to be primary to the bladder. Biopsy of the bladder revealed transitional cell carcinoma, microscopically indistinguishable from the primary cloacogenic carcinoma diagnosed seven years previously.
Femtosecond studies of the phase transition in Ti2O3.

We report femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe DECP experiments using a colliding pulse mode-locked laser performed on ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as the sample lattice temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{L}}$ is raised from 300 K through the ``soft transition'' at 450 K to a temperature of 570 K. We have observed DECP spectra through the transition, with oscillations in reflectivity of a few percent associated with the low frequency ${\mathit{A}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ mode. A thermodynamic relation is found between the low frequency ${\mathit{A}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ equilibrium displacement and the number of excited electrons removed from the valence band. When applied to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{L}}$-dependent equilibrium coordinate data for ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ obtained in x-ray experiments, the theory allows a determination of the band overlap vs lattice temperature. The band overlap at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{L}}$=621 K is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.06 eV. The ${\mathit{A}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ mode frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$, the electronic relaxation rate (1/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{el}}$), and the phonon relaxation rate (1/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$) have all been followed through the transition. ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$ decreases, and shows a partial recovery in agreement with other Raman studies. The behavior of (1/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{}\mathrm{el}}$) can be understood as due to an increase in available states for interband electron-phonon scattering as the band crossing takes place. Applying a deformation potential model to the data for (1/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{el}}$) before band crossing, with the low frequency ${\mathit{A}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ mode as the dominant scattering mechanism, a value of |D|\ensuremath{\simeq}2.0 eV is obtained for the valence band deformation potential associated with this mode. (1/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$) does not show a clearcut correlation with bandcrossing due to greater scatter in the data. The temperature dependence is partially explained by the two-phonon decay of the coherent phonon excited in DECP, and may also have a component due to interaction with hot electrons as well as a dephasing contribution. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Sequence and putative secondary structure of group I introns in the nuclear-encoded ribosomal RNA genes of the fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae

Abstract Two putative group I introns in the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes of Hymenoscyphus ericae are described. One is in the small subunit gene about 30 nucleotides upstream of the 3′ end of the gene at a site common to several other group I introns. The other is in the large subunit gene approx. 930 bp downstream of the 5′ end of the gene. This is the only report of an intron at this location.
African-American and white head and neck carcinoma patients in a university medical center setting. Are treatments provided and are outcomes similar or disparate?

Racial and ethnic disparities occur in many areas of the health care management system in the United States. These disparities include disease incidence, access to health and medical services, treatments provided, and disease outcomes. Health care delivery organizations have limited resources. Encounters between patients and providers in health care delivery organizations typically are cross-cultural. Access to care, quality of care, and equity may be affected by limited resources and cross-cultural encounters. This impacts the diagnosis, treatments provided, and outcomes, with African-American patients faring poorly compared with white patients. African Americans are 15% more likely to develop cancer than whites and are about 34% more likely to die of cancer than whites in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the characteristics of African-American patients and white patients with carcinoma of the head and neck at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center, an equal-access facility, reporting similarities and disparities in disease stage at the time of diagnosis, treatment received, and patient outcomes.
A METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING HOUSING PROGRAMS

Abstract : ;Contents: Consumer choice in the rental housing market; Housing programs and consumer choice; Benefits and costs of housing programs; Estimating benefits and costs.
Integrated aeroservoelastic wing synthesis by nonlinear programming/approximation concepts

Nonlinear programming/approximation concepts optimization techniques developed for structural synthesis are adapted to the integrated aeroservoelastic wing synthesis problem, in which constraints from several disciplines are taken into account simultaneously and the design space includes structural and control system design variables. Structural, aerodynamic, and control system mathematical models that are suitable for the preliminary design of airplanes are used in an integrated synthesis of wings and their active control systems. The effectiveness and efficiency of the new capability are studied using mathematical models of a remotely piloted vehicle as well as a more complex YF16-type airplane model. Simplified handling quality constraints are added to the set of design requirements. The performance of several complex eigenvalue approximations is examined. Effects of control law structure on the weight and robustness of the resulting aeroservoelastic designs provide new insights into the complex multidisciplinary interactions involved.
Cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale

Paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a commonly identified potential mechanism of ischemic stroke, especially in young patients. The recurrent stroke rate among young cryptogenic stroke patients with a PFO is modest, but higher than normal for their age. Co-existing atrial septal aneurysm is a substantial, and the only definite, potentiator of stroke risk in patients with PFO, but PFO size, degree of functional shunting, and co-existing hypercoagulable state likely are additional risk factors. Pelvic CT and magnetic resonance venography have improved our ability to detect source venous thromboemboli and underlie new management strategies. Treatment strategies for PFOs in ischemic stroke patients include antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, surgical closure, or percutaneous closure devices. The completion of ongoing, randomized clinical trials comparing percutaneous closure devices with medical management is likely to be hastened by the recent withdrawal of humanitarian device exemption approvals, and is urgently needed to clarify if the risks of invasive endovascular device placement are outweighed by a long-term reduction in recurrent vascular events.
Human Influences on Nitrogen Removal in Lakes

Human activities have increased the availability of reactive nitrogen in many ecosystems, leading to negative impacts on human health, biodiversity, and water quality. Freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, streams, and wetlands, are a large global sink for reactive nitrogen, but factors that determine the efficacy of freshwater nitrogen removal rates are poorly known. Using a global lake data set, we show that the availability of phosphorus, a limiting nutrient, affects both annual nitrogen removal rate and efficiency. This result indicates that increased phosphorus inputs from human activities have stimulated nitrogen removal processes in many lakes. Recent management-driven reductions in phosphorus availability promote water column accumulation and export of nitrogen from large lakes, an unintended consequence of single-element management that argues for greater control of nitrogen as well as phosphorus sources.
COMPARISON OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR MEASURING SEED HARDNESS OF FOOD‐GRADE SOYBEAN

Breeding specialty soybeans for the soyfood market requires proper methodology in evaluation of seed quality attributes. In this study, efficient methods that could be potentially used for testing soybean seed hardness were developed by examining different instruments and seed parameters. Five food-grade soybean genotypes with different seed sizes were used to determine seed water-absorption capacity and hardness. Water absorption capacity was expressed by swell ratios for seed weight, seed dimension, and volume of water changes before and after soaking. Seed hardness test was conducted by a one-bite method using a food texture analyzer equipped with five different probes. The results showed that hardness testing by a 75 mm cylinder with 10 steamed seeds, single blade with five steamed seeds, and shear cell with 30 g steamed seeds produced dependable and consistent results with low coefficient of variance. However, shear cell may not be practical for early plant selection in a breeding program due to a relatively large sample requirement. Seed size can be used as indirect selection indicators for seed hardness. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Seed hardness is an important factor in determining soybean suitability for natto production. This study used two texture analyzers equipped with five different probes to test hardness of five soybean genotypes with different seed size. The methodologies for testing the seed texture of soybean have been established, which can help regulate the seed hardness testing for commercial production and provide consistent hardness references for natto breeding programs and the seed industry.
The density algorithm for pairwise interaction testing

SUMMARY There are many published algorithms for generating interaction test suites for software testing, exemplified by AETG, IPO, TCG, TConfig, simulated annealing and other heuristic search, and combinatorial design techniques. Among these, greedy one-test-at-a-time methods (such as AETG and TCG) have proven to be a reasonable compromise between the needs for small test suites, fast test-suite generation, and flexibility to accommodate a variety of testing scenarios. However, such methods suffer from the lack of a worst-case logarithmic guarantee on test suite size, while methods that provide such a guarantee at present are less efficient or flexible, or do not produce test suites that are competitive in size for practical testing scenarios. In this paper, a new algorithm establishes that efficient, greedy, one-test-at-a-time methods can indeed produce a logarithmic worst-case guarantee on the test suite size. In addition, this can be done while still producing test suites that are of competitive size, and in a time that is comparable to the publishedmethods. It is deterministic, guaranteeing reproducibility. It generates only one candidate test at a time, permits users to ‘seed’ the test suite with specified tests, and allows users to specify constraints of combinations that should be avoided. Further, statistical analysis examines the impact of five variables used to tune this density algorithm for execution time and test suite size: weighting of density for factors, scaling of density, tie-breaking, use of multiple candidates, and multiple repetitions using randomization. Copyright c
A platelet inhibitor protein with cytochalasin-like activity against actin polymerization in vitro

Abstract We have obtained an inhibitor fraction containing cytochalasin-like activity from human platelets. Using a procedure involving DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and gel filtration column chromatography, we obtained a fraction from human platelets which apparently can compete with 3 H-cytochalasin B for binding to spectrin-actin complexes from human erythrocytes. The inhibitor activity is nondialyzable, sensitive to heat and to trypsin and has a Stoke's radius of 40 A. This fraction stops nuclei-induced actin polymerization in 0.4 mM MgCl 2 and reduces the viscosity of F actin to that of G actin, which suggests depolymerization of the filaments. These results suggest that the inhibitor fraction contains a protein which interacts with actin filaments and nuclei in a manner similar to that of cytochalasin B. It is possible that such a protein is involved in the control of cell motility by affecting assembly and disassembly of actin-containing microfilaments in vivo.
Processing and properties of cryogenically milled post-consumer mixed plastic waste

This research is an effort to produce a useful polymer from a post-consumer mixed polymer waste stream consisting primarily of polypropylene and polyethylene. Mixed waste flakes were milled to a fine powder by cryogenic impact milling, and then injection molded into tensile test samples. The effect of incorporating nanoclay before milling was investigated. Despite the presence of porosity in the milled powder samples, the tensile properties were found to be higher than those of the unmilled polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry thermal analysis suggests the possibility of the formation of alloy between the immiscible polymers.
Transistor-level layout of high-density regular circuits

In this paper, we describe an automatic place and route strategy for a high-density, super-regular, double-gate transistor-array-based layout. Interconnects on all metal layers are uni-directional and can be manufactured by an OPC-free process [4]. Our objective is to achieve a circuit layout area equal to the transistor footprint. Such layout constraints limit routing flexibility and render traditional approaches impractical. Our tools automatically generate circuits with several tens of transistors. Experimental results demonstrate both the efficiency of the proposed algorithms and the high quality of the layouts produced.
Specific immune response genes of the guinea pig. I. Dominant genetic control of immune responsiveness to copolymers of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine and L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine.

The immunogenicity of three random copolymers of amino acids with L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA), L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), or L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and L-tyrosine (GAT), administered in complete Freund's adjuvant, was studied in several inbred and random-bred guinea pig strains. The animals were tested for delayed sensitivity and their sera were assayed for the presence of antibody directed against the immunizing polymer. All of the guinea pigs developing delayed hypersensitivity also had significant antibody levels in their sera. Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs responded to immunization with GA, but failed to form detectable responses to GT. Inbred strain 13 animals, on the other hand, responded to GT, but not to GA. The (2 x 13)F1 hybrids responded to both GA and GT with both delayed hypersensitivity and circulating antibody. Thus, the ability of these inbred guinea pigs to respond immunologically to GA or GT is controlled by distinct autosomal dominant genes. A variable percentage of random-bred guinea pigs, depending on their source as well as their strain, responded to immunization with GA and with GT. All guinea pigs, both inbred and random bred, responded to immunization with GAT. The ability to respond immunologically to GAT, therefore, does not seem to be under simple genetic control. However, the levels of anti-GAT antibody found in the sera of animals lacking the ability to respond to GA were much lower than those detected in GA responder animals.
The effect of rape type and information admissibility on perceptions of rape victims

An experiment was conducted to assess whether the judgmental effects of inadmissible evidence would vary as a function of type of rape. Subjects (predominantly Caucasian) read rape scenarios that depicted either an acquaintance rape or a stranger rape, which contained information implying that the victim had a promiscuous sexual history. In one condition, subjects were instructed to disregard this information (inadmissible condition), while in the other condition, subjects received no such instructions (admissible condition). The results indicated that (1) males perceived that there was a higher probability of victim enjoyment than females, (2) perceptions of those in the admissible condition were less favorable than those in the inadmissible condition, and (3) perceptions of those in the acquaintance rape conditions were less favorable than those in the stranger rape condition. The results also indicated that perceptions of the probability of victim enjoyment did not vary as a function of type of rape when the information was admissible. On the other hand, when the information was inadmissible, perceptions of the probability of victim enjoyment in the acquaintance rape conditions were higher than those in the stranger rape condition. The possible basis of these findings are discussed.
Modeling the response of composite beam–slab assemblies exposed to fire

Abstract This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the response of composite beam–slab assemblies subjected to a combination of gravity and fire loading. The behavior of typical beam–slab assemblies with different shear connection types (welded–bolted shear tab and all-bolted double-angle connection), exposed to different fire scenarios, was modeled using ANSYS. The finite element model accounts for temperature dependent thermal and mechanical properties of constituent materials, connections, and composite action. Transient time domain coupled thermal-stress analysis is performed to obtain the temperature distribution and deformation response of the composite beam–slab assembly. The finite element model is validated by comparing the predicted and measured thermal and structural response parameters of three composite beam–slab assemblies tested under fire conditions. The comparisons show that the proposed model is capable of predicting the fire response of beam–slab assemblies with good accuracy. Research from the analysis clearly shows that the composite action between the beam and slab significantly enhances the fire performance of composite beam–slab assemblies. It is concluded that the proposed finite element model could be used as a feasible tool to evaluate the fire response of composite floor systems.
The hippocampus and behavioral maturation.

The morphology and connections of the hippocampus are briefly described in light of recent anatomical investigations. There is a lack of direct connections with primary sensory and motor structures, instead the hippocampus is the focal point of two loops: the direct septohippocampal loop mediated by cells of the dentate gyrus and regio inferior; and an indirect corticohippocampal loop involving the entorhinal cortex, regio superior, the mammillary body, anterior thalamic nuclei, and cingulate cortex. The literature on the effects of hippocampal lesions on behavior is briefly reviewed. It is suggested that the hippocampus facilitates response braking in the aroused animal. Accordingly, hippocampectomy leads in ambiguous appetitive learning situations to bouts of response emission even when these do not lead to or even interfere with reinforcement; in aversive conflict situations to hyperreactivity rather than defensive immobility; and, while engaged in a prepotent behavioral act, to reduced attentiveness. Septal lesions produced changes similar to those produced by hippocampectomy, while in some tests the opposite effects were obtained after cingulectomy. The different electrical patterns of the hippocampus accompanying different behavioral states are reinterpreted in light of the assumption that the hippocampus is involved in the braking of response emission in the aroused animal by facilitating the septum and inhibiting the cingulate cortex. Desynchronized high amplitude activity is assumed to represent hippocampal inactivation when voluntary activity is not in progress; synchronous slow activity (theta wave) represents the alerting of the braking system without engagement, which is set in readiness concurrently with the onset of voluntary activity; and desynchronized low amplitude is the correlate of the actual engagement of the braking system, as when responding is stopped in the passive avoidance situation. Finally, the syndromes of hippocampectomy in adults are identified as juvenile traits and the hypothesis is put forward that the function of the late-maturing hippocampus is to transform “exuberant,” “reckless,” and “inattentive” juveniles into “placid,” “cautious,” and “observant” adults. This hypothesis predicts that hippocampectomized adults will display additional juvenile traits to those already recognized, and that treatments that retard, accelerate, or prolong postnatal hippocampal development will affect behavioral maturation.
Phage-induced Alignment of Membrane Proteins Enables the Measurement and Structural Analysis of Residual Dipolar Couplings with Dipolar Waves and λ-Maps

At pH > 6 added filamentous bacteriophage fd is compatible with many of the detergents used to solubilize membrane proteins for solution NMR studies of membrane proteins and, therefore, serves as an alignment media. In combination with strained polyacrylamide gel alignment, Dipolar Waves can be used to directly assess the secondary structure and a λ-map extracts the order tensors for de novo structure calculation of membrane proteins without distance restraints.
Cesium Promotion in Styrene Epoxidation on Silver Catalysts

The adsorption of a small amount of cesium on Ag(110) redirects the partial oxidation products of styrene from phenylacetaldehyde and phenylketene to styrene oxide. The cesium stabilizes the oxametallacycle intermediate and hinders its transformation to the intermediate that leads to the other products. Cesium does not appear to create any electronic effects on the bonding of the intermediates. Low coverages of cesium induce a (1 × 2) missing-row reconstruction of the entire clean Ag(110) surface and a (3 × 5) surface oxide structure on the cesium-reconstructed Ag(110) surface. This (3 × 5)-ordered surface oxide is superimposed on the Ag(111) microfacets produced by the cesium-induced reconstruction, which leads to selectivity and reactivity very similar to those of the extended (111) surface. These studies provide insight into the microscopic origins of the structural effects of cesium in styrene epoxidation on silver catalysts.
Symptoms and perceived severity of illness as predictive of treatment for diarrhea in six Asian and African sites

This paper examines associations between symptoms, judgement of severity and treatments given for episodes of childhood diarrhea. Using data from ten large sample surveys conducted in six research sites in Asia and Africa, the paper addresses three main questions. One, to what extent are judgments of severity of diarrhea among young children a function of the symptoms observed during an episode of diarrhea? Two, what is the relative importance of symptoms observed vs judgments of severity in the treatments given for diarrhea? And three, what do the results imply for programs promoting the use of ORT for diarrhea? The study found that mothers, perception of severity of illness is linked most closely to three symptoms: vomiting, fever and lassitude. These symptoms are associated with (a) treating the child at all and (b) taking the child to a health facility. These conclusions take on particular significance since they are based on a comparison of ten data sets from six sites differing widely in population density, ecology, access to medical services, educational level and financial resources.
Suitability of porous silicon microparticles for the long-term delivery of redox-active therapeutics

Thermal oxidation of porous Si microparticles provides an inert carrier for the long-term release of the anthracycline drug daunorubicin. Without prior oxidation, porous Si undergoes an undesirable side reaction with this redox active drug.
On the scale of mantle convection

Abstract Observational evidence from glacial rebound and gravity anomalies shows that the mantle has a relatively uniform viscosity. Such a structure is consistent with the effects of temperature and pressure on microscopic mechanisms for plastic flow of solids. Thus the asthenosphere may extend to the base of the mantle. Mantle phase changes do not inhibit mantle-wide convection, and any compositional differences between the upper and lower mantle are not resolved at present. Thus there is no reason not to expect convection extending into the lower mantle. The stress state of descending slabs is consistent with mantle-wide convection, and although the slabs may encounter an increased resistance to sinking at ∼700 km depth there is no evidence that they are stopped by the increased resistance. Seismic heterogeneity in the lower mantle suggests large-scale convection, which is perhaps driven by heat from the earth's core. Plate motions may interact with large-scale flow in the mantle, and are probably not completely decoupled from flow in the lower mantle. Lateral variations in flow properties in the upper mantle may be more important than vertical variations, and may strongly influence plate motions.
Assessment of technical skills of orthopaedic surgery residents performing open carpal tunnel release surgery.

Background: Motor skills assessment is an important part of validating surgical competency. The need to test surgical skills competency has gained acceptance; however, assessment methods have not yet been defined or validated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of four testing measures for the integrated assessment of orthopaedic surgery residents with regard to their competence in performing carpal tunnel release. Methods: Twenty-eight orthopaedic residents representing six levels of surgical training were tested for competence in performing carpal tunnel release on cadaver specimens. Four measures were used to assess competency. First, a web-based knowledge test of surgical anatomy, surgical indications, surgical steps, operative report dictation, and surgical complications was administered. Second, residents participated in an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills; each resident performed surgery on a cadaver specimen. All residents were evaluated independently by two board-certified orthopaedic surgeons with a subspecialty certificate in hand surgery with use of a detailed checklist score, a global rating scale, and a pass/fail assessment. The time for completion of the surgery was also recorded. Each assessment tool was correlated with the others as well as with the resident's level of training. Results: Significant differences were found between year of training and knowledge test scores (F = 7.913, p < 0.001), year of training and detailed checklist scores (F = 5.734, p = 0.002), year of training and global rating scale (F = 2.835, p = 0.040), and year of training and percentage pass rate (F = 26.3, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between year of training and time to completion of the carpal tunnel release (F = 2.482, p < 0.063). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that both knowledge and cadaver testing discriminate between novice and accomplished residents. However, although failure of the knowledge test can predict failure on technical skills testing, the presence of knowledge does not necessarily ensure successful performance of technical skills, as cognitive testing and technical skills testing are separate domains.
Retention of visual discrimination learning reinforced by brain stimulation in mice

Abstract Visual discrimination learning of stripes vs black were compared in two groups of C57Bl/6J mice, one group (n = 11) bar-pressed for 10 electrical self-stimulations of the brain (ESB) and the other (n = 10) earned a 20 mg pellet of food reward in a T maze. The ESB animals had a stereotaxically placed electrode in the medial forebrain bundle lateral hypothalamic area and the food reward mice had been reduced to 80% body weight. Comparison of ESB to food reinforcement showed fewer trials to criterion in the ESB group for acquisition, reacquisition after one day and retention after 7 days. The results demonstrate sufficiency of ESB to support a pattern of learning and excellent retention in mice.
Carsharing Parking Policy: Review of North American Practices and San Francisco, California, Bay Area Case Study

Carsharing provides users access to a shared vehicle fleet for short-term use throughout the day, reducing the need for private vehicles. The provision of on-street and public off-street parking dedicated to carsharing is an important policy area confronting public agencies. As of July 2009, approximately 377,600 individuals were carsharing members in North America in about 57 metropolitan areas. Seventeen jurisdictions, one state (California), and eight public transit operators in North America have formal and informal carsharing parking policies, pilot projects, and proposed legislation. These policies, projects, and proposals are reviewed in this paper, along with a framework for carsharing parking policy that reflects three levels of government support. In addition, the authors examine carsharing parking policies in three jurisdictions in the San Francisco Bay Area in California that account for an estimated 50,000 carsharing members and 1,100 shared-use vehicles. Supporting this examination is an int...
Comparative analysis of diatom genomes reveals substantial differences in the organization of carbon partitioning pathways

Abstract A major challenge in the development of microalgal strains for large-scale production is the optimization of biomass accumulation and production of fuel-relevant molecules such as triacylglycerol. Selecting targets for genetic manipulation approaches will require a fundamental understanding of the organization and regulation of carbon metabolic pathways in these organisms. Functional genomic and metabolomics data is becoming easier to obtain and process, however interpreting the significance of these data in a physiological context is challenging since the metabolic framework of all microalgae remains poorly understood. Owing to a complex evolutionary history, diatoms differ substantially from many other photosynthetic organisms in their intracellular compartmentation and the organization of their carbon partitioning pathways. A comparative analysis of the genes involved in carbon partitioning metabolism from Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Fragilariopsis cylindrus revealed that diatoms have conserved the lower half of glycolysis in the mitochondria, the upper half of glycolysis (including key regulatory enzymes) in the cytosol, and several mitochondrial carbon partitioning enzymes. However, some substantial differences exist between the three diatoms investigated, including the translocation of metabolic pathways to different compartments, selective maintenance and horizontal acquisition of genes, and differential gene family expansions. A key finding is that metabolite transport between intracellular compartments is likely to play a substantial role in the regulation of carbon flux. Analysis of the carbon partitioning components in the mitochondria suggests an important role of this organelle as a carbon flux regulator in diatoms. Differences between the analyzed species are specific examples of how diatoms may have modified their carbon partitioning pathways to adapt to environmental niches during the diversification of the group. This comparative analysis highlights how even core central pathways can be modified considerably within a single algal group, and enables the identification of suitable targets for genetic engineering to enhance biofuel precursor production.