cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Awareness and Action for Eliminating Health Care Disparities in Pain Care: Web-Based Resources

Evidence shows that disparities in pain care exist, and this problem spans across all health care settings. Health care disparities are complex, and stem from the health system climate, limitations imposed by laws and regulations, and discriminatory practices that are deep seated in biases, stereotypes, and uncertainties surrounding communication and decision-making processes. A search of the Internet identified thousands of Web sites, documents, reports, and educational materials pertaining to health and pain disparities. Web sites for federal agencies, private foundations, and professional and consumer-oriented organizations provide useful information on disparities related to age, race, ethnicity, geography, socioeconomic status, and specific populations. The contents of 10 Web sites are examined for resources to assist health professionals and consumers in better understanding health and pain disparities and ways to overcome them in practice.
The effects of exercise and two levels of dietary iron on iron status

Abstract This study investigated the effects of exercise and dietary iron on iron status in 13 mo old female rats. Forty-seven 13 mo old female Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weight, 285±3 g) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 40ppm iron, exercise (40E), 40ppm iron, no exercise (40NE), 9ppm iron, exercise (9E) or 9ppm, no exercise (9NE). The exercise protocol involved swimming the animals in the exercise groups for 6 wk, starting from 10 min/d until the rats were swimming for 60 min/d, 5 d/wk. Results indicated no significant differences in food intake, body weight, or hematocrit among groups. Serum total iron binding capacity was not significantly different between the exercise groups. Serum iron in the 40NE was significantly higher than that in the 40E (340±16 μ g versus 285 SEM 16 μ g). No significant difference in serum iron was observed in 9E and 9NE groups. Iron concentrations in the liver and spleen were significantly lower in the 9E (169±6 μ g, 2.4±0.1 mg) than in the 9NE (182±6 μ g, 2.8±0.1 mg), 40E (197±6 μ g, 2.7±0.1 mg) or 40NE (242±6 μ g, 3.9±0.1 mg). Iron concentration in the gastrocnemius was significantly higher in the 40NE (33.5±0.9 μ g) than in the 40E (28.5±0.9 μ g), 9E (24.1±0.9 μ g), or 9NE (23.1±0.9 μ g). The results indicate lower iron stores in the liver, spleen and gastrocnemius of exercising rats and suggest that there may be an iron cost associated with physical training of 13 mo old female rats.
Treatment of nipple hypertrophy by a simplified reduction technique.

Background: Nipple hypertrophy is associated with physical and psychological sequelae, leading patients to seek corrective treatment. Objectives: The authors present a simple surgical technique to reduce nipple height with minimal tissue manipulation. Methods: Between November 2000 and October 2010, the senior author (CM) employed a nipple amputation technique to correct nipple hypertrophy in 30 consecutive patients. A horizontal incision was made through the distal portion of the nipple in the nonerect state to remove the predetermined nipple height. After nipple amputation, epinephrine-soaked gauze was applied to the surgical site for 5 minutes, followed by a postoperative dressing of nonstick gauze with antibacterial ointment. In 29 of the 30 patients, simultaneous breast procedures were also performed, primarily breast augmentation. Results: A total of 60 nipple reductions were performed on 29 women and 1 man (mean age, 37.8 ± 7.14 years). The mean follow-up was 35.9 weeks. All patients reported being satisfied with the procedure. Three patients noted decreased sensation, 1 noted a size discrepancy requiring further surgical intervention, and 1 noted persistent oozing from the surgical site on postoperative day 1. One patient who became pregnant postoperatively was identified; this patient was able to lactate in the postpartum period but was not able to produce enough milk bilaterally to perform breastfeeding. Conclusions: This simplified surgical technique for correction of nipple hypertrophy was easy to perform, both alone and in combination with additional surgical procedures, and provided reproducible, satisfactory aesthetic results in this case series. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
In-situ hvem fracture studies of helium ion irradiated stainless steel

Abstract Tensile tests on helium ion irradiated stainless steel samples have been performed in a 500 kV transmission electron microscope. The tests were carried out to fracture while the specimen was under observation. The samples were irradiated with an 80 keV helium ion beam at fluxes of 3 × 1014cm−2sec−1 while the sample was being pulled in the microscope. The test temperatures were 25 and 600°C. Very considerable differences in specimen fracture behavior ranging from fairly ductile to extremely brittle were observed. The fracture tests at room temperature showed a coarsening of the slip lines during ductile failure. Fracture at 600°C produced a brittle intergranular fracture extending much deeper into the sample than the projected range of the helium. Room temperature fracture in samples with an extensive bubble population on the grain boundaries and in the grain interior was transgranular. Evidence of the role of helium along the grain boundaries included grain boundary ridges forming after fracture on the sample surfaces near the fracture edge and denuded zones of helium bubbles next to the grain boundaries. Athermal bubble enlargement accompanied crack propagation.
Predicting naval strength of Latin American countries from economic variables

(1988). Predicting naval strength of Latin American countries from economic variables. Defense Analysis: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 147-152.
Triplet excitons: Bringing dark states to light

Semiconducting quantum dots have been used to harvest triplet excitons produced through singlet fission in organic semiconductors. These hybrid organic–inorganic materials may boost the efficiency of solar cells.
PTH-induced internalization of apical membrane NaPi2a: role of actin and myosin VI

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a critical role in the regulation of renal phosphorous homeostasis by altering the levels of the sodium-phosphate cotransporter NaPi2a in the brush border membrane (BBM) of renal proximal tubular cells. While details of the molecular events of PTH-induced internalization of NaPi2a are emerging, the precise events governing NaPi2a removal from brush border microvilli in response to PTH remain to be fully determined. Here we use a novel application of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to examine how PTH induces movement of NaPi2a out of brush border microvilli in living cells in real time. We show that a dynamic actin cytoskeleton is required for NaPi2a removal from the BBM in response to PTH. In addition, we demonstrate that a myosin motor that has previously been shown to be coregulated with NaPi2a, myosin VI, is necessary for PTH-induced removal of NaPi2a from BBM microvilli.
The effect of crystal field stabilization on the olivine→spinel transition in the system Mg 2 SiO 4 - Fe 2 SiO 4

Crystal field stabilization (CFS) plays a significant role in determining equilibrium phase boundaries in olivine→spinel transformations involving transition-metal cations, including Fe2+ which is a major constituent of the upper mantle. Previous calculations for Fe2SiO4 ignored pressure and temperature dependencies of crystal field stabilization enthalpies (CFSE) and the electronic configurational entropy (S CFS). We have calculated free energy changes (ΔG CFS) due to differences of crystal field splittings between Fe2SiO4 spinel and fayalite from: ΔG CFS=−ΔCFSE−TΔS CFS, as functions of P and T, for different energy splittings of t 2g orbital levels of Fe2+ in spinel. The results indicate that ΔG CFS is always negative, suggesting that CFS always promotes the olivine→spinel transition in Fe2SiO4, and expands the stability field of spinel at the expense of olivine. Because of crystal field effects, transition pressures for olivine→spinel transformations in compositions (Mg1−x Fe x )2SiO4 are lowered by approximately 50x kbar, which is equivalent to having raised the olivine→spinel boundary in the upper mantle by about 15 km.
Characterizing the role of ensemble modulation in mutation-induced changes in binding affinity.

Protein conformational fluctuations are key contributors to biological function, mediating important processes such as enzyme catalysis, molecular recognition, and allosteric signaling. To better understand the role of conformational fluctuations in substrate/ligand recognition, we analyzed, experimentally and computationally, the binding reaction between an SH3 domain and the recognition peptide of its partner protein. The fluctuations in this SH3 domain were enumerated by using an algorithm based on the hard sphere collision model, and the binding energetics resulting from these fluctuations were calculated using a structure-based energy function parametrized to solvent accessible surface areas. Surprisingly, this simple model reproduced the effects of mutations on the experimentally determined SH3 binding energetics, within the uncertainties of the measurements, indicating that conformational fluctuations in SH3, and in particular the RT loop region, are structurally diverse and are well-approximated b...
Transverse ray aberrations for paraboloid–hyperboloid telescopes

Transverse ray aberration expansions are derived for a paraboloid–hyperboloid telescope. The expansions are valid for glancing incidence Wolter type II and normal incidence Cassegrain telescopes. The analysis gives all third-order aberration terms except distortion and four fifth-order aberration terms as a function of the system parameters and entrance pupil coordinates. The spot diagrams derived from exact ray tracing and the aberration expansions for a Wolter type II design and Cassegrain design agree well. The importance of fifth-order terms is discussed for the Wolter type II telescope.
Temperature regulation and appetitive behavior in chickens with hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Lesions in the anterior hypothalamic area of chickens impaired temperature regulation in hot environments by abolishing the panting reflexes and by annulling the behavioristic response which consists of the movement of the wings away from the poorly insulated undersurfaces of their bodies to facilitate the loss of heat by radiation, convection and conduction. In the cold, the lesions impaired heat production by abolishing the shivering reflex; however, many chickens retained their ability to fluff their feathers to conserve body heat. Disturbances in temperature regulation differed among the chickens: five did not regulate body temperature at 70°F; ten regulated at 70°F but not in the hot or cold; two regulated in the cold but not in the hot; and two regulated in the hot but not in the cold. At normal body temperatures seven ate and drank normally; four were adipsic; and three were both aphagic and adipsic. One chicken, though hyperthermic, kept on eating instead of reducing its food intake as do intact chickens in hot environments. Chickens that ate normally when their body temperatures were normal reduced their food intake when they became hypothermic (98–100°F); some ate moderately and some ate little or no food. Restoration of normal body temperature restored normal food intake. When body temperature dropped to 94°F or lower, chickens, although interested in food, ate little or none; cessation of eating was accompanied by failure of food to leave the crops, due, in all probability, to failure of intestinal peristalsis. The thermoregulatory function of the hypothalamus seemed to influence the use to which the food was put, whether for the production of heat or for the production of tissue substance (fat) leading to gain in weight or for activity. Hypothermic chickens stood quietly and usually fluffed their feathers to conserve heat. At body temperatures of 87°F or lower, chickens could no longer stand and became torpid.
Bevacizumab combination therapy in heavily pretreated, recurrent cervical cancer.

Objective. To report the utility of the monoclonal, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for women with recurrent cervical cancer. Methods. A retrospective analysis of women with recurrent cervical cancer treated with bevacizumab combination therapy was performed. Results. Six patients were identified. The patients had a median of 3 prior regimens. All of the patients had multisite, metastatic disease. The combination regimen included IV 5-fluorouracil in 5 (83%) patients and capecitabine in one (17%) subject. Treatment was well tolerated. Grade 4 toxicity occurred in one patient who developed neutropenic sepsis. Clinical benefit (CR, PR, or SD) was noted in 67% of the subjects. This included 1 (17%) complete response, 1 (17%) partial response and two (33%) patients with stable disease. The median time to progression for the four women who demonstrated clinical benefit was 4.3 months. Conclusions. Combination bevacizumab is well tolerated and displayed encouraging anti-tumor activity in heavily pretreated recurrent cervical cancer.
Work in progress — Encouraging innovation by having students develop their own course design projects

Project based design courses incorporating realization have an important role in the education of engineering students. Instructor supplied design projects allow students to develop creative solutions. However, these projects largely bypass or eliminate the innovative part of the design process related to recognizing and developing the need for the design. In 2008 the format for an intermediate level design course was changed so that the student teams became responsible for developing their own design projects. In addition, team members became individually accountable for different phases of the project. Some refinements to the format were introduced in 2009. A typical project statement is to ask students to design a new device to assist elderly persons with a disability. The resulting student developed projects have been of high quality and it has been recommended that several of the groups file invention disclosures with the university. Student course evaluations strongly support this new approach.
Outcome of Patients Cared for in a Ventilator-Dependent Unit in a General Hospital

We describe our initial experience with the admission of 129 patients for 132 episodes of ventilator-dependence to a self-contained ventilator-dependent unit (VDU) in a general hospital and present a survival comparison between VDU patients and a historic control population from the same institution. Forty-three patients were screened and denied admission to the VDU because long-term ventilator dependence was not felt to be a probable outcome (56%); they were medically unstable, often requiring electrocardiographic monitoring (19%), they had poor rehabilitation potential because of markedly depressed mental status (13%), or they preferred to be treated closer to their homes (12%). Thirteen (9.8%) of the VDU patients died in the hospital compared to 44 (42%) in the historic control group. After exclusion of patients with multiorgan failure (who made up 26% of the control group) and using a proportional hazard model to adjust for group differences in age and disease class, the difference in hospital mortality remained highly significant (p≤0.01). Ninety-one of the 119 VDU patients (77%) were ultimately able to return home; 16 (13%) continued to use a ventilator intermittently at night; 26 patients (22%) were permanently placed in nursing homes, all off of the ventilator. Overall, 88% of the 119 patients discharged had been liberated from mechanical ventilation. Ninety-seven (82%) and 86 (72%) remain alive 1 and 2 years after discharge, respectively. Some of the survival benefits may be directly attributed to the VDU. Others reflect a change in treatment philosophy, which was nevertheless reinforced by our VDU experience.
Current therapy for recurrent and extensive anal warts

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review the literature regarding the current therapy for recurrent and extensive anal warts. METHODS: The available treatments for condyloma acuminatum are reviewed with particular regard to their efficacy for recurrent or extensive anal lesions. Topical agents, surgical methods, and the use of interferon are discussed. Treatment of anal warts in the immunocompromised patient is also addressed. CONCLUSIONS: Although small lesions may be responsive to repeated applications of topical agents, more extensive lesions require surgical or combination treatment. Intralesional interferon may be a useful adjunct to surgical methods to decrease recurrence.
The relationship between two murine DNA-dependent DNA polymerases from the cytosol and the low molecular weight DNA polymerase.

After aqueous subcellular fractionation and partial purification by phosphocellulose chromatography, murine cells are found to contain a low molecular weight DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (β) in the nuclear fraction and two distinguishable DNA-dependent DNA polymerases (C-I and C-II) in the cytosol. Both C-I and C-II are found in testis, liver, and regenerating liver; the amount of C-I being several fold increased in the regenerating liver and in immature testis. C-I and C-II are distinguishable by the criteria of salt sensitivity, inhibition by single-stranded DNA, elution from phosphocellulose, inhibition by 0.3 mM N-ethylmaleimide, template preference, and sedimentation coefficient. C-II is dissociated by 0.25 M KCl to an active form of DNA polymerase of sedimentation coefficient 3.5 S while C-I is not dissociated, maintaining its sedimentation coefficient of 7.2 S. Many similar chemical and physical properties of C-II and the low molecular weight nuclear DNA polymerase (β) suggest that C-II may represent an aggregate state of β monomers. The size, reaction properties and the increase in enzyme activity under conditions of rapid cellular proliferation suggest C-I is analogous to the α DNA polymerase.
Personality, Psychological Assessment, and Psychobiography

ABSTRACT A method for the analysis of personal data is described Although primarily directed toward extracting recurring dynamic sequences, “scripts,”“themas,”“guiding messages,” the method can be utilized to assess a host of personality vanables Two major strategies are employed (a) letting the data set reveal itself, and (b) asking the data a question Rules for data extraction and data transformation are discussed Application of the method to work m psychobiography is indicated by example
Latex Glove Reactions Found in a Dental School

When a survey was distributed to students, faculty and staff of a dental school to determine the incidence of latex glove reactions, 15 percent reported adverse reactions to glove use. The most frequently reported symptom was dermatitis, followed by urticaria, sweating, conjunctivitis and rhinitis.
Dispersal and competitive impacts of a third fire ant decapitating fly (Pseudacteon obtusus) established in North Central Florida

Self-sustaining classical biological control agents offer hope for permanent wide-area control of imported Solenopsis fire ants in the United States because escape from abundant natural enemies left behind in Argentina is a likely reason for unusually high fire ant densities in the United States. The fire ant decapitating fly Pseudacteon obtusus Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae) was released as a biocontrol agent of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) in Gainesville, FL because it is a common parasitoid of this ant in Argentina and because it has a higher propensity of attacking fire ants along foraging trails than the two Pseudacteon species previously released. Field surveys of a rapidly expanding P. obtusus population (8‐12 km/yr) proved that this fly was capable of thriving and successfully competing with the much more abundant Pseudacteon curvatus Borgmeier. However, Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier, the first decapitating fly released, was effectively excluded from most sample sites when faced with competition from both P. curvatus and the similar-sized P. obtusus. Despite clear evidence for competitive exclusion, P. tricuspis abundance at sample sites was positively correlated with the abundance of its two competitors— probably because of moderate to strong covariability in the suitability of sample sites for all three congeners. The addition of P. curvatus, the second parasitoid released, increased total parasitism pressure on fire ant populations by about 10-fold. The addition of P. obtusus, the third species, did not measurably improve total guild parasitism rates on imported fire ants in North Central Florida (as assessed by roadside trap counts), but the performance of this species will likely vary with habitat, region, and climate.
Improving the cementation of complete cast crowns: a comparison of static and dynamic seating methods

This study measured the effect of static and dynamic forces, during cementation, on the retention and seating of complete cast crowns made for extracted human teeth prepared with a diamond bur. Under a static load, the castings failed to seat by a mean value of 203 μm. When dynamically loaded, the castings seated an average of 14 μm beyond the point of precementation measurement. No statistically significant differences were found in the retention of the crowns cemented by the two different methods.
Automated tracing and change analysis of angiogenic vasculature from in vivo multiphoton confocal image time series.

Abstract Automated methods are described for tracing and analysis of changes in angiogenic vasculature imaged by a multiphoton laser-scanning confocal microscope. Utilizing chronic animal window models, time series of in vivo 3-D images were acquired on approximately the same target volume of the same specimen while undergoing angiogenic change (typically every 24 h for 7 days). Objective, precise, 3-D, rapid, and fully automated vessel morphometry was performed using an adaptive tracing algorithm that is based on a generalized irregular cylinder model of the vasculature. This algorithm was found to be not only adaptive enough for tracing angiogenic vasculature, but also very efficient in its use of computer memory, and fast, taking less than 1 min to trace a 768 × 512 × 32, 8-bit/pixel 3-D image stack on a Dell Pentium III 1-GHz computer. The automatically traced centerlines were manually validated on six image stacks and the average spatial error was measured to be 2 pixels, with an average concordance of 81% between manual and automated traces on a voxel basis. The tracing output includes geometrical statistics of traced vasculature and serves as the basis of statistical change analysis. The computer methods described here are designed to be scalable to much larger hypothesis testing studies involving quantitative measurements of tumor angiogenesis, gene expression relative to known vascular structures, and impact of drug delivery.
Demonstration of GIS Capabilities for Fisheries Management Decisions: Analysis of Acquisition Potential Within the Meramec River Basin

/ Geographic information systems (GIS) allow users to explore possible spatial relations that may exist within their data. At the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC), GIS data is being used to help make management decisions. Thirteen geographic data layers of the Meramec River Basin, Missouri, were used to help demonstrate the usefulness of GIS for making fisheries management decisions. The data were used to help identify potential acquisition areas within the Meramec River Basin. The basin was separated into 22 strata based on ecoregion boundaries, watershed boundaries, and stream order. Suitability for acquisition was determined for each stratum based on species richness, habitat characteristics, percent of public land, and number of human impacts, such as gravel and ore mining. Eleven strata scored high enough to be recommended as potential acquisition areas. After further evaluation of the 11 strata, three were chosen as areas where available land and willing sellers should be considered. Four strata needed more sampling before land within them should be considered for acquisition. The final four were considered low priority because there was already a considerable amount of public land present in the strata. The analysis was helpful in allowing managers to focus in on a smaller area for acquisition consideration; 91% of the area was eliminated from the analysis. Instead of having to survey every parcel of land that becomes available, parcels that don't fall within the recommended strata can be eliminated without further investigation.
Interface morphology studies of liquid phase epitaxy grown HgCdTe films by atomic force microscopy

Abstract In this paper we report an investigation of the morphology of the interfaces of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) grown HgCdTe thin films on CdTe and CdZnTe substrates by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on freshly cleaved (110) crystallographic planes. An empirical observation which may be linked to lattice mismatch was indicated by an angle between the cleavage steps of the substrate to those of the film. Te precipitates with size ranging from 5 nm to 20 nm were found to be most apparent near the interface.
A COMPARISON OF THREE STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING OBJECT NAMES

Researchers in applied behavior analysis have been charged to provide large-scale demonstration of the outcomes of evaluations. In this research, three experiences were conducted to examine the relative efficacy of three methods of presenting stimuli in object naming tasks. Stimuli were introduced successively, simultaneously, or using a combination of the two procedures. College adults, mentally retarded children and adolescents, and preschool children were taught to produce the names of five Hebrew letters, English words, or American coins, respectively. Presentation method was a between-subjects treatment in a factorial design. Results from the series of systematic replications were consistent showing better posttest for subjects in the Simultaneous and Combined conditions. Further, follow-up data in Experiment III showed that retention was also superior for subjects trained by the Simultaneous or Combined methods. Although the acquisition criterion was met in fewer trials by subjects in the Successive condition, only several minutes more training time was required by the Simultaneous and Combined conditions. From a cost-effectiveness point of view, either of the latter two techniques should be favored over the Successive procedure for testing verbal naming skills.
Electrospun polycaprolactone/polyglyconate blends: Miscibility, mechanical behavior, and degradation

abstract Electrospun blends of polycaprolactone and polyglyconate were prepared for the ﬁrst time to evaluatethe synergistic properties. The morphology and thermal properties of the blends were used to determinethe degree of miscibility. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to evaluate the mechanical performanceand viscoelastic properties of the blends. In vitro degradation studies in phosphate buffered saline (pH of7.3) were carried out to investigate the hydrolytic degradation of the polymer system. FT-IR and SEManalysis, DSC, and mechanical testing were performed to evaluate the degradation proﬁles of the blends.A 3:1 ratio of polyglyconate to polycaprolactone was concluded to be a partially miscible blend withenhancements in tensile strength, ﬂexibility, and percent elongation to failure over neat polyglyconate. Inaddition, the 3:1 ratio of polyglyconate to polycaprolactone scaffold exhibited a stable morphology,modulus of elasticity, and mass up to 6 weeks in vitro. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Air-splint pressure effect on soleus muscle alpha motoneuron reflex excitability in subjects with spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective: This study investigated circumferential pressure effect on soleus motoneuron reflex excitability in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: A university neuromuscular research laboratory. Subjects: Six men with SCI, clinical level above L1. Outcome Measures and Intervention: Soleus motoneuron reflex excitability was assessed by measuring the average change in the peak-to-peak amplitude of 10 H-reflexes before (baseline), during (1, 3, and 5min) and after (1, 3, and 5min) pressure application. Pressure was applied to the lower leg by manually inflating an air-splint to a maintained range of 36.7 to 40.8mmHg for 5 minutes, after which it was deflated. Design: Repeated measures, planned comparison. Dependent variables compared with baseline values only in post hoc tests. Results: A one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures demonstrated significant difference ( F 6,30 = 4.03; p = .004) in the H-reflex amplitude across test conditions. Post hoc t tests (with Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons, p ≤ .008) revealed a significant H-reflex amplitude reduction at 1, 3, and 5 minutes of pressure application when measurements were compared with the baseline value. Postpressure measurements returned to baseline; however, the third minute measurement was significantly greater than baseline values. Conclusions: Circumferential pressure applied to the lower leg decreased soleus muscle alpha motoneuron reflex excitability in subjects with SCI. This inhibition lasted only as long as the pressure was applied. Circumferential pressure application may be useful when a temporary decrease in muscle activity is a therapeutic goal in patients with SCI.
The hydrology and hydrometeorology of extreme floods in the Great Plains of Eastern Nebraska

Abstract The Great Plains of eastern Nebraska occupy a distinctive hydroclimatological niche, characterized by a high frequency of organized thunderstorm systems. A consequence of the hydroclimatology of these systems is a sharp seasonal peak in the regional flood frequency in late June. Pebble Creek and Maple Creek are adjacent drainage basins in the Great Plains of Nebraska with drainage areas of 528 and 1165 km 2 , respectively. The hydrometeorological and hydrologic controls of extreme floods are examined through analyses of a series of five major flood events that occurred in these catchments during the warm season of 1996. Particular attention is given to two storm systems. The 20–21 June flood event was produced by a series of tornadic supercell thunderstorms which tracked over Pebble Creek. The 4–5 August 1996 event, which resulted in record flood peaks in both Pebble Creek and Maple Creek, was produced by a system of multicellular thunderstorms. Analyses of the structure, motion and evolution of these two storm systems provide a conceptual framework for interpreting hydrometeorological controls of scale-dependent flood response. Hydrometeorological analyses are based on both volume scan WSR-88D reflectivity observations from the Omaha, Nebraska radar and composite reflectivity observations from the WSR-88D radar network. Analyses of composite reflectivity observations for the US east of the Rocky Mountains for the 4-year period from 1996 to 1999 are used to place the scale-dependent flood response of the Great Plains within a broader hydroclimatological context. Discharge data for Maple Creek and Pebble Creek, at 15 min time scale, serve as the basis for stream flow analyses. The striking contrasts in flood response between Maple Creek and Pebble Creek are related to contrasts in drainage network structure, infiltration properties and flood wave attenuation. The scale-dependent flood response of these catchments is analyzed in terms of the space-time variability of rainfall as viewed from the spatial perspective imposed by the drainage network of the basin.
Studies on ε-prototoxin of Clostridium perfringens type D physicochemical and chemical properties of ε-prototoxin

e-Prototoxin of clostridium perfringens type D consists of one polypeptide chain of 311 amino acids with the following composition: Asp52 Thr31 Ser25 Glu28 Pro12 Gly17 Ala14 Val28 Met5 Ile15 Leu18 Tyr17 Phe8 Lys31 His2 Arg5 Try2. It has no free cysteine but contains one blocked cysteine. The N-terminal as well as the C-terminal residue is lysine. The ultracentrifuge pattern gave one single boundary having s20,w0 = 2.15 S and D20,w0 = 5.56 · 10−7 cm2/s. Calculation of the molecular weight from D20,w0 and s20,w0 gave a value of 34 250. The molecular weight determined from sedimentation equilibrium using ultraviolet optics gave a value of 33 000 ± 1000. On the other hand molecular weights calculated from a calibrated Sephadex G-100 column in borate buffer was 25 000 and that in sodium phosphate, ionic strength 0.2, was 27 500. This discrepancy between values obtained in the ultracentrifuge and by gel filtration is attributed to adsorption of e-prototoxin by Sephadex.
Warehouse technology in the supply chain management systems

The linkage between communication technology, the supply chain environment and end-consumer needs assists in better communication between all activities across supply chain tiers. Successful supply chain management depends on tight coordination between supply chain partners. The Internet provides the perfect communications channel for the information, decisions, transactions, and processes that form supply chain management. It is a journey of change that is already under way. To keep up with the evolution of supply chain management, and remain competitive in their markets, future supply chain leaders will need to simultaneously exhibit tight coordination in all areas: integration, collaboration, and synchronization with a better understanding of communications systems function. Integration is the coordination of supply chain activities such as purchasing, manufacturing, distribution, spares management needed for maintenance and operational availability of military systems, and customer service within a single enterprise of technological readiness. Many leading companies have made great strides with internal integration of their communication systems. This is just a beginning. The future will see an accelerated development and rollout of these tools and techniques, which soon will become common place in all aspects of managing the supply chain.
The experiences of unpartnered men with prostate cancer: a qualitative analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine how men without partners make decisions about prostate cancer treatment, manage treatment side effects, and obtain information and support.
Diffusion of short-chain molecules on metal surfaces

In this paper, we review our recent theoretical and simulation studies of the surface diffusion of n-alkanes, ranging in size from ethane to hexadecane, physically adsorbed on Pt(111). The model system exhibits many features seen experimentally. Through both animation of the molecular trajectories and determination of the minimum-energy path for nearest-neighbor hopping, we find that the shorter molecules (ethane through octane) all have similar diffusion mechanisms, involving coupled translation and rigid rod-like rotation in the surface plane. In addition, the diffusion energy barriers for these molecules increase nearly linearly with chain length in both the static and dynamic calculations. The diffusion of decane and hexadecane does not adhere to the trends for the shorter molecules and a decrease can be observed in the dynamical diffusion energies for these molecules. The diffusion of the longer molecules involves hops, with unique mechanisms, to second and third neighbor sites. Our static analysis has indicated, for decane, that the diffusion-energy barrier for third-neighbor hopping is lower than that for nearest-neighbor hopping and is in agreement with the trend seen in the dynamical diffusion barriers. Even though there is agreement between theoretical and simulated diffusion energy barriers for many of the molecules, the motion observed in the MD simulations does not agree with the assumptions of the hopping model. A model that can incorporate the influence of long flights would provide a more realistic description of the motion.
Late-onset friedreich ataxia : Phenotypic analysis, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and review of the literature

Background Friedreich ataxia (FA), the most common hereditary ataxia, is caused by pathological expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the X25 gene on chromosome 9. Since the discovery of the gene, atypical features are increasingly recognized in individuals with FA, and up to 25% of patients with recessive or sporadic ataxia do not fulfill the Harding or Quebec Cooperative Study on Friedreich’s Ataxia criteria for FA. Late-onset FA (LOFA) is defined as onset after age 25 years. Objectives To describe and further delineate the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with LOFA and to review the literature. Design Clinical evaluation and comparison of clinical data and investigations. Setting Ataxia clinics at UCLA and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Patients Thirteen patients with LOFA with 13 sex-matched and Inherited Ataxia Progression Scale–matched patients with typical FA. Results Gait and limb ataxias were seen in all the participants. Dysarthria, loss of vibration sense, and abnormal eye movements were also common in both groups. Patients with LOFA more often had lower limb spasticity (40% vs 0%; χ 2 = 4.0; P = .04) and retained reflexes (46.1% vs 7.7%; χ 2 = 3.46; P = .05). They had no complaint of sphincter disturbances, and there was no evidence of cardiomyopathy on echocardiograms (χ 2 = 4.0; P = .04). Five of 9 patients with LOFA had cerebellar atrophy on neuroimaging. Conclusions Patients with gait and limb ataxias, dysarthria, loss of vibration sense, and fixational instability after age 25 years should be considered for molecular testing for GAA expansion in the FA gene. In contrast to previous studies, cerebellar vermian atrophy is not an uncommon finding.
The late Pleistocene record of productivity fluctuations in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

The pattern of Pleistocene sedimentation and carbonate dissolution in shallow cores from the equatorial western flank of the East Pacific Rise differs from that of sediments from deeper equatorial cores. Whereas carbonate-siliceous cycles in deep-water sediments, just above the calcite compensation depth, primarily reflect glacial-interglacial differences in carbonate preservation, our results suggest that the pattern of glacial-interglacial sedimentation in shallower cores, near the lysocline, primarily reflects productivity changes in near-surface waters. The record of preservation indicates that the depth of the lysocline in the eastern equatorial Pacific has remained approximately stationary during the past 370,000 yr.
Biodegradation of phenoxyacetic acid in soil by Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103), a constitutive degrader of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate

The efficacy of using genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) to degrade recalcitrant environmental toxicants was demonstrated by the application of Pseudomonas putida PP0301(pR0103) to an Oregon agricultural soil amended with 500 micrograms/g of a model xenobiotic, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA). P. putida PP0301(pR0103) is a constitutive degrader of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and is also active on the non-inducing substrate, PAA. PAA is the parental compound of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and whilst the indigenous soil microbiota degraded 500 micrograms/g 2,4-D to less than 10 micrograms/g, PAA degradation was insignificant during a 40-day period. No significant degradation of PAA occurred in soil inoculated with the parental strain P. putida PP0301 or the inducible 2,4-D degrader P. putida PP0301(pR0101). Moreover, co-amendment of soil with 2,4-D and PAA induced the microbiota to degrade 2,4-D; PAA was not degraded. P. putida PP0301-(pR0103) mineralized 500-micrograms/g PAA to trace levels within 13 days and relieved phytotoxicity of PAA to Raphanus sativus (radish) seeds with 100% germination in the presence of the GEM and 7% germination in its absence. In unamended soil, survival of the plasmid-free parental strain P. putida PP0301 was similar to the survival of the GEM strain P. putida PP0301(pR0103). However, in PAA amended soil, survival of the parent strain was over 10,000-fold lower (< 3 colony forming units per gram of soil) than survival of the GEM strain after 39 days.
DNA-based methods for pedigree reconstruction and kinship analysis in natural populations

The widespread use of microsatellite loci has spurred the recent development of many new statistical methods for inferring kin relationships from molecular data. We now have an unprecedented ability to infer detailed genealogical information about individuals in natural populations, but the best approach for a given problem is not always obvious. Researchers in different fields have also been deriving similar methods independently. Thus, some biologists might not be aware of what is even possible. By adopting these new methods, researchers in ecology and evolution could extract far more pedigree information from natural populations than is currently being exploited.
Data quality driven sensor reporting

Within the field of event driven data reporting from wireless sensor networks, reducing energy consumption is an ongoing problem. Using an applicationpsilas tolerance toward data imprecision (or, data quality) allows energy savings, via fewer messages sent, through the selection of how and when to send sensor readings. This paper is an early work that examines pushing or pulling data depending on which approach is expected to send fewer messages, based upon the recent history of application requests for a sensor and the changes of the sensor values predicted by application specific models. The simulation results indicate that our method is more efficient relative to the push only or pull only methods for situations where application request frequency or data change rate is variable or unknown.
Drinking toward Manhood: Masculinity and Alcohol in the Former USSR

Existing research extensively documents the health crisis in Russia and the former Soviet Union. In this article, the authors examine what historical factors set the stage for these trends and, perhaps more importantly, their origins. Specifically, the authors analyze Russian history, culture, and state ideology to explore the connections between masculinities and alcohol and to apply existing sociological theories of gender to this unique social context. The authors employ the concept of hegemonic masculinity to examine the historical dimensions of working-class drinking and its impact on Russian men’s health. The authors also identify one of the important origins of men’s harmful drinking practices by focusing on the historical construction and enactment of masculinities in two prominent social fields—the tavern and the workplace. The authors’ focus upon Russian history and culture emphasizes the sociohistorical factors associated with negative drinking patterns, and consequent health problems, among me...
Heat shock response relieves ER stress.

Accumulation of misfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR), a transcriptional induction pathway, is activated to relieve ER stress. Although UPR is not essential for viability, UPR-deficient cells are more sensitive to ER stress; ire1Δ cells cannot grow when challenged with tunicamycin or by overexpression of misfolded CPY*. In these cells, multiple functions are defective, including translocation, ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and ER-to-Golgi transport. We tested whether heat shock response (HSR) can relieve ER stress. Using a constitutively active Hsf1 transcription factor to induce HSR without temperature shift, we find that HSR rescues growth of stressed ire1Δ cells, and partially relieves defects in translocation and ERAD. Cargo-specific effects of constitutively active Hsf1 on ER-to-Golgi transport are correlated with enhanced protein levels of the respective cargo receptors. In vivo, HSR is activated by ER stress, albeit to a lower level than that caused by heat. Genomic analysis of HSR targets reveals that >25% have function in common with UPR targets. We propose that HSR can relieve stress in UPR-deficient cells by affecting multiple ER activities.
Preschool Children's Comprehension of the Word “Handicapped”

Strmmary.-A group of 4- and 5-yr.-old children were asked the meaning of the word "handicapped," while another group were asked he meaning of a nonsense word. Five of 15 children claimed to know the meaning of "handicapped" but none could supply a factual definition. Two of 15 children in the comparison group claimed to know the meaning of the nonsense word. Despite their lack of knowledge, children in both groups concinued to answer questions regarding their attitudes toward the word. The results cast doubt on the effective use of verbal measures of attitudes toward persons with disabilities when the subjects are preschool children. Researchers interested in teaching acceptance of persons with dsabilities have explored the teaching of acceptance at the earliest possible age (Diamond, 1993). Programs teaching acceptance of persons with disabilities have been tested with preschool children 4 or 5 years of age (Esposito & Peach, 1983). The claims for the success of these programs are based on the pretesting and posttesting of attitudes using a method in which the researcher asks the child questions such as "Do you like handicapped people?" (Esposit0 & Reed, 1986). The child's answers are rated for negative, neutral, or positive attitude toward persons with disabhties. While planning a curriculum for teaching acceptance at a local preschool, however, we became concerned that 4- or 5-yr.-old children might not understand the questions they were asked. It seemed plausible to us that young children may not know the meaning of the word "handicapped." If these children do not comprehend the word, then measures of their attitudes would be flawed. To test the baseline understanding of the word "handicapped," a group of children were asked questions in which the word was used. The word "handicapped" was chosen despite its unattractive connotations because the word is explicitly used in published research (e.g., Esposito & Reed, 1986). For comparison, another group of children were asked the same questions, but a nonsense word was substituted for the word "handicapped."
Field-induced transfer of an atom between two closely spaced electrodes.

The transfer of an adsorbed atom from one electrode to another in close proximity, with a potential difference between the electrodes, is analyzed theoretically. We consider in particular the cases of silicon and sodium atoms.
PERCEPTIONS OF COMPLIANCE-GAINING SITUATIONS An Extended Analysis

This study examines environmental influences on compliance gaining by focusing on situation types. Much of the research in this area has examined compliance-gaining messages or strategies while paying scant attention to the complexities of situational variation. Three respondent samples judged compliance-gaining situations in terms of their similarities. The data were submitted to multidimensional scaling analysis to determine the dimensions characterizing respondents' perceptions. Four dimensions emerged from each sample. Three of these dimensions were replicated across at least two of the samples. The relationship of the present findings to previous research is discussed along with implications for future research.