cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Labour Law: China

The Chinese government has provided special protection for workers who are, or might be, affected by the coronavirus, or who are in close contact with coronavirus patients, and are thus under mandatory quarantine. It has also required employers to continue paying employees when enterprises suspend production. To ensure unemployed workers’ a basic living, the government has adjusted the unemployment insurance by simplifying the application process and expanding its coverage to include more unemployed workers for a longer period. To support affected employers and to save jobs, the government has reduced or deferred employers’ payment of social insurance contributions. Migrant workers, the most affected group, have received special financial and employment support as well.
KNN-DBSCAN: a DBSCAN in high dimensions

Clustering is a fundamental task in machine learning. One of the most successful and broadly used algorithms is DBSCAN, a density-based clustering algorithm. DBSCAN requires $\epsilon$-nearest neighbor graphs of the input dataset, which are computed with range-search algorithms and spatial data structures like KD-trees. Despite many efforts to design scalable implementations for DBSCAN, existing work is limited to low-dimensional datasets, as constructing $\epsilon$-nearest neighbor graphs is expensive in high-dimensions. In this paper, we modify DBSCAN to enable use of $\kappa$-nearest neighbor graphs of the input dataset. The $\kappa$-nearest neighbor graphs are constructed using approximate algorithms based on randomized projections. Although these algorithms can become inaccurate or expensive in high-dimensions, they possess a much lower memory overhead than constructing $\epsilon$-nearest neighbor graphs ($\mathcal{O}(nk)$ vs. $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$). We delineate the conditions under which $k$NN-DBSCAN produces the same clustering as DBSCAN. We also present an efficient parallel implementation of the overall algorithm using OpenMP for shared memory and MPI for distributed memory parallelism. We present results on up to 16 billion points in 20 dimensions, and perform weak and strong scaling studies using synthetic data. Our code is efficient in both low and high dimensions. We can cluster one billion points in 3D in less than one second on 28K cores on the Frontera system at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC). In our largest run, we cluster 65 billion points in 20 dimensions in less than 40 seconds using 114,688 x86 cores on TACC's Frontera system. Also, we compare with a state of the art parallel DBSCAN code; on 20d/4M point dataset, our code is up to 37$\times$ faster.
Improving Toddlers' Healthy Eating Habits and Self-regulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we tested whether Recipe 4 Success, a preventive intervention featuring structured food preparation lessons, was successful in improving the following 4 protective factors related to overweight and obesity among families living in poverty: toddlers’ healthy eating habits, toddlers’ self-regulation, parents’ responsive feeding practices, and parents’ sensitive scaffolding. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was open to families enrolled in Early Head Start home visits and included 73 parents and their toddlers aged 18 to 36 months. Multimethod assessments were conducted at baseline and posttreatment. RESULTS: Compared with toddlers in usual practice Early Head Start, toddlers in Recipe 4 Success consumed healthier meals and snacks (d = 0.57; P CONCLUSIONS: This randomized controlled trial revealed medium to large intervention effects on 4 important protective factors that are related to overweight and obesity but are often compromised by living in poverty.
Hsp90 inhibition protects the brain microvascular endothelium against oxidative stress

The brain endothelium is an integral element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Dysfunction of this formation due to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) progresses the establishment of neurological disorders including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors are anti-inflammatory agents, and their activities are mediated, at least in part, by P53. This is a tumor suppressor protein which regulates the opposing activities of Rac1 and RhoA in the cellular cytoskeleton. In the present study we investigated the role of Hsp90 inhibitors in the H2O2-induced brain endothelium breakdown, by employing human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Our findings suggest that H2O2 downregulates P53 by enhancing the P53 suppressor mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), as well as by increasing the apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor 1 (APE1/Ref1). The H2O2 - triggered violation of the brain endothelium barrier was reflected in measurements of transendothelial resistance, and the increased expression of the key cytoskeletal modulators cofilin and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2). Treatment of the hCMEC/D3 cells with Hsp90 inhibitors counteracted those events, and reduced the generation of the hydrogen peroxide - induced reactive oxygen species. Hence, our study suggests that Hsp90 inhibition supports the BBB integrity, and may represent a promising therapeutic approach for disorders associated with brain endothelium breakdown; including COVID-19.
Field Testing Method for Evaluating the Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Shear Modulus Nonlinearity of Solid Waste

Dynamic properties of solid waste are needed to reliably evaluate the seismic response of landfills. A testing method for investigating the dynamic properties of solid waste in situ has been implemented at various landfills. The field method is primarily aimed at evaluating shear wave and compression wave velocities at small strains as well as the shear modulus reduction versus shearing strain relationship of solid waste. In this study, shear modulus nonlinearity was successfully evaluated for shearing strains ranging from 10–4 to 0.2 %. The relationship between shear modulus and shearing strain was investigated by applying dynamic horizontal loads applied by a mobile field shaker at the waste surface in a staged-loading sequence. The solid waste response was measured with a buried array of three-component geophones. The testing method also permitted in situ assessment of the effect of confining stress and waste variability on the dynamic properties of solid waste. Load-settlement measurements and in situ unit weight measurements were also made. Testing equipment, field setup, testing procedure, data analysis, and examples of test results are presented.
Emergency planning as part of healthcare transition preparation for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Abstract Background Emergency care planning is an important component of healthcare transition, particularly for patients with medical complexity. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a complex, progressive pediatric-onset disease affecting multiple organ systems including impairment of cardiac and pulmonary function, high risk for fractures, fat embolism, adrenal crisis and malignant hyperthermia. Appropriate interdisciplinary emergency management is critical for survival for these patients. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to develop a process to reliably share an individualized emergency care plan (ECP) with patients and their families as part of a larger plan to develop an integrated transition program. Methods An interdisciplinary team of nurses and clinicians used the principles of quality improvement to develop a reliable process to assure patients with DMD received an individualized, multidisciplinary ECP at routine interdisciplinary clinic visits. Additionally, the project used surveys to assess patient and family satisfaction with the letter and whether it improved their knowledge of emergency care. Results Sixty-two patients were seen during the study timeframe. All received an ECP. Sixty-two surveys were sent and twenty-three surveys were returned. Of those that responded, the majority stated the ECP increased their knowledge of emergency care. Conclusion ECPs can be developed and disseminated to patients with DMD and their caregivers. This tool can potentially promote timely and appropriate emergency care for these patients with unique and complex medical needs.
Television Infographics as Orienting Response: An Eye-Tracking Study of the Role of Visuospatial Attention in Processing of Television News:

This experimental study (N = 77) examined the role of infographics in orienting viewer's attention in television news. The results of pupil dilation measurements using the eye-tracking method showe...
Vascular Disorders of Bone

The vascular disorders of bone encompass a broad range of disorders ranging from necrosis due to ischemia to hyperemia from coagulopathy. Reducing the vascular supply to the bone, a highly metabolic organ, creates devastating pathology to vulnerable areas, classically affecting the long bone epiphyses in adults and physeal growth plates in children and adolescents. These patients typically present with pain of the affected joint, diminished range of motion, and loss of use of the limb. If the pathology is able to be corrected, then permanent deformity can be avoided. However, permanent deformity and disability may result requiring operative intervention. Coagulopathic disorders commonly affect soft tissue, where recurrent microtrauma to the synovium causes hemarthrosis, to the muscle causes intramuscular hematoma, and to the dura causes spinal epidural hematoma. Untreated hemarthrosis causes cartilage destruction through hematogenous cytokines, producing an erosive and painful arthropathy. Hematomas are generally benign and amenable to nonoperative management unless they produce neurologic compression. After review of this chapter, the learner should be comfortable with the basics of avascular and hypervascular disorders of bone and joint.
The VLSI Revolution in Theoretical Circles

Presented in these pages are personal observations concerning the effect that Very Large Scale Integrated circuit technology (VLSI) has had on the Theoretical Computer Science field and community, together with some guesses as to why this technological advance has had so much more profound an effect on the Community than have had numerous earlier technological advances. The tale spun includes some sociology, some technology, and some history — as well as some theoretical material, mostly as illustration.
0.5 μm CMOS Device Design and Characterization

The design and characterization of a high performance 0.5 μm channel CMOS is described. The design features thin epi with retrograded n-well, an n+ polysilicon gate electrode, 12.5 nm gate oxide, shallow source/drain diffusions, and thin self-aligned titanium silicides. To control channel hot electron degradation effects in the NFET device with 3.3V power supply, different S/D junctions with graded profiles are investigated. The n-well doping profile is adjusted to provide adequate short channel threshold control and punch-through immunity in the buried channel PFET. In this paper, measured device characteristics will be discussed. Stage delays of unloaded inverter ring oscillators down to 90 pS are presented. Circuit performance sensitivities to a variety of parameters such as channel length. power supply and series resistance are also shown.
Alpha-Synuclein Within Cutaneous Autonomic Nerves In Parkinson Disease: A Biomarker Of Disease Severity And Autonomic Dysfunction (S37.007)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between of α-synuclein deposition and autonomic failure in patients with Parkinson9s disease (PD). BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that α-synuclein can be detected in the cutaneous autonomic nerve fibers of patients with Parkinson’s disease (Wang N. et. al. Neurology 2013). DESIGN/METHODS: Twenty-fiber patients with PD and 18 age and gender-matched control subjects had clinical examinations, autonomic testing and skin biopsies at the distal leg, distal thigh and proximal thigh. Skin biopsies were stained for PGP9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and α-synuclein. The density of intra-epidermal (IENFD), sudomotor and pilomotor nerve fibers, alpha-synuclein deposition and the ratio of α-synuclein to nerve innervation (α-synuclein ratio) was calculated. Results were compared to exam scores and autonomic function testing. RESULTS: Thirteen of 25 patients had autonomic failure (PD-AF: defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of >20mmHg within 3 minutes of standing accompanied by parasympathetic dysfunction). Patients with PD-AF had a greater structural evidence of autonomic neuropathy characterized by loss of sudomotor and pilomotor fibers (P 0.5, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the pathophysiologic association between α-synuclein deposition, Parkinson’s disease and autonomic failure. The results suggest that the α-synuclein ratio provides a pathologic correlate to autonomic dysfunction in PD and further supports the role of the alpha-synuclein ratio as a useful biomarker in patients with Parkinson disease. Study Supported by: Study supported by the RJG Foundation (CHG). Disclosure: Dr. Gibbons has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Freeman has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer, Abbott, Chelsea, and Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Freeman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Autonomic Neuroscience-Basic and Clinical.
An Executable Representation of Distance and Direction

The dependence flow graph is a novel intermediate representation for optimizing and parallelizing compilers that can be viewed as an executable representation of program dependences. The execution model, called dependencedriven execution, is a generalization of the tagged-token dataflow model that permits imperative updates to memory. The dependence flow graph subsumes other representations such as continuation-passing style [12], data dependence graphs [13], and static single assignment form [8]. In this paper, we show how dependence distance and direction information can be represented in this model using dependence operators. From a functional perspective, these operators can be viewed as functions on streams [4].
Development of the ciliature of Tetrahymena thermophila. I. Temporal coordination with oral development.

Abstract The number of basal bodies and cilia along pole-to-pole ciliary rows was enumerated in Tetrahymena thermophila cells sampled during the rapid-exponential phase of culture growth in three different media that supported generation times ranging from 2 to 4 hr. The time required for oral development was nearly constant in the three media, and thus most of the differences in generation time were accounted for by differences in the interval prior to the onset of oral development (stage 0), which ranged from 50% of the generation time in the “poorest” medium to 20% in the “richest.” There was very little increase in number of basal bodies and of cilia along ciliary rows during stage 0, irrespective of the duration of this stage. The bulk of the increase took place during oral development, following a time course suggestive of coordination wth oral development. The same temporal pattern of increase was found in several ciliary rows, although the proportion of basal bodies that were ciliated differed among rows. There is no simple relationship between the number of basal bodies along ciliary rows and cell length, surface area, or volume. However, a large and constant proportion of the total division-to-division cell growth took place during the interval prior to the onset of oral development, suggesting that an ensemble of developmental events, including oral development and an associated activation of the remainder of the cell surface, may be triggered by attainment of a threshold cell size.
Participation in instrumental music as a predictor of success in a collegiate level aviation flight course

Many different studies have been conducted that examine the effect that participation in instrumental music may have on the cognitive abilities and development of children and young adults. Many of these studies indicate that participating in instrumental music can enhance certain cognitive abilities. This study took those theories and applied them to collegiate flight training in an FAA FAR Part 141 training environment. Participants in the study were questioned about the extent of their participation in instrumental music. These results were then paired with their flight and academic records from their collegiate level private pilot flight course. Using varying statistical comparisons, specific measures of success in the private pilot course were measured against differing measures of participation in instrumental music. These tests revealed that, for most of the areas explored, there was not a significant difference between participants with experience in instrumental music and those that did not have any musical experience. However, statistical significance was found to correlate general participation in instrumental music and a reduction in the number of flight hours that were necessary to successfully complete the private pilot course (t[66] = 2.24, p < .05). In support of this finding, participants that had experience playing specifically the piano, demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of flight hours needed to successfully complete the private pilot course (F[1, 66] = 4.158, p <.05). There appears to be some effect from participating in instrumental music on students in a collegiate level flight course; however, more study is warranted to discover the extent of these effects.
Indian Public Policy Today

Book reviewed in this article: Native Americans and Public Policy. Fremont J. Lydenand Lyman H. Legters, eds. Pitt Series in Policy and Institutional Studies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. 331 pp.
CONTROL OF WIND TURBINE GENERATORS CONNECTED TO POWER SYSTEMS

A unique simulation model based on a Mode-O wind turbine is developed for simulating both speed and power control. An analytical representation for a wind turbine that employs blade pitch angle feedback control is presented, and a mathematical model is formulated. For Mode-O serving as a practical case study, results of a computer simulation of the model as applied to the problems of synchronization and dynamic stability are provided. It is shown that the speed and output of a wind turbine can be satisfactorily controlled within reasonable limits by employing the existing blade pitch control system under specified conditions. For power control, an additional excitation control is required so that the terminal voltage, output power factor, and armature current can be held within narrow limits. As a result, the variation of torque angle is limited even if speed control is not implemented simultaneously with power control. Design features of the ERDA/NASA 100-kW Mode-O wind turbine are included.
Kinematic studies of ultracompact HII region/molecular cloud interfaces

An exciting application of masers as an astrophysical tool is the study of proper motions through multi-epoch VLBI, which has the potential to reveal details of source kinematics on an unprecedented spatial scale. OH masers are particularly interesting, as they are typically situated in the high-density region of molecular gas lying at the interface between ultracompact HII regions and molecular clouds. We discuss OH-maser proper motion measurements we have made of W3(OH), and show that modelling methods developed in the past for H2O maser motions may not be appropriate to this source. We then present new and fairly general analytic techniques that may be used to detect and interpret asymmetric proper motion patterns.
Architecture of a Graphics Processor

The design principles that were applied in the design of the integer-RISC machine, are applied to the design of the Reduced Instruction Set Graphics Processor. The processor instruction is defined after critical evaluation of the common graphics operations. Single cycle operations (in a pure RISC style) are performed through instructions for primitive graphics as well as general purpose computations. This processor is envisioned to become the CPU of choice for the ergonomic applications that rely heavily on graphics capabilities for user interface bandwidth improvement. The motivation for integrating graphics with general-purpose computations sterns from the performance enhancement acheived due to increased integration levels, and the program portability offered by a single processor based systems.
An empirical investigation of online banner ads in online market places: the cognitive factors that influence intention to click

When is an internet computer user willing to click on a banner ad? This question has been addressed from the production side, via research on algorithms and models that recommend banner ads for display, as well as a few animation studies about attention-grabbing features of internet advertisements. The research reported in this study takes a different approach by investigating factors that influence the intention to click online banner ads. The theoretical background for the online banner ad OBA model is the theory of reasoned action. By integrating intention to click, core factors from the technology acceptance model TAM, and antecedents specific to the banner ad context, that the OBA model explains the positive influence of important antecedents on the behavioural intention of web users to click online banner ads. To validate the OBA model, we collected data from college students. This study has significant implications for websites and apps developments.
Modulation of vitamin A metabolism during hepatic and intestinal cell culture.

Abstract Vitamin A metabolism was studied in vitro, contrasting primary cultures of hepatocytes, passaged cultures of Ito cells (non-parenchymal fat-storing hepatic cells) and IEC-6 intestinal crypt cells. The regulation of the retinyl esterification process, the central process in vitamin A storage, was evaluated. The potential influence of variations in the cell's surrounding extracellular collagen millieu was considered by growing the cells on either a type I collagen matrix, a type IV collagen matrix or a basement membrane-like matrix. The various matrices were used to simulate changes in the extracellular collagen millieu which may occur during various fibrogenic states. In addition, the co-modulating influence of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) was considered since this ubiquitous peptide may be prominently involved in tissue fibrosis, a process which may be associated with alterations in intracellular vitamin A. It was found that each cell type had its own characteristic response to the various collagen surfaces and TGFβ . There was a reduction in retinyl esterification when the hepatic cells were grown on a type I collagen matrix in the presence of TGFβ which might simulate a ‘fibrogenic’ environment. This did not appear to be due to changes in retinyl ester stability. The TGFβ response may be somewhat cell specific, since TGFβ exposure increased the amount of retinyl esterification in the intestinal cell line. These studies suggest that vitamin A storage may be affected by changes in the surrounding extracellular matrix and by soluble cytokine mediators.
The importance of managing strategically

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that it is important to think strategically when managing a library.Design/methodology/approach – Discusses and gives examples to illustrate why one should manage strategically.Findings – That a library administrator needs to think strategically, especially when managing the budget.Practical implications – This is a very useful source of finding out the fundamentals of each of the basic kinds of budgeting systems. In addition, the article gives many references for finding out more about each of these methods.Originality/value – Hopefully, this article will motivate librarians to create a strategy and to keep it in mind when managing, particularly when dealing with fiscal matters.
The Effect of a Support and Education Program on Stress and Burden Among Family Caregivers to Frail Elderly Persons

An eight-week professionally guided caregiver support group program was found to produce statistically significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and sense of burden among family caregivers to frail elderly persons living in the community. Effects were weaker four months after the intervention ended than immediately after, but reductions in anxiety and depression were still evident.
Intracellular localization of Toll-like receptor 9 prevents recognition of self DNA but facilitates access to viral DNA

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense infection by detecting molecular structures of microbial origin. TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 recognize nucleic acids and are localized to intracellular compartments where they normally respond to viral nucleic acids. The purpose for this intracellular localization, however, is not clear. Here we describe a chimeric TLR9 receptor that localized to the cell surface and responded normally to synthetic TLR9 ligands but not to viral nucleic acids. However, the 'relocated' chimeric TLR9 receptor was able to recognize self DNA, which does not stimulate wild-type TLR9. These data demonstrated that intracellular localization of TLR9 was not required for ligand recognition. Instead, localization of the nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is critical in discriminating between self and nonself nucleic acid.
Detection of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion in tissues of older humans

Abstract Using PCR, we found that normal heart muscle and brain from adult human individuals contain low levels of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion, previously found only in patients affected with certain types of neuromuscular disease. This deletion was not observed in fetal heart or brain. Experimental tests support the idea that the deletion exists in vivo in adult mitochondria and is not an in vitro artifact of PCR. Our data provide direct experimental support for the idea that accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions may be important in aging.
Monitoring occupancy and light operation

To determine whether electrical energy is used effectively it is necessary to assess both operation of electrical equipment and occupancy of a space simultaneously, since even small amounts of energy are wasted if an electrical device is switched on but unused. Of the several methods of estimating occupancy that were compared, random visits to a space are the most accurate and usually the least expensive means of obtaining both occupancy and operation data. More widespread use of this technique would enable building owners and operators to evaluate the efficient use of electricity in the spaces they manage.
The relation between synapsis and chiasma formation in Rhoeo spathacea

Rhoeo spathacea (Schwartz) Stearn (2n=12) is a complete translocation heterozygote in which a ring of 12 chromosomes is often observed from diakinesis through metaphase I. A new hypotonie bursting technique on primary microsporocytes made possible visualization of the complete pattern of pachytene synapsis in R. spathacea by light and electron microscopy. Analysis showed that most of the length of a chromosome never synapsed and that relational twisting of the lateral elements was prominent in the distal segments of most synaptonemal complexes (SCs). The most common situation was 12 relatively short SCs representing the 24 synapsed terminal segments of the 12 chromosomes; 11 and 10 SCs were also observed but less frequently, indicating one and two synaptic failures, respectively. Similarly, in diakinesis a ring of 12 chromosomes was most common, but a chain of 12 chromosomes and two chains of chromosomes could also occur. These situations indicated zero, one, and two chiasma failures, respectively. The frequencies of synaptic failure (0.021) and of chiasma failure (0.022) were essentially the same as were the distributions of cells with different numbers of synaptic and chiasma failures. These comparisons indicate that if synapsis occurs between two distal segments of the chromosomes of R. spathacea, a chiasma will almost certainly follow. A diagram to illustrate the arrangement of mid-pachytene chromosomes and a model to explain the origin of relational twisting of lateral elements in SCs are presented.
Selective Catalytic Oxidation (SCO) of Ammonia to Nitrogen over Fe-Exchanged Zeolites

Abstract Fe-exchanged zeolites were prepared and studied as catalysts for selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to nitrogen in the presence of excess oxygen. Fe–ZSM-5, Fe–mordenite (MOR), and Fe–clinoptilolite (HEU) showed excellent SCO performance at a very high space velocity (GHSV=2.3×10 5 h −1 ). Greater than 97% NH 3 conversion and nearly 100% N 2 selectivity were obtained. Among different zeolites, the catalytic performance decreased in the sequence of Fe–ZSM-5, Fe–MOR, Fe–HEU > Fe–Y, Fe–Beta > Fe–ferrierite, Fe–chabazite. High iron content, low Si/Al ratio, and low ammonia concentration were favorable for high activities for NH 3 oxidation to N 2 . For the Fe-exchanged zeolites, there existed a good correlation between the N 2 selectivity for the SCO reaction and the activity for the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) of NO with ammonia; i.e., the higher the SCR activity, the higher the N 2 selectivity in SCO. The variable valence of iron cations might be beneficial to oxygen activation and thus result in the high SCO performance for the Fe-exchanged zeolites. A kinetic study indicated that the reaction was first order with respect to NH 3 and the apparent reaction activation energy ( E a ) was 88 kJ/mol.
The fast component in the electrical activity of rabbit's hippocampus

Abstract The relationship between fast and slow activities in the hippocampus of conscious, noncurarized rabbits has been investigated under the following conditions: 1. 1. Under conditions of rest, irregular slow activity was usually associated with low voltage, irregular, fast activity, spontaneous theta rhythm with higher voltage, regular, fast activity. 2. 2. Threshold reticular stimulation sometimes evoked a theta rhythm without regular fast activity. A theta rhythm with fast activity was elicited by stronger stimuli. Very strong stimuli evoked fast activity associated with depression of slow activity. 3. 3. Physostigmine consistently induced theta rhythm and regular fast activity. 4. 4. In animals with septal lesions reticular stimulation or physostigmine produced a fast activity as in normal animals, but without theta rhythms. 5. 5. Septal stimulation produced depression of slow activity, with or without fast activity, depending on stimulus voltage. 6. 6. Scopolamine, while abolishing the theta rhythm, did not change the fast activity. 7. 7. Pentobarbital, in contrast to scopolamine, had a pronounced effect on the fast activity. In anesthetized animals a variety of changes in hippocampal fast and slow activities was observed in response to reticular stimulation, the pattern depending on stimulus voltage and depth of anesthesia. 8. 8. Thus, any type of hippocampal slow wave pattern (irregular, regularized, or depressed) may or may not be associated with regular fast activity. It has been suggested that hippocampal activity can be influenced by three mechanisms, one producing the theta rhythm, another depressing slow activity, and a third eliciting a regular fast activity. 9. 9. Whenever a regular fast activity was observed it had a frequency of about 40–50 c/sec and showed phase reversal similar to that of the theta rhythm, but the phase shift was rarely exactly 180°.
Long-term Follow-up of Jejunoileal Bypass Patients with Preoperative Cirrhosis of the Liver

Though obesity, alcohol abuse and jejunoileostomy are often a dangerous combination, exceptions do exist. This paper reports on the long-term outcome of 12 patients who had hepatic cirrhosis prior to jejunoileostomy. The six patients who refrained from or significantly restricted alcohol intake following jejunoileostomy all survived a minimum of 2 years following surgery. Four of these patients, now 6 to 25 years post surgery, are still living as of August 1993.
Ultradian and diurnal cyclicity in the sleep states of newborn infants during the first two postnatal days

Abstract Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate both ultradian and diurnal cyclicity in the sleep states of newborn fullterm infants during the first 2 postnatal days. Methods : The sleep of 31 healthy newborn infants was recorded continuously throughout the first 2 postnatal days, starting immediately after birth, using an automated Motility Monitoring System (MMS). The MMS consists of a pressure sensitive mattress pad connected to an amplifier and a small 24-h analog recorder. A single channel of analog signals produced by the infant's respiration and body movements was recorded and then scored in 30-s epochs for Active Sleep, Quiet Sleep, Active-Quiet Transition, Sleep-Wake Transition, and Wake. Data Analyses : The 48 h of recording were divided into successive 12-h periods from 07:00 h to 19:00 h (day) and 19:00 h to 07:00 h (night), and all measures were derived for each day and night period. Both cross-sectional and repeated measures analyses were used because all babies were not represented in all day/night periods. Results : Day/night differences in state variables: On both days, there was greater Wakefulness, shorter Quiet Sleep Bout Lengths, shorter Mean Sleep Periods and shorter Longest Sleep Periods during the daytime. On day 1 only, there was less Quiet Sleep, shorter Quiet Sleep Bout Lengths and more Sleep-Wake Transition during the daytime. On day 2, repeated measures analyses revealed two additional day/night differences: less Quiet Sleep and more Sleep-Wake Transition during the daytime. Day/night differences in Quiet Sleep cyclicity: 28 sleep periods met the criteria for analysis of Quiet Sleep cyclicity, and only six of these occurred during the daytime. Seventeen of 28 analyzable sleep periods showed significant Quiet Sleep cyclicity. Only two of these occurred during the daytime. Conclusions : Contrary to the prevailing view of developing sleep rhythms, the results of this study suggest that newborn infants exhibit both ultradian ad diurnal cyclicity in their sleep patterns from the earliest postnatal period.
Properties of a preexposed stimulus

The effect of preexposure to a white noise stimulus, using hooded rats in two testing situations, was examined. Consistent with previous research, preexposure to a to-be-conditioned stimulus interfered with acquisition of a CER to that same stimulus. In the second experiment, the preexposed stimulus produced greater disruption of an excitatory CR than was observed in an external-inhibition control when it was superimposed on an already established excitatory stimulus. These two experiments suggest that preexposure of a stimulus interferes not only with the acquisition, but also with the maintenance of excitatory responding. These results seem inconsistent with “loss of salience” notions of latent inhibition.
Microinjection of fl-tRNA for the Study of tRNA Subcellular Dynamics

Transfer-RNA (tRNA) is the key adaptor molecule in protein synthesis, but recent studies demonstrate behavior and interactions that suggest a far greater role in cellular function. This includes priming viral protein synthesis, retrograde nuclear trafficking, binding to cytochrome C, and post-translational arginylation of proteins. Defects in tRNA modifications are also linked to a number of human diseases with relatively unknown mechanisms. Here we describe the use of live-cell imaging techniques to monitor tRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and localization in real time via microinjection of fluorescently-labeled tRNA (fl-tRNA) into adherent mammalian cells. These results represent an important step toward our eventual goal of developing assays for the full characterization of the subcellular dynamics of specific isoacceptor tRNAs.
The ability of quantitative ultrasound to predict the mechanical properties of trabecular bone under different strain rates.

Abstract The ability of quantitative ultrasound to predict the mechanical properties of trabecular bone under different strain rates was investigated. Ultrasound velocity (UV) and broadband attenuation (BUA) were measured for 60 specimens of human trabecular bone. Samples were divided into two equal groups and loaded in compression at the strain rates of 0.0004 and 0.08s −1 . The ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and energy absorption capacity were determined for each specimen. Specimens tested at 0.08s −1 had a mean value of strength 63% higher than the specimens tested at 0.0004s −1 . The elastic modulus and energy absorption capacity were 82% and 42% higher, respectively, for the higher strain rate. UV and BUA were significantly associated with most mechanical properties at both strain rates. All mechanical properties were also correlated strongly with a linear combination of UV and BUA for both the low and high loading rates. The use of ultrasound parameters may provide good clinical means for assessing the resistance of trabecular bone to both low and high energy trauma.
The national cancer data base report on early stage invasive vulvar carcinoma

BACKGROUND Recent advancement in recommended treatment of early stage vulvar carcinoma had emphasized the role of pathologic indications of tumor size and lymph node involvement. The purpose of this study was to identify the current mode of practice in the management of early stage vulvar carcinoma with primary disease limited to the vulva and/or the perineum. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base was accessed to examine vulvar carcinoma cases reported by 1147 hospitals that had established or were establishing American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer programs. The periods 1988-1989 and 1993-1994 were selected for analysis. The analysis was based on the 1553 invasive nonmetastatic carcinomas (confined to the vulva and/or the perineum) for which primary lesion size and pathologic inguinal lymph node evaluation had been recorded. RESULTS There were no differences in demographic or disease characteristics between 1988-1989 and 1993-1994. Surgery alone was most often the treatment for lymph node negative patients. Radiation therapy was given as an adjunct treatment to 49% of patients with positive lymph nodes. Radiation therapy was given fairly equally to patients in all lymph node positive categories (1, 2-3, and 4 or more positive lymph nodes), with little change between the two time periods. Patients with ≤2 cm lesions were more often treated with conservative surgery. CONCLUSIONS The major diagnostic groups and number of positive lymph nodes were confirmed to be prognostically important. Although literature on vulvar disease notes a benefit of radiaton therapy for patients with more than one positive lymph node, radiation therapy was not predictive of survival for patients in this study. Cancer 1997; 80:505-13. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Incidental detection of carcinoma gall bladder in laparoscopic cholecystectomy specimens: a thirteen year study of 23 cases and literature review.

Carcinoma of gall bladder is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract worldwide and is usually associated with poor prognosis. In this era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been increase in detection of early stage incidental gall bladder carcinoma in cholecystectomy specimens. A retrospective study was carried out in tertiary care hospital in central India. A total of 2990 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the year 2001–2013. Hospital records and histopathology reports of these patients were studied in detail. Twenty three cases of gall bladder carcinoma were detected incidentally accounting for an incidence of 0.76 %. It was more common in females with an M: F ratio of 1:1.9. Mean age of presentation was 57.8 years. Gall stones were present in 22 cases and one patient presented with features of acute cholecystitis. Three patients had associated xanthogranulomatous inflammation and 10 had associated intestinal metaplasia. It is not uncommon to encounter incidental malignancies of gall bladder in laparoscopic cholecystectomy specimens sent to histopathology for presumably benign disease. Histopathology reports must include comments on extent of infiltration, perineural invasion, tumor differentiation and nodal involvement for oncologist information and subsequent management of patients.
The qualitative analysis system: Updating the IRI

Abstract Presents the Qualitative Analysis System (QAS), a system of qualitative error analysis designed to be used in conjunction with the Informal Reading Inventory. The system involves analyzing oral reading errors in terms of three variables: (a) graphic similarity with text item, (b) acceptability in context, and (c) self‐correction. The QAS yields information about the prediction and correction reading strategies. Basic guidelines for using the system are presented, and several examples are used to illustrate how QAS results can be used to prescribe reading strategy lessons.
Natural convection from two-dimensional discrete heat sources in a rectangular enclosure

Abstract Natural convection in a discretely heated enclosure is investigated experimentally and theoretically for single and multiple heater configurations. Mach-Zehnder interferometry is used to visualize the temperature field within the enclosure and to determine the local and average heat transfer characteristics of the discrete heat sources. The partial differential equations governing the conservation of mass, momentum and energy for the problem are solved numerically. The results show that for the single heat source configuration heater locations closer to the bottom of the enclosure yield the highest heat transfer in the high Grashof number range. However, the observation of previous work that the heat source location corresponding to maximum heat transfer is a function of Grashof number is confirmed. Discrete heat sources located near the enclosure bottom are also found to yield the highest heat transfer in the dual heater configuration. The heater placement for maximum heat transfer in both single and dual heater systems is explained in terms of the intensity of the buoyancy-driven flow in the enclosure. The thermal wake of the bottom heat source is seen to significantly affect the transport from heat sources above in the multiple heat source configurations. The lowest heat source, however, is influenced only marginally by the presence of a heater above.
Intermediate scales, {mu} parameter, and fermion masses from string models

We address intermediate scales within a class of string models. The intermediate scales occur due to the SM singlets ${S}_{i}$ acquiring non-zero VEVs due to radiative breaking; the mass squared ${m}_{i}^{2}$ of ${S}_{i}$ is driven negative at ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{rad}}$ due to O(1) Yukawa couplings of ${S}_{i}$ to exotic particles (calculable in a class of string models). The actual VEV of ${S}_{i}$ depends on the relative magnitude of the non-renormalizable terms of the type ${S}_{i}^{K+3}{/M}^{K}$ in the superpotential. We mainly consider the case in which the ${S}_{i}$ are charged under an additional non-anomalous ${U(1)}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ gauge symmetry and the VEVs occur along $F$- and $D$-flat directions. We explore various scenarios in detail, depending on the type of Yukawa couplings to the exotic particles and on the initial boundary values of the soft SUSY breaking parameters. We then address the implications of these scenarios for the \ensuremath{\mu} parameter and the fermionic masses of the standard model.
The effect of thrombin, reptilase, and a fibrinopeptide B-releasing enzyme from the venom of the southern copperhead snake on rabbit platelets.

Abstract The action of thrombin, Reptilase, and a fibrinopeptide B-releasing enzyme from the Southern Copperhead snake venom on gel-filtered rabbit platelets has been studied. Of these enzymes, only thrombin aggregated the platelets. A mixture of Reptilase and the Southern Copperhead enzyme, which closely mimicked the enzymatic activity of thrombin on fibrinogen, failed to induce aggregation. These results indicate that thrombin does not aggregate platelets by its action on fibrinogen on the platelet surface. Incubation of the gel-filtered platelets with the snake venom enzymes modified the platelet aggregation response to ADP. The rates of both aggregation and disaggregation were moderately decreased after incubation with Reptilase, and the rate of disaggregation was decreased after incubation with the Southern Copperhead enzyme.
The influence of the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids on zinc metabolism

Abstract Four diets differing in the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) were consumed by four groups of rats for eight weeks. The PUFA/SFA ratios were 0.02, 0.13, 0.80 and 8.19. An isotope-dilution technique was used to determine true absorption and intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc. No statistically significant differences in true absorption were noted among the groups. Intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc, serum zinc, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were lowest in the group consuming diets with a PUFA/SFA of 0.13. Liver and kidney zinc concentrations tended to be higher in this same group. For all rats, total and HDL-cholesterol were both significantly related to intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc (positively) and percent true absorption of zinc (negatively). The serum HDL/total cholesterol ratio was positively correlated with serum zinc and liver zinc concentrations. Our results suggest that endogenous cholesterol metabolism influences zinc metabolism.
Determination of carrier saturation velocity in high-performance In y Ga 1-y As/Al x Ga 1-x As modulation-doped field-effect transistors (0 &#8804; y &#8804; 0.2)

We describe a new method for determining the carrier saturation velocity υ sat in modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFET's). High-performance pseudomorphic In y GA 1-y As/AlGaAs MODFET's (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.20) grown by MBE were tested, and the dependence of υ sat on InAs mole fraction y was obtained. It was found that each device with y > 0 had a higher υ sat than a conventional GaAs/ AIGaAs MODFET (y = 0). Further, we believe that there is an optimum InAs mole fraction such that υ sat is maximized. A pseudomorphic MODFET structure optimizing υ sat may also optimize overall device performance.
Sympathectomy in the Treatment of Angina and Arrhythmias

Sympathectomy has been used as treatment for several different cardiac conditions. These include classic angina pectoris, Prinzmetal's angina, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and long QT syndrome. To understand the rationale of such treatment, the innervation of the human heart is reviewed with discussion of the cardiac plexus and coronary innervation. Results in published studies are summarized and discussed.
Mini workshop — A strategy for assessing student work on open-ended problems

Assessing student work on realistic, open-ended problems is challenging when multiple solutions of varying quality can be expected. A balance needs to be sought between school-like and engineering-practice-like feedback and assessment of student work if an instructor wishes to capitalize on the authenticity of a problem. This workshop will work with the ideas of authentic assessment for open-ended engineering problems — the idea that not only the problem but also the feedback and assessment strategy can reflect engineering practice. Participants will learn about a four dimensional feedback and assessment model being used with Model-Eliciting Activities, a special form of open-ended problem. They will learn to apply the feedback and assessment model to sample student work and how the model can be more generally applied to open-ended problems.