cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faux anévrysme traumatique du segment aortique viscéral traité par chirurgie ouverte et traitement endovasculaire

Les faux anevrysmes (PSA) ne sont pas rares au niveau de l'aorte thoracique, mais ils le sont au niveau du segment aortique visceral. Cette lesion vasculaire est le plus generalement due a un traumatisme penetrant. Nous presentons le cas d'un patient presentant un PSA du segment aortique visceral qui a ete traite par des methodes chirurgicales et endovasculaires et examinons les donnees precedemment publiees sur la presentation, le diagnostic, et la gestion des PSA de l’aorte viscerale.
The effects of ambient flow velocity, colony size, and upstream colonies on the feeding success of Bryozoa. II. Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus), an encrusting species

Abstract The effects of ambient flow velocity, colony size, and the presence of an actively-feeding colony upstream on the feeding success of the encrusting bryozoan Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus) were studied. Zooids from both large and small colonies showed a reduction in feeding as flow velocity increased, however, the reduction in feeding was less for zooids from large colonies except at very fast ambient flow velocities. The greater pumping capacity of large colonies may result in a relatively greater per zooid feeding success from moving water. The presence of an actively-feeding colony upstream was found to enhance the feeding of zooids on downstream colonies. Diversion of flowing water by actively-feeding colonies upstream may account for the observed enhancement of feeding by zooids on colonies downstream. The results from this study on an encrusting species are compared with results from a previous study on feeding from flow by an arborescent bryozoan, and the feeding performances of these two colony types are related to their respective flow microhabitats.
Identification of extracellular siderophores of pathogenic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus

Clinical and environmental isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus synthesized extracellular siderophores when grown in defined medium. Six hydroxamate siderophores were purified from culture filtrates and identified by thin layer chromatography. The most prominent siderophore was identified as N,N',N"-triacetylfusarinine C and the second most prominent siderophore was identified as ferricrocin. In addition, a hydrolytic product of N,N',N"-triacetylfusarinine C was identified. Three other siderophores were present in smaller amounts and were not identified. Since the same siderophores were produced by isolates from diseases of varying severity and from environmental material, it is unlikely that the extracellular siderophores function as virulence factors during infection. However, they may function as growth factors by mediating iron uptake by the fungus in the micro-environment of the inflammatory focus.
Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of redox enzymes by substituted hydroxamic acids

Substituted primary hydroxamic acids were found to inhibit the catalytic activity of a number of redox enzymes. The inhibition was not related to the nature of the metal-active site of the enzyme nor to the nature of the oxygen-containing substrate. Two easily available enzymes, mushroom tyrosinase (monophenol,dihydroyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) and horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7), which were potently inhibited by hydroxamic acids, were chosen for more detailed study. A kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects on the partially purified tyrosinase of mushroom (Agaricus bispora) revealed that inhibition was reversible and competiitive with respect to reducing substrate concentration, but was not competitive with respect to molecular oxygen concentration. A spectrophotometric and EPR study of the binding of salicylhydroxamic acid to horseradish peroxidase revealed that his hydroxamic acid was bound to the enzyme in the same manner as a typical substrate, hydroquinone. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic measurements of the binding reactions suggested that this binding site is close, to but, not directly onto, the heme group of the enzyme. From these results it is concluded that the mode of inhibition of hydroxamic acid need not be, as generally supposed, by metal chelation, and mechanisms involving either hydrogen bonding at the reducing substrate binding site or the formation of a charge transfer complex between hydroxamic acid and an electron-accepting group in the enzyme are considered to be more feasible. The relevance of these findings to deductions on the nature of other hydroxamic acid-inhibitable systems is discussed.
Hot peripheral thermal management to mitigate cache temperature variation

Modern microprocessor caches are often regarded as cool chip components that dissipate power uniformly. This research demonstrates that this uniformity is a misconception. Memory cell peripherals dissipate considerably higher power than the actual memory cell and this can result in up to 30°C of temperature difference between the warmest and the coolest part of the cache. To be effective and accurate, cache temperature and power modeling and management must take this effect into account. Further, this paper focuses on the surrounding logic of the memory cell and applies two novel techniques, peripheral bit swapping (PBS) and peripheral monitor and shutdown (PMSD), to reduce the thermal variation as well as reduce the corresponding steady-state temperature and leakage power of the cache. Overall, these techniques decrease temperature by 8°C for the L1 Data Cache and 5°C for the shared L2 cache and reduce their thermal gradient by more than 75%, on average.
De/Dx Prototype Test

A small prototype of a multiwire dE/dx detector was tested in SLAC's test beam. The basic concept of the detector was similar to the JADE drift cell design. The purpose of the test was to decide on some design parameters for a full size prototype, which is now in construction.
Neutron Diffraction Studies on Iron at High Temperatures

Neutron diffraction measurements have been made on iron at a series of elevated temperatures up to about 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to establish the magnetic scattering effects through the Curie temperature and in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-phase region. Diffraction patterns obtained for the face-centered-cubic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ phase offer no evidence for an antiferromagnetic structure in $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ iron at high temperatures, and the diffuse scattering above ${T}_{c}$ suggests that both phases of the metallic lattice are paramagnetic in that temperature region. At temperatures up to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ phase transformation, the paramagnetic scattering suggests the existence of considerable ferromagnetic short range order. Pronounced small-angle scattering was found to develop in the temperature region around the Curie transition, and this type of scattering is explained on the basis of the critical magnetic scattering suggested by Van Hove. Detailed investigations, which included experiments on nickel and magnetite near their Curie transitions, were performed to determine the general characteristics of the critical magnetic near their Curie transitions, were performed to determine the general characteristics of the critical magnetic scattering.
University Research and the New Federalism.

In this brief article we have touched on some of the solutions to problems universities are encountering in working with the expanding "new federalism." These arrangements will bring faculties into new kinds of relationships, which they can find stimulating if they are prepared ahead of time to accept the kind of public scrutiny that they have not encountered at the national level and to learn about the political system and the politician ( 13 ). Universities will find advantages for their academic programs if they involve faculty and students in programs that promote the advancement of public good provided that caution is exercised to prevent the development of arrangements that restrict academic freedom, push the university into the political arena, and drain its financial resources. Faculties need to work closely with their university administrations to make sure that valid academic principles are upheld. The exercise will be time-consuming and frustrating, but vital to the objective and the high quality support the public expects from universities.
Oxidation of refractory metals in air and low pressure oxygen gas

Abstract Oxidation rates and effects of oxidation on mechanical properties of several refractory metal alloys were determined under a variety of temperature/pressure conditions. The alloys investigated were V–4Cr–4Ti, V–5Cr–5Ti, Nb–1Zr, Nb–1Zr–0.1 C, Ta–8W–1Re–0.7Hf–0.025C and Mo–46Re. Although none of these alloys form protective surface oxides, oxidation behavior and accompanying effects on mechanical behavior are quite different depending on whether oxidation results in external film formation, dissolution or internal oxidation. Data are presented on oxidation rate, microstructural development and effects on mechanical properties for the various alloys.
Transduction of CD34+ cells with lentiviral vectors enables the production of large quantities of transgene-expressing immature and mature dendritic cells.

BACKGROUND: Genetically engineered dendritic cells (DC) presenting specific antigens to T cells may be of great interest for immunotherapy. For this reason, the production of transgene-expressing DC derived from CD34 + cells transduced either shortly after ex vivo purification or during their differentiation into DC were evaluated. METHODS: CD34+ cells were transduced with lentivectors encoding for GFP before or after 21 days of culture with FLT3-ligand, thrombopoietin and stem cell factor and induction into DC with GM-CSF+IL-4 (G4) or G4+TNF (GT4). GFP and DC-specific marker expression was assessed by flow cytometry, and allostimulatory capacity was evaluated on GFP+ and GFP- sorted cells. RESULTS: Immature (G4-induced) DC obtained from amplified CD34 + cells were transducible by lentiviral vectors while mature (GT4-induced) DC were rather refractory. Moreover, since differentiated DC did not proliferate, large quantities of vectors were required to generate transgene-expressing cells with this protocol. In contrast, greater numbers of both immature and mature GFP- expressing DC were obtained with CD34+ cells exposed to lentivector shortly after purification. By the time of DC induction, GFP+ cells had increased by approximately 170-fold. After DC induction with G4, 32% of CD1a+, HLA-DR+, or CD40+ cells expressed GFP. CD1a+E-cadherin+ GFP+ Langerhans-like DC were also obtained. Incubation with TNF induced mature CD83+GFP+ DC that displayed a higher allostimulatory capacity than cells induced with G4 alone. CONCLUSION: The transduction of a small number of CD34+ cells with minimal doses of lentivector may allow for the production of a large number of DC expressing selected antigens useful for immunotherapy.
The Schumpeterian Cost of Regulation on Entry and Innovation: The Case of Bail Bonds

Entrepreneurship is valued in part because it stimulates Schumpeter’s gale of creative destruction. A popular view, reinforced by recent empirical work on regulatory reform, is that regulation inhibits entrepreneurship and innovation. However dismantling regulation is ill-advised, since generally regulation has primary goals other than to increase innovation. We study the impact of regulation on entry and innovation in such a setting, the bail bond industry. We build structural models of the entrepreneur’s entry decision and the incumbent’s continuation decision, then employ recovered parameter estimates in counterfactual policy environments that allow us to compare the impact of different regulatory regimes. Results from this exercise indicate that a combination of entry and operating regulations reduces entry yet increases innovation relative to a setting with no regulation. These benefits are above and beyond the intended benefits of the regulations. Our results suggest it is possible to design regulations without imposing the Schumpeterian cost on innovation, and provide preliminary indications of how to accomplish this. Moreover our results suggest that Schumpeterian cost itself may need to be redefined. Entry and innovation actually oppose one another in our setting. Not only does excess entry steal share, in so doing it also suppresses incentives to innovate.
“I have an idea!” An appreciation of Edward W. Larsen’s contributions to particle transport

Abstract On the occasion of Ed Larsen’s 60th birthday I am pleased and honored to discuss some of the many important contributions he has made to transport theory and to the practical business of particle transport calculations. I must begin with two caveats. First, Ed’s contributions cover more territory than I can competently discuss. This paper therefore neglects some of his contributions, only briefly refers to others, and describes in some detail the contributions that I have understood to be especially profound and significant. Second, at age 60 Ed shows no signs of slowing down; thus, his work to date is only a subset of the contributions he is likely to provide by the end of his remarkable career.
Changing marketing opportunities in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

The changes in the business environment of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union indicate that U.S. firms must adjust their perceptions of socialist markets if they are to compete successfully with Western European and Japanese firms. Consensus among the managers of socialist enterprises agree that U.S. firms fail in these markets because they have made little effort to understand the general business environment and the market dynamics that are characteristic of countries in Eastern Europe and the Soviet union. The purpose of this article is to identify and discuss the key elements of the techniques needed to penetrate socialist markets. Sufficient understanding of these factors should produce a strong competitive position for the U.S. firms that are actively pursuing these marketing opportunities.
A Preliminary Examination of the Relationship between Organisational Structure and Emotional Burnout among Correctional Staff

: In any nation, correctional staff are the greatest asset of any correctional facility. In an era where rising costs, shrinking budgets, and personnel shortages are common, it is increasingly important to provide a positive work environment to ensure worker stability. The research indicates that job burnout is a negative response that is influenced by the work environment. This study examined the effects of organisational structure on emotional burnout among correctional staff at a state-run prison. Promotional opportunity, integration, formalisation, instrumental communication, and input into decision making are the major forms of organisational structure. In addition to the above forms of organisational structure, the amount of daily contact and the personal characteristics of tenure, position, educational level, race, age, gender, and supervisory status were included as independent variables. In a multivariate analysis, supervisory status, degree of inmate contact, promotional opportunity, formalisation, instrumental communication, and input into decision making all had statistically significant associations with emotional burnout. The results support the postulation that organisational structure influences the emotional burnout of correctional staff.
CAMEROONIAN NATIONALISTS GO GLOBAL: FROM FOREST MAQUIS TO A PAN-AFRICAN ACCRA

This article reassesses the political alternatives imagined by African nationalists in the ‘first wave’ of Africa's decolonization through the lens of Cameroonian nationalism. After the proscription of Cameroon's popular nationalist movement, the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), in the mid-1950s, thousands of Cameroonian nationalists went into exile, most to Accra, where they gained the support of Kwame Nkrumah's Pan-African Bureau for African Affairs. The UPC's external support fed Cameroon's internal maquis (as UPC members called the underground resistance camps within the territories), rooted in culturally particular conceptions of freedom and sovereignty. With such deeply local and broadly international foundations, the political future that Cameroonian nationalists envisaged seemed achievable: even after the Cameroon territories' official independence, UPC nationalists kept fighting. But, by the mid-1960s, postcolonial states prioritized territorial sovereignty over ‘African unity’ and Ghana's support of the UPC became unsustainable, leading to the movement's disintegration.
Intellectual Property Rights: A Comparative Perspective on Asia, the EU, and North America

This article explores some of the key differences in conditions, procedures, and interests among major trading blocs and selected countries within them. Its primary focus is on the challenges faced by an intellectual property (ip) regime, especially related to ip protection. In the Asian context, consideration is given to the status and challenge of ip protection in Indonesia, and, for contrast, Japan, with its singular history of ip acquisition. Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, is considered separately as is part of the People’s Repu b lic of China. Then the EU and the United States are addressed. In addition, the divergence of interests between net technology-consuming economies (ntces) and net technology-producing economies (ntpes) are considered.
Heterocyclic amines formed by cooking food: comparison of bioassay results with other chemicals in the Carcinogenic Potency Database

Results in the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) on 11 mutagenic heterocyclic amines (HA) tested for carcinogenicity in rats, mice and cynomolgus monkeys are compared to results for other chemicals. An analysis of strength of evidence of carcinogenicity for HA vs. other mutagenic carcinogens and vs. all rodent carcinogens, indicates strong carcinogenicity of HA in terms of positivity rates and multiplicity of target sites. The liver is the most frequent target site in each species. Despite several target sites in each species, concordance in target sites between rats and mice is restricted to the liver for each HA except one. In cynomolgus monkeys, liver tumors have been induced rapidly by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). Human exposures to HA in cooked animal foods are small, in the low ppb range. A comparison of possible carcinogenic hazards from a variety of exposures to rodent carcinogens in the American diet is presented, using an index (Human Exposure/Rodent Potency, HERP) that relates human exposure to carcinogenic potency in rodents. Results indicate that there is a large background of exposures to naturally-occurring rodent carcinogens in typical portions of common foods, and that possible hazards from HA rank below those of most natural pesticides and products of cooking or food preparation; synthetic pesticide residues also rank low.
Beschreibung bedeutender Anlagen

Zur Veranschaulichung des in den vorangehenden Abschnitten behandelten Stoffes werden im nachfolgenden einige bemerkenswerte Anlagen beschrieben. Aus der Fulle der vorhandenen Projekte wurden vier grosere Anlagen als Vertreter ihrer Ausfuhrungsart herausgegriffen. Die Darstellung beschrankt sich jedoch auf das Wesentliche der technischen Ausfuhrung und umfast folgende Arten von Rohrleitungen: offen verlegte Druckleitung, einbetonierte Druckschachtpanzerung, groskalibrige Druckleitung, Verteilleitung.
The Macroeconomic Consequences of Mixing Sunnis and Shias: A Bayesian Errors-in-Variables Approach

How damaging is the Sunni/Shia split to the economies of Islamic countries? Is it better to be one or the other? Or is it better to have an even balance between the two? Answering these questions is complicated by the fact that the data are often missing or imprecisely measured. We employ the technique of Bayesian data augmentation to circumvent these two problems, and find that properly controlling for these features in the data leads to drastically different conclusions than what is found using ordinary least squares. We find that there is nothing in the differential nature of Sunni or Shia Islam to make one more economically prosperous than the other. Nor do we find any support for the popular hypothesis that Sunnis and Shias cannot mix.
Self-regulated Learning with MetaTutor: Advancing the Science of Learning with MetaCognitive Tools

The key to understanding complex learning with advanced learning technologies (e.g., hypermedia) lies in our ability to comprehend the temporal deployment of students’ cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, and affective processes. Our chapter will focus on critically analyzing the use of mixed-method approaches to analyze the complex nature of self-regulated learning (SRL) during hypermedia learning. We will use examples from our own research (e.g., Azevedo 2008, Recent innovations in educational technology that facilitate student learning (pp. 127–156); Azevedo & Witherspoon, in press, Handbook of metacognition in education) and that of others (e.g., Biswas et al., 2005; Schwartz et al., in press; Winne & Nesbitt, in press, Handbook of metacognition in education) to present and discuss the strengths and weaknesses in using mixed methods to capture, model, trace, and infer the unfolding SRL processes during learning with nonlinear, multirepresentational computerized environments. The chapter will focus on the methods, and quantitative and qualitative analyses used to converge product data (e.g., learning outcomes), process data (e.g., think-aloud data), and log-file data collected during learning, develop coding schemes to categorize and infer the deployment of SRL processes, and the use of computational tools to examine learners’ behaviors and navigation paths. Lastly, we will present a theoretical model that integrates the various topics presented in this chapter that will guide future research and educational practices for fostering students’ SRL with hypermedia environments.
Finite Element Models for Computing Seismic Induced Soil Pressures on Deeply Embedded NPP Structures

This paper discusses computations of seismic induced soil pressures using finite element (FE) models for deeply embedded and/or buried (DEB) stiff structures, such as those appearing in the conceptual designs of structures for advanced reactors. For DEB structures, the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect is expected to have a strong influence on the estimate of the seismic induced soil pressures, especially for stiff structures embedded in soft soil strata. In this paper, two FE models are developed using the SASSI and LS-DYNA computer programs, representing respectively the substructure subtracting method and explicit FE algorithm. SASSI utilizes the wave propagation theory and the principle of superposition to treat the SSI phenomenon. In the LS-DYNA analysis, an attempt is made to apply the direct approach to the SSI effect, which treats the near field soil with an explicit FE mesh that is connected to a transmitting boundary to approximate wave propagation in the half-space. The structural model used for the study is derived from the characteristics of a conceptual design for an advanced reactor. The structure is founded in a soft soil overburden underlain by a rock and the input seismic motion is specified at rock outcrop and has a zero period acceleration (ZPA) equal to 0.3 g, typical of review level earthquakes for nuclear power plant structures in the Central and Eastern United States. Various depths of burial (DOB) for the structure are considered in the analysis to afford an assessment of the DOB effect on the seismic induced soil pressure estimates determined by these methods. Comparisons and discussions of the analysis results computed by the two approaches are provided.© 2006 ASME
Leadership Succession Planning: Implications for Nonprofit Human Service Organizations

Informed by the existing literature on executive exit in the for-profit, public, and nonprofit sectors, this analysis identifies the key elements of succession planning with implications for nonprofit human service organizations. It focuses on self-leadership, executive-board relations, and comprehensive succession management, and concludes with the importance of aligning succession-based efforts and strategic planning.
Foundations and frontiers in visual analytics

This introduction and future vision section for this special issue of the Journal of Information Visualization hopes to set the stage for an emerging worldwide effort to advance the state of the science of visual analytics. We present some of the driving needs followed by some foundational principals and methods for advancing this science through partnerships among national laboratories, academia, industry, and the international science community. We will present a selection of the many success stories the science, engineering, and industrial communities have of taking core science research to end users in the field during these early years. Next, we will present some thoughts on the future vision. Finally, we will introduce the 8 papers in this special issue, each one addressing part of that vision.
Structural Studies on Phenylalanine Hydroxylase and Implications Toward Understanding and Treating Phenylketonuria

Mutations in the gene encoding for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) result in phenylketonuria (PKU) or hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). Several 3-dimensional structures of truncated forms of PAH have been determined in our laboratory and by others, using x-ray crystallographic techniques. These structures have allowed for a detailed mapping of the >250 missense mutations known to cause PKU or HPA found throughout the 3 domains of PAH. This structural information has helped formulate rules that might aid in predicting the likely effects of unclassified or newly discovered PAH mutations. Also, with the aid of recent crystal structure determinations of co-factor and substrate analogs bound at the PAH active site, the recently discovered tetrahydrobiopterin-responsive PKU/HPA genotypes can be mapped onto the PAH structure, providing a molecular basis for this tetrahydrobiopterin response.
Positive climate feedbacks of soil microbial communities in a semi-arid grassland.

Soil microbial communities may be able to rapidly respond to changing environments in ways that change community structure and functioning, which could affect climate–carbon feedbacks. However, detecting microbial feedbacks to elevated CO2 (eCO2) or warming is hampered by concurrent changes in substrate availability and plant responses. Whether microbial communities can persistently feed back to climate change is still unknown. We overcame this problem by collecting microbial inocula at subfreezing conditions under eCO2 and warming treatments in a semi-arid grassland field experiment. The inoculant was incubated in a sterilised soil medium at constant conditions for 30 days. Microbes from eCO2 exhibited an increased ability to decompose soil organic matter (SOM) compared with those from ambient CO2 plots, and microbes from warmed plots exhibited increased thermal sensitivity for respiration. Microbes from the combined eCO2 and warming plots had consistently enhanced microbial decomposition activity and thermal sensitivity. These persistent positive feedbacks of soil microbial communities to eCO2 and warming may therefore stimulate soil C loss.
ZnO-on-Si mode conversion resonator

A two-port admittance matrix model is presented to describe the operation of the surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) mode conversion resonator. A unique treatment of the transducer coupling is applied to the specific case of the mode conversion device. The model takes into account the simultaneous presence of propagating Rayleigh and Sezawa waves and allows an equivalent circuit to be constructed to describe the resonator behavior. The model makes it possible to determine the reflector array separation and the interdigital transducer placement necessary for resonance and maximum coupling. Finally, experimental results are shown as verification of the device theory. >
A, multishot accumulation x-ray streak camera with subpicosecond temporal resolution

We developed an ultrafast x-ray streak camera with time resolution better than 600 fs in multishot accumulation mode. We demonstrated that the shot-to-shot timing jitter of a streak camera can be significantly reduced by improving a fast-response deflection plates of the streak tube using a fast-risetime ramp pulse generated by a photoconductive switch. The resolution is further improved by restricting the transverse electron angular distribution.
Thermoelectric effect for auto industry

The revolution of auto industry has led to an exponential increase in energy consumption, mainly fossil fuel, which motivated scientists to search for alternative clean, safe and sustainable energy resources. One of the promising energy sources is that produced as a byproduct from operating vehicles. This thermal energy can be harvested and reused as a viable secure source of electricity by utilizing thermoelectric (TE) devices. The TE solid state devices are designed using two dissimilar materials, p- and n-type semiconductors, connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel [1]. They can be designed to convert thermal energy from a temperature gradient into electrical energy (Seebeck effect), where carriers diffuse from the hot to the cold side creating a voltage drop and a current flow. Semiconductor materials potentially produce superior thermoelectric devices due to their higher ratio of electrical to thermal conductivity as compared to metals since the latter possess low Seebeck coefficie...
Eight new species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from around the world, with discussion of two new senior synonyms

Eight new species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae are described: Scissurella kaiserae new species from the Panamic; Scissurella lorenzi new species from the Indo-Malayan archipelago; Scissurella maraisorum new species from South Africa; Sinezona garciai new species from the Caribbean; Sinezona globosa new species from the tropical Western Pacific; Sinezona macleani new species from the Philippines; Sinezona singeri new species from the Red Sea; and Anatoma jansenae new species from southern Australia. Radulae of Scissurella kaiserae and Sinezona singeri are illustrated. Anatoma munieri (Fischer, Oct. 1862) is identified as a senior synonym of Anatoma turbinata (A. Adams, Nov. 1862), and Sukashitrochus morleti (Crosse, 1880) is shown to be a senior synonym of Sukashitrochus indonesicus Bandel, 1998, and Sukashitrochus simplex Bandel, 1998. These synonymies are based on examination of type material in the Museum Nationale dHistoire Naturelle, Paris; scanning electron microscope images of the types are provided, and lectotypes are here selected.
Mast Cell Activation and Secretion

In 1877 Ehrlich [17] first described the mast cell as a tissue-fixed cell containing many granules which exhibited characteristic metachromasia with certain basic dyes such as toluidine blue. Forty-two years later Prausnitz and Kustner [73] reported the presence of reaginic antibody in the serum of allergic patients. The connection between these fundamental observations was made 45 years later when IgE was identified as the reaginic immunoglobulin [32, 34] mediating antigen-induced [35] noncytotoxic secretion of primary and secondary mediators of allergic tissue responses from mast cells [3]. It is the purpose of this review to summarize the cellular events leading to exocytosis of mast cell granules containing preformed mediators and the generation of secondary mediators.
[InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.]CML: A Prescription for Safely Relaxing Synchrony

A functional programming discipline, combined with abstractions like Concurrent ML (CML)'s first-class synchronous events, offers an attractive programming model for concurrency. In high-latency distributed environments, like the cloud, however, the high communication latencies incurred by synchronous communication can compromise performance. While switching to an explicitly asynchronous communication model may reclaim some of these costs, program structure and understanding also becomes more complex. To ease the challenge of migrating concurrent applications to distributed cloud environments, we have built an extension of the MultiMLton compiler and runtime that implements CML communication asynchronously, but guarantees that the resulting execution is faithful to the synchronous semantics of CML. We formalize the conditions under which this equivalence holds, and present an implementation that builds a decentralized dependence graph whose structure can be used to check the integrity of an execution with respect to this equivalence. We integrate a notion of speculation to allow ill-formed executions to be rolled-back and re-executed, replacing offending asynchronous actions with safe synchronous ones. Several realistic case studies deployed on the Amazon EC2 cloud infrastructure demonstrate the utility of our approach.
Evaluating Furrow and Corrugation Irrigation

Many farm irrigation systems are poorly adapted to soils and topography; wasteful use of water and irreparable land damage from soil erosion; principles of furrow and corrugation irrigation, and simplified procedure for making tentative or preliminary evaluations are presented.
Speech mapping using depth electrodes: The "electric Wada".

Abstract Objectives The Wada test is the gold standard for identification of the side of speech dominance but is associated with risk of angiography and requires patient cooperation. We report a method to verify speech laterality using implanted electrodes in patients undergoing stereo-encephalography (SEEG). Patients and methods Four pediatric patients with frontal lobe drug-resistant epilepsy underwent implantation of multiple SEEG electrodes using framed stereotaxy to identify the epileptogenic zone, including electrodes placed bilaterally into the pars opercularis of each inferior frontal gyrus from a superior parasagittal entry point. Biphasic stimulation at 50 Hz, 0.3 ms pulse width, up to 10 mA was administered to distal contacts during a reading task. Results Speech arrest upon stimulation was obtained when stimulating distal contacts in the inferior frontal gyrus on one side with no effect on the contralateral side, establishing language laterality in every patient. This information was used to plan subsequent surgical treatment. There were no adverse events of implantation or stimulation. Conclusions Brain mapping using SEEG electrodes is feasible and can be used to lateralize speech dominance. In cases of frontal lobe epilepsy in which electrodes will be implanted bilaterally for recording of ictal activity, this technique may make the Wada test unnecessary.
THE ROLE OF MYELOID DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS (MDSCS) IN TUMOR-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN HUMAN AND MURINE GLIOMAS

BACKGROUND: (blind field) METHODS: To further study the biology of MDSCs in GBM, we have evaluated two preclinical models of GBM (RCAS tVA, GL261 orthografts) and observed a similar magnitude of glioma-induced elevation of circulating MDSCs as we observed in GBM patients. RESULTS: With use of immunofluorescent, antibody-based cellular labeling techniques, we have identified MDSCs within primary human and murine glioma tumor samples, and started to identify the niche to which MDSCs hone within these tumors. Further, we have observed an immunosuppressive phenotype marked by staining of MDSCs for arginase I, a known mediator capable of reducing cytotoxic T cell suppressor function. We also have observed co-localization between MDSCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in both human tissues and mouse models, leading to the hypothesis that CSCs recruit MDSCs to the tumor microenvironment, promote their survival, and that MDSCs are at least in part responsible for the immune-evasive properties of CSCs. Growth of gliomas in mice has been associated with expansion of the arginase-producing subset of MDSCs within bone marrow, and increased levels of arginase-secreting MDSCs within the glioma microenvironment. In vitro studies with isolated murine MDSCs have demonstrated that CSC conditioned media promotes decreased apoptosis and increased arginase production by these cells. Finally, treatment of glioma-bearing mice with sunitinib, a signal transduction inhibitor that has established anti-MDSC properties, resulted in a reduction in circulating and tumor-infiltrating MDSCs, increased T cell infiltration, and prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest a critical role by which gliomas are able to promote immunosuppression through the recruitment of MDSCs via CSCs into tumors and subsequent interaction of recruited MDSCs with tumor-infiltrating T cells. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
The inequality of residents' health status and its trend in china——basic on self-rated Health data of CHNS 2006

We continued Zhao Zhong's work,basic on the data of Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey in 2006,used Allison and Foster(2004)concept frame,described residents health status and the distribution in different areas,sex and rural urban areas,at the same time through a comparative analysis between 2000 and 2006 data,finded out the trend of health status of our country's residents in 2000-2006.
Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish

This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the breakdown of vowel harmony in the West Rumelian Turkish dialect spoken in Ohrid, Macedonia, in which harmony no longer exists as a productive process. Disharmony and variable allomorphy are shown to characterize all levels of the lexicon to a degree that cannot be explained as the cumulative result of known sound changes and the introduction of disharmonic loanwords. However, it is also shown that statistically significant vowel harmony is observable in the lexicon on the level of bisyllabic sequences. On the basis of this evidence, it is argued that vowel harmony breakdown in Ohrid Turkish is the result of grammatical interference from Macedonian and Albanian.
Cognitive event-related potentials in populations at risk for substance abuse.

Cognitive information processing alterations are observed in populations at risk for drug abuse and in patients whose psychiatric disorders are often comorbid with drug abuse and dependence. A common early information processing deficit in these at-risk populations is hypothesized. The hypo-thesis is that the severity of this deficit or changes in this deficit produced by stimulants will be related to the individual's specific vulnerability to drug abuse and will predict subsequent substance abuse.
Neonatal hypocalcemia and related conditions.

Electrolyte abnormalities in the neonate, such as hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and alkalosis, can predispose to neuromuscular irritability. The pathophysiology of these disorders and techniques for measuring serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are discussed.
The Connection Between Sleep Loss, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes

In this review, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that reduced sleep duration may be part of the behavioral modifications that played a role in the development of the current epidemic of obesity and diabetes. An important consideration when trying to explain the epidemiologic link between sleep loss and metabolic risk is that it is not clear whether the physiological effects of sleep restriction observed under laboratory conditions over a period of a few days can be translated to chronic sleep restriction as it occurs in free-living individuals. Also, when comparing different laboratory studies of sleep restriction, differences in the “dose” of sleep loss relative to the physiological need of the individual are often ignored. While the body of evidence suggestive of an interaction between sleep loss and the epidemics of obesity and diabetes continues to build at a rapid pace, much remains to be discovered as far as mechanisms and the transition from short-term laboratory conditions to chronic partial sleep deprivation in real life. Intervention studies extending sleep in habitual short sleepers and examining the impact on metabolic outcomes are needed to further address the direction of causality of the association between insufficient sleep, obesity, and diabetes and the potential clinical implications.
Anger and Violent Behavior

Violence has produced an endless chronology of human suffering. Throughout history, society has witnessed a seemingly endless array of wars, assassinations, murders, rapes, acts of terrorism, and forms of domestic violence. On a national scale, there is a growing awareness that aggression is a problem of epidemic proportions. Research on domestic violence, for example, has indicated that approximately 3.3 million American wives and over a quarter of a million husbands receive severe beatings from their spouses (Steinmetz, 1977). Other studies have shown that 1.5 million children are abused each year (Fontana, 1973), and 2,000 die annually as a result of injuries inflicted by their parents (Kempe, 1976). Moreover, national surveys have indicated that one out of every four women will be raped sometime during their lives (Russell & Miller, 1979). Cumulatively, these findings leave little doubt that violence is currently one of the most pervasive problems existent in contemporary society.
A Critique of Economic Theory

(1974). A Critique of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 949-951.
Capturing Entropic Contributions to Temperature-Mediated Polymorphic Transformations Through Molecular Modeling

Solid materials with multiple observable phases can restructure in response to a change in temperature, fundamentally altering the materials’ properties. This temperature-mediated solid transformation occurs primarily because of a difference in entropy between the two crystal forms. In this study, we examine for the first time the ability of classical point-charge molecular dynamics simulations to compute entropy and enthalpy differences between solid forms of a range of organic molecules and ultimately predict temperature-mediated restructuring events. Twelve polymorphic organic small molecule systems with known temperature-mediated transformations were modeled with the point-charge OPLS-AA potential. Relative entropies and free energies between different solid forms were estimated by computing the stability as a function of temperature from 0 K up to ambient conditions using molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations correctly found the experimental high temperature solid form to have an entropy ...
Inflammation in Epileptic Encephalopathies

West syndrome (WS) is an infantile epileptic encephalopathy that manifests with infantile spasms (IS), hypsarrhythmia (in ~60% of infants), and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The etiologies of WS can be structural-metabolic pathologies (~60%), genetic (12%-15%), or of unknown origin. The current treatment options include hormonal treatment (adrenocorticotropic hormone and high-dose steroids) and the GABA aminotransferase inhibitor vigabatrin, while ketogenic diet can be given as add-on treatment in refractory IS. There is a need to identify new therapeutic targets and more effective treatments for WS. Theories about the role of inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis and treatment of WS have emerged, being supported by both clinical and preclinical data from animal models of WS. Ongoing advances in genetics have revealed numerous genes involved in the pathogenesis of WS, including genes directly or indirectly involved in inflammation. Inflammatory pathways also interact with other signaling pathways implicated in WS, such as the neuroendocrine pathway. Furthermore, seizures may also activate proinflammatory pathways raising the possibility that inflammation can be a consequence of seizures and epileptogenic processes. With this targeted review, we plan to discuss the evidence pro and against the following key questions. Does activation of inflammatory pathways in the brain cause epilepsy in WS and does it contribute to the associated comorbidities and progression? Can activation of certain inflammatory pathways be a compensatory or protective event? Are there interactions between inflammation and the neuroendocrine system that contribute to the pathogenesis of WS? Does activation of brain inflammatory signaling pathways contribute to the transition of WS to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome? Are there any lead candidates or unexplored targets for future therapy development for WS targeting inflammation?
Contemporary Policies Regarding Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Liver Transplant Programs in the United States.

BackgroundAlcoholic liver disease is a common indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although OLT has been shown to confer survival benefit to patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH), historically most programs require a 6-month abstinence period before OLT which excludes patie
Segmented socioeconomic adaptation of New Eastern European professionals in the United States.

This study examines the socioeconomic adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European professionals in the United States. The data were obtained from the pooled 2006–2010 American Community Surveys. The analysis includes recent immigrants between ages of 25–65 who have at least an associate’s degree. Skilled immigrants in professional or managerial occupations are compared with non-professionals or managers to examine and compare socioeconomic outcomes. The findings presented in this study support the segmented assimilation theory and reveal cross-group and cross-country disparities in socioeconomic adaptation. Despite the high amount of human capital, Eastern European skilled immigrants tend to have a lower share of professionals and managers than other groups. Their average income is lower than the income of some other groups in the analysis, especially immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, suggesting these immigrants experience difficulties in transferring human capital. Among the three largest Eastern European groups – Russia, Ukraine, and Poland – there is a clear hierarchy in socioeconomic status with Russian professionals having the highest educational attainment and income, followed by immigrants from Ukraine and Poland. Results also revealed gender differences in socioeconomic adaptation. Women from Eastern Europe are highly professional, but they tend to be concentrated in different occupations than men, leading to a significant gender-wage gap. The effect of selected individual and country-level characteristics on skilled immigrants’ socioeconomic adaptation is discussed.
Essay #10: A New Counter-Example to Modus Ponens

The primary purpose of this paper is as follows: It has been understood since Aristotle that the assessment of the truth and falsity of sentences, thoughts or propositions often require consideration of the context of an utterance in order to determine the truth or falsity of that utterance. This essay proposes to show that the context of an argument can also influence the evaluation of an argument as valid or invalid. Obviously Modus Ponens is a valid argument form. Yet in certain contexts, specifically in contexts of self-reference, we seem to encounter an invalid instance of Modus Ponens. This essay explores the intellectual cost of avoiding such a counter-example. One of the main conclusions of this essay is that the primary intellectual cost of preserving the validity of Modus Ponens is that we must rethink some of our intuitions concerning premises involving self-reference and also (possibly) concerning the traditional definition of what it is to be a tautology.
The examination of conditioned entities and the examination of reality

L'A. introduit brievement les idees du chapitre XIII du Prajnānāma Mūlamadhyamakakārikā de Nāgārjuna (vers 200), du commentaire Prajnāpradīpa de Bhāvaviveka (vers 500-570) et du Prasannapadā de Candrakīrti (vers 600-650). Il presente des traductions des chapitres des commentaires de Candrakīrti et Bhāvaviveka. A travers ces ouvrages, l'A. analyse un aspect de la philosophie bouddhiste: les entites conditionnees et la realite