cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reemerging recreational use patterns on an undeveloped barrier island following the impact of hurricanes: a North Carolina case study.

During the summer of 1996, two hurricanes struck the southeastern coast of North Carolina. The overall effect of both hurricanes was a dramatic change in the physical structure of the Masonboro Island National Estuarine Research Reserve landscape. As such, the researchers believed the storm-altered physical features on Masonboro Island would result in the emergence of new/different recreational use patterns based on visitors' desire for solitude or space from other recreators and preference for specific natural beach resources. However, the results of this study indicated that neither solitude nor attraction to natural features was a determining factor in reemerging posthurricane recreational use patterns. Instead, reemerging recreational use zones were more directly tied with ease of access onto the island.
Effects of whole-lake base addition on thermal stratification in three acidic Adirondack lakes

The effects of whole-lake base addition on the thermal characteristics of three acidic Adirondack lakes were investigated. Data describing patterns of thermal stratification were collected during the ice-free period from three limed lakes and from a nearby reference lake. Pre- and post-treatment data were analyzed to test the hypothesis that increases in light attenuation associated with reductions in lakewater acidity would significantly affect thermal stratification. Light penetration was significantly reduced throughout the post-treatment period. At the two shallow lakes (Cranberry Pond and Woods Lake), increases in light attenuation were accompanied by a decrease in hypolimnetic heating rates. Reductions in heat flux to deeper layers resulted in stronger temperature gradients within the water column and greater thermal stability. Woods Lake was maintained at a circumneutral pH for 4 yr. Throughout this period, hypolimnetic heating rates were lower, thermocline depth was shallower and thermal stability was higher relative to pre-treatment conditions. Stronger thermal stratification, coupled with increased phytoplankton production, resulted in a significant increase in hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. The reacidification of Cranberry Pond was followed by a gradual decrease in light attenuation. Decreases in light attenuation were accompanied by higher rates of heat flux to deeper layers and reductions in the thermal stability of the water column. Within 3 yr following liming, light attenuation, hypolimnetic heating rates and thermal stability in Cranberry Pond were comparable to values measured before treatment.
Hydrogen sulfide adducts of methyltrans,trans‐ 9,11‐octadecadienoate

Hydrogen sulfide was added to methyltrans, trans- 9,11-octadecadienoate in benzene solution at 25 C with ultraviolet radiation. GC-MS and GLC analysis of the reaction product showed the presence of methyl oleate, methyl stearate, geometric isomers of methyl 9,11-octadecadienoate, methyl 9,12-epoxy-octadeca-9, 11-dienoate, an unknown compound with an apparent molecular weight of 306, methyl 8-(2′,5′-hexylthienyl) octanoate, an unidentified sul-fur ] containing C18 ester with an apparent molecular weight of 326, methyl 9,12-epithiostearate, an adduct of methyltrans,trans- 9,11-octadecadienoate and ben-zene [bicyclo (4.4.0)-deca-2,5,7-triene-l-(Ω-carboxy-methyl heptyl)-4 hexyl] and a probable mixture of methyl 9,11-epidithiostearate, methyl 9,12-epidithio-stearate, and methyl 10,12-epidithiostearate.
A new technique for the derivation of closed-form electromagnetic Green's functions for unbounded planar layered media

A closed-form electromagnetic Green's function for unbounded, planar, layered media is derived in terms of a finite sum of Hankel functions. The derivation is based on the direct inverse Hankel transform of a pole-residue representation of the spectral-domain form of the Green's function. Such a pole-residue form is obtained through the solution of the spectral-domain form of the governing Green's function equation numerically, through a finite-difference approximation, rather than analytically. The proposed methodology can handle any number of layers, including the general case where the planar media exhibit arbitrary variation in their electrical properties in the vertical direction. The numerical implementation of the proposed methodology is straightforward and robust, and does not require any preprocessing of the spectrum of the Green's function for the extraction of surface-wave poles or its quasi-static part. The number of terms in the derived closed-form expression is chosen adaptively with the distance between source and observation point as parameter. The development of the closed-form Green's function is presented for both vertical and horizontal dipoles. Its accuracy is verified through a series of numerical examples and comparisons with results from other established methods.
Steuerung der elektronischen Struktur organischer Leiter am Beispiel von [NMP][TCNQ]-Charge-Transfer-Komplexen

Der Austausch von Kationen gegen Neutralmolekule ahnlicher Form und Polarisierbarkeit in einem hochleitfahigen („metallischen”) organischen Charge-Transfer-Komplex ermoglicht die gezielte Einstellung von dessen elektronischer Struktur vom viertel- zum halbgefullten Band. Verwirklicht wurde dieses Konzept in idealer Weise am N-Methylphenazinium(NMP)-Salz des Tetracyanchinodimethan(TCNQ)-Anions; bei diesem Salz last sich das Kation partiell gegen Phenazin austauschen. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung der optischen, elektrischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften der so erhaltenen leitfahigen molekularen Festkorper fuhrte zu einem besseren Verstandnis der Physik eindimensionaler organischer Leiter und zur Neuinterpretation des Mechanismus des Elektrontransports in diesen Festkorpern. Es wurden Phanomene wie der Ubergang von einem „Zwei-Ketten-Leiter” mit niedriger Coulomb-Abstosung zum „Ein-Ketten-Leiter” mit hoher Coulomb-Abstosung und ein durch Solitonen unterstutzter Elektronentransport beobachtet.
Fatty acylation enhances cellular localization of dansylated phenylalanines

Two series of fluorescent molecules were synthesized by acylation of dansyl ethylenediamine and phenylalanine dansyl ethylenediamine with one of either acetyl (C2), hexanyl (C6), cyclohexanecarbonyl (C7), myristyl (C14), or palmityl (C16) groups and examined for entry and localization in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in tissue culture. Gross total fluorescence retention and cellular microscopic fluorescence patterns were analyzed. In both series, molecules with myristyl or palmityl groups entered cells. Only in the phenylalanine series did hexyl and cyclohexanecarbonyl modification enable entry. Consistent with a mechanism of passive diffusion, entry of compounds into cells was neither energy dependent nor endocytosis linked. Acylated molecules were observed to localize in cytoplasm and not enter nuclei or associate with lipophilic plasma membranes.
Verbindungen mit Alkalimetall‐Anionen

Anionen der Alkalimetalle Natrium, Kalium, Rubidium und Casium sind in geeigneten Losungsmitteln stabil und bilden mit komplexierten Kationen bestandige kristalline Feststoffe, die sich durch Abkuhlen gesattigter Losungen sowie durch rasches Eindampfen von Losungen erhalten lassen. Wie thermodynamische Daten zeigen, konnen Alkalimetall-Anionen wahrscheinlich in allen gesattigten Alkalimetall-Losungen existieren; in verdunnten Losungen polarer Solventien wie Ammoniak ist dagegen die Dissoziation in das Kation und solvatisierte Elektronen begunstigt. Der Schlussel zur Bildung losungsmittelfreier Salze mit Alkalimetall-Anionen durfte die Stabilisierung des Kations durch Komplexbildung mit Kronenethern oder Cryptanden sein. Moglicherweise konnen dadurch auch „Elektrid”-Salze erzeugt werden, in denen die Ladung des komplexierten Kations durch ein eingefangenes Elektron ausgeglichen wird. Die chemischen, elektrischen und optischen Eigenschaften von Elektrid-Salzen und Salzen mit Alkalimetall-Anionen konnten nutzliche Anwendungen ermoglichen.
A Physiological Level of Ascorbate Inhibits Galactose Cataract in Guinea Pigs by Decreasing Polyol Accumulation in the Lens Epithelium: a Dehydroascorbate-linked Mechanism

It was reported previously that dietary ascorbate (ASC) delays the development of galactose-induced cataract in guinea pigs compared to the rate which is observed in ASC-deficient animals. Experiments were conducted to explore the possible mechanism of this phenomenon. Guinea pigs were fed for a period of up to 4 weeks either a normal diet (1 g ASC/kg diet) or a scorbutic diet (< 0.04 g ASC/kg diet) combined with 10% galactose in the drinking water. After 2 weeks, levels of ASC in animals on the scorbutic diet decreased by 95% in the aqueous humor and by 78% in the lens. Slit lamp examination showed that galactose-induced vacuoles in the lens equator formed at a significantly faster rate in the scorbutic animals. However, examination of biochemical parameters in whole lenses of the two groups of animals after 2 weeks showed no significant differences with regard to accumulation of galactose and galactitol, decreases in the levels of myoinositol, taurine and GSH or changes in cation concentrations. In order to examine possible regional changes in the lenses, various parameters were studied in the lens capsule-epithelium. On day 4, the capsule epithelia of scorbutic animals on a galactose diet had a content of galactitol two-and-a-half times higher than that of normal galactose-fed animals. Scorbutic conditions also intensified the loss of Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity in the lens capsule-epithelium caused by galactose feeding. Oxidized glutathione was not detectable in the lens capsule epithelia of any of the animals studied. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity was elevated in lenses of normal galactose-fed animals during the first hour of culture after death whereas lenses of scorbutic galactose-fed animals were not. Consistent with the in vivo findings, galactitol accumulation in dog lens epithelial cells exposed to 30 mM galactose was significantly inhibited by the presence of either ASC or dehydroascorbate (DHA) in the medium. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the cells was stimulated to two-and-a-half times its initial level by either 1 mM DHA or 30 mM galactose and slightly more than three-fold by a combination of the two challenges. The results suggest that decreased polyol accumulation in the lens epithelium of the normal galactose-fed guinea pig, which has a high level of ASC in the aqueous humor, accounts for the delay in onset of cataract compared to that for the ASC-deficient animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from erythema multiforme

The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) consists of M avium and M intracellulare, which are closely related organisms that cannot be differentiated by standard laboratory methods.1 These microorganisms are ubiquitous saprophytes that are commonly found in tap water, soil, dairy products, animals, and house dust.2-4 In patients with AIDS, MAC is the most common cause of bacteremia. Both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts serve as portals of entry for systemic infection.2 Skin involvement secondary to disseminated disease is uncommon, and primary skin infection is rare.5,6
Mental Health of HIV-Seropositive Women During Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: A Comprehensive Literature Review

With growing numbers of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) women of child-bearing age and increased access to effective clinical protocols for preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, mental health-related factors have become increasingly relevant due to their potential to affect the women’s quality of life, obstetric outcomes and risk of MTCT. This review synthesizes evidence from 53 peer-reviewed publications examining mental health-related variables in pregnant and postpartum HIV+ women. The presentation of results is organized by the level of socioeconomic resources in the countries where studies were conducted (i.e., high-, middle-, and low-income countries). It is concluded that psychiatric symptoms, particularly depression, and mental health vulnerabilities (e.g., inadequate coping skills) are widespread among pregnant HIV+ women globally and have a potential to affect psychological well-being, quality of life and salient clinical outcomes. The current body of evidence provides rationale for developing and evaluating clinical and structural interventions aimed at improving mental health outcomes and their clinical correlates in pregnant HIV+ women.
Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Improvement Project Evaluation Demonstrates the Importance of Using Multiple Measures to Track Progress Toward Timeliness Goals

Using data from an improvement collaborative, we examined whether facility-specific conclusions regarding the success of efforts to improve timely access could vary depending on the type of measure used. The sample was drawn from 21 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical facilities participating in a collaborative on timely diagnostic evaluation following positive fecal occult blood tests (FOBT+). We identified FOBT+ cases from participating facilities between September 2004 and August 2005 (precollaborative), and September 2006-August 2007 (postcollaborative). Dates of FOBT+ results, colonoscopy, and death were extracted from VHA medical records. We estimated the cumulative proportion receiving colonoscopy within 2 months of the FOBT+ (target measure established by collaborative), and compared facility-specific results regarding improvement on this measure to results from measures of the cumulative proportion receiving colonoscopy within 12 months, and average time-to-colonoscopy. In 12 facilities (57%), all measures suggested consistent results regarding pre-post collaborative changes in colonoscopy rates. In four facilities (19%), the target measure suggested less favorable change, and in five (24%), more favorable change than one or both other measures. Because conclusions drawn about the success of QI efforts can vary by the measure used, multiple measures should be employed to track progress toward timeliness goals.
Stability robustness of uncertain LQG/LTR systems

The stability robustness of uncertain systems designed using full and partial loop transfer recovery (LTR) is considered. A simple example illustrates that applying asymptotic LTR irrespectively of parameter uncertainty can lead to poor robustness properties. The example demonstrates the use of partial recovery to improve stability robustness while maintaining adequate estimator performance. >
Abnormal Water Balance in a Mutant Strain of Chickens

Polydipsia and polyuria are pronounced in chickens of a selected strain and this diabetes insipidus is inherited. The kidneys of such birds are capable of an antidiuretic response when lysine vasopressin or arginine vasotocin is injected. Osmotic pressure and sodium concentration of the plasmas of normal and mutant chickens are identical. Chicks predicted to have diabetes insipidus on the basis of parental pedigree are polydipsic.
Teaching meditation to medical students

Given the secular and scientific atmosphere of most current American medical practice, the current high degree of interest in meditative techniques among laymen1 has been met with a mixture of surprise and hostility by the medical community. As a result of increasing media exposure, patients have begun to expect that physicians know something about these techniques and about their medical applications. Pressure from patients is supplemented by several careful physiological and clinical studies that have produced noteworthy results.2 Unfortunately, this growth of public interest has not been matched by a similar development in the information level of practicing physicians on the subject. Part of this lag may be attributed to traditional medical conservatism, which probably plays a useful role in protecting patients from ineffective or dangerous health care fads. In addition to the conservatism of physicians, however, certain characteristics of the meditative systems themselves have made it easy for doctors to avoid this subject and to dismiss it when patients raise it. Many meditative techniques originate in cultures that are perceived by some Ameri cans as foreign, "primitive," or both. Physicians also worry about the religious implications of some meditative systems and about "mixing" science and religion. In addition, there is a great deal of variability in technical expertness and professional integrity among different teachers and techniques both here and abroad. In an effort to introduce medical students to meditative techniques while their scientific orientation was most intense and before they had a chance to develop extensive professional "prejudices," I offered an elective course in Meditation and Healing for firstand second-year students at the Temple University School of Medicine. My perspective was that of a full-time academic psychiatrist who had studied several meditative systems and had employed
A history of Todd and his paralysis.

OBJECTIVE To describe the history of Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860) and certain of his contributions to medicine, including his original and subsequent descriptions of "epileptic hemiplegia," which came to be called "Todd's paralysis." METHODS The author conducted a comprehensive review of English-language literature, modern and historical, related to "Todd's paralysis" and examined Todd's original case histories and commentary by Todd, his contemporaries, and his successors. RESULTS Todd held that some patients "who recover from a severe fit, or from frequently repeated fits of epilepsy, are often found to labor under hemiplegia, or other modifications of palsy." He believed that this resulted from "undue exaltation. [resulting in] a state of depression or exhaustion." Interestingly, Todd was the first to present an electrical theory of epilepsy, supported by his own animal experimentation, well before his better-known successor John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911) (famous for his investigations of partial epilepsies and the eponymous "Jacksonian march"). CONCLUSION Many neurologists and investigators followed Todd in acknowledging transient postictal paralysis as a distinct clinical entity. Yet whether the pathophysiology of "Todd's paralysis" is related to "neuronal exhaustion" or excessive inhibition is still controversial.
The Uncertain Bodies and Spaces of Aging in Place

In the United States, “aging in place” has been established as the preferred method of aging. This article examines the work, processes, and tensions involved in aging in place in the southwest US, focusing on the experiences of chronically ill older adults receiving Medicare-reimbursed home health care. Based on an in depth ethnography, it examines the resources and work that go into aging in place amid uncertainty, and highlights how processes related to the integration of person and place are negotiated and contested between older adults, family members, and home health nurses. Drawing on definitions of place from geography, I argue that aging in place should be understood using a processual lens to highlight the ways that health regimes aimed at facilitating aging in place can, at times, reinforce and introduce sense of bodily risk, shift embodiment and daily practice, and require negotiations among household members. I also point to the difficulties people face in maintaining aging in place when supports are lacking and futures uncertain.
STORAGE STABILITY OF RAISINS DRIED BY DIFFERENT PROCEDURES

The storage stability of on-the-vine dried and tunnel dehydrated raisins treated with a spray or dip of a water emulsion of fatty acid esters prior to drying were compared to the traditional sun-dried raisin at 70 and 90° F. The flavor and color stability of samples held at 90° F was relatively short, varying from 8.8–14 wk. At 70°F, storage stability varied from 31-43 wk. This study showed that the color and flavor stability of on-the-vine dried and tunnel dehydrated raisins should be equal or superior to that of the traditional sun-dried raisins. It was also shown that 90° F storage causes rapid flavor and color loss regardless of drying method.
Rippling instabilities in suspended nanoribbons

Morphology mediates the interplay between the structure and electronic transport in atomically thin nanoribbons such as graphene as the relaxation of edge stresses occurs preferentially via out-of-plane deflections. In the case of end-supported suspended nanoribbons that we study here, past experiments and computations have identified a range of equilibrium morphologies, in particular, for graphene flakes, yet a unified understanding of their relative stability remains elusive. Here, we employ atomic-scale simulations and a composite framework based on isotropic elastic plate theory to chart out the morphological stability space of suspended nanoribbons with respect to intrinsic (ribbon elasticity) and engineered (ribbon geometry) parameters, and the combination of edge and body actuation. The computations highlight a rich morphological shape space that can be naturally classified into two competing shapes, bendinglike and twistlike, depending on the distribution of ripples across the interacting edges. The linearized elastic framework yields exact solutions for these rippled shapes. For compressive edge stresses, the body strain emerges as a key variable that controls their relative stability and in extreme cases stabilizes coexisting transverse ripples. Tensile edge stresses lead to dimples within the ribbon core that decay into the edges, a feature of obvious significance for stretchable nanoelectronics. The interplay between geometry and mechanics that we report should serve as a key input for quantifying the transport along these ribbons.
The portable common runtime approach to interoperability

Operating system abstractions do not always reach high enough for direct use by a language or applications designer. The gap is filled by language-specific runtime environments, which become more complex for richer languages (CommonLisp needs more than C+ +, which needs more than C). But language-specific environments inhibit integrated multi-lingual programming, and also make porting hard (for instance, because of operating system dependencies). To help solve these problems, we have built the Portable Common Runtime (PCR), a language-independent and operating-system-independent base for modern languages. PCR offers four interrelated facilities: storage management (including universal garbage collection), symbol binding (including static and dynamic linking and loading), threads (lightweight processes), and low-level I/O (including network sockets). PCR is “common” because these facilities simultaneously support programs in several languages. PCR supports C. Cedar, Scheme, and CommonLisp intercalling and runs pre-existing C and CommonLisp (Kyoto) binaries. PCR is “portable” because it uses only a small set of operating system features. The PCR source code is available for use by other researchers and developers.
Estimating the potential effects of sudden oak death on oak-dependent birds

Abstract Sudden oak death (SOD), a disease induced by the fungus-like pathogen Phytophthora ramorum , threatens to seriously reduce or eliminate several oak species endemic to the west coast of North America. We investigated how the disappearance of one of these species, coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ), may affect populations of five resident oak-affiliated California birds – acorn woodpecker ( Melanerpes formicivorus ), Nuttall’s woodpecker ( Picoides nuttallii ), Hutton’s vireo ( Vireo huttoni ), western scrub-jay ( Aphelocoma californica ), and oak titmouse ( Baeolophus inornatus ) – using geocoded data from Audubon Christmas Bird Counts, North American Breeding Bird Surveys, and the California Gap Analysis. Capitalizing on observed relationships between the focal bird species and both oak species diversity and areal extent, we modeled relative bird abundance while assuming complete loss of Q. agrifolia and complete, partial, or no loss of oak habitat following a disease sweep. Post-SOD projections of bird populations occurring within the range of coast live oak were on average 25–68% smaller and 13–49% more variable relative to pre-SOD estimates. SOD effects were greatest for habitats with low initial oak species diversity. Climatic SOD models predicted that the disease stands to negatively impact populations of all five focal bird species throughout 20% of California’s coast live oak habitats. This study provides the first spatially explicit insights into the potential effects of SOD on avian distribution and abundance. Results may be used to help prioritize conservation plans aimed at minimizing overall community level disturbances resulting from the disease.
Effect of epidermal growth factor on small intestinal sodium/glucose cotransporter-1 expression in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth retardation.

Abstract Introduction Intrauterine growth–retarded (IUGR) infants have impaired gastrointestinal function with feeding difficulties and predisposition to necrotizing enterocolitis. The rabbit provides a model of IUGR based on uterine position. Sodium/glucose cotransporter–1 (SGLT-1) is a membrane protein responsible for carbohydrate transport across the intestinal brush border membrane. Previous studies demonstrate increases in small intestinal (SI) nutrient uptake in response to amniotic fluid supplementation with epidermal growth factor (EGF). To determine whether SGLT-1 expression plays a role in the intestinal response to EGF supplementation, this IUGR rabbit model was evaluated. Methods Eight pregnant rabbits underwent placement of intraamniotic catheters into 2 normal (Nl) and 2 IUGR fetuses per mother on gestational day 24. Mini-osmotic pumps infused either EGF (300 μ g/kg per day) or control solution forming 4 study groups (EGF-Nl vs Cont-Nl; EGF-IUGR vs Cont-IUGR). On gestational day 31, the fetal SI was harvested. Sodium/glucose cotransporter–1/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA (mRNA) densitometric band ratios were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry SGLT-1 staining was performed on middle SI. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance. Results Sodium/glucose cotransporter–1 was expressed in the gastrointestinal tract throughout the last one third of gestation. There were no native differences in SGLT-1 mRNA expression between Nl and IUGR fetuses at term. Epidermal growth factor infusion did not significantly affect SI SGLT-1 mRNA expression in either Nl or IUGR fetuses vs controls (EGF-Nl = 1.94 vs Cont-Nl = 1.94, P = .98; EGF-IUGR = 1.77 vs Cont-IUGR = 1.85, P = .74). Immunohistochemistry revealed increased SGLT-1 SI protein expression in infused IUGR fetuses. Conclusions Increases in previously documented up-regulation in SI nutrient transport after EGF infusion are independent of SGLT-1 mRNA expression. Further studies are warranted investigating SGLT-1 protein expression, localization, and functional kinetics in response to amniotic fluid supplementation with EGF.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Isolates (1996–2012)

Background Few studies report the minimum inhibitory concentrations for antimicrobials against equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate trends in the in vitro activities of 20 antimicrobials against equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from 1996 to 2012 and to determine if a relationship exists between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and location of the abscess. Animals Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from 196 horses with naturally occurring disease. Methods Retrospective and cross-sectional design. Medical records were reviewed to obtain clinical and MIC data. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by the microdilution technique. The MIC results over 3 periods were compared (1996–2001, 2002–2006, 2007–2012). Results The MIC90 values for clinically relevant antimicrobials were as follows: chloramphenicol ≤4 μg/mL, enrofloxacin ≤0.25 μg/mL, gentamicin ≤1 μg/mL, penicillin =0.25 μg/mL, rifampin ≤1 μg/mL, tetracycline ≤2 μg/mL, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) ≤0.5 μg/mL, ceftiofur =2 μg/mL, and doxycycline ≤2 μg/mL. There were no significant changes in MIC results over the study period. There was no relationship between MIC patterns and abscess location. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The MIC50 and MIC90 values of antimicrobials evaluated in this study for equine isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis did not vary over time. Abscess location was not associated with different MIC patterns in cultured isolates. Several commonly used antimicrobials are active in vitro against C. pseudotuberculosis in vitro.
Infanticide and Social Organization in the Redtail Monkey (Ceraopithecus ascanius schmidti) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda

The redtail monkeys of the Kibale Forest, W. Uganda, live in social groups of about 35 members with only one adult ♂. In one of the study groups the harem ♂ was replaced by a new ♂ from outside the group. This ♂-replacement was followed by the new ♂ killing and eating two newborn infants in the group. Infants and young juveniles older than one month were not attacked. Following the infanticide the new ♂ copulated with several adult ♀♀ in the group. 8 months after this ♂ joined the group, 5 other adult and subadult ♂♂ associated with it. This multimale influx was accompanied by frequent and intense aggression among the ♂♂. Comparisons are made with the studies of langurs in India and Ceylon and it is suggested that infanticide following ♂-replacement in the harem affords reproductive advantages to the new ♂. Zusammenfassung Die Weisnasenmeerkatze (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) lebt in Gruppen von etwa 35 Individuen, die jedoch nur ein erwachsenes ♂ enthalten. Die Gruppen verteidigen Reviere. In einer Gruppe hielt das erwachsene ♂ seine Stellung 23 Monate lang, in einer anderen Gruppe gab es viele Wechsel; 4 Monate nach Beobachtungsbeginn wurde das Harems-♂ von einem neuen ♂ verdrangt. Der Neue totete und fras zwei Neugeborene, griff aber Kinder, die uber 1 Monat alt waren, nicht an. Er kopulierte gleich nach der Ubernahme mit erwachsenen ♀♀. Zwei Babies, die etwa 4,5 Monate spater geboren wurden, lies er unbehelligt, ebenso noch speter geborene. 9 Monate speter drangen 5 weitere geschlechtsreife ♀♀ in die Gruppe ein. Es gab viele Kempfe zwischen den ♂♂, aber keine Angriffe auf vorhandene Neugeborene. Falle von Babymord bei verschiedenen Languren-Arten werden vergleichend besprochen.
Increase in bioavailability of aged phenanthrene in soils by competitive displacement with pyrene

Competitive sorption to natural solids among mixtures of organic compounds has been documented in the literature. This study was conducted to determine co-solute competitive effects on the biological and physical availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils after long contact periods (aging). Sterile suspensions of Mount Pleasant silt loam (Mt. Pleasant, NY, USA) and Pahokee peat soils were spiked with phenanthrene and allowed to age for 3 or 123 d before inoculation with a phenanthrene-degrading bacterium in the presence or absence of the nonbiodegradable co-solute pyrene. As expected, mineralization decreased with aging in the samples not amended with pyrene. However, addition of pyrene just prior to inoculation at 123 d significantly mitigated this decrease; that is, the extent of mineralization was greater in the 123-d pyrene-amended samples than in the 123-d nonamended samples. Parallel experiments on sterile soils showed that pyrene increased the physical availability of phenanthrene by competitive displacement of phenanthrene from sorption sites. First, the addition of pyrene increased recovery of 123-d-aged phenanthrene by mild solvent extraction. Second, addition of pyrene (at three concentrations) dramatically reduced the apparent distribution coefficient (K app d ) of several concentrations of 60-, 95-, and 111-d-aged phenanthrene. At the lowest phenanthrene and highest pyrene concentrations, reductions in the K app d of phenanthrene in the peat soil reached 83%. The competitive displacement effect observed in this study adds further support to the dual mode model of sorption to soil organic matter. The displacement of an aged contaminant by a nonaged co-solute might also prove useful in the development of novel remediation strategies.
Luminescence of quantum dots by coupling with nonradiative surface plasmon modes in a scanning tunneling microscope

The electronic coupling between quantum dots (QDs) and surface plasmons (SPs) is investigated by a luminescence spectroscopy based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We show that tunneling luminescence from the dot is excited by coupling with the nonradiative plasmon mode oscillating at the metallic tunneling gap formed during the STM operation. This approach to the SP excitation reveals aspects of the SP-QD coupling not accessible to the more conventional optical excitation of SPs. In the STM, luminescence from the dot is observed when and only when the SP is in resonance with the fundamental transition of the dot. The tunneling luminescence spectrum also suggests that excited SP-QD hybrid states can participate in the excitation of QD luminescence. Not only the SP excitation regulates the QD luminescence but the presence of the dot at the tunneling gap imposes restrictions to the SP that can be excited in the STM, in which the SP cannot exceed the energy of the fundamental transition of the dot. The superior SP-QD coupling observed in the STM is due to the tunneling gap acting as a tunable plasmonic resonator in which the dot is fully immersed.
The Fe(III)-catalyzed functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons by tert-butyl hydroperoxide: Mechanistic studies on the role of dioxygen

Abstract The Fe(III)-catalyzed ketonization of saturated hydrocarbons by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in pyridine-acetic acid or acetonitrile solution follows the reaction pathway alkane → alkyl hydroperoxide → ketone or alcohol. Dioxygen (O2) is the precursor of the oxygen atoms in the alkyl hydroperoxide, the alcohol, and the ketone.
Src: more than the sum of its parts

The Src family of protooncoproteins is required for prc through at least two phases of the cell cycle and for sc cell-type-specific functions. Recent crystal structures of fragments of two representatives reveal a compact am their Src-homology 3 (SH3), SH2 and catalytic domai embodies an unexpected mechanism of regulation. Th. the enzymatic activity of Src is controlled by intramol associations between the SH2 domain and C-tail and SH3 domain and a surprising internal target. The stn highlight a mechanism by which substrates can comp internal sequences for binding to the SH3 and SH2 do thereby stimulating kinase activity. This implies that distinction between upstream activators and downstre will sometimes be ambiguous.
Evaluations of Sexually Active Men and Women Under Divided Attention: A Social Cognitive Approach to the Sexual Double Standard

Past research on the sexual double standard has generally shown that both men and women are evaluated similarly, not differently, for engaging in high levels of sexual activity. However, the settings in which this research has taken place may have allowed participants to devote almost all of their cognitive resources to the task of evaluating sexually active men and women. Devoting one's full attention to person evaluation may lead to individuation instead of stereotyping. This article reports a study designed to test the hypothesis that when attention is divided, people will evaluate men with many partners more favorably than women with many partners. Participants, under conditions of divided or full attention, evaluated male or female target persons with 1, 7, or 19 sexual partners. Participants in the divided attention condition exhibited a sexual double standard, whereas participants in the full attention condition did not.
Magnetometer spacing criterion for biomagnetic source current imaging

A criterion for determining the maximum spacing between magnetometers for measuring the magnetic field is derived. A two-dimensional (2-D) filter model is employed to determine the maximum spatial frequency component present in the magnetic field that is above the spectral noise level. This maximum frequency component is then sampled at a rate greater than twice per period as indicated by the Nyquist criterion, yielding the required magnetometer spacing. It is shown that the rule-of-thumb employed in current clinical biomagnetic array systems, that the spacing between the coils should be approximately equal to the depth of the source, is adequate when the signal-to-noise power ratio is less than 28.4 (14.5 dB). The analysis also quantitatively demonstrates that reducing the separation between the measurement and source planes has a greater effect on the resolution than decreasing the noise level by the same factor. This result is important for employing high T/sub c/ superconductor magnetometers that allow thinner thermal insulating layers at the cost of higher thermal noise.
Dispersive light propagation at cosmological distances: Matter effects

Searches for dispersive effects in the propagation of light at cosmological distances have been touted as sensitive probes of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) and of theories of quantum gravity. Frequency-dependent time lags between simultaneously emitted pulses of light can signal a modification in the photon dispersion relation; however, matter engenders the cosmos with a dispersive index of refraction to similar effect. We construct a theoretical framework for the analysis of such effects, contrasting these dispersive terms with those from LIV models. We consider all matter, both luminous and dark. Though the only known mode of interaction for dark matter (DM) is gravitational, most models of dark matter also allow for electromagnetic interactions, if only at the one-loop level in perturbation theory. Generically, the leading order dispersive effects due to matter scale with photon energy as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for a charged DM candidate and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ for a neutral DM candidate. Terms linear in $\ensuremath{\omega}$ can arise in the index of refraction if parity and charge-parity asymmetries are present at the Lagrangian or system level. Herein, we compute the index of refraction for a millicharged dark matter candidate at the one-loop level, a neutral scalar DM candidate introduced by Boehm and Fayet [Nucl. Phys. B 683, 219 (2004)], and the minimal supersymmetric standard model's neutralino. For a neutral DM candidate, we determine that matter effects can compete with LIV effects that depend quadratically on energy whenever the photon energy is beyond ${10}^{29}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, well beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff. The dispersive matter effects that scale linearly with $\ensuremath{\omega}$ are model dependent, and their existence results in circular birefringence.
The characteristic direction: a geometrical approach to identify differentially expressed genes

Identifying differentially expressed genes (DEG) is a fundamental step in studies that perform genome wide expression profiling. Typically, DEG are identified by univariate approaches such as Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) or Linear Models for Microarray Data (LIMMA) for processing cDNA microarrays, and differential gene expression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution (DESeq) or Empirical analysis of Digital Gene Expression data in R (edgeR) for RNA-seq profiling. Here we present a new geometrical multivariate approach to identify DEG called the Characteristic Direction. We demonstrate that the Characteristic Direction method is significantly more sensitive than existing methods for identifying DEG in the context of transcription factor (TF) and drug perturbation responses over a large number of microarray experiments. We also benchmarked the Characteristic Direction method using synthetic data, as well as RNA-Seq data. A large collection of microarray expression data from TF perturbations (73 experiments) and drug perturbations (130 experiments) extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), as well as an RNA-Seq study that profiled genome-wide gene expression and STAT3 DNA binding in two subtypes of diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma, were used for benchmarking the method using real data. ChIP-Seq data identifying DNA binding sites of the perturbed TFs, as well as known drug targets of the perturbing drugs, were used as prior knowledge silver-standard for validation. In all cases the Characteristic Direction DEG calling method outperformed other methods. We find that when drugs are applied to cells in various contexts, the proteins that interact with the drug-targets are differentially expressed and more of the corresponding genes are discovered by the Characteristic Direction method. In addition, we show that the Characteristic Direction conceptualization can be used to perform improved gene set enrichment analyses when compared with the gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the hypergeometric test. The application of the Characteristic Direction method may shed new light on relevant biological mechanisms that would have remained undiscovered by the current state-of-the-art DEG methods. The method is freely accessible via various open source code implementations using four popular programming languages: R, Python, MATLAB and Mathematica, all available at: http://www.maayanlab.net/CD .
Guiding Autonomous Agents to Better Behaviors through Human Advice

Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) is an approach for domain-reward discovery from demonstration, where an agent mines the reward function of a Markov decision process by observing an expert acting in the domain. In the standard setting, it is assumed that the expert acts (nearly) optimally, and a large number of trajectories, i.e., training examples are available for reward discovery (and consequently, learning domain behavior). These are not practical assumptions: trajectories are often noisy, and there can be a paucity of examples. Our novel approach incorporates advice-giving into the IRL framework to address these issues. Inspired by preference elicitation, a domain expert provides advice on states and actions (features) by stating preferences over them. We evaluate our approach on several domains and show that with small amounts of targeted preference advice, learning is possible from noisy demonstrations, and requires far fewer trajectories compared to simply learning from trajectories alone.
Hormone replacement therapy use and menopausal symptoms among women participating in a behavioral lifestyle intervention.

Abstract Background . The decision to take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a choice many women encounter when entering menopause. The purpose of this study was to examine the choice to take HRT while participating in a lifestyle intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk through the menopause. Methods . The Women's Healthy Lifestyle Project is a randomized clinical trial designed to examine whether a behavioral lifestyle intervention can decrease the expected rise in cardiovascular risk through the menopause. Participants ( N = 535) completed questionnaires and were interviewed regarding menopausal symptoms, menopausal status, hot flashes, and HRT use at baseline and 54 months. Results . The intervention was successful in preventing risk elevation through the 54-month visit. At the final visit, there was no difference between the intervention and control groups in the percentage who had become postmenopausal (32.9% vs 35.0%, respectively), there was no difference between control and intervention with HRT use, with 31.2% reporting use of HRT, and there was no difference between groups with menopausal symptoms. The women started HRT an average of 6 months after they missed a period. Baseline risk factors did not predict HRT use at the 54-month visit. Conclusions . A sizable number of women reported HRT use. The decision to use HRT was not influenced by the lifestyle intervention or their baseline cardiovascular risk, and these women started HRT very early in the peri- to postmenopause. Further, weight loss in the perimenopause did not affect menopausal symptoms.
Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism

An fMRI study was used to measure the brain activation of a group of adults with high-functioning autism compared to a Full Scale and Verbal IQ and age-matched control group during an n-back working memory task with letters. The behavioral results showed comparable performance, but the fMRI results suggested that the normal controls might use verbal codes to perform the task, while the adults with autism might use visual codes. The control group demonstrated more activation in the left than the right parietal regions, whereas the autism group showed more right lateralized activation in the prefrontal and parietal regions. The autism group also had more activation than the control group in the posterior regions including inferior temporal and occipital regions. The analysis of functional connectivity yielded similar patterns for the two groups with different hemispheric correlations. The temporal profile of the activity in the prefrontal regions was more correlated with the left parietal regions for the control group, whereas it was more correlated with the right parietal regions for the autism group.
Effects of 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chloro-phenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane and puromycin on adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced steroidogenesis and on amino acid incorporation in slices of dog adrenal cortex.

Abstract In adrenal slices from control dogs, ACTH in vitro produced a 3-fold increase in steroid production but had no effect on incorporation of 14 C-labeled amino acids into adrenal cortical protein. Puromycin in vitro partially inhibited the steroidogenic response to ACTH and almost completely inhibited amino acid incorporation. Administration in vivo of 1-( o -chlorophenyl)-1-( p -chlorophenyl)-2, 2-dichloroethane ( o , p '-DDD), 2–48 hr prior to adrenalectomy, completely blocked the steroidogenic response to ACTH and had the paradoxical effect of producing a marked increase in incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein. Possible implications of these data are presented.
Fat-water separation with alternating repetition time balanced SSFP.

Balanced SSFP achieves high SNR efficiency, but suffers from bright fat signal. In this work, a multiple-acquisition fat-water separation technique using alternating repetition time (ATR) balanced SSFP is proposed. The SSFP profile can be modified using alternating repetition times and appropriate phase cycling to yield two spectra where fat and water are in-phase and out-of-phase respectively. The signal homogeneity and the broad width of the created in-phase and out-of-phase profiles lead to signal cancellation over a broad stop-band. The stop-band suppression is achieved for a wide range of flip angles and tissue parameters. This property, coupled with the inherent flexibility of ATR SSFP in repetition time selection, makes the method a good candidate for fat-suppressed SSFP imaging. The proposed method can be tailored to achieve a smaller residual stop-band signal or a decreased sensitivity to field inhomogeneity depending on application-specific needs.
Hemibond complexes between H 2 S and free radicals (F, Cl, Br, and OH)

The interaction of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with F, Cl, Br, and OH is investigated using ab initio methods to identify the two-center three-electron hemibond responsible for their complexation. The binding energies are found to be stronger than those in the analogous water complexes, but follow the same trend of increasing strength: F > Cl > Br > OH. The radicals are located nearly perpendicular to the H2S plane forming an angle of about 90˚. Analysis of molecular orbitals and natural bond orbitals are carried out to understand the energetics, structures, and bonding characteristics of these hemibonded complexes.