cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Grounded Theory for Building Ethnically Bridging Social Capital in Voluntary Organizations

The study of diversity in nonprofit organizations is at a nascent stage. Using a grounded theory process centering on the racial composition of Girl Scout troop members and volunteers, this study proposes a two-pronged theory of diversity in voluntary organizations. Building upon Adler and Kwon’s three aspects of social capital—opportunity, motivation, and ability—the study concludes that even when sufficient opportunity and mission-based motivation exists, social capital of the bridging type will likely be insufficient to sustain interactions among diverse members. To remedy this problem, the theory suggests that a voluntary organization can first rely upon the bonding type of social capital to increase representational diversity, then structure mission-relevant interactions among diverse members to create bridging social capital, and sustain pluralistic diversity. New directions for research and practice are also discussed, with the theory indicating that many nonprofits possess characteristics favoring...
On the P·A versus E·r controversy using Parisi-Wu stochastic quantum field theory

Abstract In the usual treatments of quantum electromagnetic transitions in the dipole approximation, the Coulomb gauge is used. I will show that it is possible to treat the problem without using any gauge condition by using the newly developed method of Parisi-Wu stochastic quantum field theory. This result helps clarify the P·A versus E·r controversy in quantum optics.
Spherical harmonic solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation via discrete ordinates

Abstract Discrete ordinates algorithms for deterministically simulating neutron transport via the Boltzmann transport equation are discussed. One difficulty these methods often have is the problem of ray effects. These undesirable numerical phenomena typically arise in problems with small scattering ratios and localized sources. A competing method that does not exhibit ray effects is the spherical harmonic, or P N , method in which particle fluxes are smoothly represented in a spherical harmonic basis. Although P N methods cannot have ray effects, the resulting system of equations in difficult to solve due to a denser coupling of terms than in discrete ordinates methods. A procedure, called harmonic projection , is presented that allows a P N solution to be obtained by solving only discrete ordinates equations. Thus, the quality of a P N solution can be obtained while exploiting the efficiency (and better parallelizability) of discrete ordinates methods. Numerical results on several benchmark problems are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm in eliminating ray effects.
An Evaluation of the ABIC, Pluralistic Norms, and Estimated Learning Potential.

Abstract Relationships between the ABIC, the pluralistic assessment's Estimated Learning Potential (ELP) and school achievement are examined for elementary children from three racial-ethnic groups and two social classes. The ABIC is largely independent from both WISC-R IQs and achievement. In contrast to the highly significant IQ-achievement correlations, the ELP-achievement correlations tend to be lower. Empirical evidence is presently weak regarding how the ABIC and ELP can be used to understand academic achievement.
Determination of the chain inclination angle of isothermally crystallized bulk polyethylene

Abstract The crystal lamella is well established as a basic structural unit of most semicrystalline polymers. It is also accepted that the chain axis is generally not parallel to the normal to the large flat lamella surfaces, but inclined at some angle θ to it. Due to the random orientation of lamellae in bulk polymers where spherulitic growth predominates, no direct method exists for determining θ. However, the angle has been determined by acid etching bulk samples and then using electron microscopy techniques on fragments. An alternative approach is utilized in this work. The etched fragments, after suitable washing procedures, were sedimented to form an oriented mat. An x-ray diffraction technique was employed in which the regions of high pole density for several crystallographic planes were determined. From these results, the inclination angle was determined to be 40.4°, with a standard deviation of 1.5°. This study represents the first time that an x-ray pole figure technique has been used to determi...
The effect of boron doping on the Hall-Petch slope of FeAl (40 at. % Al)

This paper reports on the iron aluminide, FeAl, which has good oxidation resistance, low density, and low material cost. However, this aluminide shows limited ductility when tested in air at ambient temperatures. This embrittlement involves the reaction of the moisture in air with the aluminide and the generation of hydrogen at crack tips. By testing in dry oxygen, the environmental effect can be eliminated, but an intergranular fracture mode is still seen. This suggests that the grain boundaries of FeAl are intrinsically weak. It has been shown in both air and oxygen tests of FeAl that microapplying with boron suppresses intergranular fracture and subsequently increases ductility. For Ni{sub 3}Al, in which boron also suppresses intergranular fracture, two explanations of the beneficial effect of boron have been proposed. One claims that boron increases the cohesive strength of the grain boundaries. The other claims that boron enhances slip transfer at the grain boundaries. The primary experimental evidence for increased slip transfer was based on the observation that for powder-extruded (PE) Ni{sub 3}Al, the Hall-Petch slope, k{sub y}, was lowered by the addition of boron. The Hall-Petch equation, which relates yield stress, {sigma}{sub y} = {sigma}{sub o} + k{sub y}d{sup {minus} -.5}, wheremore » the intercept stress, {sigma}{sub o}, and the Hall-Petch slope, K{sub y}, are material constants.« less
NITROGEN FIXATION BY BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE AND THEIR NITROGENOUS COMPOSITION

THE BLUE-GREEN algae are the chief offenders in the production of nuisance blooms on fresh water lakes. As pointed out by Gerloff et al. (1950a) bacteria-free algal cultures are being studied to supplement the meager information reported on their physiology and composition. The present communication describes tests for N2 fixation by 10 unialgal, bacteria-free cultures and analyses for a number of amino acids in 3 species of blue-green algae. METHODS AND MATERIALS.-Tests for N2 fixation. -The cultures used were those described by Gerloft et al. (1950a, b) and were kindly supplied by them. Cotton-stoppered, 250 ml. cylindrical bottles, containing 100 ml. of a modified Chu 10 medium (Gerloff et al., 1950a), were inoculated with bluegreen algae from liquid cultures, and were illuminated from below by two 20 w. daylight fluorescent lamps at a distance of 6 in. The temperature was 25?-30? C., and the cultures remained stagnant during growth. After the algal cultures had used most of the fixed nitrogen, they were concentrated aseptically by decantation or centrifugation and were resuspended in 100 ml. of fresh Chu 10 medium containing only 1 xg. fixed nitrogen per ml. The medium was modified by substituting CaC12 for Ca(NO3)2, and the nitrogen was supplied as NH.1 NO3. The 250 ml. bottles were closed with sterile, rubber stoppers carrying cotton-plugged inlet tubes. The bottles were evacuated and gassed with 0.25 atm. N'5-enriched N2, 0.50 atm. argon, 0.20 atm. 02, and 0.05 atm. CO2. These cultures were illuminated and remained stagnant; they were not opened until time for harvest (4-30 days). At harvest the cells were sedimented, resuspended in distilled water, and washed by recentrifugation. The cells were subjected to Kjeldahl digestion, the ammonia distilled and then converted to N2 with alkaline hypobromite (Rittenberg et al., 1939). The N2 was analyzed for N15 with a Consolidated-Nier mass spectrometer. Analysis of amino acids.-Cultures of Calothrix parietina and Diplocystis aerutginosa each were grown in approximately 7 1. of modified Chu 10 medium (Gerloff et al., 1950a) distributed among forty 500 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks. Nostoc muscorum was grown in the medium of Allison et al. (1937)
Mechanical Stretch Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-induced Keratinocyte-derived Chemokine and Tissue Factor Expression While Increasing Procoagulant Activity in Murine Lung Epithelial Cells

Previous studies have shown that the innate immune stimulant LPS augments mechanical ventilation-induced pulmonary coagulation and inflammation. Whether these effects are mediated by alveolar epithelial cells is unclear. The alveolar epithelium is a key regulator of the innate immune reaction to pathogens and can modulate both intra-alveolar inflammation and coagulation through up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and tissue factor (TF), the principal initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. We hypothesized that cyclic mechanical stretch (MS) potentiates LPS-mediated alveolar epithelial cell (MLE-12) expression of the chemokine keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) and TF. Contrary to our hypothesis, MS significantly decreased LPS-induced KC and TF mRNA and protein expression. Investigation into potential mechanisms showed that stretch significantly reduced LPS-induced surface expression of TLR4 that was not a result of increased degradation. Decreased cell surface TLR4 expression was concomitant with reduced LPS-mediated NF-κB activation. Immunofluorescence staining showed that cyclic MS markedly altered LPS-induced organization of actin filaments. In contrast to expression, MS significantly increased LPS-induced cell surface TF activity independent of calcium signaling. These findings suggest that cyclic MS of lung epithelial cells down-regulates LPS-mediated inflammatory and procoagulant expression by modulating actin organization and reducing cell surface TLR4 expression and signaling. However, because LPS-induced surface TF activity was enhanced by stretch, these data demonstrate differential pathways regulating TF expression and activity. Ultimately, loss of LPS responsiveness in the epithelium induced by MS could result in increased susceptibility of the lung to bacterial infections in the setting of mechanical ventilation.
Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men.

Aims/hypothesis Sleep loss is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, yet underlying mechanisms are not understood. Elevation of circulating non-esterified (i.e. free) fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations can lead to insulin resistance and plays a central role in the development of metabolic diseases. Circulating NEFA in healthy individuals shows a marked diurnal variation with maximum levels occurring at night, yet the impact of sleep loss on NEFA levels across the 24 h cycle remains unknown. We hypothesised that sleep restriction would alter hormones that are known to stimulate lipolysis and lead to an increase in NEFA levels.
Circulating beta-atrial natriuretic factor in congestive heart failure in humans.

BACKGROUNDbeta-Atrial natriuretic factor (beta-ANF) is an antiparallel dimer of alpha-ANF (alpha-ANF) with diminished cyclic GMP generation in vitro. To date, the presence of beta-ANF in the circulation of humans with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) remains controversial. The current study was designed to determine the presence and magnitude of circulating beta-ANF in severe CHF, to correlate plasma beta-ANF with the degree of ventricular dysfunction, and to investigate the role of human plasma and atrial tissue in the degradation of beta-ANF.METHODS AND RESULTSVenous plasma samples were obtained from patients (n = 12) with severe CHF and normal volunteers (n = 8). Total plasma ANF was measured by radioimmunoassay. alpha-ANF and beta-ANF in nonextracted plasma were separated by gel filtration chromatography using a P-6 column. Right atrial tissue samples (n = 5) were collected from a different group of patients at the time of open-heart surgery. 125I beta-ANF and I125 ANF were incubated with atrial ...
Spectroscopic properties of cyclophane/anthracene and cyclophane/9-fluorenone complexes in dichloromethane

Abstract Host/guest interactions of cyclophane/anthracene (C/A) and cyclophane/9-fluorenone (C/F) complexes in dichloromethane, where the cyclophane molecule is the host, are investigated. The stability constants, log Ka, for the C/A and C/F complexes are determined by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. For the C/A system, log Ka is 4.2±0.2 as determined from absorption (at 325 nm) and emission (at 382, 403 and 427 nm) spectroscopic data. The analogous measurements yield 3.6±0.2 from absorption (at 309 nm) and emission (at 505 nm) spectroscopic data for the C/F system. Heats of formation of these complexes were determined by measuring the complex association constants at 25, 29 and 32 °C. These results reveal that binding of the anthracene guest by this cyclophane molecule is thermodynamically favored over that for a 9-fluorenone guest. Excited state lifetimes of these systems are also determined.
Beginning mathematics teachers' purposes for making student thinking public

Although having students make their mathematical thinking public has become a commonly encouraged practice in U.S. schools, little is known about how teachers perceive this practice. This study examined 14 beginning mathematics students' thoughts about making student thinking public using a framework for assessing the extent to which a practice supports students' mathematical learning. Analysis of the data revealed nine themes in the students' purposes for making student thinking public, ranging from affective concerns to those that had the potential to transform student learning. The findings highlight the fact that students' and teacher educators' use of common terms to label pedagogical practices does not necessarily imply a common understanding of the purpose of those practices. Describing pedagogical practices in ways that highlight differences in the purposes for which they can be used is proposed as a way to contribute to improving both students' and teacher educators' classroom practices.
Oral breathing in newborn infants

Newborn infants are considered obligate nasal breathers, hence dependent on a patent nasal airway for ventilation. The conditions under which oral breathing could occur and the contribution of oral ventilation to total ventilation were studied in 30 healthy term infants (aged 1 to 3 days). Nasal and oral airflow were measured using two resistance-matched pneumotachometers, and heart rate, tcPO2, etCO2, and sleep state were continuously recorded. In three of 10 infants studied in undisturbed sleep, spontaneous oronasal breathing was noted during both active and quiet sleep (mean duration 19 +/- 25 minutes), the distribution of tidal volume being 70% +/- 12% nasal and 30% +/- 12% oral. Episodes of oronasal breathing were also observed after crying in six infants (mean duration 21 +/- 19 seconds). In an additional 20 infants, multiple 15-second end-expiratory nasal occlusions were performed; eight (40%) of these infants initiated and sustained oral breathing in response to nasal occlusion. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, heart rate, and tcPO2 did not change when oral breathing occurred in response to nasal occlusion, although minute ventilation decreased from 265 to 199 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.05). These results demonstrate that newborn infants may use the oral airway for ventilation, both spontaneously and in response to complete nasal occlusion.
Two functionally divergent p53-responsive elements in the rat bradykinin B2 receptor promoter

Although p53 is known to have dual functions as a transcriptional activator and repressor, there has not been an example where both p53-activating and -repressing elements reside within one target promoter. Previous work from this laboratory defined two different p53 response elements, termed P1 and P2, located at nucleotide positions -70 and -707, respectively, in the rat bradykinin B2 receptor promoter. In this study, through manipulation of the DNA sequence and context, we demonstrate opposing roles for P1 and P2 as transcriptional activator and repressor, respectively. Deletion of P1 abrogates p53-mediated activation. P1 maintains its role as an activator upon relocation to the P2 site and activates transcription from a heterologous promoter construct. Thus, P1 is a bona fide positive p53-response element. In contrast, deletion of P2 enhances P1-induced activation. P2 represses transcription when substituted for P1 or when relocated midway between P1 and P2. P2-mediated repression is sequence-dependent, because it is reversed to activation when P2 is substituted by the P1 or p53 consensus sequences. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis that converts P2 to a higher affinity p53-binding site results in transcriptional activation rather than repression. Surprisingly, P2 strongly activates a heterologous promoter. Thus, P2-mediated transcriptional repression is both sequence- and context-dependent. Investigations into the mechanisms of P2-mediated repression indicate that it is trichostatin-insensitive and unaffected by CBP or mutation of the minimal repression C-terminal domain of p53. However, gel shift assays suggest that p53 competes with other transcriptional activators for binding to overlapping binding sequences within the P2 element. In conclusion, this study provides a rare example of a transcription factor having two divergent functional effects that are sequence- and context-dependent. The interplay of P1 and P2 may be important in the regulation of bradykinin B2 receptor gene expression in response to inflammatory stress and during development.
The marketing of water parks, slides and surf pools at resorts and hotels in Arizona: A case study:

Many resorts and hotels in Arizona have introduced family-oriented water parks as part of their guest experience. In a marketing effort to appeal to a broader guest base, these properties have had varying results from this type of investment.This study explores development of water features at eight major resorts and one independent hotel in Arizona. Some of these developments have slides, others have ‘lazy rivers’ for the tube floaters, lavish waterfalls, wave generators, grotto bars and a smorgasbord of hot ‘jet baths’. Through the use of mainly qualitative data, the various issues involving the research, operation and marketing of these facilities are revealed. An example of development costs is presented.
Analytical and clinical comparison of anti-CCP assays with rheumatoid factor for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation and extra-articular manifestations, eventually leading to permanent disability without early therapeutic interventions. Methods The analytical and clinical performance of an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) were determined for cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) in the diagnostic assessment of rheumatoid arthritis compared to a plate-based anti-CCP enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Inova Diagnostics, Inc.). Results Imprecision studies on the automated Roche ECLIA demonstrated intra-assay CV's of Conclusion The Roche ECLIA demonstrated similar analytical performance, although with improved intra-assay precision, in comparison to the Inova EIA. The two methods also demonstrated similar clinical sensitivity and specificity. The Roche automated immunoassay is a viable alternative to the plate-based EIAs with the advantage of being performed on an automated platform.
Relationship between the Social Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Their Siblings' Competencies/Problem Behaviors.

Abstract There is very little known about how sibling characteristics may influence the social functioning of a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study utilized data from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC; n = 1355 children with ASD and 1351 siblings) to investigate this relationship. Phenotypic measures included (a) the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II (VABS-II) for the probands with ASD and (b) the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the VABS-II for siblings. Sibling data were first analyzed collectively, then analyzed by “older” and “younger” groups, relative to the age of the proband with ASD. Significant correlations were observed between probands’ and siblings’ VABS-II socialization domain scores; additional associations were noted between (a) probands’ VABS-II socialization domain scores and siblings’ CBCL internalizing subscale scores when only younger siblings were analyzed, and (b) probands’ ADOS Reciprocal Social Interaction (RSI) domain scores and the sibling SCQ scores when only older siblings were analyzed. These findings suggest that typically developing children may have a small yet meaningful influence on the prosocial development of their siblings with ASD. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Optical properties of YbTe and YbSe

Abstract Optical transmission measurements on single crystal films of YbTe and YbSe show that they are large band gap semiconductors with discrete levels giving rise to optical absorption edges of approximately 2.0 and 1.5 eV respectively.
Free-standing amorphous Y-Ba-Cu-O detectors for uncooled IR detection and the effects of doping

Amorphous semiconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O has shown promise as the temperature sensitive element for uncooled IR detectors as both a bolometer and pyroelectric material. Thin films can be easily fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature from a composite target. As a bolometer, Y-Ba- Cu-O possesses a relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance of 3.5% K-1 near room temperature. As a pyroelectric detector, pyroelectric coefficients as high as 20 (mu) C/cm2-K have been measured yielding a pyroelectric figure of merit of 0.065 (cm3/J)1/2. In Y-Ba-Cu-O, the oxygen concentration has been shown to determine the hole concentration and mobility. However, the anion stoichiometry plays an equally important role in determining the electronic characteristics. In this work, we have explored the effects of substitution for Cu and the corresponding changes on the electronic properties affecting the performance as an IR detector. Further, we have fabricated micromachined 1 X 10 arrays in which utilize a self-supporting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin film geometry. In this case, the Y-Ba-Cu-O film is held above the substrate only by the electrode arms, without the need of any underlying bridge material. These detectors posses a low thermal mass and have yielded detectivities as high as 108 cm-Hz1/2/W, which extrapolates to NETDs less than 20 mK.
Integration of Technology-Based Behavioral Health Interventions in Substance Abuse and Addiction Services

The past decade has witnessed revolutionary changes to the delivery of health services, ushered in to a great extent by the introduction of electronic health record systems. More recently, a new class of technological advancements-technology-based behavioral health interventions, which involve the delivery of evidence-informed practices via computers, web-based applications, mobile phones, wearable sensors, or other technological platforms-has emerged and is primed to once again radically shift current models for behavioral healthcare. Despite the promise and potential of these new therapeutic approaches, a greater understanding of the impact of technology-based interventions on cornerstone issues of mental health and addiction services-namely access, quality, and cost-is needed. The current review highlights 1) relevant conceptual frameworks that guide this area of research, 2) key studies that inform the relevance of technology-based interventions for behavioral healthcare access, quality, and cost, 3) pressing methodological issues that require attention, 4) unresolved questions that warrant further investigation, and 5) practical implications that underscore important new directions for this emerging area of research.
Reactions of the electron-rich triply bonded dirhenium(II) complexes Re2X4(μ-dppm)2 (X=Cl, Br) with dioxygen Part III. The isolation and structural characterization of the dirhenium(V) complex Re2(μ-O)2(O)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2

Abstract The complex Re2(μ-O)(O)2Cl4(μ-dppm)2 converts to the closely related tetraoxo dirhenium(V) species Re2(μ- O)2(O)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2 in dichloromethane in the presence of amines such as NEt3 and pyridine. This reaction can be reversed upon reacting Re2(μ-O)2(O)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2 with thionyl chloride. A structural analysis of Re2(μ- O)2(O)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2 shows it to have an edge-sharing bioctahedral structure with a very long Re⋯Re distance (3.1237(7) A). This is the first example of a structurally characterized (Re2O4]2+ species in which there is a planar centrosymmetric ORe(μ-O)2ReO unit. Crystal data for Re2(μ-O)2(O)2Cl2(μ-dppm)2·4CH2Cl2 at −70 °C: triclinic space group P 1 (No. 2), a=9.769(3), b=12.269(4), c=13.128(6) A, α=96.59(4), β=107.92(4), γ=93.09(3)°, V=1480(2) A3, Z=1. The structure was refined to R=0.040 (Rw=O.050) for 3388 data with I > 3σ(I).
Chemistry: Precious little catalyst.

In gold catalysis, less is more. Bulk gold is an inert metal, but tiny particles containing as few as 55 gold atoms are effective at catalysing the targeted oxidation of hydrocarbons.
Structural and dynamical origins of ionic mobilities in supercritical water

We report the results of simulations of the ionic mobility of Na+ and Cl- in supercritical water at 673 K, including solvent densities below those previously considered in simulation or experimental data. By considering these results along with earlier published analyses, we find that the spatially inhomogeneous solvation structure around the ions and solvent dynamics are strongly coupled in determining transport rates. The appearance of a plateau in the infinite-dilution conductivity over a wide range of intermediate solvent densities is a result of a subtle balance of excess (dielectric) friction and a nonlinear variation in the viscous friction. The result is strongly influenced by the inhomogeneous solvent density around the ions, but cannot be rationalized on the basis of only structural criteria. A reduced effective ionic radius is introduced that is inversely proportional to the Walden product and can be trivially evaluated from experimental conductivity results. It is shown that when represented i...
Overexpression of SOD1 in Transgenic Rats Attenuates Nuclear Translocation of Endonuclease G and Apoptosis after Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal motor neurons are selectively vulnerable after spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent studies suggest they undergo apoptosis after caspase activation through a mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, and that oxidative stress after SCI is likely to play a role. However, other signaling pathways of apoptosis that involve mitochondria have not been thoroughly studied after SCI. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG) are mitochondrial apoptogenic proteins that are capable of inducing neuronal apoptosis when translocated from mitochondria to nuclei through a caspase-independent pathway. In this study, we examined translocation of these proteins and apoptotic cell death of motor neurons. The role of oxidative stress was also studied using transgenic (Tg) rats that overexpress the intrinsic antioxidant copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Western blots and an activity assay demonstrated that a greater amount of SOD1 and higher activity of SOD presented in mitochondria of Tg rats compared with wild-type (Wt) rats. Immunohistochemistry and Western blots showed translocation of EndoG and AIF from mitochondria to nuclei in motor neurons 1 day after SCI in both groups of rats. However, there was significantly less translocation of EndoG in the Tg rats compared with the Wt rats. Less apoptotic cell death was detected in the Tg rats than in the Wt rats 3 days after SCI. These results suggest that translocation of EndoG and AIF from mitochondria to nuclei may initiate a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis. An increased level of SOD1 in mitochondria conceivably reduces oxidative stress, thereby attenuating EndoG translocation, and resulting in reduction of caspase-independent apoptosis.
Separation of alcohol-soluble maize proteins by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography

Three alcohol-soluble protein fractions from maize endosperm [zein; water-soluble, alcohol-soluble reduced glutelin (wsASG); and water-insoluble, alcohol-soluble reduced glutelin (wiASG)] were extracted simultaneously with a mixture of ethanol and water (70:30 v/v) containing 5% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol and 0·5% (w/v) Na acetate (70% EtOH-0·5% Na acetate-5% ME) from near-isogenic sugary-1 (su1), floury-2 (fl2), opaque-2 (o2) and normal (+) maize. Subsequent fractionation by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a C18 column using an aqueous acetonitrile (CH3CN)-trifluoroacetic acid (CF3COOH) solvent gradient gave good resolution, and accurate quantification was achieved by monitoring the absorbance of column eluates at 210 nm. The relative amounts of these three alcohol-soluble protein fractions varied significantly in both normal and mutant lines, and RP-HPLC patterns were specific for each inbred and genotype. A correlation coefficient of -0·90 was found between combined peak absorbance per gram protein and the lysine content of the protein. Two su1 maize inbreds, having more methionine than normal counterparts due to increased ASG, also had more 15,000 mol.wt high methionine ASG subunits as revealed by RP-HPLC, indicating that the amounts of high methionine (wi) and high histidine, high proline (ws) ASG vary regularly in mutant genotypes. This rapid and simple extraction method, in conjunction with RP-HPLC, may replace sequential extraction techniques. In conjunction with RP-HPLC, this procedure provides another new method for determining protein quality and genotype of maize.
Microchip-Based Macroporous Silica Sol−Gel Monolith for Efficient Isolation of DNA from Clinical Samples

Effective microchip extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from crude biological matrixes has been demonstrated using silica beads or hybrid phases composed of beads and sol−gel. However, the use of monolithic sol−gels alone for extraction of human genomic DNA has been more difficult to define. Here we describe, for the first time, the successful use of monolithic tetramethyl orthosilicate-based sol−gels for effective micro-solid-phase extraction (μSPE) of DNA in a glass microchip format. A functional monolithic silica phase with micrometer-scale pores in the silica matrix resulted from addition of poly(ethylene glycol), a poragen, to the precursor mixture. This allowed a monolithic sol−gel bed to be established in a microchip channel that provided large surface area for DNA extraction with little flow-induced back pressure. DNA extraction efficiencies for simple systems (λ-phage DNA) were ∼85%, while efficiencies for the reproducible extraction of human genomic DNA from complex biological matrixes (hu...
Laser sintering of carbon nanotube-reinforced ceramic nanocomposites

The fabrication of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced ceramic nanocomposites through laser sintering has been rarely studied, and the fabrication feasibility has been rarely tested. Laser sintering is a flexible, localized and high-precision process, which can also potentially produce coatings or parts with complicated shapes and/or spatially controlled compositions. Therefore, compared with other technologies laser sintering has its own advantages. Experimental investigations reported in this paper have confirmed the feasibility of fabricating CNT-reinforced ceramic nanocomposites through laser sintering of ceramic nanoparticles and CNTs. The studies show that laser sintering can induce the agglomeration of ceramic nanoparticles into a relatively more continuous ceramic phase, and during the sintering process CNTs are well preserved without any obvious quality degradation, and they are also bonded with the ceramic phase after laser sintering.
THE EFFECT OF COLAMINE ON GROWTH AND PROTOPLASMIC STREAMING IN AVEN

AS FAR as is known, there is no substance in animals comparable to the auxins which control the growth of plants. Extracts of animal tissues, however, contain substances which inhibit the growth of animal cells in tissue culture. Among these inhibiting substances is colamine, or ethanol-2-amine. The history of the study of inhibitors extracted from liver is surveyed by Medawar (1937). In brief, liver extracts have been known for some time to have an inhibitory effect on cells in tissue culture. In 1926, Heaton made the first exhaustive studies of this factor in aqueous or dilute alcoholic extracts of adult liver. The extracts inhibited the growth of chick heart fibroblasts but had no effect on a number of different epithelial tissues. Heaton also extracted a similar factor from brewer's yeast, but the inhibition was probably due-to malt present in the yeast extracts, since Heaton himself later showed that extracts of malt contained active inhibitors of this kind. Substances inhibiting the growth of mesenchvme but not epithelium have been extracted frorn germinated and ungerminated barley, from the seeds of maize, wheat, and oats, from whole grain flour and even whole grain bread. The inhibitor has also been obtained in large quantities from whole orauges. All the extracts contained yellow pigments in varying amounts, but removal of the pigment did not affect the activity of the inhibitor. Brues and co-workers (1936) have recently studied the effect of these growth inhibiting factors on animal tissue cultures. They used saline or alcoholic extracts of liver to treat different embryonic and sarcomatous tissues. The radius of growth of cultures of fibroblasts was greatly diminished and there was a decrease in the wandering monocytes, although the life span of the treated cultures was not affected and rare mitoses could be found. Cells were smaller in treated than in untreated material. Epithelium was not affected. Brues et al. (1940) later identified colamine in the inhibitory extract. Colamine produced inhibition of growth in concentrations of 0.25 to 2 mg. per cc. A number of other amines were also active. The following study was undertaken to determine whether colamine has any effect on growth in plants comparable to its action on animal tissues, and to study the effect of colamine on protoplasmic streaming in plants, more especially to study its effect in the presence of auxin.
What is a chi portfolio

CHI Participants are increasingly creating work in multiple formats and media. Much of this work is well suited to the kind of efficient and effective graphic and text presentation found in what has traditionally been called within design communities as a portfolio. Building on the theme of this year's conference we would like to provide an opportunity to engage the "dots" in art.science.balance. We propose a portfolio development session designed to present the notion of 'portfolio' as it relates to all fields within CHI.
Comparative study of different reverse osmosis membranes for processing dairy fluids. II: Specific solute effects. Rejection coefficients for total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, lactose, COD and ASH

Solute rejection coefficients were measured for five different reverse osmosis membranes used to concentrate whole and skim milk and sweet and acid wheys. Rejection coefficients were determined for total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, lactose, ash, and total chemical oxygen demand (COD). Cellulose acetate and thin film composite membranes were employed in both tubular and spiral wound configurations. the variations in the rejection coefficients with changes in process operating conditions (temperature, hydrostatic pressure/flow rate) were analyzed to assess the significance of the effects of these process parameters. All data were recorded under total recycle conditions so as to maintain a constant feed composition. For the four indicated feedstocks all membranes were capable of rejecting 100% of the protein at operating temperatures ranging from 70–120°F and at pressures of 3.1 and 4.5 MPa. Rejection coefficients for total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, lactose, and total COD were affected by changes in process operating conditions, the type of feedstock, and the type of membrane employed. Rejection coefficients for ash were, in most cases, substantially insensitive to variations in operating pressure and temperature and to changes in the nature of the feedstock.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of precipitate plate growth by diffusional and displacive transformation mechanisms

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to investigate the atomic structure of precipitate plates formed by diffisional and displacive transformations in alloys. Comparison among several fcc → hcp diffusional transformations illustrates the capability of HRTEM for understanding the mechanisms of the compositional and structural components of the transformation at the atomic level. Similar analyses are performed for a fcc → bct displacive transformation, and the sensitivity of HRTEM to local changes in composition and strain are discussed.
Survey Design and Multiple Regression: Frequently Encountered, But Infrequently Covered

I describe an in-class activity designed to meet the needs of research methods students who frequently encounter survey research and multiple regression. Groups of students receive the common task of developing a small number of questionnaire items to predict a specified criterion. Students then receive descriptive statistics and multiple regression results demonstrating the ability of their items to predict the specified outcome. In a sample of 8 groups, reactions to the activity were highly positive. In addition, students who participated in the activity (n = 30) scored slightly (although not statistically significant) higher on a subsequent exam than those in a control group (n = 18).
Parametric Reduced Order Models Using Adaptive Sampling and Interpolation

Abstract Over the past decade, a number of approaches have been put forth to improve the accuracy of projection-based reduced order models over parameter ranges. These can be classified as either i.) building a global basis that is suitable for a large parameter set by applying sampling strategies, ii.) identifying parameter dependent coefficient functions in the reduced order model, or iii.) changing the basis as parameters change. We propose a strategy that combines sampling with basis interpolation. We apply sampling strategies that identify suitable parameter values from which associated basis functions are interpolated at any parameter value in a region. While our approach has practical limits to roughly a handful of parameters, it has the advantage of achieving a desired level of accuracy in parametric reduced-order models of relatively small size. We present this method using a proper orthogonal decomposition model of a nonlinear partial differential equation with variable coefficients and initial conditions.
Analyzing the Development of Education in America

Social scientists have long been interested in the development of education. Mustafa Emirbayer and Clyde Barrow, whose essays appear in this volume, have many illustrious predecessors including political scientists Ira Katznelson and Margaret Weir; economists Max Weber, Albert Fishlow, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, and Martin Carnoy and Henry Levin; and sociologists Emile Durkheim, John Meyer, Martin Trow, Randall Collins, Joseph Ben David, Julia Wrigley, and Margaret Archer.
Chronic lithium chloride administration to unanesthetized rats attenuates brain dopamine D2-like receptor-initiated signaling via arachidonic acid

We studied the effect of lithium chloride on dopaminergic neurotransmission via D2-like receptors coupled to phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In unanesthetized rats injected i.v. with radiolabeled arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6), regional PLA2 activation was imaged by measuring regional incorporation coefficients k* of AA (brain radioactivity divided by integrated plasma radioactivity) using quantitative autoradiography, following administration of the D2-like receptor agonist, quinpirole. In rats fed a control diet, quinpirole at 1 mg/kg i.v. increased k* for AA significantly in 17 regions with high densities of D2-like receptors, of 61 regions examined. Increases in k* were found in the prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex, accumbens nucleus, caudate-putamen, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area. Quinpirole, 0.25 mg/kg i.v. enhanced k* significantly only in the caudate-putamen. In rats fed LiCl for 6 weeks to produce a therapeutically relevant brain lithium concentration, neither 0.25 mg/kg nor 1 mg/kg quinpirole increased k* significantly in any region. Orofacial movements following quinpirole were modified but not abolished by LiCl feeding. The results suggest that downregulation by lithium of D2-like receptor signaling involving PLA2 and AA may contribute to lithium's therapeutic efficacy in bipolar disorder.
A geometric covering lemma and nodal sets of eigenfunctions

Abstract. The main purpose of this paper is two-fold. On one hand, we prove a sharpercovering lemma in Euclidean space R n for all n ≥ 2 (see Theorem 1.5). On the otherhand, we apply this covering lemma to improve existing results for BMO and volumeestimates of nodal sets for eigenfunctions u satisfying 4u + λu = 0 on n-dimensionalRiemannian manifolds when λ is large (see Theorems 1.7, 1.8). We also improve theBMO estimates for the function q = |∇u| 2 + λn u 2 (see Theorem 1.10). Our coveringlemma sharpens substantially earlier results and is fairly close to the optimal one we canexpect (Conjecture 1.6). 1. IntroductionLet M be a smooth, compact and connected Riemannian manifold without bound-ary. Let 4 denote the Laplacian on M. Assume throughout this paper that u is thesolution to 4u + λu = 0, λ > 1, i.e., u is an eigenfunction with eigenvalue λ. Thenodal set N of u is deﬁned to be the set of points x ∈ M where u(x) = 0. Then out-side the singular set S = {x|u(x) = 0,∇u(x) = 0}, N is a regular (n−1)-dimensionalsubmanifold of M. The main focus of the current paper concerns a geometric cover-ing lemma in the Euclidean space R
NASA space program experience in hydrogen transportation and handling

This paper portrays the experience gained in the transportation and handling of hydrogen in support of the Apollo launch site at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Fla., one of NASA's prime hydrogen users in the Space Program. The objective of the paper is basically to reveal the types of systems involved in handling hydrogen, safety practices, operational techniques, other general experience information, and primarily to convey the routinism by which this potential fuel of the future has already been handled in significant quantities for a number of years.
Chronic cadmium exposure attenuates ethanol-induced hypoalgesia in the adult rat.

Adult male rats were exposed to a diet containing either 100 ppm added cadmium (Cadmium-Diet), or a control diet containing no added chemicals (Control-Diet) for 67 days prior to pain reactivity testing using a tail-flick procedure. Rats were placed in restraining tubes for a 20-min acclimation period, then baseline tail-flick latencies in response to a radiant heat source were measured. Subsequently, half the animals from each group were serially injected intraperitoneally with either 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g/kg body weight of a 20% v/v ethanol solution, and the other half of the animals were injected with an equivalent volume of saline. Tail-flick latencies were reassessed at 20-min intervals over the next 2 hr. Results indicated dose-dependent ethanol-induced hypoalgesia in the Control-Diet animals for the two highest doses, but ethanol-induced hypoalgesia was evident only at the highest dose for the Cadmium-Diet animals. Further, the magnitude of this hypoaigesic effect was significantly lower for the Cadmium-Diet animals than the Control-Diet animals at the 2.0 g/kg dose. Results are discussed in terms of an attenuation of the pharmacological properties of ethanol by cadmium.
Food-Borne Disease Outbreak of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Due to Toxic Mussel Consumption: The First Recorded Outbreak in China

Objectives This investigation was undertaken in response to an outbreak of suspected shellfish poisoning in Zhejiang Province, China. The objectives of this project were to confirm the outbreak and to identify the aetiology, source and mode of transmission. Methods A probable case was defined as an individual with diarrhea (≥3 times/day) plus at least one of the following symptoms: fever (≥37.5°C), vomiting, or abdominal pain after consuming seafood between May 23rd and May 28th, 2011. Using a case-control study design, we compared exposures to suspected seafood items and cooking methods between 61 probable cases and 61 controls. Results Over 220 suspected or probable cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) were identified (incidence of 18 cases per 100,000). The case control study revealed that 100% of cases and 18% of controls had eaten mussels during the exposure period (OR = ∞, χ2 = 84.72,P = 0.000). The number of mussels consumed was related to DSP risk (P = 0.004, χ2 test for trend). Consumption of other seafood items was not associated with disease. The frequency of diarrhea and vomiting were positively correlated with the number of mussels consumed (r = 0.424 and r = 0.562, respectively). The frequency of vomiting and the incubation period were significantly correlated with the total time the mussels were boiled (r = 0.594 and r = −0.336, respectively). Mussels from 3 food markets and one family contained Okadaic acid (OA) and Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). Conclusions This outbreak was attributed to the consumption of mussels contaminated by DSP-toxins (OA and DTX-1) which are produced by different species of dinoflagellates (toxic microalgae) from the genus Dinophysis or Prorocentrum. Suspension of mussel sales and early public announcements were highly effective in controlling the outbreak, although oversight of seafood quality should be a priority to prevent future contamination and outbreaks.
Grand challenges in clinical decision support

There is a pressing need for high-quality, effective means of designing, developing, presenting, implementing, evaluating, and maintaining all types of clinical decision support capabilities for clinicians, patients and consumers. Using an iterative, consensus-building process we identified a rank-ordered list of the top 10 grand challenges in clinical decision support. This list was created to educate and inspire researchers, developers, funders, and policy-makers. The list of challenges in order of importance that they be solved if patients and organizations are to begin realizing the fullest benefits possible of these systems consists of: improve the human-computer interface; disseminate best practices in CDS design, development, and implementation; summarize patient-level information; prioritize and filter recommendations to the user; create an architecture for sharing executable CDS modules and services; combine recommendations for patients with co-morbidities; prioritize CDS content development and implementation; create internet-accessible clinical decision support repositories; use freetext information to drive clinical decision support; mine large clinical databases to create new CDS. Identification of solutions to these challenges is critical if clinical decision support is to achieve its potential and improve the quality, safety and efficiency of healthcare.
The Cherokee Oil and Gas Co., 1889-1902: Indian Sovereignty and Economic Change

Professor Miner recounts the complex story of the loss of Cherokee control of mineral development on tribal lands in what later became Oklahoma. These events constitute a chapter in the long history of the loss of Indian sovereignty in the wake of the expansion of the white man's civilization across the continent.