cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhaled cationic amphiphilic drug-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis in rats and dogs: time-course and dose-response of biomarkers of exposure and effect.

Abstract This study compares the pulmonary response to an inhaled highly soluble hydrochloride (CAD-HCl) with a low soluble sulphate salt (CAD-SO 4 ) of a dicationic amphiphilic drug (CAD). These salts are known to accumulate in the lung. The bioavailability through gastrointestinal uptake is poor. Wistar rats and beagle dogs received repeated 1 h/day inhalation exposures over 1–4 weeks. The focus of this analysis is to appraise the correlation of markers of effects related to pulmonary phospholipidosis and cytotoxicity relative to the concentration of CAD in the lung tissue, alveolar macrophages and serum. Rats and dogs are known to experience remarkable differences in their respiratory minute volumes and respiratory patterns. In order to facilitate dosimetric comparisons, identical exposure paradigms and methodological procedures were selected. Over a wide range of cumulative dosages, the CADs bound to lung tissue and cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) paralleled, whilst no clear association existed in terms of plasma concentrations. This suggests that analysis of the fractional loading of BAL-cells (mainly alveolar macrophages) with CAD or CAD-surfactant complexes is amenable to monitor the accumulation of CADs in the lung. In terms of the comparative phospholipidosis-inducing potency, the CAD-HCl was more potent as compared to CAD-SO 4 . Following dosimetric adjustments, rats and dogs appeared to be equally susceptible to phospholipidosis. In summary, when exposed to equivalent concentrations of CADs, dogs did not demonstrate a markedly different susceptibility than rats. With regard to the relative intensity of changes, the increase of phospholipids in BAL-fluid and especially BAL-cells correlated with the cumulative exposure dose. Thus, with regard to probing the extent of CAD-induced ‘overloading’ of alveolar macrophages pharmacokinetic determinations in BAL-cells are considered superior to determinations in plasma. Additional advantages of using the alveolar macrophage as denominator to normalize pulmonary drug concentrations include comparisons across species, and exposure regimens are feasible based on almost readily available endpoints in both pre-clinical and selected clinical studies.
Stochastic simulations of ErbB homo and heterodimerisation: potential impacts of receptor conformational state and spatial segregation

ErbB overexpression is linked to carcinogenesis. It is hypothesised that this is due to increased receptor density and receptor clustering, leading to increased receptor dimerisation and activation. Herein, spatial stochastic simulations have been performed to shed light receptor dimerisation processes. First, ligand-independent homodimerisation, is considered, based upon constitutive oligomerisation estimates (14%) in A431 cells that overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). When autocrine stimulation is blocked, ligand-independent EGFR activation is demonstrated by persistent, low levels of phosphorylation. The possibility that ligand-independent signalling is due to the fluctuation of EGFR conformation is considered. The agent-based model predicts the frequency (expressed as a probability) that uniformly distributed receptors would need to flux to the open conformation to reach 14% EGFR dimers at high receptor density. Simulations suggest that ligand-independent EGFR homodimerisation is highly density dependent, since collisions between ‘open’, dimerisation-competent receptors are a rare event at low receptor levels. Simulations that incorporate receptor clustering lower the threshold for homodimerisation of unoccupied receptors as well as the estimate of the probability for fluxing to the dimer-competent conformation. The impact of ErbB receptor clustering patterns on hetero and homodimerisation rates is also considered, using immunoelectron microscopy data derived from SKBR3 breast cancer cells that express ErbB2≫EGFR>ErbB3. Partial spatial segregation of ErbB receptors has a profound effect on simulated heterodimerisation rates. Despite the general assumption that ErbB2 is a preferred heterodimerising partner for other ErbBs, it is predicted that most ErbB2 will form homodimers. Overall, it is proposed that both receptor density and membrane spatial organisation contribute to the carcinogenesis process. [Includes supplementary material]
Cancer mortality and oil production in the Amazon Region of Ecuador, 1990-2005

To compare cancer mortality rates in Amazon cantons (counties) with and without long-term oil exploration and extraction activities. Mortality (1990 through 2005) and population census (1990 and 2001) data for cantons in the provinces of the northern Amazon Region (Napo, Orellana, Sucumbios, and Pastaza), as well as the province with the capital city of Quito (Pichincha province) were obtained from the National Statistical Office of Ecuador, Instituto Nacional del Estadistica y Censos (INEC). Age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate total and cause-specific mortality in the study regions. Among Amazon cantons with long-term oil extraction, activities there was no evidence of increased rates of death from all causes (RR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.95–1.01) or from overall cancer (RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.73–0.92), and relative risk estimates were also lower for most individual site-specific cancer deaths. Mortality rates in the Amazon provinces overall were significantly lower than those observed in Pichincha for all causes (RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.81–0.83), overall cancer (RR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43–0.49), and for all site-specific cancers. In regions with incomplete cancer registration, mortality data are one of the few sources of information for epidemiologic assessments. However, epidemiologic assessments in this region of Ecuador are limited by underreporting, exposure and disease misclassification, and study design limitations. Recognizing these limitations, our analyses of national mortality data of the Amazon Region in Ecuador does not provide evidence for an excess cancer risk in regions of the Amazon with long-term oil production. These findings were not consistent or supportive of earlier studies in this region that suggested increased cancer risks.
Mössbauer study of aluminum-substituted hematites

Abstract A Mossbauer spectroscopic study is reported on a series of aluminum-substituted hematites, α(Fe1-cAlc)2O3, with c up to 0.32. These samples were prepared by heating aluminum-substituted goethites, αFeOOH, at 500°C. X-ray line broadening gives particle dimensions of ≃200 A to >1000 A. Heating the samples to 900° improves crystallinity but reduces the maximum obtainable c to ≃0.15. At 77 K for c⩽0.04 the magnetic structure is antiferromagnetic with the spins aligning close to the (111) axis. For c⩾0.08 and for all compositions at 298 K the spins are perpendicular to (111) and for this weakly ferromagnetic phase the supertransferred hyperfine field is (5±1) kOe per magnetic neighbor. Samples with 0.04⩽c
Trust and distrust among Appalachian women regarding cervical cancer screening: A qualitative study

Abstract Objective To explore Appalachian women's perceptions of trust and distrust of healthcare providers and the medical care system as they relate to views about cervical cancer and screening. Methods Thirty-six Ohio Appalachia female residents participated in community focus groups conducted by trained facilitators. Discussion topics included factors related to cervical cancer, and the issues of trust and distrust in medical care. The tape-recorded focus groups were transcribed and analyzed to identify salient themes. Results Five themes emerged related to trust in healthcare. Patient-centered communication and encouragement from a healthcare provider led women to trust their physicians and the medical care system. In contrast, lack of patient-centered communication by providers and perceptions of poor quality of care led to distrust. Physician gender concordance also contributed to trust as women reported trust of female physicians and distrust of male physicians; trust in male physicians was reported to be increased by the presence of a female nurse. Conclusions Important factors associated with trust and distrust of providers and the medical care system may impact health-seeking behaviors among underserved women. Practice implications Opportunities to improve patient-centered communication around the issues of prevention and cervical cancer screening (such as providing patient-focused information about access to appropriate screening tests) could be used to improve patient care and build patients’ trust.
Rill density prediction and flow velocity distributions on agricultural areas in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract This research focused on rill formation, rill density, and associated flow velocity distribution in rills at the field level and with different tillage treatments in the inland Pacific Northwest. The study was conducted by applying flow at three different rates under winter conditions, which provides the greatest potential for rill formation. The following tillage treatments were tested: chisel plow, moldboard plow, conventional seedbed tillage, and untilled stubble from no-till seeded peas. Twelve plots of 7.3 m 2 were established for each tillage treatment and flow applied on them. The conventional seedbed tillage plots were the most susceptible to rill formation, with one or two resultant rills per meter. On the opposite, the untilled stubble plots did not form rills in most of the cases. Increase in applied flow, soil moisture content, and slope appeared to favor rill formation, while the effect of random roughness and residue was the opposite. By including these variables, an equation for predicting rill density was developed. Rill flow velocity distributions were clearly different for each tillage treatment. Higher flow velocities implied the formation of more rills. At least 0.35 m 2 /m 2 of residue cover was necessary to reduce in a half the average flow velocity in the unfilled stubble plots respect to the conventional seedbed plots. Therefore, the use of untilled stubble tillage system is recommended to minimize soil erosion. These results provide information for advancing the understanding of the rill erosion process.
The role of the right hemisphere in the production of linguistic stress.

Recent research has proposed a general prosodic disturbance associated with right hemisphere damage (RHD), one encompassing both affective and linguistic functions. The present study attempted to explore whether the ability to produce linguistic prosody was impaired in this patient population. Productions of phonemic stress tokens (e.g., Re'dcoat vs. red coa't) as well as examples of contrastive stress, or sentential emphasis (e.g., Sam hated the movie), were elicited from eight male speakers with unilateral right hemisphere CVAs and seven male control subjects. Two types of analyses were conducted on these utterances. Acoustic analysis focused on the correlates associated with word stress, namely changes in amplitude, duration, and fundamental frequency. The perceptual saliency of emerging cues to stress was also examined by presentation of test tokens to phonetically trained listeners for identification of stress placement. The patients as a group produced fewer acoustic cues to stress compared to the normal subjects, but no statistical differences were found between groups for either stress at the phrase level or at the sentence level. In the perceptual analysis, stress produced by the patient group was judged to be less salient than that for the normal group, although a high degree of variability was evident in both populations. The data suggest a spared processing mechanism for linguistic prosody in RHD speakers, thus mitigating against the view of a general dysprosody tied to RHD.
Treatment of Cecal and Liver Trichomoniasis in Turkeys by Fever Therapy.

Since 1937, experimental work has been in progress on the use of fever therapy for the cure of cecal and liver trichomoniasis in turkeys, a widespread disease of domestic fowls caused by the protozoan parasite, Trichomonas gallinarum. This organism invades the tissues of the lower digestive tract of birds and in chronic infection produces lesions in the ceca and liver. These lesions closely resemble, and undoubtedly have been often confused with, those produced by Histomonas meleagridis in the disease commonly known as blackhead. Birds with chronic trichomoniasis are droopy in appearance, refuse to eat, and lose weight. The droppings become quite liquid and light yellow in color. Young birds usually die 4 to 8 days after exhibiting the first symptoms of the disease, although in mature birds the period between the first symptoms and death may be much longer.Most of the turkeys used in this preliminary study were naturally infected and ranged from 3 to 18 months in age. At the beginning of the work the dise...
Safety, efficacy, and cost of intraoperative indocyanine green angiography compared to intraoperative catheter angiography in cerebral aneurysm surgery

Intraoperative angiography in cerebrovascular neurosurgery can drive the repositioning or addition of aneurysm clips. Our institution has switched from a strategy of intraoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) universally, to a strategy of indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography with DSA on an as-needed basis. We retrospectively evaluated whether the rates of perioperative stroke, unexpected postoperative aneurysm residual, or parent vessel stenosis differed in 100 patients from each era (2002, "DSA era"; 2007, "ICG era"). The clip repositioning rate for neck residual or parent vessel stenosis did not differ significantly between the two eras. There were no differences in the rate of perioperative stroke or rate of false-negative studies. The per-patient cost of intraoperative imaging within the DSA era was significantly higher than in the ICG era. The replacement of routine intraoperative DSA with ICG videoangiography and selective intraoperative DSA in cerebrovascular aneurysm surgery is safe and effective.
Neutrophils in Galactose-Fed Dogs: Suppressed Apoptosis and Increased Adhesion to Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells

Abstract Dogs fed a diet containing 30% galactose develop diabetes-like retinal capillary changes. As retinal capillary occlusion is commonly observed in diabetic retinopathy, neutrophil apoptosis and the interaction of neutrophils with retinal capillary endothelial cells were investigated. Neutrophils were isolated with Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation from dogs fed a 30% galactose diet and dogs fed a normal, control diet containing 30% non-nutrient filler. Apoptosis of neutrophils was microscopically examined after incubation at 37°C for 3 hours with either 100 U/mL tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), 2 μg/mL cycloheximide or 50 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Neutrophil adhesion to dog retinal capillary endothelial cells was examined by counting the cells attached to the surface of endothelial cells after the incubation in the presence of either 100 U/mL TNF-α or 5 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at 37°C for 3 hours. With all three stimulants TNF-α, cycloheximide and PMA, the rate of apoptosis was significantly lower for neutrophils isolated from galactose-fed dogs compared to control dogs fed a normal diet. Preincubation of neutrophils from control dogs in medium containing 30% galactose for 3 hours did not affect the rate of apoptosis. Neutrophil adhesion to retinal capillary endothelial cells induced by incubation in the presence of either 100 U/mL TNF-α or 5 μg/ml LPS was significantly higher with neutrophils isolated from galactose-fed dogs than those from control dogs. The data indicate that long-term galactose feeding is essential with development of various neutrophil dysfunctions. These neutrophil changes may contribute to the development of retinal microangiopathy associated with diabetes and galactosemia.
Rapid Repression of Maize Invertases by Low Oxygen. Invertase/Sucrose Synthase Balance, Sugar Signaling Potential, and Seedling Survival

We show here that invertase gene expression and the invertase-sucrose (Suc) synthase ratio decrease abruptly in response to low oxygen in maize root tips. In addition to aiding in the conservation of carbon and possibly ATP, this response has the potential to directly affect sugar signaling relative to carbon flux. Experiments were motivated by the potential for a reduced invertase/Suc synthase balance to alter the impact of respiratory and/or membrane carbon flux on sugar signaling. Maize ( Zea mays L.) seedlings with 5-cm primary roots were exposed to anoxic (0% [v/v] O 2 ), hypoxic (3% [v/v] O 2 ), and aerobic conditions. Rapid repression of the Ivr1 and Ivr2 maize invertases by low oxygen was evident in root tips within 3 h at both the transcript and activity levels. The speed and extent of this response increased with the degree of oxygen deprivation and differed with genotypes. This decrease in expression also contrasted markedly to that of other genes for respiratory Suc metabolism, such as Suc synthases, which typically increased or remained constant. Although previous work showed that the contrasting effects of sugars on Suc synthase genes were reflected in their regulation by hypoxia and anoxia, the same was not observed for the differentially sugar-responsive invertases. Theoretically advantageous reductions in the invertase/Suc synthase balance thus resulted. However, where this response was extreme (an Oh43 inbred), total sucrolytic capacity dropped below an apparent minimum and root tip viability was reduced. Paradoxically, only Oh43 seedlings showed survival levels >80% (versus
Combination of clopidogrel and aspirin for reduction of vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Evaluation of: The ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(20), 2066–2078 (2009).Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder and increases the risk for stroke by fivefold. Therefore, antithrombotic pharmacological agents are recommended and commonly used to prevent stroke and thromboembolic vascular events in patients with AF. Although, aspirin is an effective and acceptable agent for low-risk patients, oral vitamin K antagonists anticoagulants have superiority over aspirin in patients with AF who are at high risk for complications. However, given several practical impediments, vitamin K antagonists may not be suitable for certain high-risk patients with AF. It is not unusual for clinicians to encounter situations where selection of appropriate pharmacotherapy options for stroke prevention may be quite challenging in high-risk patients with AF who are deemed to be unsuitable candidates for oral anticoagul...
Correlation Between Changes in Microhardness and Phosphorus Segregation During Post-Irradiation Annealing

This paper describes the effect of post-irradiation annealing (PIA: 573-873K for 10 h) on the microhardness and intergranular P segregation in P doped and Cu-P doped iron alloys containing residual S. Hardening and softening occurred during PIA at lower and higher temperatures, respectively. PIA-induced hardening was more profoundly observed in the Cu-P doped alloy. Intergranular P enrichment was achieved by lower temperature PIA and P desegregation associated with S segregation dominated at higher PIA temperatures in both the alloys. Changes in the microhardness and intergranular P segregation induced by the PIA were found to be correlated with each other although the Cu-P doped alloy showed more scatter. The dynamic interaction between solute and defects in the grain interior and near grain boundaries during the PIA is discussed in order to explain the experimental observation.
High-performance disk I/O in a bus-based system

Processor and memory speeds continue to increase dramatically. The large gap in access times between memories and disk storage devices results in limiting the overall system performance. A major contribution to the slow response of storage devices are mechanical latencies arising from disk platter rotation and read/write head actuators, but other limitations are a result of system component interaction. Even though higher densities and rotational speeds reduce mechanical latencies, this reduction is not enough to satisfy the increasing appetite for higher bandwidth and lower latency. The concept of striping data across disk arrays is used to help solve this problem. Custom I/O subsystem design often proves uneconomical. The paper describes an I/O system implementation using off the shelf components and the issues involved in achieving the sustained 20 MByte/sec transfer rate required by the design. >
An integrated approach to crop/livestock systems: Wintering beef cows on swathed crops

Grain and livestock production have gradually been separated, as farmers have tended to specialize in one or the other. Some producers and scientists are beginning to question whether this is the best approach. An integrated crop/livestock project was initiated in 1999 to investigate potentially beneficial synergies to both enterprises. The cattle portion of this project involved wintering dry pregnant cows on swathed crop residue and drilled corn produced in a 3-year crop rotation, with all crops present each year. Swath grazing was initiated in mid-November of 1999, 2000 and 2001, and terminated in mid-February each year. Two replications of ten Hereford cows were rotationally grazed on swathed oat/pea and triticale crop residue and swathed drilled corn (RGSC). Comparison treatments were: cows grazing swathed western wheatgrass (SWWG) and cows fed hay in a drylot. Cows on the RGSC treatment were also fed a 20% crude protein supplement of oat/pea and triticale grain. Drilled corn was swathed in late September and western wheatgrass in early October. Three-year average winter-long weight gains for the RGSC cows were slightly lower (P<0.10) than those for drylot cows. Body condition scores generally followed the same pattern as weight gain data. Reproductive and calf performance data were not significantly different among wintering treatments. Average daily feed costs per cow over the three winters were US0.24 per cow with the RGSC treatment compared to bale feeding in a drylot. Swath grazing did not appear to have any adverse affects on mid-aged beef cow performance and could potentially reduce winter feeding costs and manure handling problems. The main problem with swath grazing is potentially deep snow and icing of the swaths.
Variation in leaf litter nutrients of a Costa Rican rain forest is related to precipitation

By assessing current leaf litter nutrient dynamics, we may be able to predict responses of nutrient cycling in tropical ecosystems to future environmental change. The goal of this study was to assess whether nutrient cycling is related to seasonal variation in rainfall in a wet tropical forest. We examined leaf litter of an old-growth tropical rain forest in N.E. Costa Rica over a 4-year period to explore seasonal and inter-annual changes in leaf litter nutrient concentrations, and to evaluate potential short- and long-term drivers of variation in litter nutrient concentration, particularly that of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). We also examined the temporal dynamics of calcium, potassium, and magnesium in the leaf litter. Leaf litter [P] and %N changed significantly with time, both seasonally and inter-annually. Seasonal changes in leaf litter [P] were strongly positively correlated with rainfall from the previous 2 weeks; cations, however, were inversely related to this measure of current rainfall, while %N was not related to rainfall. We propose that the positive relationship between current rainfall and leaf litter [P] is due to a response by the vegetation to an increase in nutrient availability and uptake. In contrast, given the negative relationship between current rainfall and cation concentrations, leaching from live leaf tissue is a more likely driver of short-term changes in cations. Should global climate change include altered rainfall patterns in this biome, one class of ecosystem-level responses could be significant changes in P and cation cycling.
Selective inner retinal layer involvement in early syphilitic retinitis as evidenced by spectral domain OCT

Retinitis as a feature of syphilitic uveitis in immunocompromised individuals is a common finding. We present spectral domain OCT images of early syphilitic retinitis pre and post treatment with penicillin. This case suggests that the inner retinal layers may be selectively involved with early syphilitic retinitis. Early treatment is important to avoid outer layer retinal involvement and to decrease ocular morbidity.
A conceptual framework for knowledge-based critic systems

Abstract The critiquing paradigm is one approach to instantiating the concept of intelligent support systems. Knowledge-based systems that use the critiquing approach can support numerous application domains, including: programming, design and decision making. Critiquing is an alternative to expert systems that can support cooperative problem solving and air user learning in the application domain. As a result of empirical studies we identified the requirements for critic systems. We have developed several knowledge-based critics to instantiate these ideas and used them to identify new issues and theory. Our systems have been revised to include approaches to addressing these issues. As a result of these implementations we have developed a general architecture for knowledge-based critics that fully support cooperative problem solving. We describe the current extension of one of our systems designed to incorporate these findings.
Young women in computing: lessons learned from an educational & outreach program

This paper describes the Young Women in Computing program, an ongoing outreach program in Computer Science at New Mexico State University (NMSU). Features of the program include summer camps and academic year activities, computing in context, peer mentoring, and role models. The main goal is to increase interest in computing among female high school students. The paper discusses lessons learned from three years of experience with the program.
Species Differences in the Distribution of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Pancreas

We investigated the cellular expression of 9 cytochrome P450-isozymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8,9,19, CYP2D1, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP3A2, CYP3A4) and 3 glutathione S-transferase-isozymes (GST-p , GST-a , GST-l ) in the pancreas of hamsters, mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs and monkeys, and in comparison with the human pancreas. A wide variation was found in the cellular localization of these enzymes between the 8 species. Most enzymes were expressed in the pancreas of the hamster, mouse, monkey and human, whereas rats, pigs, rabbits and dogs were lacking several isozymes. However, in all of the species the islet cells expressed more enzymes than ductal and acinar cells. An exclusive expression of enzymes in the islet cells was found in the hamster (CYP2E1), mouse (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, GST-a , GST-l ), rat (CYP2C8,9,19), rabbit (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, GST-p ), and pig (CYP1A1). Although no polymorphism was found in the pancreas of animals, in human tissue four enzymes were missing in about 50% of the cases. The results imply a greater importance of the islet cells in the metabolism of xenobiotics within the pancreas. The differences in the distribution of these drug-metabolizing enzymes in the pancreas between the species call for caution when extrapolating experimental results to humans.
Progress toward synthesis of diazonamide A. Preparation of a 3-(oxazol-5-yl)-4-trifluoromethyl-sulfonyloxyindole and its use in biaryl coupling reactions.

The synthesis of a 3-oxazol-5-yl-indole-4-triflate is described, featuring a Scholkopf reaction to prepare the oxazole. In addition, the participation of this intermediate in biaryl coupling reactions toward the total synthesis of the natural product diazonamide A is presented.
Transcendence and Finitude in Drucilla Cornell's Philosophy of the Limit

This paper situates Drucilla Cornell's work within a specific tradition of thinking the belonging together of law and freedom. From Kant to Heidegger, the possibility of freedom amidst legal obligation is one of the central questions of political and ethical philosophy. Following both Kant and Heidegger, Cornell thinks freedom as the free embrace of obligation. At the same time, Cornell insists that contemporary thinkers take seriously the radical meaninglessness - the absence of both freedom and obligation - that threatens the modern condition. Suspicious of both Kant's turn to a universal law of reason and Heidgger's free embrace of man's finite legal inheritance, Cornell accepts the increasingly widespread view that all meaning and all law are without ground. What is needed, Cornell argues, is a freely accepted embrace of law within and amidst the recognition of radical nihilism. Her insistence that finite beings can and must live in the paradoxical state of commitment to law in the face of the fact of law's meaninglessness is the ethical center of her work.
Endoscopic Mastopexy and Breast Reduction

New concepts regarding skin elasticity were introduced in the fi eld of plastic surgery by way of innovative techniques of liposuction and circum-mammary breast reduction [1–3]. Th ese new concepts, which concern the capacity of the skin to retract, allowed the author to investigate the feasibility of applying endoscopic methods to subcutaneous tissue to avoid skin resection. Th e author began by modifying the miniabdominoplasty technique as well as the techniques for breast reduction and mastopexy – endoscopy was also used as an aid for the fl ap harvesting and placement of tissue expanders – and developed promising research regarding axillary and inguinal lymph node dissections [4]. Video endoscopic methods have been used in diff erent surgical fi elds such as gynecology, orthopedics, and general surgery where many advantages have been shown. Th ere are less tissue trauma, lower rates of infection, and minimal scars [5]. Laparoscopic procedures use pressurized CO2 gas to create a space between the laparoscope and the tissue to allow visualization. In the subcutaneous tissue, however, pressured gases are not recommended because of the risk of embolism. To circumvent this risk, the author developed the “subcutaneous tomoscope” which is an instrument that transfers into a transparent capsule the needed space for illumination and visualization. Th e optical cavity functions much the same way as a scuba diving mask does while serving as a blunt dissector because of its wedge-shaped capsule [4]. Specially designed retractors were developed to increase the necessary working space as well as other instruments such as special needle holders and needles (Fig. 42.1). All of these instruments were designed to work through minimal incisions. With video endoscopy, delicate processes can be performed through minimal incisions that can be made at strategically placed and remote sites avoiding visible scars. Th is is an important goal in the fi eld of aesthetic surgery where scars are undesirable and may sometimes compromise the fi nal aesthetic result. 42.2 Endoscopy for Mastopexy and Breast Reduction
Topologies of vulnerability and the proliferation of camp life

An important theoretical insight in critical geography of late has been the conceptual reevaluation of space topologically, in a manner that moves us away from an insistence on topographical priority. Unlike topography that relies on fixity, placement, grounding, and mapping, topology approaches space as a matter of relationality, redistribution, layering, transformation, or virtuality. The camp has been a ubiquitous geographical figure of late-modern life that has been subjected to topographical representations and rationalities. Recently, we have been encouraged to rethink the camp as a series of topological relations between the potentiality of spatial conditions of power and the capacity of bodies to be captured by regimes of sovereign exception. This paper examines two theorists who have made the space of the camp intelligible topologically: Agamben and Butler. These theorists help us to understand that what manifests itself topographically is often the result of topological dispositions that invest bodies with various forms of becoming. Whereas Agamben's camp topology allows us to see how political power can be ‘virtually everywhere’, Butler extends this theorizing by being more open to the presence of differential regimes of exposure to vulnerability. In this manner, Butler still finds a use for some form of critical topography.
Disruptive Democratization: Contentious Events and Liberalizing Outcomes Globally, 1990–2004

Does contentious collective action matter? Whereas most social movement literature has addressed this question in the US context for policy change outcomes, this paper takes a different approach by bringing the question to a global context and examines democratization as a structural outcome. Accordingly, we test several hypotheses about the ephemeral, positive, and negative influences of contentious collective action on the democratization process in a given country, as well as the cross-border effect of the contention. To go beyond the limitations of previous studies, this paper uses a monthly time-series, cross-national model to examine potential liberalizing or deliberalizing effects of protest activities. Using data from 103 non-democratic countries from 1990 to 2004, we find that protests and riots increase the probability that a country will liberalize in a given month. We find that while contentious events in other countries do not directly increase the risk of liberalization, external contentious events, especially those that lead to political liberalization, increase the count of contentious events, thus indirectly boosting liberalization. We find no evidence that protest significantly increases the chances of deliberalization. Together, our findings show a key role for non-elite political actors to influence political liberalization.
Analysis on application of key-protected wild medicinal materials in prescription of Chinese patent medicine

As state key-protected wild medicinal materials,their species are collected in State Key-protected Wild Medicinal Species List,State Key-protected Wild Animals List,and State Key-protected Wild Plants List(the first) and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) Appendix I/II,and there are legal medicinal material standards.Based on the statistical results of the existence frequency in Chinese patent medicine and the literatures of medicinal materials cultivation and breeding situation,the application of key-protected wild medicinal materials is preliminarily estimated,which would provide the reference for their sustainable utilization.
HEAT TREATMENT EXPERIMENT RESEARCH OF PNEUMATIC PERCUSSIVE DRILL BIT FOR GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORE

The major forms of the invalidation of the mainbody of the pneumatic percussive drill bit for geophysical research: the fatigue breakdown of the transverse plane,the plastic distortion and the pressed flake of the spline,the abrasion of the mainbody of the drill bit.The mainbody invalidation did great harm by decreasing the energy transfer efficiency and leading to the desquamation of the teeth of the drill bit.The super high-strength-and-low-carbon steel 22SiMnNi_2CrMoA was chosen for the material of the mainbody.Based on the experiment,the best heat treatment of the 22SiMnNi_2CrMoA was ultimately confirmed as follows: forging blank,homogenizing,annealing,quenching at 890℃ and Tempering at 300℃.The best depth of the quench-hardened range was between 1.8-2.0mm.Heat treated,the strength,hardness and anti-impact flexibility of the material 22SiMnNi_2CrMoA was higher than dom and close to the overseas,or even better.
Wissen — Lernen — Medien: E-Learning und Wissensmanagement als medienpädagogische Aufgaben

E-Learning und Wissensmanagement sind keine Begriffe, die eine genuin medienpadagogische Wurzel haben. Vielmehr stehen beide immer wieder im Verdacht, reine Modeerscheinungen zu sein, beide ziehen in der Regel andere Disziplinen starker an als die Medienpadagogik und haben ihren Weg eher aus der Praxis in die Wissenschaft als umgekehrt gefunden. Entkleidet man „E-Learning“ und „Wissensmanagement“ in einem ersten Schritt aber ihrer modern klingenden bzw. englischsprachigen Komponenten, so landet man beim Lernen (und Lehren) mit (neuen) Medien sowie beim (mediengestutzten) Umgang mit Wissen. Wissen, Lernen und Medien sind sehr wohl Begriffe, die sich medienpadagogisch deuten und verwenden lassen, sodass diese zu Beginn dieses Beitrags dazu dienen sollen, E-Learning und Wissensmanagement ansatzweise medienpadagogisch zu verorten.
The Misesian Context

I have argued that synthesizing Alfred Schutz and F. A. Hayek will help us to solve the Lachmann problem. This may seem a difficult matter. Schutz and Hayek developed two seemingly different systems of social thought. The two systems, however, are consistent and complementary.
The Attlee Years: July 27, 1945, to October 26, 1951

George Henry Hall had been His Majesty’s colonial secretary for less than three months when, together with the foreign secretary Ernest Bevin, he met with Chaim Weizmann, president of the World Zionist Organization, and Moshe Shertok, head of Palestine’s Jewish Agency. It was early on the morning of November 2, 1945, and despite the elegance of the foreign office building in which they sat, their conversation was as grim as the November day outside.1 Dispensing with all normal diplomatic pleasantries, Bevin at once accused the Jewish Agency of collaboration in the shocking events of the day before, when terrorists in Palestine had sunk three police naval vessels, severed the railway in 242 places, bombed the stationmaster’s office in Jerusalem, and badly damaged seven locomotives. Bevin asked whether the British government was now to assume that the Jews wished to settle the Palestine question by force, warning that if so, the British would respond in kind.
Right Brain Dominance in Infancy

The functional development of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in 39 normal children, aged 18 days to 19 years, was studied by measurements of cerebral blood flow at rest, using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), at the Neuropediatric Department, Hospital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France.
The insulating strength of gases at high pressures

The increasing use of gaseous dielectrics at elevated pressures is one of the significant trends in high-voltage engineering today. Such compressed gases can be superior to solid and liquid dielectrics and to high vacuum insulation, particularly for long gaps and high voltages.
Contrast sensitivity, V1 neural activity, and natural vision

Visual sensitivity and activity in brain area V1 were studied in a paradigm that included saccadic eye movements and natural visual input. V1 responses and contrast sensitivity were significantly r...
Perceived deception: Evaluating source credibility and self-efficacy

ABSTRACTDetecting scareware messages that seek to deceive users with fear-inducing words and images is critical to protect users from sharing their identity information, money, and/or time with bad actors. Through a scenario-based experiment, the present study evaluated factors that aid users in perceiving deceptive communications. An online experiment was administered yielding 213 usable responses. The data from the study indicate high levels of deception detection self-efficacy and source trustworthiness increase the likelihood an individual will perceive a scareware message as deceptive. Additionally, technology awareness enhances self-efficacy to detect deception and reduces individual perceptions of source trustworthiness. Finally, the data significantly illustrate behavioral intention to use scareware is lower when the message is perceived as deceptive.
Exploring the Margin Recipe for Online Adaptive Radiation Therapy for Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer: An Intrafractional Seminal Vesicles Motion Analysis.

Purpose To provide a benchmark for seminal vesicle (SV) margin selection to account for intrafractional motion and to investigate the effectiveness of 2 motion surrogates in predicting intrafractional SV coverage. Methods and Materials Fifteen prostate patients were studied. Each patient had 5 pairs (1 patient had 4 pairs) of pretreatment and posttreatment cone beam CTs (CBCTs). Each pair of CBCTs was registered on the basis of prostate fiducial markers. All pretreatment SVs were expanded with 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 8-mm isotropic margins to form a series of planning target volumes, and their intrafractional coverage to the posttreatment SV determined the “ground truth” for exact coverage. Two motion surrogates, the center of mass (COM) and the border of contour, were evaluated by the use of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and exponential fitting for predicting SV underdosage. Action threshold of each surrogate was calculated. The margin for each surrogate was calculated according to a traditional margin recipe. Results Ninety-five percent posttreatment SV coverage was achieved in 9%, 53%, 73%, 86%, 95%, and 97% of fractions with 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 8-mm margins, respectively. The 5-mm margins provided 95% intrafractional SV coverage in over 90% of fractions. The correlation between the COM and border was weak, moderate, and strong in the left-right (L-R), anterior-posterior (A-P), and superior-inferior (S-I) directions, respectively. Exponential fitting gave the underdosage threshold of 4.5 and 7.0 mm for the COM and border. The Van Herk margin recipe recommended 0-, 0.5-, and 0.8-mm margins in the L-R, A-P, and S-I directions based on the COM, and 1.2-, 3.9-, and 2.5-mm margins based on the border. Conclusions Five-millimeter isotropic margins for the SV constitute the minimum required to mitigate the intrafractional motion. Both the COM and the border are acceptable predictors for SV underdosage with 4.5- and 7.0-mm action threshold. Traditional margin based on the COM or border underestimates the margin.
Lactase Immobilized on Stainless Steel and Other Dense Metal and Metal Oxide Supports

The past decade has seen the development of a large number of techniques for immobilizing enzymes which have been reviewed and discussed at length elsewhere(1,2,3). For the present purposes we consider those techniques involving the attachment of enzymes to particulate supports by means other than physical entrapment. While a number of methods have been described, (1,2,3), covalent binding seems to have gained the most favor. Catalysts prepared by such techniques have typically been used in packed bed reactors to process what might be referred to as “reagent grade” substrate streams.
Fossil Energy Information Resources in the U. S.

Information on fossil fuels and fossil energy technology is available through (1) U.S. Government organizations such as the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and Departments of Transportation and Interior, (2) state governments and their extensions such as Pennsylvania State University of Oklahoma, and (3) privately financed organizations such as the American Petroleum Institute and Engineering Index, Inc. Those information resource areas provide either generalized information for widespread public consumption of specialized information for specific segments of the fossil energy commu-nity, e.g, coal geologists and -chemists, petroleum engineers, and combustion and transportation engineers. ERDA is collecting and machine storing in one common bibliographic format worldwide information cover-ing all areas of fossil energy with particular emphasis on coal and coal product technology.
Does State Financial Aid Affect Institutional Aid? An Analysis of the Role of State Policy on Postsecondary Institutional Pricing Strategies

Abstract This study investigates whether higher education institutions alter their pricing strategies due to changes state‐based financial aid generosity. Using fixed effects and instrumental variables estimation strategies with an institutional‐level panel dataset for the years 2002‐2008 we estimate whether institutions adjust net‐tuition and fees, list tuition and fees, and average institutional financial aid awards as their home states alter their levels of state‐based financial aid programs. Our findings show that public institutions’ pricing strategies are reinforcing state policies, primarily through downward adjustments in tuition levels. Further, we find that public institutions in states with weak higher education governance structures lower their net‐price in response to increased state financial aid. In contrast, private institutions net‐price is unresponsive to state financial aid award levels, although we find evidence that they lower institutional aid awards in response.
Postoperative Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care

Among the most essential tenets of pediatrics is the understanding of the developmental differences that separate the neonate, infant, child and adult. These differences are especially pronounced in the neonate and infant. A brief overview of important physiologic and anatomic differences between the neonate, infant, child and adult will provide a foundation for providing optimal postoperative ICU care.
Historic Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage

Human use of land has reduced the amount of carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems, probably since the first use of fire as a tool for clearing land thousands of years ago. Because variations in climate have also affected C storage over this period, it is difficult to attribute long-term changes in terrestrial C to direct human activity. Over the last 150–300 years, however, reconstructions of land use and land-use change suggest that between ∼100 and ∼200 Pg (1 Pg = 1015 g) C were lost from land, largely from the conversion of forests to agricultural lands. This loss of C over the past century or so is greater than the loss attributable to human activity for all of time before 1850. Most of the loss since 1850 has been from forest biomass, while the loss of C from soil organic matter (SOM) as a result of cultivation is estimated to have contributed ∼25% of the net loss. The restoration of forests on cleared lands could, in theory, re-carbonize the biosphere with 100–200 Pg C; but most of these lands are currently in use and unlikely to be returned to forests. Management practices would have to reverse the centuries-long loss of C.