cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hedrick's Pharmacy

As the head pharmacist and manager of Hedrick's Pharmacy, a family-owned, independent pharmacy in Pennsylvania, Samantha Hedrick had to decide whether to continue to stock a wildly popular supplement, Memoral, a blend of vitamins, minerals, and herbs that "may support memory and cognitive function." Despite its hefty price tag ($75 a month), the supplement was a hit with the customers, particularly older adults who were concerned about developing Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. Hedrick's research had revealed, however, that while Memorol was probably safe, it was no better than a placebo in preventing memory problems in older adults. Although Hedrick was still getting adjusted to running the pharmacy, she knew that Memorol was very profitable for her family's business, but was it fair to sell her customers an expensive supplement that was functionally no different than a sugar pill, even if customers felt it helped them? Was having Memorol on the shelves an implicit seal of approval from the small pharmacy? How should she respond to customers who asked her whether they should start taking it? Excerpt UVA-E-0422 Jan. 18, 2019 Hedrick's Pharmacy Samantha Hedrick could not put off her decision about Memorol any longer. As the head pharmacist and manager of Hedrick's Pharmacy (Hedrick's), a family-owned independent pharmacy in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Hedrick decided what products to offer to her customers. She dreaded the thought of pulling one of the pharmacy's most popular and profitable supplements off the shelves. But she was equally uneasy about selling a product of such questionable value to the customers who had come to rely on her for advice. Hedrick's Pharmacy Hedrick's was founded in 1913 by James Hedrick, a pharmacist and local business leader. In an age dominated by chain pharmacies such as CVS and Walgreens, Hedrick's was able to maintain a loyal base of customers who had come to trust its friendly, knowledgeable, and down-to-earth pharmacy staff. Many people in Lancaster preferred to get medical advice from the pharmacists at Hedrick's rather than from doctors or online sources. Like most pharmacies, Hedrick's offered prescription and over-the­counter medications as well as dietary supplements. It also stocked a wide array of gifts, cards, and toys. . . .
The Comlimentary Effects of Empathy and Nonverbal Communication Training on Persuasion Capabilities

This paper investigates the possible complementary effects that training in empathy and nonverbal communication may have on persuasion capabilities. The narrative considers implications from the literature and describes an exploratory study in which students, in a managerial setting, were trained in empathy and nonverbal communication. Subsequent evaluations of these students by faculty evaluators and the students themselves provide preliminary evidence that training in empathy, on the one hand, and nonverbal communication on the other can be effective, but concurrent training in both of these is superior to concentration in only one. This is the first research report which deals with such concurrent training and its impact on persuasion effectiveness in business communication.
Does Integrated Fixation Provide Benefit in the Reconstruction of Posttraumatic Tibial Bone Defects

Background Limb salvage in the presence of posttraumatic tibial bone loss can be accomplished using the traditional Ilizarov method of distraction osteogenesis with circular external fixation. Internal fixation placed at the beginning of the consolidation phase, so-called integrated fixation, may allow for earlier removal of the external fixator but introduces concerns about cross-contamination from the additional open procedure and maintenance of bone regenerate stability. Questions/purposes Among patients deemed eligible for integrated fixation, we sought to determine: (1) Does integrated fixation decrease the time in the external fixator? (2) Is there a difference in the rate of complications between the two groups? (3) Are there differences in functional and radiographic results between integrated fixation and the traditional Ilizarov approach of external fixation alone? Methods Between January 2006 and December 2012, we treated 58 patients (58 tibiae) with posttraumatic tibial bone loss using the Ilizarov method. Of those, 30 patients (52%) were treated with the ‘‘classic technique’’ (external fixator alone) and 28 (48%) were treated with the ‘‘integrated technique’’ (a combination of an external fixator and plating or insertion of an intramedullary nail). During that period, the general indications for use of the integrated technique were closed physes, no active infection, and a healed soft tissue envelope located at the intended internal fixation site; the remainder of the patients were treated with the classic technique. Followup on 30 (100%) and 28 (100%) patients in the classic and integrated techniques, respectively, was achieved at a minimum of 1 year (mean, 3 years; range, 1‐8 years). Adverse events were reported as problems, obstacles, and complications according to the
Results of a Case Study on Information Technology at a University

In the first article in this series (Tellis, 1997a) the author presented the background on the history and importance of the use of the case method of research. The second article (Tellis, 1997b) presented a proposed methodology based on the literature and an application of the methodology in an information technology case. The current article will present a suggested format for reporting case research results. The article will review the goals and objectives of the research project and present various tables containing the results of the data analysis conducted for the project. The article will finally present conclusions drawn from the results, and what future researchers might wish to pursue. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss4/4 Results of a Case Study on Information Technology at a University by Winston M. Tellis The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 4, December, 1997 Abstract In the first article in this series (Tellis, 1997a) the author presented the background on the history and importance of the use of the case method of research. The second article (Tellis, 1997b) presented a proposed methodology based on the literature and an application of the methodology in an information technology case. The current article will present a suggested format for reporting case research results. The article will review the goals and objectives of the research project and present various tables containing the results of the data analysis conducted for the project. The article will finally present conclusions drawn from the results, and what future researchers might wish to pursue.In the first article in this series (Tellis, 1997a) the author presented the background on the history and importance of the use of the case method of research. The second article (Tellis, 1997b) presented a proposed methodology based on the literature and an application of the methodology in an information technology case. The current article will present a suggested format for reporting case research results. The article will review the goals and objectives of the research project and present various tables containing the results of the data analysis conducted for the project. The article will finally present conclusions drawn from the results, and what future researchers might wish to pursue.
Structural and Functional Analysis of Murine Class II Molecules

Class II (Ia) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the mouse are cell surface glycoproteins expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC; ref. 1). In the mouse two isotypic forms of Ia exist: the I-A and I-E molecules, each a heterodimer composed of noncovalently-associated a and s chains. The association of foreign antigen, Ia molecules and the clonally distributed antigen receptor on T cells is critical in the initiation and regulation of immune responses1. However, the exact nature of the interaction between T cell receptor, antigen and Ia molecule is still poorly understood at the molecular level.
SU-E-T-448: Heightened Apical Positivity of 2-Year Post-Radiotherapy Biopsies Is Not Related to Suboptimal Dosimetry

Purpose: Previous research has demonstrated that following radiation therapy for prostate cancer, there is a relative increase in positive biopsies in the apex versus the rest of the prostate. The increase could be due to: 1) Inter-fraction apex motion or deformation, 2) Intra-fraction apex motion or deformation, 3) Suboptimal dose coverage in the apex, 4) Tissue composition in the apex and/or 5) Prostate size. In this initial study, the potential for suboptimal dose coverage in the apex was assessed by splitting the prostate planning target volume into the apex (inferior third) and remainder. Methods: 69 patients were selected from 303 patients treated on a clinical radiotherapy trial for prostate cancer. These patients were selected as they had both a localized (sextant template) 2-year post-treatment biopsy and 3D dose information. Of these patients, 10 had positive biopsies in the apex, 8 in the remainder and 11 in both locations. For all patients, the following dosimetric data was acquired from the apex dose volume histogram: Dmean, Dmax, Dmin, D95% and V100%. Unpaired, one-tailed t-tests were used to test for statistical significance (p < 0.05) between all dosimetric parameters for patients with positive versus negative apical biopsies. Additionally, D95% for the apex was plotted against D95% of the remainder. Results: There was no statistical difference for the selected apical dosimetric parameters for patients with positive versus negative biopsies (p-values > 0.05). No correlation was found between D95% (normalized to the prescription dose) for the apex and remainder (R2 = 0.0116). Conclusion: No correlation was found between positive apical biopsy and suboptimal dosimetric coverage. Current research is looking into inter-fraction apex motion and deformation as a potential source of the increased apical failure using daily CBCT images.
Social determinants of cardiovascular health among black and white women residing in Stroke Belt and Buckle regions of the South.

Objective : To assess the associations of social determinants on cardiovascular health among White and Black residing in Stroke Belt (urban) and Stroke Buckle (rural) regions of the South. Design : A cross-sectional observational analysis based on a random digit-dial telephone survey of a representative sample of White and Black adults residing in urban and rural Georgia conducted from 2004–2005. Separate logistic regression analyses examined the effects of social determinants on cardiovascular health within and between White and Black women and within and between urban and rural residential location. The main outcome measure was poor cardiovascular health defined as > 2 self-reported clinical cardiovascular disease risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, overweight or obese). Social determinants were defined as socioeconomic status (SES), general daily stress, racial discrimination, and stress due to exposure to racial discrimination. Significance was established as a two-tailed P <.05. Results : A total of 674 White and Black women aged 18–90 years were included in the sample. Results showed Black women with lower SES had worse cardiovascular health than White women in both rural and urban areas (rural odds ratio [OR] 2.68; confidence interval [CI] 1.44, 4.90; P =.001; urban OR=2.92; CI=1.62, 5.23; P =.0003). White women reporting high or very high exposure to general daily stress where more likely to have worse cardiovascular health than White women reporting very little to no daily stress (OR=2.85; CI=1.49, 5.44; P =.001). Conclusion : Our findings demonstrate the importance of social determinants associated with cardiovascular health. Tailored cardiovascular risk reduction intervention is needed among lower SES Black women in Stroke Belt and Buckle regions of the South, as well as stress-reduction intervention among White women in the South. ( Ethn Dis . 2014;24[2]: 133–143)
Interactions of 3,3′-diindolylmethane with rat hepatic cytochrome P450s in vitro and in vivo.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5593 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a major product formed in the acid pH of the stomach after oral intake of indole-3-carbinol (I3C). DIM has been reported to suppress the growth of breast and prostate cancer cells and also mammary tumors in rats. Its mechanism of action may be mediated via cytochrome P450 (CYP)-catalyzed metabolism of steroid hormones. DIM has been shown to inhibit the activities of CYP1A1 and CYP2B1/2 in hepatic microsomes of β-naphthoflavone (β-NF)- and phenobarbital (PB)-treated rats, respectively (Stresser et al. J Biochem Toxicol 1995). In our study, DIM was found to be a mixed inhibitor of CYP1A1 (EROD) activity with Vmax 3.11 nmol/min/mg, Km 0.287 μM, Kia 2.37 μM and Kib 27.5 μM in hepatic microsomes of I3C-treated, and with Vmax 2.32 nmol/min/mg, Km 0.167 μM, Kia 1.60 μM and Kib 22.0 μM in those of β-NF-treated rats. In PB-treated rats, DIM was an uncompetitive inhibitor of CYP2B1/2 activity assayed as BROD with Vmax 4.66 nmol/min/mg, Km 0.667 μM and Kib 0.471 μM. DIM was also a mixed inhibitor of this activity assayed as PROD with Vmax 1.29 nmol/min/mg, Km 1.30 μM, Kia 0.364 μM and Kib 0.600 μM. However, CYP3A1/2 (NIFOX) activity of dexamethasone (DEX)-treated rats was not inhibited by DIM in vitro. To determine whether the above interactions of DIM with CYPs occur in vivo, CYP mRNA expression levels, CYP activities and metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2) were measured in hepatic microsomes of rats treated with PB (4 days at 75 mg/kg bwt), DEX (3 days at 50 mg/kg bwt), DIM (4 days at 42 mg/kg bwt) or DIM in combination with either PB or DEX. The relative mRNA expression levels of CYPs were increased as follows: CYP2B1 > CYP1A1 > CYP2B2 after DIM; CYP2B1 >> CYP2B2 >> CYP3A2 after PB; and CYP3A1 >> CYP3A2 >> CYP2B1 after DEX treatment. The CYP activities were increased as follows: BROD > EROD > PROD after DIM; BROD > PROD > EROD > NIFOX; and BROD > PROD > NIFOX after DEX treatment. Co-treatment with DIM had no effect on the PB- or DEX-induced increases in either CYP mRNA expression levels or activities. The rates of formation of E2 metabolites were increased as follows: 6β-OH-E2 > 2-OH-E2 after DIM; 6β-OH-E2 > 2-OH-E1 > 6α-OH-E2 > E3 > 2-OH-E2 > 4-OH-E2 > 6(α+β)-OH-E1 after PB; and 15α-OH-E2 > 6β-OH-E2 > 4-OH-E2 > 6(α+β)-OH-E1 > 2-OH-E2 > E1 after DEX relative to vehicle treatment. Co-treatment with DIM decreased the rates of formation of 2-OH-E2, 2-OH-E1, 4-OH-E2, 6β-OH-E2 and 6(α+β)-OH-E1 by 28, 63, 43, 47 and 49%, respectively, compared to PB-treated rats, but had no effect on the DEX-increased rates of E2 metabolite formation. The data indicate that inhibition of CYP1A1 and 2B1/2 activities by DIM in vitro is not reproducible in vivo, and suggest that a PB-inducible CYP(s) not analyzed in this study catalyzes metabolism of E2 and is inhibited by DIM. The inhibition of the adverse E2 metabolite formation by DIM in vivo might have a protective effect on E2-dependent carcinogenesis.
Mitochondria transfer into mouse ova by microinjection

A method for mitochondria isolation and interspecific transfer of mitochondria was developed in mice. Mitochondria were isolated from Mus spretus liver samples for microinjection into fertilized ova obtained from superovulated M. musculus domesticus females. Electron microscopic observations of mitochondria preparations used for microinjection demonstrated intact mitochondrial vesicles with little microsomal contamination. Species-specific nested PCR primers complementary to sequence differences in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region revealed high rates of successful transfer of foreign mitochondria after isolation and injection into zygotes cultured through the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. Of 217 zygotes, 67 survived mitochondria injection and 23 out of 37 zygotes developed were at the blastocyst-stage of embryonic development after 4.5 days of in vitro culture. All 23 of these blastocysts contained detectable levels of foreign mitochondria. These results represent an initial step in developing a model system to study mitochondrial dynamics and development of therapeutic strategies for human metabolic diseases affected by aberrations in mitochondrial function or mutation.
Grade Inflation at the University of Hawaii-Manoa

I found that the University has experienced modest grade inflation over the past twelve years but the rate of inflation has been considerably low relative to other universities. In addition, I failed to find clear evidence of a widening interdepartmental gap, which is often referred to as being a nationwide phenomenon. Interestingly, the mean grades of female students have been consistently higher than those of male students at all course levels and for each of the eight selected departments in all semesters, and this gender gap seems to be widening.
How 'Wilsonian' Was Woodrow Wilson

This essay reveals how President Woodrow Wilson's passion for international law slowly developed over several stages in his life from his professorship at Princeton to his presidency. By exploring Wilson's conversion from a skeptic of international law to one of its greatest proponents, the author shows how Wilson's world view shaped American foreign policy and the political landscape.
Parallel algorithms for parenthesis matching and generation of random balanced sequences of parentheses

Parallel parenthesis-matching algorithm has in the past been used to design parallel algorithms for generation of computation tree forms and parsing. In this paper we present a parallel parenthesis-matching algorithm. A variant of binary search tree is constructed in parallel. The search tree is used to find the matching of each parenthesis. The algorithm takes O(log n) time on a (n / log n)-processor CREW-PRAM. We also present an O(log n)-time parallel algorithm for generation of random sequences of parentheses. These two algorithms can be used to design an O(log n)-time parallel algorithm for generation of a class of random permutations.
Effects of wood on debris flow runout in small mountain watersheds

[1] Debris flows have typically been viewed as two-phase mixtures of sediment and water, but in forested mountain landscapes, wood can represent a sizable fraction of total flow volume. The effects of this third phase on flow behavior are poorly understood. To evaluate whether wood can have a significant effect on debris flow runout in small mountainous watersheds, we used a landscape-scale model combining empirical, stochastic, and physical submodels of storms, fires, forest growth, tree fall, wood decay, soil production and diffusion, landslide initiation, debris flow runout, and fluvial sediment transport. We examined changes in the cumulative distribution function of debris flow runout lengths in a small (2 km2) watershed in the Oregon Coast Range due to presence or absence of two hypothesized effects of wood: (1) velocity reduction due to entrainment of wood in the runout path and (2) velocity reduction due to changes in flow direction angle. The model was calibrated such that the distribution for simulations including both effects was similar to that measured in the study basin, and amounts of wood in the simulation and the field, both fallen in small valleys and incorporated by debris flows, were comparable. Removal of either effect, or both, significantly shifted runout length distributions to longer lengths. Simulations and field observations indicate that with wood, fluvial transport is a significant source of sediment output, few debris flows reach the outlet, and debris flow deposits are widely distributed throughout the network. Simulations indicate that without wood, basin sediment yield greatly increases, that yield is dominated by longer-runout debris flows, and that debris flow deposits are concentrated in the low-gradient reach near the outlet.
Exploring Homeowner Opposition to Public Housing Developments

This paper examines the beliefs and attitudes of homeowners in two receiving communities of public housing units. Opposition to housing mobility programs is generally attributed to fear of falling property values and increased crime rates. Given the spatial and redistributive nature of the programs, this paper proposes and explores space and liberty-based ideologies as causes of dormant opposition persisting beyond relocation. Survey data were collected from two neighborhoods where developments containing public housing were located. Results indicate that ideologies about space and liberty are important to understanding receiving community opposition as well as the extent to which members of the receiving community feel that public housing residents are part of their community.
On the Essence of Oberon

Reynolds described the “essence of Algol” as the simple imperative language combined with the typed lambda calculus. We provide a similar description of Wirth's language Oberon as the simple imperative language combined with procedure types and record extension. Whereas the semantics of Algol has been given in terms of a (domain theoretic) model using an explicit representation of storage, our semantics uses predicate transformers; this is possible thanks to recent advances in the theory of predicate transformers. Predicate transformer semantics connects one of the most successful methods of rigorous program development with one of the most successful pragmatically-designed programming languages.
The underlying basis for obesity: relationship to cancer.

An increase in the risk of cancer is one of the consequences of obesity. The predominant cancers associated with obesity have a hormonal base and include breast, prostate, endometrium, colon and gallbladder cancers. As the basis for understanding the problem of obesity has advanced, a number of new ideas have emerged about the relationship of obesity to cancer. The conversion of androstenedione secreted by the adrenal gland into estrone by aromatase in adipose tissue stroma provides an important source of estrogen for the postmenopausal woman. This estrogen may play an important role in the development of endometrial and breast cancer. Of interest is that experimental animals lacking aromatase or the estrogen receptor a are obese. Leptin is one of the many products produced by fat cells and has given rise to the ideas that the fat cell is an endocrine cell and that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ. The increased release of cytokines from this tissue may play a role in the inflammatory state that is associated with obesity. The gut also plays an important role in signaling satiety in response to food intake. Colon cancer is an important human disease, and experimental mice lacking gastrin are obese and have an increased risk of developing colon cancer in response to carcinogenic drugs. Efforts to control obesity through preventive strategies and treatment can be expected to have a benefit in reducing the risk of cancer.
Axion mass limits may be improved by pulsar x-ray measurements

Axions thermally emitted by a neutron star would be converted into x rays in the strong magnetic field surrounding the star. The present observational limit of pulsed x rays from the Vela pulsar (PSR 0833-45) is not small enough to bound the axion mass. An increase in x-ray sensitivity by a factor of ${10}^{4}$ would constrain the axion mass ${M}_{a}$3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ eV if the core is nonsuperfluid and at temperature ${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ K. This would improve the limits ${M}_{a}$\ensuremath{\lesssim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ eV from neutron-star cooling and ${M}_{a}$1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ eV from red-giant evolution. If the core is superfluid throughout, a factor of ${10}^{5}$ in sensitivity would be needed. A search for modulated hard x rays from PSR 1509-58 or other young pulsars is suggested. A limit on pulsed hard x rays 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ photons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ sec from a very young hot (${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\sim}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ K) pulsar within the Galaxy could set a firm bound on the axion mass, since neutron superfluidity is not expected above this temperature.
Functional relations of the rodent claustral-entorhinal-hippocampal system.

Abstract Electrophysiological studies of the claustrum of rat demonstrate functional connections with the limbic system (dentate gyrus, hippocampus) via the entorhinal cortex. The pathways show reciprocal connectivity, a degree of topological organization and the capacity for a long-term response potentation in the claustral projection to entorhinal cortex. The hypothesis that claustrum acts to functionally link neorcortical regions with components of the limbic system is considered.
A barium copper titanate. The synthesis and structural characterization of Ba8Cu2Ti22O54

Abstract The barium copper titanate compound Ba8Cu2Ti22O54, 1, was obtained in a crystalline form by heating a mixture of BaCO3, CuO, and TiO2 at 1380°C for 48 h. Compound 1 was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. There are ten independent transition metal sites in the lattice. In nine of these sites the metal ions are surrounded by six oxide ions in octahedral arrangements. The one remaining metal site is surrounded by a square pyramidal arrangement of five oxide ions with a sixth remotely positioned oxide ion. This site contains approximately 39% of the copper contained in the material. The remainder of the copper appears to be disordered uniformly among the octahedral metal sites.
Serological, functional, and immunochemical characterization of a monoclonal antibody (MoAb Q2/70) to human Ia-like antigens

Abstract Serological and immunochemical studies showed that monoclonal antibody Q2/70 (MoAb Q2/70), produced by the hybridoma technique, is specific for human Ia-like antigens. This antibody recognizes an antigenic determinant which is different from those defining the serologic polymorphism of Ia-like antigens, and is expressed on subsets of human Ia-like molecules and on lymphoid cells from other species. MoAb Q2/70 inhibits unidirectional MLRs ∗ between allogenic human lymphocytes, but not between murine and human lymphocytes. In ADCC ∗ assays, MoAb Q2/70 mediates lysis of cultured human B lymphoid cells RPMI 4098, effected by murine splenocytes. The antibody is suitable to isolate immunologically functional B lymphocytes from human peripheral blood.
High Risk Parolees in Transition from Institution to Community Life

National data indicate that approximately 69% of prisoners aged 25 years and under who are released on parole are re-arrested within three years of their release. Little attention has been given to the transitional process and factors that impact on the adjustment of parolees in their return to community 1ife.This paper reports a study of parolees released in three central North Carolina counties between July 1 and December 31, 1988. Findings indicate that many parolees want a change of lifestyle and report being motivated when released. Community factors (such as discrimination) and individual factors (such as finances, low self-esteem, and drug use) appear to hamper successful community adjustment. Parole agency issues are discussed.
Tectonic setting of blueschist and island-arc terranes of west-central Baja California, Mexico

Diverse oceanic rocks exposed in west-central Baja California (Mexico) are assigned to three shallowly dipping tectonic units. The lower plate is a subduction complex consisting of regionally metamorphosed blueschists and divided into structurally and petrologically distinct subterranes. The upper plate consists of Triassic-Lower Cretaceous are rocks and overlapping mid-Cretaceous turbidites. A fault-bounded serpentinite-matrix melange between lower and upper plate rocks contains blueschist, eclogite, amphibolite, and variably serpentinized mafic and ultramafic blocks. Lower plate blueschists were metamorphosed in the late Early Cretaceous and uplifted along shallowly dipping normal faults during conditions of steady-state subduction. Exotic blocks of blueschist, eclogite, and amphibolite are derived from a cryptic terrane or terranes, record varied P-T-t histories, and were uplifted via tectonic emplacement or diapiric rise of serpentinite along the normal faults.
Changes in Cyclin-dependent Kinase 2 and p27kip1 Accompany Glial Cell Differentiation of Central Glia-4 Cells *

The generation of different glial cell types in the central nervous system depends upon a wide variety of proliferative and differentiative signals. Here we report that changes in the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 accompany the differentiation of central glia-4 (CG-4) progenitor cells to an astrocytic cell phenotype in the presence of fetal calf serum. Although a decrease in CDK2 levels was observed in both oligodendrocyte and astrocyte cells derived from CG-4 cells, a striking increase in the levels of p27 was observed during the differentiation of astrocyte cells. In astrocyte cell extracts, inhibition of CDK2 activity could be overcome with exogenously added cyclin E. Furthermore, depletion of p27 from astrocyte extracts lowered the amount of cyclin E required for CDK2 activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibitory action of p27 upon cyclin E-CDK2 may prevent entry of cells into the S phase and regulate the progression of CG-4 cells toward an astrocytic lineage.
Preparation of a cell-free extract from rat brain which can initiate protein synthesis in vitro

A cell-free protein synthesis system, derived from brains of 3 mo-old male Fischer-344 rats, has been characterized. The optimum conditions for amino acid incorporation in the system were 5 mM magnesium ion and 200 mM potassium ion. Incorporation depended on the addition of ATP, GTP, and an energy-generating system, and was sensitive to addition of the drugs aurintricarboxylic acid and sodium fluoride, inhibitors of initiation of protein synthesis. Both 40S and 80S initiation complexes were labeled in vitro, using [35S]methionine. Such labeling was sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitors, aurintricarboxylic acid and sodium fluoride. The system, which can initiate protein synthesis, should be of use for examining mechanisms which underlie alterations in rat brain protein synthesis induced by various treatments.
Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by 5-Nitrothiazoles

A number of 5-nitrothiazoles with various substituents in the 2-position were tested for inhibition of Clostridium botulinum in a culture medium. Thiazole itself or 2-bromo- or 2-methylthiazole at 30 μg/ml did not inhibit the organism. An amino group in the 2-position of thiazole inhibited at 10 μg/ml. Substitution of a nitro group in the 5-position of 2-aminothiazole increased the inhibitory level to 0.12 μg/ml; acetyl-, propionyl-, or butyroyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.04 μg/ml. Benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.16 μg/ml; this increased to 0.01 μg/ml when the benzoyl group carried a nitro group in the m- or p-position; a nitro group in the o-position, on the other hand, inhibited at 0.04 μg/ml. Unsaturated aliphatic acyls decreased inhibition. The greatest activity was exhibited by 2-nonanoyl- and 2-lauroylamides, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.005 and 0.0025 μg/ml, respectively.
The activity of ribosomes of sea urchin eggs in response to fertilization.

1. 1. Sea urchin egg ribosomes highly active in, and dependent on, poly U-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine have shown different amino acid-incorporating activities after fertilization. Ribosomes from fertilized eggs are about twice as active as those from unfertilized eggs. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the ribosomal preparations were studied, and no significant differences were found. Ribosomes from fertilized eggs which were homogenized with high K+-homogenization buffer, showed lower activity which was at the level of those from unfertilized eggs. 2. 2. The sea urchin egg pH-5 fractions double approximately in activity after fertilization, as tested in the same poly U-directed system. 3. 3. Partially purified sea urchin egg soluble transfer factors were found to increase in activity after fertilization. Their increase is in the 2-fold range and is correlated with the increase in activity of both the ribosomal and the pH-5 fraction preparations.
Joint inventorship of computers

The term joint inventorship asks but does not necessarily answer the question, “Who is the true inventor of a computer?” I will try to show how “wrong” inventors are joined, how such improper joinder can be avoided, and its dangers. While the law permits the addition or subtraction of improperly joined inventors, it does not permit the substitution of one set of inventors for another set of inventors. Thus, despite corrective weapons, there are some pitfalls which must be avoided.
Extracting Structural and Mechanical Properties of Lipid Vesicles from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We have developed of a novel algorithm to determine both bending rigidity and membrane structure from molecular dynamics simulations of lipid vesicles. Using Spherical Harmonics (SH) analysis, we decompose the membrane fluctuations into a series of SH coefficients. These coefficients are used to construct the undulation power spectrum describing the intensity of undulations as a function of arc-length, similar to the method described by Brandt et al. 2011 for flat membrane geometries. The low wavenumber (large arc length) undulation modes provide a link to the continuum theory representation of membrane deformation, allowing us to extract bending rigidity. Furthermore, by applying a two-dimensional low-pass spatial filter to the SH coefficients (adapting a method developed by our group for flat-patch undulating bilayers, Braun et al. 2011), we can reconstruct the spherical undulating reference surface and extract accurate structural parameters for the lipid bilayer (e.g. membrane thickness and area-per-lipid). These new tools will be broadly useful for accurate analysis of future simulations investigating the effect of membrane insertions (such a as cholesterol or proteins) on vesicle structure and mechanics.
Effect of localized muscle fatigue on vertical ground reaction forces and ankle joint motion during running

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and ankle joint motion during the first 50% of the stance phase of running following fatiguing exercise of either the dorsiflexors or the invertors of the foot. VGRFs, sagittal and rearfoot kinematic data were collected from 11 female recreational runners running at 2.9 m/second on a treadmill prior to and following localized muscle fatigue of either the invertors or dorsiflexors of the right foot. Loading rate of the impact peak force significantly increased following fatiguing exercise of the dorsiflexors, while the peak magnitudes of the impact and push-off forces remained unchanged. There were significant decreases in dorsiflexion at heel contact, but no significant difference in any rearfoot motion parameters tested following dorsiflexor fatigue. Following fatiguing exercise of the invertors, impact peak magnitude, push-off peak magnitude and the rate of decline of the impact peak force significantly decreased; there was no change in the loading rate of the impact peak force. Invertor fatigue also resulted in a less inverted foot position at heel contact, but there were no significant differences in any other kinematic parameters tested. The results demonstrate that localized muscle fatigue of either the invertors or dorsiflexors can have a significant effect on the loading rates, peak magnitudes and ankle joint motion seen during running. These changes, due to localized muscle fatigue, may play a role in many common lower extremity running injuries.
The synthesis of novel polycyclic heterocyclic ring systems via photocyclization. 1. Thieno[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline and thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐c]quinoline

The synthesis of two previously unknown heterocyclic ring systems, namely, thieno[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]-quinoline and thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline is reported. These two novel ring systems were assembled by photocyclization of the appropriate anilides.
Patient assessment and treatment planning in child and adolescent partial hospital programs

Thirty-six patient records were examined during site visits to 18 child and adolescent (PH) programs. The documentation of patient assessment and treatment planning was examined. The history of present illness, past psychiatric history, and medical history were at least adequate in about 60-70% of evaluations. Treatment plans were generally complete, but at least one-half of mandated treatment plan reviews lacked revisions. Psychiatric justification of admission and diagnosis was poor in 41% and 44% of charts, respectively, and there was no documentation of ongoing psychiatrist-patient contact in 44% of charts. Possible explanations for these findings include inadequate funding of PH programs, lack of psychiatric time, and uniform approaches to treatment.
Radiofrequency Recombination Lines as Diagnostics of the Cool Interstellar Medium

Quantitative details are given of a new diagnostic technique for the carbon and hydrogen (H I) recombination lines. Theoretical results are presented for conditions expected in H I clouds, and are compared with available observations for Orion A and NGC 2024.
Microsphere based saliva diagnostics

Saliva presents a minimally invasive alternative medium to blood for performing diagnostics 1 . Microsphere sensors for ions, small organic molecules, and proteins are currently being developed and optical microarrays containing thousands of these sensors will be used for simultaneous multi-analyte analysis. The fiber bundle platform in use is 1mm in diameter and contains approximately 50,000 individually addressable 3.1μm fibers, each with an etched well capable of housing a single 3.1μm microsphere sensor. Micron-sized bead-based chemistries are produced in house, followed by deposition onto a fiber-optic bundle platform, allowing for multiplexed analysis. The ultimate goal is to develop a universal diagnostic system using saliva as the diagnostic medium. This platform will permit multiplexed analysis of a sample by integrating microfluidics with the optical arrays loaded with sensors capable of detecting relevant biomarkers associated with a wide range of disease states. Disease states that are currently under investigation include end stage renal disease (ESRD) and Sjoegrens Syndrome (SS).
Proportionate mortality among unionized construction ironworkers

This report presents the results of proportionate mortality ratios (PMR) and proportionate cancer mortality ratios (PCMR) among 13,301 members of the International Union of Bridge, Structural, and Ornamental Ironworkers who had been members for a minimum of 1 year, were actively paying dues into the death beneficiary fund, and had died between 1984-1991. Using the United States proportionate mortality rates as the comparison population, statistically significant elevated risks, using 95% confidence intervals (CI), were observed for several types of injuries: falls (N = 259, PMR = 3.57, CI = 3.15-4.03), transportation injuries (N = 363, PMR = 1.22, CI = 1.10-1.35), and other types of injuries (N = 225, PMR = 1.63, CI = 1.43-1.86). The deaths due to falls were significantly elevated for each 10-year age group under age 60 (PMR > 7.00) and for those workers with 6.00). Elevated mortality risks were also observed for all malignant neoplasms combined (N = 3,682, PMR = 1.09, CI = 1.06-1.13) as well as for site-specific malignant neoplasms of the lung (N = 1,523, PMR = 1.28, CI = 1.21-1.35), pleural mesothelioma (N = 7, PMR = 1.67, CI = 0.67-3.44) and "other and unspecified sites" (N = 307, PMR = 1.29, CI = 1.15-1.44). The category "pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases" was also significantly elevated (N = 690, PMR = 1.11, CI = 1.03-1.20); in this category, deaths due to asbestosis had the greatest elevated risk (N = 10, PMR = 3.56, CI = 1.70-6.54). No elevation in risk was found for kidney cancer or for chronic nephritis which were of interest because of Ironworkers' potential exposure to lead. The present study underscores the importance of fall protection and other injury prevention efforts in the construction industry, as well as the need to control airborne exposures to asbestos, welding fumes and other respirable disease hazards. Language: en
Influence of Certain Additives on the Photostability of Physosticmine Sulfate Solutions

AbstractCertain chemicals belonging to different groups of pharmaceutical adjuvants such as antioxidants, chelating agents, tonicity adjustors, photoprotective agents, buffer salts and preservatives were evaluated as stabilizing agents against photodegradation of physostigmine sulfate solutions in acetate buffer of pH 4.5. Of the materials studied, sodium benzoate appeared to be most effective, followed by potassium acid phthalate and then tartaric acid. Uric acid, sodium thiosulfate and glycerin were less effective. On the other hand, boric acid and sodium metabisulfite demonstrated the least photostabilizing action.
Spectrum of cartilage grafting in cutaneous reconstructive surgery

Abstract Background: The use of cartilage grafts in cutaneous reconstructive surgery is becoming increasingly common among dermatologic surgeons. Objective: Our purpose was to describe the indications, technical application, results, and complications associated with cartilage grafting in cutaneous reconstructive surgery. Methods: The spectrum of cartilage grafting is reviewed, and illustrative examples are provided. Results: A well-planned application of cartilage grafts in cutaneous reconstructive surgery can provide exceptional results, permitting restoration of impaired anatomic free margins as well as maintenance of the functional patency of key anatomic structures such as the nasal valve. Conclusion: Cartilage grafting in cutaneous reconstructive surgery is an important method to ensure optimal reconstructive outcomes. Dermatologists involved in reconstructive surgery will experience improved results through the application of these techniques. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:982-92.)
The current status of operation for acquired and congenital aortic valve disease

Summary The pathologic factors, surgical treatment and results of operation for congenital and acquired aortic valve disease have been indicated. In view of the excellent results of surgical treatment for congenital aortic stenosis, operation is considered advisable whenever symptoms are present or whenever the systolic pressure gradient is in excess of 50 mm. of mercury. Because of the palliative nature of operation for acquired aortic valve disease and the uncertainties inherent in the surgical procedures at present being used, it is our opinion at the Mayo Clinic that surgical procedures are indicated only in the presence of significant symptoms.
Physiological Control of Arginine Decarboxylase Activity in K-Deficient Oat Shoots

The effect of K-deficiency on the putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), was investigated by growing oat (Avena sativa L. var Victory) plants on a low-K, but otherwise complete nutrient medium in washed quartz sand for up to 18 days. Enzyme activity rose as the concentration of KCl was dropped to 0.6 millimolar or below. However, growth was not inhibited significantly at 0.6 millimolar KCl. ADC activity increased in the whole shoot of K-deficient oats throughout the period of 6 to 18 days, but remained constant in normal plants. At 18 days, ADC activity in entire K-deficient shoots was 6 times greater than in normal shoots, while in the first (oldest) leaf, ADC specific activity increased to more than 30 times the specific activity in the first leaf of normal plants. This effect was due to a moderate rise in total ADC activity in the first leaf between 6 and 18 days, accompanied by a significant decline in protein content. Replacing K(+) with Na(+) or Li(+) significantly inhibited the increase in ADC activity in K-deficient oats, while Rb(+) depressed the specific activity to a level below that in normal plants. An alternative putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase, was also examined. The specific activity of a pelletable form of the enzyme was increased 2-fold in the shoots of K-deficient oats.
Bifunctional chiral synthons via biochemical methods. VIII. Optically-active 3-aroylthio-2-methylpropionic acids.

Abstract Optically-active 3-aroylthio-2-methylpropionic acids have been prepared via lipase-catalyzed enantiospecific hydrolysis of their corresponding esters.
Museum Informatics: Collections, People, Access, Use

L'article presente quatre articles autour du theme de l'offre d'acces en ligne a l'information dans les musees, essentiellement dans le domaine de l'art et des sciences humaines. Ils abordent les questions de l'evolution des pratiques et des politiques d'information dans les musees engages sur la voie du numerique, de la creation d'acces vers l'information sur les collections de musees, des nouveaux modeles de gestion de l'information et du role des professionnels des musees, enfin de l'evaluation d'un projet d'acces a des ressources electroniques.
Application of Noncircular Primary-Air Inlet Geometries in the Inshot Burners of Residential Gas Furnaces

Experiments with an inshot burner used in residential natural gas furnaces are presented. The concentrations of NO x , NO, and CO in the combustion products of partially aerated natural gas flames were measured in a laboratory combustion chamber. When the conventional circular venturi inlet of the inshot burner was replaced by elliptic venturi inlets, an increase of up to 30 percent in the primary-air entrainment and a decrease of up to 20 percent in the NO x emission index were observed. Temperature field measurements in the flames were in conformity with the emission index measurements.
Das Papillenbild der Retinopathia diabetica

An 3 Gruppen, insgesamt 100 Fallen, wird das Papillenbild der diabetischen Retinopathie demonstriert. Papillenodem, ungewohnliche Papillenhyperamie und Papillenabblassung sind schon bei „Einfacher Retinopathie“ relativ haufige, jedoch gutartige Vorkommnisse. Weit starker hervor tritt das Papillenodem bei „Proliferativer Retinopathie“ und sonstiger maligner diabetischer Angiopathie (Nephropathie etc.). Die absolute Abhangigkeit des Papillenodems von der Nephropathie bzw. Hypertonie, so wie bisher postuliert, lies sich nicht erweisen. Vielmehr sind die Grunde vielgestaltig, offenbar alle im Gesamtplan der diabetischen Angiopathie begrundet.
Clinical review 3: The clinical use of thyrotropin receptor antibody measurements.

IN 1956 Adams and Purves made the pivotal observation that led to recognition of what came to be known as the long-acting thyroid stimulator (1). Since then many procedures have been developed to measure the entity that is now termed the thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) of Graves’ disease; some of these methods are listed in Table 1. As shown, there are two main categories of assays, namely those dependent for an end point on some index of thyroid stimulation and others that assess the ability of TSAb to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled TSH to its receptor. As will be discussed below, failure to recognize that TSH-binding inhibition (TBI) does not necessarily reflect a thyroid-stimulating activity is one of the factors confusing agreement on the clinical application of these assays; in addition there is an inevitable variability in sensitivity and, to some degree, specificity that may limit its use. Review of assay techniques Thyroid stimulation.