cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of nonlocalized target shape in the random walk description of transillumination experiments for optical imaging

A lattice random walk theory has been successfully used to interpret and analyze a variety of experimental data related to applications in optical imaging. A major advantage of the lattice theory is that it replaces cumbersome eigenfunction expansions resulting from diffusion theory by simpler relations expressed in terms of generating functions. The transillumination experiment has previously been analyzed by representing a region of increased absorptive properties in tissue by a single anomalous point. Here we extend the analysis to allow for $k$ anomalous sites, thus providing a tool for studying the effects of nonlocality of the anomalous region. We show that if the absorption coefficient in the anomalous region is sufficiently small, the simple approximation based on the use of a single point with an anomalous absorption coefficient yields quite good results as compared to data obtained from phantoms. It is shown that the neglect of correlation effects leads to an underestimate of the absorption coefficient in an anomalous region.
In Vitro synthesis of two polypeptides from a nonstructural gene of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59

The complete nucleotide sequence of nonstructural gene 5 of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59 has been determined. This sequence contains two potential open reading frames which overlap by five nucleotides. The putative protein products predicted from the sequence are a basic 13,000-Da polypeptide and a 9600-Da polypeptide containing an unusually long hydrophobic amino terminus. RNAs transcribed in vitro from DNAs containing each of the open reading frames in pGEM vectors direct the synthesis in vitro of polypeptides of the sizes predicted by the sequence. An RNA transcript containing both of the open reading frames directs the synthesis primarily of the polypeptide corresponding to the downstream open reading frame. These data suggest that MHV-A59 messenger RNA 5 potentially encodes two proteins and may be preferentially translated from an internal AUG initiation codon.
Determination of nitrogen oxides in auto exhaust.

A new procedure for determining nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust has been developed. The new procedure was included in a Bureau of Mines comparative study that aimed at evaluating various widely used methods for determining NOx in auto exhaust. The methods included in the evaluation study follow: (1) Static oxidation in tank (ST method). The method involves oxidation of NO in residence with O2 in a stainless steel tank. (2) Bureau of Mines method (BM method). The method involves application of the ST procedure in exhaust samples from which the hydrocarbons have been removed by combustion over catalyst. (3) Chevron Research method (CR method), as described in the literature. (4) Phenoldisulfonic acid method (PDS method), as described in the literature. The principal objective of this study was to generate experimental evidence which would lead to defining an optimum procedure for converting NO, present in exhaust gas, into NO2; this conversion is desired so that the total of NO + NO2 can be determined...
32 EVALUATION OF TOLOZOLINE TEST IN THE TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEWBORN (PPHN) BY DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

To reverse pulmonary hypertension and to improve hypoxemia in PPHN, tolazoline (TZ) was tested to assess its ability to decrease pulmonary resistances. We aim to study the response to TZ vasodilation by Doppler echocardiography. We sequentially studied profiles of blood velocities in the left pulmonary artery. Through the second intercostal space, the zero angle incidence beam with the LPA allows reproducibility of repeated measurements. The ductal flow was recorded arid gradient calculated. After baseline, TZ bolus infusion was started at 1 mg/kg for 15 min, then increased by steps of 1 mg/kg if no response. Measurements were done every 5 min during the test. Material: The cohort included seven cases of PPHN:Diaphragmatic hernia, respiratory distress syndrome, Strepto, Coli and Mycoplasma sepsis. Results: the different responses were I-Immediate increased pulmonary blood flow and increase in PaO2, 2-TZ dose dependent increased PBF, 3-immediaic increase in flow and deferred increase in PaO2, 4 -Absence of response. In conclusion, Doppler evaluation of PBF, during TZ infusion, demonstrates immediate response on PBF allowing dose adaptation. It also demonstrates the magnitude of reversed shunt across the ductus to increase diastolic PBF. Transductal gradient gives estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It shows presence of intrapulmonary right to left shunt and evidence of hypoventilation. Then increased doses of TZ leading to ominous side-effects are avoided.
Usefulness and skill of station-derived predictors in forecasting storm occurrence and intensity

Abstract The Friuli Venezia Giulia region (northeastern Italy, hereafter FVG) is an area subject to frequent storm occurrences. The Regional Meteorological Observatory of Friuli Venezia Giulia (hereafter OSMER) manages a spatially dense network of meteorological stations, that provides measures with a maximum sampling frequency of 5 min. Moreover there is a C-band Doppler Polarimetric Radar that provides complete scans every 5 min during the convective events, or every 30 min otherwise. This work aims to characterize the skill of one or more predictors, that are the measurements of such meteorological stations (e.g. wind magnitude, equivalent potential temperature, moisture transport, etc.), when forecasting the highest radar Vertical Maximum Intensity reflectivity (hereafter VMI) measured on the plain and coast of FVG, used as signature of the storm occurrence and intensity. The dataset here used consists of 5-minutes maximum time-resolution VMI (used to define each event) on plain and coast areas of FVG, and 5-minutes time-resolution observations derived from 31 stations, considering a time-lag varying from 30 min to 3 h before the VMI observation. The VMI dataset spans over a period 11 years long (2000–2010) and consists of about 100,000 cases. Both a multiregression study to forecast the maximum VMI value and a classification study of the occurrence of VMI events exceeding certain thresholds have been performed.
A reevaluation of the chromic acid colorimetric procedure for soil organic carbon

Abstract Two methods are currently used to measure soil organic carbon (SOC); one based on measuring CO2 evolution after high temperature combustion of the sample and the other on measuring dichromate reduction after organic carbon (OC) oxidation. The former method is the more accurate, but requires correction for soils with free calcium carbonate; the latter uses a hazardous heavy metal, dichromate (Cr 6+), but is easier when done colorimetrically (Cr 3+ measured at 625 ran) and is less expensive. If we could minimize the hazard and health concerns associated with the hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+), which is required in excess for complete SOC oxidation, and assure adequate accuracy, this method may be more acceptable especially where samples are few, and free calcium carbonate may be present. A methodology is presented where the amount of soil sample (0.1 to 0.5 g) and dichromate used in the analysis (2.5 mL of 0.167M dichromate) is small. The unreacted dichromate after analysis, is further reduced with gl...
Geyser Decline and Extinction in New Zealand—Energy Development Impacts and Implications for Environmental Management

Geysers are rare natural phenomena that represent increasingly important recreation, economic, and scientific resources. The features of geyser basins, including hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles, are easily damaged by human development. In New Zealand, the extinction of more than 100 geysers provides important lessons for the environmental management of the world’s remaining geyser basins. The impacts on New Zealand’s geysers are described in sequential “phases,” including the following: the first use of geothermal resources by the indigenous people—the Maori; early European-style tourism and spa development; streamside geyser decline caused by river level modification at the Spa geyser basin; multiple geyser basin extinctions caused by industrial-scale geothermal well withdrawal at Wairakei; the drowning of geysers at Orakeikorako after the filling of a hydroelectric reservoir; and geyser decline caused by geothermal well heating systems in Rotorua City. The crisis in Rotorua prompted preservation of the few remaining geysers at Whakarewarewa—the last major geyser basin in New Zealand. The New Zealand government ordered the geothermal wells within 1.5 km of Pohutu Geyser, Whakarewarewa, to be closed, which was a locally controversial measure. The well closure program resulted in a partial recovery of the Rotorua geothermal reservoir, but no extinct geysers recovered. The implications of recent geothermal computer modeling and future planning are discussed. The New Zealand case suggests that the protection of geysers requires strong regulations that prevent incompatible development at the outset, a prescription that is especially relevant for the future management of the geothermal fields adjacent to the geyser basins of Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.
New Employee Orientation: Make it Pay Dividends for Years to Come

Abstract First impressions do count, especially to new employees. By properly managing first impressions and the entire orientation process of new hires, IS managers can create an organization in which employees are more productive and to which they feel more connected. the most effective employee orientation programs are often the most creative ones, and this column helps IS managers be innovative when orienting new staff members.
Equipment sound power measurements in reverberation rooms

Abstract The problems of practical measurements of equipment sound power in reverberation rooms are identified and reviewed. The results of recent fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, give clear indications of the accuracy that can be achieved in these measurements.
Hormonal ablation as effective therapy for carcinomatous meningitis from prostatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND Metastases to the meninges from prostatic cancer are rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of all solid tumor cases. Management for patients with leptomeningeal metastases of various histologic types includes intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but the prognosis is poor. Therefore, the identification of selected patients for whom effective therapy exists is of paramount importance. METHODS A patient with adenocarcinoma of the prostate presented with leptomeningeal metastases as his first manifestation of metastatic disease. RESULTS Androgen blockade was initiated with flutamide and ketoconazole. After 5 days of therapy, leuprolide acetate depot was substituted for ketoconazole. The patient responded to therapy and remained asymptomatic with a normal serum prostate-specific antigen levels at 16-plus months with no further evidence of malignant cells in spinal fluid from repeated lumbar punctures. CONCLUSION Patients with hormone-naive metastatic prostatic carcinoma manifested as carcinomatous meningitis should be considered for hormonal ablative therapy. This is preferred to the use of intrathecal chemotherapy, which has limited efficacy.
Précis of memory: a philosophical study

The book presents a comprehensive and coherent account of the epistemology and metaphysics of memory. It introduces a new taxonomy of memory, defends the contingent dependence of memory on personal identity, argues that memory is logically independent of knowledge and that memory is a generative source of justification, sets forth a new version of the causal theory of memory, develops an externalist account of memory content, and proposes an account of memorial authenticity. Philosophers typically impose a tripartite division on kinds of memory: practical, propositional, and experiential memory. Practical memory is remembering how to do something. Propositional memory is remembering that p, where ‘p’ stands for a veridical proposition. Experiential memory is remembering from the first-person perspective an event one has personally experienced. The problem with this taxonomy is that there is no way of drawing a sharp and intuitively compelling distinction between experiential and propositional memory. In lieu of the tripartite classification scheme, Chapter 1 proposes a classification in terms of the grammatical objects of the verb ‘to remember’. Given this approach, there are four main kinds of remembering: one can remember persons or things, properties, events, and propositions (facts). The book concentrates on propositional memory, whereby I mean any substituent of the schema ‘S remembers that p’, irrespective of whether ‘p’ refers to something one has personally experienced, and irrespective of whether the memory content consists merely of p or whether it also includes images or qualitative experiences. Propositional memory of one’s own mental states I call introversive memory. All other kinds of propositional memories are extroversive memories. To cut the topic to a manageable size, the book is mainly concerned with propositional memories that
The Relationship of Accountability and Interdependent Behavior to Enhancing Team Consequences

The study examines a relationship that links accountability and interdependent behavior to enhanced team consequences. The high-accountability teams relied on more interdependent behaviors, experienced greater satisfaction with their team, and expressed higher success than low-accountability teams. Implications for practicing managers and for strengthening training programs are discussed.
On the possibility of disembodied existence

(1983). On the possibility of disembodied existence. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 275-282.
Statistical Mechanics and the Asymmetry of Counterfactual Dependence

In "Counterfactual Dependence and Time's Arrow", David Lewis defends an analysis of counterfactuals intended to yield the asymmetry of counterfactual dependence: that later affairs depend counterfactually on earlier ones, and not the other way around. I argue that careful attention to the dynamical properties of thermodynamically irreversible processes shows that in many ordinary cases, Lewis's analysis fails to yield this asymmetry. Furthermore, the analysis fails in an instructive way: it teaches us something about the connection between the asymmetry of overdetermination and the asymmetry of entropy.
There are multiple forms of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in prostate cancer cells and normal prostate tissue

We analyzed glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression in normal and malignant human prostate tissues, normal rat prostate, and Dunning R-3327 rat prostate cancer cell lines. We detected multiple forms of GAPDH in Dunning cell lines by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis and Western analysis. Five forms of GAPDH that differed by isoelectric point were detected for each of the two metastatic Dunning cell lines, while four or fewer forms were detected for Dunning cell lines with low metastatic ability. We also detected multiple forms of GAPDH in normal and malignant human prostate specimens by two dimensional protein electrophoresis and immunohistochemical analysis. GAPDH was undetectable in normal human prostate secretory epithelium by immunohistochemistry, but was abundant in nuclei of normal basal cells and stromal cells. In human prostate cancer specimens, there was a rough correlation between cytoplasmic staining for GAPDH and tumor grade, but GAPDH staining was extremely heterogeneous. GAPDH was abundant in nuclei of some high-grade human prostate tumors. Both of the human prostate cancer bone metastases analyzed with immunohistochemistry had markedly elevated cytoplasmic GAPDH expression. We conclude that multiple forms of GAPDH may play diverse roles in normal prostate tissue and in prostate cancer.
Early follow-up and treatment recommendations for isolated calf deep venous thrombosis

Background The clinical significance of isolated calf vein thrombosis (ICVT) remains controversial. Several studies have shown that the majority of ICVT do not propagate above the knee while other studies have suggested ICVT propagation and recommend full anticoagulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the progression of ICVT, identify risk factors for clot propagation, and to evaluate further thrombotic events associated with it. Methods This study consisted of 156 patients and a total of 180 limbs. All patients included had ICVT involving either the tibial, peroneal, gastrocnemius, or the soleal vein. After initial diagnosis, all patients were started on prophylactic dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin, unless already anticoagulated. All limbs were monitored using duplex ultrasonography scans at intervals of 2 to 3 days, 1 to 3 months, and 6 to 8 months from the initial time of diagnosis. Outcomes examined included lysis of clot, propagation to a proximal vein, and pulmonary emboli. Results ICVT was detected in 180 limbs of 156 patients. No significant difference was noted in the gender of the patients or limb preference. Twenty-four patents had both limbs involved. The mean age was 77 years old and the mean follow-up was 5.1 months. The soleal vein was most commonly involved. The second most common vein involved was peroneal, followed by posterior tibial and then gastrocnemius. The least commonly involved vein was the anterior tibial with only one positive result on each side. Fifteen of 180 limbs (9%) had complete resolution of the thrombus within 72 hours. Of these, six were anticoagulated to a therapeutic level. All patients had a follow-up duplex scan within 1 to 3 months' time, and none had recurrence. At the 1 to 3-month follow-up, 11 of 180 patients (7%) had propagation to a proximal vein; all of whom were in a high-risk group to develop a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), either after an orthopedic procedure, stroke, or malignancy. Nine of 156 patients developed a pulmonary emboli also diagnosed within the 1 to 3-months' time period. At the 6 to 8-month follow-up, there was no further propagation of any additional limbs and no further incidences of pulmonary emboli. Conclusion ICVT can be safely observed in asymptomatic patients without therapeutic anticoagulation. In our study, patients who have had orthopedic procedures, those with malignancy, and those that were immobile seemed to have a higher incidence of clot propagation. In this group, we recommend full anticoagulation until the patient is ambulatory or the follow-up duplex scan is negative. Our data also suggest that a follow-up duplex scan is not beneficial when performed within 72 hours or after 3 months.
Short-Term Responses of Breeding Birds of Grassland and Early Successional Habitat to Timing of Haying in Northwestern Arkansas

Abstract. In 2003, we evaluated nest survival and density of the Dickcissel (Spiza americana), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) in four unhayed, two earlyhayed (26–31 May) and three late-hayed (17–25 June) fields in northwestern Arkansas. Rope dragging and observations revealed 89 nests. Daily nest-survival rates (SE) prior to haying ranged from 0.94 (0.03) to 0.97 (0.02). Early haying affected both nest-survival rates and bird densities negatively, whereas late haying had minimal effects. Fifteen nests in hayed portions of early-hayed fields were destroyed, whereas only 2 of 52 nests were affected by late haying. Density was at least 0.98 birds ha-1 higher in unhayed than in early-hayed fields and 1.03 birds ha-1 higher in late-hayed than in early-hayed fields. In northwestern Arkansas, postponing haying until mid- to late June would allow time for nestlings to fledge, would have little effect on bird densities, and wou...
Functions and requirements of fats and emulsifiers in prepared cake mixes

Accompanying demands for product changes in formulation, recipe preparation and processing of prepared cake mixes have been modifications in the shortening and emulsifier system. Shortenings and emulsifiers are a major consideration in cake mix formulation and can provide the formulator with new opportunities. This research investigates the development of a shortening for a dry cake mix system with consideration given to three major factors. First, the type of fat used—its source, its crystalline structure, its ability to aerate and its physical form. Secondly, the type and amount of emulsifiers—mono- and diglycerides, polyglycerol esters, propylene glycol monoesters and glycerol lacto esters are reported. Third, the processing of the dry mix and its effect on the fat.
DO MORPHEMES MATURE? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE MATURATION AND LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS1

In order to clarify the relationship between cognitive development and linguistic development, French language comprehension tests originally administered to children learning French as a second language (Tremaine 1975) were given to intermediate-level university students of French as a foreign language. Although there were similarities between the two groups' performances, the general finding was that a certain level of cognitive maturation was related to successful performance on items involving semantic-syntactic relationships. Items involving inflectional/morphological distinctions, however, did not follow this pattern, and it is suggested that the acquisition of morphology may be more a function of specificexperience with a language than of level of cognitive maturity.
A Reinvestigation of Testicular-Anterior Pituitary Relationships in the Rat: I. Effects of Castration and Cryptorchidism

Adult male rats which were castrated or made cryptorchid were compared to intact or sham-operated controls with respect to serum and pituitary FSH and LH, serum testosterone, testicular weight and morphology and ventral prostate weight. Castrated rats showed a rapid and marked increase in serum FSH and LH and a progressive increase in pituitary LH concentration and content. Pituitary FSH content in the castrated animal showed an initial decrease followed by a progressive rise. The cryptorchid animals showed similar but less marked changes in serum FSH and LH and pituitary LH concentration and content. An early decrease in pituitary FSH content was not seen in the cryptorchid animal. A surprising finding was a decrease in serum testosterone and progressive alteration of Leydig cell morphology in the cryptorchid animal despite maintenance of normal weight of the ventral prostate. (Endocrinology 88: 872, 1971)
Effect of high altitude (14,100 Ft.) on nitrogenous components of human serum

Abstract Serum free amino acids and nitrogenous metabolites were measured in 8 male subjects exposed to a high altitude of 14,100 feet for 14 days. The ratio of total essential amino acids to total nonessential amino acids was decreased at altitude. Glutamic acid increased and leucine, lysine, valine and threonine decreased significantly at altitude. The nitrogenous metabolites, taurine and urea were elevated at altitude. Serum water content increased slightly, i.e., about 1 per cent, and therefore changes in the nitrogenous components of serum at altitude cannot be explained by a dehydration effect. Alterations in serum free amino acid and nitrogenous metabolite concentrations in serum of subjects at 14,100 feet closely parallel changes in these serum components reported in subjects on protein deficient diets; however, protein intake at altitude was well above minimum requirements. This suggests that the changes in nitrogenous components of serum noted in 8 male subjects exposed to a high altitude of 14,100 feet are due to alterations in protein metabolism which affect protein utilization.
Evidence Does Not Support Clinical Screening of Literacy

Limited health literacy is a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Despite controversy, many health care professionals have called for routine clinical screening of patients’ literacy skills. Whereas brief literacy screening tools exist that with further evaluation could potentially be used to detect limited literacy in clinical settings, no screening program for limited literacy has been shown to be effective. Yet there is a noted potential for harm, in the form of shame and alienation, which might be induced through clinical screening. There is fair evidence to suggest that possible harm outweighs any current benefits; therefore, clinical screening for literacy should not be recommended at this time.
Validation of the colour difference plot scoring system analysis of the 103 hexagon multifocal electroretinogram in the evaluation of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity.

Purpose To evaluate sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of colour difference plot analysis (CDPA) of 103 hexagon multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) in detecting established hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinal toxicity. Methods Twenty-three patients taking HCQ were divided into those with and without retinal toxicity and were compared with a control group without retinal disease and not taking HCQ. CDPA with two masked examiners was performed using age-corrected mfERG responses in the central ring (Rc; 0–5.5 degrees from fixation) and paracentral ring (Rp; 5.5–11 degrees from fixation). An abnormal ring was defined as containing any hexagons with a difference in two or more standard deviations from normal (colour blue or black). Results Categorical analysis (ring involvement or not) showed Rc had 83% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Rp had 89% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Requiring abnormal hexagons in both Rc and Rp yielded sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 95%, respectively. If required in only one ring, they were 89% and 80%, respectively. In this population, there was complete agreement in identifying toxicity when comparing CDPA using Rp with ring ratio analysis using R5/R4 P1 ring responses (89% sensitivity and 95% specificity). Continuous analysis of CDPA with receiver operating characteristic analysis showed optimized detection (83% sensitivity and 96% specificity) when ≥4 abnormal hexagons were present anywhere within the Rp ring outline. Intergrader agreement and reproducibility were good. Conclusions Colour difference plot analysis had sensitivity and specificity that approached that of ring ratio analysis of R5/R4 P1 responses. Ease of implementation and reproducibility are notable advantages of CDPA.
Analysis of a satellite communication channel: optical scintillations and fade statistics

Estimates of the fractional fade time, expected number of fades, and mean duration of fade time associated with a transmitted Gaussian-beam wave are developed for uplink laser satellite-communication channels and compared with similar results based on a spherical wave model. Weak fluctuation theory using the lognormal model is applicable for zenith angles less than 60 degrees. Because spot size and off-axis scintillations are significant in the Gaussian- beam wave model but not for the spherical wave model, pointing errors become an important consideration in a reliable laser communication link. Off-axis scintillations increase even more rapidly for large diameter beams and can in some cases lead to a scintillation saturation for pointing errors greater than 1 (mu) rad off the optical beam axis.
Involutions and characters of upper triangular matrix groups

We study the realizability over R of representations of the group U(n) of upper-triangular n x n matrices over F 2 . We prove that all the representations of U(n) are realizable over R if n ≤ 12, but that if n ≥ 13, U(n) has representations not realizable over R. This theorem is a variation on a result that can be obtained by combining work of J. Arregi and A. Vera-Lopez and of the authors, but the proof of the theorem in this paper is much more natural.
Justice in context: assessing contextualism as an approach to justice

Moral and political philosophers are increasingly using empirical data to inform their normative theories. This has sparked renewed interest into questions concerning the relationship between facts and principles. A recent attempt to frame these questions within a broader approach to normative theory comes from David Miller, who has on several occasions defended ‘contextualism’ as the best approach to justice. Miller argues that the context of distribution itself brings one or another political principle into play. This paper examines this claim. It considers several plausible strategies for carrying out Miller’s general project and argues that each strategy fails. Nevertheless, the author maintains that an investigation into why they fail paves the way for a philosophically plausible account of the relationship between facts and principles. Keywords: justice; contextualism; global distributive justice; justification; John Rawls; David Miller (Published: 28 May 2012) Citation: Ethics & Global Politics, Vol. 5 , No. 2, 2012, pp. 7194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/egp.v5i2.8970
Purification, properties and regulation of the level of bovine S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase during lymphocyte mitogenesis

Abstract S -Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was purified from the livers of calves treated with methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) to elevate the level of the enzyme. Purified bovine S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase was similar in specific activity and subunit molecular weight (32 000) to the enzymes previously isolated from rat and mouse. The bovine liver enzyme immunologically crossreacted with S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from resting and mitogenically activated bovine lymphocytes. The rate of enzyme synthesis in activated lymphocytes was determined by labeling the cells with [ 3 H]leucine and isolating the radioactive decarboxylase by affinity chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The rate of enzyme syntheis was increased 10-fold by 9 h after mitogen treatment, which accounts for the initial increase in cellular enzymatic. There was no further incraese in the rate of S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase synthesis that correlated with a second elevation of activity occuring at approx. 24 h after mitogenic activation. It was concluded that the second increase in enzyme activity was due to lengthening the intracellular half-life of the enzyme by 2-fold.
Phenomenological modeling of the effect of specimen thickness on the creep response of Ni-based superalloy single crystals

Abstract Isothermal creep tests on single-crystal Ni-based superalloy sheet specimens show a thickness-dependent creep response that is known as the thickness debit effect. A size-dependent creep response at similar length scales has also been observed in a wide variety of other materials. We focus on Ni-based single-crystal superalloys and present a phenomenological nonlinear parallel spring model for uniaxial creep with springs representing the bulk and possible surface damage layers. The nonlinear spring constitutive relations model both material creep and evolving damage. The number of springs and the spring creep and damage parameters are based, as much as possible, on recent experimental observations of the thickness debit effect under two creep test conditions: a low-temperature, high-stress condition, 760 °C/758 MPa, and a high-temperature, low-stress condition, 982 °C/248 MPa. The bulk damage mechanisms accounted for are the nucleation of cleavage-like cracks from pre-existing voids and, at the higher temperature, void nucleation. The surface damage mechanisms modeled at the higher temperature are an oxidation layer, a γ ′-precipitate-free layer and a γ ′-precipitate-reduced layer. Model results for the creep response and for the thickness debit effect are in close quantitative agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the model predicts qualitative features of the failure process that are in good agreement with experimental observations. The simplicity of the model also allows parameter studies to be undertaken to explore the relative roles of bulk and surface damage as well as the relative roles of cleavage-like cracking and void nucleation in the bulk.
Gendered Institutions and Cross-National Patterns of Business Creation for Men and Women

In this article, we explore how gendered entrepreneurship rates are affected by both soft (values, beliefs and expectations) and hard (institutionalized norms and practices) measures of cultural institutions. We use data from the 2001 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 25 265 individuals in 11 countries to examine how institutional arrangements related to women's employment (role of occupational segregation, gender wage inequality, female business leadership and public childcare support) interact with individual-level perceptions in ways that increase women's start-up. Controlling for national variations in opportunity structure, our results show that gendered institutions (female business leadership, gender wage inequality and public expenditures on childcare) influence the decision to start a business indirectly through perceptions and gender. Dans cet article, nous examinons comment les taux d’entreprenariat feminin sont influences par les institutions culturelles tant ‘douces’ (valeurs, croyances, attentes) que ‘dures’ (normes et pratiques institutionnalisees). Nous utilisons des donnees tirees de l’enquete Global Entrepreneurship Monitor de 2001 conduite sur 25 265 individus dans 11 pays differents afin de determiner comment les arrangements institutionnels concernant le travail des femmes (role de la segregation professionnelle des femmes, les inegalites de salaires entre hommes et femmes, le leadership feminin en entreprise, les programmes publics d’accueil des enfants) influencent les perceptions individuelles de telles facons qu’elles augmentent le nombre de startups de femmes. En controlant les variations de structure d’opportunites qui existent entre les differents pays, nous montrons que les institutions (le leadership feminin en entreprise, les inegalites de salaires entre hommes et femmes, et les depenses publiques consacrees a l’accueil des enfants ) influencent indirectement – a travers des perceptions concernant les sexes – la decision de creer une entreprise.
Effective HAART reduces the incidence of high grade cervical neoplasia in HIV positive women

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to restore immunity and reduce the burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in patients with HIV infections. Co-infection with HIV and the Human Papilloma Virus has been estimated to be as high as 51% in HIV positive women. Recently effective HAART has been shown to reduce the prevalence of HPV and intraepithelial lesions on Papanicolaou (pap) smear. It is unclear if HIV viral suppression can reduce the incidence of high grade cervical neoplasia .
Grading Classroom Oral Activities: Effects on Motivation and Proficiency

The purpose of this pilot study was to gather initial information on the effects of grading on oral production and attitude of high school students in firstyear German classes. The following questions were addmsed in the study: Are structured situational practice activities sufficient, or will students who are graded during situational practice activities be better able to communicate orally than students who are not graded? Is gmding in the form of points counted in the student's final evaluation a motivator or incentive to work harder during such activities? Two groups of beginning German students were studied, one graded, one not graded on their oral perforrnance over the first srjc months of the school term. Each student was then rated in an oral proficiency interview administered by a certified Oral Proficiency Interviewer (OPI), and each student completed an attitude survey. Results indicated that there were differences in proficiency as related to grading for individual students, but no significant difference was found between the two groups, nor again when interaction effects of age, ability, achievement, and learning style were considered. Constrasting attitudes toward grading were expressed by the two groups. The non-graded group would like to have been graded; the graded group considered grading stressful and nonproductive. The results have interesting implications for teachers and indicate a need for further investigation of the effects of grading with larger numbers than we were able to use in the pilot study.
Constitutive Pro-Apoptotic Molecules are Differentially Expressed in the Fetal and Adult Mouse Eye

Purpose: To compare gene expression of pro-apoptotic molecules in the fetal and adult mouse eye. Materials and Methods: Eyes were collected from groups of BALB/c mice, at embryonic ages E16 and E18 (fetal) or 6–8 weeks of age (adult). RNA extracted from pooled eyes was analyzed by real-time PCR for transcript levels of pro-apoptotic molecules involved in the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Results: Transcripts of intrinsic pathway molecules, Bad, Bak, and Bax, were relatively more highly expressed in the fetal mouse eyes, whereas extrinsic pathway molecules, Fas, FasL, and TRAIL had greater expression in the adult eyes. Conclusions: Different mechanisms of apoptosis are prominent at the fetal and mature stages of the mouse eye.
Role of the small intestine during emesis

Intestinal activity precedes the act of vomiting when studied in exteriorized loops (7). It is suggested tentatively that this activity is antiperistaltic.
Freeness (projectivity) criteria for Hopf algebras over Hopf subalgebras

is a free (or projective) B-module. Examples of commutative cocommutative cosemisimple Hopf algebras are known [S] which are not free modules over certain Hopf subalgebras. The author has previously studied when a Hopf algebra is free over a Hopf subalgebra in [7] using the techniques of wedging and injective envelopes. The primary results of this paper are used in the present investigation. The main results on freeness are found in Section 2. Suppose
Chronotropic responses to experimental ischemia of the canine sino auricular node.

Abstract(1) Using isolated, blood-perfused atrium preparation of dogs, the effect of ischemia on sinus rate was studied in ten preparations. Cessation of atrial perfusion usually induced gradual deceleration of the sinus rate which was not blocked by atropine. Occasionally, brief and slight sinus acceleration was initially observed in three of ten atrium preparations. This positive chronotropic effect was not blocked by a β-adrenoceptor blocking agent, propranolol.(2) In every preparation, just after release of occlusion, there was an initial profound sinus deceleration, occasionally followed by oscillatory changes in sinus rate.(3) The chronotropic response pattern induced by temporary occlusion and release of the sinus node artery was not influenced by propranolol, phenoxybenzamine or atropine treatment.(4) These results suggest that ischemia exerts its principal effect directly on the sino auricular node pacemaker cells, rather than on neighboring nerve endings.
Phase stability of iron base alloys

Abstract A simple model has been proposed to describe the phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of f.c.c. and b.c.c. iron-base alloys. The model parameters have been determined by a least squares fit to experimental binary phase diagrams and thermodynamic data. The model shows agreement with all input data and has been used to predict multiphase equilibria and To and Ms temperatures for a few iron-base alloys.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes dermatophytosis in germfree guinea pigs.

Primary and secondary Trichophyton mentagrophytes dermatophytosis was studied in germfree and conventionally-reared Strain 2 guinea pigs. Although the onset and early development of the primary cutaneous lesions appeared similar in both groups, the T. mentagrophytes monoassociated guinea pigs exhibited more severe skin ulcerations and took twice as long to heal as their conventionally-reared counterparts. Cutaneous reinfection of T. mentagrophytes monoassociated guinea pigs was also protracted; however, these lesions healed in about the same time as a primary infection on conventionally-reared guinea pigs.Germfree guinea pigs, sensitized by cutaneous infection with T. mentagrophytes , manifested 3 correlates of systemic cell-mediated immunity: (1) delayed-type hypersensitivity to intracutaneous injection of trichophytin antigen, (ii) in vitro blastogenesis of spleen and lymph node cells to polyclonal mitogens and Trichophyton antigens, and (iii) allergic contact dermatitis 48hr following cutaneous reinfection. In an additional experiment, we observed that the time course and severity of a primary T. mentagrophytes infection of germfree guinea pigs was reduced by prior feedings with heat-killed T. mentagrophytes culture. These experiments confirm that the normal microbial skin flora is not required for initiation, development or clearance of T. mentagrophytes dermatophytosis. The disease was protracted and severe in T. mentagrophytes monoassociated guinea pigs, but was abbreviated following either active infection or feeding heat killed mentagrophytes culture. These results support the hypothesis that cutaneous T. mentagrophytes infection is a cell-mediated hypersensitivity disease similar to contact dermatitis.
Variability in Early Do Not Attempt Resuscitation Orders Among Patients With Serious Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives The objective was describe the use of early do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) orders in patients with serious traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its association with outcomes. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of all serious TBI patients admitted through the emergency department (ED) to acute care hospitals in California between 2002 and 2010 using ED International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9), admitting diagnosis codes specifying intracranial hemorrhage. DNAR placement within 24 hours of admission was the primary variable of interest. Outcomes included neurosurgical procedures and in-hospital mortality. Hospital and patient characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable generalized estimation equation regression models to account for hospital-level clustering. Results Of all 76,962 patients with serious TBI, 71,275 were admitted at 141 hospitals that each cared for at least 10 serious TBI patients annually and formed the primary sample. Early DNAR orders were placed in 7.5% of patients (range = 0 to 36.1% by hospital). Early DNAR use varied by trauma designation: Level I, 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.8% to 4.4%); Level II, 6.7% (95% CI = 6.5% to 7.1%); Level III, 9.7% (95% CI = 8.4% to 11.3%); and nontrauma hospitals, 10.8% (95% CI = 10.6% to 11.3%). Early DNAR was also less likely in teaching hospitals (9.3% vs. 4.3%). These results persisted after accounting for age, year, and hospital-level clustering. In-hospital mortality (39.4% vs. 8.7%) and neurosurgical interventions (14.5% vs. 19.7%) also differed for patients with versus without early DNAR orders. Patients 65 years of age and older constituted 87.7% of those with early DNAR orders; our findings remained qualitatively unchanged when restricted to older adults. Conclusions Use of early DNAR orders among patients with serious TBI is highly variable by individual hospital and hospital type, suggesting substantial practice variation. Associations with fewer surgical intervention and higher mortality suggest that such practice variation may be contributing to differences in TBI outcomes, particularly among older adults.
Similarities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition: an exploratory study.

Abstract Thirty-eight “practiced” dreamers (Study 1) and 50 “novice” dreamers (Study 2) completed questionnaires assessing the cognitive, metacognitive, and emotional qualities of recent waking and dreaming experiences. The present findings suggest that dreaming cognition is more similar to waking cognition than previously assumed and that the differences between dreaming and waking cognition are more quantitative than qualitative. Results from the two studies were generally consistent, indicating that high-order cognition during dreaming is not restricted to individuals practiced in dream recall or self-observation. None of the measured features was absent or infrequent in reports of either dreaming or waking experiences. Recollections of dreaming and waking experiences were similar for some cognitive features (e.g., attentional processes, internal commentary, and public self-consciousness) and different for other features (e.g., choice, event-related self-reflection, and affect).
The long-term results of nonoperatively treated major pelvic disruptions

Twenty-six patients with major anterior-posterior pelvic disruptions not involving the acetabulum were reevaluated an average of 8 years (minimum 5 years) after injury. All pelvic injuries were treated nonoperatively. Subjective complaints at the time of follow-up included frequent or daily low back discomfort (50%), localized distal dysesthesias (46%), and some degree of work disability (38%). Objective neurologic deficit (42%) and a limp (32%) were often detected on examination. The amount of residual vertical displacement was measured on plain AP radiographs and graded as none, displaced less than 1 cm, or displaced greater than 1 cm. The long-term outcome correlated exceptionally well with both the amount of residual vertical displacement and the stability of the fracture.
Volumetric Warping for Voxel Coloring on an Infinite Domain

Starting with a set of calibrated photographs taken of a scene, voxel coloring algorithms reconstruct three-dimensional surface models on a finite spatial domain. In this paper, we present a method that warps the voxel space, so that the domain of the reconstruction extends to an infinite or semi-infinite volume. Doing so enables the reconstruction of objects far away from the cameras, as well as reconstruction of a background environment. New views synthesized using the warped voxel space have improved photo-realism.
Processing Instruction and Russian: Further Evidence Is IN.

Author Posting. © American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, Inc. 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, Inc. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Foreign Language Annals, 44 (4): 646–673. http://dx.doi.org/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2011.01155.x
Study of nonlinearity effects in simple circuits under pulsed conditions

The nonlinearities produced via RF direct injection in simple circuits comprised of diodes, transistors, and IC's, when driven with multiple frequency inputs, is under investigation. The effects of different pulse durations and frequency of the RF pulse while investigating each device's stability and nonlinear response will be reported. Previous tests have concluded that the response of these devices exhibit multiple nonlinear effects when given continuous multiple input frequency stimuli. Given the previous results, multiple injected pulse conditions are under test. In these experiments, pulse durations varying between 200ns to 1ms, and frequencies between 10MHz and 25MHz are being tested to determine the effect on each device's response. The device considered will primarily consist of a common RF amplifier. The implementation of the test fixtures, laboratory equipment, and data analysis will be discussed along with the test results and conclusions.