cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does 0.1 Micron = MACH 1?

The drive to increasingly higher density ultra-large-scale-integration (ULSI) (of electronic circuits) is fuelled primarily by cost; on-chip interconnects are far cheaper than the less dense offchip interconnects. At the same time the escalating cost of an IC factory (‘fab’) is making headlines as it goes through $1B and a large part of this escalation is the cost of high performance lithography tools. The lithographic technology to go below 0.1μm will almost certainly be very different from an extension of today’s optical projection and the cost of replacing today’s technology will be enormous. A second drawback to higher density is the resistance of narrow interconnects. As a result some people have suggested that this situation is analogous to that of airliner speed which increased over a period of thirty years from about 100 mph to close to 600 mph but has not increased in the last 35 years. Still faster speed was technically possible, and hence was pursued by the military, but is uneconomical for most commercial use. Current technology might take us to 0.1μm which will probably be state of the art 10 years hence so technologies for replacing optical lithography e.g. scanned arrays of proximal probes should be researched now. Other challenges include how to achieve useful interconnect networks employing 50 nm features.
Three dimensional hemispherical test development to evaluate detonation wave breakout

The Onionskin test has been the standard test to evaluate detonation wave breakout over a hemispherical surface for decades. It has been an effective test used in a variety of applications to qualify main charge materials, evaluate different boosters, and compare different detonators. It is not without its shortfalls however. It only images a small portion of the explosive and requires very precise alignment and camera requirements to make sense of the results. Asymmetry in explosive behavior cannot be pinpointed or evaluated effectively. We have developed a new diagnostic using fiber optics covering the surface of the explosive to yield a 3D representation of the detonation wave behavior. Precise timing mapping of the detonation over the hemispherical surface is generated which can be converted to detonation wave breakout behavior using Huygens' wave reconstruction. This report will include the results of a recent suite of tests on PBX 9501, and discussion of how the test was developed for this explosive and contrasting previous work on PBX 9502. The results of these tests will describe the effects on detonation wave breakout symmetry when Sylgard 184 is placed between the detonator and booster. The effects on symmetry and timing when the Sylgard gap thickness is increased and the detonator is canted will be shown.
Endoscopic biopsy of human olfactory epithelium as a source of progenitor cells.

Background The adult central nervous system contains progenitor cells; however, invasive surgery is required for their harvest. Olfactory neuroepithelium (ONe) has attracted attention because it is extracranial and contains progenitor cells that account for its regenerative capacity. Olfactory progenitor cells have been cultured from postmortem ONe. Our aim was to determine if olfactory progenitors could be obtained via biopsy from patients in a feasible, effective, and safe manner. Methods Endoscopic biopsy was performed on individuals undergoing sinus surgery (n = 42). Olfactory function was assessed pre- and postoperatively. Specimens were cultured under conditions for olfactory progenitor cell development. Results Progenitor cells emerged in cultures from 50% of our patients. The superior turbinate, biopsied with cutting punch forceps, gave the highest yield. No adverse impact on olfaction or complications with the biopsy were observed. Conclusion Endoscopic biopsy of ONe for obtaining olfactory progenitor cells from living donors is feasible, effective, and safe.
A New Neural Network for Fault Diagnosis of Partial Discharge in Power Transformers

A new classification for fault diagnosis has been put forward, using RBF neural network to recognize 6 basic types of PD defects appearing in power transformers. Compared with BP-NN, the processing shows that the performance of NN is improved obviously, such as the convergence speed and discriminability. It also avoids the entrapment into local minimum problem and sensitivity problem to the initial value of BP-NN.
Co-product fiber digestibility: kinetic and in vivo assessment

Nutrient digestion and kinetic characteristics of alfalfa hay, brewers grains, beet pulp, and cottonseed hulls were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, these feedstuffs were fed with a mineral/vitamin supplement in a 4 x 4 Latin square to eight ewes to determine total tract digestibilities by 8-d total collection and rates of passage using Yb as a marker. In the second experiment samples of the same feedstuffs were incubated in situ in four ruminally fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to quantify ruminal disappearance of NDF and ADF. Three Dacron bags were placed in the rumen for each of six time periods: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Total tract digestibilities of DM ranged from 33% for cottonseed hulls to 78% for beet pulp. Digestibilities of NDF ranged from 32% for cottonseed hulls to 81% for beet pulp. Total tract retention times ranged from 74 h for beet pulp to 44 h for alfalfa. Retention time for alfalfa was lower (P < .05) than those for beet pulp or cottonseed hulls. Calculation of TDN values yielded values similar to those of NRC other than for cottonseed hulls, for which NRC values were 18 to 29% higher. Alfalfa hay and beet pulp were the feedstuffs with the most rapidly disappearing NDF, .124/h for alfalfa and .116/h for beet pulp, which were faster (P < .05) than those found in brewers grains and cottonseed hulls, .035 and .043/h, respectively. Potentially digestible NDF ranged from 55% for alfalfa hay to 94% for beet pulp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CHAPTER 6 – Thermal Processing

This chapter describes the effect of thermal processing on polysaccharides. The time–temperature integral is the singularly most effective stimulus on the polysaccharide disperse system, from the mildest process that insures safety and elementary dissolution, to the severest process that initiates chemical decomposition. On the lower response scale, gelatinization and swelling are primary occurrences; and on the upper response scale, chemical dehydration, pyrolysis, and resynthesis. The thermally induced changes may not always be beneficial. Polysaccharide decomposition products are generally considered safe for human consumption, but traces of potentially deleterious compounds such as phenol and acrolein may appear. Polysaccharides are processed for food in moderately high temperature environment from 100 ° C and 1 atm to 121.1 ° C and > 1 atm. The polysaccharides undergoing thermal processing in enclosed space must be subjected to high stress, heating to high temperatures; pressures in a closed, evacuated container causes desolvation and demixing of the compacted macromolecules, as water volatizes into the headspace.
Adam, Eve, and Emma: On Criminal Responsibility and Moral Wisdom

At the heart of every social institution and of every literary or legal text are unarticulated assumptions about human nature and experience. One remarkable and singular contribution of Professor Herbert Morris has been to examine criminality and punishment to uncover their tacit picture of experience. At the same time, he has used the many stories of our culture-from Adam and Eve to Emma Zunz, from stories of child rearing to psychoanalytic stories of neurosis-to investigate the moral emotions and offer an illuminating analysis of guilt, shame, and innocence. Finally, he has carried the lessons of moral philosophy and introspection back to criminal law to describe the institutional parameters of an improved system respectful of our mutual moral rights and obligations. In this paper, I try to uncover the themes that make his work so humanistic and compelling and compare them briefly with alternative accounts of criminality.
Manipulation of Self-Interest Perception Can Increase Support for Redistribution: Experimental Evidence Testing the Meltzer and Richard Model

Income inequality in the United States has increased in recent decades while public support for redistribution has failed to rise in the same period. These competing trends are often framed as countering a basic expectation in political economy (Metlzer and Richard, 1981). Recent work posits that citizens' lack of accurate information about inequality explains this empirical puzzle. In this paper, I argue that this explanation is insufficient as preferences for redistribution are contingent on the political process whereby taxes are collected and spent. I present evidence from a novel survey experiment where I manipulate a respondent's standing in the income distribution as well as the way in which tax revenues are transferred back to households. When transfers are made such that voters understand the consequences to their net income, they state self-interested demands for redistribution. However, this result is quickly diminished with the introduction of the real-world political process.
Nicaraguan Foreign Policy Toward the Middle East

Nicaragua’s relations with the Middle East are based on a mix of pragmatism and ideology determined by the relative influence of idiosyncratic, societal, and systemic factors. Past alliances and policies regarding the overthrow of Somoza and the first Sandinista administration (1979–1990) influenced each succeeding administration’s choice of Mideast policies. The neoliberal and pro-US administrations of President Chamorro (1990–1996), President Aleman (1997–2002), and President Bolanos (2002–2007) contrast with that of President Ortega (2007 to present) who espouses a socialist and anti-US ideology. Ortega has been able to exercise considerable agency in expanding relations with Middle East nations due to changes in domestic and international structures. Although maintaining close relations with Iran and Syria, he has also expanded relations with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and others.
Control of multiple microrobots with multiscale magnetic field superposition

Controlled independent manipulation of multiple objects at cellular length scales in an open challenge with potential applications in life sciences and advanced manufacturing. Magnetism has been studied as a means to perform such fine scale manipulation, but generating fields that discriminate between targets at small length scales is nontrivial. We present a system for simultaneous control of multiple magnetic microrobots with characteristic lengths on the order of 10 μνα, which is based on the superposition of magnetic fields generated at centimeter scale (global) as well as micrometer scale (local). Global fields are generated with a set of four cm-scale electromagnets, while local fields are generated by microscale wires patterned on a glass substrate. Microrobots are actuated over long distances with global fields, and controlled individually or in small groups over short lengths scales. The method relies on the nonlinear relationship between magnetic force and distance. We analyze the local magnetic fields as well as simulate systems with several micropatterned wires, and experimentally demonstrate multirobot control utilizing this global/local magnetic superposition. In addition, we outline a microfabrication technique for patterning microscale wires in two dimensions. The method lends itself to scaling in terms of number of robots and size of workspace, and is compatible with other global control schemes.
A Tale of Two Ivories: Elephant and Walrus

I propose that elephant and walrus ivory were imperfect substitutes in the medieval economy, appreciated and used as distinct substances. This argument draws upon two ongoing debates, though seemingly unrelated –one about the colonization of Greenland, one about a material known in Arabic as khutu. By reading different bodies of research against each other, I propose new avenues for research in the study of medieval art and trade networks. This uses a combination of historical, philological, artifactual, and material-based approaches. Rather than offering solu-tions, this essay seeks to open paths for research by specialists in various disciplines
On-Chip Generation of Primary Input Sequences for Multicycle Functional Broadside Tests

Functional broadside tests are important for avoiding overtesting of delay faults during the application of scan-based tests. Multicycle tests have advantages in defect detection and test compaction. This study addresses the on-chip generation of primary input sequences for the application of multicycle functional broadside tests to a circuit that is embedded in a larger design. In this study, multicycle functional broadside tests are considered under two types of constraints: (i) functional constraints that the design imposes on the primary input patterns of the circuit, and (ii) test application constraints when direct access to the primary inputs of the circuit is not available, and the application of two or more consecutive primary input patterns requires hardware support. The use of multicycle functional broadside tests also results in an increased fault coverage.
The Rise of Creative Placemaking: Cross-Sector Collaboration as Cultural Policy in the United States

This article situates the emergence of the “creative placemaking” policy initiative as the coordinated continuation of longstanding artistic practices and a reaction to scant funding in the United ...
Globalization, Democracy, and New Approaches to Governance in the United States

New approaches to governance in the United States will be closely tied to the ways in which lawmakers conceptualize globalization. This is because global processes—be they economic, social, or cultural—all directly affect the roles states play in various regulatory arenas at home and abroad. The impact of global processes on markets and states contributes to the basic political economy framework within which various regulatory reforms have developed and will develop in the future. The underlying basis of these effects provides the theoretical structure within which approaches to governance evolve, opening the way to new approaches at domestic and international levels of governance. In this essay, I will focus primarily on some of the domestic regulatory changes now occurring in the US and their relationship to globalization. I will concentrate, in particular, on the risk of increasing the democracy deficit that globalization encourages and I will make three proposals to mitigate the negative effects of globalization on governance at the domestic level.1
Association of Atrial Fibrillation With Cognitive Decline and Dementia Over 20 Years: The ARIC-NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study).

Background Previous studies have reported that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. These studies, however, had limited follow‐up, were based mostly on white and highly selected populations, and did not account for attrition. We evaluated the association of incident AF with 20‐year change in cognitive performance (accounting for attrition) and incident dementia in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study. Methods and Results We analyzed data from 12 515 participants (mean age, 56.9 [SD, 5.7] years in 1990–1992; 56% women and 24% black) from 1990 to 1992 through 2011 to 2013. Incident AF was ascertained from study ECGs and hospital discharge codes. Cognitive tests were performed in 1990 to 1992, 1996 to 1998, and 2011 to 2013. Incident dementia was clinician adjudicated. We used generalized estimating equations and Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association of time‐dependent AF with change in Z scores of cognitive tests and incident dementia, respectively. During 20 years, 2106 participants developed AF and 1157 participants developed dementia. After accounting for cardiovascular risk factors, including ischemic stroke, the average decline over 20 years in global cognitive Z score was 0.115 (95% confidence interval, 0.014–0.215) greater in participants with AF than in those without AF. Further adjustment for attrition by multiple imputation by chained equations strengthened the association. In addition, incident AF was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.45), after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, including ischemic stroke. Conclusions AF is associated with greater cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia, independent of ischemic stroke. Because cognitive decline is a precursor to dementia, our findings prompt further investigation to identify specific treatments for AF that will delay the trajectory of cognitive decline and, thus, prevent dementia in patients with AF.
Body Fluid Processing Workspace Quality Improvement Initiative in a High-Volume Reference Laboratory.

Objectives In a clinical laboratory, the design of the workspace directs the workflow and significantly affects the productivity of clinical laboratory scientists (CLS). With the chronic shortage of CLS, a well-designed workspace is essential to take full advantage of available staff, especially in high-volume laboratories. Methods Through the use of quality improvement tools, a manual body fluid testing workspace was redesigned to address weaknesses in the layout that led to excessive physical steps taken by staff. Results System engineering tools such as a fishbone diagram, spaghetti diagrams, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, and a counterbalance measure were all used in a CLS-led quality improvement initiative to redesign a workspace in the manual body fluid processing area of a clinical laboratory at Mayo Clinic. Conclusions After the redesign, physical steps taken and time to process body fluids were reduced by an average of 40% and 32%, respectively, demonstrating the utility of quality improvement tools in clinical laboratory settings.
Efficient multiphysics and multiscale FDTD methods for terahertz plasmonic devices

Modeling terahertz plasmonic devices is a multiphysics and multiscale problem. Due to high mesh density in the electron transport regions, the simulation times are long. In this work, we develop hybrid coupled finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods for fast design of terahertz plasmonic devices. The methods employ implicit solution (using Alternate Direction Implicit), coupled with hydrodynamic modeling for plasmonic applications. The theory, simulation and time-improvement related results will be presented at the conference.
Frequent Emergency Department Users: A Statewide Comparison Before And After Affordable Care Act Implementation

Frequent emergency department (ED) use often serves as a marker for poor access to non-ED ambulatory care. Policy makers and providers hoped that by expanding coverage, the Affordable Care Act (ACA...
The impact of pharmacokinetic gene profiles across human cancers

The right drug to the right patient at the right time is one of the ideals of Individualized Medicine (IM) and remains one of the most compelling promises of the post-genomic age. The addition of genomic information is expected to increase the precision of an individual patient’s treatment, resulting in improved outcomes. While pilot studies have been encouraging, key aspects of interpreting tumor genomics information, such as somatic activation of drug transport or metabolism, have not been systematically evaluated. In this work, we developed a simple rule-based approach to classify the therapies administered to each patient from The Cancer Genome Atlas PanCancer dataset (n = 2858) as effective or ineffective. Our Therapy Efficacy model used each patient’s drug target and pharmacokinetic (PK) gene expression profile; the specific genes considered for each patient depended on the therapies they received. Patients who received predictably ineffective therapies were considered at high-risk of cancer-related mortality and those who did not receive ineffective therapies were considered at low-risk. The utility of our Therapy Efficacy model was assessed using per-cancer and pan-cancer differential survival. Our simple rule-based Therapy Efficacy model classified 143 (5%) patients as high-risk. High-risk patients had age ranges comparable to low-risk patients of the same cancer type and tended to be later stage and higher grade (odds ratios of 1.6 and 1.4, respectively). A significant pan-cancer association was identified between predictions of our Therapy Efficacy model and poorer overall survival (hazard ratio, HR = 1.47, p = 6.3 × 10− 3). Individually, drug export (HR = 1.49, p = 4.70 × 10− 3) and drug metabolism (HR = 1.73, p = 9.30 × 10− 5) genes demonstrated significant survival associations. Survival associations for target gene expression are mechanism-dependent. Similar results were observed for event-free survival. While the resolution of clinical information within the dataset is not ideal, and modeling the relative contribution of each gene to the activity of each therapy remains a challenge, our approach demonstrates that somatic PK alterations should be integrated into the interpretation of somatic transcriptomic profiles as they likely have a significant impact on the survival of specific patients. We believe that this approach will aid the prospective design of personalized therapeutic strategies.
The Case against a Nondelegable Duty on Owners to Prevent Fair Housing Act Violations

Imagine that the owner of a residential investment property hires a broker to find tenants for the property.' The owner specifically instructs the broker not to discriminate in the selection of tenants, and takes affirmative steps to ensure that the broker does not do so. Without the owner's knowledge, the broker discriminates while selecting tenants. Should the owner be liable as a matter of law for the compensatory damages caused by the broker's discrimination? This Comment argues that the owner should not.2 The Fair Housing Act3 ("FHA," "Act," or "Title VIII") creates a federal cause of action for discrimination in housing. Courts generally apply traditional principles of agency law4 to determine whether the owners of a property (or the owners of a brokerage firm5) are liable
Chapter Fourteen – Precipitation Titrations

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the definition of precipitation titration, in which a substance is titrated with a standard solution of a precipitating agent. At the completion of the precipitation, which is defined by stoichiometry of the reaction, either the appearance of excess titrant or the disappearance of the reactant is detected. Detection of the stoichiometric point is accomplished by color indicators as well as by instrumental methods. Of the latter, the principal technique is potentiometric measurement, which involves the usage of indicator or ion-selective type electrodes. The main difference between a precipitation titration and other volumetric methods is that a precipitate forms during the course of the titration. The titration requirements include the formation of a stoichiometric precipitate as well as those typical to most volumetric procedures. A stoichiometric relationship between the titrant and sample leading to precipitation is possible. Even though the precipitate is not isolated, the adsorptive nature of the precipitate toward the titrant leads to large errors.
Concurrent Fracture and Flow

The idea that fracture and flow can be concurrent is slightly nontraditional. In the simplest of world-views, solids fracture but do not flow, and fluids flow but do not fracture. Observation of outcrops established long ago that this view is too simple; a single layer of rock can certainly show either behavior. But the question remains, Can one material do both? That is, can fracture and flow be “concurrent”? Is it not more correct to think that when a material flows it doesn’t fracture, and when it fractures, it doesn’t flow?
Structural and Bonding Principles in Metal Halide Cluster Chemistry

Metal cluster halides M6X12 and M’6X8 and their alkali metal derivatives exhibit a variety of structure types because of the evident need to bond terminal or shared halide at all metal vertices. The versatility of systems with group 3 and 4 transition metals is greatly increased by the presence of interstitial heteroatoms (Z) within all thermodynamically stable clusters. The 24 examples of Z provide a wide range of valence electrons and include many that are themselves metals. Structural and bonding principles are described, including the novel characteristics of some cation sites, the regular effects that cations have on cluster bond distances, matrix effects that arise because of characteristic X⋯X or M - X distances and their influence on metal - metal bonding and electronic configurations, and the use of metal - metal bond orders to characterize matrix effects. The condensation products of octahedral clusters, particularly chains centered by heterometals and double-metal sheet products, are also noted.
Materialist Politics of Fetishism: Balibar’s Critique of Transindividuality’s Cryptonormativity

AbstractThis article takes up Balibar’s treatment of fetishism as central for understanding Marx as thinker of transindividuality and to develop a materialist account of the appearance of isolated individuality. The article shows how Balibar elaborates a critique of a cryptonormativity in those accounts of transindividuality that diagnose problems of capitalism as a loss of ‘proper’ forms of individuation. I argue that this critique rests in Balibar’s rereading of commodity fetishism that foregrounds the reality of imaginative effects, which is irreducible to an only psychic reality. Moreover, I explain how Balibar’s proposition of a secondary ‘fetishism of legal and moral personhood’ challenges mainstream left theoretical critiques of the subject of rights as illusory abstraction.
icHET: interactive visualization of cytoplasmic heteroplasmy.

SUMMARY Although heteroplasmy has been studied extensively in animal systems, there is a lack of tools for analyzing, exploring and visualizing heteroplasmy at the genome-wide level in other taxonomic systems. We introduce icHET, which is a computational workflow that produces an interactive visualization that facilitates the exploration, analysis and discovery of heteroplasmy across multiple genomic samples. icHET works on short reads from multiple samples from any organism with an organellar reference genome (mitochondrial or plastid) and a nuclear reference genome. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The software is available at https://github.com/vtphan/HeteroplasmyWorkflow. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
"Paying" attention to audiovisual speech: Do incongruent stimuli incur greater costs?

The McGurk effect is a multisensory phenomenon in which discrepant auditory and visual speech signals typically result in an illusory percept. McGurk stimuli are often used in studies assessing the attentional requirements of audiovisual integration, but no study has directly compared the costs associated with integrating congruent versus incongruent audiovisual speech. Some evidence suggests that the McGurk effect may not be representative of naturalistic audiovisual speech processing – susceptibility to the McGurk effect is not associated with the ability to derive benefit from the addition of the visual signal, and distinct cortical regions are recruited when processing congruent versus incongruent speech. In two experiments, one using response times to identify congruent and incongruent syllables and one using a dual-task paradigm, we assessed whether congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech incur different attentional costs. We demonstrated that response times to both the speech task (Experiment 1) and a secondary vibrotactile task (Experiment 2) were indistinguishable for congruent compared to incongruent syllables, but McGurk fusions were responded to more quickly than McGurk non-fusions. These results suggest that despite documented differences in how congruent and incongruent stimuli are processed, they do not appear to differ in terms of processing time or effort, at least in the open-set task speech task used here. However, responses that result in McGurk fusions are processed more quickly than those that result in non-fusions, though attentional cost is comparable for the two response types.
Age of initiation and transition times to tobacco dependence: Early onset and rapid escalated use increase risk for dependence severity.

Abstract Background Research indicates that early tobacco initiation increases risk for dependence, but despite this, early initiation is associated with slower transitions to escalated tobacco use. In contrast to these findings, other studies suggest that rapid escalated tobacco use is associated with increased dependence outcomes. Methods Our sample was comprised of 5668 twins (2834 twin-pairs, mean age: 26.89, s.d = 4.42, 53.67% female, 57.69% monozygotic) from Colorado and Minnesota twin cohorts. We assessed the associations between 1) age of tobacco initiation and the speed of transitions (latency) to tobacco problem use and dependence and the associations between 2) age of initiation and latencies to tobacco problem use and dependence with tobacco dependence symptom severity. To further understand the etiological unfolding of these processes, we conducted univariate twin models and causally informative co-twin control models. Results After adjustment for covariates, we found that early tobacco initiation was associated with a slower transition from initiation to problem use but a faster transition from problem use to dependence. Additionally, we found that earlier initiation and faster transitions to tobacco problem use and dependence predicted greater tobacco dependence severity within twin pairs (consistent with causal influences). The contribution of shared genetic and environmental factors was also evident for these relationships. Conclusions Our study further disentangles the role of early initiation with transition times to tobacco problem use and dependence. In addition to common risk factors, we found potential causal roles for early tobacco initiation and rapid escalated tobacco use with increased risk for tobacco dependence severity.
Abstract 3664: Hypoxia-induced phenotypic and metabolic changes in Ewing sarcoma cells trigger bone metastasis

Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive malignancy that arises in children and young adults. Although the survival for patients with localized tumors is relatively high, the metastatic form carries a dismal prognosis, particularly when bone metastases are present. The frequency of metastases and osseous dissemination increases in patients with necrotic ES tumors. In line with this, hypoxia, the major cause of tumor necrosis, has been shown to increase metastatic potential of ES cells. Previous data from our laboratory demonstrated that in an ES orthotopic xenograft model, primary tumor hypoxia specifically promotes bone metastasis, which is associated with accumulation of cells with enlarged nuclei and frequent chromosome gains in bone invasion areas. We have also shown that the progeny of hypoxia-induced polyploid ES cells (ES≈4n cells) preferentially metastasized to bone. Thus, the goal of our study was to determine the mechanisms enabling osseous dissemination of ES≈4n cells. To this end, we used FUCCI Cell Cycle Sensor followed by DNA staining with Hoechst 33342 and cell sorting to isolate tetraploid cells (4n) from hypoxia-exposed SK-ES1 ES cells. Subsequently, we compared the metastatic properties of their progeny (H-SK-ES1≈4n) with a diploid cell population selected from normoxic SK-ES1 cells (N-SK-ES1-2n cells). We have found that H-SK-ES1≈4n cells have increased motility and invasiveness, as compared to the N-SK-ES1-2n cells. H-SK-ES1≈4n cells had also an increased ability to grow in hypoxia in 2D culture and in soft agar. In line with this, H-SK-ES1≈4n cells were highly sensitive to a glycolysis inhibitor, 2D-glucose, but not an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, metformin. Moreover, H-SK-ES1≈4n cells were more sensitive than controls to a growth-inhibitory effect of AICAR, a blocker of anabolic metabolism. In contrary, the tetraploid cell progeny were highly resistant to doxorubicin, particularly under hypoxic conditions, which in contrast sensitized N-SK-ES1-2n and wild type SK-ES1 cells to chemotherapy. Altogether, our data implicate the following mechanisms underlying osseous dissemination of the hypoxia-induced poplyploid cell progeny: 1) increased motility and invasiveness facilitating escape from the primary tumor; 2) ability to survive under low oxygen tension characteristic for bone tissue. Moreover, we have shown that the cells initiating bone dissemination are highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy, while strategies targeting their metabolic dependencies may be more successful in treatment of patients with bone metastases. Citation Format: Shiya Zhu, Akanksha Mahajan, Sung-Hyeok Hong, Susana Galli, Congyi Lu, You-Shin Chen, Sara Misiukiewicz, Stacey Chung, Jason Tilan, Joanna B. Kitlinska. Hypoxia-induced phenotypic and metabolic changes in Ewing sarcoma cells trigger bone metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3664.
High temperature CO2 sensing and its cross-sensitivity towards H2 and CO gas using calcium doped ZnO thin film coated langasite SAW sensor

Abstract Development of indigenous CO2 sensing element operating at high temperature (≥ 350 °C) is highly desirable. Use of langasite (LGS) based surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors is extremely beneficial compared with other commercially available sensors as it can operate at a higher temperature (> 800 °C). In the present work, we have shown CO2 sensing and its cross-sensitivity performance using LGS based SAW sensor. Compared with LGS with other sensing electrodes, calcium doped ZnO thin film (Ca_ZnO) coated LGS substrate shows enhanced CO2 sensing performance. The interdigitated electrodes (IDT) made of Pt was plated and Ca_ZnO thin film was synthesized and deposited on the LGS substrate. Additionally, we have compared the chemo-resistive gas sensing characteristics of Ca_ZnO thin film with the Ca_ZnO coated SAW sensors. Furthermore, temperature effect on CO2 sensing was studied where optimum response (change in resonant frequency ˜2.469 KHz) was observed at 400 °C. Also, the gas adsorption effect which leads to the change of the resonant frequency of the sensors has been deliberated. Besides, we have discussed the predominant effect of sensor conductivity than mass loading which enhances the reduction of the resonant frequency for thin film coated SAW sensors has been deliberated. Additionally, we have demonstrated the cross-sensitivity of H2 and CO gas in CO2 sensing and their mixed gas sensing behavior operating at 400 °C.
Sir David Cecil Smith. 21 May 193029 June 2018

David Smith was an international authority in the biological discipline of symbiosis and an influential leader in academic life. Through his work on photosynthetic symbioses in lichens and inverteb...
Phrase-level pairwise topic modeling to uncover helpful peer responses to online suicidal crises

Suicide is a serious public health problem; however, suicides are preventable with timely, evidence-based interventions. Social media platforms have been serving users who are experiencing real-time suicidal crises with hopes of receiving peer support. To better understand the helpfulness of peer support occurring online, this study characterizes the content of both a user’s post and corresponding peer comments occurring on a social media platform and present an empirical example for comparison. It introduces an approach that uses pairwise topic models to transform large corpora of discussion into associated topics of user and peer posts. The key advantages of this approach include: (i) modeling both the generative process of each type of the corpora (i.e., user posts and peer comments) and the associations between them, and (ii) using phrases, which are more informative and less ambiguous than words, in addition to words, to represent social media posts and topics. The study evaluated the method using data from Reddit r/SuicideWatch. It examined how the topics of user and peer posts were associated and how this information influenced the peer perceived helpfulness of the peer support. Then, this study applied structural topic modeling to data collected from individuals with a history of suicidal crisis as a means to validate findings. The observations suggest that effective modeling of the association between the two lines of topics can uncover helpful peer responses to online suicidal crises, notably providing the suggestion of professional help. The proposed technology can be applied to “paired” corpora in many applications, such as technical support forums, question-answering sites, and online medical services.
Postoperative, Single-Fraction Radiation Therapy in Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

Abstract Purpose Conventionally fractionated, postoperative radiation therapy (cPORT; 50 Gy in 25 fractions) is considered for patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) to improve locoregional control. However, cPORT is associated with acute toxicity, especially in the head and neck (HN 25% had immunosuppression. At a median follow-up of 19 months (range, 8-34), there were no in-field locoregional recurrences. A single out-of-field regional recurrence was observed, which was successfully salvaged. There were no MCC-specific deaths. No radiation-associated toxicities greater than grade 1 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5) were observed. Conclusions Preliminary data suggest that SFRT could offer a potential alternative to cPORT to treat the primary site for localized H&N MCC, particularly in elderly or frail patients, with promising in-field local control and minimal toxicity. Further data with validation in larger cohorts are needed to confirm the sustained safety and efficacy of postoperative SFRT.
Three-dimensional theory of Ubitron

A three-dimensional theory of the Ubitron/FEL type devices is presented, taking into consideration the transverse variation of the wiggler field, finite waveguide geometry and space charge effects. A dispersion relation to calculate linear gain is obtained by solving Vlasov equation and Maxwell's equations.
An Enzyme Containing the Conserved Domain of Unknown Function DUF62 Acts as a Stereoselective (Rs ,Sc )-S-Adenosylmethionine Hydrolase.

Homochirality is a signature of biological systems. The essential and ubiquitous cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is synthesized in cells from adenosine triphosphate and l-methionine to yield exclusively the (S,S)-SAM diastereomer. (S,S)-SAM plays a crucial role as the primary methyl donor in transmethylation reactions important to the development and homeostasis of all organisms from bacteria to humans. However, (S,S)-SAM slowly racemizes at the sulfonium center to yield the inactive (R,S)-SAM, which can inhibit methyltransferases. Control of SAM homochirality has been shown to involve homocysteine S-methyltransferases in plants, insects, worms, yeast, and in ∼18 % of bacteria. Herein, we show that a recombinant protein containing a domain of unknown function (DUF62) from the actinomycete bacterium Salinispora tropica functions as a stereoselective (R,S)-SAM hydrolase (adenosine-forming). DUF62 proteins are encoded in the genomes of 21 % of bacteria and 42 % of archaea and potentially represent a novel mechanism to remediate SAM damage.
First reported case of concurrent sonidegib and radiotherapy for recurrent, advanced basal cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC ) is the most common human malignancy. Systemic therapy with a sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway inhibitor plays an important role in the treatment of advanced BCC . Literature on concurrent use of radiation therapy (RT) with SHH inhibitors has been minimal and has solely been focused on vismodegib. We present a case report of a patient with recurrent basal cell carcinoma involving the high-risk area of the face, who was denied surgery due to comorbidities and difficulty in obtaining complete tumor removal without cosmetic or functional impairment. The patient received combined treatment of fractionated radiation with concurrent sonidegib and had complete clinical response with no significant toxicities. This is the first reported case on the use of concurrent RT with sonidegib for management of recurrent basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
How to Be a Good Coauthor

Success in publishing accounting research often requires success in multiple coauthoring relationships. Further, the number of coauthored papers in accounting (as well as most other fields of research) has steadily increased. Given the importance and popularity of coauthoring, our paper provides comprehensive advice to accounting researchers on how to manage a coauthoring relationship. A good coauthor establishes clear roles and expectations before a project begins and keeps commitments. Communication throughout the project is essential as coauthors confront difficulties and setbacks. We conclude by discussing several situations that coauthors may confront, and provide recommendations.
How Should Compassion Be Expressed as a Primary Clinical and Ethical Value in Anorexia Nervosa Intervention

Use of force in the care of patients with severe anorexia nervosa is controversial but can be justified when the disorder becomes life-threatening. This commentary examines the role of force in compassionate care of an adolescent patient hospitalized with extreme anorexia nervosa and suggests strategies for reaching consensus, minimizing harm, and maximizing the chance of a therapeutic outcome when forced intervention is a compassionate thing to do.
Competence-Associated Peptide BriC Alters Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Membrane lipid homeostasis is required for bacteria to survive in a spectrum of host environments. This homeostasis is achieved by regulation of fatty acid chain length and of the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. In the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, fatty acid biosynthesis is carried out by a cluster of fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) genes (FASII locus) whose expression is controlled by the FabT repressor. Encoded immediately downstream of the FASII locus is BriC, a competence-induced, cell-cell communication peptide that promotes biofilm development as well as nasopharyngeal colonization in a murine model of pneumococcal carriage. Here, we demonstrate that briC is cotranscribed with genes of the fab gene cluster and that a reduction of briC levels, caused by decoupling its transcription from fab gene cluster, negatively affects biofilm development. BriC elevates fabT transcription, which is predicted to alter the balance of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids produced by the pathway. We find that briC inactivation results in a decreased production of unsaturated fatty acids. This affects the membrane properties by decreasing the abundance of di-unsaturated phosphatidylglycerol molecular species. We propose that the link between BriC, FabT, and phospholipid composition contributes to the ability of S. pneumoniae to alter membrane homeostasis in response to the production of a quorum-sensing peptide. IMPORTANCE Adaptation of bacteria to their host environment is a key component of colonization and pathogenesis. As an essential component of bacterial membranes, fatty acid composition contributes to host adaptation. Similarly, cell-cell communication, which enables population level responses, also contributes to host adaptation. While much is known about the pathways that control the biosynthesis of fatty acids, many questions remain regarding regulation of these pathways and consequently the factors that affect the balance between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. We find that BriC, a cell-cell communication peptide implicated in biofilm regulation and colonization, both is influenced by a fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and affects this same pathway. This study identifies a link between cell-cell communication, fatty acid composition, and biofilms and, in doing so, suggests that these pathways are integrated into the networks that control pneumococcal colonization and host adaptation.
TESTS OF FOUR HIGHWAY BRIDGES TO FAILURE

Four deck-girder highway bridges, located in an area which has since been flooded as a part of a TVA reservoir, were tested to failure under static loading. A system of rock anchors was used to develop the necessary forces. The loads were applied to a bridge span at eight load points, simulating the rear wheels of two AASHO HS trucks, one truck in each traffic lane. Load-deflection curves for each bridge are presented. All of the bridges but one failed, as expected, in a flexural mode. Composite action was lost in the prestressed concrete bridge, and the two interior girders failed in shear. All of the bridges exhibited considerable ductility, with large deflections at failure. The failure load for each bridge, achieved at the expense of large deflections, was several times the design load for the bridge.
Expanded Criteria Donors: Attempts to Increase the Renal Transplant Donor Pool

There is a growing disparity between the demand for and the supply of kidneys for transplantation. The demographics of the donor pool are also changing. The average potential cadaveric organ donor is now more likely to be older, at greater risk for co-morbid conditions such as hypertension or viral infections, and more likely to die from cerebrovascular disease. These factors have led to an expansion of the criteria that defines the suitable organ donor. Expanded criteria donors are defined as the following: (1) at the upper and lower extremes in age; (2) having a history of hypertension or diabetes; (3) hemodynamically unstable; (4) non-heartbeating (cardiopulmonary death rather than brain death); (5) seropositive for hepatitis B or C; (6) having systemic infections; (7) having displayed high-risk social behavior for HIV infection; (8) having a history of malignancy; (9) having abnormal organ function; or (10) with renal anatomic anomalies or injuries. Use of kidneys from these "expanded criteria donors" is a two-edged sword. While they provide more organs for transplantation, the risk of suboptimal recipient outcome is increased. A rational approach to the use of each of these types of kidneys and proper selection of recipients is essential to obtain acceptable results. The article reviews the factors that have contributed to the successful transplantation of kidneys procured from expanded criteria organ donors and how these organs can be allocated most efficaciously to the appropriate recipients.
Identification and Estimation of Casual Mechanisms and Net Effects of a Treatment

An important goal in the analysis of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome is to understand the mechanisms through which the treatment causally works. In the economics literature, however, there seems to be no available framework to estimate the relative importance of different causal mechanisms of a treatment. We fill this void by precisely defining a causal mechanism effect of a treatment and the causal effect of a treatment net of that mechanism using the potential outcomes framework, and by considering their identification and estimation. The definition of our parameters results in an intuitive decomposition of the total effect of a treatment that is useful for policy purposes. We offer conditions under which these causal effects can be estimated for the case of a randomly assigned treatment and when selection into the treatment is random conditional on a set of covariates. We close with two empirical applications that illustrate the concepts and methods introduced in this paper.