cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal precautions guideline: self-reported compliance by gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal endoscopy nurses—a decade's lack of progress

Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to assess and compare the Universal Precaution (UP) practices of gastroenterologists (GE) and GI endoscopy nurses (GIEN). Methods We mailed a 23-item questionnaire to 250 GE and GIEN selected, respectively, from the American Board of Internal Medicine online directory and the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates membership directory. Results A total of 77 (31%) GE and 157 (60%) GIEN responded. In all, 32% of GE and 50% of GIEN washed their hands before and after handling every patient (p Conclusions GIEN adhered to UP recommendations better than GE regarding most items queried except in the handling of used needles. Nonetheless, for both groups, compliance with proper hand washing and use of gloves, face shields, and gowns was very poor, and handling of used needles was satisfactory.
STUDIES ON DESOXY-CORTICOSTERONE1,2

IN 1937 STEIGER AND REICHSTEIN (1) announced the preparation of desoxy, corticosterone acetate (Δ4-pregnene-21-ol-3, 20-dione, acetate) from stig-masterol. Recently, Reichstein (2) has succeeded in isolating desoxy-cortico, sterone from an extract of beef adrenal. In a previous publication (3) we have compared the efficacy of desoxy-corticosterone acetate (synthetic) and adrenal cortical extract in producing a retention of sodium and chloride in normal dogs and in maintaining the electrolyte balance of an adrenalec, tomized dog. In the present report we have studied the effectiveness of single daily subcutaneous injections of a solution of desoxy-corticosterone acetate in oil in maintaining adrenalectomised dogs fed a diet of low sodium and chloride content. Male dogs (approximately 10 kg) were maintained in metabolism cages and fed a constant diet composed of 350 to 400 gm. of ground beef to which was added 50 cc. of irradiated evaporated milk.3
The stress of patient suicidal behavior: implications for interns and training programs in psychology

Patient suicide and patient suicide attempts are frequently unexpected, sudden, and violent. They can have a significant emotional impact on the treating clinician, particularly if the clinician is still in a training status. An estimated 40% of psychology trainees have a patient suicide (11.3%) or a patient suicide attempt (29.1%) during their training years. A concept of systematic rsponse called psychological resynthesis (Resnick 1969) is proposed for psychology interns and training programs that must cope with the aftermath of a patient suicide or a serious patient suicide attempt.
Influence of various material design parameters on deformation behaviors of TRIP steels

In this paper, the microstructure-based finite element modeling method is used as a virtual design tool in investigating the respective influence of various material design parameters on the deformation behaviors of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. For this purpose, the separate effects of several different material design parameters, such as the volume fraction and stability of austenite phase and the strengths of the constituent phases, on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and ductility/formability of TRIP steels are quantitatively examined using different representative volume elements (RVEs) representing different TRIP steels. The computational results suggest that higher austenite stability is helpful in enhancing the ductility and formability of TRIP steels by delaying the martensitic transformation to a later stage, whereas increase of austenite volume fraction and/or ferrite strength alone is not beneficial to improve the performance of TRIP steels. The results also indicate that various material design parameters must be adjusted concurrently to develop high-performance TRIP steels. The information based on investigations in this paper can help guide the development of high-performance TRIP steels by providing the microstructure level deformation mechanisms.
Coverage dependence of the kinetics for H2 desorption from Rh(111)

Abstract Coverage-dependent sticking probabilities and second-order rate constants for recombinative desorption of hydrogen from Rh(111) have been measured using molecular beam relaxation spectroscopy (MBRS) and time-resolved specular helium scattering. The sticking probability follows second-order Langmuir coverage dependence, with s0 equal to 0.01 ± 0.005. Under isothermal and nearly isosteric conditions over the coverage range 0.2–0.7 ML, the second-order rate constant for desorption is essentially independent of hydrogen coverage, in contrast to kinetic parameters determined from thermal desorption spectra.
Electrospun biocatalytic hybrid silica–PVA-tyrosinase fiber mats for electrochemical detection of phenols

Abstract Electrospinning and sol–gel chemistry have been combined to fabricate a fibrous electrode material of silica–PVA with immobilized tyrosinase enzyme onto an indium–tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate to detect phenolic compounds, or more directly quinones that are catalytically generated from catechol, phenol, and p-cresol. The effect of fiber mat (silica–PVA or silica–PVA-tyrosinase) thickness on the electrochemical performance of the electrode has been studied with cyclic voltammetry and linear polarization resistance, indicating that electron transfer from or through thicker mats is hindered. Mats thinner than 10 μm have the advantages of faster electrospinning fabrication, higher current densities (lower polarization resistance), and minimized electrode contamination from surface adsorption during use. The performance of the working electrodes toward sensitivity and response time has also been studied with cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Sensitivity to phenolic concentrations were found to follow the trend of catechol > phenol > p-cresol, with approximately 10 μM as a practical limit of detection and linear operating behavior up to 100 mM. Electrode operating lifetime was drastically reduced under repeated contact with high concentrations that also showed significant fouling.
Silver-plated dies. Part I: Platability of impression materials

The purpose of this study were to determine the acceptability of silver-plated dies made from representative brands of impression material from each of the four groups of elastomers and to determine the time required for initial plating of dies. Permlastic and Impregum , each previously shown to produce consistent silver-plated dies, were used for comparison. Representatives from the condensation-reaction and addition-reaction ( polyvinylsiloxanes ) silicones groups were tested until satisfactory materials were selected. Citricon and Xantopren - Optosil were tested in the former group and President and Reprosil in the latter. Conclusions include the following: All materials were flash-plated in 10 minutes or less. Acceptable silver-plated dies were obtained from Permlastic and Impregum . Acceptable silver-plated dies were obtained from condensation-reaction silicones with Xantopren - Optosil . From the polyvinylsiloxane group, Reprosil plated more consistently than President. Both produce acceptable dies. The technique modification studied was not effective for Citricon and President. The surface quality of silver-plated dies and the consistency of plating varies with materials. Individual impression materials should be tested prior to their routine clinical use with silver-plating procedures.
Temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in Great Lakes fish, 1999-2009

Abstract Temporal trend analysis of the latest Great Lake Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program (GLFMSP) data showed statistically significant decreases in persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) contaminant (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane and its metabolites (DDTs), dieldrin, cis-chlordane, oxychlordane, cis-nonachlor) concentrations in Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Michigan lake trout over the period of 1999 to 2009. In contrast, for most contaminants, no statistically significant concentration trends were found in top predator fish in Lakes Superior and Erie during the same period. For Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Michigan 5.0 ± 2.6% average annual concentration decreases were found for PCBs, DDTs, dieldrin, and other organochlorine pesticides (OCs) decreased at a faster rate, ranging from 10 ± 4.3% to 20 ± 7.1% per year. For these three lakes, with the exception of PCBs, these current decreases are greater than were shown by an earlier trend analysis that estimated an annual contaminant decrease of about 2–5% for the period of 1980 to 2003. For Lakes Superior and Erie, the finding of no statistically significant trend is in agreement with previously reported results for these lakes.
Plague and foreign threats to public health in early modern Venice

By the sixteenth century, it was widely accepted that plague, whatever its true nature, was a contagious disease. The Venetian state ordered Venetian travellers and its representatives abroad to report any news about the mal contagioso to the government. Fragmentary survivals in the records of the Sanita and other sources allow an understanding of what it was that they thought was causing the disease and what Venetians thought could be done. It is a commonplace that traditional ideas about medicine and religion were increasingly discarded as more and more accurate records of the periodicity of disease became available. Venice's attempts allow us to measure the change.
Political geography in the modern world

manded the attention of geographers since the earliest development of the field, except for a period during the last century when the emphasis on physical sciences caused geography to be unbalanced in concentration on physical earth features. At the turn of the century, however, Friedrich Ratzel published his systematic study of the manner in which the extent and character of political areas was dependent on other characteristics of areas, including their physical features (1). More recent work has empha-
Crossed receptive field components and crossed dendrites in cat sacrocaudal dorsal horn

The hypothesis that sacrocaudal dorsal horn neurons with crossed receptive field components on the tail have dendrites which cross to the contralateral dorsal horn was tested in a combined electrophysiological and morphological study. Dorsal horn cells in the sacrocaudal spinal cord of anesthetized cats were penetrated with horseradish peroxidase-filled microelectrodes. After mapping their low threshold mechanoreceptive fields, cells were iontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase. A sample of 16 well-stained cells was obtained in laminae III and IV. Cells with receptive fields crossing the dorsal midline of the tail (n - 8) had somata in the lateral ipsilateral dorsal horn, and some of these cells (5/8) had dendrites which crossed to the lateral contralateral dorsal horn. Cells with receptive fields spanning the ventral midline (n - 2) were located near the center of the fused dorsal horn, and one of these had bilateral dendrites in this region. Cells with receptive fields on the lateral tail, crossing neither the dorsal nor the ventral midline (n - 6), had cell bodies in the middle of the ipsilateral dorsal horn; half had only ipsilateral dendrites, and half had crossed dendritic branches. Although the relationship between cell receptive field (RF) location (RF center, expressed as distance from tips of toes) and mediolateral location of the cell body was statistically significant, the correlation between crossed RF components and crossed dendritic branches was not significant. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Specificity of the α-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase and Malic Enzyme Response to Thyroxine

Liver and kidney mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and liver malic enzyme responses to graded doses of thyroxine (T4) were measured in adrenalectomized (adx.), hypophysectomized (hypox.), gonadectomized and alloxan-diabetic rats. Although the malic enzyme was sometimes affected by other factors, the GPD enzyme response to T4 was highly specific, and it appeared to measure the peripheral activity of T4 better than the metabolic rate (MR). For example, estrogen suppressed the MR response to T4 in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats, and cortisone and growth hormone stimulated the MR response to T4 in hypox. animals. Since none of these hormones had any effect on the GPD response to T4, their influence on the MR was not mediated by changes in the peripheral activity of T4. Testosterone, on the other hand, may have altered the peripheral activity of T4 because it partially suppressed both the MR and GPD enzyme responses to T44. Both the MR and GPD enzyme levels were elevated in d...
Preliminary experience with frameless stereotactic radiotherapy

Abstract Purpose: To report initial clinical experience with a novel high-precision stereotactic radiotherapy system. Methods and Materials: Sixty patients ranging in age from 2 to 82 years received a total of 1426 treatments with the University of Florida frameless stereotactic radiotherapy system. Of the total, 39 (65%) were treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) alone, and 21 (35%) received SRT as a component of radiotherapy. Pathologic diagnoses included meningiomas (15 patients), low-grade astrocytomas (11 patients), germinomas (9 patients), and craniopharyngiomas (5 patients). The technique was used as means of dose escalation in 11 patients (18%) with aggressive tumors. Treatment reproducibility was measured by comparing bite plate positioning registered by infrared light-emitting diodes (IRLEDs) with the stereotactic radiosurgery reference system, and with measurements from each treatment arc for the 1426 daily treatments (5808 positions). We chose 0.3 mm vector translation error and 0.3° rotation about each axis as the maximum tolerated misalignment before treating each arc. Results: With a mean follow-up of 11 months, 3 patients had recurrence of malignant disease. Acute side effects were minimal. Of 11 patients with low grade astrocytomas, 4 (36%) had cerebral edema and increased enhancement on MR scans in the first year, and 2 required steroids. All had resolution and marked tumor involution on follow-up imaging. Bite plate reproducibility was as follows. Translational errors: anterior-posterior, 0.01 ± 0.10; lateral, 0.02 ± 0.07; axial, 0.01 ± 0.10. Rotational errors (degrees): anterior-posterior, 0.00 ± 0.03; lateral, 0.00 ± 0.06; axial, 0.01 ± 0.04. No patient treatment was delivered beyond the maximum tolerated misalignment. Daily treatment was delivered in approximately 15 min per patient. Conclusion: Our initial experience with stereotactic radiotherapy using the infrared camera guidance system was good. Patient selection and treatment strategies are evolving rapidly. Treatment accuracy was the best reported, and the treatment approach was practical.
Isospora species of the cat and attempted transmission of I. felis Wenyon, 1923 from the cat to the dog.

SYNOPSIS Fecal samples from 130 domestic cats from Illinois were examined for coccidia. Three species of Isospora were found: (1) I. felis Wenyon, 1923, with oocysts 38-51 by 27-39 μ with a mean of 41.6 by 30.5 μ and sporocysts 20-26 by 17-22 μ with a mean of 22.6 by 18.4 μ; it was found in 13% of the cats; (2) I. rivolta (Grassi, 1879) Wenyon, 1923, with oocysts 21-28 by 18-23 μ with a mean of 25.0 by 21.1 μ, and sporocysts 14-16 by 10-13 μ with a mean of 15.2 by 11.6 μ; it was found in 3% of the cats; and (3) I. bigemina (Stiles, 1891) Luhe, 1906, with oocysts 12-15 by 10-13 μ with a mean of 13.2 by 11.8 μ. and sporocysts 8-10 by 6-8 μ with a mean of 8.8 by 6.5 μ it was found in 1.5% of the cats. Four coccidia-free puppies 1.5 months old were inoculated with 100,000 oocysts each of I. felis from the cat, but patent infections did not occur. Partial development of I. felis was not seen in tissue sections of the small intestine of a 5th pup killed 96 hours after inoculation with 150,000 I. felis oocysts. This coccidium is therefore presumably host-specific.
Current Exposure Guidelines for Particulates Not Otherwise Classified or Regulated: History and Rationale

Abstract Exposure limits and guidelines for particles not otherwise classified or regulated (PNOC/R) evolved from several important studies of pneumoconiosis performed early in the 20th century. These studies indicated that exposure to dust concentrations of less than 50 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf) and with low crystalline silica concentrations did not appear to lead to the development of disabling lung disease. Consequently, dusts containing less than 5 percent crystalline silica were termed “nuisance dusts,” and an exposure limit of 50 mppcf was recommended. With the advent of mass sampling technology and the ability to sample directly for respirable dust, exposure limits migrated to total and respirable nuisance dust exposure limits of 15 and 5 mg/m3, respectively, for dusts containing less than 1 percent crystalline silica. Regulatory exposure limits were established by incorporating these exposure guidelines that were in existence when the enabling legislation was enacted. Changes to reg...
Assessment of coronary flow reserve using digital angiography before and after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Important alterations of coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve occur during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). This study evaluated these alterations using digital subtraction angiography. Coronary flow reserve was determined before and after successful PTCA in 20 patients with 1-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Ten other patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries, normal exercise electrocardiographic responses and normal cardiac structure also were evaluated. Coronary flow reserve was calculated as the ratio of papavarine-induced hyperemic flow to basal flow. Flow reserve for the stenotic artery in patients who underwent PTCA was 1.6 ± 0.2 (mean ± standard error of the mean) (range 0.9 to 3.9, n = 20). After successful PTCA, flow reserve for this artery increased to 3.1 ± 0.2 (range 1.7 to 5.2, n = 20) (p
Another Look at Supersonic Cavity Flows and Their Control

A Mach 2 supersonic cavity flow, with L/D between 1 and 5, was investigated with velocity field measurements, acoustic/unsteady pressure measurements and flow visualization. The evolution in the flowfield between deep (L/D=1) and relatively shallow (L/D~5) was examined both in terms of mean and unsteady L/D flow properties. By implementing microjet-based actuators, the flow induced resonance and the accompanying high unsteady pressure loads inside the cavity are significantly reduced, both in terms of the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) and the dominant cavity tone. The required mass flux of the microjet actuator is very low, depends on the L/D: Bc between 0.1% to 0.5% is sufficient for 5 to 11 dB reduction in OASPL and 13 to 28 dB on dominant cavity tones.
Signal chain optimization on six fronts

A collection of powerpoint slides from the authorpsilas seminar presentation is given. This discusses EMI and RFI as seen by analog circuits.
An integrated value-expectancy theory of alcohol and other drug use.

Summary The internal-external locus of control construct, Health-Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory, and Problem Behavior Theory all stem from general value-expectancy theory. Ironically, none of these theories contain a full account of social learning, from developmental process to current personality. In this theoretical paper, these value-expectancy theories are integrated into a conceptual framework which provides a common basis for understanding the usage of alcohol and other drugs.
Computation of high-harmonic generation spectra of H2 and N2 in intense laser pulses using quantum chemistry methods and time-dependent density functional theory

In this work, we present a study of H2 and N2 electron dynamics in intense laser fields with a specific focus on high-harmonic generation (HHG) spectroscopy. We performed this study with different theoretical methods: time-dependent configuration interaction singles (TD-CIS), perturbative doubles (TD-CIS(D)), time-dependent equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (TD-EOM-EE-CCSD) and time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT). All methods were implemented using a finite expansion in field-free eigenstates, and additionally direct propagation of the time-dependent density was employed for TDDFT. Within the sum over states approximation, the effect of electron correlation and the character of the atomic orbital basis set on the electron dynamics associated with HHG spectra is analysed. With respect to basis set, use of multiple sets of diffuse functions was found to be essential, while with respect to electron correlation, the treatment of double excitations in EOM-CCSD significantly af...
"Smart" high-precision microposition feedback control device: theory and experiment

Ultra High-precision operation is very essential in many optical instruments and modern manufacturing systems. However, mechanical vibrations introduced by various sources can easily disrupt this delicate operation. Thus, active vibration isolation and control becomes very important in many circimstance. This paper presents a "smart" active micro-position feedback control technique using a piezoelectric actuator. A general theory for the piezoelectric actuator subjected to mechanical excitations and feedback voltages is developed. This theory is applied to an active micro-position control by injecting a processed feedback voltage at variable feedback gains into the piezoelectric actuator. Effectiveness of the piezoelectric micro-position attenuation is evaluated analytically and experimentally. Theoretical solutions are compared favorably with the laboratory experimental results.
Metabolic effects of clofibrate and of cholestyramine administration to dogs

Abstract Dogs were given clofibrate, 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 6 days or 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 2 days, followed by 40 mg/kg of body weight every 30–36 hr over an additional 9-day period. Cholestyramine, 0.7 g/kg of body weight/day, was administered to an additional group of dogs over an 11-day period. Plasma cholesterol concentrations in dogs treated with clofibrate for either 6 or 11 days decreased 24 per cent and decreased 16 per cent in dogs given cholestyramine. 14 C incorporation into bicarbonate from 3- 14 C-pyruvate, from [U- 14 C]-L-alanine and from [1- 14 C]glucose was significantly increased by liver slices from clofibrate-treated dogs when compared with tissue from control animals, but cloflbrate did not result in any changes in [ 14 C]cholesterol or [ 14 C]fatty acid formation from either [3- 14 C]pyruvate or from [U- 14 C]alanine. [ 14 C]Cholesterol formation from 6-[ 14 C]glucose was virtually abolished in liver slices taken from dogs treated with clofibrate for 11 days. Liver slices from dogs treated with cholestyramine showed a 3.5- to 4.0-fold increase in 14 C incorporation into cholesterol from both [3- 14 C]pyruvate and [6- 14 C] glucose, and a significant increase in 14 C incorporation from [1- 14 C]glucose into bicarbonate. Clofibrate administration resulted in decreased liver glycogen concentrations and decreased 14 C incorporation into glycogen from [ 14 C]glucose, but 14 C incorporation into glycogen from [U- 14 C]L-alanine was unaffected. If the hypocholesterolemic effect of clofibrate in dogs results from decreased cholesterol synthesis, changes in glucose metabolism may form the metabolic basis rather than alterations in pyruvate (or acetyl CoA) metabolism.
The efficacy of structural ecosystems therapy with drug-abusing/dependent African American and Hispanic American adolescents.

Many family therapies for adolescent drug use include ecological interventions. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to establish whether ecological interventions contribute to the impact of family therapy above and beyond the contributions of family process-only interventions. A family-based ecological approach, structural rcosystems therapy (SET), was compared with family process-only condition (FAM) and community services control (CS). One hundred ninety substance-abusing or dependent African American and Hispanic adolescents were randomized to SET, FAM, or CS. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postrandomization. SET was significantly more efficacious than FAM and CS in reducing adolescent drug use. However, these improvements were limited to Hispanic adolescents. The study demonstrates the importance of investigating changes in adolescent drug use as a result of treatment condition across more than 1 racial/ethnic group.
Bragg scattering of water waves by a doubly periodic seabed

Extension du recent travail sur la diffusion de Bragg de la houle par des barres 1D paralleles (profil sinusoidal) situees sur le fond, a la diffusion provoquee par des barres 2D, a profils doublement sinusoidaux. La condition de resonance devient ici plus compliquee et on obtient une plus riche variete de reflexion resonnante. En particulier, pour une onde incidente perpendiculairement, il peut y avoir 2 ondes reflechies formant une onde stationnaire dans la direction transversale. Discussion de la solution pour un systeme etendu de ces sinusoides, lorsque l'onde incidente satisfait approximativement a la condition de resonance de Bragg. Examen par modification de ce qui precede, du cas ou il y a un systeme 2D d'hemispheroides. Application aux brise-lames submerges
A simple cardiovascular system model for ventricular assist device development

An electric analog circuit, consisting of the left ventricle as a time-varying capacitance, the systemic circulation as a four-element RLC circuit, the pulmonary circulation as a constant capacitance with a dependent current source, the left atrium as a constant capacitance, and the heart valves as ideal diodes in series with linear resistors has been developed to model the cardiovascular system. By properly choosing the model parameter values, this simple model can simulate the key hemodynamic waveforms accurately. The model performed well in a wide range of physiological conditions in the validation tests. It will be used for developing the physiological controller in a ventricular assist device.
Calcium-sensing receptor modulates extracellular Ca2+ entry via TRPC-encoded receptor-operated channels in human aortic smooth muscle cells

Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, regulates the synthesis of parathyroid hormone in response to changes in serum Ca2+ concentrations. The functions of C...
Generation of holographic synthetic aperture radar images from bistatic waterline measurements of a complex metallic object

A monostatic holographic synthetic aperture radar (HSAR) image of a metalized 1/16 scale model of a military armored tank is presented along with a sequence of fixed-angle bistatic HSAR images of the same model. The monostatic image is equivalent to a focused inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image. Only vv polarized results are shown.
The Radiation Resistance of End-Fire and Collinear Arrays

Expressions for the radiation resistances of end-fire and collinear arrays of half-wave dipoles are obtained in terms of circular functions in a form convenient for computation. No mathematical approximations except for a Fourier representation of the field of a single half-wave dipole are used. The first integral theorem of Sonine and an integral representation of the Bessel function due to Hansen are involved in the integration of the normal component of Poynting's vector. Results computed from the new formula for the radiation resistance of an n-element parallel array in which the spacings and successive phasings of the dipole elements are 180 degrees (bilateral end-fire) agree closely with those of Pistolkors, who used Brillouin's e.m.f. method; they are a little less than the figures of Bontsch-Bruewitsch, who numerically integrated Poynting's vector. Calculations for the radiation resistance of an n-element collinear array using the new formula are compared with those of Bontsch-Bruewitsch, with which they are in satisfactory agreement. The new formula is also used to compute the radiation resistance of an n-element unilateral end-fire array (i.e., an n-element parallel array in which the spacings and successive phasings of the dipole elements are 90 degrees).
Antioxidant role and subcellular location of hypotaurine and taurine in human neutrophils.

The subcellular location of taurine, and its precursor, hypotaurine, within human neutrophils has been examined by nitrogen cavitation, Percoll-gradient centrifugation and HPLC analysis. Hypotaurine and taurine were found to reside within the cytosolic compartment of the cell. The ratio of taurine to hypotaurine is approx 50:1. The cytosolic concentration of taurine is approx. 50 mM. The concentration of hypotaurine decreased by 80% when resting neutrophils were converted into actively respiring cells by exposure to opsonized zymosan. These results prompted in vitro studies on the antioxidant properties of hypotaurine. We demonstrate by EPR spectroscopy that hypotaurine competes with 5,5′-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) (DMPO) for hydroxyl radicals, and that it is the sulfinyl group which confers hydroxyl radical scavenging activity to it. Following its exposure to hydroxyl radicals, two oxidation products were isolated by HPLC, one of which has been identified as taurine. The biological roles of hypotaurine and taurine in the neutrophil are discussed with respect to their antioxidant properties and subcellular location within the cell.
Conserved Functions of Yeast Genes Support the Duplication, Degeneration and Complementation Model for Gene Duplication

Gene duplication is often cited as a potential mechanism for the evolution of new traits, but this hypothesis has not been thoroughly tested experimentally. A classical model of gene duplication states that after gene duplication one copy of the gene preserves the ancestral function, while the other copy is free to evolve a new function. In an alternative duplication, divergence, and complementation model, duplicated genes are preserved because each copy of the gene loses some, but not all, of its functions through degenerating mutations. This results in the degenerating mutations in one gene being complemented by the other and vice versa. These two models make very different predictions about the function of the preduplication orthologs in closely related species. These predictions have been tested here for several duplicated yeast genes that appeared to be the leading candidates to fit the classical model. Surprisingly, the results show that duplicated genes are maintained because each copy carries out a subset of the conserved functions that were already present in the preduplication gene. Therefore, the results are not consistent with the classical model, but instead fit the duplication, divergence, and complementation model.
Fast Mapping but Poor Retention by 24-Month-Old Infants

Four experiments explored the processes that bridge between referent selection and word learning. Twenty-four-month-old infants were presented with several novel names during a referent selection task that included both familiar and novel objects and tested for retention after a 5-min delay. The 5-min delay ensured that word learning was based on retrieval from long-term memory. Moreover, the relative familiarity of objects used during the retention test was explicitly controlled. Across experiments, infants were excellent at referent selection, but very poor at retention. Although the highly controlled retention test was clearly challenging, infants were able to demonstrate retention of the first 4 novel names presented in the session when referent selection was augmented with ostensive naming. These results suggest that fast mapping is robust for reference selection but might be more transient than previously reported for lexical retention. The relations between reference selection and retention are discussed in terms of competitive processes on 2 timescales: competition among objects on individual referent selection trials and competition among multiple novel name–object mappings made across an experimental session.
The interaction model of client health behavior: A model for advanced practice nurses

Purpose: To present the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB) as a model to guide nurse practitioners (NPs) in their practice. Data sources: Selected research-based articles on Cox’s IMCHB and selected text and writings on the NP movement and nursing practice models. Conclusions: Many NPs practice in a medical setting where the boundaries between medicine and nursing are blurred. The IMCHB offers a nursing model to guide NPs in their practice. Implications for practice: A nursing model that examines the elements of client uniqueness and assesses the interaction between NP and client can achieve positive health outcomes.
Tumor-to-tumor metastasis to follicular variant of papillary carcinoma of thyroid.

Abstract Objective.—To describe and document tumor-to-tumor metastases in the thyroid gland. Methods and Results.—In this series we describe 3 cases of tumor-to-tumor metastasis in which the recipient tumor was a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The donor tumors and sites were small cell carcinoma of the lung, neuroendocrine carcinoma probably of pancreatic origin with initial presentation as liver metastasis, and clear cell carcinoma of the kidney with metastasis to liver and pancreas. The donor tumor cells infiltrated the substance of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, the nontumorous thyroid parenchyma, and the lymphovascular spaces. Small cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma showed positive reactivity for neuroendocrine markers and were negative for thyroglobulin and calcitonin. The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma showed positivity with thyroglobulin and cytokeratin 19. Conclusions.—Although tumor-to-tumor metastases in thyroid gland are e...
Maternal nicotine exposure increases nicotine preference in periadolescent male but not female C57Bl/6J mice

Maternal cigarette smoking is a risk factor for adolescent smoking. One possible explanation for increased smoking by human adolescents after maternal nicotine exposure is that exposure increases nicotine preference. However, it is difficult to separate the biological and social causes of smoking behavior in humans. This experiment examined the relationship between maternal nicotine exposure and nicotine preference in periadolescent offspring using a mouse model of oral nicotine consumption. Pregnant females were provided saccharin-flavored water containing 50 microg/ml nicotine (n = 4) or no nicotine (n = 5) from the ninth day of gestation through weaning on postnatal day (PD) 21. Offspring from these females were tested for nicotine preference during periadolescence (PDs 35-42) by providing access to both saccharin-only and nicotine solutions (50 microg/ml) 24 hr a day in the home cage in a two-bottle choice test. Male mice exposed maternally to nicotine (n = 9) exhibited an increased nicotine preference in adolescence compared to non-nicotine exposed controls (n = 12). Maternal nicotine exposure did not alter nicotine preference by periadolescent female mice. Nicotine consumption was confirmed by serum cotinine measurement. These data are consistent with human epidemiological reports that maternal nicotine exposure is associated with increased risk of cigarette smoking. Differential outcomes for males and females suggest that different processes underlie sex differences in nicotine consumption following maternal nicotine exposure.
Serotonergic neuronal sprouting as a potential mechanism of recovery in multiple sclerosis.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is widely considered as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Damage to the bulbospinal serotonergic (5-HT) neurons occurs in the early paralytic stages of EAE in rats with the severity of neurologic signs corresponding to spinal serotonergic depletion. Neurologic recovery of EAE rats is associated with reestablishment of spinal 5-HT transmission possibly through sprouting of undamaged axons and nerve terminals. Damage to the bulbospinal serotonergic fibers also occurs in patients with MS (as reflected by reduced lumbar CSF 5-HIAA levels) and may contribute to several manifestations of the disease including autonomic dysregulation, sensory symptoms (i.e., paresthesias, pain) and motor symptoms (weakness, spasticity, clonus). Spinal serotonergic neuronal sprouting with regeneration of 5-HT nerve terminals may also occur in the early stages of MS and may be associated with spontaneous remission of MS symptoms following an acute relapse. Sprouting of serotonergic neurons may also explain the disparity in MS between the extent of demyelinating plaques and clinical signs of the disease. The chronic course of MS may be associated with progressive axonal degenerative changes with reduction of serotonergic nerve terminals and loss of their sprouting capability. It is proposed that the beneficial effects of treatment with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields on the symptoms and course of the disease in patients with chronic progressive MS may be related in part to renewed sprouting of serotonergic neurons.
EPCF: a lightweight multi-priority PCF for QoS support in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

Quality of service (QoS) support in wireless LANs is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a QoS enhancement over the legacy point coordination function (PCF) of IEEE 802.11, called enhanced PCF (EPCF). EPCF enables wireless LANs to send a combination of voice, data and isochronous data packets using the current IEEE 802.11 PCF. Due to the limitations of PCF, it was extended in the new IEEE 802.11e into the more complex hybrid coordination function (HCF). We found that HCF has several performance issues that may affect its anticipated performance. We also compare the performance of the proposed scheme (EPCF) with the HCF function through simulation. Simulation results demonstrate an enhanced performance of our scheme over the legacy PCF and a comparable performance to the IEEE 802.11e HCF in terms of the average delay and system throughput. However, EPCF is much simpler than HCF, provides service differentiation on flow level, and is easy to embed in the current IEEE 802.11 standard. Moreover, we extend the proposed scheme (EPCF) to work in a multi-hop wireless ad hoc mode.
Entrepreneurship and ABET accreditation: How and where does it fit?

As a result of economic and workforce trends, there is a strong interest among policy makers and educational stakeholders in graduating more engineers with entrepreneurship skills and an entrepreneurial mindset. Given the role that ABET accreditation takes in shaping undergraduate engineering curriculum, wide adoption of entrepreneurship education could be driven by demonstrating the manner in which its outcomes align with accreditation mandates. This work in progress describes research taking place that is designed to develop a robust rationale for aligning entrepreneurship education with ABET Criterion 3 a-k, and to provide examples of the manner in which entrepreneurship-related outcomes can meet these criteria.
A Very Large Superconducting Solenoid

A detector utilizing a superconducting solenoid is being discussed for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). A useful field volume of 8 m diameter x 16 m length at 1.5-2 T is required. The magnet will have a stored energy of ~1.5 GJ at 2T. All particle physics calorimetry will be inside the bore of the solenoid such that there is no need for the coil and cryostat to be “thin” in radiation lengths. An iron yoke will reduce the excitation required and will provide muon identification and a redundant momentum measurement of the muons. We have developed a conceptual design to meet these requirements. The magnet will use a copper-stabilized Nb-Ti conductor sized for a cryostable pool boiling heat flux of ~0.025 W/cm2. A thermosiphon from a storage vessel above the cryostat will be used to prevent bubble stagnation in the liquid helium bath. The operating current, current density, coil subdivision and dump resistor have been chosen to guarantee that the coil will be undamaged should a quench occur. The axial electromagnetic force will be reacted by metallic support links; the stainless steel coil case will support the radial force. The 5000 metric tons of calorimetry will be supported from the iron yoke through a trussed cylindrical shell structure separate from the cryostat. The coil and case, radiation shield and stainless vacuum vessel would be fabricated and cryogenically tested as two 8-m sections. These would be lowered into the underground experimental hall and installed into the iron flux return yoke to provide the required 16-m length.
Couples' Reports of Household Decision-making and the Utilization of Maternal Health Services in Bangladesh

This study examines the association between maternal health service utilization and household decision-making in Bangladesh. Most studies of the predictors of reproductive health service utilization focus on women's reports; however, men are often involved in these decisions as well. Recently, studies have started to explore the association between health outcomes and reports of household decision-making from both husbands and wives as matched pairs. Many studies of household decision-making emphasize the importance of the wife alone making decisions; however, some have argued that joint decision-making between husbands and wives may yield better reproductive health outcomes than women making decisions without input or agreement from their partners. Husbands' involvement in decision-making is particularly important in Bangladesh because men often dominate household decisions related to large, health-related purchases. We use matched husband and wife reports about who makes common household decisions to predict use of antenatal and skilled delivery care, using data from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Results from regression analyses suggest that it is important to consider whether husbands and wives give concordant responses about who makes household decisions since discordant reports about who makes these decisions are negatively associated with reproductive health care use. In addition, compared to joint decision-making, husband-only decision-making is negatively associated with antenatal care use and skilled delivery care. Finally, associations between household decision-making arrangements and health service utilization vary depending on whose report is used and the type of health service utilized.
Ex-Offenders, Family Owned Firms, and Entrepreneurs: A Study of Signals

This research proposal will outline an investigation of the potential benefits and risks of hiring ex-offenders by family owned firms and entrepreneurs and what signals might positively differentiate one ex-offender from the next. Every year, over 600,000 offenders are released into society and the work force, which is four times as many as were released in 1975. There is considerable resistance by firms to hire ex-offenders because of their stereotypic views regarding ex-offenders. Family owned firms and entrepreneurs can take advantage of this motivated workforce to replace baby boomer retirees, gain tax advantages, pay lower wages and positively impact their image. A key to hiring an ex-offender that fits best in the firm is to look for signals the ex-offender gives as to their potential as an employee. These signals can include church involvement, satisfying their probation requirements, moving away from their old neighborhood, entering a job training program, and recommendations from their parole officer. Family owned firms and entrepreneurs have more discretion than non-family owned firms in the operation of their business. The purpose of this research is to explore how family owned firms and entrepreneurs view this potential opportunity and how it might provide strategic benefits to their organizations as they strive to be more competitive in the marketplace. By hiring ex-offenders family owned firms and entrepreneurs may be able to increase their wealth, boost their image, and replace a shrinking workforce while reducing the risks of ex-offenders by properly detecting and interpreting the signals they convey.
Evaluation of Nitrification in Streams

A simplified procedure for evaluating nitrification progression in a stream is given. Data are presented for the Clinton River between Pontiac and Rochester, Mich, which shows rapid inorganic nitrogen oxidation in this section of the river. Graphical and analytical techniques for evaluating nitrification parameters and progression are described.
The Effects of Victimization on Routine Activities

Is there a relationship between victimization and subsequent behaviors, and if so, does victimization lead to risky or constrained activities? Previous research is mixed, possibly due to limitations associated with selection bias, cross-sectional data, and floor and ceiling effects. The current study examines how victimization influences lifestyles using longitudinal National Crime Victimization Survey data. To avoid problems of selection bias and spuriousness, we use a propensity score matching approach to compare the subsequent lifestyles of victims and nonvictims. We find that victims tend to engage in higher levels of risky behavior following victimization than do nonvictims at similar points in time but that differences are due to preexisting factors that distinguish victims from nonvictims and not due to the victimization event, itself.
Kinetic Interaction Effects of Methyl-Butanoate/ n-Heptane Mixture on Extinction Limits of Counterflow Diffusion Flames.

The paper presents the study of kinetic interaction of an ester molecule (Methyl Butanoate) and long chain alkane (n-Heptane). It was found that the present mechanism for Methyl butanoate (MB) over predicts the extinction strain rates in a counter flow diffusion flames by almost a factor of 5. The corrected and improved mechanism in this paper for MB predicts the extinction strain rates to within 5% of experiment values. It is also found that these rates are very sensitive to the transport parameters. A combined mechanism developed for n-heptane (nH) and Methyl butanoate (MB) predicts the extinction strain rates and flame speeds to within 5% including their blends. The extinction strain rate varies linearly from with blending fraction of MB, decreasing as MB mole fraction is increased maintaining total mole fraction of nH and MB constant. This shows that MB reduces the reactivity of n-Heptane. The combined mechanism is used to study the kinetic interaction between MB and nH. The early formation of CO2 in MB and its effect on soot precursors has also been investigated. I. Introduction
Research and Development of Fire Fighting Facilities Management System Based on. Net

In order to effectively promote rural fire control facilities and emergency management ability,and according to the features of fire control facilities management architecture and the relationship betw een space and geographic factors,the fire fighting facilities management system uses the ArcGIS and SQL Server 2005,and adopts B / S pattern design. It can organize combination of spatial data and quantitative analysis. This system has realized system management functions such as the basic information,the dangerous source, fire control facilities management,and fire disaster analysis. The rural fire control facilities spatial database is set up,and provides the dynamically intuitive w ay to simulate fire occurrence,the gradual process of development,fire prevention and fire emergency treatment. It provides a digital platform for fire control facilities management,provides the technical support for fire planning and emergency decision-making,and it has the advantages of strong interaction,convenient operation,and expansion ability as w ell.