cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beating the Minimax Rate of Active Learning with Prior Knowledge

Active learning refers to the learning protocol where the learner is allowed to choose a subset of instances for labeling. Previous studies have shown that, compared with passive learning, active learning is able to reduce the label complexity exponentially if the data are linearly separable or satisfy the Tsybakov noise condition with parameter $\kappa=1$. In this paper, we propose a novel active learning algorithm using a convex surrogate loss, with the goal to broaden the cases for which active learning achieves an exponential improvement. We make use of a convex loss not only because it reduces the computational cost, but more importantly because it leads to a tight bound for the empirical process (i.e., the difference between the empirical estimation and the expectation) when the current solution is close to the optimal one. Under the assumption that the norm of the optimal classifier that minimizes the convex risk is available, our analysis shows that the introduction of the convex surrogate loss yields an exponential reduction in the label complexity even when the parameter $\kappa$ of the Tsybakov noise is larger than $1$. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that improves the minimax rate of active learning by utilizing certain priori knowledge.
The Methodological Commitments of Contemporary Contract Theory

Autonomy and economic theories of contract seem to provide incompatible accounts of contract law. In this Chapter, I argue that what appear to be first-order disagreements over particular contract doctrines are really implicit second-order disagreements reflecting the divergent methodological commitments of autonomy and economic theories. I argue that autonomy theories accord priority to the normative project of justifying existing contract doctrine, treat contract law as consisting in the plain meaning of doctrine, require contract theory to explain the distinctive character of contract law, and take the ex post perspective in adjudication. In contrast, economic theories accord priority to the positive project of explaining existing contract theory, treat contract law as consisting in the outcomes of cases, strive to explain away, rather than explain, the distinctiveness of contract law, and take the ex ante perspective in adjudication. I demonstrate how the apparent disagreements between autonomy contract theories, such as Charles Fried's and Peter Benson's theories, and economic theories, such as Charles Goetz and Robert Scott's contract theory, reflect these opposing methodological commitments, rather than direct disagreements over particular contract doctrines. I also demonstrate that these theories' opposing perspectives in adjudication do not, as Richard Craswell has famously argued, necessarily disable all autonomy theories from addressing the problem of contractual gaps. I conclude that genuine progress on the first-order questions of contract law can be made only by first identifying and then adjudicating the methodological disagreements between different kinds of contract theories.
The nature of the sunspot phenomenon. IV. The intrinsic instability of the magnetic configuration

The properties of Alfven waves in a vertical column of field are pointed out as a guide in treating the complicated problem of overstability. There are internal Alfven waves of arbitrary form propagating along the magnetic field, without disturbing the fluid outside the column. There are also surface waves which involve the fluid both inside and outside the column of field. The surface waves propagate at a speed less than the Alfven speed.
Effect of U74006F (Tirilazad Mesylate®) in rabbit eyes after argon laser trabeculoplasty

A new free radical scavenger, U74006F (Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) was studied to determine if it would have a beneficial effect on preventing intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes and reducing blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) breakdown in rabbits after argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). The post-ALT IOP averaged 24.7 mm Hg (+/- 3.8 mm Hg; N = 6) and 30.3 mm Hg (+/- 6.9 mm Hg; N = 7) at 1 hour (p = 0.097) and 22.7 mm Hg (+/- 1.9) and 27.3 mm Hg (+/- 7.0 mm Hg) at 3 hours in the U74006F and vehicle groups (p = 0.137), respectively. By 48 hours, the IOP averaged 12.8 +/- 2.2 mm Hg in the U74006F group and 12.4 +/- 2.4 mm Hg in the vehicle group (P = 0.757). The aqueous fluorescein permeability (AFP) between lasered and unlasered eyes was determined for the U74006F and vehicle-treated groups by aqueous fluorophotometry. Prelaser or baseline AFP was determined for the U74006F (-0.236 +/- 0.236) and vehicle (-0.145 +/- 0.237) groups (p = 0.505). At day 2 posttreatment, the U74006F group and the placebo group both reported similar AFP of 5.109 +/- 4.831 and 5.680 +/- 4.280 (p = 0.827), respectively. At one week post-ALT, AFP for the U74006F group (0.109 +/- 0.367) had returned close to baseline, while that of the vehicle group (0.426 +/- 0.511) was still quite elevated (p = 0.220). U74006F appears to be beneficial in the prevention of acute elevation of IOP following ALT but not in the prevention of Blood-Aqueous Barrier (BAB) breakdown.
Differences in the Strategic Orientations of Nordic and US-based Young Biotechnology Ventures

Small, young life science ventures are simultaneously affected by strong global and local forces. These are reflected in the strategic orientations - like market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and technological orientation - adopted by the ventures. This chapter presents a comparison of a sample of Silicon Valley- based biotechnology ventures with biotechnology firms of similar age and size in Northern Europe (Finland and Sweden) and in South Florida and Philadelphia Area in the United States. Altogether, 85 firms are analyzed. The results of the empirical study show that while ventures’ market orientation remains rather similar regardless of their location, some other aspects of firms’ strategic orientations do differ from one geographic area to another. It is suggested that these differences predominantly reflect the location specific institutional environments and resource endowments.
Prereplicative complexes of components of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli

Stepwise reconstitution of the subunits of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli offers insights into the organization and function of this multisubunit assembly. A highly processive, holoenzyme-like activity can be generated when the gamma complex, in the presence of ATP and a primed template, activates the beta subunit to form a preinitiation complex, and this is then followed by addition of the core polymerase. Further analysis of early replicative complexes has now revealed: 1) that the gamma complex can stably bind a single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB)-coated template, 2) that neither SSB coating of the template nor a proper primer terminus is required to form the preinitiation complex, and 3) that the gamma complex stabilizes the preinitiation complex in the presence of ATP and destabilizes it in the presence of adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate). Based on these findings, a sequence of stages can be formulated for an activation of the beta subunit that enables it to bind the template-primer and thereby interact with the core to create a processive polymerase.
Wide range gain programmable class AB current mirrors for low supply operation

Class AB wide range programmable linear current mirrors in bipolar and CMOS technology are presented. Bipolar mirrors can operate with /spl plusmn/0.75 V supplies, CMOS mirrors with /spl plusmn/1.5 V supplies. They are characterized by an approximately constant bandwidth that is independent of the gain adjustment. Experimental and simulation results are shown to verify the proposed structures. >
Haunted by the Archaic Shaman: Himalayan Jhãkris and the Discourse on Shamanism

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: H. Sidky Year: 2008 Pages: 251 Publisher: Lexington Books ISBN: 978-0-7391-2621-9 (hard cover).
Faith-health collaboration in the United States: results from a nationally representative study.

Abstract Purpose Estimate the prevalence of and identify characteristics associated with religious congregations' collaboration with health agencies. Design Cross-sectional analyses of self-report data from the National Congregations Study, a random sample of religious congregations generated from the 1998 General Social Survey. Setting United States. Subjects Key informants from 1236 congregations. Each respondent described a single congregation. Measures Respondents provided open-ended descriptions of congregational programs. Researchers coded program descriptions by content (e.g., domestic violence) and whether the program involved collaboration with a secular agency. Other congregational characteristics (e.g., denomination) were measured by validated measures and linked census tract data. Results Overall, 11.1% of congregations participated in faith-health collaboration (FHC). Logistic regression analyses found that FHC was more common among congregations with more members, with a small proportion of ...
A user needs assessment to inform health information exchange design and implementation

Important barriers for widespread use of health information exchange (HIE) are usability and interface issues. However, most HIEs are implemented without performing a needs assessment with the end users, healthcare providers. We performed a user needs assessment for the process of obtaining clinical information from other health care organizations about a hospitalized patient and identified the types of information most valued for medical decision-making. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were used to evaluate the process to obtain and use outside clinical information (OI) using semi-structured interviews (16 internists), direct observation (750 h), and operational data from the electronic medical records (30,461 hospitalizations) of an internal medicine department in a public, teaching hospital in Tampa, Florida. 13.7 % of hospitalizations generate at least one request for OI. On average, the process comprised 13 steps, 6 decisions points, and 4 different participants. Physicians estimate that the average time to receive OI is 18 h. Physicians perceived that OI received is not useful 33–66 % of the time because information received is irrelevant or not timely. Technical barriers to OI use included poor accessibility and ineffective information visualization. Common problems with the process were receiving extraneous notes and the need to re-request the information. Drivers for OI use were to trend lab or imaging abnormalities, understand medical history of critically ill or hospital-to-hospital transferred patients, and assess previous echocardiograms and bacterial cultures. About 85 % of the physicians believe HIE would have a positive effect on improving healthcare delivery. Although hospitalists are challenged by a complex process to obtain OI, they recognize the value of specific information for enhancing medical decision-making. HIE systems are likely to have increased utilization and effectiveness if specific patient-level clinical information is delivered at the right time to the right users.
Physiological Age of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and Observations on Partial Blood-Feeding

Aedes, Culex, Coquillettidia, Anopheles , and Psorophora females were obtained by human-bait capture, dry ice-baited light traps, sweeping, and from red boxes at sites in south-central and eastern New York State and in southern Connecticut. Physiological age, determined by the Polovodova method, was assessed in 2471 females; the stage of follicle development was recorded in 57% of these specimens. Females of several species completed 2 ovarian cycles and initiated the 3rd. Nullipars with stage I–II or II terminal follicles were frequently encountered; the data suggest that populations of all species studied were anautogenous. Partial (nonreplete) blood-feeding occurred in 121 nulliparous and parous specimens; terminal follicles in these females had developed from stage I up to and including stage III. Serological tests disclosed that 83% of the partiallyfed females in Connecticut had acquired blood from mammals and that nulliparous and (or) parous specimens of Aedes canadensis, Ae. sollicitans, Ae. stimulans, Ae. vexans, Coquillettidia perturbans and Psorophora ferox had fed on dogs. Ae. canadensis exhibited an omnivorous feeding pattern by acquiring blood meals from birds and reptiles as well as from a variety of mammalian hosts.
Energy loss straggling of protons in nickel

Abstract The distribution of energy losses of 17 MeV protons in passing through nickel foils of various thickness (t) was measured. The widths of the distributions at 1 2 , 1 4 and 1 10 maximum agree well with the theoretical predictions. For small t, the widths vary linearly with t as predicted by the theory rather than with t 1 2 as might be naively expected. The skewness of the distributions is also in agreement with the theory.
The chemical compositions of gaseous nebulae

Ascertainment of the chemical compositions of gaseous nebulae has been a goal of many investigations since the pioneering studies of Bowen and Wyse (1939) and of Wyse (1942). At that epoch it was widely believed that the elemental abundances in all stars and nebulae were essentially the same. The concept of chemical evolution in galaxies was yet to be introduced.
Haemophilus influenzae septic arthritis in adults

The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae infections appears to be increasing although disease in adults due to this organism remains unusual. Only 16 cases of septic arthritis caused by this agent were found in a review of the literature. Two additional cases are reported and a summary of the clinical characteristics of these patients is presented. In general, females are affected more commonly than males, and blacks more often than whites. Joint involvement may be single or multiple, and associated or underlying conditions are frequent. Treatment with a variety of antimicrobials was generally successful and 87% of the infected joints was restored to pre-infection status. There were no specific characteristics in the clinical presentation which would allow an early precise etiologic diagnosis.
Ion-Exchange Separation and Ultraviolet Determination of Phenylephrine, Codeine, and Selected Antihistamines

A method for the isolation and determination of phenylephrine, codeine, or an antihistamine as a single active ingredient is presented. Also, a method is presented for the separation and determination of an antihistamine and codeine or an antihistamine and phenylephrine in pharmaceutical products containing these combinations. All of the amines are extracted with a strong cation-exchange resin, AG 50W-X4. The phenylephrine or codeine is eluted with 1 N hydrochloric acid in 60 per cent methanol in water. The antihistamine is then eluted with 3.5 N hydrochloric acid in 40 per cent methanol in water. The compounds are determined by subjecting the eluates to ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The assay is used successfully on several commercial products.
Excimer laser angioplasty during aortocoronary bypass grafting

Abstract Laser coronary angioplasty using the 308-nm Excimer laser was successfully performed intraoperatively during coronary artery bypass grafting. It achieved a reduction of the left anterior descending artery stenosis from 99% to 25% as seen on angioscopy, without evidence of vascular perforation or intimai disruption. The Excimer laser offers the opportunity for intraoperative endovascular remodeling and recanalization and has a potential role as an adjunct to existing standard coronary artery bypass grafting protocol.
Parental psychosocial predictors of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for children with cancer.

Children with cancer are at greater risk for the negative consequences of secondhand smoke exposure, making the identification of predictors of exposure critical. The current study investigated the impact of parents' psychosocial variables (perceived stress and vulnerability, self-efficacy), as well as health-related and demographic variables, on children’s current exposure levels. Data were from 135 families whose children (M = 8.6 years old) lived with a smoker and were being treated for cancer. Self-efficacy was the consistent significant psychosocial predictor of exposure and the time since a child’s diagnosis was indicative of lower exposure when limiting the sample to only smoking parents (n = 95). Both predictors of exposure have implications on motivation for behavioral change and may be suggestive of a teachable moment. Interventions may profit from tailoring programs to families based on these predictors of exposure, in particular for tobacco-based interventions for parents of medically compromi...
Report of another family with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and a review of the literature.

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS), an X-linked encephalo-tropho-schisis syndrome described in fewer than a dozen families, is characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth, “coarse” face, minor facial anomalies and, in more severe cases, multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation. We report on 2 brothers with overgrowth, macrocephaly, polydactyly, supernumerary nipples, and characteristic facial appearance. In addition, the propositus also had pulmonic stenosis and a cleft palate. The findings present in our patients are compared to those in the original patients and to those in patients described more recently. Despite the fact that our patients have most of the minor and several of the more severe malformations, they are not mentally retarded. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Al/Ni And Al/Ti Ohmic Contact To P-type SiC Diffused Layer

Ohmic contacts to p-type SiC were fabricated by depositing Al/Ni and Al/Ti followed by high temperature annealing. A p-type layer was fabricated by Al or B diffusion from vapor phase into both p-type and n-type substrates. The thickness of the diffused layer was about 0.1–0.2 μm with surface carrier concentration of about 1.0×1019cm−3. Metal contacts to a p-type substrate with a background doping concentration of 1.2×1018cm−3, without a diffusion layer, were also formed. The values of specific contact resistance obtained by Circular Transmission Line Method (CTLM) and Transfer Length Method (TLM) for the n-type substrate, and by Cox & Strack method for p-type substrate, respectively, varied from 1.3×10−4Ωcm2 to 8.8×10−3 Ωcm2. The results indicate that the specific contact resistance could be significantly reduced by creating a highly doped diffused surface layer.
Changing mental models: HR's most important task

In the “managerial knowledge” marketplace, there is little evidence of much diffusion of ideas, innovative business models, or management practices. In organizations not implementing what they know they should be doing based on experience and insight, and in companies not acting on the basis of the best available evidence, one main factor explains the difficulties—the mental models or mind-sets of senior leaders. How they are formed, what they are about, and a multitude of examples that show how those mind-sets can be improved are presented here. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cloning, Characterization and Expression in Yeast of human cDNAs Encoding Enzymes Involved in Proline and Ornithine Metabolism. • 605

Cloning, Characterization and Expression in Yeast of human cDNAs Encoding Enzymes Involved in Proline and Ornithine Metabolism. • 605
What is the state of play

For over two decades I have attempted to explain the cultural basis of children's play in several of my published papers. A consistent message is that a consideration of the cultural foundations of play is necessary if we are to more fully understand the meaning of different play activities for children's intellectual and social development (see Roopnarine, 2011). Collectively, these accounts are largely descriptive and provide evidence that parents hold different beliefs about the value of play for childhood development and also that the rates at which children engage in different modes of play vary considerably. The majority of this research has been conducted in technologically developed societies. In this essay, I introduce cultural constructs (e.g., parental ethnotheories, physical settings, practices) that have guided my work on play and culture before proceeding to a discussion of parental beliefs about play and parent–child play across cultures.
Effect on pH on rheopexic dispersions of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate dispersed in normal saline

Abstract Rheopexic dispersions of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate at 5% w/v, 10% w/v, and 15% w/v were studied to determine if a pH dependence on apparent viscosity exists. The dispersions exhibited a viscosity maximum at pH 5.
Computed voltage distribution around Solar Electric Propulsion spacecraft

The NASA Charging Analyzer Program is used to conduct preliminary computations of the voltage distributions around such large spacecraft in geomagnetic substorm environments at geosynchronous altitudes. Both a standard operating voltage (+ or - 150 volts on solar arrays) and direct-drive (+1200 volts on arrays) configurations are considered. Thruster-off simulations are computed for both operating voltage configurations while the effect of simulated thruster-on conditions are evaluated only for direct-drive configuration. These simulated thruster-on conditions are evaluated only for direct-drive configuration. These simulated thruster operations appear to alleviate surface charging.
PRACTICES OF EXCELLENT COMPANIES IN THE AMERICAN DRUG INDUSTRY

When one considers excellence in the pharmaceutical industry one might focus attention on the primary manufactured product, drugs. Emphasis would be placed on how the drugs are developed, tested for safety, and manufactured. Other factors could include marketing and distribution of these pharmaceuticals. These practices although extremely important, represent a very traditional view of drug companies. In other words drug companies primary business is to develop, manufacture, and distribute drugs. Starting in the mid 1980s most drug companies viewed themselves this way. When the medical inflation rate soared to over 15% year after year, most drug companies arbitrarily raised the price of their drugs at this extremely high rate. At the time, despite pleas from consumer groups, the pharmaceutical industry justified these increases by pointing to the high cost of research and product liability. The recession of the early 1990's has had profound effect on health care costs. As businesses look for ways to cut costs in general, they no longer will tolerate constantly rising health care insurance premiums. The election of Bill Clinton in 1992 further accelerated cost cutting trends in health care. This effect stemmed from the threat of nationalised or other radical health care reform. President Clinton in fact, singled out the drug companies for price gouging. Since this time, medical costs, including drugs has declined to approximately 5%. Cost containment efforts such as HMOs and managed care have continued.
Detection of false data injection in power grid exploiting low rank and sparsity

Smart grids are vulnerable to cyber attacks because of the inevitable coupling between cyber and physical operations. Diagnosing such malicious false data attack has significant importance to ensure reliable operations of power grids. This task is challenging, however, when attackers inject bad data into power systems that are able to circumvent the traditional maximum residual detection method. By noticing the intrinsic low rank structure of temporal erroneous-free measurements of power grid as well as sparse nature of observable malicious attacks, we formulate the false data detection problem as low-rank matrix recovery and completion problem, which is solved by convex optimization that minimizes a combination of the nuclear norm and the l1 norm. To efficiently solve this mixed-norm optimization, the method of augmented Lagrange multipliers is applied, which offers provable optimality and convergence rate. Numerical simulation results both on the synthetic and real data validate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.
Production planning with stochastic seasonal demand and capacitated production

We consider a production/inventory problem with stochastic seasonal demand. A scarce resource limits production in each time period, and setup time is negligible. Linear and stationary costs are assessed for production, holding inventory, and stock-outs. The calculation of optimal solutions is difficult so heuristics are used. The heuristics used in business practice are shown to cost an average of 30% above optimal policy costs. A superior heuristic is constructed utilizing an analytic approximation for optimal policies that costs an average of 2% over optimal policy costs.
Signal processing with fractional lower order moments: stable processes and their applications

Non-Gaussian statistical signal processing is important when signals and/or noise deviate from the ideal Gaussian model. Stable distributions are among the most important non-Gaussian models. They share defining characteristics with the Gaussian distribution, such as the stability property and central limit theorems, and in fact include the Gaussian distribution as a limiting case. To help engineers better understand the stable models and develop methodologies for their applications in signal processing. A tutorial review of the basic characteristics of stable distributions and stable signal processing is presented. The emphasis is on the differences and similarities between stable signal processing methods based on fractional lower-order moments and Gaussian signal processing methods based on second-order moments. >
Multiple hindered rotators in a gyroscope-inspired tribenzylamine hemicryptophane.

A gyroscope-inspired tribenzylamine hemicryptophane provides a vehicle for exploring the structure and properties of multiple p-phenylene rotators within one molecule. The hemicryptophane was synthesized in three steps in good overall yield using mild conditions. Three rotator-forming linkers were cyclized to form a rigid cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) stator framework, which was then closed with an amine. The gyroscope-like molecule was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the structure was solved by X-ray crystallography. The rigidity of the two-component CTV-trismethylamine stator was investigated by 1H variable-temperature (VT) NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. These techniques identified gyration of the three p-phenylene rotators on the millisecond time scale at −93 °C, with more dynamic but still hindered motion at room temperature (27 °C). The activation energy for the p-phenylene rotation was determined to be ∼10 kcal mol−1. Due to the propeller arrangement of the p-p...
Relationship between wet deposition of sulfate and nitrate and rainfall amount in Japan

A regression model of wet deposition on rainfall amount for non-seasalt sulfate (nss-SO 4 2-) and nitrate (NO 3 -) was applied to a data set obtained through a nationwide survey from April 1989 to March 1993. Wet-only samples on a biweekly basis were collected at 29 sites over Japan. Reparameterized bivariate lognormal distribution was employed to describe the joint distribution of concentration (C) and rainfall amount (R) for each site. Ranges of geometric mean (μ D ) of biweekly deposition (D = CR) for each site were 0.54-2.90 meq m-2 for nss-SO 4 2-, and 0.21-1.36 meq m-2 for NO 3 -; that of biweekly rainfall amount (μ R ) was 24.1-78.0 mm. Urban or industrialized areas had high values of μ D for these ions. Ranges of estimates of the slope of the regression equation of log(D/μ D ) on log(R/μ R ), were 0.45-0.99 for nss-SO 4 2- , and 0.35-0.86 for NO 3 -; thus estimates of the slope for nss-SO 4 2- tend to be larger than those for NO 3 -. The present analysis, consequently, statistically clarified some differences between the two ions in deposition processes which is understood in the light of current knowledge of atmospheric chemistry.
Tangent plane approximation and some of its generalizations

A review of the tangent plane approximation proposed by L.M. Brekhovskikh is presented. The advantage of the tangent plane approximation over methods based on the analysis of integral equations for surface sources is emphasized. A general formula is given for the scattering amplitude of scalar plane waves under an arbitrary boundary condition. The direct generalization of the tangent plane approximation is shown to yield approximations that include a correct description of the Bragg scattering and allow one to avoid the use of a two-scale model.
Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B: Fortran subroutines for large-scale bound-constrained optimization

L-BFGS-B is a limited-memory algorithm for solving large nonlinear optimization problems subject to simple bounds on the variables. It is intended for problems in which information on the Hessian matrix is difficult to obtain, or for large dense problems. L-BFGS-B can also be used for unconstrained problems and in this case performs similarly to its predessor, algorithm L-BFGS (Harwell routine VA15). The algorithm is implemented in Fortran 77.
Arsenic trioxide enhances radiation response of 9L glioma in the rat brain.

Abstract Kim, J. H., Lew, Y. S., Kolozsvary, A., Ryu, S. and Brown, S. L. Arsenic Trioxide Enhances Radiation Response of 9L Glioma in the Rat Brain. Radiat. Res. 160, 662–666 (2003). Arsenic trioxide (ATO) at low doses induces leukemia cells to undergo apoptosis and at higher doses causes blood flow to solid tumors to shut down. To determine whether a potential synergistic interaction exists between ATO at the non-toxic dose level in the rat and radiation, the present study was carried out with orthotopic 9L malignant gliomas growing in the brains of rats. Animals died within 50 days of treatment when 12-day-old 9L gliomas growing in the brain of Fischer rats were treated with either the drug alone (8 mg/kg) or radiation alone (25 Gy). In contrast, the overall tumor cure rate exceeded 50% at a follow-up time of 120 days after the combined treatment with radiation and ATO. Long-term surviving animals showed no clinical or disproportionately enhanced histopathological changes in the brain parenchyma. Early...
Age estimation of the Cottage Grove Fault System (Illinois, U.S.A.) from high-resolution seismic reflection studies of coal measures

Abstract Geologic and high-resolution seismic reflection studies of Pennsylvanian coal deposits have provided new insights concerning the Cottage Grove Fault System (CGFS), a major east-west oriented wrench fault system in southern Illinois. The age of faulting has previously been estimated to be late Pennsylvanian to early Permian, based upon KAr dating of igneous intrusive rocks associated with subsidiary faults. Although these dates are accurate for intrusions and faulting at certain locations, the duration of Cottage Grove master fault zone or subsidiary faulting is still unclear. High-resolution seismic reflection profiles were collected approximately 6.4 km north of the master fault zone in the vicinity of mapped subsidiary faulting to study coal deposits. Several small-offset, high-angle normal and reverse faults were interpreted from the seismic records. Two small-offset fault zones observed on the seismic records, interpreted to be subsidiary faults of the CGFS, bound a gentle asymmetric anticline. Several small sandstone channels located on the down-thrown sides of these faults are interpreted from the seismic data. Vertical stacking of these sandstone channels and other sands within the coal measures is also observable in the correlated well data. Location of channel deposits suggests depositional control by these faults, indicating that subsidiary faulting was contemporaneous with sand deposition. Thus, subsidiary faulting of the CGFS occurred as early as middle Pennsylvanian time.
Automation of sample application in amino acid analyzers.

Abstract An amino acid analyzer operated essentially as described by Spackman, Stein, and Moore (11) has been equipped with provisions for automated injection of samples. As many as 8 samples (4 complete analyses) are stored in a sample changes of the type described by Murdock, Grist, and Hirs (10), and when required are displaced into the columns with a separate pump. The sample solutions are directed to the column surfaces through eapillary tubing and a system of check-valves; the valves isolate the injection system from the pressures developed during elution of the columns. Alternation of sample injection between the two columns is attained with motorized slide-valves. The analyzer is programmed with a control unit in which stepping switches, appropriately connected to relays, are incremented by pulses generated with the aid of a synchronous timing mechanism. The relays control the various operations requisite for the repetitive function of the analyzer, including regeneration of the columns, and action of the recorder and a digital integrator. The machine provides analyses in the range from 0.01 to 0.20 μmole of an individual amino acid with a precision of ±2%.
An Interview with Evelyn Lee, PhD

(1997). An Interview with Evelyn Lee, PhD. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 49-68.
Low Rayleigh number flow in a heat generating porous media

Abstract A numerical analysis has been performed for the steady-state temperature and stream function distributions in a short cylinder, having an isothermal side and top, an insulated bottom, for a uniform heat generating porous medium. The analysis uses the stream function formulation of Darcy's equation in cylindrical coordinates and the Boussinesq approximation. A single energy equation was used for the fluid and solid, since conduction was the expected mode of heat transfer at low heat generation rates for a lead sphere air porous media system. The solution of the non-dimensionalized momentum and energy equations resulted in small Rayleigh numbers (2×10 −6 to 0.2) indicating the heat transfer is by conduction. Solutions for the stream lines and isotherms were obtained using a transient explicit finite-difference approximation using a mean bed thermal conductivity.
Photoacoustic calorimetry and quantum yields of Mo(CO)(6) ligand exchange in linear alkanes: determination of volume of reaction, energetics, and kinetics of nucleophile displacement of alkane from Mo(CO)(5)(alkane).

Photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) and actinometry studies were used to determine the enthalpies and volumes of reaction for the production of a transient intermediate, Mo(CO)5-alkane, and for its sub...
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF VACCINIA MUTANTS DEFICIENT IN THYMIDINE KINASE-INDUCING ACTIVITY.

Abstract A bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-resistant mouse fibroblast subline [Strain LM (TK − )] lacks thymidine (TdR) and deoxyuridine (UdR) kinase activities. These enzyme activities are induced, however, following infection of the LM (TK − ) cells by parental vaccinia virus. Mutant vaccinia strains have been isolated which are deficient in TdR and UdR kinase-inducing activities. The mutant virus strains are relatively stable; they can be passed at least five times in LM or in LM (TK − ) cells in media lacking BUdR without gross reversions. Parental LM mouse fibroblast cells display TdR and UdR kinase activities, and the enzyme activities are increased following infection by parental vaccinia. However, after infection of LM cells with mutant vaccinia strains, the TdR and UdR kinase activities are decreased. Parental and mutant vaccinia strains reduce the uridine kinase activity and the incorporation of deoxycytidine-H 3 into the DNA of both LM and LM (TK − ) cells, and also reduce the incorporation of TdR-H 3 into the DNA of the parental LM cells. Growth of vaccinia mutant 1004 in LM (TK − ) cells is not inhibited by 200 μg BudR or IUdR per milliliter and is only slightly reduced by 500 μg BUdR per milliliter. BUdR concentrations of 50 μg/ml or higher are required to inhibit growth of mutant 1004 in LM cells. However, BUdR or IUdR concentrations of 25 μg/ml suppress the growth of parental vaccinia in LM (TK − ) cells, and BUdR at 25 μg/ml inhibits the growth of parental vaccinia in LM cells.
Chemical vapor deposition of metal borides: 6. The formation of neodymium boride thin film materials from polyhedral boron clusters and metal halides by chemical vapor deposition

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of crystalline thin films of neodymium hexaboride (NdB6) was achieved using either nido-pentaborane(9) or nido-decaborane(14) with neodymium(III) chloride on different substrates. The highly crystalline NdB6 films were formed at relatively moderate temperatures (835 °C, ca. 1 µm/h) and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and glow discharge mass spectrometry. The NdB6 polycrystalline films were found to be pure and uniform in composition in the bulk material. Depositions using CoCl2, NdCl3 and B5H9 as the CVD precursors resulted in the formation of a mixture of NdB6 and CoB phases, rather than the ternary phase. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Railgun Experiments at The University of Texas Center for Electromechanics

Abstract The Center for Electromechanics at the University of Texas at Austin (CEM-UT) presently has five experimental electromagnetic (e.m.) launchers or railguns in operation. An additional ten fully operational railguns are presently decommissioned and five new launchers are being fabricated. Several different parallel rail configurations and geometries are being studied as well as augmented rails and coaxial launchers. Recent tests utilizing the magnetic flux generated in a coil have produced promising results for work with coilgun launchers. Electromagnetic launchers at CEM-UT have been used in a wide variety of experiments. Particles of 50–500 μm in diameter have been accelerated up to 11 km/s to determine the effects of micrometeorite impacts on materials used in space applications and 2.5-kg packages have been launched to 2.6 km/s (8.1 MJ muzzle energy) in ballistic tests. Paper studies on launching 100-kg payloads at 10 km/s have also been conducted to determine the feasibility of launching satellites with e.m. launchers.
Rapid recurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after transplantation in a child with hypopituitarism and hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported in adults with hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction, and some have progressed to end stage liver disease requiring transplantation. We report a teenager who intially presented with hypoxia due to intrapulmonary shunting, found to have NAFLD and cirrhosis associated with a hypothalamic tumor and panhypopituitarism. The NAFLD recurred very quickly after a successful liver transplant. Hepatopulmonary syndrome may be more common in cirrhosis associated with pituitary dysfunction than in other types of cirrhosis. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:108–110.)
A precise analytical method for calculating the electrostatic energy of macromolecules in aqueous solution

A new method for calculating the total electrostatic free energy of a macromolecule in solution is presented. It is applicable to molecules of arbitrary shape and size, including membranes or macromolecular assemblies with substrate molecules and ions. The method is derived from integrating the energy density of the electrostatic field and is termed the field energy method. It is based on the dielectric model, in which the solute and the surrounding water are regarded as different continuous dielectrics. The field energy method yields both the interaction energy between all charge pairs and the self energy of single charges, effectively accounting for the interaction with water. First, the dielectric boundary and mirror charges are determined for all charges of the solute. The energy is then given as a simple function of the interatomic distances, and the standard atomic partial charges and volumes. The interaction and self energy are shown to result from three-body and pairwise interactions. Both energy terms explicitly involve apolar atoms, revealing that apolar groups are also subject to electrostatic forces. We applied the field energy method to a spherical model protein. Comparison with the Kirkwood solution shows that errors are within a small percentage. As a further test, the field energy method was used to calculate the electrostatic potential of the protein superoxide dismutase. We obtained good agreement with the result from a program that implements the numerical finite difference algorithm. The field energy method provides a basis for energy minimization and dynamics programs that account for the solvent and screening effect of water at little computational expense.
Maximum likelihood estimation of the survival function based on censored data under hazard rate assumptions

Kiefer-woifowitz (1956) maximum likelihood estimators of the survival function are derived under the model assumptions of (a) increasing, (b) decreasing, and (c) U-shaped hazard rate based on right censored data. A strong consistency theorem is proved. Monte Carlo small sample comparisons are made with the maximum likelihood estimators based on the correct parametric model and the fully nonparametric maximum likelihood (product limit) estimator. Applications to covariate analysis are discussed.
Preparation of Nitric Oxide (NO)-Releasing Sol−Gels for Biomaterial Applications

Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing sol−gel materials are synthesized by combining amine-functionalized alkoxysilanes (aminosilanes) with alkyltrimethoxysilanes (alkylsilanes). Upon hydrolysis and condensation, the amine-functionalized silanes are covalently bound to the alkyltrimethoxysilane backbone and easily converted to diazeniumdiolate NO donors via exposure to high pressures of NO. Immersion of the sol−gel into solution is not required to initiate NO release. The NO-release characteristics of the sol−gels are easily controlled by varying the type and amount of the aminosilane precursor in the sol. The sol−gel coatings release NO for up to 20 d with average fluxes between 8.0 × 10-12 and 5.6 × 10-11 mol·s-1·cm-2 (coating thickness of 50 μm) over the first 10 h. These materials exhibit reduced platelet and bacterial adhesion. The results indicate that sol−gel chemistry may be an effective strategy for preparing coatings that release NO both controllably and locally for a range of applications including blood...
State analysis of ecological models: model reactions to parameter change

A seven-parameter predator-prey model was used to illustrate a method of assessing parameter sensitivity of complex systems in the whole region of solutions existence. The method is based on comparing the distance between the solution at a reference point in parameter space and solutions associated with altered parameter values. The distance metric (M) is used to compare output time series solutions of the system. Values of M form plateaus of relatively low sensitivity and transition zones of high sensitivity in parameter space. Unsteady points can also be identified using this procedure.
CollinearU6 symmetry and pole models for nonleptonic hyperon decays

Nonleptonic hyperon decays are considered using the spurion scheme of brokenU6,6 symmetry directly and in connection with a pole model. In the pole modelU6 symmetry-breaking effects are taken into consideration. The model then gives the Lee-Sugawara relation without additional restrictions.
Development of the legume root nodule.

NODULE INITIATION . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ......... . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. 193 Diff usible Signals from Plant to Bacterium 193 Diff usible Signals from Bacterium to Plant ........ 195 Induction of the Nodule Meristem.... . ....... . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Uninvaded Nodules ,. .... 197
Increased prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis near superfund toxic waste sites

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are uncommon liver diseases of unknown etiology. Reported clustering of PBC cases may be due to environmental factors. Individuals with PBC have a high prevalence of thyroid disease and thyroid disease is reportedly more prevalent near Superfund toxic waste sites (SFS). The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and potential clustering of individuals with PBC and PSC near SFS. De-identified clinical and demographic data were used to determine the observed prevalence for each New York City zip code (n = 174) and borough (n = 5) of patients with PBC (PBC-OLT) or PSC (PSC-OLT) who were listed for liver transplantation. The expected prevalence was calculated using Organ Procurement and Transfer Network (OPTN) and U.S. Census data. Both PBC-OLT patients and patients not listed for liver transplantation (PBC-MSSM) were included in the cluster analysis. Prevalence ratios of PBC-OLT and PSC-OLT cases were compared for each zip code and for each borough with regard to the proximity or density of SFS, respectively. SaTScan software was used to identify clusters of PBC-OLT cases and PBC-MSSM cases. Prevalence ratio of PBC-OLT, not PSC-OLT, was significantly higher in zip codes containing or adjacent to SFS (1.225 vs. 0.670, respectively, P = .025). The borough of Staten Island had the highest prevalence ratio of PBC-OLT cases and density of SFS. Significant clusters of both PBC-OLT and PBC-MSSM were identified surrounding SFS. In conclusion, toxin exposure may be a risk factor influencing the clustering of PBC cases.
Success in Blinding to Group Assignment With Sham-CPAP

This study evaluated the success of sham-continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a placebo in a 4-week clinical trial of adults with sleep apnea. Participants (n = 23) were previously undiagnosed for obstructive sleep apnea, had no one in their household on sleep apnea therapy, and were willing to be randomly assigned to either active or sham-CPAP. Before final debriefing, participants were asked to "guess" their group assignment. When questioned, 10 of the 23 participants (44%) were incorrect in their guess of group assignment; 2 of these participants stated that their guess was "random." The active CPAP group's average usage was significantly longer when compared to participants on the sham device (293 ± 117 min/day vs. 188 ± 110 min/day, p = .046). The results suggest that participants remained blinded to group assignment and that sham-CPAP is an appropriate placebo control device. Participants' lower adherence to the sham device may be a potential problem that requires attention in the use of sham-CPAP as a placebo during clinical trials.
Identifying Controller Strategies that Support the ‘Picture’

Air traffic controllers build up a comprehensive mental representation of the current traffic scenario, which is known as the ‘picture.’ This picture helps them ensure that aircraft are safely separated as they travel from one point to another in the airspace system. The maintenance of the picture is related to various strategies that controllers use to determine if a conflict exists between two aircraft. However, studies that deal with identifying such strategies are lacking. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to cohesively bring together the empirical literature that identifies these strategies and the instances in which they are used, to provide the reader with a basic set of strategies controllers use in conflict detection situations, and to discuss the application of such strategies in relates to controller training.