cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards an assessment of partition and transmutation

En France, a l'issue de 15 ans de recherches lancees en 1991 dans le cadre de la Loi sur les dechets de haute activite, l'Office Parlementaire de l'Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques a publie son rapport au Parlement apres l'audition des acteurs de la recherche et des parties prenantes. Les premieres conclusions sont que la Separation/ Transmutation, le stockage intermediaire et le stockage definitif des dechets doivent etre consideres comme des methodes complementaires de gestion des dechets de haute activite. La faisabilite technique du processus de separation est sur le point d'etre prouvee, notamment a l'aide d'une demonstration a petite echelle avec des solutions actives dans l'installation Atalante. La faisabilite de la transmutation sera etayee par les experiences en cours dans l'installation Phenix. Ce rapport comporte plusieurs recommandations: la chronologie de la mise en oeuvre d'un cycle de Separation/Transmutation en France devra coincider avec le besoin d'un renouvellement de l'usine actuelle de retraitement et avec le besoin d'un cycle du combustible correspondant a une nouvelle generation de reacteurs nucleaires. De plus, la Separation/Transmutation induira une reduction des couts de stockage qui pourrait couvrir une partie des frais generes par ce procede, comme d'ailleurs le retraitement et le recyclage actuels reduisent le volume et la toxicite des dechets et presentent un avantage pour la capacite et les couts de stockage. Cependant, cette reduction des couts de stockage due a la Separation/Transmutation est actuellement difficile a evaluer, car l'optimisation du stockage doit encore etre effectuee. Les couts de Separation/Transmutation sont delicats a estimer egalement, car ils doivent inclure non seulement les ateliers de separation specifiques, les unites de fabrication et de traitement des cibles, mais egalement les incinerateurs d'actinides. Ce document fournit quelques reflexions sur les avantages potentiels de la mise en oeuvre de la Separation/ Transmutation. Les avantages proviendront de la reduction de la toxicite, de la reduction de la charge thermique ou d'autres raisons moins tangibles, venant d'une meilleure perception du stockage associee a une reduction des incertitudes ou des perspectives de temps. Notre proposition est de mieux etablir les avantages et les inconvenients de la Separation/Transmutation en consacrant davantage d'efforts a son evaluation. Une periode de 10 ans semble etre un delai raisonnable pour atteindre un tel objectif. Ces efforts ne doivent pas se limiter aux scenarios et aux evaluations de couts, mais doivent egalement inclure une analyse multicriteres a grande echelle, comprenant les impacts sur l'environnement et, si possible, l'evaluation de la perception du stockage par les parties prenantes avec et sans Separation/Transmutation. Les resultats doivent servir de directives pour les programmes de recherche a venir sur ce sujet, notamment ceux portant sur les installations de demonstration.
Accumulation and bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a nearshore estuarine environment near a Pensacola (Florida) creosote contamination site

Long-term accumulation of creosote wastes at a wood-preserving facility near Pensacola, Florida, has produced high levels of organic contamination of groundwaters near Pensacola Bay. Impacts of this contamination on the nearshore environment of the bay were examined by analysis of water, sediment and tissues of two mollusc species. One of the species (Thais haemastoma) was native to the study area. Individuals of the other test species (Crassostrea virginica) were placed in cages at the test sites for a 6-week period. Contamination at the nearshore estuarine sites was assessed by comparison to a control site in an uncontaminated area of the bay, as well as a small stream which forms a direct surface-water link between the creosote storage ponds and the bay. The study focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the primary components of creosote. Very little PAH in water or in the surface layer of estuarine sediments was detected, despite heavy pollution of the stream sediments. This is attributed to various degradation processes which attack the PAH compounds once they discharge into the estuary, and to the likelihood of intermittent and localised release of contaminants to the estuary. Examination of sediment cores and mollusc tissues, which provide a record integrated over time and space, revealed some accumulation of a few PAH, notably fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene and phenanthrene. In the sediments, the highest concentrations of these compounds appeared below the surface, within a depth range of 8-13 cm. Bioaccumulation of fluoranthene, pyrene and phenanthrene in both mollusc species was up to ten times greater at test sites than at the control site. This contrasts with naphthalene, the bioaccumulation of which was no greater at test sites than at the control site. These differences in bioaccumulation factors relate to structural chemistry of the compounds which control their solubility, bioavailability, susceptibility to degradation and capacity for depuration by the organism.
Invasive phenotype observed in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-resistant sublines of 9L rat glioma cells: a tumor model mimicking a recurrent malignant glioma.

Object. Chemotherapy is suspected of having an effect on the generation of phenotypical heterogeneity and the development of drug resistance in tumors. Recurrent gliomas feature drug resistance as well as greater invasive growth than original tumors. The authors investigated phenotypical changes in invasion observed in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)—resistant sublines of the 9L rat gliosarcoma. Methods. Two established BCNU-resistant sublines, derived from 9L gliosarcoma cells by treating these cells with BCNU in vivo or in vitro, were used in the study. An in vitro examination confirmed the resistance of the cells to BCNU treatment. The cells were implanted into the striatum of Fisher 344 rats, and histological examinations were performed to compare the growth patterns of the resultant tumors. A new brain tumor model was established by implanting 9L-2 cells in Fisher 344 rats. The 9L-2 and BTRC-19 cells displayed a distinct increase in BCNU resistance compared with the 9L cells. Both BCNU-re...
Application of EIS with Au–Hg microelectrode in determining electron transfer mechanisms

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the application of microelectrodes with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for distinguishing between one- and two-electron transfer electrochemical reactions occurring within marine microbial biofilms. In our study, both gold and gold–mercury amalgam microelectrodes with tip diameters of 100 μm were used. EIS measurements were performed at the half-wave potentials of the chemicals of interest in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solutions containing 100 μM each of FeCl 3 , [Fe(Cat) 2 ] − , [Fe(Cat) 3 ] 3− , [Fe(4NCat) 3 ] 3− , MnCl 2 , FeCl 2 and mixed solutions with two of those chemicals in NaCl solution or seawater. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between the impedance Z re , Z im and angular frequency ω −1/2 obtained at phase angle of 45° for both one- and two-electron transfer reactions. One-electron transfer reactions could then be distinguished from two-electron transfer reactions by the slopes.
Research and Care of Patients With Dementia: Moving Beyond Memory Loss

Received Aug. 26, 2005; accepted Sept. 26, 2005. From the Depts. of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, Univ. of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco VA Medical Center. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Kristine Yaffe, M.D., Univ. of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121. e-mail: kyaffe@itsa.ucsf.edu 2005 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, currently affects over 4 million individuals in the United States and has an annual cost of $100 billion. By the year 2050, the number of individuals affected by AD is projected to quadruple. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), represents a cognitive state between normal cognitive aging and dementia, usually referring to patients with memory impairment. The prevalence of MCI is thought to be even higher than that of dementia, with a recent population-based study reporting that 23% of the elderly population had MCI. In addition to its common occurrence, MCI is a clinically significant condition because many patients with this diagnosis are at an increased risk for dementia, especially dementia of the Alzheimer type. Given the projected demographic shift in our population and the devastating nature of these illnesses, the imperative to study dementia and MCI is even greater. This issue of the Journal, dedicated to dementia, underscores some exciting emerging themes in dementia research: 1) the importance of non–memorydomain impairment, such as frontal lobe or executive functioning in AD and other dementias; 2) the common occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia and the need for better treatment of these symptoms; 3) new directions in the treatment of AD and amnesticMCI; 4) ethnic/racial differences on rate of cognitive decline; and 5) how to measure severe dementia and the impact of severe dementia on caregiver decision-making. The Role of Non-Memory CognitiveDomain Impairment in AD
Fluctuations and squeezing in resonance fluorescence emitted near a phase conjugator.

Atomic resonance fluorescence, emitted near the surface of a four-wave-mixing phase conjugator, exhibits squeezing for certain values of the optical parameters of the incident laser field and for a certain range of the phase-conjugate reflectivity. A condition for the occurrence of squeezing is derived, and it is shown that the presence of the phase-conjugating medium tends to increase the quantum fluctuations, thereby diminishing the squeezing.
Estimating the importance of the plantation system to southern agriculture in 1880

Although the importance of the plantation system to antebellum southern agriculture is widely acknowledged, there is less consensus on the role of the plantation system after the Civil War. Roger Ransom and Richard Sutch conclude in their work on postbellum southern agriculture, One Kind of Freedom, that even though landownership remained concentrated and large landowners continued to exercise economic and political power, by 1880 the plantation system had "ceased to exist."'" They estimate that large farms (farms with more than 200 acres) dependent on wage labor made up less than 1 percent of all farms in the Cotton South.2 Using their data, their methods, and a sample of the 1880 census manuscripts of population and agriculture, I estimate that these farms produced about 14 percent of the cotton grown in the Cotton South. In 1860 plantations with greater than 50 slaves were about 4 percent of the farms in the South and produced about 32 percent of the South's cotton.3 The apparent decline in importance of large cotton-producing farms after emancipation supports the theory that economies of scale on slave plantations were associated with slavery rather than methods of large-scale production and could not be duplicated with free labor. While my results indicate that the importance of large farms dependent on wage labor was limited in the postbellum South, it is misleading to conclude on this basis alone that the plantation system had ceased to exist by 1880. Many large landholdings in the cotton-growing areas after the Civil War were worked by tenant not wage labor. These landholdings, commonly known as tenant plantations, were managed as a single unit even though actual cultivation was done by tenants, most of whom were sharecroppers. The similarities between management and production methods used on tenant plantations and antebellum slave plantations suggest that tenant plantations should be included in measures of the plantation system. Landowners were actively involved in cultivating their land, supervising the planting, and harvesting and marketing the crop.4
Update in women's health for the general internist.

This clinical update summarizes articles and guidelines published in the last year that may impact general internists’ clinical practice related to women’s health.
Growth-speed dependence of primary arm spacings in directionally solidified Pb-10 wt pct Sn

The dependence of primary arm spacings on growth speed has been investigated for cellular and dendritic arrays in directionally solidified Pb-10 wt pct Sn. The spatial arrangements of cells and dendrites, as given by their coordination number, are not very different from each other. The primary arm spacing maxima and the cell-to-dendrite transition appear to be strongly influenced by the magnitude of the solute partition coefficient (k). The planar-to-cellular transition in Pb-Sn (k = 0.50) is supercritical as compared to the subcritical behavior reported in Al-Cu (k = 0.14) and succinonitrile-acetone (k = 0.1).
Anisotropic scattering of electrons by N2 and its effect on electron transport.

As part of a systematic study of approximations commonly made in solutions of the Boltzmann equation for electrons in molecular gases, we have investigated the effects of anisotropic scattering on electron transport coefficients in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and have extended our study of the multiterm expansion technique to higher E/n. A critical survey of published data yields a set of differential and integral cross sections for electron energies from 0.003 to ${10}^{4}$ eV. For electric-field--to--gas-density ratios E/n between 10 and 500 Td (1 Td${=10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}21}$ V ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$), the changes in the commonly measured transport and reaction coefficients resulting from the introduction of anisotropic elastic and inelastic scattering, while keeping the elastic momentum-transfer cross section constant, are less than 1%.These calculations were made with use of the multiterm spherical-harmonic expansion solution of the Boltzmann equation. For 500lE/nl1500 Td the changes in scattering anisotropy cause changes in transport and reaction coefficients which increase with E/n to about 10%. The errors in drift velocity, mean energy, and the reaction coefficients resulting from the use of the two-term spherical-harmonic expansion rather than a six-term expansion are less than 3% at 1500 Td.However, the errors in the diffusion coefficients become large (g25%) at our highest E/n. The calculated transport coefficients are in generally good agreement with experiment for E/n less than 300 Td, but the differences increase at higher E/n. The importance of proper interpretation of ionization and excitation experiments at high E/n is illustrated by calculations which model either an exponential growth of density in time or an exponential growth with position. The calculated ionization coefficients are low compared to most experiments for E/n less than 200 Td. At E/ng600 Td the agreement is good for the spatial growth experiments, but the calculated values are below experiment from the temporal growth experiments. The calculated excitation coefficients are generally higher than experiment at low and high E/n but in agreement with experiment at E/n near 150 Td.
Sono-photoacoustic imaging of gold nanoemulsions: Part II. Real time imaging.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging using exogenous agents can be limited by degraded specificity due to strong background signals. This paper introduces a technique called sono-photoacoustics (SPA) applied to perfluorohexane nanodroplets coated with gold nanospheres. Pulsed laser and ultrasound (US) excitations are applied simultaneously to the contrast agent to induce a phase-transition ultimately creating a transient microbubble. The US field present during the phase transition combined with the large thermal expansion of the bubble leads to 20–30 dB signal enhancement. Aqueous solutions and phantoms with very low concentrations of this agent were probed using pulsed laser radiation at diagnostic exposures and a conventional US array used both for excitation and imaging. Contrast specificity of the agent was demonstrated with a coherent differential scheme to suppress US and linear PA background signals. SPA shows great potential for molecular imaging with ultrasensitive detection of targeted gold coated nanoemulsions and cavitation-assisted theranostic approaches.
Effect of short-term exposure to hexachlorophene on rat brain cell specific marker enzymes.

Abstract Seven cell specific marker enzymes in brain and optic nerve and morphological evaluation by light microscopy were used to characterize the neurotoxicity associated with exposure of rats to hexachlorophene (HCP; 40 mg/kg/day, po, for 9 days). In vitro exposure to HCP at concentrations up to 100 μ m had no direct inhibitory effect on the marker enzymes, validating their use in evaluating brain function in vivo . Rats exhibited a reduction in body weight gain, weakness, and ataxia of the hind limbs by the ninth day of HCP exposure. At 24 hr following the last day of exposure to HCP, the activities of the three neuron specific enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase, in rat brain were unchanged from those of the vehicle-treated control group. Of the two astroglial enzyme markers measured, a small but significant increase was observed in the activity of nonneuronal enolase in the cerebellum and glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus of HCP-treated rats. The optic nerve appeared to be the most sensitive tissue in that the activity of both the astroglial marker, nonneuronal enolase, and the myelin marker, 2′,3′-cyclic nuceleotide phosphohydrolase, was significantly decreased following HCP exposure. This decrease in enzyme activity is consistent with the histological observations demonstrating extensive vacuolization and edema in the optic nerve after exposure to HCP.
Test-Retest Comparisons Using the CELF-RST and BLT-2S with Kindergartners.

The purpose of this study was to explore the performance stability of 101 kindergarten children on two commonly used screening tests: the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised Screen...
Use of femoral artery guiding catheters via the left brachial artery for transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty using the right brachial artery has been described using either a cutdown and arteriotomy or a percutaneous entry (Cohen et al.: American Journal of Cardiology 57:862–864, 1986; Dorros et al.: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 8:233–242, 1982) [1,2]. Each method requires the use of a brachial artery guiding catheter (Sterner guiding catheter; (USCI). This communication reports the use of percutaneous entry of the left brachial artery and coronary angioplasty performed with femoral guiding catheters. In this manner coronary angioplasty has been successfully performed in 42 of 47 patients (90%) without major complications.
The first demersal trawl survey of benthic fish and invertebrates in the Beaufort Sea since the late 1970s

This study represents the first demersal trawl survey of marine fishes and invertebrates in offshore waters of the Beaufort Sea since 1977. Species composition, distribution, and abundance of demersal fish and benthic invertebrates were assessed with standard methods and demersal trawl gear by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Fishes made up 6% of the total catch weight, and invertebrates made up the remaining 94% of the catch weight. A total of 32 species of fish were identified, two taxa were identified to genus and one to family, and 174 taxa of invertebrates were identified. The most abundant demersal fishes were polar cod (Boreogadus saida), eelpouts (Lycodes spp.), Bering flounder (Hippoglossoides robustus), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). The most abundant invertebrates were notched brittle stars (Ophiura sarsi), snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), mussels (Musculus spp.), and the mudstar (Ctenodiscus crispatus). We documented or confirmed extension to the known ranges of four species of fishes: walleye pollock, Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), festive snailfish (Liparis marmoratus), and eyeshade sculpin (Nautichthys pribilovius). We also documented the presence of commercial-sized snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), which has not previously been recorded in the North American Arctic.
UNIQUE FATIGUE FAILURE OF SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARINGS AND LIFE-ENHANCING MEASURES

In this paper, the mechanism of the unique surface originated fatigue failure of spherical roller bearings will be clarified. Also, how the tangential force generated by rolling friction between rolling elements and raceways severely affects bearing life. This paper also outlines a method of enhancing the life of spherical roller bearings based on an understanding of the mechanism of the surface originated fatigue. This method involves improving the rolling friction conditions between rolling elements and raceways.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Predicting the Behavior of Techno-Social Systems

We live in an increasingly interconnected world of techno-social systems, in which infrastructures composed of different technological layers are interoperating within the social component that drives their use and development. Examples are provided by the Internet, the World Wide Web, WiFi communication technologies, and transportation and mobility infrastructures. The multiscale nature and complexity of these networks are crucial features in understanding and managing the networks. The accessibility of new data and the advances in the theory and modeling of complex networks are providing an integrated framework that brings us closer to achieving true predictive power of the behavior of techno-social systems.
Nonlinear behavior of an UHF quartz resonator in an oscillating system

Characterization of a quartz resonator operating at 553 MHz in a closed loop oscillating system has been performed under various drive levels to characterize its nonlinear behavior. The voltage and current were measured across the resonator using differential active probes and used to calculate the magnitude of the admittance under drive. Our results show that nonlinear resonator operation widens the bandwidth of low phase noise operation. At the low frequency end of the operating range, where overall phase noise is degraded, phase noise improvement is ∼ 20dB. However, the overall phase noise levels do not improve significantly over the linear case.
Pain During and Within Hours After Exercise in Healthy Adults

Literature on the pain relieving effects of exercise has been reviewed several times. It is equally important to review the literature on the pain-inducing effects of exercise. Indeed, exercise professionals, health care providers, and exercisers must grapple with the fact that exercise can both induce and reduce pain. The objective of this review was to synthesize our current understanding of exercise-induced pain and inspire advanced research. We searched the PubMed database for publications since 2000 about healthy human participants. Disease-specific reviews of the effects of exercise are available elsewhere. The results of our literature review verified that many different modes, intensities, and durations of exercise can induce pain in healthy people. Another important point is that pain can occur within a few hours after eccentric contractions, which should be considered relative to the construct of delayed-onset muscle soreness. In addition, the studies supported that exercise can be painful in diverse muscle groups. Yet another point illuminated by the literature is that different pain measures do not always change in similar directions and magnitudes after exercise. Therefore, our review confirms that a wide variety of exercises can be painful—even for healthy people. We wonder how many exercise professionals and health care providers regularly and appropriately measure exercise-related pain or consider such pain in their exercise recommendations. We also question if exercise-related pain affects exercise behavior in healthy people as it has been shown to do in people with chronic illnesses. Additional research is needed to improve both exercise recommendations and exercise behavior.
Autogamy in Allogromia laticollaris (Foraminifera)

SYNOPSIS. The life cycles of 2 strains of Allogromia laticollaris (CSH and TPA) raised on experimentally restricted diets have been studied. Cloned cultures of the strains differed in nutritional requirements for continuous reproduction. The TPA strain was more fecund. Both strains have a basically apogamic (asexual) life cycle; only occasionally were gamonts (sexually reproducing individuals) produced. They were autogamous (self-fertilizing) and fusion of the gametes took place within the parental test. We found in CSH clones a regular alternation of vesicularly nucleated and compactly multinucleated diploid generations. The details of the life cycle of either strain are not known well enough to be able to construct life cycle diagrams more meaningful than that of Arnold. The 2 strains studied differ in cytologic and nuclear detail from each other and from the strain studied by Arnold.
Composite filter for Vanderlugt correlator

This paper examines the use of composite filters for improving the effectiveness of a Vanderlugt correlator when used for fingerprint identification. A digital simulation, which accounts for noise sources in the optical setup, is used to design and test composite matched spatial filters. Results are presented for a real time video image database containing 10 seconds of video from 200 fingers. Using the composite matched spatial filter the Vanderlugt correlator is getting 70% correct identifications with no false positives.
Epistemic paradox and the logic of acceptance

Paradoxes have played an important role both in philosophy and in mathematics and paradox resolution is an important topic in both fields. Paradox resolution is deeply important because if such resolution cannot be achieved, we are threatened with the charge of debilitating irrationality. This is supposed to be the case for the following reason. Paradoxes consist of jointly contradictory sets of statements that are individually plausible or believable. These facts about paradoxes then give rise to a deeply troubling epistemic problem. Specifically, if one believes all of the constitutive propositions that make up a paradox, then one is apparently committed to belief in every proposition. This is the result of the principle of classical logical known as ex contradictione (sequitur) quodlibet – that anything and everything follows from a contradiction, and the plausible idea that belief is closed under logical or material implication (i.e. the epistemic closure principle). But, it is manifestly and profound...
The oxidation of the stereoisomeric 2,3-butanediols by Pseudomonas

Abstract One strain of P. fluorescens and two strains of P. aeruginosa have been shown to be capable of oxidizing 2,3-butanediol to acetoin and of utilizing the diol as a sole carbon source for growth. The P. fluorescens strain, which was studied in greater detail, oxidized all three ( meso-, levo- and dextro- ) isomers of 2,3-butanediol. A tentative pathway for the oxidation of 2,3-butanediol by P. fluorescens involves the successive formation of acetoin and diacetyl which, in turn, is then split into acetaldehyde and acetic acid.
Humans use directed and random exploration to solve the explore–exploit dilemma

All adaptive organisms face the fundamental tradeoff between pursuing a known reward (exploitation) and sampling lesser-known options in search of something better (exploration). Theory suggests at least two strategies for solving this dilemma: a directed strategy in which choices are explicitly biased toward information seeking, and a random strategy in which decision noise leads to exploration by chance. In this work we investigated the extent to which humans use these two strategies. In our "Horizon task," participants made explore-exploit decisions in two contexts that differed in the number of choices that they would make in the future (the time horizon). Participants were allowed to make either a single choice in each game (horizon 1), or 6 sequential choices (horizon 6), giving them more opportunity to explore. By modeling the behavior in these two conditions, we were able to measure exploration-related changes in decision making and quantify the contributions of the two strategies to behavior. We found that participants were more information seeking and had higher decision noise with the longer horizon, suggesting that humans use both strategies to solve the exploration-exploitation dilemma. We thus conclude that both information seeking and choice variability can be controlled and put to use in the service of exploration.
Explaining Gender Stratification and Inequality in the Workplace and the Household

Dissatisfied by existing theoretical explanations of gender inequality in the labor market, Fiorentine and Brines argue for incorporating gender-based symbolic-normative structures as consequential for gender stratification. Fiorentine incorporates norm-based gender differences in occupational choice as determinants of gender stratification but largely fails in his effort to incorporate the concepts of agency and equity as the means by which inequality persists. Brines challenges the logic of a gender-neutral exchange in the division of household labor and succeeds in distilling evidence of how beliefs about gender are the currency of symbolic exchange between domestic partners. Although differentially successful in their efforts, both works recognize the importance of seeking gender-based cultural explanations of gender stratification.
Development and hormonal release of adult behavior patterns in silkmoths

1. When the pupal cuticle was peeled from aroundAntheraea pernyi andHyalophora cecropia moths on the last day of adult development, the animals showed reduced levels of adult behavior. Clawing and extension movements of the legs as well as wing flapping were seen, but complex behaviors such as the righting response and walking were absent (A. pernyi) or only occasionally observed (H. cecropia). 2. Injection of the eclosion hormone into “peeled” moths was followed 2 to 3 hours later by the onset of the eclosion movements. Walking behavior and the righting response appeared abruptly at the time of eclosion. 3. The development of certain adult behaviors was examined by peelingA. pernyi moths that were in the 14th through 19th (last) day of adult development. Animals peeled on days 16 or 17 showed distinct eclosion movements which started within a few minutes after peeling. But on day 18, this behavior became suppressed and could no longer be elicited by peeling. 4. Sensitivity to the eclosion hormone did not appear until day 18 and became fully developed on day 19. 5. Injection of picrotoxin into peeled day 19A. pernyi resulted in the abrupt onset of walking behavior. 6. It was concluded that certain adult behaviors such as eclosion and walking become complete and functional during adult development. But as development progresses, these then become repressed—presumably through neural inhibition. The eclosion hormone apparently acts by turning off this inhibition.
Fire simulations in the Everglades Landscape using parallel programming

Abstract Fire can significantly influence vegetation patterns in the Everglades. Unfortunately, fire is a difficult process to experimentally manipulate, especially at a landscape level. An Everglades Landscape fire model (ELFM) was developed using parallel-processing algorithms and transputer-processors to understand fire behavior in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA 2A) in the Everglades. Fuel characteristics, water depth, wind velocity and direction, rainfall, lightning, and humidity determined the physical state and rate at which fire spreading and spotting occurred in the ELFM. The ELFM simulated fire spread across a heterogeneous landscape using a grid-based system. Parallel processing enabled the model to simulate fire on a large spatial scale with fine resolution (i.e., 1755 × 1634 pixels with 20 × 20 m resolution). The model was designed as a multiprocessor program with the ability to compile and run on UNIX workstations, the CM-5 supercomputer, and Mac Transputers with no change in the code. The ELFM was used to conduct a series of fire experiments that indicated how current fire regimes differ from historical ones due to cattail ( Typha spp.) invasion and longer and deeper water depths. In an Everglades dominated by cattail, the predicted average annual area burned and fire frequency were significantly reduced by 23% and 21%, respectively. The ELFM experiments also suggested that altered hydroperiod have changed fire patterns by reducing fire frequency 63% while increasing fire size during drought years. Airboat trails did not significantly influence total area burned in the ELFM. However, they did seem to function as breaks in upwind fires and tended to reduce the size of potentially large fires.
High-resolution electron microscopy and microdiffraction

Abstract The information which may be derived from microdiffraction patterns complements that from high-resolution images of crystalline materials. Recent developments in instrumentation introduce the possibility of combining the two types of observation, so that the more complete analysis of structures may become feasible. For high-resolution TEM, microdiffraction may be a guide to local crystal alignment and symmetries. In STEM instruments the possibility of obtaining microdiffraction patterns from regions of diameter comparable with the resolution limit suggests possibilities for extending the effective resolution by use of methods related to in-line holography for thin specimens or by computational methods for thicker specimens. An analysis is made of the coherent interference effects in microdiffraction with STEM instruments and the implications for symmetry determination.
Super-recursive Algorithms and Modes of Computation

According to the contemporary computer science, working in the functional recursive mode, computers and computer networks function as recursive algorithms. At the same time, working in the functional super-recursive mode, such as inductive or limit modes, computers and computer networks function as super-recursive algorithms (Burgin, 2005). While one group of notable researchers claims that interactive computation is more powerful than Turing machines (cf., for example, (Wegner, 1997)), others argue that the Church-Turing Thesis, which equates algorithms with Turing machines, still holds and that interaction does not add anything new (cf., for example, (Prasse and Rittgen, 1998) and (Van Leeuwen and Wiedermann, 2000). The cause of this misunderstanding is that the standard computability theory does not take into account time and space where real computers and networks function. Under such artificial conditions, interacting abstract automata and algorithms cannot achieve super-recursive power if they are all recursive as it is proved in (Burgin, 2006). In contrast to this, even a finite system of interacting recursive automata or algorithms functioning in the real time and space can become super-recursive (Burgin, 2007).In this paper, we study modes of information processing in abstract automata, material, e.g., physical or biological, computers and networks. Computational and networking practice shows that taking into account modes of information processing is important for efficient design of distributed hardware and software systems. Modes of computation studied here for abstract automata are actually directions and explanations of how to utilize computers and network computations.
Selective Learning and Habit Reversal as a Function of Partial Reinforcement during Training and Reversal

Four studies (Wike, 1953; Grosslight, Hall, & Scott, 1954; Kendler & Lachman, 1958; Gullahorn & Wike, 1959) have shown that partial reinforcement during training retards reversal learning.' Elam and Tyler ( 1958) reported that monkeys trained to execute a non-spatial, object discrimination where the correct object was rewarded 60% of the time and the incorrect object was reinforced on 40% of the occasions reversed the discrimination more slowly than Ss which had 60% and 0% rewards for the two objects, respectively. The interpretation of all these studies is complicated, however, by the fact that the correct responses in reversal were always rewarded 100% of the time. Since the reinforcement conditions were not balanced in reversal, it is impossible to isolate the effect of reinforcement schedules in training from the effect of schedules in reversal. The aims of the present study were: ( 1 ) to investigate the effects of 50% and 100% reward upon the acquisition of a spatial response in a T maze; and ( 2 ) by a balanced factorial design to determine the relative influence of 50% and 100% reinforcement in training and in reversal upon reversal of a spatial response. METHOD Szlbjects.-51 naive male albino Sprague-Dawley rats 80 days of age were used as Ss. Three Ss were discarded when they ran six or more times to one side during the preference trials. The remaining 48 Ss were randomly and equally assigned to the four training-reversal conditions. Ss were caged together in groups of four and subsisted ad libitum on Purina Fox Chow pellets. Apparatzls.-The maze was a gray alley-type single-unit T maze. It had an 8.5-in.long starting box, a 28-in. stem, and the side arms were 36 in. long. The 15-in. X 9.5-in. goal boxes formed an " L with the side arms so that S turned into the goal box in the same direction as its choice point turn. A copper drinking tube, which was coupled to a 10-ml. burette by rubber tubing, could be inserted into the far wall of the goal boxes. Four Plexiglas drop doors prevented retracing. The maze was placed upon 30-in.high tables and lighted by two 90-w fluorescent tubes located 4.5 ft. overhead. Procedure.--On Day 1 the water bottles were removed from the home cages. On Days 2 to 5 Ss were handled for 5 min. per cage and watered afterwards for 60, 50, 40, and 30 min., respectively. On Day 6 Ss explored the maze in groups of four for 10 min., both water tubes being filled and accessible. Fifteen min. later Ss drank for 30 min.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for glial neoplasms of childhood.

WE EVALUATED THE role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in 25 children with surgically incurable brain tumors of glial origin. Histological diagnoses were obtained at the time of craniotomy and attempted removal (n = 20) or by stereotactic biopsy (n = 5). Thirteen children had tumors with benign hi
Production of Factor X and Factor Xa variants with thrombin, acutin and by autolysis

Abstract Research in several laboratories established that β-Factor X, as compared with α-Factor X, has 17 less amino acids and less carbohydrate at the C-terminal end of the heavy chain. Using the purified thrombin-like enzyme acutin, isolated from the snake venom of Agkistrodon acutus , β-Factor X was digested to obtain γ-Factor X and δ-Factor X by shortening the heavy chain from the N-terminal end. β, γ, and δ-Factor X were purified and each one was converted to the same active β-Factor Xa by the purified activator of Russell's viper venom (RVV-X). β-Factor Xa converted to β-Factor Xa-E by autolysis and had esterase activity, but did not function in prothrombin activation. δ-Factor X converted to e-Factor X by autolysis or with α-chymotrypsin. In the conversion the light chain was reduced in length. The active form obtained with RVV-X was β-Factor Xa-E. By SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis δ-Factor X could not be distinguished from β-Factor Xa.
Arthur Pap on meaning rules

IN HIS important book Semantics and Necessary Truth I Professor Pap asks (p. 409): "In what sense is the proposition that the relation warmer is necessarily (not contingently) asymmetrical-a 'nonsemiotic' mode of speech which Carnap himself has sanctioned-a rule?" The answer is that it is not a rule, but a (in this case) material-mode surrogate2 for a rule. The rule itself would be stated in the metalanguage in one of a number of alternative forms, e.g., "If the two place predicate a takes as an argument the ordered pair (a, #), then it must not take as an argument (,3, a), where 'n' designates 'warmer than' and a and /8 are the names of any individual constants" (or more simply, "The statement '(x) (y) (xWy D ~ yWx)' is A-true). Surely this is a semiotic rule, albeit it does not have the simple form of "'P' designates P." Concerning the meaning postulate '(x) (B x D ~Mx),' Pap says (p. 409): "But surely Carnap's implicit translation of 'B and M are incompatible properties' into 'the English words "bachelor" and "married" are used incompatibly' is no more plausible than its translation into 'the German words "Junggeselle" and "verheiratet" are used incompatibly.'" From this context alone, it is not clear just what Pap intends us to infer from this. But, borrowing from other contexts, I think we can expand his argument as follows: The translation of 'bachelor and married are incompatible properties' into German is 'Junggeselle und verheiratet sind unvereinbare Eigenschaften.' This shows that the first statement (in English) is not about the words 'bachelor' and 'married' (since these words do not appear in its German translation). This ("Church translation") argument derives a great deal of its force from an uncritical use of the troublesome word 'about.' Be that as it may, the contention is not that the statement is "about" the words 'bachelor' and 'married,' but that it is true by virtue of linguistic rules. It is true that, for most contexts in which the English sentence would occur, the relevant rule-as opposed to its object-language surrogate, i.e., the sentence itself-would be a rule "about" the English language and, indeed, about the words 'bachelor' and 'married.' However, as soon as translation (e.g., into German) is considered, the context becomes such that additional linguistic rules come into play, i.e., translation rules. It is, then, by virtue of both rules of English and rules for translating
The synthetic and minimal culture requirements for evagination of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster in vitro.

Abstract Imaginal discs are induced by β-ecdysone to evaginate and undergo imaginal differentiation in completely defined culture medium (Robb's). The minimal nutritional requirements for evagination are salts, glucose, and 6 or 7 amino acids. Concentrations of β-ecdysone which cause evagination also produce increases in RNA and protein synthesis. Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis and amino acid starvation block evagination. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis do not inhibit evagination. The effects of β-ecdysone are concentration dependent. To produce complete evagination, discs must be exposed to low concentrations (0.1 μg/ml) of β-ecdysone for a longer time than to high concentrations (10 μg/ml). However, high concentrations of hormone reduce the rate, and under some conditions, the degree of evagination.
Is seeking health information online different from seeking general information online

Increasing use of the Internet for health information delivery has created considerable discussion among digital divide scholars i.e. how online information delivery benefits those individuals in higher socioeconomic brackets more than their counterparts. Because it is health information, we need to integrate how patients seek out online information. This study included patients' information-seeking behaviour along with digital divide scholars' constructs i.e. literacy and computer skills. Using 1617 observations from the 2010 Pew Internet and American Life Project, this study found that individuals with a significant number of health problems, who are likely to be in a lower income bracket, are proactive online health information seekers; however, they are less likely to search general information. This finding adds value to existing research revealing that usefulness, which has been overlooked in online health information seeking, is important and should be a part of the research model.
The distribution of glycogen and lipids in human skin.

INTRODUCTION It is well known that human skin contains glycogen and lipids but the precise histological localization of these substances needs clarification. This study is based on specimens of human skin from the mons pubis, a region which abounds in coarse, growing pubic hairs, both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The following relatively new observations are emphasized: 1) the presence and distribution of glycogen in the epidermis, ducts of sebaceous glands, sebaceous glands, external root sheath of hair follicles, hair shaft and associated structures; 2) the relative abundance of glycogen and Schiff-reactive, diastase resistant substances in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands; 3) the distribution and partial characterization of lipids in epidermal cells and in sweat glands. Sebaceous lipids are not considered here.
An activation analysis technique for determining groups of trace elements in rocks and chondrites

A thermal neutron activation analysis technique has been developed for the analysis of terrestrial rocks and stony meteorites for trace elements. The main emphasis of the method is directed toward minimizing chemical procedures and maximizing the use of Ge(Li) gamma spectroscopy and computer data reduction. The validity of the technique is demonstrated by presenting data obtained for synthetic samples, U.S G.S. Standard Rocks and three ordinary chondrite meteorites for the following elements: As, Au, Co, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hg, Mo, Os, Re, Sb, Sc, Se, Te and Zn.
Speciation of mercury compounds by differential atomization ‐ atomic absorption spectroscopy

This paper describes the dual stage atomization technique which allows speciation of several mercury-containing compounds in aqueous solution and in biological fluids. The technique holds great promise for further speciation studies. Accurate temperature control, expecially at temperatures less than 200/sup 0/C, is needed to separate the extremely volatile mercury halides and simple organomercurials from each other. Studies with mercury salts and EDTA, L-cysteine and dithioxamide demonstrate that this technique may be used to study the extent of complex formation. Investigations of biological fluids indicate that there is a single predominant form of mercury in sweat and a single predominant form of mercury in urine. The mercury compound in urine is more volatile than that in sweat. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are possible with this technique.
Uterine prolapse: from antiquity to today.

Uterine prolapse is a condition that has likely affected women for all of time as it is documented in the oldest medical literature. By looking at the watershed moments in its recorded history we are able to appreciate the evolution of urogynecology and to gain perspective on the challenges faced by today's female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons in their attempts to treat uterine and vaginal vault prolapse. “He who cannot render an account to himself of at least three thousand years of time, will always grope in the darkness of inexperience” —Goethe, Translation of Panebaker