cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
n-Butanol droplet combustion: Numerical modeling and reduced gravity experiments

Abstract Recent interest in alternative and bio-derived fuels has emphasized butanol over ethanol as a result of its higher energy density, lower vapor pressure and more favorable gasoline blending properties. Numerous efforts have examined the combustion of butanol from the perspective of low dimensional gas-phase transport configurations that facilitate modeling and validation of combustion kinetics. However, fewer studies have focused on multiphase butanol combustion, and none have appeared on isolated droplet combustion that couples experiments with robust modeling of the droplet burning process. This paper presents such an experimental/numerical modeling study of isolated droplet burning characteristics of n -butanol. The experiments are conducted in an environment that simplifies the transport process to one that is nearly one-dimensional as promoted by burning in a reduced gravity environment. Measurements of the evolution of droplet diameter ( D o = 0.56–0.57 mm), flame standoff ratio ( FSR ≡ D f / D ) and burning rate ( K ) are made in the standard atmosphere under reduced gravity and the data are compared against numerical simulation. The detailed model is based on a comprehensive time-dependent, sphero-symmetric droplet combustion simulation that includes spectrally resolved radiative heat transfer, multi-component diffusive transport, full thermal property variations and detailed chemical kinetic. The simulations are carried out using both a large order kinetic mechanism (284 species, 1892 reactions) and a reduced order mechanism (44 species, 177 reactions). The results show that the predicted burning history and flame standoff ratios are in good agreement with the measurements for both the large and reduced order mechanisms. Additional simulations are conducted for varying oxygen concentration to determine the limiting oxygen index and to elucidate the kinetic processes that dictate the extinction of the flame at these low oxygen concentrations.
A quantitative study of initial and terminal QRS vectors in a group of normal older men

Abstract 1. 1. The initial and the terminal 10, 20, 30, and 40-msec. vectors of the QRS complex were statistically analyzed in 93 normal older men. These initial and terminal vectors were presented as mean values of azimuth, elevation, and magnitude, with standard deviations for each angular and linear speed of the sweep. 2. 2. The initial QRS vectors point more forward, the terminal QRS vectors point more backward, and the magnitude of all instantaneous initial and terminal vectors is smaller in a group with wide QRS than in a group with narrow QRS. 3. 3. The electrical axis in the frontal plane did not correlate with azimuth, magnitude, or angular or linear speed of the initial or terminal vectors. 4. 4. The initial 40-msec. vector and the mean QRS vector are so similar in direction and magnitude that the 40-msec. vector cannot be truly considered as an initial vector.
Monism, pluralism and the structure of value relations: A Dumontian contribution to the contemporary study of value

Although the topic of values has not been a central focus of discussion in anthropology in recent decades, during this period questions concerning values have continued to be important in philosophy. One key debate surrounding values in that field takes up the question of whether monist or pluralist accounts best describe the way values relate to one another in the world. Reviewing some of the philosophical literature on this topic, I argue that it is primarily concerned not with how many values exist in any given society, but with the nature of the relations between them. Drawing on Dumont’s theoretical work, I suggest that ethnographic research demonstrates that both monist and pluralist tendencies exist in the value relations of all societies and that the key analytic task thus becomes not determining whether a society is monist or pluralist, but rather documenting which kinds of configurations of monist and pluralist relations we tend to find in actually existing societies. I present four ethnographic sketches of different configurations, demonstrating the promise of this kind of research for contributing to both anthropological research and philosophical debates about value.
The metabolic consequences of childhood obesity

The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, as is the prevalence of obesity-related co-morbidity. Altered glucose metabolism, manifested as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), appears early in obese children and adolescents. Obese young people with IGT are characterized by marked peripheral insulin resistance and a relative beta-cell failure. Lipid deposition in muscle and the visceral compartment, and not only adiposity per se, is related to increased peripheral insulin resistance, the "driving force" of the metabolic syndrome. Other elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, are already present in obese youngsters and worsen with the degree of obesity. Similarly, markers of systemic "low-grade inflammation" worsen with increasing adiposity. The long-term impact on cardiovascular and liver morbidity of obesity-related insulin resistance in young people is expected to emerge as these youngsters become young adults.
The 1994 Northridge Earthquake: 3‐D crustal structure in the rupture zone and its relation to the aftershock locations and mechanisms

A detailed 3-D P-wave velocity structure of the crust in the epicentral area of the 17 January, 1994 Northridge earthquake is determined by using 104,709 arrival times from 1673 Northridge aftershocks and 2948 other local earthquakes. A test performed using the data from the nearby portable stations suggests that the aftershock hypocenters relocated with the obtained 3-D model are accurate to about 2 km. We found that regions with high aftershock activity are generally associated with faster P-wave velocities. The velocity is high around the main south-dipping fault of the 1994 Northridge earthquake and the north-dipping fault of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. A linear distribution of strike-slip aftershocks was found along a NE-SW boundary between high-velocity and low-velocity structures. To the west of this boundary a cluster of large shallow aftershocks with mixed mechanisms occurred in or near the border of a low-velocity area, while to the east aftershocks with thrust mechanisms occurred in a high-velocity area. These observations suggest that lateral variations of crustal properties are closely related to the fault segmentation in the Transverse Ranges. A better understanding of these features is important for long-term seismic hazard assessment in the Los Angeles area.
Impact of multiscale dynamical processes and mixing on the chemical composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America

[1] We use high-frequency in situ observations made from the DC8 to examine fine-scale tracer structure and correlations observed in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during INTEX-NA. Two flights of the NASA DC-8 are compared and contrasted. Chemical data from the DC-8 flight on 18 July show evidence for interleaving and mixing of polluted and stratospheric air masses in the vicinity of the subtropical jet in the upper troposphere, while on 2 August the DC-8 flew through a polluted upper troposphere and a lowermost stratosphere that showed evidence of an intrusion of polluted air. We compare data from both flights with RAQMS 3-D global meteorological and chemical model fields to establish dynamical context and to diagnose processes regulating the degree of mixing on each day. We also use trajectory mapping of the model fields to show that filamentary structure due to upstream strain deformation contributes to tracer variability observed in the upper troposphere. An Eulerian measure of strain versus rotation in the large-scale flow is found useful in predicting filamentary structure in the vicinity of the jet. Higher-frequency (6–24 km) tracer variability is attributed to buoyancy wave oscillations in the vicinity of the jet, whose turbulent dissipation leads to efficient mixing across tracer gradients.
Photosynthetic Mechanisms and Paleoecology from Carbon Isotope Ratios in Ancient Specimens of C4 and CAM Plants

Carbon istotope ratios of modern, 10,000-year-old, and more than 40,000-year-old Atriplex confertifolia (C 4 ) material from Nevada caves indicate that the C 4 photosynthetic pathway was operating in these plants over that period. Samples of a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism, Opuntia polyacantha , were also measured, and a shift in the 8 13 C value from -21.9 per mil (more than 40,000 years ago) to -13.9 per mil (10,000 years ago) was observed. This provides unique physiological evidence to support the hypothesis that the late Pleistocene pluvial climate in the region already had become drier about 10,000 years ago.
Beef longissimus lumborum, biceps femoris, and deep pectoralis Warner–Bratzler shear force is affected differently by endpoint temperature, cooking method, and USDA quality grade

Effects of endpoint temperature, cooking method, and quality grade on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of beef longissimus lumborum (LL), biceps femoris (BF), and deep pectoralis (DP) muscles were evaluated. Eighteen of all three subprimals were selected from USDA Select and 18 from USDA Choice (Certified Angus Beef) carcasses for the respective muscles. Muscles were vacuum packaged and held at 1 °C for 14 days, frozen (-29 °C), sawed into 2.54-cm thick steaks, vacuum packaged, and stored frozen until cooking. Thawed steaks were cooked by either a Magikitch'n(®) electric belt-grill (BG) at 93 °C, or a water-bath at 93 °C, to one of nine endpoint temperatures: 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 80 °C. Belt-grill cooking was much faster and resulted in distinctly less cooking loss than water-bath cooking. Water-bath cooking resulted in higher (P<0.0001) Instron(®) WBSF (31.92 N) than BG (28.25 N) for LL. The combination of Select quality grade and higher endpoint temperatures resulted in higher (P<0.05) WBSF for LL. Two distinct phases of tenderization/toughening occurred for BF. Between 40 and 60 °C, WBSF decreased from 43.95 to 38.16 N (P<0.01), whereas between 60 and 70 °C, WBSF increased from 38.16 N to 44.44 N (P<0.05). Water-bath cooling resulted in higher (P=0.0001) DP WBSF (71.12 N) than BG (59.25 N). The DP had a distinct (P<0.0001) decline in WBSF between 45 and 65 °C, irrespective of the cooking method, followed by an increase between 65 and 80 °C (P<0.01).
Effects of Ascorbate and Nitrite Concentrations in Turkey Frankfurter-Type Products

Abstract Raw, cooked, and cooked-stored turkey frankfurter-type products with 0, 500, 1000, and 5000 ppm sodium ascorbate and 0 and 60 ppm sodium nitrite were analyzed for total ascorbic acid (TAA) and malonaldehyde (MA) content. Color of cooked products and oxygen consumption of raw emulsions were measured. With 5000 ppm sodium ascorbate and 60 ppm sodium nitrite, no differences in TAA content were found among the three types of frankfurter-type products. Storing cooked frankfurter-type products containing ascorbate usually resulted in lower TAA. Ascorbate tended to inhibit MA in cooked and cooked-stored frankfurter-type products. When nitrite and ascorbate were present, cooking and storing did not result in higher MA With added nitrite, reddish cured meat color generally increased as ascorbate concentration increased. Raw emulsions consumed oxygen more rapidly when no nitrite was added.
Polarization Dynamics Over Broad Time and Field Domains in Modified Ferroelectrics

The dynamics of polarization switching have been investigated over extremely broad time (10−8<t<102 s) and field ranges for various modified Pb-based perovskite ferroelectrics. The results unambiguously demonstrate the presence of extremely broad relaxation time distributions for switching, which can extend over decade(s) in orders of magnitude in time.
Thermal Inertia of Conductivity Cells: Theory

Abstract The temperature anomaly of a fluid moving through circular and rectangular cylinders induced by the heat stored in the walls of these hollow cylinders is derived under the assumption of quasi-steady heat transfer. These geometries correspond closely to the SBE-4 conductivity cell manufactured by Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) and the NBIS Mark III cell made by EG&G Ocean Products (NBIS). For a step change of ambient temperature, the initial volume-weighted thermal anomalies are 4.3 and 12%, and the relaxation times are 4.3 and 0.23 s, for the SBE and NBIS cells, respectively, under typical operating conditions. The error in the measured conductivity is significant both in magnitude and longevity. Ale magnitude and the relaxation time of the anomaly can be considerably reduced by increasing the rate of flow through a cell, by forcing the flow to be turbulent, and by appropriate changes in the wall thickness and material. The wall is not a source or sink of salt, consequently no analogous effect is pro...
Transcranial Doppler markers of diffusion-perfusion mismatch.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE During the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI and PWI, respectively), the presence of salvageable brain tissue is suggested by the occurrence of a perfusion-diffusion "mismatch." DWI and PWI, however, are not universally available and have inherent inconveniences, which justify a search for practical diagnostic alternatives. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are transcranial Doppler (TCD) markers of mismatch. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 22 patients with acute ischemic stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, who had a TCD performed within 24 hours of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with DWI and PWI. RESULTS MRI and TCD were performed on average 10.8 +/- 9.2 hours apart. Time from symptom onset to MRI and TCD completion were 1.6 +/- 1.6 and 2 +/- 1.9 days, respectively. MCA and intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) asymmetry, together with a large ICA-to-MCA gradient, were associated with the presence of mismatch. The combined use of 2 TCD parameters (MCA CBFV asymmetry of > or = 30% and ICA-to-MCA gradient > or = 20 cm/sec) had a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value of 82%, and negative predictive value of 73% at detecting mismatch cases. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion-perfusion mismatch appears to be associated with interhemispheric asymmetry between MCA and ICA CBFVs, and a large CBFV gradient between the ICA and MCA on the affected side. Prospective studies are required to verify these observations and to determine whether TCD can be used to follow patients with mismatch.
The SSRL Insertion Device Beam Line 'Wunder'

Insertion devices as radiation sources on storage rings offer potential for substantial gains in beam brightness and flux delivered to a sample. Achieving these gains, however, requires several new aspects of beam line design. New aspects of beam line design arise from the high beam power, the complex spectral and geometrical characteristics, and the need for a wide spectral range. We discuss these aspects of insertion device soft X-ray synchrotron radiation beam lines with examples drawn from our project creating Beam Line Wunder at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The major research use envisioned for this beam line is for spectroscopic experiments which require the highest possible intensity and resolution for a tunable constant deviation source. We summarize the current status of each of the beam line major components: the Multi-undulator, the transport system, the Locust Monochromator, the computer control system, and the experimental area.
Parameters Affecting Spore Recovery from Wipes used in Biological Surface Sampling

The need for the precise and reliable collection of potential biothreat contaminants has motivated research in developing a better understanding of the variability in biological surface sampling methods. In this context, the objective of this work was to determine parameters affecting the efficiency of extracting Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores from commonly used wipe sampling materials and to describe performance using the interfacial energy concept. In addition, surface thermodynamics was applied to understand and predict surface sampling performance. Wipe materials were directly inoculated with known concentrations of B. anthracis spores and placed into extraction solutions, followed by sonication or vortexing. Experimental factors investigated included wipe material (polyester, cotton, and polyester-rayon), extraction solution (sterile deionized water [H2O], deionized water with 0.04% Tween 80 [H2O-T], phosphate-buffered saline [PBS], and PBS with 0.04% Tween 80 [PBST]), and physical dissociation method (vortexing or sonication). The most efficient extraction from wipes was observed for solutions containing the nonionic surfactant Tween 80. The increase in extraction efficiency due to surfactant addition was attributed to an attractive interfacial energy between Tween 80 and the centrifuge tube wall, which prevented spore adhesion. Extraction solution significantly impacted the extraction efficiency, as determined by statistical analysis (P 0.05). Vortexing provided higher spore recovery in H2O and H2O-T than sonication, when all three wipe materials and the reference control were considered (P < 0.05).
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Evaluation of Salt Effects on Electron-Transfer Equilibria between Donor/Acceptor and Ion-Radical Pairs in Organic Solvents

Addition of "inert" tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu(4)NPF(6)) to a solution of TMDO/DDQ in dichloromethane (where TMDO=2,2,6,6-tetramethylbenzo[1,2-d;4,5-d]bis[1,3]-dioxole, donor, and DDQ=diclorodicyano-p-benzoquinone, acceptor) is accompanied by drastic changes in the electronic spectrum, which are related to the appearance of the DDQ(-.) and TMDO(+.) ion radicals and a decrease in the concentration of the neutral molecules and the charge-transfer complex [TMDO,DDQ]. These changes point to a considerable rise (of about three orders of magnitude) in the apparent electron-transfer equilibrium constant (K(ET)) for this donor/acceptor pair upon increasing the electrolyte concentration from 0 to 0.5 M. Accordingly, the ion-radical fractions and K(ET) values are higher in dichloromethane, at high electrolyte concentrations, than in acetonitrile (where the effect of Bu(4)NPF(6) is less pronounced). Similar trends of the apparent equilibrium constants are observed for the tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine/tetracyanoethylene pair. Electron-transfer equilibrium constants for both donor/acceptor dyads obtained from spectral measurements are related to those derived from the redox potentials of the reactants. The effects of media variations on the electron-transfer equilibria are discussed within the ion-pairing and ionic-activity frameworks.
Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle following acute exhaustive exercise

Cell-free and whole-tissue protein synthesis was studied in skeletal muscle of untrained male guinea pigs that had undergone a treadmill run to exhaustion. Experiments using explants from the gastrocnemius muscle maintained in organ culture demonstrated that the ability of the acutely exercised muscle to incorporate amino acids into protein had increased. Compared to polyribosomes prepared from several lower hind limb muscles of nonexercised guinea pigs, polyribosomes from the same muscle in exhausted guinea pigs had incorporated almost 50% more radioactive leucine into protein. However, the polysome profiles of control and exercised muscle were identical, and no difference in the total polysome RNA content could be detected. The efficiency of in-vitro protein synthesis using washed membrane-bound polyribosomes (microsomes) isolated from acutely exercised skeletal muscle was 50% greater than with microsomes from rested control muscle.
Electrical Properties of Diamond for Device Applications

The semiconducting properties of diamond make it a material of interest for the fabrication of active electronic devices. Device performance depends on the properties of the host diamond film and the device structure. Improvements in the electronic properties of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond films and in device design are required for development of commercial diamond devices. Hall-effect and capacitance-voltage measurements have been used to assess the electronic quality of diamond films and to evaluate potential device materials and structures. Homoepitaxial, highly oriented and polycrystalline CVD diamond films have been deposited and characterized by variable-temperature Hall-effect measurements. The highest room temperature hole mobility measured in a homoepitaxial film was 1590 cm2 /V•s where the compensation was ∼2 × 1015 cm-3. These properties are now beginning to approach those of the best type IIb natural diamonds. In a comparison of homoepitaxial, highly oriented diamond film, and polycrystalline diamond films, the room temperature hole mobility was 1470, 229 and 70 cm2/V•s, respectively. This data provides further evidence that the alignment of the grains improves the transport properties of diamond films. Capacitance-voltage measurements have been performed on single crystal type lib diamond with metal-insulating diamond-semiconducting diamond and metal-oxi de-semiconducting diamond structures. Using a conductance versus frequency technique, the density of interface states was estimated to be ∼1012 cm-2eV-1 for both structures. Although optimization of these structures must still be performed, the ability to measure the interface trap density offers the opportunity to provide direct feedback to the device fabrication process so that the structure may be optimized.
Biogeomorphic characterization of floodplain forest change in response to reduced flows along the Apalachicola River, Florida

The Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint (ACF) River basin is an important ecological and economic component of a three-state region (Florida, Alabama and Georgia) in the southeastern U.S. Along the Apalachicola River in northwest Florida, the duration of floodplain inundation has decreased as a result of declining river levels. Spring and summer flows have diminished in volume because of water use, storage and evaporation in reservoirs, and other anthropogenic and climatic changes in the basin upstream. Channel erosion from dam construction and navigation improvements also caused river levels to decline in an earlier period. In this paper, we document trends in floodplain forest tree species composition for the interval spanning these influences. Historic tree inventories from the 1970s were compared to present-day forests through non-metric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis (ISA) and outlier detection. Forests are compositionally drier today than in the 1970s. Overstory to understory compositional differences within habitats (levees, high/low bottomland forest and backswamps) are as large as the species contrasts between habitats. Present-day forests are also compositionally noisier with fewer indicator species. The largest individual declines in species density and dominance were in backswamps, particularly for Fraxinus caroliniana Nyssa ogeche and Nyssa aquatica. We discuss how contrasts in the compositional change signal for levee and backswamp landform habitats reflect a complex biogeomorphic response to fluctuating river flows for alluvial rivers in humid climates. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of smoking intensity and cessation on inflammatory markers in a large cohort of active smokers.

Background Cigarette smoking has been associated with increases in C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte counts (white blood cell [WBC]); however, the effects of smoking intensity and smoking cessation on inflammatory markers have not been evaluated prospectively in a large, modern cohort of current smokers. Methods White blood cell count and high-sensitivity CRP were measured in current smokers enrolled in a randomized, prospective clinical trial of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Smoking intensity parameters included cigarettes per day, pack-years, Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence score, and carbon monoxide levels. C-reactive protein also was measured after 1 year with assessment of abstinence status. Results The 1,504 current smokers (58% female) were (mean [SD]) 44.7 (11.1) years old, smoked 21.4 (8.9) cigarettes per day, and had a smoking burden of 29.4 (20.4) pack-years. Log(CRP) was not associated with any marker of smoking intensity, except for a weak correlation with pack-years ( r = 0.05, P = .047). In contrast, statistically significant correlations were observed between all 4 markers of smoking intensity and WBC count (all P ≤ .011). In multivariable models, waist circumference ( P P P = .002), cigarettes per day ( P = .013), carbon monoxide ( P P P = .296) and changes in log(CRP) ( P = .455) did not differ between abstainers and continuing smokers. Conclusions Smoking intensity is associated with increased WBC count, but not CRP levels. Smoking cessation does not reduce CRP. The relationship between CRP and smoking intensity may be masked by CRP's stronger relationship with adiposity.
High temperature corrosion resistance of candidate nickel-based weld overlay alloys in a low NOx environment

Abstract Changes in environmental regulations have led many fossil fuel-fired boiler operators to alter their combustion practices (low NOx burning), thereby lowering plant emissions. This change has led to unacceptable wastage of carbon and low alloy steel waterwall tubes and expensive shutdowns due to severe corrosion. One favored solution is to weld overlay a more corrosion resistant alloy on top of existing tubes. Two nickel-based alloys developed for such applications were tested alongside the commercially available alloy 622 in a simulated low NOx environment. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) examination of the weld overlays and corrosion scales demonstrated that microsegregation of molybdenum occurred in one of the candidate alloys and alloy 622. This microsegregation had a detrimental effect on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. The candidate alloy with higher chromium concentration, low nominal molybdenum concentration, and corresponding minimum molybdenum segregation, exhibited the best corrosion resistance of the examined alloys.
Covalent capsules: reversible binding in a chiral space

Molecular behavior in small spaces is observed fleetingly at enzyme active sites in biology and at a more leisurely pace in the encapsulation complexes of chemistry. In either setting, molecules in the confined space respond to the size, shape and chemical environment of the container. We describe here neutral, extended cylindrical capsules held together by covalent bonds. The capsules act as hosts to congruent guests such as long-chain alkanes (up to C20H42), p-disubstituted aromatics, and two or more hydrogen-bonded guests. The complexes are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and the exchange of guests in and out of the capsules is slow on the NMR timescale. Interactions between different guests can be arranged in the cylindrical space, creating acid–base complexes within the capsules. The complexes are chiral and persistent in a variety of media.
The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture – Edited by Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss

The sack of Rome in 1527 marked a watershed. For Italians of the sixteenth century, it signaled the loss of “Italian liberty” and the domination of the Habsburgs. For scholars, it marked the transi...
It's Time to Revise the Definition of Status Epilepticus

Generalized, tonic-clonic status epilepticus is well recognized as a common neurologic emergency requir- ing prompt treatment. The diagnosis is usually not diffi- cult, other than for patients with prolonged seizures, who often develop increasingly subtle clinical features (1,2). There also appears to be a consensus among physicians regarding treatment (3). Nonetheless, there is a major, persistent dilemma regarding status epilepticus: its defi- nition. Discussions concerning the precise definition of status epilepticus all too often result in agreement that current “textbook” definitions are either imprecise, at odds with clinical practice, or both. Here we propose a revised system for defining status epilepticus that ad- dresses these problems. References to status epilepticus prior to the mid- 19th century focused on cases in which seizures lasted many hours to days (4). In 1904, Clark and Prout (5) defined status epilepticus as a state in which seizures occur so frequently that ‘‘the coma and exhaustion are continuous between the seizures.” In his general textbook of neu- rology published in 1940, Kinnier Wilson (6) referred to status epilepticus as the severest form of seizures in which “the post-convulsive sleep of one attack is cut short by development of the next.” Aspects of these definitions were mirrored in the first International Clas- sification of Epileptic Seizures that was developed in 1964 by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Status epilepticus was defined as the situation in which “a seizure persists for a sufficient length of time or is repeated frequently enough to produce a fixed and enduring epileptic condition” (7). The same definition was retained in the revised classification published in 1970 (8), and it was modified slightly in 1981 to refer to the situation in which “a seizure persists for a sufficient length of time or is repeated frequently enough that re- covery between attacks does not occur” (9).
Finding “good” features for natural scene classification

References Fei-Fei, L., & Perona, P. (2005). A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Learning Natural Scene Categories. IEEE Comp. Vis. Patt. Recog. Fei-Fei, L., VanRullen, R., Koch, C., & Perona, P. (2002). Rapid natural scene categorization in the near absence of attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 99, 8378-8383. Hoiem, D., Efros, A. A., & Hebert, M. (2005). Geometric Context from a Single Image. ICCV. Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C. & Ponce, J. (2006). Beyond Bags of Features: Spatial Pyramid Matching for Recognizing Natural Scene Categories. IEEE Comp. Vis. Patt. Recog. Loschky, L. C., Sethi, A., Simons, D. J., Pydimarri, T. N.,Ochs, D., & Corbeille, J. L. (2007). The importanceof information localization in scene gist recognition. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Human Per-ception & Performance, 33, 1431–1450. Lowe, D. G. (2004). Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. Journal of Computer Vision, 60 (2), 91-110. Oliva, A., & Torralba, A. (2001). Modeling the shape of the scene: A holistic representation of the spatial envelope. Int. Journal of Computer Vision, 42, 145-175. Thorpe, S., Fize, D., & Marlot, C. (1996). Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature, 381, 520-522. Torralbo, A., Chai, B., Caddigan, E., Walther, D., Beck, D., & Fei-Fei, L. (2009). Categorization of good and bad examples of natural scene categories. Presented at the 9th annual meeting of the Vision Sciences Society. Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1983). Categories of Environmental Scenes. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 121-149. Feature localization • All features benefit from some localization • No improvement for any feature beyond level 6
An Unusual Presentation of Sertraline and Trazodone Overdose

OBJECTIVE:To report an unusual and life-threatening presentation of an overdose of sertraline and trazodone.CASE SUMMARY:A patient with a history of depression ingested sertraline 6000 mg and trazodone 1300 mg in a suicide attempt. Twenty-four hours after antidepressant administration, the patient presented with symptoms of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) overdose and serotonin syndrome, and later developed an enlarged tongue consistent with angioedema. A compromised airway resulted and endotracheal intubation was necessary. After intubation, the symptoms subsided and the patient recovered.DISCUSSION:Although SSRIs and trazodone are generally considered to be relatively safe in single-agent overdose, serious delayed reactions can occur, especially if several agents are involved. In this case the patient initially presented with symptoms typical of an SSRI overdose that did not appear to be exceptionally dangerous. Over time, symptoms consistent with angioedema appeared that necessitated intu...
IP Injury and the Institutions of Patent Law

This paper reviews Creation Without Restraint: Promoting Liberty and Rivalry in Innovation, the pathbreaking book by Christina Bohannan and Herbert Hovenkamp (Oxford Univ. Press 2012). The Review begins by summarizing the book’s descriptive insights and analyzing one of its important normative proposals: the adoption of an IP injury requirement. This requirement would demand that infringement plaintiffs prove -- before obtaining damages or an injunction -- an injury to the incentive to innovate. After explaining how this requirement is easy to justify under governing law and is largely consistent with recent Supreme Court decisions in the field of patent law, the Review considers whether the concept of IP injury is useful in resolving the most vexing problem in patent law today: the scope of patentable subject matter. The Review also weighs how the institutional structure of the patent system might affect adoption of the authors' innovation-focused approach. Although the book's proposals are directed largely at the courts, the semi-specialized court for patent appeals, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, might resist deciding patent cases by considering innovation policy. The Review thus examines other institutions, such as the Office of the Solicitor General, that may be well-positioned to put the book's thoughtful proposals into action.
Find-me and eat-me signals in apoptotic cell clearance: progress and conundrums.

Everyday we turnover billions of cells. The quick, efficient, and immunologically silent disposal of the dying cells requires a coordinated orchestration of multiple steps, through which phagocytes selectively recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. Recent studies have suggested an important role for soluble mediators released by apoptotic cells that attract phagocytes (“find-me” signals). New information has also emerged on multiple receptors that can recognize phosphatidylserine, the key “eat-me” signal exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. This perspective discusses recent exciting progress, gaps in our understanding, and the conflicting issues that arise from the newly acquired knowledge.
Computing expected reproductive success of female Atlantic salmon as a function of smolt size

A method is described for determining the expected reproductive success (gonadal mass of a returning fish times the probability of surviving to return) and expected fecundity of salmonids as a function of smolt size. Application of the method requires data relating (i) return weight and smolt size; (ii) probability of survival and smolt size; (iii) probability of return after one or two sea winters and smolt size; and (iv) gonads and return weight. Although there exists no published data set that contains all of this information, it is possible to piece together enough information from published sources on female Atlantic salmon to demonstrate the feasibility of the method, with the goal of encouraging the publication of datasets that will allow meaningful calculations for a single river. Thus, one should not expect general predictions about Atlantic salmon, but once local conditions are taken into account, it will be possible to predict the relationships between smolt size and expected fecundity or expected reproductive success.
Use of T-stat to Predict Colonic Ischemia during and after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: A case report

As surgeons become more aggressive in treating aneurysms with endovascular techniques, traditional surgical principles of preserving internal iliac arteries and the inferior mesenteric artery have been challenged. A case is presented where the T-Stat device (Spectros Corp, Portola Valley, Calif), an optical real-time sensor approved by United States Food and Drug Administration for measuring colon ischemia, was used as an adjunctive measure to assist in the successful endovascular aneurysm repair in a patient at high risk for colon ischemia.
The Francis Effect on the Munus Docendi and Gubernandi of the Church

Many observers detect a noticeable change in tone and practice between the pontificates of John Paul II and Benedict XVI on the one hand, and that of Francis on the other, a shift from what some have called a more rigorously doctrinal and juridical approach to a more inclusive and pastoral one. This change has been dubbed “the Francis Effect,” and numerous commentators have attempted to discern its fundamental characteristics and its impact on the wider church. This roundtable, based on a “reading of the Roman tea leaves” first proposed by James T. Bretzke, SJ, at the 2015 College Theology Society Annual Convention and revised for this issue, offers an interpretation that focuses on the service (munus) of teaching and governing exercised by the pope and its practical impact on the church. In their responses to Bretzke, Julie Hanlon Rubio and Reid Locklin explore this impact further and point out both the strengths and the limits of the Francis Effect.1
Meandre data-intensive application infrastructure: extreme scalability for cloud and/or grid computing

The volumes and velocity of data are growing at unprecedented rates, often physically distributed, have access constraints, and requirements to leverage the diverse computational fabrics like clouds and grids. The Meandre data-intensive component-based application infrastructure can leverage diversity and enables extremely scalable server clusters and applications to address these challenges. Data-intensive flows can: be web-services and/or computational tasks; co-locate processing with data; orchestrate cloud computing resources; and leverage grid resources with distributed execution. Meandre from a laptop to a cloud, grid, or server as analytical computational tasks and/or web-services in data-intensive flows made up of components that provide deployment and execution strategies for extreme scalability.
Cancer Biomarkers: A Status Quo

At present, there are a growing number of biomolecules under investigation to understand their potential role as cancer biomarker for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Intriguingly, the state of art on cancer biomarkers research shows interesting and promising results together to clamorous failures. Also from a clinical point of view, there are contradictory results on routine clinical use of the present cancer biomarkers. Some patients may be simply monitored in their course by a periodic blood sample, but sometimes this monitoring show dramatic limits. A lot of patients show serious and extensive relapses without significant change in serum concentrations of biomarkers tested. Often the physician who should utilize these biomarkers does not entirely know their limits and the total potential applications as well and sometimes this knowledge is influenced by economical and marketing strategies. This limited and “polluted” knowledge may have dramatic consequences for patient. A critical approach towards old and new cancer biomarkers should foster a deepened and useful understanding of the diagnostic and prognostic index of these fundamental parameters of laboratory medicine and in the same time can facilitate the research of new and more sensitive-specific signals of the cancer cell proliferation
Complete fusion of Be 9 with spherical targets

The complete fusion of {sup 9}Be with {sup 144}Sm and {sup 208}Pb targets is calculated in the coupled-channels approach. The calculations include couplings among the 3/2{sup -}, 5/2{sup -}, and 7/2{sup -} states in the K=3/2 ground-state rotational band of {sup 9}Be. It is shown that the B(E2) values for the excitation of these states are accurately described in the rotor model. The interaction of the strongly deformed {sup 9}Be nucleus with a spherical target is calculated using the double-folding technique and the effective M3Y interaction, which is supplemented with a repulsive term that is adjusted to optimize the fit to the data for the {sup 144}Sm target. The complete fusion is described by ingoing-wave boundary conditions. The decay of the unbound excited states in {sup 9}Be is considered explicitly in the calculations by using complex excitation energies. The model gives an excellent account of the complete fusion (CF) data for {sup 9}Be+{sup 144}Sm, and the cross sections for the decay of the excited states are in surprisingly good agreement with the incomplete fusion (ICF) data. Similar calculations for {sup 9}Be+{sup 208}Pb explain the total fusion data at high energies but fail to explain the CF data, which are suppressedmore » by 20%, and the calculated cross section for the decay of excited states is a factor of 3 smaller than the ICF data at high energies. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.« less
Circadian Rhythms of Locomotion in Six Noctuid Species

An actograph system was developed and used to record hourly locomotor activity for adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), fall armyworms, S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and corn earworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie). The peak nocturnal activity of velvetbean caterpillars and corn earworms was greater than that of the other moths; and, except for these 2 species, males moved more often than females. Pairs were considerably less active and lived for fewer days than the isolated sexes.
Surgery Potentiates Adrenocortical Responses to Hypoxia in Dogs

Absfruct. We studied the effect of prior surgery on the ACTH and corticosteroid responses to acute hypoxia. Five conditioned, pentobarbital-anesthetized, gallamine-paralyzed mongrel dogs were exposed to 24 min of isocapnic hypoxia (1 1% 02/89% N2) 2 hr (Expt I) and approximately 1 week (Expt 11) after implantation of femoral arterial and venous catheters. ACTH and corticosteroid responses were assessed by RIA of arterial plasma samples. Arterial POz fell similarly in both experiments from 82 to 26 Torr. This caused significant increases in ACTH of similar magnitude in both experiments. Corticosteroid levels increased more in Expt I than Expt I1 indicating an apparent potentiation by surgery of the adrenocortical response to hypoxia. Two additional dogs were studied in reverse order under lighter anesthesia such that ACTH and corticosteroid levels after surgery were higher than in the first set of experiments. Under these conditions, hypoxia still produced a large increase in ACTH and corticosteroids after acute surgery. Correlation of log ACTH with corticosteroid levels (adrenal dose response) revealed a significant increase in slope in dogs with acute surgery suggesting that surgery interacted with hypoxia either to change the metabolic clearance rate of corticosteroid or to increase adrenal sensitivity to ACTH.
Tarkovsky, Science and Faith

Faith and science – two mutually exclusive worlds or two aspects of the same God-given reality? Prof. Zelensky offers in this article a personal reflection on the topic of Science and Religion based on the film Stalker by the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky.
Susceptibility of Lepidopterous Pests to Two Types of Mortality Caused by the Microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix

Median lethal concentrations (LC50’s) were determined for 2 types of mortality caused by the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) in 6 lepidopterous pests, i.e., relatively quick death by gut damage caused by large spore doses, and death at pupation by microsporidiosis caused by small doses. Diatraea saccharalis (F.) was the least susceptible and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) the most susceptible to both types. Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) was one of the most susceptible insects in the 1st instar and least susceptible in the 3rd. Microsporidiosis LC50’s were similar in Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.), but the latter was more susceptible to gut damage. Of the larvae that ate spores and survived to the adult stage, 32% of the Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and 0–8% of the other 5 insects were infected. The results indicated that V. necatrix has promise for control of T. ni, H. virescens, P. includens, S. frugiperda , and H. zea and that they should be treated in the earliest possible instar.
The evolution of political violence: The case of Somalia’s al-Shabaab

ABSTRACTThis research investigates the development and expansion of the al-Shabaab movement in Somalia from 2000 to 2013. Initially a marginal player in Somalia, by 2013 al-Shabaab had transformed into the most formidable armed opposition to challenge the nascent Somali government and its allies. During this time period they administered territory domestically, while expanding their tactical repertoire and geographic scope of attacks. After analyzing the historical conditions (2000–2006) from which al-Shabaab emerged, I explore the evolution of this organization through the use of historical process tracing. This entails looking for critical junctures on a global, national, and local level that had a dramatic impact on the future trajectory of the insurgency. The results show that harsh foreign interventions had many deleterious consequences, acting as an initial impetus for armed resistance, while also acting as a continuous source of controversy which al-Shabaab exploited to gain new recruits. Moreover,...
Inlet effects on vertical-downward air–water two-phase flow

Abstract This paper focuses on investigating the geometric effects of inlets on global and local two-phase flow parameters in vertical-downward air–water two-phase flow. Flow visualization, frictional pressure loss analysis, and local experiments are performed in a test facility constructed from 50.8 mm inner diameter acrylic pipes. Three types of inlets of interest are studied: (1) two-phase flow injector without a flow straightener (Type A), (2) two-phase flow injector with a flow straightener (Type B), and (3) injection through a horizontal-to-vertical-downward 90° vertical elbow (Type C). A detailed flow visualization study is performed to characterize flow regimes including bubbly, slug, churn-turbulent, and annular flow. Flow regime maps for each inlet are developed and compared to identify the effects of each inlet. Frictional pressure loss analysis shows that the Lockhart–Martinelli method is capable of correlating the frictional loss data acquired for Type B and Type C inlets with a coefficient value of C = 25, but additional data may be needed to model the Type A inlet. Local two-phase flow parameters measured by a four-sensor conductivity probe in four bubbly and near bubbly flow conditions are analyzed. It is observed that vertical-downward two-phase flow has a characteristic center-peaked void profile as opposed to a wall-peaked profile as seen in vertical-upward flow. Furthermore, it is shown that the Type A inlet results in the most pronounced center-peaked void fraction profile, due to the coring phenomenon. Type B and Type C inlets provide a more uniform distribution of the void fraction profile with a reduced coring effect.