cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7.17 Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring

Monitoring a structure to track both the material and component degradation has long been a goal of the aircraft maintenance community. Research with this goal has concentrated on investigating new and novel instrumentation and analysis capabilities to make structural health monitoring (SHM) a reality in order to reduce unnecessary inspections and unscheduled maintenance actions. While research efforts have shown promise for metal components, those involving composite materials have not achieved the same level of capability or acceptance. Without a SHM capability the composite community has relied on detailed inspections during periodic maintenance actions to detect both structural damage and gage the extent of material degradation. Types of damage and degraded material properties include impact damage with the associated subsurface delaminations, debonding of fibers from the matrix at stress concentrations, corrosion of the fasteners used to join composites to metals, and failing adhesive bonds. This approach is expensive and reduces the economic advantage that composites offer the designe.
Drug effects on retinol oxidation: Retinal alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

A spectrophotometric method was used to follow the oxidation of retinol by preparations of cattle retinas. Two-tenths millimole chlorpromazine (CPZ) and thioridazine (TRDZ) activated the initial rate. This was followed by inhibition. These effects are reversible. The ring sulfoxide of chlorpromazine and thioridazine thiomethyl sulfoxide (TPS-23) had no apparent effect. Lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 mM.) of CPZ and TRDZ have no demonstrable effect on the standard reaction, and no differences between CPZ and TRDZ could be shown. Chloroquine (0.2 mM.) and sodium lauryl sidfate (1.0 mM.) were shown to activate the reaction without changing the pseudomonomolecular characteristic of the standard reactions. These data were discussed with regard to the known surface activities and previously demonstrated enzyme inhibitory effects of the drugs.
Ultrafast SET-LRP with Peptoid Cytostatic Drugs as Monofunctional and Bifunctional Initiators.

To continue expanding the use of Single Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization (SET-LRP) in applications at the interface between macromolecular science, biomacromolecules, biology and medicine, it is essential to develop novel initiators that do not compromise the structural stability of synthesized polymers in biological environments. Here, we report that stable 2-bromopropionyl peptoid-type initiators such as 1,4-bis(2-bromopropionyl)piperazine and 4-(2-bromopropionyl)morpholine are an alternative that meets the standards reached by the well-known secondary and tertiary α-haloester-type initiators in terms of excellent control over molecular weight evolution and distribution as well as polymer chain ends. SET-LRP methodologies in organic, aqueous, and biphasic organic–aqueous media were evaluated for this purpose.
Humoral dysregulation among injection drug users: implications for HIV vaccine strategies (VAC11P.1103)

The primary objective of a preventative HIV vaccine is the induction of a persistent humoral response that mediates sterilizing immunity. Although modest, yet encouraging, a reduction in infections in low-risk individuals was obtained in the RV144 HIV vaccine efficacy trial; for high-risk individuals, including injection drug users (IDU) no substantial reduction in infection has been observed in efficacy trials. The impact of injection drug use on humoral responses is poorly defined, particularly in the context of HIV prevention. Through a cross-sectional assessment of peripheral B cells and plasma antibodies, we have identified substantial alterations in the HIV-/HepC- active heroin IDU population. IDU exhibited significantly increased total B cells compared to healthy subjects, that were associated with significantly increased memory B cells and plasmablasts. Additionally, although plasma total IgG levels were similar between IDU and healthy subjects, IDU had significantly higher titers of IgG3 and IgG4 subclass plasma antibodies. Total IgM plasma antibodies were also increased in IDU. This humoral dysregulation may be the consequence of a pro-inflammatory environment as evident by significantly increased plasma sCD40L in IDU. These results demonstrate extensive differences in the steady-state humoral profile of IDU, which could have the potential to severely influence the quality of the B cell and antibody response, and ultimate efficacy of future HIV vaccine strategies.
The role of loop gain in predicting upper airway surgical outcomes—what do we know?

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by at least three primary phenotypes. The rst phenotype is associated with mechanical impairments of the upper airway leading to increased collapsibility of the upper airway. The second phenotype is defined by a low arousal threshold which contributes to unstable ventilatory control. The third phenotype is defined by a high loop gain which also contributes to unstable ventilatory control during sleep (1,2). Loop gain by definition includes both “plant” (i.e., lung volume, gas exchange rate, circulatory delay) and “controller” (i.e., chemore ex) gain components (3). An overall loop gain of less than 1 is typical of a stable respiratory control system (4). Unfortunately, due to the multitude of phenotypic impairments, optimal treatment for OSA has yet to be established.
Does 'Could' Lead to Good? On the Road to Moral Insight

Dilemmas featuring competing moral imperatives are prevalent in organizations and are difficult to resolve. Whereas prior research has focused on how individuals adjudicate among these moral imperatives, we study the factors that influence when individuals find solutions that fall outside of the salient options presented. In particular, we study moral insight, or the discovery of solutions, other than selecting one of the competing moral imperatives over another, that honor both competing imperatives or resolve the tension among them. Although individuals intuitively consider the question “What should I do?” when contemplating moral dilemmas, we find that prompting people to consider “What could I do?” helps them generate moral insight. Together, these studies point toward the conditions that enable moral insight and important practical implications.
Firm resource stock, resource complementarity, and the heterogeneity in resource value

Although the central question in the resource-based view (RBV) is what determines the value of resources, it is not easy to find research on how generic resources add value. However, lack of generic resources can be detrimental for the firm. We propose that the value of a generic resource depends on the acquiring firms’ resource stocks and on the extent to which the resource complements the firms’ existing resource stocks. Specifically, we predict that a new generic resource is more valuable to firms with poorer resource stock. We also argue that cash that better complements firm resource stock than other generic resources generates larger performance improvement. We test our arguments by using data established by a natural experiment whereby resources (i.e., cash and tangible resources) are randomly disbursed to Sri Lankan microenterprises that experienced a natural disaster. Taking advantage of a difference-in-difference estimation, we find empirical support for these arguments.
The Nation-State According to Whom?: Mapuches and the Chilean State in the Early Nineteenth Century

In the early nineteenth century Chilean elites centralized political power and forged a national state independent of Spain. The new government’s main goals were to expand Chile’s national territory as far south as Cape Horn, a region that included the frontier zone known as Araucania (between the Bio-Bio and Tolten Rivers), and assimilate Araucania’s inhabitants, the “barbaric” Mapuche Indians- several ethnic groups that shared a language and cultural traditions- into Chilean society. Some Mapuche groups such as the Trapatrapa Pehuenches and the Abajinos became ardent supporters of the state’s territorial ambitions. They allied with the Chilean government and fought against a common enemy that included a few remaining Spanish officers, soldiers, and other Mapuche groups such as the Arribanos and Pehuenches of Chillan. This article will analyze the Pehuenches of Chillan and the Arribanos. The Pehuenches of Chillan resisted the Chilean government’s efforts at territorial expansion on to their lands. The Arribanos initially resisted with the Pehuenches of Chillan, but in the mid-1820s switched sides and became a supporter of the Chilean state. This article will address why these two groups were divided and the actions each group undertook to achieve its desired outcome. Ultimately it took most of the nineteenth century for the Chilean state to acquire national territory that extended as far south as Cape Horn, and those that lost the most were the Mapuches.
Anti-adhesive drugs and tissue oxygenation.

The intravascular agglutination of the formed elements of blood, which occurs under certain pathological conditions, results in peripheral circulation disturbances that may lead to blood flow stagnation and the plugging of small vessels with cell aggregates. [Bicher (1) and (2)] Of the blood cells involved, special attention has been given to the erythrocytes and platelets. These cells seem to possess the ability to start and accelerate the chain of events that leads to organic vessel occlusion.
Investigation of Protection Strategy for Microgrid System Using Lithium-Ion Battery During Islanding

Microgrid protection schemes require a fast, reliable, and a robust communication system, to adjust relay settings for the appropriate current levels according to the microgrid's operation mode. However, risks of communication link failures and cyber security threats are major challenges for the implementation of protection scheme. This paper presents a co-simulation platform for microgrid based on multiagent system (MAS) when the communication is available in the system. IEC 61850 is used to emulate the proposed protection scheme. The data distribution service (DDS) middleware is used to link between the hardware and software environments. During islanded mode, the system is capable of riding-through communication failures by the aid of a lithium-ion battery. When the communication is attacked, the battery plays an important role and contribute to the fault current for helping the circuit breaker to trip during islanded mode. The design of the control algorithm for the battery's ac/dc converter is developed with single mode operation to eliminate the reliance on communicated control command signals to shift the controller between different modes.
Characteristics of graduating US allopathic medical students pursuing a career in neurology.

Objectives To identify factors associated with medical students becoming neurologists because, despite the increasing burden of neurologic disorders, there is a growing neurologist shortage. Methods Deidentified data from the Association of American Medical Colleges Matriculating Student Questionnaire (MSQ) and Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) were obtained for the graduation years 2013 to 2014 through 2016 to 2017. Logistic regression was used to assess demographic characteristics and responses to training and career-related questions in association with specialty choice (intent to enter neurology). Results Of the 51,816 students with complete data, 1,456 (2.8%) indicated an intent to enter a neurology residency. Factors associated with an increased likelihood of entering neurology were a student9s rating of excellent for their basic neuroscience course and neurology clerkship, participation in an MD/PhD program, majoring in neuroscience or psychology as an undergraduate, a selection response of “content of the specialty was a strong influence on career choice,” and indicating interest in neurology on the MSQ. Factors associated with a decreased likelihood of entering neurology were a higher-priority response on the GQ for salary, work/life balance, and personal fit of the specialty. Conclusion Data from surveys at the entry into and graduation from medical school suggest several approaches to increase the number of medical students entering neurology, including a focus on the student-reported quality of the basic neuroscience course and neurology clerkships, targeted engagement with MD/PhD students, and mentoring programs for students interested in neurology. Efforts to improve salaries for neurologists, to reduce medical school debt, and to improve work/life balance may also help to attract more students.
Interpregnancy interval and risk of stillbirth: a population-based case control study.

Abstract Purpose We examined the association between interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) and stillbirth (defined as fetal death ≥20 weeks), as both short and long IPIs have been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Prior pregnancy loss is also a known risk factor for stillbirth, and women who suffer a prior loss often have shorter IPIs. For these reasons, we also sought to quantify the proportion of the association between prior pregnancy loss and subsequent stillbirth risk that may be attributed to a short IPI. Methods We used data from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network, a multisite case-control study conducted in 2006–2008, restricted to singleton pregnancies among multiparous or multigravid women (985 controls and 291 cases). We accounted for complex sample design and nonparticipation with weighted multivariable logistic regression. Results In the adjusted models, IPIs Conclusions Our results suggest that women who experience a prior pregnancy loss may benefit from additional counseling on adequate birth spacing to reduce subsequent stillbirth risk.
On-Top Ratio for Atoms and Molecules

The on-top ratio, R, is the ratio of the on-top pair density to the square of half the total density. Here, we explore the on-top ratio as a tool to understand different types of bonds, including c...
The Metaphysics and Metaphysics Zeta

The Metaphysics is a collection of works that were written on other occasions and collected by an editor into a single volume. Still, most of what is in it share a common theme—the science of being. After explaining how such a science is possible and how it turns out to be the science of substance, the chapter points out that Zeta is meant to contribute to this science by explaining what substantial being in the sensible world is and what the basic constituents are that have this kind of being.
Study of single airborne particle using laser spectroscopy and universal optical-trapping

A new universal optical-trapping (UOT) technology was developed. Physical, chemical and biological properties and their evolving dynamics from single UOT airborne particles were studied using position-resolved temporal Raman spectroscopy, back-scattering patterns, and cavity ringdown spectroscopy.
Recharging systems and business operations to improve the economics of electrified taxi fleets

Abstract While vehicle electrification offers great benefits to society, mass-market adoption of battery electric vehicles remains a challenge owing to the long recharging times and limited recharging infrastructure. High opportunity costs tied to long recharging times are particularly problematic for commercial fleet operators. With an aim to improve the economics of electrified taxi fleets, we present a framework for techno-economic analysis, examining the cost competitiveness of various recharging business models (i.e., combined ecosystems of recharging systems and taxi operations). When considering the achievable throughput of the recharging systems, we find that—on a per-kilometer basis—1) battery swapping emerges as a cost-effective option although it requires higher upfront investments for the battery inventory requirement; 2) increasing vehicle fleet size enhances the economic viability of double-shift taxi electrification. We expect that an electrified taxi fleet relying on the right recharging systems/operations could achieve cost parity with a gasoline-powered taxis system by 2022. Between now and then, the electrification of high-use vehicles requires government support; policies discussed include purchase subsidies and revenue-neutral gas tax imposition. By using real-world financial data taken from an operating electrified taxi fleet in Beijing, this paper provides a theoretical and practical reference for cities moving toward electric taxi ecosystems and sustainability.
Temporal and spatial variations of water quality in the Newark Bay Estuary

Abstract Long-term (summer 2015–2018 and short-term (summer 2018) water quality monitoring was performed to understand spatial and temporal variations of surface water quality in the Newark Bay Estuary, as well as the Upper New York Bay, parts of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary in the New York–New Jersey metropolitan area. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in the field, while dissolved nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia concentrations were determined in the laboratory. Long-term and short-term water quality monitoring data consistently indicated that nutrients are significantly elevated in the Hackensack River most likely due to sewage effluent from a major sewage treatment plant. Dissolved oxygen levels were sufficiently high in most parts of the estuaries, whereas the Hackensack River showed a sign of hypoxia. Nutrients in the estuaries showed significant temporal variations typically by 2 to 3-fold during the 1-month short-term monitoring period, and were correlated with EC, DO or pH. The effects of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) during wet weather on the water quality of Newark Bay appeared uncertain except for ammonia, but long-term effects of CSOs need to be further investigated because nutrients from CSOs can accumulate in bottom sediments and be remobilized. Frequent water quality monitoring is necessary to better understand the impact of human activities on temporal variations of nutrients in urban estuaries and to efficiently protect coastal ecosystems.
Accurate Mask Model Approaches for Wafer Hot Spot Prepdition and Verificaition

Hotspots often lead to unexpected critical dimension (CD) behavior, degradation of process window and ultimately impact wafer yield. The most important aspects of the patterning process in device manufacturing are to calibrate the OPC model, correct for process window (PW) limiting hotspots, and correct defect issues. Despite advanced techniques for low kl lithography such as optical proximity correction, source mask optimization, multiple patterning, and EUV lithography, PW is still narrowing and it is hard to estimate the impacts of hot spots as device features shrink at an accelerated rate from node to node. In this paper, we will demonstrate the limitation of traditional hotspot detection technology and introduce a practical lithography hotspot identification method using a mask process model. Mask model-based hotspot verification is a better approach to precisely identify lithography hotspots and will provide the information needed to improve hotspots lithographic performance. Hot spot detection and correction are under development with the goal of minimizing process window impact of weak points. As standard operating procedure (SOP) of our advanced mask characterization and optimization (AMCO), contour-based prediction is the key part of hot spot modeling in order to match wafer process results. AMCO is a series of techniques designed to enhance wafer performance by harmonizing the mask and wafer processes. Our contour based approaches show good feasibility to predict hot spots in lithography.
Where did they not go? Considerations for generating pseudo-absences for telemetry-based habitat models.

Habitat suitability models give insight into the ecological drivers of species distributions and are increasingly common in management and conservation planning. Telemetry data can be used in habitat models to describe where animals were present, however this requires the use of presence-only modeling approaches or the generation of ‘pseudo-absences’ to simulate locations where animals did not go. To highlight considerations for generating pseudo-absences for telemetry-based habitat models, we explored how different methods of pseudo-absence generation affect model performance across species’ movement strategies, model types, and environments. We built habitat models for marine and terrestrial case studies, Northeast Pacific blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana). We tested four pseudo-absence generation methods commonly used in telemetry-based habitat models: (1) background sampling; (2) sampling within a buffer zone around presence locations; (3) correlated random walks beginning at the tag release location; (4) reverse correlated random walks beginning at the last tag location. Habitat models were built using generalised linear mixed models, generalised additive mixed models, and boosted regression trees. We found that the separation in environmental niche space between presences and pseudo-absences was the single most important driver of model explanatory power and predictive skill. This result was consistent across marine and terrestrial habitats, two species with vastly different movement syndromes, and three different model types. The best-performing pseudo-absence method depended on which created the greatest environmental separation: background sampling for blue whales and reverse correlated random walks for elephants. However, despite the fact that models with greater environmental separation performed better according to traditional predictive skill metrics, they did not always produce biologically realistic spatial predictions relative to known distributions. Habitat model performance may be positively biased in cases where pseudo-absences are sampled from environments that are dissimilar to presences. This emphasizes the need to carefully consider spatial extent of the sampling domain and environmental heterogeneity of pseudo-absence samples when developing habitat models, and highlights the importance of scrutinizing spatial predictions to ensure that habitat models are biologically realistic and fit for modeling objectives.
Stochasticity, Nonlinear Value Functions, and Update Rules in Learning Aesthetic Biases

A theoretical framework for the reinforcement learning of aesthetic biases was recently proposed based on brain circuitries revealed by neuroimaging. A model grounded on that framework accounted for interesting features of human aesthetic biases. These features included individuality, cultural predispositions, stochastic dynamics of learning and aesthetic biases, and the peak-shift effect. However, despite the success in explaining these features, a potential weakness was the linearity of the value function used to predict reward. This linearity meant that the learning process employed a value function that assumed a linear relationship between reward and sensory stimuli. Linearity is common in reinforcement learning in neuroscience. However, linearity can be problematic because neural mechanisms and the dependence of reward on sensory stimuli were typically nonlinear. Here, we analyze the learning performance with models including optimal nonlinear value functions. We also compare updating the free parameters of the value functions with the delta rule, which neuroscience models use frequently, vs. updating with a new Phi rule that considers the structure of the nonlinearities. Our computer simulations showed that optimal nonlinear value functions resulted in improvements of learning errors when the reward models were nonlinear. Similarly, the new Phi rule led to improvements in these errors. These improvements were accompanied by the straightening of the trajectories of the vector of free parameters in its phase space. This straightening meant that the process became more efficient in learning the prediction of reward. Surprisingly, however, this improved efficiency had a complex relationship with the rate of learning. Finally, the stochasticity arising from the probabilistic sampling of sensory stimuli, rewards, and motivations helped the learning process narrow the range of free parameters to nearly optimal outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that value functions and update rules optimized for social and ecological constraints are ideal for learning aesthetic biases.
Demonstrating Robust Voice Querying with MUVE: Optimally Visualizing Results of Phonetically Similar Queries

Recently proposed voice query interfaces translate voice input into SQL queries. Unreliable speech recognition on top of the intrinsic challenges of text-to-SQL translation makes it hard to reliably interpret user input. We present MUVE (Multiplots for Voice quEries), a system for robust voice querying. MUVE reduces the impact of ambiguous voice queries by filling the screen with multiplots, capturing results of phonetically similar queries. It maps voice input to a probability distribution over query candidates, executes a selected subset of queries, and visualizes their results in a multiplot. Our goal is to maximize probability to show the correct query result. Also, we want to optimize the visualization (e.g., by coloring a subset of likely results) in order to minimize expected time until users find the correct result. Via a user study, we validate a simple cost model estimating the latter overhead. The resulting optimization problem is NP-hard. We propose an exhaustive algorithm, based on integer programming, as well as a greedy heuristic. As shown in a corresponding user study, MUVE enables users to identify accurate results faster, compared to prior work.
Significant Role of Oxygen Dopants in Photocatalytic PFCA Degradation over h-BN.

The activation of the C(sp3)-F bond is extremely difficult due to its unreactive nature. The importance of this bond activation is recently highlighted because extensive distribution of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (CnF2n+1COOH) has emerged as a challenging environmental issue. Photocatalytic degradation of PFCAs over a few semiconducting light absorbers is known to remove these water and soil resilient contaminants but with limited efficiency. This work reports density functional theory calculations, through which we present a detailed mechanistic study of photocatalytic degradation of CF3COOH (the shortest member of the PFCA family) over hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Our results clearly demonstrate that the existence of point defects is necessary to activate the h-BN plane for photocatalytic dissociation of the C-F bond. Specifically, we show that vacancies create strong Lewis acid or base sites (B or N vacancy, respectively) that facilitate the activation of the C(sp3)-F bond considerably. Furthermore, this study presents vivid theoretical evidence for the significant role of oxygen dopants, which mitigate the strength of the active sites and promote PFCA degradation over h-BN. Our calculations suggest that while the very stable intermediates generated during the reaction, in the case of h-BN with B or N vacancies, practically poison the catalyst, oxygen dopants make the degradation much more plausible and controllable. This work thus provides both an explanation for recently observed photocatalytic activity of h-BN to decompose PFCAs and valuable insights for exploring defected two-dimensional materials for activating and removing the fluorine-containing contaminants from water and soil.
Validation of the INDDEX24 mobile app vs. a pen-and-paper 24-hour dietary recall using the weighed food record as a benchmark in Burkina Faso.

Effective nutrition policies require timely, accurate individual dietary consumption data; collection of such information has been hampered by cost and complexity of dietary surveys and lag in producing results. The objective of this work was to assess accuracy and cost-effectiveness of a streamlined, tablet-based dietary data collection platform for 24-hour individual dietary recalls (24HR) administered using INDDEX24 platform vs. a pen-and-paper (PAPI) questionnaire, with weighed food record (WFR) as a benchmark. This cross-sectional comparative study included women 18-49 years old from rural Burkina Faso (n=116 INDDEX24; n=115 PAPI). A weighed food record was conducted; the following day, a 24HR was administered by different interviewers. Food consumption data were converted into nutrient intakes. Validity of 24HR estimates of nutrient and food group consumption was based on comparison with WFR using equivalence tests (group level) and percentages of participants within ranges of percent error (individual level). Both modalities performed comparably estimating consumption of macro- and micronutrients, food groups, and quantities (modalities' divergence from WFR not significantly different). Accuracy of both modalities was acceptable (equivalence to WFR significant at p <.05) at group level for macronutrients, less so for micronutrients and individual-level consumption (percent within +/-20% of WFR 17%-45% for macronutrients; 5%-17% for micronutrients). INDDEX24 was more cost-effective than PAPI based on superior accuracy of a composite nutrient intake measure (but not gram amount or item count) due to lower time and personnel costs. INDDEX24 for 24HR dietary surveys linked to dietary reference data shows comparable accuracy to PAPI at lower cost.
More Recent Idealist Readings of Spinoza

In this paper, I discuss a once dominant tradition of Spinoza interpretation that shows signs of renewal: Spinoza as a kind of idealist. According to this interpretation, the attribute of thought is the most fundamental attribute in Spinoza’s system and the existence of finite modes is in some way illusory. Its proponents include a contemporary scholar, Michael Della Rocca, as well as several late 19th century British scholars: John Caird, Harold Joachim, James Martineau, and Frederick Pollock. In this paper, I explore their arguments, criticisms, and conclusions.
"You have to have somebody watching your back, and if thats God, then thats mighty big": the church's role in the resilience of inner-city youth.

This study was designed to explore Freeman's (1986) finding that the institution that made the greatest contribution to male African-American youths' socioeconomic success was the church. Thirty-two African-American, Haitian-American, and Latino male and female teenagers--16 drawn from inner-city Protestant churches and 16 comparison teenagers from the same communities-were interviewed. The interviews revealed that churched teenagers were less stressed and less likely to have psychological problems than were teenagers in the comparison group. They also appeared more likely to be living with both biological parents, less likely to have a family member on welfare, and more likely to have a job when compared with the other teenagers. They described the church as being central to their lives and as having multiple functions, many of which have been identified in the resilience literature as contributing to positive developmental outcomes. Results are interpreted in light of the transactional model, and recommendations are made, such as expanding the role of the church within these ethnic communities.
Human SERPINB12 Is an Abundant Intracellular Serpin Expressed in Most Surface and Glandular Epithelia

The intracellular serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are an important family of proteins that protect cells form proteinase-mediated injury. Understanding the tissue and cellular expression pattern of this protein family can provide important insights into their physiologic roles. For example, high expression in epithelial tissues, such as lung, may suggest a biologic function in cellular defense, secretion, or selective absorption. Although the expression pattern of many of the intracellular serpins has been well described, one member of this class, SERPINB12, has not been carefully examined. We generated a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against human SERPINB12 and delineated its specificity and tissue and cell type distribution pattern through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. This monoclonal antibody was human specific and did not cross-react with other human intracellular serpins or mouse Serpinb12. SERPINB12 was found in nearly all the tissues investigated. In addition, this serpin was found in multiple cell types within individual tissues but primarily the epithelium. These data suggest that SERPINB12, like some other intracellular serpins, may play a vital role in barrier function by providing protection of epithelial cells.
Half-Lives of Tm 167 , Tm 168 , Tm 170 , Lu 171 , Lu 172 , Lu 173 , Lu 174 , Lu 1 7 4 m , Au 195 , Au 196 , and Au 1 9 6 m

The following half-lives have been measured: ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{167}$, 9.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 days; ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{168}$, 93\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 days; ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{170}$, 125\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 days; ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{171}$, 8.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 days; ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{172}$, 6.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 days; ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{173}$, 499\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 days; ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174}$ and ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{174m}$, 140\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 days; and 1300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}150 days; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{195}$, 185\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 days; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{196}$, 6.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 days; ${\mathrm{Au}}^{196m}$, 9.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 h.
Dismantling the Reference Collection

In 2008, the University of Louisville’s (UofL) Ekstrom Library printed reference collection numbered almost 30,000 volumes. Copious collecting and sparse weeding built up the collection during the era before the Internet. There had been considerable reluctance to address its more outdated sections due to competing priorities and inertia. A change of leadership as well as the recognition of changing use patterns had lessened the need for such a large collection. In 2011, three librarians began a title-by-title review process that resulted in an 86% reduction of the reference collection by 2014. This article describes that process, summarizes the results, and discusses the benefits and disadvantages of this approach.
THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA

Canada, though a middle-rank country by some measures, has played a large role in the development of the new Law of the Sea and in the overlapping political geography of the sea. Canadian nationals at home and abroad, and expatriates living and working in Canada, have played key roles not only in these developments but also in their interpretation, application, and exposition. In the brief reviews to follow, some of these people are mentioned. Others are cited at the end. My purpose in writing this review essay, however, i s not so much to recognize their contributions, most of which have been rewarded elsewhere, as to call to the attention of Canadian geographers and other readers three things: the geographic aspects of the Law of the Sea, which, with certain other non-legal elements, comprise the political geography of the sea; the abundance and variety of new materials in the field; and the dearth of contributions to it by geographers, including Canadians, The books reviewed here, varied as they are, are not necessarily representative of the entire spectrum of materials in the field, or of all aspects of the subject. They do represent, however, an enormous body of material ready at hand to be used with profit (and often with pleasure) by the specialist and the neophyte alike. Because of very limited space, the reviews are necessarily brief. They should be adequate, however, to indicate which books are most useful for which purposes.
Effects of Excerpt Duration, Tempo, and Performance Level on Musicians' Ratings of Wind Band Performances:

This study investigated effects of listening example duration on the musical evaluation of wind band performances. In it, 96 music majors rated wind band performances that varied in performance level (high school, university, and professional), tempo (fast and slow), and duration (approximately 12, 25, and 50 seconds). Results showed no main effect for duration; however, there was a significant interaction between duration, tempo, and performance level. Listener ratings were higher for the medium and long durations of the professional and university level performances than for short performances. In contrast, medium and long durations were rated lower than the short examples for high school performances. The slow excerpt was rated higher than the fast excerpt only for professional performances. Analysis of features most noticed by listeners showed that intonation was associated with the relatively low ratings of high school level performances and musical expression was associated with the professional rec...
Social networks and life preservation

Abstract The connections between social ties, health status, and death are examined. Research provides strong evidence that social relationships and networks are life-enhancing and contribute to longevity. The “broken-heart syndrome” illustrates the increased mortality risk following the loss of a spouse and subsequent emotional and physiological consequences of severe grief. Factors associated with the higher mortality rates of males are analyzed. Remarriage among men appears to have life-extension potentials. Enduring human relationships, especially with significant others, seem to prevent illness and premature death. A lifelong effort to establish and maintain a network of intimate social ties helps preserve life.
Modulation of TRPM2 by acidic pH and the underlying mechanisms for pH sensitivity

TRPM2 is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel that plays important roles in oxidative stress–mediated cell death and inflammation processes. However, how TRPM2 is regulated under physiological and pathological conditions is not fully understood. Here, we report that both intracellular and extracellular protons block TRPM2 by inhibiting channel gating. We demonstrate that external protons block TRPM2 with an IC50 of pHo = 5.3, whereas internal protons inhibit TRPM2 with an IC50 of pHi = 6.7. Extracellular protons inhibit TRPM2 by decreasing single-channel conductance. We identify three titratable residues, H958, D964, and E994, at the outer vestibule of the channel pore that are responsible for pHo sensitivity. Mutations of these residues reduce single-channel conductance, decrease external Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) affinity, and inhibit [Ca2+]o-mediated TRPM2 gating. These results support the following model: titration of H958, D964, and E994 by external protons inhibits TRPM2 gating by causing conformation change of the channel, and/or by decreasing local Ca2+ concentration at the outer vestibule, therefore reducing [Ca2+]o permeation and inhibiting [Ca2+]o-mediated TRPM2 gating. We find that intracellular protons inhibit TRPM2 by inducing channel closure without changing channel conductance. We identify that D933 located at the C terminus of the S4-S5 linker is responsible for intracellular pH sensitivity. Replacement of Asp933 by Asn933 changes the IC50 from pHi = 6.7 to pHi = 5.5. Moreover, substitution of Asp933 with various residues produces marked changes in proton sensitivity, intracellular ADP ribose/Ca2+ sensitivity, and gating profiles of TRPM2. These results indicate that D933 is not only essential for intracellular pH sensitivity, but it is also crucial for TRPM2 channel gating. Collectively, our findings provide a novel mechanism for TRPM2 modulation as well as molecular determinants for pH regulation of TRPM2. Inhibition of TRPM2 by acidic pH may represent an endogenous mechanism governing TRPM2 gating and its physiological/pathological functions.
Solution of C-35 texts with partial key overlaps

The solution of a Hagelin C-35 message where 3 of the 5 rotors have the same starting position is illustrated.
Distribution and optical properties of CDOM in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 Southwest Monsoon

Abstract Spatial and temporal variability in concentration and optical properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were examined in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 Southwest (Summer) Monsoon on NRL/Seasoar Cruise, 21 June–12 July 1995. Classical upwelling patterns were observed near the coast, with strong fronts characterized by cold water, high chlorophyll a, and high nutrients. CDOM concentration showed a negative correlation with temperature in the surface waters throughout the study region, reflecting upwelling as the major source of CDOM to surface waters. Three water mass types were identified and found to have distinctive excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fingerprints. Persian Gulf Water had two fluorescence maxima due to UV and visible humic substance fluorescence. Maximum CDOM concentrations were found in the core of this water mass. Upwelling water had five or six fluorescence peaks, due to new and old CDOM. Elevated CDOM concentrations at the depth of the chlorophyll a maximum indicated production of new CDOM associated with the phytoplankton bloom. Oligotrophic water had extremely low CDOM concentrations, and only UV-absorbing and fluorescing compounds were found. This is consistent with CDOM which has been subjected to extensive exposure to solar irradiation at the sea surface. A new fluorophore with an Ex/Em maximum at 280/340 nm is described from highly productive waters. Two new EEM fingerprints are presented, one for oligotrophic blue waters showing photoresistant DOM, and one for upwelling water that may be of biological origin.
Interstitial irradiation versus interstitial thermoradiotherapy for supratentorial malignant gliomas: A comparative survival analysis

Abstract Purpose: To compare the survival of two groups of patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas who were treated on two sequential protocols with either interstitial thermoradiotherapy or with interstitial irradiation without hyperthermia. 1Methods and Materials: Between 1988–1992, patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme were treated at the University of Arizona on a Phase I/II protocol of interstitial thermoradiotherapy with ferromagnetic seeds. The treatment protocol consisted of debulking surgery, a course of external beam radiotherapy and hyperthermia given immediately before and after brachytherapy. The survival of patients so treated was compared with that of a similar group of patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy alone at the Barrows Neurological Institute between 1982–1990. Results: Twenty-five patients with primary tumors treated at the time of initial presentation with thermoradiotherapy were compared with a control group of 37 patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy alone. All primary patients were followed for a minimum of 34 months post implant. Multivariate analysis based on proportional hazards models showed that hyperthermia ( p = 0.027), patient age ( p ≤ 0.00001) and histology (anaplastic astrocytoma vs. glioblastoma multiforme, p = 0.0017) were the only factors significantly associated with survival in this data set. From the fitted model, the hazard of dying when treated with hyperthermia was .53 times (95% confidence intervals 0.29–0.94) than that of the control group. In addition, we treated a small group of patients with recurrent tumors (13 with brachytherapy alone, and eight with thermoradiotherapy) and found no survival difference ( p = 0.62). Conclusion: Within the constraints of the selection factors and the different treatment parameters used in these studies, we conclude that an interstitial thermoradiotherapy boost confers a statistically significant survival benefit to patients with primary high grade gliomas when compared to interstitial brachytherapy alone.
Case management in home total parenteral nutrition: a cost-identification analysis.

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) requires intensive medical case management by practitioners with expertise in the provision of nutrition support. There is expenditure of considerable time and resources for management of these patients not covered by any of the traditional reimbursement mechanisms. The costs associated with this unreimbursed input and follow-up are most often borne by the Nutrition Support Team or individual practitioners. Reimbursement by home care agencies to physicians for management of patients after discharge cannot be done because this may be construed as a "kick-back" for referral of patients to particular home care agencies. Methods: Time and costs associated with management of HPN patients after discharge from the hospital were assessed using a cost-identification analysis of 24 different factors. Daily activity logs were kept by the Nutrition Support Team members over a 2-week period. Costs of space and furnishings were calculated. Results: On average, a total of 25 h...
PHENYLACETYLENE-1-13C

(1969). PHENYLACETYLENE-1-13C. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 81-85.
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a 13 Year-Old Child Associated with Human Papillomaviruses 16 and 18: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx is extremely rare in adolescents and typically has an aggressive nature. The mechanism of laryngeal oncogenesis is complex and little is known about the role that human papillomavirus (HPV) plays in SCC in adolescents. We report a case of invasive laryngeal SCC that co-expressed HPV DNA subtypes 16 and 18 in a 13 year-old boy. Detection of HPV DNA types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 51 was performed by in situ hybridization, with confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining with p16 and HPV 16/18 revealed diffusely positive staining in the tumor cells. Coinfection by HPV DNA types 16 and 18 has not been previously reported, but our case suggests that HPV is a risk factor in developing laryngeal SCC in children and adolescents. Future studies evaluating HPV in the pathogenesis of these lesions is recommended to determine its prognostic significance.
Hermitian versus anti-hermitian one-matrix models and their hierarchies

Abstract Building on a recent work of C. Crnkovic, M. Douglas and G. Moore, a study of multi-critical multi-cut one-matrix models and their associated sl(2, C ) integrable hirarchies, is further pursued. The double-scaling limits of hermitian matrix models with different scaling ansatze, lead to the KdV hierarchy, to the modified KdV hierarchy and part of the non-linear Schrodinger hierarchy. Instead, the anti-hermitian matrix model, in the 2-arc sector, results in the Zakharov-Shabat hierarchy, which contains both KdV and mKdV as reductions. For all the hierarchies it is found that the Virasoro constraints act on the associated τ-functions. Whereas it is known that the ZS and KdV models lead to the Virasoro constraints of an sl(2, C ) vacuum, we find that the mKdV model leads to the Virasoro constraints of a highest-weight state with arbitrary conformal dimension.
Evaluating recent taxonomic changes for alligator snapping turtles (Testudines: Chelydridae)

The Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835, sensu lato) has been historically treated as a single, wide-ranging species, until a recently published paper by Thomas et al. (2014; hereafter Thomas et al.) analyzed variation in morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequence data to describe two new species of Macrochelys: the Apalachicola Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys apalachicolae Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone & Roman 2014) and the Suwannee Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone & Roman 2014). The specific epithet temminckii was retained for populations in drainages from the Yellow River in Alabama and Florida west to the San Antonio River, Texas. Because populations of Macrochelys have been historically exploited by humans (Pritchard 1989) and the life-history strategies of large, long-lived turtles make them susceptible to declines from harvest (Congdon et al. 1994), a sound understanding of species delimitation and richness is critical for the conservation of alligator snapping turtles, especially if the acceptance of a widely distributed species disguises the presence of multiple, smaller-ranged species.