cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Norepinephrine effects on spinal motoneurons

Intracellular recordings from cat spinal motoneurons in situ demonstrated that microiontophoretic application of NE with low-intensity ejection currents produces a slowly developing, small-amplitude depolarization of the cells, in contrast to early reports of NE-induced hyperpolarization. This depolarization was associated with an increase in excitability of the cells and a decrease in membrane conductance. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that NE reduces potassium conductance in spinal motoneurons as has been proposed for facial motoneurons ( VanderMaelen and Aghajanian, 1980 ) and thalamic neurons ( McCormick and Prince, 1988 ). The time course of the facilitatory effects of NE on cat motoneuron excitability recorded intracellularly agreed very closely with the time course of NE-induced facilitation of glutamate-evoked excitability in rat spinal motoneurons recorded extracellularly. The similarity of the observations in rats and cats suggests that NE functions generally to enhance mammalian motoneuron responsiveness to excitatory input.
The effect of alloying nickel with iron on the supersonic ballistic stage of high energy displacement cascades

Abstract Previous experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the production of extended defect structures by collision cascades is inhibited in equiatomic NiFe, in comparison to pure Ni. It is also known that the production of such extend defect structures results from the formation of subcascades by high-energy recoils and their subsequent interaction. A detailed analysis of the ballistics of 40 keV cascades in Ni and NiFe is performed to identify the formation of such subcascades and to assess their spatial distribution. It is found that subcascades in Ni and NiFe are created with nearly identical energies and distributed similarly in space. This suggests that the differences in production of extended defect structures is not related to processes taking place in the ballistic phase of the collision cascade. These results can be generalized to other, more chemically complex, concentrated alloys where the elements have similar atomic numbers, such as many high-entropy alloys.
Discovering the affordances of a reflecting surface

Abstract Although the mirror is often discussed in relation to social and personality development, its perceptual properties have not been addressed. A review of relevant literature shows that mirror behavior has been explained primarily in terms of the development of “self-concept,” however, discontinuities in the mirror behavior of young children suggest a lengthy process of perceptual exploration is taking place, in which the relationship of perception and action before the mirror is discovered. Drawing on the principles of ecological optics, this article analyzes the information available from the mirror and how the mirror differs from other sources of stimulation. The mirror is described as a tool for mediated perception. It is argued that learning to use a mirror to locate things seen in it (including the self) depends heavily on discovering the mirror's “affordances”—its functional significance for the perceiver. The process of learning the mirror's affordances is examined.
Mdm2-RNA Interactions as a Target for Cancer Therapy: It’s Not All About p53

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Gu et al. characterize small molecules that inhibit the interaction of Mdm2 with the mRNA that encodes the anti-apoptotic XIAP, simultaneously decreasing expression of both proteins. This represents a novel approach that has relevance in tumor cells independent of p53 status.
Preparation of Re-Usable Glass-Supported Acid/Base Indicators

It is often necessary to determine whether a given aqueous solution is acidic or basic. Electronic devices (such as pH meters) as well as litmus paper or pH paper may be used to make such determina...
Enhanced Lateral Bone Augmentation With a Perforated Resorbable Barrier Membrane.

Introduction: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report to describe the use of a perforated resorbable barrier membrane (PRBM) to enhance lateral bone augmentation for implant site development.Case Presentation: A 41-year-old female presented to the Advanced Specialty Education Program in Periodontics at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, for implant consultation regarding a missing maxillary right lateral incisor. The tooth had been lost as a result of trauma 10 years prior to presentation. Clinical examination and radiographs showed significant horizontal ridge deficiency (<5 mm) that supported a staged intervention. Horizontal bone augmentation was performed following guided bone regeneration principles using a mineralized mixed corticocancellous (70:30) allograft followed by a PRBM. A cone beam computed tomography scan was obtained before surgery and 8 months after treatment, from which volumetric width changes were quantified. A bone biopsy was obtained at the t...
Early claiming of higher-earning husbands, the survivor benefit, and the incidence of poverty among recent widows*

Social Security provides survivor benefits to lower-earning spouses of deceased workers entitled to a retirement benefit. The value of the survivor benefit depends on a number of factors including the deceased worker's claim age. We use the Health and Retirement Study and a discrete time hazard model to analyze how the claim age of married men influences the likelihood that their spouse will enter poverty in widowhood. We find that delayed claiming is associated with reduction in a widow's poverty risk. The magnitude of this relationship varies significantly with the claim age, Social Security dependence, and survivor benefit dependence.
SUSY GUTs and the CP and Flavor Problem

In the previous chapter we discussed the SUSY flavor and CP problems. In this chapter we discuss these problems in the context of SUSY GUTs. We show that the SUSY flavor problems can be exacerbated in GUTs, i.e. low energy flavor physics can feel effects coming from the GUT scale.
An Algorithm for Iterative Identification and Control Design using an Improved Q-Markov Cover

Abstract If a certain realizability condition is satisfied, the Q-Markov COVER identification algorithm provides a state-space realization which matches the first Q Markov parameters and the first Q covariance parameters of the identified plant. However, due to the presence of nonlinearities, often this realizability test fails and the measured Markov and covariance parameters cannot be realized by a linear time-invariant model. In this note, alternating projection techniques are used to compute the closest set of covariance parameters such that the realizability constraints are satisfied. In addition, fixed-order constraints and output covariance constraints can be enforced for the identified realization using the above techniques. This algorithm is used in an iterative closed-loop identification and control redesign scheme.
When is an Automorphism Inner

An Automorphism θ of a group G can be represented as a permutation of the set of conjugate classes of G, and clearly the inner automorphisms of G are represented trivially in this case.
Urban Growth in South Asia: A View from Outer Space

Mark Roberts in this chapter, titled ‘Patterns of Urban Growth in South Asia: A View from Outer Space’, examines the process of urbanization in South Asia where, since the turn of the century, the area has added an estimated 130 million people to its towns and cities, a number equivalent to the entire population of Japan. In the process, its urban share of the population has grown from 27.3 percent in 2000 to 30.9 percent in 2011, implying a pace of urbanization that has been on a par with that in sub-Saharan Africa. However, although South Asia’s relatively rapid pace of urbanization over the last decade and a half is well-known, less understanding exists of patterns of physical urban expansion and economic growth across the region’s cities. This chapter, therefore, makes use of data on night-time lights for the period 1999–2010 which has been remotely collected by satellites orbiting the earth to provide new insights into these patterns. The chapter furthermore explores the empirical links between urbanization and rates of extreme poverty across sub-national regions within South Asia.
The Magnetoionic Universe: Timing, Bursts, and SETI

Propagation effects have been central to pulsar research and indeed were an integral part of the pulsar discovery and its prologue. I will summarize the early deduction process for establishing pulsar distances and refinements to the distance scale and modeling of the Galaxy in electron density and magnetic field. This will lead to the analogous current situation of understanding distances and media for extragalactic radio bursts. The role of magnetoionic media in precision pulsar timing and surveys for transients will be summarized. Finally, going full circle, searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (LGMs) also require attention to propagation effects.
Valuing What Your Parents Taught You: The Moderating Role of Personal Valuation of Parental Ethnic-Racial Socialization in Emerging Adults

Parental ethnic-racial socialization (PERS) represents distinct family cultural practices through which parents communicate important ethnic-racial information to their children. To date, there has been a dearth of quantitative research on how youths value these family practices. Drawing on a sample of ethnically-racially diverse emerging adults (N = 263), this study examines personal valuation of PERS (i.e., the perception of how valuable or important PERS practices have been in one’s life) and its relations to components of subjective well-being (satisfaction with life, positive affect, negative affect). Personal valuation of cultural socialization and promotion of mistrust emerged as significant moderators of the link between respective PERS frequency and negative affect. There was a significant positive association between frequency of cultural socialization and negative affect for those who endorsed relatively low personal valuation of cultural socialization. For individuals who indicated a relatively high level of personal valuation of promotion of mistrust messages, a greater frequency of these messages was associated with more negative affect. Results highlight the practical relevance of exploring youths’ subjective evaluations of these family cultural practices on subjective well-being.
Interrelationships Among Aging, Cancer and Differentiation

Aging, cancer and differentiation represent three complex biological processes. In the past, the complexity of these processes has led many basic researchers to avoid studying these areas. Their argument, which remains valid, is that increased understanding of the nature of molecular and cellular biology will ultimately provide the key to understanding these complex biological processes. Another aspect of that argument was that basic genetic research was far more advanced in prokaryotic organisms where aging, cancer and differentiation are either absent or difficult to detect. However, the recent quantum leaps in technology in cellular and molecular biology have provided the opportunity for investigators to examine complex eukaryotic organisms where aging, cancer and differentiation significantly impact on their studies.
Laparoscopic Marsupialization of a Simple Renal Cyst

An 8 cm. symptomatic simple renal cyst, recurrent despite previous aspiration and injection of sclerosing agents, was marsupialized using laparoscopic techniques. No complications occurred and followup by ultrasonography confirmed resolution of the lesion. We suggest that laparoscopic management of symptomatic simple renal cysts may be an attractive alternative to open surgical techniques.
The Duistermaat-Heckman Theorem

Let’s review the Delzant construction that we discussed in Chapter 1. Let Δ be the Delzant polytope in (Rn)* defined by the inequalities ui(x)≥λi i=1,...d with ui ∈ Zd. Let e1,. . . , e d be the standard basis of Rd and let π:(Rd,Zd)→(Rn,Zn) be the map that sends e i to u i
Magnetic Resonance Elastrography of Other Organs

The growing interest in the technique of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and its successful clinical application in the evaluation of chronic liver disease have led to its exploration in other organs and their pathologies. Evaluation of breast with MRE has been of interest since the invention of the MRE technique, and with the development of new driver and technical innovations it is now possible to obtain excellent MRE of the breast. MRE has also been explored on deep abdominal and pelvic organs such as spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and uterus with promising results. In this chapter we will describe the technique and preliminary experience with MRE of breast, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and uterus.
The myth of the business friendly economy: making neoliberal reforms in the worst state for business

From 2010 to 2013, legislators in Rhode Island enacted a series of neoliberal reforms to increase “business friendliness” in the state. Where economistic, electoral, organizational, and diffusion accounts fail to explain the timing and content of these reforms, I synthesize the work of Georges Sorel and Jeffrey C. Alexander to argue they were motivated by the myth of the business friendly economy. More than mere narration, this myth set before lawmakers the vision and the promise that a business friendly economy would return prosperity to the state. It prompted neoliberal legislation by integrating “business unfriendliness” into collective understandings of Rhode Island’s economic failure, defining policy reform as a moral imperative, and projecting a vision of the ends towards which reform should be oriented. This analysis contributes to cultural, economic, and political sociology by reclaiming myth as an alternative framework to assess the symbolic dimensions of political transitions, providing explanation for an otherwise puzzling case of neoliberalization, and suggesting opportunities for future research to problematize political actors’ deployment of economics in their attempts to project possible futures and shape action in the present.
Afro-Hispanic Aesthetics and Identity through Cuban Underground Hip Hop of Los Paisanos and Obsesión

“We are going to emancipate ourselves from mental slavery, because whilst others might free the body, none but ourselves can free our mind.” — Marcus Garvey 193
The centrality of neoliberalism in Filipina/o perceptions of multiculturalism in Canada and the United States

My research focuses on how Filipina/os respond to stigmatisation in Canada and the United States and how those responses are impacted by neoliberal ideology and perceptions of multiculturalism. The...
Convex Optimization for Group Feature Selection in Networked Data

Feature selection is at the heart of machine learning, and it is effective at facilitating data interpretability and improving prediction performance by defying the curse of dimensionality. Group f...
Comparative Performance Analysis of Beam Sweeping Using a Deep Neural Net and Random Starting Point in mmWave 5G New Radio

Millimeter wave (mmWave) is a key technology to support high data rate demands for 5G applications. Highly directional transmissions are crucial at these frequencies to compensate for high isotropic pathloss. This reliance on directional beamforming, however, makes the cell discovery (cell search) challenging since both base station (gNB) and user equipment (UE) jointly perform a search over angular space to locate potential beams to initiate communication. In the cell discovery phase, sequential beam sweeping is performed through the angular coverage region in order to transmit synchronization signals. The sweeping pattern can either be a linear rotation or a hopping pattern that makes use of additional information. This paper compares recently proposed beam sweeping pattern prediction, based on the dynamic distribution of user traffic, using a form of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) called a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and random starting point sweeping to measure the synchronization delay distribution. Results show that user spatial distribution and their approximate location (direction) can be accurately predicted based on Call Detail Records (CDRs) data using a GRU, which is then used to calculate the sweeping pattern in the angular domain during cell search. Moreover, the proposed beam sweeping pattern prediction enable the UE to initially assess the gNB in approximately 0.41 of a complete scanning cycle with probability 0.9 in a sparsely distributed UE scenario.
A phase I trial of weekly gemcitabine and subcutaneous interferon alpha in patients with refractory renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Recombinant humaninterferon-α2b (rHuIFN-α2b)and Interleukin-2 have limitedeffectiveness in the treatment ofmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC).Gemcitabine (Gemzar®) is also reported tohave activity against MRCC, and recent invitro, in nude mice xenografts, and humandata suggests increased activity ofgemcitabine (Gemzar®) when combined withIFN-α2b.
An easily reproducible, hand-held, single-sided, MRI sensor

Single-sided MRI sensors allow the imaging of samples that are larger than the magnet. Thus, they enable truly portable imagers with potential applications in medicine, quality assurance (QA), agriculture, material science, and other fields. However, despite recent advancements, single-sided MRI systems are relatively uncommon. This is partially due to the limited number of commercial products. Also, current implementations often require large and/or complex magnet arrays which require machining techniques such as milling or drilling. These techniques must be performed to tight tolerances to ensure accuracy of the B0 field. Furthermore, these systems generally have hand-wound RF or gradient coils that are not trivial to construct. The main goals of this work are to reduce the size of single-sided MRI sensors while simultaneously making them more accessible for others to build. To this end, we present a hand-held, single-sided, MRI sensor that is constructed using an easy-to-assemble magnet array, a 3D-printed housing, and printed circuit boards (PCBs) that contain the RF coil, gradient coils, and matching network. By implementing all coils directly on PCBs, the geometry can be easily optimized and then manufactured at low cost. Both spin density-weighted and T1-weighted images of various samples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed sensor.
Genetic Determinants of Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Due to Fatty Liver Disease: What's the Score?

Fatty liver disease (FLD), either alcoholic or nonalcoholic, is the most common liver disorder in developed countries. In the United States, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) has an estimated prevalence of 2% and is the leading indication for liver transplant listing. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, affects 25% to 30% of adults worldwide. ALD and NAFLD are leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and despite having different etiologies, these diseases share histological features and genetic risk factors, suggesting common underlying biological pathways.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of melibiose permease

Our work presented here showed that MelB can be crystallized in the conditions as similar as that of other membrane transporter protein of known structure. To identify a rigid protein by modifying the protein structure is the critical factor for facilitating MelB crystallization. It is necessary to perform extensive crystallization screens to obtain crystals. MelB-MelB interaction in the DDM containing solution will be affect by protein preparation, which may lead to reduce in reproducibility of crystallization experiment. Using a detergent mixture is essential for improve protein contact in the crystals, then improve crystallizability. R149C MelB crystal can be obtained in DDM, but these crystals were only diffracted to about 8[A] resolution limit. MelB wide type crystal also can be obtained from the condition as that of R149C mutant, but the resolution is weaker than that of mutant. Although MelB and other transporters of known structure share common feature of the crystallization, the emphasis was as much on the protein itself, as it was on detergent type or efficient screening and refinement of the crystallization conditions.
Indigenous Shared Governance, International Law, and Preserving Rainforest in a Pandemic

In a rarely visited corner of the Amazon biome is an entity whose predicament is both unique and relatable, and whose fate is tied to that of local Indigenous peoples, as well as the climate of the world: the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development in Guyana. This case answers calls for more transdisciplinary efforts in scholarship and teaching, and is intended to both serve as a basis for conversations with students as well as a springboard for further research.
Non-discretionary conservatism: Evidence and implications

A large body of accounting research finds that various contracting incentives lead managers to engage in conservative accounting practices. We extend existing research by modeling the impact of extant accounting rules on conservative accounting. Accounting rules typically require assets to be written down when their fair values drop sufficiently below their book values. We document evidence of the resulting non-discretionary conservatism and show that it appears to explain some of the results from previous research on contracting incentives.
In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Vascular Networks Generated from iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells

Vascularization is critical for the survival of engineered tissues post implantation. It has been previously shown that biomaterials containing preformed networks can anastomose to host vasculature following implantation. However, the optimal source of cells for vascularization for clinical use remains elusive. In this study, vascular networks were generated from endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Network formation by iPSC-ECs within fibrin gels was investigated in a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) co-culture spheroid model. Statistical design of experiments (DOE) techniques were applied to identify optimal conditions for vessel-like network formation. The prevascularized units were then combined with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to develop a vascularized composite hydrogel that was implanted in a rodent critical sized cranial defect model. Immunohistological staining for human-specific CD31 at week 1 indicated the presence and maintenance of the implanted vessels. Erythrocytes in the vessel lumen further suggests anastomosis of vessels with host vasculature. At week 8, isolectin staining indicated functionality of the human implanted vessels. There was a slight increase in bone volume in prevascularized scaffolds compared to MSC-only scaffolds. However, a pronounced increased in bone regeneration with prevascularization was not observed. These results show that prevascularized scaffolds can be generated from ECs derived from iPSC and that the networks survive and inosculate with the host post implantation in a bone model.
Assessment of 2-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Infants Receiving Opioids and Benzodiazepines.

Importance Extremely preterm (EP) infants frequently receive opioids and/or benzodiazepines, but these drugs’ association with neurodevelopmental outcomes is poorly understood. Objectives To describe the use of opioids and benzodiazepines in EP infants during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization and to explore these drugs’ association with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years’ corrected age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was a secondary analysis of data from the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial, which was conducted among infants born between gestational ages of 24 weeks, 0 days, and 27 weeks, 6 days. Infants received care at 19 sites in the United States, and data were collected from December 2013 to September 2016. Data analysis for this study was conducted from March to December 2020. Exposures Short (ie, ≤7 days) and prolonged (ie, >7 days) exposure to opioids and/or benzodiazepines during NICU stay. Main Outcomes and Measures Cognitive, language, and motor development scores were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development–Third Edition (BSID-III). Results There were 936 EP infants (448 [48%] female infants; 611 [65%] White infants; mean [SD] gestational age, 181 [8] days) included in the study, and 692 (74%) had neurodevelopmental outcome data available. Overall, 158 infants (17%) were not exposed to any drugs of interest, 297 (32%) received either opioids or benzodiazepines, and 481 (51%) received both. Infants exposed to both had adjusted odds ratios of 9.7 (95% CI, 2.9 to 32.2) for necrotizing enterocolitis and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.7) for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia; they also had a longer estimated adjusted mean difference in length of stay of 34.2 (95% CI, 26.2 to 42.2) days compared with those who received neither drug. After adjusting for site and propensity scores derived for each exposure category, infants exposed to opioids and benzodiazepines had lower BSID-III cognitive, motor, and language scores compared with infants with no exposure (eg, estimated difference in mean scores on cognitive scale: −5.72; 95% CI, –8.88 to –2.57). Prolonged exposure to morphine, fentanyl, midazolam, or lorazepam was associated with lower BSID-III scores compared with infants without exposure (median [interquartile range] motor score, 85 [73-97] vs 97 [91-107]). In contrast, BSID-III scores for infants with short exposure to both opioids and benzodiazepines were not different than those of infants without exposure. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, prolonged combined use of opioids and benzodiazepines was associated with a risk of poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes as measured by BSID-III at 2 years’ corrected age.
Scoliosis: An Overview

Scoliosis, a condition in which the spine develops abnormal curvature and rotation, typically is diagnosed before adulthood. Scoliosis can be caused by another medical condition or can be idiopathic. Medical imaging is essential in diagnosing and grading the severity of this disorder. Treatments include anti-inflammatory drugs, body braces, and corrective surgical procedures. To provide high-quality patient care, radiologic technologists should understand spinal anatomy, classifications of scoliosis, and treatment options.
VLMo: Unified Vision-Language Pre-Training with Mixture-of-Modality-Experts

We present a unified Vision-Language pretrained Model (VLMo) that jointly learns a dual encoder and a fusion encoder with a modular Transformer network. Specifically, we introduce Mixture-of-Modality-Experts (MoME) Transformer, where each block contains a pool of modality-specific experts and a shared self-attention layer. Because of the modeling flexibility of MoME, pretrained VLMo can be fine-tuned as a fusion encoder for vision-language classification tasks, or used as a dual encoder for efficient image-text retrieval. Moreover, we propose a stagewise pre-training strategy, which effectively leverages large-scale image-only and text-only data besides image-text pairs. Experimental results show that VLMo achieves state-of-the-art results on various vision-language tasks, including VQA and NLVR2. The code and pretrained models are available at https://aka.ms/vlmo.
Use of the Soft X-Ray Spectrograph and the Electron-Probe Microanalyzer for Determination of Elements Carbon through Iron in Minerals and Rocks

The major elements in common rocks are of low atomic number, but analyses of high precision are possible by soft X-ray spectrography if several grams of rock sample are available. The electron-probe microanalyzer is shown to complement this established method by permitting analyses of particles as small as 1 μ in diameter. This paper describes applications of these methods to the analysis of the major and minor elements of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate minerals and rocks.
Immunogenicity and Clinical Efficacy of Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy

Pregnant women are at high risk from influenza due to disproportionate morbidity, mortality, and adverse pregnancy outcomes following infection. As such, they are classified as a high priority group for vaccination. However, changes in the maternal immune system required to accommodate the allogeneic fetus may alter the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. A large number of studies have evaluated the safety of the influenza vaccine. Here, we will review available studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the influenza vaccine during pregnancy, focusing on both humoral and cellular immunity.
Pharmacology of airway afferent nerve activity.

Afferent nerves in the airways serve to regulate breathing pattern, cough, and airway autonomic neural tone. Pharmacologic agents that influence afferent nerve activity can be subclassified into compounds that modulate activity by indirect means (e.g. bronchial smooth muscle spasmogens) and those that act directly on the nerves. Directly acting agents affect afferent nerve activity by interacting with various ion channels and receptors within the membrane of the afferent terminals. Whether by direct or indirect means, most compounds that enter the airspace will modify afferent nerve activity, and through this action alter airway physiology.
Two Moms and a Baby

Abstract Lesbian mothers are often excluded from the experiences, wisdom, and folklore shared by heterosexual mothers. Their support system may not include other lesbian mothers, and fear and hatred may prevent heterosexual mothers from sharing their experiences with lesbians. Moreover, the wisdom often passed from mother to daughter is often denied to lesbians who have been rejected by their family of origin, or whose family of origin disapproves of lesbian motherhood. These circumstances leave lesbian couples choosing motherhood few options for information and support-prompting many to turn to professionals. This paper provides research-based answers to the many questions future lesbian parents may have as they begin to explore bringing a child into their lives. It also provides a list of questions counselors may want to explore as they begin a counseling relationship with a lesbian couple choosing motherhood.
Should We Use Wood for Energy? An Education for Sustainable Development Case Study

Local issues that combine economic, environmental, and equity impacts make excellent contexts for interdisciplinary teaching. An instructional unit, Should We Use Wood for Energy? A High School Education Program, was developed by the University of Florida's School of Forest Resources and Conservation to engage high school students in examining the possibility of using wood for energy in their community. This program incorporates the concept of sustainability into activities and engages students in applying critical and systems thinking skills. This case study provides an overview of the program, summarizes the pilot test results, and offers recommendations for future education for sustainable development programs.
Studies of Pc 1-Pc3 Geomagnetic Pulsations at High Southern Latitudes: Implications for origin and Transmission

Recent multipoint studies of ULF waves in the Pc 1 to Pc 3 period range using data from search coil magnetometers and other instrumentation at South Pole and McMurdo, Antarctica, located at magnetic latitudes typical of the polar cusp/cleft and polar cap, respectively, have identified an apparent high latitude source for two classes of ULF activity: Pc 1-2 wave trains are associated with ∼70% of FTE-like magnetic pulsations observed when South Pole Station is near the dayside cusp, and narrowband Pc 3’4 activity, which appears to peak at cusp/cleft latitudes, is related to radial or near-radial IMF conditions through the generation of “upstream waves” in the ion foreshock. On the basis of these observations we suggest a new mechanism for the transmission of upstream wave signals into the magnetosphere and the generation of Pc 3 pulsations in the dayside outer magnetosphere.
Event Correlations in Sensor Networks

In this paper we present a novel method to mine the correlations of events in sensor networks to extract correlation patterns of sensors' behaviors by using an unsupervised algorithm based on a hash table. The goal is to discover anomalous events in a large sensor network where its structure is unknown. Our algorithm enables users to select the correlation confidence level and only display the significant event correlations. Our experiment results show that it can discover significant event correlations in both continuous and discrete signals from heterogeneous sensor networks. The applications include smart building design and large network data mining.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG CAMBODIAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS: THE ROLE OF GENDER

Despite the considerable growth of research examining discrimination's contribution to adolescent development and well-being, relatively few studies to date have explored gendered patterns in the experience and effect of discrimination among youth. Applying intersectionality as a guiding theoretical framework, this study investigates gender differences in the reporting of racial discrimination and its relation with depressive symptoms. Data come from a survey of Cambodian American adolescents between 13 and 19 years of age (n = 466). Discrimination was considered across the domains of school and peers, from police, and overall. Results indicated that males were more likely than females to report racial discrimination overall and across specific contexts. Racial discrimination overall as well as discrimination from police and peers were related to increased depressive symptoms. However, although males reported more discrimination from police than females, the association between police discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among females than males.
A Study of Financial Analysts: Practice and Theory

The study reported here focused on determining what analytical techniques financial analysts who are members of AIMR actually use. The study achieved a response rate of 33.75 percent. Questions covered 16 areas, including the use of present value analysis, the importance of quarterly earnings' announcements in decision making, belief in efficient markets, acceptance or rejection of market anomalies, and belief in the importance of international diversification for risk reduction.
Some observations on orderly development in an emerging city

Recent expression on the differences and similarities between cities in developed and emerging nations has perpetuated the notion that rural-urban migrants simply wander into cities of developing countries without purpose and that their pattern of settlement is unsystematic, and furthermore that they have little chance of significantly improving their economic status. This paper undertakes to determine whether some order is apparent in Accra, Ghana--an emerging city that is perhaps typical of other expanding cities in developing countries.
Aging in Tetragonal Ferroelectric Barium Titanate

The aging phenomenon in tetragonal ferroelectric bairum titanate was investigated by optical microscopy and by electrical measurements. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe in detail domain reactions which occurred during aging. Aging may be characterized as an exhaustion-type process because of the increase in the apparent activation energy with time. It is concluded that aging is the relief of the residual stresses of the ferroelectric transition by the thermally activated nucleation of 90° domains.
Comparative genomics reveals molecular features unique to the songbird lineage

Songbirds (oscine Passeriformes) are among the most diverse and successful vertebrate groups, comprising almost half of all known bird species. Identifying the genomic innovations that might be associated with this success, as well as with characteristic songbird traits such as vocal learning and the brain circuits that underlie this behavior, has proven difficult, in part due to the small number of avian genomes available until recently. Here we performed a comparative analysis of 48 avian genomes to identify genomic features that are unique to songbirds, as well as an initial assessment of function by investigating their tissue distribution and predicted protein domain structure. Using BLAT alignments and gene synteny analysis, we curated a large set of Ensembl gene models that were annotated as novel or duplicated in the most commonly studied songbird, the Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), and then extended this analysis to 47 additional avian and 4 non-avian genomes. We identified 10 novel genes uniquely present in songbird genomes. A refined map of chromosomal synteny disruptions in the Zebra finch genome revealed that the majority of these novel genes localized to regions of genomic instability associated with apparent chromosomal breakpoints. Analyses of in situ hybridization and RNA-seq data revealed that a subset of songbird-unique genes is expressed in the brain and/or other tissues, and that 2 of these (YTHDC2L1 and TMRA) are highly differentially expressed in vocal learning-associated nuclei relative to the rest of the brain. Our study reveals novel genes unique to songbirds, including some that may subserve their unique vocal control system, substantially improves the quality of Zebra finch genome annotations, and contributes to a better understanding of how genomic features may have evolved in conjunction with the emergence of the songbird lineage.
DMSO increases tyrosine residue phosphorylation in membranes from murine erythroleukemia cells

Phosphorylation of membranes from murine erythroleukemia cells was performed in the presence and absence of the polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide. Quantitation of the phosphoamino acid content revealed that DMSO stimulated phosphotyrosine accumulation by three-fold; serine and threonine phosphorylation decreased significantly. We had previously shown that DMSO stimulated tyrosine residue phosphorylation of the hepatic epidermal growth factor receptor. EGF had little effect in MEL membranes; therefore, DMSO results in accumulation of phosphotyrosine in cell membranes that do not exhibit significant EGF-dependent phosphorylation.
Political Hopelessness: A New Dimension of Systemic Disaffection

Summary A six-item scale has been constructed to measure feelings of hopelessness about the future of the political system. The scale manifests internal consistency and concurrent validity, and is not significantly affected by the categoric-demographic attributes of the respondents surveyed (N = 264 male and female college students). Moreover, sociological, psychological, and political indicators are found to correlate with feelings of political hopelessness. Finally, a model of political hopelessness antecedents is supported, in which life dissatisfaction, low self-competence, and critical perceptions of the sociopolitical system's functioning are shown to foster feelings of political hopelessness. These findings are then considered within the context of individual- and system-blame perspectives on political behavior, in relationship to the broader concept of political alienation, and with regard to political violence justification.
Numerical solution of time-delayed optimal control problems with terminal inequality constraints

In this short communication we consider an approximation scheme for solving time-delayed optimal control problems with terminal inequality constraints. Time-delayed problems are characterized by variables x(t - τ) with a time-delayed argument. In our scheme we use a Pade approximation to determine a differential relation for y(t), an augmented state that represents x(t - τ). Terminal inequality constraints, if they exist, are converted to equality constraints via Valentine-type unknown parameters. The merit of this approach is that existing, well-developed optimization algorithms may be used to solve the transformed problems. Two linear/non-linear time-delayed optimal control problems are solved to establish its usefulness.
Solution-phase simultaneous addition of functionalities (SPSAF) and chemical transformation to prepare N,N'-disubstituted piperazine libraries.

Several piperazine libraries were prepared using solution phase simultaneous addition of functionalities methodology as well as the "library from library" concept. The resulting piperazine libraries displayed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Unique ultrastructure of exorbital lacrimal glands in male NOD and BALB/c mice

Lacrimal glands of male NOD and BALB/c mice have very small, pleomorphic acinar lumens. Acini contain isolated zones of highly complex cell surface interdigitations at the basal surface, sometimes occurring between acinar and myoepithelial cells. In NOD mice, cytological abnormalities, including mitochondrial deterioration, pleomorphic and heterogeneous cytoplasmic vacuoles, and lipid accumulation are evident within acinar cells at 1 month. Accumulation of lipid is further increased as the animal ages, accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of acini. These results demonstrate alterations from normal cytology as early as 1 month in NOD mice, well before detection of clinical signs of Sjogren syndrome.
Adsorption of cadmium on anatase nanoparticles-effect of crystal size and pH.

The adsorption and desorption of Cd2+ to large and nanometer-scale anatase crystals have been studied to determine the relationship between heavy metal adsorption properties and anatase particle size. A solvothermal method was used to synthesize very fine anatase nanocrystals with average grain sizes ranging from 8 to 20 nm. On a surface area basis, it was found that large and nanometer-scale anatase particles had similar maximum Cd2+ adsorption capacities, while their adsorption slopes differed by more than 1 order of magnitude. The particle-size effect on adsorption is constant over a pH range of 4−7.5. The desorption of Cd2+ from both particle sizes is completely reversible. The adsorption data have been modeled by the Basic Stern model using three monodentate surface complexes. It is proposed that intraparticle electrostatic repulsion may reduce the adsorption free energy significantly for nanometer-sized particles.
The complexity of computing a best response automaton in repeated games with mixed strategies

Abstract I examine the complexity of computing a best response automaton in a two-person repeated game when there is uncertainty about the automaton selected by the other player. There are two versions of this problem: (1) Finding a best response automaton; (2) Deciding if a given automaton is a best response. It is shown that these problems are “difficult” (i.e., not polynomial). Next it is shown that if the size of the support of the distribution of the other player's automata is known in advance (for example, when it is known that the other player is restricted to automata of a certain size), the problems are polynomial. The problems are polynomial even if there is uncertainty in the game that will be played (i.e., even if it is a repeated game with incomplete information).
Supratherapeutic Response to Ezetimibe in a Statin Intolerant Patient

A 56-year-old white man with hypertension and a strong family history of cardiovascular disease was referred to a lipid-specialty clinic secondary to a statin intolerance (ie, myalgias) and dyslipidemia. The patient was initiated on ezetimibe 10 mg daily and experienced a supratherapeutic response. His baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was reduced by 52% after 8 months of ezetimibe therapy, with no other explanation for the marked reduction. Recent studies have indicated a wide range of response to ezetimibe with different genetic variations. It is likely that this patient has a genetic variation that resulted in a hyperresponse to ezetimibe.
The Impact of Ionic Frustration on Electronic Order

For some metal oxides, the simplest applications of band theory predict that they should be good electrical conductors, but in fact they are Mott insulators—that is, the electrons that should be mobile are localized to metal atoms. These electrons retain internal degrees of freedom; they may occupy more than one type of orbital of the metal (they have an orbital degree of freedom) and also may adopt different spin states. These degrees of freedom, along with accompanying structural changes, can create materials with exotic electronic ordering that have potential applications such as magnetoelectric devices and quantum computing. If the spins and orbital degrees of freedom can both adopt more than one quantum state, they may entangle—that is, a measurement of spin determines the orbital state, and vice versa ( 1 ). On page 559 of this issue, Nakatsuji et al. ( 2 ) introduce a new ingredient, an ionic degree of freedom that creates a lattice of dipoles that is “frustrated”—incapable of completely ordering locally. Ordering is seen on nanometer dimensions, and it strongly affects the spin and orbital character of the electronic state.
Knowledge-based metadata extraction from PostScript files

The automatic document metadata extraction process is animportant task in a world where thousands of documents are just one``click'' away. Thus, powerful indices are necessary to support effective retrieval. The upcoming XML standard represents an important step in this direction as itssemistructuredrepresentation conveys document metadata together with the text of the document. For example, retrieval of scientific papers by authors or affiliations would be a straightforward tasks if papers were stored in XML.Unfortunately, today, the largest majority of documents on the web are available in forms that do not carryadditional semantics. Converting existing documents to a semistructured representation is time consuming and no automatic process can be easily applied. In this paper we discuss a system, based on a novel spatial/visualknowledge principle, for extracting metadata from scientific papers storedas PostScript files. Our system embeds the general knowledge about the graphical layout of a scientific paper to guide the metadata extraction process. Our system can effectively assist the automatic index creation for digital libraries.
Forensic Economics and the Wrongful Death of a Household Producer: Current Practices, Methodological Biases and Alternative Solutions of Losses

. A new frontier in forensic economics has emerged: expert testimony on the loss of earning capacity due to the wrongful death of a household producer not in the labor force. Forensic economics—the application of economic analysis by an expert witness—in this area is at an early stage of development. While several methods have been developed for estimating the value of household production, one method, in negligence cases, dominates in the courtroom: replacement cost. Reliance upon a single methodology seems unwise in light of the newness and complexity of research in the area of household production. There are promising alternative methods which could be used. Opportunity cost, family profile and value of service flows methodologies are good candidates. Potentially, the use of alternative methodologies could help provide a consistency check on the reasonableness of any one particular methodology. Presently, several constraints frustrate the task of refining the state of forensic economics in this area. However, progress can be made by, among other things, subjecting forensic economics in these cases to more thorough unbaised professional review such as is common in an older area, antitrust cases.