cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper-catalysed selective hydroamination reactions of alkynes

The development of selective reactions that utilize easily available and abundant precursors for the efficient synthesis of amines is a longstanding goal of chemical research. Despite the centrality of amines in a number of important research areas, including medicinal chemistry, total synthesis and materials science, a general, selective, and step-efficient synthesis of amines is still needed. In this work we describe a set of mild catalytic conditions utilizing a single copper-based catalyst that enables the direct preparation of three distinct and important amine classes (enamines, α-chiral branched alkylamines, and linear alkylamines) from readily available alkyne starting materials with high levels of chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. This methodology was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of rivastigmine and the formal synthesis of several other pharmaceutical agents, including duloxetine, atomoxetine, fluoxetine, and tolterodine.
Moving decision points outward from applications and utilities and into command level

The user command interface of an operating system has come to be regarded as the outermost level in a layered hierarchy. In keeping with this view one should attempt to move decision points outward from the lower operating layers, so that all required actions can be defined at command level. That will allow the description of those actions in a form that matches the form of other commands normally entered from the keyboard, so that only a minimal amount of programming skill will be required. An example of this strategy is developed for implementation under generic MSDOS (Microsoft) and RT11 (Digital Equipment Corporation).
How to succeed in graduate school: a guide for students and advisors

This paper attempts to raise some issues that are important for graduate students to be successful and to get as much out of the process as possible, and for advisors who wish to help their student...
A many-state Markov model for the estimation and prediction of computer software performance parameters

A many-state Markov model has been developed for the purpose of providing various performance criteria for computer software. The software system under consideration is assumed to be fairly large, of the order of 105 words of code, so that statistical deductions become meaningful, and is assumed to initially contain an unknown number of unknown bugs. The model provides estimates and predictions of the most probable number of errors that will have been corrected at a given time t in the operation of this software package based on preliminary modeling of the error occurrence rate l as well as the error correction policy m. The model also provides predictions for the availability A(t) and for the reliability R(t) of the system. The differential equations corresponding to the Markov model are solved for the case when l and m are constant using an exact (closed-form) solution. The numerical solution is also obtained for this case for verification and demonstrative purposes. The more interesting and important case, from an applications point of view, is that when l and m are not constant, but rather functions of the state of debugging achieved. This case is solved numerically only, since the exact solution is cumbersome. It is also demonstrated that the numerical solution is superior to the so-called exact solution. Finally, some extensions and modifications of the basic Markov model are briefly discussed.
Influence of anthropogenic aerosols and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on tropical belt width

The tropical belt has expanded by several degrees latitude over the past 30 years, following an earlier period of contraction. Climate simulations indicate that tropical belt width is controlled by multidecadal sea surface temperature variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and anthropogenic aerosols. The tropical belt has widened by several degrees latitude since 1979, as evidenced by shifts in atmospheric circulation and climate zones1,2,3,4,5. Global climate models also simulate tropical belt widening, but less so than observed6,7. Reasons for this discrepancy and the mechanisms driving the expansion are uncertain. Here we analyse multidecadal variability in tropical belt width since 1950 using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate model runs and find that simulated rates of tropical expansion over the past 30 years—particularly in the Northern Hemisphere—are in better agreement with observations than previous models. We find that models driven by observed sea surface temperatures over this interval yield the largest rate of tropical expansion. We link the tropical expansion in the Northern Hemisphere to the leading pattern of sea surface temperature variability in the North Pacific, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. We also find, both from models and observations, that the tropical belt contracted in the Northern Hemisphere from 1950 to 1979, coincident with the reversal of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation trend. In both time periods, anthropogenic aerosols act to modify the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and therefore contribute to the width of the tropical belt. We conclude that tropical expansion and contraction are influenced by multidecadal sea surface temperature variability associated with both the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and anthropogenic aerosols.
A conceptual framework for the economic evaluation of substance abuse interventions

Substance abuse treatment directors and policymakers often must allocate limited budgets among several alternative substance abuse treatment programs. Decisionmakers can gain insight on these difficult budgeting decisions by using economic evaluation techniques. To aid in the economic evaluation, a conceptual framework based on a decision-tree model was developed. The framework describes substance abuse addiction and treatment dynamics and highlights important therapeutic and economic endpoints. Within this framework, the authors describe how cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analyses can be used to compare the costs and outcomes of alternative substance abuse intervention programs. Implementation of the conceptual framework requires detailed information on the parameters of the substance abuse addiction and treatment process that does not yet exist. But the paper includes a detailed example of how the conceptual framework can be used to perform economic evaluation of alternative substance abuse intervention programs. The paper demonstrates how economic evaluation can be used in conjunction with a decision-tree model to provide researchers and policymakers with the tools to make informed decisions about the allocation of scarce resources.
The stock market and exchange rate dynamics

Abstract This paper articulates a model of the open economy in which, as in Tobin (1978), the price of shares in the stock market subtitutes for the real interest rate in the determination of aggregate demand. The stock market reduces the impact of monetary policy on the real exchange rate; indeed, if the link between stock prices and aggregate demand is important enough, the impact of monetary policy on the real exchange rate can be reversed. In contrast with standard, dynamic Mundell-Flemming models, anticipated fiscal policy can be expansionary rather than contradictionary as in, for example, Burgstaller (1983), Blanchard (1984), and Branson et al (1985).
An internal polarized 3He target for electron storage rings

Abstract We describe an internal polarized 3 He target currently under construction which will be used in several electron storage ring experiments. The target is based on the technique of metastability exchange laser optical pumping, where the polarized atoms flow into a cryogenically-cooled storage cell. This novel technique allows for high precision measurements where the beam interacts with the pure atomic species. Both the HERMES experiment at DESY and the BLAST detector at the MIT Bates Laboratory will use the polarized 3 He target in their measurements. Details of the target system, including the provisions needed to incorporate the target into the electron storage ring, are presented.
Partitions with fixed differences between largest and smallest parts

We study the number p(n, t) of partitions of n with difference t between largest and smallest parts. Our main result is an explicit formula for the generating function Pt(q) := ∑ n≥1 p(n, t) q . Somewhat surprisingly, Pt(q) is a rational function for t > 1; equivalently, p(n, t) is a quasipolynomial in n for fixed t > 1. Our result generalizes to partitions with an arbitrary number of specified distances. Enumeration results on integer partitions form a classic body of mathematics going back to at least Euler, including numerous applications throughout mathematics and some areas of physics; see, e.g., [2]. A partition of a positive integer n is, as usual, an integer k-tuple λ1 ≥ λ2 ≥ · · · ≥ λk > 0, for some k, such that n = λ1 + λ2 + · · ·+ λk . The integers λ1, λ2, . . . , λk are the parts of the partition. We are interested in the counting function p(n, t) := #partitions of n with difference t between largest and smallest parts. It is immediate that p(n, 0) = d(n) where d(n) denotes the number of divisors of n. Charmingly, p(n, 1) equals the number of nondivisors of n: p(n, 1) = n− d(n) , which can be explained bijectively by the fact that the partitions counted by p(n, 0)+p(n, 1) contain exactly one sample with k parts, for each k = 1, 2, . . . , n [1, Sequence A049820], or by the generating function identity∑ n≥1 p(n, 1) q = ∑ m≥1 qm 1− qm qm+1 1− qm+1 = q (1− q)2 − ∑ m≥1 qm 1− qm . (The last equation follows from a few elementary operations on rational functions). An even less obvious instance of our partition counting function is (1) p(n, 2) = (⌊n 2 ⌋ 2 ) , as observed by Reinhard Zumkeller in 2004 [1, Sequence A008805]. (It is not clear to us where in the literature this formula first appeared, though specific values of p(n, k) are well represented in Date: 14 July 2014. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11P84; Secondary 05A17.
Serotonin-3 receptors in the posterior ventral tegmental area regulate ethanol self-administration of alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

Several studies indicated the involvement of serotonin-3 ([5-hydroxy tryptamine] 5-HT3) receptors in regulating alcohol-drinking behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the involvement of 5-HT3 receptors within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in regulating ethanol self-administration by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Standard two-lever operant chambers (Coulbourn Instruments, Allentown, PA) were used to examine the effects of seven consecutive bilateral microinfusions of ICS 205-930 (ICS), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, directly into the posterior VTA on the acquisition and maintenance of 15% (vol/vol) ethanol self-administration. P rats readily acquired ethanol self-administration by the fourth session. The three highest doses (0.125, 0.25, and 1.25 mg) of ICS prevented acquisition of ethanol self-administration. During the acquisition postinjection period, all rats treated with ICS demonstrated higher responding on the ethanol lever, with the highest dose producing the greatest effect. In contrast, during the maintenance phase, the three highest doses (0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 mg) of ICS significantly increased responding on the ethanol lever; after the 7-day dosing regimen, responding on the ethanol lever returned to control levels. Microinfusion of ICS into the posterior VTA did not alter the low responding on the water lever and did not alter saccharin (0.0125% wt/v) self-administration. Microinfusion of ICS into the anterior VTA did not alter ethanol self-administration. Overall, the results of this study suggest that 5-HT3 receptors in the posterior VTA of the P rat may be involved in regulating ethanol selfadministration. In addition, chronic operant ethanol self-administration and/or repeated treatments with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
Revisiting the inclusion-moderation thesis in the context of decentralized institutions: The behavior of Indonesia’s Prosperous Justice Party in national and local politics

Institutions figure prominently in explanations for why radical parties forego their agendas and subject themselves to democratic principles when included in politics. Analyzing the Prosperous Justice Party’s political trajectory across Indonesia’s multi-level government structures between 1999 and 2009, I show that the Islamist party has gradually adopted more moderate behavior not only in national politics, where institutional incentives are conducive to moderation, but also in local politics, where institutional incentives for moderation are weaker. The absence of a strong pattern of invariant association between institutional incentives and the moderation of party behavior points to the importance of party internal mechanisms in moderation processes. Based on primary sources and in-depth interviews with party members, I argue that socio-structural factors shape a party's internal power dynamics and thereby its long-term capacity to adopt more moderate behavior.
An anhomomorphic logic for quantum mechanics

Although various schemes for anhomomorphic logics for quantum mechanics have been considered in the past we shall mainly concentrate on the quadratic or grade-2 scheme. In this scheme, the grade-2 truth functions are called coevents. We discuss properties of coevents, projections on the space of coevents and the master observable. We show that the set of projections forms an orthomodular poset. We introduce the concept of precluding coevents and show that this is stronger than the previously studied concept of preclusive coevents. Precluding coevents are defined naturally in terms of the master observable. A result that exhibits a duality between preclusive and precluding coevents is given. Some simple examples are presented.
Multipole structure and coordinate systems

Multipole expansions depend on the coordinate system, so that coefficients of multipole moments can be set equal to zero by an appropriate choice of coordinates. Therefore, it is meaningless to say that a physical system has a nonvanishing quadrupole moment, say, without specifying which coordinate system is used. (Except if this moment is the lowest non-vanishing one.) This result is demonstrated for the case of two equal like electric charges. Specifically, an adapted coordinate system in which the potential is given by a monopole term only is explicitly found, the coefficients of all higher multipoles vanish identically. It is suggested that this result can be generalized to other potential problems, by making equal coordinate surfaces adapt to the potential problem's equipotential surfaces.
Correlational accumulation as a method for signal restoration

Abstract This work analyses the method of correlational accumulation (averaging) of a set of multiple copies of a signal from the same object arbitrarily displaced with relation to one another and observed in a mixture with additive signal independent sensor noise in which the signal displacements are measured by localization of maximum of the signal cross-correlation function. Three main problems are addressed and investigated both analytically and bycomputer simulation: optimility of the correlational accumulation method, signal distortions which originate from the signal registration errors and noise reduction capability of the correlational accumulation as a function of signal-to-noise ratio in the observed signal-plus-noise realizations.
COVALENT MOLECULAR BINDING IN A SUSY BACKGROUND

The Pauli exclusion principle plays an essential role in the structure of the current universe. However, in an exactly supersymmetric (susy) universe, the degeneracy of bosons and fermions plus the ability of fermions to convert in pairs to bosons implies that the effects of the Pauli principle would be largely absent. Such a universe may eventually occur through vacuum decay from our current positive vacuum energy universe to the zero vacuum energy universe of exact susy. It has been shown that in such a susy universe ionic molecular binding does exist but homonuclear diatomic molecules are left unbound. In this paper we provide a first look at covalent binding in a susy background and compare the properties of the homonuclear bound states with those of the corresponding molecules in our universe. We find that covalent binding of diatomic molecules is very strong in an exact susy universe and the interatomic distances are in general much smaller than in the broken susy universe.
Total synthesis and study of myrmicarin alkaloids

The myrmicarins are a family of air- and temperature-sensitive alkaloids that possess unique structural features. Our concise enantioselective synthesis of the tricyclic myrmicarins enabled evaluation of a potentially biomimetic assembly of the complex members via direct dimerization of simpler structures. These studies revealed that myrmicarin 215B undergoes efficient and highly diastereoselective Bronsted acid-induced dimerization to generate a new heptacyclic structure, isomyrmicarin 430A. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that heterodimerization between myrmicarin 215B and a conformationally restricted azafulvenium ion precursor afforded a functionalized isomyrmicarin 430A structure in a manner that was consistent with a highly efficient, non-concerted ionic process. Recent advancement in heterodimerization between tricyclic derivatives has enabled the preparation of strategically functionalized hexacyclic structures. The design and synthesis of structurally versatile dimeric compounds has greatly facilitated manipulation of these structures en route to more complex myrmicarin derivatives.
The NIL distributed systems programming language: a status report

This paper is a summary of ongoing research activities related to the programming language NIL, a high level language for concurrent and distributed systems developed at IBM Yorktown.We first present a short summary of the major features of NIL. These include the NIL system model, which is a dynamically evolving network of loosely coupled processes, communicating by message passing; the abstract NIL computation model; and typestate, which is a refinement of type systems allowing a compiler to assume an important subset of program validation.We then discuss issues related to providing a semantic theory for NIL, and list some general requirements a semantic model should satisfy to be applicable to practical concurrent and distributed systems. We discuss the fit between CCS, which we are studying as a possible candidate for such a semantic theory, and these requirements.Finally we describe some recent work on transformations which map NIL programs to efficient distributed and parallel implementations.
Influence of Gas Turbine Combustor Design and Operating Parameters on Effectiveness of NOx Suppression by Injected Steam or Water

Steam or water injection has become the state-of-the-art abatement technique for NOx , with steam strongly preferred for combined-cycle application. In combined-cycle plants, the degradation of the plant efficiency due to steam injection into the gas turbine combustor provides a powerful incentive for minimizing this flow over the entire plant operating map. This paper presents the results of extensive tests carried out on a variety of gas turbine combustor designs. Both test stand and field test data are presented. The usual fuel in the tests is methane; however, some data are presented for combustion of No. 2 distillate oil and intermediate Btu gas fuel. Similarly, the usual inert injected is steam, but some water injection data are included for comparison. The results support the conclusions: 1. Steam and water injection suppress NOx exclusively through thermal mechanisms, i.e., by lowering the peak flame temperature. 2. Design changes have little effect on NOx suppression effectiveness of steam or water in jet-stirred or swirl-mixed combustors. 3. Primary zone injection of steam in methane-fueled, jet-stirred combustors is equally effective whether the steam enters with an air stream or with the fuel stream. 4. Water-to-fuel ratio corrected to equivalent energy content correlates NOx suppression effectiveness for turbulent diffusion flame combustors.
Toward the non-perturbative description of high energy processes

Abstract General implications of the existence of non-perturbative scales smaller than 1 fm and the hadronic sub-structure for high energy processes are discussed. We propose that the observed dependence of the q q dipole cross section with nucleon σ ( b , x ) on the dipole size b is consistent with an instanton-based substructure. Then we use instanton dynamics to make the Kharzeev-Levin pomeron model [D. Kharzeev, E. Levin, BNL-NT-99-8, December 1999, hep-ph/9912216]. We fix the values for the gluon-to-hadron coupling constants including two scalar resonances: the σ (scalar ππ ) and the scalar glueball G 0 . These channels are special because the instanton-induced attractive interaction makes these hadrons unusually small in size, increasing their coupling constants. As the pomeron is a small-size object by itself, these resonances should have a a special role in its dynamics. We conclude that the non-perturbative part of the scalar contribution to the soft pomeron intercept is Δ =0.05±0.015, with comparable contributions from both σ and G 0 .
Where there is a will: Fertility behavior and sex bias in large families

This paper demonstrates that the social institutions of lineage maintenance, patrilocality, and joint families have a significant role in explaining sex differences in survival and health outcomes in rural India. Tests using panel data from rural households support this explanation, which accounts for 7 percent of excess female mortality in Haryana and Rajasthan and 4 percent in Punjab. An institutional explanation suggests limits on the role for public policy in addressing large sex differences in health and mortality outcomes.
Two-rail cellular cascades

The increasing importance of integrated circuit technologies has motivated research into the development of systematic and efficient procedures for the design of cellular arrays---that is, arrays of logical assemblies, or cells, that are interconnected in a regular fashion. A useful and analytically attractive approach to the design of two-dimensional, edgefed cellular arrays for the realization of arbitrary switching functions is based upon the decomposition of the arbitrary function into a set of subfunctions, each of which is independently produced by one of the columns of the array. In this approach, each column of the array might realize, for example, an individual member of a minimum covering set of prime implicants; these subfunctions are then composed by "collecting" the column outputs in a special row of the array whose final output is a realization of the desired function, or alternatively by using edge jumpers in the same array to accomplish the collecting function.
A SCHAUDER APPROACH TO DEGENERATE-PARABOLIC PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH UNBOUNDED COEFFICIENTS

Abstract Motivated by applications to probability and mathematical finance, we consider a parabolic partial differential equation on a half-space whose coefficients are suitably Holder continuous and allowed to grow linearly in the spatial variable and which become degenerate along the boundary of the half-space. We establish existence and uniqueness of solutions in weighted Holder spaces which incorporate both the degeneracy at the boundary and the unboundedness of the coefficients. In our companion article (Feehan and Pop [12] ), we apply the main result of this article to show that the martingale problem associated with a degenerate-elliptic partial differential operator is well-posed in the sense of Stroock and Varadhan.
Wavelength scaling for reactor-size laser-fusion targets

The symmetric implosion of pellet shells will require sideways thermal-transport smoothing of any laser intensity nonuniformities. A scaling law shows a surprisingly strong laser wavelength dependence for this smoothing mechanism; it places a large premium on the use of longer-wavelength near-infrared lasers. This smoothing requirement conflicts with the advantages of shorter laser wavelengths for controlling deleterious plasma instabilities.
Psychological Contracts: A Nano-Level Perspective on Social Contract Theory

Social contract theory has been criticized as a “theory in search of application.” We argue that incorporating the nano, or individual, level of analysis into social contract inquiry will yield more descriptive theory. We draw upon the psychological contract perspective to address two critiques of social contract theory: its rigid macro-orientation and inattention to the process of contract formation. We demonstrate how a psychological contract approach offers practical insight into the impact of social contracting on day-to-day human interaction. We then articulate several potentially testable propositions that emerge from this nano-level perspective.
Porphyrins with exocyclic rings. Part 22: Synthesis of deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP), three ring homologues, and five related nonpolar bacteriopetroporphyrins using a western ring closure and an improved b-bilene methodology ☆

Abstract Dipyrrolic intermediates incorporating five-membered carbocyclic rings are easily prepared from cyclopenta[ b ]pyrroles, and this unit represents the southern half of the DPEP-type geoporphyrins found in organic-rich sediments such as oil shales and petroleum. Related dipyrroles with six-, seven- or eight-membered carbocyclic rings were shown to give b -bilenes when reacted with dipyrrylmethane carbaldehydes under mildly acidic conditions. Following deprotection of the terminal ester groups, cyclization with TFA–CH(OMe) 3 gave a series of ring homologues of deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP). The b -bilenes generated from the five-membered ring dipyrroles proved to be rather unstable and had to be used directly without purification. Cyclization gave DPEP contaminated with an etioporphyrin by-product, but these could be separated as the nickel(II) derivatives by flash chromatography. This approach gave superior yields of DPEP compared to previously reported methods. In addition, the methodology could be extended to the synthesis of related petroporphyrins, and a series of five molecular fossils derived from bacteriochlorophylls d were synthesized by this approach.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Regioselective Modification of Starch Nanoparticles

The selective esterification of starch nanoparticles was performed using as catalyst Candida antartica Lipase B (CAL-B) in its immobilized (Novozym 435) and free (SP-525) forms. The starch nanoparticles were made accessible for acylation reactions by formation of Aerosol-OT (AOT, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate) stabilized microemulsions. Starch nanoparticles in microemulsions were reacted with vinyl stearate, e-caprolactone, and maleic anhydride at 40 °C for 48 h to give starch esters with degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.8, 0.6, and 0.4, respectively. Substitution occurred regioselectively at the C-6 position of the glucose repeat units. Infrared microspectroscopy (IRMS) revealed that AOT-coated starch nanoparticles diffuse into the outer 50 μm shell of catalyst beads. Thus, even though CAL-B is immobilized within a macroporous resin, CAL-B is sufficiently accessible to the starch nanoparticles. When free CAL-B was incorporated along with starch within AOT-coated reversed micelles, CAL-B was als...
Ablation and Thermal Response Property Model Validation for Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator

Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator was the heatshield material for the Stardust probe and is also a candidate heatshield material for the Orion Crew Module. As part of the heatshield qualification for Orion, physical and thermal properties were measured for newly manufactured material, included emissivity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, elemental composition, and thermal decomposition rates. Based on these properties, an ablation and thermal-response model was developed for temperatures up to 3500 K and pressures up to 100 kPa. The model includes transversely isotropic and pressure-dependent thermal conductivity. In this work, model validation is accomplished by comparison of predictions with data from many arcjet tests conducted over a range of stagnation heat flux and pressure from 107 W/cm 2 at 2.3 kPa to 1100 W/cm 2 at 84 kPa. Over the entire range of test
Parallel algorithms for geometric graph problems

We give algorithms for geometric graph problems in the modern parallel models such as MapReduce. For example, for the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) problem over a set of points in the two-dimensional space, our algorithm computes a (1 + e)-approximate MST. Our algorithms work in a constant number of rounds of communication, while using total space and communication proportional to the size of the data (linear space and near linear time algorithms). In contrast, for general graphs, achieving the same result for MST (or even connectivity) remains a challenging open problem [9], despite drawing significant attention in recent years. We develop a general algorithmic framework that, besides MST, also applies to Earth-Mover Distance (EMD) and the transportation cost problem. Our algorithmic framework has implications beyond the MapReduce model. For example it yields a new algorithm for computing EMD cost in the plane in near-linear time, n1+oe(1). We note that while recently [33] have developed a near-linear time algorithm for (1 + e)-approximating EMD, our algorithm is fundamentally different, and, for example, also solves the transportation (cost) problem, raised as an open question in [33]. Furthermore, our algorithm immediately gives a (1+ e)-approximation algorithm with nδ space in the streaming-with-sorting model with 1/δO(1) passes. As such, it is tempting to conjecture that the parallel models may also constitute a concrete playground in the quest for efficient algorithms for EMD (and other similar problems) in the vanilla streaming model, a well-known open problem.
The organization of divergent axonal projections from the midbrain raphe nuclei in the rat.

The intranuclear organization of divergently projecting neurons of the midbrain raphe in the rat was studied by using double retrograde axonal tracing. Paired injections of the tracers N-[acetyl-3H] WGA and horseradish peroxidase were made within known projection targets of the midbrain raphe (caudate-putamen, amygdala, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and locus coeruleus). After injections of either tracer in the aforementioned targets, retrograde labeled neurons were found mainly ipsilaterally and within midline portions of the dorsal raphe nucleus, its caudal B6 portion, and within the linear and superior central nuclei of the median raphe complex. There are discrete intranuclear distributions of raphe neurons that project to these forebrain and brainstem sites, and there is an overall rostrocaudal topographic order within the raphe with neurons projecting to the neostriatum, amygdala, and substantia nigra residing most rostrally and neurons projecting to the hippocampus and/or locus coeruleus occupying caudal portions of the B6 and superior central nuclei. Such distributions of projection neurons suggest the existence of an “encephalotopic” intranuclear organization within the raphe; that is, each central nervous system structure that receives midbrain raphe projections has its own unique representation within a topographically distinct portion of one or more of the raphe subgroups. These findings suggest an overall functional organization within the midbrain raphe nuclear complex whereby rostral portions are associated with the basal ganglia and related nuclei, and caudal portions relate to the limbic system. An intermediate representation of amygdala-projecting raphe neurons functionally conjoins the two. Collateralized neurons are found within complex zones of overlap in the topographically organized distributions of raphe neurons projecting to functionally related structures.
Preservation of external rays in non-autonomous iteration

We consider the dynamics arising from the iteration of an arbitrary sequence of polynomials with uniformly bounded degrees and coefficients and show that, as parameters vary within a single hyperbolic component in parameter space, certain properties of the corresponding Julia sets are preserved. In particular, we show that if the sequence is hyperbolic and all the Julia sets are connected, then the whole basin at infinity moves holomorphically. This extends also to the landing points of external rays and the resultant holomorphic motion of the Julia sets coincides with that obtained earlier in [9] using grand orbits. In addition, we have combinatorial rigidity in the sense that if a finite set of external rays separates the Julia set for a particular parameter value, then the rays with the same external angles separate the Julia set for every parameter in the same hyperbolic component.
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a weakly ionized medium

Ambient interstellar material may become entrained in outflows from massive stars as a result of shear flow instabilities. We study the linear theory of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the simplest example of shear flow instability, in a partially ionized medium. We model the interaction as a two-fluid system (charged and neutral) in a planar geometry. Our principal result is that for much of the relevant parameter space, neutrals and ions are sufficiently decoupled that the neutrals are unstable while the ions are held in place by the magnetic field. Thus, we predict that there should be a detectably narrower line profile in ionized species tracing the outflow compared with neutral species, since ionized species are not participating in the turbulent interface with the ambient ISM. Since the magnetic field is frozen to the plasma, it is not tangled by the turbulence in the boundary layer.
A convenient method for determining cyclic peptide conformation from 1D 1H-NMR information.

A rapid and convenient method for determining the backbone conformation of cyclic peptides results from the combination of 1D 1H NMR information and molecular modeling. phi Angle torsional constraints calculated from 3JHN.H alpha coupling constants are used to determine the position of multiple-welled potential energy penalty functions that are imposed on the force field used in the structure refinement (Amber* with GB/SA solvation model). Monte Carlo searches and minimizations lead to a collection of structures that are clustered by backbone similarity and then filtered according to hydrogen-bonding constraints determined by the chemical shift temperature dependencies of the amide protons. This approach was applied to five cyclic peptides whose structures had been determined previously using more extensive 2D NMR techniques, and the importance of the torsional, H-bonding, and solvation restraints were assessed. For the four peptides that adopt a predominant conformation, this method reproduced the reported structures closely; lack of convergence for the fifth structure reflected the multiple backbone conformations that this macrocycle adopts.
Zinc-Coordination Oligomers of Phenanthrolinylporphyrins

We report the synthesis of mono- and bisphenanthrolinylporphyrins 5-(9-carboxy-1,10-phenanthroline-2),15-(p-tolyl)-2,8,12,18-tetraethyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethylporphyrin (MPPc) and 5,15-bis(9-carboxy-1,10-phenanthroline-2)-2,8,12,18-tetraethyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethylporphyrin (BPPc), respectively. The formation of dimers and oligomers, with MPPc and BPPc, respectively, upon exposure to zinc acetate is described. Oligomerization of the porphyrins was monitored spectrophotometrically, and a kinetic study was performed to estimate the average oligomer chain length.
The American Public's Energy Choice

Abstract Public opinion about energy can be understood in a unified framework. First, people evaluate key attributes of energy sources, particularly a fuel's cost and environmental harms. Americans, for example, view coal as relatively inexpensive but harmful, natural gas as less harmful but more expensive, and wind as inexpensive and not harmful. Second, people place different weights on the economic and environmental attributes associated with energy production, which helps explain why some fuels are more popular than others. Americans' attitudes toward energy are driven more by beliefs about environmental harms than by perceived economic costs. In addition, attitudes about energy sources are largely unrelated to views about global warming. These findings suggest that a politically palatable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is through regulation of traditional pollutants associated with fossil fuels, rather than a wholly new carbon policy.
Lewis acid-promoted Baylis–Hillman-type reaction of α,β-unsaturated ethyl thioester with aldehydes without the use of a Lewis base

The Baylis-Hillman-type reaction of alpha,Beta-ethyl thioacrylate with aldehydes has been achieved using diethylaluminium iodide as the promoter without the direct use of any Lewis bases. The reaction provides an effective access to various alpha-methylene-Beta-hydroxy thioesters.
An introduction to functional independency in relational database normalization

In this paper, we discuss the deficiencies of normal form definitions based on Functional Dependency and introduce a new normal form concept based on Functional Independency. Functional Independency has not been systematically investigated while there is a very strong theoretical foundation for the study of Functional Dependency in relational database normalization. This paper will demonstrate that considering Functional Dependency alone cannot eliminate some common data anomalies and the normalization process can yield better database designs with the addition of Functional Independency.
Magnetoresistance of granular ferromagnets—observation of a magnetic proximity effect?

Abstract We have observed a superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic transition in films of isolated Ni grains covered by non-magnetic overlayers. The magnetoresistance (MR) of the films was measured as a function of the overlayer thickness. Initially, the granular Ni films exhibited negative MR curves peaked at H =0. As different materials were deposited onto the grains hysteresis developed in the MR. This behavior is ascribed to an increase of the typical domain size because of the magnetic coupling between grains. The strength of the inter-grain coupling is found to correlate with the magnetic susceptibility of the overlayer material. We discuss possible mechanisms for this coupling and suggest that the data may reflect the existence of a magnetic proximity effect (analogous to the well-known effect in superconductivity) in which a ferromagnetic moment is induced in the metallic non-magnetic medium.
Monotonicity properties of wholesale price contracts

Abstract This paper contributes to the supply chain contracts literature in economics and operations by performing qualitative sensitivity analysis of a wholesale price contract in a two-echelon supply chain setting. Order-theory tools are used to derive sufficient conditions for monotonicity of contract parameters. The upstream supplier is modeled as a Stackelberg leader. The supplier is assumed to have complete information about the costs and revenue function of the downstream retailer. It is shown that an equilibrium wholesale price weakly increases with an increase in the supplier production cost rate, but it may increase or decrease with an increase in the retailer cost rate. As either the supplier production cost or the retailer cost increases, the supplier profit decreases weakly. Additional sensitivity analysis is performed assuming certain properties of the retailer revenue function. Several well-known results in the supply chain contracting literature can be considered as special cases of the more general theorems developed here. In particular, this paper reexamines the analysis of a newsvendor supply chain problem by Lariviere and Porteus [Lariviere, M.A., Porteus, E.L., 2001. Selling to the newsvendor: An analysis of price-only contracts. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 3, 293–305]. This paper generalizes and extends their work, by establishing properties of the newsvendor demand distribution that guarantee monotonicity of the contract parameters, without requiring a unique contract solution.
On minimizing the largest eigenvalue of a symmetric matrix

Abstract Optimization problems involving eigenvalues arise in many engineering problems. In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the largest eigenvalue over an affine family of symmetric matrices. This problem has a variety of applications, such as the stability analysis of dynamic systems or the computation of structured singular values. Given ϵ ≥ 0, we give an optimality condition which ensures that the largest eigenvalue is within ϵ error bound of the solution. Also, a new line search rule is proposed, and it is shown to have good descent properties. When the multiplicity of the largest eigenvalue the solution is known, a new algorithm for the optimization problem under consideration is proposed. Some numerical experiments on the proposed algorithm are presented.
Molecular Structure Disassembly Program (MOSDAP): A Chemical Information Model To Automate Structure-Based Physical Property Estimation

Chemical information theory and molecular structure searching have long been used as computational aids to researchers in the pharmaceutical field to estimate molecular structure−property relationships and to assist in drug design. Tailored to these and other specific applications, such endeavors have been expensive to develop and typically are very specialized. Often, they are not readily available and are not a part of the open literature. Because the number of chemicals in commercial use is growing daily (with over 18 million molecular species now catalogued by Chemical Abstract Services), there is a need among engineers in the chemical process industries for predictive structure−property algorithms. The most common and useful methods are those based on group contribution that require only the chemical structure of interest. Unfortunately, each group contribution method typically has its own fragment library and specialized rules, making such models difficult to automate for general use by the engineer...
Some physical properties of Cerro Prieto cores

Abstract A number of physical properties of core samples taken from the general area of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field have been measured at elevated pressures and temperatures. Results are reported for compressional (P) and shear (S) wave velocities, permeability and thermal conductivities. Additional tests being run include formation resistivity factor, bulk and pore compressibilities, and thermal expansion. Most of the core samples used in the tests have been sent from the University of California Riverside project and, thus, mineralogical data are available for most of the cores. For the most part, the wells from which core samples were obtained were outside of the limits of geothermal development and, thus, the data may not be representative of formations within the present producing area. Core samples are from the same geologic formations, continental deltaic sediments derived from the Colorado River, and are taken from approximately the same depth as the producing wells. Shear and compressional wave velocities were measured on one core taken from well M-3 at a depth of 2395 m. Tests were run at temperatures of 25, 100 and 175°C over a pressure range of 500 – 10,000 psi with the core dry and fully saturated with brine. A considerable temperature effect was noted, both velocities decreasing with increased temperatures. Increase of velocity with pressure was close to that predicted by theory. Elastic moduli were calculated from the velocity data. It was noted that the ratios of values of Poisson's ratio may well serve as a means of detecting liquid-vapour interfaces if values of both P- and S- wave velocities were measured in wells. Permeabilities measured at elevated temperatures showed substantial decrease with increased temperature — as much as 70% reduction when the temperature is increased only to 155°C. Much of this decrease is recovered upon returning the sample to room temperature, there being about 25% permanent reduction. The cause of this permeability reduction with temperature is not fully understood but much of it is believed to be due to quartz — clay mineral reactions which are accentuated at the higher temperatures and stresses. Thermal conductivities of a large range of core types are being measured and will be reported in another paper. Results of this work are being compared with earlier correlations and modifications of these correlations are being made so that thermal properties may be predicted for other cores apart from Cerro Prieto and at other environmental conditions.
Metabolic Demand and Renal Mass Supply Affecting the Early Graft Function After Living Donor Kidney Transplantation

Metabolic demand and renal mass supply affecting the early graft function after living donor kidney transplantation. Background Graft mass has been demonstrated to be a determinant of outcome after kidney transplantation. An insufficient nephron might fail to meet the metabolic demands of the recipient and lead to hyperfiltration. Methods The study population was restricted to live donor transplants demonstrating immediate function that had neither ischemic injury, episodes of rejection, nor any complications that resulted in a functional decrease of the graft. The donated kidney was weighed just after cold flush, and the recipient's serum creatinine (Scr) was measured on a daily basis postoperatively. When the recipient's Scr reached the baseline, the recipient's 24-hour urine was collected for the amount of proteinuria (Upr), creatinine excretion (Ucr), and creatinine clearance (Ccr) calculation. As the parameters of the metabolic demands of donor and recipient, body weight, height, body surface area, lean body weight, and body mass index were noted. Pearson correlation and linear regression were carried out. Results The graft function, as measured by Scr, Ucr, and Upr, was not directly correlated with the graft weight but rather correlated with the ratios of graft weight to the parameters of recipient's metabolic demands. As recipient size increased, the metabolic demand has increased. The parameters of recipient's metabolic demands were directly correlated with Scr and Ucr, rather than with Upr. Conclusion During living donor and recipient matching, both the potential sizes of the donated kidney and the recipient should be considered in terms of the early graft function after transplantation.
Low-Cost Mobile Video-Based Iris Recognition for Small Databases

This paper presents a low-cost method for providing biometric verification for applications that do not require large database sizes. Existing portable iris recognition systems are typically self-contained and expensive. For some applications, low cost is more important than extremely discerning matching ability. In these instances, the proposed system could be implemented at low cost, with adequate matching performance for verification. Additionally, the proposed system could be used in conjunction with any image based biometric identification system. A prototype system was developed and tested on a small database, with promising preliminary results.