cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smog studies of the 1950s

Infrared spectroscopy with path lengths in air in excess of 100 meters was first applied to the study of air pollution at the Franklin Institute Laboratories in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1955. This paper is a personal account of the studies of the photochemistry of polluted air by this research group during the 1950s. In our first study, we verified the strange aspects of photochemical ozone formation as reported by A.J. Haagen-Smit. At the same time a new set of infrared bands appeared. It took several years to determine that these belonged to a previously unknown family of compounds called the peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs). They are toxic to plants, irritating to the eye, and (in liquid form) very explosive. We constructed a second infrared instrument in a laboratory trailer and took it to southern California in 1956. With this instrument, we verified laboratory findings on ozone and PAN chemistry in real polluted air, and it became evident that automobile exhaust was the dominant cause of photochemical smog. We then moved this infrared instrument to the University of California, Riverside, campus where an interdisciplinary study with plant scientists finally established PANs as the cause of “oxidant plant damage.”
PHASE SEPARATION AT ALL INTERACTION STRENGTHS IN THE T-J MODEL

We investigate the phase diagram of the two-dimensional t-J model using a recently developed Green's function Monte Carlo method for lattice fermions. We use the technique to calculate exact ground-state energies of the model on large lattices. In contrast to many previous studies, we find the model phase separates for all values of $J/t$. In particular, it is unstable at the hole dopings and interaction strengths at which the model was thought to describe the cuprate superconductors.
Attitudes towards microbicide use for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common reproductive tract infection (RTI) and is a significant risk factor for preterm birth. Microbicides could be an option for the prevention and treatment of BV in pregnancy, and understanding use of the product will be crucial. The present study explored attitudes of women in the third trimester of pregnancy regarding topical microbicide use for the prevention and treatment of BV. Methods: Twenty-six women in their third trimester were interviewed regarding their knowledge and beliefs about RTIs during pregnancy and attitudes concerning the use of topical microbicides for prevention and treatment of BV. Results: Participants had a mean age of 24.9 years, were largely under-represented minorities and the majority had had past pregnancies. Participants had knowledge and experience with RTIs but not BV. They were open to the use of microbicides for prevention or treatment of BV, but believed that women requiring treatment would be more motivated. Rationales for acceptability were most commonly related to the baby’s health. Practical issues that may interfere with use were often, but not always, related to pregnancy. There was a range of attitudes about partner involvement in decision-making and the practicalities of product use. Conclusion: Pregnant women are knowledgeable about RTIs but not necessarily BV. The women in this study found microbicide use acceptable, particularly for treatment. To improve acceptability and use, education would be needed about BV and possible complications, how to overcome practical problems and the value of involving partners in the decision.
Progressive-convergent elucidation of stereochemistry in complex polyols. The absolute configuration of (-)-sagittamide A.

The absolute stereostructure of sagittamide A (1), a O-hexacetyl long-chain hexahydroxy-α,ω-dicarboxylic acid, was assigned using a progressive−convergent approach that integrates three powerful regimens for stereochemical analysis of acyclic natural products: J-based analysis, 13C NMR universal database comparisons, and exciton coupling circular dichroism.
How Contracts Influence Trust and Distrust

Despite the scholarly interest in contracts and trust governing interorganizational relationships, an understanding of how contracts influence trust remains limited by the way in which the interaction between the two constructs is conceptualized. By bringing together recent advances in the literature on interorganizational governance, I consider (a) the controlling and the coordinating dimensions of formal contracts, (b) trust and distrust as two distinct constructs, and (c) both the calculative and noncalculative aspects behind the development of trust and distrust. Drawing upon information-processing theory, I develop a series of propositions about how each contractual dimension influences the development of trust and distrust by inducing specific information-processing and decision-making mechanisms. My theoretical analysis leads me to discuss the trade-offs inherent in governance choices, and I discuss the implications of my propositions for the literature on interorganizational governance mechanisms.
Detection of oligonucleotide duplex forms by ion-spray mass spectrometry

Abstract Three representative examples of duplex DNA, each eight base pairs in lenght, have been examined by ion-spray mass spectrometry. The ability to detect base-paired duplex ions in each case further indicates the use of this technique for monotoring noncovalent instructions in biological systems.
Perturbative renormalization of moments of quark momentum, helicity and transversity distributions with overlap and Wilson fermions

Abstract Using overlap as well as Wilson fermions, we have computed the one-loop renormalization factors of ten non-singlet operators which measure the third moment of quark momentum and helicity distributions (the lowest two having been computed in a previous paper), as well as the lowest three moments of the g 2 structure function and the lowest two non-trivial moments of the h 1 transversity structure function (plus the tensor charge). These factors are needed to extract physical observables from Monte Carlo simulations of the corresponding matrix elements. An exact chiral symmetry is maintained in our calculations with overlap fermions, and its most important consequence here is that the operators measuring g 2 do not show any of the power-divergent mixings with operators of lower dimension which are present in the Wilson case. Many of our results for Wilson fermions are also new; for the remaining ones, we agree with the literature except in one case. The computations have been carried out using the symbolic language FORM, in a general covariant gauge, which turns out also to be useful in checking the gauge-invariance of the final results.
CADRE: The CArma Data REduction pipeline

Abstract The Combined Array for Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) data reduction pipeline (CADRE) has been developed to give investigators a first look at a fully reduced set of their data. It runs automatically on all data produced by the telescope as they arrive in the CARMA data archive. CADRE is written in Python and uses Python wrappers for MIRIAD subroutines for direct access to the data. It goes through the typical reduction procedures for radio telescope array data and produces a set of continuum and spectral line maps in both MIRIAD and FITS format. CADRE has been in production for nearly two years and this paper presents the current capabilities and planned development.
L-Orthogonal Signal Transmission and Detection

This paper investigates the detail capabilities and performance characterization of systems that employ L -orthogonal signaling techniques. L -orthogonal signals represent a unified set of signals wherein the polyphase and orthogonal (biorthogonal) signal sets are included as special cases. This fact is important since orthogonal (biorthogonal) and polyphase signaling sets represent opposing forces as far as tradeoffs between error probability, energy-to-noise ratio, and bandwidth requirements are concerned. Bounds on the performance of the optimum receiver and the performance of various suboptimum (practical) receiver structures are given. Coherent and differentially encoded signals are also pursued. Various comparisons and tradeoffs are made by means of numerical evaluation of the error-probability expressions.
Particulate pollution trends in the United States

Abstract Particulates are one indicator of air quality. This paper estimates particulate production functions to study how particulates co-move with manufacturing activity. I study whether more regulated counties enjoy less pollution per unit of economic activity and whether particulate regulation displaces economic growth to less regulated areas.
Extensive Spiral Structure and Corotation Resonance

Spiral density wave theories demand that grand-design spiral structure be bounded, at most, between the inner and outer Lindblad resonances of the spiral pattern. The corotation resonance lies between the outer and the inner Lindblad resonances. The locations of the resonances are at radii whose ratios to each other are rather independent of the shape of the rotation curve. The measured ratio of outer to inner extent of spiral structure for a given spiral galaxy can be compared to the standard ratio of corotation to inner Lindblad resonance radius. In the case that the measured ratio far exceeds the standard ratio, it is likely that the corotation resonance is within the bright optical disk. Studying such galaxies can teach us how the action of resonances sculpts the appearance of spiral disks. This paper reports observations of 140 disk galaxies, leading to resonance ratio tests for 109 qualified spiral galaxies. It lists candidates that have a good chance of having the corotation resonance radius within the bright optical disk.
Novel Faraday cup for the simultaneous observation and measurement of ion‐beam currents

A novel Faraday cup is described which allows the simultaneous observation and measurement of ion‐beam currents. The Faraday cup is constructed around a Galileo channel electron multiplier array (CEMA), which serves as the basis of an internal image intensification system (a gain of ≳104) for the observation of the ion beam; the CEMA also acts as a collector for the ion current which is measured by a Keithley 602 electrometer. The ion current is integrated by a simple and inexpensive dosimeter; the electronic circuit for the dosimeter is described. The application of the Faraday cup to the observation and measurement of a 30‐keV Ar+ ion beam is presented as an illustrative example. We have also employed this Faraday cup to observe and measure 30‐keV Cr+, Mo+, or W+, and 18‐keV Au+ ion beams employed for the in situ irradiation of field‐ion microscope specimens.
Compressibility effects on the Rayleigh–Taylor instability growth between immiscible fluids

The linearized Navier–Stokes equations for a system of superposed immiscible compressible ideal fluids are analyzed. The results of the analysis reconcile the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of compressibility reported in the literature. It is shown that the growth rate n obtained for an inviscid, compressible flow in an infinite domain is bounded by the growth rates obtained for the corresponding incompressible flows with uniform and exponentially varying density. As the equilibrium pressure at the interface p∞ increases (less compressible flow), n increases towards the uniform density result, while as the ratio of specific heats γ increases (less compressible fluid), n decreases towards the exponentially varying density incompressible flow result. This remains valid in the presence of surface tension or for viscous fluids and the validity of the results is also discussed for finite size domains. The critical wavenumber imposed by the presence of surface tension is unaffected by compressibility. However, the results show that the surface tension modifies the sensitivity of the growth rate to a differential change in γ for the lower and upper fluids. For the viscous case, the linearized equations are solved numerically for different values of p∞ and γ. It is found that the largest differences compared with the incompressible cases are obtained at small Atwood numbers. The most unstable mode for the compressible case is also bounded by the most unstable modes corresponding to the two limiting incompressible cases.
Free boundary regularity in the optimal partial transport problem

In the optimal partial transport problem, one is asked to transport a fraction 0<m⩽min{‖f‖L1,‖g‖L1} of the mass of f=fχΩ onto g=gχΛ while minimizing a transportation cost. If f and g are bounded away from zero and infinity on strictly convex domains Ω and Λ, respectively, and if the cost is quadratic, then away from ∂(Ω∩Λ) the free boundaries of the active regions are shown to be Cloc1,α hypersurfaces up to a possible singular set. This improves and generalizes a result of Caffarelli and McCann (2010) [6] and solves a problem discussed by Figalli (2010) [8, Remark 4.15]. Moreover, a method is developed to estimate the Hausdorff dimension of the singular set: assuming Ω and Λ to be uniformly convex domains with C1,1 boundaries, we prove that the singular set is Hn−2 σ-finite in the general case and Hn−2 finite if Ω and Λ are separated by a hyperplane.
Fault diagnosis for a turbine engine

Abstract Fault detection and diagnosis for jet engines is complicated by the presence of engine-to-engine manufacturing differences and engine deterioration during normal operation, the complexity of an accurate engine model, and our inability to directly measure certain engine variables. Here, we work with a sophisticated component level model (CLM) simulation of a turbine engine (the General Electric XTE46) that can simulate the effects of manufacturing and deterioration differences, in addition to a variety of faults. To develop a fault diagnosis system we begin by using the CLM to generate data that is used by a Levenberg–Marquardt method to train a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system to represent the engine. The resulting nonlinear model provides a reasonably accurate representation of manufacturing differences, engine deterioration, and fault effects. We use multiple copies of this nonlinear model, each representing a different fault, to generate error residuals by comparing them to the engine output. In fact, we manage the composition of the set of models with a “supervisor” that ensures that the appropriate models are on-line, and processes the error residuals to detect and identify faults. Robustness and fault sensitivity of the proposed approach are studied in the paper and the component model level simulation of the XTE46 engine is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the fault diagnosis scheme.
Mariner IV midcourse propulsion system impulse and accuracy prediction.

Mariner IV midcourse 50-lb thrust pressure- controlled monopropellant hydrazine propellant system, predicting impulse and velocity error as function of burn time
Nonlinear Tax Structures and Endogenous Growth

The growth implications of a nonlinear tax structure are investigated. The interest here is on the distortionary not the redistributive effects of taxation on economic growth. The study finds two results. First, the inclusion of a nonlinear tax structure into an Ak growth model introduces the convergence behavior of the neoclassical growth model while retaining the steady-state growth properties of the Ak model. Second, a tax structure that is more progressive through time will lower the transitional growth rate and raise the speed of convergence. Therefore, it is suggested that the tax structure may be another source of observed differences in per capita growth rates.
Revised Prediction of Seasonal Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity from 1 August

Predictions of the remainder of the season’s Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity from 1 August have been issued by Gray and his colleagues at the Tropical Meteorology Project at Colorado State University since 1984. The original 1 August prediction scheme utilized several predictors, including measures of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), West African rainfall, El Nino–Southern Oscillation, and the sea level pressure anomaly and upper-tropospheric zonal wind anomalies in the Caribbean basin. The recent failure of the West African rainfall and QBO relationships with Atlantic hurricanes has led to a general degradation of the original 1 August forecast scheme in recent years. It was decided to revise the scheme using only surface data. The development of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction– National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis has provided a vast wealth of globally gridded meteorological and oceanic data from 1948 to the present. In addition, other datasets have been extended back even further (to 1900), which allows for a large independent dataset. These longer-period datasets allow for an extended period of testing of the new statistical forecast scheme. A new prediction scheme has been developed on data from 1949 to 1989 and then tested on two independent datasets. One of these datasets is the 16-yr period from 1990 to 2005, and the other dataset is from 1900 to 1948. This allows for an investigation of the statistical significance over various time periods. The statistical scheme shows remarkable stability over an entire century. The combination of these four predictors explains between 45% and 60% of the variance in net tropical cyclone activity over the following separate time periods: 1900–48, 1949–89, 1949–2005, and 1900–2005. The forecast scheme also shows considerable skill as a potential predictor for giving the probabilities of United States landfall. Large differences in U.S. major hurricane landfall are also observed between forecasts that call for active seasons compared with those that call for inactive seasons.
Amidyl radicals from N-(phenylthio)amides

Abstract Preparations on N-(phenylthio)amides from secondary amides are described, and these species are shown to be efficient precursors for amidyl radicals in Bu3SnH mediated reactions; cyclizations of δ,e-unsaturated amidyl radicals from these precursors and their use in measurement of relative rate constants are reported.
Deregulation and Consumption: Saving Dynamics in the Nordic Countries

Changes in saving behavior brought about by financial liberalization in the Nordic countries are examined. Although this paper suggests that there have been changes in the economic relationships in Denmark and Finland, the evidence from Norway is less conclusive, and the data do not reveal any structural change in Sweden. The results also indicate that the wealth effect has played an increasing role in household saving decisions. Since the present tax rules are biased against saving, cuts in marginal tax rates and reductions in the tax value of interest payments would be expected to increase household saving.
GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN BIOLOGY: BEYOND TOXICITY TO CELLULAR IMAGING

Gold, enigmatically represented by the target-like design of its ancient alchemical symbol, has been considered a mystical material of great value for centuries. Nanoscale particles of gold now command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications. Depending on their size, shape, degree of aggregation, and local environment, gold nanoparticles can appear red, blue, or other colors. These visible colors reflect the underlying coherent oscillations of conduction-band electrons (“plasmons”) upon irradiation with light of appropriate wavelengths. These plasmons underlie the intense absorption and elastic scattering of light, which in turn forms the basis for many biological sensing and imaging applications of gold nanoparticles. The brilliant elastic light-scattering properties of gold nanoparticles are sufficient to detect individual nanoparticles in a visible light microscope with ∼102 nm spatial resolution. Despite the great excitement about the potential uses of gold nanoparticles for medical diag...
Lindley's Paradox

(1982). Lindley's Paradox. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 77, No. 378, pp. 325-334.
SYNTHESIS OF (-)-ISONITRIN B

The first enantioselective synthesis of (−)-isonitrin B (2), the parent of a small family of isonitrile antibiotics having compact but highly functionalized (and highly reactive) cyclopentane rings, is described. They key in this synthesis is the cyclization of 5b to 4b, by way of the intermediate alkylidene carbene.
A Specification Test for Speculative Bubbles

The set of parameters needed to calculate the expected present discounted value of a stream of dividends can be estimated in two ways. One may test for speculative bubbles, or fads, by testing whether the two estimates are the same. When the test is applied to some annual U. S. stock market data, the data usually reject the null hypothesis of no bubbles. The test is of general interest, since it may be applied to a wide class of linear rational expectations models.
Modelling a single phase, voltage controlled rectifier using Laplace transforms

The development of a 20 kHz, AC power system by NASA for large space projects has spurred a need to develop models for the equipment which will be used on these single phase systems. To date, models for the AC source (i.e., inverters) have been developed. A method is developed to model the single phase voltage controlled rectifiers which will be attached to the AC power grid as an interface for connected loads. A modified version of EPRI's HARMFLO program is used as the shell for these models. The results obtained from the model developed are quite adequate for the analysis of problems such as voltage resonance. The unique technique presented uses the Laplace transforms to determine the harmonic content of the load current of the rectifier rather than a curve fitting technique. Laplace transforms yield the coefficients of the differential equations which model the line current to the rectifier directly. >
Evaluation of 5 mm-thick CdTe detectors from the company Acrorad

Using 2/spl times/2/spl times/0.5 cm/sup 3/ cadmium telluride (CdTe) substrates from the company Acrorad, we have fabricated detectors with planar cathode contacts and 8/spl times/8 anode pixels. We investigate the I-V characteristics and energy resolution of the detectors for different contact materials and surface treatments. After biasing the detectors for a certain time, the dark currents increase dramatically. Our studies show that the time before breakdown decreases for higher detector temperatures and for higher applied bias voltages. We obtained the best results with a Pt cathode contact and In anode pixels when we heat the detector to 90/spl deg/C for 30 minutes prior to depositing the In contacts. Flood-illuminating the detector with 662 keV X-rays, we measured the pulse length distribution and derived an electron mobility of /spl sim/860 cm/sup 2/ V/sup -1/s/sup -1/. We show that the energy resolution can be improved by correcting the anode signals for the depth of the primary interaction. Operated at a temperature of -40/spl deg/C and a cathode bias voltage of -500 V, the best pixels of the best detector achieved full width half maximum (FWHM) energy resolutions of 8 keV (6.4%) and 23 keV (3.4%) at 122 keV and 662 keV, respectively.
Gymnangiamide, a Cytotoxic Pentapeptide from the Marine Hydroid Gymnangium regae

A cytotoxic aqueous extract from the marine hydroid Gymnangium regae provided a novel linear pentapeptide, designated gymnangiamide (1). The planar structure of 1 was elucidated by interpretation of spectral data as well as chemical degradation and derivatization studies. In addition to the amino acids isoleucine and phenylserine, this peptide contained N-desmethyldolaisoleuine, O-desmethyldolaproine, and α-guanidino serine, three residues that have not previously been reported in a natural product. The absolute configurations of the constituent amino/guanidino acids were determined by chemical degradation and derivatization, followed by HPLC and LC-MS comparison with authentic standards. Gymnangiamide (1) was moderately cytotoxic against a number of human tumor cell lines in vitro.
Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain

How similar are the experiences of social rejection and physical pain? Extant research suggests that a network of brain regions that support the affective but not the sensory components of physical pain underlie both experiences. Here we demonstrate that when rejection is powerfully elicited--by having people who recently experienced an unwanted break-up view a photograph of their ex-partner as they think about being rejected--areas that support the sensory components of physical pain (secondary somatosensory cortex; dorsal posterior insula) become active. We demonstrate the overlap between social rejection and physical pain in these areas by comparing both conditions in the same individuals using functional MRI. We further demonstrate the specificity of the secondary somatosensory cortex and dorsal posterior insula activity to physical pain by comparing activated locations in our study with a database of over 500 published studies. Activation in these regions was highly diagnostic of physical pain, with positive predictive values up to 88%. These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection "hurts." They demonstrate that rejection and physical pain are similar not only in that they are both distressing--they share a common somatosensory representation as well.
On Monoculture and the Structure of Crop Rotations

An issue when seeking to identify rotation choice is persistence in yield-enhancement and input-saving carry-over effects. Focusing on carry-over length and the monoculture decision, we use quasi-convexity of choice functions to develop price-independent and price-dependent principles concerning rotation structure. Iowa corn-soybean rotation data suggest corn has one-year memory. For corn, soybeans in the prior year is yield increasing (16.5 bu./ac.) and nitrogen saving (51 lb./ac.). The hypothesis that soybean has two-year memory cannot be rejected. Corn in the prior year (two years) increases yield by 7 bu./ac. (11.6 bu./ac.). We simulate to find price and practice subsidy levels that support different rotations.
Is the Taxable Income Elasticity Sufficient to Calculate Deadweight Loss? The Implications of Evasion and Avoidance

Since Feldstein (1999), the most widely used method of calculating the excess burden of income taxation is to estimate the eect of tax rates on reported taxable income. Feld- stein's taxable income formula for deadweight loss implicitly assumes that the marginal social cost of evasion and avoidance equals the tax rate. This paper argues that this condition is likely to be violated in practice for two reasons. First, some of the costs of evasion and avoidance are transfers to other agents in the economy rather than real resource costs. Second, some individuals overestimate the costs of evasion and avoid- ance. I show that, in such situations, excess burden depends on a weighted average of the taxable income and total earned income elasticities, with the weight determined by the resource cost of sheltering income from taxation. This generalized formula implies that the e¢ ciency cost of taxing high income individuals is not necessarily large despite evidence that their reported incomes are highly sensitive to marginal tax rates.
Analytical tools for space-time codes over quasi-static fading channels

This paper proposes effective ways to reduce the complexity of computing the distance spectrum of space-time trellis codes. First the notion of Voronoi neighborhood is extended to space-time trellis codes. Next, only simple error events are used, then a stack algorithm is used to further reduce complexity. The obtained reduced spectra are then used in conjunction with some previously proposed upper bounds to predict the performance of some published codes over quasi-static fading channels. Of interest are published space-time codes for which only tentative performance characterization has been proposed so far. The numerical results show that indeed the performance of these codes only depends on their distance spectrum and that remarkably tight bounds can be obtained.
Direct α-Arylation of Ethers through the Combination of Photoredox-Mediated C ? H Functionalization and the Minisci Reaction

The direct α-arylation of cyclic and acyclic ethers with heteroarenes has been accomplished through the design of a photoredox-mediated CH functionalization pathway. Transiently generated α-oxyalkyl radicals, produced from a variety of widely available ethers through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), were coupled with a range of electron-deficient heteroarenes in a Minisci-type mechanism. This mild, visible-light-driven protocol allows direct access to medicinal pharmacophores of broad utility using feedstock substrates and a commercial photocatalyst.
Cover Crops, Mulch Lower Night Temperatures in Citrus

Winter often brings cold temperatures that can damage fruit or foliage in the San Joaquin Valley, posing an economic threat to citrus producers. Our experiments show that cover crops or mulch can lower minimum nighttime temperatures 0.90F to 2.20F in orchards, increasing the threat of freeze (frost) damage. Wind machines are typically used to protect commercial acreage from frost by mixing warmer air aloft with colder air near the surface, thus maintaining warmer minimum temperatures within the orchard. In locations where wind machines are not cost effective, management of the orchard floor is even more important. By using temperature forecast models that adjust for cover crops and mulches, growers can use wind machines more efficiently. Regardless, the decision to use cover crops must take into account all of their cultural benefits and drawbacks.
A Non-Messing-Up Phenomenon for Posets

We classify nite posets with a particular sorting property, generalizing a result for rectangular arrays. Each poset is covered by two sets of disjoint saturated chains such that, for any original labeling, after sorting the labels along both sets of chains, the labels of the chains in the rst set remain sorted. We also characterize posets with more restrictive sorting properties.
Spatial and Transportation Mismatch in Los Angeles

One of the most salient characteristics of poor urban neighborhoods is poor labor-market outcomes. Since its conceptualization in the late 1960's, the spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH) has been cited to explain the employment problems encountered by residents of disadvantaged urban communities. Scholars have noted an increasing geographic separation between job opportunities and low-income minorities, many of whom have remained trapped in inner-city ghettos and barrios while jobs have decentralized into the suburbs. Physical distance, then, has been recognized as an employment barrier. Spatial mismatch has also been tied to the development of underclass neighborhoods - those where at least two-fifths of the residents fall below the poverty line. These communities have experienced an exodus of the middle-class, which in turn has weakened community institutions and social networks, created a paucity of positive role models, and devastated neighborhood economies. Empirical studies have found that spatial mismatch adversely impacts labor-market outcomes for African Americans in older cities, but the hypothesis may not be relevant for all disadvantaged urban neighborhoods.
On constructing DAG‐schedules with large areas

Summary The Area of a schedule Σ for a directed acyclic graph (DAG) G is a quality metric that measures the rate at which Σ renders G's nodes eligible for execution. Specifically, AREA(Σ) is the average number of nodes of G that are eligible for execution as Σ executes G node by node. Extensive simulations suggest that, for many distributions of processor availability and power, DAG-schedules having larger Areas execute DAGs faster on platforms that are dynamically heterogeneous: the platform's processors change power and availability status in unpredictable ways and at unpredictable times. (Clouds and desktop grids exemplify such platforms.) While Area-maximal schedules can provably be found for everyDAG, efficient generators of such schedules are known only for families of well-structured DAGs. Our first result shows that the problem of crafting Area-maximal schedules for general DAGs is NP-complete, hence likely computationally intractable. We also provide an efficient algorithm that approximates optimal Area to within a factor of 1/(2n), where n is the number of tasks in the DAG—a factor that is likely interesting only for small DAGs. The lack of efficient Area-maximizing schedulers for general DAGs has instigated the development of several heuristics for producing DAG-schedules that have large Areas. We propose a novel polynomial-time heuristic that produces schedules having quite large Areas; the heuristic is based on the Sidney decomposition of a DAG. (1) Simulations on DAGs having random structure yield the following results. The SIDNEY heuristic produces schedules whose Areas: (a) are at least 85% of maximal; and (b) are at least 1.25 times greater than previously known heuristics. (2) Simulations on DAGs having the structure of random LEGO®;DAGs (as formulated in earlier studies) indicate that the schedules produced by the SIDNEY heuristic have Areas that are at least 1.5 times greater than previously known heuristics. The ‘85%’ result is obtained from formulating the Area-maximization problem as a linear program (LP); the Areas of DAG-schedules produced by the SIDNEY heuristic are at least 85% of the Area value produced by the (unrounded) LP. (3) The reported results on random DAGs are essentially matched by a second heuristic, which produces DAG-schedules by rounding the results of the LP formulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Falling Walls and Lifting Curtains: Analysis of Border Effects in Transition Countries

Since McCallum's (1995) finding of surprisingly high border effects on trade between the US and Canada, there have been a number of studies on other parts of the world, and improvements made to the gravity model to measure this effect accurately. This paper suggests some other modifications to the model, and applies it to a region of the world that presents a distinctly interesting case. Changes in border effects of formerly socialist countries in Central and East Europe, and countries in the former Soviet Union are analyzed during 1976–2002 at country and sectoral levels, and also with respect to blocs of countries. A discussion on cross-country variations in border effects follows the computations.
The Particle number in Galilean holography

Recently, gravity duals for certain Galilean-invariant conformal field theories have been constructed. In this paper, we point out that the spectrum of the particle number operator in the examples found so far is not a necessary consequence of the existence of a gravity dual. We record some progress towards more realistic spectra. In particular, we construct bulk systems with asymptotic Schrodinger symmetry and only one extra dimension. In examples, we find solutions which describe these Schrodinger-symmetric systems at finite density. A lift to M-theory is used to resolve a curvature singularity. As a happy byproduct of this analysis, we realize a state which could be called a holographic Mott insulator.
Mergers Among German Cooperative Banks: A Panel-based Stochastic Frontier Analysis

Based on an unbalanced panel of all Bavarian cooperative banks for the years of 1989--97, which includes information on 283 mergers, we analyze motives and cost effects of small-scale mergers in German banking. Estimating a frontier cost function with a time-variable stochastic efficiency term, we show that positive scale and scope effects from a merger arise only if the merged unit closes part of the former branch network. When we compare actual mergers to a simulation of hypothetical mergers, size effects of observed mergers turn out to be slightly more favorable than for all possible mergers. Banks taken over by others are less efficient than the average bank in the same size class, but exhibit, on average, the same efficiency as the acquiring firms. For the post-merger phase, our empirical results provide no evidence for efficiency gains from merging, but point instead to a leveling off of differences among the merging units.
Energy- and Performance-Driven NoC Communication Architecture Synthesis Using a Decomposition Approach

In this paper, we present a methodology for customized communication architecture synthesis that matches the communication requirements of the target application. This is an important problem, particularly for network-based implementations of complex applications. Our approach is based on using frequently encountered generic communication primitives as an alphabet capable of characterizing any given communication pattern. The proposed algorithm searches through the entire design space for a solution that minimizes the system total energy consumption, while satisfying the other design constraints. Compared to the standard mesh architecture, the customized architecture generated by the newly proposed approach shows about 36% throughput increase and 51% reduction in the energy required to encrypt 128 bits of data with a standard encryption algorithm.
Generation of cations from alkoxides: allylation of propargyl alcohols.

The reaction of alkoxides with boron trichloride results in the generation of cations in the absence of Bronsted acids. The absence of a Bronsted acid can make a difference in subsequent transformations such as allylation reactions.
Numerical optimization study of multiple‐pass aeroassisted orbital transfer

SUMMARY A direct transcription method is applied to the problem of multiple-pass aeroassisted orbital transfer from geostationary orbit to low Earth orbit with a large inclination change. The objective is to provide minimum-impulse requirements and corresponding optimal trajectories for a gliding vehicle with a high lift-to-drag ratio subject to constraints on heating rate, angle of attack, and transfer time. The multiplepass aeroassisted orbital transfer problem is set up as a multi-phase optimal control problem. All relevant parameters, including de-orbiting, intermediate, and circularizing impulses, are optimized. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State of the Art Review: The Data Revolution in Critical Care

Many recent articles highlight the data revolution in healthcare, an offshoot of the vast amount of digital medical information that has now accumulated in electronic medical records (EMRs), and present it as an opportunity to create a ‘learning healthcare system’. The generally proposed vision is for a population data-driven knowledge system that generalizes from every patient’s life, disease and treatment experiences to impute the best course of action for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of future patients.
Estimation of Multiple-Regime Regressions with Least Absolutes Deviation

This paper considers least absolute deviations estimation of a regression model with multiple change points occurring at unknown times. Some asymptotic results, including rates of convergence and asymptotic distributions, for the estimated change points and the estimated regression coefficient are derived. Results are obtained without assuming that each regime spans a positive fraction of the sample size. In addition, the number of change points is allowed to grow as the sample size increases. Estimation of the number of change points is also considered. A feasible computational algorithm is developed. An application is also given, along with some Monte Carlo simulations.
Coplanar waveguide fed phased array antenna

A K-band four-element linear phased array of printed dipole antennas has been designed and tested. This array radiates in the end fire direction and is suitable for large two-dimensional arrays. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) is used for the microwave distribution system. A CPW to twin strip transition is used to interface with the printed dipole antennas. MMIC (microwave monolithic integrated circuit) phased shifters are used for phase control. This array demonstrates the advantages of CPW for MMIC integration and microwave signal distribution. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are excellent. >
Wyner–Ziv Coding Over Broadcast Channels: Digital Schemes

This paper addresses lossy transmission of a common source over a broadcast channel when there is correlated side information at the receivers, with emphasis on the quadratic Gaussian and binary Hamming cases. A digital scheme that combines ideas from the lossless version of the problem, i.e., Slepian-Wolf coding over broadcast channels, and dirty paper coding, is presented and analyzed. This scheme uses layered coding where the common layer information is intended for both receivers and the refinement information is destined only for one receiver. For the quadratic Gaussian case, a quantity characterizing the combined quality of each receiver is identified in terms of channel and side information parameters. It is shown that it is more advantageous to send the refinement information to the receiver with ?better? combined quality. In the case where all receivers have the same overall quality, the presented scheme becomes optimal. Unlike its lossless counterpart, however, the problem eludes a complete characterization.
Analysis of uncoordinated opportunistic two-hop wireless ad hoc systems

We consider a time-slotted two-hop wireless system in which the sources transmit to the relays in the even time slots (first hop) and the relays forward the packets to the destinations in the odd time slots (second hop). Each source may connect to multiple relays in the first hop. In the presence of interference and without tight coordination of the relays, it is not clear which relays should transmit the packet. We propose four decentralized methods of relay selection, some based on location information and others based on the received signal strength (RSS).We provide a complete analytical characterization of these methods using tools from stochastic geometry. We use simulation results to compare these methods in terms of end-to-end success probability.
Core allocations and small income transfers

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Department of Economics Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a Working Paper 8 621 CORE ALLOCATIONS AND SMALL INCOME TRANSFERS Robert M. Anderson December 23, 1986 Key words: Core, Walrasian equilibrium, approximate equilibrium, non- convex preferences, Shapley-Folkman theorem, income t r a n s f e r s , gap-minimizing p r i c e s . Abstract We show that, given any allocation / i n the core of an exchange economy, we can find small income transfers and a Walrasian allocation / most agents are indifferent between / and / . A A relative to the transfers such that In addition, we can find small income transfers and an approximate Walrasian allocation / relative to the transfers such that all agents are indifferent between / and / . JEL C l a s s i f i c a t i o n :
Just a Spoonful of Sugar: Drug Safety for Pediatric Populations

Children deserve optimal medical care. Although prescription drugs play a prominent and essential role in pediatric health care delivery, health care providers often must make prescribing decisions for their young patients based on imperfect or absent safety and efficacy data for pediatric populations. The safe and effective use of prescription drugs in children depends on a thorough understanding of the physiologic differences between children and adults. Currently, only one-third of drugs prescribed to children have been studied for safety and efficacy in pediatric populations. Until relatively recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made surprisingly little effort to improve the quality or quantity of clinical research data for this patient group. Recent agency efforts to encourage pediatric drug research have generated mixed results and created unintended consequences. The development, prescribing, and safety evaluation of prescription drugs for children will require that the FDA and health care providers examine current practices, acknowledge their shortcomings, and consider creative solutions to the challenges associated with gathering additional data through pediatric drug research.
An economic analysis of the impacts of trade liberalization on Asian dairy market

Abstract This paper develops an economic analysis of the impacts of further trade liberalization scenarios on Asian dairy markets, using a world dairy model incorporating both vertical and spatial characteristics of the world dairy sector. Japan and Korea’ producers will suffer much bigger losses from trade liberalization than other countries in the region; Japan and Korea’s producers get much more protection from trade distortions than from domestic subsidy. India is a potential competitive exporter if Asia is liberalized. China and India are potential competitive exporters under global free trade. South East Asia and other South Asian countries remain importers under free trade. Greater trade liberalization around the world increases exports for potential exporters and/or ease importing pressure for potential importers. The increasing order of competitiveness of Asian dairy economies sectors is found to be Japan, Korea, South East Asia, other South Asia, China and India. China and India consumers would lose from world trade liberalization, but the other countries’ consumer surplus will increase.
Magnetoelectric complex-oxide heterostructures

A short review of recent progress in the field of multiferroic thin films and heterostructures is given. We focus on the bismuth iron oxide system due to its desirable properties, namely high ferroelectric Curie temperature and antiferromagnetic Neel temperature. Epitaxial growth of this model system in various crystallographic orientations has conclusively demonstrated the large ferroelectric polarization in this system. Piezoforce microscopy reveal a complex domain structure, especially on (100) SrTiO3 substrates. Electrical switching experiments show the co-existence of 71°, 109° and 180° domain switching mechanisms in such films. Preliminary work has shown promise for electrically controllable exchange bias in ferromagnet–multiferroic heterostructures.
Growth mechanism of superconducting MgB2 films prepared by various methods

The growth mechanisms of MgB2 films obtained by different methods on various substrates are comparably studied by transport measurements and scanning electron microscopy observations. The analyzed films include those prepared by ex situ postanneal with Tc0 ˜38.8 K and those from in situ anneal with Tc0 ˜24 K. It is clearly observed that the films obtained by the high-temperature reaction of e-beam evaporated B with Mg vapor are formed by the nucleation of independent MgB2 grains at the film surface, indicating that this approach may not be suitable to obtain epitaxial films. A significant oxygen contamination was also present in films obtained from pulsed-laser-deposition-grown precursors, which drag the Tc0 down to 24 K.
Modeling Dynamic Effects in Repeated-Measures Experiments Involving Preference/Choice: An Illustration Involving Stated Preference Analysis.

Preference structures that underlie survey orexperimental responses may systematically varyduring the administration of such measurement.Maturation, learning, fatigue, and responsestrategy shifts may all affect the sequentialelicitation of respondent preferences at differentpoints in the survey or experiment. Theconsequence of this phenomenon is that responsesand effects can vary systematically within the dataset. To capture these structural changes, the authorspresent a maximum likelihood–based change-pointmultiple regression methodology that explicitlydetects discrete structural changes at various pointsin time/sequence in regression coefficients bysimultaneously estimating the number of changepoints, their location and duration in the sequenceof data points, and the respective regressioncoefficients for each subset of the data defined bythe change points. An application involving astated preference or conjoint analyses study ofstudent apartment choices illustratesthat the structure of preferences chang...