cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode-to-mode vibrational energy flow in S1 benzene☆

Abstract Resolved fluorescence spectra from low pressures of benzene with nine added gases have been used to follow mode-to-mode vibrational relaxation in the S 1 state of benzene under “single-collision” conditions. Cw pumping of the S 1 fundamental 6 1 (ν″ 6 = 522 cm −1 ) allows study of collisional vibrational energy flow into each of four channels. Two channels consist of flow into single levels, and the others represent flow into unresolved pairs of levels. The mode-to-mode cross sections are much larger than those usually observed in ground electronic states, being near gas kinetic even for partners transferring energy by VT, R processes alone. The mode-to-mode transfer has highly specific patterns, with roughly seventy percent of the transfer going into the four channels in spite of many other nearby levels. The largest cross sections are always to a level 237 cm −1 above the initial level rather than to a level nearly resonant (Δ E = 7 cm −1 ) with the initia l level. A common pattern of flow occurs for the four gases transferring energy by VT, R processes alone, and another common pattern is established for the five gases which can also use VV transfers. With the exception of one channel, VV resonances with vibrationally complex partners increase cross sections by less than a factor of two over that provided by the VT, R path. VV transfers have a similarly small effect on the overall vibrational relaxation rate out of the initial level 6 1 . Both the flow patterns and the VV versus VT, R competitions are accounted for with an extremely simple and general set of propensity rules taken directly from SSH calculations made by others for vibrational relaxation in ground electronic states. The rules are based on the degeneracies of the final levels, the number of vibrational quantum changes, and the amount of energy exchanged between vibrational and translational/rotational degrees of freedom. The rules seem general to relaxation in both ground and excited electronic states, whereas large cross sections seem a special property of the excited state. The cross sections for collision partners SF 6 and perfluorohexane are small relative to those for other partners with similar vibrational complexity and mass.
Loop expansion in massless three-dimensional QED

It is shown how the loop expansion in massless three-dimensional QED can be made finite, up to three loops, by absorbing the infrared divergences in a gauge-fixing term. The same method removes leading and first subleading singularities to all orders of perturbation theory, and all singularities of the fermion self-energy to four loops.
Updating a 12-year experience with arrest and reversal therapy for coronary heart disease (an overdue requiem for palliative cardiology).

Modern cardiology has given up on curing heart disease. Its aggressive interventions— coronary artery bypass graft, atherectomy, angioplasty, and stenting— do not reduce the frequency of new heart attacks or prolong survival except in small subsets of patients.1 For most patients these procedures do not treat life-threatening plaques. 1,2 Thus, it is clear that the goal of cardiology has become the relief of pain and unpleasant symptoms in the face of progressive disability and often death from disease. It is time to call this approach by its true name: palliative cardiology. It is also time to acknowledge that this approach is not the only alternative for our patients. In this article, I will present converging lines of evidence (many of them well-known and universally accepted) reiterating that when serum cholesterol levels are maintained ,150 mg/dl, coronary artery disease is practically nonexistent. 3,4 In a small group of my own patients, a 12-year follow-up shows prospective data confirming that a low-fat diet and lipidlowering medication causes disease to halt or regress. I will also show that this fact can—and must— be made on the basis of a truly curative cardiology that prevents, halts, and selectively reverses heart disease. Although coronary artery disease is the leading killer of men and women in the USA, it is rarely encountered in cultures that base their nutrition primarily on grains, legumes, lentils, vegetables, and fruit.3,4 In the Framingham study, people with cholesterol levels between 150 and 200 mg/dl accounted for 35% of those with coronary heart disease, but among those with levels ,150 mg/dl, the disease was rarely encountered.5,6 For over a decade it has been known that sufficient reduction of lipids may arrest and, in some cases, reverse coronary artery disease.7 An analysis of 35 cholesterol-lowering studies confirms that the benefits are directly related to the degree of cholesterol reduction.8 This was dramatically confirmed when the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study of cholesterol reduction in .6,500 persons had to be prematurely stopped because of high mortality among controls, who had an average total cholesterol of 221 mg/dl.9 During follow-up (mean 5.2 years), there were 95 new myocardial infarctions in the control group and 57 in the treated group. Modern cardiology identifies patients with coronary heart disease through history, physical examination, and stress studies. Coronary angiography is usually performed. Patients with .70% diameter stenosis often receive aggressive, invasive interventions, including coronary artery bypass grafts, atherectomy, angioplasty, or stenting. Radiation may be added to decrease restenosis after angioplasty, and drugs are prescribed to decrease clotting. These are some of the reasons why the USA spends over a quarter of a trillion dollars a year on heart disease. 10 (In contrast, Canada, with fewer interventions, achieves equivalent survival rates in older patients with coronary artery disease. 11 )
Planning for motherhood: fertility attitudes, desires and intentions among women with disabilities.

CONTEXT: An estimated 10% of U.S. women of reproductive age report a current disability; however the relationship between disability motherhood attitudes and fertility intentions among these women is largely unknown. METHODS: Data from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth were used to examine attitudes toward motherhood and fertility intentions among 10782 U.S. women aged 15-44. A series of regression models assessed separately for mothers and childless women associations between disability status and womens attitudes and intentions. RESULTS: Women with and without disabilities held similar attitudes toward motherhood. Among women without children women with and without disabilities were equally likely to want a child and equally likely to intend to have one. However childless women with disabilities who wanted and intended to have a child were more likely to report uncertainty about those intentions than were childless women without disabilities (odds ratio 1.7). Mothers with disabilities were more likely to want another child (1.5) but less likely to intend to have a child (0.5) than were mothers without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Deepening understanding of the reproductive health desires needs and challenges of women with disabilities is essential if the highest quality reproductive health services are to be provided for all. Copyright (c) 2014 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Advances in color matching

Recent advances in color matching have been driven by the market demand for high-quality esthetic restorations. Improved shade guides, availability of shade-taking devices, and research in the area of human color vision have improved the potential of clinicians to achieve excellent color-matched restorations. A thorough understanding of appearance attributes of natural teeth is required along with these new tools to maximize shade-matching results.
Echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula

The echocardiographic and perfusion scintigraphic evaluation of an adolescent boy with a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is reported. Contrast echocardiography following the rapid intravenous injection of indocyanine green dye was utilized to document extracardiac right-to-left shunting. Perfusion lung scintigraphy demonstrated the presence of a single large pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Contrast echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy are minimally invasive, safe and easily performed techniques for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.
Model Concepts to Express Genetic Differences in Maize Yield Components

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is closely related to kernel number per unit area. The quantification of genetic differences among maize cultivars to kernel number plant -1 (KNP) is critical for accurate yield simulation but remains one of the less accurate components of yield modeling. Our objective was to document the recently published KNP data and revise CERES Maize model (V3.5). The duration of a critical window for KNP simulation was 327°C days (227°C days before and 100°C days after silking-base temperature 8°C) when ears actively grew. The KNP was curvilinearly related to cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation plant -1 (CIPAR) during the critical window. Potential kernel ear -1 and kernel produced per unit CIPAR were the genetic coefficients needed to simulate KNP. Apical ears produced maximum KNP at a plateau CIPAR of 64 MJ, and prolific hybrids produced secondary ears when CIPAR exceeded 64 MJ. The genetic differences in prolificacy in low plant density were expressed by another coefficient. Below a threshold CIPAR of 11 MJ, all plants were barren, and a barrenness coefficient expressed genetic differences among old and modern hybrids to produce KNP in high plant density. Sensitivity analysis with limited testing indicated that the revised model simulated yield reasonably well [root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.63 Mg ha -1 ] compared with the original model (RMSE = 1.25 Mg ha -1 ) across a wide range of plant densities. However, rigorous testing of the model will be required to gain greater confidence in the proposed concepts.
Studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tube of certain teleost fishes II. A minnow (Campostoma anomalum)

This paper presents a study of the normal histology of the digestive tract of an herbivorous teleost, the minnow Campostoma anomalum (Raflnesque). The tunics of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and intestine are described; particular attention is given to the mucosa because of the specializations occurring in that coat, such as taste buds, goblet cells, callous pad, etc. Because of the very decided anatomical and histological differences existing between the anterior and posterior regions of the pharynx, due to the presence of a callous pad and pharyngeal teeth, it has been deemed advisable to consider the pharynx as divisible into an anterior and a posterior region. Thyroid tissue was found in the submucosa of the anterior pharynx. No gastric epithelium was demonstrated, the ‘intestinal bulb,’ the only enlargement of the coelomic portion of the digestive tube, being lined with epithelium presenting only minor differences from that found in the coiled tubular intestine.
Effects of two instructional approaches on skill development, knowledge, and game performance.

Two instructional approaches that have been of interest in promoting sport have been the Sport Education Model (SEM) and the Traditional Style (TS) of teaching physical education. The purpose of this study was to investigate how SEM and TS would affect skill development, knowledge, and game performance for volleyball at the secondary level. A 2 × 3 (group × time) research design was utilized on 47 secondary students testing volleyball skills, knowledge, and game performance. Participants were placed in either the SEM or the TS via stratified randomization, and then were tested pre, mid, and post intervention through the 20-lesson volleyball unit. The 2 × 3 repeated measures Analysis of Variances (ANOVAs) with Bonferroni correction revealed no significant difference between models for skills and knowledge, but there was for game performance for group [F(1, 45) = 10.27, p < .008, η2 = .19], time [F(2, 90) = 8.62, p < .008, η2 = .16], and group × time interaction [F(2, 90) = 8.43, p < .008, η2 = .16]. If the...
Advanced Placement Oriented Calculus for High School Students

In recent years considerable efforts have been made to develop educational programs suitable for high-ability students. As part of these, the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) at Johns Hopkins University has been concerned with facilitating the education of youths who reason exceptionally well mathematically (Stanley, 1977). One successful SMPY project was the development of fast-paced classes in mathematics. Detailed descriptions of some of the earlier classes are given by Fox (1974), George (1976), George and Denham (1976), and Stanley (1976).
Early-developmental exposure to nuclear fallout radiation: interpretive considerations for epidemiological studies of violent death

Significant positive correlations have been found between the proportion of the US population constituted by 15- to 24-yr.-olds and incidence of homicide and suicide deaths in this age group. Holinger, Offer, and Ostrov recently proposed explanations of these findings at three conventional conceptual levels: (a) the epidemiological-sociologic, (b) the psychodynamic-clinical, and (c) the nosological. Based on recent exploratory data, a fourth, distinctively unconventional, alternative is suggested here for consideration in multivariate, epidemiological studies of violent death, namely, the possible effects due to early-developmental exposure to toxic radiation.
Identification of neutron noise sources in a boiling water reactor

Measurements were made at units 2 and 3 of the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant in order to characterize the noise signatures of the neutron and process signals and to determine the usefulness of such signatures for anomaly detection in BWR-4s. Previous measurements and theoretical analyses of BWR noise by others were concerned with the determination of steam velocity and void fraction (using the local component of neutron noise) and with the sources of global noise. The work described is under a five-part program to develop a complete and systematic analysis and representation of BWR neutron and process noise through complementary measurements and stochastic model developments. The parts are: (1) recording as many neutron detector and process noise signals as are available in a BWR-4; (2) reducing these data to noise signatures in order to perform an empirical analysis of these signatures, and documenting the relationships between the signals from spatially separated neutron detectors and between neutron and process variables; (3) developing spatially dependent neutronic models coupled with thermal-hydraulic models to aid in interpreting the observed relationships among the measured noise signatures, (4) comparing measured noise signatures with model predictions to obtain additional insight into BWR-4 dynamic behavior and tomore » validate the models; and (5) using these models to predict the sensitivity of noise monitoring for detection, surveillance, and diagnosis of postulated in-core anomalies in BWRs. The paper describes the procedures used to obtain the noise recordings and presents initial empirical analysis and observations pertaining to the noise signatures and the relationships between several noise variables in the 0.01- to 1-Hz range. The mathematical models have not been developed sufficiently to report theoretical results or to compare measured spectra with model predictions at this time.« less
The Hidden Steps of Domain Skipping: Macrolactone Ring Size Determination in the Pikromycin Modular Polyketide Synthase

The pikromycin (Pik) polyketide synthase (PKS) from Streptomyces venezuelae comprises four multifunctional polypeptides (PikAI, PikAII, PikAIII, and PikAIV). This PKS can generate 12- and 14-membered ring macrolactones (10-deoxymethynolide and narbonolide, respectively) through the activity of its terminal modules (PikAIII and PikAIV). We performed a series of experiments involving the functional replacement of PikAIV in mutant strains with homodimeric and heterodimeric PikAIV modules to investigate the details of macrolactone ring size determination. The results suggest a new and surprising mechanism by which the penultimate hexaketide chain elongation intermediate is transferred from PikAIII ACP5 to PikAIV ACP6 before release by the terminal thioesterase domain. Elucidation of this chain transfer mechanism provides important new details about alternative macrolactone ring size formation in modular PKSs and contributes to the potential for rational design of structural diversity by combinatorial biosynthesis.
The origin of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meteorites

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in C1 and C2 Carbonaceous Chondrites appear to be the product of a high-temperature synthesis. This observation counters a prevailing view that PAHs in meteorites are a thermal alternation product of preexisting aliphatic compounds, which in turn required the presence of low-temperature mineral phases such as magnetite and hydrated phyllosilicates for their formation. Such a process would necessarily lead to a more low-temperature assemblage of PAHs, as many low-temperature minerals and compounds are extant in meteorites.
Effects of steroids, folate deprivation and protein deprivation upon tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase levels in mammalian tissues

Abstract The effects of sex hormones, glucocorticoids, folate and protein deprivation upon tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity in mammalian tissues were studied. In male rats estradiol induced significant increase in the activity of jejunal tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase but only a slight increase occurred in the jejenum of hormone-treated female counterparts. In both sexes enzyme activity in liver and spleen was not altered by estradiol administration. Under the influence of testosterone, activity of hepatic tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase fell to 50% of the normal level in male animals while a significant rise in the enzyme activity occurred in the jejunum. In female rats androgen administration had no significant effect upon the enzyme activity in liver, spleen or jejunum. Cortisone or prednisolone did not induce any changes in the activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in liver or in spleen, but these steroids induced significant increases in the activity of the enzyme in rat but not in mouse jejunum. Under conditions of folate and/or protein deprivation or fasting, no significant changes were observed in the activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase in all tissues studied.
Current techniques for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms

Abstract Endovascular therapy is rapidly becoming a mainstay of treatment for intracranial aneurysms. As such, clinicians who do not practice endovascular neurosurgery must become familiar with the methods of aneurysm treatment available, as well as the criteria for patient selection. In this article, some of the criteria for selecting endovascular therapy for an intracranial aneurysm, the techniques and devices available for treatment, and considerations for perioperative management are discussed.
Gradual increase in self-stimulation response rates: Effect of electrode loci

Nine male rats, each with electrodes implanted in a telencephalic region and seven of them also with successful placements in a more caudal brain reward region, were taught to self-stimulate. Rates in the caudate nucleus and medial frontal cortex showed a gradual increase over daily sessions, but self-stimulation in lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and reticular formation did not have this property. In the telencephalon, rates in the first five testing sessions were low, averaging 138 barpresses/10-min session. ICSS rates gradually rose during approximately the next 15 sessions, leveling off at an average of 453/10 min. Seizures were sometimes observed as rates increased at telencephalic points. Cumulative recordings showed that the long-term overall increase in response rate was partly due to a rate increase that occurred within some individual sessions, although during the last test days, a fast, steady rate dominated the entire session. The possibilities are discussed that the plasticity in ICSS is related to the kindling phenomenon or to dyskinesias which result from chronic administration of drugs presumed to have their main locus of action in the corpus striatum.
Upper-lethal-temperature relations of the nymphs of the stonefly, paragnetina media

Continuous water flow and static test apparatus were used in evaluating the influence of acclimation temperature, size, sex, season, life stage, current velocity, and testing method upon the upper-lethal temperature of the nymphal stage of the stonefly, Paragnetina media Walker. Lethal temperature was raised by acclimation to higher temperatures throughout the thermal range examined. The rate of gain of heat resistance was approximately 5°C per day. Acclimation to colder temperatures was much slower. Body size had no significant effect on upper-lethal temperature in summer or autumn, whereas in winter and spring larger nymphs were significantly less tolerant than smaller nymphs. This difference was attributed to sex, not body size per se. Tolerance was significantly less in static waters than in flowing water, faster current significantly increasing heat resistance at all lethal temperatures examined. Upper-lethal temperatures showed seasonal differences independent of acclimation, with nymphs least tolerant in spring, when temperature resistance was influenced by sex, molting condition, and proximity of emergence. The most temperature-sensitive stage was the period immediately following egg hatching. The direct effect of upper-lethal temperature is apparently not a limiting factor for P. media in the environment in which it is found. Temperature increases do, however, effect final stages of nymphal development, emergence patterns, and survival after hatching.
Neutralizing antibodies to Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) reduce colonization of mice by Stx2-expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Previously, we showed that the Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2)-expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 86-24 colonized mice better than did its isogenic stx2 negative mutant. Here, we confirmed that finding by demonstrating that Stx2 given orally to mice increased the levels of the 86-24 stx2 mutant shed in feces. Then we assessed the impact of Stx2-neutralizing antibodies, administered passively or generated by immunization with an Stx2 toxoid, on E. coli O157:H7 colonization of mice. We found that such antibodies reduced the E. coli O157:H7 burden in infected mice and, as anticipated, also protected them from weight loss and death.
Alaska's Pavlof Volcano Ends 11-Year Repose

After an 11-year period of repose, Pavlof volcano on the Alaska Peninsula (Figure 1) began an episode of Strombolian eruption lasting 31 days, from 14 August to 13 September 2007. The eruption began abruptly on 14 August after a minor increase in seismicity the previous day. Nearly continuous lava fountaining, explosions, and lahars caused by minor disruption of the ice and snow cover on the volcano characterized the eruption. The eruption also produced diffuse ash plumes that reached 5–6 kilometers above sea level, but the plumes were too small and did not extend high enough to affect local or regional air travel. Melting of snow and ice on the upper part of the edifice by hot debris avalanches and lava resulted in numerous lahars that entered the sea and inundated a 2×106 square meter area on the volcanos southern slope.
Sedation Depth During Spinal Anesthesia and the Development of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Repair

OBJECTIVE To determine whether limiting intraoperative sedation depth during spinal anesthesia for hip fracture repair in elderly patients can decrease the prevalence of postoperative delirium. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial at an academic medical center of elderly patients (≥65 years) without preoperative delirium or severe dementia who underwent hip fracture repair under spinal anesthesia with propofol sedation. Sedation depth was titrated using processed electroencephalography with the bispectral index (BIS), and patients were randomized to receive either deep (BIS, approximately 50) or light (BIS, ≥80) sedation. Postoperative delirium was assessed as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition Revised) criteria using the Confusion Assessment Method beginning at any time from the second day after surgery. RESULTS From April 2, 2005, through October 30, 2008, a total of 114 patients were randomized. The prevalence of postoperative delirium was significantly lower in the light sedation group (11/57 [19%] vs 23/57 [40%] in the deep sedation group; P =.02), indicating that 1 incident of delirium will be prevented for every 4.7 patients treated with light sedation. The mean ± SD number of days of delirium during hospitalization was lower in the light sedation group than in the deep sedation group (0.5±1.5 days vs 1.4±4.0 days; P =.01). CONCLUSION The use of light propofol sedation decreased the prevalence of postoperative delirium by 50% compared with deep sedation. Limiting depth of sedation during spinal anesthesia is a simple, safe, and cost-effective intervention for preventing postoperative delirium in elderly patients that could be widely and readily adopted. Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00590707
THE EMPIRICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

The education community has in recent years witnessed a renaissance of interest relating to the assessment and manipulation of the construct achievement motivation (Asbury, 1974; Atkinson & Raynor, 1974; Clark, 1973; Maehr, 1974; Maehr & Sjogren, 1971). In the assessment of human motivation, testing instruments have attempted to isolate the individual's level of achievement motivation as first defined by Murray (1938) and further developed by McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, and Lowell (1953). A variety of testing formats have been employed, with projective techniques receiving the most consistent use. However, projective techniques, such as the Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1938), appear to have serious practical problems, and have failed to provide convincing data on reliability, validity, and objectivity. What has become evident is that, although educational psychologists have consistently argued the need to understand and work with the construct of achievement motivation, we have not been able to do so due to our inability to measure it reliably and validly. The intent of the study reported herein was to construct an objective, self-report measure of achievement motivation that is reliable, valid and practical to administer in the field.
Assembling Selection Criteria and Writing a Collection Development Policy for a Variety of Older Medical Books

Faced with a room full of older medical books, the Cleveland Clinic library staff needed to come up with guidelines to help free up space and decide what to do with the books. Without a written collection development policy, there were no selection criteria to help them decide the fate of these older medical books. A literature review was done to find the support for a unique set of criteria for the books. A run-through of the criteria was presented to the staff and a collection development policy incorporating the new criteria was written.
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics as a Consequence of the Planck Mass Plasma Conjecture

The Planck mass plasma conjecture is the hypothesis that the vacuum of space is a kind of plasma composed of positive and negative Planck mass particles interacting by the Planck force over a Planck length, repulsive for equal and attractive for unequal Planck masses. The hypothesis permits to derive quantum mechanics and Lorentz invariance as asymptotic approximations for energies small compared to the Planck energy. Besides a spectrum of elementary particles greatly resembling the particles of the standard model, the hypothesis gives a value of the fine structure constant at the energy where the strong, the weak, and electromagnetic interaction become equal.
Superconductivity in iron compounds

Kamihara and coworkers' report of superconductivity at ${T}_{c}=26\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ in fluorine-doped LaFeAsO inspired a worldwide effort to understand the nature of the superconductivity in this new class of compounds. These iron pnictide and chalcogenide (FePn/Ch) superconductors have Fe electrons at the Fermi surface, plus an unusual Fermiology that can change rapidly with doping, which lead to normal and superconducting state properties very different from those in standard electron-phonon coupled ``conventional'' superconductors. Clearly, superconductivity and magnetism or magnetic fluctuations are intimately related in the FePn/Ch, and even coexist in some. Open questions, including the superconducting nodal structure in a number of compounds, abound and are often dependent on improved sample quality for their solution. With ${T}_{c}$ values up to 56 K, the six distinct Fe-containing superconducting structures exhibit complex but often comparable behaviors. The search for correlations and explanations in this fascinating field of research would benefit from an organization of the large, seemingly disparate data set. This review provides an overview, using numerous references, with a focus on the materials and their superconductivity.
Cooling rate variations of group IVA iron meteorites

Abstract Cooling rates of eight group IVA iron meteorites were determined using a modification of the Wood method where cooling rate curves are calculated as a function of central taenite Ni content and taenite half-width. The major modification of the Wood method was to include the effect of P on the Ni solubility limits and Ni diffusion coefficients in the kamacite phase for each meteorite studied. The Borg and Lai binary kamacite Ni diffusivities were judged to be the best quality data available for the calculations. The calculated cooling rates range between 3 and 65°C/Myr. A correlation between decreasing cooling rate and increasing Ni content within the group IVA irons is observed. This cooling rate variation agrees closely with the 6–70°C/Myr range calculated by the independent bulk Ni-kamacite bandwidth method. Such a large variation in cooling rate within the group IVA argues against formation within the core of a single parent body. Willis and Wasson in the preceding paper found only a factor of 2 variation in cooling rate for the six IVA irons studied. The differences between the results of Willis and Wasson and this study are due mainly to the choice of the Ni diffusion coefficients in α and to the choice of the expressions for the effect of P on both the diffusion coefficients and the Ni solubility in kamacite. The Hirano et al. diffusivities used by Willis and Wasson were judged to be incorrect particularly because they are significantly higher than diffusivities in kamacite and taenite measured by other investigators. The assumption of Willis and Wasson that the same P content (0.03 wt.%) can be used for the low-Ni IVA's and that the same P content (0.16 wt.%) can be used for the high-Ni IVA's was judged to be a serious oversimplification.
Subcellular localization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in the caudate nucleus.

Abstract The subcellular localization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity is described in the caudate nucleus and the neocortex of the cat and rat. Reaction product is visualized postsynaptically at asymmetrical axodendritic synapses by the statu nascendi precipitation of lead phosphate. The effect of varying substrate concentrations and incubation times to localize enzyme activity at cortical and caudate synapses in the two species is discussed. Demonstration of phosphodiesterase activity at postsynaptic sites adds further indirect evidence suggesting a role for cyclic nucleotides in synaptic transmission.
Facilitating the Nurse Practitioner's Research Role: Using a Microcomputer for Data Entry in Clinical Settings

Data coding and entry can be a tedious and error-prone component of research. Statistical packages for a microcomputer are now available that enable the researcher to create data entry forms in a spread sheet format. In this article the use of software that can be used for data entry, manipulation, and analysis is discussed. In a practice setting these features are particularly useful, because the nurse practitioner can take the microcomputer to the clinical facility and enter data directly from client-provider interactions or from records. In clinical settings where client data are entered directly into a computer database as part of assessment and care giving, data can be downloaded onto this or similar programs for manipulation and analysis.
Purification and characterization of microsomal triglyceride and cholesteryl ester transfer protein from bovine liver microsomes.

Abstract A lipid transfer protein was isolated from bovine liver. Following the release of soluble proteins from liver microsomes, the transfer protein was purified 75-fold to near homogeneity by a combination of DEAE-cellulose ion exchange, Sephadex G-200 gel permeation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. About 7% of the original activity was recovered. The purified fraction promoted the transfer of triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. When the fractional rates of lipid transfer were compared, the transfer of apolar lipids was over 10 times faster than that of phospholipid. The purified transfer complex contained less than 5% lipid. No carbohydrate was detected. Electrophoresis of the purified protein on polyacrylamide gels under non-denaturing conditions showed a single band. Elution of protein from slices of unstained gels showed that lipid transfer activities coincided with the position of the protein band on the stained gel. When the purified protein was electrophoresed in the presence of SDS, two bands, accounting for more than 95% of the staining density, were observed with molecular weights at 58 000 and 88 000. The purified transfer protein eluted from a Sephadex G-200 column at a position corresponding to a protein with a molecular weight of 220 000, which probably represents a complex of two or more polypeptides. The purified transfer protein was activated by increasing NaCl concentrations up to about 100 mM. At higher NaCl concentrations the transfer activity decreased. Maximal transfer activities were observed at pH7. The protein was inactivated by heating above 50°C. The transfer rates were not greatly increased by changing the assay temperatures between 20°C and 50°C. These activity characterstics of the transfer protein were the same whether triglyceride or cholesteryl ester transfer activities were measured.
Financial managers' perceptions on research needs for the Asian-Pacific region

Abstract To manage resources effectively in multinational environments, financial managers must understand the current financial management research and apply the findings to their daily practice. In this study, we develop an agenda for researchers who are interested in emerging Asian-Pacific markets. A total of 73 of Taiwan's top financial managers participated in our study. These managers completed assessments of research needs, which then were compared with the results of the Ramirez et al. study (Ramirez, G., Waldman, D., Lasser, D., 1991. Fin. Manag. 20, 17–29) that was done in the USA. While there was moderate agreement on the research needs between the two countries' top financial professionals, noticeable differences were observed regarding some specific areas.
Characterization of patients with high-energy lower extremity trauma.

Purpose (a) to report the demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, social, and vocational characteristics of patients enrolled in a study to examine outcomes after high-energy lower extremity trauma (HELET) and to compare them with the general population; (b) to determine whether characteristics of patients undergoing limb salvage versus amputation after HELET are significantly different from each other. Design and study population A prospective study of 601 patients admitted with high-energy lower extremity trauma to eight Level I trauma centers. Procedures Patients were evaluated during the initial hospitalization. They are being followed up for 24 months postinjury. Study patients are compared with the general population by using census information, population survey data, and published norms. Characteristics of patients undergoing limb salvage versus amputation are also compared. Results Most patients were male (77 percent), white (72 percent), and between the ages of twenty and forty-five years (71 percent). Seventy percent graduated from high school (compared with 86 percent nationally) (p 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, LEAP patients differ in important ways from the general population. However, the decision to amputate verus reconstruct does not appear to be significantly influenced by patient characteristics.
Congenital heart disease in adults: catheterization laboratory considerations.

Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects and represent an increasing proportion of adolescent and adult patients followed by cardiologists. While many of these patients have undergone successful palliative or corrective surgery with excellent functional results, most of them still require careful follow-up. Further, even complex lesions may first be diagnosed in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, cardiologists caring for adults need to become more familiar with these defects. Assessment of the patient with known or suspected congenital heart defects requires a careful history, physical examination, and noninvasive assessment. In addition, the catheterization laboratory remains a critical venue for diagnosis and, increasingly, therapy. Pressure measurements, oximetry, and angiography remain cornerstones of diagnosis in selected patients and a variety of interventional procedures have become viable therapeutic alternatives in both pre- and postoperative patients.
Reduced choroidal neovascular membrane formation in cyclooxygenase-2 null mice

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a leading cause of severe vision loss in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and contributes to substantial vision loss in posterior uveitis,1 pathologic myopia,2 and ocular histoplasmosis.3 Although the pathogenesis of CNV is multifactorial, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that cyclooxygenase plays a contributory role.4–6 Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an important enzyme in the inflammatory process and catalyzes the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from membrane-bound arachidonic acid. Two isoforms of COX, COX-1 and COX-2, are firmly established. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in almost all tissues and is responsible for normal housekeeping functions. In contrast, COX-2 expression is induced by a wide variety of pathologic and physiologic stimuli. In the human retina, COX-2 has been shown to be the predominant isoform in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is significantly upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines.7 Prostaglandins have wide-ranging effects within the eye, including vasodilation, disruption of the blood-ocular barrier, and facilitation of leukocyte migration. Accumulating evidence suggests that prostaglandins may also promote CNV.8 In support of this, COX-2 can be detected in human choroidal neovascular membranes,9 and pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 suppresses choroidal neovascular growth in a variety of experimental systems.4,5,10,11 To more firmly establish the role of COX-2 in choroidal neovascularization, we assessed the formation of CNV in wild-type (WT) and COX-2 null mice using the well-established laser-induced model. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between COX-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and several other inflammatory cytokines in CNV.
Epibiotic mutualists alter coral susceptibility and response to biotic disturbance through cascading trait-mediated indirect interactions

Biotic disturbances are important drivers of community structure, but interactions among community members can determine trajectories of response and recovery. On coral reefs in French Polynesia, epibiotic amphipods induce the formation of branch-like “fingers” on flat colonies of encrusting Montipora coral. The fingers form as coral encrusts the amphipods’ tubes and lead to significant changes in colony morphology. I tested whether the induced morphological changes affect Montipora’s susceptibility to predation by pincushion (Culcita novaeguineae) and crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster planci). Montipora with fingers were less likely to be attacked and more likely to survive attack than colonies without fingers. Furthermore, the presence of fingers altered A. planci prey preference. Sea stars preferred Montipora without fingers over other common coral genera, but preferred other genera when Montipora had fingers. Amphipods indirectly affected Montipora’s resistance and resilience to predation, and the susceptibility of other coral genera to predation, through induced morphological changes. Such trait-mediated indirect interactions likely play an important role in determining how species respond to periodic sea star outbreaks.
Dietary Calcium Attenuates Platelet Aggregation and Intracellular Ca2 Mobilization in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are known to be blood pressure sensitive to dietary calcium. The effects of dietary calcium on platelet aggregation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization were assessed by turbidimetric methods and fura-2 methods, respectively, in washed platelets of SHR. Ca2+ ATPase activity was examined in aortic membrane fractions. Six weeks of dietary calcium supplementation attenuated the increase of systolic blood pressure (SBP 199 +/- 16 v 170 +/- 9 mm Hg, P < .001) and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (84.5 +/- 3.7 v 73.7 +/- 7.4%, P < .004) at 9 weeks of age. The ionomycin-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) peak in the absence of external Ca2+, which reflects [Ca2+]i storage size, and thrombin-evoked [Ca2+]i release from [Ca2+]i storage were decreased by 2.0% Ca diet (472 +/- 55 v 370 +/- 23 nmol/L, P < .001, 339 +/- 29 v 278 +/- 33 nmol/L, P < .002). In addition, SBP was positively correlated with platelet aggregation (r = 0.703, P = .0088), thrombin-evoked [Ca2+]i (r = 0.739, P = .0044), and ionomycin-induced [Ca2+]i (r = 0.591, P = .0415), respectively. However, there was no significant effect of dietary calcium on Ca2+-ATPase activity in aortic membranes. These results suggest that dietary calcium supplementation had a beneficial effect on platelets of SHR by attenuating [Ca2+]i mobilization from [Ca2+]i storage. The hypotensive effect of dietary calcium might be associated with attenuated [Ca2+]i mobilization in SHR.
Isolating biological acoustic transient signals

The authors investigate two methods for screening data to locate specific biological acoustic transient signals. The first method is based on a continuous hidden Markov model (HMM) and the second method is based on a matched filter. An experiment is presented which compares the performances of the two methods in isolating a single note from the song of a bowhead whale in the Arctic. Initial results indicate that the HMM screener performs better than the matched filter screener in the task of locating bowhead notes and rejecting white Gaussian noise. However, both methods identify a high proportion of interferers as possible bowhead notes. These interferers are in the frequency band of the notes, and sometimes resemble a portion of a note. >
Interannual and interdecadal variability in United States surface-air temperatures, 1910-87

Monthly mean surface-air temperatures at 870 sites in the contiguous United States were analyzed for interannual and interdecadal variability over the time interval 1910-87. The temperatures were analyzed spatially by empirical-orthogonal-function analysis and temporally by singularspectrum analysis (SSA). The dominant modes of spatio-temporal variability are trends and nonperiodic variations with time scales longer than 15 years, decadal-scale oscillations with periods of roughly 7 and 10 years, and interannual oscillations of 2.2 and 3.3 years. Together, these modes contribute about 18% of the slower-than-annual United States temperature variance. Two leading components roughly capture the mean hemispheric temperature trend and represent a long-term warming, largest in the southwest, accompanied by cooling of the domain's southeastern quadrant. The extremes of the 2.2-year interannual oscillation characterize temperature differences between the Northeastern and Southwestern States, whereas the 3.3-year cycle is present mostly in the Western States. The 7- to 10-year oscillations are much less regular and persistent than the interannual oscillations and characterize temperature differences between the western and interior sectors of the United States. These continental- or regional-scale temperature variations may be related to climatic variations with similar periodicities, either global or centered in other regions; such variations include quasi-biennial oscillations over the tropical Pacific or North Atlantic and quasi-triennial oscillations of North Pacific sea-surface temperatures.
The Warning Passages in Hebrews: Revised Theologies and New Methods of Interpretation

The interpretation of the warning passages in Hebrews has long been disputed, especially 6.4-6. Discussions on the issue over the last several decades frequently remain in dialogue with the theolog...
Calculation of extrusion behavior of viscoelastic materials from the relaxation distribution function

A viscoelastic material when extruded rapidly through a short capillary or spinneret may exhibit an effective viscosity which is smaller than the usual or zero shear rate viscosity by a factor of several hundred. An equation is derived which expresses the effective viscosity as a function of the time the material spends in the spinneret (transit time) and the distribution function of Maxwellian relaxation times. It is assumed that the mechanical properties of the material may be represented by a generalized Maxwell model. Effective viscosities observed when a 25% cellulose acetate solution in a 96:4 (by weight) acetone:water solvent is extruded through a spinneret with radius 0.006 cm. and effective length 0.0186 cm. are given. The relaxation distribution function for the cellulose acetate solution is calculated from the dynamic viscosity data of Philippoff. From the distribution function and values of the transit time, effective viscosities are calculated and found to differ from the experimental values by −26 to 60%. In view of the fact that the effective viscosities are smaller than the zero shear rate viscosity by factors ranging from 145 to 10.8, the agreement between calculated and experimental values is quite satisfactory.