cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolites of fungi. The fatty materials of Fomes igniarius

Abstract 1. 1. The fatty materials extracted from Fomes igniarius have been separated into free fatty acids, combined fatty acids and fatty neutrals by chemical means and urea adduction. 2. 2. The fatty acids were analyzed by conversion to their methyl esters using diazomethane and calculating the relative amounts from gas-liquid chromatographic data. 3. 3. The fatty neutral fraction which was studied was the hydrocarbon fraction obtained by column chromatography followed by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. 4. 4. The main fatty acids present were 26:0(46·6 per cent) in the free fatty acids, and 22:0 (24·8 per cent) and 24:0 (26 per cent) in the combined acids. The 23:0 (30·30 per cent) and 25:0 (26·80 per cent) were the predominant hydrocarbons.
The Measured Intensity of Work-Related Stressprs in Pediatric Oncology Nursing

The purpose of this descriptive study was to measure the rated intensity of work-related stressors experienced by pediatric oncology nurses and to examine the reliability of a new instrument. The Stressor Scale for Pediatric Oncology Nurses (SSPON), a 50-item visual analogue instrument, was used to measure the intensity of those work-related stressors. A national sample (n = 92) of randomly selected members of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses participated. Although most subjects had 2 or more years of pediatric oncology nursing experience (92%), the majority had greater than 5 years of experience (52%). Median scores on the SSPON indicated that the nurses sampled experienced a moderately high level of work stress. Scale items rated most stressful were "watching a patient suffer and not be able to do anything about it," "when a favorite patient dies," and "making mistakes:' Scale items rated least stressful were "when patients die at home rather than here at the hospital with us," "not feeling ...
Computing Ocean Surface Currents Over the Coastal California Current System Using 30-Min-Lag Sequential SAR Images

As compared with conventional methods for measuring ocean surface currents, spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offers cloud-penetrating ocean-current observation capability at high spatial resolution. While some studies have shown the potential of SAR for studying ocean surface currents through feature tracking, they have only analyzed a few images to demonstrate the basic measurement technique, and no concise general technique has been developed. This paper shows the application of the maximum cross correlation (MCC) method to generate ocean surface currents from nearly two years of available sequential spaceborne C-band SAR imagery from the Envisat ASAR and ERS-2 Advanced Microwave Instrument SAR sensors over the coastal California Current System. The data processing strategies are discussed in detail, and results are compared with HF radar measured currents. One-dimensional wavenumber spectra of the SAR-derived surface currents agree with the $k^{-2}$ power law, as predicted by submesoscale resolution models. Comparisons with HF radar currents show encouraging results with MCC SAR vectors oriented slightly counterclockwise relative to HF radar vectors. MCC SAR surface currents are found to have larger magnitudes than HF radar currents ( $\approx$ 11 cm/s), which may be due to the fact that SAR penetrates only a few centimeters into the ocean surface whereas HF radar currents are averaged over the top 1 m of the ocean surface. The larger part of this magnitude difference is contained in the along-shore component, which can be attributed to higher HF radar accuracy in the direct radial cross-shore measurements as compared with along-shore components derived from multiple cross-shore radial measurements.
Tricarbonylrhenium(I) Complexes of Pentafluorophenyl-Substituted Indenyl Ligands1

Depending on ratios of starting materials and reaction conditions, treatment of sodium indenide (NaInd) with C6F6 and NaH in THF afforded 3-(pentafluorophenyl)indene (1) or 1,3-bis(pentafluoropheny...
Brahms's Motivic Harmonies and Contemporary Tonal Theory: Three Case Studies from the Chamber Music

In his classic essay ‘Issues in Composition’, Carl Dahlhaus posits a dialectical relationship in Brahms between the function of harmony as a source for motivic ‘individualisation’ and as a basis for large-scale formal organisation. This dialectic may be profitably engaged in light of the current debate between Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian views of harmony, with Brahms's Sextet in G major, String Quartet in C minor and String Quintet in G major serving as analytical case studies. These case studies demonstrate the insights that both Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian perspectives might afford while drawing attention to the need to engage the two approaches critically to achieve a deeper analytical understanding. The analyses also underscore the importance of formal context and temporal perspective in evaluating harmonic relationships. The presence of tonally centred prolongational structures in no way denies the potential for neo-Riemannian perspectives to shed light on aspects of the development of Brahms's motivic harmonies. Parsimonious transformations in the motivic dimension likewise do not invalidate Schenkerian insights into each movement's rock-solid articulation of its tonality. Brahms's range of compositional strategies requires a flexible analytical response, sufficiently consistent to be by implication theoretically coherent, yet subtly differentiated in the specific Schenkerian and neo-Riemannian explorations.
Description of Clinical Risk Factor Changes During Naturopathic Care for Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Background: Survey findings report that 48% of people with type 2 diabetes use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practice. Publications suggest a high incidence of health promotion counseling in naturopathic practice, yet clinical data on risk factor changes are not available in the literature. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to describe clinical risk factor changes during the utilization of naturopathic CAM services in patients with type 2 diabetes. Design: A retrospective, observational study design was used to describe naturopathic care. Setting: Abstracted medical charts were from patients of the Bastyr Center for Natural Health in Seattle, WA. Participants: The patients in this study had type 2 diabetes and received naturopathic care between 2001 and 2006. Outcomes: Abstracted data included patient demographics, duration of care, number of visits, laboratory values for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholestero...
A Small Group Approach to Youth Education about Alcohol

A small group affective education approach to teaching high school youth about alcohol stresses group exploration of student-generated questions and concerns by creating an atmosphere of free emoti...
Inter-printer color calibration using constrained printer gamut

Due to the drop size variation of the print heads in inkjet printers, consistent color reproduction becomes challenge for high quality color printing. To improve the color consistency, we developed a method and system to characterize a pair of printers using a colorimeter or a color scanner. Different from prior known approaches that simply try to match colors of one printer to the other without considering the gamut differences, we first constructed an overlapped gamut in which colors can be produced by both printers, and then characterized both printers using a pair of 3-D or 4-D lookup tables (LUT) to produce same colors limited to the overlapped gamut. Each LUT converts nominal device color values into engine-dependent device color values limited to the overlapped gamut. Compared to traditional approaches, the color calibration accuracy is significantly improved. This method can be simply extended to calibrate more than two engines. In a color imaging system that includes a scanner and more than one print engine, this method improves the color consistency very effectively without increasing hardware costs. A few examples for applying this method are: 1) one-pass bi-directional inkjet printing; 2) a printer with two or more sets of pens for printing; and 3) a system embedded with a pair of printers (the number of printers could be easily incremented).
The asymmetric top–asymmetric frame internal rotation spectrum of ethyl alcohol☆

Abstract The rotational–torsional spectrum of ethyl alcohol is presented in the torsional ground state of the OH internal rotation. The spectrum has been investigated in the 12–1650 GHz range. Over 10 000 transitions with quantum numbers through J = 76 and K a = 26 have been assigned and analyzed with a three state Hamiltonian model accounting for the predominately threefold asymmetric internal rotation of the OH group. We believe that this is the first comprehensive analysis of a predominately threefold asymmetric top–asymmetric frame internal rotation problem. The data set includes over 1000 trans to gauche transitions as well as examples of numerous torsion–rotation interactions. The general features of the spectrum are discussed along with a detailed discussion of the Hamiltonian model, its limitations and the prospects for further Hamiltonian development. A complete set of torsion–rotation constants have been determined using an effective Hamiltonian that models the spectrum with a near unity reduced deviation. The comprehensive nature of the data will make ethyl alcohol the prototypical asymmetric top–asymmetric frame internal rotation problem and facilitate the subsequent refinement of the Hamiltonian models.
Clinical management of intractable constipation.

PURPOSE To review current management of intractable constipation. DATA SOURCES Original articles and reviews published in the English-language literature between 1965 and 1993 identified by MEDLINE search. Verbal feedback from attendees after presentation of the document as a clinical symposium at the 14th International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Motility in September 1993. STUDY SELECTION Key words included constipation, epidemiology, colonic inertia, pseudo-obstruction, pelvic floor dysfunction, and results of therapeutic interventions, particularly the effects of biofeedback training and subtotal colectomy. RESULTS In most patients, constipation is usually due to lack of dietary fiber and responds to simple measures to correct these factors, often without consulting a physician. In some, probably fewer than 10% of patients who consult their physicians, structural diseases of the colon and rectum, systemic disease, or medications that slow gut transit should be excluded, and regular exercise, dietary fiber, and an osmotic laxative prescribed. In a series of 277 highly selected patients from a tertiary referral center who had intractable constipation, only 29% had a definable abnormality; identification of abnormal transit facilitates selection of patients for further investigations identifying colonic inertia or pelvic floor dysfunction. CONCLUSION An algorithmic approach can carefully select patients with intractable constipation for behavioral modification and biofeedback; the long-term outcome is excellent, with at least 75% success in several series. In a minority of patients with slow transit constipation unresponsive to medical treatment, subtotal colectomy with ileorectostomy is indicated and effective.
Fiber Optic Single Mode To Multimode Transition Temperature Sensor

An all dielectric fiber optic sensor has been developed that has the inherent ability to measure temperature from about 4.1 degrees kelvin to the index inversion point of the fiber. Using spectroscopic techniques, the sensor measures a temperature induced shift in cutoff wavelength of higher order modes in a single mode fiber.
Relaxation Times for Stationary Evaporating Liquid Droplets

Abstract Relaxation times for stationary evaporating droplets are predicted. Since the steady state is reached most quickly in this case, the results yield an upper limit on the relaxation time.
Conformational positioning improves sleep in premature infants with feeding difficulties.

Objective To determine whether premature infants' sleep organization, total sleep time, and arousals may be modulated while on a conformational positioner that provides boundaries, customized positioning, and containment compared with standard positioning (standard crib mattress). Study design A proof of concept trial using a within subject crossover design was conducted among 25 premature infants with feeding difficulties. Infants of 31.5 weeks gestational age served as their own control during overnight polysomnography at postconceptual age 38.4 weeks. Each baby received both interventions (order randomized), 1 for each one-half of the 10.5-hour study. Results Use of the conformational positioner resulted in higher sleep efficiency of 61% vs 54% for the standard mattress (P Conclusions The use of the conformational positioner improved sleep efficiency vs the standard mattress in premature infants with feeding difficulties. Infants requiring surgery or with gastrointestinal diagnoses may be more susceptible to environmental stress.
“The treason of the librarians”: Core communication technologies and opportunity costs in the information era

Abstract Librarians advocating a conservative, even reactionary, stance relative to the emerging integrated digital communication environment place the future of library and information services at risk. Confronting the conservative position, this article argues that librarians must consider opportunity costs linked to a “bookish” perspective and re-vision the library in the digital era.
Orthant probabilities for the equicorrelated multivariate normal distribution

A review is presented of orthant probabilities in the equicorrelated case, i.e., the probability that n standardized jointly normally distributed random variables are simultaneously positive or negative. A formula is proved for relating orthant probabiIities for positive and negative p. An accurate approximation is derived for the orthant probability in the case n = 4. Series approximations are also derived for orthant probabilities in higher dimensions useful for p near its positive and negative extremes. (D.L.C.)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ATPase and Cell Contraction in Developing Rabbit Heart☆

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether age-related changes in the expression and function of the cardiac isoform of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) play a role in SR Ca2+release and cell contraction. SERCA2a protein levels and subcellular localization were compared between fetal, neonatal, juvenile and adult New Zealand White rabbits. Studies of SERCA function in isolated myocytes were performed in situ by examining the rate of reloading of the SR Ca2+stores following caffeine-induced depletion. We found that significant quantities of SERCA2a were present early in immature heart and that SERCA2a expression reached adult levels within 15–30 days after birth. Furthermore, SERCA2a protein is present as a series of transverse striations within the cell as early as 1 day of age. In contrast to previous studies of SERCA in vitro, the SERCA protein function in situ was found to be comparable between neonatal and adult myocytes in maintaining SR Ca2+stores. These results indicate that the paucity of SR Ca2+release in immature ventricular cardiac myocytes is not the result of immaturity in SERCA2a expression.
Creating Access to Invisible Special Collections: Using Participatory Management to Reduce a Backlog

The University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries used participatory management to reduce a special collections backlog. Without an increase in budget or staffing, technical and public services departments designed a pilot project to redeploy internal human resources in a collaborative manner. The process of backlog management is discussed.
1314 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE FETUS OF GESTATIONAL HYPOGLYCEMIA

Tight control of diabetes has led to considerable concern regarding the occurrence of hypoglycemia in the non-gravid state since type I diabetic patients may manifest a defective counter-regulatory response to insulin-hypoglycemia. This concern has not been addressed with regard to the effect of maternal hypoglycemia on the fetus and ultimate childhood development. We have studied well controlled pregnant diabetics and found that hypoglycemia ( 60mg/dl) occurs as frequently as 30% of the time. This incidence may be related to the severity of diabetes judged by the White classification. Earlier studies evaluating the effect of maternal hypoglycemia on neurological and psychological development of offspring defined hypoglycemia according to either perinatal blood glucose levels or anectodal symptoms of hypoglycemia during gestation. Thus, the potential impact of hypoglycemia on the fetus is uncertain but has been inadequately investigated. To assess this problem, the occurrence of gestational hypoglycemia documented by capillary blood glucose monitoring with subsequent neurological and developmental testing is needed.
Gate-planarized organic polymer thin film transistors

We report in this paper the fabrication and characterization of a new gate-planarized organic polymer thin-film transistor (GP OP-TFT). We describe in detail the effects of the measurement procedure on the GP OP-TFT electrical characteristics and extracted parameters and show that it is extremely critical to carefully control the electrical measurement conditions to obtain accurate and meaningful results, before any material optimization is undertaken. We also describe the importance of normalization of electrical characteristics and extracted parameters for a proper comparison of different devices. Finally, we report and analyze the gate voltage and channel length dependence of the TFT field-effect mobility.
Case 7: Hydranencephaly

A 22-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 4 para 3 (with three normal children) presented at 34 gestational weeks for her first prenatal care visit. Ultrasonographic (US) images showed an enlarged head in a single, live fetus (Fig 1). One month later, the woman was delivered of a 4,870 g (10 lb 7 oz) boy by means of cesarean section. The newborn had a head circumference of 42 cm (normal 5 34.5 cm). Computed tomography (CT) of the newborn’s head was performed on day 2 (Fig 2).
Histopathologic effects of three-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy on benign and malignant prostate tissues.

We reviewed 137 prostate sextant needle biopsies from 137 patients obtained at a median of 35.7 months after three-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy (3DCRT). Thirty-one patients (23%) received 3 months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) before 3DCRT. We also retrospectively reviewed and assigned a combined Gleason score to the pre-3DCRT needle biopsies (97 patients) or transurethral resection of the prostate gland (1 patient). High-molecular-weight cytokeratin (34betaE12) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunohistochemistry was performed in select cases. After 3DCRT, histopathologic changes in benign prostate gland consisted of glandular atrophy, cytologic atypia, and basal cell prominence. The benign glands showed intensely positive reactions with antibodies to high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (34betaE12) and negative to weakly positive reactions to PSA. Paneth cell-like change was seen in 44 (32%) of the biopsies, mucinous metaplasia in 29 (21%), luminal blue-tinged mucinous secretions in 14 (10%), and squamous metaplasia in 8 (6%). The changes in benign prostate tissues were similar between patients treated with ADT and 3DCRT and those treated with 3DCRT alone. After 3DCRT, we recognized two histologic patterns of prostate cancer: (1) prostate cancer showing radiation therapy (RT)-related changes characterized by PSA-positive/34betaE12-negative poorly formed glands or individual cells with abundant clear to finely granular cytoplasm, and (2) prostate cancer showing no apparent RT effect. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was seen in 12 post-3DCRT biopsies (8.8%). The use of neoadjuvant ADT had a significant impact on the results of post-RT biopsy. Of the 31 patients treated with neoadjuvant ADT and 3DCRT, 3 (10%) had post-3DCRT biopsies showing prostate cancer without RT effect compared to 44 of 106 men (41%) treated with 3DCRT alone (p = 0.004). Compared to the Gleason score pre-RT, the Gleason score of cancers showing no RT effect was the same in 25 patients (71%), +/-1 point in 8 patients (23%), and +2 points in 2 patients (6%). The mean combined Gleason score post-RT was slightly, although significantly, higher than that pre-RT (7.29 +/- 0.71 versus 7.00 +/- 0.59, p = 0.01). Serum PSA at the time of post-3DCRT biopsy correlated with biopsy results. Prostate cancer without therapy effect was seen in only one of 43 patients (2%) with a serum PSA level 1 ng/ml (p = 0.0001). After 3DCRT, benign prostate glands show profound histopathologic changes and may be confused with prostate cancer. The effects of 3DCRT on prostate cancer are variable, with some cases showing profound therapy-related changes and others showing no apparent therapy effect.
Estimation and Evidence in Forensic Anthropology : Age-at-Death

A great deal has previously been written about the use of skeletal morphological changes in estimating ages-at-death. This article looks in particular at the pubic symphysis, as it was historically one of the first regions to be described in the literature on age estimation. Despite the lengthy history, the value of the pubic symphysis in estimating ages and in providing evidence for putative identifications remains unclear. This lack of clarity primarily stems from the fact that rather ad hoc statistical methods have been applied in previous studies. This article presents a statistical analysis of a large data set (n = 1766) of pubic symphyseal scores from multiple contexts, including anatomical collections, war dead, and victims of genocide. The emphasis is in finding statistical methods that will have the correct "coverage.""Coverage" means that if a method has a stated coverage of 50%, then approximately 50% of the individuals in a particular pubic symphyseal stage should have ages that are between the stated age limits, and that approximately 25% should be below the bottom age limit and 25% above the top age limit. In a number of applications it is shown that if an appropriate prior age-at-death distribution is used, then "transition analysis" will provide accurate "coverages," while percentile methods, range methods, and means (+/-standard deviations) will not. Even in cases where there are significant differences in the mean ages-to-transition between populations, the effects on the stated age limits for particular "coverages" are minimal. As a consequence, more emphasis needs to be placed on collecting data on age changes in large samples, rather than focusing on the possibility of inter-population variation in rates of aging.
An Improved Soot Formation Model for 3D Diesel Engine Simulations

In this study, a phenomenological three-equation soot model was developed for modelling soot formation in diesel engine combustion based on considerations of acceptable computational demand and a qualitative description of the main features of the physics of soot formation. The model was developed based on that of Tesner et al. The model was implemented into the commercial STAR-CD CFD package and was demonstrated in the modelling of soot formation in a single-cylinder research version of Caterpillar 3400 series diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Numerical results show that the new soot formulation overcomes most of the drawbacks in the existing soot models and demonstrates a robust and consistent behaviour with experimental observation. Compared to the existing soot models for engine combustion modelling, some distinct features of the new soot model include: no soot is formed at low temperature, minimal model parameter adjustment for application to different fuels, and there is no need to prescribe the soot particle size.Copyright © 2005 by National Research Council Canada
Thickness Measurements of Thin Perfluoropolyether Polymer Films on Silicon and Amorphous-Hydrogenated Carbon with X-Ray Reflectivity, ESCA and Optical Ellipsometry.

Experimental techniques used to measure structural parameters of thin films such as thickness, density, and coverage provide important insights into the physical properties of these films. Structural parameters are also often used to predict the eventual performance of thin films. In this study, we use three different measurement techniques-X-ray reflectivity (XRR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and optical ellipsometry-to measure the thickness of molecularly thin perfluoropolyether (PFPE) polymer films on silicon substrates and carbon overcoats. PFPE films are commonly used to lubricate surfaces in magnetic recording devices. Here, we use XRR to measure the absolute thickness of the films, which, in turn, is used to test the validity of ESCA and ellipsometry thickness measurements. Excellent agreement is found among the three methods, provided that a 25-A electron mean-free path (MFP) is used for the PFPE film and the substrate in ESCA (single MFP model), that the bulk PFPE refractive index is used in ellipsometry, and that adventitiously adsorbed hydrocarbons are properly taken into account. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
Chromosomal analysis as prognostic tool in transitional cell carcinoma: preliminary report

Twelve patients with transitional cell carcinomas were studied for chromosomal abnormalities correlated with cystoscopic and histologic findings. The tumors with abnormal chromosome "markers" or numbers (aneuploidy or polyploidy) appeared to be more aggressive or recurred more frequently than those with normal chromosome patterns.
Development of New Wall Friction Factor and Interfacial Friction Factor Correlations for Gas-Liquid Stratified Flow in Wells and Pipelines

Stratified flow is one of the most basic flow pattern in the analysis of gas-liquid two-phase flow in pipes. In the present paper, different interfacial friction factor correlations were used to predict the liquid holdup and pressure gradients. The comparison of predictions with experimental observations shows that most existing correlations for the interfacial friction factor can lead to large deviations from measurements and that the standard method underestimates the liquid phase wall friction factors. New correlations for both the liquid phase wall friction factor and the interfacial friction factor were developed based on large amounts of available experimental data. The resulting correlations were used to predict liquid holdup and pressure gradient for different experiments. Considerable improvement in predictions was observed.
Diversity as a computer defense mechanism

This panel addressed the use of computer diversity as a strategy for computer security. It is our view that there are significant knowledge gaps in the science underlying diversity as a computer defense mechanism which hinders its usefulness. These gaps include the true cost of diversity, a lack of metrics for diversity and the trade offs between diversity and other defensive strategies. We also wanted to highlight on-going diversity research from other disciplines which could potentially be applied to diversity for computer security.Four panelists were selected based on their experience with diversity within the context of computer security or other research areas. The panelists' backgrounds include biology, software reliability, security and dependable systems. Each panelist presented a statement which was discussed by NSPW participants.The discussion was lively and informative both during and after the panelists' statements and is reported in a later section of this summary.
Activation of Orphan Receptors by the Hormone Relaxin

Relaxin is a hormone important for the growth and remodeling of reproductive and other tissues during pregnancy. Although binding sites for relaxin are widely distributed, the nature of its receptor has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate that two orphan heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors, LGR7 and LGR8, are capable of mediating the action of relaxin through an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway distinct from that of the structurally related insulin and insulin-like growth factor family ligand. Treatment of antepartum mice with the soluble ligand-binding region of LGR7 caused parturition delay. The wide and divergent distribution of the two relaxin receptors implicates their roles in reproductive, brain, renal, cardiovascular, and other functions.
Loss of RB and MTS1/CDKN2 (p16) expression in human sarcomas

The product of the MTS1/CDKN2 gene (p16) and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) inhibit cell cycle progression at the late G1 checkpoint. The absence of functional p16 or pRB has been identified in a variety of human tumors but has not been well studied in mesenchymal neoplasia. Using an immunohistochemical approach, the authors identified abnormal expression of either p16 or RB in 16 and 14 of 59 sarcomas, respectively, for an overall abnormality rate of 51%. Specific rates of abnormality varied by histological subtype, with leiomyosarcomas most commonly affected by loss of either tumor-suppressor gene product. There was no significant correlation between p16 or RB expression and overall grade, mitotic grade, or tumor progression for sarcomas. In contrast, no fibromatoses and other spindle cell neoplasms of low malignant potential displayed abnormal p16 expression, and only 4 of 23 cases showed loss of pRB expression. These data show that aberrant expression of p16/pRB is one of the most common molecular derangements in sarcomagenesis.
Permutation Covariate Analyses of Residuals Based on Euclidean Distance

A new procedure to analyze the results of experimental designs is introduced. A permutation procedure based on Euclidean distance is used to evaluate residuals obtained from least sum of absolute deviations regression. Applications include completely randomized and randomized block configurations including one-way, factorial, split-plot, and Latin square designs, with or without covariates. Parametric assumptions of homogeneity of variance, compound symmetry, and normality are eliminated with this procedure.
Síndrome de secreción inadecuada de la hormona antidiurética: Un desequilibrio de los líquidos

Un sindrome que puede llegar a ser fatal si no se identifica y trata con prontitud. Revise sus conocimientos para detectarlo y proporcionar los cuidados apropiados e este tipo de pacientes
The Safety and Efficacy of Cryolipolysis: A Systematic Review of Available Literature.

Background In the past decade, the practice of body contouring using cryolipolysis has increased tremendously. While numerous anecdotal reports extol the efficacy of this product, the majority of these studies are small, retrospective case-series that lack control groups. Objective The authors aim to systematically review available literature to better illustrate the efficacy and safety of this new procedure. Methods A systematic literature review performed using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases identified all published studies evaluating cryolipolysis for body contouring. Results A total of 34 articles up to February 2015 were identified. Nineteen articles matched the selection criteria and were included in the analysis. Sixteen were evaluated in the final analysis. A total of 1445 patients had reportable data for analysis of the safety profile. Twelve patients (0.82%) reported complications with the most common being diminished sensation lasting greater than 4 weeks. An aggregate total of 295 patients had objective data for evaluation of tissue reduction. The mean time from procedure to objective outcome evaluation was 3.83 months. The mean reduction of subcutaneous tissue was 19.55% with respect to a designated control site. Conclusions Selective cryolipolysis appears, at short-term follow-up, to reliably decrease subcutaneous tissue deposits. Reported complications are uncommon and appear to resolve without intervention. Future studies should aim to optimize patient selection and treatment characteristics while obtaining long-term follow-up data. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [10.1093/asj/sjv076][2] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1093/asj/sjv076
Toward rational protein crystallization: A Web server for the design of crystallizable protein variants

Growing well-diffracting crystals constitutes a serious bottleneck in structural biology. A recently proposed crystallization methodology for ‘‘stubborn crystallizers’’ is to engineer surface sequence variants designed to form intermolecular contacts that could support a crystal lattice. This approach relies on the concept of surface entropy reduction (SER), i.e., the replacement of clusters of flexible, solvent-exposed residues with residues with lower conformational entropy. This strategy minimizes the loss of conformational entropy upon crystallization and renders crystallization thermodynamically favorable. The method has been successfully used to crystallize more than 15 novel proteins, all stubborn crystallizers. But the choice of suitable sites for mutagenesis is not trivial. Herein, we announce a Web server, the surface entropy reduction prediction server (SERp server), designed to identify mutations that may facilitate crystallization. Suggested mutations are predicted based on an algorithm incorporating a conformational entropy profile, a secondary structure prediction, and sequence conservation. Minor considerations include the nature of flanking residues and gaps between mutation candidates. While designed to be used with default values, the server has many user-controlled parameters allowing for considerable flexibility. Within, we discuss (1) the methodology of the server, (2) how to interpret the results, and (3) factors that must be considered when selecting mutations. We also attempt to benchmark the server by comparing the server’s predictions with successful SER structures. In most cases, the structure yielding mutations were easily identified by the SERp server. The server can be accessed at http://www.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/Services/SER.
A PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL (PI) KINASE GENE FAMILY IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM: BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF PUTATIVE MAMMALIAN P110 AND YEAST VPS34P PI 3-KINASE HOMOLOGS DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Three groups of phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinases convert PI into PI(3)phosphate, PI(4)phosphate, PI(4,5) bisphosphate, and PI(3,4,5)trisphosphate. These phosphoinositides have been shown to function in vesicle-mediated protein sorting, and they serve as second-messenger signaling molecules for regulating cell growth. To further elucidate the mechanism of regulation and function of phosphoinositides, we cloned genes encoding five putative PI kinases from Dictyostelium discoideum. Database analysis indicates that D. discoideum PIK1 (DdPIK1), -2, and -3 are most closely related to the mammalian p110 PI 3-kinase, DdPIK5 is closest to the yeast Vps34p PI 3-kinase, and DdPIK4 is most homologous to PI 4-kinases. Together with other known PI kinases, a superfamily of PI kinase genes has been defined, with all of the encoded proteins sharing a common highly conserved catalytic core domain. DdPIK1, -2, and -3 may have redundant functions because disruption of any single gene had no effect on D. discoideum growth or development. However, strains in which both of the two most highly related genes, DdPIK1 and DdPIK2, were disrupted showed both growth and developmental defects, while double knockouts of DdPIK1 and DdPIK3 and DdPIK2 and DdPIK3 appear to be lethal. The delta Ddpik1 delta Ddpik2 null cells were smaller than wild-type cells and grew slowly both in association with bacteria and in axenic medium when attached to petri plates but were unable to grow in suspension in axenic medium. When delta Ddpik1 delta Ddpik2 null cells were plated for multicellular development, they formed aggregates having multiple tips and produced abnormal fruiting bodies. Antisense expression of DdPIK5 (a putative homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae VPS34) led to a defect in the growth of D. discoideum cells on bacterial lawns and abnormal development. DdPIK5 complemented the temperature-sensitive growth defect of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe delta Svps34 mutant strain, suggesting DdPIK5 encodes a functional homolog of yeast Vps34p. These observations indicate that in D. discoideum, different PI kinases regulate distinct cellular processes, including cell growth, development, and protein trafficking.
Edge-preserving smoothing and segmentation of 4D images via transversely isotropic scale-space processing and fingerprint analysis

Enhancements are described for an approach that unies edge preserving smoothing with segmentation of time sequences of volumetric images, based on dierential edge detection at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Potential applications of these 4-D methods include segmentation of respiratory gated positron emission tomography (PET) transmission images to improve accuracy of attenuation correction for imaging heart and lung lesions, and segmentation of dynamic cardiac single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images to facilitate unbiased estimation of time-activity curves and kinetic parameters for left ventricular volumes of interest. Improved segmentation of lung surfaces in simulated respiratory gated cardiac PET transmission images is achieved with a 4-D edge detection operator composed of edge preserving 1-D operators applied in various spatial and temporal directions. Smoothing along the axis of a 1-D operator is driven by structure separation seen in the scale-space ngerprint, rather than by image contrast. Spurious noise structures are reduced with use of small-scale isotropic smoothing in directions transverse to the 1-D operator axis. Analytic expressions are obtained for directional derivatives of the smoothed, edge preserved image, and the expressions are used to compose a 4-D operator that detects edges as zero-crossings in the second derivative in the direction of the image intensity gradient. Additional improvement in segmentation is anticipated with use of multiscale transversely isotropic smoothing and a novel interpolation method that improves the behavior of the directional derivatives. The interpolation method is demonstrated on a simulated 1-D edge and incorporation of the method into the 4-D algorithm is described.
Walking in (affective) circles: Can short walks enhance affect?

Recent physical activity recommendations call for activities that are of moderate intensity and can be performed intermittently during the day, such as walking. These proclamations were based partly on the assumption that moderate activities are generally more enjoyable than physically demanding ones, and they are, therefore, also more likely to be continued over the long haul. However, little is actually known about the affective outcomes of short bouts of walking and extant findings are equivocal. Four experimental studies examined the affective responses associated with short (10- to 15-min) bouts of walking using a dimensional conceptual model of affect, namely, the circumplex. Results consistently showed that walking was associated with shifts toward increased activation and more positive affective valence. Recovery from walking for 10-15 min was associated with a return toward calmness and relaxation. This pattern, was robust across different self-report measures of the circumplex affective dimensions, across ecological settings (field and laboratory), across time, and across samples.
Diversity and Wiring Variability of Olfactory Local Interneurons in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

Local interneurons are essential in information processing by neural circuits. Here we present a comprehensive genetic, anatomical and electrophysiological analysis of local interneurons (LNs) in the Drosophila melanogaster antennal lobe, the first olfactory processing center in the brain. We found LNs to be diverse in their neurotransmitter profiles, connectivity and physiological properties. Analysis of >1,500 individual LNs revealed principal morphological classes characterized by coarsely stereotyped glomerular innervation patterns. Some of these morphological classes showed distinct physiological properties. However, the finer-scale connectivity of an individual LN varied considerably across brains, and there was notable physiological variability within each morphological or genetic class. Finally, LN innervation required interaction with olfactory receptor neurons during development, and some individual variability also likely reflected LN-LN interactions. Our results reveal an unexpected degree of complexity and individual variation in an invertebrate neural circuit, a result that creates challenges for solving the Drosophila connectome.
Chronic social defeat stress disrupts regulation of lipid synthesis.

Several psychiatric disorders increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, including posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. While the precise mechanism for this association has not yet been established, it has been shown that certain disorders promote an unfavorable lipid profile. To study the interaction of stress and lipid dysregulation, we utilized chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a mouse model of chronic stress with features of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Following exposure to CSDS, mice were given access to either regular chow or a Western-style diet high in fat and cholesterol (HFD). The combination of social stress and HFD resulted in significant perturbations in lipid regulation, including two key features of the metabolic syndrome: increased plasma levels of non–HDL cholesterol and intrahepatic accumulation of triglycerides. These effects were accompanied by a number of changes in the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid regulation. Transcriptional activity of LXR, SREBP1c, and ChREBP were significantly affected by exposure to HFD and CSDS. We present CSDS as a model of social stress induced lipid dysregulation and propose that social stress alters lipid metabolism by increasing transcriptional activity of genes involved in lipid synthesis.
An acoustic fall detector system that uses sound height information to reduce the false alarm rate

More than one third of about 38 million adults 65 and older fall each year in the United States. To address the above problem we propose to develop an acoustic fall detection system (FADE) that will automatically signal a fall to the monitoring caregiver. As opposed to many existent fall detection systems that require the monitored person to wear devices such as accelerometers or gyroscopes at all times, our system is completely unobtrusive by not requiring any wearable devices. To reduce the false alarm rate we employ an array of acoustic sensors to obtain sound source height information. The sound is considered a false alarm if it comes from a source located at a height higher than 2 feet. We tested our system in a pilot study that consisted of a set of 23 falls performed by a stunt actor during six sessions of about 15 minutes each (1.3 hours in total). The actor was previously trained by our nursing collaborators to fall like an elderly person. The use of height information reduced the false alarm hourly rate from 32 to 5 at a 100% fall detection rate.
Energy estimation of peripheral devices in embedded systems

This paper introduces a methodology for estimation of energy consumption in peripherals such as audio and video devices. Peripherals can be responsible for significant amount of the energy consumption in current embedded systems. We introduce a cycle-accurate energy simulator and profiler capable of simulating peripheral devices. Our energy estimation tool for peripherals can be useful for hardware and software energy optimization of multimedia applications and device drivers. The simulator and profiler use cycle-accurate energy and performance models for peripheral devices with the cycle-accurate energy and performance models for computing, storage and power devices created in previous work. We also implemented I/O communication protocols such as polling, I/O interrupts and direct memory access (DMA). Using our energy simulator and estimator, we optimized an audio driver for an MP3 (MPEG-2 Layer 3) audio decoder application. Our optimization results show 44% reduction in the total system energy consumption for the MP3 audio decoder when optimized audio driver is used.
Olfactory sensory neuron‐specific and sexually dimorphic expression of protocadherin 20

Olfactory sensory axons navigate from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb and sort from among 1,000 different odorant receptor-expressing types to converge upon the same two or three glomeruli. To achieve this task during development, it is likely that multiple classes of regulatory molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, are involved. Cell adhesion molecules have been shown to be important in controlling axon guidance, fasciculation, and synapse formation. To gain further understanding of the involvement of adhesion molecules in olfactory circuitry development, we examined the dynamic and cell type specific expression of a novel protocadherin, PCDH20, in the olfactory system. PCDH20 is specifically expressed in newly differentiated olfactory sensory neurons and their axons during development. PCDH20 expression is down-regulated in the adult olfactory system, except in a small olfactory sensory neuron population. These small, discrete numbers of PCDH20-positive glomeruli in the adult olfactory bulb are consistently clustered in the ventral-caudal region in both male and female mice. However, adult males have higher numbers of PCDH20-positive glomeruli with a broader distribution, whereas adult females have fewer PCDH20-positive glomeruli with a more restricted distribution. The gender difference in PCDH20 expression may reflect olfactory receptor expression differences for gender-specific social discrimination. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1076–1086, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Magnetic Susceptibilities of the Single-Molecule Magnets [Mn4O3X(OAc)3(dbm)3] (X = Br, Cl, OAc, and F): Variation of the Anisotropy along the Series

The single-molecule magnets (SMMs) [Mn4O3X(OAc)3(dbm)3] (X = Br, Cl, OAc, and F) were investigated by a detailed inelastic neutron scattering (INS) study. Up to four magnetic excitations between the zero-field split levels of the lowest S = 9/2 cluster ground-state have been resolved. From the determined energy-level diagrams and the relative INS intensities we can show that the inclusion of a rhombic term in the zero-field splitting (ZFS) Hamiltonian is essential in these compounds. On the basis of the Hamiltonian: ĤZFS = D[ − 1/3S(S + 1)] + E( − ) + , the following sets of parameters are derived: For X = Cl: D = −0.529 cm-1, |E| = 0.022 cm-1, and = −6.5 × 10-5 cm-1; for X = Br: D = −0.502 cm-1, |E| = 0.017 cm-1, and = −5.1 × 10-5 cm-1; for X = OAc: D = −0.469 cm-1, |E| = 0.017 cm-1, and = −7.9 × 10-5 cm-1; and for X = F: D = −0.379 cm-1 and = −11.1 × 10-5 cm-1. The wave functions derived from the energy analysis are in excellent agreement with the relative intensities of the observed INS transitio...