cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Life Trauma Exposure and Stress Sensitivity in Young Children

OBJECTIVE: The current study replicates and extends work with adults that highlights the relationship between trauma exposure and distress in response to subsequent, nontraumatic life stressors. METHODS: The sample included 213 2-4-year-old children in which 64.3% had a history of potential trauma exposure. Children were categorized into 4 groups based on trauma history and current life stress. RESULTS: In a multivariate analysis of variance, trauma-exposed children with current life stressors had elevated internalizing and externalizing problems compared with trauma-exposed children without current stress and nontrauma-exposed children with and without current stressors. The trauma-exposed groups with or without current stressors did not differ on posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Accounting for number of traumatic events did not change these results. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that early life trauma exposure may sensitize young children and place them at risk for internalizing or externalizing problems when exposed to subsequent, nontraumatic life stressors. Language: en
Crash data collection: a Windows case study

Reliability is a rapidly growing concern in contemporary personal computer (PC) industry, both for computer users as well as product developers. To improve dependability, systems designers and programmers must consider failure and usage data for operating systems as well as applications. In this paper, we discuss our experience with crash and usage data collection for Windows machines. We analyze results based on crashes in the UC Berkeley EECS department.
Low power adaptive pipeline based on instruction isolation

One of the most effective techniques to reduce a processor's power consumption is to reduce supply voltage. However, reducing voltage in the context of parameter variations can cause circuits to fail. As a result, voltage scaling is limited by a minimum voltage, often called Vccmin, beyond which circuits may not operate reliably. In this paper, we propose an architectural technique that enables microprocessor to operate at low voltage, while maintaining high frequency operations based on instruction isolation. The instruction isolation scheme isolates the set of possible instructions that do not complete within the clock period at the scaled Vcc and avoids possible timing errors in the instructions by dynamically adapting the clock period. Compared to current design, our scheme enables extra 13% average power saving.
Using structural‐nested models to estimate the effect of cluster‐level adherence on individual‐level outcomes with a three‐armed cluster‐randomized trial

Much attention has been paid to estimating the causal effect of adherence to a randomized protocol using instrumental variables to adjust for unmeasured confounding. Researchers tend to use the instrumental variable within one of the three main frameworks: regression with an endogenous variable, principal stratification, or structural-nested modeling. We found in our literature review that even in simple settings, causal interpretations of analyses with endogenous regressors can be ambiguous or rely on a strong assumption that can be difficult to interpret. Principal stratification and structural-nested modeling are alternative frameworks that render unambiguous causal interpretations based on assumptions that are, arguably, easier to interpret. Our interest stems from a wish to estimate the effect of cluster-level adherence on individual-level binary outcomes with a three-armed cluster-randomized trial and polytomous adherence. Principal stratification approaches to this problem are quite challenging because of the sheer number of principal strata involved. Therefore, we developed a structural-nested modeling approach and, in the process, extended the methodology to accommodate cluster-randomized trials with unequal probability of selecting individuals. Furthermore, we developed a method to implement the approach with relatively simple programming. The approach works quite well, but when the structural-nested model does not fit the data, there is no solution to the estimating equation. We investigate the performance of the approach using simulated data, and we also use the approach to estimate the effect on pupil absence of school-level adherence to a randomized water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention in western Kenya. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Broadband Acoustic Technique for Measuring Bubble Size Distributions: Laboratory and Shallow Water Measurements

The development of a broadband sound velocimeter that allows the simultaneous measurement of sound speed and attenuation over a wide range of frequencies is described. The velocimeter measures the attenuation and dispersion of a broadband acoustic pulse over frequencies ranging from 4 to 100 kHz across a fixed pathlength using a two-transducer system. The resulting data are inverted to arrive at bubble size distributions over bubble radii in the range 30‐800 mm. The instrument was tested in the large wave channel at the Hydraulics Laboratory of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The channel can generate breaking waves of O(1 m) height using a hydraulically driven wave generator, giving bubble size distributions similar to those found in the field. The presence of the bubbles significantly changes the acoustical properties of the water. Internal consistency checks of the acoustic data and measurements of bubbles using an independent optical sizing technique support the accuracy of the acoustic system in measuring bubble size distributions. A field test of the system was performed off Scripps Pier in water of approximately 6-m depth. Observations demonstrate that bubble transport events with significant temporal and spatial variability are associated with rip currents and introduce significant vertical gradients in the acoustical properties of the water. The performance of the system in the field was found to be comparable to that found in the laboratory.
Hardware-In-the-Loop Experiments with a 5 MW HTS Propulsion Motor at Florida State University's Power Test Facility

Some aspects unique to the emerging high temperature superconducting (HTS) rotating machinery technology, such as increased AC losses in the HTS winding of the rotor circuit due to low frequency load changes, requires advanced experimental methods for R&D testing and, eventually, type testing. Therefore, this paper describes a novel 5 MW rated hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test facility established at the center for advanced power systems at Florida State University. Integrated with a state-of-the-art digital real-time simulator this facility allows for highly complex HIL experiments in order to subject devices under test to realistic, real-life operating conditions. In particular, the paper discusses experiences from the world's first HIL test of a 5 MW HTS synchronous machine, designed and built as a prototype ship propulsion motor technology demonstrator. During sea-state tests, a sophisticated hydrodynamic simulation model - incorporating random wave height and frequency spectra, simulated ship velocity, and the actual motor speed feedback - provided real-time torque reference signals to dynamometers loading the HTS motor. Results from HIL tests are provided and discussed in addition to an outlook on additional experimental procedures which could be applied to HTS machines for better characterization and even more rigorous real-life testing.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF INTESTINAL BIOPSIES TAKEN DURING ACTIVE WHIPPLE'S DISEASE.

Summary Attempts were made to culture the bacillif orm bodies seen in small intestinal biopsies from a case of Whipple's disease. Material for examination was diluted to exclude normal flora contaminants and was cultured on a wide range of media and in a variety of tissue culture. Results were uniformly negative after prolonged culture. Animal inoculations including direct application to the ileal wall of monkeys gave similarly negative results. It is concluded that the bacilliform bodies, assuming them to be bacteria, were highly fastidious, and that their growth requirements were not met in these experiments.
Does Foreign Tax Arbitrage Promote Innovation

In this paper, I examine innovation in the context of an unexpected policy shock that facilitated tax arbitrage by U.S. multinational firms. I find that after the shock, U.S. multinationals shifted more of their intellectual property to low tax countries. The firms' taxable income moved in parallel, increasing the after-tax return to innovative activity. In response, U.S. multinationals increased their innovative activity in the U.S., whether measured using R&D expenditures, R&D employment, patent applications, or patent citations. The findings contrast with U.S. policy makers' concerns that innovation-focused investment and employment are leaving the U.S. due to disparities between the U.S. and foreign tax codes.
Hemoprotein from root nodules and nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium.

SummaryFixation of molecular nitrogen could not be induced in free-living cultures of Rhizobium by supplying them with extracts of root nodules containing the hemoglobinlike pigment. Kine experiments were made during 2 growing seasons. Variations in technique included: species of bacteria; source of nodular extract; addition of oxalacetic, α-ketoglutaric and citric acid; and method of preparing the extract. Analyses of the results showed that gains of 0.2-0.3 mg N were required lor statiitical significance, but even these slight increases were not consistently obtained.
gamma width of the unbound 5.17 MeV level of 14O and the "hot" CNO cycle.

We have measured the \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray branching ratio ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$/\ensuremath{\Gamma} of the unbound 5.17 MeV first excited state in $^{14}\mathrm{O}$ using the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$${(}^{3}$He,n\ensuremath{\gamma}) reaction at ${\mathit{E}}_{{3}_{\mathrm{He}}}$=9.35 MeV. We detected coincidences between ${n}_{1}$ neutrons populating the $^{14}\mathrm{O}$ state and 5.17 MeV \ensuremath{\gamma} rays from its decay, and obtained ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$/\ensuremath{\Gamma}=(7.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$. When combined with the known total width \ensuremath{\Gamma}=38.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8 keV, our branching ratio corresponds to ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3 eV. We use this \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray width, together with previously measured nonresonant $^{13}\mathrm{C}$(p,${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$) data, to find the $^{13}\mathrm{N}$(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}) reaction rate at astrophysical energies, thereby determining the stellar environments where hydrogen burning through ``hot'' or \ensuremath{\beta}-limited CNO cycle can occur.
Fidelity of a Time-Resolved Imaging Diagnostic for Electron Beam Profiles

An optical tomographic diagnostic instrument has been fielded at the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Four optical lines of sight create projections of an image of an electron beam on a Cerenkov target, which are relayed via optical fiber to streak cameras. From these projections, a reconstruction algorithm creates time histories of the beam’s cross section. The instrument was fielded during and after facility commissioning, and tomographic reconstructions reported beam parameters. Results from reconstructions and analysis are noted.
Moving Bodies Moving Architecture Structural Fluidity and Pedestrian Choreographies at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial

This essay uses the Vietnam Veterans Memorial to trouble the critique that permanent, enduring architecture no longer effectively stands in for shared, collective memory. Dance studies and memory s...
Analysis of global distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1with geographic information system

Objective To investigate global distribution and spreading of avian influenza based on geographic information system( GIS) and surveillance data,and to provide direct and indirect evidence for prevention and early warming of the epidemic. Methods A total number of 6 439 officially confirmed cases of H5N1 outbreak reported to WHO and World Organization for Animal Health( OIE) from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed using a GIS based approach. Global Moran's I,K-function were used in the spatial analysis. Results The global pandemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza( HPAI) H5N1 began in 2003 and peaked in 2006. The most of the outbreaks were reported in Asia( 60%),Europe( 22%) and Africa( 17%). The global distribution pattern of the disease varied within different time series and spatial scales. Conclusion Heterogeneity of spatial-temporal clustering of H5N1 outbreaks has been approved in this study. The distribution pattern of the disease has great value for early warming. Human activities and birds migration over large spatial scales may play a key role in H5N1's spreading.
Fracture of brittle solids: Strength and reliability

In turning to engineering aspects of brittle fracture the focus shifts from toughness to strength . However, structural design is concerned not just with strength but also with reliability . How may we guarantee the strength of a brittle component? Or, more realistically, how well may we guarantee the strength and for how long ? Much of our current methodology for quantifying the reliability of intrinsically brittle materials can be traced back to the endeavours of Evans, Wiederhorn, Davidge, Ritter and others in the early 1970s to address such questions in relation to fracture mechanics, specifically in the context of failure from Griffith flaws. Reliability inevitably embodies a probabilistic element. Designers reconcile themselves to the notion of a ‘risk’ of failure over a ‘lifetime’, acceptable values of these quantities depending on specific applications. The classical form in which risk is expressed for any mechanical structure (including, interestingly, the human body) is the ‘bathtub’ curve of fig. 10.1, representing the ‘hazard’ (mortality) rate as a function of time. Such a curve is certainly representative of the strength characteristics of ceramic components: component failure is most frequent during manufacture and initial screening or after prolonged wear and tear in stringent service environments. It is in the recognition that variability in strength and lifetime is unavoidable that ‘flaw statistics’ enters as a central element of reliability analysis in brittle materials. One regards individual flaws as members of some determinable distribution.
MEK1 is required for PDGF-induced ERK activation and DNA synthesis in tracheal myocytes

We tested whether activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) is required and sufficient for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in airway smooth muscle cells. First, we transiently cotransfected bovine tracheal myocytes with an epitope-tagged ERK2 and a dominant-negative or a constitutively active form of the gene encoding MEK1 and assessed ERK2 activation by in vitro phosphorylation assay. Expression of the dominant-negative MEK1 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced ERK2 activation, whereas expression of the constitutively active MEK1 induced ERK2 activation, suggesting that MEK1 is required and sufficient for ERK activation in these cells. Next, we assessed the effect of PD-98059, a synthetic MEK inhibitor, on PDGF-induced MEK1 and ERK activation. PD-98059 (10 microM) inhibited MEK1 and ERK activation, confirming that MEK1 is required for ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes. PD-98059 had no effect on Src or Raf-1 activity, evidence that PD-98059 is a specific inhibitor of MEK in this system. Finally, PD-98059 reduced PDGF-induced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that catalytic activation of MEK1 and ERKs is required for DNA synthesis. We conclude that MEK1 is required for PDGF-induced ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes and that MEK1 and ERKs are required for PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in these cells.
Formalizing Fusion Object-Oriented Analysis Models

Most popular object-oriented analysis (OOA) methods provide good support for creating abstract, understandable models of system behavior and structure. The lack of firm semantic bases for most of these methods makes it difficult to rigorously reason about modeled behavior, and also makes it difficult to check the compliance of implementations (design and programs) against them. In this paper* we formalize the Fusion object-oriented analysis modeling techniques to make the models produced more amenable to formal analysis. We illustrate the formalization process by presenting some of the results of a case study carried out as part of our experimentations on formalized Fusion models.
Role of Tregs in Cancer Dormancy or Recurrence

The immunogenic tumor dormancy has been demonstrated in animal models of cancer, which can explain clinical observations such as an increased incidence of cancer following organ transplantation. The role of immune cell populations in the maintenance of, or escape from, tumor dormancy and subsequent recurrence is poorly understood. Here, we provide a review of literature related to the contribution of Tregs in tumor dormancy or recurrence. Based on clinical results, we suggest that anecdotal reports on the association of human Tregs with poor prognosis are circumstantial rather than implying a cause-effect direction. This could be due to a disparity among patients in harboring multiple factors associated with tumor immunoediting and immune evasion mechanisms.
Activation of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in SLE: Explosion of Evidence in the Last Five Years.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator in cell growth, activation, proliferation, and survival. Activation of the mTOR pathway underlies the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). While mTOR activation and its therapeutic reversal were originally discovered in T cells, recent investigations have also uncovered roles in other cell subsets including B cells, macrophages, and “non-immune” organs such as the liver and the kidney. Activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) precedes the onset of SLE and associated co-morbidities, such as anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), and may act as an early marker of disease pathogenesis. Six case reports have now been published that document the development of SLE in patients with genetic activation of mTORC1. Targeting mTORC1 over-activation with N-acetylcysteine, rapamycin, and rapalogs provides an opportunity to supplant current therapies with severe side effect profiles such as prednisone or cyclophosphamide. In the present review, we will discuss the recent explosion of findings in support for a central role for mTOR activation in SLE.
The Conceptual Relation between Standard Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory

BEFORE CONCEPTUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THEORIES can be identified, the conceptual framework associated with each theory must be identified. Many difficulties and pitfalls face any attempt to identify the conceptual framework associated with quantum field theory. Certainly we must compare quantum field theories to standard quantum mechanics. We must also compare quantum field theories to classical field theories of electromagnetism. Finally, we must compare relativistic quantum field theory to non-relativistic quantum field theory. These comparisons will yield clues which in turn will lead to answers to questions about conceptual frameworks. The present paper points out several difficulties facing these comparisons of structures and argues that several approaches to these questions are misguided. Other approaches that are well-motivated and fruitful are suggested. The main point is that non-perturbative methods tell us a lot about this conceptual picture primarily because these methods involve the exploitation of the structural relations between the various theories. Non-perturbative methods are in some cases the only ways we have to extract useful predictions from quantum field theories, yet they have hardly been studied at all in this context. By studying these methods and the structural relations between the theories, we can learn much about the conceptual relations between the theories.
Some comments on thermodynamic consistency for equilibrium mixture equations of state

Abstract We investigate sufficient conditions for thermodynamic consistency for equilibrium mixtures. Such models assume that the mass fraction average of the material component equations of state, when closed by a suitable equilibrium condition, provide a composite equation of state for the mixture. We show that the two common equilibrium models of component pressure/temperature equilibrium and volume/temperature equilibrium (Dalton, 1808) define thermodynamically consistent mixture equations of state and that other equilibrium conditions can be thermodynamically consistent provided appropriate values are used for the mixture specific entropy and pressure.
Father Hunger: Explorations with Adults and Children

James M. Herzog's Father Hunger: Explorations with Adults and Children will quickly take its place both as a landmark contribution to developmental psychology and as an enduring classic in the clinical literature of psychoanalysis. We live in an era when a great many children grow up without a father, or, worse still, with fathers who traumatically abuse them. Yet, society continues to ignore the emotional price that children pay, and often continue to pay throughout their lives, for this tragic state of affairs. Father Hunger will change this situation. First drawn to his topic by observing the recurring nightmares of clinic-referred children of newly separated parents - nightmares in which the children's fear of their own aggression was coupled with desperate wishes for their fathers' return - Herzog went on to spend more than two decades exploring the role of the father in a variety of naturalistic settings. He discovered that the characteristically intense manner in which fathers engaged their children provided an experience of contained excitement that served as a necessary scaffolding to the children's emerging sense of self and as a potential buffer against future trauma. A brilliant observer and remarkably gifted, caring clinician, Herzog remains true to the ambiguities and multiple leves of meaning that arise in therapeutic encounters with real people. He consistently locates his therapeutic strategies and clinical discoveries within a sophisticated observational framework, thus making his formulations about father hunger and its remediation of immediate value to scientific researchers. A model of humane psychoanalytic exploration in response to a deepening social problem, Father Hunger is a clinical document destined to raise public consciousness and help shape social policy. And in the extraordinary stories of therapeutic struggle and restoration that emerge from its pages, it is a stunning testament to the resiliency of the human spirit.
Photoinduced Multielectron Redox Reactions in the (PtC16)2- /Alcohol System: Visible Light Reduction of Platinum Centers

Although the photochemistry of octahedral haloplatinum (IV) complexes has been extensively investigated, it has always been viewed in terms of ligand substi- tution processes. However, the preference of platinum for the (II) and (IV) oxidation states, and the previous observation (Cox et al., 1972) that photo- aquation of [PtCl6]2- can involve a Pt(III) intermediate suggests that such complexes may be capable of photoinduced multielectron charge transfer. Such a capability has now been demonstrated in the photoinitiated reaction of [PtCl6]2- with alcohols. Up to four electrons can be transferred in this pro- cess leading to the formation of platinum metal (Cameron and Bocarsly, 1986) and aldehydes or ketones depending on whether a primary or secondary alcohol is initially employed. Of special interest is the finding that primary alcohols are not overoxidized to the acid. Further aldehyde formation can be carried out catalytically by addition of O2/CuCl2 to the reaction mixture as a reoxidant of lower platinum oxidation states back to Pt(IV) (Cameron and Bocarsly, 1985).
Tropospheric Ozone: Agricultural Implications

While stratospheric O3 protects life by absorbing potentially damaging solar ultraviolet radiation, ground-level O3 can harm life by oxidizing living tissue. Under appropriate meteorological conditions, anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide can trigger O3 pollution episodes with ground-level concentrations enhanced by factors of 2 or more. One consequence of these enhancements can be a reduction in agricultural crop yields. Because O3 pollution is a regional phenomenon that extends well beyond urban borders and the world's most productive agricultural areas can be found in regions that also have urban and industrial activities, a sizeable portion of the staple crops grown in the world today are exposed to O3 and related pollutants. The net impact on world food production is most likely a few percent and growing as developing nations industrialize and urbanize.
Measuring LGBTQ Microaggressions: The Sexual Orientation Microaggressions Scale (SOMS) and the Gender Identity Microaggressions Scale (GIMS).

Microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, intentional or unintentional, that demonstrate bias toward members of historically marginalized gr...
Intrinsic multiplex graph model detects incipient process drift in ultraprecision manufacturing

Abstract While rare events like process drift and damage in ultraprecision manufacturing are not preventable in most cases, the accurate detection could enable timely corrective actions to substantially reduce the severity of the fallout and the associated treatment cost. Nonetheless, subtle process drift in incipient stage generally nullifies conventional data-driven detection algorithms, which are inadequate to track dynamic behavioral evolution for complex systems. Notably, the inevitable sensor failure in conjunction with heterogeneous sensing characteristics have made it strenuous to synchronize data from multiple sources to monitor process variability. To address those challenges, this paper presents a novel intrinsic multiplex graph approach based on intrinsic time-scale decomposition of the signal collected from one single source for the detection of incipient process drift. A case study in ultraprecision machining indicates that this proposed method detects the formation and sweeping away of built-up edge phenomenon with minimal time delay.
A pilot evaluation of an advocacy programme on knowledge, empowerment, family-school partnership and parent well-being.

Background Internationally, it has been recognised that parents need to advocate for their children with disabilities to receive services. However, many parents find advocacy difficult because of systemic and logistical barriers. As such, parents of children with disabilities may seek a special education advocate to help them understand their child's rights and secure services. Yet little research has been conducted about programmes to develop special education advocates. Methods In this study, we conducted a comparison study to determine the association of an advocacy programme (i.e. the Volunteer Advocacy Project) on a primary outcome (i.e. special education knowledge) and other outcomes (i.e. family-school partnership, empowerment and parent well-being). Specifically, in 2017, 34 participants, all mothers of children with disabilities, were recruited from disability organisations in the USA. Seventeen mothers participated in the intervention group (i.e. the advocacy training), while 17 mothers participated in the wait list control group. The Volunteer Advocacy Project is a 36 hr advocacy training for individuals to gain instrumental and affective knowledge to advocate for their own children with disabilities and for other families. All participants completed a pre-survey and post-survey; only intervention group participants completed a 6-month follow-up survey. Results Compared with 17 wait list control group participants, the 17 intervention group participants demonstrated improvements in special education knowledge, P = 0.002, η2 = 0.32, and self-mastery, P = 0.04, η2 = 0.15, and decreases in the quality of family-school partnerships, P = 0.002, η2 = 0.32. At the follow-up survey, intervention group participants demonstrated increases in empowerment, P = 0.04, η2 = 0.29, and special education knowledge, P = 0.02, η2 = 0.38. Conclusions Implications for research including the need for a randomised controlled trial are discussed; also, practitioners need to evaluate advocacy training programmes regarding their effectiveness.
Deterrence: Sanction Perceptions

This article conducts a survey of theory and research concerning the determinants of an individual's perceptions of the risk of formal sanctions as a consequence of criminal behavior. The specific questions considered are as follows: (1) How accurate is people's knowledge about criminal sanctions? (2) What is the impact of risk perceptions on the likelihood of criminal behavior? (3) What is the impact of criminal experience on the modification of risk perceptions?
Clipping of a partially thrombosed giant PICA aneurysm associated with the anterior spinal artery.

This [video 1][1] case presents some unique technical tenets for the microsurgical clipping of a giant posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. The patient described in this case was a 60-year-old woman with a history of coil embolisation of a left vertebral artery aneurysm. The patient
Daratumumab in untreated newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

The treatment of multiple myeloma has evolved markedly in the last decade, but mortality remains high, emphasizing the need for more effective therapies. Daratumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, has shown clinical efficacy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs, including novel agents. More recently, promising results have been reported in patients with untreated newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Clinical trials thus far have shown enhanced efficacy and tolerability of several daratumumab-based combinations in both transplant ineligible and eligible patients, without compromising transplant ability. However, benefit in high-risk subpopulations is still unclear. A subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab has been introduced to decrease the risk of infusion reactions, with preliminary results showing non-inferior efficacy. The antimyeloma activity of daratumumab is achieved through multiple mechanisms including direct, Fc-dependent, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Enhanced efficacy of daratumumab in combination with immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors is supported by preclinical data showing synergism. This review will focus on the role of daratumumab in untreated NDMM patients, highlighting the results of major clinical trials, and listing ongoing trials that are evaluating various daratumumab-based combinations in this setting.
On the Properties of the Rank-Two Null Space of Nonsparse and Canonical-Sparse Blind Deconvolution

Blind deconvolution is a ubiquitous nonlinear inverse problem in applications such as wireless communications and image processing. This problem is generally ill-posed, and there have been efforts to use sparse models for regularization to promote signal identifiability. Herein, the ambiguity in blind deconvolution is characterized by lifting to a rank-one matrix recovery problem and analyzing the rank-two null space of the resultant linear operator. A novel dimension-wise tight representation of this rank-two null space is stated and proved to show unidentifiability of blind deconvolution for almost every pair of unconstrained input signals. This representation is further used to establish, somewhat surprisingly, the ill-posedness of the canonical-sparse blind deconvolution problem by exemplifying the dimension of the unidentifiable signal sets. An important conclusion of this paper is that canonical sparsity occurring naturally in applications may be insufficient for signal identifiability in blind deconvolution, necessitating the use of coding.
Public and private religious involvement and initiation of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in Black and White adolescent girls

This longitudinal study aimed to identify variation by race in the associations between religious involvement and initiation of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, including distinctions by substance or type of religious involvement, in Black and White adolescent girls. Data were drawn from interviews conducted at ages 11 through 17 with 2172 Pittsburgh Girls Study participants (56.8% Black; 43.2% White). Two indicators of public religious involvement, religious service attendance and participation in other religious activities, and two indicators of private religious involvement, prayer, and importance of religion were queried. A series of Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to identify independent effects of religious involvement indicators on initiation of each substance. Prior to adjusting for socioenvironmental and psychosocial factors (e.g., parental monitoring), importance of religion predicted initiation of alcohol use across race and cigarette and marijuana use in White but not Black girls. Participation in other religious activities also predicted marijuana use initiation only in White girls. In adjusted models, importance of religion remained significant for cigarette use initiation in White girls (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.68, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.53–0.88) and participation in other religious activities remained significant for marijuana use initiation in White girls (HR = 0.63, CI: 0.47–0.83). The protective effects of religious involvement against cigarette and marijuana use initiation are more robust for White than Black adolescent girls and overall relatively weak for alcohol use initiation. Furthermore, importance placed on religion may be a better indicator than religious service attendance of risk for adolescent substance use initiation.
Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectra Using Phase Angle Symmetry Across Log Frequency

A method is disclosed for analysis of the impedance behavior of electrochemical impedance circuits or the Transfer Function for input-output systems, utilizing the symmetry of the phase angle response with the Log of the frequency to allow for determination of the lower frequency half of the impedance response over Log frequency based only on information from the upper half response. The underlying analytical basis for the symmetry of the phase angle and the methods for applying this analysis are applicable to simple R-C circuits, Randle circuits, Constant Phase Element (CPE)-Randles and coating model circuits. Symmetric functions describing the derivative of the phase angle, θ, with respect to the Log of the frequency can be used to determine the circuit elements requiring only the high frequency information. Only knowledge of the high frequency-based response is needed to know how the low frequency range behaves. Capturing high frequency impedance can be done in a few seconds compared with many hours of experimental effort to obtain low frequency behavior, to allow for continuous monitoring of polarization resistance with only a few seconds of data capture required. The method is applicable to numerous sensor applications across a range of disciplines including corrosion focused industries, battery technology and bioelectrochemical fields, and applicable to other Transfer Function analyses that include such as dielectric relaxation and complex modulus.
Fat Grafting in Breast Reconstruction

The past two decades have witnessed a growing application of autologous fat grafting in the setting of breast reconstruction after surgical treatment of breast cancer. While traditionally used to correct contour deformities during secondary revisions, fat grafting has since evolved to achieve desired breast shape and size both as a complementary adjunct to established reconstructive techniques as well as a standalone technique for whole breast reconstruction. In this article, we will review fat grafting as an adjunct to autologous and implant-breast based reconstruction, an option for primary breast reconstruction, and a treatment of postmastectomy pain.
Arendt's Krisis

Crisis occupies an ambiguous place in the writings of Hannah Arendt. Not only does crisis undermine categories of judgment, but in doing so it eliminates prejudices as well, forcing us to judge wit...
Plant and Bacterial Metaxin-like Proteins: Novel Proteins Related to Vertebrate Metaxins Involved in Uptake of Nascent Proteins into Mitochondria

The metaxins were originally identified as vertebrate proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane involved in protein import into mitochondria. Metaxin proteins have also been found in diverse invertebrate phyla. The present study is concerned with examining whether metaxin-like proteins occur in plants and bacteria. Metaxin-like proteins were revealed by their homology with human metaxins and the possession of characteristic GST_Metaxin protein domains. The results demonstrate that metaxin-like proteins exist in plants that include a wide variety of angiosperms, both eudicots and monocots, and other plant groups. Metaxin-like proteins can also be detected in bacteria, particularly in the Proteobacteria phylum, but also in different bacterial phyla. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that plant metaxin-like proteins, bacterial metaxin-like proteins, and vertebrate metaxins form distinct phylogenetic groups, but are related. Metaxin-like proteins, however, are only distantly related to GSTs (glutathione S-transferase proteins). A similar degree of homology is found in aligning the amino acid sequences of plant and bacterial metaxin-like proteins with human metaxins 1, 2, and 3 and other vertebrate metaxins. The amino acid identities range from about 22%-28% for each alignment. The presence of two conserved protein domains, GST_N_Metaxin and GST_C_Metaxin, in both plant and bacterial metaxin-like proteins provides evidence that these proteins are related to the vertebrate and invertebrate metaxins. The metaxin-like proteins have predicted secondary structures that are dominated by alpha-helical segments, like the vertebrate and invertebrate metaxins.
Virus Accumulation and Whitefly Performance Modulate the Role of Alternate Host Species as Inoculum Sources of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus

Evaluating alternate hosts that facilitate the persistence of a virus in the landscape is key to understanding virus epidemics. In this study, we explored the role of several plant species (eggplant, pepper, and Palmer amaranth) as inoculum sources of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and as reservoirs for its insect vector, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). All inoculated species were infected with TYLCV, but whiteflies acquired fewer viral copies via feeding from pepper and eggplant than from tomato and Palmer amaranth. Further, back-transmission assays to recipient tomato resulted in TYLCV infection only when TYLCV was acquired from Palmer amaranth or tomato. Analysis suggested that the role of plant species as TYLCV inoculum sources may be determined by the accumulation of viral copies in the plant, and consequently in the insect vector. In addition, results showed that all three alternate species could sustain populations of B. tabaci, while differentially influencing fitness of whiteflies. Eggplant was a superior host for whiteflies, whereas whitefly survival was compromised on pepper. Together, we demonstrate that both plant-virus and plant-vector interactions could influence the role of an alternate host in TYLCV epidemics, and in our region of study we highlight the potential risk of hosts such as Palmer amaranth in the spread of TYLCV.
Sequential Gaussian simulation vs. simulated annealing for locating pockets of high-value commercial trees in Pennsylvania

A continuous map of a forest resource is useful to visualize patterns not evident with point samples or as a layer in a geographic information system. Forest resource information is usually collected by ground inventories using point sampling, aerial photography, or remote sensing. Point sampling is expensive and time consuming. Less expensive aerial photography and remote sensing cannot provide the required detail. The tools of geostatistics can provide estimates at unsampled locations to create a continuous map of the forest resource. Two sequential simulation techniques, sequential Gaussian simulation and simulated annealing, are compared for locating pockets of high-value commercial trees in Pennsylvania. Both procedures capture the same trends, but simulated annealing is better than sequential Gaussian simulation at finding pockets of high-value commercial trees in Pennsylvania. Sequential Gaussian simulation is better at visualizing large-scale patterns and providing a quick solution. Simulated annealing requires more user time and should be used for projects requiring local detail.
Artwork From ICE Detention Centers (colour drawings)

The following drawings were crafted by detained refugees and highlight both the hardships and humanity of life inside immigration detention centers.
Single and sequential voluntary cough in children with chronic spinal cord injury

We investigated the impact of spinal cord injury (SCI) on cough capacity in 10 children (Mean ± SD, age 8 ± 4 years) and compared it to 15 typically developing children (age 8 ± 3 years). Participants underwent spirometry, single and sequential cough assessment with surface-electromyography from respiratory muscles. Inspiratory phase duration, inspiratory phase peak flow, inspiratory phase rise time, compression phase duration, expiratory phase rise time, expiratory phase peak airflow (EPPF) and cough volume acceleration (CVA) parameters of single and sequential cough were measured. Root mean square (RMS) values of right pectoralis-major, intercostal, rectus-abdominus (RA), and oblique (OB) muscles were calculated and mean of three trials were compared. The significance criterion was set at P < 0.05. The SCI group produced significantly lower lung volumes, EPPF, CVA, and RMS values of RA and OB during expiratory phases of single and sequential coughs. The decrease in activation in expiratory muscles in the SCI group accounts for the impaired expiratory flow and may contribute to risk of respiratory complications.
Low energy atomic traps sluggardize the diffusion in compositionally complex refractory alloys

Abstract Compositionally complex alloys (CCAs) have attracted significant attention over the past decade due to their potential for exhibiting excellent mechanical properties even at elevated temperatures. The resistance to creep deformation at temperatures greater than one-half of the melting point is primarily driven by atomic diffusion, but experimental measurement of the diffusion coefficients at elevated temperatures is challenging due to the instrumentation limitations and possible oxidation of the alloy. We employ molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations to examine the atomic diffusion of the various elemental species in a refractory CCA containing Mo-Ta-Ti-W-Zr as the constituents. The predictions reveal that diffusion coefficients in CCAs are slower than the corresponding diffusion in the pure metals by a factor of ~8–12, while the activation energies for the diffusion are relatively much higher. A strong attraction between unlike atomic pairs in the CCA coupled with the occurrences of low energy atomic traps due to preferential site-occupancy of the elements creates an ~1 eV energy barrier that significantly impedes atom migration. The sluggish diffusion reduces the creep deformation strain rates, increasing the resistance to creep for the CCA at high temperatures.
Exploring knowledge of transparent and non-transparent multi-word phrases among L2 English learners living in an Anglophone setting

Abstract Skillful use of figurative phrases is often a benchmark for advanced or “native-like” English. Despite being highly prevalent, non-compositional phrases present a disproportionate challenge for L2 English users (Barfield & Gyllstad, 2009; Carrol & Conklin, 2017); this asymmetrical challenge appears to decrease with increased exposure and linguistic proficiency (Beck & Weber, 2016; Macias & Schmitt, 2017). This study administered an electronic assessment of knowledge of British English verb + object multi-word phrases of varying transparency to identify knowledge differences between intermediate and advanced L2 learners and monolinguals and to quantify the effect of non-transparency. Eighty-one adults participated: 61 U.K.-based L2 English users (37 intermediate; 25 advanced) and 19 British English monolinguals. A 3x3 ANOVA revealed significant differences between intermediate and advanced L2 users; advanced L2 users living in the U.K. differed significantly from monolinguals in knowledge of non-transparent phrases. Findings demonstrated an effect of non-transparency, such that it was significantly more challenging for learners to produce non-transparent phrases than comparably frequent transparent phrases. Implications for L2 English learners in Anglophone and in non-Anglophone settings are discussed.
The Use of HFNC in COVID-19 Patients

Background: High-flow nasal cannula has been suggested to reduce endotracheal intubation in hypoxic acute respiratory failure and ventilator usage during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this study, we characterize the prevalence and clinical features of patients with COVID-19 treated with HFNC, define factors associated with HFNC failure, and describe the respiratory mechanics after intubation. Methods: We performed a single-center prospective observational study on COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure who failed the conventional oxygen (O2) therapy from September 2020 and April 2021. This study was approved by the local IRB. The decision to start the HFNC was made following the institutional protocol. We collected data on demographics, past medical history and laboratory results, vital signs, and ROX index (defined as peripherical saturation of O2/inspired fraction of O2/respiratory rate) during HFNC treatment and entire HFNC time use. Tracheal intubation decision was made by the clinicians caring for the patient. If intubation occurred, we recorded data about compliance of the respiratory system (CRS) and oxygenation at intubation and 24 h later. Results: We enrolled 153 patients. Hospital mortality was 29% and associated with the presence of hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and advanced age. 19% of the patients were successfully weaned from HFNC. Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of HFNC failure. ROX index > 4 at 6 and 12 h after the initiation of HFNC was respectively 75% and 90% sensitive for detecting patients who will be successfully weaned from HFNC. FIO2 during HFNC was statistically higher in the intubated group. After intubation, the CRS was statistically different between the deceased (mean 30 mL/cm H2O) compared with the survivors (mean 36 mL/cm H2O), but PaO2/FIO2 ratio was not statistically different. Conclusions: In COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure who failed conventional O2 therapy, 19% receiving HFNC were never intubated. Predictive factors of HFNC failure were diabetes mellitus, ROX index lower than 4.88, and high FIO2 requirement. Age, hypertension, CAD, and CKD increased the risk of mortality. After intubation, the compliance was lower in deceased patients compared with the patients who survived. The severity of oxygenation index correlated with the increased likelihood of intubation but not with death.