cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Flare Expansion Angle on the Mean and Dynamic Behavior of Swirling Flow Generated by a Counter Rotating Radial-Radial Swirler Using a Water Test Rig

A series of experiments have been conducted to study the effect of the flare expansion angle on the mean and unsteady behavior of the non-reacting swirling flow using a water test rig. The flow was examined in water using a 3X model of a counter rotating radial-radial swirler. Three flares having expansion angles of 30.9°, 35.9° and 40.9° with respect to the swirler centerline were tested. 2D high speed Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were employed to study the instantaneous and mean velocity fields. Tests were conducted at a Reynolds number equivalent to an air pressure drop of 4% for the corresponding 1X model of the swirler under atmospheric conditions. The flare expansion angle was found to have a clear impact on the mean, turbulent and dynamic behavior of the swirling flow. With the increase in the flare expansion angle, the width of the Center Toroidal Recirculation Zone (CTRZ) increased. The length and width of the Corner Recirculation Zone decreased with increasing the flare angle. For the 30.9° flare, the high turbulence regions extended further axially compared to the other two flares. Strong flow instability was observed on the boundaries of the reverse flow zones. A temporal FFT approach was used to obtain the dominant frequencies of flow instability based on the instantaneous velocity data. The dominant frequency of this instability was slightly lower for the 30.9° flare angle. High turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was located in the vicinity of the unstable shear layers originating from the CTRZ and CRZ. The TKE reached its maximum near the center for the 30.9° flare and near the walls for the 35.9° and 40.9° flares. The phase angle difference between the high TKE regions was 3.14 radians, indicating a circumferential mode of instability. The obtained results give a clear explanation on the mechanisms driving the flow instability and how these mechanisms change with the change in the flare angle. These results also serve as a tool to validate CFD models.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. VII. Incorporation of serine and glycine into interpeptide bridges in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Abstract The peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus epidermidis contains serine and glycine in the interpeptide bridges. A particulate enzyme system has been obtained which catalyzes peptidoglycan synthesis from the uridine nucleotides substrates and a transfer RNA (tRNA)-dependent incorporation of both serine and glycine into the peptidoglycan. Maximum serine incorporation requires simultaneous incorporation of glycine, but glycine incorporation is independent of serine incorporation. Serine and glycine are first activated, attached to tRNA, and then transferred to a lipid intermediate of peptidoglycan synthesis. Finally, this lipid intermediate is utilized in the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan. The seryl-tRNAs of this organism have been separated into four seryl-tRNA fractions. Three of these function both in peptidoglycan synthesis and in protein synthesis, as examined by various methods. The fourth seryl-tRNA participates equally well in peptidoglycan synthesis, but it has not been possible to demonstrate its participation in protein synthesis or in triplet-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes by using triplets corresponding to all of the known serine codons.
Infrastructure investment, endogenous growth and economic convergence

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in regional growth theory. One strand of this has been the work on endogenous growth processes and the natural potential for regional economic convergence. On the other hand, the appearance of a seminal paper by Aschauer in the late 1980s linking productivity growth to infrastructure provision provided arguments for a rethinking of the role of public policy in stimulating regional development. In particular this latter work offered a case for enhanced public sector activity at a time when mainstream economists favored a greater role for the private sector, a lowering of the tax burden and a liberal stance on regulation. The empirical findings have subsequently been the subject of further analysis and the theories which could potentially underpin them have been reviewed. This paper examines the links between this work on the importance of public capital and that on the role of endogenous growth processes.
Role of S-adenosylmethionine in vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthesis

Methyl iodide can satisfy the requirement for S-adenosyl-methionine in transmethylation from N5-methyltetrahydro-folate to homocysteine catalyzed by a vitamin B12 enzyme.
Effective use of TimeBank for TimeML analysis

TimeML is an expressive language for temporal information, but its rich representational properties raise the bar for traditional information extraction methods when applied to the task of text-to-TimeML analysis. We analyse the extent to which timebank, the reference corpus for timeml, supports development of timeml-compliant analytics. The first release of the corpus exhibits challenging characteristics: small size and some noise. Nonetheless, a particular design of a time annotator trained on timebank is able to exploit the data in an implementation which deploys a hybrid analytical strategy of mixing aggressive finite-state processing over linguistic annotations with a state-of-the-art machine learning technique capable of leveraging large amounts of unannotated data. We present our design, in light of encouraging performance results; we also interpret these results in relation to a close analysis of timebank's annotation 'profile'. We conclude that even the first release of the corpus is invaluable; we further argue for more infrastructure work needed to create a larger and more robust reference corpus.1
Thursday, August 26, 2010—West Lafayette, IN

They sat in Stone Hall cafeteria, meeting for the first time. Delta had asked Ralph Goodman, a colleague in the Department of Communication, if he knew anyone with agricultural expertise who might explain a problem concerning genetically-modified seeds.
Empirical support for the high-density subset sum decision threshold

This article describes several properties of the random problem space for the Subset Sum problem, derived both empirically and analytically. Empirical results support the conjecture that Subset Sum instances always have a solution when the input set S is a set of n elements with a maximum value of m, the target sum t is between m and the sum of the smallest n − 1 elements of S, and n ≥ ⌊m/2⌋ + 1. While the proof of this conjecture remains an open problem, exhaustive enumeration of problem instances has resulted in no counterexamples for values of m ≤ 49. Sequential processing was used to generate the empirical data for values up to m = 40. The SubsetSum@Home volunteer computing project reproduced the results of the sequential code and extended the enumeration beyond m = 49.
Ethanol-Provoked Disturbances in the Binding of Zinc to Rat Jejunal Mucosal Proteins

The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether administration of ethanol by intragastric intubation to rats modifies the binding of radioactive zinc to its binding proteins in the jejunal mucosa. These studies were prompted by the frequent observation of abnormalities in serum and urine zinc concentrations in alcoholic patients and the necessity to determine whether alcohol diminishes intestinal protein binding of zinc, the first step in zinc absorption. Adult female rats received intragastric ethanol by intubation, either daily for 10 days, or only 1 hour prior to death. After death by decapitation, the small intestinal was removed, and mucosal cell extracts prepared by homogenization and centrifugation. These extracts were incubated with 65ZnCl2, and gel filtration chromatography was performed with Sephadex G-100. A major difference in the chromatographic profiles between control and alcohol-treated animals was observed: binding of zinc to high molecular weight proteins was reduced and that to low molecular weight proteins was increased. These differences occurred both 10 days and 1 hour after ethanol. The finding of diminished binding of zinc to high molecular weight jejunal proteins may represent the first step leading to diminished intestinal absorption of zinc in alcoholism.
Pathology of the Xylem

This chapter is probably the most difficult one for me to write, because, in doing so, I have to step outside my field of expertise more often than I like. Yet, I feel that it is necessary to build a bridge between those of us who are concerned with xylem structure and the ascent of sap, and those plant pathologists who are interested in xylem dysfunction. I hope that my colleagues in plant pathology will not take offense for my “meddling in their affairs”, but that instead this will be the beginning of a fruitful collaboration. The two groups can certainly learn a good deal from each other. I also hope that I shall hear from plant pathologists, in order to learn where my concepts are wrong and my knowledge is incomplete. This chapter is not a review of pathological disturbance of water relations in general. Such reviews are available elsewhere (e.g., Ayres 1978). There are also many aspects of xylem dysfunction that are important after conduction has ceased; these are also outside the area of interest of this book. We are concerned here only with the ascent of sap and its disturbance.
Semantics-Empowered Approaches to Big Data Processing for Physical-Cyber-Social Applications

We discuss the nature of Big Data and address the role of semantics in analyzing and processing Big Data that arises in the context of Physical-Cyber-Social Systems. We organize our research around the five V’s of Big Data, where four of the Vs are harnessed to produce the fifth V - value. To handle the challenge of Volume, we advocate semantic perception that can convert low-level observational data to higher-level abstractions more suitable for decision-making. To handle the challenge of Variety, we resort to the use of semantic models and annotations of data so that much of the intelligent processing can be done at a level independent of heterogeneity of data formats and media. To handle the challenge of Velocity, we seek to use continuous semantics capability to dynamically create event or situation specific models and recognize new concepts, entities and facts. To handle Veracity, we explore the formalization of trust models and approaches to glean trustworthiness. The above four Vs of Big Data are harnessed by the semantics-empowered analytics to derive Value for supporting practical applications transcending physical-cyber-social continuum.
Technical Aspects of Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Carcinoma

An estimated 43,470 new cases of EC are expected in the US in 2010 with 7,950 estimated deaths (American Cancer Society Cancer facts and figures 2010. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, 2010). Currently, EC is the fourth most common cancer in females, ranking behind breast, bowel, and lung cancer. In over 80% of the cases, the disease is confined to the uterus and cervix at the time of diagnosis, and uncorrected survival rates of 75% or greater are expected (Pecorelli Int J Gynaecol Obstet 105(2):103–104, 2009). In the last 25 years, the treatment of EC has evolved from almost routine use of preoperative radiotherapy (RT), generally intracavitary brachytherapy, followed by hysterectomy, to upfront surgical staging followed by tailored adjuvant therapy based on histopathological findings, as recommended by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO Int J Gynecol Obstet 28:189–193, 1989). The purpose of this chapter is to review the role and technical aspects of external beam RT (EBRT) and brachytherapy in the management of EC as well as describing the radiotherapeutic approach as definitive therapy for medically inoperable patients and in the salvage setting for recurrent disease.
What Parents of the Learning Disabled Really Want from Professionals

Teachers, psychologists, and physicians frequently discuss with parents the numerous concerns related to the learning disabled child. Seldom, however, are parents provided the opportunity to advise these professionals as to whether the information they receive is adequate. Consequently, the professionals seldom know what it is parents most want to know. This survey provides an answer for teachers, psychologists, and physicians as to what parents most want to know from each profession and includes suggestions for interacting more effectively with parents of learning disabled children.—G.M.S.
C-Reactive Protein: A New Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease

Recent research has focused on the use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of inflammation, in the detection of patients at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Several prospective studies have demonstrated that hs-CRP is an independent predictor of future risk for cardiovascular events among healthy individuals, as well as among patients with acute coronary syndromes. In addition, because half of all cardiovascular events occur in persons with low to average levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hs-CRP may aid in identifying patients at high risk for a first cardiovascular event who might otherwise be missed by lipid screening alone. Thus, hs-CRP is a potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association have therefore proposed joint guidelines for the use of hs-CRP in determining cardiovascular disease risk. The author reviews numerous studies examining the prognostic value of hs-CRP and outlines ongoing efforts to assess the effect of statin therapy in healthy individuals with low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high levels of hs-CRP.
Automated Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Ill. Calcium in Urine and Spinal Fluid

A simplified flow system is presented for the determination of calcium in urine and spinal fluid, by automated atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Analysis following the addition of calcium to urine or spinal fluid specimens showed a mean recovery of 103% and 99%, respectively. A comparison of results of analyses on unselected urine specimens by manual and automated AAS shows good agreement.
Organometallic Ions and Ion Pairs

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on organometallic ions and ion pairs. The contrasting descriptions have also been applied to organometallic cations as electrophiles and oxidants in reference to their electron acceptor behavior, as the direct comparison are described in the chapter. The electron-donor property of an organometallic reagent, as indicated by the vertical ionization potential (IP), is strongly dependent on the ligands. For example, changing a methyl ligand to ethyl is sufficient to increase the donor property by almost 12 kcal/mol. The contact ion pairs are often visually apparent by their colors and are unequivocally detected by the appearance of new absorption bands in the electronic spectra. They are strongly influenced by polar solvents, and they are subject to special salt effects. The chemical activation of contact ion pairs to geminate radical pairs by electron transfer is photochemically effected by the deliberate irradiation of the charge-transfer absorption band. Nucleophiles are often most effective as the negatively charged anions, and they are also referred to as “Brernsted and Lewis bases” or in terms of their softness on the hard and soft acid-base (HSAB) scale.
NCWIT, from a SIGCSE perspective

The National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT) held its annual summit May 22-24, 2012 in Chicago, IL. As always, the overlap between Summit attendees and SIGCSE members was high, and SIGCSE members got a lot out of their experiences at the Summit. I asked two SIGCSE members to share their experience for those who have never been to an NCWIT Summit.
Postoperative toxic shock syndrome after reconstructive surgery of the hand

Toxic shock syndrome is a devastating and potentially lethal complication, which can occur in postoperative patients. Our experience with toxic shock syndrome after a reconstructive procedure on the hand is reported. An awareness of the clinical and laboratory manifestations of toxic shock syndrome was needed to facilitate its early recognition and treatment.
Determination of Complexed and Ionic Metal in Aqueous Solution. Determination of Stability Constants at Low Concentrations and Kinetic Studies of Complex Formation Using Accelerated Electrodeposition

Abstract Metal speciation has become one of the most important areas of concern for today's analysts. Metal complexes can be more readily assimilated by living systems than inorganic forms of the same metals. Conventional atomic absorption spectroscopy is the most widely used technique for the determination of trace metals. By using atomic absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with accelerated electroplating it is possible to distinguish between ionic metal and organically bound or complexed metals in solution.
Endotracheal calcineurin inhibition ameliorates injury in an experimental model of lung ischemia-reperfusion.

Abstract Objectives We previously demonstrated that calcineurin inhibitors given intravenously ameliorate experimental lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study evaluates whether these effects can be achieved when these agents are delivered endotracheally. Methods Left lungs of Long Evans rats were rendered ischemic for 90 minutes and reperfused for up to 4 hours. Treated animals received tacrolimus endotracheally at doses of 0.2, 0.1, or 0.025 mg/kg 60 minutes before ischemia. Injury was quantitated in terms of vascular permeability. Additional animals treated at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg were assessed for lung tissue myeloperoxidase content and bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte content. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was assessed for cytokine and chemokine content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tissue samples were processed for nuclear factor-κB activation, and blood levels of tacrolimus were measured in treated animals. Results Left lung vascular permeability was reduced in treated animals in a dose-dependent fashion compared with controls. The protective effects correlated with a 47% (0.50% ± 0.06% vs 0.27% ± 0.08%, respectively) reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase content (P Conclusions Tacrolimus administered endotracheally is protective against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in our model. This protection is associated with a decrease in nuclear factor-κB activation. This route of tacrolimus administration broadens its potential clinical use and decreases concerns about systemic and renal toxicity. It may be a useful therapy in lung donors to protect against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
The New Hampshire Mammography Network: the development and design of a population-based registry.

Some authors have proposed a national mammography registry to improve and monitor breast diagnostic practices. However, issues such as confidentiality, accuracy, and direct and indirect costs are practical barriers to implementing such a registry. This paper describes the development and design of a population-based mammography registry in New Hampshire. The project's objectives are to assess the accuracy of mammography by comparing interpretive results with pathology and tumor-registry reports and to improve mammographic performance by reporting findings to facilities, radiologists, and pathologists statewide.We recruited radiologists and pathologists through professional associations and facilities through site visits. Data used to develop and design the registry were collected during site visits, using structured face-to-face interview methods. Only one site refused to provide site-specific information.Facilities in New Hampshire estimated the annual mammographic volume to be approximately 148,000. We ...
Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis to low molecular weight polypeptides

Experiments with nine polypeptides with molecular weights between 2000 and 10,760 confirm the value of sodium dodecy sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis for separating polypeptides in this molecular weight range. In one case, electrophoretic blotting and microsequencing were successfully carried out. However, molecular weight determination in the low molecular weight range (less than 10,000) is much less reliable than that in the conventional molecular weight range (greater than 10,000) for SDS gels. Information provided by suppliers of horse heart myoglobin fragment kits is potentially misleading.
Frequency and Phenotypic Implications of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Human Squamous Cell Cancers of the Head and Neck

Mitochondrial genomic mutations are found in a variety of human cancers; however, the frequency of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in coding regions remains poorly defined, and the functional effects of mitochondrial mutations found in primary human cancers are not well described. Using MitoChip, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome in 83 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Forty-one of 83 (49%) tumors contained mtDNA mutations. Mutations occurred within noncoding (D-loop) and coding regions. A nonrandom distribution of mutations was found throughout the mitochondrial enzyme complex components. Sequencing of margins with dysplasia demonstrated an identical nonconservative mitochondrial mutation (A76T in ND4L) as the tumor, suggesting a role of mtDNA mutation in tumor progression. Analysis of p53 status showed that mtDNA mutations correlated positively with p53 mutations (P < 0.002). To characterize biological function of the mtDNA mutations, we cloned NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) mutants based on primary tumor mutations. Expression of the nuclear-transcribed, mitochondrial-targeted ND2 mutants resulted in increased anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production and an aerobic glycolytic metabolic phenotype with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α induction that is reversible by ascorbate. Cancer-specific mitochondrial mutations may contribute to development of a malignant phenotype by direct genotoxic effects from increased reactive oxygen species production as well as induction of aerobic glycolysis and growth promotion.
Mild hypothermia reduces penumbral glutamate levels in the rat permanent focal cerebral ischemia model

Although the cerebroprotective effects of hypothermia in focal models of ischemia are undisputed, the underlying mechanisms of this protection are still subject to much controversy. To analyze whether mild hypothermia attenuates glutamate levels in the penumbra surrounding permanent focal infarcts, extracellular glutamate concentration was analyzed bilaterally by microdialysis 20 minutes before to 120 minutes after a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Normothermic animals (n = 11) had a baseline glutamate concentration of 1.14 +/- 0.40 mumol/ml (standard error of the mean) before the MCAO. Extracellular glutamate levels increased gradually after vessel occlusion to peak at 10.1 +/- 1.45 mumol/ml 80 minutes after the MCAO. This level gradually decreased to 5.72 +/- 1.67 mumol/ml by 120 minutes. Hypothermic animals (n = 11) had a baseline glutamate concentration of 1.73 +/- 0.83 mumol/ml before the MCAO. Extracellular glutamate levels increased after vessel occlusion but stabilized at 3.47 +/- 1.37 mumol/ml 30 minutes after the MCAO and remained stable until completion of the experiment. There were no significant differences in cortical blood flow between the normothermic and hypothermic groups at any time during the experiment. Infarct volumes, expressed as a percentage of the volume of the right (ipsilateral) hemisphere, were 19.8 +/- 2.16% in the normothermic group and 13.0 +/- 1.42% in the hypothermic group (P < 0.02). Although the normothermic penumbral glutamate levels began to increase immediately after the MCAO, they did not peak until 80 minutes after occlusion. In contrast, the normothermic core glutamate levels peaked within 30 minutes after the MCAO. Glutamate diffusion from the core region to the penumbra might account for this delay. Hypothermic cerebroprotection might involve a reduction in the pool of potentially diffusable glutamate in the core region but have little direct effect on glutamate release in the penumbra.
Seasonal variations of the thermal structure of the mesopause region at Urbana, IL (40° N, 88° W) and Ft. Collins, CO (41° N, 105° W)

Beginning in 1991, Na lidars were used to make routine measurements of the temperature structure between 80 and 105 km altitude during 65 nights at Urbana, IL and 116 nights at Ft. Collins, CO. More than 13,000 temperature profiles representing more than 1100 h of observations were used to characterize the seasonal temperature variations in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The seasonal behavior is quite similar at the two sites. The mesopause altitude is near 100 km in winter during Nov–Feb and near 86 km in summer during May–Jul. The mesopause temperature varies from 190 K in mid-winter to 175 K in mid-summer. The transitions between winter and summer mesopause structures occur rapidly in Mar–Apr and Aug–Sep. The temperature differences between the two sites are less than ±15 K and appear to be the result of atmospheric planetary, tidal, and gravity wave perturbations.
Performance analysis of a SOFC button cell using a CFD model

Abstract In this study, a 2-D numerical model is investigated to predict and evaluate the performance of an anode-supported SOFC button cell. The flow field is calculated using 2D Navier–Stokes equations. Heat and mass transfer equations are solved to calculate species and temperature distribution in the cell body and in fuel and air channels. The electrical and electrochemical processes are simulated coupled with the heat and mass transfer model. A discretized network circuit is adopted to the cell geometry for considering the ohmic losses and joule heating of the current that passes through the cell body. The model predicts the cell output voltage, the local EMF and the state variables pressure, temperature and species concentrations. The local electrical parameters are calculated based on the local pressure, temperature and concentration of the species. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is observed. The simulation is carried out for different input fuel flow rates and humidification. The results show how the input fuel mass flow rate and humidification level affects the button cell SOFC performance. In addition, influences of the anode thickness on cell performance through the ohmic over potential are investigated.
Detection of variable frequency signals using a fast chirp transform

The detection of signals with varying frequency is important in many areas of physics and astrophysics. The current work was motivated by a desire to detect gravitational waves from the binary inspiral of neutron stars and black holes, a topic of significant interest for the new generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO. However, this work has significant generality beyond gravitational wave signal detection. We define a fast chirp transform (FCT) analogous to the fast Fourier transform. Use of the FCT provides a simple and powerful formalism for detection of signals with variable frequency just as Fourier transform techniques provide a formalism for the detection of signals of constant frequency. In particular, use of the FCT can alleviate the requirement of generating complicated families of filter functions typically required in the conventional matched filtering process. We briefly discuss the application of the FCT to several signal detection problems of current interest.
Fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus requiring esophagectomy

SUMMARY. Fibrovascular polyps of the esophagus are rare, with only 110 cases reported in the world literature to date. Dysphagia is the most common symptom. The diagnosis is usually made by barium swallow or upper endoscopy, but almost a third of cases can be missed with these studies. Treatment is surgical. Only four cases in the literature underwent esophagectomy for removal. We present a female patient with a fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus who required a transhiatal esophagectomy to safely remove this mass.
Membrane-based thermal effects in 222Rn dosimetry

Abstract Radon detector cups fitted with polyethylene anti-thoron membranes and exposed to a fixed radon concentration in a chamber containing a thermal gradient gave erratic track densities — ones that do not correlate with the temperatures of the CR-39 detectors. There is, however, a simple, monotonic variation of track density with the temperatures of the membranes. The results are used to infer radon permeabilities of polyethylene versus temperature. This variation needs to be considered in interpreting secular variations of inferred 222Rn when using this detection system during times of sizable temperature variations or in considering absolute 222Rn values measured at unusual temperatures.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE LISTENER ON CODE-SWITCHING

This research investigates the influence of the listener on the dialectal code-switching behavior of a group of bilingual teachers in Thailand. The variable of the listener's ethnic identity is manipulated, whereas previous research has been focussed primarily on the speaker's ethnic identity. The primary finding of the study is that the Chinese-Thai bilinguals selected the “Thai” vruriant for each of the nine phonological variables a higher percentage of the time when they were speaking Thai to a Thai listener than when they were speaking Thai to a Chinese listener. And conversely, they chose a “Chinese” variant more frequently when speaking to a Chinese-Thai than to an ethnic Thai. The significance of these findings is that linguists must discontinue the still accepted practice of defining speech style in terms of the listener if they want to obtain reliable data. The data also point to the need for educators in bilingual and second language programs to continue researching the factors which affect dialectal codeswitching and other verbal encoding strategies used by language teachers and their students.
Spanning the gap: an examination of the factors leading to the green gap

Purpose – This research aims to explore the factors that lead to the prevalence of the green gap. Currently, an overwhelming majority of consumers voice concern about the state of the environment; however, only a select few mirror their intentions with actual green behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – A critical incident technique is utilized in the first study, followed by a quantitative study analyzed via cluster analysis for the second study. Findings – Results suggest the green gap exists for several reasons, of which price is most commonly noted. However, factors such as poor perceptions of quality, lack of green product availability and brand loyalty to conventional products appear to be important issues leading to the gap as well. Additionally, the type of product sought for purchase appears to impact the prevalence of the green gap. Research limitations/implications – Future research should seek to extend the present study by monitoring actual usage rather than intentions, as well as an examin...
Gender and Learning Style Interactions in Students' Computer Attitudes:

University students' attitudes toward computers were assessed as a function of learning style. Analyses of responses provided by 232 students to a learning style assessment instrument and a computer attitude survey revealed that specific learning styles were associated with an affinity for (liking of), confidence in, and anxiety about the use of computers. Within those learning styles, gender differences were discovered when students manifested a clearly dominant style. The findings indicate that computer-based or computer-assisted instruction may not be appropriate for all students and that curriculum modifications to account for learning style differences may increase the effectiveness of and reduce the aversion to computers in the classroom. Additional research into the relationship between learning styles and computer attitudes may also provide assistance relative to increasing the enrollment of females in technology-oriented courses of study.
FoxM1 Regulates Transcription of JNK1 to Promote the G1/S Transition and Tumor Cell Invasiveness

The Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) protein is a proliferation-specific transcription factor that plays a key role in controlling both the G1/S and G2/M transitions through the cell cycle and is essential for the development of various cancers. We show here that FoxM1 directly activates the transcription of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) gene in U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Expression of JNK1, which regulates the expression of genes important for the G1/S transition, rescues the G1/S but not the G2/M cell cycle block in FoxM1-deficient cells. Knockdown of either FoxM1 or JNK1 inhibits tumor cell migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. However, expression of JNK1 in FoxM1-depleted cells does not rescue these defects, indicating that JNK1 is a necessary but insufficient downstream mediator of FoxM1 in these processes. Consistent with this interpretation, FoxM1 regulates the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, which play a role in tumor cell invasion, through JNK1-independent and -dependent mechanisms in U2OS cells, respectively. Taken together, these findings identify JNK1 as a critical transcriptional target of FoxM1 that contributes to FoxM1-regulated cell cycle progression, tumor cell migration, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth.
Clinician Burden and Depression Treatment: Disentangling Patient- and Clinician-Level Effects of Medical Comorbidity

Background Efforts to improve primary care depression treatment have assessed strategies across heterogeneous groups of patients, but few have examined clinician-level influences on depression treatment.
A mutant hepatitis B virus core protein mimics inhibitors of icosahedral capsid self-assembly.

Understanding self-assembly of icosahedral virus capsids is critical to developing assembly directed antiviral approaches and will also contribute to the development of self-assembling nanostructur...
On bend-stretch forming of aluminum extruded tubes — II: analysis

Part II describes a two-dimensional model of the bend-stretch-pressure forming process, which assumes that the tube shape and all applied loads are uniform along the length. This simplification results in a significant improvement in computational time over corresponding three-dimensional models. The model is validated through comparisons with experimental results discussed in Part I and its application to the design process is illustrated. The model is then used to study the current manufacturing process and to evaluate some possible alternative loading histories. The effect of tension and pressure on the cross-sectional distortion, springback and net elongation are discussed in light of the predictions. Additionally, the merits of changing the tension and pressure after forming are discussed. The simulations and corresponding experiments are used as the basis for a design methodology for selecting the order and magnitude of the loads applied during the forming process.
Unique Parity States in 109Pd as a Test of Particle-Rotor and IBFA Models

Unique parity levels in odd mass heavy nuclei arise, in each shell, from that isolated orbit lying amidst others of opposite parity. Their effective isolation leads to high purity and therefore such states offer an ideal testing ground for nuclear models.
New technologies for imaging synaptic partners

Understanding the brain will require unraveling its synaptic circuitry, but methods that can reliably identify connected neurons are often excruciatingly slow. Although light microscopy can provide much higher throughput, synapses are smaller than the diffraction limit and cannot readily be assigned to particular presynaptic and postsynaptic cells without specialized labeling methods. Here we review the ongoing development of techniques that allow direct imaging of neural networks by specifically marking connected cells or their synapses.
Heliospheric magnetic field strength and polarity from 1 to 81 AU during the ascending phase of solar cycle 23

[1] The Voyager 1 (V1) observations of the heliospheric magnetic field strength B agree with Parker's model of the global heliospheric magnetic field from 1 to 81.0 AU and from 1978 to 2001.34 when one considers the solar cycle variations in the source magnetic field strength and the latitude/time variation in the solar wind speed. In particular, Parker's model, without adjustable parameters, describes the general tendency for B to decrease with increasing distance R from the Sun, the three broad increases of B around 1980, 1990, and 2000, and the minima of B in 1987 and 1997. During 1987 and 1997, B appears to be lower than Parker's model predicts, but that can be attributed to the presence of a heliospheric vortex street at these times and/or uncertainty in the observations. There is no evidence for a significant flux deficit increasing monotonically from 1 to 81.0 AU. By extrapolating these results and considering the limitations of the observations, V1 should continue to make useful measurements during the next few years at least. The magnetic field polarity in the distant heliosphere at V1 and Voyager 2 (V2) changed during the ascending phase of solar cycle 23. In the Northern Hemisphere, V1 observed a decrease in the percentage of positive polarities from ≈100% during 1997 to ≈50% during 2000. In the Southern Hemisphere, V2 observed the opposite behavior, an increase in the percentage of positive polarities from ≈0% during 1997 to ≈50% during 2000. The variation of magnetic polarity observed by V1 and V2 was caused by the increasing latitudinal width of the sector zone with increasing solar activity, which in turn was related to the increasing maximum latitudinal extent and the decreasing minimum latitudinal extent of the footprints of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). There was a tendency for the speed and proton temperature to decrease and the density to increase at V2 from 1997 (when it observed flows from polar coronal holes) to 2001 (when it observed more complex and dynamic flows).
Response of Genotypes of Hyalella azteca to Zinc Toxicity

Toxicity tests are most frequently conducted on organisms derived from laboratory cultures that have been reared for many generations following standardized protocols. The restricted density of laboratory populations and the possibility of occasional population crashes increases the probability that random genetic drift and inbreeding may decrease genetic variation of the culture below that typically found in natural populations of the species. Likewise, isolation of organisms in different laboratories may contribute to significant genetic differentiation among culture populations. For example, Duan et al. (1997) present evidence for extensive genetic differentiation among laboratory cultures of the amphipod Hyalella azteca, a species routinely used in toxicity testing. Duan et al. (1997) suggest consistency among toxicity tests performed in different laboratories can only be assured with a knowledge of the genetic similarity among cultures. The recommendation for monitoring the genetic structure of laboratory populations is further supported by the results of studies that indicate, for some species, differential tolerance of genotypes to an environmental stressor (e.g. Sullivan and Lydy 1998, Guttman 1994). In the situation where certain genotypes are more resistant to a particular stressor, using a culture that is dominated by the resistant genotype may underestimate the toxic effect of a contaminant. Similarly, the inclusion of a greater number of sensitive genotypes in a test may overestimate toxicity. This experiment was conducted to test the null hypothesis that no difference in tolerance to zinc contamination would be noted among distinct genotypes of H. azteca obtained from a single laboratory source. Zinc was selected as the contaminant in this study because much of the focus in research conducted to examine genotypic differences in stressor susceptibility has centered on heavy metals. Although zinc is an essential trace element for organisms, it can , at high concentrations, act as an environmental contaminant, particularly in aquatic ecosystems that receive mining effluent. Hyallela azteca was chosen because the research of Duan et al. (1997) indicated genetic differentiation among laboratory cultures and this species is commonly used in ecotoxicological studies.
Three-dimensional polarization ray-tracing calculus I: definition and diattenuation

A three-by-three polarization ray-tracing matrix method for polarization ray tracing in optical systems is presented for calculating the polarization transformations associated with ray paths through optical systems. The method is a three-dimensional generalization of the Jones calculus. Reflection and refraction algorithms are provided. Diattenuation of the optical system is calculated via singular value decomposition. Two numerical examples, a three fold-mirror system and a hollow corner cube, demonstrate the method.
Modeling Compression and Tension Reloads in Copper Prestrained by Rolling

A constitutive model is applied to predict the flow stress of an fcc material up to 30% straining after rolling to reductions of 19%, 39%, and 50%. The model makes use of a single crystal hardening law which appreciates the directional anisotropy produced by planar dislocation boundaries, Bauschinger effects, and dissolution of substructure by new slip activity invoked by changes in strain path. Anisotropy between axial testing in the rolling (RD) versus the transverse direction (TD) and a tensioncompression stress- differential in RD are predicted. These and other characteristics of the flow curves are linked to changes in slip activity when deformation transitions from rolling to axial testing.
Middleware enabling computational self-reflection: exploring the need for and some costs of selfreflecting networks with application to homeland defense

This paper will review and examine the definitions of Self-Reflection and Active Middleware. Then it will illustrate a conceptual framework for understanding and enumerating the costs of Self-Reflection and Active Middleware at increasing levels of Application. Then it will review some application of Self-Reflection and Active Middleware to simulations. Finally it will consider the application and additional kinds of costs applying Self-Reflection and Active Middleware to sharing information among the organizations expected to participate in Homeland Defense.
A social–ecological systems approach to non-native species: Habituation and its effect on management of coqui frogs in Hawaii

Abstract Non-native species introductions have the ability to affect both ecological and social systems, thus to address those outcomes both ecological and social influences on an invasion need to be understood. We use a social–ecological systems approach to investigate connections between human and ecological factors that affect efforts to control the non-native coqui frog ( Eleutherodactylus coqui ) on the island of Hawaii. The coqui frog is recognized as a ‘pest’ and ‘injurious wildlife’ by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture. Because the coqui occurs on many small private properties across the island, it is necessary to enlist private citizens in control efforts. Control efforts can include direct chemical control of the coqui as well as landscape manipulations that reduce habitat quality for the frog. On 85 private properties in 12 communities across the island, we measured the relationship between coqui abundance, residents’ attitudes toward the coqui, their reported participation in control activities, and environmental variables that affect habitat quality for the frog. Residents’ attitudes correlated with coqui frog abundance, but in an unexpected direction: People with more frogs on their property and those who owned that property tended to have less negative attitudes toward the coqui. In addition, negative attitudes toward the coqui were not significantly related to participation in control activities. Coqui abundance was related to a habitat variable, canopy cover, which can be manipulated by residents to reduce habitat quality and discourage coqui occupancy. Tolerance for this non-native species is likely to hinder attempts to engage residents in control efforts as the species’ range on the island continues to expand. If this pattern of habituation is manifested with other non-native species considered to have potentially negative effects on the ecological or social environment, it would be important to recognize as early as possible because managers may be most effective at engaging citizens in control efforts before habituation becomes widespread.
Reconstruction of traumatically acquired defects of the phallus

Trauma to the male phallus may be treated in a systematic approach to achieve aesthetically and functionally pleasing results. Isolated burns should be treated early with excision and preputial flap or skin graft closure. Avulsion injuries are closed primarily or skin grafted. Subtotal loss can be treated with penile lengthening techniques. Total loss is treated with reimplantation or microvascular free tissue transfer phalloplasty. There are reconstructive surgical options, instead of penectomy, in patients with penile malignancies.
Pseudomonas Aerginosa Outer Membrane Carboxylate Channels Examined at the Single-Molecule Level Reveals Conserved Selectivity within each Subfamily

Pseudomonas aerginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium, which employs unique outer membrane proteins for the uptake of small, water-soluble molecules. Here, we explore the two subfamilies of the outer membrane carboxylate channels, OccK and OccD, using single-molecule electrophysiology to probe the specific signature of each of the members of these two families. The seven member OccK family displays a broad range of unitary conductance values which includes low (∼40−100 pS) and medium (∼100−380 pS) conductance. These values are broader than what was expected from structural studies alone. It was also found that the OccK subfamily displays conserved anion selectivity, coinciding with the location of a net pool of positive charges within the channels' constriction sites. Single-channel activities of 6 members of the OccD subfamily also displayed a broad range of unitary conductance values between 20 and 670 pS. Single-channel electrophysiology studies indicated that the OccD subfamily members are all cation selective. Together these findings lead to a better understanding of the diversity within the outer membrane carboxylate channels of Pseudomonas aerginosa.
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, Symptomatic Relief: A Patient Perspective:

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (F.E.S.S.) is an efficient, safe treatment of chronic sinus disease. A retrospective individual review of 81 patients (41 males, 40 females) all having undergone F.E.S.S. at Saint Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey, reveals positive patient reactions. The senior author (N.H.) performed all surgery on an outpatient basis. Surgery has been classified by the Anand & Panje staging system. Each patient was sent a comprehensive questionnaire at least 6 months postoperatively. A critical assessment was completed of subjects ‘ preoperative and postoperative histories along with a patient survey of their personal perspectives on preoperative symptoms and postoperative symptomatic relief. This paper describes patient perspective outcomes of symptomatic relief in patients who underwent F.E.S.S. Ninety-four percent of the patients indicated overall improvement. Ninety-one % of the patients who responded were satisfied with results, and 86% of the patients stated they...