cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problematic Progress in Asia: Growing Older and Apart

The purpose of this article is to describe the demographic dynamics in 14 Asian countries. The foreseen impacts on economic growth, income disparity, social stability, pension programs, retirement, health care insurance, and labor market are presented. Public policy recommendations are delineated.
Computer-Aided Design Of Infrared Detector Preamplifiers Having Switched Feedback Resistors

Experience gained in computer-aided design of an arsenic doped silicon detector-JFET preamplifier having switched feedback resistors operated at 12°K is reported. In order to reduce the time involved in the designer-computer iterative loop it was found advantageous to utilize more than one computer-aided approach. Both a large general-purpose simulator (SPICE) for assessing the effects of adding parasitic elements and smaller dedicated computers with software restricted to special cases were found to be useful.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solute diffusion in biocatalyst gel beads containing biocatalysis and other additives

Abstract Biocatalyst beads can be produced by the entrapment of microorganisms or enzymes into a stabilized hydrocolloidal gel such as alginate or carrageenan. In order to determine and predict the effectiveness of such catalytic material, it will be necessary to know the mass transport properties of substrates and products within the gel beads, especially where there are high concentrations of the biocatalyst or other additives. Diffusion of several solutes within the beads has been studied by measuring the transport of solutes to and from a well-stirred solution of limited volume. Tests have been performed with biocatalyst beads made from alginate and carrageenan covering a range of bead diameter, gel concentration, concentration of biocatalyst and other additives, and solute molecular weight. At low gel concentration with entrapped biocatalyst, a solute of low molecular weight has a diffusion coefficient approaching that measured in water. However, with increased gel concentration, and especially with high loadings of microorganisms and other additives, the diffusion coefficients are significantly decreased. An empirical relationship was developed for the diffusion coefficient as a function of microbial loading.
Re-entrant corner behavior of the PTT fluid

Abstract We integrate the constitutive equation of the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid near a re-entrant 270° corner. The velocity field is assumed given (Newtonian). In contrast to the case of the upper convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid, we find the following features: (1) The elastic stresses near the corner are less singular than Newtonian stresses; (2) Boundary layers near the walls are much less sharp than for the UCM fluid; (3) There are no spurious stresses due to downstream instabilities.
The structure-toxicity relationship challenge at hazardous waste sites

It is shown that the use of a combination of two programs, MULTICASE and META can help assess the carcinogenic risk factor posed by the disposal of industrial organic materials in the ecosystem. MULTICASE is a knowledge-based computer system that had been trained to identify molecular substructures believed to be conducive to carcinogenic potential and META is an expert system trained to predict the aerobic biodegradation products of organic molecules. The programs can be used to assess the health hazard of the discarded chemicals by evaluating their chemical structure, their biodegradability and the structures of the predicted biodegradation products. Several examples of the application of the methodology are described in this paper.
Interference of spironolactone in 17-hydroxycorticoid and 17-ketosteroid determinations.

Abstract To evaluate the cause of elevated 17-hydroxycorticoid and 17-ketosteroid determinations in patients taking spironolactone, 16 subjects were studied before, during and after drug administration. Values obtained, while the drug was being taken, were higher than during the control period. These increases appeared during the first day of drug administration. Elevation in 17-hydroxycorticoid determination was maximal on the first day and independent of drug dose. 17-ketosteroid increases were progressive up to the fourth day of drug administration and the magnitude of increase was dose-related. A compound which had the same chromatographic and spectrophotometric characteristics as spironolactone and its urinary metabolite, aldadiene, was separated from the natural 17-ketosteroids. Zimmerman reactions done on the natural 17-ketosteroids after thin layer chromatographic removal of the spironolactone-aldadiene fraction produced values approximating the pre-drug 17-ketosteroid excretion. Serial determinations of 17-ketosteroid excretion after cessation of drug administration showed that accurate assessment of adrenocortical function can be undertaken 4 days after spironolactone administration has been discontinued.
Compounded Effects of Chlorinated Ethene Inhibition on Ecological Interactions and Population Abundance in a Dehalococcoides - Dehalobacter Coculture

The development of rational and effective engineered bioremediation approaches for sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents requires a fundamental understanding of the factors limiting the in situ activity of dehalorespiring bacteria. Frequently, multiple dehalorespiring bacteria are present at contaminated sites, particularly when bioaugmentation is applied. The ecological interactions between different dehalorespiring populations can-along with hydrodynamic and other environmental factors-affect their activity and thus the rates and extent of dehalorespiration. An integrated experimental and modeling approach was used to evaluate the ecological interactions between two hydrogenotrophic, dehalorespiring strains. A dual Monod model of dehalorespiration provided a good fit to the chlorinated ethene concentrations measured in a coculture of Dehalococcoides mccartyi 195 and Dehalobacter restrictus growing on tetrachloroethene (PCE) and excess H(2) in a continuous-flow reactor. Inhibition of dehalorespiration by chlorinated ethenes was previously observed in cultures containing Dehalococcoides or Dehalobacter strains. Therefore, inhibition coefficients were estimated for Dhc. mccartyi 195 and Dhb. restrictus. The inhibition effects of PCE and TCE on VC dechlorination by Dhc. mccartyi 195, and of VC on PCE and TCE dechlorination by Dhb. restrictus, were compounded when these strains were grown in coculture, and dehalorespiring population abundance and survival could be accurately predicted only by incorporating these complex interactions into the dual Monod model.
Management of retinal detachment when no break is found

Objective To review the results of 2 different surgical approaches in the management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RDs) with undetected retinal breaks. Design Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. Participants Medical records of 44 patients with uncomplicated macula-involving primary rhegmatogenous-appearing RDs, but without retinal breaks detected preoperatively or intraoperatively, were reviewed. Methods All study patients were operated by the same surgeon between 1989 and 2004 using 2 approaches: 26 (59%) patients underwent a scleral buckling procedure (SBP) with or without subretinal fluid drainage, whereas 18 (41%) patients underwent scleral buckling combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), fluid–gas exchange, and broad application of endolaser. Main Outcome Measures Single operation and final postoperative anatomic success, and 2-month postoperative and final best-corrected visual acuity (VA) (negative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]). Results Mean preoperative VAs were 1.73 logMAR units (median, 1.60; range, 0.48–2.60) in the combined surgery group and 1.52 logMAR units (median, 1.30; range, 0.30–2.60) in the scleral buckling group. Neither preoperative ( P = 0.33), 2-month postoperative ( P = 0.53), best-corrected ( P = 0.98), nor final ( P = 0.46) mean VA showed any statistically significant differences between the 2 treatment groups. A single operation reattachment rate of 72% (13/18 cases) was achieved in the combined surgery group, compared with 61.5% (16/26 cases) in the scleral buckling group ( P = 0.17, log rank test). Immediate anatomic success rates were 89% after combined treatment and 38.5% after scleral buckling alone ( P = 0.002). At the final visit, the retina was attached in 15 (83.3%) patients who received the combined treatment and in 22 (84.6%) patients who underwent scleral buckling ( P = 0.900). Intraoperative subretinal hemorrhage occurred in 1 (5.6%) patient from the combined surgery group and in 2 (7.7%) patients from the scleral buckling group. Retinal incarceration in the drainage sclerotomy occurred in 1 (3.8%) case during the SBP. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy sufficient to require reoperation developed in 1 (5.6%) eye of the combined surgery group and in 3 (11.5%) eyes of the scleral buckling group. Conclusions Scleral buckling is as effective in the management of uncomplicated rhegmatogenous RDs with undetected breaks as is surgery combining scleral buckling and PPV.
Temporal patterns of foraging activity in some wood warblers in relation to the availability of insect prey

I monitored the temporal pattern of diurnal feeding activity in several wood warbler (Parulidae) species and concomitantly recorded the numbers of active (flying) insects in 2 willow habitats in the western United States. At one site the temporal relationship between the density of active and inactive (nonflying) insects was investigated. The diurnal patterns of insect and bird activity were inversely related and each pattern was significantly nonuniform throughout the day; the wood warblers were largely inactive during the middle of the day when insects were most active.
Transplant immunity in hamsters treated with ultrasound

Hamsters with subcutaneous fibrosarcomas were treated by excision and by exposure to 5-MHz ultrasound for six minutes at an intensity of 3 W/sq cm. Rates for successful elimination of the tumors were between 80% and 90% and were not significantly different for the two methods of treatment. After 30 days, the animals were challenged with the same tumor cells. Animals successfully treated with ultrasound or excision required at least 10 times as many cells to produce a tumor as controls, indicating that eradication of the tumor by ultrasound induced a level of transplant immunity at least as good as that resulting from surgical excision.
Theory and policy in online privacy

Two technological behemoths, the computer and the Internet, have greatly facilitated the ease of collecting, managing, processing, and sharing information about individuals. This has been beneficial in accomplishing some socially and economically valuable objectives such as preventing fraud, tracking illegal behavior, and introducing potential customers to goods and services in which they may be interested. Unfortunately, the unfettered accumulation and analysis of personal data—both knowingly and inadvertently while web browsing online—has also ushered in significant privacy concerns. This thought piece introduces the issue, provides case studies and relevant legislation to underscore its gravity, and presents two rough theoretical models to aid in construing the phenomenon of online privacy. Suggestions for how the interpretive frameworks can be tested are also provided, along with a general call for increased legislation of transactional activity in cyberspace.
The Overlap of First- and Second-Order Phase Transitions and Related Magnetic Entropy Changes in Ni $_2 + x$ Mn $_1 - x$ Ga Heusler Alloys

From application point of view, offstoichiometric Ni2MnGa is of interest and therefore many studies on offstoichiometric Ni2MnGa have been reported. Special focus has been paid on Ni rich Ni2MnGa, where substitution of Ni for Mn results in an increase in TM and decrease of TC, resulting in an overlap of the two transitions for certain Mn concentration [1]. As mentioned earlier, the martensitic transition is a first order transition where as the transition at TC from ferromagnetic order to a paramagnetic order is a second order transition. It is found that the overlap of TM and TC results in a first order magnetostructural transition from the paramagnetic cubic phase to ferromagnetic martensitic phase. Recent investigations show that this first order magnetostructural transition, due to the overlap of TM and TC, results in a fairly large magnetic entropy change, SM, in offstoichiometric Ni2MnGa. In this paper we present a study on the gradual overlap of the first order and second order phase transitions and the related magnetic entropy changes of polycrystalline Ni2+xMn1-xGa (x = 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20). Ingots of approximately 5gm of polycrystalline Ni2+xMn1-xGa (x = 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20) were fabricated by conventional arc melting in an argon atmosphere using Ni, Mn, and Ga or 4N purity. The samples were annealed in vacuum for 144 hours at 800°C, and slowly cooled down to room temperature.
Some perspectives on PODC

Hagit Attiya and Sergio Rajsbaum asked me quite some time ago to write a “personal perspective" paper for PODCs 20th anniversary. Although they gave me plenty of warning, I’m afraid I’m writing this at the last minute. So this may be a bit stream-of-consciousness. Since I’m one of the people who started the PODC conference in the first place, I’ll begin bywriting downmymemories of how it all started. Now, we’re going back more than twenty years here, and I suspect my memory isn’t completely accurate, especially about the ordering of events. But I’ll do my best, and I hope you will find the story interesting in any case. Then I’ll say a little about my view of how PODC has evolved. I’ll describe the relationship I see between formal modeling (one of my own interests) and the algorithmic research that forms the core of PODC. Finally, I’ll conclude with a few words about where I think PODC might go in the future.
Shifted tableaux and the projective representations of symmetric groups

Les groupes de representation de S n . Classes de conjugaison. Algebres de Clifford et la representation spin de base. Produits induits pour des representations spin. Une application caracteristique pour des caracteres de spin. Tableaux decales et Q-fonctions de Schur. Les caracteres de spin irreductibles de S~ n et A n . Une analogue decalee de la regle LR. Produits tensoriels interieurs
Tripyrrolidinophosphoric Acid Triamide as an Activator in Samarium Diiodide Reductions

The electrochemical and spectrophotometric characterization of the complex formed from samarium diiodide and 4 equiv of tripyrrolidinophosphoric acid triamide (TPPA) is presented. Kinetic studies indicate that the SmI(2)/TPPA complex possesses reactivity greater than the complex formed between samarium diiodide and 4 equiv of HMPA. Examples of the use of SmI(2)/TPPA in synthesis are presented.
Optimizing Decomposition-Based Packet Classification Implementation on FPGAs

Hardware implementations of Internet Protocol (IP) classification algorithms have been proposed by the research community over the years to realize high speed routers and Internet backbone. Decomposition-based IP classification algorithms are desirable for hardware implementation due to their parallel search on multiple fields. These algorithms consist of two phases: independent searches on each packet field in the first phase followed by the second phase where the results from the first phase are combined. However, the primary challenge in implementing this high-level approach lies in the second phase, i.e. how to efficiently combine the results of the single field searches. In this paper, we propose a systolic-array-based architecture on FPGA focusing on the combining techniques in phase two. The proposed approach exploits the rich logic resources on FPGA and achieves high throughput by deeply pipelining the architecture. We show the area analysis of the design to demonstrate the efficiency in on-chip resource usage. We also experimentally evaluate the impact of the size of the input rule set and number of matching rules from first phase on the performance of our design. We compare our design against the Bit Vector algorithm, another decomposition-based classification method, and demonstrate that our design is more efficient with respect to logic resource usage and is feasible for large rule sets. Post place and route result using a state-of-the-art FPGA device shows that the design can sustain a throughput of 107 Gbps, for a rule set consisting of up to 64K rules.
901-56 Contrast Echocardiography Detects the Development Coronary Collateral Blood Flow: Validation in a Porcine Model of Gradual Coronary Occlusion

Few data exist directly documenting the ability of contrast echo (CE) to demonstrate the presence and development of coronary collaterals. Therefore, we performed serial CE in 5 closed chest awake pigs in whom an ameroid constrictor placed around the proximal LCx produced total occlusion and development of collateral flow gradually over 3 weeks. A second inflatable cuff constrictor was placed distal to the ameroid for acute occlusion. Short axis echos during left atrial injections of 1 gram of SHU 504 (Levovist) were performed with and without inflation of the acute occluder at baseline, 5, 10, 20, and 25 days. Ameroid occlusion produced only a transient contractile abnormality: posterolateral wall thickening was 71, 39, and 67% at BASE, 10, and 25 days. With the acute cuff occluder open. interventricular septum (IVS) opacification was dense during all studies. while posterolateral wall (PLW) intensity was dense at BASE, decreased markedly at 10 days, and increased again at 25 days as collaterals developed. Acute inflation of the cuff resulted in a clear PLW perfusion deficit during BASE to day 10, which improved significantly at day 25. We measured videointensity (gray levels) from a 0.3 cm2region of interest in the mid IVS and PLW. The ratio of IVS/PLW intensity increased on day 10 as the constrictor occluded, and then decreased on day 25 as collaterals developed, even with the acute cuff inflated (Figure). Thus, in a porcine model in which gradual coronary occlusion induces collaterals. CE demonstrates opacification of the involved myocardium. These data document the ability of CE to identify and track the development of coronary collateral flow. Download : Download high-res image (61KB) Download : Download full-size image
Machine learning of engineering diagnostic knowledge from unstructured verbatim text descriptions

This paper presents our research in text mining for discovering important engineering fault diagnostic knowledge from unstructured and verbatim text descriptions. In particular we focus on developing machine learning algorithms for detecting documents that contain descriptions of systematic failures and root causes to the faults. We developed a machine algorithm based on entropy analysis to extract an A-word list, a list of words that are important to characterize the documents of interests, a vector space model to represent features of important documents, and a constraint based k-means clustering algorithm to generate high purity clusters for use in detecting important documents. We applied the algorithms to automotive diagnostic text data, which are unstructured and verbatim descriptions by customers and technicians that contain many typos and self-invented terms. We were able to reduce a list of 2183 words to a list of 137 important words. The classification system generated by these machine learning algorithms showed high recall and accuracy in detecting important diagnostic descriptions.
Construct validity of the misrepresentation scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory

This study provides construct validity evidence and reliabilities (consistency and stability) for 5 misrepresentation (response distortion) scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI; Lanyon, 1970, 1973, 1978) in assessing 3 constructs: exaggeration of psychopathology, exaggeration of personal virtue, and exaggeration of health problems. Using data from forensic cases, the existence and independence of these 3 constructs were confirmed in data from the MMPI–2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (Paulhus, 1986, 1991). The PSI scales were then shown to load highly on these constructs. The PSI scales also showed the expected patterns when their mean scores were examined for 15 sets of responses from participant groups with varied motivations to misrepresent. We present receiver operating characteristic data to show the success of the scales in distinguishing between simulators and appropriate comparison groups. Using the same da...
Factors influencing longevity in adults with congenital complete heart block

Abstract Congenital complete heart block in adults is uncommon. The incidence of associated congenital heart disease is low and life expectancy is reported to be normal. Eight patients with this disturbance of conduction but without heart disease are described. Five experienced Adams-Stokes syncope. Three required permanent pacemakers, 2 because of potentially lethal arrhythmias and 1 because of decreasing cardiac output associated with deceleration of the basic junctional pacemaker. An additional 2 patients required temporary pacing because of Adams-Stokes episodes near term pregnancy. A possible mechanism for the arrhythmias and clinical deterioration is considered. Although longevity of these patients is not denied, it is apparent that complications may develop unpredictably throughout their life-time.
Changes in fetal presentation in twin pregnancies

Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of spontaneous version in twins in the third trimester, as well as the correlation between antepartum and birth presentation.Methods: Twin pregnancies were divided into four gestational age intervals: 20–23; 24–27; 28–31; and 32–36 weeks. Fetal presentation was categorized as cephalic (C) or non-cephalic (NC). Hospital records were reviewed to determine demographic factors, including mode of conception. Chi-square was used to compare distributions of presentations, and Cramer's V measure of association was used to correlate presentations in individual pregnancies between antepartum intervals and birth.Results: A total of 207 pregnancies were included. The distribution of fetal presentations changed significantly through gestational age intervals (p < 0.001), although they were similar between 32–36 weeks and birth (p = 0.75). Correlation between antepartum and birth presentation in individual pregnancies strengthened throughout the four interv...
Randomized trial between two active labor management protocols in the presence of an unfavorable cervix

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two protocols for active management of labor at term in the presence of an unfavorable cervix. Study design Pregnancies that underwent labor induction at ≥37 weeks of gestation with an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score, ≤6) were randomly assigned to receive vaginally either a single dose of sustained-release dinoprostone (Cervidil) with concurrent low-dose oxytocin or multidosing of misoprostol (25 μg every 4 hours) followed by high-dose oxytocin. The primary outcome was the time interval from induction to vaginal delivery. Other parameters included excess uterine activity and cesarean delivery rates. Results A total of 151 patients (dinoprostone, 74 patients; misoprostol, 77 patients) were enrolled. The mean time from the initiation of induction to vaginal delivery was the same in the dinoprostone and misoprostol groups (15.7 hours; 95% CI, 13.7-17.7 hours vs 16.0 hours; 95% CI, 14.1-17.8 hours; P =.34), regardless of parity. The dinoprostone and misoprostol groups did not differ statistically in the percent of patients who were delivered vaginally by 12 hours (36.2% vs 29.7%), 18 hours (63.8% vs 56.3%), and 24 hours (81.0% vs 81.3%). Excess uterine activity was not more common in either group, and hyperstimulation syndrome was absent in all cases. Primary cesarean delivery rates were similar (dinoprostone, 21.6%; misoprostol, 16.9%; relative risk, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7-2.5), with a failed induction that occurred in one case in each group. Conclusion Sustained-release dinoprostone with concurrent low-dose oxytocin and intermittent misoprostol with delayed high-dose oxytocin are effective alternatives for active management of labor with an unfavorable cervix.
MMPI profiles of cohabiting college students.

89 cohabiting couples may be described as having, on the average, somewhat elevated MMPI profiles, this being slightly more apparent for the men than the women. The highest scales were Hypomania and Psychopathic Deviate respectively, indicating nonconformist attitudes and the high energy level necessary for the acting out of asocial behavior. The elevated Schizophrenia scale also suggests creativity and theoretical interests one might expect to find in such a group.
Marijuana use motives: A confirmatory test and evaluation among young adult marijuana users.

Abstract The present investigation evaluated the measurement model and construct validity of marijuana use motives as measured by the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM; [Simons, J., Correia, C. J., Carey, K. B., and Borsari, B. E. (1998). Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 265–273]). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and incremental tests of validity of marijuana use motives were conducted on a sample of young adult marijuana users ( n = 227, 127 women; M age = 20.11, SD = 4.30 years). As hypothesized, CFA analysis of marijuana use motives, as indexed by the MMM, demonstrated support for a multidimensional measurement model; specifically, a five-factor solution denoting Enhancement, Conformity, Expansion, Coping, and Social motives for marijuana use, each with satisfactory levels of internal consistency. Subsequent tests of incremental validity suggested that only certain motives were uniquely related to current substance use and cognitive-affective factors. Results are discussed in relation to refining the scientific understanding of marijuana use motives.
HEPATIC MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN GENE EXPRESSION IN CARBOHYDRATE-INDUCED HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA

The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) facilitates the assembly of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). To investigate the effects of carbohydrate (CHO)-induced hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) on the hepatic expression of the MTP gene, Golden Syrian hamsters were fed fructose (FR) and sucrose (SUC) enriched diets. Changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, free fatty acids (FFA), TG, VLDL-TG and VLDL-protein were determined. Abundance of hepatic MTP-mRNA was compared to those of albumin (ALB)-mRNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-mRNA. Hepatic secretion rates (SR) of VLDL-TG and VLDL-PR were assessed after intravenous Triton WR-1339 injection. Lipoprotein lipase (LpL) activity of the epididymal fat pads was determined. As compared to the control and SUC, FR increased plasma insulin (FR = 238+24, SUC = 115±17, control = 82±16 μU/ml, p < 0.0001), FFA (FR = 1.93±0.24, SUC = 1.35±0.1, control = 1.47±0.13 mEq/L, p < 0.03) and TG (FR = 215±47, SUC = 93±7, control = 71±16 mg/dl, p < 0.01), without affecting FPG. There was no change in LpL activity. Fructose-feeding increased VLDL-TG-SR (FR = 2.95±0.26, SUC = 1.28±0.34, control = 2.18±0.26 mg/kg.wt/h−1, p < 0.004), but not VLDL-protein-SR. MTP-mRNA abundance did not change when compared to albumin mRNA, however FR-fed hamsters had lower MTP mRNA abundance when compared to GAPDH mRNA (FR = 0.96±0.13, SUC = 1.15±0.14, control = 1.49±0.14 MTPGAPDH-mRNA, p < 0.05). The finding that FR-feeding increased VLDL-TG secretion without any increase in MTP mRNA proves that CHO-induced HTG can occur without an increase in hepatic MTP gene expression.
Three expressed sequences within the human β-tubulin multigene family each define a distinct isotype☆

This paper describes the isolation and complete sequence of a novel expressed human beta-tubulin gene (beta 2). The sequence is compared with that of two other expressed human beta-tubulin genes (M40 and 5 beta). All are encoded by four exons. Though the boundaries of each exon are absolutely conserved among the three genes, the intervening sequences differ considerably in size and sequence content. Two of the genes (M40 and 5 beta) contain one (M40) or ten (5 beta) members of the middle repetitive Alu family sequences within one of their intervening sequences. Comparison of the amino acid sequences encoded by each gene reveals a high level of homology overall, though there is significant divergence between the carboxy termini of two of the genes. The pattern of expression of each beta-tubulin gene has been studied in several different human cell lines using unique non-crosshybridizing probes derived from the 3' untranslated regions. Two of the genes, M40 and beta 2, are expressed at varying levels in all of the cell lines examined, though the level of expression of one of these genes parallels the other in most cases. The third gene, 5 beta, is detectably expressed only in cells of neural origin. Thus, distinct human beta-tubulin isotypes are encoded by genes whose exon size and number has been conserved evolutionarily, but whose pattern of expression may be regulated either co-ordinately or uniquely. Of the approximately 15 sequences contained in the human beta-tubulin multigene family, nine have now been sequenced fully. The overall composition of the multigene family and the evolutionary relationships among its various members are discussed.
Minimum Search Tree Structures for Data Partitioned into Pages

The doubly chained tree structure is an efficient device for organizing a file that must be searched and updated frequently. This paper considers a variation to the doubly chained tree which is more representative of a file in which the data is partitioned into blocks or pages. In this model the cost of searching the next node is 1 if the node is reachable from the same root (i.e., on the same page), and is k if the next node is the next root (i. e., on a different page). An algorithm for constructing doubly chained trees having any number of terminal nodes N, with minimal average search length, is developed. A simple closed expression is derived for the minimum average search time as a function of the number of terminal nodes N and the parameter k. A proof of optimality is also included.
Micro and macro analysis of sleep data using hybrid and digital computers.

Abstract This paper deals with the micro and macro analysis of human sleep EEG data. The micro analysis is carried out by a special-purpose hybrid computer interfaced to a modern minicomputer to extract sleep staging and other quantitative data from EEG recordings. The macro analysis is carried out on a large digital computer by an information storage and retrieval system which provides two levels of data analysis: analysis at experimental level and analysis at data base level. The analysis techniques and implementation of hybrid and digital systems are described. This paper presents a system approach to the treatment of sleep EEG data, and demonstrates the application of both hardware and software technologies to sleep research.
Stressors in highly valued roles, religious coping, and mortality.

This study examines the relationships among stress, religious coping, and mortality. It is hypothesized that religious coping will offset the effects of stressors arising in highly valued roles on mortality, but similar stress-buffering effects will not emerge with events in less important roles. It is further predicted that the beneficial properties of religious coping will be especially evident among older adults with less education. Data from a nationwide survey of older adults (N = 819; M age = 73.8 years; 41% male) indicate that religious coping offsets the effects of stressors in highly valued roles on mortality, but only among older adults with less educational attainment (p < .05). In contrast, events in roles that are not valued highly do not have significant additive effects on mortality or significant interaction effects with religious coping.
Knudsen cell studies of the reactions of N2O5 and ClONO2 with NaCl: development and application of a model for estimating available surface areas and corrected uptake coefficients

The reaction of gaseous N2O5 with sea salt and its components is a potential source of halogen atoms in the marine boundary layer. There are two possible reaction paths when water is present on the salt surface. Reaction with the chloride ion forms nitryl chloride (ClNO2), a photolyzable compound: N2O5+NaCl→ClNO2+NaNO3, while hydrolysis of N2O5 generates HNO3 that can react further with NaCl to form gaseous HCl: N2O5+H2O (on NaCl)→2 HNO3, HNO3+NaCl→HCl+NaNO3. We report here Knudsen cell studies at 23°C of the reaction of N2O5 with NaCl, using less than one layer of salt particles. A model, which takes into account the effective salt surface area exposed to the gas, was applied, allowing for the determination of uptake coefficients without introducing uncertainties associated with diffusion into multiple layers of salt particles. The net uptake coefficient for the sum of both channels for the N2O5 reaction was measured to be γN2O5=(2.9±1.7)×10−3, where the error cited is the 2σ statistical error. The cumulative error is estimated to be better than a factor of three. Both ClNO2 and HCl were observed as gaseous products from the N2O5-salt reaction and the branching ratio for ClNO2 was 0.73±0.28 (2σ). A limited number of experiments were carried out for the reaction with synthetic sea salt, resulting in an uptake coefficient of about an order of magnitude larger than for NaCl, and a ClNO2 yield of 100%. We propose a mechanism for this reaction in which surface-adsorbed water plays a key role in the competition between hydrolysis of N2O5 to generate HNO3 and the reaction with NaCl to generate ClNO2. Reaction with NaCl is shown to be a potentially important source of ClNO2, and thus, of highly reactive chlorine atoms in urban marine regions at dawn. Application of our model to previous data from this laboratory for the reaction of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) with fractional layers of NaCl gives a corrected uptake coefficient of γClONO2=(2.4±1.2)×10−2 (2σ), which suggests that the ClONO2–NaCl reaction may contribute significantly to the observed concentrations of Cl2 in the marine boundary layer.
Perspectives on renal bone disease

BACKGROUND Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and adynamic bone are fundamentally distinct types of renal bone disease. Hyperparathyroidism owing to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent elevations in plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels that are due in part to increases in the synthesis and secretion of PTH by individual parathyroid cells. Excess PTH production among patients with SHPT is attributable largely, however, to marked increases in parathyroid gland mass that result from tissue hyperplasia. Parathyroid gland enlargement increases dramatically the number of cells available for PTH synthesis and secretion and ultimately the total amount of PTH available for release into the circulation. The mass of parathyroid tissue among patients with advanced SHPT can be 20-, 50-, or 100-fold greater than normal. Successful medical treatment is less likely among patients with very large parathyroid glands, and ongoing tissue hyperplasia contributes substantially to disease severity and disease progression. In contrast, plasma PTH levels are typically normal or reduced among patients with CKD, stage 5, who have bone biopsy evidence of adynamic renal osteodystrophy. The prevalence of adynamic bone has increased during the past 10–15 years, and it is now nearly as common as SHPT among those undergoing dialysis regularly. The widespread use of vitamin D sterols to treat SHPT either alone or together with large oral doses of calcium-containing, phosphate binding agents is partially responsible. Other factors, however, are also involved. Among these are a substantial increase in the proportion of patients 65 years of age or older and a greater proportion of patients with diabetes in the current dialysis population as compared to previous decades. Both increasing age and diabetes are recognized causes of adynamic bone among patients without CKD, which encompasses post-menopausal or age-related osteoporosis and diabetic osteopathy. SHPT and adynamic bone have both been linked to adverse clinical outcomes among patients undergoing dialysis regularly. These include soft-tissue and vascular calcification and skeletal fractures. With regard to SHPT, some abnormalities such as disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism are caused by the disorder per se, but the same disturbances can be aggravated by the therapeutic interventions used to manage SHPT which include vitamin D sterols and calcium-containing, phosphate-binding compounds. For adynamic bone, abnormalities in skeletal remodeling may disrupt the normal repair of micro-fractures within bone with adverse effects on its material properties. In the discussion that follows, the therapeutic efficacy of conventional strategies for managing SHPT is reviewed, and their impact on relevant clinical outcomes is examined. The role of adynamic bone as a contributor to vascular calcification and to skeletal fractures among patients with CKD, stage 5, is also considered.
Risky business: Financial-sector liberalization and China

China's dramatic growth in exports, its rising conflict with its trade partners over the perceived undervaluation of the renminbi, and the snail's pace of financial liberalization is pushing its bilateral trade and monetary relations to a boil. Discontent in the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia, and, most recently, Brazil, has led popular pundits and even country finance ministers to speak publicly of a “currency war” with many calling for the de-pegging of the renminbi to the dollar and an immediate appreciation of China's currency. However, China's history of liberalization, beginning with the opening to the West in 1978, is well known as one of gradualism in trade and the financial spheres. Economic history is replete with economic crises brought on by too rapid or premature liberalization of countries' capital flows. This article presents the case both for and against capital account liberalization and highlights the risks that China in particular confronts in responding to external demands for greater openness and an appreciation of the renminbi. It clearly captures the tightrope that China must walk between responding to the demands of its trade partners and maintaining economic growth and political stability at home. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phytonutrients' role in metabolism: effects on resistance to degenerative processes.

Several traditional nutrients and dietary fiber have been associated with both increased and decreased risk of chronic diseases. However, there are many minor components in foods, particularly plant-derived foods, that elicit biologic responses in mammalian systems that are consistent with reduced risk of one or more chronic diseases (phytonutrients). These phytonutrients have been categorized into ten classes of compounds or biologic activities. Representative compounds, typical biologic activities, and common food sources are tabulated for each phytonutrient class. A brief discussion of each category is presented along with several structure-activity relationships.
Three new colorless Euglenophyceae from marine situations.

Investigation of the colorless Euglenophyceae of sandy beaches and marine sediment-water interfaces on the east and west coasts of the U.S.A. has resulted in the discovery of two new species, Sphenomonas elongata and Entosiphon cuneatiformis, and one new genus and species, Pentamonas spinifera, herein described and figured.
Autoimmune inner ear disease preliminary case report: audiometric findings following steroid treatments.

Purpose This study examined the audiometric findings following steroid treatment for autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED), which is characterized by bilateral subacute hearing loss, using oral and i...
The determinants of out-of-state enrollments in higher education: A tobit analysis

Abstract The present study measures the determinants of out-of-state enrollments at institutions of higher learning throughout the United States. By employing a relatively large, institution-level data set, the present paper improves upon previous work in this area of human capital theory. Tobit regression results presented by this study suggest the importance of college size, college status (public vs private), college selectivity, collegiate sports participation, and other factors as being significant determinants of the percent of a university's student body represented by non-resident students. College administrators and government officials are concerned about the economics of college student migration because each additional in-migrating student represents an additional source of revenue (through a higher tuition price), which is especially important because many state universities are currently facing large budget cuts.
Peptide vaccination against cancer

Micrometastases in a murine lung carcinoma model have regressed or been prevented (pages 1179–1183).
Complex reconstruction of desmoid tumor resections does not increase desmoid tumor recurrence

Background The propensity of desmoid tumors to develop in scars has led some surgeons to limit the complexity of desmoid defect reconstruction as a strategy for avoiding desmoid recurrence. We hypothesized that desmoid recurrence rates are similar despite the magnitude of reconstruction. Study Design We retrospectively compared recurrence rates between patients who underwent reconstruction and patients who underwent primary closure without reconstruction after desmoid tumor resection in consecutive patients for 15 years. Univariate and multivariate regression analyzed associations between patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics and outcomes. Results We included 164 consecutive patients (80 [49%] reconstructions vs 84 [51%] primary closures). Mean follow-up duration was 7.1 ± 4.5 years. Patients who underwent reconstruction had more desmoids in an area of earlier trauma or surgery (p Conclusions Rates of desmoid recurrence in resection defects are similar for primary closures and complex reconstructions. Therefore, surgeons should not limit the magnitude of reconstructions in an attempt to avoid tumor recurrence. However, given the propensity of desmoids to recur, reconstructions should allow for the possibility of future resections and reconstructions, particularly in tumors with 45F gene mutations.
A comparison of two paradigms : The relative global roles of moist convective versus nonconvective transport

[1] Global-scale transport processes are examined in the troposphere using the Model of Ozone and Related Trace Species, version 2 (MOZART-2). Here MOZART-2 is driven by input meteorological fields from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Chemistry (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data set during 2001–2002 filtered at approximately 2.8 degrees latitude by 2.8 degrees longitude. Idealized tracers are used to identify deep moist convectively processed airmasses in MOZART-2, where the convection is parameterized using the Zhang and McFarlane scheme. The simulations show that the troposphere can be divided into a convectively processed regime where deep moist convective transport is predominantly responsible for the transport of trace species from the boundary layer and a nonconvectively processed regime. The boundary between the convectively processed and nonconvectively processed regimes lies between approximately 300 and 310 K. The interplay between moist convective and nonconvective transport explains many aspects of the global tropospheric distribution of trace species, including seasonal, latitudinal and longitudinal changes in species distribution. Evidence is presented that transport in the warm conveyor belts of synoptic systems is the process primarily responsible for lofting trace species into the middle and upper troposphere in the nonconvectively processed regime. The Northern Hemisphere (N. H.) midlatitude troposphere undergoes a substantial seasonal cycle in convective influence with much greater convective impact during summer, primarily from convection north of 30°N. There is a barrier to poleward transport in the upper troposphere across 30°, even during the Northern Hemisphere summer. In specific applications the seasonal change in the transport regimes from Asia to North America is examined during the Intercontinental and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) campaign and the chemical consequences of convection are explored. An isentropic viewpoint is emphasized in this study. We use this viewpoint to explain the fact that poleward tracer gradients can be explained by transport considerations alone.
17O‐NMR‐Spektroskopie zur Lösung chemischer Probleme

Die NMR-Spektroskopie des Isotops 17O, eines Quadrupolkerns mit geringer naturlicher Haufigkeit, wurde bisher wegen experimenteller Schwierigkeiten nur beschrankt zur Losung chemischer Probleme herangezogen. Ein Vergleich der aus systematischen Studien strukturell verwandter Verbindungen erhaltenen Daten zeigt jedoch, das nichtaquivalente Sauerstoffatome fur gewohnlich grose Unterschiede in den chemischen Verschiebungen aufweisen und das fur 17O in spezifischen chemischen Umgebungen charakteristische Werte der chemischen Verschiebung beobachtet werden. Die gegenwartige Verfugbarkeit von 17O-angereichertem Material und von Fourier-Transform-NMR-Geraten last fur die nahe Zukunft eine ausgiebige Anwendung der 17O-NMR-Technik zur Losung struktureller Probleme erwarten.
Three-component, room temperature crotylation catalyzed by solid-supported Brønsted acid: enantioselective synthesis of homoallylic carbamates.

A heterogeneous, three-component crotylation of in situ generated N-acyl iminium ions has been developed. This reaction proceeds under ambient temperature in MeCN and is catalyzed by macroporous polystyrene-bound sulfonic acid (MP-TsOH). Workup is accomplished by filtration, upon which the catalyst is recoverable. A range of homoallylic amine equivalents have been prepared from the corresponding aldehydes, carbamates, and chiral (E)-crotylsilanes in a highly stereoselective manner.