cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cipriano, R. C. 2009. Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 865-870.Archived sera from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that returned to the Penobscot River (Maine), Merrimack River (Massachusetts), and Connecticut River (in Massachusetts) from 1995 to 2002 were analysed for antibodies against infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Up to 60 samples were archived per river system per year. In a given year, the number of fish sampled by ELISA for ISAV antibodies in the Penobscot River ranged from 2.9 to 11.2%, and the range of salmon sampled in the Merrimack River and the Connecticut River was 31.3-100% and 20.0-67.5%, respectively. Archived sera were not available for the 1995 and 2002 year classes from the Connecticut River. In all, 1141 samples were processed; 14 serum samples tested positive for antibodies to ISAV. In the Penobscot River, serum from one fish tested positive in each of the 1995 and 1999 year-class returns, and sera from two fish tested positive in the 1998 returns. In the Merrimack River, sera from four fish tested positive in each of the 1996 and 1997 returns, and sera from two fish were positive in the 2002 return. None of the archived sera from Atlantic salmon that returned to the Connecticut River tested positive.
Submerged Ordnance and Unrestrained Cylinder Movement in Coastal Zone

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume to measure wave conditions (height, period, and kinematics) that caused movement of submerged ordnance and cylinders. Laboratory results were analyzed and two empirical theories were developed for predicting movement based on wave conditions and ordnance/cylinder characteristics: (1) modified Shields parameter approach comparing ordnance and cylinder parameters with a wave Shields parameter to identify critical regimes for ordnance/cylinder movement; and (2) Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC) approach comparing the ratio of maximum orbital velocity at the ordnance/cylinder surface and ordnance/cylinder diameter with relative water depth. Evaluation of these two approaches with the laboratory data indicated that the best predictive technique appeared to be the modified Shields parameter approach. A field deployment of two drogue cylinders instrumented with acoustic pingers was conducted to further investigate ordnance movement using acoustic tracking procedures. Measured wave conditions and cylinder characteristics were used in the modified Shields parameter approach and indicated that the cylinders would be mobile. The field deployment of two cylinders verified the prediction results showing net movements of 15 and 13 m, respectively.
underwThe Hawaii-2 Observatory seismic system

The Hawaii-2 Observatory seismic system is currently transmitting high-quality seismic data from the ocean floor in the central NE Pacific Ocean through Hawaii to the IRIS Data Management Center. The system includes broad-band seismic, geophone, acoustic, and ocean current sensors. The seismic sensors are buried about 0.4 m below the ocean floor to improve coupling to the ocean bottom and to reduce noise levels. The system can be remotely calibrated, leveled and locked, and gains can be changed on command from shore. Data are temporarily stored in the seismic package for retransmission as needed to correct for transmission problems and to prevent loss of data. Data generated are valuable for studies of the Earth's structure and the dynamics of earthquakes.
UV degradation kinetics and modeling of pharmaceutical compounds in laboratory grade and surface water via direct and indirect photolysis at 254 nm

Direct and indirect photolysis of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) was investigated in laboratory-grade water (LGW) and a local surface water using a low-pressure ultraviolet batch reactor...
Interaction of the San Jacinto and San Andreas Fault Zones, Southern California: Triggered Earthquake Migration and Coupled Recurrence Intervals

Two lines of evidence suggest that large earthquakes that occur on either the San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) or the San Andreas fault zone (SAFZ) may be triggered by large earthquakes that occur on the other. First, the great 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake in the SAFZ seems to have triggered a progressive sequence of earthquakes in the SJFZ. These earthquakes occurred at times and locations that are consistent with triggering by a strain pulse that propagated southeastward at a rate of 1.7 kilometers per year along the SJFZ after the 1857 earthquake. Second, the similarity in average recurrence intervals in the SJFZ (about 150 years) and in the Mojave segment of the SAFZ (132 years) suggests that large earthquakes in the northern SJFZ may stimulate the relatively frequent major earthquakes on the Mojave segment. Analysis of historic earthquake occurrence in the SJFZ suggests little likelihood of extended quiescence between earthquake sequences.
The Impact of Public Capital, Human Capital, and Knowledge on Aggregate Output

This paper investigates the impact of public capital on private sector output by testing and estimating an aggregate production function for the U.S. economy over the postwar period augmented to include the stock of public capital as an additional factor input. We use patent applications to proxy for knowledge/technology stocks and adjust labor hours for changes in human capital or skill. Using Johansen's (1988 and 1991) multivariate cointegration analysis, we find a positive and significant long run effect of public capital, private capital, skill-adjusted labor, and technology/knowledge on private sector output. We find that public capital accounts for about half of the post-1973 productivity slowdown, but only plays a minor role in the partial recovery of labor productivity growth since the mid 1980s. The largest contribution to that (partial) recovery comes from the knowledge stock and human capital.
KR07 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING: THE GLUE THAT BINDS DISPARATE ACQUISITION ORGANIZATIONS

This case study presents how an effective joint systems engineering team can bring together disparate but mutually dependant acquisition organizations to improve enterprise acquisitions and technical integrity. The organization providing software applications and associated hardware may not be the same organization providing the host network and server infrastructure. The result can be incompatibilities between system needs and infrastructure capacity, stovepipe capabilities, and flawed acquisitions. A joint systems engineering forum with expanded responsibilities is mitigating these problems by improving collaboration and communication between the two organizations. Their concept of operation reflects how a team spanning application and infrastructure acquisitions can work together in minimizing redundant engineering functions and create a more cost effective and technically sound operational enterprise. Findings presented further show that joint systems engineering will help infrastructure providers and the applications developers successfully establish a more productive and cost efficient relationship.
Longitudinal triangular ripples in the Blake-Bahama Basin

Abstract Longitudinal triangular ripples developed in cohesive sediments were studied in the Blake-Bahama Basin (depth 4988 m, western North Atlantic) with a deeply-towed instrument package and the bathyscaphe “Trieste II”. The 15 cm high by 75 cm wide by 2–10 m long ripples with triangular cross-section vary in orientation over several kilometers. These longitudinal bed forms are constructed of coarse sandy muds (20% sand) and are created by bottom current flow. Near the extremities of the field they appear to be buried, suggesting that the ripple field is not active at the present time. These ripples may be formed by short-lived, high-velocity bottom currents, and they may be commonly developed in the sediments of submarine canyons, deep-sea channels, and deep-sea areas episodically swept by strong currents.
Adding a nurse-based intervention programme to usual care improves manic symptoms in people with bipolar disorder.

Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Unutzer J, et al . Randomized trial of a population-based care program for people with bipolar disorder. Psychological Med 2005;35:13–24. Q Does adding a nurse-based intervention programme to usual care improve the effectiveness of treatment for bipolar disorder? ### ![Graphic][1] Design: Randomised controlled trial. ### ![Graphic][2] Allocation: Concealed. ### ![Graphic][3] Blinding: Single blinded. ### ![Graphic][4] Follow up period: Twelve months. ### ![Graphic][5] Setting: Four health clinics in the USA; August 1999 to October 2000. ### ![Graphic][6] Patients: 441 people treated for bipolar disorder type I or II (DSM-IV) in the previous 12 months. People were excluded if cognitive impairment prevented giving informed consent. ### ![Graphic][7] Intervention: Usual care, or usual care plus a nurse-based intervention programme. The intervention programme consisted of an initial patient assessment and treatment planning session, followed by monthly telephone … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Reaction rate coefficient of fullerene (C60) consumption by soot

Abstract The reaction of fullerene molecules with soot was studied by contacting sublimed C60 fullerenes with commercially available carbon black particles at different temperatures in the range 1023–1273 K. Fullerene mass data collected both pre- and post-reaction were fit to a simple first-order kinetic model and yielded a temperature-dependent reaction rate expression. The calculated collision efficiency of the reaction is of the order 10−8 and the activation energy is ∼9.8 kcal mol−1, which would be consistent with a surface diffusion reaction or a heterogeneous reaction. Simple extrapolation of the observed rate to the conditions of a fullerene forming flame would give a consumption rate six orders of magnitude too small to account for the rate of fullerene consumption observed in the post-flame zone of a fullerene-forming benzene/oxygen/argon flame. Extrapolation of the reaction rate to flame conditions also shows that the rate of consumption calculated here is too small to account for observed oscillations in the fullerene concentration profile which can be related to changes in the relative rates of consumption and formation. Calculation of activation energies required for the extrapolation of rates observed here to match those observed in flames yields significantly larger values than those obtained in the present study and are so large as to suggest that mechanisms other than those studied here control fullerenes consumption in flames. Other mechanistic possibilities for the consumption of fullerenes in flames include reactions of fullerenes with other flame species and fullerene–soot reactions in which soot reactivity depends on soot reactions with other flame species.
Heat flux at the transition from harmonic to chaotic flow in thermal convection

Numerical simulations of the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations are used to study the transition from simple-periodic {open_quotes}harmonic{close_quotes} thermal convection to chaotic thermal convection as the Rayleigh number Ra is increased. The simulations suggest that a sharp discontinuity in the relationship between the Nusselt number Nu (the ratio of the total heat flux to the Fourier heat flux) and the Rayleigh number is associated with this transition in flow morphology. This drop in the Nusselt number is also seen in the data reported in independent experiments involving the convection of two characteristically different fluids{emdash}liquid mercury [Phys. Rev. E {bold 56}, R1302 (1997)] (a nearly incompressible fluid with Prandtl number Pr=0.024) and gaseous helium [Phys. Rev. A {bold 36}, 5870 (1987)] (a compressible fluid with unit Pr). The harmonic flow generates a dual-maximum (quasiharmonic) temperature histogram, while the chaotic flow generates a single-maximum histogram at the center point in the simulated cell. This is consistent with the temperature distributions reported for the convecting mercury before and after the drop in Nu. Our simulations also suggest a hysteresis in the Nu-Ra curve linking the two distinctly different flow morphologies, heat fluxes, and temperature-fluctuation histograms at the same Rayleigh number. {copyright} {ital 1998} {italmore » The American Physical Society}« less
Improving the quality of anticoagulation of patients with atrial fibrillation in managed care organizations: results of the managing anticoagulation services trial.

Abstract Purpose Randomized trials have indicated that well-managed anticoagulation with warfarin could prevent more than half of the strokes related to atrial fibrillation. However, many patients with atrial fibrillation who are eligible for this therapy either do not receive it or are not maintained within an optimal prothrombin time–international normalized ratio (INR) range. We sought to determine whether an anticoagulation service within a managed care organization would be a feasible alternative for providing anticoagulation care. Subjects and methods We performed a multi-site randomized trial in six large managed care organizations in the United States. Subjects were aged 65 years or older and had nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. At each site, physician practices were divided into two geographically defined practice clusters; each site was randomly assigned to have one intervention and one control cluster. The intervention cluster received an anticoagulation service that satisfied specifications for high-quality anticoagulation care and was coordinated through the managed care organization. Control clusters continued with their usual provider-based care. We measured the proportion of time that warfarin-treated patients in each of the clusters (intervention and control) were in the target range for the INR at baseline, and again during a follow-up period. Results Five of the six selected sites succeeded at developing an anticoagulation service. Patients in the intervention and control clusters had similar demographic characteristics, contraindications to warfarin, and risk factors for stroke. Among patients (n = 144 in the intervention clusters; n=118 in the control clusters) for whom data were available during the baseline and follow-up periods, the changes in percentages of time in the target range were similar for those in the intervention clusters (baseline: 47.7%; follow-up: 55.6%) and in the control clusters (baseline: 49.1%; follow-up: 52.3%; intervention effect: 5%; 95% confidence interval: –5% to 14%; P = 0.32). Conclusion Although it was feasible in a managed care organization to implement anticoagulation services that were tailored to local circumstances, provision of this service did not improve anticoagulation care compared with usual care. The effect of the anticoagulation service was limited by the utilization of the service, the degree to which the referring physician supports strict adherence to recommended target ranges for the INR, and the ability of the anticoagulation service to identify and to respond to out-of-range values promptly.
Microbial community diversity and composition across a gradient of soil acidity in spruce–fir forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains

Abstract Anthropogenic deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) contributes substantially to soil acidity in some forest regions and hence studies have focused on modeling and quantifying depositions in landscapes. The resulting acidity can change the soil chemical balance, nutrient availability, microbial communities, and at a broader scale, ecosystem functioning. In this study, a 16S PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) approach was used to measure the bacterial diversity and identify the dominant bacterial species along a soil acidity gradient in high elevation spruce–fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Sample sites were selected based upon modeled S deposition class (6–14, 15–23, 23–32, and 33–41 kg ha −1 ). Collected soils were analyzed for pH, C, N, Ca, Al, S, CEC, and base saturation. Average soil pH in the O, A, and B horizons were 3.6, 3.6 and 3.9, respectively. Modeled S deposition was found to be an unreliable predictor of soil S content as well as most other soil chemical properties. DGGE profiles of bacterial partial 16S rRNA genes revealed minor differences in bacterial diversity while communities were similar, dominated by members of phylum Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi . Dominance of acidophilic bacterial species, often found in highly acidic environment such as acid-mine drainage and sphagnum bogs, suggests that the poorly buffered soils that are endemic to southern Appalachian spruce–fir forests are saturated with acidity. Our results suggest that stricter air quality standards have not resulted in shift to less acid-tolerant bacteria.
The nature of the partial denture foundation: Suggestions for its preservation

Abstract Suggestions for the preservation of the partial denture foundation include (1) the reduction of horizontal forces falling on the saddles and the reduction of transverse forces falling on the abutments and (2) the all-out use of every available tooth and tissue bearing. This two-pronged stress strategy of drastic reduction and maximum distribution will go far to minimize further mutilation of an already mutilated mouth.
Structure of the THF Solvate of Tetramesityldisilene

The X-ray crystal structure of Mes2SiSiMes2· THF (1·THF) has been determined. The THF molecule is not coordinated to silicon. The two Mes2Si units are twisted relative to one another by 13°, while the arrangement at each silicon is coplanar. This conformation differs from that found for 1·C7H8 (12° twist, 18° pyramidalization) and unsolvated 1 (3° twist, 12, 14° pyramidalization).
GENERALIZED QUADRANGLES AND CUBIC FORMS

A Jordan pair is constructed from a pair of cubic forms satisfying the adjoint identities. Given some parameters and an incidence structure S having three points on each line and no more than one line through two points, a pair of cubic forms are constructed. These forms satisfy the adjoint identities if and only if S is either a star or a generalized quadrangle and the parameters are precisely determined.
Polyetherimide: A new high-performance thermoplastic resin

A new high-performance amorphous thermoplastic, named polyetherimide, has been developed by the General Electric Company. This resin is characterized by high deflection temperature (200°C at 264 psi), high tensile strength and flexural modulus (480,000 psi), and very good retention of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. In addition, the resin exhibits good electrical properties, which remain stable over a wide range of temperature and frequencies (including microwave). Polyetherimide is inherently flame resistant without the use of additives. It has a high limiting oxygen index of 47, combined with NBS smoke chamber results which show the lowest specific optical density of any unfilled thermoplastic (Dmax = 31). One synthetic method for the preparation of polyetherimides and a comprehensive property profile of the first member of this polymer family are presented.
Quantitative Analysis and Interpretation of Transient Electromagnetic Data via Principal Component Analysis

Transient electromagnetic (TEM) data in applied geophysics are invariably contaminated by random and coherent noise associated with acquisition, geology, and the environment. Advanced unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection and discrimination using TEM data require the suppression of the random noise and reliable separation of UXO signal from other coherent signals. The random noise is usually easier to remove, with coherent signal being more difficult to identify as well as separate. We have developed a method based on principal component analysis (PCA) to achieve both objectives. As a data-adaptive linear transformation, PCA is a fast and reliable method for the removal of random uncorrelated noise as well as for the separation of coherent undesired signals from those due to UXO and UXO-like anomalies. In this paper, we outline the PCA method, including the choice of data organization, construction of covariance matrices, and choice of principal components in reconstruction. We then show both synthetic and field data as examples of the efficacy of the method.
Analyticity and Nonexistence of Classical Steady Hele-Shaw Fingers

This paper concerns analyticity of a classical, steadily translating nger in a Hele-Shaw cell and nonexistence of solutions when the relative nger width is smaller than 1 . It is proven that any classical solution to the nger problem, if it exists for sufciently small but nonzero surface tension, is close to some Saffman-Taylor zero-surface-tension solution, and satises some algebraic decay conditions at 1, must belong to the analytic function space A0, as dened in Section 1, and chosen in a previous study [34] of the existence of nger solutions. Further, it is proven that for any x ed 2.0; 1 /, there can be no classical steadynger solution when surface tension is sufciently small, which contradicts a previous conclusion based on numerical simulation. c 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling operator performance for error analysis

Existing human performance taxonomies which mostly can answer the question "what factors could affect the result" rather than "why it happened", are usually used to analyze the accident reports, and fail when they are applied to investigate the underlying causes. This is because the existing taxonomies provide modeling primarily for latent conditions and not so much for active errors which can often trigger an accident. In the paper, we present the method for operator error modeling, which describes active error at the "sharp end" of the system, and together with the existing classification taxonomy for latent conditions constitutes a powerful modeling tool for human performance analysis. This method, which was implemented in aviation, is demonstrated for the analysis of the pilot's errors. It can be used as a basis for developing human performance algorithms in complex man-machine systems to improve operator training, assessment, error analysis, and investigation.
Credentialing of surgical skills centers.

Abstract Major imperatives regarding quality of patient care and patient safety are impacting surgical care and surgical education. Also, significant emphasis continues to be placed on education and training to achieve proficiency, expertise, and mastery in surgery. Simulation-based surgical education and training can be of immense help in acquiring and maintaining surgical skills in safe environments without exposing patients to risk. Opportunities for repetition of tasks can be provided to achieve pre-established standards, and knowledge and skills can be verified using valid and reliable assessment methods. Also, expertise and mastery can be attained through repeated practice, specific feedback, and establishment of progressively higher learning goals. Simulation-based education and training can help surgeons maintain their skills in infrequently performed procedures and regain proficiency in procedures they have not performed for a period of time. In addition, warm-ups and surgical rehearsals in simulated environments should enhance performance in real settings. Major efforts are being pursued to advance the field of simulation-based surgical education. New education and training models involving validation of knowledge and skills are being designed for practicing surgeons. A competency-based national surgery resident curriculum was recently launched and is undergoing further enhancements to address evolving education and training needs. Innovative simulation-based surgical education and training should be offered at state-of-the-art simulation centers, and credentialing and accreditation of these centers are key to achieving their full potential.
Cooperation diversity for clipped OFDM with iterative reception

A realistic model for OFDM cooperation diversity is presented for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems with clipping type of nonlinearities present. The destination node processes together the received information from the source node and a single relay one (if any of the candidate relays succeeds in decoding the original OFDM packet sent). The relayed packets are the same with the direct ones (repetition coding), so that simpler receiver processing applies. The destination node applies an iterative receiver structure based on Turbo processing, in which both the channels and the clipping distortion are (iteratively) estimated. The relaying nodes receive the source-node emanating packets in a standard, non-iterative fashion, due to delay constraints. High gains are showed for the proposed system, due to the synergy between clipping distortion, channel estimation and multiple transmission paths, based on node cooperation diversity.
Correlations between net auxin and secondary xylem development in young Populus deltoides

Stems of cottonwood (Populs deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) plants grown under different conditions were examined to determine the relation between net endogenous auxin yields and the acropetal advance of the primary-secondary vascular transition zone (TZ). In all treatments, the internode yielding maximum net auxin activity, as determined by the Avena curvature bioassay, closely corresponded with the internode in which the TZ occurred. Under short-day (SD) dormancy-inducing conditions, auxin yield declined steadily while the maximum auxin peak and the TZ shifted toward younger internodes. Auxin yields from these plants were extremely low after 5 weeks of SD compared with those from long-day (LD) plants. The only consistent auxin yield was obtained from internodes subtending young leaves beneath the apical bud. Plants placed in SD for 3 weeks and then returned to LD conditions showed an immediate increase in auxin yield in the stem, and the progressive acropetal advance of the TZ under SD was reversed. Therefore, within 7 LD the positions of the TZ and peak auxin yield corresponded to those observed before the imposition of SD Fully dormant plants placed in LD showed a dramatic rise in auxin yields during the first 2 weeks of renewed growth. Although low levels of auxin were found in the newly developing shoots after 6 LD, yields increased rapidly after 9 and 14 LD. The position of the TZ corresponded with the peak of net auxin activity after 9 and 14 LD.
Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation show inconsistent effects across trials, with only some trials showing a benefit.

Commentary on: M Civljak, A Sheikh, LF Stead, et al.. Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;9:CD007078.
Warning systems for natural threats

This paper is a somewhat revised version of the one previously given as a keynote lecture in the ECI Conference, ‘Geohazards: Technical, Economical and Social Consequences’. Some changes have been made to the original paper and the oral presentation: several of the figures and pictures illustrating the recent events have been eliminated, only one decision analysis example is shown and the review of literature on other warning systems has been expanded. Readers interested in the conference paper and oral presentation are referred to the website: http://services.bepress.com/eci/geohazards/
Q-Filter computational structures for paradigm shifts in data engineering

An advanced approach for adaptive nonlinear digital data processing is described in this article. Three primal computational structures referred to as Q-Measures, Q-Metrics, and Q-Aggregates are introduced and utilized in unison as highly adaptive data analysis handlers. The proposed approach relies on universal functionals using few parameters to characterize dynamic system behaviors in broad ranges of unconventional measure, metric, and aggregation spaces. We present this unique approach in application to real-valued signal processing tasks, with suitable optimization algorithms, so that the parameters of the proposed models can be tuned automatically. The new approach is tested on real data sets and the experiments show promising results.
Becoming the Harvard Man: Person-Environment Fit, Personality Development, and Academic Success

The continuity and change of the needs and evaluations of the college environment and person-environment fit (PE fit) with the college environment were studied in a 4-year longitudinal study of students (N = 191). Perceptions of the environment changed more dramatically than corresponding self-perceived needs. PE fit demonstrated moderate levels of consistency over the 4-year span, but no significant increases in mean levels were found over time. Antecedents to PE fit in the college environment included both intelligence and openness to experience. Outcomes associated with PE fit included changes in personality traits linked to openness to experience and higher academic achievement. The implications of the findings for personality development and the relationship of PE fit to successful outcomes are discussed.
Cross-linguistic Differences in Talking About Scenes

SpeakersofEnglishandTamildifferwidelyinwhichrelationalrolestheyovertlyexpresswith a verb. This study provides new information about how speakers of these languages differ in their descriptions of the same scenes and how explicit mention of roles and other scene elementsvarywiththepropertiesofthescenesthemselves.Specifically,wefindthatEnglish speakers, who in normal speech rely more on explicit mention of verb arguments, in fact appear to be more affected by the pragmatic manipulations used in this study than Tamil speakers. Additionally, although the mention of scene items increases with development in both languages, Tamil-speaking children mention fewer items than do English-speaking children, showing that the children know the structure of the language to which they are exposed.
Clarification of the genus Nematothallus Lang

Upper Silurian and lowermost Devonian fossil plant assemblages are often dominated by fragmentary remains of problematic land plants that are composed of a tubular anatomy. Traditionally, these remains have been divided into two morphotypes: large three-dimensionally preserved axes (the Prototaxites group), and smaller thalloid incrustations referred to the genus Nematothallus Lang. Because of their peculiar anatomy of different combinations of tubular elements, these plants do not appear to be closely related to the Tracheidatae (sensu Bremer et al., 1987). Neither do they fit easily into any extant algal groups (Rossat, 1952; Edwards, 1982; Strother, 1988). For these reasons, when he first described the genus Nematothallus , Lang (1937) constructed an informal class of plants, the nematophytales, to include these fossils. Strother (1988) further emphasized the differences between the nematophytales and both embryophytes and algae by placing them into a new group, the Paraphyta.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents

This chapter presents an overview of pediatric generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Youth with GAD worry excessively, are unable to control their worry, and experience significant distress and impairment as a result. Previously referred to as overanxious disorder, GAD is common and highly comorbid with other anxiety disorders. The etiology of GAD is multi-determined encompassing biological and environmental influences. If left untreated, the disorder can be chronic and predictive of adulthood anxiety and depression. GAD-specific assessment tools are now available, including those that target unique cognitive aspects of the disorder. Evidence-based treatments for pediatric GAD involve cognitive and behavioral (CBT) and pharmacological interventions. Recent psychosocial interventions have tailored CBT to specifically target worry.
Interfacial Strength of Cement Lines in Human Cortical Bone

In human cortical bone, cement lines (or reversal lines) separate osteons from the interstitial bone tissue, which consists of remnants of primary lamellar bone or fragments of remodeled osteons. There have been experimental evidences of the cement line involvement in the failure process of bone such as fatigue and damage. However, there are almost no experimental data on interfacial properties of cement lines in human cortical bone. The objective of this study is to design and assemble a precision and computer controlled osteon pushout microtesting system, and to experimentally determine the interfacial strength of cement lines in human cortical bone by performing osteon pushout tests. Thirty specimens were prepared from humeral diaphyses of four human subjects. Twenty specimens were tested under the condition of a small hole in the supporting plate, in which the cement line debonding occurred. The cement line interfacial strength ranged from 5.38 MPa to 10.85 MPa with an average of 7.31 +/- 1.73 MPa. On the other hand, ten specimens were tested under the condition of a large hole in the supporting plate, in which the shear failure inside osteons was observed. The specimens tested under the condition of the large hole resulted in an average shear strength of 73.71 +/- 15.06 MPa, ranging from 45.97 MPa to 93.74 MPa. Therefore, our results suggest that the cement line interface between osteon and interstitial bone tissue is weaker than that between bone tissue lamellae.
Role of Ca2+ and Na+ on luteinizing hormone release from the calf pituitary

It has been proposed that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates Ca2+ entry by activation of voltage-independent, receptor-mediated Ca2+ channels in the rat gonadotroph. Little work has been done on the role of calcium in GnRH-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release in species other than the rat. Therefore, this study was done to compare the effects of agents that alter Ca2+ or Na+ entry on LH release from calf anterior pituitary primary cells in culture. GnRH (100 ng/ml), Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM), and the depolarizing agent ouabain (0.1-10 microM) all produced significant increases (P less than 0.05) in LH release; these effects were significantly reduced when the cells were preincubated with the organic Ca2+ channel blockers nifedipine (1-10 microM) and verapamil (1-10 microM) and with Co2+ (0.01-1 mM). The effect of ouabain was inhibited by tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1-10 nM) as well as by nifedipine at 0.1-10 microM. In contrast to its effect on rat pituitary LH release, TTX significantly inhibited GnRH-stimulated LH release at 1-100 nM. These results suggest that GnRH-induced LH release may employ Ca2+ as a second messenger in bovine gonadotrophs and support recent speculation that GnRH-induced Ca2+ mobilization may in part be voltage dependent.
Cabinet Government in France

The general opinion among English and American political writers is that the French system of cabinet government is very nearly a regime of “parliamentary anarchy.” In recent years it has also been the object of severe attack by many French scholars, notably by Professors Duguit, Moreau, Barthelemy and Faguet, and by public men like Charles Benoist, Raymond Poincare and others, who assert that while the cabinet system has been established by law, it does not exist in fact, but in its place is to be found a poor imitation of the true cabinet sytem of England, upon which that of France was supposed to have been modeled. One undoubted reason why cabinet government in France has not worked smoothly is to be found in the fact that it is not an indigenous institution. It was transplanted from the country of its origin where it had taken deep root and had developed to a high state of efficiency through a long process of evolution, and was suddenly introduced into one where the historical traditions, political habits and mental aptitudes of the people were very unlike those of the English.
Connective tissue. IV. Synthesis and turnover of proteins in tissues of rats.

Summary1. The synthesis and turnover of protein in aorta, uterus, tendon and skin were studied in 5-week old rats. 2. The SA of connective tissue proteins in decreasing order of magnitude was nonscleroprotein, soluble collagen, insoluble collagen and elastin. 3. Among the tissues studied, greatest synthesis and turnover of collagen was observed in uterus. As regards synthesis, skin, aorta and tendon followed in descending order, while, for turnover, the order was skin, tendon and aorta.The authors gratefully acknowledge suggestions and advice of Dr. C. H. Treadwell and technical assistance of William Hitt, Charles Hizer and Richard Dawson.
Monitoring the Photocleaving Dynamics of Colloidal MicroRNA-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Using Second Harmonic Generation

Photoactivated drug delivery systems using gold nanoparticles provide the promise of spatiotemporal control of delivery that is crucial for applications ranging from regenerative medicine to cancer therapy. In this study, we use second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy to monitor the light-activated controlled release of oligonucleotides from the surface of colloidal gold nanoparticles. MicroRNA is functionalized to spherical gold nanoparticles using a nitrobenzyl linker that undergoes photocleaving upon ultraviolet irradiation. The SHG signal generated from the colloidal nanoparticle sample is shown to be a sensitive probe for monitoring the photocleaving dynamics in real time. The photocleaving irradiation wavelength is scanned to show maximum efficiency on resonance at 365 nm, and the kinetics are investigated at varying irradiation powers to demonstrate that the nitrobenzyl photocleaving is a one-photon process. Additional characterization methods including electrophoretic mobility measurements, extinction spectroscopy, and fluorimetry are used to verify the SHG results, leading to a better understanding of the photocleaving dynamics for this model oligonucleotide therapeutic delivery system.
Lateral and subsurface flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets

Arctic thaw lakes are an important source of water for aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and humans. Many recent studies have observed changes in Arctic surface waters related to climate warming and permafrost thaw; however, explaining the trends and predicting future responses to warming is difficult without a stronger fundamental understanding of Arctic lake water budgets. By measuring and simulating surface and subsurface hydrologic fluxes, this work quantified the water budgets of three lakes with varying levels of seasonal drainage, and tested the hypothesis that lateral and subsurface flows are a major component of the post‐snowmelt water budgets. A water budget focused only on post‐snowmelt surface water fluxes (stream discharge, precipitation, and evaporation) could not close the budget for two of three lakes, even when uncertainty in input parameters was rigorously considered using a Monte Carlo approach. The water budgets indicated large, positive residuals, consistent with up to 70% of mid‐summer inflows entering lakes from lateral fluxes. Lateral inflows and outflows were simulated based on three processes; supra‐permafrost subsurface inflows from basin‐edge polygonal ground, and exchange between seasonally drained lakes and their drained margins through runoff and evapotranspiration. Measurements and simulations indicate that rapid subsurface flow through highly conductive flowpaths in the polygonal ground can explain the majority of the inflow. Drained lakes were hydrologically connected to marshy areas on the lake margins, receiving water from runoff following precipitation and losing up to 38% of lake efflux to drained margin evapotranspiration. Lateral fluxes can be a major part of Arctic thaw lake water budgets and a major control on summertime lake water levels. Incorporating these dynamics into models will improve our ability to predict lake volume changes, solute fluxes, and habitat availability in the changing Arctic. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The Importance of History in a Media Delivery System.

We examine the performance dynamics of a generic media delivery service, in which a single provider distributes to a set of peers using a BitTorrent-like protocol. Previous studies of BitTorrent have examined its performance in delivering single objects; here we discuss the dynamics of distributing a population of objects. Specifically, we assume that peers cache objects they download, and examine strategies for choosing which objects peers should serve while participating in the system. We examine a set of strategies, and show that a simple strategy yields performance gains over that employed by current BitTorrentlike systems.
Virtual Reference Approach for Dynamic Distributed Sensing of Damage in Large Structures

AbstractA reference-free damage detection method based on distributed monitoring of strains in large structural systems is introduced. The method employs the dynamic distributed strain data to formulate its own virtual reference state for detection of defect locations. It uses a single line of optical fiber by way of a dynamic pulse-prepump (amplitude transfer) Brillouin scattering technique in order to acquire dynamic distributed strain data. An experimental program was designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. The experiments involved dynamic tests of a long beam with simulated defects with small opening displacements ranging between 50 and 550 μm. The implications of this approach are significant since it enables the structure to be monitored at any stage during its service life without the need for prior reference data.
Immediate Postoperative Care

Children who underwent posterior fossa tumor surgery are complex patients, and, in almost all cases, they need postoperative monitoring in an intensive care unit. They are, in fact, at high risk of hypotension, hypoxia, and intracranial hypertension.
Current outcome predictors in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors

Central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) including cerebellar PNET (medulloblastoma, PNET/MB) are the most common malignant brain tumors in childhood. Because of the high risk of leptomeningeal dissemination, standard postoperative treatment for PNET includes craniospinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Such treatment causes long-term morbidity including endocrine and growth disturbances, as well as neurocognitive dysfunction, which is particularly severe in young children. Over the last years, neurotrophin receptor TrkC, neuregulin receptor ErbB2 and oncogene MYC have been identified as biological prognostic factors in PNET/MB. High TrkC mRNA expression, low ErbB2 protein expression and low MYC mRNA expression are powerful independent predictors of favorable clinical outcome in PNET/MB. Upon validation in ongoing prospective biological studies, these biological factors may define risk groups and help direct therapy decisions for children with PNET/MB. In PNET with favorable biological factors and no evidence of leptomeningeal tumor dissemination, therapy with reduced craniospinal radiation might retain the efficacy but reduce the toxicity and therefore improve the quality of life for the survivors. (J Pediatr Neurol 2003; 1(2): 75–82).
Future Roadmap for Plant Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology has started to play a promising role in agriculture and plant biology in the last few years. The experimental base for “nanoagriculture” is still limited. Several research groups demonstrated that nano-sized materials can be useful for the delivery of nucleic acid, pesticides and fertilizers to plants, activation of seed germination and plant growth, suppression of plant diseases caused by pathogens, and sensing of critical plant molecules with a high level of sensitivity. Success in the development of efficient “nano-agro-technologies” will require the creation of reliable and accurate methods of detection of nanomaterials inside plant cell or tissue, the understanding of the biological mechanisms of effects of nanoparticles in plant systems, and the clarification of properties of nanomaterials that can be associated with observed biological effects. Involvement of nanotechnology in agriculture will eventually enhance the flow of nanomaterials into the food chain. Thus, the risk assessment of agricultural plant products contaminated with different nanoparticles intentionally or nonintentionally is the most important task for future plant nanotechnology.
Towards Information Analysis for Big Data

In this paper, we present our work on information analysis for big data. Big data is generated everyday in various fields such as complex physics simulations, genomics, meteorology, as well as biological and environmental research. Traditional data mining applications can not handle big data well because the data sets are so large and complex. In this paper we present our approach to analyzing the information that is hidden in the big data, using various strategies. This proposed approach can assist to improve the performance of existing data analysis technologies, such as data mining approaches in Bioinformatics and other fields.
Superlubricity in quasicrystalline twisted bilayer graphene

The unique atomic positions in quasicrystals lead to peculiar self-similarity and fractal-like structural morphology. Accordingly, many of the material properties are supposed to manifest exceptional characteristics. In this Rapid Communication, we explain through numerical simulations the fundamental and peculiar aspects of quasicrystals wearless friction manifested in a 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} twisted bilayer graphene system. In particular, the sliding force exhibits a fractal structure with distinct area correlations due to the natural mixture between both periodic and aperiodic lateral modulations. In addition, zero power scaling of the sliding force with respect to the contact area is demonstrated for a geometric sequence of dodecagonal elements.
Estimated Cost-Effectiveness, Cost Benefit, and Risk Reduction Associated with an Endocrinologist-Pharmacist Diabetes Intense Medical Management “Tune-Up” Clinic

BACKGROUND: In 2012 U.S. diabetes costs were estimated to be $245 billion, with $176 billion related to direct diabetes treatment and associated complications. Although a few studies have reported positive glycemic and economic benefits for diabetes patients treated under primary care physician (PCP)-pharmacist collaborative practice models, no studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of an endocrinologist-pharmacist collaborative practice model treating complex diabetes patients versus usual PCP care for similar patients. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness and cost benefit of a collaborative endocrinologist-pharmacist Diabetes Intense Medical Management (DIMM) “Tune-Up” clinic for complex diabetes patients versus usual PCP care from 3 perspectives (clinic, health system, payer) and time frames. METHODS: Data from a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (A1c) ≥ 8% who were referred to the DIMM clinic at the Veteran...
Regulatory T-cell inhibition plus antitumor immunotherapy targeted against cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

3069 Background: Despite aggressive surgery, high-dose focused radiation, and toxic, multimechanistic chemotherapy, malignant gliomas (MG) remain almost universally fatal. The inherent biologic spe...