cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lateral resupply blood supply chain network design under uncertainties

Abstract The vibrant subject of blood banking and blood distribution is addressed where lateral resupply of blood products is allowed. In this paper, we studied a blood supply chain network design consisting of four conventional levels each of which corresponding to one entity in the real world: donors, blood collection facilities, blood centers, and hospitals. The blood supply chain network considered two important properties: ABO-Rh factors and shelf lives of blood products. Moreover, an integrated inventory system for sharing hospitals’ inventory levels is considered to investigate the two performance indicators of the network in terms of cross-matching and outdated units. This type of inventory system is known as “Lateral Resupply” permitting a hospital to satisfy its demand by the other hospitals’ inventories in the absence of the required product at the blood center and its excess in any hospital. The proposed mixed-integer mathematical programming model entails three objectives referring to the three underlying concepts of sustainability, additionally, to cope with uncertainties and multi objectiveness, a scenario-based optimization approach and revised multi-choice goal programming technique were employed, respectively. Finally, the results confirmed that the lateral resupply virtue improved the performance indicators.
Activation of Kappa Opioid Receptor Regulates the Hypothermic Response to Calorie Restriction and Limits Body Weight Loss

Mammals maintain a nearly constant core body temperature (Tb) by balancing heat production and heat dissipation. This comes at a high metabolic cost which is sustainable if adequate calorie intake is maintained. When nutrients are scarce or experimentally reduced such as during calorie restriction (CR), endotherms can reduce energy expenditure by lowering Tb. This adaptive response conserves energy, limiting the loss of body weight due to low calorie intake. Here we show that this response is regulated by the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). CR was associated with increased hypothalamic levels of the endogenous opioid leu-enkephalin; which it is derived from KOR agonist precursor, dynorphin and pharmacological inhibition of KOR, but not of the delta or the mu opioid receptor subtypes, fully blocked CR-induced hypothermia and increased weight loss during CR independently of calorie intake. Similar results were seen with diet-induced, obese mice subjected to CR. Conversely, inhibiting KOR did not change Tb in animals fed ad libitumM. Chemogenetic inhibition of KOR neurons in the hypothalamic preoptic area reduced the CR-induced hypothermia, while chemogenetic activation of prodynorphin-expressing neurons in the arcuate or the parabrachial nuclei lowered Tb. These data indicate that KOR signaling is a pivotal regulator of energy homeostasis and can affect body weight during dieting by modulating Tb and energy expenditure.
Nutritional and metabolic management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease

Abstract The global obesity crisis is linked to increasing morbidity and death in developed and developing nations alike. Obesity is also strongly and consistently associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease and the metabolic syndrome in a variety of populations through a number of putative mechanisms. This chapter will review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management strategies–including medications, lifestyle and dietary interventions, and bariatric/metabolic surgery—for obesity-related kidney disease and metabolic syndrome.
Aerosol-cloud interactions in ship tracks using Terra MODIS/MISR

Simultaneous ship track observations from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) have been compiled to investigate how ship-injected aerosols affect marine warm boundary layer clouds for different cloud types and environmental conditions. By taking advantage of the high spatial resolution multiangle observations available from MISR, we utilized the retrieved cloud albedo, cloud top height, and cloud motion vectors to examine cloud property responses in ship-polluted and nearby unpolluted clouds. The strength of the cloud albedo response to increased aerosol level is primarily dependent on cloud cell structure, dryness of the free troposphere, and boundary layer depth, corroborating a previous study by Chen et al. (2012) where A-Train satellite data were utilized. Under open cell cloud structure the cloud properties are more susceptible to aerosol perturbations as compared to closed cells. Aerosol plumes caused an increase in liquid water amount (+38%), cloud top height (+13%), and cloud albedo (+49%) for open cell clouds, whereas for closed cell clouds, little change in cloud properties was observed. Further capitalizing on MISR's unique capabilities, the MISR cross-track cloud speed was used to derive cloud top divergence. Statistically averaging the results from the identified plume segments to reduce random noise, we found evidence of cloud top divergence in the ship-polluted clouds, whereas the nearby unpolluted clouds showed cloud top convergence, providing observational evidence of a change in local mesoscale circulation associated with enhanced aerosols. Furthermore, open cell polluted clouds revealed stronger cloud top divergence as compared to closed cell clouds, consistent with different dynamical mechanisms driving their responses. These results suggest that detailed cloud responses, classified by cloud type and environmental conditions, must be accounted for in global climate modeling studies to reduce uncertainties in calculations of aerosol indirect forcing.
Ignatian Pedagogy: Transforming Nursing Education

Despite the ever-changing complexity of health care delivery, nursing education must continue the commitment to the provision of holistic care, supported by critical reflection. The Ignatian Pedagogy Model presented in this article, a teaching-learning strategy, asks critical reflective questions that focus on context, experience, action, and evaluation, supporting the nursing tradition of a holistic focus. This article provides explanation and application exemplars of this Ignatian Pedagogy Model, in addition to descriptive survey results pertaining to use of this strategy.
Critical Care of the Pregnant Patient

The management of a critically ill patient that is pregnant is complex. The illness that places a patient in the ICU may be due to pregnancy itself or underlying medical diseases. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and amniotic fluid embolism are extensively covered in this chapter. Several tables depict information for rapid reading and understanding useful facts and formulas in the pregnant patient.
Search and Exploration in LinkedCourse

This paper presents a collaborative learning repository that leverages the potential of domain specific social tagging in combination with ontology-based classification. It is exemplified in LinkedCours e — a learning repository prototype for collaborative development, sharing and reuse of resources. The focus of the paper is on the collaborative semantic annotation and searching for similar resources.
Brillouin scattering in single crystals of Rb/sub 1-x/(ND/sub 4/)/sub x/D/sub 2/AsO/sub 4/

The LA[100] (a-axis) Brillouin backscattering phonon spectra have been measured as a function of temperature (20-370 K) in the mixed deuterated ferroelectric (FE)-antiferroelectric (AFE) system Rb/sub 1-x/(ND/sub 4/)/sub x/D/sub 2/AsO/sub 4/ (DRADA-x) for ammonium concentrations x=0. 0.10 and 0.28. The Brillouin frequency shift with decreasing temperature shows hardening (positive coupling) whose steepness decreases with higher ND/sub 4/ content. For RbD/sub 2/AsO/sub 4/ (DRDA), a Landau-Khalatnikov-like maximum (which persists in weaker form for x=0.10) was observed and the polarization relaxation time is estimated to be /spl tau/-3.8/spl times/10/sup -12//(T/sub c/-T) sec, where T/sub c/ is the ferroelectric transition temperature. For both x=0.10 and 0.28, a broad damping peak anomaly which is stronger in x=0.28 was observed and can be connected with the dynamic order parameter fluctuations. Taking into account earlier NMR and dielectric results, we conclude that the local structure competition between FE ordering and AFE ordering is the origin of these broad damping anomalies.
High-Performance Astrophysical Simulations and Analysis with Python

The usage of the high-level scripting language Python has enabled new mechanisms for data interrogation, discovery and visualization of scientific data. We present yt, an open source, community-developed astrophysical analysis and visualization toolkit for data generated by high-performance computing (HPC) simulations of astrophysical phenomena. Through a separation of responsibilities in the underlying Python code, yt allows data generated by incompatible, and sometimes even directly competing, astrophysical simulation platforms to be analyzed in a consistent manner, focusing on physically relevant quantities rather than quantities native to astrophysical simulation codes. We present on its mechanisms for data access, capabilities for MPI-parallel analysis, and its implementation as an in situ analysis and visualization tool.
Sustainable Rural Tourism in Andalusia: A Swot Analysis

Currently there is virtually no field or sector that does not take into consideration the paradigm of sustainable development. Obviously, in this sense, touristic activity in general and the rural tourism sector in particular are no exceptions. Sustainable rural tourism is an emerging form of touristic activity that is taking on more and more relevance in many countries. Developed in rural areas, this alternative permits visitors to be in touch with the environment while simultaneously enjoying its cultural heritage, learning about the traditional customs and habits in the daily lives of the people living in these areas. In an attempt to diagnose the reality of sustainable rural tourism in Andalusia, its current status and potential, this study conducts a SWOT analysis on this tourism sector. The results obtained have allowed strategic priorities to be identified and have highlighted the key aspects of good governance in this Andalusian tourism sector. Thus a whole series of action guidelines are provided for both public administrations and private initiatives to permit the identification of behaviors and tendencies favorable to the demand for rural settings as sustainable spaces for free-time activities in the medium term.
Think Tanks and Public Policy Research Institutes

Abstract The purpose of this selected, annotated bibliography is to provide the reader with sources published since 1993 that examine public policy research institutes or think tanks. As the number of institutes has increased both in the United States and internationally, academics have sought to analyze and measure the importance policy institutes have in shaping public policy and public opinion. Since public policy research institutes publish extensively, librarians will find this bibliography useful for understanding these organizations in connection with book selection, helping library users find public policy information, and teaching students to evaluate sources in information literacy sessions.
Aging in Place vs. Relocation for Older Adults with Neurocognitive Disorder: Applications of Wiseman’s Behavioral Model

Some older adults are more vulnerable to housing concerns due to physical and cognitive challenges, including those with a neurocognitive disorder who need extensive support. Environmental gerontology frameworks, including Wiseman's 1980 Behavioral Model of Elderly Migration, have informed scholarship on aging in place and relocation. Understanding Wiseman's model, including considerations for working with families confronting a neurocognitive disorder, can help practitioners ensure that older clients live in settings that best meet their wants and needs.
The unsolvable privacy problem and its implications for security technologies

Privacy presents many puzzles. In particular, why is it eroding, given the high value people assign to their privacy? This extended abstract argues that there are strong incentives for decreasing privacy, rooted in the economic benefits of price discrimination. As a result, the privacy problem is unsolvable. The conflict between incentives to price discriminate and the public dislike of this practice will influence what security technologies are likely to succeed.
The Prevalence of Venous Disease by Gender and Ethnicity in a Balanced Sample of Four Ethnic Groups in Southern California

Objective:To determine the prevalence of venous disease in a community.Design:Cross-sectional studySetting:Southern California university.Participants:Current and retired university employees and s...
Transient dynamics and early diagnostics in infectious disease.

To date, mathematical models of the dynamics of infectious disease have consistently focused on understanding the long-term behavior of the interacting components, where the steady state solutions are paramount. However for most acute infections, the long-term behavior of the pathogen population is of little importance to the host and population health. We introduce the notion of transient pathology, where the short-term dynamics of interaction between the immune system and pathogens is the principal focus. We identify the amplifying effect of the absence of a fully operative immune system on the pathogenesis of the initial inoculum, and its implication for the acute severity of the infection. We then formalize the underlying dynamics, and derive two measures of transient pathogenicity: the peak of infection (maximum pathogenic load) and the time to peak of infection, both crucial to understanding the early dynamics of infection and its consequences for early intervention.
Modeling techniques for medical diagnosis. II. Differential diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia

Abstract Heuristic liver modeling and learning program techniques have been utilized to develop a method for augmenting presurgical guidance in anatomic biliary tree obstruction and hepatitis in neonates. A liver model programmed for evaluation of clinical data leads to one of four categories: (1) hepatitis, (2) atresia, (3) normal, (4) no diagnosis possible. Using a simple set of data (serum glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase and direct Van den Bergh bilirubin, a defined disease duration, and Rose Bengal fecal excretion), 36 test patients whose diagnoses were unknown were tested. Comparison with actual subsequent diagnoses in these patients confirmed the method as a reliable aid in medical diagnosis and management decisions.
Advancements in Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Expanding the Feasibility of Nephron-Sparing

Partial nephrectomy (PN) offers equivalent oncologic outcomes to radical nephrectomy (RN) but has greater preservation of renal function and less risk of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Laparoscopic PN remains underutilized likely because it is a technically challenging operation with higher rates of perioperative complications compared to open PN and laparoscopic RN. A review of the latest PN literature demonstrates that recent advancements in laparoscopic approaches, imaging modalities, ischemic mitigating strategies, renorrhaphy techniques, and hemostatic agents will likely allow greater utilization of LPN and expand its usage to increasingly more complex tumors.
POLYPEPTIDES OF CULTURED MELON COTYLEDONS SERVE AS MARKERS OF ROOT AND SHOOT ORGANOGENESIS

Summary We employed one dimensional SDS-PAGE to analyse changes in the protein profiles of melon ( Cucumis melo L.) seedlings or of detached cotyledons cultured on media that induced the formation of either roots or shoots in order to identify any biochemical events that could serve as markers for organ regeneration. We found that a group of polypeptides having molecular weights of 20-25 kDa correlated well with organogenesis. When these polypeptides were expressed for more than 3 days and cotyledons were cultured on an auxin containing medium, roots were regenerated. When the polypeptides were present for 3 days only or less and cotyledons were cultured on a cytokinin containing medium, shoots were regenerated.
The effects of parachlorophenylalanine on the mating behavior of male rats.

Abstract Four studies are presented on the effects of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on the mounting behavior of male rats. The first study found that PCPA alone and in combination with either pargyline or testosterone increased the tendency for male rats to mount other males. The other three studies strongly indicated that PCPA alone can increase the frequency of heterosexual mounting and copulation in male rats.
Rostral brain axonal injury in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Brain injury underlying the state-related loss of ventilatory drive, autonomic, cognitive, and affective deficits in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) patients appears throughout the brain, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance (MR) T2 relaxometry and mean diffusivity studies. However, neither MR measure is optimal to describe types of axonal injury essential for assessing neural interactions responsible for CCHS characteristics. To evaluate axonal integrity and partition the nature of tissue damage (axonal vs. myelin injury) in CCHS, we measured water diffusion parallel (axial diffusivity) and perpendicular (radial diffusivity) to rostral brain fibers, indicative of axonal and myelin changes, respectively, with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We performed DTI in 12 CCHS (age 18.5 ± 4.9 years, 7 male) and 30 control (17.7 ± 4.6 years, 18 male) subjects, using a 3.0-Tesla MR imaging scanner. Axial and radial diffusivity maps were calculated, spatially normalized, smoothed, and compared between groups (analysis of covariance; covariates, age and gender). Significantly increased radial diffusivity, primarily indicative of myelin injury, emerged in fibers of the corona radiata, internal capsule, corpus callosum, hippocampus through the fornix, cingulum bundle, and temporal and parietal lobes. Increased axial diffusivity, suggestive of axonal injury, appeared in fibers of the internal capsule, thalamus, corona radiata, and occipital and temporal lobes. Multiple brain regions showed both higher axial and radial diffusivity, indicative of loss of tissue integrity with a combination of myelin and axonal injury, including basal ganglia, bed nucleus, and limbic, occipital, and temporal areas. The processes underlying injury are unclear, but likely stem from both hypoxic and developmental processes. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Activation of liver guanylate cyclase by bile salts and contaminants in crude secretin and pancreozymin preparations.

Abstract Crude preparations of secretin or pancreozymin increased and at higher concentrations decreased guanylate cyclase (GTP pyophosphate-lyase, EC 4.6.1.2) activity from soluble and particulate fractions of rat liver homogenates. Partially purified and synthetic secretin were without effect as was the biologically active octapeptide fragment of pancreozymin. The active contaminants in these preparations survived boiling, saponification, and treatment with phospholipase A, trypsin and neuraminidase C. The activity was extractable with chloroform/methanol and did not survive ashing. Eight bile salt contaminants in crude secretin were obtained with thin-layer chromatography. Two of the contaminating bile salts that increased liver particulate guanylate cyclase activity were identified as taurodeoxycholate and either glycochenodeoxycholate or glycodeoxycholate; taurocholate was inhibitory. The sodium salts of cholate, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate and their glycine- or taurineconjugated forms either increased or decreased particulate and soluble rat liver guanylate cyclase activity depending upon their concentration. Thus, the previously reported stimulatory and inhibitory effects of secretin and pancreozymin preparations on guanylate cyclase activity are probably attributable to their bile salt contaminants.
Influence of Almond Harvest, Processing and Storage on Fungal Population and Flora

The fungal population and flora of almonds were studied from receiving at the processing plant through processing and storage. Late harvest almonds had lower counts than those from early or mid season. The highest quality processed nutmeats had the lowest mold population while the lowest quality had the highest population. A significant drop in the population occurred during storage at 25°C but not at 5°C. A. niger group and P. glabrum were the most prevalent of the 12 genera and 51 species identified. During storage some molds survived better than others. A. niger group survived while the proportion of Cladosporium and Pencillium dropped.
Oxidation of Ni–Al-Base Electrodeposited Composite Coatings. II: Oxidation Kinetics and Morphology at 1000°C

The oxidation behavior of nickel-matrix/aluminum-particle composite coat–ings was studied using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and long-term furnace exposure in air at 1000°C. The coatings were applied by the composite-electrodeposition technique and vacuum heat treated for 3 hr at 825°C prior to oxidation testing. The heat-treated coatings consisted of a two-phase mixture of γ (Ni)+γ ′(Ni3Al). During short-term exposure at 1000°C, a thin α-Al2O3 layer developed below a matrix of spinel NiAl2O4, with θ-Al2O3 needles at the outer oxide surface. After 100 hr of oxidation, remnants of θ-Al2O3 are present with spinel at the surface and an inner layer of α-Al2O3. After 1000–2000 hr, a relatively thick layer of α-Al2O3 is found below a thin, outer spinel layer. Oxidation kinetics are controlled by the slow growth of the inner Al2O3 layer at short-term and intermediate exposures. At long times, an increase in mass gain is found due to oxidation at the coating–substrate interface and enhanced scale formation possibly in areas of reduced Al content. Ternary Si additions to Ni–Al composite coatings were found to have little effect on oxidation performance. Comparison of coatings with bulk Ni–Al alloys showed that low Al γ -alloys exhibit a healing Al2O3 layer after transient Ni-rich oxide growth. Higher Al alloys display Al2O3-controlled kinetics with low mass gain during TG analysis.
PRODUCTION OF SUPEROXIDE ANION (O − 2 ) BY NEUTROPHILS (PMNS) FROM CORD, NEONATAL AND ADULT BLOOD

Previous investigations have shown that cord blood PMNs produce more O−2 than adults cells when stimulated with a chemotactic peptide (FMLP) and a priming effect of labor was advocated. However little is known about O−2 production rate by neonatal PMNs. We have measured the O−2 production in PMNs from a) cord blood of 15 vaginally delivered healthy term neonates, b) cord blood of 7 vaginally delivered and moderately distressed neonates, c) blood of 16 healthy term neonates aged 4-5 days and d) blood of 8 adults. In 5 cases blood was taken twice, from the cord and the neonate 4 days later. The O−2 was measured using 10−7M FMLP as a PMNs stimulus.
Efficient Immunocytochemical Labeling of Leukocyte Microtubules with FluoroNanogold: An Important Tool for Correlative Microscopy

We tested the immunoprobe FluoroNanogold (FNG) for its utility as an immunocytochemical labeling reagent. This immunoprobe consists of a 1.4-nm gold particle to which a specific Fab' fragment and a fluorochrome are conjugated. We employed the microtubules (MTs) of human phagocytic leukocytes as a model system for testing the usefulness of FNG as a secondary antibody for immunocytochemistry. We show that these fluorescently labeled ultrasmall immunogold particles are very efficient for labeling MTs in these cells. The signal from FNG can be detected directly by fluorescence microscopy or indirectly by other modes of optical microscopy and electron microscopy, after silver-enhancement of the gold. The spatial resolution of immunolabeled MTs obtained with FNG and silver enhancement was comparable to that of conventional immunofluorescence detection. Colloidal gold (5-nm and 10-nm in diameter), on the other hand, failed to label MTs in cells prepared in a similar manner. This difference in labeling was due in...
Young adult literature and the test of time

For young adult literature, a generation is not thirty years, but four or five. Books that last for several generations do so because of inherent qualities, including well-drawn characters, important themes intelligently explored, and richness of language. But they also survive because they are studied by researchers and used in college and school literature classes.
Paradigm switching in the germinal center.

Antigen receptor genes are assembled by a sequence of lineage-specific recombinatorial events, in which DNA breaks must be properly repaired to ensure cell survival and further developmental maturation. B lymphocytes, it seems, use multiple unique pathways to repair their DNA.
The Drosophila genome

The past year has been a spectacular one for Drosophila research. The sequencing and annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster genome has allowed a comprehensive analysis of the first three eukaryotes to be sequenced-yeast, worm and fly-including an analysis of the fly's influences as a model for the study of human disease. This year has also seen the initiation of a full-length cDNA sequencing project and the first analysis of Drosophila development using high-density DNA microarrays containing several thousand Drosophila genes. For the first time homologous recombination has been demonstrated in flies and targeted gene disruptions may not be far off.
Design and Use of Fluorogenic Aldehydes for Monitoring the Progress of Aldehyde Transformations

We describe the first examples of fluorogenic aldehydes useful for monitoring many types of reactions including aldol reactions, allylations, and reductions. The fluorogenic aldehydes were constructed by covalent combination of a fluorophore and an aldehyde moiety via a linker. In the resulting single molecule, the aldehyde functioned as a quencher of the fluorophore's fluorescence. The reaction product, modified at the aldehyde functionality, no longer served as an effective quencher. The reaction products showed up to ∼80-fold higher fluorescence than the aldehyde reactants.
Ethnic Disparities in Special Education Labeling Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The authors examined disparities in special education labeling among children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by merging calendar year 2002 special education records and Medicaid mental health claims for 4,852 children who had been diagnosed with ADHD in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Thirty-eight percent were receiving special education services. In adjusted analyses, Black children were less likely than White children to receive these services (odds ratio [O.R.] = 0.78); among the children in special education, Black children were more likely to have the emotional disturbance (ED) label (O.R. = 1.40). There was a significant interaction between ethnicity and receipt of behavioral health and rehabilitation services (BHRS): White children with BHRS were more likely to be in special education than were White children without BHRS or Black children. Among the children in special education, White children with BHRS and Black children were more likely than White children without BH...
The mental health of homeless school-age children.

PROBLEM. The mental health of homeless school-age children. METHODS. A convenience sample of46 homeless children between the ages of 8 and 12 years completed the Children's Depression lnventory (CDI) and each child's mother completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). FINDINGS. Fifty-seven percent of the children had depressive symptoms and 26% needed additional evaluation for mental health problems. Overall, the CDl and CBCL scores indicated that gender or ethnicity are not related to the childrenS mental health. CONCLUSIONS. The mental health of homeless schoolage children should be assessed, as they may be at risk for mental health problems.
Exchanges of N2 between a gas pocket and tissue in a hyperbaric environment.

Abstract Rates of N2 exit or entrance from artificially-formed subcutaneous pockets in rats were measured in hyperbaric environments. The results show that N2 diffuses into or out of the pockets as a simple straight line function of ΔP, the difference of PN2 between the gas phase in the pocket and the dissolved gas in the animalś blood and tissues. A positive correlation between the exit or entrance rate, n2, and pocket PO2 suggests that n2 is related to local blood flow of the tissue around the pocket. Decreased n2, found in old pockets can be explained by decrease of both surface area and perfusion of the pocket.
GTD Terrain Reflection Model Applied to ILS Glide Scope

The capability of calculating the reflection of electromagnetic signals from uneven terrain has many applications. One of these is the determination of instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope performance. For this application the wavelength is approximately 1 m, incidence angles are usually near grazing, and the fields are horizontally polarized, so that gross irregularities such as dropoffs and hills are more important than surface roughness. Past approaches used to calculate the ground reflections for this application have been three-dimensional physical optics models which were very cumbersome and time consuming and which neglected important diffraction and shadowing phenomenon; a two-dimensional physical optics model which was faster than the three-dimensional models but ignored many shadowing and transverse terrain variation effects; and a half-plane diffraction model which is applicable only to a specified type of terrain geometry. In this paper a terrain reflection model based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is described which can accommodate any piecewise linear terrain profile, requires less computer time than the physical optics models, is capable of including transverse terrain effects, and determines the reflected fields with all important diffraction and blockage effects included.
The cryogenic subsystem for the X-ray spectrometer on the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)

The X-ray Spectrometer (XRS) instrument on the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) will use X-ray detectors that operate at 0.1 K. The detectors will be maintained at 0.1 K by an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) that operates inside a liquid helium dewar. The ADR rejects approximately 2 mW of heat to the stored liquid helium. With this low instrument heat load, the liquid helium dewar will have a long lifetime if the parasitic heat load on the helium from the surrounding warm facility is minimized. Spaceborne helium dewars typically use up to 3 vapor cooled shields to intercept the parasitic heat load. The XRS will add mechanical coolers to provide additional cooling to the outer vapor cooled shield. The cryogenic system consists of an ADR, a liquid helium dewar, mechanical coolers, and a thermal strap to connect the coolers to the dewar. The lifetime of the stored cryogen is calculated to be up to 5 years. This cryogenic system is described, with particular attention given to the dewar, mechanical cooler, and ADR design, testing, and trade studies. A breadboard ADR is presently being fabricated and tested. The status of the construction and testing of this breadboard will be described.
Assessment of covariate effects in Aalen's additive hazard model

We study the properties of test statistics for a covariate effect in Aalen's additive hazard model and propose several new test statistics. The proposed statistics are derived by using the weights from linear rank statistics for comparing two survival curves. We compare these statistics with the two statistics proposed by Aalen using Monte Carlo simulations. Several different survival configurations are considered in the simulation study: proportional hazards; crossing hazards; hazard differences early in time, and hazard differences for large survival times. Of the proposed test statistics, one is superior for detecting hazard differences for large survival times and another is superior for detecting early hazard differences and crossing hazards.
Photon Rest Mass

We have performed experiments with very low-frequency parallel resonance circuits which, subject to some questions of theoretical validity, set a new upper limit for the photon rest mass of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}49}$ g. This value is more than an order of magnitude smaller than the previous limit established by satellite measurements of the Earth's magnetic field.
Quantifying Equilibria Shifts due to Externalities

As environmental sustainability becomes increasingly integrated into the mainstream values, previously ignored externalities may be expected to enter into the economic valuation process. This is already evident, as an illustration, in the price that several entities are beginning to attach to carbon (with examples including cap-and-trade, carbon taxes, etc). In this paper, we present a basic economic partial equilibrium model to evaluate such externalities within the context of a particular industry. We begin by discussing how economic values may be attached to different externalities, and focus our analysis on carbon as an example of an environmental impact which may need to get internalized within the cost structure of a given organization. With such a new cost structure in place, we use historical estimates of the elasticity of supply and demand within a given industry to evaluate how the costs may propagate up and down the value chain. For example, how much of the costs are likely to get absorbed internally within a supply chain? What fraction of costs might a manufacturer reasonably expect to pass along to downstream consumers? With such estimates in place, we then predict using microeconomic theory how the supply-demand equilibrium within a particular market may shift. We discuss how such a simple approach to evaluating externalities may be used to simulate the effects of different policy choices, and illustrate the approach through an example case study of the electric utility industry. We conclude with a discussion of future work that seeks to expand considerations beyond the electric utility industry and methods to extend this simplified modeling framework.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Hydrogen bonding in organophosphoric acids

Abstract Association in organophosphoric acids due to hydrogen bonding appears to be stronger than that in monocar☐ylic acids. Molecular weights obtained by freezing-point studies show that the following monobasic phosphoric acids are dimeric in benzene and naphthalene: bis-(2-ethylhexyl), bis-(phenyl), bis-(2,6-dimethylheptyl-4), bis-[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl). The dibasic phosphoric acids, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) and mono-[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenyl] were found to be polymeric in these solvents. Distribution studies of these acids between immiscible organic phases gave additional information as to their states of aggregation, and in addition indicated the strong interaction between these acids and a hydrogen bonding solvent, such as ethylene glycol. Infra-red studies of these acids in carbon tetrachloride show that no non-associated OH spectra appear in the fundamental and overtone regions.
Belief Systems and Partial Spaces

One important role of belief systems is to allow us to represent information about a certain domain of inquiry. This paper presents a formal framework to accommodate such information representation. Three cognitive models to represent information are discussed: conceptual spaces (Gardenfors in Conceptual spaces: the geometry of thought. MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000), state-spaces (van Fraassen in Quantum mechanics: an empiricist view. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991), and the problem spaces familiar from artificial intelligence. After indicating their weakness to deal with partial information, it is argued that an alternative, formulated in terms of partial structures (da Costa and French in Science and partial truth. Oxford University Press, New York, 2003), can be provided which not only captures the positive features of these models, but also accommodates the partiality of information ubiquitous in science and mathematics.
Effect of systemic exposure to parathion on the dark adapted pupil dilation of cynomolgus monkeys.

The constriction of pupil dilation following dark adaptation was studied as a potentially useful biological monitor of systemic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Pupil dilation and blood cholinesterase levels were monitored in 4 cynomolgus monkeys following oral administration of 2.0 mg/kg parathion in corn oil. No consistent pattern of change in pupil/iris diameter ratios following exposure was found despite depressions in blood cholinesterase activities of 27–50% for red cells and 65–80% for plasma. A slight mydriasis was observed in one of the monkeys, who appeared the most affected behaviorally by the exposure. Results of this work suggest that the measurement of pupil dilation after dark adaptation is not a sensitive indicator for systemic exposure to OPs. However, in situations where direct exposure to the eyes may occur, such as during aerial or airblast pesticide applications, other studies indicate that constriction of pupil dilation can occur at exposure levels below those resulting...
Pathogenic Activation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Mammalian Membranes

Abstract The mechanism of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) over-activation due to mutations in their transmembrane (TM) domain is not well understood, and different mechansims have been proposed to contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we address the effect of two such pathogenic mutations (V664E in Neu and A391E in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)) on receptor activation in mammalian cells. We develop a quantitative description of receptor activation in terms of free energies of activation, and generate mathematical predictions of active fractions as a function of receptor expression. We test the mathematical predictions by comparing them to Western blot measurements of active fractions of Neu and chimeric Neu_FGFR3 receptors in CHO cells. We show that the predictions describe the experimental data, thus yielding a quantitative measure of receptor over-activation due to the two mutations studied. In CHO cells, the V664E mutation increases the Neu activation propensity by about –1.1 kcal/mol, while the increase due to the A391E mutation is about –0.7 kcal/mol. The two values are similar, and likely represent Glu-mediated stabilization of the active dimeric state. Thus, an increase of the order of ∼ –1 kcal/mol may be sufficient to transform normal signaling processes into pathogenic processes. The results of this study increase our knowledge of the mechanism behind RTK-mediated pathologies, and highlight the potential utility of inhibitors that target the dimerization process. They also suggest the cellular response to stimuli can be understood and predicted based on quantitative knowledge of interaction strengths between proteins involved in signaling.
A Simple Quantitative Model to Predict Leaf Area Index in Sorghum

Leaf area index (LAI) is a widely used physiological parameter to quantify the vegetative canopy structure of crops. Over the years, several models to estimate LAI have been developed with various degrees of complexity and inherent shortcomings. The LAI simulation models proposed so far for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] either lack details of the leaf area dynamics of expanding leaves or demand exhaustive measurements. The objective of this study was to develop a simple quantitative model to predict the LAI of sorghum by introducing a new method for simulation of the leaf area of expanding leaves. The proposed model relates LAI to thermal time. It calculates LAI from an algorithm considering the total number of mature leaves, the area of mature leaves, the area of expanding leaves, and plant density. The performance of the model was tested using LAI data collected using a nondestructive method under field conditions. The slope of the regression of modeled LAI on observed LAI varied for photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive genotypes in 2010. The coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) between modeled and observed LAI were 0.96 in 2009 and 0.99 (photoperiod insensitive) and 0.95 (photoperiod sensitive) in 2010. The inclusion of expanding leaves in the model improved its accuracy. The model provides an accurate estimate of LAI at any given day of the vegetative growing season based only on thermal time and making use of default coefficients demonstrated in this research.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx

Stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma unit represents a unique neurosurgical treatment method for the management of selected intracranial vascular malformations and tumors. During a closed-skull single-session procedure that focuses 201 individual beams of gamma irradiation, a high-radiation dose is delivered to the lesion, with a steep dose fall-off peripherally. In order to maintain accuracy of delivery, the target must remain fixed in space; hence the skull is engaged by rigid external fixation during treatment. In this report, we document the first ex-tracranial lesion treated with radiosurgery, a recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of Rosenmuller's fossa, and discuss the possible role of radiosurgery in carefully selected head and neck malignancies.
Female preference and sexual selection for male coloration in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata )

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of male pigmentation patterns on female choice in guppies. When presented with a series of variably-colored males, females of different genetic strain consistently exhibited similar preferences (Tables 1 and 2), preferring those males with the greatest development of both carotenoid and iridescent pigments (Table 3). A partial rank correlation analysis of pigments of males indicates positive correlations between the iridescent and carotenoid pigments and also between melanins and showiness (Table 4). Only when either the carotenoid or iridescent pigments were held constant was there any effect of the other pigments on the ranking order of males by the females. Other pigments appear to be relatively unimportant in influencing female choice of males. These results indicate that females discriminate among males on the basis of color and that females of different strains prefer the same male colors rather than those characteristics of males of their own strain. The results support those models of sexual selection that hold that sexually selected traits honestly advertise the phenotypic and genetic qualities of males; they do not support models of runaway selection for particular male traits, such as first proposed by Fisher (1930).
Directed Graph Optical Processor

A directed graph processor and several optical realizations of its input symbolic feature vectors and the multi-processor operations required per node are given. This directed graph processor has advantages over tree and other hierarchical processors because of its large number of interconnections and its ability to adaptively add new nodes and restructure the graph. The use of the basic concepts of such a directed graph processor offer significant impact on: associative, symbolic, inference, feature space and correlation-based AI processors, as well as on knowledge base organization and procedural knowledge control of AI processors. Initial iconic alphanumeric data base results presented are most promising.
Metabolism of sugars to polyols in the boll weevil

Abstract When fed to starved adults of Anthonomus grandis, several pentoses and hexoses were metabolized to the corresponding polyols (sugar alcohols). Xylitol, galactitol, arabitol, ribitol, rhamnitol, mannitol, and sorbitol were metabolites of d -xylose, d -galactose and lactose, d -arabinose, d -ribose, l -rhamnose, d -mannose, and d -glucose and d -fructose, respectively. l -Sorbose was not metabolized to a polyol. Large quantities of xylitol and galactitol and intermediate amounts of arabitol, ribitol, and rhamnitol accumulated while only small amounts or traces of mannitol and sorbitol were detected. The limited accumulation of sorbitol in the glucose- and fructose-fed weevils probably was caused by the rapid metabolism of sorbitol to glucose, fructose, trehalose, and glycogen. Each of the ingested sugars, the corresponding polyols, and trehalose were present in the weevil haemolymph. Most of the polyols had never before been detected as metabolites in an insect.
A convenient photochemical method for reduction of ferric hemes.

— A method has been developed for the reduction of ferric porphyrins and hemoproteins using ketyl radicals generated from ketone photoreduction. This method is applicable to both aqueous and non-aqueous systems and has several advantages over the dithionite reducing agent.
Colonization of Apple Wounds by Naturally Occurring Microflora and Introduced Candida oleophila and Their Effect on Infection by Botrytis cinerea during Storage

Abstract The colonization of apple wounds by natural microflora and an introduced antagonist, Candida oleophila, was followed at 4 and 18°C. Fresh wounds had initial populations of yeasts, filamentous fungi, and bacteria ranging between 102 to 103 cfu/wound. Colonization at 18°C by the natural microflora was rapid with fungal and bacterial populations increasing to about 104 to 105 and 106 cfu/wound, respectively, within the first 2 to 4 days and changing little afterwards. Aureobasidium pullulans and yeasts (mainly Sporobolomyces roseus) were the dominant fungal wound invaders, while species of Erwinia, Gluconobacter, and Pseudomonas were the most common bacteria isolated. At 4°C, little difference was noted in the composition of the microflora in wounds except for the absence of Gluconobacter sp. and lower populations of A. pullulans. The colonization process was more gradual at this temperature, reaching populations of about 5 × 104 and 105 cfu/wound by day 20 for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Populations of introduced C. oleophila applied at levels of 105 or 106 cfu/wound increased by about one log within 1 day at 18°C and 4 days at 4°C and stabilized thereafter. Introduced C. oleophila outnumbered the natural colonizers, forming a film of cells on the wound surface. Some of the main components of the natural microflora (Erwinia sp., A. pullulans, and S. roseus) coinoculated into wounds with C. oleophila in equal proportions did not have any effect on the establishment of C. oleophila on wounds. However, their introduction to wounds reduced the incidence of gray mold rot at 4°C after 23 days but not 30 days. Erwinia sp. and S. roseus coinoculated on wounds with C. oleophila did not affect the performance of C. oleophila in the biocontrol of gray mold rot, but A. pullulans improved it. Thus, the presence of the naturally occurring microflora of apple wounds does not interfere with the biocontrol of storage rot by C. oleophila and, in some cases, may even be beneficial.