cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social organization and spawning in the Atlantic sharpnose puffer,Canthigaster rostrata (Tetraodontidae)

Social organization and spawning in the sharpnose pufferCanthigaster rostrataere studied on a reef in the San Blas Islands, Panama. Sexes were dimorphic. In mixed coral and rubble habitat, females defended territories against other females and small males. From one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males. These haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day. Smaller, non-haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers. Spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female's territory. The female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited. There was no parental care. Eggs were spherical, translucent, and measured approximately 0.66 mm in diameter. Larvae were about 1.4 mm TL and closely resembled those of other species ofCanthigaster.
Dreaming beyond the fields: Undocumented youth, rural realities and a constellation of disadvantage

This article draws on life history interviews of undocumented Mexican high school and university students from rural communities in central and eastern Washington. Although these youngsters face similar impediments to those of their metropolitan counterparts, we find that they face a constellation of rural disadvantage. We highlight three important, interrelated, aspects: negative exposure to immigration enforcement activities, limited opportunities for educational assistance and poor community infrastructures to promote educational success. As undocumented young people across the country navigate the day-to-day challenges of their legal limitations, scholars, policymakers and educators would be well served to take into consideration the ways in which local contexts differently shape pathways of incorporation.
Synthesis of Amino Acids in the Rumen.

In 1891 Zuntz (6) presented the view that bacteria in the rumen of animals utilize nonprotein nitrogenous compounds to form protein, which in turn was used by the animals. In recent years it has been conclusively shown that protein is formed in the rumen from dietary urea and ammonium salts. The protein thus formed appears to be of relatively low biological value (3-5) but, to our knowledge, no attempt has been made to measure the amino acid composition of protein synthesized in the
Transcription factor–mediated reprogramming of fibroblasts to expandable, myelinogenic oligodendrocyte progenitor cells

Two studies show direct conversion of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells capable of generating myelinating oligodendrocytes.
New perspectives on pneumococcal meningitis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. While a new vaccine against this organism is now available, its impact on disease is not yet known. Strategies to guide the evaluation of patients and the treatment of antibiotic-resistant strains can help to improve outcomes in this dangerous disease.
Parent-child interaction, maternal depressive symptoms and preterm infant cognitive function

Preterm infants are at risk for cognitive difficulties due to infant neurological immaturity and family social disadvantage, and this may be exacerbated by maternal depressive symptoms. This longitudinal study of infants born preterm (<35 weeks) or low birth weight (<2500 g) (n = 137) tests if maternal depressive symptoms at 4 months is associated with preterm children's cognitive function at 16 months. Additionally, we test if this association is mediated by the quality of parent-child interaction at 9 months, and if these associations differ by levels of maternal social support. Children's cognitive function was measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Perceived social support was measured using the Maternal Support scale. The quality of parent-child interaction was measured using the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment. Linear regression and structural equation modeling were used to test the research questions. Postnatal depression at 4 months is associated with lower cognitive function (mean difference = -5.22, 95% CI: [-10.19, -0.25]) at 16 months controlling for a host of socioeconomic characteristics. For mothers with fewer depressive symptoms, bolstering effects of maternal supports on children's cognitive function were evident. We find no evidence for effect mediation by quality of parent-child interaction. Early exposure to maternal depressive symptoms appears to have a negative influence on preterm children's later cognitive function. These findings suggest important policy and programmatic implications for early detection and intervention for families of preterm infants.
Transfer of Automatic Component Processes to Compatible, Incompatible, and Conflict Situations: Issues for Retraining

An experiment was conducted to examine the potential negative effects of automatic task components in situations requiring re-use or inhibition of those components. Participants trained on a category search task for 8,400 trials in three consistent (CM) and one varied mapping (VM) conditions. Following training, 2,352 trials were completed in seven transfer conditions. Results suggest that skill transfers to similar task situations. However, the data demonstrate that if the transfer situations are incompatible or prior learning must be inhibited, performance is disrupted. Although each condition improved after 336 transfer trials, performance did not reach pre-transfer levels in incompatible or inhibited conditions. The present data are useful for predicting transfer performance when skill components are trained to automaticity using a part-task methodology.
Repeated course of rituximab for treatment of nephrotic syndrome in patients with chronic GVHD.

Repeated course of rituximab for treatment of nephrotic syndrome in patients with chronic GVHD
Effects of ergocornine and prolactin on aggression in the postpartum golden hamster

Abstract The effects on aggressive behavior of prolactin (PRL) and ergocornine hydrogen maleate, an inhibitor of PRL secretion, were investigated in the female golden hamster. Because high aggression and PRL levels are associated with lactation in hamsters, postpartum females were used as subjects. In the first experiment, three groups of ovariectomized and hysterectomized females were compared: normally lactating, ergocornine-treated, and ergocornine plus replacement PRL treated. Normally lactating mothers were typically aggressive towards males in an arena, whereas females given ergocornine were not. Females given both ergocornine and PRL showed an intermediate level of aggression. Although ergocornine suppressed aggression towards adult males, attacks on pups increased. A second experiment sought to determine if ergocornine would depress aggression when PRL involvement was unlikely. At least 30 days following pup removal, females from the first experiment were “trained” to attack home-cage intruders consistently. After ergocornine administration, home-cage attacks by these experienced females were not diminished. Since PRL levels were probably low in these animals, it was concluded that the effects of ergocornine on aggression were limited to instances in which PRL was involved, and that PRL probably can facilitate aggression.
A database of experimental results on globin gene expression

Abstract Information on gene expression and regulation is expanding rapidly, and the complexity of the experimental design and data makes unique demands on databases to store the results. We describe a prototype database containing experimental results on the expression of mammalian β-like globin genes, along with several query methods for accessing the information. The database has tables for DNA transfer experiments, protein–DNA binding results, and positions of DNase hypersensitive sites, which make extensive use of nested data structures. Comparison of data from various mammals is accomplished by providing a common coordinate system via a simultaneous alignment of matching DNA sequences. Interactive access to the database is available at a site called the Globin Gene Server on the World Wide Web ( http://globin.cse. psu.edu ). This software should be useful for any genetic system in which DNA sequence data are available.
SPAM: a microcode based tool for tracing operating system events

We have developed a tool called SPAM (for System Performance Analysis using Microcode), based on microcode modifications to a VAX 8600, that traces operating system events as a side-effect to normal execution. This trace of interrupts, exceptions, system calls and context switches can then be processed to analyze operating system behavior for the purpose of debugging, tuning or development. SPAM allows measurements to be made on a fully operating UNIX system with little perturbation (typically less than 10%) and without the need for modifying the kernel.
Allee Dynamics and the Spread of Invading Organisms

Abstract We examine how an Allee effect in local population dynamics (reduced reproductive success at low densities) influences the spatio-temporal dynamics of ecological invasions. Our approach is to use a partial differential equation model of dispersal and population growth, and then ask whether we can identify "rates of spread" for an invading organism subject to an Allee effect. Results indicate that an Allee effect may substantially reduce the rate at which the invader moves into a new environment. Analysis of spread in two spatial dimensions entails application of a singular perturbation theory approach. Here the two-dimensional spread velocity is given in terms of the one-dimensional asymptotic spread rate and the curvature of a boundary between invaded and non-invaded regions. Using this result, we show that invasions cannot propagate unless they initially exceed a critical area. This prediction is verified by numerically solving the original model. Numerical solutions are used throughout in demonstrating the nature of the two-dimensional spread.
Conditioned aversion to a preferred solution following methamphetamine injections.

Holtzman (Sprague-Dawley) rats which were injected in amounts ranging from 0.50–3.0 mg/kg i.p. of methamphetamine avoided a 0.1% saccharin solution which had been paired temporally with the injection, and drank water in a subsequent two-bottle choice situation under non-drug conditions. The aversion persisted for the duration of the experiment, which lasted and obtained whether the animals were fluid-deprived or fluid-satiated. Saline-injected controls, on the other hand, exhibited a 90% saccharin solution preference. Rats which received 0.25 mg/kg contiguous with the drug, or animals given 3.0 mg/kg paired with water, exhibited as extreme a preference for the saccharin solution as did the saline controls. It was concluded that neither a drugmediated taste quality change nor physiological cues associated with thirst were adequate axplanations for the avoidance behavior exhibited, but that the drug was perceived as a noxious stimulus at levels above 0.50 mg/kg under the conditions described above.
Development and preliminary evaluation of an ultrasonic motor actuated needle guide for 3T MRI-guided transperineal prostate interventions

Image guided prostate interventions have been accelerated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and robotic technologies in the past few years. However, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided procedure still remains as vast majority in clinical practice due to engineering and clinical complexity of the MRI-guided robotic interventions. Subsequently, great advantages and increasing availability of MRI have not been utilized at its maximum capacity in clinic. To benefit patients from the advantages of MRI, we developed an MRI-compatible motorized needle guide device "Smart Template" that resembles a conventional prostate template to perform MRI-guided prostate interventions with minimal changes in the clinical procedure. The requirements and specifications of the Smart Template were identified from our latest MRI-guided intervention system that has been clinically used in manual mode for prostate biopsy. Smart Template consists of vertical and horizontal crossbars that are driven by two ultrasonic motors via timing-belt and mitergear transmissions. Navigation software that controls the crossbar position to provide needle insertion positions was also developed. The software can be operated independently or interactively with an open-source navigation software, 3D Slicer, that has been developed for prostate intervention. As preliminary evaluation, MRI distortion and SNR test were conducted. Significant MRI distortion was found close to the threaded brass alloy components of the template. However, the affected volume was limited outside the clinical region of interest. SNR values over routine MRI scan sequences for prostate biopsy indicated insignificant image degradation during the presence of the robotic system and actuation of the ultrasonic motors.
Granular coated vesicles in the goldfish Mauthner cell following axotomy

Axotomy of the goldfish Mauthner cell induces a marked increase in the occurrence of granular coated vesicles in close association with axosomatic synapses. This phenomenon, which persists for over 200 days, is discussed in relation to other morphological and physiological changes which occur over the same time period.
Coexistence of renal cell carcinoma and malignant lymphoma. A causal relationship or coincidental occurrence

BACKGROUND Secondary malignant neoplasms are increasingly being observed in cancer populations and a considerable amount of data have accumulated in the literature. Among the secondary malignant neoplasms that occur with a higher incidence in cancer patients are lymphomas and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as well as melanoma, lung/bronchus carcinoma. METHODS The authors analyzed the patient population at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City between 1985 and 1995 for coexisting carcinomas, and identified 15 patients who had both RCC and malignant lymphoma among a total of 1262 patients with RCC and 1660 patients with malignant lymphoma. The occurrence and time of diagnosis of both malignant neoplasms and their clinical features, types, and stages, as well as short term follow-up results, are presented. RESULTS The data show a greater than coincidental coexistence of RCC and malignant lymphoma (P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Causes of this increased coexistence may include a genetic predisposition to cancer, similar immune mechanisms associated with these neoplasms, closer scrutiny of this group of patients, or a combination of these factors. Studies are underway to elucidate a common genetic component in these patients. Cancer 1996;77:2325-31.
Validity of vein islet numbers in species distinction.

An evaluation of vein islet procedures is presented, with recommendations for improving the visibility of the ultimate vein branches by treating with phloroglucinol.
Coherent structures in electrostatic interchange mode turbulence

Exact nonlinear coherent vortex solutions, in the form of dipolar like configuration, are derived in a two-dimensional (2D) electrostatic interchange turbulence model. The vortex structure incorporates effects due to nonlinear diamagnetic interactions that are associated with the finite Larmour radius (FLR) of the magnetized ions. Numerical simulations indicate that the propagating dipole vortex is a long-lived, spatially well-localized coherent structure of the interchange mode that persists for several eddy turn-over times. Collisional as well as weak diamagnetic interactions have stabilizing effects on these structures.
REM/NREM discrimination via ocular and limb movement monitoring: correlation with polygraphic data and development of a REM state algorithm.

The purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive, simplified home monitoring system for prescreening certain sleep complaints and for long-term home-based experiments. Four subjects slept in the laboratory for 3–4 nights. In addition to a standard polysomnogram, piezoelectric ceramic transducers were attached to both hands, both feet, and over the right eyelid. The sleep from 2 nights of each subject was staged according to the standard criteria. The limb transducers identified major and minor body shifts and were used to signal possible state changes. The data from the eye movement sensor was used to develop a REM-state algorithm. Using this algorithm, REM and NREM sleep were identified with 92% (SD=0.091) and 91% (SD=0.076) accuracy, respectively. The ultimate goal is to have a bedside device programmed with the algorithm that would either store information or score the data on-line for waking, NREM, and REM states. We conclude that a system monitoring eye movements and major body shifts is a promising approach to an economical and accurate home recording system.
Identification and characterization of mutations in FANCL gene: a second case of Fanconi anemia belonging to FA-L complementation group.

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive or X-linked disorder characterized by aplastic anemia, cancer susceptibility and cellular sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. Eight FA proteins (FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL and FANCM) and three non-FA proteins (FAAP100, FAAP24 and HES1) form an FA nuclear core complex, which is required for monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI dimer upon DNA damage. FANCL possesses a PHD/RING-finger domain and is a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit of the core complex. In this study, we report an FA patient with an unusual presentation belonging to the FA-L complementation group. The patient lacks an obvious FA phenotype except for the presence of a cafe-au-lait spot, mild hypocellularity and a family history of leukemia. The molecular diagnosis and identification of the FA subgroup was achieved by FA complementation assay. We identified bi-allelic novel mutations in the FANCL gene and functionally characterized them. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported case belonging to the FA-L complementation group. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FDH: an aldehyde dehydrogenase fusion enzyme in folate metabolism

FDH (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, Aldh1L1, EC 1.5.1.6) converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (10-formyl-THF) to tetrahydrofolate and CO(2) in a NADP(+)-dependent reaction. It is a tetramer of four identical 902 amino acid residue subunits. The protein subunit is a product of a natural fusion of three unrelated genes and consists of three distinct domains. The N-terminal domain of FDH (residues 1-310) carries the folate binding site and shares sequence homology and structural topology with other enzymes utilizing 10-formyl-THF as a substrate. In vitro it functions as 10-formyl-THF hydrolase, and evidence indicate that this activity is a part of the overall FDH mechanism. The C-terminal domain of FDH (residues 400-902) originated from an aldehyde dehydrogenase-related gene and is capable of oxidation of short-chain aldehydes to corresponding acids. Similar to classes 1 and 2 aldehyde dehydrogenases, this domain exists as a tetramer and defines the oligomeric structure of the full-length enzyme. The two catalytic domains are connected by an intermediate linker (residues 311-399), which is a structural and functional homolog of carrier proteins possessing a 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. In the FDH mechanism, the intermediate linker domain transfers a formyl, covalently attached to the sulfhydryl group of the phosphopantetheine arm, from the N-terminal domain to the C-terminal domain. The overall FDH mechanism is a coupling of two sequential reactions, a hydrolase and a formyl dehydrogenase, bridged by a substrate transfer step. In this mechanism, one domain provides the folate binding site and a hydrolase catalytic center to remove the formyl group from the folate substrate, another provides a transfer vehicle between catalytic centers and the third one contributes the dehydrogenase machinery further oxidizing formyl to CO(2).
The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging.

Primary comparative data on the hominoid brain are scarce and major neuroanatomical differences between humans and apes have not yet been described satisfactorily, even at the gross level. Basic questions that involve the evolution of the human brain cannot be addressed adequately unless the brains of all extant hominoid species are analyzed. Contrary to the scarcity of original data, there is a rich literature on the topic of human brain evolution and several debates exist on the size of particular sectors of the brain, e.g., the frontal lobe. In this study we applied a non-invasive imaging technique (magnetic resonance) on living human, great ape and lesser ape subjects in order to investigate the overall size of the hominoid brain. The images were reconstructed in three dimensions and volumetric estimates were obtained for the brain and its main anatomical sectors, including the frontal and temporal lobes, the insula, the parieto-occipital sector and the cerebellum.A remarkable homogeneity is present in the relative size of many of the large sectors of the hominoid brain, but interspecific and intraspecific variation exists in certain parts of the brain. The human cerebellum is smaller than expected for an ape brain of human size. It is suggested that the cerebellum increased less than the cerebrum after the split of the human lineage from the African ancestral hominoid stock. In contrast, humans have a slightly larger temporal lobe and insula than expected, but differences are not statistically significant. Humans do not have a larger frontal lobe than expected for an ape brain of human size and gibbons have a relatively smaller frontal lobe than the rest of the hominoids. Given the fact that the frontal lobe in humans and great apes has similar relative size, it is parsimonious to suggest that the relative size of the whole of the frontal lobe has not changed significantly during hominid evolution in the Plio-Pleistocene.
Vortex shedding in the near wake of a parachute canopy

The dynamics of flexible parachute canopies and vortex shedding in their near wake are studied experimentally in a water tunnel. The velocity field was measured by particle image velocimetry for two different canopy diameters. The periodic oscillation of the canopy diameter about a mean value which is referred to as ‘breathing’ has a non-dimensional frequency, based on the free-stream velocity and the mean canopy projected diameter, of approximately 0.55 for the range of Reynolds numbers examined. The dimensionless breathing frequency observed in the experiments is consistent with the values for larger canopies. The shear layer emanating from the canopy rolls up and sheds symmetric vortex rings. The frequency of vortex shedding was measured to be the same as the canopy breathing frequency. This Strouhal number is unique in the sense that it is much higher than those associated with rigid axisymmetric bluff bodies such as disks and spheres. The canopy breathing is shown to stem from the cyclical variation of suction pressure, resulting from the passage of vortex rings, on the exterior surface of the canopy. The added mass associated with the breathing of the canopy is found to be accountable for up to 40 % of the canopy drag fluctuations in the range of parameters investigated.
Multiplicity: an organizing principle for cancers and somatic mutations

With the advent of whole-genome analysis for profiling tumor tissue, a pressing need has emerged for principled methods of organizing the large amounts of resulting genomic information. We propose the concept of multiplicity measures on cancer and gene networks to organize the information in a clinically meaningful manner. Multiplicity applied in this context extends Fearon and Vogelstein's multi-hit genetic model of colorectal carcinoma across multiple cancers. Using the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), we construct networks of interacting cancers and genes. Multiplicity is calculated by evaluating the number of cancers and genes linked by the measurement of a somatic mutation. The Kamada-Kawai algorithm is used to find a two-dimensional minimum energy solution with multiplicity as an input similarity measure. Cancers and genes are positioned in two dimensions according to this similarity. A third dimension is added to the network by assigning a maximal multiplicity to each cancer or gene. Hierarchical clustering within this three-dimensional network is used to identify similar clusters in somatic mutation patterns across cancer types. The clustering of genes in a three-dimensional network reveals a similarity in acquired mutations across different cancer types. Surprisingly, the clusters separate known causal mutations. The multiplicity clustering technique identifies a set of causal genes with an area under the ROC curve of 0.84 versus 0.57 when clustering on gene mutation rate alone. The cluster multiplicity value and number of causal genes are positively correlated via Spearman's Rank Order correlation (r s (8) = 0.894, Spearman's t = 17.48, p < 0.05). A clustering analysis of cancer types segregates different types of cancer. All blood tumors cluster together, and the cluster multiplicity values differ significantly (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 16.98, df = 2, p < 0.05). We demonstrate the principle of multiplicity for organizing somatic mutations and cancers in clinically relevant clusters. These clusters of cancers and mutations provide representations that identify segregations of cancer and genes driving cancer progression.
FRACTALS AND THE RIVER-LENGTH CATCHMENT-AREA RATIO

: The fractal nature of stream-length and catchment-area measurement is investigated using eight rivers in Missouri. The fractal dimension for the length measurement was found to average 1.158 and for area to average 1.0105. These values are close to those hypothesized by Mandeibrot (1983).
Variables affecting the phototoxicity of α-terthienyl toward fish in the laboratory

Abstract The natural product α-terthienyl was known to be a powerful fish poison in the presence of near-ultraviolet light. In the laboratory, however, the phototoxicity of prepared solutions was found to decrease with time. The LC50 values (for 24 h survival) in fish kept for 1 h in the presence of sensitizer prior to 1 h of irradiation with ultraviolet light was increased by one order of magnitude when the fish were introduced into the water 48 h after the sensitizer had been added, rather than immediately afterwards. Analyses by hplc and by ultraviolet spectroscopy proved that a) only the starting material was present in 48-h old preparations, and b) its amount had not significantly decreased. The time dependence of the LC50 values was essentially eliminated when the experiments were performed in glass beakers rather than in plastic beakers. This suggests that the decrease in phototoxicity can be attributed to extraction of the sensitizer from water into the plastic rather than to chemical or photophysical effects. Care should be taken when interpreting the results of bioassay experiments such as this to ensure that extraction of sparingly soluble toxicant into plastic is either avoided or taken into account.
Context-Limited Grammars

A phrase structure grammar is called context-limited if there exists a partial ordering on its alphabet such that any letter on the left of any production is less than some letter on the right of the same production. It is proved that context-limited grammars are equivalent to context-free grammars, the equivalence including ambiguity. The notion of ambiguity in phrase structure grammars is discussed, and a new formal model for ambiguity, based on directed plane graphs with labeled edges, is outlined and compared with other models.
Correlation time approximation in non-Markovian kinetics

A new approximation to kinetic equations is derived which has a broad range of applicability. It allows one to take into account dominant memory and correlation effects while solving only Markovian instead of complicated non-Markovian kinetic equations. It furthermore yields a drastic simplification of kinetic equations for spatially inhomogeneous systems. The approximation is illustrated numerically on examples based on the quantum Boltzmann equation with, respectively, a static and a dynamically screened interaction potential (Lenard-Balescu equation).
Conflict of interest policies for academic health system leaders who work with outside corporations.

New “Sunshine Act” requirements for disclosure by pharmaceutical and medical device companies of payments to faculty have led to increased conversation about conflict of interest (COI).1 Conflict of interest is defined as “circumstances that create a risk that professional judgments or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest.”2 Conflict of interest is particularly relevant for those in the upper echelons of academic health system leadership—presidents, vice presidents, provosts, deans, chief executive officers, and the senior administrators who report to them.
The economic efficiency of energy-consuming equipment: a DEA approach

The market for an energy-consuming device offers a range of models that will meet consumers’ needs for an energy service with different levels of energy efficiency. A more efficient model is likely to have greater up-front costs, but the increased efficiency will eventually translate into energy cost savings over the device’s lifespan. Cost-effectiveness indicators (namely, net benefit and benefit-cost ratio) can be used to assess whether a more efficient model can be a better alternative for consumers. However, whereas these indicators express to what extent the additional benefits outweigh the additional costs, they do not indicate how efficiently each model allocates capital and energy to provide the energy service. They, therefore, lack the economic efficiency dimension of the problem. This paper introduces a data-oriented, non-parametric approach to evaluate such efficiency for a set of alternative models of an energy-consuming device. It relies on data envelopment analysis (DEA) to calculate relative efficiency coefficients. The coefficients establish an input efficient frontier for the energy service provided and indicate the models that provide the energy service at the least cost. DEA is further extended to calculate the highest cost-effectiveness achievable and indicate the most cost-effective alternatives. The approach proves useful to support consumers’ decision-making when shopping for energy-consuming equipment, to guide manufacturers when benchmarking the models they produce, and to inform energy efficiency policy-making and program designing.
A review of three toxic release screening models

Releases of toxic substances in the atmosphere are an unfortunate reality of an industrial society. The discharge of toxic material takes place during routine releases as well as during accidental releases. The consequences of toxic releases can range from a simple nuisance to a virtual destruction of land, bodies of water or thousands of injuries and deaths. The purpose of this review is to look at three screening models: TSCREEN, ARCHIE and CAMEO, which are widely used in the US. The sources and the cost of obtaining each model is given. In order to review the models, a copy was obtained by the authors. All the models were installed on a personal computer. No difficulties were encountered in the installation process. A brief description of each model is presented.
Wild-type α-synuclein interacts with pro-apoptotic proteins PKCδ and BAD to protect dopaminergic neuronal cells against MPP+-induced apoptotic cell death

Abstract α-Synuclein is a pre-synaptic protein of unknown function that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we demonstrated that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induces caspase-3-dependent proteolytic activation of PKCδ, which subsequently contributes to neuronal apoptotic cell death in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells [50,96]. In the present study, we examined whether PKCδ interacts with α-synuclein to modulate MPP+-induced dopaminergic degeneration. Over-expression of wild-type human α-synuclein in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells (N27 cells) attenuated MPP+-induced (300 μM) cytotoxicity, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and subsequent caspase-3 activation, without affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Wild-type α-synuclein over-expression also dramatically reduced MPP+-induced caspase-3-mediated proteolytic cleavage of PKCδ, whereas over-expression of the mutant human α-synucleinA53T did not alter the PKCδ cleavage under similar conditions. Immunoprecipitation-kinase assay revealed reduced PKCδ kinase activity in wild-type α-synuclein over-expressing cells in response to MPP+ treatment. Wild-type α-synuclein over-expression also rescued mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells from MPP+-induced apoptotic cell death, while α-synucleinA53T exacerbated the MPP+-induced DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that α-synuclein interacts with the pro-apoptotic proteins PKCδ and BAD, but not with the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 following MPP+ treatment. We also observed that the interaction between PKCδ and α-synuclein does not involve direct phosphorylation. Together, our results demonstrate that wild-type α-synuclein interacts with the pro-apoptotic molecules BAD and PKCδ to protect dopaminergic neuronal cells against neurotoxic insults.
Jean Rouch's ethnographic path

This article considers the multiple influences that have shaped Jean Rouch's ethnographic gaze upon the Songhay people of Niger. Marcel Griaule, Rouch's mentor, undoubtedly influenced his student's ethnographic approach to Songhay. But Rouch was equally influenced, I am convinced, by his direct and unforgettable confrontation with the mysteries of the Songhay world. After a discussion of the methodological and theoretical orientations of the Griaule school, I analyze Rouch's major ethnographic work, La Religion et la magie Songhay, focusing upon how Griaulian epistemology and Songhay realities molded the textual presentation. I then discuss several of Rouch's major films—Les Magiciens de Wanzerbe, The Lion Hunters, Les Maitres Fous, and Tourou et Bitti, placing them within an ethnographic and epistemological context. This analysis leads to a consideration of Rouch's unrecognized contribution to anthropology.
Subdural hematomas in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients treated with protacyclin analogs

AbstractProstacyclin analogs therapy has been associated with development of thrombocytopenia. Little is known whether this treatment increases the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) patients. We queried the Cleveland Clinic billing database to identify cases of nontraumatic sudural hematoma (SDH) in patients with PAH. We identified those individuals who were receiving prostacyclin analogs therapy at the time of the neurological event and assessed whether these patients were also taking antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapies. We identified three cases of nontraumatic SDH in 856-patient-year of prostacylin analog treatment. All patients were women, had low normal platelet counts or thrombocytopenia, and were concomitantly receiving anticoagulation therapy in the appropriate therapeutic anticoagulation range. All three patients were managed conservatively and had no neurologic sequelae. Nontraumatic acute subdural hematoma is a rare event in patients with PAH treated w...
Straussian constitutional history and the Straussian political project

Few recent intellectual figures have attracted as much attention as Leo Strauss (1899–1973). Although he did not write much about the United States or its history, his students have. This article first gives an overview of Strauss's understanding of the history of political thought and then relates it to his students' distinctive understanding of American constitutional history. Strauss's thought led his students to reject historicism and positivism in favor of an Aristotelian perspective on America that produced a qualified defense of its liberal constitutionalism.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry of metal salts: Polyatomic ion emission

The mass and intensity distribution of cluster ions emitted from several alkali halide (MX) salts bombarded with Ar+ and Xe+ ions are reported. Cluster ions of the type [M(MX)n]+ and [X(MX)n]− are seen where 1≤ n < 100. We present evidence supporting the formation of cluster ions with specific geometric structures. In addition, we find that the stability of the cluster ions is dependent on the surface energy of the cluster, on the size of the constituent atoms, and on the effective lifetimes of the ions.
Intravaginal Controlled Administration of Flurogestone Acetate II: Development of an In Vitro System for Studying the Intravaginal Release and Permeation of Flurogestone Acetate

A relatively simple and easily constructed in vitro system was developed for studying the mechanism of release and intravaginal absorption of flurogestone acetate from vaginal sponges. The stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method developed earlier was used to provide a rapid, reproducible, and sensitive assay. The in vitro intravaginal release/permeation system developed was capable of determining the rate of flurogestone acetate release from vaginal sponges and, simultaneously, the rate of absorption through the vaginal wall. The design, calibration, and applicability of the system, and the release and absorption profiles of the drug from vaginal sponges in this system are discussed.
Management Factors Associated with Herd Average Milk Yield and Income over Feed Cost in Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey Herds

Abstract A total of 1,380 Guernsey, 13,614 Holstein, and 804 Jersey Dairy Herd Improvement yearly herd average records from eight eastern and southeastern states completed between 1965 and 1970 were utilized to determine the effect of various management factors on herd average milk production and income over feed costs. Independent variables when income over feed costs was the dependent variable were milk production, milk price, fat percent, percent days in milk, feed costs per 45.4kg milk, concentrates fed, succulents fed, dry forage fed, days on pasture, grain price, other feed costs, and herd size. Independent variables included when milk production was the dependent variable were concentrates fed, succulents fed, dry forages fed, percent days in milk, price of grain, other feed costs, price of milk, herd size, and days on pasture. The complete model including quadratic effects accounted for 41 to 48% of the variation in herd average milk production and 99% of the variation in income over feed costs. Concentrate feeding, percent days in milk, grain costs, and other feed costs were major management factors associated with herd average milk production. Quadratic effects of concentrate feeding and percent days in milk were significant. Milk price and milk production were positively associated with income over feed costs while feed costs per 45.4kg milk, grain prices, and other feed costs were negatively related to this economic measure of herd management.
Higher degree layer potentials for non-smooth domains with arbitrary topology

We consider layer potentials associated with the Hodge-Laplacian acting on differential forms of arbitrary degree defined on Lipschitz subdomains of a Riemannian manifold. The main emphasis is on the interplay between the mapping properties of such layer potentials and the topology of the underlying domain.
An analytical and experimental study of heat pipe performance with a working fluid exhibiting strong concentration Marangoni effects

Abstract An original performance study of an inclined gravity-assisted heat pipe with a 0.05 M 2-propanol/water binary mixture, exhibiting strong concentration Marangoni effects, was experimentally investigated. Initial experiments were carried out for varying liquid charge levels between 30% and 70%, to determine an optimal value that would enhance heat transport performance by maximizing the critical heat flux (CHF) condition, while reducing the evaporator wall superheat. A 45% liquid charge ratio was found to have the lowest overall superheat, and highest CHF condition attained, as high as 114.8 W/cm2. Nucleate pool boiling contributions were found to have a greater impact on heat pipe thermal conductance, constituting 65% and 71% of the total heat transport for water and 0.05 M 2-propanol/water mixture respectively. Additionally, a 49% thermal conductance and 53% CHF improvement was found with 0.05 M 2-propanol/water as the working fluid over that of pure water. This investigation also introduces a novel binary mixture model for the inclined, gravity-assisted heat pipe. Modeling results of the system with a 45% fill ratio were found to provide good prediction of the experimental results with an average thermal conductance deviation of 0.5 W/K, and an evaporator-section pool boiling rms deviation of 14.3%. This model employs an average pseudo single-component (PSC) coefficient in place of an ideal heat transfer coefficient (HTC), and an empirically-determined binary mixture surface tension correlation, due to the non-ideal nature of the low concentration 2-propanol/water mixture.
Purification and kinetics of juvenile hormone esterase from the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)

Abstract A method for purifying juvenile hormone esterase from the haemolymph of Trichopulsia ni (Hubner) was developed. The procedure resulted in a single protein band when electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide chain of mol. wt 48,000 as determined by gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme activity was stable in 40% sucrose for more than 5 months, and unstable when exposed to charged environments at low enzyme concentration. The enzyme possessed apparent K m values of 1.13 × 10 −6 and 0.402 × 10 −6 M for JH I and JH III, respectively.
A Rare Case of Dual Cecae.

An 18-year-old woman presented with crampy upper abdominal pain for 16 months. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy 1 year prior was notable only for heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the gastric antrum. Past history included asthma and congenital genitourinary and pelvic malformations with multiple urological surgeries and genitoplasty. Abdominal examination showed scars from previous surgeries but was otherwise normal. An abdominal and pelvic computed tomography showed left-sided hydroureteronephrosis, partial duplication of the urinary bladder, and duplication of uterus and cervix. A colonoscopy showed no evidence of macroscopic colitis. Surprisingly, 2 cecae were noted, each with its own appendicial orifice. The terminal ileum had a normal appearance and was intubated via a triangular valve between the 2 cecae (Figure 1). Biopsies from colon and terminal ileum were normal.
Structure and reactivity of an asymmetric complex between HslV and I-domain deleted HslU, a prokaryotic homolog of the eukaryotic proteasome.

Abstract In the prokaryotic homolog of the eukaryotic proteasome, HslUV, the “double donut” HslV protease is allosterically activated by HslU, an AAA protein of the Clp/Hsp100 family consisting of three (amino-terminal, carboxy-terminal, and intermediate) domains. The intermediate domains of HslU, which extend like tentacles from the hexameric ring formed by the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal domains, have been deleted; an asymmetric HslU(ΔI) 6 HslV 12 complex has been crystallized; and the structure has been solved to 2.5 A resolution, revealing an assembly in which a HslU(ΔI) hexamer binds one end of the HslV dodecamer. The conformation of the protomers of the HslU(ΔI)-complexed HslV hexamer is similar to that in the symmetric wild-type HslUV complex, while the protomer conformation of the uncomplexed HslV hexamer is similar to that of HslV alone. Reaction in the crystals with a vinyl sulfone inhibitor reveals that the HslU(ΔI)-complexed HslV hexamer is active, while the uncomplexed HslV hexamer is inactive. These results confirm that HslV can be activated by binding of a hexameric HslU(ΔI) 6 ring lacking the I domains, that activation is effected through a conformational change in HslV rather than through alteration of the size of the entry channel into the protease catalytic cavity, and that the two HslV 6 rings in the protease dodecamer are activated independently rather than cooperatively.
Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: virus-intestinal cell interactions. I. Immunofluorescence, histopathology and virus production in the small intestine through the course of infection.

A sequential study of the virus-intestinal cell interactions in the small intestinal mucosa of intact pigs and surgically isolated loops of jejunum was made using the Purdue strain of TGE virus. The different phases of the infection were examined by immunofluorescence, histopathology and measurement of virus production. Viral replication occurred only in the cytoplasm of the absorptive cells on the villi and resulted in cellular degeneration and desquamation starting at 12 hours PI. In the jejunum, loss of the epithelium led, via progressive shortening of the villi, to villous atrophy with temporary denudation of the mucosa at 16 to 18 hours PI. Polymorphonuclear cell infiltration occurred in intact pigs concomitantly with massive cell loss. In the upper duodenum and on the villi containing lymphoid tissue in the ileum, TGE virus replication was limited to a few cells and did not cause villous atrophy.
Effect of Chelation withmeso-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) before and after the Appearance of Lead-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Rat☆

This paper examines whether a chelating agent (DMSA) can prevent and reverse the effects of lead (Pb) as evidenced by changes in brain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration and in the habituation pattern of rearing behavior. Male F344 rats (42 days old) received Pb acetate at 150 or 2000 ppm as Pb in their drinking water for 21 days and returned to regular water for another 21 days to observe recovery. Blood Pb (BPb) concentration rose to 37 and 82 μg/dl for 150 and 2000 ppm, respectively. Rats exposed to 150 ppm Pb exhibited changes in GFAP concentration and behavioral hyperactivity, when placed in an unfamiliar cage. The 2000 ppm Pb exposure caused greater changes in GFAP, but behavioral hyperactivity appeared only postexposure, when BPb was declining. Chelation (DMSA, 50 mg/kg po, 3 times/week for 21 days) decreased the BPb concentration, and prevented and reversed the Pb-induced changes in GFAP and rearing, but not in body weight. Administration of DMSA by itself for 21 days caused no untoward effects in brain GFAP, behavior, or body weight. Concurrent administration of DMSA and Pb resulted in no evidence of additive toxicity. Results indicate that: (1) A brief behavioral test of habituation is a sensitive index of neurotoxicity and chelating therapy; (2) Pb-induced hyperactivity depends upon BPb concentration regardless of whether activity is measured during or after exposure; (3) repeated treatment with DMSA is effective in reducing Pb neurotoxicity; (4) there was no evidence that DMSA enhanced the absorption of Pb. The finding that DMSA administered late in exposure can hasten the recovery of toxic signs suggests that extracellular Pb continues to play a significant role even after toxic signs have appeared.