cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microelectromechanical System-Based Evaporative Thermal Management of High Heat Flux Electronics

We describe the development of embedded droplet impingement for integrated cooling of electronics (EDIFICE), which seeks to develop an integrated droplet impingement cooling device for removing chip heat fluxes over 100 W/cm 2 , employing latent heat of vaporization of dielectric fluids. Micromanufacturing and microelectromechanical systems are used as enabling technologies for developing innovative cooling schemes. Microspray nozzles are fabricated to produce 50-100 pm droplets coupled with surface texturing on the backside of the chip to promote droplet spreading and effective evaporation. We examine jet impingement cooling of EDIFICE with a dielectric coolant and the influence of fluid properties, microspray characteristics, and surface evaporation. The development of micronozzles and micro structured surface texturing is discussed. Results of a prototype testing of swiss-roll swirl nozzles with dielectric fluid HFE-7200 on a notebook PC are presented
Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression in Monocytic Cells by Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans

Because candidiasis and cryptococcosis are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, the effect of Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans on HIV expression in monocytic cells was examined. Stimulation of the latently HIV-infected myelomonocytic cell line OM-10.1 with C. neoformans and C. albicans in the presence of pooled human serum caused a ratio-dependent increase in HIV production. Induction of HIV by C. neoformans was enhanced by anti-capsular antibody, while induction by both organisms was inhibited by anti-TNF-alpha antibody. In THP-1 cells transfected with HIV plasmid constructs, both organisms induced transcription from the HIV long terminal repeat that was dependent on intact NF-kappaB binding sequences. Thus, C. neoformans and C. albicans enhance HIV expression in monocytic cells through a TNF-alpha- and NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. In HIV-infected patients, such enhancement may further impair host immunity and could accelerate the course of HIV disease.
Structure of the McMullen domain in the parameter planes for rational maps

We show that, for the family of functions F�(z) = z n +�/z n where n � 3 and � 2 C, there is a unique McMullen domain in parameter space. A McMullen domain is a region where the Julia set of Fis homeomorphic to a Cantor set of circles. We also prove that this McMullen domain is a simply connected region in the plane that is bounded by a simple closed curve.
Coxa Profunda: Is the Deep Acetabulum Overcovered?

Background Coxa profunda, or a deep acetabular socket, is often used to diagnose pincer femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Radiographically, coxa profunda is the finding of an acetabular fossa medial to the ilioischial line. However, the relative position of the acetabular fossa to the pelvis may not be indicative of acetabular coverage.
Cognitive and Mood-State Changes in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

In this paper the cognitive and psychiatric impairments associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and related disorders are reviewed. It is concluded that while acute mononucleosis and infection with Epstein-Banf virus occasionally result in impaired cognition, such changes have not yet been objectively verified in patients with CFS. However, when patients with CFS are carefully studied, concurrent or premorbid psychiatric disorders are revealed at a greater than chance level. Finally, some suggestions are offered regarding improved neuropsychological assessment of fatigue, concentration, and attention for patients with CFS. The findings to date, while suggesting that psychological predisposition may play a role in the expression of CFS, are still inconclusive regarding the etiology of CFS. When an illness is vaguely or poorly defined, there is a tendency to view it as "a punishment which fits the objective character ... making it an expression of the inner self" [1]. Such illnesses often are initially viewed as having a psychiatric etiology. Certainly, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) fulfills the definition of a minimally defined medical condition to which both viral and psychiatric etiologies have been attributed. CFS is characterized by "persistent or relapsing, debilitating fatigue or easy fatigability in a person who has no previous history of similar symptoms, that does not resolve with bedrest, and that is severe enough to reduce or impair average daily activity below 50% of the patient's premorbid
Automated superconductor critical current measurement with an economical and accurate PC-based system

Abstract This article describes a method of measurement of superconductor critical currents using economical d.c. instruments controlled by a personal computer through the IEEE-488 interface. To further reduce the cost, the instruments have been replaced by custom-made electronics and the IEEE-488 card by an A/D, D/A and multi I/O card. The role of the computer, apart from data acquisition, has been expanded to control the temperature of the sample. The temperature range can cover 10–450K using a diode sensor with resolution 0.1 K and accuracy ± 0.5 K. The current range can cover 1 μA-1A with resolution of 0.5 μA and accuracy ± 0.5 μA. Time consuming critical current and resistance measurements can therefore be made economically, efficiently and with minimum human intervention without sacrificing accuracy.
Abstract 2127: The role of FOXD3 in resistance to PLX4032/4720-induced cell death in mutant B-RAF melanoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Melanoma cells driven by mutant B-RAF are highly resistant to chemotherapeutic treatment. Recent phase I results with PLX4032/RG7204, which selectively inhibits BRAF/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling in mutant B-RAF cells, has given encouragement to this struggling field. Despite initial tumor shrinkage, most responders in the trial experienced tumor relapse over time. Furthermore, 19% of patients failed to show any significant tumor regression. These findings indicate that both intrinsic and acquired resistance will hamper the clinical efficacy of PLX4032. We have previously shown that the stemness factor, FOXD3, is up-regulated following inhibition of mutant B-RAF-MEK signaling in mutant B-RAF melanoma cells. Here, we show that up-regulation of FOXD3 after PLX4032 and PLX4720 (the non-clinical tool compound for PLX4032) treatment confers resistance to cell death. siRNA-mediated knockdown of FOXD3 significantly enhanced the cell death response after PLX4032/4720 treatment in mutant B-RAF melanoma cell lines. Additionally, up-regulation of FOXD3 after PLX4720 treatment was attenuated in non-adherent conditions and correlated with enhanced cell death. Ectopic expression of FOXD3 in non-adherent cells significantly reduced cell death in response to PLX4720 treatment. Together, these data indicate that up-regulation of FOXD3 is an adaptive response to B-RAF inhibitors that promotes a state of drug resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2127. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2127
Relationships Among Models of Salary Bias

Henry Imus 1951-1952 Experimental Office of Naval Research Clarence Graham 1952-1953 Experimental Columbia University W. D. Neff 1953-1954 Physiological University of Chicago Dean Farnsworth 1958-1959 Experimental Navy Medical Service Corps Lee Cronbach 1955-1956 Educational University of Illinois Frank A. Geldard 1956-1957 Experimental University of Virginia Alphonse 1960-1961 Engineering Johns Hopkins Chapanis University John Lanzetta 1962-1963 Social University of Delaware John Rasmussen 1964-1967 Industrial/ Navy Medical Service Organizational Corps John Nagay 1965-1966 Social Office of Naval Research H. Wallace Sinaiko 1967-1968 Engineering Institute for Defense Analyses NeweU Berry 1967-1969 Clinical Navy Medical Service Corps Joseph Zeidner 1968-1969 Industrial/ Army Research Organizational Institute for the Social & Behavioral Sciences Ivan Mensh 1969-1970 Medical UCLA James T. Lester 1972-1974 Social Bridgewater State College James W. Miller 1975-1976 Social National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Morton Bertin a 1975-1980 Engineering Office of Naval Research Jack A. Adams 1977-1978 Experimental University of Illinois Nicholas Bond b 1981- Industrial/ Sacramento State Organizational University Richard Snow 1983- Educational Stanford University
Microstructure–Property Relationships in Liquid Phase-Sintered High-Temperature Bismuth Scandium Oxide-Lead Titanate Piezoceramics

High-temperature piezoelectrics are necessary for aeronautic and aerospace applications. The principal challenge for the insertion of piezoelectric materials is their limitation for upper use temperature, which is due to low Curie temperature and increasing conductivity at high temperatures. We investigated processing, microstructure, and property relationships of (1−x)BiScO3−(x)PbTiO3 composition as a promising high-temperature piezoelectric. The effects of excess PbO and Bi2O3 and their partitioning in grain boundaries were studied using impedance spectroscopy, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric measurement techniques. Excess Pb addition increased the grain-boundary conduction and the grain-boundary area resulting in ceramics with higher AC-conductivity (tan δ=0.9 and 1.7 for 0 and 5 at.% excess Pb at 350°C and at 10 kHz) that were not resistive enough to pole. Excess Bi addition increased the resistivity (tan δ=0.9 and 0.1 for 0 and 5 at.% excess Pb at 350°C and at 10 kHz), improved poling, and increased the piezoelectric coefficient from 354 to 408 pC/N for 5 at.% excess Bi addition. Thus, excess Bi2O3 proved to be a successful liquid phase forming additive to improve the 0.37BiScO3–0.63PbTiO3 piezoceramics for high-temperature applications, as a result of increased resistivity and enhanced piezoelectric activity.
The Drosophila Brahma (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex exhibits cell-type specific activation and repression functions.

The Brahma (Brm) complex of Drosophila melanogaster is a SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling complex required to correctly maintain proper states of gene expression through ATP-dependent effects on chromatin structure. The SWI/SNF complexes are comprised of 8–11 stable components, even though the SWI2/SNF2 (BRM, BRG1, hBRM) ATPase subunit alone is partially sufficient to carry out chromatin remodeling in vitro. The remaining subunits are required for stable complex assembly and/or proper promoter targeting in vivo. Our data reveals that SNR1 (SNF5-Related-1), a highly conserved subunit of the Brm complex, is required to restrict complex activity during the development of wing vein and intervein cells, illustrating a functional requirement for SNR1 in modifying whole complex activation functions. Specifically, we found that snr1 and brm exhibited opposite mutant phenotypes in the wing and differential misregulation of genes required for vein and intervein cell development, including rhomboid, decapentaplegic, thick veins, and blistered, suggesting possible regulatory targets for the Brm complex in vivo. Our genetic results suggest a novel mechanism for SWI/SNF-mediated gene repression that relies on the function of a ‘core’ subunit to block or shield BRM (SWI2/SNF2) activity in specific cells. The SNR1-mediated repression is dependent on cooperation with histone deacetylases (HDAC) and physical associations with NET, a localized vein repressor.
An Adenovirus Inhibitor of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Apoptosis Complexes with Dynein and a Small GTPase

Adenoviruses (Ad) code for immunoregulatory and cytokine regulatory proteins, one of which is the early region 3, 14.7-kDa protein (Ad E3-14.7K), which has been shown to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. In an effort to understand the mechanism of action of Ad E3-14.7K, we previously searched for cell proteins with which it interacted. Three Ad E3-14.7K-interacting proteins (FIP-1, -2, and -3) were isolated. FIP-1 is a small GTPase which was used in this report as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system to find other interacting cell targets. The search resulted in the isolation of a protein, which we called GIP-1 (GTPase-interacting protein) that subsequently was shown to be identical to one of the light-chain components of human dynein (TCTEL1). FIP-1 was able to bind both TCTEL1 and Ad E3-14.7K simultaneously and was necessary to form a complex in which the viral protein was associated with a microtubule-binding motor protein. The functional significance of these interactions is discussed with respect to the steps of the Ad life cycle which are microtubule associated.
Superiority of moderate control of hyperglycemia to tight control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective Although consensus in cardiac surgery supports tight control of perioperative hyperglycemia (glucose Methods From 1995 to 2008, a total of 4658 patients with known diabetes or perioperative hyperglycemia (preoperative glycosylated hemoglobin ≥8 or postoperative serum glucose >126 mg/dL) underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at our institution. Patients were stratified into 3 postoperative glycemic groups: tight (≤126 mg/dL), moderate (127–179 mg/dL), and liberal (≥180 mg/dL). Preoperative risk factors, glycemic management, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Results Operative mortality was 2.5% (119/4658); major complication rate was 12.5% (581/4658). Relative to moderate group, more patients in tight group had preoperative renal failure (tight 16.4%, 22/134, moderate 8.3%, 232/2785, P = .001) and underwent emergent operations (tight 5.2%, 7/134, moderate 1.9%, 52/2785, P = .007); however, Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted mortality risk was lower in tight group ( P P = .02) and incidence of major complications (tight 19.4%, 26/134, moderate 11.1%, 308/2785, liberate 14.2%, 247/1739, P Conclusions Moderate glycemic control was superior to tight glycemic control, with decreased mortality and major complications, and may be ideal for patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.
Women with atrial fibrillation: Greater risk, less attention.

Abstract Background: In 1995, atrial fibrillation (AF) was estimated to affect 2.2 million people in the United States. After the age of 75 years (the median age for onset of AF), ~60% of people with AF are women. Women have a significantly higher risk of AF-related stroke than do men and are more likely to live with stroke-related disability and a significantly lower quality of life. Objective: This article provides an overview of the contributing factors and clinical presentation of AF in women and offers a rational, safe, effective, and gender-specific approach to therapy for women with AF. Methods: Search engines, including PubMed and Google Scholar, were used to review the English-language literature addressing AF gender differences for the years 1989–2009. The search term atrial fibrillation was combined with multiple other terms, as well as with female, gender, sex, or women . Full-length manuscripts were reviewed. Original studies obtained were searched for additional relevant manuscripts using the cited references. Results: Studies have shown that women are more likely than men to experience symptomatic attacks, a higher frequency of recurrences, and significantly higher heart rates during AF. Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle that affect QT intervals are an important consideration when selecting antiarrhythmic drugs for premenopausal women. Women are treated with statins less frequently than are men, possibly contributing to an increased incidence of AF in women. Women may have a higher incidence of AF because of the association with obesity. Some evidence suggests that women have a significantly higher risk of bleeding from anticoagulation. Reluctance among physicians and patients to use warfarin may be especially problematic in elderly women, who benefit most from it. Outcomes after catheter ablation for AF are similar between the sexes, yet women are referred later and less frequently. Conclusions: We favor emphasizing therapies to prevent AF and ensure safe arrhythmia management (ie, rate control and appropriate anticoagulation) once AF has been diagnosed. Gender differences should be kept in mind for women with AF to reduce risks and improve quality of life.
Extremum Seeking Algorithm to Optimize Fuel Injection in a Hydraulic Linear Engine

Abstract A Hydraulic Linear Engine (HLE) concept designed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency incorporates a crank for improved robustness but transmits power hydraulically Previous work has shown that each cylinder behaves differently requiring that injector timing and duration commands be managed individually in order to balance and optimize engine performance. The high-fidelity simulation summarized in this paper uses physics-based models and established correlations to predict closed-loop engine response to the reported control structures. The proposed control strategy utilizes an adaptive, cylinder-balancing algorithm to adjust fuel quantity for each cylinder and an extremum seeking algorithm to adjust fuel injection timing for each cylinder. Modeled results show an appreciable decrease in total fuel consumption using the improved injection timing.
A new model of thermal diffusion in a translucent medium

The thermal diffusion equation is solved analytically for an ideally translucent and homogeneous medium with an internal, distributed heat source given by the penetration and absorption of solar radiation. The mean annual temperature profile has the coldest values at the surface; the mean annual flux of sensible heat out of the medium balances the internally absorbed solar radiation for the case of constant mean annual temperatures. A new formula is developed for the evaluation of the true thermal diffusivity of a non-homogeneous conductor from the Fourier components of the waves of insolation and temperature; a constant extinction coefficient is assumed. The new model is applied with moderate success to data from the coastal plateau ice at Mawson, Antarctica.
Homeownership and parenting practices: Evidence from the community advantage panel

This study examines whether there is a significant relationship between homeownership and engaged parenting practices among low- and moderate-income households. Using analytic methods which account for selection effects and clustering, we test whether homeownership can act as a protective factor against parental disengagement from children. Controlling for individual characteristics, analyses demonstrate that homeowners are more likely than renters to demonstrate engaged parenting behaviors such as organizing structured activities for their children. While renters are more likely to read to their children, the children of homeowners spend less time watching television and playing video games. Implications for low-income housing policy are discussed in light of these findings.
The Case for Chaos in Childhood Epidemics. II. Predicting Historical Epidemics from Mathematical Models

The case for chaos in childhood epidemics rests on two observations. The first is that historical epidemics show various `fieldmarks9 of chaos, such as positive Lyapunov exponents. Second, phase portraits reconstructed from real-world epidemiological time series bear a striking resemblance to chaotic solutions obtained from certain epidemiological models. Both lines of evidence are subject to dispute: the algorithms used to look for the fieldmarks can be fooled by short, noisy time series, and the same fieldmarks can be generated by stochastic models in which there is demonstrably no chaos at all. In the present paper, we compare the predictive abilities of stochastic models with those of mechanistic scenarios that admit to chaotic solutions. The main results are as follows: (i) the mechanistic models outperform their stochastic counterparts; (ii) forecasting efficacy of the deterministic models is maximized by positing parameter values that induce chaotic behaviour; (iii) simple mechanistic models are equal if not superior to more detailed schemes that include age structure; and (iv) prediction accuracy for monthly notifications declines rapidly with time, so that, from a practical standpoint, the results are of little value. By way of contrast, next amplitude maps can successfully forecast successive changes in maximum incidence one or more years into the future.
The invention of English individualism: Alan Macfarlane and the modernization of pre‐modern England∗

(1983). The invention of English individualism: Alan Macfarlane and the modernization of pre‐modern England. Social History: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 345-363.
Physical Properties of Air‐Dried and Freeze‐Dried Chicken White Meat

ABSTRACT Cooked, diced chicken meat was dehydrated by various air- and freeze- drying techniques. The dried material was evaluated to determine shear strength, friability, color, rehydration, surface area, porosity, density and pore size distribution. A Scanning Electron Microscope was em- ployed to study effects of the drying process on meat fiber structure. We found that freeze-drying produced a porous material with excellent rehydration properties. Air-drying produced samples with less porosity and poorer rehydration. We concluded that porosity was the primary factor in rehydration potential and surface area and pore size distri- bution was less important. INTRODUCTION THE ABILITY of a dried food material to rehydrate, or return to original weight when immersed in water, depends on its physical structure as well as its chemical properties. Previous investigations have focused on freeze-dried foods (King et al., 1968; Berlin et al., 1966) due to their excellent rehydration properties and popularity at that time. Air comparison pyc- nometry (ACP) has been used by many researchers when de- termining physical properties of porous materials; primarily for density and total porosity. Berlin et al. (1966) used ACP extensively in determination of true densities of various foods, including chicken and turkey. Harper (1962) utilized ACP to determine total porosity of beef was 64%, apple 88%, and
Some legal considerations and implications for the use of behavior modification in the schools

Legal considerations and implications for the utilization of behavior modification in the schools are presented. A limited number of applicable judicial proceedings and accompanying legal principles are explored. Special attention is focused on the derivation of disciplinary authority, the procedural and substantive rights of students, and the possible implications for several specific behavioral interventions within the classroom setting.
Stress and the welfare of cultured fish

Cultured species of aquatic animals span more than five phyla. Animal welfare attention is directed towards the vertebrates because of the their neural complexity, and is currently focused on the finfish because of the size and visibility of that segment of the aquaculture industry. The characteristics of the aquatic environment and their impact on the animal have forced growers to develop cultural practices designed to control and minimize animal stress. This was not done as a result of social awareness, but out of necessity to keep fish alive and healthy; and managing stress is a principal key in ensuring animal welfare. Aquatic farmers are aware of the consequences of fish stress, but have limited knowledge of the basic biological principles of animal stress and have little exposure to the linkages between these concepts and the issues critical to animal welfare. Although the industry has many tools available for monitoring and preventing stress, not all growers have had exposure to the information that is available or know of its value when addressing issues of animal welfare.
Sterically Bulky Tris(triazolyl)borate Ligands as Water-Soluble Analogues of Tris(pyrazolyl)borate

The recently synthesized 3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole reacted with KBH4 to give the new potassium tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl)borate K(TtztBu,Me) ligand. TtztBu,Me formed a four-coordinate (TtztBu,Me)CoCl complex and five-coordinate (TtztBu,Me)CoNO3 and (TtztBu,Me)ZnOAc complexes. When these complexes were compared to their TptBu,Me analogues, it was found that TtztBu,Me resulted in negligible steric differences. K(TtztBu,Me) is more water-soluble than K(TptBu,Me), so bulky tris(triazolyl)borate ligands should lead to functional models for enzyme active sites in an aqueous environment and the creation of water-soluble analogues of Tp catalysts.
Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Free Vibrations of Composite Plates Using Piezoelectric Actuators

A coupled structural-electrical finite element modal formulation is employed for the control of nonlinear free vibrations of beams and composite plates. Multiple modes of the nonlinear free vibration are considered in closed-loop simulations. Two different controllers are designed and investigated for the suppression of nonlinear free vibrations. The first is the position output feedback controller comprising a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF is used to consider the nonlinear state-space matrix and has a gain sequence evaluated online. The second controller is the output feedback adaptive LQR/EKF controller. This adaptive controller includes an adaptive modal frequency identification and state estimation algorithm. Numerical simulations show that the adaptive LQR/EKF controller with system identification is effective in suppressing nonlinear free vibrations of a beam and a composite plate with unpredictable sudden frequency changes. The placement of piezoelectric self-sensing actuators is based on three approaches: one is the norm of optimal feedback control gain matrix method, the second is the H 2 norm, and the last one is the norm of Kalman filter estimation gain method.
Velatomorpha, a new healdioidean ostracode genus from the early Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation, Nova Scotia, Canada

Internal features of the smooth, traditionally nonmarine ostracode "Carbonita" altilis (Jones and Kirkby 1879) are re- ported in detail for the first time. Based on the 26-28 stigmata within the adductor muscle scar (AMS) field, a ridge and groove contact margin, and an adont hinge, we establish the new genus Velatomorpha. Included within this genus are taxa previously assigned to Carbonita, Healdia?, and Microcheilinella. The characters diagnosed for this new genus warrant placement in the Suborder Metacopina, Superfamily Healdioidea. The associated biota and sedimentary facies indicate that Velatomorpha lived in a mixed freshwater-marine (brackish) estuarine environment. The implication of our taxonomic revision for Velatomorpha altilis underscores the necessity to care- fully evaluate the internal features of smooth, podocopid and metacopine ostracodes reported from Paleozoic strata before making taxo- nomic assignments and generalized paleoecological inferences.
Reconfigurable tracking control with saturation

On-line system identification and on-line optimization is used to maximize aircraft tracking performance before and after control surface failure, yet prevent instability and departure. The on-line optimization consists of receding horizon/model predictive optimal control with one-step-ahead actuator rate constraint enforcement. Such hard constraint enforcement is rigorous through use of a linear programming algorithm to include rate saturation in the design. The paper demonstrates that the full, infinity norm solution with one-step-ahead constraint enforcement is equivalent to a simple one-dimensional optimization whose solution is attainable in closed form. This equivalence allows for an efficient on-line implementation of reconfigurable control with hard actuator rate constraints. Good tracking performance after severe failure is demonstrated in realistic simulations.
Quality Assurance in Hemodynamic Monitoring

Patient care management decisions frequently are based, at least in part, on hemodynamic indices. Accuracy in repeated measurement of hemodynamic parameters is therefore critical. It can be achieved only through a program of quality assurance (QA), which should include the following factors: static, dynamic, and validation of pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). The static QA factor consists of establishing an accurate reference point from which all subsequent measurements are made. The hemodynamic monitoring system must be able to transmit pulsating physiologic pressures to the transducer with high fidelity, which is validated via the dynamic response or "square wave" test and damping coefficient. Other QA aspects that are used to validate the accuracy of PAWP include catheter placement into lung zone 3 capillary and comparison of capillary to arterial blood gases. Measurement error also can be introduced because of varying methods to quantify the ana-log pressure waveforms, such as end-expiratory or pressure averaging techniques. This paper explores each of these domains within a framework of quality assurance.
Unusual case of bronchiogenic lung cyst simulating dextrocardia

Summary The case of a 10-week-old female is presented who had symptoms of cyanosis since birth, interpreted to be due to dextrocardia and atelectasis but were found to be due to a bronchiogenic cyst located in the region of the carina. The cyst apparently filled with mucus and caused compression of the trachea on the right side which in turn gave rise to emphysema of the left lung and a shift of the mediastinum to the right. Removal of the cyst was followed by complete disappearance of the patient's symptoms.
GGOPT: an unconstrained non-linear optimizer

GGOPT is a derivative-free non-linear optimizer for smooth functions with added noise. If the function values arise from observations or from extensive computations, these errors can be considerable. GGOPT uses an adjustable mesh together with linear least squares to find smoothed values of the function, gradient and Hessian at the center of the mesh. These values drive a descent method that estimates optimal parameters. The smoothed values usually result in increased accuracy.
Wireless Acquisition of Temperature Data From PCBN Embedded Thin Film Sensors

This paper presents the results of wireless data transmission experiments from micro thin film thermocouples (sensor) embedded into polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting inserts. A small wireless data acquisition system (DAQ) is necessary for sufficiently fast acquisition of experimental data from the embedded micro sensors in PCBN inserts, when mounted on a rotating cutting tool. For a wireless transfer of a low amplitude and high frequency thermal e analog signal, a signal conditioning circuit and wireless transmitting module are used. A Bluetooth transmitter module is used to establish communication with the receiver PC over serial port profile (SPP). To characterize the wireless data transfer system, heat signals are generated in stationary PCBN embedded thermocouples through laser pulses and CNC machining tests. During comparative tests, data was simultaneously acquired with a conventional wired DAQ board and the developed wireless DAQ system. The wireless DAQ capabilities and the overall dimensions of the devised wireless module greatly simplify its integration into various manufacturing applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Appeal of organizational values is in the eye of the beholder: The moderating role of employee identity

This study examined the effects of organizational values on employee attachment. Factor analytic results across two studies indicated that organizational values cluster into interdependent and independent factors. In Study 2, organizational values data were collected from supervisors, and identity and attachment data were collected from subordinates. As predicted, relationships involving interdependent and dependent values were contingent on employee identity. Specifically, interdependent organizational values predicted turnover cognition and organizational commitment for employees who reported strong collective identities. Independent organizational values, on the other hand, predicted the commitment of employees with strong individual identities. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested-Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory

Conservation of Resources (COR) theory predicts that resource loss is the principal ingredient in the stress process. Resource gain, in turn, is depicted as of increasing importance in the context of loss. Because resources are also used to prevent resource loss, at each stage of the stress process people are increasingly vulnerable to negative stress sequelae, that if ongoing result in rapid and impactful loss spirals. COR theory is seen as an alternative to appraisal-based stress theories because it relies more centrally on the objective and culturally construed nature of the environment in determining the stress process, rather than the individual’s personal construel. COR theory has been successfully employed in predicting a range of stress outcomes in organisational settings, health contexts, following traumatic stress, and in the face of everyday stressors. Recent advances in understanding the biological, cognitive, and social bases of stress responding are seen as consistent with the original formulation of COR theory, but call for envisioning of COR theory and the stress process within a more collectivist backdrop than was first posited. The role of both resource losses and gains in predicting positive stress outcomes is also considered. Finally, the limitations and applications of COR theory are discussed.
Troubleshooting the Femoral Attachment During Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: Location, Location, Location

The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has been recognized as an important soft tissue restraint in preventing lateral patellar translation. As many patients with acute or chronic patellar instability will have a deficient MPFL, reconstruction of this ligament is becoming more common. Appropriately, significant research has been undertaken regarding graft biomechanics and techniques, as intraoperative errors in graft placement often result in poor patient outcomes. Although the research has not answered all of the dilemmas encountered during reconstruction, publications consistently emphasize the importance of re-establishing an anatomic femoral attachment. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the current literature on MPFL reconstruction. Graft selection and patellar graft attachment and fixation are discussed, but the main focus is the femoral attachment as this is where most errors are seen and, unfortunately, where getting it right appears to matter the most. Using a sawbones knee model, the concepts of an MPFL graft that is "high and tight" or "low and loose" are presented, with the goal of providing physicians with intraoperative tools to adjust an incorrectly placed femoral MPFL attachment. This model is also used to justify the recommendation of graft fixation in 30° to 45° of knee flexion.
Cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis associated low-back and leg pain over two years.

Objective Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) for lumbar spondylolisthesis allows for surgical treatment of back and leg pain while theoretically minimizing tissue injury and accelerating overall recovery. Although the authors of previous studies have demonstrated shorter length of hospital stay and reduced blood loss with MIS versus open-TLIF, short- and long-term outcomes have been similar. No studies to date have evaluated the comprehensive health care costs associated with TLIF procedures or assessed the cost-utility of MIS- versus open-TLIF. As such, we set out to assess previously unstudied end points of health care cost and cost-utility associated with MIS- versus open-TLIF. Methods Thirty patients undergoing MIS-TLIF (n = 15) or open-TLIF (n = 15) for grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis associated back and leg pain were prospectively studied. Total back-related medical resource use, missed work, and health-state values (quality-adjusted life years [QALYs], calculated from EQ-5D with U.S. valuation) were assessed after two-year follow-up. Two-year resource use was multiplied by unit costs on the basis of Medicare national allowable payment amounts (direct cost) and work-day losses were multiplied by the self-reported gross-of-tax wage rate (indirect cost). Difference in mean total cost per QALY gained for MIS- versus open-TLIF was assessed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER: COSTmis – COSTopen/QALYmis – QALYopen). Results MIS versus open-TLIF cohorts were similar at baseline. By two years postoperatively, patients undergoing MIS- versus open-TLIF reported similar mean QALYs gained (0.50 vs. 0.41, P = 0.17). Mean total two-year cost of MIS- and open-TLIF was $35,996 and $44,727, respectively. The $8,731 two-year cost savings of MIS- versus open-TLIF did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.18) for this sample size. Conclusions Although our limited sample size prevented statistical significance, MIS- versus open-TLIF was associated with reduced costs over two years while providing equivalent improvement in QALYs. MIS-TLIF allows patients to leave the hospital sooner, achieve narcotic independence sooner, and return to work sooner than open-TLIF. In our experience, MIS- versus open-TLIF is a cost reducing technology in the surgical treatment of medically refractory low-back and leg pain from grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis.
Correlation between static automated and scanning laser entoptic perimetry in normal subjects and glaucoma patients

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of scanning laser entoptic perimetry with static automated perimetry as a noninvasive instrument for screening for glaucomatous damage in visually asymptomatic subjects within the central 60° (diameter) of vision. Design A masked cross-sectional study comparing entoptic perimetry to achromatic threshold perimetry. Participants Twenty-three subjects and controls from the Sharp Rees-Stealy Hospital and the Shiley Eye Center at the University of California, San Diego. Testing Virtual reality–based entoptic perimetry was compared with achromatic threshold perimetry. Main outcome measures For each testing session, we compared the presence of a disturbance in the entoptic perimetry stimulus with the presence of defects in visual function as measured by Humphrey automated visual field perimetry. Results Scanning laser entoptic perimetry reasonably estimates the overall visual field loss for moderate-to-severe scotomas as measured by the pattern deviation in standard visual field perimetry. Scanning laser entoptic perimetry has a sensitivity from 27% to 90% and a specificity from 50% to 100% for screening moderate-to-severe visual field defects caused by glaucoma within the central 60° diameter of vision. Conclusions Scanning laser entoptic perimetry may be an effective and inexpensive screening test in hospitals and community clinics for diagnosing visual field loss caused by glaucoma.
Vibrational and thermodynamic properties of ArHX van der waals molecules

Abstract Vibrational energy levels for the van der Waals bond of argon-hydrogen halide (Ar…XH) molecules are calculated by use of the WKB method with available potential parameters for the Lennard-Jones (12-6) function. The numbers of vibrational energy levels are 7, 10, 12, and 14 for ArHF, ArHCl, ArHBr and ArHI. The stretching vibrational frequencies (ω e ) of the van der Waals bond for these molecules are 42.0, 32.5, 31.2 and 24.6 cm −1 , and the anharmonicity constants (ω e χ e ) are 3.80, 1.99, 1.54 and 1.11 cm −1 , respectively. The thermodynamic functions of the bond are also calculated by use of the WKB energy levels.
Studies of DNA dumbbells. I. Melting curves of 17 DNA dumbbells with different duplex stem sequences linked by T4 endloops: evaluation of the nearest-neighbor stacking interactions in DNA.

Seventeen DNA dumbbells were constructed that have duplex sequences ranging in length from 14 to 18 base pairs linked on the ends by T4 single-strand loops. Fifteen of the molecules have the core duplexes with the sequences 5'G-T-A-T-C-C-(W-X-Y-Z)-G-G-A-T-A-C3', where (W-X-Y-Z) represents a unique combination of A.T, T.A, G.C, and C.G base pairs. The remaining two molecules have the central sequence (W-X-Y-Z) = A-C and A-C-A-C-A-C. These duplex sequences were designed such that the central sequences include different combinations of the 10 possible nearest-neighbor (n-n) stacks in DNA. In this sense the set of molecules is complete and serves as a model system for evaluating sequence-dependent local stability of DNA. Optical melting curves of the samples were collected in 25, 55, 85, and 115 mM [Na+], and showed, regardless of solvent ionic strength, that the transition temperatures of the dumbbells vary by as much as 14 degrees for different molecules of the set. Results of melting experiments analyzed in terms of a n-n sequence-dependent model allowed evaluation of nine independent linear combinations of the n-n stacking interactions in DNA as a function of solvent ionic strength. Although there are in principle 10 possible different n-n interactions in DNA, these 10 are not linearly independent and therefore can not be uniquely determined. For molecules with ends, there are 9 linearly independent combinations, as opposed to circular or semiinfinite repeating copolymers where only 8 linear combinations of the 10 possible n-n interactions are linearly independent. The n-n interactions are presented as combinations of the deviations from average stacking for the 5'-3' base-pair doublets, delta Gi, and reveal several interesting features: (1) Titratable changes in the values of delta Gi with changing salt environment are observed. In all salts the most stable unique combination is delta G4 = (delta GGpC+delta GCpG)/2, and the least stable is the GpG/CpC stack, delta G2 = delta GGpG/CpC. (2) The chi 2 values of the fits of the evaluated delta Gi's to experimental data increased with decreasing [Na+], suggesting that significant interactions beyond nearest neighbors become more pronounced, particularly at 25 nM Na+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
SYNTHETIC AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SOME CHLORO‐SUBSTITUTED METHYL 2,1‐BENZISOXAZOLE‐3‐CARBOXYLATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Methyl 5-chloro- and 5,7-dichloro-2,1-benzisoxazole-3-carboxylates have been synthesized by treatment of o-nitromandelic and 5-chloro-2-nitroamandelic methyl esters, respectively, with thionyl chloride under appropriate reaction conditions. The structural assignments of both heterocyclic products were based on elemental and spectral analyses, and their conversion to the corresponding 5-chloro- and 5,7-dichloro substituted 2,1-benzisoxazole-3-carboxylic acids and isatins. Methyl α-chloro-o-nitrophenylacetate and o-nitrophenylcarbomethoxymethinyl sulfite were also obtained from reactions of methyl o-nitromandelate and thionyl chloride. A possible reaction mechanism involving two consecutive nucleophilic substitutions of methyl o-nitromandelate with thionyl chloride was proposed to account for the formation of methyl 5-chloro-2,1-benzisoxazole-3-carboxylate.
Semantical games, the alleged ambiguity of ‘is’, and Aristotelian categories

In earlier papers, I have sketched an approach to logical and linguistic semantics which embodies some of the same ideas on which Witt genstein's notion of language-game is based.1 One of these ideas is that in order to appreciate the semantics of a word (or any other primitive expression of a language) we should study its function in the rule-governed human activities which serve to connect our language (or a fragment of a language) with the world. What Wittgenstein called language-games can typically be considered as such linking activities. In the languages (or parts of languages) I will study in this paper, certain activities of this kind are construed as games in the strict sense of the mathematical theory of games. They are called semantical games, and the semantics based on them is called game theoretical semantics. Its basic ideas are explained most easily by reference to formal but interpreted first-order languages. Such a language, say L, can be assumed to have a finite number of primitive predicates which are interpreted on some given fixed domain D. Their being interpreted on D amounts to saying that any atomic sentence formed from one of the predicates of L plus the appropriate number of proper names of the elements of D (whether the names are in L or not) has a definite truth-value, true or false. One of the main tasks of any semantics for first-order formal languages is to extend this assignment of truth-values to the rest of the sentences of L. This can be done by defining certain two-person games G(S), one for each sentence S of L. The players are called Myself (or I) and Nature. The game G(5) can be thought of as an attempt on the part of myself to verify 5 against the schemes of a recalcitrant Nature. This motivates the games rules, which may be formulated as follows:
A computational study of dihalogen-μ-dichalcogenides: XAAX (X = F, Cl, Br; A = S, Se)

Abstract The structures of the dihalogen-μ-dichalcogenides FSSF, ClSSCl, BrSSBr, FSeSeF, ClSeSeCl, and BrSeSeBr have been studied using both density functional theory and coupled cluster theory. Other isomers with the empirical formula A 2 X 2 are presented briefly, and it is demonstrated that the XAAX (gauche) isomer is the lowest energy structural form. Four families of correlation consistent basis sets of double- through quadruple-ζ quality were used, including the standard, augmented, tight d (core polarization), and augmented tight d sets. Fully optimized structures and vibrational frequencies, including anharmonic computations, are reported and compared with available experimental results. In the fluorine compounds, the A–A bond is shown to be shorter than its corresponding A 2 specie, which also occurs for the FOOF molecule [R.H. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., (1962) 4585]. As well, increasing the halogen size increases the length of the A–A bond. This investigation demonstrates that this unique geometry is a consequence of anomeric delocalization of a chalcogen lone pair into an adjacent σ∗ orbital.
On the Theory of Diffusion in Linear Viscoelastic Media

A recently developed viscoelastodiffusive theory is further examined in terms of its mathematical foundations and obvious generalizations. A derivation of the basic equations under quite general assumptions is provided and an equivalence between a “hereditary” version and a “differential operator” version of the theory is established. Both relaxation and creep types of viscoelastodiffusive behavior is considered. The concepts of chemical potential, fading memory, and a correspondence principle are discussed. The general development is concluded with an illustrative example.