cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The image-based alcohol-action implicit association test.

Abstract Background and Objectives Previous work has shown that automatic alcohol-action associations, assessed by the Implicit Association Test (IAT), may play a role in hazardous drinking patterns. The majority of alcohol-related IATs have been constructed using verbal stimuli, and even those who have used pictorial stimuli have only represented beverage categories with pictures. To assess implicit appetitive responses among a broader population of alcohol users, such as those who experience limitations reading and understanding English, there may be utility in the development of an IAT that utilizes only non-verbal stimuli. Methods The current study presents an initial effort to develop such a task and examine its association with drinking. One hundred and fifty-three university students participated individually in a laboratory study in which they first completed a pictorial alcohol-specific approach/avoid IAT, followed by self-report measures of drinking. Results As hypothesized, negative binomial regression analyses showed that IAT scores predicted the number of heavy drinking episodes and typical number of drinks per occasion. Limitations The use of a university student sample for this initial study represents an important limitation of this work, which should be addressed in future research. Conclusions These findings provide initial evidence for the potential use of non-verbal IATs to assess alcohol-related implicit cognition among adults. Implications for the assessment of hazardous drinking behavior across populations are discussed.
In‐situ measurement of atmospheric NO3 and N2O5 via cavity ring‐down spectroscopy

We report the application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CaRDS), a high-sensitivity absorption technique, to the in-situ detection of both NO3 and N2O5 in ambient air. The detection limit for NO3, measuring absorption in its strong, 662-nm band, is 0.3 pptv at STP (50 s integration time). Heating the air flow through the inlet thermally dissociates N2O5 to yield NO3, whose detection gives the ambient concentration of N2O5. The instrument was successfully field tested in March–April, 2001 at a site in the tropospheric boundary layer in Boulder, Colorado. This study is the first fast-response (5s-1 min), in-situ detection of NO3. It is also the first in-situ detection of N2O5 and the first observation of this species in the troposphere. Both NO3 and N2O5 showed considerable temporal variability, highlighting the need for a fast-response instrument.
The Precautionary Principle

Wicked environmental problems are characterized by scientific uncertainty, deep public disagreement over desired states and preferred outcomes, the impossibility of finding an optimal solution, and the requirement that despite these unknowns and conflicts the responsible decision maker must act (Allen and Gould 1986). In these conditions, public managers—whether or not they recognize that they face a wicked problem—often respond by applying such strategies as the precautionary principle, adaptive management, or public participation.
Leaky LMS: a detailed analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive analytical treatment of the mean-square error performance for the leaky LMS adaptive algorithm for Gaussian input data. Exact expressions that completely characterize the second moment of the coefficient vector and algorithm misadjustment are developed. Rigorous conditions for MSE convergence are also established. Analytical results are compared to simulation and are shown to agree well.
Fault tolerance techniques for wireless ad hoc sensor networks

Embedded sensor network is a system of nodes, each equipped with a certain amount of sensing, actuating, computation, communication, and storage resources. One of the key prerequisites for effective and efficient embedded sensor systems is development of low cost, low overhead, high resilient fault-tolerance techniques. Cost sensitivity implies that traditional double and triple redundancies are not adequate solutions for embedded sensor systems due to their high cost and high energy-consumption. We address the problem of embedded sensor network-fault-tolerance by proposing heterogeneous back-up scheme, where one type of resource is substituted with another. First we propose a broad spectrum of heterogeneous fault-tolerance techniques for sensor networks including the ones where communication and sensing are mutually backing up each other. Then, we focus our attention on two specific approaches where we back-up one type of sensors with another type of sensor. In the first, we assume faults that manifest through complete malfunctioning and in the second, we assume sensors where fault manifest through high level of error.
Blacks and Whites as Victims and Offenders in Aggressive Crime in the U.S.

This paper analyzes data on the annual incidence of aggressive crime (homicide, sexual assault, aggravated assault) in relation to race, contrasting proportional distribution of Blacks and whites a...
Battered and on Welfare: The Experiences of Women with the Family Violence Option

Noting the incidence of battered women on welfare, lawmakers passed the Family Violence Option (FVO), which allows states to offer waivers from welfare program requirements. Assumptions were made that many women would seek relief under the FVO. However, reports indicate that less than 5 percent of welfare recipients are receiving waivers. This paper presents the findings from a qualitative study that sought to explore the experiences of 29 battered women with the welfare system and the FVO in New York State. Their experiences suggest that changes in FVO screening process are necessary to fully implement the program in the way legislators intended.
PRESSURE DROP OF HE II FLOW THROUGH A POROUS MEDIA

The behavior of liquid helium in porous materials continues to be of interest for the purpose of helium fluid management in a weightless environment. The present paper reports on measurements of He II pressure drop across two porous SiO2 ceramic filter materials. These materials vary only in porosity, having values of 0.94 and 0.96. The average fiber diameter in both cases is approximately 5 µm. The experiment consists of a glass tube containing a piece of this sponge in one end. The tube is rapidly displaced downward in a bath of helium and the liquid levels allowed to equilibrate over time producing variable velocities up to 10 cm/s. The results are compared with those previously obtained using fine mesh screens. Good qualitative agreement is observed for turbulent flow; however, the behavior in the laminar flow regime is not fully understood.
Eco-Physiological Studies of an Intertidal Crustacean, Pollicipes Polymerus (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) I. Tolerance to Body Temperature Change, Desiccation and Osmotic Stress

1. Physiological responses to environmental stresses of the intertidal cirriped Pollicipes polymerus have been studied by combined field and laboratory experiments. 2. The body temperature of air-exposed animals is always lower than expected from the heat load. Evaporation from the peduncle is responsible for the heat loss. 3. The rate of water loss by evaporation from the peduncle cuticle is 1.5 µl/cm 2 h mmHg both at 21 and 27 °C. The transpiration is proportional to the saturation deficit of the air. The water loss from the capitulum is negligible in comparison to that from the peduncle. 4. The haemolymph osmolality of animals in the field increases during exposure to sunshine and decreases during exposure to rain. The increase in haemolymph osmolality during desiccation is equal to that calculated from the decrease in body water. The water loss during air exposure is adequately replaced during submersion, probably by osmosis. 5. Pollicipes is an osmoconformer but is 5-20 m-osmoles hyperosmotic. It tolerates sea-water dilutions down to about 50%. The hyperosmolality seems to be balanced by a high internal hydrostatic pressure. 6. An excretory activity is observed. The excretion is isosmotic to the haemolymph and is possibly an ultrafiltrate of the latter. 7. The muscle cells show volume regulation, but free amino acids seem to be unimportant in regulation of intracellular osmolality. The concentration of ninhydrinpositive substances in the muscle tissue is about 200 mM for animals in full strength sea water.
Efficient and scalable infrastructure support for dynamic coalitions

We overview our work on the subject of authenticated data structures, with applications to the development of a trust infrastructure for dynamic coalitions. We summarize our theoretical and practical contributions and discuss future research directions.
Congenital ischemic forearm necrosis associated with a compound presentation.

Abstract: An infant born in a compound presentation had ischemic forearm necrosis requiring amputation. Bilateral renal vein thrombosis predating labor and delivery was also diagnosed. The possibility of congenital ischemic necrosis in an extremity should not affect the obstetrical management of compound presentation, but if this complication occurs a search for an underlying coagulopathy is important.
Alanine increases blood pressure during hypotension.

The effect of L-alanine administration on blood pressure (BP) during haemorrhagic shock was investigated using anesthetized rats whose left carotid arteries were cannulated for BP measurement, blood removal, and drug administration. It was found that L-alanine, in doses of 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, increased the systolic BP of hypotensive rats by 38 to 80 percent (while 100 mg/kg pyruvate increased BP by only 9.4 mmhg, not significantly different from saline). The results suggest that L-alanine might influence cardiovascular function.
Preparation of uniform colloidal dispersions by chemical reactions in aerosols—V. Tin(IV) oxide

Abstract Tin hydrous oxide spherical particles were prepared by hydrolysis of tin(IV) chloride aerosols in the presence of ammonia. The particle size distribution could be controlled by varying temperature and the carrier gas flow rate. The spheres obtained were found to be amorphous, but they crystallized to cassiterite by heating at >400°C. Particles calcined at 1200°C retained the spherical shape and exhibited polycrystalline character.
Stratigraphy of Transgressive Barrier Island Arc: ABSTRACT

Isles Dernieres, a Holocene transgressive barrier island arc on the Louisiana coast formed as a result of dominant marine processes reworking deposits of the abandoned Caillou distributaries of the early Lafourche delta lobe. The island system exhibits a variable transgressive and regressive stratigraphy throughout its framework, which is discriminate from comparable Atlantic coast transgressive barrier sequences. Continuous subsidence and storm breaching divide the island system into 3 major island segments: Western, Central, and Eastern Isles Dernieres, each of which is separated by locally interjacent tidal inlets. Vibracore data reveal that Western Isles Dernieres represents a series of accreting sand spits that resulted from the erosion and longshore transport of the abandoned distributary channel deposits from the central deltaic headland. This 3 to 4-m (10 to 13-ft) thick sequence of sand spits and associated marsh deposits overlies interdistributary silts and clays. Central Isles Dernieres is a fluvial-deltaic complex that exhibits marsh and tidal-flat deposits capping a relatively thick sequence of levee and interdistributary bay sediments. A relatively thin beach-ridge plain lies locally submerged beneath sand spit and marsh deposits of Eastern Isles Dernieres. This beach-ridge plain formed during a regressive phase of island evolution. Erosion of the beach-ridge plain above the effective wave base presently provides an active sand source for the downdrift accreting sand spit at the eastern end of Isles Dernieres. A high preservation potential of the western and eastern transgressive sequences of Isles Dernieres is probably due to rapid subsidence and the consequent in-place drowning of the island segments. In contrast, Atlantic coast barrier counterparts often exhibit incomplete transgressive sequences owing to continued shoreface erosion. End_of_Article - Last_Page 511------------
Organic and inorganic nitrogen pools in talus fields and subtalus water, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range

Organic and inorganic pools of nitrogen (N) were measured in talus fines or 'soils' and subtalus water during the summer of 1995 in the alpine Green Lakes Valley catchment of the Colorado Front Range. Nineteen talus soil samples were divided into four classes: subtalus dry, subtalus wet, surface vegetated and surface bare. The size of the individual talus soil patches ranged from 0.5 to 12.0 m 2 in area, with bulk density ranging from 0.98 to 1.71 kg m -3 and soil texture ranging from sandy gravel in the subsurface talus to a loam in the vegetated surface. All samples contained KCI-extractable NH 4 + and NO 3 - , organic N and carbon (C), and 17 of 19 samples contained microbial biomass. The mean subtalus values for KCI-extractable NH 4 - , of 3.2 mg N kg -1 , and NO 3 - of 1.0 mg N kg -1 , were comparable with developed alpine soils on Niwot Ridge. Average microbial biomass in subtalus soils of 5.4 mg N kg -1 and total N of 1000 mg N kg -1 were about an order of magnitude lower than alpine tundra soils, reflecting the reduced amount of vegetation in talus areas. However, these measurements in surface-vegetated patches of talus were comparable with the well-developed soils on Niwot Ridge. These measurements in talus of microbial biomass, total N and KCl-extractable NH 4 + and NO 3 - , show that there is sufficient biotically conditioned 'soil' within talus fields to influence the solute content of interstitial waters. Mean NO 3 - concentrations of 20 μeq l -1 from 29 samples of subtalus water were significantly higher than the 6.7 μeq l -1 in snow, while NH 4 + concentrations in subtalus water of 0.7 μeq l -1 was significantly lower than in snow at 5.2 μeq l -1 (p = 0.001). Nitrate concentrations in subtalus water were significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated with concentrations of geochemical weathering products such as Ca 2+ (r 2 = 0.84) and silica (r 2 = 0.49). The correlation of NO 3 - in subtalus water with geochemical weathering products suggests that NO 3 - concentrations in subtalus water increased with increased residence time, consistent with a biological source for this subtalus water NO 3 - . The high NO 3 - concentrations in subtalus water compared with atmospheric deposition of NO 3 - suggests that NO 3 - in talus fields may contribute to NO 3 - in stream waters of high-elevation catchments.
Layer charge characterization of selected dioxin‐contaminated soils 1

Abstract Layer charge and selected physical and chemical properties of dioxin‐contaminated soils from Newark, New Jersey and Times Beach, Missouri were investigated. The soils under study are found to consist of a heterogeneous mixture of several clay minerals. The Times Beach soil contains a mixture of expanding minerals with charge densities ranging from 0.63 to 0.80 per formula unit (vermiculitic layer charge) while the Newark soils have charge densities that range from 0.21 and 0.31 to 0.44 per formula unit (smectitic layer charge). Layer charge is related to bioavailability of dioxin in these soils.
Economic inventory and replacement management of a system in which components are subject to failure

Abstract This paper considers explicitly the inclusion of the inventory control problem into a classical replacement problem for components subject to failure. A comparison between the combined individual replacement and inventory policy and the combined group replacement and inventory policy is made. The objective function is the minimization of the average total cost per unit time. A closed form expression of this objective function cannot be derived unless the probability density function of the time-to-failure of the components is known. This function is minimized using an iterative scheme to find numerically the optimal reorder cycle as an integer multiple of the group replacement interval. Two numerical examples are provided.
A statistical approach for post-processing residential building energy simulation output

Abstract Residential building energy simulation (RBES) software plays an important role in evaluating the energy consumption and efficiency potential of homes. These physics-based models are commonly used to assess the energy performance of homes and to predict benefits of making energy-saving improvements to homes a priori. However, software may produce biased estimates of energy consumption for a variety of reasons, including: errors in the measurement and observation of building characteristics; differences in the assumed versus actual occupant behavior; and errors in the physical models and algorithms used in the software. In order to evaluate and improve the accuracy of RBES software, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has assembled a set of approximately 1,250 U.S. homes for which measured energy consumption and audit-collected household energy characteristics are available. Algorithms have also been developed that automatically translate the data from each home into RBES input files so that model predictions of annual electricity and natural gas consumption can be compared to measured values. To assess and improve upon the accuracy of these predictions, we first cluster the homes using weighted, independent linear combinations of these variables and then build multiple linear regressions within clusters of similar homes to model the difference between measured and predicted energy consumption based on the recorded features of the homes. The statistical post-processing techniques that we develop for RBES models have the following benefits: (1) they can identify variables and algorithms that may be causing inaccuracies in the RBES process and (2) they can be used to adjust and improve the RBES predictions.
At your service: embedded MT as a service

A growing trend in Machine Translation (MT) is to view MT as an embedded part of an overall process instead of an end result itself. For the last four years, we have fielded (primarily) Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) MT systems in an operational process. MT has been used to facilitate cross-language information retrieval (IR), topic detection and other, wide-scoped scenarios. These uses caused a fundamental shift in our views about MT - everything from user interface to system evaluation to the basic system structures. This paper presents our lessons learned in developing an MT service for a wide range of user needs.
Changing Jobs and Changing Houses: Mobility Outcomes of Employment Transitions

The life-course approach to residential mobility and migration recognizes a central role for a variety of demographic and economic triggers in the mobility process. Having a child, getting married, separated, or divorced, have all been identified as triggers that generate residential relocations. It is obvious that a job change can also be viewed as a stimulus for residential relocation, although until now the interconnection has been evaluated mainly for long-distance migratory moves rather than for its effects on residential mobility. In this analysis we use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to test the association between employment changes and residential relocation. We examine both the occurrence and the timing of residential moves triggered by employment transitions. We show that job changes increase the likelihood of residential relocation in the aggregate and for singles when we hold other & “triggers” constant. The results of the analysis of the timing of job changes and residential relocations indicate that temporal differences exist between households types. Overall, the results establish that job change is an important triggering process in residential relocation and emphasizes the interconnected nature of life-course events.
Variations in clinical presentation of patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities

All patients referred over a one-year period for clinical esophageal manometry were asked to carefully characterize their esophageal symptoms on a self-report questionnaire. Seventy-five patients (48%) were found to have one or more of four contraction abnormalities in the distal esophagus which are thought to be associated with esophageal symptoms. Duration of any of the five symptoms sought (chest pain, dysphagia for solids, dysphagia for liquids, heartburn, regurgitation) varied from two weeks to 28 years (median two years). The prevalence of the individual esophageal symptoms was similar for each of the four contraction abnormalities. Chest pain was the most common symptom and did not vary in prevalence with the cumulative number of manometric abnormalities. In contrast, dysphagia for either liquids or solids tended to increase in prevalence with manometric severity. The variation in location of reported chest pain and dysphagia was remarkable. Although heartburn was reported as a presenting symptom by 48%, this symptom was reproduced by acid instillation in less than half of those so studied. We conclude that esophageal symptoms are generally poor predictors of manometric findings within this group and that variations in clinical presentation are common.
The effects of spatial sampling choices on MR temperature measurements

The purpose of this paper is to quantify the effects that spatial sampling parameters have on the accuracy of MR temperature measurements during high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatments. Spatial resolution and position of the sampling grid were considered using experimental and simulated data for two different types of HIFU heating trajectories (a single point and a 4 mm circle) with maximum measured temperature and thermal dose volume as the metrics. It is demonstrated that measurement accuracy is related to the curvature of the temperature distribution, where regions with larger spatial second derivatives require higher resolution. The location of the sampling grid relative temperature distribution has a significant effect on the measured values. When imaging at 1.0 × 1.0 × 3.0 mm resolution, the measured values for maximum temperature and volume dosed to 240 CEM or greater varied by 17% and 33% respectively for the single point heating case, and by 5% and 18% respectively for the 4 mm circle heating case. Accurate measurement of the maximum temperature required imaging at 1.0 × 1.0 × 3.0 mm resolution for the single point heating case and 2.0 × 2.0 × 5.0 mm resolution for the 4 mm circle heating case.
Evaluating an emergency medical services-initiated nontransport system.

Objective. To evaluate both factors predicting nontransport andmortality rates in an emergency medical services system with a nontransport policy. Methods. We reviewed data from 1,581 transported andnontransported patients from October 2001 to July 2003. Patients who refused transport against medical advice were excluded. Extracted data included demographics, run characteristics, chief complaint, andclinical impression. Transported andnontransported patients were compared using Mann–Whitney U or chi-square tests. Logistic regression identified factors predictive of nontransport. A Social Security Death Index search determined 30-day mortality. Results. A total of 1,501 runs involving 1,059 patients were included. Median age was 60 years (range, 0–97 years). A total of 427 (40.4%) were male; 107 (10.2%) were nonwhite. Older patients were more likely to be transported (odds ratio, 1.03; confidence interval, 1.02–1.03). Race, frequency of calls, mutual aid, or time of day did not significantly influence prob...
Nearshore Versus Offshore Copper Loading in Lake Superior Sediments: Implications for Transport and Cycling

Abstract A thorough understanding of the fate and transport of metals in Lake Superior is necessary in order to predict the ability of Lake Superior to recover from anthropogenic perturbations (copper mining). Sediment cores were collected from nearshore and offshore sites in Lake Superior and used to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in copper loading associated with mining-related activities. Although both settings have been strongly affected by anthropogenic releases of copper, copper concentrations in nearshore cores are significantly greater than those found in offshore cores, implying that nearshore copper loading is dominated by simple deposition and burial of sediment generated from mining activities. Temporal variations in copper profiles in sediments from nearshore environments closelymimic copper production rates. Conversely, copper loading histories derived from offshore sediments are not well correlated to production rates. The offshore sediment cores, when compared with analogous cores from Lakes Ontario and Michigan, show that the average, lake-wide intensity of copper loading in Lake Superior is comparable to the other two lakes, despite the fact that Lake Superior has received the largest total burden of anthropogenic copper. Cu/Zn ratios, used to evaluate the amount of copper loading derived from mining discharges, vary strongly in nearshore environments in response to loading. Cu/Zn ratios in offshore sediments are much less variable, implying that copper loading may be regulated by additional mechanisms (solution chemistry and/or biologic uptake). Study of trace metal partitioning within Lake Superior sediments indicates that the organic fraction of the sediment contains the majority of the copper. Copper concentrations in offshore sediments are significantly correlated to organic carbon content of the sediment whereas copper concentrations in nearshore sediments are not. These findings support the model that transport and deposition of particles released from mining discharges dominate copper loading in nearshore sediments, whereas biologic uptake and settling of particulate organic matter may regulate copper loading in offshore sediments.
Attachments, gender, and delinquency

The purpose of this study is to contribute to a gender‐integrated theory of delinquent behavior by testing the assumptions of gender specialized delinquent behavior and of sex typed bonds as inhibitors of deviance. Data from self‐administered questionnaires completed by a sample of teenagers in the 10th grade and one year later were used in the study. We found no clear evidence of gender specialization in the deviant behavior reported by the youth. Furthermore, the analysis did not lend support to traditional theories that link male and female delinquency to the weakening of different bonds. The testing of an inclusive model of bond theories produced very similar results for both genders.
Can hair width and scale pattern and direction of dorsal scapular mammalian hair be a relatively simple means to identify species

Hair width and surface scale patterns (morphological characteristics) of hair from 21 selected species representing seven orders of mammals from the western United States were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The orders studied were Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Didelphimorphia, Insectivora, Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Hair width, scale length and height, scale patterns, and scale position in relation to the shaft were used to characterize differences in morphology for both the species and orders. Specimens were taken from the dorsal scapular region and the centres of hair shafts of mature mammals were used for images. A key (identification chart) was created to characterize each species. These studies suggest that morphological differences in guard hair and underfur could provide a useful atlas for forensics, taxonomy and archaeology.
Decreased Protein Kinase C Activity in Psoriatic Versus Normal Epidermis

Abstract To study the possible involvement of protein kinase C in psoriasis, we determined the activity of this enzyme in involved and uninvolved epidermis from psoriasis patients as well as in normal epidermis from controls. Protein kinase C activity was measured in the 100,000 g supernatants and in the detergent-solubilized particulate fractions of tissue homogenates after partial purification by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The total enzyme activities per gram protein for normal, involved, and uninvolved epidermis were 127 ± 11.9 mU/g, 64.7 ± 8.6 mU/g, and 88.5 ± 14.4 mU/g, respectively. The respective values for total enzyme activity per mg DNA were 7.04 ± 0.48 mU/mg, 4.28 ± 0.54 mU/mg, and 5.02 ± 0.66 mU/mg. By both data bases, protein kinase C activity was statistically lower in the psoriatic skin biopsies than in those from control persons, whereas no significant difference was found between involved and uninvolved epidermis from psoriasis patients. We hypothesize that alterations in protein kinase C-mediated processes due to decreased protein kinase C activity may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
Reaction of octenylsuccinic anhydride with a mixture of granular starch and soluble maltodextrin.

Abstract The reaction of octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) with a mixture of granular waxy maize starch and soluble maltodextrin was investigated. OSA was reacted with a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of the granular starch and maltodextrin at OSA levels of 1.5, 3, 9, and 15% (wt% based on starch weight). After the first 0.5 h of the reaction, degree of substitution (DS) on maltodextrin reached 0.021, 0.030, 0.080, and 0.10 for 1.5, 3, 9, and 15% OSA, respectively, whereas DS for granular starch was only 0.0020, 0.0087, 0.014, and 0.016. At 2 h of the reaction, the bound OS ratio of maltodextrin to granular starch was 10.8 when OSA concentration was 1.5% and the ratio decreased to ca. 5 at higher OSA concentrations. OSA preferred to react with maltodextrin than semi-crystalline granular starch when both existed in the system. OSA reacted with maltodextrin at a much faster rate and to a greater extent than with granular starch, but a significant amount of OSA reacted with granular starch at 3–15% OSA concentrations.
Sequential diversity imaging of extended sources

Sequential diversity imaging uses images from a video camera outfitted with an adaptive optic (AO) to improve the images of an extended object. Phase changes introduced by the AO provide the diversity. The technique estimates both the object and the time-varying wavefront introduced by the optical medium, including atmospheric distortion and changes in the camera. The wavefront estimate is used to control the AO and no other wavefront sensing mechanism is needed. We show computer simulations in which the imagery is improved by about a factor of three, provided that the AO changes are made about ten times faster than changes in the medium. Any camera with adaptive focus and digital processing could use the method.
The relationship between visitor characteristics and learning‐associated behaviors in a science museum discovery space

As informal educational institutions, science museums must do more than entertain and amaze visitors. Museum educators must design exhibits that attract and hold the attention of visitors long enough so that the visitors become engaged with the exhibits and learn from them. In order for museum educators to develop such exhibits, more information is needed about the variables associated with learning in museums. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on informal education by examining the relationship between visitor characteristics and attraction, holding power, and visitor engagement. One hundred fifty-four visitors to a science museum discovery space were observed as they interacted freely with the exhibits. Trained volunteers recorded the subjects' movements including the exhibits at which they stopped (attraction), the amount of time spent at each exhibit (holding power), and behaviors indicative of subjects' engagement levels with the exhibits. Data indicated significant differences between age group and the holding power of exhibits. Though not significant statistically, a similar trend was noted between age group and attraction and visitor engagement level. No significant differences were found between gender or social grouping and attraction, holding power, or engagement levels. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Estimation of Molecular Weight in Terms of the Gel Effect in Radical Polymerization

In consideration of the modern idea of reptation, it is proposed that the rate of termination is proportional to n−1/2(n=chain length) when n is less than a critical chain length nc, but the rate is proportional to n−2 when n>nc. The molecular weight in terms of the gel effect is calculated by using such a rate. This molecular weight fits sufficiently to the experimental molecular weight obtained previously in a radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Further, the rate constant of termination between small polymer radicals is discussed by the free volume theory.
Rare Decays of the Z and the Standard Model, Fourth Generation, and Beyonda

Several issues in rare decays of the Z are addressed. The rate for flavor-changing Z decay grows as the fourth power of the fermion masses internal to the quantum loop, and so offers a window to the existence of ultraheavy (m > M{sub W}) fermions. In the standard model, with three generations, BR(Z {yields} bs) < 10{sup -7} and BR(Z{yields}tc)<10{sup -13}. With four generations, BR(Z {yields} bb{sub 4}) may be as large as 10{sup -5} if m{sub b4} < M{sub Z}; and similarly for BR(Z {yields} N{sub 4}v), where N{sub 4} is the possibly heavy fourth generation neutrino. In supersymmetric and other two Higgs doublet models, BR(Z {yields} tc) may be as large as 5 {times} 10{sup -6} in the three generation scheme. With minimal supersymmetry, the reaction Z {yields} H{gamma} is guaranteed to go, with a parameter-dependent branching ratio of 10{sup -6 {plus minus} 3}. With mirror fermions or exotic E{sub 6} fermions, the branching ratios for Z {yields} ct (70 GeV), Z {yields} {mu}{tau}, and Z {yields} bb{sub 4} (70 GeV) are typically 10{sup -4}, 10{sup -4}, and 10{sup -3} respectively, clearly measurable at LEP. Depending on unknown quark masses, the Z may mix with vector (b{sub 4}{barmore » b}{sub 4}) and the W may mix with vector (t{bar b}) or (t{bar s}). CP violating asymmetries in flavor-changing Z decay are immeasurably small in the standard model, but may be large in supersymmetric and other nonstandard models. 28 refs.« less
Studies of the ferrimagnetic resonance relaxation for hexagonal ferrites

The Kasuya-LeCraw two-magnon-one-phonon process, which is generally considered to be the primary mechanism responsible for the intrinsic ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth of perfect single crystal ferrites, is studied, taking into account the effects of the local magnetic ion symmetry on the magnon-phonon interaction coupling strength. It is shown that octahedral symmetry sites will not contribute to the coupling, but the tetrahedral and trigonal sites will. The results are used to estimate the FMR linewidth for both YIG and barium ferrite. >
Effects of profit‐reducing policies on firm survival, financial performance, and new drug introductions in the research‐based pharmaceutical industry

We introduce a computational model of the evolution of a value-maximizing research-based pharmaceutical firm and parameterize it using estimates of R&D costs, profit distributions, and candidate attrition rates. We use the model to estimate how the probability of surviving and covering the costs of R&D depends on R&D scale and the policy regime. In the model, even small reductions in profitability have substantial impacts on firm success and innovation, but the effects may not be visible to consumers for many years. Smaller and newer firms are most vulnerable to reductions in the rewards for innovation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Large Arteriovenous Malformation of the External Ear in an Adult: Report of a Case and Approach to Management

Objectives/Hypothesis Arteriovenous malformations involving the external ear are relatively uncommon in adults. Arteriovenous malformations in the head and neck can poses difficult therapeutic challenges. Study Design Case report. Methods We report a case of a large arteriovenous malformation in the external ear in a 41-year-old man. Results Extensive enlargement of the previously latent and asymptomatic arteriovenous malformation was triggered by blunt trauma to the ear. Conclusion We discuss the definition, clinical findings, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic management of arteriovenous malformations.
Characterization and calculation of a cytochrome c-cytochrome b5 complex using NMR data.

To identify the binding site for bovine cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) on horse cytochrome c (cyt c), cross-saturation transfer NMR experiments were performed with 2H- and 15N-enriched cyt c and unlabeled cyt b5. In addition, chemical shift changes of the cyt c backbone amide and side chain methyl resonances were monitored as a function of cyt b5 concentration. The chemical shift changes indicate that the complex is in fast exchange, and are consistent with a 1:1 stoichiometry. A Ka of (4 ± 3) × 105 M-1 was obtained with a lower limit of 855 s-1 for the dissociation rate of the complex. Mapping of the chemical shift variations and intensity changes upon cross-saturation NMR experiments in the complex reveals a single, contiguous interaction interface on cyt c. Using NMR data as constraints, a protein docking program was used to calculate two low-energy model complex clusters. Independent calculations of the effect of the cyt b5 heme ring current-induced magnetic dipole on cyt c were used to discriminate between t...
Positive Family History, Infection, Low Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC), and Absent Thymic Shadow: Diagnostic Clues for All Molecular Forms of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

Background Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a syndrome uniformly fatal during infancy unless recognized and treated successfully by bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy. Because infants with SCID have no abnormal physical appearance, diagnosis is usually delayed unless newborn screening is performed. Objective In this study, we sought to evaluate the presenting features of all 172 patients with SCID transplanted at this institution over the past 31 years. Methods We reviewed original charts from 172 consecutive patients with classic SCID who received either T-cell-depleted HLA-haploidentical (N = 154) or HLA-identical (N = 18) nonablative related marrow transplants at Duke University Medical Center from 1982 to 2013. Results The mean age at presentation was 4.87 months. When there was a family history of early infant death or known SCID (37%), the mean presentation age was much earlier, 2.0 months compared with 6.6 months. Failure to thrive was common, with 84 patients (50%) having a weight less than the 5th percentile. The leading infections included oral moniliasis (43%), viral infections (35.5%), and Pneumocystis jiroveci (26%) pneumonia. The group mean absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was 1454/cmm; 88% of the infants had an ALC less than 3000/cmm. An absent thymic shadow was seen in 92% of infants with electronic radiographic data available. An absence of T-cell function was found in all patients. Conclusions Infants with SCID appear normal at birth but later present with failure to thrive and/or recurrent fungal, viral, and bacterial infections. Low ALCs and an absent thymic shadow on chest x-ray are key diagnostic clues. The absence of T-cell function confirms the diagnosis.
Charge storage in InAlAs/InGaAs/InP floating gate heterostructures

Charge retention in floating gate InAlAs/InGaAs/InP field effect transistors is limited by lateral electron motion along the storage channel, a different direction for motion than found for AlAs/GaAs devices. Storage times as a function of temperature for the InP based alloy devices are reported and compared with similar AlAs/GaAs devices by using Poisson equation models.
Is terminology used effectively to convey diagnostic certainty in radiology reports

Abstract Rationale and Objectives This study was performed to assess the extent of agreement among radiologists and nonradiologists in perception of diagnostic certainty conveyed by words and phrases commonly used in radiology reports. Materials and Methods The study was performed in a large academic radiology department. To determine the commonly used terminology for conveying diagnostic certainty in radiology reports, 12 randomly selected radiologists from six different subspecialties were interviewed. The authors identified the 15 most commonly used words and phrases and included these in random order in a questionnaire sent to all staff radiologists ( n = 45) and to 158 referring physicians. Physicians were asked to rank the 15 phrases in order of the diagnostic certainty conveyed by each, from 1 (most certain) to 15 (least certain), using each number only once. The κ statistic was used to assess agreement in rank order among physicians. Results The questionnaire response rate was 76% ( n = 34) for radiologists and 49% ( n = 78) for nonradiologists. There was excellent agreement among radiologists ( κ = 0.95) and nonradiologists ( κ = 0.93) in the rank order for the phrase diagnostic of . Although there was good agreement ( κ = 0.45) among radiologists for the word unlikely , agreement among nonradiologists was poor ( κ = 0.27). There was very poor agreement among all physicians for the rank order of the other 13 phrases. Conclusion Among radiologists and nonradiologists, concordance was poor regarding the diagnostic certainty associated with phrases commonly used in radiology reports. Because poor agreement could lead to suboptimal quality of care, the standardization of terminology would benefit all parties.
The effect of two-dimensionality on the suppression of thermal turbulence

Two-dimensional thermal convection of air between horizontal plates of length much greater than their separation distance is studied numerically by solution constraining motions to lie in a single vertical plane. Rayleigh numbers from 105 to 107 are employed. Steady rolls with wavelength twice the plate-separation were obtained in both cases. As the experimental two-dimensional constraint is relaxed, short-period turbulent fluctuations in temperature develop, the rolls or cells become only quasi-steady, and their wavelength increases. For the three-dimensional case, very large width-to-height ratios and averaging periods are found necessary before the temperature variance in time approaches the variance in the horizontal.
Scalability of combining microalgae-based biofuels with wastewater facilities: A review

Abstract The feasibility of growing microalgae-based biofuels has been broadly researched by taking advantage of municipal wastewater as the source of nutrients. Significant progress has been made by indentifying algae genera capable of growing in wastewater, such as Chlorella, Haematococcus, Scenedesmus, Chlamydomonas, and Chloroccum. Additionally, municipal wastewater, taken at different stages of the treatment process, has been evaluated as the growth media. By comparing the lipid productivities of microalgae grown in centrate, obtained from the dewatering of sludge, secondary treated wastewater, and raw wastewater, the most promising results have been observed when the centrate has been used as the source of nutrients. The growth-rate limiting nutrients for microalgae were reported to have their highest concentration in the centrate out of the overall wastewater treatment process, up to 134 mg·l− 1 and 212 mg·l− 1 for nitrogen and phosphorous, respectively. To evaluate the scalability of growing microalgae in such substrate, further considerations are taken into account in the present research. Such considerations are the uniqueness of the wastewater treatment facility, wastewater characteristics and production, potential inhibitors, and the presence of biological nutrient removal (BNR) operations in the process, which are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to meet the latest wastewater discharge permits. Moreover, the most suitable computational and experimental methods to predict the growth of microalgae in wastewater and lipid synthesis will be assessed in depth.
Homology in the transfer origins of broad host range IncP plasmids: definition of two subgroups of P plasmids.

The transfer systems of broad host range IncP plasmids are increasingly used in the genetic analysis and manipulation of many gram-negative bacteria. We have examined the structural and functional relatedness of the transfer origins of ten different broad host range plasmids which belong to the IncP incompatibility group. The data reported here, together with our results on relatedness of the replication segments of these plasmids, demonstrate that the genomes of all IncP plasmids share extensive sequence homology in the regions specifying the transfer origin and replication functions. The homology results reveal the existence of two subclasses among IncP plasmids, designated here as IncPα and IncPβ. Furthermore, a functional analysis of the transfer origins of IncP plasmids suggests strongly that the DNA-nicking relaxation complex (Guiney and Helinski 1979) is required for plasmid transfer during conjugation.
Activity of growth centers during spiral growth of KDP in aqueous solution: A statistical approach

The observed growth rate of {101} KDP and similar solution-grown crystals is determined by the local conditions at a point where the dominant growth center for the whole face is located, and is proportional to the activity ϵm of that center. The dominant growth center can be identified and its activity determined if the sizes m (the number of cooperating growth spirals) of all groups of screw dislocations of the same sign representing a population of growth centers on a face, and the average separation D between dislocations within groups, can be obtained. In the case of randomly distributed dislocations, the probability distribution function for the size m of a group of dislocations of the same characterized by nearest neighbor distances less than lc (the critical distance controlling spiral cooperation) has been derived and confirmed via Monte Carlo simulations. The relationship between the group size m and the average internal distance D within the group has been established for the spectrum of group sizes having equal probability to be present on a crystal face. Based on the above, dislocation activity ϵ(m) has been determined as a continuous function of group size with maximum value ϵm corresponding to the dominant growth center. The theoretical results have been generalized by means of two parameters: the dimensionless crystal size X0 as a number of critical distances lc per physical crystal size X and the dimensionless dislocation density γ0 as a number of dislocations per area of size l2c. Activity of the dominant growth center ϵm, its size m(ϵm), its limiting dimensionless internal distance l0(ϵm) and the size of a largest possible group mm of cooperating spirals were shown to be unique functions of the above two dimensionless parameters. The results derived from this investigation are consistent with many phenomena either predicted theoretically or observed in experiments that arise from the activity of screw dislocations in the process of crystal growth from solutions.
The association of state per capita income and military service deaths in the Vietnam and Iraq wars

Background In the United States, social burdens including war casualties are often distributed unequally across groups of individuals, communities, and states. The purpose of this report was to examine the association between war deaths and per capita income in the 50 states and District of Columbia during the Vietnam and Iraq wars.
Characterization of associative operations with prefix circuits of constant depth and linear size

The prefix problem consists of computing all the products $x_{0}x_{1} \ldots x_{j} (j = 0, \ldots,N 1)$, given a sequence $x =(x_{0},x_{1},\ldots, x_{N-1})$ of elements in a semigroup. It is shown that there are unbounded fan-in and fan-out boolean circuits for the prefix problem with constant depth and linear size if and only if the Cayley graph of the semigroup does not contain a special type of cycle called monoidal cycle.