cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boosting the External Quantum Efficiency of AlGaN-Based Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Ultraviolet Photodiodes by Electrode Geometry Variation

Fast aluminum-gallium-nitride–based metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet photodiodes were successfully designed, fabricated, and characterized using conventional photolithography techniques. Various electrode geometries were fabricated to investigate the influence of metal contact shapes on the device performance indices with emphasis on the response speed and bias-voltage–independent efficiency. Based on the independently measured Hall mobility and electric field, we evaluated the carrier transit time of the devices as 1.31 ps with bias-voltage–independent external quantum efficiency of 1198% in photoconductive mode at 19.5 V and 70% at 60 V for $n$ -doped and intrinsic devices, respectively.
Mapping classes of carbon

With rising fossil fuel consumption and ongoing land cover change, humanity is burning through its remaining carbon budget. Recent work puts a ‘Do not disturb’ sign on biospheric carbon we can’t afford to lose.
Performance Analysis of a Reduced Data Movement Algorithm for Neutron Cross Section Data in Monte Carlo Simulations

Current Monte Carlo neutron transport applications use continuous energy cross section data to provide the statistical foundation for particle trajectories. This “classical” algorithm requires storage and random access of very large data structures. Recently, Forget et al. [1] reported on a fundamentally new approach, based on multipole expansions, that distills cross section data down to a more abstract mathematical format. Their formulation greatly reduces memory storage and improves data locality at the cost of also increasing floating point computation. In the present study, we abstract the multipole representation into a “proxy application”, which we then use to determine the hardware performance parameters of the algorithm relative to the classical continuous energy algorithm. This study is done to determine the viability of both algorithms on current and next-generation high performance computing platforms.
Vasculature Disruption Enhances Bacterial Targeting of Autochthonous Tumors

Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has been developed as a vector to deliver therapeutic agents to tumors. The potential of S. Typhimurium in cancer therapy is largely due to its reported propensity to accumulate at greater than 1,000-fold higher concentrations in tumors relative to healthy tissues. In this study, we compared bacterial colonization of tumors in a subcutaneous transplantation model with a more clinically relevant autochthonous tumor model. Following intravenous administration of attenuated S. Typhimurium strain SL3261, we observed approximately 10,000-fold less bacteria in autochthonous tumors that sporadically develop in transgenic BALB-neuT mice compared to tumors developed from subcutaneous transplantation of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells in BALB/c mice. Treatment of BALB-neuT mice with a vasculature-disrupting agent (VDA) prior to bacterial treatment caused necrosis of tumor tissue and significantly increased the bacterial targeting of autochthonous tumors by approximately 1,000-fold. These observations emphasize the importance of appropriate model selection in developing bacteria-based cancer therapies and demonstrate the potential of combining VDA pre-treatment with bacteria to facilitate targeting of clinically relevant tumors.
"An Ever Closer Union"* in Corporate Identity?: A Transatlantic Perspective on Regional Dynamics and the Societas Europaea

Upper and lower legal levels interact in both the United States and Europe in the field of corporate law. In the U.S., a dynamic exists between the federal government and the states. While the U.S. Congress has tacitly delegated corporate law to state legislation, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution continues to authorize the federal government to act. During its periodic entrances into the field, the federal government has preempted the laws of individual states. In Europe, a similar
Posture stress on firefighters and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) associated with repetitive reaching, bending, lifting, and pulling tasks

Objective These ergonomic evaluations analyze the threat of musculoskeletal injuries primarily due to awkward and extreme postures across two post-fire tasks and a patient care task. Participants The participants were firefighters and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in an urban U.S. fire department. Methods Ergonomic tools used for the evaluation included the National Institute of Occupational Safety Health (NIOSH) lifting equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), and anthropometric measurements of equipment and persons. Results High to very high risks were found for lifting the hose above the shoulder to drain it of excess water and for rolling the hoses on the ground. Extreme risk was found for lifting the hose from chest height to above the shoulders during hose drainage. High risk was found for EMT patient care tasks that require reaching for overhead equipment or seated tasks that require horizontal bending and twisting. Conclusions The risk was high enough for these tasks to warrant modification and changes. The recommendations given included creating new mechanical and technical devices, modifying existing devises, and making workers aware of associated risks to reduce the threat of injury.
Are Individuals Fickle-Minded?

Game theory has been used to model large-scale social events—such as constitutional law, democratic stability, standard setting, gender roles, social movements, communication, markets, the selection of officials by means of elections, coalition formation, resource allocation, distribution of goods, and war—as the aggregate result of individual choices in interdependent decision-making. Game theory in this way assumes methodological individualism. The widespread conclusion that game theory predictions do not in general match observation has led to many attempts to repair game theory by creating behavioral game theory, which adds corrective terms to the game theoretic predictions in the hope of making predictions that better match observations. But for game theory to be useful in making predictions, we must be able to generalize from an individual’s behavior in one situation to that individual’s behavior in very closely similar situations. In other words, behavioral game theory needs individuals to be reasonably consistent in action if the theory is to have predictive power. We argue on the basis of experimental evidence that the assumption of such consistency is unwarranted. More realistic models of individual agents must be developed that acknowledge the variance in behavior for a given individual.
Studies in the Growth and Nutrition of Dairy Calves: VII. The Use of the Self-Feeder with Young Dairy Calves

Summary This work is too limited in scope to allow of the making of definite recommendations but a few points of interest stand out clearly: 1. Young calves prefer whole corn and oats to the ground grains. 2. Hominy feed does not appear to be palatable to calves. 3. Linseed oil meal (O.P.) appears to be more palatable than wheat bran, while corn gluten feed is not in favor with calves. 4. Calves have the ability to vary their consumption of concentrates to comply with their needs. For example, when whole milk is replaced by skim milk the calves increase their relative consumption of low protein concentrate feeds such as corn and oats. 5. The calves used in this work consumed a ration of much narrower nutritive ratio than is generally recommended. 6. The calves maintained the nutritive ratio of their ration fairly constant though it became slightly wider as the calves advanced in age. 7. The consumption of hay increased materially as the calves became older. 8. Salt and charcoal were evidently desired by the calves. 9. Water is important, even for calves fed milk.
Autonomous Navigation Results from the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission

In January, 2004, the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission landed two rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, on the surface of Mars. Several autonomous navigation capabilities were employed in space for the first time in this mission. ]n the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) phase, both landers used a vision system called the, Descent Image Motion Estimation System (DIMES) to estimate horizontal velocity during the last 2000 meters (m) of descent, by tracking features on the ground with a downlooking camera, in order to control retro-rocket firing to reduce horizontal velocity before impact. During surface operations, the rovers navigate autonomously using stereo vision for local terrain mapping and a local, reactive planning algorithm called Grid-based Estimation of Surface Traversability Applied to Local Terrain (GESTALT) for obstacle avoidance. ]n areas of high slip, stereo vision-based visual odometry has been used to estimate rover motion, As of mid-June, Spirit had traversed 3405 m, of which 1253 m were done autonomously; Opportunity had traversed 1264 m, of which 224 m were autonomous. These results have contributed substantially to the success of the mission and paved the way for increased levels of autonomy in future missions.
PYK2 Links Gqα and G13α Signaling to NF-κB Activation

Signaling via a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leads to activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Evidence exists for a signaling pathway initiated by the B2 type bradykinin receptor via Gq activation, which leads to the sequential stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the serine/threonine kinase Akt, IκB kinases, and finally nuclear factor NF-κB-dependent transcription. GPCR-mediated Gqα or G13α activation also potently stimulates the tyrosine kinase PYK2. In this study we tested whether Gqα- and/or G13α-induced PYK2 activation contributes to GPCR-mediated NF-κB activation. Among the GTPase-deficient forms of Gα tested, G13α and Gqα most potently stimulated an NF-κB-dependent reporter gene. PYK2 activated the same reporter gene and synergized with either GqαQ209L (QL) or G13αQ226L (QL). Placing PYK2 upstream of both PI3K and Akt activation, PYK2 activated Akt through a PI3K-dependent pathway, and either a dominant negative form of Akt or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked PYK2-stimulated NF-κB-dependent transcription. Placing PYK2 downstream of G-protein activation, a kinase-dead form of PYK2, PYK2 (KD), blocked NF-κB-dependent transcription triggered by signaling through the muscarinic receptor type 1 and either GqαQL or G13αQL. PYK2 (KD) also blocked Akt activation by the same stimuli. These results indicate that PYK2 can link G-protein activation through PI3K, Akt, and IκB kinase to NF-κB activation.
Automatic source attribution of text: a neural networks approach

Recent advances in automatic authorship attribution have been promising. Relatively new techniques such as N-gram analysis have shown important improvements in accuracy by A.P. Engelbrecht (2002). Much of the work in this area does remain in the realm of statistics best suited for human assistance rather than autonomous attribution in "computer and humanities" by N. Fakotakis et al (2001). While there have been attempts at using neural networks in the area in the past, they have been extremely limited and problem-specific in "proceedings EACL" by N. Fakotakis et al (1999). This paper addresses the latter points by demonstrating a practical and truly autonomous attribution process using neural networks. Furthermore, we use a word frequency classification technique to demonstrate the feasibility of this process in particular and the applications of neural networks to textual analysis in general.
Assessing Vitamin D3 Stability in Dietary Supplements

It is well recognized that vitamin D plays an important role not only in bone health but also in the prevention of various chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and ...
Use and Cost Analysis of Online Literature Searching in a University-based Drug Information Center

The use of an online literature-retrieval system located within a university-based drug information center over a three-year period is described. The drug information center, which handles 50-100 questions/month, is equipped with a computer terminal and printer, as well as the standard printed reference sources. If a question cannot be answered in 10-15 minutes using general reference sources, a computer search is conducted. For the years 1979-81, the total number of online searches was determined. Data were also collected indicating the database accessed and the time spent for each search. The number of online searches performed for the successive years was 279, 397, and 274. Of these, 69% were conducted on the MEDLINE database. The average time for each search was 10.96 minutes in 1979, 6.40 minutes in 1980, and 8.54 minutes in 1981. The mean annual charge for online searching was $1772.32. Royalty fees and telecommunication charges for the respective years accounted for 23.5%, 32.6%, and 25.4% of the total bill. Online searching provides an efficient method of retrieving information, especially when questions are very complex. Drug information specialists handling many complex questions should consider acquiring the equipment and expertise to do online searches within their drug information center.
Charge-enhanced uptake of SO2 at the water/air interface

Abstract Mass accommodation coefficients, α , for uptake of SO 2 into pH 7 and 12 droplets have been measured as a function of droplet charge. The α values for uncharged pH 7 and 12 droplets were determined to be 0.084±0.010 and 0.109±0.01, respectively. When the droplets were charged to densities of −1.14×10 −5 C m −2 , the α values increased, to 0.149±0.01 and 0.161±0.01, respectively.
Supported Metal Catalysts

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Samples 3 NMR of Metals 4 Proton NMR 5 Adsorption and Reaction of Simple Molecules on Supported Metals 6 Conclusion 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
An all-inclusive and transparent view of a vascular program's direct impact on its health system

Objective This study explores the fiduciary advantage of a Vascular Surgery program to an academic, tertiary care hospital. Methods This is a retrospective review of hospital (HealthQuest) and physician (IDX) billing databases from April 2009 to September 2010. We identified all patients interacting with Vascular Surgery (VS) to provide an overview of global finances. Patients introduced solely by VS were identified to minimize confounding of the downstream effect. Outcome measures obtained were revenue, average and total gross margin, relative value unit production, and service utilization. Results A total of 552 cases were identified demonstrating $13 million in revenue. This translated into a gross margin of $5 million. Examined per surgeon, VS was the most profitable, producing $1.6 million. Lower extremity amputation had the highest average gross margin at $34,000. Notably, $8 million in direct cost is among the highest in the health system. A total of 137 cases unique to VS generated $5 million in total revenue. This patient subset made use of up to 29 physician specialty services. General Medicine and Radiology were the most frequently utilized. Conclusion The overall profitability of a comprehensive vascular program is tremendously positive. This study verifies that new vascular-specific referrals are a significant catalyst for revenue.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS : XI. LATENT PERIOD.

1. The latent period of cicatrization varies generally from 5 to 7 days. 2. It stops abruptly and contraction starts with its maximum velocity. 3. The formula of du Nouy applies to the beginning of the contraction period as well as to the subsequent periods.
Relaxation of the distribution function branch imbalance Q * in Sn and Sn-In alloys

We have used double tunnel junctions M1-S2-N3 to measure the detector junction (S2-N3) voltage at zero detector current V d(0) vs. generator junction (M1-S2) current I g for samples cooled by helium exchange gas. We find terms both symmetric V d S(0; I g 2) and asymmetric V d A(0; I g) in I g. The term V d S is attributed to a thermoelectric voltage generated in the sample; V d A is produced by Q *, the distribution function branch imbalance, in S2. We have analyzed Q * relaxation in these samples and have compared the results with those obtained earlier by Paterson. For Sn and Sn : In alloys we find % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqiXdq3aaS% baaSqaaGqaaiaa-ffacaWFQaaabeaakiabg2da9Gqaciaa+fdacaGF% UaGaa4xmaiaa+flacaGFWaGaa4Nlaiaa+jdacaGFxdGaa4xmaiaa+b% dadaahaaWcbeqaaiaa+1cacaGFXaGaa4hmaaaakiabfs5aejaacIca% caGFWaGaaiykaiaac+cacqqHuoarcaGGOaGaa8hvaiaacMcaaaa!4C83!\[\tau _{Q*} = 1.1 \pm 0.2 \times 10^{ - 10} \Delta (0)/\Delta (T)\] sec for T ∼- T c; the data at all temperatures have been compared with the calculations by Chang. The attempt to measure % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqiXdq3aaS% baaSqaaGqaaiaa-ffacaWFQaaabeaaaaa!3964!\[\tau _{Q*} \] in Pb near T c is discussed and data are presented for V d S for Pb.
An Initial Value Problem for Two-Dimensional Ideal Incompressible Fluids With Continuous Vorticity

We study an initial value problem for the two-dimensional Euler equation. In particular, we consider the case where initial data belongs to a critical or subcritical Besov space, and initial vorticity is continuous with compact support. Under these assumptions, we conclude that the solution to the Euler equation loses an arbitrarily small amount of regularity as time evolves.
Microstructures of LENS™ Deposited Nb-Si Alloys

Nb-Si “in-situ” metal matrix composites consist of Nb 3 Si and Nb 5 Si 3 intermetallic phases in a body centered cubic Nb solid solution, and show promising potential for elevated temperature structural applications. Cr and Ti have been shown to increase the oxidation resistance and metal loss rate at elevated temperatures compared to the binary Nb-Si system. In this study, the LENS™ (Laser Engineered Net Shaping) process is being implemented to construct the Nb-Ti-Cr-Si alloy system from elemental powder blends. Fast cooling rates associated with LENS™ processing yield a reduction in microstructural scale over conventional alloy processes such as directional solidification. Other advantages of LENS™ processing include the ability to produce near net shaped components with graded compositions as well as a more uniform microstructure resulting from the negative enthalpy of mixing associated with the silicide phases. Processing parameters can also be varied, resulting in distinct microstructural differences. Deposits were made with varying compositions of Nb, Ti, Cr and Si. The as-deposited as well as heat treated microstructures were examined using SEM and TEM techniques. The influence of composition and subsequent heat treatment on microstructure will be discussed.
Elevation of Renal Glutathione Enhances Ischemic Injury

In a previous study, we tested the hypothesis that an elevated level of renal glutathione (GSH) would protect the kidney from ischemic injury. However, prior elevation of GSH with GSH monoethylester e
JAK2V617F mutation screening as part of the hypercoagulable work-up in the absence of splanchnic venous thrombosis or overt myeloproliferative neoplasm: assessment of value in a series of 664 consecutive patients.

The JAK2 V617F mutation is recurrent in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, which are myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) frequently associated with arterial and/or venous thromboembolism. More recently, the JAK2 V617F mutation has been identified as a surrogate marker for subclinical or "occult" clonal myeloproliferation in patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis. However, information is limited regarding JAK2 V617F-associated thrombosis outside the splanchnic district in patients without overt MPN. To address this issue, we retrospectively studied a consecutive series of 664 such patients who experienced thrombotic events characteristic of an MPN (500 with venous thromboembolism, 136 with stroke, and 28 with myocardial infarction at a young age). The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in only 6 ( JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with nonsplanchnic venous thrombosis in the absence of MPN is too low to warrant mutation screening as part of the hypercoagulable work-up. Our study also suggests that the natural history of a JAK2 V617F-positive "occult" MPN might be different from that of a typical MPN.
Foreign exchange exposure of US tourism-related firms

Abstract To date, literature on foreign exchange risk has paid a particular attention to multinationals in trade-related industries. The tourism sector is also sensitive to the exchange rates between travelers’ home countries and their destinations. Suspecting that the exposure of domestic tourism-related firms to foreign exchange risk results from price elasticity of demand, the current study tested the cash flow exposure of sample firms, accounting for nonlinearity, asymmetry, and lagged effects. As a result, a significant percentage (78%) of domestic tourism-related firms was found to have significant foreign exchange exposure. This study also found that exchange rate exposure for tourism-related firms was nonlinear, asymmetric, and lagged. The evidence implied that several tourism-related firms are passive regarding their exposure and may face financial burdens caused by demand fluctuations. Implications and suggestions are presented along with the findings of the study.
What Family Lawyers are Really Doing When They Negotiate

How should lawyers negotiate? This Article outlines an empirical study of how lawyers rate each other's negotiation behaviors. After discussing what skills are needed for effective negotiation behavior, the Article then looks more closely at how family lawyers in particular are negotiating. Examining some troubling data, this Article finds that family lawyers appear to be more adversarial and less problem-solving than other types of practitioners - even though their field of law, which involves emotion-laden disputes and ongoing relationships, seems to call for more problem-solving and a less adversarial approach. This article concludes by discussing why this might be so and what the family law bar and family law professors should do in the future to address this problem.
Measuring the gas content of coal : A review

Coalbed gas content measurements are commonly used in mine safety as well as coalbed methane resource assessment and recovery applications. Gas content determination techniques generally fall into two categories: (1) direct methods which actually measure the volume of gas released from a coal sample sealed into a desorption canister and (2) indirect methods based on empirical correlations, or laboratory derived sorption isotherm gas storage capacity data. Direct gas content determination techniques may be further subdivided into quick-crushing and extended desorption methods. The quick-crushing methods are primarily used in mine safety applications outside the United States, but have also been used for resource recovery applications. Quick-crushing methods rely on crushing the coal sample soon after collection to release all the desorbable gas, thus significantly shortening the amount of time required for desorption measurements. However, some data useful for resource recovery applications are lost. Extended desorption techniques are most commonly used for resource assessment and recovery applications where information on desorption rates is useful for reservoir modeling, and for fundamental coalbed methane research. Extended desorption methods allow the gases in the coal sample to desorb under controlled laboratory conditions until a defined low desorption rate cutoff point is reached. The sample may then be crushed to measure the amount of gas remaining within the sample. Direct method techniques for gas content measurement are the focus of this paper.
WEDGE: an anticoagulant thrombin mutant produced by autoactivation.

Cross-talk between tissue factor and EPHA2 in cancer : potentiation of ligand-dependent EPHA2-signaling in vitro and co-expression in human colorectal cancer specimens
In vitro fertilization analysis of squirrel monkey oocytes produced by various follicular induction regimens and the incidence of triploidy

An in vitro fertilization system utilizing squirrel monkeys was used to compare follicle-stimulating hormone, clomiphene citrate and prostaglandin E1 as follicular induction regimens, analyze culture medium characteristics, and examine the physiological phenomenon of polyspermy. Induction of follicular growth was poor with clomiphene citrate when compared to the control group and increased the incidence of atretic follicles at all levels tested. When prostaglandin E1 was administered, larger numbers of mature oocytes were recovered at laparoscopy. There was no difference in fertilization rate between the treatment and control groups. Homologous serum was an adequate protein source in TC-199 fertilization medium for squirrel monkey oocytes. Although the rate of triploidy was increased with in vitro fertilization, there was no relationship between sperm concentration and the incidence of polyspermy. These findings demonstrate that the squirrel monkey is a valuable primate system for studies of in vitro fertilization and preimplantation development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microbial transformation of styrene by anaerobic consortia

Methanogenic microbial consortia, originally enriched from anaerobic sewage sludge with ferulic acid or styrene (vinylbenzene) as sole organic carbon and energy sources, were used to study transformation of styrene under strictly anaerobic conditions. Styrene, which was added as the substrate in a range of concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mmol/l, was extensively degraded but no methane production was observed during incubation for eight months. The addition of yeast extract during the enrichment stage completely inhibited degradation of styrene. Gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of the culture fluid, and GC analyses of the anaerobic headspace, indicated that the transformation of this arylalkene was initiated through an oxidation-reduction reaction and that the favoured mechanism was most likely the addition of water across the double bond in the alkenyl side-chain. The degradation proceeded through to carbon dioxide, the final product. Benzoic acid and phenol were transient compounds found in highest concentrations in the spent culture fluid and are suggested as the key intermediates of the transformation process. The tentative routes of anaerobic transformation partially overlap with those previously proposed for aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene. Several pure cultures, which were tentatively identified as Clostridium spp. and Enterobacter spp., were isolated from the styrene-degrading consortia. Two of these cultures were demonstrated to grow on styrene as sole carbon and energy source. Additionally, a pure culture of Enterobacter cloacae DG-6 (ATCC 35929) which had been isolated previously from the ferulate-degrading consortium, was shown to degrade styrene through to carbon dioxide.
EFFECTS OF COOKING AND SUBSEQUENT REHEATING ON THE PROPERTIES OF LOW-FAT BEEF PATTIES

Low-fat (10%) beef patties manufactured with 0.5% iota carrageenan, were subjected to one-time cooking from the raw to fully cooked state or precooking and later reheating before evaluating sensory, shear force and cooking properties. The samples were reheated in a convection oven or in a simultaneous top and bottom contact grill set either at 121 or 191C. Precooking followed by reheating produced only slight changes in sensory properties (reduced tenderness, increased juiciness and increased beef flavor). Convection oven cooking improved tenderness only for one-time cooked patties. With the double contact grilling system, the 121C surface temperature enhanced tenderness (sensory and shear force) and cooking yields of precooked-reheated patties. Low-fat beef patties formulated with iota carrageenan appear capable of being subjected to a variety of cooking approaches and temperatures without major changes in cooked patty properties.
Formation of OH(v=0,1) by the Reaction of Fast H with O3

A two-laser, pump−probe experiment has been used to determine the rotational level population distribution of OH(v=0,1) resulting from the reaction of fast (2.3 eV) hydrogen atoms with ozone. A trace amount of H2S in slowly flowing O3 was photolyzed at 193 nm, and the resultant OH was detected using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The pump−probe delay time was adjusted in order to verify negligible relaxation of the nascent OH product. Initially, side reactions such as O(1D) + H2S → OH + HS were found to contribute to the OH signals; they were subsequently eliminated by adjusting the reactant concentrations and flow velocity. The resultant OH LIF spectra were corrected for several factors using either known or measured experimental quantities, including OH(A) collisional quenching, baseline drift, and partial saturation of the OH(A−X) absorption lines. Near-gas kinetic rate constants for OH(A,v‘=0,N‘≤25) collisional quenching by O3 were derived. The corrected spectra were fit using a nonlinear least-squ...
When code is content: experiments with a whistling machine

The Universal Whistling Machine (U.W.M) senses the presence of people in its vicinity and attracts them with a signature whistle. Given a response whistle, U.W.M. counters with its own composition, based on a time-frequency analysis of the original.
Evidence that lipid lateral phase separation induces functionally significant structural changes in the Ca+2ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

We have studied lipid lateral phase separation (LPS) in the intact sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane and in bilayers of isolated SR membrane lipids as a function of temperature, [Mg+2], and degree of hydration. Lipid LPS was observed in both the intact membrane and in the bilayers of isolated SR lipids, and the LPS behavior of both systems was found to be qualitatively similar. Namely, lipid LPS occurs only at relatively low temperature and water content, independently of the [Mg+2], and the upper characteristic temperature (th) for lipid LPS for both the membrane and bilayers of its isolated lipids coincide to within a few degrees. However, at similar temperatures, isolated lipids show more LPS than the lipids in the intact membrane. Lipid LPS in the intact membrane and in bilayers of the isolated lipids is fully reversible, and more extensive for samples partially dehydrated at temperatures below th. Our previous x-ray diffraction studies established the existence of a temperature-induced transition in the profile structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca+2ATPase which occurs at a temperature corresponding to the [Mg+2]-dependent upper characteristic temperature for lipid LPS in the SR membrane. Furthermore, the functionality of the ATPase, and in particular the lifetime of the first phosphorylated enzyme conformation (E1 approximately P) in the Ca+2 transport cycle, were also found to be linked to the occurrence of this structural transition. The hysterisis observed in lipid LPS behavior as a function of temperature and water content provides a possible explanation for the more efficient transient trapping of the enzyme in the E1 approximately P conformation observed in SR membranes partially dehydrated at temperatures below th. The observation that LPS behavior for the intact SR membrane and bilayers of isolated SR lipids (no protein present) are qualitatively similar strongly suggests that the LPS behavior of the SR membrane lipids is responsible for the observed structural change in the Ca+2ATPase and the resulting significant increase in E1 approximately P lifetime for temperatures below th.
Technology and prognostic predicaments

As societies become increasingly technologised, the need for careful and critical assessment rises. However, attempts to assess or normatively evaluate technological development invariably meet with an antinomy: both structurally and historically, technologies display multistable possibilities regarding uses, effects, side effects and other outcomes. Philosophers, usually expected to play applied ethics roles, often come to the scene after these effects are known. But others who participate at the research and development stages find even more difficulties with prognosis. Recent work on ‘revenge’ effects (Tenner) and negative side effects (Kevles) are examined, as well as several cases of philosophers in ‘R&D’ roles. After sketching the antinomy,I outline a heuristic pragmatics of prognosis that addresses this quandary.
Attribute Based Content Sharing in Mobile Adhoc Networks of Smartphones over WiFi

Mobile phones are increasingly equipped with features that allow them to generate, store, and make use of a large amount of digital content. Such content can be associated with attributes obtained via context and/or user annotation. With the increased trend of information sharing and the success of peer-to-peer (P2P) in the wired world, the ability for users to search and share content on their mobile devices is engaging. However, infrastructure-based networks may not always be available or affordable, and attribute- based content sharing in mobile adhoc networks is desirable. This paper investigates the feasibility of such solutions and proposes a system design that incorporates efficient content discovery, robust content distribution, and adaptive energy management techniques. Detailed performance evaluation of a prototype system demonstrates that attribute-based content sharing can be effectively supported in mobile adhoc networks of smartphones over WiFi.
Structural basis of Rab5-Rabaptin5 interaction in endocytosis

Rab5 is a small GTPase that regulates early endosome fusion. We present here the crystal structure of the Rab5 GTPase domain in complex with a GTP analog and the C-terminal domain of effector Rabaptin5. The proteins form a dyad-symmetric Rab5–Rabaptin52–Rab5 ternary complex with a parallel coiled-coil Rabaptin5 homodimer in the middle. Two Rab5 molecules bind independently to the Rabaptin5 dimer using their switch and interswitch regions. The binding does not involve the Rab complementarity-determining regions. We also present the crystal structures of two distinct forms of GDP–Rab5 complexes, both of which are incompatible with Rabaptin5 binding. One has a dislocated and disordered switch I but a virtually intact switch II, whereas the other has its β-sheet and both switch regions reorganized. Biochemical and functional analyses show that the crystallographically observed Rab5–Rabaptin5 complex also exists in solution, and disruption of this complex by mutation abrogates endosome fusion.
The contribution of relaxation and expectancy to fear reduction via graded, imaginal exposure to feared stimuli.

Abstract Speech phobic subjects received five treatment sessions under either positive or neutral expectancy set. Therapy conditions included hierarchy exposure with contiguous relaxation (desensitization), exposure with noncontiguous relaxation, exposure only, and no-treatment. Expectancy had virtually no outcome effects. Desensitization was superior to the other conditions on subjective outcome measures. In contrast to the two exposure conditions without contiguous relaxation, desensitization resulted in increased imagery vividness, greater cardiovascular response to the first visualization of the initial hierarchy scene, and greater declines in cardiovascular response within repetitious visualizations of scenes and across initial visualizations of increasingly anxiety-provoking scenes. Expectancy significantly influenced both fear ratings and cardiovascular response to scenes during the first session, the latter effect disappearing after the first session. The results are discussed in terms of recent theorizing regarding the role of relaxation and expectancy in desensitization.
MTML-msBayes: Approximate Bayesian comparative phylogeographic inference from multiple taxa and multiple loci with rate heterogeneity

Background MTML-msBayes uses hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation (HABC) under a coalescent model to infer temporal patterns of divergence and gene flow across codistributed taxon-pairs. Under a model of multiple codistributed taxa that diverge into taxon-pairs with subsequent gene flow or isolation, one can estimate hyper-parameters that quantify the mean and variability in divergence times or test models of migration and isolation. The software uses multi-locus DNA sequence data collected from multiple taxon-pairs and allows variation across taxa in demographic parameters as well as heterogeneity in DNA mutation rates across loci. The method also allows a flexible sampling scheme: different numbers of loci of varying length can be sampled from different taxon-pairs.
Palbociclib: an evidence-based review of its potential in the treatment of breast cancer

Cellular proliferation, growth, and division following DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage are tightly controlled by the cell-cycle regulatory machinery. This machinery includes cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) which complex with their cyclin partners, allowing the cell cycle to progress. The cell-cycle regulatory process plays a critical role in oncogenesis and in the development of therapeutic resistance; it is frequently disrupted in breast cancer, providing a rational target for therapeutic development. Palbociclib is a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK4 and -6 with significant activity in breast cancer models. Furthermore, it has been shown to significantly prolong progression-free survival when combined with letrozole in the management of estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. In this article we review the cell cycle and its regulatory processes, their role in breast cancer, and the rationale for CDK inhibition in this disease. We describe the preclinical and clinical data relating to the activity of palbociclib in breast cancer and the plans for the future development of this agent.
RUNNING COUPLING CONSTANTS AND GRAND UNIFICATION MODELS

The evolution of the gauge coupling constants in the SU(N) and SO(N) grand unification models is examined. It is shown that the three coupling constants αs, α2, α1 in the minimal SU(5) model do not merge into one at 99% confidence level when they are extrapolated from the values at the mass scale MZ, whereas in its supersymmetric version, the coupling constants do merge into one within one standard deviation. In the SU(N) (with N > 5) models with a two-step symmetry breaking the coupling constants can merge into one, but these models are ruled out by the constraint imposed on the unification mass scale from the absence of proton decay. The SO(N) models with N ≥ 10 are shown to be consistent with the proton decay constraint. In particular, the unification scale for the SO(10) model is shown to be 1015~1016GeV and the intermediate energy scale is 1013~1014GeV.
Effect of Graded Hypoxia on the Induction and Function of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Mesangial Cells

Abstract Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine and O 2 . Although some O 2 is required for this reaction, it is uncertain whether biologically relevant levels of hypoxia alter this pathway. We examined the effects of graded hypoxia on several steps in the iNOS pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rat glomerular mesangial cells: induction of iNOS mRNA, NO synthesis, NO oxidation to nitrite (NO 2 − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ), and accumulation of cGMP. Cultured cells were incubated for 24 hours in airtight flasks containing O 2 (21%, 10%, 2.5%, and 0%), CO 2 (5%), and N 2 (balance), resulting in media Po 2 levels of 140±3, 85±1, 46±3 (moderate hypoxia), and 32±5 (severe hypoxia) mm Hg, respectively. During normoxia (Po 2 , 85 to 140 mm Hg) LPS increased iNOS mRNA with associated increases in NO synthesis, NO 2 − and NO 3 − accumulation, and intracellular cGMP levels. In the absence of LPS, there was minimal NO synthesis and no detectable iNOS mRNA. Even during severe hypoxia, LPS elevated NO 2 − and NO 3 − relative to levels in unstimulated cells ( P P 3 − in the media. We conclude that although hypoxia can alter the partitioning and decomposition of NO, the induction of iNOS mRNA and the activity of its enzyme product are resistant to hypoxia (Po 2 , >32 mm Hg).
Catecholamine secretion by isolated adrenal cells.

Isolated adrenal cells were prepared by collagenase digestion of guinea pig adrenal glands. Acetylcholine stimulates the secretion of catecholamines by these isolated adrenal cells. Acetylcholine-stimulated catecholamine secretion is inhibited by cholinergic blocking agents (atropine and hexamethonium) and by local anaesthetics (tetracaine), and is dependent upon the concentration of Ca2+ in the incubation medium. In the presence of Ca2+, catecholamine secretion is also stimulated by two divalent cation ionophores, A23187 and X-537A. Cyclic nucleotides and 5′-nucleotides cause a small, non-specific stimulation of catecholamine secretion. These results indicate that isolated adrenal cells are a useful system in which to study catecholamine secretion, and support the hypothesis that increased Ca2+ entry into chromaffin cells is a sufficient stimulus for catecholamine secretion.
3D recognition of occluded and distorted objects using computational integral imaging

Using volumetric computational II reconstruction, we are able to recognize distorted occluded objects with correlation based recognition algorithms. We present experimental results which show recognition of 3D rotated targets in a reconstructed occluded scene. We also show the ability of the proposed technique to recognize distorted occluded 3D non-training targets.
Developing and Validating a Model for Predicting Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Defoliation in Connecticut

A logistic regression model was developed that predicts the probability of forest defoliation by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., in Connecticut. Data used to develop the model were obtained from sketch maps of defoliation in Connecticut from 1982 to 1994, interpolations (using ordinary point kriging) of fixed area egg mass counts from permanent plots in Connecticut from 1986 to 1994, digital soil maps, and digital elevation models. Subjective comparisons of predicted and actual defoliation maps over years used to fit model parameters were similar. The model was validated with data from years not used in developing the model (1975 to 1985 and 1995). When defoliation was averaged over all locales for validation years, average predicted defoliation tracked actual average defoliation, although the association between them was not significant. Correlations between predicted and actual defoliation, when pairs being compared were at the same locations, were below 0.2 for years in which 2% of the state was defoliated, correlations ranged up to 0.9. The model developed here should be useful in providing probabilities of defoliation that can be used in population suppression programs.
Toward automated finite element modeling for the unification of engineering design and analysis

Abstract The paper presents an approach to the unification of geometric modeling and finite element modeling based on automated procedures. It is argued that an automated finite element modeling approach is the only viable approach to carry out this unification. Specif topic areas considered are automatic three-dimensional mesh generation, its integration to solid model the need to account for differences between the geometric domain of a solid model and a finite element model, and a specific adaptive approach to determine when circular holes could be safely ignored in the stress analysis of plates subjected to inplane loading.
Impacts of insect biological control on soil N transformations in Tamarix-invaded ecosystems in the Great Basin, USA

Abstract We investigated impacts of biocontrol of Tamarix spp. by Diorhabda carinulata on soil nitrogen (N) transformations by surveying organic and mineral soils from three sites. Potential net N mineralization was assayed using laboratory incubations. Results partially supported our hypothesis that herbivory would result in stimulated net N mineralization rates after one year of herbivory exposure, and did not support our hypothesis that herbivory would result in a sustained increase in rates after several years of exposure. Short-term effects differed by site, likely influenced by differences in prevailing soil N status, with net mineralization stimulated at a low fertility site but not at a high fertility site. In the longer-term, there was no impact on overall net N mineralization rates, even though there was a trend towards greater N immobilization in mineral soil. This may result from declining organic matter inputs to soil due to progressive growth limitations from herbivore-induced stress. Results suggest soil N availability will increase in the short-term and eventually decrease in the longer-term at low fertility sites, while soil N availability will not be impacted by herbivory at high fertility sites. Widespread management implications will require further research at sites spanning a range of edaphic characteristics.
Familial Generalized Dyschromic Amyloidosis Cutis

A generalized form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis was found in two siblings when microscopic examination was carried out on areas of scattered hypopigmentation. Multiple biopsies from different sites of the skin suggested that the pigmentary disorder was probably a process independent of the amyloidosis. One of the siblings died of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, congenital pulmonary stenosis and diabetes mellitus. Post mortem examination of the lungs showed the presence of few amyloid deposits in the diffusely fibrotic tissue, suggesting that these were secondary to the chronic pulmonary disease. Because of the absence of amyloid involvement in parenchymatous organs and the absence of cutaneous signs of systemic amyloidosis as macroglosia or petechiae, this case suggests that primary cutaneous amyloidosis is distinctly different from the cutaneous manifestation of primary systemic amyloidosis.
Grouping knowledge-base data into distributable clusters

Knowledge-base data are constructed from domains and subdomains of specific problem or application areas. Usually, the domains are not necessarily distinct because the original problem may have many interrelated components. As a result, the processing of the data becomes lengthy and windable. However, KB data can be reorganized into groups or clusters using some common relational information of the data objects. The reorganization process isolates the data and localizes the interdependency within the clusters, leaving weak linkages between clusters. Therefore, the clusters offer opportunities for mapping the data into distributed or parallel processing environments to facilitate a computational efficiency. The focus of this paper is on methods for structuring, partitioning, and clustering KB data for distributed computations.
Anything new? The racial profiling of terrorists

The predominant social response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, has been to demand a form of racial profiling that generally has been viewed as socially unacceptable. Indignation surrounding "Driving While Black" has been replaced with the patriotism of "Flying While Arab". Such racial profiling has been utilized at other times in United States history, when national security or economic interests were at stake. This article argues that profiling the "would-be terrorist" on physical characteristics is ineffective and patently racist. To combat terrorism, emphasis should be placed on the behavior of individuals and not on their race or ethnicity.