cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excess insulin binding to insulin-like growth factor receptors: proposed mechanism for acanthosis nigricans.

Clinical and epidemiologic evidence has shown acanthosis nigricans to be closely related to defective tissue utilization of insulin in a number of previously recognized (e.g., obesity, lipodystrophy, and leprechaunism) as well as recently characterized (e.g., type A and type B syndromes) disorders. This article reviews the relationship of acanthosis nigricans to these insulin-resistant states. It also focuses attention on the possibility that interaction between excessive amounts of circulating insulin with insulin-like growth factor receptors on keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts leads to the development of acanthosis nigricans.
Metabolism of 3-O-methyldopa by the isolated perfused rat liver

Abstract The disposition and metabolism of l -3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalanine (3-O-methyldopa) in the isolated perfused rat liver system is described. When [ 14 C ]3-O- methyldopa (5 μCi, 1.9 mg, uniformly labeled except in the O-methyl carbon) was added to the perfusate, in the first 5 min the liver took up 10 per cent of the dose, and erythrocytes took up 30 per cent. After 5 min of perfusion, 3-O-methyldopa disappeared from plasma in a diphasic fashion; its half-life was 25 min between 5 min and 2 hr, and 360 min between 2 and 5 hr of perfusion. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity in bile accounted for 20 per cent of the dose. After 5 hr of perfusion, 35 per cent of the dose remained as unmetabolized 3-O-methyldopa (22 per cent in plasma, 8.5 per cent in erythrocytes, 3.4 per cent in liver and 1 per cent in bile). Known demethylated metabolites accounted for 6 per cent of the dose. The early appearance of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in erythrocytes, and its formation when the system lacked a liver, indicated that these cells were the site of demethylation. Free and conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were major metabolites in the system. These compounds could have been metabolites of dopa. If this were so, demethylation of 3-O-methyldopa accounted for an additional 12.3 per cent of the dose. Transaminated metabolites (free and conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid) accounted for 19.0 per cent of the dose.
The Combined Effects of Exogenous and Endogenous Variability on the Spatial Distribution of Ant Communities in a Forested Ecosystem (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Spatial patterns observed in ecosystems have traditionally been attributed to exogenous processes. Recently, ecologists have found that endogenous processes also have the potential to create spatial patterns. Yet, relatively few studies have attempted to examine the combined effects of exogenous and endogenous processes on the distribution of organisms across spatial and temporal scales. Here we aim to do this, by investigating whether spatial patterns of under-story tree species at a large spatial scale (18 ha) influences the spatial patterns of ground foraging ant species at a much smaller spatial scale (20 m by 20 m). At the regional scale, exogenous processes (under-story tree community) had a strong effect on the spatial patterns in the ground-foraging ant community. We found significantly more Camponotus noveboracensis, Formica subsericae, and Lasius alienus species in black cherry (Prunis serotine Ehrh.) habitats. In witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.) habitats, we similarly found significantly more Myrmica americana, Formica fusca, and Formica subsericae. At smaller spatial scales, we observed the emergence of mosaic ant patches changing rapidly in space and time. Our study reveals that spatial patterns are the result of both exogenous and endogenous forces, operating at distinct scales.
Synthesis of phospholipids on a glyceric acid scaffold: design and preparation of phospholipase A2 specific substrates

Abstract Synthesis of a new series of phospholipid analogues to serve as activity-based probes of secretory phospholipase A 2 enzymes is reported. The synthesis is based upon (1) preparation of long-chain esters and amides of glyceric acid, followed by (2) regioselective derivatization of the diol function of the molecule to achieve phosphorylation at the primary hydroxyl group, and to introduce the incipient sn -2-ester group of the target compounds. The sequence has been shown to allow incorporation of fluorescent, paramagnetic, and redox-active reporter groups, leading to phospholipid analogues applicable to detect and measure enzyme activity, to develop highly specific, real-time spectroscopic assay of phospholipase A 2 enzymes, as well as to track the metabolic fate of the hydrolysis products. The synthetic method has a great deal of flexibility to open the way to the design and synthesis of activity-probes for other phospholipid metabolizing enzymes as well.
Generalized model of resonant polymer-coated microcantilevers in viscous liquid media.

Expressions describing the resonant frequency and quality factor of a dynamically driven, polymer-coated microcantilever in a viscous liquid medium have been obtained. These generalized formulas are used to describe the effects the operational medium and the viscoelastic coating have on the device sensitivity when used in liquid-phase chemical sensing applications. Shifts in the resonant frequency are normally assumed proportional to the mass of sorbed analyte in the sensing layer. However, the expression for the frequency shift derived in this work indicates that the frequency shift is also dependent on changes in the sensing layer’s loss and storage moduli, changes in the moment of inertia, and changes in the medium of operation’s viscosity and density. Not accounting for these factors will lead to incorrect analyte concentration predictions. The derived expressions are shown to reduce to well-known formulas found in the literature for the case of an uncoated cantilever in a viscous liquid medium and th...
Functional and neutralization profile of seven overlapping antigenic sites on the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus: monoclonal antibodies to some sites prevent viral attachment.

Abstract We have previously identified five antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of the Australia-Victoria isolate of Newcastle disease virus (Iorio and Bratt J. Virol. 48, 440–450; Iorio et al. J. Gen. Virol. 67, 1393–1403). Two additional sites (designated 12 and 23) are now described, bringing to a total of seven the number of antigenic sites defined by our panel of neutralizing anti-HN antibodies. Competition antibody binding and additive neutralization assays reveal that each of these newly-identified sites overlaps two previously-defined ones. The seven HN antigenic sites thus form a continuum in the three-dimensional conformation of the molecule. Studies on the inhibition of hemagglutination (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and the attachment of virus to chick cell monolayers have been used to construct a functional profile of each antigenic site. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to three overlapping sites (12, 2 and 23) inhibit HA and NA and prevent viral attachment to chick cell monolayers. These findings are consistent with the domains recognized by these mAbs being close to the NA and receptor-binding sites. MAbs to two other overlapping sites, 14 and 1 (which in turn, overlap site 12), inhibit HA quite effectively, and attachment to a lesser extent. Sites 14 and 1 probably identify a second domain involved in receptor recognition. MAbs to the two remaining sites (3
Transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and patent ductus arteriosus

At the time of initial balloon atrial septostomy a patent ductus arteriosus was found with angiography in 39 of 81 infants with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. By angiographic criteria the ductus shunt was considered small in 21 infants and large and significant in 18. In contrast to the usual clinical presentation of neonates with transposition and intact ventricular septum, 12 of these 18 infants with a significant patent ductus arteriosus had only slight cyanosis and 8 presented with tachypnea out of proportion to the degree of cyanosis. Ten of the 18 infants had no continuous murmur, bounding pulses, mid-diastolic rumble or differential cyanosis. Clinically occult narrowing or closure occurred, presumably gradually and relatively late, in six infants. Acute early narrowing or closure, spontaneous (six infants) or surgically produced (three infants), occurred usually within the 1st month of life and was associated with a marked decrease in arterial oxygen saturation in eight infants, often with a rapid clinical deterioration. Persistence of a large patent ductus arteriosus for several months appears to be associated with an increased incidence of early pulmonary vascular disease. Therapeutic considerations for the infant with a large patent ductus arteriosus after initial balloon atrial septostomy include: (1) careful initial follow-up of the infant in clinically stable condition in case the ductus arteriosus should acutely narrow or close and the patient require urgent palliative or corrective surgery; (2) urgent early closure of the ductus in the infant with overt left heart failure with concurrent atrial septectomy or preferably primary corrective surgery; and (3) elective closure of a persistent significant patent ductus arteriosus before age 4 months with concurrent corrective surgery in the infant in clinically stable condition.
Separable approximations to energy dependent potentials.

Standard techniques for approximating a given potential with a separable potential are only applicable to energy independent potentials. A method is presented for extending the standard technique to accommodate explicit energy dependence. The approximation leads to a rank N separable t matrix whose on-shell and half-off-shell forms are exact at N selected energies.
AN EXAMINATION OF αB-CRYSTALLIN AS A MODIFIER OF SOD1 AGGREGATE PATHOLOGY AND TOXICITY IN MODELS OF FAMILIAL AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressively paralytic neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by mutations in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Transgenic mice that over-express mutant SOD1 develop paralysis and accumulate aggregates of mutant protein in the brainstem and spinal cord. The present study uses a cell culture model to demonstrate alpha B-crystallin is capable of reducing aggregation of mutant SOD1. To test the role of alpha B-crystallin in modulating SOD1 aggregation in vivo, alpha B-crystallin deficient mice were bred to mice expressing two different SOD1 mutants (G37R and L126Z). Although completely eliminating alpha B-crystallin reduced the interval to disease endstage by 20-30 days in mice expressing either mutant, there were no detectable changes in the levels of sedimentable, SOD1 aggregates in the spinal cord of symptomatic mice. Because alpha B-crystallin is most abundantly expressed in muscle, we expected that the loss of this chaperone would leave this tissue vulnerable to mutant SOD1 aggregation. However, there was no evidence of mutant SOD1 aggregation in the muscle of mice lacking alpha B-crystallin. Our findings indicate that a significant perturbation to the protein homeostasis network of muscle is not sufficient to induce the aggregation of misfolded mutant SOD1. These outcomes have implications regarding the role of chaperones in modulating the tissue specific accumulations of misfolded SOD1.
Foreign Investment Strategies in Restructuring Economies: Learning from Corporate Experiences in Chile

Preface Introduction History: Chile and the MNCs Key Restructuring Decisions of the 1980s Minerals and Energy Nontraditional Exports Financial Services General Industry Assessing the Key Strategic Issues Conclusion Appendix: Research Methodology Selected Bibliography Index
A school connectedness scale for use with adolescents

Evaluators are frequently asked to assess the effectiveness of school programs implemented to improve academic achievement. School connectedness has been shown to be directly related to academic achievement (McNeely, Nonnemaker, & Blum, 2002) and is therefore of interest to evaluators. The construct of school connectedness has been shown to consist of 3 elements: connectedness to adults in schools, connectedness to peers, and connectedness to the school (Karcher & Lee, 2002). This paper reports the psychometric properties and factor analyses findings from a School Connectedness Scale (SCS) given to adolescents in 2 very different high schools in the Northeast, one a large urban school and one a medium-sized suburban school. The results indicate that the SCS is highly reliable with a stable factor structure across diverse populations. The broad applications of use for the instrument are discussed.
Ecosystem Scale Acoustic Sensing Reveals Humpback Whale Behavior Synchronous with Herring Spawning Processes and Re-Evaluation Finds No Effect of Sonar on Humpback Song Occurrence in the Gulf of Maine in Fall 2006

We show that humpback-whale vocalization behavior is synchronous with peak annual Atlantic herring spawning processes in the Gulf of Maine. With a passive, wide-aperture, densely-sampled, coherent hydrophone array towed north of Georges Bank in a Fall 2006 Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) experiment, vocalizing whales could be instantaneously detected and localized over most of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem in a roughly 400-km diameter area by introducing array gain, of 18 dB, orders of magnitude higher than previously available in acoustic whale sensing. With humpback-whale vocalizations consistently recorded at roughly 2000/day, we show that vocalizing humpbacks (i) were overwhelmingly distributed along the northern flank of Georges Bank, coinciding with the peak spawning time and location of Atlantic herring, and (ii) their overall vocalization behavior was strongly diurnal, synchronous with the formation of large nocturnal herring shoals, with a call rate roughly ten-times higher at night than during the day. Humpback-whale vocalizations were comprised of (1) highly diurnal non-song calls, suited to hunting and feeding behavior, and (2) songs, which had constant occurrence rate over a diurnal cycle, invariant to diurnal herring shoaling. Before and during OAWRS survey transmissions: (a) no vocalizing whales were found at Stellwagen Bank, which had negligible herring populations, and (b) a constant humpback-whale song occurrence rate indicates the transmissions had no effect on humpback song. These measurements contradict the conclusions of Risch et al. Our analysis indicates that (a) the song occurrence variation reported in Risch et al. is consistent with natural causes other than sonar, (b) the reducing change in song reported in Risch et al. occurred days before the sonar survey began, and (c) the Risch et al. method lacks the statistical significance to draw the conclusions of Risch et al. because it has a 98–100% false-positive rate and lacks any true-positive confirmation.
Wave propagation in earth-ionosphere waveguide

In this paper, wave propagation in a stratified medium which consists of earth, atmosphere and ionosphere, is studied. The ionosphere is described by a compressible plasma model where the earth magnetic field is neglected. The earth is considered as a highly conducting medium. The modal solutions due to the excitation of a vertical dipole have been obtained, where characteristic waves are analytically discussed and numerically determined.
Secretory IgA in cervical mucus.

Abstract Purpose: Sexually active adolescent girls are uniquely vulnerable to sexually transmitted disease, including cervical cancer and AIDS. Little is known about the development of genital immunity in adolescents. Secretory IgA (sIgA) in cervical mucus is an important component of genital immunity. We studied sIgA levels in cervical mucus samples for both adolescent and adult females. Methods: Samples were collected in a university-based adolescent medicine clinic and a university student health center. Participants consisted of 13 sexually active adolescent girls and fourteen adult controls. Samples were collected in the course of routine pelvic exams. All subjects were at least two years post menarche. Mucus was aspirated directly from the cervical os. Diluted samples were liquefied with a proteolytic enzyme (bromelain). Secretory IgA levels were measured by radial immunodiffusion using IgA 2 from pooled human plasma as a standard. Results: Secretory IgA levels for the adolescent group (mean 0.157 g/L SD 0.080) were slightly lower than for the adult group mean (0.199 g/L SD 0.130) although not statistically significant. Conclusions: Cervical sIgA levels were comparable between sexually active adolescents and adults.
Direct and indirect approaches to advertising persuasion : Which is more effective?

Abstract While research suggests that advertisers can affect a particular belief intended to be changed (the intended belief) either directly by mentioning it or indirectly by mentioning other beliefs associated with it, the consequences of the two approaches are not clearly understood. Also, relatively little attention has been paid to visual elements that are not equivalent, but related, to verbal content. This study investigated the impact of 1) the directness of verbal claims (direct or indirect) and 2) the existence of visual cues about the intended belief (present and absent). It was found that persuasion was enhanced by visual cues that suggest the intended attribute. Results also indicated that when visual cues were absent, indirectly induced persuasion showed more stability over time than directly induced persuasion. Implications of the findings for understanding advertising effects are discussed.
Multigrain parallelism for eigenvalue computations on networks of clusters

Clusters of workstations have become a cost-effective means of performing scientific computations. However, large network latencies, resource sharing, and heterogeneity found in networks of clusters and Grids can impede the performance of applications not specifically tailored for use in such environments. A typical example is the traditional fine grain implementations of Krylov-like iterative methods, a central component in many scientific applications. To exploit the potential of these environments, advances in networking technology must be complemented by advances in parallel algorithmic design. In this paper, we present an algorithmic technique that increases the granularity of parallel block iterative methods by inducing additional work during the preconditioning (inexact solution) phase of the iteration. During this phase, each vector in the block is preconditioned by a different subgroup of processors, yielding a much coarser granularity. The rest of the method comprises a small portion of the total time and is still implemented in fine grain. We call this combination of fine and coarse grain parallelism multigrain. We apply this idea to the block Jacobi-Davidson eigensolver, and present experimental data that shows the significant reduction of latency effects on networks of clusters of roughly equal capacity and size. We conclude with a discussion on how multigrain can be applied dynamically based on runtime network performance monitoring.
CXCR4 chemokine receptor signaling mediates pain in diabetic neuropathy

Background Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) is a debilitating syndrome present in a quarter of diabetic patients that has a substantial impact on their quality of life. Despite this significant prevalence and impact, current therapies for PDN are only partially effective. Moreover, the cellular mechanisms underlying PDN are not well understood. Neuropathic pain is caused by a variety of phenomena including sustained excitability in sensory neurons that reduces the pain threshold so that pain is produced in the absence of appropriate stimuli. Chemokine signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in a variety of animal models. We therefore tested the hypothesis that chemokine signaling mediates DRG neuronal hyperexcitability in association with PDN.
On the threshold behavior in laser ablation of organic solids

The microscopic mechanisms of the fluence threshold behavior in laser ablation of organic solids have been delineated using a breathing sphere model and molecular dynamics simulations. Below threshold, evaporation is identified to occur and primarily single molecules are desorbed. Above threshold, collective ejection or ablation occurs in which large molecular clusters constitute a significant portion of the ejected plume. The laser induced pressure buildup and the phase explosion due to overheating of the irradiated material are identified as the key processes that determine the dynamics of laser ablation. q 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Flame Ionization Sensor Integrated Into a Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle

Recent advances in lean premix gas turbine combustion have focused primarily on increasing thermodynamic efficiency, reducing emissions, and minimizing combustion dynamics. The practical limitation on increasing efficiency at lower emissions is the onset of combustion instability, which is known to occur near the lean flammability limit. In a laboratory environment there are many sensors available that provide the combustion engineer with adequate information about flame stability, but those sensors are generally too expensive or unreliable for widespread application in the field. As a consequence, engines must be commissioned in the field with adequate stability margin such that normally expected component wear, fuel quality, and environmental conditions will not cause the turbine to experience unstable combustion. Woodward Industrial Controls, in cooperation with the National Energy Technology Laboratory, is developing a novel combustion sensor that is integrated into the fuel nozzle such that low cost and long life are achieved. The sensor monitors flame ionization, which is indicative of air-fuel ratio and most importantly flame stability.
Population biology and secondary production of the suspension feeding polychaete Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus: Implications for benthic-pelagic coupling in lower Chesapeake Bay

Benthic suspension feeders are functionally important components of many shallow estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Their relative importance in material and energy cycling depends on physical and biological factors, of which population dynamics of individual species are a key feature. We studied the demographics and secondary production of a population of the tubicolous, suspension feeding polychaete, Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus, of southern Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, to better understand its functional role in an estuarine ecosystem. Average worm densities in the study region ranged from 30 to .1000 individuals m 22 and were greatest after the summer recruitment period. Recruitment success varied threefold between 1994 and 1995. A two-cohort model (juveniles and adults) with seasonality best described the data. High secondary production (18 g C m 22 yr 21 in 1994, 34 g C m 22 yr 21 in 1995) was mainly due to rapid growth and maturation of new recruits during summer and tube production. An interannual difference in production was associated with the interannual difference in recruitment success. General temporal trends of primary production and worm production were similar, and the worm population required 35%‐100% of the estimated annual net water column community production per m 2 for this region of the estuary. Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus is an important component of the lower bay ecosystem and should be considered when modeling carbon, nutrient, and energy flow. Our results further demonstrate that temporal variations in population dynamics lead to significant temporal variability in the relative importance of benthic suspension feeder effects for ecosystem function.
Green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils in AVIRIS data

The problem of distinguishing between green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV, such as dry grass, leaf litter, and woody material), and soils in imaging-spectrometer data is addressed by analyzing an image taken by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (California) on September 20, 1989, using spectral mixture analysis. Over 98 percent of the spectral variation could be explained by linear mixtures of three endmembers, green vegetation, shade, and soil. NPV, which could not be distinguished from soil when included as an endmember, was discriminated by residual spectra that contained cellulose and lignin absorptions. Distinct communities of green vegetation were distinguished by (1) nonlinear mixing effect caused by transmission and scattering by green leaves, (2) variations in a derived canopy-shade spectrum, and (3) the fraction of NPV.
Corporate Influence and World War II: Resolving the New Deal Political Stalemate

Since many scholars focus on the New Deal as the foundation for modern U.S. governance, it is widely assumed that the United States is characterized by a weak state as compared to the welfare states of Western Europe. Yet, in the wake of World War II, the United States established a national security “warfare state” that rivaled the welfare states of Western Europe in scope of authority and operations and in its isolation from popular forces. The wartime redirection of U.S. state power also resolved the political stalemate stemming from the executive-congressional and business-government tensions roused during the New Deal. In fact, the course of wartime statebuilding was in many ways a response to the political tensions of the New Deal and to the expectation that the organization of wartime mobilization would indelibly define the postwar organization of U.S. state power. As this article argues, wartime mobilization resolved the New Deal political stalemate in large part by granting various segments of the corporate community the opportunity to influence the shape of U.S. national state power.
Opposition to Union Officers in Elections

Significance of the problem, 246. — Opposition in elections relatively infrequent, 248. — No relation between opposition and method of election, 251. — The International Typographical Union: sub-lists, 253; the Brotherhood of the Union of North America, 255; the Wahnetas, 257; the Progressive Party, 258; election campaigns, 259; reasons for political divisions, 262.— Conclusions, 263.
The Ascidian as a Model Organism in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology

The central role of changes in cis-regulatory architecture as a mechanism for evolutionary modification of animal body plans is widely recognized (Carroll et al., 2001xCarroll, S.B., Grenier, J.K., and Weatherbee, S.D. See all References)(Carroll et al., 2001). However, in contrast to protein coding sequences, noncoding cis-regulatory DNA is poorly understood due to the technical difficulties associated with detailed in vivo enhancer analysis in vertebrates (Davidson, 2001xDavidson, E.H. See all References)(Davidson, 2001). Unlike genes, there have not been sufficient studies of cis-regulatory elements to be able to categorize them into “families” or for that matter to even describe a basic grammar governing the manner in which individual cis-regulatory elements are assembled from their component parts (i.e., activator and repressor binding sites). This fact is all the more dismaying considering that ∼98% of the human genome appears to be noncoding and is likely to be very rich in cis-regulatory information. In this context, we expect the ascidian larva to prove its worth. No other model system, either vertebrate or invertebrate, affords a more rapid or facile assay for the genome-wide identification and characterization of cis-regulatory elements.It is possible to envision a complete, functional annotation of the ascidian genome in which tissue-specific enhancers are mapped for every gene, and the regulation of every enhancer is understood at the level of interacting regulatory factors acting downstream of defined cell signaling pathways. Progress toward this goal will be greatly hastened upon the completion of current whole-genome sequencing projects for Ciona intestinalis (Joint Genome Institute, USA and the National Institute of Genetics, Japan) and Ciona savignyi (MIT/Whitehead Institute). Since the ascidian larva predates the genomic expansion and dramatic increase in morphologic complexity that occurred in the vertebrate clade, we can infer that its cis-regulatory architecture may more closely reflect that of the ancestral chordate. For this reason, a detailed understanding of the ascidian transcriptional regulatory network will represent a critical model of the basic structure from which the more complex architectures of vertebrates evolved. Despite its “retrograde” development into a sea squirt, the ascidian larva may well rise to the crown and summit of the genomic era by serving as a template for decoding vertebrate genomes.
Tissue-specific expression of SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE in apple fruit during early development

Sorbitol, the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.), is converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) which is active in apple fruit throughout development. In the apple genome, nine SDH genes have been isolated and their sequences characterized, but their individual expression patterns during apple fruit set and development have not been determined. The objective of this work was to ascertain if SDH genes are differentially expressed and how their patterns of expression may relate to SDH activity in apple seed and cortex during early fruit development. Seed SDH activity was found to be much higher than cortex SDH activity per mg and g fresh weight (FW), and seed SDH activity contributed significantly to whole fruit SDH activity during weeks 2-5 after bloom. Five of the nine SDH genes present in the apple genome were expressed in apple fruit. Two SDH genes, SDH1 and SDH3, were expressed in both seed and cortex tissues. SDH2 expression was limited to cortex, while SDH6 and SDH9 were expressed in seed tissues only. SDH isomeric proteins of different pI values were detected in apple fruit. SDH isomers with pI values of 4.2, 4.8, 5.5, and 6.3 were found in seeds, and SDH isomers with pI values of 5.5, 6.3, 7.3, and 8.3 were found in cortex. The present work is the first to show that SDH is highly active in apple seed and that SDH genes are differentially expressed in seed and cortex during early development.
Societal Reaction and the Response to Deviation in Small Groups

This article demonstrates the potential of small group laboratory research for attacking some of the theoretical and methodological problems currently confronting the societal-reaction perspective in the field of deviance. The results of small group research by Schachter, and Sampson and Brandon are reinterpreted within a conceptual framework derived from the societal-reaction literature. These two studies suggest that inclusive reactions to deviance attempt to control deviation through intense interactional pressure, accompanied by relatively low attitudinal hostility toward the deviant. Exclusive reactions to deviance reject the deviant as an outsider and are characterized by low levels of interaction, but high levels of covert hostility. Inclusive reactions tend to occur when deviance is attributed to a particular situation, whereas deviance attributed to the character of the deviant tends to result in exclusive reactions. While labeling theorists have contributed a number of insights as to the social processes involved in deviance, they have not been much concerned with developing a clear and rigorous formulation of their theoretical position (Gibbs, 1966, 1972; Schur, 1969); or with adequate empirical evaluation of it (Davis, 1972; Gove, 1970; Mankoff, 1971; Ward, 1971). Until we overcome these deficiencies, the ideas of the societal-reaction perspective are not likely to generate a soLind cumulative tradition of theoretically oriented research. This article will argue that small group laboratory research is a potentially valuable tool for sharpening the attack on certain theoretical issues raised by the societal-reaction perspective. Small group research has been used effectively to stLidy a variety of social differentiation processes, such as status structure development and role differentiation (cf. Cartwright and Zander, 1968; Hare et al., 1965). This methodological strategy seems no less applicable to processes of societal reaction, particularly because of the emphasis placed by labeling theorists on the analysis of deviance as an interactional product. The small group laboratory enables more detailed and reliable observation of interactional processes than is achieved by the impressionistic and loosely structured research techniques typically used by those favoring the societal-reaction perspective (Davis,
Who owns the data

About ten years ago, a group of scientists began to argue that it was unfair to ask other scientists to pay to read the results of research that had been publicly funded.
Socially Determined Variation in Ancient Rome

Phonological and morphological variation in Classical Latin (e.g., diphthongs ae/au vs. monophthongs e/o, retention vs. loss of final consonants and initial h-, GEN SG -is vs. -us/-os, DAT SG in -ae vs. -a, etc.) has typically been treated as regional in nature. However, these seemingly “rural” features cannot be considered instances of purely geographically based variation, for they also occur both on inscriptions from within Rome and in Roman literary usage. Coleman (1990:14) hinted at “a social dimension” to this variation, but only for au versus o variation. We argue, however, that a distinctly social dimension must be recognized for much of this variation, based on: (a) instances of hypercorrection; (b) the observation that datives in -a occur only in private, primarily domestic, inscriptions and never in public or official inscriptions; (c) Augustus's use of “rural” domos for domus, in keeping with the populist image he cultivated upon his return to Rome. This dialectal/sociolectal situation can be best understood, we argue, in terms of the model of urbanization of Milroy (1980) and Bortoni-Ricardo (1985). The transformation of originally geographic variation into socially determined variation in an urban setting resulted from migrations into Rome and the expansion of Rome after the 4th century b.c.
An Algorithm to Couple an External RL Circuit With the Finite-Element Code EMAP3D

Electromagnetic launch systems consist of pulsed power, rectification, and launch components. The finite-element (FE) code EMAP3D is used to compute the fields diffusing into sliding electrical contact launch components using quasi-static field equations. FE analysis of the entire launch system, though not impossible, would be a time-consuming process not worth the effort. Circuit theory based on lumped parameters is better suited for the analysis of some of the electrical components such as the generator, rectifier, power conditioning, and delivery components. Circuit theory becomes almost inevitable when one seeks to maximize the power delivered to launch components through impedance tuning techniques. Hence, one is inclined to look at ways of analyzing entire launch systems applying circuit theory to some components and FE analysis to others where detailed fields are required. An algorithm to couple an external circuit with an applied potential difference and prescribed resistances and inductances with a simple railgun is presented in this paper. The railgun is analyzed using EMAP3D. The external circuit is treated using circuit theory. Continuity of current and potentials is maintained through iterative calculations matching the currents and potentials between the circuit and the railgun. The advantages of this algorithm are that it treats the components using circuit theory and field theory separately and shows rapid convergence
A chunk-based phonetic score for mobile voice search

We propose a chunk-based phonetic score for re-scoring word hypotheses for the mobile voice search task. The score is based on a novel technique for aligning decoded phone sequences with forced-alignments of hypothesized word sequences and exploits phone-boundary timing information. In experimental results, we find that the proposed approach results in relative a word error rate reduction of 4.4% and a relative sentence error rate reduction of 2.3% for the Windows live search for mobile task [1].
Technologies for multimedia communications

A number of technologies/spl minus/based upon the sensory modalities of sight, sound, and touch/spl minus/are becoming well enough established that their coordinated application can expand capabilities for human/machine interaction. This paper examines evolving advances in natural language communication with machines, video, and audio compression, spatially realistic conferencing, tactile interaction, and high-speed data communication. It considers the integration of these technologies into networked information systems to achieve synergistic benefits for the human user. >
Radiofrequency Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a new treatment for hemodynamically destablizing sustained VT. Although not considered a treatment for all types of VT, RFA does have its place next to antiarrhythmic medication, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and cardiothoracic surgery for certain persistent types of VT.1
Defect tolerance and yield for a WSI rapid prototyping architecture

Defect tolerance, modeling of harvesting probability, and yield estimation for a WSI rapid prototyping architecture are discussed. Pooled redundancy is utilized to realize reduced reconfiguration complexity while at the same time achieving high harvesting performance. A new harvesting probability model is developed which quickly leads to an estimate of wafer yield. The parameters of the model are chosen by regression upon harvesting data. Using this tool the designer can make tradeoffs between the provisioning of needed functional cells and spares, and the desired yield. The application of this tool is demonstrated upon a rapid prototyping WSI architecture the authors' have developed. Unlike application specific WSI designs reported in the past, their WSI architectural approach involves the mapping of a large class of algorithms with only two types of processing cells. For example, they have mapped a radix-8 FFT algorithm to this wafer architecture. They have also mapped the L-U decomposition algorithm on to this prototyping architecture. >
Accuracy and precision in quantitative fluorescence microscopy

The light microscope has long been used to document the localization of fluorescent molecules in cell biology research. With advances in digital cameras and the discovery and development of genetically encoded fluorophores, there has been a huge increase in the use of fluorescence microscopy to quantify spatial and temporal measurements of fluorescent molecules in biological specimens. Whether simply comparing the relative intensities of two fluorescent specimens, or using advanced techniques like Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), quantitation of fluorescence requires a thorough understanding of the limitations of and proper use of the different components of the imaging system. Here, I focus on the parameters of digital image acquisition that affect the accuracy and precision of quantitative fluorescence microscopy measurements.
Resource efficiency within an integrated 200-mm fabricator

Survival in the semiconductor business of the 1990's and beyond will be driven primarily by low cost, high quality producers. Key to accomplishing this will be the efficient use of resources-both human and material. IBM's 200-mm semiconductor fabricator in Essex Junction, Vermont, the Apply/Align department has pursued cost reduction by more efficiently using all of its members, from production technicians to entry-level operators. This paper describes the efficiencies derived from the use of Market-Driven Quality (MDQ) teams within the department and across all four Alternate Work Schedule (AWS) shifts. MDQ teams are involved with a wide variety of activities such as cross training, rework and scrap reduction, cost reduction of spare parts, as well as improved tool availability and utilization. The efforts of each team have enabled this department to realize a 13 percent reduction in staffing while increasing output by five percent. The majority of this improvement resulted from cross-training, where individuals within the department were separated into two areas; align and apply, where no one was receiving cross-training. Because of the MDQ team approach the department has been able to implement a cross-training program on all align and apply tools. This has given the team the flexibility it needs to adequately cover vacations, lunch breaks, work breaks and illnesses, as well as realize a significant reduction in staffing. Continuing its efforts to become even more efficient, the department has set an additional seven percent increase in output as its target for year-end 1994.
Targeted metabolomic analysis of amino acid response to L-asparaginase in adherent cells

L-asparaginase (L-ASP) is a therapeutic enzyme used clinically for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-ASP's anticancer activity is believed to be associated primarily with depletion of asparagine, but secondary glutaminase activity has also been implicated in its anticancer mechanism of action. To investigate the effects of L-ASP on amino acid metabolism, we have developed an LC-MS/MS metabolomics platform for high-throughput quantitation of 29 metabolites, including all 20 proteinogenic amino acids, 6 metabolically related amino acid derivatives (ornithine, citrulline, sarcosine, taurine, hypotaurine, and cystine), and 3 polyamines (putrescince, spermidine, and spermine) in adherent cultured cells. When we examined the response of OVCAR-8 ovarian cancer cells in culture to L-ASP, asparagine was depleted from the medium within seconds. Interestingly, intracellular asparagine was also depleted rapidly, and the mechanism was suggested to involve rapid export of intracellular asparagine followed by rapid conversion to aspartic acid by L-ASP. We also found that L-ASP-induced cell death was more closely associated with glutamine concentration than with asparagine concentration. Time-course analysis revealed the dynamics of amino acid metabolism after feeding cells with fresh medium. Overall, this study provides new insight into L-ASP's mechanism of action, and the optimized analytical method can be extended, with only slight modification, to other metabolically active amino acids, related compounds, and a range of cultured cell types.
Substation noise at distribution-line communication frequencies

Measurements of noise on the distribution line at power distribution substations in the frequency range from 6 GHz to 14 GHz are presented. This is the frequency range used for distribution-line communication systems by power companies for load control and feeder automation. The measurements reported here are concerned with harmonic and background noise, which are omnipresent on the substation bus. Single-frequency noise may or may not be present in a given frequency band. Impulse noise is intermittent. >
A single-ended direct conversion front-end transmitter with ESD protection for WiMAX application

This paper realized a single-ended direct conversion front-end transmitter for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) application. The on chip output matching network is designed in the power amplifier driver to provide the convenience of measurement and further integration with a power amplifier, which is usually designed as a single input. Moreover, the gain adjustment with 1 dB step is implemented in RF programmable gain amplifier (PGA) which controls 29 dB gain dynamic range and 0.4 dB maximum relative gain error with 1 dB resolution. Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are also designed for carrier leakage, DC offset, and unbalanced I/Q LO signals, resulted from process variation. Due to symmetric layout and matching components, and calibration techniques on the divide-by-2 circuit and the I/Q modulator, sideband and carrier suppression can achieve 48.52 dBc and 49.83 dBc, respectively. The EVM of −37.53 dB can be achieved with −15 dBm output power. The front-end transmitter dissipates 108.2 mA from 3.3 V power supply, which occupies 2972 um × 1300 um of chip area including ESD protected pads and three wire control circuit.
PERMIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, ROSTROCONCHIA, AND PROBLEMATICA FROM OREGON

A silicified fauna from the early Permian Coyote Butte Limestone within the Grindstone terrane of central Oregon contains a diverse fauna including five polyplacophorans, one rostroconch, and one problematic taxa. New taxa include Gryphochiton planoplata new species, Arcochiton soccus new species, Homeochiton triangularis new genus and species, Arceodomus sphairikos new species, and Diadeloplax apiculatus new species.
Challenges and transformations: childbearing and changes in teens’ educational aspirations and expectations

ABSTRACTAlthough much of the focus on teen childbearing has been on its potential costs to teen parents and their children, emerging research suggests that teen childbearing while challenging can be a positively transformative experience for teens. One such transformation is enhanced educational aspirations and expectations. Much of the research on the positive consequences of teen childbearing for teens’ educational orientations, however, has come from in-depth interviews with teen mothers that have methodological limitations. Using panel data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and NLSY79 – Young Adult Survey 1994 (NLSY79-YA) this study finds that over time, teens’ educational expectations and aspirations increase, on average, regardless of parental status. Nevertheless, there is significant heterogeneity in how expectations and aspirations change. Teen parents have lower odds of increasing, and greater odds of decreasing, their aspirations and expectations over a 2-year peri...
China as a Pacific Power

Conference paper for the 4th Annual Pacific Islands Studies Conference, "The Emerging Pacific Island States," 1979, UH-Manoa
Protein Expression Differences in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Transgenic Mice

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiac disease, occurring in 1 out of every 500 individuals. The pathologic hallmarks of HCM are myocyte hypertrophy, myocyte disarray,...
A Biophysical Model of CRISPR/Cas9 Activity for Rational Design of Genome Editing and Gene Regulation

The ability to precisely modify genomes and regulate specific genes will greatly accelerate several medical and engineering applications. The CRISPR/Cas9 (Type II) system binds and cuts DNA using guide RNAs, though the variables that control its on-target and off-target activity remain poorly characterized. Here, we develop and parameterize a system-wide biophysical model of Cas9-based genome editing and gene regulation to predict how changing guide RNA sequences, DNA superhelical densities, Cas9 and crRNA expression levels, organisms and growth conditions, and experimental conditions collectively control the dynamics of dCas9-based binding and Cas9-based cleavage at all DNA sites with both canonical and non-canonical PAMs. We combine statistical thermodynamics and kinetics to model Cas9:crRNA complex formation, diffusion, site selection, reversible R-loop formation, and cleavage, using large amounts of structural, biochemical, expression, and next-generation sequencing data to determine kinetic parameters and develop free energy models. Our results identify DNA supercoiling as a novel mechanism controlling Cas9 binding. Using the model, we predict Cas9 off-target binding frequencies across the lambdaphage and human genomes, and explain why Cas9's off-target activity can be so high. With this improved understanding, we propose several rules for designing experiments for minimizing off-target activity. We also discuss the implications for engineering dCas9-based genetic circuits.