cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Unmodelled Disturbances Effects by Coherence Analysis

Abstract Empirical model identification seeks a mathematical model relating measured input data to measured output data. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that a single model describes this relationship over the entire span of the available data. Unmeasured disturbances violate this assumption and can corrupt the identified models badly. This paper investigates the use of coherence analysis to detect unmeasured disturbances before an empirical model is identified. The paper presents fundamental definitions, some important practical considerations, and applications to a real process data example.
Development of an Efficient Methodology and Tool to Determine Stress Intensity Correction Factors for Complex Aircraft Structures

Damage tolerance analysis (DTA) of complex aircraft structures requires stress intensity correction factor (β-factor) solutions that cannot be accurately or practically determined with handbook solutions. Typically, these β-factors can be related to the load transfer to adjacent structures and to irregular geometries. A methodology based on ratios between stress intensity factors obtained from Stress- Check finite element models is proposed to efficiently determine such factors, which can then be compounded with handbook solutions. Three CC-130 fatigue critical location examples are presented, showing that the results from the proposed methodology are in good agreement with those of other approaches and that the studied β-factors have an important impact on the total compounded stress intensity factor. Various approaches for calculating the β-factors for the complex structures are investigated. Finally, an automated parametric tool, which is able to efficiently generate special factors for typical aircraft critical locations, is presented.
Hopf–Galois Extensions with Central Invariants and Their Geometric Properties

We set up a general framework to study representation theory of certain algebras whichusually appear in the study of restricted Lie algebras or various quantum objects at roots of unity.The object of the study is a Hopf–Galois extension with central invariants. It turns out that theseextensions possess some geometric properties which are close to those of principal bundles andFrobenius manifolds. We define Hopf–Galois extensions of not necessarily affine schemes andprove that the classification problem of such extensions leads to a stack.
Using natural language processing methods to classify use status of dietary supplements in clinical notes

Despite widespread use, the safety of dietary supplements is open to doubt due to the fact that they can interact with prescribed medications, leading to dangerous clinical outcomes. Electronic health records (EHRs) provide a potential way for active pharmacovigilance on dietary supplements since a fair amount of dietary supplement information, especially those on use status, can be found in clinical notes. Extracting such information is extremely significant for subsequent supplement safety research. In this study, we collected 2500 sentences for 25 commonly used dietary supplements and annotated into four classes: Continuing (C), Discontinued (D), Started (S) and Unclassified (U). Both rule-based and machine learning-based classifiers were developed on the same training set and evaluated using the hold-out test set. The performances of the two classifiers were also compared. The rule-based classifier achieved F-measure of 0.90, 0.85, 0.90, and 0.86 in C, D, S, and U status, respectively. The optimal machine learning-based classifier (Maximum Entropy) achieved F-measure of 0.90, 0.92, 0.91 and 0.88 in C, D, S, and U status, respectively. The comparison result shows that the machine learning-based classifier has a better performance, which is more efficient and scalable especially when the sample size doubles. Machine learning-based classifier outperforms rule-based classifier in categorization of the use status of dietary supplements in clinical notes. Future work includes applying deep learning methods and developing a hybrid system to approach use status classification task.
Resting energy expenditure in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia without respiratory support at time of neonatal hospital discharge.

Abstract Background Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are at risk for growth failure because of inadequate caloric intake and high catabolic stress. There is limited data on resting energy expenditure (REE) in infants with CDH. Aims To assess REE via indirect calorimetry (IC) in term infants with CDH who are no longer on respiratory support and nearing hospital discharge with advancing post-conceptional age and to assess measured-to-predicted REE using predictive equations. Methods A prospective cohort study of term infants with CDH who were no longer on respiratory support and nearing hospital discharge was conducted to assess REE via IC and caloric intake. Baseline characteristics and hospital course data were collected. Three day average caloric intake around time of IC testing was calculated. Change in REE with advancing post-conceptional age and advancing post-natal age was assessed. The average measured-to-predicted REE was calculated for the cohort using predictive equations [22]. Results Eighteen infants with CDH underwent IC. REE in infants with CDH increased with advancing postconceptional age (r2 = 0.3, p Conclusions Infant survivors of CDH repair who are without respiratory support at time of neonatal hospital discharge have REE, as measured by indirect calorimetry, that increases with advancing post-conceptional age and that is within the normal metabolic range when compared to predictive equations. Level of Evidence III
Machine Learning for Classification of Inhibitors of Hepatic Drug Transporters

Interactions between drugs may occur when drugs are administered together. These interactions can increase or decrease the efficacy of one of the drugs or can cause a new therapeutic effect which cannot be attributed to either drug alone. An important mechanism underlying drug-drug interactions is inhibition of proteins that mediate transport of drugs across cellular membranes. We developed five machine learning models, including deep learning, for predicting which drugs may inhibit transporter proteins in the liver, and assessed their performance in internal and external validation. Three out of five methods, k-nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, and Recursive Neural Networks have not been previously applied in this domain. The area under the Receiver Operating Curve statistic for the five models ranged between 67% and 78%. Random forest and Support Vector Machines models showed the highest performance in external validation as assessed by the F1 metric. Our modeling approach and results demonstrate a practical application of machine learning techniques in an important application domain.
Diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

1 DiPALS Writing Committee; DiPALS Study Group Collaborators; McDermott CJ, Bradburn MJ, Maguire C, et al. Safety and effi cacy of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insuffi ciency due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (DiPALS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14: 883–92. 2 Elmo M, Onders R, Miller R. Multi-center diaphragm pacing post FDA approval study enrollment complete: Favorable procedural success, interim safety and survival fi ndings. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2015; 16 (suppl 1): 29. 3 US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of safety and probable benefi t (SSPB). 2011. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_ docs/ pdf10/H100006b.pdf (accessed April 11, 2015). 4 Lepore AC, Tolmie C, O’Donnell J, et al. Peripheral hyperstimulation alters site of disease onset and course in SOD1 rats. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39: 252–64. with diaphragm pacing (median survival of 21·2 months in 60 patients from 11 centres). These fi ndings are similar to those presented to the Food and Drug Administration that led to the approval for use of diaphragm pacing under Humanitarian Device Exemption (median survival of 19·7 months in the fi rst pivotal study, 85 patients from eight centres). McDermott and colleagues raised the safety concern that the surgery for diaphragm pacing might have triggered worsening of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 30 day mortality was 0 of 37 patients in the DiPALS study, 0 of 106 in the Humanitarian Device Exemption study, and three of 54 in the postapproval study. 90 day mortality was one of 37 patients in the DiPALS study, three of 106 in the Humanitarian Device Exemption study, and eight of 60 in the post-approval study. Thus, no increased mortality from surgery was apparent in the DiPALS study. The rate of change of the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) in the Humanitarian Device Exemption study was 0·80 points per month 3 months before implantation, and 0·73 per month 4 months after implantation. None of these data support the hypothesis that surgery made patients worse. The DiPALS investigators questioned whether ongoing stimulation of the diaphragm might be harmful. Poor outcomes were observed in the SOD1 rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when high stimulation rates (33 Hz) were used. The DiPALS data showed no association between survival and use of pacing (HR 1·00 per additional hour use, 95% CI –0·92 to 1·09, p=0·92), and patients tolerated stimulation well, with only two patients discontinuing pacing. To us, the reported survival diff erence seemed to hinge on the lack of use of non-invasive ventilation in roughly 30% of study patients. We believe further studies are needed to clarify Diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
M3U: Minimum Mean Minimum Uncertainty Feature Selection for Multiclass Classification

This paper presents a novel multiclass feature selection algorithm based on weighted conditional entropy, also referred to as uncertainty. The goal of the proposed algorithm is to select a feature subset such that, for each feature sample, there exists a feature that has a low uncertainty score in the selected feature subset. Features are first quantized into different bins. The proposed feature selection method first computes an uncertainty vector from weighted conditional entropy. Lower the uncertainty score for a class, better is the separability of the samples in that class. Next, an iterative feature selection method selects a feature in each iteration by (1) computing the minimum uncertainty score for each feature sample for all possible feature subset candidates, (2) computing the average minimum uncertainty score across all feature samples, and (3) selecting the feature that achieves the minimum of the mean of the minimum uncertainty score. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms mRMR and achieves lower misclassification rates using various types of publicly available datasets. In most cases, the number of features necessary for a specified misclassification error is less than that required by traditional methods. For all datasets, the misclassification error is reduced by 5∼25% on average, compared to a traditional method.
Organization of the Spectroscopic Table

The information that we are presenting deals primarily with the electronic spectra of homonuclear diatomic systems. In general, the spectroscopic constants have been derived from the interpretation of electronic spectra; however, when the amount of data was insufficient, the information was taken from alternative sources.
It is in the game: dimensions of esports online spectator motivation and development of a scale

Research questions: To tackle the idiosyncrasies associated with esports online spectatorship, the study was designed to: (a) develop the Motivation Scale of Esports Spectatorship (MSES) and (b) id...
Socioeconomic Status and Bronchiolitis Severity Among Hospitalized Infants.

A bstract Objective To investigate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and bronchiolitis severity among hospitalized infants. Methods We performed a 17-center, prospective cohort study from 2011 to 2014. Children Results In multivariable models adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics, estimated MHI was the socioeconomic factor most strongly associated with severity. Compared to infants with an intermediate MHI ($40,000–$79,999), odds of receiving intensive care treatment were significantly higher for those with MHI of ≥$80,000 (aOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.19–3.53). No significant associations were found for the other socioeconomic factors (all P > .30). While there were no significant differences in clinical presentation between income groups (all P > .25) or in receipt of mechanical ventilation alone (P = .98), infants with estimated MHI ≥$80,000 were significantly more likely to specifically have been admitted to the intensive care unit (P = .01). Conclusions In this multicenter study of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we identified higher median household income as a risk factor for intensive care treatment. This work may yield important biological or nonbiological insights for the future management of infants with bronchiolitis.
Quality of life impairment due to chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatics is mediated by asthma control.

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma, when comorbid, may influence each otherâ€™s disease course and decrease quality of life (QOL). Our objective was to determine if poorer asthma control due to CRS symptoms could be a mechanism for decreased QOL in asthmatic CRS patients. Methods A total of 120 asthmatic CRS patients were recruited. CRS symptom burden was measured using the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and patient-reported CRS symptom control, general health-related QOL was measured using the visual analog scale of the 5-dimensional EuroQol quality of life survey (EQ-5D VAS), and asthma control was measured using the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Association was sought between these outcome measures. A mediation model was created and validated to show that asthma control mediated the association between CRS symptom burden and decreased general health-related QOL. Results ACT score was associated with SNOT-22, EQ-5D VAS was associated with SNOT-22 score, and EQ-5D VAS was associated with ACT score. A statistically significant mediation effect for ACT score in the association between SNOT-22 and EQ-5D VAS), which represented 22.1% of the total effect of SNOT-22 on EQ-5D VAS, was identified. Similar findings were made for patientreported CRS symptom control instead of SNOT-22 score. Conclusions In asthmatic CRS patients, a sizeable portion of CRS impact on QOL is indirectly mediated through the effect of CRS on poorer asthma control which may then drive decreased QOL.
Distributed Network, Neighbor Discovery and Blind Routing for Mobile Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) often exist in dynamic environments that present challenges for network control functions, such as drone networks. Lacking infrastructure, MANETs require distributed control functions. Factors such as unpredictable movements, limited battery life and transmission ranges encourage efficient network control functions. Integrating control functions into a single protocol allows efficient, distributed control of the network which can be more robust against failures in the network. This paper presents the routing and network/neighbor discovery of a distributed network control protocol suitable for drone networks or other MANETS and an integrated protocol combining routing, and network/neighbor discovery. Using modified versions of Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing and Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), the protocol performs blind route discovery and forwards packets while simultaneously performing network/neighbor discovery. Simulation shows the proposed protocol performing similarly to existing protocols for routing, scheduling, synchronization and network discovery even without having a priori knowledge of the network parameters which existing protocols use.
Prenatal diagnosis for two fetuses carrying partial deletion of Y chromosome

Objective To perform prenatal diagosis for two fetuses carrying partial deletion of Y chromosome. Methods Routine G- and C-banding were carried out to analyze the chromosomal karyotypes of the fetuses and their fathers. Fetal DNA was also subjected to low-coverage massively parallel copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), SRY gene and AZF factor testing. Results Both fetuses showed a 46, XN, del(Y)(q11.2) karyotype at 320-400 band level by the analysis of amniotic fluid chromosomes. FISH with Y chromosome centromere probe indicated that in both cases the number of Y chromosome was normal. Both fathers had an apparently normal karyotype at 320-400 band level. For fetus 1, CNV-seq test revealed a 12.88 Mb deletion at Yq11.221-q12, which encompassed the whole of AZFb+ AZFc regions and may lead to male infertility, sperm deficiency and/or severe oligospermia. In fetus 2, CNV-seq also detected a 14.84 Mb deletion at Yq11.21-q12, which encompassed the whole of the AZF region and may lead to severe spermatogenesis disorder resulting in severe oligoasthenospermia and azoospermia. In both cases, testing of SRY gene was positive. No point mutation of the SRY gene was identified. Analysis of amniotic fluid DNA confirmed partial or total absence of AZF in the two fetuses, respectively. Conclusion Combined use of various technologies can enable accurate detection of structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome and facilitate genetic counseling. CNV-seq can help with rapid screening of Y chromosome microdeletions and may be used as a complementary test for chromosomal karyotyping. Key words: Y chromosome microdeletion; Copy number variation; SRY gene; AZF factor
Leveraging Undergraduate Learning Assistants to Engage Students during Remote Instruction: Strategies and Lessons Learned from Four Institutions

As chemistry courses across the country transitioned to remote instruction during the Winter/Spring 2020 term because of the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching teams with undergraduate Learning Assistants (LAs) faced unique challenges to maintain active, collaborative, and inclusive class experiences. While technology access and limitations presented challenges, the technology available through learning management systems, group text-based messaging apps, and video conferencing enabled instructors and LAs to offer synchronous sessions during normally scheduled class time, delivery of asynchronous content, and continued student support. In this article, the collective experiences from general and organic chemistry courses taught with LAs at four institutions are described. Challenges, successes, and lessons learned at these institutions are summarized based on four themes: technology with general remote learning, changes in course structure teaching with LAs, changes in the ways LAs interact with instructors and students, and changes in the lives of the LAs. In many cases, LAs were essential to student success in these novel learning spaces.
MiR-200a and miR-200b restrain inflammation by targeting ORMDL3 to regulate the ERK/MMP-9 pathway in asthma.

Asthma is one of the most frequent and serious diseases worldwide. Inflammation has been reported to correlate with airway remodeling, which is critical for the progression of asthma. Better unders...
Symptomatic COVID-19 infections in outpatient image-guided corticosteroid injection patients during the lockdown phase.

Musculoskeletal pain is a debilitating problem treated with image-guided corticosteroid injections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple societies issued caution statements because of the unknown effect of corticosteroids on the patient’s immune system. The purpose is to determine if image-guided corticosteroid injections administered during the COVID-19 lockdown phase were associated with a higher infection rate compared to the general population. In a prospective study, patients undergoing image-guided corticosteroid injections for pain management during the lockdown phase between April 15 and May 22, 2020, were enrolled. One month after the injection, patients were surveyed by telephone for any COVID-19-related symptoms, and the electronic medical record (EMR) was reviewed for symptoms and test results. Seventy-one subjects were recruited, 31 (44%) females, 40 (56%) males, ages 58 ± 17 (20–92) years. Follow-up was available in 66 (93%) of subjects, 60 (91%) by phone survey and EMR, 6 (9%) by EMR only, 45 ± 22 (19–83) days after injection. One (1/66, 1.52%; 95% CI 0.04–8.2%) 25-year-old male subject developed symptomatic infection 19 days after a tibiotalar injection. The prevalence of COVID-19 cases in the state of Massachusetts was 0.91% (62,726/6,892,503) during the study period. There was no significant difference in the rate of occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 infection between the corticosteroid injection group and the general population (p = 0.44). Image-guided corticosteroid injections for pain management performed during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic were not associated with a higher infection rate compared to the general population.
Buspirone for functional improvement after acute traumatic spinal cord injury: a propensity score-matched cohort study.

Study design Retrospective analysis of treated inpatients compared to expected neurorecovery from a propensity score-matched national database cohort. Objective Evaluate the effectiveness of buspirone on clinical neurorecovery following traumatic SCI when started during acute inpatient rehabilitation. Setting University-based hospital in Boston, USA. Methods Chart review yielded thirty-one individuals with acute, traumatic SCI treated with buspirone during inpatient rehabilitation from 2011-2017. Propensity score matching to a cohort of individuals from the spinal cord injury model systems (SCIMS) national database was completed. Changes in upper extremity motor score (UEMS), lower extremity motor score (LEMS), American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), neurological level of injury (NLI), and functional impairment measure (FIM) from admission to discharge and discharge to 1 year were computed and compared between matched pairs (buspirone and mean national SCIMs cohort). A local control cohort not treated with buspirone was similarly compared to a matched mean national SCIMs group to identify location-specific effects. Results From admission to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, 95% confidence intervals of changes in UEMS (-2.43 to +2.78), LEMS (-1.02 to +6.02), AIS (-0.04 to +0.35), NLI (-0.42 to +1.08), and FIM (-4.42 to +6.40) were not significantly different between those individuals who received buspirone and their propensity-matched SCIMS cohort. Similarly, changes in these metrics were not significantly different at 1-year follow up. Buspirone group individuals with initial clinically complete SCI demonstrated a higher 1-year conversion rate to incomplete injury (6 out of 14; 42.9%) compared to the matched national SCIMS cohort (14 out of 70; 21.2%, p = 0.047) though this was not significantly different from non-buspirone local controls (p = 0.25). Conclusions Retrospective analysis shows no statistically significant difference in gross markers of neurorecovery following acute traumatic SCI when buspirone is initiated indiscriminately during acute inpatient rehabilitation. In individuals with clinically complete SCI, findings suggest possible increased rates of 1-year conversion to incomplete injury.
3D endogenous visualization and segmentation of brain neural networks in living mice at micron level resolution

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a promising research tool for neuroimaging. However, persistent challenges remain in following a large population of neurons and axonal tracts over time and across the entire depth due to system limitations. Here we introduce a label-free highly stable OCT system configuration and a novel segmentation algorithm that enable a longitudinal study of white matter axonal tracts and neuron cell bodies in a mouse brain, across 0.7 mm depth, in vivo. The system configuration enabled the acquisition of high-resolution images, which reveals thousands of neuron cell bodies across the entire volume and their interactions with multiple white matter axon tracts.
Resolving transportation disparity in cancer care.

96Background: Improving healthcare value requires new models of care including higher utilization of outpatient services. A significant social determinant of health in this mode of care is transpor...
Contributions of childhood abuse and neglect to reward neural substrates in adolescence.

Abstract Background Childhood adverse experiences may come to bear particularly during adolescence, when neural reward systems are developing rapidly and psychopathology spikes. Despite prior work differentiating threat- (abuse) vs. deprivation- (neglect) related adversity, no research has yet identified their relative nor interactive contributions to reward neural substrates during adolescence. In the present study, we leveraged a diverse sample of adolescents with different childhood adversity profiles to examine neural responses to reward in relation to varying degrees of abuse vs. neglect. Methods Adolescents (N = 45; 23 females; mean age = 14.9 years, SD = 1.9) completed a child-friendly monetary incentive delay task during fMRI acquisition. The self-report Childhood Trauma Questionnaire assessed childhood abuse and neglect. Whole brain ANCOVA analyses evaluated reward anticipation (reward vs. no reward expected) and feedback (hitting vs. missing the target with a reward vs. no reward) in relation to abuse and neglect dimensions. Results Whole-brain analyses revealed that abuse, adjusted for neglect, is associated with greater differences between task conditions (reward vs. no reward, hit vs. miss) in regions associated with threat/emotion regulation (prefrontal and temporal cortices, as well as posterior regions including fusiform and posterior cingulate/precuneus). Additionally, level of neglect modulated neural response associated with abuse in prefrontal and temporoparietal regions, such that youths with high levels of both abuse and neglect showed qualitatively different, more exaggerated neural patterns compared to youths with elevated adversity in only one dimension. Conclusions Our findings suggest that early experiences of abuse and neglect have a long developmental reach resulting in reward-related neural alterations in adolescence. Moreover, our results bolster theoretical conceptualizations of adversity along threat and deprivation dimensions and provide evidence that “adding up” adverse life events may not be sufficient to capture the qualitatively different neural profiles produced by differing combinations of types of adversity, which may in turn necessitate different treatment approaches.
A New Indicator of Coalition Size: Tests Against Standard Regime-Type Indicators

A new measure for selectorate’s theory central concept, winning coalition size, is developed using indicators developed by the V-Dem project (Coppedge et al., 2021). To demonstrate the measure’s efficacy, we examine its ability to account for government provision of public and private goods, a central prediction in selection theory. The winning coalition measure is compared to eight widely-used indicators of regime type in analyses of 30 measures of government policy provision. Based on Vuong tests and Akaike information criteria the new measure generally outperforms the alternative regime measures whether the assessment is across all regimes, within non-democratic regimes or within democratic settings. The new indicator provides an improved tool for testing the nuances of selectorate theory.
Latino Men Using Compañerismo to Navigate the Unchartered Waters of the Doctoral Program: A Conceptual Model:

In this paper, we present a conceptual model of the development of a relationship between first-generation Latino men while navigating the unchartered waters, or the unknown, of a doctoral program....
Xenozoonoses: The Risk of Infection after Xenotransplantation

Immunological and technical advances have led to tremendous increases in the number of people potentially able to benefit from allotransplantation. Ironically, it is the success of the field that has led to a renewed interest in xenotransplantation during the past several decades. To a large part, this has occurred because of the great scarcity of human organ and tissue donors. However, it has expanded to include the use of cells from animals into humans such as porcine islet cells for diabetes or extracorporeal perfusion of human blood through animal organs or cells. Similar to allotransplantation, issues regarding transmission of infections from the graft to the human recipient were brought up for consideration with these procedures in the 1990s (Michaels and Simmons, 1994; Chapman et al., 1995; Hammel et al., 1998; Fishman et al., 1998). A risk for infection exists with the use of any biologic agent regardless of whether it is from a human or an animal source. Accordingly, transmission of infections from human organs, tissues, or cells is a well-recognized cause of disease after allotransplantation (Ison and Grossi, 2013; Green and Michaels, 2012). As the human graft shortage continues, newer cellular therapies are explored. Thus, attention continues to be given to the potential use of xenogeneic organs, tissues, or cells for human maladies through xenotransplantation. The potential for novel zoonotic infections to emerge because of xenotransplantation (xenozoonoses or xenosis) led to a debate on whether the field should be permitted to progress. This chapter reviews the issues of xenotransplantation related to infections from animals to humans. Lessons learned from infections with prior nonhuman primate xenotransplantation and human allotransplantation are used to help inform about risks with newer xenogeneic procedures. In addition, information on known zoonoses is reviewed to better develop constructs to decrease the hazard of infection with these novel procedures.
Physical Properties of Metal-Doped Fullerene Superconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physical properties of metal-doped fullerene superconductors. The key component of the fullerene superconductors is the molecular cluster C 60 , or Buckminsterfullerene. The chapter provides an overview of the experimental status of the fullerene superconductors emphasizing on (1) the normal state and superconducting state phenomenology and (2) experimental probes of the microscopic mechanism of superconductivity in two new molecular superconductors (K 3 C 60 and Rb 3 C 60 ). The chapter also presents a few models to explain fullerene superconductivity. Theoretical models put forth to explain superconductivity in the fullerenes range from the conventional electron-phonon-mediated pairing model of Bardeen, Copper, and Schreiffer (BCS) to models in which pairing is mediated by electron correlation effects. Finally, within the context of these models, the chapter provides an overview of (1) the dependence of critical transition temperatures on lattice constant of C 60 , (2) the energy gap, (3) phonons, and (4) the isotope effect.
The formation of the first luminous objects in the universe

Paramount among the processes that ended the cosmic dark ages must have been the emergence of a first generation of stars. I review recent results on their formation out of metal-free gas, and discuss related open questions that still defy our understanding.
A calorimetric determination of the enthalpy of vaporization of MoO3

The enthalpy of vaporization of MoO3(l) has been determined from high-temperature calorimetric studies. A “best” value of ΔHv = (12.26 ± 0.35) kcal mol−1 has been obtained.
Trade study of penetration and sampling devices for possible use on the Mars Sample Return missions

This paper reviews the work completed on the compilation of a database containing viable penetrating and sampling devices, the performance of a system level trade study comparing selected devices to a set of prescribed parameters and the employment of a metric for the evaluation and ranking of the traded penetration and sampling devices, with respect to possible usage on the 03 and 05 Mars Sample Return missions. The trade study performed is based on a select set of scientific, engineering, programmatic and socio-political criteria. The use of a metric for the various penetration and sampling devices will act to expedite current and future device selection. Three sets of weights and scorings were developed to represent the application of loose requirements, tight requirements and actual conditions. Five alternative lander based sampling system concepts, including the current Mars Sample Return baseline, were evaluated based on the developed criteria and three sets of weights/scorings. It was found that the optimal lander based sampling system for the set of weights/scorings representing actual conditions, was the current Mars Sample Return baseline, due to the no cost condition, from NASA's perspective. However, if this condition is not met, the optimal sampling system may change, based on the selected criteria and weights. This is important in the event that an alternative is required to the current lander based sample acquisition baseline system.
A heterodimer of HEB and an E12-related protein interacts with the CD4 enhancer and regulates its activity in T-cell lines.

Abstract A T-lymphocyte-specific enhancer located 13 kb upstream of the murine CD4 gene was recently shown to be required for the developmentally regulated expression of CD4. We have previously identified three nuclear protein binding sites in this enhancer; one of these sites, CD4-3, is essential for expression and contains two E-box core motifs (CANNTG) adjacent to each other in the sequence TAACAGGTGTCAGCTGGT. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays using the CD4-3 oligonucleotide as a probe, three nuclear protein complexes, termed CD4-3A, -B, and -C, were detected with nuclear extracts from T-cell lines. CD4-3A, which involves nuclear protein binding to the 5' E-box, was detected only with nuclear extracts from lymphoid cells. Specific antisera were used to show that the CD4-3A complex contains a heterodimer or heterooligomer of basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional factors, E12 or a related factor and HEB, which is expressed predominantly in thymus. Consistent with this finding, in vitro-translated E12 and HEB proteins, as homodimers or heterodimers, bound preferentially to the 5' E-box. Point mutations in the 5' E-box, but not in the 3' E-box, abolished CD4 enhancer activity. Furthermore, overexpression of Id, a protein that forms inactive heterodimers with E12/E47, blocked CD4 enhancer activity in T cells. These results suggest that a heterodimer composed of HEB and E12 or a closely related protein plays a critical role in CD4 enhancer function by interacting with the 5' E-box motif of the CD4-3 site in vivo.
The limits of selection during maize domestication

The domestication of all major crop plants occurred during a brief period in human history about 10,000 years ago1. During this time, ancient agriculturalists selected seed of preferred forms and culled out seed of undesirable types to produce each subsequent generation. Consequently, favoured alleles at genes controlling traits of interest increased in frequency, ultimately reaching fixation. When selection is strong, domestication has the potential to drastically reduce genetic diversity in a crop. To understand the impact of selection during maize domestication, we examined nucleotide polymorphism in teosinte branched1, a gene involved in maize evolution2. Here we show that the effects of selection were limited to the gene's regulatory region and cannot be detected in the protein-coding region. Although selection was apparently strong, high rates of recombination and a prolonged domestication period probably limited its effects. Our results help to explain why maize is such a variable crop. They also suggest that maize domestication required hundreds of years, and confirm previous evidence that maize was domesticated from Balsas teosinte of southwestern Mexico.
Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Lymphadenopathy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects about 0.8 % of the world population, with a female–male ratio of 3–5:1, and most affected patients are between 35 and 50 years of age. The etiology of RA is unknown, but genetic factors and the environment appear to play roles in pathogenesis. Approximately 46 genetic loci associated with an increased risk for RA have been identified, some of them mapped to chromosome loci 10p15, 12q13, and 22q13. Seropositive cases are associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1, DR4, and DR10. Smoking and being overweight among seropositive individuals also appear to correlate with the likelihood of developing RA. Infectious agents may act as an antigenic trigger of RA, and viruses suspected include Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus.
Temporary Safety Hazards

The Epistemic Objection says that certain theories of time (like the “growing block” and “moving spotlight”) imply that it is impossible to know which time is absolutely present. Standard presentations of the Epistemic Objection are elliptical—and some of the most natural premises one might fill in to complete the argument end up leading to radical skepticism. But there is a way of filling in the details which avoids this problem, using epistemic safety. The new version has two interesting upshots. First, while Ross Cameron alleges that the Epistemic Objection applies to presentism as much as to theories like the growing block, the safety version does not overgeneralize this way. Second, the Epistemic Objection does generalize in a different, overlooked way. The safety objection is a serious problem for a widely held combination of views: “propositional temporalism” (objects of belief change truth-value) together with “metaphysical eternalism” (the world does not objectively privilege any particular time).
Urbanization Transition Types and Zones in Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefectures

Spatial and temporal patterns of urbanization in Tokyo and Kanagawa were analyzed based on changes in administrative type from village to town to city to ward. Using a GIS, changes in these units between 1889 and 1995 were recorded from historical maps, half-decade censuses, and other sources. Many areas had sequential change (on a progression from village to town to city to ward), others had nonsequential change, skipping one or more steps, and some remain unchanged. There was an expanded core-city zone of nonsequential transition (from village or town directly to ward), an inland/coastal suburb zone of sequential transition (e.g., villages became a town, then towns became a suburban city), a foothills zone of nonsequential transition (e.g., villages and a town joined to become a city), and a mountain-towns zone of sequential transition (villages formed a town). These four zones form an alternating pattern of nonsequential, sequential, nonsequential, and sequential transition types. Areas adjacent to the core cities of Tokyo and Yokohama had nonsequential transitions, annexed as wards from villages or towns in the 1920s and 1930s. The next zone had gradual, sequential formation of mid-sized suburban cities, with most conversions to city occurring in the 1950s through 1970s. The third zone comprised satellite cities formed by nonsequential consolidation of villages and towns to form large mountain-edge cities, at various times during the century. The final zone had sequential change from mountain village to town. These urbanization transition zones reflect the differences in core, suburban, and satellite city growth patterns.
Aroclor 1254 as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist: Effects on enzyme induction and immunotoxicity

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Aroclor 1254 induced the cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenases, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells and C57BL/6J mice. It has been proposed that both Aroclor 1254 and 2,3,7,8-TCDD induce these enzymes via a common mechanism which features initial binding to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) cytosolic receptor protein. The major difference between these compounds was the relative potency (i.e. 2,3,7,8-TCDD much greater than Aroclor 1254). Cotreatment of rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells or C57BL/6J mice with a dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD which submaximally induces AHH and EROD and a dose of Aroclor 1254 which exhibited little or no induction activity resulted in significant antagonism of the induction effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. For example, cotreatment of C57BL/6J mice with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (15 nmol/kg) and Aroclor 1254 (25, 75 and 150 mumol/kg) resulted in up to 23% antagonism of AHH induction by 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Moreover, cotreatment with a higher dose of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD agonist (30 or 50 nmol/kg) partially reversed some of the antagonism by Aroclor 1254. In vivo antagonism was observed only at Aroclor 1254/2,3,7,8-TCDD molar ratios of 1667:1, 5000:1 and 10,000:1. Administration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (3.72 nmol/kg) to C57BL/6J mice resulted in a 76% decrease in the splenic plaque forming cell response to sheep red blood cells. This T-cell mediated immunotoxic effect of 2,3,7,8-TCDD segregates with the Ah locus. In contrast, administration of 5, 15, 75 and 150 mumol/kg of Aroclor 1254 resulted in impairment of the immune response only at the highest dose level. However, cotreatment of mice with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (3.72 nmol/kg) and Aroclor 1254 (5, 15 or 75 mumol/kg) resulted in no significant decrease in the plaque forming cell response and complete protection from the immunotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Cotreatment of the mice with Aroclor 1254 (75 mumol/kg) and a higher dose of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD agonist resulted in partial reversal of the protective effects of Aroclor 1254. The in vitro and in vivo data suggest that within specific antagonist/agonist dose ratios, Aroclor 1254 can antagonize at least 2 Ah receptor-mediated effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, namely AHH induction and immunotoxicity.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Hf–Si–O system

Abstract The Hf–O system has been modeled by combining existing experimental data and first-principles calculation results through the CALPHAD approach. Special quasirandom structures of α and β hafnium were generated to calculate the mixing behavior of oxygen and vacancies. For the total energy of oxygen, vibrational, rotational and translational degrees of freedom were considered. The Hf–O system was combined with previously modeled Hf–Si and Si–O systems, and the ternary compound in the Hf–Si–O system, HfSiO4 has been introduced to calculate the stability diagrams pertinent to the thin film processing.
1990: Annus Mirabilis of Potassium Channels

Voltage-gated potassium channels make up a large molecular family of integral membrane proteins that are fundamentally involved in the generation of bioelectric signals such as nerve impulses. These proteins span the cell membrane, forming potassium-selective pores that are rapidly switched open or closed by changes in membrane voltage. After the cloning of the first potassium channel over 3 years ago, recombinant DNA manipulation of potassium channel genes is now leading to a molecular understanding of potassium channel behavior. During the past year, functional domains responsible for channel gating and potassium selectivity have been identified, and detailed structural pictures underlying these functions are beginning to emerge.
Prescription privileges for psychologists: constituencies and conflicts.

The pros and cons of the proposal to link prescription privileges specifically to psychological training vary from the point of view of the constituencies involved. The present article analyzes those differences. Two surprising facts are noted. First, it is scientist-practitioners who are resisting the move toward prescription privileges, not so much the basic science organizations. Second, while the practice-based organizations have been avid in their support of prescription privileges, the same cannot be said for rank and file private practitioners. On closer examination, the costs, benefits, and views of the different constituencies make sense of these anomalies. The resistance to prescription privileges is not arbitrary or unreasonable and it is not likely to go away any time soon.
Lipoxygenase-catalyzed epoxidation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol.

Metabolism of resolved radioactive stereoisomer, [14C](+)-benzo-(a)pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol by highly purified soybean lipoxygenase plus linoleic acid was investigated. Trans-anti-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrotetrol, the product of hydrolytic breakdown of ultimate mutagenic benzo(a)pyrene-anti-7,8-dihydrodiol,9,10-epoxide, was detected as a major metabolite. The epoxidation, depended on the enzyme concentration and was inhibited by nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid. This study provides evidence on the ability of lipoxygenase to catalyze the epoxidation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol.
An extension of the naive Bayesian classifier

Our objective here is to provide an extension of the naive Bayesian classifier in a manner that gives us more parameters for matching data. We first describe the naive Bayesian classifier, and then discuss the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) aggregation operators. We introduce a new class of OWA operators which are based on a combining the OWA operators with t-norm's operators. We show that the naive Bayesian classifier can seen as a special case of this. We use this to suggest an extended version of the naive Bayesian classifier which involves a weighted summation of products of the probabilities. An algorithm is suggested to obtain the weights associated with this extended naive Bayesian classifier.
Fast parallel optical digital multiplication

Abstract A parallel optical binary multiplication scheme is proposed in which parallel convolution preprocessing is performed using a parallel-input optical outer-product processor together with a one dimensional either space or time integrator. Using a thetamodulation based optical A/D converter and a carry look-ahead adder array, the resulting mixed-binary partial product can be reduced to the final binary multiplication result.
Developmentally-Oriented Safety Surveys Reported Parental and Adolescent Practices

A series of developmentally-oriented safety surveys has been utilized in both private practice and clinic settings in an effort to systematize safety counseling in a practical and meaningful manner, and to provide data comparing the educational needs of various socioeconomic and ethnic groups. Extraordinary deficiencies were identified in parental awareness and reported practice of basic accident prevention techniques at all levels and in all social and ethnic groups.
Pancytopenia with myelofibrosis. An unusual presentation of childhood Hodgkin's disease.

Fillette de 12 ans en bonne sante jusqu'a l'âge de 11 ans 4 mois ou sont apparues fievre, asthenie, anemie, thrombocytopenie et fibrose de la moelle osseuse. Le diagnostic de maladie de Hodgkin a ete porte sur biopsies medullaire, ganglionnaire et pulmonaire. Deces au bout de 3 mois malgre le traitement chimiotherapique
Therapeutic and redemptive aspects of religious confession

Religious confession provides a forum for the expression of individual identity and relational needs. As a ritual that gives public sanction to personal transformation and redemption, confession also connects the faithful to the larger community. Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish ways of confession are surveyed to examine their historical and contemporary significance. Religious confession not only reflects meaning; it also creates meaning filtered through our psychological understanding of what constitutes sin. Clinical examples illustrate the need for therapists to become more aware of the relationship of their own values and countertransference in spiritual disclosure.