cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutamate Is a Wake-Active Neurotransmitter in Drosophila melanogaster

Introduction In mammals, there is evidence that glutamate has a role as a wake-active neurotransmitter. So using video-based analysis of Drosophila behavior, we undertook a study to examine if glutamate, which has been previously shown to have an excitatory role in neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila, may have a conserved wake-active role in the adult brain. Aims and methods Using 6- to 9-day-old female flies, we examined the effect of perturbations of the glutamatergic signaling on total wakefulness and wake bout architecture. We increased and decreased neuronal activity of glutamatergic neurons in the brains of adult flies using Upstream Activating Sequence (UAS) NaChBac and UAS EKO, respectively. We blocked neurotransmission from glutamatergic neurons in adult flies using the UAS-driven temperature-sensitive dynamin mutation shibirets. We examined the behavior of flies with loss of function mutations of individual subunits of brain-specific ionotropic glutamate receptors. Results Increasing the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the adult brain led to a significant increase in wakefulness compared to the control groups both in the daytime and nighttime and decreasing the activity of these same neurons reduced wakefulness in the nighttime. Blocking neurotransmitter release in glutamatergic neurons significantly reduced wake in the nighttime. The ionotropic receptor mutants had significantly less wake in the nighttime than their respective genetic background controls. Conclusion The results show the following: glutamate is indeed a wake-active neurotransmitter in Drosophila; there is a major time of day effect associated with loss of glutamatergic neurotransmission; and it is a major wake-active neurotransmitter in the nighttime.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Referral Source for Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions for Youths

ABSTRACTThis study examined racial and ethnic differences in admissions to substance abuse treatment and in the referral source in admissions to treatment. The 2012 Treatment Episode Data Set (N = 117,862) was used and included African-American, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and other racial/ethnic youths, ages 12 to 17. Age at admission to treatment, racial and ethnic differences in primary substance used, and co-occurrence of a psychiatric problem were found to be statistically significant. Health care providers were 3 times more likely to refer youths with psychiatric problems and the school system was 2 times more likely to refer Hispanic youths to treatment. Implications are discussed.
Strain Development by Whole-Cell Directed Evolution

Due to limited knowledge of complicated cellular networks, directed evolution has played critical roles in strain improvement, especially for complex traits with hundreds of genetic determinants and for organisms with few genetic tools. Directed evolution mimics natural evolution in the laboratory via iterative cycles of diversity generation and functional selection or screening to isolate evolved mutants with desirable phenotypes. In this chapter, we summarize recent technological advances and applications of directed evolution in strain development, focusing on the efforts for accelerating evolution workflows, expanding the range of target phenotypes, and facilitating mechanistic understanding of evolved mutations.
Implicit Communication in a Joint Action

Robots must be cognizant of how their actions will be interpreted in context. Actions performed in the context of a joint activity comprise two aspects: functional and communicative. The functional component achieves the goal of the action, whereas its communicative component, when present, expresses some information to the actor's partners in the joint activity. The interpretation of such communication requires leveraging information that is public to all participants, known as common ground. Much of human communication is performed through this implicit mechanism, and humans cannot help but infer some meaning -- whether or not it was intended by the actor -- from most actions. We present a framework for robots to utilize this communicative channel on top of normal functional actions to work more effectively with human partners. We consider the role of the actor and the observer, both individually and jointly, in implicit communication, as well as the effects of timing. We also show how the framework maps onto various modes of action, including natural language and motion. We consider these modes of action in various human-robot interaction domains, including social navigation and collaborative assembly.
Outcomes and treatment of patients with POEMS syndrome experiencing progression or relapse after first line treatment.

8594 Background: While clinical improvement is almost universal with first line chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in patients with POEMS syndrome, outcomes and management of patients who relaps...
Serologic and biochemical studies of a previously unclassified blood type B variant

The designation B4 is proposed for a weak variant of type B blood found in a Salvadorian woman and her two daughters. The red cells were weakly agglutinated by anti-B and anti-A,B; the serum contained anti-B; and the saliva contained H but not B substance. Biochemical studies of the serum showed that the enzyme specified by the variant B gene had low activity and low affinity for both sugar donor and acceptor.
Adaptation of mRNA structure to control protein folding.

Comparison of mRNA and protein structures shows that highly structured mRNAs typically encode compact protein domains suggesting that mRNA structure controls protein folding. This function is apparently performed by distinct structural elements in the mRNA, which implies ‘fine tuning’ of mRNA structure under selection for optimal protein folding. We find that, during evolution, changes in the mRNA folding energy follow amino acid replacements, reinforcing the notion of an intimate connection between the structures of a mRNA and the protein it encodes, and the double encoding of protein sequence and folding in the mRNA.
Idealizations, Externalities, and the Economic Analysis of Law

What is the logic of technological choice? An elementary first move in answering this question is to distinguish between normative and engineering components. On this view, values from the normative component are used to determine the choices to be made from among the possibilities revealed by science and engineering. But these possibilities—the raw material, as it were, for the normative analysis—are a function of the idealizations and approximations used. Because nothing can begin to happen in the way of testing or application of theory in the absence of some calculated numbers, scientists and engineers require real, as opposed to in principle only, computability. But real computability must make do with actually available empirical data, auxiliary theories, computational resources, and mathematical methods. Given real world limitations on the availability and power of these necessary components, idealizations and approximations must be used by both scientist and engineer. There is really no choice for either practitioner but to simplify. As we shall see, such simplification causes problems for the reliability of the claims of science and engineering.
Multivariate Analysis for Quantification of Plutonium(IV) in Nitric Acid Based on Absorption Spectra

Development of more effective, reliable, and fast methods for monitoring process streams is a growing opportunity for analytical applications. Many fields can benefit from online monitoring, including the nuclear fuel cycle where improved methods for monitoring radioactive materials will facilitate maintenance of proper safeguards and ensure safe and efficient processing of materials. Online process monitoring with a focus on optical spectroscopy can provide a fast, nondestructive method for monitoring chemical species. However, identification and quantification of species can be hindered by the complexity of the solutions if bands overlap or show condition-dependent spectral features. Plutonium(IV) is one example of a species which displays significant spectral variation with changing nitric acid concentration. Single variate analysis (i.e., Beer’s Law) is difficult to apply to the quantification of Pu(IV) unless the nitric acid concentration is known and separate calibration curves have been made for al...
Latent Interaction Modeling with Planned Missing Data Designs

Planned missing data (PMD) designs allow researchers to collect additional data under time constraints and to reduce participant burden, both of which can occur in social, behavioral, and education...
The paleoecological record of human disturbance in wetlands of the Lake Tahoe Basin

Increased human activities since discovery of gold in northern California have changed the structure and function of many ecosystems. To reconstruct the changes in watershed environmental conditions, sediment cores were collected from three montane marshes in northern Sierra Nevada, CA. Pollen analysis was conducted, and water content, bulk density, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, major cations, and lead concentrations of sediments were determined. Cores were dated by the 210Pb method. Pollen analyses showed changes in plant communities in this region due to severe logging in the late-1800s and moderate logging in the 1900s. The local changes were more clearly recorded in small marsh pollen profiles than regional changes. The water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) introduction into Tahoe Basin was inferred from the pollen record and 210Pb dating. Road construction and maintenance activities were recorded in physical and chemical characteristics, such as increases in sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Pollen and physical and chemical records also documented the time line of the expansion of dry meadow, and the decrease of pine forest in one of the watersheds. This study showed that sediments in small marshes were especially useful to reconstruct local disturbance by human activities.
Changes Over Time in Good-Parent Beliefs Among Parents of Children With Serious Illness: A Two-Year Cohort Study

Abstract Context Parents of seriously ill children hold personal beliefs about what they should do to be good parents. How these beliefs change over time is unknown. Objectives The objectives of this study were to describe the pattern of Good-Parent Beliefs over time, and determine whether parents' hopeful patterns of thinking, affect, and perceived child's health are associated with changes in beliefs at 12 and 24 months. Methods Our longitudinal sample included 124 parents of 100 children hospitalized with serious illness. We used latent transition models to classify parents into groups with similar Good-Parent Beliefs during the baseline and follow-up periods and modeled the change in good-parent beliefs over time as a function of covariates using generalized linear mixed models. Results Two parent belief profiles emerged from the latent transition model: Loved (“Making sure my child feels loved,” n = 61 at baseline) and Informed (“Making informed decisions,” n = 63 at baseline). At 12 months, 21 parents (20.4%) had moved into the Loved group and no parents transitioned to the Informed group. By 24 months, eight parents transitioned to the Loved group and four to the Informed group (13.04%). Transition into the Loved group was associated with parents' baseline degree of hopeful thinking and positive perceptions of child's health at baseline. Conclusion Some parents change their parenting priorities over time. Hopeful patterns of thinking and perception of child health appear to predict change. Clinicians should regularly reevaluate Good-Parent Beliefs over time to promote priority-congruent dialogue.
Misplaced Trust: Building Research Relationships in the Age of Biorepository Networks.

In this issue of the American Journal of Bioethics, Kraft and colleagues (2018) provide important insights into the role trust plays in donor's decisions to contribute data and samples to local bio...
Modeling and mapping aircraft noise in National Parks

Commercial air tours are a common source of noise within many national parks, affecting natural and cultural resources as well as visitor experience. To facilitate interactive modeling and mapping of air tour noise exposure, the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center and National Park Service (NPS), in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), have created an Aviation Noise Analysis and Mapping Tool. This tool contains a library of park noise maps generated by modeling single aircraft operations on routes flown by that aircraft. The creation of this library is computationally intensive and requires considerable expertise to properly configure and run the models. With this tool and library, a broad range of users can interactively explore composite noise exposure generated by air tour traffic scenarios. Composite noise exposure is calculated by summing, across all aircraft and route combinations, the product of the number of flights on each route and the noise generated by each aircraft on that route. The use of FAA noise models ensures consistency with other U.S. environmental analyses, use of state-of-the-art algorithms, and access to updated aircraft noise databases. The traffic aggregation component can be modified to incorporate specialized interpretations of noise exposure for NPS applications.Commercial air tours are a common source of noise within many national parks, affecting natural and cultural resources as well as visitor experience. To facilitate interactive modeling and mapping of air tour noise exposure, the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center and National Park Service (NPS), in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), have created an Aviation Noise Analysis and Mapping Tool. This tool contains a library of park noise maps generated by modeling single aircraft operations on routes flown by that aircraft. The creation of this library is computationally intensive and requires considerable expertise to properly configure and run the models. With this tool and library, a broad range of users can interactively explore composite noise exposure generated by air tour traffic scenarios. Composite noise exposure is calculated by summing, across all aircraft and route combinations, the product of the number of flights on each route and the noise generated by each airc...
Family Considerations in Liaison Psychiatry: A Structural Family Approach to Anorexia Nervosa in Adults

A structural family approach to psychosomatic problems is based on the concept of the family, rather than the individual, as the locus of pathology. The individual self is seen as maintained by the ecological system in which it exists. Patterns of interaction common to psychosomatic families have been observed.
Consideration of Neuropsychological Factors in Interviewing

The goal of this chapter is to accomplish two purposes: (1) to provide an introduction to neuropsychological factors of which to be aware when conducting diagnostic interviews, and (2) to give an introduction to the art and science of conducting neuropsychological assessment interviews. The chapter serves as an overview of how cognitive or brain dysfunction can manifest in a diagnostic interview and also provides an introduction to neuropsychological interviewing for general clinical psychology students or students focusing in clinical neuropsychology. The chapter focuses on neuropsychological assessment with adults. Pediatric neuropsychology will not be explored, but interested readers are referred to Sattler (2002) for information on neuropsychological assessment interviews with children.
Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico

Chemical data from more than 400 ground-water sites in the Middle Rio Grande Basin of central New Mexico indicate that arsenic concentrations exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter across broad areas of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, which is currently the almost exclusive source of drinking-water supply for residents of the basin. Identification of sources of arsenic to ground water of the basin is complicated by multiple sources of ground-water recharge that differ substantially in chemical composition. Establishment of a clear hydrologic framework for the basin was useful in interpreting the significance of patterns in arsenic concentration. This investigation indicates that there are two main sources of high-arsenic water to the Middle Rio Grande Basin. One primary source is related to silicic volcanism in the Jemez Mountains to the north, where dilute recharge water likely flows through rocks that have been altered by contact with geothermal fluids. The other primary source is mineralized water of deep origin that mixes with shallower ground water in several locations around the basin, particularly along major structural features. Ground water that has not been affected by either of these two high-arsenic sources generally has low arsenic concentrations. In some areas of the basin, values of pH exceeding about 8.5 appear to contribute to elevated arsenic concentrations through desorption of arsenic from metal oxides.
Evolving Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Management and Opportunities for Integration With Radiotherapy

The majority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) present with advanced disease. While first-line therapy with sorafenib is considered standard of care for patients with advancedHCC, outcomes remain poor. Despite early evidence of antitumor activity from Phase II trials of multiple other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Phase III trials have largely failed to show an improvement insurvival outcomes over sorafenib. Given the encouraging early results with liver-directed radiotherapy for patients with advanced HCC, there is an increased interest in combination of these therapies tooptimize patient outcomes and improve survival by maximizing both local and distant disease control. Phase II trials of checkpoint inhibitors in HCC have also reported encouraging results, and Phase IIItrials are ongoing. Trials of combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy in solid tumors have shown intriguing results, potentially reflecting the opportunity for synergistic effects with the use of both modalities.
Do Celebrity Endorsements Benefit Familiar Luxury Brands? A Perspective From Social Adaptation Theory

From the perspective of social adaptation theory, this study empirically tests the effectiveness of celebrity endorsements of familiar luxury brands compared to that of noncelebrity endorsements. T...
Induction Therapy with Bortezomib and Dexamethasone and Conditioning with High-Dose Melphalan and Bortezomib Followed by Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis: Long-Term Follow-Up Analysis

ABSTRACT In immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, the depth of hematologic response to treatment is associated with improved survival and organ responses. We conducted a clinical trial using bortezomib in induction and in conditioning with melphalan before stem cell transplantation (SCT) for AL amyloidosis. The results of this clinical trial with a median follow-up of 36 months have been reported previously. Here we report the long-term results of this clinical trial with a median follow-up of 77 months. We describe survival, durability of hematologic and organ responses, and relapse rates. Thirty-five patients were enrolled between 2010 and 2013. Hematologic complete response and very good partial response (VGPR) were noted in 100% (27 of 27) of the evaluable patients at 6 months post-SCT. Four patients (15%) had hematologic relapse at a median of 42 months, and 1 patient (3.7%) had organ progression despite maintaining a VGPR at 37 months. The median overall survival and progression-free survival have not yet been reached at the time of this report. Renal and cardiac responses occurred in 65% and 88%, respectively, at 5 years post-SCT. The median time to renal and cardiac response was 12 months and 6 months, respectively. In conclusion, incorporating bortezomib into induction and conditioning yielded durable hematologic responses of AL amyloidosis, with corresponding organ responses and prolonged survival.
High-performance double-null plasmas under radiating mantle scenarios on DIII-D

Abstract Actively enhancing plasma radiated power has been used to reduce divertor heat flux in high power, high-performance double null divertor (DND) and near-DND plasmas in DIII-D, while at the same time maintaining acceptable energy confinement. One form of this approach that we focus on here is the radiating mantle. The effectiveness of the radiating mantle was found to depend strongly on the location of electron cyclotron (EC) heating deposition and on the effect that seed impurities have on triggering inimical MHD activity inside the plasma. In addition, we present experimental support for the predictions made by the ELITE boundary stability code (Snyder et al., 2002, [1]) for ways to improve confinement and fueling in these high-performance plasmas. Representative AT operating conditions were H98 ≈ 1.4–1.7, βN ≈ 3–4, and q95 ≈ 4.7–6.5.
Halogen-Induced Crystallinity and Size Tuning of MicrowaveSynthesized Germanium Nanocrystals

The reduction of Ge halides in oleylamine (OAm) provides a simple, yet effective high-yield synthetic route to germanium nanocrystals (NCs). Significant advances based on this approach include size...
Aircraft Trajectory Prediction using LSTM Neural Network with Embedded Convolutional Layer

The development of convective weather avoidance algorithm is crucial for aviation operations and it is also a key objective of the next generation air traffic management system. This paper proposes a novel network architecture that embeds convolutional layers into long short-time memory (LSTM) cells to predict the trajectory, based on the convective weather condition along the flight plan before the aircraft takeoff. The data used in the experiments are history flight track data, the last on-file flight plan, and the time-dependent convective weather map. The history flight data are taken from NASA Sherlock database and the weather data used in this paper is the Echo Top (ET) convective weather product from Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS). The experiment is conducted using three months history data over the period from Nov 1, 2018 through Feb 5, 2019 with the flights from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) but the methodology can be applied to the flights between any arbitrary two airports. Interpolation is performed on flight plans and real history tracks to fix the fold number of LSTM cell and also reduce computation complexity. The training loss is defined as the standard Mean Squared Error (MSE) of the predicted tracks and the real history tracks. Adam optimizer is used for backpropagation. Learning from the real historical flight data, the out-of-sample test shows that 47.0\% of the predicted flight tracks are able to reduce the deviation compared to the last on-file flight plan. The overall variance is reduced by 12.3\%.
Investigation of the Dynamics of Liquid Cooling of 3D ICs

Although 3D IC technology can provide very high integration density, they suffer from having hotspots that may reach 1000’s of degrees. To manage this heat, it is necessary to study the dynamics of cooling and thermal behavior of the ICs. In this study, we report on the dynamics of microchannel liquid cooling using water, R22, and liquid nitrogen. The study shows that using diamond cooling blocks ensures normal operating temperature of 60 ˚C or less, using any of the above coolants. Using SiO2 blocks, only liquid nitrogen can provide acceptable operating temperatures. The study shows also that liquid latent energy and inlet velocity play a major role in the cooling dynamics.
Using a Systems Change Framework to Evaluate Academic Equity & Climate Efforts in a Graduate Program

Manuscript Purpose/Abstract Statistics on representation in graduate programs show that, while academia is moving forward in terms of generating diverse cohorts of students and faculty, representation still has not reached parity. These discrepancies in representation are seen at the graduate student level and intensify as academic rank increases. While there have been strides to improve representation through more thoughtful recruitment, a new discussion is emerging around inclusion and retention of under-represented minorities. Inclusive programs are that which center and prioritize support for diverse experiences, identities, career goals, and perspectives actively and continuously from recruitment through graduation. An emerging area of focus for inclusion efforts is graduate student programs. Graduate education programs provide significant opportunities for inclusive programming, and conversely, a program that does not take efforts to improve both diversity and inclusion can often contribute to further disparity in representation. While there are many efforts across programs to address inclusion, there is room for improvement on developing cohesive and effective programming that targets the many areas of needed change in order to improve institutional inclusivity. Here, we argue that graduate education programs should utilize a systems change framework to evaluate areas of progress and need in their program as it relates to inclusion. A systems-change approach emphasizes three levels of changes: explicit change (e.g. policies), semi-explicit change (e.g. power dynamics), and implicit change (e.g. biases). We use the Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB) PhD Program at the University of Texas at Austin in an exercise to (1) identify areas of concern regarding inclusive programming voiced by graduate students and (2) categorize efforts to address these concerns about inclusive programming into a systems change frame, and finish by (3) integrating and evaluating which areas of the systems change framework show the greatest progress and greatest need for the UT EEB graduate program. We acknowledge that the specific examples here are of particular relevance to other EEB programs, as they may see similar patterns in graduate student needs and efforts to address them. But, the exercise itself is certainly not limited to EEB programs. We encourage any graduate program, as well as any departments or even larger institution, to consider undergoing this exercise in order to more effectively address inequity in their own domains.
Bumps, Ridges, and no Flows in Vein

In a developing vertebrate heart, the heart does not simply beat just to transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen, but it beats to aid in the formation.
From 100 to 0: Endocardial Radiofrequency Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy for Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Septal reduction techniques can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who was a poor candidate for surg...
Monolith, the colonial face of landscape photography

The goal of this paper is to highlight gendered, racial, and colonial politics of landscape photography by examining intersections of patriarchy, Orientalism/colonialism, and representation in its ...
Caste Primacy of Auditor Choice and Independence

We examine the caste affiliation of the auditor selected by the corporate boards of directors of Indian firms. The history of the caste system in India is one of discrimination and inequity. The co...
Big man sovereignty and sexual politics in pandemic time

This essay investigates why voters both forgive and reward the corruption enacted by Trump and Zuma because of the powerful illiberal fantasies they solicit in relation to their respective national...
The Marčenko-Pastur law for sparse random bipartite biregular graphs

We prove that the empirical spectral distribution of a dL, dR-biregular, bipartite random graph, under certain conditions, converges to a symmetrization of the Marcenko-Pastur distribution of random matrix theory. This convergence is not only global on fixed-length intervals but also local on intervals of increasingly smaller length. Our method parallels the one used previously by Dumitriu and Pal 2012. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 313-340, 2016
Lipid Source and Peroxidation Status Alter Immune Cell Recruitment in Broiler Chicken Ileum.

Background Restaurant oil in poultry diets increases energy content, reduces production costs, and promotes sustainability within the food supply chain. However, variable oil composition and heating temperatures among restaurant oil sources can impact broiler chicken health due to heat-induced lipid modifications. Objectives A 21-d experiment was conducted to evaluate ileal morphology, liver cytokine gene expression, and ileal immune cell populations in broilers fed control or peroxidized lipids with varying chain and saturation characteristics. Methods Day-old broilers were housed in battery cages (5 birds per cage) and fed diets containing 5% control or peroxidized oils. Eight diets were randomly assigned in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of oil source (palm, soybean, flaxseed, or fish) and peroxidation status (control or peroxidized). At day 21, samples were collected for ileal histomorphology [villus height (VH), crypt depth (CrD), and the VH:CrD ratio], and liver cytokine expression (qPCR). Ileum cytokine expression and T-cell markers were analyzed by RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH). Data were analyzed as a mixed model (SAS 9.4) with fixed effects of lipid source, peroxidation, and lipid × peroxidation interaction. Results CD3+ T-cells in the ileum decreased 16.2% due to peroxidation (P = 0.001) with 30.3% reductions observed in birds fed peroxidized flaxseed oil (P = 0.01). Peroxidation increased IL6+ and IL1B+ cells by 62.0% and 40.3%, respectively (P = 0.01). Soybean oil increased IFNG+ cells by 55.1% compared with palm oil, regardless of peroxidation status (P = 0.007). Lipid source and peroxidation did not alter ileal histomorphology or liver cytokine expression. Conclusions Lipid peroxidation increased ileal IL1B and IL6 in broiler chickens, whereas soybean oil diets increased IFNG. Generally, peroxidation decreased overall CD3+ T-cell populations, suggesting impaired T-cell presence or recruitment. These results identify potential immunomodulatory lipid profiles in restaurant oil while supporting RNAscope-ISH as a method to describe avian tissue-level immune responses.
High $p_{T}$ Inclusive Charged Hadron Spectra from Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

The STAR Collaboration presents new measurements of inclusive charged hadron distributions for $p_{T} <$ 12 GeV/c from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Charged hadron suppression at high $p_{T}$ is similar in shape and magnitude at all centralities to that observed previously at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 130 GeV for $p_{T} <$ 6 GeV/c. The ratio of spectra from central and peripheral Au+Au collisions shows that hadron suppression is approximately constant within 6 $< p_{T} <$ 12 GeV/c. The ratios of charged hadron spectra at the two beam energies show a 15-20% increase in yield at low $p_{T}$. At high $p_{T}$, the ratios show a larger increase that agrees well with pQCD calculations of the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ dependence of particle production in Au+Au collisions.
Returns and Attribution from a Student-Managed Peer-to-Peer Loan Fund

Many business schools run equity-based student-managed funds. However, few extend that experiential learning opportunity to incorporate fixed-income assets. In this paper, we report the seven-year results from a unique student-managed fund of peer-to-peer (P2P) loans. The minimum investment in these loans is low enough to allow even the smallest schools to offer students opportunities for meaningful, ongoing credit analysis. Our results show that P2P returns can be high, that defaults are significant, and that active management can add value in this market. They also support our contention that the institutional money now swamping the market is making P2P lending less attractive for retail investors.
"Out To Lunch": A Review of Various Diets Utilized in Nuclear Medicine Studies

1155 Objectives: Scanning in the nuclear medicine department often involves a form of diet restriction to optimize study results. This may involve fasting, avoiding certain foods, or even increasing intake of specific food items. It is important to education patients about these diets prior to their scan. In this project we discuss the various diets utilized in the nuclear medicine department. Methods: Different scans and procedures require different diets. We discuss the various diets utilized in the nuclear medicine department in this presentation. For example, a PET/CT scan, patients are required to follow a limited carbohydrate diet for 24 hours prior to scanning. The diet is then switched to water-only 6 hours before the scan. For a radioactive thyroid scan, patients must avoid all seafood and iodine products, and limit the intake of other various food items 1 week before scanning. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet has been found to improve cardiac sarcoidosis scan results. A number of other scans require patients to be NPO for a certain time period prior to a scan. We discuss the importance of patient education and compliance. Results: There are various dietary requirements for patients undergoing scans in the nuclear medicine department. Conclusions: Nuclear medicine scans require various diets; patient education and compliance is important.
Stochastically Stable Synchronous Learning for EV Aggregators Considering Their Collective Age of Information

This paper exploits potential games to model the integrated demand response / economic dispatch problem and proposes a synchronous log-linear learning (LLL) architecture for generators and EV aggregators to simultaneously make real-time decisions. Furthermore, to address the reality that each EV aggregator needs to manage dynamic portfolios of EVs in a geographically spread area and participate on behalf of most recent demands of its managed EVs, the concept of Age of Information (AoI) is explicitly modeled and incorporated. It is proven that the proposed framework has guaranteed convergence to a Nash equilibrium that is also a global optimizer, using the stochastic stability theory, perturbed Markov process, and revision trees. Numerical test results on a 15-generator, 15-aggregator benchmark network validate the proposed framework and show that the explicit consideration of AoI improves the dynamic characteristics of the proposed synchronous LLL compared to conventional learning schemes in potential games.
Swimming in Flatsea.

Some of the simplest questions are the hardest to answer. Why flags flap is a long-standing puzzle that becomes easier to solve in a two-dimensional world.
Thrombectomy for delayed basilar stent occlusion with good outcome.

Neurovascular stents have revolutionized the endovascular treatment of wide-necked and fusiform aneurysms; however, potential in-stent thrombosis—resulting in devastating strokes—complicates their use. Interventionalists using these devices must be aware of treatment options for such events. We present the case of a 46-year-old man who underwent stent-supported embolization of an incidental basilar aneurysm followed by in-stent thrombosis 6 weeks later. Though he presented at that time after 24 h of symptom onset with complete occlusion of the basilar artery, delayed thrombectomy and thrombolysis resulted in a good clinical outcome.
Development of the Behavioral Evaluation of Disorders of Sleep Scale

We describe the development, preliminary psychometric properties, and cross-validation of the Behavioral Evaluation of Disorders of Sleep (BEDS: Schreck 1997/1998). Parental reports of problem sleep behavior in elementary school aged children 5 years to 12 years were collected for two samples. With the first sample, an exploratory factor analysis of parental responses (N = 307) resulted in reports of five distinct types of sleep problems: Expressive Sleep Disturbances; Sensitivity to the Environment; Disoriented Awakening; Sleep Facilitators; and Apnea/Bruxism. Four of these factors (Expressive Sleep Disturbances; Sensitivity to the Environment; Disoriented Awakening; and Apnea) were confirmed with the new participant sample (N = 1054). These factors of problem sleep behavior were similar to findings in other studies, with the exception of the exclusion of bedtime behavior problems.
Primary total knee arthroplasty for a complex distal femur fracture in the elderly: a case report

Fractures of the distal femur in the elderly account for 4–5% of fractures in the geriatric population and are usually due to low energy ground level fall onto a flexed knee. A high incidence of postoperative complications and poor results are secondary to associated co-morbidities and osteopenia in this age group resulting in high levels of comminution and articular damage at the time of injury. Preservation of knee function and early weight bearing should be the objectives of management in the geriatric population. We present in this case report of an elderly patient with comminuted distal femoral fracture who had Primary total knee arthroplasty as an alternative to internal fixation.
Translocation of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A and associated proteins across the intestinal epithelia.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are some of the most poisonous natural toxins. Botulinum neurotoxins associate with neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) forming large complexes that are protected from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is still unclear how BoNT complexes as large as 900 kDa traverse the epithelial barrier and what role NAPs play in toxin translocation. In this study, we examined the transit of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) holotoxin, complex and recombinantly purified NAP complex through cultured and polarized Caco-2 cells and, for the first time, in the small mouse intestine. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A and NAPs in the toxin complex were detectable inside intestinal cells beginning at 2 h post intoxication. Appearance of the BoNT/A holotoxin signal was slower, with detection starting at 4–6 h. This indicated that the holotoxin alone was sufficient for entry but the presence of NAPs enhanced the rate of entry. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A detection peaked at approximately 6 and 8 h for complex and holotoxin, respectively, and thereafter began to disperse with some toxin remaining in the epithelia after 24 h. Purified HA complexes alone were also internalized and followed a similar time course to that of BoNT/A complex internalization. However, recombinant HA complexes did not enhance BoNT/A holotoxin entry in the absence of a physical link with BoNT/A. We propose a model for BoNT/A toxin complex translocation whereby toxin complex entry is facilitated by NAPs in a receptor-mediated mechanism. Understanding the intestinal uptake of BoNT complexes will aid the development of new measures to prevent or treat oral intoxications.
Survival Data Analysis

The Purpose of this article is to provide the educational researcher with an overview of common survival data analysis models, with a particular emphasis on their application with longitudinal outcomes. The first section of the paper underscores limitations associated with using common regression modles to analyze time to event data and provides a rational for why survival data analysis is preferable with longitudinal data sets. Furthermore, a brief history of survival data analysis and basic terminology are provided. The main section of the paper consists of describing common nonparametric, semi-parametric, and parametric models for continuous and discrete data, with computational examples. The final section of the chapter briefly outlines common survival data analysis software that can be used by the practitioner.
Heart Development: Gene Control

All creatures from flies to humans possess a heart-like contractile organ responsible for movement of fluid through the body. Molecular studies have revealed a remarkable degree of evolutionary conservation in the genetic pathways underlying heart development. In Drosophila, the transcription regulatory proteins TINMAN, PANNIER, MEF2, plus members of the TBX and HAND families are required for regulation of heart muscle differentiation and correct morphogenesis of the heart. Expression of the cardiac transcription factors is regulated by growth factor signalling from adjacent tissues. In vertebrates, members of precisely the same transcription factor families are required for heart development and their expression is also subject to growth factor regulation. One major difference is that higher organisms usually express several members of each protein family, leading to at least partial functional redundancy. In both flies and mammals, several distinct transcription regulatory proteins interact both genetically and physically to precisely regulate transcription of the structural, morphological and physiological genes required for establishment of correct heart structure and function. Key Concepts: The transcription regulatory system required for development of the heart involves members of several distinct transcription factor families. Interactions between a number of distinct transcription factors are essential for gene regulatory function. Genetic regulation of heart development is evolutionarily conserved. Keywords: Tinman; Nkx2-5; GATA factors; MEF2; Tbx; Hand; Isl1
A Proposed Revision to the Definition of “Derecho”

AbstractThe word “derecho” was first used by Gustavus Hinrichs in 1888 to distinguish the widespread damaging windstorms that occurred on occasion over the mid–Mississippi Valley region of the United States from damaging winds associated with tornadoes. The term soon fell into disuse, however, and did not appear in the literature until Robert Johns and William Hirt resurrected it in the mid-1980s.While the present definition of derecho served well during the early years of the term’s reintroduction to the meteorological community, it has several shortcomings. These have become more apparent in recent years as various studies shed light on the physical processes responsible for the production of widespread damaging winds. In particular, the current definition’s emphasis on the coverage of storm reports at the expense of identifying the convective structures and physical processes deemed responsible for the reports has led to the term being applied to wind events beyond those for which it originally was int...
Alcohol and other substance use, mental health treatment use, and perceived unmet treatment need: Comparison between baby boomers and older adults

Background and Objective As the baby boomers age, the number of older adults with comorbid substance use and mental disorders is projected to grow. Little research has examined the potential impact of substance use on older adults’ mental health treatment use and unmet treatment need. This study examined these associations among the rapidly growing population of baby boomers and their older counterparts. Methods Data are from the 2008 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (N = 18,443 respondents aged 50–64 and 11,191 aged 65 +). Age-combined and age-stratified logistic regression analyses were used to examine relationships between alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco use and mental health problems, treatment use, and perceived unmet treatment need, with sociodemographic characteristics and health status as covariates. Results Heavy alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco use increased the odds of having a mental health problem in both age groups. Compared to those who used alcohol on 1–99 days during the preceding year, lifetime abstainers had significantly lower odds of having received mental health treatment in both age groups. Poorer self-rated health and past-year mental health treatment use increased the odds of perceived unmet treatment need in both age groups, while lifetime abstention in the boomers decreased the odds. Conclusions and Scientific Significance This study's key finding is the lower likelihood of mental health treatment use among lifetime abstainers in both age groups. Further research may identify barriers to treatment use and ways to promote use among both age groups. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:1–9)
Sweet Sorghum Juice and Bagasse as Feedstocks for the Production of Optically Pure Lactic Acid by Native and Engineered Bacillus coagulans Strains

Sweet sorghum is a bioenergy crop that produces large amounts of soluble sugars in its stems (3–7 Mg ha−1) and generates significant amounts of bagasse (15–20 Mg ha−1) as a lignocellulosic feedstock. These sugars can be fermented not only to biofuels but also to bio-based chemicals. The market potential of the latter may be higher given the current prices of petroleum and natural gas. The yield and rate of production of optically pure d-(−)- and l-(+)-lactic acid as precursors for the biodegradable plastic polylactide was optimized for two thermotolerant Bacillus coagulans strains. Strain 36D1 fermented the sugars in unsterilized sweet sorghum juice at 50 °C to l-(+)-lactic acid (∼150 g L−1; productivity, 7.2 g L−1 h−1). B. coagulans strain QZ19-2 was used to ferment sorghum juice to d-(−)-lactic acid (∼125 g L−1; productivity, 5 g L−1 h−1). Carbohydrates in the sorghum bagasse were also fermented after pretreatment with 0.5 % phosphoric acid at 190 °C for 5 min. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of all the sugars (SScF) by B. coagulans resulted in a conversion of 80 % of available carbohydrates to optically pure lactic acid depending on the B. coagulans strain used as the microbial biocatalyst. Liquefaction of pretreated bagasse with cellulases before SScF (L + SScF) increased the productivity of lactic acid. These results show that B. coagulans is an effective biocatalyst for fermentation of all the sugars present in sweet sorghum juice and bagasse to optically pure lactic acid at high titer and productivity as feedstock for bio-based plastics.
Alternative Futures for Applied Sociology

The future of applied sociology is being shaped by a variety of factors including the historical development of the discipline, the institutional context of colleges and universities, and a wide variety of social trends related to the goals and funding of higher education. Five alternative scenarios for the future of applied sociology are set forth: “Down and Out,” “Subfield Status,” “Increasing Focus,” “Ascension of Applied Sociology,” and “Leaving Home.” Internal and external factors shaping contemporary higher education and their possible impacts on the future of applied sociology are considered in order to assess the likelihood of the five alternative futures.
Nonlinear stress wave propagation in 3D woodpile elastic metamaterials

Abstract We study the formation and propagation of nonlinear stress waves in 3D woodpile elastic metamaterials consisting of vertically stacked slender cylindrical rods. We find the nonlinear waveforms transmitted through the woodpile architectures under impact are highly sensitive to their design parameters, particularly stacking distances and angles in 3D assemblies. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate that the woodpile system can localize, modulate, and ultimately attenuate propagating nonlinear waves in an efficient manner without relying on material damping. We also show the feasibility of constructing metamaterials with a simultaneous characteristic of high damping and high stiffness by using the controllable wave dispersion in the woodpile structures. These woodpile metamaterials offer enhanced degrees of freedom in manipulating stress waves, thereby offering a new way to design efficient impact protectors with high stiffness.