cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired retention of visual discriminated escape training produced by subseizure amygdala stimulation.

Abstract These experiments examined the effects on memory of posttrial, subseizure, electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Rats were trained in a visual discriminated avoidance Y-maze. Each animal received 6 trials on the training day. Retention, tested the following day, was measured both by the number of correct choices on the first 6 retraining trials and by the number of trials to a criterion of 5 of 6 correct choices. If administered 2 min, 1 h, or 4 h, but not 10 h, after training, bilateral amygdala stimulation significantly impaired retention as measured 24 h afteer training. In a second experiment, rats received unilateral amygdala stimulation in order to examine better the anatomical localization of effective stimulation sites. The unilateral stimulation was administered either 2 min, 10 min, 1 h, or 4 h after training. The behavioral procedures were the same as those used in the first experiment. For animals stimulated 2 min after training, the optimal stimulation region was one which extended rostrally from the ventrolateral portion of the basomedial nucleus to the dorsomedial region of the amygdala near the stria terminalis and nucleus centralis. For animals stimulated after a 10 min training-treatment interval, this amygdala region was not an effective site. However, in these animals, stimulation of the basolateral nucleus impaired later retention. Unilateral, posttraining amygdala stimulation administered 1 or 4 h after training did not appear to produce retention deficits. The findings of these experiments thus indicate that posttrial unilateral of bilateral amygdala stimulation impairs retention of discriminated avoidance training. Furthermore, the specific amygdala site at which posttrial stimulation impairs later retention varies with the training-treatment interval.
Blebbing Dynamics, Single Cell Force Measurements, and the Influence of Cytochalasin D on Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Using STEP Fibers

Classified as a grade IV tumor of the central nervous system, Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) arises from the glia. A poor understanding of tumor metastasis and limited treatment options have led to increase in deaths of patients suffering from GBM. Studying glioma behavior using aligned structures that mimic native glioblastoma metastatic path is challenging. In this study, we utilize a previously described non-electrospinning platform to manufacture aligned 3D structures called STEP nanonets that not only allows the study of individual cell-nanofiber interaction, but also allows the calculation of migratory forces using beam mechanics. In particular, the blebbing dynamics, force generation, and the effect of an actin disruptor, Cytochalasin D have been investigated on a glioma cell line (DBTRG, Denver Based Tumor Research Group). It was observed that cell pulled onto the nanofibers causing measurable deflections when they were in spread and non-blebbing conditions. In non-spread configurations while attached to fibers, the cells acquired spherical configurations and resumed blebbing. The average migratory force generated by cells exposed to DMSO (control, 1:1000 dilution) using nanonets of 2μm by 400nm fibers was 0.58±0.06nN. Actin disruptor, Cytochalasin D severely compromised the ability of the glioma cells to migrate causing no deflection of the fibers. Forces exerted by tumor cells on their native microenvironment affects their ability to metastasize, invade and proliferate. While the result presents actin disruptor as a potential target to minimize metastasis, the influence of other cytoskeleton disruptors can also be studied using the platform. Moreover, the results obtained from the study can be utilized to better understand the individual cell – nanofibers interaction which can shed light on how cells interact with their native environment during metastasis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of oral contraceptives on vitamins B6, B12, C, and folacin

The interaction of oral contraceptive agents with vitamin B6, folacin, vitamin B12, and vitamin C is described, with an emphasis on the effect of vitamin metabolism on steroid ingestion. A thorough nutritional assessment and patient education program are discussed.
Whole-Language Approaches: Premises and Possibilities.

In this article the major principles of a whole-language approach are identified and discussed as they may be applied with learning disabled children. Theoretical assumptions and specific educational practices are described, with recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of whole-language programs for learning disabled children. Finally, the issue of compatibility between a whole-language system and other interventions is addressed.
Parent—Infant interaction in free play at 8 and 12 months: Effects of prematurity and immaturity*

In Study 1, three groups of ten infants with differing neonatal problems (full-term, healthy preterm, sick preterm) were observed with their parents in four 15-minute play sessions. Each infant—parent dyad was observed once in the home and once in the laboratory when the infants were 8 months and again at 12 months of age. At 8 months, the sick preterm infants fussed more and played less than those in other groups whereas the full-term infants smiled more and spent more time in play than infants in other groups. This was parallelled by group differences in parent behavior. Parents of sick preterm infants spent more time close to their infants, more time in physical contact with them, and more time demonstrating toys to them than parents in other groups while parents of full-term infants were less actively involved than those in other groups. By 12 months most of the group differences were no longer evident. Study 2 compared the 8-month-old sick preterm group to full-term infants pair-matched by postconceptional age. The sick preterm infants fussed more and smiled less than their age-matched controls, whereas their parents were more active than those in the matched control group. These comparisons suggest that although the lesser amount of play in the sick preterm group is attributable to immaturity, their fussiness, and their parents' high level of activity are associated with prematurity and not immaturity.
Purification and analysis of the antigenicity of a 69000 Da protein from Bordetella pertussis

A purification scheme was devised for a 69-kDa outer membrane protein of Bordetella pertussis, a virulence-associated protein which may play a role in the pathogenesis of the organism. The protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by heating B. pertussis cells for 1 h at 60°C followed by DEAE-Sepharose and Affi-Gel Blue chromatography. Antibodies found in sera obtained from patients diagnosed as having pertussis reacted with this protein. This purification scheme should be useful for the production of the 69 kDa protein which is currently being evaluated as a pertussis vaccine candidate.
Self-serving responses arising from discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem

Recent evidence highlights the importance of distinguishing between secure and fragile high self-esteem when examining self-protective and self-enhancement strategies. The research reported here examines one way to make this distinction, namely discrepancies between individuals' explicit and implicit self-esteem. Study 1 focused on self-promotion and Study 2 focused on out-group derogation. Our findings indicated that compared to participants whose measured explicit self-esteem was congruent with situationally activated implicit self-esteem, participants whose explicit and implicit self-esteem were discrepant were more self-promoting (Study 1) or more negative in their ratings of an out-group member (Study 2). These findings converge with findings from other research that link heightened self-serving responses to discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem. We discuss the implications of our findings for the secure – fragile high self-esteem distinction.
Gaps in Alzheimer's Knowledge Among College Students

Despite the prevalence of the disease, it appears that there may be a need for increased education for formal and family caregivers of those with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Today's college students will be asked to fill both of these roles in the future. This study examined the level of knowledge of Alzheimer's disease among college students. Two-hundred college students at a mid-sized midwestern university completed an online survey that included the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (Carpenter et al., 2009). Although most participants knew that people with Alzheimer's remember things from the distant past better than more recent events, many college students were unfamiliar with risk factors and average life expectancy. Implications and recommendations for educational programs and curriculum are discussed.
Asian and Latin American Experience: Lessons for Africa

The historical transition growth experiences of East Asia and Latin America are outlined, with emphasis on the contrast in development strategies and resource flows at the end of their respective primary import substitution sub-phases. The relationship between differences in initial conditions and policy regimes is then highlighted, along with the resulting marked divergence in bottom line performance with respect to both growth and equity. Lessons for sub-Saharan Africa, which, as a late-comer, still has some of these fateful choices ahead of it, are then suggested. In addition to some of the rather well-known difficulties Africa faces, in terms of its endowment as well as a less favourable international setting, it is pointed out that there also exist a number of potential advantages which should not be ignored. Finally, some rather specific suggestions of possible relevance to African policymakers are put forward.
Relative Densities of Muscarinic Cholinergic and β-Adrenergic Receptors in the Canine Sinoatrial Node and Their Relation to Sites of Pacemaker Activity

The site of earliest extracellular electrical activation in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is known to shift in response to autonomic stimuli, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the determinants of the location of dominant pacemaker activity have not been elucidated. The present study was designed to characterize the spatial distribution of muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptors in the canine SAN and to determine whether a consistent relationship exists between autonomic receptor densities and the site of dominant pacemaker activity. We used quantitative light-microscopic autoradiography of radioligand binding sites to characterize the spatial distribution of muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in tissue sections containing the SAN and adjacent right atrial muscle from 18 canine hearts. Muscarinic receptor density was 5.4 times greater in SAN cells than in atrial myocytes (P < .01). Total beta-adrenergic receptor density was more than 3 times greater in SAN cells than in atrial myocytes (P < .0001), due entirely to the significantly greater number of beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the SAN. The region of dominant pacemaker activity, localized in 4 hearts with in vitro mapping, consistently exhibited greater densities of muscarinic and beta 1-adrenergic receptors than other SAN regions. Muscarinic receptor density in the dominant pacemaker region was 18 +/- 2% and 29 +/- 7% higher than in adjacent superior and inferior regions, respectively. beta 1-Receptor density in the dominant site was 53 +/- 5% and 26 +/- 4% higher than in adjacent superior and inferior SAN regions, respectively. Thus, the SAN is richly endowed with both muscarinic cholinergic and beta 1-adrenergic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The preferred alternative in a tradeoff study often depends on the technique used

When choosing amongst alternative designs, decision-makers would like to know that the choice of the preferred design is based on knowledge and experience, and not on some artifact of the decision process. But often, the apparent best alternative is just that, an artifact of the method that was chosen to do the tradeoff study. Many multicriterion decision-making techniques can be used for tradeoff studies: however, they often produce different recommendations. If the alternatives form a nonconvex set, then many techniques will have difficulty. If you got the "wrong answer", then you probably missed some requirements. Engineers should use formal, mathematical techniques to evaluate alternative system designs. Standards require it. Government organizations require it. Company policies require it. Common sense requires it. But when you do, be careful or mere artifacts will determine your recommendation. In our research we applied seven multicriterion decision-making techniques to some real-world data sets. We found that the preferred alternative depended on the technique that was used.
Involvement of TFIID and USA Components in Transcriptional Activation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Promoter by NF-κB and Sp1

The purified Rel/NF-κB (p50/p65) complex and Sp1 markedly activate transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promoter in a highly purified HeLa reconstituted transcription system. Transcriptional activation by NF-κB and Sp1 requires both TFIID and the USA fraction. The USA-derived coactivators PC2 and PC4 fully reconstitute the USA coactivator activity, both by repressing the basal level of transcription and by potentiating activator function to yield large increases in the levels of transcription induction. Under limiting concentrations, PC2 and PC4 also show synergistic effects. The C-terminal portion (amino acids 416 to 550) of the p65 subunit of NF-κB is a potent activator when assayed as a Gal fusion in the reconstituted transcription system and interacts both with TATA-binding protein (TBP) and with several human TBP-associated factors (TAFs) that include TAFII250. The p65 activation domain mediates transcription activation in the presence of partially reconstituted TFIID species that include a minimal complex containing only TBP and TAFII250. These studies also show that, like USA components, TAFs can serve both to repress TBP-mediated transcription and, following activator interactions, to reverse the repression and effect a net increase in activity. Taken together, these data underscore the importance of both TAFs and specific USA-derived coactivators for optimal activation of the HIV-1 promoter, as well as certain parallels in their overall mechanisms of action.
More efficient genetic algorithm for solving optimization problems

Genetic algorithms (GA) are stochastic search techniques based on mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics. By using genetic operators and cumulative information, genetic algorithms prune the search space and generate a set of plausible solutions. This paper describes an efficient genetic algorithm defined as modified genetic algorithms (MGA). The proposed algorithms is developed by hybridising simple genetic algorithms (SGA) with simulated annealing (SA). In this proposed algorithm, all the conventional genetic operators, such as, selection, reproduction, crossover, mutation, have been used. But they have been modified by a set of new functions such as a selection function 1, a selection function 2, a mutation function, etc., which utilizes the concept of successive descent as seen in simulated annealing. In this way, MGA can be implemented to solve various optimization problems more accurately and quickly.
Coloniality, Activity Patterns and Feeding in a Tropical Orb-Weaving Spider

A bstract. Orb-weaving spiders Metabus gravidus (Cambridge) (Araneae: Araneidae) spin, maintain, and defend individual webs. Colonies of 5-70 spiders form multilayered meshes of orbs connected by common support lines over mountain streams at the study site, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Habitat selection, preference for spinning within a group, and maintenance of year-round population levels result in relatively permanent aggregations. Grouped spiders can build orbs in areas of high prey density more efficiently than single spiders, but they do not cooperate in web construction or food capture. Activity patterns relate closely to prey abundance and also depend upon individual energy demands. Cost-benefit analysis for different positions within the colony suggests no single optimal position on the basis of prey capture and the construction, maintenance, and defense of orbs. Colonies are maintained by the composite movements of unspecialized individuals, which benefit in the exploitation of resources not available to solitary spiders.
Split: Optimizing Space, Power, and Throughput for TCAM-Based Classification

Using Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classication has become the de facto standard in industry because TCAMs facilitate constant time classication by comparing packet elds against ternary encoded rules in parallel. Despite their high speed, TCAMs have limitations of small capacity, large power consumption, and relatively slow access times. One reason TCAM-based packet classiers are so large is the multiplicative eect inherent in representing d-dimensional classiers in TCAMs. To address the multiplicative effect, we propose the TCAM Split architecture, where a d-dimensional classier is split into k = 2 low dimensional classiers, each of which is stored on its own small TCAM. A d-dimensional lookup is split into k low dimensional, pipe-lined lookups with one lookup on each chip. Our experimental results with real-life classiers show that TCAM Split reduces classier size by 84% using only two small TCAM chips, this increases to 93% if we use ve small TCAM chips.
Individual Differences in Developmental Plasticity May Result From Stochastic Sampling

The ability to adjust developmental trajectories based on experience is widespread in nature, including in humans. This plasticity is often adaptive, tailoring individuals to their local environment. However, it is less clear why some individuals are more sensitive to environmental influences than others. Explanations include differences in genes and differences in prior experiences. In this article, we present a novel hypothesis in the latter category. In some developmental domains, individuals must learn about the state of their environment before adapting accordingly. Because sampling environmental cues is a stochastic process, some individuals may receive a homogeneous sample, resulting in a confident estimate about the state of the world—these individuals specialize early. Other individuals may receive a heterogeneous, uninformative set of cues—those individuals will keep sampling. As a consequence, individual variation in plasticity may result from different degrees of confidence about the state of ...
Perceived Helpfulness and Amount of Use of Technology in Science and Mathematics Classes at Different Grade Levels.

Use of technology in science and mathematics classes has been increasing, but there are differences in the amount of use and students’ perceptions of its helpfulness across grade levels and subject areas. Technology was reported as used only occasionally. Technology was used most often to understand or explore in more depth concepts taught in class. This was followed by using technology as a tool of investigation or assessment. The lowest reported use of technology was as tool of communication. Students in middle school classes perceived technology as less helpful than students in elementary or high school classes. Students in mathematics classes perceived technology as more helpful than students in science classes. Girls perceived technology as more helpful than boys. Additionally, teacher and student perceptions of amount of use varied with teachers reporting more use than students.
A Visual Approach To Exploratory Data Mining

As the first step upon commencing an in-depth data mining analysis, students should become intimately acquainted with the data under study. In this paper, we present a methodology and set of custom tools that we have designed and developed for use in our data mining courses that allows students to efficiently and effectively accomplish this task. The tools create interactive visual presentations of the data, encouraging students to explore the data in search of patterns or relationships that would then be investigated in subsequent steps using sophisticated statistical and machine learning tools.
Abstract 4643: EZH2 promote a malignant phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma and VEGF/VEGFR2 pathways mediates regulation of EZH2 through E2F3/HIF-1α and downregulation of miR-101.

Background. EZH2 overexpression has been described in a wide variety of tumors, including lung cancer. EZH2 has been implicated in neoplastic transformation, tumor progression and activation of angiogenesis. The mechanisms associated with the regulation of EZH2 expression in lung cancer cells are mostly unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of EZH2 in cell proliferation/migration and response to chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma (LADCa) cell lines. Moreover, we studied the mechanisms of EZH2 regulation associated to the VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway expression. Methods. LADCa cell lines were inhibited pharmacologically with different doses of DZNep (0, 2.5 and 5μM) and by knockdown of EZH2 by siRNA. EZH2, H3K27me3 and PARP-C expressions were determined by Western-blots (WB). Cisplatin and carboplatin sensitivity (IC50) and proliferation were determined by MTS assay. Cell migration was measured using Boyden chamber assay. After stimulation of cell lines with VEGF-A, EZH2, VEGFR-2, E2F3 and HIF-1α expression were determined using WBs, and EZH2 and miR-101 expressions were determined by quantitative PCR. To study the role of VEGFR-2 and HIF-1α in the regulation of EZH2, we examined the effect of knockdown VEGFR-2 and HIF-1α by siRNA. Results. We found that inhibition with DZNep and knockdown by siRNA decreased the expression of EZH2, reduced H3K27me3 level, and increased PARP-C levels in LADCa cell lines. Treatment with DZNep and knockdown of EZH2 significantly increased sensitivity to cisplatin and carboplatin (p Conclusion. Our in vitro findings suggest that EZH2 overexpression may promote a more malignant phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma. The pharmacologic inhibition with DZNep and knockdown of EZH2 by siRNA increased sensitivity of LADCa cell lines to cisplatin and carboplatin, and reduced cell migration capabilities. Our results suggest that VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis plays a role in the regulation of EZH2 through E2F3/HIF-1α and miR-101 regulations. EZH2 is a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer that regulates the epigenome to overcome drug resistance. (Supported in part by grants DoD PROSPECT W81XWH-07-1-0306, NCI/UT Lung SPORE 5P50CA70907-11, and Becas Chile) Citation Format: Erick M. Riquelme, Carmen Berhens, Milind Suraokar, Ignacio I. Wistuba. EZH2 promote a malignant phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma and VEGF/VEGFR2 pathways mediates regulation of EZH2 through E2F3/HIF-1α and downregulation of miR-101. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4643. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4643
Computation of self-excited oscillation of transonic flow around an airfoil in a channel

Self-excited oscillations of transonic flow around a biconvex airfoil in a channel are computed using an unsteady Navier-Stokes code. A second-order time accurate implicit scheme is reformulated so that an efficient multistage scheme with local tune stepping, residual smoothing and multigrid can be used to accelerate convergence within each time step. The Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model and versions of the k-'jj models by Wilcox and Menter have been tested for applicability in the calculation of such flows. The use of the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic model is found to qualitatively predict the unsteady oscillations, while the use of the fc-oi model is found to be incapable of reproducing any unsteadiness for this particular self-excited oscillatory flow.
Trichlorfon and dichlorvos: their residues and toxicity in rodent bait for flea control.

An analytical chemical procedure was used to determine residues of trichlorfon and dichlorvos in rodent baits, in feces from rodents fed the treated baits, and in the vapors arising from both materials. Also, the effects of these vapors on oriental rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), were determined. The residues of the 0.3% trichlorfon used to treat corn-milo bait decreased from 2190 to 1250 ppm in 8 days while the residues of dichlorvos were increasing from 34.1 to 90.9 ppm; also, 10 g of this 8-day-old bait emitted 365 ng of trichlorfon and 3000 ng dichlorvos in vapor when the bait was swept with air (50 ml per min.) for 8 hr. A composite sample of rat feces collected for 6 days from rats fed on the same bait contained residues of trichlorfon and dichlorvos of 179 and 12.8 ppm, respectively; also, 1040 ng of dichlorvos was emitted in the vapor from 10 g of the feces in 8 hr (no trichlorfon was detected). In addition, the vapor from ground laboratory chow treated with 0.3% trichlorfon contained 24 ng per liter of dichlorvos but no trichlorfon when it was swept for 1 hr after standing for 24 hr in closed jars. The mortality of fleas exposed to these vapors during the 24 hr was 60%.
Trustees, Delegates, and Responsiveness in Comparative Perspective:

A large body of aggregate-level work shows that government policies do indeed respond to citizen preferences. But whether citizens recognize that government is responsive is another question entirely. Indeed, a prior question is whether or not citizens value responsiveness in the way that academic research assumes they should in the first place. Using comparative data from the European Social Survey, this article examines how citizens see government responsiveness. We show that several key assumptions of the aggregate-level literature are met at the individual level. But we also present results that show that attitudes toward representation and responsiveness are colored, sometimes in quite surprising ways, by winner–loser effects. In a finding that stands in some contrast to the normative literature on the topic, we show that these sorts of short-term attitudes help shape preferences for models of representation. In particular, we show that the distinction between delegates and trustees is a conceptual d...
Visualization of Spinal Bifida Occulta with Volume Rendering Technique Using Multislice Spiral CT

Objective: To evaluate the ability of the volume rendering technique(VRT) to display the spinal bifida occulta(SBO). Method: The clinical data of 50 cases with SBO were analyzed retrospectively, and compared VRT images with digital X-ray tomography (DR) and routine CT axial images. Result: The images of VRT clearly displayed the location and morphous in 50 cases with SBO, including 11 cases of L5, 35 cases of S1, 4 cases of S1-S2. The DR could only display 43 cases in 50 cases(86%), while only 2 cases(4%) with routine axial CT images. Conclusion: MSCT VRT can clearly display SBO, and only two VRT images are helpful to avoid misdiagnosis SBO.
Analysis on disinfection quality of medical and health institutions in Linyi City during 2007-2009.

[Objective]To strengthen the disinfection management of medical institutions,to effectively prevent the occurrence of hospital infection and iatrogenic infection,monitoring of the disinfection effect was conducted in 11 hospitals of Linyi City during 2007 - 2009.[Methods]In accordance with " Disinfection Technical Specifications" ( 2002) and " Hygiene Standards of Hospital Disinfection" ( GB 15982 - 1995) ,pressure steam sterilization effect,UV lamp irradiance value,mucosal disinfection of hands and skin,air disinfection effect,bacterial contamination of disinfectant in use were monitored.[Results]Of 2179 samples,the total over standard rate was 3. 63% .[Conclusion]The disinfection effect is not optimistic in hospitals,which indicates that medical institution should pay more attention to the disinfection,and perform regular training of disinfection related knowledge on medical workers.
Longitudinal Analysis of Brain Recovery after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Based on Groupwise Consistent Brain Network Clusters

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 1.5 million Americans each year, and more than 75% of TBI cases are classified as mild (mTBI). Several functional network alternations have been reported after mTBI; however, the network alterations on a large scale, particularly on connectome scale, are still unknown. To analyze brain network, in a previous work, 358 landmarks named dense individualized common connectivity based cortical landmarks (DICCCOL) were identified on cortical surface. These landmarks preserve structural connection consistency and maintain functional correspondence across subjects. Hence DICCCOLs have been shown powerful in identifying connectivity signatures in affected brains. However, on such fine scales, the longitudinal changes in brain network of mTBI patients were complicated by the noise embedded in the systems as well as the normal variability of individuals at different times. Faced with such problems, we proposed a novel framework to analyze longitudinal changes from the perspective of network clusters. Specifically, multiview spectral clustering algorithm was applied to cluster brain networks based on DICCCOLs. And both structural and functional networks were analyzed. Our results showed that significant longitudinal changes were identified from mTBI patients that can be related to the neurocognitive recovery and the brain’s effort to compensate the effect of injury.
Analysis of Complex Mössbauer Spectra by Stripping Techniques

The increasing activity in Mossbauer effect research has resnite the publication and analysis of Mossbauer spectra of several hunderd different substances, and this new field of spectroscopy is beginning to be used as a standard analytical tool, Quantitative analysis in the presence of several phases, some of which may have overlapping lines, presents a number of problems. A method of analysis involving, compurerbased spectrum stripping is described, and examp pplications are discussed. A family of computer programs processes Mossbauer spectra for use as unknowns and reference standards and performs the stripping calculations. Reference spectra can be either least-squares-fit Lorentzian representations or tabulated functions (spectra not suitable for fitting) Appropriate amounts of any number of reference spectra are subtracted from the unknowns with the amounts being varied interatively until the residuals become satisfactorily small. This approach has been particularly useful in analyzing certain meteorite spectra, where as many as six distinct iron-containing phases have been observed.
Community Eludes the Architect? German Architect Planners, American Democracy, and the Question of Community Building in Transatlantic Perspective:

This article focuses on the problematic relationship between planning experts and society on the basis of the careers of two German architect planners who relocated to the United States during the interwar period: Walter Curt Behrendt (1884-1945) and Oscar Stonorov (1905-1970). Their transatlantic careers highlight the cultural background that shaped planners’ focus on community building and let us trace how technical experts adapted their professional language and re-contextualized their concepts in the process of migration. Across national borders, these experts presented community life as an alternative to urban industrial modernity. Behrendt’s notion of government-backed planning clashed with the realities of the American sociopolitical system. Stonorov, however, developed a planning language focused on participation that was compatible with American democracy. After they had joined ranks in a transnational effort to deal with the consequences of modernization, technical experts like Behrendt and Ston...
Surface and thermodynamic characterization of conducting polymers by inverse gas chromatography II. Polyaniline and its blend.

Abstract Inverse gas chromatography was used to characterize both doped, the undoped polyaniline (PANI), and its blend with nylon-6 using 27 solutes. The change in the morphology of these polymers was detected between 80 and 180 °C and was complemented by the degree of crystallinity. Δ H s 1 values of all solutes – pure polymers were found endothermic and exothermic for the blend. The χ ′ 23 depended on the chemical nature of solutes; a correction measure was not successful in obtaining the true values of χ ′ 23 . χ ′ 23 showed a phase separation of the blend (60:40 w/w) between 80 and 180 °C. Blending nylon-6 with PANI has lowered the dispersive surface energy of PANI while increasing the surface energy of nylon-6.
NASA Game Changing Development Program Manufacturing Innovation Project

This presentation examines the new NASA Manufacturing Innovation Project. The project is a part of the Game Changing Development Program which is one element of the Space Technology Programs Managed by Office of the Chief Technologist. The project includes innovative technologies in model-based manufacturing, digital additive manufacturing, and other next generation manufacturing tools. The project is also coupled with the larger federal initiatives in this area including the National Digital Engineering and Manufacturing Initiative and the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership. In addition to NASA, other interagency partners include the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, NIST, Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation. The development of game-changing manufacturing technologies are critical for NASA s mission of exploration, strengthening America s manufacturing competitiveness, and are highly related to current challenges in defense manufacturing activities. There is strong consensus across industry, academia, and government that the future competitiveness of U.S. industry will be determined, in large part, by a technologically advanced manufacturing sector. This presentation highlights the prospectus of next generation manufacturing technologies to the challenges faced NASA and by the Department of Defense. The project focuses on maturing innovative/high payoff model-based manufacturing technologies that may lead to entirely new approaches for a broad array of future NASA missions and solutions to significant national needs. Digital manufacturing and computer-integrated manufacturing "virtually" guarantee advantages in quality, speed, and cost and offer many long-term benefits across the entire product lifecycle. This paper addresses key enablers and emerging strategies in areas such as: Current government initiatives, Model-based manufacturing, and Additive manufacturing.
The Double Stigma of Limited Literacy and Mental Illness: Examining Barriers to Recovery and Participation among Public Mental Health Service Users

The disadvantaged social position of public mental health service users reflects synergistic relationships among tangible disadvantage and stigma and its consequences. Limited literacy, an important factor in social disadvantage and an additional source of stigma, is virtually absent from the discussion. Employing a mixed-methods, service user–informed design, we explore the meaning and impact of limited literacy in the lives of public mental health service users in the United States. Of 267 participants, 184 (69 percent) read at or below an eighth-grade level. Next, we demonstrate levels of and explore relationships among both literacy and mental illness concealment stigma and stigma consciousness (for mental illness). Finally, informed by our qualitative data, we describe how people encounter and manage this double burden of stigma with respect to: contexts of concealment, dilemmas of disclosure, and reduction and exclusion. Limited literacy and its associated stigma are important and underexamined barr...
Genetic Structure of the Semai

Population structure in its broadest sense comprises the total spectrum of biological, social, and demographic factors influencing the genetic makeup of populations. A complete description of the structure of any particular population is obviously impossible however numerous and diligent the investigators. However, several aspects of population structure can be shown to be generally important in affecting the distribution of genes. Mating patterns, for instance, define the breeding population and determine the degree of inbreeding within such populations, mortality and fertility rates and variances limit the potential for natural selection, and so forth. The aim of this chapter is to consider the role of marriage patterns, demography, and social structure in understanding the genesis and maintenance of genetic variability in a particular population—the Semai Senoi of Malaysia.
Postoperative Intravenous Acetaminophen for Craniotomy Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To determine whether opioids during the first 24 postoperative hours were significantly altered when receiving intravenous (IV) acetaminophen during that time compared with those receiving placebo (normal saline). Methods One hundred forty patients undergoing any type of craniotomy were randomly assigned to receive either 1 g of IV acetaminophen or placebo upon surgical closure, and every 6 hours thereafter, up to 18 hours postoperatively. Analgesic requirements for the first 24 postoperative hours were recorded. Time to rescue medications in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU)/intensive care unit (ICU), amount of rescue medication, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, number of successful neurological examinations, sedation, delirium, satisfaction, and visual analog scale pain scores were also recorded. Results Compared with the placebo group, more patients in the IV acetaminophen group (10/66 [15.2%] vs. 4/65 [6.2%] in the placebo group) did not require opioids within the first 24 postoperative hours, but this did not reach significance (odds ratio, −9.0%, 95% confidence interval −20.5% to 1.8%; P = 0.166). Both groups had similar times to rescue medications, amounts of rescue medications, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, numbers of successful neurological examinations, sedation, delirium, satisfaction scores, visual analog scale pain scores, and temperatures within the first 24 postoperative hours. Conclusions The opioid requirements within the first 24 postoperative hours were similar in the placebo and acetaminophen groups. This study is informative for the design and planning of future studies investigating the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing craniotomies.
Individualizing Surgery in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on a Detailed Sonographic Assessment of Extrathyroidal Extension.

Background: Lobectomy may be sufficient for patients with intrathyroidal papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) <4 cm without nodal metastasis. Based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines, a strategy using ultrasound to identify appropriate candidates for lobectomy was implemented. Methods: Patients with Bethesda V or VI cytology who underwent surgery for PTC (January 2016 to May 2017) were retrospectively reviewed. Eligibility for lobectomy was based on both tumor (unilateral, intrathyroidal tumors ≤3 cm in size) and non-tumor (history of hypothyroidism, radiation exposure, etc.) characteristics. A detailed sonographic assessment of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) included surgeon-performed evaluation of thyroid capsular distortion, a long interface between tumor and thyroid capsule, irregular or indistinct tumor margins abutting the thyroid capsule, or a tracheal footprint. Results: Of 141 patients with PTC, 35 (25%) patients were candidates for lobectomy, and 105 (75%) patients were not candid...
Deriving Dorsal Spinal Sensory Interneurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Cellular replacement therapies for neurological conditions use human embryonic stem cell (hESC)- or induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons to replace damaged or diseased populations of neurons. For the spinal cord, significant progress has been made generating the in-vitro-derived motor neurons required to restore coordinated movement. However, there is as yet no protocol to generate in-vitro-derived sensory interneurons (INs), which permit perception of the environment. Here, we report on the development of a directed differentiation protocol to derive sensory INs for both hESCs and hiPSCs. Two developmentally relevant factors, retinoic acid in combination with bone morphogenetic protein 4, can be used to generate three classes of sensory INs: the proprioceptive dI1s, the dI2s, and mechanosensory dI3s. Critical to this protocol is the competence state of the neural progenitors, which changes over time. This protocol will facilitate developing cellular replacement therapies to reestablish sensory connections in injured patients.
A novel obstacle avoidance system for guiding the visually impaired through the use of fuzzy control logic

This paper presents an intelligent framework that includes several types of sensors embedded in a wearable device to support the visually impaired (VI) community. The proposed work is based on an integration of sensor-based techniques and a computer vision-based technology in order to introduce an efficient and economical visual device. The 98% accuracy rate of the proposed sequence is based on a wide detection view that used two camera modules and a detection range of approximate 9meteres. In addition, we introduce a novel obstacle avoidance approach based on the image depth and fuzzy control rules. In this approach, each frame divided into three areas. By using the fuzzy logic, we were able to provide precise information to help the VI user in avoiding front obstacles. The strength of this proposed approach aids the VI users in avoiding 100% of all identified objects. Once the device is initialized, the VI user can confidently enter unfamiliar surroundings. Therefore, this implemented device can be described as following: accurate, reliable, friendly, light, and economically accessible that facilitates the indoor and outdoor mobility of VI people and does not require any previous knowledge of the surrounding environment.
Size effects and energy disposition in impact-specimen testing of ASTM A 533 grade B steel

A series of impact-type specimens, ranging in thickness from 0.1 to 12 in., have been tested. The effects of size on the impact energy per unit volume of the plastically deformed material of the specimens tested are investigated using the laws of similitude. Complementary to this, a model illustrating the disposition of energy between shear lip and flat fracture is proposed and satisfactorily verified by the test results. It is shown that significant size effects on impact energy exist at all temperatures and, in particular, a size effect of around five exists even at upper-shelf temperature for 12-in.-thick impact specimens when compared to the energy from thinner specimens, say a Charpy impact specimen. This is to say that, on the upper shelf, the impact energy of a 12-in.-thick specimen is equivalent to between 25 and 30 ft-lb Charpy impact energy. To lend further support to the behavior thus defined, it is shown that the nil-ductility type behavior in 12-in. thicknesses is exhibited at around 145° F as compared to the similar behavior exhibited by regular drop-weight specimens at around 0° F. That is, the nil-ductility temperature, if redefined as a type of behavior and not confined to a given size specimen for 12-in.-thick plate, is about 145° F.
Lysosomes and Brain Health

One of the fundamental properties of the cell is the capability to digest and remodel its own components according to metabolic and developmental needs. This is accomplished via the autophagy-lysosome system, a pathway of critical importance in the brain, where it contributes to neuronal plasticity and must protect nonreplaceable neurons from the potentially harmful accumulation of cellular waste. The study of lysosomal biogenesis and function in the context of common and rare neurodegenerative diseases has revealed that a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosome system is the shared nexus where multiple, interconnected pathogenic events take place. The characterization of pathways and mechanisms regulating the lysosomal system and autophagic clearance offers unprecedented opportunities for the development of polyvalent therapeutic strategies based on the enhancement of the autophagy-lysosome pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis and achieve neuroprotection.
Desorption of Benzene, 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene, and Hexafluorobenzene from a Graphene Surface: The Effect of Lateral Interactions on the Desorption Kinetics.

The desorption of benzene, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene (TFB), and hexafluorobenzene (HFB) from a graphene covered Pt(111) substrate was investigated using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). All three species have well-resolved monolayer and second-layer desorption peaks. The desorption spectra for submonolayer coverages of benzene and HFB are consistent with first-order desorption kinetics. In contrast, the submonolayer TPD spectra for TFB align on a common leading-edge, which is indicative of zero-order desorption kinetics. The desorption behavior of the three molecules can be correlated with the strength of the quadrupole moments. Calculations (second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation and density functional theory) show that the potential minimum for coplanar TFB dimers is more than a factor of 2 greater than that for either benzene or HFB dimers. The calculations support the interpretation that benzene and HFB are less likely to form the two-dimensional islands that are needed for submonolayer zero-or...
Camouflaging Mobile Primary Users in Database-Driven Cognitive Radio Networks

The ever-increasing wireless demand has led to the opening of the 3.5 GHz spectrum band to commercial applications and the enforcement of database-driven cognitive radio networks. Along with its advantages, this technological amendment raises new privacy concerns, especially on the primary users (PUs) that are sensitive federal and military devices. Existing studies mainly focus on static PUs while the privacy issue of mobile PUs still remains unresolved. In this letter, a novel scheme that can camouflage mobile PUs through generating low-cost fake trajectories in the database is developed, and its effectiveness is validated by numerical results.
Solubilization and stabilization of an anti-HIV thiocarbamate, NSC 629243, for parenteral delivery, using extemporaneous emulsions

The O-alkyl-N-aryl thiocarbamate, I, (2-chloro-5-[[(l-methyl-ethoxy)thioxomethyl]amino]benzoic acid, 1-methylethylester, NSC 629243, also known as Uniroyal Jr.) is an experimental anti-HIV drug with very low water solubility (1.5 µg/mL). Early clinical studies required an injectable solution at ≈15 mg/mL, representing a solubility increase of ≈104-fold. Adequate solubilization of this hydrophobic drug was achieved in 20% lipid emulsions. Extemporaneous emulsions were prepared by adding a concentrated drug solution to a commercially available parenteral emulsion. Various methods of preparation to minimize drug precipitation during its addition and enhance redissolution of precipitated drug were evaluated. The stability and mechanism(s) of decomposition of NSC 629243 in both 20% lipid emulsions and in natural oil vehicles were examined. In lipid emulsions, the shelf life at 25°C varied from 1 to >10 weeks, depending on the extent to which air was excluded from the preparation. The shelf life of 50 mg/mL solutions in natural oils at 25°C varied from 100 days depending on the oil and its supplier. A qualitative correlation was found between the initial rate of oxidation and the peroxide concentration in the oil. The primary degradation product in both systems was shown to be a disulfide dimer, II, formed via oxidation. Oxidation was inhibited by vacuum-sealing of emulsion formulations or incorporation of an oil-soluble thiol, thioglycolic acid (TGA), into oil formulations. TGA may inhibit oxidation by consuming free radicals or peroxide initiators or by reacting with the disulfide, II, to regenerate the starting drug.