cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The gas phase acid/base properties of 1,3,-dimethyluracil, 1-methyl-2-pyridone, and 1-methyl-4-pyridone: relevance to the mechanism of orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase

Abstract A combination of experimental and theoretical approaches have been used to probe the gas phase acidity and basicity of 1,3-dimethyluracil, 1-methyl-2-pyridone, and 1-methyl-4-pyridone. For the acidity measurements, bracketing experiments were completed in an electrospray/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The conjugate bases of the title species were formed by collision activated decarboxylation of appropriate carboxylate precursors. The data indicates only a small variation in the acidities (Δ H acid = 369.9–377.0 kcal/mol) with the uracil derivative being ∼7 kcal/mol more acidic than both the pyridones. To determine the basicities of the title compounds, Cooks’ kinetic method was used and a much larger variation (19 kcal/mol) was observed in the proton affinities of the neutral species: 1,3-dimethyluracil, 213.7 ± 3.0 kcal/mol; 1-methyl-2-pyridone, 222.3 ± 2.9 kcal/mol; and 1-methyl-4-pyridone, 233.1 ± 3.0 kcal/mol. Δ H acid and proton affinity values were also computed at the MP2/6-31+G( d , p )//HF/6-31+G( d ), and B3LYP/6-31+G( d , p )//HF/6-31+G( d ) levels. There is very good agreement between the experimental values and those from both levels of theory.
Augustine on the Impossibility of Teaching

The information-transference account of teaching takes it to be a process in which information is transferred from one person's mind to another's. Augustine argues that this is impossible, since in order to understand something the person who understands must come to see why it is so, and that is an internal episode of awareness that isn't caused by an outside source. Augustine's insight here is contrasted with the contemporary view, following Wittgenstein, that learning is a matter of conformity to rules (public norms). The case is made that teaching and learning pose philosophical problems that contemporary theories don't address, and a brief examination of Searle's Chinese Room example suggests that its plausibility derives from Augustine's insight that mere rule-following behavior isn't enough to explain the phenomenon of understanding at the heart of knowledge. A reconstruction of Augustine's epistemological claims, divorced from his discredited views in the philosophy of language, is also provided.
Clarifying Prescriptive Messages about HIV: The Case of Long-Term Mutually Monogamous Relationships.

Abstract Prescriptive messages about HIV and AIDS should be precise and well-grounded in science. Throughout the epidemic, the language used in AIDS education has been modified or changed as needed to be more effective, avoid confusion and misperception, and dispel fear about the disease. The word “monogamy” has traditionally been used to describe the act of being married to only one person, but has taken on a broader meaning in the age of AIDS and is now used to characterize sexual behavior. This article examines the appropriateness of using the word “monogamy” in this way. The authors identify the basic concepts found in prescriptive messages about HIV, review ways in which “monogamy” is defined, applied, and interpreted in the literature, present a content analysis of top-selling sexuality and AIDS/HIV textbooks, and discuss strategies to more effectively deliver this prescriptive health message.
On the maximum a posteriori decoding thresholds of multiuser systems with erasures

A fundamental connection between the belief propagation (BP) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding thresholds was derived by Measson, Montanari, and Urbanke using the area theorem for extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) curves. This connection allows the MAP threshold, for the binary erasure channel, to be evaluated efficiently via an upper bound that can be shown to be tight in some cases. In this paper, a similar analysis is used to extend these results to several multiuser systems, namely a noisy Slepian-Wolf problem and a multiple-access channel with erasures. The simplicity of these channel models allows for rigorous analysis and enables the derivation of upper bounds on the MAP thresholds using EXIT area theorems. In some cases, one can also show these bounds are tight. One interesting application is that the MAP thresholds can be compared with the BP thresholds of spatially-coupled codes to verify threshold saturation for the corresponding systems.
Early appearance of a lymphoid arming factor and cytotoxic lymph-node cells after tumor induction.

An arming factor which collaborates with non-sensitized lymphoid cells to produce specific killing of tumor cells in vitro appears in the serum within 24-48 after initiation of a tumor by inoculation of Moloney Sarcoma Virus or a transplant of syngeneic sarcoma cells. Lymph-node cells taken 1 or 2 days after tumor induction are also specifically cytotoxic in a microcytotoxicity assay. The production of this arming factor and the appearance of cytotoxic lymphoid cells are thus temporally related and are among the early responses to syngeneic sarcomas in BALB/c mice.
Correlation of Late Quaternary Tephra Layers in a Long Pluvial Sequence near Summer Lake, Oregon

Abstract Near Summer Lake in southern Oregon, 54 tephra beds of late Quaternary age are exposed in pluvial lake sediments of Lake Chewaucan. Seven of the tephra beds near the top can be correlated with tephra deposits younger than 117,000 yr at Mount St. Helens, Washington, at Crater Lake, Oregon, and in northwestern Nevada in the deposits of pluvial Lake Lahontan. However, most of the section at Summer Lake lies below the correlated units, and contains 39 tephra beds older than 117,000 yr. Major-element chemistry of tephra glasses was determined by electron microprobe analysis; petrography supports the correlations made from chemical evidence. Compositions correlated range from 70 to 76% SiO 2 ; the least silicic Summer Lake glass contained 57%. Extrapolation of depositional rate suggests that most of the sediments at Summer Lake are younger than about 335,000 yr, but older lake beds containing tephra layers occur at one place. The long lacustrine record suggests that Lake Chewaucan persisted through the last interpluvial stage, and that the lake may have dried up at the end of the Pleistocene due to diversion of the Chewaucan River by relict shore features.
The liberalization of trade and foreign direct investment: a political economy analysis

This paper considers the implications of having trade and investment liberalization occur at different points in time. It is found that such a sequencing can be detrimental to the process of liberalization, but can never be beneficial. In particular, it is possible to find distributions of factor ownership where simultaneous trade and investment liberalization would be acceptable to the median voter, yet trade liberalization followed by investment liberalization would not. Finally, the paper derives some predictions about the effect of relative size and factor intensity differences on the likelihood of investment liberalization.
Determinants of Standard Errors of MLEs in Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This paper studies changes of standard errors (SE) of the normal-distribution-based maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) for confirmatory factor models as model parameters vary. Using logical analysis, simplified formulas and numerical verification, monotonic relationships between SEs and factor loadings as well as unique variances are found. Conditions under which monotonic relationships do not exist are also identified. Such functional relationships allow researchers to better understand the problem when significant factor loading estimates are expected but not obtained, and vice versa. What will affect the likelihood for Heywood cases (negative unique variance estimates) is also explicit through these relationships. Empirical findings in the literature are discussed using the obtained results.
The modulation of pacing-induced changes in intracellular sodium levels by extracellular Ca2+ in isolated perfused rat hearts

This study demonstrates the inverse relationship between extracellular free calcium ([Ca(o)]f) and intracellular sodium ([Na(i)]) in isolated perfused rat hearts and thus supports the role of [Na(i)] in the "calcium paradox". It also shows that the extent of the increase in [Na(i)] (delta[Na(i)]), and the extent of the decrease in left ventricular developed pressure (deltaLVDP) in isolated perfused rat hearts, induced by pacing, is modulated by [Ca(o)]f. At low (0.24 mM) as well as normal (1.15 mM) [Ca(o)]f, [Na(i)] increased with pacing, progressively and significantly (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), reaching a maximum of 12.56 +/- 0.46 and 9.22 +/- 0.16 mM at 500 beats/min, respectively. At high [Ca(o)]f (2.2 mM), however, no pacing-induced increase in [Na(i)] was observed. Simultaneously, within the pacing range of 250-500 beats/min, the interval-force relationship was negative for all [Ca(o)]f. With decreasing [Ca(o)]f, a gradually increasing delta[Na(i)] was induced. We hypothesise that a [Ca(o)]f-dependent Na-Ca exchanger activity modulates Na+ uptake, and thus baseline [Na(i)]. During incremental pacing, the increase in pacing rate induces a [Ca(o)]f-dependent delta[Na(i)], which may interact further with the sarcolemmal Na-Ca exchanger activity. As a result, both baseline [Na(i)] and the pacing-induced, [Ca(o)]f-dependent delta[Na(i)] modulate the net Ca2+ uptake, and thus SR Ca, in a manner that results in a modulated left ventricular force development.
A computer adaptive testing simulation applied to the FIM instrument motor component.

Abstract Dijkers MP. A computer adaptive testing simulation applied to the FIM instrument motor component. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:384-93. Objective: To determine whether computer adaptive testing (CAT) can be used to decrease the number of FIM[trade ] instrument motor component items administered in assessing persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: For a CAT simulation, a 3-step algorithm was used to select 6 FIM items for each individual; items were selected according to the subject's motor ability as estimated by 2 initial items. Separate estimates of motor ability for admission, discharge, and follow-up data (plus combined time points) derived from 6 items were compared statistically with estimates derived from 14 items (walking and wheelchair mobility were split). Setting: Records from the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS). Participants: Patients served by the SCIMS, for whom complete motor FIM information was available for rehabilitation admission (N=5969), discharge (N=5964), or follow-up at a first or later anniversary (N=5176). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Similarity of mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and Rasch reliability and separation of persons and items based on 6 and 13 items; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for parallel estimates. Results: Calibrations for FIM items and FIM steps differed for the 3 time points, but showed sufficient agreement (ICC, [gt ].90) that combined calibration was feasible. Means and other distribution characteristics differed minimally between the 6- and 13-item estimates. The person and item separations and reliabilities were somewhat lower and the mean measurement errors somewhat higher for the 6-item estimates, but only marginally so. ICCs between 6- and 13-item estimates were .95 or higher. Conclusion: CAT can be used to reduce data collection time; the level of precision of estimates is minimally less than that provided by traditional assessment approaches. [copy ] 2003 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Vibrations of the n-alkanes and the nonrigid molecular symmetry group

Abstract The nonrigid molecular symmetry groups of all of the n -alkanes (except methane and ethane) are shown to be isomorphic to one another. The methyl group vibrations span two-dimensional (as well as one-dimensional) irreducible representations within this group. The energies of the methyl stretching modes are well described by this group while the rocking modes require a point group description. The bending modes are intermediate. The selection rules are best described by the point group for all modes. The expanded group does not provide any new information for the methylene vibrations.
Influence of Magnetic Field on the Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)

A novel concept of two-step austempering in a magnetic field has been conceived by this investigator. This twostep process involves first quenching the alloy to a lower temperature after austenitizing and then immediately rising the temperature of the quenching media to a higher temperature and the whole austempering process is carried out in the presence of a high magnetic field. In this investigation, Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) was processed by this novel two-step austempering process in a high magnetic field of 20 Tesla. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the ADI processed in a magnetic field has been characterized and compared with ADI processed by conventional process. The results of this investigation indicate significant improvement in the mechanical properties of ADI when Austempered in a high magnetic field. Both yield and tensile strengths were higher in the samples processed in the presence of a magnetic field. Very fine grain ferrite and austenite was obtained in the microstructure. The ferrite content was also significantly higher.
Modulation of intercellular communication mediated at the cell surface and on extracellular, plasma membrane-derived vesicles by ionizing radiation.

The plasma membrane is a dynamic organelle whose function includes receptor-mediated signal transduction into the cell. Conversely, the plasma membrane is the origin of inter-cellular signaling. In addition to expressing and releasing growth factors in a soluble form(through exocytosis) and via proteolysis of cell surface components, membrane ligands may signal nearby cells through juxtacrine stimulation or by the exfoliation or shedding of plasma membrane-derived vesicles. Ionizing radiation (IR) has a profound effect on plasma membrane structure and function. IR-induced ultrastructural alterations are mediated via lipid interaction with water radiolysis products (e.g., hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen radicals, and hydrated electrons). Ionizing radicals act directly on lipid molecules to promote lipid hydro-peroxides and lipid hydroperoxide breakdown products (e.g., alpha, beta unsaturated aldehydes) that contribute to altered plasma membrane lipid composition. A change in lipid composition increases membrane lipid microviscosity and results in membrane fenestrations that enhance permeability to small molecules and ions. Reactive ionizing species also stimulate sphingomyelinase activity, leading to sphingomyelin hydrolysis and ceramide generation that further contributes to altered membrane lipid composition and cellular apoptosis. In addition, exposure to IR results in impaired rate of and cumulative shedding of plasma membrane-associated growth factors. Mechanisms of exfoliation are reviewed for normal cells and the impact of radiation on modulating signal transduction mediated by exfoliation is summarized.
The “Daily Grind” Work, Commuting, and Their Impact on Political Participation

Past research demonstrates that free time is an important resource for political participation. We investigate whether two central drains on citizens’ daily time—working and commuting—impact their level of political participation. The prevailing “resources” model offers a quantity-focused view where additional time spent working or commuting reduces free time and should each separately decrease participation. We contrast this view to a “commuter’s strain” hypothesis, which emphasizes time spent in transit as a psychologically onerous burden over and above the workday. Using national survey data, we find that time spent working has no effect on participation, while commuting significantly decreases participation. We incorporate this finding into a comprehensive model of the “daily grind,” which factors in both socioeconomic status and political interest. Our analysis demonstrates that commuting leads to the greatest loss in political interest for low-income Americans, and that this loss serves as a main mechanism through which commuting erodes political participation.
Combination of NK cells therapy and oral administration of entinostat as an approach for osteosarcoma lung metastasis treatment

Meeting abstracts The goal of this study is to find an alternate therapy for osteosarcoma (OS) lung metastasis. Previously we showed that NK cell therapy significantly decreased OS lung metastasis in a mouse model; however, the therapy was not effective enough to cure OS lung metastasis. To augment
Omicron: Rapid Mesh Generation on HPC Platforms for the Study of Near Surface Phenomena with Remote Sensing

A technique is presented for rapidly producing unstructured finite element meshes in support of large-scale remote sensing simulations. These tetrahedral meshes typically have more than one million elements and more than 250 thousand nodes, and allow for arbitrary placement of objects into the domain. Open-source mesh generation packages are used in conjunction with a tetrahedra element smoothing operation to achieve the desired final meshes. Meshes can be reproduced in less than 30 minutes on a CrayXT3 architecture.
Use of current injected control in solenoid focusing coil power supplies

The use of current-injected control in the design of solenoid power supplies is discussed. Such a supply is required to provide a constant current to a large inductive load. The control to output (power stage) transfer characteristics are worked out for a generalized load. The location of the poles and zeros and the effect of load inductance on the inner current loop are investigated. This control technique is seen to have inherent feedforward capability, and therefore to have better line rejection than the standard voltage-mode converter. This is also investigated for a solenoid converter using current-mode control. The results are verified and compared using a SPICE computer simulation. >
Cascaded Classification Models: Combining Models for Holistic Scene Understanding

One of the original goals of computer vision was to fully understand a natural scene. This requires solving several sub-problems simultaneously, including object detection, region labeling, and geometric reasoning. The last few decades have seen great progress in tackling each of these problems in isolation. Only recently have researchers returned to the difficult task of considering them jointly. In this work, we consider learning a set of related models in such that they both solve their own problem and help each other. We develop a framework called Cascaded Classification Models (CCM), where repeated instantiations of these classifiers are coupled by their input/output variables in a cascade that improves performance at each level. Our method requires only a limited "black box" interface with the models, allowing us to use very sophisticated, state-of-the-art classifiers without having to look under the hood. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a large set of natural images by combining the subtasks of scene categorization, object detection, multiclass image segmentation, and 3d reconstruction.
In-Vehicle Measurement of Particle Number Concentrations on School Buses Equipped with Diesel Retrofits

Many metropolitan school districts worldwide operate bus fleets with older diesel school buses. Emission reduction strategies such as the diesel retrofits promise substantial reductions in particulate mass emissions for older diesel engines. Recent studies suggest, however, that particle number concentration is a more important factor than particle mass in developing emissions standards and predicting adverse health effects. In-vehicle particle number concentration measurements on clean diesel, retrofitted diesel, and non-retrofitted diesel school buses were compared to estimate retrofit effectiveness in reducing in-vehicle passenger particle exposures. The retrofits were shown to provide a 15% to 26% decrease in in-vehicle particle number concentration levels between the retrofitted and non-retrofitted buses. Furthermore, the retrofitted diesel buses had average in-vehicle particle number concentrations near the average concentrations for the newer model, clean diesel buses. The average particle number concentrations for the non-retrofitted diesel buses were 1.5 to 2 times higher than the concentration measured from the retrofitted diesel buses. Moreover, a two-fold increase was observed for the morning commute samples over the afternoon commuter samples. Particle number concentrations were also significantly affected by engine age, bus idling behavior, and ambient particle concentrations along bus routes.
Consensus Statement on the Upcoming Crisis in Geriatric Mental Health: Research Agenda for the Next 2 Decades

It is anticipated that the number of people older than 65 years with psychiatric disorders in the United States will increase from about 4 million in 1970 to15 million in 2030. The current health care system serves mentally ill older adults poorly and is unprepared to meet the upcoming crisis in geriatric mental health. We recommend the formulation of a 15- to 25-year plan for research on mental disorders in elderly persons. It should include studies of prevention, translation of findings from bench to bedside, large-scale intervention trials with meaningful outcome measures, and health services research. Innovative strategies are needed to formulate new conceptualizations of psychiatric disorders, especially those given scant attention in the past. New methods of clinical and research training involving specialists, primary care clinicians, and the lay public are warranted.
A Nietzschean Justification of Legal Realism

This essay examines the thought of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, the advances made by the legal realist juris- prudential movement, and correlates the two. It concludes that legal realism is entailed in Nietzschean metaphysics, and particularly his doctrine of will to power. Legal realism is d etermined to be a symptom of th e more comprehensive Nietzschean principle of power. A preliminary framework for a Nietzschean justification of legal realism is developed.
Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura: review of literature with up-to-date observations

Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura (SFTP) are rare mesenchymal tumors with unpredictable biologic characteristics. Attempts have been made to standardize prognostic criteria without improvement in predicting prognosis or recurrence. The infrequent nature of this tumor contributes to the paucity of data that are used to make useful observations. Here, we present a comprehensive review of contemporary literature to summarize important clinical management aspects of patients with SFTP, focusing on surgical treatment, the role for adjuvant therapies, the potential impact of new prognostic models and the management of recurrences. SFTP remains poorly understood; therefore, new information such as a detailed molecular characterization may improve current prognostic models and lead to new treatment strategies.
Cathepsin B as a cancer target.

Introduction: Cathepsin B is of significant importance to cancer therapy as it is involved in various pathologies and oncogenic processes in humans. Numerous studies have shown that abnormal regulation of cathepsin B overexpression is correlated with invasive and metastatic phenotypes in cancers. Cathepsin B is normally associated with the lysosomes involved in autophagy and immune response, but its aberrant expression has been shown to lead to cancers. Areas covered: This review highlights the oncogenic role of cathepsin B, discusses the regulation of cathepsin B in light of oncogenesis, discusses the role of cathepsin B as a signaling molecule, and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting cathepsin B. Expert opinion: Targeting cathepsin B alone does not appear to abolish tumor growth, and this is probably because cathepsin B appears to have diverse functions and influence numerous pathways. It is not clear whether global suppression of cathepsin B activity or expression would produce unintended...
White, Black, or Puerto Rican? Racial Self-Identification among Mainland and Island Puerto Ricans

Recent studies have examined the implications of exposure to U.S. race relations for the racial and ethnic identities of migrants to the U.S. Most investigations are based exclusively on U.S. data. There are few, if any, comparisons of the identities of migrants and their offspring to those of nonmigrants in their country of origin. Using data from a survey of Puerto Rican mothers in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, this study provides such a comparison. Responses to an open-ended race question show that mainland and island Puerto Ricans most often designate their "race" as Puerto Rican, but responses of women who do not self-identify as Puerto Rican diverge between the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Island women primarily identify themselves as white, black, or triguena, while mainland women identify themselves as Hispanic/Latina, Hispanic American, or American. Mainland-island differences cannot be explained by parental ethnicity, skin tone, demographic factors, and socioeconomic status. The findings suggest that mainland Puerto Ricans more strongly reject the conventional U.S. notion of race than do their island counterparts.
Factors influencing mothers' compliance with a medication regimen for asthmatic children.

This study lends support to the utility of a compliance-adapted health belief framework for exploring mothers' differential adherence to medication regimens prescribed for their asthmatic children. Most of the Model components behaved as hypothesized in predicting mothers' drug administration. The findings offer empirical evidence which can be applied to the purposes of identifying potential noncompliers and designating those specific, health-related orientations of the mother which are related to poor cooperation with therapy. Based on an educational diagnosis, the clinician may thus intervene to alter inappropriate health beliefs in order to enhance the likelihood of compliance for the asthmatic patient.
Identification of defect‐trap‐related europium sites in gallium nitride

We performed site-selective combined excitation-emission spectroscopy (CEES) studies on Eu-doped GaN layers grown using Interrupted Growth Epitaxy (IGE). We identified numerous Eu3+ incorporation sites, which exhibit different relative emission intensities as the growth conditions are varied. We found defecttrap related Eu sites that can be excited over a wide spectral range and that dominate the photoluminescence spectra for above-bandgap excitation. Spectra obtained through above-bandgap excitation, which simulates EL operation, are identical to the emission spectra of these defect-trap related sites, indicating that these particular Eu ions would be the major contributors to electroluminescent (EL) emission in these samples. In resonant excitation, however, the emission from these sites is rather weak suggesting that these are minority sites. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absorption of triglyceride by human small intestine: dose-response relationships.

Healthy subjects with ileostomies (ileostomates) were fed six breakfasts of 5- 100 g linseed oil. This lipid source was chosen so that linobenic acid could be used as a fatty acid probe. Phenol red was included in the meal so that mouth-to-stoma transit could be mea- sured as the t#{189} of phenol red. Ileostomy effluent was collected over 24 h and the dose of lipid ingested was related to lipid output and to intestinal transit time. The coefficient of variation for mouth-to-stoma transit was < 12%. The slopes of the least-square lines relating lipid in- gested to lipid output and to mouth-to-stoma transit time were positive and significantly different (p < 0.05) from 0. The ibeostomate's small intestine absorbed linolenic acid with 98% efficiency. A delay in mouth-to-ileum transit, associated with increasing lipid loads, is one obvious mechanism that maintains the intestine's absorptive efficiency. Am J C/in Nutr I 988;48:988-9 1.
Fluoxetine does not alter the ability of dopamine D1- and D2-like agonists to substitute for cocaine in squirrel monkeys

Abstract Fluoxetine has been shown to enhance several behavioral effects of cocaine, including its discriminative-stimulus effects. An interaction between increased serotonergic and dopaminergic actions produced by blockade of serotonin and dopamine reuptake, is one possible mechanism for the enhancement. The present study investigated the effects of fluoxetine on the cocaine-like discriminative-stimulus effects of the D 2 -like agonists quinpirole and (−)-NPA, and the D 1 -like agonist SKF 82958 in squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine. The direct dopaminergic agonists, injected 5 min before testing, produced maximal levels of cocaine-appropriate responding of 50% (0.3 mg/kg, SKF 82958), 67% (0.003 mg/kg, (−)-NPA), and 77% (0.1 mg/kg, quinpirole) with ED 50 values of 0.43, 0.003, and 0.06 mg/kg, respectively. Fluoxetine at doses up to 10 mg/kg (also 5 min before testing) did not alter the effectiveness or the potency of any of the dopamine agonists in substituting for cocaine. The present failure of fluoxetine to alter the cocaine-like discriminative effects of the dopamine agonists is consistent with the notion that the mechanism underlying the enhancement of the effects of cocaine by fluoxetine is not simply an interaction between enhanced serotonergic and dopaminergic activation as it is not obtained with direct-acting dopamine receptor agonists.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ndc1p Is a Shared Component of Nuclear Pore Complexes and Spindle Pole Bodies

We report a novel connection between nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and spindle pole bodies (SPBs) revealed by our studies of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae NDC1 gene. Although both NPCs and SPBs are embedded in the nuclear envelope (NE) in yeast, their known functions are quite distinct. Previous work demonstrated that NDC1 function is required for proper SPB duplication (Winey, M., M.A. Hoyt, C. Chan, L. Goetsch, D. Botstein, and B. Byers. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 122:743–751). Here, we show that Ndc1p is a membrane protein of the NE that localizes to both NPCs and SPBs. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy shows that Ndc1p displays punctate, nuclear peripheral localization that colocalizes with a known NPC component, Nup49p. Additionally, distinct spots of Ndc1p localization colocalize with a known SPB component, Spc42p. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that Ndc1p localizes to the regions of NPCs and SPBs that interact with the NE. The NPCs in ndc1-1 mutant cells appear to function normally at the nonpermissive temperature. Finally, we have found that a deletion of POM152, which encodes an abundant but nonessential nucleoporin, suppresses the SPB duplication defect associated with a mutation in the NDC1 gene. We show that Ndc1p is a shared component of NPCs and SPBs and propose a shared function in the assembly of these organelles into the NE.
Changing concepts in thyroid physiology and therapy.

IT HAS been a great honor and privilege to be president of the American Goiter Association during the past year. I have tried to serve in a manner consistent with the high standard established by the many outstanding men who have preceded me in this office. The close cooperation of all the members of the Association, particularly of the various committees, has been very gratifying. I should like to mention briefly one matter which is vitally concerned with the future of this organization. Two groups have grown up in the American Goiter Association which for simplicity may be called the older group and the younger group. The older group consists of individuals who became members early in its development. The American Association for the Study of Goiter (the original name of this organization) was founded in 1923 by 26 men, most of whom were surgeons, although there were a few internists among the group, such as Henry Plummer, who introduced iodine in the treatment of toxic goiter.
Personnel Preparation: Recurring Challenges and the Need for Action to Ensure Access to General Education:

All teacher preparation programs face serious challenges; however, programs that prepare teachers to work with students with extensive support needs face additional, unique challenges in preparing ...
Integration of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation in the development of new anti-infective agents – minimum inhibitory concentration versus time-kill curves

The selection of appropriate doses and dosing regimens is extremely important in antimicrobial therapy in order to increase the chances of clinical success and decrease the likelihood of toxic side effects and the development of resistance. Therefore, empirical treatment of bacterial infections is not reliable enough and more rational approaches are needed. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling provides a powerful tool to systematically link PK and PD properties in order to predict antimicrobial efficacy. However, commonly used minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) based PK/PD indices, although easy to obtain, have a number of limitations. Thus, more reliable PK/PD indices need to be developed. The following article provides an overview of the present PK/PD approaches used in anti-infective therapy and discusses their role in improving drug therapy.
Estimating Missing Weather Data for Agricultural Simulations Using Group Method of Data Handling

Abstract Contacting weather stations via modems to obtain weather data for crop simulations has become a common practice. Users sometimes encounter gaps in these data, and techniques are needed to estimate weather variables for days when the data are absent. The authors hypothesized that such estimations can be made using data from before and after the day with no data. Dependencies of weather variables of a particular day on weather variables from several days before and after could be very complex. To find and to express these dependencies, group method of data handling (GMDH), which is a tool for modeling complex “input–output” relationships by building hierarchical polynomial regression networks, was used. Data on daily solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and wind runs collected daily in Stoneville, Mississippi, during May–September of 1982–92 were used. Fourteen-hundred sequential 7-day datasets from the database were extracted. For each dataset, the authors assumed that weather variab...
Emerging numerical methods for atmospheric modeling

This chapter discusses the development of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes for the hyperbolic conservation laws relevant to atmospheric modeling. Two variants of the DG spatial discretization, the modal and nodal form, are considered for the one- and two-dimensional cases. The time integration relies on a second- or third-order explicit strong stability-preserving Runge–Kutta method. Several computational examples are provided, including a solid-body rotation test, a deformational flow problem and solving the barotropic vorticity equation for an idealized cyclone. A detailed description of various limiters available for the DG method is given, and a new limiter with positivity-preservation as a constraint is proposed for two-dimensional transport. The DG method is extended to the cubed-sphere geometry and the transport and shallow water models are discussed.
In Planta Expression of cDNA Encoding 3-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase III (KAS III) from Spinach

The 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KAS III) catalyzes the condensation reaction of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-ACP during the initial cycles of fatty acid synthesis. Although KAS III has been implicated as a site of regulation for de novo fatty acid synthesis in E. coli [1, 2], its regulatory role in plants has not been clearly delineated. Alteration of KAS III expression in plants will help elucidate its function in vivo.
Predicted structure of MIF/CD74 and RTL1000/CD74 complexes

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key cytokine in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that attracts and then retains activated immune cells from the periphery to the tissues. MIF exists as a homotrimer and its effects are mediated through its primary receptor, CD74 (the class II invariant chain that exhibits a highly structured trimerization domain), present on class II expressing cells. Although a number of binding residues have been identified between MIF and CD74 trimers, their spatial orientation has not been established. Using a docking program in silico, we have modeled binding interactions between CD74 and MIF as well as CD74 and a competitive MIF inhibitor, RTL1000, a partial MHC class II construct that is currently in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. These analyses revealed 3 binding sites on the MIF trimer that each were predicted to bind one CD74 trimer through interactions with two distinct 5 amino acid determinants. Surprisingly, predicted binding of one CD74 trimer to a single RTL1000 antagonist utilized the same two 5 residue determinants, providing strong suggestive evidence in support of the MIF binding regions on CD74. Taken together, our structural modeling predicts a new MIF(CD74)3 dodecamer that may provide the basis for increased MIF potency and the requirement for ~3-fold excess RTL1000 to achieve full antagonism.
If They Gunned Me Down and Criming While White An Examination of Twitter Campaigns Through the Lens of Citizens’ Media

In recent history, several high-profile cases have brought national attention to issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and media representations of victims of color. The following article e...
Abstract 2614: Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases attenuates anthracycline induced activation of the ATM pathway

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers to afflict women in the world. Anthracycline-based regimens, including doxorubicin and epirubicin (epidoxorubicin), are common therapies for patients with breast cancer. Doxorubicin and epirubicin are inhibitors of topoisomerase II, which cause double strand DNA breaks. Following anthracycline-induced damage, DNA damage response pathways are activated in order to initiate cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and/or cell death. The recent introduction of PARP inhibitors highlights the clinical relevance of targeting DNA repair pathways in treating this disease. Recently, two histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: vorinostat and romidepsin. HDAC inhibitors reduce the repair of DNA, and are being used in combination with DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanisms regulating the HDAC inhibitor-mediated reduction of DNA repair in breast cancer cells are not well established. Understanding these mechanisms will identify key therapeutic targets for reducing DNA repair, define the role of HDACs in DNA repair, and allow for the enrichment of patients most susceptible to HDAC inhibitor-chemotherapy combined treatment. Previously, our group has demonstrated an increase in DNA decondensation which permits greater access of anthracyclines to DNA after therapeutic inhibition of HDACs. New results demonstrate that phosphorylation of p53 at Serine 15 is decreased in the presence of epirubicin after pre-treatment with vorinostat in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Total p53 protein levels are also decreased, while mRNA levels remain unchanged after combined treatment. Treatment of breast cancer cells with valproic acid or entinostat also attenuates phosphorylation of p53 after epirubicin treatment, suggesting the involvement of Class I HDACs in the activation of p53. Phosphorylation of DNA repair kinase ATM is also decreased following DNA damage in the presence of clinically relevant concentrations of vorinostat, and corresponds with a decrease in activation of downstream factors including CHK1, CHK2, and BRCA1. These results demonstrate that inhibition of Class I HDACs in breast cancer cells delays DNA damaging response signaling through p53 modification after anthracycline administration; suggesting a possible mechanism for synergy between HDAC inhibitors and DNA damaging agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2614. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2614
Effects of galactosylation in immunoglobulin G from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.

Explicit water atomistic molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns, ∼330 000 atoms) were performed to study the effects of galactosylation in the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G1. Two glycoforms were simulated to observe changes in protein–carbohydrate interactions and carbohydrate structure. A high degree of flexibility was observed in the small hinge region of the protein, while large domains remained stable. The hinge region flexibility allowed both translation and rotation of the domains relative to each other, resulting in a large number of possible conformations available. The distributions of rotational orientations between the Fab1 and Fab2 domains showed that while these domains are able to orient themselves rather freely pointing in space they rotated in unison to remain rotationally oriented at specific angles. Additionally, removing specific terminal galactose residues increased the mobility of the carbohydrate, resulting in different protein–carbohydrate interactions. Glycosylation has been sugges...
Tongue Biting: A Case of Sporadic Geniospasm during Sleep

We report a healthy teenager with involuntary nocturnal tongue biting resulting in recurrent tongue injury. Causes for tongue biting during sleep in children include seizures, bruxism, faciomandibu...
Controlled Growth of Self-Organized Hexagonal Arrays of Metallic Nanorods Using Template-Assisted Glancing Angle Deposition for Superhydrophobic Applications

The fabrication of controlled, self-organized, highly ordered tungsten and aluminum nanorods was accomplished via the aluminum lattice template-assisted glancing angle sputtering technique. The typical growth mechanism of traditional glancing angle deposition technique was biased by self-organized aluminum lattice seeds resulting in superior quality nanorods in terms of size control, distribution, and long range order. The morphology, size, and distribution of the nanorods were highly controlled by the characteristics of the template seeds indicating the ability to obtain metallic nanorods with tunable distributions and morphologies that can be grown to suit a particular application. Water wettability of hexagonally arranged tungsten and aluminum nanorods was studied after modifying their surface with 5 nm of Teflon AF 2400, as an example, to exhibit the significance of such a controlled growth of metallic nanorods. This facile and scalable approach to generate nano seeds to guide GLAD, with nano seeds fa...
Reduced allergen-induced nasal congestion and leukotriene synthesis with an orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.

Abstract Background and Methods. The clinical importance of leukotrienes in human allergy has not been defined, in part because there have been no selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors that have been effective and safe for use in humans. To address the hypothesis that stimulated leukotriene synthesis causes symptoms of immediate-hypersensitivity reactions in vivo, I investigated the effects of a new 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, A-64077, on provoked allergic nasal symptoms and mediator release in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eight subjects with allergic rhinitis underwent nasal challenge on two occasions after an oral dose of 800 mg of A-64077 or an identical-appearing placebo. Results. Allergen-induced nasal congestion was significantly attenuated (P<0.02) by A-64077; peak levels of leukotriene B4 (median, 684 pg per milliliter) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (median, 704 pg per milliliter) in nasal-rinse fluids were markedly reduced (to 67 and 185 pg per milliliter, respectively; ...
Discussion of “Determinants of the Quality of Corporate Carbon Management Systems: An International Study”

Luo and Tang (in press) argue that very limited research has been done to investigate the determinants of the quality of company’s carbon management system (CMS). Hence, they try to investigate the quality of a company’s CMS and its determinants. Their results show that the quality of the CMS improved. Howev\er, based on my analyses, the contribution of their study is limited. In addition, due to correlated omitted variables and other econometric problems, their results are suspect and unreliable.
Gr-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 10 additives in beverage

Objective:To establish a gradient elution RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 10 additives in beverages.Methods:After sample degassing,regulate pH and filtrated through quantitative filter paper and 0.45 μm microporous membrane,the 10 additives including lemon yellow,amaranth,carmine red cochineal,sun set yellow,light blue,Acesulfame-K,sodium saccharin,benzoic acid,sorbic acid and caffein have been separated by reversed-phase C18 column with methanol-0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase with gradient elution and detected with diode array detector.Results:The method had good linear relationship with regression coefficient greater than 0.9995,the RSDs were less than 6.7%,and the average recoveries were 82%~103%.Conclusion:The method is fast and accurate with good reproducibility.So it is suitable for the determination of preservatives,sweeteners and caffeine in the beverages without protein.
Conclusion: Policy Impacts of NGOs

The long list of books on NGOs, both pro and con, divides into an optimistic, idealist orientation in a first phase of scholarship, followed by more skeptical views during the subsequent phase of research. In the first phase, more accounts were written by true believers, funders, beneficiaries, and all those who generally are motivated to give a very positive account of the facts about NGOs. They are also reluctant to admit to some facts of life that impose, either no matter the facts, or depending on the facts. In the second phase, the criticisms came from the left, who lost faith and, by contrast, reflect a very negative account of NGOs. In brief, objective accounts are few and far between, with even academics generally having their own biases in favor of their view of facts or their values in terms of politics.
A Type of Center-aligning Device for Localizing Tubes and Tubular Tools

A type of center-aligning device for localizing tubes and tubular tools,is introduced from respects of structure,working principle and design characteristics.