cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recurring Episodes of Bell’s Mania After Cerebrovascular Accident

Background Bell's mania (mania with delirium) is an acute neurobehavioral syndrome of unknown etiology that is characterized by the rapid onset of grandiosity, psychomotor excitement, emotional lability, psychosis, and sleep disruption consistent with mania, coupled with alterations in sensorium, and disorientation characteristic of delirium. Catatonia is a common feature of the syndrome. Method The authors describe a case of recurrent delirium/mania with prominent catatonic features after a cerebellar and pontine stroke, and subsequent successful treatment with lorazepam. Results Symptoms quickly resolved after antipsychotics were discontinued, with continuation of valproate and lorazapam treatment. Discussion Failure to recognize this patient's syndrome as a form of catatonia could have had severe, even life-threatening, consequences. The use of neuroleptic medications in cases of delirium/mania with catatonic signs may result in marked clinical deterioration, whereas high-dose lorazepam can ameliorate catatonic signs.
Thymidylate synthase in nodal metastases: prognostic for chemosensitivity but not for adjuvant therapy?

showed significant reduction of survival in patients with high TS, including both patients with advanced disease and patients with local disease. In patients with advanced disease, the hazard ratio (HR) for high TS was greater (HR2.39;95%CI,1.43to4.01)whenTSwasmeasuredin metastasesthanwhenitwasmeasuredintheprimarytumor (HR 1.33; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.66). For localized disease, patients with high TS also had poorer overall survival (pooled HR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.80). Inthisissue,Ohrlingetal 7 haveaddressedtheprognos- tic value of TS level in nodal metastases from colorectal cancer by means of a retrospective analysis of a large data- base from several Scandinavian adjuvant trials. This study extends the earlier work of these authors in which they examined the prognostic significance of TS level in primary colorectal cancer. 8 The level of TS expression in lymph nodes(LNs)didprovideadditionalprognosticinformation beyond that provided by TS expression in the primary tu- mor. In the population of 348 patients with stage III colo- rectal cancer from whom archived tumor was available, higher TS expression in LNs predicted poorer prognosis both for disease-free survival (DFS) (P.04) and overall survival(OS)(P.02).EvenwhentheTSlevelintheprimary tumorwaslow,higherTSlevelsintheLNsprovidedadditional prognostic information. Expression of TS was different be- tween the primary tumor and LNs in 28% of patients. Among the 92 patients with low TS expression in the primary tumor, those with a high TS level in the LNs had significantly poorer cancer-specific survival (P.02). It is only in the subgroup analysis of patients receiving or not receiving adjuvant fluorouracil (FU) -based chemo- therapy that anomalies arise. Here, LN TS level continued to predict survival in the patients who did not receive adju- vant therapy (DFS,P.03; OS,P.04). However, among the patients who received FU-based chemotherapy, the prognostic value of LN TS level failed to reach statistical significance (DFS, P.2; OS, P.5). This result is not in agreement with what might be expected based on our cur- rent understanding of the influence of TS level on chemo- sensitivity to FU. Elevated levels of TS have been demonstrated in colon cancer cells with both de novo 9 and acquired 10 resistance to FU, and lower intratumoral TS level predicted both improved response (P.001) and survival (P.02) in patients in one study in metastatic colorectal cancer who were treated with FU-based chemo- therapy. 11 If lower TS levels predict improved response to
NEAR-SURFACE LOCALIZATION AND SHAPE IDENTIFICATION OF A SCATTERER EMBEDDED IN A HALFPLANE USING SCALAR WAVES

We discuss the inverse problem associated with the identification of the location and shape of a scatterer fully embedded in a homogeneous halfplane, using scant surficial measurements of its response to probing scalar waves. The typical applications arise in soils under shear (SH) waves (antiplane motion), or in acoustic fluids under pressure waves. Accordingly, we use measurements of either the Dirichlet-type (displacements), or of the Neumann-type (fluid velocities), to steer the localization and detection processes, targeting rigid and sound-hard objects, respectively. The computational approach for localizing single targets is based on partial-differential-equation-constrained optimization ideas, extending our recent work from the full-1 to the half-plane case. To improve on the ability of the optimizer to converge to the true shape and location we employ an amplitude-based misfit functional, and embed the inversion process within a frequency- and directionality-continuation scheme, which seem to alleviate solution multiplicity. We use the apparatus of total differentiation to resolve the target's evolving shape during inversion iterations over the shape parameters, a la.2,3 We report numerical results betraying algorithmic robustness for both the SH and acoustic cases, and for a variety of targets, ranging from circular and elliptical, to potato-, and kite-shaped scatterers.
Hybrid vigor in Drosophila: Respiration and mitochondrial energy conservation

Abstract 1. 1. Hybrids of Drosophila melanogaster lines demonstrated more rapid eclosion rate, higher body weight and more rapid respiration rate than the parents. 2. 2. The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria of hybrids was superior to that of mitochondria of the parents. 3. 3. The observation of mitochondrial superiority of Drosophila hybrids allows an explanation of heterosis in animals at the biochemical level. Mitochondrial heterosis may prove to be an important tool in both the production of more efficient organisms and in understanding enzyme regulation at the membrane level.
Gene expression profile in BALB/c-3T3 cells transformed with beryllium sulfate.

Differential gene expression was studied to understand the potential molecular mechanism responsible for cell transformation and tumorigenesis induced by beryllium. Cell lines were derived from tumors developed in nude mice injected subcutaneously with BALB/c-3T3 cells morphologically transformed with beryllium sulfate. Using the Atlas mouse 1.2 cDNA expression microarray, the expression profiles of 1176 genes, belonging to several different functional categories, were studied in the tumor cells as well as in the nontransformed control cells. Expression of 18 genes belonging to two functional groups was found to be consistently and reproducibly different (at least twofold) in the tumor cells compared with the control cells. The functional groups and the differentially expressed genes are as follows: The cancer-related genes (nine genes) were the ets-related transcription factor activated by ras, colony-stimulating factor, A-myb, sky, cot1, c-fos, c-jun, c-myc, and R-ras proto-oncogenes. The DNA synthesis, repair, and recombination genes (nine genes) were the DNA replication licensing factor MCM4, the DNA replication licensing factor MCM5, the DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2, the DNA excision repair gene, the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2, the ultraviolet excision repair gene Rad23 DNA ligase 1, Rad51, and Rad52. The differential gene expression profile was confirmed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for the differentially expressed genes. In general, expression of the cancer-related genes was upregulated, while expression of genes involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and recombination was downregulated in the tumor cells compared with the control cells. Using c-fos and c-jun, two of the differentially expressed genes, as model genes, we have found that in the nontransformed BALB/c-3T3 cells, the beryllium-induced transcriptional activation of these genes was dependent on pathways of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase and independent of reactive oxygen species. These results indicate that beryllium-induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis are accompanied by and are possibly a product of alterations in expression of genes related to cancer and to DNA synthesis, repair, and recombination.
Correlation transfer equation for multiply scattered light modulated by an ultrasonic pulse

We develop a temporal correlation transfer equation (CTE) and a Monte Carlo algorithm (MC) for multiply scattered light modulated by an ultrasonic pulse propagating in an optically scattering medium, where the ultrasound field can be nonuniform and the medium can have spatially heterogeneous distribution of optical parameters. The CTE and MC can be used to obtain the time-varying specific intensity and the spatial distribution of the time-dependent power spectral density, respectively, of ultrasound-modulated light. We expect the CTE and MC to be applicable for estimation of contrast and resolution in a wide spectrum of conditions in ultrasound-modulated optical tomography of soft biological tissues.
Multiple inputs control sulfur-containing amino acid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcription of the MET regulon, which encodes the proteins involved in the synthesis of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine, is repressed by the presence of either methionine or cysteine in the environment. This repression is accomplished by ubiquitination of the transcription factor Met4, which is carried out by the SCF(Met30) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Mutants defective in MET regulon repression reveal that loss of Cho2, which is required for the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to produce phosphatidylcholine, leads to induction of the MET regulon. This induction is due to reduced cysteine synthesis caused by the Cho2 defects, uncovering an important link between phospholipid synthesis and cysteine synthesis. Antimorphic mutants in S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) synthetase genes also induce the MET regulon. This effect is due, at least in part, to SAM deficiency controlling the MET regulon independently of SAM's contribution to cysteine synthesis. Finally, the Met30 protein is found in two distinct forms whose relative abundance is controlled by the availability of sulfur-containing amino acids. This modification could be involved in the nutritional control of SCF(Met30) activity toward Met4.
A novel algorithm to configure RBF networks

The most important factor in configuring an optimum radial basis function (RBF) network is the appropriate selection of the number of neural units in the hidden layer. This paper proposes a novel algorithm called the scattering-based clustering (SBC) algorithm, in which the frequency sensitive competitive learning (FSCL) algorithm is first applied to let the neural units converge. Scatter matrices of the clustered data are then used to compute the sphericity for each k, where k is the number of clusters. The optimum number of neural units to be used in the hidden layer is then obtained. A comparative study is done between the SBC algorithm and rival penalizes competitive learning (RPCL) algorithm, and the result shows that the SBC algorithm outperforms other algorithms such as CL, FSCL, and RPCL.
Practical Radiation Oncology for Extremity Sarcomas

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare cancers. They should be managed by a multidisciplinary team with experience caring for these diverse malignancies. Local control is frequently achieved with a combination of radiation therapy and surgery. This article reviews the data supporting the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in the care of patients with soft tissue sarcoma and describes the side effects of surgery and radiation therapy. Preoperative radiation therapy increases the risk of wound complication from surgery, but has fewer long-term side effects than postoperative radiation therapy. The timing of radiation therapy can be tailored to each patient.
Aging reduces responsiveness to BSO- and heat stress-induced perturbations of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes.

Aging alters cellular responses to both heat and oxidative stress. Thiol-mediated metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is believed to be important in aging. To begin to determine the role of...
The Lawfulness of U.S. Targeted Killing Operations Outside Afghanistan

Targeted killing operations conducted outside Afghanistan have prompted debate regarding their lawfulness. For opponents of targeted killing operations, the debate tends to center on the number of civilians killed. Proponents respond by questioning the credibility and validity of the methods employed to determine the number of civilian casualties. This debate is important, but it also obscures the fact that the lawfulness of targeting killings is not determined by whether civilians were killed alone, while also lending legitimacy to unsubstantiated claims that the United States is engaged in an armed conflict with Al Qaeda and “associated forces.” This article classifies the hostilities in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia. It then applies the applicable body of law to targeted killing operations in each of these respective states based on how the hostilities were classified.
Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [14C]-3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride in two species of birds following a single oral dose.

Ring-labeled [ 14 C]-3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride (250 Ig per bird) was delivered to 21 redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and 21 dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) via oral gavage, and the distribution and excretion of radioactivity were determined at 15 and 30 min and 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h (n ) 3 per time point). Direct measurement of radioactivity as well as measurement following combustion was accomplished using a liquid scintillation counter. Elimination from most tissues followed a two-compartment model, with very rapid elimination occurring between time 0 and 4 h and a much slower elimination phase occurring after that. The average half-life of elimination for the initial phase in most tissues examined was 0.16 h for juncos and 0.62 h for blackbirds. The average for the slower second phase of elimination was 3.4 h for juncos and 5.4 h for blackbirds. The radioactivity in blackbird kidney tissues did not change significantly for the duration of the test, pointing toward the kidney as a possible site of action for this important agricultural chemical.
Lactation and maternal subclinical cardiovascular disease among premenopausal women

larger lumen diameter (95% confidence interval, 0.04‐0.22) and a 0.12 mm larger adventitial diameter (95% confidence interval, 0.02‐ 0.22) in models adjusting for age, parity, birth outcome, sociodemographic variables, health-related behaviors, family history, gestational weight gain, early adult body mass index, current body mass index, Creactive protein, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, and insulin levels. CONCLUSION: Mothers who do not breastfeed have vascular characteristics associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease.
Coordination infrastructure in collaborative systems

Research into collaborative software systems has recognized the importance of coordination in promoting effective interactions among collaborators. Coordination is the process of bringing groups of users together into a common action. More specifically, in the computer-supported cooperative work realm, coordination refers to the "real world" issues of collaborator location, awareness, rendezvous, and policy that must be addressed if collaborative software is to approach the fluidity of physical human interactions. My research has focused on the development of software infrastructure to support the coordination needs of collaborative applications. In essence, my research examines how to bring contextual information about users and their activities into the mediated computer world, and the implications of having such information available to applications and other users. Three specific areas of concern are user awareness, session management, and policy control. These areas are interrelated and share a commonality of implementation. This dissertation presents a taxonomy of information sharing in collaborative applications, and examines the three specific topics in detail. I also present an underlying model that can be used to implement the coordination goals provided by my infrastructure.
Effectiveness and Safety of Acute Care Telemedicine for Children with Regular and Special Healthcare Needs

Abstract Objective: To assess the hypothesis that effectiveness and safety of the Health-e-Access telemedicine model for care of children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) with acute illness equaled those for care of children in regular childcare and schools (CRS). Materials and Methods: We examined healthcare use through insurance claims and telemedicine records spanning 5.7 and 7.3 years for CSHCN and CRS, respectively. Effectiveness was measured as telemedicine visit completion, duplication, and adverse events. Completed visits had diagnosis and management decisions made, and treatment implemented, based solely on telemedicine. Duplicating visits addressed related problems in-person following telemedicine visits within 1 or 3 days. An adverse event was defined as an emergency department visit following a telemedicine visit within 3 days for a problem probably related. Results: Comparisons addressing these measures included 483 and 10,008 telemedicine visits by CSHCN and CRS, respectively. Claims fi...
Low-voltage electron microscopy of polymer and organic molecular thin films.

Abstract We have demonstrated the capabilities of a novel low-voltage electron microscope (LVEM) for imaging polymer and organic molecular thin films. The LVEM can operate in transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron diffraction modes. The microscope operates at a nominal accelerating voltage of 5 kV and fits on a tabletop. A detailed discussion of the electron–sample interaction processes is presented, and the mean free path for total electron scattering was calculated to be 15 nm for organic samples at 5 kV . The total end point dose for the destruction of crystallinity at 5 kV was estimated at 5×10−4 and 3.5×10 −2 C / cm 2 for polyethylene and pentacene, respectively. These values are significantly lower than those measured at voltages greater than 100 kV . A defocus series of colloidal gold particles allowed us to estimate the experimental contrast transfer function of the microscope. Images taken of several organic materials have shown high contrast for low atomic number elements and a resolution of 2.5 nm . The materials studied here include thin films of the organic semiconductor pentacene, triblock copolymer films, single-molecule dendrimers, electrospun polymer fibers and gold nanoparticles.
Concentration of Measure for Block Diagonal Matrices With Applications to Compressive Signal Processing

Theoretical analysis of randomized, compressive operators often depends on a concentration of measure inequality for the operator in question. Typically, such inequalities quantify the likelihood that a random matrix will preserve the norm of a signal after multiplication. Concentration of measure results are well established for unstructured compressive matrices, populated with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random entries. Many real-world acquisition systems, however, are subject to architectural constraints that make such matrices impractical. In this paper we derive concentration of measure bounds for two types of block diagonal compressive matrices, one in which the blocks along the main diagonal are random and independent, and one in which the blocks are random but equal. For both types of matrices, we show that the likelihood of norm preservation depends on certain properties of the signal being measured, but that for the best case signals, both types of block diagonal matrices can offer concentration performance on par with their unstructured, i.i.d. counterparts. We support our theoretical results with illustrative simulations as well as analytical and empirical investigations of several signal classes that are highly amenable to measurement using block diagonal matrices. We also discuss applications of these results in ensuring stable embeddings for various signal families and in establishing performance guarantees for solving various signal processing tasks (such as detection and classification) directly in the compressed domain.
Brain-stem evoked potentials and noise effects in seagulls.

Abstract 1. 1. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) recorded from the seagull were large-amplitude, short-latency, vertex-positive deflections which originate in the eighth nerve and several brain-stem nuclei. 2. 2. BAEP waveforms were similar in latency and configurations to that reported for certain other lower vertebrates and some mammals. 3. 3. BAEP recorded at several pure tone frequencies throughout the seagull's auditory spectrum showed an area of heightened auditory sensitivity between 1 and 3 kHz. This range was also found to be the primary bandwidth of the vocalization output of young seagulls. 4. 4. Masking by white noise and pure tones had remarkable effects on several parameters of the BAEP. In general, the tone- and click-induced BAEP were either reduced or obliterated by both pure tone and white noise maskers of specific signal to noise ratios and high intensity levels. 5. 5. The masking effects observed in this study may be related to the manner in which seagulls respond to intense environmental noise. One possible conclusion is that intense environmental noise, such as aircraft engine noise, may severely alter the seagull's localization apparatus and induce sonogenic stress, both of which could cause collisions with low-flying aircraft.
Increasing the separability of chemosensor array patterns with Hebbian/anti-Hebbian learning

The olfactory bulb is able to enhance the contrast between odor representations through a combination of excitatory and inhibitory circuits. Inspired by this mechanism, we propose a new Hebbian/anti-Hebbian learning rule to increase the separability of sensor-array patterns in a neurodynamics model of the olfactory system: the KIII. In the proposed learning rule, a Hebbian term is used to build associations within odors and an anti-Hebbian term is used to reduce correlated activity across odors. The KIII model with the new learning rule is characterized on synthetic data and validated on experimental data from an array of temperature-modulated metal-oxide sensors. Our results show that the performance of the model is comparable to that obtained with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Furthermore, the model is able to increase pattern separability for different concentrations of three odorants: allyl-alcohol, tert-butanol, and benzene, even though it is only trained with the gas sensor response to the highest concentration.
Me, Myself, And You? National Self Interest, Global Social Concern, And The Role Of The WTO In International Trade Policy

This paper presents a teaching method that meshes the theoretical foundation of the prisoner’s dilemma with a student centered problem-solving approach to address the roles of national self-interest and global social concern in the making of trade policy through the WTO. The in-class activities introduce the student to the underlying incentive structure of the prisoner’s dilemma and require each student to weigh self-interest and group well-being in his/her decision-making process as a member nation of the WTO. Through these exercises, students discover the importance of international agreements and the need for a binding set of rules and enforcement mechanisms governing global trade. In addition, these activities are an effective springboard for a discussion of national sovereignty and the expanding role of the WTO.
Preparation of cis Carotenoids by Direct Rearrangement of the All-trans Form

Cis carotenoids have been obtained by stereo isomerization of all-trans pigments, by total synthesis, and by isolation from plants or animals.
Antibody Directed Delivery for Treatment of Cancer: Antibody Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins

A major goal in the development of cancer therapeutics is to identify agents that will effectively eradicate tumors while having minimal effects on cells of normal tissues. Unfortunately, the majority of anticancer agents developed to date have substantial side effect profiles and a narrow therapeutic index. One means to improve the selectivity and efficacy of cancer therapy is by choosing therapeutic targets with altered levels of expression on malignant versus normal cells. Following the introduction of monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology by Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256:495–497, 1975), the potential to utilize the antigen-selectivity of MAbs to deliver toxic agents initiated an extensive effort to design antibody-targeted therapeutics. The clinical utility of MAb-based therapeutics was substantially improved by both the chimerization and humanization of murine MAbs, both of which substantially reduced immunogenicity and improved MAb half-life. The ability to obtain fully human MAbs from transgenic mice and by phage display has further enhanced the clinical potential of these approaches (Nat Rev Immunol 6:343–357, 2006; Expert Opin Investig Drugs 7:607–614, 1998; Nat Biotechnol 23:1117–1125, 2005). Monoclonal antibodies and fragments of MAbs have been used to effectively deliver radionuclides (Hosp Pract (Minneap) 38:82–93, 2010; Clin Cancer Res 17:6406–6416, 2011), cytokines (Integr Biol (Camb) 3:468–478, 2011; Int J Cancer 102:109–116, 2002), plant and bacterial toxins (FEBS J 278:4683–4700, 2011; Expert Opin Drug Deliv 8:605–621, 2011; Drug Discov Today 16:495–503, 2011), and a variety of cytotoxic drugs (Nat Biotechnol 21:778–784, 2003; Cancer Res 53:3336–3342, 1993; Expert Opin Investig Drugs 6:169–172, 1997; Science 261:212–215, 1993). Although simple in concept, the design of effective targeting agents has required substantial investigation and modification in the selection of MAbs and their targets, the types of linkers used, and the potency of the toxic agents that are delivered. This chapter focuses on MAb-directed delivery of plant and bacterial toxins (immunotoxins) and MAb-directed delivery of cytotoxic drugs (antibody–drug conjugates: ADCs).
Opposing Inequality: Globalization and the State

Globalization is often identified as an important factor that increases economic inequality. Using the KOF globalization index, the Standardized World Income Inequality database, and a new database from the University of Texas Inequality Project, the analysis of inequality and globalization is expanded to include different types of government regimes. Using a combination of pooled and fixed effect data analysis, several models demonstrate that while globalization does indeed increase inequality, states with policies that redistribute wealth can nullify globalization’s effect.
Analyzing longitudinal qualitative data: the application of trajectory and recurrent cross-sectional approaches

Longitudinal qualitative research methods can add depth and understanding to health care research, especially on topics such as chronic conditions, adherence and changing health policies. In this manuscript we describe when and how to undertake two different applied approaches to analyzing longitudinal qualitative data: a recurrent cross-sectional approach and a trajectory approach. A recurrent cross-sectional approach is most appropriate when the primary interest is comparing two time points, such as before and after a policy change, or when a cohort cannot be maintained, such as a study in which some participants are expected to die. In contrast, a trajectory approach is most appropriate when the purpose of the research is to understand individuals’ experiences over time or to understand longitudinal healthcare processes. Longitudinal qualitative research has the potential to be a powerful approach to understanding the complexities of health care: from relationships between providers and patients, to the experience of chronic disease, to the impact of health policy. Such research will be strengthened by careful consideration of the research question at hand, followed by application of the appropriate analytic approach.
Germination of Resting Spores of the Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Pathogen, Entomophaga grylli (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), Pathotype 2, in Selected Environments

Resting spores of Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko, Pathotype 2, a fungal pathogen of grasshoppers, were incubated at combinations of five temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C) and six photophases (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h/d). Temperature and photoperiod had significant effects on germination and a temperature–photoperiod interaction was also indicated. Germinated resting spores were found 3 d postincubation at 28, 25, and 22°C. The percentage of germinated spores increased with increased exposure to light and with increased temperatures up to 25°C but appeared to decrease at 28°C. At 25°C and photophases of 12, 16, and 24 h/d, the percentage of germinated resting spores increased more rapidly and attained a higher maximum than spores incubated at other temperature–photophase combinations. Effects of different gaseous environments on resting spores were determined at 25°C and a 16 hid photophase. The greatest percentage of germinated spores was found in an aerobic environment. The percentage of germinated spores decreased in a microaerophilic environment, and spores in an anaerobic environment did not germinate.
Spin-transfer torque and electric current in helical edge states in quantum spin Hall devices

We study the dynamics of a quantum spin Hall edge coupled to a magnet with its own dynamics. Using spin-transfer-torque principles, we analyze the interplay between spin currents in the edge state and dynamics of the axis of the magnet, and draw parallels with circuit analogies. As a highlighting feature, we show that while coupling to a magnet typically renders the edge state insulating by opening a gap, in the presence of a small potential bias, spin-transfer torque can restore perfect conductance by transferring angular momentum to the magnet. In the presence of interactions within the edge state, we employ a Luttinger liquid treatment to show that the edge, when subject to a small voltage bias, tends to form a unique dynamic rotating spin wave state that naturally couples into the dynamics of the magnet. We briefly discuss realistic physical parameters and constraints for observing this interplay between quantum spin Hall and spin-transfer torque physics.
Polysilicon Waveguides for Silicon Photonics

Photonic integrated circuits in silicon require waveguiding through a material compatible with silicon VLSI technology. Polysilicon (polySi), with a high index of refraction compared to SiO 2 and air, is an ideal candidate for use in silicon optical interconnect technology. Inspite of its advantages, the biggest hurdle to this technology is that losses of 350dB/cm have been measured in as-deposited polySi waveguide structures, as against ldB/cm losses measured in waveguides fabricated in crystalline silicon. We report methods for reducing scattering and absorption, which are the main sources of losses in this system. To reduce surface scattering losses we fabricate waveguides in smooth recrystallized amorphous silicon and Chemo-Mechanically Polished (CMP) polySi, both of which reduce losses by about 40dB/cm to 15dB/cm. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and spectrophotometry studies are used to monitor surface roughness which has been reduced from an RMS roughness value of 19–20nm down to about 4–6nm. Bulk absorption/scattering losses can depend on size, structure, and quality of grains and grain boundaries which we investigate by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Although the lowest temperature deposition has twice as large a grain size as the highest temperature deposition, the losses appear to not be greatly dependent on grain size in the 0.1pm to 0.4pm range. Additionally, absorption/scattering at dangling bonds is investigated before and after a low temperature Electron-Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) hydrogenation step. After hydrogenation, we obtain the lowest reported polySi loss values at λ = 1.54μm of about 15dB/cm.
The mediator of cellular immunity: IV. Cooperation between lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

Abstract Acquired resistance to an intravenous infection with Listeria monocytogenes involves the interaction of two cell types: specifically committed lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. This interaction was revealed in experiments using the polyfunctional alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide is toxic for both lymphocytes and blood monocyte antecedents. Rats treated with cyclophosphamide were immunized adoptively with cells obtained from the thoracic duct lymph of Listeria -immune donors. But such animals benefited from a lymphocyte injection only while they could assemble monocyte-derived macrophages in an inflammatory exudate. The results imply that blood monocytes provide an essential element to the host's defense mechanism against intracellular bacterial parasites, and that monocyte-derived macrophages are the instruments through which cellular resistance to infection is expressed.
Enforcing Primary Teaching Material Construction and Promoting Bilingual Education in Colleges and Universities

It is necessary to put bilingual education in practice in a position of higher education internationalized. Teaching material can ensure ultimately it to be carried out. This paper expatiates the necessity to import primary teaching material and discusses the main approaches to import them and potential problems during practice.
Asystole in electroconvulsive therapy: Report of four cases.

Background Asystole is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Although the risk of asystole can be reduced with anticholinergic medications, the recent emphasis on new modifications of technique (first, the use of subconvulsive stimuli to titrate the seizure threshold, and second, pretreatment with intravenous beta-blockers) may increase the risk of asystole in ECT patients. Method I present four new cases of asystole in ECT and outline a scheme for anticipating and preventing asystole. Results An episode of asystole did not prove to be an obstacle to further uncomplicated ECT. Conclusion If risk factors contributing to asystole are reduced and adequate doses of intravenous atropine are on hand, a patient's ECT treatments need not be interrupted.
Principles of Team Care for Children with Developmental Disabilities

Professionals who work with children and adolescents who have developmental disabilities will find themselves working with a number of other professionals on various “teams.” These teams are typically composed of practitioners from more than one discipline working toward the single goal of providing comprehensive patient care. Research on medical and psychosocial teams confirms the overwhelming importance of clarity, commitment, and close positive exchanges among team members to promote successful teamwork. The effectiveness of teams is largely dependent on how the professionals work to accomplish meeting the needs of their patients. This chapter reviews multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary approaches to delivering health care to children and adolescents who have developmental disabilities.
Development and Validation of a Method for Alcohol Analysis in Brain Tissue by Headspace Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector

Ethanol is the most widely used and abused drug. While blood is the preferred specimen for analysis, tissue specimens such as brain serve as alternative specimens for alcohol analysis in post-mortem cases where blood is unavailable or contaminated. A method was developed using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) for the detection and quantification of ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, methanol and n-propanol in brain tissue specimens. Unfixed volatile-free brain tissue specimens were obtained from the Department of Pathology at Virginia Commonwealth University. Calibrators and controls were prepared from 4-fold diluted homogenates of these brain tissue specimens, and were analyzed using t-butanol as the internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed with a Restek BAC2 column. A linear calibration was generated for all analytes (mean r2 > 0.9992) with the limits of detection and quantification of 100-110 mg/kg. Matrix effect from the brain tissue was determined by comparing the slopes of matrix prepared calibration curves with those of aqueous calibration curves; no significant differences were observed for ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, methanol and n-propanol. The bias and the CVs for all volatile controls were ≤10%. The method was also evaluated for carryover, selectivity, interferences, bench-top stability and freeze-thaw stability. The HS-GC-FID method was determined to be reliable and robust for the analysis of ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, methanol and n-propanol concentrations in brain tissue, effectively expanding the specimen options for post-mortem alcohol analysis.
The Future of Immunization Registries

The first smallpox vaccine given 200 years ago by Edward Jenner marked the beginning of an unparalleled approach to disease prevention. Because of vaccines, smallpox has been eradicated, polio eradication is close to becoming a reality, and eliminating measles is a realistic goal for the Americas by the Year 2000. Provisional data from 1995 indicate that the United States had the lowest number of cases of vaccine-preventable diseases ever reported for seven diseases, and vaccine coverage levels are now the highest ever recorded in the United States. Yet, today about a million 2-year-old children in the United States need one or more doses of vaccines to be fully protected. Local and state immunization registries will become the cornerstone of our future immunization delivery system that will assure that every child is immunized on schedule. When the registries become fully functional, all children will be enrolled from birth. Parents can be reminded automatically when immunizations are due and can be recalled when they are overdue. Providers will easily determine the immunization needs of their patients, old or new, at the time of each visit, wherever a child interacts with the health care system, be it a doctor’s office, public health clinic, emergency room, or elsewhere. Programs like the one for Women, Infants, and Children (W4C) will have access to accurate immunization records. Changes in immunization schedules can be rapidly incorporated into software and disseminated. No longer will immunization assessments at the office level have to be done manually. Public health officials will have a simple, quick, inexpensive method to assess immunization coverage in their communities, and to identify groups at risk for underimmunization. Local registries can be interconnected, and information on immunization coverage can be shared with local and state agencies. This can expedite and lower the cost of monitoring immunization coverage at every level. Much progress has occurred in making immunization registries a reality. Much more needs to be done, and there are still critical barriers to overcome. Nevertheless, the progress, as detailed in this supplement, is dramatic and gives us great hope for the future, a future in which more and more infectious diseases will be conquered through the use of more and better vaccines delivered to the populations in need through an efficient system facilitated by immunization information systems.
Single-image full-focus reconstruction using depth-based deconvolution

In contrast with traditional extended depth-of-field approaches, we propose a depth-based deconvolution technique that realizes the depth-variant nature of the point spread function of an ordinary fixed-focus camera. The developed technique brings a single blurred image to focus at different depth planes which can be stitched together based on a depth map to output a full-focus image. Strategies to suppress the deconvolution’s ringing artifacts are implemented on three levels: block tiling to eliminate boundary artifacts, reference maps to reduce ringing initiated by sharp edges, and depth-based masking to mitigate artifacts raised by neighboring depth-transition surfaces. The performance is validated numerically for planar and multidepth objects.
Determinants in the LIN-12/Notch Intracellular Domain That Govern Its Activity and Stability During Caenorhabditis elegans Vulval Development

Upon ligand binding, the LIN-12/Notch intracellular domain is released from its transmembrane tether to function in a nuclear complex that activates transcription of target genes. During Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development, LIN-12/Notch is activated by ligand in two of six multipotential vulval precursor cells (VPCs), specifying the "secondary vulval fate" and descendants that contribute to the vulva. If LIN-12 is ectopically activated in other VPCs, they also adopt the secondary fate, dividing to produce extra vulval cells, resulting in a "Multivulva" phenotype. Here, we identify determinants in the LIN-12 intracellular domain ["LIN-12(intra)"] that govern its activity and stability during C. elegans vulval development; we assayed activity of mutant forms based on their ability to cause a Multivulva phenotype and stability using a GFP tag to visualize their accumulation. Our analysis has revealed that, while the ubiquitin ligase SEL-10/Fbw7 promotes LIN-12(intra) downregulation in VPCs, there is a distinct mechanism for downregulation of LIN-12(intra) in VPC descendants. Our analysis also revealed that LIN-12(intra) must be in the nuclear complex to be regulated appropriately in VPCs and their descendants, and that the structure or conformation of the carboxy-terminal region influences stability as well. Although activity and stability are generally well-correlated, exceptions where they are uncoupled suggest that there may be roles for the carboxy-terminal region and sel-10 that are independent of their roles in regulating LIN-12(intra) stability.
Repairing Student Misconceptions in Heat Transfer Using Inquiry-Based Activities.

Eight inquiry-based activities, described here in sufficient detail for faculty to adopt in their own courses, were designed to teach students fundamental concepts in heat transfer. The concept areas chosen were (1) factors affecting the rate vs. amount of heat transfer, (2) temperature vs. perceptions of hot and cold, (3) temperature vs. energy and (4) the effect of color on thermal radiation. These concept areas were identified in the literature as both important for students to know and difficult for them to learn. The effectiveness of the inquiry-based activities was tested by examining pre/post learning gains on the Heat and Energy Concept Inventory (HECI) in both traditional classes and classes utilizing the activities. Results show that using these activities more than tripled the learning gains found in the targeted concept areas compared to conceptual learning gains found in the control classes utilizing traditional instruction.
Vacant lots as a habitat resource: nesting success and body condition of songbirds

Vacant lots are a common feature throughout many cities and may provide necessary habitat resources for urban bird populations. We evaluated the quality of vacant lots throughout Baltimore, Maryland, by determining how differences in vacant lot properties related to songbirds' nesting success and body condition. We observed 130 nests from American robins (Turdus migratorius), gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) across the city and assessed body condition of 19 adult robins. Nesting success for all three species was greatest within areas of vacant lots with high shrub densities. The robins' body condition index did not vary extensively and was not related to any vacant lot site- or landscape-level variables. Even so, we found vacant lots to be actively used by 60 bird species for a variety of resources, with those containing more shrubs to be the most beneficial for bird species' nesting attempts. Vacant lots should no longer be discarded and underestimated; instead, they should be valued for the opportunities they provide for generalist bird species through small-effort habitat management practices.
Current trends in the diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States.

Objective: To assess current practice patterns among members of the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM) with respect to the diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Me...
Angiopoietin-Like 3 Affects Homing Ability of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Abstract 2632 Angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptls) are a seven-member family of secreted glycoproteins that share sequence homology with angiopoietins. It is known that several members of the Angptl family including Angptl3 support ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the physiological role of Angptls in the hematopoietic system is not well known. Here we show that Angptl3 is expressed by both bone marrow stromal cells and HSCs. To study the intrinsic effect of Angptl3 in mouse HSCs, we isolated the same number of HSCs from wild-type and Angptl3-null mice and performed reconstitution analysis. Adult bone marrow Angptl3-null HSCs showed decreased repopulation compared to wild-type HSCs, suggesting that Angptl3 has cell-autonomous effect on HSC activity. By contrast, HSCs isolated from liver of the null mice had enhanced HSC repopulation activity than their wild-type counterparts. To study whether this effect is caused by difference in homing, we injected CFSE labeled wild-type HSCs and Angptl3 null HSCs into lethally irradiated mice, and checked the homing to bone marrow, spleen, and liver. While homing of these two types of cells to bone marrow or spleen was not significantly different, Angptl3 null HSCs homed better to the liver than the wild-type HSCs. Our result suggests that Angptl3 is important for the retention of HSCs in the bone marrow, and the absence of Angptl3 leads HSCs to move to extramedullary organs such as liver. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Never Ending Nightmare: Resourcing the Vietnam War

Following the end of the Korean War, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China settled into a low key, limited struggle to establish and support friendly regimes in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. While armed conflict was a constant in this environment, these wars were largely fought by proxies. However, after the French defeat in Indochina in 1954, the United States found itself being relentlessly dragged into a Southeast Asian War that would eventually involve several hundred thousand American military personnel and effectively bring down a presidency. In this chapter, Meagher chronicles that intervention from a political, military, economic, and financial perspective.
Evaluation of Fibular Fracture Type vs Location of Tibial Fixation of Pilon Fractures.

Background:Comminuted fibular fractures can occur with pilon fractures as a result of valgus stress. Transverse fibular fractures can occur with varus deformation. No definitive guide for determini...