cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to “Commentary: Assessment of past infiltration fluxes through Yucca Mountain on the basis of the secondary mineral record—is it a viable methodology?”, by Y.V. Dublyansky and S.Z. Smirnov

Abstract Xu et al. (2003) [Xu, T., Sonnenthal, E., Bodvarsson, G., 2003. A reaction-transport model for calcite precipitation and evaluation of infiltration–percolation fluxes in unsaturated fractured rock. J. Contam. Hydrol., 64, 113–127.] presented results of a reaction-transport model for calcite deposition in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, and compared the model results to measured abundances in core from a surface-based borehole. Marshall et al. (2003) [Marshall, B.D., Neymark, L.A., Peterman, Z.E., 2003. Estimation of past seepage volumes from calcite distribution in the Topopah Spring Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. J. Contam. Hydrol., 62–63, 237–247.] used the calcite distribution in the Topopah Spring Tuff to estimate past seepage into lithophysal cavities as an analog for seepage into the potential repository waste emplacement drifts at Yucca Mountain in southern Nevada (USA). Dublyansky and Smirnov (2005) [Dublyansky, Y.V., Smirnov, S.Z., 2005. Commentary: assessment of past infiltration fluxes through Yucca mountain on the basis of the secondary mineral record—is it a viable methodology? J. Contam. Hydrol. (this issue).] wrote a commentary paper to Marshall et al. (2003) [Marshall, B.D., Neymark, L.A., Peterman, Z.E., 2003. Estimation of past seepage volumes from calcite distribution in the Topopah Spring Tuff, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. J. Contam. Hydrol., 62–63, 237–247.] and Xu et al. (2003) [Xu, T., Sonnenthal, E., Bodvarsson, G., 2003. A reaction-transport model for calcite precipitation and evaluation of infiltration–percolation fluxes in unsaturated fractured rock. J. Contam. Hydrol., 64, 113–127.], containing two points: (1) questionable phenomenological model for the secondary mineral deposits and (2) inappropriate thermal boundary conditions. In this reply we address primarily the modeling approach by showing results of a sensitivity simulation regarding the effect of an elevated temperature history that approximates the temperature history inferred from fluid inclusions by Wilson et al. (2003) [Wilson, N.S.F., Cline, J.S., Amelin, Y.V., 2003. Origin, timing, and temperature of secondary calcite–silica mineral formation at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67 (6), 1145–1184.]. Modeled calcite abundances using the time-varying temperature history are similar to the results for the steady-state ambient temperature profile ( Xu, T., Sonnenthal, E., Bodvarsson, G., 2003. A reaction-transport model for calcite precipitation and evaluation of infiltration–percolation fluxes in unsaturated fractured rock. J. Contam. Hydrol., 64, 113–127 ), and are still consistent with the measured abundances at the proposed repository horizon.
Methylation effects in state-resolved quenching of highly vibrationally excited azabenzenes (Evib∼38 500 cm−1). II. Collisions with carbon dioxide

To investigate the role of molecular structure in collisions that quench highly vibrationally excited molecules, we have performed state resolved transient infrared absorption studies of energy gain in a number of rotational levels of H2O(000) resulting from collisions of water with vibrationally excited 2-methylpyridine (2-picoline) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine) in a low-pressure gas-phase environment at 298 K. Vibrationally excited methylpyridines were prepared with ∼38 500 cm−1 of internal energy using 266 nm ultraviolet excitation to an S1 electronic state followed by rapid radiationless decay to the S0 electronic state. Collisions that populate rotationally excited states of H2O(000) were investigated with infrared absorption by monitoring the appearance of individual rotational states of H2O(000) with energies between 1000 and 2000 cm−1. Rotational state distributions for recoiling water molecules were characterized by Boltzmann temperatures of Trot=590±90 K for quenching of hot picoline a...
The spinal contribution of substance P to the generation and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the rat

Abstract That substance P (SP) contributes in some way to spinal nociceptive processing has been known for many years. However, the contribution of SP and NK-1 receptors to the generation and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia or persistent chemical hyperalgesia is not clear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that SP contributes to the generation but not maintenance of hyperalgesia using two models of inflammatory pain: carrageenan, which allows for testing of acute noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli, and formalin, a model of spontaneous pain. Intrathecal pretreatment with the NK-1 receptor antagonist CP-96,345 (100, 50, 25 nmol) dose-dependently attenuated the thermal (46%, 27% and 16%, respectively) and mechanical (66%, 37% and 3%, respectively) hyperalgesia produced by 2 mg carrageenan, but not 6 mg carrageenan, 3 h after the induction of inflammation. The attenuation was still apparent at 5 h for the greatest dose, but at 7 h the magnitude of hyperalgesia was equal to rats pretreated with saline. Posttreatment with 100 nmol CP-96,345 following the establishment of hyperalgesia had no effect. Intrathecal pretreatment with 125 nmol CP-96,345 prior to formalin (1% or 5%) injection into the hindpaw produced an overall 29% or 23% attenuation, respectively, of the nociceptive behavior during the 1-h observation period. For both 1% and 5% formalin injections, the phase 2 response, but not the phase 1 response, was significantly lower than that from rats pretreated with saline. Pretreatment with 100 or 125 nmol of the inactive enantiomer, CP-96,344, was no different than pretreatment with saline. A dose of 250 nmol CP-96,345 produced voluntary paralysis yet the flexion reflex to noxious pinch remained. These results support the hypothesis that SP contributes to the generation of inflammatory hyperalgesia but once established, the contribution of SP to maintaining the state of hyperalgesia is reduced. The interaction of SP, NK-1 receptors and spinal NMDA receptors in relation to inflammatory pain is discussed.
Mass transfer of trace species from a superheated stream to a subcooled surface

Abstract The influence of boundary-layer nucleation on mass transfer of a condensable species from a superheated stream to a subcooled surface is analyzed. The concentration of the species is sufficiently dilute to preclude any condensation on the nucleated particles. It is found that a high supersaturation ratio is required to initiate the boundary-layer nucleation. As a consequence, the critical surface temperature for onset of nucleation and appearance of fog is much below that determined from a thermodynamic criterion. The vapor mass transfer is always depressed by boundary-layer nucleation. The subsequent deposition of nucleated particles in laminar flow more than compensates for the decrease so that the net mass transfer—vapour plus particle—exceeds the value obtained from disregarding the nucleation. For turbulent flow, the net mass transfer decreases because of boundary-layer nucleation in part due to the turbulent diffusion of once-nucleated particles across the particle boundary layer.
The structure of crystals of purified Mahoney poliovirus.

Abstract Crystals of Mahoney strain poliovirus have been examined to determine their crystal structure. It was concluded from these studies that the crystals were isometric or nearly so with habit being octahedral with minor development of the cube faces; and with unit packing, within the crystals, being that of a face-centered cube. Electron micrographs of fractured crystals showed virus particles in cube (100) and octahedron (111) faces and also a few surfaces fractured along the (110) plane. The size of the particles within the crystal, as measured in a (111) plane, was found to be 27.3 ± 1.4 gμ. A value of 1.535 ± 0.003 was determined for the index of refraction, but this is of doubtful worth because the degree of hydration of the crystal was unknown.
Gestational weight gain in insulin-resistant pregnancies

To examine the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for gestational weight gain (GWG) in insulin-resistant pregnancy. Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of 435 women with type 2 or gestational diabetes from 2006 to 2010. The exposure was categorized as GWG less than, within or greater than the IOM recommendations for body mass index. The maternal outcome was a composite of preeclampsia, eclampsia, third- to fourth-degree laceration, readmission or wound infection. The neonatal outcome was a composite of preterm delivery, level 3 nursery admission, oxygen requirement >6 h, shoulder dystocia, 5-min Apgar⩽3, umbilical cord arterial pH<7.1 or base excess <−12. Secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery (CD), macrosomia and small for gestational age (SGA). Incidence of the maternal outcome did not differ with GWG (P=0.15). Women gaining more than recommended had an increased risk of CD (relative risk (RR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.69) and the neonatal outcome (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.95) compared with women gaining within the IOM recommendations. Women gaining less than recommended had an increased risk of SGA (RR 3.29, 95% CI 1.09 to 9.91) without a decrease in the risk of the maternal outcome (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.78) or CD (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.37) compared with women gaining within the IOM recommendations. Women with insulin resistance should be advised to gain within the current IOM guidelines.
Testing for statistically significant differences between groups of scan patterns

Pairwise sequence alignment methods are now often used when analyzing eyetracking data [Hacisalihzade et al. 1992; Brandt and Stark 1997; Josephson and Holmes 2002, 2006; Pan et al. 2004; Heminghous and Duchowski 2006]. While optimal sequence alignment scores provide a valuation of similarity and difference, they do not readily provide a statistical test of similarity or difference. Furthermore, pairwise alignment scores cannot be used to compare groups of scan patterns directly. Using a statistic that compiles these pairwise alignment scores, a statistical evaluation of similarity can be made by repeatedly computing scores from different permutations of scan pattern groupings. This test produces a p-value as a level of statistical significance.
Rapid staining of juxtaglomerular cell granules and renal tubular mitochondria for light microscopy.

THE methods in use for staining renal tissue for assessment of the juxtaglomerular index require either prolonged fixation or staining or both. We wish to report a technique which has the advantages of rapidity, staining contrast of the juxtaglomerular granules adequate for counting under the light microscope, and the simultaneous preservation, and staining of renal tubular mitochondria.
EFFECT OF MODE III STRESS STATE ON OPENING MODE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS

A detailed three -di mensional non -linear contact stress analysis of split angle -ply beam specimen subjected to DCB and ENF type loading was performed. The beam was made up of plain weave carbon fiber and room temperature cure resin matrix composite processed by vacuum assiste d resin transfer molding. The split beam had + � and -� arms with a delamination in between them. The angle was measured from the weft direction of the fabric. This stacking represents an extreme segregation of plies and produced large bending -twisting co upling. The bending -twisting coupling caused G III stress -state at the delam front and its magnitude was nearly proportional to D 16/D 11. The largest value of G III was 7% of G Tav (total energy release rate) for DCB and 6.5% G Tav for ENF loading for 22.5/ -22. 5 split beam laminate. Opening mode fracture tests were conducted on plain weave carbon/SC15 composites. The results showed a general trend that fracture toughness increased with increased presence of G III . The fracture toughness was 8.62 lb.in/in 2 for t he split beam of 22.5/ -22.5 while it was 7.19 lb.in/in 2 for pure mode I stress state.
Clinical implications of cultural differences: The referential versus the indexical self

Abstract Literature from cross-cultural psychology and anthropology on cultural differences in the concept of the self or person is reviewed. The radically different “indexical” understanding of the self that is common among many American ethnic-cultural minorities is described and contrasted with the Western “referential” understanding of the self that dominates clinical psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these cultural differences are discussed in detail, and questions and suggestions for increasing cultural sensitivity and awareness in clinical work are offered.
A note on the number of queries needed to identify regular languages

We consider the number of queries required to identify a regular set given an oracle for the set and some auxiliary information about the set. If the auxiliary information is n , the number of states of the canonical finite state acceptor for the language, then the upper and lower bounds on the number of queries are exponential in n . If the auxiliary information consists of a set of strings guaranteed to reach every live state of the canonical acceptor for the language, then the upper and lower bounds are polynomial in n and the size of the given set of strings. As a corollary, the problem considered by Pao and Carr (1978) is shown to be solvable in a polynomial number of queries.
Ion beam-assisted planarization of chemically vapor deposited diamond thin films using electron cyclotron resonance plasma

The high inherent surface roughness of as-deposited polycrystalline diamond films has made effective planarization processing of these films essential for most industrial applications. We have investigated the efficacy of ion beam sources for planarization in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma system using both direct substrate biasing and an accelerating grid system. Rough polycrystalline diamond films were synthesized using hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Both the etching rates and the resultant surface roughnesses were found to decrease as the angle of incidence (relative to the substrate surface normal) of the ion beam was increased. In the case of direct biasing of the sample, acicular features were observed following processing at higher incident angles. The use of double ion-extraction grids in conjunction with concomitant sample rotation was found to produce more uniform planarization of the diamond films. The rate of surface roughness reduction was found to be nonlinear and decreased with time. For both ion extraction methods investigated, the average film roughness (Ra) was significantly reduced from 0.2 to 0.05–0.06 µm.
A comparison of the skewness of stock return distributions at earnings and non-earnings announcement dates

Abstract This paper presents evidence that stock return prediction errors are less positively skewed in the time period surrounding accounting earnings report announcements than in a subsequent non- announcement period. Assuming that information available about firms in non-announcement periods depends on discretionary disclosure practices of firms and discretionary search for information by investors, the results suggest that earnings reports cause more extreme ‘bad news’ to be reflected in stock prices relative to discretionary sources of information.
Release of distal gut peptide YY (PYY) by fat in proximal gut depends on CCK.

We tested the hypothesis that the release of PYY by fat confined to the proximal small intestine is dependent on CCK. Using a multi-fistulated model, plasma PYY levels were compared in 6 dogs after 60 mM oleate was perfused into the proximal one-half of the small intestine following i.v. administration of saline or devazepide, a CCK-A antagonist. Plasma PYY increased with fat (P < 0. 05), but plasma PYY level was lower following devazepide at 60 min and 90 min (P < 0.05). We conclude that CCK serves as a foregut signal linking fat in the proximal gut with the release of distal gut PYY.
First passage time problems for one-dimensional random walks

This note contains a development of the theory of first passage times for one-dimensional lattice random walks with steps to nearest neighbor only. The starting point is a recursion relation for the densities of first passage times from the set of lattice points. When these densities are unrestricted, the formalism allows us to discuss first passage times of continuous time random walks. When they are negative exponential densities we show that the resulting equation is the adjoint of the master equation. This is the lattice analog of a correspondence well known for systems describable by a Fokker-Planck equation. Finally we discuss first passage problems for persistent random walks in which at each step the random walker continues in the same direction as the preceding step with probability a or reverses direction with probability 1−α
Photoresist characterization for lithography simulation: III. Development parameter measurements

Accurate photoresist modeling parameters are required for correct lithographic simulations. In particular, three sets of data are required to model a typical non-chemically amplified resist: the refractive index as a function of wavelength and exposure, the exposure or ABC parameters (the Dill parameters), and the development parameters. This work focuses on an improved technique for the accurate extraction of development rate parameters for non-chemically amplified resists. Traditionally, the refractive index for photoresists is considered constant in simulations and other work. However, the refractive index of a photoresist varies as the chemical composition of the photoresist changes during exposure. This work presents a rigorous analysis technique for extracting development parameters from resist development rate data which accounts for this refractive index change. Development parameter measurements for a commercial resist will be discussed. Comparisons of the various development rate models will be made using this experimental data.
Satan's Seven Specious Arguments: al-Shahrastānī's Kitāb al-Milal wa-l-niḥal in an Ismaʿili Context

In light of recent evidence that indicates al-Shahrastānī's adherence to Nizari Ismaʿilism, this article highlights certain structural and thematic characteristics of al-Shahrastānī's Kitāb al-Milal wa-l-niḥal by comparing it to earlier (especially fourth/tenth-century) Khurasani Ismaʿili heresiographies such as Abū Tammām's Kitāb al-Shajara and al-Rāzī's Kitāb al-Zīna. Shared features of these works include the avoidance of specifically Ismaʿili language in the body of the work, utilization of neo-Platonic symbolism and language, and (for al-Shahrastānī and Abū Tammām) use of Satan (or satans) as the origin of sectarian differences among humankind. An awareness of these features will better allow scholars to contextualize al-Shahrastānī's work in relation to other heresiographies, and may point to the existence of a Khurasani Ismaʿili ‘school’ of heresiography. At the very least, the similarities show the influence of Abū Tammām's work on al-Shahrastānī. An awareness of al-Shahrastānī's Ismaʿili inspired methodology in his Kitāb al-Milal, in turn, challenges the prevalent scholarly view of al-Shahrastānī as an objective cataloguer of sectarian divisions.
Local control of group cohomology

Abstract An isomorphism of group cohomology and equivariant cohomology yields a variation of a theorem of P. Webb, describing the p -component of the cohomology with trivial integer coefficients of certain finite groups as an alternating sum of cohomologies of local subgroups.
Implementing global strategies

Abstract Setting up a corporate global strategy is only half the story. Implementing it successfully involves much skill and is a very challenging task. Lawrence Hrebiniak reviews both the general issues and specific needs of global strategy. Next, he categorizes four stages that companies go through in pursuit of their global destiny. In the last, and most important of these — co-ordinated global strategy — there are routes to success, used separately or together. These are: creating a cadre of effective global managers, forming strategic alliances, and employing lateral or matrix type structures. A final check-list itemizes implementation requirements by stage of global strategy.
An40Ar/39Ar age spectrum for a cordierite-bearing rock: Isolating the effects of excess radiogenic40Ar

Cordierite-bearing rocks commonly contain excess radiogenic40Ar and therefore yield anomalously old conventional K-Ar dates. Mechanical separation of cordierite cannot always be used to circumvent this problem. The40Ar/39Ar incremental release technique was successfully used to isolate the effects of excess radiogenic40Ar in a cordierite-bearing rock. An40Ar/39Ar age spectrum was obtained for a cordierite-bearing rock whose true cooling age could be presumed by dating equivalent cordierite-free rocks. The initial gas fraction in the age spectrum exhibits an extremely high apparent age. Each successive step shows a decrease in apparent age. The apparent age of the last increment yielding a significant quantity of gas is in reasonable agreement with the presumed cooling age. The release pattern obtained suggests that radiogenic40Ar associated with cordierite is released primarily at low temperatures. At higher temperatures the40Ar released is primarily that derived from in-situ decay of40K in the other minerals present. The40Ar/39Ar incremental release technique may therefore be useful in isolating the effects of excess radiogenic40Ar in cordierite-bearing rocks. This would enable the determination of true cooling ages for this rocks.
Estimation of the scattering coefficients of turbid media using angle-resolved optical frequency-domain imaging

Noninvasive measurements of the scattering coefficients of optically turbid media using angle-resolved optical frequency-domain imaging (OFDI) are demonstrated. It is shown that, by incoherently averaging OFDI reflectance signals acquired at different backscattering angles, speckle noise is reduced, allowing scattering coefficients to be extracted from a single A-line with much higher accuracy than with measurements from conventional OFDI and optical coherence tomography systems. Modeling speckle as a random phasor sum, the relationship between the measurement accuracy and the number of compounded angles is derived. The sensitivity analysis is validated with measurements from a tissue phantom.
Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Abstract Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.
Analysis of deterministic simulation model performance using non-replicated factorial two-level experiments

Abstract The usefulness of deterministic simulation models has increased in agricultural applications. This increase must be matched with the use of analytical tools that can verify and validate their performance and help interpret their output. Values of model input variables can be selected by the analyst and are analogous to the concept of factors in conventional experiments. However, deterministic models cannot produce independent replications of selected input variables; many statistical analysis procedures cannot therefore be utilized. Consequently, this presentation describes the use of techniques applicable to the analysis of unreplicated, two-level factorial experiments. It is demonstrated that these concepts are a solution to the problem of how to evaluate deterministic simulation model performance and analyse deterministic simulation experiments.
Binary Action Based Estimation of Propensities.

An observer is to make inference statements about a quantityp, called apropensity and bounded between 0 and 1, based on the observation thatp does or does not exceed a constantc. The propensityp may have an interpretation as a proportion, as a long-run relative frequency, or as a personal probability held by some subject. Applications in medicine, engineering, political science, and, most especially, human decision making are indicated. Bayes solutions for the observer are obtained based on prior distributions in the mixture of beta distribution family; these are then specialized to power-function prior distributions. Inference about logp and log odds is considered. Multiple-action problems are considered in which the focus of inference shifts to theprocess generating the propensitiesp, both in the case of a process parameterπ known to the subject and unknown. Empirical Bayes techniques are developed for observer inference aboutc whenπ is known to the subject. A Bayes rule, a minimax rule and a beta-minimax rule are constructed for the subject when he is uncertain aboutπ.
Spatial Subsidies, Trophic State, and Community Structure: Examining the Effects of Leaf Litter Input on Ponds

In aquatic systems, light and subsidy input often co-vary along a canopy cover gradient. This creates systems where subsidies are more prevalent in areas with low primary productivity and less prevalent in areas with high primary productivity. We expect ecosystem processes and community structure to respond to these changes in resources. We examined the effects of light and subsidy input (leaf litter) on ponds by placing pond mesocosms along a canopy gradient and manipulating litter input. We then sampled mesocosms for ecosystem and community parameters for 2 years during April (pre-leaf out), July (full canopy), and November (start of leaf fall). Neither canopy cover nor litter input tended to dominate effects overall, highlighting the importance of the light-subsidy gradient combination that is frequently encountered in temperate aquatic systems. Ponds shifted from an autotrophy/heterotrophy balance to net heterotrophy with increasing canopy cover in concordance with our predictions. Although litter input affected dissolved oxygen, we did not detect an effect of litter on trophic state, primary production, or community respiration. We additionally found effects of both canopy cover and litter input on community composition, but very differently than that found in streams. In general, the grazer and shredder macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups were rare in the pond mesocosms, and thus did not respond to treatments. The collector proportion of the community, mainly chironomids, increased with canopy cover and was higher in mesocosms with litter input than those without. Contrary to predictions, there were few differences between subsidy input type (leaves or grass) despite differences in litter quality. This study, along with many others, highlights the importance of canopy gradients in determining ecosystem function and community composition.
Seeing is retrieving: building information context from what the user sees

As the user's document and application workspace grows more diverse, supporting personal information management becomes increasingly important. This trend toward diversity renders it difficult to implement systems which are tailored to specific applications, file types, or other information sources.We developed SeeTrieve, a personal document retrieval and classification system which abstracts applications by considering only the text they present to the user through the user interface. Associating the visible text which surrounds a document in time, SeeTrieve is able to identify important information about the task within which a document is used. This context enables novel, useful ways for users to retrieve their personal documents. When compared to content based systems, this context based retrieval achieved substantial improvements in document recall.
P04.49. Herb use among low income women at an urban tertiary care center and their communications with prenatal care providers

Purpose Little is known about the use of herbs in low income underserved mothers and patterns of communication about herb use to prenatal providers. We sought to examine these issues among women delivering at Boston Medical Center (BMC), an urban medical center serving many of the low income and underserved populations of Boston, Massachusetts. Methods We interviewed women from the inpatient post-natal unit at BMC about what herbs they used during pregnancy, socioeconomic factors, changes to diet, and use of prenatal vitamins. A chart review documented diagnosed medical conditions. We asked women if they discussed the use of herbs with their prenatal care provider, and how satisfied they were with these discussions; we asked the same questions about prenatal vitamin use for comparison. Results Of the 160 women surveyed, 39% reported using herbs and 61% did not. The most commonly used herbs were ginger and peppermint. Herb users were more likely to be high school graduates, identify as black, and have an obstetrical condition. Herb users were more likely to make a dietary change during pregnancy. Only 38% of herb users discussed it with their provider and 82% were satisfied with the conversation. We did not find any medical record documentation of a discussion about herb use. Of the 104 women reporting prenatal vitamin use, 82% discussed it and 91% were satisfied with the conversation. Conclusion In this study 39% of women reported using herbs during pregnancy, a higher frequency than reported in other studies. Few herb users discussed use with their providers, and there was no documentation in the medical record. It is important that providers be given the tools to empower them to discuss herbal medicine use with patients, and are encouraged to do so.
The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?

Allport (1954) recognized that attachment to one's ingroups does not necessarily require hostility toward outgroups. Yet the prevailing approach to the study of ethnocentrism, ingroup bias, and prejudice presumes that ingroup love and outgroup hate are reciprocally related. Findings from both cross-cultural research and laboratory experiments support the alternative view that ingroup identification is independent of negative attitudes toward outgroups and that much ingroup bias and intergroup discrimination is motivated by preferential treatment of ingroup members rather than direct hostility toward outgroup members. Thus to understand the roots of prejudice and discrimination requires first of all a better understanding of the functions that ingroup formation and identification serve for human beings. This article reviews research and theory on the motivations for maintenance of ingroup boundaries and the implications of ingroup boundary protection for intergroup relations, conflict, and conflict prevention.
An ab initio study of the geometry, harmonic and anharmonic force fields, and fundamental vibrational frequencies of cis‐ and trans‐ thiolformic acid

The geometry, harmonic and anharmonic force fields, and fundamental vibrational frequencies of cis- and trans-thiolformic acid are studied ab initio in the 4-31G basis set. An extensive comparison is made between changes in diagonal and off-diagonal quadratic and cubic force constants and diagonal stretching quartic constants in going from the chain to the ring structure in thiolformic acid and formic acid. The changes in the force constants are indicative of a much weaker interaction in the trans conformer between SH and OC, compared with O–H and OC, in keeping with the weaker hydrogenbonding property of the SH group in general.
Multi-class protein fold recognition using support vector machines and neural networks.

Motivation: Protein fold recognition is an important approach to structure discovery without relying on sequence similarity. We study this approach with new multi-class classification methods and examined many issues important for a practical recognition system. Results: Most current discriminative methods for protein fold prediction use the one-against-others method, which has the well-known ‘False Positives’ problem. We investigated two new methods: the unique one-against-others and the all-against-all methods. Both improve prediction accuracy by 14‐110% on a dataset containing 27 SCOP folds. We used the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Neural Network (NN) learning methods as base classifiers. SVMs converges fast and leads to high accuracy. When scores of multiple parameter datasets are combined, majority voting reduces noise and increases recognition accuracy. We examined many issues involved with large number of classes, including dependencies of prediction accuracy on the number of folds and on the number of representatives in a fold. Overall, recognition systems achieve 56% fold prediction accuracy on a protein test dataset, where most of the proteins have below 25% sequence identity with the proteins used in training. Supplementary information: The protein parameter datasets used in this paper are available online (http://www.nersc.gov/∼cding/protein).
Standards for Foreign Language Learning: Defining the Constructs and Researching Learner Outcomes

In an effort to articulate an agenda for learner outcomes research linked to the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century, this review examines the profession's current conceptualization of the National Standards in research on learner outcomes across various levels of instruction. The research literature reviewed reveals that, to date, empirical studies of learner outcomes have been conducted only on the Communication goal of the National Standards. Consequently, in the majority of the studies reviewed in the other goal areas have not conceptualized learner outcomes from a National Standards perspective, nor have they defined outcomes in the ways they are presented in the National Standards. Recommendations for future research are provided, which include the creation of design-based research communities and partnerships in K–16 foreign language education. A primary goal for this research agenda is to expand the scope of the current research by (1) exploring the National Standards that have yet to be investigated in the research, (2) designing and investigating innovations related to those National Standards, and ultimately (3) deepening the understanding of learner processes, development, and outcomes related to the National Standards.
Error concealment using data hiding

Error concealment plays an important role in combating transmission errors. Methods of error concealment that produce better quality are generally of higher complexity, thus making some of the more sophisticated algorithms not suitable for real-time applications or restricted to client devices with limited capability. We propose an approach to use data hiding to facilitate the error concealment at the decoder. A set of features are extracted at the encoder and embedded imperceptibly into the host media. If some part of the media data is damaged during the transmission, the embedded features can be extracted and used for recovery of lost data. The use of data hiding leads to reduced complexity at the decoder. Simulation shows that our approach has better image quality than some well-known conventional error concealment methods.
A Downsian Spatial Model with Party Activism

A unidimensional spatial model is proposed in this article. Although its formal structure parallels the spatial model of electoral competition, this model examines the decisions of individuals as they choose whether or not to become activists in one of two political parties. An individual “calculus of participation” is developed that is similar to the spatial interpretation of the “calculus of voting.” This calculus is then generalized by examining conditions that may hold for aggregate activism probabilities, and the relationship between the two forms is investigated. Some results are then presented which concern the distributions of activists in the two parties. These results in general conform to the existence of “party cleavages,” in which there are two stable (equilibrium) distributions of activists, such that the two parties' activists are relatively cohesive internally and relatively distinctive externally. Finally, some suggestions are offered about how this model can be combined with the spatial model of candidate competition to provide a more complete model of elections.
Maximizing the donor pool: use of right kidneys and kidneys with multiple arteries for live donor transplantation

Studies have shown donor and recipient outcomes to be equivalent for laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) and open donor nephrectomy. In the past, LDN has been avoided in the procurement of the right kidney or organs with multiple arteries. This study compares procurement of right and left kidneys as well as procurement of single- and multiple artery organs. A review of all LDNs at a single institution between August 2000 and December 2007 was performed. The data included estimated blood loss (EBL), need for transfusion, operative time, warm ischemia time, length of hospital stay (LOS), and delayed graft function. Arterial supply was assessed using renal arteriogram or computed tomographic (CT) angiography. Outcomes for multiple versus single artery and left versus right LDN were compared. Student’s t-test and chi-square test were used for statistical comparison. A total of 230 LDNs were performed. Multiple arteries were present in 37 donors. The right kidney was procured from 36 donors. No significant difference in EBL, transfusions, operative time, or LOS was noted between multiple and single or right and left LDNs. Warm ischemia time was significantly longer for multiple arteries (mean, 83 s) than for single arteries (mean, 63 s; p = 0.007), and for right kidneys (mean, 86 s) than for left kidneys (mean, 62 s; p = 0.001). No significant difference in delayed graft function was seen in the comparison of multiple (21.6%) and single (11.4%) artery organs (p = 0.11) or of right (13.9%) and left (12.9%) kidneys (p = 0.79). The presence of multiple arteries or the need to procure the right kidney does not affect the operative outcome of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Warm ischemia time may be greater for these groups, but this does not result in delayed allograft function. The laparoscopic approach should be the standard of care even when expansion of the donor pool includes organs with multiple arteries and procurement of the right kidney.
Review of Circulator Technology

The ferrite circulator has come a long way from its beginning as a practical application of Faraday rotation some eighteen to twenty years ago. The name, circulator, was coined by A. G. Fox, and in the process of this development, circulators have assumed many forms and an almost equal number of interpretations. Circulators to handle the duplexing function in megawatt systems have utilized differential phase shifters in conjunction with 3 dB power splitters (couplers or tees). A more compact and economical version of the circulator evolved in the use of the turnstile junction. This circulator design also depends on a split of the input power and a phase cancellation of waves due to phase shift introduced in the ferrite loaded turnstile circular guide section. While more compact and potentially cheaper, the turnstile adjustment is somewhat critical and its resulting bandwidth rather limited.
Some considerations for statistical characterization of nonstationary random processes

In this paper, we cite the use of the time-dependent correlation function for nonstationary discrete-time random processes, its 2D spectral representation, and the relation to other common time-frequency descriptions of nonstationary random processes. We show a simple distinction between a periodic process and a cyclostationary process in terms of the correlation and 2D spectral density function. We further use the time-dependent correlation functions to easily prove properties about linear prediction for general nonstationary periodic processes and cyclostationary processes. Finally we cite the problems inherent in developing general white noise-driven causal linear models (innovations representations) and conjecture about necessary conditions on the 2D spectral density for their realization.
Urothelial Cell Intracytoplasmic Inclusions After Treatment of Promyelocytic Leukemia With Arsenic Trioxide

Intramitochondrial inclusions containing arsenite that occur within urothelial cells have been previously described in mice exposed to high concentrations of arsenic but not in rats. In epidemiology studies, similar urothelial cell inclusions have also been observed in the urine of humans exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in the drinking water; however, these inclusions were mistakenly identified as micronuclei. To further examine the urothelial cell inclusions that occur in inorganic arsenic-exposed humans, we evaluated two patients with a history of acute promyelocytic leukemia treated for disease relapse with a combination of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide. Posttreatment examination of the patients' urine cytology specimens by light and electron microscopy demonstrated cytoplasmic inclusions in exfoliated superficial urothelial cells similar to those seen in mice. The inclusions were present in decreasing quantities at 3 and 7 months after completion of treatment. No comparable inclusions were detected in exfoliated urothelial cells in urine from six individuals not treated with arsenic trioxide. Based on the results of the examination by light and electron microscopy, we have determined that urothelial cell inclusions in the urine of humans previously identified as micronuclei are instead intracytoplasmic inclusions similar to those found in arsenic-treated mice.
Medication reconciliation at an academic medical center: Implementation of a comprehensive program from admission to discharge

Purpose. The implementation of a comprehensive medication reconciliation program to reduce errors in admission and discharge medication orders at an academic medical center is described. Summary. A multidisciplinary team was formed to assess the current process of obtaining medication histories and to develop a new workflow for the pharmacist to obtain and reconcile medication histories. Pharmacists received intensive training on the new workflow, policies, and procedures. Hospitalwide multidisciplinary education was provided, and the new process was introduced in November 2005. Every inpatient admitted to the hospital has a complete and comprehensive home medication history interview conducted by a pharmacist or designee (pharmacy student or intern with subsequent verification by a pharmacist) within 24 hours of arrival. All components of the medication history are documented utilizing an integrated electronic medical record (EMR) medication documentation tool. Development of the discharge medication reconciliation program began in fall 2006. A discharge medication reconciliation report form was created through the EMR to improve the accuracy of the discharge medication orders. The form provides physicians with complete, accurate medication information and decreases the risk for transcription errors. Finally, a discharge medication report was developed for patients to take home. Analysis of the discharge reconciliation process revealed that medication errors were reduced from 90% to 47% on the surgical unit (95% confidence interval [CI], 42–53%; p = 0.000) and from 57% to 33% on the medicine unit (95% CI, 28–38%; p = 0.000). Conclusion. A pharmacy-driven multidisciplinary admission history and medication reconciliation process has reduced medication errors in an academic medical center.
Beam slowing down in a laser plasma accelerator by laser-induced betatron oscillation

The beam in a laser wakefield can be slowed down by laser-induced, large-amplitude betatron oscillation, leading to potential larger dephasing length between the beam and the wake field and in turn a higher beam energy.
An empirical study of operating systems errors

We present a study of operating system errors found by automatic, static, compiler analysis applied to the Linux and OpenBSD kernels. Our approach differs from previous studies that consider errors found by manual inspection of logs, testing, and surveys because static analysis is applied uniformly to the entire kernel source, though our approach necessarily considers a less comprehensive variety of errors than previous studies. In addition, automation allows us to track errors over multiple versions of the kernel source to estimate how long errors remain in the system before they are fixed.We found that device drivers have error rates up to three to seven times higher than the rest of the kernel. We found that the largest quartile of functions have error rates two to six times higher than the smallest quartile. We found that the newest quartile of files have error rates up to twice that of the oldest quartile, which provides evidence that code "hardens" over time. Finally, we found that bugs remain in the Linux kernel an average of 1.8 years before being fixed.