cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for propofol hydroxylation by cytochrome P4502B11 in canine liver microsomes: breed and gender differences

1. The study aimed to ascertain the enzyme kinetic basis for breed differences in the biotransformation of propofol in dog and to identify the responsible canine cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes. 2. The NADPH-dependent formation of 4-hydroxypropofol (the rate-limiting biotransformation in dog) was assayed using hepatic microsomes from the male greyhound and beagle, and from both sexes in mixed-breed dogs (five of each). 3. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed that whereas there were no significant differences in Km, Vmax averaged > 3-fold lower in greyhound compared with beagle (p = 0.032). Although average Vmax was > 3-fold higher in the male compared with female mixed-breed dogs, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.095), probably because of the high variability of data from mixed-breed dogs. 4. Chloramphenicol (a specific CYP2B11 inhibitor) and diethyldithiocarbamate (a non-specific CYP2 inhibitor) inhibited propofol hydroxylation in all microsomes. Quinine (a CYP2D15 inhibitor) was also inhibitory, but only in one-half of the microsomes examined. Immuno-inhibition by anti-CYP2B1 sera resulted in > 50% reduction in metabolite formation in all dogs except mixed-breed females, which showed a 30% reduction. Differences in propofol hydroxylase activity between microsomal preparations were primarily attributed to a component that was sensitive to inhibition by chloramphenicol and anti-CYP2B1 sera. 5. The results indicate that propofol hydroxylation in dog is primarily mediated by CYP2B11 and that breed (and possibly gender) differences in propofol metabolism may result from differences in the liver content of this CYP.
789-6 The 9-Minute Self-Powered Treadmill: Is It an Index of Submaximal Exercise Capacity in CHF?

The 9-minute self-powered treadmill (SPT) test has been employed to evaluate submaximal exercise tolerance in CHF, but its relationship to maximum exercise capacity is not well defined. Therefore, we examined the relationship of the distance walked during 9 minutes on a SPT to indices of respiratory gas exchange on the SPT and on a maximal treadmill test (modified Naughton protocol). 10 patients (PTS) with NYHA class II–III CHF (EF 20 ± 2%), and 6 age-matched sedentary controls (CON) were studied. CHF PTS walked less far (386 ± 38 vs 643 ± 21 m, p l 0.001) and stopped more often (27 stops in 9 PTS vs no stops in CON, p l 0.05). The highest VO 2 achieved on the SPT (SPT-VO 2 ) and the peak VO 2 on the maximal treadmill (peak VO 2 ) were both lower in CHF PTS (15.9 ± 1.4 vs 251 ± 0.9 and 16.5 ± 1.5 vs 309 ± 3.1 ml/kg/min respectively, both p l 0.001). SPT distance correlated poorly with EF (r = 0.331 and insignificantly with NYHA class (r = -0.47, P = 0.13), but very closely with both SPT-VO 2 and peak-VO 2 (r = 0.8 = and r = 0.89, respectively, both p l 0.005). SPT-VO 2 correlated closely with peak-VO 2 (r = 0.79, P = 0.006) in CHF PTS but not significantly in CON. Of note is that all CHF PTS achieved anaerobic threshold on the SPT vs only 1/6 CON (p l 0.05). and SPT-VO 2 was 97.3% of the treadmill peak-VO 2 vs 83.8% in the CON. These findings demonstrate that in motivated subjects with moderate CHF, in distinction to control subjects, the 9-minute SPT test is more an index of maximal than submaximal exercise capacity. Although it may be useful in assessing exercise tolerance, this may explain why SPT, like other measurements of maximal exercise capacity, does not correlate well with symptom status in these patients.
Table Talks: The Spiritualist Controversy of the 1870s and Dostoevsky

An early April 1875 the renowned zoologist at St. Petersburg University, Professor Nikolai Petrovich Vagner published a letter "On the Subject of Modern Spiritualism" in Vestnik Evropy enthusiastically describing the mediumistic phenomena he had heard and seen at seances of the French medium Camille Bredif in 1874. These phenomena (rapping, sounds, partial materialization of spirits, and so on), Vagner asserted, not only bore witness to the fact that life beyond the grave was a reality but also opened new horizons for science, which, he argued, should begin to study manifestations from the spiritual world.1 D. I. Mendeleev, "Public Lecture on Modern Spiritualism.
Gradient-Particle Solutions of Fokker--Planck Equations for Noisy Delay Bifurcations

A gradient particle method is used to compute probability densities for processes with delay bifurcations that are sensitive to very small noise. The method is particularly useful for computing the probability density in the transition region, where asymptotic approximations may not be valid. For a one-dimensional steady bifurcation problem and a two-dimensional FitzHugh--Nagumo model, we solve the Fokker--Planck equation (FPE) and compare the results with direct simulations and asymptotic approximations.
Heat Capacity of Krypton Physisorbed on Graphite

The results of an exhaustive high-precision heat-capacity study of the submonolayer regime of the krypton-graphite (Grafoil) adsorption system are presented. A phase diagram exhibiting a single two-phase coexistence region is proposed as an alternative to the previously proposed triple-point phase diagram. A quantitive correspondence between the locus of heat capacity anomalies in the Kr-graphite system and that for the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-graphite system suggests the proposed phase diagram may apply to the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ system as well.
Comparative modeling of the N-terminal domain of the 67kDa laminin-binding protein: implications for putative ribosomal function.

Abstract Laminin-binding protein/p40 (LBP/p40) precursor appears to be involved in two seemingly unrelated activities—cell adhesion and ribosomal biogenesis. Analysis of primary structure revealed a two-domain organization of the LBP/p40. The N-terminal portion of LBP is similar to the S2 family of prokaryotic ribosomal proteins, while the C-terminus is unique for Metazoa and is involved in extraribosomal functions. To gain insight into putative ribosomal functions of LBP we performed comparative modeling of the N-terminal domain using crystal structures of S2p from Thermus thermophilus . The LBP model assumes an α–β sandwich fold similar to that of S2. Modeling revealed the loss of a significant portion of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) interaction domain, lack of conservation of many residues involved in interactions with rRNA, and a major shift in surface charge distribution (compared to the S2 protein). The overall stability of the fold argues against a proposed transmembrane domain in the central part of the protein. Partial overlap in S2 and laminin-binding domains suggests that ribosomal and surface receptor functions would be mutually exclusive. The possible biological role of LBP/p40 bifunctionality is discussed.
The relationship between antidepressant response and tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations. A retrospective analysis of the literature using logistic regression analysis.

The relationship between the antidepressant effect of the tricyclic antidepressants and their plasma concentrations was reviewed. Logistic regression was utilised as an analytical tool to facilitate the evaluation. The currently available literature allowed the construction of 4 tricyclic data sets of sufficient size to warrant statistical analysis. Inspection of the distribution of the data and the logistic regression analyses resulted in several conclusions regarding the existence of ‘therapeutic windows’ for these drugs. Firstly, no relationship between amitriptyline plasma concentrations and therapeutic response was apparent. Secondly, curvilinear relationships were apparent for 2 of the other tricyclic antidepressants studied. The currently recommended therapeutic range of 60 to 150 µg/L for nortriptyline was found to be the range most likely to produce a positive antidepressant effect. Desipramine concentrations between 108 and 158 µg/L were most commonly associated with beneficial therapeutic responses. Finally, a linear relationship was noted for Imipramine in which an Imipramine therapeutic plasma concentration threshold of 244 eg/L and above was most commonly associated with a beneficial response to the drug.
Post-IT: Putting Postmodern Perspectives To Use in Instructional Technology--A Response to Solomon's "Toward a Post-Modern Agenda in Instructional Technology."

Following the publication of David Solomon’swinning Young Scholar paper, “Toward aPost-modern Agenda in InstructionalTechnology,” in issue 48(4) of ETR&D,several readers inquired asking for moreconcrete information on the meaning ofpostmodernism and its implications forpractice and research in instructionaltechnology. One reader in particular, RickVoithofer from Ohio State University, asked ifhe could submit a reaction to Solomon’s paper.I agreed to examine a draft, on which Iprovided feedback and encouragement tocontinue. I then invited David Solomon toprovide a brief rejoinder. The products of theseefforts follow.Steven RossResearch Editor
Synthesis of antheridiol-(22,23-3H)

Antheridiol-(22,23-3H) has been prepared by reduction of 3-acetoxy-23,23-dihydroxy-22-oxo-5, 24(28)-ergostadiene-28-carboxylic acid gamma - lactone with tritiated sodium borohydride followed by hydrolysis, photo-oxygenation and cupric chloride catalysed rearrangement.
Approximate dimensions of membrane lesions produced by streptolysin S and streptolysin O

Abstract Membrane lesions produced by the streptococcal membranolysins streptolysin S and streptolysin O were investigated. Escape of labeled marker molecules of various sizes from resealed sheep erythrocyte ghosts treated with the toxins for 30 min allowed estimation of the sizes of the primary channels formed. Streptolysin S formed lesions ranging in size up to 45 A in diameter, and even high toxin concentrations did not result in larger channels. The lesions produced by streptolysin O exceeded 128 A in diameter. Kinetics experiments demonstrated that the primary streptolysin O lesions were formed rapidly (1–2 min), but release of marker molecules from streptolysin S-treated vesicles began only after a 5–15 min lag period. Label release from large unilamellar liposomes treated with streptolysin S suggested that membrane fluidity does not affect the size of the streptolysin S lesions.
Organization of pallidothalamic projections in the rhesus monkey.

Attempts were made to: (1) define the regions of origin of the ansa lenticularis (AL) and the lenticular fasciculus (LF), and (2) determine if particular regions of the medial pallidal segment (MPS) project in an organized fashion to thalamic nuclei. The MPS was divided into rostral and caudal (by a plane through the LF), dorsal and ventral (by an appropriate plane), and medial and lateral (by the accessory medullary lamina) parts. Attempts were made to categorize various lesions of the MPS and degeneration was studied in transverse, sagittal and horizontal sections stained by the Nauta and Wiitanen technics. Corresponding Nissl-stained sections were used to delineate thalamic nuclei. Localized lesions in portions of the MPS (11 rostral and 10 caudal) were worthy of anatomical analysis in 21 monkeys. Data support the thesis that fibers of the AL arise predominantly from the outer part of the MPS and pass ventrally and medially through portions of the inner part of the MPS to their site of emergence. Fibers of the LF appear to arise from the inner part of the MPS and project dorsomedially through the internal capsule. Pallidothalamic projections to the rostral ventral tier thalamic nuclei [the ventral anterior (VApc) and the ventral lateral (VLo)] appear topographically organized in three cardinal dimensions. Rostral parts of the MPS project pre-dominantly to parts of VApc, while caudal parts of the MPS project primarily to parts of VLo. There also is a dorsoventral and mediolateral correspondence in the pallidal projection to VApc and VLo which exhibits overlap. Pallidothalamic projections to the contromedian nucleus (CM) terminate preponderantly in rostral and medial regions of the nucleus, and there appears to be a definite correspondence between parts of the MPS and parts of CM, only in the dorsoventral dimension.
Developing trust: First impressions and experience

Abstract Using the repeated Trust Game, we investigated how first impressions and experience affect trusting dispositions, beliefs, and behaviors. As in previous research, trusting beliefs and trust-related behaviors were greater at the start of the game for partners with trustworthy faces; and higher later in the game for partners who reciprocated. Three additional findings extended beyond the previous research. First, by measuring the discrete components of trusting beliefs rather than an umbrella “trustworthiness” measure, we confirmed that first impressions and experience influence judgments of competence, benevolence, and integrity. Moreover, we found suggestive evidence that perceptions of benevolence and integrity updated more quickly with experience than perceptions of competence. Second, by looking at trusting beliefs at the start of two consecutive repeated Trust Games, we found that judgments of competence, benevolence, and integrity continue to be influenced by trustworthy facial appearances, even after previous beliefs based on facial appearances were disconfirmed. Third, we found increased investment with a partner at the start of a second repeated Trust Game, even when participants expected their partners to betray them. Overall, our results clarify our understanding of how first impressions and experience influence trusting beliefs; provides evidence that changes in the repeated Trust Game represents learning about a specific partner rather than revisions of trusting dispositions; and highlights important distinctions between trusting beliefs and trust-related behaviors.
The effects of orbital and dorsolateral frontal cortical ablations on ethanol self-selection and emotional behaviors in monkeys (Macaca Nemestrina)

Abstract Emotionality and alcohol selection were examined in female pigtail monkeys with dorsolateral or orbitofrontal ablations. Dorsolateral ablations produced a higher selection of the alcohol solution, while orbitofrontal lesions decreased self-selection of alcohol. Changes in emotionality were measured by recording aggresive or aversive behaviors during alcohol loading or placebo loading. Dorsolateral ablations increased the incidence of aggressive behaviors, while orbitofrontal ablations decresed the incidence of aggression. Alcohol “loading” increased aggression in all groups. Orbitofrontal ablations decreased the emission of aversive behaviors although under the alcohol loading condition the number of aversive behaviors exceeded that of both dorsolateral or intact subjects.
Phenylalanine metabolism in cockroaches, Periplaneta americana: Tyrosine and benzoyl-β-glucoside biosynthesis

Abstract 1. 1. Teneral adult male cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, produced more 14CO2 from phenylalanine-1-14C than did the mature, fully tanned males. This would indicate utilization of phenylalanine-derived tyrosine for N-acetyl-dopamine biosynthesis during the time of cuticular sclerotization. 2. 2. Tyrosine biosynthesis from phenylalanine occurred from ecdysis throughout adult life. Less tyrosine accumulated during the teneral period due to increased utilization for cuticular tanning. 3. 3. A second major metabolite of phenylalanine was benzoic acid, most of which was conjugated as benzoyl-β-glucoside. The glucoside was not produced during the teneral period, suggesting changes in phenylalanine metabolism during ecdysis similar to those of tyrosine. 4. 4. Phenylpyruvic acid-U-14C was rapidly metabolized to phenylalanine and tyrosine, indicating a transaminase in cockroach tissues with the equilibrium of transamination in the direction of the amino acid.
Measurements of recombination of electrons with HCO+ ions.

Recombination coefficients of electrons with HCO(+) ions were determined with a microwave afterglow/mass spectrometer apparatus. Afterglow measurements of electron density decays in neon-hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixtures are correlated with the decay of mass-identified ion currents to the wall of the microwave cavity. At the appropriate partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the mixture, the ion HCO(+) dominates the ion composition and its wall current approximately tracks the electron density decay curve. From recombination controlled electron density decay curves, the values alpha (HCO(+)) = (3.3 + or - 0.5) and (2.0 + or - 0.3) 0.0000001 cu cm/sec are obtained at 205 and 300 K, respectively. The implications of these results for models of polyatomic molecule formation in dense interstellar clouds are briefly discussed.
Trace metal concentrations in sediments from Long Island Sound

Abstract It is important to determine trace metal concentrations in marine sediments because these could be important sources of contamination of marine organisms that reside there. In this study we measured the concentrations of thirteen metals in sediments obtained from Long Island Sound. We found great variations in metal levels for various geographic areas in the Sound; but, generally the highest concentrations found were in the extreme western end of the Sound. Comparison is made between metal levels in sediments from the Sound to seven other areas located in the U.S. and U.K.
Photography through the fiber gastroscope.

The technic and principles of taking photographs through the Fiberscope are described. Since the fiber optic system transmits enough of the light normally used for endoscopy, no accessory illumination is required even for good color movies.
A real-time rollover threat index for sports utility vehicles

The methodology capable of computing a time-to-rollover (TTR) index in real-time is verified by using test data of two sports-utility vehicles (SUV)-a 1988 Suzuki Samurai and a 1997 Jeep Cherokee. First, simple yaw-roll models are constructed based on the test data. The TTR is computed from the simple model and then corrected by using an artificial neural network. The TTR generated by the neural network is then verified against the data for the two test vehicles.
Biologically effective UV-B exposures of an oak-hickory forest understory during leaf-out

Abstract Although it is known that many plant species that are sensitive to solar UV radiation exist in low radiation environments, little is known about the sensitivity of young tree seedlings and herbaceous forest vegetation that inhabits the low radiation environment of the forest understory. Furthermore, little is known about the UV radiation environment of this vegetation during the deciduous forest leaf-out period when solar radiation levels are the highest. The development of the forest canopy and the penetration of solar UV radiation through the canopy to the understory of a deciduous upland forest was studied between 15 April and 1 June of 2004. During the early part of the leaf-out period, the mean canopy transmittance in the PAR exceeded that in the UV-A or UV-B. By 20 days into the leaf-out period, the PAR transmittance was nearly equal to that of the UV. As the leaves in the canopy reached full expansion, the PAR, UV-A and UV-B penetration was essentially equal and small. Canopy transmittance during leaf-out was not dependent on cloud cover. Greater penetration of solar radiation in longer wavelengths within the UV was probably a result of scattering of direct beam radiation off tree bark in the canopy. The effective canopy transmittance from 15 March through the canopy leaf-out was 47%. For an expected period of UV exposure for the herbaceous layer of 15 March through 15 May, the tree seedlings and herbaceous plants received 41 kJ m−2 of biologically effective UV-B radiation. It is projected that the herbaceous layer vegetation will receive approximately 27% more UVBBE radiation on clear days with a decreased stratospheric ozone of 20 DU and approximately 3% more UVBBE radiation with increased temperatures causing leaf-out to begin 10 days earlier than 2004. More research is needed to understand the potential interactions of these and other climate change components on the deciduous forest.
Ultrasonic measurement of the thickness, phase velocity, density or attenuation of a thin-viscoelastic plate. Part II: the inverse problem

Abstract Part II of this two-part paper is concerned with the inverse problem: given the measured transfer function, deduce any one of the four acoustical properties of a thin, linear-viscoelastic plate (thickness, wave-speed, density or attenuation) given the remaining three, through a comparison with the theoretically predicted transfer function. A systematic and detailed analysis of the sensitivity of the through-transmission transfer function to the four acoustical parameters is presented. An inverse algorithm, which utilizes the well-known secant method in conjunction with the method of least squares, is used to deduce the acoustical parameters. The technique is fully automated and computer controlled and can be easily adapted for in situ NDE applications. The technique is used to measure the acoustical properties of plates made up of aluminium (thickness = 100 μm to 2 mm), steel (25 μm–500 μm), brass (1.625 mm), glass (1 mm), Plexiglas (500 μm–2 mm) and bulk epoxy (1.54mm), using commercially available, low frequency transducers (0.5–10 MHz). The errors are frequency dependent and become progressively worse as frequency decreases. In the case of thickness, where the sensitivity is relatively large, excellent results were obtained down to ( h gl ) = O(10 −2 ) , where h is the layer thickness and λ is the wavelength.
New drugs of 2004.

ABSTRACT Objectives To provide information regarding the most important properties of the new therapeutic agents marketed in 2004. Data Sources Product labeling supplemented selectively with published studies and drug information reference sources. Study Selection By the author. Data Extraction By the author. Data Synthesis The 22 new therapeutic agents marketed in the United States during 2004 are reviewed in this article. Indications and information on dosage and administration for these agents are reviewed, as are the most important pharmacokinetic properties, adverse events, drug interactions, and other precautions. Practical considerations for the use of the new agents are also discussed. When possible, the properties of the new drugs are compared with those of older drugs marketed for the same indications. Conclusion A number of the new therapeutic agents marketed in 2004 have important advantages over older medications. An understanding of the properties of these agents is important for the pharmacist to effectively counsel patients about their use and to serve as a valuable source of information for other health professionals regarding these drugs.
A continuous source for production of cold, mass-selected transition metal-cluster ions

Abstract Characterization of a continuous source of single-charged transition-metal cluster ions is reported. Formation and cooling of the clusters occur via vaporization with an 8 kHz Cu vapor laser in a He flow. Cluster ions are mass-selected by a magnetic sector. Clustering and temporal behavior are examined with respect to variation in the length of the clustering region. Al and Fe show ion intensity decreasing monotonically with cluster size. Introduction of oxygen into the He converts iron cluster ions to iron oxide cluster ions.
Supramonopoly: Theory and Evidence from the US Air Passenger Service Markets

Abstract A supramonopoly is the market structure of a homogeneous good that is priced higher than the monopoly level. We present evidence of supramonopoly in the US air passenger service. For four airline mergers during the period of 1993 to 2009, we identify routes that dropped fares for no other reason than the increase in market power due to merger. Therefore each of those routes had fare higher than the monopoly level before the merger to monopoly. We explain supramonopoly as the result of a cartel with strongly punitive matching rules. We also discuss the striking implications for antitrust and regulatory policies.
CONJUGATED POLYMER FILMS FOR GAS SEPARATIONS

Permeabilities for a series of gases through free-standing films of the conjugated polymer polyaniline are reported. A remarkable selectivity has been achieved for important gas pairs incuding hydrogen-nitrogen, oxygen-nitrogen, and carbon dioxide-methane. The selectivity values of 3590 for H(2)/N(2), 30 for O(2)/N(2), and 336 for CO(2)/CH(4) surpass the highest previously reported values of 313, 16, and 60 for the nonconjugated polymers poly(trifluorochloroethylene), cellulose nitrate, and a fluorinated polyimide, respectively. The process for tailoring gas selectivity of a polyaniline membrane involves first enhancing the permeabilities of gases with small diameters [ 3.5 A diameter) through controlled redoping of the polymer. The permanent morphological changes induced in this conjugated polymer system and others indicate the potential for development of universal membranes for gas separations.
Stress and molecular chaperones in disease.

Stress, a common phenomenon in today’s society, is suspected of playing a role in the development of disease. Stressors of various types, psychological, physical, and biological, abound. They occur in the working and social environments, in air, soil, water, food, and medicines. Stressors impact on cells directly or indirectly, cause protein denaturation, and elicit a stress response. This is mediated by stress (heat-shock) genes and proteins, among which are those named molecular chaperones because they assist other proteins to achieve and maintain a functional shape (the native configuration), and to recover it when partially lost due to stress. Denatured proteins tend to aggregate and precipitate. The same occurs with abnormal proteins due to mutations, or to failure of post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms. These abnormal proteins need the help of molecular chaperones as much as denatured molecules do, especially during stress. A cell with normal antistress mechanisms, including a complete and functional set of chaperones, may be able to withstand stress if its intensity is not beyond that which will cause irreversible protein damage. There is a certain threshold that normal cells have above which they cannot cope with stress. A cell with an abnormal protein that has an intrinsic tendency to misfold and aggregate is more vulnerable to stress than normal counterparts. Furthermore, these abnormal proteins may precipitate even in the absence of stress and cause diseases named proteinopathies. It is possible that stress contributes to the pathogenesis of proteinopathies by promoting protein aggregation, even in cells that possess a normal chaperoning system. Examples of proteinopathies are age-related degenerative disorders with protein deposits in various tissues, most importantly in the brain where the deposits are associated with neuronal degeneration. It is conceivable that stress enhances the progression of these diseases by facilitating protein unfolding and misfolding, which lead to aggregation and deposition. A number of reports in the last few years have described research aimed at elucidating the role of heatshock proteins, molecular chaperones in particular, in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The findings begin to shed light on the molecular mechanism of protein aggregation and deposition, and of the ensuing cell death. The results also begin to elucidate the role of molecular chaperones in pathogenesis. This is a fascinating area of research with great clinical implications. Although there are already several experimental models for the study of proteinopathies, others should be developed using organisms that are better known now than only a few years ago and that offer unique advantages. Use of these systems and of information available in databases from genome sequencing efforts should boost research in this field. It should be possible in the not-too-distant future to develop therapeutic and preventive means for proteinopathies based on the use of heat-shock protein and molecular chaperone genes and proteins.
Morphological diversity and glutamate immunoreactivity of retinal terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the cat.

Although the cat visual system has been the subject of intensive investigation, little attention has been given to the morphological features of ganglion cell projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The present study has utilized anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin–conjugated horseradish peroxidase to label ganglion cell terminals in the cat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Visualization of the reaction product was facilitated through the use of gold-substituted silver intensification. Ganglion cell terminals were found to be morphologically diverse, making both asymmetric and symmetric contacts with postsynaptic processes. Synaptic vesicles were either scattered or densely packed, sometimes forming paracrystalline arrays. In contrast to other retinorecipient areas in which ganglion cell terminals have, been characterized by the presence of lightly staining mitochondria, many of the retinal terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus were seen to contain darkly stained mitochondria. Postembedding antiglutamate immunocytochemistry was used to evaluate the level of endogenous glutamate in these ganglion cell terminals. Although morphologically diverse, all of the retinal terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus were glutamate positive, consistent with the postulated role of glutamate as the neurotransmitter of retinal ganglion cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reproduction of slider vibrations during head/disk interactions using PZT sensors

The use of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors to generate plate-mode vibrations in a slider has been investigated. It is shown that individual plate modes of the slider can be excited by applying a sinusoidally varying voltage to a PZT transducer bonded to the slider. An additional square-wave input to the transducer produces asperity-hitlike vibrations in the slider. The generated signals are compared and contrasted in both the time and frequency domains with actual PZT sensor signals obtained while flying the slider over disk defects. It is concluded that slider vibrations caused by asperity hits during flying can be reproduced in the manner described. >
Abscisic Acid and LATERAL ROOT ORGAN DEFECTIVE/NUMEROUS INFECTIONS AND POLYPHENOLICS Modulate Root Elongation via Reactive Oxygen Species in Medicago truncatula

Abscisic acid (ABA) modulates root growth in plants grown under normal and stress conditions and can rescue the root growth defects of the Medicago truncatula lateral root-organ defective (latd) mutant. Here, we demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) function downstream of ABA in the regulation of root growth by controlling cell elongation. We also show that the MtLATD/NUMEROUS INFECTIONS AND POLYPHENOLICS (NIP) nitrate transporter is required for ROS homeostasis and cell elongation in roots and that this balance is perturbed in latd mutants, leading to an excess of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and a corresponding decrease in cell elongation. We found that expression of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase genes, MtRbohA and MtRbohC (for respiratory burst oxidase homologs), is increased in latd roots and that inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity pharmacologically can both reduce latd root ROS levels and increase cell length, implicating NADPH oxidase function in latd root growth defects. Finally, we demonstrate that ABA treatment alleviates ectopic ROS accumulation in latd roots, restores MtRbohC expression to wild-type levels, and promotes an increase in cell length. Reducing the expression of MtRbohC using RNA interference leads to increased root elongation in both wild-type and latd roots. These results reveal a mechanism by which the MtLATD/NIP nitrate transporter and ABA modulate root elongation via superoxide generation by the MtRbohC NADPH oxidase.
The effect of acute hypoglycemia on the cerebral NMDA receptor in newborn piglets

The effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the cerebral NMDA receptor in the newborn were examined by determining [3H]MK-801 binding as an index of NMDA receptor function in 6 control and 7 hypoglycemic piglets. In hypoglycemic animals, the glucose clamp technique with constant insulin infusion was used to maintain a blood glucose concentration of 1.2 mmol/l for 120 min before obtaining cerebral cortex for further analysis; controls received a saline infusion. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, ATP, and PCr were measured in cortex, and Na+,K+-ATPase activity was determined in a brain cell membrane preparation. [3H]MK-801 binding was evaluated by: (1) saturation binding assays over the range of 0.5–50 nM [3H]MK-801 in the presence of 100 μM glutamate and glycine; and (2) binding assays at 10 nM [3H]MK-801 in the presence of glutamate and/or glycine at 0, 10, or 100 μM. Blood and brain glucose concentrations were significantly lower in hypoglycemic animals than controls. There was no change in brain ATP with hypoglycemia, but PCr was decreased 80% compared to control (P < 0.05). Na+,K+-ATPase activity was 13% lower in hypoglycemic animals (P < 0.05). Based on saturation binding data, hypoglycemia had no effect on the number of functional receptors (Bmax), but the apparent affinity was significantly increased, as indicated by a decrease in the Kd (dissociation constant) from the control value of 8.1 ± 1.6 nM to 5.5 ± 2.1 nM (P < 0.05). Augmentation of [3H]MK-801 binding by glutamate and glycine alone or in combination was also significantly greater in the hypoglycemic animals. These data suggest that acute hypoglycemia may enhance the excitotoxic effects of glutamate in the newborn.
Crystal Growth of Silicon and Germanium in Metal Films

Amorphous silicon in contact with silver films and amorphous germanium in contact with aluminum films form crystalline precipitates when heated to temperatures well below those at which any liquid phase is present. Crystallization occurs by an initial dissolution of the semiconductor into the metal filmsolvent followed by the growth of crystals out of the solvent.
Synthesis, structure, and thermal conductivity of [(SnSe)1 + y]n[MoSe2]n compounds

A series of semiconducting [(SnSe)1.05]n[MoSe2]n compounds where n = 1–4 were prepared from thin film precursors with designed local compositions and nanoarchitectures to promote formation of the desired products during low temperature annealing. Specular diffraction patterns of annealed precursors contain only 00l reflections that yield c-lattice parameters indicating the formation of layered intergrowths. The in-plane diffraction patterns contain the independent reflections from the two constituents and the in-plane lattice parameters are independent of n. Electron microscopy images suggest significant turbostratic disorder between the constituent layers and between Se–Mo–Se trilayers within the dichalcogenide constituent. The room temperature cross-plane thermal conductivity was found to be low, between 0.08 and 0.22 W m−1 K−1 for the series of isocompositional compounds investigated, and is independent of the density of interfaces.
Induction of intravascular coagulation and renal cortical necrosis in rabbits by simultaneous injection of thorotrast and endotoxin.

Summary: Preparation of rabbits with 6 ml./kg. of Thorotrast, administered intravenously, permits the induction of intravascular clotting and the production of renal cortical necrosis with simultaneous injections of E. coli endotoxin. With this dose of Thorotrast, a dose-response relationship was observed between the fall in fibrinogen after 4 hours and doses of endotoxin ranging from 5 to 50 μg./kg. body weight. With such preparation, renal cortical necrosis occurred in 46 per cent of animals receiving 100μg./kg. of endotoxin and increased to 80 per cent in animals receiving 100 μg./kg. Thorotrast preparation with 3 ml./kg. permits intravascular clotting to occur with a single injection of endotoxin administered simultaneously. However, no relationship between endotoxin dose and fibrinogen depletion was observed and renal cortical necrosis developed only with relatively high doses of endotoxin. An efficient and predictable experimental model for studying both intravascular clotting and renal cortical necrosis is described by these observations.
Conflict, Space, and Resource Management at Grand Canyon*

Geographical spaces and boundaries are neither simple nor naively given. An examination of selected disputes over territory in the greater Grand Canyon area reveals the importance of considering the implications of absolute, relative, and representational spaces for how contests are framed and negotiated. Efforts to move toward a more ecologically based regime of natural resource management at Grand Canyon require a better understanding of how the existing spaces came to have their present location, size, configuration, definition, and jurisdictional structure.
A MONOCONAL ANTIBODY TO DECAY ACCELERATING FACTOR (DAF) PREVENTS IN VITRO INFECTION BY SEVERAL ECHOVIRUS SEROTYPES. † 1065

A MONOCONAL ANTIBODY TO DECAY ACCELERATING FACTOR (DAF) PREVENTS IN VITRO INFECTION BY SEVERAL ECHOVIRUS SEROTYPES. † 1065
Conversion of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose diethyl dithioacetal hydrochloride into 2-s-ethyl-2-thio-D-glucose

Abstract Treatment of 2-amino-2-deoxy- D -glucose diethyl dithioacetal hydrochloride (1) with nitrous acid in aqueous hydrochloric acid gives 2- S -ethyl-2-thio- D -glucose ( 2 ) as the principal product, and an anhydro- D -hexose diethyl dithioacetal is not formed. Substance 2 was characterized by conversion into the phenylhydrazone ( 3 ) and further into D - arabino -hexulose phenylosazone ( 6 ); n.m.r. spectroscopy confirmed that 2 was an aldose having the D - gluco configuration. Acetylation of 2 gave the anomeric pyranose tetraacetates ( 4 and 5 ), and the n.m.r. spectrum of the β- D tetraacetate ( 4 ) further confirmed the structure assigned to 2 . Nitrous acid in aqueous acetic acid converted 1 into a mixture of 2 and an anhydro- D -hexose diethyl dithioacetal.
Object Detection In Multispectral High Resolution Images

Advanced sensor provide image with very high spectral and spatial resolutions. Analysis of such imagery requires understanding of the complete imaging process and an ability to utilize scene specific a priori knowledge in a systematic fashion. In this paper we present a multiresolution analysis approach for detecting objects in high resolution images. The approach utilizes general knowledge of the spectral properties of the objects in their detection. The approach is implemented and results of experiments show the feasibility of this approach in detecting objects such as river, buildings, roads and vegetative covers in satellite and aerial images.
urbanization, acculturation, and extended family ties: Mexican Americans in cities

In a study of extended familism among Mexican Americans and Anglo Americans in three southern California cities, the Mexican Americans were found to have more kin in town, more frequent interaction with nearby relatives, and more exchange of mutual aid with kin. There is no indication that the traditional Mexican-American extended family breaks down with urbanization, acculturation, or socioeconomic mobility. It is suggested that discrimination by the Anglo majority reinforces kin ties among Mexican Americans.
Structure and function of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels

A new molecular biological epoch in amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel physiology has begun. With the application of these new techniques, undoubtedly a plethora of new information and new questions will be forthcoming. First and foremost, however, is the question of how many discrete amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels exist. This question is important not only for elucidating structure-function relationships, but also for developing strategies for pharmacological or, ultimately, genetic intervention in such diseases as obstructive nephropathy, Liddle's syndrome, or salt-sensitive hypertension where amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel dysfunction has been implicated [17, 62]. Epithelia Na+ channels purified from kidney are multimeric. However, it is not yet clear which subunits are regulatory and which participate directly as a part of the Na+ conducting core and what is the nature of the gate. The combination of electrophysiologic techniques such as patch clamp and the ability to study reconstituted channels in planar lipid bilayers along with molecular biology techniques to potentially manipulate the individual subunits should provide the answers to questions that have puzzled physiologists for decades. It seems clear that the robust versatility of the channel in responding to a wide range of differing and potentially synergistic regulatory inputs must be a function of its multimeric structure and relation to the cytoskeleton. Multiple mechanisms of regulation imply multiple regulatory sites. This hypothesis has been validated by the demonstration that enzymatic carboxyl methylation and phosphorylation have both individual and synergistic effects on the purified channel in planar lipid bilayers. Of the multiple mechanisms proposed for channel regulation, evidence is now available to support the ideas that channels may be activated (or inactivated) by direct modifications including phosphorylation and carboxyl methylation, by activation or association of regulatory proteins such as G proteins, and by recruitment from subapical membrane domains. The observation that channel gating is achieved primarily through regulation of open probability without alterations in conductance may simplify future understanding of the molecular events involved in gating once the regulatory sites have been identified. As more Na+ channels or Na+ channel subunits are cloned from different epithelia, it will become possible to piece together the puzzle of epithelial Na+ channels. It is interesting to observe that renal Na+ channel proteins contain a subunit which falls into the 70 kD range. This size protein is in the range reported for the aldosterone-induced proteins [12, 46, 153].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Influence of ration on morphology, histology, and trace mineral content of sheep rumen papillae.

Abstract The sequential changes in rumen epithelial development and micromineral content were studied in 15 wethers initially fed a ground control ration (GC). Four sheep were killed, five were changed to a low energy ration (LE), and six were changed to a pelleted feed known to induce ruminal parakeratosis (RP). The LE and RP sheep were sacrificed at intervals. Rumen epithelium from three areas was analyzed for trace minerals. Sections from the ventral rumen were studied histologically. The rations and rumen fluid at slaughter were analyzed for trace minerals. Rumen fluid was analyzed for volatile fatty acids. The GC sheep had irregularly shaped papillae, with extremely hyperplastic epithelium and multilayered, vesiculated stratum corneum. The LF sheep papillae revealed rapid loss in color, size, iron content, and numbers, denuding large rumen areas. Keratinization and hyperplasia were reduced 50% from GC by 8 and 32 days, respectively. The papillae of the RP sheep showed typical parakeratosis by 35 days; papillae cellular hyperplasia was reduced by half in 35 days and keratinization increased 50% in 24 days. An epithelial copper to molybdenum ratio of 11:1 was found. Epithelial trace minerals varied with the rumen area and the ration.
Interdisciplinary aspects of the baccalaureate curriculum in rural social work

Liberal/general education requirements in the social work curriculum are rooted in the Deweyan philosophy of education and translated into accreditation requirements. Although content from the social sciences and the humanities is usually provided separately in foundation courses, interdisciplinary perspectives can be effectively incorporated into specialized social work offerings. Because rural social work is particularly suited for such interdisciplinary teaching approaches, this article examines and illustrates criteria for infusing interdisciplinary knowledge into rural social work offerings.
RNA interference targeted to multiple P2X receptor subtypes attenuates zinc-induced calcium entry

A postulated therapeutic avenue in cystic fibrosis (CF) is activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl− channels via stimulation of Ca2+ entry from extracellular solutions independent of CFTR functional status...
Pituitary Responsiveness to LH-Releasing Hormone in Intact Female Rats of Different Ages

The pituitary responses to a purified porcine preparation of LH-releasing hormone were investigated in female rats of 15, 25, 30, 35, 45, 60, and 210 days of age. Significant amounts of LH were released after the injections of LH-RH at all the ages studied. The greatest response was observed in rats 15 and 25 days of age, and the lowest in rats 35 days of age. Pituitary LH concentration in rats injected with saline was highest in animals 15 and 25 days of age, and lowest in animals 60 days of age. Evidence of significant pituitary LH depletion after injection of LH-RH was seen only in the 25-day-old group. LH-RH induced significant release of FSH in animals 15, 25, and 30 days of age. The response was greatest, however, at 15 and 25 days of age. Pituitary FSH concentration in saline injected rats steadily declined from 15-210 days of age. No evidence of significant FSH depletion after LH-RH could be detected. (Endocrinology 90: 1499, 1972)
Geometries and binding energies of small beryllium clusters using various levels of approximations for exchange and correlation: a comparative study

Electronic structure and geometries of small (n≦4) neutral, singly, and doubly ionized clusters of beryllium atoms have been studied using ab initio quantum chemical and local density techniques. In the quantum chemical method the exchange potential is treated exactly in the Hartree-Fock scheme while the correlation correction is incorporated through perturbative procedure. In the density functional approach the exchange and correlation potentials are treated in the local spin density approximation. To facilitate an unambiguous comparison between these methods we have used the same basis functions and numerical procedures. All the investigations yield nearly identical geometries. However, the binding energies using these methods can vary by as much as 2 eV and this variation is comparable to what one obtains using different basis functions.
The Rise and Fall of DADT

The repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT) marked the end of another era in the ongoing social evolution of the U.S. armed forces. So, when the editor of the Journal of Homosexuality, John Elia, as...
Plasmid‐encoded catalase of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus

Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus contains five plasmids designated pACK1 through pACK5. Non-denaturing electrophoretic analysis of an extract prepared from wild-type cells revealed three bands of catalase activity, whereas an extract of cells cured of pACK1 produced only two catalase bands. Cloning and Southern hybridization analysis showed that there is a catalase structural gene on pACK1. The plasmid-specified catalase was the major activity produced under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions of growth.