cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inversion of heat flow data: a Backus?Gilbert formulation

Summary We demonstrate the application of the Backus-Gilbert theory to the investigation of subsurface temperatures from surface heat flow data in the idealized situation of two-dimensional steady-state heat conduction. We find that the presence of heat sources above the depth of interest precludes deriving a single solution estimate associated with a particular resolving kernel. If we assign lower and upper bounds to the heat production, we can find a range within which the solution estimate falls. The upper and lower limits of this range are found using linear programming. Errors in the data are treated by a form of hypothesis testing. As an example, the theory is applied to a set of heat flow data spanning the transition between the Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range provinces.
ReadDB Provides Efficient Storage for Mapped Short Reads

The advent of high-throughput sequencing has enabled sequencing based measurements of cellular function, with an individual measurement potentially consisting of more than 108 reads. While tools are available for aligning sets of reads to genomes and interpreting the results, fewer tools have been developed to address the storage and retrieval requirements of large collections of aligned datasets. We present ReadDB, a network accessible column store database system for aligned high-throughput read datasets. ReadDB stores collections of aligned read positions and provides a client interface to support visualization and analysis. ReadDB is implemented as a network server that responds to queries on genomic intervals in an experiment with either the set of contained reads or a histogram based interval summary. Tests on datasets ranging from 105 to 108 reads demonstrate that ReadDB performance is generally within a factor of two of local-storage based methods and often three to five times better than other network-based methods. ReadDB is a high-performance foundation for ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq analysis. The client-server model provides convenient access to compute cluster nodes or desktop visualization software without requiring a shared network filesystem or large amounts of local storage. The client code provides a simple interface for fast data access to visualization or analysis. ReadDB provides a new way to store genome-aligned reads for use in applications where read sequence and alignment mismatches are not needed.
Sources and cycling of carbonyl sulfide in the Sargasso Sea

Of the sulfur gases emitted from the ocean (dimethyl sul-ﬁde, carbonyl sulﬁde [OCS], and hydrogen sulﬁde; Andreae1990), perhaps the most attention has been paid to dimethylsulﬁde because of its potential marine biogeochemistry-cli-mate feedbacks (Charlson et al. 1987). However, the oceanicsource of OCS is also quantitatively signiﬁcant, because thisgas has an extremely long tropospheric residence time (1–4yr; Khalil and Rasmussen 1984) and diffuses into the strato-sphere, where it maintains the stratospheric sulfate aerosollayer and thereby affects the planetary radiation budget(Crutzen 1976; Turco et al. 1980; Hofmann 1990). Moreover,the hydrolysis of OCS produces dissolved hydrogen sulﬁde,which can then affect the cycling of many trace metals (Cut-ter et al. 1999). Thus, the marine cycling of OCS has bothatmospheric and oceanic consequences.Unlike the other marine sulfur gases, OCS has extremetemporal and spatial variations in the ocean. The diel chang-es in surface OCS ﬁrst reported by Ferek and Andreae(1984) led those workers to suggest a photochemical pro-duction mechanism. Additions of dissolved organic sulfurcompounds such as dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), di-methyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulﬁde, methionine, cysteine, andglutathione show that the organic sulﬁdes, particularly glu-tathione, have the greatest yields of OCS during irradiation(Ferek and Andreae 1984; Zepp and Andreae 1994; Flo¨cket al. 1997). Studies of the wavelength dependence of OCSphotoproduction (apparent quantum yields) in coastal (Zepp
Professional development and leadership training opportunities for healthcare professionals.

Leadership training; Mentoring programs; Academic medicine; Leadership positions; Executive coaching Abstract BACKGROUND: Formal leadership training is a relatively recent addition to the educational arma- mentarium of the health care executive. Leadership training opportunities for physicians, surgeons, and scientists have gradually appeared over the past 15 to 20 years, but information about them has been scant, with few comprehensive reviews made available to the community at large. This article des- cribes the major opportunities available to obtain formal and informal leadership training for careers in medical school administration. Programs that are specifically targeted to women are described in detail. DATA SOURCES: Information was obtained from the author's direct knowledge, direct communication with the leadership of each program, and the Web site of each sponsoring organization, when available. CONCLUSIONS: Many opportunities for leadership training are now available to surgeons, with sev- eral specifically designed for women. The author strongly encourages surgeons to avail themselves of these opportunities, as both anecdotal information and published data suggest that these programs are highly effective in enhancing leadership careers.
Etiology of Failure to Thrive in Infants and Toddlers Referred to a Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic

The aim of this study is to determine the underlying etiology of failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and toddlers referred to an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic. A chart review was done on FTT referrals to a pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic between 2002 and 2005. Majority of patients (51.5%) had a purely nutritional deficiency. The endocrine etiologies included short stature due to being small for gestational age, constitutional or familial short stature (28.9%). The third most common etiology was gastrointestinal disease. Endocrine causes of FTT seem to be rare even in the selected population of patients referred to pediatric endocrine outpatient clinics. In the primary care setting, nutritional assessment and consultation seem to be adequate in the majority of cases. Only a small percentage of the patients with FTT will require a multidisciplinary approach and more extensive work-up.
Constraints on Supersymmetry Breaking

Some non-perturbative constraints on supersymmetry breaking are derived. It is demonstrated that dynamical supersymmetry breaking does not occur in certain interesting classes of theories.
A co-classification framework for detecting web spam and spammers in social media web sites

Social media are becoming increasingly popular and have attracted considerable attention from spammers. Using a sample of more than ninety thousand known spam Web sites, we found between 7% to 18% of their URLs are posted on two popular social media Web sites, digg.com and delicious.com. In this paper, we present a co-classification framework to detect Web spam and the spammers who are responsible for posting them on the social media Web sites. The rationale for our approach is that since both detection tasks are related, it would be advantageous to train them simultaneously to make use of the labeled examples in the Web spam and spammer training data. We have evaluated the effectiveness of our algorithm on the delicious.com data set. Our experimental results showed that the proposed co-classification algorithm significantly outperforms classifiers that learn each detection task independently.
Register as a predictor of linguistic variation

Over the last two decades, corpus analysis has been used as the basis for several important reference grammars and dictionaries of English. While these reference works have made major contributions to our understanding of English lexis and grammar, most of them share a major limitation: the failure to consider register differences. Instead, most reference works describe lexico-grammatical patterns as if they applied generally to English. The main goal of the present paper is to challenge this practice and the underlying assumption that the patterns of lexical-grammatical use in English can be described in general/global terms. Specifically, I argue that descriptions of the average patterns of use in a general corpus do not accurately describe any register. Rather, the patterns of use in speech are dramatically different from the patterns in writing (especially academic writing), and so minimally an adequate description must recognize the two major poles in this continuum (i.e., conversation versus informational written prose). The paper begins by comparing two general corpus approaches to the study of language use: variationist and text-linguistic. Although both approaches can be used to investigate the use of words, grammatical features, and registers, the two approaches differ in their bases: the first gives primacy to each linguistic token, while the second gives primacy to each text. This difference has important consequences for the overall research design, the kinds of variables that can be measured, the statistical techniques that can be applied, and the particular research questions that can be asked. As a result, the importance of register has been more apparent in text linguistic studies than in studies of linguistic variation. The bulk of the paper, then, argues for the importance of register at all linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical, and lexico-grammatical. Analyses comparing conversation and academic writing are discussed for each level, showing how a general ‘average’ description includes some characteristics that are not applicable to one or the other register, while also omitting other important patterns of use found in particular registers.
Characterization of an immunodeficiency mutant in Drosophila

Drosophila immunity and embryogenesis appear to be linked by an evolutionarily ancient signalling pathway, which includes the Rel-domain transcription factors Dif and dorsal, respectively, as well as a common inhibitor, cactus. Previous genetic screens have centered on maternal mutants that disrupt the dorsal pathway. In an effort to identify additional components that influence Rel-domain gene function we have conducted a search for immunodeficiency mutants in Drosophila. One such mutant, which maps near the Black cells (Bc) gene, causes a severe impairment of the normal immune response, including attenuated induction of several immunity genes. Survival assays indicate a positive correlation between the induction of these genes, particularly diptericin, and resistance to bacterial infection. These studies are consistent with the notion that insect anti-microbial peptides work synergistically by binding distinct targets within infecting pathogens. Evidence is also presented that non-specific acquired immunity results from the persistence of bacterial metabolites long after primary infection. We discuss the potential usefulness of this study with regard to the identification of conserved components of Rel signalling pathways.
Capacity and reliability function for small peak signal constraints

The capacity and the reliability function as the peak constraint tends to zero are considered for a discrete-time memoryless channel with peak constrained inputs. Prelov and van der Meulen (1993) showed that under mild conditions the ratio of the capacity to the squared peak constraint converges to one-half the maximum eigenvalue of the Fisher information matrix and if the Fisher information matrix is nonzero, the asymptotically optimal input distribution is symmetric antipodal signaling. Under similar conditions, it is shown in the first part of the paper that the reliability function has the same asymptotic shape as the reliability function for the power-constrained infinite bandwidth white Gaussian noise channel. The second part of the paper deals with Rayleigh-fading channels. For such channels, the Fisher information matrix is zero, indicating the difficulty of transmission over such channels with small peak constrained signals. Asymptotics for the Rayleigh channel are derived and applied to obtain the asymptotics of the capacity of the Marzetta and Hochwald (1999) fading channel model for small peak constraints, and to obtain a result of the type of Medard and Gallager for wide-band fading channels.
A Constant Elasticity of Variance (CEV) Family of Stock Price Distributions in Option Pricing, Review, and Integration

One of the important issues in option pricing is to find a stock return distribution that allows the stock rate of return and its volatility to depend on each other. Cox’s (Notes on option pricing I: constant elasticity of diffusions, unpublished draft, Stanford University, 1975) Constant Elasticity of Variance (CEV) diffusion generates a family of distributions for such a purpose. The main goal of this paper is to review and show the procedures of how such process and its resulting option pricing formula are derived. First, we show how the density function of the CEV diffusion is identified and we demonstrate the option formula by using the Cox and Ross (Journal of Financial Economics 145–166, 1976) methodology. Then, we transform the solution into a non-central chi-square distribution. Finally, a number of approximation formulas are provided.
Role of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in natriuretic response to ANP.

The present study evaluated the role of changes in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) in the natriuretic response to atriopeptin III (AP III). In control animals, infusion of AP III (100 ng.kg-1.min-1 iv) increased fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, lithium, and water while glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow were unaltered. The natriuretic response to AP III was associated with a significant elevation in RIHP from 5.6 +/- 0.8 to 8.1 +/- 1.0 mmHg. In rats pretreated with amiloride (1 mg/kg) to block sodium transport in the collecting duct, basal sodium excretion was elevated, but infusion of AP III still increased RIHP and the fractional excretion of sodium, water, and lithium by the same amount as was observed in the control animals. Removal of the renal capsule completely blocked the rise in interstitial pressure in the renal cortex in amiloride-treated rats, but it did not eliminate the elevation in sodium, water, and lithium excretion produced by AP III. To determine whether changes in renal medullary interstitial pressure could play a role in the residual natriuretic response to AP III in these animals, cortical and medullary interstitial pressure were simultaneously measured in rats with a decapsulated kidney. In this group, AP III increased renal medullary interstitial pressure, while cortical interstitial pressure was unaltered. These results are consistent with the view that changes in renal medullary hemodynamics and RIHP contribute to the natriuretic effect of atrial natriuretic peptide by elevating distal delivery of sodium from deep nephrons.
The visualizable, the representable and the inconceivable: realist and non-realist mathematical models in physics and beyond

The project of this article is twofold. First, it aims to offer a new perspective on, and a new argument concerning, realist and non-realist mathematical models, and differences and affinities between them, using physics as a paradigmatic field of mathematical modelling in science. Most of the article is devoted to this topic. Second, the article aims to explore the implications of this argument for mathematical modelling in other fields, in particular in cognitive psychology and economics.
Toward a Global Monitoring SystemSome Comments and Suggestions

The recent Snyder, Hermann, and Lasswell (1976) paper proposing "A Global Monitoring System [for] Appraising the Effects of Government on Human Dignity" is a thought-provoking and, in many ways, timely effort. Thorough treatment of the many issues and subissues raised by it would be a lengthy process not possible here. Instead I will restrict my comments to an evaluation of what I believe to be a few of the most central issues and conclude with some suggestions based on this evaluation. The proposal raises three important and related issues. They are:
Robust Design of Aeroelastically Tailored Composite Plates Using a New Formulation of Anti-Optimization and Optimization

There has been a recent push in the aircraft design community to take uncertainty into account in an explicit manner. Many probabilistic and robust design techniques are either difficult to interpret or require large amounts of data. Hybrid optimization and anti-optimization is a non-probabilistic robust design method that requires only a region of uncertainty to be defined, and does not require probability distributions. The method involves an iteration between anti-optimization and optimization. First, the worst-case settings of the uncertain variables are determined. Then, those worst-case settings are used as the environment in which the design variables are optimized. A common criticism of the technique is that it results in designs that are not only too conservative, but sacrifice performance under nominal conditions, since they are essentially optimized for the worstcase. This study tested a new formulation of the hybrid optimization and anti-optimization technique where the optimization step is performed with the uncertain variables at their nominal values for the evaluation of the objective function, while the uncertain variables are set at their worst-case values for the evaluation of the constraints. The new formulation was compared to the more traditional formulation for an example problem where the ply orientations and ply thicknesses of a composite plate wing were optimized for minimum weight and maximum flutter speed subject to the Tsai-Wu failure criterion and uncertainty in the elastic modulus. The results of the comparison were that the traditional formulation produced a design that suffered less degradation in off-nominal conditions, but the new formulation produced a design that had a higher flutter speed under nominal conditions. The difference between the two methods represents a quantifiable trade-off between robustness and nominal performance.
Valence State and Catalytic Role of Cobalt Ions in Cobalt TiO2 Nanoparticle Photocatalysts for Acetaldehyde Degradation under Visible Light

Cobalt–carbon–sulfur-codoped anatase photocatalysts (size 1% Co(II)/(C, S)–TiO2 > 2% Co(II)–TiO2 > 2% Co(III)–TiO2 > (C, S)–TiO2 under visible light and 2% Co(II)/(C, S)–TiO2 > 1% Co(II)/(C,...
Scattering by Imperfect Conductors

In this chapter we consider a very simple scattering problem corresponding to the scattering of a time-harmonic plane wave by an imperfect conductor. Although the problem is simple compared to most problems in scattering theory, its mathematical resolution took many years to accomplish and was the focus of energy of some of the outstanding mathematicians of the twentieth century, in particular Kupradze, Rellich, Vekua, Muller, and Weyl. Indeed, the solution of the full three-dimensional problem was not fully realized until 1981 (cf. Sect. 9.5 of [54]). Here we will content ourselves with the two-dimensional scalar problem and its solution by the method of integral equations.
Olfactory epithelium of Necturus maculosus and Ambystoma tigrinum.

The morphological study presented here provides a general description of the elements of the olfactory epithelium in the mud puppy and tiger salamander, and gives evidence about their dynamic activity and interrelationships. There are morphological indications of local bursts of reduplication and a continual line of differentiation of receptor cells from basal cell progenitors through stages of mature development to senescence (indicated by the accumulation of pigment granules) and cell death and disposal (by expulsion of pycnotic cell nuclei and by phagocytosis by macrophages). The supporting cells probably play several roles: a secretory role which supplements the activity of Bowman's glands, a minor insulating role in which some dendrites are shielded from the surrounding milieu, and a skeletal role in which they facilitate the efficient displacement of dendrites. The dendrites are regularly arranged in organized relationships with one another and are for the most part in direct apposition, separated only by a 200 A intercellular gap, thus suggesting the possibility of functional interrelationships. This study emphasizes the fact that efficient planning of experimental investigations must include knowledge and consideration of the thickness of the particular olfactory epithelium under study. It also suggests that because of the large receptor-cell size, the mud puppy and/or tiger salamander would make good model systems for single cell recording. Further, the olfactory epithelia of these species are suggested as favorable targets for studies of the aging process in nerve cells.
Intravenous perfluorocarbons for prevention of ventilator-associated ARDS

Emulsified perfluorocarbons (PFC) are synthetic hydrocarbons that can carry 50 times more oxygen than human plasma. Their properties may be advantageous in applications requiring preservation of tissue viability in oxygen-deprived states [1,2], making them a potential candidate for combat and civilian prehospital resuscitation. Our hypothesis is that an intravenous dose of PFC increases vital organ tissue oxygenation, improves survival after hemorrhagic shock (HS) and may reduce or prevent the development of ventilator-associated ARDS. Here we report data from the first part (HS only) of a multiphase swine study to study the benefits of PFC in treating HS and preventing ARDS. This initial study was designed to ensure safe use of PFC in traumatized animals.
Impact of gene targeting on medicine.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of gene targeting on medicine. The quantitative analysis of recombinational frequencies between genetic loci has led directly to the construction of genetic maps and has served as the foundation for the modem science of genetics. The ability to recombine exogenous DNA with endogenous sequences exists not only in bacteria but also in most eukaryotes. In mammalian cells, recombination between exogenous and endogenous DNA can occur either at random sites in the genome or at specific sites that share sequence homology with the incoming DNA. Treatments for several human genetic disorders are beginning to include the therapeutic augmentation of the defective gene. Human trials are currently underway to treat disorders caused by mutations in the adenosine deaminase and CFTR genes by supplying wild-type copies of the genes directly to cells in vivo or ex vivo. Because of the potent nonhomologous recombination pathway in human cells, most, if not all, of the reagent genes are incorporated at random sites or, if provided on certain viral vectors, are maintained as episomes. The cells transformed by these protocols are generally terminally differentiated and are, thus, incapable of proliferation requiring that therapy by these protocols be continually delivered. The delivery and establishment of the correct cells in the correct environment is a nontrivial issue essential to success of this protocol. Although it is naive to suggest that targeted gene therapy is beyond imagination, its practice awaits further understanding of the biology of the eventual target cells.
Lifetime Prevalence of Investigating Child Maltreatment Among US Children

Objectives. To estimate the lifetime prevalence of official investigations for child maltreatment among children in the United States.Methods. We used the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Child Files (2003–2014) and Census data to develop synthetic cohort life tables to estimate the cumulative prevalence of reported childhood maltreatment. We extend previous work, which explored only confirmed rates of maltreatment, and we add new estimations of maltreatment by subtype, age, and ethnicity.Results. We estimate that 37.4% of all children experience a child protective services investigation by age 18 years. Consistent with previous literature, we found a higher rate for African American children (53.0%) and the lowest rate for Asians/Pacific Islanders (10.2%).Conclusions. Child maltreatment investigations are more common than is generally recognized when viewed across the lifespan. Building on other recent work, our data suggest a critical need for increased preventative and treatment resources i...
Moderner Lifestyle – Dermatologische Kosmetik

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat zum Ziel, den praktisch tatigen Arzten und Arztinnen einen Uberblick uber die im Rahmen der physiologischen Hautalterung (Turgorverlust, Klimakterium) bzw. beschleunigter Hautalterungsprozesse (Photoaging, Rosazea etc.) auftretenden dermatologischen Probleme zu geben. Im Zusammenhang mit der Lichtalterung ist bei neu auftretenden Veranderungen ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Abgrenzung benigner Lasionen wie Lentigines von malignen Tumoren zu richten. Die nachfolgenden Ausfuhrungen sollen es den primar versorgenden Arzten und Arztinnen ermoglichen, den kosmetologischen Bedurfnissen ihrer Patienten bei nicht-malignen aktinischen Hautschaden gerecht zu werden und abgestufte Behandlungsvorschlage zu machen. Zudem sollen die Angaben als Wegleitung dienen, um die Patienten in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Dermatologen hinsichtlich asthetisch-dermatologischer Methoden zu beraten bzw. die richtigen Massnahmen bei Verdacht auf Hautmalignom ergreifen zu konnen.
Practical Indication-Based Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Studies: Update and Review

Pediatric nuclear medicine imaging presents unique challenges and requires a thorough understanding of the patients' developmental stages and physiology to optimize study protocols. This article provides an overview of the current practice of diagnostic pediatric nuclear medicine, including the common clinical applications and imaging protocol considerations.
Neurofibromin knockdown in glioma cell lines is associated with changes in cytokine and chemokine secretion in vitro

The neurofibromin-1 tumor suppressor gene (NF1) is altered in approximately 20% of sporadic glioblastoma (GBM) cases. NF1 deficient GBM frequently shows a mesenchymal gene expression signature, suggesting a relationship between NF1 status and the tumor microenvironment. To identify changes in the production of secreted cytokines/chemokines in NF1 deficient glioma, we applied cytokine arrays to conditioned media from a panel of three GBM cell lines after siRNA-mediated NF1 knockdown. We identified increased secretion of platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and endoglin (ENG) in different subsets of these cell lines. Secretion was associated with induction of the corresponding messenger RNA, suggesting a mechanism involving transcriptional upregulation. By contrast, in non-transformed immortalized normal human astrocytes, PDGF-AA secretion was increased upon NF1 knockdown, while secreted CHI3L1, ENG, and IL-8 were reduced or unchanged. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas confirmed a relationship between glioma NF1 status and ENG and CHI3L1 in tumor samples. Overall, this study identifies candidate changes in secreted proteins from NF1 deficient glioma cells that could influence the tumor microenvironment, and suggests a direct link between NF1 loss and increased tumor cell production of CHI3L1 and endoglin, two factors implicated in mesenchymal identity in glioblastoma.
Teachers’ academic and behavioral expectations and girls’ pubertal development: Does the classroom learning environment matter?

Experiencing puberty earlier than one’s peers has been linked with behavioral and academic problems in school, particularly among girls. Previously, we reported that practicing elementary school teachers expect girls who develop early to have more academic and social problems in the future, with girls’ race exacerbating these effects (Carter et al. 2017). The present study extends this previous research by examining whether characteristics within classroom learning environments (i.e., Competition, Order and Organization, Innovation, and Rule Clarity) affect the extent to which teachers use girls’ race and pubertal timing as a basis for their expectations. Practicing elementary school teachers (N = 220; Mage = 43 years; 91% female; 84% White) were randomly shown behavioral vignettes in two conditions (academic, externalizing) with drawings of fourth-grade Black and White pubertal-age girls, and were asked to report their academic and social expectations of the girls shown in the vignettes. Findings highlight the nuanced ways that classroom environments, girls’ race, and pubertal timing influence educators’ expectations. For example, in the academic condition, teachers who were highly innovative and orderly in the classroom expected Black relative to White early-developing girls to have more problems acquiring and using information (i.e., academic problems); however, White late-developing girls were expected to have more problems acquiring and using information. Conversely, in the externalizing condition, teachers who were highly innovative and orderly in the classroom expected Black late-developing girls to have more problems interacting and relating to others (i.e., social problems). These results highlight the importance of a multifaceted approach to studying race, biological sex, and puberty-related effects in schools.
Not-So-CLEVR: learning same-different relations strains feedforward neural networks.

The advent of deep learning has recently led to great successes in various engineering applications. As a prime example, convolutional neural networks, a type of feedforward neural network, now approach human accuracy on visual recognition tasks like image classification and face recognition. However, here we will show that feedforward neural networks struggle to learn abstract visual relations that are effortlessly recognized by non-human primates, birds, rodents and even insects. We systematically study the ability of feedforward neural networks to learn to recognize a variety of visual relations and demonstrate that same–different visual relations pose a particular strain on these networks. Networks fail to learn same–different visual relations when stimulus variability makes rote memorization difficult. Further, we show that learning same–different problems becomes trivial for a feedforward network that is fed with perceptually grouped stimuli. This demonstration and the comparative success of biological vision in learning visual relations suggests that feedback mechanisms such as attention, working memory and perceptual grouping may be the key components underlying human-level abstract visual reasoning.
Thermal Challenges in LED-Driven Display Technologies: The Early Days

This section discusses a variety of thermal challenges in LED-driven displays, especially in early development phase of the LED displays. The unique fundamentals of the displays are their wide screen size, flat and thin envelop, light weight for a wall mount, and the requirements of bright and high contrast on screens. A historical background in the introduction is followed by the technological challenges of the system primarily based on a passive air convection cooling for LED displays. Even with active air cooling solution, this is still important for the initial design aimed for energy efficient and low acoustic noise systems. The following two sections “Thermal Spreading and Transient for Design” and “Active Cooling of Laser LED for Projection Displays” discuss the technologies to handle the device-focused thermal issues in conjunction with thermal imaging characterization of the LED device.
ANNEALING OF IMPLANTED LAYERS IN COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS BY LOCALIZED BEAM HEATING TECHNIQUES

A comparative study of the transient annealing of Si- and Se-implanted GaAs has been performed using pulsed and cw lasers and pulsed electron beams. Both low (10 13 cm –2 ) and high (5×10 14 cm –2 ) implant fluences were studied. Activation of low fluence implants was achieved only in electron beam annealed samples co-implanted with Ga and As. Pulsed laser annealing yielded layers with low electron mobilities ( 2 V –1 s –1 ) and apparent dopant activation of 4 to 7%. Much higher mobilities (˜2000 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ) and lower activation were observed in cw laser annealed samples. Pulsed electron beam annealing produced the highest apparent dopant activation (20–35%) and intermediate mobilities (900–1000 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ). Some possible explanations for the differences observed between the various types of annealing are discussed.
Cytochromes P-450 and the activation and inactivation of mutagens and carcinogens.

The activation and inactivation of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including alkanes, fatty acids, steroids, drugs, polycyclic hydrocarbons, carcinogens, and mutagens, are catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450-dependent drug metabolism system (5). This system is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of various mammalian tissues and organs, e.g., lung, small intestines, etc. (20, 24), but the greatest concentration and activity are in the liver (5). For this reason, many pioneering studies on the activation or inactivation of carcinogens, mutagens, and other drugs have been carried out using hepatic microsomes from various animal models. In turn, mammalian liver also was used in attempts to isolate, purify, and characterize components of the mixed-function oxidase system.
Aldo-keto reductases in norepinephrine metabolism.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4) and catechol-O-methyltransferease (COMT, EC 2.1.1.6) are the two primary enzymes responsible for the first step of the metabolism of the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. Catecholamines and their methylated metabolites, produced by COMT, are metabolized to the corresponding aldehyde intermediates by MAO. In the subsequent second step these aldehydes are removed through either their oxidation to acids by aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) or their reduction to alcohols by aldehyde reductase (Kopin, 1985). Here, we focus on the metabolism of norepinephrine and summarize evidences that aldose reductase is the key enzyme responsible for the metabolism of norepinephrine.
Social Belonging as a Predictor of Surgical Resident Well-being and Attrition.

Objective In light of the predicted shortage of surgeons, attrition from surgical residency is a significant problem. Prior data have shown that those who are happier are more productive, and those who are less well have higher rates of absenteeism. This study sought to identify the role of social belonging and its relationship to well-being and risk of attrition. Design Surgical residents were invited to participate in an online survey containing measures of social belonging (a 10-item scale adapted from previous studies), well-being (the Dupuy Psychological General Well-Being Scale, Beck Depression Inventory Short Form, and Maslach Burnout Inventory), and risk of attrition (indicated by frequency of thoughts of leaving the program). Setting We surveyed residents at 2 tertiary care centers, Stanford Health Care (2010, 2011, and 2015) and Washington University in St. Louis (2017). Participants Categorical general surgery residents, designated preliminary residents going into 7 surgical subspecialties, and nondesignated preliminary residents were included. Results One hundred sixty-nine residents responded to the survey for a response rate of 66%. Belonging was positively correlated with general psychological well-being (r = 0.56, p Conclusions Social belonging has a significant positive correlation with well-being and negative correlation with thoughts of leaving surgical training. Lack of social belonging appears to be a significant predictor of risk of attrition in surgical residency. Efforts to enhance social belonging may protect against resident attrition.
Effects of virtual walking on spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain: A randomized, controlled trial.

Purpose This study is an examination of the efficacy of a virtual walking protocol to treat spinal cord injury (SCI)-related pain. Method A total of 59 individuals with SCI and neuropathic pain (NP) were randomly assigned to receive 20 min of virtual walking, the treatment condition, or virtual wheeling, the control condition. Although having NP was a requirement to participate in the study, participants also underwent pain classification of up to 3 worst pain sites to also examine the effects of virtual walking on nonneuropathic pain. Pain outcomes included changes in pain severity across all pain types, NP unpleasantness, and severity of various sensory qualities of NP. Design This was a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Results There was no significant difference in change in pain between groups, though there was a significant pre- to posttreatment reduction across all pain types in the virtual walking condition, but not the control condition. Specific to NP, there was a significant reduction in pain unpleasantness, but not neuropathic pain intensity. NP experienced as "cold," "deep," and with increased skin sensitivity were significantly reduced following virtual walking compared with the control condition. Conclusion Results from this trial suggest that virtual walking treatment may benefit certain aspects of NP, such as associated unpleasantness, as well as certain sensory qualities of that pain. Efficacy of this treatment modality to reduce overall pain severity remains unclear, and may be modulated by other injury, individual, or personality characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
HSCT: Historical Perspective

HSCT has evolved from a field that was declared dead in the 1960s to the amazing clinical results obtained today in the treatment of otherwise fatal blood disorders.
When Public Health Gets Shut Down, All Americans Suffer, and the Most Vulnerable Are First.

The author discusses the annual National Public Health Week (NPHW) held each year during the first full week of April and its mission to showcase the importance of public health in daily life and promote its strengthening. Topics include the 2019 focus on the importance of basing policymaking on scientific evidence to make it available for the public health actors and proactively advancing the health of the public.
Gq-mediated calcium dynamics and membrane tension modulate neurite plasticity

Abstract The formation and disruption of synaptic connections during development is a fundamental step in neural circuit formation. Subneuronal structures such as neurites are known to be sensitive to the level of spontaneous neuronal activity but the specifics of how neurotransmitter-induced calcium activity regulates neurite homeostasis are not yet fully understood. In response to stimulation by neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, calcium responses in cells are mediated the Gαq/phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ)/ phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PI(4, 5)P2) signaling pathway. Here, we show that prolonged Gαq stimulation results in the retraction of neurites in PC12 cells and rupture of neuronal synapses by modulating membrane tension. To understand the underlying cause, we dissected the behavior of individual components of the Gαq/PLCβ/PI(4, 5)P2 pathway during retraction, and correlated these to the retraction of the membrane and cytoskeletal elements impacted by calcium signaling. We developed a mathematical model that combines biochemical signaling with membrane tension and cytoskeletal mechanics, to show how signaling events are coupled to retraction velocity, membrane tension and actin dynamics. The coupling between calcium and neurite retraction is shown to be operative in the C. elegans nervous system. This study uncovers a novel mechanochemical connection between the Gαq/PLCβ/(PI(4, 5)P2 pathway that couples calcium responses with neural plasticity.
The natural history of intravascular lymphoma.

e18541 Background: The diagnosis of IVL is often delayed or found at post-mortem because this disease is rare. Published data consist of case reports or series, which are insufficient to offer a gl...
Lives of the Prophets: The Illustrations to Hafiz-i Abru’s “Assembly of Chronicles,”: Mohamad Reza Ghiasian, Leiden: Brill, 2018, ISBN 978-90-04-37722-6 (hbk), 343 pp.

For many, Persian painting evokes fine manuscripts of poetic texts with brilliant illustrations—whether epics such as the Shahnama, whose complex images depict valiant heroes battling demons, or ly...
Research on On-line Monitoring Application of Transmission Line Based on Multidimensional State Aware Technology

In recent years, there have been a series of problems such as the difficulty of operation and inspection appeared in the operation and maintenance of overhead transmission lines. The rapid identification and disposal of transmission line faults has become an inevitable requirement for improving the quality of inspection. In this paper, on-line monitoring technology of transmission lines based on multi-dimensional state-aware technology is researched, which includes distributed fault diagnosis, transmission line video monitoring, and lightning monitoring system. The visualization and intelligentization of the transmission line management could be realized with this this technology. The video monitoring terminal and fault rapid diagnosis information could be linked, and the fault point of the transmission line could be quickly and accurately located, which to accurately identify the cause of the failure of the transmission line. In 2019 the 110kV lightning strike failure of a certain line was effectively monitored with this system, guiding the operation and maintenance staff to quickly locate the fault point and handle the defects. The effectiveness and accuracy of the technology is verified in this example .
The impacts of foreignness and cultural distance on commercialization of patents

Foreign-born academic scientists have been consistently shown to be more productive than the native-born in the United States with regard to research and patents. However, no study has yet analyzed whether the foreign-born are also more likely to commercialize their research after having it patented. This paper utilizes a 2010 survey of academic inventors to analyze whether a selected patent had been licensed or whether technology transfer offices were currently working with a company. Additional analysis was conducted to understand where patents were held (whether by a private company, spinoff, government, or university) for those patents that had been successfully licensed in the past. Findings show that the foreign-born are generally less likely to have their patents licensed or to be working with technology transfer offices, though the significance of the results are mixed. In addition, the foreign-born are more likely to have their licenses held by private companies, while the native-born are more likely to work with spinoffs. These results indicate that technology transfer offices can better serve a key part of the academic workforce.
Comparison of the FreeStyle Libre Pro Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System and Point-of-Care Capillary Glucose Testing in Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimen.

OBJECTIVE We compared the performance of the FreeStyle Libre Pro continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and point-of-care capillary glucose testing (POC) among insulin-treated hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective study in adult patients with T2D admitted to general medicine and surgery wards. Patients were monitored with POC before meals and bedtime and with CGM during the hospital stay. Study end points included differences between POC and CGM in mean daily blood glucose (BG), hypoglycemia RESULTS Mean daily glucose was significantly higher by POC (188.9 ± 37.3 vs. 176.1 ± 46.9 mg/dL) with an estimated mean difference of 12.8 mg/dL (CI 8.3–17.2 mg/dL), and proportions of patients with glucose readings CONCLUSIONS Compared with POC, FreeStyle Libre CGM showed lower mean daily glucose and higher detection of hypoglycemic events, particularly nocturnal and prolonged hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients with T2D. CGM’s accuracy was lower in the hypoglycemic range.
AERPAW Emulation Overview

The Aerial Experimentation and Research Platform for Advanced Wireless (AERPAW) has been recently funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research (PAWR) program. The AERPAW platform will enable experiments with programmable radios and programmable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), conducted in a safe and repeatable manner. Several architectural components are crucial for enabling the envisioned capabilities of the testbed. In this paper, after providing a high level overview of AERPAW, we first present the emulation design of AERPAW vehicles. Subsequently, we describe various different options for wireless channel emulation in AERPAW. We start with a generalized model for wireless emulation, and expand that model to packet-level emulation, I-Q level emulation, and radio-frequency (RF)-level emulation. A discussion on the trade-offs among these various different emulation possibilities is also provided.
Vagal Nerve Stimulation Triggers Wide-Spread Evoked Responses and Changes in Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Rat Brains

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a FDA approved therapy for epilepsy and depression. However, the efficacy of VNS varies, and its mechanism is unclear. Prior studies have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map brain activations with VNS in human brains but yielded inconsistent findings. The source of the inconsistency might be attributed to the complex temporal characteristics of VNS evoked responses that cannot be fully explained by simplified response models. Objective: We used fMRI to characterize the effects of VNS in rat brains without assuming any priori response model. The questions of primary interest were 1) whether and where the VNS evoked responses at the level of networks, and 2) whether and where the VNS altered the patterns of interactions among intrinsic functional networks. Methods: We performed 7 Tesla blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI on Sprague Dawley rats receiving simultaneous electrical stimulation at the left cervical vagus nerve. Using independent component analysis, we mapped the patterns of network activations and interactions in contrast to those in the resting state. Results: Left cervical VNS evoked widespread responses over ~76% of the brain volume with the most notable activations in the brainstem and hypothalamus. The VNS evoked complex and distinctive temporal responses at different brain networks and altered the patterns of interactions among networks, especially for the limbic system. Conclusion: This paper reports a method for exploring the complex response of VNS in a data-driven manner. The results suggest that VNS evokes wide spread BOLD responses and alters large-scale functional connectivity.