cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1B3u Pyrazine. Experimental Tests of the Theory of Radiationless Transitions

Pyrazine (1,4-diazabenzene) has played a central role in the development of the theory of radiationless transitions. In this paper, we will describe studies of the decay behavior and fluorescence quantum yield of the isolated molecule and several of its isotopically labelled derivatives following pulsed dye laser excitation of “single” rotational levels of the 1 B 3 u (nπ*) state in a seeded supersonic jet, both in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field. We shall demonstrate that pyrazine can be transformed from a “small” molecule to a “large” molecule by very small perturbations; e.g., by climbing up the rotational ladder of the first excited singlet state, by isotopic labeling, and/or by applying dc magnetic fields of the order of 100 G. Thus, the experiments provide important tests of the predictions of the theory for the first time. Specifically, we will show that, under “intermediate-case” conditions, (1) the fast component of the decay is indeed coherent in nature, (2) the coupled state is triplet in character (and, thus, that the process we are monitoring is intersystem crossing (ISC)), (3) nuclear spin is conserved in ISC, (4) rotations and small magnetic fields play an important role because of the angular momentum selection rules for ISC, and (5) the levels mixed by the magnetic field are most likely the fine-structure components of the different angular momentum levels of the mixed, singlet–triplet state. The relationship of these results to those of other workers in the field will also be discussed.
A methodological approach for assessing indoor occupational risk from odor perception

This paper combines risk assessment principles with odor measurement concepts to develop a risk management tool that assists water reclamation plants’ administrators to identify, predict, and interpret the magnitude of risk associated with occupational odor perception. Analogous to the noncarcinogenic hazard index, an Odor Hazard Index (OHI) was formulated based on an Odor Reference Concentration (ORfC), which is a new concept similar to the widely used Reference Concentration (RfC) for inhalation exposures to chemicals. The OHI equals to the ratio of observed odor concentration over the ORfC, and sets a new acceptable level of odor perception, which specifies that 80% of building occupants do not perceive the odor. As the OHI approaches unity, concern about negative responses to odor perception increases. The OHI was estimated using a database generated in the dewatering building of a large water reclamation plant and was applied to evaluate odor levels and their perception at conditions with and without...
The neurons in the primate subthalamic nucleus: a Golgi and electron microscopic study.

In Golgi preparations of the adult monkey(Macaca mulatta) local interneurons and two varieties of principal neurons, radiating and elongated fusiform, are found in the subthalamic nucleus. The cell bodies of the radiating neurons have a few delicate, somatic spines some of which are occasionally bilobed and trilobed. Five to eight dendritic trunks give rise to branching, tapering dendrites, which may extend for over 400 microns. These dendrites are much thinner than the dendrites in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. Some neurons have many and some neurons have few dendritic spines. When numerous the dendritic spines are concentrated on the dendritic trunks and proximal dendrites. The relatively few elongated fusiform neurons are found not only in the capsule but also in the center of the nucleus. Most dendrites emerge from the opposite poles of their smooth surfaced cell bodies. They have a few dendritic spines. Some of these dendrites extend for more than 750 microns. In 1-micron thick plastic sections lipofuscin granules are present in some but not all principal neuron cell bodies of the pig-tail monkey(Macaca mulatta); but these granules are present in all principal neuron cell bodies of the pig-tail monkey(Macaca nemestrina) and of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The local interneurons have small cell bodies and a few relatively long undulating dendrites. The dendrites have bulbous dendritic appendages of varying complexity and beaded axon- like processes. The dendritic appendages and axon-like processes are more numerous distally and on the distal ends of the dendrites they form complex entanglements. Axons coming from the cell body have not been observed. The cell bodies of the local interneurons are identified in cresyl violet stained sections of the monkey (Macaca mulatta), in 1-micron thick plastic sections and electron micrographs of the squirrel monkey(Saimiri sciureus). They have relatively large nuclei surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm rich in polyribosomes.
Seasonal patterns of airborne particulate concentrations in New York City

Abstract Total suspended particulate (TSP) measurements of the New York City atmosphere have in the past failed to exhibit meaningful seasonal patterns, despite the fact that there are known seasonal differences in the strengths of sources contributing to the TSP. It has been found that when the TSP measurements are normalized for the effects of wind speed and the height of the atmosphere mixing layer, pronounced seasonal differences are seen. Based on analysis of two years of data, it is seen that emissions are increased during the winter months, presumably by combustion of oil for space heating. This source evidently contributes an average of 40 per cent of the total suspended particulates during the winter and ca . 20–30 per cent of the annual average total suspended particulate.
Resistive decay of Alfven waves in a non-uniform plasma

The effect of resistive dissipation on the propagation of an MHD disturbance in a nonuniform plasma is examined. The present analysis, based on a boundary-layer technique, shows the existence of resistive normal modes with complex eigenfrequencies. The real part of the eigenfrequency is associated with an oscillatory behavior and defines the location in space of the layer where resistivity is important. The dissipation mechanism is responsible for the damping of the wave, in contrast with previous works in which the ideal MHD theory was used.
Advisory Committees in British Administration

A comparatively recent development in British public administration has been the creation of advisory committees or consultative councils in connection with a number of government offices. It is probable that government officials have at times in the past held consultations with small groups of citizens without any formal organization or requirement. Temporary commissions and committees have also been set up from time to time including members of Parliament and private citizens. But the new tendency establishes such committees as a regular part of the machinery of public administration, and in some cases involves the official recognition and cooperation of professional and other voluntary organizations. The Board of Education Act, 1899, authorized a consultative committee to represent universities and other bodies interested in education. This was first established by order in council of August 7, 1900, and somewhat modified in 1907. During the World War sittings of this committee were suspended. But a new committee was appointed by order in council on July 22, 1920, to consist of twenty-one members, the term of seven to expire every two years. Four of the members appointed were women.' The Trade Boards Act, 1909, provided for district trade committees, to be organized, at first under regulations issued by the Board of Trade, and later (1916) by the Minister of Labour.2 The National Insurance Act, 1911, provided for insurance committees in every county and county borough;3 and the
Low temperature growth mechanisms of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and nanotubes by radio frequency-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Using radio frequency-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD), carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized at low temperature. Base growth vertical turbostratic CNFs were grown using a sputtered 8 nm Ni thin film catalyst on Si substrates at 140 °C. Tip growth vertical platelet nanofibers were grown using a Ni nanocatalyst in 8 nm Ni films on TiN/Si at 180 °C. Using a Ni catalyst on glass substrate at 180 °C a transformation of the structure from CNFs to CNTs was observed. By adding hydrogen, tip growth vertical multi-walled carbon nanotubes were produced at 180 °C using FeNi nanocatalyst in 8 nm FeNi films on glass substrates. Compared to the most widely used thermal CVD method, in which the synthesis temperature was 400–850 °C, RF-PECVD had a huge advantage in low temperature growth and control of other deposition parameters. Despite significant progress in CNT synthesis by PECVD, the low temperature growth mechanisms are not clearly understood. Here, low temperature growth mechanisms of CNFs and CNTs in RF-PECVD are discussed based on plasma physics and chemistry, catalyst, substrate characteristics, temperature, and type of gas.
Inferences and Observations of Turbulent Dissipation and Mixing in the Upper Ocean at the Hawaiian Ridge

Abstract The Hawaiian Ridge is one of the most energetic generators of internal tides in the pelagic ocean. The density and current structure of the upper ocean at the Hawaiian Ridge were observed using SeaSoar and Doppler sonar during a survey extending from Oahu to Brooks Banks and up to 200 km from the ridge peak. Survey observations are used to quantify spatial changes in internal-wave-induced turbulent dissipation and mixing. The turbulent dissipation rate of kinetic energy e and diapycnal eddy diffusivity Kρ are inferred from an established parameterization using internal wave shear as input. At the Kauai Channel (KC) and French Frigate Shoals/Brooks Banks sites, e and Kρ decay away from the ridge with maxima exceeding minima by 5 times. At both sites, average Kρ is everywhere greater than the canonical open-ocean value of 10−5 m2 s−1. Along the ridge, e and Kρ vary by up to 100 times and are largest at sites of largest numerical model internal tide energy density. In the eastern KC, Kρ > 10−3 m2 s−...
The neuropathy of plasma cell dyscrasia: Binding of IgM M‐proteins to peripheral nerve glycolipids

In some patients with neuropathy and plasma cell dyscrasia, the M-proteins bind to peripheral nerves. Binding of M-proteins to peripheral nerve glycolipids was examined by immunostaining after thin-layer chromatography. The IgM from 16 patients with anti-MAG M-proteins bound to the same two glycolipid bands in peripheral nerve. The IgM that bound to the glycolipids had the same idiotype as the anti-MAG M-protein, indicating that it was the M-protein that bound to both glycolipids. The reactive glycolipids did not contain sialic acid and were not gangliosides. No immunostaining of peripheral nerve glycolipids was observed with IgM from patients with neuropathy and IgM M-proteins that did not bind to MAG, and the anti-MAG antibodies did not bind to brain glycolipids. Anti-MAG M-proteins probably bind to the same or closely related carbohydrate determinants that are shared by a number of glycoproteins and glycolipids of peripheral nerve.
Schwarz alternating and iterative refinement methods for mixed formulations of elliptic problems, part I: Algorithms and numerical results

We describe sequential and parallel algorithms based on the Schwarz alternating method for the solution of mixed finite element discretizations of elliptic problems using the Raviart-Thomas finite element spaces. These lead to symmetric indefinite linear systems and the algorithms have some similarities with the traditional block Gauss-Seidel or block Jacobi methods with overlapping blocks. The indefiniteness requires special treatment. The sub-blocks used in the algorithm correspond to problems on a coarse grid and some overlapping subdomains and is based on a similar partition used in an algorithm of Dryja and Widlund for standard elliptic problems. If there is sufficient overlap between the subdomains, the algorithm converges with a rate independent of the mesh size, the number of subdomains and discontinuities of the coefficients. Extensions of the above algorithms to the case of local grid refinement is also described. Convergence theory for these algorithms will be presented in a subsequent paper.
Tissue Blood Flow and Oxygen Transport in Critically Ill Patients

The expectation that oxygen might improve the ailing patient is nearly as old as the discovery of oxygen itself. The belief that his newly found “dephlogisticated air” would be of medical benefit was recorded by Joseph Priestly after the meager trial of being sampled by two mice and himself [35]. John Hunter proposed its use for resusciation in 1776 [21]. Since then, the desire to get more oxygen into patients has been pursued with great vigor, even though its pulmonary toxicity had been noted in the literature (albeit in mice) by 1796 [4]. Since then, the methodology, understanding, and limitations of getting more oxygen to the tissues have been, in large part, worked out. Now the problems of oxygen delivery have become so seemingly trivial that they are prematurely being treated with indifference by those who fund research programs. This will continue unless something dramatic is offered, such as extracorporeal oxygenation.
Using liquid and solid state NMR and photoluminescence to study the synthesis and solubility properties of amine capped silicon nanoparticles

Abstract Water soluble silicon nanoparticles were prepared by the reaction of bromine terminated silicon nanoparticles with 3-(dimethylamino)propyl lithium and characterized with liquid and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The surface site dependent 29Si chemical shifts and the nuclear spin relaxation rates from an assortment of 1H–29Si heteronuclear solid state NMR experiments for the amine coated reaction product are consistent with both the 1H and 13C liquid state NMR results and routine transmission electron microscopy, ultra-violet/visible, and Fourier transform infrared measurements. PL was used to demonstrate the pH dependent solubility properties of the amine passivated silicon nanoparticles.
Vibrational dephasing in crystals: Theory and experiment

Abstract Vibrational lineshapes of molecules in crystals are determined to a large extent by the vibration-phonon coupling. We show how our previously developed nonperturbative theory of optical pure dephasing can be applied to the vibrational dephasing problem. We consider two cases: dephasing in a pure crystal, and dephasing of a substitutional impurity. We compare our theoretical results to temperature-dependent linewidth and lineshift measurements on the 766 cm−1 mode in pure naphthalene, and the V3 mode of ReO4− in KI.
Momentum spread: Amplitude and current contributions

We show that the spread of momentum can be broken up into two terms, one that depends only on the change in amplitude and the other which depends only on the deviations of current from the average momentum. We present a method for measuring the relative contributions of each and interpret each contribution in terms of local quantities. A generalization for arbitrary operators is given. For the case of the Hamiltonian, the local value of energy is shown to yield the quantum potential as defined by Bohm.
Alpha-conotoxin ImI disrupts central control of swimming in the medicinal leech

Medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) swim using a metachronal, front-to-back undulation. The behavior is generated by central pattern generators (CPGs) distributed along the animal's midbody ganglia and is coordinated by both central and peripheral mechanisms. Here we report that a component of the venom of Conus imperialis, α-conotoxin ImI, known to block nicotinic acetyl-choline receptors in other species, disrupts swimming. Leeches injected with the toxin swam in circles with exaggerated dorsoventral bends and reduced forward velocity. Fictive swimming in isolated nerve cords was even more strongly disrupted, indicating that the toxin targets the CPGs and central coordination, while peripheral coordination partially rescues the behavior in intact animals.
Willingness to Pay for Curbside Recycling with Detection and Mitigation of Hypothetical Bias

In this article, we estimate willingness to pay for curbside recycling. Using a unique data set, we also test for and detect significant hypothetical bias using stated- and revealed-preference data. A short-scripted “cheap-talk” statement is used to mitigate the bias and provide more efficient estimates of the welfare impacts of curbside recycling programs. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Status of Plant Biodiversity in Mt. Malarayat, Batangas, Philippines

The study determined the vegetative structure and assessed the current status of plant biodiversity in Mt. Malepunyo, one of its peaks. Herbarium of its floristic composition served as the baseline for future monitoring and scientific undertakings in the area. The quadrat technique was used to determine the vegetative structure and ecological dynamics of the forest of Mt. Malarayat- Malepunyo. The size of the quadrat was 100 square meters each (10x10 m). A total of 20 quadrats used were situated more or less along the trail to the peak. The study recorded a total of 104 species under 60 families; of which 46 species are indigenous or native to the Philippines; 27 species are introduced; 23 species endemic to Mt. Malarayat; and 9 species were unclassified. Eleven (11) were threatened species included in the conservation priority areas. The flora is composed of 67% trees, mostly from families Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Meliaceae and Rubiaceae. The undergrowth layer includes shrubs (13%), vines (11%) herbs (5%) and ferns (4%). Its potential threats and anthropogenic disturbances include presence of invasive species, impacts of unregulated tourism activities, small scale timber poaching, hunting and land conversion. Keywords - status, plant biodiversity, Mt. Malarayat, species richness
Ethical reasoning and privileged information: Resolving moral conflict

Rule 301 in the Code of Professional Conduct — Confidential Client Information — has traditionally been strictly interpreted. In some instances this has placed CPAs in a situation where their own personal moral standards are in conflict with the Code of Professional Conduct. Moral reasoning is suggested as a means of resolving this conflict. The process of moral reasoning is illustrated by contrasting Act Utilitarianism with Rule Utilitarianism. The actual resolution of a moral conflict may result in a CPA violating the Code of Professional Conduct as it is presently being interpreted.
ASSA14-12-05 The ratio of contrast volume to creatinine clearance predicts contrast-induced nephropathy and long-term outcomes in patients with chronic total occlusions undergoing cardiac catheterization

Background Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a serious complication of cardiac catheterization, and is associated with a significant increase in morbidity, mortality. To evaluate the value of the contrast volume to creatinine clearance (V/CrCl) ratio for predicting CIN and to determine a safe V/CrCl cut-off value to avoid CIN in patients with chronic total occlusions (CTOs) undergoing cardiac catheterization. Methods We prospectively enrolled 728 consecutive patients with CTOs undergoing cardiac catheterization. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the optimal sensitivity for the observed range of V/CrCl. The predictive value of V/CrCl for CIN was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Twenty-one patients (2.88%) developed CIN. There was a significant association between a higher V/CrCl ratio and CIN risk (p 2.76 remained significantly associated with CIN (OR 5.04; 95% CI 1.62–15.65, p = 0.005) or worse long-term outcomes (death: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.87, 95% CI 1.39–5.93, p = 0.004; major adverse cardiac events: HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.04–2.08, p = 0.029). Conclusions A V/CrCl ratio > 2.76 was a significant independent predictor of CIN and was independently associated with long-term outcomes.
Rotational partition function of methane

Abstract An analytical formula for the quantum-mechanical rotational partition function of tetrahedral XY 4 molecules is shown to be accurate to better than 1% for methane at temperatures T ≥ 40°K.
SU-GG-T-600: IMRT for Craniospinal Irradiation: A Comparison with Traditional Techniques

Purpose: This work tests the possibility of using IMRT to promote organ sparing for the treatment of CSI. The traditional CSI technique uses opposed lateral fields to treat the brain and posterior fields to treat the spine. Published manuscripts focusing on the possibility of IMRT for CSI have only looked at pediatric cases. Here, we will plan IMRT for CSI on adult patients to quantify the dosimetric gains when compared to traditional techniques. Method and Materials: Four patients treated at our institution were chosen and a traditional 3D plan along with an IMRT plan was computed for each patient. The planned dose was 10 Gy and only the spine fields were optimized. The traditional plan used a cervical and thoracic spine field at 100 SSD while the IMRT plan split these two fields into five isocentric fields. OAR and target volumes receiving certain doses were calculated for each plan. Results:IMRT resulted in greater target coverage, lower overall dose, and reduced OAR although the low dose was more spread out. The best target coverage was obtained on the single patient treated supine. For almost every OAR at each point, IMRT reduced the dose. Conclusion:IMRT for CSI has a dosimetric advantage in both target coverage and OAR sparing over traditional beam arrangements. To further this study, we plan on repeating this process for six more patients and we also want to examine if there is a benefit to optimize the cranial fields in the IMRT plan along with the spine fields. Although it results in a more time consuming process, we have shown that there is evidence to pursue IMRT for adult CSI.
Theory of primary networks part I-a study of voltage regulation and load distribution on primary networks

This paper presents solutions of practical operating problems of primary networks under normal and abnormal conditions. The general principles involved in network design are established. Charts are given which show in terms of elementary network data the load distribution in the network under various emergency conditions. Three simple equations involving only well known system constants are given which will enable the distribution engineer to determine the proper setting of the compensator and contact-making voltmeter to insure (1) that circulating currents shall be reduced to a minimum, (2) that overcompounding to secure proper voltage regulation shall be adequate, and (3) that any normal unbalance in load shall be reduced to a minimum. Other practical problems are discussed and answered. An exact mathematical analysis of the general regulated network is given in the Appendix. This analysis is broad in scope and has evident applications other than the particular one with respect to primary networks as considered here. The paper has been written to meet the requirements of operating engineers responsible for system networks. The results given here are substantiated by theoretical calculations, calculating board analyses and test data on actual systems in operation, and cover all practical conditions of steady state operation. A subsequent paper will consider the primary network problems involved in short-circuit and relay studies.
Beta-MPT: Multinomial processing tree models for addressing individual differences

Abstract Traditionally, multinomial processing tree (MPT) models are applied to groups of homogeneous participants, where all participants within a group are assumed to have identical MPT model parameter values. This assumption is unreasonable when MPT models are used for clinical assessment, and it often may be suspect for applications to ordinary psychological experiments. One method for dealing with parameter variability is to incorporate random effects assumptions into a model. This is achieved by assuming that participants’ parameters are drawn independently from some specified multivariate hyperdistribution. In this paper we explore the assumption that the hyperdistribution consists of independent beta distributions, one for each MPT model parameter. These beta-MPT models are ‘hierarchical models’, and their statistical inference is different from the usual approaches based on data aggregated over participants. The paper provides both classical (frequentist) and hierarchical Bayesian approaches to statistical inference for beta-MPT models. In simple cases the likelihood function can be obtained analytically; however, for more complex cases, Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms are constructed to assist both approaches to inference. Examples based on clinical assessment studies are provided to demonstrate the advantages of hierarchical MPT models over aggregate analysis in the presence of individual differences.
Social Control by Adult Preference in Operant Conditioning with Children.

Abstract During daily sessions four institutionalized retardates and four normal, first-grade children each played a two-choice marble dropping game while an adult experimenter sat beside and watched. When one of two colored lights was presented, two tokens were dispensed as soon as the subject dropped a marble, and when the other light was on, one token was dispensed. During choice trials that were interspersed among single-colored trials the subject was required to choose one of the two different colored holes. After the subject developed a preference for the color that earned two tokens, the experimenter stated a preference for the response that earned only one token ( i.e. , “I like it better when you put it into the —colored hole.”) Six of the eight subjects immediately switched to the response that earned low magnitude reinforcement when the experimenter stated his preference. Only two subjects switched back to the response that earned high magnitude reinforcement when the experimenter left the room. Subjects complied with the experimenter's preference statement regardless of whether or not it also included a negative component ( i.e. , what the experimenter did not like). There were no systematic differences between mentally retarded and normal subjects.
Lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and neutrophils in uterine secretions of mares with differing resistance to endometritis.

Abstract A study was conducted to 1) determine differences in the inflammatory response following bacterial challenge between normal mares and mares with chronic endometritis and 2) to determine if enzyme activity in uterine fluid can be used to evaluate degree of inflammation in the equine uterus. Six normal mares (Group 1) and four mares with chronic endometritis (Group 2) received an intrauterine infusion of β-hemolytic streptococci on the second day of estrus. Neutrophil concentration as well as lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in uterine secretions obtained by placing tampons in the uterus of mares. All mares had a similar inflammatory response following bacterial challenge of the uterus, as indicated by a neutrophil response of the same magnitude. Neutrophil numbers, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were all increased 12 h postinoculation and declined rapidly to normal preinoculation values by 48 h after inoculation. In spite of the similarity of the clinical signs, neutrophil concentrations and enzyme activity, mares in group 1 demonstrated a markedly higher ability to eliminate the infection than mares in group 2. It is concluded that factors other than neutrophil numbers, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity account for the inability of the mare to eliminate uterine infections.
ApoE isoforms affect neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate calcium responses and toxicity via receptor-mediated processes.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apoE) alters the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, but its mechanism is not fully understood. We examined the effects of recombinant human apoE3 and apoE4 on the neuronal calcium response to N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), and compared them to their toxicity. ApoE4 (100 nM) significantly increased the resting calcium (by 70%) and the calcium response to NMDA (by 185%), whereas similar changes were not obtained in apoE3-treated neurons. ApoE4, but not apoE3, also significantly increased neurotoxicity, as evidenced by enhanced lactate dehydrogenase release (by 53%) and reduced 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,diphenyltetrazolium bromide levels (by 32%). ApoE4-induced changes in the calcium response to NMDA and associated neurotoxicity were blocked by coincubation with MK-801. Both the receptor-associated protein, which inhibits interaction of apoE with members of the LDL receptor family, including the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), and activated α2-macroglobulin, another LRP ligand, prevented apoE4-induced enhancement of the calcium response to NMDA, resting calcium levels, and neurotoxicity. A tandem apoE peptide (100 nM) containing only the receptor binding region residues also eliminated the enhanced calcium signaling and neurotoxicity by apoE4. Taken together, our data demonstrate that differential effects of apoE3 and apoE4 on the calcium signaling in neurons correlate with their effect on neurotoxicity, which are secondary to receptor binding.
From Complex to Simple: Interdisciplinary Stochastic Models

We present two simple, one-dimensional, stochastic models that lead to a qualitative understanding of very complex systems from biology, nanoscience and social sciences. The first model explains the complicated dynamics of microtubules, stochastic cellular highways. Using the theory of random walks in one dimension, we find analytical expressions for certain physical quantities, such as the time dependence of the length of the microtubules, and diffusion coefficients. The second one is a stochastic adsorption model with applications in surface deposition, epidemics and voter systems. We introduce the ?empty interval method? and show sample calculations for the time-dependent particle density. These models can serve as an introduction to the field of non-equilibrium statistical physics, and can also be used as a pedagogical tool to exemplify standard statistical physics concepts, such as random walks or the kinetic approach of the master equation.
Content-embedded tasks beat complex span for predicting comprehension

Discourse comprehension requires one to process information that is actively maintained in working memory (WM). Therefore, we hypothesized that individual differences in comprehension would be predicted better by working memory tasks that capture the concurrent demands of processing and maintenance of the same memory elements (i.e., content-embedded tasks) than by WM tasks that require the maintenance of an extraneous memory load during processing (e.g., complex span tasks). Two hundred sixty-one undergraduates completed three content-embedded tasks, three complex span tasks, and three measures of comprehension. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that the content-embedded tasks accounted for a greater amount of variance in comprehension than did complex span tasks. Thus, tasks that require one to coordinate the processing and maintenance of task-specific memory elements are preferable for capturing the relationship between WM and comprehension.
First measurements of aerosol particle charging by free electrons—A preliminary report

Abstract The charging of fine aerosol particles by free electrons has been isolated from negative ionic charging and measured for the first time. The charge and size of individual particles were measured in a Millikan cell, with charging electric field from 0.82 to 8.2 kV/cm. In the particle size range 1.1–1.7 μm diameter, the particle charge values were much larger, and increased faster with particle size, than those predicted and observed for negative ionic charging. The particle charge values showed only slight dependence on the charging electric field.
3H-thymidine uptake by the rat urinary bladder after partial outflow obstruction.

Partial outflow obstruction induces marked changes in detrusor contractile function and morphology. One common finding in all experimental animal models of outflow obstruction is a significant increase in bladder mass. It is not clear which tissue compartments undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or both. The present study was designed to evaluate the time-related changes in 3H-thymidine uptake and distribution within each tissue compartment induced by partial outflow obstruction using autoradiography. Partial outlet obstruction in rats induced a mild 2-fold increase in mass over a 14 day period. DNA synthesis increased significantly at 1 day following surgery, and remained increased through 7 days. DNA synthesis returned to control levels by 14 days. Distribution studies (using autoradiography) demonstrated a marked increase in the number of labelled urothelium cells at 1 and 3 days after obstruction. Sham surgery also initiated an increase in the number of labelled cells in the urothelium at 1 day. Although both sham and obstructive surgeries induced substantial increases in the labelling of cells within the connective tissue components, the magnitude of the increase in labelled connective tissue cells of the obstructed bladders was greater than that of the sham group. The number of labelled smooth muscle cells of the obstructed bladder increased significantly at 3, 5, and 7 days. However, there were no changes in smooth muscle incorporation of 3H-thymidine by the sham groups. In conclusion, partial outflow obstruction induced time-dependent increases in bladder wall proliferation. The urothelium and connective tissue were the compartments first affected, followed by smooth muscle. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A compact, parallel-detection diffuse optical mammography system

A near-infrared continuous-wave optical tomographic system for in vivo breast imaging is presented. The system primarily consists of three diode lasers at 785, 808, and 830 nm, 64×64 channel source/detector optic fibers for light delivery/receiving, and 16 computer gain controlled photomultiplier tubes for parallel detection. Central to the system is a fiber optic probe that is composed of four layers of illuminating/receiving fibers arranged in a frustum of cone-shaped configuration. This probe provides data sets for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The system is computer controlled via Labview software. A full set of tomographic data (64×64) at one wavelength can be obtained in 4 min. All hardware components are contained in a single frame under an exam table which makes the entire hardware a compact and mobile system. The design, calibration, and performance of the imaging system are described in detail. The system is tested using tissue-like phantom experiments. Both 2D an...
Effects of diazepam and scopolamine on storage, retrieval and organizational processes in memory.

The effects of intramuscular injections of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (8 Μg/kg) on memory processes and subjective moods were studied in 36 volunteers. Subjects (Ss) were tested in groups of four in a double blind procedure with treatments distributed according to a Latin square design. Lists of words were presented to Ss who were then tested with an immediate free recall test prior to drug administration. Following injection delayed free recall and recognition tests were given. Subsequently two sets of lists were presented separately and tested in the same fashion. Two of the lists in the last set were composed of words falling into distinct categories. Memory was additionally analyzed by testing immediate recall of digit sequences and employing a visual recognition test. Subjective moods were evaluated with a rating questionnaire. Both diazepam and scopolamine impaired memory functions although the action of the latter drug was more pronounced and prolonged. The deficit appeared to be in the storage process leaving retrieval processes unaffected. Scopolamine in addition interfered with organizational processes. Subjectively, scopolamine also produced a larger sedative effect than diazepam.
MO-D-351-04: A Hybrid Inverse Planning Algorithm of IMPT Optimization

Purpose: Although intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is a flexible and powerful treatment technique, its inverse planning can be computationally challenging in terms of memory and speed. Here, we propose a novel optimization algorithm with the hybrid strategy to overcome those challenges. The algorithm worked very well in our tested phantoms and patients. Method and Materials: A common strategy to speed up the dose calculation during optimization is to use a Kij matrix which stores precalculated dose contributed by the scanning spot j to voxel i. However, this often requires large amount of memory due to the large dose voxel size in patients and multiple energy layers as the extra dimension of data for proton scanning beams. To speed up the dose calculation while keeping the memory usage low, our algorithm separately caches only major dose contributions from scanning spots with full intensities to each dose voxel; the sum of contributions from the remaining scanning spots is cached but unchanged except when they are accurately updated at some specified moment. A lower cut‐off threshold can be adjusted to establish the set of spots considered to make major dose contributions. We developed a variant of Newton's method, which automatically determines the patient‐customized damping parameter to attain convergence efficiency. Results: In addition to the greatly improved memory usage by the partial Kij , our tests showed that each iteration is also much faster than that using the full Kij matrix. The algorithm worked well for patients with tumors at different sites, including one with a large tumor in the lung. It showed that significant improvements of critical structure sparing were achieved. Conclusion: The proposed algorithm was computationally efficient in terms of computing time and memory usage. It worked well in complicated situations involving different treatment sites.
Antilisterial activity of lactose monolaurate in milk, drinkable yogurt and cottage cheese.

UNLABELLED Lactose monolaurate (LML) was previously found to be an antimicrobial against Listeria monocytogenes in culture medium at concentrations between 3 and 5 mg ml(-1) . In this study, the microbial inhibitory activity of LML in dairy products inoculated with a 5-strain cocktail of clinical isolates of L. monocytogenes was investigated. Addition of LML at a concentration of 5 mg ml(-1) resulted in 4.4, 4.0 and 4.2 log reductions in 0.5% fat, 1% fat and 3.25% fat milks, respectively; 4.1, 4.4, and 3.5 log reductions in nonfat, 1% fat, and 1.5% fat yogurts, respectively; and 4.0 log reductions in both nonfat and 2% fat cottage cheese. The inhibitory effect of LML was only observed at 37°C and not 5°C. Experiments suggest that both the lauric acid and the esterified lactose moiety of LML play roles in the growth inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A novel sugar ester, lactose monolaurate, inhibited the growth of a five-strain cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes in milk, yogurt and cottage cheese. This is the first report of the use of a sugar ester to inhibit the growth of Listeria in food systems.
On the augmented Lagrangian

It is well known that, for a nonlinear program, any Karush--Kuhn--Tucker point that satisfies the second order sufficient condition is also a strict local minimum of the augmented Lagrangian with an underlying penalty parameter sufficiently large. A main theme of the paper is to strengthen the theorem and bring to light an interesting connection among general critical points of a nonlinear program and its augmented Lagrangian. When a penalty parameter is sufficiently large, it will be shown that a Karush--Kuhn--Tucker point of a nonlinear program is also a critical point of its augmented Lagrangian with the same index and the same nullity. The aforementioned theorem is just the special case when the index and the nullity are zeros. This result is established through an extension of a lemma due to Finsler and Debreu, which is interesting in its own right. Consequently, under a constraint qualification, any Karush--Kuhn--Tucker point can also be shown to satisfy a second order necessary condition for a local maximum of the generalized Wolfe dual induced from the augmented Lagrangian. Interestingly, this relation holds without requiring the Karush--Kuhn--Tucker point itself to satisfy any second order optimality condition.
The electrochemistry of [1.1]metallocenophanes: a cyclic voltammetry study of homo-binuclear and hetero-binuclear systems

Abstract The redox chemistry of ferrocene is well known: oxidation to the ferrocenium ion is a highly reversible one-electron step. Several studies on ruthenocene have led to conflicting results, but it is now clear that an electrochemically irreversible two-electron oxidation at comparatively high potential is involved. For [1.1]ferrocenophane, two reversible one-electron oxidations are known to exist, which indicate the absence of significant cooperative interactions between the two ferrocene units of this homo-binuclear compound. For the analogous hetero-binuclear iron/ruthenium system we find a ferrocenecentered reversible one-electron oxidation and a ruthenocene-centered irreversible two-electron oxidation, showing the independence of the two different metallocenes in this system. In contrast to this finding, the two ruthenocenes in [1.1]ruthenocenophane appear to interact strongly: this compound shows a quasi-reversible two-electron oxidation at an unusually low potential. The electronic structure of the d ication of [1.1]ruthenocenophane is uncertain, but independent evidence indicates a mixed valence species with one ruthenocene and one ruthenocene dication.
Chemotherapy: New FluCam combination therapy has familiar limitations.

A new phase III study shows superior efficacy of fludarabine plus alemtuzumab combination therapy over fludarabine alone in the treatment of relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the study has limitations and the findings can not be generalized to the majority of patients with CLL.
The effect of surface preparation on the production of low interfacial charge regrown interfaces

Abstract Many optical and digital device structures could be enhanced by the ability to grow highly perfect interfaces on surfaces which have been chemically processed. Growth surfaces prepared through wet chemical processing typically exhibit a large density of carrier traps at a subsequently grown buried interface. The use of a Br based in-situ vapor etch prior to growth has been developed to substantially improve the electrical behavior of these interfaces. The removal of only ~ 0.02 μm of surface through the vapor etch at 800°C is sufficient to reduce the trap density. Such an in-situ vapor does not significantly reduce the concentration of chemical contaminates at the buried interface implying a change in the electrical behavior of impurities due to the vapor etch.
Response to Monro and Mehta proposal for use of single-dose toxicology studies to support single-dose studies of new drugs in humans.

Jasti C h o u d a r y , P h D , Joseph F. Con t re ra , P h D , Alber t DeFelice, P h D , Joseph J. DeGeorge , P h D , a James G. Farrelly, P h D , a Glenna Fi tzgerald, P h D , M. A n w a r Gohee r , P h D , A b b y Jacobs, P h D , Alexander Jo rdan , P h D , Lara ine Meyers , P h D , R o b e r t Os te rbe rg , P h D , Charles Re.snick, P h D , C. Joseph Sun, P h D , and R o b e r t J. Temple , M D Rockville, Md.
SRC-3Δ4 mediates the interaction of EGFR with FAK to promote cell migration

EGF induces signal transduction between EGFR and FAK, and FAK is required for EGF-induced cell migration. It is unknown, however, what factor mediates the interaction between EGFR and FAK and leads to EGF-induced FAK phosphorylation. Here, we identify SRC-3Delta4, a splicing isoform of the SRC-3 oncogene, as a signaling adaptor that links EGFR and FAK and promotes EGF-induced phosphorylations of FAK and c-Src. We identify three PAK1-mediated phosphorylations in SRC-3Delta4 that promote the localization of SRC-3Delta4 to the plasma membrane and mediate the interactions with EGFR and FAK. Importantly, overexpression of SRC-3Delta4 promotes MDA-MB231-induced breast tumor metastasis. Our findings identify phosphorylated SRC-3Delta4 as a missing adaptor between EGFR and its downstream signaling molecule FAK to coordinately regulate EGF-induced cell migration. Our study also reveals that a nuclear receptor coactivator can act in the periphery of a cell to directly mediate activation of an enzyme.
Innovative techniques for automatic multi-CD-SEM image quality monitoring and matching

As semiconductor devices continue to shrink, precision and stability for the CD-SEM has become increasingly important. Given today's critical dimension (CD) measurements for DUV and sub-DUV process control and development. In particular: maintenance and monitoring of tight tolerances for, tool-to-tool, and across-fab CD-SEM matching have quickly become mandatory for chip manufacturing and development. KLA-Tencor continues to improve its measurement precision and tool automation capabilities for its 8XXX CD-SEM. For 0.25um processes and larger, current tool monitoring procedures are sufficient; however, for processes smaller than 0.25um, the demand for better system monitoring has become increasingly critical especially in multiple CD-SEM matching. In this paper, we incorporated the KLA-Tencor 8XXX CD-SEM Pattern Qualification Confirmation (PQC) for automated monitoring of CD-SEM image quality. Furthermore, we characterized patterned and etched wafers on a Polysilicon substrate. The characterization of electron-beam induced CD growth on various size line widths and pitches will be reported. From the results, we will determine the optimal substrate and pitch size for long-term CD monitoring of CD-SEM.
Marijuana Craving Questionnaire: development and initial validation of a self-report instrument.

Aims. To develop and validate a multi-dimensional questionnaire on marijuana craving. Design and measurements. Current marijuana smokers ( n = 217) not seeking treatment completed a 47-item Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ) and forms assessing demographics, drug use history, marijuana quit attempts and current mood. Findings. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a four-factor solution best described the item structure. Factor subscales derived from the 17 items with significant loadings had respectable internal consistencies and were stable across settings and subgroups. The subscales exhibited low to moderate, positive intercorrelations and were significantly correlated with marijuana use history and a wide range of single-item measures of craving. Conclusions. Findings suggested that four specific constructs characterize craving for marijuana: (1) compulsivity, an inability to control marijuana use; (2) emotionality, use of marijuana in anticipation of relief from withdrawal or negative mood; (3) expectancy, anticipation of positive outcomes from smoking marijuana; and (4) purposefulness, intention and planning to use marijuana for positive outcomes. These data indicate that the MCQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing marijuana craving in individuals not seeking drug abuse treatment and that marijuana craving can be measured in the absence of withdrawal.