cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolving Evidentiary Needs: A Neglected Responsibility

In his article entitled The Case for Selective Abolition of the Rules of Evidence, Professor David Crump presents a number of thoughtprovoking ideas about evidentiary rules that may have outlived their usefulness, at least in the manner in which they currently are employed. While I support many of his proposals in theory, his proposed focus on cost effectiveness has a tendency to overshadow the many shades of fairness that our rules were designed to protect. In my decades of teaching evidence, I have come to respect the wisdom of many of the common law evidentiary principles and have seen too many unintended consequences when those principles have been disturbed. Certainly an overabundance of concern for fairness, or a distorted sense of trustworthiness and reliability, may have led to many cumbersome rules that safely could be scaled back without serious consequence for fairness. While reading his article, however, I often felt as though I was reading Justice Powell’s opinion in United States v. Inadi, 1 where cost and efficiency were taken to an extreme. Writing for the majority in Inadi, Justice Powell justified not requiring the government to call available co-conspirators as witnesses under the Confrontation Clause when co-conspirator admissions are used against a criminal defendant because (1) it would be an onerous burden for the government, and (2) it would serve little useful purpose for the defendant because the co-conspirator/declarant “will be . . . wary of coming to the aid of his former partners in crime.” 2 In other words, efficiency for the government was justified because the Court was willing to presume the defendant guilty! While Professor Crump would never consciously advocate such an outrageous position, neither, in all probability, would Justice Powell. The heavy prosecution slant of his article made an old criminal defense attorney feel a bit uncomfortable. 3
Further polymorphism of the tla locus defined by monoclonal tl antibodies.

Six new monoclonal TL antibodies are described. At least one new TL antigen is defined (TL.7), and at least one more Tla allele, bringing the total number of known Tla alleles to six. Five of the monoclonal antibodies, and probably all six, identify distinct TL antigenic specificities. Four of these antigens conform in strain distribution and expression on leukemia cells to antigens defined by conventional antisera. The data contain a hint that monoclonal TL antibodies like TL.m6 may serve to identify a region of the Tla gene, which determines whether or not prothymocytes will respond to physiological induction by expressing TL, and thus may provide a means to study the regulatory mechanism that determines whether mouse strains are phenotypically TL+ or TL−
OASIS: anycast for any service

Global anycast, an important building block for many distributed services, faces several challenging requirements. First, anycast response must be fast and accurate. Second, the anycast system must minimize probing to reduce the risk of abuse complaints. Third, the system must scale to many services and provide high availability. Finally, and most importantly, such a system must integrate seamlessly with unmodified client applications. In short, when a new client makes an anycast query for a service, the anycast system must ideally return an accurate reply without performing any probing at all. This paper presents OASIS, a distributed anycast system that addresses these challenges. Since OASIS is shared across many application services, it amortizes deployment and network measurement costs; yet to facilitate sharing, OASIS has to maintain network locality information in an application-independent way. OASIS achieves these goals by mapping different portions of the Internet in advance (based on IP prefixes) to the geographic coordinates of the nearest known landmark. Measurements from a preliminary deployment show that OASIS, surprisingly, provides a significant improvement in the performance that clients experience over state-of-the-art on-demand probing and coordinate systems, while incurring much less network overhead.
Oxidative inactivation of rhodanese by hydrogen peroxide produces states that show differential reactivation.

Abstract Controlled conditions have been found that give complete reactivation and long term stabilization of rhodanese (EC 2.8.1.1) after oxidative inactivation by hydrogen peroxide. Inactivated rhodanese was completely reactivated by reductants such as thioglycolic acid (TGA) (100 mM) and dithiothreitol (DTT) (100 mM) or the substrate thiosulfate (100 mM) if these reagents were added soon after inactivation. Reactivability fell in a biphasic first order process. At pH 7.5, in the presence of DTT inactive rhodanese lost 40% of its reactivability in less than 5 min, and the remaining 60% was lost more gradually (t 1/2 = 3.5 h). TGA reactivated better than DTT, and the rapid phase was much less prominent. If excess reagents were removed by gel filtration immediately after inactivation, there was time-independent and complete reactivability with TGA for at least 24 h, and the resulting samples were stable. Reactivable enzyme was resistant to proteolysis and had a fluorescence maximum at 335 nm, just as the native protein. Oxidized rhodanese, Partially reactivated by DTT, was unstable and lost activity upon further incubation. This inactive enzyme was fully reactivated by 200 mM TGA. Also, the enzyme could be reactivated by arsenite and high concentrations of cyanide. Addition of hydrogen peroxide (40-fold molar excess) to inactive rhodanese after column chromatography initiated a time-dependent loss of reactivability. This inactivation was a single first order process (t 1/2 = 25 min). Sulfhydryl titers showed that enzyme could be fully reactivated after the loss of either one or two sulfhydryl groups. Irreversibly inactivated enzyme showed the loss of one sulfhydryl group even after extensive reduction with TGA. The results are consistent with a two-stage oxidation of rhodanese. In the first stage there can form sulfenyl and/or disulfide derivative(s) at the active site sulfhydryl that are reducible by thioglycolate. A second stage could give alternate or additional oxidation states that are not easily reducible by reagents tried to date.
Turbo C++: An Introduction to Computing

I. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING. 1. The Science of Computing. 2. Program Development. II. COMPUTING WITH SIMPLE OBJECTS. 3. Getting Started with Expressions. 4. Functions and Libraries. 5. Selective Execution. 6. Repetition Statements. 7. Functions: An In-Depth Look. III. COMPUTING WITH CLASS OBJECTS. 8. Files and Streams. 9. Character Strings. 10. Types. 11. Introduction to Classes. 12. One-Dimensional Arrays. 13. Array Application: Implementing A Set Class. 14. Multidimensional Arrays. IV. COMPUTING WITH ADVANCED OBJECTS. 15. Pointers and Run-Time Allocation. 16. Linked Lists, Stacks and Queues. 17. Trees. A. ASCII and EBCDIC Character Codes. B. C++ Reserved Words. C. C++ Operators. D. Data Files. E. Professional Ethics. F. Classes Strings and RandomInt. G. Graphics. H. Gaussian Elimination. I. Templates. J. Using the Turbo C++ Object Class. K. Selected Solutions to Exercises. Index.
Women and Education in Africa

Although it has been argued that gender disparities permeate educational systems in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a paucity of systematic analyses to support these arguments. This study examines women's participation in the educational process in Sub-Saharan Africa, and argues that women are disadvantaged in this vital area of human resource development. It is argued further that women's disenfranchisement in education may not be the direct result of economic difficulties, as often suggested. Rather, this disenfranchisement is more likely to result from a complex interaction between economic factors, cultural and societal norms, and stereotypes of gender roles. Conjointly, these factors have direct and indirect influences on government initiatives in education and training, career advice, and familial support systems. Women's participation in education is compared in middle and low income Sub-Saharan African countries, and the comparison is used to support the case that economic factors, by themselves, are not sufficient for understanding women's participation in the region's educational systems.
A Review of “Sexual Intelligence: What We Really Want from Sex-and How to Get It”

Understanding and improving one's sex life is a topic of unending fascination in both the popular and professional press. The nature of sexual interest and what enhances or attenuates sexual drive ...
Analysis of High-Frequency Financial Data with S-PLUS

High-frequency financial data are observations on financial variables taken daily or at a finer time scale, and are often irregularly spaced over time. Advances in computer technology and data recording and storage have made these data sets increasingly accessible to researchers and have driven the data frequency to the ultimate limit for some financial markets: time stamped transaction-by-transaction or tick-by-tick data, referred to as ultra-high-frequency data by Engle (2000). For equity markets, the Trades and Quotes (TAQ) database of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) contains all recorded trades and quotes on NYSE, AMEX, NASDAQ, and the regional exchanges from 1992 to present. The Berkeley Options Data Base recorded similar data for options markets from 1976 to 1996. In foreign exchange markets, Olsen Associates in Switzerland maintains a data base of indicative FX spot quotes for many major currency pairs published over the Reuters’ network since the mid 1980’s. These high-frequency financial data sets have been widely used to study various market microstructure related issues, including price discovery, competition among related markets, strategic behavior of market participants, and modeling of realtime market dynamics. Moreover, high-frequency data are also useful for studying the statistical properties, volatility in particular, of asset returns at lower frequencies. Excellent surveys on the use of high-frequency financial data sets in financial econometrics are provided by Andersen (2000), Campbell, Lo and MacKinlay (1997), Dacarogna et. al. (2001), Ghysels (2000), Goodhart and O’Hara (1997), Gourieroux and Jasiak (2001), Lyons (2001), Tsay (2001), and Wood (2000). ∗Contact information: yanbc@u.washington.edu and ezivot@u.washington.edu. Data and SPLUS scripts are available at http:\\faculty.washington.edu\ezivot\ezresearch.htm.
A Gentle Introduction to Multi-stage Programming

Multi-stage programming (MSP) is a paradigm for developing generic software that does not pay a runtime penalty for this generality. This is achieved through concise, carefully-designed language extensions that support runtime code generation and program execution. Additionally, type systems for MSP languages are designed to statically ensure that dynamically generated programs are type-safe, and therefore require no type checking after they are generated.
Rupture of the Esophagus After Introduction of the Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube

Summary A case of rupture of the esophagus occurring within 30 minutes following the introduction of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is presented and the possible mechanisms causing the rupture are discussed. Precautionary measures during the introduction of the tube are emphasized.
Circular Block Designs from Planar Near-Rings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses circular block designs from planar near-rings. Planar near-rings whose additive group is ( C , +), the additive group of complex numbers, have provided direction and motivation for constructing finite planar near-rings with interesting geometric interpretations. In particular, balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD) have resulted in two distinct, but related ways. Inspiration is taken from a planar near-ring on ( C , +) to obtain a third way of constructing BIBD's, and in this case, the blocks of some of the designs have properties analogous to those of circles in the euclidean plane. Further, the chapter describes computer program. The computer program used to generate the data in the table was written in BASIC, and was compiled for the Zenith Z-100 Desktop Computer. BASIC is usually an “interpreter” language. The program, left in “interpreter” form, would generate the same data, but the time required would be greatly increased.
Influence of measurement uncertainties on soluble aerosol iron over the oceans

Abstract. The atmospheric supply of dust iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in the Earth's biogeochemical cycle and is of specific importance as a micronutrient in the marine environment. Observations show several orders of magnitude variability in the fractional solubility of Fe in dust aerosols, making it hard to assess the role of mineral dust for global ocean biogeochemical Fe cycle. In this study we compare the operational solubility of dust aerosol Fe associated with one of the flow-through leaching protocols to the results of the global 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. In the protocol aerosol Fe is defined soluble by first deionized water leaching of mineral dust through a 0.45 μm pore size membrane followed by acidification and storage of the leachate over a long period of time prior to the analysis. To assess the concentrations of soluble Fe inferred by this flow-through leaching protocol we are using in situ measurements of dust size distribution with the prescribed of 50 % fractional solubility of Fe in less than 0.45 μm sized dust particles collected in the leachate. In the model, the fractional solubility of Fe is either explicitly calculated using complex dust Fe dissolution module, or prescribed to be 1 and 4 %. Calculations show that the fractional solubility of Fe derived through the flow-through leaching is typically higher compared to the model results. The largest differences (>30 %) are predicted to occur farther away from the dust source regions, over the areas where sub-0.45 μm sized mineral dust particles contribute a larger fraction of the total dust mass. This study suggests that inconsistences in the operational definition of soluble Fe could contribute to the wide range of the fractional solubility of dust aerosol Fe reported in the literature.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF MYOFIBRIL FORMATION IN EMBRYONIC CHICK SKELETAL MUSCLE

The formation of myofibrils in the developing leg muscle of the 12-day chick embryo was studied by electron microscopy. Myofilaments of two varieties, thick (160–170 A in diameter) and thin (60–70 A in diameter), which have been designated myosin and actin filaments, respectively, on the basis of their similarity to natural and synthetic myosin and actin filaments, appear in the cytoplasm of developing muscle cells. There is a greater than 7:1 ratio of thin to thick filaments in these young myofibers. The free myofilaments become aligned in the long axis of the cells, predominantly in subsarcolemmal locations, and aggregate into hexagonally packed arrays of filaments. The presence of Z band material or M band cross-bridges do not appear to be essential for the formation or spacing of these aggregates of filaments. Formation of the Z band lattices occurs coincidentally with the back-to-back apposition of thin filaments. An hypothesis concerning myofibril growth, based on the self-assembly characteristics of the filaments, is presented.
Percutaneous Achilles tendon repair

Fourteen patients underwent percutaneous Achilles tendon repairs between 1982 and 1989 for ruptures approximately 2 to 8 cm from the calcaneal insertion. They were evaluated subjectively (questionnaires) and objectively (physical examinations, Cybex II dynamom eter). The minimum follow-up time was 2 years with an average of 3.8 years. Subjectively, all of the patients were satisfied with their overall results. Objectively, no significant difference was demonstrated by Cybex II evaluation at 60 and 120 deg/sec. A significant differ ence was seen at 180 deg/sec, but this represented only a 13% loss of power. No infections, delayed wound healing, reruptures, or evidence of thrombophlebitis were noted. There was one sural nerve injury.
Oscillator Strengths of Allowed and Intercombination Lines in P II

Accurate oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for allowed and intercombination lines of the 3s23p2-3s3p3, 3s23p2-3s23p3d, 3s23p2-3s23p4s, 3s23p2-3s23p5s, 3s23p2-3s23p4d, 3s3p3-3s23p4p, and 3s23p4s-3s23p4p multiplets in P II are calculated by using nonorthogonal orbitals technique in the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method. The relativistic corrections are included through the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. The wave functions exhibit large correlation corrections and term dependence of valence orbitals. Progressively larger calculations are performed to check for significant electron correlation contributions. The length and velocity forms of oscillator strength show good agreement for most transitions in our final calculation. The calculated branching ratio for the 5S-3P2,1 intercombination lines is in agreement with the experiment and other elaborate calculations.
Meeting the grand challenge for future carbon management engineers and scientists: Stimulating workforce capacity through teacher professional development

Abstract In 2008 the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) announced a list of fourteen Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century that includes the challenge to “Develop carbon sequestration methods”. The NAE highlighted the importance of creating an awareness of and involvement in the Grand Challenges for the pre-university community in order to (1) strengthen the technical workforce pipeline, (2) develop technical literacy and motivation needed for the global society to address these challenges, and (3) educate the general public on engineering and its role in addressing these challenges and improving the quality of life. In 2009, we initiated a program funded by the United States Department of Energy to increase workforce capacity for the geological carbon storage (GCS) industry. As part of this initiative, we have forged alliances to bring high-quality curriculum related to GCS to pre-university classrooms, and to provide teachers an opportunity to introduce curriculum on one of the Grand Challenges for Engineering into their classroom.
An approximation of betweenness centrality for Social Networks

A challenge in the research of Social Networks is the large scale analysis of graphs. One of the most valuable metrics in the evaluation of graphs is betweenness-centrality. In this paper, we define an approximation of betweenness-centrality for the purpose of building a predictive model of Social Networks. The methodology presented describes a bounded distance approximation of betweenness-centrality designed for implementation within a parallel architecture. Through our proposed design pattern, we are able to leverage Big Data technologies to determine metrics in the context of ever expanding internet-based data resources.
Effects of intra-ischemic blood pressure on outcome from 2-vessel occlusion forebrain ischemia in the rat

Halothane anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 10 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion with mean arterial pressure (MAP) held at 30, 50 or 60 mmHg. Sham rats did not undergo ischemia. A 7-day recovery interval was allowed. Intra-ischemic electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, behavioral function (Days 5–7), and histologic injury (Day 7) were evaluated. Under similar conditions, cerebral blood flow was determined after 10 min ischemia by the [3H]nicotine indicator fractionation technique. EEG isoelectricity was observed in 11 of 11.5 of 10, and 2 of 11 rats in the 30 mmHg, 50 mmHg, and 60 mmHg groups respectively. Neither passive avoidance cross-over latencies nor general motor scores were affected by intra-ischemic MAP and no differences from sham performance were observed. The per cent of CA1 neurons counted as dead (left and right hemispheres combined) was significantly affected by intra-ischemic MAP (72, 46 and 28% in the 30 mmHg, 50 mmHg, and 60 mmHg groups, respectively; P < 0.001. A greater than 50% CA1 neuronal mortality rate was present only in those rats exhibiting EEG isoelectricity. However, the number of rats demonstrating greater than a 25% interhemispheric difference in CA1 neuronal loss was greatest in the 50 mmHg group (P < 0.02). Hippocampal blood flow decreased in association with severity of hypotension 8±1.35±8, and 48 + ml/100g/min (mean ∓ S.E.M. for 30, 50, and 60 mmHg, respectively; P <0.01. Again, however, the greatest variability in blood flow was observed at MAP = 50 mmHg. These results indicate that reduction of MAP to 30 mmHg during bilateral carotid artery occlusion will yield the most consistent hemodynamic and electrophysiologic events corresponding to reduced inter- and intra-animal variability in histologic outcome in this model of near-complete forebrain ischemia.
The interplay of similarity and self verification in relationship formation

The notion that similarity between relationship partners may be a means by which one can select a partner who is likely to provide self-confirming feedback was explored. The sample consisted of 335 college roommate pairs, some of whom chose to be roommates, and some of whom were assigned together. Consistent with prediction, students who chose roommates were more similar to and self-verifying with their roommates than were students assigned a roommate. Contrary to prediction, similarity did not account for the association between choice and self-verification.
Microwave refraction in the eye.

An ocular model is postulated to describe the refraction of microwaves (1 to 35 GHz) impinging on the eye from free space. Results from several semiempirical computations in which experimentally determined dielectric constants and electrical conductivities were incorporated into the model suggest that the focal point for an impinging paraxial beam of microwaves occurs a few millimeters behind the posterior center of the lens. The distance between the posterior center of the lens and the focal point is shown to increase with frequency, whereas the computed penetration depth of the lens at the anterior and posterior center is shown to decrease with frequency. A comparison between the model computations and experimentally induced cataractogenesis at various frequencies suggest that refraction is a significant factor in the lower frequency region (f 5 GHz) penetrationdepth effects become increasingly important.
A Matter of Cultivation

Written from the perspective of a parent who is also an educational researcher, this article illuminates differences in cultivation that were lived and told, and relived and retold, by the author and her son. It tells of how a teenage male storied changes he experienced in his schooling when the family moved over 2300 miles, and his school context changed from that of a large, public school in western Canada to that of a small, private school in the mid-southern USA. Clandinin and Connelly's notion of cultivation is used in this work to make sense of the two narratives that are presented and re-presented. The idea that students, like teachers and principals, have knowledge communities, is advanced. The reflective work particularly shows how family members can become important parts of students' communities of knowing, especially during times of transition. In the final analysis, the piece transcends the notion of one form of cultivation being preferable to another and emphasizes the fruitful making of a life.
Accuracy of self-report in assessing Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I through VI.

Importance Determining Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (FST) allows physicians to assess a person’s risk of developing sunburn and, by extension, the need for sun protection to prevent the development of skin cancer. Reflectance spectrophotometry objectively measures the melanin index and can assist in determining the accuracy of self-report of FST compared with dermatologist-determined FST. Objectives To assess whether self-reported or dermatologist-determined FST is more accurate in identifying a participant’s FST for FST I through VI and to assess the relevance of the burning and tanning measures for a range of skin types among ethnically diverse participants. Design and Setting A convenience sample of participants in an observational study from June 2, 2010, through December 15, 2010, at an ambulatory academic dermatologic practice and employee health center in an urban city. Participants Participants, staff, and students of Northwestern University, who self-identified as being non-Hispanic white, Hispanic or Latino, Asian or Pacific Islander, or black. Main Outcomes and Measures Melanin index as measured with reflectance spectrophotometry compared with dermatologist- and participant-determined FST. Results Forty-two percent (114 of 270) of the participants’ responses to the burning and tanning questions could not be classified using standard FST definitions. The spectrophotometry measurements for dermatologist-determined FST were significantly different for FST III and IV ( P P P P = .90). Participant responses to burning and the dermatologist-determined FST were significantly correlated (Spearman ρ, 0.764; P P = .15). Spectrophotometry measurements assessing FST were statistically significantly different for FST III through VI ( P Conclusions and Relevance Dermatologist-determined FST is more accurate than self-report for FST III through VI. Rephrasing the questions using specific descriptors that have meaning to people with skin of color, such as skin irritation, tenderness, itching, or skin becoming darker, may allow physicians to more accurately assign a skin phototype and, by inference, assess the risk of these participants developing skin cancer. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01124513
Humoral presensitization in rat heart allotransplantation.

Abstract In these experiments an attempt was made to create a rat model of the past-positive, current-negative lymphocyte crossmatch (PPCNCx) phenomenon currently of concern in clinical renal transplantation. Lewis rats were sensitized with three to four serial ACI heart fragment (HF) or skin grafts. Subsequent ACI heart graft survival in the presence of high titer LEW-anti-ACI antibody was markedly shortened with 4 of 10 surviving for 24 hr or less in HF-sensitized rats and 11 of 11 surviving less than 24 hr following skin graft sensitization. Thirteen sensitized LEW rats were transplanted with ACI hearts 18 months later when their anti-ACI antibody was nil. Control rats ( N = 5) had graft survival of 4.4 ± 0.6 days; cyclosporine (CsA) therapy prolonged this to 8.0 ± 3.6 days ( N = 4), while combined cyclosporine and cyclophosphamide (Cy) resulted in an MST of 4.3 ± 0.4 ( N = 3). LEW-anti-ACI antibody was present on Day 3 or 4 in the control rats but was absent at the time of rejection in the CsA-Cy treated rats. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from sensitized LEW rats into naive LEW hosts produced animals with humoral immune memory but no anti-ACI antibody at the time of transplantation. Nonimmunosuppressed adoptively transferred LEW recipients of ACI hearts rejected their grafts in an accelerated fashion (MST of 4.5 ± 0.5 days) and displayed an anamnestic antibody production with first appearance on Day 3 or 4. Immunosuppression with CsA or Cy prolonged graft survival (> 30 days) in all cases and Cy prevented an anamnestic humoral response. These data suggest that study of the PPCNCx problem may be feasible using a rat model. Preliminary experience with this model suggests that combined immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine may be beneficial in a clinical setting.
Influence of contamination and cleaning on bond strength to modified zirconia.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of contamination and cleaning procedures on shear bond strength (SBS) to modified zirconia surfaces. Methods One hundred zirconium-oxide ceramic disks fabricated with a rough modified surface (Nobel Bond), which allows more micromechanical interlocking for adhesive cementation, were divided into five groups. Groups were contaminated with organic (OC; human blood and saliva) and/or inorganic contaminants (IC; type IV dental stone). For cleaning, modified surfaces were etched with phosphoric acid for 1 min (PA) or fired in a ceramic furnace up to 910 °C and cleaned in an ultrasonic bath in ethanol (FU). Following combinations of contamination and cleaning protocols were chosen: group 1: OC-PA; group 2: IC-FU; group 3: OC + IC-PA + FU; group 4: OC + IC-no cleaning; group 5: no contamination–no cleaning. Level of contamination and efficacy of cleaning were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Composite cylinders were bonded to the disks using dual curing adhesive resin cement (RelyX ARC). Fifty samples were subjected to 20,000 thermal cycles (TC). All samples were tested for SBS. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with α = 0.05. Results SBS ranged from 16.6 to 18.8 MPa (non-TC) and 10.6–21.7 MPa (TC). TC did not lower SBS, except for group 1. XPS showed that OC produced higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, and silica, whereas IC generated elevated levels of calcium, sulfur, carbon, and potassium. Cleaning with both procedures reduced contamination significantly. Significance A combination of FU and PA is an efficient method for cleaning contaminated modified zirconia surfaces.
On the definition of a stochastic differential game

where t e R is the time, x ~ R" is the state variable, u = u(t) ~ R p and v = v(t) ~ R q are control variables and w = w(t, ~o)~ R" is some stochastic process defined over the probability space (f2, 0, t0, where f~ is a nonempty abstract set, 0 is a o-algebra of subsets of f2 and tz is a probability measure on 0. In this game, one player, called u, controls the function u(t) and another player, called v, controls the function v(t). Let the initial state of the game be given by Xo = x(to) and the terminal condition by the expression
Evaluation of the use of performance reference compounds in an Oasis-HLB adsorbent based passive sampler for improving water concentration estimates of polar herbicides in freshwater.

Passive samplers such as the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are useful tools for monitoring trace levels of polar organic chemicals in aquatic environments. The use of performance reference compounds (PRC) spiked into the POCIS adsorbent for in situ calibration may improve the semiquantitative nature of water concentration estimates based on this type of sampler. In this work, deuterium labeled atrazine-desisopropyl (DIA-d5) was chosen as PRC because of its relatively high fugacity from Oasis HLB (the POCIS adsorbent used) and our earlier evidence of its isotropic exchange. In situ calibration of POCIS spiked with DIA-d5 was performed, and the resulting time-weighted average concentration estimates were compared with similar values from an automatic sampler equipped with Oasis HLB cartridges. Before PRC correction, water concentration estimates based on POCIS data sampling rates from a laboratory calibration exposure were systematically lower than the reference concentrations obtained ...
Work performance breathing normoxic nitrogen or helium gas mixtures.

Twelve subjects completed a progressive treadmill test to maximal aerobic capacity while breathing air or a 79% helium — 21% oxygen gas mixture (HeO2). Metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to work while breathing the two mixtures were compared at rest, 30–40%, 60–70%, and 85–95% of maximal performance, and at maximal effort. Ventilation, ventilatory equivalent, and respiratory rates were increased and oxygen uptakes decreased by breathing HeO2 when the level of work exceeded 85–95% of maximum. Heat loss through the respiratory tract was greater breathing HeO2. The reduction in maximal oxygen uptake is probably due to a reduction in the oxygen cost of breathing a less dense gas. It was not related to a lower body temperature and probably not to O2 transport or circulatory limitation. HeO2 breathing had no effect on maximal mechanical work capacity.
Biodehalogenation: Oxidative and Hydrolytic Pathways in the Transformations of Acetonitrile, Chloroacetonitrile, Chloroacetic Acid, and Chloroacetamide by Methylosinus trichosporium OB-3b

Resting cell suspensions of the soil methylotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB-3b rapidly metabolize acetonitrile (ACN) and chloroacetonitrile (CCN) to bicarbonate. Formate, a natural substrate for this organism, is a major metabolite in both cases. The first step in these processes, established with 13C-labeled substrates and NMR analysis, is an oxygen insertion into the C−H bond to yield the corresponding cyanohydrins. With acetonitrile, the loss of HCN from the initially formed cyanohydrin (HOCH2CN) produces formaldehyde. The latter is rapidly converted to formate and CO2. With chloroacetonitrile, the first formed cyanohydrin [HOCHCl(CN)] may lose HCN to produce formyl chloride or lose HCl to yield formyl nitrile. The generation of CO, in addition to formate, implicates formyl chloride and/or formyl nitrile as intermediates. With neither ACN nor CCN is the nitrile moiety directly attacked or hydrolyzed. In particular, the nitrile hydrolysis products from CCN, chloroacetamide (CAM), and chloroacetic ac...
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF CAS IN GROUP III+C COIMPLANTED GAAS

The effect of In and Ga coimplanted with C into GaAs on the concentration of CAs has been investigated by local vibrational mode spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, particle‐induced x‐ray emission, and Hall effect. The dose of the C was fixed at 5×1014 cm−2, 27 keV, while the doses of either In, 185 keV, or Ga, 160 keV, ranged from 5×1013 to 5×1015 cm−2. Based on the Hall‐effect and local vibrational mode data, 99% of the C, when implanted alone and annealed, is not located as isolated, substitutional atoms on either sublattice, but in an inactive complex. The coimplanted group‐III species acts to increase both the concentration of CAs ([CAs]) and the sheet hole concentration. For coimplant doses of 5×1013 and 5×1014 cm−2, these values are in good agreement. Increasing the dose of the group‐III coimplanted ion to 5×1015 cm−2 results in a hole concentration that is 45% less than the [CAs] and the coimplanted ions begin to occupy nonsubstitutional sites. The reduction in the concentration of holes due ...
Cooperative emission by two different atoms into surface plasmons

Abstract The interaction between surface plasmons and two atoms with different electronic transition frequencies near a metal or doped semiconductor surface is considered. The atom-atom and atom-surface separations are assumed to be smaller than the corresponding mean resonance wavelength. The time evolution of the emission rate of such an atomic pair into surface plasmon modes is calculated in a fully quantum-mechanical manner. Explicit results are given for various initial states of the diatomic system. As the frequency difference Δ ⩽ γ , where γ is the mean half-width of the atomic resonance lines, the emission behaves as if there are two identical atoms. On the other hand, when Δ > γ, oscillations are found in the emission rate as a function of time in all casese as a manifestation of beating. The oscillations are especially pronounced when the diatomic system is initially in a coherent state. For the form of the particular state corresponding to complete photon trapping in the case of two identical atoms, a pair of two different atoms exhibits oscillating emission into the superradiant region before eventual decay to zero.
Diagnostic effectiveness of noncontact slitlamp examination in the identification of retinal tears.

Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of noncontact slitlamp examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression, in the identification of retinal tears. Methods A prospective study was performed using 17 patients who were referred with retinal tears. All were initially examined at the slitlamp with a hand-held Volk (noncontact) lens. The same observer then carried out indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral indentation. Results In 17 eyes a total of 18 acute retinal u-tears were found. A total of 16 tears were picked up at the initial examination at the slitlamp (89%), while two were missed (11%). Conclusions Indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral depression is the ‘gold standard’ for the identification of peripheral retinal tears. This small study has shown that although the majority of these can be picked up by the use of a noncontact lens at the slitlamp, 11% were missed using this technique.
Extensions of pro- p groups of cohomological dimension two

The purpose of this note is to extend Brumer's characterization of pro- p groups of cohomological dimension two ([ 1 ], corollary 5·3) to presentations more general than free ones. The result is then used to rid a proof in [ 7 ] of certain field theoretic ingredients. As a by-product we complete a result of Tsvetkov [ 6 ] about group extensions obtained by omitting relations.
Progesterone receptors activation after acute cocaine administration

Cocaine modulates serum levels of progesterone in intact female and male rats, as well as in pregnant dams, and progesterone decreases or attenuates cocaine-induced behavioral and reward responses. It has been postulated that cocaine's modulation of serum progesterone levels may in turn alter progesterone receptor activity, thereby contributing to cocaine-induced alterations of neuronal functions and genomic regulations. To test this hypothesis, intact male rats received acute injections of saline or cocaine (15 or 30 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.9% saline, intraperitoneal). Progesterone serum levels, progesterone receptor (PR) protein levels, and PR-DNA binding complexes were measured in the striatum by radioimmunoassay, Western blot, and gel shift analyses, respectively. After injection of 15 mg/kg of cocaine, induction of progesterone serum levels was closely followed by an increase in receptor protein levels and DNA binding complexes. After injection of 30 mg/kg of cocaine, similar effects were observed along with an attenuation of receptor protein levels and DNA binding complexes at 60 min. Our results suggest that activation of progesterone receptors may be a mechanism by which cocaine mediates behavior through molecular alterations in the central nervous system.
Suicide risk in Veterans Health Administration patients with mental health diagnoses initiating lithium or valproate: a historical prospective cohort study

Lithium has been reported in some, but not all, studies to be associated with reduced risks of suicide death or suicidal behavior. The objective of this nonrandomized cohort study was to examine whether lithium was associated with reduced risk of suicide death in comparison to the commonly-used alternative treatment, valproate. A propensity score-matched cohort study was conducted of Veterans Health Administration patients (n=21,194/treatment) initiating lithium or valproate from 1999-2008. Matching produced lithium and valproate treatment groups that were highly similar in all 934 propensity score covariates, including indicators of recent suicidal behavior, but recent suicidal ideation was not able to be included. In the few individuals with recently diagnosed suicidal ideation, a significant imbalance existed with suicidal ideation more prevalent at baseline among individuals initiating lithium than valproate (odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% CI 1.09, 1.54; p=0.003). No significant differences in suicide death were observed over 0-365 days in A) the primary intent-to-treat analysis (lithium/valproate conditional odds ratio (cOR) 1.22, 95% CI 0.82, 1.81; p=0.32); B) during receipt of initial lithium or valproate treatment (cOR 0.86, 95% CI 0.46, 1.61; p=0.63); or C) after such treatment had been discontinued/modified (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.91, 2.50; p=0.11). Significantly increased risks of suicide death were observed after the discontinuation/modification of lithium, compared to valproate, treatment over the first 180 days (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.21, 6.11; p=0.015). In this somewhat distinct sample (a predominantly male Veteran sample with a broad range of psychiatric diagnoses), no significant differences in associations with suicide death were observed between lithium and valproate treatment over 365 days. The only significant difference was observed over 0-180 days: an increased risk of suicide death, among individuals discontinuing or modifying lithium, compared to valproate, treatment. This difference could reflect risks either related to lithium discontinuation or higher baseline risks among lithium recipients (i.e., confounding) that became more evident when treatment stopped. Our findings therefore support educating patients and providers about possible suicide-related risks of discontinuing lithium even shortly after treatment initiation, and the close monitoring of patients after lithium discontinuation, if feasible. If our findings include residual confounding biasing against lithium, however, as suggested by the differences observed in diagnosed suicidal ideation, then the degree of beneficial reduction in suicide death risk associated with active lithium treatment would be underestimated. Further research is urgently needed, given the lack of interventions against suicide and the uncertainties concerning the degree to which lithium may reduce suicide risk during active treatment, increase risk upon discontinuation, or both.
Biomechanical Implications of Gender-Dependent Muscle Locations

Military pilots are subjected to high magnitude inertial loads applied to the head-neck complex during high-G maneuvers. Cervical spinal soft-tissue injuries have occurred in this population [1–3]. Acute injury rates were reported between 54 and 89%, most commonly resulting in muscle or neck pain. Early cervical spine degenerative changes were also identified for fighter pilots [4]. Because the neck muscles are responsible for maintaining head-neck stability, one study hypothesized that cervical injuries in aviators may result from insufficient neck muscle strength to support the head-neck complex during high-G maneuvers [5]. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that pilots participating in pre-injury neck strengthening exercises demonstrated fewer injuries [1]. Although clinical data on the subject are limited, female pilots may be more susceptible to neck injury due to more slender necks and cervical columns that may be less resistant to bending [6, 7]. Differences in neck muscle geometry, in terms of cross-sectional area and positioning, may also lead to differing injury rates. Previous investigations of neck muscle geometry using contemporary medical imaging modalities were conducted with subjects in supine position [8–11], which removes the axial loads of the head and superior cervical structures due to gravity and likely changes neck muscle geometry. To date, no study has outlined gender-dependent neck muscle geometry determined using MRI of subjects in upright, sitting posture. The present hypothesis was that significant gender differences exist in neck muscle geometry.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Enantiocontrolled Synthesis of 2,3,6-Trisubstituted Piperidines Using (η3-Dihydropyridinyl)molybdenum Complexes as Chiral Scaffolds. Total Synthesis of (−)-Indolizidine 209B

Enantiopure TpMo(CO)2(pyridinyl) complexes were prepared using an efficient and scalable enzymatic kinetic resolution of the precursor to the molybdenum complex. A single TpMo(CO)2(pyridinyl) complex can function as a chiral scaffold for the enantiocontrolled synthesis of either 2,3,6-cis- or 2,6-cis-3-trans-trisubstituted piperidines. The synthetic potential of this methodology was demonstrated by a total synthesis of (−)-indolizidine 209B.
Evaluation of FDA and USDA procedures for enumeratingListeria monocytogenes in ground beef

Abstract The suitability of FDA and USDA-FSIS methods for isolating Listeria monocytogenes from meat samples was evaluated and examined. The enrichment broths tested were Fraser broth (FB), Listeria enrichment broth (LEB), University of Vermont (UVM) broth, and UVM with extra acriflavine (UVMA). The agar media used included modified McBride agar (MMA), LiCl-phenylethanol-moxalactam (LPM) agar, modified Oxford (MOX) agar, and McBride agar (MA) as a control. The performance of 16 combinations of enrichment broth and plating agar media was examined to recover three strains of L. monocytogenes from pure culture suspension and a slurry of inoculated fresh ground beef (10 2 –10 4 cfu ml −1 ). All media performed well; however, FDA-LEB combined with USDA-MOX agar was the most efficient for the detection of L. monocytogenes strains.
The male sling for stress urinary incontinence: 24-month followup with questionnaire based assessment

ABSTRACTPurpose: Stress urinary incontinence after prostate surgery can be a bothersome problem, adversely affecting quality of life. We performed a prospective study of the male perineal sling for...
The location and synthesis of transferrin in mouse embryos and teratocarcinoma cells.

Abstract In early postimplantation mouse development, transferrin synthesis appears to be a marker of visceral endoderm cell types. Transferrin was identified using immunoperoxidase staining, in the proximal (visceral) endoderm of the sixth-day egg cylinder, in some tissues at later stages, and in the visceral yolk sac (VYS) at all stages examined. Since the location of a plasma protein does not necessarily indicate its site of synthesis, the incorporation of labeled amino acids into transferrin was studied. Synthesis could be detected in egg cylinders on the seventh day of gestation onwards and in the VYS at all stages. However, although endoderm was the likely tissue source, its ability to synthesize transferrin after its isolation from the embryo was either much reduced or absent. The data are suggestive of a modulating influence by mesoderm and other cell types on transferrin synthesis in visceral endoderm cells. Three types of endoderm-like cells which are produced by teratocarcinoma embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were analyzed for transferrin synthesis to assess possible parallels with the embryo. Embryoid bodies from PSA1 EC cells contained some outer endoderm cells which stained for transferrin and others which did not. The endoderm line PSA5E but not PYS-2 synthesized transferrin. The third type of endoderm-like cell (END cells) synthesized very little (OC15S1) or no (PC13 clone 5) transferrin. The conclusion that PSA5E, OC15 END, and some differentiated PSA1 cells have visceral endoderm-like character while PYS-2 reflects parietal endoderm phenotype is in agreement with published data.
Defect structures in ZrCo2 Laves phase

Point defect structures in the C15 ZrCo2 alloys were studied by bulk density and X-ray lattice parameter measurements. It was found that, for the ZrCo2 alloys quenched from 1000°C, the lattice parameter increases linearly as the Zr content increases up to 33.3 at.% Zr. The lattice parameter of the Laves phase remains constant for the alloys with Zr content higher than 33.3 at.%, indicating that the solubility range of Zr in ZrCo2 on the Zr-rich side is essentially zero. The constitutional defects were found to be of the anti-site type. Thermal vacancies exhibiting a maximum at the stoichiometric composition were observed in the ZrCo2 Laves phase alloys after quenching from 1250 and 1000°C, with higher thermal vacancies obtained from 1250°C. The defect structures in the ZrCo2 phase may be correlated to the relative magnitude of formation enthalpies for anti-site and quadruple defects in this compound. Thermal vacancy concentration at a level of 1% in ZrCo2 does not affect fracture toughness at room temperature.
The Selective Monohalogenation of Dihydro- and Trihydrosilanes

Abstract The selective monohalogenation of dihexylsilane by a number of oxidants was studied. The most selective oxidant was found to beN-bromosuccinimide, NBS, yielding products of monobromination with greater than 50:1 selectivity. Various degrees of monoselectivity were found in the bromination of other differentially substituted dihydro- and trihydrosilanes by NBS.