cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy and Rationality of Imprecise Credences

It has been claimed that, in response to certain kinds of evidence (“incomplete” or “non-specific” evidence), agents ought to adopt imprecise credences: doxastic states that are represented by sets of credence functions rather than single ones. In this paper I argue that, given some plausible constraints on accuracy measures, accuracy-centered epistemologists must reject the requirement to adopt imprecise credences. I then show that even the claim that imprecise credences are permitted is problematic for accuracy-centered epistemology. It follows that if imprecise credal states are permitted or required in the cases that their defenders appeal to, then the requirements of rationality can outstrip what would be warranted by an interest in accuracy.
Comparison of Solar Power Output Forecasting Performance of the Total Sky Imager and the University of California, San Diego Sky Imager

Abstract The performance of the Total Sky Imager (TSI) and University of California, San Diego Sky Imager (USI) instruments has been evaluated using correlation and dispersion metrics applied to clear sky index. The TSI was located at a 48MW PV plant in Nevada, USA, and the USI was located at the UCSD campus in San Diego, USA. Distributed pyranometer measurements over several square kilometers were available at both locations to provide spatial averages of irradiance. Clear sky index was forecast for a 15 minute horizon at 30 sec. intervals, and the correlation and Euclidean dispersion were evaluated. A persistence forecast was generated for each location to provide a reference for comparison. For the aggregate dataset, the forecast performance of the USI exceeded that of persistence beyond the 10 minute forecast horizon, whereas the TSI did not show skill over persistence. For the period of study, the USI gave correlations of clear sky index between 0.70 and 0.82, whereas the TSI provided correlations between 0.55 and 0.69. Overall, the mean value and the trend of the correlation results were more consistent for the USI than the TSI on the days evaluated. It is concluded that the USI is a more reliable solar resource assessment instrument for the wide range of atmospheric conditions evaluated.
The role of empathy in the formation and maintenance of social bonds

A primary function of empathy is to help individuals form and maintain social bonds. Empathy should thus occur only when individuals seek to solidify social bonds, and not in response to any opportunity to process others' emotions. Empathy should also involve only certain types of emotion – specifically, emotions that facilitate social bonds – and not any and all types of emotion.
Curve evolution and the computation of optical flow

ABSTRACT A novel approach for the computation of optical flow based on an L' type minimization is presented. It is shown that the approach has inherent advantages since it does not smooth the flow-velocity across the edges andhence preserves edge information. A numerical approach based on computation of evolving curves is proposedfor computing the optical flow field. Computations carried out on a number of real image sequences in order toillustrate the theory as well as the numerical approach.Keywords: curve evolution; optical flow; motion; scale spaces; gradient descent 1 INTRODUCTION Optical flow field is defined as the velocity vector field of apparent motion of brightness patterns in a sequenceof images." Relative motion between a camera and objects being imaged (or relative motion among the objectsbeing imaged) are very common cases which give rise to optical flow.One common simplifying assumption is the constancy of intensity at any point in the image and gives rise tothe "optical flow constraint" (OFC). It can be expressed as the following linear equation in the unknown variablestt
Picosecond nonlinear optics in semiconductor quantum wells with SCA free-electron laser

Strong enhancement in the second harmonic generation signal is observed in the mid-infrared in ultra-narrow p-type asymmetric GaAs quantum wells. The experiments have been performed with the high power, tunable free electron laser located at Stanford University© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The local economic imprint of return migrants in Bolivia

Until recently the role of international return migrants in local economic development has received little attention from researchers. Drawing upon Granovetter's notion of embeddedness and Levitt's concept of social remittances, I argue that return migrants are more locally embedded (in terms of local networks and cultural affinity) and better able to transfer social remittances (skills, social capital, and norms) from abroad, than active migrants. Therefore, I expect they will have a larger economic imprint (i.e., work, spend, and invest locally to a higher degree) than either non-migrants or active migrants. To test this expectation, I rely on my 2007 survey of over 400 households in the Valle Alto of Bolivia – a country where remittances from foreign labor migration have taken on great importance in recent years. I compare three types of households: (1) active migrant households, in which at least one member is working overseas; (2) return migrant households, in which at least one member has returned from overseas and there are no active migrants; and (3) non-migrant households, in which no one has ever worked abroad. The results suggest that return migrant households work and invest locally and contribute more to the economic base of their home communities than either of the other two types; and that this is made possible by the combination of their local embeddedness and their use of social remittances to further their economic success in Bolivia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacodynamic Model of Sodium–Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibition: Implications for Quantitative Translational Pharmacology

Sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are an emerging class of agents for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to improved glycemic control through increased urinary glucose excretion (UGE). In this study, a biologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of SGLT2 inhibitor-mediated UGE was developed. The derived model was used to characterize the acute PK/PD relationship of the SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, in rats. The quantitative translational pharmacology of dapagliflozin was examined through both prospective simulation and direct modeling of mean literature data obtained for dapagliflozin in healthy subjects. Prospective simulations provided time courses of UGE that were of consistent shape to clinical observations, but were modestly biased toward under prediction. Direct modeling provided an improved characterization of the data and precise parameter estimates which were reasonably consistent with those predicted from preclinical data. Overall, these results indicate that the acute clinical pharmacology of SGLT2 inhibitors in healthy subjects can be reasonably well predicted from preclinical data through rational accounting of species differences in pharmacokinetics, physiology, and SGLT2 pharmacology. Because these data can be generated at the earliest stages of drug discovery, the proposed model is useful in the design and development of novel SGLT2 inhibitors. In addition, this model is expected to serve as a useful foundation for future efforts to understand and predict the effects of SGLT2 inhibition under chronic administration and in other patient populations.
Developmental changes in responsiveness to parents and unfamiliar adults in a monogamous monkey (Callicebus moloch).

Titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch) are monogamous New World primates that are characteristically found in family-type groups consisting of a mated adult pair and one or two young. The factors maintaining the small size of these groups are not known. Based on observations of free-ranging and captive families, parental aggression toward older offspring seems unlikely to play a significant role. Maturing individuals themselves, however, could undergo behavioral changes that weaken ties to their natal group. These might include waning of affiliative relations with parents, or subtle forms of aversion. Independent of such changes, increasing interest in unfamiliar conspecifics could be a factor. We examined these possibilities in the present study by assessing changes in social behavior and social preferences from initial ambulatory independence (6 months) through reproductive maturity (24 months) in a combined cross-sectional/longitudinal study of 21 captive titi monkeys living with their parents. Responses to both parents and to an unfamiliar adult heterosexual pair, a single unfamiliar adult male, and a single unfamiliar adult female were observed when subjects were given a choice between parents and strangers presented simultaneously or as the only social incentive. Social stimuli were at opposite ends of a 16.8-m-long test corridor. Subjects could move freely about the corridor for 5 min with each configuration of social stimuli. They stayed closer to parents than to strangers at all ages. Responsiveness to strangers increased with age and suggested growing ambivalence, particularly toward the male stranger. As they approached 24 months of age, male subjects showed a dramatic increase in the frequency and intensity of agonistic behaviors toward male strangers, behaviors that were rarely directed toward female strangers or parents. Waning of attraction to parents may be less important in dispersal from the natal group than changing reactions to strangers.
Maximum Energies of Shock-accelerated Electrons in Large Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnants

Some supernova remnant X-ray spectra show evidence for synchrotron emission from the extension of the electron spectrum that produces radio synchrotron emission. For any remnant, if the extrapolated radio flux exceeds the observed X-ray flux, thermal or nonthermal, a roll-off of the relativistic electron energy distribution must occur below X-ray-emitting energies. We have studied the X-ray emission from 11 remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud to constrain this roll-off energy. We assume that the electron distribution is a power law with an exponential cutoff at some Emax and radiates in a uniform magnetic field. If the radio flux and spectral index are known, this simple model for the synchrotron contribution depends on only one parameter that relates directly to Emax. Here we have modeled the X-ray spectra by adding a component for thermal radiation of a Sedov blast wave to the synchrotron model. For all 11 supernova remnants in this sample, the limits for Emax range between 10 and 80 TeV (for a mean magnetic field of 10 μG). This result is similar to a study of Galactic remnants in which 13 out of 14 objects had limits between 20 and 80 TeV. We interpret Emax in the context of shock acceleration theories. Better data and models should allow either firm detections of nonthermal components or more restrictive limits on Emax.
Paradox and process

A paradox must be accepted on its own terms, without resolution, and, at the same time, valued as a pointer to a new level of comprehension. Many of the phenomena we encounter in our psychoanalytic work have simultaneously a quality of remarkable similarity and radical, even contradictory, dissimilarity. The apparent paradox is ultimately resolvable by an understanding of the process that underlies and therefore relates the phenomena. The twin dangers that inhere in dealing with paradox and process are, first, the inability to accept the paradox, that is, a premature resolution of it, and, second, a clinging to the paradox so as to avoid articulating the process that would allow one to climb into a new grasp of reality. Among the questions touched on in this paper are: How can there both be and not be a baby inside? How can there be both need and no need at the same time? How can there be both destruction and transcendence in the same moment?
Effects of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing hormone and fragments of rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone on the activity of rat brain neurons ☆

Abstract The effect of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF), rat hypothalamic GRF1–29 (rhGRF1–29) and rhGRF3–40 on spontaneous extracellular activity was studied in urethane anesthetized, male rats. The results show that these peptides similarly depress the firing rate of responsive neurons in the amygdala, caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. A single neuron was excited by hpGRF and it was localized to the medial amygdala. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that GRF has effects on the central nervous system in addition to regulating pituitary growth hormone secretion.
α-Conidendrin as a source for preparation of sikkimotoxin derivatives

Oxidation of α-conidendrin (3) by Fremy's salt favored formation of an o-quinone (4) at the pendant aromatic ring as opposed to the fused aromatic ring. Quinone reduction and phenolic methylation, followed by lactone reduction, and subsequent oxidation by dichlorodicyanoquinone produced sikkimotoxin oxabicyclooctane (7), while oxidation with cupric sulfate/potassium persulfate gave sikkimotoxin dioxatricyclodecane (8).
Attraction and reactions to noncontingent promises.

In a 2 by 2 factorial design, high or low attraction for a simulated player (SP) was induced in 40 female college Ss. During a mixed-motive interaction, the SP sent intermittent promises of cooperation to Ss; the promises were either 10% or 90% credible. Results indicated a main effect of promise credibility on S cooperativeness on message-relevant trials. Liking for and evaluation of the SP were inversely related to perceived potency. Changes in attraction from pre- to postmeasures supported an expectancy theory of attraction.
Use of completely implantable urethral catheter in male patients with spinal cord injury

Abstract A completely implantable urethral catheter was inserted for chronic urinary drainage in 10 male patients with spinal cord injury. This device accomplished drainage and produced no deleterious effects.
A Mixed Methods Assessment of Coping with Pediatric Cancer

The purpose of this study was to describe child coping and parent coping assistance with cancer-related stressors during treatment. Fifteen children (age 6–12) with cancer and their parents (N = 17) completed semistructured interviews and self-report measures to assess coping and coping assistance. Results suggest families utilized a broad array of approach and avoidance strategies to manage cancer and its treatment. Quantitative and qualitative assessments provided complementary and unique contributions to understanding coping among children with cancer and their parents. Using a mixed methods approach to assess coping provides a richer understanding of families’ experiences, which can better inform clinical practice.
Disabling back injuries among nursing personnel: Research needs justification

The need for more research on the problem of work-related back injuries among nursing personnel is documented by two comparisons based on the ratio of back injury workers' compensation claims to eligible employees. The first analysis of occupations across industries indicated that nursing aides, licensed practical nurses, and registered nurses all had high back injury ratios compared to other occupations. The second analysis of occupations within four parts of the health care industry indicated that aides in nursing and personal care facilities had the greatest problem with disabling back disorders. The article concludes with a list of research needs and suggested research methodologies.
Electrochemical attachment of motile bacterial cells to gold

Abstract Selective attachment of Escherichia coli K-12 bacterial cells to charged gold surfaces was demonstrated. Electrostatic binding of E. coli K-12 bacterial cells to positively charged surfaces was observed starting at +750 mV. The binding of E. coli K-12 cells to positively charged gold surfaces is proposed to occur due to long-range electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged O-chain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules protruding the bacterial cell body and the electrode surface. Removing LPS alters the cellular surface charge and results in cellular attachment to negatively charged surfaces. Thus, applying an electrical potential allows for the direct, real time detection of live, dead or damaged bacterial cells. The attachment of E. coli K-12 bacterial cells to surfaces with an applied potential substantiates the hypothesis that an electrostatic interaction is responsible for the binding of bacterial cells to positively charged molecular assemblies on surfaces used for building bacterial microarrays.
An Application Of The Blackboard Architecture To Left Ventricular Boundary Detection

Interpretation of X-ray motion pictures of the heart (cineventiculograms of the left ventricle) is complicated by the low contrast of the images and the elastic motion of the heart. We describe a framework for the application of knowledge in the form of diagnostically relevant models of the heart in motion to the problem of placing the heart boundary in each frame of the motion sequence. We employ a blackboard architecture [Nii 86;Weymouth 87] as a basis for the image interpretation. In this framework, local features, such as edges, are grouped to build a complete description of the moving heart. The knowledge is organized in a hierarchy with Knowledge sources (KS's) operating on different levels of the hierarchy. Opportunistic problem-solving techniques are used to control the order of activation of both data-directed and goal-driven KS's.
Enhancement of the thermopower in NaxCoO2 in the large-x regime (x⩾0.75)

Abstract We observe two distinct phases of Na x CoO 2 in the large Na-doping region ( x ⩾ 0.75 ), a pure phase H 2 , and a mixed phase H 2 + H 3 . The H 2 phase is characterized by a steep increase of the Peltier conductivity α defined as J = α ( - ∇ T ) , where J the thermoelectric current driven by the temperature gradient - ∇ T . The mixed-phase state H 2 + H 3 exhibits an unusual layered phase separation with conducting layers existing in parallel with insulating ones. At the critical doping x p ∼ 0.85 , the figure-of-merit Z at 80 K is 40 times larger than that of the as-grown sample ( x ∼ 0.7 ). The Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance are also reported.
Time-frequency decomposition based on information

In array processing applications, it is desirable to extract the sources that generate the observed signals. There are various source separation and component extraction algorithms in literature including principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA). However, most of these methods are not designed to deal with time-varying signals and thus are formulated in the time domain. In this paper, we introduce a new time-frequency based decomposition method using an information measure as the decomposition criteria. It is shown that under the assumption of disjoint source signals on the time-frequency plane, this method can extract the sources up to a scalar factor. Based on the QR decomposition of the mixing matrix, the source extraction algorithm is reduced to finding the optimal N-dimensional rotation of the observed time-frequency distributions. The proposed algorithm is implemented using the steepest descent approach to find the optimal rotation angle. The performance of the method is illustrated for example signals and compared to some well-known decomposition techniques.
Specificity of hidden 19S IgM rheumatoid factor in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Hidden 19S IgM rheumatoid factors (RF)-i.e., RF detected in the IgM-containing fraction after separation of the serum at an acid pH-have been found in 68% of patients with seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Inhibition studies utilizing a hemolytic assay for RF were performed to determine the specificity of hidden 19S IgM RF. Sera from 14 children with JRA were separated by gel filtration at pH 4.05. Two were seropositive for RF and 12 were seronegative; the latter had high titer hidden 19S IgM RF. The IgM-containing fractions were preincubated with monomeric human IgG, rabbit IgG, or bovine IgG, and the complement-dependent hemolytic assay ws performed. The RF in the IgM fraction from the 2 seropositive patients were inhibited most strongly by rabbit IgG, whereas hidden RF in the IgM fraction of 9 seronegative patients were inhibited markedly by human IgG (homologous IgG equal to autologous IgG), poorly by rabbit IgG, and not at all by bovine IgG. Further inhibition studies with the hidden 19S IgM RF demonstrated inhibition by the human IgG1 subclass in all patients and only minimal inhibition by the IgG3 subclass in 3 patients. Inhibition with IgG1 Fc fragments produced by papain and thermolysin digestion demonstrated inhibition by only those fragments that contained the G1m (a) antigenic area which is found in the C gamma 3 homology area of the IgG1 molecule. These data indicate that hidden 19S IgM RF possibly circulate as immune complexes bound to the IgG1 molecule and the binding chiefly occurs in th G1m (a) homology area.
Effect of central hypertonic stimulation on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and oxytocin in conscious rats.

The effect of the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of hypertonic sodium chloride on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and oxytocin (OT) was evaluated in conscious freely moving rats. A hypertonic or isotonic NaCl solution was injected into the third ventricle. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored and blood samples were collected. I.c.v. injection of the hypertonic solution resulted in a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (105.3 ± 2.9 mmHg at time 0 to 124.2 ± 4.4 mmHg at 5 min, P < 0.01) and heart rate (350.0 ± 25.0 bpm at time 0 to 420.8 ± 13.6 bpm at 20 min, P < 0.01). Plasma OT increased 4-fold over the basal values 5 min after the injection (4.5 ± 1.1 to 20.1 ± 3.2 pg/ml, P < 0.01), while there was no significant change in plasma ANP (37.3 ± 9.1 to 46.6 ± 12.6 pg/ml, n.s.). The control injection produced no significant changes in any parameters. These results show that hemodynamic changes are not necessarily associated with alterations in plasma ANP. Furthermore they suggest that central osmoreceptors are not involved in the control of ANP secretion.
Mechanisms underlying azimuth selectivity in the auditory cortex of the pallid bat

Abstract This study focused on mechanisms underlying azimuth selectivity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of pallid bats. The pallid bat listens to prey-generated noise (5–35 kHz) to localize and hunt terrestrial prey. The region of A1 tuned between 5 and 35 kHz consists of two clusters of neurons distinguished by interaural intensity difference (IID) selectivity: binaurally inhibited (EI) and peaked. The first aim of this study was to use sequential dichotic/free-field stimulation to test the hypothesis that IID is the primary cue underlying azimuth selectivity in neurons tuned in the prey-generated noise frequency band. IID selectivity and ear directionality at the neuron's characteristic frequency (CF) were used to predict azimuth selectivity functions. The predicted azimuth selectivity was compared with the actual azimuth selectivity from the same neurons. Prediction accuracy was similarly high for EI neurons and peaked neurons with low CF, whereas predictions were increasingly inaccurate with increasing CF among the peaked neurons. The second aim of this study was to compare azimuth selectivity obtained with noise and CF tones to determine the extent to which stimulus bandwidth influences azimuth selectivity in neurons with different binaural properties. The azimuth selectivity functions were similar for the two stimuli in the majority of EI neurons. A greater percentage of peaked neurons showed differences in their azimuth selectivity for noise and tones. This included neurons with multiple peaks when tested with tones and a single peak when tested with noise. Taken together, data from the two aims suggest that azimuth tuning of EI neurons is primarily dictated by IID sensitivity at CF. Peaked neurons, particularly those with high CF, may integrate IID sensitivity across frequency to generate azimuth selectivity for broadband sound. The data are consistent with those found in cat and ferret A1 in that binaurally facilitated neurons depend to a greater extent (compared to EI neurons) on spectral integration of binaural properties to generate azimuth selectivity for broadband stimuli.
Cultural transformation in pressure ulcer prevention and care.

Background Cultural transformation was the impetus for the creation of the Wound Care Program at Veteran Affairs Hospital in Northport, New York. An organization must be aware of the need for change based on current behaviors, practices, and processes in place. These cultural "norms" may have to be altered based upon the facilities' desired outcomes. Change process A review of previous facility practice patterns revealed that a wound care nurse was responsible for patients' skin integrity. This nurse's role was limited to acute care. However, our health system comprises 121 inpatient acute care beds, 134 long-term care beds, and approximately 50 outpatient clinics. Care was fragmented, and access to the wound care specialist was limited. Therefore, the institution elected to change this arrangement. As a result, staff were more engaged with maintaining skin integrity, clinical outcomes were improved, and an evidence-based wound care program was established for our patient population. Conclusion Changes in wound care services improved patient outcomes and led to greater engagement of staff nurses in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment.
Plasma instability in the presence of negative ions.

Ion density fluctuations are studied in a diffusion-controlled argon plasma containing, as a dilutant, two electron-attaching species, carbon dioxide and sulfur hexafluoride. It is found that the system becomes increasingly unstable as the concentration of the electron-attaching species is increased. Nonlinear mode-mode couplings have been identified and the coupling coefficients for these interactions have been computed. Turbulent fluctuations are observed to have pronounced three-dimensionality with distinct axial and azimuthal behaviors. The power spectra of these fluctuations are composed of many discrete modes. The importance of changes in the total discharge pressure is dependent on the electron-attachment cross section of the dilutant species. From these results it is shown that the ionization instability is probably responsible for the observed phenomenon.
Stratigraphy of Upper Miocene Deposits in Sarasota County, Florida: ABSTRACT

The presence of undisputed upper Miocene sedimentary rocks in Sarasota County, Florida, is not widely known. Most authors have stated that the middle Miocene Hawthorn Formation is overlain by Pliocene to Recent deposits. The upper Miocene is represented in southern Florida by the Tamiami Formation. The late Miocene age determination is based on the characteristic faunal assemblage, Ostrea disparalis, Chione ulocyma, and Ecphora quadricostata umbilicata. Fossil mollusks, echinoderms, and bryozoans collected from outcrops, quarries, and sinkholes in this area definitely confirm the presence of upper Miocene sedimentary rocks in Sarasota County. Typical upper Miocene species include Anadara cf. A. idonea, Chione ulocyma, Ostrea cf. O. tamiamiensis, O. tamiamiensis monroensis and Encope macrophora tamiamiensis. In the upper Miocene deposits, an impermeable but porous bed is present and is characterized by a decrease in radioactivity and electrical resistivity. These characteristics are indicative of the presence of clay and the interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns verified the predominance of clay minerals in the aquiclude. Montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral with lesser amounts of attapulgite and alpha sepiolite. Based on evidence presented in this paper, the upper Miocene deposits in Sarasota County are considered to be a lithosome of the Tamiami Formation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2322------------
Integrative Genomic Approaches Highlight a Family of Parasite-Specific Kinases that Regulate Host Responses

Summary Apicomplexan parasites release factors via specialized secretory organelles (rhoptries, micronemes) that are thought to control host cell responses. In order to explore parasite-mediated modulation of host cell signaling pathways, we exploited a phylogenomic approach to characterize the Toxoplasma gondii kinome, defining a 44 member family of coccidian-specific secreted kinases, some of which have been previously implicated in virulence. Comparative genomic analysis suggests that "ROPK" genes are under positive selection, and expression profiling demonstrates that most are differentially expressed between strains and/or during differentiation. Integrating diverse genomic-scale analyses points to ROP38 as likely to be particularly important in parasite biology. Upregulating expression of this previously uncharacterized gene in transgenic parasites dramatically suppresses transcriptional responses in the infected cell. Specifically, parasite ROP38 downregulates host genes associated with MAPK signaling and the control of apoptosis and proliferation. These results highlight the value of integrative genomic approaches in prioritizing candidates for functional validation.
LPD silica coating of individual single walled carbon nanotubes

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been coated with fluorine-doped silica by liquid phase deposition (LPD) using a silica–H2SiF6 solution and a surfactant stabilized solution of SWNTs. The coating of individual SWNTs versus small ropes is controlled by the choice of surfactant. Since the LPD reaction is performed close to the isoelectric point of the silica, some of the SiO2–SWNTs are fused together but the SWNTs remain individual in these composite structures. The SiO2–SWNTs have been characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman and IR spectroscopy, and XPS. Raman fluoresence is maintained even with coatings >50 nm. Using the relative intensity of the Raman G peak and the 8,3 SWNT fluorescence as a convenient measure of bundling, it may be shown that any decrease of fluoresence during growth is not due to changes in ionic strength or pH, as a consequence of addition of the LPD solution or the presence of HF as a side product in the deposition. The Raman D and G modes show no change in intensity, while the Fano line increases, both suggesting that no sidewall functionalization or proton adsorption of the SWNTs occurs during coating. The UV-visible-near infrared spectra shows a red shift in the first Van Hove transitions of the coated SWNTs inferring that the SWNTs in SiO2–SWNTs are in a more polarizable and inhomogeneous environment than that of surfactant solutions. Mats of SiO2–SWNT may be deposited onto silicon and gold substrates and through lithography may be patterned by etching off selected areas of the silica coating.
Experimental Large Colon Resection at the Cecocolic Ligament in the Horse

Ten normal horses had approximately 95% of the length of the large colon resected with a side-to-side anastomosis between right ventral and right dorsal colon performed with surgical stapling equipment. Four horses died shortly after surgery of colitis (1 horse) or failure of the TA 90 transection staple line (3 horses). Another horse died 4 months after surgery from disseminated streptococcal infection but had recovered well from the colon resection. Five horses survived long term (18 months) with no clinical evidence of adverse effects of the resection. Surviving horses had weight loss and soft fecal consistency for 3 to 12 weeks after surgery but returned to preoperative values within 12 months. At a second surgery 1 year later (5 horses) or at necropsy 4 months later (1 horse), fibrous omental adhesions were present over the transection staple line in four horses and over the anastomotic staple line in two horses. Omental adhesions to the everted staple line were moderate but not associated with any clinical sequellae. An incisional hernia was present in one horse. The anastomotic stomata measured between 8 and 9 cm, which was 60% of the size of the original surgically created stomata. Failure of the transection staple line occurred in the first three of five horses in which the procedure was attempted due to improper configuration of the staples or crushing of the tissue between the staples. Experience corrected this complication.
An elementary proof of the Knaster-Kuratowski- Mazurkiewicz-Shapley Theorem*

This note provides an elementary short proof of the Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz-Shapley (K-K-M-S) Theorem based on Brouwer's fixed point theorem. The usefulness of the K-K-M-S Theorem lies in the fact that it can be applied to prove directly Scarf's (1967) Theorem, i.e. any balanced game has a non-empty core. We also show that the K-K-M-S Theorem and the Gale-Nikaido-Debreu Theorem can be proved by the same arguments.
The minor importance of giant aerosol to precipitation development within small trade wind cumuli observed during RICO

Abstract The present study examines the importance of giant aerosol to precipitation development in marine trade wind cumuli with a new analysis method of a new extensive dataset collected during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign. Giant aerosol particles were quantified from clear-air aircraft data, and the precipitation development in the clouds was tracked with dual-polarization radar data. For six different days and multiple clouds on each day, the evolution of the maximum reflectivity, and its associated differential reflectivity, was analyzed. These data were compared with the results of microphysical calculations run within an adiabatic parcel model initialized with the environmental conditions and giant aerosol concentrations on each day of interest. Despite all clouds having formed in a similar maritime environment, this study found substantial variability in the radar echo development both in clouds observed during the same day, and across other days. The maximum reflectivity attained by the clouds appeared to be largely a function of their depth. The radar echo evolution could be represented fairly well by the microphysical parcel model initialized with the observed giant aerosol in some cases but not others. The importance of the giant aerosol to precipitation formation in the small trade wind cumuli appears to be minor: the early radar echoes appear to be more consistent with the development of precipitation by collision and coalescence among droplets formed on the more numerous and smaller cloud condensation nuclei, although the number of giant aerosol appears to have some effect on the actual radar reflectivity values.
3D scannerless LADAR for orbiter inspection

The Space Shuttle Program requires on-orbit inspection of the thermal protection system which covers the Orbiter spacecraft, including the critical leading-edge surfaces. A scannerless ladar system mounted on a 50-foot boom extension of the robotic arm provides this capability. This paper describes the sensor and ground processing system, which were developed by Sandia National Laboratories to meet the requirements of the Return to Flight mission in July of 2005. Mission operations for this sensor system are also reviewed.
Interstellar Depletions and the Life Cycle of Interstellar Dust

We have developed a simple model for the evolution of interstellar dust, which relates elemental depletions to the physical processes involved, including stardust injection, accretion in clouds, and dust destruction in interstellar shocks. We compare the results of this model to observed cloud and intercloud depletions of Si, Mg, and Fe and derive dust destruction and accretion rates. The results show that the much lower depletion in the intercloud phase as compared to the cloud phase implies that the dust destruction timescale for Si-bearing dust is comparable to the mixing timescale from the cloud to the intercloud phase and thus much shorter than the stardust injection timescale. The derived average lifetime for Si-bearing dust (6 × 107 yr) is considerably less than theoretical calculations for silicates (3 × 108 yr) predict. Thus, in agreement with other studies, we conclude that a major fraction of the elemental silicon is locked up in a relatively volatile (binding energy, Eb 2 eV) dust component. In contrast, the lifetime for Fe-bearing dust (5 × 108 yr) is consistent with a refractory (Eb 5 eV) reservoir. Derived accretion rates for these elements are consistent with expected collision rates in diffuse clouds and imply little chemically driven differentiation upon accretion. The implications of these lifetimes for our understanding of the origin and evolution of interstellar dust are briefly examined.
Proton magnetic resonance and stereochemistry of some 5,6-disubstituted bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-enes and their oxidation products

Abstract The two adducts obtained from the Diels-Alder condensation between 1,3-cyclohexadiene and trans-p-Chloro-β-nitrostyrene have been characterized from the PMR spectra of the respective cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids obtained from chromic acid oxidation of the adducts. The Diels-Alder condensation yielded a larger quantity of the isomer with the nitro group endo to the double bond. Hydrogenation of the double bond in the two adducts yielded one product, the PMR spectrum of which is consistent with the expected product. The PMR spectra of the adducts, their oxidation products and the hydrogenation product are reported and discussed.
Universal-ion irradiation dose threshold and error recovery in HfO 2 resistance random access memory

Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) is an attractive candidate for application in next-generation nonvolatile (NV) memory devices for both aerospace and conventional commercial applications. ReRAM has several intrinsic advantages over other NV memory technologies due its simple metal-insulator-metal structure including high storage density, low power consumption, high switching speed and high endurance. Most importantly, there are indications that ReRAM is an intrinsically radiation-hard device due to its defect-moderated, resistive switching mechanism and potentially well suited for applications in aerospace or other radiation intensive environments. We present a study of the effects of ion irradiation on HfO 2 -based ReRAM devices after irradiation to total ionizing doses ranging from ∼ 105 to ∼ 1011 rad(Si), with various ion species - proton, helium, nitrogen, neon, and argon. HfO 2 -based ReRAM devises were programmed into high resistance states (HRS, off states) and low resistance states (LRS, on states) before radiation exposure. It was found that static off- and on- state resistances decreased dramatically when the total ionizing dose is above a threshold value ∼ 1 × 1010 rad(Si), independent of the ion specie. Moreover, more than 50% of off-state devices changed into the on-state above this threshold dose, causing errors in resistance state. However, ALL switching errors were shown to be correctable via a programmed RESET process, after which all ReRAM devices resumed normal resistive switching function with only slight variations in set/reset voltages and dynamic on-/off-state resistances. The universal dose behavior is consistent with recent modeling of ReRAM conductive filament formation via trap-assisted-tunneling (TAT) and thermal runaway of oxygen vacancy defect formation. Overall, this study suggests that, for HfO 2 -based ReRAMs, a universal dose threshold behavior associated with ion irradiation can be used to predict irradiation-induced soft errors in resistance state switching and can be used for HfO 2 -ReRAM application design in space systems.
Efficient spectral endmember detection onboard the EO-1 spacecraft

Spaceflight and planetary exploration place severe constraints on the available bandwidth for downlinking large hyperspectral images. In addition, communications with spacecraft often occur intermittently, so mission-relevant hyperspectral data must wait for analysis on the ground before it can inform spacecraft activity planning. Onboard endmember detection can help alleviate these problems. It enables novelty detection and target identification for scheduling followup activities such as additional observation by narrow field of view instruments. Additionally, endmember analysis can facilitate data summary for downlink. This work describes a planned experiment of selective downlink by the EO-1 autonomous spacecraft. Here an efficient superpixel endmember detection algorithm keeps to the limited computational constraints of the flight processor. Tests suggest the procedure could enable significant improvements in downlink efficiency.
CRY ANALYSIS AND MEDICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL STATUS IN PRETERM INFANTS

The purpose of this study was to relate acoustic characteristics of the cry to medical and neurological status in preterm infants. The sample included 40 infants divided into 4 groups, a group of term controls and 3 groups of preterms all born < 34 weeks gestational age and <1700 grams. The preterm groups included healthy preterms, sick infants who did not have CNS disease and sick infants with CNS disease. The cry was elicited by pain stimulus and recorded at 40 weeks conceptional age and analyzed by computer as in previous work. Medical risk was measured with the Hobel scale, neurological status with the Dubowitz exam. Preterm infants with CNS disease showed a longer cry, (p<.05), lower first formant (p<.03) than the other preterm groups. Term infants showed more energy in the cry than preterms (p<.004). Higher risk on the Hobel scale was correlated with a longer cry duration ( r=. 46, p<.04 ), lower first formant (r=.49, p<,.05) and more variability in cry duration (r=.60, p<.007). Abnormal scores on the Dubowitz were correlated with a lower first formant (r=.44, p<.05). Results suggest cry analysis may be useful in the early detection of the infant at risk.
Control schemes for an industrial rotary calciner with a heat shield around the combustion zone

Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is produced by calcining natural trona ore (sodium sesquicarbonate) in rotary calciners. Shell overheating, the consequent deformation of the calciner shell, and heat loss are frequently encountered problems during this operation. Installation of a concentric, metallic heat shield around the calciner's combustion zone can help to reduce the shell temperature and recover some of the energy that would otherwise be lost. Another problem often encountered is the deterioration of product quality when the system inputs deviate from their design rates. A mathematical model of the calciner with a heat shield is used to design different control schemes in order to maintain the product quality. Performance of the designed control schemes is demonstrated via computer simulation.
Dynamics of polymer thin films in supercritical carbon dioxide

In situ neutron reflectivity and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements were used to investigate the dynamics of polystyrene thin films in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The results show that the large degree of anomalous swelling observed is associated with a decrease in glass transition temperature that occurs only within a narrow region of the phase diagram associated with the density fluctuation ridge in scCO2 region. Furthermore, the plasticization effect induced by the density fluctuations was found to enhance the polymer interdiffusion by 2 orders of magnitude as the ridge was approached. Within the ridge the diffusion coefficients scale as M2 and can be approximated by an effective William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation.
The peritrophic matrix limits the rate of digestion in adult Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitin-containing acellular sheath that surrounds the blood meal and separates the food bolus from the midgut epithelium. Intense molecular traffic through the PM occurs during digestion. Digestive enzymes secreted by the midgut epithelium must traverse the PM to reach their substrates in the food bolus, and digestion products must cross the PM in the opposite direction to be absorbed by the epithelial cells. Here we report that the PM limits the rate of digestion. PM disruption by two independent means (chitinase and anti-PM antibodies) consistently increases the rate of blood digestion. The significance of these results in relation to PM function is discussed.
The Library: An Illustrated History

Much has been written about the expansive history of libraries from ancient civilization's libraries to today's digital repositories. The history of the library at its most fundamental is a history...
A review of recent developments in vision-based vehicle detection

This document provides a review of the past decade's literature in on-road vision-based vehicle detection. Over the past decade, vision-based surround perception has matured significantly from its infancy. We detail advances in vehicle detection, discussing representative works from the monocular and stereo-vision domains. We provide discussion on the state-of-the-art, and provide perspective on future research directions in the field.
Cost savings associated with pharmacy student interventions during APPEs.

Objective. To quantify the impact of pharmacy students’ clinical interventions in terms of number and cost savings throughout advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) using a Web-based documentation program. Methods. Five hundred eighty doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students completing ten 4-week APPEs during the final year of the curriculum were asked to document all clinical interventions they made using a Web-based documentation tool. Data were collected over 4 academic years. Results. The total number of interventions made was 59,613, the total dollars saved was $8,583,681, and the average savings per intervention was $148. The top 3 categories of interventions made by students were identifying dosing issues, conducting chart reviews, and recommending appropriate therapy. The top 3 intervention types made by students that resulted in the most dollars saved per intervention were identifying potential allergic reactions, identifying drug interactions, and resolving contraindications. Conclusions. Pharmacy students made important and cost-effective clinical interventions during their APPEs that resulted in significant savings. Documentation programs can track the number, type, and value of the interventions that pharmacy students are making.
Behavioral Treatment of Hyperkinetic Children An Experimental Evaluation of Its Usefulness

Although drug therapy is helpful in the control of many children with hyperkinesia, alternative and adjunctive therapies are needed also, for a number of reasons: 1) not all of these children improve with medication; 2) the drugs may have adverse physiologic effects which at the least dictate caution in their use; 3) medication alone does not always return responding children to normal functioning; and 4) drug action cannot often be used to help with problems occurring in the children's home setting after school hours. The data here presented suggest strongly that behavior therapy can be effective for hyperkinesia.
The Day the World Changed: A Pomo Primer

This paper begins with a famous comment by Virginia Wolfe about the world changing “on or about December, 1910” when, she argued, modernist thought became dominant and changed human relations. My paper suggests that postmodernism begins in the Sixties, offers a definition of postmodernism taken from the French scholar, Jean-Francois Lyotard, and contrasts modernism with postmodernism. It offers an analysis of Disneyland as a postmodern entertainment and concludes with a discussion of whether postmodernism is now passe and has been succeeded by something else—namely post-postmodernism.