cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FDL Design in Time-Wavelength Switched Optical Networks

An all-optical approach to reduce the speed mismatch between electronic sources and high-speed wavelength channels is to time-division multiplex low-capacity circuits onto each wavelength, and switch time-wavelength-slots within the network. In such a Time-Wavelength-Switched Network (TWSN), fiber delay lines (FDLs) and wavelength conversion (WC) can increase the flexibility in connection slot scheduling and decrease the connection blocking probability. In this paper, we examine the impact of various FDL configurations and WC on a CrossConnect's performance by looking at its ability to schedule as many connections as possible from a given traffic matrix. We present several crossconnect architectures and develop graph formulations that can be used to optimally solve the scheduling problem. Using numerical simulation results, we then compare several FDL configurations. Results show that FDL configurations and WC could play an important role in determining performance.
Paper Thin: Freedom and Re-enslavement in the Diaspora of the Haitian Revolution

In the summer of 1809 a flotilla of boats arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 9,000 Saint-Domingue refugees recently expelled from the Spanish colony of Cuba. These migrants nearly doubled the population of New Orleans, renewing its Francophone character and populating the neighborhoods of the Vieux Carre and Faubourg Marigny. At the heart of the story of their disembarkation, however, is a legal puzzle. Historians generally tell us that the arriving refugees numbered 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of color, and 3,226 slaves. But slavery had been abolished in Saint-Domingue by decree in 1793, and abolition had been ratified by the French National Convention in 1794. In what sense and by what right, then, were thousands of men, women, and children once again to be held to be “slaves”?
Development of Ion-Implantation Confined, Shallow Mesa Stripe (Pn,Sn)Te/Pb(Te,Se) DH Laser Diodes

Preliminary results of a program to develop ion implantation confined, shallow mesa stripe (Pb,Sn)Te laser diodes are presented. The practicality of using a shallow mesa stripe to produce single mode laser output and to increase the single mode tuning range are demonstrated. The first results of p-type ion implantation in the lead-tin salts are also reported. It is shown that sodium and lithium both can be used to convert n-type Pb(Te,Se) to p-type. The implant and anneal procedures are described, and electrical characteristics of Li-implanted layers are presented.
Effects of moderate versus deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion on cerebrospinal fluid proteomic profiles in a piglet model of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective Our objective was to compare protein profiles of cerebrospinal fluid between control animals and those subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass after moderate versus deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with selective cerebral perfusion. Methods Immature Yorkshire piglets were assigned to one of four study groups: (1) deep hypothermic circulatory arrest at 18°C, (2) deep hypothermic circulatory arrest at 18°C with selective cerebral perfusion, (3) moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest at 25°C with selective cerebral perfusion, or (4) age-matched control animals without surgery. Animals undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were cooled to their assigned group temperature and exposed to 1 hour of hypothermic circulatory arrest. After arrest, animals were rewarmed, weaned off bypass, and allowed to recover for 4 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid collected from surgical animals after the recovery period was compared with cerebrospinal fluid from controls by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Protein spectra were analyzed for differences between groups by Mann–Whitney U test and false discovery rate analysis. Results Baseline and postbypass physiologic parameters were similar in all surgical groups. A total of 194 protein peaks were detected. Compared with controls, groups 1, 2, and 3 had 64, 100, and 13 peaks that were significantly different, respectively ( P Conclusions The mass spectra of cerebrospinal fluid proteins are altered in piglets exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest. Moderate hypothermic circulatory arresst (25°C) with selective cerebral perfusion compared with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (18°C) is associated with fewer changes in cerebrospinal fluid proteins, when compared with nonbypass controls.
Stimulation of Sodium Pump Restores Membrane Potential to Neurons Excited by Glutamate in Zebrafish Distal Retina

Glutamate either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes retinal neurons. Those are the initial and primary effects. Using a voltage probe (oxonol, DiBaC4 (5)) to study dissociated zebrafish retinal neurons, we find a secondary, longer-term effect: a post-excitatory restoration of membrane potential, termed after-hyperpolarization (AHP). AHP occurs only in neurons that are depolarized by glutamate and typically peaks about 5 min after glutamate application. AHP is seen in dissociated horizontal cells (HCs) and hyperpolarizing, or OFF type, bipolar cells (HBCs). These cells commonly respond with only an AHP component. AHP never occurs in depolarizing, or ON type, bipolar cells (DBCs), which are cell types hyperpolarized by glutamate. AHP is blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). It is evoked by kainate, AMPA and the AMPA-selective agonist (S)-5-fluorowillardiine, but not by NMDA, D-aspartate, the kainate-selective agonist SYM 2081 or by DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (DL-AP4). Cells with exclusively AHP responses are tonically depolarized. Resting potentials can be restored by nifedipine, suggesting a tonic, depolarizing action of L-type Ca2+ channels. However AHP is not blocked by nifedipine and is insensitive to [Cl-]o. AHP is blocked by Li+o substitution for Na+o and by ouabain. A mechanism is proposed in which Na+ entering through ionotropic AMPA channels stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase, which, by electrogenic action, restores membrane potential, generating the AHP response. Patterns of ATPase immunoreactivity support localization in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) as cone pedicles, HCs and BCs were positively labelled. Labelling was weaker in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) than in nuclear layers, though two IPL bands of immunoreactive BC terminals could be discerned, one in sublamina a and the other in sublamina b. Persistent stimulation of distal retina by photoreceptor glutamate may induce increased expression and activity of Na+,K+-ATPase, with a consequent impact on distal glutamate responses.
Simplified Estimation of Parameters in a Double Exponential Distribution

Simplified estimators of the location and scale parameters of a double exponential distribution are given. Complete and symmetrically censored samples are considered. The high efficiency of these estimators relative to the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) make them useful in practice.
Testing for Misspecification in a Censored-Demand Model

This article presents and applies conditional moment tests for detecting misspecification in a censored-demand model. The seriousness of model misspecification is examined by comparing parameter estimates of a misspecified parametric model to those of a semiparametric model. Results indicate that the conditional moment tests are useful in detecting heteroscedasticity and non-normality, and that misspecification can have an adverse effect on parameter estimates.
A software reverse engineering experience

This paper reviews the progress-to-date of the application of program reverse engineering technologies to a large-scale legacy software product. Basic reverse engineering concepts and a project overview are outlined, followed by a description of the legacy software product, the reverse engineering toolkit used, and analysis and discussion of the experiences so far. Future research directions and summary comments are then detailed.
Clinical outcomes of patients with peripheral artery disease and lower extremity wounds based on a predetermined intention-to-treat strategy

Achieving healing in patients with peripheral artery disease and lower extremity wounds represent a significant clinical challenge. Important outcome measures that define a successful therapeutic approach include wound healing rate, time to heal, and recurrence with time. This article reviews our experience managing a peripheral artery disease patient cohort at a Veterans Affairs medical center based on the initial clinical evaluation stratification and prospective enrollment into a predetermined treatment strategy.
Taxation of Options on the Issuer's Stock

This paper reconsiders the tax policy question of whether gains and losses on options on the issuer's stock should be excluded from the corporate tax base. The principal conclusions are that nonrecognition provisions of current law are problematic, and that the appropriate legislative response depends on a range of considerations, including the function of the corporate tax and the appropriate treatment of employee stock options. Part I briefly reviews the principal provisions of current law and identifies the role of the corporate tax that provides the tentative normative perspective of the paper. Part II illustrates the inconsistent taxation under present law of options and certain substantially equivalent transactions. Part III examines some combinations of options and substantially equivalent transactions. Part IV considers alternatives to the 1984 legislation. Part V provides a summary of conclusions.
Verification in Schutz

Since some colleagues believe that Schutz’s postulate of adequacy is what might be called the postulate of verification, the first part of this chapter is devoted to showing that the adequacy that this postulate establishes can also be expressed as mere plausibility. Then, since Schutz clearly has a place for verification even though he does not offer a postulate for it, the attempt is made to interpret what verification nevertheless signifies for him.
The influence of conversational context and the developing lexicon on the calculation of scalar implicatures: Insights from Spanish-English bilingual children

Although monolingual children do not generally calculate the upper-bounded scalar implicature (SI) associated with ‘some’ without additional support, monolingual Spanish-speaking children have been reported to do so with algunos (‘some’), and further distinguish algunos from unos. Given documented cross-linguistic influence in interface phenomena in bilinguals, we asked whether young Spanish-English bilinguals calculate SIs with algunos, or if there is an effect of acquiring languages with overlapping but diverging lexical entries. Two experiments reveal that not only do bilinguals inconsistently calculate SIs, Spanish monolinguals do not always either. In Experiment 1 , bilinguals did not calculate the SI associated with algunos. However, in Experiment 2 , which calls upon their awareness of speaker-hearer dynamics, they did. This research highlights the challenges arising from interpreting linguistic phenomena where lexical, semantic, and pragmatic information intersect, and is a call for further investigation with bilinguals in a rapidly growing area where bilingual research is lacking.
Culture, Context, or Conflict? Analyzing Union Attitudes in Six Rural Counties in Conservative Right-to-Work States: Analyzing Union Attitudes in Six Rural Counties

This study fills an important gap in the literature by analyzing the predictors of union attitude formation in rural, conservative, right-to-work states. Drawing on a survey of all licensed electrical workers in six counties in northern Utah and southern Idaho, we analyzed the impact of cultural orientation, job context, and perceived risk on union attitudes. We find that a conservative cultural orientation does not significantly predict union attitudes but job context and perceived risks of union activity do. Dissatisfaction with current working conditions and the belief that employers will oppose and retaliate against workers engaged in union activity significantly predict positive union attitudes. We consider the implications of these findings for scholarship on union attitude formation and for union organizing strategies in rural, conservative right-to-work contexts.
NMR Imaging and the Electric Quadrupole Interaction in Solid Materials

Nuclei with a spin, 1 > 1/2, possess a nuclear quadrupole moment which can couple to the electric field gradients in a material. They can be static, leading to NMR frequency shifts, or dynamic, which can influence relaxation times. In either case, an NMR image can be made which is sensitized to changes in the electric quadrupole interaction to provide a sensitive measure of the macroscopic spatial dependence of the microscopic changes in the material. Several examples are presented. Special considerations need to be given in the case when the strength of the Zeeman interaction between the nucleus and the magnetic field and/or the rf field is small compared to the electric quadrupole interaction.
A Survey of Defects in Strained Si Layers

A new method for highlighting defects in thin Si/SiGe layers is used to investigate the densities of various types of defects present in strained Si layers grown on relaxed SiGe layers. Defect densities were measured in strained Si layers formed on graded SiGe buffer layers (bulk), as well as silicon germanium-on-insulator substrates (SGOI), from both external and internal sources. The result of this investigation indicates that in addition to threading dislocations (TDs) and dislocation pile-ups, planar defects, i.e., stacking faults, are present in all but one of the materials studied. Due to the larger crystalline area affected by these planar defects, citation of only TD density as an indication of material quality is inadequate. A better measure of crystalline quality should include the density of TDs, pile-up clusters and planar defects (stacking faults) as well as some indication of the length distribution of the pile-ups and stacking faults.
Abstract 1000: ATP7A mutation reduces resistance to chemotherapy agentsin vitroandin vivo.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The Menkes protein (ATP7A), a copper-translocating P-type ATPase, is responsible for the loading of copper from the cytosol into secretory compartments of the cell for incorporation into newly synthesized copper-requiring enzymes. Previous studies using cultured cell lines have suggest that ATP7A is able to modulate cellular accumulation of cisplatin, a platinum-containing chemotherapy agent. In this study, we generate isogenic ATP7A-WT and ATP7A-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cells line pairs. We demonstrate that ATP7A deletion significantly decreases cellular resistance to cell cycle non-specific platinum agents, cisplatin & carboplatin and cell cycle specific alkaloid agent, vincristine sulfate. In addition, loss of ATP7A sensitizes xenograft tumor growth to cisplatin toxicity. These findings identify the ATP7A copper transporter as an active participant in multidrug resistance pathways in vivo, underscoring this transporter as a potential drug target to augment platinum-based chemotherapeutics. Citation Format: Sha Zhu, Michael J. Petris. ATP7A mutation reduces resistance to chemotherapy agents in vitro and in vivo . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1000. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1000
Analysis of 3Dimensional Reconstruction in a MR-guided NIR Tomography System

The algorithms for near-infrared (NIR) diffuse optical tomography within magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the female breast are analyzed in both circular and curved slab geometries.
Assessment of amino acid supplementation on rumen microbial efficiency and nitrogen metabolism using a continuous-culture system

Differing levels of feed-grade crystalline amino acids (FAA) were evaluated for effects on microbial efficiency (MOEFF) and nitrogen metabolism in the rumen environment. Six treatments were evaluated (n = 24, n = 4) using a continuous-culture system with a fractional dilution rate of 0.06. A basal diet of ground corn (57%), soybean meal (35%), and soybean hulls (8%) was fed (50 g/d) with additional amounts of an equal mix of l-Lys, l-Arg, and dl-Met at 0, 3, 6, 12, or 18% (FAA). A 6% blood meal diet was fed as a positive control. After 4 d of acclimation, NH3 and pH of fermenters were analyzed 1 h before and 4 h after feeding for 3 d. Nitrogen, OM, and purines were analyzed in diets, bacteria, and effluent to calculate MOEFF. Ammonia concentration increased as FAA supplementation in the diets increased (P < 0.01). Microbial efficiency tended to be greater for 6 and 12% FAA and blood meal diets (P = 0.10) and least for 3 and 18% FAA. An increase was measured in total bacterial amino acid (AA) composition, but the ratio of AA in bacteria remained similar with the exception of Arg, Asp, and Orn (P < 0.03). Escape of AA from fermenters was greatest (P < 0.01) in 0% FAA and blood meal diets, leading to the conclusion that FAA supplementation does not supply a viable source of RUP to the animal. Rumen undegradable nitrogen was greatest in 0 and 3% FAA; this along with increased NH3 levels lead to the conclusion that supplemental FAA provided excess nitrogen, which did not result in a direct improvement of MOEFF. Our data agreed with previously published data concluding AA degradation rate was more rapid than AA outflow at feasible feeding levels.
The Copula in Declarative Sentences in Archaic Chinese

It is generally believed that declarative sentences in Classical Chinese (CO contained no copula, and that the copula shi(是) developed from a Demonstrative pronominal form (D-pro, for short) in such sentences only after the Warring States period (475- 221 B. C. ). To date, the development of the copular shi(是) from the Dpro shi(是) has not been adequately explained. In this paper it is argued, first, that the overt phonological form of a pause in the surface syntax, i. e. between the topic and the comment, did indeed exist in early Classical Chinese declarative sentences. Second, the D-pro shi(是) evolved into the copular shi(是) because of (1) the weakening of the function of the D-pro shi( 是) and (2) the lack of necessity for the pause. As a result, the pronoun was grammaticalized as a copula and the pause disappeared.
The use of diuretics in treatment of congestive heart-failure.

The proper use of diuretic agents in congestive heart-failure is facilitated by an understanding of the abnormal renal mechanisms and of the mode of action of the various diuretic agents on the renal tubule. This discussion includes an outline of significant experiments with these compounds, a review of their effects on the electrolyte composition of the plasma and urine in man, and therapeutic regimens which seem likely to achieve maximal benefits with minimal side effects and derangement of the electrolyte milieu.
Novel FXR (farnesoid X receptor) modulators: Potential therapies for cholesterol gallstone disease

Metabolic disorders such as diabetes are known risk factors for developing cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD). Cholesterol gallstone disease is one of the most prevalent digestive diseases, leading to considerable financial and social burden worldwide. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only bile acid drug approved by FDA for the non-surgical treatment of gallstones. However, the molecular link between UDCA and CGD is unclear. Previous data suggest that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid nuclear receptor, may protect against the development of CGD. In studies aimed at identifying the role of FXR, we recently identify a novel chemical tool, 6EUDCA (6-αethyl-ursodeoxycholic acid), a synthetic derivative of UDCA, for studying FXR. We found that 6EUDCA binds FXR stronger than UDCA in a TR-FRET binding assay. This result was supported by computational docking models that suggest 6EUDCA forms a more extensive hydrogen bound network with FXR. Interestingly, neither compound could activate FXR target genes in human nor mouse liver cells, suggesting UDCA and 6EUDCA activate non-genomic signals in an FXR-dependent manner. Overall these studies may lead to the identification of a novel mechanism by which bile acids regulate cell function, and 6EUDCA may be an effective targeted CGD therapeutic.
The Moral Impermissibility of Efficient Breach

Recently, some economic theorists have argued that efficient breach is in fact morally justified. This paper demonstrates that these arguments employ "chameleons," to use a term from Paul Pfleiderer. Chameleons are theoretically interesting but patently unrealistic models which are used to draw real-world conclusions. The arguments fail once the unrealistic assumptions are removed, vindicating the common-sense notion that intentionally breaching a contract is (prima facie) wrong.
Microstructure of SrTiO3 buffer layers and itseffects on superconducting properties ofYBa2Cu3O7-δ coated conductors

A thin layer of SrTiO3 (STO) has successfully been used as a buffer layer to grow high-quality superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO) thick films on polycrystalline metal substrates with a biaxially oriented MgO template produced by ion-beam-assisted deposition. Using this architecture, 1.5-μm-thick YBCO films with an in-plane mosaic spread in the range of 2.5° to 3.5° in full width at half-maximum and critical current density over 2 × 106A/cm2 in self-field at 75 K have routinely been achieved. It is interesting to note that the pulsed laser deposition growth conditions of SrTiO3 buffer layers, such as growth temperature and oxygen pressure, have strong effects on the superconducting properties of YBCO. Detailed studies using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to explore the microstructures of STO deposited at different conditions and to understand further their effects on the growth and properties of YBCO films.
FRET-Based Mapping of Calmodulin within the Ryanodine Receptor

Using time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) and multi-site-directed labeling of calmodulin (CaM) and FKBP12.6, we further resolve the structural basis underlying CaM regulation of skeletal and cardiac ryanodine receptor isoforms (RyR1 and RyR2) at relaxed and contracting [Ca2+]. Although cryo-EM and FRET-based mapping place Ca2+-bound CaM in a similar location on RyR1 and RyR2, the position of Ca2+-free (apo) CaM remains controversial - cryo-EM suggests a large shift in the centers of mass between apo- and Ca-CaM states, but this was not observed in previous FRET studies. Using TR-FRET, we resolved structural states of CaM bound to RyR1 and RyR2 in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes at 0.03 and 30 micromolar Ca2+. Donor fluorophores were targeted to the cytoplasmic assembly of RyR1 or RyR2 by pre-incubating sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with fluorescent FKBP12.6 labeled at one of five well dispersed sites (D-FKBP). FRET was measured in the presence of CaM labeled with an acceptor fluorophore attached to one of four sites (A-CaM) for each distance measurement. The donor-acceptor distances, calculated from fluorescence decay waveforms, were used to trilaterate the acceptor probe loci within RyR. On both RyR1 and RyR2, we detect a Ca2+-driven decrease in separation between CaM lobes, suggesting a more compact Ca2+-bound CaM, relative to apo-CaM, structure. However, these Ca2+-driven shifts in fluorophore positions are not as dramatic as the large shift previously proposed. We also observe isoform specific differences, as CaM's binding location appears to be rotated down and slightly inward on RyR2 relative to RyR1. This work was supported by NIH grants R01HL092097 (to RLC/DMB) and R37AG26160 (to DDT), and by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the American Heart Association 16POST31010019 (to RTR).
Balance of threat: The domestic insecurity of Vladimir Putin☆

Abstract During the 17 years that Vladimir Putin has ruled Russia, the country has become increasingly authoritarian. However, I argue that this rollback of democracy has not been motivated by Putin's blind desire to maximize his political power, as many have assumed. Rather, his anti-democratic policies have responded to perceived specific threats to his control. In applying theories originally developed in the field of international relations to individual leaders, we can understand Putin as a “defensive realist” who balances against threats in order to maintain security rather than maximize power. This is an essential distinction that produces important conclusions about what motives lie behind the increasingly authoritarian character of the Russian state and gives insights into the possible future trajectory of the regime.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Gene Association Studies in Neonatal Sepsis.

Background Association studies of various gene variants in neonatal sepsis show conflicting results. Objective We performed a systematic review of candidate gene association studies in neonatal sepsis to provide pooled estimates of risk for selected gene variants. Methods We performed a search using MeSH terms “infection,” “sepsis,” “infant,” “genetic variation,” “polymorphism,” and “genetic association studies.” We included studies evaluating associations between neonatal sepsis and genetic variants (2000–2015). We excluded case reports/series, commentaries, narrative reviews, and nonhuman research. We assessed quality of studies using STREGA guidelines. Following estimation of odds ratios (ORs), data were pooled using random effects models. Results Twenty eight of 1,404 identified studies were included. Meta-analyses were performed for interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-10 as these gene variants were tested in multiple studies. TNF-α 308GG genotype demonstrated trends toward increased sepsis risk in the primary analysis of culture-proven sepsis (OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.44). IL-10 1082GG genotype was associated with lower sepsis odds in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29–0.91). Conclusion We uncovered an association between IL-10 1082 gene variation and sepsis in VLBW infants but did not identify associations between neonatal sepsis and TNF-α 308 or IL-6 gene variation. Larger cohort replication studies are required to validate these findings.
Control Strategy for Power Loss Reduction considering Load Variation with Large Penetration of Distributed Generation

With the increase of penetration of distribution in distribution systems, the problems of power loss increase and short-circuit capacity beyond the rated capacity of the circuit breaker will become more serious. In this paper, a methodology (modified BPSO) is presented for network reconfiguration which is based on the hybrid approach of Tabu search and BPSO algorithms to prevent the local convergence and to decrease the calculation time using double fitness to consider the constraints. Moreover, an average load simulated method (ALS method) considering load variation is proposed such that the average load value is used instead of the actual load for calculation. Finally, from a case study, the results of simulation certify that the approaches will decrease drastically the losses and improve the voltage profiles obviously; at the same time, the short-circuit capacity is also decreased into smaller shut-off capacity of the circuit breaker. The power losses will not be increased too much even if the short-circuit capacity constraint is considered; voltage profiles are better with the constraint of short-circuit capacity considered. The ALS method is simple and the calculation time is fast.
Generation and application of multivariate polynomial quadrature rules

Abstract The search for multivariate quadrature rules of minimal size with a specified polynomial accuracy has been the topic of many years of research. Finding such a rule allows accurate integration of moments, which play a central role in many aspects of scientific computing with complex models. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we provide novel mathematical analysis of the polynomial quadrature problem that provides a lower bound for the minimal possible number of nodes in a polynomial rule with specified accuracy. We give concrete but simplistic multivariate examples where a minimal quadrature rule can be designed that achieves this lower bound, along with situations that showcase when it is not possible to achieve this lower bound. Our second contribution is the formulation of an algorithm that is able to efficiently generate multivariate quadrature rules with positive weights on non-tensorial domains. Our tests show success of this procedure in up to 20 dimensions. We test our method on applications to dimension reduction and chemical kinetics problems, including comparisons against popular alternatives such as sparse grids, Monte Carlo and quasi Monte Carlo sequences, and Stroud rules. The quadrature rules computed in this paper outperform these alternatives in almost all scenarios.
Measuring Rock Strength While Drilling Shafts Socketed into Florida Limestone

AbstractThe focus of this research was the real time assessment of rock strength during drilled shaft installations in Florida. Measures of unconfined compressive strength, a function of rock stren...
Dissolution of Wheat Bran by NaOH/Urea Solutions and Structure of Soluble Materials

Wheat bran is an abundant low-cost byproduct of the wheat milling industry that can be used as a renewable resource for the production of biofuels, chemicals, feed, and food ingredients. In this st...
Substance abuse-related spontaneous bladder rupture: report of 2 cases and review of the literature.

AbstractSpontaneous rupture of the normal bladder associated with alcohol abuse is rare, with only 20 cases reported in the English literature to which we add 2 cases. Heavy alcohol ingestion predisposes the bladder to rupture by the large volume of fluid intake, its diuretic effect and the mental obtusion it produces, clouding sensory cues to void, α-Sympathomimetic drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, increase the resistance at the urethral sphincter and exacerbate the effects of alcohol. Cystography will be diagnostic, and prompt operative repair of intraperitoneal rupture is mandatory. Complete evaluation of the bladder, including urodynamic study, is important to eliminate underlying bladder pathological conditions. Substance abuse-related rupture demonstrates a typical constellation of clinical features that necessitate considering it a syndrome separate from other causes of spontaneous bladder rupture.
Teaching and Learning Diagnostic Skills in a Simulation Environment

Simulation environments can be employed in a variety of ways to enhance a learner’s diagnostic skills and knowledge. Novices can receive instruction in critical subskills including device manipulation, symptom detection, and symptom interpretation, and they can practice those subskills with close automated support. Intermediate level learners can practice applying those subskills in a realistic diagnostic environment in which the difficulty of the learning environment is individualized through the use of problem selection and learner support functions. Advanced learners can utilize the simulation to meet personal learning objectives by exploring a wide range of normal and abnormal conditions and by controlling the introduction of simulated faults.
Review of Jonah Steinberg, Isma’ili Modern: Globalization and Identity in a Muslim Community

Jonah Steinberg’s Ismaili Modern is a fascinating look at how the various agencies of the Aga Khan, the current Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, function to help mobilize and solidify a transnational Ismaili identity. With a strong theoretical base, aided by some ethnography, Steinberg develops a nuanced portrait of the Aga Khan institutions, and compares them to the more inward looking jamati institutions of the community. Steinberg suggests that modern Ismaili identity is mobilized by constructing a specific reading of history (p. 17), and the main, continuous argument of his book is the significance of various institutions of the Aga Khan. Although he asserts that Ismailis self-represent as ‘Modern Muslims’ (p. 21), he does not support that claim. He does, however, point out that the portrait of the community he paints is one that can challenge simplistic understandings of Muslims and the ‘Islamic World,’ both within intra-Muslim discourse and in popular, ascriptive definitions of the term ‘Muslim.’ His opening chapter on the background of the Ismaili community is perhaps his weakest. Although the history is sound, he attempts to discuss the community theologically but demonstrates a lack of engagement with Religious Studies. His attempt to put 1400 years of theological thinking into a paragraph does not serve the book well (p. 10). After that misstep, the book generally develops its argument well. His first chapter, dealing with the history of the Ismaili community, manages to cover a wide swathe of history. There are two areas that seem to demand more attention for the way he has structured his argument. The first is his observation that the Aga Khan, in establishing his own development network, is fashioning an Islamic modernity that is in conversation with it’s European counterpart, but distinct from it Cont Islam (2013) 7:233–235 DOI 10.1007/s11562-011-0160-0
Adaptive Estimation Via Martingales

Martingale representations and martingale limit theorems provide powerful and natural techniques in the construction and analysis of adaptive estimators. We show here how martingale theory, provides a simple, unified treatment of (i) asymptotically efficient adaptive choice of score functions for rank tests and estimators in censored and/or truncated regression models, and (ii) adaptive estimation of time series parameters using efficient recursive algorithms.
Recent advances in aerodynamics

Papers are presented on unsteady transonic aerodynamics and aeroelasticity, the unsteady separation phenomenon, and a wind tunnel method for V/STOL testing. Also considered are vortex-edge interactions, jet instability theory, large-scale organized motions in jets and shear layers, and the evolution of adaptive-wall wind tunnels. Other topics include advances in ejector thrust augmentation, multiple jet impingement flowfields, and recent advances in prediction methods for jet-induced effects on V/STOL aircraft.
Initial conditions in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics: I. The generation of solitary waves from discontinuities

Abstract Using an iterative projection technique method, a time-evolution equation is derived for the single-particle distribution function. An initial condition with built-in temperature and density discontinuities is used. It is shown that four soliton pairs traveling from the discontinuities may be generated. For the case of a density discontinuity alone, the classical shock tube result is recovered. It is also shown that with a temperature discontinuity, such as may be found in two metals which are brought together, it is possible to generate charged solitary pulses, in addition to the expected flow of electrons across the boundary.
Pulmonary Dead Space Monitoring: Identifying Subjects With ARDS at Risk of Developing Right Ventricular Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: ARDS is a highly morbid condition characterized by diffuse pulmonary inflammation, which results in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Approximately 25% of patients with ARDS develop right ventricular dysfunction, with cor pulmonale being a common final pathway in a significant number of non-survivors. ARDS-related right ventricular dysfunction occurs due to acute elevation in ventricular afterload caused by mechanisms that are associated with increased pulmonary dead space fraction. Thus, we hypothesized that changes in pulmonary dead space fraction may reflect changes in pulmonary hemodynamics. METHODS: This was a prospective single-center study of 21 subjects with ARDS who underwent serial determination of pulmonary dead space fraction and pulmonary hemodynamics via transthoracic echocardiography. Linear mixed-effects modeling was performed to test for an association between a change in pulmonary dead space and a change in pulmonary hemodynamics. RESULTS: The tricuspid regurgitation velocity to right ventricular outflow track velocity time integral ratio, an echocardiographic surrogate for pulmonary vascular resistance, increased by 0.16 Wood units (Coefficient 0.16, 95% CI 0.09 – 0.23; P P CONCLUSIONS: Increases in the pulmonary dead space fraction were associated with relative increases in both the tricuspid regurgitation velocity to right ventricular outflow track velocity time integral ratio and the tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, which likely contributed to the high incidence of ARDS-related right ventricular dysfunction encountered in clinical practice. Pulmonary dead space monitoring may serve as a clinical indicator to identify patients with ARDS at risk of developing right ventricular dysfunction and acute cor pulmonale.
Dietary curcumin enhances insulin clearance in diet-induced obese mice via regulation of hepatic PI3K-AKT axis and IDE, and preservation of islet integrity

Although type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is primarily characterized by sustained high levels of circulating glucose, other factors, such as obesity, chronic inflammation, fatty liver, and islet dysfunction significantly contribute to the development of this disease. To date, curcumin (CUR), a natural polyphenol and primary component of turmeric, shows putative therapeutic properties such as reducing the incidence of obesity-related diseases in mice. However, the mechanism by which CUR regulates insulin levels remains unclear. This study investigates how dietary CUR improves insulin clearance and maintains a proper range of circulating insulin level in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a control, a high fat/high sugar (HFS) or a HFS diet containing 0.4% (w/w) curcumin (HFS + CUR) (N = 16 per group) for 16 weeks. Mice given HFS + CUR had reduced body weight and fat accumulation in the liver and had lower blood insulin levels under fasting conditions compared to mice on HFS alone, resulting from significantly improved insulin clearance via upregulation of hepatic insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). We also observed restoration of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), especially class Ia catalytic subunits, p110α and p110β, and class Ib regulatory subunit, p101, and phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) expression levels in liver on HFS + CUR diet. Additionally, HFS + CUR fed mice had significantly smaller islets of Langerhans and increased glucagon contents compared to HFS fed mice, indicating less secretion of insulin in pancreas. The expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), a pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic protein, was significantly elevated in mouse and human islets cultured under HFS mimicking conditions, which was mitigated by CUR treatment. CUR supplementation in obese subjects may alleviate the burden imposed by HFS diets. Our data indicate administration of dietary CUR reinstates PI3K, AKT and IDE levels in obese mice. Additionally, CUR treatment preserves islet integrity by downregulation of TXNIP transcription levels. Therefore, dietary CUR may have the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic agent to address the underlying links of obesity and T2DM.
Static, Dynamic, and Cognitive Fit of Exosystems for the Human Operator.

ObjectiveTo define static, dynamic, and cognitive fit and their interactions as they pertain to exosystems and to document open research needs in using these fit characteristics to inform exosystem...
Evaluation of a novel bismuth-loaded plastic array for X-ray and neutron radiography

Some novel organic plastic scintillators offer substantial improvements in light-yield, detection efficiency, and pulse-shape discrimination over more traditional plastic materials. One promising application for select organic scintillators is in lowcost, portable, and durable dual-particle imaging (DPI) systems to support nuclear safety, security, and safeguards purposes. All candidate materials should first undergo investigation utilizing industry standards to quantify and evaluate their capabilities. In this work, a 21% bismuth-loaded polyvinyl toluene (BiPVT) fabricated by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) was computationally and experimentally evaluated as a small, pixelated radiographic array, with individual pixel dimensions of 2×2×19 mm. For comparison, the same evaluations were conducted for two samesized arrays made from EJ-200 and EJ-256. ASTM standard test methods and practices were utilized to calculate the modulation transfer function and basic spatial resolution for each array, both from measured and simulated data. Measurements were recorded by pressure coupling all three arrays to a commercial a-Si digital radiographic panel, and the computational model replicated the experimental design. Computational and experimental results were compared for all three arrays in the x-ray environment, whereas only computational results are available at this time for comparison in a fast neutron environment. The x-ray results demonstrate that BiPVT outperformed nearly identical arrays made from EJ- 200 and EJ-256, and the agreement between the simulated and experimental x-ray results validates the applied computational methodology for comparative predictions of neutron performance. Based on these simulations, the BiPVT array is also expected to outperform arrays made from EJ-200 and EJ-256 in fast neutron environments. These findings suggest that DPI systems utilizing BiPVT hold promise over more traditional material alternatives for continued development.
Flux Growth of Uranyl Titanates: Rare Examples of TiO4 Tetrahedra and TiO5 Square Bipyramids

Single crystals of four new uranyl titanates have been grown via the flux growth method using mixed alkali halide fluxes. Na2(UO2)(TiO)O3 and KNa(UO2)(TiO)O3 have analogous layered structures containing titanyl (TiO2+) units coordinated into TiO5 square pyramids. Cs2(UO2)TiO4 crystallizes in the Cs2USiO6 structure type and is a rare example of a structure containing TiO4 tetrahedra. Cs2(UO2)Ti2O6 crystallizes in a new tunnel structure and contains the also rare TiO5 trigonal bipyramids. DFT studies were performed to understand the bonding in the observed titanate polyhedra. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of the compounds are reported, and leaching studies are reported for Cs2(UO2)Ti2O6.
Cervical Spine Conditions in Football

Cervical spine injuries, and specifically spinal cord injuries (SCI), represent a small fraction of the pathologies that occur within football. Though infrequent, appropriate recognition and proper management reduce the likelihood of progression of a neurological injury and improve chances of recovery. Therefore, we will introduce cervical spine injuries in football first by understanding their incidence and how they have been affected by specific rule changes. It is then pertinent for the treating provider of a football player with a suspected SCI to understand the essential on-field assessment, further detailed evaluation, and management that should be performed. We will then review some basic tenants of common cervical spine pathologies and provide an overview of general return-to-play guidelines in these athletes. Lastly, we will attempt to tackle the conundrum that exists for counseling athletes found to have incidental cervical spine processes such as cervical stenosis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and Chiari malformation.
Development of a Fission Neutron Spectrum from a D-T Neutron Generator by Spectrum Subtraction Technique.

ABSTRACT Californium-252 (252Cf) is considered essential by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for the calibration of neutron instrumentation and dosimetry. Californium-252 has a relatively short half-life of 2.645 y; consequently, it must be replaced frequently to produce an adequate neutron flux for calibration. The user community is currently looking for a replacement for 252Cf. The patented technology described herein has a high probability of being that replacement. A preferred method to replace 252Cf would use an affordable and easily maintained neutron source that generates neutrons in an energy spectrum as close to that of 252Cf as possible. Deuterium-tritium (D-T) neutron generators are both affordable and easily maintained, which makes them highly attractive for replacing 252Cf. The patented technology discussed in this paper simulates the 252Cf fission spectrum through a D-T neutron generator by using spectral subtraction. The primary spectrum is built using principally (n,xn) and (n,n') reactions in a variety of materials. In conjunction with the primary spectrum, an engineered background spectrum is generated using a second set of materials. This engineered background spectrum corrects for differences between the primary and desired spectra. This subtraction technique generates a spectrum very similar to 252Cf while maintaining a reasonable flux. Further, by choosing different scattering materials, any fission spectrum can be matched, including the thermal and epithermal components. This flexibility expands the potential use of this technology beyond simulating 252Cf to any desired neutron spectrum below 14 MeV.
Residual Amplitude Modulation Reduction in Integrated Indium Phosphide Phase Modulators

A novel indium phosphide Mach-Zehnder interferometer with directional couplers was realized to compensate residual amplitude modulation in integrated phase modulators. The change in transmission for π phase shift was reduced from 3.85 dB to 1.98 dB.
Compromised Elections Through Cyber Dependency

On January 30th, 1933, the President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg names the next successor to Chancellor of Germany in Adolf Hitler (History.com, 2009, para. 1). This appointment occurred due to several backdoor deals within the Reichstag which was incited to quell the fury over recent communist elections to the Reichstag. The meteoric rise of Adolf Hitler ultimately occurred due to dismal conditions surrounding the German economy, bitter resentment from the loss of the Great War, and harsh restrictions under the treaty of Versailles (History.com, 2009, para. 1). Adolf provided hope to a very vulnerable group of Germans at a significant low nationalistic and economic time in history. This bleak time in history set the stage for one of the worst decades in world history as Adolf would ruthlessly and maliciously abuse his power to achieve his strategic goals. The backdoor deals conducted by the Reichstag would prove to be one of the worst election compromises in world history as it would also become the last election for years to come. Upon Adolf’s appointment, he aggressively pursued the passage of the Fire Decree and Enabling Act of 1933. Just two months into his nomination as Chancellor, the passage of the act allowed Adolf to make strategic federal decisions without the legislative body in Germany. This statute effectively stopped elections from occurring in Germany until Adolf was killed in 1945. The establishment of the new law set the stage for Adolf to begin a campaign of nepotism for establishing his foundation in the government. The primary implication for passage of the Fire Decree and Enabling Act of 1933 was that without opposition for enacting law, Adolf effectively destroyed opposition to his power and diminished the role of presidency in Germany until Adolf became the singular ruler of Germany (BBC, 2019, pg. 3). While these actions were prior to the cyber era, they underscore the importance of integrity for elected officials. Alternatively, this situation proves that significant issues that arise when the election process is undermined. This paper will aim to discuss historical election processes and techniques in the United States, current election processes and how the electronic voting risk affects voting. The paper will end with a comparison of risk appetite as it pertains to voting between the United States and Germany. Finally, recommendations will be made for bolstering election security within the United States.