cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health literacy among residents with different smoking habit in Wuxi city

Objective To analyze health literacy level among residents with different smoking habit in Wuxi city,and to provide scientific evidences for developing tobacco control strategies. Methods With multistage stratified random sampling method,4 321 residents aged 15 to 69 years in Wuxi were investigated,and the demographic distribution of the respondents was adjusted according to the results of the sixth national census in Jiangsu province. Results Different health literacy levels were observed among residents with different smoking habit. The overall level of adjusted health literacy was 21. 55% for ex-smokers,20. 36% for non-smokers,19. 67% for daily smokers,and only 13. 37% for occasional smokers. The highest levels of health related skill and basic medical care issue were found among daily smokers( 22. 32%and 8. 49%) and the lowest among occasional smokers( 11. 06% and 2. 27%). Conclusion The high level of health literacy may prevent the people from tobacco smoking. The health literacy promotion should be implemented continuously among residents,especially the promotion on attitude towards health and chronic non-communicable diseases related health literacy among smokers.
Mammary Gland Cell Death Also Involves Lysosomal Autophagy

The mammary gland undergoes apoptosis when estrogen ablation occurs, either naturally or enforced. The gland is known to execute the apoptotic process post weaning. Although the involuting mammary gland displays the characteristic biochemical features of apoptosis, including DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies, it also shows evidence of an autophagic death. In this report, apoptosis of the gland was induced by removing the pups from their nursing mothers. In particular, we show that lysosomes increased in size and number, and moved from basal to apical regions in dying rat mammary gland cells. Lysosomal enzyme activities were significantly greater in degenerating mammary gland (day 4 post weaning) epithelial cells when compared with day 0 gland cells. Moreover, these hydrolases were responsible for degrading cytosolic and nuclear components, and thus the whole cell. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mammary gland dies by lysosomal autophagy in addition to apoptosis during post-lactational involution. Our studies indicate that the lysosomal compartment may serve as an important target organelle for the creation of specific, effective, and novel therapies for breast cancer.
Additive value of immunologic monitoring to histologic grading of heart allograft biopsy specimens: implications for therapy.

Background : Currently the sole method available for diagnosis of heart allograft rejection is endomyocardial biopsy. Although this procedure offers important criteria for treatment, it cannot always discriminate between mild episodes of rejection which might be self-limiting and forms which may progress. In an effort to monitor rejection, we have implemented a cellular monitoring strategy aimed at identifying episodes of rejection in biopsy specimens which may evolve into higher grades of rejection. The lymphocyte growth assay is based on the capacity of interleukin-2 receptor-positive T cells to expand in the presence of interleukin-2 and antigen provided by the biopsy fragment. In this study we investigated whether a positive lymphocyte growth assay correlated with and was predictive of subsequent histologic allograft rejection and the development of anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies. Methods : Lymphocyte growth assay was performed on 437 biopsy specimens from 76 patients. Patients with mild allograft rejection defined as grade 2 rejection were randomized to treatment according to the results of the lymphocyte growth assay. Anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies was also measured monthly. Cells grown from the biopsy specimens were tested against the donor cells and allopeptides derived from the donor human leukocyte antigen-DR. Results : A highly significant correlation was observed between the histologic grade of rejection and growth of graft infiltrating cells (p < 0.0001). Lymphocyte growth occurred in 10% of grade 0 versus 60% of grade 3A biopsy specimens. Only 4% of histologically negative cases with negative lymphocyte growth assay progressed to rejection in the next month. In the randomized study in which treatment was based on the lymphocyte growth assay results, progressive rejection occurred in three of four cases with positive lymphocyte growth assay versus only 1 of 11 with a negative lymphocyte growth assay (p < 0.001). A highly significant correlation was found between a positive lymphocyte growth assay and subsequent development of antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (p < 0.0006). This finding indicates that cellular rejection evidenced by lymphocyte growth assay ultimately results in humoral antihuman leukocyte antigen antibody mediated rejection. Limiting dilution analysis showed that although the direct recognition pathway prevails in early rejection, cells participating in the indirect pathway also proliferate vigorously in the graft during rejection. Conclusions : Monitoring of rejection with lymphocyte growth assay is a simple method which provides prognostic information on the outcome of cardiac allografts. Lymphocyte growth assay correlates with histologic rejection and is predictive of future histologic rejection episodes. Lymphocyte growth assay also predicts subsequent development of antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies and thus may provide a useful method for ascertaining the onset of chronic rejection.
Interrupted Cooking of Beef Rib Eye Steaks1

Interrupting the cooking of steaks, by either refrigeration or freezer storage, would make better scheduling of labor time possible. In effect, the steaks thus become “convenience foods,” which were shown to be very acceptable by taste panel scoring.
Capitalism and the Social Relationship: A Contextual Overview

Chapter 1 sets the stage for the way this book examines capitalism and its exploration of the social, political, and economic context of individuals’ and firms’ place within the societal setting. In this chapter, we provide the methodological orientation of our compilation and examination of the research addressing the theme Capitalism and the Social Relationship: An Organizational Perspective. We will also examine the nature of capitalism’s emergence as a global system and its current state, which impacts on the way organizations operate. Additionally, we will explore the inherent contradictions in the global capitalist system, created by outsourcing and offshoring, which have led to domestic imbalances for some countries, displacing individuals, and changing organizations. Finally, we will examine how the global capitalist system, as viewed by different political perspectives, addresses and resolves its inadequacies and how organizations are influenced by changes resulting from interactions within the capitalist system.
College Students' Responses to Traumatic Events Involving Sudden Death:

The present study investigated undergraduate college students' responses to traumatic death events portrayed in video clips. We extracted a 1-minute clip from Final Destination and a 5-minute clip ...
Eliza Wharton as Psyche in Hannah Webster Foster's THE COQUETTE

Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette; Or, The History of Eliza Wharton; A Novel; Founded on Fact addresses issues related to feminism, gender, genre, politics, and ethics. Interpreting Foster's 179...
Growth of loblolly pine callus on a variety of carbohydrate sources

Callus derived from stem segments of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was subcultured to media containing 0.5% of various mono-, di-, tri- or polysaccharides. None of the carbohydrate sources tested were superior to sucrose. Growth on twelve of the 20 carbohydrates tested was more than 75% of that obtained for sucrose; growth on two other carbohydrates became >75% of the value for sucrose by the second interval on the new carbon source. Ribose and galactose-containing sugars are among those which support pine callus growth. Dramatic differences in ribose utilization are noted on media supplemented with glutamine vs. NH4/NO3 nitrogen sources.
Environmental Restoration Operations Consolidated Quarterly Report: July-September 2016

This Environmental Restoration Operations (ER) Consolidated Quarterly Report (ER Quarterly Report) provides the status of ongoing corrective action activities being implemented at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico (SNL/NM) during the July, August, and September 2016 quarterly reporting period. The Solid Waste Management Units (SWMUs) and Areas of Concern (AOCs) identified for corrective action at SNL/NM are listed in Table I-1. Sections I.2.1 and I.2.2 summarize the work completed during this quarter. Section I.2.1 summarizes the quarterly activities at sites undergoing corrective action field activities. Field activities are conducted at the three groundwater AOCs (Burn Site Groundwater [BSG AOC], Technical Area [TA]-V Groundwater [TAVG AOC], and Tijeras Arroyo Groundwater [TAG AOC]). Section I.2.2 summarizes quarterly activities at sites where the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED) issued a certificate of completion and the sites are in the corrective action complete (CAC) regulatory process. Currently, SWMUs 8 and 58, 68, 149, 154, and 502 are in the CAC regulatory process. Corrective action activities are deferred at the Long Sled Track (SWMU 83), the Gun Facilities (SWMU 84), and the Short Sled Track (SWMU 240) because these three sites are active mission facilities. These three active sites are located in TA-III.
Biosidus: Biotecnologia En La Patagonia

The case follows an Argentinean biotech firm as it sets future firm strategy and decides how to fund it. Specifically, the firm is working on a method to produce human growth hormone through the milk of cloned cows. Economic and political uncertainties in Argentina complicate an otherwise challenging strategic decision. Students are required to make a decision based on the conditions present at the time of the case. Excerpt UVA-S-0115 Rev. Aug. 22, 2012 BioSidus: Biotecnologia en la Patagonia In early August 2002, Marcelo Arguelles, son of Antonio Arguelles, the founder of BioSidus, faced a very tough decision concerning the future of the company. BioSidus could no longer implement its 10-year business plan given the current political and economic crises in Argentina. Therefore, Arguelles needed to reevaluate his company's direction along three potential paths. First, should his company focus on its current product base and harvest its existing portfolio of drugs? Second, should it invest in R&D despite adverse market conditions? Third, should it forge a new international partnership to establish a greater market for its current products? BioSidus's latest R&D development involved farm animal cloning techniques that used animals to produce new proteins, which would then be secreted and harvested from their milk. After one unsuccessful attempt, the company anxiously awaited the birth of its second cloned calf. If successful, this new technique would significantly reduce the production costs of proteins, transferring the production line from a multi-million-dollar state-of-the-art facility to a cow (see Exhibit 1 for an illustration of the cloning process). Arguelles was confident that this new technique would revolutionize the industry. He was uncertain, however, of what it would mean for the rest of his company if the cloning was unsuccessful. Faced with a restrictive financial market and weak demand, Arguelles was not sure the company would have enough strength to complete the project. . . .
Quality Improvement Project: Replacing the Numeric Rating Scale with a Clinically Aligned Pain Assessment (CAPA) Tool

Abstract CAPA is a multifaceted pain assessment tool that was adopted at a large tertiary Midwest hospital to replace the numeric scale for adult patients who could self-report their pain experience. This article describes the process of implementation and the effect on patient satisfaction scores. Use of the tool is supported by the premise that pain assessment entails more than just pain intensity and that assessment is an exchange of meaning between patients and clinicians dependent on internal and external factors. Implementation of the tool was a transformative process resulting in modest increases in patient satisfaction scores with pain management. Patient reports that “staff did everything to manage pain” had the biggest gains and were sustained for more than 2 years. The CAPA tool meets regulatory requirements for pain assessment.
Mechanosensitive Gene Regulation by Myocardin-Related Transcription Factors is Required for Cardiomyocyte Integrity in Load-Induced Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background —Hypertrophic cardiomyocyte (CM) growth and dysfunction accompanies various forms of heart disease. The mechanisms responsible for transcriptional changes that impact cardiac physiology and the transition to heart failure (HF) are not well understood. The intercalated disc (ID) is a specialized intercellular junction coupling CM electrical activity and force transmission, and is gaining attention as a mechanosensitive signaling hub and hotspot for causative mutations in cardiomyopathy. Methods —Transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) were used to examine changes in ID structure and protein localization in the murine and human heart. We conducted detailed cardiac functional assessment and transcriptional profiling of mice lacking myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) and -B specifically in adult CMs to evaluate the role of mechanosensitive regulation of gene expression in load-induced ventricular remodeling. Results —We found that MRTFs localize to IDs in the healthy human heart and accumulate in the nucleus in heart failure (HF). Although mice lacking MRTFs in adult CMs display normal cardiac physiology at baseline, pressure overload leads to rapid HF characterized by sarcomere disarray, ID disintegration, chamber dilation and wall thinning, cardiac functional decline, and partially penetrant acute lethality. Transcriptional profiling reveals a program of actin cytoskeleton and CM adhesion genes driven by MRTFs during pressure overload. Indeed, conspicuous remodeling of gap junctions at IDs identified by SMLM may partially stem from a reduction in Mapre1 expression, which we show is a direct mechanosensitive MRTF target. Conclusions —Taken together, our study describes a novel paradigm in which MRTFs control an acute mechanosensitive signaling circuit that coordinates crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and maintains ID integrity and CM homeostasis in heart disease.
Momentary negative affect is lower during mindful movement than while sitting: An experience sampling study

Abstract Background Movement-based behaviors and mindfulness can decrease many aspects of negative affect (e.g., stress, anxiety, depression). It is unclear whether mindfulness during waking movement-based behaviors (e.g., moving, standing, sitting) influences the associations between those movement-based behaviors and negative affect. Objective This study tested whether situational mindfulness moderated associations between (1) usual moving/standing behavior and negative affect, or (2) momentary moving/standing behavior and negative affect. Design A smartphone-based, 14-day experience sampling study was conducted to assess college students’ daily waking movement-based behaviors and subjective experiences. Method A multilevel model was estimated to predict momentary negative affect from a variety of predictors including the interaction between mindfulness and movement-based behaviors. Results Participants’ momentary negative affect was lower when moving (versus sitting) if they were more mindful than usual at that moment (b = 0.10, p Conclusions These results extend prior work by showing that mindfulness during movement-based behaviors is associated with less momentary negative affect. Integrating mindfulness practices with daily movement-based behaviors may lead to greater mental health benefits and this hypothesis should be tested in experimental research.
The Logistic Function Part I: Cantor Sets and Chaos

We return to the family of functions h r (x) = rx(1 − x) where r > 0. As we saw in Chapter 1, this family is a reasonable model of population growth. We note that the graph of h r is a parabola facing down with x intercepts at 0 and 1, and with a vertex at the point \( \left( {\tfrac{1}{2},\tfrac{r}{4}} \right) \)
Correlates of acute exercise-induced ocular hypotension.

PURPOSE: To understand those factors that determine the decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) that occurs during acute dynamic exercise. METHODS: Three aspects of the exercise-IOP relationship were studied. These included graded exercise, with and without CO2 addition for isocapnia; comparison of the IOP response of trained and sedentary subjects to a fixed external work load; and exercise after ocular beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Graded exercise consisted of 7 minutes each at 30 and 90 watts on a cycle ergometer, then progressive work to exhaustion. Trained and sedentary subjects were defined on the basis of the blood lactate response to fixed external work (10 minutes at 90 watts). Selective beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade (betaxolol) and nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade (levobunolol) were superimposed on graded exercise. Intraocular pressure was measured using applanation tonometry. RESULTS: Graded exercise: Intraocular pressure decreased in proportion to exercise intensity. Hypocapnia developed in the last minutes of exhausting work, but preventing hypocapnia with CO2 addition failed to lessen the decrease in IOP. Response to fixed external work load: Intraocular pressure decreased significantly more in sedentary than in trained subjects; this decline was correlated with elevations in blood lactate but not with changes in metabolic rate or plasma osmolarity. Selective and nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade: Both drugs lowered IOP at baseline and throughout graded exercise; the drugs and exercise had apparently additive ocular hypotensive effects. CONCLUSIONS: Acute dynamic exercise lowers IOP in a graded fashion proportional to relative, not absolute, work load. The IOP decline is correlated with blood lactate but not with PCO2 or plasma osmolarity changes, and exercise potentiates the ocular hypotensive effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
Implantable Concanavlin a Based Sensors for Interstitial Fluid Glucose Sensing in Diabetics

Currently, 6.2% of the United States population has been diagnosed with diabetes1. Of the estimated 17 million diabetics, 90% of them are insulin resistant2. Diabetes is commonly split into two categories depending on the cause of the disease. Type 1 diabetes, traditionally termed juvenile, is marked by a failure of the B-cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas to properly synthesize insulin resulting in improper control of blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes, traditionally classified as late onset, develops when organs and cells in the body become immune to native insulin resulting in dramatic oscillations in blood sugar2–4. Type 1 diabetics regulate their blood sugar by either consuming a glucose rich food, if blood sugar is low ( 150 mg/dL)1. Type 2 diabetics, being resistant to insulin therapy, must regulate their blood sugar through dietary control and through the aid of commercially available drug treatments1. All diabetics are recommended to monitor their blood sugar often to avoid immediate threats attributed to high or low blood sugar such as dizziness, coma, or even death5. New research has shown that continuous monitoring of blood sugar with tight blood glucose control (as close to normal as possible, 70–150 mg/dL) can substantially reduce the risk of developing afflictions associated with prolonged misregulation of blood sugar5. These afflictions include kidney, liver, and heart disease, amputations due to poor circulation and blindness due to retinopathy5.
Citation of previous meta-analyses on the same topic: a clue to perpetuation of incorrect methods?

Clinical relevance Systematic reviews and meta-analyses serve as a basis for decision-making and clinical practice guidelines and should be carried out using appropriate methodology to avoid incorrect inferences. Topic We describe the characteristics, statistical methods used for meta-analyses, and citation patterns of all 21 glaucoma systematic reviews we identified pertaining to the effectiveness of prostaglandin analog eye drops in treating primary open-angle glaucoma, published between December 2000 and February 2012. Methods We abstracted data, assessed whether appropriate statistical methods were applied in meta-analyses, and examined citation patterns of included reviews. Results We identified two forms of problematic statistical analyses in 9 of the 21 systematic reviews examined. Except in 1 case, none of the 9 reviews that used incorrect statistical methods cited a previously published review that used appropriate methods. Reviews that used incorrect methods were cited 2.6 times more often than reviews that used appropriate statistical methods. We speculate that by emulating the statistical methodology of previous systematic reviews, systematic review authors may have perpetuated incorrect approaches to meta-analysis. Conclusions The use of incorrect statistical methods, perhaps through emulating methods described in previous research, calls conclusions of systematic reviews into question and may lead to inappropriate patient care. We urge systematic review authors and journal editors to seek the advice of experienced statisticians before undertaking or accepting for publication a systematic review and meta-analysis. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Surgery for Brain Metastasis

Brain metastases (BM) are by far the most common intracranial adult tumor, diagnosed in approximately 150,000–170,000 cancer patients annually in the United States. Due to recent advances in the management of systemic cancers patient survival has increased, with a consequent increase in the incidence of BM. It is estimated that 20–40% of all patients with systemic malignancies harbor cerebral metastases during their life. With the increased incidence due to prolonged patient survival, more patients are being considered for surgical resection. Although surgical management of BM has been performed since the turn of the twentieth century, early results were discouraging and viewed with much doubt. Therefore, treatments for BM were limited to corticosteroids and whole brain radiotherapy until the last few decades. With recent advances in neurosurgical technique, neuroanesthesia and improved localization techniques, more lesions are surgically accessible and there has been a corresponding decrease in surgical morbidity and mortality. Surgical resection of brain metastases continues to evolve but has already demonstrated ­quality of life benefits as well as increased survival. Currently, surgical resection is considered a key component to the management of BM.
Groundwater geochemistry fluctuations along a fresh-saltwater gradient on the carbonate islands of the lower Florida Keys

Abstract Climate change will have long-lasting effects on the availability of fresh water on small, carbonate islands that have isolated fresh groundwater lenses, particularly as sea level rises and rainfall regimes shift. The carbonate islands of the Florida Keys provide an ideal location to study the effect of variable rainfall on the aqueous geochemistry of the islands' groundwater. In a rainfall-driven carbonate system, the expectation is that limestone dissolution will occur within the vadose zone resulting in increased ions in the groundwater. However, geochemical processes are also affected by the salinity of groundwater and the extent of the mixing zone between fresh and salt water. We chose two islands to conduct the study of the shallow groundwater: the largest island in the lower Florida Keys, Big Pine Key (BPK), and a smaller island, Upper Sugarloaf Key (SLK). From May 2011 through April 2012, monthly groundwater samples were collected from 24 shallow (1 m deep) wells located along a fresh to saline gradient on both islands. Groundwater chemistry was compared with rainfall amounts from a weather station on BPK. Saturation indices for aragonite and calcite, generated with geochemical modeling in PHREEQC, were compared to conservative mixing between Gulf of Mexico water and freshwater. Equilibrium to supersaturated conditions with respect to carbonate minerals dominated in all of the groundwater samples. Saturation indices varied with rainfall with the most supersaturated samples observed after a large rain event and samples approaching equilibrium after the longest period without rainfall. Calcium in excess of what would be expected from conservative mixing of fresh water and seawater was observed in all groundwater samples and was elevated at near-shore locations, especially on BPK. Contrary to expectations, dissolution resulting from mixing of freshwater and seawater was not supported in the shallow groundwater. Instead, dissolution within the narrow vadose zone from rain events likely resulted in the excess calcium in the groundwater. Seasonal fluctuations in groundwater composition were primarily observed on the smaller island and were related to the fresh water balance, changing rapidly after a heavy rain event, and suggest that a size threshold has been surpassed for a stable lens. Rising seas will further decrease lens extent and vadose zone depth, reducing the potential for future limestone dissolution.
Family Consent and Organ Donation

This paper asks whether investigation into the ontology of the extended family can help us to think about and resolve questions concerning the nature of the family's decision-making authority where organ donation is concerned. Here, "extended family" refers not to the multigenerational family all living at the same time, but to the family extended past its living boundaries to include the dead and the not yet living. How do non-existent members of the family figure into its ontology? Does an answer to this question help to resolve questions about the distribution of authority within the extended family?
Spectroscopy with the Low Energy Electron Microscope

Photo electron emission microscopy (PEEM), going back to the earliest days of electron microscopy, and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), successfully deployed since the late 1980s, are examples of cathode lens microscopy in which the sample itself is an integral part of the image forming system. While applications have naturally gravitated towards the acquisition of images to elucidate structure and structural evolution, recent years have also seen a rapidly expanding range of spectroscopic capabilities. These address, for example, the occupied and unoccupied electronic band structures of materials, electrical transport in 2-D systems, crystal growth and 2-D strain, inelastic electron energy loss mechanisms, as well as radiation damage in organic materials during low-energy electron irradiation. In this chapter, we discuss applications of these new spectroscopic methods, as well as recent instrumental developments that further expand the potential uses of cathode lens microscopy.
Improvement of Ti/TiN interfacial shear strength by doping – A first principles density functional theory study

Abstract The dependence of interfacial shear resistance on the substitutional doping of Al, V and Cr at the Ti/TiN interface was studied using first principles Density Functional Theory. Only Al dopants had negative enthalpies of mixing in Ti and at the Ti/TiN interface. Generalized stacking fault energies (GSFE) were calculated and their barriers were used as an estimate of shear resistance. The addition of Al increased the GSFE barriers of pure Ti when they were in adjacent atomic layers. It was found that when Al atoms were in contact, they had a destabilizing effect that led to the increased barriers in certain configurations. Near the Ti/TiN interface, the presence of one or two Al dopants increased the GSFE barrier by drawing some of the electron charge from the ceramic N atoms into the Ti phase. There was a general correlation between higher GSFE barriers and Al concentration at the Ti/TiN interface, which were attributed to both of the described effects: destabilizing Al-Al interactions and Al drawing electron density from the ceramic into the Ti phase.
Closed form parametric solutions of nonlinear Abel-type and Riccati-type spacecraft relative motion

Abstract In comparison to the conventional approach of using Cartesian coordinates to describe spacecraft relative motion, the relative orbit description using Keplerian orbital elements provides a better visualization of the relative motion due to the benefit of having only one term (anomaly) that changes with time out of the six orbital elements leading to the reduction of the number of terms to be tracked from six, as in the case of Hill coordinates, to one. In this paper, under certain assumptions and transformations, the spacecraft relative equations of motion, in terms of orbital element differences, is approximated into the nonlinear first kind Abel-type and Riccati-type differential equations. Furthermore, we present methodologies for the formulation of the close form analytical solutions of the approximated equations. As shown by the numerical simulations, the closed form solutions and the nonlinear equations are in conformity with Riccati-type equations having higher errors than the Abel-type equations. This shows that the Abel-type equation, a third order polynomial, approximated the relative motion better than the Riccati-type equation, a second order polynomial. The resulting new analytical solutions gave better insight into the relative motion dynamics and can be used for the analysis of spacecraft formation flying, proximity and rendezvous operations.
A Linear Bang-Bang Model of Firm Behavior and Water Quality

This paper considers the problem of a firm located on a lake in a situation wherein its production process pollutes the lake, while the pollution, in turn, increases the firm's production costs. It is assumed that the pollution caused is proportional to the production rate, that the lake has an exponential self-cleaning ability, and that the effectiveness of the direct pollution control dollars is proportional to the existing pollution level. The optimal control problem is to determine the optimal levels of production and pollution abatement expenditures in a way that maximizes the present value of net profit streams over an infinite horizon. The optimal control is characterized by a continuum of stationary optimal equilibria. It is also shown that a policy of periodic production and shutdowns can never be optimal.
Determination of Coefficient of Contraction of Orifice with Variation of Geometrical Parameter

An orifice is a basic flow measurement and control device used with the principle of pressure difference in a single. The flow measurement carries importance in laboratory, petroleum, energy, nuclear, mining, chemical and processing, and food industries to regulate the flow. In a multiphase flow problem such as oil and gas industry, chemical and processing industry well head chokes are used to control the production of oil and control, which create more fluctuation in the downstream flow and required more back pressure on the reservoir to maintain the flow rate and create significantly error in the measurement. To avoid the above problem orifice is an alternative device. Based on the thickness of the orifice, it is considered as two types: thick and thin. In this study, a numerical study will be conducted for both thick and thin orifices to determine the coefficient of contraction. The geometrical parameters are considered to be varying for the studies, thickness of orifice and area ratio. The operational parameters are mass flow rate, input velocity with single-phase fluid (air and water). The predicted result will be contributed to design and control of the flow measurement device in the respective flow field.
First-principles surface calculations for monoclinic Ga2O3 and Al2O3 and consequences for cracking of (AlxGa1-x)2O3 films

The wide-bandgap semiconductor Ga2O3 is a promising candidate for high-power electronics. Alloying with Al for (AlxGa1-x)2O3 films enables heterostructures that are essential for device applications. However, the limited thickness of (AlxGa1-x)2O3 films grown on Ga2O3 substrates is a serious obstacle. Here we employ first-principles calculations to determine the brittle fracture toughness of such films for three growth orientations of the monoclinic structure: [100], [010] and [001]. Surface energies and elastic constants are computed for the end compounds—monoclinic Ga2O3 and Al2O3—and used to interpolate to (AlxGa1-x)2O3 alloys. The appropriate crack plane for each growth orientation is determined, and the corresponding critical thicknesses of (AlxGa1-x)2O3 films are calculated based on Griffith’s theory. Our in-depth analysis of surface energies for both relaxed and unrelaxed surfaces provides important insights into the factors that determine the relative stability of different surfaces. We conclude that the critical thickness is largest for (AlxGa1-x)2O3 films grown along [100].
Does Telemedicine Reduce health disparities? Longitudinal Evidence during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US

Objective The COVID-19 pandemic could be a significant health issue for the elderly population and those with pre-excising chronic condition. In response to the pandemic health care services have increased the use of telehealth medicine. The propose of this study is to examine factors associated with access to telemedicine before and after COVID-19 based on sociodemographic factors and type of chronic disease. Method We have used data from the Research and Development Survey (RANDS) at two different time points Data collection for the first wave occurred between June 9, 2020 and July 6, 2020 (n= 6786), second wave was between August 3, 2020 and August 20, 2020 (n=5972). Three questions have been asked from the participant: 1) did the provider offer telemedicine before the pandemic? 2) does the provider offer telemedicine during the pandemic? And 3) have the participants schedule telemedicine appointments? Result In both waves, 62 % of the participants reported providers did not have telemedicine services prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we found a 22% increase in offering telemedicine in six first month of the COVID-19 pandemic. The finding shows almost no change in providing telemedicine between June and August. The data indicates just a 0.5% and 0.1% increase in accessing telemedicine, and scheduling in August than June, respectively. Patients older than 65 had higher access to telemedicine and had higher scheduling frequencies than other age groups, while they had the lowest access prior to the COVID-19. Blacks had the highest access to telemedicine services than other races (40%). Additionally, females, higher education, and living in metropolitan areas were associated with higher access and scheduling during the pandemic. There was a variation of access and scheduling in different chronic diseases, however, providers offered more remote services for those who diagnosed by diabetes. Conclusion The aim of telemedicine is to reduce disparities in healthcare access. The findings of this study show telemedicine has reduced racial disparities and provided greater accessibility for older groups. However, spatial and educational disparities are still noticeable. Research is necessary to examine how healthcare must address the socioeconomic heterogeneity in telemedicine by avoiding further disparities.
Organizational Forms and the Contracts of Bank Loans

This paper is the first to consider all three important organizational forms, such as industrial diversification, global diversification, and geographic dispersion, in the empirical framework to find out which types of diversification do matter for the contracting of bank loans. I find that, on average, globally diversified firms could incur a 7.7% to 14.5% additional increase in loan pricing compared to the concentrated firms or the firms that are not diversified at any dimension. The other types of firms incurring a higher cost of bank debt are the firms that are only geographically dispersed, and the firms that are diversified in all three forms. Examining the effects of organizational forms on the non-price loan terms, I observe that covenant restrictions are generally higher for the geographically dispersed firms that are either industrially or globally diversified.
Anomaly Detection of Test-Time Evasion Attacks using Class-conditional Generative Adversarial Networks.

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been shown vulnerable to adversarial (Test-Time Evasion (TTE)) attacks which, by making small changes to the input, alter the DNN's decision. We propose an attack detector based on class-conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We model the distribution of clean data conditioned on the predicted class label by an Auxiliary Classifier GAN (ACGAN). Given a test sample and its predicted class, three detection statistics are calculated using the ACGAN Generator and Discriminator. Experiments on image classification datasets under different TTE attack methods show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art detection methods. We also investigate the effectiveness of anomaly detection using different DNN layers (input features or internal-layer features) and demonstrate that anomalies are harder to detect using features closer to the DNN's output layer.
Repetitive negative thinking and depressive symptoms are differentially related to response inhibition: The influence of non-emotional, socio-emotional, and self-referential stimuli.

Abstract Identifying transdiagnostic correlates of response inhibition deficits is important for understanding risk for internalizing disorders. Little work has compared the relationships between internalizing symptoms and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) with response inhibition across non-emotional and emotional domains, and no work has compared these relationships for inhibition of socio-emotional relative to self-referential stimuli. Undergraduate students (N = 71, 18.44 ± 0.71 years) selected on extremes of internalizing symptoms completed the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) and a Go/No-Go paradigm using non-emotional stimuli, other individuals' sad facial expressions, and participants' own sad facial expressions. Participants exhibited more commission errors for sad facial expressions than non-emotional trials, though commission errors for others' and participants’ own sad facial expressions did not differ. Depressive symptoms were associated with poorer inhibition of non-emotional stimuli; however, PTQ scores were associated with more successful inhibition of non-emotional stimuli. Our results provide evidence that transdiagnostic RNT as assessed by the PTQ may be related to better inhibition in non-emotional domains, but negative emotional stimuli may interfere with successful inhibition for those with high RNT, while depressive symptoms were linked to poorer inhibition of non-emotional stimuli. These findings have implications for internalizing disorders, which often are accompanied by RNT.
FRET-based homogeneous immunoassay on a nanoparticle-based photonic crystal

The potential of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in a photonic crystal (PC) nanostructured array to enhance the speed and sensitivity of a protein-based immunoassay was tested. Forty-nanometer carboxylated particles conjugated with donor-labeled capture antibodies were trapped by electrophoresis and used as a FRET energy donor. The PC array was able to enhance fluorescent excitation and emission by phase matching. To provide a proof of concept for this FRET-based homogeneous assay on a PC chip, an immunoassay was tested with a simple immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based reaction. A standard curve was generated by testing two different antibody reaction times: 20 min. and 1 min. The results were compared directly to those obtained from a FRET assay that used a modern, high-sensitivity plate reader with a 96-well plate and a reaction time of 1 h. The rabbit-IgG detection limits of the FRET-based homogeneous assay on the PC were 0.001 and 0.1 μg/mL for incubation times of 20 and 1 min, respectively; the sensitivities were 103 and 10 times better than the 96-well plate reader, respectively. Thus, FRET on a PC immunoplatform was shown to be a facile, effective, rapid, and sensitive detection technology.
The renaissance of fluorescence resonance energy transfer

Recent advances in fluorescence resonance energy transfer have led to qualitative and quantitative improvements in the technique, including increased spatial resolution, distance range, and sensitivity. These advances, due largely to new fluorescent dyes, but also to new optical methods and instrumentation, have opened up new biological applications.
Plant diversity in Lythrum, Phragmites, and Typhamarshes, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Concern about colonization of marshesby plant species such as Phragmites australisand Lythrum salicariahas highlighted the needfor management strategies. However, there is a lack ofinformation in the literature on which to base thesedecisions. This study compares the alpha diversity ofmarshes to assess the impact of invasion by Phragmitesand Lythrum. Species occurrence andstem density were measured in marshes dominated by Phragmites, Lythrum, Typhaspp., or otherherbaceous perennials in the Charles River watershedin eastern Massachusetts, USA, and species richness,Shannon's H′, Simpson's reciprocal (1/D), and Pielou'sJ were compared among six community types. The threediversity indices had significantly higher values forTypha-Lythrummarshes than for any of the othermarsh types (Tukey test, p< 0.05), with mean values(± s.d.) of H′ = 2.00 ± 0.74, 1/D = 3.51± 1.68 and J = 0.69 ± 0.1. Marshes dominatedby Phragmiteshad the lowest diversity, with H′= 0 and D = 1, i.e. they were monospecific. Typhadominated marshes had the second lowest values,with H′ = 0.17 ± 0.05, 1/D = 1.05 ± 0.01, andJ = 0.11 ± 0.03. These results support the ideathat a reduction in diversity can be expected inmarshes colonized by Phragmites. However, thehigh diversity found in the Typha-Lythrummarshes contradicts the expectation of lower diversityafter invasion by Lythrum. This information mayalter marsh management decisions.
Adhesion of microvascular endothelial cells to metallic implant surfaces.

The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms of adhesion of endothelial cells (ECs) to implant grades of titanium alloy (Ti) and stainless steel (SS), compared to tissue culture polystyrene (PS). The idea is that promotion of EC adhesion to implant surfaces during the initial stages of healing may be critical in the formation of a capillary bed intimately associated with the implant surface. Ultimately this could be expected in turn to promote bone formation close to the surface and a more stable implant/bone interface. Surfaces were coated with either peak 1 fibrinogen gammaAgammaA, fibrinogen Fr I-9, fibrinogen fragment D1, fibronectin, vitronectin, or fetal calf serum and then post-coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to block non-specific cell adhesion. Surfaces with BSA alone and no other protein coating were also evaluated. Fibronectin coating maximized cell adhesion on all three surfaces, and adhesion was highest on PS. BSA blocked cell adhesion to PS (and most adhesion to SS) much better than to Ti. These results provide evidence that BSA adsorption on the metal surface is unable to effectively block the adhesion of the cells to the Ti. These data may provide a basis for understanding in vivo observations that soft tissue becomes attached to a Ti surface more rapidly and with more bone formation than to SS. Evidence is also presented that alphavbeta3 plays an important role in adhesion of ECs to the Ti surface. These experiments also provide preliminary data which may reflect some of the features of initial EC adhesion to metal implants.
Getting Beyond Kansas

This essay, written for a symposium on the 25th anniversary of Philips Petroleum v. Shutts, critically examines the legacy of Shutts. The first part argues that Shutts solved the immediate problem of allowing a centralized forum to adjudicate common claims of market-based harms, despite the multistate citizenship of the affected individuals. Shutts handled this by applying a due process balancing approach to the question of personal jurisdiction and, in turn, allowing notice and the ability to opt out to suffice to establish binding personal jurisdiction over class actions. Shutts could not, however, provide a mechanism to ensure that the forum in which the case was consolidated was the most appropriate place to litigate the matter, as opposed to simply being an appropriate forum. The result was widespread forum-shopping in class actions. That problem has been addressed, to some extent, by the newly enacted Class Action Fairness Act.The second part of this essay addresses the problem of choice of law once a case is consolidated in a single proceeding. Shutts struck down the application of forum law to transactions that were unrelated to the Kansas site of the litigation. But Shutts left open the question of what the permissible parameters of choice of law should be. This essay concludes with an argument for why the use of a standardized body of law, such as that from the home state of the defendant, is the necessary next step for the efficient adjudication of common market-based claims.
Short-term changes in soil nutrients during wetland creation

This study examined changes in pH and extractable nutrients in soilsfollowing wetland creation. Sample plots were established in two areas: (1) an old-field with parts that were flooded during wetland creation, and (2) a native wetland in a floodplain of the Ohio River called Green Bottom Swamp. Soils were sampled before inundation and eight months afterwards. Compared to old-field soils in the pre-inundation period, swamp soils exhibited: (1) higher acidity, (2) lower NO3 and higher NH4 concentrations, (3) higher extractable P, Fe, and Mn, and (4) lower Ca, Mg, and Zn concentrations. Eight months after inundation, the old-field soil redox decreased from +210 mV in the old field −290 mV, and extractable NO3 and Ca decreased and extractable NH4 and Fe increased, but pH and extractable P, Mn, Mg, and Zn changed either slightly or not at all. These results suggest that eight months is an insufficient period of time for a complete change. Other results suggest that the response of nitrogen during the wetland creation processes may be extremely rapid.
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins: Chemical Shifts

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Empirical Surveys of Chemical Shifts in Peptides and Proteins 3 Chemical Shifts and Secondary Structure 4 Chemical Shifts and Tertiary Structure 5 Conclusions 6 Acknowledgements 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Rare Class Discovery Based on Active Learning

In machine learning, the new-class discovery problem remains an open challenge, especially for emergent rare classes. However, the challenge is of crucial importance for applications such as detecting new financial fraud patterns, new viral mutations and new network malware, most of which ‘hide’ among vast volumes of normal data and observations. This paper focuses on a new approach, based on local-topology density estimation, applicable to discovering examples of the rare classes rapidly, despite non-separability with the majority class(es). The new method, called ALICE, and its variant MALICE, are shown effective both theoretically and empirically in outperforming other methods in the literature, both on challenging synthetic data and on real data sets.