cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Postoperative Pancreas

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography provides the comprehensive evaluation of patients following pancreatic surgery regarding parenchymal pancreatic changes, ductal abnormalities, evaluation of anastomoses, and detection of tumor recurrence. Normal and pathologic MRI presentations in patients who underwent pancreatic surgery are reviewed. The MRI/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography techniques used in the patients after pancreatic surgery are presented, and a concise review of the current array of pancreatic surgical procedures is provided.
Nonlinear multimode response of clamped rectangular plates to acoustic loading

Utilisation des equations de plaques a grande deflexion de von Karman, de la methode de Galerkin et de la technique de linearisation equivalente
Reductions in spontaneous locomotor activity in aged male, but not female, rats in a model of early Parkinson's disease

The excessive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons that occurs with Parkinson's disease is usually confined to older individuals. While 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is often used in animal models of DA neuron degeneration, there have been relatively few studies that have examined the effects of 6-OHDA in older animals. In the present study, we compared the effects of a bilateral, partial lesion with 6-OHDA in young (4 months), middle-aged (14 months), and aged (24 months) Fischer-344 rats of both sexes. Animals were given a single injection of vehicle or 100 μg 6-OHDA into the right lateral ventricle. Four weeks later, spontaneous locomotor activity was monitored. Microdialysis experiments were carried out 1 to 3 days later. The 6-OHDA treatments had no effect on horizontal activity or total distance traveled in young adults. However, with aged rats, there was a decrease in both measures in the vehicle-treated control rats compared to young adult controls, and a further decrease in the lesioned aged male rats. The 6-OHDA treatments led to significant decreases in both potassium- and amphetamine-evoked overflow of DA from the striatum in all groups. Thus, partial bilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal DA system led to decreases in evoked release of DA in the striatum of male and female rats of all three ages, but to changes in spontaneous activity only in the aged males. These results indicate that there are both age and sex differences in the brain's response to 6-OHDA, and imply that compensatory or neuroprotective mechanisms in the young brain and aged female brain are more efficient than in the aged male brain.
Recreational boating in the Gulf of Mexico: Growth and trends

Private recreational boating in the Gulf of Mexico is a leisure-time activity which brings pleasure to the millions who participate in it and enriches the economies of the states of the region. While this boating activity has positive benefits, it is not without its problem areas. This paper discusses both the nature and extent of the ownership of recreational boats in the Gulf of Mexico region, the measurable impacts on state economies as outlined in published sources, the prospects for future growth, and some of management issues whose resolution will, in great measure, be the determinants of the extent of that growth.
A Stain for Bone—Illustrating Apposition and Absorption in Two Colors

Sections of either mineralized or demineralized tissues are incubated for 30 min at 37 C in a succinate-tetrazolium salt medium for the demonstration of succinic de-hydrogenase, and subsequently in a naphthol AS-MX phosphate and Red Violet LB salt mixture for 20 min at 25 C for the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase. Sections may be either mounted in a water-soluble medium, or dehydrated and mounted in a synthetic resin. Osteoclasts stain brown to purple; sites of osteoblastic activity, red.
Rethinking Fourier's legacy in signals and systems education

In our gateway Signals and Systems courses at UC Berkeley we teach design-oriented modeling and analysis of linear, time-invariant systems in the frequency domain immediately after the convolution sum and well before the full-scale infrastructure of Fourier analysis. This exposes students to refined engineering techniques and interesting applications early. Two features are integral to our approach. First, we recast certain advanced concepts in a vernacular that's accessible even to recent high school graduates. We prefer to invoke elementary geometry, algebra, and trigonometry before college mathematics. Second, we begin with rudimentary, oft-repeated motifs, which we then perturb and embellish to create more elaborate systems. Throughout, we keep the students mindful of how certain design, modeling, and analytical tools enable a graceful progression from the simple to the more complex structures.
WT1 expression in myelodysplastic syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis accompanied by morphologic dysplasia [1]. The underlying genetic lesions responsible for ...
A Darwinian approach to Huntington's disease: Subtle health benefits of a neurological disorder

Summary Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that, unlike most autosomal dominant disorders, is not being selected against. One explanation for the maintenance of the mutant HD allele is that it is transparent to natural selection because disease symptoms typically occur subsequent to an individual’s peak reproductive years. While true, this observation does not explain the population-level increase in HD. The increase in HD is at least partly the result of enhanced fitness: HD+ individuals have more offspring than unaffected relatives. This phenomenon has previously been explained as the result of elevated promiscuity of HD+ individuals. For this to be true, disease symptoms must be expressed during the otherwise asymptomatic peak reproductive years and promiscuity must increase offspring production; however, neither prediction is supported by data. Instead, new data suggest that the mutant HD allele bestows health benefits on its carriers. HD+ individuals show elevated levels of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and experience significantly less cancer than unaffected siblings. We hypothesize that the mutant HD allele elevates carriers’ immune activity and thus HD+ individuals are, on average, healthier than HD− individuals during reproductive years. As health and reproductive output are positively related, data suggest a counterintuitive relationship: health benefits may lead to an increased prevalence of Huntington’s disease.
Roles of creatine in the regulation of cardiac protein synthesis

The observation that increased muscular activity leads to muscle hypertrophy is well known, but identification of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which this occurs remains an important problem. Experiments have been described (5, 6) which suggest that creatine, an end product of contraction, is involved in the control of contractile protein synthesis in differentiating skeletal muscle cells and may be the chemical signal coupling increased muscular activity and the increased muscular mass. During contraction, the creatine concentration in muscle transiently increases as creatine phosphate is hydrolyzed to regenerate ATP. In isometric contraction in skeletal muscle for example, Edwards and colleagues (3) have found that nearly all of the creatine phosphate is hydrolyzed. In this case, the creatine concentration is increased about twofold, and it is this transient change in creatine concentration which is postulated to lead to increased contractile protein synthesis. If creatine is found in several intracellular compartments, as suggested by Lee and Vissher (7), local changes in concentration may be greater then twofold. A specific effect on contractile protein synthesis seems reasonable in light of the work of Rabinowitz (13) and of Page et al. (11), among others, showing disproportionate accumulation of myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins in response to work-induced hypertrophy and thyroxin-stimulated growth. Previous experiments (5, 6) have shown that skeletal muscles cells which have differentiated in vitro or in vivo synthesize myosin heavy-chain and actin, the major myofibrillar polypeptides, faster when supplied creatine in vitro. The stimulation is specific for contractile protein synthesis since neither the rate of myosin turnover nor the rates of synthesis of noncontractile protein and DNA are affected by creatine. The experiments reported in this communication were undertaken to test whether creatine selectively stimulates contractile protein synthesis in heart as it does in skeletal muscle.
Brown Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue by SirT1-Dependent Deacetylation of Pparγ

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) can disperse stored energy as heat. Promoting BAT-like features in white adipose (WAT) is an attractive, if elusive, therapeutic approach to staunch the current obesity epidemic. Here we report that gain of function of the NAD-dependent deacetylase SirT1 or loss of function of its endogenous inhibitor Deleted in breast cancer-1 (Dbc1) promote "browning" of WAT by deacetylating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (Ppar)-γ on Lys268 and Lys293. SirT1-dependent deacetylation of Lys268 and Lys293 is required to recruit the BAT program coactivator Prdm16 to Pparγ, leading to selective induction of BAT genes and repression of visceral WAT genes associated with insulin resistance. An acetylation-defective Pparγ mutant induces a brown phenotype in white adipocytes, whereas an acetylated mimetic fails to induce "brown" genes but retains the ability to activate "white" genes. We propose that SirT1-dependent Pparγ deacetylation is a form of selective Pparγ modulation of potential therapeutic import.
History as a cause of area effects: an illustration from Cerion on Great Inagua, Bahamas

The two parts of this paper work towards the common aim of setting contexts for and documenting explanations based on historical contingencies. The first part is a review of area effects in Cepaea. We discuss the original definitions and explanations, emphasizing the debate of adaptationist vsstochastic approaches, but arguing that the contrast of historical contingency vs. selective fit to environment forms a more fruitful and fundamental context in discussing the origin of area effects. We argue that contingencies of bottlenecks and opening of formerly unsuited habitats may explain the classic area effects of Cepaea better than selectionist accounts originally proposed. The second part is a documentation of an area effect within Cerion columnaon the northern coast of Great Inagua, Bahamas. Historical explanations are often plagued by insufficiency of preserved information, but the Inagua example provides an unusual density of data, with several independent criteria all pointing to the same conclusion. Shells in the area effect are squat and flat-topped in contrast with typical populations of long, thin, tapering shells living both east and west of the area effect. The flat-topped area effect is a result of introgression with a propagule of the C. dimidiatum stock (living on nearby Cuba, and most apically flattened of all Cerion). Fossils of this propagule were found fully cemented into highly indurated fossil soil crusts within the region of the current area effect. Multivariate morphometry, based on complex patterns of covariation, not just intermediacy in single characters, identifies the area effect samples as hybrids between this propagule and typical C. columna. Genetic analysis has identified three unexpected alleles in area effect samples only, and in no other snails of any other Cerion taxon anywhere else on Inagua. We hypothesize that the flattopped area effect did not arise as a selective response to local environments within C. columna, but by introgression from a fortuitously introduced propagule of the C. dimidiaium complex. The unexpected alleles therefore represent genetic phantoms of C. dimidiatum's former presence or are hybrizymes—novel alleles produced by interspecific hybridization
Spuriously Elevated Testosterone Measurements Caused by Application of Testosterone Gel at or Near the Phlebotomy Site

OBJECTIVETo report 2 cases of spuriously elevated testosterone measurements caused by contamination of blood samples by testosterone gel applied near the phlebotomy site.CASE SUMMARIESA 21-year-old male with primary hypogonadism and a 67-year-old male with secondary hypogonadism were prescribed standard replacement doses of testosterone gel. The patients' symptoms improved without adverse effects. However, their measured testosterone levels rose above the target range and paradoxically increased further despite decreasing the testosterone dose. In both cases, the gel had been applied near the site of venipuncture on the day of blood sampling. Subsequent testosterone measurements from blood obtained after the gel was applied away from the upper/mid arms were in therapeutic range.DISCUSSIONTo our knowledge, falsely elevated testosterone concentrations due to contamination of blood samples by testosterone gel have been reported only once (PubMed search, 1966-September 2012). In the cases we describe, applica...
Some experiences in estimation Of synchronous generator parameters

This paper presents a least squares based method to estimate synchronous generator parameters from available measurements of the machine. The parameter estimation problem is formulated based on the well-established mathematical model of synchronous generators. Some parameters are estimated based on steady state measurements and others are further estimated by utilizing measurements captured during disturbances such as faults. Quite accurate results have been obtained based on simulation studies.
Allocation of Energy Use in Petroleum Refineries to Petroleum Products Implications for Life-Cycle Energy Use and Emission Inventory of Petroleum Transportation Fuels

Aim, Scope, and Background Studies to evaluate the energy and emission impacts of vehicle/fuel systems have to address allocation of the energy use and emissions associated with petroleum refineries to various petroleum products because refineries produce multiple products. The allocation is needed in evaluating energy and emission effects of individual transportation fuels. Allocation methods used so far for petroleum-based fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas [LPG]) are based primarily on mass, energy content, or market value shares of individual fuels from a given refinery. The aggregate approach at the refinery level is unable to account for the energy use and emission differences associated with producing individual fuels at the next sub-level: individual refining processes within a refinery. The approach ignores the fact that different refinery products go through different processes within a refinery. Allocation at the subprocess level (i.e., the refining process level) instead of at the aggregate process level (i.e., the refinery level) is advocated by the International Standard Organization. In this study, we seek a means of allocating total refinery energy use among various refinery products at the level of individual refinery processes.
REINTERPRETING THE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA

In the last thirty-five years there has been a fundamental reinterpretation of the history of Christianity in China. This reinterpretation has resulted from a changing atmosphere in China that has greatly reduced anti-Christian feelings and allowed for more extensive study of Chinese historical documents. In addition, there has been a remarkable growth among Chinese Christian churches. These changes have led to a reconceptualization of the role Christianity played in China's long-term history. As a result, there has been a transformation from viewing Christianity as a failed foreign graft to a creative indigenous force. This historiographical review surveys the evolution of this reinterpretation as well as the most significant recent publications on the topic.
Disclosure versus Recognition: Inferences from Subsequent Events

Standard setters explicitly state disclosure should not substitute for recognition in financial reports. Consistent with this directive, prior research shows investors find recognized values more pertinent than disclosed values. However, it remains unclear whether reporting items are recognized because they are more relevant for investing decisions, or whether requiring recognition itself prompts differing behavior on the part of firms and investors. Using the setting of subsequent events, I identify the differential effect of requiring disclosure versus recognition in a setting where the accounting treatment of an item is exogenously determined. For comparable events, I find a stronger initial market response for firms required to recognize relative to firms who must disclose, although the large magnitude of the identified effect calls into question whether this difference can be attributed to accounting treatments alone. In examining various reasons for the stronger market response to recognized values, I fail to find support for the hypothesis that this difference is due to differential reliability of disclosed and recognized values. I do find some evidence that investors underreact to disclosed events, consistent with investors incurring higher processing costs when using disclosed information.
Looking at Faces: First-Order and Second-Order Features as Determinants of Facial Appearance

The encoding and relative importance of first-order (discrete) and second-order (configural) features in mental representations of unfamiliar faces have been investigated. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (KYST) was carried out on similarity judgments of forty-one photographs of faces (homogeneous with respect to sex, race, facial expression, and, to a lesser extent, age). A large set of ratings, measurements, and ratios of measurements of the faces was regressed against the three-dimensional KYST solution in order to determine the first-order and second-order features used to judge similarity. Parameters characterizing both first-order and second-order features emerged as important determinants of facial similarity. First-order feature parameters characterizing the appearance of the eyes, eyebrows, and mouth, and second-order feature parameters characterizing the position of the eyes, spatial relations between the internal features, and chin shape correlated with the dimensions of the KYST solution. There was little difference in the extent to which first-order and second-order features were encoded. Two higher-level parameters, age and weight, were also used to judge similarity. The implications of these results for mental representations of faces are discussed.
Longitudinal Electrooptic Effects and Photosensitivities of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films

The feasibility of storing and reading high-density optical information in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin films depends on both the longitudinal electrooptic coefficients and the photosensitivities of the films. This paper describes the methods used to measure the longitudinal electrooptic effects and the photosensitivities of the films. The results of these measurements were used to evaluate a longitudinal quadratic electrooptic R coefficient, a longitudinal linear electrooptic rc coefficient, and the wavelength dependence of the photosensitivity of a composition of PZT polycrystalline thin film. The longitudinal electrooptic R and rc coefficients are about an order of magnitude less than the transverse R and rc coefficients of bulk ceramics of similar compositions. This is attributed to clamping of the film by the rigid substrate. The large birefringence of the films after poling (>10−2) suggests that the optic axes of the films are preferentially oriented normal to the film surface. The techniques used in this paper for evaluating the photosensitivities of thin films are based on measuring the photocurrent generated rather than the reduction in coercive voltage (as in bulk ceramics) when the film is exposed to light. The thin film photosensitivities appear to be significantly higher than those of bulk ceramics of similar compositions. The high photosensitivities coupled with the substantial longitudinal electrooptic coefficients combine to establish the feasibility of using PZT or PLZT thin films for optical information storage applications.
Endoscopic Fluorescence Imaging of Bladder Cancer: Photodynamic Diagnosis and Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Photodynamic diagnosis and confocal laser endomicroscopy hold promise in enhancing the urologist’s approach to examining the lower urinary tract. While both technologies have potential in diagnosis and treatment, they also have inherent limitations that one must be aware of and also have costs in terms of instrumentation, contrast agents, and additional operative time. Being investigated for their potential in this strategy of readily identifying lesions with real-time histologic confirmation. Future studies will focus on the diagnostic accuracy of CLE for bladder cancer, particularly the challenging flat, erythematous lesions. In addition, CLE may be expanded to other urologic applications, including the upper urinary tract and during laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery.
Physics-Based Segmentation of Complex Objects Using Multiple Hypotheses of Image Formation

We present a general framework for the segmentation of complex scenes using multiple physical hypotheses of image formation. These hypotheses specify broad classes for the shape, illumination, and material properties of simple image regions. Through analysis, merging, and filtering of hypotheses the framework generates a ranked list of segmentations. We have implemented an algorithm based upon this framework and show example segmentations of scenes containing multicolored piece-wise uniform dielectric objects. By using this new approach we can intelligently segment scenes with objects of greater complexity than previous physics-based algorithms. The results show that by using general physical models we can obtain segmentations that correspond more closely to objects in a scene than segmentations found using only color.
In-phase Evanescent Coupled Implant Defined Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays

Arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been studied extensively for coherent coupling between lasers [1-8]. Coherent coupling allows for increased power in the far field at a single frequency, which may be used in applications such as optical logic, imaging, and beam steering. Because of the loss between evanescently coupled VCSELs, a phase-shift of 180 degrees is typically observed between neighboring lasers [1]. This creates an out-of-phase mode with an on-axis null which is undesirable for most applications. Phase-adjusted arrays [2] and anti-guided VCSELs [5, 6] can overcome this setback at the cost of a complicated fabrication process. It is also possible to achieve in-phase coupling with photonic crystal VCSELs [7]; however, the hole(s) between lasers frequently promote the out-of-phase mode. In this work, we show that proton implantation may be used to define individual elements in the coupled array. This approach adds no fabrication complexity to that of a conventional implant VCSEL. A cross-sectional sketch of this device is shown in Fig. 1, and the implant geometry is shown in Fig. 2. Because the implant provides electrical confinement without adding optical loss, the lasers tend to lock inphase. A near-field image and a far-field pattern for a 2×1 array are shown in Fig. 3, at an injection current of 4.3 mA (1.4 times threshold). In the near-field image of Fig. 3, the minor lobe located between the two major lobes of the array elements is out of phase with the major lobes.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression Correlates with Virulence following Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection

The relationship(s) between viral virulence and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice undergoing lethal and sublethal infections with neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus was investigated. Lethal infection induced increased levels of MMP-3 and MMP-12 mRNAs as well as that of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) compared to sublethal infection. Increased induction of MMP, TIMP, and chemokine expression correlated with increased virus replication but not with inflammatory cell infiltration. Infection of immunosuppressed mice suggested that expression of most MMP, TIMP, and chemokine mRNA was induced primarily in CNS-resident cells. By contrast, MMP-9 protein activity was associated with the infiltration of neutrophils into the CNS. These data indicate an association between the magnitude of inflammatory gene expression within the CNS and viral virulence.
Doctor, Would You Drain This Collection?

3 A 53-year-old man with cholangiocarcinoma (arrowhead, Figure, a) presented for computed tomography (CT) before commencing proton-beam therapy. Two thick-walled fluidcontaining perihepatic lesions were seen, traversed by rippling lines of air density, between the liver and gastroesophageal junction (curved arrow, Figure, a), and duodenum (straight arrow, Figure, a; arrow, Figure, b). These were deemed to have been caused by AlloDerm (LifeCell, Branchburg, New Jersey), an implantable material that had been placed since the earlier CT scan depicting the cholangiocarcinoma (arrowhead,
Comparison of injuries to coyote from 3 types of cable foot-restraints.

Abstract We compared injury rates among captured coyotes (Canis latrans) to determine if modifications to cable foot-restraints would decrease resulting injuries. Mean International Standardization Organization's injury scores of coyotes caught in 3 types of cable foot-restraints were 22.2, 37.9, and 60.4 (F2,41 = 4.63, P = 0.015) for a chain-loop, standard cable, and sleeved cable, respectively. These results may be important for trappers and researchers to consider when using a cable foot-restraint device to capture wildlife.
Recombinant DNA Technology in the Treatment of Diabetes: Insulin Analogs

After more than half a century of treating diabetics with animal insulins, recombinant DNA technologies and advanced protein chemistry made human insulin preparations available in the early 1980s. As the next step, over the last decade, insulin analogs were constructed by changing the structure of the native protein with the goal of improving the therapeutic properties of it, because the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rapid-, intermediate-, and long-acting preparations of human insulin make it almost impossible to achieve sustained normoglycemia. The first clinically available insulin analog, lispro, confirmed the hopes by showing that improved glycemic control can be achieved without an increase in hypoglycemic events. Two new insulin analogs, insulin glargine and insulin aspart, have recently been approved for clinical use in the United States, and several other analogs are being intensively tested. Thus, it appears that a rapid acceleration of basic and clinical research in this arena will be seen, which will have direct significance to both patients and their physicians. The introduction of new short-acting analogs and the development of the first truly long-acting analogs and the development of analogs with increased stability, less variability, and perhaps selective action, will help to develop more individualized treatment strategies targeted to specific patient characteristics and to achieve further improvements in glycemic control. Data on the currently available and tested analogs, as well as data on those currently being developed, are reviewed.
Epilepsy in Schizencephaly: Abnormal Cortical Organization Studied by Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

Summary: Median nerve short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (MN-SSEP) are recorded from the scalp to assess parietal lobe function and from the cortex to identify primary sensory and motor areas before epilepsy surgery. Nevertheless, the origins of many of the MN-SSEP waveforms and the reliability of this technique for localizing the central sulcus are not definitively known. We studied a child with a unilateral, closed, right parietal schizencephalic cleft and frequent simple partial seizures before the child underwent cortical resection. The sensory examination, neuroimaging, and electrical brain stimulation findings indicated a normal thalamus and an abnormal parietal lobe. Scalp-recorded MN-SSEPs showed intact widespread N18 potentials bilaterally, but absent right, although normal left parietal N20 and P27 waveforms. Cortically recorded MN-SSEPs could not localize the central sulcus owing to an absence of the expected negative potential over the right postcentral gyrus and the presence of waves with abnormal latencies over the precentral cortex. These findings suggest that: (a) the N18 potential probably originates at or below the level of the thalamus, (b) the N20 and P27 peaks are most likely generated by parietal cortex or white matter, and (c) cortically recorded MN-SSEPs can fail to localize the central sulcus before epilepsy surgery when congenital anomalies exist in the parietal lobe.
Sex Crimes Litigation as Hazardous Duty: Practical Tools for Trauma-Exposed Prosecutors, Defense Counsel, and Paralegals

Criminal attorneys suffer symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress at greater levels than mental health clinicians. This article investigates the effects of attorney exposure to traumatic material in sex crimes cases, including child pornography. The article explores the differences and similarities in the manifestations of Secondary Traumatic Stress for prosecutors and defense counsel. With permission, the author reproduces several hard-to-find practical tools that have been developed to assist professionals of varied disciplines — including lawyers — in identifying and mitigating Secondary Traumatic Stress. While the article addresses special considerations for military attorneys, who are at even greater risks of secondary traumatization, the article is written for all attorneys who are exposed to traumatic case material.
Gender lessons: patriarchy, sextyping & schools

In this book Scott Richardson uses ethnographic/narrative methodologies to explore how schools, particularly teachers, ‘sextype’ students at the elementary, middle and high school level in the USA....
Economic Relationships of Public Lands and Privately Owned Grazing Lands in the Western States

T HE use of the large areas of public lands in the eleven western states in a complementary association with privately owned lands for the production of livestock, has been the basis of many land economic problems and land policy questions. The objective of this discussion is to develop the background of certain of these problems and questions, and to point out the meaning of some of the alternative courses which may be followed in public land administration. The Public Grazing Land Resource
Designing and Delivering Leadership Programs: Challenges and Prospects

The question addressed in this chapter is how to design and deliver leadership training programs that have impact not only on the participants but also on the communities they serve and the organizations they lead. The transformation of the public sector calls for growing leaders who can thrive in ambiguity and work across the public, nonprofit, and for-profit sectors to lead effective change. This question of how to grow leaders is addressed by drawing on my personal experience designing and delivering leadership programs at the national, state, regional, county, and municipal government levels, as well as for a foundation in the nonprofit health sector. Over 2,000 participants have engaged in this leadership training over the past five years. Participants have been from a wide range of professional fields. Design and delivery lessons are drawn from a rich set of observations, including formal program evaluations, focus group interviews with program graduates, pre- and post-leadership assessment tests, narrative inquiry, end of program interviews, alumni observations and interviews, daily feedback forms (thousands), debriefing of presenters, individual conversations with participants during and after programs, and discussion with program sponsors. This data collection occurred over the past seven years.
Tubular Resorption of Chloride in Essential Arterial Hypertension Intensive Study of One Case.

ConclusionsRepeated clearance periods taken on an individual with essential arterial hypertension and compared with those taken on a normal subject demonstrated that there was substantially less reabsorption of chloride in the hypertensive individual. This diminished resorption of chloride in the tubules of the hypertensive subject, at all rates of water resorption, is offered as evidence suggestive of a specific modification of chloride treatment in essential arterial hypertension.
Multilevel Propensity Score Methods for Estimating Causal Effects: A Latent Class Modeling Strategy

Despite their appeal, randomized experiments cannot always be conducted, for example, due to ethical or practical reasons. In order to remove selection bias and draw causal inferences from observational data, propensity score matching techniques have gained increased popularity during the past three decades. Although propensity score methods have been studied extensively for single-level data, the additional assumptions and necessary modifications for applications with multilevel data are understudied. This is troublesome considering the abundance of nested structures and multilevel data in the social sciences. This study summarizes issues and challenges for causal inference with observational multilevel data in comparison with single-level data, and discusses strategies for multilevel matching methods. We investigate within- and across-cluster matching strategies and emphasize the importance of examining both overlap within clusters and potential heterogeneity in the data before pooling cases across clusters. We introduce a multilevel latent class logit model approach that encompasses the strengths of within- and across-matching techniques. Simulation results support the effectiveness of our method in estimating treatment effects with multilevel data even when selection processes vary across clusters and a lack of overlap exists within clusters.
Abstract 299: Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Attenuates the Formation of Notch-mediated Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Background: Arteriovenous (AV) malformations (AVMs) are characterized by abnormal AV shunts that displace intervening capillaries. Brain AVMs (BAVMs) may cause life-threatening strokes and have limited treatment options. Mechanisms underlying AVM pathogenesis remain poorly understood, hindering therapeutic development. Rationale: We reported that endothelial expression of constitutively active Notch4 (Notch4*) in mice initiates BAVMs de novo through enlargement of microvessels without an increase in endothelial cell number or proliferation. Thus, we hypothesized that Notch4* initiates BAVMs by disrupting normal vasodilation and vascular tone. Nitric oxide (NO) regulates vasodilation and vascular tone, and Notch activation induces NO synthesis. Thus, we further hypothesized that Notch4* disrupts NO signaling, thereby permitting vessel enlargement and AV shunting. Results: Cerebral arteries isolated from Notch4* mutant mice were less constricted and exhibited decreased arterial tone than that of controls. A...
Ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in human leukocytes: the fate of rapidly labeled RNA in normal and abnormal leukocytes.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated from a variety of human leukocyte populations exposed to tritiated uridine in vitro. Several species of RNA were extractable from leukocytes in a phenol-water system. With mild conditions of extraction a pH 7.6 fraction was obtained, which contained 60 to 75 per cent of total cellular RNA. After removal of this RNA component reextraction at elevated temperature and pH yielded a pH 9 fraction which contained 25 to 40 per cent of total cellular RNA. The pH 7.6 fraction contained 28 and 18 S ribosomal RNA and 4 S RNA. The pH 9 RNA fraction was heterogeneously distributed in a sucrose density gradient. The 28 and 18 S components were slowly labeled by H3-uridine and were relatively stable. The 4 S component was rapidly labeled and was unstable. The pH 9 RNA fraction contained most of the rapidly labeled RNA, which was either of high molecular weight or heterogeneous as to molecular size. The pattern of incorporation of H3-uridine into the various components of RNA was similar in normal and neoplastic granulocytes and lymphocytes. Rapidly labeled leukocyte RNA had the following characteristics: (1) its synthesis was actinomycin sensitive; (2) it was unstable, having a half-life in the range of 16 to 225 minutes; and (3) it was in part a precursor of ribosomal RNA. The sensitivity of granulocyte protein synthesis to inhibition of RNA synthesis suggests that granulocytes have both stable and unstable templates.
The RNAs of RNA-directed DNA methylation

RNA-directed chromatin modification that includes cytosine methylation silences transposable elements in both plants and mammals, contributing to genome defense and stability. In Arabidopsis thaliana, most RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is guided by small RNAs derived from double-stranded precursors synthesized at cytosine-methylated loci by nuclear multisubunit RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV), in close partnership with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RDR2. These small RNAs help keep transposons transcriptionally inactive. However, if transposons escape silencing, and are transcribed by multisubunit RNA polymerase II (Pol II), their mRNAs can be recognized and degraded, generating small RNAs that can also guide initial DNA methylation, thereby enabling subsequent Pol IV-RDR2 recruitment. In both pathways, the small RNAs find their target sites by interacting with longer noncoding RNAs synthesized by multisubunit RNA Polymerase V (Pol V). Despite a decade of progress, numerous questions remain concerning the initiation, synthesis, processing, size and features of the RNAs that drive RdDM. Here, we review recent insights, questions and controversies concerning RNAs produced by Pols IV and V, and their functions in RdDM. We also provide new data concerning Pol V transcript 5' and 3' ends. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Gene Regulatory Mechanisms and Networks. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Gene Regulatory Mechanisms and Networks, edited by Dr. Erich Grotewold and Dr. Nathan Springer.
Long-Term Followup Results After Expectant Management of Stage A1 Prostatic Cancer

AbstractA total of 132 patients with stage Al adenocarcinoma of the prostate was followed for 5 to 23 years (mean 8.2 years). Of these patients 52 underwent a second staging transurethral resection of the prostate between 1977 and 1986. Progressive disease developed in 3 of the 12 patients (25%) in whom residual foci of well differentiated cancer were detected by the second transurethral resection and who did not undergo further treatment. Of the 38 patients in whom the second transurethral resection did not detect residual cancer 3 (8%) also had progressive disease. From April 1989 to December 1989, 44 patients were re-evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography and ultrasonographically guided biopsies. Of these patients 3 had locally progressive disease. Progressive disease also developed in 4 more patients. Thus, 13 of the 132 patients (10%) had either locally or systemically progressive disease after long-term followup. The interval from diagnosis of stage Al disease to detection of progression ranged fr...
Patient and family communication during consultation visits: The effects of a decision aid for treatment decision-making for localized prostate cancer.

Objective To analyze the effects of a decision aid on improving patients’ and family members’ information giving and question asking during consultations for prostate cancer treatment decision-making.
Data from three prospective longitudinal human cohorts of prenatal marijuana exposure and offspring outcomes from the fetal period through young adulthood.

This article includes data from three prospective longitudinal human cohorts of prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) and offspring outcomes from the fetal period through young adulthood. The table herein contains an overview of the major adverse effects associated with PME from the following human cohorts: (1) The Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study (OPPS); (2) The Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Study (MHPCD); and (3) The Generation R Study (Gen R). In the OPPS, fetal gestational age was measured and age-appropriate standardized neuropsychological instruments were used to assess neonatal responses, and infant–child and adolescent–young adult cognitive and behavioral skills. In the MHPCD, birth length and weight, neonatal body length, and infant–child sleep, cognition, and behavioral parameters were measured. In the Gen R, birth weight and growth were measured, as were infant–child attention and aggression. The data in this article are in support of our report entitled “Prenatal Cannabis Exposure - The "First Hit" to the Endocannabinoid System” (K.A. Richardson, A.K. Hester, G.L. McLemore, 2016) [13].
An SPN Modeling of the H-IRW Getting-Up Task

This research study here deals with the Stochastic Petri-Nets (SPNs) modeling of an interacting task (getting up from a sitting position) in a human-machine interaction model. The machine is an Intelligent Robotic Wheelchair (IRW) appropriately modified to provide assistance to a human user, who utilizes the IRW. SPNs are recognized as useful modeling tools for analyzing the reliability and performance of systems through time, which is the main reason of choosing them. The main use of this model is to simulate the procedure and eventually used by people with disabilities and the elderly with ultimate goal to improve their daily life. They will get up from a sitting position with the help of the wheelchair, which has robotic arms attached to it. If not for the IRW, these people would need the assistance of another person to get up. Simulated results will be provided from the stage of this study.
Intersect between self-esteem and emotion regulation in narcissistic personality disorder - implications for alliance building and treatment.

Building an alliance with patients with pathological narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder, NPD, can be challenging and include avoidance, negative reactivity and disruptions. A main contributing factor can be the complex interaction between emotion and self-esteem regulation, which affects patients’ ability to engage in a therapeutic alliance and treatment. Recent studies, especially in neuroscience have identified functional characteristic and compromises in self-esteem and emotion regulation related to NPD. Self-enhancement, hyper reactivity and need for control, which patients within the range of disordered narcissism often present, can have different roots and underpinnings that require thorough exploration in the process of building the therapeutic alliance and promote change in treatment. Clinical examples with treatment implications and strategies will be discussed to highlight both internal fluctuations and external features and shifts in narcissistic personality functioning.
Ultracold Atoms in a Square Lattice with Spin-Orbit Coupling: Charge Order, Superfluidity, and Topological Signatures

We present an ab initio, numerically exact study of attractive fermions in square lattices with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. The ground state of this system is a supersolid, with coexisting charge and superfluid order. The superfluid is composed of both singlet and triplet pairs induced by spin-orbit coupling. We perform large-scale calculations using the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo method to provide the first full, quantitative description of the charge, spin, and pairing properties of the system. In addition to characterizing the exotic physics, our results will serve as essential high-accuracy benchmarks for the intense theoretical and especially experimental efforts in ultracold atoms to realize and understand an expanding variety of quantum Hall and topological superconductor systems.
Application of Work Function Extraction Method to Material Characterization

In Sect. 2.2, I introduced a method for extracting lateral work function differences across the surface of layered two-dimensional heterostructures The analysis techniques developed in Sect. 2.2 are applied to reflectivity of CVD-grown WSe2 crystals formed on epitaxial graphene in Chap. 4, and the resulting work function differences are used to determine the change in band alignment of the WSe2 and graphene layers due to charge transfer in the following sections. In this chapter, I address the utility of low-energy electron potentiometry, that is, using LEER to extract work function differences and hence the variation in electrostatic potential on surfaces, to examine 2D materials from a materials characterization standpoint.
Abstract 18078: Anemia is a Marker of Volume Status and is Not Associated With Intrinsic Diastolic Dysfunction or Adverse Cardiac Mechanics in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Introduction: Anemia is a poor prognostic marker in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Prior studies have reported worse diastolic function in anemic HFpEF patients. These studies used only volume-dependent indices of diastolic dysfunction. This is problematic in anemia, a pathologic state characterized by hypervolemia. We hypothesized that anemia is not associated with worse diastolic function when assessed with intrinsic myocardial markers. Methods: We prospectively studied 419 outpatients in a systematic HFpEF program, all of whom underwent comprehensive echocardiography. Myocardial strain was measured in 311 patients using TomTec speckle tracking software. Follow-up evaluations occurred once every 6 months. The association of anemia with clinical, echocardiographic, and strain variables was studied using linear regression models. Outcomes analysis for cardiovascular hospitalization and death was conducted using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: 222 (53%) patients were anemic, defined as hemoglobin Conclusions: In HFpEF, anemia is associated with markers of volume status and not intrinsic markers of myocardial dysfunction. The association of anemia and adverse outcomes in HFpEF is likely due to extracardiac factors, and not intrinsic myocardial dysfunction. Our findings suggest volume status as an important determinant of the apparent worse diastolic function seen in anemia and HFpEF.
Types of Epistemological Justifications, with Particular Reference to Complex Numbers

Epistemological justification is one of the essential constructs of DNR—a conceptual framework for the learning and teaching of mathematics . In this chapter, I distinguish among three types of epistemological justification: (1) Sentential epistemological justification (SEJ). This refers to a situation when one is aware of how a definition, axiom, or proposition was born out of a need to resolve a problematic situation. (2) Apodictic epistemological justification (AEJ). This pertains to the process of proving. It is when one views a particular logical implication, a → b, in causality, or explanatory, terms—how a causes b to happen. This can take place in two forms. One might observe a, asks what are its possible consequences, and finds out that b is a consequence of it. Or one might observe b, asks about its causes, and finds out that a is a cause of it. (3) Meta epistemological justification (MEJ). This refers to a situation when one not only possesses SEJ and AEJ, but also he or she is aware of how the sentence or the implication came into being. These three types will be illustrated with examples from the field of complex numbers.