cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of predetection and postdetection fusion for mine detection

We present and compare methods for pre-detection and post- detection fusion of multi-sensor data. This study emphasis methods suitable for data that are non-commensurate and sampled at non-coincident points. Decision-level fusion is most convenient for such data, but this approach is sub- optimal in principle, since targets not detected by all sensor will not achieve the maximum benefits of fusion. A novel feature-level fusion algorithm for these conditions is described. The optimal forms of both decision-level and feature-level fusion are described, and some approximations are reviewed. Preliminary result for these two fusion techniques are presented for experimental data acquired by a metal detector, a ground-penetrating radar, and an IR camera.
A novel red clover hydroxycinnamoyl transferase has enzymatic activities consistent with a role in phaselic acid biosynthesis.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves accumulate several μmol g−1 fresh weight of phaselic acid [2-O-(caffeoyl)-l-malate]. Postharvest oxidation of such o-diphenols to o-quinones by endogenous polyphenol oxidases prevents breakdown of forage protein during storage. Forage crops like alfalfa (Medicago sativa) lack both polyphenol oxidase and o-diphenols, and breakdown of their protein upon harvest and storage results in economic losses and release of excess nitrogen into the environment. Understanding how red clover synthesizes o-diphenols such as phaselic acid will help in the development of forage crops utilizing this natural system of protein protection. A possible pathway for phaselic acid biosynthesis predicts a hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) capable of forming caffeoyl and/or p-coumaroyl esters with malate. Genes encoding two distinct HCTs were identified in red clover. HCT1 shares more than 75% amino acid identity with a number of well-characterized shikimate O-HCTs implicated in monolignol biosynthesis. HCT2 shares only 34% amino acid sequence identity with HCT1 and has limited sequence identity to any previously identified HCT. Expression analyses indicate that HCT1 mRNA accumulates to 4-fold higher levels in stems than in leaves, whereas HCT2 mRNA accumulates to 10-fold higher levels in leaves than in stems. Activity assays of HCT1 and HCT2 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli indicate that HCT1 transfers caffeoyl or p-coumaroyl moieties from a coenzyme A-thiolester to shikimate but not malate, whereas HCT2 transfers caffeoyl or p-coumaroyl moieties from a coenzyme A-thiolester to malate but not shikimate. Together, these results indicate that HCT1 is involved in monolignol biosynthesis and HCT2 is a novel transferase likely involved in phaselic acid biosynthesis.
ATP causes glomus cell [Ca2+]c increase without corresponding increases in CSN activity.

Abstract The hypothesis that an increase in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]c in carotid body (CB) glomus cells will cause enhanced afferent carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activities was tested in the rat CB in-vitro with the use of extracellular ATP. ATP caused a dose dependent [Ca2+]c increase in identified glomus cells. A major part of total [Ca2+]c increase (2/3) was due to the [Ca2+] influx. The rest of [Ca2+]c increase (1/3) was due to the release of [Ca2+] from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [Ca2+] stores, and it was inhibited by the pretreatment of cells with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an intracellular Ca2+-ATPase blocker. Suramin, a purinergic P2 receptor membrane blocker, blocked [Ca2+] influx due to ATP in the presence of extracellular [Ca2+]. Perfusion with 5 and 10 μM ATP stimulated CSN activities in both normoxia (Nx) and hypoxia (Hx). Above that level, 100 μM ATP induced slight initial stimulation in CSN activities which were subsided subsequently in Nx and partly diminished in Hx, while 500 μM ATP completely inhibited CSN activities in Nx and Hx after a slight initial stimulation. Electrophysiological measurements of the glomus cell membrane potential in the presence of ATP (100 μM) during Nx indicated cellular enhanced outward K+ current and hyperpolarization, suggesting potential mechanism for the inhibition of CSN activities. Thus, ATP dependent linear increases in [Ca2+]c did not give rise to a corresponding increase in CSN activities, contravening the normally expected increase in CSN activities following [Ca2+]c rise.
Reprint of: Towards the Prediction of Noise from Realistic Rotor Wake/Stator Interaction Using CAA☆

Abstract In this work, the NASA Glenn Research Center Broadband Aeroacoustic Stator Simulation (BASS) code is extended for use in the prediction of noise produced by realistic three dimensional rotor wakes impinging on a downstream stator row. In order to accurately simulate such a flow using a nonlinear time-accurate solver, the inflow and outflow boundary conditions must simultaneously maintain the desired mean flow, allow outgoing vortical, entropic, and acoustic waves to cleanly exit the domain, and accurately impose the desired incoming flow disturbances. This work validates a new method for the acoustics-free imposition of three-dimensional vortical disturbances using a benchmark test case.
Pulmonary mechanics with a simulated postural blood redistribution.

Abstract This study was designed to simulate the postural redistribution of blood in order to study its independent effects on pulmonary mechanics. Subjects in the supine position were exposed to six minutes of 40 mm Hg leg negative pressure (LNP) which shifts 500–600 ml of blood to the legs. Dynamic pulmonary compliance, total pulmonary resistance, static elastic pressure-volume and conductance-volume relationships were measured and no significant changes were found. End-expiratory lung volume increased and end-expiratory intrathoracic pressure decreased. LNP also produced a small decrease in thoracic circumference. Thus, at the equilibrium point of the respiratory system, lung volume is increased and thoracic volume decreased. It is believed the observed pressure and volume changes result from an increase in the virtual thoracic space caused by the shift of blood from the thorax.
The spherical sandwich shell under axisymmetric static and dynamic loading

Abstract A formulation and formal solution is presented for the dynamic response of a spherical sandwich shell under axisymmetric but otherwise arbitrarily distributed, time-dependent surface tractions, for arbitrary initial conditions and (admissible) homogeneous boundary conditions. The sandwich shell is composed of a core and two laminated covering facings. The core deforms in shear and bending. The thin facings deform by membrane action only. The solution is obtained in terms of the eigenfunctions associated with the free vibration of the shell, and appropriate orthogonality and normalization relations are formulated. The specific case of the free-vibration problem of a hemispherical sandwich shell is solved, and an example of shell response to a transient loading condition is presented. The corresponding static solution is also given in terms of an eigenfunction expansion.
Deterrence in the MIRV Era

In one of the landmark contributions to the strategic literature of the late 1950's, Albert Wohlstetter advanced the disquieting thesis that the vulnerability of our strategic retaliatory force (then consisting largely of overseas-based manned bombers and rather primitive, unhardened IRBM's) to a well-orchestrated Soviet surprise attack had come to suggest worrisome implications for continued U.S. security. The credibility of a deterrent posture, he pointedly emphasized, presupposed the ability of the deterring power to convey to its opponent an absolute certainty that any attack, however massive, would be answered by an unacceptably devastating reprisal.
Electrical conductivity of suspensions of charged particles in ionic solutions

Abstract A theory for the electrical conductivity of dilute suspensions of charged spheres in ionic solutions is constructed starting with a description of processes around a single particle followed by averaging over a representative volume to obtain the average current and the effective conductivity. On the small scale, electrokinetic effects due to the transport of charge by convection (electro-osmosis) and deformation of the equilibrium double-layer are taken into account along with alterations in the local conductivity due to the distribution of ions in the double-layer. The effective conductivity consists of the bulk conductivity of the ionic solution plus contributions arising from: (a) polarization of the applied field by the nonconducting spheres, (b) polarization due to electrokinetic effects, (c) alterations in the distribution of ions, (d) transport of ions by electro-osmosis, and (e) electrophoresis of the particles. These contributions are proportional to the volume fraction of particles. Effects due to the particles can be interpreted in terms of what is often termed the surface conductivity. Analytical solutions for symmetrical electrolytes are obtained using a perturbation method and these are employed to derive a formula for the conductivity, correct to the second order in the surface charge or ζ-potential. Numerical evaluations of the various expressions show how the conductivity depends on, for example, the double-layer thickness. Contributions arising from polarization of the charge cloud are found to be substantial and these, coupled with effects due to curvature, cause the conductivity to differ substantially from that calculated using the Bikerman formula which omits such effects. Considering the fact that the analytical theory is formulated for small surface charge (or ζ-potential) the degree of agreement with experiments by Watillon and StoneMasui [J. Electroanal. Chem. 37, 143 (1972)] is remarkable.
Left Atrial Myxoma Causing Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Echocardiography showed that a patient with left atrial myxoma had intermittent ob struction of the left ventricular outflow tract. Obstruction was caused either by the tumor itself or by displacement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve into the outflow tract. Outflow tract obstruction, in con tradistinction to inflow tract obstruction, may be a cause of syncope and sudden death in left atrial myxoma.
Simultaneous Determination of Free Zn(II) and Ca(II) with a Single Fluorescent Indicator

Fluorescent indicators for metal ions such as Ca(II) and Zn(II) are in large measure responsible for our current understanding of the cell biology of these metal ions and others: the success of this approach has fueled the development of scores of fluorescent indicator systems. The inventors of the pioneering ratiometric fluorescent indicators Fura-2 and Indo-1 (Grynkiewicz, et al., 1985) made clear that they had roughly 100-fold better affinity for zinc than calcium, and more recent results have shown that high zinc affinity is frequently the case with other calcium indicators. By comparison, zinc indicator systems have been described with picomolar zinc affinity that are unaffected by 10 mM Ca, 50 mM Mg. Recent evidence now indicates that some phenomena thought to be calcium-dependent are in fact zinc-dependent (Stork and Li, 2006). To help resolve such questions we sought an indicator that would exhibit unique fluorescence signatures when free or bound to Ca or Zn, such that the free metal ions could be determined simultaneously with a single indicator in the same experiment. We found that Calcium Green 5N exhibits significantly different lifetimes in the three states, permitting free Ca and Zn concentrations to be determined simultaneously.Supported by NIH R01 EB 003924Grynkiewicz, G., et al., “A new generation of calcium indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties,” J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3440-3450 (1985).Stork, C. J., and Li, Y.V. “Intracellular zinc elevation measured with a “calcium-specific” indicator during ischemia and reperfusion in rat hippocampus: A question of calcium overload,” J. Neurosci. 26, 10430-10437 (2006).
Film Selection Considerations For Computed Tomography And Ultrasound Video Photography

Obtaining hard copy images from some diagnostic medical procedures, such as Computed Tomography and Ultrasound, involves photography of video images. This is often done with cameras utilizing a negative type transparency film. Selecting a film for this application should include considerations of the characteristics of the cathode ray tube (CRT) being photographed and the properties of a video image. This paper describes CRT characteristics and their effects on film selection. The major film parameters which should be considered in selecting a film for video imaging are discussed. Our results indicate that optimum imaging is achieved with a relatively high speed, high contrast orthochromatic film.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The protective effect of developmental stages in an Ascaris suum infection in the guinea pig.

Abstract The capacity of various developmental stages of Ascaris suum to induce a protective immune response in the guinea pig model was evaluated. Larvated eggs, second, third or fourth stage larvae were injected into guinea pigs by either the suncutaneous, intramuscular, ear vein or mesenteric vein route. Animals were challenged with a mesenteric vein injection of artificially hatched infective larvae of A. suum. Second stage larvae produced the highest degree of immunity and fourth stage larvae produced the least protection comparing all routes of administration. The most effective route of immunization for all the developmental stages was the mesenteric vein. Antibody titer as assessed by indirect hemagglutination was not correlated with the degree of protection.
Measurement of the Rates of Oxindole-3-Acetic Acid Turnover, and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Oxidation in Zea mays Seedlings

Oxindole-3-acetic acid is the principal catabolite of indole-3-acetic acid in Zea mays seedlings. In this paper measurements of the turnover of oxindole-3-acetic acid are presented and used to calculate the rate of indole-3-acetic acid oxidation. [3H]Oxindole-3-acetic acid was applied to the endosperm of Zea mays seedlings and allowed to equilibrate for 24 h before the start of the experiment. The subsequent decrease in its specific activity was used to calculate the turnover rate. The average half-life of oxindole-3-acetic acid in the shoots was found to be 30 h while that in the kernels had an average half-life of 35h. Using previously published values of the pool sizes of oxindole-3-acetic acid in shoots and kernels from seedlings of the same age and variety, and grown under the same conditions, the rate of indole-3-acetic acid oxidation was calculated to be 1.1 pmol plant-1 h-1 in the shoots and 7.1 pmol plant-1 h-1 in the kernels.
Heat capacity and electrical resistivity of liquid niobium near its melting temperature

A microsecond-resolution capacitor discharge technique is used to heat niobium specimens rapidly to temperatures several hundred degrees above the melting point. From the measurements of current, voltage, and temperature as a function of time, the heat capacity and electrical resistivity of liquid niobium in the range 2850 to 3200 K were determined. Maximum uncertainties in the results are estimated to be ±5% for heat capacity and ±3% for electrical resistivity.
Abstract 4672: Tumor dihydropyrimide dehydrogenase (DPYD) expression is associated with survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with gefitinib, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (IFOX)

New drugs that target the EGFR signaling pathways suggest that EGFR inhibition exerts a chemosensitizing effect in colorectal cancer. We have previously reported that the combination of gefitinib, leucovorin, 5-flourouracil, and oxaliplatin (IFOX) resulted in higher response rates than those reported with FOLFOX-4 alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine genomic factors that might be associated with response or survival in the IFOX regimen. Patients and Methods: Seventy-two patients had stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma and were either untreated or previously treated prior to receiving the IFOX regimen. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE; n=63) were obtained, and 4-um sections were cut, placed on slides, and deparaffinized in xylene, followed by laser capture microdissection (LCM; n=42) to enrich for tumor cells. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR, thirty-five samples had good-quality actin RNA readings following LCM, and the expression levels of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency complementation group 1 (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase (TYMS), and thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) were separately quantified. To detect mutations in KRAS, DNA was extracted from fifty-eight patient samples and analyzed using the KRAS Mutector II kit (TrimGen, Sparks, MD). Results: For the 33 patients available for RT-PCR analysis, expression levels of DPYD, EGFR, ERCC1, TYMP, or TYMS did not correlate significantly with response. However, in terms of survival, the overall survival rate was significantly worse in patients with a high DPYD expression level compared to patients with a low DPYD expression level (p Conclusion: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expression was a significant independent prognostic factor for overall survival in colorectal cancer patients treated with FOLFOX-4 along with EGFR inhibition by gefitinib. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4672.
Lung volume reduction surgery: Lessons learned

Background. The concept of lung volume reduction for generalized emphysema was proposed by Brantigan and associates in 1958 and reintroduced by Cooper and colleagues in 1994. The present study presents lessons learned from an 18-month experience. Methods. From August 1, 1994 to August 1, 1995, 53 patients underwent lung volume reduction at Emory University for generalized emphysema. There were 17 women and 36 men ranging in age from 55 to 75 years. The length of stay ranged from 10 to 59 days. At the time of presentation, 47 patients were receiving oxygen and 35 were receiving steroids. Forty-six patients were operated on using a median sternotomy and 7 through a unilateral thoracotomy. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation. Results. There was one early death and four late deaths. Lessons learned from this group of patients are presented. Conclusions. Lung volume reduction surgery remains a sea of relatively uncharted waters, with the future direction yet to be determined.
Bursts modify electrical synaptic strength

Changes in synaptic strength resulting from neuronal activity have been described in great detail for chemical synapses, but the relationship between natural forms of activity and the strength of electrical synapses had previously not been investigated. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), a brain area rich in gap junctional (electrical) synapses, regulates cortical attention, initiates sleep spindles, and participates in shifts between states of arousal. Plasticity of electrical synapses in the TRN may be a key mechanism underlying these processes. Recently, we demonstrated a novel activity-dependent form of long-term depression of electrical synapses in the TRN (Haas et al., 2011). Here we provide an overview of those findings and discuss them in broader context. Because gap junctional proteins are widely expressed in the mammalian brain, modification of synaptic strength is likely to be a widespread and powerful mechanism at electrical synapses throughout the brain.
TRPC1-mediated inhibition of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion neurotoxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

Mammalian homologues of the Drosophila canonical transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins have been implicated to function as plasma membrane Ca2+ channels. This study examined the role of TRPC1 in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. SH-SY5Y cells treated with an exogenous neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) significantly decreased TRPC1 protein levels. Confocal microscopy on SH-SY5Y cells treatment with MPP+ showed decreased plasma membrane staining of TRPC1. Importantly, overexpression of TRPC1 reduced neurotoxicity induced by MPP+. MPP+-induced α-synuclein expression was also suppressed by TRPC1 overexpression. Protection of SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+ was significantly decreased upon the overexpression of antisense TRPC1 cDNA construct or the addition of a nonspecific transient receptor potential channel blocker lanthanum. Activation of TRPC1 by thapsigargin or carbachol decreased MPP+ neurotoxicity, which was partially dependent on external Ca2+. Staining of SH-SY5Y cells with an apoptotic marker (YO-PRO-1) showed that TRPC1 protects SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against apoptosis. Further, TRPC1 overexpression inhibited cytochrome c release and decreased Bax and Apaf-1 protein levels. Interpretation of the above data suggests that reduction in the cell surface expression of TRPC1 following MPP+ treatment may be involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Furthermore, TRPC1 may inhibit degenerative apoptotic signaling to provide neuroprotection against Parkinson's disease-inducing agents.
CALORIE RESTRICTION AS A MEANS TO CONTROL SKELETAL MUSCLE STIFFNESS IN AGED RATS

It has been shown that elderly skeletal muscle does not respond as effectively to exercise as young muscle. This impairment not only limits the effectiveness of interventions in an elderly population but may also be a cause of sarcopenia. One possible explanation for diminished response to exercise is that stiffening of muscle tissue, as a result of glycation, changes the mechanical environment around the muscle cells and that the cells therefore experience less force for any given stimulus. To examine this possibility, it is necessary to manipulate muscle material properties. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of using caloric restriction to accomplish this. It was found that calorie-restricted rats were less sarcopenic than ad libitum (AL) fed rats and that there was a significant negative relationship between muscle stiffness and muscle size in all rats. While the caloric-restricted rats' muscles were not statistically less stiff than the AL-fed rats, the majority of them were less stiff and the use of this group broadened the range of muscle stiffness. In conclusion, caloric restriction appears to be a promising method to manipulate muscle stiffness to study the effects of stiffness on diminished response to exercise.
Characterization of a 75,000 mol. WT. Glycoprotein synthesized by guinea-pig t-lymphocytes: a possible homologue of lyt-1 antigen.

Abstract A xenoantiserum raised in rabbits by immunization with strain 13 guinea-pig antigen-activated T-lymphocytes was previously found to recognize a non-immunoglobulin, 75,000 mol. wt glycoprotein synthesized by guinea-pig T-cells. This protein, p75, has been further characterized to determine its biochemical properties and its expression by various cell types, p75 was found to be a single-chain protein which could be bound by the lectin Lens culinaris hemagglutinin. It has an apparent mol. wt slightly greater than μ-chain as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and could not be precipitated by anti-guinea-pig immunoglobulin reagents. It exhibited considerable charge heterogeneity during isoelectric focusing and was not affected by neuraminidase treatment, p75 was synthesized by thymus, spleen and lymph node cells, by antigen-stimulated T-cells from strain 13 and strain 2 guinea-pigs. and by guinea-pig B-cell L2C leukemia lines, but not by normal B-lymphocytes or macrophages. No differences between the isoelectric focusing patterns of p75 molecules isolated from different cell types could be demonstrated. The chemical properties of p75 and its expression by the cell types so far examined indicate that p75 is a possible candidate for the guinea-pig homologue of the murine Lyt-1 antigen.
Phonon spectra of dilute Pb-In alloys observed by supeconducting tunneling

Abstract The phonon spectra of dilute Pb-In alloys were studied to look for structure within the impurity band. For all the alloys studied the impurity band has been found to consists of two peaks.
Dynamical breakdown of flavor and scalar exchange

Abstract We study a dynamical breakdown of the flavor symmetry in the presence of the flavor symmetric Yukawa-type interaction between chiral fermions and scalars. We evaluate the properly renormalized effective potential for the two-body fermionic condensates. The form of the effective potential indicates that flavor-symmetry cannot be broken dynamically due to the scalar exchange.
Inequality Constrained Least-Squares Estimation

Abstract There are growing demands to use prior and sample information for parameter estimation of a regression model in order to maintain consistency with underlying theory. To meet such demands, this paper provides an inequality constrained least-squares (ICLS) estimation, specifies an untruncated variance-covariance matrix of the ICLS estimates, and discusses their statistical properties in large-and small-sample cases. Finally, the ICLS and the ordinary least-squares OLS estimates are compared in terms of sample bias, sample mean-square error MSE and sample variance of the estimates by a Monte Carlo study.
The costs and benefits of lazy interactive input in pascal

The programming language Pascal was designed and implemented in a non-interactive programming environment. This paper surveys proposals for incorporating interaction into Pascal, and focuses on a scheme known as ‘lazy evaluation’. It presents and compares performance measurements of two Pascal run-time systems for the same compiler; a buffered, non-interactive version, and a modification of that system to support lazy evaluation.
Burning through organizational boundaries? Examining inter-organizational communication networks in policy-mandated collaborative bushfire planning groups

Abstract Collaboration can enhance cooperation across geographic and organizational scales, effectively “burning through” those boundaries. Using structured social network analysis (SNA) and qualitative in-depth interviews, this study examined three collaborative bushfire planning groups in New South Wales, Australia and asked: How does participation in policy-mandated collaboration affect bushfire communication networks amongst organizational representatives? Inter-organizational communication networks became more active, less centralized, and more closely connected during planning than they had been prior. However, efforts to institutionalize collaboration were intrinsically biased towards placing administrative power and influence in public agencies. Further, collaborative planning groups did not maintain “during planning” levels of network activity and structure after planning was completed. In one case, the mandated planning process had a negative impact on inter-agency communication networks. Contextual aspects such as group size, history of inter-organizational conflict and fire occurrence, and process management were important in the development of inter-organizational networks. Though communication diminished after planning was completed, participation in the collaborative planning effort may serve as an important basis for the continuation of inter-organizational relationships beyond the scope of the planning process.
Corporate sustainability: perception and response by older consumers

This study empirically investigates the importance of environmental sustainability in the decision-making of older consumers when purchasing consumer goods. Moreover, their perception of corporate sustainability is analyzed. Applying an online survey, effects are measured separately among German (n = 486) and Spanish (n = 503) respondents. By dividing the respondents in young (18–34 years), middle-aged (35–49 years) and older people (>50 years), we particularly examine the cohort of older respondents. By the use of structural equation modeling, the impact of perceived corporate sustainability on the consumer's effort to act sustainably is evaluated to derive a better understanding in the Spanish and German market on how to address the concerns of the steadily increasing segment of older consumers. Even though price and brand of consumer goods play a significant role in the purchase decisions of the older respondents, our findings emphasize a considerable interest in the environmental impact of their purchases. Perceived price and quality of the sustainable products offer leads them to act in an environmentally sustainable manner.
Developing a level III/IV medical/psychiatry unit. Establishing a basis, design of the unit, and physician responsibility.

This article is part of a series defining the administrative, logistical, and funding issues necessary for the establishment of a medical/psychiatry unit. It emphasizese the experience of individual who have developed such units and is offered in an attempt to prevent duplication of costly mistakes. Administrative issues, factors affecting the physical design of the unit, requirements for medical coverage and medical and psychiatric psychiatric, programmatic support, and the ethical issues encountered in managing such a unit are discussed.
Homeo box gene complex on mouse chromosome 11: Molecular cloning, expression in embryogenesis, and homology to a human homeo box locus

The homeo box is a 180 bp protein-coding domain found within homeotic genes of Drosophila and conserved in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species. It has been suggested that the mammalian homeo box sequences may play a role in controlling pattern formation during embryogenesis. We report findings that support this hypothesis. We have cloned three overlapping recombinant phage clones that cover a region of mouse chromosome 11 that contains a cluster of four homeo boxes (the Hox-2 locus). This locus encodes multiple transcripts that are expressed during embryogenesis. Forty kilobases of the Hox-2 region is devoid of repetitive elements and shows extensive homology with the human Hox-2 locus. These results provide direct evidence for genetic expression during embryonic development, a conserved organization in comparison to the cognate human locus, and a complexity of organization and transcript expression similar to that found in Drosophila.
An autoradiographic analysis of neurogenesis in the chick retinain vitro andin vivo

Patterns of [3H]thymidine incorporation during neurogenesis of the embryonic chick retina have been compared in vitro and in ovo. Pieces of posterior, undifferentiated retinas were dissected from embryos on day 6 of incubation (E6) and cultured in the presence of [3H]thymidine. Label was added to the medium for 3 h on day 1, 2, 3 or 4 in culture. The retinas were fixed on the fifth day, embedded in epon, sectioned and processed for autoradiography. In parallel experiments, in ovo injections were made on embryonic day 6, 7, 8 or 9 (E6-E9). On E12 the embryos were fixed and a piece of the posterior retina from each eye was dissected and processed for autoradiography as above. Results show that the retinal explants develop well in culture and all of the layers of the neural retina differentiate. However, the cultured retinas are thinner than those grown in ovo. [3H]Thymidine labeling indicates that nearly all retinal neurons undergo their final mitotic divisions between E6 and E9. In addition the patterns of labeling in culture are similar to those in ovo. Most neurons, including the majority of cells in the ganglion cell layer and outer nuclear layer, are labeled on the first three days in culture and in E6-E7 embryos, while labeled cells are restricted to the inner nuclear layer in older specimens. Counts of labeled and unlabeled neurons in the ganglion cell layer suggest that the temporal pattern of neurogenesis in culture lags behind that in the embryo by about one day but that the spatial patterns of cell migration are the same.
Need for cardiac output monitoring in elderly trauma patients determined by base deficit

Elderly patients tolerate trauma less well than younger patients. Early monitoring of the cardiac output to improve peripheral perfusion can diminish mortality and complications in elderly patients. Base deficit can be used as a marker of significant injury and to predict resource utilization and mortality. The purpose of this study is to determine which patients will require intervention.
Manganese- and Rhodium-Catalyzed Phenylsilane Hydrosilation−Deoxygenation of Iron Acyl Complexes Cp(L)(CO)FeC(O)R (L = CO, PPh3, P(OMe)3, P(OPh)3; R = CH3, Ph, CHMe2, CMe3)

The manganese carbonyl acyl complexes L(CO)4MnC(O)R (L = CO, R = CH3 (2a); L = CO, R = Ph (2b); L = PPh3, R = CH3 (2c)) are precatalysts for the PhSiH3 hydrosilation−deoxygenation of Cp(CO)2FeC(O)CH3 (1a) to Cp(CO)2FeCH2CH3 (6a). Thus, 2a (4%) and 1.1 equiv of PhSiH3 reduce 1a initially to a mixture of [Cp(CO)2FeCH(CH3)O]3-xHxSiPh (x = 2 (3b), 1 (4b), and 0 (5b)) (7−8 h), which transforms to a mixture of 5b (62%) and 6a (35%) (12 h). Similarly, 2b and PhSiH3 transform 1a to a mixture containing 4% 3b, 22% 4b, 72% 5b, and 2% 6a (30 min), then up to 15−20% 6a (12 h). Use of 2c as the precatalyst selectively yields 71% 4b and 10% 6a (30 min), then up to 19% 6a (5 h). Both 4b and 5b were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and characterized as mixtures of four stereoisomers, 4b as a pair of enantiomers having a prochiral center and two meso diastereoisomers with pseudoasymmetric centers and 5b as a diastereomeric pair of enantiomers. The PhSiH3 (1.6 equiv)/RhCl(PPh3)3 (3%) system conveniently transforms...
Propellantless formation flight applications using electromagnetic satellite formations

Abstract The alternative to using propellant for actuation of formation flying satellites is for each spacecraft to produce their own electromagnetic field that others in the formation can react against. This technique can be achieved by creating a steerable magnetic dipole and is called Electromagnetic Formation Flight (EMFF). EMFF can be implemented on a spacecraft by driving current through three orthogonal electromagnetic coils to create a steerable magnetic dipole in three dimensions. This paper investigates the applicability of EMFF as a means for attitude and translation control of multiple spacecraft maneuvering in close proximity. One example scenario is using two EMFF satellites as an inspector system to examine a non-EMFF satellite that is nearby. The results of the analysis show the design of the proximity guidance, navigation, and control laws that allow for rapid inspection scenarios. The primary role of EMFF is to impart forces and torques to maintain a satellite array. In addition, potential secondary roles of EMFF were investigated using EMFF in a multi-role sense. These included power transmission, passive, offensive capabilities, and use of the HTS coils as torque coils for geostationary satellites. The results of this paper show that EMFF is a promising propellantless formation flight technology.
Ultralow Leakage Current AlGaN/GaN Schottky Diodes With 3-D Anode Structure

We demonstrate ultralow leakage current AlGaN/GaN Schottky-barrier diodes (SBDs) based on a 3-D anode contact. In contrast to conventional AlGaN/GaN SBDs, this new device forms a Schottky contact directly to the 2-D electron gas (2-DEG) at the sidewalls of the 3-D anode structure to improve its turn-on characteristics. In addition, this device integrates an insulated trigate MOS structure to reduce its reverse-bias leakage current. By optimizing this new technology, we demonstrate SBDs with 3-D anode structures with turn-on voltage of 0.85 V, ON-resistance of 5.96 Ωmm and ideality factor of 1.27. The reverse-bias leakage current was significantly reduced by nearly four orders of magnitude, down to 260 pA/mm, with a breakdown voltage of up to 127 V for a distance of 1.5 μm between the cathode and anode electrodes. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the lowest leakage currents reported in lateral AlGaN/GaN SBDs fabricated on silicon substrate.
Age and the university workplace: A case study of remaining, retiring, or returning older workers

This instrumental case study using the embedded single-case study design was conducted at a large midwestern university. Data collection included documents, descriptive statistics, and interviews. The themes of remaining, retiring, and returning appeared as patterns during data analysis. As universities experience the trend toward longer working lifespans, it is important that HRD practitioners include age in diversity discussions. Along with this, career development and training and development opportunities need to be reexamined. © 2000 by Jossey-Bass, A Publishing Unit of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Defined Zebrafish Line for High-Throughput Genetics and Genomics: NHGRI-1

Substantial intra-strain variation at the nucleotide level complicates molecular and genetic studies in zebrafish, such as the use of CRISPRs or morpholinos to inactivate genes. In the absence of robust inbred zebrafish lines, we generated NHGRI-1, a healthy and fecund strain derived from founder parents we sequenced to a depth of ~50x. Within this strain, we have identified the majority of the genome that matches the reference sequence, and documented most of the variants. This strain has utility for many reasons, but in particular it will be useful for any researcher who needs to know the exact sequence (with all variants) of a particular genomic region, or who wants to be able to robustly map sequences back to a genome with all possible variants defined.
Time-optimal control of gravity-gradient satellites with disturbances

Satellite time optimal attitude control, using gravity gradient technique with active libration damping
The scope of receptor editing and its association with autoimmunity

Random assembly of antibody variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments creates a vast repertoire of antigen receptors, including autoreactive ones. Three ways that are known to reduce autoreactivity in the B-cell compartment include clonal deletion, functional inactivation and receptor editing, a mechanism involving a change in antigen receptor specificity through continued V(D)J recombination. New data suggest that editing can efficiently eliminate autoreactivity, yet, in an autoimmune context, secondary antibody gene rearrangements might also contribute to autoimmunity.
Sequential combination of self-report, breath carbon monoxide, and saliva cotinine to assess smoking status

The purpose of this analysis was to develop an algorithm for the cost effective and accurate assessment of smoking during the previous few days by combining self report, breath carbon monoxide (BCO), and saliva cotinine (sCOT). These measurements are convenient, quantitative, and do not require invasive procedures. The data used to devise the algorithm were gathered during a treatment trial of participants seeking to stop smoking. Self report of smoking was determined using a written questionnaire, BCO was measured with a handheld breathalyzer, and sCOT was quantified using a high sensitivity ELISA. Participants were 130 males and 97 females between the ages of 19 and 67 years who reported smoking at least 15 cigarettes a day and had a BCO level ≥ 15 ppm. Self reports and BCO levels were collected at each of 6 visits (V0-V5) and sCOT levels were determined at V0 and V5. Based on the data collected, we recommend that the sequential determination of self reported smoking, BCO level, and sCOT level be employed to assess smoking during the previous few days to minimize the higher cost and longer turnaround time associated with the sCOT test while maximizing accuracy.
Neurosurgery Certification in Member Societies of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies: Asia

Objective To objectively compare the complexity and diversity of the certification process in neurological surgery in member societies of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Methods This study centers in continental Asia. We provide here an analysis based on the responses provided to a 13-item survey. The data received were analyzed, and three Regional Complexity Scores (RCS) were designed. To compare national board experience, eligibility requirements for access to the certification process, and the obligatory nature of the examinations, an RCS-Organizational score was created (20 points maximum). To analyze the complexity of the examination, an RCS-Components score was designed (20 points maximum). The sum of both is presented in a Global RCS score. Only those countries that responded to the survey and presented nationwide homogeneity in the conduction of neurosurgery examinations could be included within the scoring system. In addition, a descriptive summary of the certification process per responding society is also provided. Results and Conclusion On the basis of the data provided by our RCS system, the highest global RCS was achieved by South Korea and Malaysia (21/40 points) followed by the joint examination of Singapore and Hong-Kong (FRCS-Ed) (20/40 points), Japan (17/40 points), the Philippines (15/40 points), and Taiwan (13 points). The experience from these leading countries should be of value to all countries within Asia. Peer Review Article
Choreographing Difference: The Body and Identity in Contemporary Dance

The choreographies of Bill T. Jones, Cleveland Ballet Dancing Wheels, Zab Maboungou, David Dorfman, Marie Chouinard, Jawole Willa Jo Zollar, and others, have helped establish dance as a crucial discourse of the 90s. These dancers, Ann Cooper Albright argues, are asking the audience to see the body as a source of cultural identity a physical presence that moves with and through its gendered, racial, and social meanings. Through her articulate and nuanced analysis of contemporary choreography, Albright shows how the dancing body shifts conventions of representation and provides a critical example of the dialectical relationship between cultures and the bodies that inhabit them. As a dancer, feminist, and philosopher, Albright turns to the material experience of bodies, not just the body as a figure or metaphor, to understand how cultural representation becomes embedded in the body. In arguing for the intelligence of bodies, Choreographing Difference is itself a testimonial, giving voice to some important political, moral, and artistic questions of our time."
Sensory stimulation and timing behavior

The response rate of six male albino rats was studied during an 80 second fixed-interval operant response situation under conditions of light and dark, quiet and noise. The inter-reinforcement interval was divided into four sub-intervals of 20 seconds each. A significant illumination effect was obtained as well as significant differences within the inter-reinforcement interval. A significant interaction between illumination and sub-intervals was obtained. The results are discussed in relation to arousal and an “internal clock” mechanism.
Visions of utopia: social emancipation, technological progress, and anticapitalism in Nazi inventor policy, 1933-1945.

IN this paper I would like to relate some of the results of my specialized research on Nazi inventor policy to themes and interpretations with which many students of the Third Reich already are familiar. One of those themes is the relationship between big business and the Nazi state. An influential hypothesis in this area centers on the notion of a "power cartel," based on the insight that Nazi Germany was not a dic? tatorship in which all sectors of society were suppressed with equal force. According to the "power-cartel" interpretation, which incorporates ele? ments of the Marxist perspective on the relationship between capitalism and National Socialism, the Third Reich was governed by an informal coalition of the Nazis, the military, and big business. This fundamental idea is then qualified by two additional observations. First, the Nazi movement is broken down into factions comprising the party, Labor Front, and SA on the one hand, and the Gestapo and SS on the other hand. The former are seen to lose power as time went by while that latter gained it, which helps explain the regime's increasing brutality and its accelerating descent into barbarism. Second, the idea of a changing balance of power is also applied to the power cartel as a whole. The point here is to account for the gradual loss of power by the military and big business. Their relatively advantageous positions in the regime's early years steadily eroded, produc? ing a very different weighting among the cartel's members by the time World War II ended, without, however, ever completely destroying it.1
THE TRAINING OF SPECIAL LIBRARIANS IN THE UNITED STATES

There has been a good deal of grumbling going on in my country at the way in which librarians are trained for their profession. No one seems to be satisfied with the current state of affairs but of all the unhappy groups none speak with greater vehemence nor more fervidly than the special librarians. ‘If other professions,’ says a prominent music librarian, ‘ran their educational systems with no more regard for specialization than librarianship does, one shudders to think of the state our society would be in.’
Water Dispersible Granule Formulations Containing a New Defoaming Agent

A common problem found when water dispersible granule (WG) formulations are dispersed in water is the generation of high levels of a persistent foam layer. This high level of foaming causes many difficulties for the users of WG products in agricultural sprays. The development of foam may cause spillage and loss of product as well as cause problems for tank mixing with other products. There is also a risk of uneven coverage of a spray solution containing foam, and the time taken for foam to subside can be inconvenient as well as lead to a risk of sedimentation of the suspended solid. The persistent foam problem in WG formulations is a direct consequence of the presence of a surfactant wetting agent (wetter) which is used in the formulation to aid immersion and dispersion of the granule in water and to help evenly distribute water throughout the powder matrix during manufacture of the formulation. Various approaches have been tried to overcome persistent foam in WG formulations in the past. These approaches include the use of tank-added defoaming agents, the inclusion of silicone and other common defoamer types in the formulation, and use of lower foaming wetters which are generally nonionic surfactants. These approaches have generally met with limited success or led to other difficulties. In many cases using enough of these defoaming additives to be effective in defoaming leads to reduced dispersion properties. One class of defoaming agent commonly used in WG formulations is the salts of long chain fatty acids, or soaps. These are, however, only moderately effective. It has now been found that the combination of fatty acid salts together with chelating agents and a polyacid polymer leads to greatly enhanced foam reduction. This improvement in defoaming comes with no additional loss of dispersion performance of the WG. The optimized defoaming blend is effective in WG formulations at a use rate of around 2 % by weight and can be used with all the commonly used types of surfactant wetting agents and dispersants in a wide range of active ingredients.