cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early development of multifilament polyacrylonitrile-derived structural hollow carbon fibers from a segmented arc spinneret

Abstract Carbon fiber is a highly desired material for structural applications requiring high strength and stiffness and low weight but has seen only incremental improvements in properties over the last few decades. Further increases in carbon fiber specific properties, including specific strength and specific modulus, would further propel its unique capabilities. One method to produce high specific property carbon fibers for structural applications is the development of hollow carbon fibers. In this work, we report on the early development of polyacrylonitrile-derived structural hollow carbon fibers. Here, multifilament, continuous tow, polyacrylonitrile-based precursor hollow fibers were successfully produced utilizing a segmented arc spinneret approach. When batch oxidized, the hollow precursor fibers demonstrated evidence of oxidation proceeding from both the interior and exterior of the filament. Further results suggested that reducing the precursor hollow fiber wall thickness would allow for complete, homogeneous oxidation, thereby avoiding the skin-core structure often observed in commercial carbon fiber. Hollow carbon fibers were as small as 35 μm outer diameter, 22 μm inner diameter (6.5 μm wall thickness). At these diameters, the hollow carbon effective fiber specific strength was 0.54 N/tex and the effective specific modulus was 120 N/tex, approaching the effective specific modulus of T700S at 136 N/tex.
Patient Adherence in an Academic Medical Center's Low-dose Computed Tomography Screening Program.

Objectives Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening is an important tool for reducing lung cancer mortality. This study describes a single center's experience with LDCT and attempts to identify any barriers to compliance with standard guidelines. Materials and methods This is a retrospective review of a single university-based hospital system from 2015 to 2019. All individuals who met eligibility for lung cancer screening were entered into a database. The definition of adherence with the screening program was determined by the recommended timeline for the follow-up LDCT. Cohorts were split by adherence and demographics were compared. Results A total of 203 LDCTs were performed in 121 patients who met eligibility for LDCT and had appropriate surveillance from 2015 to 2019. The average age was 64 years old. The overall adherence rate for prescribed LDCTs was 59.1%. Patients with Lung-RADS score 2 had 2.43 times higher odds of adherence relative to patients with Lung-RADS score 1 (odds ratio [OR]=2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-4.83; P=0.011). African American patients had 42% lower odds of adherence relative to white patients (OR=0.58; 95% CI: 0.32-1.06; P=0.076). Patients with non-District of Columbia zip codes had 57% higher odds of adherence relative to those with District of Columbia zip codes, although this did not reach statistical significance (OR=1.57; 95% CI: 0.87-2.82; P=0.136). Conclusions Despite the implementation of a multidisciplinary, academic LDCT screening program, overall adherence rate to prescribed follow-up scans was suboptimal. Socioeconomic disparities and African American race may negatively affect adherence to lung cancer screening LDCT guidelines. Patients with concerning findings on initial LDCT had a higher association of adherence to guidelines.
Acceptability and Feasibility of Geographically Explicit Ecological Momentary Assessment Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

Syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) has increased greatly in the past twenty years in the U.S. Geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA), in which behaviors are geotagged and contextualized in time and space, may contribute to a greater understanding of transmission risk. The objective was to determine the acceptability and feasibility of GEMA for assessing HIV and syphilis transmission risk behaviors among a sample of MSM. Participants responded to a brief survey five times a day for two weeks. Feasibility was measured by participant recruitment, enrollment, prompts received and answered, geotagged prompts, and technical interference with data collection. Acceptability was measured by ratings of enjoyment and willingness for future participation. Summaries of five behavioral measures from the brief survey were calculated. Among the 83 participants contacted, 67.5% (56) expressed interest, 98% (55) were scheduled, and 81.8% (45) were enrolled. Participants answered 78.3% (2,277) of prompts received and 87.7% (1,998) of answered prompts were geotagged. Overall, 70.5% (31) enjoyed participating and 91.1% (41) were willing to participate in the future. Among prompts answered, missingness was low for five behavioral measures (range 0.2% (4) to 0.7% (16)). Feasibility and acceptability were high and missingness was low on behavioral measures in this MSM study population. Most participants reported that they would participate again. Future work should focus on whether GEMA improves our understanding of syphilis and HIV transmission risk.
Using the energy spectrum measured by DAMA/LIBRA to probe light dark matter

A weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) weighing only a few GeV has been invoked as an explanation for the signal from the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. We show that the data from DAMA/LIBRA are now powerful enough to strongly constrain the properties of any putative WIMP. Accounting for the detailed recoil spectrum, a light WIMP with a Maxwellian velocity distribution and a spin-independent interaction cannot account for the data. Even neglecting the spectrum, significant parameter space is excluded by a limit that can be derived from the DAMA unmodulated signal at low energies. Appreciable modification to the astrophysics or particle physics can open light mass windows.
Innovations in Natural Language Document Processing for Requirements Engineering

This paper evaluates the potential contributions of natural language processing to requirements engineering. We present a selective history of the relationship between requirements engineering (RE) and natural-language processing (NLP), and briefly summarize relevant recent trends in NLP. The paper outlines basic issues in RE and how they relate to interactions between a NLP front end and system-development processes. We suggest some improvements to NLP that may be possible in the context of RE and conclude with an assessment of what should be done to improve likelihood of practical impact in this direction.
Space Microbiology: Microgravity and Microorganisms

Growth Kinetics and Motility Genetics Antibiotic Effectiveness Crew Health and Life Support Sporulation and Secondary Metabolites Future Opportunities Keywords: extreme environments; microgravity; space microbiology
Differential susceptibilities to chronic beryllium disease contributed by different Glu69 HLA-DPB1 and -DPA1 alleles

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is associated with the allelic substitution of a Glu69 in the HLA-DPB1 gene. Although up to 97% of CBD patients may have the Glu69 marker, about 30-45% of beryllium-exposed, unaffected individuals carry the same marker. Because CBD occurs in only 1-6% of exposed workers, the presence of Glu69 does not appear to be the sole genetic factor underlying the disease development. Using two rounds of direct automated DNA sequencing to precisely assign HLA-DPB1 haplotypes, we have discovered highly significant Glu69-containing allele frequency differences between the CBD patients and a beryllium-exposed, nondiseased control group. Individuals with DPB1 Glu69 in both alleles were almost exclusively found in the CBD group (6/20) vs the control group (1/75). Whereas most Glu69 carriers from the control group had a DPB1 allele *0201 (68%), most Glu69 carriers from the CBD group had a non-*0201 DPB1 Glu69-carrying allele (84%). The DPB1 allele *0201 was almost exclusively (29/30) associated with DPA1 *01 alleles, while the non-*0201 Glu69-containing DPB1 alleles were closely associated with DPA1 *02 alleles (26/29). Relatively rare Glu69-containing alleles *1701, *0901, and *1001 had extremely high frequencies in the CBD group (50%), as compared with the control group (6.7%). Therefore, the most common Glu69-containing DPB1 allele, *0201, does not seem to be a major disease allele. The results suggest that it is not the mere presence of Glu69, per se, but specific Glu69-containing alleles and their copy number (homozygous or heterozygous) that confer the greatest susceptibility to CBD in exposed individuals.
Ionospheric Observations of Waves at the Inner Edge of the Low Latitude Boundary Layer

Over the past 10 years we have undertaken a series of coordinated observations of the dayside high latitude ionospheric convection reversal boundary together with the upstream solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. Using DMSP particle precipitation data, we find that the convection reversal boundary maps to the inner edge of the low latitude boundary layer. Using combinations of the Greenland incoherent scatter radar and Greenland magnetometers we have examined the behavior of the convection reversal boundary under a variety of conditions. At times the boundary may be very stable and can be characterized as either a shear boundary or a rotational boundary. At other times, the boundary becomes wavelike with spatial amplitudes of several degrees in magnetic latitude. These conditions are generally associated with a large value of the IMF By component and small value of the IMF B z component. The wavelike spatial motions which are observed in the radar data appear as ULF Pc5 magnetic pulsations (15 - 35 minute periods) over a limited latitudinal band centered on the reversal boundary observed by the meridional chain of west coast Greenland magnetometers. Several examples of these conditions have been observed and we suggest that they are the ionospheric signature of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the inner edge of the LLBL. The generation of these waves results from the strong dayside shear flows at the outer dayside magnetosphere produced by IMF By reconnection.
Middle Miocene fossil plants from Fort Ternan (Kenya) and evolution of African grasslands

New evidence from fossil plants at the Middle Miocene fossil quarry near Fort Ternan, Kenya, together with that from paleosols, allow reconstruction of a mosaic of early successional woodland (on Dhero paleosols), grassy woodland (on Chogo clay eroded phase and ferruginized nodule variant paleosols) and wooded grassland (on type Chogo and Onuria clay paleosols). This grassy open vegetation was on a high plateau of phonolite at the foot of a carbonatite-nephelinite stratovolcano, which probably supported dry Afromontane forest, alpine meadows, and marsh. This earliest savanna-mosaic vegetation yet documented from Africa, was probably recruited from dry lateritic soils elsewhere in Africa during climatic drying and cooling some 15 Ma. These early grassland ecosystems were very different from Early Miocene forest ecosystems of East Africa, but not altogether like modern grasslands either. Already present were grasses with dense growth and rich in silica bodies, and abundant antelope with moderately high crowned teeth and cursorial limb structure. These mammalian adaptations to grasslands, however, were not nearly so pronounced as they are in modern African grassland faunas, which include zebra and other Asiatic immigrants, as well as antelope. Grasses of the subfamily Chloridoideae and supertribe Panicanae were common in tropical Africa by Middle Miocene time, if not much earlier, but there is not yet evidence so far back in time for the grass supertribe Andropogonae which is now dominant in seasonally arid, overgrazed, and burned African grasslands.
Directed mutagenesis of the strongly conserved aspartate 242 in the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli proton-ATPase.

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to substitute Asn or Val for residue Asp-242 in the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Asp-242 is strongly conserved in beta-subunits of F1-ATPase enzymes, in a region of sequence which shows homology with numerous nucleotide-binding proteins. By analogy with adenylate kinase (Fry, D.C., Kuby, S.A., and Mildvan, A.S. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 907-911), beta-Asp-242 of F1-ATPase might participate in catalysis through electrostatic effects on the substrate Mg2+ or through hydrogen bonding to the substrate(s); an acid-base catalytic role is also plausible. The substitutions Asn and Val were chosen to affect the charge, hydrogen-bonding ability, and hydrophobicity of residue beta-Asp-242. Both mutations significantly impaired oxidative phosphorylation rates in vivo and membrane ATPase and ATP-driven proton-pumping activities in vitro. Asn-242 was more detrimental than Val-242. Purified soluble mutant F1-ATPases had normal molecular size and subunit composition, and displayed 7% (beta-Asn-242) and 17% (beta-Val-242) of normal specific Mg-ATPase activity. The relative MgATPase activities of both mutant enzymes showed similar pH dependence to normal. Relative MgATPase and CaATPase activities of normal and mutant enzymes were compared at widely varied pMg and pCa. The mutations had little effect on KM MgATP, but KM CaATP was reduced. The data showed that the carboxyl side-chain of beta-Asp-242 is not involved in catalysis either as a general acid-base catalyst or through direct involvement in any protonation/deprotonation-linked mechanism, nor is it likely to be directly involved in liganding to substrate Mg2+ during the reaction. Specificity constants (kcat/KM) for MgATP and CaATP were reduced in both mutant enzymes, showing that the mutations destabilized interactions between the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain and the transition state.
Bone metabolism in adolescent athletes with amenorrhea, athletes with eumenorrhea, and control subjects.

OBJECTIVE. We hypothesized that, despite increased activity, bone density would be low in athletes with amenorrhea, compared with athletes with eumenorrhea and control subjects, because of associated hypogonadism and would be associated with a decrease in bone formation and increases in bone-resorption markers. METHODS. In a cross-sectional study, we examined bone-density measures (spine, hip, and whole body) and body composition by using dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry and assessed fasting levels of insulin-like growth factor I and bone-turnover markers (N-terminal propeptied of type 1 procollagen and N-telopeptide) in 21 athletes with amenorrhea, 18 athletes with eumenorrhea, and 18 control subjects. Subjects were 12 to 18 years of age and of comparable chronologic and bone age. RESULTS. Athletes with amenorrhea had lower bone-density z scores at the spine and whole body, compared with athletes with eumenorrhea and control subjects, and lower hip z scores, compared with athletes with eumenorrhea. Lean mass did not differ between groups. However, athletes with amenorrhea had lower BMI z scores than did athletes with eumenorrhea and lower insulin-like growth factor I levels than did control subjects. Levels of both markers of bone turnover were lower in athletes with amenorrhea than in control subjects. BMI z scores, lean mass, insulin-like growth factor I levels, and diagnostic category were important independent predictors of bone mineral density z scores. CONCLUSIONS. Although they showed no significant differences in lean mass, compared with athletes with eumenorrhea and control subjects, athletes with amenorrhea had lower bone density at the spine and whole body. Insulin-like growth factor I levels, body-composition parameters, and menstrual status were important predictors of bone density. Follow-up studies are necessary to determine whether amenorrhea in athletes adversely affects the rate of bone mass accrual and therefore peak bone mass.
Nonlinear analysis of composite laminates using a generalized laminated plate theory

A plate-bending finite element based on the theory of Reddy is developed. Stress relaxation is shown to be an important factor in the design of composite plates.
Erratum to: Photodynamic Therapy for Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma

1. Correction: page 280 line 17: reference numbers [30, 35, 36]. 2. Correction: page 280 line 23: survival rates of 78% and 39%, respectively. 3. Correction: page 281 line 48: survival after PDT for CC [31]. 4. Correction: Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4: authors’ names and reference numbers are these below in order (authors [reference number]): Ortner et al. [35] Berr et al. [36] Rumalla et al. [30] Zoepf et al. [28] Zoepf et al. [29] Wiedmann et al. [48] Dumoulin et al. [38] Ortner et al. [43] Wiedmann et al. [39] Nanashima et al. [47] Harewood et al. [37] Shim et al. [42] Zoepf et al. [45] Witzigmann et al. [41] Prasad et al. [31] Kahaleh et al. [46] Fuks et al. [40]
Pediatric thoracic CT angiography

One of the principal benefits of contemporary multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) has been the ability to obtain high-quality data sets for evaluation of the cardiovascular system. The benefits of the greater number of detector rows and submillimeter image thicknesses were quickly recognized and are especially advantageous in children. For example, since imaging is performed so quickly, issues with motion are minimized. This is a substantial benefit of CTA compared with MR imaging, the traditional noninvasive cross sectional modality for pediatric cardiovascular imaging. This, together with faster and more powerful computers, including improved transfer and storage capabilities, offers improved depiction of the heart, great vessels, other vasculature, and adjacent intrathoracic structures in a fashion that is well accepted by clinical colleagues. In order to be successful, however, one must have an understanding of the technology and often unique technical considerations in infants and children. With this familiarity, excellent cardiovascular examinations can be performed even in the most challenging case.
Overcompensation through the paternal component of fitness in Ipomopsis arizonica

Estimates of the effects of herbivory on plant fitness based on female fitness alone may be misleading if plants experience either reduced or increased male fitness. Because there are many plants that produce more flowers following herbivory where seed set is unaffected or reduced, total fitness may be enhanced through the paternal component alone. Here we show that herbivory results in an increase in reproductive success due solely to an increase in paternal fitness in the monocarpic biennial Ipomopsis arizonica. These results suggest that overcompensation may be more common than presently thought, requiring a reexamination of the fitness consequences of herbivory for many plant species.
Physiognomic development of Pseudotsuga forests in relation to initial structure and disturbance intensity

Physiognomic patterns may vary significantly during succession despite a tendency for larger-growth forms to gradually replace smaller ones. Development of understory structure was observed for 25 yr after harvest of Pseudotsuga forests on two sites in the western Cas- cade Range, Oregon. We examine the influences of disturbance intensity and initial vegetation structure on the origin, direction, and rate of physiognomic change. Broad-scale changes in vegetation structure differed between sites. On Watershed 1, herbs dominated for 11 yr, after which shrubs became co-dominant. In contrast, Watershed 3 never exhibited a distinct, transitional shrub phase - herbs dominated for 18 yr, after which trees assumed co-dominance. The pattern and rate of physiognomic succession also varied among pre-disturbance plant communities and with disturbance intensity. Differences among communities largely corresponded with initial vegeta- tion structure, reflecting the disturbance tolerance of forest herbs and shrubs. Canopy closure occurred most rapidly in the initially depauperate, but tree-dominated Coptis community. Along the disturbance gradient, shifts from herb to shrub dominance occurred earlier on burned than on unburned sites due to rapid development of invading shrubs, whose germination and establish- ment were stimulated by fire. However, subsequent transitions to tree dominance showed no clear relationship with disturbance intensity. These long-term trends suggest that pre-disturbance community structure and disturbance intensity are major determinants of physiognomic succession, but that their effects may be modified by historical or stochastic fac- tors such as limited seed availability or local fluctuations in weather.
Proton channel HVCN1 is required for effector functions of mouse eosinophils

Proton currents are required for optimal respiratory burst in phagocytes. Recently, HVCN1 was identified as the molecule required for the voltage-gated proton channel activity associated with the respiratory burst in neutrophils. Although there are similarities between eosinophils and neutrophils regarding their mechanism for respiratory burst, the role of proton channels in eosinophil functions has not been fully understood. In the present study, we first identified the expression of the proton channel HVCN1 in mouse eosinophils. Furthermore, using HVCN1-deficient eosinophils, we demonstrated important cell-specific effector functions for HVCN1. Similar to HVCN1-deficient neutrophils, HVCN1-deficient eosinophils produced significantly less reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation compared with WT eosinophils. In contrast to HVCN1-deficient neutrophils, HVCN1-deficient eosinophils did not show impaired calcium mobilization or migration ability compared with wild-type (WT) cells. Uniquely, HVCN1-deficient eosinophils underwent significantly increased cell death induced by PMA stimulation compared with WT eosinophils. The increased cell death was dependent on NADPH oxidase activation, and correlated with the failure of HVCN1-deficient cells to maintain membrane polarization and intracellular pH in the physiological range upon activation. Eosinophils require proton channel HVCN1 for optimal ROS generation and prevention of activation-induced cell death.
Evaluation of worker safety and health training.

Background Few studies of worker training have addressed the impact on participant's health and safety behaviors and efforts to change health and safety conditions at the workplace. The present study is an evaluation of these impacts as reported by workers and managers. Methods The UAB/CLEAR program has trained over 1,000 participants since 1992. A survey was mailed to a sample of workers and all participating managers. Results The results revealed that both groups reported increasing personal safety and health behavior, both contributed to emergency preparedness, and both influenced the elimination of hazardous chemicals. Managers reported greater influence on health and safety which may be explained by their relatively more powerful position. However, an impressive percentage of workers reported influencing changes. Conclusions This pattern indicates that when the environment supports joint decision making by workers and management, initiating changes becomes easier. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:155–163, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Separate populations of lumbar preganglionic neurons identified with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the central cut end of the intermesenteric trunk or the caudal lumbar sympathetic trunk in golden hamsters. Preganglionic cells labeled from the intermesenteric trunk were located in the intermediolateral cell column, bilaterally, and in the dorsal commissural nucleus. The segmental distributions of the cells in these two nuclear groups were similar. Preganglionic neurons labeled from the lumbar sympathetic trunk were located mainly in the ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column. The simultaneous application of HRP to one trunk and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to the other delincated two separate preganglionic cell populations. Cells labeled from the two trunks were distributed as above. HRP-filled cells and DAPI-filled cells were intermixed in the intermediolateral cell column ipsilateral to the backfilled sympathetic trunk. No double labeled cells were present. The results show that the dorsal commissural nucleus in the lumbar cord preferentially innervates prevertebral ganglia, that lumbar paravertebral ganglia are innervated by cells located mainly in the ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column, and that paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are innervated by non-overlapping sets of lumbar preganglionic neurons.
Power Loss of Stratified Log-Rank Test in Homogeneous Samples

We study the loss of power of the stratified log-rank test (SLRT) compared to the unstratified log-rank test (ULRT) in the case of a large number of strata with relatively a small number of stratum sizes in terms of the asymptotic distributions of test statistics under local alternatives. The SLRT tends to lose information due to overstratification. It is better to test the homogeneity among strata before using the stratified log-rank test.
Work of the Carnegie to date

This paper (published essentially as given in Sci. Mon.,v. 29, 97–108, 1929) gave a brief, account of the program and route of the Carnegie during the first year of the seventh cruise which began May 1, 1929. The principal object of the magnetic work has been restricted principally to the determination of secular variation. The atmospheric-electric observations are even more extensive than on earlier cruises since this work had been inaugurated very much later than the magnetic.
Ion band multicomponent resolution method

Abstract A new gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GCMS) data reduction method for resolving coeluting components is developed. The method does not require each component to possess a unique ion but instead relies on a band of ions common to all compounds. The paper provides an expression for band size as a function of signal-to-noise ratio, ion mass numbers, and relative scan rate. The ion band method provides a unified view of the selected ion monitoring technique for GCMS and the least squares methods for mass spectrometry.
Structural identification of nonvolatile dimerization products of glucosamine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

The degradation profile of glucosamine bulk form stressed at 100 °C for 2 h in an aqueous solution was studied. Column chromatography of acetylated product mixture led to isolation of two pure comp...
Photosensitive recurrent erythema multiforme

A case report of photosensitive recurrent erythema multiforme occurring in a 31-year-old man is presented herein. Lesions clinically and histologically resembling erythema multiforme were reproduced with light testing. The patient's lesions appeared to respond to both oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine.
Laser Zeeman and NMR Spectroscopy:. Effective Torque and Laser Larmor Precession

Laser Zeeman effects are caused by optical rectification in an electromagnetic field, in close formal analogy with the well known effects of static magnetic flux density (B). The conjugate product (Π) and dynamic molecular polarisability vector (iα″) form a torque formally analogous to that between the molecular magnetic dipole moment (m) and B. This defines the Larmor frequency of precession, which is shown to be directly proportional to the square of the electric field strength (E0, in volt m−1) of the laser through a molecular constant analogous to the gyromagnetic ratio. Supercomputer simulation is used to show that this torque generates distinctive new ensemble averages (time cross correlation functions) which mediate the onset of circular birefringence and dichroism ("magnetic" optical activity). Resonance in the presence of a co-axial magnetic field leads to "laser NMR" effects, which are created simply in terms of the torque and Larmor precession.
Breaking the glass ceiling: African‐American women in management positions

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1998) this article analyses the labour market status of African‐American women in management positions. The results show that among supervisors with a high school and college education, black women earn lower wages than black men even after controlling for detailed background, personal, and human capital characteristics. The lower earnings of black female supervisors can partly be attributed to the fact that they are segregated in predominantly female jobs. Additionally, in contrast to black males and white females, black females do not earn significant wage premiums associated with supervisory duties.
Invited paper: Interactive publication: The document as a research tool

The increasing prevalence of multimedia and research data generated by scientific work affords an opportunity to reformulate the idea of a scientific article from the traditional static document, or even one with links to supplemental material in remote databases, to a self-contained, multimedia-rich interactive publication. This paper describes our concept of such a document, and the design of tools for authoring (Forge) and visualization/analysis (Panorama). They are platform-independent applications written in Java, and developed in Eclipse using its Rich Client Platform (RCP) framework. Both applications operate on PDF files with links to XML files that define the media type, location, and action to be performed. We also briefly cite the challenges posed by the potentially large size of interactive publications, the need for evaluating their value to improved comprehension and learning, and the need for their long-term preservation by the National Library of Medicine and other libraries.
A Field Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Two Candidate Rotavirus Vaccines in a Native American Population

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a rhesus rotavirus vaccine and RIT 4237, a bovine rotavirus vaccine, in a Navajo population. Infants aged 2-5 months were randomized to receive one dose of either 10(4) pfu of the rhesus rotavirus vaccine or 10(8) pfu of the RIT 4237 vaccine or placebo. Eleven (10.2%) of 108 infants in the rhesus vaccine group, 11 (10.4%) of 106 in the RIT 4237 group, and 9 (8.4%) of 107 in the placebo group experienced rotavirus diarrhea during the follow-up period of 17 months. Thus, in this population, neither vaccine was efficacious in preventing rotavirus diarrhea.
A framework for preservable geometry-centric artifacts

Digital preservation is the mitigation of the deleterious effects of technology obsolescence, media degradation, and fading human memory. For engineering, design, manufacturing, and physics-based simulation data this requires formats that are semantically accessible for 30-to-50 year lifespans. One of the fundamental challenges is the development of digital geometry-centric engineering representations that are self describing and assured to be interpretable over the long lifespans required by archival applications.This paper introduces the challenge of long-term preservation of digital geometric models. We describe a digital preservation case study for an engineering model which required, for just a single part, over 3.5 GB of data, including 39 file formats and over 750 distinct model and shape files.Based on lessons learned in this case study, we present a framework for enhancing the preservation of geometry-centric engineering knowledge. This framework is currently being used on a number of projects in engineering education.
Investigation of the mechanism of biosynthesis of 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in mouse skin.

One of the many changes induced by topical application of phorbol ester or calcium ionophore A23187 to mouse skin is the appearance of an enzymic activity which with convert arachidonic acid to its 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid metabolite (8-HETE) ( Gschwendt, M., et al (1986) Carcinogenesis 7, 449–455 ). Induction of this activity is lower in strains of mice with a weak inflammatory response to TPA, and the 8-HETE may be involved in the inflammation or hyperplasia. To further characterize the activity, we first measured the chirality of the product; it is almost exclusively the 8Ds-hydroxy enantiomer (8S-HETE). The 8(S)-HETE is formed from octadeuterated arachidonic acid with complete retention of deuterium labels, indicating that a keto intermediate is not involved in the biosynthesis. Using arachidonic acids labeled with a prochiral tritium in either the 10DR or 10Ls positions, we found that the biosynthesis of 8S-HETE is associated with the stereoselective abstraction of the 10DR hydrogen from the 10-carbon of the substrate. This stereoselective hydrogen removal conforms to the properties of an 8S-lipoxygenase. This is the only lipoxygenase known to catalyze solely 8S-oxygenation of arachidonic acid. The recent characterization of stereoselective biological effects for other HETEs serve as strong precedents to suggest that 8S-HETE has a specific role in the cellular tissues response to TPA.
Silicon nanowires for sequence-specific DNA sensing: device fabrication and simulation

Highly sensitive, sequence-specific and label-free DNA sensors were demonstrated by monitoring the electronic conductance of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with chemically bonded single-stranded (ss) DNA or peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe molecules. For a 12-mer oligonucleotide, tens of pM of target ss-DNA in solution was recognized when the complementary DNA oligonucleotide probe was attached to the SiNW surfaces. In contrast, ss-DNA samples of ×1000 concentration with a single-base mismatch produce only a weak signal due to nonspecific binding. In order to gain a physical understanding of the change in conductance of the SiNWs with the attachment of the DNA targets and the probes, process and device simulations of the two-dimensional cross sections of the SiNWs were performed. The simulations explained the width dependence of the SiNW conductance and provided understanding to improve the sensor performance.
Optimal image computations on reduced VLSI architectures

A communication-efficient parallel organization with a reduced number of processors is considered for problems in image processing and computer vision. The organization consists of n processors having row and column access to an n*n array of memory modules which stores an n*n image. It can be looked upon as a reduced mesh-of-trees organization in which the n/sup 2/ leaf processors are replaced by n/sup 2/ memory locations and each row (column) tree is replaced by a single processor with a row (column) bus. The class of image problems considered here requires dense data movement as well as global operations on image pixels. Examples include histogramming, image labeling, computing convexity and nearest neighbors. It is shown that while such problems can be solved in O(n) time on a two-dimensional mesh-connected computer with n/sup 2/ processors, they can also be solved on the proposed organization in O(n) time using n processors only. In addition, all of the parallel solutions presented are processor-time optimal solutions. >
Estimation of regional end-systolic wall stress during exercise in coronary artery disease

Abstract Estimating left ventricular wall stress has recognized applications, but formulae for global stress cannot be applied to ischemic ventricles. A mathematic method for estimating regional stress in infarcted ventricles has been described. The hypothesis tested was that exercise-induced ischemia increases end-systolic wall stress. Subcostal four-chamber echocardiograms were recorded at rest and during peak symptom-limited exercise in 19 controls and 41 patients with chest pain undergoing coronary arteriography. Centerline regional wall motion and regional end-systolic wall stress were measured at rest and at peak exercise. The normal controls had increased wall motion with exercise, but wall stress remained low. All 32 of the patients with coronary artery disease (≥50% diameter narrowing) had wall motion abnormalities with exercise, but the sensitivity of identifying right coronary artery obstructions was poor. Patients with coronary disease had higher regional stress at peak exercise than did the controls. The sensitivity of identifying lesions in all three coronary arteries (0.95 to 1.0) was better than that for wall motion ( p
Ignition of a Gaseous Mixture by a Heated Surface

Abstract The steady-stale theories of ignition of a premixed gaseous mixture by a hot surface are examined. Numerical results show that the Van't Hoff criterion produces ignition temperature values that compare very favorably with values obtained by the absolute theory. At the same lime, the values of the Ignition First Damkohler number calculated using the Van't HofT criterion are in error by about 50%.
Legal liability for defective trees in the United States

Abstract This paper describes how law courts in the United States determine who is to pay for damage caused by defective trees, especially in urban areas. There are several theoretical considerations underlying a legal decision as to what steps land managers reasonably should take to prevent injury from trees that have died or have deteriorated structurally. Research on urban forestry may affect these theoretical issues, and so may alter the degree of care required of urban foresters and other urban land managers. The legal basis for liability suggests to urban forest managers several actions they can take that can reduce both the risk of damage and the risk of legal liability for tree hazards. This article includes extensive reference materials in an Appendix, guiding the interested reader to additional legal and scientific information.
Sex Differences in Moral Judgments? A Test of Gilligan's Theory:

This study was designed to test Gilligan's (1982) claim that men and women differ in moral judgments. One hundred and one college students read four traditional moral dilemmas and rated the importance of 12 considerations for deciding how the protagonist should respond. Six of the statements were derived from the description by Kohlberg et al. (1978) of post-conventional moral reasoning, and six were derived from Gilligan's description of women's style of moral reasoning. Subjects also rated themselves on a measure of sex-typed personality attributes. There were no reliable sex differences on either of the types of moral reasoning, and confidence intervals allowed the rejection of all but negligible differences in the directions predicted by Gilligan's model. Furthermore, men and women showed highly similar rank orders of the items for each dilemma. The personality measures also failed to predict individual differences in moral judgments.
A protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity of HeLa plasma membranes inhibited by the antitumor sulfonylurea N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY181984)

Plasma membrane vesicles isolated from HeLa cells grown in suspension culture contain a protein disulfide-thiol interchange (protein disulfide-like) activity. The activity was estimated from the restoration of activity to inactive (scrambled) pancreatic RNAase. RNAase activity was measured either by hydrolysis of cCMP or by a decrease in acid precipitable yeast RNA. The ability of plasma membrane vesicles to restore activity to inactive (scrambled) pancreatic ribonuclease was inhibited by the antitumor sulfonylurea N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY181984). The activity correlated with that of a cyanide-resistant NADH oxidase also associated with the plasma membrane vesicles that exhibited a similar pattern of drug response. The activity was stimulated by reduced glutathione and inhibited by oxidized glutathione but did not depend on either for activity. The antitumor sulfonylurea-inhibited activity was greatest in the presence of reduced glutathione and least in the presence of oxidized glutathione. The antitumor sulfonylurea-inhibited activity was unaffected by a monoclonal antibody to protein disulfide isomerase. Also the antitumor sulfonylurea-inhibited activity was unaffected by peptide antisera to the consensus active site sequence of protein disulfide isomerase. Thus the antitumor sulfonylurea-inhibited activity appeared to reside with a novel cell surface protein capable of oxidation of both NADH and protein thiols and of carrying out a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity in the absence of NADH or other external reductants.
Chromatin landscape dictates HSF binding to target DNA elements.

Sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) are critical for specifying patterns and levels of gene expression, but target DNA elements are not sufficient to specify TF binding in vivo. In eukaryotes, the binding of a TF is in competition with a constellation of other proteins, including histones, which package DNA into nucleosomes. We used the ChIP-seq assay to examine the genome-wide distribution of Drosophila Heat Shock Factor (HSF), a TF whose binding activity is mediated by heat shock-induced trimerization. HSF binds to 464 sites after heat shock, the vast majority of which contain HSF Sequence-binding Elements (HSEs). HSF-bound sequence motifs represent only a small fraction of the total HSEs present in the genome. ModENCODE ChIP-chip datasets, generated during non-heat shock conditions, were used to show that inducibly bound HSE motifs are associated with histone acetylation, H3K4 trimethylation, RNA Polymerase II, and coactivators, compared to HSE motifs that remain HSF-free. Furthermore, directly changing the chromatin landscape, from an inactive to an active state, permits inducible HSF binding. There is a strong correlation of bound HSEs to active chromatin marks present prior to induced HSF binding, indicating that an HSE's residence in “active” chromatin is a primary determinant of whether HSF can bind following heat shock.
Non‐random sampling in human genetics: Estimation of familial correlations, model testing, and interpretation

By choice or necessity, human geneticists and genetic epidemiologists often design studies that involve non-random sampling of clusters of individuals, and yet address hypotheses appropriate to the population as a whole. Failure to adjust for the non-randomness of data often leads to biased parameter estimates and misspecification of predictive models that cause familial resemblance of traits. We develop an approach to adjust for common forms of non-randomness in the context of estimating familial correlation with minimal distributional assumptions and discuss its implications in connection with adjustments for concomitant variables.
Promoter-specific regulation of the brain-derived neurotropic factor gene by thyroid hormone in the developing rat cerebellum.

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a critical role in normal cerebellar development. However, the molecular mechanisms of TH action in the developing cerebellum are not fully understood. This action could be exerted in part through brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), as cerebellar BDNF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is lower, and replacement of BDNF partially reverses the abnormal neurogenesis in the hypothyroid rat. The rat BDNF gene consists of four noncoding exons (exons I–IV), each of which is linked to a different promoter, and a protein-coding exon (exon V). To study promoter-specific regulation of the BDNF gene by TH, ribonuclease protection assay of each exon mRNA was performed using total developing rat cerebellar RNA. During cerebellar development, all exon mRNAs were detected, but with different expression patterns; among noncoding exon mRNAs, exon II mRNA was the most abundant. Daily TH replacement induced a 3-fold increase in exon II mRNA on postnatal day (P) 15. On P30, exon II mRNA was still ...
Success or Chaos? Framing and Ideology in News Coverage of the Iraqi National Elections

/ This study used computer-assisted textual analysis of frames as ideological cues in news coverage of the Iraqi 2005 elections by CNN.com and Aljazeera.net. CNN’s reporting revealed an ideology of a cultural conquest, framing the elections with sentimental patriotism toward western-style democracy. Al Jazeera’s texts revealed distrust and suspicion toward the US, framing the elections with skepticism, a lack of legitimacy and chaos. Despite claims of journalistic objectivity, the analysis found a divisive ideology expressed by both news organizations. The study bears out the importance of ‘global objectivity’ to provide critical, cross-cultural perspectives in an age of expanding media globalization.
The transforming protein of Moloney murine sarcoma virus is a soluble cytoplasmic protein

The transforming gene, v-mos, of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MuSV) encodes a 37,000-dalton phosphoprotein, p37mos. Since the biochemical function of this protein is unknown, we have determined the subcellular location of p37mos in M-MuSV 124-transformed cells. Using two different methods of cell lysis and fractionation, we found that newly synthesized as well as mature p37mos is a soluble cytoplasmic protein. In agreement with these results, immunofluorescent staining of cells acutely infected with M-MuSV 124, using an antiserum directed against a synthetic v-mos peptide, produced a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Gel filtration experiments and glycerol gradient sedimentation analysis suggest that the bulk of p37mos exists as a monomer and is not involved in a specific association with other cellular proteins. These properties of p37mos are different from those of other characterized retroviral transforming proteins.
Resource valuation of non-profit organizations: the case of the intercollegiate athletics industry

Over the past decade, broadcast rights fees have been the source of much of the growth in revenues in the intercollegiate athletics industry. However, given that the industry is dominated by public and non-profit organizations such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), intercollegiate athletic conferences, postseason bowl games, and institutions of higher learning, empirical valuations of intercollegiate athletic programs have been sparse. Utilizing the lens of the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, it is evident that athletic conferences view intercollegiate athletic programs as sources of competitive advantage, further illustrating the importance of developing strategies in which such non-profit organizations can be valued. Therefore, this study utilizes the fees paid by rights holders to broadcast intraconference football contests in an investigation of the factors that may be significant predictors of the value of individual football programs to athletic conferences. Results demonstrate that variables representing a program’s on-field performance, off-field prestige, and academic reputation are statistically significant predictors of its value in broadcast rights fees. The resulting model is then utilized to determine the most valuable college football programs in rights fees, as well as identify a number of programs that are currently under or over-valued based upon the share of rights fees earned from their conference’s current television contracts. In today’s landscape of conference realignment, this study’s results include several novel findings for the leaders of non-profit organizations, such as intercollegiate athletic administrators, seeking to maximize institutional and conference resources.