cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The emergency medicine management of clavicle fractures

Abstract Background Clavicle fractures are common. An emergency physician needs to understand the diagnostic classifications of clavicle fractures, have a plan for immobilization, identify associated injuries, understand the difference between treating pediatric and adult patients, and have an approach to multimodal pain control. It is also important to understand when expert orthopedic consultation or referral is indicated. Objective of the Review To provide an evidence-based review of clavicle fracture management in the emergency department. Discussion Clavicle fractures account for up to 4% of all fractures evaluated in the emergency department. They can be separated into midshaft, distal, and proximal fractures. They are also classified in terms of their degree of displacement, comminution and shortening. Emergent referral is indicated for open fractures, posteriorly displaced proximal fractures, and those with emergent associated injuries. Urgent referral is warranted for fractures with greater than 100% displacement, fractures with >2 cm of shortening, comminuted fractures, unstable distal fractures, and floating shoulder. Nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures with no instability or associated neurovascular injury are managed non-operatively with a sling. Pediatric fractures are generally managed conservatively, with adolescents older than 9 years-old for girls and 12 years-old for boys being treated using algorithms that are similar to adults. Conclusions When encountering a patient with a clavicle fracture in the emergency department the fracture pattern will help determine whether emergent consultation or urgent referral is indicated. Most patients can be discharged safely with sling immobilization and appropriate outpatient follow-up.
Gradient blow-up for dispersive and dissipative perturbations of the Burgers equation

We consider a class of dispersive and dissipative perturbations of the inviscid Burgers equation, which includes the fractional KdV equation of order $\alpha$, and the fractal Burgers equation of order $\beta$, where $\alpha, \beta \in [0,1)$, and the Whitham equation. For all $\alpha, \beta \in [0,1)$, we construct solutions whose gradient blows up at a point, and whose amplitude stays bounded, which therefore display a "shock-like" singularity. We moreover provide an asymptotic description of the blow-up. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first proof of gradient blow-up for the fKdV equation in the range $\alpha \in [2/3, 1)$, as well as the first description of explicit blow-up dynamics for the fractal Burgers equation in the range $\beta \in [2/3, 1)$. Our construction is based on modulation theory, where the well-known smooth self-similar solutions to the inviscid Burgers equation are used as profiles. A somewhat amusing point is that the profiles that are less stable under initial data perturbations (in that the number of unstable directions is larger) are more stable under perturbations of the equation (in that higher order dispersive and/or dissipative terms are allowed) due to their slower rates of concentration. Another innovation of this article, which may be of independent interest, is the development of a streamlined weighted $L^{2}$-based approach (in lieu of the characteristic method) for establishing the sharp spatial behavior of the solution in self-similar variables, which leads to the sharp Holder regularity of the solution up to the blow-up time.
A combinatorial oligogenic basis for the phenotypic plasticity between late-onset dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in a single family.

Introduction Primary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) are the two common and distinct forms of hereditary cardiomyopathies caused by defined pathogenic variants (PVs) typically in different sets of genes. DCM is characterized by left ventricular dilatation, dysfunction, and failure, whereas ARVC classically involves the right ventricle and is characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of the myocardium. DCM is caused primarily by the PVs in genes encoding sarcomere and cytoskeletal protein, while ARVC is mainly a disease of the desmosome proteins. DCM and ARVC exhibit partial phenotypic and genetic overlaps. Aim To analyze the genetic basis of the phenotypic heterogeneity of cardiomyopathy in members of a single family. Methods and Results We recruited, clinically characterized, and performed whole-exome sequencing in five affected, three probably affected, and two clinically unaffected members of a single family. The family members mainly exhibited late-onset DCM associated with conduction defects and arrhythmias. One family member who died suddenly was diagnosed with the classic ARVC at autopsy and another presented with isolated ventricular tachycardia. A novel splicing (truncating) and a rare missense variant in the TTN gene, likely in cis, co-segregated with the phenotype in all affected and probably affected family members and were likely the causal variants. Several PVs and LPVs in other genes involved in cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias were also identified that seem to modify the expression of the phenotype. Notably, LPVs in the DSP and PKP2 genes, which are known genes for ARVC, were identified in the family member who also carried the TTN variants but developed the classic ARVC. Conclusion The findings indicate the causal role of the TTN variants, exhibiting an age-dependent penetrance in late-onset DCM, and highlight the potential modifying role of the concomitant LPVs in additional genes on the expression of the phenotype, including a phenotypic switch from the anticipated DCM to ARVC. The findings support an oligogenic basis of the cardiac phenotype in hereditary cardiomyopathies. A comprehensive genetic analysis involving all PVs and LPVs along with detailed phenotypic characterization is necessary to gain insights into the molecular pathogenesis of hereditary cardiomyopathies.
Developing Just-In-Time and Network Flow Models For Urban Snow Removal Problem

Winter urban traffic issues and performance present critical problems in large cities and metropolitan areas. In urban areas, there is a critical need for efficient methods for snow removal while considering the impact on the transportation infrastructure of a city. Several proposals and approaches on modeling snow removal that heuristically deals with finding solutions to this wideopen problem have been studied and published in recent years. In this paper, we developed a new mathematical model that uses the Just-In-Time (JIT) method to optimize a transportation problem. The paper’s main objective is to design a model for establishing efficient truck routes for snow removal by optimizing cost and time, which implicitly minimizes the impact on a city’s transportation infrastructure. We applied the network flow problem for snow removal to minimize time and cost of cleaning urban streets just in time. We ran several simulations of the models using the MATLAB®.
Historical and Theoretical Prerequisites

This chapter introduces the best evolved theoretical part of instrumentation: string quartet theory. It starts with a short historic synopsis and then reviews Ludwig Finscher’s work [320] on string quartet theory. We then focus on the technical core subject: the violin family as an instrumentation paradigm for the string quartet. The chapter concludes with a general discussion of semantics of sound colors.
Patterns of Empire: Imperial Paths to Power, 1688–1939

Behold! Behold! An Empire rise! – Francis Hopkinson, from an ode distributed on July 4, 1788, Philadelphia [I]t is safe to assume, as a rule, that Americans are actuated by much the same ideas, instincts, motives, and modes of thought as their fellow-kinsmen in the Old World. – Edward Dicey (1898) Expansion has ever been the instinct of the United States. The very symbol of the Union is an Eagle and the Eagle is a bird that spreads its wings.…Compared with the Eagle the British Lion treads mother earth like a tortoise. And no Eagle has ever flown further afield than the American Eagle. – P. W. Wilson (1925) When the average American thinks of “colonialism”, or of the Colonial Powers, he is apt to confine his thoughts to European “colonialism”.…Not many Americans stop to think that Puerto Rico was conquered from Spain (as the British captured Jamaica); that the Virgin Islands were bought from Denmark…that Alaska was bought from Russia and Louisiana from the French in the same way; that the Panama Canal Zone was acquired in the twentieth century by methods which would have been condemned if indulged by a European Power at a much earlier period. – Sir Alan Burns (1957) The so-called long eighteenth century from 1688 to 1815 was a formative period for Britain. Up to that point, Britain had been a small island monarchy, a minor player on the European scene. The Glorious Revolution in 1688, however, marked a new era. After establishing representative government, the little island slowly shored up its military strength and became increasingly involved in interstate affairs. It defeated its enemies and grew in strength. It expanded its domestic economy and partook of a widening world economic system. It outproduced and outsold its rivals and built its economic infrastructure. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Britain emerged as the world's preeminent power. It became a global hegemon, a foe to be feared or a friend to be flattered. Later, the United States followed a similar path. It began as a comparably small series of settlements on the east coast of North America. After World War II, it became the world's new economic mammoth, taking up the role that Britain had held previously. As the years 1688–1815 for Britain marked the path toward world power, so did the years 1776–1945 for the United States.
Surgery of the Elbow: Evolution of Successful Management

The elbow has a well-deserved reputation for being a difficult joint to manage. The often trivial injuries or disease seem to inflict substantial functional limitations. Over the last 20–30 years there has been considerable improvement in the management of a spectrum of elbow pathology. This evolution might be characterized by several salient advances in surgical management, not exclusively focussed on the elbow.
Screening for Violence against Women in a Rural Health Care Clinic

The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of violence against women served at a rural health care center after introducing a violence screening protocol. All women 18-years and older who were served in the clinic in a one-year period (N=1690) were asked about episodes of violence. The number of positives responses was assessed in a retrospective chart review of all women’s charts seen in the clinic before and after an educational intervention and screening protocol were added to the intake procedures. Previous to the intervention, no charts of women were identified who reported current violent against them. A second retrospective chart review was conducted after the intervention. Six women were identified and referred to support agencies for violence against them. The investigators concluded that education of staff and adding the screening protocol about violence against women visits can increase the ability to identify violence against women.
The role of adaptation to host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation: negative evidence from Tetranychus urticae Koch

Reproductive isolation between demes of a phytophagous arthropod population that use different host plant species could evolve in two different ways. First, adaptation to different host species might result in reproductive isolation as a pleiotropic by-product. Second, if adaptation to one host species strongly reduces fitness on others, selection could favor mechanisms, such as host fidelity and assortative mating, that restrict gene flow between host-adapted demes. A laboratory selection experiment on the broadly polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae gave information on these possibilities. A population allowed to adapt to tomato plants showed increased survival, development rate, and fecundity on tomato relative to the base population from which it was derived. In spite of the large difference between the tomato-adapted and base populations in performance on tomato plants, the two populations showed no evidence for reproductive isolation, as measured by the hatching rate of eggs laid by F1 hybrids between the lines. Furthermore, a genetically variable population formed by hybridizing the tomato-adapted and base populations did not show evidence for a decline in ability to survive on tomato after more than 10 generations of mass rearing on lima bean, indicating that tomato-adapted genotypes suffered little or no selective disadvantage on bean. These results give no support for the role of host plants in the evolution of reproductive isolation in T. urticae.
An integration architecture designed to deal with the issues of biological scope, scale and complexity

This paper discusses a general purpose software architecture, called Addama, which is used to support the rapid integration and analysis of high volumes of complex biological data. It does this by providing: adaptable software which enables interoperable data access; a step-wise and flexible integration strategy, allowing new information to be overlaid on top of existing annotations and context graphs; and through the provision of asynchronous messaging to support rapid integration of new analysis mechanisms. This work is illustrated through the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study. Addama is being used within a TCGA analysis center to identity new therapeutic intervention approaches by equating clinical outcomes with underlying genomic effects across heterogeneous data from approximately 20,000 patient samples. Addama supports projects like the TCGA through accepting that biological understanding continually changes, and that the rapid integration of new information and analyses is an essential requirement when supporting research.
Lipid metabolism by The gall-bladder. II. The in vitro conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine.

Abstract Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, which catalyzes the acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine with fatty acid coenzyme A to form phosphatidylcholine, was assayed in gall-bladder mucosa. In guinea pig gall-bladder the activity parallels that of the microsomal enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase with 3–4-fold enrichment of the activity in the microsomes. Studies with saturated and unsaturated substrates demonstrated highest activity when oleoyl coenzyme A and palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine were used and the lowest activity when palmitoyl coenzyme A and palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine were used. This activity was demonstrated in the dog, rabbit, cat, calf and human gall-bladder mucosa; however, a wide variation in the amount was observed. Lysophospholipase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphorylcholine and fatty acid, was also demonstrated in gall-bladder mucosa.
Increased prevalence of ventricular septal defect: epidemic or improved diagnosis.

The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study is an ongoing case-control study of congenital cardiovascular malformations in infants in whom the clinical diagnoses have been confirmed by echocardiography, catheterization, surgery, or autopsy. An increase in the prevalence of ventricular septal defects was detected in 1,494 infants with congenital cardiovascular malformations between 1981 and 1984. The prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations increased from 3.6 to 4.5 per 1,000 live births (P less than .025) and the prevalence of ventricular septal defect increased from 1.0 to 1.6 per 1,000 live births (P less than .001). The increase in ventricular septal defects accounted for the total increase in congenital cardiovascular malformations. The prevalence of isolated ventricular septal defect increased from 0.67 to 1.17 per 1,000 live births (P less than .001). The prevalence of ventricular septal defect with associated coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, and pulmonic stenosis did not change. The prevalence of ventricular septal defect diagnosed by catheterization, surgery, and autopsy did not change; however, defects diagnosed by echocardiography increased from 0.30 to 0.70 per 1,000 live births (P less than .001). It is concluded that the reported increase in prevalence of ventricular septal defect is due to improved detection of small, isolated ventricular septal defects and that there is no evidence of an "epidemic."
Thermal-expansion measurements for Lu5Ir4Si10, Lu5Rh4Si10, Sc5Ir4Si10, and Tm5Ir4Si10: Charge-density-wave effects.

Linear-thermal-expansion measurements have determined the small relative length changes (\ensuremath{\Delta}L/L\ensuremath{\approxeq}-${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$) at the charge-density-wave (CDW) transitions in ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$, ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Rh}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$, and ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$. ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ shows a second sluggish transition near 18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 K which is comparable in magnitude. Thermal-expansivity measurements show that, for each material, significant changes occur in lattice properties on cooling through the CDW transition. Expansivity data above the low-temperature ordering transitions for these three (${\mathrm{Lu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$, ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Rh}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ superconducting; ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$, magnetic) and also for ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$ (no CDW, but superconducting) in combination with previous ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{P}}$ results show unusual electronic behavior (large electronic contributions to \ensuremath{\alpha} for all except ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$), a positive lattice expansivity only for ${\mathrm{Lu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$, and a very large lattice expansivity for ${\mathrm{Tm}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}$.
Drawing Inferences From Multiple Intervals in the Single-Factor Design Derivations, Clarifications, Extensions, and Representations

Although confidence intervals for means are excellent vehicles for making inferences about population values, they are not always efficient and practical for making inferences about the differences among the means. This article reviews and elaborates on methods that modify the calculations and the graphical presentations of confidence intervals in order to make them appropriate for both single value inferences and pairwise comparisons in a single-factor between-subjects design. Extensions of the procedure, as well as potential problems, are also discussed.
Methyltitanium Tris(diethylamide)

[25483-56-1] C13H33N3Ti (MW 279.37) InChI = 1S/3C4H10N.CH3.Ti/c3*1-3-5-4-2;;/h3*3-4H2,1-2H3;1H3;/q3*-1;;+3 InChIKey = KOLYDBUKEYTUNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (thermally stable reagent useful for alkylative amination of carbonyl compounds2) Physical Data: mp 5 °C. Solubility: sol Et2O. Form Supplied in: not available commercially. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR in C6D6: 3.71 (q, 12H); 1.25 (t, 18H); 0.43 (s, 3H). Preparative Methods: a solution of Methyllithium (or Methylmagnesium Bromide) in Et2O is added slowly to a stirred equimolar solution of Chlorotris(diethylamino)titanium3 or BrTi(NEt2)3 in Et2O at −30 °C. After 0.5 h at −30 °C and 1 h at rt, the yellow solution can be used as is2, 4 or can be isolated5 by sublimation at 60–70 °C/0.001 mmHg. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; thermally stable.
A comparison of 4 intraoperative methods to determine femoral component rotation during total knee arthroplasty

A total of 100 consecutive posterior cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplastics were performed in 81 patients with an average age of 69 years by 1 surgeon. Diagnoses included osteoarthritis in 93 knees and rheumatoid arthritis in 7 knees. The femoral alignment necessary to create a rectangular flexion gap was determined and compared with Whiteside's line, the transepicondylar axis, and a line in 3 degrees of external rotation relative to the posterior condyles of the femur. The transepicondylar axis most consistently recreated a balanced flexion space, whereas 3 degrees of external rotation off the posterior condyles was least consistent, especially in valgus knees.
The political economy of immigration quotas

It is argued, using a single-sector general equilibrium model, that the economic interests of citizens of a host country in relation to immigration depend on their factor ownership. Using the median voter model, it is argued that whether a country admits further immigration depends on the country's factor ownership distributions, the generosity of its transfer programs, as well as on the prejudices about immigrants that its citizens hold.
Learning sparse wavelet codes for natural images

We show how a wavelet basis may be adapted to best represent natural images in terms of sparse coefficients. The wavelet basis, which may be either complete or overcomplete, is specified by a small number of spatial functions which are repeated across space and combined in a recursive fashion so as to be self-similar across scale. These functions are adapted to minimize the estimated code length under a model that assumes images are composed as a linear superposition of sparse, independent components. When adapted to natural images, the wavelet bases become selective to different spatial orientations, and they achieve a superior degree of sparsity on natural images as compared with traditional wavelet bases.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rapid recovery from capsaicin desensitization during recurrent stimulation

Topical desensitization of the tongue was assessed during multiple bouts of exposure to capsaicin. In the first experiment subjects rated perceived irritation as 30 capsaicin stimuli (33 microM) were applied to the tongue tip in three blocks of 10, with 15 min breaks between blocks. Significant desensitization was measured at the beginning of the second and third blocks within each session. However, as stimulation continued within those blocks sensations of irritation grew toward undesensitized levels ('stimulus-induced recovery' (SIR)). Desensitization did not extend across days. The second experiment employed a 10-fold higher concentration of capsaicin (330 microM) to determine if SIR was limited to low levels of desensitization. SIR occurred as before within sessions, and the higher concentration produced desensitization across days that also exhibited recovery during the first block of stimuli on days 2 and 3. The third experiment included piperine, zingerone and citric acid as stimuli to determine if SIR was specific to capsaicin. Piperine produced SIR under conditions of both self- and cross-desensitization with capsaicin, whereas recovery failed to materialize with zingerone. Citric acid was not significantly cross-desensitized by capsaicin, so recovery could not be measured. Overall the results demonstrate that desensitization of the tongue produced by either capsaicin or piperine can be temporarily reversed if stimulation with either chemical is resumed for only a few minutes. The implications these findings may have for hypotheses about the mechanisms of capsaicin desensitization and sensitization as well as for clinical applications of capsaicin as a topical analgesic are discussed.
Occupational Therapy With a Traumatic Bilateral Shoulder Disarticulation Amputee

This report describes the application of occupational therapy to a patient with traumatic bilateral shoulder disarticulation. Treatment goals and methods for acute care, preprosthetic training, and prosthetic training are described and illustrated.
STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOUR, ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIOUR AND COLLATERAL EFFECTS: A COMPARISON OF FOUR INTERVENTION PROCEDURES

The effects of four procedures (i.e. a mild slap to the forearm, differential reinforcement of an alternative behaviour (DRA), overcorrection plus DRA, and a mild slap plus DRA), on a sterotyped behaviour, an alternative behaviour, and collateral self-injurious behaviours of a profoundly retarded five-year-old girl were assessed in a modified multiple baseline, reversal design. A mild slap resulted in rapid suppression of target and nontarget behaviours. During DRA, a slight increase was achieved in the target behaviour. However, no suppression of the other behaviours were evidenced. Overcorrection plus DRA proved relatively ineffective both in suppressing the target stereotyped behaviours and in accelerating the alternative behaviour. The most effective procedure was mild slap plus DRA. Near zero suppression of the stereotyped behaviour was attained on the first day of implementation, collateral self-injurious behaviours were virtually eliminated, and alternative behaviour increased dramatically. There was some evidence for generalisation across trainers, settings, and time.
In Vivo and in Vitro Function of theEscherichia coli Periplasmic Cysteine Oxidoreductase DsbG

We have characterized in vivo andin vitro the recently identified DsbG fromEscherichia coli. In addition to sharing sequence homology with the thiol disulfide exchange protein DsbC, DsbG likewise was shown to form a stable periplasmic dimer, and it displays an equilibrium constant with glutathione comparable with DsbA and DsbC. DsbG was found to be expressed at approximately 25% the level of DsbC. In contrast to earlier results (Andersen, C. L., Matthey-Dupraz, A., Missiakas, D., and Raina, S. (1997) Mol. Microbiol. 26, 121–132), we showed that dsbG is not essential for growth and thatdsbG null mutants display no defect in folding of multiple disulfide-containing heterologous proteins. Overexpression of DsbG, however, was able to restore the ability ofdsbC mutants to express heterologous multidisulfide proteins, namely bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, a protein with three disulfides, and to a lesser extent, mouse urokinase (12 disulfides). As in DsbC, the putative active site thiols in DsbG are completely reduced in vivo in adsbD-dependent fashion, as would be expected if DsbG is acting as a disulfide isomerase or reductase. However, the latter is not likely because DsbG could not catalyze insulin reductionin vitro. Overall, our results indicate that DsbG functions primarily as a periplasmic disulfide isomerase with a narrower substrate specificity than DsbC.
Medial calcaneal nerve entrapment as a cause for chronic heel pain

Clinicians often have difficulty correctly identifying the etiology of heel pain. The purpose of the case report was to demonstrate differential diagnosis and possible interventions for heel pain. The article describes the diagnosis and management of a 36-year-old female patient with an 8-year history of heel pain. After all mechanical etiologies were ruled out, it was determined that her heel pain was the result of entrapment of the medical calcaneal branch of the tibial nerve. Correct diagnosis led to an intervention that resulted in complete symptom relief. The case presents an example for how careful differential diagnosis of heel pain is essential for achieving the desired intervention outcomes.
Function from visual analysis and physical interaction: a methodology for recognition of generic classes of objects

The GRUFF-I (Generic Recognition Using Form, Function and Interaction) system reasons about and generates plans for interaction with 3-D shapes for the purpose of generic object recognition. A researcher selects an object and places it in an observation area. An initial intensity and range image are acquired and provided as input to a three-stage recognition system. The first stage builds a 3-D model. The second stage considers the shape-suggested functionality of this model by applying concepts of physics and causation (e.g., to infer stability) to label the object's potential functionality. The third stage uses this labeling to instantiate a plan for interaction to confirm the object's functional use in a task by incorporating feedback from both visual and robotic sensors. Results of this work are presented for eighteen chair-like and cup-like objects. Major conclusions from this work include: (1) metrically accurate representations of the world can be built and used for higher level reasoning, (2) shape-based reasoning prior to interaction-based reasoning provides an efficient methodology for object recognition, in terms of the judicious use of system resources, and (3) interaction-based reasoning helps to confirm the functionality of a categorized object without explicitly determining the object's material composition.
Role of the Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters in the Intestinal Absorption of the Nucleoside Drug, Ribavirin, in Wild-Type and Ent1(−/−) Mice

Ribavirin is frontline treatment for hepatitis C virus infection. To determine the role of nucleoside transporters in the intestinal absorption of orally administered ribavirin, we perfused the intestines of Ent1(-/-) and wild-type mice, in situ, with [(3)H] ribavirin (20, 200, and 5000 μM) in the presence and absence of sodium. The decrease in luminal ribavirin concentration over 30 min was measured at 5 min intervals. Blood samples were collected approximately every 10 min. Ribavirin plus phosphorylated metabolite concentrations (hereafter referred to as ribavirin) were determined in tissue, blood, and plasma by HPLC fractionation and scintillation counting. There was no significant difference between wild-type and Ent1(-/-) mice in intestinal loss of ribavirin at any ribavirin concentration studied. Perfusions without sodium drastically reduced the intestinal loss of ribavirin in both wild-type and Ent1(-/-) mice. After 20 μM ribavirin perfusions, Ent1(-/-) intestinal tissue contained 8-fold greater ribavirin than wild-type mice (p < 0.01). Ribavirin concentrations in the wild-type intestinal tissue were 70-fold higher after 200 vs 20 μM perfusions (p < 0.001), indicating saturation of intestinal ribavirin efflux and possibly other processes as well. Ribavirin plasma concentrations were significantly higher in wild-type mice (2.7-fold) vs Ent1(-/-) mice at 30 min after the 20 μM perfusion (p < 0.01). These results suggest that, at lower intestinal concentrations of ribavirin, concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporters are important in the intestinal absorption of ribavirin. At higher intestinal concentrations, these transporters are saturated and other processes in the intestine (transport and/or metabolism) play an important role in the absorption of ribavirin.
A silicon-validated methodology for power delivery modeling and simulation

Power integrity has become increasingly important for the designs in 32nm or below. This paper discusses a silicon-validated methodology for microprocessor power delivery modeling and simulation. There have been many prior works focusing on power delivery analysis and optimization. However, none of them provided a comprehensive modeling methodology with post-silicon data to validate the use of the models. In this paper, we present power delivery system models that are able to achieve less than 10% deviation from the supply noise measurements on a 32nm industrial microprocessor design. Our models are able to capture the unique impacts of on-die inductance, state dependent coupling capacitance and die-package interaction. Those impacts happen to be prominent for the designs in 32nm or below but were considered negligible or even not noted in earlier technology nodes. Comparisons were made to quantify the impacts of different modeling strategies on supply noise prediction accuracy. This specifically provides designers insights in selecting appropriate models for power delivery analysis. The impact of power delivery noise on timing margin was accurately estimated showing a good agreement to the worst-case jitter measurements.
Wolbachia bacteria, the cause for false vesicular staining pattern in Drosophila melanogaster

Majority of fly laboratory strains is infected with Wolbachia, intracellular rickettsial-type symbiotic bacteria widespread in various organisms including insects and nematodes. To make the matter worse, I found that certain antisera used for fly immunocytochemistry can recognize Wolbachia bacteria in addition to their own antigens, due to impurity in the antisera generated against the recombinant fusion proteins frequently used as antigens. Thus, combinatorial use of contaminated antisera and Wolbachia-infected flies can result in serious misinterpretations, which can be avoided by curing laboratory strains of Wolbachia.
A method for analyzing resource use in ambulatory care settings.

The major objective of this research is to develop a methodological framework to help analyze the use of resources in ambulatory care environments. Emphasis is placed on trying to understand reasons for variation in treatment patterns. Important methodological considerations include: 1) the selection of a set of medical problems appropriate for evaluating the interaction effects of the variables being considered; 2) the development of problem-specific computerized routines for defining episodes of care based on patient visit information; and 3) the selection of appropriate measures of utilization. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) was used as a study setting. FNS is a primary health care service and training center located in Leslie County in eastern Kentucky, an area that covers 1,000 square miles with a population of approximately 15,000. The analysis indicates that for common primary care problems, the level of provider training as well as accessibility of services signficantly influence patterns of care.
Endoscopic inferior dacryocystorhinostomy

Conventional dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) usually involves extensive removal of bone at the lacrimal fossa and hence risks disruption of the lacrimal pump mechanism. A physiological operation for nasal lacrimal blockage is described whereby only the inferior portion of the lacrimal sac and the adjacent duct are marsupialized into the nose. The operation is safe, quick and does not involve sophisticated instruments. Result of 81 consecutive endoscopic inferior DCRs reveals a success rate of over 90% which is maintained with time. Most patients had a wide lacrimal window with preserved lacrimal pump movement at the superior sac remnant.
Phenomena of pulsation tectonics related to the breakup of the eastern north American continental margin

Abstract New data from the recent IPOD drilling of DSDP Site 534 in the Blake-Bahama Basin give a definite age for the spreading-center shift involved in the breakup of the North American Atlantic margin. A basal Callovian age (~ 155 m.y.) is determined for the Blake Spur magnetic anomaly marking this spreadingcenter shift that signals the birth of the modern North Atlantic Ocean. This is some 20 m.y. younger than previously thought. An implication of this younger age for the Blake Spur event is that very high spreading rates are now required for the Jurassic outer magnetic quiet zone along the North American margin. This association of a relatively high spreading rate with a magnetic quiet zone is similar to that for the mid-Cretaceous and implies a link between the processes controlling plate spreading, which are in the upper mantle, and the processes controlling the magnetic field, which are in the outer core. A theory of pulsation tectonics involving the cyclic eruption of plumes of hot mantle material from the lowermost mantle could explain the correlation. Plumes carry heat away from the core-mantle boundary and later reach the asthenosphere and lithosphere to induce faster spreading. The pulse of fast spreading in the Jurassic apparently followed the breakup of continents bordering the North Atlantic Ocean. Other pulses of fast spreading appear to correlate with major ocean openings on various parts of the globe, implying that this might be a prevalent process. Rifting of passive margins may be controlled by the more fundamental global processes described by the theory of pulsation tectonics.
Educational finance to support high learning standards: a synthesis ☆

Abstract By 1997, the New York State Board of Regents had required that all students would be subject to the rigorous requirements of the Regents exams in order to graduate from public high schools. These high learning standards were to be fully implemented by 2005. Realizing that these standards would require substantial increases in the performance of students in virtually all school districts, and that such an effort could likely mean changes in aspects of the educational finance system, the Regents commissioned independent research on this issue. This paper provides background and context to the research symposium, Educational Finance to Support High Learning Standards . It also briefly summarizes the papers in this volume that were part of this symposium.
The Colbert Bump in Campaign Donations: More Truthful than Truthy

Stephen Colbert hosts a comedy television program called The Colbert Report (the t at the end is silent—both of them!) in which he parodies personality-based news shows like The O'Reilly Factor that have become popular during the last 10 years. In an effort to make fun of these (usually conservative) personalities who engage in non-stop self-promotion, Colbert frequently trades outlandish claims for laughs. Among these is the claim that anyone who comes on the Report receives the “Colbert bump,” immediately vaulting the guest to stardom, fame, and fortune. Like Midas turning everything he touches to gold, Stephen Colbert can turn losers into winners, just by interviewing them on his show (but, ahem, he would never actually interview a loser now would he?).
Microscopic modeling of fundamental phase transformations in continuous castings of steel

A model has been developed to describe the microscopic behavior of phase transformation of carbon steels in the range of cooling rate occurring in continuous casting. In the liquid-to solidphase transformation, this model simulates the phenomena of dendrite nucleation and growth during solidification. Both δ- and γ-dendrites are involved. The nucleation and growth model has been established on the basis of published experimental data and previous work. Also, a model of the peritectic transformation of carbon steels has been included. In the solid-to solidphase transformation, the model considers the δ→ γ, γ→ α, and γ→ α + Fe3C phase transformations. The δ→ γ and γ→ α phase transformations have been modeled by using the Johnson-Mehl equation, also known as the Avrami equation. For the pearlite transformation, a nucleation law, as well as the growth kinetics, has been established. Good agreement has been found between the prediction of the model and the experimental data.
Preoperative Urodynamic Evaluation: Does It Predict the Degree of Urinary Continence after Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy?

Preoperative evaluation of voiding patterns and detailed urodynamic evaluation before radical retropubic prostatectomy was carried out in an attempt to identify patients at higher risk of developing u
THE ABORTION STRUGGLE IN AMERICA

KIE: The U.S. Supreme Court's July 1989 decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, while not overturning Roe v. Wade, extended the power of state and local governments to regulate abortion. Warren situates the Webster decision in a larger context of 19th and 20th century American anti-abortion legislation, the Court's 1973 Roe decision and its predecessors, and the anti-abortion campaign that followed Roe. She then discusses Webster and its legal, practical, and political implications, concluding that the future of legal abortion in the United States is radically uncertain.
The effect of adenosine on phosphate esters and sodium extrusion in swine erythrocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. The ability of swine erythrocytes to extrude sodium, and to maintain labile phosphate esters during storage has been measured. The incorporation of adenosine into the blood during storage definitely increases both activities. 2. 2. Swine blood should provide a suitable substitute for human or rabbit blood for studies of ion transport in which large quantities of material are required.
Lithium and hematopoietic toxicity. II. Acceleration in vivo of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-gm and CFU-meg) following treatment with vinblastine sulfate

Suppression of hematopoiesis is far too often the main consequence of antineoplastic therapy, such that the developing degree of myelosuppression and/or thrombocytopenia are usually the rate-limiting steps to adjuvant therapy. This communication reports the results of studies designed to investigate the capability of lithium to accelerate in vivo hematopoietic recovery following exposure to vinblastine sulfate (VB). Male mice (144 BC3F1) received VB (4 mg/kg/b.w.) i.v. Twenty-four h following VB, 72 mice received 35 micrograms m/animal, ultra-pure lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) i.p. Another 72 mice received either VB or phosphate buffered saline as controls. Beginning 24 h later and continuing on days 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 21 and 28, three mice from each group were randomly sacrificed and their hematological parameters analyzed. Bone marrow and splenic granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-gm) and megakaryocyte progenitor cells (CFU-meg) content were evaluated. Lithium was unable to prevent the onset of either neutropenia or thrombocytopenia; however, lithium was successful in restoring normal white blood cell and platelet values earlier than the VB control group, thus significantly reducing the period of drug-induced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. This lithium-enhanced hematopoiesis was measured by an accelerated recovery in both marrow and splenic CFU-gm and CFU-meg compared to controls. These data demonstrate the efficacy of lithium to accelerate hematopoietic recovery following exposure to cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs.
Novel method for immobilization of enzymes to magnetic nanoparticles

The value of coupling biological molecules such as enzymes to solid materials has long been recognized. To date, protein immobilization onto such surfaces often involves covalent coupling, encapsulation, or non-specific adsorption techniques. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of specifically attaching a haloalkane dehalogenase enzyme to silica-coated or uncoated iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles using affinity peptides. The enzyme was cloned from Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10 into Escherichia coli to produce fusion proteins containing dehalogenase sequences with C-terminal polypeptide repeats that have specific affinity for either silica or iron oxide. The fusion proteins serve dual functions, allowing for specific inorganic surface binding and for enzymatic activity. The degree of fusion protein adsorption to nanoparticle surfaces was found to exceed that of enzymes that had not been activated with affinity sequences, particularly for iron-oxide nanoparticles. The ability to specifically adsorb cloned affinity-tagged dehalogenase was further demonstrated by selectively adsorbing dehalogenase fusion proteins containing an iron-oxide affinity tripeptide directly from cell lysate. The retention of enzymatic activity was found to be dependent upon the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles. An increase in activity was observed after adsorption of fusion proteins onto the surface of nanoparticles modified by treatment with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane molecules. As a result of this work, it is possible to tag an active enzyme with specific peptides that bind to inorganic nanoparticle surfaces. Because the conjugates self assemble, the novel surface-specific conjugate formation procedure is highly efficient and easily scalable for use in large-scale applications.
Protein-based molecular contrast optical coherence tomography with phytochrome as the contrast agent

We report the use of phytochrome A (phyA), a plant protein that can reversibly switch between two states with different absorption maxima (at 660 and 730 nm), as a contrast agent for molecular contrast optical coherence tomography (MCOCT). Our MCOCT scheme builds up a difference image revealing the distribution of phyA within a target sample from pairs of consecutive OCT A-scans acquired at a probe wavelength of 750 nm, both with and without additional illumination of the target sample with 660-nm light. We demonstrate molecular imaging with this new MCOCT modality in a target sample containing a mixture of 0.2% Intralipid and 83 µM of phyA.
Ion energy equation for the high-speed solar wind : Ulysses observations

Ulysses data in the high-speed solar wind that cover a wide range of latitudes centered on the solar poles were studied to test whether a polytrope law can be used to close the ion energy equation. Three approaches were taken. We determined the correlation between proton temperature and density (1) in the free expansion of the high-speed solar wind between 1.5 and 4.8 AU, (2) in steepened microstreams at high latitudes, and (3) at the edges of the equatorial band of solar wind variability. Strong correlations were observed in all data subsets that are consistent with a single polytrope relation, T{sub p}=aN{sub p}{sup ({gamma}{sup {asterisk}}{minus}1)}, where our best estimate for {gamma}{sup {asterisk}} is between 1.5 and 1.7. The best fitting relation is T{sub p}=(2.0{plus_minus}0.13){times}10{sup 5} N{sub p}{sup 0.57}. {copyright} 1998 American Geophysical Union
Structure of water-methanol binary mixtures: role of the water-water interaction

The structure of water-methanol mixtures at 298·15 K and 1 bar is investigated by means of the extended RISM equation with an HNC-like closure. Radial distribution functions between interaction sites are obtained for the mixture at room temperature and pressure. The OPLS model is used for the methanol-methanol interaction; both the MCY and TIPS potentials are used for the water-water interaction. An association of hydrophobic groups in methanol can be observed in water-rich mixtures. The association of hydrophobic groups is of the solvent-separated type for the MCY water potential, while the direct contact of hydrophobic groups is favourable for the TIPS water. The qualitative difference in the character of association is examined in terms of the differences in the water-water interaction. It is found that the difference in the characteristics of the association arises mainly from the short-range repulsion between oxygen atoms rather than the difference in the Coulombic interaction.
The information content of annual earnings releases : a trading volume approach

This paper reports the results of an empirical examination of the relations between the volume of securities traded, the magnitude of "surprises" in annual earnings announcements, and firm size. Although early trading volume studies (e.g., Beaver [1968], Kiger [1972], and Foster [1973]) replicated basic information content studies, with findings similar to those based on security prices, we should not expect that security price and trading volume research will continue to yield identical results when more refined hypotheses are tested. Trading volume reflects investors' activity by summing all market trades, whereas security prices reflect an aggregation or averaging of investors' beliefs. As a result, we will on occasion observe differences between price and volume reactions to earnings announcements, as did Morse [1981]. This study extends the recent trend toward tests of more refined hypotheses by using a larger sample to examine the associations between unexpected earnings, firm size, and trading volume, and testing whether such associations can be generalized across fiscal year-end dates and stock exchange listing. My results show a continuous (positive) relationship between trading