cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of odds ratios in 2 × n ordinal contingency tables

The set of all bivariate probability distributions with support contained in {(i, j) i = 1, 2 and j = 1, 2,…, n) which are totally positive of order two is shown to be a convex set under some conditions on one of the marginal distributions. The extreme points of this compact convex set are explicitly enumerated. Using the structure of this convex set, we show that the power function of any test for testing the hypothesis of independence against the hypothesis of strict total positivity of order two in 2 × n ordinal contingency tables has a simple form in terms of the extreme points. A numerical illustration is provided.
Local Government Complexity: Consequences for County Property-Tax and Debt Policies

This article examines the consequences of local government complexity on county revenue decisions in fourteen Texas counties comprising the Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas. There are significant differences in the configuration of local governments in the two areas traceable to when cities, school districts, and special districts were created. County revenue decisions are also affected by the different configuration of governments in the two areas. These findings challenge the conventional wisdom that states create local governments. Local choices are instrumental in shaping local government complexity. What governnent-types are chosen, and when, produce distinctive patterns of governance from one metropolitan area to the next, even in the same state. Consequently, reforms aimed at making the county the "local government of the future" would require perhaps insurmountable changes in state and local structures.
The Sociology of Urban Black America

Beginning with W.E.B. Du Bois's The Philadelphia Negro and Ida B. Wells's Southern Horrors, this review revisits and examines sociological research on urban Black Americans from the late nineteenth century to the present. Focusing on the approaches, frameworks, and sociological insights that emerged over this period, we examine this scholarship within two broad frames: the deficit frame and the asset frame. The deficit frame includes scholarship emphasizing both the structures that negatively affect Black urban life (e.g., disappearance of work, residential segregation, poor education, urban poverty) and the cultural “deficits” that either are adaptations to those structural realities or (as some deficit scholars argue) are the cause of urban Black hardships. The asset frame includes scholarship focusing on the agency and cultural contributions of urban Black Americans. Detailing the historical origins and contemporary use of these frames, we demonstrate how the sociology of urban Black America remains a ...
Optimizing query rewriting for multiple queries

We present an scalable algorithm for answering multiple conjunctive queries using views. This is an important problem in query optimization, data integration and ontology-based data access. Since rewriting one conjunctive query using views is an NP-hard problem, we develop an approach where answering n queries takes less than n times the cost of answering one query, by compactly representing and indexing common patterns in the input queries and the views. Our initial experimental results show a promising speed up.
Bioassays for Mineral Dusts and Other Particulates

It is important to predict the risk of human pulmonary disease caused by exposure to complex and often poorly characterized dusts. Such dusts may arise in the workplace when new technologies are introduced or old ones modified; they also occur in urban environments for example, due to changes in patterns of energy utilization. Risk assessment may include: (1) air monitoring and characterization of collected dusts; (2) epidemiologic studies of humans in urban and especially work environments; (3) chronic animal studies; (4) short term animal bioassays; and (5) in vitro tests of mammalian cells. A range of approaches is needed because of the difficulty of the problem. We are not dealing with a well-characterized, uniform work environment. Rather, we are confronted with an array of complex mixtures that produce a panorama of responses. In addition, unstudied exposures are inevitably created by the opening of new mines or factories and by the application of new machines and processes. Economic pressures, innovation, and health considerations generate new problems. This paper will emphasize the fourth method of analysis and discuss the use of animal bioassay systems to determine the health effects of particulates. Before doing that, let us briefly delineate some of the limitations of other approaches.
Solving the tag assignment problem for neural networks with simulated assemblies of minicolumns

A computer simulation of cell assemblies in which groups of minicolumns behave as discrete representations was developed. A neurally plausible model which simulates both the parallel processes that may give rise to illusory conjunctions and the serial processes that may solve the tag-assignment problem in normal perception has been constructed. Each simulated minicolumn is a local population of neuronal elements that share intracolumnar activity and have similar intercolumnar connections. The model for the neuronal elements is a simplification of the Hodgkin-Huxley model. A Hebbian learning rule models the development of LTP-type connection strength between pairs of minicolumns that are simultaneously active. A simulated fovea moves over a two-dimensional stimulus space in saccade-like steps, with direction and extent determined by competitive integration of location detectors for off-fovea stimuli
Physiological and behavioral regulation in two-year-old children with aggressive/destructive behavior problems.

A sample of 99 two-year-old children was selected on the basis of parents' responses to two administrations of the Child Behavior Checklist for two- to three-year-olds. Forty-nine of these children displayed symptoms of aggressive/destructive (externalizing) problems that were in the borderline clinical range (labelled “high risk”) and 50 children displayed few such symptoms (“low risk”). The children were assessed in a series of laboratory procedures that were intended to be emotionally and behaviorally challenging, during which time heart rate was recorded and behavior was observed. To assess physiological regulation, resting measures of heart period and respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA), and heart period change and RSA suppression were derived from these procedures. To assess emotional and behavioral regulation, children's affect and on-task versus types of off-task behaviors were measured. Results indicated that children in the high-risk group did not differ from children in the low-risk group on the resting measure of heart period. Boys displayed lower heart rate than did girls, regardless of risk group. However, boys in the low-risk group differed from boys in the high-risk group in terms of resting measures of RSA. Children in the high-risk group did display significantly and consistently lower RSA suppression (physiological regulation) during the challenging situations than did the children in the low-risk group. High-risk children displayed more negative affect and dysregulated emotion regulation behaviors than did the low risk children. These findings are discussed in terms of the development of behavioral and emotional regulation that underlie adaptive versus maladaptive behavior.
Oxygen Isotope Geothermometry of the Burial Metamorphic Rocks of the Precambrian Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana

Isotopic evidence supports the conclusions of other studies that the Precambrian Belt rocks have been subjected to high-grade diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism. Isotopic temperatures calculated from O 18 /O 16 ratios of coexisting quartz and illite range from 225°C to 310°C and are interpreted as being temperatures reached during metamorphism. Isotopic temperatures generally increase with maximum depth of burial. A plot of isotopic temperatures as a function of depth of burial can be extrapolated to 20°C (surface temperature) at approximately 5,500 m above our uppermost sample. This is consistent with the probable amount of overburden above this sample as inferred from stratigraphic evidence. The isotopic temperatures are also consistent with a model of equilibration during burial in a normal geothermal gradient. Feldspar underwent isotopic exchange during metamorphism but does not always appear to have attained isotopic equilibrium with quartz and illite. The isotopic data indicate some degree of disequilibrium between carbonate and quartz and suggest that the carbonate may have been more readily subject to retrograde exchange than was the silicate. The isotopic compositions of whole-rock samples vary with depth in the stratigraphic section, apparently reflecting post-depositional isotopic exchange.
Online Tracking of Migrating and Proliferating Cells Imaged with Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Automated visual-tracking of cell population in vitro using phase-contrast time-lapse microscopy is vital for the quantitative and systematic study of cell behaviors, including spatiotemporal quantification of migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The low image quality, high and varying density of the cell culture, and the complexity of cell behaviors pose many challenges to existing tracking techniques. This paper presents a fully-automated multitarget tracking system that can simultaneously track hundreds of cells and efficiently cope with these challenges. The approach exploits a fast topology-constrained level-set method in conjunction with a stochastic motion filter, with a careful formulation that makes it suitable for real-time tracking during acquisition. Our methodology was applied to human tissue cell tracking in vitro under various imaging conditions and yielded a 88.4% tracking accuracy.
THE PERSISTENCE OF “WINTER” WATER ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF SOUTH OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 1

The deep water on the continental shelf south of Montauk Point, Long Island, remains cold throughout the summer. Since this cold-water pool is surrounded by warmer water, it appears to be formed in the winter and to persist, with only gradual modification, for several months. The temperature and salinity of the water in this area have been observed on 20 cruises made during a 3-year period. The cycle of temperature is described. The salinity changes in the deep water as it gradually warms are used to evaluate qualitatively whether the temperature change in each year was associated with admixture of higher-salinity warmer offshore waters or lower-salinity, warmer surface waters. The average salinity of the water on the continental shelf was closely correlated with the 6-month average river flow of the Connecticut River, and it is shown that the salinity can be predicted to within error of estimate of approximately O.3%, from this river flow.
Polydactyl Inheritance in the Pig

Two pigs were identified having "extra feet" (preaxial polydactyly) within a purebred population of Yorkshire pigs. Polydactyly is an inherited disorder in many species that may be controlled by either recessive or dominant genes. Experimental matings were conducted using pigs that had produced affected offspring with the result of 12 polydactyl offspring out of 95 piglets. One polydactyl-producing boar was also mated to 4 Duroc sows and 8 distantly related Yorkshire sows to produce 129 unaffected offspring. Together, these results suggest a recessive mode of inheritance, possibly with incomplete penetrance. Candidate genes, LMBR1, EN2, HOXA10-13, GLI3, WNT2, WNT16, and SHH, were identified based on association with similar phenotypes in other species. Homologues for these genes are all found on SSC18. Sequencing and linkage studies showed no evidence for association with HOXA10-13, WNT2, and WNT16. Results for the regions including GLI3, LMBR1, and SHH, however, were inconclusive. A whole genome scan was conducted on DNA samples from 10 affected pigs and 12 close relatives using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip and compared with 69 more distantly related animals in the same population. No evidence was found for a major gene causing polydactyly. However, a 25-Mb stretch of homozygosity on SSC8 was identified as fairly unique to the family segregating for this trait. Therefore, this chromosome segment may play a role in development of polydactyly in concert with other genes.
Chyle Leak After Esophageal Surgery

A chyle leak is a challenging complication following esophageal procedures and occurs as a result of injury to the thoracic duct and its collateral lymphatic channels. The problem commonly presents as a postoperative pleural effusion that is rich in triglycerides. Large quantities, > 2 L/d, of chyle can drain from the site of lymph duct injury and can result in significant fluid and nutritional losses. Initial management involves drainage of the effusion, bowel rest, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Less common adjuncts to treatment are available, but if conservative measures fail, operative intervention may become necessary. Surgery typically involves access to the right chest cavity with direct ligation of the thoracic duct.
COMPUTERS AND ELT

Computers in English Language Teaching: A View from the Classroom. Christopher Brumfit, Martin Phillips and Peter Skehan
Skeletal muscle acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecular forms in muscle biopsies from control and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients were extracted under low (G: globular forms) and high (A: asymmetric forms) ionic strength conditions and were evaluated by velocity sedimentation analysis. Total AChE activity in endplate-containing ALS muscle sections was reduced by an average of 65% of control muscle levels. This decrement resulted from an almost complete disappearance of 9.5S (G4) and 8.0S (A4) AChE and significant decreases in the 3.8S (G1), 12.1S (A8), and 15.8S (A12) forms (66%, 9%, and 25% of control, respectively). In most of the ALS biopsies examined, ultrastructural-cytochemical analysis revealed large reductions in AChE reaction product of both synaptic infoldings (extracellular) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (intracellular) of the muscles' motor endplate regions. These data are compatible with the view that alterations observed in AChE forms from ALS muscles are related to disturbances in the normal "trophic" interactions between nerve and muscle.
The Interplay Among Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Suicide: The Role of Depression, Poor Health, and Loved Ones' Messages of Support and Criticism

When individuals who receive social support are in poor physical or mental health and are criticized or made to feel unwanted, they may perceive themselves as a burden. Poor physical health and depression were hypothesized to exacerbate the harmful effects on suicidal ideation of receiving critical negative messages and of receiving social support. These hypotheses were tested using secondary analyses of data from a sample of 533 unemployed married individuals who were assessed shortly after job loss, and 6 months later. The results of our analyses supported the hypotheses and demonstrated that for participants with poor health or high level of depressive symptoms an increase in critical messages and social support (from Time 1 to Time 2) predicted increased suicidal ideation. This relationship was not observed for nondepressed participants in good health. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for suicide prevention.
NOX4 induces oxidative stress and apoptosis through upregulation of caspases 3 and 9 and downregulation of TIGAR in HCV-infected Huh-7 cells

Aim: The present study was designed to determine the potential role of oxidative stress in the induction of apoptosis in a transient in vitro model of HCV-infected Huh - 7 cells. Material & methods: A transient in vitro infectivity model of a Huh - 7 cell line was established using serum from HCV genotype 3a patients. Quantitative expression of selected genes was measured using real-time PCR. Results: A test of the apoptotic responses of cells under stressful conditions showed a significant increase in selected oxidative stress and apoptotic markers, along with a significant decrease in expression of antioxidants following inoculation in a timedependent manner. A significant decrease in TIGAR and a significant increase in p53 expression levels at day 6 suggested the possible role of p53 and TIGAR in the induction of apoptosis and oxidative stimuli in experimental Huh - 7/HCV cell lines. Conclusion: Collectively, the findings of the current study suggest a role for p53 and TIGAR in HCV - induced apoptosis in the presence of oxidative stress in a Huh - 7 cell line.
A Report on Progress in the Development of Research Resources in Social Work

This report on progress deals with the development of research resources within the field of social work since the 1991 report of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Task Force on social work research. This report on progress describes the NIMH investment in research development, other national research development initiatives, research dissemination, research publications, research conferences, and research development in social work education programs. Significant research domains are identified; the status of doctoral education is analyzed; and major sources of current funding for social work research are identified. A second section of the report includes a series of recommendations for future action to support future research initiatives within social work.
Palliative Care for the Geriatric Anesthesiologist

Many seriously ill geriatric patients are at higher risk for perioperative morbidity and mortality, and incorporating proactive palliative care principles may be appropriate. Advanced care planning is a hallmark of palliative care in that it facilitates alignment of the goals of care between the patient and the health care team. When these goals conflict, perioperative dilemmas can occur. Anesthesiologists must overcome many cultural and religious barriers when managing the care of these patients. Palliative care is gaining ground in several perioperative populations where integration with certain patient groups has occurred. Geriatric anesthesiologists must be aware of how palliative care and hospice influence and enhance the care of elderly patients.
Manual‐Based Treatment and Clinical Practice

The role of empirically supported, manual-based treatments in clinical practice is controversial. This article attempts to clarify misunderstandings that may impede their effective use. Manual-based treatments encourage focal interventions, facilitate training and supervision of therapists, and expedite clinical audit. They are consistent with an actuarial approach to treatment, which, on average, is likely to prove superior to subjective clinical judgment. Treatment manuals can provide greater flexibility and self-correcting features than is often assumed. Comorbidity does not exclude their use. Far from hampering innovation, their use is likely to spur new developments. Manual-based treatments require specific therapeutic skills. Although effective, empirically supported manuals fall short of helping large numbers of patients. Treatment manuals must become more “therapist friendly” by including richer practical details on their use, as well as greater specification of some of the “nonspecific” factors in therapy.
The digital media revolution: what it means for the AJR.

OBJECTIVE. The digital media revolution is in full swing, fueled by rapid growth of the Internet and proliferation of handheld devices capable of accessing electronically data from virtually anywhere. With this growth of digital media, the printing industry is seeing declines in circulation and advertising revenue. CONCLUSION. Scholarly journals, including the American Journal of Roentgenology, are not immune from this changing paradigm. The scholarly journal of the future should be a platform for the active exchange of new information and ideas.
Habitat and herbivore density: Response of mule deer to habitat management

The suite of demands competing for wildlife management funds necessitates direct assessment of management decisions, especially when these decisions have direct costs, as well as tangible opportunity costs. We conducted a mark–resight study that estimated mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) density across multiple study units in southwest Colorado that had been exposed to different intensities of habitat treatments. Our treatments were comprised of common habitat management techniques including hydro-axe and roller-chopper disturbances as well chemical control of weeds and reseeding with desirable mule deer browse species. Reference study units received no habitat management treatments. Total deer densities varied between 20–84 deer/km2 in southern study units and 4–12 deer/km2 in northern study units. We did not observe a consistent pattern of higher deer density on advanced treatment study units despite it being the primary hypothesis of the study. We observed a wide range of variation in deer density among years. Resighting probabilities (range 0.070–0.567) were best modeled as an interactive function of study unit and year, although sampling method was also influential. We recommend that if population density is to be used as a population response variable, it be used in tandem with other, possibly more sensitive parameters such as overwinter survival or late winter body condition. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Dynamic potential-dependent electron transport pathway shifts in anode biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens

Biofilms of the anode-respiring bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (G. sulfurreducens) demonstrate dynamic potential-dependent changes between two electron transport pathways that are used selectively depending on the anode potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements suggest that these pathways (both n=1), with midpoint potentials of −0.155 (±0.005) and −0.095 (±0.003) V versus standard hydrogen electrode, are not additive within the biofilm, but are preferentially used depending on the anode potential. Potential step voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed rapid changes between the two pathways in minutes when the anode potential is changed. We confirm that the electrochemical response observed in a slow-scan-rate CV (∼1 mV s−1) is often composed of at least the two pathways characterized. Thus, beyond understanding the electron transport pathways in G. sulfurreducens, this study also has implications on the interpretation of previously collected and future potential-dependent datasets.
INO1 transcriptional memory leads to DNA zip code-dependent interchromosomal clustering

Many genes localize at the nuclear periphery through physical interaction with the nuclear pore complex (NPC). We have found that the yeast INO1 gene is targeted to the NPC both upon activation and for several generations after repression, a phenomenon called epigenetic transcriptional memory. Targeting of INO1 to the NPC requires distinct cis-acting promoter DNA zip codes under activating conditions and under memory conditions. When at the nuclear periphery, active INO1 clusters with itself and with other genes that share the GRS I zip code. Here, we show that during memory, the two alleles of INO1 cluster in diploids and endogenous INO1 clusters with an ectopic INO1 in haploids. After repression, INO1 does not cluster with GRS I - containing genes. Furthermore, clustering during memory requires Nup100 and two sets of DNA zip codes, those that target INO1 to the periphery when active and those that target it to the periphery after repression. Therefore, the interchromosomal clustering of INO1 that occurs during transcriptional memory is dependent upon, but mechanistically distinct from, the clustering of active INO1. Finally, while localization to the nuclear periphery is not regulated through the cell cycle during memory, clustering of INO1 during memory is regulated through the cell cycle.
Syllable Structure Universals and Native Language Interference in Second Language Perception and Production: Positional Asymmetry and Perceptual Links to Accentedness

The present study investigated how syllable structure differences between the first Language (L1) and the second language (L2) affect L2 consonant perception and production at syllable-initial and syllable-final positions. The participants were Mandarin-speaking college students who studied English as a second language. Monosyllabic English words were used in the perception test. Production was recorded from each Chinese subject and rated for accentedness by two native speakers of English. Consistent with previous studies, significant positional asymmetry effects were found across speech sound categories in terms of voicing, places of articulation, and manner of articulation. Furthermore, significant correlations between perception and accentedness ratings were found at the syllable onset position but not for the coda. Many exceptions were also found, which could not be solely accounted for by differences in L1-L2 syllabic structures. The results show a strong effect of language experience at the syllable level, which joins force with acoustic, phonetic, and phonemic properties of individual consonants in influencing positional asymmetry in both domains of L2 segmental perception and production. The complexities and exceptions call for further systematic studies on the interactions between syllable structure universals and native-language interference and refined theoretical models to specify the links between perception and production in second language acquisition.
Anxiety Disorders Treatment Programs

The reduction procedures for fear and anxiety described in the previous chapter are now applied as treatments to specific anxiety disorders. As is most often the case in clinical practice, several procedures are used with the same individual in order to capitalize on the most effective elements of each and to adapt the treatment to the specific characteristics and needs of the individual client. The cases that follow were selected to illustrate how the various procedures can be adapted effectively and combined into comprehensive individualized treatment programs.
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Complications and Management

The adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurred rapidly, initially driven largely by public demand and commercial pressure, before its benefits or safety had formally been compared with the open approach through large, prospective series. Nevertheless, subsequent studies have shown it to be a generally safe procedure, performed with low overall rates of morbidity and mortality.
Metabolic Resistance to Insecticides: Heterozygosity at the Chromosome II Locus in House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

A Musca domestica (L.) strain was prepared that combined a major chromosome II gene for resistance (R) to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides with the chromosome II recessive mutant marker carnation eye (car). After 120 generations of intermittent selection with insecticide, the strain continued to produce two types of flies: normal wing resistant flies and stubby wing (stw) susceptible flies. Stw is a recessive mutant marker on chromosome II located near car and the major gene for resistance. Detailed genetic analyses revealed that the strain maintained stw and R in a heterozygous condition. Apparently, a balanced polymorphism is acting to maintain this heterozygosity.
Development of Strength in High School Boys by Static Muscle Contractions

Abstract Two groups of students from the State University of Iowa High School were given four tests of strength at the beginning and again at the end of an eight-week period. Ten of the students were placed in the experiment group which was given exercises requiring static muscle contractions. One subject performed the exercises while his partner offered resistance; then they reversed roles. The members of the experiment group made gains significantly greater than those of the control group in the following: the back lift, the leg lift, and the combined hand grip tests.
Application of Guidance System based on Ordinary Differential Equation

By using ordinary differential equation, we established an ESR model to construct critical function, from which the critical curve of missile's effective attack range was obtained. We also established a STP model to calculate the horizontal and vertical displacement of missile by Eulerian numerical solution, and use phase trajectories method to get missile flight path which can estimate the hit point. The results can be applied to missile's guidance system to judge whether it should launch or not.
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in the surgical intensive care unit: an under-recognized event.

Over a 1-year period, 28 patients (13.6% of admissions to one surgical intensive care unit) developed the new onset of a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment. None was associated with intravascular catheter placement. There were 16 women and 12 men with an average age of 69.8 years (range 49 -92). In nine of the patients, the diagnosis was made coincidental with or immediately before the onset of postoperative sepsis. Twenty-six patients responded to medication and two required cardioversion. Mortality was 28.6 per cent (8/28), but none as a direct result of the arrhythmia. One patient had a myocardial infarction secondary to the arrhythmia. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias are a relatively common problem in the critically ill surgical patient. Surgeons who care for such individuals need to be familiar with the differential diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias. The new onset of a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in an otherwise stable patient should prompt a search for a treatable cause of sepsis.
A Life-cycle Model of Family Labour Supply

This paper discusses the formulation and estimation of life-cycle models of family labour supply. The focus of this research is on the development of economically rigorous econometrically tractable models that exploit the new wealth of longitudinal data that has become available in the United States.
SU-F-I-31: Reproducibility of An Automatic Exposure Control Technique in the Low-Dose CT Scan of Cardiac PET/CT Exams.

Purpose: Two separate low-dose CT scans are usually performed for attenuation correction of rest and stress N-13 ammonia PET/CT myocardial perfusion imaging (PET/CT). We utilize an automatic exposure control (AEC) technique to reduce CT radiation dose while maintaining perfusion image quality. Our goal is to assess the reproducibility of displayed CT dose index (CTDI) on same-day repeat CT scans (CT1 and CT2). Methods: Retrospectively, we reviewed CT images of PET/CT studies performed on the same day. Low-dose CT utilized AEC technique based on tube current modulation called Smart-mA. The scan parameters were 64 × 0.625mm collimation, 5mm slice thickness, 0.984 pitch, 1-sec rotation time, 120 kVp, and noise index 50 with a range of 10–200 mA. The scan length matched with PET field of view (FOV) with the heart near the middle of axial FOV. We identified the reference slice number (RS) for an anatomical landmark (carina) and used it to estimate axial shift between two CTs. For patient size, we measured an effective diameter on the reference slice. The effect of patient positioning to CTDI was evaluated using the table height. We calculated the absolute percent difference of the CTDI (%diff) for estimation of the reproducibility. Results: The study included 168 adults with an average body-mass index of 31.72 ± 9.10 (kg/m2) and effective diameter was 32.72 ± 4.60 cm. The average CTDI was 1.95 ± 1.40 mGy for CT1 and 1.97 ± 1.42mGy for CT2. The mean %diff was 7.8 ± 6.8%. Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the table height and %diff CTDI. (r=0.82, p<0.001) Conclusion: We have shown for the first time in human subjects, using two same-day CT images, that the AEC technique in low-dose CT is reproducible within 10% and significantly depends on the patient centering.
Statistical analysis with weighting factors: hop aroma in beer.

Because the olfactory sensitivity and consistency of sensory subjects are different for a given aroma note, their sensory ratings need to be weighted, based on the subjects' performance, to increas...
Matters of State

So far as one can judge by the ‘Apologetical Dialogue’ to Poetaster, Jonson’s impulse after the War of the Theatres seems to have been to withdraw into scholarly seclusion. His decision to abandon comedy for tragedy and his declaration that he would be satisfied to please an audience of one, ‘so he judicious be’ (see ll. 220–6), indicate that he may already have been planning his classically-inspired tragedy of Sejanus His Fall. Yet it was apparently not until February 1603 that he was relieved of anxiety about his day-to-day support. Then John Manningham reported in his diary, on the authority of Thomas Overbury, that ‘Ben Jonson the poet now lives upon … [Robert] Townshend and scorns the world’.1 The patronage of Townshend, and later of Esme Stuart, Lord D’Aubigny, freed him for the intensive classical study required for Sejanus and for his ‘observations upon Horace his Art of Poetry, which (with the text translated)’ he had almost completed by the time the Quarto of Sejanus was printed in August 1605.2
Global Climate Change: Observations, Modeling, and Predictions

Observational evidence of global climate change includes increases in global and regional surface temperature, extent of snow/ice, sea-level rise, hurricanes, and ocean heat content; polar amplification of anthropogenic warming (Arctic); and possible alterations in the thermohaline/meridional overturning circulation. Complex feedbacks modify the response of climate to external factors; climate sensitivity determines this response. Some inertia exists in the climate system that can eventually lead to abrupt changes if the climate system reaches a tipping point. Climate models are used to investigate future climate change and provide predictions. One of the difficulties in making predictions is disentangling natural from anthropogenic effects. Introduction As seen in Chapter 2, emissions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels, the clearing of forests, and other human activities have been accelerating over the past century. Earth's climate is particularly sensitive to greenhouse gases because they remain in the atmosphere and modify the radiation balance of the planet for decades or even centuries. The consequence is an increase in global surface temperature (or global warming) and, more broadly, climate changes. Rising temperatures can have a profound impact on many aspects of Earth's climate, in particular on the heat content of the ocean and the melting of glaciers and polar ice. Ongoing warming also has the potential to produce more extreme heat and drought, rising sea levels, and more intense tropical storms. Many signs associated with global warming are already evident, including rising worldwide temperatures and accelerated melting of Arctic ice.
Initial Test of a Principle-Guided Approach to Transdiagnostic Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents

To address implementation challenges faced by some evidence-based youth psychotherapies, we developed an efficient transdiagnostic approach-a potential "first course" in evidence-based treatment (EBP)-guided by five empirically supported principles of therapeutic change. An open trial of the resulting FIRST protocol was conducted in community clinics. Following a 2-day training, staff practitioners treated 24 clinically referred youths ages 7-15, 50% male, 87% White and 13% Latino, all with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) anxiety, depressive, or conduct-related disorders, and averaging 2.21 disorders. We evaluated the protocol's (a) feasibility for use in everyday clinical practice (examining therapy process, client engagement, and therapist adherence and competence in using the protocol), (b) acceptability (examining therapeutic alliance and treatment satisfaction by youths, caregivers, and therapists), and (c) potential for clinical benefit (examining treatment outcomes across multiple measures and time points). FIRST scored well on measures of feasibility, acceptability to clients and clinicians, and clinical outcomes, matching or exceeding the corresponding scores in most benchmarking comparisons. Observational coding of sessions showed high levels of protocol adherence (86.6%) and good therapist competence in the evidence-based skills. Weekly assessments throughout treatment showed effect sizes for clinical improvement ranging from .41 to 2.66 on weekly total problems and problems deemed "most important" by caregivers and youths. The FIRST protocol showed evidence of feasibility, acceptability, and clinical benefit when used by practitioners with referred youths treated in community clinics. The findings suggest sufficient potential to justify a full randomized controlled trial of FIRST.
The rise and spread of financial capitalism, 1720–1789

The century covered in these chapters starts with the aftermath of the collapses of the Mississippi and South Sea bubbles in 1720 and ends with the legacy of Napoleonic war finance in 1830. The financial innovations in France, England, and the Netherlands after 1720 had international repercussions that proved important for the outcomes of the successive wars and revolutions that followed, right up to the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. They also created a number of financial crises, all minor in comparison to the famous bubbles of 1720, but instructive in showing both the benefits and risks of the new financial architecture that was taking shape. In the background of the political and military events that shaped the history of the eighteenth century in Europe were the ever-growing influences of international finance that accompanied both expanding foreign trade and more expensive warfare among competing powers. At the heart of the financial developments was the emerging symbiosis of the two financial centers of Europe after 1720 – Amsterdam and London. The merchant bankers of the other trading cities of Europe were important participants as well, especially along the historic Lotharingian axis stretching from the Low Countries into the Mediterranean ports of Italy, while new centers of finance were emerging on the other side of the Atlantic. From 1720 right through 1815, a “cosmopolitan bourgeoisie” emerged who regarded Europe as their base but the entire world as their theater of operation (Jones 1988). These individuals made the best of the chaotic times of political upheavals and ever-wider military conflicts by taking advantage of the new financial instruments that had appeared in the aftermath of the collapse of the Mississippi and South Sea bubbles. In their historic ascent, they expanded trade to cover the entire globe for the first time in history, but they financed it increasingly from the new financial centers of Amsterdam and London while the merchant bankers of France looked on in envy. The logistics required to supply the ever-larger armies and fleets that the British and French periodically launched at each other (see Box 6.1, p. 109) also created larger-scale opportunities for the cosmopolitan bourgeoisie to provide the necessary finance for their personal profit (Hancock 1995).
Anemia of Inflammation

The anemia of inflammation (AI), also known as the anemia of chronic disease, is generally believed to be the most common etiology of anemia after the anemia of blood loss/iron deficiency (Cartwright and Lee 1971). It is an underproduction anemia characterized by a relatively low reticulocyte response for the degree of anemia. The traditional definition of the anemia of chronic disease was an anemia in the appropriate clinical setting with low serum iron despite adequate or increased reticular endothelial iron stores (Cartwright and Lee 1971). The term “anemia of inflammation” is less specifically defined. Most would likely use the same definition as the anemia of chronic disease, and some have postulated that the definition should be anemia with an elevated ferritin in the setting of inflammation (Nemeth et al. 2003). The traditional clinical context of the anemia of chronic disease was that it occurred in individuals with chronic (greater than 2 months duration) inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic infectious disorders such as osteomyelitis or tuberculosis, or a malignant disorder (Cartwright and Lee 1971). This definition excluded “chronic” disorders such as renal failure or endocrine deficiencies. The recognition that syndromes associated with anemia of chronic disease include disorders that fell outside the spectrum of the traditional chronic disorders (Cash and Sears 1989) eventually led to the recognition that the unifying feature was the presence of disorders of cytokine activation and that all the pathophysiologic processes involved in the anemia of chronic disease/AI were mediated by inflammatory cytokines (Means 2003). The recognition that not all disorders associated with “anemia of chronic disease” were chronic as defined above and the recognition of the role of the cytokine mediators of inflammation led to the current use of AI to refer to this syndrome.
Pemoline in ADHD

The effects of pemoline (Cylert) in 28 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD), 23 with and 5 without hyperactivity, were evaluated for dose-response, timing of response after ingestion, and duration of effect, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study at the Child Development Clinic of the Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Extreme Returns and Herding of Trade Imbalances

We estimate the stock’s likelihood of extreme returns by measuring the extent to which the stock’s trades are correlated with market-wide and industry-wide trades during normal times, referred to as herding. We find that stocks whose trades herd most with aggregate-level trades experience most negative (positive) returns during market crashes (booms). While herding generates extreme returns in both sides, investors appear to demand compensation for the possibility of extreme low returns. This is the case even when we control for standard asset pricing variables and other tail risk proxies.
Understanding the burden of government oversight on engineering work: Adding empirical data to the debate

Abstract This paper presents results from a 6-month time-allocation study of the impact of oversight-related activities on engineering work at a major aerospace contractor. Previous studies have reported a wide range of estimated burdens – from 2% of a total system's cost to factors of 5 times the cost of commercially available alternative products. The wide range of estimates of the burden of oversight can be attributed to measurement challenges and to the phenomenon being measured. Our new data provides an empirically valid estimate of the time spent on these activities, allowing us to reconcile differences between previous measures of oversight. We observe that when the definition of oversight is limited to non-value added external monitoring, the extent of burden is on the order of 6% of total time spent on work performed. However, when the definition of oversight includes both externally driven burden and the government-support infrastructure internal to the contractor, the burden ranges from 1.2 to 1.6 times. In addition, we use this data to test widely held beliefs about the impact of oversight on daily contractor work. Specifically, we found that the particular customers who are generally perceived to drive oversight-related burden actually have a small impact on resultant work time; but they drive more non-value-added requests than others. Additionally, while communications and administrative tasks are perceived as the main content of oversight-driven work, most of the time spent on these tasks was not driven by oversight. Implications of these findings for how the acquisition process can be improved are discussed.
Model-based Dynamic Control Allocation in a Hybrid Neuroprosthesis

A hybrid neuroprosthesis that combines human muscle power, elicited through functional electrical stimulation (FES), with a powered orthosis may be advantageous over a sole FES or a powered exoskeleton-based rehabilitation system. The hybrid system can conceivably overcome torque reduction due to FES-induced muscle fatigue by complementarily using torque from the powered exoskeleton. The second advantage of the hybrid system is that the use of human muscle power can supplement the powered exoskeleton's power (motor torque) requirements; thus, potentially reducing the size and weight of a walking restoration system. To realize these advantages, however, it is unknown how to concurrently optimize desired control performance and allocation of control inputs between FES and electric motor. In this paper, a model predictive control-based dynamic control allocation (DCA) is used to allocate control between FES and the electric motor that simultaneously maintain a desired knee angle. The experimental results, depicting the performance of the DCA method while the muscle fatigues, are presented for an able-bodied participant and a participant with spinal cord injury. The experimental results showed that the motor torque recruited by the hybrid system was less than that recruited by the motor-only system, the algorithm can be easily used to allocate more control input to the electric motor as the muscle fatigues, and the muscle fatigue induced by the hybrid system was found to be less than the fatigue induced by sole FES. These results validate the aforementioned advantages of the hybrid system; thus implying the hybrid technology's potential use in walking rehabilitation.
Magnetic resonance imaging features of dogs with incomplete recovery after acute, severe spinal cord injury.

Retrospective case series. Describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of dogs chronically impaired after severe spinal cord injury (SCI) and investigate associations between imaging variables and residual motor function. United States of America. Thoracolumbar MRI from dogs with incomplete recovery months to years after clinically complete (paralysis with loss of pain perception) thoracolumbar SCI were reviewed. Lesion features were described and quantified. Gait was quantified using an ordinal, open field scale (OFS). Associations between imaging features and gait scores, duration of injury (DOI), or SCI treatment were determined. Thirty-five dogs were included. Median OFS was 2 (0–6), median DOI was 13 months (3–83), and intervertebral disk herniation was the most common diagnosis (n = 27). Myelomalacia was the most common qualitative feature followed by cystic change; syringomyelia and fibrosis were uncommon. Lesion length corrected to L2 length (LL:L2) was variable (median LL:L2 = 3.5 (1.34–11.54)). Twenty-nine dogs had 100% maximum cross-sectional spinal cord compromise (MSCC) at the lesion epicenter and the length of 100% compromised area varied widely (median length 100% MSCC:L2 = 1.29 (0.39–7.64)). Length 100% MSCC:L2 was associated with OFS (p = 0.012). OFS was not associated with any qualitative features. DOI or treatment type were not associated with imaging features or lesion quantification. Lesion characteristics on MRI in dogs with incomplete recovery after severe SCI were established. Length of 100% MSCC was associated with hind limb motor function. Findings demonstrate a spectrum of injury severity on MRI among severely affected dogs, which is related to functional status.