cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separated but Whole: Pursuing Health and Redefining Community amidst COVID-19

In his speech "Health is Wholeness," Wendell Berry says that when we are healthy, we are unconscious of our bodies-only sickness brings our attention to them He also says that people's sense of wholeness is tied to community, and any removal from common life together is a denial of wholeness and a removal of health As we find ourselves in this strange COVID-19 moment, we are wrestling with a sudden awareness and anxiety about our own bodies while also hearing the call for social separation that takes us apart from the communities which provide us meaning This is precisely the type of issue that Berry describes;a closer look at Berry's theological leanings may give us the resources we need to find hope and meaning during this crisis Within COVID-19's clear violation of wholeness, Berry's understanding of health as interconnection and orientation toward one another under God's divine love is a faithful and loving way to find meaning during this crisis If we follow Berry's assertion that under Christ the community is the smallest unit of health, then observing social distancing for the sake of public health is faithfully in line with a theological vision of health as wholeness © 2020 Center for Health in Mission All rights reserved
Evidence based medicine: so who need evidence anyway

For most of this program the emphasis has been on preparing manuscripts for publication. While this is important it is far more important to have great data to write up in the first place. Without a well planned and well conducted study there will be no data to prepare a manuscript. Therefore review summarizes how to design a good study. Key words: Paper ; Study design; Data
Exchange magnetostriction in two-dimensional antiferromagnets

Magnetostriction, coupling between the mechanical and magnetic degrees of freedom, finds a variety of applications in magnetic actuation, transduction and sensing1,2. The discovery of two-dimensional layered magnetic materials3–8 presents a new platform to explore the magnetostriction effects in ultrathin solids. Here we demonstrate an exchange-driven magnetostriction effect in mechanical resonators made of two-dimensional antiferromagnetic CrI3. The mechanical resonance frequency is found to depend on the magnetic state of the material. We quantify the relative importance of the exchange and anisotropy magnetostriction by measuring the resonance frequency under a magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the easy axis, respectively. Furthermore, we show efficient strain-tuning of the internal magnetic interactions in two-dimensional CrI3 as a result of inverse magnetostriction. Our results establish the basis for mechanical detection and control of magnetic states and magnetic phase transitions in two-dimensional layered materials. A coupling of mechanical vibrations and magnetism and strain-tuning of the exchange interactions, is demonstrated for few-layer CrI3.
Little genetic distinction between varieties of Pinto Beardtongue (Penstemon bicolor, Plantaginaceae), a rare plant native to the Mojave Desert1

Penstemon bicolor is a relatively rare, short-lived perennial herb of conservation concern and is found in the Mojave Desert and surrounding areas of southern Nevada, southeastern California, and northwestern Arizona. Two varieties of P. bicolor are named according to the color of their corolla: variety bicolor, the yellow or pink-colored form, and variety roseus, the magenta-colored form. The rarity of P. bicolor var. bicolor, coupled with its limited distribution, raises concerns about the genetic diversity present in the species, which is critical for the survival of species in the face of environmental stressors, such as habitat loss. Conservation management strategies for P. bicolor rely partially on the taxonomic status of variety bicolor and variety roseus; if these varieties are in fact distinct genetic lineages more appropriately defined as different species, then the implementation and urgency of management strategies would require updating accordingly. We analyzed amplified fragment length polymorphisms and inter-simple sequence repeats for 13 populations of P. bicolor from southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona to assess genetic diversity within the species and to identify the genetic distinctiveness, if any, between varieties. Our findings reveal surprisingly high levels of genetic diversity, in contrast to expectations for rare, perennial, outcrossing plants. Penstemon bicolor does, however, face ongoing threats of habitat destruction and potential local extirpation due to urbanization of the greater Las Vegas area, and we recommend that the current protective status of the species be maintained. Additionally, our analyses of differentiation failed to reveal genetic distinctiveness between varieties; we thus do not recommend that varieties of P. bicolor be elevated to species level.
‘I am perfectly imperfect because I am a media professional’: Asserting the Association Between Media Consumption Attitude, Emotional Ownership and Personal Well-being:

A profession that leads to well-being is rewarding and fulfilling, as it is a vital factor in ascertaining the happiness and purpose of one’s life. Information and communications technology has bec...
Comparing Transcriptome Profiles of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Cells Exposed to Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide and Indium Phosphide/Zinc Sulfide

The primary focus of our research was to obtain global gene expression data in baker’s yeast exposed to sub-lethal doses of quantum dots (QDs), such as green-emitting CdSe/ZnS and InP/ZnS, to reveal novel insights on their unique mechanisms of toxicity. Despite their promising applications, their toxicity and long-lasting effects on the environment are not well understood. To assess toxicity, we conducted cell viability assays, ROS detection assays, and assessed their effects on the trafficking of Vps10-GFP toward the trans-Golgi network with confocal microscopy. Most notably, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain gene expression profiles and gene identities of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in QD-treated yeast. We found CdSe/ZnS QDs significantly altered genes implicated in carboxylic acid, amino acid, nitrogen compounds, protein metabolic processes, transmembrane transport, cellular homeostasis, cell wall organization, translation, and ribosomal biogenesis. Additionally, we found InP/ZnS QDs to alter genes associated with oxidation-reduction, transmembrane transport, metal ion homeostasis, cellular component organization, translation, and protein and nitrogen compound metabolic processes. Interestingly, we observed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CdSe/ZnS-treated cells and a decrease in ROS levels in InP/ZnS-treated cells. Nevertheless, we concluded that both QDs modestly contributed cytotoxic effects on the budding yeast.
19 – ANTS, WASPS, AND BEES (Hymenoptera)

Abstract Ants, bees, and wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera) that are social are known for their propensity to sting in defense of themselves and their colonies. Most hymenopterans use their sting, a modified ovipositor, to deposit eggs. However, these social insects use their sting and venom as either an offensive or a defensive weapon. The species that are common stinging threats include honey bees (Apis), yellowjackets (Vespinae), paper wasps (Polistes), and fire ants (Solenopsis). Each of these groups exhibit behaviors in foraging, defensive, brood rearing, and reproduction that maintain colony cohesion and success. The venom of these stinging species is a complex mixture of compounds that elicit pain, localized swelling, and erythema in vertebrates. Most sting reactions are mild and do not requiring medical intervention; however, in a minority of cases, stings can elicit systemic allergic reactions that may lead to fatal anaphylaxis. Rapid medical intervention, usually the injection of epinephrine, is required in these serious systemic reactions. Avoidance of colonies and foraging sites is the best method to reduce exposure to stinging threats. Reduction of pestiferous species can be done by direct nest destruction or specific baiting techniques.
Nanosecond Pulse Fluorimetry of Proteins

During the past decade, studies of proteins using nanosecond pulse fluorescence spectroscopy have proliferated. In large part, this is the result of advances in instrumentation and the availability of commercial nanosecond spectrofluorimeters as well as the development of many new fluorescent probes. Methodologically, these studies fall into two main categories: (1) lifetime measurements, to be addressed in this chapter, and (2) time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy, the topic of the next chapter. The application of lifetime-resolved emission spectroscopy is still in its infancy, and only very few studies can be found in the literature. From the instrumentation point of view, anisotropy measurements are similar to lifetime measurements; in the former, decay of polarization is measured, while in the latter, decay of total fluorescence is measured. The information obtained from these two types of measurements is vastly different. Lifetime experiments tell us about the dynamic properties of the fluorescent moiety itself, while anisotropy measurements provide information regarding the shape and hydrodynamic properties of the proteins to which the fluorescent moiety is attached. An exhaustive review of the literature has not been attempted; rather representative results are described in this chapter.
Solving everyday physical reasoning problems by analogy using sketches

Understanding common sense reasoning about the physical world is one of the goals of qualitative reasoning research. This paper describes how we combine qualitative mechanics and analogy to solve everyday physical reasoning problems posed as sketches. The problems are drawn from the Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test, which is used to evaluate technician candidates. We discuss sketch annotations, which define conceptual quantities in terms of visual measurements, how modeling decisions are made by analogy, and how analogy can be used to frame comparative analysis problems. Experimental results support the plausibility of this approach.
XUTools: UNIX commands for processing next-generation structured text

Traditional Unix tools operate on sequences of characters, bytes, fields, lines, and files. However, modern practitioners often want to manipulate files in terms of a variety of language-specific constructs--C functions, Cisco IOS interface blocks, and XML elements, to name a few. These language-specific structures quite often lie beyond the regular languages upon which Unix text-processing tools can practically compute. In this paper, we propose eXtended Unix text-processing tools (xutools) and present implementations that enable practitioners to extract (xugrep), count (xuwc), and compare (xudiff) texts in terms of language-specific structures. We motivate, design, and evaluate our tools around real-world use cases from network and system administrators, security consultants, and software engineers from a variety of domains including the power grid, healthcare, and education.
Best practices in system dynamics modeling

This research explores opinions about best practices in system dynamics modeling elicited from a distinguished group of experts in the field. We address three questions: What do practitioners believe is the best way to undertake system dynamics modeling? What specific core activities are essential for exemplary action during the different stages of the modeling process? What do experts believe are the most important practices during the different stages of the modeling process? The researchers used a multi-method approach involving interviews, virtual meetings using the Internet, statistical analysis of the generated data and, finally, a facilitated face-to-face meeting in which experts discussed the results of the study and their implications. The results of this research include 72 best practices grouped into six categories that reflect the stages of the system dynamics modeling process. Copyright © 2013 System Dynamics Society.
Perioperative intravesical chemotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The role for a single dose of intravesical chemotherapy (IVC) after transurethral resection (TUR) remains unclear in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Several recent randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have evaluated its effect on recurrence, prompting this systematic review of RCTs comparing a single immediate postoperative dose of IVC versus placebo within 24 hours of TUR of NMIBC, and this meta-analysis using a random-effects model to predict the pooled relative risk (RR) of tumor recurrence. Subanalyses pooled studies by drug type and a meta-regression was performed to determine the effect of underlying patient risk factors on the efficacy of a single dose of IVC. A total of 3103 patients were randomized in the 18 RCTs that met inclusion criteria. The recurrence rate in patients receiving perioperative IVC and TUR was 37% versus 50% in the TUR-alone group. The pooled RR of recurrence for IVC and TUR was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56-0.79), corresponding to a 13% absolute reduction and a number needed to treat of 7.2 patients to avoid 1 recurrence. The proportions of patients with tumor risk factors (T1, high-grade, multifocal, or recurrent) were not associated with IVC efficacy. A single dose of IVC administered within 24 hours of TUR of NMIBC was found to result in a reduction in tumor recurrence (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56-0.79). Patients with higher-risk tumor features seem to benefit at a similar rate.
Pedestrian mobility in theme park disasters

Realistic mobility simulation is critical for evaluating the performance of communication networks. Although various mobility models exist, they do not capture the changes in the mobility decisions of pedestrians in specific environments. For instance, in the case of a natural or manmade disaster, the main goal is the safe evacuation of the area, creating unique pedestrian mobility patterns. In this article we focus on the scenario of evacuating a theme park in response to a disaster. We discuss the characteristics of theme parks, modeling the environment, and the mobility decisions of pedestrians. Real theme park maps are used for modeling the environment with roads, physical obstacles, and simulating disaster events. The mobility decisions of the pedestrians are based on the evacuation goal, the limited knowledge of the area, and the obstacles. The impact of the interactions between the crowd flows is modeled based on the concept of social force. The model is evaluated by comparison with the existing mobility models and the GPS traces of theme park visitors.
‘En perme à Nantes’: Jacques Demy and new wave place

AbstractAs a cinema of place, the new wave is most famous for its loving representations of Paris, but many new wave film-makers, such as Louis Malle, Claude Chabrol, and Jacques Demy depicted provincial France. During the 1950s, France experienced rapid modernization and urbanization, but by the end of the decade, France was beginning to revisit the provincial towns and countryside that had been transformed or left behind. In its narratives and form, the new wave registered this dual migration and fond glance back at the provinces as a tension between mobility and dwelling in place, between nostalgia and modernity. A detailed analysis of Jacques Demy's first feature-length film, Lola (1961) illustrates this double movement. Demy himself returned to his hometown of Nantes to film this story of return of departure, which he repeats in revised form in other port cities in his subsequent films, Les Parapluies de Cherbourg (1964) and Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1966). In its dynamic of restless peregrinatio...
A wideband circular array for frequency and 2D angle estimation

This paper presents a novel method for joint frequency and 2D angle estimation of incoming signals upon a circular array over a very wide frequency band (2–18 GHz). 1,2A temporal domain ESPRIT frequency estimation algorithm was extended for azimuth and elevation angles estimation. These direction estimation results are automatically paired with frequency. The algorithm provides non-ambiguous, high resolution and accuracy in both frequency and direction of arrival estimation over the frequency range. The DOA estimation resolution was analyzed for two signals with different frequency. The estimation accuracy vs. signal to noise ratio (SNR) and array element number were studied. The frequency estimation accuracy was compared with the standard FFT method. The DOA estimation accuracy and resolution were compared with the original MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) DOA estimation results. The proposed technique can be used for wireless communication applications and wireless sensor networks and it can also be used for RF emitter detection and tracking. The system is consistent with the Air Force's layered sensing architecture concept.
Comparison of Mobile Phases and Detection Reagents for the Separation of Triacylglycerols by Silica Gel, Argentation, and Reversed-Phase Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract Triacylglycerol standards and TGs from lard, egg yolk, and the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata were examined using TLC with various layers, solvent systems, and detection reagents. The three types of thin-layer chromatography plates used were plain silica gel, silica gel plates impregnated with AgNO3, and reversed-phase C-18 plates. The best solvents found were isopropyl alcohol-chloroform (1.5:98.5) for plain and silver-loaded silica gel TLC, and acetonitrile-methyl ethyl ketone-chloroform (50:35:15) for reversed-phase TLC. The best detection reagents were found to be phosphomolybdic acid for plain silica gel TLC and reversed-phase TLC, and 50% sulfuric acid for argentation TLC.
Mixed valence effect in phase separation of sodium borosilicate glasses

Abstract The effect of the oxidation state of iron in sodium borosilicate glasses on the immiscibility temperature and magnetic characteristics was investigated. The oxidation state was varied by changing the melting conditions and the raw materials and was determined by chemical analysis. The immiscibility temperatures of these glasses, determined by an opalescence method, showed a minimum at an intermediate oxidation state. A similar tendency has already been observed in glasses containing molybdenum oxide. Magnetic susceptibility measured at 4.2 K and the electron spin resonance signal of Fe 3+ ( g ≅4.28) observed at room temperature displayed maximum intensities for the composition where the minimum in the immiscibility temperature was observed. These results are explained in terms of the aniferromagnetic pairing of iron ions.
The tree structural organization of proteins.

Abstract We offer an objective definition of the domains of a protein, given its C α coordinates from high-resolution X-ray crystal studies. This is done by an algorithm which groups segments of the polypeptide chain together when there are a relatively large number of contacts between the two segments. The result is an organizational tree showing a hierarchy of segments grouping together, then clusters merging until all parts of the chain are included. In this view the highest level clusters correspond well to more subjective definitions of folding domains and the lowest level, the segments, roughly match the usual assignments of pieces of secondary structure. The intermediate level clusters suggest possible folding mechanisms, which are discussed.
Litigation Exposure, Capital Structure, and Shareholder Value: The Case of Brooke Group

Abstract We examine value creation and destruction in the tobacco industry due to the radical litigation strategy of Brooke Group CEO Bennett LeBow. Brooke Group had tiny market share, low margins, high leverage and highly concentrated management ownership. Beginning in 1996, the firm reached settlements in lawsuits brought against all cigarette companies by class action plaintiffs and US state governments. Brooke Group's actions, which included promises to cooperate in litigation against its rivals, spurred other companies to reach settlements on less favorable terms. These events led to massive wealth destruction within the industry but impressive returns for shareholders of Brooke Group.
Sensitivity to far-red radiation in stomata of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Rhythmic effects on conductance and photosynthesis.

The influence of far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) radiation on steady-state stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis in P. vulgaris has been studied. Whereas FR radiation alone was relatively ineffective, addition of FR to a background of white light (WL; predominantly 400–700 nm) resulted in increased stomatal conductance. Stomata exhibited a marked diurnal sensitivity to FR. The action maximum for enhancing stomatal conductance was near 714 nm. A combination of FR and infra-red (IR; >800 nm) enhanced net photosynthesis when added to a background of WL. When IR alone was added to WL, there was a net decrease in photosynthesis, indicating that it is the FR waveband which is responsible for the observed photosynthetic effects. Naturally occurring levels of FR radiation (235 μmol·m-2·s-1) in vegetation-canopy shade enhanced net photosynthetic CO2 gain by 28% when added to a background of 55 μmol·m-2·s-1 WL.
Plasma Renin Activity, Renin Substrate and Aldosterone During Treatment with Various Oral Contraceptives

ABSTRACT The effect of estrogen-containing combination oral contraceptives and chlormadinone acetate alone on plasma renin activity, renin substrate and aldosterone were compared in 16 women. Renin activity and substrate were increased on the estrogen combinations, most significantly with the highest dose of mestranol. Chlormadinone acetate had no such effect. Plasma aldosterone was, however, not significantly altered by any of the agents. The findings suggest the preferability of administering 17-acetoxy-progesterone derivatives to avoid hyperreninemia.
Second harmonic generation imaging with a kHz amplifier [Invited]

Nonlinear optical imaging is a powerful method for observing bulk and interfacial phenomena in time and space. Here, we present a step-by-step description of how to carry out second harmonic generation imaging with a kHz amplifier laser system and demonstrate its applicability for SHG microscopy studies of highly size-resolved colloidal CdSe quantum dots having radii of 1-2 nm deposited on glass slides. It is found that not all quantum dots are SHG active, which suggests that environmental effects and particle distributions are important for SHG activity of quantum dots.
Single-alternation pattern running in amygdalectomized rats.

Amygdalectomized and nonlesioned rats were administered alternated reinforced and non-reinforced trials in an alleyway. Animals with amygdala lesions showed slower response speeds during earlier stages of training. As training continued, reinforced-trial speed, characteristically faster than nonreinforced-trial speed in normal animals, was delayed in the lesioned animals. Once the lesioned animals exhibited pattern running, there were no differences between them and the nonlesioned group. These results were discussed in terms of Richardson’s (1973) theory.
Adhesion and cell movement during pollination: cherchez la femme

Pollination involves an interaction between the female tissues (stigma, style and ovary) and the male gametophyte or the pollen tube cell, which contains the sperm cells. Freezing methods now allow us to visualize the extracellular matrices that guide pollen tubes to the ovary. Adhesion of the pollen tube to these specialized extracellular matrices might be a mechanism of guidance and tube cell movement in the style. In lily, the stylar adhesion molecules are a pectin and a small, basic cysteine-rich protein, both of which are necessary to induce tube cell adhesion to an artificial, in vitro style matrix.
Review of Policies on Access to Transportation Planning Data and Models: Implications for Transportation Planning Agencies

Transportation planning agencies receive requests from both public and private entities to share their transportation planning data, models, and model output. In addition, some agencies receive requests from these entities to undertake special model runs on their behalf. Planning agencies have to respond to these requests with consideration, first, of state laws governing access to public information and, second, of the professional staff time required and the significant monetary expenses incurred in the process. Given the adverse state of public finances, planning agencies may face resource challenges in responding to such requests. This paper, first, presents the results of a literature review on data sharing/release policies for the transportation sector. Second, results of a nationwide survey of transportation planning agencies, conducted to identify primary concerns related to data release and cost recovery, are presented. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of these findings for public agencies seeking to develop policies. The literature review points to the need to develop data release and sharing arrangements so that limited public resources can be maximized and to ensure data that is released is well documented so that misuse does not occur. The survey findings indicate that the area of greatest concern for most planning agencies in sharing information is the potential for misinterpretation or misuse of data or models because they have found that often, requesters do not understand the limitations or appropriate uses of the data or models. To address these concerns, this paper makes a strong case for agencies to develop formal data and model release policies and to define a specific cost recovery structure if the agency intends to charge for services.
The Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on adolescent cognitive processing: A speed-accuracy tradeoff

Abstract A large literature of experimental animal research, clinical studies of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), and prospective longitudinal human studies has established the causal role of alcohol in adverse offspring outcomes. The current paper presents an analysis of three tasks that evaluated aspects of cognitive processing from a 14-year follow-up of 462 adolescents in a population-based, longitudinal, prospective study. The adolescents had been exposed to a broad range of maternal drinking patterns before birth, most reflecting “social” levels of drinking. The three computer-administered tasks were the Nissen sequence learning task, a spatial-visual reasoning task, and an RSVP assessment of reading speed, memory, and comprehension. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis combined 13 measures of maternal drinking into a latent variable score for dose significantly related to a similarly computed cognitive processing latent variable combining 25 outcome measures. Alcohol-related deficits on the tasks were well summarized by a single new index: a speed-accuracy tradeoff on the spatial-visual reasoning task.
MO‐D‐I‐609‐06: Image Registration of Multi‐Frame PET Data: A Simulation Study Comparing Individual Versus Collective Frame Registration Techniques

Purpose:Image registration of a multi‐frame data set in PET imaging has traditionally been performed by registering individual frames to a reference data set (IND method). In this abstract we propose, test and compare the results of a new approach that collectively register all image sets together (COL method) using a simulation study. Method and Materials: A lung lesion was simulated as a hot sphere oscillating in a warm background. The oscillation represented a patient breathing cycle. Images of the sphere at different phases of the breathing cycle were generated by first forward projecting the true image of the sphere into sinogram space, adding Poissonnoise, and reconstructing the result using ML‐EM. The reconstructed images were then registered using IND and COL methods. The same registration optimization was used for both methods. The registration quality of both methods was evaluated by calculating the mean square error (MSE) between the estimated and true displacement of the sphere at each phase of the breathing cycle following registration as well as by visual inspection. The results were also compared to an image of the sphere at a single phase and to that without motion. The effect of several simulation parameters on the registration quality were considered: 1) number of bins/cycle (10, 20, 40, 80); 2) Sphere to background ratio (2, 4, 8); and 3) number of breathing cycles (1, 2, 4, 8). Results: The MSE of COL is smaller than IND for the different simulation parameters. The improvement of COL over IND decreases as the sphere to background ratio increases, the number of bins decreases, and number of cycles increases. Visual inspection of COL registration showed better quality when compared to IND. Conclusion: COL gives better registration results by making use of all of the individual frames rather than registering one image set to another.
Oxidative Stress and the ER Stress Response in a Murine Model for Early-Stage Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and constitutes a significant socioeconomic burden. Previous work has implicated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the etiology of ALD; however, the complex and interrelated nature of these cellular responses presently confounds our understanding of ethanol-induced hepatopathy. In this paper, we assessed the pathological contribution of oxidative stress and ER stress in a time-course mouse model of early-stage ALD. Ethanol-treated mice exhibited significant hepatic panlobular steatosis and elevated plasma ALT values compared to isocaloric controls. Oxidative stress was observed in the ethanol-treated animals through a significant increase in hepatic TBARS and immunohistochemical staining of 4-HNE-modified proteins. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly decreased as a consequence of decreased CBS activity, increased GSH utilization, and increased protein glutathionylation. At the same time, immunoblot analysis of the PERK, IRE1α, ATF6, and SREBP pathways reveals no significant role for these UPR pathways in the etiology of hepatic steatosis associated with early-stage ALD. Collectively, our results indicate a primary pathogenic role for oxidative stress in the early initiating stages of ALD that precedes the involvement of the ER stress response.
Oxidative cleavage of a phenolic diarylpropane lignin model dimer by manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium

In the presence of Mn{sup II} and H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, homogeneous manganese peroxidase oxidized 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl)-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)- 1,3-dihydroxypropane (I) to yield 1-(3,5- dimethoxy-4- hydroxyphenyl)-2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-3- hydroxy propane (II), 2,6-dimethoxy- 1,4-benzoquinone (III), 2,6-dimethoxy- 1,4-dihydroxy benzene (IV), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1-oxo-2-hydroxyethane (V), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1,2-dihydroxyethane (VI), syringaldehyde (VIII), and 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 3-hydroxypropanal (IX). Chemically prepared manganese(III) malonate catalyzed the same reactions. Oxidation of I in H{sub 2}{sup 18}O under argon resulted in >80% incorporation of {sup 18}O into the phenylglycol VI, the hydroquinone IV, and the quinone III. Oxidation of I in H{sub 2}{sup 18}O under aerobic conditions resulted in 40% incorporation of {sup 18}O into VI but no {sup 18}O incorporation into V. Finally, oxidation of I under {sup 18}O{sub 2} resulted in 89% and 28% incorporation of {sup 18}O into V and VI, respectively. These results are explained by mechanisms involving the one-electron oxidation of the substrate I by enzyme-generated Mn{sup III} to produce a phenoxy radical intermediate I{prime}. Subsequent C{sub {alpha}}-C{sub {beta}} bond cleavage of the radical intermediate yields syringaldehyde (VIII) and a C{sub 6}-C{sub 2} benzylic radical. Syringaldehyde is oxidized by Mn{sup III} in several steps to a cyclohexadiene cation intermediate I{double prime}, which is attacked by water to yield the benzoquinonemore » III. The C{sub 6}-C{sub 2} radical is scavenged by O{sub 2} to form a peroxy radical that decomposes to V and VI. In these reactions, Mn{sup III} generated by manganese peroxidase catalyzes both formation of the substrate phenoxy radical and oxidation of carbon-centered radical intermediates, to yield reactive cations.« less
On the computational complexity and geometry of the first-order theory of the reals. Part III: quantifier elimination

This series of papers presents a complete development and complexity analysis of a decision method, and a quantifier elimination method, for the first order theory of the reals. The complexity upper bounds which are established are the best presently available, both for sequential and parallel computation, and both for the bit model of computation and the real number model of computation; except for the bounds pertaining to the sequential decision method in the bit model of computation, all bounds represent significant improvements over previously established bounds.
Synaptic terminal coverage of primate triceps surae motoneurons.

This study examined the synaptic terminal coverage of primate triceps surae (TS) motoneurons at the electron microscopic level. In three male pigtail macaques, motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase that was injected into TS muscles bilaterally and visualized with tetramethylbenzidine stabilized with diamino-benzidine. Somatic, proximal dendritic, and distal dendritic synaptic terminals were classified by standard criteria and measured. Overall and type-specific synaptic terminal coverages and frequencies were determined. Labeled cells were located in caudal L5 to rostral S1 ventral horn and ranged from 40 to 74 μm in diameter (average, 54 μm). The range and unimodal distribution of diameters, the label used, and the presence of C terminals on almost all cells indicated that the 15 cell bodies and associated proximal dendrites analyzed here probably belonged to α-motoneurons. Synaptic terminals covered 39% of the cell body membrane, 60% of the proximal dendritic membrane, and 40% of the distal dendritic membrane. At each of these three sites, F terminals (flattened or pleomorphic vesicles, usually symmetric active zones, average contact length 1.6 μm) were most common, averaging 52%, 56%, and 58% of total coverage and 56%, 57%, and 58% of total number on cell bodies, proximal dendrites, and distal dendrites respectively. S terminals (round vesicles, usually asymmetric active zones, average contact length 1.3 μm) averaged 24%, 29%, and 33% of coverage and 33%, 35%, and 36% of number at these three sites, respectively. Thus, S terminals were slightly more prominent relative to F terminals on distal dendrites, than on cell bodies. C terminals (spherical vesicles, subsynaptic cisterns associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum, average contact length 3.5 μm) constituted 24% and 11% of total terminal coverage on cell bodies and proximal dendrites, respectively, and averaged 11% and 6% of terminal number at these two locations. M terminals (spherical vesicles, postsynaptic Taxi bodies, some with presynaptic terminals, average contact length 2.7 μm) were absent on cell bodies and averaged 3% and 7% of total coverage and 2% and 5% of terminals on proximal and distal dendrites, respectively. Except for M terminals, which tended to be smaller distally, terminal contact length was not correlated with location. Total and type-specific coverages and frequencies were not correlated with cell body diameter. Primate TS motoneurons are similar to cat TS motoneurons in synaptic terminal morphology, frequency, and distribution. However, primate terminals appear to be smaller, so that the fraction of menitrane covered by them is lower. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developmentally regulated, low abundance Tec element transcripts in Euplotes Crassus—Implications for DNA elimination and transposition

Abstract During macromolecular development in the ciliated protozoan, Euplotes crassus, > 105 Tec elements are precisely eliminated from the genome in a 2-4 h time interval, generating extrachromosomal circular forms of the elements. Various models have proposed a transposition-based mechanism for this excision. We have tested this hypothesis by determining the abundance of transcripts of Tec element open reading frames (ORFs) and the timing of their appearance. Transcripts are very low in abundance and are only detected by PCR amplification techniques. Thus, the low levels of transcripts argue against the participation of element-encoded functions in the Tec element elimination process. The element transcripts are only detected in RNA samples from mated cells, indicating that the micronucleus and/or developing macronucleus are transcriptionally active during the sexual phase of the life cycle. The transcription detected could allow a low level of germline-specific transposition for these elements.
Geographic Variations in Elementary School‐Based Physical Activity Practices

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is associated with health and academic benefits among children, but many schools do not meet national recommendations. This study examined school-based PA practices in nationally representative samples of public elementary schools, and geographic variations in those practices. METHODS: Mail-back surveys were used to gather data from 578 public elementary schools during the 2006-2007 school year and 680 public elementary schools during the 2009-2010 school year. RESULTS: Nationwide, only 1 in 5 schools met the national recommendation of at least 150 minutes of physical education (PE) per week, although PE was more prevalent in the South. Nearly three-fourths of schools nationwide met recommendations for 20 or more minutes of recess daily, and this was more prevalent in the Midwest but less so in the South. Approximately 40% of schools offered sports and approximately 40% offered other opportunities for PA during the school day. The only practice that increased over time was formal classroom instruction on PA. CONCLUSIONS: There has been little change in elementary school-based PA practices nationwide in recent years. With the upcoming renewal of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, policymakers have an important opportunity to promote increased PA in schools. Language: en
Upper Karroo Pillow Lava and a New Sauropod Horizon in Rhodesia

LAKE Kariba was maintained at full storage level, 1,600 feet above mean sea level, for several months in 1969, and has since been drawn down to around 1,585 feet. Wave action during the period of high lake level caused considerable erosion around exposed coasts on the lake shore. At the lower level, almost continuous exposure of rock is available in parts of the Zambezi valley where natural exposures were previously poor, and it is now possible to see details of the geology hitherto hidden. This is particularly noticeable in those parts of the lake where the solid geology consists of the lavas and interbedded sediments belonging to the Stormberg (Lower Jurassic) stage of the Karroo System. Cliffs on the islands just west of the Bumi estuary (centred on lat. 16° 47′ S, long. 28° 13′ E) have proved particularly revealing.
Identification of plant species by using high spatial and spectral resolution thermal infrared (8.0–13.5 μm) imagery

Abstract High spatial and spectral resolution thermal infrared imagery (8.0–13.5 μm) from the SEBASS airborne sensor was used to analyze and map tree canopy spectral features at the State Arboretum of Virginia, near Boyce, Virginia. Fifty tree species were analyzed and about half were directly identified with varying degrees of success on the basis of spectral matched filtering that utilized laboratory-measured leaf spectra as the target signatures. Spectral averages of pixels extracted from SEBASS emissivity data compared favorably with laboratory spectra of leaves collected from individual tree species. Best results were obtained from species having relatively strong spectral contrast, wide and flat leaves, closed planophile canopies, and/or large canopy areas. Tree species having small leaves or unfavorable leaf orientations showed spectral attenuation likely resulting from cavity blackbody effects. Increased spatial resolution and better image calibration and atmospheric correction might lead to further improvements in thermal infrared plant species identification.
Analysis, design, and control of a novel optically commutated adjustable-speed motor

This paper describes the analysis, design and control of a novel, single-phase motor with a unique behavior resulting from the use of rotating power electronics mounted to the motor armature. Coils on the armature are selectively shorted by power MOSFET's which rotate with the armature, and torque is produced by interaction between currents induced in the shorted coils and the magnetic field produced by a stationary field coil. Control is limited to the timing of which armature coils are to be shorted as a function of armature speed and angle, it is possible to modulate torque production and obtain torque or speed control using only single-phase ac power and without the use of brushes or permanent magnets. An electro-mechanical model for this type of motor is presented and validated with respect to experimentation. The results show promise for achieving low- cost, adjustable-speed drives using this novel method of rotating electronics, optical communications, and computed commutation.
Pulmonary vein stenosis with normal connection: associated cardiac abnormalities and variable outcome.

Abstract Background . Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis with anatomically normal connection is considered rare, unresponsive to treatment, progressive, and usually fatal. Methods . We reviewed the records of 13 children with this diagnosis at our center since 1990. Results . The number of stenosed PVs ranged from all PVs (n = 5); three PVs (n = 1); two PVs (n = 5); and one PV (n = 2). All patients had associated congenital cardiac abnormalities. Operation on PV stenosis was attempted in 7 patients (54%), 2 of whom have done well and 5 of whom have not. Two patients underwent heart transplantation for inoperable associated cardiac lesions. Significantly more patients with three or four stenosed PVs died (83%) compared with patients with one or two stenosed PVs (0%). Conclusions . (1) Pulmonary vein stenosis with anatomically normal connection is associated with other congenital cardiac abnormalities, (2) presentation and outcome are contingent on the number of stenosed PVs, (3) surgical palliation may be helpful in some patients, and (4) heart transplantation for inoperable associated cardiac abnormalities may be an option in patients with only one or two stenosed PVs.
No facultative worker policing in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Kin selection theory predicts that in colonies of social Hymenoptera with multiply mated queens, workers should mutually inhibit ("police") worker reproduction, but that in colonies with singly mated queens, workers should favor rearing workers' sons instead of queens' sons. In line with these predictions, Mattila et al. (Curr Biol 22:2027-2031, 2012) documented increased ovary development among workers in colonies of honey bees with singly mated queens, suggesting that workers can detect and respond adaptively to queen mating frequency and raising the possibility that they facultative police. In a follow-up experiment, we test and reject the hypothesis that workers in single-patriline colonies prefer worker-derived males and are able to reproduce directly; we show that their eggs are policed as strongly as those of workers in colonies with multiply mated queens. Evidently, workers do not respond facultatively to a kin structure that favors relaxed policing and increased direct reproduction. These workers may instead be responding to a poor queen or preparing for possible queen loss.
Polynomial algorithms for m × (m + 1) integer programs and m × (m + k) diophantine systems

Recent results of Kannan and Bachem (on computing the Smith Normal Form of a matrix) and Lenstra (on solving integer inequality systems) are used with classical results by Smith to obtain polynomial-time algorithms for solving m x (m + 1) equality constrained integer programs and m x (m + k) systems of diophantine equations for fixed k.
Magnetic properties of reactively sputtered Fe1−xO and Fe3O4 thin films

We have investigated the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 thin films with thicknesses below 1000 A. Previous reports had indicated an anomalous decrease in the saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 films with thicknesses below 700 A. The films were prepared by reactive rf magnetron sputtering and effects of film thickness, oxygen flow rate, and substrate temperature were examined. A region of acceptable magnetic properties, which do not vary with film thickness, for Fe3O4 films has been found at both RT and 400 °C. Within the processing region for single‐phase Fe3O4, the magnetic properties did not vary significantly with oxygen partial pressure but did change with substrate temperature. The RT films are characterized by low saturation magnetization, 250 emu/cm3, and modest coercivity, 250 Oe. The films at 400 °C have a higher saturation magnetization, 330 emu/cm3, but also a higher coercivity, 450 Oe. The increased saturation magnetization at higher temperature results from the higher film density and lower degr...
Cryptococcal parotitis presenting as a cystic parotid mass: Report of a case diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology

We report the fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology findings that allowed us to diagnose cryptococcal parotitis in a 31-year-old HIV positive patient. The patient presented with painful and enlarged right parotid gland and a CT scan showed a cystic lesion with rim enhancement. The FNA cytology revealed yeasts of variable size, some of which had bright eosinophilic capsules in Diff-Quik stained preparations. Mucicarmine and silver stain supported the diagnosis of cryptococcal parotitis, which was later confirmed by fungal culture of the aspirated material. We thus show that fungal infection can present as a cystic parotid mass in an immunosuppressed patient and that the diagnosis can be made by FNA cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:36–38. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genome-wide modeling of complex phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster

The genetic and molecular basis for many intermediate and end stage phenotypes in model systems such as C. elegans and D. melanogaster has long been known to involve pleiotropic effects and complex multigenic interactions. Gene sets are groups of genes that contribute to multiple biological or molecular phenomena. They have been used in the analysis of large molecular datasets such as microarray data, Next Generation sequencing, and other genomic datasets to reveal pleiotropic and multigenic contributions to phenotypic outcomes. Many model systems lack species specific organized phenotype based gene sets to enable high throughput analysis of large molecular datasets. Here, we describe two novel collections of gene sets in C. elegans and D. melanogaster that are based exclusively on genetically determined phenotypes and use a controlled phenotypic ontology. We use these collections to build genome-wide models of thousands of defined phenotypes in both model species. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of these gene sets in systems analysis and in analysis of gene expression-based molecular datasets and show how they are useful in analysis of genomic datasets connecting multigenic gene inputs to complex phenotypes. Phenotypic based gene sets in both C. elegans and D. melanogaster are developed, characterized, and shown to be useful in the analysis of large scale species-specific genomic datasets. These phenotypic gene set collections will contribute to the understanding of complex phenotypic outcomes in these model systems.