cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of reduced litter size on the suckling behaviour of developing rats.

DURING the past 20 years considerable attention has been drawn to the effects of altered litter size on the growth and development of various mammals. Studies with rodents have shown that increasing litter size permanently reduces body growth by attenuating the rate of cell division and the final number of cells per organ1–5. Conversely, reduction of litter size enhances growth and development1,6–9. Altering litter size has also been shown to effect adult behaviour; by elevating emotional reactivity9–12, and reducing learning ability13 in pups raised in large litters, and by reducing emotionality in pups raised in small litters10–12. It is not known, however, how quickly behavioural differences may result from alterations in litter size. Moreover, it is unclear whether such behavioural effects are a consequence of nutritional changes or of alterations in the pups' developmental experiences. For example, behavioural differences may be due to alterations in maternal behaviour, as rats nursing small litters spend more time in the nest with these pups, and more time handling and manipulating them14,15. Additionally, varying litter size probably alters within litter competition for the nipples, and this may effect behavioural development as well. Utilising recently developed techniques for the measurement of suckling16–18 and activity19 we attempted to discover whether altering litter size directly affects the behaviour of pre-weanling rats. We now report that reducing litter size has the surprising effect of reducing both the willingness of pups to suckle and the vigour of their search behaviour on the mother. Moreover, these effects seem more directly linked to alterations in the litter experience than to nutritional differences.
Local smoothness and the price of anarchy in atomic splittable congestion games

We resolve the worst-case price of anarchy (POA) of atomic splittable congestion games. Prior to this work, no tight bounds on the POA in such games were known, even for the simplest non-trivial special case of affine cost functions.We make two distinct contributions. On the upper-bound side, we define the framework of "local smoothness", which refines the standard smoothness framework for games with convex strategy sets. While standard smoothness arguments cannot establish tight bounds on the POA in atomic splittable congestion games, we prove that local smoothness arguments can. Further, we prove that every POA bound derived via local smoothness applies automatically to every correlated equilibrium of the game. Unlike standard smoothness arguments, bounds proved using local smoothness do not always apply to the coarse correlated equilibria of the game.Our second contribution is a very general lower bound: for every set L that satisfies mild technical conditions, the worst-case POA of pure Nash equilibria in atomic splittable congestion games with cost functions in L is exactly the smallest upper bound provable using local smoothness arguments. In particular, the worst-case POA of pure Nash equilibria, mixed Nash equilibria, and correlated equilibria coincide in such games.
SU-FF-T-381: Real-Time Treatment Planning System for Prostate Photodynamic Therapy

Purpose: To develop a real‐time treatment planning system for prostate photodynamic therapy(PDT).Method and Materials: A real‐time treatment planning system has been developed for prostate PDT, which is composed of two sub‐systems, i.e., image acquisition and light fluence rate calculation engine. The whole system is built in a personal computer. The image acquisition is implemented using an image frame grabber (DT‐3120, Data Translation, Inc., MA) to acquire ultrasoundimages from a transrectal ultrasound unit in real time during a treatment. The software converts information about the organ geometries and the actual locations of the light sources on a template with 0.5‐cm grids. These data are then input into the calculation system for prediction of light fluence rate distribution. The three‐dimensional (3D) geometry of the prostate and the actual source arrangements are reconstructed and are used in the calculation, which takes into account the effect of optical heterogeneity. Treatment planning is accomplished with the prediction of 3D light fluence rate distribution. Results: The system has been tested in experiments. In a phantom experiment, transrectal ultrasoundimages of the prostate phantom during treatment were acquired and the actual locations of the linear sources were recorded. The geometry of the phantom was reconstructed and light fluence rate was calculated in the geometry with the accurate source locations. The capability of calculating light fluence rate distribution in a heterogeneous phenomenon was tested in a patient prostate. The reconstructed prostate geometry, actual source strengths, and measured heterogeneous optical properties, were used in the calculation. The predicted light fluence rate distribution showed the effect of heterogeneous distribution of optical properties.Conclusion: The real‐time treatment planning system provides an efficient tool for prostate PDT, which improves accuracy in treatment planning.
Phase stability and structure of alkali doped-beta-gallia rutile intergrowths

Abstract The incorporation of alkali cations into the tunneled structure of Ga4TiO8 was investigated and compared to predictions based on atomistic computer simulations. Samples were prepared as AxGa4−xTi1−xO8, A=Li, Na, and K, x ≤ 0.7, and as NaxGa4+xTi2−xO10 (x = 0.7, 0.85, and 1.0) using solid-state reactions at 1050–1350 °C. The sodium-containing tunneled structure, NaxGa4−xTi1−xO8, formed via solid-state reaction, but the potassium and lithium analogs did not. Instead, these systems formed mixed-phase assemblages, which are discussed in reference to compatibility triangles in the Li2O–Ga2O3–TiO2 and K2O–Ga2O3–TiO2 systems. Experimental results were compared to the results of energy minimization calculations using the General Utility Lattice Program (GULP). For the lithium-containing system, the computer simulations correctly predicted the formation of a mixed-phase assemblage containing LiGa5O8, Ga2O3, and TiO2. For the sodium- and potassium-containing system, the computer simulations suggested that mixtures of the single-cation oxide components should be the stable phase assemblages, in contradiction with experimentally observed results. Energy minimization calculations conducted on structurally different NaxGa4+xTi2−xO10 and NaxGa4+xTi3−xO12 phases indicated that those based on the n = 6 and n = 7 β-gallia rutile intergrowth structures have lower lattice energies than the experimentally observed sodium titanogallate structures reported previously in literature.
TU‐C‐201C‐02: Physical Validation of PET/CT for Imaging as a Biomarker

An expanding goal of quantitative medical imaging is it use by clinical investigators, cooperative cancer trial groups, and pharma in clinical trials of new cancer therapies. Quantitative measures of tracer uptake used in positron emission tomography(PET)imaging have been shown to be a predictor of patient outcome including pathologic response, disease‐free survival and overall survival in single institution imaging and therapy trials. There is increasing interest in using PET as a biomarker to evaluate response to therapy and possibly as an endpoint for cancertherapeutic response in multi‐center trials. However, several sources of variance and inherent in quantifying PET tracer uptake should understood and determined in order to ascertain the significance of differences in serial measurements and aid estimation of expected variances during clinical trial design. This has three distinct and linked components; (1) measuring and reducing the bias and variance of multi‐center quantitative PET/CT imaging measurements, (2) devising optimal PETimage analysis methods appropriate for quantitative PET/CT imaging in clinical trials, and (3) developing and testing guidelines for incorporating quantitative PET/CT imaging as a biomarker and measure of response in cancer clinical trial design. Underlying themes include optimizing the clinical and biologic data that can be gleaned from imaging in the setting of cancer therapy clinical trials, matching the design of the imaging components to the phase and complexity of the cancer clinical therapy trial, and matching the imaging approach to the type of tumor and the therapeutic agent.
The effects of subject race and sex and experimenter race upon classroom-related risk-taking behavior

Students, placed in a college test-taking atmosphere, chose comparison-level feedback, consisting of either “poor,” “average,” or “superior” standards of performance achieved by previous students. This choice of comparison level is assumed to be similar to risk-taking behavior. Results showed that students (black or white) exhibited more risk taking (chose a higher comparison level) in the presence of an E (teacher) of their own race. Furthermore, an interaction of S sex and race was obtained in which the white male students exhibited more risk taking than did the black male students, and the black female students exhibited more risk taking than did the white female students.
Relationship of lignin and esterified phenolics to fermentation of smooth bromegrass fibre

The importance of concentration and composition of lignin and esterified phenolics in forage cell walls was investigated relative to limitation of fibre fermentation. Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) leaf and stem tissues were analyzed for in vitro fermentability of detergent fibre fractions. The smooth bromegrass samples represented nine genotypes selected for high in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and nine genotypes selected for low IVDMD. Lignin was an important predictor of fibre fermentation for stems but not for leaves. The relationships of stem neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose, but not cellulose, fermentability to lignin concentration were different between the high and low IVDMD genotype groups. Nitrobenzene oxidation products were negatively correlated with leaf blade fibre fermentation. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, within IVDMD genotype groups, showed no relationship between fibre fermentation and lignin/phenolic measures for leaves, and primarily a lignin concentration effect in high IVDMD stems. Major differences exist in the importance of lignin concentration, lignin composition, and esterified phenolics concentrations to fibre fermentability of smooth bromegrass genotypes selected for divergent IVDMD.
Effect of intermixed foveal and parafoveal presentation on same-different judgments: evidence for a criterion-inertia model.

Subjects judged whether two adjacent letters, which were presented either 0.5° (foveal or near condition) or 2.0° (parafoveal or far condition) from fixation, were identical or different. The preponderance of false-different responses (i.e., errors onsame trials) over false-same ones increased, whereas the fast-same effect was eliminated, on the far pairs, but only when they were intermixed with near pairs rather than presented in separate (pure) blocks of trials. Intermixing the near and far pairs produced the opposite trends on near trials (i.e., smaller preponderance of false-different errors, larger fast-same effect). Carr et al., who presented trigrams, found a similar criterion misadjustment, which likewise depended on intermixed presentation. They proposed that their easy (familiar or orthographically regular) pairs produced a bias or criterion shift towards “same.” No obvious biasing features were present in the near or far pairs, however, so the criterion misadjustment found here was attributed to the combined effect of internal noise and criterion inertia, not to criterion shifting. Increasing the level of internal noise on far trials produced more spurious perceived mismatches, but on mixed blocks of near and far trials, subjects relied on a common, compromise criterion for responding versus rechecking (recheck moderate perceived differences), instead of the separate, more appropriate criteria for near trials (recheck small differences) and far trials (recheck large differences) used on pure blocks.
Exact and approximate algorithms for variable selection in linear discriminant analysis

Variable selection is a venerable problem in multivariate statistics. In the context of discriminant analysis, the goal is to select a subset of variables that accomplishes one of two objectives: (1) the provision of a parsimonious, yet descriptive, representation of group structure, or (2) the ability to correctly allocate new cases to groups. We present an exact (branch-and-bound) algorithm for variable selection in linear discriminant analysis that identifies subsets of variables that minimize Wilks' @L. An important feature of this algorithm is a variable reordering scheme that greatly reduces computation time. We also present an approximate procedure based on tabu search, which can be implemented for a variety of objective criteria designed for either the descriptive or allocation goals associated with discriminant analysis. The tabu search heuristic is especially useful for maximizing the hit ratio (i.e., the percentage of correctly classified cases). Computational results for the proposed methods are provided for two data sets from the literature.
Pulmonary Edema Associated With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

We report three cases of pulmonary edema associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, including one fatality. All three patients had cardiac disease and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions (EFs). Two patients had diabetes, and one patient had severe aortic stenosis. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may contribute to pulmonary edema by increasing LV afterload, increasing LV filling pressures, increasing oxidative myocardial stress, decreasing LV compliance by oxygen radical-mediated reduction in nitric oxide, altering cardiac output between the right and left hearts, inducing bradycardia with concomitant LV dysfunction, increasing pulmonary capillary permeability, or by causing pulmonary oxygen toxicity. We advise caution in the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with heart failure or in patients with reduced cardiac EFs.
Precipitation in the beryllium-iron system

Abstract An investigation was conducted to study the precipitation phenomena in a Be-0.95 wt.% Fe alloy and to investigate the mechanism of deformation in this precipitation-hardened system. The alloy quenched from 1050 °C and aged at low temperatures (400 °C–500 °C) gave rise to ordered Be 11 Fe precipitates partially coherent with the matrix. Nucleation of the precipitates occurred heterogeneously on dislocations and grain boundaries and subsequent growth occurred by a process of coalescence. Two percent compression caused the moving dislocations to bow-out between the precipitated particles. The dislocation density in the vicinity of the particles was much higher than in the surrounding matrix. Ten percent compression resulted in {1012} type of twinning. Whereas the moving dislocations by-passed the particles, the twins were able to shear the particles.
Creating metallic under-dense radiators by electron beam heating prior to laser impact

A pulsed, relativistic electron beam can heat a metal foil to a plasma state, and initiate an expanding flow into vacuum. At a given time in its evolution, this flow fills a nearly spherical volume with nearly uniform density, assuming a rapid expansion prior to any condensation. A metal cloud produced in this way can serve as a target of intense laser illumination to create an under-dense radiator of x-rays. The phrase ''under-dense radiator'' means that the cloud, assumed ionized, has a plasma density that is less than the critical density for the wavelength of the laser light. The example described here is of a 2 {micro}g copper foil 23 {micro}m thick and 0.16 mm in diameter, heated by 8 mJ of electron beam energy in as short a time as possible, perhaps under 50 ns. The electron beam pulse must be at least 140 nC at 100 keV in order to transit the foil and deposit 8 mJ. A 50 ns pulse focused on the target would have a current of 2.8 A, and a current density of 14 kA/cm{sup 2}. The initial plasma temperature is 0.5 eV. After 300 ns, the flow has expanded to fill a nearly spherical volume of 1 mm diameter, with a nearly uniform copper density of 1.5 x 10{sup 20} cm{sup {minus}3}. The leading edge of the cloud is expanding at 1700 m/s, while flow at the original position of the foil surface expands at 150 m/s. This cloud is nearly stationary during the short time of a laser pulse at the National Ignition Facility (NIF).
Relative Gene Expression Quantification in a Fungal Gas-Phase Biofilter

Monitoring of gas-phase biofilter performance generally relies on macroscale measurements that neglect the molecular level phenomena that can control the biodegra- dation process. The present study was undertaken to deter- mine whether or not quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) could detect changes in relative gene expression resulting from feed variations typically encountered in the field. Specifi- cally, homogentisate-1,2-dioxygenase, ElHDO, expression was quantified as a function of short-term chemical feed variations and shutdown period in a biofilter seeded with a pure culture of the fungus Exophiala lecanii-corni. ElHDO was previously shown to be involved in ethylbenzene degra- dation inE. lecanii-corni. Overall, relative gene target expres- sion numbers (TN) were consistent with gas-phase biofilter performance during each short-term experiment although no direct mathematical correlation was found between TN and ethylbenzene removal rate. During the chemical feed experiments, no effect on TN was measured in the presence of o-xylene which does not affect ElHDO expres- sion. In the presence of phenylacetate, an inducer of ElHDO, TN increased once a threshold substrate concentration was exceeded. When methyl propyl ketone, a repressor of ElHDO, was introduced, TN decreased rapidly and acted as a leading indicator of bioreactor failure. In the transient loading experiments, ElHDO expression slowly decreased over a 24-h time period when the ethylbenzene feed was discontinued, but rapidly recovered upon its re-introduc- tion. These results indicate that qRT-PCR reflects microbial activitychanges that occuringas-phase biofiltersinresponse to short-term changes in feed conditions and provides a useful complement to the macroscale measurements typi- cally collected. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 101-111. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanopatterning of “Hard” Magnetic Nanostructures via Dip-Pen Nanolithography and a Sol-Based Ink

A direct-write method for fabricating “hard” magnetic barium hexaferrite, BaFe12O19 (BaFe), nanostructures, based on dip-pen nanolithography and a sol−gel process, is presented. This method utilizes a conventional atomic force microscope tip, coated with the BaFe precursor solution, to generate patterns that can be post-treated at elevated temperature to generate magnetic features consisting of barium ferrite in its hexagonal magnetoplumbite (M-type) structure. Features ranging from several hundred nm down to below 100 nm were generated and studied using AFM, magnetic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The approach offers a new way for patterning functional inorganic nanostructures with deliberate control over feature size and shape, as well as interfeature distance and location.
Role of prism decussation on fatigue crack growth and fracture of human enamel.

The role of prism decussation on the crack growth resistance of human enamel is evaluated. Miniature inset Compact Tension (CT) specimens embodying a section of cuspal enamel were subjected to Mode I cyclic or monotonic loads. Cracks were grown in either the forward (from outer enamel inwards) or reverse (from inner enamel outwards) direction and the responses were compared quantitatively. Results showed that the outer enamel exhibits lower resistance to the inception and growth of cracks. Regardless of the growth direction, the near threshold region of cyclic extension was typical of ‘short crack’ behavior (i.e. deceleration of growth with an increase in crack length). Cyclic crack growth was more stable in the forward direction and occurred over twice the spatial distance achieved in the reverse direction. In response to the monotonic loads, a rising R-curve response was exhibited by growth in the forward direction only. The total energy absorbed in fracture for the forward direction was more than three times that in the reverse. The rise in crack growth resistance was largely attributed to a combination of mechanisms that included crack bridging, crack bifurcation and crack curving, which were induced by decussation in the inner enamel. An analysis of the responses distinguished that the microstructure of enamel appears optimized for resisting crack growth initiating from damage at the tooth’s surface.
Rationality, Melioration, and Law-of-Effect Models for Choice

Economists usually assume that human choice behavior is rational, by which they mean that it maximizes some utility function. Psychologists are more impressed by the evident irrationality of behavior and tend to look for choice mechanisms (which cannot act rationally under alt conditions). Richard Herrnstein (1990a) has recently argued that the choices of pigeons and people are dynamically driven by a moment-by-moment tendency to equalize payoff per unit of activity invested, a mechanism he terms melioration. I argue that economic models are not so bad, and melioration is not so good, as Herrnstein contends. The problem with rational choice is not that it is wrong but that it is too flexible. The problems with melioration are that it is poorly defined and refers only to events in the recent past (local events).
Left ventricular function in patients with and without myocardial infarction and one, two or three vessel coronary artery disease

Abstract Ninety-six patients with chest pain were studied to determine the relation between left ventricular function and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with and without a history of myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography was performed obtaining cineangiograms (60 frames/sec) and large roll film angiograms (2 to 6 frames/sec) for precise definition of the coronary anatomy. The criteria for diagnosis of myocardial infarction were a typical history, a rise and fall in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and evolutionary S-T segment changes associated with Q waves of at least 0.03 second. Left ventricular function was assessed by measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction, mass and compliance. Fifteen patients had normal findings; 81 were classified according to number of diseased vessels and presence or absence of myocardial infarction. There were no group differences in age or heart rate. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was abnormally increased in patients with three vessel disease and myocardial infarction. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased and the ejection fraction was reduced in patients in each vessel disease group with myocardial infarction. Although ejection fraction was reduced in patients with three vessel disease without myocardial infarction, it was further reduced when infarction occurred. Left ventricular mass increased in patients with three vessel disease with or without myocardial infarction. Values for ventricular compliance were reduced in all patients with myocardial infarction and were lower in those with two and three vessel disease and infarction than in those with two and three vessel disease without infarction. These findings suggest that a previous history of myocardial infarction needs to be considered together with anatomic abnormalities of the coronary arteries in assessing cardiac performance in patients with ischemic heart disease. In patients with one, two or three vessel coronary artery disease, a previous myocardial infarction significantly alters left ventricular performance; the ejection fraction is a more sensitive measurement of left ventricular function than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or volume.
Tracking a target in wind using a micro air vehicle with a fixed angle camera

Target tracking in wind with micro air vehicles (MAVs) can be a difficult problem. Traditional tracking systems such as radar are too heavy to mount on a MAV and are often too large for a small airframe. Cameras, laser rangers, and ultrasonic sensors provide a viable alternative and are light enough to mount on a MAV. However, each of these sensors are directional and are often mounted at fixed angles requiring airframe control to maintain the sensor on a target. We propose a method of target tracking using a fixed angle camera and derive a closed-loop guidance strategy to fix the target in the image frame using the position and velocity of the target in the image plane to command a heading rate. The resulting motion of the MAV is an elliptical orbit around the target with the target positioned at a focus of the ellipse as predicted in previous open-loop methods.
Spread-spectrum techniques for distributed space-time communication in sensor networks

Communication is widely acknowledged as a fundamental bottleneck in sensor networks with large numbers of low-cost, low-power nodes. We consider cooperative transmission of a common message signal from a cluster of sensor nodes to a remote receiver, under realistic transmission models accounting for timing and frequency synchronization offsets across the nodes. The purpose is to obtain range extension by combining the powers of the nodes in a cluster and to obtain robustness against channel impairments by exploiting the diversity naturally arising from the spatial distribution of the sensor nodes. For a simple scheme in which all nodes asynchronously transmit the same signal, we analyze the available diversity gains using an information theoretic analysis of outage capacity for wideband systems. We show that standard modulation formats can be adapted to realize diversity gains in the presence of synchronization errors. We propose simple receiver architectures that realize diversity gains and have desirable scaling properties as the number of sensors increases.
Built-In Self-Test for Embedded Voltage Regulator

The embedded voltage regulator design supports the single-chip CMOS integration market strategy to reduce the overall system cost and improve system performance. Multiply technologies, such as innovative built-in self-test technology and accurate test methodology for embedded voltage regulator are presented that is critical for test accessibility and reliability.
Characterization of progesterone receptor subunits in breast cancer cell line, CAMA-1N.

AbstractIn order to study whether cytosolic progesterone receptor (PRc) is involved in progesterone-induced proliferative arrest of breast cancer cells (CAMA-1N), submit composition of PRc in these cells was characterized. In the TSK G3000 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column, molybdate-stabilized PRc eluted as a single sharp peak immediately following the void volume. PRc from this peak had a sedimentation coefficient of 7.6 S and was eluted at 0.22 M salt from a linear gradient (0.1 to 0.4 M NaCl) in a DEAE column. When covalently labeled with [3H]R5020, analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and visualized byfluorography, PRc from crude cytosol exhibited two major protein bands with molecular weights of 105 ± 2.1 and 83 ± 3.2 kD, respectively. However, HPLC-purified PRc showed only one major band of 105 kD. These results show that PRc in CAMA-1N cells has steroid-binding components similar to other target tissues and provides a basis for further...
The role of individual behavior type in mediating indirect interactions

Trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMII) play an important role in structuring natural communities, and numerous studies have experimentally demonstrated their presence in a variety of systems. However, these studies have largely examined the presence or absence of traits that are responsible for these interactions, without considering natural variation between individuals in the extent to which these traits are manifested. We used a well-documented TMII to investigate the importance of individual behavior type for determining the strength of the TMII. The toadfish Opsanus tau has an indirect positive influence on bivalve survival because the mud crab Panopeus herbstii, a consumer of bivalves, reduces foraging effort in the presence of toadfish. We quantified variation in the strength of persistent individual mud crab responses to toadfish and resulting variation in the strength of TMII. We demonstrate that the strength of this TMII is strongly influenced by mud crab size and behavior type, strengthening with the intensity of response of individual mud crabs to toadfish predator cues. Further, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution within intertidal oyster reefs of crabs with different behavior types is not random; mud crabs inhabiting subtidal areas, where predator cues are more persistent, are significantly less responsive to toadfish cues than mud crabs from intertidal areas. This spatial behavioral structure should lead to spatial variation in the strength of TMII. Given the widespread importance of TMII and the broad occurrence of individual personality or behavior types across numerous taxa, these results should be generally applicable. The distribution of behavior types within a population may therefore be a useful metric for improving our ability to predict the strength of TMII.
Development in the Family

In this chapter we review theoretical conceptual and empirical advances in family research and the implications for children's development. Three interdependent family subsystems are considered: the parent-child subsystem, the marital subsystem, and the sibling subsystem. Recent work on the family as a unit of analysis is reviewed as well. Several determinants of family socialization strategies are noted, including child and parental characteristics and resources and social capital available to families. Ethnicity is considered by reviewing recent advances in our understanding of African American, Asian American, and Hispanic families. Several new directions in family research are highlighted. These include research on the linkage between families and work, gay and lesbian parenting, the new reproductive technologies, and the effect of parental incarcerations on families. Future trends in family research are noted, including the role of genetics, the biological correlates of family processes, the role of intervention and prevention designs in family research, and the importance of process work on ethnicity-oriented family research.
Work in progress-male and female engineering student roles and interaction styles on online collaborative learning teams

New types of open-ended problems called "model eliciting activities" have been implemented in Purdue's required freshman engineering course Engr 106: engineering problem-solving and computer tools to promote higher level learning. By requiring a broad skill set, emphasizing technical topics in a broad social and environmental context, and incorporating teaming, these problems could also promote a more equitable learning environment. To this end, we are interested in investigating the types of interactions in which students engage as they solve these problems in teams of four. Transcripts of the discussion boards of sixteen Engr 106 student teams collaboratively solving the problems online have been examined. In this paper, we will provide descriptions of the types of roles (e.g. facilitator, critic, validator) students adopt on teams and the styles (e.g. authoritative, collaborative) with which they enact their roles as well as an overview of the qualitative research techniques and the theoretical framework we employed to identify these roles and styles. Preliminary data including coding reliabilities, the frequencies with which male and female engineering students adopt certain roles or styles, and the enactment of power within the student teams will be presented. Such knowledge will provide insight on how to better teach teaming and diversity awareness, set up student teams, and assess "effective" teamwork.
Providing optimal emergency care for medically underserved children

Abstract Although “medically indigent” children are a heterogeneous group, the emergency care of such patients requires that the practitioner be aware of many factors which impact their evaluation and treatment plans. After outlining the eligibility requirements for various programs, this article reviews the demographic composition and emergency department utilization patterns of children receiving public assistance, as well as those lacking insurance. Recommendations are then provided to help the emergency provider ensure high quality care in the presence of adverse conditions including poverty, adolescent parenthood, multiple caregivers, lack of access to primary care, and the challenges of living in public housing and shelters.
Transformations for the synthesis and optimization of asynchronous distributed control

Asynchronous design has been the focus of renewed interest. However, a key bottleneck is the lack of high-quality CAD tools for the synthesis of large-scale systems which also allow design-space exploration. This paper proposes a new synthesis method to address this issue, based on transformations. The method starts with a scheduled and resource-bounded Control-Data Flow Graph (CDFG). Global transformations are first applied to the entire CDFG, unoptimized controllers are then extracted, and, finally, local transforms are applied to the individual controllers. The result is a highly-optimized set of interacting distributed controllers. The new transforms include aggressive timing- and area-oriented optimizations, several of which have not been previously supported by existing asynchronous CAD tools. As a case study the method is applied to the well-known differential equation solver synthesis benchmark. Results comparable to a highly-optimized manual design by Yun et al. (1997) can be obtained by applying the new automated transformations. Such an implementation cannot be obtained using existing asynchronous CAD tools.
Altimeter data for operational use in the marine environment

TOPEX/Poseidon has been collecting altimeter data continuously since October 1992. Altimeter data have been used to produce maps of sea surface height, geostrophic velocity, significant wave height, and wind speed. This information is of proven use to mariners as well as to the scientific community. Uses of the data include commercial and recreational vessel routing, ocean acoustics, input to geographic information systems developed for the fishing industry, identification of marine mammal habitats, fisheries management, and monitoring ocean debris. As with sea surface temperature data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, altimeter data from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2 are in the process of being introduced to the marine world for operational maritime use. It is anticipated that over the next few years companies that specialize in producing custom products for shipping agencies, fisheries and yacht race competitors will be incorporating altimeter data into their products. The data are also being incorporated into weather and climate forecasts by operational agencies both in the US and Europe. This paper will discuss these products, their uses, operational demonstrations and means of accessing the data.
Breast-feeding and the return to ovulation in Durango, Mexico

Twenty-nine breast-feeding mothers and 10 non-breast-feeding postpartum comparison mothers from a rural area of Mexico were followed longitudinally until ovulation resumed. A simple set of guidelines is described involving three obvious milestones for the breast-feeding mother to safely use the natural contraceptive benefit of breast-feeding. Those milestones are: the first vaginal bleeding episode, the initiation of supplementation, and the child's monthly birthday. In the absence of bleeding and supplementation, 100% of breast-feeding mothers remained anovular for 3 months postpartum, 96% for 4 months, 96% for 5 months, and 96% for 6 months. This suggests that, if a mother understands these three conditions, she can use breast-feeding alone as effectively as modern family planning methods for the prevention of pregnancy.
Employing Active-Learning Techniques and Metacognition in Law School: Shifting Energy from Professor to Student

What is metacognition and why have your students engage in it? Metacognition is an instructional tool that "shifts energy from professor to student." Researchers in fields of psychology and education have found metacognition to be an effective method to engage students in the learning process. Law students are diverse in their learning styles, according to assessments performed annually at St. John's University School of Law. Law professors are encouraged to engage students in active learning and metacognitive exercises. This article presents examples of teaching techniques involving active engagement and metacognition.
The effect of unreinforced-reinforced sequences on resistance to extinction following partial reinforcement

A previous experiment had pointed to the number of unreinforced-reinforced (UR) sequences as the crucial variable in determining the magnitude of the increased resistance to extinction following partial reinforcement, called the partial reinforcement effect (PRE). Fifty albino rats were the Ss. A 2 by 2 factorial design was used with number of UR sequences as one factor; percentage, number, and length of run of nonreinforcements were confounded as the other factor. The magnitude of the PRE was not a function of UR sequences but it increased as the percentage, number, and length of run of nonreinforcements increased.
Russkaia Druzhba: Russian Friendship in American and Israeli Contexts

Conversations with recent immigrants from the Soviet Union' often revolve around the theme of druzhba. In Israel and America alike, Russian-Jewish newcomers wistfully and passionately describe their old circles of friends as involved in absorbing conversations about literature, cinema, and news from abroad. As they reminisce, Soviet Jewish immigrants break into smiles and relate the political jokes and critical anecdotes they heard and told in these circles. They tell too of friends pooling scarce resources to help each other purchase a car, an apartment or summer home, a once-in-a-lifetime find on the black market, or, simply, food. Happily they remember birthday and New Year's parties that just seemed to have happened; they describe festive singing and dancing in joyful gatherings that were never formal or prearranged.
Urinary tract infections.

The treatment of urinary tract infections is simplified if they are classified in four groups: uncomplicated acute, complicated acute, asymptomatic and chronic bacteriuria. This makes it easier to decide whether active treatment is indicated, when to start treatment, how long to give it, and which drugs to use. The primary rationale for vigorous treatment is the prevention of morbidity associated with the infection rather than prevention of chronic uremia.
The hopelessly unconscious patient.

The great advances in medicine have brought countless benefits to mankind. Many patients today enjoy active, comfortable, productive lives after being literally brought back from the dead by our resuscitative skills. On the other hand, the same scientific advances have created a tremendous moral, medical and ethical problem for society and the physician—the problem of the hopelessly unconscious patient. Are we prolonging life in these patients or merely prolonging the act of dying? When should we, if ever, stop trying to sustain a patient's life? What is life and, perhaps of greater importance, what is death?These are some of the questions Dr. Adriani and Father Moraczewski examine. These gentlemen, of great stature in their respective fields, hold somewhat divergent views of this problem but share a common deep concern and compassion for the hopelessly unconscious patient.
Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition Diagnosis on Cucumber in Greenhouse

Using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter and nitrate reflectometer to study diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition on the cucumber(Cucumis sativus) in greenhouse.The results showed that fertilization had effect on leaves SPAD values and with a certain amount of nitrogen increases the SPAD values are also increased.The new leaves and mature leaves of the SPAD's the ratio reflects of nitrogen nutritional status.The mature leaves of SPAD values correlation with nitrogen is greater than the new leaves'.Fertilization also affected the nitrate content of petiole.In a certain amount,the nitrate content of petiole increased with the nitrogen.In the fruiting stage,there is a linearly correlate between nitrate content and nitrogen consumption(r=0.960 6).Each additional 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer,nitrate concentrations increase 10-30 mg/kg,late top-dressing is more easy cause the accumulation of nitrate.
Determination of Anthocyanin in Black Rice by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The paper proposed a method to detect anthocyanin contents in black rice with HPLC.The black rice flour was extracted with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether under the assistance of ultrasound treatment followed by concentration.Then,the extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography.A good linear relationship determined by HPLC method was observed when anthocyanin concentration was in the range of 0.005 2-0.052 mg/mL(R2=0.999 8).The average recovery rate for anthocyanin was 99.72% with 0.91% of relative standard deviations(RSD),and the lowest limitation of anthocyanin is 0.1 ng/mL.The method,which is simple,stable and accurate,can be used for screening black rice varieties with high anthocyanin contents from black rice germplasm resources.
A Study on the Correlation of Calpain 10 Gene SNP44 Polymorphism with Genetic Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabets in Kunming

Objective To explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphism-SNP44 of Calpain 10 gene with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Kunming.Methods The polymorphism of site UCSNP44(T/C) in Calpain 10 gene was detected by Polymerase chain reaction and Allele specific amplification(PCR-ASA)in 131 type 2 diabetic patients and 131 non-diabetic controls who were selected using case-control study in the Kunming urban communities.Results The frequency of"C"allele and"TC"gene of SNP44 in type 2 diabetic patients was significantly higher than that in the controls.Conclusion The study suggested that the polymorphism-SNP44 of Calpain10 gene may be associated with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Kunming population.
A Novel DR5 B1 (DRw11) Chain with a Distinctive Third Diversity Region

We have utilized the polymerase chain reaction technique using primers specific for the conserved region flanking the first domain of DRB genes to amplify specific cDNA from the lymphoblastoid cell line OPBU. Two distinct DRB chain sequences were obtained from 43 of 45 clones. One has a nucleotide sequence that has been characterized in our laboratory as that of the DRwIOB chain. A second DRB chain appears to be a novel DR5 allele. This variant DR5B1 chain (0P5) is identical in its first and second diversity regions to previously sequenced DR5B1 chains in the DR5 cell lines SWEI and FPA. In contrast, the third diversity region of OP5 differed in sequence from previously defined DR5B1 chains and was identical to the sequences of DRw6a and DR4, Dw10 DRB1 chains in this region.
Abstract A088: Increase lymphocyte infiltration overcomes tumor resistance to checkpoint blockade

Spontaneous T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment is associated with clinical responses to immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockades. However, majority of established tumors often inhibit peripheral T cells entering tumor tissues for tumor destruction and/or prevent effective T cell priming. Previous studies in our lab have shown that upregulation of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT (also known as TNFSF14) in peripheral tissues results in T cell activation and migration into non-lymphoid tissues and formation of lymphoid-like structures, which lead to rapid T cell-mediated tissue destruction. Furthermore, local expression of LIGHT by tumor cells may promote the formation of lymphoid-like structures for direct T-cell sequestration and activation, leading to tumor regression. Those data suggest LIGHT as an interesting candidate to create T cell-inflamed tumor environment. To better evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of human LIGHT protein in both murine and human systems, we engineered human LIGHT by random mutation using yeast-display system, and were able to generate a human LIGHT mutant which binds to both murine and human receptors while remains stable. To specifically target LIGHT to tumor tissues, an antibody-LIGHT fusion protein was generated. In different mouse models, we found that antibody-LIGHT induces a T cell inflamed tumor environment. This is correlated with an upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, and leads to the rejection of established tumors. More importantly, we observed that LIGHT-mediated T cell inflamed environment is critical for restoring the efficacy of checkpoint blockade therapy. When we blocked lymphocyte trafficking, a tumor previously responding to checkpoint blockade became resistant to therapy. This process can be reversed by treating with LIGHT. Our study indicates that targeting LIGHT may be an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy, especially those who do not response to checkpoint blockade due to the lack of infiltration. Citation Format: Haidong Tang, Yang Wang, Yang-Xin Fu. Increase lymphocyte infiltration overcomes tumor resistance to checkpoint blockade. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A088.
In-Situ Mitigation of Silent Data Corruption in PDE Solvers

We present algorithmic techniques for parallel PDE solvers that leverage numerical smoothness properties of physics simulation to detect and correct silent data corruption within local computations. We initially model such silent hardware errors (which are of concern for extreme scale) via injected DRAM bit flips. Our mitigation approach generalizes previously developed "robust stencils" and uses modified linear algebra operations that spatially interpolate to replace large outlier values. Prototype implementations for 1D hyperbolic and 3D elliptic solvers, tested on up to 2048 cores, show that this error mitigation enables tolerating orders of magnitude higher bit-flip rates. The runtime overhead of the approach generally decreases with greater solver scale and complexity, becoming no more than a few percent in some cases. A key advantage is that silent data corruption can be handled transparently with data in cache, reducing the cost of false-positive detections compared to rollback approaches.
Current Status of Vascular Access Techniques

The authors describe in detail vascular access techniques that have proved to be most useful to them in a variety of situations, including total parenteral nutrition, dialysis, cancer chemotherapy and chronic intravenous medication, and plasmapheresis.