cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Core substructure in cyanobacterial phycobilisomes

The tricylindrical core of Synechocystis 6701 phycobilisomes is made up of four types of allophycocyanin-containing complexes: A, (αAP βAP)3; B, (αAP βAP)3 .10K; C, (ααβ).10K; D, (αAP βAP)2.18.5K.99K; where AP is allophycocyanin, APB is allophycocyanin B, and 10K, 18.5K, and 99K are polypeptides of 10,000, 18,500, and 99,000 daltons, respectively. The 18.5K polypeptide is a hitherto unrecognized biliprotein subunit with a single phycocyanobilin prosthetic group. The tricylindrical core is made up of 12 subcomplexes in the molar ratio of A:B:C:D: of 4:4:2:2. Complexes C and D act as terminal energy acceptors. From these results and previous analysis of the bicylindrical core of Synechococcus 6301 phycobilisomes [14,15] it is proposed that the two cylinders of the Synechocystis 6701 core, proximal to the thylakoid membrane, each have the composition ABCD, and that the distal cylinder has the composition A2B2.
Perceived Racial Discrimination as a Predictor of Health Behaviors: the Moderating Role of Gender

Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has been implicated in undermining the mental and physical health of racial/ethnic minorities (e.g., Williams et al. in Am J Public Health 93:200–208, 2003; Wong et al. in J Pers 71:1197–1232, 2003). Researchers have begun to explore the indirect role of health behaviors as one factor in helping to explain this relationship. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between PRD and a wide range of health behaviors using a prospective, longitudinal design and to explore the role of gender in moderating these relationships. Using data from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study, we examined the relationship between adolescent PRD (accumulated across ages 14–21) and health behaviors (i.e., diet, substance use, exercise) at age 30 in a sample of middle-class black men and women. Using structural equation modeling, results revealed that more cumulative PRD during adolescence was associated with less healthy eating, more substance use (among men), and more exercise (among women) in young adulthood. Implications of these findings for understanding the role of health behaviors in explaining the link between PRD and health outcomes are considered.
The Latest on Volcanic Eruptions and Climate

What was the largest volcanic eruption on Earth since the historic Mount Pinatubo eruption on 15 June 1991? Was the Toba super­eruption 74,000 years ago—the largest in the past 100,000 years—responsible for a human genetic bottleneck or a 1000-year-long glacial advance? What role did small volcanic eruptions play in the reduced global warming of the past decade? What caused the Little Ice Age? Was the April 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland important for climate change? What do volcanic eruptions teach us about new ideas on geoengineering and nuclear winter? These are some of the questions that have been answered since the review article by Robock [2000]. Reviews by Forster et al. [2007] and Timmreck [2012] go into some of these topics in much greater detail.
The prolactin-stimulating potency of reserpine in man

Abstract The prolactin (PRL) response to 0.5 mg i.m. of reserpine was compared to 0.5 mg i.m. of haloperidol in eight young men. The fact that reserpine was found to be a potent releaser of PRL—significantly greater than haloperidol—suggests a major role of storage pool dopamine in regulating PRL secretion. Since the PRL response to neuroleptics is highly correlated with clinical potency, reserpine could be a potent antipsychotic, and further clinical trials are indicated.
Cost-Effectiveness of a Staphylococcus aureus Screening and Decolonization Program for High-Risk Orthopedic Patients

We conducted a Markov decision analysis to assess the cost savings associated with a preoperative Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization program on 365 hip and knee arthroplasties and 287 spine fusions. A 2-way sensitivity analysis was also used to calculate the needed reduction in surgical site infections to make the program cost saving. If cost of treating an infected hip or knee arthroplasty is equal to the cost of a primary knee arthroplasty, then the screening program needs to result in a 35% reduction in the revision rate, or a relative revision rate of 65% for patients in the screening program, to be cost saving. For spine fusions, the reduction in the revision rate to make the program cost saving is only 10%. Universal Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization for hip and knee arthroplasty and spinal fusion patients needs to result in only a modest reduction in the surgical site infection rate to be cost saving.
Regulation of germinal vesicle breakdown in starfish oocytes.

Abstract A small molecular weight factor, which causes breakdown of the germinal vesicle of isolated immature oocytes maintained in normal or CaFSW, was separated from the ovaries of starfish. Addition of RNF to ovarian tissue increased the amount of this substance.
Recursive approach to copolymerization statistics

Abstract A new method is presented for calculating average values of molecular weight, chain length and sequence distributions in linear copolymerization. The method provides a considerable expedient to these results over most other approaches since the average values are calculated directly, bypassing the calculation of distributions themselves. The approach is applicable to polymerizations possessing a first order Markovian statistical character, and relies on the recursive nature of this type of chain. Several examples are given, some new results for the AA, BB, CC (urethane-like) system are obtained and the recursive approach is contrasted with older approaches.
Challenges in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation is a procedure that has waned in its application over the past decade but remains a beneficial procedure for properly selected candidates. This review discusses some of the newer, relevant studies in the field, focusing on outcomes with hepatocellular carcinoma, ABO-incompatible transplant, and issues in donor complications and safety.
A Multicultural Assessment Supervision Model to Guide Research and Practice

Multicultural assessment supervision is supervision of an assessment process in which the person assessed and the assessor are from different cultural backgrounds, the supervisor and the trainee are from different cultural backgrounds, or an instrument used in the assessment was developed with a cultural group different from that of the person assessed. A multicultural assessment competency model is presented to guide research and practice in multicultural assessment supervision. The model describes multicultural assessment competence areas, supervisor characteristics, supervision process variables, and supervision task areas important in the development of cultural competence in assessment practice. A significant demographic shift has occurred in the United States over the past 25 years. Individuals from nonwestern cultural groups compose an increasing proportion of the population. In many urban centers, ethnic minority groups together constitute the majority population, and these growth trends will likely continue or even accelerate (Schmitt, 2001; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2006). Psychologists' caseloads are changing accordingly as they provide services to increasing numbers of individuals from multi- cultural groups. These larger societal changes are also reflected in the ranks of professional psychology. The most recent available data on the ethnic composition of psychology graduate students in the United States is for 2003-2004. These data indicated 27.3% of graduate students were members of ethnic minority groups (Norcross, Kohout, & Wicherski, 2005). These trends have impor- tant implications for clinical supervision, including assessment supervision, which will become increasingly multicultural. Unlike many other occupational groups, professionals are granted significant autonomy in their work roles. One responsibil- ity accompanying this autonomy is self-regulation through main- tenance of professional standards. Training and supervision are central to self-regulation in psychology through their role in main- taining professional standards (Holloway & Neufeldt, 1995). As- sessment is one of professional psychology's historical roots and contemporary distinguishing features. Given demographic trends, supervision of multicultural psychological assessment will become increasingly important in professional self-regulation. At present, no models exist to guide multicultural assessment supervision research and practice.
Control of catalytically generated electroosmotic fluid flow through surface zeta potential engineering

The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at bimetallic junctions has been shown to produce a local electric field capable of driving both electroosmotic fluid flow and electrophoretic forces on charged particles. The direction of the electroosmotic fluid flow depends on the metal surface zeta potential. We demonstrate that the direction of fluid flow can be controlled by the use of self-assembled monolayers to engineer the surface charge. In particular, silver disks were patterned on a gold-coated silicon surface. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, gold behaves as an anode generating protons, and silver behaves as a cathode consuming protons, thus forming a local electric field extending from the gold surface to the silver surface. This electric field distribution results in an outward (away from the silver disk) electrophoretic force on a negative tracer and an inward force on a positive tracer. By selectively functionalizing the gold surface with either negatively charged carboxylic-acid-func...
Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: biologic activity and therapeutic implications

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol extracted from green tea, is an antioxidant with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions. Based on its ability to modulate growth factor-mediated cell proliferation, we evaluated its efficacy in multiple myeloma (MM). EGCG induced both dose- and time-dependent growth arrest and subsequent apoptotic cell death in MM cell lines including IL-6-dependent cells and primary patient cells, without significant effect on the growth of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and normal fibroblasts. Treatment with EGCG also led to significant apoptosis in human myeloma cells grown as tumors in SCID mice. EGCG interacts with the 67-kDa laminin receptor 1 (LR1), which is significantly elevated in myeloma cell lines and patient samples relative to normal PBMCs. RNAi-mediated inhibition of LR1 resulted in abrogation of EGCG-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells, indicating that LR1 plays an important role in mediating EGCG activity in MM while sparing PBMCs. Evaluation of changes in gene expression profile indicates that EGCG treatment activates distinct pathways of growth arrest and apoptosis in MM cells by inducing the expression of death-associated protein kinase 2, the initiators and mediators of death receptor-dependent apoptosis (Fas ligand, Fas, and caspase 4), p53-like proteins (p73, p63), positive regulators of apoptosis and NF-κB activation (CARD10, CARD14), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16 and p18). Expression of related genes at the protein level were also confirmed by Western blot analysis. These data demonstrate potent and specific antimyeloma activity of EGCG and provide the rationale for its clinical evaluation.
The question of remote steric effects

Abstract Remote steric effects, thought to arise from long hydrocarbon chains coiling about reactive sites, are absent in three non-aqueous systems designed to maximize the effect.
Designing a VH-mode core/L-mode edge discharge

An operating mode with a very high confinement core like the VH-mode but a very low power flow to the divertor plates and low edge particle confinement like an L-mode would be beneficial. For a large tokamak like the proposed ITER, the power density at the separatrix is not that far above the scaled H-mode power threshold so not much of the power can be radiated inside of the separatrix without causing a return to L-mode. The thicker scrape-off layer of an L-mode increases the radiating volume of the scrape-off layer and helps shield impurities from the core. This is especially important if the first wall is metallic. In this paper an H-mode transport model based on E x B velocity shear suppression of turbulence will be used to show that it is possible to have a strongly radiating mantle near the separatrix, which keeps the edge in L-mode, while having a VH-mode core with a broad region of suppressed turbulence. The existing results of enhanced L-mode confinement during impurity injection on a number of tokamaks will be surveyed. The operating conditions which will most likely result in the further improvement of the core confinement by control of the heating, fueling, and torque profiles will be identified.
Strategy hubs: Domain portals to help find comprehensive information

Recent studies suggest that the wide variability in type, detail, and reliability of online information motivate expert searchers to develop procedural search knowledge. In contrast to prior research that has focused on finding relevant sources, procedural search knowledge focuses on how to order multiple relevant sources with the goal of retrieving comprehensive information. Because such procedural search knowledge is neither spontaneously inferred from the results of search engines, nor from the categories provided by domain-specific portals, the lack of such knowledge leads most novice searchers to retrieve incomplete information. In domains like healthcare, such incomplete information can lead to dangerous consequences. To address the above problem, a new kind of domain portal called a Strategy Hub was developed and tested. Strategy Hubs provide critical search procedures and associated high-quality links to enable users to find comprehensive and accurate information. We begin by describing how we collaborated with physicians to systematically identify generalizable search procedures to find comprehensive information about a disease, and how these search procedures were made available through the Strategy Hub. A controlled experiment suggests that this approach can improve the ability of novice searchers in finding comprehensive and accurate information, when compared to general-purpose search engines and domain-specific portals. We conclude with insights on how to refine and automate the Strategy Hub design, with the ultimate goal of helping users find more comprehensive information when searching in unfamiliar domains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Muscle fiber type composition of the rat hindlimb

The purpose of this study was to estimate the absolute and relative masses of the three types of skeletal muscle fibers in the total hindlimb of the male Sprague-Dawley rat (Rattus norvegicus). For six rats, total body mass was recorded and the following weights taken from dissection of one hindlimb: 32 individual major muscles or muscle parts, remaining skeletal musculature (small hip muscles and intrinsic foot muscles), bone, inguinal fat pad, and skin. The fibers from the 32 muscles or muscle parts (which constituted 98% of the hindlimb skeletal muscle mass) were classified from histochemistry as fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), or slow-twitch oxidative (SO), and their populations were determined. Fiber cross-sectional areas from the same muscles were measured with a digitizer. Mass of each of the fiber types within muscles and in the total hindlimb was then calculated from fiber-type population, fiber-type area, and muscle-mass data. Skeletal muscle made up 71% of the total hindlimb mass. Of this, 76% was occupied by FG fibers, 19% by FOG fibers, and 5% by SO fibers. Thus, the FG fiber type is clearly the predominant fiber type in the rat hindlimb in terms of muscle mass. Fiber-type mass data are compared with physiological (blood flow) and biochemical (succinate dehydrogenase activities) data for the muscles taken from previous studies, and it is demonstrated that these functional properties are closely related to the proportions of muscle mass composed of the various fiber types.
Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation: A simplified dome advancement technique

Laparoscopic Boari flap reimplantation has been used to treat long distal ureteral strictures. This technique requires extensive bladder mobilization and complex intracorporeal suturing. This Video demonstrates a novel laparoscopic bladder dome advancement approach for ureteral reimplantation. This technique obviates the need for bladder pedicle dissection and simplifies the required suturing.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection and Diarrheal Disease in Patients Who Were Not Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Case Report and Review

We describe the identification of the protozoan parasite Enterocytozoon bieneusi in the stool of a patient who was not infected with HIV but who presented with persistent diarrheal disease and severe abdominal complaints. The patient was not infected with HIV but had been noted to have a decreased CD4 cell count since at least 1992 and had had a prior episode of cryptococcal meningitis. The organisms were detected in stool smears with a modified trichrome stain and were identified to the species level by transmission electron microscopy of the stool. The patient responded readily and dramatically to treatment with albendazole, with resolution of symptoms and clearance of the organisms from the stool. Eight or possibly nine other cases of E. bieneusi infection associated with diarrheal disease in individuals who were not infected with HIV were identified in the English-language literature. In two individuals with intact immune function, symptoms were self-limited and diarrheal disease resolved within 2 weeks. The cases summarized herein suggest that E. bieneusi may be more commonly associated with sporadic diarrheal disease than was previously suspected and that the immune system may play a role in the control of this organism within the intestine.
Association of Cognitive Functioning, Incident Stroke, and Mortality in Older Adults

Background and Purpose—Stroke increases the risk of dementia; however, bidirectional association of incident stroke and cognitive decline below dementia threshold is not well established. Also, both cognitive decline and stroke increase mortality risk. Methods—A longitudinal population-based cohort of 7217 older adults without a history of stroke from a biracial community was interviewed at 3-year intervals. Cognitive function was assessed using a standardized global cognitive score. Stroke was determined by linkage with Medicare claims, and mortality was ascertained via the National Death Index. We used a Cox model to assess the risk of incident stroke, a joint model with a piecewise linear mixed model with incident stroke as a change point for cognitive decline process, and a time-dependent relative risk regression model for mortality risk. Results—During follow-up, 1187 (16%) subjects had incident stroke. After adjusting for known confounders, lower baseline cognitive function was associated with a hig...
Leaching of soil‐active herbicides in acid, low base saturated sands: Worst‐case conditions

Effects of litter-humus treatments and precipitation acidity on the mobility of the soil-active herbicides hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and sulfometuron methyl were determined in 15- × 150-cm lysimeters with intact soil columns collected from six sites across the northern Lake states. Each column had received a cap of litter-humus from either a jack pine or mixed hardwood stand, or a quartz sand (control) and was preconditioned by treatment with rainwater acidified to pH 5.4 or 4.2, applied weekly throughout the growing season for four years. 14C-labeled material was added to the commercial formulation of each product and applied at 2.24 kg (active ingredient [a.i.])/ha of hexazinone and tebuthiuron and 42.5 g (a.i.)/ha of sulfometuron methyl. Acidified rainwater was applied weekly to approximate ambient precipitation; additional water was applied on three occasions. Soil water was sampled once at 10, 20, and 40 cm, and 10 times at the 150-cm level over the 130-d post-treatment. Sulfometuron methyl apparently had dissipated by 80 d post-treatment and was not detected below 20 cm. At the 150-cm level, hexazinone and tebuthiuron were detected in leachate beginning 52 and 66 d post-treatment, respectively. Leaching of both products was affected significantly by litter-humus treatment; by amount of applied rainwater, and for tebuthiuron, by site. The lack of a humus cover increased the amount of hexazinone at 150 cm by nearly threefold and tebuthiuron by nearly fivefold. The greatest leaching occurred after high applications of water and on the four sites with the lowest pH and base saturation. The combination of soil characteristics, litter-humus treatments, and applied precipitation provides reference values for worst-case conditions likely to be encountered in the Lake states region.
Effects of Dehydration on the Critical Thermal Maximum of the Desert Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola)

Abstract At the extreme southwestern part of its range in southeastern Arizona, annual surface activity of the Desert Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola) is limited primarily to the three-month summer monsoon. Turtles emerging at the beginning of the monsoon are severely dehydrated. We examined the effects of dehydration on the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) of T. o. luteola. Compared to normally hydrated turtles, the CTMax of dehydrated turtles was depressed about two degrees from 41.0–39.0°C.
Mayan visions from within and beyond

Goodman, Felicitas D. 2001. Maya apocalypse. Seventeen years with the women of a Yucatan village. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. xx + 544 pp. $59.95. ISBN: 0 253 33908 1. Hervik, Peter. 2003. Mayan people within and beyond boundaries. Social categories and lived identity in Yucatan . New York and London: Routledge. xxxi + 214 pp. Pb.: £18.99. ISBN: 0 415 9426 7. Nash, June C. 2001. Mayan visions. The quest for autonomy in an age of globalisation . New York and London: Routledge. xix + 303 pp. Pb.: £15.99. ISBN: 0 415 92861 3. More than half a century after Robert Redfield first used his rural–urban continuum to explain cultural change in Mexico, Mayan scholars now contend with subtly different and equally paradoxical scales: the individual and collective, agency and constraint, continuity and change, participant and observer, and, of course, the local and global. We live in a world where information, identities, beliefs, cognition, social relations, economies and politics are no longer isolated phenomena but rather linked to the global network that connects us all. Yet, on the other hand, we live and have collective beliefs, social concerns, ideas of self and intimacies that appear and feel more local than global. June C. Nash, Felicitas D. Goodman and Peter Hervik deal with the paradoxes of our contemporary world by utilising distinct styles, theories, methods, individuals and means of analysis in their representations of the lives and struggles of the Mayan people of Mexico.
A critical assessment of post-prostatectomy prostate specific antigen doubling time acceleration--is it stable?

Purpose: We examined a retrospective cohort of patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy to determine whether prostate specific antigen doubling time would remain stable with time. We also examined the relationship between other clinical parameters and the change in prostate specific antigen doubling time.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the prostate cancer database from 1989 to 2008 to identify patients treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer who experienced prostate specific antigen recurrence. Of the 2,237 patients identified 329 had biochemical recurrence. Prostate specific antigen doubling time was calculated at each visit and linear regression of prostate specific antigen doubling time with time was fit. Rate of change in prostate specific antigen doubling time was defined as the slope of the least squares regression line.Results: Median followup was 5 years (range 0.2 to 18). High Gleason score and local recurrence within 5 years were significantly as...
On the Computation of Allowable Bounds for Parametric Uncertainty

The problem of stability analysis of linear systems under parametric uncertainty is considered. The Lyapunov direct method is used to derive allowable upper-bounds on the parameters such that the stability of the perturbed system is guaranteed. An optimisation procedure is used for systematically choosing the best Lyapunov matrix so that the conservation on the upper-bounds is reduced. A `non-conservative' expression is used in the optimisation procedure, and hence improvements over existing results are obtained. In addition, similarity scaling is shown to be a useful technique to enhance some results.
Further characterization of reproductive abnormalities in mCd59b knockout mice: a potential new function of mCd59 in male reproduction.

CD59 is a GPI-linked membrane protein that inhibits formation of the membrane attack complex of complement. We reported recently that mice have two CD59 genes (termed mCd59a and mCd59b), and that the targeted deletion of mCd59b (mCd59b−/−) results in spontaneous hemolytic anemia and progressive loss of male fertility. Further studies of the reproductive abnormalities in mCd59b−/− mice reported in this study revealed the presence of abnormal multinucleated cells and increased apoptotic cells within the walls of the seminiferous tubules, and a decrease in the number, motility, and viability of sperm associated with a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphologies. Both the capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation and the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction as well as luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone serum levels were similar in mCd59b−/− and mCd59b+/+. Surprisingly, the functional deficiency of the complement protein C3 did not rescue the abnormal reproductive phenotype of mCd59b−/−, although it was efficient in rescuing their hemolytic anemia. These results indicate that the male reproductive abnormalities in mCd59b−/− are complement-independent, and that mCd59 may have a novel function in spermatogenesis that is most likely unrelated to its function as an inhibitor of membrane attack complex formation.
Performance Properties of Commercial Explosives

The aquarium test is a proven means of obtaining nonidial performance property data for commercial blasting agents. Optical data on the detonation velocity, shock wave in water, and expansion rate of the pipe enclosing the detonation products (in combination with the equilibrium thermodynamic chemistry code BKW) give the C-J state and degree of chemical reaction at the detonation front, as well as information on additional chemical reaction that occurs as the detonation products expand. Specific explosive systems that are studied are ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture (ANFO), aluminized ANFO, flaked trinitrotoluene (TNT), and several other commercial products in 10-cm-diam and 20-cm-diam pipes of Plexiglas and clay. Experimental shock pressure data are obtained with lithium niobate transducers placed in the water surrounding the explosive charge. These data show that the addition of ∼ 100-μm aluminum particles to ANFO significantly increases the initial peak shock pressure delivered to the surrounding medium. Peak shock pressures in the water, calculated from the shock-wave orientation, are also useful in comparing performance properties of various commercial explosives.
Simple creative projects from an optics teaching laboratory

The core educational program of the Stony Brook Laser Teaching Center is learning through the collaborative development of individualized projects. Many of these projects, especially with students new to research, are simple explorations or demonstrations of everyday devices or phenomena related to light, optics, or sound that have some creative component. Often the topic is suggested by something the student is just curious about or ‘invents,’ or by a chance observation or news article. This paper will describe a number of these ‘simple, creative’ projects, and relate the discovery process by which each came about and the results obtained.
Hypothermia causes adult-like retention deficits of prior learning in infant mice

Nine-day-old S-W mice receiving deep body hypothermia or hyperthermia immediately after escape training were retested 1 or 24 hr later. Results indicated that hypothermia impaired 24-hr retention but had no effect upon 1-hr memory. Hyperthermia had no effect, with the mice demonstrating retention of the escape response at both retest intervals. In Experiment 2, administration of hypothermia or hyperthermia 23 hr after original training had no effect upon memory nor did either treatment produce motoric deficits upon retest 1 hr following thermal exposure. Experiment 3 indicated that hypothermia administered immediately after training produced retention deficits directly related to amount of body temperature reduction following hypothermia. These data are similar to those obtained with adult mice and suggest that memory processess occurring in 9-day-old mice may represent the onset of functioning of processes underlying adult long-term memory.
Identification and characterization of Escherichia coli RS218-derived islands in the pathogenesis of E. coli meningitis

Background Escherichia coli K1 is the most common gram-negative bacterium causing neonatal meningitis, but the mechanisms by which E. coli K1 causes meningitis are not clear. Methods We identified 22 E. coli RS218-derived genomic islands (RDIs), using a comparative genome analysis of meningitis-causing E. coli K1 strain RS218 (O18:K1:H7) and laboratory K-12 strain MG1655. Series of RDI deletion mutants were constructed and examined for phenotypes relevant to E. coli K1 meningitis. Results We identified 9 RDI deletion mutants (RDI 1, 4, 7, 12, 13, 16, 20, 21, and 22) that exhibited defects in meningitis development. RDI 16 and 21 mutants had profound defects in the induction of a high level of bacteremia in neonatal rats, and RDI 4 mutants exhibited a moderate defect in the induction of bacteremia. RDI 1 and 22 mutants showed defects in the ability to invade human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and RDI 12 mutants were defective in the ability to bind to HBMECs. RDI 13 and 20 mutants were defective in the ability to both bind to and invade HBMECs. RDI 7 mutants were defective in the induction of bacteremia and in the ability to both bind to and invade HBMECs. Conclusions These results provide a framework for the future discovery and analysis of bacteremia and meningitis caused by E. coli K1 strain RS218.
RESIDENT PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME AND DISORDER: HOW MUCH IS “BIAS”, AND HOW MUCH IS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT DIFFERENCES?*

This study attempted to disentangle the extent to which residents are systematically biased when reporting on the level of crime or disorder in their neighborhood. By using a unique sample of households nested in household clusters, this study teased out the degree of systematic bias on the part of respondents when perceiving crime and disorder. The findings are generally consistent with theoretical expectations of which types of residents will perceive more crime or disorder and contrast with the generally mixed results of prior studies that used an inappropriate aggregate unit when assuming that residents live in the same social context of crime or disorder. Estimating ancillary models on a sample of respondents nested in tracts produced mixed results that mirror the existing literature. This article shows that Whites consistently perceive more crime or disorder than their neighbors. It also shows that females, those with children, and those with longer residence in the neighborhood perceive more crime or disorder than their neighbors.
Characteristics of Women Who Do and Do Not Receive Onsite Shelter Services From Domestic Violence Programs

Shelter services are an essential means of providing help to women who are victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), but not all victims receive shelter. This article reports the results of a secondary analysis of statewide data from women using IPV services, comparing victims who did and did not obtain shelter. The demographic characteristics, abuse experiences, and service patterns of these survivors are examined. A model predicting characteristics associated with the likelihood of shelter receipt indicates that women who obtain shelter are more vulnerable and obtain more services than women who do not obtain shelter. The implications of these results are discussed.
Computational Design Creativity Evaluation

This paper presents a simple framework for computational design creativity evaluation, presenting its components with rationale. Components are linked to recent computational creativity research in both art and design. The framework assumes that the product, not the process, is being evaluated, and that evaluation is done by comparison with descriptions of existing products using a set of aspects that each suggest creativity. Not every evaluation will use all of the components of the framework. It can be used to guide or assess design creativity research.
Revisiting the putative TCR Cα dimerization model through structural analysis

Despite major advances in T cell receptor (TCR) biology and structure, how peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) ligands trigger αβ TCR activation remains unresolved. Two views exist. One model postulates that monomeric TCR-pMHC ligation events are sufficient while a second proposes that TCR-TCR dimerization in cis via Cα domain interaction plus pMHC binding is critical. We scrutinized 22 known TCR/pMHC complex crystal structures, and did not find any predicted molecular Cα-Cα contacts in these crystals that would allow for physiological TCR dimerization. Moreover, the presence of conserved glycan adducts on the outer face of the Cα domain preclude the hypothesized TCR dimerization through the Cα domain. Observed functional consequences of Cα mutations are likely indirect, with TCR microclusters at the immunological synapse driven by TCR transmembrane/cytoplasmic interactions via signaling molecules, scaffold proteins and/or cytoskeletal elements.
Entropy versus energy on a fluctuating four-dimensional Regge skeleton

Abstract With reliance on the Regge-Einstein action a four-dimensional model for discrete euclidean quantum gravity is simulated. Numerical results indicate that entropy might cure the problem of the unboundedness of the gravitational action.
Human papillomavirus and induction chemotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer: The Dana Farber Experience.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection indicates favorable prognosis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The purpose of this study was for us to assess the impact of HPV in patients treated with sequential therapy versus concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods Patients with stage III and IVA and B oropharyngeal SCC were reviewed spanning 10 years. Results Among 500 cases, 291 (58%) received CRT versus 209 (42%) sequential therapy. HPV status was known in 279 of patients (56%) and positive in 77% (determined by polymerase chain reaction [PCR; 91%], p16 immunohistochemical [IHC], or both). Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Overall survival (OS) did not differ for sequential therapy versus CRT overall (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.90; p = .66; 3-year OS = 86% and 87%) or within HPV-positive patients (HR = 0.89; p = .81; 3-year OS = 91% and 91%) or within HPV-negative patients (HR = 0.55; p = .32; 3-year OS = 85% and 75%). Conclusion Survival for all patients was high and notable for HPV-negative patients treated with sequential therapy. Further studies in this patient population are warranted. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
Compounds: A View from Suffixation and A-Structure Alteration

This paper is concerned with the proper classification of English endocentric compounds and its implication for the morphology-syntax interface, particularly, through suffixation and argument-structure alteration. Following this Introduction, Sections 2 and 3 analyze nominal and adjectival compounds with detailed discussions of various suffixations. Section 4 and 5 present implications of the analysis proposed in this paper with respect to back-formation of compound verbs and the definition of English endocentric cornpounds. Section 6 is a summary.
Religious Fundamentalsim: Challenges to Emerging Democracies in West Africa

Is there a reconstruction of identities on religious rather than the usual ethnic identities or a deconstruction of ethnicity for realignment on religious bases or a strengthening of both religious and ethnic identities for an explosive mix? Can it be that the fundamental issue is not one of a clash between religious identities or ethno-religious contentions but one of religion, democracy and secularism? There are also issues of democracy, corruption, marginalization and alienation juxtaposed with democracy, economic growth and stability. Religious fundamentalism is a threatening problem to peace and security in West Africa and the rest of the continent. Post-colonial Africa is experiencing the greatest threat of religious fundamentalism from the fear as Christians sees it, in terms of the imposition of Sharia law and the frightful issue of an emerging Caliphate, to the Muslims fear of Christianity and democracy as disguises to impose secularism and Western education; Western education and secularism are tools aimed to arrest and control Islam. This is what Bok Haram (translation: Western Education is forbidden) is defined to fight against. Reviewing Mali, a country until recently, was held as a model emerging democracy in Africa, religious fundamentalists were able to destabilize and almost secured the country for their intentions with a Sharia centered state.
Small Buildings, Big Impacts: Developing a Library of Small Commercial Building Energy Efficiency Case Studies☆

Abstract Small commercial buildings, or those comprising less than 50,000 square feet of floor area, make up 90% of the total number of buildings in the United States. Though these buildings currently account for less than 50% of total energy consumption in the U.S., this statistic is expected to change as larger commercial buildings become more efficient and thus account for a smaller percentage of commercial building energy consumption. This paper describes the efforts of a multi-organization collaboration and their demonstration partners in developing a library of case studies that promote and facilitate energy efficiency in the small commercial buildings market as well as a case study template that standardized the library. Case studies address five identified barriers to energy efficiency in the small commercial market, specifically lack of: 1) access to centralized, comprehensive, and consistent information about how to achieve energy targets, 2) reasonably achievable energy targets, 3) access to tools that measure buildings’ progress toward targets, 4) financial incentives that make the reduction effort attractive, and 5) effective models of how disparate stakeholders can collaborate in commercial centers to reach targets. The case study library can be organized by location, ownership type, decision criteria, building type, project size, energy savings, end uses impacted, and retrofit measures. This paper discusses the process of developing the library and case study template. Finally, the paper presents next steps in demonstrating the efficacy of the library and explores energy savings potential from broad implementation.
The Topical Evolution: Free Ions, Orthomolecular Agents, Phytochemicals, and Insect-Produced Substances

Significance: A variety of topical antiseptic substances have been used historically to treat open wounds with suspected tissue infection or that are slow to heal. However, the effectiveness of these substances in treating infected or recalcitrant wounds remains controversial. Recent Advances: Newly formulated topical antiseptics delivered through differing dressing technologies, such as ionic substances, hold the potential to limit the development of and treat antibiotic-resistant microbes in open wounds. Other topically delivered substances, such as insect-derived substances, orthomolecular agents, and phytochemicals, also present opportunities to optimize wound healing by decreasing tissue bioburden and facilitating the wound healing process. Critical Issues: Limited systemic perfusion of open wounds in individuals with certain diagnoses, such as peripheral arterial disease or necrotizing infection and the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant wound pathogens, suggests a continued role for topicall...
Turbulence: Boeing and the State of American Workers and Managers (Review)

The good, the bad and the ugly is portrayed in Turbulence: Boeing and the State of American Workers and Managers, a longitudinal case study of Boeing Commercial Airlines and its employees during a decade of chaos and turmoil. Why Boeing? As the United States’ largest exporter and as half of a duopoly with European rival Airbus, Boeing wields enormous economic clout and political advantage. While Boeing has survived broad structural and transformative forces in manufacturing, the picture that emerges in Turbulence is one of caution and concern. “The very innovations and changes Boeing introduced to remain a leading producer of airplanes…produced stress and turbulence in the lives of workers and managers alike…brought unnecessary pain…and raised serious questions about Boeing’s continued success in the marketplace” (p. 1-2). Turbulence summarizes four waves of employee surveys, interviews and focus groups conducted between 1996 and 2006. The period spans Boeing’s implementation of total quality, the acquisition of McDonnell Douglas, several strikes, global competitive threats, and a transition from an engineering focus to that of short-term, share-holder value. The voices of the employees — production workers, engineers, middle- and senior-level managers alike are the heart of this research.
International Marketing Seminar for University Students and Business Practioners

An International Business Seminar has been conducted successfully for the last four years and is expected to be taught agian in the summer of 19Rl. The purpose of the seminar is to provide both university students and practicing businessmen a better understanding of the international marketing and international business process. International business is becoming increasingly important in today’s interdependent world. Over eighty percent of the top U.S. companies are actively engaged in international business. Such diverse companies as General Motors, Coca Cola, IBM, American Express, and Gillette Company perceive foreign markets as being a key component to their future growth in sales and profits. As the U.S. cost for foreign oil increases, so do the importance of American exports and foreign based profits become to this country.
A 100-mA, 99.11% Current Efficiency, 2-mV pp Ripple Digitally Controlled LDO With Active Ripple Suppression

Digital low-dropout (DLDO) regulators are gaining attention due to their design scalability for distributed multiple voltage domain applications required in state-of-the-art system-on-chips. Due to the discrete nature of the output current and the discrete-time control loop, the steady-state response of the DLDO has inherent output voltage ripple. A hybrid DLDO (HD-LDO) with fast response and stable operation across a wide load range while reducing the output voltage ripple is proposed. In the HD-LDO, a DLDO and a low current analog ripple cancelation amplifier (RCA) work in parallel. The output dc of the RCA is sensed by a 2-bit analog-to-digital converter, and the digitized linear stage current is fed into the DLDO as an error signal. During load transients, a gear-shift controller enables fast transient response using dynamic load estimation. The DLDO suppresses the output dc of the RCA within its current resolution. With this arrangement, a majority of the dc load current is provided by the DLDO and the RCA supplies ripple cancelation current. The HD-LDO is designed and fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS technology, and occupies 0.697 mm2 of the die area. The HD-LDO operates with an input voltage range of 1.43–2.0 V and an output voltage range of 1.0–1.57 V. At 100-mA load current, the HD-LDO achieves a current peak efficiency of 99.11% and a settling time of 15 clock periods with a 0.5-MHz clock for a current switching between 10 and 90 mA. The RCA suppresses fundamental, second, and third harmonics of the switching frequency by 13.7, 13.3, and 14.1 dB, respectively.
Carrier Diffusion Lengths of over 500 nm in Lead-Free Perovskite CH3NH3SnI3 Films

The dynamics of photoexcited lead-free perovskite films, CH3NH3SnI3, were studied using broadband transient absorption and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Similar to its lead analogue CH3NH3PbI3, we show that free carrier (electrons and holes) recombination is also the dominant relaxation pathway in CH3NH3SnI3 films. The slow hot carrier relaxation time is 0.5 ps. Long carrier diffusion lengths for electrons (279 ± 88 nm) and holes (193 ± 46 nm) were obtained from fluorescence quenching measurements. We also show that SnF2 doping in the CH3NH3SnI3 film effectively increases the fluorescence lifetime up to 10 times and gives diffusion lengths exceeding 500 nm. These results suggest that the photophysics of CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite are as favorable as those of CH3NH3PbI3, demonstrating that it is a promising nontoxic lead-free replacement for lead iodide perovskite-based solar cells.
Pilot Phase Results of the Human Proteome Organization Plasma Proteome Project.

The protein components of blood play essential roles in coagulation, inflammation, immunity, growth and development. Recognizing the importance of blood proteins in health and disease, the Human Proteome Organization (http://www.hupo.org) chose the Plasma Proteome Project (PPP) as the first tissue specific analysis to be implemented. The PPP is a collaboration of more than 30 laboratories and research groups worldwide. The June 2004 PPP Jamboree held in Ann Arbor, MI marked the completion of the pilot phase of the PPP with more than 50,000 peptide identifications reported leading to a high confidence consensus list of about 2,300 human blood proteins. Important contributions of the pilot phase of the PPP include the identification of over 2 thousands human blood proteins, comparative assessment of proteomic analysis of serum and plasma prepared using citrate, EDTA and heparin anticoagulants samples prepared from a single well defined donor pool; assessment of abundant protein depletion technologies to enhance the dynamic range of proteome analysis; comparative assessment of different protein and peptide fractionation technologies; comparison of MALDI peptide fingerprinting, liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectroscopy, direct MS/SELDI, and accurate mass tag strategies; correlation of protein abundance with success in mass spectroscopy identification; comparison of Sequest, Mascot, SpectrumMill and X!Tandem software for mass spectroscopy data analysis; comparison of NCBI NR, IPI and full 6-frame genome translation databases; establishing quality measures for the different software packages; establishing quality assurance and data validation protocols for large multi-center proteomics studies. These results demonstrate the potential for large scale proteome analysis as well as highlighting important challenges that lie ahead.
Pharmacological Management of Migraine

Developing a comprehensive pharmacological migraine management plan can be a daunting task. In this chapter, we will cover typical medications used and the development of pharmacological plans for use during the acute migraine attack and longer term migraine management, as well as briefly covering Emergency Department management and inpatient management of migraine.