cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetically sorting a collection of Tetrahymena mutants.

Publisher Summary Mutant collections offer an excellent way for conducting an unbiased search for different genes and gene products that affect or are essential for a biological process, although genes with redundant functions may escape detection. The initial identification of the various genes may depend mostly on genetic methods. Desirable features of genetic methods are: (1) they are assumption-free, (2) they give reliable answers, and (3) they are inexpensive in terms of materials. Undesirable features are: (1) crosses and progeny testing can be (waiting-) time-consuming, and (2) in tests involving crosses among mutants, the number of tests increases as the square of the number of mutants in the collection. Several types of genetic tests that minimize these disadvantages are described in this chapter: (1) mapping the mutations to chromosome arms and (2) genetic complementation tests. The chapter also describes two types of complementation tests, which differ in how early the wild-type phenotype is tested for after setting up the cross: (1) conjugation rescue tests and (2) conventional complementation tests.
Percolation of averages in the stochastic mean field model: the near-supercritical regime

For a complete graph of size $n$, assign each edge an i.i.d. exponential variable with mean $n$. For $\lambda \gt 0$, consider the length of the longest path whose average weight is at most $\lambda$. It was shown by Aldous (1998) that the length is of order $\log n$ for $\lambda \lt 1/\mathrm{e}$ and of order $n$ for $\lambda \gt 1/\mathrm{e}$. In this paper, we study the near-supercritical regime where $\lambda = \mathrm{e}^{-1} +\eta$ with $\eta \gt 0$ a small fixed number. We show that there exist two absolute constants $C_1, C_2 \gt 0$ such that with high probability the length is in between $n \mathrm{e}^{-C_1/\sqrt{\eta}}$ and $n \mathrm{e}^{-C_2/\sqrt{\eta}}$. Our result corrects a non-rigorous prediction of Aldous (2005).
Deceleration of the heart by alternating current. A new experimental technique.

Abstract Low-frequency alternating current has been used to slow the heart rate, using endocardial catheter stimulation of the right atrium or right ventricle. Frequencies of 1 to 10,000 cycles have been found to be effective. Synchronization of a burst of the alternating current in the region of the S-A node can be used to reduce the heart rate 50 per cent. Continuous stimulation of the atrium or ventricle has also been used to produce bradycardia, although this may produce an irregular response with multiple ineffective ventricular beats.
Heterozygous 24‐polyalanine repeats in the PHOX2B gene with different manifestations across three generations

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is an uncommon genetic disorder that is characterized by alveolar hypoventilation and autonomic dysregulation. More than 90% of the patients are heterozygous for polyalanine repeat expansion mutations in the paired-like homeobox 2b (PHOX2B) gene. The normal genotype has a 20-polyalanine sequence whereas expanded alleles are usually 25-33. Heterozygous 24-polyalanine repeat expansion mutation in the PHOX2B gene has rarely been reported. We report three consecutive generations harboring heterozygous 24-polyalanine repeats in the PHOX2B gene with manifestations ranging from apparently asymptomatic to alveolar hypoventilation and apnea requiring mechanical ventilation. The 3-year-old proband developed cor pulmonale and central hypoventilation following an upper respiratory tract infection. Our findings add to the accumulating evidence that the 24-polyalanine repeat in the PHOX2B is a disease-causing mutation. In addition, a high index of suspicion and careful monitoring after anesthesia, sedation, or respiratory illnesses should be exercised when evaluating asymptomatic family members with this genotype.
Gallstone disease without gallstones: A partial answer

Although bile acid and bile lipid metabolism have been studied in established cholelithiasis, little is known about them in patients destined to develop gall stones, but in whom the stones have not yet appeared (prestone gall stone disease). After confirmed complete gall stone dissolution and withdrawal of treatment, gall stones recur frequently. Before the stones reappear, these patients have ‘poststone gall stone disease.’ In 13 such patients we confirmed complete gall stone dissolution with two normal cholecystograms and in 11 of the 13 by normal ultrasonography, measured bile acid and bile lipid composition in fasting duodenal bile, bile acid synthesis from marker corrected three day faecal bile acid excretion, bile acid pool size using an abbreviated isotope dilution technique, ‘steady-state’ bile lipid secretion using a duodenal amino acid perfusion system and then calculated the enterohepatic cycling frequency of the bile acid pool and the relationship between pool size and body weight. The results confirm that after withdrawal of treatment the biliary cholesterol saturation index reverts to levels (1.6 ± SEM 0.4) comparable with those before dissolution therapy first began (1.6 ± 0.2; NS). The mean bile acid pool size in the 13 patients of 4.4±0.5 mmol was comparable with that in untreated gall stone patients. Pool size was significantly smaller in the nine non-obese patients (3.5 ± 0.3), than in the four obese (6.0 ± 0.8; p < 0.05). It also correlated significantly with body weight (r = 0.72) and with %IBW (r = 0.79). The coefficients of variation for biliary bile acid, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion were high, but the mean hourly secretion rates were of the same order as those seen in untreated gall stone patients studied with the amino acid duodenal perfusion stimulus. These results provide a baseline for assessing the response to postdissolution treatment and may indicate metabolic events leading to gall stone formation.
Scaling of clusters near discontinuous percolation transitions in hyperbolic networks.

We investigate the onset of the discontinuous percolation transition in small-world hyperbolic networks by studying the systems-size scaling of the typical largest cluster approaching the transition, $p\ensuremath{\nearrow}{p}_{c}$. To this end, we determine the average size of the largest cluster $\ensuremath{\langle}{s}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\sim}{N}^{\ensuremath{\Psi}(p)}$ in the thermodynamic limit using real-space renormalization of cluster-generating functions for bond and site percolation in several models of hyperbolic networks that provide exact results. We determine that all our models conform to the recently predicted behavior regarding the growth of the largest cluster, which found diverging, albeit subextensive, clusters spanning the system with finite probability well below ${p}_{c}$ and at most quadratic corrections to unity in $\ensuremath{\Psi}(p)$ for $p\ensuremath{\nearrow}{p}_{c}$. Our study suggests a large universality in the cluster formation on small-world hyperbolic networks and the potential for an alternative mechanism in the cluster formation dynamics at the onset of discontinuous percolation transitions.
Pre-clinical safety evaluation of soluble glucan.

Abstract Soluble glucan, a beta-1,3-linked glucopyranose biological response modifier, is effective in the therapy of experimental neoplasia, infectious diseases and immune suppression. Currently, soluble glucan is undergoing phase I clinical trials. The present study describes the pre-clinical safety evaluation of soluble glucan in mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. ICR/HSD mice and Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats received a single i.v. injection of soluble glucan in doses ranging from 40 to 1000 mg/kg. Soluble glucan administration did not induce mortality, appearance or behavioral changes in mice or rats. In subsequent studies, mice and guinea pig were injected i.p. with glucan (250 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. ICR/HSD mice gained weight at the same rate as the saline-treated controls. In contrast, guinea pigs receiving i.p. injections of soluble glucan showed a significant (P
A cDNA clone encoding neuropeptides isolated from Aplysia neuron L11

Abstract Single nerve cells can use more than one substance as extracellular chemical messengers. Classical transmitters have been shown to coexist in the same neuron and possibly even in the same vesicle as neuroactive peptides. Furthermore, multiple neuroactive peptides, which are thought to be coreleased, are often encoded in the same precursor assuring stoichiometric synthesis. The precise organization of multiple message systems and the physiological significance of the coexistence is poorly understood. The abdominal ganglion of the gastropod mollusc Aplysia contains a number of identified neurons that are cotransmitter candidates. One such cell, L11, is cholinergic and probably also uses biologically active peptides. Differential screening with labeled cDNA was used to isolate cDNA clones expressed specifically in the bag cells and abdominal ganglion neurons L11 or R15. Analysis of an L11-specific clone suggests that it encodes a 14.7-kDa protein that is the precursor for the secreted peptides. The poly(A)+ RNA transcript is approximately equal to 1.2 kilobases and there are 1-3 copies of this gene in the Aplysia haploid genome.
Geographical Voices: Fourteen Autobiographical Essays

Peter Gould and Forrest R. Pitts, eds. Syracuse, NY: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. xiv and 376 pp., figs., photos., and index. $34.95 paper (ISBN 0-8156-0727). The geography profession, today and in ...
Delamination Mechanics of a Clamped Rectangular Membrane in the Presence of Long-Range Intersurface Forces: Transition from JKR to DMT Limits

A 1-dimensional rectangular freestanding membrane clamped at opposite ends adheres to the planar surface of a rectangular punch. A tensile load applied to the punch causes the membrane to deform and gradually delaminate from the substrate. At equilibrium, the applied load is balanced by the disjoining pressure at the membrane-punch interface with range, y, and magnitude, p. Applying the Dugdale-Barenblatt-Maugis cohesive zone approximation, the disjoining pressure is taken to be uniform and confined to a finite cohesive length at the contact edge. For a fixed adhesion energy, γ = p y, we investigate the following: (i) the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) limit where y → ∞ and p → 0, (ii) the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) limit where y → 0 and p → ∞, and (iii) the general case for intermediate but finite y and p. Delamination continues until the contact area shrinks to a line prior to “pinch-off”. The results are compared with the 2-dimensional axisymmetric membrane counterpart.
The New Year Quiz [AP-S Turnstile]

There are many interesting items that land in my “Turnstile” folder but that, for one reason or another, do not find their way into a column. I thought I would feature some of those tidbits in this short quiz. So, take out a pencil and start circling your choices. The answers appear elsewhere in this issue. I hope you have as much fun answering the questions as I had picking them. Good luck!
Enhancement of Adrenal Cortisol Secretion after Intravenous High Dose Dexamethasone

To assess the possible existence of a short loop feedback mechanism of direct glucocorticoid suppression on the adrenal glands, we performed a series of tests employing insulin hypoglycemia or ACTH infusions to obtain adrenal stimulation by ACTH levels that remained within the physiological range. Although the rapidity of glucocorticoid suppression of the pituitary thwarted efforts to use endogenous ACTH as a stimulus, we were able to mimic the stressed state by very low dose ACTH infusions (0.05 microgram/kg BW). No inhibition of cortisol secretion in response to ACTH infusions was detected in tests done after administration of dexamethasone compared to placebo [mean integrated response, 29.37 +/- 1.91 (+/- SE) vs. 29.12 +/- 1.12 microgram . h/dl, respectively]. Furthermore, when high doses of dexamethasone were administered iv, a small paradoxical increase in cortisol secretion was found (33.82 +/- 1.44 microgram . h/dl) without a difference in ACTH levels. These data do not support the concept of significant direct glucocorticoid inhibition of adrenal secretion. Non-ACTH factors that may enhance cortisol secretion in the presence of ACTH may exist.
Uranium and aluminium order–disorder in U1−xPt2Al7−6x [x = 0.33 (1)]

The new ternary title compound, uranium diplatinum penta­aluminium, has been synthesized from a reaction of the corresponding elements at 1273 K. It crystallizes in the rare hexa­gonal Ce2Pt6Ga15 structure type, where one-third of the U atoms are randomly replaced by triangles of Al atoms. Possible ordered models in hexa­gonal and ortho-hexa­gonal supercells were tried without success. All the atoms occupy special positions: U (\=6m2), Pt (3m.), and Al (mm2, 3m. and 3m.).
Skinfolds and coronary heart disease risk factors are more strongly associated with BMI than with the body adiposity index.

Objective: A recent, cross-sectional analysis of adults found that the hip circumference divided by height1.5 minus 18 (the body adiposity index, BAI) was strongly correlated (r = 0.79) with percent body fat determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BAI was proposed as a more accurate index of body fatness than BMI. We examined whether BAI was more strongly related, than was BMI and waist circumference, to skinfold thicknesses and levels of various risk factors for coronary heart disease. Design and Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of adults (n = 14,263 for skinfold thickness; n=6291 for fasting lipid levels) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, 1988-1994. Results: As compared with BMI and waist circumference, we found that BAI was less strongly associated with the skinfold sum and with risk factor levels. For example, correlations with the skinfold sum were r = 0.79 (BMI) vs. r = 0.70 (BAI) among men, and r = 0.86 (BMI) vs. r = 0.79 (BAI) among women; p < 0.001 for the difference between each pair of correlations. An overall index of the 7 risk factors was also more strongly associated with BMI and waist circumference than BAI in analyses stratified by sex, race-ethnicity and age. Multivariable analyses indicated that if BMI was known, BAI provided little additional information on risk factor levels. Conclusions: Based on the observed associations with risk factor levels and skinfold thicknesses, we conclude that BAI is unlikely to be a better index of adiposity than BMI.
Stereochemistry of imine reduction by a hydroxycyclopentadienyl ruthenium hydride.

The stereochemistry of hydrogen transfer from [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COD)]Ru(CO)2D to N-aryl imines to give amine complexes was shown to be mostly trans stereospecific. Stereospecific hydrogen transfer is proposed to generate an amine and a coordinatively unsaturated ruthenium intermediate in close proximity. Coordination of the amine is proposed to occur faster than lone pair inversion of the amine. In contrast, hydrogen transfer to N-alkyl imines is stereorandom. It is proposed that stereochemistry is lost in part due to the reversibility of the hydrogen transfer being faster than amine coordination.
Anti-Markovnikov Hydroarylation of Unactivated Olefins Catalyzed by a Bis-tropolonato Iridium(III) Organometallic Complex

Recently, we reported the first catalytic, intermolecular, anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of unactivated olefins by a homogeneous, bis-chelating, O-donor Ir(III) complex, (acac-O,O)_2Ir(R)(L), based on the simplest β-diketonate acetylacetonate (acac-O,O). With the ultimate objective of designing more active catalysts for this potentially useful reaction on the basis of structure function studies, we synthesized the related O-donor, bis-tropolonato Ir(III) organometallic analogues. Herein, we report that the new O-donor complex, (trop-O,O)_2Ir(Ph)(Py), is an active catalyst for the anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of unactivated olefins and that theoretical calculations are consistent with catalysis proceeding via arene CH activation and olefin insertion.
Are engineers instrumentalists

Abstract Engineers are often assumed to be instrumentalists, meaning they believe that technologies and technological artifacts are intrinsically value-free, only acquiring moral significance at the point at which they are employed by human agents for particular uses. Instrumentalism of this sort is often criticized in the literature on technology and society, and thus engineers tend to fall subject to that criticism. In this essay, I explore the legitimacy of that claim and conclude that it is not correct per se, but that engineers are what might be called proximate instrumentalists. That is, they tend to develop an instrumental attitude about those technologies with which they have the most expertize, and that this attitude is not necessarily reflective of a more general conscious adherence to an instrumentalist philosophy. In this course of arguing this point, I explore more generally many aspects of the overall engineering ethos.
Facile production of optically active hollow glass microspheres for photo-induced outgassing of stored hydrogen

Abstract Illumination of engineered hollow glass microspheres with near-infrared light is used to rapidly release stored gases, in particular hydrogen. Photo-induced outgassing of hydrogen is made possible by introducing optically active dopants into the glass such as cobalt. Recycled amber glass frit coated with polypropylene glycol and cobalt sulfate is converted into hollow glass microspheres with a simple, low-cost flame spraying method. Hollow glass microspheres made by this process release hydrogen more quickly when illuminated versus traditional outgassing with a heated oven. A simple model is proposed for engineering the geometry of the hollow glass microspheres.
A Reevaluation of Cooperative Pack Hunting and Gregariousness in Deinonychus antirrhopus and Other Nonavian Theropod Dinosaurs

Abstract Since the 1969 description of Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, cooperative pack hunting behavior for this species and, subsequently, for many other nonavian theropods, has attained wide acceptance. In this paper we assess the hypothesis of mammal-like cooperative pack hunting in D. antirrhopus and other nonavian theropods by examining the behaviors of extant diapsids. Through phylogenetic inference and character optimization, we conclude that this hypothesis is both unparsimonious and unlikely for these taxa and that the null hypothesis should therefore be that nonavian theropod dinosaurs were solitary hunters or, at most, foraged in loose associations. Moreover, we present new evidence from the D. antirrhopus type locality of probable intraspecific aggression in this species. Additionally, our study suggests that some evidence that has previously been proposed in support of highly gregarious, mammal-like behavior in nonavian theropods (e.g., certain theropod-dominated fossil assemblages, preserve...
Standing on unstable grounds: A reexamination of the WLBT‐TV case 1

During the 1960s, disparate discourses of consumerism intersected with concerns regarding race and civil rights in the realm of broadcast law and regulation. This reexamination of the social and legal struggles surrounding WLBT‐TV in Jackson, Mississippi (1964–69), shows how conflicting consumerisms were mediated by legal institutions in an attempt to address social tensions, and reveals how the dominant discourses of liberal consumerism often displaced issues of race.
An Unknown Profile of Whitman

Presents a previously unknown profile of Whitman originally published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on December 17, 1879.
Evening Alcohol Consumption Alters the Circadian Rhythm of Body Temperature

To the Editor: Recordings of body temperature rhythms are used as a marker of the circadian system in many fields of study, including shift work, jet lag, affective disorders, gerontology, and sleep disorders. In our studies of circadian rhythms, we routinely prohibit subjects from drinking alcohol because of findings published in 1933 (1). That study found that after alcohol consumption the nocturnal temperature minimum during sleep occurred earlier, and was higher, than on control nights. In the years since that report, there have been no other studies of how alcohol changes the temperature waveform during sleep, despite other studies of the dose- and time-dependent effects of ethanol in humans (2). We decided to investigate whether the results of the 1933 report would generalize to other subjects and to women.
Photoperiodically induced ovarian growth in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) and its augmentation by song

1. 1. Ovarian growth rates were measured in White-crowned Sparrows exposed to various photoperiods and to tape-recorded male song. 2. 2. The minimum (threshold) photoperiod necessary to induce ovarian growth was slightly longer than 11L:13D. Growth rate increased linearly thereafter until the photoperiod was 16L:8D. Growth was greatest under conditions of continuous light (LL). 3. 3. The addition of song to photoperiod treatments did not affect the growth induction threshold but song did augment the rate of ovarian development when regimes were 12.5L:11.5D and 14L:10D. 4. 4. Under natural conditions song may be an important stimulus to ovarian development on both the wintering and breeding grounds.
Collagen structure: The molecular source of the tendon magic angle effect

This review of tendon/collagen structure shows that the orientational variation in MRI signals from tendon, which is referred to as the “magic angle” (MA) effect, is caused by irreducible separation of charges on the main chain of the collagen molecule. These charges are held apart in a vacuum by stereotactic restriction of protein folding due in large part to a high concentration of hydroxyproline ring residues in the amino acids of mammalian collagen. The elevated protein electrostatic energy is reduced in water by the large dielectric constant of the highly polar solvent (κ ∼ 80). The water molecules serve as dielectric molecules that are bound by an energy that is nearly equivalent to the electrostatic energy between the neighboring positive and negative charge pairs in a vacuum. These highly immobilized water molecules and secondary molecules in the hydrogen-bonded water network are confined to the transverse plane of the tendon. Orientational restriction causes residual dipole coupling, which is directly responsible for the frequency and phase shifts observed in orientational MRI (OMRI) described by the MA effect. Reference to a wide range of biophysical measurements shows that native hydration is a monolayer on collagen hm = 1.6 g/g, which divides into two components consisting of primary hydration on polar surfaces hpp = 0.8 g/g and secondary hydration hs = 0.8 g/g bridging over hydrophobic surface regions. Primary hydration further divides into side-chain hydration hpsc = 0.54 g/g and main-chain hydration hpmc = 0.263 g/g. The main-chain fraction consists of water that bridges between charges on the main chain and is responsible for almost all of the enthalpy of melting ΔH = 70 J/g-dry mass. Main-chain water bridges consist of one extremely immobilized Ramachandran water bridge per tripeptide hRa = 0.0658 g/g and one double water bridge per tripeptide hdwb = 0.1974 g/g, with three water molecules that are sufficiently slowed to act as the spin-lattice relaxation sink for the entire tendon. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A study of school marks

The following outline presents a brief resume of topics discussed: 1. Why the Study Was Made. 2. The Nature and Scope of the Study. 3. How the Data Were Secured. 4. How the Data Were Treated. 5. The Distribution of School Marks by Teachers and Subjects. 6. The Meaning of School Marks. 7. The Distribution of School Marks by Subjects. 8. The Distribution of School Marks by Years. 9. A Comparison of the Distribution of School Marks by Sex. 10. Summary. WaiY THE STUDY WAS MADE
A STUDY OF THE BACTERIAL CAPSULE BY NEW METHODS

A new method for staining capsules is described. With this method appearances are produced about the somata of a number of non-capsulated organisms which resemble capsules.
Expandable metal stents for malignant gastroduodenal and intestinal obstruction

Malignant gastric outlet, duodenal, and small intestinal obstructionsoccur in up to 15% of patients who receive palliative care for upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Causes can range from intrinsic occlusion secondary to gastrointestinal tumors or extrinsic compression from, for example, pancreatic cancer. Several other tumor can metastasize to the small intestine. Most patients with these obstructions have a short life expectancy with significant morbidity from surgical interventions such as gastrojejunostomy, which carries a 10% mortality rate. Nutrition and symptom relief are paramount in these patients because they are already debilitated from their primary tumor. Serial endoscopy with dilation carries a risk of perforation and provides temporary relief only. The prolonged use of antiemetics given with chemotherapy and radiotherapy is usually unsuccessful. Several investigators tested and reported the safety and efficacy of self-expandable metal stents as an alternative to surgery.
Localism, Elitism, and Immobilism: Elite Formation and Social Change in Post-Mao China

This essay discusses the social background and career experiences of a previously unstudied group of Chinese elites: the mayors of Chinese cities. The data are compared with available information on basic-level leaders and higher-ranking cadres. China's mayors are relatively young, have not been in their posts very long, are college graduates (usually majoring in engineering), and quite often are mayors in cities in their native provinces. This last finding is counter to all Chinese bureaucratic practice dating back to the early empires. The authors relate these characteristics to broader developments in the Chinese political system. In particular, localism and elitism are reinforced by China's new mayoral elite; furthermore, the patterns identified appear to contribute to growing political immobilism in China.
Conducting polymer substrates for plastic liquid crystal display

In a conventional liquid crystal display device (LCD), glass substrates coated with an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer are typically used for the application of an electric field to the liquid crystal material. For many applications, there is a need for a LCD with a plastic substrate. Polypyrrole is a well known conducting polymer for its high conductivity and chemical stability. Compared with the currently used ITO conducting layer, polypyrrole is more compatible mechanically with plastic. Because it is an organic material, it should be able to bend and flex with the substrate. Therefore, it is a good candidate for the conducting surface needed in a plastic LCD. Here we present the preparation of polypyrrole films on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by an in-situ solution deposition process and their patterning by conventional photolithography techniques. We discuss their important physical properties, such as surface resistance and optical transmission, and their suitability as a substitute for ITO as an electrode for a plastic reflective Ch-LCD.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The TSS-1R electrodynamic tether experiment: Scientific and technological results

The bi-national, US-Italian, Tethered Satellite System (TSS) program was designed to provide a unique opportunity to explore certain space plasma- electrodynamic processes and the orbital mechanics of a gravity-gradient stabilized system of two satellites linked by a long conducting tether. The second flight, TSS-LR, was launched February 22, 1996 on STS-75 and satellite deployment began at MET 3/00:27. A unique data set was obtained over the next five hours, as the tether was deployed to a length of 19695 meters, which has allowed significant science to be accomplished. This presentation will focus on electrodynamic processes generated by the tether--in particular, the collection of electrical current from the ionospheric plasma. Of particular significance is an apparent transition of the physics of current collection when the potential of the collecting body becomes greater than the ram energy of the ionospheric atomic oxygen ions. Previous theoretical models of current collection were electrostatic--assuming that the orbital motion of the system, which is highly subsonic with respect to electron thermal motion, was un- important. This may still be acceptable for the case of relatively slow-moving sounding rockets. However, the TSS-LR results show that motion relative to the plasma must be accounted for in orbiting systems.
Thermal modeling of laser photothermo keratoplasty

Laser photo thermo keratoplasty (LPTK) is a refractive procedure that changes the curvature of the cornea by laser induced collagen shrinkage. To understand the temperature distribution induced by the laser radiation inside the cornea, a photo-thermal theoretical model is employed to simulate this process. The 4-D space-time temperature distributions within the cornea are calculated and depicted. The effects of the incident fluence and the laser spot size on temperature relaxation rate is discussed. Optimization of incident fluence on the surface of the cornea is made. The comparison between calculated and experimental regions of collagen shrinkage is given. Recommendations for the design of clinical surgery instruments are also presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Achieving portability and efficiency over chip heterogeneous multiprocessor systems

Emerging programming models for chip heterogeneous multiprocessor (CHMP) systems elevate architecture details up into the source code. This eliminates portability and requires designers to navigate a multidimensional search space when trying to optimize designs. In this paper, we present an approach that reinstates portability through a combination of polymorphic functions and an adaptive runtime system. Together they enable runtime profiling and dynamic scheduling of unaltered source code across systems with different combinations of heterogeneous resources. Our results verify the ability of our programming model and runtime system to re-enable the notion of writing code once and run anywhere. Runtime results show how runtime tuning can increase resource utilization and provide performance increases as the number and heterogeneity of computing resources increases.
SYMMS: A model management system that supports model reuse, sharing, and integration

Abstract Within the decision support system area of research, there is a growing body of work focusing on the topic of model management. A principal objective of a model management system (MMS) is to increase the productivity in organizational modeling and decision-making activities. This paper describes aspects of a software prototype MMS, called SYMMS, which is designed to provide for model sharing, reusability and integration. Inspired by concepts from systems theory, the system also provides support for data management in the context of modeling. Associate with SYMMS is a language, called MDL, for model description and configuration. MDL provides a high-level, non-procedural, textual means that facilitates both top-down and bottom-up hierarchical construction of composite models. Examples are used to illustrate some of the features of MDL and of the prototype system SYMMS.
cDNA clones encoding bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein.

We have isolated a cDNA clone (λIRBP-1) for bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) by immunological screening of a bovine retinal λgt11 cDNA expression library. This clone contained a cDNA insert 325 bp in length. A 250 bp fragment of this cDNA was used to screen a bovine retina λgt10 cDNA library, resulting in the isolation of two larger cDNA clones containing inserts of 2.5 kb (λIRBP-2) and 1.5 kb (λIRBP-3). Restriction endonuclease mapping revealed all three clones to have an EcoR I restriction site. The 250 bp fragment of λIRBP-1 and the 2000 bp fragment of λIRBP-2 both hybridized to a single bovine retinal mRNA species approximately 8 kb in length; there was no hybridization with either chicken lens or liver RNA. The amino acid sequence of a tryptic peptide from authentic IRBP has been obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA nucleotide sequence is the same as this authentic peptide. This definitively establishes the identity of the cDNA clones as encoding bovine IRBP.
The X-ray emission of normal spiral galaxies

Some results of an Einstein Observatory survey of X-ray emitting spiral galaxies are reported. The sources were normally 10-100 times further away than M31. Luminosities of 10 to the 38th to 10 to the 40th erg/sec were calculated and could have been generated by Pop I and Pop II binary systems, supernova remnants and small nuclear sources. Highly positive correlations were found among properties such as the integrated X-ray, optical and radio emissions. The data will also be compared with similar data from star burst and elliptical galaxies.
Mining Adverse Drug Reactions from Electronic Health Records

Over 2 million serious side effects, including 100,000 deaths, occur due to adverse drug reactions (ADR) every year in the US. Though various NGOs monitor ADRs through self reporting systems, earlier detection can be achieved using patient electronic health record (EHR) data available at many medical facilities. This paper presents an algorithm which allow existing ADR detection methods, which were developed for spontaneous reporting systems, to be applied directly to the longitudinal EHR data, as well as a new ADR detection method specifically for this type of data. Preliminary results show that the new method outperforms existing methods on EHR datasets. Future work on the method will extend it to detecting potential cause-effect relationships between events in other types of longitudinal data, handling multiple cause and effect items, and automatically selecting surveillance windows.
Antiferromagnetic order and evolution of magnetic entropy in RE4Zn5Ge6 (RE=Y, Gd–Lu)

Abstract We investigated the physical properties of eight new polar intermetallic phases RE 4 Zn 5 Ge 6 (RE=Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu). The compounds are isostructural and crystallize in a novel orthorhombic structure type, space group Cmc2 1 (No. 36), Pearson's symbol oC 60 . With the exception of the Y- and Lu-variants, all compounds show the onset of antiferromagnetic order below T = 20 K . Although the observed Weiss temperatures correspond fairly well to the respective Neel-temperatures, the magnetic entropy associated with the antiferromagnetic transitions is not recovered until temperatures one order of magnitude higher, due to the influence of crystal field effects.
Influence of Names on Career Choices in Medicine

AbstractThree studies showed that medical doctors and lawyers were disproportionately more likely to have surnames that resembled their professions. A fourth study showed that, for doctors, this influence extended to the type of medicine they practiced. Study 1 found that people with the surname "Doctor" were more likely to be doctors than lawyers, whereas those with the surname "Lawyer" were more likely to be lawyers. Studies 2 and 3 broadened this finding by comparing doctors and lawyers whose first or last names began with three-letter combinations representative of their professions, for example, "doc," "law," and likewise found a significant relationship between name and profession. Study 4 found that the initial letters of physicians' last names were significantly related to their subspecialty, for example, Raymonds were more likely to be radiologists than dermatologists. These results provide further evidence names influence medical career choices.
Perception of cancer recurrence risk: more information is better.

Abstract Objective Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Given the advances in extending survival, the number of recently diagnosed breast cancer patients and longer-term breast cancer survivors is growing. The goals of this study were to better understand (1) perceptions of provider cancer recurrence risk communication, (2) perceived risk of breast cancer recurrence in cancer patients and survivors, and (3) accuracy of perceived risk. Methods A survey was conducted on women with a prior breast cancer (n = 141). Results Approximately 40% of women perceived that providers had not talked about their breast cancer recurrence risk; although only 1 person reported not wanting a physician to talk to her about her risk. Women were largely inaccurate in their assessments of risk. Greater worry, living in a rural area, and longer time since diagnosis were associated with greater inaccuracy. Women tended to think about distal recurrence of cancer as often of local recurrence. Conclusions Perceived risk of breast cancer recurrence was inaccurate, and patients desired more communication about recurrence risk. Practice implications Consistent with findings from other studies, greater efforts are needed to improve the communication of cancer recurrence risk to patients. Attention should be paid to those from rural areas and to distal cancer recurrence in women with a previous history of breast cancer.
Combinatorial selection of a single stranded DNA thioaptamer targeting TGF-β1 protein

A phosphorothioate single-stranded DNA aptamer (thioaptamer) targeting transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) was isolated by in-vitro combinatorial selection. The aptamer selection procedure was designed to modify the backbone of single-stranded DNA aptamers, where 5' of both A and C are phosphorothioates, since this provides enhanced nuclease resistance as well as higher affinity than that of a phosphate counterpart. The thioaptamer selected from a combinatorial library (5x10(14) sequences) binds to TGF-beta1 protein with an affinity of 90 nM. In this report, sequence, predicted secondary structure, and binding affinity of the selected thioaptamer (T18_1_3) are presented.
THE OPTIMISM BIAS AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RISK PERCEPTION

Research suggests that people are excessively and unrealistically optimistic when judging their driving competency and accident risk. In this study, college-age drivers compared their risk of being involved in a variety of described traffic accidents relative to their peers. They also rated each of the accidents along a number of dimensions hypothesized as being related to optimism. In addition, subjects provided global estimates of their driving safety, skill, and accident likelihood. Significant optimism was evident for both the accidents and the global ratings. Optimism increased with driving experience and marginally with age. Those with more driving experience considered human factors to be more important in accident causation; those assigning more importance to human factors also rated themselves as more skillful drivers. For the specific accidents, perceived controllability was a strong predictor of optimism. The findings for controllability are interpreted in terms of other recent data and hypothesized explanations of the optimism bias. In general, it appears that optimism arises because people persistently overestimate the degree of control that they have over events.
Increased Acetabular Depth May Influence Physeal Stability in Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Background Multiple mechanical factors affecting the hip have been associated with the development of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). Whether acetabular depth plays a role in the development of a SCFE has not been elucidated.
Ion internal energy selection through angle-resolved mass spectrometry

Abstract Collision-induced dissociation of kilovolt energy ions gives product ions whose nature and abundance depend on the scattering angle. Increasing angle corresponds to depositing increased internal energies. The angle-resolved data for methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, methane, and propane closely parallel the breakdown curves for these molecular ions. Fragmentations from isolated electronic states are suggested by the angle-resolved data for CS +- 2 . The results provide further evidence that collisional activation at kilo-electron volt energies occurs by direct electronic excitation. This methodology is also shown to allow the effectiveness of different targets in collisional activation to be determined.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its relationship to mental retardation

Abstract This study involved 100 patients who were classified as mentally retarded and who were hospitalized under state care. These patients, during the course of their annual physical, were screened for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. The incidence of G-6-PD deficiency for both black and white subjects (S's) was compared to the incidence of G-6-PD deficiency to be expected in a normal population of each ethnic group. The screening and subsequent statistical analysis of the data indicates that the incidence of G-6-PD is drastically higher among Caucasian males in the atypical population than is to be expected and it is somewhat higher among the atypical Negroes. A chi-square analysis of the observed incidence as compared to the expected incidence produces a difference that is statistically significant to the .001 level for the Caucasians. It is felt that the results of the study, albeit, based on only 100 S's, indicates strongly that there may be a relationship between G-6-PD deficiency and limited mental capacity. Glucose phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Mental retardation Enzymes Metabolism Glucose Phosphate Dehydrogenase Blood
Hyperlexia and a variant of hypergraphia.

A patient with hyperlexia and hypergraphia is described. The unusual co-occurence of these two abilities is discussed. Hyperlexia may provide a useful marker to guide educational programming.
A Zn-based, pillared paddlewheel MOF containing free carboxylic acids via covalent post-synthesis elaboration

A Zn-based, mixed-ligand (pillared paddlewheel), metal–organic framework (MOF) has been covalently and quantitatively decorated with free carboxylic acids to demonstrate the utility of covalent post-synthesis modification in the construction of otherwise inaccessible carboxy-functionalized MOFs.
An immunological approach to the conformational equilibrium of staphylococcal nuclease

Abstract The conformational equilibrium constant, K conf , of staphylococcal nuclease, describing the equilibrium between the native conformation and non-native or disordered conformations, has been estimated using an immunologic method and an interpretive model. Using goat antisera prepared toward a conformationally disordered nuclease fragment (99–149), antibodies specific for the disordered form of the helix-rich sequence 99 to 126, anti-(99–126) R , were isolated by sequential immunoabsorption. Anti-(99–126) R forms soluble 7 S complexes with fragment (99–149), but this interaction may be inhibited by a large excess of nuclease. By using fragment (99–149) preferentially carbamylated at the α-amino terminus with KN 14 CO and rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin to distinguish between antibody-bound and free fragment (99–149), an assay for the quantitation of the degree of inhibition of anti-(99–126) R . (99–149) complex formation by nuclease was developed. Using a formal analysis based on the hypothesis that nuclease is in a conformational equilibrium between a folded and unfolded form and that anti-(99–126) R binds effectively only to the unfolded form, the K conf of nuclease was estimated to be 2900. In the presence of the ligands Ca(II), or Ca(II) and thymidine-3′,5′-diphosphate, K conf values of 6500 and 30,000 to 50,000 were estimated, respectively. The K conf of nuclease at 4 °C and 39 °C was 3900 and 400, respectively.
Modification of tumor response to cyclophosphamide and irradiation by preirradiation of the tumor bed: prolonged growth delay but reduced curability.

Abstract The effect of tumor bed irradiation (TBX) on subsequent tumor response to treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY) or further irradiation was studied in mice. Using the growth delay assay, the therapeutic response was enhanced by prior TBX: for example, in mice receiving 3000 rad TBX 1 day before fibrosarcoma cell inoculation, the growth delay from 8 to 12 mm produced by CY (150 mg/kg) was 18.8 days compared with 9.4 days without prior TBX. This effect was independent of time between TBX and tumor cell inoculation over the range 1–56 days. When tumor cure experiments were performed, however, the effect of prior TBX was to decrease significantly the proportion of tumors controlled by either CY or irradiation and to make the dose-response curve for radiocurability less steep. These data are best interpreted by postulating that TBX increases the environmental heterogeneity of tumors growing in preirradiated sites, with an overall net decrease in the cell kill achieved by a given dose of CY or radiation. This results in increased resistance to cure and a lack of dose response. However, the TBX also causes slower regrowth of surviving cells, so that an increase in tumor growth delay is realized. Thus, although eradication of postirradiation recurrences by chemotherapy is compromised, their palliation may actually be enhanced.
HDPV: interactive, faithful, in-vivo runtime state visualization for C/C++ and Java

Data structure visualization can increase program understanding in an educational context and help with visual debugging. Existing data structure visualization tools are limited in interactivity, providing mostly static views; flexibility, by restricting the layout strategies users can apply; scope, by focusing on only a single language; and fidelity, by abstracting away the actual runtime layout and size of a program's data. This paper presents the design and implementation of HDPV, a system for interactive, faithful, in-vivo runtime state visualization for native C/C++ programs and Java programs. We discuss how HDPV can be used for a number of use cases ranging from understanding simple, recursive programs, to understanding the visual effect of programming errors such as buffer overflows.
A Greedy Correlation-Incorporated SVM-Based Algorithm for Gene Selection

Microarrays serve scientists as a powerful and efficient tool to observe thousands of genes and analyze their activeness in normal or cancerous tissues. In general microarrays are used to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes in a cell mixture. Gene expression data obtained from microarrays can be used for various applications. One such application is that of gene selection. Gene selection is very similar to the feature selection problem addressed in the machine learning area. In a nutshell gene selection is the problem of identifying a minimum set of genes that are responsible for certain events (for example the presence of cancer). Informative gene selection is an important problem arising in the analysis of microarray data. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for gene selection that combines support vector machines with gene correlations. Experiments show that the new algorithm, called GCI-SVM, obtains a higher classification accuracy using a smaller number of selected genes than the well-known algorithms in the literature.