cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal morphine treatment and the development of the striatum

Abstract To study the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to opiates alters rates of mitosis, neuronal migration and/or cell survival in the developing striatum, we injected pregnant rats twice daily with morphine from E5 through term. At either E14 or E19, the rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label permanently neurons undergoing final mitosis. Embryos were obtained at E14, E16, E19 or the day of birth (P0). Brains were processed for immunocytochemical detection of BrdU. The prenatal treatment with morphine did not appear to alter mitotic rates at either E14 or E19. However, the number of labeled cells detected on P0 was decreased in the ventrolateral caudate-putament and in the nucleus accumbens by morphine treatment. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to morphine disrupts neuronal migration and/or cell survival. In the anlage of the nucleus accumbens labeled with BrdU at E19, small bits of labeled nuclear material were found in the morphine-treated E19 embryos, suggesting increased apoptosis.
Temporal Variations of Submillennial Periodicities in Sedimentary Endogenic Calcite from Lake Edward (Central Africa) During the Late Holocene

Sedimentary records of Lake Edward in Central Africa from the late Holocene era exhibit submillennial-scale periodicities in magnesium (Mg) and stable isotope compositions of endogenic calcite. Using multitaper spectral analysis, Russell et al. (Geology 31(8):677–680, 2003) detected a 725-yr cycle in the Mg data. We have analyzed the Mg data using a continuous wavelet transform and observed temporal variations in the submillennial periodicities. These temporal variations can be discerned from a time-period representation of the wavelet power spectrum by visual inspection. The multi-taper spectral analysis is based on the traditional Fourier transform, which is a purely frequency domain technique, and therefore cannot detect temporal variability of the spectrum, if any. In contrast, wavelet analysis offers a spectral-temporal approach by which both the dominant periodicities and their time variations can be identified. In this regard, the results of our wavelet analysis extend those of Russell et al. (Geology 31(8):677–680, 2003). Our analysis reveals dominant periodicities around the 785-yr and 660-yr cycles, but these cycles persist over different time spans within the late Holocene era. The 725-yr period identified by Russell et al. (Geology 31(8):677–680, 2003) with multitaper spectral analysis is very close to the average of the periods of these two cycles. For the purpose of accurately reconstructing the climate history in Central Africa using Mg as a proxy, it would be important to take into consideration the temporal variations of the submillennial periodicities.
CORRELATED RATES OF MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.

Since Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1962, 1965) proposed the molecular clock, many studies seem to have supported their prediction that rates of molecular and morphological evolution generally will be decoupled. Most of these studies were aimed at taxa in which rates of morphological evolution were thought to vary greatly a priori. For the current survey eight diverse taxa were systematically chosen from published studies without regard to prior expectations about rates. Two approaches showed that rates of molecular and morphological evolution may usually be coupled. First, correlations in the total number of changes accumulated in terminal taxa suggest that some mechanism alters the rates of both morphological and molecular evolution in concert. Second, node-density effects were removed statistically, and average corrected base-to-tip totals were compared among sister clades. Across all taxa 50 of 72 of these corrected contrasts support the hypothesis that rates of molecular and morphological evolution are correlated; this finding is highly significant by a binomial test. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between inferred molecular and morphological branch lengths in seven of eight cases, which is also significant. These branch length correlations are consistent with the rate correlations, and suggest that amounts of molecular and morphological evolution often are correlated also. This study supports the assumptions of several phylogenetic methods, and highlights a need for new inquiries into many aspects of both molecular and morphological evolution.
Host Range of Small-Ruminant Lentivirus Cytopathic Variants Determined with a Selectable Caprine Arthritis- Encephalitis Virus Pseudotype System

The small-ruminant lentiviruses ovine maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) cause encephalitis, progressive pneumonia, arthritis, and mastitis in sheep and goats. Icelandic MVV strains, which are lytic in tissue culture, have a wide species distribution of functional receptors, which includes human cells. In contrast, functional receptors for the nonlytic CAEV CO are absent from human cells. To determine if the wide species distribution of functional receptors is a common property of MVV strains or related to cytopathic phenotype, we tested the infectivity of viruses pseudotyped with the envelope glycoproteins of MVV K1514, CAEV CO, and lytic and nonlytic North American MVV strains to cells of different species. Replication-defective CAEV proviral constructs lacking the env, tat, and vif genes and carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase gene in the vif-tat region were developed for the infectivity assays. Cotransfection of human 293T cells with these proviral constructs and plasmids expressing CAEV, MVV, or vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoproteins produced infectious pseudotyped virus which induced resistance of infected cells to G418. Using these pseudotypes, we confirmed the wide species distribution of Icelandic MVV receptors and the narrow host range of CAEV. However, functional receptors for the two North American MVV strains tested, unlike the Icelandic MVV and similar to CAEV, were limited to cells of ruminant species, regardless of cytopathic phenotype. The results indicate a differential receptor recognition by MVV strains which is unrelated to cytopathic phenotype.
Feminist critique of developmentalism What’s in it for teachers?

Drawing on published feminist literature, this essay deconstructs developmentalism as a metanarrative that contributes to the oppression and exploitation of women and underpins educational practice...
Explicit feedback linearization of control systems

This paper addresses the problem of feedback linearization of nonlinear control systems via state and feedback transformations. Necessary and sufficient geometric conditions were provided in the early eighties but finding the feedback linearizing coordinates is subject to solving a system of partial differential equations and had remained open since then. We will provide in this paper a complete solution to the problem (see the companion paper where the state linearization has been addressed) by defining an algorithm that allows to compute explicitly the linearizing state coordinates and feedback for any nonlinear control system that is truly feedback linearizable. Each algorithm is performed using a maximum of n − 1 steps (n being the dimension of the system) and they are made possible by explicitly solving the Flow-box or straightening theorem. A possible implementation via software like mathematica/matlab/maple using simple integrations, derivations of functions might be considered.
Effect of polyethylene glycol conjugated bovine hemoglobin in both top-load and exchange transfusion rat models.

: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the hemoglobin based oxygen carrier, polyethylene glycol conjugated bovine hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) on the physiology of the rat. This study was divided into the following 3 parts: pharmacokinetics, cardiovascular, and histopathology. Pharmacokinetic studies evaluated the PEG-Hb circulatory life and the resultant effect on urine composition. Telemetric intravascular blood pressure probes monitored the heart rate and mean arterial pressure. Renal arterial blood flow was determined by intra-operative perivascular ultrasound. Tissue histology was evaluated for both time and model dependent responses. The mean circulatory half-life of PEG-Hb was 17.7 ± 0.3 h. Proteinuria and hemoglobinuria were greatly reduced with PEG conjugation. PEG-Hb treated rats produced 8.5 times and 49 times less proteinuria and hemoglobinuria, respectively, than unmodified bovine Hb treated animals. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) in PEG-Hb treated rats was insignificantly different from sham controls undergoing a 30% exchange transfusion while dextran caused an initial reduction and bovine Hb produced a prolonged elevation in the MAP. In these same anesthetized rats. PEG-Hb slightly decreased the heart rate while dextran caused an increase and bovine Hb had no effect. In addition, PEG-Hb was able to maintain the renal arterial blood flow while both Ringer's lactate and bovine Hb caused a reduction in the blood flow. Finally, PEG-Hb treated rats showed a dose and time dependent formation of vacuoles within the renal proximal convoluted tubules and splenic macrophages in both top-load and exchange transfusion models, but no other morphological changes. In conclusion, PEG-Hb had a relatively long vascular persistence that did not cause any significant alterations in the urinalysis, cardiovascular function, or tissue histopathology in the rat.
Collaboration to Promote Social Competence for Students With Mild Disabilities in the General Classroom: A Structure for Providing Social Support

When students are struggling to be successful in the general classroom, collaborative efforts should include planning for academic and social needs. Students with disabilities may display significant social difficulties such as establishing friendships or feelings of isolation and loneliness. Because peer relationships in childhood play a significant role in later-life adjustment, teachers need to create environments that support and promote social competence and acceptance. This article discusses issues around social competence for students with mild disabilities and provides a social support structure as a basis for collaborating with general education teachers to create socially inclusive learning environments and build social competence.
PKA: assembly of dynamic macromolecular signaling

Although we have learned a great deal about the protein kinase superfamily from our structure/function studies of the free PKA catalytic (C) subunit and the free cAMP-bound regulatory (R) subunits, we did not understand how the C-subunit was inhibited in the holoenzyme complexes, nor did we understand at the molecular level how the holoenzymes were activated by cAMP. There are four functionally non-redundant R-subunits (RIα, RIβ, RIIα, and RIIβ) and each is assembled as a dimer. The N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) is fllowed by a flexible linker and two tandem camp binding domains. The D/D domain also serves as the docking site for A Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) which serve as scaffolds that target the PKA holoenzyme to specific sites in the cell in close proximity to specific substrates. Isoform diversity of the R-subunits is a major mechanism for achieving specificity in PKA signaling. We describe here, for the first time, how PKA is assembled into diverse tetrameric holoenzymes and this allows us to begin to fully appreciate the role of the regulatory subunits in creating novel tetramers that are then recruited in unique ways to supramolecular complexes. How these scaffolds are then assembled as part of polyvalent PKA signaling scaffolds is our next challenge. By showing how the RII subunit is anchored to a PDZ domain through a dual specific AKAP, DAKAP2, we are beginning to understand how larger scaffolds are assembled and anchored to the C-termini of ion transporters. We are also exploring PKA signaling scaffolds at the mitochondria.
Potential pathophysiological mechanisms in osteonecrosis of the jaw

Bisphosphonates are used in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy, skeletal complications associated with metastastic bone disease, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a recently described clinical condition that has been associated with the use of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Reports describing this entity first appeared in the literature in 2003. While there have been significant numbers of case reports and a limited number of retrospective and prospective studies examining risk factors associated with ONJ, the pathophysiology of this condition remains elusive. In this review, we explore proposed mechanisms underlying ONJ development and identify potential areas for future investigation.
Teaching for Geographic Literacy: Our Afterschool Geography Club

This research describes how enrolling students in an afterschool Geography Club affects their perception of the discipline and their geographic literacy. The creation of the afterschool club at this particular school came out of the recognition of the need to increase students’ exposure to geographical content. The results of this study show the following improvements in students’ geographic literacy when they experience an increased exposure to geographic content: place recognition, application of geographic theory, establishment of connections between geographic facts and the students’ daily lives, and awareness of other cultures. The emergence of such patterns confirms the benefits that can be derived from enhancing students’ geographic literacy.
Structural analysis of a superconducting central solenoid for the Tokamak Physics Experiment

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) concept design uses superconducting coils to accomplish magnetic confinement. The central solenoid (CS) magnet is divided vertical into 8 equal segments which are powered independently. The eddy current heating from the pulsed operation is too high for a case type construction; therefore, a "no case" design has been chosen. This "no case" design uses the conductor conduit as the primary structure and the electrical installation as a structural adhesive. This electrical insulation is the "weak link" in the cell winding pack structure. A global finite element model with smeared winding pack properties was used to study the CS magnet structural behavior. The structural analysis results and peak stresses will be presented. >
AN ANALYSIS OF THE KENTUCKY INCOME TAX

THE 1936 KENTUCKY GENERAL ASSEMBLY adopted an income tax as a major source of tax revenue. Selected areas of inquiry include compliance, underreporting, discriminations stemming from the deduction for federal income taxes and from the definition of adjusted gross income, exempt corporations, allocation of corporation income, taxation of affiliated corporations, possible current collection program, and revenue analysis. The study sheds some light on the extent and nature of non-compliance and underreporting. A comparison of 1950 taxable income reported by resident taxpayers with estimated taxable income suggests that non-compliance and underreporting are fairly well controlled and are probably most significant in the lower income brackets and in certain counties in the Cincinnati area. An analysis of audit reports suggests the need for several legislative changes. The state law permits a deduction for federal income taxes which results in disorders of prime importance. The effect of the deduction is so pronounced that changes in federal rates tend to have an inverse relationship on state revenue. The definition of adjusted gross income also results in discriminations among certain taxpayers. Some issues concern only corporations. The statutory exemption of certain corporations is ambiguous and causes some question as to the scope of the tax. The allocation of corporation income derived from two or more states urgently needs remedial action. Particularly the property and sales factors should be redefined. The technique of determining taxable income of affiliated corporations might be improved if ascertained by the three-factor formula. Through the adoption of a current collection program, Kentucky may achieve desirable fiscal and administrative effects. The study considers aspects important to such a program, including the scope, amount of payments, returns and schedule of payments, refunds, revenue estimates, initial taxpayer burden, and attitude toward its adoption.
Synthesis of Novel Analgesic Agents IV: 1,2-Dialkyl-3-aryl Piperidazines and 1,2,3-Trialky1-3-aryl Piperidazines

Several members of both 1,2-dialkyl- and 1,2,3-trialkyl-3-aryl piperidazines were synthesized and investigated for analgesic activity. None possessed significant analgesic activity.
Efficient multi-layer coding and encryption of MPEG video streams

This paper introduces a novel, light-weight video encryption algorithm that supports light-weight, multi-layered encryption. The objectives of this encryption algorithm are to reduce the total amount of data encrypted (while providing reasonable privacy and security) and to allow for the playback of the encrypted stream in the presence of network packet loss and bit-errors. The latter property allows for the easy adaptation of encrypted video over best-effort networks, such as the Internet. This algorithm partitions the stream into three layers and provides encryption on the lower two layers. An adaptive algorithm is provided that shows how to adaptively partition the video data so that the user can ensure a maximum peak signal to noise ratio in the base layer. Our results show that we can provide security by encrypting only a fraction of the data depending on the level of security the user requires.
β-catenin and early development in the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata.

This study describes the early expression and function of β-catenin in the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata. In other bilaterians β-catenin functions in cell adhesion, gastrulation, and cell signaling, which is related to the establishment of the dorso-ventral axis and mesendoderm. Here, we studied the distribution of β-catenin mRNA and protein in C. fornicata via whole mount in situ hybridization and by expressing GFP-tagged β-catenin in vivo. During early cleavage, β-catenin mRNA and protein appear to be broadly localized to all cells in the early embryo. The mRNA tends to be concentrated at inter-phase centrosomes in these cells. At later stages, the mRNA is predominantly in the vegetal macromeres, and subsequently in the rudiment of the hindgut, stomodeum, and velar lobes. Expression of full-length GFP-tagged protein suggests that there is no active mechanism to degrade β-catenin within cells of the early embryos prior to the 25-cell stage. However, by the second day of development, when the fourth quartet micromeres have formed, β-catenin becomes selectively stabilized in the progeny of the 4d mesentoblast (e.g., ML and MR and their daughters) and is missing from most other blastomeres, including vegetal macromeres. Over the next 2 days of development, during subsequent divisions of 4d, β-catenin protein becomes progressively degraded, along the proximo-distal axes, within the progeny of the paired mesendodermal bands. The cells located at the tips of the mesodermal bands (2 mL² and 2 mR²) are the last to contain this protein, which is no longer detected after 4 days of development. In animals like C. fornicata, which undergo a spiral cleavage program (e.g., molluscs, annelids, nemerteans, and polyclad flatworms), the mesentoblast or 4d cell represents the progenitor of endomesoderm (forming hindgut, internal and external kidneys, and various muscles). Therefore, the selective stabilization of β-catenin in the progeny of 4d in C. fornicata is consistent with arguments that a basic, ancestral role of β-catenin lies in the formation of endomesodermal fates. Experiments using a truncated β-catenin clone show that the regions located in the C-terminus, distal to the 11th armadillo repeat, are required for normal stabilization/degradation of β-catenin protein within the embryo. Microinjection of translation blocking β-catenin morpholinos into zygotes led to the down-regulation of β-catenin expression. This resulted in the subsequent failure of gastrulation, but did not interfere with the formation and early cleavage of 4d, although there were no discernable differentiated cell fates in these defective embryos. These results are compared with those obtained in other metazoans.
Grazed Riparian Management and Stream Channel Response in Southeastern Minnesota (USA) Streams

The U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service has recommended domestic cattle grazing exclusion from riparian corridors for decades. This recommendation was based on a belief that domestic cattle grazing would typically destroy stream bank vegetation and in-channel habitat. Continuous grazing (CG) has caused adverse environmental damage, but along cohesive-sediment stream banks of disturbed catchments in southeastern Minnesota, short-duration grazing (SDG), a rotational grazing system, may offer a better riparian management practice than CG. Over 30 physical and biological metrics were gathered at 26 sites to evaluate differences between SDG, CG, and nongrazed sites (NG). Ordinations produced with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated a gradient with a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) and riparian site management; low IBI scores associated with CG sites and higher IBI scores associated with NG sites. Nongrazed sites were associated with reduced soil compaction and higher bank stability, as measured by the Pfankuch stability index; whereas CG sites were associated with increased soil compaction and lower bank stability, SDG sites were intermediate. Bedrock geology influenced NMS results: sites with carbonate derived cobble were associated with more stable channels and higher IBI scores. Though current riparian grazing practices in southeastern Minnesota present pollution problems, short duration grazing could reduce sediment pollution if managed in an environmentally sustainable fashion that considers stream channel response.
Cassiterite-saturated minimum melting behavior within Sn-SnO2-SiO2 at 1 atm and 10 kbar

Anhydrous minimum-melting equilibria saturated with SnO2 form a pseudo-binary within Sn-SnO2-SiO2 close to the join SnO-SiO2. This relationship, previously observed in various studies at 1 atmosphere and confirmed here, is explored more uniformly across the full compositional range of the system at pressure of ca. 10 kbars using Re capsules. Eutectic points and curves increase significantly in temperature with 10–11.6 kbars of pressure with only modest shifts of eutectic composition from that at ca. 1 bar pressure. No silicate liquid immiscibility was encountered in the minimum-melting regime although it may develop with increasing pressure in SiO2-rich compositions. Possible configurations for the equilibria at temperatures greater than minimum melting suggest wide fields of Sn-SiO2 and SnO2-SiO2 liquid immiscibility on either side of the SnO-SiO2 join. The SnO-SiO2 pseudo-binary involves a trough between the two thermo-compositional immiscibility maxima that reflects the thermal stability and volatility of the SnO dimer and its complexes. In general, these data support high solubility of tin in anhydrous silicate melts, at geologically relevant temperatures and somewhat low oxygen fugacities, as the tin contents of the run products ranged from 24–62 and 51–81 wt%, respectively, for ca. 1 bar and 10 kbar experiments.
A Novel Cytoplasmic Tail MXXXL Motif Mediates the Internalization of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein expressed at high levels in prostate cancer and in tumor-associated neovasculature. In this study, we report that PSMA is internalized via a clathrin-dependent endocytic mechanism and that internalization of PSMA is mediated by the five N-terminal amino acids (MWNLL) present in its cytoplasmic tail. Deletion of the cytoplasmic tail abolished PSMA internalization. Mutagenesis of N-terminal amino acid residues at position 2, 3, or 4 to alanine did not affect internalization of PSMA, whereas mutation of amino acid residues 1 or 5 to alanine strongly inhibited internalization. Using a chimeric protein composed of Tac antigen, the α-chain of interleukin 2-receptor, fused to the first five amino acids of PSMA (Tac-MWNLL), we found that this sequence is sufficient for PSMA internalization. In addition, inclusion of additional alanines into the MWNLL sequence either in the Tac chimera or the full-length PSMA strongly inhibited internalization. From these results, we suggest that a novel MXXXL motif in the cytoplasmic tail mediates PSMA internalization. We also show that dominant negative μ2 of the adaptor protein (AP)-2 complex strongly inhibits the internalization of PSMA, indicating that AP-2 is involved in the internalization of PSMA mediated by the MXXXL motif.
Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering.

The function of the heterocercal tail in sharks has long been debated in the literature. Previous kinematic data have supported the classical theory which proposes that the beating of the heterocercal caudal fin during steady horizontal locomotion pushes posteroventrally on the water, generating a reactive force directed anterodorsally and causing rotation around the center of mass. An alternative model suggests that the heterocercal shark tail functions to direct reaction forces through the center of mass. In this paper, we quantify the function of the tail in two species of shark and compare shark tail function with previous hydrodynamic data on the heterocercal tail of sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. To address the two models of shark heterocercal tail function, we applied the technique of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to quantify the wake of two species of shark swimming in a flow tank. Both steady horizontal locomotion and vertical maneuvering were analyzed. We used DPIV with both horizontal and vertical light sheet orientations to quantify patterns of wake velocity and vorticity behind the heterocercal tail of leopard sharks ( Triakis semifasciata) and bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium punctatum) swimming at 1.0 L s ‐1 , where L is total body length. Two synchronized high-speed video cameras allowed simultaneous measurement of shark body position and wake structure. We measured the orientation of tail vortices shed into the wake and the orientation of the central jet through the core of these vortices relative to body orientation. Analysis of flow geometry indicates that the tail of both leopard and bamboo shark generates strongly tilted vortex rings with a mean jet angle of approximately 30 ° below horizontal during steady horizontal swimming. The corresponding angle of the reaction force is much greater than body angle (mean 11 °) and the angle of the path of motion of the center of mass (mean approximately 0 °), thus strongly supporting the classical model of heterocercal tail function for steady horizontal locomotion. Vortex jet angle varies significantly with body angle changes during vertical maneuvering, but sharks show no evidence of active reorientation of jet angle relative to body angle, as was seen in a previous study on the function of sturgeon tail. Vortex jet orientation is significantly more inclined than the relatively horizontal jet generated by sturgeon tail vortex rings, demonstrating substantial differences in function in the heterocercal tails of sharks and sturgeon. We present a summary of forces on a swimming shark integrating data obtained here on the tail with previous data on pectoral fin and body function. Body orientation plays a critical role in the overall force balance and compensates for torques generated by the tail. The pectoral fins do not generate lift during steady horizontal locomotion, but play an important hydrodynamic role during vertical maneuvering.
Polysomy of chromosome 12 in 60 patients with non‐hodgkin's lymphoma assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization: Differences between follicular and diffuse large cell lymphoma

Sixty consecutive evaluable specimens from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were studied for the incidence of polysomy of chromosome 12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes for the repetitive DNA sequence in the centromeric region of chromosome 12. Thirty-six samples were from follicular lymphomas (FLs), and twenty-four were from diffuse large cell lymphomas (DLCLs). Fifty-two specimens (86%) were obtained by fine-needle aspiration of a diseased node, seven (11.6%) were from involved bone marrows, and one specimen was from a pleural effusion. Twelve of the thirty-six (33%) cases with FL had trisomy 12 in 3-41% of the cells (median, 10%) (normal controls had three signals in 1.4 +/- 0.7% of cells). Trisomy 12 was found in 62% of the patients who had had FL for more than 5 years. Nine of the twenty-four cases (37%) with DLCL had more than two copies of chromosome 12 in 4-92% of the cells (median, 78%), and all nine cases were of B-cell phenotype. Unlike FL cells, some DLCL cells had 4-6 copies of chromosome 12. In previously untreated patients, 54% of DLCLs and 26% of FLs had subpopulations of cells containing more than two copies of chromosome 12 (P = 0.04). Only 2/7 cases of DLCL with polysomy 12 had rearrangement of the BCL2 gene, indicating that the majority of DLCL cases with polysomy 12 did not result from histologic transformation of low grade follicular lymphomas. These data demonstrate that FISH of interphase cells is a sensitive method for detecting numerical abnormalities of chromosome 12 in NHL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vice-Virtue Bundles

We introduce a simple solution to help consumers manage choices between healthy and unhealthy food options: vice-virtue bundles. Vice-virtue bundles are item aggregates with varying proportions of both vice and virtue, holding overall quantity constant. Four studies compare choice and perceptions of differently composed vice-virtue bundles relative to one another and to pure vice and pure virtue options. Although multiple consumer segments can be identified, results suggest that people overall tend to prefer vice-virtue bundles with small 1 4 to medium 1 2 proportions of vice rather than large 3 4 proportions of vice. Moreover, people generally rate vice-virtue bundles with small vice proportions as healthier but similarly tasty as bundles with larger vice proportions. For most individuals, choice patterns are different from those predicted by variety-seeking accounts alone. Instead, these findings provide evidence of asymmetric effectiveness of small vice and virtue proportions at addressing taste and health goals, respectively. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2053 . This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Athermal Performance in Titania-Clad Microresonators on SOI

We propose the use of titanium dioxide as cladding material to reduce the temperature sensitivity of silicon-based microresonators. The advantages of using titanium dioxide over the conventional alternatives are discussed, and experimental results are presented.
RELATIONSHIP OF AGE AND SEX OF TURKEYS TO AORTIC RUPTURES INDUCED BY DIETHYLSTILBESTROL.

SummaryMale and female turkeys were first injected with DES at 6, 8, 10 and 17 weeks of age. A high incidence of aortic ruptures occurred in all birds except those which were injected initially at 17 weeks of age, and these were essentially refractory to the disease. Total serum cholesterol was elevated and systolic blood pressure was lowered by all treatments.
Canning and freezing

This paper gives ‘an insider's view’ of the Scottish processed food manufacturing industry, through the eyes of the Managing Director and Chairman of a distinctive family company sited midway between Aberdeen and Inverness on the banks of the River Spey. In 1946 the company employed a mere 11 people, and manufactured only preserves and beetroot products, having an annual sales value of £40,000. Today a wide range of products is sold in over 60 countries with an annual turnover approaching £20 million and a profit of £1–5 million. Forty years ago there were more than 20 jam making companies in Scotland; and in the United Kingdom more than 30 manufacturers of canned soups. Today there are only 5 of the former category and 5 of the latter making and selling their own brands. What has happened in these 40 years? Some answers are given to that question and an outline of the way ahead is presented.
Rational design of topographical helix mimics as potent inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.

Protein–protein interactions encompass large surface areas, but often a handful of key residues dominate the binding energy landscape. Rationally designed small molecule scaffolds that reproduce the relative positioning and disposition of important binding residues, termed “hotspot residues”, have been shown to successfully inhibit specific protein complexes. Although this strategy has led to development of novel synthetic inhibitors of protein complexes, often direct mimicry of natural amino acid residues does not lead to potent inhibitors. Experimental screening of focused compound libraries is used to further optimize inhibitors but the number of possible designs that can be efficiently synthesized and experimentally tested in academic settings is limited. We have applied the principles of computational protein design to optimization of nonpeptidic helix mimics as ligands for protein complexes. We describe the development of computational tools to design helix mimetics from canonical and noncanonical r...
Surface Ship Confronting Anti-Radiation Missile with Compound Jamming

For most of the ships are equipped with active equipment and passive jamming device,an approach for surface ship confronting anti-radiation missile with active and passive compound jamming is proposed.Based on the principle,the corresponding mathematical models are established and the feasibility of the approach is proved.Lastly,some problems are analyzed that ought to be noticed when exercising the approach.
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ASSESSMENT FOR TRACKING SERVO-HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR DISPLACEMENT IN REAL-TIME HYBRID SIMULATIONS

Real-time hybrid simulation is a novel and effective technique for seismic tests. Servo-hydraulic actuators play an important role in a real-time hybrid simulation, where they serve to maintain the boundary conditions between the experimental and analytical substructures. Accurate actuator tracking directly affects the reliability of hybrid simulation results. Existing methods for actuator tracking assessment are often based on time-domain analysis. This paper proposes a frequency-domain actuator tracking method, based on use of the Fourier transform, which only requires the input and the output of the actuator and can simultaneously evaluate the phase delay and the amplitude error. To minimize the effect of the fast Fourier transform(FFT) and spectrum leakage on the analysis results, a Hann window is used to improve the accuracy of the method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated experimentally using a real-time hybrid simulation system which subjects the actuator to predefined sinusoidal and random signals.
Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Vector Competence of Aedes taeniorhynchus for Rift Valley Fever and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the susceptibility of Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) viruses. Mosquitoes reared at low temperature (19 degrees C) were significantly more susceptible to infection with RVF virus (infection rate = 70%, 158 of 226) than were those mosquitoes reared at 26 degrees C (infection rate = 48%, 135 of 280), regardless of the temperature at which mosquitoes were held after exposure to virus (19 or 26 degrees C). Likewise, for Ae. taeniorhynchus exposed to VEE virus, the infection rate in mosquitoes reared at low temperature (97%, 236 of 243) was significantly greater than was that for mosquitoes reared at 26 degrees C (78%, 217 of 280), regardless of the temperature at which mosquitoes were held after exposure to virus (19 or 26 degrees C). Conversely, in mosquitoes infected with either RVF or VEE virus, virus disseminated from the midgut to the hemocoel more rapidly in mosquitoes held at 26 degrees C than in those held at 19 degrees C, regardless of the rearing temperature. Thus, a combination of low larval-rearing temperature and warm adult-holding temperature resulted in the most efficient mosquito transmission of both viruses.
Canyon formation constraints on the discharge of catastrophic outburst floods of Earth and Mars

Catastrophic outburst floods carved amphitheater-headed canyons on Earth and Mars, and the steep headwalls of these canyons suggest that some formed by upstream headwall propagation through waterfall erosion processes. Because topography evolves in concert with water flow during canyon erosion, we suggest that bedrock canyon morphology preserves hydraulic information about canyon-forming floods. In particular, we propose that for a canyon to form with a roughly uniform width by upstream headwall retreat, erosion must occur around the canyon head, but not along the sidewalls, such that canyon width is related to flood discharge. We develop a new theory for bedrock canyon formation by megafloods based on flow convergence of large outburst floods toward a horseshoe-shaped waterfall. The model is developed for waterfall erosion by rock toppling, a candidate erosion mechanism in well fractured rock, like columnar basalt. We apply the model to 14 terrestrial (Channeled Scablands, Washington; Snake River Plain, Idaho; and Asbyrgi canyon, Iceland) and nine Martian (near Ares Vallis and Echus Chasma) bedrock canyons and show that predicted flood discharges are nearly 3 orders of magnitude less than previously estimated, and predicted flood durations are longer than previously estimated, from less than a day to a few months. Results also show a positive correlation between flood discharge per unit width and canyon width, which supports our hypothesis that canyon width is set in part by flood discharge. Despite lower discharges than previously estimated, the flood volumes remain large enough for individual outburst floods to have perturbed the global hydrology of Mars.
Christian Holocaust Theology and the Witness-People Myth: The Jews’ Fate as Sign, The Holocaust as Revelation, Israel as Message

This chapter explores the phenomenon of Christian Holocaust theology as an instance of the witness-people myth’s potency in contemporary theological reflection. In designating the concerns and tendencies of this theological movement, I will refer to a small group of thinkers whom I regard as “Holocaust theologians.”1 Although their number includes several Europeans, this chapter is concerned primarily with North American Holocaust theologians, especially John Pawlikowski, Paul van Buren, Franklin Littell, Alice L. and A. Roy Eckardt, Gregory Baum, Monika Hellwig, Robert Everett and James Moore. It is true that I am inferring the presence of an intellectual movement from the work of a few authors. I am emboldened to do so, however, by the surprising continuities in the writings of these men and women. While their visions for the future of Christian theology occasionally diverge, these theologians agree that the fundamental failure of Christendom in the past can be located in its conception and treatment of the Jew.
Ballistic Jupiter Gravity-Assist, Perihelion-ΔV Trajectories for an Interstellar Explorer

This proposed interstellar precursor mission will penetrate into the nearby interstellar medium by achieving 1000 Astronomical Units from the Sun within the working lifetime (about 50 years) of those who started the mission. A variety of science goals and orbital mechanics constraints contribute to the formulation of a list of candidate stars for targeting the solar system escape trajectory direction. An approach is developed that will minimize both launch energy to Jupiter and a subsequent near-Sun, high-I S P , high-thrust maneuver in order to attain a high-speed escape from the solar system towards a target star. Detailed performance characteristics are given for selected reference trajectories.
Is Economic Uncertainty Priced in the Cross-Section of Individual Stocks?

We investigate the role of economic uncertainty in the cross-sectional pricing of individual stocks and equity portfolios. We estimate stock exposure to an economic uncertainty index and show that stocks in the lowest uncertainty beta decile generate 6% more annualized risk-adjusted return compared to stocks in the highest uncertainty beta decile. We find that the uncertainty premium is driven by the outperformance (underperformance) by stocks with negative (positive) uncertainty beta. Our results indicate that uncertainty-averse investors demand extra compensation to hold stocks with negative uncertainty beta and they are willing to pay high prices for stocks with positive uncertainty beta.
Correlated fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of virus-infected or transfected mammalian cells

Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) combines spatiotemporal information from fluorescence light microscopy (fLM) with high-resolution structural data from cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). These technologies provide opportunities to bridge knowledge gaps between cell and structural biology. Here we describe our protocol for correlated cryo-fLM, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and cryo-ET (i.e., cryo-CLEM) of virus-infected or transfected mammalian cells. Mammalian-derived cells are cultured on EM substrates, using optimized conditions that ensure that the cells are spread thinly across the substrate and are not physically disrupted. The cells are then screened by fLM and vitrified before acquisition of cryo-fLM and cryo-ET images, which is followed by data processing. A complete session from grid preparation through data collection and processing takes 5-15 d for an individual experienced in cryo-EM.
Interaction of Genetic Factors With Nutrition in Cancer

In the exploration of the role of dietary factors in carcinogenesis, both essential nutrients and other compounds in foods with biological activity may be important. Further, endogenous factors including genetic one may interact with the nutritional compounds to impact the development of cancer. These interactions may operate in two directions. Genes can affect the action of the compounds of dietary origin (e.g., increasing or decreasing the amount needed for good nutritional status), and these compounds can affect the action of genes (e.g., increasing or decreasing expression). Genetic factors may affect the metabolism of carcinogens and procarcinogens found in food, and food components can interact with genetic factors to play a role in prevention of carcinogenesis. Methodologic issues regarding the study of diet, genetic variation, and cancer are reviewed and examples are provided of mechanisms for potential nutrition–gene interactions in cancer.
The role of perceived sleep norms in subjective sleep appraisals and sleep-related illness behavior.

The present investigation sought to extend extant research on subjective sleep complaints by examining their relation to perceived sleep norms. Results from two studies showed that individuals’ distress and illness behavior in response to symptoms of fatigue and non-restorative sleep was influenced by their perceptions of peer norms for those symptoms. Individuals who believed they experienced a greater degree of fatigue and non-restorative sleep than their peers reported more distress arising from those symptoms, and were also more likely to seek social support and medical treatment for them. Furthermore, participants who scored higher in neuroticism were more likely to believe they experienced worse fatigue and non-restorative sleep than their peers, and thus reported higher symptom-related distress, and higher likelihood of engaging in illness behaviors. These results provide preliminary evidence of the clinical relevance of perceived norms in the way individuals respond to and manage sleep related problems.
HDAC3 Inhibitor RGFP966 Modulates Neuronal Memory for Vocal Communication Signals in a Songbird Model.

Epigenetic mechanisms that modify chromatin conformation have recently been under investigation for their contributions to learning and the formation of memory. For example, the role of enzymes involved in histone acetylation are studied in the formation of long-lasting memories because memory consolidation requires gene expression events that are facilitated by an open state of chromatin. We recently proposed that epigenetic events may control the entry of specific sensory features into long-term memory by enabling transcription-mediated neuronal plasticity in sensory brain areas. Histone deacetylases, like HDAC3, may thereby regulate the specific sensory information that is captured for entry into long-term memory stores (Phan & Bieszczad 2016). To test this hypothesis, we used an HDAC3-selective inhibitor (RGFP966) to determine whether its application after an experience with a sound stimulus with unique acoustic features could contribute to the formation of a memory that would assist in mediating its later recognition. We gave adult male zebra finches limited exposure to unique conspecific songs (20 repetitions each, well below the normal threshold to form long-term memory), followed by treatment with RGFP966 or vehicle. In different groups, we either made multi-electrode recordings in the higher auditory area NCM (caudal medial nidopallidum), or determined expression of an immediate early gene, zenk (also identified as zif268, egr-1, ngfi-a and krox24), known to participate in neuronal memory in this system. We found that birds treated with RGFP966 showed neuronal memory after only limited exposure, while birds treated with vehicle did not. Strikingly, evidence of neuronal memory in NCM induced by HDAC3-inhibition was lateralized to the left-hemisphere, consistent with our finding that RGFP966-treatment also elevated zenk expression only in the left hemisphere. The present findings show feasibility for epigenetic mechanisms to control neural plasticity underlying the formation of specific memories for conspecific communication sounds This is the first evidence in zebra finches that epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to gene expression events for neuronal memory of acoustically-rich sensory cues.
Students' science talk during engineering design in life science-focused STEM integration units

While STEM integration and engineering education have become increasingly important, most integration units use physical or earth science topics. Thus, the purpose of this research was to explore students' discussions during two life science-focused, engineering design-based STEM integration units to determine what types of connections within STEM students were making and whether these aligned with the life science learning outcomes of the units. This study employs a qualitative content analysis methodology to categorize the instances of science that students used during engineering design. The results show that students in both STEM integration units used science during engineering design, but how much life science vs. physical science used depended on the criteria given by the engineering challenge. This suggests that when developing life science-focused, engineering design-based integrated STEM units, curriculum developers need to carefully consider whether life science serves only as a context or whether it is required to develop solutions to the engineering challenge.