cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tree structured analysis on GPU power study

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have emerged as a promising platform for parallel computation. With a large number of processor cores and abundant memory bandwidth, GPUs deliver substantial computation power. While providing high computation performance, a GPU consumes high power and needs sufficient power supplies and cooling systems. It is essential to institute an efficient mechanism for evaluating and understanding the power consumption when running real applications on high-end GPUs. In this paper, we present a high-level GPU power consumption model using sophisticated tree-based random forest methods which correlate and predict the power consumption using a set of performance variables. We demonstrate that this statistical model not only predicts the GPU runtime power consumption more accurately than existing regression based approaches, but more importantly, it provides sufficient insights into understanding the correlation of the GPU power consumption with individual performance metrics. We use a GPU simulator that can collect more runtime performance metrics than hardware counters. We measure the power consumption of a wide-range of CUDA kernels on an experimental system with GTX 280 GPU to collect statistical samples for power analysis. The proposed method is applicable to other GPUs as well.
2-D Silicon/PLZT Spatial Light Modulators: System Application Potential

This paper presents a description and design considerations for silicon/PLZT spatial light modulators (Si/PLZT SLMs) which provide high parallel processing power, dynamic range, cellular resolution, sensitivity and the potential for implementation of "smart" optical devices. Following an overview of Si/PLZT SLMs, we discuss potential performance with respect to fundamental limits. Finally, we predict performance in specific applications. This analysis suggests that Si/PLZT SLMs can play an important role in the implementation of a variety of optical processing and computing systems.
Evidence profiles for lung cancer: benefit/harms data based on the totality of randomized evidence.

In this issue, we present evidence profiles based on the totality of the randomised evidence from two systematic reviews (SRs) in the field of lung cancer that are relevant to clinicians. Reliable data on benefits and harms are essential for making informed decisions in management of cancer patients. This includes identifying gaps in our knowledge i.e. knowing what we do and what we do not know regarding benefits and harms of interventions that are available to us. The rationale for the development of these evidence profiles is explained in detail in the editorial by Djulbegovic et al. that was published in the volume 32 issue 6 of this journal. To produce the three evidence profiles from 2 SRs listed below, more than 30 titles of SR and meta-analysis that have been published in the last 3 years in the MEDLINE database and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were initially screened. The ones, which were of high quality and most relevant to clinicians, were selected for this issue. However, evidence without context can only help us up to the point. Dr. Tanvetyanon and Dr. Bepler, two lung cancer experts, provided necessary context within which evidence presented in the profiles should be understood. In their commentary, they discuss the practical dilemmas related to decision of the optimal timing of administering radiotherapy to patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer; they further commented on our status of knowledge about various chemotherapy regimens that are available in treatment of advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. They concluded that the best evidence to date shows that available therapies will not dramatically change the outcomes of patients with lung cancer advocating ‘‘abandoning traditional approach of random combination of therapeutic agents’’ and need to intensify clinical testing of new agents whose value is yet to be proven. We hope that evidence profiles presented here will be useful not only to clinicians but to future researchers as the background against which new clinical studies should be designed.
Feature-based texture mapping from video sequence

This paper introduces a system with a processing pipeline for mapping video images onto an arbitrary 3D model. Given a set of correspondences between 3D model and the video images, the system maps the video images onto the 3D model. Instead of finding the 2D to 3D correspondences between the image and the model, we develop a different formulation that only requires 2D-to-2D matching–a much well studied problem, without the need for camera pose tracking. Starting from a registered image, new images are incrementally registered in 2D to create a mosaic texture map. The 3D model will then be parameterized over the mosaic image through the minimization of the geometric distortion metric using an optimization-based method. Our method does not require calibrated cameras or tracking information, and can also deal with nonrigid deformation to some extent.
Engineering mucosal RNA interference in vivo.

Mucosal surfaces serve as a gateway to disease. Here, we demonstrate that RNA interference can be used to manipulate mucosal gene expression in vivo. Using a murine model, we show that direct application of liposome-complexed siRNA mediates gene-specific silencing in cervicovaginal and rectal mucosa. A single vaginal or rectal administration of siRNA targeting hematopoietic or somatic cell gene products reduced corresponding mRNA levels by up to 90%. Using a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease, we found that the rectal application of siRNA targeting TNF-α led to relative mucosal resistance to experimental colitis. Liposomal siRNA formulations proved nontoxic, did not elicit a nonspecific interferon response, and provide a means for genetic engineering of mucosal surfaces in vivo.
An enterprise-wide strategic stakeholder approach to sales ethics

A framework for an enterprise-wide strategic stakeholder approach to sales ethics is developed to address ethical sales performance. Stakeholder orientation goes beyond market orientation and customer orientation and provides the foundation for an organizational ethical culture and an ethical sales subculture. Organizational values and norms can dictate modes of behavior and help balance stakeholder interests. Understanding organizational ethical decision making helps to identify risk and aids in the development of appropriate programs to prevent misconduct. A strategic focus includes an ethical organizational culture, guidelines and boundaries for conduct, as well as continuous improvement.
Natural Convection in a Stably Heated Corner Filled With Porous Medium

Analyse numerique de la convection naturelle dans un milieu poreux sature limite par une paroi horizontale froide et une paroi verticale chaude situee au-dessus de la paroi horizontale ou par une paroi horizontale chaude et une paroi verticale froide situee au-dessous de la paroi horizontale. Presentation de resultats pour les champs d'ecoulements et de temperature et le coefficient de transfert de chaleur pour des valeurs du nombre de Darcy-Rayleigh entre 10 et 6000
Communication and the New World of Relationships.

Le developpement de la communication en tant que discipline ne signifie pas que l'interet pour un paradigme universel de la communication soit devenu une acceptation confortable du pluralisme theorique. Dans ce cadre de reflexion, l'A. s'interesse a la recherche dans le domaine de la communication interpersonnelle. Selon lui, il est necessaire d'avoir une science de la communication dans le domaine des relations personnelles et sociales, qui apporte une vue realiste de ces relations
RELATIONSHIP OF THE VIRUS OF LOUPING ILL IN SHEEP AND THE VIRUS OF RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER ENCEPHALITIS IN MAN.

An experimental study of three strains of Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus and one of louping ill virus has yielded the following results:— 1. The sera of mice hyperimmunized to the viruses of Russian encephalitis and louping ill respectively have produced complement fixation with both antigens in almost precisely the same titer. 2. In neutralization tests hyperimmune sera against the Russian virus strains protected against louping ill virus to the same extent as against the Russian virus strains. Conversely, hyperimmune sera against the louping ill virus protected against the Russian viruses, although to a less degree than against louping ill virus. 3. In cross-resistance tests in mice, a vaccine consisting of formolized Russian virus gave strong protection against this latter and moderate protection against louping ill virus. Formolized louping ill virus gave moderate protection against infection with louping ill and considerably less against the Russian virus. 4. Serum from an individual recovered from a laboratory infection with louping ill virus contracted in 1933 gave positive complement fixation and neutralization tests with the Russian spring-summer encephalitis, as well as with louping ill virus. 5. Serum from a patient who became infected with either Russian or louping ill virus or both while working with the viruses in the laboratory in the fall of 1942, gave positive reactions on complement fixation and neutralization tests against them both. 6. No such similarities have been found with other central nervous system viruses. Hence it would appear that they are specific.
Pure and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: technology and techniques merge to improve outcomes.

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is rapidly becoming the preferred approach in the surgical management of prostate cancer. The enhanced visibility provided to the surgeon by magnification allows for a better definition of anatomical landmarks, which were not apparent with open, nonmagnified surgery. Recent descriptions of the periprostatic anatomy, including the fascial layers surrounding the prostate, the structure of the neurovascular bundles and the components of the urethral sphincteric complex, allow the surgeon to refine available surgical techniques and create new ones with the goal of maximizing potency and continence preservation. The advent of the da Vinci® robot to assist laparoscopic surgery served as a platform to enhance the surgeon’ laparoscopic skills and to define further technological needs, such as better 3D vision systems and the development of hand-held articulating instruments that maintain haptic perception. This review summarizes the newer technologies available, recent anatomica...
Social Class and Parenting Children with Mild and Moderate Mental Retardation

Based on Kohn's (1977) and Gecas' (1979) theories of social class and parenting values, the role of socioeconomic status (SES) as a determinant of parenting attitudes and behaviors and as a moderator of problems associated with raising children with handicaps was evaluated among 171 families raising a child with mild or moderate mental retardation. Self-report measures assessed mothers' and fathers' attitudes regarding control, independence, and closeness within the family, and parental and family problems. Supportive, aversive, and controlling parent-child interactions were observed in the home. As expected, higher SES was associated with parental attitudes and behaviors related to fostering independent initiative in the family, and lower SES parents exhibited relatively more controlling and negative behaviors. However, regardless of SES, controlling parental behaviors also were responsive to the level of functioning of the child with mental retardation. Consistent with an hypothesis about violations of SES-related values, negative and controlling interactions with the child were more highly correlated with the parents' reports of parental and family problems for upper SES as opposed to lower SES parents. Several models of SES and family adaptation are discussed.
Atmospheric pressure resistive barrier cold plasma for biological decontamination

Steady-state atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas can splendidly debilitate bacteria in liquids, gases, and on surfaces, as well as can disintegrate hazardous chemicals. The nonthermal resistive barrier gas discharge at atmospheric pressure is currently investigated for low-temperature sterilization purposes. We have carried out electrical, chemical, optical, and biological studies of the discharge, with the intent of identifying the chemically and biologically active species produced. In this paper, we have demonstrated that effective decontamination can be achieved without causing any damage to the active media.
Weibull vs. Lognormal Distributions for Fluvial Gravels

ABSTRACT Krumbein and Tisdel (1940) suggested that the particle size distribution of a weathered source rock tends to follow the Rosin distribution, whereas with distance downstream, fluvially transported sediment tends to follow the lognormal distribution. This issue can be illuminated somewhat by recognizing that the Rosin distribution is the same as the well-studied Weibull distribution. However, it can be difficult to distinguish the lognormal, Rosin (Weibull), and even gamma distributions in particle size distribution curves. Brennan and Durrett (1987) suggest that differences in splitting rates can give rise to the lognormal vs. Weibull distributions, but the geological implications of these concepts, and the integration of the effects of sorting by fluvial transport, remain to be addressed.
Activation of host tissue trophic factors through JAK-STAT3 signaling: a mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac repair

We recently demonstrated a cardiac therapeutic regimen based on injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the skeletal muscle. Although the injected MSCs were trapped in the local musculature, the extracardiac cell delivery approach repaired the failing hamster heart. This finding uncovers a tissue repair mechanism mediated by trophic factors derived from the injected MSCs and local musculature that can be explored for minimally invasive stem cell therapy. However, the trophic factors involved in cardiac repair and their actions remain largely undefined. We demonstrate here a role of MSC-derived IL-6-type cytokines in cardiac repair through engagement of the skeletal muscle JAK-STAT3 axis. The MSC IL-6-type cytokines activated JAK-STAT3 signaling in cultured C2C12 skeletal myocytes and caused increased expression of the STAT3 target genes hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and VEGF, which was inhibited by glycoprotein 130 (gp130) blockade. These in vitro findings were corroborated by in vivo studies, showing that the MSC-injected hamstrings exhibited activated JAK-STAT3 signaling and increased growth factor/cytokine production. Elevated host tissue growth factor levels were also detected in quadriceps, liver, and brain, suggesting a possible global trophic effect. Paracrine actions of these host tissue-derived factors activated the endogenous cardiac repair mechanisms in the diseased heart mediated by Akt, ERK, and JAK-STAT3. Administration of the cell-permeable JAK-STAT inhibitor WP1066 abrogated MSC-mediated host tissue growth factor expression and functional improvement. The study illustrates that the host tissue trophic factor network can be activated by MSC-mediated JAK-STAT3 signaling for tissue repair.
Higher finite element derivatives for the quick synthesis of electromagnetic devices

A fast, robust scheme for synthesizing electromagnetic devices from the higher derivatives of object functions is presented. A method of computing derivatives of any given order from a finite element solution employing trial functions of any order is presented. These derivatives are used in expanding the object function in device optimization as a Taylor series. The series truncates after the eighth term or before because of subsequent Taylor terms being vanishingly small in the vicinity of the minimum. This series is used to predict the optimum of the device by solving the single polynomial equation by Newton's scheme. The procedure is shown to result in much faster convergence towards the optimum. >
A flexible injector test stand design

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) has constructed an injector test stand (ITS) for high-brightness electron beam research. The test stand includes three rf ports with independent phase and power control, beamline supports designed for rapid reconfiguration, and a control and diagnostics system based on the design of the APS linac. The beamline design features a high-resolution electron spectrometer that includes provision for operation as a dispersion-free dogleg, and a rapidly reconfigurable gun-to-spectrometer transport line. Picosecond and nanosecond photocathode drive lasers are available; the room shielding is also adequate for the high average beam powers typically produced by thermionic-cathode rf guns. The initially installed gun is a ballistic-compression gun, which requires all three rf ports to be connected to the gun. Plans include the installation of a higher-order mode photoinjector, requiring one rf connection; this will free the other ports to provide power to a small TW linac section and deflector cavity for bunch-length measurements. The test stand is also capable of being used as an operator training facility, and serves as a validation facility and test bed for the APS main injector rf guns.
Secret ninja testing with HALO software engineering

Software testing traditionally receives little attention in early computer science courses. However, we believe that if exposed to testing early, students will develop positive habits for future work. As we have found that students typically are not keen on testing, we propose an engaging and socially-oriented approach to teaching software testing in introductory and intermediate computer science courses. Our proposal leverages the power of gaming utilizing our previously described system HALO. Unlike many previous approaches, we aim to present software testing in disguise - so that students do not recognize (at first) that they are being exposed to software testing. We describe how HALO could be integrated into course assignments as well as the benefits that HALO creates
A beam width improving device for a 25 MV X ray beam.

Abstract We have made a device that improves the dose distributions of X ray fields from a 25 MV accelerator by increasing the width of the 95% dose relative to the 50%. This device, called a beam width improving device, is a specially designed “compensator,” consisting of two lead sheets taped onto a plastic blocking tray and is tailored for each field so that it can accommodate square fields, rectangular fields and fields with corner cuts. Comparison of profiles with and without this compensator indicates an increase in the width of the 95% dose of approximately 8 mm for small fields to approximately 14 mm for large fields.
Graphene–nickel interfaces: a review

Graphene on nickel is a prototypical example of an interface between graphene and a strongly interacting metal, as well as a special case of a lattice matched system. The chemical interaction between graphene and nickel is due to hybridization of the metal d-electrons with the π-orbitals of graphene. This interaction causes a smaller separation between the nickel surface and graphene (0.21 nm) than the typical van der Waals gap-distance between graphitic layers (0.33 nm). Furthermore, the physical properties of graphene are significantly altered. Main differences are the opening of a band gap in the electronic structure and a shifting of the π-band by ∼2 eV below the Fermi-level. Experimental evidence suggests that the ferromagnetic nickel induces a magnetic moment in the carbon. Substrate induced geometric and electronic changes alter the phonon dispersion. As a consequence, monolayer graphene on nickel does not exhibit a Raman spectrum. In addition to reviewing these fundamental physical properties of graphene on Ni(111), we also discuss the formation and thermal stability of graphene and a surface-confined nickel-carbide. The fundamental growth mechanisms of graphene by chemical vapor deposition are also described. Different growth modes depending on the sample temperature have been identified in ultra high vacuum surface science studies. Finally, we give a brief summary for the synthesis of more complex graphene and graphitic structures using nickel as catalyst and point out some potential applications for graphene–nickel interfaces.
Direct evidence for Hageman factor (factor XII) activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins).

Purified precursor Hageman factor has been demonstrated to bind to soluble bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) isolated from Escherichia coli 0111:B4, and this complex has been shown to have the capacity to convert prekallikrein to its active form. In addition, LPS-activated Hageman factor substantially reduces clotting times in XII-deficient plasma. The capacity to activate Hageman factor has been demonstrated to reside in the lipid A region of the LPS molecule. Activation of Hageman factor by LPS contrasts with fluid-phase activation (e.g., by kallikrein or trypsin) in that no cleavage to lower molecular weight fragments occurs. High concentrations of LPS inhibit the activity of Hageman factor, probably by a direct LPS-Hageman factor interaction.
Advanced Machining Technology for Gas Turbine and Heat Engine Components

Cost effective ceramic manufacturing with green and dense machining perspectives has been described. An advanced CNC green machining based complex shape forming technology developed at Saint-Gobain is described which has been shown to be robust and capable of rapid prototyping. Utilizing a systems approach involving green blank properties, type of cutting tools and machining parameters the procedure has been optimized. Integral Bladed Rotors (IBR) for microturbine applications have been fabricated with dimensional controls within 0.15% and successfully spin tested at 143330 rpm without failure. Following this approach, a cost effective machining and prototype fabrication procedure is under development for IBR and Vane rings for various civilian and military applications.
Resistance Training for Shoulder Complex Stabilization

The purpose of this review is to provide resistance training recommendations to improve shoulder joint stabilization based on shoulder mechanics and mechanisms of injury. The shoulder encounters external axial loading and internal forces from the shoulder musculature that can lead to injury with shoulder stabilization weakness. Training the musculature to stabilize the shoulder increases the likelihood of achieving muscle balance and reducing the risk of injury. The selected exercises and exercise prescriptions are recommended to create this balance to prevent shoulder impingement and injury caused by common axial loading.
Abstract TP57: Post-Procedure ASPECTS Score Incorporating Parenchymal Hyperdensity Correlates with Clinical Outcome After Endovascular Therapy

Introduction: Noncontrast head CT (NCHCT) is routinely acquired after endovascular therapy for acute stroke to evaluate for early complications, yet residual contrast staining is common. We hypothe...
Secularization and Rule of Law: A Schmittian Critique to Liberal Democracy and New Approaches to the Political Unity and Democracy

This paper discusses the effects of secularization on the tensions between law and politics. First, three structures; namely, the position of the law-maker, form and content of law, and the processes of application of law, are identified as the junctions between law and politics in which the effects of secularization can be clearly seen. Next, it is argued that secularization and rule of law processes have altered the means which people identified with their political order. In return, the political order has changed the manner in which people came into existence as the political community. Following Carl Schmitt, who emphasizes these associational relations of identity and representation as requirements of democracy, these processes are traced through the evolution of the constitutions. Lastly, going back to the associational relations of the society with the political order, two different routes to the formation of the People, or the political unity are identified.
The Contribution of Parent and Family Variables to the Well-Being of Youth With Arthritis

Among developed countries, the reported prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) varies from 16 to 150 per 100,000. Previous reviews have identified risks faced by children with chronic conditions and indicate a relationship between parent/family characteristics and child adaptation. This analysis provides a mixed-methods synthesis of 29 research reports addressing the intersection of family life and JIA. Data were extracted using a structured template, and effect sizes were calculated for reported relationships between variables. Results were coded using a scheme that differentiated types of family factors. Meta-analysis revealed a moderately strong positive relationship between parent and child psychological functioning, and a medium negative relationship between family conflict and child psychosocial well-being, and parental depression and child physical functioning. Thematic analysis of qualitative results identified parenting challenges related to pain management and regimen demands. Results indicate that interventions to enhance parenting competence and family relationships may improve caregiver and patient outcomes.
Can Renewal Emerge from Destruction? Crisis and Opportunity in Wisconsin

This article explores public sector labor relations in Wisconsin after the 2011 “uprising” and subsequent attempts to recall public officials, including the governor. While unions there have faced ...
In Situ Chemical Functionalization of Gallium Nitride with Phosphonic Acid Derivatives during Etching

In situ functionalization of polar (c plane) and nonpolar (a plane) gallium nitride (GaN) was performed by adding (3-bromopropyl) phosphonic acid or propyl phosphonic acid to a phosphoric acid etch. The target was to modulate the emission properties and oxide formation of GaN, which was explored through surface characterization with atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, and water contact angle. The use of (3-bromopropyl) phosphonic acid and propyl phosphonic acid in phosphoric acid demonstrated lower amounts of gallium oxide formation and greater hydrophobicity for both sample sets, while also improving PL emission of polar GaN samples. In addition to crystal orientation, growth-related factors such as defect density in bulk GaN versus thin GaN films residing on sapphire substrates were investigated as well as their responses to in situ functionalization. Thin nonpolar GaN layers were the most sensitive to etching t...
Dynamic Simulation of Stepped Controllable Shunt Reactor in Type of EHV/UHV High-Leakage Inductance Transformer

To enhance the ability of simulating new types of electric power equipments,the dynamic simulation lab of State Grid simulation center carries out the research on simulation technique for stepped controllable shunt reactor(SCSR) in type of EHV/UHV high-leakage inductance transformer.The principle and technical characteristics of the SCSR in type of high-leakage inductance transformer applied in UHV power transmission line are analyzed;considering the features of dynamic simulation system in the lab,the approach to choose parameters of simulation device for the SCSR in type of EHV/UHV high-leakage inductance transformer and corresponding structural design way are described,and control functions of this simulation device are presented.This simulation device has been connected into dynamic simulation system in the lab and the simulation experiments of its control functions are performed.Experimental results show that the performances of the developed simulation device for SCSR in type of EHV/UHV high-leakage inductance transformer can meet the design requirement,and can be applied in dynamic simulation experiments and researches.
Functional Measures in Children with Rheumatic Diseases

The measurement of function in children with rheumatic diseases is an intimate part of not only the initial diagnostic work-up, but also of every clinic visit during the course of these chronic diseases. This article focuses on the development of specific and general instruments used to systematically measure function and thus, outcome of the rheumatic diseases and their treatments. Reference is made to instruments developed for use in the general pediatric and adult rheumatology population as a basis for the discussion of the instruments in use in pediatric rheumatology. Specifically, the dimensions of physical function, psychosocial impact, economic impact and quality of life are addressed.
G. Gayle Stephens and Wrestling the Bear: A Perspective from the Keystone IV Conference

Guest editors' note : This paper captures the thoughtful tribute to the namesake of the G. Gayle Stephens Keystone Conference Series as delivered at the Keystone IV conference. It connects a deep appreciation of Dr. G. Gayle Stephens and his life's work with the purpose of the Keystone IV conference
Context-Sensitive Policy Based Security in Internet of Things

According to recent media reports, there has been a surge in the number of devices that are being connected to the Internet. The Internet of Things (IoT), also referred to as Cyber-Physical Systems, is a collection of physical entities with computational and communication capabilities. The storage and computing power of these devices is often limited and their designs currently focus on ensuring functionality and largely ignore other requirements, including security and privacy concerns. We present the design of a framework that allows IoT devices to capture, represent, reason with, and enforce information sharing policies. We use Semantic Web technologies to represent the policies, the information to be shared or protected, and the IoT device context. We discuss use-cases where our design will help in creating an "intelligent" IoT device and ensuring data security and privacy using context-sensitive information sharing policies.
Medication-Assisted Treatment for Pregnant Women: An Interdisciplinary Group Based Model

ABSTRACTThe treatment needs of pregnant women with opioid use disorders are increasing drastically. Medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine is emerging as relatively a safe and effective treatment for pregnant women. New comprehensive models of treatment need to be developed to engage this high-risk, highly stigmatized population. The group modality is ideal for increasing access to treatment and addressing the specialized clinical needs experienced by pregnant women with substance use disorders while promoting interpersonal connection. A group-based model of treatment delivery for pregnant women with substance use disorders is presented here with preliminary outcomes data.
Intelligent planning and control for telerobotic operations

One of the important issues in telerobotic systems is to develop an efficient method to combine human and machine intelligence so that the telerobotic system can perform tasks which cannot be done by either a human or autonomous planner/controller alone. A new intelligent fusion scheme for human operator command and autonomous planner/controller in a telerobotic system has been developed based on the event-based planning and nonlinear control theory. It provides a unified model to integrate a human operator control command with action planning and control of autonomous operation. As a result, the telerobotic system can perform tasks which cannot be done by either a human operator or an autonomous planner/controller alone. This scheme lays down a foundation for planning and control of a general robotic system involving human operators, and provides a natural and efficient way to fuse the human intelligence with machine intelligence. The scheme is implemented and tested on a PUMA 560 dual-arm system. The experimental results of obstacle avoidance, hybrid force/position control with a commanded force as well as dual-arm coordinated teleoperation are presented.
Management of Hospitalized Asthmatic Children Before Transport

Asthmatic children are at risk for respiratory failure and should be appropriately treated before transport. The objectives were to find out if the Pediatric Advanced Life Support guidelines for asthma treatment were followed in the emergency department (ED); to determine if additional treatment during transport or within the first 2 hours of admission was needed; and to compare the management of intubated asthmatics by the ED, transport team, and the intensive care unit (ICU) physician. The records for children diagnosed with acute asthma over 7 years who were transported by the intensive care transport team were reviewed. The use of albuterol, steroids, oxygen, heliox, continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure, and ventilator settings was recorded. Two hundred seventy-nine children were 7 years (age, 5 mo-17 y), and 62% were male. Eighty percent received oxygen, albuterol, and steroids in the ED. Heliox was initiated more often by the transport team when compared with the ED or hospital physician (77% vs. 7.7% vs. 15.3%, P < .0001). Forty-five were mechanically ventilated and were more likely to receive volume control (P < .0001) and higher rates (P = .007) in the ED than the ICU. We conclude that most children with acute asthma were treated with oxygen, albuterol, and steroids in the ED. If used, heliox was most likely started during transport. Intubated children were more likely to receive volume control with higher rates compared with lower rates and pressure control in the ICU.
Investigation of the performance improvement in decreasing aspect ratio interdigitated flow field PEMFCs

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the main cause of performance improvement in decreasing aspect ratio interdigitated flow fields, where aspect ratio is the channel length to width ratio. An experimental test cell with an interdigitated flow field operated under various aspect ratios found increasing net power densities with decreasing aspect ratio, after accounting for parasitic pump losses. In-situ neutron radiography found there was more water present in high aspect ratio flow field designs than in low aspect ratio designs. It also found more water in the 1.5/2 stoichiometry conditions than in the 2/4 stoichiometry conditions further indicating liquid water is a probable cause of performance changes. A single phase model used to determine the difference in power from the changing distribution of cross flow found decreasing aspect ratio resulted in higher overall performance. The experiment had significantly greater losses in power density with increasing aspect ratio, indicating liquid water removal was the major contributor to the improvement in net power density rather than the distribution of cross flow. Designers of PEMFCs should use a low aspect ratio design for interdigitated flow fields, or include a water removal mechanism for situations where high aspect ratio is required.
Are There Prisoners in this War

Israel frequently describes the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as a "war," to justify extensive use of force and argue for self-defense. At the same time, it has never accepted arguments of Palestinian prisoners that they are prisoners of war. If this is a war, are Palestinian prisoners then prisoners of war? This article explores the question of the status of Palestinian prisoners as prisoners of war, focusing on the condition of belonging to a "party to a[n international] conflict". Should Palestinian statehood be recognized in order to afford Palestinians with prisoner of war status? I show that international law has recognized the struggle for self-determination against foreign occupation and colonial regimes as an alternative to statehood in this context. I continue to explore the position of Israeli military and civilian courts, which have systematically avoided the question of either statehood or legitimate liberation struggle, in the face of challenges by Palestinian defendants who argued to be prisoners of war.
Hell gigs: the stand-up comic as outlaw hero

ABSTRACTThis article examines a particular genre of ‘road story’ favored by professional stand-up comics. ‘Road stories’ is a colloquial term used by comedians to describe the narratives they share with one another and sometimes others in order to pass the time, to relive an experience, or to enact the role of performer off stage. These stories represent an adaptation to a particular constraint faced by stand-up comics in their conversations with one another. There are strong mores within the community of professional comedians against telling ‘jokes’ anywhere but on the stage. This is a result of the widely held belief that only amateurs ‘try out’ material back stage. At the same time, stand-up comics have the desire to be perceived as funny by their peers. The road story genre allows comics to be funny without ‘doing material’. This paper describes a particular genre of these stories, ‘hell gigs’, in which stand-up comics recount their most difficult performances.
Extracting Natural Biosurfactants from Humus Deposits for Subsurface Engineering Applications

Environmentally benign, economical, and effective surfactants and additives are needed in engineering subsurface energy recovery processes. Biosurfactants have some advantages over chemically synthesized surfactants, but the high costs of microbial-biosynthesis limit their applications in subsurface engineering. Here we propose to use naturally occurring biosurfactants contained within Earth’s readily available and inexpensive humus deposits for subsurface engineering applications. We collected humus samples of different types from four different regions, and developed a simple method for extracting natural biosurfactant (NBS) using only four common chemicals. The average NBS extraction yields are 16 ± 3% of the raw humus. No significant differences in elemental composition and functional group chemistry were found among the NBS extracted from humus of different origins, suggesting that any humus deposit can be used for NBS extraction. Measurements of interfacial tensions between air–water and supercritic...
Inference, Explanation, and Asymmetry

Explanation is asymmetric: if A explains B, then B does not explain A. Traditionally, the asymmetry of explanation was thought to favor causal accounts of explanation over their rivals, such as those that take explanations to be inferences. In this paper, we develop a new inferential approach to explanation that outperforms causal approaches in accounting for the asymmetry of explanation.
Minimally invasive correction of lesser toe deformities and treatment of metatarsalgia

Gewebeschonende, gelenkerhaltende Korrektur von Zehenfehlstellungen mit keilformiger oder linearer Osteotomie am jeweiligen Grund- und Mittelglied sowie Kapsulotomien und/oder Tenotomien zur weichteiligen Korrektur. Behandlung der Metatarsalgie durch eine extrakapsulare, distale metaphysare halbmondformige Osteotomie der betroffenen Metatarsalia in allen Ebenen. Symptomatische Deformitaten der Kleinzehen, schmerzhafte Exostosen, Transfermetatarsalgie, statische und propulsive Metatarsalgie, symptomatisches Malalignement des Vorfuses, Metatarsus adductus. Infektion oder Perfusionsstorungen der betroffenen Strahlen, Luxation der Kleinzehengrundgelenke, mangelhafte Compliance. Durchleuchtungskontrolle. Befundabhangige Osteotomie des Grund- und Mittelglieds (lateraler Zugang) sowie plantare Kapsulotomie des Zehenmittelgelenks; in seltenen Fallen dorsale Kondylektomie des Grundgliedkopfchens mit Tenotomie der Flexor-digitorum-brevis-Sehne sowie eine proximal des Zehengrundgelenks gelegene Tenotomie der Extensor-digitorum-longus-Sehne unter Verwendung einer Mikrofrase bzw. eines Mikroskalpells. Befundabhangige Mittelfusosteotomien (metaphysar proximal des Mittelfuskopfs) mit der Mikrofrase unter Durchleuchtungskontrolle von plantar medial nach dorsallateral. Die Osteotomie erfordert keine Osteosynthese. Redressionszugelverbande fur die Kleinzehen und selbsthaftende Kompressionsverbande zur Fixierung des Mittelfuses zur externen Stabilisierung der Osteotomien fur 6 Wochen; fruhzeitige Belastung moglich. Eine prospektive Fallstudie mit Vergleich von jeweils 30 Patienten mit minimal-invasiver distaler metaphysarer Metatarsaleosteotomie (DMMO; n = 73) und konventioneller Weil-Osteotomie (n = 45) ergab nach einer mittleren Nachuntersuchungszeit von 13 Monaten vergleichbare Ergebnisse. Die Operationsdauer war bei minimal-invasiver Technik deutlich kurzer als bei Weil-Osteotomie, allerdings mit hoherer Strahlenbelastung fur Operateur und Patient.
Chance-Constraint-Based Design of Open-Loop Controllers for Linear Uncertain Systems

This paper considers the problem of state-to-state transition with state and control constraints, for a linear system with time-invariant model parameter uncertainties. Polynomial chaos is used to transform the stochastic model to a deterministic surrogate model. This surrogate model is used to pose a chance-constrained optimal control problem where the state constraints and the residual energy cost are represented in terms of the mean and variance of the stochastic states. The resulting convex optimization problem is numerically illustrated on the problem of rest-to-rest maneuver of the benchmark floating oscillator and on an experimental two-tank setup.
Standing Out from the Crowd via Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Non-Fundamental-Driven Price Pressure

We study firms’ incentives to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities by using the natural experiment of Regulation SHO, which relaxes short sale constraints and increases short selling pressure for a group of randomly selected firms. We find that firms experiencing an exogenous increase in their exposure to short sales significantly raise their CSR relative to control firms. The results are more prominent for firms with stronger signaling abilities (higher profitability and fewer financial constraints), and those with stronger signaling needs (more non-fundamental-driven short selling, higher information uncertainty, and more product market competition). Further, firms that indeed increase their CSR after the regulatory shock experience a larger price reversal relative to those that do not. These findings support the argument that CSR is a device actively used by firms to signal their quality.
Promoting Healthy Behaviors

Abstract Recent models of approaching health and health care suggest that broadening the patient-centered approach to be wellness-focused and person-centered leads to substantial improvement in health. For patients with chronic disease, there is growing interest in “self-management” programs that emphasize the patients’ central role in managing their illness. This chapter emphasizes the importance of promoting healthy behaviors to achieve and maintain physical, mental, academic, and social well-being in children with Tourette disorder and related tic disorders (collectively referred to as TD). This chapter provides clinicians who are caring for patients with TD information about the evidence behind specific lifestyle changes that promote reduced stress and anxiety, optimize physical fitness, and improve one’s environment, all of which can enhance a patient’s quality of life.
Chapter 13 - Decision Making and Health Literacy among Older Adults

Older adults make many decisions about their health, in part because they are the most frequent patients in a health-care system that places a premium on patient engagement and decision making. They face complex health-related decisions that involve receiving care from multiple providers for interacting chronic and acute conditions. Older adults with lower levels of education and health literacy especially struggle, because they are more likely to have chronic illness and receive complex care, yet have fewer resources for making decisions. In this chapter we consider decision making from the perspective of health literacy and cognitive aging. Decision making is analyzed in terms of finding, understanding, and acting on linguistic and numeric health information. We consider how these processes are influenced by the interaction of age-related changes in patient resources, including declines (e.g., processing capacity), gains associated with experience (general and health-specific knowledge), and changing life goals (e.g., increasing importance of affect and emotion).
Choosing and evaluating clinical performance measures.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The importance and utility of routine externally reported assessments of the quality of health care delivered in managed care organizations and hospitals have become widely accepted. Because externally reported measures of quality are intended to inform or lead to action, proposers of such measures have a responsibility to ensure that the results of the measures are meaningful, scientifically sound, and interpretable. Criteria for selecting meaningful assessment areas In choosing clinical performance measures to distinguish among health plans, the condition should have a significant impact on morbidity and/or mortality; the link between the measured processes and outcomes of care should have been established empirically; quality in this area should be variable or substandard currently; and health plans and/or providers should be able to take clinically sensible actions to enhance performance on the measure. Criteria for assessing scientific soundness Scientific soundness—the likelihood that a clinical performance measure will produce consistent and credible results when implemented—involves precision of specifications, adaptability, and adequacy of risk adjustment. Interpretability of results Interpretability is affected by the content of the measure and the audience. Measures that are clinically detailed and specific may be presented more generally to a consumer audience and in full detail to a clinical audience, but measures that are general by nature cannot be made more clinically detailed. Interpretability entails statistical analysis, calibration of measures, modeling, and presentation of information. Conclusions Increased standardization of both the expectations for public release on measures of quality and the criteria by which such measures will be evaluated should contribute to improvements in the larger field of quality assessment.