cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-reports of menstrual and nonmenstrual symptomatology in university-employed women.

Abstract To describe the pattern of menstrual and nonmenstrual symptomatology and to clarify the number, kind, and severity of symptoms that women report in relation to the menstrual cycle, a study of university-employed women was conducted. A cross-sectional correlational approach to survey data was used. The sample consisted of 633 generally healthy women aged 21 to 44 years. Results indicated that a wide range of variability in terms of the number of symptoms reported and the mean severity level was experienced. Additionally, a variety of different types of symptoms (somatic, affective, concentration, and behavioral) were reported
Dynamics of mechanical systems with Coulomb friction, stiction, impact and constraint addition-deletion—I theory

Abstract This paper presents a unified formulation of the equations of motion for constrained multibody systems with Coulomb friction, stiction, impact and constraint addition-deletion. Cartesian generalized coordinates are employed, and basic variational principles of mechanics are used for derivation of the governing equations of each of the physical modes of behaviour considered. It is shown that the apparently different physical phenomena considered are in fact closely related mathematically. Computational algorithms to implement the formulations are presented in matrix form in Part I of the paper and are implemented for planar and spatial systems in Parts II and III.
Microarray assessment of the influence of the conceptus on gene expression in the mouse uterus during decidualization

During pregnancy in several species including humans and rodents, the endometrium undergoes decidualization. This process of differentiation from endometrial to decidual tissue occurs only after the onset of implantation in mice. It can also be artificially induced causing the formation of deciduomal tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression profile of the developing decidua in pregnant mice with the deciduoma formed after artificial induction in an effort to identify conceptus-influenced changes in uterine gene expression during decidualization. We induced decidualization artificially by transferring blastocyst-sized ConA-coated agarose beads into the uterus on day 2.5 of pseudopregnancy. Recently published work has found this model to be more 'physiological' than other methods. Total RNA was isolated from blastocyst and bead-induced 'implantation' sites of the uteri of day 7.5 pregnant (decidua) and pseudopregnant (deciduoma) mice respectively. This RNA was then used for microarray analysis using Mouse Illumina BeadArray chips. This analysis revealed potential differential mRNA levels of only 45 genes between the decidua and bead-induced deciduoma tissues. We confirmed the differential mRNA levels of 31 of these genes using quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, the level and localization of some of the mRNAs for select genes (Aldh3a1, Bcmo1, Guca2b, and Inhbb) identified by our microarray analysis were examined in more detail. This study provides the identity of a small set of genes whose expression in the uterus during decidualization may be influenced by molecular signals from the conceptus.
Effect of acute and fractionated partial body X-irradiation on circulating immunoglobulin levels in mice

Abstract Circulating immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of normal SJL/J mice were measured following total- or half-body X-irradiation 12 days after a single exposure of 875 R (an LD95/30 exposure) or on the 12th and final day of fractionated irradiation to a total of 2000 R (200 R fraction, 10 fractions in 12 elapsed days), IgG 1 and IgG 2 were markedly depressed following total body acute exposure but were also reduced after the fractionated half-body exposure (representing no hematopoietic repopulation based on spleen and thymic weights). Irradiation below the diaphragm caused a greater depression than above the diapgrahm. However, 12 days after acute half-body exposure, IgG levle were within the control range. IgM levels were depressed significantly only after acute total body exposure. IgA levels were not greatly altered by any mode of X-irradiation. Serum IgG levels may change after X-irradiation by virtue of intestinal damage resulting in abnormal losses or of depression of IgG-secreting plasmacytes. In the case of IgM, intestinal dependency is not shown. Moreover, compensatory IgM secretion may occur from plasmacytes located in the unirradiated half of the body and is, thus, independent of hematopoietic repopulation. The failure of IgA levels to change markedly after total or partial body irradiation remains unexplained.
Giant cell arteritis: Suspect it, treat it promptly

Giant cell arteritis is the most common form of vasculitis affecting older people, and the diagnosis should be considered in older patients who present with the new onset of headache, visual dysfunction, polymyalgia rheumatica, or systemic inflammatory symptoms. Physicians should be familiar with its variety of clinical presentations and the abnormal laboratory findings associated with it.
Photo-assisted heterogeneous catalysis with optical fibers II. Nonisothermal single fiber and fiber bundle

A previous paper (Marinangeli and Ollis, 1977) considered light transport in a single optical fiber which was coated with a heterogeneous photoassisted catalyst. This paper analyzes simultaneous mass, heat, and light transport in a catalyst on a single fiber, and in a likely large-scale configuration, a bundle of parallel, catalyst-coated optical fibers. The dimensionless temperature rise is dominated by energy released by light absorption, with the heat of reaction contributing to a lesser degree.
67. The AMP-kinase inhibitor metformin inhibits chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) characterized by loss of sensory sensitivity and pain in hands and feet is the major dose-limiting toxicity of many chemotherapeutics. There are no FDA-approved treatments for CIPN. The anti-diabetic drug metformin inhibits pathological pain following nerve injury in mice and rats. We tested the hypothesis that metformin protects against chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain and sensory deficits in mice. Mice were treated with cisplatin together with metformin or saline. Co-administration of metformin almost completely prevented the cisplatin- and paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. Cisplatin decreased the time to detect an adhesive patch on the hind paw, a novel indicator of sensory deficits. Reduced sensory function was prevented by co-administration of metformin. Moreover, metformin prevented cisplatin-induced loss of IENFs in the hind paw. In the spinal cord, metformin treatment altered glial activation, indicating a contribution of regulation of neuroinflammation to the protective effect. In conclusion, metformin protects against pain and loss of sensory function in a mouse model of CIPN. The mechanism involves reduced peripheral nerve damage and changes in neuroinflammation, strongly suggesting that metformin exerts a neuroprotective effect. Because metformin is widely used for treatment of type II diabetes, has a broad safety profile and is currently being tested as an adjuvant drug in cancer treatment, clinical translation of these findings could be rapidly achieved.
Chemical quality and indicator parameters for monitoring landfill leachate in Illinois

Evaluation of analyses of leachate for inorganic constituents, from selected landfills in Illinois indicates that leachate quality is variable and is strongly affected by waste type and cover material. Twenty parameters were detectable in all samples, but selenium was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. More than 98% of the mean leachate composition was comprised, in descending order, of total alkalinity (bicarbonate plus carbonate), sulfate, sodium plus potassium, calcium plus magnesium, chloride, and iron plus managese. Excluding iron, trace metals contributed less than one percent to the total; of these, copper, zinc and boron were most significant.
Perturbed linear stochastic dynamical systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with a class of stochastic differential equations which arises by adding a nonlinear term involving a small parameter δ to the drift coefficient of a linear stochastic system. First, a stochastic representation of the solutions of a certain class of Cauchy problems is studied. Second, a finite time expansion in powers of δ of the expectations of functions is established. Third, the corresponding ergodic expansions are sought with additional assumptions regarding the existence of a unique ergodic measure.
Acoustic techniques for Marine Geodesy

Although acoustic transponder navigational techniques have been given growing application in deep sea research over the last ten years, their precision, as normally used, has not improved during that period. It now appears, however, that with careful attention to transponder design, environmental circumstances, and computational methods the present one‐meter uncertainties can be brought down to the centimeter range, making true geodetic application in the seafloor spreading context a feasible prospect. Newly designed echo repeater type transponders with accurately known time delays can provide 10 μ sec or less uncertainty in travel time measurement. Environmental data (primarily near bottom temperature profiles) show that even near spreading centers where hydrothermal activity is expected a properly designed transponder based system, including an instrument to make in situ sound speed measurements to a part in 105, can give the sound velocity information necessary to achieve centimeter precision over the ...
Adult Attachment and Preemptive Defenses: Converging Evidence on the Role of Defensive Exclusion at the Level of Encoding

The objective of this research was to determine whether the tendency of highly avoidant adults not to recall attachment-related information is best explained through defensive strategies that operate on encoding or retrieval processes. In Study 1 participants listened to an emotionally evocative recording and were given both explicit and implicit tests of their memory for the material. Compared to less avoidant people, highly avoidant people recalled fewer details from the recording and performed worse on an implicit test of their memory for the information. In Study 2 we manipulated people's motivation to retrieve information from memory by offering participants a monetary award for recall. Highly avoidant people recalled less information than less-avoidant people despite the monetary incentive. Taken together, these results suggest that the relative inability of avoidant adults to recall attachment-related information is due to the defensive exclusion of information at the time of encoding rather than the time of retrieval.
Aptamer Based, Non-PCR, Non-Serological Detection of Chagas Disease Biomarkers in Trypanosoma cruzi Infected Mice

Chagas disease affects about 5 million people across the world. The etiological agent, the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), can be diagnosed using microscopy, serology or PCR based assays. However, each of these methods has their limitations regarding sensitivity and specificity, and thus to complement these existing diagnostic methods, alternate assays need to be developed. It is well documented that several parasite proteins called T. cruzi Excreted Secreted Antigens (TESA), are released into the blood of an infected host. These circulating parasite antigens could thus be used as highly specific biomarkers of T. cruzi infection. In this study, we have demonstrated that, using a SELEx based approach, parasite specific ligands called aptamers, can be used to detect TESA in the plasma of T. cruzi infected mice. An Enzyme Linked Aptamer (ELA) assay, similar to ELISA, was developed using biotinylated aptamers to demonstrate that these RNA ligands could interact with parasite targets. Aptamer L44 (Apt-L44) showed significant and specific binding to TESA as well as T. cruzi trypomastigote extract and not to host proteins or proteins of Leishmania donovani, a related trypanosomatid parasite. Our result also demonstrated that the target of Apt-L44 is conserved in three different strains of T. cruzi. In mice infected with T. cruzi, Apt-L44 demonstrated a significantly higher level of binding compared to non-infected mice suggesting that it could detect a biomarker of T. cruzi infection. Additionally, Apt-L44 could detect these circulating biomarkers in both the acute phase, from 7 to 28 days post infection, and in the chronic phase, from 55 to 230 days post infection. Our results show that Apt-L44 could thus be used in a qualitative ELA assay to detect biomarkers of Chagas disease.
Research Policy and Review 25. Modeling Land Use and Transportation: An Interpretive Review for Growth Areas

Urban growth is taking new forms in recently urbanized or formerly suburban areas, characterized by low density, heavy dependence on automobile transportation, and multiple activity centers. In order to understand better such ‘contemporary urban areas’, researchers need land-use models that realistically capture the key features of such areas and that can handle detailed data sets.We review the literature on large-scale land-use modeling with this objective in mind. Characterizing the known models along several dimensions describing purpose, conceptual basis, mathematical content, and level of detail, we select models that are representative of the range of approaches taken. Six of these are reviewed in detail, and four others are discussed more briefly.We find that the existing literature forces one to choose between tractability and suitability for contemporary urban areas. The key omission in the tractable models is economies of agglomeration that would help explain the emergence of subcenters. Most tr...
Deposition and characterization of energetic thin films

Abstract A new approach for depositing thin energetic films is introduced using doctor blade casting. Magnesium (Mg) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) is mixed with a solvent that includes a binder and is blade cast onto a foil substrate. This study investigated the effect of binder chemistry and concentration on combustion behavior. The Mg–MnO 2 system was studied in the following binder–solvent systems: Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) – Methyl Pyrrolidone (NMP); Viton® fluoroelastomer (Viton A) – acetone; and, paraffin–xylene. Films were cast onto substrates to approximately 100 μm thickness. Calorific output and flame velocity were measured for varying binder concentration. Calorific output increased with increasing binder concentration, to a maximum of 4.0 kJ/g, suggesting participation of the binder in the exothermic reaction. Flame velocity decreased with increasing binder concentration, with a maximum of 0.14 m/s. Binders are less conductive than metals and metal oxides thereby hindering the energy propagation with increasing binder content. Confined flame propagation tests were also conducted for the NMP/Mg–MnO 2 –PVDF system, with a maximum recorded flame velocity of 3.5 m/s. High velocity imaging shows considerable differences in flame front, which may suggest a transition in propagation mechanism accounting for the observed increase in flame velocity.
Assessing Traumatic Event Exposure: Comparing the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis requires first identifying a traumatic event, but very few studies have evaluated methods of potential traumatic event assessment and their impact on PTSD diagnosis. The authors compared a behaviorally specific comprehensive multiple-item traumatic event measure with a single-item measure to determine their impact on traumatic event identification and subsequent PTSD diagnosis. In a within-subject, counterbalanced design, the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; E. S. Kubany et al., 2000) was compared with the single-question traumatic event assessment in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID; M. B. First, R. L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, & J. B. W. Williams, 1998) in 129 participants in opioid-dependence treatment. The TLEQ produced a 9-fold higher rate of traumatic events reported by the participants, compared with the SCID. As a result, PTSD diagnoses in the sample increased to 33% after the TLEQ measure from 24% after the SCID. The increase in potential traumatic event identification and PTSD diagnosis was greater in women than in men. This study provides strong support for the use of comprehensive traumatic event assessments to measure traumatic events and PTSD diagnoses, particularly in women.
Screening financial innovations: an expert system approach

An expert system, called Innovator, that helps a financial-service organization (FSO) evaluate new products it does not currently offer is described. Innovator was implemented using a rule-based expert system shell called Expert System Environment. The authors examine why FSOs need expert systems for screening financial innovations. The knowledge-representation and implementation details, and the system validation process are described. Innovator's benefits and continuing research are discussed. >
A game-theoretical model predictive control framework for electricity markets

We present a game-theoretical model predictive control (MPC) framework for competitive electricity markets. We demonstrate that an MPC construct can be used to systematically analyze the effects of ramp constraints, initial conditions, dynamic disturbances, forecast horizon length, market manipulation, and bidding frequency on market performance. We illustrate the capabilities of the framework using a numerical case study.
Growth Inhibition of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells by ODN-1, an Aptameric Inhibitor of p210bcr-abl Tyrosine Kinase Activity

p210bcr-abl-Related tyrosine kinase activity has been shown to cause chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a disease of bone marrow stem cells. Having previously demonstrated that the aptameric oligo...
A Reduced Kinetic Model for NOx Reduction by Advanced Reburning

Advanced reburning technology, which makes use of natural gas injection followed by ammonia injection, has proven to be an effective method for the removal of up to 85-95% of the NO in pulverized, coal-fired furnaces. This paper reports the development of a seven-step, 11-species reduced mechanism for the prediction of nitric oxide concentrations using advanced reburning from a 312-step, 50-species full mechanism. The derivation of the reduced mechanism is described, including the selection of the full mechanism, the development of the skeletal mechanism, and the selection of steady-state species. The predictions of the seven-step reduced mechanism are in good agreement with those of the full mechanism over a wide range of parameters, applicable to coal-based, gas-based, and oil-based combustion cases. Comparisons with three independent sets of experimental laminar data indicate that the reduced mechanism correctly predicts the observed trends, including the effects of temperature, the ratio of (NH 3 /NO) in , and concentrations of CO, CO 2 , O 2 , and H 2 O on NO reduction. The observed effects of CO on NH 3 slip were also reliably predicted. Mechanistic considerations provide an explanation for the roles of the important radicals and species. Also, parametric studies of the effects of CO 2 and H 2 O have been performed with the reduced mechanism. A maximum in NO reduction exists, which strongly depends on the concentrations of NO in , CO, and O 2 , the ratio of (NH 3 /NO) in , and temperature.
Who really wants health-care choice?

An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of patients’ freedom to choose a physician and health locus of control on patient satisfaction. The experiment was set within the scenario of a patient suffering from a lengthy viral infection after visiting a health clinic for the first time. All constructs with corresponding measurements are discussed and their relationships with satisfaction are examined. Hypotheses are developed and tested for each relationship using pencil and paper scenarios of a patient’s service encounter at a health clinic. A 2 × 2 full factorial between subjects experimental design was used with 99 subjects. Results of the experiment indicated different patterns of satisfaction among subjects based on measures of health locus of control (HLC). Individuals with an internal HLC were more satisfied with having a choice of a physician than not having a choice and were also more satisfied than external HLC individuals who had a choice. In contrast, individuals with an external HLC did not discriminate between having or not having the opportunity to choose a physician.
Cognitive processing speed has minimal influence on the construct validity of Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 scores

Abstract Background The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 (MSWS-12) has been a commonly used patient reported outcome for measuring walking impairment in research involving multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective We examined the possibility that cognitive processing speed (CPS) influences the association between MSWS-12 scores and other measures of ambulation (i.e., construct validity). Methods 96 MS patients completed the MSWS-12, underwent a neurological examination for generating an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), 4 trials on the GAITRite™ for generating the functional ambulatory profile (FAP) score, and Six-minute Walk (6MW). Results The SDMT was significantly correlated with MSWS-12 scores ( r =−.428) and T25FW ( r =−.459), 6MW ( r =.512), FAP ( r =.275), and EDSS ( r =−.404) scores. There were statistically significant correlations between MSWS-12 and T25FW ( r =.568), 6MW ( r =−.680), FAP ( r =−.595), and EDSS ( r =.737) scores. Lastly, four separate hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for age, gender, disease duration, and clinical course, T25FW, 6MW, FAP, and EDSS scores individually were significant correlates of MSWS-12 scores, and the associations (i.e., standardized beta-coefficients) were still statistically significant with minimal attenuation when controlling for SDMT scores. Conclusion There was minimal evidence that CPS influenced the construct validity of MSWS-12 scores.
Autosomal Genome-Wide Scan for Coronary Artery Calcification Loci in Sibships at High Risk for Hypertension

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality in the developed world. Although several CAD risk factors, including measures of lipid metabolism, obesity, and blood pressure, have a genetic basis, many genes for CAD susceptibility have yet to be identified. Coronary atherosclerosis is the major cause of CAD, but many with coronary atherosclerosis lack symptoms. Thus, a major limitation of using symptomatic CAD endpoints (eg, sudden coronary death, myocardial infarction) as a study outcome is substantial disease misclassification. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is part of the atherosclerotic process and is an independent predictor of CAD endpoints. In the present study, CAC was noninvasively quantified by electron beam computed tomography. We performed genome-wide multipoint mode-of-inheritance-free linkage analysis on affected sib pairs, defined as being > or = the 70th sex- and age-specific percentile for CAC quantity, in a sample of 29 families enriched for hypertension. Almost 95% of participants were asymptomatic for CAD. Our LOD score (log10 odds in favor of linkage) results provide evidence that chromosomal regions 6p21.3 (maximum LOD score=2.22, P=0.00070) and 10q21.3 (maximum LOD score=3.24, P=0.000057) may harbor genes associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.
Contrast-enhanced coronary artery imaging using 3D trueFISP.

An ECG-triggered, segmented, magnetization-prepared, 3D, trueFISP sequence was recently developed for coronary artery imaging. Fat saturation was achieved by a chemically selective fat saturation pulse, which is susceptible to field inhomogeneities. In addition, the blood-myocardial contrast was compromised because data were acquired during signal transience to steady state. The goals of this work were to investigate the potential benefits of T(1)-shortening agents in improving blood-myocardial contrast, and to develop a technique to make fat suppression robust to resonance offsets for coronary artery imaging using trueFISP. A magnetization-preparation scheme using saturation and inversion pulses was developed for simultaneous suppression of tissues over a wide range of T(1)'s, including myocardium and fat. An additional advantage of this method is that it is insensitive to heart rate variations. Computer simulations were used to design the magnetization preparation, and volunteer studies were performed to compare precontrast imaging to contrast-enhanced (CE) imaging. Results showed consistent fat suppression and a 78% increase in the blood-myocardial contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for postcontrast imaging over precontrast imaging. In conclusion, contrast agents are useful for trueFISP coronary artery imaging.
Quantitation of cell-associated borrelial DNA in the blood of Lyme disease patients with erythema migrans

Bloodstream invasion is an important event in the pathogenesis of the more serious manifestations of Lyme disease. The number of spirochetes in the blood of infected patients, however, has not been determined, and, therefore, it is unknown whether the number of spirochetes can be correlated with particular clinical or laboratory features. This study was designed to measure the level of Borrelia burgdorferi in the plasma of Lyme disease patients and correlate these levels with selected clinical and laboratory findings. Nested and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to detect cell-associated flaB gene DNA in the plasma of untreated early Lyme disease patients with erythema migrans (EM). Twenty-nine (45.3%) of 64 patients had evidence of B. burgdorferi in their plasma by at least one of the PCR methods. For the 22 qPCR-positive patients, the mean number of flaB gene copies per mL of plasma was 4,660, with a range of 414 to 56,000. The number of flaB gene copies did not significantly correlate with any of the clinical, demographic, or laboratory variables assessed. For reasons discussed, we suggest caution in extrapolating an estimate of the number of viable Borrelia in plasma from the observed number of flaB copies.
Chromatin organization of the 87A7 heat shock locus of Drosophila melanogaster

We have examined the chromatin structure of the hsp 70 gene complex at the 87A7 heat shock locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results indicate that this locus has a complex chromatin organization. Heat induction causes highly specific alterations in the chromatin throughout the locus. There are major changes within the heat shock gene transcription units, and in both the upstream and downstream flanking spacers.
Systemic glutamate induces degeneration of a subpopulation of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the area postrema of rats

Neuronal damage in the area postrema (AP) of adult Sprague-Dawley rats was induced by subcutaneous administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 9 mg/g b.wt.). Serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) neurons were visualized in the AP 3 h or 7 days after control or MSG treatment. At 3 h post MSG, many 5-HT-IR neurons showed morphological signs of degeneration, such as, cytoplasmic vacuolization, chromatin clumping and dendritic hypertrophy. MSG treatment caused a 30% reduction of detectable AP 5-HT neurons after 7 days. We conclude that a subpopulation of serotonergic neurons in the AP is sensitive to the neuroexcitotoxic effect of systemic glutamate.
An Unidentified Factor Required by Chicks Fed Practical Rations

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE availability of vitamin B12 concentrates makes it desirable to determine the value and limitations of such products in practical chick starting rations. The activity of vitamin B12 for growing chicks has been demonstrated by Ott, et al., (1948), Lillie, et al., (1948) and Nichol, et al., (1948). However, none of the diets used were of a practical nature. Therefore, studies were initiated to compare the effect of a vitamin B12 concentrate with fish solubles in rations such as might be used in practice. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Straight run chicks (New Hampshire male × Single Comb White Leghorn female) were the progeny of hens fed, managed and cared for as described previously (Robblee, et al., 1948). After wing-banding, the chicks were kept in standard electrically heated batteries. They were weighed weekly. Mortality was negligible in all lots. Each trial was for a four week period except for one broiler trial. . . .
An analytical model for wormhole routing in multicomputer interconnection networks

The communication performance of the interconnection network is critical in a multicomputer system. Wormhole routing has been known to be more efficient than the traditional circuit switching and packet switching. To evaluate wormhole routing, a queueing-theoretic analysis is used. This paper presents a general analytical model for wormhole routing based on very basic assumptions. The model is used to evaluate the routing delays in hypercubes and meshes. Delays calculated are compared against those obtained from simulations, and these comparisons show that the model is within a reasonable accuracy. >
Recurrent Potential Theory

Throughout this chapter P is a recurrent chain which is either null or noncyclic ergodic. For such a chain, lim n P n always exists; we let L = lim P n .
Passive Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging of Ground Moving Targets

In this paper we present a method for imaging ground moving targets using passive synthetic aperture radar. A passive radar imaging system uses small, mobile receivers that do not radiate any energy. For these reasons, passive imaging systems result in signicant cost, manufacturing, and stealth advantages. The received signals are obtained by multiple airborne receivers collecting scattered waves due to illuminating sources of opportunity such as commercial television, radio, and cell phone towers. We describe a novel forward model and a corresponding ltered-backprojection type image reconstruction method combined with entropy optimization. Our method determines the location and velocity of multiple targets moving at dierent velocities. Furthermore, it can accommodate arbitrary imaging geometries. we present numerical simulations to verify the imaging method.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nearly elastic scattering and the trajectory approximation.

We consider the scattering of an incident particle by bosons. We assume the coupling is linear in the boson coordinates, but can be quite general in the incident particle coordinate. We show that when the final distribution is close to elastic, the independent-boson model applies to this problem. It yields a loss distribution which is simply the exponentiation of the first-order distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). Furthermore, we demonstrate that in this regime, for short wavelengths of the scattered particle, this exponentiated Born approximation reduces to the trajectory approximation (TA). Thus it includes both the DWBA and the TA as special cases. We also give a simple recipe for estimating the error this approximation makes. We illustrate these results on a simple one-dimensional model involving a single oscillator, and discuss their relation to previous studies of overlapping regimes. This approximation and accompanying error estimate should prove very useful in analyzing multiphonon effects in atom-surface scattering.
The Role of Regression Performance on Multimodel Analysis

In this work, we provide suggestions for designing experiments where calibration of many models is required and guidance for identifying problematic calibrations. Calibration of many conceptual models which have different representations of the physical processes in the system, as is done in cross-validation studies or multi-model analysis, often uses computationally frugal inversion techniques to achieve tractable execution times. However, because these frugal methods are usually local methods, and the inverse problem is almost always nonlinear, there is no guarantee that the optimal solution will be found. Furthermore, evaluation of each inverse model's performance to identify poor calibrations can be tedious. Results of this study show that if poorly calibrated models are included in the analysis, simulated predictions and measures of prediction uncertainty can be affected in unexpected ways. Guidelines are provided to help identify problematic regressions and correct them.
Space-time profiles of shaped ultrafast optical waveforms

A derivation of the space-time profiles of ultrafast optical waveforms shaped by filtering of spatially separated frequency components is presented. Closed form expressions for the space-time impulse response functions are given for the cases of single and double passes through a pulse shaping apparatus. For a single pass and a short unshaped pulse, diffraction by the mask filter gives rise to a translational spatial shift in the desired electric field profile that varies linearly with time along the shaped waveform. This result is completely general, and applies to frequency-domain pulse shaping with either continuous or discrete mask filters. It is also shown that double passing the apparatus does not generally reverse this effect but rather introduces further space-time coupling such as a time-varying spotsize. Examples of specific mask patterns are presented and implications for the generation of high-fidelity shaped optical waveforms are discussed.
Bond Wire Antenna/Feed for Operation Near 60 GHz

A bond wire antenna/feed for use near 60 GHz is demonstrated. A gold bond wire with ~1-mil diameter is co-optimized with a bond pad to resonate at ~60 GHz. With a metal cover representing an enclosure for an electronic system (2 mm from a printed circuit board), the antenna pair gain at 10-cm separation is ~ -53 dB including the effects of two nearby bond wires located 300 ?m away. This is sufficient for building an interchip 1-Gbps radio link with bit error rate of 10-12. Without the metal cover, the range is reduced to ~ 4-5 cm. The bond wire antennas with efficiency of ~30% should also be useful for general purpose over the air communication in the 60-GHz unlicensed band.
Transport of Edible Oil Emulsions in Clayey Sands: One-Dimensional Column Results and Model Development

The transport and retention of a soybean oil-in-water emulsion was evaluated in laboratory columns packed with a medium to fine clayey sand amended with varying amounts of kaolinite. Results from these experiments demonstrated that appropriately prepared soybean oil-in-water emulsions can be distributed in clayey sand at least 80 cm away from injection point. Kaolinite addition to the clayey sand resulted in an increase in the maximum oil retention. However, the empty bed collision efficiencies in columns packed with clayey sand amended with kaolinite were lower than in columns packed with only clayey sand, suggesting that kaolinite is a less efficient collector of oil droplets than natural clayey sand. A standard colloidal transport model provided an adequate description of effluent breakthrough and the final oil distribution in the laboratory columns. This transport model was implemented as a user defined module within RT3D. Model parameters determined in replicate columns and at varying velocities were reasonably reproducible.
Computerized Task-Based Exposure, Explicitness, Type of Feedback, and Spanish L2 Development

This study examined whether exposure to second/foreign language (L2) data under different computerized task conditions had a differential impact on learners' ability to recognize and produce the target structure immediately after exposure to the input and over time. Learners' L2 development was assessed through recognition and controlled-production tests containing old and new exemplars of the target structure. Adult learners of Spanish were exposed to past conditional sentences under 1 of 6 conditions premised on different degrees of explicitness. The degree of explicitness was manipulated by combining 3 features: (a) a pretask providing explicit grammatical information, (b) feedback concurrent to input processing, and (c) variation in the nature (i.e., implicit or explicit) of the feedback in those cases in which it was provided. The advantages of processing input under explicit conditions were evident (a) in production more than in recognition and (b) in new exemplars more than in old exemplars.
Probabilistic models of attention based on iconic representations and predictive coding

ABSTRACT We describe two models of attention that use probabilistic principles to compute task-relevant variables. In the first model, objects and visual scenes are represented iconically using spatial filters at multiple scales. A maximum likelihood–based approach is used to compute the location of a target in a given scene. The eye movements generated by such a strategy are shown to be similar to human eye movement patterns elicited during visual search in naturalistic scenes. The second model is based on the statistical concept of predictive coding. It assumes that top-down feedback from higher cortical areas conveys predictions of expected activity at lower levels while the errors in prediction are conveyed through feed-forward connections. The model explains how multiple objects in a scene can be recognized sequentially without an explicit spotlight of attention. An extension of the model provides an interpretation of object-based versus spatial attention in terms of interactions between “what and “where” networks in the visual pathway.
Rules for Public Intellectuals

Like many political scientists, I willingly align myself with the intellectual side of the public intellectual title, but I make no claim to having a public identity. Still, I am moved to join in the shared confessions of public intellectuals (PI) by responding to Amitai Etzioni's article, because the ten-point distillation of his trials and tribulations so strongly resonates with my own experiences. However marginal they may be, frequent media commentaries and interviews have given me enough exposure to the treacherous pathways between scholarship and the media to sufficiently understand the PI's dilemma.
Take That Step

Some years ago I was working with a young man who was critically burned in an automobile accident. After many days of recovery from the initial trauma and early surgeries, it was time to start him walking. He was interested in getting up and moving around despite the reasonably severe mobility impairments he experienced. When he later recounted to me the initial trials of weight-bearing movement, he confided that he was actually frightened as he wondered “Will I be able to do this?” We worked for a few days on simply taking a next step. As he improved and we were ready for him to really work on his gait, I remember trying to be very clear and consistent with my instructions. After establishing the strategy to get him ambulating, I positioned myself at his side and said, “All right, now take the first step.” I repeated my instructions and then said again “now the next step” and again “the next step,” and then yet again my insightful direction “now the next step.” I suppose I repeated that phrase a monotonous number of times because at some point in time this young man interrupted me before I could speak again and asked with an appropriate amount of mockery, “So, gee…what's the next step?” Through our experience as physical therapists and physical therapist assistants we have all encountered and should appreciate the palpable disquiet that patients can feel when they have to take a next step. The challenge of that next step often can be overwhelming for even the most participatory of our patients and clients. Whether a literal step, the first motion of a newly replaced joint, an obstinate scar, an inflamed joint or muscle, a challenging neural deficit, a developmental ordeal, or…well, we know how the list of the …
Intranasal Mucocele of the Nasolacrimal Duct: An Important Cause of Neonatal Nasal Obstruction:

Anterior nasal obstruction secondary to cystic or solid masses is believed to be uncommon. Previous single or series case reports of intranasal mucoceles of the nasolacrimal duct have been published in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, or radiology journals but were not found in general pediatric journals. A 5-year retrospective chart review from our children's hospital found 10 previously unreported cases of intranasal mucocele of the lacrimal duct causing neonatal nasal obstruction. The purpose of this report is to familiarize pediatricians with this entity, which was the most common cause of anatomic anterior nasal obstruction at our hospital.
Oxidative Metabolism of 4-Aminobutyrate by Rat Brain Mitochondria: Inhibition by Branched-chain Fatty Acid

The oxidation of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by nonsynaptosomal mitochondria isolated from rat forebrain and the inhibition of this metabolism by the branched-chain fatty acids 2-methyl-2-ethyl caproate (MEC) and 2.2-dimethyl valerate (DMV) were studied. The rate of GABA oxidation, as measured by O2 uptake, was determined in medium containing either 5 or 100 mM-[K+]. The apparent Km for GABA was 1.16 +/- 0.19 mM and the Vmax in state 3 was 23.8 +/- 5.5 ng-atoms O2 x min-1 x mg protein-1 in 5 m M-[K+]. In a medium with 100 mM-[K+] the apparent Km was 1.11 +/- 0.17 mM and Vmax was 47.4 +/- 5.7 ng-atoms O2 x min-1 x mg protein-1. The Ki for MEC was determined to be 0.58 +/- 0.24 or 0.32 +/- 0.08 mM, in 5 or 100 mM-[K+], respectively. For DMV, the Ki was 0.28 +/- 0.05 or 0.34 +/- 0.06 mM, in 5 or 100 mM-[K+] medium, respectively. The O2 uptake of the mitochondria in the presence of GABA was coupled to the formation of glutamate and aspartate; the ratio of oxygen uptake to the rate of amino acid formation was close to the theoretical value of 3. Neither the [K+] nor any of the above inhibitors had any effect on this ratio. The metabolism of exogenous succinic semialdehyde (SSA) by these same mitochondria was also examined. The Vmax for utilization of oxygen in the presence of SSA was much greater than that found with exogenously added GABA, indicating that the capacity for GABA oxidation by these mitochondria is not limited by SSA dehydrogenase. In addition, the branched-chain fatty acids did not inhibit the metabolism of exogenously added SSA. Thus, the inhibitors examined apparently act by competitively inhibiting the GABA transaminase system of the mitochondria.
Structure of positive streamers inside gaseous bubbles immersed in liquids

Electric discharges and streamers in liquids typically proceed through vapour phase channels produced by the streamer or in gaseous bubbles. The bubbles can originate by enthalpy changes produced by the discharge or can be artificially injected into the liquid. Experiments on streamers in bubbles immersed in liquids have shown that the discharge propagates either along the surface of the bubble or through the volume of the bubble as in conventional streamer propagation in air. In this paper we report on results of a computational investigation of streamer propagation through bubbles immersed in liquids. We found that the dielectric constant of the liquid in large part determines the path the streamer takes. Streamers in bubbles immersed in a liquid with a high permittivity preferentially propagate along the surface of the bubble. Liquids with low permittivity can result in the streamer propagating along the axis of the bubble. The permittivity at which this transition occurs is a function of the applied voltage, size of the bubble and the conductivity of the liquid.
Barriers to infectious disease care among lesbians.

Despite the considerable number of women in the United States who identify as lesbian, few data exist that address lesbians’ health needs. The Institute of Medicine emphasized that data on sexually transmitted infections, Pap smear screening, and cervical dysplasia among lesbians were needed to guide clinical practice, policy development, and patient education. Use of surveillance data for this purpose is limited because risk classifications exclude same-gender sex among women or subsume it under behavior considered as higher risk. However, sexual transmission of human papillomavirus, HIV, Treponema pallidum, and Trichomonas vaginalis between women has been reported. Data indicate that lesbians receive routine Pap smear screening less frequently than is optimal. Moreover, lesbians commonly report previous pregnancy, induced abortion, and hormonal contraceptive use. Education of lesbians and their care providers should counter assumptions that sex between women confers no risk for transmission of sexually transmitted infections, and lesbians should receive Pap smears according to current guidelines.
Quantum Subspace Measurements

Fundamental studies of quantum measurements and their capacity to acquire information are typically based on scenarios in which the full Hilbert space of the measured quantum system is open to measurement interactions. In this work, we consider a class of incomplete quantum measurements --- quantum subspace measurements (QSM's) --- for which all measurement interactions are restricted to an arbitrary but specified subspace of the measured system Hilbert space. We define QSM's formally through a condition on the measurement Hamiltonian, obtain forms for the post-measurement states and positive operators (POVM elements) associated with QSM's acting in a specified subspace, and upper bound the accessible information for such measurements. Characteristic features of QSM's are identified and discussed.
Restrictiveness of eligibility determination and Medicaid enrollment by low-income seniors.

Medicaid is an important source of supplemental health care coverage for low-income seniors, yet little is known about the effect of state policy on Medicaid enrollment by eligible elderly. Data from a nationally representative survey were used to examine Medicaid enrollment by elderly, low-income Medicare beneficiaries living in states that liberalize or restrict Medicaid eligibility criteria using the 1986 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act or provision 209(b) of the 1972 Social Security Act Amendment, respectively. Controlling for demographics and health status, residence in states applying these laws was significantly, though modestly, associated with Medicaid enrollment. Additionally, 73% of eligible elderly Medicare beneficiaries were not enrolled in Medicaid, and most have serious chronic health problems. These findings suggest that a significant number of eligible elderly are not enrolled in Medicaid and that liberalizing or tightening Medicaid eligibility criteria can have an impact on Medicaid en...