cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Software security testing of an online banking system: a unique research experience for undergraduates and computer teachers

This paper presents a unique summer project for a group of undergraduate students and high school computer teachers to gain research experiences in the area of cybersecurity. The students and teachers were selected from the participants in the NSF REU and RET programs at the host institution. Through the research on security testing of a real-world online banking system, the students and teachers have not only learned about the cutting-edge security testing techniques, but also made publishable contributions to the research base. The two collaborating graduate assistants served as an immediate role model for the undergraduates and an indirect role model for high school students through the teachers. With the help from the graduate assistants, the students and teachers were able to work effectively toward achieving their research objectives. The internal competition helped the participants get a better sense of achievement and satisfaction. The research experiences also prepared the teachers with the necessary knowledge for introducing cybersecurity topics (e.g., secure programming) into future classroom activity. As such, the project described in this paper provides a model summer program for undergraduate and/or K-12 teachers to gain research experiences.
Acute physiological responses of the freshwater snail Elimia flava (Mollusca: Pleuroceridae) to environmental pH and calcium.

Abstract The individual and interactive effects of environmental pH (7 [control], 6, 5, and 4) and calcium (0, 5, and 50 mg/L) were studied on hemolymph ions (pH, Ca 2+ , total CO 2 , Na + , K + ) and osmolality in the freshwater snail, Elimia flava , over a 72-h exposure. All hemolymph factors strongly differed with environmental pH. Snails exposed to pH 4 were inactive and experienced more dramatic ionic disturbances than snails at pH 5, 6, and 7, including reduced hemolymph pH, depressed Na + concentrations, and increased Ca 2+ and total CO 2 concentrations. There was an initial but transient increase in hemolymph K + over the 72 h exposure period. Environmental calcium ameliorated effects of acidification on hemolymph pH and Na + , reducing the degree of depression in both variables irrespective of environmental pH or exposure time. In a separate experiment, effects of acidification on snail respiration were examined in which VO 2 was measured over 24 h in snails exposed to pH 7 and 4. Exposure to pH 4 caused a 64% reduction in oxygen uptake at 2 h and a maximum reduction (81%) at 11 h. Our results suggest that snails exposed to pH 4 cease interacting with the surrounding medium and use internal stores of CaCO 3 to buffer hemolymph acidification, whereas snails at pH 5 and higher appear to use environmental calcium as a buffer source. These results suggest an important role of environmental calcium in ameliorating the impacts of short-term, sublethal acidification.
North Korea and the challenge to the US—South Korean Alliance

(1994). North Korea and the challenge to the US—South Korean Alliance. Survival: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 78-91.
Surface Textures Improve the Robustness of Stereoscopic Depth Cues

This research develops design recommendations for surface textures (patterns of color on object surfaces) rendered with stereoscopic displays. In 3 method-of-adjustment procedure experiments, 8 participants matched the disparity of a circular probe and a planar stimulus rendered using a single visible edge. The experiments varied stimulus orientation and surface texture. Participants more accurately matched the depth of vertical stimuli than that of horizontal stimuli, consistent with previous studies and existing theory. Participants matched the depth of surfaces with large pixel-to-pixel luminance variations more accurately than they did surfaces with a small pixel-to-pixel luminance variation. Finally, they matched the depth of surfaces with vertical line patterns more accurately than they did surfaces with horizontal-striped texture patterns. These results suggest that designers can enhance depth perception in stereoscopic displays, and also reduce undesirable sensitivity to orientation, by rendering objects with surface textures using large pixel-to-pixel luminance variations.
The activity of grepafloxacin in two murine models of Mycobacterium avium infection.

The activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) of varying doses of grepafloxacin (GRE; 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg) were compared to clarithromycin (CLA; 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), ethambutol (EMB; 100 mg/kg), and rifabutin (RBT; 10 mg/kg) using an intranasal (IN) infection model compared to an intravenous (IV) infection model. Beige mice (C57BL6/J-Lyst bg J/+) were infected intranasally with about 106 organisms and for the IV model about 107 organisms. Treatment for both models was started 1 week postinfection and given by gavage 5 days/week for 4 weeks. At the initiation of therapy, an early control group was killed to determine the initial organism load. Three days following the completion of therapy, drug-treated groups of mice and the late control group were killed and the response to therapy measured. The most effective agents were CLA and RBT. GRE and EMB had modest activities in both the IN and the IV models. A matched comparison between IN and IV challenges for each of the agents used revealed greater suppression of MAC in the IN model compared to the IV model.
Brown fables, green wit

Betrayal of Science and Reason. By Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich. Island Press:1996. Pp. 320. $24.95.
IKONOS Imagery to Estimate Surface Soil Property Variability in Two Alabama Physiographies

Knowledge of surface soil properties is used to assess past erosion and predict erodibility, determine nutrient requirements, and assess surface texture for soil survey applications. This study was designed to evaluate high resolution IKONOS multispectral data as a soil- mapping tool. Imagery was acquired over conventionally tilled fields in the Coastal Plain and Tennessee Valley physiographic regions of Alabama. Acquisitions were designed to assess the impact of surface crusting, roughness and tillage on our ability to depict soil property variability. Soils consisted mostly of fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults at the Coastal Plain site and fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults at the Tennessee Valley site. Soils were sampled in 0.20 ha grids to a depth of 15 cm and analyzed for % sand (0.05 - 2 mm), silt (0.002 -0.05 mm), clay (less than 0.002 mm), citrate dithionite extractable iron (Fe(sub d)) and soil organic carbon (SOC). Four methods of evaluating variability in soil attributes were evaluated: 1) kriging of soil attributes, 2) co-kriging with soil attributes and reflectance data, 3) multivariate regression based on the relationship between reflectance and soil properties, and 4) fuzzy c-means clustering of reflectance data. Results indicate that co-kriging with remotely sensed data improved field scale estimates of surface SOC and clay content compared to kriging and regression methods. Fuzzy c-means worked best using RS data acquired over freshly tilled fields, reducing soil property variability within soil zones compared to field scale soil property variability.
Aeration of the middle ear and mastoid in tympanoplasty

In order to achieve a good hearing result following tympanoplasty it is necessary to maintain an aerated middle ear space. Poor Eustachian tube function is most commonly blamed in cases of failure to obtain an adequately aerated middle ear following tympanoplasty. Although this may be the true etiology in some cases, middle ear adhesions, loss of support of the posterior canal wall and inadvertent blockage of the Eustachian tube orifice by graft material may be contributing factors. Aeration of the mastoidectomy cavity is also important to prevent collapse of the posterior canal wall, retraction pockets and to insure an adequate air reserve. Surgical techniques for prevention of these complications and a means of bypassing the totally blocked Eustachian tube are discussed.
Comparisons of perceived quality of life across clinical states in bipolar disorder: data from the first 2000 Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) participants

Abstract Background Evidence indicates that quality of life is subnormal in patients with bipolar disorder and that it differs across mood states. However, the pattern of specific deficits has not been well studied, and the role of potential confounders has received no attention. Method We investigated the self-reported quality of life, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36), and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction (QLESQ) at baseline across the clinical states of the first 2000 participants enrolled in Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder. Results Bivariate analyses indicated significant differences across mood state, with depressive symptoms predicting lower SF-36 mental and physical scores and QLESQ overall score. However, adjustment for relevant clinical and demographic variables erased the difference in the SF-36 physical score. Notably, covariate adjustment removed the apparently “supranormal” SF-36 mental and QLESQ scores among those with mania/hypomania compared with those euthymic. Conclusion Depressive symptoms are a strong predictor of quality of life, yet covariate adjustment has an impact as well. Clinically, this indicates the need for addressing these factors if quality of life is to be maximized. Such factors should also be taken into account in future naturalistic and clinical trials research on quality of life in bipolar disorder.
Disparities in transplantation: what should we do?

Racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of medical care have been extensively documented, but there is far less known about why they occur or what can be done about them.
Abiotic and biotic dynamics during the initial stages of high solids switchgrass degradation

An understanding of the underlying dynamics of how biotic variables drive changes in abiotic parameters in the early stages of biomass biodegradation is essential for better control of the process. Probe hybridization was used to quantitatively study the growth of bacteria, yeast and fungi for three levels of initial moisture content (60, 65 and 75% MC) over a period of 64 h. Changes in abiotic parameters were also documented. By 64 h, samples were significantly differentiated both in temporal and spatial dimension, proving that considerable changes had occurred in these initial stages. Maximum carbon (C) conversion occurred in the 75% MC reactor at a peak value of 49%, with 40% and 37% in the 65 and 60% MC reactors, respectively. Higher temperature, higher pH, higher rates of O2 consumption and CO2 evolution were also observed in the highest moisture reactor; suggesting that of the three MCs studied, 75% MC was the optimal one for the process. MC during the process also proved to be important because it ...
Osteoblasts Express the Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 in a Murine Model of Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis and Infected Human Bone Tissue

Staphylococcus aureus is the single most common cause of osteomyelitis in humans. Incidences of osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus have increased dramatically in recent years, in part due to the appearance of community-acquired antibiotic resistant strains. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of this organism has become imperative. Recently, we have described the surprising ability of bone-forming osteoblasts to secrete a number of important immune mediators when exposed to S. aureus in vitro. In the present study, we provide the first evidence for the in vivo production of such molecules by osteoblasts during bacterial infection of bone. These studies demonstrate the expression of the key inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 by osteoblasts in organ cultures of neonatal mouse calvaria, and in vivo using a mouse model that closely resembles the pathology of trauma-induced staphylococcal osteomyelitis, as determined by confocal microscopic analysis. Importantly, we have established the clinical relevancy of these findings in infected human bone tissue from patients with S. aureus-associated osteomyelitis. As such, these studies demonstrate that bacterial challenge of osteoblasts during bone diseases, such as osteomyelitis, induces cells to produce inflammatory molecules that can direct appropriate host responses or contribute to progressive inflammatory damage.
AN INDIVIDUALIZED STUDENT TERM PROJECT FOR MULTIVARIATE CALCULUS

ABSTRACT In this article, the author describes an individualized term project that is designed to increase student understanding of some of the major concepts and methods in multivariate calculus. The project involves having each student conduct a complete max-min analysis of a third degree polynomial in x and y that is based on his or her social security number and that requires the use of a variety of technological tools.
Value of Dental Examination in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders

This paper from the Section on Ophthalmology of the Mayo Clinic discusses the methods of transmission of dental infections to the eye. It also reports clinical cases in some of which the infection was studied experimentally in the Laboratory of Experimental Bacteriology of the Mayo Foundation. Read before the Colorado Congress of Ophthalmology and Oto-Laryngology, July 24, 1920. See page 899.
Children from disrupted families as adults: family structure, college attendance and college completion

Abstract One hypothesis as to why children from disrupted (single parent and step parent) families have lower educational attainments than children from intact families is that disrupted families are poorer. This study investigates the relationship between family structure and four year college enrollment and completion. In doing so, the study controls for family income and for other factors that may affect the student's ability to pay for college, such as college costs and financial aid. The study uses the 1980 High School and Beyond Sophomore cohort and its subsequent follow-up surveys. Results show that family income differences can explain much of the differences in college attendance and completion rates between students from disrupted families and students from intact families. However, when measures of the grant aid students receive are also included in models predicting college enrollment and completion, those from disrupted families are still significantly less likely to attend and complete college.
Synthesis of chemicals using solar energy with stable photoelectrochemically active heterostructures.

Efficient and cost-effective conversion of solar energy to useful chemicals and fuels could lead to a significant reduction in fossil hydrocarbon use. Artificial systems that use solar energy to produce chemicals have been reported for more than a century. However the most efficient devices demonstrated, based on traditionally fabricated compound semiconductors, have extremely short working lifetimes due to photocorrosion by the electrolyte. Here we report a stable, scalable design and molecular level fabrication strategy to create photoelectrochemically active heterostructure (PAH) units consisting of an efficient semiconductor light absorber in contact with oxidation and reduction electrocatalysts and otherwise protected by alumina. The functional heterostructures are fabricated by layer-by-layer, template-directed, electrochemical synthesis in porous anodic aluminum oxide membranes to produce high density arrays of electronically autonomous, nanostructured, corrosion resistant, photoactive units (∼109–...
A role for lymphotoxin in GVHD and GVL

In this issue of Blood , Markey and colleagues reveal a key role for the often forgotten TNF family member, lymphotoxin, in graft-versus-host responses following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[1][1] Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative
Modeling canopy stomatal conductance in a temperate grassland ecosystem

Abstract Field measurements of stomatal conductance were used to develop a leaf stomatal conductance model for major C 4 grass species in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Employing data on incoming photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit, green leaf area index and extractable soil water, the stomatal conductance model was scaled up from a leaf to a canopy level. Values of canopy stomatal conductance, estimated employing this approach, were compared with those of canopy surface conductance computed from measured fluxes using the Penman-Monteith equation. Diurnal patterns and magnitudes of the two estimates were in good agreement under well-watered conditions. Under moisture stress conditions, the agreement was poor. Possible reasons are discussed. We substituted the daily extractable soil water input with the hourly measurements of leaf water potential. Although the model with the leaf water potential input did not produce any significant improvement in predicting the magnitude of canopy stomatal conductance under moisture stress conditions, it did simulate the diurnal patterns (e.g. morning peak) adequately. The estimates of canopy stomatal conductance from the model were used to calculate evapotranspiration and compared against the fluxes measured with the micrometeorological eddy correlation technique.
The effects of scattering-layer composition, animal size, and numerical density on the frequency response of volume backscatter

The work was funded by the Office of Naval Research award #N00014-05-1-0034 with Margaret McManus, and the National Science Foundation award #IIS04-34078 with Whitlow Au.
The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Communication Function in Adults with Aphasia Secondary to Stroke

The ability to improve the communication function of poststroke aphasic patients through the administration of oxygen under high pressure was studied. There appeared to be a complete absence of eff...
A study of the stochastic energization of charged particles with and without synchrotron energy loss

A momentum-diffusion formulation that takes the initial values of the particle distribution functions and momentum-space boundary conditions is presently employed for the computational and analytical study of the stochastic energization of charged particles by plasma waves. The nature of the particle distribution functions resulting from stochastic energization and the validity of the momentum-diffusion formulation for the energization are determined. The validity of the momentum-diffusion formulation with power law diffusion coefficients is assessed.
Connecting science, social studies, and language arts: an interdisciplinary approach

Abstract The purpose of this study was to see how well an elementary teacher intern was able to help her students see both the differences between language arts, science and social studies, and connections among them, using an action research design, including student interviews, observer logs, journal notes, students' ‘connection’ journals, student work, and her record and planning book as data sources. She designed and delivered an interdisciplinary language arts, science and social studies curriculum that focused on electricity. She found that students were finally able to see the interdisciplinary natures of language arts and science, and language arts and social studies, but did not see connections between science and social studies. Implications include making explicit disciplinary instruction, as well as connections between the disciplines.
Management of cervical carcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy

Abstract Pelvic malignancy complicating pregnancy poses a difficult management problem. Survival of the patient is the foremost concern, but fetal viability and well-being are also factors that have to be addressed in these cases. Cervical cancer is rarely diagnosed during pregnancy, but is still the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in pregnancy. Because of the relative infrequency of this condition, guidelines for management are not clearly defined. The basis of treatment for cervical malignancy in a pregnant patient is similar to that of a nonpregnant patient, with variations done to achieve the best possible outcome for the fetus without compromising the mother. Over the last decade, investigators have reported and advocated a more conservative approach to the management of this disease. This article will review the literature on the management of invasive cervical cancer in pregnancy and suggest a treatment scheme.
Towards the Object Semantic Hierarchy

An intelligent agent, embedded in the physical world, will receive a high-dimensional ongoing stream of low-level sensory input. In order to understand and manipulate the world, the agent must be capable of learning high-level concepts. Object is one such concept. We are developing the Object Semantic Hierarchy (OSH), which consists of multiple representations with different ontologies. The OSH factors the problems of object perception so that intermediate states of knowledge about an object have natural representations, with relatively easy transitions from less structured to more structured representations. Each layer in the hierarchy builds an explanation of the sensory input stream, in terms of a stochastic model consisting of a deterministic model and an unexplained “noise” term. Each layer is constructed by identifying new invariants from the previous layer. In the final model, the scene is explained in terms of constant background and object models, and low-dimensional pose trajectories of the observer and the foreground objects. The object representations in the OSH range from 2D views, to 2D planar components with 3D poses, to structured 3D models of objects. This paper describes the framework of the Object Semantic Hierarchy, and presents the current implementation and experimental results.
Simultaneous bilateral retinal artery occlusions associated with a mitral valve mass

A 52-year-old woman with simultaneous bilateral retinal artery occlusions and normal trans-thoracic echocardiography was found to have a mitral valve lesion on trans-esophageal echocardiography. Bilateral retinal artery occlusions suggest a source of emboli at the level of the heart or aortic arch. Such cases should be evaluated not merely by trans-thoracic echocardiography, but by trans-esophageal echocardiography, which better visualizes the aortic arch and left heart cavities.
The Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FOPQ): Assessment of Pain-Related Fear Among Children and Adolescents With Chronic Pain

Abstract An important construct in understanding pain-related disability is pain-related fear. Heightened pain-related fear may result in behavioral avoidance leading to disuse, disability, and depression; whereas confrontation of avoided activities may result in a reduction of fear over time and reengagement with activities of daily living. Although there are several measures to assess pain-related fear among adults with chronic pain, none exist for children and adolescents. The aim of the current study was to develop a new tool to assess avoidance and fear of pain with pediatric chronic pain patients: the Fear of Pain Questionnaire, child report (FOPQ-C), and Fear of Pain Questionnaire, parent proxy report (FOPQ-P). After initial pilot testing, the FOPQ-C and FOPQ-P were administered to 299 youth with chronic pain and their parents at an initial multidisciplinary pain treatment evaluation. The FOPQ demonstrated very strong internal consistency of .92 for the child and parent versions. One-month stability estimates were acceptable and suggested responsivity to change. For construct validity, the FOPQ correlated with generalized anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and somatization. Evidence of criterion-related validity was found with significant associations for the FOPQ with pain, healthcare utilization, and functional disability. These results support the FOPQ as a psychometrically sound measure. Perspective Pain-related fear plays an important role in relation to emotional distress and pain-related disability among children and adolescents with chronic pain. Identification of patients with high levels of fear avoidance of pain with the FOPQ will inform how to proceed with psychological and physical therapy interventions for chronic pain.
Landau Damping of Magnetoplasma Waves for General Closed Fermi Surfaces

By using a guiding-center distribution function, an expression for Landau damping is derived for closed Fermi surfaces of arbitrary shape in the case where the cyclotron frequency is much greater than the collision frequency. It is shown that the strength of the damping is determined by the average over the cyclotron orbit of the power delivered by the wave to the resonant electrons. The resonant coupling can always be written as a sum of electric and magnetic contributions, but the damping in general cannot, because of interference effects.
Of oxides and onions

Epic advances do not always come with the calendar. Progress may be illusory, or at least halting. Strategic retreat may prove prudent, to reassemble forces and regroup for real advances the next year. In gastroenterology at least, 1996 seems to be one of those years in which most of the heralded "epic advances" have come from the laboratory. More than a few reports in purportedly clinical journals have little heuristic or clinical value; like an affirmation of faith in science, they only dimly promise therapy. Helicobacter pylori enlarges its conquest of hearts and minds, though fervour for its eradication has waned slightly. Battles are being waged over whether four drugs for 1 week or two drugs for 4 weeks strike the more mortal blow. What we must know is how this spiral invader survives the Open chant
Allaying and alleviating amyloid agony and anxiety

In this issue of Blood, Wechalekar and colleagues demonstrate the importance of treating all patients with amyloidosis, no matter how severe their situation is, because clinically important responses are seen. They also identify the adverse prognostic impact of a systolic blood pressure of < 100 mm Hg.
Ultrasound-enhanced transdermal delivery: recent advances and future challenges

The skin is a formidable diffusion barrier that restricts passive diffusion to small (<500 Da) lipophilic molecules. Methods used to permeabilize this barrier for the purpose of drug delivery are maturing as an alternative to oral drug delivery and hypodermic injections. Ultrasound can reversibly and non-invasively permeabilize the diffusion barrier posed by the skin. This review discusses the mechanisms of ultrasound-permeability enhancement, and presents technological innovations in equipment miniaturization and recent advances in permeabilization capabilities. Additionally, potentially exciting applications, including protein delivery, vaccination, gene therapy and sensing of blood analytes, are discussed. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities associated with the use of ultrasound are discussed. It is stressed that developing ultrasound for suitable applications is key to ensure commercial success.
The metaphor of an ensemble: architectural design and skill convergence

This paper describes the significance, conception, and application of skill convergences in architectural design. Using an architectural studio, skill convergences are measured, through students’ conception of skills as well as students’ application of skills to specific design problems. The metaphor of an ensemble is used as a framework to describe designing as a process of skill convergence, in which multiple skills are involved and applied without a pre-determined hierarchy.
Hydrothermal deformation of granular quartz sand

[1] Isotropic and triaxial compression experiments were performed on porous aggregates of St Peter quartz sand to explore the influence of temperature (to 225°C). During isotropic stressing, samples loaded at elevated temperature exhibit the same sigmoidal stress-strain curves and non-linear acoustic emission rates as have previously been observed from room temperature studies on sands, sandstones, and soils. However, results from our hydrothermal experiments show that the critical effective pressure (P*) associated with the onset of significant pore collapse and pervasive cataclastic flow is lower at increased temperature. Samples subjected to triaxial loading at elevated temperature show yield behavior resembling that observed from room temperature studies on granular rocks and soils. When considered in terms of distortional and mean stresses, the yield strength data for a given temperature define an elliptical envelope consistent with critical state and CAP models from soil mechanics. For the conditions we tested, triaxial yield data at low effective pressure are essentially temperature-insensitive whereas yield levels at high effective pressure are lowered as a function of elevated temperature. We interpret our yield data in a manner consistent with Arrhenius behavior expected for thermally assisted subcritical crack growth. Taken together, our results indicate that increased stresses and temperatures associated with subsurface burial will significantly alter the yield strength of deforming granular media in systematic and predictable ways.
Dimension manipulation and choice strategy in US-China relations: a spatial game-theoretical analysis

Political and economic relations between the United States and China are viewed as two games in a two-dimensional evaluation space of decision making: a deadlock game along the political dimension and a prisoners’ dilemma game along the economic dimension. Based on a spatial game framework, this study shows that dimension manipulations and different choice strategies across these two evaluation dimensions will result in different game equilibria. Specifically,dimension combination anduniform strategy would keep U.S.-China relations in the status quo, anddimension differentiation ordiverse strategy would benefit both sides. Two policy suggestions are derived from this analysis. First, both sides should de-link political and economic dimensions and separately evaluate political and economic relations along these two distinct dimensions. Second, both sides should follow diverse strategy if political and economic relations have to be simultaneously evaluated in the two-dimensional policy making space.
d 9 spin-polaron theory of high-T c superconductivity

The results of further studies of a ${\mathit{d}}^{9}$ spin-polaron model of high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductivity are reported. Calculations of their formation energies suggest that spin polarons involving the Cu ${\mathit{d}}^{9}$ configuration and O 2p\ensuremath{\sigma} orbitals in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes should form readily in the high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors. Estimates of their radii and effective masses indicate that they are small spin polarons with masses \ensuremath{\sim} four times the band effective mass. Formation of spin polarons destroys the long-range antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering but repair of the AF order locally provides a pairing mechanism. Parametrized AF band calculations for a ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ plane show how a Mott-Hubbard (MH) gap opens as a consequence of an electron repulsion energy U at the Cu sites. The parameters are chosen to give agreement with the measured density of states, the magnetic moment per Cu site, and other data. Variation of the hole concentration by Sr doping in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and O depletion in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ moves the Fermi level relative to the MH band edge. Approximate expressions for the gap and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ within the framework of a Cooper-pairing approach are derived and then solved using information from the band calculations. The proximity of the Fermi level to the MH band edge and the interplay of O 2p\ensuremath{\sigma} and 2p\ensuremath{\pi} bands and/or localization effects can provide good fits to the variations of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ with x in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$. The in-plane gap is either s- or d-like but anisotropic in either case. A discussion of various aspects and implications of the model is given.
Cost function analysis for stochastic clustered-dot halftoning based on direct binary search

Most electrophotographic printers use periodic, clustered-dot screening for rendering smooth and stable prints. However, periodic, clustered-dot screening suffers from the problem of periodic moir´e resulting from interference between the component periodic screens superposed for color printing. There has been proposed an approach, called CLU-DBS for stochastic, clustered-dot halftoning and screen design based on direct binary search. This method deviates from conventional DBS in its use of different filters in different phases of the algorithm. In this paper, we derive a closed-form expression for the cost metric which is minimized in CLU-DBS. The closed-form expression provides us with a clearer insight on the relationship between input parameters and processes, and the output texture, thus enabling us generate better quality texture. One of the limitations of the CLU-DBS algorithm proposed earlier is the inversion in the distribution of clusters and voids in the final halftone with respect to the initial halftone. In this paper, we also present a technique for avoiding the inversion by negating the sign of one of the error terms in the newly derived cost metric, which is responsible for clustering. This not only simplifies the CLU-DBS screen design process, but also significantly reduces the number of iterations required for optimization.
4526 The digitally correlated anatomy database as a tool for teaching endosonography of the thorax.

Introduction: Proficiency in performing EUS is dependent upon accurate interpretation of structures seen during imaging. A lack of good anatomic correlates contributes to a long learning curve. Moreover, EUS is a dynamic imaging process where structures are sometimes identified by their changing relative orientations. Methods utilizing still images are unable to provide a spatial orientation in more than one plane.We describe a method of teaching EUS using the digitally correlated anatomy database (DCAD). This database has been created using images derived from the Visible Human Project (a comprehensive database of digital anatomy) and digitized EUS images. Methods: EUS images, both radial and linear, were captured to SVHS tapes during indicated procedures performed at the UCHSC, Denver. An image library was constructed by review of the tapes and digital capture of still EUS images as well as series of frames as videofiles (AVI format). The DCAD was constructed in a sequence of steps consisting of data manipulation, image correlation and digital animation. Initially, manipulation of the Visible Human database was performed on an advanced graphics workstation to obtain images corresponding to the selected EUS images. The thorax was divided into zones and correlated images were arranged in groups within each zone, focusing on structures of interest in different orientations. Each group contained both radial and linear correlated EUS and Visible Human images, video sequence of the EUS pull-through in that segment of thorax, animated sequences and the parent template (transverse and linear) from the Visible Human image pool. After organizing these data into anatomic segments, structures of interest were studied and identified by review of the still images, video sequences and animations within each group. Results: Study of the correlated still images suggested the identity of structures in question. The parent templates, animated anatomy along with the EUS video sequences from the DCAD confirmed the identity of structures seen in the still images. Future directions: Studies are being designed to objectively test whether the digitally correlated anatomy database shortens the learning curve when applied to prospective endosonographers in training. We plan to compile similar databases for the rectum, stomach and duodenum.
Compressibility of hexagonal selenium to 45 kbar

Compression data to 45 kbar have been obtained for hexagonal selenium by static methods in a piston-cylinder apparatus. Cylindrical samples (1 cm dia. and 1·2 cm length) of polycrystalline hexagonal selenium, with a bulk density close to the X-ray density, were prepared by pressing the samples at 7 kbar and 170°C. The compression data are described by a third degree polynomial, −(ΔVVO)=−64·14×10−4P+109·9×10−6P2−96·77×10−8P3 , where P is pressure in kbar. The zero pressure bulk modulus and the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus are 156 ± 10 kbar and 4·33 respectively.
Estimates of the Water Vapor Climate Feedback during El Niño–Southern Oscillation

The strength of the water vapor feedback has been estimated by analyzing the changes in tropospheric specific humidity during El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. This analysis is done in climate models driven by observed sea surface temperatures (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs), preindustrial runs of fully coupled climate models, and in two reanalysis products, the 40-yr European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). The water vapor feedback during ENSO-driven climate variations in the AMIP models ranges from 1.9 to 3.7 W m 22 K 21 , in the control runs it ranges from 1.4 to 3.9 W m 22 K 21 , and in the ERA-40 and MERRA it is 3.7 and 4.7 W m 22 K 21 , respectively. Taken as a group, these values are higher than previous estimates of the water vapor feedback in response to century-long global warming. Also examined is the reason for the large spread in the ENSO-driven water vapor feedback among the models and between the models and the reanalyses. The models and the reanalyses show a consistent relationship be- tween the variations in the tropical surface temperature over an ENSO cycle and the radiative response to the associated changes in specific humidity. However, the feedback is defined as the ratio of the radiative response to the change in the global average temperature. Differences in extratropical temperatures will, therefore, lead to different inferred feedbacks, and this is the root cause of spread in feedbacks observed here. This is also the likely reason that the feedback inferred from ENSO is larger than for long-term global warming.
The New Stories/New Cultures after-school enrichment program: a direct cultural intervention.

This article describes the organization, curriculum, and outcomes for New Stories/New Cultures, an activity-based program for after-school enrichment in five schools in the low-income neighborhood near a major American university. The program encourages students (70% Hispanic-American, 30% African-American) to experience themselves as producers of culture, not just as consumers. Its methods include (a) creative team use of video equipment and other expressive media and (b) lessons about media literacy (i.e., making critical choices about images and activities depicted in popular culture and commercials). Outcome measures with the cohort of fifth and sixth graders support the programs occupation-based philosophy. They show that students are more likely to experience themselves as building skills when engaged in activities that are both challenging and enjoyable. The students reported greatest engagement and enjoyment in activities that were creative, team-based, and involving media production. These same activities were correlated with increased self-esteem. The term direct cultural intervention is used to describe the application of occupational principles and critical perspectives to provide a population with conceptual tools and skills for interpreting and successfully navigating the social world.
Hans Morgenthau's Realism and American Foreign Policy

As the father of the realist theory of international relations, Hans Morgenthau consistently argued that international politics is governed by the competitive and conflictual nature of humankind. Myers discusses the history of U.S. foreign policy and the ongoing debate over the continued relevance of realist thought in the post-Cold War era. He argues that despite vast changes in the international system, realism remains relevant as an accurate description of human nature and hence of the interactions among nations. Analyzing Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations, Myers provides a point-by-point discussion of his theory. He concludes by stating that the relevance of realism will be seen particularly in the search for a new balance of power in the post-Cold War world.
Geometric algorithms for conflict detection/resolution in air traffic management

We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algorithms for solving these problems efficiently. For conflict resolution, we propose a simple method that can route multiple aircraft, conflict-free, through a cluttered airspace, using a prioritized routing scheme in space-time. Our algorithms have been implemented into a simulation system that tracks a large set of flights, having multiple conflicts, and proposes modified routes to resolve them. We report on the preliminary results from an extensive set of experiments that are under may to determine the effectiveness of our methods.
Two Live-Born Infants with Trisomy 22

The autopsy findings and karyotypes of two live-born fetuses with full trisomy 22 are discussed. Confined placental mosaicism was documented in one of the two cases. Confined placental mosaicism may play a role in the intrauterine survival of some trisomy 22 conceptions.
Weibull Crack Density Coefficient for Polydimensional Stress States

A structural ceramic analysis and reliability evaluation code has recently been developed encompassing volume and surface flaw induced fracture, modeled by the two-parameter Weibull probability density function. A segment of the software involves computing the Weibull polydimensional stress state crack density coefficient from uniaxial stress experimental fracture data. The relationship of the polydimensional stress coefficient to the uniaxial stress coefficient is derived for a shear-insensitive material with a random surface flaw population.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Low-income Women in Nebraska: Findings from the Every Woman Matters Program, 1993–2004

Objective. To examine the likelihood of enrollees in the Nebraska Every Woman Matters program being screened for breast and cervical cancer. Methods. We explored the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and receiving cancer screening services. Results. Older and Native American women were more likely than younger and White women to have mammograms ordered [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08, 1.85]. African American [OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.46, 0.64] and Native American women [OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.39, 0.55] were less likely than White women to have clinical breast exams performed. Native American [OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.16, 0.23] and African American women [OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.46, 0.68] were less likely than White women to have a Pap test performed. Conclusion. Receiving cancer screening services was related to race; thus, understanding barriers for screening for minority women is warranted.
MESFET MMIC Ka-band transmitter performance for high-volume system applications

An MMIC transmitter for high-volume smart munition applications in Ka band is developed using 0.25 mu m MESFET technology. The transmitter, consisting of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and power amplifier (PA), delivers more than 100 mW of power with an overall efficiency of 10% and a linear tuning range of more than 700 MHz around 35 GHz. >
Aesthetic applications of scanning CO 2 laser surgery: hype or state-of-the-art?

The clinical application of the CO 2 laser for skin surgery has traditionally been plagued with a number of inherent disadvantages. These problems mainly consist of variable depth of penetration, dermal charring with thermal build-up, and a slow surgical technique. This has severely limited the success and usefulness of the laser in aesthetic plastic surgery. An optomechanical flashscanner unit-`Swiftlase TM ', was coupled to a continuous-wave CO 2 laser and used during numerous plastic surgical procedures--both reconstructive and purely aesthetic. The instrument uses two rotating mirrors to cause a vaporizing laser beam to scan across target biological tissue in a somewhat sinusoidal array, thus modulating the CO 2 laser. Another flashscanner unit, `Silktouch TM ' was also utilized. The scanning pattern of the Silktouch TM yields a whirling spiral across the target and is typically used in a pulsed mode. Areas that were treated in this study included the face, trunk and extremities. Treatment mainly consisted of management of facial wrinkles and scars, benign lesions, and rhinophyma. Histology confirmed depth of dermal penetration as a function of fluence. There were no wound healing complications. Healing occurred in a predictable manner dependent on depth of laser penetration. Conservative, primarily ablative flashscanning CO 2 laser surgery has usefulness for treatment of patients in aesthetic surgery and offers major advantages.
Using computer graphics to reveal temporal changes in urban population density patterns

Population distributions change substantially over time in major metropolitan areas. Knowledge of these variations by time of day, day of the week and other time periods can be helpful to disaster planners who need to prepare response plans to earthquakes and other disasters that will injure and kill large numbers of people. Computer graphics can display data that describe these changing population patterns in ways that can be more easily comprehended than page after page of printed numbers. Several different illustrations of 3-D population density maps drawn by the ASPEX computer program are presented. Each illustrates a guideline that can be used to prepare maps that deal with the many ways of looking at urban population density distributions and their temporal changes. Those maps can help disaster planners gain a realistic perception of population density distributions by enabling them to see what cannot be seen from the actual physical structure of a large metropolitan region.