cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case 36: Delayed Postoperative Respiratory Obstruction

A 2-year-old boy (12 kg) is admitted as an outpatient for electroretinography under general anesthesia. His medical history is unremarkable. He underwent, uneventfully, a similar procedure under general anesthesia at the age of 6 months. He has no known allergies and is on no drug therapy. He has had a recent upper respiratory tract infection, but his preoperative physical examination is normal. He is premedicated with oral midazolam (0.07 mg/kg) with an antacid for faster onset of sedation [1]. The child is anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen, and an intravenous (IV) infusion is established. Atropine and vecuronium are given in usual doses, and the trachea is intubated atraumatically with a 4.5-mm internal diameter (i.d.) tracheal tube. Anesthesia is maintained with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in 30 % oxygen. One hour later, the procedure is completed and the child is awakened from the anesthetic. The pharynx is suctioned with a soft, rubber catheter without vision and the tracheal tube is removed. The postoperative course is uneventful. Suddenly after 20 min in the recovery room, the child stands up in bed. He has an episode of choking and coughing that leads to cyanosis. He is quickly placed in the right lateral position and given oxygen 100 % via mask. The child resumes normal breathing and the oxygen saturation is now 100 %. You carefully listen to the child’s chest and find no abnormality. You lift him up to show the anxious parents that there is nothing to worry about but as you do that he coughs and retches and the oxygen saturation falls to 88 %. You put the child down and he recovers again.
Public Management: Does it Exist? How do you do it?

One of the striking features of contemporary life in modern industrial societies is the enormous size of government and the extraordinary influence of government on the lives of the governed. For economists and other students of market forces and resource allocation problems in the “private” sector, it is becoming increasingly difficult and misleading to isolate analysis from the interactions between business and government. No matter what our particular area of interest — health, criminal justice, transportation, communication, education, “high” technologies, or defense — we find strong interactive effects between the challenges of capital formation, economic competitiveness, and industrial productivity faced by the private manager and the legal, administrative, and political forces that are the stuff of the public policy process.
Treatment Effects of a Primary Care Intervention on Parenting Behaviors: Sometimes It’s Relative

The goal of this brief report is to demonstrate the utility of quantifying parental discipline practices as relative frequencies in measuring changes in parenting behavior and relations to child behavior following intervention. We explored comparisons across methodological approaches of assessing parenting behavior via absolute and relative frequencies in measuring improvements in parent-reported disciplinary practices (increases in positive parenting practices in response to child behavior; decreases in inconsistent discipline and use of corporal punishment) and child behavior problems. The current study was conducted as part of a larger clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a collaborative care intervention for behavior problems, ADHD, and anxiety in pediatric primary care practices (Doctor Office Collaborative Care; DOCC). Participants were 321 parent-child dyads (M child age = 8.00, 65 % male children) from eight pediatric practices that were cluster randomized to DOCC or enhanced usual care (EUC). Parents reported on their own discipline behaviors and child behavior problems. While treatment-related decreases in negative parenting were found using both the absolute and relative frequencies of parenting behaviors, results were different for positive parenting behaviors, which showed decreases when measured as absolute frequencies but increases when measured as relative frequencies. In addition, positive parenting was negatively correlated with child behavior problems when using relative frequencies, but not absolute frequencies, and relative frequencies of positive parenting mediated relations between treatment condition and outcomes. Our findings indicate that the methods used to measure treatment-related change warrant careful consideration.
Krehbiel, Keith. Information and Legislative Organization.

(1991). Krehbiel, Keith. Information and Legislative Organization. Congress & the Presidency: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 193-194.
5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein Inhibitors: Promising Drugs for Treating Acute and Chronic Neuroinflammation Following Brain Injury

As part of the innate immune response, leukotrienes initiate the first line of defense against tissue damage. They also play key pathological roles in chronic inflammatory diseases like asthma. The synthesis of leukotrienes requires two key enzymes: 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). Antileukotriene therapies have been used for over 2 decades to manage asthma and include 5-LO inhibitors and the leukotriene receptor antagonists. FLAP inhibitors have also been proven safe and efficacious in asthma clinical trials but have not been brought to the market. Accumulating evidence indicates that leukotrienes mediate the pathophysiology of acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. These findings have generated a renewed interest in FLAP inhibitors as interventional therapies for these disorders. In this chapter, we provide a short introduction to leukotrienes and discuss the potential use of FLAP inhibitors for treating the acute and chronic sequelae of traumatic brain injury.
Group IV TFETs for very low power applications

Novel source pocket Si Tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) is successfully fabricated by laser annealing. It shows reduced threshold voltage, steep subthreshold swing (46mV/dec), excellent I ON /I OFF ratio (>107) and improved output characteristics due to dramatic reduction of tunneling resistance.
Injury site-specific targeting of complement inhibitors for treating stroke

Cumulative evidence indicates a role for the complement system in both pathology and recovery after ischemic stroke. Here, we review the current understanding of the dual role of complement in poststroke injury and recovery, and discuss the challenges of anti-complement therapies. Most complement directed therapeutics currently under investigation or development systemically inhibit the complement system, but since complement is important for immune surveillance and is involved in various homeostatic activities, there are potential risks associated with systemic inhibition. Depending on the target within the complement pathway, other concerns are high concentrations of inhibitor required, low efficacy and poor bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, approaches to target complement inhibitors to specific sites have been investigated. Here, we discuss targeting strategies, with a focus on strategies developed in our lab, to specifically localize complement inhibition to sites of tissue injury and complement activation, and in particular to the postischemic brain. We discuss various injury site-specific targeted complement inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke treatment, as well as their use as investigative tools for probing complement-dependent pathophysiological processes.
From Forbidden Fruit to the Goose That Lays Golden Eggs

Often compared with the Gold Rush, the marijuana industry is already a multibillion-dollar phenomenon and is expected to generate 22 billion dollars in sales in the United States by 2020. Two years...
Volar Anatomy of the Proximal Phalanx: Implications for Screw Length Selection for Fixation of Shaft Fractures

Purpose To investigate the anatomy of the volar surface of the proximal phalanx of the hand, specifically the longitudinal groove running along the volar phalangeal shaft. Methods We measured skeletonized proximal phalanges from 10 embalmed human cadaver hands at 5 equidistant points along the shaft. The difference between the maximum dorsal-palmar thickness of the shaft and thickness measured from the center of the volar groove to the most dorsal aspect of the phalanx indicated the depth of the groove at each point. These specimens underwent microtomography to characterize their osseous morphology further. Screws placed dorsal to palmar into the specimens and viewed fluoroscopically simulated the appearance of screw protrusion into the volar groove under intraoperative imaging. Similarly, screws placed into a fresh-frozen cadaveric hand illustrated possible screw impingement on soft tissue in vivo . Results The volar groove was most pronounced at the proximal and distal ends of the phalangeal shaft, becoming shallower along the midportion of the bone. The average difference between total bone thickness and thickness measured from the depth of the groove was significant at each of the 5 points of measurement along the phalangeal shaft for each of the 5 digits of the hand, including the thumb. Average groove depths ranged from 4% to 14% of total bone thickness, with a maximum individual measurement of 22%. Average depth of the groove at each of these positions ranged from 0.19 to 1.64 mm, reaching a maximum of 2.31 mm. Conclusions We demonstrated that there is a longitudinal groove running the length of the phalangeal shaft. Clinical relevance Viewed laterally, the cupped edges of the groove obscure its depth. Dorsally placed bicortical screws could protrude into the groove, remaining unnoticed on intraoperative imaging. The resulting impingement on the flexor tendon could lead to postsurgical stiffness or flexor tendon attritional rupture.
Out of the lab and into the field

Decision scientists have identified remedies for various cognitive biases that distort climate-change risk perceptions. Researchers must now use the same empirical methods to identify strategies for reproducing — in the tumult of the real world — results forged in the tranquillity of their labs.
Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques

Variability and trend studies of sea ice in the Arctic have been conducted using products derived from the same raw passive microwave data but by different groups using different algorithms. This study provides consistency assessment of four of the leading products, namely, Goddard Bootstrap (SB2), Goddard NASA Team (NT1), EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF 1.2), and Hadley HadISST 2.2 data in evaluating variability and trends in the Arctic sea ice cover. All four provide generally similar ice patterns but significant disagreements in ice concentration distributions especially in the marginal ice zone and adjacent regions in winter and meltponded areas in summer. The discrepancies are primarily due to different ways the four techniques account for occurrences of new ice and meltponding. However, results show that the different products generally provide consistent and similar representation of the state of the Arctic sea ice cover. Hadley and NT1 data usually provide the highest and lowest monthly ice extents, respectively. The Hadley data also show the lowest trends in ice extent and ice area at negative 3.88 percent decade and negative 4.37 percent decade, respectively, compared to an average of negative 4.36 percent decade and negative 4.57 percent decade for all four. Trend maps also show similar spatial distribution for all four with the largest negative trends occurring at the Kara/Barents Sea and Beaufort Sea regions, where sea ice has been retreating the fastest. The good agreement of the trends especially with updated data provides strong confidence in the quantification of the rate of decline in the Arctic sea ice cover.
The interaction of surface waves with fixed semi immersed cylinders having symmetric cross sections

The reflection of water waves by a semi immersed cylinder having a symmetric cross section is studied for both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on the cylinder. The method of conformal transformations as utilized by Ursell and by Tasai for the radiation problem is adapted to the present diffraction problem. The problem is solved by expansions of the reflected wave potential using nonorthogonal functions (wave free potentials). These functions are not complete, and an additional source and a dipole are required. Infinite systems of linear equations are obtained for the unknown expansion coefficients and the unknown strengths of the source and the dipole terms. Numerical results are obtained for the reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, horizontal force on cylinder, vertical force on cylinder. In the long wave region analytical approximations are obtained for these functions when the cross section is circular. The reflection and transmission coefficients are very different for the two boundary conditions in the long wave region, the Dirichlet reflection coefficient being much larger than the corresponding Neumann coefficient. This behavior is similar to acoustic and electromagnetic diffraction problems in two dimensions.
Two isoforms of Rubisco activase in cotton, the products of separate genes not alternative splicing.

In several plant species, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase consists of two isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA. Two forms of activase corresponding to the longer, redox-regulated α and the shorter, β forms were detected immunologically in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves, but their N-termini differed in 4 of 14 residues. The cDNAs for the α and β forms of cotton activase diverged throughout the translated and 3′-untranslated regions, including variations that accounted for the differences in N-terminal amino acid sequence. Analysis of genomic DNA confirmed that separate genes encoded the α and β forms of cotton activase. Separate activase genes were also detected in diploid species of cotton containing the different progenitor genomes of the cultivated allotetraploid, indicating that the occurrence of separate α- and β-form genes in cotton predates the merger of the diploid genomes. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two forms of cotton activase exhibited 84% identity and both forms were active after expression in Escherichia coli. The recombinant α and β forms exhibited similar affinities for ATP and only minor differences in thermotolerance, but their ATPase specific activities differed. The results show for the first time a plant species with two forms of activase that are structurally and functionally equivalent to the alternatively spliced α and β forms in other plants, but that are encoded by separate genes. That cotton still expresses both forms of activase, even without alternative splicing, suggests that each form has a required function in photosynthesis.
COGNITIVE SPIRITUALITY AND HOPE IN CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This study explores the validity of a construct of cognitive spirituality as measured by a recent measure, the Spirituality Index of Well-Being, in a sample of Catholic high school students. Spirituality on this scale is conceptualized as a composite of life scheme (having meaning in one’s life) and generalized self-efficacy. Construct-based validity evidence was produced through factor analysis and examination of correlations between the spirituality scale and subscale scores with scale and subscale scores on the Children’s Hope Scale, a well-being indicator previously used for this population. In addition, differences between male and female students were found, with females producing higher scores on the life scheme subscale, suggesting a greater sense of meaning in their lives. The Spirituality Index of Well-Being also demonstrated high internal reliability in this sample. It is argued that the goal of Catholic education is education of the whole person and that this conceptualization of spirituality is consistent with that goal. The Spirituality Index of Well-Being appears to be a valid and reliable measure of cognitive spirituality for this population and a useful indicator of student well-being. “What greater work is there than disciplining the mind and forming the habits of the young?” (Pius XI, 1936, p. 5)
The cervico-ocular reflex

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that stabilization of a visual target on the fovea of the retina during target or head motion is necessary, in order to achieve through various oculomotor mechanisms. Target or head velocity, and frequency are the variables that the brain uses to determine the oculomotor system that is recruited. For individuals with vestibular hypofunction, additional compensatory mechanisms may be used to enhance gaze stability when the head is moving. The chapter focuses on the studies of the cervico-ocular reflex (COR) involving rotation of the trunk beneath a still head. It is important to know that in natural circumstances the COR may be influenced differently by active versus passive head rotation. Investigations of the COR using the methods of non-rotation are also discussed in the chapter. The chapter reviews the methods, and discusses the findings that are based on electrophysiological and behavioral evidence for the COR. It emphasizes on the methods that are used to record the COR.
Crossing the Globe: Why Studying Abroad Is Essential to the Future of LIS Education

Increasingly, Library and Information Science (LIS) programs are offering study-abroad opportunities for students to have broader global classroom experiences to gain knowledge and exposure and to ...
Fueling Defense: Effects of Resources on the Ecology and Evolution of Tolerance to Parasite Infection

Resource availability is a key environmental constraint affecting the ecology and evolution of species. Resources have strong effects on disease resistance, but they can also affect the other main parasite defense strategy, tolerance. A small but growing number of animal studies are beginning to investigate the effects of resources on tolerance phenotypes. Here, we review how resources affect tolerance strategies across animal taxa ranging from fruit flies to frogs to mice. Surprisingly, resources (quality and quantity) can increase or reduce tolerance, dependent upon the particular host-parasite system. To explore this seeming contradiction, we recast predictions of models of sterility tolerance and mortality tolerance in a resource-dependent context. Doing so reveals that resources can have very different epidemiological and evolutionary effects, depending on what aspects of the tolerance phenotype are affected. Thus, it is critical to consider both sterility and mortality in future empirical studies of how behavioral and environmental resource availability affect tolerance to infection.
Magnetic Field Patterning of Nickel Nanowire Film Realized by Printed Precursor Inks.

This paper demonstrates an easily prepared novel material and approach to producing aligned nickel (Ni) nanowires having unique and customizable structures on a variety of substrates for electronic and magnetic applications. This is a new approach to producing printed metallic Ni structures from precursor materials, and it provides a novel technique for nanowire formation during reduction. This homogeneous solution can be printed in ambient conditions, and it forms aligned elemental Ni nanowires over large areas upon heating in the presence of a magnetic field. The use of templates or subsequent purification are not required. This technique is very flexible, and allows the preparation of unique patterns of nanowires which provides opportunities to produce structures with enhanced anisotropic electrical and magnetic properties. An example of this is the unique fabrication of aligned nanowire grids by overlaying layers of nanowires oriented at different angles with respect to each other. The resistivity of printed and cured films was found to be as low as 560 µΩ∙cm. The saturation magnetization was measured to be 30 emu∙g−1, which is comparable to bulk Ni. Magnetic anisotropy was induced with an axis along the direction of the applied magnetic field, giving soft magnetic properties.
Technical characteristics of a solar geoengineering deployment and implications for governance

Consideration of solar geoengineering as a potential response to climate change will demand complex decisions. These include not only the choice of whether to deploy solar engineering, but decision...
Behind the Venire: Rationale, Rewards and Ramifications of Heightened Scrutiny and the Ninth Circuit’s Extension of Equal Protection to Gays and Lesbians During Jury Selection in SmithKline v. Abbott

On January 21, 2014, in SmithKline v. Abbott, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that heightened scrutiny applies to classifications based on sexual orientation, and equal protection forbids striking jurors because they are gay or lesbian. The Ninth Circuit interpreted the Supreme Court’s recent analysis in United States v. Windsor as applying heightened scrutiny, rather than rational basis review that has historically been used to assess issues surrounding sexual orientation. The Ninth Circuit also reasoned that given the historical exclusion and pervasive discrimination of gays and lesbians, this group requires equal protection. This Comment argues that while this ruling in theory represents a victory for equal rights, the practical effects could prove minimal and even potentially problematic.
Vegetation: A Tribute to the Oregon Coast Part 4

Vegetation is the fourth garment in a series of creative scholarship pieces dedicated to the natural elements found along the Oregon Coast. The purpose of this garment is to bring awareness to the growing kelp farming industry and its impact on helping reduce ocean acidification and creating sustainable farming initiatives, and to do so through the lens of a ready to wear garment in a personally previously unexplored target market. The kilt is made of cotton sateen with asymmetrical pleating, welt pocket, and a side patch pocket with piped edging details. The shirt print was created using a photograph of the Oregon Coast. The jacket is made of leather and lined with satin. The shoulders of the jacket are embellished with leather appliques. The collar is constructed with rows of piping and long handing tendrils to mimic the wrapping and tangling of the kelp when washed ashore.
The serving temperature effect: Food temperature, expected satiety, and complementary food purchases.

We show that the temperature at which foods and beverages are served impacts consumers' complementary purchases, defined as additional foods and beverages purchased for a consumption episode. Across a series of studies, including field studies and controlled laboratory experiments, we show that consumers choose more complementary food items when they consume or intend to consume a food or beverage served cold rather than hot. This occurs because cold consumables are expected to be less satiating compared to hot consumables. Serving temperatures that increase complementary purchasing may enhance the firm's bottom line, but could add unnecessary calories to the meal, and thus is of interest to both consumers and managers.
Politicians’ Ideology Matters More Than Their Race in Determining the Association Between White Identity and Evaluation of the Politicians:

White Americans’ racial identity can predict their sociopolitical attitudes and behaviors, demonstrating an emergent trend of White identity politics. However, when it comes to predicting support f...
An integrated framework for online news quality assurance

This paper introduced a synthesized theoretical framework of online news quality assurance. The framework includes conceptual models of quality evaluation, value assessment, and intervention. The framework also provides typologies of user activities, information agents, and the relationships among them. The framework is grounded in prior frameworks of information quality and the analysis of two cases of large-scale online news aggregators: Google News and Facebook News. The framework can be used as a knowledge source to guide the design and evaluation of quality assurance processes of online news providers and aggregator ecosystems.
A Guide to State Space Modeling of Multiple Time Series

In teaching time series analysis over the past several years I have become aware of the gap between the often elegant theory of the methods developed and the sometimes crude issues that arise in their application to real problems. A substantial amount of important practical information is relegated to a minor position and is either haphazardly conveyed in long sessions in the computer laboratory, or not at all. This guide is an attempt to organize and formalize that information as it applies to the use of Aoki’s state space time series procedure, employing monthly data on four macroeconomic series as an illustration. Here I am taking the role of the expert witness, and offering opinions where relevant; the judgmental decisions embodied in the discussion reflect my experience, both from my own personal projects and from those of my students.
Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States.

Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States. Dru C. Gladney. ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. 350 pp.
Personality and Politics: Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue of Journal of Personality brings together 10 original articles addressing the intersection of personality and politics. Articles build on classic traditions in political psychology by presenting both idiographic and nomothetic work on the motivational, cognitive, ideological, attitudinal, and identity correlates of many different aspects of political behavior. This work is used to understand political activism and leadership as well as everyday political behavior. We hope this collection of articles will inspire our readers to explore new investigations in personality and political psychology.
Snow depth on Arctic sea ice derived from radar: In situ comparisons and time series analysis

The snow radar being flown on NASA's Operation IceBridge, ongoing aircraft campaigns to the Arctic and the Antarctic are providing unique observations of the depth of snow on the sea ice cover. In this paper, we focus on the radar-derived snow depth results from the 2009–2012 Arctic campaigns. We develop and evaluate the use of a distinct snow layer tracker to measure snow depth based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised learning algorithm. The snow radar is designed to detect both the air-snow and snow-ice interfaces using ultrawideband frequencies from 2 to 8 GHz. The quality, errors, and repeatability of the snow radar snow depth estimates are examined, based on comparisons with in situ data obtained during two separate sea ice field campaigns, the GreenArc 2009 and the CryoVEx 2011 campaigns off Greenland in the Lincoln Sea. Finally, we analyze 4 years (2009–2012) of three annually repeated sea ice flight lines obtained in early spring, located off Greenland and the Canadian Arctic. We examine the annual variations of snow depth differences between perennial and seasonal ice when available. Overall, the snow layer tracker produced consistent, accurate results for snow depths between 0.10 and ∼0.60 m. This was confirmed with comparisons with the two data sets from the in situ measurement campaigns as well as with the time series analysis, and is consistent with other published results.
An Atlas of the Peninsular War – By Ian Robertson

For long into the nineteenth century, the Peninsular War [1808–1814] occupied the intense interest not only of military historians but also that of many surviving officers who had fought in it. It ...
Triple Jeopardy: A Qualitative Investigation of the Experiences of Nontraditional African-American Female Students in One Hispanic-Serving Institution

The purpose of this article is to provide key insights on the experiences of the nontraditional African-American female undergraduate student. A grounded theory design used in-depth interviews with 10 nontraditional African-American female undergraduate students attending a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) in the Southwest. Findings suggest that academe must address the unique academic and social integration issues these students present from vantage points recognizing their African-American, female, and nontraditional identities. The authors conclude with recommendations to institutions of higher education for enhancing the matriculation experiences of this cohort.
Invertebrates in the Classroom

This article presents an inexpensive program using invertebrates in the classroom. The following information is provided: (a) the availability of review articles; (b) how to maintain and procure subjects; (c) where to obtain apparatus; and (d) how to prepare demonstrations of classical, instrumental, and avoidance conditioning.
Abstract 4655: Gene expression signatures of microsatellite-stable stage III colorectal adenocarcinomas based on thep53status

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Microsatellite (MS) instability and p53 mutations have been implicated in development, progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRCs). Thus, to identify aggressive tumor subsets, the gene expression profiles of Stage- III MS-stable (MSS), sporadic CRCs were analyzed based on their p53 gene status. Methods: DNA samples extracted from 136 Stage-III formalin-fixed paraffin embedded CRC tissues were analyzed for MSS and for p53 mutations. Further, mRNA samples extracted from 20 (10 each of p53-mutated and wild-type) corresponding snap-frozen Stage-III-MSS-CRCs were profiled for differential gene expression. Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays were used for gene expression profiling; and Affymetrix Microarray Suite (MAS 5.0), gene ontology annotation, and KEGG pathways were used for data analysis. Differentially expressed (DE) genes were confirmed by measuring mRNA levels by RT-PCR and by the quantitative nuclease protection assay. Results: A higher incidence of p53 mutations was found in MSS (65 of 113, 58%) than in MSI (6 of 23, 30%) phenotypes. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated that patients with MSS-CRCs exhibiting p53 mutations had poor overall survival when compared to p53-wt-phenotypes (log rank, p=0.031). Gene expression analyses identified 116 DE genes (73 down-regulated and 43 up-regulated). All of these passed the stringent background filter (intensity p-value ≤0.001 and intensity ≥3 SD above mean background) and DE ratio (χ2 p-value ≤0.01 & fold change ≥2.0). GBP1, PSMB9, TRIM29, BST2 and TFF1, that have prognostic value in CRCs, were up-regulated in p53-mutated-MSS-CRCs but down-regulated in p53-wt-MSS-CRCs. Further, genes that regulate cell-cycle arrest (CDKN1B) and tumor growth suppression (ACVR1B, SESN1, WFDC1 and IRF7) were down-regulated in p53-mutated-MSS-CRCs, but up-regulated in p53-wt-MSS-CRCs. The genes presented here are the top-ranked (top-5) genes in their respective groups. The mRNA expression levels of these DE genes in all 136 CRCs were confirmed on two different platforms. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that mutant- and wt-p53 Stage-III-MSS-CRCs have distinct gene expression profiles and appear to be useful in identifying aggressive Stage III subsets and for the assessment of clinical outcomes. These studies are supported by grants from the National Institute of Health/National Cancer Institute (U54-CA118948, RO1-CA98932, and R03CA139629). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4655.
The development of syntactic subjects in Portuguese-speaking children.

In order to separate competence and performance factors in acquisition of knowledge of syntactic subjects, we audiotaped and analysed the spontaneous speech of 20 Portuguese-speaking two-year-olds in natural conversation with Portuguese-speaking adults. We separated the children into three groups based on Mean Length of Utterance in Words: I.5-I.99; 2.o-2.99; 3.o-4.99. Our cross-sectional data demonstrated that Portuguese-speaking children increased their use of subjects from 28 % in the lowest-MLUW group to 57% in the highest-MLUW group. The children in the highest-MLUW group almost perfectly matched the adult speakers in the study on every measure. The increase in children's use of subjects was primarily due to an increase in the use of pronominal subjects. A comparison between Portuguese- and English-speaking children suggests that adult competence about the status of subjects is present at the onset of combinatorial speech, as shown by differential production of subjects. Each group also experiences performance limitations, as shown by the increase in subject use as development proceeds.
Management of Periodontal Disease: Understanding the Options

Periodontal disease is the most common disease occurring in domestic dogs and cats, and local severity and the impact on the rest of the body are reasons why all companion animal patients should receive an oral examination every time they are seen. This article provides the background information on how an effective periodontal management program can be tailored for each patient.
On dense subrings of RFM(R)

Abstract Let R be any associative ring with identity. Then the free left R-module RR(N) has endomorphism ring isomorphic to RFM(R), the ring of N × N row-finite matrices over R. The (nonunital) subring FM(R) of RFM(R) consisting of those matrices with at most finitely many nonzero entries is dense in RFM(R). In Section 1 we examine the automorphisms of certain rings T with FM(R) ⊆ T ⊆ RFM(R). In particular, we give characterizing conditions for R which ensure that such a ring T exists with the property that some automorphism of T does not preserve finite rank endomorphisms. This result is then compared and contrasted with an assertion made by B. R. McDonald (J. Algebra 45 (1977), 69–82, Sect. 4). We prove a “fixed-point theorem” for matrix functors F having the property that FM(R) ⊆ F(R) ⊆ RFM(R) for all rings R; namely, for any such functor there exists a ring S with S ≅ F(S).
Adenovirus complexed with polyethylene glycol and cationic lipid is shielded from neutralizing antibodies in vitro

Development of neutralizing antibodies is an important hindrance that limits repeated administration of adenoviral vectors for gene transfer. One way to avoid this problem would be to coat the virus with a substance that could shield it from antibodies. To develop such a system, we coated negatively-charged adenovirus with the cationic lipid GL-67 and included polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the complex as dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine-PEG (DOPE-PEG). This complex enhanced gene transfer to cells that were difficult to infect both in vitro and in vivo. GL-67/DOPE-PEG coated the virus and prevented antibody binding. As a result, 50-fold higher concentrations of immune plasma were required for neutralization than with adenovirus alone. However, use of the complex provided no appreciable protection from neutralization when vector was delivered in vivo to immunized animals. These data are the first to suggest that formation of a complex around adenovirus can partially shield it from immune plasma in vitro. Despite the lack of protection in vivo, these results suggest the feasibility of developing a system in which the virus is effectively shielded from neutralizing antibodies and capable of repeat administration.
IT process designs for improving information quality and reducing exception handling: a simulation experiment

Abstract Exceptions are cases that cannot be handled adequately in automated information processes (IP); but they can significantly affect IP performance. This research develops a model that captures the exception handling activities required in operational-level information processes. The model is sufficiently general to allow evaluation of the performance of information flow processes employing any combination of people and information technologies (IT). It is used to evaluate alternative designs for using IT to improve the quality of the information produced from IP while reducing the resources required for exception handling. In two simulation experiments using the model, advanced IT improved information quality significantly. They did not, however, always reduce flow time and human resource time. These results provide support for justifying the use of advanced IT in organizations for information quality improvement.
Keeping a cool head: honeybee thermoregulation

At high ambient temperatures, honeybees regulate head teriperature by evaporative cooling of regurgitated honeycrop contents. Thoracic temperature is secondarily stabilized as heat flows from thorax to head by means of passive conduction and physiological facilitation resulting from accelerated blood flow. The mechanism permits flight at the extraordinarily high ambient temperature of 46 degrees C without overheating the head and thorax despite prodigious amounts of heat produced as a by-product of flight metabolism. In contrast, at low ambient temperatures, thoracic rather than head temperature is regulated; no liquid is regurgitated, and the head is heated passively by conduction both in flight and while stationary.
Economic evolution and specialization

As an economic system grows and develops, several key processes occur. Growth means greater population and larger markets, allowing the economy to diversify. Economic development leads to improvements in infrastructure, including transportation networks, which facilitate trade and encourage specialization. In this paper we examine the effects of economic evolution on the structure of 22 national economies, with particular emphasis on their levels of industrial diversification, and how this process affects the international economic system. Our results show a clear tendency for a nation's specialization to decrease over time as development occurs, but only up to a point. The degree of specialization falls more slowly over time in virtually every case, with specialization tending to increase again in several of the most developed economies. Greater specialization means greater interdependence; increasingly, a change in a distant economy has effects in seemingly unrelated places due to these interconnections. A key consequence of this is an increasing need to take a systems approach in economic analysis.
Retention of bone cell viability in mouse calvarial explants after cryopreservation.

Abstract Newborn mouse calvaria, cyropreserved at −196 °C in serum-free medium containing dimethylsulfoxide, were compared to unpreserved explants for bone cell viability by [ 3 H]thymidine uptake. Other explants were studied using autoradiography to compare the histological appearance of the cryopreserved and control unpreserved explant sites of cellular localization of [ 3 H]thymidine. After short-term cryopreservation, calvarial bone cells, including less differentiated osteoprogenitor cells, survived as indicated by their incorporation of the DNA precursor. With culture continuing for up to 24 hr after thawing and in the continuous presence of [ 3 H]thymidine, additional labeled thymidine was incorporated, indicating that the proliferative ability of explant cells persists after cryopreservation. Cryopreserved bone explants did not, however, incorporate the same amount of labeled thymidine as did controls at each time point studied. These events, as measured quantitatively and observed by autoradiography of the tissue, indicate that newborn calvarial bone cell proliferation in vitro continues after cryopreservation. The large surface:mass ratio of the tissue and its proportionate volume of calcified matrix apparently permits it to behave as an isolated cell population with regard to the diffusion of the cryoprotectant and thermal conductivity, thus permitting the retention of explant viability.
Dietary assessment of patients with chemosensotyr disorders

Abstract Objective To identify individuals who are at nutritional risk because of taste and/or smell disorders. Design Patients referred by a private physician for evaluation of a chemosensory complaint underwent an extensive battery of taste and small tests, otorhinolaryngologic tests, and, in some cases, periodontal examinations and completed a dietary/ health questionnaire, a 24-hour recall, and a 2-day diet record. Setting Patients were interviewed at the Monell-Jefferson Chemosensory Clinical Research Center, Philadelphia, Pa. Subjects We studied 310 patients (142 men and 168 women) with a primary complaint of chemosensory disorder, Mean age was 50.5±15.7 (range=15 to 93 years). Normative data were provided by an additional 79 healthy control subjects (42 men and 37 women) with no taste or smell complaint. Their mean age was 48.8±18.8 years (range=20 to 83 years). Main outcome measures Chemosensory disorder-related changes in food habits (determined by questionnaire responses), nutrient intake (analysis of 3-day food records), and body weight (self-reported). Statistical analyses Analysis of covariance, followed by post hoc analysis of adjusted means with the Tukey honestly significant difference test, was used to explore group differences in nutrient intake and body weight. χ 2 Analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to evaluate relationships between variables. Results When groups were classified according to chemosensory diagnosis, group differences were observed on global appetitive questions, but complaints were high in all groups. Approximately 65% (203 of 310) of patients had self-reported body weights within 5% of their predisorder weight, but clinically meaningful weight gains or losses were observed in each group. Patients with multiple chemosensory disorders were most likely to lose weight, whereas the incidence of weight gain was highest in patients with anosmia. Patient report of a change in eating patterns was the best predictor of weight change among the variables examined. Conclusions Dietary responses to chemosensory disorders vary widely and may place patients at nutritional risk, Until better prognostic indexes are identified, dietitians shoudl query patients about disorder-related alterations in eating patterns and provide appropriate individualized counseling.
Incidentally detected cardiovascular abnormalities on helical CT pulmonary angiography: spectrum of findings.

421 elical CT of the pulmonary arteries is useful for the examination of patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism [1–4]. Helical CT pulmonary angiography uses thin collimation with overlapping reconstruction intervals and the rapid administration of iodinated contrast material during suspended respiration and is designed to provide the excellent spatial resolution necessary to accurately diagnose emboli. This technique may also show cardiovascular abnormalities related or unrelated to the patients’ presenting complaints. Awareness of the imaging appearance of cardiovascular abnormalities visible on helical CT pulmonary angiography is important. Therefore, we present the imaging spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities incidentally detected on helical CT pulmonary angiography.
A comment on the detection of closed magnetic structures in the solar wind

It has recently been suggested that the large scale structure of the interplanetary magnetic field can be deduced solely from solar wind speed measurements. Here it is emphasized that, in addition to speed measurements, direct measurements of the interplanetary field and indirect diagnostics such as measurements of the solar wind kinetic temperature and galactic and solar energetic particle modulations and anisotropics are required to distinguish between open and closed magnetic structures in the solar wind.
Prediction of impending blast cell transformation in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.

Bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens from 24 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia were studied to identify bone marrow changes that suggest incipient or impending blast transformation. In the chronic phase of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, blasts and promyelocytes were seen predominantly in the paratrabecular and perivascular regions, while myelocytes, metamyelocytes and segmented polymorphs were seen predominantly in the central intertrabecular marrow space. The patients were divided into two equal groups according to the degree of perivascular and paratrabecular infiltration: those with minimal (one to three layers of blasts and promyelocytes) and those with marked (four to eight layers of blasts and promyelocytes) infiltration. Ten of the 12 patients in the former group did not develop blast transformation and remained in the chronic phase during a 32- to 84-week follow up period, whereas nine of the 12 patients in the latter group developed blast transformation, with six undergoing transformation within the first 26 weeks. These findings suggest that the histomorphological pattern of bone marrow changes in chronic granulocytic leukaemia may be useful in recognizing a subset of chronic granulocytic leukaemia patients undergoing blast transformation in the ensuing 6 months.
Attenuation of morphine analgesia by α-MSH, MIF-I, melatonin and naloxone in the rat

Abstract In two experiments the effects of the pituitary peptide α-MSH, the hypothalamic tripeptide MIF-I (P-L-G-NH2) and the pineal hormone melatonin were investigated on the attenuation of morphine analgesia measured by a tail flick test. In Experiment 1, α-MSH had minimal effect on morphine analgesia, whereas, MIF-I and melatonin clearly delayed the onset of morphine analgesia, and melatonin also shortened the duration of analgesia. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the possible synergistic effect of MIF-I and melatonin. The combined treatment of MIF-I and melatonin significantly delayed the onset of morphine analgesia, and melatonin alone shortened the duration of analgesia. The relationshps among the pituitary, hypothalamus and the pineal for the modulation of pain and response to morphine were discussed.
RAD inhibition of sarcoma growth: implications for laryngeal transplantation.

Abstract Purpose Laryngeal transplantation has not been widely accepted because of concerns regarding accelerated tumor recurrences in the setting of nonspecific immunosuppression. Allotransplantation could potentially be offered to patients if immunosuppressive therapy could be demonstrated to exert tumor suppressive properties. Preliminary reports have demonstrated an antiproliferative effect of everolimus (RAD), a derivative of the immunosuppressant rapamycin. Materials and methods Forty-five 10-week-old inbred C57BL/6N (B6) mice were injected subcutaneously with 1 × 106 MCA205 sarcoma cells. On the third postinoculation day, the mice were divided into 4 treatment groups, undergoing daily gavage with RAD at 0, 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg per day for 10 consecutive days. Thereafter, treatment with RAD was discontinued and tumor size was measured every 2 days during treatment and biweekly until sacrifice on the 31st postinoculation day. Whole-blood trough levels (Cmin) were measured for each group. Results Mean tumor diameter among the control animals and the mice treated with RAD 0.2 mg/kg per day demonstrated no significant difference (P > .07). Groups treated with RAD 1 and 5 mg/kg per day demonstrated significant growth inhibition between the 7th and the 23rd postinoculation days (P .09). Mean tumor suppressive whole-blood Cmin's for the 1 and 5 mg/kg per day groups were 75.6 and 368.9 pg/μL, respectively. Conclusions RAD delivered at immunosuppressive doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg per day resulted in significant growth restriction of a fibrosarcoma in a murine model.