cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Content Analysis of Social Welfare Curriculum

Abstract An analysis of the policy curriculum contents of 66 MSW and 78 BSW programs is presented in this paper. Despite the CSWE curriculum policy guidelines and accreditation standards, a laissez-faire doctrine seems to prevail. The guiding principles utilized to develop course contents varied from instructor to instructor. The credit requirements and specific tasks covered in contents were so skewed from program to program that it is highly probable that students may experience either extreme redundancy or extreme underexposure to certain policy contents. If this pattern continues, students can complete their education with less than the minimum policy base needed to function as professionals.
Techniques to enable FPGA based reconfigurable fault tolerant space computing

Reconfigurable computing using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) offer significant performance improvements over traditional space based processing solutions. The application of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) FPGA processing components requires radiation-effect detection and mitigation strategy to compensate for the FPGAs' susceptibility to single event upsets (SEUs) and single event functional interrupts (SEFIs). A reconfigurable computing architecture that uses external triple modular redundancy (TMR) via a radiation-hardened ASIC provides the most robust approach to SEU and SEFI detection and mitigation. Honeywell has designed a TMR Voter ASIC with an integrated FPGA configuration manager that can automatically reconfigure an upset FPGA upon TMR error detection. The automatic configuration manager also has features to support resynchronizing the upset FPGA with the remaining two FPGAs operating in a self checking pair (SCP) mode. Automating and minimizing reconfiguration times and re synchronization times enables high performance FPGA-based processors to provide high system availability with minimal software/system controller intervention.
Induction of Lipogenic Enzymes in Primary Cultures of Rat Hepatocytes

Using primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes, the regulation of the following lipogenic enzymes was studied: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The addition to the culture medium of either insulin or tri-iodothyronine produced a 2–3-fold increase in each of the individual enzyme activities whereas glucagon slightly decreased enzyme activities. The addition to the medium of 8-bromoguanosine 3,′5′-monophosphate had no effect on any of the enzyme activities unless glucose was also added to the culture medium. Glucose addition alone to the culture medium was without any effect; however, glucose enhanced the stimulation of enzyme activity due to insulin. The addition of fructose or glycerol, even in the absence of insulin, increased the activities of each of the enzymes studied 2–3-fold. The increases in enzyme activity brought about by insulin or fructose were apparently the result of de novo enzyme synthesis, as indicated by the observation that the increases were not noted in the presence of cordycepin or cycloheximide. Immunoprecipitation of ATP-citrate lyase from hepatocytes pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine indicated that the induction of this enzyme in response to the addition of fructose or glycerol to the culture medium was the result of an increase in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme. These results indicate that the activity and synthesis of individual enzymes involved in lipogenesis are increased in response to the metabolism of carbohydrate independently in part from hormonal effects.
Information Systems Ph.D. Program in Africa: The Case of Addis Ababa University - Ethiopia

This case study is about the first Information Systems Ph.D. program in Ethiopia and the region, a collaborative effort of thirteen universities around the globe. Seventeen faculty members are traveling to Ethiopia to launch the program and plan to begin class summer 2008. This paper depicts the program design, program development, and an outline of the overall program. The authors share their personal experience in the development of this unique IS Ph.D. program.
Versioning of Network Models in a Multiuser Environment

The standard database mechanisms for concurrency control, which include transactions and locking protocols, do not provide the support needed for updating complex geographic data in a multiuser environment. The preferred method to resolve conflicts in GIS systems is to encapsulate the modifications generated by the end users through the use of multiple versions. Multiuser (or versioned) geographic databases allow users to operate as though they have full access to the entire dataset. Instead of relying upon row locking, versioned databases allow multiple users to simultaneously edit the same row. They implement a model for conflict detection and resolution where the first to commit the change wins by default (though clients can manually intervene and select the latter change as the winner). Network models are frequently used as a mechanism to describe the connectivity information between spatial features in many emerging GIS applications. Supporting networks within the context of a versioned database imposes additional requirements --- the complex network model must retain integrity irrespective of the sequence of simultaneous edits by various clients. In this paper, we review our network model and discuss the enhancements necessary to maintaining topological network integrity in this complex environment. Our solution is based on the notion of dirty areas and dirty objects (i.e., regions or elements that contain edits that have not been reflected in the network connectivity index). The dirty areas and objects are identified and marked during editing of the network feature data. They are then subsequently cleaned as a byproduct of the incremental update of the connectivity network.
Chapter 21 Gait analysis

Publisher Summary Every health professional must evaluate and treat the patient based on data and assumptions about the relative function of the central nervous system, selective motor control, weak or spastic muscles, joint contracture and bony deformities. The usual methods for clinical assessment include physical examination, manual muscle testing and visual observation. Most of this data is qualitative and subjective. Medical professionals apply an evolving knowledge base. A treatment plan is formed based on algorithms passed on by others and modified by experience gained from personal observations. Clinical tests are useful for diagnosis but are often not sensitive enough or objective for quantitative evaluation of treatment. However, many centers now have laboratories and skilled personnel to perform objective measurements rather than rely upon intuition and assumptions. Motion analysis laboratories provide quantitative information, which can be used as a basis for appropriate therapeutic intervention, and evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of treatment methods. The chapter discusses the methods for objective assessment of persons with movement impairment. This chapter provides a brief overview of the gait cycle, a discussion of available measurement technology, and application of this technology for treatment planning and assessment.
Abstract 3861: Hyaluronan-CD44v3 interaction with oct4/sox2/nanog promotes miR-302 expression leading to self-renewal, clonal formation and cisplatin resistance in cancer stem cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly malignant cancer associated with major morbidity and mortality. In this study we determined that human HNSCC-derived HSC-3 cells contain a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) characterized by a high levels of CD44v3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) expression. These tumor cells also express several stem cell markers (the transcription factors-Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog) and display the hallmark CSC properties of self-renewal/clonal formation and the ability to generate heterogeneous cell populations. Importantly, hyaluronan (HA) stimulates the CD44v3 (an HA receptor) interaction with Oct4/Sox2/Nanog leading to both a complex formation and the nuclear translocation of three CSC transcription factors. Further analysis reveals that microRNA-302 (miR-302) is controlled by an upstream promoter containing Oct4/Sox2/Nanog binding sites, while chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that stimulation of miR-302 expression by HA/CD44 is Oct4/Sox2/Nanog-dependent in HNSCC-specific CSCs. This process results in suppression of several epigenetic regulators (AOF1/AOF2 and DNMT1) and the upregulation of several survival proteins (cIAP-1, cIAP-2 and XIAP) leading to self-renewal, clonal formation and cisplatin resistance. These CSCs were transfected with a specific anti-miR-302 inhibitor in order to silence miR-302 expression and block its target functions. Our results demonstrate that the anti-miR-302 inhibitor not only enhances the expression of AOF1/AOF2 and DNMT1, but also abrogates the production of cIAP-1, cIAP-2 and XIAP and HA/CD44v3-mediated cancer stem cell functions. Taken together, these findings strongly support the contention that the HA-induced CD44v3 interaction with Oct4/Sox2/Nanog signaling plays a pivotal role in miR-302 production leading to AOF1/AOF2/DNMT1 downregulation and survival protein activation. All of these events are critically important for the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties including self-renewal, clonal formation and chemotherapy resistance in HA/CD44v3-activated head and neck cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Lilly Y W Bourguignon, Gabriel Wong, Christine Earle. Hyaluronan-CD44v3 interaction with oct4/sox2/nanog promotes miR-302 expression leading to self-renewal, clonal formation and cisplatin resistance in cancer stem cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3861. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3861
Some Evolutionary, Morphoregulatory, and Functional Aspects of the Immune—Neuroendocrine Circuitry

David Wilson Talmage, one of the most important pioneers of the molecular biology of immunoregulation, in discussing recently (1988) what is beyond molecular immunology, poses the following questions: What will we study after we understand all the genes and their products that impact on the immune system? Surely, in a few years we will understand how lymphocytes differentiate and are activated, how they synthesize, secrete, kill, migrate. What will we study then? My prediction is that immunology will then have its greatest challenge. How can we put it all together for the benefit of mankind? How will we prevent allergies, autoimmunity, transplant rejection, and how will we cure cancer? The coming era of immunology will be a stage of synthesis–a return to Stage 1 and the immunology of the whole animal. [Talmage, 1988]
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Characterization of Polymers Modified by Atomic Oxygen and Ultraviolet Radiation

Atomic oxygen (AO) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced surface modifications of several space application polymers are investigated with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The polymers studied include Kapton® polyimide, FEP Teflon®, CV-1144-0 silicone and polyarylene ether benzimidazole (PAEBI). Using in situ and ex situ SE covering a large spectral range from 190 nm to 14 μm, various parameters and trends of the polymers are measured as they are exposed to AO and/or UV light.
EXPRESSION OF CD40 LIGAND ON ACTIVATED T-CELLS FROM NEWBORNS AND CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES. 1701

Newborns and infants have limited IgG and IgA responses to infections and vaccines. In vitro studies have documented that the immunoglobulin class switch necessary for production of IgG and IgA requires both the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) on activated T-cells and the presence of interleukins. CD40L is expressed predominantly on CD4+ T-cells (helpers). Previous investigators have noted that activated neonatal T-cells express less CD40L than activated adult T-cells and have attributed the decreased production of IgG and IgA to this deficiency.
Abscess of the abdominal wall as the presenting sign in carcinoma of the colon.

Invasion of the abdominal wall by carcinoma of the colon may produce an abscess of the abdominal wall. On rare occasions this may be the presenting sign. Nine such cases that were treated at Massachusetts General Hospital are reported here, and representative case histories are summarized for four of them. Our purpose is to draw attention to this rare occurrence and to indicate that such patients are potentially curable.
Visualization of three-dimensional microstructures

Abstract Visualization, characterization, and representation of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures are of significant interest for understanding and modeling processing-microstructure-property relationships. In this contribution, an efficient and unbiased montage serial-sectioning technique is applied for reconstruction of large-volume (∼few mm3) high-resolution (∼1 μm) 3D microstructures of two composites that have different degrees of spatial clustering of SiC reinforcement particles distributed in an Al-alloy matrix. The surface rendering based visualization technique clearly reveals the differences in the spatial clustering of the SiC particles in these microstructures. Further, the method is also useful for visualization of particle-rich bands and chains of connected SiC particles.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of dl-threonine dl-valine

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Aruldhas [Spectrochim. Acta 23A, 1345 (1967)] have been re-studied and it is shown that they should be interpreted in terms of rapid rotation of three rotamers.
TYPHUS FEVER : I. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN TYPHUS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

Study of two strains of epidemic (European) typhus and two strains of endemic (American) typhus in laboratory animals has shown their essential identity. .The characteristic typhus brain lesions can be shown to occur in all four strains after subcutaneous inoculation and Rickettsiae-filled cells can be found in the scrotal sac in all four strains after intraperitoneal inoculations. A strain of European typhus, which for 8 years has yielded no obvious scrotal reaction in guinea pigs, afterwards gave rise to a periodic scrotal reaction of variable severity. At present it occupies an intermediate position in this respect between the recently isolated European strain and the American strains. Variations in the scrotal reaction in guinea pigs appear to be correlated with strain variations in virulence in the human host. The incubation period in guinea pigs after intraperitoneal inoculation depends largely on the number of Rickettsiae injected.
Predicting construction cost overruns using text mining, numerical data and ensemble classifiers

Abstract This paper discusses how text describing a construction project can be combined with numerical data to produce a prediction of the level of cost overrun using data mining classification algorithms. Modeling results found that a stacking model that combined the results from several classifiers produced the best results. The stacking ensemble model had an average accuracy of 43.72% for five model runs. The model performed best in predicting projects completed with large cost overruns and projects near the original low bid amount. It was found that a stacking model that used only numerical data produced predictions with lower precision and recall. A potential application of this research is as an aid in budgeting sufficient funds to complete a construction project. Additionally, during the planning stages of a project the research can be used to identify a project that requires increased scrutiny during construction to avoid cost overruns.
Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes with radiation therapy for rectal adenocarcinoma

Race/ethnicity may modify cancer outcomes and manifest as survival disparities for patients with rectal cancer. Our objective was to determine whether disparate rectal cancer outcomes result from variable efficacy of radiation therapy for major racial/ethnic groups. The Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) identified patients with rectal adenocarcinoma between the years 1988 and 2006. Patients who underwent curative-intent surgery were grouped by race/ethnicity and by receipt (yes vs. no) and timing (neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant) of radiation therapy. The impact of receipt and timing of radiation therapy on overall survival was then assessed. Of 4,961 patients in CSP, 2,229 (45%) received radiation therapy. Overall, there was no difference in survival among patients according to receipt of radiation therapy. We then examined the radiation cohort, wherein 919 (41%) and 1,310 (59%) patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation, respectively. Overall, patients who received neoadjuvant compared to adjuvant radiation had improved survival (median survival (MS), 9.4 vs. 6.8 years, respectively; p < 0.001). Among those patients who received neoadjuvant radiation, whites, Hispanics, and Asians had significantly longer survival than blacks (MS, 10.4, 10.4, and 10.4 vs. 4.4 years, respectively; p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, race/ethnicity was an independent predictor of survival (p = 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the efficacy of radiation therapy for racial/ethnic groups with rectal cancer. Disparate outcomes were observed for the administration of radiation therapy for select racial/ethnic groups. The reasons for these disparities in outcomes should be investigated to better optimize radiation therapy for patients with rectal cancer.
A 65-year-old man with an inguinal hernia.

Dr DELBANCO: Mr K, a 65-year-old engineer and married father of 6, has had a moderate-sized hernia for many years and is trying to decide whether to have it repaired. Recently retired from his principal job but still working full-time, he is covered by Medicare and supplementary private insurance. He lives in a suburb of Boston, Mass, and for several years has been cared for by Dr M, a general internist practicing in a primary care unit at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Mr K was born with a left-sided hernia. He recalls having episodes of pain as a young child and that he and his family attempted periodically to reduce the hernia. When he was 8 years old, the hernia was repaired. He has had no trouble on that side since. In 1961, he was first told of a hernia on the right side during a routine military
How Much Do I Tell Thee? Strategies for Managing Information to Parents Among American Adolescents From Chinese, Mexican, and European Backgrounds

Strategies for managing information about activities to parents, including partial disclosure, avoidance, lying, and full disclosure, were examined in 479 American adolescents (M = 16.38 years, SD = 0.77) varying in generational status and from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Information management strategies for personal, prudential, and overlapping (multifaceted) activities as defined within social domain theory were examined. With age, parental education, and generational status controlled, Chinese American adolescents partially disclosed more to mothers about personal and multifaceted activities than did Mexican American adolescents and more to fathers about personal activities than did European American teens. In contrast, European and Mexican American adolescents fully disclosed more to mothers about personal activities than did Chinese-origin adolescents. Strategies varied by generation among Chinese American youth; second-generation adolescents avoided discussing activities with parents more than did immigrants. Adolescents who fully disclosed about all activities and lied less about multifaceted and personal activities reported stronger endorsement of obligations to assist their families, more trust in parents, and less problem behavior. More depressed mood was associated with more lying about personal activities.
TRPM5-expressing microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium

The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) in the nasal cavity detects a variety of air borne molecules that provide information regarding the presence of food, predators and other relevant social and environmental factors. Within the epithelium are ciliated sensory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells and microvillous cells, each of which is distinct in morphology and function. Arguably, the least understood, are the microvillous cells, a population of cells that are small in number and whose function is not known. We previously found that in a mouse strain in which the TRPM5 promoter drives expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), a population of ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), as well as a population of cells displaying microvilli-like structures is labeled. Here we examined the morphology and immunocytochemical properties of these microvillous-like cells using immunocytochemical methods. We show that the GFP-positive microvillous cells were morphologically diversified and scattered throughout the entire MOE. These cells immunoreacted to an antibody against TRPM5, confirming the expression of this ion channel in these cells. In addition, they showed a Ca2+-activated non-selective cation current in electrophysiological recordings. They did not immunoreact to antibodies that label cell markers and elements of the transduction pathways from olfactory sensory neurons and solitary chemosensory cells of the nasal cavity. Further, the TRPM5-expressing cells did not display axon-like processes and were not labeled with a neuronal marker nor did trigeminal peptidergic nerve fibers innervate these cells. We provide morphological and immunocytochemical characterization of the TRPM5-expressing microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium. Our data demonstrate that these cells are non-neuronal and in terms of chemosensory transduction do not resemble the TRPM5-expressing olfactory sensory neurons and nasal solitary chemosensory cells.
Roommate Conflict: Does Race Matter?

Two studies examined whether race of a roommate or a residence hall advisor had any effect on use of mediation for participants from two regions of the United States. Results from the first study showed that European Americans from the Midwest were likely to seek outside help when the roommate was a different race from them. The racial identity of the resident hall advisor did not appear to matter. Participants with stronger ethnic identification made more negative internal attributions about disruptive roommates. The data from the second study collected in the Southeastern United States showed that European Americans were more likely than African Americans to seek third-party help with a disruptive roommate. As in the first study, participants with stronger ethnic identification made more negative internal attributions about difficult roommates. Implications of mediation theory for structuring effective mediation sessions and persuading students to use university residence hall mediation services are dis...
Evidence of cell membrane injury detected by reflectance measurements

Abstract Frozen sour orange ( Citrus aurantium L.) leaves had lower reflectance over the 0.5- to 2.5-μm waveband than nonfrozen leaves because freezing apparently destroyed the semipermeability of their cell membranes, and intracellular sap migrated to intercellular air spaces. Filling of air spaces with sap decreased the number of light-scattering, hydrated cell wall-air interfaces; consequently, reflectance was decreased. Reflectance measurements showed significant differences between noninjured and freeze-injured leaves, regardless of their watersoaked or nonwatersoaked appearance. Therefore, reflectance measurements should be useful to detect cell membrane injury in citrus leaves.
Simulation Factor Screening Using Harmonic Analysis

In this paper, we provide a quantitative approach to Frequency Domain Methodology FDM using harmonic analysis. For a certain class of metamodels, we give the frequency domain hypothesis and develop the corresponding hypothesis test. Minimum simulation model run length information for FDM is provided for a subclass of these metamodels. We discuss factor screening designs to increase the power of the test and illustrate these designs by an example.
Surface islands and their elastic interaction with adatoms

We describe the elastic interaction between adatoms on a (001) bcc surface and monolayer-high two- and three-dimensional islands, within the general context of thin-film growth. A discrete harmonic model based on the concepts of eigenstrain and surface stress yields the elastic field owing to the presence of adatoms and islands. Adatoms can be attracted or repelled by islands, depending on the sign of the interaction energy. Our results indicate that the elastic field does not generally favor a flat two-dimensional growth mode for homoepitaxy, or heteroepitaxy, when the overlayer is in compression. Based on elastic interactions alone, our results indicate that, in heteroepitaxy, two-dimensional step-flow growth becomes likely only for overlayers in tension. The model used in the study offers substantial advantages in computational efficiency when compared with atomic simulations that are the norm in this field.
socialist peddlers and princes in a Chinese market town

The problems of economic liberalization in a market town in south China raise theoretical and empirical questions concerning the role of the state at the local level, both in the past and in the present. The failure of the party-state to disengage itself from society today is due to an administrative history to the unfolding of which the town residents have contributed their efforts. In an era of entrepreneurial vigor that is promoted officially, social life and economic choices continue to be guided by manipulations of and around bureaucratic power. State and local society have interpenetrated each other in ways that are overlooked by conceptual schemes that emphasize their mechanical opposition. What we have here is an example of “state involution,” of their inextricable interlocking.[rural China, socialist transformation, market revival, political culture, state involution, social change]
Correction of shallow-water electromagnetic data for noise induced by instrument motion

An unexpected noise source has been found in magnetic- and sometimes electric-field data recorded on the bottom of lakes in the Archean Slave craton (northwestern Canada) during warm seasons. The noise is the result of instrument motion and in some instances direct induction by wind-driven surface gravity waves when the lakes are not ice covered. The noise can be reduced or eliminated by prefiltering the data with an adaptive correlation noise-canceling filter using instrument tilt records prior to estimation of magnetotelluric (MT) response functions. Similar effects are to be expected in other shallow-water environments, and the adaptive correlation canceler is a suitable method to preprocess MT data to reduce motion-related noise in the magnetic field. This underscores the importance of ancillary tilt measurements in shallow-water MT surveys. In coastal or lake-bottom surveys, special efforts to reduce hydrodynamic effects on the instrument should also be pursued.
Genetic mapping of a novel familial form of infantile hemangioma

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common tumor of infancy, occurring with an incidence of up to 10% of all births. They are benign but highly proliferative lesions involving aberrant localized growth of capillary endothelium. Although most hemangiomas occur sporadically and as single lesions, or in conjunction with pleiotropic genetic syndromes, we have previously identified six kindreds where hemangiomas appear to segregate as an autosomal dominant trait with high penetrance. Four such families contain affected individuals in three or more generations. In the current study, blood samples from five of these families were collected and used in a whole genome linkage search at 10-cM resolution. We established evidence for linkage to 5q in three families, and evidence for locus heterogeneity. The three 5q-linked families were further genotyped to generate haplotype information and narrow the candidate interval. Based on recombination breakpoint analysis, the interval exists between markers D5S2490 and D5S408, spanning 55 cM, and corresponding to 5q31-33. Using information from affected and unaffected individuals, the interval spans 38 cM between markers D5S1469 and D5S211. Three candidate genes involved with blood vessel growth map to this region: fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR4), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDG-FRB), and fms-related tyrosine kinase-4 (FLT4). The genes and gene products associated with familial hemangiomas may be involved somatically in the more common sporadic cases.
Histoire du délire des actes

Resume L’auteur propose une histoire du « delire des actes », histoire courte, qui debuta dans le milieu du xix e siecle pour decliner progressivement et prendre fin dans le debut du xx e siecle. Prenant ses sources chez Pinel et Esquirol sans qu’il soit nomme ainsi, il trouve aujourd’hui ses prolongements dans ce qui est actuellement appele « psychopathie ». Mais nous verrons que c’est dans le « passage a l’acte » psychotique que le « delire des actes » trouve ses veritables prolongements. Bien que passe de mode, et bien que la locution « delire des actes » transporte dans son sillage certaines confusions, il n’est pas ininteressant de revenir sur son histoire, car cela nous amene a nous poser des questions essentielles sur ce qu’est un acte delirant comme tel, et si l’acte en lui-meme peut etre indice d’un delire sous-jacent. Enfin, le « delire des actes » permet peut-etre bien de revenir sur la question des psychoses non declenchees.
Quantitative analysis of food fatty acids by capillary gas chromatography

The superior efficiency of capillary columns is desirable for the gas chromatographic analysis of complex mixtures of fatty acids, but there have been some reservations regarding quantitation and reproducibility. This paper discusses the use of wall-coated glass capillary columns in a semiautomated system for the determination of food fatty acids. Glass columns coated with SP2340 were used for extended periods at temperatures up to 200 C without appreciable deterioration. Up to 1900 samples were analyzed on a single column over an 11-month period, with only minor changes in retention ratios, response factors and column efficiency. Quantitative precision of results, calculated either as normalized weight percentage or as absolute amounts, based on the use of an internal standard, were typically within 2% relative deviation. Difficulties encountered in obtaining acceptable chromatograms and reproducible data are discussed, and typical analyses of the fatty acids from foods presented.
Modeling elastic fields across irregular boundaries

Geologists often see the earth as homogeneous blocks separated by smoothly curving boundaries. In contrast, computer modeling algorithms based on finite‐difference schemes require elastic constants to be specified on the vertices of a regular rectangular grid. How can we convert a continuous geological model into a form suitable for a finite‐difference grid? One common way is to lay the finite‐difference grid down on the continuous geological model and use whatever elastic constants happen to lie beneath each of the grid points.
Partial characterization of a somatomedin-like peptide from the medium of cultured rat Sertoli cells.

A peptide that is recognized by antibodies to human somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGFI) has been partially purified from cultured Sertoli cells prepared from sexually immature rats. The mol wt of this peptide is about 25,000, as determined by gel filtration chromatography and immunoblot analysis of samples resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing indicated that the isoelectric point of this peptide was near neutrality. However, a smaller peptide of mol wt 8,000 that cross-reacted with antibodies to Sm-C/IGF-I, was released after gel filtration in acetic acid. Similarly, reverse phase HPLC on a C18 column under acidic conditions released a Sm-C/IGF-I immunoreactive peptide of 8,000 mol wt. This smaller species apparently resulted from the dissociation of this peptide from a binding protein. Unlike the larger neutral form, the isoelectric point of the smaller peptide was 9.8. This pi is similar to the GH-dependent Sm-C/IGF-I peptide isolated from rat serum. The...
The induction of temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster by the acridine mustard ICR-170

Abstract The monofunctional quinacrine mustard ICR-170 (2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-(3-[ethyl-2-chloroethyl] aminopropylamino) acridine dihydrochloride) has been observed to induce temperature-sensitive recessive sex-linked mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Out of a total of 122 lethals recovered, five proved to be heat sensitive, one heat and cold sensitive, and one cold sensitive. This observation, plus the recovery of some leaky temperature-sensitive mutations, indicates that in Drosophila melanogaster ICR-170 may function by inducing some base-pair substitution mutations, probably by action of its alkylating nitrogen mustard moiety.
Electron diffusion and the Einstein relation in high-density gases

Abstract A model which used multiple-scattering theory to derive the density dependence of thermal electron mobilities, is employed to do the same for the diffusion coefficient. A surprising consequence of this is that the thermal Einstein relation is not the simple expression that is generally written and never verified, but rather one that depends on the density.
Changes in α- and β-receptor densities in rat brain as a result of treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressants

The effects of chronic administration of the nonselective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, phenelzine, and two selective inhibitors, clorgyline, and pargyline on adrenergic receptor binding and MAO activity were studied in the rat brain. Chronic but not acute administration of both phenelzine and the MAO-A inhibitor, clorgyline, resulted in significant decreases in cortical β-adrenoreceptor binding ([3H]dihydroalprenolol) of 47 and 24% respectively. In contrast pargyline, which only partially inhibited MAO-A, caused only a nonsignificant (7%) change in rat cortical beta-receptor binding. In a more detailed study, chronic administration of clorgyline also caused changes in α-adrenergic receptor binding: by day 3 of treatment, significant changes were already observable in α-2-adrenergic receptor binding ([3H]clonidine). although changes in alpha-1 ([3H]WB01)- and beta ([3H]dihydroalprenolol)-cortical receptor binding were not present until day 10. After 21 days of clorgyline treatment, the Bmax 's of α-2-, α-1- and beta-adrenergic cortical receptors were reduced by 62, 36 and 34% respectively. In brainstem. α-2- and β-receptors were reduced by 60 and 74%. The magnitude of these changes and particularly the rapidity of the α-2 changes suggest that clorgyline-induced α-2 autoreceptor changes may precede and contribute to the changes in postsynaptic α-1- and β-receptors. These sequential alterations in adrenergic receptors may be pertinent to the efficacy and delay in onset of the clinical changes which follow treatment with these antidepressants.
Rostrocaudal differences in the expression of extracellular matrix proteins by avian neural crest cells in vitro

Cranial and trunk neural crest cells developing in vitro differed in their patterns of expression of two major extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and collagen I. Cranial neural crest cells showed two distinct phases of fibronectin expression: the first occurred during the initial migration of cells from explants onto the culture dish; the second was associated with the differentiative period of in vitro development. Fibronectin-immunoreactive cells eventually represented one of the most abundant cell types in cranial cultures. Large numbers of procollagen I-immunoreactive cells also developed in cranial cultures, and procollagen I was colocalized with fibronectin in individual cranial neural crest cells. Neither fibronectin nor procollagen I immunoreactivities were seen in either neurons or melanocytes, consistent with the idea that the fibronectin-immunoreactive cells in cranial neural crest cultures are committed to the mesenchymal lineage. In contrast to cranial neural crest, trunk neural crest produced very few fibronectin-immunoreactive cells at any time in vitro. Trunk neutral crest also produced smaller proportions of procollagen I-immunoreactive cells than did cranial explants. Mitotic labelling experiments showed that the differing proportions of fibronectin- and procollagen I-immunoreactive cells in cranial versus trunk cultures did not result from differences in rates of cell proliferation.
Exact phase structure of large-N one-plaquette Hamiltonian lattice quantum chromodynamics with a mixed fundamental-adjoint potential

The one-plaquette Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian with a "fundamental-adjoint" potential is solved in the large-$N$ limit using the quantum collective-field method. The exact phase diagram possesses both first- and third-order weak-strong and frustrated-strong phase transitions. No second-order phase transition is present.
Chronic Diabetes Followed by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia Induced by Bilateral Carotid Artery Ligation in Arteriosclerotic Versus Nonarteriosclerotic Rats

Male and female, arteriosclerotic (breeder) and nonarteriosclerotic (virgin), Sprague-Dawley rats were made severely diabetic with alloxan. Two weeks later experimental animals had both carotid arteries ligated to induce a state of acute cerebral ischemia. After six weeks of cerebral ischemia either with or without severe diabetes the animals were killed. Animals which survived either the acute induction of diabetes or cerebral ischemia did not manifest any new episodes of cerebral ischemia. Subjects with combined diabetes and cerebral ischemia manifested the greatest loss in body weight, adrenal hypertrophy and thymus gland involution, increased levels of serum CPK and SGOT, but decreased SGPT and LDH, hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the most extensive cerebral edema. It is suggested that diabetic rats may have a greater predilection toward cerebrovascular accidents because the diabetic state contributes not only to an exacerbation of atherosclerosis, but also complicates any condition of cerebrovascular ischemia by creating extracerebral edema.
Adaptive multirate CDMA for uplink throughput maximization

We determine the optimal adaptive rate and power control strategies to maximize the total throughput in a multirate code-division multiple-access system. The total throughput of the system provides a meaningful baseline in the form of an upper bound to the throughput achievable with additional restrictions imposed on the system to guarantee fairness. Peak power and instantaneous bit energy-to-noise spectral density constraints are assumed at the transmitter with matched filter detection at the receiver. Our results apply to frequency selective fading in so far as the bit energy-to-equivalent noise power spectral density ratio definition can be used as the quality-of-service metric. The bit energy-to-equivalent noise power spectral density ratio metric coincides with the bit-error rate metric under the assumption that the processing gains and the number of users are high enough so that self-interference can be neglected. We first obtain results for the case where the rates available to each user are unrestricted, and we then consider the more practical scenario where each user has a finite discrete set of rates. An upper bound to the maximum average throughput is obtained and evaluated for Rayleigh fading. Suboptimal low-complexity schemes are considered to illustrate the performance tradeoffs between optimality and complexity. We also show that the optimum rate and power adaptation scheme with unconstrained rates is in fact just a rate adaptation scheme with fixed transmit powers, and it performs significantly better than a scheme that uses power adaptation alone.
Can guanxi be a problem? Contexts, ties, and some unfavorable consequences of social capital in China

Social capital is generally believed to enhance the effectiveness of organizations in certain cultural contexts. However, even with substantial social capital in place, China, during its economic transition towards market systems in the past decades, witnessed problems stemming from underdevelopment and organizational dysfunction. To address this paradox, we delineate a unique type of networks-based social capital in China: dense strong-ties accompanied by sparse weak-ties. Drawing on extant literature, a conceptual framework is proposed to reveal the dynamics of the unique social capital set-up in the Chinese context: first, a view of how the country’s social capital system was formed under conditions of resource scarcity, and of how it was further modified by its unique Chinese cultural contexts; and second, an examination of how Chinese social capital led to certain unfavorable societal and organizational consequences—namely, market fragmentation, state intervention, and rent-seeking activities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The probability structure of quantum-mechanical systems

Several attempts have been made in recent years to understand the theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics via axiomatization and model construction. While the philosophical and physical significance of these efforts remains largely unclear, they have produced some highly interesting methodological and formal problems. Many of these, especially the ones concerning the understanding of observables, states, and ‘logics’, are insidious and probably will bother philosophers and (mathematical) physicists for a long time.
In Vivo Application of Short-Lag Spatial Coherence Imaging in Human Liver

We present the results of a patient study conducted to assess the performance of two novel imaging methods, namely short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) and harmonic spatial coherence imaging (HSCI), in an in vivo liver environment. Similar in appearance to the B-mode images, SLSC and HSCI images are based solely on the spatial coherence of fundamental and harmonic echo data, respectively, and do not depend on the echo magnitude. SLSC and HSCI suppress incoherent echo signals and thus tend to reduce clutter. The SLSC and HSCI images of 17 patients demonstrated sharper delineation of blood vessel walls, suppressed clutter inside the vessel lumen, and showed reduced speckle in surrounding tissue compared to matched B-modes. Target contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) show statistically significant improvements between fundamental B-mode and SLSC imaging and between harmonic B-mode and HSCI imaging (in all cases p < 0.001). The magnitude of improvement in contrast and CNR increases as the overall quality of B-mode images decreases. Poor-quality fundamental B-mode images (where image quality classification is based on both contrast and CNR) exhibit the highest improvements in both contrast and CNR (288% improvement in contrast and 533% improvement in CNR).
Lithium ionic conductivity in poly(ether urethanes) derived from poly(ethylene glycol) and lysine ethyl ester

Poly(ether urethanes) obtained by the copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lysine ethyl ester (LysOEt) are elastomeric materials that can be processed readily to form flexible, soft films. In view of these desirable physicomechanical properties, the potential use of these new materials as solid polymer electrolytes was explored. Solid polymer electrolytes were prepared with copolymers containing PEG blocks of different lengths and with different concentrations of lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3). Correlations between the length of the PEG block, the concentration of lithium triflate in the formulation, and the observed Li+ ion conductivity were investigated. Solid electrolyte formulations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry for glass transition temperatures (Tg), melting points (Tm), and crystallinity. Ionic conductivity measurements were carried out on thin films of the polymer electrolytes that had been cast on a microelectrode assembly using conventional ac-impedance spectroscopy. These polymer electrolytes showed inherently high ionic conductivity at room temperature. The optimum concentration of lithium triflate was about 25–30% (w/w), resulting at room temperature in an ionic conductivity of about 10−5 S cm−1. For poly(PEG2000-LysOEt) containing 30% of LiCF3SO3, the activation energy was ∼ 1.1 eV. Our results indicate that block copolymers of PEG and lysine ethyl ester are promising candidates for the development of polymeric, solvent-free electrolytes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1449–1456, 1997
Magnetic materials for EAS sensors

An overview is given of the new technology of electronic article surveillance (EAS). The focus is on the magnetic materials used principally as sensors in EAS. The principal characteristics of these materials that make them suitable as tags are highly nonlinear B-H characteristics or strong magnetomechanical coupling with low acoustic loss. Specific materials characteristics are described for various EAS systems.
Impact of the dual-frequency scatterometer on NOAA operations

In an effort to establish an operational ocean surface vector wind satellite capability, NOAA has been exploring the possibility of flying a U.S. scatterometer on board the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA's) Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) satellite series. The Dual Frequency Scatterometer (DFS) has been designed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and proposed as a baseline scatterometer onboard the GCOM-W2 satellite. This study documents the impact that the DFS instrument will have on different National Weather Service (NWS) weather forecasting and warning products and services. With a 50% improvement in the accuracy of wind estimates in high wind regimes, a 20% improvement in resolution and its ability to see through rain, DFS will address NWS's operational OSVW requirements significantly better than a QuikSCAT-like instrument. It is expected that DFS data will have a medium to high impact for all marine weather and tropical cyclone analysis and warning applications, real time diagnostics and climatological wind applications for which wind data are necessary.
Studies of Reactivity and Distribution of Bronchial Blood Flow in Sheep

Two techniques have been used to assess reactivity and distribution of bronchial blood flow in sheep. VDT allows repeated noninvasive measurements of bronchial blood flow without thoracotomy. Bronchial blood flow is highly reactive to pharmacologic agents delivered via right atrium, bronchial artery, or to airways via aerosol. Radiolabeled microspheres allow the assessment of the distribution of this bronchial blood flow within the airways. Airway mucosal/submucosal blood flow appears to receive a disproportionately large fraction of this blood flow, suggesting an active metabolic need. These preliminary studies highlight techniques that should prove useful for further investigations of airway physiology in health and disease.
Galactosidases from Aspergillus niger.

Abstract α- And β- d -galactopyranosidases were purified from a commercial crude enzyme preparation (Rhozyme HP-150). Although both enzymes were still not homogeneous, they were free of other possibly interfering glycosidases. Properties of the purified enzymes were studied.