cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales: Considerations for Treatment in the Era of New Antimicrobials and Evolving Enzymology.

Gram-negative resistance is a growing concern globally. Enterobacterales, formerly Enterobacteriaceae, have developed resistance mechanisms to carbapenems that leave very few antimicrobial options in the clinician’s armamentarium. New antimicrobials like ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, cefiderocol, and plazomicin have the potential to overcome resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales including different classes of carbapenemases. Novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, plazomicin, and cefiderocol give the clinician options that were once not available. Utilizing these options is of the utmost importance when treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales.
Guillain- Barré Syndrome in the Placebo and Active Arms of a COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Trial: Temporal Associations Do Not Imply Causality.

There are reports of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and cranial neuropathies occurring during or shortly after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.1,2 Some recent infections are known to trigger GBS. A recent epidemiologic cohort study found no evidence for causality between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and GBS.3 There is a modest risk of GBS attributed to any vaccination (about 1 to 3 additional cases per million people vaccinated for seasonal influenza),4 and this has raised the possibility that the worldwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign may lead to some people developing GBS.5 Documents submitted to the Food and Drug Administration for Emergency Use Authorization of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, d26.COV2.S, a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding a full-length and stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, however, include reports of 2 patients, 1 in the placebo and 1 in the active arm of the trial, developing GBS within 2 weeks of receiving an injection.6,7 Here we report the clinical features of the participant who received the vaccine (5 × 1010 viral particles) at the intended dose for clinical practice and discuss why this case cannot be used to establish a causal association between vaccination and the onset of GBS.
Assessing likelihoods for fitting composition data within stock assessments, with emphasis on different degrees of process and observation error

Abstract Fisheries stock assessments have traditionally modeled age and size composition data using the multinomial likelihood, however the multinomial cannot appropriately account for the correlations and overdispersion that exist in the observed data or in the model residuals. Not accounting for these phenomena can affect assessment performance. Methods to remedy this have included down-weighting composition data within assessments either arbitrarily or by using iterative re-weighting algorithms, and by using alternative likelihoods to the multinomial that can be weighted within the assessment. Iteratively re-weighting composition data in stock assessments is inefficient and does not ultimately account for correlations in the residuals, and alternative likelihoods for composition data have not all been evaluated using stock assessment simulations. To evaluate the performance of alternative likelihoods in fitting composition data, we first developed a spatially explicit age-structured operating model to simulate correlation structure observed in real composition data. We then fit spatially aggregated assessment models to the simulated data and assessed the performance of various formulations of composition likelihoods (Multinomial, Robust Multinomial, Dirichlet, Dirichlet-multinomial, and Logistic-normal) in estimating stock dynamics and quantities of management interest. Results suggest that the degree of process error (combining both process variation and model misspecification) and the sample size of the composition data have a larger effect on the relative performance of different likelihoods than the degree of overdispersion and correlations in composition data. When the composition sample size was moderate to large and there existed at least a moderate amount of process error, the Logistic-normal likelihood performed best. When the sample size was small, or when process error was non-existent or negligible, the Dirichlet-multinomial likelihood performed best.
The Middle Way: What Contemporary Liberal Legal Theorists Can Learn from Aristotle

American legal theorists frequently ask whether and how theorists, citizens, lawmakers, judges, and other public officials can attain truth, correctness, or certainty in their legal and moral views. This essay discusses the views of contemporary liberal legal theorists who have attempted to answer these questions in a way that is neither objectivist nor formalist, on the one hand, nor subjectivist or relativist, on the other, referring to authors that make up this group as theorists of the "middle way." The essay suggests areas in which such legal thinkers might profit from studying Aristotle's writings about ethics and politics. Two approaches of contemporary liberal legal theory of the middle way are discussed. The first is characterized by a reluctance to have recourse to substantive moral and political principles that exist independently of a particular legal order. Because of their reluctance to import substantive standards external to a nation?s legal system into legal reasoning, this approach advocates to a much greater degree than the second approach reliance on communal deliberation and various structural, procedural, and related devices to constrain deliberations about human values and conduct. This study outlines some of the central beliefs of this process-oriented approach to practical knowledge and then analyzes how Aristotle might react to them. The beliefs discussed are the place and method of communal reasoning about practical matters; self governance and consent; self-governance and transformative political participation; and the emphasis on ideal speech conditions to legitimate the products of communal deliberation. The second approach of contemporary liberal legal theory of the middle way discussed in the essay is characterized by a belief that moral or political philosophy can arrive at some measure of truth about principles and values having to do with the lives of individuals and the conduct of communities. With one exception, the theorists discussed in this part of the essay are willing to recognize and incorporate such principles and values into practical reasoning that takes place within the confines of a particular legal system such as our own. These thinkers disagree about the degree to which and the occasions on which recourse to values external to a political community should occur. This essay discusses how Aristotle might react to the major ideas common to these thinkers. The ideas discussed in this part are the sources of external substantive values that legal reasoning might incorporate; the relative roles of consent and habit in securing obedience to the law; and the connection between deliberation and character.
Learning factors analysis – a general method for cognitive model evaluation and improvement

A cognitive model is a set of production rules or skills encoded in intelligent tutors to model how students solve problems. It is usually generated by brainstorming and iterative refinement between subject experts, cognitive scientists and programmers. In this paper we propose a semi-automated method for improving a cognitive model called Learning Factors Analysis that combines a statistical model, human expertise and a combinatorial search. We use this method to evaluate an existing cognitive model and to generate and evaluate alternative models. We present improved cognitive models and make suggestions for improving the intelligent tutor based on those models.
PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL (PG) STIMULATES SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC) IN CULTURED TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES

We examined the effect of exogenous phospholipid (PL) on PL synthesis in type II cells. Cells isolated from adult rats were cultured for 18-20 h in medium containing fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. After washing, the cells were further incubated for 1-6 h in serum free medium containing PL - dispersed by sonicationand radiolabeled precursor. PL increased the rate of choline incorporation into PC. PG and cardiolipin stimulated the most but phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine - but not PC or sphingomyelin - were also stimulatory. The effect of PG was concentration dependent in the range 10-9 to 10-4M and was apparent at all times examined. Incubation with 10-5M PG for 2 h increased the rate of [3H]choline incorporation into PC by 72% from 5200±700 (mean ± SE, n=7) cpm/106 cells (no PG) to 8600±900 (P<0.001, paired t test). Similarly, PG increased the rate of [3H]glycerol incorporation into PC by 50% from 720±100 cpm/106 cells to 1080±140 (P<0.002, n=6). The effect was specifically on PC; rates of glycerol incorporation into other PL or of [14C]ethanolamine into PE were not increased. It is unlikely that the effect of PG is due to increased substrate as it was not mimicked by glycerol, glycerophosphate or palmitate. Neither does it appear to be due to enhanced cell growth: rates of [14C]leucine and [3H]thymidine incorporation into protein and DNA, respectively, were not increased. The relevance, if any, of these findings to surfactant turnover and reutilization remains to be elucidated. (Supported by HD-10192.)
Behavioural Manifestations of Medical Conditions

Older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are often susceptible to the same range of physical and psychological conditions as the general population, but often undiagnosed. Behavioural manifestations may be the principal form of presentation. This chapter highlights the behavioural presentation of a number of psychological and physical disorders along with highlighting how underlying medical illnesses present with associated behavioural psychopathology. Providers should be vigilant to the important inter-play between physical and psychological conditions, and in particular for persons with IDD, where behavioural manifestations maybe the index sign.
Changes to erythrocyte markers during lower body negative pressure and graded blood loss in humans (707.3)

We tested the hypothesis that erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct) would be similar during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and graded blood loss (BL) in humans. Arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure and heart rate were measured in 12 healthy males (88 ± 3 kg) during LBNP and BL. The LBNP protocol consisted of 5 min stages at 0,-15, -30, and -45 mmHg. The BL protocol consisted of removal of three 333 mL aliquots of blood (1 L total) which was stored for reinfusion. RBC, Hgb, and Hct were obtained via arterial catheter at baseline and at the end of the final stage for both LBNP and BL. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in baseline values between treatment groups for RBC, Hgb, or Hct. RBC (4.81 ± 0.10 to 4.97 ± 0.10 1012/L), Hgb (14.18 ± 0.39 to 14.68 ± 0.36 g/dL), and Hct (40.88 ± 0.82 to 42.36 ± 0.83 %) increased from baseline to final stage (p<0.001 for all) during LBNP, while all values decreased from baseline to final stage (p<0.015 for all) during BL (4.82 ±...
Vasubandhu's Philosophical Critique of the Vātsīputrīyas' Theory of Persons (I)

Ce travail est le deuxieme de trois articles dans lesquels la critique philosophique de la theorie des personnes de Vātsīputrīyas par Vasubandhu est reconstruite et evaluee. Le but de cette reconstruction est de retrouver les theses des theories des personnes de Vasubandhu et de Vātsīputrīyas et d'evaluer jusqu'a quel point la critique de Vasubandhu a reussi. Dans ce second article, l'A. entame le processus en vue de retrouver les principales theses de la theorie des personnes de Vātsīputrīyas. Dans le troisieme, il achevera ce processus, puis fera une liste des theses principales de la theorie de Vasubandhu.
Radiative signature of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide in HIRS satellite observations

[1] We examine the cause and implications of decadal trends observed in the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) CO2 channels over the period 1980–1999 in conjunction with Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) O2 channel measurements and climate model simulations. Simulated HIRS brightness temperatures (TBs) from the climate model with constant carbon dioxide indicate a global warming trend (∼0.2 K/decade) consistent with the corresponding MSU observations. By contrast, simulations with observed time-varying CO2 concentration result in a global decreasing TB trend (∼−0.3 K/decade), indicating a greater influence of increased CO2 on the HIRS radiances compared to the tropospheric warming. Moreover, comparison between observation and simulations suggests that there may be important regional variations in the CO2 trends, particularly over the northern hemisphere midlatitudes downstream from major CO2 sources (U.S. and China). Thus the HIRS CO2 radiances may provide one opportunity to supplement existing surface networks by constraining regional patterns of decadal CO2 variability.
Cryoprotein Complexes and Peripheral Neuropathy in a Patient with Chronic Active Hepatitis

A cryoprotein complex was isolated and characterized from a patient with chronic active hepatitis and a severe peripheral neuropathy. This cryoprotein was composed of IgM, IgG, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and had a concentration of approximately 36 mg per 100 ml of serum. Electron microscopic examination of the cryoprotein demonstrated aggregates of Dane particles in close association with the antigenically related tubular and spherical forms of HB3Ag. HB3Ag, IgM, and IgG were detected by immunofluorescent staining in the intima of small arteries and veins. The association of a high serum level of cryoprotein and deposition of the cryoprotein components in small blood vessels suggests a role for the cryoprotein in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy in this patient with chronic active hepatitis.
Biosynthesis and Incorporation into Protein of Norleucine by Escherichia coli

The methionine analog norleucine was produced during the synthesis of bovine somatotropin by Escherichia coli strain W3110G containing the recombinant plasmid pBGH1. Norleucine was generated by the leucine biosynthetic pathway from pyruvate or alpha-ketobutyrate in place of alpha-ketoisovalerate as the initial substrate. The intracellular level of norleucine was high enough to permit the analog to compete successfully with methionine for incorporation into protein. Two ways were found to prevent either the formation of norleucine or its incorporation into protein. The endogenous synthesis of norleucine was eliminated by deleting the leucine operon. The addition of sufficient methionine or 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, a precursor of methionine, to the culture medium prevented any norleucine from being incorporated into protein.
Total glutamine synthetase activity during soybean nodule development is controlled at the level of transcription and holoprotein turnover

Gln synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of ammonia with glutamate to yield Gln. In higher plants GS is an octameric enzyme and the subunits are encoded by members of a small multigene family. In soybeans (Glycine max), following the onset of N2 fixation there is a dramatic increase in GS activity in the root nodules. GS activity staining of native polyacrylamide gels containing nodule and root extracts showed a common band of activity (GSrs). The nodules also contained a slower-migrating, broad band of enzyme activity (GSns). The GSns activity band is a complex of many isozymes made up of different proportions of two kinds of GS subunits: GSr and GSn. Root nodules formed following inoculation with an Nif- strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum showed the presence of GS isoenzymes (GSns1) with low enzyme activity, which migrated more slowly than GSns. Gsns1 is most likely made up predominantly of GSn subunits. Our data suggest that, whereas the class I GS genes encoding the GSr subunits are regulated by the availability of NH3, the class II GS genes coding for the GSn subunits are developmentally regulated. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the GSns1 isozymes in the Nif- nodules are relatively more labile. Our overall conclusion is that GSns activity in soybean nodules is regulated by N2 fixation both at the level of transcription and at the level of holoprotein stability.
Synthesis and effect of nonhydrolyzable xanthosine triphosphate derivatives on prenylation of Rab5D136N.

A novel and convenient method for nucleoside triphosphate synthesis was applied to the preparation of potentially nonhydrolyzable xanthosine triphosphate derivatives. The N -methylimidazolide of xanthosine 5′-monophosphate reacted rapidly with methylenediphosphonic acid and imidodiphosphonic acid to give xanthosine 5′-(β,γ-methylene)triphosphate and xanthosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate, respectively, in good yields. Both compounds inhibited the xanthosine-diphosphate-dependent prenylation of a mutant of Rab5, Rab5D136N, the nucleotide specificity of which had been converted from GTP to xanthosine triphosphate. The results indicate that xanthosine 5′-(β,γ-methylene)triphosphate and xanthosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate bound to the mutant protein with similar affinities and were not hydrolyzed under the assay conditions. These novel derivatives may be useful tools for the study of the role of individual GTPases mutated to xanthosine triphosphate specificity in the background of other GTP-binding proteins.
Introduction to the Special Series: Mathematics and Learning Disabilities:

Increased attention is being paid to students who demonstrate difficulty in learning and applying mathematics concepts. The purpose of this special series was to address issues related to students ...
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASE HOSPITALIZATIONS AS A MEASURE OF IMPACT OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA

Current measures of the health impact of epidemic influenza focus on analyses of death certificate data which may underestimate the true health effect. Previous investigations of influenza-related morbidity either have lacked virologic confirmation of influenza virus activity in the community or were not population-based. Community virologic surveillance in Houston, Texas has demonstrated that influenza viruses have produced epidemics each year since 1974. This study examined the relationship of hospitalizations with acute respiratory disease to the occurrence of influenza epidemics. Discharge records of 13,297 acute respiratory disease hospitalizations that occurred between July 1978 and June 1981 were obtained from 11 hospitals with 48.4% of hospital beds available in Harris County (metropolitan Houston). The correlation of adult acute respiratory disease hospitalizations with established indices of community acute respiratory disease morbidity was strong (r = 0.74) and indicated that the peak of adult acute respiratory disease hospitalizations followed the peak of influenza virus isolations by one week. Only 23.2% of persons hospitalized were 65 years of age or older, compared to 60-70% of persons who die during influenza epidemics. Although the highest rates of acute respiratory disease hospitalizations occurred among infants and persons aged 65 years or older, the rates for adults 45-64 years and preschool children aged 1-4 years were greater than 1 per 1,000 persons. Surveillance of acute respiratory disease hospitalizations can improve the measurement of serious morbidity associated with epidemic influenza, and can better define the characteristics of persons at risk for development of illness requiring hospitalization.
Effect of Molecular Weight on Poly(arylene ether ketone) Properties

The poly(arylene ether ketone) from the reaction of 1, 3-bis(4-fluoro-benzoyl)benzene with 2, 2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane was prepared at six different molecular weights ranging from Mw=9600 to 113, 000 g/mole. Selected physical and mechanical properties of these six different polymers were determined. The relationship of molecular weight to these properties is discussed.
Racemization in Prins Cyclization Reactions

Isotopic labeling experiments were performed to elucidate a new mechanism for racemization in Prins cyclization reactions. The loss in optical activity for these reactions was shown to occur by 2-oxonia-Cope rearrangements by way of a (Z)-oxocarbenium ion intermediate. Reaction conditions such as solvent, temperature, and the nucleophile employed played a critical role in whether an erosion in enantiomeric excess was observed. Additionally, certain structural features of Prins cyclization precursors were also shown to be important for preserving optical purity in these reactions.
Urinary ketones reflect serum ketone concentration but do not relate to weight loss in overweight premenopausal women following a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet.

Abstract This study examined the effect of a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet on serum and urine ketone body concentrations. Thirteen overweight premenopausal women aged 32 to 45 years consumed ≤20 g carbohydrate/day with liberal intakes of protein and fat for 2 weeks; thereafter, carbohydrate intake increased 5 g/week for 10 weeks. Women were weighed and provided fasting urine and blood samples to detect urinary ketones and quantify serum ketone concentrations, respectively, at baseline and weeks 1 to 4, 6, and 12. Women lost 8.3%±2.8% of initial body weight by week 12. Serum β-hydroxybutyrate production was highest at week 1 and declined weekly, with all values higher than baseline ( P P
Cytotoxicity of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers in cultured mammalian cells.

ABSTRACTCytotoxicity was measured in vitro for 8 ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers (EO/PO copolymers) using lactate dehydrogenase release from cultured mammalian cells as the endpoint. Three cell types were used in these assays: Chinese hamster ovary cell line (AS52), rat lung epithelial cell line (LEC), and freshly isolated rat alveolar macrophages (RAM). A range of cytotoxicity was seen with toxic effects observed from 20 to > 20,000 μg/ml. The same relative order of toxicities were observed for all 3 cell lines although RAM cells appeared to be somewhat more sensitive. The in vitro cytotoxicity, as measured by LDH release and microscopic observations of the cells, correlated poorly with the in vivo inhalation toxicity. The most lethal compounds following acute inhalation (UCON® 50- HB- 5100 and UCON® 50-HB-2000) were among the least toxic in the in vitro cytotoxicity screen. Conversely the 2 compounds which were the most toxic in vitro (Pluronic® 17 R1 and Pluronic® L64) did not produce any unu...
Beating the Odds: Preparing Graduates to Address Gambling-Related Problems.

As gambling opportunities proliferate, social workers are likely to see clients with gambling-related problems, but they often lack the expertise to address these concerns. This descriptive study a...
The interactive effects of duality expertise and coping frames on responses to ambivalent messages

Abstract We examine the interactive effects of biculturals' duality expertise and externally provided coping resources on attitudinal responses to ambivalence. Three studies reveal that ambivalence is associated with greater discomfort for biculturals more (vs. less) conflicted about their cultural duality and with limited exposure to accessing their two cultural knowledge systems simultaneously. Among biculturals with lower duality expertise, coping frames lower their negative evaluation of messages that elicit ambivalence because coping frames help these biculturals resolve the discomfort associated with ambivalence. Provision of coping frames does not impact attitudes of biculturals with greater levels of duality expertise.
Modeling of timber beams strengthened with various CFRP composites

Abstract This paper presents a modeling approach to predict the behavior of timber beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model is formulated, based on the orthotropic constitutive characteristics of timber species. The model provides the load–displacement relationship, strain development, stress concentration, and failure modes of the CFRP-strengthened timber beams and those responses are compared to the experimental data. The validated models are used for a parametric study to further examine the effect of various CFRP properties on the behavior of five timber species: Douglas Fir, Yellow Birch, Sitka Spruce, Yellow Poplar, and Northern White Cedar that cover most of the engineering properties available in practice. The strengthened beams show improved load-carrying capacity and energy absorption capacity when compared to unstrengthened counterparts. An optimal CFRP-reinforcement ratio is found beyond which no strength increase is achieved. Even though the elastic modulus of the CFRP composites influences the failure mode of the strengthened beams, it may not significantly affect the strength-increase of the beams because the properties of timber species are a dominant factor influencing the failure of the beams, rather than the CFRP properties.
Automated segmentation and feature extraction of product inspection items

X-ray film and linescan images of pistachio nuts on conveyor trays for product inspection are considered. The final objective is the categorization of pistachios into good, blemished and infested nuts. A crucial step before classification is the separation of touching products and the extraction of features essential for classification. This paper addresses new detection and segmentation algorithms to isolate touching or overlapping items. These algorithms employ a new filter, a new watershed algorithm, and morphological processing to produce nutmeat-only images. Tests on a large database of x-ray film and real-time x-ray linescan images of around 2900 small, medium and large nuts showed excellent segmentation results. A new technique to detect and segment dark regions in nutmeat images is also presented and tested on approximately 300 x-ray film and approximately 300 real-time linescan x-ray images with 95-97 percent detection and correct segmentation. New algorithms are described that determine nutmeat fill ratio and locate splits in nutmeat. The techniques formulated in this paper are of general use in many different product inspection and computer vision problems.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of secretion pattern of human prostatic acid phosphatase: a reassessment.

Abstract The daily variation of serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) determined by the Roy enzymatic method was investigated in 10 patients with metastatic prostatic cancer and in 10 patients without prostatic disease. Duplicate serum samples were obtained from all patients on the same day at 8 AM, 12 PM 4 PM and 8 PM. Statistical analysis of the mean PAP levels at the four sampling times in both groups of patients demonstrated no evidence of circadian or diurnal rhythmic variation. Prostate cancer patients did show significantly greater variability in daily PAP than patients without prostatic disease, although a distinct pattern of secretion was not observed in either group. These results underscore the potential inaccuracy of the use of single determination of serum PAP as a parameter of response in patients with metastatic prostatic cancer and in the staging of patients with clinically localized prostatic malignancy. Evaluation of trends of PAP levels over time, however, continues to play a major role in the assessment and management of patients with prostatic carcinoma.
Inductances of a Portion of the Armature Winding of Synchronous Machines

The main and leakage inductances are found from the flux linkages with the short-circuited part of the armature winding. The mutual inductances between the short-circuited part of the armature winding and the remaining part of the armature and rotor windings are proportional to the main inductance. A synchronous machine with a single phase-to-ground fault embracing a number of turns, Nf, can be regarded as an imaginary symmetrical machine having the armature winding with Nf turns in each phase and the same rotor construction as the actual machine. With such a provision, the synchronous and subtransient inductances of a part of the armature winding can be determined by the general theory of a synchronous machine. The damping of harmonic fluxes by currents in the short-circuited rotor winding is taken into consideration by the calculation of the subtransient inductances. The measurements of the subtransient reactances of portions of the armature winding have been performed on a synchronous machine. The calculated subtransient inductances deviate from the measured values; however, they can be used for the internal fault calculations within the permissible engineering accuracy.
Stock identification of Raja clavata L. (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae) in two contiguous areas of the Mediterranean

The abundance, occurrence, biological features, growth and mortality parameters of the thornback ray, Raja clavata L. 1758 (Rajformes, Rajidae), coming from two contiguous areas of the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) were analysed in order to discriminate the stocks. The two investigated areas include bottoms off southern Sicily (I-G16) and bottoms further at large (O-G16). The density indexes, biomass indexes and occurrences were substantially lower in I-G16 than O-G16. On the contrary, the biological traits were more similar, although significant differences were detected in the sex ratio, in the median total length of all specimens, in the length frequency distribution, in the estimated maximum length and in the female length-weight slope parameter. The median length of fully mature specimens did not significantly differ between the two areas. The von Bertalanffy’s asymptotic length and the ratio of total mortality/von Bertalanffy’s curvature parameter suggest a total mortality higher in the I-G16 than the O-G16 populations. This article supports the hypothesis that the investigated populations, in spite of a similar original life cycle, have evolved in two distinct unit stocks as a consequence of the different fishing efforts and the low-intermingling rate between the two areas.
Geochemistry and origin of the Archaean Beit Bridge complex, Limpopo Belt, South Africa

The Beit Bridge complex (BBC) in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt in Southern Africa includes metasedimentary rocks of Archaean age (chiefly metapelites, quartzites and carbonates), amphibolites (chiefly mafic dykes and sills) and granitoids which comprise ≥50% of the complex. The amphibolites are tholeiites with relatively unfractionated REE patterns and pronounced subduction-zone geochemical signatures in terms of relatively immobile incompatible elements. Tonalites and granites, which also exhibit such a signature, can be formed by batch melting of a mafic source with residual garnet or amphibole. Most granites have negative Eu anomalies and appear to represent residual liquids. BBC metapelites have negative Eu anomalies and other immobile element distributions similar to Phanerozoic shales. One group of metapelites that shows significant depletion in Ca, Na and Sr appears to have been derived from intensely weathered sources. The negative Eu anomalies in BBC metapelites suggest intracrustal melting of their sources and thus the presence of evolved continental crust in this part of Southern Africa by about 3000 Ma. BBC quartzites are quartz-rich sandstones that are depleted in HFS elements, Ba and Sr, relative to Phanerozoic counterparts; a feature that probably reflects less recycling during the early Archaean. BBC banded iron formation (BIF) is similar to other Archaean BIF and shows large positive Eu anomalies. BBC carbonates are dolostones depleted in REE, HFS elements, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Ni, Sc, V and Y and enriched in Fe, Mn, Na, Rb and Cs relative to Phanerozoic marine carbonates.
Plate tectonics, flood basalts and the evolution of Earth’s oceans

The chemical composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) indicates that the present-day thermal budget of Earth is likely to be characterized by a significant excess of surface heat loss over internal heat generation, indicating an important role of secular cooling in Earth’s history. When combined with petrological constraints on the degree of secular cooling, this thermal budget places a tight constraint on permissible heat-flow scaling for mantle convection, along with implications for the operation of plate tectonics on Earth, the history of mantle plumes and flood basalt magmatism, and the origin and evolution of Earth’s oceans. In the presence of plate tectonics, hotter mantle may have convected more slowly because it generates thicker dehydrated lithosphere, which could slow down subduction. The intervals of globally synchronous orogenies are consistent with the predicted variation of plate velocity for the last 3.6 Gyr. Hotter mantle also produces thicker, buoyant basaltic crust, and the subductability of oceanic lithosphere is a critical factor regarding the emergence of plate tectonics before the Proterozoic. Moreover, sluggish convection in the past is equivalent to reduced secular cooling, thus suggesting a more minor role of mantle plumes in the early Earth. Finally, deeper ocean basins are possible with slower plate motion in the past, and Earth’s oceans in the Archean is suggested to have had about twice as much water as today, and the mantle may have started as dry and have been gradually hydrated by subduction. The global water cycle may thus be dominated by regassing, rather than degassing, pointing towards the impact origin of Earth’s oceans, which is shown to be supported by the revised composition of the BSE.
B-physics results from DØ

The DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron has measured the inclusive single muon and dimuon cross sections for |ημ| < 0.8 in pp collisions at √s = 1.8 TeV. The b-quark cross section is extracted using these measurements and found to be in good agreement with next-to-leading order QCD predictions. The inclusive J/ψ cross section in the central region has also been measured and sources of J/ψ production are discussed. Prospects for further B-physics from the DO experiment are given.
Meaningfulness in visual complexity

The meaningfulness (production m) of random polygons varying in complexity by approximately even logarithmic steps from 4 to 160 sides, but matched in area, was studied. A 60-sec exposure and production period was used with 52 Ss. The possibility raised by previous research that visual complexity and meaningfulness are significantly related was not supported.
Mixed representations for diatomic spectroscopic data: Application to HgBr

Abstract Vibrational data for the B - X and D - X transitions of HgBr are fitted directly to expressions in which the X state is represented as a polynomial in ν + 1 2 for low ν and a near-dissociation expansion for high ν, with smoothness constraints at cross-over.
Effects of particle aggregation and disaggregation on their inherent optical properties

In many environments a large portion of particulate material is contained in aggregated particles; however, there is no validated framework to describe how aggregates in the ocean scatter light. Here we present the results of two experiments aiming to expose the role that aggregation plays in determining particle light scattering properties, especially in sediment-dominated coastal waters. First, in situ measurements of particle size distribution (PSD) and beam-attenuation were made with two laser particle sizing instruments (one equipped with a pump to subject the sample to aggregate-breaking shear), and measurements from the two treatments were compared. Second, clays were aggregated in the laboratory using salt, and observed over time by multiple instruments in order to examine the effects of aggregation and settling on spectral beam-attenuation and backscattering. Results indicate: (1) mass normalized attenuation and backscattering are only weakly sensitive to size changes due to aggregation in contrast to theory based on solid particles, (2) the spectral slope of beam-attenuation is indicative of changes in PSD but is complicated by instrument acceptance angle, and (3) the spectral shape of backscattering did not provide as clear a relationship with PSD as spectral beam attenuation, as is predicted by theory for solid spheres.
CD8+ T cells from Theiler’s virus-resistant BALB/cByJ mice downregulate pathogenic virus-specific CD4+ T cells

Abstract Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a picornavirus which induces an immune-mediated demyelinating disease in susceptible strains of mice and serves as a relevant animal model for multiple sclerosis. Treatment with low dose irradiation prior to infection with the BeAn strain of TMEV renders the genetically resistant BALB/cByJ (C/cByJ) mice susceptible to disease. Previous studies have shown that disease resistance in the C/cByJ is mediated by a ‘regulatory’ CD8 + T cell population, which does not appear to function via a cytolytic mechanism. We show here that TMEV-specific CD4 + T cell blasts transferred into susceptible, irradiated C/cByJ accelerate clinical disease and enhance TMEV-specific DTH and proliferation in these animals. Significantly, CD8 + cells from infected, resistant C/cByJ mice specifically downregulate the in vivo disease potentiation and diminish virus specific DTH, and proliferative and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses (IFNγ and IL-2) in recipients of TMEV-specific CD4 + T cell blasts. These results indicate that TMEV infection of resistant C/cByJ mice induces a radiosensitive population of regulatory CD8 + T cells which actively downregulate inherent Th1 responses which have disease initiating potential.
Oculomotor changes in cats reared without experiencing continuous retinal image motion.

Eye movements recorded with the magnetic-field search coil technique from six cats raised in an 8 Hz stroboscopically illuminated environment were found to be normal with the exception of fixation and optokinetic nystagmus. Fixation eye movements were characterized by a 4–5 Hz conjugate pendular nystagmus superimposed on a wandering drift. Optokinetic nystagmus was very asymmetrical on monocular tests. Depriving the oculomotor system of experience with retinal slip velocity during development differentially effects fixation and smooth pursuit.
Prediction of Transient Vibration Envelopes Using Statistical Energy Analysis Techniques

The prediction, by the statistical energy analysis (SEA) method, of transient vibration envelopes for coupled systems is investigated. The relation between the time-varying energy transferred between two coupled subsystems and time-varying energies of the subsystems is studied numerically and experimentally. These studies indicate that time-varying energy transmitted between two subsystems is related to the subsystem energies by an apparent time-varying coupling loss factor. It is shown that the apparent coupling loss factor approaches the asymptotic (or steady-state) coupling loss factor as response energies and transferred energies are integrated over progressively larger times. Both the apparent time-varying coupling loss factor and the asymptotic coupling loss factor, determined experimentally, are used in energy balance equations to predict the time-varying vibration envelopes of a system of two point-coupled plates and the results are compared. Although overall response predictions are similar, considerable differences are noted in individual frequency bands. However, no general method for a priori determination of the apparent time-varying coupling loss factor is suggested.
Barriers to implementing a pharmacist-run immunization service, as perceived by pharmacists, in a community pharmacy chain

Background:Thousands of people die each year from vaccine-preventable diseases. Pharmacists can be a valuable resource in aiding the success of immunizations.Objective:To determine the barriers to ...
The effect of cervical cord injury on cardiac rhythm and conduction

Abstract Cervical spinal cord injury in dogs is associated with profound effects involving both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Serious cardiac rhythm disturbances, S-T and T changes, and elevations of arterial pressure may be elicited. The importance of the application of these findings to clinical situations is emphasized.
Near Field Acoustic Pattern Of Fresnel Zone Plate Transducers

Piezoelectric transducers with an electrode pattern in the form of a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) on the air side and a full, planar electrode on the water side have been used in many acoustical imaging systems to focus the acoustic beam. The goal is to get an acoustic pressure pattern in the shape of an FZP. The acoustic pressure pattern, however, is never an exact replica of the FZP electrode pattern because of mechanical aberrations introduced by the piezo-electric plate. In a previous paper we derived the focal-plane acoustic field distribution of such a transducer. The distribution just in front of the transducer, however, was not given in that paper. In this paper we use a linear spatial piezo-electric model to construct a spatial transfer function for the piezoelectric plate. We show that elastic-wave generation and propagation inside the piezoelectric plate cause the acoustic field pattern just in front of the transducer to differ substantially from the electrode pattern. A plot of amplitude versus position on the piezoelectric plate shows that the sharp edges associated with the electrode pattern are severely rounded off by these effects and the amplitude is greatly reduced in the region of the outer zones. The aberrations also cause a vari-ation with the position of the phase of the out-put field.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A MIXED METHODS STUDY OF GENDER, STEM DEPARTMENT CLIMATE, AND WORKPLACE OUTCOMES

1Department of Psychology, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45425, USA 2Department of Psychology, Adrian College, 110 S. Madison Street, Adrian, Michigan 49221, USA 3Department of Philosophy, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, USA 4Academic Affairs Administration, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6203, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
Improving knowledge of impact cratering: Bringing together “Modelers” and “Observationalists”

Formation of a planetary-scale impact crater hundreds of meters to hundreds of kilometers in diameter involves the interplay of multiphase processes occurring over size- and time-scales that range over many orders of magnitude. To further complicate matters, a hypervelocity impact into geologic materials has never been observed at greater than laboratory scales. Understanding the formation process clearly is a very complicated problem that requires a highly interdisciplinary approach. Significant work has been done recently in several key areas of impact studies, but in many respects, there is a “disconnect” among groups employing different approaches. This pertains, in particular, to modeling versus observations.
Combined dye-streak and hydrogen-bubble visual observations of a turbulent boundary layer

The turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate was observed visually using two dye injectors and a normal bubble wire. One dye injector was a standard wall slot; the other one was a small Pitot probe which could be placed anywhere in the flow. The purpose of these experiments was to improve understanding of the relationships between the bursting of low-speed streaks near the wall and the flow field farther away from the wall.On the basis of these observations, it seems that (i) each lift-up is associated with a disturbance which originates in the logarithmic region and is characterized by a mean motion towards the wall, and that (ii) such disturbances are generated by the interaction of an earlier burst from further upstream with the fluid motion in the logarithmic region.
A Note on a Reformulation of the S-Method of Multiple Comparison

Abstract Olshen's criticism (stated in the first two sentences below) of the S-method of multiple comparison is met, I believe, by reformulating it as the “S-procedure.”
Long-term, hard X-ray observations of Scorpius X-1 from HEAO 1.

The results of observations of Sco X-1 from three separate scanning epochs during 1977 and 1978 by the UCSD/MIT instruments aboard HEAO 1 in the 15-200 keV range are reported. Intensity and spectral variations have been studied on three time scales: 33-minute scans, daily averages, and weekly averages. No relationship was found between intensity and temperature over the very narrow range of temperatures observed, but comparison of the variability of the intensity, emission measure, and temperature implies at least two different emission mechanisms are at work. It is found that the spectral data are best fitted by either a thin-thermal-bremsstrahlung model of about 5 keV or a Comptonized thermal model of temperature about 3 keV. At higher energies (50-200 keV), no flux is found in excess of the thermal (as claimed by previous observers), and a 2-sigma upper limit from scanning data of 10 to the -5th photons/sq cm sec keV is set. This is an order of magnitude lower than reported detections. Using the distance derived from optical and UV measurements, X-ray luminosities from Sco X-1 incompatible with predictions for spherical accretion onto a white dwarf and emission volumes inconsistent with polar caps of white dwarfs are found.
Studies on the host range of the golden nematode of potatoes,Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber

In common, with European varieties, all North American varieties of cultivated potatoes and tomatoes tested were shown to be susceptible to the golden nematode. Potato varieties were more strongly attacked than tomato varieties. No other crop or naturalized or native weed plant was found to be attacked, except forSolanum dulcamara L., which previously had been reported as a host.
Epilogue: Athletic Clashes of Civilizations or Bridges Over Cultural Divisions? The Olympic Games as Legacies and the Legacies of the Olympic Games

The legacies of the modern Olympics litter the landscape of the twentieth century, and have begun to crop-up in the new terrain of the twenty-first century. The Olympics gave birth to their great r...
Tunneling through weak interactions: comparison of through-space-, H-bond-, and through-bond-mediated tunneling

Results from ab initio electronic structure theory calculations on model systems allow for the detailed comparison of tunneling through covalently bonded contacts, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals contacts. Considerable geometrical sensitivity as well as an exponential distance dependence of the tunneling is observed for tunneling through various nonbonded contacts. However, the fundamental result from the present study is that at most a modest difference is observed between tunneling mediated by H-bonds and tunneling mediated by van der Waals contacts at typical distances for each type of interaction. These results are considered in relation to the pathways model of Beratan and Onuchic, and implications for understanding long-range tunneling in biological systems are discussed.
Compressive and tensile behaviour of aluminum foams

The uniaxial compressive and tensile modulus and strength of several aluminum foams are compared with models for cellular solids. The open cell foam is well described by the model. The closed cell foams have moduli and strengths that fall well below the expected values. The reduced values are the result of defects in the cellular microstructure which cause bending rather than stretching of the cell walls. Measurement and modelling of the curvature and corrugations in the cell walls suggests that these two features account for most of the reduction in properties in closed cell foams.