cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working Up Reactions

Phase separation, extraction, emulsions, miscibility, density, surface tension, viscosity, drying agents, triphenylphosphine oxide, tin reagents, boron reagents, aluminum reagents, copper salts, azides, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, peracids, N-chlorosuccinimide, chromium salts, hydrogen fluoride, cyanide, sodium cyanoborohydride, acid halides, anhydrides, alkylating agents.
Vibrio cholerae leuO Transcription Is Positively Regulated by ToxR and Contributes to Bile Resistance

Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic organism and facultative human pathogen that colonizes the small intestine. In the small intestine V. cholerae is exposed to a variety of antimicrobial compounds including bile. V. cholerae resistance to bile is multifactorial and includes alterations in the membrane permeability barrier that are mediated by ToxR; a membrane-associated transcription factor. ToxR has also been shown to be required for the activation of the LysR-family transcription factor leuO in response to cyclic dipeptides. LeuO has been implicated in regulating multiple V. cholerae phenotypes including biofilm production and virulence. Herein we investigated the effects of bile on leuO expression. We show that leuO transcription increased in response to bile and bile salts, but not in response to other detergents. The bile-dependent increase in leuO expression was dependent on ToxR which was found to bind directly to the leuO promoter. The periplasmic domain of ToxR was required for basal leuO expression and for the bile-dependent induction of both leuO and ompU transcription. V. cholerae mutants that did not express leuO exhibited increased bile susceptibility suggesting that LeuO contributes to bile resistance. Our collective results demonstrate that ToxR activates leuO expression in response to bile and that LeuO is a component of the ToxR-dependent responses that contribute to bile resistance. IMPORTANCE The success of Vibrio cholerae as a human pathogen is dependent upon its ability to rapidly adapt to changes in its growth environment. Growth in the human gastrointestinal tract requires the expression of genes that provide resistance to host antimicrobial compounds including bile. In this work we show for the first time that the LysR-family regulator LeuO mediates responses in V. cholerae that contribute to bile resistance.
Unitary Cyclic MUSIC for Direction Finding in GPS Receivers

Several anti-jam techniques for GPS receivers rely on the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of the satellite signals. These angles change with moving GPS receiver platforms and, as such, they should be constantly estimated for the purpose of jammer nulling and beamforming. In this paper, we propose a new approach for directional finding for multi-antenna GPS receivers. This approach is based on a new unitary-cyclic subspace method, which utilizes the modulation and repetition properties of the GPS code to discriminate against jammer signals. We apply the forward-backward spatial smoothing technique to the cyclic array covariance matrix to decorrelate the direct path from multipath, so nulling of the undesired signals can occur. A unitary formulation is considered for real-valued eigendecomposition which aims at reducing the payload in the GPS receivers. Simulations are provided showing that the proposed approach has better performance than existing high-resolution methods that neither apply cyclostationary or unitary transformations for DOA estimation
Mechanical stimulation in vivo reduces osteocyte expression of sclerostin.

Osteocytes are by far the most numerous cell type in bone. Their population density, distribution, extensive communication networks, and fluid-filled lacuno-canalicular environment make these cells ideal mechanosensors in bone’s adaptive process. Despite these attributes, very little data have been generated that implicate the osteocyte network as the primary mechanosensory cell type, to the exclusion of the other cell types (e.g., osteoblasts, bone lining cells). The discovery of a mechanically modulated osteocyte-specific factor, particularly a secreted factor that had the propensity to reach effector cell populations, would provide a molecular basis for osteocytic reception and initiation of mechanotransduction. Sclerostin, the protein product of the SOST gene, is an osteocyte-specific cysteine-knot secreted glycoprotein that is a potent inhibitor of bone formation. Sclerostin can bind and inhibit Lrp5, a Wnt co-receptor that we have shown to be required for mechanotransduction. We investigated the regulation of sclerostin expression in mechanically loaded and control (non-loaded) mouse ulnar diaphyses to determine whether this osteocyte-specific factor was under mechanoregulation. To this end, we subjected the right forelimb of four male 18-week-old C57BL/6 mice to two brief (60 sec) bouts of in vivo mechanical loading (60 cycles, 2 Hz, ~1,800 IÂ) using a non-invasive rodent ulna-loading model. Twenty-four hours after the last session, the mice were sacrificed, and the right and left forelimb bones were dissected free, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, decalcified in 10% EDTA, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 8 Im, and immunolabeled for sclerostin. We measured the number of sclerostin-positive osteocyte cell bodies in the medial, lateral and central cortex of each ulnar section, corresponding to different strain environments. The sections revealed strong reactivity in osteocytes but not in any other cell type (bone lining cells, osteoblasts, marrow cells). Qualitatively, the loaded ulnar sections revealed a clear difference from control ulna sections in the degree of sclerostin staining, particularly in canaliculi. Quantitatively, loading reduced the number of sclerostin-positive osteocyte cell bodies by 76% in the medial cortex but by only 10% in the central cortex. Sclerostin-positive osteocytes were reduced by 30% in the lateral cortex. The degree of reduction in sclerostin expression corresponded to strain distribution in the ulnar midshaft during exogenous loading, suggesting that sclerostin reduction is dose responsive to strain magnitude. In conclusion, mechanical loading resulted in a clear and significant reduction in sclerostin protein levels in the ulnar diaphysis after 24 hours. Our data have led us to hypothesize that mechanical loading is detected by osteocytes and causes a reduction in sclerostin secretion, which in turn reduces the inhibition of Lrp5 signaling in nearby osteoblasts, ultimately leading to enhanced osteogenesis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2006; 6(4):354
Thymus: Its Role in Lymphoid Recovery after Irradiation

Regeneration of spleen lymphoid centers after destruction of lymphoid tissues is dependent on the thymus.
Influence of HLA class I and class II antigens on the peripheral T-cell receptor repertoire.

Abstract Using TCR-specific mAbs, we analyzed the TCR distribution in the CD4 and CD8 compartments of peripheral blood T cells from members of six families, including two which were informative for an HLA-B/DR crossover. TCR distribution in the CD4 compartment is influenced by MHC class II antigens as it was similar in the child carrying the HLA-B/DR recombination and in the HLA-DR-identical sibling. There was also a relatively small degree of difference between TCR distribution in the CD8 compartment of a child with an HLA-B/DR crossover and his HLA class-I-identical sibling. Analysis of TCR Vβ gene usage in the CD4 compartment of unrelated individuals sharing an HLA-DR allele showed an increased usage of Vβ8a and Vβ12a in DR4-positive subjects. These data suggest that studies of TCR Vβ gene usage in individuals with HLA-associated autoimmune diseases may provide further information about MHC-dependent biases in the T-cell repertoire.
Predictable adaptations by skeletal muscle mitochondria to different exercise training workloads

Abstract 1. 1. Mitochondria were isolated according to their cellular location within the fibers of pooled gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle of the rat. This procedure yields two populations of mitochondria which display different biochemical properties. 2. 2. The adaptive response of these mitochondria populations to the chronic exposure to different elevated energy demands (different modes of exercise training) was investigated. 3. 3. The observed changes in mitochondrial protein content and cytochrome oxidase activity in the respective mitochondria population suggests that each population is capable of independent adaptations. 4. 4. The adaptive response of each mitochondria population, furthermore, was predictable with respect to the metabolic energy demand of the exercise training workload.
The emergency services physician assistant: Results of two years' experience

The physician assistant (PA) has become an integral part of urban health care. The roles chosen are diverse and often meet the particular needs of physicians or hospitals. We have developed a unique program in emergency services that allows for training and development of PAs in two distinctly different hospital settings. These PAs perform medical-surgical liaison work bridging what, at times, can be a complex cultural gap. It is our premise that these individuals can significantly improve the quality and quantity of care rendered.
Familial Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis: Report of a Large Family and Review of the Literature

Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis has been recognized as a distinct syndrome. A large family with five proven cases and a review of the literature on familial supravalvular aortic stenosis are presented. The diagnosis was substantiated in all 63 cases by cardiac catheterization, surgery, or postmortem examination.
Effects of beta radiation on wheat, peas, and lettuce exposed by foliar contamination with water-soluble yttrium-90(1)

Young Romaine lettuce, Ramona 50 wheat, and Dwarf pea plants were contaminated with yttrium-90 by brief immersion of the foliage in solutions containing various concentrations of yttrium-90. The contaminated crops were then grown for periods of from one to three months and yields noted. The grain production and seed viability of the wheat were reduced 50 per cent when the foliage was contaminated with yttrium-90 at the rate of about 3 μCi/cm2. Pea pod production was reduced 50 per cent when the yttrium-90 was deposited on the foliage at about 4 μCi/cm2. But the yield of lettuce was not reduced as much as 50 per cent, even when yttrium-90 was applied in the highest amounts (37 μCi/cm2). When a contaminant level of 10 μCi/cm2 was reached, abnormalities in lettuce growth were clearly visible.
FAIR TRADE COFFEE: BUILDING PRODUCER CAPACITY VIA GLOBAL NETWORKS

This article examines the ongoing rapid expansion in Fair Trade coffee networks linking Northern consumers with producers in the global South. We provide a comparative analysis of the experiences of seven coffee producer co-operatives in Latin America, identifying the characteristics which facilitate successful integration into Fair Trade networks. Our analysis finds that coffee organizations, communities and producers derive important material and non-material benefits from Fair Trade. We conclude that while the financial benefits of Fair Trade appear the most important in the short run, it is the capacity building nature of Fair Trade that will prove the most important in fueling sustainable development in the long run. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using restored cross sections to evaluate magma emplacement, White Horse Mountains, Eastern Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract New field observations and cross section restoration from the Jurassic White Horse pluton–host rock system, Goshute Range, eastern Nevada, USA, indicate a sequential variation of host rock rheology attending magma emplacement. The pluton intruded weakly to nondeformed Devonian–Mississippian limestone, argillite and quartzite at shallow crustal levels (ca. 7 km). The contact aureole is well exposed along the southern, eastern and northern margin of the intrusive body and is less than 1 km wide. Rocks outside of the aureole are sub-horizontal and do not contain a penetrative fabric or are gently folded (interlimb angles > 120°) about sub-vertical axial planes. Within the contact aureole, continuous and discontinuous spaced, axial planar foliations and harmonic to disharmonic, tight to isoclinal folds wrap around the eastern margin of the pluton. Folds verge toward and away from the pluton and rim anticlines, synclines, and monoclines with wavelength in excess of 250 m are preserved along the pluton margin. The spatial proximity of these ductile structures to the pluton and the apparent increase in intensity of structure development approaching the pluton is compatible with contraction within the aureole attending pluton emplacement. However, all of the above structures are truncated by the intrusive contact at various scales. Granodioritic dikes ranging in thickness from 1 m up to ∼ 10 m emanate from the intrusion and cut host rock structure at high angles and turn to propagate towards one another, parallel to the pluton margin and host rock anisotropy. Such features are interpreted to reflect the last stages of diking and brittle deformation that modified the pluton contact after emplacement-related folding of the carbonate rocks, but before final solidification of the pluton. Eight serial geologic cross sections were constructed and evaluated to place geometric constraints on the shape and growth of the White Horse intrusion. Based on line-length restoration of serial cross sections oriented perpendicular to the pluton contact, the aureole was shortened approximately 54% during emplacement. Extrapolating this shortening value over the exposed area of the pluton indicates that approximately 48% of the exposed pluton area may be accounted for by the restoration. Therefore, host rocks must have been displaced out of the map plane and likely downward based on geometrical constraints provided by the cross sections. The preferred emplacement model requires in-situ chamber dilation accommodated by ductile deflection of host rocks followed by fracturing and removal of the aureole rocks via cauldron subsidence and/or stoping.
The Transcription Factor LMO2 Is a Robust Marker of Vascular Endothelium and Vascular Neoplasms and Selected Other Entities

The transcription factor LMO2 is involved in vascular and hematopoietic development and hematolymphoid neoplasia. We have demonstrated that LMO2 is expressed nearly ubiquitously in native and neoplastic vasculature, including lymphatics. LMO2 reactivity is otherwise virtually absent in nonhematolymphoid tissues except in breast myoepithelium, prostatic basal cells, and secretory phase endometrial glands. Vasculature is LMO2– in adult and fetal heart, brain of older adults, hepatic sinusoids, and hepatocellular carcinoma. LMO2 is uniformly expressed in benign vascular and lymphatic neoplasms and in most malignant vascular neoplasms with the exception of epithelioid vascular neoplasms of pleura and bone. Among nonvascular neoplasms, LMO2 reactivity is present in giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, juvenile xanthogranuloma, a subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, small round blue cell tumors, and myoepithelial-derived neoplasms. The restricted expression pattern, nuclear localization, and crisp staining of LMO2 in paraffin blocks make it an attractive candidate for the diagnostic immunohistochemistry laboratory. LMO2 is a member of a transcription factor family of proteins characterized by their cysteine-rich, zincbinding LIM domains. 1 Its expression is required early in hematopoiesis, 2 and its deregulation leads to T-cell leukemias resulting from chromosomal translocations and insertional mutations. 3,4 LMO2 expression is a strong predictor of superior outcome in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. 5,6 In addition to its pivotal roles in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancy, LMO2 is required for angiogenesis early in development: the primitive vascular network formed by vasculogenesis does not undergo maturation into functional vascular structures in the absence of LMO2. 7 We recently developed a monoclonal anti-LMO2 antibody suitable for paraffin immunohistochemical studies 8 and demonstrated that the LMO2 protein is expressed in normal germinal center B cells and germinal center– derived B-cell lymphomas. We also observed expression of LMO2 in vascular endothelium, but not in other nonhematolymphoid tissues. 8
A role for anion transport in the regulation of release from chromaffin granules and exocytosis from cells.

Release of epinephrine from isolated adrenergic secretory veiscles from the adrenal medulla (chromaffin granules) was found to be inhibited by a number of anion transport blocking agents, including SITS, probenecid, pyridoxal phosphate, and Na-isethionate. High concentrations of permeant anion, such as chloride, are required for granule release and the drugs were found to be competitive inhibitors with respect to chloride. The anion transport blockers were also found to suppress exocytosis of serotonin from human platelets and parathyroid hormone from dissociated bovine parathyroid cells. By contrast, they had no effect on ACTH-activated corticosterone secretion from dissociated rate adrenocortical cells, a process which occurs by diffusion rather than exocytosis. The important anion in the medium for human platelets was hydroxyl ion, rather than chloride, and the most effective drug on platelets was suramin. Isethionate was inactive. In the case of PTH secretion, both chloride and hydroxyl ions were important anions and were both competitively inhibited by anion blocking drugs including Na-isethionate. We conclude from these studies that the chemistry of exocytosis appears to be quite similar to the chemistry of release from isolated secretory vesicles. We suggest that when vesicles are fused to plasma membranes prior to exocytosis they are exposed to higher chloride and hydroxyl ion concentrations of the medium, and that inward anion flux into the vesicle promotes release, possibly by local osmotic lysis. Blockade of exocytosis by anion transport blocking drugs would occur by inhibition of inward anion flux into the fused vesicle, by analogy with previous results from studies on isolated chromaffin granules.
Application of solution structure theorem to non-Fourier heat conduction problems: Analytical approach

Abstract This study presents an analytical method which combines the superposition technique along with the solution structure theorem such that a closed-form solution of the hyperbolic heat conduction (HHC) equation can be obtained using fundamental mathematics. The method is applied to investigate two one-dimensional HHC problems with different boundary and initial conditions to study the effect of spatially-decaying and time-varying laser incidence at the surface. The methodology provides a convenient, accurate, and efficient solution to the HHC equation, which is applicable to a variety of HHC analyses for various engineering applications. The examples presented in this study can be used as benchmark problems for future numerical method validations.
Hybrid broadcasting protocol for video on demand

Broadcasting protocols can improve the efficiency of video on demand services by reducing the bandwidth required to transmit videos that are simultaneously watched by many viewers. It has been recently shown that broadcasting protocols using a very large number of very low bandwidth streams for each video required less total bandwidth than protocols using a few high-bandwidth streams shared by all videos. We present a hybrid broadcasting protocol that combines the advantages of these two classes of protocols. Our pagoda broadcasting protocol uses only a small number of high-bandwidth streams and requires only slightly more bandwidth than the best extant protocols to achieve a given maximum waiting time.
Rare earth phosphate glasses

Abstract Praseodymium phosphate and dysprosium phosphate glasses with compositions xLn 2 O 3 (1−x)P 2 O 5 have been synthesized and analyzed to be in the x=0.18−0.30 range. Their structures have been studied by infrared, far infrared and laser Raman spectroscopy, and the dependences of the magnetic and thermal properties of the glasses on stoichiometry and structure have been investigated.
Effects of clorazepate, diazepam, and oxazepam on a laboratory measurement of aggression in men

The effects of three benzodiazepines on human aggressive behavior were examined in 44 medically healthy men. Volunteers were administered either placebo, 10 mg diazepam, 15 mg chlorazepate, or 50 mg oxazepam orally using double-blind procedures. Approximately 90 min after drug ingestion, participants were given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to an increasingly provocative fictitious opponent during a competitive reaction-time task. Aggression was defined as the level of shock the participant was willing to administer to the opponent. Results support the notion that diazepam (but not all benzodiazepines) can elicit aggressive behavior under controlled, laboratory conditions. Implications regarding the clinical use of various benzodiazepines for the tranquilization of potentially assaultive patients are discussed.
Mastoid Geometry in a Cross-Section of Humans from Infancy through Early Adulthood with a Confirmed History of Otitis Media

Abstract Objective This study describes the changes in mastoid air cell system (MACS) geometry with age in ears with a history of otitis media (OM), without (GR-I) or with (GR-II) middle ear fluid on the CT scan. Methods Thirty-seven (74 MACSs) CT scans were selected to approximate 4 MACSs/year between 1 and 18 years. For each MACS, the volume, surface area and surface area/volume ratio were reconstructed using standard procedures. Correlation analysis was used to define the left–right relatedness for the geometric parameters, and regression analysis was used to determine the effect of age on those parameters for each group. Results Twenty scans were from female and 17 from males. Fluid was observed in 12 left, 4 right and 10 bilateral MACSs. The MACS volume and surface area of GR-I increased with age, were significantly greater than those for age-matched MACSs in GR-II, but show large variability. Those measures in GR-II were independent of age and a large percentage of these MACS volumes was Conclusions These results suggest that: the growth of MACS volume and surface area is genetically programmed but that this is disrupted by long-lasting OM; the effect of OM on MACS growth may depend on the duration and timing of the disease, and the MACS surface area/volume ratio does not explain the effect of MACS volume on the rate of gas exchange between middle ear and blood.
Fabrication of high J/sub c/YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// tapes using the newly developed lanthanum manganate single buffer layers

High J/sub c/YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) films have been fabricated on LaMnO/sub 3/ buffered ion-beam assisted deposition (IBAD) MgO template layers. A LaMnO/sub 3/ buffer layer is compatible with MgO surfaces and also provides a good template for growing high current density YBCO films. LaMnO/sub 3/ buffer layers were deposited using rf magnetron sputtering. On LaMnO/sub 3/-buffered-MgO [100] single crystal substrates, YBCO films with a J/sub c/ of over 4 M/cm/sup 2/ were grown using both pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and ex-situ BaF/sub 2/ process. Using PLD, J/sub c/ of 1.8 MA/cm/sup 2/ at 77 K was obtained on 200-nm-thick YBCO films grown on LaMnO/sub 3/-buffered MgO IBAD/Ni-alloy substrates. In addition, an I/sub c/ of 230 A/cm-width was obtained for 1.65-/spl mu/m-thick YBCO films grown on LaMnO/sub 3/-buffered MgO IBAD/Ni-alloy substrates using PLD at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This performance is comparable to the best single-layer results achieved on IBAD-MgO substrates.
A Reachable Set Analysis Method for Generating Near-Optimal Trajectories of Constrained Multiphase Systems

Few sophisticated problems in the optimal control of a dynamical system can be solved analytically. There are many numerical solution methods, but most, especially those with the most potential accuracy, work iteratively and must be initialized with a guess of the solution. Satisfactory guesses may be very difficult to generate. In this work, a "Reachable Set Analysis" (RSA) method is developed to find near-optimal trajectories for multiphase systems with no a priori knowledge. A multiphase system is a generalization of a dynamical system that includes possible changes on the governing equations throughout the trajectory; the traditional dynamical system where the governing equations do not change is included in the formulation as a special case. The RSA method is based on a combination of metaheuristic algorithms and nonlinear programming. A particularly beneficial aspect of the solution found using RSA is that it satisfies the system governing equations and comes arbitrarily close (to a degree chosen by the planner) to satisfying given terminal conditions. Three qualitatively different multiphase problems, such as a low-thrust transfer from Earth to Mars, a system with chattering arcs in the optimal control, and a motion planning problem with obstacles, are solved using the near-optimal trajectories found by RSA as initial guesses to show the effectiveness of the new method.
Vector Beam Representation on a Higher Order Poincare Sphere and Higher Order Stokes Parameter Measurement Through Optical Angular Momentum Decomposition

Representation of vector polarization beams by a higher order Poincare sphere and associated Stokes parameters in terms of total optical angular momentum eigenstates is presented.
Spherical spatial ranges of non-polar chemicals for reaction-diffusion type dynamics

A spherical reaction-diffusion unit-world model is analytically approached. This model serves as a paradigm in investigations of persistence and spatial range of non-polar chemicals. The presented framework allows to handle any combination of rate constants. For a huge class of chemicals, a closed-form approximation is derived. An exact expression for the persistence is presented. Although degradation and diffusion processes are linked in a multi-compartment system, the persistence is proven to be independent of any diffusion rate, geometry, and dimension. A close relation of time-domain @d-like releases and steady-state situations is established.
Calmodulin Controls Liver Proliferation via Interactions with C/EBPβ-LAP and C/EBPβ-LIP

A truncated isoform of C/EBPβ, C/EBPβ-LIP, is required for liver proliferation. This isoform is expressed at high levels in proliferating liver and in liver tumors. However, high levels of C/EBPβ-LIP are also observed in non-proliferating livers during acute phase response (APR). In this paper we present mechanisms by which liver regulates activities of C/EBPβ-LIP. We found that calmodulin (CaM) inhibits the ability of C/EBPβ-LIP to promote liver proliferation during APR through direct interactions. This activity of CaM is under negative control of Ca2+, which is reduced in nuclei of livers with APR, whereas it is increased in nuclei of proliferating livers. A mutant CaM, which does not interact with C/EBPβ-LIP, also fails to inhibit the growth promotion activity of C/EBPβ-LIP. Down-regulation of CaM in livers of LPS-treated mice causes liver proliferation via activation of C/EBPβ-LIP. Overexpression of C/EBPβ-LIP above levels of CaM also initiates liver proliferation in LPS-treated mice. In addition, CaM regulates transcriptional activity of another isoform of C/EBPβ, C/EBPβ-LAP, and might control liver biology through the regulation of both isoforms of C/EBPβ. In searching for molecular mechanisms by which C/EBPβ-LIP promotes cell proliferation, we found that C/EBPβ-LIP releases E2F·Rb-dependent repression of cell cycle genes by a disruption of E2F1·Rb complexes and by a direct interaction with E2F-dependent promoters. CaM inhibits these growth promotion activities of C/EBPβ-LIP and, therefore, supports liver quiescence. Thus, our findings discover a new pathway of the regulation of liver proliferation that involves calcium-CaM signaling.
TEACHING A PARENT TO TRAIN A SPOUSE IN CHILD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

This study analyzed several aspects of the training of a mother and father in child management techniques for use with their 6-year-old severely developmentally delayed son. The mother received clinic training in procedures for increasing her son's independent dressing skills; subsequently, she was asked to teach the same procedures to her husband with no assistance from the trainer. For both parents, procedures were introduced sequentially across two components of parent behavior in a multiple baseline design. Examinations were made of (a) the effectiveness of initial child management training on the mother's behaviors, (b) her ability to teach the same techniques to her husband independently, (c) the generalization of both parents' skills from the training setting (a dressing task) to two untrained activities (eating and toy use), and (d) the impact of training on the child's behavior. Results showed that the mother learned to implement the trained procedures and successfully communicated them to her husband, as evidenced by substantial positive changes in both parents' behaviors after being introduced to the child management skills. Both parents showed some generalization to the untrained activities, and their written comments following training indicated they understood the procedures. Clear-cut improvements were observed in the child's attending and independent performance of dressing and toy use skills concurrent with parent training. A 2-year follow-up report indicated that both parents retained their knowledge of skills taught, continued to use the procedures, and rated the training as very helpful in teaching the child self-help skills.
GPU-EvR: run-time event based real-time scheduling framework on GPGPU platform

GPU architecture has traditionally been used in graphics application because of its enormous computing capability. Moreover, GPU architecture has also been used for general purpose computing in these days. Most of the current scheduling frameworks that are developed to handle GPGPU workload operate sequentially. This is problematic since this sequential approach may not be scalable for real-time systems, which is a consequence of the approach's inability to support preemption. We propose a novel scheduling framework that provides real-time support for the GPGPU platform. In contrast to existing frameworks, our proposed framework considers both concurrent execution of applications on the GPU and mapping between streaming multiprocessors and thread blocks. By considering both concurrent execution and mapping, our framework is able to guarantee timing up to 6.4 times as many applications compared to TimeGraph [9] and Global EDF [5]. In addition, our experimental applications use up to 20% less power under our scheduling framework compared to [5], [9].
Band-like Stress Fiber Propagation in a Continuum and Implications for Myosin Contractile Stresses

Stress fibers are band-like features that form with sarcomere-like actin and myosin arrangement between cell regions, resisting myosin contractility. We consider three aspects of stress fiber formation: (1) they form by cytoskeletal actin-myosin interaction when myosin contractile forces are resisted, (2) they propagate in a band-like manner, and (3) they maintain a level of stress and material continuity with the cytoskeleton. This suggests that any description of myosin force should capture the band-like propagation of stress fibers within the constraints of a continuum model. Recent studies describe myosin force as increasing proportional to the cytoskeletal resistance in that direction, but do not capture the band-like propagation of myosin stresses in a continuum. While the spreading of myosin stresses in continuum models is commonly attributed to the elliptic nature of continuum equations, we show that it comes from an incomplete description of the myosin force. Qualitative observations of cytoskeletal actin-myosin interaction indicate the interaction to be 'zipper-like'; myosin contractile forces get transmitted by bending actin filaments in directions away from that of the cytoskeletal resistance. A simple coarse-grained implementa- tion of the lateral myosin forces that arise from the zippering action reproduces band-like stress propagation within a continuum model for the first time. This model also shows actin packing into the stress channel and its propagation along the edge for square and triangular constrained cells; features not captured earlier. Physically, the lateral contrac- tile forces prevent stress spreading by balancing perpendic- ular shear forces that arise when stress channels through a continuum. Mathematically, these forces render the contin- uum stress equation hyperbolic. This paper presents a theoretical argument, based on continuum mechanics prin- ciples, that it is the zippering actin-myosin action that allows for band-like stress fiber propagation within a coarse-grained cytoskeletal continuum, and that any visualization of the cytoskeletal stress field should account for lateral contractile forces accompanying the much-acknowledged contractile force along a stress fiber.
Lobelane analogues as novel ligands for the vesicular monoamine transporter-2

A series of lobelane analogues has been synthesized and their structure–activity relationships at the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) have been evaluated. The most potent analogues in this series were the cis-2,6-piperidino analogues, 25b, 27b, 28b, and 30b, with Ki values ranging from 430 to 580 nM.
A new derivation of a closed form expression for Chebyshev polynomials of any order

The author presents a new derivation of a closed-form expression for the Chebyshev polynomial C/sub n/( omega ) based on the method of the Z-transform. The result permits the rapid determination of C/sub n/( omega ) for any order n without the need to evaluate C/sub n/( omega ) for all lower values of n. >
Development of a field desorption ion source for neutron generator applications

Abstract Field desorption is a process in which external electric fields are used to promote the ionization and ejection of atoms chemisorbed on the outer surface of an electrode. This process occurs in the presence of a high electric field (10–40 V/nm) and can be used to desorb hydrogen or its isotopes from a metal substrate, producing 100% atomic ions in the high field region surrounding the emitting surface. Electrostatic modeling and simulations have been performed to study design parameters for nanoscale metal desorption tips intended to be used in a high density emitter arrays as a field desorption ion source within a sealed tube neutron generator. The radius of the emission tip and the proximity of the emitting cone to the edge of the gate hole are of particular importance; for maximal desorption region fields the optimal position of the emission tip is within the plane of the gate film. An important design challenge is to ensure fields at the tip are sufficient for desorption while ensuring fields at the gate are not large enough for electron emission.
Monitoring ems protocol deviations: A useful quality assurance tool

Study objective: To determine the incidence, type, and outcome of protocol deviations in an emergency medical services (EMS) system. Design: Retrospective consecutive case series. Setting: Seven advanced life support ambulance services servicing five area hospital emergency departments. Patients: 1,246 patients requiring advanced life support care. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Advanced life support ambulance runs during a two-month period were examined for protocol deviations. Of 1,246 runs examined, 16% had deviations. Approximately 55% of these deviations were minor, 38% were serious, and 7% were very serious in nature. The effects of the errors were evaluated using hospital records. Results showed that 89.5% of patients were unaffected, 5.0% improved, and 5.5% suffered complications from deviations. Emergency medical technicians committed 69% of the deviations without the consent of medical control, medical control committed an additional 18%, and both were responsible in 13% of cases. Incomplete histories were found in 8% of cases. Conclusion: Protocol deviations committed in prehospital care do not usually cause direct harm to patients. On review of these deviations, however, several disturbing trends were uncovered, including misconceptions in the use of IV therapy, a number of serious deviations in advanced cardiac life support protocols, and lack of communication with medical control. This type of quality assurance study has the ability to identify areas of strength and weakness in an EMS system, allowing planning of ongoing educational efforts in the system.
Automatic image analysis for gene expression patterns of fly embryos

Staining the m RNA of a gene via in situ hybridization (ISH) during the development of a D. melanogaster embryo delivers the detailed spatio-temporal pattern of expression of the gene. Many biological problems such as the detection of co-expressed genes, co-regulated genes, and transcription factor binding motifs rely heavily on the analyses of these image patterns. The increasing availability of ISH image data motivates the development of automated computational approaches to the analysis of gene expression patterns. We have developed algorithms and associated software that extracts a feature representation of a gene expression pattern from an ISH image, that clusters genes sharing the same spatio-temporal pattern of expression, that suggests transcription factor binding (TFB) site motifs for genes that appear to be co-regulated (based on the clustering), and that automatically identifies the anatomical regions that express a gene given a training set of annotations. In fact, we developed three different feature representations, based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and wavelet functions, each having different merits with respect to the tasks above. For clustering image patterns, we developed a minimum spanning tree method (MSTCUT), and for proposing TFB sites we used standard motif finders on clustered/co-expressed genes with the added twist of requiring conservation across the genomes of 8 related fly species. Lastly, we trained a suite of binary-classifiers, one for each anatomical annotation term in a controlled vocabulary or ontology that operate on the wavelet feature representation. We report the results of applying these methods to the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP) gene expression database. Our automatic image analysis methods recapitulate known co-regulated genes and give correct developmental-stage classifications with 99+% accuracy, despite variations in morphology, orientation, and focal plane suggesting that these techniques form a set of useful tools for the large-scale computational analysis of fly embryonic gene expression patterns.
Is recognition accuracy really impaired when the target is repeated in the display

Bjork and Murray (1977) have presented a feature-specific interactive channels model that predicts perceptual interference between letters presented simultaneously in visual displays. Maximum interference is predicted when a target letter is presented with an identical letter. In their experiment, Bjork and Murray found support for their model, but their results could have occurred artifactually from response biases of their subjects. Santee and Egeth (1980) used a different paradigm that eliminated the possibility of this particular response bias and reported that their data supported the feature-specific model. However, the present paper shows that analysis of their data by Santee and Egeth was incomplete and the comparisons inappropriate. In two experiments that used the Santee and Egeth paradigm, we failed to find support for the feature-specific model when more detailed analyses of the data were undertaken. In a third experiment, one that used the Bjork and Murray paradigm, but with control of response bias, no significant or suggestive evidence was found that feature similarity between noise and target letters affected recognition of the latter.
Algae: Nitrogen Fixation by Antarctic Species

Algae from terrestrial and fresh-water habitats in Antarctica were examined for ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nostoc commune was the only species capable of growing in nitrogen-free medium; nitrogen fixation by this species was verified by assimilation of N15. The importance of nitrogen-fixing algae to terrestrial life in the Antarctic is discussed.
An easily constructed carbon fiber recording and microiontophoresis assembly

Traditional multibarreled pipette electrodes are still widely used in microiontophoresis studies. Although better electrodes have been introduced, they are difficult and time-consuming to make. Construction of a carbon fiber recording and microiontophoresis assembly is described here. The construction of a carbon fiber electrode assembly is easy and carbon fibers have excellent characteristics for recording extracellular single unit activity. Signal-to-noise ratio of the carbon fiber electrode is maintained when combined with microiontophoresis. The electrode assembly can be used repeatedly, if cleaned properly, and it can be used to make marking lesions upon completion of an experiment.
Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents for Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis is the number one killer in the Western world, and threatens to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is therefore paramount to develop non-invasive methods for the detection of high-risk, asymptomatic individuals before the onset of clinical symptoms or events. In the recent past, great strides have been made in the understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in the atherosclerotic cascade down to the molecular details. This has allowed the development of contrast agents that can aid in the in vivo characterization of these processes. Gadolinium chelates are among the contrast media most commonly used in MR imaging. Originally used for MR angiography for the detection and quantification of vascular stenosis, more recently they have been applied to improve characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. In this manuscript, we will briefly review gadolinium-chelates (Gd) based contrast agents for non-invasive MR imaging of atherosclerosis. We will first describe Gd-based non-targeted FDA approved agents, used routinely in clinical practice for the evaluation of neovascularization in other diseases. Secondly, we will describe non-specific and specific targeted contrast agents, which have great potential for dissecting specific biological processes in the atherosclerotic cascade. Lastly, we will briefly compare Gd-based agents to others commonly used in MRI and to other imaging modalities.
Quench-induced nucleation of ash constituents during combustion of pulverized coal in a laboratory furnace

The hypothesis that nucleation of ash constituents in practical coal combustors can be influenced by the temperature quench rate was tested in a laboratory 2–5 kg/h pulverized coal furnace. Two Beulah lignite coals, similar in heating value and overall ash content but differing in the sodium content, were tested. Ash samples were withdrawn at various residence times down the combustor, segregated by size, and analyzed for their bulk, surface and interior composition. Increasing temperature quench rate beyond 400 K/s significantly increased the fraction of the inlet sodium appearing in the small particle size range. This was because a sodium-rich “fume” was frozen in the particulate phase during temperature quench, although surface enrichment of the sodium on the larger particles was also realized under these conditions. Subtle differences in these otherwise similar coals appeared to exert a large influence on the primary mechanisms forming the small particles. Although the low sodium coal contained approximately half the sodium of the other, it yielded less than one tenth of the amount of sodium in the small particle size range. Furthermore, while results for one coal supported a silicon vaporization/nucleation mechanism governing formation of small particles, those for the other coal did not.
Redeye: a digital library for forensic document triage

Forensic document analysis has become an important aspect of investigation of many different kinds of crimes from money laundering to fraud and from cybercrime to smuggling. The current workflow for analysts includes powerful tools, such as Palantir and Analyst's Notebook, for moving from evidence to actionable intelligence and tools for finding documents among the millions of files on a hard disk, such as Forensic Toolkit (FTK). Analysts often leave the process of sorting through collections of seized documents to filter out noise from actual evidence to highly labor-intensive manual efforts. This paper presents the Redeye Analysis Workbench, a tool to help analysts move from manual sorting of a collection of documents to performing intelligent document triage over a digital library. We will discuss the tools and techniques we build upon in addition to an in-depth discussion of our tool and how it addresses two major use cases we observed analysts performing. Finally, we also include a new layout algorithm for radial graphs that is used to visualize clusters of documents in our system.
Syntheses and Oxidation of Methyloxorhenium(V) Complexes with Tridentate Ligands

Four new methyloxorhenium(V) compounds were synthesized with these tridentate chelating ligands: 2-mercaptoethyl sulfide (abbreviated HSSSH), 2-mercaptoethyl ether (HSOSH), thioldiglycolic acid (H...
Linear Light Link Data Transmission

A discussion of a digital date transmission system has been presented. Many signals from the ion source in the high voltage head will be digitized and transmitted via a light link to the control point. However, wide band signals are difficult to digitize, transmit and reproduce; therefore, a linear light link has been developed. The transmitter and receiver were aligned in a laboratory environment. A triangular waveform was used to test linearity. A fast rising pulse was transmitted 40 feet. The system is described and results of experiments with the system reported.
Resurrecting hot dark matter - Large-scale structure from cosmic strings and massive neutrinos

These are the results of a numerical simulation of the formation of large-scale structure from cosmic-string loops in a universe dominated by massive neutrinos (hot dark matter). This model has several desirable features. The final matter distribution contains isolated density peaks embedded in a smooth background, producing a natural bias in the distribution of luminous matter. Because baryons can accrete onto the cosmic strings before the neutrinos, the galaxies will have baryon cores and dark neutrino halos. Galaxy formation in this model begins much earlier than in random-phase models. On large scales the distribution of clustered matter visually resembles the CfA survey, with large voids and filaments.
Application of the Heisenberg model with cubic anisotropy to phase transitions on surfaces

Abstract The paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition of the two-dimensional Heisenberg model with cubic anisotropy exhibits different behavior depending upon whether the anisotropy favors the faces or the corners of a cube. In the former case the transition must be first order, whereas in the latter it can be continuous with Ising exponents. Applications of the results to the (2 × 2) transitions observed in O/Ni(111) and CF 4 /graphite and the (2 × 1) transitions observed in O/Ir(111) and N 2 /graphite are discussed.