cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit

This article is concerned with measures of fit of a model. Two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered. The first is error of approximation which involves the fit of the model, wi...
EXPERIMENTS ON ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA

The pathological entity now known as endometrial hyperplasia has been recognized for some time. It was not until after the work of Hitschmann and Adler that it could be interpreted as a non-inflammatory condition. Previous to the work of these investigators it had been generally considered to be a form of hypertrophic endometritis. The noteworthy exception to this statement is the view which was expressed by Cullen in 1900. He described this condition in his book on cancer of the uterus (3) as “endometrial hyperplasia.” The condition is extremely common and is met with most frequently at the time of the menopause, although it can occur at any age. On account of its frequency, and tendency to recur, it has inspired a voluminous literature. Recent advances in the field of the internal secretions have attracted the interest of almost all gynecologists, and many have hoped that these advances would explain the nature and etiology of endometrial hyperplasia. Schroeder (12) was the first to recognize the condit...
Efficacies of Teat Germicides Containing 0.5% Chlorhexidine and 1% Iodine During Experimental Challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae

Two germicides, one containing 0.5% chlorhexidine and one containing 1% iodine, were tested for efficacy against new intramammary infections (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. The model for the experimental challenge in the trials that were designed to test the efficacy of the two postmilking teat dips was recommended by the National Mastitis Council. The 0.5% chlorhexidine product reduced the number of new IMI caused by Staph. aureus by 73.2% and reduced the number of new IMI caused by Strep. agalactiae by 53.9%. The 1% iodine product reduced the number of new IMI caused by Staph. aureus by 75.6% and reduced the number of new IMI caused by Strep. agalactiae by 53.5%. In both trials, the incidence of clinical mastitis was also reduced in dipped quarters compared with control quarters. Use of the two teat dips over the trial periods had no effect on the condition of teat skin or teat ends.
Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: vaccines or autologous transplants?

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful immunostimulatory cells specialized in the induction and regulation of immune responses. Their properties and the feasibility of their large-scale ex vivo generation led to the application of ex vivo-educated DCs to bypass the dysfunction of endogenous DCs in cancer patients and to induce therapeutic anti-cancer immunity. While multiple paradigms of therapeutic application of DCs reflect their consideration as cancer “vaccines”, numerous features of DC-based vaccination resemble those of autologous transplants, resulting in challenges and opportunities that distinguish them from classical vaccines. In addition to the functional heterogeneity of DC subsets and plasticity of the individual DC types, the unique features of DCs are the kinetic character of their function, limited functional stability, and the possibility to imprint in maturing DCs distinct functions relevant for the induction of effective cancer immunity, such as the induction of different effector functions or different homing properties of tumor-specific T cells (delivery of “signal 3” and “signal 4”). These considerations highlight the importance of the application of optimized, potentially patient-specific conditions of ex vivo culture of DCs and their delivery, with the logistic and regulatory implications shared with transplantation and other surgical procedures.
Recognizing temporary changes on highways for reliable autonomous driving

In order to be deployed in real-world driving environments, autonomous vehicles must be able to recognize and respond to exceptional road conditions, such as highway workzones, because such unusual events can alter previously known traffic rules and road geometry. In this paper, we present a set of computer vision methods which recognize the bounds of a highway workzone and temporary changes in highway driving environments through recognition of workzone signs. Our approach filters out irrelevant image regions, localizes potential sign image regions using a learned color model, and recognizes signs through classification. Performance of individual unit tests is promising; still, it is unrealistic to expect perfect performance in sign recognition. Performance errors with individual modules in sign recognition will cause our system to misread temporary highway changes. To handle potential recognition errors, our method utilizes the temporal redundancy of sign occurrences and their corresponding classification decisions. Through testing, using video data recorded under various weather conditions, our approach was able to perfectly identify the boundaries of workzones and robustly detect a majority of driving condition changes.
TH-E-BRA-04: Feasibility of Mapping Transient Tumor Hypoxia Using in Situ Activation PET Imaging: A Simulation Study

Purpose: Detecting transient tumor hypoxia in real‐time is desirable and has been challenging in radiation therapy. Here, we explore the feasibility of mapping tumor transient hypoxia in real‐time using in situ activation by high‐energy photons.Methods: The simulation used spatial uptake of a hypoxia tracer (e.g. 64Cu‐ATSM) in PET or autoradiograph as a surrogate for micro‐vessel density, which was then used to generate a steady state oxygen tension (pO2) map using a reactiondiffusionmodel. The 15O in situ activation map by high‐energy photons was generated using Ten Haken model based on the steady state pO2 map with the addition of element composition. The activation map includes both mobile and immobile 15O. The mobile 15O component was isolated by subtracting the fast decay portion from the overall decay curve. The simulation process was coded in Matlab using photon energies of 20 – 50MeV. Results: The diffusionmodel shows heterogeneous distribution of pO2 ranges from 28 – 1.9 mmHg for a pancreas tumormodel, depending on simulation baseline values, tumor vasculature structure and architecture. The threshold of 63% of the mean image intensity on the in situ activation PET image was found to reasonably agree with original hypoxia map using 5 mmHg as a cutoff value. The simulated transient hypoxic fraction was comparable with measurements reported using 64Cu‐ATSM autoradiography, e.g., measurement of 0.166 ± 0.067 versus simulation of 0.157. Conclusions: It is feasible to detect transient tumor hypoxia with oxygen in situ activation using high‐energy photons. This opens door for tracking tumor transient hypoxia in real‐time during the delivery of radiation therapy. Immediate future work includes quantifying the in situ activation PET (e.g., 15O activity in terms of pO2 in mmHg), and in‐vivo measurement of the in situ activation.
Relation of self-acceptance and acceptance of others.

A significant positive correlation of .33 was found for ratings on the Self-acceptance Scale and on the Acceptance of Others Scale for 13 undergraduate men and 45 women.
American Populism: A Social History 1877-1898

From the first crises in America's farming regions in the 1870s through the fracture and demise of grass-roots protest organizations at the end of the century. "American Populism "chronicles the Populists' battles with the dominant institutions of an industrializing nation. In this readable and balanced account, Robert McMath examines Populism's relation to the social and economic networks of rural communities and to churches, schools, fraternal organizations, and trade unions, showing how it became a natural response to dramatically changing times.
New reagents, new reactions: Computers in chemistry

Abstract There is a new reagent in chemical reaction vessels-the computer. From data collection, through information processing, to knowledge creation the computer is an integral partner of today's chemist. Despite its ability to be a Sorcerer's Apprentice, it has become a leading weapon in overcoming some of the fiscal and technical demands placed upon research and development teams by global competition. In the process it is forcing changes in our work habits that are stressing both the Corporation and the individual. This article explores the uses, abuses, and possible future of the new reagent, and explores the metaphysics of the electronic web.
Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and applications

A corporate reputation is a set of attributes ascribed to a firm, inferred from the firm's past actions. While the intuition behind reputation-building is hardly new, recent research has formalized the concept. We review this research and then, using examples, illustrate some of the strategic behavioral implications of these formal models.
Biologically Inspired Robotic Microswimmers

Drug delivery systems have had a profound impact on several branches of medicine. Engineers and researchers alike have labored to create a controlled drug delivery device capable of regulated dosage release and a specific cell targeting mechanism. The growing field of biomimicry has inspired several of these drug systems, though success has been limited. The flagellated low Reynolds number propulsion system of Salmonella typhimurium has inspired this specific delivery complex. In this system, the helical flagellar filaments of S. typhimurium are isolated from the bacteria’s cell body and are bound to functionalized paramagnetic microspheres. As a magnetic field is applied to this device, the microsphere rotates, inducing rotation of the helical flagella. This motion creates a locomotive force and drives the device in a predestined direction.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effect of growth inhibitors on three ornamental species

Abstract Foliar sprays of the growth inhibitors sodium 2, 3:4, 6-di-O-isopropylidine-α L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonate (dikegulac-sodium), N -[2,4-dimethyl-5-] [tri-fluromethyl) sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide (mefluidide); methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol) and 2,3 dihydro-5-6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin (UBI-P293) were applied to Ligustrum japonicum, Pyracantha coccinea and Osmanthus heterophylla . Results indicate that growth inhibitors differ in their capacity to inhibit vegetative growth, and the level of inhibition and plant phytotoxicity depend on both the chemical and the rate of concentration.
Expressing mathematical subroutines constructively

The typical subroutines that compute sin(x) and exp(x) bear little resemblance to our mathematical knowledge of these functions: they are composed of concrete arithmetic expressions that include many mysterious numerical constants. Instead of programming these subroutines conventionally, we can express their construction using symbolic ideas such as periodicity, Taylor series, and economization. Such an approach has many advantages: the code is closer to the mathematical basis of the function, is less vulnerable to errors, and is trivially adaptable to various precisions.
Accurate cross sections for excitation of resonance transitions in atomic oxygen

Electron collision excitation cross sections for the resonance 2p(sup)4 (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3s (sup 3)S(sup 0), 2p(sup 4) (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3d (sup 3)D(sup 0), 2p4 (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3s (sup 3)D(sup 0), 2p(sup 4) (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3s (sup 3)P(sup 0) and 2p(sup 4) (sup 3)P-2s2p(sup 5) (sup 3)P(sup 0) transitions have been calculated by using the R matrix with a pseudostates approach for incident electron energies from near threshold to 100 eV. The excitation of these transition sgives rise to strong atomic oxygen emission features at 1304, 1027, 989, 878, and 792 Angstrom in the spectra of several planetary atmospheres. We included 22 spectroscopic bound and autoionizing states and 30 pseudostates in the close-coupling expansion. The target wave functions are chosen to properly account for the important correlation and relaxation effects. The effect of coupling to the continuum is included through the use of pseudostates. The contribution of the ionization continuum is significant for resonance transitions. Measured absolute direct excitation cross sections of 0 I are reported by experimental groups from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Johns Hopkins University. Good agreement is noted for the 2p(sup)4 (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3s (sup 3)S(sup 0) transition (lambda 1304 Ang) with measured cross sections from both groups that agree well with each other. There is disagreement between experiments for other transitions. Our results support the measured cross sections from the Johns Hopkins University for the 2p(sup 4) (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3d (sup 3)D(sup 0) and 2p4 (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3s (sup 3)D(sup 0) transitions, while for the 2p4 (sup 3)P-2p(sup 3)3s (sup 3)D(sup 0) transition the agreement is switched to the measured cross sections from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
A variable dimension algorithm for the linear complementarity problem

A variable dimension algorithm is presented for the linear complementarity problems − Mz = q; s,z ≥ 0; sizi = 0 fori = 1,2, ⋯ ,n. The algorithm solves a sequence of subproblems of different dimensions, the sequence being possibly nonmonotonic in the dimension of the subproblem solved. Every subproblem is the linear complementarity problem defined by a leading principal minor of the matrixM. Index-theoretic arguments characterize the points at which nonmonotonic behavior occurs.
Adoption of health promotion practices in a cohort of U.S. physician organizations.

Background Physician organizations such as medical groups and independent practice associations can play a vital role in health promotion through the adoption of effective health promotion practices such as health risk assessments, patient reminder systems, and health promotion education programs. Purpose To examine organizational changes in a cohort of physician organizations and changing health promotion practices. Methods Data for a cohort of 369 physician organizations in the U.S. with 20 or more physicians were collected between September 2000 and September 2001 and subsequently from March 2006 to March 2007. Paired-sample t tests were used to identify changes in physician organization characteristics and the use of nine health promotion practices between 2000–2001 and 2006–2007. Results Compared to 2000–2001, the cohort of physician organizations in 2006–2007 was larger, more likely to be owned by physicians; less likely to be owned by a hospital, health system, or HMO; more profitable; and more likely to use electronic information technology. Between 2000–2001 and 2006–2007, physician organizations increased the use of health risk appraisals to contact high-risk patients and increased the use of reminders for eye exams for diabetic patients. During the same time period, physician organizations decreased the use of nutrition and weight-loss health promotion programs. Conclusions The adding and dropping of programs among physician organizations is due to many factors, including changing regulatory environments, market conditions, populations, and new health promotion technologies. In the coming years, incentives and regulatory policy should encourage the adoption of effective health promotion practices by physician organizations.
SU-FF-T-426: The Response of RadioChromic EBT Film in High-Energy Electron Beams

Purpose: To describe the response of a new radiochromic film to highenergy clinical electron beams. GAFChromic® EBT film was designed primarily for verification of high energy photonIMRT treatments. It has been shown to be a very accurate and convenient photondetector. However, there is no literature on this film's response to high‐energy electron beams. We initiated a study to characterize the response and utility of this film for routine electron beamdosimetry.Method and Materials: The linac was first calibrated to ensure that the delivered dose was known accurately. We exposed a series of EBT films at dmax in polystyrene to 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV electrons to develop standard characteristic curves. All films were from the same batch. We also exposed the EBT films in a solid water phantom to produce central axis depth dose curves. These data were compared against percent depth dose curves measured with either Kodak XV2 film in a solid water cassette, or in a water phantom using an IC‐10 ion chamber or a PTW electron diode. Results: Results showed that the characteristic curve for this film was the same for electron energies from 6–20 MeV. Also, the response of the EBT film along the central axis of the beam matched the central axis percentage depth dose characteristics (R50, Rp) determined using Kodak XV2 film, electron diodes, and corrected ionization chamber measurements. Conclusion: GAFChromic® EBT film is shown to be an accurate detector for clinical electron beam applications. It is convenient to use since the solid water film cassette can be loaded in the linac room and requires no post‐irradiation processing. It gives the same results for electron dosimetry as silver halide films, diodes, and ionization chambers. Research sponsored by International Specialty Products corporation.
Environmental fate and effects of styrene

Abstract Enormous quantities of styrene are produced each year. Monitoring studies show that the concentrations in air usually are less than 10 μg/m3 and the levels in waters are usually less than 20 μg/l. The compound is highly reactive in air, and it readily biodegrades under aerobic conditions in soils and waters. Many evaluations have been made of the toxicity of styrene. Based on the results of these toxicological studies, information on the concentrations of the compound in natural environments, and data showing its reactivity in the air, volatilization from soil and water, and rapid biodegradation, styrene is not deemed to cause deleterious effects on nonmammalian species, mammals, or natural communities of organisms as a consequence of environmental exposures, except in the immediate vicinity of a spill.
A fluorescence study was made of the interaction of (2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-a specific dye-protein interactions☆

Abstract A comparative study was made of the interaction of (2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-acridinyl- N p -aminobenzenearsonate with bovine serum albumin and with specific antibenzearsonate antibodies. The fluorescence increment on binding of the acridine dye to bovine serum albumin was more than 20-fold greater than for the antibodies. Equilibrium dialysis studies, however, showed that two molecules of acridine dye were bound per molecule of bovine serum albumin and of antibody, with close to the same intrinsic equilibrium binding constants in both cases, at pH 9.5 and 25°. Quantitative fluorescence studies of the acridine dye-bovine serum albumin and acridine dye-antibody interactions, as well as fluorescence studies of the dye in nonaqueous solvents, suggest that the acridine dye binds to the two proteins by two quite different mechanisms.
Ubiquity symposium: The science in computer science: computer science revisited

The first article in this symposium, which originally appeared in the Communication the ACM, is courtesy of ACM President Vinton Cerf. Earlier this year, he called on all ACM members to commit to building a stronger science base for computer science. Cerf cites numerous open questions, mostly in software development, that cry out for experimental studies.
How consumers choose a financial institution: decision‐making criteria and heuristics

Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, how consumers choose a financial institution for their checking accounts is investigated in this study. It was found that, although most consumers value convenience as one of the most important decision‐making criteria, their definitions of convenience vary across consumers. How different consumers use different decision‐making criteria and heuristics is reported, and the implications for financial service marketers are drawn from the findings.
Alteration of phenolic antioxidants in heated vegetable oil

Studies were conducted to follow the fate of antioxidants in heated vegetable oil at temperatures approximating those of frying conditions. Samples of vegetable oils spiked with 0.02% [14C] BHA or 0.02% [14C] TBHQ were heated at ca. 180–190 C for 4.5 hr. It was found that 24 and 48% of the radioactivity added as BHA and TBHQ, respectively, remained in the oils. Normal-phase HPLC analyses revealed that 55% of the radiolabel in the heated BHA-oil and 95% in the heated TBHQ-oil were not eluted as parent substances. The as-yet unidentified alteration products in the heated oil appear to be less polar than the added antioxidants.
Distribution of gangliosides, glycoprotein-NANA and acetylcholnesterase in axonal and synaptosomal fractions of cat cerebellum

Mild homogenization of the cat cerebellum and centrifugation of the resultant particulate matter yielded a crude mitochondrial fraction which was further fractionated by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation. The fractions obtained were examined under the electron microscope. Fraction P2A contained large numbers of myelin fragments. Fraction P2B was enriched in segments of unmyelinated axons. Fraction P2C was enriched in axons with their synaptic enlargements. Fractions P2D and P2E were composed predominately of free mitochondria, although axonal segments with bulbar enlargements corresponding to synaptosomes were also seen. Fractions enriched in axons were characterized by a high concentration of gangliosides and acetylcholinesterase (per mg protein). Fractions that contain axons with synaptic enlargements were similarly enriched in these constituents. Glycoprotein-NANA was rather widely distributed, but the concentration of glycoprotein-NANA, per mg protein, was somewhat higher in those fractions that contain axons with attached synaptic enlargements. The distribution of gangliosides and glycoproteins differed so that the ratio of glycoprotein-NANA to ganglioside-NANA increased with increasing particle size or density.
Legal and Illegal Use of the Internet: Implications for Educators.

Abstract School administrators, teachers, staff, and students have legal concerns regarding Web-related issues such as ownership of Web sites and their contents, acceptable use of the Internet for educational purposes, and ownership of e-mails. In this article, the authors review current statutes and laws dealing with copyrights, trademarks, and patents. Their investigation shows that, for faculty, the fair use doctrine in copyright law allows great latitude of use of material on Web sites for classroom activities and research. Because many schools own or lease computers, Web servers, and/or Internet services, they have the right to control their property by setting policies that restrict use of the Internet by students and personnel.
A streamlined random sequencing strategy for finding coding exons.

Abstract The random (shotgun) DNA sequencing strategy is used for most large-scale sequencing projects, including the identification of human disease genes after positional cloning. The principle of the method--sequence assembly from overlap--requires the candidate gene region to be partitioned into 15- to 20-kb pieces (usually λ inserts), themselves randomly subcloned into M13 prior to sequencing with a 6- to 8-fold redundancy. Most often, a time-consuming directed strategy must be invoked to close the remaining gaps. Ultimately, computer-based methods are invoked to locate putative coding exons within the finished genomic sequence. Given the small average size of vertebrate exons, I show here that they can be detected from the computer analysis of the individual runs, much before completion of contiguity. However, the successful assessment of coding potential from the raw data depends on a combination of new sequence masking techniques. When the identification of coding exons is the primary goal, the usual random sequencing strategy can thus be greatly optimized. The streamlined approach requires only a 2- to 2.5-fold sequencing redundancy, can dispense with the subcloning in λ and the closure of gaps, and can be fully automated. The feasibility of this strategy is demonstrated using data from the X-linked Kallmann syndrome gene region.
Dewetting of solids by the formation of holes in macroscopic liquid films

A macroscopic liquid film supported on a solid surface rupture due to hole formation when its thickness is reduced to a certain critical thickness. A theory is presented for obtaining the dependence of the critical thickness on the solid and liquid interfacial tensions and the equilibrium angle of contact between solid and liquid. The theory is based on the thermodynamic argument that when the free energy of the film-solid system becomes equal to or greater than the free energy after the formation of a hole in the liquid film, the film breakup becomes possible. The critical thickness increases with the contact angle in a nonlinear fashion and is directly proportional to the hole radius. The predicted variation of the critical thickness with the contact angle is in qualitative and quantitative agreement with the available data on the rupture of thin, macroscopic (several hundred micrometers thick) liquid films. The present theory provides a criterion for the design of surfaces that remain wettable by liquid films of given thicknesses.
Aqueous oxidation of substituted dihydroxybenzenes by substituted benzoquinones.

Strict anaerobic techniques, HPLC, and spectrophotometry are employed to explore rates of reaction between a series of substituted benzoquinone oxidants and substituted dihydroxybenzene reductants, which represent important redox-active moieties within natural organic matter (NOM). Benzoquinones and dihydroxybenzenes that lack electron-withdrawing substituents exhibit reversible reactions within the acidic range of natural waters. Initial rates for reversible reactions are proportional to [H+]-1, attributable to the greater reactivity of monoprotonated versus diprotonated dihydroxybenzene molecules. Reversible reactions are generally faster for pairs having higher thermodynamic driving force. Concentrations in reversible reactions eventually reach plateau values, which coincide with expected values calculated using standard reduction potentials. If a reactant benzoquinone possesses an electron-withdrawing substituent, reaction progress falls short of expected values. If a product benzoquinone possesses an...
Maternal diabetes increases large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ outward currents that alter action potential properties but do not contribute to attenuated excitability of parasympathetic cardiac motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus of neonatal mice

Previously, we demonstrated that maternal diabetes reduced the excitability and increased small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) currents of parasympathetic cardiac motoneurons (PCMNs) in the nuc...
An autoradiographic study of the temporomandibular articulation in the growing Saimiri sciureus monkey

0 rthodontists are often confronted by patients with dentofacial dysplasias of the lower face resulting from disproportionate mandibular and maxillary growth. In persons with mild deviations, simple tooth movement and realignment are usually sufficient to produce a satisfactorily stable dental occlusion, both esthetically and functionally. In patients with more severe discrepancies, however, the positional interrelationships of the facial bones must be altered in order to obtain clinically acceptable results. In growing persons, clinicians are attempting through the use of various appliances to inhibit, induce, or redirect bone growth. Gross experimentation has shown that both fibrous joints and, to a lesser degree, temporomandibular joints may respond to compression or extension by an alteration of normal remodeling patterns. However, the question of growth inhibition or stimulation must be documented at the cellular level and can be answered only by examining such specific cellular activities as proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The object of the present study is to examine the cellular kinetics of the temporomandibular articulation in the normal young Baimiri sciureus monkey to provide a base line for future experimentation.
Two cases of incompatibility to carbon-coated subperiosteal implants

Two cases of clinical incompatibility of carbon-coated subperiosteal implants are presented. The clinical history and the microscopic features of biopsy material of each case are reviewed. The histologic appearance of tissue from both cases presented scattered particles of carbon surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and tissue eosinophils. Active phagocytosis and Russell's bodies were seen. Large masses of carbon were surrounded by connective tissue. The clinical and microscopic findings suggest an immunologic rejection of the implant-coating material.
Optical modeling activities for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): IV. Overview and introduction of MATLAB based toolkits used to interface with optical design software

This paper is part four of a series on the ongoing optical modeling activities for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The first two papers discussed modeling JWST on-orbit performance using wavefront sensitivities to predict line of sight motion induced blur, and stability during thermal transients. The third paper investigates the aberrations resulting from alignment and figure compensation of the controllable degrees of freedom (primary and secondary mirrors), which may be encountered during ground alignment and on-orbit commissioning of the observatory. The work here introduces some of the math software tools used to perform the work of the previous three papers of this series. NASA has recently approved these in-house tools for public release as open source, so this presentation also serves as a quick tutorial on their use. The tools are collections of functions written for use in MATLAB to interface with optical design software (CODE V, OSLO, and ZEMAX) using either COM or DDE communication protocol. The functions are discussed, and examples are given.
Pasting of Wheat Flour Extrudates Containing Conventional Baking Ingredients

Pasting properties of extrudates affect product quality and can be controlled by addition of ingredients. We determined the effects of 6 conventional baking ingredients (sucrose, nonfat dry milk (NFDM), dry egg, shortcning, glyceryl monostearate (GMS), and sodium bicarbonate) on pasting properties of wheat flour in extrusions using the Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA). Pasting parameters determined included: initial peak, onset, and peak times; peak and breakdown viscosities and differences between them; ascending and descending slopes and the angle between their lines. Sucrose, shortening, and GMS affected pasting properties significantly. GMS had the greatest effects on peak times and viscosity values.
Symmetry-based detection of nuclei in microscopy images

Accurate detection of individual cell nuclei in microscopic images is an essential task for many biological studies. Blur, clutter, bleed through, imaging noise and touching and partially overlapping nuclei with varying sizes and shapes make automated detection of individual cell nuclei a challenging task using image analysis. In this paper we propose an automated method for robust detection of individual cell nuclei in fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) images obtained via confocal microscopy. Our algorithm consists of the following steps: image denoising, binarization, detection of nuclear seed points combining the fast radial symmetric transform (FRST) and a distance-based non-maximum suppression. We show that our algorithm provides improved detection accuracy compared to the existing algorithms.
Computational Modeling and Analysis of Airflow in a Tritium Storage Room

In this study, a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, CFX-5.5, was utilized to assess flow field characteristics, and to simulate tritium gas releases and subsequent transport in a storage room in the tritium handling facility at Los Alamos. This study was done with mesh refinement and results compared. The results show a complex, ventilation-induced flow field with vortices, velocity gradients, and stagnant air pockets. This paper also explains the timedependent gas dispersion results. The numerical analysis method used in this study provides important information that is possible to be validated with an experimental technique of aerosol tracer measurement method frequently used at Los Alamos. Application of CFD can have a favorable impact on the design of ventilation systems and worker safety with consideration to facility costs.
Changes in Forage-Concentrate Ratio of Complete Feeds for Dairy Cows

Abstract Two high-forage complete feeds, 95% forage: 5% concentrate and 80% forage: 20% concentrate, each were fed ad libitum to 32 cows from 28 days prepartum to 4 days postpartum. At this time treatments were changed factorially to two higher-concentrate complete feeds, 60% forage:40% concentrate or 40% forage:60% concentrate, for an additional 28 days. Dry-matter intakes and average milk yields following the diet change (days 4 through 32 postpartum) were 14.4 and 23.8 kg/day, 15.2 and 25.1 kg/day, 14.3 and 23.1 kg/day, and 15.4 and 26.0 kg/day for combinations 95% forage to 60%, 95% to 40%, 80% to 60%, and 80% to 40% forage. Volatile fatty acids, pH, and lactic acid were measured in rumen fluid in eight fistulated cows prepartum and on 1st and 8th day after ration change. Molar percentage of acetic acid was lower and molar percentage of propionic acid was higher 8 days after ration change than either prepartum or 1 day after change. Total concentration of volatile fatty acids was higher and pH was lower on 60% concentrate than on 40%. Lactic acid was low (
A new mean filter ratio technique for edge detection and foreground extraction

Edge detection is the primary step in image segmentation and target detection applications. The edge operators proposed so far in the literature, namely, Canny, Sobel, Prewitt, provide a number of unwanted edges which complicate the foreground object detection process. In this paper, a novel technique is proposed for edge detection and foreground segmentation employing two mean filters of different window sizes. A ratio of the filtered images is taken and normalized. Then a threshold is applied on the histogram of the resultant image to derive the final output which can detect the edges and hence separate the foreground from the background. Performance of the proposed method has been investigated through computer simulation and compared with other existing edge detection techniques using complex reallife image sequences, which verifies that the technique provides better detection results for any input scene.
A Numerical Study of the Initial Mixing Zone Downstream of a Submerged Fish Cage

A fish cage of bi-conical shape (OceanSpar SeaStation 3000) has been placed in the waters of the coast of Ewa, Hawaii. As part of the HOARP Phase II research program, the cage was stocked with 133,000 moi (Pacific threadfin). One of the goals of the work is to examine the nature of the waste product stream of the fully-submerged fish cage. Federal regulations (40 CFR 122.24) require aquaculture systems to obtain a NPDES permit if they annually produce more than 45,454 harvest weight kilograms (about 100,000 pounds) of warm water fish (CWA sections 318 & 402). Should the fish cage in Ewa meet this criterion, it would need to meet the NPDES regulation criteria. This requires that a ‘mixing zone’ be established downstream of the cage. A CFD simulation was made to find the intensity of turbulence downstream of the fish cage. This turbulence increases the diffusion of the pollutant and the size of the mixing zone as a result. Parametric studies have been made to examine the effect of current speed on the initial mixing thereby enabling an estimation of the total mixing downstream of the cage. This estimate of the effective diffusion is essential for the establishment of the boundaries of the mixing zone.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Barriers to EBT Use at Farmers' Markets: Lessons in Empowerment Evaluation from Rural Ohio

Increasing attention and funding are being directed toward enabling low-income individuals to use federal food assistance at farmers' markets. Empowerment evaluation was conducted of the Oxford Farmers Market Uptown's electronic benefit transfer (EBT) program to identify and address barriers preventing individuals from using EBT as payment for locally produced goods. The evaluation revealed that shopping for goods at the farmers' market could be affordable and culturally appropriate but that lack of knowledge about payment options and the perception that the farmers' market was more expensive prevented higher utilization of EBT. Empowerment evaluation produced broadly and locally applicable knowledge and change.
Accuracy and Computational Efficiency in 3D Dispersion via Lattice-Boltzmann: Models for Dispersion in Rough Fractures and Double-Diffusive Fingering

In the presence of buoyancy, multiple diffusion coefficients, and porous media, the dispersion of solutes can be remarkably complex. The lattice-Boltzmann (LB) method is ideal for modeling dispersion in flow through complex geometries; yet, LB models of solute fingers or slugs can suffer from peculiar numerical conditions (e.g., denormal generation) that degrade computational performance by factors of 6 or more. Simple code optimizations recover performance and yield simulation rates up to ~3 million site updates per second on inexpensive, single-CPU systems. Two examples illustrate limits of the methods: (1) Dispersion of solute in a thin duct is often approximated with dispersion between infinite parallel plates. However, Doshi, Daiya and Gill (DDG) showed that for a smooth-walled duct, this approximation is in error by a factor of ~8. But in the presence of wall roughness (found in all real fractures), the DDG phenomenon can be diminished. (2) Double-diffusive convection drives "salt-fingering", a process for mixing of fresh-cold and warm-salty waters in many coastal regions. Fingering experiments are typically performed in Hele-Shaw cells, and can be modeled with the 2D (pseudo-3D) LB method with velocity-proportional drag forces. However, the 2D models cannot capture Taylor–Aris dispersion from the cell walls. We compare 2D and true 3D fingering models against observations from laboratory experiments.
Adaptive Control of Shock Waves with a Passively Morphing Layer for Rotating Blades

Helicopter blades are known to experience complicated unsteady flow conditions during high-speed forward flight. Transonic shock takes place along the advancing side, which decreases the performance of the blades and results in impulsive noise. Adaptive airfoils seem promising for increasing performance at considerably variable flow conditions. In this paper, a blade with a passively morphing layer is presented for transonic shock/boundary layer control at forward flight conditions. The morphing layer embedded in the upper surface of the blade can form an adaptive bump, which in turn can control transonic shock/boundary layer interaction. A fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) enabled simulator is employed to study the performance of the morphing layer at two different forward conditions. The results demonstrate that the adaptive bump formed by the morphing layer could efficiently weaken the strong normal shock over the layer by producing a λ-structural shock. Moreover, the morphing layer retreats to its undeformed state to prevent detrimental effects at weaker shock or shock-free flow. To further increase the performance of the morphing layer, a morphing layer that is inclined with respect to the spanwise direction is used to replace the layer that lies parallel to the spanwise direction. The results indicate that the inclined morphing layer performs better while the shock position takes on a less uniform distribution.
Malignant mastocytosis: a rare and diverse disease—demographics and clinical outcomes for 349 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973-2010)

RESULTS: The 349 cases of MM were evenly distributed between age groups 65. A majority of MM occurred in Caucasians (86.8%) and in the bone marrow (73.4%). 55.6% of patients 65 were male. 55.6% of MM had lymph node invasion. 28.6% of patients >65 had a history of a prior malignancy compared to only 4.8% of patients 50. Multivariate analysis identified age 50-65 (OR 4.9) and age >65 (OR 17.3) as associated with increased mortality.
Guild mobility affects spider diversity: Links between foraging behavior and sensitivity to adjacent vegetation structure

Abstract The movement patterns of species may affect their susceptibility to modified habitat structure. It is likely that sedentary species perceive habitat features at smaller spatial extents compared to mobile species, but there is a lack of experimental research on the effects of fine-scale habitat characteristics on organisms of differing mobility. Spiders display two basic mobility levels based on foraging behavior: web-building species are restricted to specific sites whereas active hunters are mobile. We collected spiders inhabiting sagebrush shrubs with a structurally enhanced, unmodified, or removed understory, to examine (1) whether habitat structure in the immediate vicinity of shrubs affected cursorial and web spiders differently in terms of abundance and species richness and (2) which genera most contributed to changes in community composition. Shrubs without understory had reduced cursorial spider densities and species richness compared to shrubs with added and unmodified understories, whereas web spiders lacked significant responses to treatments. Community-level differences based on relative abundance of genera were detected in cursorial spiders but not in web spiders, despite a strong contribution of the web-building genus Theridion to community dissimilarities. Our results support the hypothesis that sedentary organisms may be sensitive to contiguous habitat at finer spatial scales than cursorial organisms, and highlight the risks associated with only collecting local habitat information when studying mobile species.
Effects of hyperthermia on p53 protein expression and activity.

Although p53 responses after DNA damage have been investigated extensively, p53 responses after heat shock, which exerts cytotoxic action by mechanisms other than direct induction of DNA damage, are less well characterized. We investigated, therefore, the effect of hyperthermic exposures on the levels and DNA-binding activity of p53. Experiments were carried out with U2OS and ML-1 cells, known to express wild-type p53 protein. Although heating at 41 degrees C for up to 6 h had only a small effect on p53 levels or DNA binding activity, exposure to temperatures between 42.5 and 45.5 degrees C caused an immediate decrease in protein levels that was associated with a reduction in DNA binding activity. This observation is compatible with a high lability of p53 to heat shock, or heat sensitivity of the pathway regulating p53 levels in non-stressed cells. When cells were heated to 42.5 degrees C and returned to normal temperatures, a strong p53 response associated with an increase in protein levels and DNA binding activity was observed, suggesting the production of p53-inducing cellular damage. At higher temperatures, however, this response was compromised in an exposure-time-dependent manner. The increase in DNA binding activity was more heat sensitive than the increase in p53 levels and was inhibited at lower temperatures and shorter exposure times. Thus, the pathway of p53 activation is itself heat sensitive and compromised at high levels of exposure. Compared to p53 activation after exposure to ionizing radiation, heat-induced activation is rapid and short lived. When cells were exposed to combined heat and radiation, the response observed approximated that of cells exposed to heat alone. Wortmannin at 10 microM inhibited p53 activation for up to 2 h after heat shock suggesting the involvement of wortmannin-sensitive kinases, such as DNA-PK and ATM. Heat shock causes phosphorylation of p53 at Serine-15, but there is no correlation between phosphorylation at this site and activation of the protein. The results in aggregate indicate p53 activation in the absence of DNA damage by a heat-sensitive mechanism operating with faster kinetics than radiation-induced p53 activation. The former response may induce pathways preventing other stimuli from activating p53, as heat-induced activation of p53 is dominant over activation of p53 by DNA damage in combined-treatment experiments. These observations suggest means for abrogating p53 induction after DNA damage with the purpose of potentiating response and enhancing cell killing.
Data fusion in cyber security: first order entity extraction from common cyber data

The Joint Directors of Labs Data Fusion Process Model (JDL Model) provides a framework for how to handle sensor data to develop higher levels of inference in a complex environment. Beginning from a call to leverage data fusion techniques in intrusion detection, there have been a number of advances in the use of data fusion algorithms in this subdomain of cyber security. While it is tempting to jump directly to situation-level or threat-level refinement (levels 2 and 3) for more exciting inferences, a proper fusion process starts with lower levels of fusion in order to provide a basis for the higher fusion levels. The process begins with first order entity extraction, or the identification of important entities represented in the sensor data stream. Current cyber security operational tools and their associated data are explored for potential exploitation, identifying the first order entities that exist in the data and the properties of these entities that are described by the data. Cyber events that are represented in the data stream are added to the first order entities as their properties. This work explores typical cyber security data and the inferences that can be made at the lower fusion levels (0 and 1) with simple metrics. Depending on the types of events that are expected by the analyst, these relatively simple metrics can provide insight on their own, or could be used in fusion algorithms as a basis for higher levels of inference.
Are Executive Control Functions Related to Autism Symptoms in High-Functioning Children?

Background: Linking autism symptoms to cognitive abilities can expand phenotypic descriptions and facilitate investigations into the etiology and treatment of this multiplex disorder. Executive dysfunction is one of several potential cognitive phenotypes in autism. Method: Archival clinical data on 89 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders and administered a large neuropsychological battery were evaluated for relationships between executive functioning and autism symptoms. Results: Significant relationships between both laboratory tasks and behavior rating scales of executive functions and autism symptoms were identified. Multiple regression analyses revealed that measures of semantic fluency, divided auditory attention, and behavioral regulation were significantly correlated with autism symptoms, even after accounting for the variance from correlated “nuisance variables,” such as vocabulary and age. Conclusions: Executive dysfunction is related to all three clusters of behavioral symptoms in A...