cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological Characteristics and Goals of Caregivers Choosing Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Background Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can improve glycemic outcomes in pediatric type 1 diabetes management. However, its impact on the psychosocial functioning of caregivers is less well described. The objectives of this pilot study were to explore caregiver reasons for adding CGM to their child’s type 1 diabetes management, parental psychosocial function before initiating CGM, and the relationship between the two. Methods Thirty-two families with a child with type 1 diabetes from Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital diabetes clinics who were initiating CGM were recruited over 3 months. Before CGM initiation, the caregivers completed the Fear of Hypoglycemia Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, and a questionnaire assessing their primary reason for starting CGM. Participant characteristics and questionnaire results were summarized with descriptive statistics. Participants were grouped by reason for starting CGM, and results were compared among groups using ANOVA and reporting the global F test. Results Fifty percent of respondents indicated that they were starting CGM to optimize glycemic control. The majority of parents (71.8%) expressed worry about helplessness during a hypoglycemic episode. There were no statistically significant differences in patient characteristics or questionnaire results between groups. Forty-three percent of participating families started using CGM during the study’s 8-month follow-up period. The main reason (64%) for not starting CGM was not having the chance to start the process of obtaining a CGM system. There were no statistically significant differences between children who did and did not start CGM. Conclusion Caregivers have different reasons for starting CGM for their child with type 1 diabetes. Further studies are needed to understand whether these reasons are related to differences in psychosocial functioning. Despite interest in starting CGM, there remain barriers to implementation.
Simulation of microbubble displacement and normalized singular spectrum area measurements of microbubble signals in a vessel phantom

Targeted ultrasound contrast agents, known as microbubbles (MBs), are used to enhance the utility of diagnostic ultrasound molecular imaging. Previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have demonstrated that normalized singular spectrum area (NSSA) can be used to differentiate adherent MB signals from free MB signals as well as from background tissue. We developed a simulation approach to test the hypothesis that the intermediate NSSA values observed in adherent MBs were due to small displacements occurring during exposure to blood flow. We also compared the NSSA mapping result from the simulation with the experimental result. A strong linear correlation between the NSSA values in simulation and experiment suggest that our simulation is reproducing the physical interactions occurring in experimental data and giving rise to the observable NSSA.
Non-laser Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (biTURP) is an endoscopic technique that is similar to monopolar TURP. Monopolar loop electrode has been the cornerstone of surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Several key historical developments in the surgical management of BPH have had a major impact on this procedure. We describe key steps in the preoperative, operative, and postoperative settings, with particular focus on the surgical technique and patient preparation for biTURP. In addition, we outline key studies characterizing efficacy, durability, and safety outcomes for this technique.
Eukaryotic DNA metabolism. Are deoxyribonucleotides channeled to replication sites

DNA precursor biosynthesis is closely coordinated with DNA replication itself. In prokaryotic systems, firm evidence supports the idea that this coordination is achieved through the action of multienzyme complexes that physically link the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides with their utilization in DNA replication. Much evidence favors a similar channeling mechanism in eukaryotes. However, recent studies suggest strongly that in mammalian cells DNA precursors are synthesized in cytoplasm and are then transported into the nucleus. This article reviews the pertinent evidence, attempts to reconcile contradictory findings, and highlights areas that need further investigation.
Trailing Anemometer for Low Airspeed Calibration

A propeller-type trailing airspeed anemometer system is described for low airspeed (M not exceeding 0.2) calibration which has improved accuracy and is easy to implement as compared to most methods currently in use. The trailing anemometer system consists of the trailing anemometer itself, a deployment mechanism, and an operator's control box. The trailing anemometer is a small low-drag brass body provided with tail fins for self-alignment with the airstream. The rotational speed of a small six-bladed low-inertia propeller is sensed with a miniature self-generating tachometer inside the anemometer. A very satisfactory airspeed calibration can be made with this device in which true airspeed can be measured to within 1 knot. Results from flight calibration of an aircraft and trail-back characteristics of the anemometer and cable are included. The operating speed range of the designed cable-anemometer combination is 7 to 165 knots.
Application of Molecular Imprinting Technique in Organophosphorus Pesticides Detection

Molecular imprinting technique offers a means of producing practical materials that are able to recognize a certain molecule in terms of shape, size and chemical functionality. In order to obtain a highly selective recognition of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), we synthesized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using pirimiphos-methyl as the template, methacrylic acid as the monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. After polymerization, molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) was used for the selective preconcentration of OPPs. The preparation methods and synthesis conditions of MIPs were discussed, and the specificity of MIPs and nonimprinted polymers were investigated. The results showed that MIPs enable the selective extraction of pirimiphos-methyl successfully from water sample, and demonstrated the potential of MISPE for selective and cost-effective sample pretreatment.
Space 2000: Meeting the Challenge of a New Era

The focus of the present book is on the variety of past and future human activities in space. NASA's response to the Challenger explosion is discussed and an overview is given of the agency's relations with foreign competitors in the 1980s. The practical uses of space are described with attention given to communications satellites, the orbital high ground (weather watching, spying, and SDI), earth science, and materials processing in space. Other topics include the exploration of the near and distant universe, and permanent stations in space and on the moon.
Arrangement of nitrogenase structural genes in an aerobic filamentous nonheterocystous cyanobacterium

Members of the marine filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacterial genus Trichodesmium not only are capable of fixing nitrogen aerobically in the light but when grown under a light-dark cycle will fix nitrogen only during the light phase. In this study, we constructed a restriction map of the structural nitrogen fixation genes (nifHDK) in Trichodesmium sp. strain NIBB 1067. We found that the organization of the nif genes in Trichodesmium sp. strain NIBB 1067 is contiguous, as found in other nonheterocystous cyanobacteria and in heterocysts. Furthermore, the nif gene arrangement was identical when the cultures were grown with combined nitrogen or under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Therefore, no gene rearrangements occur, such as those that occur during the development of heterocysts in heterocystous species.
Retiming of circuits with single phase transparent latches

An algorithm is developed for the retiming of single phase sequential circuits with level sensitive (transparent) latches. A set of constraints that permit retiming and optimal clock cycle computation are also developed. It is shown that a design with edge-triggered latches may be tested for speed-up using transparent latches. >
Mechanisms for maintaining cell shape in rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria

For the rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, changes in cell shape have critical consequences for motility, immune system evasion, proliferation and adhesion. For most bacteria, the peptidoglycan cell wall is both necessary and sufficient to determine cell shape. However, how the synthesis machinery assembles a peptidoglycan network with a robustly maintained micron-scale shape has remained elusive. To explore shape maintenance, we have quantified the robustness of cell shape in three Gram-negative bacteria in different genetic backgrounds and in the presence of an antibiotic that inhibits division. Building on previous modelling suggesting a prominent role for mechanical forces in shape regulation, we introduce a biophysical model for the growth dynamics of rod-shaped cells to investigate the roles of spatial regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis, glycan-strand biochemistry and mechanical stretching during insertion. Our studies reveal that rod-shape maintenance requires insertion to be insensitive to fluctuations in cell-wall density and stress, and even a simple helical pattern of insertion is sufficient for over sixfold elongation without significant loss in shape. In addition, we demonstrate that both the length and pre-stretching of newly inserted strands regulate cell width. In sum, we show that simple physical rules can allow bacteria to achieve robust, shape-preserving cell-wall growth.
Isometric and swallowing tongue strength in healthy adults

Objectives/Hypothesis The tongue contributes to a safe swallow. It facilitates bolus control during mastication, maintains a bolus in the oral cavity to prevent premature entry of the bolus into the hypopharynx, and helps generate pressure in the hypopharynx during swallowing. This study examined isometric tongue strength and tongue pressure measured during swallowing in healthy young and older adults. Study Design Prospective group design. Methods One hundred twenty-six healthy individuals who were recruited as part of a larger study on swallowing participated in this study. Participants were divided into three age groups: 20 to 40 years, 41 to 60 years, and ≥61 years. A KayPentax Digital Swallowing Workstation with an air-filled bulb array was placed on the tongue of each participant (anterior to posterior). Participants completed three isometric tongue presses and three swallows. Results Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed a significant main effect of age (P = .01) and gender by tongue bulb location interaction (P = .02) for isometric tongue strength. That is, older adults had lower isometric tongue strength than young adults, and females had a greater difference between anterior and posterior tongue strength than males. Tongue strength during swallowing yielded significantly greater anterior versus posterior tongue pressure. Conclusions This study comprises one of the largest in terms of number of healthy participants reported to date and confirms previous findings that isometric tongue strength decreases with age. Furthermore, given young and older adults generate similar swallowing pressures, swallowing is a submaximal strength activity, yet older adults have less functional reserve. Laryngoscope, 123:2469–2473, 2013
Pilots for space tourism

Abstract This article sheds light on the key player needed for any space tourism adventure: the pilot who flies the spacecraft. The paper addresses the potential benefits of including a pilot at the controls when designing a space tourism spacecraft. It examines the basic qualifications and advanced skills required of space tourism pilots and discusses key training requirements for selected pilots and space pilots' pay and benefits. In addition, the research concludes that, just as the pioneers of passenger transport in aviation entertained and captured the interest of their passengers, the space pilot should have the skills of a tour guide.
Magnetism and the αβ phase transition in solid oxygen

Abstract The electronic condition of α and β solid O2 were calculated in a full many-body approach for a cluster consisting of four O2 molecules with periodic boundary conditions. Only the partially occupied π orbitals (sixteen spin-orbitals, eight electrons) were included. The lowest 81 many-body states, which correspond to neutral, unexcited molecules, describe accurately the magnetic excitations of the solids. The two phases have very different spectra resulting, even at very low temperatures, in a large difference in the (magnetic) entropy. The calculated entropy difference at 23.9 K (the αβ phase transition temperature) agrees surprisingly well with the experimentally measured heat of transfomation.
Inner-Ages of Middle-Aged Prime-Lifers.

A comprehensive survey examined three age-role self-concepts: cognitive, ideal, and social ages. Participants were forty to sixty-nine years old and viewed themselves as middle-aged. The investigation reviewed inner-age research and evaluated inner-age infra-structure (with t-tests and correlations), as well as connections between inner-age and participants' characteristics (with covariates, partial correlations, and regressions) in the context of eight psychographic trait-sets (sex-identity, quality-of-life, health, self-consciousness, societal traits, venturesomeness, supermarket shopping involvement, and exercise activities). The three inner ages, while closely interrelated diverged in their distribution patterns, in mean ages, as well as (after removal of birth age's linear effects) in their covariates and correlates.
The Importance of the Law for E-Commerce Strategies

Abstract A lack of awareness of legal environment issues can lead to missteps as well as missed opportunities by IS practitioners and researchers. This article focuses on three areas in which the law is having a significant impact today on E-commerce: intellectual property, jurisdiction, and defamation. After case examples are provided, suggestions for additional research are offered.
Efficient routing in TDM optically interconnected multiprocessor systems

Routing performance of optical interconnection networks is limited by the complexity of switches and the connectivity of the networks. One way to overcome these limitations is to allocate the network bandwidth in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) way. More specifically, an appropriate subset of input-to-output connections can be established during a time slot and all possible connections are established within several time slots. That is, the network is reconfigured with time division multiplexing at an appropriate degree to emulate a fully connected network. Message routing can be done by selecting an appropriate time slot in which the required connection is established. However, the connection latency, which is equal to the multiplexing degree, may be prohibitive in a large network. To reduce the latency, only a subset of all possible connections needs to be established in the network with time-division multiplexing as required by applications. Network reconfiguration with TDM may be done either statically or dynamically. Static reconfiguration can be based on compile time analysis of an application program, while dynamic reconfiguration is controlled at run time. With time- multiplexing, several virtual networks are created in the time domain and the control overhead can be amortized over the number of virtual networks. Simulation studies have been carried out and results show that dynamic reconfiguration with TDM can effectively ease the communication bottlenecks.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Magnetic quantum oscillations in quasi-two-dimensional systems

Abstract The energy eigenvalues for electrons moving in two dimensions in the presence of a magnetic field are investigated. It is found that quantum oscillations similar to the de Haas-van Alphen effect can occur, even with open orbits, provided the Fermi energy is not very much greater than the energy of the last closed orbit. We also discuss the condition for effective two-dimensionality in three-dimensional systems. For closed orbits in the plane perpendicular to the field, energy gaps are found in the density of states when the Landau level spacing exceeds the bandwidth in the direction parallel to the field.
Comparison of the biologic actions of corticotropin-releasing factor and sauvagine.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a peptide isolated from ovine hypothalamus, and sauvagine, a peptide isolated from frog skin, share significant structural homology and elicit a number of similar biological responses. CRF is more potent than sauvagine in stimulating pituitary ACTH secretion. Sauvagine, however, is 5–10 times more potent than CRF to act within the brain to increase plasma levels of catecholamines and glucose and to elevate mean arterial pressure. Sauvagine is likewise more potent than CRF to act outside the brain to increase superior mesenteric artery flow and plasma glucose concentrations and to decrease mean arterial pressure. CRF and sauvagine produce important effects representative of biologically active peptides.
A life cycle for modeling and simulation

Conducting large-scale complex modeling and simulation (M&S) projects continues to pose significant challenges for M&S engineers, project managers, and sponsoring organizations. This paper presents a M&S life cycle to alleviate the challenges. The M&S life cycle describes a framework for organization of the processes, work products, quality assurance activities, and project management activities required to develop, use, maintain, and reuse a M&S application from birth to retirement. It provides guidance to a M&S developer (engineer), manager, organization, and community of interest. The M&S life cycle specifies the work products to be created by executing the corresponding processes, together with the integrated verification, validation, and quality assurance activities. The M&S life cycle is critically needed to modularize and structure a M&S application development, and to provide valuable guidance for conducting a M&S project successfully.
Use of Photochemical Titrations in Quantitative ESR

Abstract A preliminary study of the combination of ESR and photochemical titration has been carried out by titration of Cu(II) in basic isopropanol solvent. Reduced anthraquinone radical ion was generated photolytically in situ using a low pressure Hg lamp. Titrations were carried out directly in the cavity of the ESR spectrometer and the first derivative signal at 3270 G due to paramagnetic Cu(II)-ammonia complex was monitored continuously. Stirring was not necessary. Linear calibration plots for Cu(II) were obtained over the range of 0.30 to 5.00 mM Cu(II) with RSDs of about 2%. Although there is a mutual interference between 02 and Cu(II) which limits this particular determination, photochemical titration with an ESR end point is definitely a feasible and promising analytical method.
On the validity of the ‘Brazilian’ test for brittle materials

Abstract Failure in the Brazilian tensile test (diametral compression of a disc) is analysed on the basis of a Griffith-type fracture criterion, empirically generalised for an arbitrary ratio between uniaxial compressive strength and uniaxial tensile strength. Results indicate that failure may occur away from the centre of the test disc for small angles of loading contact area with materials of low compression-tension ratios. In such cases the ‘tensile strength’ as usually calculated from test results, is lower than the true value.
Binding Sequence And Coupling Of H+ And Na+ Ions In The Glutamate Transporter (glt)

Substrate transport in GlT is catalyzed by co-transport of three Na+ (Na1, Na2 and Na3) and one H+, and counter-transport of one K+. The crystal structure of GlT, however, provides information only about the position of the substrate and two Na+ ions. In order to investigate the transport cycle in GlT, therefore, the first step is to identify the binding sites for the H+ and for the third Na+ ion. Careful examination of the structure in the context of the possible transport pathway indicates that there are only two titratable acidic residues (Asp312 and Asp405) that might serve as the H+ binding site during the transport cycle. We have performed a set of MD simulations (30 ns each) with different combinations of substrate and protonation states of Asp405 and Asp312. Our simulations show that water has no access to Asp312, but can easily reach Asp405 in the apo state, suggesting that Asp405 is possibly the first H+ binding site. The access of Asp312 to the extracellular solution is blocked by an H-bond network between Asn310, Asn401, and Asp405. Interestingly, protonation of Asp405 results in disruption of this network allowing access of water to Asp312. In search for the third Na+ binding site, a water molecule near Asp312 (a putative Na+ binding site) was randomly replaced by a Na+ at the beginning of four independent simulations. The placed Na+ was observed to move into and be stabilized by a binding site formed by Asp312, Thr92, Asn310 and Ser93. Based on these results, we propose that H+ binding precedes that of Na3, as protonation of Asp405 is required for hydration of Asp312 and providing access for Na+ binding.
Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

• Recent research on schizophrenia has demonstrated that in this disorder the brain is not, strictly speaking, normal. The findings suggest that nonspecific histopathology exists in the limbic system, diencephalon, and prefrontal cortex, that the pathology occurs early in development, and that the causative process is inactive long before the diagnosis is made. If these findings are valid and not epiphenomena, then the pathogenesis of schizophrenia does not appear to fit either traditional metabolic, posttraumatic, or neurodegenerative models of adult mental illness. The data are more consistent with a neurodevelopmental model in which a fixed "lesion" from early in life interacts with normal brain maturational events that occur much later. Based on neuro-ontological principles and insights from animal research about normal brain development, it is proposed that the appearance of diagnostic symptoms is linked to the normal maturation of brain areas affected by the early developmental pathology, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The course of the illness and the importance of stress may be related to normal maturational aspects of dopaminergic neural systems, particularly those innervating prefrontal cortex. Some implications for future research and treatment are considered.
Interaction of water with self-assembled monolayers of alkylsilanes on mica.

The interaction of water with self-assembled alkylsilane monolayers on mica substrates has been studied using an atomic force microscope operated in contact, noncontact, and electrical polarization...
Reprogramming in the absence of DNA synthesis in Galleria larval epidermis.

Larval epidermal cells from a day-1 penultimate instar Galleria larva on implantation into day-5 last instar larva metamorphose and deposit a pupal cuticle at the same time as the host pupates. DNA synthesis in the implanted larval cells was monitored with 3H-thymidine. Various regimens of 3H-thymidine application were used and under no conditions did the larval cells incorporate label during the period from implantation to deposition of pupal cuticle. This suggests that a wax moth larval ectoderm cell can reprogram its genome to secrete a pupal cuticle without a precedent cell division.
The exercise phonocardiogram in mitral stenosis

Abstract Eighteen of 20 patients with moderate and severe mitral stenosis had positive exercise phonocardiographic tests. None of the 10 patients with mild stenosis had a positive test. Pour of 7 patients who had positive tests preoperatively and were retested after mitral valvotomy had negative tests. The exercise phonocardiogram is a simple procedure for evaluating the severity of mitral stenosis.
Assembly of recombinant TFIID reveals differential coactivator requirements for distinct transcriptional activators.

Abstract We previously reported that transcriptional regulators can bind selected TAF subunits of the TFIID complex. However, the specificity and function of individual TAFs in mediating transcriptional activation remained unknown. Here we report the in vitro assembly and transcriptional properties of TBF-TAF complexes reconstituted from the nine recombinant subunits of Drosophila TFIID. A minimal complex containing TBP and TAF II 250 directs basal but not activator-responsive transcription. By contrast, reconstituted holo-TFIID supports activation by an assortment of activators. The activator NTF-1, which binds TAF II 150, stimulates transcription with a complex containing only TBP, TAF II 250, and TAF II 150, whereas Sp1 binds and additionally requires TAF II 110 for activation. Interestingly, TAF II 150 enhances Sp1 activation even though this subunit does not bind directly to Sp1. These results establish that specific subcomplexes of TFIID can mediate activation by different classes of activators and suggest that TAFs perform multiple functions during activation.
An unusual fluorescence evolution of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles generated from a cadmium oxide/trioctylphosphine selenide/trioctylphosphine heterogeneous system

In this Letter, we present a novel way to synthesize cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles from a heterogeneous system only containing cadmium oxide, trioctylphosphine, and trioctylphosphine selenide. Due to the relatively slow reaction rate in this system, an unusual fluorescence evolution, i.e., the blue-shift of the fluorescence peak during the early reaction stages, was surprisingly observed in a long time period (up to 3 h). The reason for this interesting phenomenon is preliminarily attributed to the gradual removal of the surface-related defects or traps when the particle size increases slowly.
cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) alters microtubule assembly dynamics.

Abstract Cisplatin is an highly effective chemotherapeutic agent which produces a cumulative dose-limiting peripheral neuropathy. In this study, a possible role for microtubule abnormalities in cisplatin-induced toxicity was explored. CD rats (300 g) were injected daily ip with five doses of cisplatin (2 mg/kg) or every other day ip with two doses of cisplatin (10 mg/kg). The day after the last dose, the rats were killed and tubulin was purified from their testes. The maximal rate of cold-induced microtubule disassembly was consistently slower for testis tubulin purified from cisplatin-treated rats compared with control rats. Overnight in vitro coincubation of polymerized bovine brain tubulin with cisplatin followed by a purifying cycle of assembly and disassembly yielded tubulin capable of forming morphologically normal but short microtubules (average length: cisplatin-treated, 2.5 μm; control, 3.7 μm). Cisplatin coincubation markedly reduced the rate of cold-induced microtubule disassembly, producing a half-maximal effect at approximately 0.3 m m . The cold stability of cisplatin-treated microtubules could be partially reversed by diethyldithiocarbamate. Carboplatin, a cisplatin analog which does not cause clinical peripheral neuropathy, was less capable of producing microtubule disassembly abnormalities. These findings demonstrate the ability of cisplatin to alter microtubule disassembly by direct tubulin modification, an abnormality which may contribute to cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Ontogeny of leukemic cells of the soft shell clam.

Abstract A leukemic disease of the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria , has been identified along the east coast of the United States since 1977. This disease, first called hematopoietic neoplasia, is characterized by circulating tumor cells which are found in the hemolymph even before significant tissue invasion or localization of the cells can be demonstrated. The ontogeny of the leukemic cells, however, has not been resolved and remains an area of controversy. Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) developed by our laboratory were screened for specificity against the leukemic cell and normal hemocytes using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The method demonstrated that a new Mab “4A9” reacted both with leukemic cells and with a small subpopulation of normal circulating hemocytes (NSC). Mab 4A9 not only stained leukemic cells and NSC in peripheral hemolymph, but, more importantly, reacted specifically with another cell, the “connective tissue cell” (CTC) in clams with leukemia. The data presented in this paper show that Mab 4A9 stains a subset of normal circulating cells, leukemic cells, and the CTCs. These data lead to the hypothesis that the CTC may be the cell of origin for not only the NSC (a normal hemocyte) but also for the leukemic cell.
Physical activity is associated with cognitive processing speed in persons with multiple sclerosis

The impairment of cognitive processing speed is common, disabling, and poorly managed in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study examined the association between objectively-measured physical activity and cognitive processing speed (CPS) in a large sample of persons with MS. Patients (N=212) underwent two valid neuropsychological tests of CPS, completed the Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), and wore an ActiGraph model GT3X accelerometer during the waking hours of a 7-day period for objectively measuring physical activity as steps/day. Physical activity was significantly associated with CPS (r=.39, p<.01), even when controlling for age, sex, and education (pr=.26, p<.01). This association was attenuated, but still significant after further controlling for T25FW performance (pr=.13, p=.03). Physical activity behavior is positively and independently, albeit weakly, associated with CPS in persons with MS, and may play an important role in managing this aspect of cognition as it does in other outcomes in MS.
An Empirical Investigation of a General Theory of Marketing Ethics

Using a scenario technique, the study tests a core portion of Hunt and Vitell’s (1986) general theory of marketing ethics in the context of a marketing research ethical dilemma. The results provide substantial support for the relationships proposed in this part of the model. Two additional hypotheses are confirmed. First, ethical judgments to resolve the dilemma are found to be jointly determined by deontological and teleological evaluations. Second, the relationship between ethical judgment and intention to adopt an ethical alternative is attenuated when its implementation does not result in a preferred consequence. Research limitations and recommendations are offered.
Processing and presentation of hen egg-white lysozyme by macrophages.

Abstract The processing and presentation by macrophages of the well-defined protein hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) was analyzed using two HEL-specific T cell hybridomas. The processing studies revealed that both clones required that native HEL be processed, while neither clone required any processing of a, tryptic digest of lysozyme. A differential requirement for processing was found for the intact, denatured lysozyme (CM-HEL) with one clone (2A11) requiring processing, and a second clone (3A9) did not require any processing. The determinant on the HEL molecule that both clones recognized was localized to a tryptic fragment containing residues 46 to 61. By testing the immunogenicity of fragments of the 46-61 peptide, mouse lysozyme, and human lysozyme, we were able to localize the T cell determinant to either of two residues, Gly-49 or Leu-56.
Waging a Just Revolution: Just War Criteria in the Context of Oppression

In 1983 the US Catholic bishops noted that “insufficient analytical attention has been given to the moral issues of revolutionary warfare.” Decades later systematic analysis of armed revolutionary resistance remains a lacuna within theological scholarship on war and peacemaking. While nonviolence is always preferable, traditional just war criteria can and should be revised to provide guidelines for ethical, armed, revolutionary resistance. Examining the just war criteria of legitimate authority, last resort, and proportionality not from the perspective of society’s dominant classes but from that of the oppressed begins to yield a theory of just revolution. When properly met, revised understandings of the just war criteria allow for limited armed resistance as a moral response to severe repression.
Learning Cycles in Art History

Art history has traditionally been taught by the lecture method.1 The general public believes that only experts talk about art, and our teaching has done little to dispel this idea. Students leave introductory classes able to repeat what the professor has said but are very hesitant to express their own ideas. The active learning method I have incorporated into my art history survey classes encourages stu dents to begin to express their ideas about what they see. It is a method that can be used in almost any field of study and has special advantages for instruc tors of introductory classes. The method described here is derived from the ADAPT Program (Accent on Developing Advanced Process of Thought) begun in 1975 at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. A number of courses are offered within this program, including physics, mathematics, Eng lish, and anthropology. The ADAPT program was set up to apply Jean Piaget's research on cognitive develop ment to classroom learning. Although the instructional methods described here can be implemented without the in structor's adopting Piaget's learning theory, a brief description of the rele vant aspects of Piaget's model of cogni tive development may be useful.
Use of pyrosequencing to identify point mutations in domain V of 23S rRNA genes of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

A pyrosequencing assay was used for the rapid characterization of linezolid-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The assay identified base substitutions in copies of the 23S rRNA gene and determined the percentage of alleles with the mutation. Modifications of the assay were necessary to identify all mutations in the 23S rRNA genes of S. epidermidis that were associated with linezolid resistance. A C2534T mutation was identified in S. epidermidis that was not previously reported in a linezolid-resistant isolate.
Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Abstract Background context Cervical spondylotic myelopathy has traditionally been managed through surgical decompression with or without reconstruction. Currently, a multicenter, blinded clinical trial that has supported such a therapeutic recommendation does not exist. There have been case-control studies that have and have not shown long-standing benefit to surgical decompression and reconstruction. Purpose The purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of nonoperative therapy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Conclusions It appears that both static and dynamic factors play a role in the pathophysiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Furthermore, once clinical cervical spondylotic myelopathy is evident, progression may occur despite the best of treatments, both surgical and nonsurgical.
ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN CULTURED HUMAN FIBROBLASTS

Abstract Metachromatic granules in cultured fibroblasts have been reported for several diseases. Isolation of intracellular mucopolysaccharides highlights three different chemical patterns: (1) a striking increase of dermatan sulphate (Hurler, Hunter, Sanfilippo, Hurler variant, late infantile amaurotic familial idiocy), (2) a striking increase in hyaluronic acid (Marfan), and (3) an increase in total content with a normal qualitative distribution of polysaccharides (cystic fibrosis, Fabry, Morquio, Gaucher, and Krabbe). Fibroblasts obtained from symptom-free heterozygotes also show an increase in intracellular mucopolysaccharides.
Bacteriophage T4 Dda Helicase Translocates in a Unidirectional Fashion on Single-stranded DNA

The T4 bacteriophage Dda helicase is believed to be involved in early events in T4 DNA replication and has been shown to stimulate genetic recombination processes in vitro. Dda unwinds double-stranded DNA with 5′ to 3′ polarity but its ability to translocate on DNA has not been established. The DNA stimulated ATPase activity of Dda helicase has been used to probe translocation on single-strand DNA (ssDNA). Dda exhibits higher ATPase activity in the presence of poly(dT) than oligo(dT)16, indicating that Dda translocates on ssDNA. Oligonucleotides containing biotin/streptavidin blocks on the 5′ or 3′ end were used to probe directionality of translocation. The Kact (Km for DNA) for Dda ATPase activity was reduced in the presence of a streptavidin block on the 3′ end, whereas a streptavidin block on the 5′ end had only a small effect on the steady-state ATPase parameters. These results suggest that Dda translocates unidirectionally in a 5′ to 3′ manner and upon encountering the block remains bound to the oligonucleotide rather than sliding off the 3′ end. The direction of translocation on ssDNA is consistent with the direction in which Dda unwinds duplex DNA and is not dependent on duplex structure.
Prediction of In Vivo Knee Joint Kinematics Using a Combined Dual Fluoroscopy Imaging and Statistical Shape Modeling Technique

Using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) images to construct 3D knee models has been widely used in biomedical engineering research. Statistical shape modeling (SSM) method is an alternative way to provide a fast, cost-efficient, and subject-specific knee modeling technique. This study was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using a combined dual-fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) and SSM method to investigate in vivo knee kinematics. Three subjects were studied during a treadmill walking. The data were compared with the kinematics obtained using a CT-based modeling technique. Geometric root-mean-square (RMS) errors between the knee models constructed using the SSM and CT-based modeling techniques were 1.16 mm and 1.40 mm for the femur and tibia, respectively. For the kinematics of the knee during the treadmill gait, the SSM model can predict the knee kinematics with RMS errors within 3.3 deg for rotation and within 2.4 mm for translation throughout the stance phase of the gait cycle compared with those obtained using the CT-based knee models. The data indicated that the combined DFIS and SSM technique could be used for quick evaluation of knee joint kinematics.
I-Resonance Perturbation of IR Intensities in 12C2H2 near 13.7 μm

Abstract Using TDL and FT spectrometric data at 0.0005 and 0.0025 cm −1 spectral resolution, respectively, individual line intensities of the ν 5 fundamental and the seven strongest hot bands, ν 4 + ν 5 ← ν 4 and 2ν 5 ← ν 5 , of 12 C 2 H 2 in the 13.7-μm region have been measured. Except for the 2ν 2 f 5 ← ν 1 f 5 hot band, strong intensity perturbation due to l -type doubling and resonances have been quantitatively determined for all hot bands. The zeroth-order vibrational dipole moment derivative for the ν 5 bending mode is identical within 10% for all bands observed. Since an extra factor of 1 2 appears in the square vibrational transition moment for the combination band, its intensity is reduced by half and is comparable in magnitude to the 2ν 5 ← ν 5 hot bands. For the ν 5 fundamental a square dipole moment derivative of Γ 2 v = 0.09069(24)D 2 has been determined.
A Note on the Analysis of Vacuum Tube and Transistor Circuits

A simple method is described for setting up the node (or mesh) equations for vacuum tube and transistor circuits. The method is based on the use of admittance (or impedance) coefficients tables for the vacuum tube and the transistor. It does not involve the replacement of the vacuum tube and the transistor by their equivalent circuits, and hence does not require a redrawing of the circuit diagram. With the aid of the tables, the node (or mesh) equations are set up directly from inspection of the circuit diagram and without the use of any intermediate steps.
Solubility characteristics of synthetic silicate sulphate apatites

Isomorphic substitution of (Si, S) for phosphorus in apatite (Ca5(PO)3F) was investigated in the solid solution series from P-apatite to (Si, S)-apatite utilizing compositions of Ca5(PO4)3−x (SiO4)x/2(SO4)x/2F with x=0, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 2.25, 3. Study of the solubility characteristics of these apatites showed an increased weight loss in water with progression from the P-apatite end member to the (Si, S)-apatite end member. Experimentally determined pKsp decreased from 60.62 for the fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) to 31.65 for fluorellestadite (Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5F). The free energy of formation calculated from the solubility product became less negative from −6755 kJ mol −1 for fluorapatite to −5760 kJ mol −1 for fluorellestadite.
Longitudinal retractive force in pressurized dog and human arteries

Experiments were performed to examine longitudinal retractive force in pressurized arteries in vitro. This force opposes vessel elongation and prevents the development of tortuosity. Common carotid arteries were excised from six adult dogs and external iliac arteries were excised from six elderly male humans at autopsy. Each vessel was mounted in a tissue bath at in situ length and was pressurized. Longitudinal retractive force was measured under control conditions and after treatment with elastase or collagenase. Results showed that, in the dog vessels, elastin provides all of the longitudinal retractive force. In the aged human vessels, both elastin and collagen provide longitudinal retractive force, with elastin contributing the much greater part.
Redox-Active Molecular Wires Incorporating Ruthenium(II) σ-Arylacetylide Complexes for Molecular Electronics

The preparation and properties of novel ruthenium carbon-rich complexes for molecular electronics are reported. The synthetic procedure used in this work led to the first series of neutral redox-active conjugated molecular wires including mono-, bi-, and trimetallic bis(σ-arylacetylide) complexes (RunNC and CNRunNC, n = 1–3) having 1,4-diethynylbenzene spacers and one or two isocyanide terminal groups for surface binding. An analogous cationic σ-arylacetylide-allenylidene molecule (AllRuNC+) is also reported. These new structurally rigid complexes have lengths ranging from 1.8 to 4.5 nm and are excellent candidates for the building of alternative metal−molecule−metal junctions. Indeed, the molecules uniquely contain up to three metal-redox centers that are efficiently coupled by conjugated ligands to provide significant electronic communication along the molecular backbone, as indicated by the optical and electrochemical properties. Furthermore, the wires offer multiple low potential redox states that can...
African American disproportionality and disparity in child welfare: Toward a comprehensive conceptual framework

Abstract The disproportional representation and disparity experienced by African American children and families in the child welfare system have received increasing attention over the past three decades. A review of the literature for explanatory factors and conceptual frameworks reveals that, as with the general definitions of disproportionality and disparity, there is a need for increased precision and refinement of the current frameworks used to explain the occurrence of these phenomena in the child welfare system. In order to address these issues, an alternate conceptual framework is proposed, with explanatory factors organized into five major paths: 1) Disproportionate Need; 2) Human Decision-Making; 3) Agency-System Factors; 4) Placement Dynamics; and 5) Policy Impact. This comprehensive framework aims to enhance the theoretical basis relevant to future research, critical thinking, and analyzing responses to the issues of disproportionality and disparity in child welfare.
A technique for on-line sensitivity analysis of flexible manufacturing systems

The recent perturbation analysis approach to discrete event systems is applied to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). While analytic (queueing) models are useful in preliminary design of such systems, they are not accurate enough at the detailed design/operation stage. Thus, experimentation on detailed simulations or on the actual system has been the way to optimize system performance. Perturbation analysis allows us to derive the sensitivity of system performance, with respect to several design/operating parameters, by observing a single experiment (and without having to actually alter the parameters — often a costly operation). Thus, observation of one experiment can give accurate directions for the improvement of several parameter values. Here we give a simulation example illustrating how perturbation analysis could be used on-line on an FMS to improve its performance, including reducing its operating cost. Experimental results are also presented validating the estimates obtained from this technique.
Correlations Among Degradations in Lead Zirconate Titanate thin Film Capacitors

Many attempts have been made to reduce degradation properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) thin film capacitors. Although each degradation property has been studied extensively for the sake of material improvement, it is desired that they be understood in a unified manner in order to reduce degradation properties simultaneously. This can be achieved if a common source(s) of degradations is identified and controlled. In the past it was noticed that oxygen vacancies play a key role in fatigue, leakage current, and electrical degradation/breakdown of PZT films. It is now known that space charges (oxygen vacancies, mainly) affect ageing, too. Therefore, a quantitative ageing mechanism is proposed based on oxygen vacancy migration under internal field generated by either remanent polarization or spontaneous polarization. Fatigue, leakage current, electrical degradation, and polarization reversal mechanisms are correlated with the ageing mechanism in order to establish guidelines for simultaneous degradation control of PZT thin film capacitors. In addition, the current pitfalls in the ferroelectric test circuit is discussed, which may cause false retention, imprint, and ageing.