cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aligning BIM with FM: streamlining the process for future projects

A study performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA in 2004 found that owners account for approximately $10.6 billion of the $15.8 billion total inadequate interoperability costs of U.S. capital facility projects in 2002. Because of these inefficiency costs, it becomes vital that information produced during the design and construction phases of a project be transferred into operations with maximum leverage to the end users. However, very few owners have defined these informational needs or developed an integration strategy into existing maintenance management systems. To increase operational efficiency, an organization must first develop an understanding of their operating systems, as well as identify how Building Information Modeling (BIM) will add value to their daily tasks. The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) has a unique opportunity to diversely implement BIM processes because not only does the University act as an owner, but also as designer and construction manager on the majority of projects. The struggle that PSU faces is one that is unique only to owners with a large, existing, multifaceted building inventory. This paper outlines the current initiative by the Office of Physical Plant (OPP), the asset manager at PSU, to develop an information exchange framework between BIM and FM applications to be used internally. As a result of this research, PSU has been able to define owner operational requirements for future projects and develop a flexible integration framework to support additional BIM tasks and information exchanges.
Salmonella in the Laying Hen 2. The Effect of Simulated Digestive Tract pH Levels on the Survival of Three Species of Salmonella

Abstract An in vitro study, simulating the pH condition of the various sections of the digestive tract of the hen, was conducted in an effort to learn the effect of pH on the survival of three species of Salmonella i.e., senftenberg, thompson and typhimurium. One million cells per ml. of these three species of Salmonella were subjected to separate buffered solutions with a pH of 4.5, 4.4, 2.6, 6.2 and 6.3 which correspond to the pH of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine and large intestine, respectively. Length of exposure to each condition was crop, 30 minutes; proventriculus, 15 minutes; gizzard 90 minutes; small intestine, 90 minutes; and large intestine, 15 minutes. One million cells of each of these three species were added to each of three buffered solutions to study the effect of changing the pH as is the case when an organism moves through the digestive tract. The pH conditions and incubation times were the same as for the individual buffered solutions. The results for the three species were very similar. The pH conditions representing the small and large intestine resulted in little cell destruction. Considerably more cells were destroyed at the pH conditions corresponding to the crop (4.5) and the proventriculus (4.4). At a pH of 2.6, which corresponds to the gizzard, almost total destruction occurred.
Effects of venous needle turbulence during ex vivo hemodialysis on endothelial morphology and nitric oxide formation.

Abstract Arteriovenous grafts used for hemodialysis frequently develop intimal hyperplasia (IH), which ultimately leads to graft failure. Although the turbulent jet from the dialysis needle may contribute to vessel wall injury, its role in the pathogenesis of IH is relatively unexplored. In the current study, using bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) cultured on the inner surface of a compliant tube, we evaluated the effects of simulated hemodialysis conditions on morphology and nitric oxide (NO) production. The flows via the graft and needle were 500 ml/min (Reynolds number = 819 ) and 100 ml/min (Reynolds number = 954 ), respectively. In the presence of the needle jet for 6 h, 19.3% (±1.53%) of BAEC were sheared off, whereas no loss of BAEC was observed in the presence of graft flow alone ( P 0.05 ) . In the presence of graft flow alone, assessment of cell orientation by the Saltykov method revealed that BAEC were oriented along the flow direction. This alignment, however, was lost in the presence of needle flow. Finally, NO production was also significantly decreased in the presence of the needle flow compared to the presence of graft flow alone ( 16 ± 3.1 vs 34.7 ± 1.9 nmol / 1 0 6 cells / h , P 0.05 ). NO is a key player in vascular homeostasis mechanisms modulating vasomotor tone, inhibiting inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thus, the loss of NO signaling and the loss of endothelial integrity caused by needle jet turbulence may contribute to the cascade of events leading to IH formation during hemodialysis.
The variable subdomain of Escherichia coli SecA functions to regulate SecA ATPase activity and ADP release.

Bacterial SecA proteins can be categorized by the presence or absence of a variable subdomain (VAR) located within nucleotide-binding domain II of the SecA DEAD motor. Here we show that VAR is dispensable for SecA function, since the VAR deletion mutant secAΔ519–547 displayed a wild-type rate of cellular growth and protein export. Loss or gain of VAR is extremely rare in the history of bacterial evolution, indicating that it appears to contribute to secA function within the relevant species in their natural environments. VAR removal also results in additional secA phenotypes: azide resistance (Azir) and suppression of signal sequence defects (PrlD). The SecAΔ(519–547) protein was found to be modestly hyperactive for SecA ATPase activities and displayed an accelerated rate of ADP release, consistent with the biochemical basis of azide resistance. Based on our findings, we discuss models whereby VAR allosterically regulates SecA DEAD motor function at SecYEG.
Acoustic mate copying: female cowbirds attend to other females' vocalizations to modify their song preferences

We conducted a tutoring experiment to determine whether female brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) would attend to vocalizations of other females and use those cues to influence their own preferences for male courtship songs. We collected recordings of male songs that were unfamiliar to the subject females and paired half of the songs with female chatter vocalizations—vocalizations that females give in response to songs sung by males that are courting the females effectively. Thus, chatter immediately following a song provided a cue indicating that the song was sung by a male who was of high-enough quality to court a female successfully. Using a cross-over design, we tutored two groups of females with song–chatter pairings prior to the breeding season. In the breeding season, we placed the tutored females into sound-attenuating chambers and played them the same songs without the chatter. Females produced significantly more copulation solicitation displays in response to the songs that they had heard paired with chatter than to songs that had not been paired with chatter. This experiment is the first demonstration that females can modify their song preferences by attending to the vocal behaviour of other females.
Role of bioinspired polymers in determination of pluripotent stem cell fate

Human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, hold enormous potential for the treatment of many diseases, owing to their ability to generate cell types useful for therapeutic applications. Currently, many stem cell culture propagation and differentiation systems incorporate animal-derived components for promoting self-renewal and differentiation. However, use of these components is labor intensive, carries the risk of xenogeneic contamination and yields compromised experimental results that are difficult to duplicate. From a biomaterials perspective, the generation of an animal- and cell-free biomimetic microenvironment that provides the appropriate physical and chemical cues for stem cell self-renewal or differentiation into specialized cell types would be ideal. This review presents the use of natural and synthetic polymers that support propagation and differentiation of stem cells, in an attempt to obtain a clear understanding of the factors responsible for the determination of stem cell fate.
Where Do We Go From Here?: Marxism, Modernity, and Postcolonial Studies

I have chosen as my subtitle the title of the volume that I review and reflect upon in what follows; hereafter, I will refer to it as MMP. My title is a question that comes from the concluding line...
Managing Impressions and Relationships on Facebook Self-Presentational and Relational Concerns Revealed Through the Analysis of Language Style

The merging of audiences in social media and the variety of participation structures they present, including different audience sizes and interaction targets, pose questions about how people respond to these new communication situations. This research examined self-presentational and relational concerns through the analysis of language styles on Facebook. The authors collected a corpus of status updates, wall posts, and private messages from 79 participants. These messages varied in certain characteristics of language style, revealing differences in underlying self-presentational and relational concerns based on the publicness and directedness of the interaction. Positive emotion words correlated with self-reported self-presentational concerns in status updates, suggesting a strategic use of sharing positive emotions in public and nondirected communication via status updates. Verbal immediacy correlated with partner familiarity in wall posts but not in private messages, suggesting that verbal immediacy cues serve as markers to differentiate between more and less familiar partners in public wall posts.
Congenital bleeding disorders and dental surgery

Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Coagulopathies Trials Register. This register is updated regularly from the Cochrane Library weekly searches of Medline and prospective hand-searching of the journal, Haemophilia. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for possible ongoing trials. Two reviewers independently selected studies - randomised and quasi-randomised studies were considered. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was conducted. Three RCTs and one quasi-RCT involving a total of 112 patients were included. Two of the trials (one RCT, one quasi-RCT) involving a total of 59 people were conducted in patients undergoing dental extractions. They compared the use of a different type (tranexamic acid or epsilon-aminocaproic acid) and regimen of antifibrinolytic agents as haemostatic support to the initial replacement treatment. They found a reduction of blood loss and requirement of post-operative replacement treatment in people receiving antifibrinolytic agents compared with placebo. The need for re-intervention was not reported by either trial. There is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to assess the most effective and safe haemostatic treatment to prevent bleeding in people with haemophilia or other congenital bleeding disorders undergoing surgical procedures. Ideally large, adequately powered and well-designed randomised controlled trials would be needed, in particular to address the cost-effectiveness of such demanding treatments in the light of the increasing present economic constraints, and to explore the new challenge of ageing patients with haemophilia or other congenital bleeding disorders. However, performing such trials is always a complex task in this setting and presently does not appear to be a clinical and research priority. Indeed, major and minor surgeries are effectively and safely performed in these individuals in clinical practice, with the numerous national and international recommendations and guidelines providing regimens for treatment in this setting mainly based on data from observational, uncontrolled studies.
Interim results of a compassionate-use clinical trial of Morcher iris diaphragm implantation: Report 1

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of several different Morcher iris diaphragms in the treatment of partial or complete aniridia. Setting Jules Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods This ongoing prospective single-site nonrandomized interventional clinical trial was designed to evaluate Morcher iris diaphragm models 50D, 50F, 96S, and 96F. Safety measures included changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), surgical complications, adverse events, and postoperative interventions. Efficacy measures included changes in best corrected glare visual acuity and changes in daytime and nighttime glare sensitivity, measured by questionnaire responses. Results Thirteen patients (13 eyes) completed a 1-year follow-up. Regarding safety, there was a statistically significant improvement in median BCVA of 2 Snellen lines ( P = .002). One patient lost 2 letters of BCVA on the 20/20 line. There were 2 adverse events. One was minor bleeding during a posterior synechialysis that resolved without intervention. The second was piggyback intraocular lens decentration from worsening zonular dialysis in an eye with a trauma history. One postoperative intervention was the repositioning of a 50D ring. Regarding efficacy, there was a statistically significant median improvement in best corrected glare acuity of 10 Snellen lines ( P ≤.001). Subjective daytime glare improved 5 questionnaire scale points ( P = .004), and nighttime glare sensitivity improved 3 scale points ( P = .001). Conclusion Morcher iris diaphragms were relatively safe and very effective in reducing the light and glare sensitivity associated with partial or complete aniridia.
Mosaic ring 12p and total anomalous pulmonary venous return

An infant born with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) was found to have an extra chromosome present as a small ring. Spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis identified the material as a duplication involving the short arm of chromosome 12. Previous cases describing a variety of cytogenetic abnormalities that have been associated with TAPVR are reviewed along with prior cases of duplication 12p with their associated findings. We believe ours is the first case to report the occurrence of mosaic ring 12p and its association with TAPVR.
Toward a Public Health Approach to Drug Policy

On March 11, 2009, President Barack Obama announced that Seattle Police Chief Gil Kerlikowske will be the next director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (also known as the "Drug Czar"). Chief Kerlikowske's nomination comes as we approach the 40th anniversary of the so-called "war on drugs," which followed the passage of the Controlled Substances Act in 1970. This essay argues that after nearly 40 years, "it is becoming increasingly clear that our current drug control strategy has not worked." It reaches this conclusion after discussing a variety of studies and surveys that detail the amount of money that has been spent by the United States as part of this "war," and the results with regard to drug use in general, use of drugs by young people, and the ease of obtaining drugs, particularly in comparison to other countries that have used different approaches to addressing these issues. It also discusses the significant impact that U.S. drug policy has had on the size and composition of our prison population. The essay calls on the President and the new Drug Czar to change the focus of our nation's drug policy from a punitive approach to one that addresses the problem through the lens of public health. The essay discusses recent surveys and election results and sees an opportunity for politicians to seek fundamental change in our approach to combating drug use. The views of American voters are changing, and they are now more open to reform than they were in the 1980s and 1990s. The essay acknowledges that "[t]here is no magic bullet that can solve the problem of substance abuse." Nevertheless, it contends that "[t]here are ... a number of readily identifiable reforms that can help begin to set us on the right track and build a foundation for more significant improvements in the future." In particular, it suggests shifting funding from programs that have unsuccessfully focused on limiting the supply of drugs to programs that have proven successful at reducing demand. It also proposes removing provisions in federal law that are hampering the government's ability to pursue effective programs. The essay concludes by advocating the creation of a commission to conduct a comprehensive reevaluation of U.S. drug policy in light of what we have learned from other countries and from four decades of our own experience with the current approach.
Effect of surface slip on the relative motion and collision efficiency of slippery spherical particles

Abstract The motion of a pair of spherical particles suspended in a viscous fluid is considered under conditions of Stokes flow. The particle surfaces allow the fluid to slip according to the Navier–Maxwell–Basset law. Batchelor and Green׳s mobility functions determining the relative particle motion during interception are computed with high accuracy using a boundary-integral method, and their dependence on the slip coefficient is discussed. The numerical results confirm that particle collision in the presence of surface slip occurs with a finite impact velocity. As the slip coefficient decreases, and thereby the particle surfaces become increasingly slippery, the collision efficiency in uniaxial elongational and simple shear flow increases monotonically from zero for no-slip surfaces to a finite limit for perfectly slippery surfaces.
Applying Motivation Theory to the Design of Game-Based Learning Environments

Although there has been a wealth of research exploring motivation within game-based learning environments, few of these studies employ frameworks that are grounded in well-established theories of motivation. This chapter brings a rigorous theoretical framework for motivation to the study and design of a game-based learning environment. First, we outline a key motivation construct that has potential value for the design of game-based learning environments—Eccles and Wigfield’s expectancy-value theory. We then provide a description of a game whose design was informed by this motivational theory, where the game was intended to promote students’ interest in and motivation to pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers.
Building semigroups from groups (and reduced semigroups)

Any semigroup can be quite explicitly rebuilt from its quotient by any congruence contained in ℋ and certain groups and mappings. This fact underlies most of the classical and recent structure theorems in semigroup theory, and yields new ones, e.g. concerning finite commutative semigroups.
Prediction of Abdominal Fat in Live Broiler Chickens

Abstract In a pilot experiment, external skin measurements were taken on 9 male and 16 female broilers at 49 days of age and birds slaughtered at 50 days. Correlation coefficients between abdominal fat weight and external skin measurements were r = −.03 (males) and +.17 (females) for abdominal skin pinch; r = +.03 (males) and −.08 (females) for crop collar skin pinch; r = +.15 (males) both wings, r = +.59 (females) left wing, and r = +.71 (females) for right wing web thickness. Correlations were significantly different than zero in females for left wing (P The wet weights of sternal, pectoral, and humeral feather tracts, wing webs, and tail showed the right pectoral feather tract to have highest correlations of r = +.49 (males) and +.51 (females) with abdominal fat weight. Correlations between percentage abdominal fat (live basis) and percentage fat (wet basis) in the above tissues were highest for pectoral feather tracts, r = +.47 and +.75 (males) and r = +.75 and +.51 (females) for left and right sides, respectively. Correlations were significantly different than zero for percentage fat in right tract (P Percentage moisture in pectoral feather tracts was negatively correlated with percentage abdominal fat, r = −.53 and −.59 (males); and r = −.70 and −.46 (females) for left and right sides, respectively. Correlations between total lipids in serum and percentage abdominal fat were r = −.04 (males) and −.05 (females). Results suggest abdominal fat should be directly measured rather than indirect measurements on tissues. Percentage fat in pectoral feather tracts, in wing webs minus tendons, and wing web thickness warrant further investigation.
Presenilins: A novel class of calcium modulators

A disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 5 mi Americans. As such, AD poses a significant burden on the affected individual, caregivers and society. Most cases of AD are attributed to the sporadic form, which is believed to be of multifactorial origin. However, several genetic loci etiological for the rare familial form of the disease have been identified. One of the loci is the group of presenilin proteins, which form the enzymatic core of the γ-secretase complex. Most of the almost 200 identified familial AD mutations in presenilins are located in the gene encoding presenilin-1, while presenilin-2 mutations typically cause later onset familial AD. Recent evidence identified the group of presenilin proteins as potent modulators of intracellular calcium signaling, through potentiation of the intracellular ryanodine receptor, which likely underlies this phenomenon. This potentiation occurs via the highly evolutionarily conserved N-terminal region of presenilin, resulting in differential modulation of the ryanodine receptor by presenilin-1 and presenilin-2. The proposed mechanism is in accordance with previous studies identifying elevated Ca2+ concentrations in the endoplasmic reticulum during AD, and the critical role of ryanodine receptors in regulating calcium via calcium-induced calcium release. Furthermore, ryanodine receptors contribute to the pathologic, elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations observed in AD. Intriguingly, similar Ca2+ dyshomeostasis occurs during healthy aging, in the absence of known mutations. Utilizing preclinical models for healthy aging, we have implicated presenilin proteins in the etiology of age-related changes in synaptic signaling and, ultimately, agerelated deficits in memory and motor coordination. In this keynote talk, the author will summarize the evidence for the group of presenilin proteins as a novel class of calcium modulators, and discuss the opportunities for targeting presenilin proteins as novel drug targets for age-related and neurodegenerative diseases, incl. AD.
Mobilization, participation, and political change

Mobilization is itself a form of political participation, chosen with attention to the effects that an intervention in politics by significant numbers of others might be expected to produce, the co...
CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Atypical and Malignant Meningiomas.

Objective Recurrent World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and III meningiomas have traditionally been treated by surgery alone, but early literature suggests that adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery may greatly improve outcomes. We present the long-term tumor control and safety of a hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery regimen. Methods Prospectively collected data of 44 WHO grade II and 9 WHO grade III meningiomas treated by CyberKnife for adjuvant or salvage therapy were reviewed. Patient demographics, treatment parameters, local control, regional control, locoregional control, overall survival, radiation history, and complications were documented. Results For WHO grade II patients, recurrence occurred in 41%, with local, regional, and locoregional failure at 60 months recorded as 49%, 58%, and 36%. For WHO grade III patients, recurrence occurred in 66%, with local, regional, and locoregional failure at 12 months recorded as 57%, 100%, and 43%. The 60-month locoregional control rates for radiation naive and experienced patients were 48% and 0% ( P = 0.14). Overall, 7 of 44 grade II patients and 8 of 9 grade III patients had died at last follow-up. The 60-month and 12-month overall survival rates for grade II and III meningiomas were 87% and 50%, respectively. Serious complications occurred in 7.5% of patients. Conclusions Stereotactic radiosurgery for adjuvant and salvage treatment of WHO grade II meningioma using a hypofractionated plan is a viable treatment strategy with acceptable long-term tumor control, overall survival, and complication rates. Future studies should focus on radiation-naive patients and local management of malignant meningioma.
‘To Be a Scientist Sometimes You Have to Break Down Stuff about Animals’: Examining the Normative Scientific Practices of a Summer Herpetological Program for Children

When studying informal science programs, researchers often overlook the opportunities enabled and constrained in each program and the practices reinforced for participants. In this case study, I examined the normative scientific practices reinforced in one-week-long Herpetology (the study of reptiles and amphibians) program for elementary students. In the program, participants identified four practices that they felt were important to herpetology and felt that the practices in which they engaged reflected those of herpetologists in the field. The practices identified by participants (e.g. use of tools, use of scientific vocabulary) aligned with those identified by herpetologists working with the participants in the program. The findings illustrate that program structure plays a significant role in establishing normative scientific practices. This study (1) encourages researchers to question the ways in which normative practices are developed for participants and (2) suggests that practitioners must not on...
Sedative effect of dexmedetomidine during regional anesthesia:a randomized,double-blinded,controlled trial

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine during regional anesthesia.Methods: Patients undergoing regional anesthesia(n=60) were randomly assigned to dexmedetomidine(n=30) or fentanyl plus midazolam group(control,n=30).In all the patients,the medicines were intravenously administrated for 10min.Blood pressure(BP),heart rate(HR),respiratory rate(RR),oxygen saturation(SpO2) and OAA/S(Observer's Assessment of Alertness-Sedation) scale were evaluated at time-points of before(baseline) and 5min(T1),8min(T2),10min(T3),12min(T4),15min(T5),20min(T6),25min(T7),30min(T8) and 40min(T9) after the treatment.The side effects in patients of the two groups were also recorded.Results: In dexmedetomidine group,compared with the baseline parameters,systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) decreased at T4～T7,HR decreased at T3～T7,and OAA/S decreased at T4～T7.In control group,compared with the baseline parameters,SBP decreased at T3,and OAA/S decreased at T4 and T5(P0.05 or P0.01).In dexmedetomidine group,compared with control group,SBP decreased at T5～T7,DBP decreased at T6 and T7,HR decreased at T4～T6,and OAA/S decreased at T5～T7.The incidences of respiratory inhibition,nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in dexmedetomidine group(P0.05 or P0.01).There were no significant differences in RR and SpO2 between 2 groups(P0.05).Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can provide a good sedation with low side effects.It is safe and effective for the patients undergoing regional anesthesia.
Distribution of branched GDGTs in surface sediments from the Colville River, Alaska: Implications for the MBT′/CBT paleothermometer in Arctic marine sediments

Significant climate fluctuations in the Arctic over the recent past, and additional predicted future temperature changes, highlight the need for high-resolution Arctic paleoclimate records. Arctic coastal environments supplied with terrigenous sediment from Arctic rivers have the potential to provide annual to subdecadal resolution records of climate variability over the last few millennia. A potential tool for paleotemperature reconstructions in these marine sediments is the revised methylation index of branched tetraethers (MBT′)/cyclization ratio of branched tetraethers (CBT) proxy based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs). In this study, we examine the source of brGDGTs in the Colville River, Alaska, and the adjacent Simpson Lagoon and reconstruct temperatures from Simpson Lagoon sediments to evaluate the applicability of this proxy in Arctic estuarine environments. The Colville catchment soils, fluvial sediments, and estuarine sediments contain statistically similar brGDGT distributions, indicating that the brGDGTs throughout the system are soil derived with little alteration from in situ brGDGT production in the river or coastal waters. Temperatures reconstructed from the MBT′/CBT indices for surface samples show good agreement with regional summer (June through September) temperatures, suggesting a seasonal bias in Arctic temperature reconstructions from the Colville system. In addition, we reconstruct paleotemperatures from an estuarine sediment core that spans the last 75 years, revealing an overall warming trend in the twentieth century that is consistent with trends observed in regional instrumental records. These results support the application of this brGDGT-based paleotemperature proxy for subdecadal-scale summer temperature reconstructions in Arctic estuaries containing organic material derived from sediment-laden, episodic rivers.
πScope: Python based scientific workbench with MDSplus data visualization tool

Abstract A newly developed python based scientific data analysis and visualization tool, πScope ( http://piscope.psfc.mit.edu ), is reported. The primary motivation is 1) to provide an updated tool to browse the MDSplus data beyond existing dwscope/jScope and 2) to realize a universal foundation to construct interface tools to perform computer modeling from experimental data. To visualize MDSplus data, πScope has many features including overplotting different signals and discharges, generating various plot types (line, contour, image, etc.), performing in-panel data analysis using python scripts, and producing publication quality graphics. The logic to generate multi-panel plots is designed to be backward compatible with dwscope, enabling smooth migration for users. πScope uses multi-threading in data loading, and is easy to modify and expand due to its object-oriented design. Furthermore, A user can access the data structure both from a GUI and a script, enabling relatively complex data analysis workflow built quickly on πScope.
Electromechanical actuator fan failure analysis and safety-critical design

The aim of this study is to use fault tree analysis to gain a better overall understanding of how to improve the reliability of a fan cooling system used to prevent electromechanical actuation systems (EMAs) from overheating. It is critical to manage the waste heat generated by EMAs on aircraft during all flight missions because EMA failure due to overheating could lead to an aircraft catastrophic failure. Heat generation by high-power-density power electronic devices and EMA motors has reached a heat flux density that thermal management of EMA by natural convection is not feasible, forced air cooling is needed. Since EMA motors and power electronic drives must operate at various altitudes and temperature throughout a flight mission, there is a need to develop a variable-speed fan that can operate efficiently and reliably over a wide range of pressure and temperature. To prevent EMAs from overheating and bring EMA failure probability to an acceptable level, a sturdy cooling fan which can operate under variable body forces due to aircraft maneuvering is required.
The Role of Fortification and Dietary Supplements in Affluent Countries: Challenges and Opportunities

This chapter asks whether there is a role for enrichment/fortification and/or dietary supplements in highly industrialized countries today, and what challenges and opportunities exist regarding their use. It considers fortification and supplementation together because both affect total nutrient exposures and both are popular in developed countries. Fortification increases the nutrient density of certain foods in specific ways. Dietary supplements of some types add nutrients in another, more concentrated, form. Other important determinants of dietary quality—such as variety in servings of food groups, moderation of nutrient or food intakes, balance of macronutrients, and variety of foods within and across food groups—must be achieved with other nutritional strategies. Dietary supplements that provide nutrients that are low or lacking in the diets of specific population subgroups have beneficial effects, but care should be taken to avoid over-promising the benefits of fortification and supplementation; a well-balanced diet is critical to optimal health. The public health rationale for non-nutrient supplements (plant food supplements) is unclear. Neither fortification nor supplementation can remedy all the diet-related problems of affluent countries, many of which also require dietary diversity, balance, and moderation in eating habits to achieve more healthful optimal food patterns.
CEO Expertise and Innovation

Because innovation is one of the most important avenues for firm growth, there has been increasing attention to the impact of CEOs on innovation. One lever for affecting CEO innovative behavior is ...
Developmental Models and Mechanisms for Understanding the Effects of Early Experiences on Psychological Development

Understanding how and why early exposure to stress may have lasting effects on behavior and biology is fundamental to developmental study of psychopathology. Significant progress in this area has been made since the previous volume, in terms of the quality and quantity of findings and the types of research targets. This chapter reviews illustrative and intriguing findings in this large and diverse area of study. Key sections of the chapter aim to outline and differentiate leading developmental models for testing hypotheses concerning early experience and psychological development; to identify leading mechanisms that may account for a carrying forward of effects in development; to articulate methodological challenges for clinical and translational research for current and future investigation; to review select model systems and research paradigms that have risen to prominence in this area; to discuss intervention studies that have shaped the early experience debate and in clinical and public contexts; and to target future directions for clinical and translational research. Although evidence from animal studies plays a prominent role, research findings from human studies are particularly emphasized. Keywords: early experience; development; stress; mechanisms; developmental programming
Characterization of mechanical properties of battery electrode films from acoustic resonance measurements

Measurements of the mechanical properties of lithium-ion battery electrode films can be used to quantify and improve manufacturing processes and to predict the mechanical and electrochemical performance of the battery. This paper demonstrates the use of acoustic resonances to distinguish among commercial-grade battery films with different active electrode materials, thicknesses, and densities. Resonances are excited in a clamped circular area of the film using a pulsed infrared laser, and responses are measured using an electret condenser microphone. A numerical model is used to quantify the sensitivity of resonances to changes in mechanical properties. When the numerical model is compared to simple analytical models for thin plates and membranes, the battery films measured here trend more similarly to the membrane model. Resonance measurements are also used to monitor the drying process. Results from a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer verify the modes excited in the films, and a combination of experimental and simulated results is used to estimate the Young's modulus of the battery electrode coating layer.
Study on the Development Strategy of Legal System of China’s Satellite Navigation System Based on AHP-SWOT Analysis

The legal system of satellite navigation is the basis for the development and application of national satellite navigation. At present, the administerment and generalization about satellite navigation system still mainly depend on the policies of government. Lawlessness is the main problem of the construction of legal system of China’s satellite navigation system. To get more scientific development strategy of legal system of satellite navigation, the treatise puts to use the method of SWOT to analysis the status quo of legal system of satellite navigation from the aspects such as the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Based on the analysis of the above, the treatise uses the method of AHP to get the sort of development strategy of the legal system of satellite navigation. Then based on the sort, the treatise not only gets the best development strategy of the legal system of satellite navigation, but also puts forward the concrete suggestions.
Shallow-to-Deep Transition of Continental Moist Convection: Cold Pools, Surface Fluxes, and Mesoscale Organization

AbstractLarge-eddy simulation is used to investigate the effects of cold pools driven by rain evaporation on the shallow-to-deep convection transition over land. The physically consistent methodolo...
Reliability of a measure of temporal discounting.

Participants (N = 17) chose between smaller, immediate and larger, delayed hypothetical money amounts in two laboratory sessions separated by 1 week. The choice procedure yielded equivalence points at which participants were indifferent between the smaller, immediate and the larger, delayed reward for eight different delays of the larger reward. These equivalence points then were used to estimate temporal discounting parameters according to three different discounting functions. A hyperbolic discounting function accounted for more of the variance than an exponential function, which replicated earlier research. Correlations across sessions showed that the discounting parameters were reliable, and that the equivalence points were reliable for delays greater than 1 month.
Next Generation of PTFE Resins for Improved Performance in CPI

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymers are well known for chemical resistance, low friction, dielectric constant, purity and broad temperature range. A second generation of granular PTFE resins has been specially designed to provide additional characteristics while maintaining all of the basic properties of PTFE. The new properties, which include resistance to permeation and creep, weldability, increased dielectric breakdown strength and smooth surface are reviewed in the following discussion.
Sinc Approximate Solution of Quasilinear Equations of Conservation Law Type

In this paper we describe a method for the numerical solution of a single conservation law $$ {u_t} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{f_i}{{(u,x,t)}_{{x_i}}}} + {f_0}(u,x,t) = \varepsilon \Delta u\,(x,t) \in {\mathbb{R}^n} \times {\mathbb{R}_ + },{\text{ }}u(x,0) = {u_0}(x){\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} x \in {\mathbb{R}^n}.$$ (1.1) The functions f ithat arise in applications are typically holomorphic functions in the arguments u, xand t, which we also assume in this paper. They are usually not linear.
Temporal patterns of gene expression after acute hindlimb ischemia in mice: insights into the genomic program for collateral vessel development

OBJECTIVES We sought to understand the genomic program leading to collateral vessel formation. BACKGROUND Recently, technology has advanced to the point that it is now possible to elucidate the large array of genes that must be expressed, as well as the temporal expression pattern, for the development of functionally important collateral vessels. In this investigation, we used deoxyribonucleic acid array expression profiling to determine the time course of differential expression of 12,000 genes after femoral artery ligation in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the adductor muscle, which showed no signs of ischemia. Sampling was at baseline, 6 h, and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after femoral artery ligation or sham operation. RESULTS Femoral artery ligation caused the differential expression (>2-fold) of 783 genes at one or multiple time points: 518 were induced and 265 were repressed. Cluster analysis generated four temporal patterns: 1) early upregulated (6 to 24 h)-immediate early transcriptional factors, angiogenesis, inflammation, and stress-related genes; 2) mid-phase upregulated (day 3)-cell cycle and cytoskeletal and inflammatory genes; 3) late upregulated (days 7 to 14)-angiostatic, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix-associated genes; and 4) downregulated-genes involved in energy metabolism, water channel, and muscle contraction. Microarray data were validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the large number of genes whose differential expression and temporal functional clustering appear to contribute to collateral formation. These results can serve as a genomic model for arteriogenesis and as a database for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Sympathetic System, Overview

The sympathetic system has a critical role in maintenance of arterial pressure and body temperature, and it is activated in a selective manner in response to a variety of stressors such as hypoglycemia, hemorrhage, exercise, emotion, or exposure to heat or cold. The preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the intermediolateral cell column (T1–L2 levels) and exert their effects via paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia and adrenal medulla. Sympathetic activation produces pupil dilatation, sweating, vasoconstriction, or vasodilatation according to the physiological requirements, cardiac stimulation, and bronchodilation, inhibition of motility of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder, and ejaculation. The primary sympathetic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine, except the case of sweat glands, which receive sympathetic cholinergic input.
Catalysts for the Steam Reforming of Ethanol and Other Alcohols

Abstract As a result of a rapid growth in the production of oxygenates from biomass, the generation of hydrogen from the steam reforming of alcohols, especially ethanol, is getting increasing attention and opens new opportunities for the utilization of renewable resources. This chapter will first review and discuss the challenges and objectives of alcohol steam reforming. The discussion will mainly focus on the reforming of methanol and ethanol, two major products in the alcohol industry. Subsequently, catalysts that are used in both powder and model systems will be examined and discussed for these two reactions. Finally, as the steam reforming of alcohols is still in the research and development stage, potential technological improvement of this reaction will also be summarized.
The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-the 2016 Experience

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Case Registry was established by the American College of Medical Toxicology in 2010. The Registry contains data from participating sites with the agreement that all bedside medical toxicology consultations will be entered. Currently, 83% of accredited medical toxicology fellowship programs in the USA participate. The Registry continues to grow each year, and as of 31 December 2016, a new milestone was reached, with more than 50,000 cases reported since its inception. The objective of this seventh annual report is to summarize the Registry's 2016 data and activity with its additional 8529 cases. Cases were identified for inclusion in this report by a query of the ToxIC database for any case entered from 1 January to 31 December 2016. Detailed data was collected from these cases and aggregated to provide information which includes the following: demographics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, HIV status), reason for medical toxicology evaluation (intentional pharmaceutical exposure, envenomation, withdrawal from a substance), agent and agent class, clinical signs and symptoms (vital sign abnormalities, organ system dysfunction), treatments and antidotes administered, fatality and life support withdrawal data. Fifty percent of cases involved females, and adults aged 19-65 were the most commonly reported. There were 86 patients (1.0%) with HIV-positive status known. Non-opioid analgesics were the most commonly reported agent class, with acetaminophen the most common agent reported. There were 126 fatalities reported in 2016 (1.5% of cases). Major trends in demographics and exposure characteristics remained similar overall with past years' reports. While treatment interventions were commonly required, fatalities were rare.
The impact of postreperfusion syndrome during liver transplantation using livers with significant macrosteatosis.

The impact of postreperfusion syndrome (PRS) during liver transplantation (LT) using donor livers with significant macrosteatosis is largely unknown. Clinical outcomes of all patients undergoing LT with donor livers with moderate macrosteatosis (30%-60%) (N = 96) between 2000 and 2017 were compared to propensity score matched cohorts of patients undergoing LT with donor livers with mild macrosteatosis (10%-29%) (N = 96) and no steatosis (N = 96). Cardiac arrest at the time of reperfusion was seen in eight (8.3%) of the patients in the moderate macrosteatosis group compared to one (1.0%) of the patients in the mild macrosteatosis group (P = .02) and zero (0%) of the patients in the no steatosis group (P = .004). Patients in the moderate macrosteatosis group had a higher rate of PRS (37.5% vs 18.8%; P = .004), early allograft dysfunction (EAD) (76.4% vs 25.8%; P < .001), renal dysfunction requiring continuous renal replacement therapy following transplant (18.8% vs 8.3%; P = .03) and return to the OR within 30 days (24.0% vs 7.3%; P = .002), than the no steatosis group. Both long-term patient (P = .30 and P = .08) and graft survival (P = .15 and P = .12) were not statistically when comparing the moderate macrosteatosis group to the mild macrosteatosis and no steatosis groups. Recipients of LT using livers with moderate macrosteatosis are at a significant increased risk of PRS. If patients are able to overcome the initial increased perioperative risk of using these donor livers, long-term graft survival does not appear to be different than matched recipients receiving grafts with no steatosis.
Compact representation of near-optimal integer programming solutions

It is often useful in practice to explore near-optimal solutions of an integer programming problem. We show how all solutions within a given tolerance of the optimal value can be efficiently and compactly represented in a weighted decision diagram. The structure of the diagram facilitates rapid processing of a wide range of queries about the near-optimal solution space, as well as reoptimization after changes in the objective function. We also exploit the paradoxical fact that the diagram can be reduced in size if it is allowed to represent additional solutions. We show that a “sound reduction” operation, applied repeatedly, yields the smallest such diagram that is suitable for postoptimality analysis, and one that is typically far smaller than a tree that represents the same set of near-optimal solutions. We conclude that postoptimality analysis based on sound-reduced diagrams has the potential to extract significantly more useful information from an integer programming model than was previously feasible.