cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The domestic image and factory culture: The cotton district in mid-nineteenth-century England

What role did the domestic image of women play in English working-class culture during the mid-nineteenth century? To what extent was the demand for a family wage supported and pursued by working men and women? How was women's work perceived? How did women identify themselves and shape and conceptualize their roles in relation to home and work? I will address these questions below in light of current scholarly discussion, arguing, with reference to the cotton industry, that the domestic image does not reflect the diversity of women's experience, nor does it suggest the extent to which women's dual roles found expression in the culture. In recent discussions, scholars have often emphasized the emergence of the male breadwinner norm as an ideal within English working-class culture over the course of the nineteenth century. In the face of mechaniza tion and its accompanying disruptions of working-class life, they have ar gued, a male-dominated world of work was constructed which served to marginalize women as workers and position them in the domestic realm.1 Male artisans gathered in constitutional societies, trade unions, and educa tional groups, forging an "identity of interest" and "building a common culture" that served to exclude women, as home and work were increas ingly separated.2 At the same time, industrialists structured work on the basis of "ideas about gender difference," according to Sonya Rose, thereby "transposing] hierarchical and gendered family relations onto class rela tions."3 The association between skill and masculinity was thereby rein forced, enabling men to gain a sense of independence as workers while women were increasingly considered dependents, subsumed within the family as wives and mothers. Relying primarily on a discursive analysis, some scholars have thus concluded that a natural division of labor, based upon assumptions about sexual difference, came to be widely accepted within working-class culture.4 Consequently, Jane Lewis has contended, the family wage became an ideal shared by both men and women as women accepted the primary responsibility for the home and children.5 Despite the predominance of this approach in current scholarship, it has not gone entirely uncontested. Directly challenging the view put for ward by Lewis, Harold Benenson has pointed to the "acceptance of wives' nondomestic orientation" in the cotton district.6 In such areas as Nelson and Burnley, where men and women were employed alongside each other
Can Communities Assess Support for Preventing Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug Use? Reliability and Validity of a Community Assessment Inventory*

This study examines the reliability and validity of the Youth Support Inventory, a tool designed for community coalitions to assess the availability of local resources and supports that previous research indicates are important for preventing adolescent alcohol and other drug use. Citizen members in 17 community coalitions completed the inventory. In tests of validity, a higher score (i.e., more community support) was associated with less adolescent alcohol use. In tests of reliability, the inventory was reduced from 55 to 40 items (α= .71). Of the prevention strategies identified by the coalition, 94% addressed resources the local assessment indicated were not extensively available in the community.
Discrimination of starting phase with sinusoidal envelope modulation.

Modulation-filterbank models discard phase information above very low rates of amplitude modulation (AM). The present work evaluated this restriction by measuring thresholds for discriminating the starting phase of sinusoidal modulators of wideband-noise carriers. Results showed a low-pass characteristic with some listeners unable to perform the task once the modulation rate was greater than 12.5Hz. For others, however, thresholds were obtained with AM rates of up to one to two octaves higher. Intersubject variability may in part relate to the presence of multiple discrimination cues, with only some based on comparison of the ongoing pattern of envelope fluctuation.
Absence of a cardiodynamic action of glucocorticoids in acute myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Dexamethasone and methylprednisolone in concentrations equivalent to systemic doses of 6–30 mg/kg were given to normal and ischemic isolated perfused cat hearts and to isolated cat papillary muscles. Neither glucocorticoid exerted an inotropic, anti-arrhythmic, or coronary vasodilator action over the 1–2 hr observation period. Furthermore, neither dexamethasone nor methylprednisolone exerted significant effects on heart rate or on myocardial oxygen consumption in perfused cat hearts. These data do not substantiate the hypothesis that pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids which protect the ischemic myocardium act via a cardiodynamic or hemodynamic action.
Dynamic optimization of N-joint robotic limb deployments

We describe an approach using a stochastic optimization framework (SOF) for operating complex mobile systems with several degrees of freedom (DOFs), such as robotic limbs with N joints, in environments that can contain obstacles. As part of the SOF, we have employed an efficient simulated annealing algorithm normally used in computationally highly expensive optimization and search problems such as the traveling salesman problem and protein design. This algorithm is particularly suited to run onboard industrial robots, robots in telemedicine, remote spacecraft, planetary landers, and rovers, i.e., robotic platforms with limited computational capabilities. The robotic limb deployment optimization approach presented here offers an alternative to time-intensive robotic arm deployment path planning algorithms in general and in particular for robotic limb systems in which closed-form solutions do not exist. Application examples for a (N = 4)-DOF arm on a planetary exploration rover are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A unified formulation and error estimation measure for the direct and the indirect boundary element methods in elasticity

Abstract In this paper, given a boundary value problem for a finite elastic body in two-dimensions, a problem of representing the solution by layers of point forces (Fj) and Somigliana dislocations (Bj) is considered in the infinite homogeneous body that contains the original finite body. In the boundary element method (BEM) solution, either the boundary displacement or traction component at each node is specified, but not both. This provides us a degree of freedom to arbitrarily specify the proportion of the densities Fj and Bj to be used in the direct and the indirect BEM formulations. The nature of the BEM solution errors is identified and a unified error estimation measure with a mesh refinement scheme for both formulations is proposed.
BioMEMS Summer Bioengineering Institute: Integrating engineering and biology education through BioMEMS design, fabrication, and test

The Department of Biomedical Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) developed a BioMEMS Summer Bioengineering Institute. The focus on BioMEMS was supported by both didactic and research activities planned for the students. The research experience consisted on (i) designing and (Ii) fabricating a BioMEMS device in the Class-10 Cleanroom of the Microelectronics Facility at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and finally (iii) testing their device in a host biomedical research lab either in the University Heights (Newark, NJ) academic community, the metropolitan New York community (an easy commute), or at their home university. The students' research experience was complemented by four formal courses: three on biomedical engineering (bioelectrical signals, physiologic modeling, and imaging; biomechanics, tissue engineering, and biomaterials; biochemistry and cell biology from an engineering point of view) and a fourth one on BioMEMS.
Money n' Motion - Born to be Wild

Abstract There are intriguing parallels between motoring and personal investing: the romance, the thrilling movement, and the freedom; the banality, the enervating repetition, and the entrapment; the subconsciously seductive appeal of crashes that ends it all. Consequently, there are intriguing parallels between the automobile and accounting, without which the activities of motoring and personal investing, respectively, would be severely attenuated, if they were possible at all. And there are intriguing parallels between popular media and accounting education, which are responsible for the enculturation processes that perpetuate the beliefs that in motoring and personal investing, by means of automobiles and accounting, we can be independent, we can be free, we can take control of our lives, and we can rise above the barriers of our social classes. The historian George W. Pierson's mobility thesis explains these parallels. Motoring is not merely a fruitful metaphor for personal investing, automobiles for accounting, and popular media for accounting education. Motoring and personal investing are just two among many manifestations of the mobility which is characteristically American. Physically and financially, Americans need to be in motion.
Comparison of in vivo and ex vivo cellular structure in rabbit eyes detected by tandem scanning microscopy

Using the tandem scanning microscope, in vivo confocal microscopic images of living eyes were compared to images obtained from ex vivo, freshly enucleated or fixed tissue in the rabbit. In the normal cornea, microscopic details of the superficial epithelium, basal lamina, stromal fibrocyte nuclei, nerves and endothelial cell borders were easily discernible. Removal of the eye from the intact animal resulted in loss of detail with distortion of the normal structural interrelationships within the corneal stroma whilst enhancing details of the corneal epithelium. Formalin fixation further enhanced details of the basal and suprabasal corneal epithelial cell nuclei and the stromal fibrocyte cell borders whilst inducing prominent brightly reflecting folds in the thickened stroma with concomitant enhancement of the edge contrast of the collagen lamellae. These changes appeared to be related, in part, to hydration of the cornea and artefactual pooling of water between structures that may enhance reflectivity by increasing the difference between the refractive index of the cellular and extracellular elements. We conclude that microscopic examination of ex vivo preparations of corneal tissue, although providing increased resolution similar to conventional light microscopic techniques, significantly altered the normal structural relationships and could lead to erroneous measurements of the physiological properties of the tissue as compared to in vivo microscopy of undisturbed, intact tissue.
Modular mission payload architecture

The current problem of integrating new payloads into current Unmanned Vehicle Systems is becoming more prevalent as the vehicles become more capable. The increase in payload capacity allows for new types of payloads to be carried and facilitates the option of carrying multiple payloads per mission. This added capability creates integration difficulties. Modifying the vehicle and ground station software with each new payload is unacceptable. Software integration, regression and safety concerns make the integration effort costly and lengthy. The Modular Mission Payload Architecture addressed these issues with a web-centric network-based solution that migrates the command and control interface of modular mission payloads from inside the ground control station and vehicle management systems to a separate controller in the vehicle. This migration and a common interface minimize modifications to system hardware and software to incorporate new payloads, thus reducing engineering development time, facilitating quicker integration at lower costs and allowing payload commonality across services and platforms.
Familial lobular glomerulopathy

A family with an unusual lobular glomerulopathy is described. Renal tissue from three males and one female in two successive generations was available for review. The glomerulopathy was characterized by a marked lobular accentuation with only a modest increase in mesangial cellularity. Immunofluorescence in two patients showed focal or diffuse staining with immunoglobulins G, A, M, and C3 in the mesangium and along the glomerular capillary basement membranes. Ultrastructural study showed amorphous granular subendothelial material distending capillary loops and mesangial regions. This material accounted for the pronounced lobular accentuation. The patients in this family presented with proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension. Three of the four patients have sustained cerebral vascular accidents and two have died. This family is compared with a previously reported family that showed similar glomerular pathology.
Synthesis of Peptidyl Methylcoumarin Esters as Substrates and Active-Site Titrants for the Prohormone Processing Proteases Kex2 and PC2

Peptidyl methylcoumarin amides are well established as model substrates for understanding protease specificity, but the corresponding methylcoumarin esters have attracted scant attention despite their potential utility in active-site titration and mechanistic characterization. We have devised techniques for the synthesis and deprotection of extended peptidyl methylcoumarin esters in good to moderate yields, and we have demonstrated their suitability for steady-state characterization and active-site titration of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae processing protease Kex2. Additionally, we have used one of these compounds to active-site titrate the homologous enzyme PC2, which had not previously been feasible using other types of substrates. These compounds should thus prove widely suitable for use as substrates and active-site titrants not only for proteases of the prohormone processing family but also for a wide range of other serine proteases.
Probing the kinesin reaction cycle with a 2D optical force clamp.

With every step it takes, the kinesin motor undergoes a mechanochemical reaction cycle that includes the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule, ADP/Pi release, plus an unknown number of additional transitions. Kinesin velocity depends on both the magnitude and the direction of the applied load. Using specialized apparatus, we subjected single kinesin molecules to forces in differing directions. Sideways and forward loads up to 8 pN exert only a weak effect, whereas comparable forces applied in the backward direction lead to stall. This strong directional bias suggests that the primary working stroke is closely aligned with the microtubule axis. Sideways loads slow the motor asymmetrically, but only at higher ATP levels, revealing the presence of additional, load-dependent transitions late in the cycle. Fluctuation analysis shows that the cycle contains at least four transitions, and confirms that hydrolysis remains tightly coupled to stepping. Together, our findings pose challenges for models of kinesin motion.
The touch-sensitive screen as a flexible response device in CAI and behavioral research

Two different touch-sensitive surface units are described and evaluated from a technical as well as an applications standpoint, with particular emphasis on their use as response devices in computer-assisted instruction with young children. Several other interesting touch-sensitive surface concepts and laboratory applications are also described.
A cohort study comparing laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy and extrafascial hysterectomy.

Abstract Study Objective To compare extrafascial hysterectomy (TAH) and laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH). Design. Consecutive women scheduled for hysterectomy, who entered one group or the other based on personal preference. Setting. A university-affiliated women's hospital. Patients. Thirty-seven women with benign gynecologic pathology. Interventions. Eighteen underwent TAH and 19 had LAVH. All were followed for 6 months postoperatively. Measurements and Main Results. The duration of LAVH was significantly longer than that of TAH; estimated blood loss was significantly higher for TAH; and the duration of use of narcotic analgesics, length of hospital stay, and length of time to resumption of routine working activity were significantly shorter after LAVH. No difference was found in the two groups with respect to Q-Tip test preoperatively and 6 months after surgery. Conclusions. We believe LAVH is a valid and safe alternative to TAH in selected patients. The two procedures do not alter the mobility of the bladder neck on short-term follow-up. Additional prospective studies are necessary to confirm our data.
Summarizing can improve metacomprehension accuracy

Abstract In two experiments, it was examined whether the accuracy of comprehension monitoring (metacomprehension accuracy) was improved by summarizing texts. College students read texts and then some wrote a summary of each text (either immediately after reading or after a delay—the delay between reading and summarizing was filled by the reading of the remaining texts), whereas others did not (the control group). All the students then rated their comprehension of each text. Finally, they completed a test of the material covered in each text. In both experiments, metacomprehension accuracy, operationalized as the correlation between ratings of comprehension and subsequent test performance, was dramatically greater for the group of students that wrote summaries after a delay than for the control group or the group of students that wrote summaries immediately after reading a text. These findings are described in the context of a discrepancy-reduction model of self-regulated study.
Depression and diabetes symptom burden

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship among patient-reported diabetes symptoms, severity of depressive illness and objective measures of diabetes control and severity among a population-based sample of patients with diabetes. Methods A mailed survey was sent to all patients with diabetes from nine primary care clinics of a Health Maintenance Organization. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to diagnose major depression, the Self-Completion Patient Outcome instrument assessed diabetes symptoms and automated medical record data were used to measure diabetes treatment intensity, HbA 1c levels, diabetes complications and medical comorbidity. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine if the number of diabetes symptoms was related to having major depression and to number of depressive symptoms. Logistic regression analyses determined the relative strengths of the associations between each individual diabetic symptom and presence of major depression, HbA 1c levels above 8.0% and two or more diabetes complications. Results Among 4168 patients with diabetes, those with major depression ( N =487) reported significantly more diabetes symptoms (mean=4.40) than participants without depression (mean=2.46) after adjusting for demographic characteristics, objective measures of diabetes severity and medical comorbidity [ F (1,4029)=339.31, P F (9,4021)=110.05, P P Conclusions The depression-diabetes symptom association is stronger than the association of diabetes symptoms with measures of glycemic control and diabetes complications.
Dibutyryl cyclic GMP, morphine and Met-enkephalin: lack of common actions on neuronal firing.

The effects of microintophoretically administered dibutyryl cyclic GMP (dbcGMP), morphine and Met-enkephalin on neuronal firing in the mesencephalic reticular formation of the rat were examined. DbcGMP did not mimic the ability of either opioid to block neuronal firing evoked by a nociceptive stimulus. Furthermore, dbcGMP did not potentiate the ability of the opioid to block evoked neuronal firing. The only effect of dbcGMP was an occasional enhancement of both evoked and spontaneous neuronal firing. These data may indicate that the effects of morphine and Met-enkephalin in the mesencephalic reticular formation of the rat are not linked to cyclic GMP.
Behavior of a screw dislocation near a partially bonded bimetallic interface

This paper, based upon the isotropic elastic continuum approximation, deals with the forces of interaction between a stationary screw dislocation and a partially bonded bimetallic interface. The complex variable method is used throughout and the closed form solution is obtained. The result indicates that if the material on the other side of the interface is more rigid than that in which the dislocation is present, the bonded region will act as a barrier to the dislocation located in a certain region near the interface and that there is no stable equilibrium position of single dislocation line even in the aforementioned case since the free surface operates an attractive force on it.
An Optimal Algorithm for Low Power Multiplierless FIR Filter Design using Chebychev Criterion

In this paper, we propose a novel finite impulse response (FIR) filter design methodology that reduces the number of operations with a motivation to reduce power consumption and enhance performance. The novelty of our approach lies in the generation of filter coefficients such that they conform to a given low-power architecture, while meeting the given filter specifications. The proposed algorithm is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem that minimizes Chebychev error and synthesizes coefficients which consist of pre-specified alphabets. The new modified coefficients can be used for low-power VLSI implementation of vector scaling operations such as FIR filtering using computation sharing multiplier (CSHM). Simulations in 0.25 μm technology show that CSHM FIR filter architecture can result in 55% power and 34% speed improvement compared to carry save multiplier (CSAM) based filters.
On stability and control of ligand-receptor interactions according to the mass action law: A theoretical model of chaos

The stability and control of ligand-receptor interaction obeying the mass action law were analyzed with a control model that is applicable to drugs and endogenous compounds. Whereas the local concentration of drugs, and consequent receptor occupancy, depend on pharmacokinetic parameters and, possibly, intrinsic control, natural substances are almost certainly controlled. The model assumes constant ligand production, with first-order elimination and a feedback function (ϕ) that modulates these. The feedback signal, which may originate at a site proximal or distal to the receptor, is expressed as a function of the occupied receptor concentration (y). Instantaneous values of free (z) and bound (y) ligand represent a state or a point of the system. Basal values of y and z define a critical point that is stable; that is, perturbations producing states away from it will return in time to this critical point. In contrast, other critical points can be unstable, meaning that movements near such points will result in loss of control and possible chaos. It is shown that any critical point at which the derivative ϕ'(y) 0 at such points. The model predicts at least one unstable point or repellor. The distance between these points is crucial to maintenance of control. Loss of control may account for certain abnormalities such as vasospasm and other pathologic conditions. The model, containing four parameters that control the three of the ligand-receptor interaction, predicts conditions that alter stability. These insights may be useful for drug use and development.
CHARGE CONJUGATION IN UNITARY SYMMETRY GROUPS

A charge conjugation transformation law for infinitesimal generations of unitary symmetry groups like SU(2), SU(3) (or more generally SU(n)) and U(12) has been derived from requirements that the charge conjugation is an automorphism of the group and furthermore that it changes signs of ordinary charge and hypercharges.
ON ∞-HARMONIC FUNCTIONS ON THE HEISENBERG GROUP

In this paper, we study infinite harmonic functions in the viscosity sense on the Heisenberg group. Existence of infinite harmonic functions in the viscosity sense is proved following the scheme of...
Spinal Interventions—The Role in the Athlete

Cervical and lumbar injuries are common among athletes. In most instances, these injuries are benign and respond well to non-operative management. Treatment modalities may include therapy, NSAIDs, and rest. For injuries unresponsive to simpler forms of non-operative treatment, injection therapy and other interventions may be considered to return the athlete back to sports. The following manuscript will discuss various options for the athlete.
Seasonal influences on PCB retention and biotransformation in fish

There is extensive evidence that fish from waters with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-contaminated sediments accumulate PCBs and related chemicals and that people who eat fish from contaminated waters have higher body burdens of PCBs and PCB metabolites than those who do not. PCBs and their metabolites are potentially toxic; thus, it is important to human health to understand the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination of PCBs in fish since these processes determine the extent of accumulation. The intestinal uptake of PCBs present in the diet of fish into fish tissues is a process that is influenced by the lipid composition of the diet. Biotransformation of PCBs in fish, as in mammals, facilitates elimination, although many PCB congeners are recalcitrant to biotransformation in fish and mammals. Sequential biotransformation of PCBs by cytochrome P450 and conjugation pathways is even less efficient in fish than in mammalian species, thus contributing to the retention of PCBs in fish tissues. A very important factor influencing overall PCB disposition in fish is water temperature. Seasonal changes in water temperature produce adaptive physiological and biochemical changes in fish. While uptake of PCBs from the diet is similar in fish acclimated to winter or summer temperatures, there is evidence that elimination of PCBs occurs much more slowly when the fish is acclimated at low temperatures than at warmer temperatures. Research to date suggests that the processes of elimination of PCBs are modulated by several factors in fish including seasonal changes in water temperature. Thus, the body burden of PCBs in fish from a contaminated location is likely to vary with season.
Complementary partial resolution squares for Steiner triple systems

In this paper, we introduce a generalization of frames called partial resolution squares. We are interested in constructing sets of complementary partial resolution squares for Steiner triple systems (STS). Our main result is the existence of six complementary partial resolution squares for STS of order v which can be superimposed in a v × v array so that the resulting array is also the array formed by the superposition of three mutually orthogonal latin squares of order v where v ≡ 1 (mod 6), v ≥ 7, and v ∈ {55, 115, 145, 205, 235, 265, 319, 355, 415, 493, 649, 697}.
Poly(1,3,4‐oxadiazoles): A new class of polymers by cyclodehydration of polyhydrazides

Thirteen aliphatic and aromatic polyhydrazides have been converted as bulk polymer by a unique polymer by a unique polymer post reaction into high molecular weight poly(1,3,4-oxadiazoles). This reaction proceeds by thermal cyclodehydration at 170–280°C. with elimination of water. The resulting poly(1,3,4-oxadiazoles) have been characterized by microanalysis, inherent viscosity, x-ray diffraction patterns, and by infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra. Films could be pressed from the melt of polyoxadiazoles melting below 350°C., while very high melting or infusible aromatic polyoxadiazoles could not be manufactures into films and fibers by conventional means. Such polymers are extremely thermally and oxidatively stable and decompose between 450 and 500°C.
Women's narratives: evolving symptoms of myocardial infarction.

ABSTRACT Diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in women is difficult since chest pain may not be a hallmark symptom. Research is needed to identify symptoms experienced by women with AMI to facilitate timely diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to identify new symptoms and their evolution experienced by women prior to diagnosis of AMI. Non-probability sampling was used to select 20 diverse women. Intensive home interviews were conducted and transcribed. Content analysis and constant comparison were used to develop nine data clusters: Location of Pain; Intensity of Pain/Sensations; Cardiovascular/Temperature Changes; Respiratory Sensations; Gastrointestinal Symptoms; Emotions; Hand and Arm Sensations; Neurological/Vision Changes; and Fatigue. Some women progressed to AMI in minutes while others had symptoms for weeks. Findings should increase awareness of women's symptoms of AMI. Further research is needed with a larger sample.
Thermocapillary and centrifugal-buoyancy-driven motion in a rapidly rotating liquid cylinder

The thermocapillary flow field in a uniformly rotating liquid cylinder heated from above is calculated using linear boundary-layer theory appropriate for small values of the Ekman number. The results show that the thermocapillary flow is confined to a thin layer at the liquid-gas interface if the temperature difference across the cylinder is sufficiently small. The interior flow is a uniform rotation with the endplates. The flow due to centrifugal buoyancy is also analyzed using the same theory. The magnitude of this flow compared with the thermocapillary motion is small in typical circumstances. However, it does influence the temperature field in the interior of the cylinder, where the thermocapillary motion does not. Full details of these flows and the first-order corrections to the interface shape are presented.
A semantic annotation framework for retrieving and analyzing observational datasets

In many scientific disciplines, including ecology, hydrology, and earth science, scientific analysis requires access to a broad range of observational data. However, because of the amount and heterogeneity both in the structure and semantics) of observational data, approaches are needed that allow scientists to easily discover and analyze them. To address this issue, we describe a framework for accessing sobservational data. This framework combines a core observational model, domain-specific ontologies compatible with the core model, and a semantic annotation language. The annotation language provides a formal bridge between the core model and the underlying data to enable queries and analysis over annotations. The framework has been implemented to take advantage of ontology and web-based standards, and has also been integrated within a popular metadata tool for managing ecological datasets.
Reduction of methotrexate toxicity with improved nutritional status in tumor-bearing animals

The administration of chemotherapy in clinical situations is limited frequently because of the associated toxicity to normal bone marrow cells, gastrointestinal epithelium, and other host tissues. Although nutritional support has been advocated to reduce chemotherapy-related toxicity in cancer patients, few studies substantiate this clinical impression. The current study was performed to determine the role of nutritional status and enteral nutrient intake as determinants of methotrexate (MTX) toxicity in a well-controlled, tumor-bearing animal model. After subcutaneous mammary tumor (AC-33) inoculation, 56 female Lewis/Wistar rats were assigned randomly to one of the following two nutritional regimens for 14 days: (1) protein-depleted chow (PC) (0.03% protein; 4.27 kcal/g) or (2) standard chow (RC) (22.0% protein; 3.50 kcal/g). After 7 days of dietary control, all animals received one of three weight-adjusted doses of MTX (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg intramuscularly [IM] ) or placebo. All animals received leucovorin rescue (0.6 mg IM) at 6 and 24 hours after MTX injection. Improved nutritional status was associated with a significant reduction in objective measures of MTX-related morbidity and mortality. At low doses of MTX (5 and 10 mg/kg), the mean duration of clinical signs of toxicity (i.e., hair loss, lethargy, and diarrhea) and severity of leukopenia were greater in protein-depleted (PD) animals. With high-dose MTX (20 mg/kg), mortality was increased significantly in PD animals (100%) compared with well-nourished animals (0%). Equivalent tumor response was observed in PD and well-nourished animals. Thus, improved nutritional status by enteral nutrition reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with MTX significantly in this tumor-bearing animal model.
Craze microstructure characterization by low-angle electron diffraction and Fourier transforms of craze images

Craze microstructure in thin film monodisperse polystyrene (PS) was determined by three equivalent, but independent, techniques: (1) low-angle electron diffraction (LAED) from the crazes, (2) the image analysis of microdensitometer scans of craze TEM images, and (3) optical transforms of the TEM images. Molecular weights of 11×104 and 18×105 were investigated. The average craze fibril spacings and fibril diameters in the samples were measured by LAED and then compared with those obtained from the image analyses. Excellent agreement was found between the three techniques, indicating that any one can be used for craze fibril structure exploration. While the craze fibril structure near the craze-matrix interface of crazes in both the 18×105 and 11×104 were similar, the fibril structure was coarser in the centre of 11×104 crazes than in 18×105 crazes. This effect is believed to be due to fibril coalescence in the centre of the low molecular weight crazes during the very low strain rate tensile deformation used to produce those crazes.
Local energy calculations employing importance sampling: Positronium hydride wavefunctions as severe tests of the method

Abstract Ground-state positronium hydride wavefunctions are generated by least squares solutions of the Schrodinger equation and compared with variational results. Effects on wavefunction quality of configuration space sampling and of low-lying virtual excited states are detailed.
Synthesis of proteolipid by subcellular fractions from rat brain.

Abstract Mitochondria, microsomes, synaptosomes and myelin were isolated from the white matter plus brain stem of 14–16-day rat brains and incubated in amino acid incorporating systems. Most incorporation into proteolipid was by mitochondria; microsomes and myelin incorporated least. The amino acid composition of the mitochondrial proteolipid showed similarities to that reported for Folch-Lees proteolipid isolated from myelin. These results support the notion that white matter mitochondria may contribute material for myelinogenesis.
Use of kriging models to predict 12-hour mean ozone concentrations in Metropolitan Toronto—A pilot study

Abstract Ozone concentrations exhibit spatial variability within metropolitan areas, resulting in significantly different personal exposures among individuals. This paper uses the statistical technique, kriging, to explore the 12-h daytime (8am–8pm) ozone spatial variation and to predict mean outdoor ozone levels at home sites within the Toronto metropolitan area. Outdoor ozone measurements taken in the Toronto metropolitan area between June and August 1992 are used in kriging models to predict outdoor ozone concentrations. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing actual home outdoor measurements with predicted values. Results indicate that kriging predictions are more accurate than using only the closest stationary ambient site measurements for determining home outdoor ozone concentrations within the metropolitan area. The average variogram obtained from pooling data throughout the entire sampling period shows a clear spatial trend in the outdoor ozone variation. Kriging predictions using the parameters from the average variogram perform as well as those using variograms from individual days. An approach for minimizing sample bias can be used to increase the accuracy of the predictions; cross-validation suggests that it is a reasonable procedure.
SKATE: a docking program that decouples systematic sampling from scoring.

SKATE is a docking prototype that decouples systematic sampling from scoring. This novel approach removes any interdependence between sampling and scoring functions to achieve better sampling and, thus, improves docking accuracy. SKATE systematically samples a ligand's conformational, rotational and translational degrees of freedom, as constrained by a receptor pocket, to find sterically allowed poses. Efficient systematic sampling is achieved by pruning the combinatorial tree using aggregate assembly, discriminant analysis, adaptive sampling, radial sampling, and clustering. Because systematic sampling is decoupled from scoring, the poses generated by SKATE can be ranked by any published, or in-house, scoring function. To test the performance of SKATE, ligands from the Asetex/CDCC set, the Surflex set, and the Vertex set, a total of 266 complexes, were redocked to their respective receptors. The results show that SKATE was able to sample poses within 2 A RMSD of the native structure for 98, 95, and 98% of the cases in the Astex/CDCC, Surflex, and Vertex sets, respectively. Cross-docking accuracy of SKATE was also assessed by docking 10 ligands to thymidine kinase and 73 ligands to cyclin-dependent kinase. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Doppler measurement of acoustic streaming

To characterize acoustic streaming caused by pulsed ultrasonic beams we used Doppler signal processing to measure streaming velocity under a variety of conditions in-vitro using blood and water. We found velocities as high as 5 mm/s in blood at the diagnostic power levels used in 20 MHz catheter velocimetry. In general, streaming decreases with distance as a function of absorption, increases with applied acoustic power, and decreases with increased viscosity. The time constant to a step change in power is 80 ms in blood and 200 ms in water. We conclude that streaming is measurable in pulsed Doppler beams, that it could produce artifacts or unintended effects, and that it could have important practical applications.
Heydenius araneus n.sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae), a parasite of a fossil spider, with an examination of helminths from extant spiders (Arachnida: Araneae)

Abstract. A mermithid, a parasite of a spider (Araneae: Thomisidae) in Baltic amber (40 mya), is described as Heydenius araneus n.sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and represents the first fossil record of a nematode parasite of an arachnid. After a critical examination of reports of naturally occurring helminths of extant spiders, I conclude that although mermithid parasitism is well established in this host group, previous reports of hairworm parasites of spiders are “nomina dubia,” putative records, or refer to mermithid nematodes.
Using Social Choice Function Vs. Social Welfare Function To Aggregate Individual Preferences In Group Decision Support Systems

In multi-criteria decision making, any Group Decision Support System (GDSS) requires a “social judgment model” for calculation of weights on decision alternatives, and tabulation of individual votes toward a consensus. One could assess a Social Welfare Function - such as Keeney’s - to aggregate individual cardinal preferences or utilities into a group preference. Alternatively, one could use Social Choice Functions - such as Condorcet, Borda, Copeland, and Eigenvector - to aggregate individual ordinal preferences or rankings into a group ranking. This study empirically investigates the consensus between individual preferences and the group preference derived from various aggregation methods.
Detection of intermediate vector bosons and high-energy weak interactions from decay of hadron resonances☆

We discuss the detection of parity violating effects in the production of hadron resonances as a way to identify weak interactions at high energies. Numerical results indicate that such effects due to the production of W's and Z's should be observable at Isabelle energies. Observation of such effects may be the best method to establish that high-mass resonances or new behavior of cross sections are not hadronic in origin. By observing hadron resonances with different quantum numbers, it is possible to study the flavor dependence of high-energy weak effects; the energy dependence of the ~0[*r ratio may even be a useful signal of W production. We also calculate predictions for polarized beams. The possibility of observing unconventional kinds of weak interactions is briefly considered. In this paper we want to discuss how weak interactions can be studied at high energies. We will concentrate on productions of W's and Z's but also include some discussion of the possibility of seeing unconventional effects. The usual methods [1-3] involve the production of W's and Z's and their decays into leptons or hadron jets. In particular, the charge asymmetry in pp -~/l+/a - + X, or the frontback asymmetry in p~ ~/a -+ + X would signal a weak-interaction effect [3]. These may well be the best methods, particularly to detect a Z ° by its g+/.t- decay, and they have been studied in some detail. The method we want to emphasize here is the detection of weak effects v/a the parity-violating production of hadron resonances. One can see very simply that such effects may occur. For example, a W decay into q?:l will give a left-handed q in a V- A theory. When making a meson resonance by picking up a ?:1 from the vacuum it will form (say) p's only of helicity 0 and -1 ,'while the strong interactions give equal amounts of helicity 1 and -1. Thus, appropriate comparison of the amounts of helicity 1 and -1 p's can signal a
Foundational-circuit-based spice simulation

An innovative algorithm for computer-aided circuit design is presented in this paper. The algorithm is applied to "relative" circuits during optimal circuit design process to reduce circuit simulation time. The new concepts of "relative" circuits, fundamental circuit, derivative circuit, and delta circuit, are introduced. A practical implementation approach is developed with a Spice simulator, accordingly. The algorithm can be adapted to statistical designs or optimal designs. An example is given to prove the correctness and efficiency of the algorithm.
Centralized server environment for educational robotics

One of the main challenges when creating an undergraduate introduction to robotics course is connecting the theory taught in the lectures with the current practices of research. The primary cause of this difficulty is an inability to find a hardware solution that is powerful enough to run complex cutting-edge algorithms yet inexpensive enough to be purchased by an undergraduate class budget. An ideal system needs to have a gentle learning curve to allow students with minimal background in the field to get a robot up and running. Lastly, a fleet of classroom robots needs to be easy to administrate and maintain given the limited time of a Teaching Assistant. Our approach is to implement a centralized server system. In this system individual robots are inexpensive yet capable of establishing a WiFi link to a main server so that all the compilation and system administration, as well as much of the computationally intensive processing, are done on that server. We find that this solution saves both time and money and provides an effective teaching tool. This paper describes the hardware and software architecture of the system, and example applications implemented by undergraduate students.
Grin and Bear It The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response

In the study reported here, we investigated whether covertly manipulating positive facial expressions would influence cardiovascular and affective responses to stress. Participants (N = 170) naive to the purpose of the study completed two different stressful tasks while holding chopsticks in their mouths in a manner that produced a Duchenne smile, a standard smile, or a neutral expression. Awareness was manipulated by explicitly asking half of all participants in the smiling groups to smile (and giving the other half no instructions related to smiling). Findings revealed that all smiling participants, regardless of whether they were aware of smiling, had lower heart rates during stress recovery than the neutral group did, with a slight advantage for those with Duchenne smiles. Participants in the smiling groups who were not explicitly asked to smile reported less of a decrease in positive affect during a stressful task than did the neutral group. These findings show that there are both physiological and psychological benefits from maintaining positive facial expressions during stress.
A common model for problem solving and program development

We present a domain-specific problem solving model to facilitate the study of programming. Specifically, we address how problem solving and programming can be closely integrated and taught to beginning students and what are the necessary knowledge and skills to enhance students' ability to become effective problem solvers and programmers. To accomplish this, we synthesized a common model for problem solving, based on a review of existing methodologies, that integrates the tasks of program development, and elaborates the required cognitive knowledge and skills. The common model explicitly encourages students to adhere to a well-specified six-stage process of formulating the problem, planning, designing, translating, testing, and delivering the solution.
A relation checking algorithm with application to a rule-based system for power system voltage control

A representation is proposed for a complex knowledge base. The representation is used to define the relations that may exist between a pair of rules. The relations defined are cause-effect, mutual exclusion, redundancy, conflict, subsumption, implication, and unnecessary condition. An algorithm to detect these relations is presented, and its application to power systems is discussed. >
Unsupervised Graph-basedWord Sense Disambiguation Using Measures of Word Semantic Similarity

This paper describes an unsupervised graph-based method for word sense disambiguation, and presents comparative evaluations using several measures of word semantic similarity and several algorithms for graph centrality. The results indicate that the right combination of similarity metrics and graph centrality algorithms can lead to a performance competing with the state-of-the-art in unsupervised word sense disambiguation, as measured on standard data sets.
Dodecafluoropentane emulsion decreases infarct volume in a rabbit ischemic stroke model

Abstract Purpose To assess the efficacy of dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe), a nanodroplet emulsion with significant oxygen transport potential, in decreasing infarct volume in an insoluble-emboli rabbit stroke model. Materials And Methods New Zealand White rabbits (N = 64; weight, 5.1 ± 0.50 kg) underwent angiography and received embolic spheres in occluded internal carotid artery branches. Rabbits were randomly assigned to groups in 4-hour and 7-hour studies. Four-hour groups included control (n = 7, embolized without treatment) and DDFPe treatment 30 minutes before stroke (n = 7), at stroke onset (n = 8), and 30 minutes (n = 5), 1 hour (n = 7), 2 hours (n = 5), or 3 hours after stroke (n = 6). Seven-hour groups included control (n = 6) and DDFPe at 1 hour (n = 8) and 6 hours after stroke (n = 5). DDFPe dose was a 2% weight/volume intravenous injection (0.6 mL/kg) repeated every 90 minutes as time allowed. After euthanasia, infarct volume was determined by vital stains on brain sections. Results At 4 hours, median infarct volume decreased for all DDFPe treatment times (pretreatment, 0.30% [ P = .004]; onset, 0.20% [ P = .004]; 30 min, 0.35% [ P = .009]; 1 h, 0.30% [ P = .01]; 2 h, 0.40% [ P = .009]; and 3 h, 0.25% [ P = .003]) compared with controls (3.20%). At 7 hours, median infarct volume decreased with treatment at 1 hour (0.25%; P = .007) but not at 6 hours (1.4%; P = .49) compared with controls (2.2%). Conclusions Intravenous DDFPe in an animal model decreases infarct volumes and protects brain tissue from ischemia, justifying further investigation.