cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Character and Consistency: Still More Errors

This paper continues a debate among philosophers concerning the implications of situationist experiments in social psychology for the theory of virtue. In a previous paper (2002), I argued among other things that the sort of character trait problematized by Hartshorne and May’s (1928) famous study of honesty is not the right sort to trouble the theory of virtue. Webber (2006) criticizes my argument, alleging that it founders on an ambiguity in ‘cross-situational consistency’ and that Milgram’s (1974) obedience experiment is immune to the objections I levelled against Hartshorne and May. Here I respond to his criticisms. The most important error in Webber’s argument is that it overlooks a distinction between ‘one time performance’ experiments and ‘iterated trial’ experiments. I explain why the former cannot begin to trouble the theory of virtue. For some time now, there has been a lively debate in philosophy concerning the implications of empirical work in social psychology for the theory of virtue. While its origins can be traced to Flanagan (1991), the real catalyst for the debate was provided by two papers by Doris (1998) and Harman (1999). The central point of contention is whether the experimental results of ‘situationism’ have shown that not enough people have the right sort of character trait, 1 where the right sort is the sort of character trait used to define ‘virtue’ in philosophical theories of virtue. Harman and Doris (also 2002) take the position that situationism has indeed shown this, from which they conclude that not enough people have any virtues (and hence that virtue theory is empirically inadequate). It is to license these further inferences, on which most of the moral philosophical interest of the debate hangs, that our specification of the ‘right sort of character trait’ must refer to the requirements of philosophical theories of virtue. In a previous paper (2002), I articulated various grounds for objecting to Doris and Harman’s conclusions. My principal objection was that the sort of character trait operationalized in, and so tested by, the situationists’s experiments is not the right sort to interest the theory of 1 How many people is ‘enough’ is a separable point of contention, but not one that will occupy us here.
A Reliable Energy Efficient Algorithm for Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks

A critical aspect of applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is network lifetime. Power-constrained WSNs are usable as long as they can communicate sensed data to a processing node. Poor communication links and hazard environment make the WSNs unreliable. The existing schemes only consider that the state of a sensor covering targets is in binary mode: success (cover the targets) or fail (cannot cover the targets). However in the real WSNs, a sensor covers targets with a certain probability. To improve WSNs’ reliability, we should consider the fact that a sensor covers targets with users’satisfied probability. To solve the above problem, this paper first introduces failure probability into target coverage problems to improve and control the system’s reliability. Furthermore, we model the solution as the Maximum Reliability Sensor Covers (MRSC)problem and design a heuristic greedy algorithm that efficiently compute the maximal number of reliable sensor covers. To efficiently extend the WSNs’ lifetime with users’ pre-defined failure probability requirements, only the sensors from the current active sensor cover is responsible for monitoring all targets, while all other sensors are in a low-energy sleep mode. Finally, simulation results validate the performance of our proposed algorithm, in which users can precisely control the system’s reliability without sacrificing the energy consumption too much.
Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?

It has been hypothesized that a major objective of morphological adaptation in limb-bone diaphyses is the achievement of uniform regional safety factors between discrete cortical locations (e.g. between cranial and caudal cortices at mid-diaphysis). This hypothesis has been tested, and appears to be supported in the diaphyses of ovine and equine radii. The present study more rigorously examined this question using the equine third metacarpal (MC3), which has had functionally generated intracortical strains estimated by a sophisticated finite element model. Mechanical properties of multiple mid-diaphyseal specimens were evaluated in both tension and compression, allowing for testing of habitually tensed or compressed regions in their respective habitual loading mode (`strain-mode-specific' loading). Elastic modulus, and yield and ultimate strength and strain, were correlated with in vivo strain data from a previously published finite element model. Mechanical tests revealed minor variations in elastic modulus, and yield and ultimate strength in both tension and compression loading, while physiological strains varied significantly between the cortices. Contrary to the hypothesis of uniform safety factors, the MC3 has a broad range of tension (caudo-medial, 4.0; cranio-lateral, 37.7) and compression (caudo-medial, 5.7; cranio-lateral, 68.9) safety factors.
Mathematica with applications to plans

Mathematica is a computer program that does symbolic and algebraic operations as well as numeric calculations and graphics. The author gives a brief introduction into its capabilities and illustrates its power for engineering applications, including an example of static covariance analysis. >
The Fruits of Ripe Old Age: Potential Role for Polyphenols in the Modulation of Disorders of Energy Regulation in Aging

The process of aging is accompanied by many disorders of energy regulation. Frailty, an important pathologic syndrome in the elderly, has multiple causes, but it is characterized by sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), or alternatively dynapenia (loss of muscle strength). There is a related and concomitant increase in fat mass, sometimes referred to as sarcopenic-obesity. Research on the applications of polyphenols to treat energy regulatory disorders of aging is only in its early stages. There are many barriers that need to be overcome before polyphenols are practically applied. Polyphenols are rapidly metabolized in the small intestine, and their bioavailability is quite limited, although their metabolites might also be active.
Experience with Sugar Modifies Behavioral but not Taste-Evoked Medullary Responses to Sweeteners in Mice

Dietary exposure to sugars increases the preference for and intake of sugar solutions in mice. We used brief-access lick tests and multiunit electrophysiological recordings from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) to investigate the role of taste in diet-induced changes in sucrose responsiveness. We exposed C57BL/6J (B6) and 129X1/SvJ (129) mice to either a sucrose diet (chow, water, and a 500mM sucrose solution) or a control diet (chow and water) for 3 days. In B6 mice, exposure to the sucrose diet decreased the appetitive response (i.e., number of trials initiated) but had no effect on the consummatory response (i.e., rate of licking) to 500mM sucrose and 20mM saccharin. In 129 mice, exposure to the sucrose diet increased the appetitive response but had no effect on the consummatory response to the sweetener solutions. In the NST recordings, the B6 mice exhibited larger multiunit responses to sweeteners than 129 mice, but there was no effect of the sucrose diet in either strain. Our results indicate that sucrose exposure alters the appetitive response of B6 and 129 mice to sweeteners in diametrically opposed ways and that these changes are mediated by structures in the gustatory neuraxis above the NST (e.g., ventral forebrain).
Application of affinity adsorption in thienamycin fermentation

Many antibiotic fermentations are sensitive to high concentrations of their own product possibly due to product regulation and toxicity mechanisms. In this paper we discuss the feasibility of using affinity adsorption with biospecific ligands for in situ product removal to alleviate this problem. The concept of using whole cells containing the biospecific ligands is demonstrated in the case of thienamycin fermentation using whole cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus and immobilized β-lactamase. It is observed that thienamycin production continues for an extended period of time.
Evaluation with Cardiovascular MR Imaging of Baffles and Conduits Used in Palliation or Repair of Congenital Heart Disease

Various baffles and conduits used in repair and palliation of congenital heart disease are reviewed, and an approach to their evaluation with cardiovascular MR imaging is discussed.
A data collection environment for software reliability research

With software being used in more critical applications, software reliability engineering (SRE) is an increasingly important field of software engineering. Collecting data for software reliability research, however, is difficult. Software projects do not always collect data that is complete or consistent enough for SRM research. In addition, reliability data is very sensitive. Corporations are reluctant to provide it to outside parties for use in research. The authors describe ongoing research at IIT and their approach to data collection for software reliability research. They have developed a data collection package that can be used by people who may be interested in donating software reliability data. In addition, they are developing a simulation environment for use in software reliability research. The environment is, in essence, a laboratory in which to conduct software reliability experiments. >
First-order Optimality Conditions for Fuzzy Number Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Coefficients

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate duality theory in fuzzy number quadratic programming(FNQP) in which the objective function is fuzzy quadratic function with fuzzy number coefficient and the constraint set is fuzzy linear functions with fuzzy number coefficient. We present first-order optimality conditions for fuzzy number quadratic programming with fuzzy number coefficient.
Cattle, Deer, and Elk Grazing of the Invasive Plant Sulfur Cinquefoil

The role of ungulates as contributors to establishment and spread of non-native invasive plants in natural areas is not well known. The objectives of this study were to document whether or not sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta L.) is grazed by ungulates and to quantify the effects of ungu- late herbivory on the density and demography of sulfur cinquefoil. Despite reports suggesting sulfur cinquefoil is minimally grazed, our results indicate that substantial grazing of sulfur cinquefoil occurs in a northeastern Oregon natural area. The number of sulfur cinquefoil flowers and seed heads differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among all grazing treatments at all sampling periods. Cattle (Bos Taurus) grazed sulfur cinquefoil throughout early summer, resulting in smaller plants with few flowers and sub- sequent seed heads. Sulfur cinquefoil was grazed by deer (Odocoileus heminous and O. virginianus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) primarily in the fall and winter by specifically removing just the seed heads. As sulfur cinquefoil reproduces only by seed and seeds typically fall within 3 m of a parent plant, grazing by ungulates and subsequent deposition of the seeds by endozoochory may explain the establishment of satellite infestations across susceptible natural areas.
Hypoxia increases AP-1 binding activity by enhancing capacitative Ca2+ entry in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Activating protein (AP)-1 transcription factors modulate expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Chronic hypoxia increases pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferatio...
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Perceptions of Self‐Worth and Competence in Adolescence: A Study of Twins, Full Siblings, and Step‐Siblings

Although it is generally assumed that the origins of adolescents' perceptions of self-competence lie in shared family environmental influences, the contributions of nonshared environmental or genetic influences have not been explored. We investigated sibling resemblance for perceived competence and self-worth in 720 adolescent pairs aged 10 to 18 years, using a twin, full sibling, and step-sibling design. Our goals were to assess the magnitude of shared and nonshared environmental influences and to disentangle resemblance due to shared genetic heritage from that due to shared environmental experiences. Shared environment was not significant for any of the scales. 4 of the subscales showed significant genetic influence: scholastic, social, physical, and athletic competence. We also explored possible sources of genetic influences on perceived competence. Bivariate models revealed common genetic variance between scholastic competence and vocabulary and social competence and sociability. These measures, however, did not account for all of the genetic variance in perceived social and scholastic competence.
The protective effects of community involvement for HIV risk behavior: a conceptual framework

This paper presents a conceptual framework of the protective effects of community involvement in HIV/AIDS-related groups and organizations for HIV sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men. The framework delineates hypotheses for future research, and provides a guide for prevention programs based on the active and direct involvement of participants, particularly communities of color. The framework (1) argues that community involvement moderates the association between three socio-structural risk factors (i.e. poverty, homophobia and racism) and sexual risk behavior; (2) posits that community involvement in HIV/AIDS reduces sexual risk behavior via its effects on four mediating factors (i.e. peer norms, self-efficacy, positive self-identity and alienation); (3) proposes five socio-cultural barriers to and facilitators of community involvement in HIV/AIDS (i.e. motives for participation, poverty, acculturation, stigma and perceived opportunities); and (4) addresses burnout as one potential negative consequence of community involvement in HIV/AIDS-related organizations and groups. The conceptual framework advances the understanding of HIV sexual risk behavior by integrating both its socio-structural risk and protective factors. It contributes to health education by specifying how interventions based on collective action (e.g. community involvement) for social change may be effective in generating healthy behaviors at individual and community levels.
Oblique rifting ruptures continents: Example from the Gulf of California shear zone

We show that a belt of clockwise vertical-axis block rotation associated with dextral-oblique rifting in the Basin and Range province in Mexico hosted the localization of plate-boundary strain that led to formation of the Gulf of California ocean basin. Paleomagnetism of Miocene ignimbrites distributed widely across the rift reveals the magnitude, distribution, and timing of rotation. Using new high-precision paleomagnetic vectors (α 95 ≈ 1°) from tectonically stable exposures of these ignimbrites in Baja California, we determine clockwise rotations up to 76° for intrarift sites. Low reference-site error permits isolation of intrarift block rotation during proto-Gulf time, prior to rift localization ca. 6 Ma. We estimate that 48% (locally 0%–75%) of the net rotation occurred between 12.5 Ma and 6.4 Ma. Sites of large (>20°) block rotation defi ne an ~100-km-wide belt, associated with strike-slip faulting, herein named the Gulf of California shear zone, which was embedded within the wide rift Basin and Range province and kinematically linked to the San Andreas fault. After a protracted history of diffuse extension and transtension, rift localization was accomplished by focusing of Pacifi c– North America dextral shear into the Gulf of California, which increased strain rates and connected nascent pull-apart basins along the western margin of the province. Oblique rifting thus helped to localize and increase the rate of continental break up and strongly controlled the three-dimensional architecture of the resultant passive margins.
History into Story: Suzanne Césaire, Lafcadio Hearn, and Representations of the 1848 Martinique Slave Revolts

In 1952 Suzanne Cesaire, Martinican theoretician, essayist, and wife of National Assemblyman and cultural leader Aime Cesaire, wrote and produced a play titled Aurore de la liberte (“The Dawn of Liberty”) about the Martinican slave revolts that resulted in the end to slavery on the island on May 23, 1848. Having access to no historical account of these events, Suzanne Cesaire made liberal use of an 1890 English-language novel by the Irish writer Lafcadio Hearn —Youma: The Story of a West-Indian Slave. In different eras, for different audiences, in different genres and languages, both Hearn and Cesaire thus used the power of literary representation to bring history alive for markedly different intents. This article examines the meanings of these representations of the May 1848 slave rebellions for their contexts and explores the intriguing absence of the May 1848 dates from official history for over 100 years. It studies the ways in which both Hearn’s and Cesaire’s literary productions reappropriate the acts of the rebelling slaves for their own—1890 and 1952—contexts.
Causes of change in Northern Hemisphere winter meridional winds and regional hydroclimate

Improved mechanistic understanding of greenhouse gas-induced change in Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation reveals a tendency of models to overestimate future mid-winter rainfall along the North American west coast. A critical aspect of human-induced climate change is how it will affect precipitation around the world. Broadly speaking, warming increases atmospheric moisture holding capacity, intensifies moisture transports and makes sub-tropical dry regions drier and tropical and mid-to-high-latitude wet regions wetter1,2. Extra-tropical precipitation patterns vary strongly with longitude, however, owing to the control exerted by the storm tracks and quasi-stationary highs and lows or stationary waves. Regional precipitation change will, therefore, also depend on how these aspects of the circulation respond. Current climate models robustly predict a change in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter stationary wave field that brings wetting southerlies to the west coast of North America, and drying northerlies to interior southwest North America and the eastern Mediterranean3,4,5. Here we show that this change in the meridional wind field is caused by strengthened zonal mean westerlies in the sub-tropical upper troposphere, which alters the character of intermediate-scale stationary waves. Thus, a robust and easily understood model response to global warming is the prime cause of these regional wind changes. However, the majority of models probably overestimate the magnitude of this response because of biases in their climatological representation of the relevant waves, suggesting that winter season wetting of the North American west coast will be notably less than projected by the multi-model mean.
Multiscale entropy: A tool for understanding the complexity of postural control

Clinical disorders often are characterized by a breakdown in dynamical processes that contribute to the control of upright standing. Disruption to a large number of physiological processes operating at different time scales can lead to alterations in postural center of pressure (CoP) fluctuations. Multiscale entropy (MSE) has been used to identify differences in fluctuations of postural CoP time series between groups with and without known physiological impairments at multiple time scales. The purpose of this paper is to: 1) review basic elements and current developments in entropy techniques used to assess physiological complexity; and 2) identify how MSE can provide insights into the complexity of physiological systems operating at multiple time scales that underlie the control of posture. We review and synthesize evidence from the literature providing support for MSE as a valuable tool to evaluate the breakdown in the physiological processes that accompany changes due to aging and disease in postural control. This evidence emerges from observed lower MSE values in individuals with multiple sclerosis, idiopathic scoliosis, and in older individuals with sensory impairments. Finally, we suggest some future applications of MSE that will allow for further insight into how physiological deficits impact the complexity of postural fluctuations; this information may improve the development and evaluation of new therapeutic interventions.
Hegde, Radha S, ed. Circuits of Visibility: Gender and Transnational Media Cultures.

Circuits of Visibility: Gender and Transnational Media Cultures is a collection of essays that take the reader around the world and offer a glimpse into the entanglements of gendered and mediated e...
Parametric Study of Zone-Melting-Recrystallization Processing of Silicon on Insulator Structures

The effects of four thermal parameters on the temperature distribution during Zone-Melting-Recrystalllzation processing of Slllcon-On-Insulator devices with graphite strip as the heat source were investigated numerically. Results indicate that the convective heat losses, the variability of the thermal conductivity of silicon as a function of temperature, and the multilayer nature of the structure do not affect the temperature distribution significantly. However, the velocity of the graphite strip can significantly affect the temperature distribution. The temperature profile remains the same for graphite strip velocities below 0.03 cm/sec. The relationship between required graphite strip temperature and velocity of the strip for film melting to occur is presented in graphical form.
Development of a Glancing-Angle–Deposited Distributed Polarization Rotator

Glancing-angle deposition (GLAD) by electron-beam evaporation is utilized to fabricate birefringent thin films. Substrate patterning of GLAD regions is being developed to create a distributed polarization rotator for high-peak-power applications at 351 nm.
Analysis of essential histidine residues of maize branching enzymes by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis

Incubation of maize branching enzyme, mBEI and mBEII, with 100 µM diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) rapidly inactivated the enzymes. Treatment of the DEPC-inactivated enzymes with 100–500 mM hydroxylamine restored the enzyme activities. Spectroscopic data indicated that the inactivation of BE with DEPC was the result of histidine modification. The addition of the substrate amylose or amylopectin retarded the enzyme inactivation by DEPC, suggesting that the histidine residues are important for substrate binding. In maize BEII, conserved histidine residues are in catalytic regions 1 (His320) and 4 (His508). His320 and His508 were individually replaced by Ala via site-directed mutagenesis to probe their role in catalysis. Expression of these mutants inE. coli showed a significant decrease of the activity and the mutant enzymes hadK m values 10 times higher than the wild type. Therefore, residues His320 and His508 do play an important role in substrate binding.
Studies on plasma protein synthesis with a new liver perfusion apparatus.

SummaryAn apparatus has been devised to perfuse livers under conditions which simulate those existing in the body. It consists of two identical perfusion sets so the metabolism of two livers can be compared under the same conditions. The perfused liver continues to produce plasma protein for 10 hours. After this time there is no vacuolation or necrotic change in any part of the liver; only slight atrophic changes in hepatic cells are present. A replacement of the blood plasma of the perfusate by Ringer-Locke solution caused an increase in plasma protein production and a decrease in the synthesis of liver tissue protein. When PVP was added to Ringer-Locke solution the production of plasma protein decreased. In both perfused liver and in vivo globulin appears to have a higher rate of synthesis than albumin. Gamma-globulin shows a faster turnover rate than albumin and alpha-globulin shows a still faster rate.
Carrier Lifetime Reduction by Ion Implantation into Silicon

Ion implantation is emerging as a versatile tool for the control of carrier lifetime in silicon. We present results on the use of argon and proton implantations to reduce lifetime. Particle energies used imply submicron penetration depths into the silicon. We find that within the first micrometer from the surface, the generation lifetime can be reduced by several orders of magnitude, and varies inversely with dose. A change in doping concentration was found only at the highest dose used (1014 cm−2). Effects of the implantations on surface generation velocity and oxide charges were also studied.
Pteridine regulation of inhibition of hepatic uroporphyrinogen L synthetase activity by lead chloride.

A dialyzable factor has been purified from rat hepatic cytosol that protects against PbCl2-mediated inhibition of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (EC 4.3.1.8), an enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This factor also stimulated enzymatic activity which was antagonized by folic acid. The factor also produced growth of the folate-requiring microorganisms Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469) and Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 8043), and antagonized binding of [3H]folic acid to a specific folate-binding protein. These results suggested that the factor was a pteridine derivative. The protective effect against inhibition of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity by PbCl2 was abolished by prior treatment of factor with γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.12.10), indicating that the factor is a polyglutamated pteridine derivative. The estimated concentrations of factor (as pteroylglutamate) protecting against inhibition of enzyme activity by PbC12 (10 µM) were 3.3 pM (competitive protein binding radioassay) and 16 pM (microbiological assays), which indicates that the glutamate portion of the pteroylpoly-glutamate factor does not merely chelate lead. Additional evidence ruling out chelation as a mechanism is the finding that concentrations of the factor in excess of those protecting against inhibition of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity by PbCl2 failed to protect against inhibition of another lead-sensitive enzyme, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24). Pteroylhexaglutamate was found to protect against inhibition of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity by PbCl2 at 1-10 µM concentrations. Pteroyltriglutamate and pteroylmonoglutamate were unable to protect against inhibition of enzymatic activity by PbCl2. It is suggested that pteroylpolyglutamate derivatives may be regulators of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity, and may serve as coenzymes for this enzyme.
Human Germline Interventions-Think First.

Recent studies using gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 have shown an enormously broad spectrum of possible future applications. This genetic engineering technique allows researchers to easily disable, insert, or replace DNA fragments, while raising risks such as incomplete or inaccurate editing, off-target mutations, and other unintended consequences. Whereas there is consensus that possible future uses in somatic cells hold enormous promise in clinical contexts, human germline interventions, i.e., the genetic modification of human gametes or embryos, are highly controversial (Baltimore et al., 2015; Lander, 2015; Lanphier et al., 2015; Miller, 2015; Pollack, 2015; Savulescu et al., 2015).
Time-space Image in Ruan Ji's Works

Ruan Ji creates the strong spiritual willing of separating himself from the realistic world because he has a great hatred on it.Thus there appear a large number of time-space images in his works.This paper makes a discussion of the time image,the space image,the surreal image and the ideal world in his works and explores his highest spiritual world.
A control study on the basic status of stomatological department and its medical staff in medical institutions in Chaoyang District of Beijing

Objective:To understand the basic status of stomatological department and its medical staff in medical institutions in Chaoyang District and to identify the role of community healthcare centers in stomatological prevention. Methods: Stomatological department and its medical staff in medical institutions in Chaoyang District were studied by questionnaire. The differences of numbers of comprehensive treatment table,educational background of practitioners, working lifetime, professional title, earning, daily received patient number and emphasized majors of the community healthcare centers, the second order and second above hospitals were compared. Results: ①The numbers of practitioners and comprehensive treatment table of stomatological departments in the community healthcare centers were much lower than those in the second order and second order above hospitals (P0.05). ②Compared with the second order and above level hospitals, in the community healthcare centers, more people with associate degree (P0.01), less people with master or above degree (P0.01);there was no difference between the working time of them, more people with junior or below professional title (P0.01),less with middle-level professional title(P0.01),there was no difference between the senior professional title(P0.05); more community healthcare centers with daily received patient number between five to ten (P0.01),less with the daily received number above ten(P0.05).③Except for the numbers of the practitioners who engage in the major of mouth rehabilitation (P0.05),there are no differences in the numbers who engage in the other majors between the community healthcare centers and the second order and above hospitals. Conclusion: If the equipment is improved, it is very suitable to develop the oral diseases prevention in the community healthcare centers.
Congenitally Deaf Children Generate Iconic Vocalizations to Communicate Magnitude

From an early age, people exhibit strong links between certain visual (e.g. size) and acoustic (e.g. duration) dimensions. Do people instinctively extend these crossmodal correspondences to vocalization? We examine the ability of congenitally deaf Chinese children and young adults (age M = 12.4 years, SD = 3.7 years) to generate iconic vocalizations to distinguish items with contrasting magnitude (e.g., big vs. small ball). Both deaf and hearing (M = 10.1 years, SD = 0.83 years) participants produced longer, louder vocalizations for greater magnitude items. However, only hearing participants used pitch—higher pitch for greater magnitude – which counters the hypothesized, innate size “frequency code”, but fits with Mandarin language and culture. Thus our results show that the translation of visible magnitude into the duration and intensity of vocalization transcends auditory experience, whereas the use of pitch appears more malleable to linguistic and cultural influence.
Evolution and Children’s Cognitive and Academic Development

Children’s extraordinarily long developmental period and their play and exploratory activities provide them with a greater opportunity to learn than is found in any other species. We argue that these developmental activities co-evolved with attentional, cognitive, and motivational biases to learn some types of information but not others. These biases support a universal cognitive development that results in the fleshing out of inherent skeletal knowledge that is organized around other people and social relationships (folk psychology), other species (folk biology), and the physical world (folk physics). In contrast, academic development, as in reading, writing, and arithmetic, occurs in some cultures and not others and largely in formal educational settings. The development of academic competencies does not come as easily to children as the development of folk abilities. Evolutionary educational psychology is focused on understanding how children’s evolved cognitive and motivational biases can help or hinder the learning of formal academic skills and provides a framework for designing educational interventions to facilitate this learning.
In the Shadow of Sputnik

Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you. Nikita Khrushchev, 18 November 1956 The USIA began Eisenhower's second term warmed by the glow of accomplishment. The agency's managers felt that their staff had worked well in the field, and the USIA director increasingly shared in foreign policy-making. On 25 February 1957, a presidential executive order mandated the director's full membership of the Operations Coordinating Board and located the board within the framework of the NSC. The agency's place within the foreign policy structure was secure. On that same day, Eisenhower celebrated the fifteenth anniversary of the VOA by becoming the first President to address the world directly from its studios. The USIA estimated the audience at around 350 million. But unlike the first term, the course of U.S. information in the second Eisenhower administration would not be defined by initiatives from Washington. The terrain of Cold War propaganda was changed utterly by a beeping 22-inch metal sphere from the Soviet Union, weighing around 183 pounds, trailing four antennas, and named “traveling companion,” or in Russian, “Sputnik.” The Soviet launch of Sputnik, on Friday 4 October 1957, pitched humanity headlong into the Space Age. The news broke at around six in the evening Washington time. “Sputnik Night” became one of those news events so potent as to print itself indelibly on the memory of those who lived through it. America responded as to a mixture of Lindbergh flying the Atlantic and Pearl Harbor.
Empirical estimation of the gamma-ray full-energy absorption efficiency of cylinders and slabs from 0.14 to 2 MeV

We present an empirical formula for estimating the gamma-ray full-energy detection efficiency of slabs and cylinders from 140 keV to 2 MeV. It can be applied to any material whose chemical formula and density are known, from LiCaAlF6 to PbWO4. Monte-Carlo calculations can be used for this purpose, but they require more computer time and resources than the formulas presented here. To provide control points for the empirical fitting procedure, we used Geant4 to track the interactions of 10 million gamma rays and determine the fraction that are fully absorbed in the cylinder or slab. The control points (a total of 780) included cylinders and slabs of five different thicknesses from 1 cm to 100 cm; six gammaray energies from 0.14 to 2 MeV; and 13 materials (BaF2, Bi4Ge3O12, CaF2, CsI, Cd0.9Zn0.1Te, Gd2SiO5, Ge, LaBr3, LiCaLaF6, Lu2SiO5, NaI, PbWO4, YAlO3). An empirical formula containing 30 free parameters was separately fit to the Monte Carlo control points for the cylinders and the fit was repeated for the slabs. The rms deviations between the formula and the control points was 0.0184 for the cylinders and 0.0198 for the slabs. The reliability of the empirical model was checked by deleting each compound in turn, fitting the model to the remaining 12, using that model to estimate the efficiencies of the deleted material, and then computing the rms deviation between that those efficiencies and the calculated efficiencies. The average of the 13 standard deviations was 0.0202 for the cylinders and 0.0205 for the slabs. This shows that if any compound is omitted from the fit, it could be reliably calculated from the best-fit formula that used only the other 12 compounds.
Political Economy for the 21St Century

(1998). Political Economy for the 21St Century. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 241-244.
Pulmonary hypertension in the premature infant population: Analysis of echocardiographic findings and biomarkers.

Objective Extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) are at risk for pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that PH, defined by echocardiogram at 36 weeks gestational age (GA), would associate with respiratory morbidity, increased oxidant stress, and reduced nitric oxide production. Study design ELGANs in the Vanderbilt fraction of the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP) who had echocardiograms at 36 ± 1 weeks GA were studied. Echocardiogram features of PH were compared with clinical characteristics as well as markers of oxidant stress and components of the nitric oxide pathway. Biomarkers were obtained at enrollment (median day 3), 7, 14, and 28 days of life. Results Sixty of 172 infants had an echocardiogram at 36 weeks; 11 had evidence of PH. Infants did not differ by PH status in regards to demographics, respiratory morbidity, or oxidant stress. However, odds of more severe PH were significantly higher in infants with higher nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) at enrollment and with a lower citrulline level at day 7. Conclusions Respiratory morbidity may not always associate with PH at 36 weeks among ELGANs. However, components of nitric oxide metabolism are potential biologic markers of PH in need of further study.
Analysis of 11 cases of delusions of parasitosis reported to the Mississippi Department of Health.

ABSTRACT:Delusions of parasitosis (DOP) is a psychiatric disorder in which people have an unshakable false belief that they are infested with arthropod parasites. To rid themselves of the “bugs” patients with DOP may become desperate and quit their jobs, burn furniture, abandon homes, and use pestic
Behavioral Associations during a Novel Object Test and Performance of Barrows Divergently Selected for ResidualFeed Intake

Selection for decreased RFI is controversial from a welfare standpoint, given that the genetic variation in RFI reflects the genetic variation in activity and response to stress. The objective of this experiment was to examine the behavioral metric correlations and growth performance of barrows divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) during a novel object test. Forty low-(LRFI, more feed efficient) and 40 high-RFI (HRFI, less feed efficient) barrows from the 8th generation Yorkshire selection lines were randomly selected. Barrows were evaluated in a Novel Object Test for zone crossing, zone 1 (defined as the mouth, nose, and/or face of the pig contact any part of zone 1), escape, freeze, urination and defecation frequencies and their effect on performance measures. Within the HRFI line, zone crossing frequency accounted for 10.9% of the variation in 10th-rib back fat at off test (r= 0.33; P = 0.04). Within the LRFI line, freeze frequency accounted for 13.7% of the variation in feed conversion ratio (r= 0.37; P = 0.03) and defecation frequency accounted for 11.6% of the variation in 10th-rib back fat at off test (r= 0.34; P = 0.05). Therefore, within the context of the ISU swine genetic selection program for improved lean accretion and feed efficiency, there were no negative behavioral metrics that determinately affected performance measures during the grow-finish period.
Microstructural Characterization and Room-Temperature Erosion Behavior of As-Deposited SPS, EB-PVD and APS YSZ-Based TBCs

The erosion behavior at room temperature of as-deposited suspension plasma spray (SPS), electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and air plasma spray (APS) ZrO2-Y2O3 (YSZ)-based TBCs was investigated. All coatings were deposited on Inconel 625 alloy coupons. The same APS CoNiCrAlY bond coat was employed for all SPS and APS TBCs. The erodent material was 50-µm alumina, and the impact angles were 15° and 90°. A total of 4 different types of SPS YSZ-based TBCs were tested, which consisted of two distinct columnar-segmented and two distinct columnar-grown microstructures. The EB-PVD and APS YSZ TBCs were employed as benchmarks. The erosion performance of the different TBCs in this study was ranked based on the coating volume loss after wear testing. The TBC microstructures and phase compositions were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The erosion mechanisms of the different TBCs were compared by analyzing the cross-sectional and top surface microstructures of the as-deposited and eroded TBCs. These are released results from the Surftec Industrial R&D Group of the National Research Council of Canada.
Badges and Brothels: Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward Prostitution

There is a gap in the literature regarding police officers’ attitudes about vice, specifically prostitution. Scholars should study this topic because police are interacting with drug dealers and drug users, prostitutes and Johns, and gamblers and bookies regularlyon a day to day basis. Additionally, how police perceive prostitution is likely to influence how they enforce laws prohibiting it. This paper presents survey items measuring police officers’ attitudes about prostitution related offenses and examines the relationships between officers’ attitudes towards prostitution and their personal as well as professional characteristics. Responding officers displayed fairly serious and punitive attitudes toward prostitution offenses. Respondents believed that prostitution was a serious problem in their city and that it leads to more serious crimes. Demographic characteristics of officers such as age, gender, political ideology, and education had more influence on prostitution attitudes than police characteristics such as experience with the vice/narcotics unit. Policy implications derived from the findings are discussed.
The Group of Twenty: Origins, Prospects and Challenges for Global Governance

At the height of the global financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009, the Group of Twenty was elevated to country leaders’ level and acknowledged itself as the “premier forum for… international economic cooperation.” This self-acknowledgment reflected the long-felt need to institutionalize the dialogue between the advanced and emerging economies in a more effective setting. However, the ad hoc nature of the G-20 and the extent to which an informal and self-selected club of nations can provide a stable framework for facilitating global cooperation has been questioned. Against this backdrop, the study traces the G-20’s historical evolution, situates the dynamics of its institutional arrangements, and reviews the emerging literature on G-20 reform. Building on this analysis, the study then assesses the expansion of the G-20’s scope to global development and appraises the Group’s evolution in the broader context of the current global governance framework.
Promoting rotation, friction, and mixed lubrication for particles rolling on microstructured surfaces

We investigate how the aspect ratio of micropillar or microwell arrays patterned on a surface affects the rolling and slipping motion of spheres under flooded conditions at low Reynolds numbers. We study arrays of rigid microstructures with aspect ratios varying over two orders of magnitude for surface coverages ranging from 0.04 to 0.96. We investigate how the surface features (dimensions, surface coverage, and geometry) individually impact the motion of the sphere. We find that increasing microstructure height results in higher rotational velocities on all studied surfaces. We then model the motion of the spheres using two physical parameters: an effective separation and a coefficient of friction between the sphere and the incline. We find that a simple superposition of resistance functions, previously shown to accurately predict the motion of spheres for different surface coverages and geometries, indeed shows good agreement with experimental outcomes for all microstructure heights studied. We also perform separate sliding friction measurements via a force microscope to measure the coefficient of friction between the sphere and incline, under identically flooded conditions. A comparison of the sliding friction measurements at different Hersey numbers suggests that the effect of the microstructure on the coefficient of friction becomes more important as the Hersey number increases.
Counter-maps of the ordinary: occupation, subjectivity, and walking under curfew in Kashmir

ABSTRACTThis article examines practices of resistance that thwart Indian state’s control over everyday life in Kashmir. The state frequently uses ‘curfew’ to dominate public space, shut down ordina...
Lymphocyte Receptors for Immunoglobulin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lymphocyte receptors for immunoglobulin (Ig). The methods used to detect lymphocyte receptors for Ig vary widely both as the type of complex utilized and the technique for measuring binding. The chapter describes various techniques available. The nature of the lymphocytes that bind complexed Ig are considered with reference to the sensitivity and/or specificity of the various methods. A detailed consideration of lymphoid cell subpopulations, including the criteria for defining B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and undefined lymphocyte-like (UL) cells, is presented in the chapter. Any useful Fc receptor assay system should meet certain basic criteria: (1) the percentage of lymphocytes binding Ig should be titratable to a plateau value. This assumes a discontinuous distribution of receptors on different subpopulations. (2) The Fc dependence of binding should be demonstrated. Because the binding of Ig is dependent on the Fc portion of the molecule, this will help ensure that different assays are detecting similar receptors. (3) Cells, other than lymphocytes, that bear Fc receptors should be either identified and excluded from counts or removed from the population being tested. Such cells include monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and basophils.
Clinical operations of academic versus non-academic emergency departments: a descriptive comparison of two large emergency department operations surveys

Academic and non-academic emergency departments (EDs) are regularly compared in clinical operations benchmarking despite suggestion that the two groups may differ in their clinical operations characteristics. and outcomes. We sought to describe and compare clinical operations characteristics of academic versus non-academic EDs. We performed a descriptive, comparative analysis of academic and non-academic adult and general EDs with 40,000+ annual encounters, using the Academy of Academic Administrators of Emergency Medicine (AAAEM)/Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine (AACEM) and Emergency Department Benchmarking Alliance (EDBA) survey results. We defined academic EDs as primary teaching sites for emergency medicine (EM) residencies and non-academic EDs as sites with minimal resident involvement. We constructed the academic and non-academic cohorts from the AAAEM/AACEM and EDBA surveys, respectively, and analyzed metrics common to both surveys. Eighty and 454 EDs met inclusion criteria for academic and non-academic EDs, respectively. Academic EDs had more median annual patient encounters (73,001 vs 54,393), lower median proportion of pediatric patients (6.3% vs 14.5%), higher median proportion of EMS patients (27% vs 19%), and were more commonly designated as Level I or II Trauma Centers (94% vs 24%). Median patient arrival-to-provider times did not differ (26 vs 25 min). Median length-of-stay was longer (277 vs 190 min) for academic EDs, and left-before-treatment-complete was higher (5.7% vs 2.9%). MRI utilization was higher for academic EDs (2.2% patients with at least one MRI vs 1.0 MRIs performed per 100 patients). Patients-per-hour of provider coverage was lower for academic EDs with and without consideration for advanced practice providers and residents. Demographic and operational performance measures differ between academic and non-academic EDs, suggesting that the two groups may be inappropriate operational performance comparators. Causes for the differences remain unclear but the differences appear not to be attributed solely to the academic mission.