cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A confirmatory factor analysis of situation-specific Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire items.

Background: Situation-specific social support, measured by comparably worded Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (NSSQ) items, holds promise in the development of context-specific theories at the practice level. However, psychometric work on situation-specific NSSQ items is lacking. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the statistical parameters of situation-specific NSSQ items (affect, affirmation, and aid). Methods: Using data (N = 154) collected for a larger study, the parameters of three LISREL models were estimated by the generally weighted least squares method using an asymptotic covariance matrix. Results: The modified two-factor model was accepted (χ2 = 11.54, df = 7, p ≤ .12). Overall, parameter estimates suggest that, in this research context, two situation-specific items (affirmation and aid) measure unique dimensions of social support. Conclusions: In this instance, situation-specific affirmation and aid items measure unique dimensions of support. Guided by strong theory, investigators should develop situation-specific items based on the original NSSQ items.
Tectonomagnetic experiments and observations in wastern U.S.A.

Simultaneous measurements of the geomagnetic field with differential proton magnetometers (0.25 gamma sensitivity) have been recorded periodically since 1973 at more than 100 pairs of sites, 8 to 12km apart, along active faults in western U. S. A. Along one 80km test section of the San Andreas fault the data from 7 instruments is continuously telemetered to Menlo Park, California. Probable tectonomagnetic effects with amplitudes of about 1 and 1.8 gammas have been observed for earthquakes with magnitudes 4.2 and 5.2 respectively. The corresponding stress changes for simple dislocation models are in the range 10 and 100 bars respectively. Magnetic and electrical response differences and site separation appear to be the most important factors determining discrimination limits for tectonomagnetic signals.
Dimensional Strategies Dominate Perceptual Classification

The nature of perceptual classification was investigated in children ranging between 4 and 10 years, and in young adults. Triad classification task responses were categorized as consistent or inconsistent with several classification rules, including: overall-similarity, size-dimensional, brightness-dimensional, pure identity, and all combinations of a switch from one rule to another midway through the experiment. The rule with the highest proportion of responses consistent with it reflected each person's best-fitting rule pattern. The higher this value, the higher the assumed consistency of rule usage. Data from the majority of individuals in every age group conformed best to one of the three dimensional rules. In addition, the consistency values for individuals' best-fitting rule became significantly higher as age increased. It is concluded that most children have a tendency to attend selectively to one stimulus dimension when making perceptual classification judgments. The developmental trend in perceptual classification does not appear to be a holistic-to-analytic shift; instead, it is a trend toward greater consistency in following a given classification rule.
P53 and PML: new partners in tumor suppression

Abstract Whether cells die, differentiate or senesce depends on specific molecular programs. Although the full cast of players in each of these processes has not been identified, regulatory roles for the tumor suppressors p53 and the promyelocytic leukemia protein – PML – appear to be essential. The extent of cross-talk between these factors, however, remains to be determined. Recently, new discoveries link p53 and PML by showing that the latter is required for the efficient onset of both p53-dependent apoptosis and cell senescence induced by the oncogenic form of the ras protein.
Historical fire-climate relationships of upper elevation fire regimes in the south-western United States

Understanding relationships between variability in historical fire occurrence and ocean-atmosphere oscilla- tionsprovidesopportunitiesforfireforecastingandprojectingchangesinfireregimesunderclimatechangescenarios.We analysedtree-ring reconstructed regional climate teleconnectionsand fire-climate relationships inupper elevation forests (.2700m) from 16 sites in eight mountain ranges in the south-western USA. Climate teleconnections were identified by testing for associations between regional Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and individual and combined phases of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indices for both the fire exclusion (1905-1978) and reconstructed fire periods (1700-1904). Fire-climate relationships wereidentifiedbycomparingreconstructedfires(84fireyears)inthreeclasses(all,synchronousandstand-replacingfires) with PDSI, precipitation, temperature, and individual and combined phases of ENSO, PDO and AMO indices. Individual and phase combinations of ENSO, PDO and AMO were associated with variability in regional PDSI. Upper elevation fire occurrence was related to variability in regional drought, ENSO phase and phase combinations of ENSO and PDO. We conclude that ENSO most consistently influenced variability in moisture and upper elevation fire occurrence, including stand-replacing fires, but this relationship was potentially modulated by phases of the PDO. Additional keywords: Arizona, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, high-severity fire, New Mexico, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, stand-replacing fire, tree ring.
Treatment decisions for children with speech-sound disorders.

Purpose In this article, I consider how research, clinical expertise, client values, a clinician’s theoretical perspective, and service delivery considerations affect the decisions that clinicians ...
Circadian rhythm of human urinary amino acid excretion in fed and fasted states.

Abstract The amino acid excretion of human males was studied by collection of three hour urines and analysis of these for acidic and neutral amino acids. The excretion pattern for males who were eating three meals daily was characterized by high values during the day and declining values during the night with a nadir between 0200 and 0800 hours. During the day there were three maxima each of which occurred in a time period follow-a meal. Males in the fasting state showed values that were significantly lower during the first study period (0800–1100 hours), and from this point they slowly decreased during the day reaching a nadir at 0200–0500 hours. The values for all of the amino acids rose during the second morning of the fast reaching values for the 0800–1100 period that were approximately the same as those for the first morning of the fast. In the fasting state the total 24-hour excretion of the ten amino acids measured was only 51 per cent of that for the normal fed state. It is suggested that there is a basic rhythm of amino acid excretion characterized by a maximum value at mid-morning and a nadir in the early morning hours and in addition to this basic rhythm the ingestion of food causes an increase in urinary amino acid excretion.
Development and Initial Validation of a Two-Equation Transition Sensitive Turbulence Model for CFD Simulations

This paper presents the initial development and validation of a modified two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) prediction of transitional and turbulent flow. The new model is based on a k-ω model framework, making it more easily implemented into existing general-purpose CFD solvers than other recently proposed model forms. The model incorporates inviscid and viscous damping functions for the eddy viscosity, as well as a production damping term, in order to reproduce the appropriate effects of laminar, transitional, and turbulent boundary layer flow. It has been implemented into a commercially available flow solver (FLUENT) and evaluated for simple attached and separated flow conditions, including 2-D flow over a flat plate and a circular cylinder. The results presented show that the new model is able to yield reasonable predictions of transitional flow behavior using a very simple modeling framework, including an appropriate response to freestream turbulence and boundary layer separation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Urban vs. rural differences in prescription opioid misuse among adults in the United States: informing region specific drug policies and interventions.

Background In the United States, prescription opioid misuse (POM) has increased dramatically over the past two decades. However, there are still questions regarding whether rural/urban differences in adult POM exist, and more important, which factors might be driving these differences.
Oddness of the number of equilibrium points: A new proof

A new proof is offered for the theorem that, in “almost all” finite games, the number of equilibrium points is finite and odd. The proof is based on constructing a one-parameter family of games with logarithmic payoff functions, and studying the topological properties of the graph of a certain algebraic function, related to the graph of the set of equilibrium points for the games belonging to this family. In the last section of the paper, it is shown that, in the space of all games of a given size, those “exceptional” games which fail to satisfy the theorem (by having an even number or an infinity of equilibrium points) is a closed set of measure zero.
The Pathogenesis of Silicosis: State of the Art

In man, decades usually pass between first exposure to the causative agent and the clinical appearance of disease. This slow evolution of silicosis makes it difficult to study patho­ genetic mechanisms in human patients, since a long time or many subjects are required to sample all phases of the evolving disease process. Animal models or cell culture systems help to compress and focus these events, but ultimately these observations must be brought back to human disease.
The Use of Controlled Postharvest Abiotic Stresses as a Tool for Enhancing the Nutraceutical Content and Adding-Value of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

This paper proposes a concept based on applying postharvest abiotic stresses to enhance the neutraceutical content of fresh fruits and vegetables.We hypothesize that selected abiotic stress treatments, such as wounding, phytohormones, temperature, ultraviolent light, altered gas composition, heat shock, and water stress, among others,will effect the secondary metabolism of fresh produce and increases the synthesis of phytochemicals with neutraceutical activity or reduce the synthesis of undesirabe compounds.Controlled stresses may be used as tools by the fresh produce industry to enhance the health benefit properties of fresh-cut or whole fresh produce and by the food processing and dietary suppliment. Industries to obtain healthier processed products or enhance extractable nutraceuutical yields.
Estimating Individual Joint Contributions to Recorded Upper Extremity Movements Using OpenSim

A multitude of tasks are performed every day with minimal direct thought on how to orient the arm. While there have been many studies concerning upper extremity motion, there has been relatively little research reported in the area of how individual joint contributions vary between different upper extremity tasks. Such studies are necessary in order to accurately recreate dynamic motions of the arm using mechanical devices, e.g. prosthetic limbs. One difficulty in directly measuring these individual joint contributions in physical experiments is that most tasks are multi-joint movements and the limb segments influence each other causing passive interactive torques [1]. In order to quantify the individual joint contributions, it is beneficial to examine recorded arm movements within a simulation environment such as OpenSim [2].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Static-stress impact of the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence on nucleation and slip at the site of the 1999 M=7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, southern California

The proximity in time (∼7 years) and space (∼20 km) between the 1992 M=7.3 Landers earthquake and the 1999 M=7.1 Hector Mine event suggests a possible link between the quakes. We thus calculated the static stress changes following the 1992 Joshua Tree/Landers/Big Bear earthquake sequence on the 1999 M=7.1 Hector Mine rupture plane in southern California. Resolving the stress tensor into rake-parallel and fault-normal components and comparing with changes in the post-Landers seismicity rate allows us to estimate a coefficient of friction on the Hector Mine plane. Seismicity following the 1992 sequence increased at Hector Mine where the fault was unclamped. This increase occurred despite a calculated reduction in right-lateral shear stress. The dependence of seismicity change primarily on normal stress change implies a high coefficient of static friction (µ≥0.8). We calculated the Coulomb stress change using µ=0.8 and found that the Hector Mine hypocenter was mildly encouraged (0.5 bars) by the 1992 earthquake sequence. In addition, the region of peak slip during the Hector Mine quake occurred where Coulomb stress is calculated to have increased by 0.5–1.5 bars. In general, slip was more limited where Coulomb stress was reduced, though there was some slip where the strongest stress decrease was calculated. Interestingly, many smaller earthquakes nucleated at or near the 1999 Hector Mine hypocenter after 1992, but only in 1999 did an event spread to become a M=7.1 earthquake.
Analyzing Human Machine Interaction and Interfaces through Model Based System Engineering Practices

As systems continue to grow in scale and complexity, human machine interactions and the human machine interface (HMI) become a crucial consideration in overall system design. In complex systems, humans are often part of the complex system as opposed to being just users of the system. The human mental model, work instructions, and procedures are key attributes that a system architect needs to analyze to ensure the success of the overall human-machine system. Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) techniques potentially offer new ways for system architects and engineers to conceptualize and analyze HMI requirements and use the findings to specify its design.
Determining the Dosimetric Impact of Air in the Rectum for HDR Cervical Cancer Intracavitary Brachytherapy Using a Heterogeneity Based Dose Calculation Algorithm

escalation, we compare 3 alternative plans for the above patient cases: 1) standard HDR plan with no escalation, 2) escalation with same PTV prescription dose, and 3) escalation with reduced PTV prescription dose. Results: For dose escalation, an escalated dose ofO5 37 Gy is placed on PET-identified tumor pockets. When the BTV is less than 15% of the PTV, the dose escalation can be delivered with virtually identical dose profiles to PTV, bladder and rectum as in the standard plan.
In tribute: Helen Hislop and our time of progress.

Helen Hislop, PT, PhD, ScD, FAPTA, died on November 13, 2013, at the age of 84. She was editor of PTJ from 1960 to 1968. During her tenure as editor, both the content of the Journal and its circulation more than doubled. Hislop's editorials challenged us to embrace technology, enhance the scientific basis of our practice, become true academicians and professionals, and embrace clinical residencies. In her farewell as editor, she stated, “I simply reprise the simple but frequent theme of many of my past editorials: In an age of change, let our time be known as the time of progress.”1 Hislop's career was devoted to creating change to lead us to “greatness as a profession.”2 She won many awards and served as a member of APTA's Board of Directors from 1976 to 1982. Her Mary McMillan Lecture in 1975 is the most cited of the 44 lectures that have spanned almost 50 years. In that lecture, Hislop tells us that we have to establish standards of clinical performance, …
Stability of perchlorate hydrates and their liquid solutions at the Phoenix landing site, Mars

[1] We studied the low-temperature properties of sodium and magnesium perchlorate solutions as potential liquid brines at the Phoenix landing site. We determined their theoretical eutectic values to be 236 ± 1 K for 52 wt% sodium perchlorate and 206 ± 1 K for 44.0 wt% magnesium perchlorate. Evaporation rates of solutions at various concentrations were measured under martian conditions, and range from 0.07 to 0.49 mm h ―1 for NaClO 4 and from 0.06 to 0.29 mm h ―1 for Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 . The extrapolation to Phoenix landing site conditions using our theoretical treatment shows that perchlorates are liquid during the summer for at least part of the day, and exhibit very low evaporation rates. Moreover, magnesium perchlorate eutectic solutions are thermodynamically stable over vapour and ice during a few hours a day. We conclude that liquid brines may be present and even stable for short periods of time at the Phoenix landing site.
CINERADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE EARLY SYSTOLIC CLICK IN AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS.

An early systolic click and a normal or accentuated aortic second sound have been found in cases of aortic valve stenosis characterized cineradiographically by a mobile, dome-shaped valve. Impaired valve mobility was usually associated with a systolic click of low intensity, and in the presence of an immobile aortic valve there was no systolic click. The aortic second sound was correspondingly diminished or absent. Early systolic clicks and loud aortic closure sounds were also present in patients in whom a diseased aortic valve had been replaced by three Teflon prosthetic leaflets. In most of these patients there was no systolic click before insertion of the prosthesis. In the patients studied, the systolic click occurred at the end of the opening movement of the aortic valve at the onset of left ventricular ejection. It followed the crossover point of the left ventricular and aortic pressure pulses by a time interval ranging from 15 to 45 msec. (average 33 msec.). The opening movement of the valve was th...
Restoring hidden non stationary process using triplet partially markov chain with long memory noise

The hidden Markov chains (HMC), which are widely used in different data restoration problems, have recently been generalized to pairwise partially Markov chains (PPMC), in which the distribution of the observed chain conditional on the hidden one is of any form. In particular, long-memory noise cases can be dealt with. The aim of this paper is to propose a parameter estimation method and to show, via experiments, that unsupervised PPMC based image segmentation can perform better, when the noise is a long-memory one, than the classical HMC based methods
EMI- and Energy-Aware Scheduling of Switching Power Supplies in Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems

In this paper we present the Make And Take(MAT) approach for adding switch-mode power supply (SMPS) control to hard real-time systems. MAT enables control of the SMPS with the task scheduler and this allows the designer to use a less expensive and smaller (but noisier) SMPS without it affecting circuits sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI) such as high-impedance input signals and amplifiers. The MAT concept is both energy and EMI aware and schedules the tasks based on the total energy in the system by segregating them as either a producer or consumer of energy. We discuss MAT in detail and show how it can be applied to both preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling approaches. We present several properties of MAT and their impact on the system, in terms of energy and real-time scheduling decisions. We demonstrate its usage by implementing a simple processor controlled boost SMPS on a non-preemptive real-time embedded platform.
Parallel generational-copying garbage collection with a block-structured heap

We present a parallel generational-copying garbage collector implemented for the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. We use a block-structured memory allocator, which provides a natural granularity for dividing the work of GC between many threads, leading to a simple yet effective method for parallelising copying GC. The results are encouraging: we demonstrate wall-clock speedups of on average a factor of 2 in GC time on a commodity 4-core machine with no programmer intervention, compared to our best sequential GC.
Cross-Fencing on Private US Rangelands: Financial Costs and Producer Risks

Cross-Fencing on Private US Rangelands: Financial Costs and Producer Risks DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v33i2_knight
Interactive Coordinated Multiple-View Visualization of Biomechanical Motion Data

We present an interactive framework for exploring space-time and form-function relationships in experimentally collected high-resolution biomechanical data sets. These data describe complex 3D motions (e.g. chewing, walking, flying) performed by animals and humans and captured via high-speed imaging technologies, such as biplane fluoroscopy. In analyzing these 3D biomechanical motions, interactive 3D visualizations are important, in particular, for supporting spatial analysis. However, as researchers in information visualization have pointed out, 2D visualizations can also be effective tools for multi-dimensional data analysis, especially for identifying trends over time. Our approach, therefore, combines techniques from both 3D and 2D visualizations. Specifically, it utilizes a multi-view visualization strategy including a small multiples view of motion sequences, a parallel coordinates view, and detailed 3D inspection views. The resulting framework follows an overview first, zoom and filter, then details-on-demand style of analysis, and it explicitly targets a limitation of current tools, namely, supporting analysis and comparison at the level of a collection of motions rather than sequential analysis of a single or small number of motions. Scientific motion collections appropriate for this style of analysis exist in clinical work in orthopedics and physical rehabilitation, in the study of functional morphology within evolutionary biology, and in other contexts. An application is described based on a collaboration with evolutionary biologists studying the mechanics of chewing motions in pigs. Interactive exploration of data describing a collection of more than one hundred experimentally captured pig chewing cycles is described.
Part orientation with programmable vector fields: two stable equilibria for most parts

Part manipulation is an important but also time-consuming operation in industrial automation. Recent work explores alternative solutions to the mechanical parts feeders which have been traditionally used to sort and orient parts for assembly. One of the proposed alternatives is the use of programmable vector fields. The fields are realized on a plane on which the part is placed. The forces exerted on the part's contact surface translate and rotate the part to an equilibrium orientation. Certain vector fields can be implemented in the microscale with actuator arrays and in the macroscale with transversely vibrating plates. Although current technology is still limited, the dexterity that programmable vector fields offer has prompted researchers to further explore their capabilities. This paper presents a vector field that can simultaneously orient and pose most parts into two stable equilibrium configurations. The equilibrium configurations are easily computed a priori given the part to be oriented. Our analysis makes no assumptions about the shape of the part or its connectivity except that it moves as a rigid body. The proposed vector field offers the great advantage of stability of the equilibrium configurations under small perturbations of the part which is key for the orientation of toleranced parts.
The Time of the Generals: Latin American Professional Militarism in World Perspective

"An international excursion into the byways of the military mind ...[with] special significance as one of the few books to seek to set, let alone succeed in setting, the Latin American military in a broader international perspective...It will become standard fare for students of Latin America, [and] of military affairs worldwide." - Frank D. McCann, author of "The Brazilian-American Alliance, 1937-1945".
End-of-Life Issues: Spirituality

There is an increasing emphasis in medicine for healthcare providers to treat the whole patient. Whole patient care includes the physical, psychosocial and spiritual care of the patient. Contemporary medicine has focused on the physical illnesses of the patient, creating a large armamentarium of tools to combat disease processes. In addition, addressing the spiritual needs of critically ill patients is an important part of intensive care, particularly when the patients are dying in the hospital. This chapter will describe some differences between spirituality and religiosity, suggest some self-education tactics for physicians interested in expanding their understanding of spirituality and discuss approaches to some common requests of a spiritual nature in the intensive care unit (ICU).
Marginalizing Adoption through the Regulation of Assisted Reproduction

In the regulation of assisted reproduction around the world, countries have taken two directions. Some prize a genetic connection in parent-child relationships so highly that access to assisted reproduction is tightly controlled. Whether justified in terms of optimal rearing conditions, a child's right to know, or that heterosexual marriage has no value apart from the children it produces, such regulation is based on a narrow view of what constitutes family life. Within such a regulatory structure, adoption tends to be regarded as at best a substandard form of parenting or, at the other extreme, is legally impossible and culturally rejected. Countries with a less constrained view of the possibilities for organizing family life believe strong commitments to both individual autonomy and child welfare are compatible. They reject the notion that medical assistance to reproduce should be employed only to enable heterosexual couples to complete the picture of a family that, under happier circumstances, could have arisen without medical intervention. Under this view, access to both assisted reproduction and adoption is more open. In this Article, the foregoing analysis emerges in the course of a critique of recent work by Lynn Wardle and Robin Fretwell Wilson advocating preferential treatment for married heterosexual couples in assisted reproduction and adoption.
Craterodiscus McMichael, 1959, A Camaenid Land Snail From Queensland

Summary Dissection of Craterodiscus pricei McMichael, 1959 shows that it cannot be classified in the Helicarionidae as originally suggested. It appears to be the most primitive species of the helicacean land snails yet dissected and is referred tentatively to the Camaenidae, s.l. Scanning electron micro-scope studies of the radula revealed that it has one of the most remarkable cusp structures found in a pulmonate snail.
Cloud Fog: Towards High Quality of Experience in Cloud Gaming

With the increasing popularity of Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) and fast growth of mobile gaming, cloud gaming exhibits great promises over the conventional MMOG gaming model as it frees players from the requirement of hardware and game installation on their local computers. However, as the graphics rendering is offloaded to the cloud, the data transmission between the end-users and the cloud significantly increases the response latency and limits the user coverage, thus preventing cloud gaming to achieve high user Quality of Experience (QoE). To solve this problem, previous research suggested deploying more data centers, but it comes at a prohibitive cost. We propose a lightweight system called Cloud Fog, which incorporates "fog" consisting of super nodes that are responsible for rendering game videos and streaming them to their nearby players. Fog enables the cloud to be only responsible for the intensive game state computation and sending update information to super nodes, which significantly reduce the traffic hence the latency and bandwidth consumption. To further enhance QoE, we propose the receiver-driven encoding rate adaptation strategy to increase the playback continuity and the deadline-driven sender buffer scheduling strategy to ensure that the segments arrive at the players within their response latency. Experimental results from Peer Sim and Planet Lab show the effectiveness and efficiency of Cloud Fog and our individual strategies in increasing user coverage, reducing response latency and bandwidth consumption.
Recovery of Carbon-Monoxide Poisoned Rats After X-ray Treatment.∗

It has been shown that illumination with visible light removes the effect of carbon-monoxide poisoning in small, transparent organisms which absorb the poison from water solutions.1 This report concerns the effect on larger, more opaque, air breathing organisms, of a more penetrating type of radiation—the X-ray. Acknowledgments are gratefully made to Dr. L. J. Stadler, of the U. S. D. A. and the Department of Field Crops, University of Missouri, for use of the X-ray equipment and services of an operator.Albino rats descended from Wistar stock were used; each experiment consisted of one treated and one control animal. The 2 animals were of the same age and sex and not more than 10% difference in weight was allowed. The 2 negative cases reported were cases where great difference in weight existed.Carbon monoxide was generated by dropping formic acid into hot sulphuric acid and collected by displacement of water in storage bottles.2 To each bottle was added 5% of oxygen from a commercial cylinder. The gas mi...
Investigation of Non-Equilibrium Plasma Induced Kinetic Ignition of Counterflow Diffusion Flames

Kinetic ignition enhancement of H2 counterflow diffusion flames by a non-equilibrium plasma discharge of air and ultra-lean pre-mixtures was studied experimentally and computationally through the development of a well defined counterflow system. Measurements of the ignition temperatures, major species and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify the key kinetic enhancement pathways. It was found that the competition between the catalytic effect of NOx and the inhibiting effects of H2O and CH4 controlled the ignition processes in the system. With air as the oxidizer, ignition was enhanced from the plasma produced NOx. With H2 ultra-lean pre-mixtures as the oxidizer, H2O formation significantly increased the ignition temperature. However with plasma activation, the inhibiting effect of H2O was significantly reduced because of the dominant role of NOx. With CH4 ultra-lean pre-mixtures as the oxidizer, the ignition temperatures increased due to the quenching of radicals by H2O or CH4, depending upon the strain rate. However, it was also found that the inhibiting effect was significantly decreased with plasma activation. Unlike vitiated air ignition, plasma enhanced ignition for fuel-air mixtures can suppress the inhibiting effects of H2O and CH4 because of the overwhelming catalytic NOx effect at low temperatures and the conversion to less species with less ignition inhibiting effects.
Standard Materials for Rubber Compounding

Abstract When the synthetic rubber plants began operation in 1943, the Government took steps to establish a system of quality control that would assure that the rubber produced in 16 plants had essentially the same properties and could be used interchangeably by the manufacturers of rubber products. The most important characteristic for quality control was the curing behavior of the rubber. The measurement of this behavior required mixing the rubber with compounding ingredients, vulcanizing the mixed compound for several periods of time, and measuring the tensile properties of the vulcanizates. Early interlaboratory tests led the Government to an extensive standardization program in order to achieve the necessary quality control of production. In this program, it became obvious that the compounding ingredients as well as the methods of mixing, curing, and testing required standardization. Therefore, in 1944, the Rubber Reserve Co. established standard compounding ingredients for testing synthetic rubbers....
College Student Adjustment and Coping.

The present study examined the coping-related predictors of four domains of college adjustment (i.e., academic, social, personal or emotional, and institutional attachment) for bereaved and nonbere...
Cochlear Implants as Treatment of Single-Sided Deafness in Children

The paradigm for treatment of unilateral hearing loss has undergone significant changes. While minor asymmetries may be observed, studies reveal that unilateral hearing impairment may negatively impact language development, social interactions, and academic performance. Most rehabilitative options for single-sided deafness (SSD) route sound to the contralateral cochlea resulting in only unilateral auditory stimulation. The benefits of true binaural hearing including improved hearing in difficult listening situations and the ability to localize sound remain elusive to patients with SSD. Cochlear implants may habilitate some of these abilities, but widespread use of this modality in children will depend on further outcome studies.
Ice, Ice, Baby inquiry-based, hands-on activities and lessons for understanding the dynamics of polar ice sheets in sea level rise

Ice, Ice, Baby (IIB) is a program developed by the CReSIS K-12 Education Team. The inquiry-based, hands-on activities and lesson plans are designed to help students understand the dynamics of polar ice sheets in sea level rise. IIB lessons help educators expand the environmental awareness of their students and serve as platforms for the teaching of scientific principles to fulfill the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). The “Survival Unit” of the IIB program is an effective component because its lessons are focused on the people involved and their preparation for field work in the Polar Regions. IIB considers this to be an exciting and relatable area of interest, which may stimulate creativity and productivity among youth. Lessons show why explorers must develop awareness of and solutions for hazards such as ice thickness, frigid temperatures, and food scarcity. The lessons associated with these topics are designed to be inquiry-based, hands-on, and to meet the NGSS standards for school districts.
DNA methylation levels associated with race and childhood asthma severity.

ABSTRACTObjective: Asthma is a common chronic childhood disease worldwide. Socioeconomic status, genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to its incidence and severity. A disproportionate number of children with asthma are economically disadvantaged and live in substandard housing with potential indoor environmental exposures such as cockroaches, dust mites, rodents and molds. These exposures may manifest through epigenetic mechanisms that can lead to changes in relevant gene expression. We examined the association of global DNA methylation levels with socioeconomic status, asthma severity and race/ethnicity. Methods: We measured global DNA methylation in peripheral blood of children with asthma enrolled in the Kansas City Safe and Healthy Homes Program. Inclusion criteria included residing in the same home for a minimum of 4 days per week and total family income of less than 80% of the Kansas City median family income. DNA methylation levels were quantified by an immunoassay that asses...
Indolent Neuroendocrine Tumor Involving the Bone Marrow

Abstract We report a unique case of a patient with a neuroendocrine tumor localized to the bone marrow. The patient had a history of hairy cell leukemia, and the neuroendocrine tumor was detected in a bone marrow biopsy specimen obtained to assess response to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy. The neuroendocrine tumor was present as nodules that replaced approximately 15% of the bone marrow medullary space and was composed of round cells with fine chromatin, indistinct nucleoli, and relatively abundant, granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm. Histochemical stains showed cytoplasmic reactivity with Grimelius and Fontana-Masson stains, and immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for keratin and chromogranin. The histologic, cytochemical, and immunohistochemical features resembled a carcinoid tumor, and metastasis to the bone marrow was considered initially. The patient was asymptomatic without diarrhea, flushing, or cardiac valve disease. Serotonin production, assessed by the measurement of serum 5-hydroxyindo...
Static and Free Vibration Analysis of Composite Plates and Shells Using a Flat Shell Element

Finite element static and free vibration analysis of thin laminated plates and shells using a three noded triangular flat shell element is presented. The flat shell element is a combination of the Discrete Kirchhoff Theory (DKT) plate bending element and a membrane element derived from the Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element with a total of 18 degrees of freedom (3 translations and 3 rotations per node). Explicit formulations are used for the membrane, bending and membrane-bending coupling stiffness matrices. The results are presented for (i) static analysis of simply supported square plates under doubly sinusoidal and uniformly distributed loads; (ii) simply supported spherical shells under an uniformly distributed load; and (iii) free vibration analysis of (a) square cantilever plates, (b) skew cantilever plates and (c) simply supported spherical shells. The results presented are in good agreement with those available in the literature.
Interior Point Algorithms: Polyhedral Transformations

The simplex algorithm is not a polynomial algorithm for solving the linear programming problem. The first polynomial algorithm for linear programming, the ellipsoid algorithm, is due to L. G. Khachiyan [262, 263]. This was met with great excitement from the mathematical programming community and stimulated considerable research. See Bland, Goldfarb, and Todd [63] for a good survey. There are also many important consequences of the ellipsoid algorithm in combinatorial optimization. See, for example, the book by Grotschel, Lovasz, and Schrijver [212]. Unfortunately, the ellipsoid performed very poorly from a computational standpoint. Then in 1984, N. K. Karmarkar [260] created new excitement with claims of an algorithm that not only was polynomial in complexity, but also outperformed the simplex algorithm on large sparse problems. This created an incredible amount of research on interior point methods
Tree-structured decoding with doubly-recurrent neural networks

We propose a neural network architecture for generating tree-structured objects from encoded representations. The core of the method is a doubly-recurrent neural network that models separately the width and depth recurrences across the tree, and combines them inside each cell to generate an output. The topology of the tree is explicitly modeled, allowing the network to predict both content and topology of the tree when decoding. That is, given only an encoded vector representation, the network is able to simultaneously generate a tree from it and predict labels for the nodes. We test this architecture in an encoder-decoder framework, where we train a network to encode a sentence as a vector, and then generate a tree structure from it. The experimental results show the effectiveness of this architecture at recovering latent tree structure in sequences and at mapping sentences to simple functional programs.
Indomethacin, Prostaglandin, and Immune Regulation in Melanoma

Melanoma patients exhibit decreased immunocompetence as measured by a variety of in vitro and in vivo immunological responses (Golub et al.,1974; Eilber et al.,1975; Zembala et al.,1977). It has been assumed that this decreased immunocompetence is due to a deficiency of effector-cell function (e.g., antibody-forming B lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes). Such a concept led to a strategy of immunotherapy; manipulations with the goal of stimulating the immune system to correct the deficit. However, information obtained in recent years has demonstrated that the tempo, intensity, and even the choice of effector cells may be regulated in part by suppressor cells and by helper cells (also called amplifying cells, accessory cells, or inducer cells). Thus, the observation that melanoma patients exhibit decreased immunocompetence should be examined in the context of helper and suppressor lymphocytes or macrophages or both, for the immunosuppressed state in some patients might be due to too little “help” or too much suppression. Furthermore, this concept may partially explain the failure of immunotherapy to improve survival rates, since there is some experimental evidence that immunotherapy agents may have a dual effect by stimulating both effector cells and suppressor cells with the result that there is no net change in immune balance.
Roles and Success in Wikipedia Talk Pages: Identifying Latent Patterns of Behavior

In this work we investigate how role-based behavior profiles of a Wikipedia editor, considered against the backdrop of roles taken up by other editors in discussions, predict the success of the editor at achieving an impact on the associated article. We first contribute a new public dataset including a task predicting the success of Wikipedia editors involved in discussion, measured by an operationalization of the lasting impact of their edits in the article. We then propose a probabilistic graphical model that advances earlier work inducing latent discussion roles using the light supervision of success in the negotiation task. We evaluate the performance of the model and interpret findings of roles and group configurations that lead to certain outcomes on Wikipedia.
Far-infrared spectroscopy of neutral interstellar clouds

A summary is presented of airborne observations of the far-infrared fine structure lines of neutral atomic oxygen and singly-ionized carbon, and of the far-infrared rotational lines of CO, OH, NH3 and HD, together with a brief description of the analysis and interpretation of the spectra, The “state of the art” in instrument performance and the prospects for improved sensitivity and resolution are also surveyed.
Monoamine changes in the brain of BALB/c mice following sub-lethal infection with Nocardia asteroides (GUH-2).

BALB/c mice injected intravenously with a single, sub-lethal dose of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 develop several levodopa responsive movement disorders. These included head-shake, stooped posture, bradykinesia, and hesitation to forward movement (6). The changes in monoamine levels in the brain of these mice were determined. There was a significant loss of dopamine with greatly increased dopamine turnover in the neostriatum 7 to 29 days after infection. These effects were specific for dopaminergic neurons since minimal changes were found in neostriatal norepinephrine and serotonin even though serotonin turnover was increased. Changes in monoamine metabolism were not limited to the neostriatum. There were reduced levels of serotonin and norepinephrine with increased serotonin turnover in the cerebellum. One year after infection, dopamine metabolism had returned to near normal levels, but many of the movement disorders persisted. Specific changes in neurochemistry did not always appear to correspond with these impairments. Nevertheless, these data are similar to those reported in MPTP treated BALB/c mice.
Peptide and Protein Vaccines for Cancer

The immune surveillance theory, first proposed by Frank Burnet and Lewis Thomas in the 1950s, hypothesizes that the immune system specifically recognizes and destroys transformed cells [1]. Although debate regarding the relevance of immunity in cancer has persisted over the last half century, the discovery of tumor antigens recognized by T cells provides clear evidence that cellular and serologic immune responses against tumors do exist. Studies in animals have established an important role for both innate and adaptive immunity in tumor rejection and modulation of tumor growth. T cells appear to be critical mediators of adaptive immunity against antigen-expressing tumor cells. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from melanoma lesions can recognize autologous and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)matched tumor cells in vitro [2, 3]. Furthermore, T cell reactivity against tumor antigens can often be identified in the peripheral blood of cancer patients and healthy donors. Advances in our understanding of antigen presentation and T cell activation have provided the foundation for rationally-designed immunotherapy strategies that induce anti-tumor immune responses in cancer patients while limiting toxicity. Many of these have shown efficacy in animal models. However, peptideand proteinbased vaccine clinical trials, and clinical trials of adoptive T cell transfer, have thus far been promising but have not demonstrated consistent clinical benefit.
Communication from weather satellites.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the communication from weather satellites. Weather prediction and analysis is a global problem, and meteorologists have endeavored to gather data from the entire globe to cope with it. The vastness of the area and the difficulty in communicating information on that scale has set stringent practical limits in the past. The advent of the artificial earth satellites has given the meteorological community a powerful tool for worldwide data gathering and dissemination. Enormous quantities of data have been collected and have brought about data processing dispersion and analysis problems of hitherto rarely observed magnitude and complexity. A prognosis of the weather condition is only possible if the measurements are provided with fine enough resolution to detect and predict the existence of small-scale phenomena.
Antero/Anterolateral Thoracic Access and Stabilization from a Posterior Approach, Costotransversectomy, and Lateral Extracavitary Approach, En Bloc Resection

The surgical management of tumors of the thoracic spine is challenging due to the proximity of this spinal region to critical neurovascular structures. Nonetheless, it is of the utmost importance that negative margins be obtained when resecting spinal tumors since positive margins are associated with poor outcomes. Complete resection of the tumor as a single specimen surrounded by healthy tissue – total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) – has been demonstrated to improve survival and reduce local recurrence rates.
Application of the Discrete Hankel Transform to Cylindrical Waveguides Structures

In this work, we apply the Discrete Hankel Transform (DHT) to solve electromagnetic problems that involve cylindrical waveguide structures. We demonstrate the DHT's use by applying it to the simple problem of radiation from an open-ended waveguide. The solution is verified with the commercial solver Comsol Multiphysics.
Formal Requirement Enforcement on Smart Contracts Based on Linear Dynamic Logic

Recently, despite the growing popularity of smart contracts, one serious concern is arising among both industry and academia, that is, whether they work autonomously without human intervention really as intended and, when we are not sure, how we can ensure that contracts meet particular requirements. To resolve this, we propose a new formal approach to smart contract development: Instead of defining contracts just as programs in conventional languages, they should be defined using formal logic so that we can verify whether they meet particular requirements and enforce them if necessary. The primary challenge is that expressive formal logic often turns out to be undecidable and consequently executable programs cannot be generated. As a solution, each contract definition is divided into two layers, namely specification layer in a decidable logic called Linear Dynamic Logic for verification and enforcement of requirements and rule layer for defining implementation details, while the consistency between the two layers is systematically guaranteed. Based on this, it also becomes possible to automatically generate executable contract programs from their formal specification, which leads to improving the trustworthiness of contracts. Evaluation on Hyperledger Fabric shows the feasibility and high effectiveness of our approach.