cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome engineering technologies for targeted genetic modification in plants

Well-established targeted technologies to engineer genomes such as zinc-finger nuclease-based editing (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease-based editing (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated protein system-based editing (CRISPR/Cas) are proving to advance basic and applied research in numerous plant species. Compared with systems using ZFNs and TALENs, the most recently developed CRISPR/Cas system is more efficient due to its use of an RNA-guided nuclease to generate double-strand DNA breaks. To accelerate the applications of these technologies, we provide here a detailed overview of these systems, highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each, summarize research advances made with these technologies in model and crop plants, and discuss their applications in plant functional genomics. Such targeted approaches for genetically modifying plants will benefit agricultural production in the future.
When do legislators pass on "pork"?

A central challenge in political economy is to identify the conditions under which legislators seek to “bring home the pork” to their constituents. We use data from a unique type of public spending program proliferating in developing countries, the constituency development fund (CDF), to conduct the first systematic analysis of one determinant of constituency service, voter attachment to political parties, holding constant all other electoral and political institutions. The CDF in India, called the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), offers information on legislator effort on behalf of constituents that is significantly more accurate than other measures of effort common in the literature. Program design gives rise to this advantage: CDFs allocate identical funds directly to legislators to finance the delivery of public works in their constituencies. Controlling for numerous alternative explanations, we find that legislator effort (MPLADS disbursement) is significantly lower in constituencies that are party strongholds. This pattern of variation implies that legislators pass on pork when voters are more attached to political parties and has implications not only for our understanding of the political dynamics underlying public policy, but also for the dynamics of party formation and the evaluation of CDFs. . Acknowledgements: This paper has benefited greatly from the comments of Pradeep Chhibber, Herbert Kitschelt, Steven Wilkinson, and Adam Ziegfeld. We also thank seminar participants at New York University, the University of California—Berkeley, Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, and the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. We thank Rohini Somanathan for sharing valuable data. We are very grateful for the expert assistance of Victor Macias. We thank the Knowledge for Change Program for the funding that enabled this work. Disclaimer: The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.
Patterns of efavirenz use as first-line antiretroviral therapy in the United States: 1999-2015.

BackgroundEfavirenz has been a mainstay of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for over 15 years in the US. Its association with neuropsychiatric side effects may influence clinical prescribing and manage...
Terminal glycosylation in cystic fibrosis (CF): a review emphasizing the airway epithelial cell.

Altered terminal glycosylation, with increased fucosylation and decreased sialylation is a hallmark of the cystic fibrosis (CF) glycosylation phenotype. Oligosaccharides purified from the surface membrane glycoconjugates of CF airway epithelial cells have the Lewis x, selectin ligand in terminal positions. This review is focused on the investigations of the glycoconjugates of the CF airway epithelial cell surface. Two of the major bacterial pathogens in CF, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae, have binding proteins which recognize fucose in α-1,3 linkage and asialoglycoconjugates. Therefore, consideration has been given to the possibility that the altered terminal glycosylation of airway epithelial glycoproteins in CF contributes to both the chronic infection and the robust, but ineffective, inflammatory response in the CF lung. Since the glycosylation phenotype of CF airway epithelial cells have been modulated by the expression of wtCFTR, the hypotheses which have been proposed to relate altered function of CFTR to the regulation of the glycosyltransferases are discussed. Understanding the effects of mutant CFTR on glycosylation may provide further insight into the regulation of glycoconjugate processing as well as new approaches to the therapy of CF.
Context for Nonverbal Assessment of Intelligence and Related Abilities

Typically, verbal responses are assumed to provide a window on the intellect, personality, and related functioning of individuals. However, in some cases, verbal interactions are considered inappropriate as an index of cognitive and interpersonal sophistication. For example, some individuals cannot be assessed via verbal interactions (e.g., those with speech and language impairments and/or hearing deficits, culturally different backgrounds, neurological trauma, emotional problems such as selective mutism). For those individuals, language is a confound and nonverbal tests provide a more rigorous and less biased assessment.
ANATOMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF DYNORPHIN

Immunocytochemical studies of the opioid peptide dynorphin have demonstrated cell bodies in the magnocellular nuclei of hypothalamus. We have recently shown that dynorphin coexists with vasopressin and seems to be separate from oxytocin. Studies on homozygous Brattleboro rats (which do not contain AVP or its neurophysin) also demonstrate dynorphin in the magnocellular nuclei. Other dynorphin cell groups in brain stem, including the nucleus paragigantocellularis have also been detected.
Transport: Routes, Costs, and Monopoly Power

Greater Israel is a land of mountains, of long, deep river valleys such as the Jordan, and, to the east of the Jordan Valley, of high desert tablelands. Historically, these geographic features have largely determined and controlled the roads available for commerce.1 The two major highways follow the main lines of relief from north to south.
An integrated sustainability model for a bioenergy system: Forest residues for electricity generation

Abstract In the U.S., bioenergy accounts for about 50% of the total renewable energy that is generated. Biomass may be used as a source of energy in a variety of ways. Using forest residues, which would normally be treated as waste, in a co-firing power plant application is one strategy for utilizing biomass. Every stage in the life cycle of using forest residues (e.g., growing biomass, harvesting biomass, transporting biomass, and co-firing with coal) has consequences in terms of the three dimensions of sustainability: economy, environment, and society. An integrated sustainability model (ISM) using system dynamics is developed for a bioenergy system to understand how changes in the bioenergy system influence environmental measures, economic development, and social impacts. Exogenous factors such as population growth, land-use change (LUC) patterns, and renewable energy policy are considered by the ISM. Predictions, such as soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas savings, monetary gain, and employment, can be made for a given temporal and spatial scale. Different policy scenarios varying the bioenergy share of the total electricity generation were identified and examined via the ISM. The results of the scenario analysis indicate that an increase in the bioenergy share of the total electricity generation will stimulate the bioenergy market for bio-power. Model projections provide comprehensive insights to key stakeholders and policy makers for supporting decision-making regarding bioenergy development.
CT Spectrum of Congenital Heart Disease

The following chapter is a brief overview of congenital heart disease, with a specific focus on the aspects that are relevant to cardiac computed tomography (CCT). A brief rationale for the use of CCT in congenital heart disease is given, followed by a review of sequential segmental analysis, the basis of the morphologic assessment of the heart. The anatomical findings for the most common forms of congenital heart disease are described, as well as the expected physiology and clinical course. The relevant CT findings for each heart defect are illustrated and correlated to the anatomy to aid the imaging specialist in comprehension.
Unraveling the molecular profile underpinning pancreatic tropisms in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

e16096Background: The tropism of cancer metastases is poorly understood yet holds prognostic value. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) exhibits a broad pattern of metastases, making it an opti...
New Early Diverging Cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and Considerations Regarding the Origin of Crown Xenarthra

Turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea have a rich fossil record in North America, including the Caribbean, ranging from the late Paleocene to the Holocene. All earlier reports cannot be substantiated herein. The earliest members of this clade probably immigrated in multiple waves from Asia. Current phylogenies of crown Testudinoidea recognize four primary clades: Pan-Emydidae, Pan-Geoemydidae, Pan-Testudinidae, and the lineage leading to Platysternon megacephalum. An updated global phylogeny allows attribution of fossils to these lineages with confidence that allows the discernment of new diversity trends and biogeographic patterns. The diversity of North American Pan-Testudinidae increased consistently throughout the Cenozoic and reached its peak in the early Miocene. The extinction of many testudinids at the end of the Pleistocene, however, decreased tortoise diversity toward its extant levels. The diversity of North American Pan-Emydidae and Pan-Geoemydidae shows opposite patterns. Pan-Emydidae are remarkably diverse today, but their diversity was low in the Eocene and only increased dramatically from the Oligocene and onwards. Pan-Geoemydidae, on the other side, were diverse in the late Paleocene to Eocene, but their diversity decreases to their extremely low present levels starting with the Oligocene. A taxonomic review of 191 named North and Central American pan-testudinoid taxa finds 57 nomina valida, 69 nomina invalida, 64 nomina dubia, and 1 nomen nudum.
Simplified method to quantify valve back-leak uncovers severe mesenteric lymphatic valve dysfunction in mice deficient in connexins 43 and 37.

Key points Lymphatic valve defects are one of the major causes of lymph transport dysfunction; however, there are no accessible methods for quantitatively assessing valve function. This report describes a novel technique for quantifying lymphatic valve back-leak. Postnatal endothelial-specific deletion of connexin 43 (Cx43) in connexin 37 null (Cx37-/- ) mice results in rapid regression of valve leaflets and severe valve dysfunction. This method can also be used for assessing the function of venous and lymphatic valves from various species, including humans. Abstract The lymphatic system relies on robust, spontaneous contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels and one-way secondary lymphatic valves to efficiently move lymph forward. Secondary valves prevent reflux and allow for the generation of propulsive pressure during each contraction cycle. Lymphatic valve defects are one of the major causes of lymph transport dysfunction. Genetic mutations in multiple genes have been associated with the development of primary lymphoedema in humans; and many of the same mutations in mice result in valve defects that subsequently lead to chylous ascites or chylothorax. At present the only experimental technique for the quantitative assessment of lymphatic valve function utilizes the servo-null micropressure system, which is highly accurate and precise, but relatively inaccessible and difficult to use. We developed a novel, simplified alternative method for quantifying valve function and determining the degree of pressure back-leak through an intact valve in pressurized, single-valve segments of isolated lymphatic vessels. With this diameter-based method, the competence of each lymphatic valve is challenged over a physiological range of pressures (e.g. 0.5-10cmH2 O) and pressure back-leak is extrapolated from calibrated, pressure-driven changes in diameter upstream from the valve. Using mesenteric lymphatic vessels from C57BL/6J, Ub-CreERT2 ;Rasa1fx/fx , Foxc2Cre/+ , Lyve1-Cre;Cx43fx/fx , and Prox1-CreERT2 ;Cx43fx/fx ;Cx37-/- mice, we tested our method on lymphatic valves displaying a wide range of dysfunction, from fully competent to completely incompetent. Our results were validated by simultaneous direct measurement of pressure back-leak using a servo-null micropressure system. Our diameter-based technique can be used to quantify valve function in isolated lymphatic valves from a variety of species. This method also revealed that haplodeficiency in Foxc2 (Foxc2Cre/+ ) is not sufficient to cause significant valve dysfunction; however, postnatal endothelial-specific deletion of Cx43 in Cx37-/- mice results in rapid regression of valve leaflets and severe valve dysfunction.
Deep Learning-Aided Spatial Discrimination for Multipath Mitigation

A deep learning-aided spatial discriminator for multipath mitigation is developed. The proposed system compensates for the limitations of conventional beamforming approaches, especially at the stages of: prefiltering, model order estimation (MOE), and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Three environments are considered to design and train the proposed deep neural networks (DNNs): indoor office buildings, indoor open ceiling, and outdoor urban area. The performance of the proposed DNN-based MOE is compared to the conventional approaches of minimum description length (MDL) criterion and Akaike information criterion (AIC). The proposed DNN-based MOE is shown to significantly outperform existing approaches and to increase the degrees-of-freedom. Four experiments are presented to assess the performance of the proposed system in multipath-rich environments corresponding to indoor pedestrian navigation and ground vehicle urban navigation with cellular long-term evolution (LTE) signals. The proposed system exhibited a position root mean-squared error (RMSE) of 1.67 m, 3.38 m, 1.73 m, and 2.16 m.
Functional Brain Networks and Alcohol Consumption: From the Naïve State to Chronic Heavy Drinking

Abstract A fundamental question for alcohol use disorder is how naive brain networks are reorganized in response to the consumption of alcohol. The current study aimed to determine the progression of alcohol’s effect on functional brain networks during the transition from naive, to early, to chronic consumption. Resting-state brain networks of six female monkeys were acquired using magnetoencephalography prior to alcohol exposure, after early exposure, and after free-access to alcohol using a well-established model of chronic heavy alcohol use. Functional brain network metrics were derived at each time point. Assortativity, average connection frequency, and number of gamma connections changed significantly over time. All metrics remained relatively stable from naive to early drinking, and displayed significant changes following increased quantity of alcohol consumption. The assortativity coefficient was significantly less negative (p=.043), connection frequency increased (p=.03), and gamma connections increased (p=.034). Further, brain regions considered hubs (p=.037) and members of the Rich Club (p=.012) became less common across animals following the introduction of alcohol. The minimum degree of the Rich Club prior to alcohol exposure was significantly predictive of future free-access drinking (r=-.88, p
Transcriptomic Evidence for Reproductive Suppression in Male Peromyscus eremicus (Cactus Mouse) Subjected to Acute Dehydration

Understanding how organisms adapt to extreme environments is an outstanding question facing evolutionary biologists. Research related to a specific example of adaptation, mammals in desert environments, has focused on survival, while questions related to the reproductive effects of dehydration have been largely ignored. Here, we explore the reproductive consequences of acute dehydration by utilizing RNAseq data in the desert-specialized rodent, Peromyscus eremicus. Nine genes were consistently differentially expressed between hydrated and dehydrated mice, a low number which aligns with current perceptions of this species' extreme desert specialization. However, these differentially expressed genes include Insulin-like 3 (Insl3), a regulator of male fertility, as well as Slc45a3 and Slc38a5, both of which interact with genes with important roles in reproductive function. Together, these findings suggest that acute dehydration is linked to reproductive mitigation, a result which is unexpected in an animal capable of surviving and successfully reproducing without available external water sources.
Abstract P568: Incidence and Progression of Posterior Circulation Involvement in Moyamoya Disease

Introduction: The incidence and natural history of posterior circulation moyamoya disease (PCMMD) is not well-characterized. Methods: Consecutive patients with moyamoya disease prospectively treate...
Pterygium recurrence rates in the hispanic population in the Northeastern United States

Purpose: To determine the rate and factors affecting pterygium recurrence in the Hispanic population of the Northeastern United States, based on patient demographic information. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, data were collected on ethnically Hispanic patients from 2013 to 2018 who had primary single-headed pterygia excision and conjunctival autograft, with the minimum of 4-month follow-up time. This study was conducted in an academic institution in the Northeastern United States, with all patients being from the surrounding community. Results: In 168 Hispanic patients with confirmed primary single-headed pterygium, most pterygia occurred nasally (161/168). The average age of presentation was 46.3 ± 12.0 years (range, 23–77 years). There were 22 recurrences (13.1%), occurring at an average of 3.0 ± 1.6 months (1–8 months). This cohort demonstrated a unimodal recurrence distribution. Age is significantly inversely correlated with the incidence of recurrence (r = −0.219, P = 0.004), but not with the size of the recurrent pterygia (r = −0.112, P = 0.621). There was no significant difference between recurrence based on gender (P = 0.265), location (P = 0.824), or laterality (right or left eye) (P = 0.213). Mean corrected visual acuity improved from 20/40 to 20/32 after pterygium excision (P Conclusions: Recurrence occurred unimodally at around 3 months postoperatively. Younger patients are significantly more susceptible to recurrence. Future studies may seek to determine the incidence of pterygia and their recurrence patterns in relation to occupations and sun exposure time in a geographic area.
On an investigation into Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) safety and traffic efficiency applications

Vehicle-to-X (V2X) ( vehicle-to-vehicle [V2V], and vehicle-to-infrastructure [V2I]) communication, used in intelligent transportation system (ITS)/vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), promises improved traffic efficiency, road safety, and provision of infotainment services, etc. However, the levels of these improvements have not been clearly researched and documented especially in realistic environments [2]. Consequently, using field and simulation data, we investigate the safety and traffic efficiency application benefits of V2V communication applications in a realistic scenario. In order to do this, we built a real-world simulation test-bed using real-world/field traffic data of the Maryland (MD)/Washington DC and Virginia (VA) area from July 2012 to December 2012. In addition, we developed an application called incident warning application (IWA) of which IWA-equipped vehicles make use of it to bypass a compound road accident, slippery roadway caused by ice, and reduced visibility as a result of fog; unequipped/classic vehicles are unaware of this and hence suffer adverse effects. On the average, our results show that, indeed, tangible benefits/improvements with respect to travel time (126.78%), average speed (56.12%), fuel consumption (8.05%), CO 2 emissions (8.05%) together with other evaluated performance metrics are derivable from V2V communication especially at specific IWA-equipped vehicles penetration rates.
The Necessary Roles of Archaeology in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

This chapter addresses the role of archeology in climate change mitigation and adaption. The critical point is that these definitions of mitigation and adaptation, and by extension resilience, entail at least some changes in human behavior. Specifically, there is a need to change human activities with respect to greenhouse gas outputs; there is anticipation of a range of changes that will be needed to address the effects of rising global temperatures; and there is recognition that many current human systems are not as flexible as they could be in the face of anticipated future stresses and shocks. From these starting points comes the next big question: how can the modern world actually go about doing the human behavior parts of mitigation and adaptation and increasing resilience? This chapter demonstrates that archeology is an important source of information for addressing this key question, particularly with respect to nature, rate, and persistence of social change over long-time frames.
Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid: Electrons in one dimension and the Luttinger liquid

Non-Fermi liquid behavior In this chapter we begin the study of electronic systems that are not Landau Fermi liquids. These systems are like totalitarian societies in which the behavior of the individual is subordinated to the needs of the organization: their low-energy excitations are collective, rather than single-particle-like. A strongly collective behavior is not at all unusual in condensed matter. For example, the low energy excitations of a crystal lattice are acoustic phonons, which are collective oscillations of the atoms about their equilibrium positions. However, such examples are usually associated with a broken symmetry (translational symmetry in this case): when it comes to homogeneous electron liquids, the familiar picture of Landau's quasiparticles is so ingrained that we tend to regard any departure from it as a surprising phenomenon. Nevertheless, departures from the normal Fermi liquid pattern can and do occur in two typical scenarios: In three- and two-dimensional systems in which the electron liquid is strongly correlated , i.e., when the order of magnitude of the coulomb interaction greatly exceeds the kinetic bandwidth, In quasi-one-dimensional systems, for any strength of the interaction. A trivial example of the first scenario is offered by the three-dimensional electron liquid at very low-density. In this case the electrons form a Wigner crystal and their collective behavior arises immediately from the loss of translational symmetry. Amuch more complex example is offered by the two-dimensional electron liquid at high magnetic field. Because the kinetic energy is effectively suppressed by the magnetic field, the structure of the groundstate and the low-lying excitations is entirely controlled by the coulomb interaction.
Glaciolacustrine history of the Huron-Erie lowland in the southeastern Great Lakes region (USA) revisited

Abstract The glaciolacustrine history of the Huron-Erie lowland is reinterpreted using a closed basin model (CBM), based on ground surveys, LiDAR imagery, and digital elevation mapping (DEM). According to the CBM, paleolakes Utica, St. Clair, and Rouge were formed about 13,813 cal yr BP in closed depressions as the level of glacial Lake Elkton dropped below that of bounding morainal swells. The CBM explains why no physical connections could be established previously between paleolakes Algonquin and St. Clair, or between paleolakes St. Clair and Rouge. The CBM obviates the need for a spillway at Port Huron during the time of early Lake Algonquin. The Port Huron spillway is reinterpreted as having first formed about 5,728 cal yr BP simply as a consequence of early Holocene glacial rebound, southward tilting of the Lake Huron basin, and rising water level during the Nipissing transgression. LiDAR and DEM maps suggest that spillway development in the Port Huron moraine caused catastrophic flooding during initial formation of the St. Clair River channel. Channeled scablands-like topography in the form of braided scour channels, streamlined erosional residuals, and boulder lag deposits downriver from Detroit suggest that the Detroit River may have formed by outburst flooding as the Detroit moraine was breached by the rising water level of paleolake St. Clair.
Chapter V Production and Isolation of Flagella

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the procedure for the isolation and purification of flagella. Individual bacterial flagella are too small to be observed with the ordinary light microscope. They do associate in a side-by-side fashion, however, which renders bundles or aggregates of flagella visible in the dark-field microscope. By electron microscopy the flagellum can be seen to consist of at least three morphologically distinct structures, a basal region, the hook, and the filament. When observable, the basal region generally appears as a spherical vesicle, 100 to 500 A in diameter and surrounded by membrane material. This structure is located just within the cell membrane and is most easily observed when attached to the second differentiated region, the flagellar hook. The hook passes through the cell membrane and wall and connects the basal region to the most familiar portion of bacterial flagella, the filament. In suspension, filaments occur as helices, but collapse upon drying to form a sine wave with a wavelength of 2 to 3 μm and amplitude of 0.2 to 0.6 μm.
Deoxythymidylate phosphohydrolase induced by bacteriophage PBS2 during infection of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The deoxythymidylate phosphohydrolase (dTMPase) induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2 (whose DNA contains uracil instead of thymine) has been partially purified and shown to possess deoxyuridylate phosphohydrolase (dUMPase) activity. The similarities of induction period, pH dependence, heat and trypsin inactivation, sulfhydryl reagent and fluoride inhibition, metal ion effects, kinetic constants for substrates and products, and apparent molecular weight suggest that a single enzyme catalyzes both dTMPase and dUMPase reactions. Although the PBS2 phosphohydrolase is active on many different deoxyribonucleotide derivatives of 4-hydroxypyrimidine and 6-hydroxypurine, it displays a strong preference for dTMP (apparent Km of 10-5 m versus 10-3 m for dUMP). This phage-induced phosphohydrolase may be responsible for the exclusion of thymine from PBS2 DNA during PBS2 phage infection, by eliminating the substrate (dUMP) and the product (dTMP) of the B. subtilis thymidylate synthetase.
Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistor Logic Circuits

The sections in this article are 1 Gallium Arsenide Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors 2 GaAs Directly Coupled FET Logic Circuits 3 Additional Logic Circuits for GaAs Mesfet Fabrication Processes 4 Gallium Arsenide Heterostructure Isolated Gate Field Effect Transistors 5 GaAs Static Complementary Logic Circuits 6 Additional Logic Circuits for GaAs Higfet Fabrication Processes 7 Summary
Signaling in Trade Agreements

In the paper, we show how the potential signaling properties of trade agreements can explain two notable features of the international trading system. First, many trade agreements involve gradual, rather than immediate, reduction of trade barriers. We demonstrate how gradualism can serve as a mechanism by which countries signal their ability to commit to future liberalization by cooperating with the current round of tariff negotiations. Second, there has been a recent emphasis on regional, as opposed to multilateral, trade liberalization. In this paper, we demonstrate that such preferential trade agreements can actually serve as "building blocks" to multilateral trade negotiations by allowing countries to signal their commitment to trade agreements.
Phytodetritus entering the benthic boundary layer and aggregated on the sea floor in the abyssal NE Pacific: macro- and microscopic composition

Abstract Phytodetritus, which can originate in surface waters following seasonal phytoplankton blooms, is considered to be an important food resource for abyssal fauna. We analyzed the composition of phytodetritus sampled discretely in situ at an abyssal station in the NE Pacific. The phytodetritus was collected during two time periods straddling a seasonal maximum in the flux of particulate matter into a sediment trap moored within the benthic boundary layer. Using the sediment trap record and concurrent time-lapse photographs of the sea floor in addition to the results for the composition of sea floor phytodetritus, we created a scenario for the origin, accumulation, and degradation of phytodetritus at the study site. It appeared that the sediment trap record did not entirely account for the accumulation and composition of phytodetritus on the sea floor, likely due to the undersampling of large sinking aggregates by the sediment trap. Within each sea-floor-sampling period, two types of aggregated phytodetritus were identified, based on macroscopic appearance: loosely or strongly cohesive. The loosely cohesive phyto-detritus collected just before the maximum sinking flux was flocculent and contained large numbers of chain-forming diatoms. The bulk of the loosely cohesive phytodetritus collected one month later consisted of phaeodarians that appeared to have entrained both older and new “diatom floc” material. The strongly cohesive, discrete aggregates collected during both sampling periods appeared to be derived from zooplankton mucous webs. Although samples within each time period were heterogeneous, microscopic composition of phytodetritus, in terms of several phytoplankton and protozooplankton components, differed significantly between sampling periods. These results suggest that phytodetritus can change dramatically over a short time period; this may have implications for the potential food resource and feeding behavior of abyssal fauna.
Cultural Decoding Rules

Just as cultures have display rules that govern the management and modification of emotional expressions, they have cultural decoding rules that govern the management of emotional perception. Keywords: emotion; perception
Genetics of coxsackievirus virulence.

The first reported isolate of the coxsackieviruses occurred in the upstate New York town of Coxsackie (Dalldorf and Sickles 1948). By the mid-late 1950s (Dalldorf 1955), the coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) had been shown to be agents of severe human inflammatory heart muscle disease (myocarditis) (Montgomery et al. 1955; Gear et al. 1956; Javett et al. 1956; van Creveld and de Jager 1956; Verlinde et al. 1956; Fletcher and Brennan 1957; Kibrick and Benirschke 1958; Simenhoff and Ulys 1958). In the intervening years, the CVBs have been confirmed as etiologic agents of, or etiologically linked to, a host of human diseases ranging from flu-like illness through severe inflammatory diseases of the heart and central nervous system (Melnick 1990; Chaps. 2–4 ). Based on molecular detection data, it is estimated that enteroviruses (likely in most cases to be CVBs) are etiologic agents in perhaps 20%–25% of the cases of inflammatory heart disease (or myocarditis) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), although individual reports range from 0%–53% (Bowles et al. 1986; Easton and Eglin 1988; Tracy et al. 1990; Kandolf and Hofschneider 1991; Grasso et al. 1992; reviewed in Martino et al. 1995). DCM alone afflicts approximately five to eight per 100 000 per year worldwide (Williams and Olsen 1985; Manolio et al. 1992). In the aggregate, these data indicate that there are at least 5000 or more occurrences of enterovirus-induced DCM alone per year in the United States.
Event centrality prospectively predicts PTSD symptoms

ABSTRACTBackground: Recent evidence suggests that event centrality has a prominent association with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, evidence for this notion thus far has been mostly correlational. We report two studies that prospectively examined the relationship between event centrality and PTSD symptoms. Study 1 Methods: Participants (N = 1438) reported their most stressful event (“prior event”), along with event centrality, PTSD symptoms, and neuroticism. At Time 2 participants reported their most stressful event since Time 1 (“critical event”), along with measures of event centrality and PTSD symptoms. Study 1 Results: Event centrality for the critical event predicted PTSD symptoms, after controlling for event centrality and PTSD symptoms of the prior event and neuroticism. Study 2 Methods: In the second study (N = 161) we examined changes in event centrality and PTSD symptoms over a month. Study 2 Results: Using a cross-lagged panel design, results revealed event centrality a...
A History of Federal Child Antipoverty and Health Policy in the United States Since 1900

— America’s political leaders, parents, social thinkers, educators, and child-development and child-welfare professionals have long emphasized society’s responsibility to children, but these efforts assumed new prominence around 1900. The federal government has supported and provided services from health care to poverty alleviation and enforced a wide range of laws and regulations to enhance the well-being of Americans under age 21. The record of federal child policy implementation has been mixed. Despite this, political and fiscal impediments, and conflicting social science research and popular values, Washington still needs to play a leadership role in improving the well-being of America’s children and families. As Franklin D. Roosevelt said in 1935: “It must not for a moment be forgotten that the core of any social plan must be the child.”
Development of neutralizing antibodies to intramuscular interferon beta-1a (Avonex ®):

The most frequent treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is interferon beta (IFNβ). Development of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to IFN therapy is a well-documented phenomenon. Patients who have persistent NAbs of sufficient titer no longer receive clinical benefit from these therapies. In the case of intramuscular (IM) IFNβ-1a (Avonex®), approximately 22% of patients in the pivotal trial (conducted from 1990 to 1994) developed NAbs. However, improvements in the processes for the production of IFNβ-1a-Avonex resulted in a commercial product (first released in 1996) that was significantly less immunogenic; approximately 2% of patients developed NAbs with titers ≥20 neutralizing units (NU)/mL. In a large three-year Phase IV clinical trial using IFNβ-1a-Avonex, it was shown that NAb-positive patients had significantly greater annual relapse rates, greater increases in disability (compared with baseline), and more lesions detected by MRI compared with NAb-negative patients, indicating th...
A Bicycle Safety Education Program for Parents of Young Children

This study examined parental perceptions of the benefits and barriers to bicycle helmet use and their level of knowledge about bicycle safety issues. A school-based bicycle safety education program was taught to first- and second-grade students in a rural/suburban school district by a graduate nursing student. Pender's Health Promotion Model was the theoretical framework used to guide this research study. A parent Bicycle Helmet Questionnaire (BHQ) developed by the author was the tool used to gather data. The study determined that parents of children in schools that received the educational intervention prior to completing the questionnaire had significantly higher knowledge level scores and that the majority of parents were in favor of bicycle helmet legislation for children. The implications from this research study include the importance of bicycle safety education interventions for students and parents and the need to implement bicycle helmet legislation.
Indirect Heating of Alfalfa Juice in Steam‐Filled Heat Exchangers

Alfalfa juice, a highly proteinaceous liquid, was heated in steamfilled shell and tube and rotating coil heat exchangers to effect protein coagulation. The juice could be preheated prior to entering the heat exchanger by use of a recycle system. Lower fouling rates were obtained when the protein was denatured prior to contacting the exchanger surfaces and when the rotating coil exchanger was used. Chemical cleaning treatments could restore the heat transfer coefficient of a fouled exchanger to the original value.
A note on the status of discretion in police research

Abstract “Discretion” holds an unrivaled position at the core of the notional inventory employed in the study of criminal justice generally and policing particularly. Efforts to systematically define the term have been irregular and its status in the empirical literature is an ambiguous one. While spoken of as a quantitative aspect of the policing which influences behavior, measurement is rarely addressed. After sketching problems in present formulations, discretion is recast in terms of perceived job autonomy and an outline of two general constructs is contributed in hopes of renewing consideration of the potential relevance of the concept for police theory and research.
Microbial ecology of the subsurface at an abandoned creosote waste site

The microbial ecology of pristine, slightly contaminated, and heavily contaminated subsurface materials, and four subsurface materials on the periphery of the plume at an abandoned creosote waste site was investigated. Except for the unsaturated zone of the heavily contaminated material, mineralization of glucose (13.5 ppb) indicated a metabolically active microflora in all subsurface materials. However, mineralization (<40%) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and 2-methylnaphthalene was observed in contaminated material and material from the periphery of the plume, but not in pristine material. Pentachlorophenol was mineralized in material from the periphery of the plume. Inorganic and organic nutrient amendments and changes in pH and temperature did not increase the extent of mineralization of the aromatic compounds. An array of organic compounds found in creosote were biotransformed in contaminated ground water; however some compounds were still detected after 7 months of incubation. The data suggest that the subsurface microflora in slightly and heavily contaminated subsurface materials and materials from the periphery of the plume has adapted to degrade many compounds found in creosote.
Dual-mode temperature compensation for a comb-driven MEMS resonant strain gauge

Abstract A novel vibration mode pair is proposed for the dual-mode temperature compensation of MEMS-scale double-ended tuning fork (DETF) resonant strain gauges excited using comb drives. The mode pair does not require a redesign of the resonator, which was originally optimized for maximum strain sensitivity. Instead, the two different vibration modes are chosen to take advantage of both the in-plane and the levitation forces present in standard capacitive comb arrays. This approach is similar to dual-mode temperature compensation techniques used in quartz resonators, but differs in that (1) one bending mode and one torsional mode are used and (2) the compensating mode is lower in frequency than the main strain-sensing mode. This choice of mode pairs is further advantageous because no changes are required to the electrodes to excite the lower mode, and the axial strain sensitivity of the DETF is not compromised. By tracking two mode shapes of a resonator, a single resonator can be used to determine both strain and temperature. The DETF exhibits sensitivities of 36 Hz/ μ ϵ and − 7.1 Hz/ ° C for the bending mode and 0.7 Hz/ μ ϵ and − 8.3 Hz/ ° C for the torsional mode. The experiments confirm the feasibility of these mode shapes for dual-mode temperature compensation of comb-driven DETF resonators.
Stability and Three-Dimensional Aromaticity of closo-Monocarbaborane Anions, CBn-1Hn-, and closo-Dicarboranes, C2Bn-2Hn

Comprehensive ab initio calculations RMP2(fc)/6-31G* on the closo-monocarbaboranes, CBn-1Hn- (n = 5−12), and the closo-dicarboranes, C2Bn-2Hn (n = 5−12), show that the relative energies of all the positional isomers agree with the qualitative connectivity considerations of Williams and with the topological charge stabilization rule of Gimarc. The reaction energies (ΔH) of the most stable positional isomers, 1-CB4H5-, CB5H6-, 2-CB6H7-, 1-CB7H8-, 5-CB8H9-, 1-CB9H10-, 2-CB10H11-, CB11H12-, as well as 1,5-C2B3H5, 1,6-C2B4H6, 2,4-C2B5H7, 1,7-C2B6H8, 4,5-C2B7H9, 1,10-C2B8H10, 2,3-C2B9H11, and 1,12-C2B10H12 (computed using the equations, CBH2- + (n − 1)BHincrement → CBnHn+1- (n = 4−11) and C2H2 + nBHincrement → C2BnHn+2 (n = 3−10)), show that the stabilities of closo-CBn-1Hn- and of closo-C2Bn-2Hn generally increase with increasing cluster size from 5 to 12 vertexes. This is a characteristic of three-dimensional aromaticity. There are variations in stabilities of individual closo-CBn-1Hn- and closo-C2Bn-2Hn spec...
Predictive value of the echocardiographic left atrial dimension in isolated ventricular septal defect

Echocardiographic left atrial dimension has been reported to correlate with left-to-right shunt (Qp/Qs) in children with isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In 17 children with isolated VSD, we prospectively compared Qp/Qs with the ratio of echocardiographic left atrial dimension to aortic root diameter (LAD/Ao) and with the left atrial dimension corrected for body surface area (LAD/M2). The correlation between LAD/Ao and Qp/Qs was not statistically significant (r = 0.49, p > 0.05). The LAD/M2 correlated significantly with Qp/Qs (r = 0.66, p < 0.01); however, prediction intervals were excessively wide. Our findings indicate that it is inappropriate to predict Qp/Qs in these patients from echocardiographic LAD.
Yield improvement due to edge shot parameter optimization

Modern photolithography uses wafer steppers to project the image of a given circuit layer from a reticle onto a photoresist-covered wafer. In the sub-wavelength exposure regime (where the imaging wavelength is greater than the feature being imaged) the wafer surface needs to be positioned within a few hundred nanometers of the stepper focal plane to maintain imaging fidelity. Since typical wafer surface flatness variation is far in excess of this, imaging is accomplished by continuously focussing on the wafer surface during the exposure operation. For 'edge shots', where the centre of the stepper field gets close to the wafer edge, the focussing challenge gets very severe due to increasing wafer flatness variation. The focussing position is determined from the top surface of the resist. However at the edge of the wafer the resist thickness is not uniform, due to effects of the wafer edge bead. This leads to errors in the correct focus offset value been picked to place the wafer surface position within a few hundred nanometers of the stepper focus plane. These variations have a direct impact on yield, especially in sub- wavelength processes, and effects a sizeable proportion of the wafer surface area. This paper describes the yield improvement activities under taken on an i-line 0.35um BiCMOS process. This work comprises of three main parts. The first area investigated, was the changing resist thickness profile at the edge of the wafer.
An Impact Evaluation of Two Versions of a Brief Intervention Targeting Alcohol Use and Physical Activity among Adolescents

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immediate impact of two new versions of the Project SPORT program, a brief one-on-one tailored consult addressing alcohol use and physical activity for ...
Laboratory earthquakes: the sub-Rayleigh-to-supershear rupture transition.

We report on the experimental observation of spontaneously nucleated supershear rupture and on the visualization of sub-Rayleigh–to–supershear rupture transitions in frictionally held interfaces. The laboratory experiments mimic natural earthquakes. The results suggest that under certain conditions supershear rupture propagation can be facilitated during large earthquake events.
Automated outlier detection framework for identifying damage states in multi-girder steel bridges using long-term wireless monitoring data

Advances in wireless sensor technology have enabled low cost and extremely scalable sensing platforms prompting high density sensor installations. High density long-term monitoring generates a wealth of sensor data demanding an efficient means of data storage and data processing for information extraction that is pertinent to the decision making of bridge owners. This paper reports on decision making inferences drawn from automated data processing of long-term highway bridge data. The Telegraph Road Bridge (TRB) demonstration testbed for sensor technology innovation and data processing tool development has been instrumented with a long-term wireless structural monitoring system that has been in operation since September 2011. The monitoring system has been designed to specifically address stated concerns by the Michigan Department of Transportation regarding pin and hanger steel girder bridges. The sensing strategy consists of strain, acceleration and temperature sensors deployed in a manner to track specific damage modalities common to multigirder steel concrete composite bridges using link plate assemblies. To efficiently store and process long-term sensor data, the TRB monitoring system operates around the SenStore database system. SenStore combines sensor data with bridge information ( e.g ., material properties, geometry, boundary conditions) and exposes an application programming interface to enable automated data extraction by processing tools. Large long-term data sets are modeled for environmental and operational influence by regression methods. Response processes are defined by statistical parameters extracted from long-term data and used to automate decision support in an outlier detection, or statistical process control, framework.
Incidence of Chronic Laryngitis

Objectives We describe the incidence of chronic laryngitis (CL) and identify the most common presenting symptoms and initial treatments used. Methods We retrospectively identified patients with a diagnosis of CL who were seen among a primary care cohort at an urban academic medical center from 2009 to 2010. The incidence of CL was calculated. Symptoms, first-visit treatment, smoking, and demographics were recorded. Results Of a population of 40,317 people, 280 received a new diagnosis of CL over a 2-year period, representing a yearly incidence of 3.47 cases per 1,000 people. The subjects consisted of 160 women and 120 men. Race was recorded as black (126), Hispanic (47), white (68), or other (39). The mean age was 52.9 years (range, 20 to 90 years). The initial therapies included proton pump inhibitors (79%), voice therapy (17%), nasal steroid (13%), antihistamine (4%), amitriptyline (4%), other (17%), and none (11%). The most common symptoms were dysphonia (53%), pain/soreness (45%), globus sensation (40%), cough (33%), excessive throat clearing (28%), and dysphagia (32%). An otolaryngologist saw 93% of the cases. Conclusions The yearly CL incidence was 3.47 per 1,000 people. Up to 21% of the population may develop CL in their lifetime. Most of the patients in this cohort were referred to otolaryngologists, and the majority were treated with proton pump inhibitors. Dysphonia, globus sensation, and pain were the most common symptoms. Population surveys could be used to define undiagnosed disease and the overall prevalence of CL.