cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factor Structure of the Pain Disability Index in Workers' Compensation Claimants With Low Back Injuries

Abstract Tait RC, Chibnall JT. Factor structure of the Pain Disability Index in workers' compensation claimants with low back injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1141–6. Objective To examine the factor structure of a telephone-administered Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the effects of race and sex on the PDI. Design Computer-assisted telephone interviews of a cohort with occupational low back injuries. Setting General community. Participants Missouri workers' compensation claimants (N=1329) with low back injuries. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures PDI, levels of pain severity, Social Security Disability Insurance status, and the Fear-Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire. Results Results for the total sample and by race/sex group indicated support for a 2-factor model of the PDI corresponding to voluntary activities (eg, social, occupational, recreational) and obligatory activities (eg, activities of daily living, eating, sleeping). Additional psychometric analyses of the voluntary and obligatory subscales indicated adequate reliability and construct validity overall and in each of the race/sex groups. African Americans reported more pain-related disability on both subscales than whites. Women reported more disability on the voluntary subscale than men. Conclusions The results support use of the PDI as a bidimensional measure of pain-related disability, with strong psychometric properties. They also support its administration by telephone.
X-ray and neutron diffraction study of intermediate phases in nonstoichiometric cerium dioxide

Powder samples of reduced ceria, CeO2−x, of known compositions in the range 0 < x < 0.3 have been examined by X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques in order to determine which intermediate phases belonging to the homologous series CenO2n−2 (with n = integer) truly exist. Through the appearance of superlattice lines in the neutron diffraction patterns, the existence of four distinct phases, corresponding to n = 7, 9, 10 and 11 was established. Aside from the phase Ce7O12, the structures of these phases cannot be accounted for with rhombohedral cells based on 〈111〉 vacancy strings, but indicate lower (monoclinic or triclinic) symmetry. The structure of Ce9O16 and Ce10O18 do not agree with structures proposed for the analogous PrnO2n−2 compounds.
The Uniqueness Value and its Consequences for Organization Studies

This article argues that the field of organization studies is characterized by a "uniqueness value." This value prescribes that uniqueness is desirable, and therefore organizational scholars should strive to make unique contributions to their discipline. The authors document the existence of this value through several sources, including articles that analyze the discipline of organization studies, published comments by editors of major journals in the field, materials used in reviewing journal and conference papers, and special issues of journals. They then discuss a number of consequences of the uniqueness value, arguing that some of these consequences are functional for the field, whereas others are dysfunctional. Attention is also given to feedback effects that tend to make the uniqueness value self-reinforcing. Implications are drawn and suggestions are made for future theory development and knowledge building in organization studies.
Effects of GTP analogs and metal ions on the binding of neurotensin to porcine brain membranes.

Abstract Using 125I-labeled neurotensin (NT), porcine brain membranes were found to contain two types of high-affinity receptors, one class (∼ 1 3 of total) with an apparent K d of 0.12 n M and another with an apparent K d of 1.4 n M . Nonhydrolyzable analogs of GTP inhibited NT binding in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of 60 μM guanosine 5′-(3-thio) 5′-(β,γ-imino) triphosphate, NT binding was decreased by 35% with an associated decrease in the number of binding sites and little change in the K d . Cross-linking of 125I-labeled NT to brain membranes using disuccinimidyl suberate was found to specifically label two substances of ∼120 kDa and ∼160 kDa, which could represent different binding proteins or complexes. For a series of NT analogs, there was close agreement between the IC50 in the binding assay and the ED50 in a bioassay based on ability to contract the guinea pig ileum. In addition, metal ions inhibited NT binding and the contractile action of NT with the same order of potency (Hg++ > Zn++ > Cu++ > Mn++ > Mg++ > Li++). There was a linear relationship between the standard reduction potential for these ions and the logarithm of the IC50 in the binding assay. The results suggest that porcine brain contains high-affinity, G-protein-linked receptors for NT, the functioning of which depends upon group(s), perhaps sulfhydryl(s), which can interact strongly with certain heavy metal ions.
Comparison between the Matrix Pencil Method and the Fourier Transform Technique for High-Resolution Spectral Estimation

Fernandez del R??o, J. E., and Sarkar, T. K., Comparison between the Matrix Pencil Method and the Fourier Transform Technique for High-Resolution Spectral Estimation,Digital Signal Processing6 (1996), 108?125.The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of the Matrix Pencil Method, particularly the Total Forward?Backward Matrix Pencil Method, and the Fourier Transform Technique for high-resolution spectral estimation. Performance of each of the techniques, in terms of bias and variance, in the presence of noise is studied and the results are compared to those of the Cramer?Rao Bound.
Exact Effective-Mass Theory for Heterostructures

An exact effective-mass differential equation is derived for electrons in heterostructures. This equation is exactly equivalent to the Schr\"odinger equation, and is obtained by applying a k-space transformation of variables to the Burt envelope-function theory in which the Brillouin zone is mapped onto the infinite real axis. The mapping eliminates all nonlocal effects and long-range Gibbs oscillations in the Burt theory, producing an infinite-order differential equation in which interface effects are strongly localized to the immediate vicinity of the interface. A general procedure is given for obtaining finite-order boundary conditions from the infinite-order equation; the second-order theory reduces to the BenDaniel-Duke model with a \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential at the interface. The derivation is presented for a simple one-dimensional crystal but can easily be generalized for more complex situations.
A recycle flow flotation machine model: Response of model to parameter changes

Abstract The fraction of solid tracer retained in a laboratory flotation machine is measured as a function of time, simulating semi-batch testing. Observed departures from ideal mixing in which the ratio mean retention time/mean residence time exceeds unity can be accounted for by a recycle model of pulp circulation around the impeller region. Solutions of the system differential equations are recast into forms allowing calculation of the system parameters from the retention time ratio and an initial value, both obtained from tracer experiment data. The effect of changing the parameter values on the model response is discussed. Some special cases, applications, and alternative models are mentioned, and an example is provided. The effects of experimental error on estimated parameter values, and relationships between tracer concentration in the exit stream and the fraction retained formulations, are discussed in appendices.
Changes in the segmental pattern of sensory neuron projections in the chick hindlimb under conditions of altered cell adhesion molecule function.

Abstract In the developing chick hindlimb, pathfinding by sensory axons is affected by their interactions with other axons entering the limb. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) expressed on the growing axons are likely to influence these interactions. Accordingly, to elucidate how CAMs affect sensory axon pathfinding, we injected antibodies that block the functions of NCAM, G4/L1, or N-cadherin into the hindlimb, starting at St. 25, when all motoneuron axons but only a few sensory axons had entered the plexus. In each case, the segmental pattern of projections was assessed 2–3 days later by retrogradely labeling individual peripheral nerves. With all perturbations, the gross anatomical nerve pattern developed normally; that is, some sensory axons formed cutaneous nerves while other sensory axons projected to muscles. However, the segmental pattern of sensory projections was changed when either G4/L1 or N-cadherin function was blocked in that fewer sensory axons crossed the anterior–posterior axis of the plexus. A likely reason for this effect is that anti-G4/L1 and anti-N-cadherin each decreased the amount of fasciculation and that sensory axons are less able to travel across the plexus when they are defasciculated. Anti-G4/L1 affected both cutaneous and muscle sensory projections while anti-N-cadherin affected cutaneous but not muscle sensory projections, in accord with known differences in the expression of these two CAMs on sensory and motoneuron axons. Although anti-NCAM did not appear to alter sensory projections, when polysialic acid (PSA) was enzymatically removed from NCAM, there was a marked increase in cutaneous projections from the most proximate DRG, although muscle sensory projections were unchanged. PSA removal may cause an increase in fasciculation that forces sensory axons to track along neighboring axons. Thus, without PSA, cutaneous axons project more in accord with the relative anterior–posterior positions they had as they entered the plexus. Taken together, these studies suggest that axonal fasciculation mediated by CAMs and regulated by PSA influences the ability of sensory growth cones to navigate through the plexus and project along the correct peripheral nerves.
Extraction of monodisperse palladium nanoparticles from dendrimer templates.

We describe a strategy for extracting nearly size-monodisperse, 1.7-nm-diameter Pd nanoparticles from within dendrimer hosts. The approach involves two steps. First, an aqueous solution of dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles is prepared, followed by the addition of a toluene solution containing an n-alkanethiol. When the two-phase system is stirred, n-alkanethiols presumably self-assemble onto the surface of the Pd nanoparticles, extract them from the dendrimer, and transport them to toluene phase. UV−vis spectroscopy indicates that the Pd nanoparticles, in the form of monolayer-protected clusters, are transported into the toluene phase. FT-IR spectroscopy shows that the dendrimers remain in the aqueous phase. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the average size and size distribution of the particles do not change during the extraction process.
Photoactive amorphous molecular materials based on quinoline amines and their synthesis by Friedländer condensation reaction

Abstract A new class of conjugated quinoline amines was prepared by Friedlander condensation reaction. They showed stable amorphous state below glass transition temperatures as examined by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies. Additionally, they exhibited fluorescence properties in the blue to green region of visible spectrum in both solution and solid state. Their fluorescence quantum efficiencies in chloroform were in a broad range of 3–45%. Interestingly, they formed stable fibers with micrometer thickness drawn from melt, which were characterized by polarizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies.
Can the BRIGANCE® screens detect children who are gifted and academically talented?∗

In order to assess whether the BRIGANCE Early Preschool, Preschool, and K & 1 Screens can help identify young children with probable intellectual giftedness or academic talent, 408 children were recruited from sites representing the geographic regions and demographic characteristics of the United States. Each child was administered the BRIGANCE and a criterion battery that included measures of achievement, language, adaptive behavior, and intelligence. Intellectually or academically gifted children performed significantly higher on the BRIGANCE Screens than did other children. Applying cutoff scores to the BRIGANCE enabled children without giftedness to be discerned from those with giftedness, although at rates slightly less than desirable. Detection rates could be substantially improved by using BRIGANCE scores above the cutoffs or teacher ratings of above average— enabling 82% of gifted children to be identified correctly and 73% of children without giftedness to be identified correctly. This approach t...
Pollination ecology, genetic diversity and selection on nectar spur length in Platanthera lacera (Orchidaceae)

Platanthera lacera (Orchidaceae) is a moth-pollinated, loess prairie orchid producing a raceme of one to many whitish-green flowers. Field studies on a western Illinois population found the crepuscular visiting noctuid moth, Anagrapha falcifera (Noctuidae), to be the most frequent pollinator with occasional visits from Allagrapha aerea (Noctuidae). Visitation rates, assessed by removal of at least one pollinium, were relatively high (84.9%) and fruit production on experimentally outcrossed flowers (94.4%) was higher than open-pollinated plants (71.4%). Experimental pollination showed P. lacera to be highly self-compatible (94.1%) with a low level of autogamy (8.2%). Measurements taken from 598 spurs on 44 plants indicated that nectar spur length varied significantly among plants (10.9‐17.1 mm, mean 14.3 mm), but was not under selective pressure from visitation by An. falcifera (mean proboscis length 11.1 mm). The absence of selective pressure on nectar spur length is likely to be explained by occasional pollinating visits from Al. aerea (proboscis length 18 mm) and a limited amount of autogamy. Electrophoretic analysis of 12 enzymes revealed seven polymorphic loci. Mean levels of heterozygosity were He = 0.3384, Ho = 0.3229 and F = 0.0458, indicating that P. lacera is primarily an outcrossing species dependent on noctuid moth pollination.
Plate damage identification using wave propagation and impedance methods

This paper illustrates an integrated approach for identifying structural damage in an aluminum plate. Piezoelectric (PZT) materials are used to actuate/sense the dynamic response of the structure. Two damage identification techniques are integrated in this study, including Lamb wave propagations and impedance methods. In Lamb wave propagations, one PZT launches an elastic wave through the structure, and responses are measured by an array of PZT sensors. The changes in both wave attenuation and reflection are used to detect and locate the damage. The impedance method monitors the variations in structural mechanical impedance, which is coupled with the electrical impedance of the PZT. Both methods operate in high frequency ranges at which there are measurable changes in structural responses even for incipient damage such as small cracks or loose connections. This paper summarizes two methods used for damage identification, experimental procedures, and additional issues that can be used as a guideline for future investigations.
Heightened damage assessment as a result of the intentionality of the damage‐causing act

Subjects judged the damages caused by an act that was done intentionally, negligently or accidentally. Although the damages caused by the act were described in an identical way, subjects who read that the act was done intentionally inflated their estimation of the damage done by that action (as compared to an identical, but unintentional, action). This effect was serendipitously discovered in one study and conceptually replicated with different populations and different experimental designs in two subsequent studies. The experimental designs made certain explanations for the results less plausible, and the discussion assesses other possible explanations for the effect.
The dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor β-mutant Δ337T alters PPARα signaling in heart

PPARα and TR independently regulate cardiac metabolism. Although ligands for both these receptors are currently under evaluation for treatment of congestive heart failure, their interactions or sig...
ALUMINUM STABILIZES TURMERIC IN PICKLE BRINE AGAINST DECOMPOSITION BY LIGHT, HEAT AND PEROXIDASE1

Turmeric in solutions typically used for cucumber pickle manufacturing was protected by Al3+ from decomposition caused by fluorescent light, heat and peroxidase. Levels of 1.3–1.5 mM Al3+ significantly reduced light-and peroxidase-catalyzed decomposition of turmeric, and the amount of retardation increased with increasing Al3+ concentration. Alone, neither peroxidase nor hydrogen peroxide affected turmeric; however when combined, turmeric was rapidly destroyed. Peroxidase destruction of turmeric was uncompetitively inhibited by Al3+. Turmeric decomposition increased with increasing temperature from 20 to 90°C. No thermal destruction of turmeric was observed in the presence of 2 or 4 mM Al3+.
Evaluation of a multimodal interface for 3D terrain visualization

Novel speech and/or gesture interfaces are candidates for use in future mobile or ubiquitous applications. This paper describes an evaluation of various interfaces for visual navigation of a whole Earth 3D terrain model. A mouse driven interface, a speech interface, a gesture interface, and a multimodal speech and gesture interface were used to navigate to targets placed at various points on the Earth. This study measured each participant's recall of target identity, order, and location as a measure of cognitive load. Timing information as well as a variety of subjective measures including discomfort and user preference were taken. While the familiar and mature mouse interface scored best by most measures, the speech interface also performed well. The gesture and multimodal interface suffered from weaknesses in the gesture modality. Weaknesses in the speech and multimodal modalities are identified and areas for improvement are discussed.
Novel Genetic Selection System for Quantitative Trait Loci of Quality Protein Maize

Quality protein maize combines a high-lysine trait with kernel hardness, for which a new, simpler genetic selection was designed.
Discrete-Time Multilevel Hazard Analysis

Combining innovations in hazard modeling with those in multilevel modeling, we develop a method to estimate discrete-time multilevel hazard models. We derive the likelihood of and formulate assumpt...
Inhibition of Transferrin Recycling and Endosome Tubulation by Phospholipase A2 Antagonists

Abstract We report here that a broad spectrum of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) antagonists produce a concentration-dependent, differential block in the endocytic recycling pathway of transferrin (Tf) and Tf receptors (TfRs) but have no acute affect on Tf uptake from the cell surface. At low concentrations of antagonists (∼1 μm), Tf and TfR accumulated in centrally located recycling endosomes, whereas at higher concentrations (∼10 μm), Tf-TfR accumulated in peripheral sorting endosomes. Several independent lines of evidence suggest that this inhibition of recycling may result from the inhibition of tubule formation. First, BFA-stimulated endosome tubule formation was similarly inhibited by PLA2 antagonists. Second, endocytosed tracers were found in larger spherical endosomes in the presence of PLA2 antagonists. And third, endosome tubule formation in a cell-free, cytosol-dependent reconstitution system was equally sensitive PLA2antagonists. These results are consistent with the conclusion that endosome membrane tubules are formed by the action of a cytoplasmic PLA2 and that PLA2-dependent tubules are involved in intracellular recycling of Tf and TfR. When taken together with previous studies on the Golgi complex, these results also indicate that an intracellular PLA2 activity provides a novel molecular mechanism for inducing tubule formation from multiple organelles.
Analyzing what students write about materials — Another strategy for developing conceptual knowledge in a materials engineering course

Our Introduction to Materials Engineering course is being transformed to an active, learner-centered environment which includes numerous conceptual learning opportunities. Understanding why students fail to understand a certain concept and what to do about it in the classroom requires a deeper analysis than simply recording wrong answers. This paper describes another strategy to find student misperceptions - analyzing student research papers. Students are required to write a research paper that describes why a certain material is used for a particular product; also, it must include an in-depth analysis of the materials properties that are needed for function. Student must reveal what they conceptually know since they have to articulate why a certain material is chosen over another material, or why a new material has replaced another. Thus, those research papers contain a wealth of information about how students think about materials and on a level that is not possible to explore with concept questions or interviews. This paper describes an overview of the course transformation, the research paper, what has been discovered about student misperceptions from the papers, and what changes have been made in the classroom. The paper concludes with assessment information and outlines future tasks.
Statistical Analysis of Spatiotemporal Link and Path Flow Variability

In the absence of advanced traveler information systems, commuters tend to select their routes of travel, within a congested network, primarily based on historical average travel times. Typical traffic conditions can be sufficient if a specific day is similar to these average conditions. However, if traffic conditions vary considerably from the norm, historical information may not be sufficient for commuters to make optimum travel decisions. Under these conditions the provision of real-time traffic information could offer significant benefits. Consequently, the proposed research effort attempts to characterize typical variability in traffic conditions using traffic volume data obtained from 31 dual-loop detector stations along a section of 1-66 between Manassas and Vienna, VA during a 3-month period. The detectors logged time-mean speed, volume, and occupancy measurements for each station and lane combination. Using these data, the paper examines the spatiotemporal link and path flow variability on weekdays and weekends. The generation of path flows is made through the use of a synthetic maximum likelihood approach. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are performed on the data. The results demonstrate that in terms of link flows and total traffic demand Mondays and Fridays are similar to core weekdays (Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays). In terms of path flows, Fridays appear to be different from core weekdays.
Effect of lower sea level on geostrophic transport through the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum

[1] We investigate the effect of a 120 m sea level drop on transport through the Caribbean Sea and the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) relative to the present, using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida Straits suggests the LGM Florida Current was weaker than today by one third assuming that the velocity at the bottom of the channel was as small as it is today. This is consistent with a decrease in the North Atlantic overturning circulation, but there are other possible reasons for a flow decrease. It is possible that a shallower LGM Florida Straits sill depth could cause the diversion of some flow from the Florida Current. Our model results show that the volume transport through the Florida Straits is slightly reduced in a lower sea level model simulation when compared to a control sea level simulation (34.8 ± 2.0 Sv versus 39.8 ± 2.3 Sv). The difference in transport is of the order of 5 Sv, likely representing a maximum limit to the LGM flow reduction due to sea level change. Therefore, the change in sill depth between the LGM and the present is unlikely to have been a cause of the entire observed flow reduction. We also use the model output to demonstrate that transport through the Florida Straits can be accurately calculated from ocean margin density data at the core locations in the work of Lund et al. (2006) and Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009), provided that a sufficiently deep reference level is chosen.
Bark beetle outbreaks, wildfires and defensible space: how much area do we need to treat to protect homes and communities?

Extensive beetle outbreaks across western North American forests have spurred debates about how to best protect communities from wildfire. Previous work has found that fuels in the wildland–urban interface and especially in the defensible space (40-m radius) around structures are the most important determinants of the flammability of structures during wildfire. We: (1) examined the extent of outbreaks in the western US and their intersection with the wildland-urban interface and its surrounding area and (2) calculated the combined area of defensible space around all wildland-urban interface housing units in the western US. This analysis indicates that: (1) >98% of areas affected by outbreaks are in remote areas rather than in the wildland-urban interface and (2) in the context of limited resources and the goal of protecting homes and communities from wildfire, the area required to create defensible space around all homes in the wildland-urban interface of the western US (which effectively reduces fire risk to structures) is substantially less than that needed to treat all beetle-affected forests (which does not reduce fire risk to structures as effectively). Thus, focussing fuel-reduction treatments in the immediate vicinity of homes and communities rather than in remote beetle-affected forests would be more effective at reducing fire risk to those structures and would incur lower financial and ecological costs.
Impact of moisture, host genetics and Fusarium graminearum isolates on Fusarium head blight development and trichothecene accumulation in spring wheat.

The impact of moisture on the development of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Fusarium-infected wheat was examined. The field experiments were designed as split-split-plot with five replicates. Main plots were durations of mist-irrigation [14, 21, 28 and 35 days after inoculation (DAI)]; sub-plots were wheat cultivar; and sub-sub-plots were F. graminearum isolates differing in aggressiveness and DON production capacity. The wheat cultivars ‘Alsen’ (moderately resistant), ‘2375’ (moderately susceptible) and ‘Wheaton’ (susceptible) were inoculated at anthesis. Severity of FHB was assessed 21 days after inoculation. Visually scabby kernels (VSK) and mycotxin content (DON, 15-AcDON, 3-AcDON and nivalenol) were determined on harvested grain. The damage to grain, as measured by VSK, was significantly lower in the treatments receiving the least amount of mist-irrigation (14 DAI) suggesting that extended moisture promotes disease development. DON was, however, significantly lower in the 35-DAI misting treatment than in treatments receiving less post-inoculation moisture. The reduction of DON observed in treatments receiving extended mist-irrigation was greatest in ‘Wheaton’ which recorded the highest FHB severity, VSK and DON of the cultivars examined. Our results suggest that DON and other trichothecenes may be reduced by late-season moisture despite increased grain colonization. We suggest that leaching may explain much of the reduction of mycotoxins, and that differences in tissue morphology and metabolism may determine the rate of leaching from specific tissues.
Emerging role of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: important role of Rac/NADPH oxidase

'Oxidative stress' is a term defining states of elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Normally, ROS control several physiological processes, such as host defence, biosynthesis of hormones, fertilization and cellular signalling. However, oxidative stress has been involved in different pathologies, including metabolic syndrome and numerous cardiovascular diseases. A major source of ROS involved in both metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular pathophysiology is the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes. NOX is a multi-component enzyme complex that consists of membrane-bound cytochrome b-558, which is a heterodimer of gp91phox and p22phox, cytosolic regulatory subunits p47phox and p67phox, and the small GTP-binding protein Rac1. Rac1 plays many important biological functions in cells, but perhaps the most unique function of Rac1 is its ability to bind and activate the NOX complex. Furthermore, Rac1 has been reported to be a key regulator of oxidative stress through its co-regulatory effects on both nitric oxide (NO) synthase and NOX. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to give a brief outline about the important role of the Rac1-NOX axis in the pathophysiology of both metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.
The effects of short space and time scale current variability on the predictability of passive ichthyoplankton distributions: an analysis based on HF radar observations

The importance of small scale variations in currents on the predictability of spatial distributions of fish eggs is investigated using dense observations of surface currents. The currents were measured with HF radar and used to drive an advection‐diffusion model of ichthyoplankton concentration. We first demonstrate that the model produces acceptable agreement with observed egg fields. We then use the predicted egg fields as a basis for comparison with model runs made with currents subsampled in space and filtered in time. Significant error was found for spatial sampling intervals as small as 3 km, even though most of the variance in the currents occurred at much longer length scales. This was primarily due to the loss of the rich small scale variability in horizontal divergence. Nevertheless, most of the error is due to the misfit in the egg fields at larger length scales; that is, small scale forcing is necessary in this system for the larger scale features to be reproduced. This study thus suggests that considerable caution should be exercised before assuming that circulation models, even very sophisticated and detailed ones, capture enough of the variability of marine systems to make accurate forecasts of plankton distributions.
Subjectivity, Hygiene, and STI Prevention: A Normalization Paradox in the Cleanliness Practices of Female Sex Workers in Post‐Socialist China

This article illuminates the principal mechanisms that increase the risk of STIs for female sex workers in China. It draws primarily on my 26 months of ethnographic fieldwork (2006-2009) in red-light district neighborhoods in Haikou that have become centers of internal migration in post-reform southern China. Chinese sex workers here challenge dominant representations of them as illegal, immoral, and unclean subordinates and understand themselves also as sacrificing, capable, and modern women. I show how the women's conflicted subjectivity, continuously shaped through social networks, affects their personal health decisions and, significantly, leads them to adopt clinically risky practices. I conclude by arguing that public health interventions in southern China in and around certain red-light districts should take these conflicted subjectivities into account in working to improve sex workers' health.
Hydrothermal Vent Animals: Distribution and Biology

Hydrothermal vent communities characterized by large clams, mussels, and vestimentiferan worms thrive on chemosynthetic microbial production. There are similarities in the animal distributions at vent communities from 20°S to 46°N on the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the Pacific Ocean and at cold sulfide seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Vent communities, consisting of at least 16 previously unknown families of invertebrates, are at least 200 million years old. Since the life-span of a vent is only tens of years, the species survive by rapid growth and widespread dispersal of larvae with the subsequent colonization of new vents.
Transient requirement for ganglion cells during assembly of retinal synaptic layers

The inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the vertebrate retina comprises functionally specialized sublaminae, representing connections between bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells with distinct visual functions. Developmental mechanisms that target neurites to the correct synaptic sublaminae are largely unknown. Using transgenic zebrafish expressing GFP in subsets of amacrine cells, we imaged IPL formation and sublamination in vivo and asked whether the major postsynaptic cells in this circuit, the ganglion cells, organize the presynaptic inputs. We found that in the lak/ath5 mutant retina, where ganglion cells are never born, formation of the IPL is delayed, with initial neurite outgrowth ectopically located and grossly disorganized. Over time, the majority of early neurite projection errors are corrected, and major ON and OFF sublaminae do form. However, focal regions of disarray persist where sublaminae do not form properly. Bipolar axons, which arrive later, are targeted correctly, except at places where amacrine stratification is disrupted. The lak mutant phenotype reveals that ganglion cells have a transient role organizing the earliest amacrine projections to the IPL. However, it also suggests that amacrine cells interact with each other during IPL formation; these interactions alone appear sufficient to form the IPL. Furthermore, our results suggest that amacrines may guide IPL sublamination by providing stratification cues for other cell types.
Canine Pythiosis - Isolation and Identification of Pythium Insidiosum

Pythium insidiosum was isolated from the subcutaneous tissue of a 1-year-old tan crossbreed dog and from the intestinal tract of an 18-month-old Samoyed male. Gomori's methenamine silver stain was superior to hematoxylin and eosin in demonstrating the organism in tissue sections. The agent was identified as P. insidiosum by zoospore formation in an aqueous yeast extract solution containing grass blades. Exoantigens produced in culture were shown to be identical to known P. insidiosum antigens by microimmunodiffusion.
A polyhedral characterization of the inverse-feasible region of a mixed-integer program

Given a feasible solution x 0 to a mixed-integer program (MIP), the inverse MIP problem is to find an objective d such that x 0 is optimal for the MIP with objective function d , and among all such objectives, the distance from a given target objective is minimized. By using a novel expression for the MIP value function, we formulate the inverse MIP problem as a linear program (LP), albeit of exponentially large size.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy With Metastasis: Can Axillary Dissection Be Avoided in Some Patients With Breast Cancer?

PURPOSE: Recent studies have suggested that the sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is an accurate alternative staging procedure for women with breast cancer. The goal of this study was to identify a subset of breast cancer patients in whom metastatic disease was confined only to the SLN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From two institutions, we recruited 222 women with breast cancer for SLN biopsy. A SLN biopsy was performed in each patient, followed by an axillary dissection in 182 patients. Histologic and immunohistochemical cytokeratin stains were used on all SLNs. RESULTS: The SLN was identified in 220 (97.8%) of the 225 biopsies. Evidence of metastatic breast cancer in the SLN was found in 60 (27.0%) of the 222 patients. Of these patients, 32 (53.3%) had evidence of tumor in the SLN only. By multivariate analysis, two factors were found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of tumor involvement in the non-SLNs: primary tumor size larger than 2.0 cm (P = .0004) and macrometastasis (> 2.0 mm) in...
Phase II trial of irinotecan plus bevacizumab for heavily pretreated recurrent ovarian cancer.

5016 Background: Irinotecan and bevacizumab have single agent activity in platinum sensitive (PSen) and resistant (PRes) ovarian cancer patients (pts). We sought to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan plus bevacizumab in these pts. The trial was designed to evaluate whether the progression free survival (PFS) at 6 months is at least 40% and with secondary objectives of estimating response rate (RR), duration of response (DoR), time to progression and toxicity. Methods: No limitation on number of prior regimens was placed, and prior use of study drugs was allowed. Irinotecan 250mg/m2 and bevacizumab 15mg/kg every 3 weeks were given. Due to treatment-related grade 3 toxicity (diarrhea and neutropenia) experienced by the first 5 pts on the study, the dose of irinotecan was amended to 175mg/m2. Results: 20 pts with recurrent ovarian cancer [PSen 5, PRes 15] of a planned 35 have been recruited thus far. Median age is 59 (45-78). Median number of prior regimens is 5 (3-12) with 9 pts demonstrating ...
The Physical Evidence Dilemma: Does ABA Standard 4-4.6 Offer Appropriate Guidance?

Since 1966, when criminal defense lawyer Richard Ryder was disciplined for retaining physical evidence that connected his client to a bank robbery, lawyers and courts have struggled with the ethical dilemma of how defense lawyers should deal with physical evidence that potentially incriminates one of their clients. When a lawyer takes possession of an evidentiary item, must she always turn it over to the authorities, as required by most courts that have addressed this dilemma? Or, can defense counsel return the evidence to the source from whom counsel received it as recommended by Standard 4-4.6 of the ABA Criminal Justice Standards for Prosecution and Defense Functions?This Article explores three scenarios that present variations of the physical evidence conundrum and explores the extent to which existing authority provides clear guidance when lawyers find themselves wrestling with a physical evidence quandary. The Article concludes that Standard 4-4.6’s more nuanced return-to-the-source rule strikes a better balance between defense counsel’s duty as an officer of the court and her duties as a zealous advocate than the mandatory turnover rule championed by most courts and by section 119 of Restatement (Third) of the Laws Governing Lawyers. Finally, the Article urges those revising Standard 4-4.6 to retain its basic approach, but to address some of the weaknesses of the Standard.
A comparison of delayed static and dynamic visual feedback.

Abstract A maze was used to determine the relative effectiveness of delay periods of 7, 15, and 30 sec. in dynamic and static visual feedback in maze tracing. Static feedback involved a view of the tracing only, whereas dynamic feedback was afforded by videotape replay of the action of tracing the maze. The 102 subjects were randomly assigned to the two feedback conditions and the positioning of the three delay periods within each condition, so that there were 17 subjects in each of the six experimental groups. Significant F ratios were obtained for ordered trial effects but not for experimental effects.
Activated natural killer cells enhance passive experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (44.35)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by autoantibody-mediated loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR). However, antibody titers alone do not determine the severity of disease. Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a major inducer of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, enhances experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) in mice independently of the level of antibody and complement bound to AChR. IFN-γ is produced by various cell types, including CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells. To investigate the roles of these cell types in disease enhancement, NK and NKT cells were depleted using anti-NK1.1 antibody prior to administration of IL-12 and passive transfer of monoclonal anti-AChR antibody D6 in B6 mice. For comparison, IL-12 treatment and passive transfer of mAb D6 was performed using TCRβ/TCRδ dual knock-out mice, which possess B cells and NK cells but lack functional T cells and NKT cells. IL-12 treatment worsened passive disease in wild-type B6 and TCR dual knock-out mice, but not in NK depleted B6 mice. Serum IFN-γ correlated with disease. These findings suggest that innate NK cells are the main source of disease-enhancing IFN-γ upon administration of IL-12. This provides a mechanism by which the innate immune response can enhance MG even when antibody levels remain unchanged.
NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF A BUCKLED BEAM TO A HARMONIC EXCITATION

Methods for the study of nonlinear continuous systems are discussed using nonlinear planar vibrations of a buckled beam about its first buckled mode shape. Fixed-fixed boundary conditions are considered. The case of primary resonance of the nth mode is investigated. Approximate solutions are obtained by using a single-mode discretization via the Galerkin method and by directly applying the method of multiple scales to the governing integro-partial-differential equation and boundary conditions. Frequency-response curves are generated using both approaches for several buckling levels and are contrasted with experimentally obtained frequency-response curves for two test beams. For odd modes, there are ranges where the computed frequency-response curves are qualitatively as well as quantitativel y different. The experimentally obtained frequency-response curves are in agreement with those obtained with the direct approach and in disagreement with those obtained with the discretization approach.
INSEMINATION AND SPERM STORAGE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The assumption that the four products of meiosis in the male Drosophila are equally functional has been made untenable by recent studies of abnormal progeny ratios. The potential causes of anomalous ratios can be classified in three categories: (1) postfertilization selection; (2) aberrant meiotic segregations; and (3) gametic lethality or selection. Unusual ratios resulting from zygotic lethality are well known, and it is relatively easy to fix this as the cause of an abnormal ratio by comparing the number of eggs laid to the number of adults recovered. There are also deviations from expected ratios which have been attributed to phenomena occurring during meiosis which render some of the products of meiosis non-functional (Novitski and Sandler, 1957; Sandler, Hiraizumi, and Sandler, 1959). Gametic lethality has also been implicated as a possible cause of anomalous ratios (C. W. Metz, 1929; Gershenson, 1928; Novitski, 1947). However, in these studies where gametic lethality is suggested as a possible cause of abnormal progeny ratios, this has been as a result of eliminating other possibilities and no mechanism has been described to account for the phenomenon. In fact, it has been generally held that the DNA of the spermatozoon is wholly inert and that the functional ability of the spermatozoon is independent of its gene content (Muller and Settles, 1927). Recent studies of sperm DNA suggest, however, that there may be changes in the
Analysis of geological materials containing uranium using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid atomic emission spectroscopy technique that can be configured for a variety of applications including space, forensics, and industry. LIBS can also be configured for stand-off distances or in-situ, under vacuum, high pressure, atmospheric or different gas environments, and with different resolving-power spectrometers. The detection of uranium in a complex geological matrix under different measurement schemes is explored in this paper. Although many investigations have been completed in an attempt to detect and quantify uranium in different matrices at in-situ and standoff distances, this work detects and quantifies uranium in a complex matrix under Martian and ambient air conditions. Investigation of uranium detection using a low resolving-power LIBS system at stand-off distances (1.6 m) is also reported. The results are compared to an in-situ LIBS system with medium resolving power and under ambient air conditions. Uranium has many thousands of emission lines in the 200–800 nm spectral region. In the presence of other matrix elements and at lower concentrations, the limit of detection of uranium is significantly reduced. The two measurement methods (low and high resolving-power spectrometers) are compared for limit of detection (LOD). Of the twenty-one potential diagnostic uranium emission lines, seven (409, 424, 434, 435, 436, 591, and 682 nm) have been used to determine the LOD for pitchblende in a dunite matrix using the ChemCam test bed LIBS system. The LOD values determined for uranium transitions in air are 409.013 nm (24,700 ppm), 424.167 nm (23,780 ppm), 434.169 nm (24,390 ppm), 435.574 nm (35,880 ppm), 436.205 nm (19,340 ppm), 591.539 nm (47,310 ppm), and 682.692 nm (18,580 ppm). The corresponding LOD values determined for uranium transitions in 7 Torr CO 2 are 424.167 nm (25,760 ppm), 434.169 nm (40,800 ppm), 436.205 nm (32,050 ppm), 591.539 nm (15,340 ppm), and 682.692 nm (29,080 ppm). The LOD values determine for uranium emission lines using the medium resolving power (10,000 λ/Δλ) LIBS system for the dunite matrix in air are 409.013 nm (6120 ppm), 424.167 nm (5356 ppm), 434.169 nm (5693 ppm), 435.574 nm (6329 ppm), 436.205 nm (2142 ppm), and 682.692 nm (10,741 ppm). The corresponding LOD values determined for uranium transitions in a SiO 2 matrix are 409.013 nm (272 ppm), 424.167 nm (268 ppm), 434.169 nm (402 ppm), 435.574 nm (1067 ppm), 436.205 nm (482 ppm), and 682.692 nm (720 ppm). The impact of spectral resolution, atmospheric conditions, matrix elements, and measurement distances on LOD is discussed. The measurements will assist one in selecting the proper system components based upon the application and the required analytical performance.
Moving unit division and deposit features of modern sidebeach in Dayushulin,Yinma River

In order to reveal the non-homogereous changing law of deposit layer, the deposit features of the moving unit are discussed and expounded in detail, combined with the landform feature of sidebeach of wilderness, deposit category, deposit structure, granularity analysis, reference material, and dividing modern deposit sidebeach in Dayushulin, Yinma river, based on the theory and method of modern study of deposit, the modern deposit sidebeach in the area concerned can be divided into 6 units, including channel lag deposit, lower point bar, upper point bar, beach crest, beach chute and channel ditch. The result indicates the deposit features are as follows: the middle and top of developed beach crest, beach chute and point bar are in inverse rhythm; the weighty mineral decreases and the mass percentage comes blown from bottom to top; the mass fraction of stable mineral increases.
Open-Source Strategy to Enhance Imaginative Intensity and Profits

The Android project is one of the recent most successful open-source projects. In the Android community, the open-source firm (Google) and application developers co-create value through developing applications for the Android operating system provided by the open-source firm, and share profit from the sales of applications. Alternatively, using a closed-source strategy, a firm could keep the operating system proprietary and sell it to end users. As the first paper to apply the concept of imaginative intensity to analyze the benefits of an open-source strategy, we offer a new explanation for a firm’s selection of an open-source strategy over a closed-source strategy. We propose a model to investigate how a for-profit organization utilizes an open-source strategy, in contrast to a closed-source strategy, to enhance imaginative intensity and consequently profit. Our model suggests that an open-source strategy is more effective to manage the diminishing value of ideas than a closed-source strategy.