cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of Non-Verbal Communication in Efforts to Reduce Peer and Social Pressure

Nonverbal communication literature contains salient and pragmatic principles relevant to peer pressure refusal components in school health education curricula. Yet, this literature has not been analyzed or integrated into health education interventions. Basic nonverbal components that could be applied to peer pressure resistance programs, such as gaze (eye behavior), stance and proxemics (space), gesture and emblems, and facial expression, are reviewed. Assertiveness literature and nonverbal communication also are summarized. Selected nonverbal resistance strategies are proposed for future peer pressure reduction efforts. A distinction is made between peer "pressure" conceptualized as nonverbal and peer "persuasion" viewed as verbal. Recommendations to incorporate relevant nonverbal concepts into the peer "pressure" components of school health education curricula are proposed.
1,3‐Disubstituted‐4‐Aminopyrazolo [3, 4‐d] Pyrimidines, a New Class of Potent Inhibitors for Phospholipase D

Phospholipase D enzymes cleave lipid substrates to produce phosphatidic acid, an important precursor for many essential cellular molecules. Phospholipase D is a target to modulate cancer-cell invasiveness. This study reports synthesis of a new class of phospholipase D inhibitors based on 1,3-disubstituted-4-amino-pyrazolopyrimidine core structure. These molecules were synthesized and used to perform initial screening for the inhibition of purified bacterial phospholipase D, which is highly homologous to the human PLD1 . Initially tested with the bacterial phospholipase D enzyme, then confirmed with the recombinant human PLD1 and PLD2 enzymes, the molecules presented here exhibited inhibition of phospholipase D activity (IC50 ) in the low-nanomolar to low-micromolar range with both monomeric substrate diC4 PC and phospholipid vesicles and micelles. The data strongly indicate that these inhibitory molecules directly block enzyme/vesicle substrate binding. Preliminary activity studies using recombinant human phospholipase Ds in in vivo cell assays measuring both transphosphatidylation and head-group cleavage indicate inhibition in the mid- to low-nanomolar range for these potent inhibitory novel molecules in a physiological environment.
Radiation effects in nuclear waste glasses

Abstract The effects of radiation from alpha and beta decay on the performance and properties of borosilicate nuclear waste glasses are reviewed and discussed. Alpha decay results in volume changes of up to ± 1.2%. Stored energy, released over a wide temperature range, does not generally exceed 150 J/g. Changes in leach rates are not as well defined; increases of at least a factor of 3 can be expected. Ionization from alpha, beta, and gamma radiation results in volume changes, radiolytic decomposition, significant bubble formation, decreases in hardness, and increases in fracture toughness.
Levels of mRNA for three selenoproteins in skeletal muscle of fetal and newborn pigs

Abstract Selenoproteins have wide-ranging functions throughout the body, including important roles in protection against oxidative stress, as well as muscle development and integrity. In this study, prepubertal gilts were randomly assigned to either a Se-sufficient or deficient diet ( n = 12/treatment). Levels of mRNA coding for the selenoproteins glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), selenoprotein W (SelW) and selenoprotein N (SelN) and the concentration of Se in fetal and neonatal swine skeletal muscle ( gluteus maximus ) were measured at time intervals throughout gestation and immediately after birth. Total RNA was isolated from skeletal muscle, and cDNA was synthesized for real-time RT-PCR analysis of the selected selenoproteins. Selenium concentration in skeletal muscle of fetal and newborn pigs decreased throughout gestation ( P P P = 0.01) in fetal skeletal muscle during late gestation but were reduced ( P = 0.05) by low maternal intake of Se. Levels of SelN mRNA showed a gestational time by treatment interaction ( P 0.05). The increased levels of SelW mRNA in skeletal muscle during late gestation, despite a decrease in Se concentration, indicate that SelW may be an important antioxidant protein to the late term fetus and the newborn.
Seeding Date and Irrigation System Effects on Establishment of Warm‐Season Turfgrasses

Published in Agron. J. 107:880–886 (2015) doi:10.2134/agronj14.0322 Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT
Meat diets and fragile bones: Inferences about osteoporosis

Because women supplemented with copper have improved bone density and femurs of rats deficient in copper have decreased mechanical strength, the hypothesis that mice fed meat would have fragile bones was tested. Mice fed sirloin are hypercholesterolemic in comparison to mice fed meat and beef liver because of a relative deficiency of copper compared to zinc. Male, albino, Swiss mice were fed trimmed sirloin or sirloin supplemented with beef liver (3/1 by weight). After 62 days, when hypercholesterolemia was detected, mice were killed and femurs were removed, cleaned and dried. Breaking strength was measured carefully at room temperature. The meat diet produced femurs 23% weaker (8.8 +/- 0.70 N/mg.100 vs 11.4 +/- 0.92, mean +/- SE, p < 0.04) in comparison to meat plus liver. Calcium, copper and phosphorus concentrations were unaffected but zinc was mildly elevated in the weak bones (426 +/- 17.5 pg/g vs 355 +/- 9.23, p < 0.002). These elements generally are unaltered in osteoporotic bones. Because copper deficiency produces osteoporosis in animals and people and because the Western diet often is low in copper, further tests of the hypothesis that diets low in copper contribute to osteoporosis are warranted.
Space weathering effects on lunar cold trap deposits

[1] Both steady and episodic sources have been proposed as sources of hydrogen observed by Lunar Prospector in association with the regions of permanent shadow at the poles of the Moon. Either source could supply significant quantities of water to the poles. However, space weathering processes affect the retention of water in the cold traps. We investigate those effects by simulating the evolution of a column of regolith in the region of permanent shadow over time. We determine the hydrogen concentration as a function of depth using a Monte Carlo model of discrete impacts and of delivery from the solar wind. We treat the delivery, sublimation, sputtering, and very small scale impacts as continual processes. Comparing the amount of water delivered to the poles to the amount remaining after space weathering, we find a retention efficiency of 5.6%. The retention efficiency of the polar cold traps is adequate for preserving volatile deposits over long periods of time. The average hydrogen concentration in the regolith column is 4100 ppm in the top meter after 1 Gyr. This is a saturation level in the regolith. Increasing the amount of time deepens the enriched layer but does not lead to increased concentrations. In 1 Gyr, about 1.6 m of the regolith is gardened. Therefore the top meter, which is probed by the neutron spectroscopy technique, has reached steady state in the simulations. The 4100 ppm saturation level is about half of the amount of hydrogen inferred from the Lunar Prospector neutron data.
"Change yourself and the whole world will become kinder": Russian activists for reproductive health and the limits of claims making for women.

This article views reproductive health activism as a fruitful site for analyzing the cultural logics through which legitimate claims for women's needs become expressed and circumscribed. It begins from the observation that in the United States and Britain, reproductive health has been a key arena for feminist political claims and struggles for women's rights, bodily integrity, access to health care, and demands for authority in relations with experts. These concerns and struggles have not, however, emerged in all postsocialist contexts, and new activism in Russia reveals strikingly different agendas. Innovative groups of health providers seeking to increase women's access to birth control methods and safe sex, home birth opportunities, and improved health services work outside of feminist perspectives and reject political paths for change. By examining the ideological inspirations, cultural logics, and political–economic constraints shaping the outreach work of Russian health practitioners, the article explains how and why health activism became a site for personal “spiritual” revival and the strengthening of nuclear families. It also explores how conditions following the collapse of socialism have further legitimized activists' rejection of political agendas for change.
Coca-Colonization and Hybridization of Diets among the Tz'utujil Maya

Biomedical health professionals express increasing concern that rising consumption of soft drinks and processed foods in Mayan and Latin American eating patterns may lead to detrimental nutritional and health consequences. Scholars debate whether the pervading presence of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in developing countries represents “Coca-Colonization,” synonymous with cultural imperialism, or cultural hybridization. Using mixed qualitative and quantitative research methods, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews, this study explores the development of Coca-Colonization and cultural hybridization among the Tz'utujil Maya of Santiago Atitlan, Guatemala. By specifically examining biomedical perspectives, cycles of conquest, the political economy, religion, celebrations, and the physical environment through the lens of soft drinks, this study finds that Coca-Colonization and cultural hybridization are complementary rather than mutually exclusive processes that contribute to dietary transit...
The VHL Tumor Suppressor: Master Regulator of HIF

Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) are heterodimeric oxygen-sensitive basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that play central roles in cellular adaptation to low oxygen environments. The von-Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) is the substrate recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase and functions as a master regulator of HIF activity by targeting the hydroxylated HIF-alpha subunit for ubiquitylation and rapid proteasomal degradation under normoxic conditions. Mutations in pVHL can be found in familial and sporadic hemangioblastomas, clear cell carcinomas of the kidney, pheochromocytomas and inherited forms of erythrocytosis, illustrating the importance of disrupted molecular oxygen sensing in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Tissue-specific gene targeting of pVHL in mice has demonstrated that efficient execution of HIF proteolysis is critically important for normal tissue physiology, and has provided novel insights into the functional consequences of HIF activation on the cellular and tissue level. Here we focus on the contribution of individual HIF transcription factors to the development of VHL phenotypes and discuss how the pVHL/HIF axis could be exploited pharmacologically.
Radiation Failure Modes in CMOS Integrated Circuits

The radiation sensitivity of commercial and laboratory CMOS processes has been investigated. Failure levels for CMOS circuits have been related to transistor threshold voltage shifts and typical inverter failure modes. CMOS inverter characteristics have been measured as a function of the ionizing radiation exposure for devices fabricated by 10 different manufacturers and representing a total of 15 different processes. By selecting certain processes, CMOS circuits can be obtained which will operate after exposure to an ionizing radiation dose greater than 106 rads (Si).
Identification of critical, conserved vicinal aspartate residues in mammalian and bacterial ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases.

NAD arginine ADP-ribosyltransferases and ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases catalyze opposing arms of a putative ADP-ribosylation cycle. ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases from mammalian tissues and Rhodospirillum rubrum exhibit three regions of similarity in deduced amino acid sequence. We postulated that amino acids in these consensus regions could be critical for hydrolase function. To test this hypothesis, hydrolase, cloned from rat brain, was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli and purified by glutathione-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Conserved amino acids in each of these regions were altered by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of Asp-60 or Asp-61 with Ala, Gln, or Asn, but not Glu, significantly reduced enzyme activity. The double Asp-60 → Glu/Asp-61 → Glu mutant was inactive, as were Asp-60 → Gln/Asp-61 → Gln or Asp-60 → Asn/Asp-61 → Asn. The catalytically inactive single and double mutants appeared to retain conformation, since they bound ADP-ribose, a substrate analogue and an inhibitor of enzyme activity, with affinity similar to that of the wild-type hydrolase and with the expected stoichiometry of one. Replacing His-65, Arg-139, Asp-285, which are also located in the conserved regions, with alanine did not change specific activity. These data clearly show that the conserved vicinal aspartates 60 and 61 in rat ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase are critical for catalytic activity, but not for high affinity binding of the substrate analogue, ADP-ribose.
Mechanics of Cell Growth.

Cell growth describes an essential feature of biological tissues. This growth process may be modeled by using a set of relatively simple governing equations based on the axioms of mass and momentum balance, and using a continuum framework that describes cells and tissues as mixtures of a solid matrix, a solvent and multiple solutes. In this model the mechanics of cell growth is driven by osmotic effects, regulated by the cells’ active uptake of solutes and passive uptake of solvent. By accounting for the anisotropy of the cells’ cytoskeletal structures or extracellular matrix, as well as external constraints, a wide variety of growing shapes may be produced as illustrated in various examples.
Strain rate dependent mechanical properties of New Albany reference shale

Abstract Drilling, mining and blasting of rock-like materials, in situ fracturing, rock fragmentation size and permeability extension are strongly affected by strain rates of loading. For low strain rates, fragment sizes are large, and cracks propagate further. For high strain rates, fragment sizes are small and cracks are localized. The purpose of the present investigation is to determine the effects of strain rate on the initial (linear) value of Young's modulus and on Poisson's ratio for different grades of New Albany oil shale, a reference oil shale designated by the U.S. Department of Energy. Material anisotropy is considered. Cylindrical specimens cored in a particular orientation of the oil shale formation are tested in compression, and the rate effects are investigated. An efficient data acquisition/reduction system is developed, interfacing with an Instron closed-loop hydraulic testing machine. Strain gauge instrumentation is used to measure lateral and longitudinal strains. Strain rates of about 10−5–100/sec are studied.
Characterization of DNA-Binding Proteins Required for Glucocorticoid Induction of CYP3A23

Abstract Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A23 is transcriptionally regulated in rat liver by such glucocorticoids as dexamethasone (DEX) and by such antiglucocorticoids as pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN). Based on studies of CYP3A23 gene fragments expressed in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes and tested for DNA–protein interactions, we have proposed that the mechanism of CYP3A23 induction by these steroid hormones involves the glucocorticoid receptor or a protein induced by glucocorticoids indirectly interacting with proteins constitutively bound to an enhancer element consisting of a direct repeat of 7-bp separated by two nucleotides in the 5′-flanking region of the CYP3A23 gene (L. Quattrochiet al., J. Biol. Chem.270, 28917, 1995). In the present study, we prepared and transiently expressed in cultured rat hepatocytes 20-bp double-stranded (ds)-oligonucleotides containing this direct repeat or various mutations of this direct repeat inserted into a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmid. We found that both repeats were necessary for induction of CAT by either DEX or PCN. Analysis of proteins bound to CYP3A23 enhancer through the use of uv cross-linking revealed two rat liver nuclear proteins with molecular masses of approximately 130 and 100 kDa, as well as several proteins of molecular masses between 45 and 60 kDa, that specifically bind to the 20-bp ds-oligonucleotide CYP3A23 enhancer. Methylation interference assays determined that all guanine residues within the direct repeats of this oligonucleotide are important for protein binding. Mutations of these guanine residues abolished binding of nuclear proteins and eliminated DEX or PCN inducibility of CAT. These data suggest that constitutively bound proteins, interacting with the CYP3A23 enhancer possibly as a heterodimeric complex, play a role in the glucocorticoid inducibility of CYP3A23.
Stabilization of precipitated austenite in tempered FeMnC steels

Abstract Concepts of austenite stabilization in low carbon, low manganese steels via heterogeneous precipitation to produce compositional control of the austenite are discussed. A detailed thermodynamic analysis has been made of heterogeneous austenite formation in a microstructure consisting of tempered ferrite and dispersed manganese-rich cementite. A common basis has been defined for comparison of the energetics of two modes of austenite formation: (1) heterogeneous nucleation at a ferrite-cementite interface and subsequent growth into either ferrite or cementite and (2) heterogeneous precipitation on ferrite grain boundaries. A reduction in the manganese content of cementite below its equilibrium value was found to favor austenite nucleation at ferrite-cementite interfaces and the subsequent conversion of the cementite into austenite. Experimental verification of these results is also discussed.
Relationship between texture terms and texture images: a study in human texture perception

The specification of image content is a critical issue in image databases. In this paper we explore the problem of specifying an important visual cue, that of image texture. The approach we have taken is to separately categorize texture images and texture words (in the English language), and then explore the relationships between the identified categories of images and words. These relationships are expressed as association matrices, and measure the mapping between the visual texture space and lexical texture space. Based on experiments with human subjects, we determined Pearson's coefficient of contingency (which measures the degree of association) to be 0.63 for the association matrix mapping images to words, and 0.56 for the association matrix mapping words to images. These indicate a strong association between texture words and images. Furthermore, like categories of texture words map onto like categories of texture images, e.g. words dealing with repetition map onto images of repetitive texture.
Preventing and treating stroke and transient ischemic attack.

troke is as common as myocardial infarction and transient schemic attack (TIA) as common as unstable angina.1 Cariologists focus on coronary disease, appropriately, but hould not neglect the primary and secondary prevention of erebrovascular events. In the United States alone, 700,000 ndividuals will have strokes each year, with 200,000 of hem being recurrent strokes.2 Many patients with strokes lready have had coronary events or will experience them. IAs greatly outnumber strokes. TIAs are also an important redictor of stroke: the 90-day risk for stroke after TIA has een reported to be as high as 10.5%, with the highest risk ithin the first week.3 This review provides an updated ummary of stroke and TIA for practicing cardiologists.
Autonomic dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea is associated with impaired glucose regulation

Abstract Introduction Autonomic dysfunction has been theorized to be responsible for the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Previous studies did not control for the presence of impaired glucose regulation (IGR, comprising impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes) which is also associated with abnormalities in autonomic function. Methods Thirty-two patients were recruited for the study. Patients underwent autonomic testing consisting of heart rate response to deep breathing, valsalva maneuver, tilt-up, and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing. Polysomnography (PSG) and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test were performed. Results were analyzed with logistic regression, with age, race, body mass index (BMI), and gender as covariates. Results Nineteen of 24 patients with OSA had abnormal glucose (79%, p = 0.04) compared to two of nine patients without OSA. The correlation between IGR, OSA and total autonomic dysfunction was similar ( p = .10 for IGR, p = 0.06 for OSA). However, cardiac autonomic function was more strongly associated with IGR than OSA ( p = .10 vs. 0.50). Age was a significant confounder, as glucose correlated with adrenergic autonomic dysfunction significantly when age was removed from the model ( p = 0.006). Conclusions The presence of IGR may be a confounding factor in studies of autonomic function in OSA. Larger studies are needed to delineate whether OSA is directly associated with autonomic dysfunction or whether the previously described association between dysautonomia and OSA may have been due to glucose dysregulation.
Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Innovativeness in Nonprofit Organizations

This is an exploratory study of leadership, organizational culture, and organizational innovativeness in a sample of nonprofit human service organizations: Associations of Retarded Citizens. Although leadership has been held out as one of the most important predictors of innovation, this study found it was not correlated with organizational innovativeness. Examination of the relationships between leadership and cultural variables provided some alternative explanations for this finding. Positive relationships among transformational leadership, organizational values, and cultural consensus (degree of agreement among employees on those values) indicate that leadership practices employed in this sample created strong cultural consensus around values that may inhibit innovation. These findings suggest that examining the link between leadership and organizational culture is important for understanding how leadership and innovation are related. This article sets out practical implications, based on the results of the study, that may help nonprofit managers create workplaces supportive of innovation.
Heroic Collective Action: A People's Blessing?

Is the tendency to think of heroism as the activity of an individual rather than of a collective merely a matter of prejudice? Perhaps the European revolutions of 1989 and the Arab Spring of 2011 will foster more careful scrutiny of that assumption. Are the heroic figures so often featured in journalistic as well as historical accounts only individuals who are witnesses to a communal transformation and empowerment? Will a greater appreciation for heroic collective action promote a more nuanced perspective on the development of Jewish-Christian relations? The author proposes a shift of focus to communal heroism through an examination of four examples: the Yad Vashem project of recognizing the "Righteous among the Nations"; the Hungarian Revolution; the historical development of religious toleration; and, finally, the place that the Holocaust has taken on in contemporary reflection.
Adjuvant chemoradiation therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: who really benefits?

Background The role of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in pancreatic cancer remains controversial. The primary aim of this study was to determine if CRT improved survival in patients with resected pancreatic cancer in a large, multiinstitutional cohort of patients. Study Design Patients undergoing resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma from seven academic medical institutions were included. Exclusion criteria included patients with T4 or M1 disease, R2 resection margin, preoperative therapy, chemotherapy alone, or if adjuvant therapy status was unknown. Results There were 747 patients included in the initial evaluation. Primary analysis was performed between patients that had surgery alone (n=374) and those receiving adjuvant CRT (n=299). Median followup time was 12.2 months and 14.5 months for survivors. Median overall survival for patients receiving adjuvant CRT was significantly longer than for those undergoing operation alone (20.0 months versus 14.5 months, p=0.001). On subset and multivariate analysis, adjuvant CRT demonstrated a significant survival advantage only among patients who had lymph node (LN)-positive disease (hazard ratio 0.477, 95% CI 0.357 to 0.638) and not for LN-negative patients (hazard ratio 0.810, 95% CI 0.556 to 1.181). Disease-free survival in patients with LN-negative disease who received adjuvant CRT was significantly worse than in patients who had surgery alone (14.5 months versus 18.6 months, p=0.034). Conclusions This large multiinstitutional study emphasizes the importance of analyzing subsets of patients with pancreas adenocarcinoma who have LN metastasis. Benefit of adjuvant CRT is seen only in patients with LN-positive disease, regardless of resection margin status. CRT in patients with LN-negative disease may contribute to reduced disease-free survival.
Autoimmune disease in pregnancy: systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome

Autoimmune diseases most commonly occur in women of childbearing age. Although some conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis are more common in men, over 70% of individuals with autoimmune diseases are women. This article focuses on SLE,which is often considered to be the "classic" autoimmune disease,and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is associated with pregnancy loss and placental insufficiency.
Emulating Nuclear Emissions With a Pulsed Laser

This paper presents an approach to emulate the Poisson process observed by a sensor when subject to low levels of radiation, motivated by the problem of detecting a weak source in the presence of background radiation. We construct a physical emulation of this process to serve as a means of experimentation for various detection models involving mobile sensor networks. A pulsing laser emulates the nuclear emission, and a rotating mirror deflects the pulses in a random direction. The degree to which the proposed emulation process matches actual radiation measurement results is assessed experimentally, and the utility of the device is demonstrated and compared against conventional methods in a simple detection scenario.
California Red-legged Frog (Rana Draytonii) Movement and Habitat Use: Implications for Conservation

Abstract Nonbreeding habitats are critically important for Rana draytonii, especially for individuals that breed in temporary bodies of water. We radiotracked 123 frogs to evaluate seasonal habitat use. Individual frogs were continuously tracked for up to 16 months. Some individuals remained at breeding ponds all year, but 66% of female and 25% of male frogs moved to nonbreeding areas, even when the breeding site retained water. Frogs at our main study site moved 150 m (median), roughly the distance to the nearest suitable nonbreeding area. The greatest straight-line distance traveled was 1.4 km, although the presumed distance traveled was 2.8 km. Females were more likely than males to move from permanent ponds (38% of females, 16% of males), but among dispersing frogs, males and females did not differ in distance moved. Some frogs left breeding sites shortly after oviposition (median = 12 days for females, 42.5 days for males), but many individuals remained until the site was nearly dry. Fog provided m...
Experimental Evaluation of Near-Far Effect in Optically-Thresholded OCDMA Network Transporting Gigabit Ethernet Traffic

The near-far effect in a two-user OCDMA network carrying GbE traffic and employing all-optical thresholding is experimentally evaluated. A packet loss of <1.6% is observed with interfering to desired channel power ratio of 1 dB.
Mining pure, strict epistatic interactions from high-dimensional datasets: ameliorating the curse of dimensionality.

Background: The interaction between loci to affect phenotype is called epistasis. It is strict epistasis if no proper subset of the interacting loci exhibits a marginal effect. For many diseases, it is likely that unknown epistatic interactions affect disease susceptibility. A difficulty when mining epistatic interactions from high-dimensional datasets concerns the curse of dimensionality. There are too many combinations of SNPs to perform an exhaustive search. A method that could locate strict epistasis without an exhaustive search can be considered the brass ring of methods for analyzing high-dimensional datasets. Methodology/Findings: A SNP pattern is a Bayesian network representing SNP-disease relationships. The Bayesian score for a SNP pattern is the probability of the data given the pattern, and has been used to learn SNP patterns. We identified a bound for the score of a SNP pattern. The bound provides an upper limit on the Bayesian score of any pattern that could be obtained by expanding a given pattern. We felt that the bound might enable the data to say something about the promise of expanding a 1-SNP pattern even when there are no marginal effects. We tested the bound using simulated datasets and semi-synthetic high-dimensional datasets obtained from GWAS datasets. We found that the bound was able to dramatically reduce the search time for strict epistasis. Using an Alzheimer’s dataset, we showed that it is possible to discover an interaction involving the APOE gene based on its score because of its large marginal effect, but that the bound is most effective at discovering interactions without marginal effects. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that the bound appears to ameliorate the curse of dimensionality in highdimensional datasets. This is a very consequential result and could be pivotal in our efforts to reveal the dark matter of genetic disease risk from high-dimensional datasets.
Consumers’ and providers’ responses to public cost reports, and how to raise the likelihood of achieving desired results

There is tremendous interest in different approaches to slowing the rise in US per capita health spending. One approach is to publicly report on a provider’s costs—also called efficiency, resource ...
Joint Inventory Replenishments with Group Discounts Based on Invoice Value

The study focuses attention on a grouping procedure for the purpose of joint inventory replenishments from a single supplier. The grouping procedure exploits the group discounts available on the total purchase value of a group of index and the economies of scale of order placing costs. In particular it is shown that the optimal groups are formed such that the annual dollar usage values of the items do not decrease may increase or stay the same, from the first to the last group. This is similar in concept to the well-known ABC classification of inventory items. The grouping problem is modeled as a "shortest-path" using the above property.
Variation-Oriented Requirements Analysis (VORA)

One approach to improve the reusability of business process-based solutions is to represent the business process as a combination of autonomous services via a service-oriented architecture (SOA) centric style. Such an approach would represent variations at service and business process level in terms of two key constructs - variation points (the placeholders in the solution model where variations can be introduced) and variation features (the actual variations that can be introduced at a subset of the listed variation points for that solution). One key research issue that has arisen out of the VOE project is how to actually identify and subsequently justify these variation points and variation features based on changed requirements. In this paper we propose our approach called Variation- Oriented Requirements Analysis (VORA) that addresses this issue. VORA is based on a traceability model that maps requirements to use cases, sequence diagrams, business processes and finally service specifications. We show how this mapping can also be used to (semi-) automatically map requirement changes down to variation points and variation features at service and business process level. We also demonstrate VORA via a simple yet realistic running example.
Effects of changes in drainage-basin boundaries on sedimentation in Eocene Lakes Gosiute and Uinta of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado

The regimes of early Tertiary Lakes Gosiute and Uinta were strongly affected by pronounced imbalance between evaporation and recharge by surface and ground water. Both evaporation and recharge were strongly affected by the climate of the closed hydrographic basins where the lakes formed. However, at unique times in the histories of the Lake Gosiute and the Lake Uinta basins, the regimes of these lakes were significantly modified by enlargement of the drainage basins to include water from basins farther north. Evidence for changes in the size of drainage basins includes southward dispersal of volcaniclastic sands containing basaltic to dacitic volcanic rock fragments from the Absaroka volcanic field in northwestern Wyoming. The southward progradation of the resulting sandstone units from the Wind River Basin into the greater Green River Basin and from there into the northern Piceance Creek Basin records the successive depositional filling of closed hydrographic basins so that water and sediment were transported by streams over the lowest divides into the adjacent basins. Filling of these basins allowed large volumes of surface and ground water to be added first to Lake Gosiute and then to Lake Uinta. The added water resulted in (1) a rise in lake level, (2) the development of nutrient-rich lakes where algal productivity led to the deposition of precursors of oil shale, and (3) in the case of Lake Uinta, a change in water chemistry such that brines precipitated sodium carbonate rather than calcium sulfate minerals. Basin filling and enlargement of the drainage systems were probably a consequence of tectonic activity and stability of the basins and adjacent uplifts, although climatic conditions that increased sediment yield and runoff in the hydrographic basins also could have hastened their filling. However, it is difficult to explain patterns of evaporite minerals, oil shale, mudstone, and sandstone formed in Lakes Gosiute and Uinta if climate was the dominant factor.
Amygdala but not hippocampal lesions impair olfactory memory for mate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Exposure to an unfamiliar male conspecific results in pregnancy interruption (i.e., the Bruce effect) in rodents. Unlike most laboratory rodents, female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are ind...
Wire array load design and optimization for short (100 ns) and long (220 ns) current rise time on the 1 MA cobra generator

Summary form only given. Wire array implosions with different current pulse rise times have been studied on the 1 MA COBRA facility at Cornell University. The flexibility of the COBRA generator allowed switching between the short (100 ns) and long (220 ns) current pulse rise time to study the implosion of nested wire array loads in these two regimes. The load design and optimization was performed by simulations with the novel wire ablation dynamics model (WADM) code, which extended the original wire dynamics model by including the dynamics of wire ablation and precursor plasma formation on the array axis. As compared to the short current pulse, the longer current rise time allows increasing the array mass. By switching between the different pulse shapes the implosion dynamics of nested arrays made from the same wires, but with different wire numbers, have been compared. While the time of the wire core ablation is directly proportional of the array mass, the implosion time is proportional to the square root of the array mass. WADM simulations demonstrate that the implosion dynamics of the arrays with higher mass is more ablation dominated. If the process of core ablation is long enough, it causes the delay of the array implosion versus the predictions by a 0D model that does not account for ablation. Another factor that affects the result of the trade between the ablation and implosion time scales is the form of the current pulse, which can be very different from the classical sin2 shape. This factor was self-consistently taken into account in the WADM simulations. The prediction of the array implosion times by the WADM are in a very good agreement with the recent experiments on the COBRA generator.
Singing, but not seizure, induces synaptotagmin IV in zebra finch song circuit nuclei.

Synaptotagmins are a family of proteins that function in membrane fusion events, including synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Within this family, synaptotagmin IV (Syt IV) is unique in being a depolarization-induced immediate early gene (IEG). Experimental perturbation of Syt IV modulates neurotransmitter release in mice, flies, and PC12 cells, and modulates learning in mice. Despite these features, induction of Syt IV expression by a natural behavior has not been previously reported. We used the zebra finch, a songbird species, to investigate Syt IV because song is a naturally learned behavior whose neuro-anatomical basis is largely identified. We observed that, similar to rodents, Syt IV is inducible in songbirds. This induction was selective and depended on the nature of neuronal depolarization. Generalized seizures caused by the GABAA receptor antagonist, metrazole, induced the IEG, ZENK, in zebra finch brain. However, these same seizures failed to induce Syt IV in song control areas. In contrast, when nontreated birds sang, three song control areas showed striking Syt IV induction. Further, this induction appeared sensitive to the social context in which song was sung. Together, these data suggest that neural activity during singing can drive Syt IV expression within song circuitry whereas generalized seizure activity fails to do so even though song control areas are depolarized. Our findings indicate that, within this neural circuit for a procedurally learned sensorimotor behavior, Syt IV is selective and requires precisely patterned neural activity and/or neuro-modulation associated with singing.
Estimating the prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance using pooled samples

In many resource-poor countries, hiv-infected patients receive a standardized antiretroviral cocktail. In these settings, population-level surveillance of drug resistance is needed to characterize the prevalence of resistance mutations and to enable antiretroviral therapy programs to select the optimal regimen for their local population. The surveillance strategy currently recommended by the World Health Organization is prohibitively expensive in some settings and may not provide a sufficiently precise rendering of the emergence of drug resistance. By using a novel assay on pooled sera samples, we decrease surveillance costs while simultaneously increasing the accuracy of drug resistance prevalence estimates for an important mutation that impacts first-line antiretroviral therapy. We present a Bayesian model for pooled-testing data that garners more information from each resistance assay conducted, compared with individual testing. We expand on previous pooling methods to account for uncertainty about the population distribution of within-subject resistance levels. In addition, our model accounts for measurement error of the resistance assay, and this added uncertainty naturally propagates through the Bayesian model to our inference on the prevalence parameter. We conduct a simulation study that informs our pool size recommendations and that shows that this model renders the prevalence parameter identifiable in instances when an existing non-model-based estimator fails.
Characterization of a microbial community capable of nitrification at cold temperature

While the oxidation of ammonia is an integral component of advanced aerobic livestock wastewater treatment, the rate of nitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria is drastically reduced at colder temperatures. In this study we report an acclimated lagoon nitrifying sludge that is capable of high rates of nitrification at temperatures from 5 degrees C (11.2mg N/g MLVSS/h) to 20 degrees C (40.4 mg N/g MLVSS/h). The composition of the microbial community present in the nitrifying sludge was investigated by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After DNA extraction and the creation of a plasmid library, 153 partial length 16S rRNA gene clones were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. Over 80% of these clones were affiliated with the Proteobacteria, and grouped with the beta- (114 clones), gamma- (7 clones), and alpha-classes (2 clones). The remaining clones were affiliated with the Acidobacteria (1 clone), Actinobacteria (8 clones), Bacteroidetes (16 clones), and Verrucomicrobia (5 clones). The majority of the clones belonged to the genus Nitrosomonas, while other clones affiliated with microorganisms previously identified as having floc forming or psychrotolerance characteristics.
Multicultural counseling competencies research : A 20-year content analysis

The authors conducted a 20-year content analysis of the entire field of empirical research on the multicultural counseling competencies (D. W. Sue et al., 1982). They conducted an exhaustive search for empirical research articles using PSYCInfo, as well as complete reviews of the past 20 years of several journals (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology, The Counseling Psychologist, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, Journal of Counseling and Development, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice). They identified 75 articles reporting findings based on 81 different samples. Findings include (a) descriptive data regarding the designs, methodologies, and sample characteristics of studies; (b) major topics and themes of the multicultural counseling competencies empirical research literature; and (c) leading contributors. A brief analysis of major findings and gaps in the literature is provided, and the authors make recommendations for further research.
Bayesian inference for low rank spatiotemporal neural receptive fields

The receptive field (RF) of a sensory neuron describes how the neuron integrates sensory stimuli over time and space. In typical experiments with naturalistic or flickering spatiotemporal stimuli, RFs are very high-dimensional, due to the large number of coefficients needed to specify an integration profile across time and space. Estimating these coefficients from small amounts of data poses a variety of challenging statistical and computational problems. Here we address these challenges by developing Bayesian reduced rank regression methods for RF estimation. This corresponds to modeling the RF as a sum of space-time separable (i.e., rank-1) filters. This approach substantially reduces the number of parameters needed to specify the RF, from 1K-10K down to mere 100s in the examples we consider, and confers substantial benefits in statistical power and computational efficiency. We introduce a novel prior over low-rank RFs using the restriction of a matrix normal prior to the manifold of low-rank matrices, and use "localized" row and column covariances to obtain sparse, smooth, localized estimates of the spatial and temporal RF components. We develop two methods for inference in the resulting hierarchical model: (1) a fully Bayesian method using blocked-Gibbs sampling; and (2) a fast, approximate method that employs alternating ascent of conditional marginal likelihoods. We develop these methods for Gaussian and Poisson noise models, and show that low-rank estimates substantially outperform full rank estimates using neural data from retina and V1.
The temporal association between energy drink and alcohol use among adolescents: A short communication

PURPOSE: To investigate the temporal relation between energy drink and alcohol use among adolescents. METHODS: Data were collected from adolescents attending public high schools in two waves (n=894). RESULTS: Path analysis indicated that energy drink use at baseline was positively associated with the number of drinking days but not binge drinking or average drinks per drinking day over the past 30 days at follow-up. This relation remained while controlling for race, age, gender, previous alcohol use, and impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use prevention efforts should consider energy drink use as risk factors for adolescent alcohol use. Language: en
Critical role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 in the disruption of cerebrovascular integrity in experimental stroke

The use and effectiveness of current stroke reperfusion therapies are limited by the complications of reperfusion injury, which include increased cerebrovascular permeability and haemorrhagic transformation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is emerging as a potent modulator of vascular integrity via its receptors (S1PR). By using genetic approaches and a S1PR2 antagonist (JTE013), here we show that S1PR2 plays a critical role in the induction of cerebrovascular permeability, development of intracerebral haemorrhage and neurovascular injury in experimental stroke. In addition, inhibition of S1PR2 results in decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity in vivo and lower gelatinase activity in cerebral microvessels. S1PR2 immunopositivity is detected only in the ischemic microvessels of wild-type mice and in the cerebrovascular endothelium of human brain autopsy samples. In vitro, S1PR2 potently regulates the responses of the brain endothelium to ischaemic and inflammatory injury. Therapeutic targeting of this novel pathway could have important translational relevance to stroke patients.
Re-Entry Vehicle Optimization and Synthesis Program

Prior to the detailed design of a ballistic vehicle, it is highly desirable to investigate many combinations of load carrying structure and thermal shield. To realize this goal, an IBM 7090 computer program was recently developed for use in preliminary design at General Electric’s Re-entry Systems Department. Needing only the basic vehicle shape and aerodynamic and trajectory data, this program determines structural loads and heat flux throughout the trajectory. Using these data, the minimum weight combination of structural material-configuration and thermal shield is then selected. The program consists of four modules: Structural loads, thermal flux, thermal conductivity, and structural analyses. The structural analyses built into this program consider the common light-weight missile structures, that is, honeycomb sandwich, corrugation-stiffened sheet, waffle-reinforced sheet, and so forth. Minimum weight trends are presented for the corrugation-stiffened and waffle-reinforced shell subjected to re-entry loads of axial compression and external pressure. The comprehensive use of the digital computer in preliminary structural design optimization and synthesis programs is illustrated.