cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interplexiform-horizontal cell system of the fish retina: effects of dopamine, light stimulation and time in the dark.

Interplexiform cells contact cone horizontal cells in the fish retina and probably release dopamine at synaptic sites. The effects of dopamine, certain related compounds, and light and dark regimes were tested on the intracellularly recorded activity of horizontal cells in the superfused carp retina to elucidate the functional role of the interplexiform cell. Dopamine application onto retinae kept in the dark for 30–40 min increased the size of the responses of cone horizontal cells to small-spot stimuli but decreased response size to large- and full-field stimuli. Dopamine also altered the response waveform of these cells; the transient at response onset increased in size and the depolarizing afterpotential decreased in size. Haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, blocked these effects of dopamine application. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, increased the size of the responses of the cells to small-spot stimuli. Superfusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide did not produce any effects on horizontal cells. The results indicate that dopamine produces multiple physiological effects on cone horizontal cells by activation of an intracellular enzyme system. We propose that some of these effects are probably related to an uncoupling of the gap junctions between horizontal cells, but that other effects are most likely not explained on this basis and reflect additional changes induced in the cells by dopamine. After prolonged periods of darkness (100–110 min), compared with short periods (30–40 min), L-type cone horizontal cells exhibited responses similar to those obtained during dopamine application. Dim flick­ering or continuous light backgrounds did not mimic the effects of dopamine. Although dopamine application onto retinae after short-term darkness produced dramatic effects on L-type cone horizontal cells, little or no effect was observed when dopamine was applied while the effects of a previous dopamine application were still present or after prolonged darkness. These results suggest that interplexiform cells may release dopamine after prolonged darkness and that interplexiform cells may regulate lateral inhibitory effects mediated by L-type cone horizontal cells as a function of time in the dark.
Statistical and computational analysis of locality preserving projection

Recently, several manifold learning algorithms have been proposed, such as ISOMAP (Tenenbaum et al., 2000), Locally Linear Embedding (Roweis & Saul, 2000), Laplacian Eigenmap (Belkin & Niyogi, 2001), Locality Preserving Projection (LPP) (He & Niyogi, 2003), etc. All of them aim at discovering the meaningful low dimensional structure of the data space. In this paper, we present a statistical analysis of the LPP algorithm. Different from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which obtains a subspace spanned by the largest eigenvectors of the global covariance matrix, we show that LPP obtains a subspace spanned by the smallest eigenvectors of the local covariance matrix. We applied PCA and LPP to real world document clustering task. Experimental results show that the performance can be significantly improved in the subspace, and especially LPP works much better than PCA.
Quantitative NMR assay for aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine mixtures with 1,3,5-trioxane as internal standard.

Abstract The method for 1 H NMR determination of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine (APC) mixtures has been improved by the use of 1,3,5-trioxane as an internal standard. The trioxane absorption occurs in a peak-free region of the spectrum and produces no interferences with any of the analytes. Compared to the original method with caffeine as an external standard, the present method appears to offer better accuracy and precision. Average errors relative to the correct results were: aspirin, 1.0%; phenacetin, 0.8%; and caffeine 1.8%, for known standard mixtures. Coupling constants, 1 J 13 CH , were determined for the methyl groups of aspirin and caffeine and for the trioxane methylene group to clarify potential 13 C satellite interferences.
An intramolecular cyclization reaction is responsible for the in vivo inefficacy and apparent pH insensitive hydrolysis kinetics of hydrazone carboxylate derivatives of doxorubicin.

Contradictory reports concerning the pH sensitive hydrolysis kinetics of certain hydrazone carboxylates of doxorubicin have appeared in this journal (Kaneko et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 1991, 2, 133. Padilla De Jesus et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 2002, 13, 453). Since the pH stability of the drug−carrier linkage in macromolecular prodrugs has a significant bearing on pharmacological efficacy, the hydrolysis kinetics of low molecular weight and polymeric doxorubicin hydrazone carboxylates were therefore reinvestigated. As observed previously, the conjugates readily release native doxorubicin at pH 5. Unexpectedly, in neutral buffer the hydrazone carboxylate conjugates do not release native doxorubicin, but instead rapidly release a doxorubicin derivative substituted at C-9 by 3,6-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one with first-order kinetics (t1/2 = 2.5 h). The proposed intramolecular cyclization reaction involving doxorubicin's C-14 hydroxyl and the carboxylate-substituted hydrazone rationalizes the seemingly anomalo...
The effects of abiotically induced changes in host plant quality (and morphology) on a salt marsh planthopper and its parasitoid.

Summary 1. In this study, the effects of shading and fertilisation on the density of the salt marsh planthopper Pissonotus quadripustulatus (Homoptera: Delphacidae), which is monophagous on Borrichia frutescens (Asteraceae), were assessed. The effects of these abiotic factors on the rate at which Pissonotus eggs were parasitised by Anagrus sp. nr armatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) were also examined. 2. Field plots were shaded by shade cloth suspended above the plots, and fertilised by the application of NH4NO3 fertiliser. Both shading and fertiliser increased plant foliar nitrogen levels significantly. Both shading and fertiliser also increased the density of Pissonotus, presumably because of their effect on plant quality. 3. In addition, both shading and fertiliser increased the percentage of Pissonotus eggs parasitised by Anagrus. This increase in parasitism is probably attributable to changes in host plant morphology induced by the treatments. 4. The results of this study suggest that in stressful environments such as salt marshes, changes in the abiotic environment may play an important role in shaping the community by directly affecting organisms on multiple trophic levels.
Synthetic hygroscopic cervical dilator use in patients with unsatisfactory colposcopy

Objective To assess the ability of a synthetic hygroscopic cervical dilator to make an unsatisfactory colposcopic examination satisfactory, thereby avoiding cervical conization. Materials From April 1991 to March 1993, 30 women with unsatisfactory colposcopic examinations underwent repeat colposcopy after a synthetic hygroscopic cervical dilator had been placed in the endocervical canal for approximately 2 hours. Results The reasons for initial unsatisfactory colposcopy in the 30 patients were squamocolumnar junction not seen in its entirety (18 patients, 60%), lesion not seen in its entirety (ten, 33%), and neither transformation zone nor lesion seen in their entirety (two, 7%). Complications were encountered in one patient from whom the dilator could not be removed completely. Of 29 patients undergoing repeat colposcopy, 23 (79%) had satisfactory examinations. in 15 of 30 patients, conization was avoided; it was required in six of 30 (20%) women for persistent unsatisfactory colposcopy (including the patient in whom the dilator broke) and in nine of 30 (30%) for other indications. Conclusion This experience suggests that a synthetic hygroscopic cervical dilator can be used in patients with an unsatisfactory colposcopy to achieve a satisfactory examination, thus avoiding cervical conization.
Oncolytic Myxoma Virus: The path to clinic

Many common neoplasms are still noncurative with current standards of cancer therapy. More therapeutic modalities need to be developed to significantly prolong the lives of patients and eventually cure a wider spectrum of cancers. Oncolytic virotherapy is one of the promising new additions to clinical cancer therapeutics. Successful oncolytic virotherapy in the clinic will be those strategies that best combine tumor cell oncolysis with enhanced immune responses against tumor antigens. The current candidate oncolytic viruses all share the common property that they are relatively nonpathogenic to humans, yet they have the ability to replicate selectively in human cancer cells and induce cancer regression by direct oncolysis and/or induction of improved anti-tumor immune responses. Many candidate oncolytic viruses are in various stages of clinical and preclinical development. One such preclinical candidate is myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Poxviridae family that, in its natural setting, exhibits a very restricted host range and is only pathogenic to European rabbits. Despite its narrow host range in nature, MYXV has been shown to productively infect various classes of human cancer cells. Several preclinical in vivo modeling studies have demonstrated that MYXV is an attractive and safe candidate oncolytic virus, and hence, MYXV is currently being developed as a potential therapeutic for several cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, melanoma, and hematologic malignancies. This review highlights the preclinical cancer models that have shown the most promise for translation of MYXV into human clinical trials.
GC box binding induces phosphorylation of Sp1 by a DNA-dependent protein kinase

Efficient transcription of SV40 early genes requires transcription factor Sp1. Here, we report that SV40 infection induces Sp1 phosphorylation. While characterizing this modification, we discovered that Sp1 becomes quantitatively phosphorylated in an in vitro transcription extract. Multiple processive phosphorylation of Sp1 depends on binding of Sp1 to GC box-containing DNA. Cell fractionation and column chromatography reveal that the Sp1 kinase is a nuclear DNA binding protein that corresponds to a previously identified DNA-dependent protein kinase. Because only some trans-activators are phosphorylated by this kinase, Sp1 belongs to a specific subgroup of factors that are phosphorylated upon binding to promoter sequences. Finally, efficient phosphorylation of Sp1 requires both a functional DNA binding domain and a region containing the transcriptional activation domains. Coupling of phosphorylation to DNA binding may represent a novel mechanism for regulating transcriptional initiation.
Perceptions of Verbal Aggression in Romantic Relationships: The Role of Family History and Motivational Systems

This study examined the perceived acceptability of verbally aggressive behavior in adult romantic relationships as a function of both exposure to familial verbal aggression in childhood and the strength of peoples' motivational systems. Previous research suggests that a history of familial verbal aggression in childhood desensitizes an individual's psychological, behavioral, and physiological responses in adulthood to be more tolerant of their own and other's verbally aggressive behavior. In addition, the degree to which childhood exposure to familial verbal aggression leads to desensitization in the form of adult acceptance of aggression in romantic relationships may be influenced by characteristics of people's motivational systems. To examine this, 87 college-aged students completed measures assessing their history of familial verbal aggression, strength of their behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and their reported inclination to enact verbal aggression in a romantic relationship. History of...
Inverted papilloma of the upper urinary tract.

Summary— The authors describe a case of inverted papilloma of the renal pelvis. This case is compared with the 11 cases of inverted papilloma of the upper urinary tract previously described.
The Effect of Postsurgical Therapy on Stage III Endometrial Carcinoma

The records of 86 pathologic stage III endometrial carcinoma patients treated at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1974 and 1992 were retrospectively reviewed to identify predictors of poor outcome and to determine the effect of postsurgical therapy on recurrence and survival. Patients underwent TAH/BSO with selective lymphadenectomy and peritoneal washings. Cases prior to 1988 were retrospectively restaged using the FIGO surgical staging criteria. Postoperatively, patients received individualized regimens of EBRT (external beam radiotherapy), brachytherapy, and cytotoxic or hormonal chemotherapy. The 5-year survival and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) for all patients were 54 and 44%, respectively. Forty-two percent of stage IIIA/B patients recurred in a median time of 14 months. Fifty-four percent of stage IIIC patients recurred in a median time of 16 months. Of patients who recurred, 90% stage IIIA/B and 71% stage IIIC patients recurred at extrapelvic sites. Age greater than 70, high-grade lesions, and fallopian tube metastases were predictive of poor outcome in stage IIIA/B by multivariate analysis. Vascular invasion was the only poor prognostic factor identified by multivariate analysis in stage IIIC disease. No benefit from pelvic EBRT in stage IIIA/B could be identified. Stage IIIC patients had increased DFS and a trend for increased survival with pelvic EBRT. Chemotherapy did not improve survival in either group.
Sport Management Interns—Selection Qualifications

(1993). Sport Management Interns—Selection Qualifications. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 91-95.
In Utero and In Vitro Proteinase Activity During the Mesocricetus auratus Embryo Zona Escape Time Window

Abstract The goal of the present study was to investigate proteinase activity in uterine flushates collected during the zona loss time window (68–80 h post-egg activation) in both pregnant and pseudopregnant hamsters and in culture medium conditioned by hatching blastocysts. Several prominent enzyme activities appeared in all pregnant and pseudopregnant uterine flushates. However, only a 45, 43 × 10−3 Mr doublet coincided with the zona loss time window; these bands were absent outside of this time window and were not found in conditioned medium. In medium conditioned by hatching blastocysts, enzyme activity was represented by a 70, 65 × 10−3 Mr doublet identical to a doublet seen in all uterine flushates collected and in serum. There were 12 pregnant and 8 pseudopregnant uterine flushates that were capable of zona lytic activity in vitro (positive bioassays). Of these positive bioassays, five pregnant and four pseudopregnant uterine flushates exhibited the 45, 43 × 10−3 Mr doublet (correlative positive bi...
Martial Bliss: War and Peace in Popular Science Robotics

In considering how to best deploy robotic systems in public and private sectors, we must consider what individuals will expect from the robots with which they interact. Public awareness of robotics—as both military machines and domestic helpers—emerges out of a braided stream composed of science fiction and popular science. These two genres influence news media, government and corporate spending, and public expectations. In the Euro-American West, both science fiction and popular science are ambivalent about the military applications for robotics, and thus we can expect their readers to fear the dangers posed by advanced robotics while still eagerly anticipating the benefits to be accrued through them. The chief pop science authors in robotics and artificial intelligence have a decidedly apocalyptic bent and have thus been described as leaders in a social movement called "Apocalyptic AI." In one form or another, such authors look forward to a transcendent future in which machine life succeeds human life, thanks to the march of evolutionary progress. The apocalyptic promises of popular robotics presume that presently exponential growth in computing will continue indefinitely, producing a "Singularity." During the Singularity, technological progress will be so rapid that undreamt of changes will take place on earth, the most important of which will be the evolutionary succession of human beings by massively intelligent robots and the "uploading" of human consciousness into computer bodies. This supposedly inevitable transition into post-biological life looms across the entire scope of pop robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), and it is from beneath that shadow that all popular books engage the military and the ethics of warfare. Creating a just future will require that we transcend the apocalyptic discourse of pop science and establish an ethical approach to researching and deploying robots, one that emphasizes human rather than robot welfare; doing so will require the collaboration of social scientists, humanists, and scientists.
Barium Triphenylmethanide: An Examination of Anion Basicity.

Differences in anion basicity seem to be key for the formation of the first charge-separated barium triphenylmethanide versus a novel heteroleptic vinyl ether which results from cleavage of the attendant [18]crown-6. Ba: green; O: red; P: yellow; N: blue.
Glycogen phosphorylase activity in pharate adults of the stable fly and the effects of a juvenile hormone analogue.

Abstract Glycogen phosphorylase was assayed in homogenates of pharate adults of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans , by the release of inorganic phosphorous (Pi) from glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) in the presence of glycogen. Activity was determined as active and total phosphorylase present by the absence or presence of adenosine-5-monophosphate (AMP) in homogenates. Homogenates of the pharate adults (that were treated topically immediately after larval-pupal apolysis with a synthetic insect juvenile hormone analogue, ( E )-4-[(6,7-epoxy-3-ethyl-7-methyl-2-nonenyl)oxy]-1,2-(methylenedioxy)benzene) displayed no inhibition or enhancement of phosphorylase activity when compared to untreated pharate adults.
Alternate‐forms and alpha reliability of the Teacher Stress Inventory

The alternate-forms and alpha reliabilities of the Teacher Stress Inventory were investigated based on the responses of two groups of 138 teachers. Reliability estimates ranged from .43 to .94 for the TSI subscales and .71 to .94 for the TSI whole scale, indicating high stability and equivalence for the stress factors across immediate, one-day, one-week, and two-week intervals using two different TSI short forms. Between-forms correlations were larger for the immediate sample than they were for the interval samples. Short-form TSI alphas ranged from .76 to .90.
The clinical significance of aminoaciduria.

Summary Hyperaminoaciduria is significant as a manifestation of aberrant cellular function in the kidney and in other organs (bone, liver, and brain in particular). The various patterns of hyperaminoaciduria may be described in terms of the endogenous renal clearances of the individual amino acids. Normally, those amino acids with the higher plasma concentrations or with the higher endogenous renal clearances or with both appear in the urine in the greater concentrations. The pattern of generalized renal aminoaciduria results when mechanisms common to the reabsorption of all amino acids are impaired. This pattern is nonspecific and may be seen in a variety of syndromes, the most common of which are the Fanconi syndrome and vitamin D deficiency states. Generalized renal hyperaminoaciduria may be distinguished from the generalized “overflow” aminoaciduria of severe hepatic cell damage and from the specific patterns of renal and systemic origin. A classification of aminoaciduria on this functional basis is presented. The finding of generalized renal hyperaminoaciduria in diseases of varied etiology suggests that this type of aminoaciduria is a very sensitive manifestation of impaired renal tubular function. Although the aminoaciduria results from renal injury, defects involving many organs may be present in these diseases. Indeed, cerebral and hepatic features may predominate the clinical picture in some of these diseases (e.g., galactosemia, lead encephalopathy, and Wilson's disease). The occurrence of the triad of renal aminoaciduria, glycosuria, and hypophosphatemia provides further evidence of an interrelationship between the renal tubular mechanisms for the reabsorption of these substances. Still other derangements of renal tubular function may be present when this triad is found. This emphasizes the need for complete studies of renal function in clinical problems in which any one discrete tubular function is obviously deranged. Distinctive “patterns of aminoaciduria” are found in various forms of rickets and osteomalacia. As the therapy differs in each, urinary amino acid studies may be helpful in therapeutic management. Likewise, specific patterns of aminoaciduria facilitate the accurate diagnosis of some forms of cerebral defect which have similar clinical features (e.g., phenylketonuria and “maple syrup urine disease”). The study of patterns of aminoaciduria has proved to be a valuable technique in genetic surveys and in the unraveling of obscure metabolic disorders in which the metabolism of individual amino acids and closely related intermediates is involved. As the technique of paper chromatography becomes more widely used, it may be anticipated that still other errors of intermediary metabolism will be identified among syndromes that are without distinctive clinical features. Semiquantitative paper chromatographic estimation of urinary acid patterns is adequate for most clinical problems in which aminoaciduria is suspected.
Probing α-310 Transitions in a Voltage-Sensing S4 Helix

The S4 helix of voltage sensor domains (VSDs) transfers its gating charges across the membrane electrical field in response to changes of the membrane potential. Recent studies suggest that this process may occur via the helical conversion of the entire S4 between α and 310 conformations. Here, using LRET and FRET, we tested this hypothesis by measuring dynamic changes in the transmembrane length of S4 from engineered VSDs expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Our results suggest that the native S4 from the Ciona intestinalis voltage-sensitive phosphatase (Ci-VSP) does not exhibit extended and long-lived 310 conformations and remains mostly α-helical. Although the S4 of NavAb displays a fully extended 310 conformation in x-ray structures, its transplantation in the Ci-VSP VSD scaffold yielded similar results as the native Ci-VSP S4. Taken together, our study does not support the presence of long-lived extended α-to-310 helical conversions of the S4 in Ci-VSP associated with voltage activation.
Geographical variation and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among US women

Objective Geographical variation in the incidence of Crohn9s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) according to the latitude of residence has been reported in Europe. However, there are no comparable data in the USA. The incidence of CD and UC in relation to latitude was assessed in a geographically diverse population of women enrolled in two large prospective studies in the USA. Design A prospective study was undertaken of women enrolled in the Nurses9 Health Study I (NHS) in 1976 and in the NHS II in 1989. Information on state of residence at the time of birth, at age 15 years and age 30 years was collected in 1992 in NHS I and in 1993 in NHS II. Reported diagnoses of incident CD or UC to the end of 2003 were confirmed by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate HRs and 95% CIs for risk of CD and UC. Results In both cohorts, among 175 912 women reporting their residence in 1992, 257 cases of CD and 313 cases of UC were documented over 3 428 376 person-years of follow-up. The incidence of CD and UC increased significantly with increasing latitude (p trend interaction =0.26 for CD and 0.99 for UC). Conclusion In a population of US women, increasing latitude of residence was associated with a higher incidence of CD and UC.
Dietary calcium does not exacerbate phytate inhibition of zinc absorption by women from conventional diets

Background: Although calcium inhibits zinc bioavailability in rats, especially from high-phytate diets, the effect of calcium on zinc absorption by humans from practical diets remains unclear. Objective: The objective was to test the inhibitory effect of dietary calcium, in Western diets with high and low phytate content, on zinc absorption. Design: Using a 2 3 2 factorial design, zinc absorption was determined in 10 healthy women from 1-d diets with moderate and high calcium contents of ’700 and 1800 mg/d and low and high phytate contents of ’440 and 1800 mg/d. Absorption was measured by using extrinsically added 65 Zn and subsequent whole-body scintillation counting. Results: Mean (6SE) fractional zinc absorption was 32.8 6 2.3% from the moderate-calcium, low-phytate diet; 26.9 6 2.4% from the moderate-calcium, high-phytate diet; 39.4 6 2.4% from the highcalcium, low-phytate diet; and 26.2 6 2.3% from the high-calcium, high-phytate diet. The respective values for absolute zinc absorption were 3.8 6 0.3, 3.0 6 0.3, 4.5 6 0.3, and 3.2 6 0.3 mg/d. Phytate significantly reduced fractional zinc absorption by ’10 percentage points and reduced absolute zinc absorption by 25%, or ’ 1m g/d. Differences in dietary calcium did not affect zinc absorption, regardless of a high or low dietary phytate content. Conclusions: In healthy women consuming 1-d menus of ordinary foods (some fortified with calcium), dietary phytate reduces zinc absorption, but calcium does not impair zinc absorption, regardless of whether dietary phytate is low or high. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89: 839‐43.
A New Decision Support System for Mechanical Ventilation

A decision support system has been developed for the treatment and management of patients on mechanical ventilation. The following criteria have been used in the design of the system; a) to regulate arterial blood gases within the normal range, b) to optimize ventilatory treatment in order to minimize the breathing work rate, and c) to reduce the weaning time from the ventilator. The system incorporates many safety features and can be used as an advisory tool as well as an informative source of patient data. Another application of the system is in automatic control of weaning.
Research in Progress: Invited Colloquium--Foreign Languages in an Age of Globalization

With the advent of globalization and the increasingly multilingual and multicultural nature of nations, institutions and classrooms, the fundamental nature of foreign language instruction is changing. Such traditional notions as: ‘native speaker’, ‘target culture’, ‘standard L2’ are becoming problematic with the influx of immigrants to industrialized nation-states, the diversification of accents, and the stratification of language varieties. Foreign language classrooms, too, are becoming less and less homogenous: lacking common points of reference in a common L1, students have to learn the L2 without any common prior cultural or historical context. Caught between the need to impart a skill that will be ‘usable’ in a variety of global settings and the desire to develop an L2 academic literacy that is specific to a given national culture, foreign language study is challenged to reconcile the local and the global, its national premise and its transnational entailments. This colloquium explored the changing nature of the challenges facing the teaching and learning of foreign languages in an age of global information technologies, global job market, and global migrations. In particular it focused on the notion of the ‘foreign’ in foreign language education and how globalization has affected this foreignness.
Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies

This study examined for whom and under what circumstances emotional-approach coping and problem-focused coping are differentially more effective. Eighty-nine participants identified a current stressful situation and then were randomly assigned to either: (a) write for 15 minutes about their feelings (emotional-approach coping); or (b) write about how to solve their problem (problem-focused coping). Participants also completed a self-report measure that assessed how they coped during the two weeks after the exercise. Coping effectiveness was assessed by measuring positive affect, negative affect, and physical symptoms. Dimensions of emotional processing (e.g., clarity and attention to emotions) were assessed using self-report. Gender, type of stressful event (interpersonal vs. achievement), and individual differences in emotional processing moderated the effect of type of coping on positive affect.
Identification of the Residue in Human CYP3A4 That Is Covalently Modified by Bergamottin and the Reactive Intermediate That Contributes to the Grapefruit Juice Effect

Previous studies have demonstrated that bergamottin (BG), a component of grapefruit juice, is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4 and contributes, in part, to the grapefruit juice-drug interaction. Although the covalent binding of [(14)C]BG to the CYP3A4 apoprotein has been demonstrated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the identity of the modified amino acid residue and the reactive intermediate species of BG responsible for the inactivation have not been reported. In the present study, we show that inactivation of CYP3A4 by BG results in formation of a modified apoprotein-3A4 and a GSH conjugate, both exhibiting mass increases of 388 Da, which corresponds to the mass of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHBG), a metabolite of BG, plus one oxygen atom. To identify the adducted residue, BG-inactivated 3A4 was digested with trypsin, and the digests were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A mass shift of 388 Da was used for the SEQUEST database search, which revealed a mass increase of 388 Da for the peptide with the sequence (272)LQLMIDSQNSK(282), and MS/MS analysis of the adducted peptide demonstrated that Gln273 is the residue modified. Mutagenesis studies showed that the Gln273 to Val mutant was resistant to inactivation by BG and DHBG and did not generate two of the major metabolites of BG formed by 3A4 wild type. In conclusion, we have determined that the reactive intermediate, oxygenated DHBG, covalently binds to Gln273 and thereby contributes to the mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 by BG.
Neural network architecture selection analysis with application to cryptography location

When training a neural network it is tempting to experiment with architectures until a low total error is achieved. The danger in doing so is the creation of a network that loses generality by over-learning the training data; lower total error does not necessarily translate into a low total error in validation. The resulting network may keenly detect the samples used to train it, without being able to detect subtle variations in new data. In this paper, a method is presented for choosing the best neural network architecture for a given data set based on observation of its accuracy, precision, and mean square error. The method, based on [1], relies on k-fold cross validation to evaluate each network architecture k times to improve the reliability of the choice of the optimal architecture. The need for four separate divisions of the data set is demonstrated (testing, training, and validation, as normal, and an comparison set). Instead of measuring simply the total error the resulting discrete measures of accuracy, precision, false positive, and false negative are used. This method is then applied to the problem of locating cryptographic algorithms in compiled object code for two different CPU architectures to demonstrate the suitability of the method.
A survey of authentication schemes for vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are planned to be deployed within the next decade to improve driver safety, prevent collisions, and provide traffic optimization. Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in the security schemes for VANETs as this area was relatively less explored compared to other areas such as medium access and routing. In particular, efficient authentication of the messages in a VANET with other desirable security features have been heavily studied. However, there are still several issues to be addressed before such authentication mechanisms can be readily and widely used in real-life deployments. In this paper, we examine several proposed authentication solutions and categorize them based on certain criteria. We provide a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed schemes identifying their suitability under various conditions. Finally, to foster further research in the area, we address some of the challenges that need to be tackled in the future in order to realize the deployment of VANETs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspartate Aminotransferase Increases in Crevicular Fluid During Experimental Periodontitis in Beagle Dogs

A ligature-induced periodontitis model employing the beagle dog was used to study the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in crevicular fluid before and after ligation. A significant increase in AST level occurred in crevicular fluid 2 weeks after ligation whereas no increase of enzyme was found in serum. Enzyme levels in crevicular fluid were 10- to 100-fold higher than in serum. Dental plaque did not appear to be the source of the enzyme. Since aspartate aminotransferase has been documented as a marker of cellular injury arising during heart disease and liver disease, this study suggests that aspartate aminotransferase, in like fashion, reflects cellular damage arising from active periodontal disease.
Wavelength-selective reflector based on a circular array of coupled microring resonators

We propose and analyze a novel type of wavelength-selective reflector for planar lightwave technology based on a circular array of coupled microring resonators. Narrow-band reflection peaks can be achieved without the need for additional complex lithography and processing steps. The ring resonators also allow for simple and wide-range tuning of the reflection peak.
Cooperative Power Scheduling for Wireless MIMO Networks

We examine signaling strategies for wireless MIMO networks with interference. Previous approaches have focused on maximizing either individual or total throughput, resulting in an inefficient or potentially unfair allocation of resources. We propose two methods motivated by game-theoretic results. First, we extend the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium proposed in previous literature. Second, we present a cooperative method based on the Nash bargaining solution which provides an axiomatic arbitration scheme. Simulation results show that the Nash bargaining solution provides a fair allocation of resources without significantly sacrificing total throughput.
Transverse skeletal and dentoalveolar changes during growth.

Introduction: We previously reported that, on average, maxillary molars erupt with buccal crown torque and upright with age, mandibular molars erupt with lingual crown torque and upright with age, and these molar crown torque changes are accompanied by concurrent increases in maxillary and mandibular intermolar widths. Our purpose in this study was to determine the transverse skeletal changes that accompany these molar movements during growth. Methods: Thirteen maxillary and mandibular transverse measurements were made by using casts and posteroanterior radiographs from 36 Class I untreated subjects from the Iowa Facial Growth Study at approximately ages 7.6, 10.3, 12.9, 16.5, and 26.4 years. Intermolar arch widths, maxillary basal bone widths (bijugale), and mandibular basal bone widths (bigonion, biantegonion) were recorded for each subject. Also recorded were the maxillary and mandibular cross-arch alveolar process widths measured at the molar gingival crest and the midalveolar level. Results: The results indicate a pattern of width changes in the maxilla, the maxillary alveolar process, the maxillary first molars, the mandibular first molars, and the mandibular alveolar process that occurs as a gradient in the vertical dimension. The greatest width change occurs superiorly (jugale point). The smallest width change occurs inferiorly (midalveolar point of the mandible). On average, the basal bone of the maxilla increased in width by 5.37 mm; maxillary cross-arch midalveolar process width increased by 3.20 mm (left buccal surface to right buccal surface) and 4.94 mm (left palatal surface to right palatal surface); maxillary intermolar width increased by 3.08 mm; mandibular intermolar width increased by 2.05 mm; and mandibular cross-arch crest level alveolar width increased by 1.60 mm (left buccal surface to right buccal surface) and 1.02 mm (left lingual surface to right lingual surface). The basal bone of the mandible increased in width by 14.54 mm. Conclusions: We concluded that transverse molar movements during growth mirror transverse maxillary basal bone width increases, maxillary cross-arch alveolar process width increases, and mandibular cross-arch alveolar process width increases. Furthermore, there is a pattern of width changes in the maxilla, the maxillary alveolar process, the maxillary first molars, the mandibular first molars, and the mandibular alveolar process that occurs as a gradient in the vertical dimension. On the other hand, transverse mandibular basal bone changes, measured as bigonion and biantegonion, do not fit this pattern.
At the front end of the R&D/Innovation process: idea development and entrepreneurship

This paper deals with the 'front end' of the RD the decision imperatives and constraints under which they operate; the potential for increased cooperation in idea generation; and the increasing trend for firms to look outside the firm for ideas and technology. Factors which are having significant impacts on the idea generation process in the firm include: outsourcing, corporate restructuring, letting competitors take the innovation lead, making the firm 'lean and mean' and decentralization into even smaller and more narrowly–focused business units which cannot or will not support the kind of research that generates or develops more radical ideas for new products, processes and services.
An economic and environmental comparison of a biochemical and a thermochemical lignocellulosic ethanol conversion processes

With the world’s focus on rapidly deploying second generation biofuels technologies, there exists today a good deal of interest in how yields, economics, and environmental impacts of the various conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass to transportation fuels compare. Although there is a good deal of information regarding these conversion processes, this information is typically very difficult to use on a comparison basis because different underlying assumptions, such as feedstock costs, plant size, co-product credits or assumed state of technology, have been utilized. In this study, a rigorous comparison of different biomass to transportation fuels conversion processes was performed with standard underlying economic and environmental assumptions so that exact comparisons can be made. This study looked at promising second-generation conversion processes utilizing biochemical and thermochemical gasification technologies on both a current and an achievable state of technology in 2012. The fundamental finding of this study is that although the biochemical and thermochemical processes to ethanol analyzed have their individual strengths and weaknesses, the two processes have very comparable yields, economics, and environmental impacts. Hence, this study concludes that based on this analysis there is not a distinct economic or environmental impact difference between biochemical and thermochemical gasification processes for second generation ethanol production.
Evaluation of Dichloroacetic Acid for Carcinogenicity in Genetically Modified Tg.AC Hemizygous and p53 Haploinsufficient Mice

There has been considerable interest in the use of genetically modified mice for detecting potential environmental carcinogens. For this reason, the National Toxicology Program has been evaluating Tg.AC hemizygous and p53 haploinsufficient mice as models to detect potential carcinogens. It was reasoned that these mouse models might also prove more effective than standard rodent models in evaluating the numerous disinfection byproducts that are found in low concentrations in drinking water. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is one of the most frequently found disinfection byproducts and DCA has been consistently shown to cause hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice in standard rodent studies. Tg.AC hemizygous and p53 haploinsufficient mice were exposed in the drinking water to DCA for up to 41 weeks. In a second study Tg.AC mice were subjected to dermal DCA exposure for up to 39 weeks. Increased incidences and severity of cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes were seen in the p53 mice, but there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity at exposures of up to 2000 mg/l in the drinking water. Increased incidences and severity of cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes were seen in the drinking water study with Tg.AC mice and a modest non-dose-related increase in pulmonary adenomas was observed in males exposed to 1000 mg/l in the drinking water. Dermal exposure up to 500 mg/kg for 39 weeks resulted in increased dermal papillomas at the site of application in Tg.AC mice. No significant increase in papillomas under the same study conditions was seen in the 26-week study. For DCA under these study conditions, the p53 and Tg.AC mice appear less sensitive to hepatocarcinogenesis than standard rodent models. These results suggest caution for the use of Tg.AC and p53 mice to screen unknown chemicals in drinking water for potential carcinogenicity.
Brains Rule!: A Model Program for Developing Professional Stewardship among Neuroscientists.

Brains Rule! Neuroscience Expositions, funded through a National Institute on Drug Abuse Science Education Drug Abuse Partnership Award, has developed a successful model for informal neuroscience education. Each Exposition is a “reverse science fair” in which neuroscientists present short neuroscience teaching modules to students. This study focuses on results of assessments conducted with neuroscientist presenters during Expositions at two sites, Atlanta, Georgia and Corpus Christi, Texas. The effects of participating in the Expositions on presenters' perceptions of their own presentation and communication skills were evaluated, as was the potential for increased active participation by neuroscientists in future outreach programs. In four of the five Expositions studied, pre- versus post-event surveys demonstrated significant changes in presenters' perceptions of their own abilities to explain neuroscience concepts to children. Over the course of an Exposition, presenters learned to fit their approaches to conveying neuroscience concepts to fifth through eighth graders and learned to link information they presented about the brain and nervous system to children's past experiences to improve comprehension. The present data suggest that Brains Rule! Neuroscience Expositions are effective in improving communication and teaching skills among neuroscience professionals and contribute to professional stewardship by increasing motivation to participate in future informal education programs.
REMAPPING SPANISH IMPERIALISM, COLONIALISM, AND POST-COLONIALISM: THE CASE OF CUZCO, PERU

Colonial habits: convents and the spritual economy of Cuzco, Peru. By Kathryn Burns. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999. Pp. xi+307. ISBN 0-8223-2291-9. Inka bodies and the body of Christ: Corpus Christi in colonial Cuzco, Peru . By Carolyn Dean. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999. Pp. xiv+264. ISBN 0-8223-2367-2. The world of Tupac Amaru: conflict, community, and identity in colonial Peru. By Ward Stavig. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Pp. xxxiv+348. ISBN 0-8032-9255-4. Smouldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840. By Charles F. Walker. Durham and London, Duke University Press, 1999. Pp. xiii+330. ISBN 0-8223-2293-5.
ADDENDUM TO “ASYMPTOTICS FOR NONLINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS OF INTEGRATED TIME SERIES”

Typically in time series econometrics, for many statistics, a rescaled integrated process is replaced with Brownian motion to find the limit distribution. For averages of functions of a rescaled integrated process, Park and Phillips have shown that this remains true for functions with poles, as long as a sample-size-dependent region around the poles is excluded from consideration, the function is locally integrable, and some other regularity conditions hold. In this addendum, I show that under some regularity conditions on the function under consideration, there is no need for such a sample-size-dependent region around the pole in Park and Phillips' theorem, as long as the function under consideration is locally integrable. The author thanks four anonymous referees and Professor Phillips for their comments and suggestions and Benedikt Potscher for suggestions and for pointing out an error in a previous version of this paper.
Transcriptome Fingerprints Distinguish Hallucinogenic and Nonhallucinogenic 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A Receptor Agonist Effects in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex

Most neuropharmacological agents and many drugs of abuse modulate the activity of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Although the effects of these ligands result from changes in cellular signaling, their neurobehavioral activity may not correlate with results of in vitro signal transduction assays. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) partial agonists that have similar pharmacological profiles differ in the behavioral responses they elicit. In vitro studies suggest that different agonists acting at the same receptor may establish distinct patterns of signal transduction. Testing this hypothesis in the brain requires a global signal transduction assay that is applicable in vivo. To distinguish the cellular effects of the different 5-HT2AR agonists, we developed an assay for global signal transduction on the basis of high throughput quantification of rapidly modulated transcripts. Study of the responses to agonists in human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing 5-HT2ARs demonstrated that each agonist elicits a distinct transcriptome fingerprint. We therefore studied behavioral and cortical signal transduction responses in wild-type and 5-HT2AR null-mutant mice. The hallucinogenic chemicals (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) stimulated a head-twitch behavioral response that was not observed with the nonhallucinogenic lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM) and was absent in receptor null-mutant mice. We also found that DOI, LSD, and LHM each induced distinct transcriptome fingerprints in somatosensory cortex that were absent in 5-HT2AR null-mutants. Moreover, DOI and LSD showed similarities in the transcriptome fingerprints obtained that were not observed with the behaviorally inactive drug LHM. Our results demonstrate that chemicals acting at the 5-HT2AR induce specific cellular response patterns in vivo that are reflected in unique changes in the somatosensory cortex transcriptome.