cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the cryopreservation cap: elevated survival with reduced dimethyl sulfoxide concentration ☆ ☆☆

Abstract The development of cryopreservation (CP) strategies has traditionally focused on the cellular chemo-osmometric characteristics attendant to the freeze-thaw process. This approach coupled with a limited understanding of cellular physiological and biochemical responses to the CP process often yields sub-optimal cell survival. Recently, we have reported on the benefits of the utilization of an intracellular-like preservation solution, HypoThermosol (HTS), as well as incorporating a molecular approach to improving CP outcome [In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 36(4) (2000) 262]. We now report on the elucidation of a cryoprotective agent (CPA)-dependent survival limit (cap) associated with standard CP methodologies. We further demonstrate an elevation and shift in the CP cap through the utilization of HTS coupled with a reduction in CPA levels necessary to achieve “successful” cell preservation. Methods. Human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, hepatic, and renal cells were cryopreserved in a standard fashion ( ∼1 ° C min −1 cooling and storage in LN2) in culture media (serum-free) or HTS with varying levels of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Samples were allowed to recover for 24-h prior to survival assessment. Survival was assessed using alamarBlue (metabolic activity indicator) and calcien-AM (membrane integrity stain) in comparison with non-frozen controls. Results. (1) A limit in cell survival was identified following CP in media-based CP solutions yielding a cell-type specific CPA-dependent survival limit, (2) peak cell survival resulted in the identification of “optimal” Me2SO concentrations for CP of each cell type, (3) incorporation of HTS as the carrier medium at typical Me2SO concentrations substantially elevated survival, and (4) utilization of HTS allowed for the successful preservation of all systems examined at significantly reduced Me2SO levels. Conclusion. The data presented in this study illustrate that the utilization of HTS as the carrier medium during CP facilitated a significant improvement in efficacy at reduced Me2SO levels. Further, the utilization of HTS offers the potential for successful Me2SO-free CP. These findings may prove significant to the advancement in the development of cell-based clinical therapies by providing an improved biocompatible CP methodology.
Hybrid imaging to facilitate accurate placement of a thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair before completion esophagectomy.

A 58-year-old man presented with recurrent esophageal adenocarcinoma abutting the descending thoracic aorta. He had undergone partial esophagectomy 2 years previously, followed by chemotherapy and radiation. A recent esophagoscopy and biopsy indicated local recurrence. A second round of chemotherapy and concomitant esophageal stent placement was undertaken before presenting for resection of his mass and completion esophagectomy. Given the proximity of the tumor to the thoracic aorta, the previous radiation therapy, and the nature of a redo field in the chest, a thoracic endograft was placed under Dyna and fluoro computed tomography (CT) to facilitate the esophagectomy by preventing aortic interruption/rupture during the thoracic dissection (Cover). The images were acquired by the Siemens Artis Zeego Dyna-CT Rotational Angiography system at our Hybrid Operating Room and reconstructed at our syngo XWP (Siemens AG, Forchheim, Germany) clinical workstation. This Dyna-CT image after thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair placement demonstrates both the thoracic and esophageal stents in place. Dyna-CT with adequate postimaging 3D software can provide on-table information regarding aortic anatomy, including curvature, angulation, conicity, intramural thrombus, diameters, center-line lengths, landing zones, spinal/lumbar arteries and large collaterals; all with one modality. Upgrades in fixed C-arm imaging have facilitated wider fields of view. Furthermore, integrated Dyna-CT images can be overlaid to in vivo arteriography during thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair placement. The use of Dyna-CT allowed precise avoidance of the left subclavian artery and the distal accessory spinal artery supplying watershed areas of the spinal cord (Artery of Adamkiewicz). The patient safely tolerated his completion esophagectomy and resection of mediastinal mass without risk to his descending thoracic aorta. The use of Dyna-CT confirms prior esophageal and cardiac modeling to provide highly accurate and precise imaging over multislice CT alone.
Language laterality determined by MEG mapping with MR-FOCUSS.

Abstract Magnetoencephalography recordings were made on 27 patients with localization related epilepsy during two different language tasks involving semantic and phonological processing (verb generation and picture naming). These patients underwent the semi-invasive intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP), also referred to as the Wada test, to determine the language-dominant hemisphere. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were analyzed by MR-FOCUSS, a current density imaging technique. A laterality index (LI) was calculated from this solution to determine which hemisphere had more neural activation during these language tasks. The LIs for three separate latencies, within each language task, were calculated to determine the latency that correlated best with each patient’s IAP result. The LI for all language processing was calculated for the interval 150–550 ms, the second LI was calculated for the interval 230–290 ms (Wernicke’s activation), and the third LI was calculated for the interval 396–460 ms (Broca’s activation). In 23 of 24 epilepsy patients with a successful IAP, the LIs for Broca’s activation, during the picture naming task, were in agreement with the results of the IAP (96% agreement). One of three patients who had an undetermined or bilateral IAP had an LI calculated for Broca’s activation (396–460 ms) that agreed with intracranial mapping and clinical testing. These results indicate an 89% agreement rate (24 of 27) for magnetoencephalographic LI determination of the hemisphere of language dominance.
Polymorphism in isotactic polypropylene

Abstract The conditions under which a given form of any of the three distinct polymorphic crystalline phases of isotactic polypropylene can be obtained have been investigated. The relationship between crystallization conditions and the formation of a given crystalline phase is discussed. Evidence is cited in support of the hypothesis that the β-form of isotactic polypropylene can be produced only when appropriate nucleating materials are present. It is shown that under particular high-pressure crystallization conditions a triclinic γ-phase can be produced that does, not convert to the monoclinic α-phase either by action of heat or mechanical stress. Based on considerations of stability, density, and structure, it is suggested that the equilibrium crystal form of the polymer is the γ-form rather than the α-form which is ordinarily observed.
Decontamination technologies for release from bioprocessing facilities. Part IV. Decontamination of equipment/surfaces

The selection of a method for treatment of surfaces contaminated with rDNA microorganisms or their subcellular components will vary depending upon such factors as the type of surface or the type of equipment to be treated — in addition to considering the specific microorganisms to be inactivated. The physical decontamination technologies that can be recommended for surfaces/equipment include heat treatment and ultraviolet radiation. The chemical disinfectants such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, and alcohols have potential application for treatment of rDNA contaminated surfaces/equipment. Applicability of other chemicals such as chlorohexidine, quaternary ammonium compounds, ammonia, quinolines, thiazoles, chlorine solutions, and ozone gas need to be studied further.
Things Governments Do to Money: A Recent History of Currency Reform Schemes and Scams

SUMMARY Confiscation of currency has sometimes occurred through the fine print of currency reforms. While only a small fraction of currency reforms world-wide have masked a confiscation, when they don't they are likely to follow a hyperinflationary bout. Thus, one way or another, currency reforms are emblematic of government reneging on its most idiosyncratic liability or extracting monopoly rents from its provision of an exchange medium. This paper reviews the international experience with currency reforms over the last fifty years. It focuses on the purported justifications, mechanism for implementation, common pitfalls and revenues associated with actual discriminatory currency conversion exercises. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Einziehung von Wahrungen ist irn Rahmen von Wahngsreformen manchmal vorgekommen. Weltweit hat nur ein kleiner Teil der Wahngsreformen die Einziehung getamt. Taten sie dies nicht, so wurden sie wahrscheinlich einen hyperinflationaren Kampf fuhren. Auf die eine oder andere Art sind Wahngsreformen daher typisch fureine Regierung, die auf ihre charakteristischen Verpflichtungen zuruckkommt oder die Monopolrenten durch die Bereitstellung eines Tauschmittels herausholt. Dieser Artikel gewahrt einen Ubexblick uber die internationalen Erfahrungen mit Wahngsreformen wahrend den letzten funfzig Jahren. Dabei konzenhiert man sich auf die vorgegebenen Rechtfertigungen, die Techniken der Durchfuhrung, ubliche Fallgruben und auf die Ertrage in Zusammenhang mit gegenwartigen diskriminiemden Wahngsumtauschubungen. REUME La confiscation de la monnaie a ete parfois mise en valeur a travers ľanalyse fine des reformes mon. monetaires. Tandis que seulernent une faible fraction des reformes monetaires a mondialement cache une confiscation, wlles sont, dans le cas contraire, de nature a suivre un rythme hyper-inflationniste. Ainsi, ďune maniereg ou ďune autre, les reformes financieres sont emblematiques du renoncement du gouvernement vis a vis de ses plus distinctives responsabilites ou ses rentes du situation de monopole provenant de ses reserves de moyen ďechange. Cet article passe en revue, sur les cinquante dernieres annees, les experiences internationales en matiere de reforme monetaire. II se concentre sur les justifications avancees, les mecanismes de mise en oeuvre, les pieges usuels et les revenus associes aux reel exercises discrimminatoires de conversion monetaire.
Comparative vitellogenic responses in three teleost species: extrapolation to in situ field studies.

Induction of vitellogenin (VTG) was compared among three teleostean species to determine their relative sensitivity of exposure to 17β-estradiol (E2). Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), sunshine bass (Morone saxatalis×Morone chrysops) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to aqueous concentrations of E2 ranging from 10 to 100,000 ng/l for 21 days. Respective EC50 values for plasma VTG detected by western blot in medaka, catfish and bass were 200, 170 and 1560 ng E2/l. Since these EC50 values are based on VTG induction curves calculated relative to control values, they indicate differences in species’ sensitivity to E2 exposure. Catfish and bass VTG responses obtained in laboratory exposures were compared to VTG responses previously observed with 21-day wastewater treatment plant effluent exposures. Plasma VTG induction in effluent-exposed fish ranged from 14 to 82% above reference values depending on species. Extrapolation of field responses with laboratory-exposed fish indicate catfish and bass were exposed to the equivalent of 27–240 ng E2/l in sewage effluent.
Fractal binding and dissociation kinetics of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), a heart-related compound, on biosensor surfaces

A fractal analysis is presented for the binding and dissociation of different heart-related compounds in solution to receptors immobilized on biosensor surfaces. The data analyzed include LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase) concentrations in solution to egg-white apoA-I rHDL immobilized on a biosensor chip surface.1 Single- and dual- fractal models were employed to fit the data. Values of the binding and the dissociation rate coefficient(s), affinity values, and the fractal dimensions were obtained from the regression analysis provided by Corel Quattro Pro 8.0 (Corel Corporation Limited).2 The binding rate coefficients are quite sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity on the sensor chip surface. Predictive equations are developed for the binding rate coefficient as a function of the degree of heterogeneity present on the sensor chip surface and on the LCAT concentration in solution, and for the affinity as a function of the ratio of fractal dimensions present in the binding and the dissociation phases. The analysis presented provided physical insights into these analyte-receptor reactions occurring on different biosensor surfaces.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attendance and Academic Success: High School Seniors Concurrently Enrolled in an Allied Health Program on a College Campus:

Background:Achieving academic success in a college environment invokes different meanings among faculty, administrators, and students. Within this study, academic success is defined as adherence to the college's established attendance policy and didactic grades equal to 2.0 (70%) or above on a 4-point scale. The impact of attendance on academic success is observed through an examination of motivation in a cohort of high school seniors concurrently enrolled in an allied health program.Objective:To determine the correlation, if any, of attendance on final grades in a cohort of high school seniors concurrently enrolled in an allied health program. An analysis of motivation was included to give perspective to the behavior of students in this program.Methods:Grades and attendance for each student were recorded and analyzed using the correlation analysis tool within Microsoft Excel. High school students concurrently enrolled in an allied health program were given the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), benchmarkin...
All-frequency interactive relighting of translucent objects with single and multiple scattering

We present a technique, based on precomputed light transport, for interactive rendering of translucent objects under all-frequency environment maps. We consider the complete BSSRDF model proposed by Jensen et al. [2001]. which includes both single and diffuse multiple scattering components. The challenge is how to efficiently precompute all-frequency light transport functions due to subsurface scattering. We apply the two-pass hierarchical technique by Jensen et al. [2002] in the space of non-linearly approximated transport vectors, which allows us to efficiently evaluate transport vectors due to diffuse multiple scattering. We then include an approximated single scattering term in the precomputation, which previous interactive systems have ignored. For an isotropic phase function, this approximation produces a diffuse transport vector per vertex, and is combined with the multiple scattering component. For a general phase function, we introduce a technique from BRDF rendering to factor the phase function using a separable decomposition to allow for view-dependent rendering. We show that our rendering results qualitatively match the appearance of translucent objects, achieving a high level of realism at interactive rates.
On the redundancy of optimal binary prefix-condition codes for finite and infinite sources (Corresp.)

A new lower bound, which is the tightest possible, is obtained for the redundancy of optimal bimuy prefix-condition (OBPC) codes for a memoryless source for which the probability of the most likely source letter is known. It is shown that this bound, and upper bounds obtained by Gallager and Johnsen, hold for infinite as well as finite source alphabets. Also presented are bounds on the redundancy of OBPC codes for sources satisfying the condition that each of the first several probabilities in the list of source probabilities is sufficiently large relative to the sum of the remaining probabilities.
Performing the Ineffable: Poem, Gesture and Performance in Debussy's 'Éventail'

Drawing on Peter Kivy’s recent work on reading as performance and Vladimir Jankelevitch’s analysis of meaningful silence in Debussy, this essay seeks to demonstrate that the composer’s concentration on musical gesture merges with Mallarme’s poetic exploration of directionless movement in ‘Autre Eventail’ in order to get beyond the idea of progression in favour of alternative models of artistic expression that, via direct address, invite readers or listeners to participate in the act of establishing coherent experience from the sounds and words of a song that relies on gesture, silence and suggestion rather than traditional guideposts such as strophic form or harmonic prolongation and tonal resolution to guide the listener.
Al/Au Bilayer Thermometer for Third Sound Detection

We present results from an experiment to develop bilayer metallic films of Al and Au as superconducting transition edge thermometers for the detection of third sound waves in thin superfluid 4He films. We compare transition edge data for such an Al/Au thermometer to that for a pure Zn thermometer and document its utility for third sound detection.
Estimating hip fracture morbidity, mortality and costs.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate lifetime morbidity, mortality, and costs from hip fracture incorporating the effect of deficits in activities of daily living. DESIGN: Markov computer cohort simulation considering short- and long-term outcomes attributable to hip fractures. Data estimates were based on published literature, and costs were based primarily on Medicare reimbursement rates. SETTING: Postacute hospital facility. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-year-old community dwellers with hip fractures. MEASUREMENTS: Life expectancy, nursing facility days, and costs. RESULTS: Hip fracture reduced life expectancy by 1.8 years or 25% compared with an age- and sex-matched general population. About 17% of remaining life was spent in a nursing facility. The lifetime attributable cost of hip fracture was $81,300, of which nearly half (44%) related to nursing facility expenses. The development of deficits in ADLs after hip fracture resulted in substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs. CONCLUSION: Hip fractures result in significant mortality, morbidity, and costs. The estimated lifetime cost for all hip fractures in the United States in 1997 likely exceeded $20 billion. These results emphasize the importance of current and future interventions to decrease the incidence of hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:364-370, 2003.
Nonlinear thermal elastic buckling of conical shells

Abstract The postbuckling behavior of truncated conical shells under presumed temperature distribution was studied. Thin shell theory and finite-deflection relations were used in the geometric compatibility equation as well as the boundary conditions. The conical shells under consideration are simply supported and completely restricted at the rigid ends. Perturbation technique and variational method were employed. The temperature was assumed axisymmetric but the deflection was considered to vary with both surface coordinates. A primary test on uniformly heated conical shell was made. It has been found that the radius-thickness ratio of the shell has the most effect on the minimum temperature to buckle. Maximum deflection versus temperature increase after buckling was found. Due to inclusion of nonlinear terms in the boundary conditions, the magnitude of compressive thermal stress is reduced. The minimum temperature is thus slightly higher than the critical temperature found from the linear analysis. The cylindrical shell is a limiting case with cone's vertex angle reducing to zero. The cylinders and slightly tapered conical shells generally behave in like manner.
Histology and ultrastructure of carotid body paragangliomas. Comparison with the normal gland

Several surgically extirpated human carotid bodies and three paragangliomas of the carotid body region were compared by means of light and electron microscopy. Chief cells, both normal and neoplastic, are generously endowed with “dense-cored” cytoplasmic granules of the catecholamine type. The granules appear to develop in the Golgi region. In two of the tumors, an increased level of norepinephrine was detected by fluorimetric assay. Sustentacular (Schwannlike) cells are a constant parenchymal element in the normal glands and serve to convey unmyelinated nerve fibers into direct synapse with chief cells. All of the tumors lacked nerve endings, but sustentacular forms persisted as a prominent element in two cases. Evidence of neurosecretion in paragangliomas, despite lack of chromaffinity, indicates that the dichromate reaction is an inadequate substitute for biochemical and ultrastructural classification of neuroendocrine cells. The functional significance of secretion granules in normal chief cells remains to be elucidated.
Unheard Alaska: Culturally anchored participatory action research on sobriety with Alaska Natives

Alcohol research in Alaska Native communities has a contentious history. This project has attempted to address a critical need for research to guide alcohol abuse prevention and treatment with Alaska Natives using culturally anchored participatory action research. The process of grounding the research methodology in the culture and community is described, along with its contribution to community psychology's understanding of the importance of cultural factors. Tensions between indigenous values and ways of knowing, and Western research methodologies are delineated, along with how these tensions were resolved. Important issues that arose in doing culturally anchored participatory action research are described. These included the development of a community of inquiry, key methodological decisions, the empowerment of participants as coresearchers, and flexibility in research implementation.
Arsenic and uranium transport in sediments near abandoned uranium mines in Harding County, South Dakota

Abstract Sediment samples were analyzed as part of ongoing environmental investigations of historical U mining impacts within Custer National Forest in Harding County, South Dakota. Correlations between As and U content, grain size and soil mineralogy were determined to identify contaminant fate and transport mechanisms. Soil samples collected near the mining source zone and up to 61 km downgradient of the minesites were analyzed. Samples were homogenized and wet sieved through polymer screens, and metal(loid) concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified quartz as the primary mineral for all size fractions, with varying amounts of analcime, indicative of volcanic origin. Selected samples were examined for trace mineral composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of Fe sulfides and Fe (hydr)oxides indicate heterogeneity in redox potentials on a microscopic scale. Elevated metal(loid) concentrations were associated with trace concentrations of Fe sulfide, indicating an influence on metal transport during weathering. Sequential chemical extractions (SCE) performed on source sediment fractions demonstrated that most As and U was adsorbed to Fe- and Mn-oxides and carbonates with lesser amounts bound by ion exchange, organics and Fe sulfides. Large changes in U/Th and As/Th ratios were observed to coincide with geochemical changes in the watershed, suggesting that metal(loid)–Th ratios may be used in environmental investigations to identify geochemically-significant watershed conditions.
A multimethod approach to assessing perseverations in schizophrenia patients

Perseverations have been associated with frontal lobe impairment and are often observed among schizophrenia patients. We assessed perseverations in schizophrenia patients (N = 71) using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and a new Rorschach perseveration scale which yields three perseveration scores. We also compared the results of the schizophrenia patients with those of a normal comparison group (N = 71). We found that schizophrenia patients demonstrated a high number of perseverations on both the WCST and the Rorschach perseveration scale when compared to the normal comparison subjects. Among schizophrenia patients, WCST perseverative responses were significantly correlated with Rorschach-derived stuck-in-set perseverations, WAIS-R Vocabulary scores and negative symptom ratings. No significant differences in any of the measures of perseveration were found to be associated with diagnostic subtype. Finally, WCST and Rorschach measures for the schizophrenia and normal comparison participants were entered into a logistic regression. The WCST total errors and the three Rorschach perseveration measures resulted in the correct classification of 89.4% of the total cases, with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 91% and positive predictive power of 87.8%. These data provide evidence that perseverative behavior is widely observed in schizophrenia patients using a variety of instruments. The authors discuss the benefit of using multiple measures of perseveration in schizophrenia research.
Determination of phenylphosphorodiamidate in soil extracts and urea fertilizer solutions

Abstract A simple colorimetric method of determining phenylphosphorodiamidate in soil extracts and urea fertilizer solutions is described. It involves measurement of the yellow color produced when phenylphosphorodiamidate is treated with sodium perborate solution in the presence of benzidine. The method is rapid, sensitive, and precise, and it gives quantitative (99–101%) recovery of phenylphosphorodiamidate added to soil extracts or urea fertilizer solutions.
User/system interface within the context of an integrated corporate data base

The world to come may be viewed as demanding the making of more decisions per unit time, the taking into account of more variables per decision, and the greater commitment of resources per decision.... At the same time that the environment is pressing for faster decisions, new esoteric technologies are demanding longer planning cycles, earlier and higher commitments of resources, and better integration and coordination of a greater number of interacting elements that make up new systems.
Rapid purification of calcium‐activated protease by calcium‐dependent hydrophobic‐interaction chromatography

Both low Ca2+- and high Ca2+-requiring forms of Ca2+-activated protease (calpains I and II) were found to bind to phenyl-Sepharose in a calcium-dependent manner, suggesting that both enzymes expose a hydrophobic surface region in the presence of Ca2+. Inclusion of leupeptin in column buffers prevented the loss of activity during hydrophobic-interaction and substrate-affinity chromatography. Under these conditions calpain II (high calcium-requiring form) was rapidly purified from bovine brain and rabbit skeletal muscle using successive phenyl-Sepharose and casein-Sepharose columns.
Nonspecific Factors in Drug Effects: Placebo Personality

The importance of the concept of placebo in medicine and psychology historically and in practice was noted, including attitudes and ethical concerns. This paper reviewed evidence relating to personality correlates of responsivity to placebos. It was concluded that a trait model of responsivity to placebos was largely unsubstantiated and suggested that other nonspecific factors of drug effects may be more influential in reactions to placebos. Evaluation of measures of response to placebos and methodological issues is needed. Potential neurochemical substrates for action of placebos were suggested as promising.
Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing as a predictor of mortality.

Context Chronotropic incompetence, an attenuated heart rate response to exercise, is a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy populations. This association may be independent of exercise-induced myocardial perfusion defects. Objective To examine the prognostic significance of chronotropic incompetence in a low-risk cohort of patients referred for treadmill stress testing with thallium imaging. Design Prospective cohort study conducted between September 1990 and December 1993. Setting Tertiary care academic medical center. Patients Consecutive patients (1877 men and 1076 women; mean age, 58 years) who were not taking {beta}-blockers and who were referred for symptom-limited treadmill thallium testing. Main Outcome Measures Association of chronotropic incompetence, defined as either failure to achieve 85% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate or a low chronotropic index, a heart rate response measure that accounts for effects of age, resting heart rate, and physical fitness, with all-cause mortality during 2 years of follow-up. Results Three hundred sixteen patients (11%) failed to reach 85% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 762 (26%) had a low chronotropic index, and 612 (21%) had thallium perfusion defects. Ninety-one patients died during the follow-up period. After adjustment for age, sex, thallium perfusion defects, and other confounders, failure to reach 85% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate was associated with increased risk of death (adjusted relative risk [RR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-3.00; P=.01), as was a low chronotropic index (adjusted RR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.43-3.44; P<.001). Conclusion Among patients with known or suspected coronary disease, chronotropic incompetence is independently predictive of all-cause mortality, even after considering thallium perfusion defects. Incorporation of chronotropic response into the routine interpretation of stress thallium studies may improve the prognostic power of this test.
Dichlorocarbene Addition To Cyclopropenes: A Computational Study

Reaction paths for addition of dichlorocarbene to 1,2-disubstituted cyclopropenes were calculated using hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*) in the gas phase and in the presence of a continuum solvation model corresponding to acetonitrile. In both the gas phase and acetonitrile, :CCl2-cyclopropene addition follows an asymmetric, non-least-motion approach. Barriers to addition range from 0 to 2 kcal/mol. The reactions proceed in concerted fashion in both the gas phase and solution to yield 1,3-dienes or bicyclobutanes. The reaction pathway on this complex potential energy surface of this reaction appears to bifurcate, and the product distribution is believed to be controlled by reaction dynamics. At the present level of theory, there appears to be no minimum on the potential energy surface corresponding to a dipolar intermediate.
A High Voltage Bushing Thermal Performance Computer Model

A finite difference model is proposed as an economical means of determining the performance of high voltage bushings under overload conditions. A discussion of the calculation technique employed is rendered. Various refinements presently under consideration are cited. Model accuracy is considered by comparing temperature predictions to measured data obtained from heat runs performed on typical units. A companion paper which considers a proposal for the establishment of industry guidelines for bushing overloading is referenced.
Low-income mothers’ private safety nets and children’s socioemotional well-being.

Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 1,162) and the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (N = 1,308), we estimate associations between material and instrumental support available to low-income mothers and young children’s socioemotional well-being. In multivariate OLS models, we find mothers’ available support is negatively associated with children’s behavior problems and positively associated with prosocial behavior in both data sets; associations between available support and children’s internalizing and prosocial behaviors attenuate but remain robust in residualized change models. Overall, results support the hypothesis that the availability of a private safety net is positively associated with children’s socioemotional adjustment.
Hydrogen recycling properties of stainless steels

Abstract The hydrogen retention and release characteristics of stainless steels that contribute to plasma-wall recycling of a magnetically confined plasma are reviewed. Details are presented on laboratory measurements of hydrogen reflection, desorption, trapping and release. Critical data needs are shown to include reflection below 100 eV, desorption cross sections at realistic energies, hydrogen surface coverage, and molecular recombination rates for characterized first wall surfaces.
Final-charge-state-dependence in the production of foil-excited heavy Rydberg atoms

Abstract Studies of foil-excited fast (MeV/amu) heavy ions have demonstrated large yields of high Rydberg atoms formed in such beams. Further experiments have suggested a strong target-thickness dependence of the yields of such atoms. In an effort to better understand these results, we have measured the yields of Rydberg atoms (n ∼ 100 ∼ 200) in foil-excited 32S ions at an incident energy of 125 MeV. The Rydberg atoms were field-ionized in a longitudinal electric field (∼ 5kV/cm) and the detached electrons were detected in coincidence with the remaining charge-state-analyzed ionic cores. The experiments show that while the yields of foil-excited Rydberg atoms depend strongly on the incident ionic charge state and the target thickness, they are relatively insensitive to the final charge states. These results show the importance of bulk processes over surface effects.
Quantitative Analysis of Adulterants in Illicit Heroin Samples via Reversed Phase HPLC

Abstract Methodology is presented using reversed phase liquid chromatography for the simultaneous quantitation of phenobarbital, methaqualone, phenolphthalein, nicotinamide, and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine in heroin samples. A Partisil 5 ODS-3 column was used with a gradient system using methanol and a sodium dodecylsulfate-phosphate buffer.
Sodium‐ion electrode: Continuous monitoring of tablet dissolution via flowing streams

Abstract The use of a continuous flowing stream apparatus to follow tablet dissolution was studied. A dissolution chamber using a commercially available filter unit was designed to follow tablet dissolution through use of either a sodium-ion electrode or a spectrophotometric analytical module. The effect of variation of flow rate on the dissolution profile and the ability of the apparatus to differentiate between the common tablet parameters of hardness and drug potency were shown.
Infrared absorptions and emissions of superheated steam

Abstract Both absorption and emission spectra of superheated steam at 600°C have been obtained under high resolution from 3000 cm −1 to 2000cm −1 and from 1260 cm −1 to 610 cm −1 . These high energy level spectra are not observable at room temperature. Approximately 400 lines have been observed between 3.29 and 5.06 μm in the short wavelength region, and 700 lines between 7.91 and 16.25 μm in the long wavelength region. There is an absorption-free region at 600°C lying between 2750 and 2480 cm −1 . Spectra of all bands are shown and spectral positions are measured and tabulated. Observational results are compared with other experiments and predictions.
Quantitative Multiresolution Characterization of Landscape Patterns for Assessing the Status of Ecosystem Health in Watershed Management Areas

Landscape ecology is a field that has grown from realizing that maintenance of ecological resources requires management at several spatial and temporal scales, including landscape-level ecosystems as whole units of study and management. The subsequent need for characterizing landscape structure has led to a variety of measurements for assessing different aspects of spatial patterns; however, most of these measurements are known to depend on both the spatial extent of a specified landscape and the measurement grain. Therefore, measurements that incorporate a range of scales would be most informative. In response, this article introduces a new method for obtaining a multiresolution characterization of land cover fragmentation patterns within a fixed geographic extent. Our particular interest is in watershed-delineated extents. The method applies the concept of conditional entropy as one moves from larger “parent” land cover pixels to smaller “child” pixels that are heirarchically nested within the parent pixels. When applied over a range of resolutions, one obtains a “conditional entropy profile.” The conceptual and methodological development of conditional entropy profiles is presented, followed by current and future directions for evaluating and applying this methodology.
Congenital myotonic dystrophy: an often unsuspected cause of severe polyhydramnios.

Two cases of severe polyhydramnios are presented in which the unsuspected diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy was made in the patient and the fetus.
Improving the central line-associated bloodstream infection surveillance definition: a work in progress.

Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) historically has been performed at hospitals to define endemic rates, track longitudinal trends, and help detect outbreaks. These hospital-specific infection data are also essential for measuring the impact of improvement efforts aimed at preventing HAIs. Having a standardized surveillance definition for HAIs is necessary to allow benchmarking of an individual hospital’s performance against others. For years, these reference data were provided by a defined group of hospitals that voluntarily submitted surveillance data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system. The transition of NNIS system to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and new state and federal requirements to report data to the NHSN have transformed the landscape of national HAI reporting. In an era of increasing public scrutiny, the NHSN has become a means to supply HAI data for public reporting.
Use of radio-gas chromatography in the study of plant metabolism.

Abstract The parameters controlling the counting rate and the peak resolution in radio-gas chromatography (rgc) from a typical “effluent combustion” system have been examined, with special emphasis placed on the precautions necessary for the operation of rgc with temperature programming. The potential of rgc for study of the dynamics of carbohydrate transport and metabolism in plants has also been demonstrated.
The role of the corpus allatum in the control of vitellogenesis and fat body hypertrophy in Phormia regina (Meigen)

Abstract Allatectomy (CA − ) experiments revealed that the corpus allatum (CA), and thus juvenile hormone (JH), play several important roles in the control of vitellogenesis in liver-fed Phormia regina . CA − , within 4 h of adult emergence, decreased the rate of vitellogenin (Vg) production, lowered the hemolymph Vg level and resulted in arrested ovarian development. CA − at different times showed that there is a critical period (i.e. about 12 h after a protein meal), prior to which the CA is required for complete vitellogenesis. When two doses of 10.0, 5.0 or 2.5 μg of methoprene (JH analogue) were applied, vitellogenesis was nearly completely, partially or not restored in CA − , liver-fed flies, respectively. In the absence of the CA, a liver meal resulted in fat body hypertrophy and greatly reduced hemolymph Vg levels. Methoprene treatment restored Vg biosynthesis and prevented fat body hypertrophy only if the treatment was administered within 48 h after liver feeding. CA − greatly reduced the rate of crop emptying (thus, protein utilization), but had no effect on protein ingestion. The CA is also needed to attain normal ecdysteroid levels in the hemolymph. The present results support the notion that the CA (JH) can affect vitellogenesis at various levels in liver-fed P. regina . It appears that, within 12 h after a protein meal, JH primes the previtellogenic fat body to prepare for Vg biosynthesis, and primes the ovaries to produce ecdysteroids. JH also regulates normal dietary protein utilization.
Mixed Convection Transport from a Protruding Heat Source Module on a Vertical Surface

An experimental study of mixed convective transport from a protruding heat source module mounted on a vertical surface in an externally induced flow has been carried out. This problem is of particular interest in the design of thermal systems, such as the cooling of electronic circuitry and positioning of a heating element in a furnace. The temperature and velocity distributions are measured. The dependence of the heat transfer rate and of the thermal field on the mixed convection parameter and on the thickness of the heat source module, particularly in the vicinity of the source, are investigated in detail. Experimental results indicate that the flowfield and the temperature distribution in the flow over the module are substantially affected by the module thickness and also by the mixed convection parameter due to the combined effects of the forced convection flow and of the buoyancy-driven flow arising from the heat input. These, in turn, have a strong influence on the convective heat transfer from the heat source to the ambient. The thermal and viscous boundary layers as well as the variation of the surface temperature are determined and the results discussed in terms of underlying physical processes. The results obtained are also compared with those for an element of negligible thickness. Thus, the effect of a significant module thickness on the convective transport is determined.
Fast automated analysis of high-resolution reflectometer density profiles on DIII-D

High temporal (≥10 μs) and spatial (≥4 mm) resolution electron density profiles can now be automatically obtained on a between-shot basis from profile reflectometry data on the DIII-D tokamak. Fast, automated analysis is made possible by a new between-shot analysis package, details of which are presented. Analysis of X-mode data covering ∼0-3 x 10 19 m -3 with 1 ms duration data bursts every 5 ms for 5-6 s, for a total of ∼1000 profiles, takes 4-5 min, allowing the profiles to be viewed and used between shots. Additional details are provided of how the system density coverage at the above temporal and spatial resolution was recently expanded to (0-6.4) x 10 19 m -3 using a novel simultaneous, dual-polarization (O- and X- mode) measurement technique. Automatic (but not between-shot) analysis for the complete 0- and X-mode data set (1.5GB for each discharge, about 100000 profiles at 25 μs temporal resolution) is available after the experiment. The improved capabilities of the system are illustrated using new results from a variety of areas such as edge localized mode dynamics, L-H transition and pedestal physics, impurity deposition and ITB studies, and direct comparisons with Thomson data are presented.
The linker for activation of B cells (LAB)/non-T cell activation linker (NTAL) regulates triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2 signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses independently of the linker for activation of T cells.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is rapidly emerging as a key regulator of the innate immune response via its regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate that proximal TREM-2 signaling parallels other DAP12-based receptor systems in its use of Syk and Src-family kinases. However, we find that the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is severely reduced as monocytes differentiate into macrophages and that TREM-2 exclusively uses the linker for activation of B cells (LAB encoded by the gene Lat2−/−) to mediate downstream signaling. LAB is required for TREM-2-mediated activation of Erk1/2 and dampens proximal TREM-2 signals through a novel LAT-independent mechanism resulting in macrophages with proinflammatory properties. Thus, Lat2−/− macrophages have increased TREM-2-induced proximal phosphorylation, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of these cells leads to increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased IL-12p40 production relative to wild type cells. Together these data identify LAB as a critical, LAT-independent regulator of TREM-2 signaling and macrophage development capable of controlling subsequent inflammatory responses.
Where does the calculus go? An investigation of how calculus ideas are used in later coursework

Teachers of post-calculus courses frequently lament their students’ proficiency in calculus. While research outlines the topics mathematicians consider to be the core concepts and skills of calculus, there is no consensus on what calculus might be needed for students in different disciplines nor how we might want our students to understand these ideas. We argue that teachers may be lamenting the fact that students were not prepared to know calculus in a way that it is compatible with how it must be used post-calculus. Using differential equations as an exemplary post-calculus course, we explore the consequences of an analysis of foundational calculus topics in terms of how such topics are used. We present evidence and characterize elements of an epistemological mismatch between calculus and post-calculus.
Electrostatic Manipulation of a Hypersonic Plasma Layer: Images of the Two-Dimensional Sheath

The sheath shape in a cylindrical electrode system is simulated by using a 2-D fluid model. The cylindrical electrode system introduces an electron-depleted region, i.e., a sheath. The generated sheath may suggest a possible approach to the communication blackout problem that occurs for a reentry vehicle, in hypersonic flight or during laser interaction with a target. This approach can work if the electron-depleted sheath region extends over the vehicle surface up to the peak of the plasma density which is typically few centimeters. In addition, for efficient communication, the sheath region should be larger than the physical size of an antenna. To estimate the size of the plasma sheath, the electron number density and the potential distribution near the cylindrically shaped electrodes are presented, and the plasma sheath is indicated.
Control of Air Pollution through Process of Law

The state of New Jersey embarked on a drastic effort to reduce the levels of sulfur dioxide in its atmosphere. This effort, although only partially enforceable by the rules of law, is meeting with great success. Sulfur dioxide levels fell sharply from 1966 to 1967 and fell again in 1968. The first step to reduce sulfur dioxide levels was taken by Governor Hughes of New Jersey, who requested and received reports from the electric generating companies detailing their plans to lower emission of sulfur dioxide and particulates. Power plants operated by these companies are major sources of both forms of pollution. Much of the reduction in sulfur dioxide between the years 1966 and 1967 must be credited to the efforts of the Governor and the utilities. The New Jersey Air Pollution Control Program developed new codes designed to reduce emissions by limiting the amount of sulfur permitted to be burned in fuel oils and coal. The effective date of hese codes was May, 1968. The code for oils has been in effect since that time but the coal code has been held in abeyance pending the results of a suit filed against the code by coal and railroad companies.