cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast Faraday spectroscopy in magnetic semiconductor quantum structures.

We use an optical probe of magnetization to explore the evolution of carrier-spin scattering and magnetic dynamics in quantum-confined geometries. II-VI magnetic heterostructures are studied using femtosecond-resolved Faraday rotation and exhibit both phase (\ensuremath{\sim}1 ps) and spin scattering (\ensuremath{\sim}6 ps) in concert with a field-tunable terahertz quantum beating of the total carrier spin. Spin-flip processes experienced by photoexcited carriers as they tunnel through nanometer-thick magnetic barriers produce a magnetic perturbation strongly sensitive to the initial magnetic state and the spin orientation of the carriers. Once these carriers have recombined (\ensuremath{\sim}70 ps), the magnetic ions relax through completely different channels of significantly slower decay rate (100 ps--10 ns). The relaxation characteristics are found to be substantially influenced by exchange coupling between adjacent magnetic ions at low temperatures (T13 K). These low-dimensional magnetic systems yield a rich array of spin phenomena absent in traditional semiconductor heterostructures.
A 12-Gb/s DEMUX Implemented With SiGe High-Speed FPGA Circuits

A 7-12-Gb/s demultiplexer implemented with circuits for a high-speed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is introduced in this paper. Since the first FPGA was released by Xilinx in 1985, FPGAs have become denser and more powerful. The first FPGA that operates in the microwave range was designed in 2000. Various methods, such as a new basic cell structure and multimode routing, are used to make that design faster and less power consuming. Sequential logic functions are analyzed and tested in this paper with a DEMUX implementation using these high-speed FPGA circuits. A chip measurement has shown that the FPGA can operate at a 12-GHz system clock when configured to perform sequential logic. A DEMUX that operates at 12 Gb/s is used here to demonstrate the potential for high-performance and low-power FPGA features.
Reactivity of the digital blood vessels to angiotensin II in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

Abstract 1. 1. Digital vascular reactivity to infused angiotensin II was measured in 15 normotensive subjects and 15 pateints with essential hypertension. 2. 2. This reactivity was found to be increased in the hypertensive group. 3. 3. The mechanisms involved are discussed.
Metal-ligand complexes as a new class of long-lived fluorophores for protein hydrodynamics and fluorescence polarization immunoassay

We describe the use of asymmetric Ru-ligand complexes as a new class of luminescent probes. These complexes are known to display luminescent lifetimes ranging from 10 to 4000 ns. We show that the asymmetric complex Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy) (PF6)2 displays a high anisotropy value near 0.26 when excited in the long wavelength absorption band, and an intensity decay time near 400 ns. For covalent linkage to proteins, we synthesized the N- hydroxy succinimide ester. We measured the intensity and anisotropy decays of [Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)] when covalently linked to proteins and in solutions of increasing viscosity. These data demonstrated that the probes can be used to measure rotational motions on the microsecond(s) timescale, which so far has been inaccessible using luminescence methods. We also used this probe in a fluorescence polarization immunoassay of HSA. We found that the steady-state polarization of labeled HSA was sensitive to binding of anti-HSA, resulting in a 200% increase in polarization. The labeled HSA was also used in a competitive format with unlabeled HSA as the antigen. The time-resolved anisotropy decays demonstrate increased correlation times for labeled HSA in the presence of anti-HSA, an effect which was partially reversed in the presence of unlabeled HSA. These results demonstrate the potential of the metal-ligand complexes to be used in the fluorescence polarization immunoassay of high molecular weight analytes. The use of such metal-ligand complexes enable fluorescence polarization immunoassays which bypass the usual limitation to low molecular weight antigens.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cephalometric comparison of characteristics in chronically snoring patients with and without sleep apnea syndrome

Abstract Objective The purpose of this investigation is to cephalometrically study 50 snoring patients with and without sleep apnea and to determine whether cephalograms can be used as a diagnostic tool to differentiate persons who are chronic snorers from persons with sleep apnea. Study design A sample of 30 sleep apnea patients was compared with a sample of 20 chronic snorers without sleep apnea as documented by polysomnography. Forty cephalometric measurements were determined to study various skeletal, soft tissue, and airway abnormalities. Results This study showed that both groups presented multiple cephalometric abnormalities. Only four measurements differed significantly between the two samples. In the sleep apnea group the maxilla was retropositioned and the hypoid bone displaced inferiorly and distally as compared to nonapneic snorers. Conclusions Because of the overall presence of abnormal cephalometric findings in both samples and given similar age and weight ranges, a differential diagnosis between chronic snorers with and without sleep apnea cannot be reliably based on standard cephalometric evaluation alone.
Scattering in backward wave oscillators from turbulent electric fields

Abstract Relativistic electrons resonating in microwave-emitting slow-wave structures can scatter from background turbulence. We calculate the expected scattering rate from strong fields characterized by a single mean correlation length. Comparison with recent data from a backward wave oscillator, using the measured magnitude of E-fields, shows agreement with the magnitude of outward scattering. The implied correlation lengths then explain why gas ionization in the same oscillator does not proceed exponentially, as earlier work showed was expected but not observed. Plasma electrons scattered over the correlation length cannot gain the necessary energy to ionize many gas atoms. These results suggest that inadvertently produced plasmas may have a quick, decisive effect on beam geometry, ending microwave emission prematurely.
Metabolism of apolipoproteins A‐I and A‐ll and its influence on the high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution in males and females

. Rate zonal ultracentrifugation of plasma samples from ten healthy age-matched volunteers (five males, five females) indicated that the high density lipoprotein subfraction ratio (HDL2:HDL3) in females was significantly higher than in males. The cause of this phenomenon was investigated by simultaneous examination of the metabolism of the major HDL apoproteins (apoA-I and apoA-II) in both groups. The results show that there is no significant sex-related difference in the plasma pool size, fractional catabolic rate, or synthetic rate of either apoprotein. We conclude that the increased HDL2:HDL3 ratio in females versus males does not derive from measurable differences in the metabolic handling of either apoprotein.
Theoretical description of quasiresonant charge exchange in atom-surface collisions.

Many recent ion-surface scattering experiments, e.g., ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Pb, show dramatic oscillations of the neutralization probability as a function of the inverse ion velocity. These oscillations are qualitatively similar to the Stueckelberg oscillations that occur during quasiresonant charge exchange in atom-atom collisions. We present here a general many-body approach for the description of such charge-exchange processes near surfaces. We show that for the proper understanding of the oscillatory behavior it is crucial to include intra-atomic correlation effects. The interference between different tunneling channels influences both the amplitude and the frequency of these oscillations.
Effect of personal cancer history and family cancer history on levels of psychological distress

This study examined the impact of personal and family cancer history on psychological distress. Regression analyses were conducted on a nationally representative sample of adult individuals who participated in the 2000 National Health Interview Survey, USA. Effects on distress of a personal cancer history, any family cancer history, or mother, father, sister or brother with a cancer history were examined. The interaction of personal and family cancer histories and three-way interactions with gender were also assessed. Analyses indicate that having either a personal or family cancer history is linked with significantly greater psychological distress and there is evidence of an interaction. Three-way interactions with gender were not found. Consistent with prior research, results demonstrated that cancer survivors are more distressed than the general population. Results extend prior research by indicating that having a first-degree relative with cancer increases risk for distress, and having personal and family cancer histories may exert a synergistic effect on distress.
Studies of actomyosin from cardiac muscle of dogs with experimental congestive heart failure.

Comparative studies were made on cardiac actomyosin from normal dogs and from dogs with experimental failure. Actomyosin was characterized by ultracentrifugal sedimentation velocity, viscosity and ATP-ase measurements. The data on actomyosin from normal cardiac muscle showed a striking similarity to the findings reported by others for skeletal muscle actomyosin. The only difference found between cardiac actomyosin front the normal and experimental material was an abnormal component ( S20W = 5.0-6.7) in the sedimentation pattern for actomyosin from 4 of 11 dogs with cardiac failure. It seems likely that the changes in actomyosin which resulted in the abnormal sedimentation pattern were produced during extraction or preparation of the actomyosin and that they do not reflect an altered state of actomyosin in the functioning heart. The explanation for the occurrence of this slow sedimentation component solely in the experimental material is not clear.
Nitrogen Retention and Nitrogenous Urine Components of Growing Cockerels as Influenced by Diethylstilbestrol, Methyl Testosterone and Porcine Growth Hormone

Abstract THE mechanism by which a rapidly growing animal retains nitrogen and accumulates body protein, and the role of the endocrine system in this regard has intrigued investigators for many years. An indirect method of studying protein metabolism is to study changes induced in the excretory pattern of the end products of protein metabolism, namely, nitrogenous waste products. Attempts to investigate, in detail, the metabolism of chickens are met with the primary difficulty of separately collecting feces and urine for subsequent analysis. Metabolism studies with chickens have therefore been hampered greatly and little research has been done beyond collecting data on gross nitrogen retention. Consequently, little data on nitrogenous urine components of growing chickens under what might be considered normal conditions or under the influence of various treatments (dietary, hormonal or other) are available. Among the early workers who collected data on nitrogenous components in the urine of the chicken were…
Adjustable tools: an object-oriented interaction metaphor

To provide a simpler metaphor for representing, selecting, and adjusting collections of attributes for interactive operations.
Isolation and Characterization of the cDNA Encoding the Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Form of Cytochrome P450arom

Cytochrome P450arom (aromatase) is responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens. A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)-enriched mRNA isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ovary and ligated into EcoRI-cut lambda arms. The amplified library was screened using a human aromatase DNA probe. The longest clone isolated (2.1 kb) contained 20 bp of the 5'-untranslated region, a 1572-bp open reading frame, and a 509-bp 3'-untranslated region. Northern blot analysis indicated a single 3.4-kb transcript. A putative polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) is 13 bp from the 3'-end of the clone. The deduced amino acid sequence of the catfish form of aromatase is 65% identical to the rainbow trout form. The catfish form is 50 to 53% identical to mammalian (rat, human, mouse, bovine) and chicken forms. There are large regions of extremely high identity shared among all the forms. The deduced catfish aromatase protein is 524, 517, or 502 residues in length, depending on the translation initiation site. Steroidogenic activity of gonadal tissue is correlated with mRNA and protein content. Nonsteroidogenic COS cells, transfected with the catfish aromatase cDNA, converted androstenedione to estrone, thus verifying its identify. The catfish P450arom was modified to facilitate production in transformed Escherichia coli and its subsequent purification by a single column technique. This purified protein was used to raise antisera for Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis indicates that the catfish form is similar in size (57 kDa) to other vertebrate forms.
Li-ion capacitors with carbon cathode and hard carbon/stabilized lithium metal powder anode electrodes

Abstract A lithium-ion capacitor was developed using a mixture of stabilized lithium metal powder and hard carbon as the anode electrode, while activated carbon was used as the cathode. A specific energy of approximately 82 Wh kg−1 was obtained based on the weight of electrode materials; however, when the electrolyte, separator, and current collectors were included, the specific energy of an assembled Li-ion capacitor was about 25 Wh kg−1. The capacitor was able to deliver over 60% of the maximum energy at a discharge C-rate of 44C. Through continuous galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, the capacitance of the Li-ion capacitor degraded less than 3% over 600 cycles.
Increasing demands and changing institutional research roles: How technology can help

With increasing demands on institutional research professionals, the need to work more productively and efficiently, as well as to produce higher-quality products and communicate more effectively, is essential. What hardware and software programs can help?
Augmentation of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, with ulcer disease syndrome.

Ulcer Disease Syndrome (UDS) is a serious epizootic of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, along the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. In the present study, the functional activities of lymphocytes from Atlantic menhaden at different stages (mild, severe, and healed) of the syndrome were evaluated. Affected fish showed a sharp increase in the 3H-thymidine uptake by both anterior kidney and splenic lymphocytes in response to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, pokeweed mitogen, and peanut agglutinin. Fish showing signs of recovery had a lower response than affected fish but the response was still significantly higher than in healthy fish without ulcerations. The significant augmentation of the proliferative responses to mitogens indicated a polyclonal activation of lymphocytes in fish suffering from UDS. The possible impact of lymphocyte activation on the development of the observed granulomatous reactions associated with the disease remains to be determined.
Adenosine echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Adenosine is a naturally occurring vasodilator which has been used for the induction of maximal coronary hyperaemia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and in conjunction with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Its use as a stress agent with echocardiography is dependent upon the development of coronary steal. The sensitivity of adenosine stress echocardiography has been reported to be quite variable, depending on the nature of the population studied. However, in individuals without previous myocardial infarction, the test has a poor sensitivity, particularly in patients with single vessel coronary disease. Moreover, although the agent is safe, troublesome side effects are frequent. The combination of lower sensitivity than competing techniques, side effects, and cost do not favour the combination of adenosine stress with echocardiography.
Antihypertensive effects of fluoxetine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan in rats.

Abstract The combination of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (10 mg/kg) significantly lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in rats made hypertensive by treatment with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) and saline. Fluoxetine alone also had a significant effect on blood pressure in DOCA hypertensive rats, but not as great an effect as the combination. Since fluoxetine is an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake and 5-HTP is the serotonin precursor, the antihypertensive effect of this drug combination strengthens previous evidence that serotonin neurons have a role in the central regulation of blood pressure.
Hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes for treating MTBE-contaminated water.

Soluble contaminants with low Henry's constant, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), require innovative solutions for water treatment. Given the increased frequency at which MTBE is detected at contaminated sites, the development of new technologies is of considerable relevance. Hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes (HFM), used in industrial and medical applications, have interesting physicochemical properties that make them particularly suitable to deal with these contaminants. The hydrophobicity of the fiber maintains adequate separation between aqueous and gaseous phases, permitting an efficient separation of volatile and semivolatile compounds from water to gas. The hollow nature of the fiber and its high porosity permit high rates of mass transfer across the membrane. The mass transfer process can be accelerated using pervaporation and by increasing the solution's temperature to increase the Henry's constant and the overall mass transfer coefficient. In these studies, we evaluate the removal efficiency of MTBE from water using a commercial HFM module and develop the corresponding dimensionless mass transfer correlations necessary for the design of industrial-scale systems. We found that the Leveque correlation for the tube-side mass transfer coefficient is in general applicable for MTBE pervaporation through a hydrophobic HFM. MTBE removal is a strong function of membrane length, water flowrate, and solution temperature but is almost independent of gas-phase parameters.
Excitation of an ion-acoustic wave by two whistlers

Abstract The beat frequency excitation of an ion-acoustic wave in a collisional, weakly inhomogeneous plasma by two parallel or antiparallel beams of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating in the extraordinary mode along a uniform, static magnetic field is investigated.
Uptake of Phenylalanine by Tetrahymena pyriformis

THE nutritional requirements of Tetrahymena pyriformis are well known, and it can be cultured in a chemically defined medium. Nevertheless, some aspects of its feeding are still not clear. In nature the organisms are believed to feed phagotrophically on bacteria1. In synthetic media, however, food vacuoles are rarely seen. Although Seaman2 found that vacuole formation could be stimulated by the addition of proteose peptone-yeast extract to the medium, the phagotrophic activity induced was not sufficient to supply the energy requirements of the organisms.
Anisotropic strain in SmSe and SmTe: implications for electronic transport

Mixed valence rare-earth samarium compounds $\mathrm{Sm}X$ ($X=\text{Se,Te}$) have been recently proposed as candidate materials for use in high-speed, low-power digital switches driven by stress induced changes of resistivity. At room temperature these materials exhibit a pressure driven insulator-to-metal transition with resistivity decreasing by up to seven orders of magnitude over a small pressure range. Thus, the application of only a few GPa's to the piezoresistor ($\mathrm{Sm}X$) allows the switching device to perform complex logic. Here we study from first principles the electronic properties of these compounds under uniaxial strain and discuss the implications for carrier transport. Based on changes in the band structure and a model we show that the piezoresistive response is mostly governed by the reduction of band gap with strain. Furthermore, the piezoresistive reponse becomes optimal when the Fermi level is pinned near the localized valence band. The piezoresistive effect under uniaxial strain, which must be taken into account in thin films and other systems with reduced dimensionality, is also studied. Under uniaxial strain we find that the piezoresistive response can be substantially larger than in the isotropic case. Analysis of the complex band structure of SmSe yields a tunneling length of the order of 1 nm. This suggest that the conduction mechanism governing the piezoresistive effect in bulk, i.e., thermal promotion of electrons, should still be dominant in few-nanometer-thick films.
On rigorous upper bounds to a global optimum

In branch and bound algorithms in constrained global optimization, a sharp upper bound on the global optimum is important for the overall efficiency of the branch and bound process. Software to find local optimizers, using floating point arithmetic, often computes an approximately feasible point close to an actual global optimizer. Not mathematically rigorous algorithms can simply evaluate the objective at such points to obtain approximate upper bounds. However, such points may actually be slightly infeasible, and the corresponding objective values may be slightly smaller than the global optimum. A consequence is that actual optimizers are occasionally missed, while the algorithm returns an approximate optimum and corresponding approximate optimizer that is occasionally far away from an actual global optimizer. In mathematically rigorous algorithms, objective values are accepted as upper bounds only if the point of evaluation is proven to be feasible. Such computational proofs of feasibility have been weak points in mathematically rigorous algorithms. This paper first reviews previously proposed automatic proofs of feasibility, then proposes an alternative technique. The alternative technique is tried on a test set that caused trouble for previous techniques, and is also employed in a mathematically rigorous branch and bound algorithm on that test set.
Principles of Organic Contaminant Behavior During Artificial Recharge

Abstract The behavior of a variety of organic contaminants having low molecular weight has been observed during groundwater recharge with reclaimed water. The evidence is site-specific, but is believed to have broader implications regarding the general behavior of organic contaminants in groundwater. The movement of specific contaminants such as chloroform and chlorobenzene is retarded with respect to that of a conservative tracer such as chloride. The measured retardation factors are approximately 3 and 35 for chloroform and chlorobenzene, respectively. The retardation is caused by the sorption of the solute, apparently by the organic constituents of the soil material. The magnitude of the retardation factor of an organic solute can be predicted approximately from knowledge of the organic carbon content of the aquifer material and the octanol-water partition coefficient of the solute. Sorption also contributes to attenuation (damping) of concentration fluctuations. It is shown that the degree of attenuation depends strongly on the retardation factor, the distance traveled, and the hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifer. There is evidence of biodegradation of organic solutes in the vicinity of the recharge well.
Biomarker development for C9orf72 repeat expansion in ALS.

Abstract The expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in the non-coding region of the C9orf72 gene on chromosome 9p21 has been discovered as the cause of approximately 20–50% of familial and up to 5–20% of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases, making this the most common known genetic mutation of ALS to date. At the same time, it represents the most common genetic mutation in frontotemporal dementia (FTD; 10–30%). Because of the high prevalence of mutant C9orf72, pre-clinical efforts in identifying therapeutic targets and developing novel therapeutics for this mutation are highly pursued in the hope of providing a desperately needed disease-modifying treatment for ALS patients, as well as other patient populations affected by the C9orf72 mutation. The current lack of effective treatments for ALS is partially due to the lack of appropriate biomarkers that aide in assessing drug efficacy during clinical trials independent of clinical outcome measures, such as increased survival. In this review we will summarize the opportunities for biomarker development specifically targeted to the newly discovered C9orf72 repeat expansion. While drugs are being developed for this mutation, it will be crucial to provide a reliable biomarker to accompany the clinical development of these novel therapeutic interventions to maximize the chances of a successful clinical trial. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis.
Science, reform, and the ‘science of reform’: Booker T Washington, Robert Park, and the making of a ‘science of society’

This article examines how Robert Park’s work, first at the American Congo Reform Association (ACRA) as a secretary/publicity agent and later at Tuskegee Institute as Booker T Washington’s researcher, ghostwriter, and co-author, influenced how he conceptualized what academic sociology could do and should be. Once he secured an academic position at the University of Chicago, Park, like many of his peers, sought to establish his difference from and superiority over practical reformers by defining his object of study – society – as a ‘social organism’ which was governed by natural laws. Park’s definition of sociology and its object of study made it possible not only to exclude non-academic researchers from the discipline but also to place his own actions as a ‘reformer’ (i.e. imperial consultant at Tuskegee and the ACRA) beyond scholarly inquiry. Park’s relationship to Washington helps to explain the relationship between sociology’s separation from the reform movement and the erasure of colonialism and imperi...
Simultaneous removal of organic matter and salt ions from saline wastewater in bioelectrochemical systems

Abstract A new bioelectrochemical system is proposed for simultaneous removal of salinity and organic matter. In this process, exoelectrogenic microorganisms oxidize organic matter and transfer electrons to the anode, hydrogen is evolved at the cathode by supplying additional voltage, and salt is removed from the wastewater due to the electric potential generated and the use of two ion-exchange membranes. Salinity removal (initial conductivity ~ 40 mS/cm) increased from 21 to 84% by increasing the substrate (sodium acetate) from 2 to 8 g/L. A total of 72–94% of the chemical oxygen demand was degraded in the anode and cathode chambers, with 1–4% left in the anode chamber and the balance lost through the anion-exchange membrane into the concentrate waste chamber. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 3.6 m 3 -H 2 /m 3 -electrolyte per day at an applied potential of 1.2 V. The Coulombic efficiency was ~ 100%, while the cathode recovery varied from 57 to 100%, depending on the extent of methanogenesis. Exoelectrogenic microbes generated high current densities (7.8 mA/cm 2 ) at ≤ 36 g/L of total dissolved solids, but > 41 g/L eliminated current. These results provide a new method for achieving simultaneous removal of salinity and organic matter from a saline wastewater with H 2 production.
Guided Imagery Use in Nursing Education

Guided Imagery has many uses in Nursing Education. Imagery is taught to nursing students for independent use as anxiety reduction and stress management and transfer of psychomotor skill performance from the learning laboratory to the clinical setting.
Identifying segments with identical choice behaviors across product categories: An Intercategory Logit Mixture model

Abstract Because consumers are limited information processors seeking to conserve cognitive energy, it is likely that at least some use identical decision heuristics across product categories. This study develops a finite mixture logit model that identifies segments of households with identical behaviors across product categories. The proposed model is shown to fit in-sample choices and forecast out-of-sample choices at least as well as an unrestricted model in which all choice behaviors are independent across product categories. The results show that about 32% of the sample households have choice behaviors that are identical across at least two of the three product categories studied, while the remaining households have choice behaviors that are independent across all three categories. The empirical results show that the segment with identical behaviors is quite price sensitive, not at all sensitive to store feature advertising, and not very brand- or size-loyal. These households are more likely to have larger families and marginally lower incomes and to shop less frequently and spend less per shopping trip. They are also lighter users in two of the three product categories investigated. Implications of the model for manufacturers and retailers are discussed.
Coronary arterial aneurysm formation after balloon angioplasty

The mechanism of coronary stenosis dilatation by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is incompletely understood. Five men who developed coronary arterial aneurysms at the site of PTCA are described. All patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV at the time of PTCA. In 2 patients acute myocardial infarction was evolving and both had acute coronary occlusion. The other 3 patients had angiographic evidence of intimal disruption or acute coronary reocclusion as a result of PTCA, one of whom had undergone emergency coronary artery bypass grafting. Three patients received intracoronary streptokinase during PTCA. One patient was asymptomatic and 4 were symptomatic when the aneurysms were identified between 11 days and 4 months after PTCA. Other than the complex course and anatomy of these patients before and immediately after PTCA, no other features distinguished them from others undergoing this procedure.
Sodium balance of the red river pupfish Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis

Abstract 1. 1. Serum Na concentration, total body Na concentration and 22Na space averaged higher in Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis acclimated to a hyperosmotic medium than to a hypoosmotic medium. Extracellular (inulin) space and total body water were unchanged in the two media. 2. 2. Na turnover rate was 43·2 and 17·2% hr−1; and drinking rate was 14·4 and 2·0 ml/kg b.w. hr−1 in hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic media, respectively. 3. 3. Tolerance of a high intracellular Na concentration was considered the most important factor in the euryhalinity of this fish.
SATBOT I: Prototype of a biomorphic autonomous spacecraft

Our goal is to produce a prototype of an autonomous satellite robot, SATBOT. This robot differs from conventional robots in that it has three degrees of freedom, uses magnetics to direct the motion, and needs a zero gravity environment. The design integrates the robot`s structure and a biomorphic (biological morphology) control system to produce a survival-oriented vehicle that adapts to an unknown environment. Biomorphic systems, loosely modeled after biological systems, use simple analog circuitry, low power, and are microprocessor independent. These analog networks called Nervous Networks (Nv), are used to solve real-time controls problems. The Nv approach to problem solving in the robotics has produced many surprisingly capable machines which exhibit emergent behavior. The network can be designed to respond to positive or negative inputs from a sensor and produce a desired directed motion. The fluidity and direction of motion is set by the neurons and is inherent to the structure of the device. The robot is designed to orient itself with respect to a local magnetic field; to direct its attitude toward the greatest source of light; and robustly recover from variations in the local magnetic field, power source, or structural stability. This design uses a two neuron network which acts as a push-pull controller for the actuator (air core coil), and two sun sensors (photodiodes) as bias inputs to the neuron. The effect of sensor activation as it relates to an attractive or repulsive torque (directional motion) is studied. A discussion of this system`s power (energy) efficiency and frequency, noise immunity, and some dynamic characteristics is presented.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship of Transition Preparation and Self-Determination for Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Educational Settings

This study examined the relationship between high school transition preparation (school and family based) and self-determination among postsecondary students with disabilities. Seventy-six particip...
Light trapping in plasmonic photovoltaics

Plasmonic and nanophotonic structures enable the manipulation and molding of light in nanoscale devices. These nanostructures are designed and integrated to achieve broadband photocurrent enhancement in ultrathin film photovoltaics.
Stanley depth of squarefree monomial ideals

In this paper, we answer a question posed by Y.H. Shen. We prove that if I is an m-generated squarefree monomial ideal in the polynomial ring S=K[x1,…,xn] with K a field, then sdepthI⩾n−⌊m/2⌋. The proof is inductive and uses the correspondence between a Stanley decomposition of a monomial ideal and a partition of a particular poset into intervals established by Herzog, Vladoiu and Zheng.
The effect of seasonality, density and climate on the population dynamics of Montana deer mice, important reservoir hosts for Sin Nombre hantavirus

1. Since Sin Nombre virus was discovered in the U.S. in 1993, longitudinal studies of the rodent reservoir host, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) have demonstrated a qualitative correlation among mouse population dynamics and risk of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans, indicating the importance of understanding deer mouse population dynamics for evaluating risk of HPS. 2. Using capture-mark-recapture statistical methods on a 15-year data set from Montana, we estimated deer mouse survival, maturation and recruitment rates and tested the relative importance of seasonality, population density and local climate in explaining temporal variation in deer mouse demography. 3. From these estimates, we designed a population model to simulate deer mouse population dynamics given climatic variables and compared the model to observed patterns. 4. Month, precipitation 5 months previously, temperature 5 months previously and to a lesser extent precipitation and temperature in the current month, were important in determining deer mouse survival. Month, the sum of precipitation over the last 4 months, and the sum of the temperature over the last 4 months were important in determining recruitment rates. Survival was more important in determining the growth rate of the population than recruitment. 5. While climatic drivers appear to have a complex influence on dynamics, our forecasts were good. Our quantitative model may allow public health officials to better predict increased human risk from basic climatic data.
Complex regulation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression by interleukin 4(IL-4): IL-4 indirectly suppresses receptor activator of NF -kappaB ligand (RANKL)- mediated TRAP expression but modestly induces its expression directly

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) inhibits receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and functional activity in a STAT6-dependent manner. IL-4 down-regulates expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in mature osteoclasts. To determine whether IL-4 regulates TRAP promoter activity, RAW264.7 cells were transfected with a TRAP promoter-luciferase reporter. Treatment with IL-4 alone modestly enhanced TRAP luciferase activity. However, IL-4 suppressed the ability of RANKL to up-regulate TRAP-luciferase activity, suggesting that IL-4 has multiple effects on TRAP transcription. IL-4 also reduced the RANKL-induced association of RNA polymerase II with the TRAP gene in osteoclasts. The TRAP promoter contains a STAT6-binding motif, and STAT6 bound to the endogenous TRAP promoter after IL-4 treatment. To determine the impact of STAT6 binding, we transfected cells with STAT6VT, a constitutively active STAT6 mutant. STAT6VT alone up-regulated TRAP-luciferase activity; this effect was abrogated by mutating the STAT6 binding site in the minimal TRAP promoter. STAT6VT did not inhibit the potent up-regulation of TRAP promoter activity caused by overexpression of NFATc1, PU.1, and microphthalmia transcription factor, downstream targets of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL. IL-4 down-regulated the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in mature osteoclasts. Knockdown of NFATc1 by short interfering RNA caused TRAP expression to be down-regulated, and ectopic expression of NFATc1 abrogated the IL-4-induced down-regulation of TRAP. These results suggest that STAT6 plays two distinct roles in TRAP expression. The IL-4-induced activation of STAT6 mediates suppression of the RANKL-induced TRAP promoter activity indirectly by inhibiting NFATc1 expression. However, in the absence of RANKL and osteoclast differentiation, STAT6 binds the TRAP promoter after IL-4 treatment and directly enhances TRAP expression.
New Developments in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The traditional concept of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is that the heart is squeezed between the sternum and the spine during external cardiac massage to create a pressure gradient that forces blood from the heart to the periphery. Although the heart may actually be squeezed in some persons by this maneuver, a newer view of CPR holds that closed-chest compression produces a generalized rise in intrathoracic pressure that is applied to the pulmonary vascular bed as well as the heart. Thus, the heart does not serve primarily as a pump during external cardiac massage but instead acts as a conduit for blood from the lungs. Furthermore, flow into extrathoracic vessels depends on their tendency to remain open or to collapse: forward flow occurs across the head during CPR because a pressure gradient is developed between the carotid artery and the more compressible jugular vein. These ideas have potential clinical implications and greatly increase our understanding of the physiology of CPR. ( JAMA 244:1366-1370, 1980)
The optimal policy rule under rational expectations and multiplier uncertainty

Abstract This paper shows the role of macro policy under multiplier uncertainty when expectations are rational and the supply structure is affected by price level variance. Policy less is a function of price level variance and possibly of the expected price level. If the letter argument is omitted from the less function, optimal policy simply minimizes the horizontal variance of the aggregate demand curve. If it is not omitted, the level of policy depends on the responsiveness of the supply structure to price level variance, and there may be multiple local policy optima.
Enantiocontrolled synthesis of (S)-3-substituted cycloalkanones from (s)-2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)-2-cycloalkenones and diorganomagnesium reagents.

Abstract By appropriate choice of reaction conditions, the same enantiomerically pure ( S )-(+)-2-( p -tolylsulfinyl)cycloalkenone can be converted into either an ( R )-or an ( S )-3-substituted cycloalkanone in good to excellent enantiomeric purity.
Cool-Season Grass Development Response to Accumulated Temperature under a Range of Temperature Regimes

leaf appearance in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), and tall wheatgrass [Elytrigia ported that spring vegetative growth of tall fescue and elongata (Host) Nevski] showed a close linear relationship with accu- cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was related to accumulated temperature, within each temperature regime. The interval mulated temperature and suggested that this relationbetween appearance of successive leaves on seedling mainstem (phyl- ship could be used to predict spring growth. Accumulochron) was increased by increased average daily temperature. In lated temperature values may be a more useful tool for seedlings grown under a 15.0 and 0.0C temperature regime, phyllo- prediction of onset or termination of growth than a sinchron was increased linearly by up to four 15-h exposures to 5.0 or gle threshold temperature because they integrate day7.5Cdark-cycletemperaturesinsuccessive24-hperiods.Theeffects to-day temperature variation through use of short-term of variation in mean daily temperature and of plant exposure to belowhistoric (within cropping cycle) data. By convention, freezing temperature on phyllochron should be considered if accumulated temperature is used to predict development stage of cool-season GDD accumulation for cool-season grasses and cereals grasses in the field. is calculated as the accumulation above a mean daily temperature of 0C and this may be justified by observations that leaf growth in many temperate forage species
Role of Th1-stimulating cytokines in bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced macrophage cytotoxicity against mouse bladder cancer MBT-2 cells.

Previously, we have demonstrated that macrophages exhibited cytotoxicity toward mouse bladder cancer MBT-2 cells upon bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) stimulation. In this study, we have investigated the role of Th1-stimulating cytokines in BCG-induced macrophage cytotoxicity. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were used as a conventional source for macrophages and the induction of PEC effector functions (cytolytic activity and cytokine production) by BCG was evaluated in vitro. The BCG-activated PECs showed potent cytotoxicity and killed MBT-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, or both, in PEC preparations exhibited a marginal or small reduction of MBT-2 cell killing, suggesting that macrophages played a primary role in PEC cytotoxicity. Transwell assays indicated that the maximal PEC cytotoxicity required both direct cell-cell contact and soluble factors such as interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Neutralizing endogenous cytokines interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha reduced PEC cytotoxicity by 38%, 22%, 15% and 94%, respectively. Supplementation of BCG with recombinant (r)IL-2, rIL-12 or rIL-18 increased PEC cytotoxicity by approximately twofold. Compared with control BCG for PEC stimulation, rBCGs expressing IL-2 or IL-18 showed enhanced MBT-2 cell killing by PECs. Increased cytokine production (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-6) was also observed in rBCG-stimulated PEC cultures. Taken together, these results suggest that Th1-stimulating cytokines play an important role in BCG-induced macrophage cytotoxicity and that combination of BCG with selected Th1-stimulating cytokines, either supplemented or expressed by BCG, may enhance the effect of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer patients.
Collegiate Athletes and Career Identity.

Given the unique experiences of collegiate athletes and the need to facilitate their transition as they complete postsecondary education and join the workforce, the present study sought to evaluate a group-administered career development program at a US university focused on preparing students for the transition into professional life upon graduation. Utilizing the quantitative portion of the Life After Sport Scale, we surveyed National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student athletes to examine the relationship between attending the career intervention sessions and career-athlete identity. Results suggested that attending one or more program session workshops was not significantly related to career-athlete identity, while student gender had the strongest association with this potentially important construct in student athlete career development. Research and practice implications of these findings are discussed.
Carcinoid tumors of the appendix: a population-based study.

Background Carcinoid tumors of the appendix are rare, and as such there are few data guiding their optimal treatment. Methods The analysis included all patients with malignant, typical carcinoid tumor of the appendix for whom complete data were available in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 1988 and 2003. Clinicopathologic factors predicting lymph node (LN) involvement and survival were determined. Results LN metastases were present in 44 of 89 patients (49%), including 4 of 27 patients (15%) with tumors ≤ 1.0 cm, 16 of 34 patients (47%) with tumors > 1.0 cm but ≤ 2.0 cm, and 24 of 28 patients (86%) with tumors >2.0 cm. Increasing tumor size predicted LN involvement, whereas age, gender, and depth of tumor invasion did not. Excluding patients with distant metastasis (DM), the 10-year overall survival rates of patients with positive LNs and tumor sizes ≤1.0 cm, >1.0 cm but ≤2.0 cm, and >2.0 cm were 100%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. Conclusions Right hemicolectomy should be considered for patients with appendiceal carcinoid tumors >1.0 cm in size given their high incidence of LN metastases and limited data concerning the natural history of unresected LN metastases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:41–44. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nosocomial legionnaires disease in a children's hospital.

Between August 1982 and December 1985, seven patients at a children's hospital developed hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila . Demographic data included the following: mean age 12.3 years (range 9 months to 20.5 years); male/female ratio 5:2; all patients were white. Some previously identified risk factors present in our patients included highdose corticosteroid therapy (five patients), other immunosuppressive therapy (four), and chronic lung (five) or kidney (three) disease. Symptoms and signs included rapid onset, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and headache. Rhinitis, myalgia, and neurologic abnormalities were not noted. Chest roentgenograms revealed single-lobe consolidation in three patients, diffuse bilateral alveolar infiltrates in three, and pleural effusion in three. All patients were treated with erythromycin; three patients also received rifampin. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were required by four patients. Six patients improved after therapy. One child died of persistent lung disease 1 month after the onset of legionnaires disease. L. pneumophila was isolated from potable water in the hospital. Aerosol equipment cleansed with tap water and the showers were implicated as means of exposure by patients to contaminated potable water. No new nosocomial cases were seen after immunocompromised children were prohibited from taking showers, and sterile water was used to cleanse equipment for administering aerosol medications.
The Thyristor Electronic Transformer: a Power Converter Using a High-Frequency Link

The electronic transformer is a device which behaves in the same manner as a conventional power transformer in that it steps voltage levels up or down while providing isolation and can accommodate load current of any power factor. It contains thyristor power switches which convert the low-frequency (dc to 400-Hz) voltage wave to a high-frequency (in the order of 10 000 Hz) wave. A comparatively small magnetic transformer then provides the voltage level transformation and isolation functions. Similar thyristor power switches then reconstruct the original low-frequency wave at the desired output voltage level. This device can incorporate additional features not found in a conventional transformer, such as current limiting and current interruption. The theory of operation is presented and confirmed by experimental data.