cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The functional group on (E)-4,4′–disubstituted stilbenes influences toxicity and antioxidative activity in differentiated PC-12 cells

This work probes the relationship between stilbene functional group and biological activity. The biological activity of synthesized stilbenes (E)-4,4'-dicyanostilbene, (E)-4,4'-diacetylstilbene, (E)-4,4'-diaminostilbene, a novel stilbene, 1,1'-(vinylenedi-p-phenylene)diethanol, and (E)-stilbene was assessed at biologically relevant nanomolar concentrations using the MTS cell viability assay in differentiated PC-12 cells under optimal culture conditions and conditions of oxidative stress. Under optimal culture conditions the synthesized stilbene derivatives were found to be non-toxic to cells at concentrations up to 10 μg/ml. To mimic oxidative stress, the activity of these stilbene derivatives in the presence of 0.03% H2O2 was investigated. Stilbene derivatives with electron-withdrawing functional groups were 2-3 times more toxic than the H2O2 control, indicating that they may form toxic metabolites in the presence of H2O2. Fluorescence data supported that stilbene derivatives with electron-withdrawing functional groups, (E)-4,4'-dicyanostilbene and (E)-4,4'-diacetylstilbene, may react with H2O2. In contrast, the stilbene derivative with a strong electron-donating functional group, (E)-4,4'-diaminostilbene, rescued neurons from H2O2-induced toxicity. The DPPH assay confirmed that (E)-4,4'-diaminostilbene is able to scavenge free radicals. These data indicate that the Hammett value of the functional group correlates with the biological activity of (E)-4,4'-disubstituted stilbenes in differentiated PC-12 cells.
A prospective study to examine the influence of secondary health conditions on vocational rehabilitation client employment outcomes.

Abstract Background Adults with disabilities experience a variety of secondary health conditions that have a negative association with employment. Vocational rehabilitation (VR) provides one possible access point for providing health promotion activities to help clients manage these conditions. Objective To build the case for providing health promotion services in the VR setting, this research assesses how secondary health conditions impact employment closures over time for VR clients. Specifically, we hypothesize that higher rates of secondary conditions will be negatively associated with employment outcomes at 18 months. Methods VR clients with physical disability (n = 162) provided longitudinal data at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months. Two binary logistic regression models used self-report data to predict employment outcomes. The first model used explanatory variables measured at baseline or prior to receiving VR services, and the second model measured variables after 18 months in the VR program. Both models included variables to control for demographic characteristics, disability severity, baseline employment, and receipt of social insurance payments. The second model also included variables to account for VR services received. Results Both models showed that higher reported rates of secondary conditions were associated with lower probabilities of employment (p = .012; p = .022). The expanded model also showed that receipt of counseling services through VR increased the probability of employment (p = .04) and that receipt of medical services through VR reduced the probability of employment (p = .02). Conclusions VR can improve client employment outcomes through expanded counseling and guidance services or possibly through improved access to health promotion programming that helps clients manage secondary health conditions.
On the physicochemistry of plaque calcification and the phase composition of dental calculus.

The main constituents of human dental calculus are a carbonate containing apatite and a Mg and Zn containing Whitlockite. A third important component is octocalcium phosphate. If the salivary pH is low enough, human dental calculus can also contain dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. According to the physicochemical model of calculus formation, dental calculus must contain calcite as the main component in animals having a high salivary pH. This hypothesis appeared to be valid for a salivary pH of 8 or higher (dogs, miniature pigs, domestic pigs). The physicochemical model implies that resting plaque has certain periods in which it has a higher pH than the saliva and the crevicular fluid in which it is bathed. Literature data provide evidence of such a higher pH, probably caused by proteolysis resulting in the formation of urea, ammonia, and amines by the plaque bacteria. The importance of this mechanism is supported by the fact that protease activity in saliva and dental calculus index are correlated positively (Watanabe et al. 1982). Finally, the importance of saliva as a source of urea and the application of urea rinses in dentistry are discussed.
Torulopsis glabrata fungemia as a complication of a clotted transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Torulopsis glabrata fungemia developed in a patient with a clotted transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) 11 months after placement. Fungemia persisted despite treatment with amphotericin B. On autopsy, T. glabrata was found in the thrombus occluding the TIPS and extending into the splenic and portal vein. TIPS infections may be considered in patients with fungemia.
A perspective on the treatment of lyme borreliosis

Lyme borreliosis has become the most common tick-borne infection in the United States. Although both beta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics have been shown to be effective in the treatment of this spirochetosis, the development of optimal therapeutic modalities has been hampered by the lack of reliable microbiologic or immunologic criteria for the diagnosis or cure of this infection. In vitro sensitivity studies have been performed by several laboratories, but there has been no standardization of the methodology for measuring either inhibitory or bactericidal levels. Clinical studies have documented the efficacy of antibiotics, but therapy has failed in as many as 50% of cases of chronic infection. Although new antibiotic regimens appear promising, the optimal treatment of this infectious disease remains to be determined. In this report we review the clinical and experimental rationale for the antibiotic regimens that we currently use and the need for a more standardized approach to treatment trials.
Learning from systems biology: An “Omics” approach to materials design

An understanding of systems biology provides an excellent paradigm for the materials scientist. Ultimately one would like to take an “atoms-applications” approach to materials design. This paper describes how the concepts of genomics, proteomics, and other biological behavior which form the foundations of modern biology can be applied to materials design through materials informatics.
The possible reflection of mantle discontinuities in Pacific geoid and bathymetry

Geoid anomalies over the Pacific plate show lineated undulations approximately oriented in the direction of absolute plate motion. Conventional spectral analyses have revealed a broad range of dominant wavelengths, but as filtering is direction-dependent, results are difficult to interpret. Here, we present a new approach designed to quantify the correlation between the geoid undulations and Pacific plate motion. We calculate the spatial correlation between geoid lineations and arbitrarily oriented, axisymmetric sinusoidal undulations of given wavelength. The pole ( i.e., the orientation) of the sinusoid which maximizes the correlation is determined. The distance between this pole and the Pacific hotspot pole is calculated and represents a measure of how well a geoid lineation of a given wavelength aligns with Pacific plate motion. This distance varies with undulation wavelength and has discrete minima for several wavebands. These minima, moreover, occur at wavelengths whose values are remarkably close to the depths of seismically inferred mantle discontinuities. A similar analysis of available bathymetry corroborates these findings. If these correlations are significant, they suggest that geoid (and bathymetry) undulations are influenced by mantle structure and thus are likely to reflect mantle dynamics.
The "shadow effect" in colloid transport and deposition dynamics in granular porous media: measurements and mechanisms.

The role of hydrodynamic and colloidal interactions in the transport and deposition dynamics of colloidal particles in granular porous media is systematically investigated. Colloid transport experiments were conducted with three suspensions of positively charged colloidal latex particles (133, 288, and 899 nm in diameter) and negatively charged packed quartz grains. The column experiments were carried out under a wide range of solution ionic strengths (10-5.5−10-2.0 M) and approach velocities (10-4.5−10-2.5 m/s) until a complete breakthrough was attained, thus allowing unambiguous determination of the maximum attainable surface coverage for each deposition run. Results show that the rate of blocking and the maximum attainable surface coverage are determined by a unique interplay between flow intensity, particle size, and solution ionic strength. It is suggested that the tangential or shear component of the fluid flow around collector grains creates a “shadow zone” on the collector surface down gradient of...
Measles virus entry through the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule governs efficacy of mantle cell lymphoma radiovirotherapy.

We developed here a vaccine-identical measles virus (MV) as an oncolytic agent against mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is difficult to cure but radiosensitive. We armed the virus with the sodium-iodide symporter, which concentrates iodide within infected cells enabling noninvasive imaging and combination radiovirotherapy. Through high-resolution in vivo and ex vivo imaging, we visualized the spread of infections in primary and metastatic tumors for over 2 weeks after therapy, documenting homogeneous virus seeding and spread restricted to perfused tissue. Infection of metastases was more rapid and intense than primary tumors, achieving isotope uptake within about threefold the efficiency of the thyroid. Virotherapy combined with systemic 131I resulted in more rapid disease regression than either therapy alone. In addition to ubiquitous CD46, vaccine MV retains cell entry through its immune cell-specific receptor signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM). We asked whether both receptors could sustain effective oncolysis of MCL. Strikingly, only SLAM-dependent entry sustained efficient viral spread, tumor regression, and prolonged survival. These observations shift the focus of future clinical trials to SLAM-expressing hematologic malignancies and suggest that oncolytic vectors may depend on tissue-specific receptors for both cell entry and activation of responses assisting their replication.
Sulfur Dioxide Treatment of Secondary sewage: Effect on Viruses

Abstract Many resources and much effort has been devoted to viral inactivation studies due to potential serious health implications associated with viral contamination. Sulfur dioxide has been evaluated to determine its potential to inactivate reovirus and poliovirus. Reovirus (PIV or IV) in wastewater was inactivated with SO 2 treatment by 90%. Poliovirus in wastewater was ionactivated by 97% with a 500 mg/L SO 2 treatment.
Interaction of nucleophiles with the enzymatically-activated carcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and with the model ester, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.

A new method was devised to study adduct formation of N-acetyl-L-methionine (N-Ac-met) with activated species of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-2-AAF). Following degradation of the adducts, the isomeric methylthio derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) were separated and quantified by h.p.l.c. With the use of this method the nucleophilicity of N-Ac-met toward enzymatically produced N-acetoxy and N-sulfonoxy derivatives of 2-AF and 2-AAF, respectively, and toward the synthetic model ester, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OAc-2-AAF), was determined. For comparison, the interaction of tRNA and polyguanylic acid (poly G) with the above compounds was measured by standard procedures. tRNA was an efficient acceptor of enzymatically formed N-acetoxy and N-sulfonoxy derivatives as well as of N-OAc-2-AAF. The nucleophilicity of N-Ac-met toward enzymatically formed N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF was comparable with that of tRNA. However, its reactivity with N-OAc-2-AAF and enzymatically generated N-acetoxy-2-aminofluorene (N-OAc-2-AF) was only 20% of that of tRNA. Poly G was as reactive as tRNA toward synthetic N-OAc-2-AAF and enzymatically generated N-OAc-2-AF but was only 25% as efficient as tRNA or N-Ac-met in accepting enzymatically formed N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF. The difference in the interaction of the three nucleophiles with N-OAc-2-AAF and N-OAc-2-AF compared with N-sulfonoxy-2-AAF indicate that N-OAc-2-AAF is not a general model of the ultimate electrophilic metabolites of 2-AAF. Studies of the kinetics of the interaction of N-OAc-2-AAF with N-Ac-met, tRNA and poly G demonstrated dependence of adduct formation on nucleophile concentration, indicative of a bimolecular mechanism. Arylamidonium or nitrenium ions are therefore not necessarily the ultimate electrophilic metabolites of 2-AAF obligatory for interaction with cellular nucleophiles. There was no evidence that nitrenium ions are intermediates in the cytosolic reduction of N-OH-2-AAF to 2-AAF.
Arthroscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Osteochondrosis in the Equine Shoulder Joint

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and subchondral cyst-like lesions in 13 shoulders of 11 horses were treated arthroscopically by curettage and lavage. Lameness decreased in all 11 horses. Nine horses were sound, five of them athletically sound, after 5 to 20 months. Complications included the development of subchondral cyst-like lesions and signs of degenerative joint disease. Arthroscopic surgery of the equine shoulder can be done through two portals, one for the arthroscope and one for an instrument. A few hand instruments such as a probe, Ferris-Smith rongeurs, and small, large, and right-angled curettes are needed to debride most lesions. Motorized equipment can expedite the process.
Specificity patterns of Agrobacterium tumefaciens phages

Lysogeny was not detected in 10 strains of A. tumefaciens by plating techniques or ultra-violet induction. Fifteen phages were isolated from raw sewage against 13 cultures of A. tumefaciens and purified by single-plaque selections. No phage lysed all of the strains of A. tumefaciens tested; one phage lysed only a single strain; 2 other phages attacked 7 strains. Ten of the 15 phages lysed no more than 3 strains. Three host strains showed identical phage susceptibilities. No relationship was noted between susceptibility to phage and ability of a strain to incite crown galls.
Pliocene-climate history of the western united states derived from lacustrine ostracodes

Abstract Pliocene sediments from several sites in western North America contain ostracodes indicating deposition in lacustrine and wetland settings. The ostracodes offer a means of reconstructing the aquatic paleoenvironment. Because water temperature, chemistry, and lake volume are coupled to climate, reconstruction of these parameters provides a direct insight into Pliocene climate. The site ages were determined from tephrochronology, paleomagnetics, and associated mammals. The morphology of many ostracode species also provides direct information about the paleoenvironment in which they lived. During the Pliocene (about 3.5-2.5 Ma) some species have unusually ornate carapace morphology indicative of large geologically stable lakes, which must have required a stable climate to sustain them. North American Pliocene climate changed from a modern-like state 4.5-3.5 Ma to a period with greater precipitation and less evaporation than today, 3.5-2.5 Ma. This wetter period, inferred from the large geologically long-lived lakes, implies a stable atmospheric circulation pattern. The stable circulation pattern collapsed around 2.5 Ma and climate returned to a modern-like situation.
A Higher-Order Continuum Model for Elastic Media with Multiphased Microstructure

The conventional continuum theory is inadequate for modeling materials with microstructures when the characteristic dimension of the microstructure is comparable to the characteristic length of deformation or wave length. In this paper, a systematic procedure was introduced to construct higher-order microstructure continuum theories. A microstructure continuum theory that employs separate kinematic variables for individual phases of the microstructure was used to study wave propagation in layered media. Further, correction factors were introduced to compensate for the errors resulting from the displacement approximation adopted in developing the high order microstructure continuum theory and to ensure that, at long wave lengths, the phase velocity predicted by the microstructure theory converges to the exact solution. For comparison purposes, dispersion curves for wave propagation in layered media were also calculated using the micromorphic continuum theory which employs only one kinematic variable for ma...
Ranitidine-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis With Epithelial Cell Foot Process Fusion

Although acute interstitial nephritis has been well described with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, we found only one previous case report of ranitidine-induced interstitial nephritis in the literature. We describe an additional patient who developed acute interstitial nephritis after taking ranitidine. Electron microscopy showed focal fusion of the epithelial cell foot processes that was not described in the previous report of ranitidine-induced interstitial nephritis.
Age-related slowing in cognitive processing speed is associated with myelin integrity in a very healthy elderly sample

Performance on measures of cognitive processing speed (CPS) slows with age, but the biological basis associated with this cognitive phenomenon remains incompletely understood. We assessed the hypothesis that the age-related slowing in CPS is associated with myelin breakdown in late-myelinating regions in a very healthy elderly population. An in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker of myelin integrity was obtained from the prefrontal lobe white matter and the genu of the corpus callosum for 152 healthy elderly adults. These regions myelinate later in brain development and are more vulnerable to breakdown due to the effects of normal aging. To evaluate regional specificity, we also assessed the splenium of the corpus callosum as a comparison region, which myelinates early in development and primarily contains axons involved in visual processing. The measure of myelin integrity was significantly correlated with CPS in highly vulnerable late-myelinating regions but not in the splenium. These result...
Isoperimetric inequalities on curved surfaces

In this paper we extend the solutions of Lord Rayleigh’s and St. Venant’s conjectures to bounded simply connected domains on curved 2-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. The conjectures investigate the relation of the fundamental tone of a vibrating membrane with fixed boundary and the torsional rigidity of cylindrical beams to the respective areas of the membrane and the cross section of the beam. Both problems are related to the isoperimetric inequality relating the area of a bounded domain to the length of its boundary, and indeed the isoperimetric inequality will be the starting point of our work. To state our results we require some definitions. M will denote a 2-dimensional manifold with complete Ck, K > 2, Riemannian metric, {In, ,..., Q,} will be a collection of pairwise disjoint bounded simply connected domains in M, such that for each j = l,..., m the boundary of Qj , r, , is a simply closed continuous, piecewise regular curve in M (by regular we mean Ck, K > 1, and of maximal rank). We let Q = UE, szj , and F = uj”=, I’j be the boundary of 8. Let A denote the area of B and L the length of r with respect to the given Riemannian metric. We denote the Gauss curvature function of the Riemannian metric by K: M + R.
Teaching sustainable methods of web design and development

This workshop presents methods for teaching web design at the source level according to the World Wide Web Consortium and Ecma International standards for the Web's core markup, design, and scripting languages. These methods require no specialized technology infrastructure or investment beyond three generic categories of free and open-source software (text editors, web browsers, and web browser add-ons) that provide students with equitable technology access in- and outside of the classroom. Through these methods, writers develop a more comprehensive knowledge of the complex issues of web design and development that Adobe Dreamweaver and other software are designed to obscure. Partially a response to the limitations and professional de-skilling inherent in those types of software and certain content management systems, this workshop presents web design and development methods that are sustainable, in that the methods are based in languages written at the source level, and not the arbitrary, shifting design of software interfaces. The workshop also offers evidence of how these methods and the principles behind them can extend to courses beyond web design to shape digital design and development throughout writing and communication curricula.
Outcomes of dichorionic triplet pregnancies.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to describe outcomes in a series of dichorionic triplet pregnancies. Study design: All triplet pregnancies evaluated in our obstetric sonography unit from 1993 to 2000 were identified. Those containing a monochorionic twin pair were included. Prenatal and neonatal records were reviewed. Statistical comparison was performed by using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranked sum test. Results: Seventeen cases met inclusion criteria. Two pregnancies (11.8%) were delivered spontaneously before viability, at 22 and 21 weeks. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome was diagnosed in the second trimester in the monochorionic pair in 3 pregnancies (17.6%). In the remaining 12 pregnancies, mean gestational age at delivery was 33.5 ± 2.3 weeks. The median birth weight of 23 neonates from individual monochorionic twin pairs was 1810 g (interquartile range, 1540-2180 g), which was significantly lower than the median birth weight of 12 triplets supplied by a separate placenta, 2125 g (interquartile range, 1762-2390 g) ( P = .01). Conclusion: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome or spontaneous loss before viability complicated approximately 30% of dichorionic triplet pregnancies. Lower birth weights were noted in triplets from monochorionic twin pairs. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:765-7.)
Serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activities of cynomolgus monkeys fed different carbohydrate diets.

Abstract Although serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is known to be modulated by nutritional factors, little is known about the effects of dietary carbohydrate on this enzyme. Therefore, LCAT activities were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys fed diets for 6 weeks on 4 diets containing 77% of calories as sucrose or starch and cholesterol at 0 and 1 mg/kcal. Three different assay conditions were used in order to measure the overall LCAT activity and to differentiate enzyme activity from the effect of serum substrate and end-product lipoprotein alterations by diet on this enzyme. Molar rate of serum total LCAT activity was higher in sucrose than starch diets ( P P P P
The coupling factor: A new metric for determining and controlling the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power utilization

Abstract The production of electricity and hydrogen in a renewable fashion, such as using solar energy, can provide a clean and sustainable energy source for electric-powered vehicles, including fuel-cell and battery-electric vehicles. Our research on generating hydrogen and charging batteries using renewable solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity has led to the development of a simple and convenient new metric called the coupling factor that describes the fraction of the maximum PV power transferred to electrical loads. The keystone of the coupling factor concept is a regression model to calculate the maximum PV voltage, current, and power as a function of the instantaneous incident solar irradiance and the photovoltaic module temperature. The coupling factor can range from zero to one, i.e., no transfer of power from the PV system to the load, to complete transfer of the PV power. We describe the derivation of regression models to compute important PV electrical output variables, such as the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, the maximum power point voltage, the maximum power point current, and the coupling factor as a function of the fundamental measured variables affecting those quantities. The models are derived for PV modules used in our previous research to power an electrolyzer and charge high-voltage batteries. In addition, we develop models for other modules using PV cell technologies different from those used in our PV system. Some of the calculated quantities are compared to measurements for our PV system. The usefulness of these quantities, and especially the coupling factor, in rating the transfer of PV power to electrolyzer and battery loads, is illustrated. Finally, we discuss how the predicted maximum power point voltage can be used for real-time control and efficiency optimization of a dynamic PV-load system.
Effects of Short- and Long-Term Nicotine Treatment on Intracellular Calcium and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression

It is important to determine how the signaling pathways for the short-term effects of nicotine (catecholamine secretion, phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase) differ from those required for changes in gene expression. Our aim was to distinguish the pathways involved in short- and long-term nicotinic stimulation. PC12 cells were treated with several concentrations of nicotine from 10 micro M to 1 mM. All elicited a rapid and transient rise in [Ca(2+)](i), which was concentration dependent. After several minutes of continued exposure, a second smaller sustained rise in [Ca(2+)](i) was only observed with intermediate concentrations of nicotine (50-200 micro M). This sustained rise was not observed in cells pretreated with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX). alpha-BTX also prevented the elevation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA by nicotine. The effects of brief and prolonged treatment with nicotine on the signaling pathways involved in changes in [Ca(2+)](i) and induction of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression are summarized. The results indicate that nicotine may elicit different signaling pathways depending on the concentration. The sustained elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) via activation of alpha7 nAChRs is proposed as the mechanism leading to increased tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression.
An analysis of the solution of PAN ambiguous-cue problems by rhesus monkeys

Abstract Twenty-four monkeys were given 2-choice discrimination problems composed of three planometric plaque stimuli: P, the rewarded stimulus; N, the nonrewarded stimulus; and A, the ambiguous stimulus which was negative when paired with P, but positive when paired with N. When both pair of stimuli, PA and NA, were presented within a given session S was forced either to approach or to avoid the A plaque depending upon the stimulus with which it was paired. The results corroborated previous reports for plaque stimuli by showing PA performance to be superior to NA. The data also revealed that when plaque stimuli with distinctive cues were employed, NA performance exceeded PA as previously reported for stereometric object stimuli. Pretraining S s with plaque stimuli possessing distinctive cues, then switching to plaques with less distinctive cues, also resulted in superior NA performance. These findings are discussed in the context of an interference-cue theory.
Heterogeneous lasers and coupling to Si_3N_4 near 1060 nm

A III–V/Si3N4 platform on silicon is presented capable of broad-spectral performance with initial heterogeneous lasers near 1060 nm. Continuous wave Fabry–Perot laser results for heterogeneous InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) laser with output power approaching 0.25 mW on Si is demonstrated. Taper transmission loss measurements from III–V to Si3N4 are measured to be 2.5±0.75 dB.
Providing nutrition support in the electronic health record era: the good, the bad, and the ugly.

Background: Data are not available on the quantity or quality of nutrition support content in the currently available electronic health record (EHR) systems. Materials and Methods: A survey study of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition membership regarding the safety and efficacy of nutrition documentation and the ordering process for oral diets, oral supplements, tube feedings, and parenteral nutrition in currently used EHRs was conducted. The responses were converted to a rating of excellent, good, fair, poor, or unacceptable for each component. Results: The survey responders rated all 5 of the above EHR nutrition components only as fair. There were no differences between disciplines regarding how they rated these nutrition components. The responders who had been using their EHR for more than 10 years rated these components as fair to good, which was significantly better than those responders who have been using their EHR for less than a year, who rated these components from poor to...
Effects of Resonance Bonding on the Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors

The resonance aspect of chemical bonding is extended to solids with particular emphasis on its consequences for structural and vibrational properties. It is shown, for example, that the square of the infrared effective charge is proportional to the high-frequency dielectric constant in resonance-bonded systems. The IV-VI compounds and the group-VI elements are shown to exhibit the features of such resonance bonding. The dependence of resonance bonding on long-range order is discussed with respect to differences in the properties of the amorphous and crystalline phases of these materials.
Longitudinal growth changes in subjects with deepbite.

Introduction This study was a cephalometric evaluation of the growth changes in untreated subjects with deepbite at 4 time points during their developmental ages (from the early mixed dentition to the permanent dentition, and from the prepubertal phase to young adulthood). Methods A sample of 29 subjects with deepbite (overbite >4.5 mm) was followed longitudinally from about 9 through about 18 years of age. Dentofacial changes at 4 times, defined by the cervical vertebral maturation method, were analyzed on lateral cephalograms. Nonparametric statistical analysis was used for comparisons. Results Overbite improved on average by 1.3 mm between the first and last measurements; it worsened significantly during the prepubertal period, but it improved significantly at the pubertal growth spurt. From the prepubertal ages through young adulthood, overbite improved in 83% of the subjects and self-corrected in 62% of the subjects. Improvements in overbite were related to the initial amount of maxillary incisor proclination. The significant improvement in overbite during the adolescent growth spurt depended on the amount of vertical growth of the mandibular ramus and the eruption of the mandibular molars. Conclusions Subjects with deepbite showed worsened occlusal conditions during the prepubertal and mixed dentition phases, but had significant improvements thereafter. Improvements in overbite cannot be predicted on the basis of skeletal vertical relationships. These results provide useful indications for appropriate orthodontic treatment timing for an increased overbite.
Decay characteristics of two 3-t- states in 86Sr

Abstract The two lowest 3 − states in 86 Sr exhibit very different decay properties. The lower state, 3 1 − , decays predominantly to the 2 2 + state whereas the 3 2 − state decays preferentially to the 2 1 + state. The data suggest that B (E3:3 1 − → 0) is significantly larger than B (E3:3 2 − → 0) so that the 3 1 − state probably arises from octupole vibrations of the nucleus.
Trade, tourism, education, and growth in Mauritius

The present paper analyses the impacts of trade openness, tourism, investment, and human capital investment on economic growth in Mauritius with aggregated and disaggregated measures. The advantage of the disaggregated measures is that they provide more information about the effects of the specific measures on growth. Error correction methodology captures the dynamics of the output growth to the specific determinants of growth. Empirical results indicate positive effects of the Export Processing Zone, tourism, investment, and human capital investment. The strategic tourism marketing policy aimed at high spending tourists has led to economic growth.
A comparison of equations for the effect of pressure on the viscosity of amorphous polymers

Several equations which are used to predict the pressure coefficient of viscosity for amorphous polymers have been examined on the basis of type of information required and equation reliability. These equations can be useful in accounting for pressure effects observed in tubular flow and in other shear geometries. The correlations of Penwell and Porter and of Miller are evaluated and in the perspective of expressions by Matheson and by Eyring. Data on linear amorphous polystyrene (PS), polyisobutylene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), natural rubber, and polycarbonate are examined and presented. Predictions from the Penwell-Porter and Miller equations are compared with experimental coefficients at one atmosphere for all data available. For PS and PMMA, it was found that Miller's equation tends to predict values somewhat higher than experiments but is closer to the data on PS and on a high molecular weight PMMA. The Penwell-Porter equation, on the other hand, tends to predict values somewhat lower than experiments and does a slightly better job for lower molecular weight PMMA. Both equations require WLF or Vogel coefficients and Tg-pressure-molecular weight data. Miller's equation also requires compressibilities at Tg and at the temperature of interest, although an alternate method can be used which only requires average “K” values without Tg-pressure or compressibilities at Tg.
Thousand core chips: a technology perspective

This paper presents the many-core architecture, with hundreds to thousands of small cores, to deliver unprecedented compute performance in an affordable power envelope. We discuss fine grain power management, memory bandwidth, on die networks, and system resiliency for the many-core system.
Production of dissecting aneurysms in rats fed Lathyrus odoratus.

7. Evidence is available that absorptive or adsorptive diffusion of IAA into the coleoptile sections is negligible and Insufficient to account for the disappearance of IAA from the medium. Exhaustive ether extractions and bioassay of the sections for IAA preclude this possibility. Controls on the medium in which the sections had soaked 12 hr previously also showed negligible IAA destruction by possible microorganism contaminants (L. Anker, thesis, p. 27, Univ. of Utrecht, 1953); L. Reinhold, The New Phytologist 53, 219 (1954). 8. This response, although not obtained from enzyme breis preps., would seem to obviate the findings of Goldacre et al. (9) that the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenol in samples of 2,4-D is largely, if not solely, responsible for the enhanced inactivation in vitro. Further, analysis of the sample of 2,4-D used in the present investigations showed less than 3 x 10AM DCP, as given by the FolinCiocalteau reagent. 9. P. L. Goldacre, A. W. Galston, and R. L. Weintraub, Arch. Biochem. and Biophy8. 43, 358 (1953). 10. P. L. Goldacre, Australian J. Sci. Re8earch, Ser. B 2, 154 (1950). 11. A. W. Galston, J. Bonner, and R. S. Baker, Am. J. Botany 37, 677 (1950).
Social determinants of cardiovascular disease risk factor presence among rural and urban Black and White men.

Background Social determinants of health are increasingly being addressed as a causal factor for disparities in health. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of specified social determinants of health on cardiovascular disease (CVD) clinical risk factors in Black and White men residing in rural and urban Georgia.
Correlation between in Vitro Growth and Regulation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Rat Mammary Epithelial Cells

The present studies examine 1) the effect of enzymatic cell dissociation on the level of cytosolic estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) for normal rat mammary tissue, 2) the concentrations of ER and PR in rat mammary epithelial (RME) cells cultured within collagen gel, and 3) correlations that may exist between receptor concentration and cultured RME cell proliferation after hormonal stimulation in vitro. After cell dissociation, ER was present in mammary cells at higher concentrations than those found in the whole gland, whereas PR concentrations were similar to those in the whole gland. As characterized by Scatchard analysis, PR and, to a lesser extent, ER can be maintained in cells cultured in serum-free medium within a collagen gel matrix. ER is apparently functional at relatively low levels, since estradiol did induce PR synthesis, and cytosolic ER was reduced by estrogen administration. However, estradiol had no mitogenic effect on RME cells in this system, supporting the hypothesis that there may be a dichotomy between estrogen's effect on growth and progesterone receptor synthesis. PRL plus progesterone act synergistically to induce cell proliferation in our system, and this correlates with increased concentrations of progesterone receptors. Thus, the collagen gel system appears to provide a useful in vitro model for the study of receptor regulation and cell proliferation.
Periplaneta americana perception of phytochemical naphthoquinones as allelochemicals.

Electrochemistry of malePeriplaneta americana perception of naphthoquinones as allelochemicals is presented. Importance of the oxidation-reduction potential and hydrogen-bonding capabilities of the naphtho-quinone messenger to its exchange of energy with the information-encoding, redox protein of the chemosensory neuron is considered. Evidence that the required information is initially encoded by an electroreactive protein in dendritic membrane is analyzed. A sulfhydryl-disulfide protein-based electrochemical mechanism for the demonstrated linear conversion of a molecular messenger energy state into whole insect behavior (avoidance or feeding inhibition) is elucidated. Even though the information-encoding mechanism is genetically conserved (kept electrochemically similar) within the species, behavioral biotypical differences regarding sensitivity to naphthoquinones are allowed through a group of proteins in the outer aqueous medium in the chemosensory sensillum. Such proteins electrochemically interface the dendritic membrane of the chemosensory neuron in the sensillum with the environment external to the sensillum. These interfacing proteins bind (complex) with chemical messengers (e.g., naphthoquinones) and/or variously degrade them, and thus determine the amount (moles) that is required in the environment to result in stimulation of the underlying sensory neurons and in a changed behavior.
Synthesis of benzyl O-(2-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----3)-2- acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside [benzyl 2'-O-methyllacto-N-bioside I], and its higher saccharide containing an O-(2-O-methyl-beta-D- galactopyranosyl)-(1----3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group as a potential substrate for (1---4)-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase.

Treatment of benzyl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----3)-2-acetamido-2- deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside with tert-butylchlorodiphenylsilane afforded the 6'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, which was converted into the 3',4'-O-isopropylidene derivative. Methylation and subsequent removal of protecting groups afforded benzyl O-(2-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)- (1----3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7). The trisaccharide methyl O-(2-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2- acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-beta-D-galactopyranosi de (17) and the tetrasaccharide O-(2-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b eta-D- glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-D-glucopyran ose (32), both containing the 2'-O-methyllacto-N-biose I unit at the nonreducing end, were synthesized, and the structures of 7, 17, and 32 were confirmed by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Acute Atypical Coronary Artery Insufficiency Incidence and Clinical Course

Not all patients with acute coronary thrombosis or inadequacy develop classic myocardial infarction. Almost 30 per cent of such patients were found to have atypical and apparently less extensive myocardial injury as estimated by the clinical and electrocardiographic findings. The morbidity as well as the mortality was of a lesser order and a somewhat different therapeutic regimen could be employed.
The non‐military security forces of Ukraine

Post Soviet states, such as Ukraine, have expanded the number, type and size of their non‐military security forces to the extent that they now are larger than the armed forces. Traditional studies of civil‐military relations have not covered these non‐military forces, which leads to a disjointed picture of security forces in states in the throes of democratisation, such as Ukraine. By studying these forces we can understand the threat perceptions of the ruling elites and how these have changed from external to internal. The study of these forces also shows us how the forces inherited from the former USSR were nationalised and integrated into the newly independent state and how other forces were created or expanded in the course of state building.
Visual and textual narratives of conflict-related displacement in Northern Ireland

Combined textual and visual narratives and counternarratives illustrate a range of experiences in Northern Ireland’s conflictual, spatial landscape. In this article, I argue that combined textual and visual narratives about conflict-instigated displacement create and articulate community-specific experiences of disadvantage, with the intention of gaining political recognition and/or advantage over other communities in ongoing processes of conflict transformation. I expose the multiple, contextualised meanings of selective narratives that are accessible in language and image but, that are rarely questioned because of the political influence of their tellers or, because of their scale. Their meanings and intentions exist alongside counternarratives about intra-community displacement and displacement against other groups and are concurrent with public apathy, which serve to minimise their effectiveness as political tools to gain community-specific, social and political advantage. These narratives and counter...
STM studies of the interaction of surface state electrons on metals with steps and adsorbates

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies have shown that scattering of surface state electrons by steps and adsorbates leads to long-range oscillations in the local density-of-states (LDOS). Here we examine the nature of the states probed in the vicinity of the scatterer. We find that at steps, the LDOS primarily reflects the Smoluchowski charge-redistribution process. Perturbation of the surface state by the step extends more than 10 A from the step-edge and induces bulk-surface state mixing. Unusually narrow spectra and delocalized images are observed for adsorbed sulfur on Ag(111) and are explained in terms of the electronic structure changes induced by chemisorption.
Piezoelectric Constants of Alpha- and Beta-Quartz at Various Temperatures

The adiabatic piezoelectric constants ${d}_{11}$ and ${d}_{14}$ of alpha-quartz have been measured between room temperature and 571.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At the latter temperature, ${d}_{11}$ is about one-half of its room temperature value, whereas ${d}_{14}$ has increased by a factor of almost three. At 573\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C (the inversion temperature) the crystal structure changes to that of beta-quartz, and ${d}_{11}$ vanishes. The constant ${d}_{14}$ for beta-quartz has been measured between 584\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 626\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. ${d}_{14}$ appears to be substantially constant over this short range of temperature, and differs from ${d}_{14}$ for alpha-quartz at about 570\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C by only a few percent. The piezoelectric constants were deduced from measurements (with a $Q$-meter technique) of the equivalent circuits of long thin bars driven electrically at frequencies near resonance.
Keys for Success in Exporting to the US Market

Posits that there are many opportunities emerging for profitable participation in the US market by foreign business firms. Offers ten key points for business success in the US marketplace, going on to analyse these. Concludes that each of these points should be addressed to achieve an optimum impact on the US market.
Effect of jitter on an imaging FTIR spectrometer

Line of sight (LOS) jitter produces temporal modulations of the signals which are detected in the focal plane of a temporally modulated imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer. A theoretical treatment of LOS jitter effects is given, and is compared with the results of measurements with LIFTIRS1 (the Livermore Imaging Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectrometer). The identification, isolation, quantification and removal of jitter artifacts in hyperspectral imaging data by means of principal components analysis is discussed. The theoretical distribution of eigenvalues expected from principal components analysis is used to determine the level of significance of spatially coherent instrumental artifacts in general, including jitter as a representative example. It is concluded that an imaging FTIR spectrometer is much less seriously impacted by a given LOS jitter level than a non imaging FTIR spectrometer.
Infiltration of Proinflammatory M1 Macrophages into the Outer Retina Precedes Damage in a Mouse Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the developed world. Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in AMD, but precise mechanisms remain poorly defined. Carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) is an AMD-associated lipid peroxidation product. We previously demonstrated that mice immunized with CEP-modified albumin developed AMD-like degenerative changes in the outer retina. Here, we examined the kinetics of lesion development in immunized mice and the presence of macrophages within the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), between the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor outer segments. We observed a significant and time-dependent increase in the number of macrophages in immunized mice relative to young age-matched controls prior to overt pathology. These changes were more pronounced in BALB/c mice than in C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, IPM-infiltrating macrophages were polarized toward the M1 phenotype but only in immunized mice. Moreover, when Ccr2-deficient mice were immunized, macrophages were not present in the IPM and no retinal lesions were observed, suggesting a deleterious role for these cells in our model. This work provides mechanistic evidence linking immune responses against oxidative damage with the presence of proinflammatory macrophages at sites of future AMD and experimentally demonstrates that manipulating immunity may be a target for modulating the development of AMD.