cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Pathology of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

As a group, myeloproliferative neoplasms affect an estimated 6–10 per 100,000 people [1]. Although many of the individual myeloproliferative neoplasms had been previously recognized clinical entities, it was Dameshek in 1950 that proposed the currently recognized concept of the myeloproliferative neoplasms as a group of similar entities united by poorly controlled proliferation of various hematopoietic elements [2]. With the exception of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), few additional advancements had been made, and other members of this group had largely continued to be defined by a combination of clinical and pathologic criteria until very recently. Continued advances in molecular diagnostic techniques and research into these entities have recently yielded additional insights into the pathobiology of the myeloproliferative neoplasms. Although much of the story remains to be told, these insights are now reflected in the way myeloproliferative neoplasms are diagnosed and classified. The 2008 WHO Classification [1] groups the myeloproliferative neoplasms largely according to their associated molecular abnormalities, many of which involve tyrosine kinases (see Table 7.1). CML is defined by the presence of the BCR–ABL1 fusion. The diagnosis of the other “classic” myeloproliferative neoplasms – polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis – is greatly aided by the presence of JAK2 mutations or MPL mutations. Myeloproliferative neoplasms involving PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1 have been defined as a group containing somewhat heterogeneous but also unifying clinicopathologic features.
Recombinant Factor IX Fc Fusion Protein Maintains Full Procoagulant Properties and Exhibits Prolonged Efficacy in Hemophilia B Mice.

Introduction Hemophilia B is an inherited X chromosome–linked disorder characterized by impaired blood clotting owing to the absence of functional coagulation factor IX. Due to the relatively short half-life of factor IX, patients with hemophilia B require frequent factor IX infusions to maintain prophylaxis. We have developed a recombinant factor IX (rFIX) fused to the Fc region of IgG (rFIXFc) with an extended half-life in animals and humans. Materials and Methods Procoagulant properties of rFIXFc and rFIX (BENEFIX®) were compared to determine the effect of the Fc region on rFIXFc hemostatic function. Specifically, we assessed rFIXFc activation, intermolecular interactions within the Xase complex, inactivation by antithrombin III (AT) and thrombin generation potential compared with rFIX. We also assessed the acute and prophylactic efficacy profiles of rFIXFc and rFIX in vivo in hemophilia B mouse bleeding models. Results and Conclusions The activation by factor XIa or factor VIIa/tissue factor, inhibition by AT, interaction profiles with phospholipids, affinities for factor VIIIa within the context of the Xase complex, and thrombin generation profiles were similar for rFIXFc and rFIX. Xase complexes formed with either molecule exhibited similar kinetic profiles for factor Xa generation. In acute efficacy models, mice infused with rFIXFc or rFIX were equally protected from bleeding. However, in prophylactic efficacy models, protection from bleeding was maintained approximately three times longer in rFIXFc-dosed mice than in those given rFIX; this prolonged efficacy correlates with the previously observed half-life extension. We conclude that rFIXFc retains critical FIX procoagulant attributes and that the extension in rFIXFc half-life translates into prolonged efficacy in hemophilia B mice.
Formation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of VT22 Titanium Alloy Under Nonequilibrium Conditions of Rapid Heat Treatment

We study specific features of the formation of microstructure and a complex of mechanical properties of VT22 high-strength titanium alloy in the process of rapid thermal treatment depending on conditions of cooling in the course of hardening. It is shown that the procedure of quenching in water guarantees better results of thermal hardening in the course of rapid thermal treatment due to the formation of a larger number of point defects and the decomposition of the metastable β-phase during aging accompanied by the formation of intermediate ω- and α″(α′)-phases. The main advantage of rapid heating over the heating in furnace is connected with the possibility of transformation of the entire volume of the alloy into the metastable β-phase without catastrophic growth of grains. This enables one to significantly increase the strength of alloy (up to 1445 MPa) with preservation of sufficiently high levels of the characteristics of plasticity and impact toughness.
Elutriation: New Technology for Separation of Blood and Bone Marrow

Counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE) has been widely used in research settings to separate mixed cell populations. With the advent of new increased-capacity equipment, elutriation technology has recently been adapted for clinical studies directed at prevention of graft-vs-host disease by depleting lymphocytes prior to bone marrow transplantation. The practical advantages of elutriation include (1) the large numbers of cells that can be processed in a single run, (2) high recovery and viability, (3) rapidity, and (4) reproducibility. The equipment, once modified, can be easily operated and maintained in a clinical laboratory setting. This article reviews the principles of CCE as they relate to the separation of blood and bone marrow cells and describes a recent clinical use for this instrumentation.
Progression of Different Nasally Instilled Viruses along Different Nervous Pathways in the Same Host

ConclusionsDifferent neurotropic viruses instilled into the nose of the same host (mouse) can select different nervous path-ways for invading the central nervous system. The viruses of vesicular st...
OBESITY AND AN ABNORMAL ECG

A 44-year-old woman was evaluated for dyspnea on exertion, lightheadedness, and fatigue of two years' duration. The patient, who was 5 feet tall and usually weighed 150 pounds, had been overweight ...
PBS-soluble substances with blood group activity from human epidermis and dermis

Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) soluble extracts of human epidermis and dermis from secretor donors contain products with blood group antigenic activity. The predominant blood group in a sample was the same as the red cell phenotype of the donor. H substance activity was present in all PBS-soluble products (from A, B and O donors). By gel filtration chromatography on a Bio-Gel A-1.5 m column; the epidermal and dermal PBS-soluble blood group substances fractionate in the void volume.
New Waves on an Old Beach: Fregean Philosophy of Mathematics Today

We shall assume throughout this essay that platonism1 regarding the subject matter of mathematics is correct. This is not to say that arguments for platonism — that is, arguments for the existence of abstract objects such as numbers, sets, Hilbert spaces, and so on that comprise the subject matter of mathematics — are either uninteresting or unneeded. Nevertheless, I am not personally interested in such arguments. The reason for this is simple: I have never2 doubted that there are abstract objects, and I have never doubted that mathematics is about (some of) them. While arguments for the existence of abstract objects are philosophically important, such debates hold little interest for me when my intuitions already fall so strongly on one side.
Perpetual Sensing for the Built Environment

An energy harvesting sensor system architecture emerges through multiple generations of sensor development and deployment for smart building applications. Energy-harvesting sensors for monitoring plug-loads and circuit panels, light fixtures, air flow, hot water flow, and door openings are presented. This article is part of a special issue on energy harvesting.
Thermal interface conductance across metal alloy–dielectric interfaces

We present measurements of thermal interface conductance as a function of metal alloy composition. Composition spread alloy films of $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{u}}_{x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ and $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{u}}_{x}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{d}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ solid solutions were deposited on single crystal sapphire substrates via dual electron-beam evaporation. High throughput measurements of thermal interface conductance across the (metal alloy)-sapphire interfaces were made by positional scanning of frequency domain thermoreflectance measurements to sample a continuum of Au atomic fractions $(x\ensuremath{\sim}0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1)$. At a temperature of 300 K, the thermal interface conductance at the $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{u}}_{x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$-sapphire interfaces monotonically decreased from $197\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}39\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MW}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to $74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MW}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $x=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ and at the $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{u}}_{x}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{d}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$-sapphire interfaces from $167\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MW}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to $60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MW}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $x=0.03\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. To shed light on the phonon physics at the interface, a Diffuse Mismatch Model for thermal interface conductance with alloys is presented and agrees reasonably with the thermal interface conductance data.
Towards energy-efficient communication management in the distributed control of networked cyber-physical systems

In this paper, we study the distributed control of networked cyber-physical systems when a much more energy-efficient distributed communication management strategy is proposed to solve the well-studied consensus problem. In contrast to the existing potential-based network topology control method, the proposed topology control method is based on the variation of communication ranges such that each agent can control its ad hoc communication range. The proposed network topology control technique can not only guarantee network connectivity but also reduce the communication energy. We apply the new network topology control technique, based on variable communication ranges, in a well-studied consensus problem, where the communication range for each agent is designed locally along with a new bounded control algorithm. Theoretical analysis is then provided to show that the proposed network topology control technique can guarantee consensus with bounded communication energy consumption.
Holes in the Case for Mixed Emotions

Theories of the structure of affect make competing predictions about whether people can feel happy and sad at the same time. Considerable evidence that happiness and sadness can co-occur has accumu...
Allogeneic Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Traffick to GVHD Target Tissue but Cause Less GVHD, While Retaining Tumor Cytotoxicity and Facilitating Bone Marrow Engraftment.

Cytokine-induced-killer cells (CIK), generated from splenocytes in mice and PBMC in human by the timed addition of IFN-γ, anti-CD3 MAbs and IL-2, express both T cell and NK cell markers and have cytotoxic activity against autologous and allogeneic tumors. We previously showed that adoptive transfer of allogeneic CIK in a murine model did not cause severe acute GVHD, leading to full survival. However the precise mechanism of reduced GVHD and retained GVT activity is not fully understood. To this end, we first evaluated the trafficking patterns of luciferase-transgenic CIK in a major MHC mismatched BMT model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) showed that both CIK and fresh splenocytes homed to and proliferated initially in secondary lymphoid organs including the spleen, followed by infiltration of the gut and skin by day 7. All mice receiving fresh splenocytes died by day 10. Signal from gut mucosa in animals receiving allogeneic CIK cells was transient, however signals from other sites such as mesenteric lymph nodes were high and persistent. By day 21 allogeneic CIK reinfiltrated intestinal tissue without causing severe GVHD. To further investigate potential changes in the expression of surface molecules in vivo, we transplanted GFP positive fresh splenocytes and GFP positive CIK cells into major mismatched irradiated hosts, and then on day 7 analyzed activation markers, homing molecules, apoptosis related genes, and peripheral tolerance induction molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 by FACS. No significant differences were noted between CIK and splenocytes. However we found that the cell division rate of CIK cells in vivo was much slower than those of splenocytes utilizing a CFSE based cell proliferation assay. This might lead to less GVHD in mice receiving CIK cells. Next we evaluated whether CIK retained tumor killing activity in vivo using A20 luciferase lymphoma cells into lethally irradiated MHC major mismatched receipients subcutaneously. We visualized the reduction of tumor by BLI. GFP positive CIK, which were extracted on day 7 following their transplantation into MHC-mismatched allogeneic recipients, retained tumor cytotoxicity in vitro. Finally, to study whether CIK facilitate BM engraftment, we quantified the absolute number of cells from the peripheral blood in MHC major-mismatched nonmyeloablative BMT. On day 30 mice receiving CIK showed rapid BM engraftment, especially in CD4 (p=0.0007) and CD8 (p
Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-β in Metastasis: In Vitro and In Vivo Mechanisms

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) controls tissue homeostasis and mediates the repair response to tissue injury. While tumors espape from TGF-β’s homeostatic function, many metastatic cancers coopt the tissue repair function to enhance their invasive/metastatic phenotype. These effects are due to an altered responsiveness of the tumor cells themselves (tumor cell autonomous effects) or to actions of tumor-associated TGF-β on the supporting host cell infrastructure. This discovery has resulted in great enthusiasm for developing TGF-β antagonists (TβA) for the treatment of metastatic cancer. Proof of concept has been provided by preclinical studies utilizing TGF-β neutralizing antibodies, TGF-β antisense molecules, soluble TGF-β receptors (TβR), and selective and potent chemical inhibitors of the TβR kinases. In vivo, TβA appears to impact on both cell autonomous and host cell effects of TGF-β. However, their antitumor activity has been modest in magnitude and limited to specific models, suggesting that only select tumors may be clinically susceptible to treatment with TβA. Moreover, as the oncogenic role of TGF-β signaling appears to come into play at a relatively late stage of tumor progression, blocking this pathway will likely have to be combined with inhibitors of oncogenes that drive tumor growth.
Combined effects of oil exposure, temperature and ultraviolet radiation on buoyancy and oxygen consumption of embryonic mahi-mahi, Coryphaena hippurus

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred in the summer of 2010 and coincided with the spawning window of the ecologically and economically important pelagic fish mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). During summer months, early life stage mahi-mahi were likely also exposed to other naturally occurring stressors such as increased temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UV). Previous research has shown that co-exposure to oil and additional natural stressors can affect the timing and duration of negative buoyancy in mahi-mahi embryos. The current study aimed to elucidate the factors affecting the onset of negative buoyancy and to also explore possible mechanisms behind buoyancy change. Embryos co-exposed to oil and/or increased temperature and UV radiation displayed early onset of negative buoyancy with concurrent increases in oxygen consumption and sinking rates, which are normally only seen during the period directly preceding hatch. Results also suggest a behavioral response in which embryos avoid UV radiation by sinking down the water column but reestablish positive buoyancy once the UV radiation is removed. These findings imply that embryos can dynamically change their position in the water column in response to external cues and thus may have much greater control over buoyancy than previously thought.
Predictors of Good Outcome After Endovascular Therapy for Vertebrobasilar Occlusion Stroke.

Background and Purpose— Endovascular therapy is increasingly used in acute ischemic stroke treatment and is now considered the gold standard approach for selected patient populations. Prior studies have demonstrated that eventual patient outcomes depend on both patient-specific factors and procedural considerations. However, these factors remain unclear for acute basilar artery occlusion stroke. We sought to determine prognostic factors of good outcome in acute posterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes treated with endovascular therapy. Methods— We reviewed our prospectively collected endovascular databases at 2 US tertiary care academic institutions for patients with acute posterior circulation strokes from September 2005 to September 2015 who had 3-month modified Rankin Scale documented. Baseline characteristics, procedural data, and outcomes were evaluated. A good outcome was defined as a 90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2. The association between clinical and procedural parameters and functional outcome was assessed. Results— A total of 214 patients qualified for the study. Smoking status, creatinine levels, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, anesthesia modality (conscious sedation versus general anesthesia), procedural length, and reperfusion status were significantly associated with good outcomes in the univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that only smoking (odds ratio=2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–5.56; P =0.013), low baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (odds ratio=1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.13; P P =0.025) were associated with good outcome. Conclusions— In our retrospective case series, only smoking, low baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and successful reperfusion status were associated with good outcome in patients with posterior circulation stroke treated with endovascular therapy.
Comparison of Intellectus Statistics and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

Data-to-text systems create reports using natural language to simplify the presentation of complex data. Intellectus Statistics (IS) is a cloud-based statistical analysis software that provides users with output displayed in American Psychological Association (APA) narrative format. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is another statistical analysis software; however, SPSS output is mainly presented numerically with tables and graphs. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of using IS and SPSS to conduct and interpret analyses. An output presented in narrative format could be beneficial to students learning statistics who may have difficulty interpreting results. Overall, accuracy scores and time on task for the two software were not significantly different. Perceived usability and ease of use ratings for IS were significantly higher compared to SPSS. On the other hand, ratings of perceived usefulness were not significantly different between the two software. Results also suggested that participants preferred IS and felt more confident in conducting statistical analyses when using the software. Though there was no significant difference in task accuracy between the two software, data-to-text output helped students with interpreting assumptions for analyses and formatting written results.
Selection Rule for Optical Emission of Molecules

For practical applications, the following (approximate) selection rules are given for molecular transitions: Change in orbital angular momentum: △Λ = ± 1 Change in spin angular momentum: △S = 0 The selection rule for v△ to v” is: △v = ± 1 The selection rule for J△ to J” is: △J = ± 1 In addition, for transitions between I states, the only allowed transitions are ∑+→∑+ and ∑-→∑-; and for homonuclear molecules, the only allowed transitions are g→u and u→g.
Uniqueness Results for Holomorphic Mappings on the Disc

This paper derives several unicity results for a class of holomorphic mappings from the disc into compact Riemann surfaces as well as into the complex projective space ℙn(ℂ). This is done by using the Nevanlinna theory for holomorphic maps where the source is a disc developed by Ru-Sibony (to appear).
Re: Family Medicine and Obstetrics: Let's Stop Pretending.

We read with interest the article by Richard A. Young et al[1][1], “Family Medicine and Obstetrics: Let's Stop Pretending.” This is a nice article describing the state of obstetrics in family medicine residency programs and practice thereafter. While our observations are similar, our conclusions
A Framework for Assessing Disruptions in a Clinical Supply Chain Using Bayesian Belief Networks

Clinical trial study failures cause significant disruptions to supply chain operations, which lead to operational inefficiencies and financial losses. In this paper, a framework to construct a Bayesian belief network (BBN) by leveraging subject matter expertise and probabilistic elicitation methods to quantify the probability of a disruption to a clinical supply chain is presented. The effect of varying input factors on a disruption probability is studied, and new metrics are developed to evaluate the significance of a disruption. This framework allows practitioners to assess the probability of disruptions to their network, thus enabling targeted strategies to be developed and implemented.
Comparison of first-generation (1908 nm) and second-generation (1940 nm) thulium fiber lasers for ablation of kidney stones

Thulium fiber lasers (TFL) are being developed as alternatives to conventional holmium:YAG lasers for lithotripsy. TFLs emit at two primary infrared (IR) wavelengths, 1908 or 1940 nm, closely matching high (70°C) and low (22°C) temperature water absorption peaks in tissue, respectively. Water, which is present in the pores of kidney stones and fluid environment of the urinary tract as well as delivered through the working channel of the ureteroscope during lithotripsy, is a primary absorber of IR laser radiation. The water absorption peak shifts from 1940 to 1920 nm with increasing water temperature during laser ablation. At high water temperatures (70°C), the absorption coefficient is 150 cm − 1 at 1908 nm and 135 cm − 1 at 1940 nm. The goal of this study was to determine whether this 10% difference translates into a measurable difference in kidney stone ablation rates. Two TFLs (1908 and 1940 nm) were tested at similar laser parameters of 35 mJ energy/pulse, 500-μs pulse duration, 300-Hz pulse rate, and 10.5-W average power, using 200-μm-core silica optical fibers. The handheld fiber was maintained in contact with 6- to 9-mm diameter uric acid (UA) stones, immersed in a saline bath with saline flow ( n = 10 stones / group). Laser irradiation time to fragment and pass all stone fragments through a 1-mm sieve was measured and then divided into initial stone mass to calculate stone ablation rates. For each laser group (1908 and 1940 nm), initial stone mass was 270 ± 60 mg versus 260 ± 50 mg, respectively ( p = 0.9). Stone ablation rates measured 0.9 ± 0.2 and 0.9 ± 0.1 mg s − 1 ( p = 0.9). Stone ablation thresholds measured 8 ± 7 and 5 ± 13 J cm − 2 ( p = 0.8). There was no significant difference in UA stone ablation thresholds and ablation rates between 1908- and 1940-nm wavelengths. Newer, more compact, efficient, and higher peak power TFLs operating at 1940 nm provide comparable stone ablation rates to older 1908-nm TFLs for similar laser parameters.
Noninferiority Study of Automated Knowledge-Based Planning Versus Human-Driven Optimization Across Multiple Disease Sites.

Purpose To evaluate whether automated knowledge-based planning (KBP) (a) is noninferior to human-driven planning across multiple disease sites and (b) systematically affects dosimetric plan quality and variability. Methods and Materials Clinical KBP automated planning routines were developed for prostate, prostatic fossa, hypofractionated lung, and head and neck. Clinical implementation consisted of independent generation of human-generated and KBP plans (145 cases across all sites), followed by blinded plan selection. Reviewing physicians were prompted to select a single plan; when plan equivalence was volunteered, this scored as KBP selection. Plan selection analysis used a noninferiority framework testing the hypothesis that KBP is not worse than human-driven planning (threshold: lower 95% confidence interval [CI] > 0.45 = noninferiority; > 0.5 = superiority). Target and organ-at-risk metrics were compared by dose differencing: ΔDx = Dx, human-Dx, KBP (2-tailed paired t test, Bonferroni-corrected P Results Across all disease sites, the KBP success rate (physician preferred + equivalent) was noninferior compared with human-driven planning (83 of 145 = 57.2%; range, 49.2%-65.3%) but did not cross the threshold for superiority. The KBP success rate in respective disease sites was superior with head and neck ([22 + 2]/36 = 66.7%; 95% CI, 51%-82%) and noninferior for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy ([21 + 2]/36 = 63.9%; 95% CI, 48%-80%) but did not meet noninferiority criteria with prostate ([16 + 3]/41 = 46.3%; 95% CI, 31%-62%) or prostatic fossa ([17 + 0]/32 = 53.1%; 95% CI, 36%-70%). Prostate, prostatic fossa, and head and neck showed significant differences in KBP-selected plans versus human-selected plans, with KBP generally exhibiting greater organ-at-risk sparing and human plans exhibiting better target homogeneity. Analysis of plan quality pre- and post-KBP showed some reductions in organ doses and quality metric variability in prostate and head and neck. Conclusions Fully automated KBP was noninferior to human-driven plan optimization across multiple disease sites. Dosimetric analysis of treatment plans before and after KBP implementation showed a systematic shift to higher plan quality and lower variability with the introduction of KBP.
Energy-efficient resource allocation in ultra-dense networks

In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient resource allocation scheme based on the orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) in downlink ultra-dense networks (UDNs). To reduce the computational complexity, then it is decomposed into two subproblems: subcarrier allocation and power allocation. First, we propose subcarrier allocation algorithm based on the user resource proportional fairness under given power allocation. Second, we employ a quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm to solve the power allocation problem under the assumption of known the subcarrier allocation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher energy efficiency (EE) than the conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach and the equal power allocation algorithm.
Understanding the Hallmark Characteristics of Cancer

Cancer arises from normal body cells that are subject to all of the strict controls and balances of biological regulation that govern the predictable behaviors of normal cells. The mutations acquired during the development of a cancer enable its escape from these regulatory controls. As greater numbers of mutations are acquired and greater clonal diversity develops, cancers become increasingly self-determining and independent of the rules of normal biology. Their mutations compromise, warp, or otherwise corrupt normal biological mechanisms. Mutation-driven changes in cell behavior allow the neoplasm to outcompete normal cells and tissues, which are restricted by the rules of normal biological behavior. Although the deviant characteristics and behaviors of cancers are many, some contribute more than others to the “fitness” of the neoplasm in an evolutionary sense, enabling successful competition and survival. These key characteristics and behaviors, which are common to almost all cancers, have become known as “hallmarks”. Each hallmark of cancer is a distortion of a normal biological mechanism. The key hallmarks include the ability to escape from controlled cell division, the loss of ability to control mutation acquisition and maintain stability of the genome, the capabilities needed to invade and metastasize, the knack of manipulating normal cells in the microenvironment to provide sustenance and support, the power to both resist cell death and achieve replicative immortality, the capacity to induce a private blood supply, the ability to alter cellular metabolism in abnormal but self-supportive ways, and the facility to escape immune destruction. This chapter discusses how mutation of genes in developing cancers leads to changes in cell behaviors that are characteristic of malignant neoplasms and allows them to outcompete and overtake normal cells.
Management of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, a "Retinal Stroke": An Institutional Series and Literature Review.

Abstract Objectives Acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmologic emergency that often results in permanent vision loss. Over 25% are associated with acute cerebral ischemia. In the absence of existing Level I treatment options, this study aims to examine institutional practice patterns and review the literature to develop a formalized approach to the treatment of CRAO in the era of ischemic stroke protocols. Materials and methods This is a retrospective review of institutional practices in the workup and treatment of patients diagnosed with acute non-arteritic (NA) CRAO at a single center from January 2017 to August 2020. Results Of 91 patients managed for acute NA-CRAO, 62.6% were male and average age was 66.4 years. Only 20.9% of patients presented within 4 h of symptom onset. 12.1% of patients had evidence of acute stroke on MRI, and 27.5% had ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis >50%. Half (52.7%) did not receive any acute treatment for CRAO, excluding antiplatelet/anticoagulation. 48.5% of patients undergoing acute medical treatment had improved visual acuity compared to 29.4% without treatment (p=0.14). Conclusions There is a lack of clear protocol for the management of NA-CRAO. While not reaching statistical significance, our experience mirrors the literature with patients undergoing medical treatment demonstrating improved visual acuity over those without treatment. Given the presence of acute ischemic stroke, carotid disease, and/or stroke risk factors in over 25% of patients with CRAO, multidisciplinary involvement and modern stroke algorithms should be considered for this disease.
Effect of subconcussive impacts on functional outcomes over a single collegiate football season

ContextIn collision sports, particularly American football, athletes can accumulate thousands of subconcussive impacts, or head acceleration events (HAEs), across a single season; however, the shor...
Rethinking the Prohibition on the Use of Force in the Light of Economic Cyber Warfare: Towards a Broader Scope of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter

Cyber-attacks that cause physical consequences are considered to be in violation of the use of force prohibition should the effects reach a certain severity threshold. That premise does not extend to cyber-attacks that cause economic harm due to a dated distinction between kinetic and other effects. This article presents the argument that Article 2(4) of the UN Charter on the prohibition on the threat or use of force ought to apply to economic cyber-attacks. As a result, the right of self-defense could be triggered by the gravest of economic cyber-attacks, as well as the UN Security Council authority under Chapter VII in response to an economic cyber-attack. The underlying assumption is that the effects of economic cyber-attacks can be just as severe and threatening as the effects of kinetic cyber-attacks, and therefore, there is a need to reformulate the boundaries of the use of force paradigm to encompass the additional range of harmful cyber activities. This article proposes a framework consisting of a set of factors to assess economic cyber-attacks under the use of force paradigm.
The ivory tower lost: how college students respond differently than the general public to the COVID-19 pandemic

In the United States, the country with the highest confirmed COVID-19 infection cases, a nationwide social distancing protocol has been implemented by the President. Following the closure of the University of Washington on March 7th, more than 1000 colleges and universities in the United States have cancelled in-person classes and campus activities, impacting millions of students. This paper aims to discover the social implications of this unprecedented disruption in our interactive society regarding both the general public and higher education populations by mining people's opinions on social media. We discover several topics embedded in a large number of COVID-19 tweets that represent the most central issues related to the pandemic, which are of great concerns for both college students and the general public. Moreover, we find significant differences between these two groups of Twitter users with respect to the sentiments they expressed towards the COVID-19 issues. To our best knowledge, this is the first social media-based study which focuses on the college student community's demographics and responses to prevalent social issues during a major crisis.
Bond Power Exchange Options

We study power exchange options written on zero-coupon bonds under a stochastic string frame- work. We obtain closed-form expressions for pricing and hedging bond power exchange options and, as particular cases, the corresponding expressions for call power options and constant underlying elasticity in strikes (CUES) options. Suffi cient conditions for the equivalence of the European and the American versions of bond power exchange options are provided and the put- call parity relation for this kind of option is also stated. Finally, we consider several applications of our results including duration and convexity measures for bond power exchange options, pric- ing extendable/accelerable maturity zero-coupon bonds, options to price a zero-coupon bond off of a shifted term-structure, and options on interest rates and rate spreads.
The actual and ideal roles of haemophilia treatment centre social workers in the United States and the barriers to ideal roles

INTRODUCTION Social Workers (SWs) provide valuable services on multidisciplinary teams of Haemophilia Treatment Centres (HTCs). However, their roles have not been defined and standardized. This paper identifies six major SW roles, including counselling, case management, financial/insurance, outreach/programs, administrative, and grants/research. Roles were further classified as 'actual' roles, those that SWs were actively practicing, and 'ideal' roles, those that SWs felt were most important for their clients. AIM The goal of this study was to determine the actual and ideal roles of HTC SWs and the barriers to ideal roles. METHODS An online survey was tested with a focus group and then e-mailed to 147 SWs who were working in the 141 HTCs across the United States. RESULTS Fifty-five percent of the SWs completed the survey. Data revealed that SWs' most prominent actual role was case management in their work with three client sub-populations: adult patients, paediatric patients and family members. However, SWs identified counselling as the ideal role that was most important for all client groups. Barriers to practicing ideal roles included lack of SW input, insufficient budgeted time and inadequate training. Salaries were found to be stagnant compared to 2010. Twenty-five percent of SWs reported no supervision. CONCLUSIONS Survey results gave evidence that although HTC SWs were primarily engaged in case management roles, they wanted to take on larger counselling roles. Efforts should be made to eliminate barriers to ideal SW roles so that SWs can provide additional psychosocial services for HTC patients.
The computation of an output bound for a discrete system with a bounded input.

Computation of output bound for linear discrete system with bounded input using method based on Liapunov function
Student assessment of group laboratories in a data structures course

In industry, large software projects require a cooperative work environment. The computer science curriculum has only recently fostered an environment of cooperative work to prepare the students for industry, but most data structures courses continue to rely solely on individual work for instruction and assessing student achievement. This paper studies a series of group laboratories progressing from several versions of programming in pairs to programming in groups of four students to encourage collaborative learning and to introduce students to cooperative work. Student assessment of the laboratories illuminates that the partnership in pair programming naturally organizes itself and is effective at peer instruction. Group laboratories with more than two students provide an environment of cooperative work, and require more laboratory time and structure for the groups to organize.
Retail “sale” advertising, perceived retailer credibility, and price rationale

Abstract Retailers often advertise products at “reduced” prices. Past research has suggested this is an effective way to appeal to consumers; but recent evidence indicates growing consumer mistrust of this type of advertising claim. This paper presents an experiment that suggests consumer perceptions of retail price reductions may depend on the rationale the retailer provides for the reductions. Directions for future research are discussed.
Axon network virtual storage for high performance distributed applications

An introduction to the Axon architecture is presented. Axon is a host communication architecture for the distributed systems which can support interprocess communication with high throughput and low latency across a very high-speed internetwork. Network virtual storage (NVS) in the Axon host communication architecture for distributed applications is described. NVS extends segmented paged virtual storage management and address translation mechanisms to include segments located across an internetwork. This provides the ability to use efficiently the shared-memory paradigm in distributed systems for high-performance applications, such as scientific visualization and imaging. >
Development and Conservation Goals in World Bank Projects

Biodiversity protection does not undermine poverty alleviation goals in development projects, especially under sustainable finance and market mechanisms.
Active noise control: a marriage of acoustics and control

In a response to a growing demand for environments of 70 dB or less noise levels, many industrial sectors have focused their attention on the development of quality products with some form of noise control (cancellation) system. Automotive manufacturers, aircraft designers; engine manufacturers; appliance industries; producers of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems, etc. all have been involved in formulation and development of noise control mechanisms for their products. Active noise control (ANC) has proven to be the most effective technology, especially for low frequency excitations that the human is more sensitive to. Active noise control requires integration of control theory, acoustic, on-line system identification, and signal processing. Thus, ANC is a cross-disciplinary subject that requires expertise from several areas, especially control and acoustics. The author's research activity in this area over the past eight years has gone through many challenges in order to develop ANC systems that have been feasible and accurate from both control and acoustics viewpoints. This paper summarizes lessons learned from the marriage of acoustics and control, and provides an overview of progresses made in ANC by investigating active noise cancellation from a control point of view. This has been in contrast to almost all other approaches taken from acoustics, modal analysis, and/or adaptive signal processing viewpoint.
Congestion control in HPR

High performance routing (HPR) is an enhancement to IBM's advanced peer to peer networking (APPN/sup TM/) protocol that improves its performance and reliability. In an HPR network, the rapid transport protocol (RTP) is used for end-to-end data transfer. RTP provides a reliable, in-order delivery service using a selective repeat protocol as the end-to-end error recovery mechanism. Additionally, RTP provides an end-to-end, adaptive rate-based (ARB) flow/congestion control mechanism that is designed to avoid congestion and maximize network stability. This paper describes the ARB algorithm. Simulation results are presented illustrating the behavior and the stability of the algorithm.
Psychosocial Job Factors and Biological Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Mexican Workers

Summary of the comparison of theoriginal and alternative scales inrelation to CVDRF Out of 245 comparisons, 50 (20%) showed a differencegreater than twofold (change above 200%). The greatestchange was a 54-fold difference between the alternativecategoricaloperationalizationofhighjobstrain(ref.category:lowstrain)andbloodcholesterollevels(model2).Changeindirectionofassociationbetweenscaleshappenedin12.6%ofcases. Although the original scales yielded more statisticallysigniﬁcant results than alternative scales (34% vs. 16% ofcases,respectively),thealternativescalesresultedmoreoften(61%ofcases)ineffectchangesmoreindirectionofexpectedrelationshipsaccordingtopreviousresearch(i.e.,indicatingadetrimental effect of adverse PJF on CVDRF). Differencesbetween the original and alternative decision latitude scaleswerenotasprominentastheonesfoundforthepsychologicaldemands scale (see Supplementary Appendix 4 for a moredetailed description of the comparison between scales). DISCUSSION Our study of 2,330 Mexican workers in eight worksitesprovidedsomesupportfortherelationshipswehypothesizedbetween PJF and cardiovascular risk factors: High job strainwas associated with reduced leisure-time physical activity.Workers reporting isostrain showed higher odds of smokingand lower odds of leisure-time physical activity. Socialsupport seemed to protect against high blood cholesterollevels, overweight/obesity, smoking, and reduced leisure-timephysicalactivity.Ontheotherhand,somepsychosocialwork factors (e.g., decision latitude, job strain, and jobinsecurity) showed unexpected associations with diastolicblood pressure and some adiposity measures.
An Interview With Dr. Kathy White Loyd

Kathy White Loyd serves on the Board of Directors for Mattel, Inc. and is an adjunct associate professor and executive-in-residence in the Bryan School of Business at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. She is also on the Board of Advisors for the Bryan School of Business. White Loyd founded Rural Sourcing, Inc. in 2003 to provide low-cost technology services to rural America. Prior to founding Rural Sourcing, White Loyd was executive vice-president and Chief Information Officer for Cardinal Health, Inc. She also held executive information technology positions with Baxter Healthcare and Honeywell. From 1981–1991, White Loyd was a professor of information technology at the Bryan School of Business, University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dr. White Loyd holds an undergraduate degree and M.B.A. from Arkansas State University and a doctorate from the University of Memphis.
Hydrodynamic properties of macromolecular complexes. I. Translation

We have developed an improved theory for calculating the translational frictional coefficients of rigid macromolecular complexes composed of unequal spherical subunits. The Yamakawa hydrodynamic interaction tensor, which improves on the Oseen tensor by taking account of the finite sizes of the frictional subunits, has been generalized to accomodate nonidentical subunits. Iterative numerical methods are described for solving the set of simultaneous hydrodynamic interaction equations, thus avoiding preaveraging. The theory is applied to prolate ellipsoids of revolution, to lollipops, and to dumbbells, and comparison is made with earlier, more approximate theories.
Mechanism of decreased myocardial contractile force after epicardiectomy

Myocardial contractile force measured by strain gauge arches recording from multiple ventricular and atrial sites was determined after bilateral cervical vagotomy, bilateral stellate ganglion excision, infusion of β-adrenergic blocking agents, and epicardiectomy. After all procedures except vagotomy, reductions in myocardial contractile force occurred. These data suggest that epicardiectomy results in release of the heart from tonic sympathetic control comparable with that following stellatectomy and administration of β-blocking agents. The normal balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic tonic discharge is disrupted by this procedure.
Prefactored small-stencil compact schemes

Abstract A new type of prefactored compact schemes is presented that obtains high-order accuracy while using a very small stencil size. These schemes require fewer boundary stencils and offer simpler boundary condition implementation than the existing compact schemes. Results are shown for linear and nonlinear 1-D benchmark problems and a 2-D linear benchmark problem. Boundary stencils for both exterior and interior multiblock boundaries are given, and boundary condition specification is described and demonstrated.
Anterior cingulate dysfunction in geriatric depression

Background Although several brain abnormalities have been identified in geriatric depression, their relationship to the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development and perpetuation of this syndrome remain unclear. Methods This paper reviews findings on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) function and on the relationship of ACC abnormalities to the clinical presentation and the course of geriatric depression in order to elucidate the pathophysiological role of ACC in this disorder. Results The ACC is responsible for conflict detection and emotional evaluation of error and is connected to brain structures that regulate mood, emotional valence of thought and autonomic and visceral responses, which are functions disturbed in depression. Geriatric depression often is accompanied by abnormalities in some executive functions and has a clinical presentation consistent with ACC abnormalities. Indices of ACC dysfunction are associated with adverse outcomes of geriatric depression. Conclusions Converging findings suggest that at least some ACC functions are abnormal in depression and these abnormalities are pathophysiologically meaningful. Indices of ACC dysfunction may be used to identify subgroups of depressed elderly patients with distinct illness course and treatment needs and serve as the theoretical background for novel treatment development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.