cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a biomedical ontology recommender web service.

Background: Researchers in biomedical informatics use ontologies and terminologies to annotate their data in order to facilitate data integration and translational discoveries. As the use of ontologies for annotation of biomedical datasets has risen, a common challenge is to identify ontologies that are best suited to annotating specific datasets. The number and variety of biomedical ontologies is large, and it is cumbersome for a researcher to figure out which ontology to use. Methods: We present the Biomedical Ontology Recommender web service. The system uses textual metadata or a set of keywords describing a domain of interest and suggests appropriate ontologies for annotating or representing the data. The service makes a decision based on three criteria. The first one is coverage, or the ontologies that provide most terms covering the input text. The second is connectivity, or the ontologies that are most often mapped to by other ontologies. The final criterion is size, or the number of concepts in the ontologies. The service scores the ontologies as a function of scores of the annotations created using the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) Annotator web service. We used all the ontologies from the UMLS Metathesaurus and the NCBO BioPortal. Results: We compare and contrast our Recommender by an exhaustive functional comparison to previously published efforts. We evaluate and discuss the results of several recommendation heuristics in the context of three real world use cases. The best recommendations heuristics, rated ‘very relevant’ by expert evaluators, are the ones based on coverage and connectivity criteria. The Recommender service (alpha version) is available to the community and is embedded into BioPortal.
Measuring the signature of bias and temperature-dependent barrier heights in III-N materials using a hot electron transistor

We present a measurement technique to study barrier height inhomogeneity (BHI) in III-N materials. This technique is enabled by a hot electron transistor (HET), a vertical, unipolar device that works by injecting hot electrons over the emitter barrier and into a very thin base layer. After traversing the base, high energy electrons surmount the collector barrier and contribute to the collector current while low energy electrons reflect off the collector barrier and become the base current. The prevailing theory of BHI prescribes the replacement of a constant emitter barrier height with one that depends on both bias and temperature (i.e. ). Because the magnitude of the collector current is a strong function of the emitted electron energy and, therefore, the emitter barrier height, measuring the change in collector current with emitter bias and temperature allows us to determine the dependence of on these quantities. This advance will help provide a more thorough understanding of the physical sources of BHI in the III-Ns and assist in the diagnosis of key device nonidealities.
A mouse-human phase 1 co-clinical trial of a protease-activated fluorescent probe for imaging cancer

Local recurrence is a common cause of treatment failure for patients with solid tumors. Intraoperative detection of microscopic residual cancer in the tumor bed could be used to decrease the risk of a positive surgical margin, reduce rates of reexcision, and tailor adjuvant therapy. We used a protease-activated fluorescent imaging probe, LUM015, to detect cancer in vivo in a mouse model of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and ex vivo in a first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial. In mice, intravenous injection of LUM015 labeled tumor cells, and residual fluorescence within the tumor bed predicted local recurrence. In 15 patients with STS or breast cancer, intravenous injection of LUM015 before surgery was well tolerated. Imaging of resected human tissues showed that fluorescence from tumor was significantly higher than fluorescence from normal tissues. LUM015 biodistribution, pharmacokinetic profiles, and metabolism were similar in mouse and human subjects. Tissue concentrations of LUM015 and its metabolites, including fluorescently labeled lysine, demonstrated that LUM015 is selectively distributed to tumors where it is activated by proteases. Experiments in mice with a constitutively active PEGylated fluorescent imaging probe support a model where tumor-selective probe distribution is a determinant of increased fluorescence in cancer. These co-clinical studies suggest that the tumor specificity of protease-activated imaging probes, such as LUM015, is dependent on both biodistribution and enzyme activity. Our first-in-human data support future clinical trials of LUM015 and other protease-sensitive probes.
Adaptive Power Supply Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: A Voltage Reduction Technique for Battery Operated Systems Automatic Adjustment of Threshold and Supply Voltage for Minimum Power Consumption in CMOS Digital Circuits Low-Power Operation Using Self-Timed Circuits and Adaptive Scaling of the Supply Voltage A Low-Power Switching Power Supply for Self-Clocked Systems Variable-Voltage Digital-Signal Processing Scheduling for Reduced CPU Energy
Response to “Comment on Extracellular Palladium Nanoparticle Production Using Geobacter sulfurreducens”

on the eﬀect of biomass concentration on thereduction of Pd by Geobacter sulfurreducens in the presence andabsence of an exogenous redox mediator. We were notpreviously aware of their study, and therefore, we did notmention it in our paper. We ﬁnd their results quite interestingand complementary to our own work on understandingnanoparticle production by G. sulfurreducens. While acetateand hydrogen were examined as electron donors in bothstudies, Pat-Espadas et al.
Creating Improved Communication Between Nursing and Physicians: Importance of Collaboration within a Hospital System

Background: Optimal communication between all members of the healthcare team is important to ensure safe and efficient patient care.Objective: To improve communication between nurses and resident physicians by developing and implementing a paging protocol.Methods: A resident-led workgroup was assembled to identify opportunities for improving communication. A survey was designed to assess current practices and perceptions related to resident and nurse communication. A facilitated focus group of residents and nurses met on two separate occasions to review the survey results and develop a set of mutually agreeable paging guidelines. The group chose to adopt the ISBARR communication tool and planned educational interventions accordingly. Residents and nurses were resurveyed roughly three monthsâ€™ post-intervention.Results: The results indicated a 12.8% reduction (p=0.017) in the percentage of nurse respondents that â€œneverâ€ inquire whether or not another nurse on the unit needs to speak with the same physician prior to paging. A 10.3% increase (p=0.033) in resident respondents that â€œusuallyâ€ receive grouped pages, and an 11% reduction (p=0.042) in the percentage of resident respondents that â€œnever: receive grouped pages. However, only 53.3% (n=60) of nurse respondents and 44.1% (n=68) of resident respondents felt their ISBARR training was adequate. Moreover, only 38.4% and 30.9% of nurse and resident respondents, respectively felt the paging guidelines and ISBARR had improved overall communications between the two groups.Conclusions: While the follow-up survey results revealed some improvements in paging practices, the need for continued education was clear.
On the function of the Ruptured Ovarian Follicle of the Domestic Fowl

SummaryRemoval of the ruptured ovarian follicle or of this follicle together with the oldest maturing follicle of the hen at the time when the egg taking its origin from the ruptured follicle was in the oviduct almost invariably resulted in the holding of the egg beyond the expected time of lay. Most eggs were held from 1 to 7 days. Removal of other parts of the ovary at comparable times, without simultaneously removing the most recently ruptured follicle, practically never resulted in comparable holding of the oviducal egg. The ruptured follicle of the hen is believed therefore to be an important factor in determining the time of lay of the egg formed from its previously contained ovum.
Wireworm Injury to Potatoes in Relation to Tuber Weight

The U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes allows proportionately more wireworm feeding on larger tubers than on smaller ones. With increased tuber weight, the percentage of injured tubers (any wireworm hole) within each weight class increased and the percentage of damaged tubers (severely injured tuber) decreased, but the length of individual holes remained about the same. Consequently, the percentage of injured tubers that were damaged was higher in small tubers than in large ones. These same relationships were observed with tubers from plots treated with fonofos; however, the percentages were generally lower than those from untreated plots.
Postdoctoral Internships: Potential Adverse Impacts on Internships, Dissertations, and Trainees

Increased consideration of transforming the predoctoral psychology internship into a postdoctoral training experience has resulted from changes in the training and reimbursement for psychology trainees, concerns about employment of recent graduates, and the perceived limited status of psychology interns within health care settings. Whether this fundamental shift in psychology's training paradigm could resolve any of the problems that have led to its deliberation is not known. The authors identify problems with a postdoctoral internship which may be as thorny as the problems it is intended to ameliorate. It may have unintended adverse effects (e.g., risk of reduced quality in training and dissertations, new pressures on internship programs and trainees, increased licensure quandaries). Until a highly detailed proposal is developed and its full range of potential consequences are analyzed and debated, it is premature for professional organizations to conclude whether such fundamental change should be pursued.
Laser Vision Based Detection and Analysis of Weld Pool Oscillation for Pulsed GTAW

There is a physical relationship between weld pool oscillation frequency and states of weld beam full penetration.But the detection of weld pool oscillation frequency is very hard.According to this problem,a new detecting and sensing method based laser vision for metal pool oscillation frequency is proposed.The method principle of laser vision is introduced and the experiment system of collecting weld pool oscillation signal for pulsed gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) is designed.The video images which reflect weld pool oscillation variation are collected.An image processing algorithm used for dealing with the reflected laser lines image based Matlab software is designed and written,also weld pool oscillation waveform is captured by this algorithm.The weld pool oscillation characteristic frequency is extracted by Fast Fourier transform.The experimental results show that laser vision method not only can successfully accomplish detecting the oscillation frequency for pulsed GTAW,but also the defect of pre-detecting methods for pulsed GTAW weld pool oscillation which is not used for sequential welding is overcome.The oscillation characteristic frequency is detected by software system.The image processing algorithm elapses about time 20 ms and meet the real-time detecting requirement for metal pool oscillation.To further realize the continual pulsed GTAW penetration control laid a foundation.
A baseline for the scene understanding challenge problem

ABSTRACT A Scene Understanding Challenge Problem was released by AFRL at this conference in 2015 in responseto DARPA's Mathematics, Sensing, Exploitation, and Execution (MSEE) program. We consider a sceneunderstanding system as a generalization of typical sensor exploitation systems where instead of performinga narrowly de ned task ( e.g. , detect, track, classify, etc .), the system can perform general user-de ned tasksspeci ed in a query language.That paper 1 laid out the general challenges and methods for developing scene understanding performancemodels. This is an enormously challenging problem, so now AFRL is illustrating the methods with a baselinesystem primarily developed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) during the MSEE program.This system will be publicly available for others to utilize, compare, and contrast with related methods.This paper will further explain and provide insights into the challenges, illustrating them with examples froma publicly available data set. Our intent is that these tools will relieve the requirement for developing an entiresystem and enable progress to occur by focusing on individual elements of the system. Finally, we will providedetails as to how interested researchers may obtain the system and the data.Keywords: detection, tracking, action, relationship inference, computer vision, automatic target recognition,fusion
Alveolar epithelial disintegrity in pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive decline in lung function, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of IPF primarily center on dysregulated epithelial cell repair and altered epithelial-mesenchymal communication and extracellular matrix deposition following chronic exposure to cigarette smoke or environmental toxins. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the role of the intercellular junctional complex in determining the specific properties of epithelia in pulmonary diseases. Additionally, recent genomewide association studies suggest that specific genetic variants predictive of epithelial cell dysfunction may confer susceptibility to the development of sporadic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A number of genetic disorders linked to pulmonary fibrosis and familial interstitial pneumonias are associated with loss of epithelial integrity. However, the potential links between extrapulmonary clinical syndromes associated with defects in epithelial cells and the development of pulmonary fibrosis are not well understood. Here, we report a case of hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia that presented with pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema on high-resolution computed tomography. This case illustrates a more generalizable concept of epithelial disintegrity in the development of fibrotic lung diseases, which is explored in greater detail in this review article.
Multi-stage anti-windup for LTI systems with actuator magnitude and rate saturation

We consider systems with actuator magnitude and rate limitations, and assume there are high performance compensators with highly desirable properties as long as the actuator limitations are not violated. A multi-stage anti-windup (AW) scheme is presented that provides stability and performance measures, for commands with known bound. More critically, it uses different gains for different levels of saturation, allowing for more aggressive anti-windup gains when the command signals are moderately above the actuator limitations. The benefits are shown through an illustrative example.
Dating violence in teenage girls: parental emotion regulation and racial differences.

BACKGROUND: Teen dating violence (TDV) is a common phenomenon of great public concern. TDV may lead to severe long-term consequences for victims and offenders, and even more so for females than for males. AIM: The aim of this paper is to investigate possible underlying factors for involvement in TDV either as a perpetrator or a victim. Social learning theory is commonly used to explain internalisation of parents' behaviour on children's behavioural expressions, but less so on parents' emotion regulation as a direct link to later TDV. METHOD: We used longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 2450) to investigate if and how parents' positive and negative emotion regulation is related to TDV, controlling for early aggression and race. RESULTS: Results show a moderately strong association between parents' negative emotion regulation and their daughters' involvement in serious dating violence. We also found that many more African American girls were involved in TDV compared to Caucasian girls, both as a perpetrator and victim. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: We discuss directions for future research focusing on emotion regulation and dating violence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Early postoperative small bowel obstruction associated with the use of V-loc™ sutures during surgery for pelvic organ prolapse

Aims: To describe three cases of early postoperative bowel obstruction after use of barbed suture material during surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Introduction: The utilization of minimally invasive surgical techniques for the treatment of POP is increasing, with a subsequent increase in the use of barbed, self-anchoring suture material, such as the V-locTM suture, which facilitates intracorporeal suturing. Case report: We present three cases of early postoperative small bowel obstruction related to the use of barbed sutures during minimally invasive surgery for POP, as well as a review of the relevant literature. Conclusion: Surgeons should use barbed suture material judiciously and should have a high index of suspicion for barbedsuture related mechanical obstructions. These obstructions are not likely to resolve with conservative management. Clinical significance: Barbed suture materials allow for ease of laparoscopic suturing but carry a risk of contributing to early bowel obstruction. Laparoscopic surgeons should be aware of this relatively unknown potential complication.
Life-Space Mobility Change Predicts 6-Month Mortality

Objectives To examine 6-month change in life-space mobility as a predictor of subsequent 6-month mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Community-dwelling older adults from five Alabama counties in the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Study of Aging. Participants A random sample of 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries, stratified according to sex, race, and rural or urban residence, recruited between November 1999 and February 2001, followed by a telephone interview every 6 months for the subsequent 8.5 years. Measurements Mortality data were determined from informant contacts and confirmed using the National Death Index and Social Security Death Index. Life-space was measured at each interview using the UAB Life-Space Assessment, a validated instrument for assessing community mobility. Eleven thousand eight hundred seventeen 6-month life-space change scores were calculated over 8.5 years of follow-up. Generalized linear mixed models were used to test predictors of mortality at subsequent 6-month intervals. Results Three hundred fifty-four deaths occurred within 6 months of two sequential life-space assessments. Controlling for age, sex, race, rural or urban residence, and comorbidity, life-space score and life-space decline over the preceding 6-month interval predicted mortality. A 10-point decrease in life-space resulted in a 72% increase in odds of dying over the subsequent 6 months (odds ratio = 1.723, P < .001). Conclusions Life-space score at the beginning of a 6-month interval and change in life-space over 6 months were each associated with significant differences in subsequent 6-month mortality. Life-space assessment may assist clinicians in identifying older adults at risk of short-term mortality.
Covalent Metal-Metal-Bonded Mn4 Tetrahedron Inscribed within a Four-Coordinate Manganese Cubane Cluster, As Evidenced by Unexpected Temperature-Independent Diamagnetism.

The electronic structures of the manganese(IV) cubane cluster Mn(μ3-NtBu)4(NtBu)4 (1) and its one-electron-oxidized analogue, the 3:1 MnIV/MnV cluster [Mn(μ3-NtBu)4(NtBu)4]+[PF6]− (1+[PF6]), are described. The S = 0 spin quantum number of 1 is explained by a diamagnetic electronic structure where all metal-based d electrons are paired in Mn–Mn bonding orbitals. Temperature- and power-dependent studies of the S = 1/2 electron paramagnetic resonance signal of 1+ are consistent with an electronic structure described as a delocalized one-electron radical.
New-Product Research and Development: The Earliest Stage of the Capital Structure

New product RD it is itself a three-stage process. It begins with the idea prospecting that leads to working prototypes. Next, comes productization—the conversion of working prototypes into products that can be manufactured with a reasonable prospect of being profitable. Finally, firms produce pre-launch inventories. This process often involves high-risk, not only due to the large amounts of time and capital investment, but also because of the secrecy maintained across lateral competitors that stifles the market signals that ordinarily foster economic efficiency. Reconsideration of the Austrian theory of the business cycle with these characteristics of new-product R&D in mind leads to additional insights about: 1) capital consumption during the cycle; and 2) the timing of the bust that follows a boom inspired by excessive credit expansion.
Family Secrets and the Psychoanalysis of Narrative

In an era priding itself on transparency but inundated by lies, a reading technique that demonstrates the unveiling of secrets belongs to the zeitgeist. Originally a dissertation for a doctoral degree in French from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, this brilliant book by the psychoanalyst and literary detective Esther Rashkin has the classic form of six chapters, plus an Introduction, a conclusion, notes, and an index.
Quality improvement regarding handoff.

Background and Objectives:Previous studies have emphasized the importance of effectual communication during patient handoffs. The objectives of this study were to (1) implement a resident-driven qu...
Low Yield of Clinically Significant Injury With Head-To-Pelvis Computed Tomography in Blunt Trauma Evaluation

Abstract Background Many trauma centers have adopted routine head-to-pelvis computed tomography (CT) imaging for the evaluation of adults with blunt trauma. Objective We sought to determine the yields of detecting clinically significant injuries (CSIs) with CT in >1 anatomic region. Methods We conducted this observational cohort study of all trauma activation patients >14 years of age who received CT imaging during blunt trauma evaluation at a Level 1 trauma center from April to October 2014. Expert panels determined the clinical significance of head, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis injuries seen on CT. We calculated yields of CSI, defined as the number of patients with CSI divided by the total number of patients who underwent CT imaging. The 3 specified anatomic regions considered were head/neck, chest, and abdomen/pelvis. Results The median age of 1236 patients who had CT was 48 years; 69% were male; 51.2% were admitted; and hospital mortality was 4.4%. Yields of CSI with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were: head/neck region injury 11.3% (9.6–13.3%); chest region injury only 7.9% (6.0–10.4%); abdomen/pelvis region injury only 5.1% (3.7–7.0%); both head/neck and chest CSI 2.8% (1.7–4.5%); both head/neck and abdomen/pelvis CSI 1.6% (0.9–2.9%); and both chest and abdomen/pelvis CSI 1.1% (0.5–2.4%). The yield of CSI in all 3 anatomic regions with head-to-pelvis CT was 0.6% (0.2–1.7%), and 76.7% (68.8–83.1%) of CSIs occurred in isolation. Conclusions During multiple anatomic region CT imagng for adult blunt trauma evaluation, the yield for CSI in >1 region is low. In low-risk populations, selective CT imaging of anatomic regions (instead of reflexive head-to-pelvis CT imaging) may be more appropriate.
Access to Fruits and Vegetables and Consumer Welfare in Urban Food Deserts

Low access to food retailers in poor communities, or the so-called food deserts is associated with unhealthy eating and diet-related health problems. Government agencies have implemented various policies to expand access to fruits and vegetables in these food deserts. One concern with the effectiveness of these policies is that they assume demand for food stores is similar across food deserts and non-food deserts. In this paper, I provide empirical evidence that this assumption is not verified in practice, and I quantify key welfare implications of this fact. I estimate the effect of expanding food access for consumers living in food deserts allowing for differences in demand. I use detailed, geocoded, store sales and consumer demographic data to (1) estimate a discrete choice demand system for food stores with consumer heterogeneity, (2) quantify the welfare impact of expanding access to fruits and vegetables in food deserts, (3) compare this effect to that of a subsidy to fruits and vegetables prices in food deserts, and (4) simulate the welfare change of a food desert household facing non-food-desert levels of prices and store characteristics, and vice-versa. I find prices are more important to consumers than the availability of fruits and vegetables and store proximity. Expanding the availability of fruits and vegetables in the nearest stores of food deserts does not greatly change consumers’ store choices or enhance consumer welfare. In contrast, price subsidy programs have the potential to significantly improve consumer welfare in food deserts. Specifically a 10% fruits and vegetables price reduction generates an increase in consumer welfare by $51 per household per year while the cost of the program is only $25 per household per year.
Wandering Around the Cell Surface — Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Neuroblastoma and Leukemia Cell Surface Antigens

Monoclonal antibodies have been made against cell surface antigens on human neuroblastoma cell lines and leukemia cell lines. These antibodies were tested against a panel of human cell types to define those antibodies having a restricted specificity. We describe the use of monoclonal antibodies for detection of metastasis of neuroblastoma cells to bone marrow. Using a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, we are able to detect and identify neuroblastoma cells and to distinguish them from normal and malignant lymphoid cells. We have also used these antibodies to isolate the cell surface glycoproteins by affinity chromatography. The resultant glycoprotein antigens from different tumor cell lines have been compared.
Voluntary Interdistrict Choice Program: Examining Black Girls’ Experiences at a Predominately White School

A plethora of research on voluntary school choice programs and the impact on student’s outcomes have been documented. However, lacking are the experiences of students of color attending predominately White schools that are part of these voluntary school choice programs. Using the integrative model for the developmental competencies of minority children as a theoretical lens, the authors explored the racial and gendered socio-emotional experiences of Black adolescent girls (N = 15, Mage = 13.59) who were participants in a voluntary school choice program. Inductive analytic techniques were used to identify themes based on the lived experiences of Black girls within this context. Three themes emerged that centered the intersectionality of race, class, and gender in their experiences including: (1) racial and cultural stereotypes; (2) differential discipline; and (3) academic expectations. Directions for future research and implications for Black girls, who participate in voluntary school choice programs are discussed.
Aspects of Pharmacology in the Neonatal Foal

Other therapeutic agents used in foals for specific diseases are discussed elsewhere. The marked effect of species, age, and degree of maturity on drug metabolism in the neonate reinforces the danger of interspecies extrapolation of pharmacology, the need for information specific for the foal, and the necessity for monitoring drug levels in the individual. Suggested antimicrobial doses are listed in Tables 3, 4, and 6. Recommended doses of anticonvulsants and sedatives are listed in Table 8 and in the article "Intensive Care of the Neonatal Foal." The following are recommendations for drug therapy in the neonate: Avoid unnecessary administration of drug to the dam at parturition because of possible placental transfer of the drug with subsequent effects on the neonate. If possible, avoid unnecessary drug therapy in foals under 30 days of age. Select a drug that undergoes minimal biotransformation (hepatic metabolism) and is not highly protein bound. Owing to probable immunodeficiency in the neonate, broad-spectrum, bactericidal drugs are preferred for treatment of life-threatening infections. Every attempt should be made to identify the etiologic agent so that drug therapy can be based on cultures and sensitivity test results to maximize the benefit-risk ratio. Parenteral (intramuscular or intravenous) drug administration is preferable to oral. Avoid drugs that are known oxidants, which may produce hemolysis or methemoglobinemia. In general, the same or a slightly higher initial dose should be employed in the neonate, but it should be given less frequently than in the adult if it has a high potential to cause toxicity. When possible, individual monitoring of serum levels of potentially toxic drugs should be employed in premature and newborn foals unless specific drug pharmacokinetics are known for that age group.
Making a Pecan Pie: Understanding and Supporting The Holistic Review Process in Admissions

Holistic reviews are a common practice employed by universities in the USA to make admissions decisions. It is an individualized review process where reviewers assess an applicant's potential by considering various criteria including academic metrics, adversities faced, and personal attributes. While the factors considered in such reviews are broadly known, a detailed walk-through of the process is absent in existing literature. This is important to understand what is done in practice and to identify opportunities for technological interventions to support the complex and changing process. We employed cognitive task analysis and a socio-organizational approach to understand the holistic review process at a highly-selective, private university. We found the process to be nuanced and complex owing its complexity both to the numerous variables involved and the reviewers' thought processes. We present a rigorous, structured characterization of the review process and suggest possible leverage points for applying visualization decision-support tools.
Does Calculation Crowd out Community? The persistence of social ties in the face of certainty

To encourage market entry, market founders tend attempt to reduce uncertainty by making risk more calculable. Previous research in conditional embeddedness of markets suggests that as markets become more ‘certain’, then exchange relations will be/are based less on shared social affiliation. Yet the homophily literature suggests that social ties will persist, even in the face of certainty . In 2006, the rise of Prosper.com, a peer-to-peer lending market in the U.S., was heralded as a return to socially mediated lending. The founders’ dual adoption of risk-calculating and community-creating strategies provided an opportunity to test competing hypotheses regarding the persistence of social ties. I provide evidence of geographic homophily in lender selection behavior, as well as the persistence of group identity in lenders’ valued selection criteria.
Stat6 is constitutively activated in human follicular lymphoma

5272 Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) are a family of transcription factors that regulate a broad range of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Constitutive activation of STATs, particularly STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 has been detected at high frequency in various malignancies. Here, we show that STAT6 is constitutively activated and may a play a role in the pathogenesis of human follicular lymphoma, the most common low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is considered incurable in advanced stages. STAT6 was demonstrated to be constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in primary human follicular lymphoma samples by immunoblotting and phosphoflow analysis. We show that IL-4 but not IL-13 is expressed by primary follicular lymphoma cells and may act in an autocrine fashion to induce constitutive phosphorylation of STAT6. Inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation with a STAT6 inhibitor, leflunidomide resulted in dephosphorylation of STAT6 and enhanced the apoptosis of primary follicular lymphoma cells as determined by Annexin V staining. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous IL-4 protected the cells from undergoing apoptosis in the presence of leflunidomide. Constitutive phosphorylation of STAT6 was associated with expression of growth factor independence-1 (Gfi-1) protein in primary follicular lymphoma samples. Gfi-1 is known to control the transcription of cell cycle proteins, such as decreasing levels of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. In addition, Gfi-1 has been shown to inhibit cell death by repressing pro-apoptotic factor Bax. Consistent with this, we observed downregulation of Gfi-1 protein following incubation of primary follicular lymphoma tumor cells with leflunidomide as compared with basal levels. Taken together, these results suggest that constitutive activation of STAT6 may play a role in the pathogenesis of human follicular lymphoma by promoting cell growth and by preventing apoptosis. Moreover, these results imply that inhibitors of STAT6 phosphorylation may be therapeutically useful for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma.
Tunable ground state in heterostructured artificial spin ice with exchange bias

We describe an artificial spin ice (ASI) composed of exchange biased heterostructured nanomagnetic elements with unidirectional anisotropy and compare it with a conventional ASI constituted by ferromagnets with uniaxial anisotropy (Ising spins). The introduction of a local exchange bias field, aligned along one of the sublattices of the square ASI, lifts the spin-reversal symmetry of the vertices. By varying the lattice constant of the square array, we control the ratio of exchange bias (EB) to dipolar field (${H}_{\mathrm{EB}}/{H}_{\mathrm{dip}}$) and tune the ground state from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic configuration with an effective magnetic moment. The geometric frustration of dipolar interactions is moderated by a nonfrustrated local field, leading to a mesoscopic system with specific metastable states observed during the demagnetization process.
In Silico Repurposing of Cell Cycle Modulators for Cancer Treatment

Abstract The cell-division cycle plays an important role in the progression of tumorigenesis, and it is a major target of cancer therapy. Despite the advancements of rational drug discovery, new cell-cycle modulators continuously fail to meet safety criteria due to issues associated with efficacy, toxicity, and adverse events. On the other hand, in silico drug repurposing represents a promising direction for the identification of safer and more effective medicines. Here we review the basic principles of cell-cycle control in the treatment of cancer and provide an overview of the broad spectrum state-of-the-art computational techniques for drug repositioning using chemoinformatics, structural bioinformatics, bioactivity profiling, and phenotype analysis. Finally, we discuss several challenges of current in silico drug-repositioning approaches and suggest future directions to guide further development in this emerging field of cancer drug discovery and research.
A study of the lock-free tour problem and path-based reformulations

AbstractMotivated by marathon course design, this article introduces a novel tour-finding problem, the Lock-Free Tour Problem (LFTP), which ensures that the resulting tour does not block access to ...
Impact of perioperative blood transfusion on survival in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients: analysis from the US Neuroendocrine Study Group.

Abstract Background Packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion has been associated with worse survival in multiple malignancies but its impact on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of PRBC transfusion on survival following PNET resection. Methods A retrospective cohort study of PNET patients was performed using the US Neuroendocrine Tumor Study Group database. Demographic and clinical factors were compared. Kaplan–Meier and log-rank analyses were performed. Factors associated with transfusion, overall (OS), recurrence-free (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed by logistic regression. Results Of 1129 patients with surgically resected PNETs, 156 (13.8%) received perioperative PRBC transfusion. Transfused patients had higher ASA Class, lower preoperative hemoglobin, larger tumors, more nodal involvement, and increased major complications (all p Conclusion PRBC transfusion is associated with worse survival for patients undergoing PNET resection.
Falcipain cysteine proteases of malaria parasites: An update

Abstract Background The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum expresses four related papain-family cysteine proteases known as falcipains. These proteases play critical roles in the parasite life cycle, and as such are potential targets for new modes of antimalarial chemotherapy, as discussed in this review. Scope of review This review summarizes available knowledge describing falcipain cysteine proteases of malaria parasites. Major conclusions Based on available data the falcipains can be broken into two sub-families, the falcipain-1 and the falcipain-2/3 sub-families. Falcipain-1 has been difficult to study; it appears to play its most important roles in nonerythrocytic parasites, but not the erythrocytic stage responsible for human disease. Falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 have similar biochemical features, and are expressed sequentially during the erythrocytic cycle. Inhibition of either of these enzymes blocks hemoglobin hydrolysis and completion of the parasite developmental cycle. Knockout of falcipain-2 blocks hemoglobin hydrolysis, but parasites recover, presumably due to subsequent expression of falcipain-3. Knockout of falcipain-3 has not been possible, suggesting that the protease is essential for erythrocytic parasites. Determination of structures of falcipains and extensive chemistry efforts have facilitated identification of numerous small molecule falcipain inhibitors as potential new antimalarial agents. Other malaria parasites express close homologs of falcipain-1 and falcipain-2/3 proteases, suggesting that agents that target the falcipains will also be active against other human malaria parasites. General Significance. Falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 play vital roles during the erythrocytic stage of infection with P. falciparum and thus are promising targets for new agents to treat malaria.
Positive Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Negative thought patterns or thought processes have been shown to be the core cognitive theories of depression. Seligman and his colleague’s positive psychology exercises (PPEs) have been instrumental in treating patients with mental illness. Decades ago our focus was diagnosing and treating youth mental illness. We have also identified risk factors and some prevention models that are fundamental for promoting positivity and resiliency in our youth today. There is a paucity of research on positive psychiatry and psychology in children and adolescents. There is an increasing need for studies on youth positivity, wellness, and resilience. This chapter will expound on how youth mental health experts and trainees can be more familiar with and use positivity in their patient’s treatment formulation to enhance resiliency in youth.
Adaptive Subject-Specific Bayesian Spectral Filtering for Single Trial Eeg Classification

Despite recent advances in signal and information processing, human brain remains the most intriguing signal processing unit with inconceivable abilities to analyze and fuse various multi-modal, streaming signals adaptively in real time. With recent advancements in sensors and computational technologies, brain computer interfacing (BCI) via electroencephalography (EEG) signals have received extensive attention for establishing an alternative form of communication with our brain. In this paper, we propose a subject-specific filtering framework, referred to as the regularized double-band Bayesian (R-B2B) spectral filtering, couples three main feature extraction categories, namely filter-bank solutions, reg-ularized techniques, and optimized Bayesian mechanisms to enhance the classification accuracy by simultaneously taking advantage of the three processing techniques. Furthermore, data collection experiments1 are performed to investigate different effects of stimulus on the performance of the proposed R-B2B. In this regard, four different protocols are designed and implemented by introducing visual and voice stimuli. Finally, the paper investigates effects of adaptive trimming of EEG epochs resulting in an adaptive and subject-specific solution. Experimental results show that the proposed R-B2B filter noticeably outperforms its counterparts.
Patterns of Tobacco Use and Related Protective Factors Among Somali Youth in the United States

Anti-smoking norms and educational aspirations are established tobacco prevention targets for general United States (U.S.) adolescent populations but protective factors remain poorly characterized for Somali-American youth. Here we describe patterns of past 30-day tobacco use and associated protective factors among eighth, ninth, and eleventh grade Somali adolescent respondents (n = 2009) to the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey using multivariate logistic regressions. E-cigarette (5.7%) and hookah (5.0%) use were most prevalent. Male youth reported higher levels of tobacco use across products. Adjusted odds ratios showed that internal developmental assets (e.g., e-cigarettes aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.37, 0.79) and parental anti-smoking norms (e.g., e-cigarettes aOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.09, 0.38) protected against use of all tobacco products. E-cigarettes and hookah are prevalent among U.S. Somali youth, highlighting the need for prevention efforts that address emerging tobacco products and leverage protective factors such as internal assets and parental anti-smoking norms.
8 – CASE STUDIES

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of TETRAD to a number of cases. It discusses the data sets that are empirical rather than simulated. For empirical data, TETRAD can help find plausible models that have been overlooked by unaided workers and that do well on a chi-square test. TETRAD can help search for alternative skeletal models. In particular, it can help the user to decide whether or not latent variables ought to be introduced to account for the data. Assuming an initial model, TETRAD can help the user discriminate between correlated errors and direct connections between variables and can even discriminate between alternative causal directions for direct connections. The program makes it easy to take advantage of the user's prior knowledge in the search for adequate models. In fact, effective use of the program requires such knowledge to eliminate hypotheses that do well by TETRAD's criteria but make no causal sense.
BELT: Bluejeans codE Leak deTection

As online educational programs scale, monitoring peer collaboration in platforms like BlueJeans for plagiarism becomes difficult. Recent studies indicate that students are less likely to cheat if presented with direct warning messages prior to engaging in online activities. In this work, we present Bluejeans codE Leak deTection (BELT), a system that monitors online BlueJeans meetings for shared code and sends timely warning messages to meeting participants. To test BELT's robustness as an online proctor, we evaluate its code-text disambiguation, code detection from images of varying quality, and code detection from videos of varying resolution. We conclude this work by pinpointing areas of improvement and briefly discuss possible extensions for future work.
Effect of Telehealth Treatment by Lay Counselors vs by Clinicians on Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Who Are Homebound: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Older adults who are homebound and have low income have limited access to psychosocial treatments because of their homebound state and geriatric mental health workforce shortages. Objective To evaluate clinical effectiveness of a brief, aging service–integrated, videoconferenced behavioral activation (tele-BA) treatment delivered by lay counselors compared with videoconferenced problem-solving therapy (tele-PST) delivered by licensed clinicians and attention control (AC; telephone support calls). Design, Setting, and Participants This 3-group randomized clinical trial using a randomization prior to consent approach included individuals aged 50 years or older who were homebound and had 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores of 15 or greater between February 15, 2016, and April 15, 2019. Tele-BA and tele-PST participants received 5 weekly treatment sessions. Assessments were performed at baseline and 12, 24, and 36 weeks after baseline. Intention-to-treat statistical analyses were performed from January 1, 2020, to February 15, 2020. Interventions Tele-BA participants were taught 5 steps for reinforcing healthy behaviors to improve mood, physical functioning, and social engagement. Tele-PST participants were taught a 7-step approach for problem solving coping skills. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the 24-item HAMD scores. Response (ie, ≥50% reduction in HAMD) and remission (ie, HAMD Results A total of 277 participants were enrolled, including 193 (69.7%) women, 83 (30.0%) who were Black, 81 (29.2%) who were Hispanic, and 255 (92.1%) with income of $35 000 or less. The mean (SD) age was 67.5 (8.9) years. Among these, 90 participants were randomized to tele-BA, 93 participants were randomized to tele-PST, and 94 participants were randomized to the AC. Compared with participants in the AC group, participants in the tele-BA and tele-PST groups had significantly higher response and remission rates and medium to large effect sizes (tele-BA: raw growth modeling analysisd = 0.62 [95% CI, 0.35 to 0.89];P Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, participants who received tele-BA by lay counselors achieved statistically and clinically meaningful changes in depressive symptoms. Given shortages of licensed mental health clinicians, tele- and lay counselor–delivered services may help improve access to evidence-based depression treatment for large numbers of underserved older adults. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02600754.