cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonant oscillations of a granular cluster

Driven granular media is a fascinating example of intrinsically non-equilibrium system. I consider an ensemble of inelastically colliding hard disks in a channel driven by two opposite thermal walls with different temperatures. When the inelasticity of collisions is large enough, a dense cluster, located closer to the colder wall, is formed. The steady state profiles are computed from the equations of granular hydrodynamics, and a good agreement with the results of molecular dynamics simulations is found. When the temperature of one of the thermal walls is varied periodically, a dense cluster develops oscillations. The oscillations amplitude reaches its maximum in a resonance, when the frequency of driving is roughly equal to the hydrodynamic frequency of oscillatory acoustic modes in the system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008. This article was submitted as an invited paper resulting from the “Understanding Complex Systems” conference held at the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, May 2006.
Fabrication, quality assurance, and assessment of cultured skin substitutes for treatment of skin wounds

Advances in treatment of skin wounds depend on demonstration of reduced morbidity or mortality either during or after hospitalization. Tissue engineering of skin grafts from cultured cells and biopolymers permits greater amounts of grafts from less donor tissue than conventional procedures. Autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts isolated from epidermis and dermis of skin may be combined with collagen-based substrates to generate cultured skin substitutes (CSS) with epidermal and dermal components. By regulation of culture conditions, CSS form epidermal barrier and basement membrane, and release angiogenic factors that stimulate vascularization. Prototypes of CSS may be tested for safety and efficacy by grafting to athymic mice which do not reject human tissues. Clinical application of CSS requires establishment of quality assurance assessments, such as, epidermal barrier by measurement of surface hydration, and anatomy by standard histology. Medical benefits of tissue engineered skin for treatment of burns are evaluated quantitatively by the ratio of healed skin to donor skin, and qualitatively by the Vancouver Scar Scale. These benefits may also be extended to other medical conditions including chronic wounds and reconstructive surgery.
Suing states over threatened access to care - The Douglas decision

In the Douglas case, health care providers and Medicaid patients attacked California laws reducing Medicaid payments, arguing that they violated federal standards and jeopardized patients' health. The Supreme Court punted, sending the case back for further development.
In vitro evaluation of digestive and endolysosomal enzymes to cleave CML-modified Ara h 1 peptides

Ara h 1 is a major peanut allergen. Processing-induced modifications may modulate the allergenic potency of Ara h 1. Carboxymethyl lysine (CML) modifications are a commonly described nonenzymatic modification on food proteins. In the current study, we tested the ability of digestive and endolysosomal proteases to cleave CML-modified and unmodified Ara h 1 peptides. Mass spectrometric analyses of the digested peptides demonstrate that carboxymethylation of lysine residues renders these peptides refractory to trypsin digestion. We did not detect observable differences in the simulated gastric fluid or endolysosomal digestion between the parental and CML-modified peptides. One of the tested peptides contains a lysine residue previously shown to be CML modified laying in a previously mapped linear IgE epitope, but we did not observe a difference in IgE binding between the modified and parental peptides. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the increased resistance of peanut allergens modified by thermal processing, such as Ara h 1, to digestion in intestinal fluid after heating and could help explain how food processing-induced modifications may lead to more potent food allergens by acting to protect intact IgE epitopes from digestion by proteases targeting lysine residues.
Access to the Heads and Chairs Program expands beyond AGU Fall Meeting

The AGU Education and Public Outreach department is pleased to announce a new collaboration with the American Geosciences Institute (AGI) for AGU's existing Heads and Chairs Program. This collaboration developed from a mutual interest in supporting the higher education departments of Earth and space sciences, as well as a desire to combine activities and resources toward strengthening that support. Through this partnership, AGI's Workforce Program and AGU's education staff are hosting hour-long webinars on various topics each month to engage department heads and chairs in discussions that will help them share, learn, and apply new ideas to their own programs. The ultimate goal is to provide opportunities for open dialogue beyond the annual Heads and Chairs workshops held at the AGU Fall Meeting each year, as well as to support those heads and chairs who are unable to attend Fall Meeting.
Maximize uniformity summation heuristic (MUSH): a highly accurate simple method for intracranial delineation

A common procedure performed by many groups in the analysis of neuroimaging data is separating the brain from other tissues. This procedure is often utilized both by volumetric studies as well as functional imaging studies. Regardless of the intent, an accurate, robust method of identifying the brain or cranial vault is imperative. While this is a common requirement, there are relatively few tools to perform this task. Most of these tools require a T1 weighted image and are therefore not able to accurately define a region that includes surface CSF. In this paper, we have developed a novel brain extraction technique termed Maximize Uniformity by Summation Heuristic (MUSH) optimization. The algorithm was designed for extraction of the brain and surface CSF from a multi-modal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging study. The method forms a linear combination of multi-modal MR imaging data to make the signal intensity within the brain as uniform as possible. The resulting image is thresholded and simple morphological operators are utilized to generate the resulting representation of the brain. The resulting method was applied to a sample of 20 MR brain scans and compared to the results generated by 3dSkullStrip, 3dIntracranial, BET, and BET2. The average Jaccard metrics for the twenty subjects was 0.66 (BET), 0.61 (BET2), 0.88 (3dIntracranial), 0.91 (3dSkullStrip), and 0.94 (MUSH).
Geomagnetism of Baked Clays and Recent Sediments

This book is an outgrowth of the symposium entitled “Time Scales of Geomagnetic Secular Variations,” which was held at the 4th Assembly of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (Edinburgh, U.K., August 1981). The volume includes many of the papers presented, which described paleomagnetic results from both archeologic materials and Holocene geologic deposits, as well as contributions solicited from other researchers in the fields of archeomagnetism and paleomagnetism. In a remarkably short time after the conclusion of the symposium the editors were able to elicit, edit, and assemble a large body of material from 40 individuals into a thoughtful, wellorganized product.
Ascorbic acid prevents cigarette smoke injury to endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation.

Background. Arterial endothelium-dependent acetylcholine relaxation is impaired by smoking, and this injury may be mediated by oxygen free radicals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) treatment on this injury. Materials and methods. New Zealand White rabbits (n = 6, each group) were placed in a 240-ft 3 airflow chamber for 3 h per day, 5 days per week over an 8-week period. Animals were divided into four groups and fed rabbit chow and water or rabbit chow and AA (250 ml/kg)-supplemented water. The control-smoke rabbit group and the ascorbic acid-smoke rabbit group were exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke from a robotic smoke generator for the 3-h period, while the control-no smoke rabbit group and ascorbic acid-no smoke rabbit group were similarly placed in the chamber without smoke. At the end of 8 weeks, rabbits were sacrificed and segments of their superficial femoral arteries were suspended from tension transducers and the maximal contraction was determined. The remaining rings were contracted to 50% of the maximum and relaxation was determined by adding acetylcholine. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA Results. Rings from control-smoke (5.13 ± 0.21 g) and AA-smoke rabbits (6.24 ± 0.46 g) exhibited increased mean contraction to KCl (P < 0.05) compared to control-no smoke rabbits (3.86 ± 0.40 g). Acetylcholine-dependent relaxation was significantly reduced in the rings from the control-smoke rabbits compared to control-no smoke rabbits (acetylcholine, 5 × 10 -7 M: 24.7 ± 2.7% versus 55.3 ± 8.0%; acetylcholine, 7 × 10 -7 M: 27.5 ± 2.3% versus 56.3 ± 9.2%). The AA-smoke group (acetylcholine, 5 × 10 -7 M: 61.8 ± 12.4%; 7 × 10 -7 M: 67.9 ± 11.4%) had significantly increased relaxation compared to the control-smoke group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the mean percentage ring relaxation between the control-no smoke, AA-no smoke, and AA-smoke groups. Conclusions. Ascorbic acid protected the artery from cigarette smoke-induced endothelial injury.
System Integration of an Adverse Experience Thesaurus — Experience with a New Computer Methodology:

Federal regulations mandate that all drug-related adverse experiences that are reported to the pharmaceutical manufacturer be reported to the appropriate division of the Food & Drug Administration. The interval for reporting is specified in the regulations and depends upon the nature and severity of the specific adverse experience. The time requirement for severe or unexpected events is 15 working days. It is, therefore, in the best interest of the pharmaceutical company to establish a procedure by which this reporting process can be expedited. Accordingly, the Stuart Pharmaceuticals Drug Experience Reporting System was designed. The goals for this system are to provide an efficient and cost-effective method to record, evaluate, and report drug experiences, as well as to provide a timely response in accord with the FDA regulations. An important part of this system is a computer integrated controlled vocabulary sub-system which automatically reads the reported adverse experience terms and translates these ...
Low-temperature growth of GaAs on Si used for ultrafast photoconductive switches

GaAs was grown directly on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperature (/spl sim/250/spl deg/C). Both the silicon wafer cleaning and the GaAs film growth processes were done at temperatures lower than the Si-Al eutectic temperature to enable monolithic integration of low-temperature-GaAs photoconductive switches with finished Si-CMOS circuits. The film surfaces show less than 1 nm rms roughness and the anti-phase domain density is below the detection limit of X-ray diffraction. Metal-semiconductor-metal photoconductive switches were made using this material and were characterized using a time-resolved electrooptic sampling technique. A full-width at half-maximum switching time of /spl sim/2 ps was achieved and the responsivity of switches made from low-temperature GaAs on Si material was comparable to its counterpart on a GaAs substrate.
Automatic Design Optimization of Rotors Supported on Tilting Pad Bearings

This study considers the optimization of a rotor supported on bearings using an automatic design approach. A finite element approach is used to model the rotor-bearing system and the dynamic speed-dependent coefficients of the bearing are calculated using a bulk flow code. A numerical example of a rotor-bearing system is employed to demonstrate the merits of the present design approach. A few geometric characteristics of the rotor together with the parameters defining the configuration of tilting pad bearing are considered as design variables into the automatic optimization process. The power loss in bearings, stability criteria, and unbalance responses are defined as a set of objective functions and constraints. The complex design optimization problem is solved using heuristic optimization algorithms, such as genetic, and particle-swarm optimization. Whereas both algorithms found better design solutions than the initial design, the genetic algorithms exhibited the fastest convergence. The high performance of the best solution obtained in the optimization design suggests that the proposed approach has good potential for improving design of rotor-bearing systems encountered in industrial applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Preparation and ion-exchange properties of ion-sieve manganese oxide based on Mg2MnO4

A new type of ion-sieve manganese oxide (HMnO(2Mg)) was prepared by extracting magnesium from Mg2MnO4 with aqueous acid. The preparation conditions of HMnO(2Mg) and its ion-exchange properties were examined. The extraction of magnesium from Mg2MnO4 caused a decrease in the lattice constant of a spinel structure. The HMnO(2Mg) showed a selective adsorption of lithium from seawater when the Mg/Mn ratio of the sample was less than 1. The pH titration curve showed an affinity order of Cs ≒ K < Li above pH 3.5. The lithium-ion uptake increased with increasing solution pH and reached 3 meq/g at pH 12. The selectivity sequence was Na < Li < K < Rb < Cs for alkali metal ions at pH 3.1, while it changed to Na < Rb ≒ Cs < K < Li at pH 8. The selectivity sequences were Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba for alkaline earth metal ions and Ni < Zn < Cu < Co for transition metal ions at pH 3.1. The Li+-selective property is discussed based on the ion-sieve effect of the protonated octahedral sites at the cubic closed-packed oxygen framework of HMnO(2Mg).
Thirst and fluid intake following graded hypohydration levels in humans

The relationship among changes in thirst sensations, blood variables, and differential fluid intake in hypohydrated humans was examined. Seven subjects were hypohydrated by 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of their body weight on four separate trials which were systematically randomized between subjects. Hypohydration levels were achieved with a regimen of restricted food and fluid intake and moderate heat-exercise stress. Statistically significant linear and quadratic trends were found for the intensity of several sensations with progressive hypohydration levels. In general, plasma osmolality and renin activity increased and plasma volume decreased with increasing hypohydration levels. During a one hour period of ad lib drinking, all subjects consumed insufficient fluid to rehydrate back to baseline body weights. Using regression analyses, fluid intake was predicted by the magnitude of subjective and physiological indices of hypohydration. Results demonstrate that both hypovolemia and plasma osmolality contribute significantly to fluid intake in hypohydrated humans. The results also indicate that thirst sensations make a substantial contribution to differential fluid intake in humans.
Low-Energy Theorems for Strongly Interacting W's and Z's

Low-energy theorems are proved for the scattering of longitudinally polarized W and Z bosons that hold at a scale intermediate between M/sub W/ and the characteristic mass scale of the symmetry-breaking sector. The theorems are proved without assuming a custodial SU(2) symmetry. Three methods are used: a perturbative power-counting analysis in the unitary gauge, a current-algebra derivation in renormalizable gauges, and a nonlinear chiral Lagrangian that is relevant in unitary or renormalizable gauges.
Solid particle erosion resistance of ductile wrought superalloys and their weld overlay coatings

The elevated temperature (400°C) erosion behaviour of six weld overlay coatings and wrought alloys of similar compositions, was analysed and the relative ranking of their erosion resistance has been developed. Microhardness tests performed on eroded samples showed that all materials experienced significant plastic deformation. No relationship was observed between hardness of the coatings at 400°C and their erosion resistance. A new toughness parameter was developed based on the measured area under the microhardness profile curve, which represents the ability of a material to absorb impact energy. This parameter correlated well with erosion resistance for both weld overlays and wrought alloys. Also, for the wrought alloys, an increase in area under the true stress–strain curve or tensile toughness, corresponded to an increase in erosion resistance. The physical significance of the toughness parameter is discussed along with relationships between hardness, tensile properties and erosion resistance. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
Vitamin K and prothrombin formation.

Abstract The site of action of vitamin K in the pathway of the formation of active prothrombin has been re-examined. The controversy as to whether the vitamin functions at a transcription, a translation or a later level has been resolved by finding that labeling of prothrombin by labeled amino acids given to vitamin K deficient rats along with a curative dose of vitamin K is (1) no different than the labeling of prothrombin in vitamin K normal untreated rats and (2) no different than the labeling of a protein which appears to be inactive prothrombin present in the plasma of vitamin K deficient rats. These data indicate that the site action of vitamin K is in the formation of active prothrombin from some “unfinished” inactive precursor and not at a level of de novo synthesis.
A microcosm system for the study of pollution effects in shallow, sandy, subtidal communities

The introduction of pollutants into the marine environment is inevitable, so an understanding of their effects is needed. Because shallow, coastal waters are at greatest risk and many of these shorelines are sandy, a test system for the shallow, sandy, subtidal environment is required. We developed a microcosm system for this purpose and tested it for three months to determine whether the benthic community remained healthy. Furthermore, because long-term effects on the environment occur primarily in the sediment, an experimental method for administering pollutants to the sediment is necessary. We administered a 1-mm layer of clean sand (simulating a technique of administering pollutants as a coating on sand) and tested the benthic community for artifactual effects of the sand itself. Fifteen metrics of community health, including the abundance of benthic microalgae, nematodes, and copepods, were measured. Most metrics were not significantly affected either by containment in the microcosms or by the addition of a 1-mm layer of clean sand. These microcosms are suitable as a test system for the shallow, sandy, subtidal environment.
Sequential Linker Installation: Precise Placement of Functional Groups in Multivariate Metal–Organic Frameworks

A unique strategy, sequential linker installation (SLI), has been developed to construct multivariate MOFs with functional groups precisely positioned. PCN-700, a Zr-MOF with eight-connected Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4 clusters, has been judiciously designed; the Zr6 clusters in this MOF are arranged in such a fashion that, by replacement of terminal OH–/H2O ligands, subsequent insertion of linear dicarboxylate linkers is achieved. We demonstrate that linkers with distinct lengths and functionalities can be sequentially installed into PCN-700. Single-crystal to single-crystal transformation is realized so that the positions of the subsequently installed linkers are pinpointed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. This methodology provides a powerful tool to construct multivariate MOFs with precisely positioned functionalities in the desired proximity, which would otherwise be difficult to achieve.
Expression and stability of amplified genes encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in glyphosate-tolerant tobacco cells

Two distinct cDNAs for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) were obtained from a glyphosate-tolerant tobacco cell line. The cDNAs were 89% identical and the predicted sequences of the mature proteins were greater than 83% identical with EPSPS proteins from other plants. Tobacco EPSPS proteins were more similar to those from tomato and petunia than Arabidopsis. One cDNA clone, EPSPS-1, represented a gene that was amplified in glyphosate-tolerant cells, while the gene for EPSPS-2 was unaltered in these cells. Consequently, EPSPS-1 mRNA was more abundant in tolerant than unselected cells, whereas EPSPS-2 mRNA was at relatively constant levels in these cell lines. Exposure of unselected cells and tobacco leaves to glyphosate produced a transient increase in EPSPS mRNA. However, glyphosate-tolerant cells containing amplified copies of EPSPS genes did not show a similar response following exposure to glyphosate. A significant proportion of the EPSPS gene amplification was maintained when tolerant cells were grown in the absence of glyphosate for eight months. Plants regenerated from these cells also contained amplified EPSPS genes.
Quantitative Analysis of the Nonlinear Displacement–Load Behavior of the Lumbar Spine

There is currently no universal model or fitting method to characterize the visco-elastic behavior of the lumbar spine observed in displacement versus load hysteresis loops. In this study, proposed methods for fitting these loops, along with the metrics obtained, were thoroughly analyzed. A spline fitting technique was shown to provide a consistent approximation of spinal kinetic behavior that can be differentiated and integrated. Using this tool, previously established metrics were analyzed using data from two separate studies evaluating different motion preservation technologies. Many of the metrics, however, provided no significant differences beyond range of motion analysis. Particular attention was paid to how different definitions of the neutral zone capture the high-flexibility region often seen in lumbar hysteresis loops. As a result, the maximum slope was introduced and shown to be well defined. This new parameter offers promise as a descriptive measurement of spinal instability in vitro and may have future implications in clinical diagnosis and treatment of spinal instability. In particular, it could help in assigning treatments to specific stabilizing effects in the lumbar spine.
Command and data handling system for the Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer

Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer (Pan-FTS) is an Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) funded development to build and demonstrate a single instrument capable of meeting or exceeding the requirements of the Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) mission. Pan-FTS has recently started operation at Mt. Wilson, CA, providing atmospheric measurement capabilities in the IR and UV-VIS. The currently deployed instrument includes two Focal Plane Arrays (FPA): a Raytheon IR FPA and a JPL developed UV-VIS FPA. This paper discusses the major electronic and software components of the instrument's FPGA-based command and data handling (C&DH) system. Progress made in the last year is discussed, with emphasis on the overall system architecture, FPA data acquisition, sigma-delta filter design, and optical path-difference mechanism (OPDM) control. Spectra recorded with single element detectors by PanFTS at Mt. Wilson are presented.
Prevalence of Perkinsus marinus (Dermo), Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX), and QPX in Bivalves of Delaware's Inland Bays and Quantitative, High-Throughput Diagnosis of Dermo by QPCR

Restoration of oyster reef habitat in the Inland Bays of Delaware was accompanied by an effort to detect and determine relative abundance of the bivalve pathogens Perkinsus marinus, Haplosporidium nelsoni, and QPX. Both the oyster Crassostrea virginica and the clam Mercenaria mercenaria were sampled from the bays. In addition, oysters were deployed at eight sites around the bays as sentinels for the three parasites. Perkinsus marinus prevalence was measured with a real-time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology that enabled high-throughput detection of as few as 31 copies of the ribosomal non-transcribed spacer region in 500 ng oyster DNA. The other pathogens were assayed using PCR with species-specific primers. Perkinsus marinus was identified in Indian River Bay at moderate prevalence ( approximately 40%) in both an artificial reef and a wild oyster population whereas sentinel oysters were PCR-negative after 3-months exposure during summer and early fall. Haplosporidium nelsoni was restricted to one oyster deployed in Little Assawoman Bay. QPX and P. marinus were not detected among wild clams. While oysters in these bays have historically been under the greatest threat by MSX, it is apparent that P. marinus currently poses a greater threat to recovery of oyster aquaculture in Delaware's Inland Bays.
THE PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE IN NORMAL ALBINO RATS AND THE EFFECT THEREON OF EPINEPHRINE

1. A satisfactory method for the direct determination of the pulmonary arterial pressure in rats is described. 2. The arithmetical mean of the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery in a series of thirty-four normal albino rats under nembutal anesthesia is 256 mm. H(2)0 (18.8 mm. Hg). 3. Intravenous epinephrine causes an abrupt but briefly sustained rise in the pulmonary arterial pressure with a gradual return to normal.
Comparative study of the electronic structure of ( SN ) x and its precursor S 2 N 2 using the extended tight-binding method

We present detailed electronic structure, total density of states, and orbital density of states for polymeric sulfur nitride ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$, and disulfur dinitride ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, using the extended tight-binding method. To our knowledge this is the first time that ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ has been investigated in any detail from the electronic-structure point of view. By a comparative study of ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$, S-$3p$ and N-$2p$ hybridization increases leading to a charge delocalization and hence enhanced conductivity. This is a direct consequence of the novel structure of ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$. We have also been able to provide a complete interpretation of the ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectra of ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$. The intensities of various peaks are in good accord with those expected from our calculated symmetries of initial-state wave functions. Similar data are provided for ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ with the hope that the experimental results will be forthcoming.
Quantification of larval resistance to Cypermethrin in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the effects of larval weight

We examined relationships between larval weight and degree of resistance to cypermethrin in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Laboratory-reared larvae (9.0-175.4 mg) were treated with either 0.1 or 1.0 μg cypermethrin in acetone. Degree of debilitation of each larva was assessed at intervals from 0.5 h to 5 d after treatment; cumulative scores incorporating degree of debilitation and survival time were used as a measure of tolerance (i.e., a continuous measure of resistance). At larval weights <100 mg, relationships between tolerance and weight were linear for both doses. At the rate of 0.1 μg per larva, tolerance reached an asymptote near 100 mg. Proportion of tolerance variation explained by weight decreased with size range, but we obtained significant relationships over weight ranges frequently used in Heliothis studies. Weight and dose interacted; slopes of tolerance weight regressions were steeper at the lower dose (large larvae were disproportionately more tolerant than small larvae). These data indicate that the expression of tolerance and tolerance changes within populations are mediated by even small-scale weight variation, that relationships between tolerance and weight depend on dose, and that it may be possible to refine resistance predictions by accounting for weight variation in treated populations.
Electron transfer sensitized photobleaching of rose bengal induced by triplet benzophenones

Abstract The sensitized bleaching behavior of the model xanthene dye, rose bengal, has been studied as a function of sensitizer, solvent, and oxygen concentration. An electron transfer oxidation mechanism is proposed on the basis of these studies.
COMMUNICATION CONCERNS OF PRESERVICE AND INSERVICE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the communication concerns of prospective, student, and inservice teachers and (2) to determine differences in the concerns of the three groups with regard to a three-phase conceptualization: concern with self, task, and impact. Findings were that: (1) prospective teachers expressed more self than task or impact concerns, (2) student teachers expressed more task than impact concerns, (3) inservice teachers expressed more impact than self or task concerns, and (4) prospective teachers expressed more self concerns than student or inservice teachers, student teachers expressed more task concerns than prospective or inservice teachers, and inservice teachers expressed more impact concerns than prospective or student teachers.
Mobilization of Pediatric Medical Personnel for Disasters

Children have unique medical, social, and psychologic needs. When disasters strike, children can be incredibly vulnerable and require highly trained medical response personnel. Pediatricians, emergency physicians, family medicine physicians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and pediatric surgeons are examples of medical response individuals who can and should be a part of a coordinated medical response. This article will highlight some of the important training and organizational issues facing pediatric personnel who are ready, willing, and able to respond to the needs of America's children during times of crisis. Several important Web-based resources for training and information will also be highlighted.
Enhancing effect of insulin on endotoxin lethality

Nous avons constate que les souris traitees a l'insuline possedent une sensibilite elevee a l'endotoxine de bacteries a gram negatif. Ce resultat concorde avec l'hypothese d'une relation inverse entre la quantite de glucose dans le sang et la sensibilite d'un hote a une grande variete de «Stressors».
Linkages between employee benefits and attitudinal and behavioral outcomes: A research review and agenda

Abstract The purpose of this article is to set forth a research agenda for examination of the impact of benefit program features and levels on employee attitudes and behaviors important to the firm. We conducted a comprehensive search of the current research literature for references to the following benefit categories: medical and medically-related benefit payments; retirement and savings plan payments; payments for time not worked; life insurance and death benefits; and miscellaneous benefits, including benefits sometimes categorized as “family-friendly.” Empirical research examining the links between employee benefits and the following outcome variables is summarized: applicant attraction, employee benefit satisfaction, organizational commitment, employee performance, employee absenteeism and employee turnover. The closing sections of the article present general guidance for future research on employee benefit-outcome linkages.
Genetic studies in alcohol research.

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) supports research to elucidate the specific genetic factors, now largely unknown, which underlie susceptibility to alcoholism and its medical complications (including fetal alcohol syndrome). Because of the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of alcoholism, identification of the multiple underlying factors will require the development of new study designs and methods of analysis of data from human families. While techniques of genetic analysis of animal behavioral traits (e.g., targeted gene disruption, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping) are more powerful than those applicable to humans (e.g., linkage and allelic association studies), the validation of animal behaviors as models of aspects of human alcoholism has been problematic. Newly developed methods for mapping QTL influencing animal behavioral traits can not only permit analyses of human family data to be directly informed by the results of animal studies, but can also serve as a novel means of validating animal models of aspects of alcoholism.
An integrated approach to test tracking and analysis

This paper presents an integrated approach to test tracking and analysis in a commercial software development environment. Our approach includes measurement gathering, graphical test activity and defect tracking, overall quality assessment using various reliability growth models, and identification of problematic areas and risk management using tree-based modeling. Various existing software tools have been adapted and integrated to support our analysis and modeling. This approach has been used in the testing of several large commercial software products and demonstrated to be effective and efficient under our environment.
Gastrointestinal complications of beta2-microglobulin amyloidosis: a case report and review of the literature.

Introduction 2-microglobulin ( 2-M), the light chain of the class I major histocompatibility antigen, is a circulating protein that is impermeable to dialysis membranes. In the setting of renal failure, polymers of this protein accumulate and become amyloidogenic, possibly as a result of modification by advanced glycation end products. 2-M amyloidosis is a disabling complication of long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis with predominantly musculoskeletal manifestations. Patients present initially with shoulder pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and flexor tenosynovitis of the hands. Less commonly, this type of amyloidosis may also present with visceral symptoms. Deposition of this amyloid protein in the blood vessels and interstitium of the gastrointestinal tract has been associated with abdominal pain, visceral perforation, pseudoobstruction, gastric and colonic dilatation, intestinal necrosis, malabsorption, and chronic diarrhea in patients on long-term hemodialysis. We report a patient with ischemic colitis related to 2-M amyloidosis and provide a summary of reported cases of gastrointestinal 2-M amyloidosis.
Influence of Methyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Monomer on the Habit of Ice Crystals Grown from the Vapor

Abstract Ice crystals grow from the vapor in the presence of Eastman9 10 cement (containing methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer) in the form of fine fibres a few microns in diameter, in the c axis direction of the nucleating crystal. A previous suggestion that similar fibers observed using this material for the replication process occur undernatural conditions and are a source of atmospheric ice crystals appears unlikely.
An analytic model for MODFET capacitance-voltage characteristics

An analytic model for the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of n-channel modulation doped FETs (MODFETs) is derived. Gauss law is used to relate the net areal gate charge density in an AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET to the electric field intensity at the metal-AlGaAs interface. An analytic expression for the electric field intensity which accounts for the neutralization of donors and the generation of free electrons is derived. The gate capacitance is derived as a closed-form analytic function of the gate voltage. The expression derived is easily computable and affords physical insight. The results, when compared with numerical calculations and experimental data, yield good agreement over a wide range of gate voltages. >
Assessing scoring functions for protein-ligand interactions.

An assessment of nine scoring functions commonly applied in docking using a set of 189 protein−ligand complexes is presented. The scoring functions include the CHARMm potential, the scoring function DrugScore, the scoring function used in AutoDock, the three scoring functions implemented in DOCK, as well as three scoring functions implemented in the CScore module in SYBYL (PMF, Gold, ChemScore). We evaluated the abilities of these scoring functions to recognize near-native configurations among a set of decoys and to rank binding affinities. Binding site decoys were generated by molecular dynamics with restraints. To investigate whether the scoring functions can also be applied for binding site detection, decoys on the protein surface were generated. The influence of the assignment of protonation states was probed by either assigning “standard” protonation states to binding site residues or adjusting protonation states according to experimental evidence. The role of solvation models in conjunction with CHA...
Diffusely elevated cerebral choline and creatine in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis

It is well known that multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis continues even during periods of clinical silence. To quantify the metabolic characteristics of this activity we compared the absolute levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho) in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) between relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients and controls. Metabolite concentrations were obtained with 3D proton MR spectroscopy at 1.5 T in a 480 cm(3) volume-of-interest (VOI), centered on the corpus callosum of 11 MS patients and 9 matched controls. Gray/white-matter/cerebral-spinal-fluid (CSF) volumes were obtained from MRI segmentation. Patients' average VOI tissue volume (V(T)), 410.8 +/- 24.0 cm(3), and metabolite levels, NAA = 6.33 +/- 0.70, Cr = 4.67 +/- 0.52, Cho = 1.40 +/- 0.17 mM, were different from the controls by -8%, -9%, +22% and +32%. The Cho level was the only single metric differentiating patients from controls at 100% specificity and >90% sensitivity. Diffusely elevated Cho and Cr probably reflect widespread microscopic inflammation, gliosis, or de- and remyelination in the NAWM. Both metabolites are potential prognostic indicators of current disease activity, preceding NAA decline and atrophy.
Password management strategies for online accounts

Given the widespread use of password authentication in online correspondence, subscription services, and shopping, there is growing concern about identity theft. When people reuse their passwords across multiple accounts, they increase their vulnerability; compromising one password can help an attacker take over several accounts. Our study of 49 undergraduates quantifies how many passwords they had and how often they reused these passwords. The majority of users had three or fewer passwords and passwords were reused twice. Furthermore, over time, password reuse rates increased because people accumulated more accounts but did not create more passwords. Users justified their habits. While they wanted to protect financial data and personal communication, reusing passwords made passwords easier to manage. Users visualized threats from human attackers, particularly viewing those close to them as the most motivated and able attackers; however, participants did not separate the human attackers from their potentially automated tools. They sometimes failed to realize that personalized passwords such as phone numbers can be cracked given a large enough dictionary and enough tries. We discuss how current systems support poor password practices. We also present potential changes in website authentication systems and password managers.
Testosterone Receptor Blockade After Hemorrhage in Males: Restoration of the Depressed Immune Functions and Improved Survival Following Subsequent Sepsis

Background: Recent studies suggest that androgen depletion by castration before hemorrhage has protective effects on cell-mediated immunity in male mice after soft tissue trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Objective: To determine whether treatment with an androgen receptor blocker (eg, flutamide) after trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis has any salutary effects on cell-mediated immunity and on the survival of male animals under those conditions. Design: Male C3H/HeN mice were either sham operated or subjected to hemorrhagic shock (mean[±SEM] blood pressure, 35±5 mm Hg for 90 minutes) followed by adequate fluid resuscitation (with shed blood and lactated Ringer solution). The animals then received either vehicle or 25-mg/kg body weight flutamide subcutaneously immediately after the resuscitation as well as 24 and 48 hours thereafter. At 48 hours after shock, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Sham-operated animals underwent laparotomy only. At 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture, the animals were killed, blood was collected, and splenocytes and splenic macrophages were harvested to produce nonadherent and adherent cultures. Splenocytes were evaluated for splenocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 release, while interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 release were assayed in splenic macrophages. Plasma testosterone and corticosterone levels were also measured by radioimmunoassay. In a separate set of experiments, survival was measured over a period of 9 days after the induction of sepsis. Results: Hemorrhage followed by sepsis produced a significant (P Conclusion: The findings that flutamide not only markedly improves the depressed immune functions but also the survival of animals after hemorrhage and the induction of sepsis suggest that the short-term administration of androgen receptor blocker in males after trauma represents a safe and novel approach for preventing immune deficiency and decreasing the mortality rate from subsequent sepsis. Arch Surg. 1997;132:1207-1214
The English Reformation: Obedience, Destruction and Cultural Adaptation

Religious life and English culture in the Reformation . By Marjo Kaartinen. Pp. vii+210. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002. £45. ISBN 0 333 96924 3 Preaching during the English Reformation . By Susan Wabuda. Pp. xx+203 incl. 15 figs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. £40. ISBN 0 521 45395 X Authority and consent in Tudor England. Essays presented to C. S. L. Davies . Edited by G. W. Bernard and S. J. Gunn. Pp. x+301. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2002. £47.50. ISBN 0 7546 0665 1 Keywords and concepts provide important organising principles when historians attempt to make sense of the past. Some keywords are virtual constants of historical discourse, such as ‘continuity’ and ‘change’, although the relative emphasis that historians place on them can fluctuate with circumstances and fashion. Other terms come and go. The study of the English Reformation is no exception to the ebb and flow of historical keywords. For much of the 1960s, 1970s and the early 1980s, ‘popular reformation’ was a central concept of interpretation and research. But no more. Thanks to the historical fashion which has been styled ‘revisionism’, ‘popular reformation’ in early sixteenth-century England at least is widely considered to be an oxymoron. Consequent on the work of A. G. Dickens, ‘official’ or ‘state-sponsored reformation’ went into an eclipse but with the advent of revisionism it has been both revived as well as revised.
A PHLIPS-based expert system for genealogy search

Intelligent systems for information search have drawn significant attention. The paper introduces an expert system for genealogy search. By applying the expert system technology, an inference model has been developed, which can yield knowledge discovery, mine explicit data stored in a database and produce implicit relationships. Based on the model, a PHLIPS implementation is investigated. An online demonstration version is available.
Investigation of homologous series of fatty acids by TLC. Part I. Comparison of separations of fatty acids on RP-18 plates with and without a concentrating zone

Fatty acids from pentanoic acid to tricosanoic acid have been separated on RP-18 plates with and without a concentrating zone. Although similar separation factors, α , were obtained for the acids on both types of plate, visual inspection of the chromatograms revealed that better separation of the acids was obtained on RP-18 plates with concentrating zone, because compact chromatographic bands were obtained. The resolution, R S , values calculated confirmed these observations. Topological indexes based on the distance matrix, the adjacency matrix, information theory, and electrotopological states were calculated for the acids. It was found that R M values were related to topological indexes by linear or quadratic functions.
Are there cultural differences in learning style

Abstract This study examines the role that culture plays in the way individuals learn. Experiential learning theory is used to describe the learning process and the Kolb Learning Style Inventory is used to assess differences in how individuals learn. Using the framework for categorizing cultural differences from the Global Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness (GLOBE) study, national cultures are examined by cultural clusters and individual cultural dimensions. The first part of the study assesses the relative influence of culture in comparison to gender, age, level of education and area of specialization of 533 respondents born in and currently residing in 7 nations. We found that a significant portion of the variance in the preference for abstract conceptualization was explained by culture, gender, level of education and area of specialization. The variability in preference for active experimentation over reflective observation was accounted for by age and area of specialization. The impact of culture was only marginally significant. In the second part of the study where we examined the influence of individual culture dimensions in shaping the learning style preferences, we discovered that individuals tend to have a more abstract learning style in countries that are high in in-group collectivism, institutional collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, future orientation and gender egalitarianism. Individuals may have a more reflective learning style in countries that are high in in-group collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and assertiveness.
CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS (CTV) RESISTANCE IN TRANSGENIC CITRUS BASED ON VIRUS CHALLENGE OF PROTOPLASTS

A strategy for the sereening of candidate virus-derived sequences to provide RNA-mediated citrus tristeza virus (CTV) resistance and early selection of virus-resistant citrus is presented. The system is based on the polyethylene glycol-(PEG) mediated cotransformation of protoplasts using virus-derived sequences and green fluorescent protein as a single selectable marker, followed by an in vitro assay of virus inoculation into transgenic protoplasts to determine the level of citrus tristeza virus replication. A cotransformation rate higher than 20% allowed selection of several clones carrying the desired transgenes. Efficient in vitro inoculation of virus in transgenic protoplasts was performed. Tobacco mosaic virus virions were used as a control in order to check eitrus protoplast viability. Different CTV replication levels were detected in transgenic clones. Only one clone showed no replication of CTV. Considerations regarding selection of candidate virusderived sequences and virus challenge of transgenic cells are presented.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte denitrogenierende Transanellierungen: Umwandlung von Triazolen in andere heterocyclische Systeme

Die ubergangsmetallkatalysierte denitrogenierende Transanellierung eines Triazolrings wurde kurzlich als ein neues Konzept fur den Aufbau diverser stickstoffhaltiger heterocyclischer Kerne beschrieben. Die Methode ermoglicht eine einstufige Synthese von komplexen Stickstoffheterocyclen aus leicht zuganglichen und preisgunstigen Triazolvorlaufern. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die jungsten Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der ubergangsmetallkatalysierten denitrogenierenden Transanellierung von Triazolen erlautert.