cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Self-Applied Tourniquets in Human Volunteers

Background. Tourniquets are not commonly used in routine extremity trauma, but can be vital for hemorrhage control in austere conditions. Objective. To determine the effectiveness in human volunteers of currently available self-applied tourniquets for extremity hemorrhage. Methods. Seven tourniquets were tested on the thigh for elimination of detectable distal pulse by Doppler auscultation at the popliteal artery (experiment I, n = 18 subjects). The tourniquets that were effective in ≥80% of subjects in experiment I were tested for effectiveness on the upper arm by auscultation at the radial artery (experiment II, n = 12 subjects). Results. Three of the seven tourniquets were effective in all subjects in experiment I; a fourth tourniquet was effective in 88%. Three of the four successful devices were also 100% effective in experiment II; the fourth was effective in 75%. Failure of tourniquets to eliminate distal Doppler pulse signal was due to inadequate mechanical advantage for tightening, device failure...
Evaluating Statistical Significance in Two-Stage Genomewide Association Studies

Genomewide association studies are being conducted to unravel the genetic etiology of complex human diseases. Because of cost constraints, these studies typically employ a two-stage design, under which a large panel of markers is examined in a subsample of subjects, and the most-promising markers are then examined in all subjects. This report describes a simple and efficient method to evaluate statistical significance for such genome studies. The proposed method, which properly accounts for the correlated nature of polymorphism data, provides accurate control of the overall false-positive rate and is substantially more powerful than the standard Bonferroni correction, especially when the markers are in strong linkage disequilibrium.
Ground and flight deck alternatives for terminal merging, sequencing, and spacing for arrivals

Aircraft approach the terminal area on different arrival paths, merge and ultimately arrive at capacity-constrained runways on the ground. Upon entering the terminal area, air traffic control manually controls the aircraft in order to merge and sequence arrivals on different paths, and establish longitudinal spacing between aircraft. These operations are termed merging, sequencing, and spacing operations. New technologies available in air traffic control facilities and in the flight deck create the possibility of improving on the manual operations used today. Several alternatives are currently in operational trials. Unclear is what alternative will prove to be most desirable for implementation. This paper seeks to enumerate some alternatives, and their characteristics, and establishes a framework for assessment.
Alliances and wealth creation: a corporate renewal perspective

Creating new wealth lies at the heart of capitalism: traditionally, entrepreneurship is viewed as the primary engine in wealth creation. However, creating new wealth can also be the domain of corporate renewal efforts. In the strategic management area, three currently popular research streams deal with aspects of corporate renewal: corporate entrepreneurship, corporate venturing, and strategic evolution. Each research stream claims to provide a distinct solution to different managerial dilemmas facing corporations. The article argues that these three approaches are closely interrelated. The main linkage point is the notion of opportunity recognition. Managers need to promote corporate-wide entrepreneurial behaviour as a vital input into strategy formulation and implementation. It is in this context that strategic alliances play a key role in firms. Success depends on participating firms co-evolving strategy while paying close attention to the changing business and technological environment in which the firms must operate. Recognition of this interdependence of alliance strategy with changing environmental forces leads to the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities as a key benefit of alliances. Approaches are suggested that could help senior managers use alliances as a way to stimulate corporate-wide entrepreneurial behaviour and wealth-creating corporate renewal. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways Linking Perceived Athletic Competence and Parental Support at Age 9 Years to Girls’ Physical Activity at Age 11 Years

Girls' perceived athletic competence and parental support of physical activity across the ages of 9 to 11 years were examined as predictors of girls' physical activity at age 11 years. Participants were 174 girls and their mothers and fathers who completed questionnaires when the girls were ages 9 and 11 years. Two alternative temporal pathways linking perceived competence, parental support, and physical activity were assessed using path analysis. Results provided evidence for the child elicitation pathway; higher perceived competence at the age of 9 years predicted higher parental support at age 11 years, which, in turn, predicted higher physical activity among girls. Findings highlight the importance of encouraging parents to make a special effort to support physical activity among girls who do not perceive themselves as being athletically competent.
Linear-mixed effects models for feature selection in high-dimensional NMR spectra

Feature selection in metabolomics can identify important metabolite features that play a significant role in discriminating between various conditions among samples. In this paper, we propose an efficient feature selection method for high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra obtained from time-course experiments. Our proposed approach combines linear-mixed effects (LME) models with a multiple testing procedure based on a false discovery rate. The proposed LME approach is illustrated using NMR spectra with 574 metabolite features obtained for an experiment to examine metabolic changes in response to sulfur amino acid intake. The experimental results showed that classification models constructed with the features selected by the proposed approach resulted in lower rates of misclassification than those models with full features. Furthermore, we compared the LME approach with the two-sample t-test approach that oversimplifies the time-course factor.
The effect of in utero hypoxia on fetal heart and brain trace metals

This study determined the effect of in utero hypoxia on fetal heart and brain pro- and antioxidant trace metals. Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (50-60 days gestation) were exposed to 1 h hypoxia (7% O2/93% N2) followed by 4 h reoxygenation in room air. Fetal hearts and brains were harvested and analyzed for copper, iron, magnesium and zinc. Fetal brain iron was significantly increased 28% after hypoxia and 35% by 1 h posthypoxia. Fetal brain magnesium demonstrated progressive decreases of 18% by 4 h posthypoxia. No significant effects of hypoxia were observed on heart trace metals. These results indicate that prooxidant metals may be increased and antioxidant metals may be decreased in posthypoxic fetal brain during a time when these tissues may be vulnerable to oxidative injury.
Psychological Costs of Growing Up Poor

This chapter provides a synopsis of the extensive empirical and theoretical literatures on the psychological development of youth growing up poor. Low family income has statistically and practically significant costs for children's psychological development in cognitive and social-emotional domains, as shown by high rates of academic failure and mental health problems among youth growing up poor. These psychological costs are incurred primarily because poverty limits children's access to developmental stimulation and heightens their exposure to stress in both their physical and psychosocial environments. Yet, convergent evidence from experimental and nonexperimental studies also indicates that improving the economic well-being of poor families translates into improved psychological well-being for poor youth.
Promoting better nutrition in the grocery store using a game format: The Shop Smart Game Project.

Evidence from a number of genetic, experimental, pathological, intervention, and epidemiological studies (1-8) support the conclusion that high blood cholesterol is a major precursor of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). This led the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference on Lowering Blood Cholesterol to recommend that all Americans (except children under age 2) be advised to adopt a diet that reduces intake of saturated fat and cholesterol (9). To assist in identifying strategies to educate the public about cholesterol, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute launched the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in October of 1987. In an NCEP planning workshop on public education (10) participants urged that educational strategies use positive approaches that demonstrate the selection and preparation of healthy foods, and also emphasize the importance of using a wide range of intermediary organizations to communicate messages about blood cholesterol. Grocery stores were identified as settings that offer opportunities for point-of-purchase education and food labeling. A recent Food and Drug Administration survey of 83 grocery store chains with greater than 10% of the market share in the top 50 U. S. market areas showed that 36% of the chains had or were planning point-of-purchase nutrition information programs (11). Only a few studies evaluating such~programs have emerged in the literature, and findings from these vary. Some (12, 13) reported no behavior changes resulting from the programs, while others (14, 15) detected short-term change in choice of certain foods. Two large-scale programs, "Special Diet Alert" (SDA) and "Food for Health," were conducted by federal
On a property of the coincidence function associated with the logarithmic derivative of a polynomial

Abstract A new property of the coincidence function β ( z ) is indicated. This property is applied to strengthen the well-known theorem on the polar derivative of a polynomial and also to obtain a result about the location of the zeros of a linear combination of a polynomial and its derivative.
Sperm Surface Antigen Required for Fertility: Identification on Spermatozoa of Rainbow Trout by Use of Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract We examined cell surface molecules on spermatozoa of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and their requirement during fertilization. A library of monoclonal antibodies was produced against surface antigens of rainbow trout sperm. Three types of antibodies were identified: most of the antibodies cross-reacted with two or more of the somatic cells tested; two cross-reacted only with brain tissue; and two – FS43 and FS 101 – were specific for sperm. All cross-reacted with sperm from chum salmon O. keta, coho salmon O. kisutch, and chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. The amount of sperm-specific antibody required to saturate the antigenic sites was significantly different for sperm from different males and was not related to total cell number. Fertility was reduced in a dose-dependent manner only for sperm preincubated with varying concentrations of antibody FS 101. Using indirect immunofluorescence, we observed that the two antibodies specific for spermatozoa restricted their binding to the head region of ...
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma) of urinary bladder in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis.

Abstract Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis occurs in 1 in 3,000 livebirths; however, urologic manifestations are rare. There have been over 40 reported cases of neurofibroma of the bladder. Malignant degeneration of subcutaneous neurofibroma occurs in about 5 to 10 percent of patients. We believe we present the second reported case of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor involving the bladder in a patient with this disorder.
Effectiveness of grass strips to filter catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) pond effluent

Abstract Twelve 3 m × 24 m grass strips having two different slopes (3 and 1·5%), two different grasses (Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Dactylon) and Bahia (Paspalum notatum Fluegge)) and three replications per treatment were used to filter pond effluent from an intensive catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production system. The effluent was applied as overland flow at the upper ends of the plots and collected at the bottom as it flowed downslope through the grasses. From two years' data, it was found that the grass strips removed suspended solids in the range of 18–82% from the pond water effluent depending upon the initial amounts of solids. When the initial concentrations of suspended solids in the effluent were above 200 mg L −1, there was a reduction of 62 and 82% of solids owing to grass filtration in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The reduction was about 18% when the initial concentrations of solids were less than 30 mg L −1. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were significantly lower in the filtered samples (11·8 and 60·8 mg L −1 respectively) than in the applied effluent (17·9 and 77·9 mg L −1 respectively). There was no significant difference between the concentrations of total phosphorus and total ammonia nitrogen in the filtered samples and the applied effluent. This filtering technique may have practical application in reducing nutrient and sediment discharge to receiving waters. It can also become a component of a pond water recirculating system.
Psychometric properties of the Wolpe-Lazarus Assertiveness scale for older visually impaired adults

This study examined psychometric characteristics and the factorial structure of the Wolpe-Lazarus Assertiveness Questionnaire (WLAS) in 199 visually impaired older adults receiving services at four separate rehabilitation facilities. In this study, we also examined the relationship of assertiveness, depression, and social support. The WLAS has good internal reliability, and a three-factor solution accounted for 25.2% of the total variance. We found a significant negative correlation between depression and assertiveness. Further, there was a moderate positive correlation (r=.39) between Factor II of the WLAS (general inhibition) and depression and a moderate negative correlation (r=−.31) between general inhibition and social support. We discuss implications of these data for the rehabilitation of older visually impaired adults.
Nationalizing American Radio: Anti-Monopoly, Nationalism, and the First Alexander Bill, 1915–1917

In 1917, President Wilson proposed the nationalization of radio. Usually portrayed as a power grab by the Navy and Secretary Josephus Daniels, the proposal arose from a broader consensus within the administration to nationalize monopolistic communication systems and to assert national control during the European war. The legislation to nationalize ship to shore radio failed in committee when radiotelegraph services and scientists swayed a hostile House of Representatives committee to table the bill. Once the US entered the war, Daniels used his wartime powers to take control of the radio, a move quickly undone at the end of the war.
Women with HIV are more commonly infected with non-16 and -18 high-risk HPV types.

Abstract Objective To review and summarize evidence from clinical, translational and epidemiologic studies which have examined the clinically relevant aspects of HPV type prevalence and cervical dysplasia in HIV-infected women. Methods Relevant studies were identified through a MEDLINE search. References of identified reports were also used to identify additional published articles for review. Results HIV-infected women in different geographic regions (such as Zambia, Brazil, Rochester NY) appear to be infected with less prevalent types of HR-HPV as compared to the general population who, across all continents, are more commonly infected with types 16 and 18. Secondly, integration of HPV DNA into the host genome is no longer thought to be a necessary cause of malignant transformation of cervical cells. However, rate of integration appears to differ by the type of HPV. In fact, the types of HPV which appear to be more common in cervical dysplasia of HIV-infected women are the same types which are more likely to require integration for malignant transformation. Finally, HPV types found in HIV-infected women are relatively common and likely to persist. The most common among these types belong to the alpha-9 and -7 species which are the most carcinogenic species. Conclusion Given that current vaccines target HR-HPV-16/18, the findings from the above mentioned studies may have important implications for the design of HPV vaccines that target the types of HPV associated with disease risk in HIV-infected women. HPV typing and assessment of the physical state (whether it is integrated or episomal) appear to be two valuable parameters for the prognostic evaluation of dysplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. This, however, has not yet been assessed in HIV-infected women. Recent data about the immune response in HPV/HIV co-infection may lead to understanding potential mechanisms for less virulent HPV causing malignant transformation in HIV-infected women.
RETIFORM HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA OF THE FINGER: A CASE REPORT

Retiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare, intermediate-grade, locally aggressive vascular tumour that involves the skin and soft tissues of the trunk and extremities (1-10). Macroscopically it appears as a plaque or an exophytic lesion. Involvement of the hand or upper extremity is rare, with only Three cases reported in the literature (2, 3, 9). Treatment usually involves surgical excision or amputation (2). We present the case of a middle-aged woman with a retiform hemangioendothelioma of the small finger, successfully treated with surgical excision with no signs of recurrence at 4 years of follow-up.
Failure of usp tablet disintegration test to predict performance in man

Abstract: An enteric-coated tablet of aminosalicylic acid, 1 purchased on the open market in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was shown to pass all USP specifications in the FDA laboratories. In a four-way crossover study in eight normal adult volunteers, single oral doses of either 1 g. of aminosalicylic acid or the equivalent of 1 g. of the acid were administered as the enteric-coated tablet 1 , a compressed tablet of aminosalicylic acid, a suspension of aminosalicylic acid in water, and a solution of the sodium aminosalicylate in water.
Refractory hypothalamic α-MSH satiety and AGRP feeding systems in rats bearing MCA sarcomas

Abstract In pre-anorectic tumor-bearing (TB: methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma) rats, injection of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) had no significant effect on food intake at a dose (5 μg) that reduced feeding in non-TB control rats. Following the development of anorexia, injection of α-MSH MC3/MC4 receptor antagonists, SHU9119 (1 μg) or 4 μg agouti-related protein (AGRP), stimulated feeding in non-TB rats, while having no significant effect in TB rats. Concentrations of α-MSH were not altered significantly in ventromedial, dorsomedial or lateral hypothalamic areas of TB rats, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) messenger RNA was not changed in TB rats in these hypothalamic areas. Determination of cytokines by ELISA in non-operated TB and non-TB rats revealed elevated IL-2 in plasma and hypothalamus as well as increased TNF-α in the hypothalamus of anorectic TB rats. IL-1B was not detectable in plasma and was not altered significantly in hypothalamus of TB rats. These results suggest that the POMC α-MSH satiety system is refractory in TB rats, even prior to the onset of anorexia. This change in MC3/MC4 receptor response does not appear to be secondary to alterations of endogenous α-MSH in TB rats. Cytokine involvement in the altered response to MC3/MC4 receptor stimulation and blockade is a possibility, since TNF-α and IL-2 were increased in hypothalamus of anorectic TB rats. Therefore, these results suggest major alterations in POMC neuropeptide systems in TB rats as anorexia progresses. Although these changes do not appear to have occurred due to grossly-altered concentrations of α-MSH, elevated cytokine activity in the hypothalamus may be an important factor. Due to the complex multi-factorial nature of feeding control, additional factors are likely to be involved in cancer anorexia.
Who helps and harms whom? Relational antecedents of interpersonal helping and harming in organizations.

Antecedents of interpersonally directed forms of citizenship and counterproductive behaviors (i.e.,interpersonal helping and harming, respectively) have been studied most often under the broad categoriesof individual differences and job attitudes. Although these behaviors often are exhibited within theconfines of interpersonal relationships, the impact of relationship quality and context on such behaviorshas been understudied. The present study uses a social networks framework to examine the relationalantecedents of interpersonal helping and harming in a sample of 62 members of a college sorority house.Results indicate that relational variablesdirect, third-party, and structural or positional characteristicsof positive and negative affective networks, and the frequency of voluntary interactionexplainsubstantial incremental variance (beyond traditional predictors) in helping and harming. Moreover,helping and harming were themselves weakly positively interrelated. Implications for theory and practiceare discussed.Keywords: interpersonal harming, interpersonal helping, social networks, organizational citizenshipbehavior, counterproductive behavior
Concentration of acetylcholine receptor mRNA in synaptic regions of adult muscle fibres

Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are highly concentrated in the small fraction (approximately 0.1%) of the skeletal muscle fibre surface that comprises the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction (Fig. 1a). In adult murine muscle, for example, AChRs are packed at a density of over 15,000 per micron2 in postsynaptic membrane, whereas their density is less than 30 per micron2 in extrasynaptic membrane. Because synaptic AChRs turn over they must be replaced, and it is interesting to consider where the new AChRs that maintain synaptic aggregates are synthesized. One possibility is that AChRs are synthesized uniformly along the length of the multinucleated muscle fibre; in this case, AChRs might be redistributed to or selectively stabilized at the synapse, as probably occurs during synapse formation. Alternatively, AChRs might be preferentially synthesized near synapses, a possibility that would suggest that innervation can influence not only where AChRs are inserted or accumulate but also where they are synthesized. In support of this second possibility, we report here that AChR messenger RNA is more abundant near to than far from synapses in adult muscle fibres.
A comparison of mean density and microscale density fluctuations in a CME at 10 R

[1] We have observed intensity scintillation (IPS) of the radio source 0854 + 201 at 8 GHz on August 2, 2000 during the passage of a coronal mass ejection (CME) across the line of sight. The source was at a distance of 10 R⊙ over the north solar pole. Simultaneous observations with the LASCO C3 instrument allow us to model the mean density Ne and the microscale density fluctuations δNe within the CME. We find that Ne increased by a factor of 2.18 but δNe increased by only 1.76, so the ratio δNe/Ne is 19% smaller than in the pre-CME slow wind. During the passage of the CME a short burst of enhanced turbulence doubled the IPS variance but was not visible in the C3 images. This was likely caused by a thin flux tube crossing the line of sight. Detailed modeling indicates that the diameter of the tube was 41,000 km and its density was 14.5 times the CME density.
Combinatorial Signal Transduction Responses Mediated by Interleukin-2 and -4 Receptors in a Helper TH2 Cell Line

The cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 are important regulators of the adaptive immune response, due in part to their effects on clonal expansion and differentiation of T cells. When IL-2 and IL-4 are administered together, both antagonistic and synergistic effects have been reported, but little is known in general concerning the mechanisms underlying such combinatorial effects. We found evidence for both effects in the proliferation responses of the IL-2 and IL-4 responsive T cell line, HT-2; IL-4 delays the onset of cell growth yet ultimately allows a higher cell density to be achieved in static culture. At the level of signal transduction pathways, we found that IL-4 partially inhibits IL-2 receptor-mediated pathways (PI3K/Akt, Ras/Erk, and STAT5a/b) and does not prolong their transient kinetics. This mode of antagonism, but not the effects on cell proliferation, is overcome at higher concentrations of IL-2 that are sufficient to saturate the signaling responses. By comparison, IL-4-stimulated activation of STAT6 is unaffected by IL-2 and shows sustained kinetics, and we speculate that this or another IL-4 receptor-specific pathway is responsible for the effects of IL-4 on IL-2-stimulated proliferation. A possibly related observation is that IL-4 induces a dramatic cell adhesion phenotype.
Analysis of the CrIS Flight Model 1 Radiometric Linearity

The CrIS Flight Model 1 has recently completed thermal vacuum testing. Here we present the independent UW-SSEC analyses of various test data to assess the radiometric linearity of the sensor.
Effect of Reducing Brain Glutamine Synthesis on Metabolic Symptoms of Hepatic Encephalopathy

Liver failure, or shunting of intestinal blood around the liver, results in hyperammonemia and cerebral dysfunction. Recently it was shown that ammonia caused some of the metabolic signs of hepatic encephalopathy only after it was metabolized by glutamine synthetase in the brain. In the present study, small doses of methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of cerebral glutamine synthetase, were given to rats either at the time of portacaval shunting or 3-4 weeks later. The effects on several characteristic cerebral metabolic abnormalities produced by portacaval shunting were measured 1-3 days after injection of the inhibitor. All untreated portacaval-shunted rats had elevated plasma and brain ammonia concentrations, increased brain glutamine and tryptophan content, decreased brain glucose consumption, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier to tryptophan. All treated rats had high ammonia concentrations, but the brain glutamine content was normal, indicating inhibition of glutamine synthesis. One day after shunting and methionine sulfoximine administration, glucose consumption, tryptophan transport, and tryptophan brain content remained near control values. In the 3-4-week-shunted rats, which were studied 1-3 days after methionine sulfoximine administration, the effect was less pronounced. Brain glucose consumption and tryptophan content were partially normalized, but tryptophan transport was unaffected. The results agree with our earlier conclusion that glutamine synthesis is an essential step in the development of cerebral metabolic abnormalities in hyperammonemic states.
A study of resident proficiency with thyroid surgery: creation of a thyroid-specific tool.

Abstract Objective Creation and testing of a tool, Hemithyroidectomy-Specific Scale (HSS), to evaluate performance of a hemithyroidectomy. Study Design Prospective, multi-center study of our HSS tool versus a Global Scale (GS). Setting Two tertiary care academic medical centers. Subjects and Methods Sixteen unique residents (postgraduate years [PGY] 2-5) evaluated a total of 97 times with a performance tool by a single endocrine surgeon evaluator (B.C.S.). Results Overall, the reliability of both evaluation instruments was good. Cronbach's alpha was 0.972 for the GS and 0.959 for the HSS. This indicates high internal consistency of each instrument. In general, the scores increased with increasing PGY level, indicating reasonable construct validity. Conclusion This study describes a new HSS checklist type of evaluation instrument for hemithyroidectomy and compares it to a validated GS. HSS offers advantages to GS. Most residents reached competence in hemithyroidectomy by the PGY4 level. A large, multi-institutional study would be required for adequate evaluation of our tool prior to its routine use in resident evaluations.
Math Word Problems: Suggestions for LD Students:

This represents the final article in a series of three articles by John F. Cawley and his associates on mathematics and learning disabled students. The authors present specific strategies for syste...
Absolute Power and Contingency: on the Theological Structure of Meillassoux’s Speculative Philosophy

Although Quentin Meillassoux’s philosophy desires to be postmetaphysical and posttheological, I argue in this paper that it remains structurally theological. Specifically, I argue that Meillassoux’s speculative thesis on the contingency of nature and its laws repeats at a formal level the medieval theological distinction between God’s absolute power and God’s ordained power. The first part of this paper discusses how this distinction allowed medieval theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus to understand and have faith in the stable contingency of the present order of things in light of divine omnipotence. The second part of this paper discusses how Meillassoux repeats this distinction, intentionally or not, between God’s absolute power and God’s ordained power in his attempt to think the absolute contingency of the laws of nature as an effect of hyper-Chaos. Although, unlike the medieval God, Meillassoux’s hyper-Chaos remains fundamentally without reason and devoid of any moral valence, I argue in the third section of this paper that Meillassoux sneaks in an existential faith in the present and future order of things with his appeal to hope in a speculative resurrection of the dead, a move that brings him further in line with the substance of the distinction between God’s absolute power and God’s ordained power.
Implementing Quicksort programs

This paper is a practical study of how to implement the Quicksort sorting algorithm and its best variants on real computers, including how to apply various code optimization techniques. A detailed implementation combining the most effective improvements to Quicksort is given, along with a discussion of how to implement it in assembly language. Analytic results describing the performance of the programs are summarized. A variety of special situations are considered from a practical standpoint to illustrate Quicksort's wide applicability as an internal sorting method which requires negligible extra storage.
Progress toward 20% efficiency in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 polycrystalline thin‐film solar cells

This short communication reports on achieving 18·8% total-area conversion efficiency for a ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Mo polycrystalline thin-film solar cell. We also report a 15%-efficient, Cd-free device fabricated via physical vapor deposition methods. The Cd-free cell includes no buffer layer, and it is fabricated by direct deposition of ZnO on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film absorber. Both results have been measured at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory under standard reporting conditions (1000 W/m2, 25°C, ASTM E 892 Global). The 18·8% conversion efficiency represents a new record for such devices (Notable Exceptions) and makes the 20% performance level by thin-film polycrystalline materials much closer to reality. We allude to the enhancement in performance of such cells as compared to previous record cells, and we discuss possible and realistic routes to enhance the performance toward the 20% efficiency level. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a US government work and is in the public domain in the United States.
Interstitial lung disease in infants: new classification system, imaging technique, clinical presentation and imaging findings

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is defined as a rare, heterogeneous group of parenchymal lung conditions that develop primarily because of underlying developmental or genetic disorders. Affected infants typically present with clinical syndromes characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles and hypoxemia. Until recently, the understanding of ILD in infants has been limited largely owing to a lack of evidence-based information of underlying pathogenesis, natural history, imaging findings and histopathological features. However, ILD in infants is now better understood and managed because of (1) advances in imaging methods that result in rapid and accurate detection, (2) improved thoracoscopic techniques for lung biopsy, (3) a consensus regarding the pathological criteria for these particular lung conditions and (4) a new classification system based on the underlying etiology of ILD. This article reviews the new classification system, imaging technique, clinical presentation and imaging findings of ILD in infants. Specialized knowledge of this new classification system in conjunction with recognition of characteristic imaging findings of ILD in infants has great potential for early and accurate diagnosis, which in turn can lead to optimal patient management.
Bispecific Short Hairpin siRNA Constructs Targeted to CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 Confer HIV-1 Resistance

Exploiting the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), recent studies established the utility of monospecific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in suppressing HIV-1 infection. However, because of the high mutation rate of the HIV genome, there are considerable challenges in the design of fully efficacious gene therapeutic constructs. Therefore, approaches that simultaneously target different stages of the viral life cycle are desirable. In our current studies, we designed bispecific siRNA constructs against HIV-1 cell surface receptors to inhibit viral entry. Dual specific short hairpin siRNA constructs, containing an 8-nucleotide intervening spacer, targeted against either CXCR4 and CD4 or CCR5 and CXCR4 were synthesized by in vitro transcription. Cleavage of the bispecific constructs yielding monospecific siRNAs was shown to occur in cell extracts. Magi-CXCR4 and CCR5 cells transfected with bispecific siRNAs showed significant downregulation of their respective coreceptors, as determined by FACS analysis. This suggested that combinatorial constructs comprising multiple effector motifs were processed in transfected cells into their respective functional siRNAs. Transfected cells were challenged with either X4 (NL4-3) or R5-tropic (BaL-1) strains of HIV-1. Downregulation of the cell surface receptors coincided with resistance to in vitro viral challenge in both Magi cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These results demonstrated the practical utility of short hairpin siRNA bispecific constructs synthesized as a single transcript. Because the short hairpin design will permit tandem assembly of multiple effector motifs, it is now possible to introduce promising multivalent siRNA constructs into retroviral and lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene therapeutic applications.
The interpretation of estrogenic assays.

ALTHOUGH the assay procedures for the determination of estrogenic potency by the vaginal smear technique are well established, and vary from laboratory to laboratory only in minor details, the interpretation of the results of these assays is often open to question. The matching of the responses to the standard and unknown as contemplated by the earlier writers (reviewed by Gustavson, 1939) is a matter of chance and when these responses are not exactly equivalent the estimation of potency becomes dependent on the judgment of the assayist. Further, the only measure of the accuracy of these determinations is their reproducibility, and the evaluation of this characteristic is frequently more subjective than objective.
Estimation of environmental effects of photovoltaic generation in North-west China

In estimating emissions reductions brought about by renewables in China, much of existing research assumes that renewables displace coal power. In this paper, this assumption is challenged and the potential environmental effects of photovoltaic (PV) power in North-west China are reevaluated when the marginal generator actually being displaced is taken into account. The annual PV power generation in the North-west Grid is estimated, in this paper, to be as high as 17900GW·h in 2015, roughly equaling to the output of 1.5 nuclear power plants in the US today. The total associated emission reduction in 2015 will at most be 0.36 percent of SO2 and 0.25 percent of NO x emissions from their 2010 levels in China. Further, PV power may render no emissions reduction at all if it displaces hydropower, which is often used to meet peak demand in the North-west Grid in China. These results imply that a more cost-effective area of focus in the shortterm may be on desulfurization and denitrification technologies for coal plants.
The in situ blood perfused rat mesentery; A model for assessing modulation of adrenergic neurotranmission

The present study describes a method for the in situ blood perfusion of the rat mesentery and compares this method with the in vitro method of McGregor. The in situ method gives stable baseline perfusion pressures for over 2 h and consistent vasoconstrictor responses to both periarterial nerve stimulation (NS) and exogenous norepinephrine (NE). The responses to NS are blocked by phentolamine and reserpine whereas the responses to NE are blocked by phentolamine but potentiated by reserpine. The threshold responses to NS and NE were 3 Hz and 100 ng, respectively, in the in situ preparation and 11 Hz and 200 ng, respectively, in the in vitro preparation. When the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were examined in indomethacin-treated mesenteries, PGE2 decreased the responses to both NS and NE in the in situ preparation, but in the in vitro preparation, PGE2 enhanced the response to NS and NE. Thus, the in situ blood perfused rat mesentery is a stable and reproducible model for examining the effects of drugs and hormones on adrenergic neurotransmission and responses to exogenous norepinephrine.
Potentiometric anion selectivities of polymer membranes doped with indium(III)-porphyrins

The potentiometric anion responses of polymeric membranes doped with various indium (III)-porphyrin structures are examined. The appropriate membranes are prepared by incorporating 1.0 wt % of the In(III)-porphyrins in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) films. When such membranes are incorporated within standard ion selective electrode bodies, the resulting electrodes display non-Hofmeister anion selectivity, with a particularly enhanced and super-Nernstian response to chloride. Among those porphyrins investigated, membranes doped with chloro(octaethylporphyrinato)indium(III) yield the largest and most reproducible potentiometric anion responses. These same membrane electrodes exhibit negligible response to protons (or hydroxide) in the range of pH 4.5–9.0. When utilized as a flow-injection detector in conjunction with a protein diluent/buffer stream, the In(III)-porphyrin based electrodes may be used to determine chloride levels in human serum samples.
Effects of Charge Interactions and Transient Secondary Structure Elements on the Function of the Disordered RAM Region of the Notch Receptor

The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for cellular development. The intracellular domain of the Notch receptor (NICD) contains the 140-residue intrinsically disordered RAM region followed by seven ankyrin repeats, a nuclear localization sequence, and a C-terminal degradation sequence. The RAM N-terminus and the ankyrin repeats of NICD form a bivalent interaction with the transcription factor CSL that leads to the activation of Notch target genes. Assays measuring transcription activity of NICD variants containing sequence deletions and insertions in the region of RAM between the N-terminal binding site and the ankyrin repeats reveal that RAM mostly behaves as a disordered statistical coil. However, deviations from this model suggest that NICD bivalency is affected by sequence-specific elements within RAM, such as transient secondary structure elements and/or charge interactions. NMR spectroscopy has revealed three regions of RAM with helical propensity and two regions that are extended and dynamic. Transcription assays show that sequence substitutions to these regions have a modest effect on transcriptional activation. In contrast, charge interactions within the RAM are crucial for transcriptional activation. Redistributing the charged residues within RAM changes the tertiary structure of RAM and decreases transcriptional activation. NICD variants with highly segregated positive and negative charges in the RAM region are more compact than wild-type RAM and display almost no transcriptional activation. Variants containing oppositely charged residues that are more mixed than in wild-type RAM are more extended and exhibit smaller decreases in transcriptional activation. Current work is focused on understanding why compaction of the RAM region affects Notch transcriptional activation. Understanding how the secondary and tertiary structure elements of RAM affect transcriptional activation will provide insight into the general roles of IDPs in signaling pathways.
O,O′-DIETHYL DISELENOPHOSPHATE AS A LIGAND: Compounds of Some Transition Metals

Abstract O,O′-Diethyl diselenophosphate (dsep) complexes of silver(I), copper(I), zinc(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II), cobalt(III), and rhodium(III) have been prepared and characterized. The infrared spectra of these complexes shed some light on the mode of attachment of the selenophosphate, (C2H5O)2P(Se)Se, group to the metal ions. Results of electronic spectral studies and magnetic susceptibility measurements are reported and discussed.
Run-D.M.C.: A Mnemonic Aid for Explaining Mass Transfer in Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemistry is a significant area of analytical chemistry encompassing electrical measurements of chemical systems. The applications associated with electrochemistry appear in many aspects of everyday life: explaining how batteries work, how the human nervous system functions, and how metal corrosion occurs. The most common electrochemical technique performed in an instrumental analysis laboratory is voltammetry. For a measurement of current to occur in a voltammetry experiment, an electroactive species must continuously be moved from the bulk solution to the surface of the working electrode, where the reaction will take place. There are three modes of mass transport to the working electrode surface: diffusion, migration, and convection. These modes of mass transport are important features of the electrochemical process that determines reaction rate. Using the mnemonic aid “Run-D.M.C.” helps students recall these different processes. This mnemonic device also aids in the interpretation of a typical concentration profile near the working electrode surface for a hydrodynamic (e.g., rotated disk) voltammetry experiment. The popularity of the hip-hop music group that this mnemonic device is named for is important for potential widespread use of this teaching aid.
Rapid and novel prenatal molecular assay for detecting aneuploidies and microdeletion syndromes

Objectives To develop a targeted aneuploidy and microdeletion detection platform for use in the prenatal setting, to assess the integrity of the platform with a robust validation system, and to prospectively determine the performance of the platform under routine clinical conditions. Methods To generate proxies for the various disorders assessed by the assay for analytical validation purposes, cells from ten microdeletion syndromes as well as from common aneuploidies were spiked into cleared amniotic fluid. Genomic DNA was isolated, labeled, and hybridized to microbeads that have been coupled to DNA derived from Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) from the relevant regions targeted by the array. Beads were read using a flow cytometric multiplex bead array detection system. In the prospective part of the study, 104 amniotic fluid samples were collected and analyzed. Results All microdeletion syndromes and aneuploidies were validated in a blinded fashion. In the prospective study, the total number of readable samples was 101 of 104 (97%). All sample results were confirmed independently. Conclusion The bead array approach is a rapid and reliable test for detecting aneuploidies and microdeletions. This assay has the potential to provide the benefit of expanded molecular cytogenetic testing to pregnant women undergoing invasive prenatal diagnosis. This approach may be especially useful in parts of the world where cytogenetic personnel and facilities may be limited. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The anthropology of guilt and rapport: Moral mutuality in ethnographic fieldwork

In this article I use Clifford Geertz’s backhanded defense of Malinowski’s seeming emotional hypocrisy—his dislike of the natives whose point of view he wished to understand—to argue that while empathy or at least sympathy are integral components of the intimacies of fieldwork, they are also the catalyst for the darker and usually far less openly discussed emotions that are associated with these feelings—guilt, anger, and disgust—that are also at play in the fieldwork encounter. Indeed these sentiments, inevitably intersubjective in origin and expression, are intrinsic to the kind of knowledge we produce as ethnographers. I explore how these emotions emerge from or shape conversation in the field and then inflect subsequent analyses. I review encounters I have had with Lauje of Sulawesi, Indonesia, and Manjaco of Guinea-Bissau, and museum professionals at Monticello where my interlocutors attempted to guide my research by enlisting my sympathy for their condition, and how such attempts to create fields of moral mutuality inflect in often unpredictable ways my understandings of social life in those places. My focus will be on how the fraught emotion of guilt emerges from and shapes the experience of moral mutuality in ethnographic encounters.
Additive lithography for refractive micro-optics

An innovative fabrication technique is introduced that is based on multiple exposure techniques for micro-optics fabrication. This approach is compatible with conventional lithography systems used in Integrated Circuit manufacturing and can be applied to thick and thin photoresists. The additive concept is centered on the idea of using multiple exposures to remove the desired amount of resist without resorting to multiple etching steps. This presentation will explain how the additive technique, used with thin and thick resists, will revolutionize our capability to efficiently form refractive lenses and micro-optics for optical beam shaping and transforming. The quality and reproducibility of these elements will also be discussed.
Mean-Field and Second-Moment Budgets in a Baroclinic, Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract Terms in the budgets of turbulence kinetic energy, temperature and humidity variances, and temperature and humidity fluxes have been evaluated for a baroclinic, convective boundary layer using data obtained from the NCAR Electra aircraft during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). Although the mean temperature and momentum budgets, which were also evaluated, are strongly influenced by the horizontal temperature gradient, the second-moment budgets are little affected. The mean momentum budget is not well balanced, probably due to a combination of neglect of horizontal advection (aircraft advection measurements are shown to be statistically unreliable) and error in the surface geostrophic wind. For the most part, the measured terms in the second-moment budgets agree with previous estimates. Turbulence dissipation, however, was systematically less than that found in previous tower-based experiments. We find that over most of the mixed layer the temperature variance is maintained by turbul...