cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early targeted heart rate aerobic exercise versus placebo stretching for sport-related concussion in adolescents: a randomised controlled trial

Background Sport-related concussion is a public health problem, particularly in adolescents. Quality of life is reduced in adolescents with persistent post-concussive symptoms (symptoms >28 days). We replicated a previous randomised controlled trial to validate the safety, efficacy, and generalisability of, and objective adherence to, prescribed early targeted heart rate subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise compared with placebo-like stretching exercise for adolescent recovery from sport-related concussion and for reducing the risk of persistent post-concussive symptoms. Methods This randomised controlled trial was done at three community and hospital-affiliated sports medicine concussion centres in the USA. Male and female adolescent athletes (aged 13-18 years) presenting within 10 days of sport-related concussion were randomly assigned to individualised subsymptom threshold aerobic or stretching exercise at least 20 min daily, for up to 4 weeks after injury. Exercise adherence and intensity were measured by heart rate monitors. The primary outcome was clinical recovery (ie, return to baseline symptoms, normal exercise tolerance, and a normal physical examination) within the 4-week intervention period, and development of persistent post-concussive symptoms beyond 28 days after injury. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02959216. Findings Between Aug 1, 2018, and March 31, 2020, 118 adolescents were recruited (61 were randomly assigned to the aerobic exercise group and 57 to the stretching exercise group) and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. On survival analysis, controlling for sex, site, and mean daily exercise time, patients assigned to aerobic exercise were more likely to recover within 4 weeks after injury compared with those assigned to stretching exercise, with a 48% reduced risk of persistent post-concussive symptoms (hazard ratio for stretching vs aerobic exercise of 0·52 [95% CI 0·28-0·97], p=0·039). No adverse events were reported. Interpretation This multicentre study found that early treatment with subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise safely speeds recovery from sport-related concussion and reduces the risk for persistent post-concussive symptoms, an important result given the impact of delayed recovery on adolescent quality of life. Adherence was good and there were no adverse events from this non-pharmacological treatment. These results suggest that physicians should not only permit, but consider prescribing, early subsymptom threshold physical activity to adolescents as treatment for sport-related concussion and to reduce the risk of persistent post-concussive symptoms. Funding American Medical Society for Sports Medicine.
Impact of genetic testing and smoking on the distribution of risk factors in patients with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis

The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of smoking dose and duration on the distribution of risk factor(s) in patients with RAP and CP, and the impact of genetic testing on the distrib...
Congenital Malformations of the Nose and Nasopharynx

This chapter provides embryologic and clinical descriptions, photographs, and illustrations of the more common congenital anomalies of the nose and nasopharynx. The authors present the topics in sections based on the underlying pathology. These sections include malformations that occur because the nose failed to form properly (such as arhinia, polyrhinia, and nasal colomboma), those that resulted in midline nasal and nasopharyngeal malformations (such as choanal atresia and craniopharyngioma), and those that resulted in congenital nasopharyngeal or nasal midline masses (such as epignathi, Thornwaldt cysts, dermoids, gliomas, and encephaloceles).
Revisited: Communication Media Use in the Grandparent/Grandchild Relationship

This study extends and replicates some of Harwood’s (2000) earlier research investigating media use in interactions between grandparents and grandchildren. More specifically, this research extends Harwood’s work by adding the technologies of the cell phone, email, and instant messenger to the media he investigated (face-to-face, written documents, and telephone). Such a study allows finding out whether the availability of new technologies has any effect on the grandparent/grandchild relationship. Sixty-six dyads (N = 132) of grandchildren and grandparents participated in the study, completing a questionnaire on basic demographics, media use, and relational quality. Results show usage divides between grandchildren and grandparents, as well as within the grandparent group. The cell phone and face-to-face interaction are used most frequently in the grandparent/grandchild relationship. Technologies such as email or instant messenger are not used much even across the geographic distance they were designed to overcome. Follow up tests to a significant ANOVA did not show significant results for medium type chosen based on who initiates contact. Face-to-face remains the strongest predictor of quality inter-generational relationships, followed by use of the cell phone, the landline phone, and email (in that order). Findings are discussed in light of both media richness theory and the social influence model.
The Promise of Mancari: Indian Political Rights As Racial Remedy

In 1974, the Supreme Court declared that an Indian employment preference was based on a “political rather than racial” classification. The Court’s framing of Indianness as a political matter and its positioning of “political” as oppositional to “racial” has defined the trajectory of federal Indian law and influenced common sense ideas about what it means to be Indian ever since. This oppositional framing has had specific practical consequences, including obscuring the continuing significance of racialization for Indians and concealing the mutually constitutive relationship between racialization and Indian political status. This Article explores the legal roots of the political classification doctrine, its ongoing significance, and the descriptive limits and normative consequences of the ideas that it contains. Specifically, this Article argues that the political classification doctrine constructs race as an irrelevant matter of ancestry and Indianness as a simple matter of civic participation. This Article suggests a new framework for considering Indian issues and federal Indian law that draws on a more robust and realistic understanding of both race and Indianness to acknowledge the cyclical relationship between Indian racialization and Indian political status.
Challenging NPDES Permits Granted Without Public Participation

Efforts to enhance water quality include citizen oversight of the development of effluent limitations set forth in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Because concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) generate considerable manure that may be associated with water pollution, environmental groups have challenged EPA’s regulations, including the absence of a right to participate in the development of effluent limitations. Without public input, there is a restricted dialogue on alternatives and fewer opportunities for enforcement actions. Revised regulations covering discharges from CAFOs contain new requirements for permit applicants. Before the authorization of any discharge by a permitting authority, the public must have an opportunity to evaluate the effluent standards. A review of several cases suggests that the participation requirements apply not only to new discharges, but also modifications to discharges in existing permits. The regulations and cases suggest that citizens can be even more active in championing environ-
When Perception Changes Reality: An Empirical Study of Investors' Views of the Fairness of Securities Arbitration

Arbitration in securities industry-sponsored forums is the primary mechanism to resolve disputes between investors and their brokerage firms. Because it is mandatory, participants debate its fairness, and Congress has introduced legislation to ban pre-dispute arbitration clauses in customer agreements. Missing from the debate has been empirical research of perceptions of fairness by the participants, especially investors. To fill that gap, we mailed 25,000 surveys to participants in recent securities arbitrations involving customers to learn their views of the process. The article first details the survey's background, explains the importance of surveying perceptions of fairness, and describes our methodologies, procedures, and survey error structure. We then present our findings, including our primary conclusions that (1) investors have a far more negative perception of securities arbitration than all other participants, (2) investors have a strong negative perception of the bias of arbitrators, and (3) investors lack knowledge of the securities arbitration process. We also offer several explanations for these negative perceptions. We conclude that customers' negative perceptions transform the reality faced by policy-makers and mandate reform of the process, including the elimination of the industry arbitrator requirement and further public deliberation on the value of the explained award.
Extent of resection and the long-term durability of vestibular schwannoma surgery.

Object With limited studies available, the correlation between the extent of resection and tumor recurrence in vestibular schwannomas (VSs) has not been definitively established. In this prospective study, the authors evaluated 772 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of VSs to analyze the association between total tumor resection and the tumor recurrence rate. Methods The authors selected all cases from a prospectively collected database of patients who underwent microsurgical resection as their initial treatment for a histopathologically confirmed VS. Recurrence-free survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The authors studied the impact of possible confounders such as patient age and tumor size using stepwise Cox regression to calculate the proportional hazard ratio of recurrence while controlling for other cofounding variables. Results The authors analyzed data obtained in 571, 89, and 112 patients in whom gross-total, near-total, and subtotal resections, respectively, were perform...
MarK/X After Marxism: Fernando Belo and Contemporary Biblical Exegesis

In 1974 Fernando Belo’s A Materialist Reading of the Gospel of Mark combined Marxist and structuralist ideas to uncover the revolutionary political themes he claimed were encoded in Mark’s narrative. Although hailed at the time as a visionary exegetical strategy, it has been largely forgotten over the last generation. While some of Belo’s theoretical and political concerns are inevitably dated, his contributions to understanding both the social and political environment of first-century Palestine and how religious texts such as Mark’s Gospel operated within it merit our attention and critical assessment, both of which this paper will attempt to provide. I offer a two-fold discussion of Belo’s materialist approach to Mark in light of subsequent developments in both philosophy and Marxist social theory. First, I will outline and critically assess the theory of texts found in his discussion of the “Concept of ‘Mode of Production’” which makes possible his exegesis of Mark as a subversive political text. Secondly, I will briefly explore his account of the specific “Mode of Production” operative in first-century Palestine which Belo sees Mark’s Gospel as challenging, with special attention given to its theoretical underpinnings. I conclude that, while Belo’s work is certainly limited both by the state of theory and of the historical knowledge of his time, his ground-breaking efforts to read Mark’s Gospel as a subversive text remains highly relevant to contemporary efforts at materialist exegesis.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Repair Replication after Ultraviolet Light or X-Ray Exposure of Bacteria

A comparison of repair synthesis after ultraviolet light (UV) or X-ray exposure was made in Escherichia coli strains 15T− (555–7) and B/r by use of a D, 15N, 13C density labeling system. During the initial 15 min of incubation after UV irradiation, both a “repair” synthesis and a reduced semiconservative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis occurred. In the so-called “physiological” dose range used, the latter was greater than the former. X-irradiation of cells, at doses producing similar levels of cell death as in the UV-exposed cultures, did not lead to a similar repair replication process. However, a density heterogeneity of the DNA synthesized in the initial 10 min after exposure was observed. This is interpreted in terms of X ray-induced DNA degradation. Normal cells showed only a semiconservative type of replication and, therefore, within the limits of resolution of the system used (the incorporation of 1,000 to 5,000 nucleotides per replicating chromosome could be measured), DNA in normal cells did not appear to undergo a repair synthesis involving thymine exchange. These results indicate that not all repair mechanisms mimic that found after UV exposure.
Chemical and genetic studies on l-histidinol dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium: Isolation and structure of the tryptic peptides☆

Abstract l -Histidinol dehydrogenase from strain LT2 of Salmonella typhimurium has been studied. Sequence analysis has been carried out on the complete set of tryptic peptides from the reduced and carboxymethylated protein. Together with the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene (W. Barnes, unpublished results), the peptide sequences establish that the protein subunit is a single chain of 433 residues, with a molecular weight of 45,823.
AN ANALYTICAL ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF MOMENTUM TRANSFER BY VEGETATION OF ARBITRARY STRUCTURE

An analyticalone-dimensional model of momentum transferby vegetation with variable foliage distribution,sheltering and drag coefficientis developed. The model relies on a simpleparameterization of the ratio of theabove-canopy friction velocity, u*, to thewind speed at the top of the canopy,u(h), to predict vegetation roughness length(z0) and displacement height(d) as functions of canopy height (h) and dragarea index. Model predictionsof d/h and z/h compare very favorably withobserved values.A model sensitivity analysis suggests that shelteringeffects for momentum transfertend to make canopies with non-uniform foliagedistribution resemble canopies withmore uniform foliage distribution and that anyinfluence wind speed has on d/hand z0/h is more likely to be related to theinfluence that wind speed may haveon u*/u(h) rather than the influence windspeed may have on the foliage dragcoefficient. Model results indicate that z0/hand d/h are sensitive to uncertaintiesin the numerical values of the model parameters,foliage density and distribution,sheltering effects and variations in drag coefficientwithin the canopy. In additionz0/h is also shown to be sensitive to thepresence or absence of the roughnesssublayer. Given the simplicity of the model it issuggested that it may be of usefor land surface parameterizations in large scalemodels.
Knowledge and Experience Regarding Cancer, Infertility, and Sperm Banking in Younger Male Survivors

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to survey male patients aged 14 to 40 years at diagnosis and recently treated in two cancer centers to determine their knowledge, attitudes, and experiences regarding cancer-related infertility and sperm banking. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A postal survey about cancer-related infertility and sperm banking was offered to 904 men diagnosed with cancer within the previous 2 years. Eight percent opted out of the study. The others were sent the survey, with a cover letter stating elements of informed consent. RESULTS: Although the return rate was only 27%, yielding a sample of 201 men, responders did not differ significantly from nonresponders by institution, age, ethnicity, or cancer site. Overall, 51% of men wanted children in the future, including 77% of men who were childless at cancer diagnosis. Despite some anxieties about their own survival and risks to their children’s health, men felt that the experience of cancer increased the value they placed on family closeness and w...
Targeting the mTOR pathway using deforolimus in cancer therapy.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an intracellular protein with a key role in cellular protein synthesis and energy balance that influences many aspects of cell growth and proliferation, including differentiation, cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis, protein degradation and apoptosis. mTOR can be activated by numerous oncogenic signals, such as growth factor activation through the EGF, IGF and VEGF receptors, mutation and silencing of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, activating mutations in the PI3K catalytic subunit, Akt amplification and the Ras–Raf–MEK pathway. Once activated, the cellular functions of mTOR are achieved through its downstream targets, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1. The mTOR pathway can be further regulated through a negative feedback loop, which may lead to resistance to specific inhibitors of mTOR. This review will outline the mTOR signaling pathway, which is often activated in cancers and account for tumor proliferation and growth, highlight the rationale in targeting mTOR with a focu...
Leveraging Higher Salaries for Nursing Faculty

The nursing faculty pay scale at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, has increased significantly over the past 5 years. This increase was driven by a number of factors: (a) the rapidly expanding population in Nevada, (b) the nursing shortage and the Nevada legislative mandate to double nursing enrollment in state schools, (c) the national nursing faculty shortage, and (d) the opening of private nursing schools in Nevada. This article describes how, given these factors, the faculty members were able to leverage a pay scale that is finally competitive with clinical appointments.
Characterization and relative ionization efficiencies of end-functionalized polystyrenes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

The properties and relative ionization efficiencies of a series of polystyrenes (PS) with hydroxyl, hydrogen, tertiary amine, and quaternary amine end-functionalities were examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The hydrogen and hydroxyl functionalized PS ionized via attachment of a single Ag+ cation, as expected. However, tertiary amine PS oligomers were found in (M − H)+ and (M + H)+ forms, in addition to M + Ag+, while the quaternary amine PS oligomers only ionized to the M+ form. Analysis of tertiary amine PS spectra revealed varying ratios of the three ionic forms depending on the oligomer length, pointing to a change in ionization efficiency. When the bulk samples were compared, the quaternary amine end-functionalized PS gave a ten-fold higher ionization efficiency over all others studied, likely because of the preexisting charge on the functionality. Samples with hydroxyl and hydrogen functionalities had similar ionization efficiencies, with the tertiary amine slightly higher, depending on the molecular weight. Changes in molecular weight affected the relative ionization efficiencies in varying fashion depending on the end functionality, though average molecular weight measurements were largely unaffected by end-functionality. Quantification of end-functionalized polystyrenes with different ionization efficiencies was found to be possible if due care was taken.
The Use of Tetraethylammonium Chloride as a Vasodilator in Peripheral Vascular Disease; Its Effect on Sympathectomized Extremities

The thermometric and plethysmographic response to Etamon administration was studied in 13 patients with peripheral vascular disease, comparing it with that of procaine injection into the sympathetic ganglia. The administration of Etamon caused an average temperature rise of 7 degrees F. and a pulse volume increase of 1.3 cu. mm. per 5 cc. of part. Procaine block resulted in a temperature rise of 13.5 degrees F. and a pulse volume increase of 5.5 cu. mm. Etamon was given to 11 vascular patients after sympathectomy and caused an average temperature rise of 0.5 degrees F. in the sympathectomized extremities, while the pulse volume actually decreased by an average of 0.7 cu. mm. per 5 cc. of part.
ESSENTIAL LAMINATIONS, EXCEPTIONAL SEIFERT-FIBERED SPACES, AND DEHN FILLING

We show how essential laminations can be used to provide an improvement on (some of) the results of the 2π-Theorem; at most 20 Dehn fillings on a hyperbolic 3-manifold with boundary a torus T can yield a reducible manifold, finite π1 manifold, or exceptional Seifert-fibered space. Recent work of Wu allows us to add toroidal manifolds to this list, as well.
Technique Using Axicons For Generating Flat Top Laser Beam Profiles

In certain fusion experiments using CO/sub 2/ lasers, like Helios, it is desired to produce a focal spot several times larger than the nominal focal spot, with a flat beam profile. The typical focal spot in Helios is roughly 70 ..mu..m and just defocussing the beam produces beam breakup, with several hot spots with roughly the original diameter, and a gaussian distribution. A number of schemes were tried to achieve a large spot with desired characteristics. These are described in the article. Axicons were found to produce spots with desired characteristics. Axicons are lenses or mirrors having a cone-shaped surface. The various schemes are described, as well as an experiment in Helios which confirmed that axicons produced the spots with desirable characteristics. Helios is an 8-beam CO/sub 2/ laser which produces 10 kJ at power in excess of 20 TW. It is currently being used for Laser Fusion studies at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction During Resuscitation Is Not Postinjury Multiple Organ Failure

Hypothesis Multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) within 48 hours of injury is a reversible physiologic response to tissue injury and resuscitation. Design A prospective 10-year inception cohort study ending September 2003. Setting Regional academic level I trauma center. Patients One thousand two hundred seventy-seven consecutive trauma patients at risk for postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF). Inclusion criteria were being 16 years and older, being admitted to the trauma intensive care unit, having an Injury Severity Score higher than 15, and surviving more than 48 hours after injury. Isolated head injuries were excluded. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Development of postinjury MOD as defined by a Denver MOF score of 4 or higher within 48 hours of injury and MOF as defined by a Denver MOF score of 4 or higher more than 48 hours after injury. Results Postinjury MOD and MOF were diagnosed in 209 (16%) and 300 (23%) patients, respectively. Age, Injury Severity Score, and 12-hour blood transfusion requirements were significantly higher among patients who developed MOD and MOF. Of the 209 patients who developed MOD, 134 (64%) progressively developed MOF while 75 (36%) had MOD resolve within 48 hours. Conclusion Multiple organ dysfunction during resuscitation is a reversible response to severe injury and often resolves during the resuscitation period.
The Interaction of Monoenergetic Positrons with Solid Surfaces

Abstract Positrons, the antiparticles of electrons, were discovered by Anderson [1] in 1932. Their existence was experimentally established from observations of cloud chamber cosmic ray tracks that showed the presence of a positively charged particle with the same mass and numerical charge as that of the electron. About one year later positron sources became available as a result of the discovery of artificial radioactivity [2]. Positrons from such sources were found to have continuous energy distributions, ranging from hundreds to thousands of keV. No methods were then known for generating usable intensities of positrons with well-defined energies and, partly because of this, applied spectroscopies were limited. A relatively large area of study developed, however, which provided valuable information about the properties of matter through the measurement of positron annihilation characteristics in different media. Positrons may annihilate with electrons from a free state with the production of two coincid...
Wage Differences Among Black and white Career Women

(1977). Wage Differences Among Black and white Career Women. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 79-94.
Studies on the role of protein synthesis in cell injury by toxic agents: I. Effect of cycloheximide administration on several factors modulating carbon tetrachloride-induced liver necrosis*1

Abstract Cycloheximide pretreatment (1 mg/kg, ip) slightly attenuated the hepatic necrosis 24 hr after CCl 4 administration and this attenuation was more obvious at 72 hr. A dose of cycloheximide, 2 mg/kg, evoked a marked protective effect even at 24 hr. Cycloheximide administration (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced the body temperature in CCl 4 -treated rats but did not change the CCl 4 concentrations in the liver. Prior treatment of the rats with cycloheximide decreased the amount of binding of 14 CCl 4 to liver microsomal lipids and reduced CCl 4 -induced lipid peroxidation at 1 hr but not at 6 hr after administration of the hepatotoxin. Cycloheximide did not alter the pentobarbital sleeping time of the rats nor did it interact with microsomes to give spectral changes. Cycloheximide did not alter microsomal cytochrome P -450 reductase activity. Administration of cycloheximide prior to CCl 4 did not prevent the CCl 4 -induced decrease in cytochrome P -450 or glucose 6-phosphatase activity caused by the hepatotoxin. However it did prevent the CCl 4 -induced polysome breakdown and it did attenuate the severity of the lesions caused by CCl 4 at the ultrastructural level.
Extrasolar planets: Homing in on another Earth

The identification of the closest analogue of Earth so far, orbiting another star, suggests that small planets are common, and that the discovery of a candidate habitable planet in an alien star system could be just around the corner.
Steroid receptors in tumors of nerve sheath origin

The present study dearly demonstrates that neurofibromas and neurofibrosarcomas are devoid of cytosol receptor for steroid. These observations are in sharp contrast to the significant incidence of receptors in soft tissue and osseous sarcomas and raise doubts that steroids exert a direct effect on the growth of these tumors.
Providing custodial care for mental patients: an affirmative view.

This author (who could be descended from Galileo) dares to say that “some patients have rational reasons for wanting to remain in the hospital.” They should not be “shuttled back and forth between hospitals and communities like an unwanted consignment of goods.... Let us acknowledge the special needs of these patients openly and honestly.” Although he was unaware of Priscilla Allen's eloquent statement of the consumer's point of view, Dr. Rosenblatt's professional opinions amazingly complement the first article in this issue. And he believes a way can be found to provide for people who “should” be on the outside (speaking moralistically) without sacrificing the hoped-for economies of reductions in hospital populations. In our next issue we shall present a commentary covering three articles on this subject—the first two of this issue and Dr. Melvin Steinhart's “The Selling of Community Mental Health” (Vol. 47, No. 3, 1973).
Mechanistic Studies of Semicarbazone Triapine Targeting Human Ribonucleotide Reductase in Vitro and in Mammalian Cells TYROSYL RADICAL QUENCHING NOT INVOLVING REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

Triapine® (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP)) is a drug in Phase II trials. One of its established cellular targets is the β2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase that requires a diferric-tyrosyl-radical [(FeIII2-Y·)(FeIII2)] cofactor for de novo DNA biosynthesis. Several mechanisms for 3-AP inhibition of β2 have been proposed; one involves direct iron chelation from β2, whereas a second involves Y· destruction by reactive oxygen species formed in situ in the presence of O2 and reductant by Fe(II)-(3-AP). Inactivation of β2 can thus arise from cofactor destruction by loss of iron or Y·. In vitro kinetic data on the rates of 55Fe and Y· loss from [(55FeIII2-Y·)(55FeIII2)]-β2 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions reveal that Y· loss alone is sufficient for rapid β2 inactivation. OxyblotTM and mass spectrometric analyses of trypsin-digested inhibited β2, and lack of Y· loss from H2O2 and O2 treatment together preclude reactive oxygen species involvement in Y· loss. Three mammalian cell lines treated with 5 μm 3-AP reveal Y· loss and β2 inactivation within 30-min of 3-AP-exposure, analyzed by whole-cell EPR and lysate assays, respectively. Selective degradation of apo- over [(FeIII2-Y·)(FeIII2)]-β2 in lysates, similar iron-content in β2 immunoprecipitated from 3-AP-treated and untreated [55Fe]-prelabeled cells, and prolonged (12 h) stability of the inhibited β2 are most consistent with Y· loss being the predominant mode of inhibition, with β2 remaining iron-loaded and stable. A model consistent with in vitro and cell-based biochemical studies is presented in which Fe(II)-(3-AP), which can be cycled with reductant, directly reduces Y· of the [(FeIII2-Y·)(FeIII2)] cofactor of β2.
An orthogonality constrained generalization of the Weizsacker density functional model

An exact density functional theory for two orbital systems (such as Hartree–Fock beryllium) is extended to give a density functional model for first‐row atoms. The new model is related to the Weizsacker model but it includes additional terms which arise from orthogonality constraints. Two approximate methods based on this model are tested numerically.
FEATUREImplications of user choice: the cultural logic of "MySpace or Facebook?"

Many of us have had our lives transformed by technology. And many of us are also enamored of the transformative potential of technology, which has led us to develop technology and become advocates of technological practices. As we become more and more enveloped in and by technology, it’s easy to feel excited about what’s going on. Yet we must also be cautious.
Security in autonomic computing

Over the last fifteen years the world has experienced a wide variety of computer virus and general computer security problems, against which a wide variety of countermeasures have been deployed. The record tells us that what most strongly determines the size and nature of the worldwide virus and security problem is not any particular countermeasure or security technology, but rather the characteristics of the underlying platform (the operating system, macro execution environment, and so on). Autonomic computing is a new effort, intended to make IT systems more self-managing. Since it undertakes to change the nature of the underlying computing platform, it is likely to change the size and nature of the world's virus and security problem as well. This paper briefly describes both the relevant historical record and some current architectural approaches to autonomic computing, and offers a few thoughts on how autonomic computing relates to computer security and virus prevention.
Glycine loops in proteins: their occurence in certain intermediate filament chains, loricrins and single-stranded RNA binding proteins☆

Quasi-repetitive, glycine-rich peptide sequences are widespread in at least three distinct families of proteins: the keratins and other intermediate filament proteins, including nuclear lamins; loricrins, which are major envelope components of terminally differentiated epithelial cells; and single-stranded RNA binding proteins. We propose that such sequences comprise a new structural motif termed the 'glycine loop'. The defining characteristics of glycine loop sequences are: (1) they have the form x(y)n, where x is usually an aromatic or occasionally a long-chain aliphatic residue; y is usually glycine but may include polar residues such as serine, asparagine, arginine, cysteine, and rarely other residues; and the value of n is highly variable, ranging from 1 to 35 in examples identified to date. (2) Glycine-loop-containing domains are thought to form when at least two and to date, as many as 18, such quasi-repeats are configured in tandem, so that the entire domain in a protein may be 50-150 residues long. (3) The average value of n, the pattern of residues found in the x position and the non-glycine substitutions in the y position appear to be characteristic of a given glycine loop containing domain, whereas the actual number of repeats is less constrained. (4) Glycine loop sequences display a high degree of evolutionary sequence variability and even allelic variations among different individuals of the same vertebrate species. (5) Glycine loop sequences are expected to be highly flexible, but possess little other regular secondary structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stimulus control of predatory behaviour in red spitting cobras (Naja mossambica pallida) and prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis)

Abstract Two experiments examined the responses of red spitting cobras ( Naja mossambica pallida ) to stimulus properties of rodent prey. In experiment 1 cobras exhibited elevated rates of tongue flicking (RTF) and trail-following behaviour after striking mice and after 15-s presentations of visual-chemical-thermal cues arising from mice held just out of striking range. Disturbance with a clean snake hook did not produce similar effects. In experiment 2 these cobras were compared with prairie rattlesnakes ( Crotalus v. viridis ). All snakes were exposed to five stimulus conditions in their home cages: (1) 3 s of disturbance (D) with a clean snake hook; (2) 15 s of D; (3) 3 s inspection of a live mouse held out of striking range (NS); (4) 15 s of NS; and (5) a presentation of a live mouse inside striking range (S). The snakes always struck in the latter condition, usually within 3 s. Rattlesnakes exhibited elevated RTF only after S, whereas cobras did so after 15 s of both NS and S. The performance of rattlesnakes was consistent with the assumption that these animals are ambushers; that of cobras was consistent with the assumption that these animals are active hunters which will chase and catch visually detected prey.
Stereospecific synthesis of dl-cyclopenin and dl-cyclopenol

Abstract A stereospecific synthesis of dl -cyclopenin ( 1 ) is described corroborating previous structural and stereochemical assignments. The hippuric acid 10 was converted to cis ester 11 which was reduced and cyclized separately to cis and trans 3-benzylidene-4-methyl-1- H -1,4-benzodiazepin-2,5-diones 12 and 14 . In an alternative approach, hippuric acid 5 was converted via oxazolone 4 to trans ester 9 . Epoxidation of 14 gave 1 . Extension of this scheme provided a synthetic route to dl -cyclopenol ( 2 ) via 10 → 19 → 23 → 23 → 26 → 2 .
Transcriptome analysis reveals nuclear-encoded proteins for the maintenance of temporary plastids in the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata

Dinophysis is exceptional among dinoflagellates, possessing plastids derived from cryptophyte algae. Although Dinophysis can be maintained in pure culture for several months, the genus is mixotrophic and needs to feed either to acquire plastids (a process known as kleptoplastidy) or obtain growth factors necessary for plastid maintenance. Dinophysis does not feed directly on cryptophyte algae, but rather on a ciliate (Myrionecta rubra) that has consumed the cryptophytes and retained their plastids. Despite the apparent absence of cryptophyte nuclear genes required for plastid function, Dinophysis can retain cryptophyte plastids for months without feeding. To determine if this dinoflagellate has nuclear-encoded genes for plastid function, we sequenced cDNA from Dinophysis acuminata, its ciliate prey M. rubra, and the cryptophyte source of the plastid Geminigera cryophila. We identified five proteins complete with plastid-targeting peptides encoded in the nuclear genome of D. acuminata that function in photosystem stabilization and metabolite transport. Phylogenetic analyses show that the genes are derived from multiple algal sources indicating some were acquired through horizontal gene transfer. These findings suggest that D. acuminata has some functional control of its plastid, and may be able to extend the useful life of the plastid by replacing damaged transporters and protecting components of the photosystem from stress. However, the dearth of plastid-related genes compared to other fully phototrophic algae suggests that D. acuminata does not have the nuclear repertoire necessary to maintain the plastid permanently.
Von Willebrand factor is present in the vascular endothelium from normal dogs and from doberman pinscher dogs with a plasma von Willebrand factor deficiency

Abstract An immunohistochemical study was undertaken to determine the presence and distribution of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) in blood vessels from normal dogs and from Doberman pinscher dogs with a marked plasma deficiency of vWf. vWf:Ag could not be detected in plasma from the Doberman pinscher dogs by ristocetin- and botrocetin-induced platelet agglutination or by EIA. An ELISA assay revealed vWf:Ag levels that were between 2–4% of that in normal canine plasma. Factor VIII:C activity was 30–46% of normal. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was increased but not the one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT). Four different antibody preparations were used in this study to detect vWf—a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody prepared against human vWf and 2 polyclonal antibodies against canine vWf. vWf:Ag was detected with monospecific antibody in endothelial cells in veins, venules, and arterioles from normal dogs and vWf-deficient dogs. The histofluorescence observed in vessels of vWf-deficient dogs was indistinguishable from that observed in vessels from normal dogs.
The mind–body continuum: appraisal systems for adaptive problem solving

An emerging perspective in cognitive science and psychology views cognition as embodied, that is, grounded in actual bodily states [1,2]. This perspective involves eradicating lingering notions of mind and body as divorced and dissociable. Schulkin's thesis in Bodily Sensibility – that visceral input is an important source of information and essential in problem solving and adaptive behavior – moves us one step further towards mind–body integration.
Assessment of ACS NSQIP’s Predictive Ability for Adverse Events After Major Cancer Surgery

The American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) has improved operative outcomes in the USA. However, its applicability to oncologic resections at ACS NSQIP hospitals has not been fully explored. We assessed the ability of factors currently collected by ACS NSQIP to predict adverse operative events after major cancer surgery. Using pre- and intraoperative factors gathered by the 2005–2008 ACS NSQIP, we constructed logistic regression models to determine their ability to predict 30-day mortality, prolonged length of stay (LOS), major complications or increased number of complications in 15,709 patients who underwent major cancer surgery at 211 hospitals. We assessed each model’s predictive ability using the c-index. While the mortality rate was relatively low (2.5%), nearly 24% of patients experienced major adverse events. However, up to 43% of patients with prolonged LOS did not have any major complication captured by NSQIP. Furthermore, our model predicting complications showed poor overall predictive ability compared with those predicting mortality and LOS (c-index <0.67 versus 0.80 and 0.73, respectively). When stratified by procedure, the complication model’s predictive ability remained less accurate than models predicting 30-day mortality or prolonged LOS. These results remain unchanged after additional sensitivity analyses. Current ACS NSQIP variables show low predictive ability for major complications after major oncologic resections. Addition of some disease- and operation-specific variables may be an important consideration in the further evolution of the NSQIP to allow for more accurate predictions of adverse outcomes for major oncologic resections.
Boards of directors, ownership, and regulation

In this paper we examine whether regulation can be used to substitute for internal monitoring mechanisms (percentage of outside directors, officer and director common stock ownership, and CEO/Chair duality) to control for agency conflicts in a firm. We find that, in general, the percentage of outside directors is negatively related to insider stock ownership, but is not affected by CEO/Chair duality. CEO/Chair duality is, however, less likely when insider stock ownership increases. We find these internal monitoring mechanisms to be significantly less related with regulated firms (banks and utilities). We conclude that to the extent that regulations reduce the impact of managerial decisions on shareholder wealth, effective internal monitoring of managers becomes less important in controlling agency conflicts. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Gi/o-coupled receptors compete for signaling to adenylyl cyclase in SH-SY5Y cells and reduce opioid-mediated cAMP overshoot.

Organization of G protein-coupled receptors and cognate signaling partners at the plasma membrane has been proposed to occur via multiple mechanisms, including membrane microdomains, receptor oligomerization, and protein scaffolding. Here, we investigate the organization of six types of Gi/o-coupled receptors endogenously expressed in SH-SY5Y cells. The most abundant receptor in these cells was the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), the activation of which occluded acute inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) by agonists to δ-opioid (DOR), nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOPr), α2-adrenergic (α2AR), cannabinoid 1, and serotonin 1A receptors. We further demonstrate that all receptor pairs share a common pool of AC. The MOR agonist [d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) also occluded the ability of DOR agonist to stimulate G proteins. However, at lower agonist concentrations and at shorter incubation times when G proteins were not limiting, the relationship between MOR and DOR agonists was additive. The additive relationship was confirmed by isobolographic analysis. Long-term coadministration of MOR and DOR agonists caused cAMP overshoot that was not additive, suggesting that sensitization of AC mediated by these two receptors occurs by a common pathway. Furthermore, heterologous inhibition of AC by agonists to DOR, NOPr, and α2AR reduced the expression of cAMP overshoot in DAMGO-dependent cells. However, this cross-talk did not lead to heterologous tolerance. These results indicate that multiple receptors could be tethered into complexes with cognate signaling proteins and that access to shared AC by multiple receptor types may provide a means to prevent opioid withdrawal.
Adenosine-induced transient asystole

Cerebral aneurysms are an important health issue in the United States, and the mortality rate following aneurysm rupture, or SAH, remains high. The treatment of these aneurysms uses endovascular options which include coil placement, stent assistant coiling and, recently, flow diversion. However, microsurgical clipping remains an option in those aneurysms not suited for endovascular therapy. These are often the more complicated aneurysms such as in large, giant aneurysms or deep-seated aneurysms. Circumferential visualization of the aneurysm, parent vessels, branches, perforators, and other neurovascular structures is important to prevent residual aneurysms or strokes from vessel or perforator occlusion. Decompression of the aneurysm sac is often required and we believe that adenosine-induced transient asystole should be an important option for clipping of complex cerebral aneurysms.
"...But what do the top-rated schools do?": a survey of introductory computer science curricula

A Survey of Introductory Computer Science Curricula Jeffrey Forbes Duke University forbes@cs.duke.edu Daniel D. Garcia University of California, Berkeley ddgarcia@cs.berkeley.edu SUMMARY Our field continues to be blessed (and plagued) with continual curriculum change, from languages to techniques (objects first) to perspectives (“sage on the stage” vs. “guide on the side”). Particular emphasis has been spent crafting and re-crafting our introductory curricula [1]. This makes sense, since that not only defines the foundation upon which our upper-division courses are based, but is exactly where we attract (or lose) our best students who had not considered majoring in computer science. With enrollments declining, retaining our fence-sitting prospective majors takes on that much more importance.
Hypnotherapy with traumatized children.

Abstract The psychological impact of trauma can include cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. The degree to which a child is either overwhelmed by or unable to access the traumatic event can make the working through of the event in therapy difficult. Hypnotherapy is a useful modality not only for alleviating symptoms but also for uncovering the traumatic event(s) with associated affects, integrating and making sense of the experience. 4 case studies are reported to illustrate the utility of hypnotherapy with young, traumatized children.
How Does the Textbook Contribute to Learning in a Middle School Science Class

Abstract This study took an in-depth look at the natural use of the textbook in a middle school science classroom. Whereas previous research has concentrated primarily on what students learn when they read segments of text and the extent to which teachers use textbooks in class, this study examined how the teacher and students used the textbook during instruction and with what effect. Observed during a 3-week unit of instruction were an experienced teacher and an eighth grade class. Data on textbook use were also collected through a student questionnaire, student and teacher interviews, and "text checks" to see whether students were using their books at home as claimed. Results indicated that the textbook was used predominantly as a dictionary, probably because vocabulary learning was emphasized in instruction and assessed on the unit test. In addition, the textbook employed virtually no instructional strategies to support higher level objectives stated in the chapter, but the teacher did provide learning guidance (without, however, using the textbook) for tacit objectives that she held related to problem solving. Implications of these findings for the future role of textbooks in instruction are discussed.
Effects of proportionate‐share impact fees

Abstract When it comes to paying for the significant costs of growth, local governments throughout the United States are usually the first line of financing. Yet because of a variety of factors, existing tax, fee, and inter jurisdictional transfer revenues may not be sufficient. Many hundreds (if not thousands) of communities rely in part on proportionate‐share impact fees to provide facilities concurrent with the effects of growth. Impact fees have numerous detractors, many of whom worry about their effect on affordable housing, economic development, and development patterns. A disparate literature has emerged addressing each of these concerns. This article synthesizes current knowledge about the market effects of proportionate‐share impact fees and finds that for the most part, they facilitate development in several important ways. Policy implications and guidance for future research are presented as well.