cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Availability and Pheromone Production by Males of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Pheromone production was quantified for males of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), with access to protein, sugar, and water (fully fed), sugar and water (sugar only), or water (water only) overnight. Water-only males produced little pheromone the next day, and production was significantly less than pheromone production by sugar-only and fully fed males during peak periods. Food access significantly affected pheromone component blend. Late in the photophase, percentage epianastrephin was highest and percentage suspensolide was lowest in water-only males. Fully fed males exhibited a sharp increase in pheromone production late in photophase, whereas sugar-only males exhibited a fairly broad peak in production that started earlier in photophase. Pheromone production was less dependent on availability of food, however, if males had adequate access to food earlier in photophase. Female response to pheromone in a flight tunnel was directly related to amount of pheromone produced.
Zytogenetische und molekulargenetische Veränderungen bei bösartigen primären Knochentumoren

Osteosarkome, Chondrosarkome und Tumoren der Ewing-Gruppe sind die weitaus haufigsten primaren bosartigen Knochentumoren. In einer jungst eingerichteten Internet-Homepage des Orthopadischen Spital Rizzoli in Bologna, die das Archiv dieser Institution seit dem Jahre 1900 wiedergibt, stellen diese Entitaten den Grosteil von beobachteten malignen Knochentumoren dar (http://www.tizeta.it/rizzoli). Seltener werden maligne fibrose Histiozytome, Fibrosarkome, Hamangioendotheliome, maligne Hemangioperizytome und Riesenzelltumoren diagnostiziert. Das Wissen uber genetische Veranderungen bei malignen Knochentumoren hat in den letzten Jahren durch den breiten Einsatz moderner molekularer und zytogenetischer Techniken stark zugenommen. Bisher konnte jedoch nur fur Tumoren der Ewing-Gruppe ein konstant nachweisbares genetisches Merkmal identifiziert werden, das in einer fur diese Erkrankung pathognomonischen chromosomalen Translokation t(11;22)(q24;q12) besteht.
Design of Dynamic Similarity Model of Rotor System Considering the Bearing Stiffness

To solve the design problem of dynamic similarity model experiment of bearingrotor system,a design method of scale geometric distortion model was proposed.This model could keep the same intrinsic characteristics between the prototype and experimental verification.First,the dynamic similarity relations of rotor system were deduced by adopting integral simulation method.According to the theory of dimension analysis,the similarity relation of bearing support stiffness was established.Based on this,the model was designed to satisfy the intrinsic characteristic of prototype.The ANSYS simulation contrasts of the prototype and model were given.In order to demonstrate the validity of this method,experimental verification was given to verify the validity of the proposed design method of dynamic similarity.
The Impact of Whistleblowers on Financial Misrepresentation Enforcement Actions

Whistleblowers are ostensibly a valuable resource to regulators investigating securities violations, but whether there is a link between whistleblower involvement and the outcomes of enforcement actions is unclear. Using a dataset of employee whistleblowing allegations obtained from the U.S. government and the universe of enforcement actions for financial misrepresentation, we find that whistleblower involvement is associated with significantly higher monetary penalties for targeted firms and employees, and with significantly longer prison sentences for culpable executives. We also find enforcement actions involving whistleblowers are associated with significantly longer regulatory proceedings. Our findings contribute empirical evidence on the role of whistleblowers in the enforcement process and inform managers and policymakers, and the regulators who utilize these programs in their enforcement efforts.
In VitroEnhancement of Antibody Responses by Tδ Cells Expressing IgD Receptors

Abstract Previous in vivo studies have shown that murine T cells induced to express receptors specific for IgD (IgD-R) have humoral immunoaugmenting properties with respect to both primary and secondary antibody responses to various antigens. Such murine IgD-R + T cells (Tδ cells) belong to the CD4 + T cell population in contrast with human Tδ cells which also include CD8 + cells. The purpose of these studies was to develop an in vitro assay system to examine the mechanism by which Tδ cells facilitate enhanced antibody responses. Our studies demonstrate that B cell responses to both soluble and particulate antigens can, indeed, be enhanced in vitro by coculture with T cells previously induced to express IgD-R. This in vitro effect requires cognate interaction between T and B cells and is dependent on the presence of adherent cells or IL-1. T cell priming with antigen, while not a prerequisite, was found to result in more effective Tδ–B cell interactions compared with naive Tδ cells. Finally, evidence was obtained in support of an adhesion-mediated Tδ–B cell interaction since the immunoaugmenting properties of T cells expressing IgD-R are completely blocked by the addition of very low doses of monomeric IgD to the cultures.
Chronic implantation of instruments in the neck of the primate fetus for physiologic studies and production of hydramnios.

Experimental techniques for chronic implantation of instruments in various regions of the fetal monkey have been presented. These techniques permit (a) catheterization of carotid artery and jugular vein for collection of blood samples and for recording pressures, (b) occlusion of the fetal esophagus and the preparation of a tracheoesophageal fistula, and (c) cannulation of the trachea and continuous collection of its fluid for the purpose of assessing its contribution to amniotic fluid origin. Success was achieved in 42 out of 50 monkeys in which pregnancy continued for 2 days to 3 weeks after the procedure.
Solitude, Silence, and the Training of Psychotherapists: A Preliminary Study:

The spiritual disciplines of silence and solitude have long been practiced within the contemplative Christian tradition as a means of character transformation and experiencing God. Do these discipl...
Abstract 267: Prevalence of High Health-Habit Achievers Among Middle School Children and Associated Measures of Cardiovascular Health: A Report from Project Healthy Schools

Background: Studies show that maintaining a low-risk cardiovascular profile throughout life leads to significantly lower levels of cardiovascular disease (CVD), an improved quality of life, and markedly longer survival. Early education is therefore imperative to teach children about healthy lifestyle choices and reducing potential cardiovascular risk. This study reports the prevalence of “high health-habit achievers” (HHHA) among our baseline population and examines cardiovascular health parameters as a function of behavior between HHHA and their peers. Methods: Data was collected from 3,999 sixth grade students including: 24-hour food and 7-day physical activity recalls, typical screen time behavior, and cardiovascular parameters. Students were separated into two cohorts based on their reported number of high health-habits. HHHA were defined as those students who met 4/5 health-habits promoted by Project Healthy Schools (PHS) including: 5 sessions of moderate (30 min) or vigorous (20 min) activity/week, > 5 servings of fruits and vegetables/day. Those not considered HHHA were labeled “Other.” Health parameters were then compared between cohorts using chi-square analysis. Results: The percentage of HHHA at baseline was 10.4 % (415/3999). The HHHA differed significantly from their peers and expressed more favorable health parameters: HDL (p = 0.006), random glucose (p = 0.040), weight (p = 0.008), and recovery heart rate (p ≤0.001) (Figure). Conclusions: The prevalence of students achieving four out of five of the high heath-habits, at baseline, was extremely low. The cardiovascular profiles of the HHHA proved to be more favorable than Other in four parameters known to reflect overall cardiovascular health. This suggests that even at a young age, an increasing number of high health habits may be associated with a better cardiovascular profile and provides support, furthermore, for the goals promoted by PHS. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
High-contrast reflectance imaging of composite restorations color-matched to tooth structure at 1000-2300-nm

A major advantage of composite restoration materials is that they can be color matched to the tooth. However, this presents a challenge when composites fail and they need to be replaced. Dentists typically spend more time repairing and replacing composites than placing new restorations. We have shown in previous studies that high-contrast images of composite can be acquired in occlusal transmission mode at near-IR wavelengths coincident with higher water absorption. The purpose of this study was to determine if similar high-contrast images can be acquired in reflectance mode at longer wavelengths where water absorption is even higher. Extracted human teeth with existing composite restoration (n=14) were imaged at wavelengths from 900-2300 using an extended range InGaAs camera. Our results indicate that NIR wavelengths longer than 1400-nm coincident with higher water absorption yield the highest contrast between dental composites and tooth structure in reflectance.
Parental Perception of Comorbidities in Children With Dravet Syndrome.

Abstract Background We hypothesized that children with Dravet syndrome may have additional common features beyond seizures and cognitive impairment. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a survey of caregivers of children with Dravet syndrome to identify and quantify their perception of associated symptoms in this population. Methods An electronic survey was developed in REDcap (Research Electronic Data Capture) and sent via e-mail to the participants on the Dravet Syndrome Foundation e-mail list. Questions focused on eating, sleep, behavior, and other symptoms that might be related to Dravet syndrome. The questions were assessed using a four-point Likert scale (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree). Results were later dichotomized for analysis. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios of various demographic factors potentially associated with symptoms. Multivariable models were constructed using backward elimination to assess the relationship among a variety of symptoms. Results There were 202 respondents, 96% were parents of a child with Dravet syndrome (the remainder were grandparents or guardians); 90.5% were female. The median age of the affected child was eight years (interquartile range five to 14), 50% were male, and 90.5% were reported to have a known SCN1A mutation. At least one symptom associated with appetite was reported in 99% of respondents, 82% reported a disturbance of sleep, one third reported autonomic symptoms, and 75% reported problems with gait. Inattention and perseveration were reported more commonly than other behavioral disturbances. Significance Caregivers have the perception of many symptoms in children with Dravet syndrome in addition to those that have been previously reported, including appetite, sleep, gait, and behavior. Many of these can significantly affect quality of life for both the child and the caregiver.
Research through provocation: a structured prototyping tool using interaction attributes of time, space and information.

New technologies are bringing unexpected possibilities to improve our daily lives beyond the traditional focus of task efficiency and work environments. Some academics propose that these new techno...
Wheelchair Tennis and Para-table Tennis

As adaptive sports continue to grow and evolve, adaptive wheelchair athletes continue to improve on performance (Perret, Disabil Rehabil 39(2):164–172, 2015; Webborn and Emery, PM R 6(8 Suppl):S18–22, 2014). There is not a more essential time then now for the medical provider to be aware of the training, performance expectations, equipment, and injuries that wheelchair athletes encounter within their sport. It is especially important to understand biomechanics and injuries, since often those seen in wheelchair sport players are different than those in the equivalent able-bodied sport players (Fagher and Lexell, Scand J Med Sci Sports 24(5):e320–31, 2014). This chapter will be a combined chapter highlighting wheelchair tennis and para-table tennis. Within each sport, the rules and regulations, athlete classification system, equipment, biomechanics, and common injuries will be reviewed. A general section on overall common injuries seen in wheelchair athletes is included, as well as injury epidemiology of the specific wheelchair sport compared to that of the able-bodied sport when available to demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two. This chapter aims to broaden the awareness of opportunities for people with different abilities and to create a convenient source to educate those who support them, including the coaches, staff, and medical team.
Enhancing regional ocean modeling simulation performance with the Xeon Phi architecture

Ocean studies are crucial to many scientific disciplines. Due to the difficulty in probing the deep layers of the ocean and the scarcity of data in some of the oceans, the scientific community relies heavily on ocean simulation models. Ocean modeling is complex and computationally intensive, and improving the performance of these models will greatly advance and improve the work of ocean scientists. This paper presents a detailed exploration of the acceleration of the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) software with the latest Intel Xeon Phi x200 architectures. Both shared-memory and distributed-memory parallel computing models are evaluated. Results show run time improvements of nearly a factor of 16 compared to a serial implementation. Further experiments and optimizations, including the use of a GPU acceleration model, are discussed and results are presented.
De testibus tractaturi: a late twelfth-century Italian canonistic treatise on legal procedure

DeutschDer unediterte Traktat, De testibus tractaturi, wurde wahrscheinlich kurz vor 1200 in Suditalian verfasst. Auf Grund Gratian’s Dekret und Dekretalen von Papst Alexander III, behandelt der anonyme Verfasser Fragen der exceptio contra personam testis. Man findet keinen deutlichen diretken Einfluss der zivilistischen Autoren im Traktat, aber unter den zeitgenossischen kanonistischen Werken lassen sich aber Ahnlichkeiten mit der Summa Simonis Bisignano vermuten. Besonders interessant ist die Behandlung der Frage ob die Zeugenaussage eines vor dem Prozess verstorbenen Zeugnisses gelten durfte. Um die Frage zu losen, wendet der Verfasser auch als Quelle einen Brief des Papsts Alexanders zu Bischof Roger of Worchester (JL 13162) an. Die Arbeitsweise des Kommentars ermoglicht uns also einen Blick in die Entwicklung des Prozessrechts im fruhen ius commune EnglishDe testibus tractaturi, an unedited late twelfth-century, southern Italian treatise, draws on both Gratian’s Decretum and decretals of Pope Alexander III to consider question concerning witnesses. It may also be influenced to some degree by the Summa of Simon of Bisignano. There is no evidence of any reliance on civilian authors. In considering the exceptio contra personam testis, it raises the question of whether testimony given by a witness who later died before trial remained valid. This subject is rarely treated in the early canonistic ordines iudiciorum. The author’s application of a letter of Alexander III to Bishop Roger of Worchester (JL 13162) to this question appears to be unusual, perhaps unique, and sheds light on how the early ius commune evaluated evidence.
A Tribute to Claude Ake

In 1992 vice presidential debate, Ross Perot’s running mate asked, “Who am I? What am I doing here?” Similarly, I wonder why I am speaking here tonight along with a group of highly distinguished Africanists.
Role of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis-Mediated Analgesia in Rats

Abstract Introduction: Cannabis sativa has been used for centuries in treating pain. However, the analgesic role of many of its constituents including terpenes is unknown. This research examined th...
The Relevance of Christian Philosophy

Philosophy, as the effort of the mind of man to comprehend all of experience, probes of necessity into the articles of faith held by religious people. The primary difference between philosophy and religion is apparent at this point; for starting from experience as philosophy does, it seeks to formulate a coherent explanation of experience without assuming beforehand what the nature of this explanatory concept must be. Its only assumption is in regard to reason’s validity to make the quest and, thus, that the world is sufficiently rational to be capable of rational explanation.
Perceived Quality of Residential and Institutional Environments

For several decades researchers have attempted to identify features which contribute to the success or failure of residential environments, that is, housing and neighborhoods. The community studies of the Chicago-trained sociologists, research on housing attributes associated with residential mobility (Rossi, 1955), and examinations of the effects of housing on health and performance (Wilner & Walkeley, 1963) were in the vanguard of studies leading toward an understanding of some fundamental aspects of the quality of residential environments. Studies of the environmental features of institutions, including Osmond’s (1957) work in psychiatric hospitals, Sommer’s (1969) research in college settings, and Goffman’s (1962) analysis of total institutions, and the hospital research of Ittelson, Proshansky, and Rivlin (1970) have identified some responses to institutional environments. Research on institutional settings, however, has not kept pace with the studies of residential environments; the latter are considerably more numerous and more varied, providing a substantial basis for further research on perceived qualities of housing and neighborhoods. This chapter, therefore, focuses primarily on residential environments. The variety of types and functions of institutional environments and their users make it difficult to generate a meaningful list of research needs in the area of perceived quality which would be applicable to most institutional settings.
Activation and Specificity of Aflatoxin B 1 Binding on hhc M , a Human Oncogene of Low Efficiency, and Cell Transformation

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a metabolite of Aspergillus flavus, chemically classified as a furocoumarin, is known to be the most potent hepatocarcinogen experimentally tested in various species including trout, rat, hamster, dog and rhesus monkey.13,21 The carcinogenic effect resides in the mutagenic potential of AFB1 upon metabolic conversion into the epoxide form by liver mixed function oxidases. By mode of nucleophilic attack, AFB1-epoxide binds to DNA forming covalent bonds with the N7 of deoxyguanine (dG), thus inducing an erroneous base-pairing with deoxyadenine (dA) instead of deoxycytidine (dC) (Fig. 1). In eukaryotes, such as hepatocytes, a strong DNA repair enzyme system usually safeguards against such mistakes by excising the mis-paired base, and an organism depends on continual repair of DNA (Fig. 2). If this erroneous base-pairing eluded the cell’s DNA repair enzyme, at subsequent DNA replication a conversion of dG.dC --> T.dA ensures, thus resulting in a point-mutation.7 Such a mutation generates an irreversible DNA lesion (Fig. 2) and if it is of survival value, it usually produces an altered gene product. On the other hand, a disruption of the open reading frame results if the DNA repairing process excised the mis-paired base without replacement with the correct base, i.e. generated a deletion mutation, or if the T.dA substitution of dG.dC generated a nonsense, i.e. stop codon. This usually results in a lethal mutation.
The Northwestern University multihospital twin study: IV. Duration of gestation according to fetal sex

Abstract Recently MacGillivray has observed that the average duration of male twin gestations is shorter than that of either female twin or male/female twin gestations. The data from 562 twin gestations from the Northwestern University multihospital twin study were used to test this observation. Male twin gestations were slightly but significantly shorter than other twin gestations as measured by pediatric examination (p
Distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning for Fighting Forest Fires with a Network of Aerial Robots

This paper proposes a distributed deep reinforcement learning (RL) based strategy for a team of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to autonomously fight forest fires. We first model the forest fire as a Markov decision process (MDP) with a factored structure. We consider optimally controlling the forest fire without agents using dynamic programming, and show any exact solution and many approximate solutions are computationally intractable. Given the problem complexity, we consider a deep RL approach in which each agent learns a policy requiring only local information. We show with Monte Carlo simulations that the deep RL policy outperforms a hand-tuned heuristic, and scales well for various forest sizes and different numbers of UAVs as well as variations in model parameters. Experimental demonstrations with mobile robots fighting a simulated forest fire in the Robotarium at the Georgia Institute of Technology are also presented.
What Young Adults Want: A Multistudy Examination of Vocational Anticipatory Socialization Through the Lens of Students’ Desired Managerial Communication Behaviors:

Without experience or in the face of limited work experience, refined expectations for what it means to work or what to expect in terms of communicative role behaviors from a manager may largely be...
Postoperative ischemic bowel in the cardiovascular patient

Abstract Post-operative bowel ischemia in cardiovascular patients is a difficult surgical problem as this population of patients due to their age, multiple co-morbidities and medication profile. Studies have shown that bowel ischemia increases the mortality of these patients after AAA repair and open cardiac surgery significantly. The etiology of bowel ischemia in these patients can be multifactorial but most often due to a “low flow” state which is often an unavoidable outcome of severe cardiovascular compromise. A high index of suspicion and a low threshold to investigate followed by a prompt diagnosis and treatment is key to decreasing mortality. In this chapter will discuss diagnosis and treatment of ischemic bowel after AAA repair and open cardiac surgery.
Scheduling Mutual Exclusion Accesses in Equal-Length Jobs

A fundamental problem in parallel and distributed processing is the partial serialization that is imposed due to the need for mutually exclusive access to common resources. In this article, we investigate the problem of optimally scheduling (in terms of makespan) a set of jobs, where each job consists of the same number L of unit-duration tasks, and each task either accesses exclusively one resource from a given set of resources or accesses a fully shareable resource. We develop and establish the optimality of a fast polynomial-time algorithm to find a schedule with the shortest makespan for any number of jobs and for any number of resources for the case of L = 2. In the notation commonly used for job-shop scheduling problems, this result means that the problem J vdij=1, nj =2vCmax is polynomially solvable, adding to the polynomial solutions known for the problems J2 v nj ≤ 2 v Cmax and J2 v dij = 1 v Cmax (whereas other closely related versions such as J2 v nj ≤ 3 v Cmax, J2 v dij ∈ l 1,2r v Cmax, J3 v nj ≤ 2 v Cmax, J3 v dij=1 v Cmax, and J vdij=1, nj ≤ 3v Cmax are all known to be NP-complete). For the general case L > 2 (i.e., for the job-shop problem J vdij=1, nj =L> 2v Cmax), we present a competitive heuristic and provide experimental comparisons with other heuristic versions and, when possible, with the ideal integer linear programming formulation.
School Law and Classroom Discipline: New Questions about Corporal Punishment

In 1980 I published an article in The Clearing House that examined a host of questions that teachers were asking about the practice of corporal punishment in the classroom. This was a method freque...
Adapting Mixed Reality Robot Communication to Mental Workload

This paper describes early work in the intersection of Mixed Reality for Human-Robot Interaction and Brain-Computer Interface fields. Our research seeks to answer these two questions: (1) How do different types of mental workload impact the effectiveness of different robot communication modalities? (2) How can a robot select the effective communication modality given information regarding its human teammate's level and type of mental workload?
Effects of temporary corporate income tax cuts: Evidence from Vietnam

Abstract Using a quasi-experimental design and panel data from 2004 to 2014, I estimate how temporary 30% corporate income tax cuts affected firm investment, employment, profits, and tax revenue during the Global Financial Crisis in Vietnam. I find that investment increased during the policy year and came back to its pre-policy level after the policy ended. The evidence does not suggest there were any significant changes in employment. Reported profits of eligible foreign-owned firms doubled in the policy year and remained high after the policy ended. I find no evidence that profits of foreign-owned firms increased because of changes in labor or capital. Instead, multinational firms likely shifted reported profits to take advantage of the tax policy. Tax payments by foreign-owned firms increased, while those by domestic firms decreased.
Advancing Medical Imaging Informatics by Deep Learning-Based Domain Adaptation.

Introduction: There has been a rapid development of deep learning (DL) models for medical imaging. However, DL requires a large labeled dataset for training the models. Getting large-scale labeled data remains a challenge, and multi-center datasets suffer from heterogeneity due to patient diversity and varying imaging protocols. Domain adaptation (DA) has been developed to transfer the knowledge from a labeled data domain to a related but unlabeled domain in either image space or feature space. DA is a type of transfer learning (TL) that can improve the performance of models when applied to multiple different datasets. Objective: In this survey, we review the state-of-the-art DL-based DA methods for medical imaging. We aim to summarize recent advances, highlighting the motivation, challenges, and opportunities, and to discuss promising directions for future work in DA for medical imaging. Methods: We surveyed peer-reviewed publications from leading biomedical journals and conferences between 2017-2020, that reported the use of DA in medical imaging applications, grouping them by methodology, image modality, and learning scenarios. Results: We mainly focused on pathology and radiology as application areas. Among various DA approaches, we discussed domain transformation (DT) and latent feature-space transformation (LFST). We highlighted the role of unsupervised DA in image segmentation and described opportunities for future development. Conclusion: DA has emerged as a promising solution to deal with the lack of annotated training data. Using adversarial techniques, unsupervised DA has achieved good performance, especially for segmentation tasks. Opportunities include domain transferability, multi-modal DA, and applications that benefit from synthetic data.
Tidal disruption flares as the source of ultra-high energy cosmic rays

The optical spectral energy distributions of two tidal disruption flares identified by van Velzen et al. (2011) in archival SDSS data, are found to be well-fit by a thin-accretion-disk model. Furthermore, the inferred Supermassive Black Hole mass values agree well with the SMBH masses estimated from the host galaxy properties. Integrating the model SEDs to include shorter wavelength contributions provides an estimate of the bolometric luminosities of the accretion disks. The resultant bolometric luminosities are well in excess of the minimum required for accelerating UHECR protons. In combination with the recent observational estimate of the TDF rate (van Velzen and Farrar, these Proceedings), the results presented here strengthen the case that transient jets formed in tidal disruption events may be responsible for accelerating all or most UHECRs.
Plant Growth Regulators

A novel class of ortho or meta-alkoxycarbonylbenzyltrialkylphosphonium salts are prepared and demonstrate useful plant growth regulation when applied to desirable plants. Representative of this class of compounds is m-methoxycarbonylbenzyltributylphosphonium bromide.
Stochastics and computational thinking: a response to Kazak and Pratt

In response to Kazak and Pratt's contribution, “Developing the role of modelling in the teaching and learning of probability,” though I largely agree with their recommendations, I address three mai...
Correction: The Validity of the Use of Tracers to Follow Chemical Reactions

A typographical error in Table 1 of my paper "The Validity of the Use of Tracers to Follow Chemical Reactions" (Science, 1949, 110, 14), under the entries for chlorine makes the estimated maximum r...
Cutaneous Metabolism of Xenobiotics

The human skin is exposed to many topical agents, either intentionally or by accident. The variety of these foreign agents such as xenobiotics, reflects the variety of their intended uses: cosmetics are intended, in theory, to decorate the skin rather than penetrate it. This chapter demonstrates that many exogenous compounds are metabolized in skin. It reviews the existence of enzymes that are capable of metabolizing cutaneous xenobiotics and some of the factors regulating their activity. The chapter also reviews the recent work documenting the metabolism of commonly prescribed drugs and environmental agents on the skin. The induction of enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics may increase the rate and/or amount of metabolites produced. In contrast to induction, the inhibition of enzymes must also be considered. Inhibition of the cutaneous metabolism of xenobiotics has several theoretical advantages. For example, selectively inhibiting an enzyme may increase the overall percutaneous absorption of a particular medication.
ZO Proteins and Tight Junction Assembly

Tight junctions are highly structured plasma membrane domains. They are composed of transmembrane proteins, such as occludin and claudin (see Chapters 2 and 3), that are organized into highly cross-linked linear arrays of particles restricted to an apical circumferential band known as the apical junctional complex (AJC). These transmembrane proteins form a selective barrier in the paracellular space that is in turn intimately associated with a large array of tight junction-specific cytoplasmic, cytoskeletal, and signaling molecules (for a recent review see ref. 1). The high degree of order in this structure, and its ability to undergo rapid structural and functional changes in response to environmental stimuli, has created a great deal of interest in the underlying structural and organizational determinants of this array. Thus, much attention has been focused on three homologous polypeptides that are members of a large family of membrane-associated scaffolding proteins: ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3, otherwise known as the ZO proteins. The emerging evidence suggests that these proteins organize not only the unique structure of tight junctions, but may also have a role in the functional organization of adhesion and signaling complexes in diverse cell types.
Dynamics of effectors in host–pathogen interactions

Filamentous fungi and oomycetes are major pathogens of plants and the principal cause of destructive damage to ecosystems and agriculture. During colonization of their hosts, these phytopathogens produce a large array of effectors to break down host cellular components, evade host immune responses and modulate host cell survival. The identification of diverse effectors from different ascomycete, basitiomycete and oomycetes pathogens offers an in-depth view of effector function and evolution. Effectors produced by plant pathogens operate at a few interaction interfaces and are trafficked with several logistic strategies. This review summarizes the various aspects of effector genomics, such as different trafficking routes, modular molecular construction, dynamic genome environment, various modes of host-modulation and intricate co-evolution with hosts.
Effects of Extracellular Calcium on Cell Membrane Resealing during Sonoporation

Sonoporation has been exploited as a novel strategy for intracellular drug and gene delivery. In sonoporation, ultrasound application generates transient pores or openings in the cell membrane that allow entry of extracellular agents normally not permeable to the cell membrane. In order to improve the sonoporation outcome, we seek to obtain improved understanding of the sonoporation mechanism and investigate the factors affecting sonoporation process. We established a voltage clamp technique for real time measurement of sonoporation at single cell level using Xenopus oocytes as a model system. As both cell survival and intracellular delivery efficiency of drug or genes depend on the sonoporation dynamic process, and Calcium plays important roles in cellular processes, we focus on studying of the effect of extracellular Calcium concentration on the formation, extension, and resealing of membrane pores in sonoporation. We obtained experimental results demonstrating that the cell membrane reseals in the order of seconds in the presence of physiological level of extracellular [Ca]. We measured the resealing as function of extracellular [Ca] (0–1.8mM) and observed that the resealing rate decreases as extracellular [Ca] decreases from normal physiological level. No resealing was demonstrated when 1mM EGTA was added in the extracellular medium to chelate the [Ca] extracellularly. Our experimental findings suggest that extracellular Calcium plays an important role in controlling membrane resealing in sonoporation and thus the sonoporation outcome such as cell survival and delivery efficiency.
High resolution IRAS images of large shells around Wolf-Rayet stars

High-resolution IRAS images, processed by HIRES, are ideal for the search of large, cold, fossil shell structures around Wolf-Rayet stars. In our preliminary effort, we have confirmed the large, l.°5 – 2°, ring structures around NGC 6888 and RCW 58, which are clearly shown in the HIRES processed images. We interpret them as fossil bubbles blown by the main-sequence progenitors of the WR stars, although these large shells were previously suggested to be evolved supernova remnants.
Differential Effects of a Multimedia Goal-Based Scenario to Teach Introductory Biochemistry—Who Benefits Most?

This study investigated the relationship of cognitive and demographic variables to learning outcomes from a multimedia Goal-Based Scenario (GBS) lesson on DNA. The demographic variables under investigation were gender, ethnicity, prior science coursework in college and high school, final score in current chemistry course, and prior experience with computers. The cognitive variables under study were logical thinking ability, spatial ability, and disembedding ability. The subjects for this study were a total of 488 college students enrolled in introductory chemistry classes for nonmajors at one of four participating institutions in the United States and Canada. All subjects completed content pre- and posttests, a demographic questionnaire, and three cognitive tests: Test of Logical Thinking, Hidden Figures Test, and Purdue Visualization of Rotations Test. Students completed Whodunnit?, a multimedia GBS developed to teach basic biochemistry concepts pertaining to DNA. Logical thinking ability was the only cognitive variable to show a relationship with learning outcomes. There was no relationship between gender or ethnicity and academic outcomes. The number of science courses completed in high school was a significant predictor of academic outcomes. A relationship was observed between course rank and learning outcomes, as students with final course grades in the upper quartile of the sample scored significantly higher on the posttest than those in all other quartiles.
Race, class, and leisure activities of urban residents.

This 1981 study of a random sample of 750 urban residents in a Northern community investigated the relationship of race and class to participation in leisure activities. Utilizing Spearman's Coefficient of Rank Correlation, blacks and whites of different classes were compared to determine the degree of association between rankings of their participation in leisure activities. Chi-square analysis was utilized to determine whether blacks and whites of differing classes participated at a differential rate in 22 specific leisure categories. Contrary to what was expected, race seems to be more important than class in determining leisure participation. This was especially true for middle-class respondents.
Lost in the Rubble: How the Destruction of Public Housing Fails to Account for the Loss of Community

Verna Berryman left her home in Chicago’s Cabrini-Green public housing complex in 1998.1 Her building was demolished as part of a celebrated plan to move the city’s public housing residents to private housing.2 Armed with a voucher to cap her rent, Berryman and her son spent the next four years in four different apartments, encountering arson, overcrowding, and rat infestation.3 She finally settled in an overpriced apartment in an unwelcoming neighborhood.4 Four years after she left Cabrini, Berryman reflected, “‘[s]ometimes I think the better world isn’t necessarily better.’”5 Berryman’s story is not unique. Throughout the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, cities across America have destroyed public housing complexes, displacing hundreds of thousands of residents from the communities they called home.6 Often viewed as a progressive urban policy, displacement has been justified in three primary ways: (1) the physical site on which public housing developments sit may be put to more economically viable use, thereby benefiting society as a whole;7 (2) public housing communities
Quality of life of individuals with and without facial feminization surgery or gender reassignment surgery.

To determine the self-reported quality of life of male-to-female (MTF) transgendered individuals and how this quality of life is influenced by facial feminization and gender reassignment surgery. Facial Feminization Surgery outcomes evaluation survey and the SF-36v2 quality of life survey were administered to male-to-female transgender individuals via the Internet and on paper. A total of 247 MTF participants were enrolled in the study. Mental health-related quality of life was statistically diminished (P < 0.05) in transgendered women without surgical intervention compared to the general female population and transwomen who had gender reassignment surgery (GRS), facial feminization surgery (FFS), or both. There was no statistically significant difference in the mental health-related quality of life among transgendered women who had GRS, FFS, or both. Participants who had FFS scored statistically higher (P < 0.01) than those who did not in the FFS outcomes evaluation. Transwomen have diminished mental health-related quality of life compared with the general female population. However, surgical treatments (e.g. FFS, GRS, or both) are associated with improved mental health-related quality of life.
Coordinated Control of Flying Robotic Arm

In this paper, a flying vehicle with a robotic arm is addressed. The flying robotic arm, called UAVARM, is modeled as an integrated system comprising a small-scale unmanned, under-actuated aerial vehicle (UAV) and a revolute robotic manipulator which can have a fast and flexible maneuverability in space. The main concern for the combined system is to control the position and orientation of the end-effector of the UAVARM while collaboratively stabilizing the UAV body so that it can follow and track a desired trajectory. Success in solving the control design problem will allow the system to be used in remote dextrous applications such as replacing bulbs on a radio tower. Many control challenges exist due to the complexity of the system including that the UAV is underactuated, inherently unstable, and the interaction of the arm and the UAV. The novelty of this system is that UAVARM is the complete integration of the subsystem to function as a single entity — the subsystems are cooperatively controlled in the sense that spatial states such as position, attitude, and orientation are transferred or cumulated in an automated manner using homogeneous matrices to the end-effector in order to exactly control the flying arm. The closed-loop controller will control the trajectory-tracking of the end-effector while satisfying a Lyapunov-type stability of the integrated system, which yields an asymptotically stable tracking result in a given angle condition.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Perception of traffic guidance signs containing conflicting symbol and direction information.

Information pictographs (airport and ski trail symbols) and corporate logos (Amtrak, Montreal Metro), all with directional quality were paired with route guidance arrows. The resulting signs were rated on semantic differential adjective scales. In addition, the response times to the same signs were measured. Concordant signs, for which symbol and route arrow directions agree, were judged to be more clear, unified, valuable, and strong than signs using discordant symbols and arrows. Response times were slower for discordant airport and Amtrak signs than for the comparable concordant signs; however, concordance did not influence response times to the skier or the metro symbols. It was concluded that agreement between symbol and arrow direction is an important element in decreasing perceptual conflict within a sign. A second conclusion was that unless such agreement can be achieved, prominent arrowlike logos (e.g., Amtrak, airport) should be avoided in highway guidance signs because of their adverse effect o...
Job satisfaction as mediated by the value congruity of supervisors and their subordinates.

SUMMARY This study represents an attempt to individualize values and job satisfaction. Using a specifically designed Value Scale and the J.D.I., a sample of 48 supervisors and 337 subordinates in six production organizations was investigated. It was found that those subordinates who indicate high job satisfaction tend to have value structures more similar to their superiors than do subordinates who evidence lower satisfaction. The implications of this value homogeneity within work groups were advanced and further research suggested. This thrust toward individualization-not just the generalized employee but 'each employee' with his/her own personality and range of expectations-proposes that job satisfaction is a function of the extent to which a worker feels that 'needs' are fulfilled by his job (Possick, 1969). Some of the more prominent theorists in organizational psychology hold that the fulfillment of ego or higher order needs such as the needs for achievement, status, and self-actualization relate to Herzberg's (Herzberg, Mausner, and Syderman, 1959; Possick, 1969) intrinsic factors and thus to job satisfaction. Thus, the attainment of such higher order needs is the means whereby individuals achieve job satisfaction. Locke's (1976) review of a number of job satisfaction constructs suggests that 'job satisfaction results from the perception that one's job fulfills or allows the fulfillment of one's important job values, providing and to the degree that those values are congruent with one's needs' (p.1307). Research examining the relationship between higher-order need fulfillment and job satisfaction indicates that certain factors (e.g. recognition, safety, salary) are vital to job satisfaction and human needs. However, these factors are dealt with on the whole (i.e. group) and not on an individual basis (Carroll, 1973). Thus, the posited existence of each factor is an average of many individuals. It is important to
Activation and Entrainment Mapping Defines the Tricuspid Annulus as the Anterior Barrier in Typical Atrial Flutter

Background The importance of anatomic barriers in the atrial flutter reentry circuit has been well demonstrated in canine models. It has been shown previously that the crista terminalis and its continuation as the eustachian ridge form a posterior barrier. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the tricuspid annulus forms the continuous anterior barrier to the flutter circuit. Methods and Results Thirteen patients with typical atrial flutter were studied. A 20-pole halo catheter was situated around the tricuspid annulus. A mapping catheter was used for activation and entrainment mapping from seven sequential sites around the tricuspid annulus and from three additional sites including the tip of the right atrial appendage, at the fossa ovalis, and in the distal coronary sinus. Sites were considered to be within the circuit when the postpacing interval minus the flutter cycle length and the stimulus time minus the activation time were ≤10 ms; sites were considered to be outside the circuit when these i...
Amplification of neuromuscular transmission by postjunctional folds.

Previously, suggestions have been made that postjunctional folds at the vertebrate motor end plate might, in some way, serve to enhance neuromuscular transmission. This suggestion was examined quantitatively using a model junction with geometry similar to that seen in mammalian `fast twitch' muscles. It was found that the depolarization produced at the top of an interfold by a quantum of acetylcholine is significantly greater than that produced in the absence of folds because of the series resistance of the interfold myoplasm. As a result, voltage-sensitive sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane are activated more readily. In the model, activation of as few as four interfolds by eight quanta is sufficient for excitation to spread to the remainder of the muscle. With no folds, 19 quanta are required.
Post-Suicide Grief Work In Family Therapy

The following case report describes the treatment of a family following the death by suicide of its principle male figure. It describes the way the various family members were helped to deal with the unresolved grief reaction that had come to play a destructive role in the life of this bereaved family. Working with the family group allowed a direct observation of the mourning processes of the various family members. In particular, we could see the attempt of the identified child patient at keeping the memory of the lost object alive become an obstacle to a natural resolution of her mother's mourning at that same loss.
How U.S. consumers view in-store promotions

Abstract Most sales promotion analysis, either at the external-to-the-store or in-store level, has been conducted based on what marketers have done and how consumers have responded in specific retail situations and for specific promotional techniques. Most studies, therefore are reported as, point-in-time and point-of-place specific, historical, after-the-fact results and imply a consumer preference for the measured activity. This paper provides a holistic view of how U.S. consumers regard all forms of promotion, both external-to-the-store in the form of 31 media alternatives and 23 in-store techniques across thirteen broad product categories. Data comes from twice a year online studies of representative groups of U.S. consumers, conducted since 2002. Consumers report on which in-store activities most influence their purchase decisions. From that, predictive models of consumer response to alternative promotional combinations are developed using CHAID analysis. This predictive approach is superior to traditional after-the-fact measures.