cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realism and Beyond

When they go out together, Maggie and Pete frequently attend the theater and see “plays in which the brain-clutching heroine” is “rescued from the palatial home of her guardian, who is cruelly after her bonds, by the hero with the beautiful sentiments.” Crane’s ironic description of the New York stage during his day reflects his general disgust toward the sentimentality that pervaded popular culture. Maggie, like much realistic fiction, challenges sentimental novels in which the heroines are chaste and the heroes honorable. In those kinds of books, the protagonists may experience many trials and tribulations along the way, but in the end, the good are rewarded and the immoral punished. The sentimentalists presented an ideal world whereas the realist writers, recognizing that life was seldom so perfect, sought to create books that depicted life not as it should be, but as it was. While some American realists, most notably William Dean Howells, retained the moral basis of the sentimentalists and continued to reward the good and punish the wicked, others, like Stephen Crane, did not. What sentimentality there is in Maggie is present as a satiric target. Showing Maggie’s susceptibility to sentimentalism, Crane mocks it and reveals its dangerous consequences for young women who take the world of sentimental fiction for reality. Imagining Pete to be akin to the hero of a popular melodrama, Maggie succumbs to his seduction.
Selective Etching of GaN from AlGaN/GaN and AlN/GaN Structures

Thick GaN layers as well as AlGaN/GaN and AlN/GaN heterostructures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy have been photoelectrochemically (PEC) etched in various dilute electrolytes, and bandgap-selective etching has been demonstrated in heterostructures. This result is a significant step forward in the fabrication of group III-nitride devices and one-dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) structures in the deep UV. Based on initial results from thick GaN layers, a method was developed to achieve self-stopping selective etching of thin GaN layers in AlGaN/GaN and AlN/ GaN heterostructures. Selective PEC etching requires the use of a suitable light source with photon energies larger than the bandgap of GaN, but smaller than that of AlGaN or AlN, thus enabling selective hole generation in the GaN layers to be etched. Additionally, it is imperative to use an electrolyte that supports PEC etching of GaN without chemically etching AlGaN or AlN.
Identifying invasive plant species using field spectroscopy in the VNIR region in successional systems of north-central Virginia

Remote sensing can potentially be used to monitor the extent and distribution of invasive species across landscapes and regions, thus aiding conservation efforts. We collected ground-level hyperspectral data of six exotic invasive plant species in abandoned agricultural fields at the Blandy Experimental Farm in northern Virginia to determine the degree to which species could be identified using visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The spectral profile from 350 to 1025 nm was used in support vector machine analysis to determine separability of these species. We used sensitivity analyses to determine which spectral regions were most influential to identifying species by removing 50 nm regions and comparing species identification to that using the full spectral profile. Ailanthus altissima, Carduus acanthoides, and Cirsium arvense had high ability to be identified 75%, 87.5%, and 75%, respectively. Galium verum had low ability to be identified 44.4%, perhaps due to high spectral contamination from soil. Celastrus orbiculatus and Rhamnus davurica had low ability to be identified 27.3% and 30.8%, respectively; however, they were often misclassified as each other, due to their physical overlap in the field. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the 350–399, 500–549, 700–749, and 900–949 nm regions were most useful for species identification, while 550–599 and 650–699 nm regions were detrimental, perhaps due to greater intraspecific variability than interspecific variability in these regions. These most influential regions for identification were similar to those found in other studies. Thus, it is possible to identify species using ground-level hyperspectral data.
Macromolecular metamorphosis via stimulus-induced transformations of polymer architecture

Macromolecular architecture plays a pivotal role in determining the properties of polymers. When designing polymers for specific applications, it is not only the size of a macromolecule that must be considered, but also its shape. In most cases, the topology of a polymer is a static feature that is inalterable once synthesized. Using reversible-covalent chemistry to prompt the disconnection of chemical bonds and the formation of new linkages in situ, we report polymers that undergo dramatic topological transformations via a process we term macromolecular metamorphosis. Utilizing this technique, a linear amphiphilic block copolymer or hyperbranched polymer undergoes 'metamorphosis' into comb, star and hydrophobic block copolymer architectures. This approach was extended to include a macroscopic gel which transitioned from a densely and covalently crosslinked network to one with larger distances between the covalent crosslinks when heated. These architectural transformations present an entirely new approach to 'smart' materials.
Resources Anytime, Anywhere

One of the key components of any well-functioning resource sharing unit is the consortial arrangements they have made with other supplying libraries. In the era of interlibrary loan, the consortia evolved out of a need to share and consolidate cataloging duties. A byproduct of that consolidation is the increased awareness of the collections of other libraries. This increased awareness naturally led to the creation of sharing groups. The sharing group forms the rudimentary processes of interlibrary loan. However, as interlibrary loan has evolved into resource sharing the impact technology has had on all aspects of the process cannot be overlooked. Particularly when examining the consortia. The influence of shared catalogs and shared discovery has changed the relationship between libraries from one of shared collections to one of shared information. The subtle change has altered the consortia and brought an increase in specialization of function. The consortia today are focused on two distinct groups, the collective bargaining consortia and the supply-side consortia. These two groups while not mutually exclusive do have distinct characteristics that influence the actions of the resource sharing units of today.
Somatic second hit mutation of RASA1 in vascular endothelial cells in capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation

Abstract Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder that is associated with inherited inactivating mutations of the RASA1 gene in the majority of cases. Characteristically, patients exhibit one or more focal cutaneous CM that may occur alone or together with AVM, arteriovenous fistulas or lymphatic vessel abnormalities. The focal nature and varying presentation of lesions has led to the hypothesis that somatic “second hit” inactivating mutations of RASA1 are necessary for disease development. In this study, we examined CM from four different CM-AVM patients for the presence of somatically acquired RASA1 mutations. All four patients were shown to possess inactivating heterozygous germline RASA1 mutations. In one of the patients, a somatic inactivating RASA1 mutation (c.1534C > T, p.Arg512*) was additionally identified in CM lesion tissue. The somatic RASA1 mutation was detected within endothelial cells specifically and was in trans with the germline RASA1 mutation. Together with the germline RASA1 mutation (c.2125C > T, p.Arg709*) in the same patient, the endothelial cell somatic RASA1 mutation likely contributed to lesion development. These studies provide the first clear evidence of the second hit model of CM-AVM pathogenesis.
Road traffic accidents in children: the 'what', 'how' and 'why'.

Introduction Road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Singapore involving children were evaluated, with particular focus on the epidemiology, surrounding circumstances and outcomes of these accidents. Key factors associated with worse prognosis were identified. We proposed some measures that may be implemented to reduce the frequency and severity of such accidents. Methods This was a retrospective study of RTAs involving children aged 0-16 years who presented to the Children's Emergency at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from January 2011 to June 2014. Data was obtained from the National Trauma Registry and analysed in tiers based on the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results A total of 1,243 accidents were reviewed. RTA victims included motor vehicle passengers (60.4%), pedestrians (28.5%), cyclists (9.9%) and motorcycle pillion riders (1.2%). The disposition of emergency department (ED) patients was consistent with RTA severity. For serious RTAs, pedestrians accounted for 63.6% and 57.7% of Tier 1 (ISS > 15) and Tier 2 (ISS 9-15) presentations, respectively. Overall use of restraints was worryingly low (36.7%). Not restraining increased the risk of serious RTAs by 8.4 times. Young age, high ISS and low Glasgow Coma Scale score predicted a longer duration of intensive care unit stay. Conclusion The importance of restraints for motor vehicle passengers or helmets for motorcycle pillion riders and cyclists in reducing morbidity requires emphasis. Suggestions for future prevention and intervention include road safety education, regulation of protective restraints, use of speed enforcement devices and creation of transport policies that minimise kerbside parking.
Challenges of Vaccine Development for Zika Virus.

Abstract The emergence of outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in 2015 was associated with devastating effects on fetal development and prompted a world health emergency and multiple efforts to generate an effective vaccine against infection. There are now more than 40 vaccine candidates in preclinical development and six in clinical trials. Despite similarities with other flaviviruses to which successful vaccines have been developed, such as yellow fever virus and Japanese Encephalitis virus, there are unique challenges to the development and clinical trials of a vaccine for ZIKV.
The Earth as Pinprick: Some Early Western Challenges to Anthropocentrism // La Tierra como punta de alfiler: Algunos desafíos tempranos al antropocentrismo en occidente

It is common to assume that the ancient Greeks and Romans were essentially anthropocentric in point of view. While this is partly true (as it is today), the ancients established important precedents that challenge and overturn this view, anticipating modern science and even Darwin and beyond. This article analyzes texts from the Presocratics to late antiquity to show how the questioning of anthropocentrism developed over roughly 800 years. This matters because overcoming our present ecological crises demands that we reassess our place on the earth and draw down our impact on the planet. The ancients show that the questioning of anthropocentrism it nothing new; their work is part of the bridge required to help us move more responsibly into the later parts of the twenty-first century and beyond. Resumen Es comun asumir que los griegos y romanos antiguos tenian un punto de vista esencialmente antropocentrico. Aunque esto es cierto en parte (como hoy en dia), los antiguos establecieron precedentes importantes que desafian y dan la vuelta a esta perspectiva, anticipandose a la ciencia moderna e incluso a Darwin y mas alla. Este articulo analiza textos desde los Presocraticos hasta la antiguedad tardia para mostrar como se cuestiono el antropocentrismo durante aproximadamente 800 anos. Esto es importante porque para vencer las crisis ecologicas actuales es necesario que re-evaluemos nuestro lugar en la tierra y que reduzcamos nuestro impacto en el planeta. Los antiguos demuestran que cuestionarse el antropocentrismo no es nada nuevo; su trabajo es parte del puente necesario para ayudarnos a trasladarnos mas responsablemente hacia el ultimo periodo del siglo XXI y mas alla.
Smart HVAC Systems — Adjustable Airflow Direction

Enhancing the thermal comfort level of the occupants has been the subject of several research efforts focused on controlling the Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems with the objective of higher occupant-thermal-comfort. It has been demonstrated that improving occupants’ thermal comfort often leads to savings in energy consumption. Also there are numerous studies that have directly aimed to optimize the energy consumption of the HVAC system while keeping the occupants’ thermal comfort within an acceptable range. In majority of the cases the level of control over the actions of the HVAC system is restricted to controlling the temperature set-point for the thermal zone. This study aims to explore the benefits of creating a more flexible HVAC system, which can lead to improvements in occupant thermal comfort and energy consumption of the HVAC system. The envisioned HVAC system will be capable of adjusting the direction of the airflow at each diffusor thereby producing a wider range of actions. In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation of a room was used as a proxy for the real-world environment, and the results of the CFD model were generalized through a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model to provide higher resolution data. The benefits of enabling the HVAC system to control the direction of airflow at the point of diffusion have been evaluated in terms of occupant’s thermal comfort and reduction in energy consumption.
Management of desmoid disease

Abstract Desmoid disease results when the wnt signaling pathway in fibroblasts is constantly active. It is characterized by enlarging tumors and sclerosing sheets of tissue. In patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) this can happen in the abdomen, the abdominal wall and in extra-abdominal sites. This review describes the clinical sequelae of desmoid disease in patients with FAP and their management. While abdominal wall desmoids cause symptoms due to their increasing size and prominence, they can be resected with a recurrence rate of about 30%. Intra-abdominal desmoid disease often involves the small bowel mesentery and cannot be resected without enterectomy. Various medical options are available for their management but none are predictably successful. A staging system has been developed that predicts mortality and allows rational treatment choices. Specific complications such as obstruction of the ureter and small bowel, small bowel perforation with abscess and fistula, and hemorrhage may need surgical management. Most FAP patients with desmoid disease can live in equilibrium with the desmoids. The keys are to mitigate symptoms while avoiding toxic or dangerous therapy.
COMPLEXES WITHIN THE (η5-C5Me5)Os(CO)(L)X FAMILY

Detailed synthetic instructions are provided for the following compounds: ( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Os(CO) 2 I, ( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Os(CO) 2 ( η -C 4 H 9 ), ( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Os(CO) 2 Me, [( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Os(CO) 2 (PMe3)]I, ( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Os(CO)(PMe 3 )I, and ( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Os(CO)(PMe 3 )(CH 3 ).
Pursuit of the Ultimate Junction

John Cleland, the father of transmutation doping in semiconductors, very appropriately presented an excellent summary of the conference as a final talk at the meeting in April. John, of course, had little time to prepare his impressions into a talk and no time at all to write them down. Because I have had the advantage of rereading the manuscripts before me, I will try to fulfill this same function for the published proceedings. This summary, therefore, represents my own opinions and prejudices.
Investigation of Magnetic Field Immunity and Near Magnetic Field Reduction for the Inductors in High Power Density Design

This paper investigates the magnetic field immunity and near magnetic field reduction for different inductor-winding structures. A double-twisted winding structure, which includes two magnetic cores, is proposed for common mode (CM) inductors. The proposed CM inductor can achieve much lower near magnetic field emission, much better magnetic field immunity against the external magnetic field, and much bigger differential mode (DM) impedance than conventional winding structures. The proposed inductor structures are good for high power-density applications. Theoretical analysis, magnetic three-dimensional simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the developed theory and technique.
Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Develop State-of-the-Art Flotation Froth Image Sensors

Abstract Convolutional neural networks provide a state-of-the-art approach to the development of froth image sensors. In this study, it is shown that a pretrained neural network architecture, namely VGG16, can be used to obtain significant improvements in froth image sensors. However, training of these networks is computationally demanding and require large data sets that may not be readily available. These problems can be circumvented by making use of transfer learning and partial retraining of the network. Likewise, minor modification of the network architecture can also expedite the development of the models. This is demonstrated in a case study involving an image data set from an industrial platinum group metals plant.
Metabolic Syndrome Interferes with Packaging of Proteins within Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which shuttle proteins to recipient cells, promoting cellular repair. We hypothesized that cardiovascular risk factors may alter the pattern of proteins packed within MSC-derived EVs. To test this, we compared the protein cargo of EVs to their parent MSCs in pigs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Lean controls. Porcine MSCs were harvested from abdominal fat after 16 weeks of Lean- or MetS-diet (n = 5 each), and their EVs isolated. Following liquid chromatography mass spectrometry proteomic analysis, proteins were classified based on cellular component, molecular function, and protein class. Five candidate proteins were validated by Western blot. Clustering analysis was performed to identify primary functional categories of proteins enriched in or excluded from EVs. Proteomics analysis identified 6,690 and 6,790 distinct proteins in Lean- and MetS-EVs, respectively. Differential expression analysis revealed that 146 proteins were upregulated and 273 downregulated in Lean-EVs versus Lean-MSCs, whereas 787 proteins were upregulated and 185 downregulated in MetS-EVs versus MetS-MSCs. Proteins enriched in both Lean- and MetS-EVs participate in vesicle-mediated transport and cell-to-cell communication. Proteins enriched exclusively in Lean-EVs modulate pathways related to the MSC reparative capacity, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, as well as transforming growth factor-β signaling. Contrarily, proteins enriched only in MetS-EVs are linked to proinflammatory pathways, including acute inflammatory response, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and cytokine production. Coculture with MetS-EVs increased renal tubular cell inflammation. MetS alters the protein cargo of porcine MSC-derived EVs, selectively packaging specific proinflammatory signatures that may impair their ability to repair damaged tissues. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:430-440.
Other pituitary disorders and kidney disease

Prolactin (PRL) levels are elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to reduced clearance and increased secretion. Hyperprolactinemia manifests as galactorrhea and hypogonadism. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia should focus on improving bothersome galactorrhea or hypogonadism by using dopamine agonists and replacement of sex hormone(s). Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in CKD are characterized by increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and sometimes cortisol levels, largely preserved circadian rhythms of ACTH and cortisol, and a normal response of cortisol to ACTH, metyrapone, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. However, the HPA axis is less inhibited by 1 mg of dexamethasone but retains normal suppression by higher-dose dexamethasone. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in CKD patients, as in normal subjects, is usually made by finding a subnormal cortisol response to ACTH. The mainstay of treatment of adrenal insufficiency is to replace glucocorticoid hormone. Cushing’s disease in CKD is difficult to diagnose and relies on the dexamethasone suppression test and the midnight salivary cortisol test since 24-h urine-free cortisol test is not useful. Treatment of Cushing’s disease involves surgery, complemented by radiation and/or medical therapy if necessary. In CKD, arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels are elevated due to decreased clearance, and there is also impairment of AVP signaling in renal tubules. Diabetes insipidus can be masked in advanced kidney disease until kidney transplantation. Diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is similar in mild or moderate kidney disease as in normal subjects but is challenging in those with advanced kidney disease owing to the impairment in urine dilution.
Principles of Comprehensive Approach to Pain Management in Patients with the Disease of Addiction

Chronic non-cancer pain often co-occurs with alcohol/drug addiction, posing clinical challenges and dilemmas related to the management of pain in a manner that provides adequate pain control while minimizing the risk of relapse. Increasing utilization of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder (OUD) additionally complicates pain management in many patients. This chapter will outline an approach to pain management in patients who have co-occurring addiction, with an emphasis on those treated with MAT for OUD.
A microfluidic based biosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella in food products.

An impedance based microfluidic biosensor for simultaneous and rapid detection of Salmonella serotypes B and D in ready-to-eat (RTE) Turkey matrix has been presented. Detection of Salmonella at a concentration as low as 300 cells/ml with a total detection time of 1 hour has been achieved. The sensor has two sensing regions, with each formed from one interdigitated electrode array (IDE array) consisting of 50 finger pairs. First, Salmonella antibody type B and D were prepared and delivered to the sensor to functionalize each sensing region without causing any cross contamination. Then the RTE Turkey samples spiked with Salmonella types B and D were introduced into the biosensor via the antigen inlet. The response signal resulted from the binding between Salmonella and its specific antibody demonstrated the sensor’s ability to detect a single type of pathogen, and multiple pathogens simultaneously. In addition, the biosensor’s selectivity was tested using non-specific binding of E. coli O157 and E. coli DH5 Alpha while the IDE array was coated with the Salmonella antibody. The results also showed the sensor is capable to differentiate low concentration of live Salmonella cells from high concentration of dead Salmonella cells, and high concentration of E. coli cells. A detailed study on antibody immobilization that includes antibody concentration, antibody coating time (0.5–3 hours) and use of cross-linker has been performed. The study showed that Salmonella antibody to Salmonella antigen is not a factor of antibody concentration after electrodes were saturated with antibody, while the optimal coating time was found to be 1.5 hours, and the use of cross-linker has improved the signal response by 45–60%.
Rights and consent in mixed martial arts

Mixed martial arts (MMA) fighting in a competition is not necessarily wrong and is often, as far as we can tell, permissible. Our argument has two premises. First, if an act does not infringe on an...
Reputation-based competitive pricing negotiation and power trading for grid-connected microgrid networks

Abstract The integration of renewables and microgrids into the modern electric grid has forced financial, technical, and policy change. Control strategies that enable energy trading between microgrids provide more effective use of distributed energy resources. This study presents a decentralized, autonomous control approach to manage energy transactions between nodes of a grid-connected microgrid network. Agents in the network form relationships, with interactions between agents described by quantifying their reputation using historical knowledge of familiarity, acceptance, and value between nodes. Methods are demonstrated on a network of 9 nodes with varying levels of network connectivity for a simulated year. Results indicate that certain relationships between nodes allow some microgrids to achieve greater financial benefit than others through a reduction in operating cost. A baseline case with no trading is used to compare results, with nodes experiencing anywhere from 3% to 72% reduction in their annual cost of energy depending on network connectivity and configuration. Node pair connections with the most opportunities to trade had a significant effect on the amount of excess renewables successfully traded in the network, and network configurations containing those pairs also resulted in the lowest grid load factors. Enabling localized trading led to a decrease in utility revenue by 21–27%, which could be partly recouped by establishing wheeling charges or trading fees.
Evaluation of an Interprofessional Tobacco Cessation Train-the-Trainer Program for Respiratory Therapy Faculty.

BACKGROUND: Although tobacco use is the leading cause of numerous preventable diseases, including respiratory illnesses, respiratory therapy students historically have received inadequate education for treating tobacco use and dependence. To address this gap, a respiratory-specific tobacco cessation training program was created and disseminated via a train-the-trainer approach for faculty in respiratory therapy and respiratory care programs across the United States. The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of the live, web-based, train-the-trainer programs on participating faculty, and to assess changes in the extent of adoption of tobacco cessation content in respiratory therapy curricula across institutions in the United States. METHODS: Five live, 2.5-h web-based train-the-trainer programs for respiratory therapy faculty were conducted. To characterize impact of this national initiative, surveys were administered at baseline, immediately after training, and then at the end of the subsequent academic year. RESULTS: A total of 270 respiratory therapy faculty members participated in a live webinar training, representing 248 of the 402 (61.7%) respiratory therapy schools in the United States. At the end of the subsequent academic year, faculty reported significant improvement in their overall ability to teach tobacco cessation (P CONCLUSIONS: Training respiratory therapy faculty using a train-the-trainer approach had a positive impact on faculty’s perceived confidence and ability to teach tobacco cessation at their institutions.
Reproducible and Interpretable Spiculation Quantification for Lung Cancer Screening.

Abstract Spiculations are important predictors of lung cancer malignancy, which are spikes on the surface of the pulmonary nodules. In this study, we proposed an interpretable and parameter-free technique to quantify the spiculation using area distortion metric obtained by the conformal (angle-preserving) spherical parameterization. We exploit the insight that for an angle-preserved spherical mapping of a given nodule, the corresponding negative area distortion precisely characterizes the spiculations on that nodule. We introduced novel spiculation scores based on the area distortion metric and spiculation measures. We also semi-automatically segment lung nodule (for reproducibility) as well as vessel and wall attachment to differentiate the real spiculations from lobulation and attachment. A simple pathological malignancy prediction model is also introduced. We used the publicly-available LIDC-IDRI dataset pathologists (strong-label) and radiologists (weak-label) ratings to train and test radiomics models containing this feature, and then externally validate the models. We achieved AUC = 0.80 and 0.76, respectively, with the models trained on the 811 weakly-labeled LIDC datasets and tested on the 72 strongly-labeled LIDC and 73 LUNGx datasets; the previous best model for LUNGx had AUC = 0.68. The number-of-spiculations feature was found to be highly correlated (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ = 0.44 ) with the radiologists’ spiculation score. We developed a reproducible and interpretable, parameter-free technique for quantifying spiculations on nodules. The spiculation quantification measures was then applied to the radiomics framework for pathological malignancy prediction with reproducible semi-automatic segmentation of nodule. Using our interpretable features (size, attachment, spiculation, lobulation), we were able to achieve higher performance than previous models. In the future, we will exhaustively test our model for lung cancer screening in the clinic.
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Modulates Reward-Related Behavior: A Systematic Review

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of movement disorders including Parkinson's Disease (PD). Despite its therapeutic benefits, STN-DBS has been associated with adverse effects on mood and cognition. Specifically, apathy, which is defined as a loss of motivation, has been reported to emerge or to worsen following STN-DBS. However, it is often challenging to disentangle the effects of STN-DBS per se from concurrent reduction of dopamine replacement therapy, from underlying PD pathology or from disease progression. To this end, pre-clinical models allow for the dissociation of each of these factors, and to establish neural substrates underlying the emergence of motivational symptoms following STN-DBS. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of rodent studies assessing the effects of STN-DBS on reward seeking, reward motivation and reward consumption across a variety of behavioral paradigms. We find that STN-DBS decreases reward seeking in the majority of experiments, and we outline how design of the behavioral task and DBS parameters can influence experimental outcomes. While an early hypothesis posited that DBS acts as a "functional lesion," an analysis of lesions and inhibition of the STN revealed no consistent pattern on reward-related behavior. Thus, we discuss alternative mechanisms that could contribute to the amotivational effects of STN-DBS. We also argue that optogenetic-assisted circuit dissection could yield important insight into the effects of the STN on motivated behavior in health and disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of STN-DBS on motivated behavior-will be critical for optimizing the clinical application of STN-DBS.
Role of fluoride and fluorocarbons in enhanced stability and performance of halide perovskites for photovoltaics

Fluorine is the most electronegative element and its small size and highly polar bonding enable it to play a unique and vital role in many materials. In this Research Update, the authors review the potential for fluorine, when incorporated at interfaces, to address fundamental materials challenges to the stability and photophysical properties of halide perovskites, a burgeoning class of photovoltaic absorber materials. While the halide perovskite electronic structure is considered to be defect-tolerant in the bulk, defects at surfaces and grain boundaries are sites of carrier recombination and phase degradation due to their greater reactivity towards moisture and oxygen. Fluoride and fluorocarbons can directly prevent defects by increasing the bonding strength at grain boundaries as well as by acting as a hydrophobic physicochemical barrier. Less direct benefits are also discussed, such as morphological and cell band alignment improvements. Our discussion covers partial incorporation in the perovskite lattice of fluoride as a halide substitution and substitution of the native cations for fluorocarbon cations, as well as the inclusion of molecular fluorocarbons.
Ethics and Forensics

In this chapter, we review ethical and forensic issues that can impact the care of the older adults with mental health disorders.
Diversification Into Non-Inpatient Service Lines Among Community Hospitals in Wisconsin.

Community hospitals may be able to increase revenue by diversifying into non-inpatient service lines. A model predicting this kind of diversification has not been developed. Data from community hos...
To Mask or Not to Mask: Salience of Risk and the Efficacy of Government Messaging

During public health crises and other emergencies, governments send messages to help residents decide how to react. When and what kind of messages are effective? This study documents that government messaging has the largest impact when risk is least salient to individuals. In an online experiment, we test the interactive effects of displaying state COVID-19 statistics and government messages (e.g., recommendations on mask-wearing) on Americans’ valuation for masks at a time when messaging about the appropriate mitigating actions was very much in flux. Our findings suggest that sending an action-oriented message early is crucial for effective government messaging.
A biofabrication method to align cells within bioprinted photocrosslinkable and cell-degradable hydrogel constructs via embedded fibers.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of biochemical and biophysical cues that control cell behaviors and bulk mechanical properties. For example, anisotropy of the ECM and cell alignment are essential in the directional properties of tissues such as myocardium, tendon, and the knee meniscus. Technologies are needed to introduce anisotropic behavior into biomaterial constructs that can be used for the engineering of tissues as models and towards translational therapies. To address this, we developed an approach to align hydrogel fibers within cell-degradable bioink filaments with extrusion printing, where shear stresses during printing align fibers and photocrosslinking stabilizes the fiber orientation. Suspensions of hydrogel fibers were produced through the mechanical fragmentation of electrospun scaffolds of norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid, which were then encapsulated with meniscal fibrochondrocytes, mesenchymal stromal cells, or cardiac fibroblasts within gelatin-methacrylamide bioinks during extrusion printing into agarose suspension baths. Bioprinting parameters such as the needle diameter and the bioink flow rate influenced shear profiles, whereas the suspension bath properties and needle translation speed influenced filament diameters and uniformity. When optimized, filaments were formed with high levels of fiber alignment, which resulted in directional cell spreading during culture over one week. Controls that included bioprinted filaments without fibers or non-printed hydrogels of the same compositions either without or with fibers resulted in random cell spreading during culture. Further, constructs were printed with variable fiber and resulting cell alignment by varying print direction or using multi-material printing with and without fibers. This biofabrication technology advances our ability to fabricate constructs containing aligned cells towards tissue repair and the development of physiological tissue models.
DNA damage-induced degradation of Sp1 promotes cellular senescence

Persistent DNA damage (genotoxic stress) triggers signaling cascades that drive cells into apoptosis or senescence to avoid replicating a damaged genome. Sp1 has been found to play a role in double strand break (DSB) repair, and a link between Sp1 and aging has also been established, where Sp1 protein, but not RNA, levels decrease with age. Interestingly, inhibition ATM reverses the age-related degradation of Sp1, suggesting that DNA damage signaling is involved in senescence-related degradation of Sp1. Proteasomal degradation of Sp1 in senescent cells is mediated via sumoylation, where sumoylation of Sp1 on lysine 16 is increased in senescent cells. Taking into consideration our previous findings that Sp1 is phosphorylated by ATM in response to DNA damage and that proteasomal degradation of Sp1 at DSBs is also mediated by its sumoylation and subsequent interaction with RNF4, we investigated the potential contribution of Sp1's role as a DSB repair factor in mediating cellular senescence. We report here that Sp1 expression is decreased with a concomitant increase in senescence markers in response to DNA damage. Mutation of Sp1 at serine 101 to create an ATM phospho-null mutant, or mutation of lysine 16 to create a sumo-null mutant, prevents the sumoylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Sp1 and results in a decrease in senescence. Conversely, depletion of Sp1 or mutation of Sp1 to create an ATM phosphomimetic results in premature degradation of Sp1 and an increase in senescence markers. These data link a loss of genomic stability with senescence through the action of a DNA damage repair factor.
Model-Predictive Control to realize the Switching-Cycle Capacitor Voltage Control for the modular multilevel converters

This paper presents a Model-Predictive Control (MPC) scheme that can be used in realizing the Switching-Cycle Capacitor Voltage Control (SCCVC) for the power cells of the Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC). The capacitor voltage will follow the reference in one switching cycle by controlling the average currents that flow through the capacitors to zero. The Model-Predictive Control can diminish negative impact brought by the time delay in the digital controller, in which the switching-cycle control cannot be achieved conventionally. The SCCVC with MPC thoroughly decouples the capacitor voltage ripple magnitude apart from the line frequency, which not only provides a significant reduction of the cell capacitance and arm inductance, but also enable the MMC to deliver very low frequency line current without derating.
Fractionation and Partial Characterization of Proteins of the Bileaflet Nuclear Membrane from Rat Liver

The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-solubilized proteins of the bileaflet nuclear membrane from rat liver have been fractionated by gel filtration. More than 23 different molecular weight classes of proteins ranging from 160,000 to 16,000 can be distinguished by conventional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptide chains of less than 16,000 were not detected. A triplet, the respective proteins of which have molecular weights of 64,000, 70,000, and 74,000, account for 25% of the total membrane protein, while a second group of proteins in the range of 53,000 to 60,000 represents an additional 21%. The amino acid composition of the individual fractions does not exhibit large deviations from the composition of the delipidated nuclear membrane. A trend was noted, however, in progressing from the high to the low molecular weight polypeptides; the ratio of acidic to basic residues decreased from 1.83 (Fraction A) to 0.92 (Fraction P). The major portion of the membrane phosphorus was separated into two discrete fractions by gel filtration. Ten per cent eluted near void volume and was predominantly RNA phosphorus, whereas 80% eluted with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 and was entirely phospholipid phosphorus. The bulk of the neutral lipids was also found in this fraction; however, small amounts were also localized in other column fractions. In comparing the phosphorus elution profiles of the nuclear and microsomal membranes, the microsomal membrane did not yield the RNA component. The possibility that this RNA may represent some unique feature of the nuclear membrane, such as the nuclear pore complex, is suggested.
Selection of analog simulation programs for the VLSI classroom

Various-sized PLA (programmable logic array) circuits were simulated using the programs SPICE2G6, RELAX2, and CAZM. Memory usage and CPU times for transient analysis were plotted versus transistor count. Classroom-related attributes of each simulator are discussed. It is concluded that RELAX2 and CAZM are appropriate simulation tools for the introductory VLSI classroom. SPICE2G6 should be used in the VLSI classroom only when critically considered necessary. In the absence of deliberation, default preference should be given to RELAX2 and CAZM due to their superior performance in computing transient responses of large circuits. >
Race and Ambivalent Criminal Procedure Remedies

This paper reflects the author's comments at the 2011 Race and Criminal Justice Conference at Gonzaga University School of Law. The paper posits that courts overall are ambivalent to remedying racial discrimination in criminal cases, even in cases where the defendant has proven an equal protection violation. For instance, courts remain ambivalent about whether the Equal Protection Clause includes the exclusionary rule remedy. Courts also apply traditional harmless error and preservation doctrine to avoid remedying proven equal protection violations during trial, at least when the defendant was the object of that discrimination. This paper argues that because of the unique gravity and harm of racial discrimination in a criminal case, including the clear culpability required to prove an equal protection violation, any such violation should necessitate a meaningful criminal procedure remedy. To illustrate this kind of judicial commitment to equal protection remedies, this paper highlights the recent concurring opinion of Washington State Supreme Court Chief Justice Barbara Madsen in State v. Monday, 257 P.3d 551 (Wa. 2011). In this opinion, the Chief Justice argued that harmless error analysis should not apply to the proven racial discrimination by the prosecution in this criminal case. On the contrary, the Chief Justice concluded, “[r]egardless of the evidence of [a] defendant’s guilt, the injection of insidious discrimination ... is so repugnant to the core principles of integrity and justice upon which a fundamentally fair criminal justice system must rest that only a new trial will remove its taint.”
Chapter 7 Plasticity of Communication in Nonhuman Primates

Abstract This chapter reviews recent work on communication in nonhuman primates that supports considerable plasticity in production, usage, and understanding of signals. Although there is little direct evidence of vocal learning, signal structure can be altered in response to social, environmental, or developmental influences. Nonhuman primates have a sophisticated ability to use signals in a variety of contexts also affected by social, environmental, and developmental influences. Many primates learn to understand signals produced by other species. Plasticity of communication also plays important roles in processes of social learning both facilitating and inhibiting responses of social partners in different contexts. Adults also show plasticity in signals used in teaching of young with progressively fewer signals being provided as young acquire skills. Primates also display long-term memory for signals from familiar conspecifics. Although primates do not come close to demonstrating the vocal virtuosity and learning ability of some songbirds, they do possess a sophisticated and flexible communication capacity.
Designing a tighter searching space for pairwise global sequence alignments over multiple scoring systems

The need to repeat alignments on a pair of amino acid residue sequences to select an appropriate scoring function and detect a significance of score arises in genomics and proteomics. While computing the alignments obtained through a set of typical scoring matrices with the corresponding default gap cost, we observe that many aligned segments are shared with a reference global alignment. We show that parameters extracted from the search for an alignment corresponding to a good scoring system can be used to predict the deviation of alignments computed with respect to different scoring matrices. By training sample pairs of protein sequences from SCOP 1.71 of the ASTRAL database, we build the approximated probability distribution of distance from a node on a reference path to the alignments based on other scoring schemes with respect to the proposed parameters. We show that the overall computational cost to perform alignments using ‘three’ scoring matrices and the proposed method can be reduced to 11% of a normal Needleman-Wunch global alignment with an average 92% accuracy.
Contribution of Nematodes to the Structure and Function of the Soil Food Web

As carbon and energy flow through the soil food web they are depleted by the metabolic and production functions of organisms. To be sustained, a "long" food web, with a large biomass at higher trophic levels, must receive a high rate of rhizode-position or detrital subsidy, or be top-populated by organisms of slow growth and long life cycle. Disturbed soil food webs tend to be bottom heavy and recalcitrant to restoration due to the slow growth of upper predator populations, physical and chemical constraints of the soil matrix, biological imbalances, and the relatively low mobility and invasion potential of soil organisms. The functional roles of nematodes, determined by their metabolic and behavioral activities, may be categorized as ecosystem services, disservices or effect-neutral. Among the disservices attributable to nematodes are overgrazing, which diminishes services of prey organisms, and plant-damaging herbivory, which reduces carbon fixation and availability to other organisms in the food web. Unfortunately, management to ameliorate potential disservices of certain nematodes results in unintended but long-lasting diminution of the services of others. Beneficial roles of nematodes may be enhanced by environmental stewardship that fosters greater biodiversity and, consequently, complementarity and continuity of their services.
Potassium Tri‐sec‐butylborohydride

[54575-49-4] C12H28BK (MW 222.31) InChI = 1S/C12H28B.K/c1-7-10(4)13(11(5)8-2)12(6)9-3;/h10-13H,7-9H2,1-6H3;/q-1;+1 InChIKey = NHEDTYWJTOUTDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reducing agent for various functional groups;2 selective reducing agent;3-7 stereoselective reducing agent for ketones;8-10 used for reduction of conjugated enones;11 regioselective reducing agent for cyclic anhydrides;12 reacts with carbon monoxide in the presence of free trialkylborane;13 used for stereoselective synthesis of cis-alkenylboranes14) Alternate Names: K-Selectride®; potassium hydrotris(1-methylpropyl)borate. Physical Data: not isolated; prepared and used in solution. Solubility: solubility limits have not been established. The reagent is normally used as a 1.0 M solution in THF or Et2O, but use of toluene as solvent is also reported. Form Supplied in: 1.0 M solutions in THF or Et2O. Analysis of Reagent Purity: solutions of pure reagent exhibit doublets (J = 68–71 Hz) centered in the range δ −7.1 to δ −7.5 in the 11B NMR spectrum.15, 16a,17 Concentration of hydride is determined by hydrolysis of aliquots and measurement of the hydrogen evolved or by quenching aliquots in excess 1-iodooctane and analysis of the octane formed by GLC.18 Concentration of boron is verified by oxidizing aliquots using alkaline hydrogen peroxide and analyzing the 2-butanol formed by GLC.19 Preparative Method: direct reaction of tris(1-methylpropyl)borane with Potassium Hydride is satisfactory,15 especially with activated KH.16 The reagent is also formed by reaction of the trialkylborane with Potassium Triisopropoxyborohydride.17 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: solutions are air- and water-sensitive and should be handled in a well ventilated hood under an inert atmosphere using appropriate techniques.20 Potentially pyrophoric tris(1-methylpropyl)borane is a byproduct of reductions; thus standard organoborane oxidation19 is recommended as part of the workup.