cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood

Why the leaves of many woody species accumulate anthocyanins prior to being shed has long puzzled biologists because it is unclear what effects anthocyanins may have on leaf function. Here, we provide evidence for red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) that anthocyanins form a pigment layer in the palisade mesophyll layer that decreases light capture by chloroplasts. Measurements of leaf absorbance demonstrated that red-senescing leaves absorbed more light of blue-green to orange wavelengths (495-644 nm) compared with yellow-senescing leaves. Using chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements, we observed that maximum photosystem II (PSII) photon yield of red-senescing leaves recovered from a high-light stress treatment, whereas yellow-senescing leaves failed to recover after 6 h of dark adaptation, which suggests photo-oxidative damage. Because no differences were observed in light response curves of effective PSII photon yield for red- and yellow-senescing leaves, differences between red- and yellow-senescing cannot be explained by differences in the capacities for photochemical and non-photochemical light energy dissipation. A role of anthocyanins as screening pigments was explored further by measuring the responses PSII photon yield to blue light, which is preferentially absorbed by anthocyanins, versus red light, which is poorly absorbed. We found that dark-adapted PSII photon yield of red-senescing leaves recovered rapidly following illumination with blue light. However, red light induced a similar, prolonged decrease in PSII photon yield in both red- and yellow-senescing leaves. We suggest that optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves.
Factors Associated with Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among United States High School Students

This cross-sectional study examined associations of demographic characteristics, weight status, availability of school vending machines, and behavioral factors with sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, both overall and by type of SSB, among a nationally representative sample of high school students. The 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study data for 11,209 students (grades 9–12) were used. SSB intake was based on intake of 4 nondiet beverages [soda, other (i.e., fruit-flavored drinks, sweetened coffee/tea drinks, orflavored milk), sports drinks, and energy drinks]. Nationwide, 64.9% of high school students drank SSB $1 time/d, 35.6% drank SSB $2 times/d, and 22.2% drank SSB $ 3t imes/d. The most commonly consumed SSB was regular soda. Factors associated with a greater odds for high SSB intake ($3 times/d) were male gender [OR = 1.66 (95% CI = 1.41,1.95); P , 0.05], being non-Hispanic black [OR = 1.87 (95% CI = 1.52, 2.29); P , 0.05], eating at fast-food restaurants 1–2 d/wk or eating there $3 d/wk [OR = 1.25 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.50); P , 0.05 and OR = 2.94 (95% CI = 2.31, 3.75); P , 0.05, respectively] and watching television .2 h/d [OR = 1.70 (95% CI = 1.44, 2.01); P , 0.05]. Non-Hispanic other/multiracial [OR = 0.67 (95% CI = 0.47, 0.95); P , 0.05] and being physically active $60 min/d on ,5 d/wk were associated with a lower odds for high SSB intake [OR = 0.85 (95% CI = 0.76, 0.95); P , 0.05]. Weight status was not associated with SSB intake. Differences in predictors by type of SSB were small. Our findings of significant associations of high SSB intake with frequent fast-food restaurant use and sedentary behaviors may be used to tailor intervention efforts to reduce SSB intake among high-risk populations. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.148536.
Leeside Flowfield and Heat Transfer of a Delta Wing at IM = PO

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the flowfield and heat-transfer characteristics of the leeside of an 80-deg swept delta wing at M^ -10, Flow visualization studies were complemented by extensive heat-transfer measurements to obtain the details of the flowfield. Attached vortex-free flows and flows with inboard and leading-edge separation were observed. The dominant contributor to the heating load on the leeside is seen to be the vortices generated due to the boundary-layer separation, either at the leading edge or inboard. The experimental results also show that the angle of attack for incipient and leading-edge separation is strongly dependent on freestream Reynolds number.
Secondary School Administrators’ Attitudes Toward Confidentiality in School Counseling

The school counseling literature emphasizes the importance of confidentiality in the counseling relationship. In some circumstances, school policy may require disclosure of content discussed in cou...
Crowdsourcing What Is Where: Community-Contributed Photos as Volunteered Geographic Information

Leveraging large collections of georeferenced, community-contributed photographs can help solve three knowledge-discovery problems: annotating novel images, annotating geographic locations, and performing geographic discovery.
2 ${\hbox{Tbit/in}}^{2}$ Reader Design Outlook

We review the 2 Tbit/in2 reader design landscape based on existing knowledge and projection. We found that the reader signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirement will be highly challenging due to the rapid increase in noise and the additional requirements from assisted writing. An acceptable level of channel bit density can be achieved in spite of a slow head-to-media spacing (HMS) reduction provided that both the shield-to-shield (SS) spacing and the ?a? parameter scale with the bit length. We expect the side reading control for high ktpi to be difficult, and potentially a reader side shield will be required. The reader will likely use a higher quality MgO tunneling giant magnetoresistance (TGMR) stack with improved permanent-magnet coercivity. Certain new structures such as the differential reader or the trilayer will likely be part of the solution.
Necrotizing myopathy induced by overexpression of interferon-γ in transgenic mice

A transgenic mouse model has been established in which the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is overexpressed through the action of the acetylcholine receptor epsilon promoter acting at the neuromuscular junction. While originally developed as a model for the study of the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, there are important differences from both human myasthenia gravis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. By 4 months of age there was a well-established inflammatory, predominantly necrotizing myopathy, with marked dystrophic calcification. Dystrophic and degenerative changes in terminal axons and adjacent Schwann cells were also apparent. The acetylcholine receptor was not the primary target of the inflammatory response, since at 10 weeks of age the receptor content was not decreased and antibodies were not detected bound to the receptor. The IFNgamma transgenic mouse model may provide a clinically relevant model of necrotizing myopathy for investigation of the pathological changes associated with, and presumably precipitated by, overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma on the neuromuscular junction, intramuscular nerves and myofibers.
Passive, Long-Range Detection of Aircraft: Towards a Field Deployable Sense and Avoid System

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) typically fly blind with operators in distant locations. Most UAVs are too small to carry a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) payload or transponder. Collision avoidance is currently done by flight planning, use of ground or air based human observers and segregated air spaces. US lawmakers propose commercial unmanned aerial systems access to national airspace (NAS) by 30th September 2013. UAVs must not degrade the existing safety of the NAS, but the metrics that determine this have to be fully determined yet. It is still possible to state functional requirements and determine some performance minimums. For both manned and unmanned aircraft to fly safely in the same airspace UAVs will need to detect other aircraft and follow the same rules as human pilots.
Description of pion multiplicities using combinants

Abstract Combinants, certain linear combinations of ratios of probabilities, were introduced earlier by Kauffmann and Gyulassy to study boson multiplicities. It is shown that combinants can be a useful tool to distinguish between bosons coming from the secondary decay of other particles such as deltas and bosons emitted from thermally equilibrated sources.
Preoperative considerations in ankle replacement surgery

Total ankle arthroplasty continues to evolve as a viable treatment option for end-stage ankle arthritis. Proper patient selection is a critical aspect of promoting a successful result. Acceptable results have been reported in older, low-demand, nonobese patients who have osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. A significant percentage of patients with end-stage ankle arthritis, however, are younger patients with posttraumatic arthritis. Considerable controversy surrounds the use of ankle replacement in younger, more physically active patients and in those with significant deformity in the ankle or hindfoot. These patients should be approached cautiously because the risks and complications are still significant. More studies must be completed and further developments must be made to maximize the longevity and functional results of total ankle arthroplasty in future designs and applications.
Implementing subcarrier-based control in optical networking

Optical subcarriers can be used for several different important applications in optical networks. This paper explores the implementation of optical subcarriers for control, monitoring, routing, and transmission in networks. Additionally, we discuss the limitations imposed on subcarriers by the optical fiber itself, such as RF fading caused by chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion.
The capacity of constant envelope, continuous phase signals over AWGN channel under Carson's rule bandwidth constraint

In this paper, we derive an equivalent channel model for constant envelope, continuous phase (CECP) signals transmitted over the bandlimited additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Using this equivalent channel model, it is proved that at high carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), the capacity of coherent and non-coherent CECP-AWGN channel are the same. We then derive the main result of this paper, i.e., the capacity of the CECP-AWGN channel under Carson's rule bandwidth constraint. For comparison, the symmetric information rate (SIR) of several commonly used bandwidth efficient continuous phase modulation (CPM) signals are estimated using the method described in Kuo and Chugg (2004). We conclude that under Carson's rule bandwidth measure, the bandwidth efficiency of these CPM signals is still far below the CECP-AWGN capacity.
In-House Composting in High-Rise Layer Facilities

Abstract In-house composting of poultry manure in high-rise layer facilities may solve both fly control and manure disposal problems faced by egg producers. Layer and pullet manure was composted in high-rise facilities with various turning frequencies and sources and rates of carbon addition. Temperatures exceeding the lethal limit for flies (43°C) were achieved with both wheat straw and sawdust, and with rates of carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratios lower than recommended for traditional composting systems. In-house composted material continued to heat when removed from facilities, indicating that complete composting did not occur indoors. Frequent turning was critical to maintain high composting temperatures with layer manure. In-house composting with pullet manure was unsuccessful; because of its high moisture content, it failed to reach lethal temperatures even when more frequent turning schedules and higher rates of carbon were used than for layer manure.
Comparison of ultra-thin gate oxide degradation in P and N-MOSFETs

NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs gate reliability under constant voltage stresses are compared. Gate current variation, in depiction regime, has been used to monitor the oxide reliability. It has been shown that, at low voltages, negative stresses are more degrading that positive ones for both P and N-MOSFET.
Climatological patterns of high-latitude convection in the Northern and Southern hemispheres: Dipole tilt dependencies and interhemispheric comparisons

[1] Using line‐of‐sight measurements of horizontal plasma drift from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres over a period extending from 1998 to 2002, statistical models of the high‐latitude convection electric field are derived for various ranges of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude and orientation and for several ranges of dipole tilt angle. Direct comparison of the corresponding convection patterns in each hemisphere shows that under neutral tilt conditions (dipole tilt angle magnitude <10°) the patterns are most similar. However, a strong dipole tilt angle dependence is observed under northward (Bz+) and By dominated IMF conditions. For IMF Bz+, reverse convection is observed to be much stronger during positive tilt than negative tilt. For IMF By dominated conditions (IMF Bz = 0), the round convection cell is more enhanced for positive tilt than for negative tilt, particularly for IMF By < 0 in both hemispheres. The presence of a lobe cell is a likely cause of this enhancement, although it is not entirely clear why it occurs preferentially under IMF By < 0. In addition, the crescent‐shaped cells are weakened as tilt angle progresses from negative to positive, most likely due to vastly different solar produced conductivities under different tilt angles. For IMF Bz−, asymmetric values of the cross‐polar cap potentials (FPC) are observed between hemispheres, with FPC in the south being systematically larger than FPC in the north. Although neutral tilt patterns are similar enough to be used interchangeably, convection has a strong dipole tilt dependence and a Northern Hemisphere convection model should not be applied to the Southern Hemisphere if dipole tilt angle is not taken into account. When dipole tilt is accounted for, FPC differs between hemispheres by less than 10% on average, but the strength of the convection in the individual cells differs by 15% to 20% on average.
Numerical Simulations of an Optical Fiber Drawing Process Under Uncertainty

Manufacture of optical fibers is subject to inherent uncertainty in various process and material parameters, which, in turn, leads to variability in product quality and impacts the reliability of the optical fibers in use. Analysis of the interactive effects of parameter uncertainty on the optical fiber quality is imperative in a robust-design endeavor. To this end, a methodology for simulation of optical fiber drawing process under uncertainty is presented by considering a two-dimensional (2D) numerical model of the flow, heat and mass transfer phenomena involved in the fiber drawing process. A sampling-based stochastic model is developed, and parametric analysis is presented to elucidate the effects of uncertainty in several process and material parameters on the variability of index of refraction, residual stress, maximum tension, and defect concentration. Design maps are derived from the analysis which provide for selection of furnace wall temperature as a function of the input parameter uncertainty and target maximum acceptable variability in the index of refraction, residual stress, maximum tension, and defects.
Steroid-like signalling by interferons: making sense of specific gene activation by cytokines

Many cytokines, hormones and growth factors use the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway for cell signalling and specific gene activation. In the classical model, ligand is said to interact solely with the receptor extracellular domain, which triggers JAK activation of STATs at the receptor cytoplasmic domain. Activated STATs are then said to carry out nuclear events of specific gene activation. Given the limited number of STATs (seven) and the activation of the same STATs by cytokines with different functions, the mechanism of the specificity of their signalling is not obvious. Focusing on IFNγ (interferon γ), we have shown that ligand, receptor and activated JAKs are involved in nuclear events that are associated with specific gene activation, where the receptor subunit IFNGR1 (IFNγ receptor 1) functions as a transcription/co-transcription factor and the JAKs are involved in key epigenetic events. RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) such as EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] and FGFR [FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor] also undergo nuclear translocation in association with their respective ligands. EGFR and FGFR, like IFNGR1, have been shown to function as transcription/co-transcription factors. The RTKs also regulate other kinases that have epigenetic effects. Our IFNγ model, as well as the RTKs EGFR and FGFR, have similarities to that of steroid receptor signalling. These systems consist of ligand–receptor–co-activator complexes at the genes that they activate. The co-activators consist of transcription factors and kinases, of which the latter play an important role in the associated epigenetics. It is our view that signalling by cytokines such as IFNγ is but a variation of specific gene activation by steroid hormones.
Ralph Bingham Cloward (1908-2000): Spine Polymath.

Dr. Ralph Bingham Cloward, an American neurosurgeon, revolutionized the field of modern spine surgery with his lifelong innovative and pioneering contribution. He described the posterior lumbar interbody fusion and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. He engineered more than 100 instruments, which shared his intellect and wisdom to the neurosurgery and orthopedic fraternity across the globe. He was also the first person to set up a bone bank in the United States. He rightfully deserves the title "Michelangelo of neurosurgery" for his exceptional work.
Noise properties of probe-beam amplification through two-beam coupling in potassium vapor

There is great interest in developing low-noise optical amplifiers that can be used in optical communication systems. Optical amplifiers have been constructed from laser amplifiers, optical fibers, Raman cells, χ(2) nonlinear crystals, and atomic vapors. Optical amplifiers that make use of two- beam coupling in atomic vapors are particularly important since they are able to amplify a continuous-wave multiple-transverse-mode optical signal with a single-pass gain greater than 10 at the bandwidths necessary for optical communications.1 For these reasons, we present an experimental and theoretical study of the noise properties of a probe beam amplified through two-beam coupling in potassium vapor. We also describe the conditions under which this optical amplifier can operate as a quantum-noise-limited linear amplifier.
Comparison of RF Remote Sensing Vibrometry Focusing on Polarization Mode Dispersion

Common remote-sensing techniques of analyzing received radio frequency (RF) signals, such as amplitude envelope detection and frequency Doppler shift, may work fine when the transmitted RF signal is precisely known and available. But, some remote-sensing applications may not permit such control over the RF transmission. Another technique, RF polarization, offers satisfactory results in some of those situations—when multipath and/or bandwidth-delay spread can be kept low. However, a new technique leveraging the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) inherent in most RF channels promises better results (accuracy, precision, and sensitivity) for most remote-sensing applications. The PMD technique adds a frequency-subband dimension to the analysis that the other methods overlook. This paper will present the data analysis techniques for several methods of RF signal processing aimed at the general remote-sensing application of vibrometry (the measurement of vibrations). Using model simulations calibrated to laboratory results, the PMD-based approach is shown to out-perform more common techniques by one or more orders of magnitude for typical indoor environments. Such performance gains (up to 30 dB on average) could allow for the successful detection of a vibrator or target within an RF field simply by adopting these PMD-based data analysis techniques on the received RF signals.
Educational Theory as a Writerly Practice

Educational theory does not oppose educational practice, as manyseem to think; instead it is a form of practice and the action oftheory exists at two levels. At a cultural level theory ischaracterized by linguistic forms of action and at a social level it is characterized by the day to day practices thatorganize and reward the work of producing educational philosophy.While the social practices that govern the production ofphilosophy certainly beg for ethnographic attention,any consideration anthropologists or philosophers giveit will eventually find its way to the page and hence tothe cultural forms of linguistic action that are thesubject of this paper. Focusing on how educationalphilosophers see the things that they do, as opposedto what they see, I will suggest that the wayeducational philosophy is fashioned is an importantpart of what is fashioned. Ironically, as I will show,the ``way'' of educational philosophy can flow with oragainst the ``what'' of it – an author, that is, can saythat they are for or against this or that, but their stylized way of saying it can contradict the literalmeaning of their words.
Abstract LB-237: Interaction between myopodin and integrin linked kinase (ILK) induces tumor suppression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Myopodin, a tumor suppressor, is frequently deleted in invasive prostate cancers. Forced expression of myopodin in prostate cancer cells reduced tumor invasiveness and slowed cell motility. In our recent yeast two hybrid system analysis, we found that the N- terminal 326 amino acids of myopodin interacts with integrin linked kinase (ILK). This result was validated by co-immunoprecipitation of myopodin or ILK in cells expressing both proteins. In addition, the binding assays between ILK and myopodin were analyzed in vitro on a series of GST-myopodin deletion mutants with ILK. A binding motif of 78 amino acids in the N- terminus of myopodin was determined to be critical for ILK binding. Phosphorylation analyses through ILK knockdown or mutant assays in vivo and in vitro indicate that phosphorylation of myopodin is ILK dependent. Phosphorylation of myopodin by ILK leads suppression of cell motility and cell growth. Mutant myopodin that does not interact with ILK is not phosphorylated and is defective on suppressing cell motility and cell growth. These findings elucidate a novel signaling pathway of ILK-myopodin that leads to activation of a tumor suppressor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-237.
Optimized Military Transport Aircraft Design Through Multi-Objective Analysis of Fleet-Level Metrics Under Demand Uncertainty

Identifying optimal design requirements of new systems that operate along with existing systems to provide a set of overarching capabilities is challenging due to the tightly coupled effects that setting requirements on a system’s design (here, military transportation aircraft) can have on how the system is being used (here, how the aircraft is allocated to carry cargo on specified routes). This research builds on prior work to further develop a quantitative approach that generates optimum design requirements of new, yet-to-be-designed systems that, when serving alongside other systems, will optimize fleet-level objectives while considering the effect of demand uncertainties in the service network and specific payload capacity requirements for the new system. The approach is demonstrated for two example problems resembling missions of the USAF Air Mobility Command cargocarrying fleet. Solving the multi-objective formulation using the subspace decomposition framework provides a set of Pareto optimal solutions for different tradeoff opportunities between fleet-level cost and fleet-level productivity. The Pareto front enables the decisionmaker to select a desired balance of fleet-level cost and fleet-level productivity, and identify the corresponding optimized design of the new system.
Towards Simultaneous Measurement of OH and HO2 in Combustion Using Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy

Preliminary results from the development of a dual wavelength Faraday rotation spectrometer for simultaneous quantification of HO2 and OH in combustion research are presented.
On certain lecture experiments, and on a new form of eudiometer

(1868). IV. On certain lecture-experiments, and on a new form of eudiometer. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 35, No. 234, pp. 48-60.
The effects of 6-thioguanine and endotoxin on experimental St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis virus infections in Chiroptera.

Discussion and SummaryThe results presented show that treatment of bats with either endotoxin or 6-thioguanine prior to inoculation with JBE or SLE virus affects the course of infection in these animals. At a given harvest time, when little virus was demonstrable in the tissues of control animals, tissues from most bats pretreated with either substance showed evidence of viral multiplication. This increase in susceptibility was much more marked in bats maintained at 24° than in those held at 37° where, in some instances, no change in the response to virus was observed. The apparent difference in the effect of these two substances on experimental arbovirus infection in bats maintained at 24° versus animals held at 37° could possibly be due to variations in the metabolism of the compounds at the different temperatures. Although treatment with endotoxin or thioguanine increased the multiplication of JBE and SLE virus in various tissues of the bat, no overt signs of encephalitis were observed in any of the tr...
Chromosomal Studies and Evolutionary Relationships of an Endangered Species, Reithrodontomys raviventris

G- and C-banded karyotypes of Reithrodontomys raviventris were examined to identify the amount and types of chromosomal change that have occurred in this species. The evolutionary origin and phylogenetic relationships of R. raviventris were evaluated by comparing G- and C-band data with six additional species of Reithrodontomys ( fulvescens, creper, mexicanus, megalotis, montanus , and sumichrasti ). Banding homologies indicate that the low diploid number forms ( raviventris, montanus, megalotis , and sumichrasti ) shared a common ancestry and that a major dichotomy exists among these taxa. R. raviventris and R. montanus share a phylogenetic relationship as indicated by 10 shared-derived chromosomal rearrangement events. R. megalotis and R. sumichrasti represent a second well-defined clade. These chromosomal banding data suggest an alternative hypothesis to the traditionally accepted view that R. raviventris is most closely related to R. megalotis .
349 FUNCTIONAL AND COSMETIC OUTCOMES OF COMBINED PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY AND OPHTEC IRIS RECONSTRUCTION LENS IMPLANTATION.

Purpose To determine the functional and cosmetic outcomes of Ophtec iris reconstruction lens implantation, and simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty in eyes with acquired partial or complete aniridia. Setting Jules Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Methods This was a prospective, nonrandomized, single-center, interventional case series. Efficacy measures included improvement in cosmesis and reduction in glare, starbursts, and photophobia. Safety measures included changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), reports of adverse events, and surgical complications. Results The nine study eyes had a history of penetrating or blunt trauma and were aphakic or in need of cataract surgery. Corneal pathologies necessitating transplantation included scarring, decompensation, or failure of a previous graft. Postoperatively, all patients were pleased with the cosmetic improvement of the study eye and all patients reported a reduction in visual disturbances. By the final follow-up examination, BCVA improved in four patients but worsened in five. Three adverse events were reported. There were no intraoperative surgical complications. The three most serious postoperative complications were a pressure spike leading to loss of light perception, corneal graft rejection, and graft failure. The most common postoperative problem was surgically induced irregular corneal astigmatism. Conclusions Ophtec iris reconstruction lens implantation and simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty reduced visual disturbances and improved the aesthetic appearance of the study eyes. The long-term safety of the procedure, as judged by BCVA and postoperative complications, was mixed, with good and bad outcomes.
An Analytical Study of the University of California Undergraduate Admissions Comprehensive Review

This study discusses the University of California Undergraduate Admissions Comprehensive Review and analyses its main characteristics. The Review exhibits a careful consideration of the real needs of applicants, parents, and communities, hence it ensures a comprehensive evaluation of the applicant’s knowledge, skill, and personality. The entire admission process provides the University with opportunities to enroll those who have potential to complete undergraduate education successfully as well as creatively. The Review also promotes a multicultural environment and encourages schools to focus on character education and nurture creative thinking and exploratory spirit.
PARKIN/PINK1 Pathway for the Selective Isolation and Degradation of Impaired Mitochondria

Mutations in PARK2 and PARK6 are the most common genetic cause of early onset parkinsonism. Since their gene products, PARKIN and PINK1, were shown to function in a common pathway critical for mitochondrial integrity in 2006, research into PARKIN/PINK1 mitochondrial quality control pathway has accelerated and a clear picture of the pathway is now coming into view. By an elegant mechanism, PINK1 and PARKIN selectively identify, isolate, and degrade impaired mitochondria in the cell. PINK1 is stabilized on the surface of mitochondria that have lost their capacity for mitochondrial import. On the surface of mitochondria, PINK1 phosphorylates UBIQUITIN (UB) as well as the UB-like domain (UBL) of PARKIN, both of which independently activate PARKIN. Activated PARKIN, in turn, ubiquitinates additional mitochondrial proteins, providing further substrate for PINK1 phosphorylation and leading to a feedforward cycle. Among the targets of PARKIN are the GTPases necessary for mitochondrial fusion and transport. Their degradation isolates the impaired mitochondrion from the mitochondrial network. Phospho-UBIQUITIN accumulating on mitochondria in this feedforward cycle recruits the autophagy adaptors NDP52 and OPTINEURIN to promote the selective autophagic degradation of the dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy). Loss of either PARKIN or PINK1 function, as occurs with disease-causing mutations, leads to decreased mitochondrial turnover and accumulation of impaired mitochondria in animal models. Parkinsonism due to PARK2 and PARK6 mutations may be due to the failure of this mitochondrial quality control pathway and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria within vulnerable substantia nigra neurons. Future in vivo work is needed to evaluate this hypothesis more fully.
Current and future therapies for the treatment of histamine-induced angioedema

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Angioedema, a sudden, self-limited swelling of localized areas of any part of the body that may or may not be associated with urticaria, is thought to be the result of a mast-cell mediated process versus a bradykinin etiology. Understanding the mechanism is key in determining the proper treatment.Areas Covered: Clinical presentation of varying angioedema types may be similar; however, the appropriate treatment algorithm is dependent upon clinicians’ knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology and classification of angioedema. Literature review of recent guidelines, available medications, and alternative therapies was completed to provide an overview of options.Conclusion: There are no formal guidelines for treatment of acute or chronic histamine-mediated angioedema, and therefore, algorithms for the treatment of acute and chronic urticaria should be followed until such information becomes available. Differentiating histamine-mediated versus bradykinin mediated angioedema is essential...
Tragic Pleasure from Homer to Plato

This book offers a resolution of the paradox posed by the pleasure of tragedy by returning to its earliest articulations in archaic Greek poetry and its subsequent emergence as a philosophical problem in Plato's Republic. Socrates' claim that tragic poetry satisfies our 'hunger for tears' hearkens back to archaic conceptions of both poetry and mourning that suggest a common source of pleasure in the human appetite for heightened forms of emotional distress. By unearthing a psychosomatic model of aesthetic engagement implicit in archaic poetry and philosophically elaborated by Plato, this volume not only sheds new light on the Republic's notorious indictment of poetry, but also identifies rationally and ethically disinterested sources of value in our pursuit of aesthetic states. In doing so the book resolves an intractable paradox in aesthetic theory and human psychology: the appeal of painful emotions.
Link Layer Vehicle Flow Controller for the Path AHS Architecture 1

Abstract A link layer controller for the PATH AHS architecture is presented. A stretch of a multiple lane highway in which vehicles have different destination is considered. Using a principle of vehicles conservation, a partial differential equation model is derived. A velocity based controller that stabilizes vehicular density and velocity along the highway to predetermined profiles is proposed. Lyapunov techniques are used to ensure stability. Performance is illustrated by simulation results.
Opportunity for Collaboration Between Radiation Injury Treatment Network Centers and Medical Toxicology Specialists.

Objectives The Radiation Injury Treatment Network (RITN) comprises >50 centers across the United States that are poised to care for victims of a radiation emergency. The network is organized around bone marrow transplant centers because these facilities excel in both radiation medicine and the care of patients with severe bone marrow depression. A radiation emergency may cause not only irradiation from an external source but also internal contamination with radioactive material. Because medical toxicologists are trained in radiation injury management and have expertise in the management of internal contamination, RITN centers may benefit from partnerships with medical toxicology resources, which may be located at academic medical centers, hospital inpatient clinical services, outpatient clinics, or poison control centers. Methods We determined the locations of existing RITN centers and assessed their proximity to various medical toxicology resources, including medical toxicology fellowship programs, inpatient toxicology services, outpatient toxicology clinics, and poison control centers. Data were derived from publicly available Internet sources in March 2015. Results The majority of RITN centers do not have a medical toxicology fellowship, an inpatient toxicology service, or an outpatient toxicology clinic within the same institution. Fifty-seven percent of RITN centers have at least one of these resources located in the same city, however, and 73% of centers have at least one of these resources or a poison control center within the same city. Ninety-five percent of RITN centers have at least one medical toxicology resource within the state. Conclusions Most RITN centers are located in the same city as at least one medical toxicology resource. Establishing relationships between RITN centers and medical toxicologists needs to be explored further.
The Power of Suggestion: Uncovering the Pragmatically Enriched Content of the Supreme Court's Seminal Foreign Sovereign Immunity Case

This Article represents a first step toward reconceiving the role and scope that context plays in case law analysis by applying the linguistic theory of pragmatics to the interpretation of judicial opinions. The doctrinal framework selected to examine these matters involves two related types of immunity: the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity, which applies to claims asserted by foreign states that they are immune from suit, and the doctrine of foreign official immunity, which applies to immunity claims asserted by individual government officials of a foreign state. As a result of the linguistic analysis undertaken herein, this Article argues (1) that potentially unwarranted shifts in legal doctrines may result from a failure by a later court to recognize and account for the implied presuppositions which helped to shape the content of an earlier judicial decision; (2) that certain linguistic principles concerning the role of context in communication exchanges provide guidance for courts, practitioners, and scholars interpreting judicial opinions and discerning legal principles from those opinions; and (3) that judicial decisions which fail to comport with those principles in interpreting earlier cases should, in many instances, be regarded with a greater degree of skepticism than may otherwise be merited.
Anorectal manometric examination in encopretic-constipated children

PURPOSE: We have investigated the use of anorectal manometry to distinguish encopretic-constipated children (n=88) from sibling controls (n=16) and nonsibling controls (n=11). METHODS: Study variables included manometrically determined resting and maximum voluntary anal sphincter pressure, depth and speed of rectoanal inhibitory reflex, minimum rectal volume sensation, critical distending volume for fecal urgency, rectal and anal pressure responses during attempted defecation, and ability to defecate a water-filled balloon. RESULTS: Change in anal sphincter pressure during attempted defecation (P=0.03), gradient between rectal and sphincter pressure during attempted defecation (P=0.02), critical distending volume for fecal urgency (P=0.02), and ability to defecate a water-filled balloon (P=0.05) distinguished encopretic-constipated from control children. The change in rectal pressure associated with the rectoanal inhibitory reflex just escaped significance at P=0.07. CONCLUSIONS: Anal sphincter spasm and megacolon are pathophysiologic abnormalities associated with pediatric constipation-encopresis.
Abstract B67: Overexpression of claudin-3 tight junction protein in endometrial cancer cell lines and tumor tissues derived from African American women

According to the American Cancer Society (2017), endometrial cancer is the most common type of reproductive tumor in the US. Notably, whereas the incidence of endometrial cancer is similar in women of different races, the mortality rate is significantly higher in African American women. Currently, the molecular etiology of this disease is not well understood nor is there an explanation as to the disparity between the clinical outcomes for African American women and women of other races. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to determine (1) the expression of claudin-3 mRNA and protein in a panel of endometrial cancer cell lines and (2) the expression of claudin-3 protein in matched pairs of normal and tumor tissues derived from African American women with endometrial cancer. RT-PCR was used to measure claudin-3 mRNA expression, and immunoblotting was used to evaluate claudin-3 protein levels. We observed overexpression of claudin-3 protein in 4 of the 10 endometrial cancer cell lines and in 4 of the 6 primary endometrial cancer tissues (relative to their matched normal control tissues). Consistent with the immunoblotting data, the levels of claudin-3 mRNA were elevated in the same 4 cell lines that showed overexpression of the protein. These data suggest that increased transcription of the claudin-3 gene is responsible for the elevated levels of the claudin-3 protein. Consistent observations of elevated claudin-3 gene expression may indicate its use as a diagnostic marker. The finding of claudin-3 overexpression in the majority of endometrial tumor tissues suggests a role for tight junction disruption in the development of endometrial cancer in African American women. Citation Format: Maria E. Cuevas, Maria C. Todd. Overexpression of claudin-3 tight junction protein in endometrial cancer cell lines and tumor tissues derived from African American women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B67.
Dynamics of stochastic reaction–diffusion lattice systems driven by nonlinear noise

Abstract This paper is concerned with the dynamics of the stochastic reaction–diffusion lattice systems defined on the entire integer set driven by locally Lipschitz nonlinear noise. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions as well as weak pullback random attractors for the mean random dynamical systems generated by the solution operators. The existence of invariant measures in l 2 for the stochastic equations is also established. The idea of uniform estimates on the tails of the solutions is employed to show the tightness of a family of probability distributions of the solutions.
Phase 2 study of tremelimumab plus durvalumab for previously-treated malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM).

8549Background: Treatment options are limited for patients (pts) with MPM who experience disease progression after first-line pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. This study was designed to explore the a...
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in Guangdong Province, South China During the Period 2004–2017

Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning in Guangdong Province, South China has been observed over decades by the Lightning Location System (LLS) operated by power sector in China. In this paper, we present the characteristics of CG lightning based on the data collected during 2004–2017 when the LLS performance was relatively steady from year to year. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to investigate CG lightning from such a long period in this area. Over 30 (67) million CG lightning flashes (strokes) were recorded during this 14-year period. Various characteristics, including flash density, peak current, multiplicity, ratio of positive CG lightning, lightning day, etc, are investigated. Interesting spatiotemporal patterns of the CG lightning parameters are obtained and the potential causes are discussed.
P762 Is kissing safe? detection of treponema pallidum in oral swabs from patients with syphilis

Background Treponema pallidum (TP) DNA has been detected in oral swabs from patients with early syphilis. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of detectable TP DNA in oral swabs from patients with all stages of syphilis, and from appropriate controls. Methods Blood (N = 131), oral swabs (N = 112) and lesion swabs (N = 72) were collected from 138 patients with untreated syphilis (cases). Controls were oral swabs collected from 89 patients presenting to an STD clinic for a concern other than syphilis, 59 HIV positive individuals, and 108 individuals 3, 6 or 12 months after treatment of uncomplicated or neurosyphilis (194 samples). DNA was extracted and underwent amplification of a portion of the TP tp0548 gene. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests were performed on serum, and the association between RPR titer and oral TP detection assessed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results Among those with known syphilis stage, TP was detected in oral swabs from 31/101 (31%) cases: 4/29 (14%) with primary, 20/49 (41%) with secondary, 6/15 (40%) with early latent, 1/7 (14%) with late latent syphilis, and 0/1 (0%) syphilis contact. Oral TP was detected in 18/74 (24%) without detectable blood TP, 6/18 (33%) without detectable lesion TP, and 21/78 (27%) without oral lesions. Oral TP detection was more likely with higher RPR titers (p = 0.002). Oral TP was not detected in any of the 342 control samples. Conclusion Oral TP is detectable in patients at all syphilis stages, most commonly when serum RPR titer is high. Oral TP can be detected even when undetectable in blood or lesion swabs, and in the absence of oral lesions. While detection of DNA is not the same as detection of virulent organisms, these results suggest that individuals with syphilis could infect their partners solely through oral contact. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Understanding Mechanisms Driving Family Homeless Shelter Use and Child Mental Health

Homeless shelters throughout the U.S. are overcrowded and under-resourced. Families with children face substantial barriers to timely, successful shelter exit, and prolonged shelter stays threaten ...
A study of the relationship between fire hazard and burn severity in Grand Teton National Park, USA

Abstract Fire hazard maps are a useful tool which help land managers with wildfire mitigation planning. These maps are used for predicting the likelihood of fire ignition, fire behavior and effects, and can be generated using different techniques. However, the relationship between fire hazard and the resulting burn severity has not been fully explored. This paper presents a new method for assessing fire hazard and examines the relationship between fire hazard and burn severity. The 2016 Berry Fire in Grand Teton National Park is used as a case study for this examination. Fire hazard was calculated using a multicriteria evaluation based on fuel type, canopy cover, moisture conditions, topography, and infrastructure. Additionally, several previously proposed fire hazard indices were generated for comparison. All fire hazard indices were compared to the burn severities for the Berry Fire to determine if a relationship existed between fire hazard and burn severity. The proposed model exhibited a moderate relationship with two of the tested burn severity categories (unburned and moderate to high) and a weak relationship with the other categories (low, moderate, high). The other fire hazard indices exhibited very weak relationships with burn severity and in some instances the relationship was the inverse of what was expected.
Strength and Conditioning Facilities in Texas High Schools: A Quantitative Analysis

The health and athletic performance benefits of strength training for adolescents have increased the demand for the development and use of strength and conditioning facilities (SCFs) within the high school setting. Despite the growing prevalence of these facilities, research on high school SCFs is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the space, equipment, usage, and staffing patterns of SCFs in the state of Texas. This examination provided descriptive data on SCFs’ space, equipment, usage, and staffing patterns based upon the state athletic governing body’s six-tier classification level. Significant differences in SCFs’ size and available equipment were determined; as well, facility usage for athletics (99.2%), physical education (24.5%), and community (30.6%) was determined. These results are indicative of the need for additional research on high school SCFs for the establishment of better school standards and best practices. Subscribe to TPE
Reorienting the narrative: Chapin Jr.’s ‘Red China’ map

All maps support spatial narratives. But some narratives are more impressive – or rather impressing – than others. Spatial narrative here refers not to the story being explicitly shown in a map, bu...