cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy and Sedimentation of Recent Deep-Sea Clay in the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas and Oceans

Semiquantitative mineral analysis has been done by X-ray diffraction on the < 2 μ- and 2–20 μ-size fractions of approximately five hundred Recent deep-sea core samples from the Atlantic, Antarctic, western Indian Oceans, and adjacent seas. Relative abundances of montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, gibbsite, quartz, amphibole, clinoptilolite-heulandite(?), and pyrophyllite(?) were determined. Mixed-layer clay minerals, feldspars, and dolomite were also observed but not quantitatively evaluated. From the patterns of mineral distribution, the following conclusions appear warranted: Most Recent Atlantic Ocean deep-sea clay is detritus from the continents. The formation of minerals in situ on the ocean bottom is relatively unimportant in the Atlantic but may be significant in parts of the southwestern Indian Ocean. Mineralogical analysis of the fine fraction of Atlantic Ocean deep-sea sediments is a useful indicator of sediment provenance. Kaolinite, gibbsite, pyrophyllite, mixed-layer minerals, and chlorite contribute the most unequivocal provenance information because they have relatively restricted loci of continental origin. Topographic control over mineral distribution by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean precludes significant eolian transport by the jet stream and emphasizes the importance of transport to and within that part of the deep-sea by processes operative at or near the sediment-water interface. Transport of continent-derived sediment to the equatorial Atlantic is primarily by rivers draining from South America and by rivers and wind from Africa. The higher proportion of kaolinite and gibbsite in deep-sea sediments adjacent to small tropical South American rivers reflects a greater intensity of lateritic weathering than is observed near the mouths of the larger rivers. This may be explained by a greater variety of pedogenic conditions in the larger drainage basins, resulting in an assemblage with proportionately less lateritic material in the detritus transported by the larger rivers despite their quantitatively greater influence on deep-sea sediment accumulation. In the South Atlantic Ocean, the fine-fraction mineral assemblage of surface sediment in the Argentine Basin is sufficiently unlike that adjacent to the mouth of the Rio de la Plata to preclude it as a major Recent sediment source for that basin. The southern Argentine Continental Shelf, the Scotia Ridge, and the Weddell Sea arc mineralogically more likely immediate sources. Transport from the Weddell Sea by the Antarctic Bottom Water may be responsible for the northward transport of fine-fraction sediment along parts of the western South Atlantic as far north as the Equator.
Differential regulation of p21 by p53 and Rb in cellular response to oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress to mammalian cells causes cellular damage and triggers inducible cellular responses leading to cell death by apoptosis. In this paper, we report that p53 was required for programmed cell death induced by oxidative stress in both mouse and human cells and that p53 transactivation was involved in induction of oxidative cell death. Furthermore, we show that p21 was highly responsive to oxidative stress in a p53-dependent manner and that ectopic expression of p21 could increase cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress in the absence of p53. However, p21 was not required for p53-directed oxidative cell death because mouse embryo fibroblasts MEFs lacking p21(p21–/– MEFs) were still susceptible to oxidative cell death. Interestingly, bax, a cell-death mediator regulated by p53, was overexpressed in p21–/– MEFs that underwent cell death by oxidative stress, suggesting a compensation for loss of p21 that may be responsible for the existence of cell-death responses in p21-knockout mouse fibroblasts. Finally, we provide evidence that the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) is a negative regulator of p21 and a repressor of the cellular apoptotic process. Because p21 is regulated by p53 positively and by Rb negatively, p21 may be a link between p53 and Rb in determining cell fate after oxidative damage. Mol. Carcinog. 24:15–24, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Humanity of Christ: Jacques Dupuis' Christology and Religious Pluralism

The question of Christianity's relationship to the religious traditions of the world lies at the center of Jacques Dupuis' theological work. This essay contends that Dupuis' Christology provides the ground for his pursuit of this larger question. An exploration of Dupuis' positive assertions about who Jesus Christ is reveals both a new Christological view and an implicit critique of conventional notions of what it means to be human. By challenging traditional Christology and creatively restructuring the relationship of our humanity to Christ's humanity, Dupuis invigorates the purpose of humanity's role in salvation history. This shift in emphasis, toward Christ's and our shared humanity, allows Dupuis to recognize the theological significance in all mainstream religious traditions.
Modulation of signalling by Sprouty: a developing story.

Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved inducible inhibitors of signalling by receptor tyrosine kinases. They have been implicated in negative-feedback interactions that impart spatial and temporal constraints to intracellular signals. The repressive function of Sprouty proteins targets several receptor-tyrosine-kinase-dependent signalling steps, indicating that their activities might have broader biological consequences than was initially anticipated.
Atmospheric pCO2 since 60 Ma from records of seawater pH, calcium, and primary carbonate mineralogy

A 60 m.y. record of atmospheric p CO2 has been refined from knowledge of (1) secular changes in the major ion composition of seawater (particularly Ca and Mg) and (2) oscillations in the mineralogy of primary oceanic carbonate sediments. Both factors have had a significant impact on the chemistry of the ocean carbonate buffer system. Calculated atmospheric p CO2 oscillated between values of 100–300 ppm and to maxima of 1200–2500 ppm from 60 to 40 Ma and varied between 100 and 300 ppm from 25 Ma to the present. The refined p CO2 values are significantly lower than previous estimates made from seawater pH data where total dissolved inorganic carbon was assumed constant and more in line with modeling and stomatal index estimations of atmospheric p CO2 for the Tertiary.
Notes on the mating habits of the horn fly.

Male and female Haematobia irritans (L.) mated as early as 2 days after emergence when they were held in the laboratory and as early as 1 day after emergence when they were placed on a cow. Most had mated by the end of the 4th day in the laboratory and by the end of the 2nd day on the natural host. One male inseminated as many as 8 females, though the average was 4.6 females per male. The female horn fly appears to be monogamous.
Modification of the ADP-ribosyltransferase and NAD Glycohydrolase Activities of a Mammalian Transferase (ADP-ribosyltransferase 5) by Auto-ADP-ribosylation

Abstract Mono-ADP-ribosylation, a post-translational modification in which the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD is transferred to an acceptor protein, is catalyzed by a family of amino acid-specific ADP-ribosyltransferases. ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 (ART5), a murine transferase originally isolated from Yac-1 lymphoma cells, differed in properties from previously identified eukaryotic transferases in that it exhibited significant NAD glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. To investigate the mechanism of regulation of transferase and NADase activities, ART5 was synthesized as a FLAG fusion protein inEscherichia coli. Agmatine was used as the ADP-ribose acceptor to quantify transferase activity. ART5 was found to be primarily an NADase at 10 μm NAD, whereas at higher NAD concentrations (1 mm), after some delay, transferase activity increased, whereas NADase activity fell. This change in catalytic activity was correlated with auto-ADP-ribosylation and occurred in a time- and NAD concentration-dependent manner. Based on the change in mobility of auto-ADP-ribosylated ART5 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the modification appeared to be stoichiometric and resulted in the addition of at least two ADP-ribose moieties. Auto-ADP-ribosylated ART5 isolated after incubation with NAD was primarily a transferase. These findings suggest that auto-ADP-ribosylation of ART5 was stoichiometric, resulted in at least two modifications and converted ART5 from an NADase to a transferase, and could be one mechanism for regulating enzyme activity.
Edith Kaplan and the Boston Process Approach

The history including some of the intellectual origins of the Boston Process Approach and some misconceptions about the Boston Process Approach are reviewed. The influence of Gestalt psychology and Edith Kaplan's principal collaborators regarding the development of the Boston Process Approach is discussed.
Protective Behavioral Strategies, Alcohol Consumption, and Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual College Students

INTRODUCTION: Limited research exists exploring the safe drinking behaviors of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) college students despite evidence that they seem to engage in higher frequencies of heavy episodic drinking than the general student population. METHODS: This study examined protective behavioral strategies (PBS) as a moderating variable in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences in an online sample of 139 LGB college students. RESULTS: PBS qualified this relationship for heavy drinkers and not for light drinkers. DISCUSSION: Clinical and future research implications are explored, including for college counseling center clinicians with LGB clients.
The scattering of partially coherent electromagnetic beam illumination from a statistically rough surface modeled as a perfect electrical conductor

When using active-illumination systems for directed-energy and remote-sensing applications, more often than not a highly coherent laser beam propagates from the source through the atmosphere resulting in partially coherent beam illumination on the target. Interestingly enough, not much literature exists pertaining to the scattering of partially coherent light from rough surfaces. In an effort to bridge this gap, this paper develops a wave-optics simulation approach to the problem at hand. Specifically, the analysis uses two separate phase screens. The first phase screen is located in the source plane and accounts for the size and coherence properties of the incident illumination. Through multiple phase-screen realizations and far field-field propagation from the source plane to the target plane, the first phase screen allows for the generation of spatially partially coherent beam illumination with a Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) form. The second phase screen is located in the target plane and accounts for the surface parameters, i.e., the surface height standard deviation and correlation length. Through multiple phase-screen realizations in the target plane and far field-field propagation to the observation plane, the second phase screen accounts for the interaction of the incident GSM beam with a perfectly reflecting rough surface. This allows for the formulation of the average scattered irradiance and normalized autocorrelation function in the far field. Initial results show that this wave-optics simulation approach compares well with a previously validated 2D scalar-equivalent solution [Hyde et al., Opt. Express 21, 6807 (2013)].
GLC analysis of aspirin from solid dosage forms

A GLC method of determining aspirin and salicylic acid in pharmaceutical formulations is presented. Acetylsalicylsalicylic acid was detected in varying amounts in tablets and granulations from different manufacturers.
The theological basis of Plato's criticism of art with reference to icons

Mesurant l'influence de la theologie platonicienne dans la critique de l'art iconographique commune au christianisme et au judaisme, l'A. presente sa propre interpretation du traitement de l'art par Platon. Soulignant la dimension esthetique de la theologie platonicienne selon laquelle le beau est l'image de la condition de Dieu ou du paradigme divin, l'A. montre que Platon ne rejette pas la creation d'images, des lors qu'il engage les citoyens a imiter le paradigme divin a travers l'exercice des arts acceptables respectant la proportion et l'harmonie, la geometrie et la couleur pure
On the inviscid rolled-up structure of lift-generated vortices

A simple form is presented of the relationships for the inviscid, fully developed structure of lift-generated vortices behind aircraft wings. The method is then extended to arbitrary span-load distributions by inferring guidelines for the selection of rollup centers for the vortex sheet, along with rules for calculating the fully developed structure of the resulting multiple vortices. These techniques yield realistic estimates of the rolled-up structure of vortices produced by a wider variety of span-load distributions than possible with the original form of the theory.
Achieving the Theoretical Depairing Current Limit in Superconducting Nanomesh Films

We show the theoretical depairing current limit can be achieved in a robust fashion in highly ordered superconductor nanomesh films having spatial periodicities smaller than both the superconducting coherence length and the magnetic penetration depth. For a niobium nanomesh film with 34 nm spatial periodicity, the experimental critical current density is enhanced by more than 17 times over the continuous film and is in good agreement with the depairing limit over the entire measured temperature range. The nanomesh superconductors are also less susceptible to thermal fluctuations when compared to nanowire superconductors. Tc values similar to the bulk film are achieved, and the nanomeshes are capable of retaining superconductivity to higher fields relative to the bulk. In addition, periodic oscillations in Tc are observed as a function of field, reflecting the highly ordered nanomesh structure.
A role for extracellular and transmembrane domains of Sef in Sef-mediated inhibition of FGF signaling.

Abstract Sef ( s imilar e xpression to f gf genes) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) synexpression group that negatively regulates FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling in zebrafish during early embryonic development and in mammalian cell culture systems. The mechanism by which Sef exerts its inhibitory effect remains controversial. It has been reported that Sef functions either through binding to and inhibiting FGFR1 activation or by acting downstream of FGF receptors at the level of MEK/ERK kinases. In both cases, the intracellular domain of Sef was found to play a role in the inhibitory function of Sef. Here we demonstrated that both extracellular and transmembrane domains of Sef contributed to Sef-mediated negative regulation of FGF signaling. In fact, over-expression studies in NIH3T3 cells showed that a truncated mutant of Sef, which lacks the intracellular domain (SefECTM), exerted the inhibitory activity on FGF signaling by inhibiting FGFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade. We also showed that SefECTM associated with FGFR1, and inhibited FGF-induced ERK activation in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the over-expression of SefECTM was able to inhibit the function of a constitutively activated form of FGFR1, FGFR1-C289R, but not FGFR1-K562E. Finally, we found that SefECTM reduced cell viability when over-expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). These data provide additional insight into the structure–activity relationship in the mechanism of inhibitory action of Sef on FGFR1-mediated signaling.
Illness-Related Distress in Women with Clinically Localized Cutaneous Melanoma

Women may experience distress or changes in their quality of life following treatment for early-stage melanoma. In order to plan future interventions and identify areas of primary concern, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to describe the experiences of women treated for clinically localized melanoma. We examined quality of life, levels of distress, appearance perceptions, body image, fear of recurrence, and reproductive concerns in 100 patients (age 21–90 years, M = 54.34 years). Most (61 %) had melanoma of the extremity, with a median depth of 1.1 mm (range, 0–10.5 mm). Significant depressive symptomatology occurred in 10 % of patients, and 12 % reported a clinically established high level of intrusive thoughts related to melanoma. Quality-of-life scores indicated more disruption on psychological, compared with social and physical functioning. Also, 64 % of women rated their appearance as worse post-treatment; 23 % were unsatisfied with the appearance of the surgical site. Recurrence concerns indicated significant worry about health and death. Most patients (>85 %) were not concerned about fertility, but 52 % worried that future children would have an increased risk of cancer. Some women treated for clinically localized melanoma reported high levels of distress associated with their altered body image and fear of recurrence. Improvements in patient education prior to surgical intervention may reduce the distress associated with the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.
A mathematical study of the electron decay in diffusion and recombination controlled afterglows

Abstract The continuity equation for electrons in a decaying plasma is solved numerically in three dimensions including a loss term quadratic in the electron density (i.e., two-body electron-ion recombination) and an ambipolar diffusion term. The geometries investigated are the finite cylinder, the rectangular parallelepiped, and some one-dimensional cases. The electron densities are averaged assuming weighting functions corresponding to various microwave probing field distributions (cylindrical TM 010 , TE 011 , and TE 111 and retangular TE 101 modes) and are therefore directly proportional to measured quantities, such as resonant frequency shifts, obtained in microwave afterglow studies of recombination. Three different initial electron distributions are used, corresponding to a uniform (recombination controlled), a fundamental diffusion mode and a somewhat more spatially constricted distribution. The linear range of the computed (averaged densities) −1 -versus-time curves is determined and correction factors are derived which, if applied to the observations, yield the corrected recombination coefficients from the curves. The corrections derived in the two- and three-dimensional analyses are found to be significantly larger than those obtained in the one-dimensional analyses. Also, when considering plasma containers of different shapes but of the same fundamental diffusion length, a larger surface/volume ratio is found to be equivalent in effect to an increased diffusion coefficient in the predicted decays. In most cases of practical interest, though, a much stronger dependence upon the varying probing field distributions is found when different container or cavity dimensions are to be compared. When the present analysis is applied to one-dimensional geometries, recombination corrections in agreement with the results of Gray and Kerr are obtained.
Congenital disorders of glycosylation : a challenging group of IEMs

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing group of inherited errors of metabolism (IEMs) due to an impairment of one or several glycosylation pathways. During recent years over 30 CDG subtypes have been identified at a molecular and biochemical level. The clinical manifestations in CDG are heterogeneous and may be highly variable within the same subtype and even among affected siblings. Novel insights into the extremely complex glycosylation pathways have necessitated several reclassifications of the group of CDG. Today CDG comprise not only the formerly known multisystem glycosylation defects but also some tissue-specific glycosylation defects, implicating a different diagnostic work-up depending on the underlying glycosylation defect. In 2007 the expanding group of CDG is an enormous challenge to all specialists working in the field of IEMs. This review gives a brief overview about the expanded group of CDG and summarizes the main implications for clinicians.
Palaeoclimate: Broken tropical thermostats

During the early Pliocene epoch, tropical sea surface temperatures were thought to be similar to those of today, even though global mean temperatures were several degrees warmer. Temperature reconstructions now suggest that the Pliocene tropical warm pools were about two degrees warmer than those at present.
Biolog, biodeg, and fate/expos: New files on microbial degradation and toxicity as well as environmental fate/exposure of chemicals

The environmental fate/exposure data base (EFEDB) has been under development with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency support since 1979. It was initiated because of the difficulty of identifying environmental release, fate and exposure information using traditional literature searches. Two new components (BIOLOG and BIODEG), which contain microbial toxicity and biodegradation information, and an update of the overall EFEDB file are described. In addition, a chemical fate/exposure file (FATE/EXPOS) is discussed; it contains production and use data as well as physical-chemical properties, chemical fate data and monitoring information. EFEDB has been greatly expanded since its initial development, and considerable conversions are planned to make most of the files available through the Chemical Information System (CIS). A major goal of EFEDB was to provide a source of data for constructing structure-activity correlations and BIODEG is one of the first steps in providing evaluated data for such correlations. FATE/EXPOS provides sorting capabilities for setting priorities in testing or regulation based on easily obtainable information about exposure potential.
Prefrontal lesions and cutaneous responsiveness of cats: learned discrimination, delayed-response, orientation-localization, and transfer.

Abstract Cats with gyrus proreus lesions showed a substantial deficit and then gradual recovery of delayed responding to passively-received cutaneous stimuli. At the same time, the animals performed well in the basic, nondelay cutaneous discrimination task and in a battery of sensory and motor neurological tests. There was an earlier postoperative loss in the nondelay cutaneous discriminative test but evidence suggests that this loss was not due to sensory factors. Other early postoperative changes included hyperactivity and failure to maintain an appropriate ready posture when awaiting stimulation. A particularly interesting early deficit was the initiation, but refusal to complete, one of the two discriminative responses; that this deficit was not a “motor” one was shown by the fact that the same response movement-standing up on hindlegs-was performed vigorously when tactile cues which elicited pursuit were applied to the head. Early postoperative reluctance to perform effortful voluntary movements was also seen in a task that required searching with the forelimb. To further assess cognitive ability, cats were tested in the nondelay cutaneous discrimination with the stimuli applied to new loci, on the hindlimbs. They performed as well as do normals in this test of transfer, which was carried out late, after recovery of delayed responding. The present findings, taken together with those of earlier experiments, suggest that learned cutaneous discriminative behaviors are served not only by somatosensory and motor cortex, but also by regions of frontal cortex that have more complex anatomical and physiological properties. Prefrontal cortex may routinely participate in learned associations between stimuli and responses, but in the present case there was considerable recovery following subtotal ablation of the cortical projection of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
Image Analysis Using Multigrid Relaxation Methods

Image analysis problems, posed mathematically as variational principles or as partial differential equations, are amenable to numerical solution by relaxation algorithms that are local, iterative, and often parallel. Although they are well suited structurally for implementation on massively parallel, locally interconnected computational architectures, such distributed algorithms are seriously handi capped by an inherent inefficiency at propagating constraints between widely separated processing elements. Hence, they converge extremely slowly when confronted by the large representations of early vision. Application of multigrid methods can overcome this drawback, as we showed in previous work on 3-D surface reconstruction. In this paper, we develop multiresolution iterative algorithms for computing lightness, shape-from-shading, and optical flow, and we examine the efficiency of these algorithms using synthetic image inputs. The multigrid methodology that we describe is broadly applicable in early vision. Notably, it is an appealing strategy to use in conjunction with regularization analysis for the efficient solution of a wide range of ill-posed image analysis problems.
Neuroactive Chondroitin Sulfate Glycomimetics

We report the generation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycomimetics with tunable chemical and biological properties. Our approach greatly simplifies the synthesis of complex glycosaminoglycans, providing synthetically accessible, bioactive structures of programmable sulfation sequence. Using these glycopolymers, we demonstrate that multivalent interactions are critical for modulating CS activity and discover an unexpected tolerance for unnatural polymeric architectures. We envision that these glycomimetics will facilitate further explorations into the influence of macromolecular structure on glycosaminoglycan function and provide powerful tools for manipulating CS activity in vivo.
Animating history: Macro level processes and micro level behavior in Colonial Mexico

Gruzinski, Serge. (Eileen Corrigan, transl.) Man‐Gods in the Mexican Highlands: Indian Power and Colonial Society, 1520–1800. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. vii + 223 pp. including notes, glossary, maps, and index. $32.50 cloth. Seed, Patricia. To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choice. 1574–1821. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988. x + 322 pp. including notes and index. $39.50 cloth.
MODELING OF CW HF CHEMICAL LASERS WITH ROTATIONAL NONEQUILIBRIUM

The simplified rotational relaxation time constant model of Hough, for pulsed chemical lasers, has been extended to CW diffusion chemical lasers to estimate the effect of rotational non-equilibrium on laser performance. The formulation was compared to experimental small signal gain, closed-cavity power, and spectral content. Effects of rotational relaxation rate on power extraction and spectral line distribution are predicted by numerical results of the present study. The dependence of rotational line shifting on mirror reflectivity has also been demonstrated.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Bacteria, Bacterial and Fungal Spores, and Model Biofilm Components to Carbon Dioxide on Titanium Dioxide-Coated Surfaces

We report carbon mass balance and kinetic data for the total oxidation of cells, spores, and biomolecules deposited on illuminated titanium dioxide surfaces in contact with air. Carbon dioxide formation by photocatalytic oxidation of methanol, glucose, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis (cells and spores), Aspergillus niger spores, phosphatidylethanolamine, bovine serum albumin, and gum xanthan was determined as a function of time. The quantitative data provide mass balance and rate information for removal of these materials from a photocatalytic surface. This kind of information is important for applications of photocatalytic chemistry in air and water purification and disinfection, self-cleaning surfaces, and the development of self-cleaning air filters.
China's evolving (implicit) economic constitution

I suggest that pre-commitment – to be credible and effective – needs democracy, that is, the possession and exercise of political rights....The promises of an executive are much more credible if there is a well-established procedure for throwing the executive out of office for failing to keep those promises....In summary, economic efficiency often requires pre-commitment, which – to be credible – requires that citizens be endowed with effective political rights. (p. 215).
Distribution Reliability Benchmarking based on IEEE Std. 1366-2003 iV 2005 Survey Results

Summary form only given. Obtaining a clear picture of reliability performance across North America has been difficult to do, but with the new version of IEEE Std. 1366-2003, it just became a little easier. Several different "exclusion" criteria have been used to calculate reliability metrics and most are based on the myriad of different regulatory reliability guidelines. Couple those differences with the fact that there is no industry-wide standardized data collection methodology, and performance comparison becomes next to impossible. The recently published standard provides a methodology that will mitigate the first impediment to comparison by providing a standardized method for segmenting data, and hence, a common measuring stick, however it does not address the data collection issues. This paper will describe the methodology and share results of a recently completed benchmarking survey that used the newly developed Major Event Day approach (2.5/6 Methodology) to segment major event days. While this new method will not mitigate all benchmarking issues, it does prescribe a clear approach to data segmentation and, when used, will give regulators, as well as utility executives, a clearer picture of their own reliability performance. The methodology does not address data collection issues. The IEEE TF on Interruption Reporting Practices is working on data collection issues has published a series of papers on this topic.
Utilization of pre-existing energy stores of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes during the first gonotrophic cycle

Abstract Pre-existing energy reserves may play an important role in regulating the utilization of blood meal proteins in female anautogenous mosquitoes. Determining the fate of reserves derived from the sugar meal and larval food during the first gonotrophic cycle would help to elucidate the relative contributions of larval and adult nutrition to survival and reproduction. We measured the allocation of pre-blood-meal reserves to egg production or energy production during the first gonotrophic cycle by using [ 14 C]-labeled female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Feeding adults [3,4- 14 C]-glucose labeled the glycogen and sugar stores (~50%), lipid stores (~25%), and protein and amino acid stores (~25%). During the first gonotrophic cycle, about 60% of the glycogen and sugar stores were metabolized and all were used for energy production. About 33% of the labeled protein and 72% of the labeled amino acid stores were metabolized, with about 9% being transferred to the eggs and the rest oxidized. About 30% of the lipid was metabolized, with about 65% being transferred to the eggs and the rest oxidized. Feeding [1- 14 C]-oleic acid to larvae effectively labeled adult lipid stores with about 75% of the label in lipid stores and 16% in proteins and 6% in glycogen. During the first gonotrophic cycle, about 35% of the labeled lipid stores were metabolized, with equal amounts being oxidized and transferred to the eggs. None of the other maternal stores labeled by fatty acid were metabolized during the first gonotrophic cycle. These results show that carbohydrate reserves are a critical source of energy during the first gonotrophic cycle, while lipid reserves are used equally for energy production and provisioning the eggs.
Why doesn't regional monetary cooperation follow trade cooperation?

ABSTRACT Conventional theories in political economy argue that monetary cooperation is more likely in regions with trade interdependence. In practice, however, regional trade cooperation usually does not lead to monetary cooperation. I argue that this disparity results from different political economy logics in the two issue areas. In contrast to trade cooperation, the domestic actor that sacrifices the most in a regional monetary agreement is the government itself, which loses a significant tool for domestic economic adjustment as well as an important political symbol. Thus, monetary cooperation is only likely if there are direct benefits to the government to compensate for its lost monetary control. Benefits to the aggregate economy or to particular economic sectors are usually insufficient compensation. Experience with earlier monetary institutions, however, can in some cases reduce the costs to governments enough to make cooperation feasible. I explore these arguments with two sets of case studies: Ce...
Anesthetic management during tracheotomy in a child with respiratory distress caused by severe intubation-induced glottic stenosis

We provided anesthetic management during a tracheotomy procedure for a child who demonstrated labored respiration during inspiration because of severe glottic stenosis and bilateral vocal cord paralysis caused by tracheal intubation. A 4-year-old boy developed acute respiratory depression associated with influenza pneumonia and had been under respiratory management with mechanical ventilation with tracheal intubation for 3 days. Following extubation, an upper-airway obstruction immediately appeared. The symptoms later worsened because of development of a common cold, and the patient underwent an emergency tracheotomy. For anesthetic management, we used a combination of ketamine with low-concentration sevoflurane inhalation. The tracheotomy was performed safely without respiratory complications by employing manual-assisted ventilation, while spontaneous breathing was preserved by use of a face mask.
Signal Processing of Broadband Pulsed Ultrasound: Measurement of Attenuation of Soft Biological Tissues

In this paper we will discuss the measurement of attenuation of soft tissues using broadband pulsed ultrasound. While all the methods presented here may be used for measuring the attenuation coefficient of single layers, some of the methods can also be used for measuring integrated attenuation of composite layers of soft tissue. These latter methods do not require knowledge of reflection coefficients at tissue interfaces and are well suited to generating projection data for computerized attenuation tomography of soft tissues.
Human β-crystallins modified by backbone cleavage, deamidation and oxidation are prone to associate

Information about beta-crystallins and their post-translational modifications has been scarce because of difficulties in isolating the individual beta-crystallins. These difficulties arise because the beta-crystallin sequences are highly homologous and because beta-crystallins undergo many age-related modifications that lead to a variety of molecular masses and a range of acidities for each crystallin. In this study, human beta-crystallins were isolated using several steps of chromatography both before and after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Many previously unidentified in vivo modifications, including deamidations among all beta-crystallins except betaB3, truncation of betaA3, betaB1 and betaA4, and oxidation of some methionines and tryptophans were located among the isolated beta-crystallins. Many modifications occurred before age 20 with modest increases in modification for beta-crystallins from lenses 20-87 years old. The tendency of the modified beta-crystallins to form non-covalent complexes was evident from their chromatographic behaviour. The presence in these complexes of betaB2-crystallin, the least modified and most soluble of the beta-crystallins, points to a possible role for betaB2 in solubilizing the more heavily modified beta-crystallins. The greater solubility of beta-crystallins compared with alpha- and gamma-crystallins in aging lenses may be due to beta-crystallin modifications and their non-covalent associations.
Individual differences in the relationship between attitudinal and normative determinants of behavioral intent

The Fishbein‐Ajzen behavioral‐intentions model separates attitudinal and normative influences on behavioral intent. However, some investigations employing this model have obtained strong correlations between the attitudinal and normative components of that model, whereas others have reported no such result. The issue of the relatedness of attitudinal and normative determinants of intent is important to theorists of social behavior and the many researchers who employ the Fishbein‐Ajzen model, as well as to scholars of persuasion. Relying on constructivist theory and research, this investigation hypothesized that an individual difference variable, construct differentiation, mediates the degree of association persons are likely to exhibit between attitudinal and normative beliefs. Investigating the domain of politics and voting behavior, this study found support for that general hypothesis: persons with relatively undifferentiated political construct systems exhibited substantial collinearity between attitud...
IMPROVED AMMUNITION COATINGS

Summary ARL and ARDEC have recently qualified and implemented the UAC into large-caliber ammunition production. Timely implementation of the “drop in” UAC has allowed for continuous, uninterrupted production of 120- and 155-mm projectiles at AAP and AAA. If the UAC were not implemented in a timely manner, Scranton AAP would have been required to incorporate expensive emission control equipment to meet local environmental regulations, costing an estimated $300K. Implementation of the UAC will allow renovation facilities to meet local environmental regulations during the renovation of artillery projectiles. The UAC test results indicated outstanding performance and suitability as a replacement for the current system. These replacements, applied at the smallest film thickness of applied coating, would be the easiest to implement. After assessment, the parts were shipped to the ARL facility for final evaluation. Based upon exposure of truncated 155 mm rounds coated with MIL-DTL-11195 to as much as 500 hours of ASTM B117, the following can be supported: MIL-DTL-11195 outperforms the legacy system by at least a factor of three, regardless of application site.
SWEET MEAL PROVES TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE FOR CATERPILLARS

![Figure][1] Plants often avoid predation by producing chemicals that are detrimental to the herbivores that might try to eat them. For example, tiny hairs on the tobacco leaf ( Nicotina attenuate ) produce and secrete viscous liquids containing O -acyl sugars (AS) that are known to inhibit
Phosphorylation of PERIOD Is Influenced by Cycling Physical Associations of DOUBLE-TIME, PERIOD, and TIMELESS in the Drosophila Clock

The clock gene double-time (dbt) encodes an ortholog of casein kinase Iepsilon that promotes phosphorylation and turnover of the PERIOD protein. Whereas the period (per), timeless (tim), and dClock (dClk) genes of Drosophila each contribute cycling mRNA and protein to a circadian clock, dbt RNA and DBT protein are constitutively expressed. Robust circadian changes in DBT subcellular localization are nevertheless observed in clock-containing cells of the fly head. These localization rhythms accompany formation of protein complexes that include PER, TIM, and DBT, and reflect periodic redistribution between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nuclear phosphorylation of PER is strongly enhanced when TIM is removed from PER/TIM/DBT complexes. The varying associations of PER, DBT and TIM appear to determine the onset and duration of nuclear PER function within the Drosophila clock.
In vitro histogenic capacities of limb mesenchyme from various stage mouse embryos

Abstract Mesenchyme cells isolated from mouse embryo forelimb buds (stages 15 through 21) and placed in high-density micromass cultures are compared with respect to their in vitro histogenic capacities. Particular emphasis is placed on changes in in vitro chondrogenic capacity. Stage 15 mouse limb cultures form numerous aggregates which uniformly fail to differentiate into cartilage nodules. On the other hand, cartilage nodules are observed in cultures prepared from all subsequent stage limbs, although there is a linear decrease in the size of nodules between stage 16–17 and middle-late stage 21 cultures. This decrease correlates with simultaneous decreases in both the proportion of aggregating cells and the extent of dibutyryl cyclic AMP-stimulated cartilage formation. At the same time, observations indicate that the proportions of nonaggregating and nonchondrogenic mesenchyme, myogenic cells, and, perhaps, fibrogenic mesenchyme are increasing. The only exceptions to these patterns are observed in cultures from middle-late stage 21 limbs, when cartilage differentiation in situ is already extensive. Unlike earlier stage cultures, which form nearly identical numbers of aggregates and nodules, middle-late stage 21 cultures form variable numbers of aggregates, only a few of which differentiate into cartilage nodules. Middle-late stage 21 cultures also contain unexpectedly low numbers of myogenic cells/unit area of culture. Based on changes in the in vitro histogenic capacities, it is concluded that concurrent with a progression of morphogenic events in the limb, there is a progression of changes in the relative proportions of cell subpopulations. Both the existence of the different subpopulations and the changes in their relative proportions can be detected in vitro . Furthermore, it is concluded that cartilage formation in the limbs of both mouse and chick embryos probably occurs according to very similar developmental programs.
WATER QUALITY AND UPWELLING AT GRAYS HARBOR ENTRANCE

The incoming ocean water entering Grays Harbor, Washington on flood tide was observed periodically to contain abnormally low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations (⩽5.0 mg/L or 3.5 ml/L) were associated generally with significantly lower than normal ocean water temperatures which presumably results from upwelling along the coast. On a given tidal cycle the oxygen deficiency from normally assumed saturation levels for ocean water is equivalent to the oxygen demand associated with the domestic sewage discharge of 20 million persons. It appears that upwelling phenomena may negate conclusions based on oxygen balances in pollutional analyses of estuaries unless the actual dissolved oxygen concentration at the ocean source is determined.
Cassini uvis observations of Saturns rings

Abstract The Cassini Ultra-violet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) is part of the remote sensing payload of the Cassini Orbiter spacecraft. Its science objectives include investigation of the chemistry, clouds, and energy balance of the Titan and Saturn atmospheres ; neutrals in the magnetosphere ; D/H ratio for Titan and Saturn ; and structure and evolution of Saturns rings. The UVIS has two spectrographic channels which provide images and spectra covering the ranges from 56–118 nm and 110–190 nm. A third optical path with a solar blind CsI photocathode is used for high signal to noise ratio stellar occultations by rings and atmospheres. A separate hydrogen-deuterium absorption cell (HDAC) measures the relative abundance D/H from their Lyman-alpha emission. The rings of Saturn are the best-studied of planetary rings and contain the majority of the ring material in the solar system. The four-year Cassini tour provides multiple observation opportunities and long time coverage. The UVIS observations include photometry, imaging, spectroscopy, and stellar occultations. Numerous diffraction-limited star occultations by the rings are a prime objective for the UVIS. The 2 ms integration period in this mode will give a ring radial resolution of better than 20 m. The counting rate is 50 × greater than the Voyager star occultations in a resolution element 5 × smaller. Multiple opportunities on the same Saturn passage will define temporal and azimuthal variation. We expect to observe waves, wakes and ring edges—all characteristics of ring dynamics and history. The imaging resolution is 1 mrad, or 1000 km from a viewing range of 106 km. The UVIS is sensitive to the shortest wavelengths of all the remote sensing experiments, and thus the scattered light from the smallest ring particles. In combination with images from ISS and VIMS, CIRS spectra, and
Selection Bias and the Demand for Electricity

This article looks first at the issue of policy-motivated electricity rate designs with special attention to the situation of master-metered households. It then discusses the implicit bias (both substantive and statistical) in demand functions and other regression-related analyses when these consumers in master-metered households are excluded from such research. Using econometric techniques to adjust for selection bias, it estimates and compares two demand functions, one of which corrects for selection bias. While most effects are comparable, some important differences do result.
Electronic display metrology: not a simple matter

Abstract: Most would assume that the characterization of electronic display quality would be a straightforward process offering few complications. However, what the eye sees can be very difficult to capture accurately and quickly in a meaningful way. With the advent of many new display technologies, there is a need for a level playing field so that different technologies can be compared on an equivalent basis. Orchestrating display metrology to accomplish this is wrought with several difficulties that will be reviewed especially in the areas of stray light management/measurement and meaningful reflection characterization. Keywords: display metrology, haze, NIST, reflection measurements, stray light, veiling glare INTRODUCTION When we look at electronic displays, such as when we see a number of laptop computers presented in a store, we subjectively evaluate each displays performance within a few seconds. We quickly establish what we like or dislike in an electronic display just by looking at it. (We will refer to an electronic display simply as a display from here on.) Many think that it would be a simple matter to measure that displays performance and characterize its suitability for a given task. Perhaps this simplistic viewpoint is understandable because when we use our eyes we are making our evaluation using the most sophisticated detector and image processing system imaginable, in fact, it is unimaginable for its complexity. Thus, we are faced with using vastly inferior equipment to characterize displaysrelatively simple equipment that we have invented, equipment that pales in comparison with the human eye system. However, we dont have a mechanism to extract numerical results from the eyes subjective evaluation, and we are therefore forced to use measurement apparatus to supply us with a parameterized characterization of display performance. To properly use such apparatus, we need to know how that apparatus works so that we dont expect too much from it. We also need to understand the parameter that we are attempting to measure so we are not fooled into misusing our apparatus in an inappropriate way. It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate these kinds of problems and show how such a metrology effort fits the role of national metrology institutes.