cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of watershed hydrology

This is a primer about hydrology, the science of water. Watersheds are the basic land unit for water resource management and their delineation, importance, and variation are explained and illustrated. The hydrologic cycle and its components (precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, soil water, groundwater, and streamflow) which collectively provide a foundation for how landscapes and water interact are discussed at length. Important hydrologic concepts and methods are described in detail but primarily within the context of forested watersheds since most of the nation's fresh water originates from forest lands. The contents of this paper are designed to provide fundamental hydrologic principles to both citizens and policy makers, with the intention of helping to guide informed watershed management activities.
Discovery of 3-OH-3-methylpipecolic hydroxamates: Potent orally active inhibitors of aggrecanase and MMP-13

Abstract A series of 3-hydroxy-3-methylpipecolic hydroxamate inhibitors of MMP-13 and aggrecanase was designed based on the observation of increased aggrecanase activity with substitution at the 3-position of the piperidine ring. Potency versus aggrecanase was optimized by modification of the benzyloxyarylsulfonamide group that binds in the S1′ pocket. These compounds also possess markedly improved bioavailability and lower metabolic clearance compared to analogous 3,3-dimethyl-5-hydroxypipecolic hydroxamates. These improvements are attributed to lowered lipophilicity proximal to the metabolically labile hydroxamic acid. Synthesis, structure activity relationships, and in vivo efficacy data are described.
How to Pattern a Leaf

Leaf development presents a tremendous resource for tackling the question of patterning in biology. Leaves can be simple or highly dissected. They may have elaborated parts such as the tendrils of a pea leaf or the rolled blade of a carnivorous pitcher plant. Despite the variation in size, shape, and function, all leaves initiate in the same manner: from the flanks of a meristem. The maize leaf is useful for analysis of patterning due to the wealth of mutants and the distinct tissues along the proximal distal axis. The blade is distal, the sheath is proximal, and the ligule forms at the blade/sheath boundary. Establishment of this boundary involves the transcription factors LIGULELESS1 and LIGULELESS2 and the kinase LIGULELESS NARROW. The meristem-specific protein KNOTTED1 (KN1) binds and modulates the lg2 gene. Given the localization of KN1 at the proximal end of the leaf from the time of inception, we hypothesize that KN1 has a role in establishing the very proximal end of the leaf, whereas an auxin maximum guides the growing distal tip.
Mapping palimpsest karst features on the Illinois sinkhole plain using historical aerial photography

Situated in southwestern Illinois, principally within Monroe, St. Clair, and Randolph Counties, the sinkhole plain contains the highest density of karst features within the state, and cover-collapse sinkholes are distinctive rural landscape features. However, after decades of using large-scale farming equipment, modification by farm operators using drainage stand pipes and fill material, coupled with the widespread adoption of conservation tillage methods beginning in the 1980s, numerous sinkholes are now partially or completely indistinguishable on current maps and aerial photography. The result is that the land surface in this region has developed a relict, or palimpsest karst appearance. To detect and catalog now relict karst features, county-wide historical aerial photography was digitized and orthorectified to create a geometrically accurate image base map of the entire region. Acquired during the summer of 1940 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), the AAA aerial photography represents the earliest and most detailed visual record of the landscape prior to the general introduction of mechanized farming practices. Because horse-drawn farming equipment was still prevalent in the region, pesticide and fertilizer application mostly unknown, row crops were planted at much lower plant densities. Therefore, the near-surface geology was able to be discriminated through the mature summer crop canopy. Interpretation of the leaf-on AAA aerial photography, augmented with 2005 early spring, (leaf-off) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) imagery determined that approximately 30 % more sinkholes are present on the land surface then are delineated on the most current USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle maps of the study area. Conversely, in the densely wooded areas of the sinkhole plain, numerous sinkholes not visible on the summer 1940 AAA photography could be detected on the leaf-off NAPP photography.
Parasites of Wild Howlers (Alouatta spp.)

A literature review of howler parasites provides the basis for an overview of the ecological significance of parasite surveys in primates. Within this framework, we have added insights into the interactions between primate hosts and their parasites from a long-term study in Costa Rica. We collected fecal samples from mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) over a 9-year period (1986–1994 inclusive) and analyzed them for parasite eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts. We found many misperceptions inherent in the typical methodology of primate parasite surveys and in the reporting of the findings. Our work in Costa Rica suggests that a snapshot effect occurs with most surveys. A static view does not reflect the dynamic and changing ecological interaction between host and parasite. We describe some problems with parasite data analyses that emphasize the need for long-term longitudinal surveys in wild primate groups.
Applying lessons from ecological succession to the restoration of landslides

Landslides are excellent illustrations of the dynamic interplay of disturbance and succession. Restoration is difficult on landslide surfaces because of the high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil stability and fertility. Principles derived from more than a century of study of ecological succession can guide efforts to reduce chronic surface soil erosion and restore both biodiversity and ecosystem function. Promotion of the recovery of self-sustaining communities on landslides is feasible by stabilization with native ground cover, applications of nutrient amendments, facilitation of dispersal to overcome establishment bottlenecks, emphasis on functionally redundant species and promotion of connectivity with the adjacent landscape. Arrested succession through resource dominance by a single species can be beneficial if that species also reduces persistent erosion, yet the tradeoff is often reduced biodiversity. Restoration efforts can be streamlined by using techniques that promote successional processes.
Randomized Trial Assessing the Effectiveness of a Pharmacist-Delivered Program for Smoking Cessation

Background:As trained and accessible healthcare professionals, pharmacists are in an ideal position to provide tobacco cessation interventions. Of the 15 studies identified in the literature assessing the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions delivered by pharmacists, this is the first randomized controlled trial conducted in the US of a pharmacist-delivered program for smoking cessation using biochemical confirmation.Objective:To assess the effectiveness on smoking cessation of a face-to-face group program conducted by the pharmacist team compared with a brief standard care session delivered by a pharmacist over the telephone.Methods:An open-label, prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at a Veterans Health Administration, community-based outpatient clinic in the Rocky Mountain region. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a 3-session face-to-face group program conducted by the pharmacist team or one 5- to 10-minute standard care session delivered by the pharmacist te...
Planning in the age of Facebook: the role of social networking in planning processes

There has been rapid growth in the use of online social networking sites, such as Facebook. The public is increasingly using these sites for organizing around place-based issues. This research examines the extent to which the public and planners are using social networking sites to organize the public around place-based planning issues. Using content analysis of social networking sites, place-based planning groups are identified and analyzed. The administrators for the groups were contacted to determine their goals and satisfaction with their groups’ work. Planning departments in the same communities were then contacted to determine the degree to which the social networking groups influenced the planning process. The results of this study found that the public primarily organizes to oppose development projects. While on average these groups attract hundreds of people, planners and group administrators report that there is minimal influence on the planning process.
Comparative Severity of Respiratory Lesions of Sialodacryoadenitis Virus and Sendai Virus Infections in LEW and F344 Rats

In several chronic diseases, lesions are more severe in LEW rats than in F344 rats. To determine whether or not acute viral diseases also are more severe in LEW rats than in F344 rats, we inoculated 6-7- week-old LEW and F344 rats with cell culture infective units of sialodacryoadenitis virus or lo4.' infective units of Sendai virus. Twenty-four rats of each strain were given each virus. Lesions in nasal passages, tracheas, intrapulmonary airways, and pulmonary alveoli in 6 or 12 rats inoculated with each virus were assessed by scoring 5, 10, and 14 days after inoculation. Both viruses caused typical patchy necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis, with multifocal pneumonitis, in rats of both strains. Mean lesion indices for LEW rats given sialodacryoadenitis virus were significantly different from those for F344 rats for nasal passages on days 10 (0.999 vs. 0.680) and 14 (0.736 vs. 0.278), bronchi on day 5 (0.479 vs. 0.361), and alveoli on day 5 (0.677 vs. 0.275). Lesion indices for LEW rats given Sendai virus were significantly different from those for F344 rats for nasal passages on days 10 (1.000 vs. 0.611) and 14 (0.778 vs. 0.583); trachea on day 10 (0.625 vs. 0.028); bronchi on days 5 (0.476 vs. 0.331), 10 (0.123 vs. 0.013), and 14 (0.038 vs. 0); and alveoli on days 5 (0.4 13 vs. 0.1 14) and 10 (0.185 vs. 0.020). Thus, at the tested doses, both viruses caused more severe respiratory tract lesions in LEW rats than in F344 rats.
Propranolol and the morning increase in the frequency of sudden cardiac death (BHAT study)

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major problem confronting cardiology. We need to know more about the mechanisms responsible for its occurrence so that preventive measures may be designed. Recent evidence shows a morning increase in SCD,1,2 similar to the morning increase in myocardial infarction3,4 and transient myocardial ischemia.5 This suggests that increased sympathetic activity associated with assumption of the upright posture may be involved. Beta blockers have been shown to eliminate the morning increase in myocardial ischemia and infarction.3–5 Accordingly, we examined the timing of out-of-hospital SCD in the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT) population to determine (1) if this morning increase was present in the placebo group and (2) whether it was eliminated by the use of β blockers.
Effective Generation of Interface Robustness Properties for Static Analysis

A software system interacts with its environment through system interfaces. Robustness of software systems are governed by various temporal properties related to these interfaces, whose violation leads to system crashes and security compromises. These properties can be formally specified for system interfaces and statically verified against a software system. But manually specifying a large number of interface properties for static verification is often inaccurate or incomplete, apart from being cumbersome. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that effectively generates interface properties for static checking from a few generic, high level robustness rules that capture interface behavior. We implement our framework for an existing static analyzer with simple data flow extensions and apply it on POSIX-API system interfaces used in 10 Redhat-9.0 open source packages. The results show that the framework can effectively generate a large number of useful interface properties from a few generically specified rules.
Dynamic subspace-based coordinated multicamera tracking

This paper considers the problem of sustained multicamera tracking in the presence of occlusion and changes in the target motion model. The key insight of the proposed method is the fact that, under mild conditions, the 2D trajectories of the target in the image planes of each of the cameras are constrained to evolve in the same subspace. This observation allows for identifying, at each time instant, a single (piecewise) linear model that explains all the available 2D measurements. In turn, this model can be used in the context of a modified particle filter to predict future target locations. In the case where the target is occluded to some of the cameras, the missing measurements can be estimated using the facts that they must lie both in the subspace spanned by previous measurements and satisfy epipolar constraints. Hence, by exploiting both dynamical and geometrical constraints the proposed method can robustly handle substantial occlusion, without the need for performing 3D reconstruction, calibrated cameras or constraints on sensor separation. The performance of the proposed tracker is illustrated with several challenging examples involving targets that substantially change appearance and motion models while occluded to some of the cameras.
Measurement of pressure ulcer volume using dental impression materials: suggestion from the field.

Chronic wounds such as pressure ulcers constitute a problem in rehabilitation. To determine the amount of healing in response to treatment, sequential assessments of changes in ulcer size are essential. When ulcers involve only the epidermis and the dermis, repeated measurements of wound perimeter or wound surface area (WSA) can furnish a good index of the amount of healing that has occurred. When ulcers are deep enough to involve subcutaneous tissue and muscle, however, measurements of both internal configuration of the wound (ie, depth and volume) and WSA are necessary to assess completely the amount of healing that has occurred. Various satisfactory methods of WSA measurement have been described. These methods include length and width measurements of the wound with a ruler1,2 and analysis of photographic records3 or tracings of wound perimeters.4–6…
Confinement In SU(3): Simple and Generalized Maximal Abelian Gauge

Almost all lattice work on confinement has been carried out for an SU (2) gauge group. This is a good starting point. Confinement is caused by glue and every physicist believes that there is no essential physical difference in the confining properties of glue for SU (N), for arbitrary N. Despite this, in confinement by topological objects, questions arise for SU (3) which have no SU (2) analog. We discuss two of these. The first involves the fact that the formulation of the maximal abelian gauge (MAG) is more subtle for SU (3) than it is for SU (2). Calculations with the simplest form give poor results for the string tension (Sec. (3)). A generalized form which appears more natural is suggested (Sec. (4)). The second question has to do with the subgroup structure of monopoles, and their relation to P-vortices. There are strong arguments that monopoles should be associated with SU (2) subgroups of SU (3). There is also good evidence from our SU (3) lattice calculations that P-vortices pass through monopoles. This appears to be paradoxical at first, since P-vortices carry only center flux. We show how these two properties can coexist (Sec. (5)). We begin with a general discussion of gauge-fixing and projection (Sec. (2)).
Orientation of trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) on Wyoming montmorillonite : Implications for sorption of aromatic compounds

The orientation of TMPA cations on montmorillonite affects the adsorbate-accessible siloxane surface area and determines whether the TMPA phenyl ring can interact with other aromatic adsorbates by ~r-lr interactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the orientation of TMPA ions in the interlayer of normal-charge and reduced-charge Wyoming rnontmorillonite. The orientation of TMPA's phenyl group was investigated using infrared dichroism of selected aromatic ring vibrations. X-ray dif- fraction (XRD) and MacEwan Fourier transforms were used to determine interlayer spacings and to ascertain whether reduced-charge Wyoming montmorillonite is a randomly interstratified mixture of layers with two different d-spacings. For normal-charge montmorillonite, the infrared results showed that the C- N bond axis is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the surface, yet X-ray data suggested that the TMPA phenyl ring is perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the siloxane surface. In this orientation, the average adsorbate-accessible space between adjacent TMPA ions is 24 ~2, or about 1/3 of the total surface. When the phenyl ring of TMPA is perpendicular to the clay surface, aromatic compounds should be able to interact with TMPA's aromatic ring by ~r-Tr interactions, while polar compounds such as water can interact with positively charged nitrogen atom. The reduced-charge montmorillonite used in this study is a ran- domly interstratified mixture of about 25% collapsed layers with no adsorbed cations and 75% expanded layers that are propped open by TMPA's methyl groups, not by the aromatic ring. The adsorbate-accessible surface area on expanded layers of reduced-charge montmorillonite is 1.5 to 2 times that on normal- charge TMPA-clay, depending on the orientation of TMPA's aromatic ring.
Suppression of adult lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using soil incorporation of poultry manure

The effectiveness of manure incorporation in reducing the numbers of adult lesser mealworms emerging from caged-layer poultry manure applied to agricultural fields was examined in summer 2002 and 2004. Incorporation treatments included control (no incorporation), disk (7-cm depth), harrow (15-cm depth), chisel plow (30-cm depth), and moldboard plow (33-cm depth) on silt loam soils in New York state. An estimated 55,192 and 183,500 live adult lesser mealworms were applied to the field in 2002 and 2004, respectively. Mortality due to the action of the manure spreader was 32.4% in 2002 and 6.5% in 2004. No significant differences were observed between treatments in 2002. However, moldboard plowing significantly reduced beetle emergence compared with no tillage in 2004. Peak beetle flight was observed 10 and 17 d after manure application in 2002 and 2004, respectively.
Evidence of no protection for a recurrent case of pathogen specific clinical mastitis from a previous case.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of a previous case of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (CM) protects Holstein dairy cows against a recurrent case. Pathogens studied were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Trueperella pyogenes. A total of 40 864 lactations (17 265 primiparous and 23 599 multiparous) from 19 835 cows from 5 large, high milk producing New York State dairy herds were analysed. We estimated the effects of parity, calving diseases, milk yield, current season and number of CM cases in the previous lactation on the risk of a first CM case using generalised linear mixed models with a log link and Poisson error distribution. The aforementioned risk factors and the occurrence of previous cases of pathogen-specific CM within the current lactation were evaluated as risks for second and third cases of pathogen-specific CM. Cows with more CM cases in the previous lactation were at greater risk of pathogen-specific CM in the current lactation. Multiparous cows were at greater risk of a second CM case if they had suffered from a first CM case that was caused by the same pathogen as the second case. In contrast, a second CM case generally put cows at greater risk of a third case, irrespective of whether the third case was caused by the same or a different pathogen. Our results showed that a previous case of pathogen specific CM does not generally protect against a recurrent case.
Collaborative surveillance using both fixed and mobile unattended ground sensor platforms

We begin by considering current shortfalls with conventional surveillance systems and discuss the potential advantages of distributed, collaborative surveillance systems. Distributed surveillance systems offer the capability to monitor activity from multiple locations over time thereby increasing the likelihood of obtaining discriminating data necessary for interpretation of the activity. Yet the multiplicity of sensors magnifies the volumes of data that must be processed. We present our vision of a system which generates timely interpretations of activities in the scene automatically through the use of mechanisms for collaboration among sensing systems and efficient perception methods which complement the sensing paradigm. Then we review our recent efforts toward achieving this goal and present initial results.
Mechanisms of Parenchymal Apoptosis

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has long been appreciated to play a central physiological role in embryogenesis, synaptogenesis, immune response, and normal tissue and organ involution. With the recognition that an aberration of apoptosis can contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, including parenchymal death associated with microcirculatory disorders, the subject of apoptosis has emerged as one of the hottest field of study in recent years. Apoptosis is a highly organized and orchestrated form of cellular suicide. The criterion that best defines apoptotic death is the series of morphological changes that include condensation of chromatin, shrinking of cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, compartmentalization of nuclear material into vesicular apoptotic bodies, and degradation of DNA into oligonucleosome-length fragments. Notably, these morphological changes occur while the cell membrane remains intact, and occur with remarkable similarity in different cell types and across species lines. This is in contrast to necrotic cell death which often is random, and involves cell swelling and loss of plasma membrane integrity that leads to lysis. Moreover, while the release of cellular contents in necrotic cells promotes secondary inflammation, the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells generally minimizes an inflammatory reaction. The current paradigm is that death by apoptosis of selected individual cells within a tissue is an active process mediated by the cell’s own biochemical mechanisms. The signalling that leads to an apoptotic demise may result either from the engagement of the apoptotic stimuli and cell surface death receptors or from the direct disruption of the mitochondria and the subsequent activation of a proteolytic cascade involving executioner caspases. The current chapter will focus on the specific concepts and aspects salient to understanding the control of parenchymal apoptosis that are relevant to inflammatory or microcirculatory disorders.
History, explanation, and war among the Yanomami: A response to Chagnon’s Noble Savages

Why do people make war? Is it in human nature? Publication of Napoleon Chagnon’s Noble Savages resurrects old arguments, largely displaced in recent times by study of larger scale political violenc...
Effects of formamidinium and bromide ion substitution in methylammonium lead triiodide toward high-performance perovskite solar cells

Abstract Compositional engineering of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite has attracted great research interests recently for seeking a better perovskite system to address existed challenges, such as the thermal and moisture instability, anomalous hysteresis, and toxic lead contamination, etc. In this study, we systematically investigated the structural, optophysical, and photovoltaic properties of the compositional MAxFA1−xPb(IyBr1−y)3 perovskite by sequentially introducing FA+ and Br- ions into the parental MAPbI3 to elucidate their respective roles when they were inserted into the perovskite lattice. We unraveled that such dual compositional tuning in perovskite can improve the crystallinity of the resultant film and thus reduce its density of defect states as evidenced by admittance spectroscopy, resulting in a prolonged carrier lifetime over 500 ns. As a result, a promising average PCE (PCEAVG) of 17.34% was realized in the optimized MA0.7FA0.3Pb(I0.9Br0.1)3-based PVSC with little hysteresis and stable photocurrent output. More significantly, another compositional MA0.7FA0.3Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3 perovskite with a large bandgap of 1.69 eV can yield an impressively high PCEAVG over 15%. To the best of our knowledge, this performance is among the state-of-the-art large bandgap (~1.7 eV) PVSCs reported so far, which paves the way for the development of high-performance tandem cells using efficient large bandgap PVSCs as the top subcells. This study not only manifests the pivotal roles of dual compositional tuning in MAxFA1−xPb(IyBr1−y)3 perovskites but also highlights the importance of compositional engineering for developing an even more efficient perovskite.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of cystic primary adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: Potential diagnostic pitfalls with other cystic ovarian lesions

Introduction Fine needle aspiration(FNA) of cystic adult granulosa cell tumors(CAGCT) has been sporadically reported in the literature. We undertook a retrospective study to further elucidate the cytologic features on FNA material in order to avoid possible misinterpretation with other primary tumors of ovary. Materials and Methods During 1992 and 2014, FNA of five cases of CAGCT were recorded. Results The patient's age ranged from 28 to 62 years. One was bilateral and all cases involved right side of ovary. The size of tumor was 5.5 to 10 cm. FNA of the five CAGCT show similar cytologic features except one case. Four cases contained a background composed of histiocytic cells and debris material. The tumor cells were small with round to oval nuclei and fine chromatin pattern, inconspicuous nucleoli, scanty cytoplasm with rare intranuclear longitudinal grooves. Tumor cells were arranged in small groups as well as single cells were appreciated some of which were deprived of cytoplasm. Microfollicular or rosette pattern were vague, some of which contain amorphous material resembling Call-Exner bodies. In addition, two cases also showed prominent papillary component and one of which was misdiagnosed for serous papillary carcinoma. All five cases were surgically resected and CAGCT was confirmed. Conclusions FNA of CAGCT of ovary can be a challenging diagnosis as classic cytologic features may not be present and can be confused with benign follicular cyst especially when the ultrasound study favor benign cystic lesion. Rarely this tumor may show prominent papillary component and can be confused for a more clinically aggressive tumor such as papillary serous carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responsive Space Plug & Play with the Satellite Data Model

[Abstract] The Satellite Data Model (SDM) is a middleware system providing fault-tolerant Plug & Play features for the Responsive Space program. Using the SDM middleware, a flight system supports not only Plug & Play for devices, but also auto-configuration of pre-written applications and a degree of fault-tolerance for hardware failures. The SDM is based upon a variation of the publish/subscribe distributed systems model. Utilizing SPA-U or SPA-E communications links, devices are auto-detected by the SDM system when connected or powered up. Applications are detected by joining the SDM system. Upon detection, each device or application is queried by the SDM for a complete description of its data producing capabilities, controls, and data messaging formats. The SDM utilizes the xTEDS description language to express this information. Applications requiring certain data or services may query the SDM for appropriate producers or providers. The SDM returns appropriate matches and xTEDS data product message descriptions in response to the application query. The application may then subscribe to a producer that most closely matches its data needs and formats.
House Fly Nutrition. II. Comparative Survival Values of Sucrose and Water

House flies maintained on lactose, wheat flour, milk powder, or 1-arabinose die within 48 hours, as they do if deprived of all food. A utilizable energy source such as sucrose takes precedence over water in fly survival. On sucrose alone, flies live about 50 percent longer than on water alone. Under conditions ranging from partial to complete inanition or dehydration, females prove more hardy and live more than 35% longer than males. Powdered food produces an avoidance reaction in the fly which is counterbalanced by its hunger drive. The fly's position at the edge of the food is a resultant of these two forces.
“They Preach, but Practice Not”: The Indian Prophet in Early American Drama, 1800s-1850s

The Indian Prophet is a stereotypical character in American plays of the first half of the nineteenth century. He systematically appears in plays featuring Native Americans ; there is a common pattern in his characterization, and this characterization differs significantly from those of other stage Indians. The Indian Prophet is invariably portrayed as “false”; he uses his spiritual influence to lead his tribesmen into a deadlock and betray them at the crucial moment. The Prophet has a historic prototype – the Indian spiritual leaders who headed native revitalization movements in the first half of the nineteenth century. Their influence at times became a major concern for the U.S. government who fought it both by force and by allegations; in this connection, a new negative stereotype of the American Indian – the Indian Prophet – appeared in the theatre. Given the fact that plays about American Indians were widely popular in the United States for about fifty years, the significance of the character becomes clear: it spread a negative message about individuals who posed a threat to the success of Euro-American colonization.
Fund Projects in Health Care Financial Management

Analysis of hospitals financial management of scientific research finds in the process issues is done,and solutions to the problems in research funding are proposed.
Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at Fluctuating Incubation Temperatures

Temperature abuse of foods is often transitory and little information is available describing the response of the foodborne pathogen, Escherichia coli O157:H7, to nonisothermal and/or fluctuating temperature storage. Growth responses were determined for a mixture of three E. coli O157:H7 strains in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth as a function of temperature (static and fluctuating), initial pH (5, 6, and 7), and NaCl content (0.5, 1, 2, and 3%). Five 6-h "square-wave" fluctuating temperature regimes were used: 4 to 12, 4 to 19, 4 to 28, 8 to 19, and 12 to 28°C and compared with growth at 8, 10, 12, 19, and 28°C. The growth curves obtained from fitting the Gompertz equation for the fluctuating temperatures were compared to those obtained for the static temperatures. Increased NaCl concentration decreased growth temperature both for the fluctuating temperature growth curves and the static growth data. The cells grew or remained viable for up to 21 days under all conditions and fluctuating temperatures. Growth kinetics at fluctuating temperatures more closely approximated the higher temperature than the midpoint temperature of each cyclic range. The results indicate that transitory abuse could lead to more rapid growth than expected of E. coli O157:H7 in foods and that given sufficient time E. coli O157:H7 can grow at as low as 8°C.
From supramolecular chemistry to the nucleosome: studies in biomolecular recognition.

This review highlights the author’s indirect path to research at the interface of supramolecular chemistry and chemical biology.
Behavior-driven agent-based models of spatial systems

Human behavior can produce complex patterns in spatial systems made up of large numbers of interacting individuals. An inquiry into the nature of spatial patterns is therefore incomplete without an understanding of the human behavior that gives rise to these patterns (Xie et al. in Ann Assoc Am Geogr 97(3):477–495, 2007). The treatment of pattern formation in space with interacting individuals, however, is tremendously difficult using purely mathematical abstractions. This special issue is an effort to promote new behavioral approaches to the class of computational platforms known as agent-based models.
Mandibular condylar hypoplasia in children with isolated unilateral congenital aural atresia.

Objectives/Hypothesis We hypothesized that children with isolated nonsyndromic unilateral congenital aural atresia have subclinical mandibular condylar hypoplasia ipsilateral to the atretic ear, and that the Jahrsdoerfer score is associated with the degree of condylar hypoplasia. Study Design Retrospective self-controlled case series. Methods We reviewed high-resolution computed tomography scans of the temporal bones of 68 children with isolated nonsyndromic unilateral congenital aural atresia. Images were viewed in the transverse (axial) plane perpendicular to the axis of the mandibular ramus and scanned from the mandibular notch to the condylar top. The slice where the condyle had the largest cross-sectional area was measured and checked for correlation with atresia status, age, and sex. The Jahrsdoerfer score of the atretic ear was calculated and correlated with condyle cross-sectional area, age, and sex. Results Cross-sectional area of the condyle ipsilateral to the atretic ear was, on average, 8.41 mm2 smaller than the contralateral condyle (P < .0001). The Jahrsdoerfer score was not associated with the condylar cross-sectional area, age, or sex. Conclusion Isolated nonsyndromic unilateral congenital aural atresia is associated with mild hypoplasia of the mandibular condyle ipsilateral to the atretic ear. This is consistent with the hypothesis that congenital aural atresia is a variant of craniofacial (hemifacial) microsomia. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Life History of Parthenolecanium spp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Urban Landscapes of the Southeastern United States.

This study was conducted to better understand the life history of Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche) and Parthenolecanium quercifex (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), and to develop degree-day models for crawler emergence of the two soft scale species in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Both species were univoltine in the southeastern United States. In South Carolina, eggs hatched from mid-April to early June; second instars began to appear in September and migrated to twigs to overwinter in October; and third instars and adults appeared in mid-March to early April. Each parthenogenetic female produced on average 1,026 ± 52 eggs. Fecundity was positively correlated to the fresh weight, length, width, and height of gravid females. Gross reproductive rate (GRR) was 695.98 ± 79.34 ♀/♀, net reproductive rate (Ro) was 126.36 ± 19.03 ♀/♀, mean generation time (TG) was 52.61 ± 0.05 wk, intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.04 ♀/♀/wk, and finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.04 times per week. Crawlers first occurred across Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia in 2011-2013 when 524-596 Celsius-degree-days (DDC) had been accumulated with the single sine estimation method, or 411-479 DDC with the simple average method, at the base temperature of 12.8 °C and the start date of 1 January. These regional models accurately predicted the date of crawler emergence within 1 wk of the actual emergence in 2014.
Molecular mapping and genomics of soybean seed protein: a review and perspective for the future.

Genetic improvement of soybean protein meal is a complex process because of negative correlation with oil, yield, and temperature. This review describes the progress in mapping and genomics, identifies knowledge gaps, and highlights the need of integrated approaches. Meal protein derived from soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] seed is the primary source of protein in poultry and livestock feed. Protein is a key factor that determines the nutritional and economical value of soybean. Genetic improvement of soybean seed protein content is highly desirable, and major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for soybean protein have been detected and repeatedly mapped on chromosomes (Chr.) 20 (LG-I), and 15 (LG-E). However, practical breeding progress is challenging because of seed protein content’s negative genetic correlation with seed yield, other seed components such as oil and sucrose, and interaction with environmental effects such as temperature during seed development. In this review, we discuss rate-limiting factors related to soybean protein content and nutritional quality, and potential control factors regulating seed storage protein. In addition, we describe advances in next-generation sequencing technologies for precise detection of natural variants and their integration with conventional and high-throughput genotyping technologies. A syntenic analysis of QTL on Chr. 15 and 20 was performed. Finally, we discuss comprehensive approaches for integrating protein and amino acid QTL, genome-wide association studies, whole-genome resequencing, and transcriptome data to accelerate identification of genomic hot spots for allele introgression and soybean meal protein improvement.
Active Thermochemical Tables: The Adiabatic Ionization Energy of Hydrogen Peroxide

The adiabatic ionization energy of hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) is investigated, both by means of theoretical calculations and theoretically assisted reanalysis of previous experimental data. Values obtained by three different approaches: 10.638 ± 0.012 eV (purely theoretical determination), 10.649 ± 0.005 eV (reanalysis of photoelectron spectrum), and 10.645 ± 0.010 eV (reanalysis of photoionization spectrum) are in excellent mutual agreement. Further refinement of the latter two values to account for asymmetry of the rotational profile of the photoionization origin band leads to a reduction of 0.007 ± 0.006 eV, which tends to bring them into even closer alignment with the purely theoretical value. Detailed analysis of this fundamental quantity by the Active Thermochemical Tables approach, using the present results and extant literature, gives a final estimate of 10.641 ± 0.006 eV.
Causes, Diagnostics, and Distribution of an Ongoing Penaeid Shrimp Black Gill Epidemic in the U.S. South Atlantic Bight

ABSTRACT Penaeid shrimp including Litopenaeus setiferus (white shrimp), Farfantepenaeus aztecus (brown shrimp), and Farfantepenaeus duorarum (pink shrimp) support one of the most valuable commercial fisheries in the U.S. Southeast Atlantic. Since the late 1990s, the fishery, especially in coastal Georgia and South Carolina, has experienced a significant decline. A contributing factor to this decline has been hypothesized to be a severe outbreak of shrimp black gill caused by a ciliate parasite. DNAsequence-based analysis of the gill parasite small subunit rRNA gene identifies the proposed causative agent as being closely related to the apostome ciliate Hyalophysa chattoni; however, morphological characteristics of the ciliate observed by electron microscopy are inconsistent with this identification. Although studies are ongoing to identify this ciliate, it was possible to develop a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the small subunit rRNA gene and use it to investigate the seasonal...
Sounds of Wow: Tape Composition and the Poetics of the Index

Sound artist Joseph Kramer discusses the function of indexical signs when working with magnetic tape and tape loops to elicit a nonsymbolic connection to the past. Compositional and technological strategies using custom devices to employ indexical signification are described.
Quasi-steady diffusion flame theory with variable specific heats and transport coefficients

Abstract A theory is developed to account for the variable nature of the specific heats C and the transport coefficients of thermal and mass diffusion, λ and D, in quasi-steady one-dimensional diffusion flames, using bipropellant droplet combustion as an illustration. In the theory C, λ and D are all temperature dependent whereas C and λ are further concentration-weighted; consequently all the existing variable-property droplet combustion models are special cases of the present generalized model. By allowing these coefficients to assume realistic functional forms, explicit expressions are derived for the concentration-weighted coefficients, the temperature and species profiles, the mass burning rate, and the flame-front standoff ratio. Predicted results yield improved, yet much less ambiguous, agreement with experimental observations. Finally it is shown that such good agreement can also be achieved by utilizing a simplified, temperature-independent, model and by evaluating the concentration-weighted coef...
Defining potential mechanisms by which Cables is lost in ovarian cancer

1547 Cables is a novel cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) binding protein that maps to human chromosome 18q11-12. Cables appears to be primarily involved in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation. Loss of Cables expression is observed in many human cancers, such as colon, lung, and gynecological malignancies. Previously we reported that loss of Cables expression was observed with high frequency in ovarian serous carcinomas, whereas strong Cables staining was detected in all ovarian clear cell and mucinous tumors. However, the exact mechanisms which suppress Cables function are unclear. Predominant mechanisms of gene inactivation include loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and/or specific mutation. Method: We analyzed both normal tissue and primary ovarian serous carcinomas for evidence of Cables LOH using well-characterized markers which flank the Cables locus on chromosome 18. Briefly, DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded normal and tumor tissue from the same patient and LOH was evaluated using the highly polymorphic markers D18S44 and D18S1107. We also assessed whether the Cables gene is a frequent target of mutation in ovarian serous carcinoma. DNA extracted from ovarian serous carcinomas, benign ovarian tumors and genomic DNA from corresponding blood samples was PCR-amplified and sequenced for all exons (1-10) of the Cables gene. Massachusetts General Hospital IRB permission was obtained for use of discarded human tissue/cells derived from MGH Pathology and MGH Ovarian Tumor Bank (M.V.S and R.F.). Results: We observed loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 18 in 6 of 22 ovarian serous carcinomas in at least one of the polymorphic markers analyzed. Our ongoing mutation analysis has detected heterozygous nucleotide alterations in the Cables coding sequence. Conclusions: Our analyses provide evidence to suggest that the loss or suppression of Cables, which is common in ovarian cancer, may be due in part to LOH of chromosome 18 and/or heterozygous nucleotide alterations in the Cables coding sequence. Studies were supported in part by RO1 CA 98333 (BRR) and Advanced Medical Research Foundation (BRR).
Best Practices in Molecular Breast Imaging: A Guide for Technologists

Molecular breast imaging (MBI) technologists are required to possess a combination of nuclear medicine skills and mammographic positioning techniques. Currently, no formal programs offer this type of hybrid technologist training. The purpose of this perspective is to provide a best practices guide for technologists performing MBI. Familiarity with best practices may aid in obtaining high-quality MBI examinations by decreasing the likelihood of image artifacts, positioning problems and other factors that contribute to false negative or false positive findings.
Covert reflexive argument in inalienable relational nouns

This paper argues that inalienable relational nouns in Mandarin Chinese, specifically kinship nouns (e.g. father, sister ) and body-part nouns (e.g. head, face ), have an implicit reflexive argument. Based on a syntactic comparison between kinship nouns, body-part nouns, and locally and long-distance bound reflexives, we argue that the implicit reflexive arguments of kinship nouns and body-part nouns differ from each other: The implicit argument of body-part nouns must be locally bound, whereas that of kinship nouns can either be locally bound or long-distance bound. Therefore, we conclude that these two types of implicit arguments in Mandarin Chinese correspond to locally and long-distance bound reflexives, respectively. Finally, we relate this difference to binding theory and the theory of logophoricity.
Biosolids as a marsh restoration amendment

Abstract As concerns about sea-level rise mount, municipalities in coastal areas are looking to nature-based protection and adaptation. Oftentimes such projects are marsh creations or restorations, where areas of open water are filled with dredged material to an elevation where emergent vegetation can grow. We are investigating ways biosolids can be used as an amendment to dredged material to enhance project outcomes. Marsh mesocosms were constructed in San Francisco Bay and planted with native cordgrass, Spartina foliosa. Some mesocosms contained a subsurface layer of biosolids. Vegetation grown with biosolids had significantly increased number of new shoots, aboveground biomass, and belowground biomass. Vegetation with only dredged material had greater rooting depths but this result was not significant. By combining natural processes with human infrastructure, the application of biosolids for marsh creation is a sustainable practice.
One in three: challenging heteronormative assumptions in family planning health centers.

Abstract Objectives To estimate the prevalence of sexual-minority women among clients in family planning centers and explore differences in LARC uptake by both sexual identity (i.e., exclusively heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, bisexual, lesbian) and sexual behavior in the past 12 months (i.e., only male partners, both male and female partners, only female partners, no partners) among those enrolled in the survey arm of the HER Salt Lake Contraceptive Initiative. Methods This survey categorized participants into groups based on reports of sexual identity and sexual behavior. We report contraceptive uptake by these factors, and we used logistic and multinomial logistic models to assess differences in contraceptive method selection by sexual identity and behavior. Results Among 3901 survey respondents, 32% (n=1230) identified with a sexual-minority identity and 6% had had a female partner in the past 12 months. By identity, bisexual and mostly heterosexual women selected an IUD or implant more frequently than exclusively heterosexual women and demonstrated a preference for the copper T380 IUD. Exclusively heterosexual and lesbian women did not differ in their contraceptive method selection, however, by behavior, women with only female partners selected IUDs or implants less frequently than those with only male partners. Conclusion One in three women attending family planning centers for contraception identified as a sexual minority. Sexual-minority women selected IUDs or implants more frequently than exclusively heterosexual women. Implications Providers should avoid care assumptions based upon sexual identity. Sexual-minority women should be offered all methods of contraception and be provided with inclusive contraceptive counseling conversations.