cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concordance of Adherence Measurement Using Self-Reported Adherence Questionnaires and Medication Monitoring Devices

The primary objective of this review was to identify and examine the literature on the association between medication adherence self-reported questionnaires (SRQs) and medication monitoring devices. The primary literature search was performed for 1980–2009 using PubMed, PubMed In Process and Non-Indexed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process, PsycINFO (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), Ovid HealthStar, EMBASE (Elsevier) and Cochrane Databases and using the following search terms: ‘patient compliance’, ‘medication adherence’, ‘treatment compliance’, ‘drug monitoring’, ‘drug therapy’, ‘electronic’, ‘digital’, ‘computer’, ‘monitor’, ‘monitoring’, ‘drug’, ‘drugs’, ‘pharmaceutical preparations’, ‘compliance’ and ‘medications’. We identified studies that included SRQs and electronic monitoring devices to measure adherence and focused on the SRQs that were found to be moderately to highly correlated with the monitoring devices.
A Self-Contained Model for the Pressure Terms in the Turbulent Stress Equations of the Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract In this paper we develop an abbreviated model for the pressure-gradient velocity correlation terms in the equations for the Reynolds-stress components in the neutral boundary layer. The model contains three terms: a nonlinear return-to-isotropy term, a mean strain-rate term, and a mean vorticity term. There are three free constants in the model, which are determined with the aid of experimental results on the ratios between the Reynolds-stress components in the neutral surface layer. Since three independent equations are involved, the model is self-contained. Through its mean vorticity term, the model incorporates the effects of a rotating coordinate system. The application of the model to a neutral Ekman layer gives realistic results.
Template-based, near-ambient synthesis of crystalline metal-oxide nanotubes, nanowires and coaxial nanotubes

Abstract In response to a growing need for metal-oxide nanotubes and nanowires for nanoelectronic applications and size-effect studies, crystalline nanotubes and nanowires in a range of metal oxides have been synthesized at near-ambient conditions and without the application of heat treatments, pressure or an external electric field. Specifically, the mechanisms of formation of crystalline TiO 2 nanotubes and nanowires from flourine-based liquid precursors inside anodic aluminum oxide templates have been elucidated. This method can be extended to synthesizing nanotubes/nanowires of other crystalline metal oxides, such as ZrO 2 , SnO 2 and FeOOH. Using sequential deposition, TiO 2 /ZrO 2 coaxial nanotubes have been synthesized. In principle, the methods outlined here could be used to fabricate crystalline nanotubes and nanowires of tailored dimensions in other metal oxides. The ability to synthesize, at near-ambient conditions, crystalline metal-oxide nanotubes and nanowires of tailored geometries represents a clear advantage in terms of minimal equipment requirements, low cost and possible incorporation of biomolecules and temperature-sensitive moieties.
Family support, family stress, and suicidal ideation in a combat-exposed sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans.

Background and Objectives: Deployment-related risk factors for suicidal ideation among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans have received a great deal of attention. Studies show that mental health symptoms mediate the association between most deployment stressors and suicidal ideation; however, family-related factors during deployment are largely unexplored. We examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms as mediators of the associations between deployment family support and stress and post-deployment suicidal ideation in combat-exposed OEF/OIF veterans. Design: National cross-sectional mail survey. Methods: 1046 veterans responded to the survey. The sample for this study was 978 veterans who experienced combat. Regression-based path analyses were conducted. Results: Family support and stress had direct associations with suicidal ideation. When PTSD and depression symptoms were examined as mediators of these associations, results revealed sig...
Building Smart Power Utilization Service System by Using Business Process and Cloud Computing Technologies

Abstract Construction of SPUSS (Smart Power Utilization Service System) requires an architecture which is scalable, flexible and can quickly respond to business requirements. Based on the characteristics of cloud computing, SOA and business process technology, the paper discusses on how to use these technologies to build a SPUSS.
THE FUNCTIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY OF OLD MEN.

Means, standard deviations, and percentiles are presented for forty-seven functional measurements of 133 ambulatory Spanish-American War veterans with a mean age of 81.6 years and an age range from 72 to 91 years. Practical applications of the data are noted. As compared with younger men, the veterans were smaller, lighter, weaker, and had shorter reaches but deeper chests. Their skinfolds did not differ.
The market valuation effects of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989

Abstract This paper evaluates the stock market effects of events leading to the passage of the Financial Institutions Reforms, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989. The evidence suggests that the signing of the Act by President Bush produced positive abnormal returns for both banks and S&Ls and that the addition of tougher capital standards produced positive returns for S&Ls. In addition, the Act increased the risk of both banks and S&Ls.
Water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition of plants in a cold desert environment

The effects of the availabilities of water and nitrogen on water use efficiency (WUE) of plants were investigated in a sagebrush steppe. The four species studied wereArtemisia tridentata (shrub),Ceratoides lanata (suffrutescent shrub),Elymus lanceolatus (rhizomatous grass), andElymus elymoides (tussock grass). Water and nitrogen levels were manipulated in a two-by-two factorial design resulting in four treatments: control (no additions), added water, added nitrogen, and added water and nitrogen. One instantaneous and two long-term indicators of WUE were used to testa priori predictions of the ranking of WUE among treatments. The short-term indicator was the instantaneous ratio of assimilation to transpiration (A/E). The long-term measures were 1) the slope of the relationship between conductance to water vapor and maximum assimilation and 2) the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant material. Additional water decreased WUE, whereas additional nitrogen increased WUE. For both A/E and δ13C, the mean for added nitrogen alone was significantly greater than the mean for added water alone, and means for the control and added water and nitrogen fell in between. This ranking of WUE supported the hypothesis that both water and nitrogen limit plant gas exchange in this semiarid environment. The short- and long-term indicators were in agreement, providing evidence in support of theoretical models concerning the water cost of carbon assimilation.
Utilization of an evaporative light scattering detector for high-performance size-exclusion chromatography of galacturonic acid oligomers.

Abstract A high-performance size-exclusion chromatography–evaporative light scattering detector method was used to separate, detect and quantify galacturonic acid (GA) oligomers. In 40 mM acetic acid GA monomer, dimer and trimer could be separated with baseline resolution but polygalacturonic acid (PGA) precipitated and could not be eluted from the column. An NH4OAc, pH 3.7, buffer was developed as the eluent which separated GA oligomers as well as PGA and pectin without precipitation. Linear calibration curves for mono-, di- and tri-GA were produced with this buffer which could be used to estimate masses of tetra-, penta- and hexa-GA, as well as 19mer and 20mer.
Pre-images of invariant sets of a discrete-time two-species competition model

In this paper, we explore the structure of pre-images of invariant sets of a discrete-time two-species competition model with singularity at the origin. We first show that this competition model is persistent with respect to the total population of two species, i.e. all initial conditions in are attracted to a compact set which is bounded away from the origin. Then we study the properties of pre-images of this system and give the explicit structure of all pre-images of invariant sets for this system under certain parameter range. These results are analogous to the one-dimensional discrete system. Our study is the first step to explore the structure of the basins of attractions of interior attractors of a general discrete-time two-species model (e.g. the locally asymptotically stable interior period-2 orbit). Finally, we discuss how our results give useful insights on the future study for coexistence of the species and list some open problems related to our system.
Prevalence of HAGL lesions and associated abnormalities on shoulder MR examination

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) is an uncommon shoulder injury. We report the prevalence of HAGL lesions and other associated shoulder injuries in a large series of shoulder MR examinations. All results were correlated with surgery. MR reports of 1,000 consecutive conventional shoulder MR exams performed on patients with shoulder pain were reviewed in our information system for the word HAGL. A total of 743 patients went on to surgery. There were 23 HAGL lesions reported at surgery. Those 23 examinations were reviewed retrospectively in consensus by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Scans were assessed for HAGL lesions, full or partial thickness supraspinatus, infraspinatus or subscapularis tendon tears, superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears, anterior or posterior labral tears, and Hill–Sachs lesions. All 23 patients had HAGL lesions at surgery. Sixteen HAGL lesions were seen on prospective MR reading and 17 HAGL lesions were seen on retrospective MR consensus reading. Six HAGL lesions were not seen on retrospective consensus reading. Sixteen patients had Hill–Sachs deformities, ten had subscapularis tendon tears, five had supraspinatus tendon tears, six had superior labral tearing, and six had anterior labral tears. The above findings were confirmed on arthroscopy. In this series, there was a 1.6 % prevalence on all MR examinations, and prevalence of 2.1 % seen on MR examination for those who went to surgery. Common injuries associated with HAGL lesions are Hill–Sachs deformities and subscapularis tendon tears. Anterior labral tears were seen in only six cases despite Hill–Sachs deformities in 16 patients. In patients with Hill–Sachs deformities without anterior labral tears, one must carefully assess for the presence of a HAGL lesion.
New polyfluoroalkoxysulfonyl fluorides (II)

Abstract The reaction of CF 2 CF 2 OS O 2 with haloalkanes (RX, X = I, Br) in the presence of metal fluorides, MF (M = Cs + , Ag + ) was studied as a means for preparing novel reactive polyfluoroalkoxysulfonyl fluorides. The following compounds have been prepared and characterized: ROCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F where R = OCH 2 C HCH 2 , (CH 3 ) 3 SiCH 2 , (CF 3 ) 2 CFCH 2 CH 2 , HCCCH 2 , BrCH=CHCH 2 ( cis and trans ), CH 2 =CBrCH 2 , (CH 3 CH 2 O) 2 P(O)CH 2 CH 2 , CH 3 CH 2 OPF(O)CH 2 CH 2 . Infrared, mass and nmr spectra are presented in order to support the assigned structures.
Cultural Persuasion in Lexicographical Space: Dictionaries as Site of Nineteenth-Century Epideictic Rhetoric

This article discusses two nineteenth-century rhetors who engaged in cultural persuasion through their respective lexicons. It argues that lexicography served an epideictic function in nineteenth-century culture, entering educational values and pervading print culture. Nineteenth-century lexicography functioned epideictically as a storehouse of cultural values and influenced the discourse of nineteenth-century rhetorics, evidenced in their concern with clarity, usage, and the disambiguation of language. But there is an acceptance and awareness of the inherent ambiguity of language in nineteenth-century rhetoric, which is also reflected in other satirical lexicons. The two poles of lexicography in theory and practice illustrate how dictionaries became a site of cultural dialogue and dissent.
Probing Red Cell Membrane Cholesterol Movement with Cyclodextrin

We probed the kinetics with which cholesterol moves across the human red cell bilayer and exits the membrane using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin as an acceptor. The fractional rate of cholesterol transfer (% s(-1)) was unprecedented, the half-time at 37 degrees C being ~1 s. The kinetics observed under typical conditions were independent of donor concentration and directly proportional to acceptor concentration. The rate of exit of membrane cholesterol fell hyperbolically to zero with increasing dilution. The energy of activation for cholesterol transfer was the same at high and low dilution; namely, 27-28 Kcal/mol. This behavior is not consistent with an exit pathway involving desorption followed by aqueous diffusion to acceptors nor with a simple one-step collision mechanism. Rather, it is that predicted for an activation-collision mechanism in which the reversible partial projection of cholesterol molecules out of the bilayer precedes their collisional capture by cyclodextrin. Because the entire membrane pool was transferred in a single first-order process under all conditions, we infer that the transbilayer diffusion (flip-flop) of cholesterol must have proceeded faster than its exit, i.e., with a half-time of <1 s at 37 degrees C.
Analysis of cell membrane permeabilization mechanics and pore shape due to ultrashort electrical pulsing.

Cell membrane permeabilization mechanics and the resulting shape of nanopores in response to electrical pulsing are probed based on a continuum approach. This has implications for electropermeabilization and cell membrane transport. It is argued that small pores resulting from high-intensity (~100 kV/cm), nanosecond pulsing would have an initial asymmetric shape. This would lead to asymmetric membrane current–voltage characteristics, at least at early times. The role of the cytoskeleton is ignored here, but can be expected to additionally contribute to such asymmetries. Furthermore, we show that the pore shape and membrane conduction would be dynamic, and evolve toward a symmetric characteristic over time. This duration has been shown to be in the micro-second range.
Temporal Relation Identification and Classification in Clinical Notes

We examine the task of temporal relation classification for the clinical domain. Our approach to this task departs from existing ones in that it is (1) knowledge-rich, employing sophisticated knowledge derived from semantic and discourse relations, and (2) hybrid, combining the strengths of rule-based and learning-based approaches. Evaluation results on the i2b2 Clinical Temporal Relations Challenge corpus show that our approach yields a 15--21% and 6--13% relative reduction in error over a state-of-the-art learning-based baseline system when gold-standard and automatically identified temporal relations are used, respectively.
Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in acid fermentation.

Wild typeE. coli ferments glucose to a mixture of ethanol and acetic, lactic, formic, and succinic acids. Mutants defective in acid production have now been isolated, including those defective in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or with excess alcohol dehydrogenase. These mutations had no phenotype without apfl mutation. Novel mutants affecting acetate metabolism were isolated by insertion of the fusion vector Mudl. TheseaceG mutants cannot grow anaerobically on glucose or aerobically on acetate yet lack the pleiotropic growth defects of previously knownpta/ack mutants. In some genetic backgrounds acetate negative mutations suppress the growth defects ofadh mutations. These results are discussed in terms of redox balance.
Efficient soft error vulnerability estimation of complex designs

Analyzing design vulnerability for soft errors has become a challenging process in large systems with a large number of memory elements. Error injection in a complex system with a sufficiently large sample of error candidates for reasonable accuracy takes a large amount of time. In this paper we describe RAVEN, a statistical method to estimate the outcomes of a system in the presence of soft errors injected into flip-flops, as well as the vulnerability for each memory element. This method takes advantage of fast local simulations for each error injection, and calculates the probabilities for the system outcomes for every possible soft error in a period of time. Experimental results, on an out-of-order processor with SPECINT2000 workloads, show that RAVEN is an order of magnitude faster compared with traditional error injection while maintaining accuracy.
The reproductive biology of the dab Limanda limanda (L.) in the North Sea: gonosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and condition factor

Measurements have been made of the annual cyclical changes in gonosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (K) in male and female dab Limanda limanda (L.). There is a direct correlation between HSI and K, and an inverse correlation of these factors to GSI but with a three month lag. It was also found that the lower (‘ventral’) ovaries were invariably heavier than the upper (‘dorsal’) ovaries at all times, and a similar relationship was found in testes prior to and during the spawning season.
Effects of spring prescribed burning and wildfires on watershed nitrogen dynamics of central Idaho headwater areas

Abstract Fire is known for its potential to profoundly affect nitrogen (N) dynamics in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, few studies have investigated fire effects on several important watershed N pools simultaneously or have directly compared effects of spring prescribed burns and wildfires that occurred in the same geographic area. We simultaneously measured N concentrations in soil, understory plant foliage, streamwater, and in-stream moss in paired (burned/unburned) headwater watersheds of replicated spring prescribed burns and wildfires in several growing seasons after fire. Watershed-scale burn severity, estimated via the satellite image-derived, reflectance-based delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), was significantly higher (P
Mechanical properties of graphyne

Abstract Carbon nanotubes and graphene have paved the way for the next step in the evolution of carbon materials. Among the novel forms of carbon allotropes is graphyne – a two-dimensional lattice of sp–sp2-hybridized carbon atoms similar to graphene for which recent progress has been made in synthesizing dehydrobenzoannulene precursors that form subunits of graphyne. Here, we characterize the mechanical properties of single-atomic-layer graphyne sheets by full atomistic first-principles-based ReaxFF molecular dynamics. Atomistic modeling is carried out to determine its mechanical properties for both in-plane and bending deformation including material failure, as well as intersheet adhesion. Unlike graphene, the fracture strain and stress of graphyne depends strongly on the direction of the applied strain and the alignment with carbon triple-bond linkages, ranging from 48.2 to 107.5 GPa with ultimate strains of 8.2–13.2%. The intersheet adhesion and out-of-plane bending stiffnesses are comparable to graphene, despite the density of graphyne being only one-half of that of graphene. Unlike graphene, the sparser carbon arrangement in graphyne combined with the directional dependence on the acetylenic groups results in internal stiffening dependent on the direction of applied loading, leading to a nonlinear stress–strain behavior.
IS SKIN PREPARATION NECESSARY BEFORE INSULIN INJECTION

The effect of routine skin preparation on skin bacterial flora was measured in thirteen insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 5 seconds of skin cleansing of sites on the leg, arm, and abdomen with 70% isopropyl alcohol reduced bacterial counts by 82-91%. During a 3-5 month observation period the subjects omitted skin preparation before insulin injection every other week. More than 1700 insulin injections were given without skin preparation. No signs of local or systemic infection were observed. These results indicate that routine skin preparation with alcohol before insulin injection markedly reduces skin bacterial-counts but may not be necessary to prevent infection at the injection sites.
Dietary grape-seed proanthocyanidin inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced immune suppression is associated with induction of IL-12

We have shown previously that dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) inhibit UVB-induced photocarcinogenesis in mice. As UVB-induced immune suppression has been implicated in the development of skin cancer risk, we investigated whether dietary GSPs can modulate the effects of UVB on the immune system. We found that the UVB-induced (180 mJ/cm2) ear swelling response (inflammatory reaction) was significantly lower in mice fed with a GSP-supplemented (0.5 and 1.0%, w/w) diet than mice fed with the standard AIN76A diet. Dietary GSPs markedly inhibited UVB-induced (180 mJ/cm2) suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses in a local model of immunosuppression but had only moderate inhibitory effect in a systemic model of immunosuppression. Dietary GSPs reduced the UVB-induced increase in immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in skin and draining lymph nodes compared with mice that did not receive GSPs. In contrast, GSPs enhanced the production of immunostimulatory cytokine IL-12 in the draining lymph nodes. Intraperitoneal injection of GSPs-fed mice with a neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibody abrogated the protective effects of the GSPs against UVB-induced suppression of the contact hypersensitivity response. These data indicate for the first time that GSPs modulate UVB-induced immunosuppression and suggest that this may be one of the possible mechanisms by which they prevent photocarcinogenesis in mice.
A comparison of the optimal multiplier in polar and rectangular coordinates

Studies of the optimal multiplier (or optimal step size) modification to the standard Newton-Raphson (NR) load flow have mainly focused on highly stressed and unsolvable systems. This paper extends these previous studies by comparing performance of the NR load flow with and without optimal multipliers for a variety of unstressed, stressed, and unsolvable systems. Also, the impact of coordinate system choice in representing the voltage phasor at each bus is considered. In total, four solution methods are compared: the NR algorithm with and without optimal multipliers using polar and rectangular coordinates. This comparison is carried out by combining analysis of the optimal multiplier technique with empirical results for two-bus, 118-bus, and 10 274-bus test cases. These results indicate that the polar NR load flow with optimal multipliers is the best method of solution for both solvable and unsolvable cases.
Multiparous species present problems (and possibilities) to developmentalists

Multiparous species present a special set of problems and opportunities for study design and analysis. The present review reintroduces old concerns and raises new ones with empirical illustrations. Evidence is presented that litter effects are pervasive and persist into adulthood. Unaccounted for, they lead to spurious findings, inflate real effect sizes and produce false negatives. Furthermore, two-stage sampling, the practice of sampling only a subset of littermates from dams, can lower reliability, and therefore power, to unacceptable levels. In addition, the greater sensitivity offered by within-litter analyses over between-litter analyses is demonstrated. Statistical and experimental solutions are suggested and referenced. Surveys of recent developmental studies showed that the great majority do not attend to these issues, thereby casting doubt on the validity of their positive and negative findings. All developmentalists can strengthen their research by systematically addressing these concerns in study design and analysis.
Theoretical insights into fault-based testing

The author presents a framework that characterizes fault-based testing schemes based on how many prespecified faults are considered and on the contextual information used to deduce the absence of those faults. Established methods of fault-based testing are placed within this framework. Most methods either are limited to finite fault classes or focus on local effects of faults rather than global effects. A novel method of fault-based testing, called symbolic testing, is presented by which infinitely many prespecified faults can be proved to be absent from a program on the basis of the global effect the faults would have if they were present. Circumstances are discussed as to when testing with a finite test set is sufficient to prove that infinitely many prespecified faults are not present in program. >
Adapting connected d-hop dominating sets to topology changes in wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, a clustering structure can be a backbone for efficient communications. Simplicity in communications can be achieved when the clusters can more simply communicate with each other. One way to achieve this is to require that the clusterheads be connected. We would also like to be able to adapt quickly to small changes in the network. In graph-theoretic terminology, a minimum set of such clusterheads is a minimum connected d-hop dominating set. In this paper, we show that the problem of adapting minimum connected d-hop dominating sets to local topology changes in wireless ad hoc networks is NP-complete. We then propose a heuristic to adapt a given minimal connected d-hop dominating set to a topology change in the networks. A distributed implementation of the heuristic is also presented.
Moral Purity and Persecution in History. By Barrington Moore, Jr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 158p. $19.95.

From time out of mind, people have killed, maimed, and oppressed one another in two sorts of conflicts: over material interests (real estate, slave labor, agricultural surplus, war booty, and so on) and over what Max Weber would have termed "ideal interests" (conflicts over ultimate meanings, salvation, principles of justice, definitions of social order). Barrington Moore's classical and landmark study, Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966), explored the first mode of conflict in the making of modern nation-states. All social scientists are forever in his debt for that effort. It ranks as one of the most important contributions to the fields of comparative and historical sociology.
An Improvement in Staining Technic for Protozoa

A modification of Donaldson's iodine-eosin stain for staining intestinal protozoa is presented. This modification consists of using high dilutions of colloidal iodine (Chandler)2 instead of Lugol's solution as well as high dilutions of eosin. A better resolution of the external and internal structures is brought about by the new method.The procedure is as follows: A portion of the fecal material to be examined is suspended in a 0.6% salt solution; the suspension should be of a consistency so that one drop will make a satisfactory microscope mount under a cover glass. To ten parts of this suspension, in a test tube, is added one part of the stain which is prepared as follows:—10 parts of distilled water6 parts of a suspension of colloidal iodine (Chandler) containing 4% iodine—20% iodine suspensoid, Merck1 part of a 10% water solution of anilin red, Merck (eosin yellowish)Technicians will find, because iodine in the form of colloidal iodine is readily released to the organisms, that the use of this materia...
Betting on Gilbert-Elliot channels

In this paper a communication system operating over a Gilbert-Elliot channel is studied. The goal of the transmitter is to maximize the number of successfully transmitted bits. This is achieved by choosing among three possible actions: (i) betting aggressively by using a weak code that allows transmission with a high data rate but provides no protection against a bad channel, ii) betting conservatively by using a strong code that perfectly protects the communication against a bad channel but does not allow a high data rate, iii) betting opportunistically by sensing the channel for a fixed duration and then deciding which code to use. The problem is formulated and solved using the theory of Markov decision processes (MDPs). It is shown that the optimal strategy has a simple threshold structure. Closed form expressions and simplified procedures for the computation of the threshold policies in terms of the system parameters are provided.
SOFT OPPOSITION : ELITE ACQUIESCENCE AND KLAN-SPONSORED TERRORISM IN ALABAMA, 1946–1950

The traditional division of the Klan phenomenon into three or four separate outbreaks (Reconstruction, 1920s, post-1954, and post-1979) is a useful organizing construct for scholars, but is deceptively simple and not necessarily reflective of reality. Alabama's KKK is examined immediately following World War II. During this alleged period of dormancy there is, instead, a thriving Klan presence in perhaps the most racist of the deep South states. Postwar Alabama was especially tense as black voting registration aspirations and the growing appeal of biracial economic liberalism challenged the status quo. Klan resurgence was part of a determined white supremacist reaction. The concept of soft opposition is also coined and introduced to describe the efforts of elites to combat the Klan. While waging a vigorous opposition, elites were not so concerned with Klan depredations as abominations in and of themselves; rather, they were worried about the threat of federal intervention into southern race relations in response to violence. They opposed Klan excesses to perpetuate traditional elite, white control over southern blacks. Such opposition, while genuine, was less than effective, altruistic, or hard opposition; the kind needed to eliminate the Klan as an accepted part of southern society, which evolved only after 1979.
Failing to Learn? The Effects of Failure and Success on Organizational Learning in the Global Orbital Launch Vehicle Industry

It is unclear whether the common finding of improved organizational performance with increasing organizational experience is driven by learning from success, learning from failure, or some combination of the two. We disaggregate these types of experience and address their relative (and interactive) effects on organizational performance in the orbital launch vehicle industry. We find that organizations learn more effectively from failures than successes, that knowledge from failure depreciates more slowly than knowledge from success, and that prior stocks of experience and the magnitude of failure influence how effectively organizations can learn from various forms of experience.
A RAPID METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING THE ORIGIN OF NORTH AMERICAN PHRAGMITES POPULATIONS USING RFLP ANALYSIS

The common reed,Phragmites australis, is a common feature in wetlands across North America. Recent studies have suggested that the widespread invasions of this species may be due to the introduction of a non-native strain from EurAsia. Since native population types is needed to facilitate management of ulations are also found, a method for distinguishing population persist in many areas where introduced populations are also found, a method for distinguishing population types is needed to facilitate management of the species. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed to distinguish native, non-native, and Gulf Coast type populations ofPhragmites from each other. Two amplified non-coding chloroplast DNA regions are each cut with one restriction enzyme, allowing the distinction of native, non-native and Gulf Coast haplotypes from each other. When used together, these cut sites provide a low cost, rapid way of determining the origin ofPhragmites populations.
Indigenous Intellectuals: Knowledge, Power, and Colonial Culture in Mexico and the Andes

This welcome anthology brings together leading scholars of the Andes and Mexico in examining an under-served historical population, colonial indigenous intellectuals. Leading scholars in the ethno-...
TWO-PHONON TRIPLET IN $sup 136$Ba AND DECAY OF $sup 136$La.

Over twenty $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays have been detected in the decay of 9.9-min $^{136}\mathrm{La}$. A high-resolution 30-cc Ge(Li) detector was used in conjunction with a pileup-rejector network which allowed the collection of undistorted data with a 40% dead time. Analysis of these data indicate levels at (${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$); 818.51 (${2}^{+}$), 1551.1 (${2}^{+}$), 1579.01 (${0}^{+}$), 2080.6 (${2}^{+}$), 2128.92 (${1}^{+}$), 2141.50 (${0}^{+}$), 2284.5 (${0}^{+}$, 1,2), 2315.42 (${0}^{+}$), (2322) (?), 2485.4 (${1}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${2}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$), 2531.7 (${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), (2609.9) (?), (2670.5) (?), and 2773 keV. Our results are compared to those of reaction spectroscopy. The most notable difference between our more complete data and analysis and those of previous decay-scheme studies is that we find evidence that the second ${2}^{+}$ state is at 1551.1 keV, and that we assign the state at 1579.01 keV to be the ${0}^{+}$ member of the two-phonon triplet.
Thermal stability and electrical conductivity of carbon-enriched silicon oxycarbide

Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) is an interesting polymer-derived system that can be tailored to embody many different properties such as lightweight, electrochemical activity, and high temperature stability. One intriguing property that has not been fully explored is the electrical conductivity for the carbon-rich SiOC compositions. In this study, a carbon-rich SiOC system is created based on the crosslinking and pyrolysis of polyhydromethylsiloxane (PHMS) and divinylbenzene (DVB) mixed precursors. The carbon-rich nature can effectively delay SiOC phase separation and crystallization into SiO2 and SiC during pyrolysis. In an oxidizing air atmosphere, the SiOC materials are stable up to 1000 °C with <0.5 wt% weight loss. Before the onset of electrical conductivity drop at ∼400 °C, the material has electrical conductivity as high as 4.28 S cm−1. In an inert argon atmosphere, the conductivity is as high as 4.64 S cm−1. This new semi-conducting behavior with high thermal stability presents promising application potential for high temperature MEMS devices, protective coatings, and bulk semi-conducting components that must endure high temperature conditions.
Model of arthropod predation on velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in soybeans

A model of arthropod predation on small (second instars) velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), in Florida soybeans is presented. Predation is mathematically described as a function of the number of prey and predators, predator search, and soybean leaf area. Predator search was determined to be a negative exponential function of prey density whereby predators searched less area as prey density increased. Prey density was defined in consideration of the size of the predators' searching universe (the soybean leaf area) as the number of prey per square centimeter of leaf area. The influence of plant growth on predator search and predation is discussed.
The Experiences of the Liquor Business in the New York Area with Fair-Trade Laws

EDITOR'S NOTE: This article was prepared under the direction of Professor R. S. Alexander in a seminar in marketing. It is published in the hope that it may suggest to others a continuing source of materialfor the 7ournal. In submitting the article, Professor Alexander appended the following note: "The opinions which Mr. Miller expresses in it concerning the general desirability offair-trade laws are quite contrary to those which I hold. His paper is so well prepared, however, and the material with which it deals is of sufficient interest as a case study of the effects of such laws in a single industry, that it deserves publication."
Abstract 1281: POLD3 is required for DNA damage response to endogenous and exogenous DNA damage in human cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induces mutations in a nonlinear (hockey-stick-shaped) dose-response curve in DT40 cells, about 55% of which are located at A:T sites with a high frequency of A to T mutations. We hypothesized that these transversion mutations are due to base excision repair (BER) intermediates, such as abasic sites and single strand breaks derived from N3-methyladenine. One candidate polymerase to bypass abasic sites is polymerase delta (POLD). POLD is responsible for the lagging strand during DNA replication. POLD is referred to as a high fidelity DNA polymerase because of its ability to discriminate deoxynucleotides and its 3’->5’ exo-nuclease activity. One of the POLD subunits, POLD3, is important to recruit PCNA binding to the POLD core enzyme and is implied to have critical roles for translesion DNA synthesis. In yeast, cells deficient in POLD3 homologous gene POL32 are sensitive to DNA damaging agents and resistant to mutations caused by mutagens, such as MMS and UV. Here we generated POLD3 knock-down (KD) cells via lentivirus based shRNA in three different human cell lines. All POLD3 KD cells grow slower than the control cells, suggesting POLD3 function tolerates endogenous DNA lesions. Furthermore, we found that POLD3 KD cells were sensitive to various genotoxic agents including MMS and potassium chromate. To further investigate the role of POLD3 in the DNA damage response, we introduced a series of deletion mutations of POLD3 in POLD3 deficient cells. We found that both the POLD2 binding domain and the middle linker domain are critical for the activity of POLD3 while the C-terminal PCNA binding domain is dispensable. While there is little homology between human POLD3 and yeast POL32, function of these two proteins appears to be quite similar in structure biology analysis. Our results also suggest that POLD3 plays important roles to bypass DNA lesions caused by endogenous and various exogenous genotoxic agents. Citation Format: Xu Tian, James Swenberg, Jun Nakamura. POLD3 is required for DNA damage response to endogenous and exogenous DNA damage in human cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1281. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1281
Etiologies, Quantitative Hypoesthesia, and Clinical Outcomes of Neurotrophic Keratopathy.

Objectives To report a series of patients with neurotrophic keratopathy and to correlate visual outcomes with the causative condition, grade of ulceration, and degree of cornea hypoesthesia. Methods A retrospective review of patients with neurotrophic keratopathy was conducted. The causality, visual acuities, ulcer grade, quantitative corneal sensitivity, treatments, and ocular comorbidities were recorded. Results Forty-six eyes were identified, and 20 experienced corneal sensation quantified by the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Diabetes followed by herpes simplex and neurosurgical sequelae were the most common causes. Grade II ulcers were the most commonly seen ulcers. Twenty-eight percent of eyes failed conservative treatment and required surgical therapy. Overall, the initial (20/289) and final (20/158) acuities were poor, although the improvement was significant (P=0.05). However, there was no difference in visual recovery by disease (P=0.46). There was little correlation between ulcer grade and visual improvement (rs=0.24). Corneal sensation ranged from 0 to 3 cm generally for all causality of disease. There were little correlations between corneal hypoesthesia and ulcer grade (rs=-0.25), between corneal hypoesthesia and visual improvement (r=0.16), or between corneal hypoesthesia and final visual outcome (r=-0.36). A large percentage of eyes had significant ocular comorbidities. Conclusions Visual outcomes for neurotrophic keratopathy can be poor because of both the cornea and the underlying disease. We did not find correlations regarding the causality of the disease, severity of ulceration, or degree of hypoesthesia with visual recovery or outcome. We hope future studies will shed further light on the disease to help better predict patient outcomes and thereby improve therapies.
Tipping Practices in Food and Beverage Operations: A Longitudinal Study

Convention hotels with large kitchens and dining facilities contribute significantly to culinary sciences as laboratories for product and service innovations. In foodservice operations, services are intricately interrelated with tipping. However, the nature of tipping, rate of tipping, and effect of external and internal factors on tipping vary significantly across political and cultural boundaries as well as across types of foodservice operations. The current study investigates the role of employee gender in explaining the relationship between a hotel department and tip rates recorded using a secondary data set collected from a convention hotel. The results indicate that even within a hotel, tipping rates vary between the departments. Gender of an employee was also found to be an important factor. Relatively higher gender differences were noted between the in-room service department and bars with reference to tipping.
Curricular Innovations at the Intersection of Subsistence and Sustainability

“The challenge of education is to prepare students for their future – not our past” – Anonymous
Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

Effective motor performance is important for surviving and thriving, and skilled movement is critical in many activities. Much theorizing over the past few decades has focused on how certain practice conditions affect the processing of task-related information to affect learning. Yet, existing theoretical perspectives do not accommodate significant recent lines of evidence demonstrating motivational and attentional effects on performance and learning. These include research on (a) conditions that enhance expectancies for future performance, (b) variables that influence learners' autonomy, and (c) an external focus of attention on the intended movement effect. We propose the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning. We suggest that motivational and attentional factors contribute to performance and learning by strengthening the coupling of goals to actions. We provide explanations for the performance and learning advantages of these variables on psychological and neuroscientific grounds. We describe a plausible mechanism for expectancy effects rooted in responses of dopamine to the anticipation of positive experience and temporally associated with skill practice. Learner autonomy acts perhaps largely through an enhanced expectancy pathway. Furthermore, we consider the influence of an external focus for the establishment of efficient functional connections across brain networks that subserve skilled movement. We speculate that enhanced expectancies and an external focus propel performers' cognitive and motor systems in productive "forward" directions and prevent "backsliding" into self- and non-task focused states. Expected success presumably breeds further success and helps consolidate memories. We discuss practical implications and future research directions.
Black Landowners Beware: A Proposal for Statutory Reform

Black people have been losing their land at an alarming rate and may soon become an entirely landless people. Black ownership of land has declined from a peak of 15 million acres in 1910 to 5.5 million today, reflecting the disappearance of one of the most significant means of producing wealth available to black people. Although this land loss is associated with larger trends in the American economy which have spelled the demise of the small farmer generally, the historic oppression of black people plays a special and critical part in the decrease of black land ownership.
Communication predictors and consequences of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) discussions in oncology visits

Objective Cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), but do not routinely talk about it with their clinicians. This study describes CAM discussions in oncology visits, the communication patterns that facilitate these discussions and their association with visit satisfaction.
Comparative transcriptomics support evolutionary convergence of diapause responses across Insecta

Diapause is a common phenotype that is broadly phylogenetically dispersed across Insecta and appears to have multiple evolutionary origins. Nevertheless, there are clear commonalities in diapause regulation across insect taxa. In the present study, we report a meta-analysis of diapause whole transcriptomic data sets from 11 different insect species that addresses three questions: (i) how similar are whole-transcriptome diapause responses across species within and across different diapause life-cycle stages; (ii) do the most closely-related species demonstrate the most similar diapause responses within and across diapause life-cycle stages (the existence of phylogenetic signal); and (iii) is there a core set of regulatory genes that universally associate with insect diapause at the transcript level? The included species are mostly Dipterans (n = 9), plus one species each from Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. The group includes multiple species that enter diapause as either larvae, pupae or adults. We establish a set of 4791 orthologous transcript sequences with expression data acquired from published studies of diapause transcriptomes. We find no support for phylogenetic signal. Transcriptomic responses of nondipterans clustered within rather than outside of Dipteran responses. However, expression profiles do tend to cluster with the diapause stage of developmental arrest, although this pattern is only moderately supported. We identify a statistically significant set of 542 orthologues (11% of all orthologues) that are commonly differentially regulated during diapause across all included species. From this core set, we identify candidate genes participating in circadian rhythmicity, insulin signalling and Wnt signalling, which are pathways previously associated with insect diapause development. Clustering relationships among species are most consistent with evolutionary convergence of the shared transcriptomic response, although we are unable to determine whether this reflects convergence of the diapause initiation, maintenance or termination phases.
A wide band polarization independent metamaterial based electromagnetic absorber

In this research, a wide band metamaterial based electromagnetic absorber is designed and analyzed. The absorber consists of split ring resonators on the top of which resistive sheets are placed. The split ring resonators are excited by the magnetic flux passing through them. At resonance frequency the input impedance of the absorber approaches to that of free space (377 Ω) due to which maximum energy absorption occurs. Absorption efficiency, maximum up to 95% is achieved from 17–19 GHz frequency range both for TE and TM polarizations.