cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACTIVATION OF FACILITATION CALCIUM CHANNELS IN CHROMAFFIN CELLS BY D1 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS THROUGH A CAMP/PROTEIN KINASE A-DEPENDENT MECHANISM

Facilitation calcium channels in unstimulated bovine chromaffin cells are normally quiescent but are activated by large pre-depolarizations or by repetitive depolarization in the physiological range. The activation of these 27-pS dihydropyridine-sensitive channels by repetitive stimulation, such as by increased splanchnic nerve activity, can lead to an almost twofold increase in Ca2+ current in these cells. This increase in Ca2+ current is of probable physiological importance in stimulating rapid catecholamine secretion in response to danger or stress. We have identified D1 dopaminergic receptors on bovine chromaffin cells by fluorescence microscopy. Here we show that stimulation of the D1 receptors activates the facilitation Ca2+ currents in the absence of pre-depolarizations or repetitive activity, and that activation by D1 agonists is mediated by cyclic AMP and protein kinase A. The recruitment of facilitation Ca2+ channels by dopamine may form the basis of a positive feedback loop mechanism for catecholamine secretion.
Determinants of Right Ventricular Afterload (2013 Grover Conference Series)

Right ventricular (RV) afterload consists of both resistive and capacitive (pulsatile) components. Total afterload can be measured directly with pulmonary artery input impedance spectra or estimated, either with lumped-parameter modeling or by pressure-volume analysis. However, the inverse, hyperbolic relationship between resistance and compliance in the lung would suggest that the pulsatile components are a predictable and constant proportion of the resistive load in most situations, meaning that total RV load can be estimated from mean resistive load alone. Exceptions include elevations in left atrial pressures and, to a lesser extent, chronic thromboembolic disease. The pulsatile components may also play a more significant role at normal or near-normal pulmonary artery pressures. Measures of coupling between RV afterload and RV contractility may provide important information not apparent by other clinical and hemodynamic measures. Future research should be aimed at development of noninvasive measures of coupling.
Photooxygenation of strained epoxides

Abstract Photooxygenation of strained epoxides, type 1, in the presence of DCA or TCA afforded ozonide 2 in different ratios. A mechanism involving trapping of a radical cation by 3O2 is proposed. Trapping of an ylide intermediate by 1O2 is also considered in the DCA-sensitized photooxygenation.
End invariants of amalgamated free products

Abstract It is known that a closed aspherical manifold of dimension greater than or equal to five is covered by Euclidean space if and only if its fundamental group is 1-LC at infinity. In this paper theorems will be proved giving sufficient conditions for G , an amalgamated free product or HNN group, to be 1-LC at infinity and other conditions will be given which are sufficient for G to be not 1-LC at infinity. It is also proved that none of the groups which are shown to be not 1-LC at infinity can actually be the fundamental group of an aspherical manifold.
A Profile of Mexican-Born Women Who Adhere to National Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations

The purpose of this study was to examine Mexican-born women's utilization and adherence to cervical cancer screening guidelines. Ninety-seven women in the southeastern United States participated. Data were collected in Spanish. The majority of women met adherence guidelines for the pap exam. Marital status, educational attainment, marianismo, blood pressure knowledge, fatalism, cultural cancer beliefs, trust in provider, and perceived provider communication abilities were not associated with utilization or adherence to screening guidelines. This study had higher than expected adherence to screening guidelines. Nearly all women received screenings through safety net services indicating the need to advocate for continued public health funding.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus

Chick embryo cells in tissue culture infected with Newcastle disease virus incorporate [3H]uridine into at least four viral-specific RNA components in the presence of actinomycin D. The three RNA components which are found in greatest amount, 18, 22 and 35 s, are predominantly single stranded and almost completely complementary to viral RNA. They probably share base sequences in part and their sum does not complete the entire complement of viral RNA. The fourth viral-specific RNA component found in infected cells sediments with characteristics of viral RNA (57 s) and is present in smaller amounts than are the other three. Annealing studies indicate that the 57 s component probably consists of a mixture of viral RNA and its intact complement in a ratio of about 2 to 1. A small and variable amount of base-paired RNA, which is resistant to digestion by pancreatic RNase, is found in the 35 s and 57 s components. All four labeled RNA components are found almost exclusively in the cytoplasm after incubating infected cells with [3H]uridine in the presence of actinomycin D for 15 minutes. Further, most of the viral specific RNA is attached to polyribosomes in the cell. The function of the complementary RNA pieces is not known.
Evolution of microstructure in laser clad Fe–Cr–Mn–C alloy

Abstract The laser surface cladding technique was used to form in situ Fe–Cr–Mn–C alloys on AISI 1016 steel substrate. In this process, mixed powders containing Cr, Mn, and C in the weight ratio 10: 1 : 1 were delivered using a screw feed, gravity flow, carrier gas aided system into the melt pool generated by a 10 kW CO2 laser. This technique produced an ultrafine microstructure in the clad alloy layer. The microstructure of the laser surface clad region was investigated by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray microanalysis techniques. Microstructural study showed a high degree of grain refinement and an increase in solid solubility of alloying elements which, in turn, produced a fine distribution of complex types of carbide precipitates in the ferrite matrix because of the high cooling rate. An alloy of this composition does not show any martensitic transformation or retained austenite phase.MST/356
The effects of a branch campus.

We examine the effects of a branch campus on the social welfare of the host country and the foreign university. Overall, we find that a branch campus increases both the domestic social welfare (measured by the aggregate student utility) and the tuition revenue of the foreign university. The effect of a branch campus on the brain drain is determined by the quality of the branch campus. A larger increase in labor emigration is observed when the quality of the branch campus improves. However, if the quality of the branch campus is sufficiently high, then fewer students will choose to study abroad and the brain drain problem is alleviated. The choice of the quality of the branch campus, therefore, has important policy implications.
Antiphase and transformation strain relief structures in Cu-17.5% Pd and Cu-22.3% Pd alloys

Abstract The antiphase domain structure and antiphase domain boundaries are examined in a Cu-17.5% Pd alloy through transmission electron microscopy. Because of the large extinction distances of superlattice reflections, the domain boundaries appear as broad dark or bright single bands in accordance with the expected theoretical image profiles. The boundaries are also noncrystallographic in nature. The Cu-22.3% Pd alloy is shown to have a one-dimensional-type periodic superlattice. Because of the tetragonal distortions on ordering, rotational domains are formed to minimize the transformation strains. Using varying imaging conditions, the contrast details of the interfaces of these domains are examined. The yield strengths of the two alloys are compared in the ordered and disordered states and the strengthening in the Cu-22.3% Pd alloy is attributed to the tetragonal distortions accompanying the ordering.
On projective equivalence of invariant subspace lattices

Abstract For i = 1,2, let A i be a linear transformation on a complex vector space and let σ be a lattice isomorphism from the invariant subspace lattice of A 1 onto the invariant subspace lattice of A 2 . We determine the conditions under which σ is implemented by a linear or conjugate linear transformation (or a sum of these two kinds).
Aerobic exercise and other healthy lifestyle factors that influence vascular aging

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the United States and other modern societies. Advancing age is the major risk factor for CVD, primarily due to stiffening of the large elastic arteries and the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction. In contrast, regular aerobic exercise protects against the development of large elastic artery stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction with advancing age. Moreover, aerobic exercise interventions reduce arterial stiffness and restore vascular endothelial function in previously sedentary middle-aged/older adults. Aerobic exercise exerts its beneficial effects on arterial function by modulating structural proteins, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and restoring nitric oxide bioavailability. Aerobic exercise may also promote “resistance” against factors that reduce vascular function and increase CVD risk with age. Preventing excessive increases in abdominal adiposity, following healthy dietary practices, maintaining a low CVD risk factor profile, and, possibly, selective use of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals also play a major role in preserving vascular function with aging.
Diversity of plasmids and antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from healthy companion animals.

Summary The presence and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes from commensal bacteria in companion animals to more pathogenic bacteria may contribute to dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance gene content and the presence of genetic elements in antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from healthy companion animals. In our previous study, from May to August, 2007, healthy companion animals (155 dogs and 121 cats) from three veterinary clinics in the Athens, GA, USA area were sampled and multidrug-resistant E. coli (n = 36; MDR, resistance to ≥2 antimicrobial classes) were obtained. Of the 25 different plasmid replicon types tested by PCR, at least one plasmid replicon type was detected in 94% (34/36) of the MDR E. coli; four isolates contained as many as five different plasmid replicons. Nine replicon types (FIA, FIB, FII, I2, A/C, U, P, I1 and HI2) were identified with FIB, FII, I2 as the most common pattern. The presence of class I integrons (intI) was detected in 61% (22/36) of the isolates with eight isolates containing aminoglycoside- and/or trimethoprim-resistance genes in the variable cassette region of intI. Microarray analysis of a subset of the MDR E. coli (n = 9) identified the presence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac, aad, aph and strA/B), β-lactams (ampC, cmy, tem and vim), chloramphenicol (cat), sulfonamides (sulI and sulII), tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) and regulator, tetR] and trimethoprim (dfrA). Antimicrobial resistance to eight antimicrobials (ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and five plasmid replicons (FIA, FIB, FII, I1 and I2) were transferred via conjugation. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, intI and transferable plasmid replicons indicate that E. coli from companion animals may play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, particularly to human hosts during contact.
On a droplet's response to acoustic excitation

Abstract The unsteady, nonlinear response of a liquid droplet to an imposed acoustic perturbation has been simulated using an algorithm based on boundary element methods (BEMs). The code was used to study the influence of the acoustic frequency, intensity, and gas/liquid density ratio upon the droplet behavior. Heightened droplet responses were observed for frequencies near the harmonics of the second and fourth mode frequencies. Several types of droplet atomization have been observed as the acoustic intensity is increased. Increasing gas density (at fixed excitation conditions) also heightens droplet response.
Hybrid fixation improves structural properties of a free tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Purpose: This study sought to characterize the structural properties of a combined bioabsorbable interference screw and closed loop and button fixation technique (Hybrid) for femoral fixation of a free tendon graft versus a bioabsorbable interference screw or closed loop and button suspension fixation method alone. Methods: Eighteen porcine femora and quadrupled cadaveric flexor tendons were treated in 3 experimental fixation study groups: (1) closed loop and button suspension (CLBS), (2) bioabsorbable interference screw (BIF), and (3) closed loop and button suspension with supplemental biodegradable interference screw (Hybrid). An Instron testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA) was used to quantify each group's structural properties with cyclic loading and tensile load-to-failure. A video digitizing system measured graft deformation during load-to-failure. Results: The Hybrid fixation group had significantly greater structural properties compared with the CLBS or BIF group. Ultimate loads (mean [SEM] in Newtons) were 1184 (88) N, 813 (83) N, and 561 (62) N for the Hybrid fixation group, CLBS group, and BIF group, respectively. Quasi–steady state cyclic stiffness (mean [SEM] in Newtons per millimeter) was also greatest for the Hybrid fixation group at 165 (11) N/mm, compared with CLBS (122 [8] N/mm), and BIF (95 [9] N/mm). Conclusions: Femoral free tendon hybrid fixation provides superior structural properties under tensile and cyclic displacement conditions while preserving the working length of the native anterior cruciate ligament. Clinical Relevance: Hybrid femoral fixation may minimize postoperative laxity for free tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
The chicken and the egg revisited: Ties between corporate social performance and the financial bottom line

Executive Overview The article focuses on the link between corporate social performance (CSP) and financial bottom lines. It examines a study utilizing social performance data gathered by an independent research firm rating companies in the Standard & Poor 500 Index that rated eight CSP attributes: employee relations, product characterstics, military contracting, involvement in South Africa, community relations, environmental performance records, workforce diversity, and nuclear power involvement. It mentions that the study analyzed the relationship between CSP and the financial performance of over 400 businesses from 1989 to 1990, measuring return on assets, return on equity, and return on sales. It says the study concluded that CSP is influenced by financial success and that CSP improves corporate profits.
Simulation and Comparison of Particle Injection in an Indoor Environment Using the Species Transport and Discrete Phase Models

In simulating fluid/solid-particle multiphase -flows, various methods are available. One approach is the combined Euler-Lagrange method, which simulates the fluid phase flow in the Eulerian framework and the discrete phase (particle) motion in the Lagrangian framework simultaneously. The Lagrangian approach, where particle motion is determined by the current state of the fluid phase flow, is also called the discrete phase model (DPM), in the context of numerical flow simulation. In this method, the influence of the particle motions on the fluid flow can be included (two-way interactions) but are more commonly excluded (one-way interactions, when the discrete phase concentration is dilute. The other approach is to treat the particle number concentration as a continuous species, a necessarily passive quantity determined by the fluid flow, with no influences from the particles on the fluid flow (one-way interactions only), except to the extent the discrete phase “continuum” alters the overall fluid properties, such as density. In this paper, we compare these two methods with experimental data for an indoor environmental chamber. The effects of injection particle numbers and the related boundary conditions are investigated. In the Euler-Lagrange interaction or DPM model for incompressible flow, the Eulerian continuous phase is governed by the Reynolds-averaged N-S (RANS) equations. The motions of particles are governed by Newton’s second law. The effects of particle motions are communicated to the continuous phase through a force term in the RANS equations. The second formulation is a pure Eulerian type, where only the particle-number concentration is addressed, rather than the motion of each individual particle. The fluid flow is governed by the same RANS equations without the particle force term. The particle-number concentration is simulated by a species transport equation. Comparisons among the models and with experimental and literature data are presented. Particularly, results with different numbers of released particles in the DPM will be investigated.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Phosphorylation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP): Is this a mechanism in favor or against Alzheimer's disease?

This review discusses the phosphorylation of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and the possible role of this phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma and neurofibrillary tangles comprised of hyperphosphorylated tau. APP plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of AD, because its processing generates the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), the core of the amyloid plaque. APP has a large N-terminal extracellular domain and a short intracellular C-terminal domain that can be phosphorylated by various protein kinases. This review summarized recent work describing the phsphorylation of APP and the downstream events induced by this phosphorylation as well as the impact of APP phosphorylation on APP function and on the production of Aβ peptide.
INHIBITION OF LOCALIZED VIRUS LESIONS BY N-DIMETHYLAMINOSUCCINAMIC ACID.

PREVIOUS investigations have shown that the application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or its salts or certain phenoxyacetic acid analogues greatly altered the number of virus lesions or the amount of virus present in tobacco ringspot (TRSV) inoculated plants1,2. This confirmed the findings of several other workers3,4.
Thermodynamic Properties of n-Dodecane

An equation of state has been developed to represent the thermodynamic properties of all liquid, vapor, and supercritical states of n-dodecane. Experimental data used to develop the equation included pressure-density-temperature state points, vapor pressures, isobaric and saturation heat capacities, heats of vaporization, and speeds of sound. The uncertainties of properties calculated using the equation are as follows: 0.2% in density at pressures up to 200 MPa, and 0.5% at higher pressures up to 500 MPa; 1% in heat capacity; 0.5% in the speed of sound; and 0.2% in vapor pressure. Deviations of calculated properties from available experimental data in the critical region are higher for all properties except vapor pressure.
Press Censorship in Elizabethan England

Part I. The Practice of Censorship: 1. Privilege, license, and authority: the Crown and the press 2. Elizabethan press controls 3. Elizabethan censorship proclamations Part II. Censored Texts: 4. Catholic propagandists 5. George Gascoigne and the rhetoric of censorship 6. John Stubbs's The Discovery of a Gaping Gulf and realpolitik 7. The review and reform of Holinshed's Chronicles 8. Martin Marprelate and the puritan press 9. The 1599 bishops' ban 10. Conclusion.
Polarization Effects on the Surface Chemistry of PbTiO 3 -Supported Pt Films

To demonstrate a new paradigm of dynamical control of surface structure and reactivity, we perform density functional theory calculations of the adsorption of several molecules and atoms to the surface of ultrathin Pt(100) films supported on ferroelectric ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$. We show that reorienting the polarization direction of the substrate can dramatically change the chemisorption energies of CO, O, C, and N and alter the reaction pathways for dissociation of CO, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and NO. We discuss the structural and electronic effects of a polarized substrate on the metal surface, and we suggest potential applications in tunable catalysis.
Effects of sediment properties on benthic primary production in the Columbia River estuary

Abstract Effects of sediment properties on benthic primary production were investigated along transects in the intertidal regions of the Columbia River estuary. On the tidal flats, benthic diatoms were the most abundant plants, while microalgae and submergent vascular macrophytes were relatively rare. At five intensive study sites, mean rates of benthic primary production varied between 5 mg C m −2 h −1 at Clatsop Spit and 84 mg C m −2 h −1 at Youngs Bay. A regional analysis of data from these sites and from 31 less intensively studied survey sites indicated that Youngs Bay and Baker Bay were more productive than Grays Bay, Cathlamet Bay and the tidal flats in the upper estuary above these bays. This pattern corresponded to the stability and particle size distribution of the sediment in these areas. Benthic gross primary production for the total estuarine area of 410 km 2 was estimated to be 4895 t carbon per year and represents a mean rate of 72 g C m −2 year −1 . Of the total net primary production in the estuary, benthic plants accounted for about 7%, while phytoplankton and emergent vascular plants in the marshlands contributed approximately 56% and 37%, respectively. Data from this study also suggested that physical processes related to estuarine circulation can ultimately determine the productivity of benthic plant assemblages, and minimize the regulatory and limiting effects of temperature, nutrient supply and consumption by benthic animals.
Exciton spin dynamics and polarized luminescence in quantum wells

Abstract The time evolution of the polarized luminescence is used to provide a better understanding of the relaxation processes of excitons in quantum wells. We established and solved a coupled set of rate equations for the exciton spin populations in which the spin relaxation mechanisms include the exchange interaction and individual spin-flip of the electrons and holes. A time-dependent energy distribution for the excitons is used to account for the thermalization effect. The dependence of the exchange-driven channel on a longitudinal electric field is shown to be useful in determining its relative importance among various competing spin relaxation channels.
Specific functions of the Wnt signaling system in gene regulatory networks throughout the early sea urchin embryo

Wnt signaling affects cell-fate specification processes throughout embryonic development. Here we take advantage of the well-studied gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control pregastrular sea urchin embryogenesis to reveal the gene regulatory functions of the entire Wnt-signaling system. Five wnt genes, three frizzled genes, two secreted frizzled-related protein 1 genes, and two Dickkopf genes are expressed in dynamic spatial patterns in the pregastrular embryo of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We present a comprehensive analysis of these genes in each embryonic domain. Total functions of the Wnt-signaling system in regulatory gene expression throughout the embryo were studied by use of the Porcupine inhibitor C59, which interferes with zygotic Wnt ligand secretion. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of each expressed Wnt ligand demonstrated that individual Wnt ligands are functionally distinct, despite their partially overlapping spatial expression. They target specific embryonic domains and affect particular regulatory genes. The sum of the effects of blocking expression of individual wnt genes is shown to equal C59 effects. Remarkably, zygotic Wnt-signaling inputs are required for only three general aspects of embryonic specification: the broad activation of endodermal GRNs, the regional specification of the immediately adjacent stripe of ectoderm, and the restriction of the apical neurogenic domain. All Wnt signaling in this pregastrular embryo is short range (and/or autocrine). Furthermore, we show that the transcriptional drivers of wnt genes execute important specification functions in the embryonic domains targeted by the ligands, thus connecting the expression and function of wnt genes by encoded cross-regulatory interactions within the specific regional GRNs.
On the stochastic theory of compartments: III. General time-dependent reversible systems

General formulation of stochastic single- and multi-compartment reversible systems with time-dependent transitions is made. The correspondence between the stochastic mean and the deterministic value is established in case of time-dependence and it is shown how the consequence of this can be utilized to compute the distribution and the moments of each individual compartment of the system. A two-compartment reversible system previously proposed by Cardenas and Matis (1975a) is analyzed on the basis of the theory.
Structural nanocrystalline materials: an overview

This paper presents a brief overview of the field of structural nanocrystalline materials. These are materials in either bulk, coating, or thin film form whose function is for structural applications. The major processing methods for production of bulk nanocrystalline materials are reviewed. These methods include inert gas condensation, chemical reaction methods, electrodeposition, mechanical attrition, and severe plastic deformation. The stability of the nanocrystalline microstructure is discussed in terms of strategies for retardation of grain growth. Selected mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials are described; specifically strength and ductility. Corrosion resistance is briefly addressed. Examples of present or potential applications for structural nanocrystalline materials are given.
Hitting Them Where They Live: Targeting the Glioblastoma Perivascular Stem Cell Niche

Glioblastoma growth potential and resistance to therapy is currently largely attributed to a subset of tumor cells with stem-like properties. If correct, this means that cure will not be possible without eradication of the stem cell fraction and abrogation of those mechanisms through which stem cell activity is induced and maintained. Glioblastoma stem cell functions appear to be non-cell autonomous and the consequence of tumor cell residence within specialized domains such as the perivascular stem cell niche. In this review we consider the multiple cellular constituents of the perivascular niche, the molecular mechanisms that support niche structure and function and the implications of the perivascular localization of stem cells for anti-angiogenic approaches to cure.
Metagenomic Evidence for Sulfide Oxidation in Extremely Acidic Cave Biofilms

Snottites are extremely acidic (pH 0–2) biofilms that form on the walls and ceilings of hydrogen sulfide-rich caves. Recent work suggests that microbial communities including snottites and related cave wall biofilms accelerate cave formation by oxidizing sulfide to sulfuric acid. Therefore, we used full-cycle rRNA methods and metagenomics to explore the community composition and sulfur metabolism of snottites from the sulfidic Frasassi and Acquasanta cave systems, Italy. Acquasanta snottites were dominated by strains of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, with a smaller population of Ferroplasma sp. Frasassi snottites were also dominated by At. thiooxidans but with a more diverse community including relatives of ‘G-plasma’ (Thermoplasmatales), Acidimicrobium, and rare taxa. We identified diverse homologues of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) in the metagenomic datasets. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the numerically dominant At. thiooxidans populations have four different types of SQR, while Ferroplasma h...
Copper substrate dissolution in eutectic Sn-Ag solder and its effect on microstructure

The dissolution of Cu into molten Sn-3.8at.%Ag (Sn-3.5wt.%Ag) solder and its effect on microstructure were studied by light microscopy, scanning microscopy, and x-ray microanalysis. X-ray microanalysis of the average Cu content of samples soldered under various conditions showed that the amount of Cu dissolved during soldering increased with increasing soldering temperature and time and that the rate of dissolution could be described by a Nernst-Brunner equation. Microstructurally it was found that the volume fractions of primary β(Sn) dendrites and η-phase dendrites increase with increasing soldering temperature and time. The microstructural changes can be explained using Sn-Ag-Cu phase equilibrium data. A numerical method was developed for calculating the amount of Cu dissolved under non-isothermal conditions, which describes dissolution reasonably well.
(Fe II) 1.53 and 1.64 micron emission from pre-main-sequence stars

We present flux-calibrated profiles of the (Fe II) 1.53 and 1.64 micron lines in five pre-main-sequence stars, PV Cep, V1331 Cyg, R Mon, and DG and HL Tau. The line centroids are blueshifted in all five sources, and four of the five have only blueshifted flux. In agreement with previous studies, we attribute the line asymmetries to local obscuration by dusty circumstellar disks. The absence of redshifted flux implies a minimum column density of obscuring material. The largest limit, N(sub H) greater than 3 x 10(exp 22)/sq cm, derived for V1331 Cyg, suggests disk surface densities greater than 0.05 g/sq cm and disk masses greater than 0.001 solar mass within a radius of approximately 200 AU. The narrow high-velocity lines in PV Cep, V1331 Cyg, and HL Tau require formation in well collimated winds. The maximum full opening angles of their winds range from less than 20 deg in V1331 Cyg to less than 40 deg in HL Tau. The (Fe II) data also yield estimates of the electron densities (n(sub e) approximately 10(exp 4)/cu cm), hydrogen ionization fractions (f(sub H(+)) approximately 1/3), mass-loss rates (approximately 10(exp -7) to 2 x 10(exp -6) solar mass/yr), and characteristic radii of the emitting regions (approximately 32 to approximately 155 AU). The true radial extents will be larger, and the mass-loss rates smaller, by factors of a few for the outflows with limited opening angles. In our small sample the higher mass stars have stronger lines, larger emitting regions, and greater mass-loss rates. These differences are probably limited to the scale and energetics of the envelopes, because the inferred geometries, kinematics and physical conditions are similar. The measured (Fe II) profiles samples both 'high'- and 'low'-velocity environments. Recent studies indicate that these regions have some distinct physical properties and may be spatially separate. The (Fe II) data show that similar sizes and densities can occur in both environments.
A new calculation of the ion velocity shift in a vortex resonance experiment in He II

We calculate the shift in velocity of an ion trapped on a vortex, line in He II when, in addition to a dc electric field directed along the line, an ac field is applied perpendicular to the line. We employ a model of the ion on a line first introduced by Ohmi and Usui and used by them to calculate the dc mobility. The ion drift velocity in the presence of the ac field exhibits a nearly flat plateau as a function of dc field and a canted dip as a function of frequency. The present calculation differs in some details from the earlier one and permits a more reliable estimate of the change in velocity.
Automated renal stone volume measurement by noncontrast computerized tomography is more reproducible than manual linear size measurement.

Purpose: We compared the reproducibility of automated volume and manual linear measurements using same study supine and prone, low dose, noncontrast computerized tomography series.Materials and Methods: The patient cohort comprised 50 consecutive adults with a mean age of 56.4 years in whom renal calculi were identified during computerized tomography colonography screening. The largest stone per patient was assessed with the supine and prone computerized tomography series serving as mutual controls. Automated stone volume was derived using a commercially available coronary artery calcium scoring tool. Supine-prone reproducibility for automated volume was compared with intra-observer supine-prone manual linear measurement. Interobserver variability was also assessed for manual linear measurements of the same supine or prone series.Results: Mean ± SD linear size and volume of the 50 index calculi was 4.5 ± 2.7 mm (range 1.8 to 16) and 141.7 ± 456.1 mm3, respectively. The mean supine-prone error for automate...
Self-assembly of a hexagonal supramolecular light-harvesting array from chlorophyll a trefoil building blocks

Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering in solution reveals that chlorophyll (Chl) trefoils self-assemble in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) to yield supramolecular cyclic trimers. Two Chls of each trefoil coordinate to DABCO to form the vertices of the hexagonal structure, while the remaining Chl acts like a substituent on the benzene-like assembly.
Three-dimensional microfabrication by localized electrochemical deposition

A microfabrication technology capable of electrodepositing truly three-dimensional metal structures is introduced. Micrometer-scale nickel structures including a multicoiled helical spring have been fabricated. Electrodeposition is localized by placing a sharp-tipped electrode in a plating solution, near a substrate, and applying a voltage. Structures are built by moving the electrode appropriately with respect to the substrate. Vertical deposition rates of 6 /spl mu/m/s are observed, two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional electrodeposition. The theory of mass transport to a region of localized field is discussed, and a model of deposition profile is presented. The process can potentially produce submicrometer feature sizes using a range of materials including pure metals, alloys, and polymers.
Combined spectrally-resolved multiphoton microscopy and transmission microscopy employing a high-sensitivity electron-multiplying CCD camera

We have developed a fast, sensitive multiphoton microscope employing a tunable femtosecond laser and an electron-multiplying CCD camera (EMCCD) in a non-descanned detection scheme. In one configuration, the microscope provides "standard" multiphoton fluorescence images with a relatively high acquisition rate (limited only by the speed of the scanners) over a broad band of emission wavelengths. In a second configuration, the use of a diffractive optic element allows acquisition of one full set of spectrally-resolved images after only one complete scan. Increased speed is achieved in this configuration by setting the integration time of the camera such that an entire line is scanned at once, with the spectrum at each point being perpendicular to the scanned line. In both configurations, a suitable optical arrangement permits acquisition of high resolution images for both multiphoton excitation of fluorescence and widefield transmission microscopy. To illustrate the performances of our microscope we present spectrally-resolved images of individual fluorescent molecules spread over a surface as well as fluorescence images of yeast cells expressing a membrane receptor tagged with a variant of the green fluorescent protein.
STEREOSPECIFIC INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLIZATION FOR ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF (RP)- AND (SP)-ENANTIOMERS OF 2-OCTYL- AND 2-PHENYL-4H-1,3,2-BENZODIOXAPHOSPHORIN 2-OXIDES

Abstract Our earlier studies established that: 1) 2-octyl- and 2-phenyl-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-oxides (octyl- and phenyl-BDPOs) induce delayed neuropathy in adult hens at 3 and 200 mg/kg, respectively; 2) phenyl-BDPO also significantly potentiates the acute toxicity of the insecticide malathion to mice; 3) the (Rp) and (Sp) enantiomers of these compounds, resolved on a mg scale by chiral HPLC, differ in potency by 92- and 137-fold, respectively, as inhibitors of neuropathy target esterase. In order to further study the stereospecificity in their toxic effects, the individual enantiomers of octyl- and phenyl-BDPOs are prepared here by a general method of asymmetric synthesis from the corresponding TLC-resolved diastereomeric precursors (Rp)- and (Sp)-methyl N-[2-hydroxymethylphenoxy(octyl or phenyl)phosphonyl] L-prolinates through acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. This occurs under mild conditions in high yields and involves inversion of configuration at phosphorus. HPLC with the CHIRALCE...
Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for "mini-c" creativity.

In this article the authors argue that a new category of creativity, called “mini-c” creativity, is needed to advance creativity theory and research. Mini-c creativity differs from little-c (everyday) or Big-C (eminent) creativity as it refers to the creative processes involved in the construction of personal knowledge and understanding. The authors discuss how the category of mini-c creativity addresses gaps in current conceptions of creativity, offers researchers a new and important unit of analysis, and helps to better frame the domain question in creativity research. Implications for creativity research are also discussed.
Partial central subspace and sliced average variance estimation

Sliced average variance estimation is one of many methods for estimating the central subspace. It was shown to be more comprehensive than sliced inverse regression in the sense that it consistently estimates the central subspace under mild conditions while slice inverse regression may estimate only a proper subset of the central subspace. In this paper we extend this method to regressions with qualitative predictors. We also provide tests of dimension and a marginal coordinate hypothesis test. We apply the method to a data set concerning lakes infested by Eurasian Watermilfoil, and compare this new method to the partial inverse regression estimator.
DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY AND PYROELECTRIC RESPONSE OF COMPOSITIONALLY GRADED FERROELECTRICS

ABSTRACT A review of a thermodynamic model of polarization-graded ferroelectrics is presented. Using this formalism, the unusual dielectric and pyroelectric properties of compositionally graded ferroelectric films are analyzed. Results show that the “strength” of the grading can be chosen as a design parameter to achieve desirale dielectric and pyroelectric responses.
Tricyclic orthoacetamides and orthopropionamides: Conformational analysis and stereochemical effects upon 13C NMR spectra

Abstract A novel series of tricyclic orthoacetamides and orthoproplonamides has been prepared. A dramatic dependence of 13C shifts upon stereochemistry is reported.
How to separate containers from non-containers? a behavior-grounded approach to acoustic object categorization

This paper describes an approach to interactive object categorization that couples exploratory behaviors and their resulting acoustic signatures to form object categories. The framework was tested with an upper-torso humanoid robot on a container/non-container categorization task. The robot used six exploratory behaviors (drop block, grasp, move, shake, flip, and drop object) and applied them to twenty objects. The results from this large-scale experimental study show that the robot was able to learn meaningful object categories using only acoustic information. The results also show that the quality of the categorization depends on the exploratory behavior used to derive it as some behaviors elicit more salient acoustic signatures than others.
A decision scheme for coronary angiography after acute myocardial infarction.

It is important to select patients in the convalescent phase of acute myocardial infarction in whom knowledge of coronary anatomy may identify those potentially suitable for intervention aimed at improving prognosis. However, differing guidelines have been proposed, and by applying some of these guidelines to our large database of patients after acute myocardial infarction, several problem areas were identified. These include lack of considering patients with resting ischemia beyond day 5 of hospitalization, management of patients with reduced ventricular function or patients not exercise tested, and the role of coronary angiography in the elderly. Based on this experience and further analysis in 1,848 patients surviving beyond day 5 of hospitalization, a modified decision scheme for coronary angiography was developed and then tested in a second population (n = 780). In the new scheme, patients over 75 years of age are considered individually. Those under 75 years of age with severe resting ischemia in th...
Biliary lithotripsy. Determination of stone fragmentation success and potential tissue injury in swine.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) is successful in fragmenting 85% to 90% of kidney stones. Application of this technology to gallbladder stones was studied in 37 adult female swine. Twenty-two swine underwent cholecystostomy with implantation of human gallstones. After a ten-day recovery period, 20 animals received ESWL with the Northgate SD3 lithotripter. Each animal was given 2,000 shock waves, a number determined in preliminary water bath studies to be effective, and the energy level was equivalent to the 18 kV to 20 kV recommended for the Dornier HM3. In ten of these implanted swine; frequent focal point (F2) refocusing and biplanar ultrasonography were employed. Two animals served as operative controls. All animals were sacrificed after one to four days.
Shear band formation in columnar thermal barrier oxides

Columnar thermal barrier oxides either impressed or impacted by projectiles at high temperature develop kink bands. The bands emanate from sub-surface sites adjacent to the contact zone and extend diagonally toward the substrate. At the boundaries, the columns are cracked, indicating that the material has been weakened, and rendering them preferred sites for material removal upon subsequent impact. In some cases, the bands reach the interface with the thermally grown oxide and initiate a delamination crack. The experimental challenges in characterizing the bands and in relating their occurrence to constituent properties and microstructure are extreme. To address this limitation, the present article explores methods for numerical simulation of the bands. By modeling the material within the columns as a minimally porous Gurson solid and treating the inter-columnar material as a low density foam, it will be demonstrated that bands can be simulated consistent with those observed experimentally.
T cell independent antigens.

Abstract T cell independent antigens type 2 (TI-2), which are represented predominantly by polysaccharide antigens, stimulate humoral antibody responses in the absence of T-cell help. We and others have recently reported that natural killer cells and/or natural killer cell derived lymphokines may provide a form of ‘help’ that is necessary for the induction and maintenance of Tl-2 responses. Two natural killer cell derived lymphokines, interferon-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, show synergistic stimulatory activity in inducing lg secretion in B cells stimulated by a multivalent ligand that mimics Tl-2 antigens. The recent finding that natural killer cells have receptors for various classes of polysaccharides supports a role for these cells in regulating responses to Tl-2 antigens.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Normal Galaxies: Physical Conditions in the Interstellar Medium

The most important cooling lines of the neutral interstellar medium (ISM) lie in the far-infrared (FIR). We present measurements by the Infrared Space Observatory Long Wavelength Spectrometer of seven lines from neutral and ionized ISM of 60 normal, star-forming galaxies. The galaxy sample spans a range in properties such as morphology, FIR colors (indicating dust temperature), and FIR/blue ratios (indicating star formation activity and optical depth). In two-thirds of the galaxies in this sample, the [C II] line flux is proportional to FIR dust continuum. The other one-third show a smooth decline in L[C II]/LFIR with increasing Fν(60 μm)/Fν(100 μm) and LFIR/LB, spanning a range of a factor of more than 50. Two galaxies at the warm and active extreme of the range have L[C II]/LFIR < 2 × 10-4 (3 σ upper limit). This is due to increased positive grain charge in the warmer and more active galaxies, which leads to less efficient heating by photoelectrons from dust grains. The ratio of the two principal photodissociation region (PDR) cooling lines L[O I]/L[C II] shows a tight correlation with Fν(60 μm)/Fν(100 μm), indicating that both gas and dust temperatures increase together. We derive a theoretical scaling between [N II] (122 μm) and [C II] from ionized gas and use it to separate [C II] emission from neutral PDRs and ionized gas. Comparison of PDR models of Kaufman et al. with observed ratios of (1) L[O I]/L[C II] and (L[C II] + L[O I])/LFIR and (2) L[O I]/LFIR and Fν(60 μm)/Fν(100 μm) yields far-UV flux G0 and gas density n. The G0 and n values estimated from the two methods agree to better than a factor of 2 and 1.5, respectively, in more than half the sources. The derived G0 and n correlate with each other, and G0 increases with n as G0 ∝ nα, where α ≈ 1.4 . We interpret this correlation as arising from Stromgren sphere scalings if much of the line and continuum luminosity arises near star-forming regions. The high values of PDR surface temperature (270-900 K) and pressure (6 × 104-1.5 × 107 K cm-3) derived also support the view that a significant part of grain and gas heating in the galaxies occurs very close to star-forming regions. The differences in G0 and n from galaxy to galaxy may be due to differences in the physical properties of the star-forming clouds. Galaxies with higher G0 and n have larger and/or denser star-forming clouds.
Production and perception of Taiwanese tones in different tonal and prosodic contexts

Abstract The present study investigated the production and perception of Taiwanese tones in different tonal and prosodic contexts. The production study examined the effects of prosodic position and following tone on duration and fundamental frequency (f0) of Taiwanese tones. The results showed that Taiwanese tones were acoustically influenced by prosodic position and to a certain extent by tonal context. f0range was substantially shifted by prosodic position in some conditions: final lowering of f0and final lengthening were found in utterance-final and, to a lesser extent, in phrase-final positions. Anticipatory tonal coarticulation affected f0but not duration of Taiwanese tones. Assimilatory effects of the following tone occurred on contour tones. f0range in general was not affected by tonal context, although some subject-dependent variation was found. The perception study examined the extent to which tonal coarticulation is perceptible. Listeners’ identification of tonal sequences on the basis of extracted initial tones indicated that, under certain conditions, contextual variability in the initial tone was detectable and contributed to the identifiability of the following tone.