cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deposition and characterization of stoichiometric films of V2O5 on Pd(111)

Abstract A simple and efficient method has been used to grow V 2 O 5 thin films on Pd(111) at a substrate temperature of 300 K through physical vapor deposition by heating a fine powder of V 2 O 5 in a non-oxidative, UHV environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) were used to characterize the thin films. When the as-grown films exceed a minimum thickness, characteristic features of V 2 O 5 were revealed by XPS and RAIRS, which confirms the presence of stoichiometric V 2 O 5 . LEED indicates no long range order of the as-grown films at 300 K. Annealing to temperatures between 600 and 700 K causes a reduction of V 2 O 5 to VO 2 as identified by XPS and the formation of ordered structures as determined by LEED, and VO 2 is predominant after annealing to 800 K. After further annealing to 1000 K, only an ordered form of V 2 O 3 is present on Pd(111).
Prognostic value of tumor response in pediatric and adult patients with Ewing sarcoma.

10543Background: European Ewing sarcoma (ES) regimens use histologic response to chemotherapy at the time of local control to identify patients for treatment intensification. Prognostic importance ...
“Let Jomo Go”: Defining and Framing a Symbol

The first detailed analysis of international efforts by international radical and progressive political groups agitating for Kenyatta’s freedom. Kenyatta as a symbol of anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism. Strategies by the colonial government to “endorse Kenyatta out” of Kenya politics; international propaganda offensive against Kenyatta and other radical nationalists. A discussion within the Colonial Office on Kenyatta; discussions with the British Prime Minister (and his Cabinet) on Kenyatta. Steps taken toward Kenyatta’s release; reports on Kenyatta to the Colonial Office by visiting international media and British MPs. Kenyatta and his vision of Kenya. How popular and acceptable is Kenyatta as a national leader? The first detailed analysis of secret internal surveys by the Colonial security forces on this question
Enhanced ethanol formation by Clostridium thermocellum via pyruvate decarboxylase

Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) is a well-known pathway for ethanol production, but has not been demonstrated for high titer ethanol production at temperatures above 50 °C. Here we examined the thermostability of eight PDCs. The purified bacterial enzymes retained 20% of activity after incubation for 30 min at 55 °C. Expression of these PDC genes, except the one from Zymomonas mobilis, improved ethanol production by Clostridium thermocellum. Ethanol production was further improved by expression of the heterologous alcohol dehydrogenase gene adhA from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. The best PDC enzyme was from Acetobactor pasteurianus. A strain of C. thermocellum expressing the pdc gene from A. pasteurianus and the adhA gene from T. saccharolyticum was able to produce 21.3 g/L ethanol from 60 g/L cellulose, which is 70% of the theoretical maximum yield.
Effect of higher-order modes on extraordinary transmission through a dielectric-loaded slot in a thick metallic shield

Extraordinary transmission through a thick slot in a conducting screen loaded with high-permittivity dielectric is demonstrated. In addition to previously known resonant transmission based on the fundamental waveguide mode of the slot, we show the existence of extremely narrowband resonances associated with the presence of higher-order modes in the slot.
Outlier detection in contamination control

A machine-learning model is presented that effectively partitions historical process data into outlier and inlier subpopulations. This is necessary in order to avoid using outlier data to build a model for detecting process instability. Exact control limits are given without recourse to approximations and the error characteristics of the control model are derived. A worked example for contamination control is presented along with the machine learning algorithm used and all the programming statements needed for implementation.
Production of GFP and Luciferase-Expressing Reporter Macrophages for In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging

Macrophages have emerged as crucial regulators of tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and tissue regeneration. In vivo bioluminescence imaging could offer a powerful tool to study many poorly understood aspects of macrophage biology. Thus, we recently developed a straightforward method for the production of large numbers of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and firefly luciferase (fLUC)-expressing reporter macrophages for various in vivo bioluminescence imaging applications. Lentivirus vector containing the GFP/fLUC reporter gene is produced and mouse bone marrow macrophages are isolated following established protocols. Macrophages are then exposed to the lentivirus in the presence of 10 μM cyclosporine for 24 h. After a 24-h recovery period, the transduction is repeated. Three days after the second infection the cells are ready to be used in vivo. Following this cyclosporine-mediated double infection strategy up to 60% of the macrophages express GFP in flow cytometry. The macrophages maintain their ability to polarize to M1 and M2 phenotypes and, when injected to the systemic circulation of a mouse model, reporter cells are both easily detectable with BLI and migrate to a local site of inflammation. These GFP/fLUC-expressing reporter macrophages could prove to be useful tools to study the role of macrophages in health and disease.
Miscellaneous Blistering Diseases

The diseases discussed in this article reflect a variety of causes of blisters. They are presented in order of anatomic location from subcorneal to subepidermal separation. A review of numerous entities is included.
DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION AND SPECIFICITY OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN T CELL SUBPOPULATIONS

ABSTRACT Requirements for activation of the two major T lymphocyte subsets, T4+ and T5/8+ were defined in the present study with regard to proliferation and lymphokine production. In addition, using cloned populations of allosensitized T cells, we have examined HLA structures to which the T4+ or T5/8+ effector populations are directed. The results indicate that class II alloantigens are involved in activation of T4+ lymphocytes and serve as target structures for T4+ cytotoxic effector cells. In contrast, class I MHC antigens serve as stimulators and targets for T8+ T cells. Thus, class I and class II MHC gene products represent critical restricting elements with respect to function of individual T lymphocyte subsets.
Pain as a Folk Psychological Concept: A Clinical Perspective

This paper develops an instrumentalistic argumentagainst an eliminativist approach to using the folkconcept of pain in clinical medicine and draws someimplications for biomedical theories of pain. Thepaper argues that the folk concept of pain plays afundamental role in several aspects of clinicalmedicine, including the diagnosis and treatment ofdiseases and symptoms, relieving human suffering, andthe doctor-patient relationship. Since clinicians mustbe able to apply biomedical theories of pain inmedical practice, these theories should not stray toofar from pain's clinical realities. Biomedicaltheories of pain should at least incorporate an analogof the folk concept of pain, even if this concept isrevised in light of scientific advances.
Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis of Hilbert Transformed Complex Data

This paper evaluates Hilbert transformed complex data using complex maximum entropy spectral estimation to determine if a reduction in pole complexity results. Since the computational load of the maximum entropy method (MEM) scales as a function of predictor length, a shorter length predictor may be used in some cases when presented with complex data. This paper deals with the results obtained from simulated real and complex data and the resultant pole locations of the prediction filter.
Abstract 3941: Heparan sulfate, a new target for platinum in metastatic TNBC

Heparan sulfate (HS) are linear polysaccharides conjugated to proteins, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), located on the cell surface and extracellular matrix. The HS chains display varying degrees of sulfation. These sulfate clusters mediate the interaction of polynuclear platinum complexes (PPCs) with HSPG through a “sulfate clamp.” Such PPC-HS interactions can be conceptualized as “polyarginine” mimics. Strong HS-PPC binding protects the oligosaccharide against sulfate loss through metalloshielding. The biological consequences of PPCs metalloshielding HS will in principle affect HS interactions with relevant enzymes and proteins such as heparanase and growth factors, similar in concept to inhibition of DNA-protein binding through modification of DNA structure and conformation. HSPGs, associated growth factors, and heparanase promote tumor progression by facilitating invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. High heparanase expression correlates with increased metastatic potential and poor clinical prognosis. PPC-HS interactions inhibit cleavage of a model pentasaccharide by heparanase and further modulated bFGF binding to HS, and bFGF-induced migration and signaling in colon cancer cells. The end-point of functional modulation of HS interactions is inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. We report proof-of-principle of strong in vivo anti-metastatic activity of PPCs in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. Further, we examine the anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects of PPC-HS metalloshielding in these in vivo models through multiple growth factor signaling pathways (bFGF, HB-EGF, VEGF), and heparanase activity in breast cancer and endothelial cells. PPCs represent a novel class of intrinsically dual-function agents combining platinum cytotoxicity through DNA targeting with anti-angiogenic effects through glycan targeting. Chicago 14-17 April 2018 Citation Format: Samantha J. Katner, James D. Hampton, Erica J. Peterson, Eriko Katsuta, Megan R. Sayyad, Kazuaki Takabe, Jennifer Koblinski, Nicholas P. Farrell. Heparan sulfate, a new target for platinum in metastatic TNBC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3941.
Factors affecting procedural pain in children during and immediately after intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for spasticity.

PURPOSE To evaluate variables that modulate pain during intramuscular botulinum toxin A injections in children. METHODS As part of a Quality Improvement project, this retrospective analysis compared reported pain during and five minutes post injections with patient and procedural variables using subgroup and regression analyses (N= 593 procedures with 249 unique patients). RESULTS Mean procedural pain for all procedures (n= 563) was 3.8 ± 3.0. Most children reported no pain (83.8%) or mild pain (12.1%) five minutes after the procedure. Provider, previous patient experience, and dose did not significantly impact pain. Linear regression analysis (R=2 0.64) demonstrated that younger age (p< 0.05), use of vapo-coolant spray or topical anesthetic (p< 0.01), and body region injected (p< 0.01) were significantly associated with increased procedural pain. Logistic regression (R=2 0.14) demonstrated that pain during the procedure (p< 0.001) and older age (p< 0.01) increased the likelihood of pain post-procedure. Utilization of personnel for distraction did not significantly predict pain ratings at either time point. CONCLUSION Age, topical anesthesia, and injected region impact procedural pain and in nearly 96% of cases, patients report mild or no pain within five minutes. Additional research into these predictors is necessary, but short-lived procedural pain may suggest that frequent use of sedation/anesthesia is unnecessary.
Trends in sociodemographic disparities of pediatric cochlear implantation over a 15-year period.

Abstract Objective Sociodemographic disparities of cochlear implantation in children have been reported. This study sought to determine if disparities in children receiving cochlear implants have narrowed, widened or remained constant. Methods Children 18 years or younger who underwent cochlear implantation from 1997 to 2012 were selected using the Kids’ Inpatient Database. Demographic data included primary insurance payer, income quartile and race. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to determine if trends were significant. Prevalence rates of cochlear implantation by race were generated. A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the rates of cochlear implantation within each racial group. Results The proportion of children receiving cochlear implants with private insurance decreased from 79.3% to 42.6% (p Conclusions Income and insurance disparities have narrowed within the inpatient pediatric cochlear implantation cohort. Racial disparities still exist. White and Asian children are implanted at higher rates than Black or Hispanic children.
Colon Myoelectric Activity Measured After Open Abdominal Surgery with a Noninvasive Wireless Patch System Predicts Time to First Flatus.

Passage of flatus after abdominal surgery signals resolution of physiological postoperative ileus (POI) and often, particularly after complex open surgeries, serves as the trigger to initiate oral feeding. To date, there is no objective tool that can predict time to flatus allowing for timely feeding and optimizing recovery. In an open, prospective study, we examine the use of a noninvasive wireless patch system that measures electrical activity from gastrointestinal smooth muscles in predicting time to first flatus. Eighteen patients who underwent open abdominal surgery at El Camino Hospital, Mountain View, CA, were consented and studied. Immediately following surgery, wireless patches were placed on the patients’ anterior abdomen. Colonic frequency peaks in the spectra were identified in select time intervals and the area under the curve of each peak times its duration was summed to calculate cumulative myoelectrical activity. Patients with early flatus had stronger early colonic activity than patients with late flatus. At 36 h post-surgery, a linear fit of time to flatus vs cumulative colonic myoelectrical activity predicted first flatus as much as 5 days (± 22 h) before occurrence. In this open, prospective pilot study, noninvasive measurement of colon activity after open abdominal surgery was feasible and predictive of time to first flatus. Interventions such as feeding can potentially be optimized based on this prediction, potentially improving outcomes, decreasing length of stay, and lowering costs.
Conclusion: Topical and Indigenous Perspectives

This book has considered music as a performative and even violent force in dystopian narrative related to climate change. The works discussed in this book invite viewers and listeners to engage with climate crisis in a state of critical vulnerability, in which recognition of troubling data becomes embodied. This final section of the book combines reflection on these works with questions of music’s role in contemporary protest culture and examples of indigenous sound and art responding to climate change, in regions where the stakes for Native communities have never been higher.
Nitric Oxide Reductase Activity in Heme–Nonheme Binuclear Engineered Myoglobins through a One-Electron Reduction Cycle

FeBMbs are structural and functional models of native bacterial nitric oxide reductases (NORs) generated through engineering of myoglobin. These biosynthetic models replicate the heme-nonheme diiron site of NORs and allow substitutions of metal centers and heme cofactors. Here, we provide evidence for multiple NOR turnover in monoformyl-heme-containing FeBMb1 proteins loaded with FeII, CoII, or ZnII metal ions at the FeB site (FeII/CoII/ZnII-FeBMb1(MF-heme)). FTIR detection of the ν(NNO) band of N2O at 2231 cm-1 provides a direct quantitative measurement of the product in solution. A maximum number of turnover is observed with FeII-FeBMb1(MF-heme), but the NOR activity is retained when the FeB site is loaded with ZnII. These data support the viability of a one-electron semireduced pathway for the reduction of NO at binuclear centers in reducing conditions.
Investigation of a Novel Approach for Ocean Current Power Generation: The Inclined-Axis Coaxial Turbine

The feasibility and performance of a tethered coaxial system is investigated to understand changes in power production with perturbation. Our results suggest that the power extracted from an ocean current by a tethered coaxial system is insensitive to attitude perturbation within a range of inclination to the flow. Flow domains and design parameters have been optimized to come up with a wide range of operating parameters resulting in a higher power extraction compared to a traditional horizontal axis single rotor system. We report our results and suggest future work.
Sources of inventive novelty: two patent classification schemas, same story

An essential feature of a modern patenting system is a classification schema for organizing, indexing and coding the technical information contained in a patent. Patent classification systems make it possible for patent examiners and prospective inventors to search through existing patents in order to find information pertinent to evaluating a patent application’s purported novelty. Patent classification systems also support the construction of a taxonomy for the various sources of inventive novelty embodied in patented inventions. Until 2013 the U.S. Patent Office utilized the United States Patent Classification system and since then it has used the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) system; these two systems implement very different classification logics with the CPC aiming at greater granularity. Here we examine the extent to which the two patent classification systems generate similar historical narratives as to the sources of inventive novelty. Despite the differences in classification principles, common patterns are revealed regardless of which classification system is used to identify technologies. Invention is primarily a cumulative process where new inventions are developed from combining existing technologies. Refinements (the re-use of existing technologies) and combinations of previously existing technological functionalities predominate in the patent record, while inventions embodying previously unseen technologies are very rare. The rate at which inventions representing non-refinements have been introduced into the stock of inventions has kept pace with the generation of inventions representing refinements, thereby feeding the combinatorial process.
Use of Mammographic Measurements to Predict Complications After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy in BRCA Mutation Carriers

There is limited data evaluating mastectomy skin flap complications of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) in patients with BRCA gene mutations. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with post-operative complications in BRCA mutation carriers undergoing NSM. Following institutional review board approval, we interrogated a prospectively collected institutional database for patients undergoing NSM who tested positive for BRCA1/2 mutations. Patient characteristics, preoperative details, and complications were evaluated. Digital mammogram was used to estimate the breast volume. From August 2009 to December 2017, 59 patients (2 males) with BRCA1/2 mutations underwent 114 NSMs. Ninety-two (80%) were risk-reduction surgeries. Thirty-two (28%) underwent single-stage reconstruction (24 autologous). The overall complication rate was 26.3% (N = 30), and 10.5% (N = 12) underwent unanticipated reoperation. 8.8% (N = 10) had full-thickness skin flap necrosis, 10.5% (N = 12) nipple necrosis, and 4.4% (N = 5) full-thickness nipple necrosis. These complications were associated with larger breast volume (799.4 cc vs. 544.1 cc, p < 0.001) and greater body mass index (27.8 vs. 24.3, p < 0.001). By univariate analysis, body mass index and breast volume greater than 675 cc were associated with significantly higher complication rate (odds ratios 1.2 and 4.5 respectively, p = 0.001). This study confirms that NSM in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers is associated with complications in one in four patients. Utilizing the preoperative mammograms to estimate breast size may be more helpful than breast cup size in counseling preoperatively the risks of complications.
Anion-π and H-Bonding Interactions Supporting Encapsulation of [Ln(NO3)6/5]3-/2- (Ln = Nd, Er) with a Triazine-Based Ligand.

Reaction of NdIII and ErIII nitrate salts with a 1,3,5-tris(dipicolylamine)-triazine (dpat) ligand yielded two unprecedented examples of [Ln(NO3)6/5]3–/2– (Ln = Nd, Er) moieties completely encapsul...
Colchicine's effects on lipoprotein particle concentrations in adults with metabolic syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Background Colchicine has received renewed interest for its potential beneficial effects in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. This was presumed to be primarily because of its anti-inflammatory effects; however, limited data exist regarding colchicine's impact on other cardiovascular risk factors. Objective The aim of this study was to examine if colchicine's anti-inflammatory actions would lead to reduced circulating concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in metabolically unhealthy individuals. We also examined if colchicine would improve concentrations of other atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study in which 40 adults with metabolic syndrome were randomized to colchicine 0.6 mg or placebo twice daily for 3 months. Blood samples were collected in the fasted state. OxLDL was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure other lipoprotein particle subfraction concentrations. Results Compared with placebo, colchicine reduced markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and GlycA (P .05). Conclusion Although colchicine may have benefit in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in at-risk individuals, we found no evidence that these effects are because of improvements in circulating atherogenic lipoprotein particle concentrations. Further studies are needed to confirm whether colchicine increases circulating oxLDL and small LDL levels in adults with metabolic syndrome. If true, additional research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Assessment and Treatment of Older Adults with Traumatic Brain Injuries

In this chapter, we present special considerations when evaluating the older adult patient with TBI. First, we discuss critical information that should be obtained regarding the patient’s preinjury cognitive and functional status as well as medical comorbidities and medications, because all of these can affect the neurobehavioral profile. We then review common clinical issues that arise when interpreting the neuropsychological findings and rendering a diagnostic impression. The potential impact of a previous TBI sustained years ago as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease will also be covered. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of potential postinjury influences on outcome, and the types of recommendations that should be considered.
Bespoke Music Theory: A Modular Core Curriculum Designed for Audio Engineers, Classical Violinists, and Everyone in Between

Traditional music theory curricula are increasingly scrutinized. Students regularly misunderstand the scope of epistemology and scope of theory, find theory intimidating and difficult, and fail to see its relevance to their career goals. In this essay, I outline a modular music theory curriculum, which works to address these negative perceptions through a combination of redesigned coursework and empowerment of students. After taking a 100-level course covering fundamentals and species counterpoint, students may take our three style-based 200-level courses in any order (18 th -c music, 20 th -/21 st -c. music, and Pop/Jazz). We also offer a 300-level course in Baroque and Classical Forms. The content of these courses could and should be altered to fit the expertise of a given school's faculty and the needs of its students. This is especially beneficial to students who do not need four semesters of theory for their degree, such as music technology BAs, who can now take Intro and Pop/Jazz instead of learning strict chorale voice leading. This curriculum relates more clearly and obviously to each student's particular goals, clarifies the scope and context of each course, and reduces the gatekeeping aspects of the theory sequence to improve recruitment and retention.
Numerical analysis of special concentric braced frames using experimentally-validated fatigue and fracture model under short and long duration earthquakes

Over the past decade, several long duration subduction earthquakes took place in different locations around the world such as Indonesia in 2004, China in 2008, Chile in 2010, and Japan in 2011. Long-duration and large-magnitude earthquakes are also possible to occur in the Cascadia subduction zone along the Pacific Northwest Coast of the United States. In this paper, numerical investigation was conducted to investigate the influence of earthquake duration on the structural response of steel special concentric braced frames (SCBFs). Calibration and validation of numerical models were achieved using results from recently completed shake table tests at the University of Nevada, Reno of three identical 1/2-scale one-story one-bay SCBFs under unidirectional short and long duration earthquakes. The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) to use the experimental results to assess the suitability of current low-cycle fatigue models when incorporated into numerical models; (2) to utilize the calibrated numerical model in large number of simulations to extend and generalize the experimental results to quantify the effect of earthquake duration on SCBFs. For the latter, two suites of short and long duration ground motions were utilized to conduct incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) for the calibrated numerical models of the tested frames. The IDA, and resulting fragility curves, concluded that longer duration earthquakes result in 45% lower median displacement capacity, which could be regarded as premature low-cycle fatigue induced-failure of braces.
Ten Years of the 2010 HMG: A Perspective from the Department of Justice

Ten years after their release, the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines continue to reflect accurately current legal and economic principles of antitrust. Despite fears to the contrary, the Antitrust Division still relies on market shares and concentration—along with a wide range of other evidence—to determine whether a merger is likely to harm competition substantially. Similarly, market definition remains an essential ingredient to merger analysis, combining the quantitative rigor of the hypothetical monopolist test with the kinds of qualitative evidence that date back to Brown Shoe. The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines have also contributed to courts’ increasing acceptance of the standard economic tools that are used to quantify the potential impact of horizontal mergers, including merger simulation and upward pricing pressure.
Bagging: a cheaper, faster, non-destructive transpiration water sampling method for tracer studies

Stable isotope tracer experiments provide a powerful tool for understanding plant root distributions, resource uptake, niche partitioning and water cycling. Plant water is typically collected from pre-transpiring tissues to avoid the effects of evaporative isotope enrichment at the leaf surface, but extracting water from these plant samples is difficult and expensive. The purpose of this study was to test a simple transpiration bagging approach for measuring hydrologic tracer uptake. Sampling was performed as part of a depth-specific tracer experiment in which 2H2O was injected to target depths (5, 15, 30, 60, or 150 cm) in different replicated plots. One day following injections, leaves from three species were sealed in bags for 16 h and transpired water was collected. Water from pre-transpiring stem tissue was then collected in a separate set of samples and extracted using cryogenic distillation. Deuterium concentrations from the two techniques were correlated (R2 = 0.84) and both approaches produced similar descriptions of vertical root distributions for three dominant plant species. 18O concentrations from the two techniques were not correlated. Bagging transpired water produced similar estimates of 2H tracer uptake as the standard sampling technique. Bagging requires no destructive sampling, specialized laboratory equipment, training or consumables and is expected to halve sampling costs. While effective in this tracer experiment, bagging may be not be effective in natural abundance experiments, or tracer experiments with very small plants or small transpiration rates (i.e., early-season or arid sites).
A Unifying Approach to MeasuringClimate Change Impacts and Adaptation

We develop a unifying approach to estimating climate impacts and adaptation, andapply it to study the impact of climate change on local air pollution. Economic agentsare usually constrained when responding to daily weather shocks, but may adjustto long-run climatic changes. Bysimultaneouslyexploiting variation in weather andclimate, we identify both the short- and long-run impacts on economic outcomes, andmeasure adaptationdirectlyas the difference between those responses. As a result, weidentify adaptation without making extrapolations of weather responses over time orspace, and overcome omitted variable bias concerns in prior approaches
Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids induce defense responses and resistance to Phytophthora capsici in tomato and pepper

Abstract Phytophthora capsici is a difficult to manage broad host-range oomycete that attacks members of the Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Fabaceae. Induced resistance could complement host genetic resistance and chemical and cultural strategies to help mitigate diseases caused by P. capsici. The eicosapolyenoic fatty acids (EP), arachidonic (AA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, are common fatty acids in oomycetes and are released from Phytophthora species during infection of plants. EP act as elicitors, or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), triggering dramatic changes in oxylipin biochemistry and various defenses in tomatoes and peppers. Treatment of roots of hydroponically-grown tomato and pepper seedlings with 10 μM EP induces resistance to subsequent infection with P. capsici, reducing rot and collapse at the crowns by >50%. Exposure of tomato roots to EP elicits lignification in roots within 72 h and primes the crowns for an amplified lignification response following attack by P. capsici. Tomato seedling growth is inhibited on 100–200 μM AA-infused growth media, a high concentration of the elicitor, but a feature also observed with other studied MAMPs. Understanding the signal-response coupling and physiological costs vs. benefits of EP-triggered resistance will guide the use of EP-containing commercial products for plant protection in production systems.
Overview of pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy - 2021

Abstract Background Restrictive cardiomyopathy is amongst the least common forms of cardiomyopathy in children. It results in diastolic heart failure with preserved systolic function until late in the disease process. Medical therapies currently only address symptoms and not the underlying mechanisms of disease, resulting in a poor prognosis relative to the other forms of primary pediatric cardiomyopathies. Aim of Review This article will review the various diseases and genetic mutations that result in the phenotype of restrictive cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis and management will be discussed based on two case presentations. Key Scientific Concepts of Review The differing underlying mechanisms that cause the restrictive phenotype in restrictive cardiomyopathies result in the need for the development of mechanism based medical therapies to improve the physiology and outcomes of these diseases. It is also important to recognize the development of restrictive physiology in other forms of cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease because this results in a worsening prognosis.
Computational Study of Integrated Neutron/Photon Imaging for Illicit Material Detection

Abstract The feasibility of integration of photon and neutron radiography for nondestructive detection of illicit materials was examined. The MCNP5 code was used to model a radiography system consisting of accelerator-based neutron and photon sources and the imaging detector array, with an object under scrutiny placed between them. For this examination, the objects consisted of a matrix of low-Z and high-Z materials of various shapes and density. Transmission-radiography computations were carried out using 2.5-MeV deuterium-deuterium and 14-MeV deuterium-tritium neutron sources, and a 0.3-MeV photon source. The radiography tallies for both neutron and photon sources were modeled for the same geometry of the system. The photon-to- neutron transmission ratios were determined for each pixel of the detector array and utilized to identify the presence of specific materials in the radiographic images. By focusing on the inherent difference between neutron and photon interactions, it was possible to determine the shape and material composition of complex objects present within a pallet or a shipping container. The use of a single imaging array of scintillation detectors for simultaneous measurements of fast neutrons and photons is discussed, and its function in the dual neutron/photon radiography applications is addressed.
Ethical Problems of Interpretation in Educational Research

Ethics address questions of the “good” and how benefits and disadvantages accrued in society are earned and distributed. Research ethics, then, concern how the “good” translates into research practice. The chapter addresses ethics in the conduct of research and what will happen to participants, and ethics in interpretation, or what happens to data after they are collected, how and what kind of interpretations researchers assign to research results, and what consequences those interpretations have for human beings. Ethical concerns are divided into procedural or formal matters and everyday or ordinary (Lambek 2010) matters, and the differences among them are discussed. Also discussed are whether epistemological differences mandate different approaches to ethics, what interpretation really means and how it has ethical valence, and what standard concerns about ethics mean in the twenty-first century, as they are redefined for research in non-Western cultural settings and on groups, rather than individuals.
Overcoming T Cell Ignorance by Providing Costimulation

Rejection of immunogenic tumors is primarily mediated by T cells with both CD8+ cytolytic T cells (CTL) and CD4+ T helper cells (Th) playing important roles. There is compelling evidence that T cells require at least two signals to become fully activated. Signal one is generated by interaction between an antigen-specific receptor (TCR) on the T lymphocytes and antigenic peptide-MHC complexes on antigen-presenting cells (APC). Signal two is delivered by costimulatory molecules on the APCs to their counterreceptors on the T lymphocytes [1]. In the absence of costimulation, exposure to an antigen can lead to immunological ignorance in vivo [2] or anergy in some T cell clones [3].
A study of distributed transaction processing in an internetwork

The rapid growth of interconnected computer networks has generated a lot of interest in migrating the distributed systems to a wide area network (WAN) environment, such as the Internet. We have developed mechanisms for studying the performance of the distributed transaction processing on the Internet, without actually having to move the database sites to remote Internet hosts. We have conducted experimental studies to analyze and understand the behavior of this transition on various transaction processing algorithms, such as concurrency control and atomicity control algorithms. The throughput, per-transaction response time, and abort rate of an industrial standard benchmark transactions have been measured and evaluated.
Studies of the oral circulation. I. Preliminary report on external carotid arteriography.

Abstract Studies of the physiology of the oral circulation, using the method of arteriography, have been made. Their purpose was to learn whether or not the technique could be applied successfully in areas where dense bone shadows are superimposed on small-caliber vessels. It was demonstrated that external carotid arteriography in human beings and in experimental animals holds much promise for obtaining data dealing with the physiology and pathology of the oral circulation.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Corn Grown with a Cover Crop

Introduction Objectives of this project were to study corn nitrogen (N) fertilization requirement and corn-soybean yield response when grown in a rye cover cropping system. Multiple rates of N fertilizer were applied, with measurement of corn yield response to applied N and soybean yield with and without a fall planted winter rye cover crop. The study was conducted at multiple research farms, with the intent for comparison of with and without a cover crop system across varying soil and climatic conditions in Iowa.
Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Cells Are Resistant to Multiple Inducers of Apoptosis

Infection with certain intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, may induce host cell apoptosis. On the other hand, infection with some viruses inhibits apoptosis. Complex protozoan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii and members of Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Microsporidia, are also obligate intracellular pathogens, yet relatively little is known regarding their subversion of host cell functions. We now report that cells infected with T. gondii are resistant to multiple inducers of apoptosis, including Fas-dependent and Fas-independent CTL-mediated cytotoxicity, IL-2 deprivation, gamma irradiation, UV irradiation, and the calcium ionophore beauvericin. Inhibition of such a broad array of apoptosis inducers suggests that a mechanism common to many, or perhaps all, apoptotic pathways is involved. The inhibitory activity requires live intracellular parasite and ongoing protein synthesis. Despite T. gondii-mediated inhibition of DNA fragmentation, infected cells can still be lysed by CTL.
Research Frontiers in Object Technology

Object technology has been widely acclaimed as offering a revolution in computing that will resolve a myriad of problems inherent in developing and managing organizational information processing capabilities. Although its foundations arose in computer programming languages, object technology has implications for a wide range of business computing activities including: Programming, Analysis and Design, Information Management, and Information Sharing. We examine six fundamental research frontiers in each activity: Common Business Classes; Organizational Barriers; Applications and Tools; Reuse and Object Management; Standards, Testing, and Metrics; and Technology Investment. The cross product of the business computing activities with these fundamental research frontiers yields a taxonomy within which to position the research needed to realize the promises offered by object technology.
Analysis Of Laryngeal Biomechanics Of Deaf Speakers Utilizing High-Speed Cinematography

Since the formalization of the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of vocal fold vibration, it has been generally accepted that biomechanical and aerodynamic forces determine the nature of vocal fold vibration patterns, speaking fundamental frequency and vocal intensity. The speech of the deaf is frequently characterized by abnormal voice qualities and aberrant frequency and intensity variations suggesting mismanagement of the biomechanical and aerodynamic forces acting on the larynx. Unfortunately, efforts to remediate these abnormal laryngeal activities are frequently ineffective. It is reasonable to suggest that more effective remedial strategies could be developed if we had a better understanding of the underlying nature of the problems deaf persons experience when trying to control laryngeal functioning for speech purposes. Toward this end, we are employing high speed laryngeal filming procedures in conjunction with glottal impedance, respiratory kinematic and acous-tical measurement procedures to assess abnormal laryngeal functioning of deaf speakers. All data are collected simultaneously and are time-locked to facilitate analysis of specific laryngeal events. This unique combination of instrumentation has provided important insights regarding laryngeal functioning of the deaf. For example, we have observed that deaf speakers may assume abnormal glottal configurations during phonation that pro-hibit normal laryngeal functioning and disturb upper airway dynamics. Also, normal vibratory patterns are frequently disturbed. Instrumentation, data collection protocols, analysis procedures and selected findings will be discussed.
Dose-response effects of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide on human T and B cell function in vitro.

Abstract 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-OOH-CYP) is spontaneously converted in aqueous solution to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4-OH-CYP), the major active metabolic of cyclophosphamide. We studied the dose related effects of in vitro treatment with 4-OOH-CYP on human T- and B cell-mediated immune responses. T-cell proliferation to mitogens and alloantigens was only partially inhibited even relatively high-doses of 4-OOH-CYP(> 6 – 12 μ g/ml). In contrast cytotoxic functions of activated T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells were inhibited at lower doses (3–6 μg/ml). PWM induced in vitro synthesis of IgG by B-cells was inhibited at μ g/ml of 4-OOH-CYP. These data indicate that at 4-HOO-CYP has selective, dose-dependent effects on human T and B cells in vitro .
Family Impacts Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Health Care Quality

Abstract Objective To compare health care quality and family employment and financial impacts among children with special health care needs (CSHCN) with autism spectrum disorder (CSHCN + ASD), CSHCN with functional limitations (CSHCN + FL), and CSHCN lacking these conditions (other CSHCN); to test whether high health care quality was associated with reduced family impacts among CSHCN + ASD. Methods Data from the 2009–2010 National Survey of CSHCN were used to compare 3025 CSHCN + ASD, 6505 CSHCN + FL, and 28,296 other CSHCN. Weighted multivariate logistic regression analyses examined 6 age-relevant, federally defined health care quality indicators and 5 family financial and employment impact indicators. Two composite measures were additionally used: 1) receipt of care that met all age-relevant quality indicators; and 2) had ≥2 of the 5 adverse family impacts. Results Across all health care quality indicators, CSHCN + ASD fared poorly, with only 7.4% meeting all age-relevant indicators. CSHCN + ASD had worse health care quality than other CSHCN, including CSHCN + FL. CSHCN + ASD also had high rates of adverse family impact, with over half experiencing ≥2 adverse impacts. Rates of adverse family impact were higher in CSHCN + ASD than other CSHCN, including CSHCN + FL. Among CSHCN + ASD, those whose health care that met federal quality standards were less likely to have multiple adverse family impacts than CSHCN + ASD whose health care did not meet federal quality standards. Conclusions CSHCN + ASD are more prone to experience poor health care quality and family impacts than other CSHCN, even CSHCN + FL. Receipt of care meeting federal quality standards may potentially lessen adverse family impacts for CSHCN + ASD.
Symbolic Logic Analysis of Congenital Heart Disease

In identifying the primary, genetic or environmental event in human cardiac malformations, it is desirable to separate out the apparently secondary lesions. We have employed the general principle that multiple cardiac lesions within a single patient may often represent a pathogenetic process in which one primary event gives rise to a sequence of secondary lesions. The mechanical paradigm of cardiogenesis suggests that abnormal primary lesions may give rise to secondary lesions through altered blood flow or pressure relations, if the secondary structure normally appears later and represents a reasonable tissue response to altered mechanics. Symbolic logic is a mathematical method in which descriptive statements are placed in formal relation to one another and their logical consequences are deduced. Using the mechanical paradigm as a technique of hypothesis generation and symbolic logic as a technique of hypothesis testing, we have analyzed the following malformation complexes in large series of autopsied patients: coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, arterious malformation, interrupted aortic arch, and semilunar valve malformations.
The history of the glomus tumors - nonchromaffim chemodectoma: a glimpse of biomedical Camelot.

Conclusions: Guild’s initial 231 word report was the source of a stream of positive consequences; the glomus story is a paradigm of the utility of basic science. Background: The glomus tumor has had a number of different names, including glomus jugulare, glomus tympanicum, nonchromaffin paraganglioma, and carotid body tumor. Although they have occurred throughout the ages, glomus tumors were neither recognized nor understood until Harry Rosenwasser read Stacy Guild’s report of 1941. Materials and methods: The pertinent literature from the 18th century to the present was reviewed. Results: Stacy Guild’s pursuit of basic scientific knowledge laid the foundation for a chain of clinical and scientific advances that continue to the present and will continue to have positive effects into the future. Guild’s brief basic science note of 1941 was used through the scholarship of Rosenwasser to define a clinical entity that had not been recognized. This new nosology, rapidly adopted worldwide, provided a biological basis for the rational grouping of patients and analysis of their ills. Subsequent to this, it was noted that many of these tumors occurred in families, apparently transmitted as an autosomal dominate but occurring primarily in the males. Further study based on these observations led to the identification of a genetic mechanism of inheritance: genomic imprinting. A further advance of the synergetic relationship between the environment oxygen tension/altitude and the mutation explains Guild’s 1953 observations that all patients, without any sexual predominance, have glomus bodies but not all have tumors.
Formation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-DNA adducts in 7,8-benzoflavone-treated hamster embryo cells

Abstract Pretreatment of secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryo cells with 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) inhibited both the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and the formation of DMBA-DNA adducts. The DMBA-deoxyribonucleoside adducts from 7,8-BF-treated cultures had the same elution profiles on Sephadex LH-20 columns as those from cultures exposed to DMBA alone, but 7,8-BF-treated cultures contained smaller amounts of DMBA-DNA adducts per mg DNA. As the concentration of 7,8-BF was increased, the decrease in the amount of DMBA-DNA adducts per mg DNA was logarithmic with respect to the decrease in the amount of DMBA metabolized. The results suggest that more than one metabolic step is required for the binding of DMBA to DNA in hamster embryo cells.
Sensitive and quantitative detection of mutations associated with clinical resistance to STI-571.

Abstract Resistance to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) drug STI571 has been associated with point mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL. For example, the mutation T315I (g. 68721C>T) and, to a lesser extent, Y253F (g. 58796A>T) appear in a significant proportion of patients resistant to treatment. Mutations appear intimately related to the development of resistance, and they may pre-exist in a small percentage (