cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wall Shear Stress Measurement in Blade End-Wall Corner Region

The magnitude and the direction of wall shear stress and surface pressure in the blade end-wall corner region were investigated. The measurements were obtained on a specially designed Preston tube, the tip of which could be concentrically rotated about its axis of rotation at the measurement location. The magnitude of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the corner was observed to increase significantly (170 percent) compared to its far-upstream value; the increase was consistently higher on the blade surface compared to the value on the plate surface of the blade end-wall corner. On both surfaces in the blade end-wall corner, the variation of the wall shear stress direction was found to be more predominant in the vicinity of the blade leading-edge location. The trend of the measured wall shear stress direction showed good agreement with the limiting streamline directions obtained from the flow visualization studies.
Potassium, rubidium and cesium hydrides as dehydrogenation catalysts for the lithium amide/magnesium hydride system

Abstract In this study, the effectiveness of several alkali metal hydrides (KH, RbH and CsH) for improving the hydrogen desorption properties of a 2LiNH2/MgH2 mixture was studied. Results showed that the relative effectiveness of these additives in decreasing the hydrogen desorption temperature, lowering the activation energy and increasing desorption rates from the mixtures is in the order: RbH > KH > CsH > Un-catalyzed. Modeling studies showed that diffusion through a Li2Mg(NH)2 product layer is the rate-controlling process. It is believed that the alkali elements: K, Rb and Cs partially replace the Li in the product layer. This may have an inductive effect in which the N–H bond is weakened thus leading to lower desorption enthalpies. The lattice expansion caused by substitution of the larger alkali elements for Li may also allow for faster diffusion and increased desorption rates.
Kinetic theory of inhomogeneous rotating self-gravitating systems: Enhanced collisional diffusion and dissipation

Abstract Kinetic equations are presented for binary interactions in strongly inhomogeneous self-gravitating systems that rotate with uniform angular velocities. The characteristic times for dissipation can be substantially reduced only if a composite-particle approach is taken.
Identification of illuminant and object colors: heuristic-based algorithms

In everyday scenes, from perceived colors of objects and terrains, observers can simultaneously identify objects across illuminants and identify the nature of the light, e.g., as sunlight or cloudy. As a formal problem, identifying objects and illuminants from the color information provided by sensor responses is underdetermined. It is shown how the problem can be simplified considerably by the empirical result that chromaticities of sets of objects under one illuminant are approximately affine transformations of the chromaticities under spectrally different illuminants. Algorithms that use the affine nature of the correlation as a heuristic can identify objects of identical spectral reflectance across scenes lit simultaneously or successively by different illuminants. The relative chromaticities of the illuminants are estimated as part of the computation. Because information about objects and illuminants is useful in many different tasks, it would be more advantageous for the visual system to use such algorithms to extract both sorts of information from retinal signals than to discount either automatically at an early neural stage.
Resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski debate: Implications for the electromagnetic wave theory of light in matter

A century has now passed since the origins of the Abraham-Minkowski controversy pertaining to the correct form of optical momentum in media. Experiment and theory have been applied at both the classical and quantum levels in attempt to resolve the debate. The result of these efforts is the identification of Abraham’s kinetic momentum as being responsible for the overall center of mass translations of a medium and Minkowski’s canonical or wave momentum as being responsible for translations within or with respect to a medium. In spite of the recent theoretical developments, much confusion still exists regarding the appropriate theory required to predict experimental outcomes and to develop new applications. In this paper, the resolution of the longstanding Abraham-Minkowski controversy is reviewed. The resolution is presented using classical electromagnetic theory and logical interpretation of experiments disseminated over the previous century. Emphasis is placed on applied physics applications: modeling optical manipulation of cells and particles. Although the basic interpretation of optical momentum has been resolved, there is still some uncertainly regarding the complete form of the momentum continuity equation describing electromagnetics. Thus, while a complete picture of electrodynamics has still yet to be fully interpreted, this correspondence should help clarify the state-of-the-art view.
Quickest change point identification across a sensor array

The problem of quickly detecting a statistical change and identifying the change source is considered. In the problem studied, there are multiple sensors. A change can first occur at any one of these sensors and propagate to other sensors. One is required to detect the presence of such change with a minimal delay and furthermore identify the sensor that first observes the change. Three performance metrics, namely detection delay, false alarm probability and false identification probability, are of interest. The optimal stopping rule, determining when one should stop sampling and claim a change has occurred, and the optimal terminal decision rule, determining which sensor first observes the change, that minimize a weighted sum of these three performance metrics are characterized. We obtain the optimal solution by first converting the problem at the hand to a Markovian stopping time problem and then solving the problem using tools from the optimal stopping theory.
The nonsaturability of the strain field of a dislocation by point imperfections

Abstract It is shown that a dislocation strain field is not saturated by point imperfections when the dislocation dilatation is exhausted. Elastic saturation effects are possible because of the direct elastic interaction between the point imperfections, but are probably rare. The saturation problem is equivalent to the problem of nucleation of precipitates, and thus should be discussed in terms of the short range non-linear and electronic forces between the imperfections.
Separation of shoreline change signal from random noise

Abstract Investigation of shoreline change signals in the presence of possible non-stationarity is attempted via Karhunen–Loeve filtering to separate the actual shoreline signal change from that of random noise. Interpretation is made of the signal and noise normalized covariance and spectra to help in delineating natural change versus man-made change patterns for a section of shoreline where a navigation channel existed over a portion of the shoreline history.
Annealing changes on the (100) surface of palladium and their effect on CO adsorption

Abstract LEED beam profiles and intensities for an argon ion bombarded (100) Pd surface have been studied as a function of annealing to determine the minimum anneal which will remove the bombardment damage. The resulting surface has the same structure as the substrate (100) planes and readily chemisorbs CO to form a Pd(100) 2 × 4−45°-CO structure, with one CO molecule adsorbed to every two surface Pd atoms in an alternating bridged bond arrangement. This structure bears a close relationship to that of CO on (100) Ni. In the early stages of cleaning more extensive annealing resulted in the formation of a P2 × 2 structure followed by a stable C2 × 2 which could not be removed by heating. However, these structures could not be regenerated following a long sequence of alternate high temperature heating and argon ion bombardment, although changes in the intensities of the integral order beams still resulted from extended annealing. We attribute these changes to contamination by diffusion of a bulk impurity to the surface. CO does not adsorb on the contaminated surface. We conclude that argon ion bombardment can best be relied upon to produce a clean (100) Pd surface when the subsequent anneal is just sufficient to remove the sputtering damage.
Ethnomethodology: The promise of applied communication research?

Since the New Orleans Conference of 1968, speech communication researchers have begun using innovative qualitative techniques. This essay presents a case for using ethnomethodology and participant observation as research tools in applied communication. An analogy to literary criticism is presented.
Responses to Lonely Hearts Advertisements Effects of Reported Physical Attractiveness, Physique, and Coloration

This study employed lonely hearts advertisements to investigate the effects of reported physical appearance on interpersonal attraction. The personal advertisements in a local Columbus magazine were coded in terms of the individuals gender, height, weight, hair color, eye color, and evaluative self-description of his or her own appearance. The magazine recorded the number of responses each ad received, and this constituted the dependent measure. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that more responses were received by women and by individuals providing nonnegative, evaluative self-descriptions than by their counterparts. Also, tall male advertisers and light female advertisers received more responses than their shorter and heavier counterparts. Finally, advertisers with red or salt and pepper hair received more responses than blonde and brunette advertisers. Discussion focused on the relations between these findings and those of past research and on the utility of lonely hearts advertisements in ...
Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of the heart/muscle adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) in mouse

Mitochondrial myopathy, associated with muscle weakness and progressive external ophthalmoplegia, is caused by mutations in mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation genes including the heart–muscle isoform of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1). To develop therapies for mitochondrial disease, we have prepared a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) carrying the mouse Ant1 cDNA. This vector has been used to transduce muscle cells and muscle from Ant1 mutant mice, which manifest mitochondrial myopathy. AAV-ANT1 transduction resulted in long-term, stable expression of the Ant1 transgene in muscle precursor cells as well as differentiated muscle fibers. The transgene ANT1 protein was targeted to the mitochondrion, was inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane, formed a functional ADP/ATP carrier, increased the mitochondrial export of ATP and reversed the histopathological changes associated with the mitochondrial myopathy. Thus, AAV transduction has the potential of providing symptomatic relief for the ophthalmoplegia and ptosis resulting from paralysis of the extraocular eye muscles cause by mutations in the Ant1 gene.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric carcinogenesis

Chronic gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma, yet the effects of bacterial eradication on carcinogenesis remain unclear. Animal models provide important insights into factors that are involved in gastric carcinogenesis, and we previously utilized such a model to demonstrate that an in vivo-adapted H. pylori strain, 7.13, rapidly and reproducibly induces inflammation-mediated gastric carcinoma. In the current study, we used this bacterial strain as a prototype to define the role of targeted antimicrobial therapy in gastric carcinogenesis. Mongolian gerbils were infected with H. pylori for 4 or 8 weeks, treated with antimicrobial agents or vehicle, and then euthanized at 8 weeks after the completion of therapy. All infected gerbils developed gastritis; however, inflammation was significantly attenuated in animals receiving antimicrobial therapy. Gastric dysplasia or cancer developed in >60% of the gerbils that remained persistently colonized with H. pylori, but in none of the animals treated with antibiotics following 4 weeks of infection. Infection with H. pylori for 8 weeks prior to therapy resulted in an attenuation, but not complete prevention, of pre-malignant and malignant lesions. Similarly, antibiotic therapy initiated at 4, but not 8, weeks after H. pylori challenge significantly reduced expression of the Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma within colonized gastric mucosa. These results indicate that treatment of H. pylori in this model decreases the incidence and severity of lesions with carcinogenic potential. The effectiveness of eradication is dependent upon the timing of intervention, providing insights into mechanisms that may regulate the development of malignancies arising within the context of inflammatory states.
Separating temperature, emissivity and downwelling radiance in thermal infrared pure-pixel hyperspectral images

The identity of a material may be obtained by measuring its emis-sivity spectrum. Unfortunately, hyperspectral remote sensing instruments measure spectral radiance, which is a nonlinear function of the material's emissivity and temperature, the atmospheric downwelling radiance, and other factors. Therefore, accurate interpretation of hy-perspectral data requires estimation and separation of these quantities. By leveraging hyperspectral measurements of the same scene spread across time, this paper develops a new algorithm for estimating temperature, emissivity and downwelling radiance. We show the results of applying this algorithm to real hyperspectral data. The estimated emissivity spectra are in good agreement with laboratory measured spectra, and estimated downwelling radiance agrees well with downwelling products computed using radiative transfer models.
QSAR without arbitrary descriptors: the electron-conformational method.

The electron-conformational (EC) method in QSAR problems employs a unique (based on first principles) descriptor of molecular properties that incorporates the electronic structure and topology of the molecule and is presented in a digital-matrix form suitable for computer processing, the EC matrix of congruity (ECMC). Its matrix elements have clear-cut physical meanings of interatomic distances, bond orders, and atomic reactivity (interaction indices). By comparing these matrices for several active compounds of the training set a group of matrix elements is revealed that are common for these compounds within a minimum tolerance, the EC submatrix of activity (ECSA). The latter is the numerical pharmacophore for the level of activity and diversity of the tried compounds. The EC method was described in detail and used for pharmacophore identification and quantitative bioactivity prediction elsewhere. In this paper we give further general considerations of its uniqueness and emphasize its advantages as compared with traditional QSAR methods, outlining the following three novel points: (1) The unique, non-arbitrary descriptor employed in the EC method avoids the shortcomings of the arbitrary chosen descriptors and statistical estimation of their weight in the evaluation of the pharmacophore used in traditional QSAR methods. Arbitrary descriptors may be interdependent (“non-orthogonal”) and their sets are necessarily incomplete, hence they may lead to chance correlations and artifacts. The EC pharmacophore is void of these failures, thus deemed to be absolutely reliable within the accuracy of the experimental data and the diversity of the molecules used in its evaluation; (2) The tolerances in the matrix elements of the ECSA play a special role reflecting the flexibilities of the pharmacophore parameters and the dependence of the activity on the latter quantitatively; they are obtained in a minimization procedure; by increasing the tolerances one can get pharmacophores for larger intervals of activity. An advanced formula is derived for the activity as a function of the drug–receptor bonding energy which handles also the multi-conformational problem, and a regressional procedure is suggested to represent the interaction energy and the activity by the ECSA matrix elements or tolerances; (3) The possibility of bimolecular activity is discussed when a single molecule of the active compound has no pharmacophore, but the latter is present in the bimolecular structure. Examples are given from the problem of aquatic toxicity to fish.
COMPOSITION DERIVATIVES OF ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT MODELS (FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THERMODYNAMIC FACTORS IN DIFFUSION)

ABSTRACT Derivatives of activity coefficient models are needed for the evaluation of the thermodynamic factors that arise in the equations that describe diffusion in multicomponent systems. A general framework for the evaluation of these thermodynamic factors is presented together with specific results for the Margules, Van Laar, Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models.
1103 INFLUENZA VIRUS IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN WITH RENAL DISEASE

Thirty-six children (ages 4-15 yr) with renal disease were separated into 3 groups of 12 - Group I, Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS) in remission and no therapy; Group II, INS in remission with alternate day maintenance steroid therapy and Group III, nephritides. All were immunized with a single dose of 0.5 ml Influenza virus vaccine, bivalent type A subvirion (Park-Davis & Co). Before and 4 weeks after immunization, sera were tested for serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers to A/New Jersey/76 (HswlNl), A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) and A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2). Pre-immunization, serum HI antibody titers (1:40) to A/New Jersey was present in one child, to A/Victoria in 10 children (27%) and to A/Port Chalmers in 25 of 34 children (68%). After immunization 31 of 36 children (86%) had 4-fold or more rise in serum HI titers (p 0.05). Sixteen of 36 children (44%) had local tenderness and 3 children (8%) had a fever of 39°C. Of the 7 children with pre-immunization proteinuria, 4 children had transient rise in proteinuria after immunization. None required an increased prednisone dose for exacerbation of INS. Children with chronic renal problems should be protected against influenza.
Evaluation of a healthcare safety climate measurement tool

PROBLEM: Psychometrically validated measurement tools are needed to evaluate an organization's safety climate. In 2000, Gershon and colleagues published a new healthcare safety climate measurement tool to determine its relationship to safe work behavior (Gershon, R., Karkashian, C., Grosch, J., Murphy, L., Escamilla-Cejudo, A., Flanagan, P., et al. (2000). Hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices and workplace exposure incidents. American Journal of Infection Control, 28, 211-21). The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Gershon tool when modified to address respiratory rather than bloodborne pathogen exposures. METHOD: Medical practitioners, nurses, and nurse aides (n=460) were surveyed using the modified Gershon tool. Data were analyzed by factor analysis and psychometric properties of the tool evaluated. RESULTS: Eight safety climate dimensions were extracted from 25 items (Cronbach's alpha range: 0.62 - 0.88). Factor extractions and psychometric properties were reasonably consistent with those of the Gershon tool. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The Gershon safety climate tool appears to have sufficient reliability and validity for use by healthcare decision makers as an indicator of employee perceptions of safety in their institution. Language: en
Cardiac troponin I in pediatrics: Normal values and potential use in the assessment of cardiac injury

Abstract Objective: To establish normal values and determine the impact of congenital or acquired heart disease on serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Methods: Concentrations of cTnI were measured in two groups of children. Group A represented ambulatory pediatric patients with no apparent cardiac disease (n = 120) and patients in stable condition with known congenital or acquired cardiac abnormalities (n = 96); group B was composed of patients admitted to intensive care units with normal echocardiograms (n = 16), with abnormal echocardiograms (n = 36), and those with blunt chest trauma who were thought to have cardiac contusions (n = 7). Results: The cTnI concentrations were generally less than 2.0 ng/ml in group A and frequently below the level of detection for the assay (1.5 ng/ml). There was no statistical difference between the two outpatient subgroups ( p = 0.66). Nine intensive care patients had cTnI values greater than 2.0 ng/ml. Six of these patients, all with abnormal echocardiograms, had values less than 7.7 ng/ml. All improved and had subsequent normal cTnI concentrations. None of the three remaining patients (two with systemic illness [trauma and sepsis] and one with severe pulmonary hypertension), all with values greater than 8.0 ng/ml, survived. Three of the four patients with high likelihood of cardiac contusion had cTnI concentrations greater than 2.0 ng/ml (including one patient who died). Conclusions: Cardiac troponin-I values are generally not elevated in children with stable cardiac disease or general pediatric conditions. In the context of severe acute illness, significant elevation of cTnI may be an indicator of poor outcome. Elevation of cTnI may also have diagnostic value in cases when cardiac contusion is suspected. (J Pediatr 1997;130:872-7)
General cognitive ability following unilateral and bilateral fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue transplantation for treatment of Parkinson's disease

Objective: To contrast the neuropsychological profiles of Parkinsonian patients, before and after fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue transplantation. Design: Case series of personally examined patients. Setting: Patients were evaluated by neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuropsychologists as outpatients at a university hospital. Patients: Fetal mesencephalic tissue was implanted in the right caudate nucleus of three patients and both nuclei of one patient. These patients were evaluated prior to surgery and at 12, 24, and 26 months postoperatively. Results: Factor analysis of the test battery identified four statistically orthogonal test clusters. No statistically significant changes were identified postoperatively for clusters assessing verbal cognitive ability, nonverbal cognitive ability, and information-processing speed. An improvement of verbal memory cluster index was observed 12 months after surgery, and the improvement reached the level of statistical significance at 24 months after surgery. However, the verbal memory of all patients declined between 24 and 36 months after surgery. Conclusions: Fetal tissue transplantation to one or both caudate nuclei did not permanently arrest cognitive dysfunction. Although there is some evidence of improved cognitive ability after transplantation, it is improbable that normal cognitive function can be restored by this procedure because the impairments of cognitive ability associated with Parkinson's disease do not appear to originate solely from dopamine deficiency.
Prevalence of Rate-Dependent Behaviors in Cardiac Muscle

Spatiotemporal complexity can degrade the performance of dynamical systems. Recent research has focused on the control of complexity in biological systems, where a loss of performance can be deadly [1]. In cardiac function, for example, it is advantageous to suppress the spatiotemporal disorganization of ventricular fibrillation that prevents blood from being pumped throughout the body. Chaos control techniques [2] have shown the potential to modify temporal disorganization in spatially extended cardiac tissue using small electrical perturbations. To optimize the design of these control techniques it is essential to determine the types and prevalence of spatially localized dynamical behaviors that have been correlated with the initiation of spatiotemporal complexity in the heart [3,4]. In this Letter we investigate in vitro the response of small pieces of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) cardiac muscle to periodic electrical stimulation to determine the prevalence of different rate-dependent behaviors. Under various conditions of periodic electrical stimulation (pacing), M stimuli can elicit N responses (M:N behavior). A wide range of these responses have been observed depending on the type of cardiac tissue, animal species, or stimulus parameters, such as frequency [5], amplitude [6], and shape [7]. We concentrate on rate-dependent behaviors in cardiac muscle because of the wide range of excitation rates that occur in both healthy and pathological cardiac tissue. In addition, we explore the range of dynamical behaviors in a large number of animals to determine the relative prevalence of different dynamical states because control protocols must be able to deal with every behavior occurring in
Wireless capsule endoscopy: summary

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) allows visualization of apthous ulcerations and areas of denudation previously unseen on small bowel radiology and ileoscopy, both of which are considered to be manifestations of early Crohn's disease. If this concept is proven correct, WCE will have a pivotal role in the evaluation of patients with suspected but clinically unconfirmed Crohn's disease, and for reclassifying patients with indeterminant colitis. Whether medical treatment of these presumed early Crohn's lesions will alter the natural course of Crohn's disease remains to be determined.
A self‐consistent model of the interacting ring current ions and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, initial results: Waves and precipitating fluxes

Initial results from a newly developed model of the interacting ring current ions and ion cyclotron waves are presented. The model is based on the system of two kinetic equations: one equation describes the ring current ion dynamics, and another equation describes wave evolution. The system gives a self-consistent description of the ring current ions and ion cyclotron waves in a quasilinear approach. These equations for the ion phase space distribution function and for the wave power spectral density were solved on aglobal magnetospheric scale undernonsteady state conditions during the 2-5 May 1998 storm. The structure and dynamics of the ring current proton precipitating flux regions and the ion cyclotron wave-active zones during extreme geomagnetic disturbances on 4 May 1998 are presented and discussed in detail.
Jaw depression elicited by tooth pulp stimulation.

Abstract Stimulation of tooth pulpal nerves in both anesthetized and alert cats elicited a vigorous jaw depression reflex. The threshold for jaw depression in the chronic preparation remained stable for as long as 4 months. Disappearance of the jaw depression response following endodontic therapy indicated that the response was not caused by spread of current to extrapulpal nerve fibers. Strength-duration curves were plotted for the jaw depression reflex and were found to vary with the depth of anesthesia. The jaw depression response followed stimulation frequencies of 13–23 cycle/sec in both the alert and anesthetized animals. Summation of the sensory input from the two upper canine teeth was demonstrated in all acute preparations.
Retinoid and androgen regulation of cell growth, epidermal growth factor and retinoic acid receptors in normal and carcinoma rat prostate cells

Recent in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-mediated processes may be involved in androgen regulation of prostate cells in a manner that may be altered during prostatic carcinogenesis. We tested this hypothesis in the newly established carcinoma and non-carcinoma rat prostate epithelial cell lines, NRP-154 and NRP-152, respectively. In DMEM/F-12 medium supplemented with 10% charcoal stripped fetal calf serum (cFCS), the number of both NRP-152 and NRP-154 cells were stimulated by testosterone (T), with a 4-fold greater effect in NRP-152 than in NRP-154 cells. Retinoic acid (RA) alone also stimulated the growth of NRP-152 cells, but failed to induce cell growth of NRP-154 cells. Importantly, the level of RAR alpha mRNA was elevated whereas the levels of RAR gamma and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA were lower in NRP-154 cells compared to those in NRP-152 cells. Treatment of NRP-152 cells with increasing doses of T resulted in a dose-dependent decrease and rebound of the level of RAR alpha and gamma mRNA in NRP-152 cells; these effects were not apparent, if not reversed, in NRP-154 cells. Both ligand binding and Western blot analyses revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) was stimulated by 20 nM T but was suppressed by 0.1 microM RA, which also attenuated the stimulating effects of T on EGF-R in NRP-152 and to a lesser extent in NRP-154 cells. The differences in the level and androgen regulation of RAR mRNAs and reciprocal regulation of EGF-R expression by T and RA between NRP-154 and NRP-152 cells suggest that variations in the EGF-R and RAR signal events may contribute to differences in growth rate between these two cell lines.
Pelletron-based MeV-range electron beam recirculation

Abstract In this paper we describe the successful recirculation of a DC electron beam at energies 1–1.5 MeV and currents up to 0.7 A with typical relative losses of 5–20×10−6. Currents of 200 mA were maintained for periods of up to five hours without a single breakdown. We found that the aperture-limiting diaphragm in the gun anode significantly increased the stability of the recirculation. We also found that the stability depended strongly on vacuum pressure in the beamline. The performance of the collector with transverse magnetic fields was found to be adequate for beam currents up to 0.6 A, which is in agreement with our low-energy bench test results.
Multidimensional Characterization of Sexual Minority Adolescents’ Sexual Safety Strategies

Young adults have high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sexual minority youths' risk for STIs, including HIV, is as high as or higher than sexual majority peers'. Sexual safety, while often treated as a single behavior such as condom use, can be best conceptualized as the result of multiple factors. We used latent class analysis to identify profiles based on ever-used sexual safety strategies and lifetime number of partners among 425 self-identified LGBTQ youth aged 14-19. Data collection took place anonymously online. We identified four specific subgroup profiles for males and three for females, with each subgroup representing a different level and type of sexual safety. Profiles differed from each other in terms of age and outness for males, and in outness, personal homonegativity, and amount of education received about sexual/romantic relationships for females. Youths' sexual safety profiles have practice implications for sexuality educators, health care professionals, and parents.
Method for calculating integrals over Fermi surface orbits

Abstract A systematic algorithm for computing de Haas-van Alphen areas and cyclotron masses for an arbitrary Fermi surface is described. Results for copper and silver are compared to experiment. In the case of the cyclotron mass, such a comparison illustrates the anisotropy of the electron-phonon interaction.
Hough Transform For Target Detection In Infrared Imagery

An algorithm is described for detecting and recognizing targets in infrared imagery in real-time. Suspicious areas are selected from a large frame by a very fast pre-processor which flags suspicious locations based upon local statistics in the frame. For finding the outlines of the target, the Sobel operator is used to extract edge gradients and orientations, which are then mapped into parameter space by the Hough transformation. Normalization and sharpening operations applied in the parameter space subsequently enhance straight boundaries associated with possible targets. A discriminant function for the recognition of the targets is formed based upon the assumption that the four boundaries of the target produce four sharp peaks in the parameter space. The above algorithm successfully detected targets in 25 subimages selected form a large frame.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Teacher Perceptions and Behavioral Strategies for Students With Emotional Disturbance Across Educational Environments

The present study examined problem characteristics of students with emotional disturbance in 3 educational environments, the behavior management and intervention strategies their teachers used, and what relation exists between problem characteristics and intervention strategies. Teachers completed a behavior problems rating scale and they indicated how frequently they used 15 strategies to address academic, externalizing, and internalizing problems. There were significant differences across environments for only 1 characteristic of emotional disturbance, physical symptoms or fears. Teachers in general education settings mainly addressed academic problems; resource/separate classroom educators used instructional, positive, and reductive strategies for academic and externalizing problems and verbal reinforcement for internalizing problems. Separate school educators used a variety of strategies consistently for all 3 problems. Implications for supporting students with emotional disturbance across educational...
tRNA-guanine transglycosylase and guanine-accepting transfer RNAs of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract tRNA-guanine transglycosylase replaces a base in tRNA with guanine and uses free guanine as the substrate. This enzyme was obtained from adult Drosphila melanogaster and characterized as follows: K m for guanine is 2.8 × 10 −7 M; pH optimum is 7.4. The enzyme activity is present in third instar larvae and adult flies but is absent in late pupae. When Drosphila tRNAs were guanylated with the comparable enzyme from rabbit reticulocytes, at least four species of tRNA could be demonstrated to have incorporated radioactive guanine. The role for this enzyme appears to be to exchange queuine into tRNA and thus replace a guanine in the anticodon of tRNAs for Asn, Asp, His, and Tyr. In the absence of queuine it will catalyze the exchange reaction described above.
Optical and Microfluidic Techniques for Cellular Analysis

The presentation will highlight some of the recent work in our lab that integrates optical instrumentation with microfluidic devices for studying biological systems with single-cell resolutions.
The Harvard Minicorrelator

A 1-b digital cross correlator for use in radio astronomy was designed and built at Harvard. Although only 16 channels (lags) were built in hardware, a recycling scheme allows the incoming data to be processed through the correlator several times over to multiply the number of hardware channels by a factor that can be quite large at low sample rates. For example, for a spectral window of 400 kHz, 112 lags can be computed and for 125 kHz, 400 lags. To do this the correlator is connected to a minicomputer (Supernova) for both input and output and so it is treated as a peripheral processor. The same computer performs the Fourier transforms and displays the spectra.
Antidepressant or antianxiety? A study of the efficacy of antidepressant medication

The authors analyzed the relative contributions of improvement in depressive and anxiety symptoms, as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA), respectively, after 1 week of treatment to the prediction of improvement in HRSD score after 6 weeks of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Fifty-six subjects completed 6 weeks of treatment with either desipramine (n = 20), alprazolam (n = 18), or a desipramine-alprazolam combination (n = 18). The results showed that early improvement in the HRSD was a moderately strong predictor of the total 6-week improvement in HRSD score, and a better predictor than early improvement in the HRSA. Partial correlations showed that early HRSD improvement was significantly related to total HRSD improvement within the alprazolam group. This pattern of response differed from those observed for the other treatment groups. Desipramine-treated subjects showed gradual improvement over the course of the study, and the improvement in week 1 was not so strongly predictive of overall improvement. The relationship between early and total HRSD improvement for the combination treatment group was intermediate to the other two groups. These findings are discussed in the context of the relationship between depression and anxiety, and potential implications for the treatment of these overlapping and often mixed syndromes.
Germacreme derivatives from diverse marine soft-corals (octocorallia)

Abstract Examinations of the extracts of 8 taxonomically-diverse marine soft-corals (Orders Gorgonaceae, Alcyonaceae and Stolonifera, Subclass Octocorallia, Phylum Cnidaria), have resulted in the isolation of 4 new sesquiterpenoids ( 1–4 ) of the germacrene type. Three previously known germacrene derivatives ( 5–7 ), and the elemane 8 , have also been isolated, and complete 1 H and 13 C NMR assignments for these compounds are reported.
Irreducibility results for separated variables equations

Abstract Rational functions with variables separated, f 1 ( X 1 )+ f 2 ( X 2 )+∣+ f 1 ( X 1 )= f ( X ), deg( f i )>0, i = 1, …, l , appear in many applications. In characteristic 0, when l ≥ 3 the variety defined by f ( X ) = 0 is irreducible (Main Theorem, Section 1). In most applications, however, l = 2. Even excluding trivial cases (e.g., f 1 = − f 2 ), there are reducible curves with variables separated (Example 2.4). When f 1 and f 2 are polynomials, of respective degrees n and m , if f 1 is indecomposable the irreducibility result holds excluding finitely many n . The (2,3)-problem (Section 2) illustrates pure group theory formulations. In search of infinitely many n for which there are nontrivially reducible curves f ( X ) = 0 with deg( f 1 ) = n , a natural parameter k appears. No new examples arise from k = 1 or 2 (Proposition 2.10).
Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA to study genetic diversity in Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Kodo millet, Poaceae)

Genetic diversity and patterns of geographic variation among collections of Paspalum scrobiculatum (kodo millet) and P. polystachyum were studied using molecular markers generated through the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. A high level of polymorphism in RAPD markers was observed among the individual accessions, demonstrating the high genetic diversity of the crop. The markers obtained from the RAPD method were analyzed with the cluster analysis, principal coordinates and minimum spanning tree methods. Three major groups were resolved, one representing the African accessions, and two for the Indian accessions. The accessions of the north African kodo millet and P. polystachyum (considered conspecific with P. scrobiculatum) were quite distinct. The Australian kodo millet showed higher affinity to the African types. The study demonstrated that the RAPD technique can be applied to resolving degrees and patterns of genetic variation at the population and species levels, identifying cultivars, and defining gene pools of this crop.
Particle dispersion by vortex structures in plane mixing layers

The dispersion of particles in a plane mixing layer between two air streams is investigated using experimental and numerical techniques. The results show that large-scale spanwise vortices strongly influence the particle dispersion process. Particles with aerodynamic response times on the order of the large scale vortex time scales are found to concentrate near the outer edges of the vortex structures. Time average velocity measurements also demonstrate that these particles tend to move away from the center of the mixing layer
Temporal and spatial dynamics of CO2 air‐sea flux in the Gulf of Maine

[1] Ocean surface layer carbon dioxide (CO2) data collected in the Gulf of Maine from 2004 to 2008 are presented. Monthly shipboard observations are combined with additional higher-resolution CO2 observations to characterize CO2 fugacity (fCO2) and CO2 flux over hourly to interannual time scales. Observed fCO2 and CO2 flux dynamics are dominated by a seasonal cycle, with a large spring influx of CO2 and a fall-to-winter efflux back to the atmosphere. The temporal results at inner, middle, and outer shelf locations are highly correlated, and observed spatial variability is generally small relative to the monthly to seasonal temporal changes. The averaged annual flux is in near balance and is a net source of carbon to the atmosphere over 5 years, with a value of +0.38 mol m−2 yr−1. However, moderate interannual variation is also observed, where years 2005 and 2007 represent cases of regional source (+0.71) and sink (−0.11) anomalies. We use moored daily CO2 measurements to quantify aliasing due to temporal undersampling, an important error budget term that is typically unresolved. The uncertainty of our derived annual flux measurement is ±0.26 mol m−2 yr−1 and is dominated by this aliasing term. Comparison of results to the neighboring Middle and South Atlantic Bight coastal shelf systems indicates that the Gulf of Maine exhibits a similar annual cycle and range of oceanic fCO2 magnitude but differs in the seasonal phase. It also differs by enhanced fCO2 controls by factors other than temperature-driven solubility, including biological drawdown, fall-to-winter vertical mixing, and river runoff.
WAR CUSTOMS OF THE MENOMINI INDIANS

THE Menomini Indians recognized, roughly, five callings; prophecy, medicine, jugglery, sorcery, and war. Hunting, fishing, and agriculture were universal occupations, for, although such gifted persons as prophets, doctors, jugglers, and sorcerers were often able to eke out their existence through the fees which they extorted from their patients or clients, men of fame or ability great enough to gain them a living in this way alone
Amphicheiral Links with Odd Crossing Number

We give two examples of amphicheiral links with odd crossing numbers; one of an unoriented amphicheiral link and the other of an oriented amphicheiral link.
Diverse ensembles for active learning

Query by Committee is an effective approach to selective sampling in which disagreement amongst an ensemble of hypotheses is used to select data for labeling. Query by Bagging and Query by Boosting are two practical implementations of this approach that use Bagging and Boosting, respectively, to build the committees. For effective active learning, it is critical that the committee be made up of consistent hypotheses that are very different from each other. DECORATE is a recently developed method that directly constructs such diverse committees using artificial training data. This paper introduces ACTIVE-DECORATE, which uses DECORATE committees to select good training examples. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that, in general, ACTIVE-DECORATE outperforms both Query by Bagging and Query by Boosting.
Breadth of Participation in Organized and Unstructured Leisure Activities Over Time and Rural Adolescents' Functioning

Discretionary time outside of school offers a distinct context that can promote adolescent development; however, potential for growth depends in part on how this time is used. In this study, person-centered analyses were used to examine patterns of breadth of participation in both organized and unstructured leisure activities among rural adolescents (N = 276, 49 % female) across grades 7, 8, and 10. Adjusting for self-selection factors, the study associated these patterns with 10th grade outcomes. Three profiles of participation emerged: consistently low breadth, consistently average breadth, and consistently high breadth of involvement in both organized and unstructured leisure activities over time. The most popular activity types across profile groups were hanging out with friends, team sports, and outdoor activities. Adolescents involved in a greater breadth of organized activities reported the greatest breadth of involvement in unstructured leisure and the best functioning. Adolescents with low breadth of involvement in both organized and unstructured leisure activities consistently showed poorer outcomes. Adolescents in the high breadth of involvement profile were engaged in all activity types at higher rates than adolescents in the average and low breadth of involvement profiles. We advocate for continued efforts to increase adolescent participation in a variety of different types of out-of-school activities.
Co-optimization of electricity transmission and generation resources for planning and policy analysis: review of concepts and modeling approaches

The recognition of transmission’s interaction with other resources has motivated the development of co-optimization methods to optimize transmission investment while simultaneously considering tradeoffs with investments in electricity supply, demand, and storage resources. For a given set of constraints, co-optimized planning models provide solutions that have lower costs than solutions obtained from decoupled optimization (transmission-only, generation-only, or iterations between them). This paper describes co-optimization and provides an overview of approaches to co-optimizing transmission options, supply-side resources, demand-side resources, and natural gas pipelines. In particular, the paper provides an up-to-date assessment of the present and potential capabilities of existing co-optimization tools, and it discusses needs and challenges for developing advanced co-optimization models.
A Tool to Utilize Adverse Effect Profiles to Identify Brain-Active Medications for Repurposing

Background: To shorten the time required to bring new treatments to clinics, recent efforts have focused on repurposing existing Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs with established safety data for new indications. We hypothesized that adverse effect profiles might aid in prioritizing compounds for investigation in central nervous system (CNS) applications by providing an indication of their abilities to cross the blood-brain barrier. Methods: Data were drawn from an investigation of similarity of adverse effect profiles, utilizing pre- and post-marketing data. A panel of known CNS-active drugs was utilized to estimate aggregate similarity profiles for all other FDA drugs in the database. Permutations were used to test whether similarities for any given drug exceeded that expected under the null hypothesis. To estimate the performance of algorithms using such profiles, manually-curated lists of known CNS-active and -inactive medications were classified using logistic regression. Algorithms with and without this similarity data were compared for prediction of CNS penetrance. Results: Models incorporating adverse effect similarity data exhibited greater discrimination of brain-penetrant and nonpenetrant drugs than models without this data. A visualization tool was developed to allow any medication to be evaluated for adverse effect similarity to the CNS panel or a custom panel. Conclusions: Consideration of adverse effect profiles allows in silico prioritization of compounds for follow-up investigation for CNS indications. In concert with chemical screening approaches, this may accelerate repurposing efforts for putative CNS-active medications.