cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of lamprey haemoglobin.

The crystal structure of haemoglobin V from the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinushas been analysed by X-ray diffraction. This report describes the structure of the cyanide complex of methaemo-globin crystals, type D2.
Coupling of the Double Bond Stretching Vibration in Divinyl Ethers

Abstract Examination of the Infrare and Raman spectra of cis, cis-dipropenyl ether (which was produced by isomerization of diallyl ether) has produced evidence for strong vibrational coupling between the two double-bonds. This ether has strong bands it 1655 cm−1 in the infrared and at 1691 cm−1 in the Raman. The 1658 cm−1 band in the Raman is about 10 fold less intense than the strong polarised band. Thus it appears reasonable to associate the strong IR and Raman bands with the asymmetric and symmetric vibrations shown.
A three-tier damage-driven security infrastructure for mission continuity

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are one of the core enabling technologies for tactical environments such as those envisioned in future military operations and disaster relief scenarios. While a significant amount of research has focused on technology interoperability and protocol design, there has been less work addressing the security and information assurance requirements for such environments. Properly identifying and satisfying these requirements will be mandatory for successful deployment in a hostile cyberspace. This paper describes BITSI (Biologically-Inspired Tactical Security Infrastructure), our approach to provide MANET security with focus on mission continuity. Our measure of success is the completion of the mission (or missions) within pre-defined QoS requirements, as opposed to the protection of a single machine. After a brief discussion of the theoretical principals involved in BITSI, we describe the proposed security mechanism and system architecture.
The SPT3 gene is required for normal transcription of Ty elements in S. cerevisiae

The transposable Ty elements consist of a central core, epsilon, flanked by direct repeats called deltas. In wild-type strains Ty transcripts initiate in one delta and terminate in the other. Insertion mutations caused by Ty elements have a wide variety of phenotypes, ranging from inhibition of gene expression to constitutive gene expression. Mutations in the SPT3 gene suppress these effects of Ty and delta insertion mutations on adjacent genes. In spt3 null mutants the Ty transcription pattern for the entire ensemble of Ty elements is changed. The delta-delta transcripts are absent and initiation begins at a position 800 bp into the epsilon region. In these spt3 strains, transcription that initiates in solo deltas and proceeds into adjacent structural genes is also abolished. The requirement of SPT3 for normal transcription from delta can explain the ability of spt3 mutations to suppress the mutations caused by Ty and delta insertions. In SPT3 strains transcription from the delta into adjacent sequences interferes with normal expression of those sequences, whereas in spt3 strains the aberrant transcript is not made. spt3 mutations also lead to defects in diploid formation and sporulation, suggesting that SPT3 is important for the expression of genes in addition to Ty elements.
Copper benzenedicarboxylate coordination polymers incorporating a long-spanning neutral co-ligand: Effect of anion inclusion and carboxylate pendant-arm length on topology and magnetism

Abstract Three divalent copper coordination polymers containing aromatic dicarboxylate ligands and the long-spanning tethering imine bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (bpmp) have been prepared and structurally characterized. The length of the dicarboxylate pendant arms, carboxylate binding mode, and the inclusion of anionic components play a synergistic role in structure direction in this system. {[Cu(ip)(bpmp)(H 2 O)]·5H 2 O} n (ip = isophthalate, 1 ) displays neutral (4,4) rectangular coordination polymer grids that stack in an ABCD repeat pattern. Use of the longer pendant arm dicarboxylate 1,3-phenylenediacetate (phda) resulted in {[Cu 2 (phda) 2 (bpmp)]·H 2 O} n ( 2 ), a 3-D network coordination polymer with primitive cubic topology that features strongly antiferromagnetically coupled ( J = −331(1) cm −1 ) {Cu 2 (CO 2 ) 4 } paddlewheel units. In the presence of excess nitrate ions, {[Cu(phda)(Hbpmp)](NO 3 )·3H 2 O} n ( 3 ) was isolated instead of 2 ; 3 manifests cationic 2-D coordination polymer layers built from weakly antiferromagnetically coupled ( J = −2.43(1) cm −1 ) {Cu 2 O 2 } dimers linked through phda and protonated bpmp ligands. The striking difference in magnetic properties is ascribed to the equatorial–equatorial versus axial–equatorial bridging of copper coordination spheres in 2 and 3 , respectively.
An angiographic and functional comparison of patients with silent and symptomatic treadmill ischemia early after myocardial infarction.

Abstract Sixty consecutive patients were studied who had positive responses to Naughton exercise treadmill testing (at least 1.5 mm of ST-segment shift in at least 2 leads or thallium reperfusion abnormalities) with or without symptoms of angina 11 ± 1 days after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). All patients had undergone coronary angiography 24 ± 4 days after infarction. Thirty-eight patients (63%) had no treadmill angina (silent ischemia, group I) and 22 patients had typical treadmill angina (symptomatic ischemia, group II). Use of β-blocking drugs, calcium antagonists and nitrates at the time of exercise testing did not differ in the 2 groups. All 9 patients with diabetes mellitus were in the asymptomatic group (p
Continuing development of the short-pulsed ablative space propulsion system.

Major advancements have been made in solid propellant pulsed plasma propulsion technology. A LES-6 microthruster has operated for 8900 hours in orbit. Millipound thrustors have been developed and tested at performance levels of as low as 112 watts/mlb. Efficiencies of up to 50% and specific impulse values up to 5000 sec have been measured. An improved microthrustor has operated at 207 watts/mlb continuously for 1440 hours. Correlations of design and performance data exist to allow thrustors to be built to meet a particular level of performance.
Interest rate swaps

Abstract This instructional case is intended to introduce graduate and undergraduate financial accounting and finance students to derivatives using interest rate swaps. The major learning objective is to understand derivative accounting methods, using interest rate swaps, as proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board's recent Exposure Draft. A secondary learning objective is to understand key features of a management control system for derivatives' activities. Both matched and unmatched interest rate swap examples are used in this case. The matched swap is based on an actual swap done by a bank for one of its customers. The case is written from the perspective of an audit partner writing a report summarizing interest rate swap accounting and related management controls for a client who wanted to recognize all gains and losses related to its interest rate swaps immediately in current earnings.
Biodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families Conidae and Conilithidae (Neogastropoda) off northern Roatan Island (Honduras)

Five genera and eight species of gastropods of families Conidae and Conilithidae were observed in their natural habitats on the southernmost portion of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, off the northern coast of Roatan Island, Honduras. Fifty per cent of species are widespread Caribbean–western Atlantic species, whereas 50% are endemic to the Nicaraguan biogeographical subprovince and Roatan Island. Multiple sightings during night SCUBA diving operations revealed that the reef off northern Roatan supports a healthy and diverse population of conoidean gastropods. Distribution of all recorded species by depth and habitat type revealed a distinct reef partitioning between the 4 most commonly occurring species.
Structure of K + (cryptand[2.2.2J) electride and evidence for trapped electron pairs

Electrides are crystalline salts in which stoichiometric amounts of trapped or itinerant electrons serve as the anions1–8. The cations are alkali metal cations complexed by cyclic or bicyclic polyethers of the crown ether9 or cryptand10 classes. Optical spectra, powder conductivities and magnetic susceptibilities show that, in most electrides, individual electron localization occurs, presumably centred at the anionic sites, with trap depths of 0.5–1.0 eV. An exception is K+(cryptand[2.2.2]) ˙e-, which has a plasma-like optical absorption spectrum2, high microwave conductivity, a low activation energy for direct current powder conductivity (∼0.02 eV), and a weak, temperature-dependent electronic paramagnetic susceptibility. The crystal structure of this electride shows the presence of large (4×6×12A) vacancies of complex shape, interconnected in two directions by zigzag channels, but blocked in the third direction. The structure and properties suggest the presence of weakly bound electron pairs.
Carotenoids and amphibians: effects on life history and susceptibility to the infectious pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Carotenoids are considered beneficial nutrients because they provide increased immune capacity. Although carotenoid research has been conducted in many vertebrates, little research has been done in amphibians, a group that is experiencing global population declines from numerous causes, including disease. We raised two amphibian species through metamorphosis on three carotenoid diets to quantify the effects on life-history traits and post-metamorphic susceptibility to a fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd). Increased carotenoids had no effect on survival to metamorphosis in gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) but caused lower survival to metamorphosis in wood frogs [Lithobates sylvaticus (Rana sylvatica)]. Increased carotenoids caused both species to experience slower development and growth. When exposed to Bd after metamorphosis, wood frogs experienced high mortality, and the carotenoid diets had no mitigating effects. Gray treefrogs were less susceptible to Bd, which prevented an assessment of whether carotenoids could mitigate the effects of Bd. Moreover, carotenoids had no effect on pathogen load. As one of only a few studies examining the effects of carotenoids on amphibians and the first to examine potential interactions with Bd, our results suggest that carotenoids do not always serve amphibians in the many positive ways that have become the paradigm in other vertebrates.
The specific heat and thermal conductivity of Eccosorb CR-124 between 800 mK and 6 K

Abstract Eccosorb CR-124 is a castable iron-loaded epoxy resin with excellent absorption properties for electromagnetic waves in the GHz range. It is commonly used in low temperature instruments to absorb thermal radiation. The specific heat c ( T ) of Eccosorb CR-124 was measured between 800 mK and 6 K with the heat pulse method. The results were fitted to the function c ( T ) = ( 0.132 ± 0.003 ) · T + ( 0.0053 ± 0.0003 ) · T 3 J kg - 1 K - 1 , with T being the temperature in Kelvin. In addition, the thermal diffusivity D ( T ) of Eccosorb CR-124 was determined. At a temperature of 2.3 K, a peak is observed in D ( T ) . Consequently, the thermal conductivity λ ( T ) of Eccosorb CR-124 features two distinct regimes. Below 2.3 K, it fits the function λ ( T 2.3 K ) = ( 0.0038 ± 0.0003 ) · T 2 ± 0.1 W m - 1 K - 1 . Above 2.3 K, it fits the function λ ( T > 2.3 K ) = ( 0.0057 ± 0.0004 ) · T 1.4 ± 0.04 W m - 1 K - 1 .
The Effects of Carbohydrate Restriction in Patients With Diet-Controlled Gestational Diabetes

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of carbohydrate restriction on perinatal outcome in patients with diet-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Women with diet-controlled GDM were divided non-randomly into two groups based on their dietary carbohydrate content: those with low dietary carbohydrate content (below 42%) and those with high dietary carbohydrate content (exceeding 45%). Subjects kept dietary accounts and were followed with daily fasting and postprandial glucose assessments. Subjects also were tested daily for urinary ketones. Glycosylated hemoglobin, mean fasting and postprandial glucose values, incidence of macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA) infants, cesarean deliveries for cephalopelvic disproportion and macrosomia, and need for insulin therapy were compared between the groups. Results: The two groups were identical in terms of demographic characteristics. Significant reductions in the postprandial glucose values were seen among subjects in the low-carbohydrate group (P Conclusion: Carbohydrate restriction in patients with diet-controlled GDM results in improved glycemic control, less need for insulin therapy, a decrease in the incidence LGA infants, and a decrease in cesarean deliveries for cephalopelvic disproportion and macrosomia.
A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in red blood cells

Abstract A highly sensitive and rapid assay for the detection of 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in the red blood cells of leukemic patients receiving the drug has been developed. The method employs a batch-chromatographic procedure using a mercurial cellulose resin to selectively absorb thiol compounds combined with separation by high-performance liquid chromatography using a Partisil-SAX column and uv detection. This method permits detection of 6-thioinosine monophosphate, 6-thiouric acid, and 6-thioguanosine mono-, di-, and triphosphates in patient samples with a sensitivity of 5–10 pmol. No 6-thioinosine di- or triphosphates were detected in patient samples. The results of our study indicate that 6-thioguanosine triphosphate is the major metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine retained by red blood cells after oral or iv administration of the drug.
Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating Holstein cattle: a retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities

The association between hepatic lipidosis (HL) and disease in 59 anorectic, ketotic, lactating Holstein heifers and cows was investigated. Severe HL, as determined by histologic evaluation of liver tissue, was present in 46 animals; only half of these animals required intensive treatment for ketosis, and only half had serum biochemical evidence of liver disease, as determined by the presence of a last value of 2-fold or greater than the upper limit of the reference ranges for at least 2 of the 4 serum tests: gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities and bile acid concentrations. Most cattle with biochemical evidence of liver disease and severe HL had been lactating for 14 or more days. Cows that required intensive treatment inconsistently had serum biochemical evidence of liver disease. Although cattle with severe HL had significantly higher serum bilirubin concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities than cattle with less severe lipidosis, the specificity of abnormally high serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity or bilirubin concentration for severe lipidosis was only 8%. Abnormally high serum aspartate aminotransferase activity was 83% sensitive and 62% specific for severe lipidosis. Serum glucose and total carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly lower in cattle with severe lipidosis than in those with mild or moderate lipidosis, and low serum glucose or total carbon dioxide concentrations were rare in cattle without severe lipidosis. From these data, we conclude that the use of a single biochemical or histopathologic criterion to define severity of disease or degree of liver compromise in anorectic, ketotic cows results in the misidentification of many animals.
Structure of cathodically deposited nickel hexacyanoferrate thin films using XRD and EXAFS

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data were used to explore the structure of cathodically deposited thin films of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF). Thin films were electrodeposited on Pt substrates and analyzed in both the reduced and oxidized states and when intercalated with Cs+, K+, and mixtures of Cs+/K+. All experiments were performed at room temperature. XRD data provided lattice parameters and confirmed the cubic nature of this polycrystalline material, but it could not establish the exact space group from the many known to exist for this class of materials. The lattice parameter monotonically increased from ca. 10.15 to 10.21 A as the fraction of intercalated cation went from 100% K+ to 100% Cs+. EXAFS data permitted the determination of average nickel coordination, a property directly related to the material's refined structure. Fe and Ni K-edge data were fit using feffit2.32 and FEFF7; the data were fit simultaneously in order to break the correlation be...
Differences in pelvic floor area between African American and European American women

Abstract Objective: This study tests the null hypothesis that the size of the pelvic opening spanned by the pelvic floor is the same in African American and European American women. Study Design: Forty African American female pelvises were age matched with 40 European American female pelvises from the Hamann-Todd collection at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The distances between the anchoring points of the pelvic floor to the bony pelvis (pubis anteriorly, ischial spines laterally, and inferior lateral angle of the sacrum posteriorly) were measured on each half of the pelvis. Measurements from left and right halves were averaged. The cross-sectional area of the pelvic floor was calculated from these dimensions. The bi-ischial line divided the total area into anterior and posterior pelvic floor areas. Analyses taking into account differences in stature by dividing individual dimensions by height were also performed. Group differences were compared with the Student t test and the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Results: African American women had a 5.1% smaller pelvic floor area than European American women (889.6 cm 2 vs 937.0 cm 2 , 5.1% P =.037). This was attributable to a 10.4% smaller posterior area (365.3 cm 2 vs 407.6 cm 2 , 10.4% P =.016), whereas the anterior areas were similar (524.3 cm 2 vs 529.3 cm 2 , P =.61). The following measured distances were smaller in African American women: ischial spine to inferior sacral angle (5.4 cm vs 5.9 cm, P =.016) and bi-ischial diameter (10.0 cm vs 10.6 cm, P =.004). These distances remained significant after height was controlled. Conclusions: In African American women, the posterior pelvic floor area is 10.4% smaller than in European American women, resulting in a 5.1% smaller total pelvic floor area. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:111-5.)
Substitution and Price Effects of Carbon Tax on CO2 Emissions Reduction from Distributed Energy Sources

Eight years after its inception, the Kyoto Protocol finally entered into force on February 16, 2005. In this respect, it is imperative to explore different greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions reduction options in developing countries under the framework of Kyoto Protocol. A number of analyses reveal that half of the global emission reductions can be achieved by substituting fossil fuel by non-fossil fuel (e.g., nuclear and renewable energy) sources for electric power generation. Pricing policies are more likely to achieve such a substitution resulting in a significant CO2 emissions reduction. For this, a carbon emission penalty on fossil fuel based generation is one of the mechanisms of pricing carbon emissions. Imposing a carbon emission penalty on the fossil fuel generation enhances renewable based energy generation to substitute carbon intensive power generation. This effect is called the "substitution effect". The corollary effect of imposing emission penalties on fossil fuel generating plants will be an increase in the average electricity price. This, in turn, will decrease the energy demand from customers due to the negative price elasticity of electricity demand. This effect is called the "price effect". This paper examines the substitution and price effect of carbon emission penalties on fossil fuel generation in mitigating CO2 emissions from distributed generations (DGs) in a developing country. Also discussed will be the costs and benefits of emission penalties as well as other policy options in mitigating environmental emissions from the renewable based DG resources, such as wind, biomass, and PVs.
Determination of the mean soil temperature for evaluation of heat flux in soil

Abstract A technique for determining surface soil heat flux, based upon measurements of the mean temperature, T , and upon knowledge of the mean moisture content of the soil, is described. A thermocouple probe was developed to measure the mean soil temperature, T , of the upper 50 cm of a soil. The thermocouple probe has 22 copper—constantan thermocouples, placed along its length in such a manner that once inserted vertically into soil it provides an estimate of the average soil temperature down to 50 cm. Measurements of soil heat flux obtained with the probe compared favorably with determinations of the soil heat flux using the temperature integral method. Values of the soil heat flux obtained with the thermocouple probe also agreed with values of soil heat flux obtained with a resistance probe. The probe methods were found to be more reliable for soil heat flux determinations than the soil heat flux plate method, and required fewer measurements and calculations for determination of soil heat flux than with the temperature integral method.
Re-examining the Clinical Safety and Roles of Calcium Antagonists in Cardiovascular Medicine

Despite recent analyses questioning the safety of calcium antagonists, evidence and clinical practice strongly support a major role for these drugs in the management of many cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmia, vascular spasm, hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, stable angina, and myocardial infarction. These agents are a heterogeneous class of drugs with each formulation possessing unique properties and clinical applications. This article presents a review of the available literature and discusses the recommended use of various calcium antagonists in the treatment of diseases of the heart and vascular system.
A novel square-root Nyquist filter design with prescribed ISI energy

In this paper, a novel method is introduced to design Nyquist filters with prescribed inter symbol interference (ISI) energy. The computation is based on the iterative weighted least-squares optimization with a quadratic constraint. The weighted stop band and the tail energies of the Nyquist filter are minimized iteratively while the quadratic constraint prescribing the ISI energy is enforced. The Lagrange multiplier method and generalized singular value decomposition are utilized to solve the problem. By changing the weighting coefficient, one can make a trade-off between the stop band energy and the tail energy (robustness to timing jitter) while the ISI energy is predetermined. The designed Nyquist filter can be factorized to a minimum phase and a maximum phase FIR pulse shaping square-root Nyquist filters for the transmitter and receiver with a simple modification.
Approximate reasoning in the algebra of bounded rational agents

In this paper, we generalize the utility theory to allow to use various performance measures, including utilities, costs and fitness, and probability theory we extend to uncertainty theory, including probabilities, fuzzy sets and rough sets. The decision theory is defined typically as the combination of utility theory and probability theory. We generalize the decision theory as the performance measure theory and uncertainty theory. Bounded rational agents look for approximate optimal decisions under bounded resources and uncertainty. The $-calculus process algebra for problem solving applies the cost performance measures to converge to optimal solutions with minimal problem solving costs, and allows to incorporate probabilities, fuzzy sets and rough sets to deal with uncertainty and incompleteness. The approach is illustrated to find the optimal solutions with or without uncertainty. The same approach can be used to find solutions of the totally optimization problem, representing the tradeoff between the best quality and least costly solutions.
North-South trade and capital flows in a ricardian model of accumulation

Abstract A class-based, asymmetric general equilibrium model of the world economy is developed to trace the trajectory of the North-South terms of trade, the world profit rate, the Northern real wage, and the level of Southern employment in the presence of capital accumulation and technical progress. It is shown that (i) accumulation must be accompanied by a continuing deterioration in the terms of trade of the South and may entail a cumulative contraction in its level of employment; and (ii) technical progress in the South will of necessity produce a long-run worsening of its terms of trade and, assuming world demand for Southern goods is priceinelastic, of its level of unemployment.
General form for the current in relativistic quantum mechanics

Abstract We consider the conserved four-vector currents for a free particle. Using the Lie algebra of the inhomogenous Lorentz group, we construct the most general form of the currents, valid to all order in c −1 .
Psicoterapia y farmacoterapia en el tratamiento de la depresión mayor

Antecedentes. La psiquiatria es la especialidad medica que integra las perspectivas biologicas y psicosociales tanto en el diagnostico como en el tratamiento. El cuidado medico optimo requiere evitar los reduccionismos biologicos como psicologicos. Objetivos. Determinar la eficacia relativa de la psicoterapia y la farmacoterapia, aislada o en combinacion, para el tratamiento del trastorno depresivo mayor. Metodo. Revisar y resumir la evidencia cuantitativa de los factores asociados con el tratamiento de la depresion con psicoterapia y farmacoterapia. Resultados. Aunque muchos psiquiatras prefieren el tratamiento combinado, la estrategia combinada claramente es mas laboriosa y costosa. Mientras el tratamiento combinado no se demostro significativamente mas efectivo que la psicoterapia sola en la depresion menor, se observo una ventaja altamente significativa en las depresiones mas severas, recurrentes. Conclusiones. Las recientes guias practicas de tratamiento para el trastorno depresivo mayor enfatizan la importancia de la severidad de los sintomas al momento de determinar la estrategia a seguir
Cognitive networks as a guide to menu organization: An application in the automated cockpit

Abstract When a menu-driven interface controls information in the domain of expertise of the end users, the difficulty that inexperienced users typically have in accessing the panels they seek can be reduced by making the menu organization consistent with the user's cognitive organization. A general tool for deriving a cognitive network is described and applied to the concepts displayed and controlled on the panels of an interface to a flight management system. The cognitive network was used to select the options that would appear on each panel of three different prototypes. The prototypes differed with respect to the amount of redundancy (extra pathways) between a set of dominating panels that appeared on a primary index page and the remaining panels. A fourth prototype was based on the recommendations of a design team rather than the cognitive network derived from a sample of pilots. Four pilots were assigned to each of the four prototypes, in a training session that required the pilots to find specific...
Organic counterions and micellar parameters: methyl-, chloro-, and phenyl-substituted acetates

Abstract Critical micelle concentrations and aggregation numbers obtained by light scattering are reported for decyltrimethylammonium micelles in 0.5000 m solutions of the following counterions as sodium salts: acetate, methylacetate (propionate), dimethylacetate (isobutyrate), trimethylacetate (pivalate), chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, phenylacetate, and diphenylacetate. Counterion effectiveness in promoting micelle formation is interpretable largely in terms of hydrophobic interactions, but other factors which are more difficult to identify are also involved. Association, probably dimer formation, has been observed in sodium diphenylacetate solutions.
Effects on chick performance of ammonia and heat stressors in various combination sequences.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of previous experience with a stressor on chicks' subsequent performance when exposed later to the same stressor or to a different stressor. Performance was measured in chicks exposed to aerial ammonia, environmental heat, or both in reciprocal sequences in two consecutive periods. Four (2 × 2 factorial) treatment combinations of ammonia [0 ppm (a) or 125 ppm (A)] and heat [30 C (h) or 36.5 C (H)] stressors were imposed in each of two consecutive 4-day periods, giving a total of 16 treatments. Weight gain (G), feed intake (F), and the gain:feed ratio (G:F) in Periods 1 (Days 9 to 13 posthatch) and 2 (Days 13 to 17 posthatch) were analyzed. Stressors decreased performance in both periods, but the effect was greater in Period 2. Synergism between A and H in Period 2 decreased chicks' G, F, and G:F in Period 2. Stress-depressed productive traits in Period 1 were succeeded in Period 2 not by residual negative effects but by compensatory responses: prior exposure to stressors in Period 1 was not detrimental to the chicks' subsequent G or G:F in Period 2. For example, chicks switched from Treatment ah in Period 1 to AH in Period 2 had lower G in Period 2 than did those going from either Ah, aH, or AH in Period 1 to AH in Period 2. It was concluded that exposure to stressors early on enhanced the chicks' ability to cope with the same or with different stressors later and that compensatory responses occurred as the result of short-term exposure to stressors.
Role of the Coordinating Histidine in Altering the Mixed Valency of CuA: An Electron Nuclear Double Resonance-Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation

Abstract The binuclear Cu A site engineered into Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin has provided a Cu A -azurin with a well-defined crystal structure and a CuSSCu core having two equatorial histidine ligands, His120 and His46. The mutations His120Asn and His120Gly were made at the equatorial His120 ligand to understand the histidine-related modulation to Cu A , notably to the valence delocalization over the CuSSCu core. For these His120 mutants Q-band electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) (X, C, and S-band), all carried out under comparable cryogenic conditions, have provided markedly different electronic measures of the mutation-induced change. Q-band ENDOR of cysteine C β protons, of weakly dipolar-coupled protons, and of the remaining His46 nitrogen ligand provided hyperfine couplings that were like those of other binuclear mixed-valence Cu A systems and were essentially unperturbed by the mutation at His120. The ENDOR findings imply that the Cu A core electronic structure remains unchanged by the His120 mutation. On the other hand, multifrequency EPR indicated that the H120N and H120G mutations had changed the EPR hyperfine signature from a 7-line to a 4-line pattern, consistent with trapped-valence, Type 1 mononuclear copper. The multifrequency EPR data imply that the electron spin had become localized on one copper by the His120 mutation. To reconcile the EPR and ENDOR findings for the His120 mutants requires that either: if valence localization to one copper has occurred, the spin density on the cysteine sulfurs and the remaining histidine (His46) must remain as it was for a delocalized binuclear Cu A center, or if valence delocalization persists, the hyperfine coupling for one copper must markedly diminish while the overall spin distribution on the CuSSCu core is preserved.
A Look at the Past and Present of General Engineering and Engineering Science Programs

In this article we discuss engineering programs named Engineering (sometimes referred to as General Engineering) and Engineering Science. Our purpose is to explore the role such non-specialized programs have played, and currently play, in the overall scheme of engineering education. There are currently forty-eight programs offered at U.S. institutions with EAC/ABET accreditation under the name Engineering or Engineering Science. Such programs are typically characterized by a general or interdisciplinary nature, and as such do not have to satisfy any discipline-specific EAC/ABET program criteria beyond the basic criteria. Our analysis of Engineering and Engineering Science programs consists of two parts. First, we explore the historical trends in the evolution of such programs. Then we examine their uses, their current status, and their prospects for the future.
Initial Impact of the Global Seismographic Network Quality Initiative on Metadata Accuracy

The IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network (Butler et al. , 2004) is used to investigate earth structure at multiple scales, to capture information about massive earthquakes impossible to obtain at regional scales, and to characterize seismicity in regions of the world where instrument coverage is poor. A key design goal of the GSN, to place high performance instruments at 2,000 km spacing around the planet, has largely been achieved except for portions of the ocean basins. Several agencies, including the USGS National Earthquake Information Center, the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers, and the United Nations Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, now utilize GSN seismic data to accomplish their missions. Those who use GSN data rely upon the accuracy of the metadata provided to them through the IRIS’ Data Management System (DMS). The DMS in turn distributes response information supplied by the GSN network operators, the USGS Albuquerque Seismic Laboratory (ASL) and the University of California, San Diego’s Project IDA (IDA). Improved metadata will aid researchers who seek to model earth structure in greater detail as well as those who seek to characterize seismic sources at varying scales. The GSN’s operators continually assess engineering information to ensure that waveform quality is maximized and that published metadata accurately reflect the instrument response of the data acquisition systems (DASs). A detailed description of those operational procedures currently used to accomplish these goals can be found at the IRIS GSN Quality web page (http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/gsn/quality). One important element of this effort is the practice of colocating a portable, broadband seismometer in proximity to GSN sensors during field-maintenance visits to verify the in situ sensors’ calibration and orientation. The calibration of this portable sensor is measured in the laboratory. Without this additional experimental evidence, the validity of comparing the outputs of permanent and temporary sensors and also …
Anti-shock garment in postpartum haemorrhage

The non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) is a first-aid device that reverses hypovolaemic shock and decreases obstetric haemorrhage. It consists of articulated neoprene segments that close tightly with Velcro™, shunting blood from the lower body to the core organs, elevating blood pressure and increasing preload and cardiac output. This chapter describes the controversial history of the predecessors of NASG, pneumatic anti-shock garments (PASGs), relates case studies of PASG for obstetric haemorrhage, compares pneumatic and non-pneumatic devices and posits why the NASG is more appropriate for low-resource settings. This chapter discusses the only evidence available about NASGs for obstetric haemorrhage – two pre-post pilot trials and three case series – and describes recently initiated randomized cluster trials in Africa. Instructions and an algorithm for ASGs in haemorrhage and shock management are included. Much remains unknown about the NASG, a promising intervention for obstetric haemorrhage management.
Synthesis of Bulk High Spin Density Charge Transfer Complexes for Organic Magnets

We describe a synthetic approach to the preparation of high spin density organic solid as a probe to organic ferromagnetism utilizing an external doping process to achieve a molecular sequence of alternate donors and acceptors in different spin states for, in principle, the ground state ferrimagnets. In contrast to the irreversibility of electron oxidations of many triaminobenzene derivatives, we found that, by substituting three hindered diisopropylamino groups on benzene, stable monocationic TDIAB radicals can be obtained. In the case of HDMAB its cationic radicals can be stabilized in a strong acid medium. The observed bulk spin densities of 0.18 — 0.23 spins 1/2 per donor molecule in TDIAB-PF6 and HDMAB-PF6 solids are significant comparing to the diamagnetic properties normally obtained in solids of simple cationic salts of planar organic donor molecules. The results imply that a small degree of molecular spin separation due to the steric effect can readily increase sharply the paramagnetic spin density of solids. We also found that the introduction of arsenic pentafluoride into molecular crystals disintegrates the long range order of crystal without rearranging the molecular stacking sequence in HMT complexes. Arsenic pentafluoride serves as not only the oxidant, but also the physical molecular separator. That results in a molecular spin separation of triplet dicationic HMT spins from each other at high doping level. This concept of molecular spin separation explains the observation of static magnetic data with an observed high spin density of many doped HMT charge transfer complexes. Without the molecular spin separation, the segregated-stack complexes, such as HMT-(AsF5.53.4 and HMT-DDQ-(AsF5.54.1, should instead give a low net bulk spin density with no triplet resonance after the intermolecular spin exchanges resemble to those observed in the case of HMT+2(CIO42 crystals.
In vivo immune response to allogeneic hepatocytes

T HE PURPOSE of the following study was to determine the in vivo fate of allogeneic hepatocytes (Hc) in a functional model of hepatocyte transplantation (Hc TX) in mice. The Hc TX model used in this study involved the creation of mice which expressed the transgene human alpha-1-antitrypsin (hAlAT) (under control of the hAlAT promoter) in the liver. Hc isolated from the transgenic donors produce and secrete hAlAT such that detection of the genetic “marker” protein (hAlAT) in recipient serum after Hc TX reflects the survival and intact metabolic function of the transplanted Hc. The advantages of this model include (1) the use of a direct method for monitoring graft function and survival (secretion of hAlAT), (2) histologic confirmation of hepatocellular graft survival can be determined easily by immunohistochemical analysis for Hc bearing the transgene hAlAT, (3) transgenic donor Hc may be transplanted into a variety of murine hosts which allows us to assess the influence of particular immunodeficient states as well as differences in host/donor MHC disparities on hepatocellular graft survival, and (4) permits the distinction between immunologic and nonimmunologic factors (including primary nonfunction, poor engraftment, and senescence of transplanted Hc) which may affect graft function and survival after Hc TX. One potential disadvantage of the model is that the genetic marker protein (hAlAT) may elicit an immune response which adversely affects graft survival. In the current study, this functional model of Hc TX was used to determine the fate of the transplanted Hc in syngeneic, allogeneic, and immunoincompetent hosts.
Changing mental models: Business simulation exercises

The effectiveness of business simulation exercises in uncovering the interconnectedness of business decisions has been explored in the literature. Little research has been done, however, to quantify empirically how simply identifying connections can change the decision maker's perceptions and actions. This research exposes the process by which business simulations bring about these changes. Using the semantic differential technique and a one-group pretest-posttest design, tests are conducted to assess perceptual changes in problem characterization and approach induced by participation in a business simulation exercise. The results presented provide quantifiable justification for the use of business simulation exercises to induce targeted change in a decision maker's mental models. In addition, business simulation designers are offered a powerful feedback tool that allows them to customize decision parameters and confirm the desired participant impact has been achieved.
Dynamics of Cytokine/Chemokine Responses in Intestinal CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Loss of intestinal CD4(+) T cells was associated with decreased production of several T-helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cytokines and increased production of interleukin 17 (IL-17), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), CCL4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by CD8(+) T cells 21 days after simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques. Shifting of mucosal TH1 to TH2 or T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1) to TC2 cytokine profiles was not evident. Additionally, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells showed upregulation of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic) cytokines that have been linked to HIV disease progression.
Some practical mathematical techniques

The various papers which have considered the subect of automation of engineering computations have shown that there are certain mathematical procedures, such as interpolation in tables and solution of equations, which occur with considerable frequency. In this paper an effort is made to give some more explicit information on a few of these procedures. It is not feasible to do more than indicate some of the methods which have been of value, but it is hoped that these may help to develop interest in a most fascinating and useful field. The way to further study is indicated by the references.
High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Strucflural Siucides

The factors which control the formation of a protective silica (SiO2) layer on structural silicides at high temperature are summarized. The thermodynamic and kinetic conditions under which both silica and a metal oxide can form are also described. Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) forms highly protective silica scales and has the best oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Although the preparation method has little influence, the heating rate and the structure of the silica layer have significant effects on the oxidation behavior of MoSi2.
Safety of semi-open percutaneous tracheotomy when performed in critically ill burn patients

Lung injury and generalized edema from a burn and resuscitation complicates airway management and patient care. The need for long-term ventilation and multiple surgeries warrant early tracheostomy. Percutaneous techniques are well described; however, the burned and swollen neck increases all of its recognized complications. We report a modified semi-open technique for performing percutaneous tracheotomies (PT) in acutely burned patients, which we consider safer.
Temporal pattern learning in noisy recurrent neural networks

One of the important applications of recurrent neural networks (RNN) is in generating temporal patterns. This is relevant in many dynamic system identification and modeling problems. Since noisy input is common, a quantitative analysis of temporal pattern generation in the presence of noise is essential. In our previous work we established a number of quantitative measures of noisy RNN performance. This paper demonstrates their application to a trajectory generation problem.
Stochastic analysis of an iterative semi-blind adaptive beamforming algorithm

We present an iterative semi-blind adaptive beamformer for time-division multiple-access (TDMA) cellular systems and analyze its performance using a stochastic model. The array inputs are iteratively processed using re-encoded data with blind adaptation and several stages that include beam-forming, demodulation, equalization, and decoding. In each stage, the initial beamformer weights computed by the TDMA training data are refined by a semi-blind technique based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). The receiver algorithms are verified using simulated and real TDMA data collected by an eight-element antenna array. The stochastic analysis of the iterative semi-blind beam-forming algorithm is based on a fourth-order moment, and demonstrates the improved performance of the receiver.
Preventing the First or Recurrent Ulcers

Prevention is overlooked and underused, even in very high-risk patients. Prevention is best achieved within a multispecialty group of providers that have a common objective. Ideally, the team approach should include educators; physical therapists; nurses; internist; pedorthists; and vascular, orthopedic, and podiatric surgeons. The basic elements involve education, foot examination, risk classification, therapeutic shoes and insoles, and regular foot care. High-risk patients need additional assessment for vascular disease and intensive disease management, and corrective vascular and foot surgery when necessary. Basic interventions can reduce the incidence of foot ulcers by more than 50%.
Detection of Salmonella by a Single-Culture Technique

Dulcitol-selenite enrichment medium in a motility flask was used for the detection of Salmonella in food. A drop in pH of the dulcitol-selenite enrichment motility broth indicated the presence of Salmonella; this phenomenon was confirmed by fluorescent-antibody staining. A complete correlation was found between fluorescent-antibody staining and recovery on Brilliant Green agar. Testing of 332 samples of 8 different kinds of foods and feeds indicated no significant difference in sensitivity between the new technique and a conventional Salmonella detection technique. The new technique permitted detection of even small numbers of Salmonella in 1 to 2 days.
DFT preprocessing for high-resolution frequency estimation

This work considers the use of the DFT of the autocorrelation (AC) matrix (DFT-of-AC) for extracting the signal and noise subspaces. It is shown that when DFT preprocessed data is incorporated within the frameworks of minimum-norm (MNM) or Prony's methods, improved high-resolution estimates are obtained. Furthermore, if the signal-subspace part of the DFT-of-AC vectors are used in place of eigenvectors in MNM, the high-resolution performance is further enhanced. Theoretical perturbation analysis of the DFT-based MNM (D-MNM) shows that the estimates are unbiased and, furthermore the theoretical mean-squared error results indicate improved high-resolution performance, especially at low SNR. >
Ethics in Research and Publication

Medical research and publication serve to promote the scientific integrity and efficacy of the medical profession. The ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence demand that physicians strive to advance medical knowledge so as to improve patient’s lives and avoid harmful or ineffective patient care. The objective of medical research is to seek scientific truths and support these ethical principles. The integrity of clinical investigation involves the just and honest conduct of experimentation, the honest analysis and reporting of data, and then, the fair peer review and publication of these investigations. Research and the publication of research executed dishonestly divert the search for factuality and defile the medical literature. Within the last two decades, several clinical researchers from various specialties whose publications profoundly influenced the practice of anesthesiology were guilty of extensive research fraud and misconduct, and therein, adversely affected the safe practice of anesthesiology.