cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cesium complexes of naphthalimide substituted carboxylate ligands: Unusual geometries and extensive cation-π interactions

Abstract The reactions of (1,8-naphthalimido)ethanoic acid (HLgly), and (S)-2-(1,8-naphthalimido)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid (HLser), protonated forms of ligands that contain a carboxylate donor group and a 1,8-naphthalimide π⋯π stacking supramolecular tecton, with cesium hydroxide followed by solvothermal treatment in ethanol led to the formation of crystalline Cs(Lgly) (1) and Cs(Lene) (2), where the Lene− ligand, 2-(1,8-naphthalimido)acrylate, is formed from the dehydration of the HLser starting material. The X-ray studies show that 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with unit cell dimensions a = 30.430(7) A, b = 4.9820(12) A, c = 16.566(4) A, β = 101.951(4)° and 2 in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell dimensions a = 13.6049(15) A, b = 6.8100(8) A, c = 14.4187(16) A, β = 105.345(2)°. The solid state structure of 1 contains two types of 6-coordinate cesium cations linked into sheets by bridging carboxylate oxygen atoms. One cation has a distorted octahedral environment, while the other is in an unusual planar, hexagonal O6-coordination geometry. The latter geometry is stabilized on both sides of the plane by η2-coordination of naphthalimide rings. The 1,8-naphthalimide rings are involved in intra-sheet π⋯π stacking interactions. The O6 coordination sphere of complex 2 is distorted and only half-filled with the oxygen atoms, which link the cations into rods that are further linked into sheets by bridging interactions of naphthalimide carbonyls with cesium cations from adjacent rods. The open face on the cation has unique η2:η1 interactions with two methylene groups in the ligands. These sheets are linked into a 3D supramolecular structure by interdigitated 1,8-naphthalimide rings involved in strong π⋯π interactions. Both complexes show naphthalimide based fluorescence.
A comparison of the constant-tax rule and a standard fiscal reaction rule in the IMF’s MULTIMOD model

Abstract Numerical macroeconomic models require fiscal reaction rules to prevent government debt from exploding. Present rules impose arbitrary, backward-looking reaction of taxes to deviations of the debt ratio from a target. A comparison between the constant-future-tax-rate rule and a standard fiscal rule in the IMF’s MULTIMOD model suggests that the constant-future-tax-rate rule will generally induce smoother and hence preferable paths of consumption. This result suggests the constant-future-tax-rate rule may provide a better basis for forecasting and for policy than existing fiscal rules based on simple targets for the ratio of the deficit of debt to GDP.
Suppressive activity of long-term myelin basic protein-specific SJL T cell lines.

Abstract Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cell lines derived from SJL mice lose the ability to transfer adoptively experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) after 5–6 restimulations with antigen in vitro. In order to test whether such lines were suppressive, non-encephalitogenic T cell lines were co-cultured with a freshly derived encephalitogenic T cell line. Following co-culture in the presence of MBP and irradiated syngeneic spleen cells the mixture was tranferred adoptively to syngenic recipients. Severe EA was observed in recipients of the encephalitogenic cell line alone but not in animals which received the co-culture. A co-culture period was required as mixing the encephalitogenic and non-encephalitogenic T cell lines just prior to transfer was without effect. Not all non-encephalitogenic cell lines were found to be suppressive. Culture fluids from the suppressive, but not the non-suppressive lines were found to inhibit MBP-driven proliferation of T cell clones and encephalitogenic lines in vitro. Nineteen of 55 MBP-specific T cell clones derived from suppressive lines were found to elaborate the supppressive supernatant activity. The suppressive effect was not antigen-specific since the same culture supernatants inhibited proliferation of an ovalbumin-specific SJL T cell clone. The suppressive effect became apparent only after T cell lines had lost encephalitogenicity and was not mediated by tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin or prostaglandin.
The Average Size and Position of the Umbilicus in Young Men and Women.

Abdominoplasty was the fourth most common cosmetic surgical procedure in 2014. The procedure is performed in both men and women and requires transposition of the umbilicus within the umbilical flap. While the umbilicus size, shape, and location vary from person to person, few studies address the characteristics of the umbilicus with precise measurements. Our group previously published our findings on the average size and position of the umbilicus in young men and women.
Sporulation temperature affects initiation of germination and inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure of Bacillus cereus.

The influence of sporulation temperature (20, 30 and 37 °C) on the heat resistance and initiation of germination and inactivation by high pressure on Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 spores was investigated. Spores sporulated at 37 °C were the most heat-resistant. However, spores sporulated at 20 °C were more resistant to the initiation of germination and inactivation by high pressure. Spores were more sensitive to pressure at higher treatment temperatures. At 25 °C, there was an optimum pressure (250 MPa) for the initiation of germination for the three suspensions; at higher temperatures an increase of pressure up to 690 MPa caused progressively more germination. Resistance to the germinability and inactivation by high pressure of the spore population was distributed heterogeneously. Semilogarithmic curves of the ungerminated and survival fraction of B. cereus spores were concave. The resistant fraction of the spore population was lower at higher treatment temperatures. At 60 °C after 30 s of treatment at 690 MPa almost 5 log cycles of the population of B. cereus sporulated at 20 °C was germinated, and more than 7 log cycles of the population of B. cereus sporulated at 30 and 37 °C. The same treatment inactivated 4, 6 and 7 log cycles of the population of B. cereus sporulated at 20, 30 and 37 °C, respectively.
Treatment of bleeding typhoid ulcer of the terminal ileum and cecum

Over a 16-year period, 12 patients were operated upon for bleeding typhoid ulcers of the terminal ileum or cecum with a mortality rate of 17%. Bleeding typhoid ulcer occurred in 0.8% of patients hospitalized for typhoid fever. Males predominated and 1/2 of the patients were in the third decade of life. If bleeding is massive or persistent, early surgery is advocated.
Intrafamilial variability of noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium

Background Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium (NVM) is a relatively uncommon form of cardiomyopathy characterized by a highly trabeculated myocardium. This report describes the clinical and genetic evaluation of a 3-generation kindred. Methods Family members were initially evaluated by 2-dimensional echocardiography. Most family members with signs of NVM were further evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Genetic analyses included mutational screening of the taffazin ( TAZ ) and α -dystrobrevin ( DTNA ) genes. Results Eight family members had signs of NVM. Considerable interindividual variation was noted in terms of spatial distribution and severity of affected regions and ventricular dysfunction. Depending on which of 2 previously proposed quantitative diagnostic criteria were used and where ventricular myocardial measurements were taken, between 4 and 7 of these individuals had findings that were considered diagnostic. Magnetic resonance imaging served as a useful adjunct for confirming or establishing diagnoses in all 8 individuals. No mutation was found in TAZ or DTNA . Conclusions This kindred demonstrates the remarkably wide phenotypic spectrum that can be seen in familial cases of NVM, ranging from prenatal/neonatal lethality to a complete lack of symptoms. The fact that all 8 affected individuals either have shown improvement in ventricular function or symptoms during childhood or have been asymptomatic indicates that NVM can have a relatively benign course. The degree and nature of cardiac involvement are also quite varied, and there is a weak correlation with ventricular function and symptoms. Evaluation of families with NVM requires careful assessment that uses a combination of imaging techniques and diagnostic criteria.
Combined effects of time and temperature on strength evolution using integral work-of-sintering concepts

Sintered materials have significantly higher strength than green compacts. The evolution of that strength during the sintering cycle involves a combination of annealing, thermal softening, and sintering events. The dynamic interplay between heating rate, sintering time, and sintering temperature controls the in situ strength and determines the final sintered strength. Although sintered strength is a well-explored subject, the dynamic evolution of strength requires new models. This research has measured both the sintered and in situ strengths as functions of heating rate, hold times, and temperature for die-compacted prealloyed bronze powder. A core concept is the use of an integral work of sintering to determine the effective strengthening due to sintering. The model is used to map strength evolution vs the key processing parameters. It is concluded that, during solid-state sintering of bronze, the key sources of distortion are the density and thermal gradients.
Nano-Positioning of a Electromagnetic Scanner with a MEMS Capacitive Sensor

Abstract This paper presents the control design and experimentation of a prototype electromagnetic scanner with an integrated capacitive linear and rotational position sensor for small form factor probe storage. An array of probe heads is to be precisely positioned in X/Y linear and rotation directions so that high areal density (>1 terabit/in 2 ) and high data throughput can be achieved. The scanner has X/Y motion capabilities with a linear stroke of about 300 µm. It can also generate rotational motion with offset actuators to compensate for disturbances, mechanical tolerance and nonlinearities. System characterization, modeling, MIMO control design and simulation, and preliminary experimental results are presented. The feasibility of rotation control with the developed capacitive sensor and offset actuators is experimentally confirmed.
Bubble Based Microfluidic Sensors

A microfluidic sensor using an electrolytic bubble sensing element has been developed and characterized. Impedance measurements in a microfluidic channel are used to monitor the volume changes of an electrolytic bubble. Parameters affecting bubble volume are identified and provide the basis for detection of properties such as pressure, flow rate and chemical content in a microfluidic channel. A finite element simulation illustrates the sensitivity of impedance measurements to bubble volume in a channel. Furthermore, prototype chips of various configurations were fabricated and are presented to illustrate the design considerations for different sensor applications. The sensor was tested and experimental results are presented characterizing its use as a pressure sensor. Results on surface modification experiments give evidence to support the extension of the bubble based sensor to use in chemical detection in microfluidic channels.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Directly observed therapy for HIV/tuberculosis co-infection.

The South African government recently unveiled plans for provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to HIVinfected individuals which includes a commitment to provide ongoing treatment for 50 000 people by the end of 2004 and for as many as 1·4 million by 2009. With drug prices declining and the availability of drugs increasing through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria and other sources the question arises of when and how ART will be delivered in the developing world. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the developed world in 1996 transformed the course of HIV infection turning it into a chronic long-term manageable disease. Conversely in Africa where 70% of the world’s HIV-infected population lives ART is still largely unavailable. With nearly 30 million people living with HIV worldwide there is a critical need to understand better how ART can be delivered efficiently and cost-effectively. One strategy that may be appropriate in settings where individuals are coinfected with HIV and tuberculosis is to use the existing tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment infrastructure to deliver and monitor ART. (excerpt)
Morphological characteristics of cells with apical nuclei in the initial segment of the adult rat epididymis

The cytology of epithelial cells with apical nuclei in the initial segment of the rat epididymis was studied with the light and electron microscopes. Two types of cells were distinguished and were designated apical cells and narrow cells. The apical cells are more numerous than the narrow cells and closely resemble principal cells except for the location of the nucleus. They probably correspond to the apical cells of Reid and Cleland ('57) and may represent a variation of the principal cell. The narrow cells differ markedly from the apical cells in both light microscopic appearance and fine structure. Narrow cells strain intensely with toluidine blue and are characterized by a slender shape, many mitochodria with tubular cristae, and a large number of apical cup-shaped cytoplasmic vesicles. The possible relationship of narrow cells to other cell types is discussed.
Monetary Inflation’s Effect on Wealth Inequality: An Austrian Analysis

Austrian monetary inflation theory claims that changes in the money supply are disproportionately distributed throughout an economy, and as a result wealth is coercively redistributed. This study proposes and tests a model illustrating this connection by examining monetary inflation’s effect on wealth inequality. After testing the model’s validity, this study compares monetary inflation’s effect on several measures of wealth inequality, concluding that not only is monetary inflation a significant variable, but its effect on wealth inequality is more pronounced at the extremities of the distribution.
Functional role of Alix in HIV-1 replication

Retroviral Gag proteins encode small peptide motifs known as late domains that promote the release of virions from infected cells by interacting directly with host cell factors. Three types of retroviral late domains, with core sequences P(T/S)AP, YPXnL, and PPPY, have been identified. HIV-1 encodes a primary P(T/S)AP-type late domain and an apparently secondary late domain sequence of the YPXnL type. The P(T/S)AP and YPXnL motifs interact with the endosomal sorting factors Tsg101 and Alix, respectively. Although biochemical and structural studies support a direct binding between HIV-1 p6 and Alix, the physiological role of Alix in HIV-1 biology remains undefined. To elucidate the function of the p6–Alix interaction in HIV-1 replication, we introduced a series of mutations in the p6 Alix binding site and evaluated the effects on virus particle production and virus replication in a range of cell types, including physiologically relevant primary T cells and macrophages. We also examined the effects of the Alix binding site mutations on virion morphogenesis and single-cycle virus infectivity. We determined that the p6–Alix interaction plays an important role in HIV-1 replication and observed a particularly severe impact of Alix binding site mutations when they were combined with mutational inactivation of the Tsg101 binding site.
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH SOME HYPERBOLICITY

This paper is about the ergodic theory of attractors and conservative dynamical systems with hyperbolic properties on large parts (though not necessarily all) of their phase spaces. The main results are for discrete time systems. To put this work into context, recall that for Axiom A attractors the picture has been fairly complete since the 1970’s (see [S1], [B], [R2]). Since then much progress has been made on two fronts: there is a general nonuniform theory that deals with properties common to all diffeomorphisms with nonzero Lyapunov exponents ([O], [P1], [Ka], [LY]), and there are detailed analyses of specific kinds of dynamical systems including, for example, billiards, 1-dimensional and Henon-type maps ([S2], [BSC]; [HK], [J]; [BC2], [BY1]). Statistical properties such as exponential decay of correlations are not enjoyed by all diffeomorphisms with nonzero Lyapunov exponents. The goal of this paper is a systematic understanding of these and other properties for a class of dynamical systems larger than Axiom A. This class will not be defined explicitly, but it includes some of the much studied examples. By looking at regular returns to sets with good hyperbolic properties, one could give systems in this class a simple dynamical representation. Conditions for the existence of natural invariant measures, exponential mixing and central limit theorems are given in terms of the return times. These conditions can be checked in concrete situations, giving a unified way of proving a number of results, some new and some old. Among the new results are the exponential decay of correlations for a class of scattering billiards and for a positive measure set of Henon-type maps.
Return Flow Control Policy and Income Distribution among Irrigators

Income distributional impacts and irrigation return flows resulting from the implementation of alternative water quality policies were projected for the Western San Joaquin Subbasin from a recursive simulation of an integrated physical-economic analytical system. The imposition of a water management policy to increase irrigation efficiency resulted in an improved income distribution with a slight decline in average firm income. Salt load and concentrations were reduced by 80%. A policy of increased surface water costs worsened income distribution and decreased average firm income by 34%. Total salt load decreased by 35%, but the concentration in return flows was only slightly decreased.
Reinduction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats and some strains of mice is typically a monophasic disease, and recovered animals are resistant to reinduction of disease. We demonstrate that SJL mice remain susceptible to disease after recovery, and suffer a second episode of disease when reinjected with spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant. Reinduced disease occurs earlier after injection than the initial disease (mean onset 7.3 days compared with 14.5 days), and has comparable severity and incidence. The susceptibility to reinduced disease is present for at least 20 weeks after the initial injection. If the initial episode of EAE is elicited using a synthetic peptide of proteolipid protein, then reinjection of the same peptide causes reinduced disease. PL/J mice and PL/J X SJL F1 mice are also susceptible to reinduced disease which occurs with an accelerated onset and higher incidence than the initial disease. We conclude that SJL and PL/J mice have a defect in immunoregulation which causes them to be susceptible to recurrent episodes of autoimmune disease.
The Philippine peasant as capitalist: Beyond the categories of ideal‐typical capitalism

As elsewhere, Marxist discussions about the peasantry in the Philippines have also been informed by ‘articulation theory’ which renders it difficult to conceive of peasants as full participants in the capitalist labour process either as ‘capitalists’ or ‘proletarians’. This conceptual difficulty is traced to ideal‐typical presuppositions about capitalism and its ‘standard’ form of productive relations. The conventional categories of Marxism thus become inadequate in analysing societies in the world‐capitalist periphery. However, the methodology of historical materialism is relevant in illuminating the capitalist nature of tenancy as well as the multiple relations of exploitation observable in small‐scale rice farming in the Philippines.
Free-flight multi-body test techniques.

Free flight multibody test techniques, discussing drogue body testing, mechanized free flight models and salvo launches
The Tomato Never-ripe Locus Regulates Ethylene-Inducible Gene Expression and Is Linked to a Homolog of the Arabidopsis ETR1 Gene

Fruit ripening represents a complex system of genetic and hormonal regulation of eukaryotic development unique to plants. We are using tomato ripening mutants as tools to elucidate genetic components of ripening regulation and have recently demonstrated that the Never-ripe (Nr) mutant is insensitive to the plant growth regulator ethylene (M.B. Lanahan, H.-C. Yen, J.J. Giovannoni, H.J. Klee [1994] Plant Cell 6:521-530). We report here ethylene sensitivity over a range of concentrations in normal and Nr tomato seedlings and show that the Nr mutant retains residual sensitivity to as little as 1 part per million of ethylene. Analysis of ripening-related gene expression in normal and mutant ethylene-treated fruit demonstrates that Nr exerts its influence on development at least in part at the level of ethylene-inducible gene expression. We have additionally used cloned tomato and Arabidopsis sequences known to influence ethylene perception as restriction fragment length polymorphism probes, and have identified a tomato locus linked to Nr that hybridizes to the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene at low stringency, suggesting the possibility that Nr may be homologous to ETR1.
The effect of extraction solvent on the mutagenicity of airborne particles.

Abstract Two different solvents (acetone and dichloromethane) were compared for their efficacy in extraction of mutagenic compounds from airborne particulate samples. Their mutagenicity was examined with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in presence or absence of S9 mix. The total mutagenic activity of the acetone extract was 1.8–7.0-fold that of the dichloromethane extract. The content of 1-nitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indo[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene in acetone extracts of airborne particulate samples was 3.8-, 3.6-, 6.6- and 1135-fold that of dichloromethane extracts, respectively. 1,8-Dinitropyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo [a] anthracene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene were found in the acetone extract, but were negative in the dichloromethane extract under the same conditions. However, the amount of pyrene in the dichloromethane extract was much higher than in the acetone extract. These results indicate that the extraction efficacy of 1-nitropyrene, dinitropyrenes and benzo[a]pyrene is higher with acetone than with dichloromethane. This may be the reason why acetone is the most effective solvent in extraction of mutagens from airborne particulate samples.
A study of predictive validity of physician assistant students' reported practice site intent.

Purpose: With the downward trend in numbers of primary care physicians, it is anticipated that mid-level providers will increasingly fill the resulting void in rural health care. Recruitment of health care providers into rural areas has been historically difficult, and West Virginia has been at the forefront of developing programs to address rural recruitment. One of these programs is the West Virginia Rural Health Education Partnership, which provides rural clinical rotation opportunities for students from multiple disciplines and schools in West Virginia. This study assessed the predictive validity of physician assistant (PA) students’ prediction, after completion of rural rotations, of a rural or an urban practice site and also assessed for factors associated with subsequent rural practice. Methods: The Institutional Review Board of West Virginia University approved this study. The West Virginia Rural Health Education Partnership’s electronic database, which has collected students’ postrotation evaluation information since 2001, was coupled with West Virginia licensing information that included information on PA practice site(s). Data on 168 practicing West Virginia PAs who had completed rural rotation questionnaires during their clinical education were examined. Designation of a rural or an urban practice site was done using rural-urban commuting area codes. Results: Student prediction of rural practice was significantly associated with subsequent rural practice (P < 0.04). Variables most predictive of rural practice were student reporting of high school hometown as rural and of West Virginia practice intent. Conclusions: This study suggests moderate predictive validity of PA student reporting on rural practice and on West Virginia practice intent; such methods may have potential in prediction of the future rural PA workforce. Feature Editor’s Note: National policy makers and health professionals continue to look for effective strategies to address the well-documented shortages of primary care providers and especially the need for medical providers in rural and underserved areas. This article describes a study in West Virginia — a state especially at risk for shortages of rural providers — of the predictive validity of physician assistant students’ predictions after completing rural rotations of future practice in a rural area. The study adds support to the literature reporting rural high school hometown as a predictive factor associated with future rural practice, with implications for recruiting and admissions policies at PA and other health professions programs. The study also demonstrated significance of student prediction of rural practice with actual practice area following graduation, offering the potential for better assessment of future rural practice by the PA workforce.
Gas Adsorption on Structurally Heterogeneous Microporous Solids

Isotherm equations for gas adsorption on microporous adsorbents are derived for four distribution functions that characterize the structural heterogeneity of the solids. Since these functions represent the size distributions of micropores, they are physically meaningful for describing gas adsorption on heterogeneous microporous solids. Presentation of relationships between the distribution functions describing either structural or energetic heterogeneity of a solid increases the utility of previous distribution functions for characterization of microporous adsorbents.
Polyethylene fiber formation in tubular flow. I: Observations of growth pattern and fiber properties

The process of seeded growth of fibrillar polyethylene crystals has been studied in a tubular flow geometry for 0.01-wt % solutions of a high-molecular-weight polyethylene in xylene. The transformation sequence has been followed visually by using polarized-light illumination in conjunction with a video camera. Data are presented to show that transformation is initiated by the formation of a concentrated, unoriented, amorphous precursor fiber within which oriented birefringent crystals subsequently grow in consequence of the stresses transmitted by the flowing solution. Time constants for the precursor formation, birefringence initiation, and completion of birefringence were measured as functions of temperature and flow rate over a range of growth conditions. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction, overall birefringence, and optical hot-stage melting data were also obtained on the grown fibers. The net result of these observations is to conclude that fibrillar crystal growth during flow is always preceded by the formation of a liquidlike phase transformation which produces the concentrated, unoriented precursor. Subsequent orientation is in consequence of stress-induced crystallization with overall fiber orientation showing an increase with solution flow rate at a fixed temperature and a decrease with temperature at a fixed flow rate. At higher temperatures and lower flow rates, birefringence develops in an oscillatory fashion, indicating a remelting process possibly due to slippage of trapped chain entanglements formed by flow. A discussion is given of the implications of these observations for the understanding of flow-induced structure development, phase transformation, and oriented crystallization; this is expanded upon in a companion paper, Part II.
Inner loops in flowgraphs and code optimization

A criterion is developed to define a hierarchy of inner loops in a program which constitute sections of the program which take up large proportions of the execution time; this hierarchy lends a dynamic loop structure to the program. It is assumed that the program has been given a flowgraph representation in which each vertex corresponds to a statement or a set of statements and the flow in each edge corresponds to the frequency of passage of control from one statement or set of statements to another. While developing this criterion an attempt is made to guarantee that moving a loop invariant statement from an inner loop to a point outside of the loop would always yield a more optimal code.
Semigroups of $${\cal I} - density$$ continuous functionscontinuous functions

This paper is concerned with the classes of $${\cal I} - density$$ continuous functions and $$deep - {\cal I} - density$$ continuous functions as semigroups with composition as the operation. We also analyze some of their subsemigroups. It is shown that the groups of automorphisms of these semigroups and several of their subsemigroups have the inner automorphism property.
Detection of the fetus in the cul-de-sac by transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound. A case report.

Abstract The most common reason for a fetus in the cul-desac is ectopic pregnancy, such as rupture of tuba] pregnancy, orarian pregnancy, and intraabdominal pregnancy (1–3). A case of the fetus in the cul-de-sac complicated by uterine perforation was imaged transabdominally and transvaginally on September 13, 1990.
Near threshold response of a wave-shifted Cherenkov radiator to heavy ions

The response of Pilot 425 to heavy ions with energies less than 600 MeV/amu beta approximately 0.8 is examined both theoretically and experimentally. Measurements are presented from an experiment which employed a Ne-20 beam at many energies below 575 MeV/amu. The signal is assumed to come from three sources: (1) Cerenkov light from the heavy ion, (2) Cerenkov light from secondary electrons, and (3) scintillation of the radiator. It is found that the effective index of refraction is 1.518 and that scintillation is present at a level of approximately 2.7 percent of the Cerenkov signal for beta = 1 for Ne-20. The first of these values differs from values previously quoted in the literature.
Some considerations on the production mechanisms for the J and psi particles and charmed particles

The recent discovery of $J$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}$ particles with anomalous properties, together with the theoretical expectation of charm related particles with predicted mass values accessible to the Fermilab range of energy, suggests that a reasonably systematic discussion of production mechanisms for these particles might be appropriate. We discuss here (a) hadron-initiated, (b) photon-initiated, and (c) lepton-initiated ($l=e,\ensuremath{\mu}$) mechanisms for the production of these objects.
Nazareth's Rebellious Son: Deviance and Downward Mobility in the Galilean Jesus Movement:

Using social—scientific criticism, I imagine that Jesus' family and village elders labeled him a “rebellious son” because his kingdom of God agenda threatened their domestic economy and the patriar...
Bone strain gage data and theoretical models of functional adaptation

Abstract The in vivo implantation of strain gages on the surface of bones has proven to be a very useful technique for studying the relationship between in vivo loading and bone growth and adaptation. However, data from such experiments have yet to be well incorporated within the context of theoretical models of bone adaptation. Methods for analyzing bone rosette strain gage recordings within the framework of strain energy density-based computational modeling/remodeling theories are presented. A new strain energy density based parameter, energy equivalent strain, is proposed as a single scalar measure of cyclic strain magnitudes and the concept of a daily strain stimulus is also introduced. As an illustrative example, the approach is applied to analyze previously reported in vivo data from the anteromedial human tibia (Lanyon et al., 1975, Acta orthop. Scand. 46, 256–268).
Thermal transport in the cuprates: changes with doping across the phase diagram

An overview of recent developments in the understanding of thermal conduction in the cuprates is presented. Anomalous phonon damping underlies an unusual temperature dependence of the in-plane thermal conductivity for the insulating phase of some materials. This damping is sensitive to light oxygen doping in YBa2Cu3O6+x (YBCO), is possibly related to local structural distortions, and may persist in superconducting compositions. New systematics for the superconducting-state enhancement of Kab are discussed. For YBCO the oxygen-doping dependence of the enhancement correlates with that of the pari density as determined by specific heat jumps. The large enhancements observed for fully-oxygenated specimens are attributed to pair condensation on the CuO chains. The implications of this finding and its possible connection with the emergence of the normal-state pseudogap are examined.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sequential sampling for contour estimation with concurrent function evaluations

We demonstrate the use of multiple surrogates and kriging believer for parallelizing surrogate-based contour estimation. For the demonstration example, we reduce wall clock time with minimal penalty in number of simulations.
No convincing evidence of a causal association between periodontal disease and CHD risk

Objective To evaluate the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in people with periodontitis, gingivitis or periodontal disease.
Perifused precision-cut liver slice system for the study of hormone-regulated hepatic glucose metabolism

Abstract A nonrecirculatory perifusion system for precision-cut rat liver slices has been developed and utilized for investigating hormone-regulated hepatic glucose metabolism. In this system, slices are cultured in a highly controlled environment and exhibit excellent retention of viability as judged by their maintenance of intracellular potassium and glycogen contents. Using this system, the complex physiological phenomenon of hormone-regulated glycogenolysis was investigated at both extra- and intracellular sites. Specifically, the sensitive responses of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and production of glucose upon glucagon stimulation have been measured. The maximal responses observed for these parameters were either equal to or greater than those previously reported for either isolated hepatocytes or perfused livers, demonstrating the sensitivity of this technique. Upon doseresponse examination of glucagon challenge, it was observed that high doses of glucagon (>16 nM) stimulate glucose production by activating the cAMP-second messenger cascade. In contrast, low doses (
Distributed transfer function method for analysis of cylindrical shells

A distributed transfer function method for static and dynamic analysis of general cylindrical shells is proposed. The distributed transfer functions of a cylindrical shell, the Laplace transforms of the shell Green's functions, are first derived. Stepped shells composed of a finite number of serially connected shell segments are then synthesized using these transfer functions. In this formulation, exact and closed-form solutions for various static and dynamic problems of cylindrical shells under arbitrary boundary conditions and external loads are obtained. Numerical examples are provided to show the efficiency and flexibility of the transfer function method.
Preduodenal portal vein.

Abstract We have reviewed 32 cases of preduodenal portal vein, including our three new cases. Duodenal obstruction was the most frequent indication for surgery. The etiology of obstruction can be the ectopic portal vein, but many other congenital duodenal causes are reported. Malrotations, situs inversus, and a variety of cardiovascular lesions have been associated with preduodenal portal vein. It is also important to recognize the portal vein because of the potential technical problems.
Substance Use, Sexual Intercourse, and Condom Nonuse Among Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults

Abstract Purpose To examine daily- and event-level associations of substance use with occurrence of sex and condom nonuse among depressed youth. Methods Depressed, sexually active outpatients aged 15–22 years reported alcohol use, marijuana use, and sex on a personal digital assistant for 2 weeks. If they reported sex, participants indicated partner type and condom use. Data were analyzed for participants who reported both substance use and sex events (N = 39) using generalized estimating equations. Daily-level models compared the likelihood of sex and of condom nonuse between days on which participants did or did not use substances. Event-level models examined the likelihood of sex in the 2, 6, and 12 hours after substance use and the likelihood of condom nonuse if substances were used in the preceding 2, 6, and 12 hours. Results Participants reported 307 sex events (180 unprotected) and 391 substance use events on 572 days. Substance use was associated with increased odds of sex on the same day, but not after adjusting for weekend. Depressed youth were less likely to have sex within 2 hours after substance use and more likely to have sex within 12 hours after marijuana use. There was no main effect of substance use on condom nonuse; however, there was a significant interaction such that on weekdays, condom nonuse was less likely when substances were used within 6 hours before sex. Conclusions The findings from this small, predominantly female sample suggest that contextual factors, not intoxication, influence associations of substance use with sexual behavior in depressed youth.
Legionella lung abscess after renal transplantation

Although Legionella infections have been widely reported, the clinical importance of Legionella lung abscess has not been sufficiently emphasised. A renal transplant recipient with a pulmonary abscess due to Legionella pneumophila is presented and 21 other cases from the literature are reviewed. Seven abscesses arose in renal transplant patients. Even though an abscess may develop during treatment, superimposed infection with other micro-organisms appears to be uncommon, and an abscess may be expected to resolve with prolonged appropriate antimicrobial therapy alone. Recognition of lung abscess as a complication of legionella infection will therefore prevent unnecessary operations.
How commutators of constraints reflect the spacetime structure

Abstract The structure constants of the “algebra” of constraints of a parametrized field theory are derived by a simple geometrical argument based exclusively on the path independence of the dynamical evolution; the change in the canonical variables during the evolution from a given initial surface to a given final surface must be independent of the particular sequence of intermediate surface used in the actual evaluation of this change. The requirement of path independence also implies that the theory will propagate consistently only initial data such that the Hamiltonian vanishes. The vanishing of the Hamiltonian arises because the metric of the surface is a canonical variable rather than a c-number. It is not assumed the constraints can be solved to express four of the momenta in terms of the remaining canonical variables. It is shown that the signature of spacetime can be read off from the commutator of two Hamiltonian constraints at different points. The analysis applies equally well irrespective of whether the spacetime is a prescribed Riemannian background or whether it is determined by the theory itself as in general relativity. In the former case the structure of the commutators imposes consistency conditions for a theory in which states are defined on arbitrary spacelike surfaces; whereas, in the later case it provides the conditions for the existence of spacetime— “embeddability” conditions which ensure that the evolution of a three-geometry can be viewed as the “motion” of a three-dimensional cut in a four-dimensional spacetime of hyperbolic signature.
Brain injury and protective effects of hypothermia using triphenyltetrazolium chloride in neonatal rat

Abstract Colorless 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is reduced by enzymes in functioning mitochondria to a red-colored compound, and has been used to differentiate areas of viable tissue from areas of infarction in adult animals. TTC was used to study the central nervous system protective effects of hypothermia on the neonatal rat exposed to hypoxia and ischemia. The effect of hypothermia on survival and weight gain was also determined. Seven-day-old Wistar rats with right carotid artery ligation were exposed to 3 hours of 8% oxygen and maintained at either 37°C (n = 22) or 30°C (n = 18). The survivors were sacrificed 2 days later and brain slices exposed to TTC. These slices were photographed and the percentage of damage to the right brain was estimated gravimetrically from the stained and unstained areas of enlarged images. The mean weight gains were 4.2 ± 1.2 gm in the 30°C group and −1.0 ± 2.8 gm in the 37°C group ( P P P
Research and Public Action

Practical research in political science is a comparatively recent development. In one respect it can be termed an outgrowth of the government reform movement which dates from about 1910. Indeed, reform and research were intimately related. Research gave point and purpose to reform; and reform turned to research to supply a program for political action. Since 1910 this relationship has persisted. Reform has mellowed into a more sober and more continuous effort toward increasing the effectiveness of government activity. Research has refined its data, sharpened its tools and matured its premises into a more durable and a more flexible body of operating hypotheses. At the present time the political scientist who concerns hirnself with the administrative field is often called upon to lend his technical abilities in aid of public action. State officers turn to the faculties of state institutions. Civic leaders seek the participation of academic men in public causes. Community groups ask the teacher to assist in applying the textbook standards of better government. Occasionally a larger study, generally called a "survey," is undertaken, impressively organized and liberally financed. Here again the political scientist is expected to perform not only the routine tasks but to indicate the solutions that have meaning in the complexities of the current political environment. These present demands made of the political scientist are rooted in a variety of causes. They grow in part from the teacher's enthusiasm transmitted to his students; in part from previous technical work well done; in part from the layman's belief that the specialist must know what he is talking about; and in part from the impressive "bedside manner" that some political practitioners affect both in the class room and out. Whatever the source of these demands, two basic questions arise. These are, first, is the political scientist actually equipped to give technical guidance in the real world? And, second, what should be the relation of the political scientist to public action in the
Do State Policies Constrain Local Actors? The Impact of English Only Laws on Language Instruction in Public Schools

This study examines how instrumental and symbolic messages embedded in state law shape the practices of “street-level” bureaucrats. Specifically, we investigate whether passage of state-level English Only laws influences the way English language learners are instructed in local public schools. Using data on state English Only laws from 1987 to 2004 and school-level data from the National Center for Educational Statistics, we find that instrumental aspects of English Only laws serve to constrain, but not eliminate, schools’ use of bilingual instruction, while those sending only symbolic messages are less constraining. Further, when state laws are vague in scope, adherence to the English Only law is dependent on the preferences of local actors, in this case Latino “cultural brokers” working in the public school system.
HOW TO ANCHOR STANDARDS

"Glass on Standards" will become a standard, and not for arbitrary reasons, which makes it self-refuting. It is an excellent example of a well-researched, well-documented, well-written and important paper. To add that it is importantly wrong is not to contradict the first assessment, on which I suspect we could get a very high level of inter-rater agreement. Judges would tend to say that the paper meets the high standards expected of scholarly papers. Could they lay out those standards on scales with sharp discontinuities? I am sure they could not. Could they confidently identify some papers as not meeting those standards? I am sure they could. Does this make their judgments arbitrary? Obviously not. Glass seems to be attracted by a version of the black and white fallacy which concludes that the existence of the grey scale undermines the distinction between black and white. Suppose we agree that there is a substantial grey area in the scores on a battery of criterion-referenced tests. Let's agree that it's larger than we would like. Let's agree that even a score in the black or the white ranges only diagnoses with probability anyway. So, instead of the picture (for each test):
Sequential Estimation in Binary Response Models with Fixed and Random Covariates

Abstract This paper discusses sequential maximum-likelihood estimation in binary response models arising in medical applications. Using earlier results by the same authors, it is shown that a properly chosen sequential maximum-likelihood estimate can be utilized for setting up a fixed-size multivariate confidence region for the unknown model parameters. Constructed sequential procedures are shown to closely approximate the optimal fixed-sample procedure in terms of coverage probability and average number of observations. The obtained results are applied to estimation problems in binary response models arising in prospective and retrospective studies.
Improving Enzymes for Biomass Conversion: A Basic Research Perspective

The cost of enzymes for converting plant biomass materials to fermentable sugars is a major impediment to the development of a practical lignocellulosic ethanol industry. Research on enzyme optimization with the goal of reducing the cost of converting biomass materials such as corn stover into glucose, xylose, and other sugars is being actively pursued in private industry, academia, and government laboratories. Under the auspices of the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, we are taking several approaches to address this problem, including “bioprospecting” for superior key enzymes, protein engineering, and high-level expression in plants. A particular focus is the development of synthetic enzyme mixtures, in order to learn which of the hundreds of known enzymes are important and in what ratios. A core set comprises cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and β-glucosidase. Accessory enzymes include esterases, proteases, nonhydrolytic proteins, and glycosyl hydrolases that cleave the less frequent chemical linkages found in plant cell walls.