cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of Sucrose From Malate in Germinating Castor Beans . II. Reaction Sequence From Phosphoenol-Pyruvate to Sucrose

Malate is a key intermediate in converting acetyl units to sucrose in germinating castor beans (8). In an earlier paper evidence was presented to show that a mechanism exists for the production of phosphoenol-pyruvate from malate in this material and that phosphoenol-pyruvate is an intermediate in the production of sucrose from malate (6). In this paper individual reactions which form a sequence leading from phosphoenol-pyruvate to sucrose are described.
Potassium transport in the isolated pharate pupal integument of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta

Molting fluid accumulates in the exuvial space beneath the old cuticle between 24 and 12 h before the larval-pupal ecdysis in pharate pupae ofManduca sexta. Just before the molt (9 to 3 h), however, molting fluid disappears from the exuvial space. The integument separates the molting fluid (K+=140 mM) from the hemolymph (K+=35 mM). We have studied potassium transport across isolated, short-circuited preparations of the integument. In 32 mM potassium saline, potassium is actively transported in the hemolymph to exuvial direction at 0.27 and 0.34 μEq cm−2h−1 in preparations isolated at 15 and 6 h before the molt, respectively. The open-circuit potential difference (exuvial side positive) is 5.6 and 14.4 mV at 15 and 6 h before the molt, respectively. The short-circuit current, which can be accounted for by net potassium transport at 15 h before the molt, can not be completely accounted for by net potassium transport at 6 h before the molt (short-circuit current is 7.5 and 13 μA cm−2 at 15 and 6 h before the molt, respectively). At 15 h before the molt the values forKm andJmax are 15.2 mM and 0.4 μEq cm−2 h−1 and at 6 h before the molt these values are 32 mM and 0.7 μEq cm−2 h−1. The short-circuit current is not inhibited by ouabain, thallous ions, and acetazolamide, but is inhibited by 100% N2. During the period between 15 and 6 h before the molt, the integument undergoes a number of developmental changes. These are reflected in the tanning of the cuticle, the changes in the electrical properties, such as the increase in resistance, and the changes in the kinetic properties of potassium transport. The integument appears to play an active role in regulating the composition of the molting fluid, but its role in fluid transport remains to be determined.
dhcp as a possible new ϵ′ phase of iron at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract Using in-situ X-ray diffraction and ab initio theoretical calculations, we have identified a possible new phase of iron, ϵ′-Fe, in the stability field of what was previously known for ϵ(hcp)- and γ(fcc)-Fe. The crystal structure of ϵ′-Fe is indexed to a dhcp structure with an ABAC stacking sequence. The ϵ′-phase exists at temperatures lower than the γ-phase and at pressures between 15 and 40 GPa, which differs from the stability field previously suggested for β-Fe above 40 GPa.
GeneScout: a data mining system for predicting vertebrate genes in genomic DNA sequences

Automated detection or prediction of coding sequences from within genomic DNA has been a major rate-limiting step in the pursuit of vertebrate genes. Programs currently available are far from being powerful enough to elucidate a gent structure completely. In this paper, we present a new system, called GeneScout, for predicting gene structures in vertebrate genomic DNA. The system contains specially designed hidden Markov models (HMMs) for detecting functional sites including proteintranslation start sites, mRNA splicing junction donor and acceptor sites, etc. An HMM model is also proposed for exon coding potential computation. Our main hypothesis is that, given a vertebrate genomic DNA sequence S, it is always possible to construct a directed acyclic graph G such that the path for the actual coding region of S is in the set of all paths on G. Thus, the gene detection problem is reduced to that of analyzing the paths in the graph G. A dynamic programming algorithm is used to lind the optimal path in G. The proposed system is trained using an expectation-maximization algorithm and its performance on vertebrate gene prediction is evaluated using the 10-way cross-validation method. Experimental results show that the proposed system performs well and is comparable to existing gene discovery tools.
Pancreatic cancer stem cells: emerging target for designing novel therapy

In the past few years, there have been significant advances in the research on cancer stem cells (CSCs). The emerging evidences have demonstrated that CSCs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-type cells, which share molecular characteristics with CSCs, play critical roles in drug resistance, invasion, and metastasis. Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a high mortality due to both intrinsic (de novo) and extrinsic (acquired) drug resistance, leading to increased invasive and metastatic potential of PC cells. Therefore, targeting pancreatic CSCs and EMT-type cells could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PC. In this article, we will review the current state of our knowledge on the role of pancreatic CSCs and EMT-type cells, and summarize the novel therapeutic strategies that could target pancreatic CSCs and EMT-type cells, leading to the reversal of EMT phenotype, the induction of drug sensitivity, and the inhibition of invasion and metastasis of PC, which is expected to yield better treatment outcome.
Assay of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in human fibroblast lysates: inactivation of nucleotidase.

Abstract Assays of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme (HGPRT: EC 2.4.2.8) in human fibroblast lysates are affected by the presence of a nucleotidase enzyme which converts the reaction product nucleotide to nucleoside. These enzymes, HGPRT and nucleotidase, have substantially different thermostabilities and pH optima, and the nucleotidase activity can be selectively eliminated. The conditions include preheating the cell lysates at 60°C for 10 min, a temperature at which the HGPRT enzyme is relatively stable, and using HGPRT assays buffered at pH 10. Also, we provide evidence that there is no nucleotidase activity in human lymphoblast lysates. Thus, human lymphoblast and preheated fibroblast lysates can be assayed for HGPRT activity by the DEAE-filter disk method.
The action of Russell's viper venom on factor V and the prothrombin-converting principle.

Summary: The effect of Russell's viper venom on Factor V was studied. It was found that the venom greatly increased the activity of Factor V and that the reaction was not dependent on the presence of calcium ions. This action appeared to be responsible for the time-consuming reaction between activated Factor X and Factor V noted previously. When the venom was neutralized with a specific antiserum after Factor X had been activated, this time-consuming reaction was no longer noted. Factor V, treated with Russell's viper venom, was not able by itself to convert pro-thrombin to thrombin, and could not therefore be regarded as the final prothrom-bin-converting principle. The prothrombin-converting principle, containing activated Factor X, Factor V, phospholipid and calcium was able to generate thrombin from prothrombin more rapidly when Factor V had been treated with venom than when it was untreated. The explanation for this was that, in the presence of untreated Factor V, there was a lag period before detectable thrombin appeared when the principle was added to prothrombin. When Factor V had been pre-treated with venom, thrombin generation started immediately. In this respect, there was a similarity in action between thrombin and Russell's viper venom on Factor V. It was concluded that the venom has an action on at least two clotting factors, namely X and V, and for this reason caution must be used in interpreting the results of laboratory tests involving its use.
Global genome organization mediated by RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes in fission yeast

Eukaryotic genomes exist as an elaborate three-dimensional structure in the nucleus. Recent studies have shown that this higher-order organization of the chromatin fiber is coupled to various nuclear processes including transcription. In fission yeast, we demonstrated that RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-transcribed genes such as tRNA and 5S rRNA genes, dispersed throughout chromosomal arm regions, localize to centromeres in interphase. This centromeric association of Pol III genes, mediated by the condensin complex, becomes prominent during mitosis. Here, we discuss potential roles of the Pol III gene-mediated genome organization during interphase and mitosis, and hypothesize that the interphase genome structure serves as a scaffold for the efficient assembly of condensed mitotic chromosomes and that tethering of chromosomal arm regions to centromeres allows chromosomes to properly segregate along the spindle microtubules during anaphase.
WE‐E‐224‐04: Mental Preparation to Pass the ABR Board Certification in Radiological Physics

Passing the Board Certification in Radiological Physics by the American Board of Radiology presents unique challenges in all 3 phases. Recognizing ones individual learning and testing styles is critical to success in each phase. Although individual learning styles may vary, brain healthy preparation, handling test anxiety, and acquiring effective copping skills is essential to success. This talk is designed to inspire self‐confidence by acquiring specific oral and written test taking techniques, recognizing anticipatory and situational anxiety, and developing coping skills needed to pass all three phases of the Boards. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn brain healthy strategies in preparation for the boards. 2. Recognize and develop coping skills for pre —test anxiety, anxiety during the exam and surviving posttest anxiety. 3. Build self‐confidence through adequate test preparation by acquiring skills in self‐care, sleep hygiene, strategies to cope with internal and external distractions, time management testing skills, and physical and sedentary exercises during preparation. 4. Learning to finish strong in all 3 phases of testing by learning and mastering the acquired skills of test taking in both the written and oral boards.
Splatterplots: Overcoming Overdraw in Scatter Plots

We introduce Splatterplots, a novel presentation of scattered data that enables visualizations that scale beyond standard scatter plots. Traditional scatter plots suffer from overdraw (overlapping glyphs) as the number of points per unit area increases. Overdraw obscures outliers, hides data distributions, and makes the relationship among subgroups of the data difficult to discern. To address these issues, Splatterplots abstract away information such that the density of data shown in any unit of screen space is bounded, while allowing continuous zoom to reveal abstracted details. Abstraction automatically groups dense data points into contours and samples remaining points. We combine techniques for abstraction with perceptually based color blending to reveal the relationship between data subgroups. The resulting visualizations represent the dense regions of each subgroup of the data set as smooth closed shapes and show representative outliers explicitly. We present techniques that leverage the GPU for Splatterplot computation and rendering, enabling interaction with massive data sets. We show how Splatterplots can be an effective alternative to traditional methods of displaying scatter data communicating data trends, outliers, and data set relationships much like traditional scatter plots, but scaling to data sets of higher density and up to millions of points on the screen.
String equations for lattice gauge theories with quarks

Abstract Exact Dyson-Schwinger equations are derived, in a U( N ) lattice gauge theory, for vacuum expectation values of products of operators for strings ending in quarks.
A compositional anomaly at the Earth's core–mantle boundary as an anchor to the relatively slowly moving surface hotspots and as source to the DUPAL anomaly

Abstract Analyses of the relative motion using hotspot tracks, age progressions and plate circuits, and of the absolute motion using paleolatitude data indicate that three major long-lived surface hotspots geographically within a very low velocity province (VLVP) at the base of the Earth's mantle, Tristan, Marion and Kerguelen, exhibit small relative motions (
Current budgets for user services

User Services organizations differ from one installation to another. These differences cover the scope of the responsibilities, the names of the organizations, the number of staff performing user services activities, salaries of the user services staff members, and budgets supporting the organizations. Although, there are indeed many differences, there are many common elements among user services organizations.A survey to identify the characteristics of user services organizations will be conducted. This talk will focus on the results of the survey. The initial sample of twenty or thirty universities will provide sufficient data for a more extensive survey.
Guns and Butter: The Pre‐Korean War Dispute Over Budget Allocations: Nourse's Conservative Keynesianism Loses Favor Against Keyserling's Economic Expansion Plan

. Focusing on the disagreement between Edwin Nourse and Leon Keyserling, two members of the first Council of Economic Advisers, the Truman Administration's gradual shift from Nourse's belief that a choice had to be made between “guns or butter” and Keyserling's claim that an expanding economy permitted large defense expenditures without sacrificing an increased standard of living is explained. In 1949, when Keyserling gained support from such presidential friends as Dean Acheson and Clark Clifford and persuaded the President, Nourse resigned as CEA Chairman, warning about the dangers of budget deficits and increased funding of “wasteful” defense costs. Keyserling succeeded to the chairmanship. He influenced Truman's Fair Deal proposals and the economic sections of National Security Council resolution 68 which, in April, 1950, as serted that the larger armed forces America needed would not affect living standards or risk the “transformation of the free character of our economy.”
Review of measurement systems for evaluating thermal expansion homogeneity of Corning Code 7971 ULE

Early on in the development of glass Code 7971 ULE TM , Corning recognized that applications demanded thermal expansion measurements with higher precision and accuracy than that available. Hence a program was launched starting with 10cm path laser Fizeau interferometry to establish an absolute base. Differential methods followed with large sandwich seals and a high precision vitreous silica superdilatometer. Destructive in nature, these tests led to a nondestructive ultrasonic procedure that permits absolute and differential measurements with an uncertainty of +/- 2 ppb/ degree(s)C and reliably performed at the manufacturing plant. Details of these measurement systems are described along with optional experimental variations. A principle, established with seal testing, is reviewed showing that expansion differentials in ULE TM are independent of temperature. Finally, recent plant measurements of both axial and radial thermal expansion variations in ULE TM boules are presented.
The nascent entrepreneurship hub: goals, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up outcomes

Entrepreneurship involves human agency. The entrepreneurial process occurs because people are motivated to pursue and exploit perceived opportunities. It is rooted in the theory that action is the result of motivation and cognition. Therefore, this paper applies elements of goal theory and social cognitive theory to develop a motivational model of nascent entrepreneurial start-up outcomes. The objective of this model is to renew attention on motivational constructs in entrepreneurship research. Additionally, it provides predictive value for the likelihood of new firm founding among nascent entrepreneurs. Results suggest that motivational antecedents among nascent entrepreneurs significantly influence the likelihood of quitting the start-up process versus continuing nascent entrepreneurial start-up efforts.
Notes on the dissolution rate of gas hydrates in undersaturated water

Abstract An elementary model for the dissolution of pure hydrate in undersaturated water is proposed that combines intrinsic decomposition within a desorption film and the subsequent diffusion of the released hydrate guest species into bulk water. Applying the proposed approach to recently published measurements of the decomposition rates of methane ( CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) hydrates in deep seawater suggests that the concentration of the hydrate guest species at the interface between desorption film and diffusive boundary layer may be much lower than ambient solubility. Calculations, however, fail to account for the observed proportionality of decomposition rate with solubility for both CH 4 and CO 2 hydrates. This may indicate a limitation in the range of applicability of published formulas for intrinsic hydrate decomposition rates.
Function of the Rho Family GTPases in Ras-stimulated Raf Activation

Ras plays an essential role in activation of Raf kinase which is directly responsible for activation of the MEK-ERK kinase pathway. A direct protein-protein interaction between Ras and the N-terminal regulatory domain of Raf is critical for Raf activation. However, association with Ras is not sufficient to activate Raf in vitro, indicating that Ras must activate some other biochemical events leading to activation of Raf. We have observed that RasV12Y32F and RasV12T35S mutants fail to activate Raf, yet retain the ability to interact with Raf. In this report, we showed that RasV12Y32F and RasV12T35S can cooperate with members of the Rho family GTPases to activate Raf while alone the Rho family GTPase is not effective in Raf activation. A dominant negative mutant of Rac or RhoA can block Raf activation by Ras. The effect of Rac or Cdc42 can be substituted by the Pak kinase, which is a direct downstream target of Rac/Cdc42. Furthermore, expression of a kinase inactive mutant of Pak or the N-terminal inhibitory domain of Pak1 can block the effect of Rac or Cdc42. In contrast, Pak appears to play no direct role in relaying the signal from RhoA to Raf, indicating that RhoA utilizes a different mechanism than Rac/Cdc42. Membrane-associated but not cytoplasmic Raf can be activated by Rac or RhoA. Our data support a model by which the Rho family small GTPases play an important role to mediate the activation of Raf by Ras. Ras, at least, has two distinct functions in Raf activation, recruitment of Raf to the plasma membrane by direct binding and stimulation of Raf activating kinases via the Rho family GTPases.
Generalized kinetic equations

We study the abstract differential equation\(T\frac{{\partial f}}{{\partial x}} + Af = 0\) on a Hilbert space H, which represents a variety of different kinetic equations. T is assumed bounded and self-adjoint on H, and A (unbounded) positive self-adjoint and Fredholm. For partial range boundary conditions and 0≤x<∞, we prove existence and (non-) uniqueness theorems and give representations of the solution. Various examples from neutron transport, radiative transfer of polarized and unpolarized light, and electron transport are given.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS : I. THE DETERMINATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN TITER.

1. A method for determining the antistreptolysin titer is described in detail. 2. The natural human level of antistreptolysin determined in this way is approximately 50 units.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING PREDICTION VARIANCE IN ANALYSES USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MASS ESTIMATES

Development and application of photogrammetric mass-estimation techniques in marine mammal studies is becoming increasingly common. When a photogrammetrically estimated mass is used as a covariate in regression modeling, the error associated with estimating mass induces bias in regression statistics and decreases model explanatory power. Thus, it is important to understand and account for prediction variance when addressing ecological questions that require use of estimated mass values. In a simulation study based on data collected from Weddell seals, we developed regression models of pup weaning mass as a function of maternal postparturition mass where maternal mass was directly measured and second where maternal mass was photogrammetrically estimated. We demonstrate that when estimated mass was used, the regression coefficient was biased toward zero and the coefficient of determination was 30% less than the value obtained when using maternal postparturition mass obtained from direct measurement. After applying bias correction procedures, however, the regression coefficient and coefficient of determination were within 2% of their true values. To effectively use photogrammetrically estimated masses, prediction variance should be understood and accounted for in all analyses. The methods presented in this paper are effective and simple techniques to explore and account for prediction variance.
Self-esteem and Depression in Adolescent Diabetic Girls

This investigation was designed to examine self-esteem and depression in diabetic adolescent girls. One hundred nondiabetic girls age 12-16 and 105 diabetic girls age 12-16 were administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results indicated no significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic girls in self-esteem scores. Diabetic girls showed significantly more depression than nondiabetic girls. Close examination of results revealed that, in fact, diabetic and nondiabetic adolescent girls were very similar. A major finding was that depression in the diabetic group was expressed primarily through physiologic symptoms of depression as seen in the vital depression scores, rather than through the pessimism, indecision-inhibition, or self-debasement measures of depression. Results were interpreted to mean that diabetic girls did not manifest deeper depression than nondiabetic girls but, rather, a greater awareness of their physiologic status. Diabetes emerged as a focus for the expression of normal adolescent conflicts. The importance of integrating developmental issues into the treatment plans for diabetic patients is emphasized.
Relationship between carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation in the cat

The steady-state stimulus-response relations between arterial P02 and PCO2 and the mean activity of carotid chemoreceptors (single and multi-fiber) and ventilation were simultaneously recorded in 48 anesthetized cats. The carotid chemoreceptor activity varied linearly with the increase of arterial PCO2, below and above the normal value, at any given level of arterial P02. A decrease in arterial P02 increased the activity of the carotid chemoreceptors and increased its sensitivity to changes in arterial PCO2, showing multiplicative stimulus interaction. The authors also found that the response in ventilation during hypoxia to changes in arterial PCO2 below the normal value was smaller than that to changes above it, unlike the response of carotid chemoreceptors. This arterial PCO2 quasi-threshold for ventilation was, therefore, not due to a corresponding threshold for the activity of the carotid chemoreceptors but to a central mechanism. Above the central PaCO2 threshold, the ventilatory response to changes in PaCO2 and Pa02 resembled that of chemoreceptors but the ventilation dependent on hypoxia was greater than that could be directly accounted for by the activity of peripheral chemorecepors. A multiplicative interaction between the activity of peripheral chemoreceptors and central CO2 excitation appears to play a role in the regulation of ventilation.
Existential group therapy and death anxiety

Existential therapy in groups for older adults can help to provide life meaning; to facilitate social support; and to improve coping with grief, loss, chronic illness, and ultimately death. A scenario is presented that provides a clinical illustration of the use of existentialism in groups with older adults.
Influence Diagnostics for the Cross-Validated Smoothing Parameter in Spline Smoothing

Abstract This article addresses the problem of influence in estimating the smoothing parameter when fitting a univariate smoothing spline. Diagnostics are presented that can identify observations that locally influence the choice of smoothing parameter by generalized cross-validation, either through their case weights or observed responses. Generalized cross-validation and the diagnostic methods are given a frequency interpretation and illustrated with examples.
Failure Probability Methodology for Overdutied Circuit Breakers

With the expansion of the grid, fault current levels increase and circuit breakers are subject to increasing duties and stresses, and are more prone to failures. Because the performance of breakers is critically affecting the operation and protection of the power grid, it is important to quantify the probability of failure of the circuit breakers to assess the risks, prioritize maintenance and replace the equipment. This paper describes a methodology to compute the absolute, stress-induced failure probability for a given circuit breaker of a power system. We compute the breaker probability of failure that accounts for all the characteristics of the network in which the circuit breaker operates, including the physical properties of the system. The knowledge of this result is of paramount importance for utilities to pinpoint the circuit breakers that may become overdutied (underrated) as a result of increased fault currents due to generation capacity expansions. As a side benefit, appropriate actions can be defined to prepare the protective equipment to handle constraints imposed by higher fault currents.
Insulin family growth factors have specific effects on protein synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos

Previously constructed protein databases for two stages of preimplantation mouse embryogenesis, the compacted eight-cell stage and the fully expanded blastocyst stage, have been used to analyze the effects of insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II on protein synthesis in these developmental stages. Proteins were labeled by placing, for 2 hr, synchronous cohorts of 35-50 embryos into human tubal fluid (HTF) medium containing L-[35S]-methionine (1 mCi/ml) in the presence or absence of one of the growth factors. The embryos were then washed with medium and lysed. Samples were processed for 2-D gel analysis. For each embryonic stage and each growth factor, four or five experimental replicates were done and the gel images were compared using the PDQUEST system. Using the computer-assisted analysis, we were able to identify proteins that showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) change in synthesis. At the eight-cell stage of development insulin caused increased synthesis of two proteins and decreased synthesis in three proteins. Insulin-treated blastocyst stage embryos exhibited an increased synthesis in eight proteins and decreased synthesis for one protein. The effect of IGF-I at the eight-cell stage of development was mostly inhibitory; the synthesis of only one protein increased and the synthesis of five proteins showed a decrease. Similar results were obtained with blastocyst stage embryos; four proteins demonstrated an increase in synthesis while 14 proteins showed a decrease. Eight-cell stage embryos incubated with IGF-II had seven proteins with a decreased synthesis, although in blastocyst stage embryos, nine proteins showed increased synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Field assessment of biomarkers for winter flounder

Abstract Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from Boston Harbor near the Deer Island sewage outfall and from a nearby reference population near Plymouth Beach, Massachusetts, USA, were collected on several occasions and analysed for a variety of biochemical variables and histopathological conditions. A number of biochemical variables including hepatic and pectoral fin ascorbic acid concentrations, hepatic glycogen and lipid levels, plasma glucose concentrations, brain serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations, and the concentration and ratio of various free amino acids in muscle tissue were significantly different between the two populations. The apparent apoptotic hepatic lesions were found in the majority of the winter flounder collected from Boston Harbor and were rarely observed in animals from the reference site. Low tissue concentrations of ascorbic acid and hepatic glycogen were found to have significant statistical associations with the presence and degree of severity of these hepatic lesions.
Extracorporeal Life Support in Pediatric Patients with Heart Failure

: The prognosis of patients with end-stage heart failure presenting with acute clinical deterioration is poor. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), however, can provide univentricular and biventricular cardiac support which has led to the extended application of ECMO to infants and children. With improving results, indications and modalities of mechanical support have changed, and mechanical bridge to cardiac transplantation will offer extended survival for selected patients. The purpose of this article is to provide comprehensive data of pediatric cardiac support and to discuss the central role of echocardiography in the estimation of cardiac performance during mechanical support. As a conclusion, one can predict that the encouraging results of today will lead to further technological developments, which will create individual technical solutions of different clinical applications.
Rotational behavior following cholinergic stimulation of the superior colliculus in rats

Abstract Rats which reveived microinjections of carbachol into the superior colliculus exhibited pronounced dose-dependent rotational behavior contralateral to the site of injection (Experiment 1). Wet dog shakes were also observed in some animals. Similar injections in the midbrain reticular formation produced immobility with slight contralateral flexion of the neck. Convulsions were observed in some rats after injections into either anatomical location. In Experiment 2, circling induced by carbachol in the superior colliculus was blocked by prior injection of either the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine or the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, suggesting that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are involved in the effect. In Experiment 3 contralateral rotational behavior was induced by intracollicular microinjections of the combination of acetylcholine chloride and physostigmine. The results suggest that collicular mediation of contralateral rotational behavior, and perhaps orientation, might involve cholinergic receptors.
The neotropical species of Drapetis Meigen (Diptera:Empididae).

The Neotropical species of Drapetis Meigen are reviewed, and eight new species are described: alimacula, from Trinidad; atrinervalis, from Bahamas; naevia, from El Salvador; onconeura, from Costa Rica; steyskali, from Mexico; stictica, from Jamaica; tibialis, from Panama; and tuberculata, from Costa Rica. A lectotype is designated for Drapetis divergens Loew; Drapetis intermedia Smith is newly synonymized with divergens Loew. Two new species groups are described, the divergens group and the naica group. Two keys are provided: one distinguishing the Neotropical species of Drapetis; the other distinguishing Drapetis Meigen, Crossopalpus Bigot and Elaphropeza Macquart. Drapetis flavicornis Melander, inermis Melander and zonalis Curran are assigned to Elaphropeza Macquart, new combinations, and redescribed. The heretofore unknown male of Elaphropeza flavicornis is described.
A Guided Internship For High School Students Using iRobot Create

Abstract We present an internship program focused on project-based learning designed to introduce students to robotics engineering utilizing the iRobot Create platform. Our aim is to provide instructors and mentors with a set of projects with an appropriate level of complexity so as to stimulate the interest of the students while providing them a sense of accomplishment. We provide a detailed description of the student projects, an overview of the iRobot Create hardware, and insights gained from our experience and student feedback.
Lattice softening and stiffening of single crystal niobium stannide at low temperatures

Abstract In addition to the softening of the lattice, a lattice stiffening has been observed at temperatures below the transformation. This is in accordance with theory, which predicts that the influence of the d-electrons on the elastic behaviour vanishes at T = 0.
Integrated Library System (ILS) Challenges and Opportunities: A Survey of U.S. Academic Libraries with Migration Projects

An online survey was sent to academic libraries and consortia with an integrated library system (ILS) migration project, based on review of press releases from major U.S. ILS vendors. This study takes a systematic approach to provide a snapshot of the academic ILS market and key factors affecting the outcome of an ILS migration project. It reveals the challenges and opportunities facing academic libraries and ILS vendors in an environment with rapidly changing technology and increasingly sophisticated academic users.
Tumour Growth Causes Suppression of Autoreactive T-Cell Proliferation by Disrupting Macrophage Responsiveness to Interferon-γ

Normal immune homeostasis is regulated partly by a small population of CD4+ T cells that react to autologous major histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on self-cells. Decreased autoreactive T-cell responses are associated with cancer. Tumour growth causes syngeneic macrophages (M phi) to suppress autoreactive T-cell proliferation by decreasing M phi class-II expression and increasing M phi production of the suppressor molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Because interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a potent M phi activation molecule which regulates both M phi PGE2 and class-II expression, the effects of IFN-gamma on tumour-induced suppression of autoreactive T-cell proliferation were investigated. Exogenous IFN-gamma increased normal host (NH) CD4+ autoreactive T-cell proliferation stimulated by syngeneic NH M phi but decreased proliferation stimulated by tumour-bearing host (TBH) M phi. Antibody (Ab) neutralization of endogenous IFN-gamma activity reduced TBH M phi-mediated suppression. Kinetic studies showed that endogenous IFN-gamma suppressor activity was not exclusive during T-cell activation. Indomethacin treatment blocked IFN-gamma-induced suppression in TBH M phi-T cell cultures. TBH M phi-T cell cultures contained significantly more PGE2 than those containing NH M phi. Exogenous IFN-gamma increased early PGE2 production in TBH M phi cultures but decreased production in NH M phi cultures. The Ab-mediated neutralization of endogenous transforming growth factor-beta or tumour necrosis factor-alpha reduced TBH M phi-mediated suppression and blocked IFN-gamma-induced suppression. Short-term treatment of M phi with IFN-gamma before their addition to T cells caused TBH M phi to stimulate T-cell proliferation, which suggests that early suppressor molecule production by TBH M phi inhibits synthesis or activity of IFN-gamma-induced stimulatory monokines. These results show that tumour growth causes M phi to suppress autoreactive T-cell responses by allowing IFN-gamma to induce M phi suppressor molecules, which block production or activity of stimulatory monokines.
Dynamic simulation of landfill waste stabilization

A system dynamics model is developed and tested to determine the significant processes and appropriate level of detail required to capture dynamic behavior important in managing biodegradation in landfills. Uniform, spherical, solid waste particles are assumed to hydrolyze from the outer surface to produce simple sugars; fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis produce methane and carbon dioxide as end products. Representative reactions, sufficient to carry all hydrolyzed small chain carbon molecules to stabilization, are used for stoichiometric relationships. Microbial populations consume their respective substrates according to classical Monod kinetics. Results of simulation experiments suggest that hydrogen inhibition of fermentation and acetogenesis is critical to the empirically observed time course of landfill gas generation. In addition, an uninhibited anaerobic pathway producing CO2 without the production of H2 is required to produce the large CO2 peak often seen early in the stabilization p...
Corneal lenticular wrinkling after automated lamellar keratoplasty

Abstract PURPOSE: To report complications of automated lamellar keratoplasty in two eyes of two patients. METHODS: Case reports. Two eyes of two patients underwent automated lamellar keratoplasty for myopia. Both patients complained of visual distortion and glare in the postoperative eye. RESULTS: The postoperative eye of both patients showed evidence of wrinkling of the corneal lenticule accompanied by irregular astigmatism. Patient 1 showed persistent lenticular wrinkling and corneal scarring 2.5 years later. Patient 2 showed evidence of interface scar and overcorrection. CONCLUSION: The use of a microkeratome can be complicated by lenticular displacement and wrinkling, resulting in visual aberration for the patient.
Trauma-Focused Integrated Play Therapy An Interview With Eliana Gil, Part I

In this article, Catherine Sori interviews Dr. Eliana Gil about her work with traumatized children and their families. Eliana Gil discusses her trauma-focused integrative play therapy model, and gives practical tips on how to use the model to improve practice with this population. This is the first of two articles from an interview with Dr. Eliana Gil.
On the formation of galaxies with flat rotation curves

The dynamical development of a gravitationally unstable, initially uniform, collision-free medium has been studied by means of fully self-consistent three-dimensional numerical experiments. The system is encouraged to form just one blob by means of a small density bump, and its collapse is followed until a steady state has been reached. That blob may be interpreted as a galaxy, complete with halo. The galaxies that form have flat 'rotation curves'. Particles with initial speeds in excess of the velocity (V0) in that flat rotation curve remain unaffected by the collapse; those with speeds less than V0 join the collapse and have their speeds increased to V0. A quasi-virial argument yields correct estimates for V0.
Revised solar-power budget for Cool Robot polar science campaigns

Abstract Why develop polar robots? Logistics costs predominate polar-science budgets to maintain safe human operations in extreme environments. Robots could reduce this logistics burden and thus expand research opportunities in the Polar Regions. With the funding from the National Science Foundation, we have developed first ground vehicle specifically designed to conduct long-duration autonomous science campaigns over terrestrial ice sheets. The 60-kg, solar-powered Cool Robot measures 1.2 × 1.2 × 1 m and can carry or tow 20–80 kg science payloads. A low-profile, four-wheel-drive chassis supports a five-sided, lightweight box of solar cells that capture significant reflected sunlight from the snowfield. The robot is zero emissions, so it can conduct clean snow and air measurements without being trailed by its own pollutants. A fleet of Cool Robots could support many other polar science projects, including biological sampling, glaciology surveys, and upper atmosphere or magnetosphere observations using broadly spaced instrument arrays. We present here revisions to the Cool Robot's solar-power input model to account for the effects of diffuse-sky radiation, a significant source of radiation for cloudy conditions common in Greenland. The main effect of increasing diffuse-sky radiation, for fixed global radiation, is to increase the diurnal variation in solar-power input to the robot. The revised model agrees well with irradiance measurements and the robot's measured power budget during a long-duration test conducted in Greenland. It thus allows us to adapt the Cool Robot to the specific needs of polar science campaigns with some confidence. For two-month science campaigns in Antarctica or Greenland, the Cool Robot has sufficient power margin to carry a 20-kg payload, or tow an 80-kg sled, over 1000 km per month. Under most conditions, 100–300 W are available to power the payload. The robot must yet demonstrate reliable long-distance operation. Nevertheless, results to date suggest it holds the potential to conduct significant autonomous science campaigns in Antarctica and Greenland.
N-functionalized poly(dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole)s : Highly fluorescent materials with reduced band gaps

Oxidative polymerization studies of N-functionalized dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]pyrroles (where substituent = hexyl, octyl, decyl, octadecyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or p-hexylphenyl) via both chemical oxidation and electropolymerization are presented. While electropolymerized samples are insoluble, it is possible to isolate soluble materials via chemical oxidation methods. Solution and solid-state characterization of the resulting polymeric materials is described, including photophysical and electrochemical studies, and these properties are compared to related polythiophene materials. In addition to reduced band gaps (∼1.7 eV), these materials exhibit good red emission with solution quantum efficiencies up to 34%.
E46K Human α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice Develop Lewy-like and Tau Pathology Associated with Age-dependent, Detrimental Motor Impairment

Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders associated with the formation of aberrant amyloid inclusions composed of the normally soluble presynaptic protein α-synuclein (α-syn). Parkinson disease is the most well known of these disorders because it bears α-syn pathological inclusions known as Lewy bodies (LBs). Mutations in the gene for α-syn, including the E46K missense mutation, are sufficient to cause Parkinson disease as well as other synucleinopathies like dementia with LBs. Herein, we describe transgenic mice expressing E46K human α-syn in CNS neurons that develop detrimental age-dependent motor impairments. These animals accumulate age-dependent intracytoplasmic neuronal α-syn inclusions that parallel disease and recapitulate the biochemical, histological, and morphological properties of LBs. Surprisingly, the morphology of α-syn inclusions in E46K human α-syn transgenic mice more closely resemble LBs than the previously described transgenic mice (line M83) that express neuronal A53T human α-syn. E46K human α-syn mice also develop abundant neuronal tau inclusions that resemble neurofibrillary tangles. Subsequent studies on the ability of E46K α-syn to induce tau inclusions in cellular models suggest that both direct and indirect mechanisms of protein aggregation are probably involved in the formation of the tau inclusions observed here in vivo. Re-evaluation of presymptomatic transgenic mice expressing A53T human α-syn reveals that the formation of α-syn inclusions in mice must be synchronized; however, inclusion formation is diffuse within affected areas of the neuroaxis such that there was no clustering of inclusions. Collectively, these findings provide insights in the mechanisms of formation of these aberrant proteinaceous inclusions and support the notion that α-syn aggregates are involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Facilitation of the lordosis reflex in female rats by electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus

Summary (1) Electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) facilitated lordosis reflex responses to somatosensory stimulation, in estrogen-primed female rats. (2) Unilateral LVN stimulation was sufficient for this effect. Currents as low as 10 μA could be used. (3) With the stimulus parameters used, the effect develops within 5 min of LVN stimulation and decays within 10 min following cessation of stimulation. (4) Together with previous evidence that LVN lesions disrupt lordosis, these results suggest LVN facilitation of spinal reflex mechanisms for lordosis.
Social power bases of managers: emergence of a new factor.

(2001). Social Power Bases of Managers: Emergence of a New Factor. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 141, No. 1, pp. 144-147.
Physiological value-based efficient usable security solutions for body sensor networks

A Body Sensor Network (BSN) is a network of economically powered, wireless, wearable, and implanted health monitoring sensors, designed to continually collect and communicate health information from the host they are deployed on. Due to the sensitive nature of the data collected, securing BSNs is important for privacy preservation and protecting the host from bodily harm.In this article, we present Physiological Value-based Security (PVS), a usable and efficient way of securing intersensor communication schemes for BSNs. The PVS scheme distributes the key used for securing a particular message along with the message itself, by hiding it using physiological values. In this way, it not only eliminates the need for any explicit key distribution, but also reduces the number of keys required at each node to meet all its secure communication requirements.We further demonstrate the use of the PVS scheme in securing cluster topology formation in BSNs. Traditional protocols for cluster formation do not consider security and are therefore susceptible to malicious attacks. We present a PVS-based cluster formation protocol which mitigates these attacks. Performance analysis of the protocol shows that compared to cluster formation protocols secured with non-PVS-based key distribution schemes, it performs efficiently.
A first lab in filter design: Power line hum suppression in an ECG signal

Our introductory course in Signals and Systems at UC Berkeley assumes only basic physics and moderate fluency with calculus. We outline a computer laboratory project to illustrate how we bring the principles and techniques of design-oriented analysis-as well as meaningful, interesting applications-within the reach of our students. In particular, we describe a guided filter design problem to remove a 60 Hz power line hum from an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal.
Transforming America’s Cities Policies and Conditions of Vacant Land

City governments own or regulate vacant land and abandoned structures. In this article, the authors summarize new vacant-land survey data, examine the conditions and causes of vacant land, analyze ...
Morse Decompositions for Coverage Tasks

Exact cellular decompositions represent a robot's free space by dividing it into regions with simple structure such that the sum of the regions fills the free space. These decompositions have been widely used for path planning between two points, but can be used for mapping and coverage of free spaces. In this paper, we define exact cellular decompositions where critical points of Morse functions indicate the location of cell boundaries. Morse functions are those whose critical points are non-degenerate. Between critical points, the structure of a space is effectively the same, so simple control strategies to achieve tasks, such as coverage, are feasible within each cell. This allows us to introduce a general framework for coverage tasks because varying the Morse function has the effect of changing the pattern by which a robot covers its free space. In this paper, we give examples of different Morse functions and comment on their corresponding tasks. In a companion paper, we describe the sensor-based algo...