cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Effect of Cropland to Prairie Conversion on Peak Storm Run‐Off

Much of the original U.S. grassland has undergone conversion to cropland. During the last few years, large first- and second-order watershed scale projects have begun to reconstruct the native tallgrass prairie cover and biodiversity. The effect on watershed hydrological budget is largely unknown, especially concerning storm run-off. Curve number variability is used to estimate the uncertainty of peak run-off following the change in cover, given rainfall recurrence and watershed size. The method involves three steps: (1) estimate the time-of-concentration for many similar sized watersheds in the region, (2) define the probability distribution for time-of-concentration, curve numbers, and watershed area, (3) with these data, generate input variables for a Monte Carlo analysis, which can then be used to predict the mean and confidence interval of peak run-off. As an example, spatial and hydrological characteristics of first- and second-order watersheds ranging from 2 to 50 km2 in the Red River of the North basin provide a log normal probability distribution for time-of-concentration. Using the range of watershed area and a β probability distribution for curve number uncertainty, the analysis predicts the change in peak run-off from an ensemble of watershed realizations that characterize cropland to grassland conversion. Results suggest that given five- and 25-year, 24-hour rainfall recurrence, average reduction in peak run-off will range from 50 to 55% and 40 to 45%, respectively, for the basin. A large range of uncertainty at the 80% confidence interval, however, indicates that an accurate prediction requires analysis for specific watersheds.
Acetaldehyde disappearance and acetoin formation in vitro.

SummaryIn agreement with previous in vivo studies, liver homogenate metabolized acetaldehyde more rapidly than other tissues and without the formation of much acetoin. Methylene blue stimulated the aerobic metabolism of acetaldehyde in rat liver but not dog liver.Skeletal muscle formed more acetoin from acetaldehyde than did brain or kidney. Pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate and phosphoglycerate increased the acetoin formation from acetaldehyde by muscle; pyruvate, a-ketoglutarate and glucose were effective stimulators of acetoin formation in brain.
CN and C2H in IRC +10216

The effects of the production of the radicals CN and C2H from the dissociation of HCN and C2H2 by ambient UV photons in the outer envelope of IRC +10216 are investigated. The spatial distribution of the radicals and their observable millimeter emission-line characteristics are calculated from the inferred abundances of the progenitor species in the envelope of IRC +10216 using photochemical and radiative transfer models. These are compared with available observations to examine whether photoproduction is a possible explanation of the observed emission from these species. The results suggest that the variable abundances induced by photodestruction of their progenitors do affect the observed emission from the radicals.
Motion of defects and stress relaxation in two-dimensional crystals

The stress relaxation of a two-dimensional solid is studied, with the assumption that defects have been trapped in the sample. The effective shear modulus and stress-strain relaxation rate are calculated for a variety of defect configurations, including large- and small-angle grain boundaries and dislocation pairs. Effects of dislocation climb on the long-term stability of the configurations are considered. The viscosity resulting from moving free dislocations and/or flow at the boundaries is described in a particular geometry. The response to a finite applied shear is discussed, in particular, nucleation of free dislocations and sliding of grain boundaries. The theory is applied to free-standing smectic-B films, and it is suggested that stress relaxation observed in these films may result from a dilute ''random neutral array'' of dislocations or from small-angle grain boundaries.
Observations of Co4+ in a Higher Spin State and the Increase in the Seebeck Coefficient of Thermoelectric Ca3Co4O9

Ca3Co4O9 has a unique structure that leads to exceptionally high thermoelectric transport. Here we report the achievement of a 27% increase in the room-temperature in-plane Seebeck coefficient of Ca3Co4O9 thin films. We combine aberration-corrected Z-contrast imaging, atomic-column resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and density-functional calculations to show that the increase is caused by stacking faults with Co4+-ions in a higher spin state compared to that of bulk Ca3Co4O9. The higher Seebeck coefficient makes the Ca3Co4O9 system suitable for many high temperature waste-heat-recovery applications.
Detection of oxidative species and low‐molecular‐weight DNA in skin following dermal exposure with JP‐8 jet fuel

Dermal absorption of JP-8 jet fuel can lead to skin irritation within hours after exposure. This study detected the formation of oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA in rat skin as potential indicators of JP-8-induced skin injury. At 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the beginning of a 1-h exposure, skin samples were removed and analyzed for oxidative species formation and low-molecular-weight DNA analysis. At 1, 2 and 4 h, mean oxidative species levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) above unexposed samples. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) low-molecular-weight DNA values were observed at 4 and 6 h compared with unexposed controls. These results demonstrate significant increases in oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA levels in the skin following dermal exposure to JP-8. These responses may serve as indicators of skin injury following exposure to JP-8 jet fuel and other volatile chemicals or mixtures.
A CORRELATION OF AIMS AND METHODS IN MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHING

THE question of what is the best method of teaching the modern languages has been the subject of enthusiastic experiment and spirited discussion for much longer than the twenty-five years that I have been engaged in the work of teaching. Few, if any of us, can recall a time when the cut-and-dried grammartranslation method of the classics was unchallenged. It has long been generally admitted in theory, if not in practice, that grammar should not be considered an end in itself and that the learning of a language has to do with habit formation more than with rules and illustrative examples. The first efforts at reform were made by enthusiastic inventors of methods which were usually christened with the names of their founders. Such were those of Ollendorff, Gouin, and Berlitz, and the methods of Monsieur Chose, Don Eulano, and Mr. What's-his-name, which are even now being foisted on the teaching profession and the public by enterprising publishing companies, each bearing the name of its discoverer, with or without his portrait as frontispiece. Like proprietary medicines, they may have a good ingredient, but they promise impossible cures. Some of them, such as the Gouin method, exploit one good idea, losing sight of all but one phase of the subject; others,the more recent ones, consist of about ninety-five percent hackneyed matter and five percent of original suggestion. Sweet and Jespersen have made a scientific and psychological study of the problem. Still more recently, Professor Harold
Ca2+ effects on ethylene, carbon dioxide and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase activity

The response of pericarp disks from ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Traveler‘76) to CaCl2, additions was studied to determine the effect of Ca2+ on ethylene and CO2 production. Application of 5 mM CaCl2 resulted in a 2, 20, 33, 39, and 50% increase in ethylene production in disks obtained from preclimacteric minimum, climacteric rise, climacteric peak, one, and two days postclimacteric fruit, respectively. CaCl2 concentrations of 10 and 50 mM gave no additional stimulation of ethylene production; CO2 production at 5 mM CaCl2 was not different from controls, but is increased at 10 and 50mM CaCl2. CaCl2 also increased ethylene production in disks treated with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) or aminoethoxy-vinylglycine. Chloride salts of K+, Na+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and La3+ did not stimulate ethylene production. SrCl2 stimulated ethylene production to a lesser degree than CaCl2. Disks from potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Katahdin) tubers produced greater quantities of ethylene and ACC when 5 mM CaCl2 was included in the incubation medium (K. B. Evensen, 1983. Physiol. Plant. 60:125–128). Ca2+-treated disks had more than three times as much ACC synthase activity as control disks after 18 to 24 h incubation, when ethylene and ACC were maximal. The apparent Km for S-adenosylmethionine was 13 μM at 29°C, pH 8.0 in extracts from both Ca2+-treated and control disks. Inclusion of 1 to 50 mM CaCl2 in the assay medium did not significantly affect enzyme activity. ACC synthase extracted from control and Ca2+-treated disks had a pH optimum of 8.5 and an apparent molecular weight of 72 kdalton, estimated by gel filtration. It is likely that the presence of Ca2+ in the buffer allows greater synthesis of ACC synthase as part of the wound-healing response in potato, while in tomato the predominant effect is on membrane stabilization.
Effect of Magnetic Scattering on the 3He Superfluid State in Aerogel.

Pure {sup 3}He in highly porous aerogel forms an equal-spin pairing superfluid with transition temperatures suppressed from bulk values. We have measured the magnetic field dependence of the transition temperature from which it can be inferred that both magnetic and nonmagnetic quasiparticle scattering from solid {sup 3}He at the aerogel surface is important to the superfluid state. Replacement of the solid {sup 3}He on the surface of the aerogel with {sup 4}He gives rise to a unequal spin pairing superfluid phase. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Soft self-consistent pseudopotentials in a generalized eigenvalue formalism.

A new approach to the construction of first-principles pseudopotentials is described. The method allows transferability to be improved systematically while holding the cutoff radius fixed, even for large cutoff radii. Novel features are that the pseudopotential itself becomes charge-state dependent, the usual norm-conservation constraint does not apply, and a generalized eigenproblem is introduced. The potentials have a separable form well suited for plane-wave solid-state calculations, and show promise for application to first-row and transition-metal systems.
The Value of Multistage Stochastic Programming in Capacity Planning Under Uncertainty

This paper addresses a general class of capacity planning problems under uncertainty, which arises, for example, in semiconductor tool purchase planning. Using a scenario tree to model the evolution of the uncertainties, we develop a multistage stochastic integer programming formulation for the problem. In contrast to earlier two-stage approaches, the multistage model allows for revision of the capacity expansion plan as more information regarding the uncertainties is revealed. We provide analytical bounds for the value of multistage stochastic programming (VMS) afforded over the two-stage approach. By exploiting a special substructure inherent in the problem, we develop an efficient approximation scheme for the difficult multistage stochastic integer program and prove that the proposed scheme is asymptotically optimal. Computational experiments with realistic-scale problem instances suggest that the VMS for this class of problems is quite high; moreover, the quality and performance of the approximation scheme is very satisfactory. Fortunately, this is more so for instances for which the VMS is high.
Orientation-dependent dissociative charge transfer

Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy and molecular fragment imaging techniques are combined to study dissociative electron capture from He by HeH{sup +} at 0.20-a.u. collision velocity. Groups of final HeH states which dissociate to ground or excited H and He atoms are separated. For each group, the experiment provides two-dimensional H fragment distributions with respect to the collision plane and for fixed transverse momentum transfer. These patterns show that the capture probability is highest for HeH{sup +} ions with their axis oriented normal to the scattering plane for two of the three groups populated. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Correlation of photosensitive electrode properties with electronegativity

Abstract The ability of semiconducting electrodes to photoelectrolyze water without any external bias is an important criterion for satisfactory conversion of solar energy to chemical energy. Here we correlate this ability with the electronegativities of the constituent atoms.
Multiple factors and processes involved in host cell killing by bacteriophage Mu: Characterization and mapping

Abstract The regions of bacteriophage Mu involved in host cell killing were determined by infection of a λ-immune host with 12 λpMu-transducing phages carrying different amounts of Mu DNA beginning at the left end. Infecting λpMu phages containing 5.0 (±0.2) kb or less of the left end of Mu DNA did not kill the λ-immune host, whereas λpMu containing 5.1 kb did kill, thus locating the right end of the kil gene between approximately 5.0 and 5.1 kb. For the Kil + phages the extent of killing increased as the multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) increased. In addition, killing was also affected by the presence of at least two other regions of Mu DNA: one, located between 5.1 and 5.8 kb, decreased the extent of killing; the other, located between 6.3 and 7.9 kb, greatly increased host cell killing. Killing was also assayed after λpMu infection of a λ-immune host carrying a mini-Mu deleted for most of the B gene and the middle region of Mu DNA. Complementation of mini-Mu replication by infecting B + λpMu phages resulted in killing of the λ-immune, mini-Mu-containing host, regardless of the presence or absence of the Mu kil gene. The extent of host cell killing increased as the m.o.i. of the infecting λpMu increased, and was further enhanced by both the presence of the kil gene and the region located between 6.3 and 7.9 kb. These distinct processes of kil -mediated killing in the absence of replication and non- kil -mediated killing in the presence of replication were also observed after induction of replication-deficient and kil mutant prophages, respectively.
Using Simple Harmonic Motion to Help in the Search for Tautochrone Curves.

The analysis of tautochrone problems involves the solution of integral equations. The paper shows how a reasonable assumption, based on experience with simple harmonic motion, allows one to greatly simplify such problems. Proposed solutions involve only mathematics available to students from first year calculus.
SAMHD1: a new insight into HIV-1 restriction in myeloid cells

Human myeloid-lineage cells are refractory to HIV-1 infection. The Vpx proteins from HIV-2 and sooty mangabey SIV render these cells permissive to HIV-1 infection through proteasomal degradation of a putative restriction factor. Two recent studies discovered the cellular protein SAMHD1 to be this restriction factor, demonstrating that Vpx induces proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1 and enhances HIV-1 infection in myeloid-lineage cells. SAMHD1 functions as a myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis. Here we discuss the implications of these findings in delineating the mechanisms of HIV-1 restriction in myeloid-lineage cells and the potential role of Vpx in lentiviral pathogenesis.
Factors in Life Testing Ion Engines

The goal of contemporary ion rocket research and development is the attainment of reliable, long-life ( 10,000 hr) operation. In addition to vacuum test chamber environment, the interaction of electrode thermal characteristics and neutral efflux from the ionizer are dominant in determining surf ace-con tact ion engine lifetime. Several key physical processes are discussed in the light of recent experimental results. Charge exchange erosion is the fundamental limitation to engine lifetime. Although experiment and analysis indicate attainable lifetimes of 5000 to 20,000 hr at 10 ma/cm using the "best" present-day ionizers, shorter lifetimes result when interrelated secondary physical phenomena within the acceleration region of the engine emerge. Cesium ionization on the focus electrodes is considered in detail, since it is a lifetime barrier in those designs which utilize such beam-forming elements. Tolerable charge exchange erosion of accel electrodes, to assure a given lifetime, is used to provide boundary conditions for ionization efficiency, focus temperature, and focus ion current. The effect of focus electrode roughness on accel erosion patterns is studied in detail. The influence of the ground-based test chamber environment vs a true space vacuum environment is also considered.
Trading off coding complexity and feedback requirements for the packet erasure channel

We study the tradeoffs in employing two different approaches - coding and feedback - for reliable communication over packet erasure channels. Results are shown for a scheme that combines both approaches. Inspired by this scheme, we use rate distortion results to characterize the best achievable tradeoffs for a class of joint coding-and-feedback schemes.
The Relationship between HIV-Related Knowledge and Safe Sexual Behavior in African American Women Dwelling in the Rural Southeast

There is an epidemiological shift toward increased rates of HIV infection in African American women, despite widely available information regarding HIV prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between HIV-related knowledge and high-risk sexual behavior while controlling for related variables. A multivariate regression model was selected to differentiate the effects of these variables. The participants were 75 African American women, aged 18 to 38. The results indicated a positive relationship between HIV-related knowledge and highrisk sexual behaviors using the Pearson's r correlation coefficient (0.411, p
Machine learning in an asynchronous machine

To give a broad view of machine learning, the authors describe the basic methods of learning and give examples of learning systems which illustrate these techniques. Some of the early research in the performance of machine learning systems is discussed. In taking a simplistic approach to machine learning, the techniques are divided into the following categories: rote, inductive, examples, observation and discovery, deduction and analogy. Even by using a simplistic approach these techniques can overlap with each other. High-performance learning machines exhibit more intelligence than low-performance learning machines. Therefore, the performance of a learning algorithm is presented and analyzed with respect to its suitability to a parallel machine environment. >
Sinusoidal Ventricular Tachycardia Associated with Flecainide Acetate

New pharmacologic agents have been developed which are highly effective in supressing ventricular premature beats, but their chronic efficacy in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias remains uncertain. We observed the appearance of ventricular tachycardia with an unusual sinusoidal QRS complex in three of five such patients treated with flecainide acetate, 200 mg twice daily. Our experience suggests that the early reports of successful supression of ventricular premature beats in stable patients may not be directly applicable to sicker patients with recurrent sustained ventricular arrhythmias. In these patients, life-threatening arrhythmias may appear as the first manifestation of drug toxicity.
Leaching Behavior of Hazardous Heavy Metals from Lime Fly Ash Cements

AbstractThe heavy metals leaching potential of lime fly ash cements was evaluated for one low loss on ignition (LLOI) and one high loss on ignition ash (HLOI). Three different test methods were used: (1) a standard shaken (stirred) extraction test, (2) a modified shaken extraction test, and (3) a modified EP-TOX test. Testing was conducted on the as-receive ashes and lime fly ash samples cured for 0, 7, 28, and 84 days at 40°C. The results show that such curing time sequences can be used to study the rate of sequestration by the hydration product relative to the rate of leaching from the ash. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the reaction products of cured lime fly ash cements and isothermal calorimetry to study the rates of hydration at 25 and 40°C. The leaching tests results indicate that leachability of some heavy metals is greatly dependent on leachant pH and likewise, the test method used. Furthermore, formation of hydration products throughout the leaching does appear to partially seq...
Variation in childhood skeletal robustness is an important determinant of cortical area in young adults.

Abstract A better understanding of bone growth will benefit efforts to reduce fracture incidence, because variation in elderly bone traits is determined primarily by adulthood. The natural variation in robustness was used as a model to understand how variable growth patterns define adult bone morphology. Longitudinally acquired hand radiographs of 29 boys and 30 girls were obtained from the Bolton–Brush study for 6 time points spanning 8 to 18 years of age. Segregating individuals into tertiles based on robustness revealed that the biological activity underlying bone growth varied significantly with the natural variation in robustness. For boys, slender metacarpals used an osteoblast-dependent growth pattern to establish function, whereas robust metacarpals used an osteoclast-dependent growth pattern. In contrast, differences in biological activity between girls with slender and robust metacarpals were largely based on the age at which the marrow surface changed from expansion to infilling. Importantly, cortical area for slender metacarpals was as much as 19.7% and 32.2% lower than robust metacarpals for boys and girls, respectively, indicating that robustness was a major determinant of adult cortical area. Finally, after accounting for robustness and body weight effects, we found that the inter-individual variation in cortical area was established as early as 8 years of age. While variation in the amount of bone acquired during growth has primarily been attributed to factors like nutrition, exercise, and genetic background, we showed that the natural variation in robustness was also a major determinant of cortical area, which is an important determinant of bone mass. This predictable relationship between robustness and cortical area should be incorporated into clinical diagnostic measures and experimental studies.
Bioavailability and metabolism of potassium phosphanilate in laboratory animals and humans.

Phosphanilic acid is an antibacterial agent with a mode of action and antibacterial spectrum similar to those of sulfamethoxazole, with the exception that it has potent antipseudomonal activity. Bioavailability studies in rats (50, 300, and 600 mg/kg, oral and subcutaneous), dogs (50, 150, and 450 mg/kg, oral and intravenous infusion), and humans (400 and 800 mg, oral) showed that the extent of oral absorption of potassium phosphanilate was low. The bioavailability, calculated by comparing the oral values for area under the plasma concentration curve with those for the respective parenteral doses, was 10% for rats and 45 (50 and 150 mg/kg) and 19% (450 mg/kg) for dogs. The 24-h urinary recovery also confirmed the low oral bioavailability, i.e., rat, 13 (oral) and 75% (subcutaneous); dog, 15 to 29 (oral) and 87% (intravenous) of the dose. Plasma levels and urinary recovery (4%, oral) were low and variable in humans. The poor absorption of oral doses may be due to drug precipitation in the stomach, low permeability of the soluble species due to extensive in situ ionization (pK a , 1.8 to 2) in the intestine, or first-pass metabolism to N -acetylphosphanilic acid. The plasma t ½ values after parenteral administration were 0.3 h in rats and 1.3 h in dogs. Although the lack of adequate blood levels of phosphanilic acid after oral administration in humans precludes the use of this compound for treatment of systemic infections, the sustained urinary concentration at levels severalfold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration (1 μg/ml) for at least 10 h postdose was indicative of the therapeutic usefulness in urinary tract infections.
Effect of surface roughness on determination of bulk tissue optical parameters

Monte Carlo simulations have been conducted to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the inverse determination of bulk optical parameters. Results show that μs , μa , and g can be overestimated by an order of magnitude for thin slab tissue samples with a moderate index mismatch at the interfaces if typical surface roughness is neglected. Measurements of Intralipid samples between glass windows with smooth and rough surfaces have been carried out and agreement was found between the numerical and the experimental data. This study suggests that the surface roughness should be taken into account for both in vitro and in vivo determination of bulk tissue optical parameters.
Museum professionals and the relevance of LIS expertise

Abstract This article presents results from a survey designed to assess the relevance of library and information science (LIS) expertise—here defined as those topics typically, but not exclusively, taught in LIS programs—for museum professionals. The topics covered in this article are information representation, information organization and access, information management, computer technologies, digitization technologies, interactive technologies, information policy, evaluation methods, and collaboration initiatives. An online survey assessed the degree to which museum professionals possess skills in these topics, perform work in these topics, and consider these topics important for future study. The article examines the relative value of each topic for museum professionals and discusses the importance of strengthening relationships between LIS and museum studies by better understanding the relevance of LIS expertise in museums.
Interpolation in the DST and DCT domains

This paper presents the interpolation properties of the discrete sine and cosine transforms. Interpolation is a two-step process of upsampling to put zeros between data samples followed by filtering to fill in those zeros with interpolated values. Upsampling is accomplished by manipulating transform coefficients and the filtering is done using the convolution-multiplication property of the DSTs and DCTs. When working in the transform domain, the filtering can be done explicitly or implicitly. The explicit filtering requires multiplication by the transform of the filter coefficients but permits control over the frequency characteristics of the filter. The implicit method saves computation because there is no additional multiplication, just the forward transform followed by the longer inverse. New rules for the DSTs and DCTs are presented and explained.
'I guess' to 'I get': an effective use of smart technology to transform undergraduate statistics education

With the prominence of mathematics, statistics is playing an increasingly important role in an undergraduate student's academic and professional careers. Numerous studies have found that a large number of students are fearful of taking statistics classes because of the subject's complexity. Several emerging technologies, including the most recent smart mobile technology, were adopted to assist students with learning. In the current study, we propose a pedagogical innovation to the standard format of statistics homework assignments, which are one of the most important components in developing a student's critical thinking abilities. We then offer a corresponding solution of effective use of smart technology to implement the new pedagogy. Analysis of the student feedback provided insights for the future research on how to use smart technology to effectively improve undergraduate statistics education.
Single Parenthood and Children's Reading Performance in Asia.

Using the data from Program for International Student Assessment, I examine the gap in reading performance between 15-year-old students in single-parent and intact families in 5 Asian countries in comparison to the United States. The ordinary least square regression analyses show negligible disadvantages of students with a single parent in Hong Kong and Korea, once students’ demographic characteristics and socioeconomic background are held constant. Students in single-parent families in Indonesia and Thailand outperform their peers in intact families. The negative effect of single parenthood remains significant in Japan, even after parent-child communication is controlled. Interpreting the weak effect of single parenthood in the Asian countries, I consider extended family systems and the relatively high proportion of widowhood among causes of single parenthood.
PARADIGM (version 2.0): a new HPF compilation system

In this paper, we present sample performance figures for a new linear algebra-based compilation framework implemented in a research HPF compiler called PARADIGM. The metrics considered include compilation times, execution times, and communication costs. We compare all of these metrics against commercial, industrial strength compilers such as pghpf (v 2.2) and xlhpf (v 1.01) and show the superior benefits of PARADIGM (v 2.0) in all of the metrics used. We also demonstrate how robustly our framework performs in the presence of arbitrary alignments and distributions, The framework's symbolic manipulation capability is derived from an off-the-shelf commercial symbolic analysis software called Mathematica. Measured metrics for a few popular benchmarks such as Automatic Differentiation and Integration (ADI), Euler Fluxes, TOMCATV and 2D Explicit Hydrodynamics (EXPL) have been presented.
Multiple Sclerosis and Voiding Dysfunction

A 42-yr-old woman with a 10-yr history of multiple sclerosis presents with worsening voiding complaints. For the past 3 yr, she has had increasing frequency, which was treated successfully with anticholinergics. Recently, she has noticed worsening urgency and has also begun to have hesitancy and straining to void. Physical exam is normal. Postvoid residual (PVR) is 240 cc. Urodynamics demonstrates detrusor overactivity and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). She voids with a detrusor pressure of 37.7 cm H2O with a maximum flow of 5.4 cc/s.
Clean Energy SMEs in Emerging Markets

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) selling renewable energy products to consumers in emerging markets around the world face distinct challenges. Despite challenges, many business models have demonstrated long-term profit potential within their markets. The current research broadly presents the criteria necessary for such businesses to be sustainable and successful mid-long term. Additional research is recommended to further explore the individual criteria.
Mechanistic Studies of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Rapidly Polymerized from Initially Homogenous Conditions

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are periodic two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) polymer networks with high surface areas, low densities, and designed structures. Despite intense interest in framework materials, the nucleation and growth processes of COFs, and even of more established metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are poorly understood. The kinetics of COF growth under varied reaction conditions provides mechanistic insight needed to improve their crystallinity and rationally synthesize new materials. Such kinetic measurements are unprecedented and difficult to perform on typical heterogeneous COF reaction mixtures. Here we synthesize 2D boronate ester-linked COF-5 under conditions in which the monomers are fully soluble. These homogeneous growth conditions provide equal or better material quality compared to any previous report and enable the first rigorous studies of the early stages of COF growth. COF-5 forms within minutes, and the precipitation rate is readily quantified from optical turbidi...
The British-Norwegian Migrant Study: analysis of parameters of mortality differentials associated with angina

The prevalence of selected cardiorespiratory symptoms was ascertained by a common mail questionnaire for...30033 British and Norwegian migrants to the United States and 43851 non-migrants who resided in Great Britain and Norway [in the early 1960s]. The main study objectives were to contrast the morbidity and mortality experience of the migrant and non-migrant groups in the light of known national differences in mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases in the early 1960s. The findings show that angina was "a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality....The primary determinant of angina prevalence was found to be migration status. It is believed that this differential was determined primarily by selection of those who migrate with the migrants to the U.S. being a healthier group than their counterparts remaining in the native country." A comment by W Haenszel is included at the end of the paper. (EXCERPT)
Myocardial ischemia selectively depletes cardiolipin in rabbit heart subsarcolemmal mitochondria

Mitochondria contribute to myocyte injury during ischemia. After 30 and 45 min of ischemia in the isolated perfused rabbit heart, subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM), located beneath the plasma membrane, sustain a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation through cytochrome oxidase. In contrast, oxidation through cytochrome oxidase in interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM), located between the myofibrils, remains unaffected. Cytochrome oxidase activity in the intact membrane requires an inner mitochondrial membrane lipid environment enriched in cardiolipin. During ischemia, the content of cardiolipin decreased only in SSM, whereas the content of other phospholipids was preserved. Ischemia did not alter the composition of the cardiolipin that remained in SSM. Cardiolipin content was preserved in IFM during ischemia. Thus cardiolipin is a relatively early target of ischemic mitochondrial damage, leading to loss of oxidative phosphorylation through cytochrome oxidase in SSM.
Establishment of hepatic metastases model of colorectal cancer in mouse and analysis of the inflammatory microenvironment in tumor metastasis

Background and purpose:Hepatic metastasis,the major cause of colorectal cancer death,hepatic metastasis in vivo model of colorectal cancer,which closely mimic the genuine biological cancer metastatic process can be useful to study tumor growth and metastasis.In this study,we established the hepatic metastasis in vivo model of colorectal cancer,and aimed to study the role of tumor inflammatory microenvironment in tumor growth and development.Methods:Mice were inoculated SL4 cells through the intrasplenic/portal route to generate experiment model of hepatic metastasis,determine pathological changes of liver and spleen tissues,and detect immune phenotype of peripheral blood and spleen and change of tumor inflammatory microenvironment with flow cytometry analysis.Results:We found that the success rate of hepatic metastasis was 100%,tumor cells were arrested in the livers,and the number of inflammatory cells increased in the liver.The results of flow cytometry analysis showed: after intrasplenic injection of SL4 cell,the number of peripheral blood B lymphocytes(CD3-B220+) reduced,from 62.6% to 30.2%;while the number of splenic CD3-B220+ cells increased,from 33.6% to 42.4%,which suggested that B cells moved from peripheral blood to the spleen to generate anti-tumor antibody.Furthermore,after intrasplenic injection of SL4 cell,the numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes(Gr1+CD11b+) increased,from 9.6% to 54.1%,while the number of tumor associated macrophages——TAM(Gr1+F4/80+) was 49.5% in the liver with tumor,which transformed from monocyte to TAM with stimulation of in vivo circulation and inflammatory microenvironment;which suggested that TAM made a key role in tumor growth and metastasis.Conclusion:Our data reveal that hepatic metastasis in vivo model of colorectal carcinoma is useful to investigate tumor metastasis,and also in favor of study the mechanism of hepatic metastasis and the role of tumor microenvironment.
Measurement of Metalloproteinases

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (1,2) comprise a family of over 20 matrix degrading enzymes believed to be essential for normal development and physiologic tissue remodeling and repair. Abnormal expression of metalloproteinases has been implicated in many destructive processes, including tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and arterial aneurysms. With respect to lung disease, MMPs have been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and asthma. The role of MMPs in causation of pulmonary emphysema has been supported by transgenic mice overexpressing MMP-1 (3) and gene targeted mice lacking MMP-12 (4).
Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Clomazone

The herbicide clomazone (2-(2-chlorophenyl) methyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone; CAS 81777-89-1; Fig. 1) was first approved for use in 1986 (US EPA 2007). It is produced by the FMC Corporation under the trade names that include Command® and Cerano® 5 MEG (TenBrook and Tjeerdema 2006).
Influence of Store Image on Taste Perceptions: A QDA Approach

The Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) technique is being suggested in this study as a valuable method in measuring consumer attribute perception of products. Unlike perceptual mapping, QDA allows visual comparisons of brand alternatives, particularly if these alternatives are characterized by a large number of salient attributes. The study applies the technique to two “brands" of tomato juice, a national brand and a generic “brand." Results, in the form of a graphical presentation, vividly highlight the differences in attribute perceptions.
Variation in Physician Practice Styles within and across Emergency Departments

Despite the significant responsibility that physicians have in healthcare delivery, we know surprisingly little about why physician practice styles vary within or across institutions. Estimating variation in physician practice styles is complicated by the fact that patients are rarely randomly assigned to physicians. This paper uses the quasi-random assignment of patients to physicians in emergency departments (EDs) to show how physicians vary in their treatment of patients with minor injuries. The results reveal a considerable degree of variation in practice styles within EDs; physicians at the 75th percentile of the spending distribution spend 20% more than physicians at the 25th percentile. Observable physician characteristics do not explain much of the variation across physicians, but there is a significant degree of sorting between physicians and EDs over time, with high-cost physicians sorting into high-cost EDs as they gain experience. The results may shed light on why some EDs remain persistently higher-cost than others.
Unsteady Aerodynamic Model for Deployable Gurney Flaps Based on Indicial Concepts

A reduced-order, unsteady aerodynamic model for deployable Gurney flaps is formulated based on indicial concepts. The model is developed in the time domain to ensure applicability to arbitrary depl...
A Borsuk–Ulam theorem for (Zp)k-actions on products of (modp) homology spheres

Let p be a prime number. It is proven that for the product of free actions of Zp on modp homology spheres Nni, i=1,…,k, where nis are assumed to be odd if p is odd, for any continuous map f:Nn1×⋯×Nnk→Rm the set A(f)={x∈Nn1×⋯×Nnk|f(x)=f(gx)∀g∈(Zp)k} has dimension at least n1+⋯+nk−m(pk−1), provided ni⩾mpi−1(p−1) for all i (1⩽i⩽k).
Influenza virus NS1 protein mutations at position 171 impact innate interferon responses by respiratory epithelial cells

The influenza virus NS1 protein interacts with a wide range of proteins to suppress the host cell immune response and facilitate virus replication. The amino acid sequence of the 2009 pandemic virus NS1 protein differed from sequences of earlier related viruses. The functional impact of these differences has not been fully defined. Therefore, we made mutations to the NS1 protein based on these sequence differences, and assessed the impact of these changes on host cell interferon (IFN) responses. We found that viruses with mutations at position 171 replicated efficiently but did not induce expression of interferon genes as effectively as wild-type viruses in A459 lung epithelial cells. The decreased ability of these NS1 mutant viruses to induce IFN gene and protein expression correlated with decreased activation of STAT1 and lower levels of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. These findings demonstrate that mutations at position 171 in the NS1 protein result in decreased expression of IFN and ISGs by A549 cells. Consequently, these viruses may be more virulent than the parental strains that do not contain mutations at position 171 in the NS1 protein.
Photon-pair generation in a lossy microring resonator. II. Entanglement in the output mixed Gaussian squeezed state

In this work we examine the entanglement of the output signal-idler squeezed vacuum state in the Heisenberg picture as a function of the coupling and internal propagation loss parameters of a microring resonator. Using the log negativity as a measure of entanglement for a mixed Gaussian state, we examine the competitive effects of the transfer matrix that encodes the classical phenomenological loss, as well as the matrix that that incorporates the coupling and internal propagation losses due to the quantum Langevin noise fields required to preserve the unitarity of the composite system (signal-idler) and environment (noise) structure.
Conversacion al Sur : Rescate de la Memoria

La critica Celia Correas de Zapata nota habilmente que los temas mas comunes del trabajo de Marta Traba (Argentina, 1930-1983), autora y critica literaria y artistica, son “journey, oppression, exile, loss and internalization of that which is lost, and poverty” y apunta que los sentimientos fundamentales de sus obras se basan en “love, love of life, love of humanity, lack of communication, and human rights” (516). Por cierto, estos temas son abarcados en Conversacion al sur (1981), una novela que describe un dia en que dos mujeres, de clases, edades, y opiniones diferentes, reviven, por una conversacion, un encuentro que ocurrio hace cinco anos. Este encuentro, tanto como sus experiencias antes y despues, son corrompidos por los abusos fisicos y mentales de los regimenes militares.
Vertical Lasso and Horizontal Lasso Sutures for Repair of Horizontal Cleavage and Horizontal Oblique Meniscal Tears: Surgical Technique and Indications

Abstract Horizontal cleavage and horizontal oblique meniscal tears have traditionally been treated with partial meniscectomy. Recent research has shown the deleterious long-term effects of meniscectomy in these patients regarding the development of osteoarthritis. Meniscal preservation is thus the preferred method of surgical treatment in patients with these tears. However, traditional repair techniques using inside-out sutures or suture anchor–based devices do not address the horizontally aligned nature of these particular tears and thus do not compress the meniscal tissue in the correct plane. The recent development of an arthroscopic suture-passing system now allows surgeons to place arthroscopic sutures in any pattern or direction. This allows surgeons to treat tears of any type with sutures ideally placed to repair the given tears. This Technical Note describes and demonstrates 2 all-suture, all-inside, arthroscopic meniscus repair techniques to treat these challenging horizontal tear types. The repair techniques are named the vertical lasso and horizontal lasso.
Diverse multi-decadal changes in streamflow within a rapidly urbanizing region

Abstract The impact of urbanization on streamflow depends on a variety of factors (e.g., climate, initial land cover, inter-basin transfers, water withdrawals, wastewater effluent, etc.). The purpose of this study is to examine trends in streamflow from 1986 to 2015 in a range of watersheds within the rapidly urbanizing Atlanta, GA metropolitan area. This study compares eight watersheds over three decades, while minimizing the influence of inter-annual precipitation variability. Population and land-cover data were used to analyze changes over approximately twenty years within the watersheds. Precipitation totals for the watersheds were estimated using precipitation totals at nearby weather stations. Multiple streamflow variables, such as annual streamflow, frequencies of high-flow days (HFDs), flashiness, and precipitation-adjusted streamflow, for the eight streams were calculated using daily streamflow data. Variables were tested for significant trends from 1986 to 2015 and significant differences between 1986–2000 and 2001–2015. Flashiness increased for all streams without municipal water withdrawals, and the four watersheds with the largest increase in developed land had significant increases in flashiness. Significant positive trends in precipitation-adjusted mean annual streamflow and HFDs occurred for the two watersheds (Big Creek and Suwanee Creek) that experienced the largest increases in development, and these were the only watersheds that went from majority forest land in 1986 to majority developed land in 2015. With a disproportionate increase in HFD occurrence during summer, Big Creek and Suwannee Creek also had a reduction in intra-annual variability of HFD occurrence. Watersheds that were already substantially developed at the beginning of the period and did not have wastewater discharge had declining streamflow. The most urbanized watershed (Peachtree Creek) had a significant decrease in streamflow, and a possible cause of the decrease was increasing groundwater infiltration into sewers. The impacts of urbanization on streamflow within the metropolitan area have undoubtedly been felt by a wide of range of communities.
Cooperative bat searching algorithm: A combined perspective from multiagent coordination and swarm intelligence

In this paper, a multiagent coordination framework is introduced for a recently developed swarm intelligence optimization algorithm, so-called “Bat Searching Algorithm” or “Bat Algorithm” (BA). Due to a great success of cooperative multiagent coordination applications in control areas, such as consensus problems and formation control for multiagent systems, in this paper, this cooperative multiagent coordination idea is used and embedded into a swarm intelligence optimization algorithm. Specifically, a graph communication topology is introduced and a consensus protocol is used in BA to share the velocity information of the bats. This proposed Cooperative Bat Searching Algorithm or Cooperative Bat Algorithm (CBA) shows faster convergence rate compared with the original BA by solving several benchmark functions. Moreover, some modifications are also applied into the proposed CBA method to further improve its performance. Based on the numerical evaluation results, the proposed CBA can show significant performance enhancement compared with the original BA. Finally, as an application, the economic load dispatch problem is considered and numerically solved by the proposed CBA method.