cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Truth and consequences in James “The Will To Believe”

From its first appearance in print down through our day, many have stepped forward to take its measure.2 The essay is undoubtedly engaging. Constructed out of a rich assortment of disparate materials, it surely would have captivated the members of James' original audience, the philosophy clubs of Yale and Brown Universities, as it continues to attract readers today. Among the wares on offer are samples of T. H. Huxley's and William Clifford's robust rhetoric; a snappy rendition of Blaise Pascal's unfailingly provocative wager argument; a succinct yet rich description of what is termed "the actual psychology of human opinion"; a useful survey of various candidates for the status of "objective evidence" and a quarrel with the very idea of such objectivity; a quick sorting of absolutist and empiricist tendencies in philosophy accompanied by an expose of the dogmatizing instincts of philosophers of either stripe; routine observations about scientific method and contemporary illustrations of scientific practice; a proposed one size fits all characterization of religious belief and speculations as to what a personal god would require of those who would know him; along with the occasional home-spun analogy and stirring anecdote.
Monte Carlo estimates of the mass gap of the O(2) and O(3) spin models in 1+1 dimensions☆

Abstract We have developed a Monte Carlo method to estimate the mass gap for field theories by a hamiltonian variational principle. We also show that using a zero momentum operator in the 2-point correlation method leads to a dramatic improvement in the accuracy of the mass gap. Both methods give encouraging results for the O(2) and O(3) spin models in 1+1 dimensions. The mass gap for O(2) is compared with the predictions of Kosterlitz and Thouless. The connection between the O(3) spin model and the corresponding field theory leads to a prediction for the mass gap of the non-linear sigma model. Careful attention is given to estimates of the errors in each approach.
On the Determination of the Average Temperature in a Horizontal Storage Tank and Its Use in Monitoring the Performance of a Solar Thermosyphon System

The mass weighted average storage temperature is a useful parameter for evaluating the performance of thermal storage systems. It is commonly used in system simulations since detailed temperature data in the storage medium are not known (or even considered). However, it is rarely used in the evaluation of operating systems because of the difficulty in determining it, especially in potentially multidimensional storage configurations, like a horizontal tank. This paper examines the issue of the evaluation of the average storage temperature, specifically from the point of view of reproducibility and how much data is required for a confident calculation. Unfortunately, this issue was not completely resolved and was shown to be strongly dependent on the locations of the measurements. Two examples are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of knowing the average storage temperature. The examples also give a quantitative demonstration of the effect of withdrawal flow rate on the amount of thermal energy that can be withdrawn from a given system. A reduction in flow rate by a factor of four increased the delivered energy by 70 percent.
Tandem target for simultaneous production of 15O and 11C from 17 MeV protons

Abstract A tandem target for simultaneous production of 11 C and 15 O is described. The front target utilizes recirculating 14 N 2 target gas to cool the two target windows (vacuum to 11C and 11 C to 15 O). The rear target is a static 15 O chamber. Havar foils (0.0025 cm) and aluminum target chambers are used. Target thickness, volume and pressure are optimized for maximum nuclide production (total activity and activity/volume) while minimizing beam scatter and target dead volume. Systems were designed to be used with a Scanditronix MC-17 or a similar positive ion cyclotron.
The projection from striate and extrastriate cortical areas to the superior colliculus in the rat

Following single injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the superior colliculus (SC) and [3H]proline in the striate cortex of rats, a close correspondence was observed in the topographical arrangements of extrastriate cortical fields of HRP retrograde label and of isotope anterograde label. These results support the notion that extrastriate cortex is divided into multiple physiologically and anatomically defined areas, and they suggest that these areas project separately to SC.
The influence of scrotal heating prior to vasectomy on sperm granuloma formation and testicular activity

Abstract The effects of scrotal heating, prior to vasectomy, on the incidence of sperm granulomas, and the concomitant changes in the testicular steroidogenic activity were investigated. Twenty-three adult male rats (76 days of age) were divided at random into experimental and controls. The experimental rats were subjected to scrotal heating (dry heat) to a temperature of 50 °C for one minute, two weeks prior to vasectomy. The control rats were vasectomized without undergoing any heat treatment. Local application of heat to the scrotal sac reduced the incidence of sperm granuloma formation by 82%. The experimental rats had smaller testes and higher testicular corticosterone levels, at the end of the 90-day post-operative period, as compared to the corresponding controls. The testicular ascorbic acid utilization was not affected due to heat treatment. It appears that the application of scrotal heat prior to vasectomy selectively causes a total or partial degeneration of the seminiferous tubules. Heat application may cause an early disruption of the feedback link between the seminiferous tubules and the Leydig cells, leading to the production of corticosterone by the testicular interstitium.
pH AND BUFFERING CAPACITY OF CANNED GREEN PEPPERCORNS

The pH, total acidity, and buffering capacity of canned green pep percorns against increases and decreases in pH were determined. The mean pH of nonacidified, canned green peppercorns was 6.51. The total acidity was 0.048%, calculated as citric acid. The buffering capacity between the original pH of the peppercorns and pH 8.35 was 0.188 milliequivalents. To lower the pH to 4.4, from 219-247 mg citric acid per 100g till-in weight of peppercorns is required. Canned green peppercorns acidified to pH 4.0 retained much of the pungency and pepperiness of fresh green peppercorns.
Fludarabine as a risk factor for poor stem cell harvest, treatment-related MDS and AML in follicular lymphoma patients after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Fludarabine is an effective treatment for follicular lymphoma (FL), but exposure to it negatively impacts stem cell mobilization and may increase the risk of subsequent myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia (t-MDS/AML). We hypothesized that the risk that fludarabine imparts to stem cell mobilization and t-MDS/AML would be affected by dose or timing. All patients with FL treated at Cleveland Clinic from 1991 to 2007 with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation were evaluated. Recursive partitioning analysis was used to explore associations of fludarabine and mitoxantrone dose and timing with poor stem cell harvest and t-MDS/AML. We identified 171 patients, of whom 52 previously received fludarabine. Patients exposed to fludarabine prior to auto-HCT were more likely to require >5 days of leukapheresis (P 150 mg/m2. Univariable risk factors for t-MDS/AML included the number of chemotherapy regimens before auto-HCT, the need for >5 days of leukapheresis to collect CD34+ cells and fludarabine exposure in a dose-dependent manner, particularly when >500 mg/m2. A cumulative dose of fludarabine >150 mg/m2 increases the risk for poor stem cell harvests and any exposure increases the risk of t-MDS/AML, with the greatest risk being at doses >500 mg/m2.
Puppetnets and botnets: information technology vulnerability exploits that threaten basic internet use

The focus of this paper is to identify dominant trends of information security threats to the Internet 2001 to 2007. This paper is intended to provide an understanding of the new emphasis of attacks through use of robotic networks and how some users and organizations are already preparing a response using innovative visualization techniques in conjunction with traditional methods. The scope of research will focus on basic enterprise level services that are commonly provided by various corporations; e.g., e-mail, browser applications, wireless and mobile devices, IP telephony, and online banking. The research will first review the network infrastructure common to most corporate organizations and assume basic enterprise components and functionality in response to the current security threats. The second emphasis will consider the impact of malware robotic networks (Botnets and Puppetnets) on the corporate network infrastructure and how to address these threats with new and innovative techniques. This approach is pragmatic in application and focuses on assimilation of existing data to present a functional rationale of attacks to anticipate and prepare for this coming year.
Prediction and control of bursty cloud workloads: a fractal framework

Cloud Computing is a promising approach to handle the growing needs for computation and storage in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Towards this end, characterizing workloads in the cloud infrastructure (e.g., a data center) is essential for performing cloud optimizations such as resource provisioning and energy minimization. However, there is a huge gap between the characteristics of actual workloads (e.g., they tend to be bursty and exhibit fractal behavior) and existing cloud optimization algorithms, which tend to rely on simplistic assumptions about the workloads. To close this gap, based on fractional calculus concepts, we present a fractal model to account for the complex dynamics of cloud computing workloads (i.e., the number of request arrivals or CPU/memory usage during each time interval). More precisely, we introduce a fractal operator to account for the time-varying fractal properties of the cloud workloads. In addition, we present an efficient (online) parameter estimation algorithm, an accurate forecasting strategy, and a novel fractal-based model predictive control approach for optimizing the CPU utilization, and hence, the overall energy consumption in the system while satisfying networked architecture performance constraints like queue capacities. We demonstrate advantages of our fractal model in forecasting the complex cloud computing dynamics over conventional (non-fractal) models by using real-world cloud (Google) traces. Unlike non-fractal models, which have very poor prediction capabilities under bursty workload conditions, our fractal model can accurately predict bursty request processes, which is crucial for cloud computing workload forecasting. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the fractal model based optimization outperforms the non-fractal based ones in terms of minimizing the resource utilization by an average of 30%.
QUALITATIVE INSIGHTS INTO COMPANY EXPERIENCES IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH

Relying upon personal interviews with 70 companies, this article offers some conclusions on the nature and scope of international marketing research activities. Specifically, the analysis provides a general characterization of such activities and gives specific examples of how companies approach international marketing research. Various indicators of market potential used by companies are also discussed. A categorization of research themes is offered based upon level of company internationalization. Use of various sources of information is discussed. Finally, specific approaches to foreign market opportunity analysis are highlighted and illustrated with company experiences.
Color of Evaporated Milks

Summary Permanent color standards have been developed, expressed in numerical terms according to the Munsell system. Color changes caused by variation in the manufacturing process of evaporated milk have been studied. The effect of heat, whether encountered during forewarming, sterilization, or storage, was found to produce important changes in color. An increase in heat produced an increase in color, the change being of a catalytic nature. Increase in heat during sterilization deepened color by affecting brilliance, chroma, and hue; while increase in time and temperature of storage deepened color through increase in chroma only. The use of sodium bicarbonate as a neutralizer darkened the color of evaporated milk in proportion to the amount used.
A simplified biomolecule attachment strategy for biosensing using a porous Si oxide interferometer

A simple strategy for linking biomolecules to porous Si surfaces and detecting peptide/drug binding is described. Porous Si is prepared using an electrochemical etch and then thermally oxidized by heating in ambient atmosphere. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is then non-covalently adsorbed to the inner pore walls of the porous Si oxide (PSiO 2 ) matrix. The BSA layer is used as a linker for covalent attachment of the peptide Ac-L-Lysine-D-Alanine-D-Alanine (KAA) using published bioconjugation chemistry. BSA-coated surfaces functionalized with KAA display specificity for the glycopeptide vancomycin while resisting adsorption of non-specific reagents. While the biomolecule attachment strategy reported here is used to bind peptides, the scheme can be generalized to the linking of any primary amine-containing molecule to PSiO 2 surfaces.
The effect of STH and 6-OH-dopa on the SEM of the branchial nerve and visceral ganglion of the bivalve Elliptio complanata as it relates to ciliary activity.

Abstract 1. Lateral ciliary activity was studied in isolated gill-branchial nerve-visceral ganglion preparations in the mussel Elliptio complanata . 2. Intramuscular injection of STH, a decarboxylase inhibitor, causes the rate of beating of lateral cilia to decrease in response to branchial nerve stimulation. Recovery occurs about 10 days post-injection 3. STH also causes a simultaneous decrease in the size and number of varicosities in the branchial nerve as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 4. Intramuscular injection of 6-OH-DOPA causes the rate of beating of lateral cilia to decrease in response to branchial nerve stimulation. No recovery was observed. 5. 6-OH-DOPA also causes extensive destruction of the branchial nerve and visceral ganglion as viewed by SEM. 6. Therefore it appears that ciliary activity is dependent on the visceral ganglion and branchial nerve.
Apatite-calcite equilibria in carbonatites: chemistry of apatite from Iron Hill, Colorado

Abstract Apatites from a variety of igneous alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites from the Iron Hill carbonatite complex, Colorado, have been analyzed for major and trace elements. The F content of apatite increases with progressively differentiated host rocks; there is a linear substitution of Si for P. Total REE concentrations range from 0.75 to 1.73 weight per cent. Calculated P fugacities for calcite-apatite equilibrium in carbonatites are similar to those calculated for syenite, and are consistent with a common genetic origin of carbonatite and associated syenite.
Selective rovibrational energy transfer: A classical trajectory study of collisional energy redistribution in methyl radical

Abstract A classical trajectory study was performed on planar CH 3 to investigate the cause of anomalous experimentally observed state selectivity in the collisional deactivation of CH 4 . Despite complicated and possibly chaotic dynamics in some of the vibrational states, one vibration was found stable enough to simulate the conditions of the experiment. The results agree with experiment and confirm that the selectivity is due to simple time-scale differences rather than the more commonly used energy-gap arguments. A detailed description of the nonstandard method for assigning the initial and final states is given.
Characterization of Vertebral Angle and Torso Depth by Gender and Age Groups With a Focus on Occupant Safety

Objective: The human body changes as it becomes older. The automotive safety community has been interested in understanding the effect of age on restraint performance. Focus has been placed on characterizing the body's structural changes associated with age and gender. In this study, spine alignment and torso depth were assessed, because both variables have been shown to affect injury risk. Methods: The data was obtained from computed tomography (CT) scans of more than 24,000 patients aged 16 and older. The data consisted of thoracic and lumbar vertebral angles relative to a fixed plane, as well as vertebra-to-front skin and spine-to-back skin distances. Angle measurements were taken in the sagittal plane at each vertebra level from T1 to L5; distance measurements were taken from T6 to L5. The data were analyzed as a function of gender and age with the young group defined as 16 to 29 years old and the older group as 75 and up. Results: Vertebral angles were different depending on location. They varied fro...
A Review of “The Cold War U. S. Army: Building Deterrence for Limited War”

As tensions mounted between the United States and the Soviet Union, a pressing concern for the U.S. Army was how to retain its relevance in the atomic age. Following Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the new...
The action of Dio-9: Energy-linked swelling of rat-liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. The antibiotic Dio-9 initiates a large-amplitude swelling of rat-liver mitochondria which has an absolute requirement for an energy-supplying reaction. 2. 2. The large-amplitude Dio-9-induced swelling supported by oxidation of the Group I substrates (succinate, α-oxoglutarate, malate, pyruvate, isocitrate, pyruvate-malate and TMPD-ascorbate) requires low concentrations of phosphate (or arsenate). The requirement for this anion cannot be replaced by acetate, formate, or sulfate. 3. 3. The large-amplitude Dio-9-induced swelling supported by oxidation of the Group II substrates (glutamate and β-hydroxybutyrate) occurs independent of the addition of phosphate (or arsenate). 4. 4. ATP (but not ADP) will support Dio-9-induced mitochondrial swelling in the absence of added oxidizable substrate. The Dio-9-induced swelling in the presence of an oxidizable substrate is not reversed or prevented by ATP, ADP, Mg 2+ or bovine serum albumin in any combination. The initial swelling rate is enhanced by EDTA. 5. 5. Cyanide, Na 2 S and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the Dio-9-induced large-amplitude swelling with all substrates tested. Total dinitrophenol inhibition of the Dio-9-induced succinate-supported swelling is dependent upon the presence of amytal. Antimycin completely inhibited swelling supported by all substrates except for TMPD-ascorbate. 6. 6. The Dio-9-induced large-amplitude swelling is accompanied by an inhibition of respiration and a solubilization of about 20% of the total mitochondrial protein. The addition of cytochrome c reconstitutes Dio-9-inhibited respiration with succinate as a substrate. NAD + is required in addition to cytochrome c for reconstitution of NAD + -linked Dio-9-inhibited respiration. Phosphorylation is not reconstituted. 7. 7. Sr 2+ inhibits the large-amplitude swelling and the respiratory inhibition brought about by Dio-9 with Group I substrates and with Group II substrates in the presence of phosphate. Swelling initiated by Dio-9 and Group II substrates in the absence of phosphate is not inhibited by strontium.
Converting human pluripotent stem cells into beta-cells: recent advances and future challenges.

Purpose of reviewThe transplantation of insulin-producing β-cells derived from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (collectively termed pluripotent stem cells or PSCs) holds great promise for therapy of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent ad
Laser-rf double-resonance measurements of the hyperfine structure in Sc II.

The hyperfine structures of six metastable levels arising from the 3{ital d}{sup 2}4{ital s} and 3{ital d}{sup 3} configurations in {sup 49}Ti II have been measured with high precision using the laser-rf double-resonance technique in a collinear laser--ion-beam geometry. The hfs constants {ital A} and {ital B} were determined to about 4 and 43 kHz, respectively. Less precise results are also reported for the 2{ital p}{sub 1/2} level of the 3{ital d}{sup 3} configuration and for five upper levels in the 3{ital d}{sup 2}4{ital p} configuration. For these states, the optical spectra had Doppler widths of about 40 MHz, leading to {ital A} values determined to about 1 MHz. The results are compared with the presently available Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations. Good agreement is obtained with the HF results only in some cases. Substantial corrections due to many-body interactions and relativistic effects are required for other cases.
Redox aspects of signaling by catecholamines and their metabolites.

This review covers certain novel aspects of catecholamine signaling in neurons that involve redox systems and synaptic plasticity. The redox hypothesis suggests that one important factor in neurocomputation is the formation of new synapses and the removal of old ones (synaptic plasticity), which is modulated in part by the redox balance at the synapse between reactive oxygen species (ROS) (such as hydrogen peroxide and the nitric oxide radical) and neuroprotective antioxidants (such as ascorbate, glutathione, and catecholamines). Catecholamines, in particular dopamine, which signals positive reinforcement, may play a key role in this activity. Dopamine has powerful antioxidant properties by several separate mechanisms-direct ROS scavenging, activation of the synthesis of antioxidant proteins, and possibly via dismuting complexes with iron inside endosomes or in catecholaminergic synaptic vesicles. This may contribute to synaptic growth and reinforcement-directed learning. On the other hand, catecholamines...
Differential expression and regulation of Klotho by paricalcitol in the kidney, parathyroid, and aorta of uremic rats

Klotho plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Klotho is highly expressed in the kidney and parathyroid glands, but its presence in the vasculature is debated. Renal Klotho is decreased in CKD, but the effect of uremia on Klotho in other tissues is not defined. The effect of vitamin D receptor activator therapy in CKD on the expression of Klotho in various tissues is also in debate. In uremic rats (surgical 5/6th nephrectomy model), we compared 3 months of treatment with and without paricalcitol on Klotho immunostaining in the kidney, parathyroid glands, and aorta. With uremia, Klotho was unchanged in the parathyroid, significantly decreased in the kidney (66%) and the intimal-medial area of the aorta (69%), and significantly increased in the adventitial area of the aorta (67%) compared with controls. Paricalcitol prevented the decrease of Klotho in the kidney, increased expression in the parathyroid (31%), had no effect in the aortic media, but blunted the increase of Klotho in the aortic adventitia. We propose that fibroblasts are responsible for the expression of Klotho in the adventitia. In hyperplastic human parathyroid tissue from uremic patients, Klotho was higher in oxyphil compared with chief cells. Thus, under our conditions of moderate CKD and mild-to-moderate hyperphosphatemia in rats, the differential expression of Klotho and its regulation by paricalcitol in uremia is tissue-dependent.
In-Class Intervention for Students Identified as Behaviorally Disordered:

Suggestions for language intervention strategies, goals, and assessment that can be integrated with academic and behavioral objectives and goals are given
The Future of Digital Scholarship

Abstract This paper advocates that connectivity is the technological foundation of digital scholarship and argues that the characteristics of modern science, i.e. data-centric, multidisciplinary, open, network-centric and heavily dependent on internet technologies entail the creation of a linked, semantically enhanced scholarly record composed of interconnected discipline-specific literature and scientific, social, and humanities data spaces. The changing scenario of the scholarly record is illustrated by describing the principal transformations now being enabled by advanced linking and semantic technologies. The main functionality of a cyberscholarship infrastructure is described, i.e. the ability to effectively and efficiently support a linking environment.
Critical dimensions for chiral bosons.

We give the Lagrangian formulation of a Bose model in 1+1 dimensions which describes a free chiral Lie-algebra-valued current. This model is a non-Abelian generalization of the chiral scalar model of Siegel. Both the Abelian and non-Abelian actions have a gauge invariance, which becomes anomalous when the models are quantized. The condition that this anomaly be canceled coincides with the string no-ghost condition.
Shooting Yourself in the Foot: Securitization, Critical Infrastructure, and the Gaza Strip

Throughout 2008, the multifactional Palestinian armed movement initiated a series of attacks targeting the commercial, humanitarian, and industrial crossings encircling the Gaza Strip. Over the course of 3 months, at least 11 attacks were carried out targeting Gaza's crossing points. Following each strike, an element of critical infrastructure was affected, and as a result, discontinued operations harming the entirety of the resource-deprived Gazan population. In establishing why the attacks were carried out and their impact on the wider conflict, a unique analytical lens must be employed that expands the understanding of benefits and sanctions. Whereas in traditional cost-benefit calculations, a group is less likely to attack a target that will result in the discontinuation of essential services, in the Gazan arena, Palestinian reliance on Israeli critical infrastructure has not historically served to protect such systems from attack. The consistent Palestinian-led initiatives targeting the Gazan infrast...
Origin of fatty acids of cholesteryl ester accumulated by Fu5AH cells in culture

The Fu5AH rat hepatoma cell line accumulates cholesteryl ester (CE) upon incubation in medium supplemented with hyperlipemic serum or hyperlipemic serum lipoproteins. This cell line was used to investigate the origin of the fatty acids esterified to cholesterol in intracellular accumulations of CE. The intracellular CE-fatty acid distribution was found to be markedly different from that of the lipoprotein which stimulated the accumulation. Free fatty acids added to the culture medium were found esterified to cholesterol in the cells, demonstrating that cellular esterification contributes to the accumulation of CE. Using a subline of Fu5AH cells containing radioactively labeled intracellular fatty acids, it was found that about one-third of the fatty acid moiety of CE accumulated by the cells during a 24 hr incubation with hyperlipemic serum was derived from endogenous fatty acids. The drug chloroquine was found to inhibit cellular cholesterol esterification, so that only 4% of CE-fatty acids were derived from endogenous fatty acids. Evidence is presented suggesting a major role for cellular esterification in CE accumulation by Fu5AH cells.
The function of perceptions of consequences in attitude formation and communicator image formation

Four groups of subjects received messages that either agreed or disagreed with subjects on the desirability of the consequences of a proposal, and either maintained that the consequences are likely, or unlikely. The manipulations affected the attitudes formed toward the proposal and the communicator's image.
Oligonucleotides for polymerase chain reaction amplification and hybridization detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in clinical specimens

We designed synthetic oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probe for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and hybridization detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nucleic acid sequences. Primer sequences were chosen from the coding region for the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1). PCR amplification and hybridization with these oligonucleotides was carried out on standard laboratory cell lines including African Burkitt's lymphoma and infectious mononucleosis derived cell lines, as well as cell lines recently established from clinical EBV isolates from bone marrow transplant recipients. All EBV cell lines tested were positive. No false-positives were detected with uninfected cell lines, human placental DNA or with other viruses. The sensitivity of the detection procedure was such that four copies of the EBV genome could consistently be detected in a background of 1 microgram of placental DNA. EBV was detected in DNA extracts from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two patients with infectious mononucleosis and one patient with viral-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Three of 18 EBV seropositive patients without known ongoing EBV-associated illness undergoing ambulatory surgery also had EBV detected in DNA extracts from their peripheral blood mononuclear cells. EBV was detected in DNA extracts from lymphoma tissue from two patients with post-transplant lymphomas and two AIDS patients with primary CNS lymphomas. EBV was not detected in 12 B-cell lymphoma specimens from patients without history of immunocompromise. DNA extracts from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Hodgkin's tissues previously shown to be EBV positive by Southern blot were also demonstrated to be EBV positive by PCR. Thus, with the oligonucleotides described, PCR is applicable to the detection of EBV in a spectrum of clinical isolates. The broad specificity of these oligonucleotides for all strains of EBV tested is probably a function of the highly conserved sequence of the EBNA-1 DNA binding domain.
Application of Plant and Earthworm Bioassays to Evaluate Remediation of a Lead-Contaminated Soil

Earthworm acute toxicity, plant seed germination/root elongation (SG/RE) and plant genotoxicity bioassays were employed to evaluate the remediation of a lead-contaminated soil. The remediation involved removal of heavy metals by a soil washing/soil leaching treatment process. A portion of the soil after remediation was rinsed with water in order to simulate exposure to rainfall. The bioassay results showed that the soils before treatment (BT) and after treatment plus water rinsing (RT) were not toxic to earthworms in a 14-day exposure, while after treatment (AT) showed significant toxicity. The LC50 values for Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris were 44.04 and 28.83 (as % AT soil supplemented in artificial soil), respectively. The phytotoxicity data indicated that all three test soils significantly inhibited lettuce SG/RE in a dose-related manner, with AT being the most phytotoxic. In oats, RT had no effect on SG/RE and AT was more toxic than BT. For the two local site grass seeds tested (blue grama and sideoat grama), the AT soil was the most phytotoxic followed by BT and RT. In Allium cepa (common onion), BT and AT induced similar levels of genetic damage to root tip cells, whereas RT was not genotoxic. High salt levels generated during the remediation process appeared to be responsible for the increased toxicity of AT soil for both plants and earthworms. The rinsing of the AT soil with water effectively removed both acutely toxic and genotoxic components of the soil.
Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps, and Public Opinion about Health Care Reform

This study tests hypotheses regarding the distribution of beliefs and knowledge about health care reform. The belief gap hypothesis suggests that in an era of political polarization, self-identific...
Alarming trends in the improper use of motor vehicle restraints in children: implications for public policy and the development of race-based strategies for improving compliance

PURPOSE: Little is known regarding the patterns of appropriate restraint use among minority children involved in motor vehicle collisions. The purpose of this study was to characterize patterns of restraint use among children hospitalized after motor vehicle collision and to examine the effects of race and socioeconomic status on compliance. METHODS: All children admitted to our level I trauma center over a 10-year period were identified. Patterns of appropriate restraint use were compared between African American (AA) and white children. Compliance was also compared between children insured with Medicaid (as a surrogate for socioeconomic status) and those with private insurance coverage. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred sixty-eight patients were included with an overall restraint use of 44.8% with only 20.3% restrained properly. Compared with white children, AAs were significantly less likely to be properly restrained (12.7% vs 22.2%, P < .001) or to be restrained by any means (28.8% vs 48.7%, P < .001). The greatest disparity between groups was observed in the use of car seats (16.0% vs 47.4%, P < .001). Medicaid patients were less likely to be restrained compared with those with commercial insurance (40.6% vs 48.3%, P = .022); however, race remained a significant predictor of noncompliance after controlling for the effect of insurance status. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate an alarming trend because nearly 80% of all children in our study were improperly restrained. Marked disparities in compliance were observed in the AA population even after controlling for insurance coverage. Future studies will need to further characterize the complex interplay between race and socioeconomic status with proper restraint use. Language: en
Estradiol binding by rat thymus cytosol.

Preparations of rat thymus cytosol are shown to specifically bind [3H]-estradiol. Binding is stable during overnight incubations at 4°C and increases linearly with increasing protein concentration in the incubation up to at least 2.2 mg/ml. There are two components with binding activity, one of high affinity, and one of lower affinity. The high affinity component has a Ka = 1.16 ± 0.38 × 1011 M−1 and a binding capacity of 7.32 ± 1.65 × 10−15mol/mg cytosol protein. On sucrose density gradients binding appears in two regions, 6.6–7.6 S and 2.5–4 S. Binding of [3H]-estradiol in the 6.6–7.6 S region is competed for by a 100-fold excess of nonradioactive estradiol while this level of nonradioactive estradiol only partially competes with [3H]-estradiol in the 2.5–4 S region.
Fragmentation of frozen C2H2, C2H6 and CO2 and search for carbon Auger electron production under 1 MeV He+ ion bombardment

Abstract Condensed layers of C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 , and CO 2 at 80 K have been bombarded by 1 MeV He + ions. Relative sputtered molecular fragment yields have been measured by a residual gas analyzer and compared to those produced by gaseous targets at 3 mTorr pressure. Higher fragment yields were observed in the gaseous state for all three compounds. The lower fragment yields in the condensed state reveal the possible ejection of the parent molecules on a large scale. A large amount of H 2 was released in the condensed phase of C 2 H 2 and C 2 H 6 under He + ion bombardment, and a heavy residue was formed in C 2 H 2 , but not in C 2 H 6 Sputtering of the parent molecules and possible melting and vaporization from the ion beam may have caused the decreased production of carbon KLL Auger electrons in these condensed gases.
Accelerated high-resolution differential ion mobility separations using hydrogen.

The resolving power of differential ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) was dramatically increased recently by carrier gases comprising up to 75% He or various vapors, enabling many new applications. However, the need for resolution of complex mixtures is virtually open-ended and many topical analyses demand yet finer separations. Also, the resolving power gains are often at the expense of speed, in particular making high-resolution FAIMS poorly compatible with online liquid-phase separations. Here, we report FAIMS employing hydrogen, specifically in mixtures with N2 containing up to 90% H2. Such compositions raise the mobilities of all ions and thus the resolving power beyond that previously feasible, while avoiding the electrical breakdown inevitable in He-rich mixtures. The increases in resolving power and ensuing peak resolution are especially significant at H2 fractions above ∼50%. Higher resolution can be exchanged for acceleration of the analyses by up to ∼4 times. For more mobile species such as mul...
DGAT1-exon8 polymorphism in Anatolian buffalo

Abstract Previous studies have reported that a non-conservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A) in the 8th exon of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene in cattle has a major effect on milk composition and yield. But yet little research has been utilized in this gene segment in buffalo. In this study the genetic differentiation of three indigenous Anatolian buffalo populations has been investigated in the 8th exon of DGAT1 gene. Fourteen out of the 24 restriction enzymes have a recognition site on the DGAT1 gene segment, generating a total of 26 restriction sites. AluI, HincII and HphI restriction enzymes out of these 14 enzymes were found to detect polymorphism. K232A substitution found in cattle breeds with CfrI restriction enzyme is not a diagnostic site in Anatolian buffalo. Only lysine variant (K allele) is found in all of the Anatolian buffalo tested. In this study, four different haplotypes were obtained and sequencing of this gene revealed three polymorphic nucleotide substitutions in the 8th exon of the buffalo DGAT1 gene. C→T, A→G and C→G base substitutions at positions 43, 154 and 373, respectively, each generated two different fragment patterns in Anatolian buffalo. Type 1 haplotype was the most common haplotype, found in 73.2% of the samples. Along with the polymorphic substitution sites in DGAT1 gene, this study provides evidence that all the Anatolian buffalo have fixed allele with respect to DGAT1 K allele reported to be responsible for high milk fat yield. Our study presents the first comprehensive sequencing analysis of Anatolian buffalo and it is the first time that sequencing data from DGAT1 gene segment have been obtained at the population level.
Effect of carbamazepine on thyroid hormone measurement in vitro.

Carbamazepine, along with its use in the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy [I] and paroxysmal pain syndromes [2], has also been found to be effective in the acute and prophylactic treatment of affective disorders [3]. Clinical trials using carbamazepine in the treatment of affective disorders [4] and epilepsy [5] have been associated with decreases in thyroid hormone levels: a decrease in total T3, total T4, and free ?;1, and a statistically significant but clinically insubstantial increase in TSH [6]. TBG is unaffected [4,5]. The decreases in circulating hormones have not been associated with the appearance of clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism. Furthermore, in affectively ill patients, a better response to treatment with carbamazepine is associated with greater decreases in thyroid indices suggesting a possible relationship between decreased thyroid indices and improvement in affective disorders [4]. Several m~hanisms have been postulated to explain these changes based on in vivo alterations of thyroid homeostasis due to carbamazepine [4]. However, the possibility that carbamazepine interferes with the assay of these hormones has not been investigated. This last hypothesis was tested and the results presented here.
Hourly Demand Response in Day-Ahead Scheduling Considering Generating Unit Ramping Cost

This paper proposes a day-ahead scheduling model in which the hourly demand response (DR) is considered to reduce the system operation cost and incremental changes in generation dispatch when the ramping cost of thermal generating units is considered as penalty in day-ahead scheduling problem. The power output trajectory of a thermal generating unit is modeled as a piecewise linear function. The day-ahead scheduling is formulated as a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) problem with quadratic energy balance constraint, ramping cost, and DR constraints. A Lagrangian relaxation (LR) based method is applied to solve this problem. Numerical tests are conducted on a 6-bus system and the modified IEEE 118-bus system. The results demonstrate the merits of the proposed scheduling model as well as the impact of introducing ramping costs as penalty and DR as incentives in the day-ahead scheduling of power systems.
Charge Asymmetries in the Angular Distribution of π and K Mesons from Antiproton Annihilations in Flight

A difference in the angular distributions of positive and negative pi and K mesons produced in p-barp annihilations was sought for the center of mass momentum 657 plus or minus 16 Mev/c (1.6 Bev/c in the lab). The analysis was done on two samples of events: 1620 events of the type p-bar + p yields n pi with n =4to 8 and 287 events of the type p-bar+ p yields K-bar + K + n pi , n = 1 to 4 and at least one of the K mesons was observed to decay in the chamber. These events were observed inside a central volume of a 72-inch bubble chamber. The average antiproton momentum at the point of interaction was 1.61 approximately 0.04 Bev/c (925 Mev kinetic energy) for the first sample mentioned and for 86% of the second. The remainder of the second sample was at 1.99 plus or minus 0.05 Bev/c. The angular distribution obtained indicates a possibility that two different amihilation mechanisms are operative: the statistical one, which is dominant and produces an isotropic angular distribution; and a dynamical mechanism. (L.N.N.)
Segmental trunk control acquisition and reaching in typically developing infants

This study explored the influence of an external support at the thoracic and pelvic level of the trunk on the success of reaching, postural stability and reaching kinematics while infants reached for a toy. Seventeen infants (4–6 months) were clustered into two groups according to their trunk control assessed with the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control. Major differences were seen between groups with pelvic support, whereas with thoracic support, all infants showed similar quality reaching behaviors. With the external pelvic support, infants who had acquired trunk control in the lumbar region were more accurate in their reaching movements (less movement time, improved straightness of reach, less movement units and increased path length per movement unit) and were more stable (decreased trunk and head displacement) during a reach than infants who had only acquired trunk control in the thoracic region. These results support the hypothesis that trunk control influences the quality of reaching behavior.
IBRMP: A Reliable Multicast Protocol for InfiniBand

Modern distributed applications in high-performance computing (HPC) fields often need to disseminate data efficiently from one cluster to an arbitrary number of others by using multicast techniques. InfiniBand, with its high-throughput, low latency and low overhead communications, has been increasingly adopted as an HPC cluster interconnection. Although Infini Band hardware multicast is efficient and scalable, it is based on Unreliable Data grams (UD) which cannot guarantee reliable data distribution. This makes Infini Band multicast not the best fit for modern distributed applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a reliable multicast protocol for Infini Band (IBRMP). IBRMP is based on Infini Band unreliable hardware multicast, and utilizes Infini Band Reliable Connection (RC) to guarantee data delivery. According to our experiments, IBRMP takes full advantage of Infini Band multicast which reduces communication traffic significantly. In our testing environment, using IBRMP is up to five times faster than using only RC to disseminate data among a group of receivers. Compared to the MPIBcast, IBRMP is able to provide an equivalent low latency service in addition to its efficiency in large amount of data transmission.
Interactions of the YBaCuO superconductor with various oxide and metallic substrates

Abstract The chemical interactions between the YBa2Cu3O7−x and various substrates (Si, A12O3, ZrO2, SrTiO3, MgO, Ag, Cu and Nb) were studied in the temperature range of 600–945°C. The reaction products, in general, are Ba compounds, CuO (and Cu2O) and the Y2BaCuO5 (2-1-1) phase. The effect of superconductor-substrate interaction on the electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility of the samples was also measured. By comparing the percentage of remaining 1-2-3 phase in samples reacted at 945°C for 17 h, a reactivity scale in decreasing order was obtained as Nb>Si>ZrO2⩾Al2O3>SrTiO3>MgO⩾Cu>Ag.
Oestrogenic response of the CD-1 mouse to the soya-bean isoflavones genistein, genistin and daidzin

The soya-bean isoflavones genistein and daidzein have been reported to exhibit oestrogenic activity in mice, but there is a significant difference in the response of different mouse strains to these compounds. The CD-1 mouse was found not to respond to these oestrogenic compounds from soya-beans or to diethystilboestrol at levels previously reported to be effective in other strains.
Hepatic transport of organic cations: active uptake of a quaternary ammonium compound, procaine amide ethobromide. by rat liver slices.

Abstract When rat liver slices were incubated aerobically at 37 with procaine amide ethobromide (PAEB), the compound readily entered the tissue and attained a concentration in tissue water about three times that in the suspending medium. Accumulation of PAEB in the slices occurred by a process that became saturated at high concentrations of the drug. In addition, accumulation was prevented by anaerobic conditions, by metabolic inhibitors such as iodoacetate or 2,4-dinitrophenol, and by certain quaternary amine compounds which presumably compete with PAEB for the uptake process. PAEB was bound to a small extent in homogenates of liver, but the characteristics of the binding were such that the binding could not account for the bulk of the accumulation of drug seen in tissue slices. It appears that the drug is accumulated by liver slices by an active transport process, and that this process is closely related to the secretory process for the biliary excretion of PAEB and certain other quaternary ammonium ions in the living animal.
The influence of head of household structure on the dietary quality of food available for consumption inside U.S. households 1977–1978

The household data collected in the Spring portion of the 1977–1978 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were analyzed to examine the relationship between head of household structure and dietary quality of the household food supply, and to determine the influences of other household characteristics on this relationship. Among the households examined, 2,232 (75%) were headed by both a male and female (MFH) and 741 (25%) were headed by a female only (FH). Using analysis of variance, results indicated that head of household structure was a statistically significant variable, with FH having higher dietary quality than did MFH. Further analysis indicated that neither race, regional location, the education level of the female head, nor her employment status were significant variables in influencing dietary quality. When degree of urbanization was held constant, the statistically significant relationship between head of household structure and dietary quality remained significant. However, income, household s...
Early receptor potential of the isolated frog (Rana pipiens) retina.

Abstract The amplitude of the early receptor potential (ERP) of the isolated frog retina decreases when the retinal visual pigments are bleached; however, the amplitude subsequently recovers in the dark to 80–90 per cent of that prior to bleaching. This recovery is completed in 10–15 minutes at 25°C and 20–25 minutes at 8°C, and is observed when white or monochromatic (380, 490, or 630 nm) test flashes are used. Little rhodopsin regenerates during this period of rapid ERP recovery, and the spectral sensitivity of the ERP peaks at about 560–590 nm. These results suggest that the ERP recording from the isolated frog retina is generated by cone pigments.