cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mg-Rich Silicate Crystals in Comet Hale–Bopp: ISM Relics or Solar Nebula Condensates?

Abstract We compare the HIFOGS 10-μm spectra of Comet C/1995 (O1) (Hale–Bopp) to the mid-IR spectra of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). The four epochs of Hale–Bopp silicate features, at 2.8 AU (pre-perihelion), 1.2 AU (pre-perihelion), 0.93 AU (10 days after perihelion), and 1.7 AU (post-perihelion) have different spectral shapes. At smaller heliocentric distances, r h ≤1.7 AU, there appears to be enhanced mid-IR emission (i.e., 9.3- and 10.5-μm peaks) from Mg-rich pyroxene crystals. A two-temperature model of warm amorphous and crystalline olivines, warm amorphous pyroxenes, and ∼165 K cooler pyroxene crystals is successful with laboratory silicate minerals (D. H. Wooden et al. 1999, Astrophys. J. 517 , 1034–1058). A two-temperature model using IDPs as cometary dust particle analogs also fits Comet Hale–Bopp's silicate features, with the pyroxene IDP ∼50 K cooler than the olivine and layer–lattice silicate IDPs. The warm layer–lattice silicate IDP contributes a broad 20-μm feature which is not in the Infrared Space Observatory Short Wavelength Spectrometer (ISO SWS) spectrum of Hale–Bopp at 2.8 AU, making it a questionable cometary component. On the other hand, members of the ``cluster IDP" subclass of pyroxene IDPs fit Hale–Bopp's 10-μm spectra better than other pyroxene IDPs. Cluster IDPs are highly fragile and contain significant deuterium enrichments, indicating their presolar origin. By spectroscopic analogy, Comet Hale–Bopp's Mg-rich pyroxene crystals may also be relic interstellar grains. The IDP and mineral models for Comet Hale–Bopp indicate the importance of multiple grain components at different temperatures to explaining the temporal evolution of the observed infrared features. Relative abundances of minerals depend on their relative temperatures. Cooler grains may be more abundant than warmer grains and yet may remain hidden from detection in the 10-μm silicate feature because of their cooler temperatures. The deduced larger abundance of cooler, pyroxene-dominated grains in Comet Hale–Bopp affects the interpretation of the origin of cometary dust, and dust evolution during protoplanetesimal accumulation and disk dissipation.
Molecular dynamics simulations of a 10keV cascade in β-NiAl

Abstract Molecular dynamics computer simulations were employed to investigate defect production, atomic mixing and chemical disordering in β-NiA1 owing to 10keV cascades. The embedded atom potentials of Voter and Chen (1989) were employed. Point defect energies and threshold displacement energies were also obtained. The defect production efficiency for the 10 keV cascade was 0.27, which is somewhat larger than that found in simulations of metals with a f.c.c. structure. No interstitial clustering and very little vacancy clustering were observed. The threshold displacement energy is lowest for Ni atoms recoiling along 〈100〉, 34 eV, followed by the 〈110〉 ≊54eV, and 〈111〉, ≊130eV. The 〈111〉 crowd-ion is the stable interstitial defect. The mixing parameter was small, 6.8 A5/eV. Efficient chemical disordering was nevertheless observed near the centre of the cascade; there the short range order parameter was reduced to 0.24. Statistical methods were developed to follow the atomic structure during the evolution ...
Pyricularia grisea, the correct name for the rice blast disease fungus.

(1990). Pyricularia Grisea the Correct Name for the Rice Blast Disease Fungus. Mycologia: Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 509-512.
Architectural design of ARTeMIS: A multi-tasking robot for people with disabilities

Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is a research field dedicated to understanding, designing, evaluating and improving the communication between a human and a robot. Technological progress in fields, such as artificial intelligence, computer science, speech simulation, image processing, and remote controls, has led to advances in robotic technology [1]. Interaction between human and robot can be separated into two general categories: remote, where the human and the robot are separated in space or time, and proximate, where the human and the robot may be found in the same location [2]. These two general categories can be further distinguished between applications that require mobility, physical manipulation, or social interaction. Social interactions with robots are more proximate rather than remote. The purpose of this paper is to design the architecture of a robotic system and understand how it might assist people with disabilities and help them stay independent longer. Future work includes verification and validation of the architecture and robotic construction. An experimentation plan will take place in order to evaluate the behavior and performance of the robotic system. The results will be used for the robotic construction.
Staples: their use in achieving biological coverage of burn patients

Summary The use of staples to secure skin grafts on burn patients is evaluated. The Proximate stapler was used on over 500 burn patients to facilitate biological wound coverage following excision. The stapler was found to offer a valuable alternative to previously available techniques. Specific advantages include handling ease, reduction in total operating room time and increased graft take. Situations for which the stapler is particularly well suited are discussed.
A modified bile return system in the dog.

SummaryEleven bile fistula dogs, with common bile duct sectioned, were permitted to recirculate their bile by periodically joining together polyvinyl cannulas fixed in the duodenum and gall badder and brought outside through stab incisions. In 6 of these dogs, fed varying amounts of triolein or oleic acid, steatorrhea was corrected completely within 12 days after rejoining the cannulas. In 5 other dogs fed similar diets, but not subjected to prior bile deprivation, fecal fat excretion was within normal limits for period up to 30 days. These results show that the steatorrhea of bile deprivation can be corrected by continuous bile return.Technical assistance of Stanley Duberman and Thelma J. Dean is gratefully acknowledged.
Design of On-Chip Lightweight Sensors for Effective Detection of Recycled ICs

The counterfeiting and recycling of integrated circuits (ICs) have become major issues in recent years, potentially impacting the security and reliability of electronic systems bound for military, financial, or other critical applications. With identical functionality and packaging, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish recycled ICs from unused ICs. In this paper, two types of on-chip lightweight sensors are proposed to identify recycled ICs by measuring circuit usage time when used in the field. Recycled ICs detection based on aging in ring oscillators (ROs-based) and antifuse (AF-based) are the two techniques presented in this paper. For RO-based sensors, statistical data analysis is used to separate process and temperature variations' effects on the sensor from aging experienced by the sensor in the ICs. For AF-based sensor, counters and embedded one-time programmable memory are used to record the usage time of ICs by counting the cycle of system clock or switching activities of a certain number of nets in the design. Simulation results using 90-nm technology and silicon results from 90-nm test chips show the effectiveness of RO-based sensors for identification of recycled ICs. In addition, the analysis of usage time stored in AF-based sensors shows that recycled ICs, even used for a very short period, can be accurately identified.
Relationship between thymidine transport and phosphorylation in Novikoff rat hepatoma cells as analyzed by a rapid sampling technique.

Incorporation of thymidine into Novikoff rat hepatoma cells was analyzed with a rapid sampling technique which allowed collection of 12 time points in 20 sec. Transport was studied in the absence of metabolism by using either ATP-depleted cells or a thymidine kinase negative subline. Transport was a rapid, saturable, nonconcentrative process with a Km of about 85 μM. The intracellular thymidine pool was also rapidly labeled in cells which phosphorylated thymidine, so that a group translocation process involving thymidine kinase can be ruled out. Under all conditions examined, phosphorylation, not the transport, of thymidine was the rate-determining step in its incorporation into the acid-soluble pool. Estimation of transport rates from total incorporation into cells which phosphorylate the substrate is invalid in this cell system and must be questioned in all instances.
Rotational barriers in dialkylaminochlorophosphines: methyl-substituted piperidinochlorophenylphosphines

Abstract Barriers to rotation about the P–N bond in a series of substituted piperidinochlorophenylphosphines were measured. The barriers for piperidine, 2-methylpiperidine and cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidine are the same within experimental error. The thermal condensation of the corresponding bis(piperidino)phosphine oxides with Mo(CO)6 show that only the cis-2,6-dimethyl compound produces significant quantities of the [R2NPO]4[Mo(CO)4]2 complex. These observations are explained in terms of the steric requirements of the various amines and aminophosphines via cone angle measurements. Condensation of the mixed phosphine oxide, (iPr2N)(Et2N)PHO, with Mo(CO)6 produces [Et2NPO]4[Mo(CO)4]2.
Surgical resection of multifocal non-small cell lung cancer is associated with prolonged survival

Abstract Background . Revisions in the international system for the staging of lung cancer, adopted in 1997, assigned the T4 descriptor to separate tumor nodules in the same lobe and the M1 descriptor to tumor nodules in a different lobe. Consequently, these changes shifted the stage of patients with these lesions to stage IIIB or stage IV. The goal of this review was to determine the impact of multifocal non-small cell lung cancer on survival. Methods . A database analysis of our cardiothoracic surgery tumor registry was performed to identify all patients who underwent surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who were ultimately determined to have pathologically node-negative disease from 1994 to 1999. All pathology reports were individually reviewed. Survival data were collected on each patient from the date of surgery with a mean duration of follow-up of 46.3 months. Kaplan Meier actuarial survival was determined for all patients. Results . Forty-four patients were identified who underwent complete resection of multiple NSCLC tumors. During this same period, 504 patients underwent complete resection of stage I NSCLC tumors. The 3-year actuarial survival for patients with T1/N0/M0 tumors was 79.6%. In comparison with patients with T1/N0/M0 tumors, the 3-year actuarial survival rates of patients with T2/N0/M0 tumors (72.3%, p = 0.056), T4/N0/M0 tumors (66.5%, p = 0.058), and T1 to T2/N0/M1 tumors (63.6%, p = 0.201) were lower. However, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions . Although there was a trend toward decreased survival in patients with multifocal NSCLC compared with patients with stage I NSCLC, this did not achieve statistical significance. Importantly, survival in these subgroups of patients with stage IIIB or stage IV disease (stage determined solely on the basis of multifocal NSCLC) is better than the survival reported in the series that formed the foundation for these staging changes. These data support complete surgical resection of multifocal lung tumors in patients with node-negative NSCLC.
Failure mode and dynamic behavior of nanophase iron under compression

Materials with ultra-fine grains down to the nanophase range (<100 nm) have been attracting considerable interest because of their unique properties compared with conventional materials. In general, the understanding of the deformation behavior of ultrafine- and nano-grained metals and alloys is still in the rudimentary stage. In this paper, the authors report on the compressive deformation behavior and failure mode of near full-density (99.2% of theoretical density) elemental Fe with an average grain size of 80 nm. Even less is known about the behavior of ultrafine- or nano-grained alloys under dynamic loading of high strain rates. Such response is relevant to possible applications of these alloys under impact conditions, such as for kinetic energy penetrators currently under investigation. The authors will present the results of high-strain-rate (Kolsky bar) tests for nano-Fe and compare them with those obtained in quasi-static compression tests of the same material. The authors demonstrate that little strain rate sensitivity is observable in the rate of 10{sup {minus}4} to 3 x 10{sup +3} s{sup {minus}1}, in sharp contrast to the strong rate sensitivity known for conventional coarse-grained bcc Fe. The weak rate dependence is correlated with shear banding as the dominant deformation and failure mechanism. This strainmore » rate hardening behavior, together with the high strength, absence of strain hardening, and failure mechanism observed, are discussed in the context of potential applications for penetrator materials.« less
Magnetic property of layered compound NbFeTe2

NbFeTe2 is a layered cluster compound in which intra Fe–Fe bond distance is 2.488 A. The magnetic susceptibilities between 100 and 300 K are fit to Curie–Weiss law with C=1.29 emu K/mol, and θ=+69.2 K. The effective magnetic moment of 3.67 μB per Fe at 300 K corresponding to three unpaired electrons may suggest the formation of Fe–Fe single bond. Mossbauer spectrum at 77 K shows a paramagnetic doublet with δ=0.36 mm/s and ΔE=0.62 mm/s. The χac measurement reveals the occurrence of a spin glass transition at Tf=44.0 K. The irreversibility of magnetic properties below Tf has been studied with the measurements of the dc susceptibility, remanent magnetization, and hysteresis loop for both zero field cooled and field cooled samples. The competition between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions probably cause the spin glass behavior.
Long-term care experience in an internal medicine residency program.

Objectives To assess the impact of long- term care experience on internal medicine residents through prequestionnaires and postquestionnaires. Design A prospective study conducted from February 1999 to March 2000. Setting "Daughters of Israel," a 300-bed, long-term care institution in West Orange, New Jersey. Participants Twenty-five 3rd-year medical residents (PGY3) from Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, and Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, who each rotated in a long-term care setting. Intervention Medical residents completed validated questionnaires before and after their rotation. Measurements The questionnaire integrated three subcategories: self-reported skills, knowledge, and attitudes. Results Self-reported skills in performing: (a) Histories and physicals increased from mean of 3.65 to 4.48 (1 = low; 5=high). P P P Conclusions There was improvement in self-reported skills, knowledge, and attitudes for medical residents completing a rotation in the nursing home. These conclusions were based on validated questionnaires and prospective data. Our results support recommendations by the American Medical Directors Association (AMDA) and the American Geriatric Society (AGS) to include the long-term care setting as a site for the geriatric education of medical residents.
Serum creatine phosphokinase variations in dystrophic mice.

Abstract Prior studies reported increased serum or plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in dystrophic mice from strains C57BL 6J and 129 B6F1, but technique may have been a factor. In strain 129 REJ there are conflicting data with respect to CPK activities in the dystrophic mice and also with respect to any age effect on CPK activity. We compared serum CPK activity in all three dystrophic mouse strains and in a nondystrophic strain using a technique designed to eliminate or minimize muscle trauma. No significant difference in CPK activity with increasing age was noted in 129 B6F1 dystrophic or normal mice or in mice from the nondystrophic strain. Strains C57BL 6J and 129 B6F1 showed no difference in CPK activity between dystrophic and normal mice of the same strain. In strain 129 REJ, dystrophic mice had a significantly lower CPK activity than normal mice from the same strain. Significant interstrain differences in CPK activities for both normal and dystrophic mice were also observed among the three dystrophic strains as well as compared with the nondystrophic strain. Serum CPK activities are not elevated in mouse muscular dystrophy and, therefore, this disorder differs significantly from human dystrophy. Because of interstrain differences in CPK activities, studies using CPK activity as a dependent variable should use strain-specific controls.
Negotiating Boundaries of Social Belonging Second-Generation Mexican Youth and the Immigrant Rights Protests of 2006

Second-generation Mexican youth in San Diego actively engaged with the immigrant rights movement by participating in protests they organized and orchestrated in spring 2006. The protests highlighte...
Southern Suburb/Northern City: Black Entrepreneurship in Segregated Arlington County, Virginia

Most scholarship on racial segregation in U.S. cities retraces the Great Migration, from the rural South to the urbanizing, industrializing North. Arlington County, Virginia, adjacent to the large, prosperous black community of Washington, D.C., provides a unique opportunity to study processes that transcended this dichotomy. During segregation blacks were limited to living and doing business in three of the County's 38 census tracts. Using census data, telephone records, and interviews with black residents, this paper explores the black-owned businesses that grew in Arlington during segregation and the fate of those businesses following integration, concluding that the nature of the businesses was largely determined by the County's unique context. The black neighborhoods were dispersed, lacking public transportation, with insufficient residents to support the self-contained business infrastructure found in many segregated cities of similar size. Conversely Arlington's black residents were welcomed in the...
A Mild Single-Step Reduction of Oximes to Amines1

Abstract A mild and convenient procedure has been developed for the reduction of oximes to amines in a single step involving treatment of the oxime with TiCl3 in the presence of NaBH3 CN. This method is especially useful for those substrates in which the intermediate imine is readily hydrolyzed.
Moisture Absorption and Reaction in BPSG Thin Films

As-deposited (AD) and annealed (500, 750, and 900°C) borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) films were characterized during aging, baking, and etching using transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometry. BPSG films contained oxides such as Si-O, P=O, P-O, and B-O as well as hydroxyl groups such as SiO-H, HOH, PO-H, and BO-H in a variety of local bonding environments, which became more uniform as the annealing temperature was increased. The water content in the BPSG films increased steadily during storage at ambient conditions. Based on bond strength, polarity, thermodynamics, and FTIR data, the B-O bond is the primary site for water adsorption on the surface of the film. Water absorption within the film was consistent with a reaction-limited model. Water reacted readily with P-O groups forming P=O and PO-H, which H bonds strongly within the film. The slower reaction with P=O moieties is proposed as the rate-limiting step for water absorption. Annealing after deposition strengthened the Si-O lattice, which reduced the affinity to absorb water. Etching rates ranged from 1 to 10 A/s on the films studied. A 200°C bake desorbed water from the surface layer of the films and increased the reaction rate between water and P=O and B-O to form PO-H and BO-H groups. The bulk etching rate was not affected by baking, but the induction time needed to start etching increased to 31 ± 1, 22 ± 2, and 74 ± 24 s for the AD, 500 and 750°C annealed films, respectively, and increased from 45 ± 5 to 72 ± 5 s for the 900°C annealed film.
Measuring the Low Energy Nuclear Quenching Factor in Liquid Argon for a Coherent Neutrino Scatter Detector

Abstract Coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering (CNS) is an as-yet undetected, flavor-independent neutrino interaction predicted by the Standard Model [D. Freedman, Phys. Rev. D 9 (5) (1974) 1389–1392]. One of the primary reasons the CNS interaction has yet to be observed is the very low energy depositions (less than 1 keV for MeV-energy neutrinos) [A. Drukier, L. Stodolsky, Phys. Rev. D 30 (11) (1984) 2295–2309]. An additional challenge in detecting CNS is nuclear quenching, which is a phenomenon encountered in many detection materials in which nuclear recoils produce less observable energy per unit energy deposited than electronic recoils. The ratio observed signal for nuclear recoils to electronic recoils or nuclear ionization quench factor, is presently unknown in argon at typical CNS energies [C. Hagmann, A. Bernstein, IEEE Trans. on Nucl. Sci. 51 (5) (2004) 2151–2155]. Here we present plans for using the Gamma or Neutron Argon Recoils Resulting in Liquid Ionization (G/NARRLI) detector to measure the nuclear ionization quench factor at ∼8 keV.
High intensity tone generation by axisymmetric ring cavities on training projectiles

An experimental investigation has been carried out on the production of high intensity tones by axisymmetric ring cavities. Maximum sound production occurs during a double resonance at Strouhal numbers which depend only on the local flow velocity independent of cavity location. Values of sound pressure of about 115 dB at 1 meter distance can be generated by axisymmetric ring cavities on projectiles moving at a relatively low flight speed equal to 65 m/s. Frequencies in the audible range up to several Kilo Hertz can be generated aeroacoustically.
Muscle acetylcholine receptor loss in murine experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: Correlated with cellular, humoral and clinical responses

An extensive analysis of the relationship between immunological parameters and clinical responses and biochemical loss of muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChR) was performed in murine experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. The onset of clinical muscle weakness correlated strongly with the onset of significant muscle AChR loss. Mice with clinical muscle weakness had greater amount of muscle AChR loss. There was no correlation between the concentration of anti-AChR antibodies and the presence of clinical muscle weakness or amount of muscle AChR loss. However, the kinetics of autoantibody response correlated well with that of muscle AChR loss.
Adenosine's Effect on Myocardial Functional Recovery: Substrate or Signal?

Abstract During induced ischemia for cardiac surgery, nucleotides are degraded while being used to maintain myocyte integrity. The resulting nucleosides washout upon reperfusion, limiting nucleotide resynthesis resulting in poor postischemic cardiac function. We studied if the mechanism of the beneficial effect of adenosine, a nucleotide precursor, which is known to improve postischemic functional recovery is as a substrate for nucleotide resynthesis or by stimulation of adenosine A 1 or A 2 receptors. Isolated, retrograde-perfused rabbit hearts received cardioplegia as controls or cardioplegia containing 80 μ M [ R ]- N 6 -[1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]-adenosine, an A 1 receptor agonist, or 200 μ M 5′-( N -ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, or 200 μ M adenosine alone. To assess functional recovery developed pressure, max dP/dt , pressure-rate product, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were compared after 120 min of 34°C global cardioplegic ischemia. Following ischemia and reperfusion, adenosine alone had better developed pressure, dP/dt , and pressure-rate product, while heart rates, wet weights, %H 2 O, end-diastolic volumes/pressures, and oxygen extraction were not significantly different between groups. While adenosine receptor stimulation may play a role, in this model the beneficial effect of adenosine on functional recovery appears to be mediated more by adenosine's role as a substrate for nucleotide resynthesis.
Fano resonances in planar silver nanosphere clusters

The plasmonic properties of silver nanosphere clusters are investigated using the finite element and the plasmon hybridization methods. The nanoparticle clusters are found to exhibit multiple plasmon resonances with large induced electromagnetic field enhancements. For symmetric clusters, we show how group theory can be used to identify the microscopic nature of the plasmon resonances. For larger clusters, we show that narrow Fano resonances are frequently present in their optical spectra.
THE POINT-OPEN TYPE OF SUBSETS OF THE REALS

The point-open type, pot(X), of a space X is defined to be the least ordinal u such that the point-picker has a winning strategy in the point-open game of length cz. We establish the basic properties of pot(X), show that pot(X)s w, for each hereditarily Lindelof space X, characterize those subsets X of the real line Iw for which pot(X) < w*, give assuming the continuum hypothesis an example for each II G w of a set X c W with pot(X) = w. n, and discuss the question of what values of pot(X) are possible for Xc Iw. AMS (MOS) Subj. Class.: 03E50, 54A35 point-open game continuum hypothesis point-open type CCC forcing concentrated set A-set Martin’s axiom
Implementing Basel II in the Norwich and Peterborough Building Society

This paper describes the approach taken by the Norwich and Peterborough Building Society (the Society) in implementing models, policies and practices to meet the expected requirements of the third Capital Adequacy Directive as described in consultation papers issued by the Basel Committee, the EU and the Financial Services Authority. The Society is a medium‐sized mutual retail banking operation in the UK providing savings, current accounts and mortgage lending services to approximately half a million customers and operates predominantly in the East Anglia area of England.
Positive reinforcement in short-term treatment of an electively mute child: a case study.

Increased audibility and intelligibility of sentences by a 13-yr.-old Mexican boy read from books or spoken spontaneously with a therapist, in class, and in group-therapeutic sessions were observed after implementation of simple differential reinforcement using a tape recorder.
Automatic synthesis—programs and plans

This session focuses on the continuing effort to develop automatic techniques for transforming a specification of “what” is to be done into a specification of “how” the “what” is to be done. One presentation deals with programming tasks, where the results of the transformation are executable computer programs. The other with tasks being carried out by people or organizations, where the results of the transformation are plans and schedules.
Social Media and Library Services

The rise of social media technologies has created new ways to seek and share information for millions of users worldwide, but also has presented new challenges for libraries in meeting users where they are within social spaces. From social networking sites such as Facebook and Google+, and microblogging platforms such as Twitter and Tumblr to the image and video sites of YouTube, Flickr, Instagram, and to geotagging sites such as Foursquare, libraries have responded by establishing footholds within a variety of social media platforms and seeking new ways of engaging with online users in social spaces. Libraries are also responding to new social review sites such as Yelp and Tripadvisor, awareness sites including StumbleUpon, Pinterest, Goodreads, and Reddit, and social question-and-answer (Q&A) sites such as Yahoo! Answerssites which engage social media users in functions similar to traditional library content curation, readers' advisory, information and referral, and reference services. Establishing a social media presence extends the library's physical manifestation into virtual space and increases the library's visibility, reach, and impact. However, beyond simply establishing a social presence for the library, a greater challenge is building effective and engaging social media sites that successfully adapt a library's visibility, voice, and presence to the unique contexts, audiences, and cultures within diverse social media sites. This lecture examines the research and theory on social media and libraries, providing an overview of what is known and what is not yet known about libraries and social media. Chapter 1 focuses on the social media environments within which libraries are establishing a presence, including how social media sites differ from each other, yet work together within a social ecosphere. Chapter 2 examines how libraries are engaging with users across a variety of social media platforms and the extent to which libraries are involved in using these different social media platforms, as well as the activities of libraries in presenting a social "self," sharing information, and interacting with users via social media. Chapter 3 explores metrics and measures for assessing the impact of the library's activity in social media sites. The book concludes with Chapter 4 on evolving directions for libraries and social media, including potential implications of new and emerging technologies for libraries in social spaces.
Effect of Head Restraint Position and Neck Injury Criteria in Rear Impact

The objective of this study was to determine the forces and bending moments at the top of the Hybrid III dummy neck secondary to rear impact acceleration and evaluate the various proposed injury criteria. Rear impact sled tests were conducted by applying the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FMVSS 202 acceleration pulse. Differing positions of the head restraint in terms of height (750 and 800 mm) and backset (zero, 50, and 100 mm) were used to determine the axial and shear forces, bending moments, and injury criteria (NIC, Nij , and Nkm ). The time sequence of attainment of these parameters was determined along with peak values.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Reframing Health Promotion for People With Intellectual Disabilities

The World Health Organization calls for health promotion to expand beyond the health care system by considering social determinants of health, engaging multiple levels, targeting policy change, and including social action. This qualitative study embraces this holistic stance as a means to address the health disparities and inequities experienced by people with intellectual disabilities (ID) by supporting the development of interventions that consider components of social justice along with embracing this population’s potential and acknowledging influences of the context. A content analysis of the data is presented to illustrate how an occupational viewpoint can promote positive health and well-being of people with ID. The four gerunds of Wilcock’s Occupational Perspective on Health—doing, being, belonging, and becoming—are utilized and supported by the literature to offer actions that can be taken by health promotion professionals to address the health needs of people with ID.
THE EXPRESSION, COMMUNICATION, AND REGULATION OF BIOLOGICAL EMOTIONS: SEX AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

This paper summarizes sex and cultural differences and similarities in the expression, communication, and regulation of biological emotions from the viewpoint of developmental-interactionist theory. A model of the interaction between biological emotions and appraisal processes suggests bidirectional causality, but the agenda of appraisal is often set by immediate and effortless emotional responses. It is proposed that emotional systems function as filters, determining the impact of external and internal stimuli upon higher-order appraisal and attribution processes. A new model of emotion regulation based upon emotional communication is presented, and relevant evidence summarized including sex differences in expressing specific emotions, the effects of emotional inhibition and suppression, and the effects of emotional communication upon health. Emotion communication takes emotion and its regulation outside the individual, into the social context, with social relationships functioning as bioregulators.
A note on optimal Bayesian design for nonlinear problems

Abstract One parameter design problems with a single explanatory variable are considered. Conditions are derived under which a one-point design is optimal in a Bayesian sense under a prior distribution on the parameter. In addition, optimal Bayesian designs for symmetric prior distributions with two support points are characterized for logistic regression with known slope parameter.
γδ T cells in rhesus monkeys and their response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection

Recent reports of the increase in peripheral blood gamma delta T cells in HIV+ patients prompted us to examine the gamma delta T cell system in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and the responses of these cells to SIV infection. Our results reveal differences in the gamma delta T cell subset composition and their expression of CD8 in the peripheral blood of monkeys and humans. The outgrowth of simian gamma delta T cells in response to Daudi cells is similar to that in humans, but the exposure to IL-2 stimulates preferentially the simian V delta 1 subset rather than the V gamma 9/V delta 2 subset as found in humans. Upon SIV infection of the monkeys, we observed a transient increase of the percentage of total gamma delta T cell and the V gamma 9 subset. gamma delta T cells from infected animals also express more activation markers such as CD69, CD44 and the memory marker CD45RO. However, they respond to a lesser degree to Daudi or IL-2 stimulation in the outgrowth experiments compared with uninfected animals, although the subset composition of total gamma delta T cells is similar in infected and uninfected animals. The results clearly indicate that gamma delta T cells in rhesus monkeys are influenced by SIV infection. The detailed analysis of the gamma delta T cell response to SIV infection can serve as a model for understanding human gamma delta T cell responses to HIV infections.
cis‐Platinum and 5‐fluorouracil as initial therapy in advanced epidermoid cancers of the head and neck

A total of 44 patients with previously untreated Stage IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were treated with a combination of cis-platinum (100 mg/sq m) and 96-hour infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (1,000 mg/sq m/day) in two courses or with cis-platinum (100 mg/sq m) and 120-hour infusion of 5-FU (1,000 mg/sq m/day) in three courses. In the 26 patients receiving the two course regimen, the tumor response rate was 88.5%. In five of the 26 patients complete disappearance of the tumor was achieved; partial remission was obtained in 18 of 26 patients. The main side effects were nausea and vomiting (70%), leukopenia (27%), and mild-to-moderate renal toxicity (27%). In the 18 patients who received the three course regimen of 5-FU and cis-platinum, there were 11 (61%) complete responses, 6 (33%) partial responses, and 1 (6%) minimal response. The incidence of complete response was increased with each course given. No added toxicity was observed with surgery or radiotherapy.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of tetrahydropyrimidinones as an example of a general approach to nonpeptide HIV protease inhibitors.

Re-examination of the design of the cyclic urea class of HIV protease (HIVPR) inhibitors suggests a general approach to designing novel nonpeptide cyclic HIVPR inhibitors. This process involves the inversion of the stereochemical centers of the core transition-state isostere of the linear HIVPR inhibitors and cyclization of the resulting core using an appropriate cyclizing reagent. As an example, this process is applied to the diamino alcohol class of HIVPR inhibitors11 to give tetrahydropyrimidinones. Conformational analysis of the tetrahydropyrimidinones and modeling of its interaction with the active site of HIVPR suggested modifications which led to very potent inhibitors of HIVPR (24 with a Ki = 0.018 nM). The X-ray crystallographic structure of the complex of 24 with HIVPR confirms the analysis and modeling predictions. The example reported in this study and other examples that are cited indicate that this process may be generally applicable to other linear inhibitors.
New myths and harsh realities: Reply to Paul on the Implications of Paul and Lentz (1977) for Generalization From Token Economies to Uncontrolled Environments

As part of a larger argument about why token economy treatment for schizophrenia was largely abandoned despite demonstrated behavioral gains, I (Wakefield, 2006) analyzed Paul and Lentz’s (1977) classic study of social-learning treatment of schizophrenia, sometimes cited as the best in this field. I argued that it failed to demonstrate or even test generalization of gains to uncontrolled natural environments, a serious drawback in an age of deinstitutionalization. In his response, Paul (2006) rejects my contention and argues that there are three sources of data in the study that support generalization: gains were maintained during a no-treatment baseline at 4 years into the study, during an 18-month period following a change in aversive time out procedures for aggressive acts, and during the 18-month follow-up of patients released to community aftercare. In this reply, I examine Paul’s counterarguments and argue that the evidence strongly supports my original contention that Paul and Lentz’s study provides no support for generalization.
Development of a Statistical Tolerance-Based Fluid Bed Drying Design Space

The pharmaceutical industry has invested a substantial amount of resources in recent years to develop manufacturing systems that offer improved product quality while limiting costs. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has encouraged the use of the guidelines put forth by the International Conference on Harmonization [ICH-Q8(R2)] that allow for operational flexibility within a validated design space to allow automated systems that incorporate real-time data management. Use of these systems requires substantial process understanding that is typically gained through appropriately developed design of experiments. Appropriate analyses of the data are required to optimize the understanding gained from experiments. Furthermore, these analyses must be combined with existing product specifications to set justifiable operating limits for the process. Granules containing gabapentin, and hydroxypropyl cellulose were prepared in a high-shear granulator and dried in a fluid bed processing system. The fluid bed dryer was outfitted with near infrared, pressure, temperature, and flow sensors, which were connected to a distributed control system that was used to exercise control of the system. The dried granules were blended with extragranular excipients and then compressed on a rotary tablet press. Designed experimental variations to processing were utilized at each of the manufacturing steps to produce a design space. The outputs of the design (quality attributes) that were considered in this work were the quantity of gabapentin lactam formed during processing, tablet crushing strength, final blend flow properties, and median particle size of dried granules. A tolerance-based design space was constructed for each of the quality attributes considered, and an overall design space was calculated based on the individual unit operations. The overall design space was a combination of process models and was calculated to include the uncertainty (variance) from each of the unit operations and measurements. A tolerance design space was calculated that reflects the probability that a given combination of processing parameters will produce critical quality attributes within specifications.
Abstract 3709: Molecular targets of total methanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of triphala in colon cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL We previously demonstrated that the methanolic extract of triphala, a herbal preparation of a mixture of three fruits, namely, Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalis and Terminalia bellerica was effective against colon cancer cells. In order to identify its mechanism of action, HCT-116 cells (1×106 cells) were seeded in 25mm2 petri dishes and treated with varying concentration of total extract. Cells stained using Alexa Fluor 488 Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis assay revealed a dose dependent increase in early apoptosis which plateaued with 200 µg/ml, and a dose dependent increase in late apoptosis upto 400 µg/ml. This and previous finding of down-regulation of cyclin D1 suggested that the inhibitory action of triphala is facilitated both by antiproliferation and induction of apoptosis. In addition, significant downregulation of select upstream and downstream molecules of NFκB signaling was observed. In order to identify the bioactive components of the mixture, the total methanolic extract was subfractionated with various organic solvents and tested for antiproliferative activity using HCT-116 cells. The efficacy was determined to be in the following order: ethyl acetate fraction>total methonolic fraction>chloroform fraction>butanol fraction>hexane fraction>residual aqueous fraction. When normal colon cells CRL-1459 (5×103 cells) were treated with either the total methanolic or ethyl acetate fraction, the IC50 was found to be 7 fold higher for both the fractions compared to colon cancer cells, suggesting that the antiproliferative activity is specific to malignant cells. FTICR-MS analysis of the effective fractions revealed enrichment of most of the phenolics such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, and several other tannins into the ethyl acetate fraction. In order to identify the molecular targets of the ethyl acetate fraction, HCT-116 (1×106 cells) were seeded in 6 well plates and treated with LPS, 100 or 200 µg/ml ethyl acetate extract of triphala or both for 6 hours. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction is more effective in down-regulating both constitutive and induced expression of TNFα and COX2 compared to the total methanolic extract. In addition, down-regulation of LPS-induced NFκB expression was more pronounced with ethyl acetate extract compared to methanolic extract. Ethyl acetate extract was also effective in downregulating the cell cycle regulatory molecule cyclin D1. However, the total extract was more effective in modulating the expression of IL-6 and IFNγ, suggesting that the various fractions of triphala may have distinct targets of colon carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3709. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3709
Infrared Spectrum of the Hyponitrite Dianion, N2O22-, Isolated and Insulated from Stabilizing Metal Cations in Solid Argon

Co-deposition of laser-ablated metals with NO in excess neon at 4 K produced new 1060.8 ± 0.4 and 1052.6 ± 0.2 cm-1 absorptions, which almost disappear on annealing to 9 K and reappear in part on ultraviolet irradiation. These absorptions shift with 15N16O and 15N18O substitution as fundamental N−O vibrations and exhibit 1:2:1 triplet bands with 14N16O + 15N16O and 15N16O + 15N18O mixtures, which demonstrates the involvement of two equivalent NO oscillators. The above absorptions are assigned to N2O22- isolated and insulated from metal stabilizing cations in two solid neon matrix configurations. The blue shift from the 1028.5 cm-1 solid argon band position for this species is larger than found for most small molecules and anions, which is consistent with a dianion. The photochemistry in laser-ablated gold experiments suggests the involvement of N2O2- in electron-transfer processes to form N2O22-.
Comparative nutrition and metabolism: Explication of open questions with emphasis on protein and amino acids

The 20th century saw numerous important discoveries in the nutritional sciences. Nonetheless, many unresolved questions still remain. Fifteen questions dealing with amino acid nutrition and metabolism are posed in this review. The first six deal with the functionality of sulfur amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and related compounds. Other unresolved problems that are discussed include priorities of use for amino acids having multiple functions; interactions among lysine, niacin and tryptophan; amino acid contributions to requirements from gut biosynthesis; the potential for gluconeogenesis to divert amino acids away from protein synthesis; the unique nutritional and metabolic idiosyncrasies of feline species, with emphasis on arginine; controversies surrounding human amino acid requirements; and the potential for maternal diet to influence sex ratio of offspring.
I poems: Evoking self.

This article argues for the value of I poems as a means to hear and understand the voices of individual women and girls. I poems are a feature of the Listening Guide (e.g., Brown & Gilligan, 1992). As a feminist method, the Listening Guide was developed to attend to the multiple and complex voices found in qualitative data, particularly when the subject of study is taboo or otherwise difficult to discuss. The creation of poems out of participant voices is one way to emotionally engage the reader or audience, and to resist the urge to turn a participant’s complex story into a single linear narrative. It is argued that I poems, when constructed with the guidelines set forth by the Listening Guide, are an evocative way to present participant data. To illustrate this, I poems constructed from interview data about women’s unwanted sexual experiences are included.
The evolution of project management

Projects are to be found throughout the history of mankind. These projects have created change or have been carded out as responses to change. Project Management has had a major impact on the theory and practice of management.
Sniffing and Spatiotemporal Coding in Olfaction

The act of sniffing increases the air velocity and changes the duration of airflow in the nose. It is not yet clear how these changes interact with the intrinsic timing within the olfactory bulb, but this is a matter of current research activity. An action of sniffing in generating a high velocity that alters the sorption of odorants onto the lining of the nasal cavity is expected from the established work on odorant properties and sorption in the frog nose. Recent work indicates that the receptor properties in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb are correlated with the receptor gene expression zones. The responses in both the epithelium and the olfactory bulb are predictable to a considerable extent by the hydrophobicity of odorants. Furthermore, receptor expression in both rodent and salamander nose interacts with the shapes of the nasal cavity to place the receptor sensitivity to odorants in optimal places according to the aerodynamic properties of the nose.