cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redistribution of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ba in the Bollibokka Group, East Shasta, California, U.S.A.: Implications for metallogeny and geochemical balances

Abstract Basalt and andesite of the Bollibokka group underlie stratigraphic horizons with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in the East Shasta district, but with no known deposits to the north. Least-altered rock, remote from known deposits, commonly retains clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite phenocrysts and contains abundant secondary pumpellyite and prehnite, in contrast to altered rock near known deposits. Least-altered rock contains on average 89 ppm Cu, 100 ppm Zn, 10 ppm Pb and 160–260 ppm Ba. Alteration within a few kilometers of the Bully Hill-Rising Star mines led to removal of ∼ 59 ppm Cu, and possibly 7 ppm Zn, 2 ppm Pb and significant Ba from basalt. One km 3 of altered basalt can account for 7× the Cu and 1.7× the Zn production of the mines. Basaltic volcaniclastic wacke in the area contains framboidal pyrite and kerogen and was enriched in Cu, Zn and Pb. Intense leaching within 1 km of the Afterthought mine led to removal of ∼ 74 ppm Cu, ∼ 34 ppm Zn and ∼4 ppm Pb relative to unaltered basalt. Alteration of 1 km 3 of basalt could supply 40× the Cu, 8× the Zn and 14× the Pb produced by the Afterthought mine. Zones of maximum leaching of metals underlie known deposits, yet it cannot be proven that leached metals contributed to the deposits. The oceanic inventories of Cu and Zn can be established in thousands of years by hydrothermal and river-water fluxes. These fluxes cannot account for the rate of fixation of Zn in shale; a dominant detrital flux is required. A dominant detrital flux of Cu is permitted, but not required.
Assessment in Statistics Courses: More than a tool for evaluation

The current assessment reform movement in statistics encourages instructors to think more broadly about cognitive measures which assess student learning. In response, statistics instructors have begun incorporating innovative methods of assessment into their courses, the most common of these procedures being authentic assessment, performance assessment, and portfolio assessment. This paper will discuss areas to consider for assessment, problems with typical assessments, and statistical authenticity for understanding student learning.
Selection for genetic markers in beef cattle reveals complex associations of thyroglobulin and casein1-s1 with carcass and meat traits.

Genetic markers in casein (CSN1S1) and thyroglobulin (TG) genes have previously been associated with fat distribution in cattle. Determining the nature of these genetic associations (additive, recessive, or dominant) has been difficult, because both markers have small minor allele frequencies in most beef cattle populations. This results in few animals homozygous for the minor alleles. selection to increase the frequencies of the minor alleles for 2 SNP markers in these genes was undertaken in a composite population. The objective was to obtain better estimates of genetic effects associated with these markers and determine if there were epistatic interactions. Selection increased the frequencies of minor alleles for both SNP from 0.10). Additive, dominance, and epistatic SNP association effects were estimated from genotypic effects for adjusted fat thickness and predicted meat tenderness. Adjusted fat thickness showed a dominance association with TG SNP (P < 0.06) and an epistatic additive CSN1S1 × additive TG association (P < 0.03). For predicted meat tenderness, heterozygous TG meat was more tender than meat from either homozygote (P < 0.002). Dominance and epistatic associations can result in different SNP allele substitution effects in populations where SNP have the same linkage disequilibrium with causal mutations but have different frequencies. Although the complex associations estimated in this study would contribute little to within-population selection response, they could be important for marker-assisted management or reciprocal selection schemes.
The Beginnings of Inclusion in the People's Republic of China

Education for children with disabilities in the People's Republic of China has experienced significant growth and reform since 1978, the beginning of the period of Reform and Opening (gaige kaifang...
Considering Overhead Costs in Road and Landing Spacing Models

Existing road and landing spacing models assume that spacing affects only the costs of road construction and skidding. However, costs that are independent of production and fixed on the basis of time will vary with spacing when specified on a "per-unit-volume produced" basis and therefore should be considered in the model. Costs of this nature are labeled overhead, and considering these costs in the model will lower total costs. The relationship of overhead costs to spacing follows the same pattern as the skidding costs and can be added to the cost of owning and operating the skidder in the model. Overhead costs were considered in models pertaining to three unique sets of conditions: skidding to roadside with a single road standard; skidding to roadside with two road standards; and skidding to a landing. In all cases, considering overhead in the model lowered total cost and reduced road spacing. Actual cost savings will depend on harvest conditions but can be significant.
Visualization of ontologies in multi-agent industrial systems

The development in the field of multi-agent systems used in the industrial distributed control systems has demonstrated the possibility of flexibility, fault tolerance and integration. It was shown that using ontologies for explicit description of the world has many advantages, including easier integration and extensibility. However, any more complex system, including multi-agent system, needs visualization for its easier development, debugging and monitoring. The fact that the knowledge in the system is expressed in a standardized semantic way contributes to the possibility of providing a uniform view on the system as a whole as well as on the individual agents. In this paper we describe and discuss possibilities of visualization of the state of the industrial control system based on ontologies. We demonstrate the visualization possibilities on the MAST system.
The measurement of static deflection in spur gear teeth

Abstract This paper gives the results of static deflection tests on spur gear teeth made of acrylic. Also, a method is given for determining the dimensions of tapered cantilever beam to replace the actual gear tooth in deflection analysis as proposed by Timoshenko and Baud. Using the equations which were developed by Timoshenko and Baud for the tapered cantilever beam proport deflections are calculated and compared with those found from test. The computer program is also available from which the tapered cantilever beam proportions and deflections were determined. This program can easily be modified to calculate the static deflection of spur gear teeth under any conditions of load, diametral pitch, numbers of teeth, pressure angle, material and tooth width.
Ultrastructure of pseudochromosomes and calottes in spermatogenic cells of the backswimmer, Notonecta undulata (say)

Abstract The structure of two distinctly different juxtanuclear bodies that appear during spermatogenesis in Notonecta undulata was examined by electron microscopy. Pseudochromosomes, present in primary spermatocytes, consisted of a mass of dense particles, entrapped vesicles, and numerous contiguous mitochondria; the dense particles may have been emitted from the nucleus. Calottes, which appeared in spermatids, were tripartite, consisting of a cup-shaped aggregate of rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes with its concavity directed toward the nuclear surface, a system of anastomosing smooth membranes within the concavity, and dense amorphous material in the interstices of the smooth membranes. The function of both pseudochromosomes and calottes is unknown.
Measurement of human endothelial cells in whole blood

To evaluate the usefulness of measuring circulating endothelial cells as an in vivo indicator for vascular injury, studies were performed in vitro using cultured human endothelial cells and Factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag) as the specific cell marker. Cultured human endothelial cells mixed with normal whole blood were processed by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient sedimentation to remove red cells and granulocytes, followed by pellet formation of the mononuclear supernatant fraction to separate the bulk of platelets. Cell films, prepared from a measured volume of the final cell suspension, were stained with fluorescent antibody against VIII R:Ag, and positively stained cells were counted under fluorescence microscopy. The final recovery of endothelial cells was 64.8 +/- 19.3% (n = 41), and the minimal detectable concentration of endothelial cells was about 0.02 cells/microliter whole blood. No endothelial cells were detected in the blood of normal individuals.
Formal verification of ‘full chip’ containing ‘shell’ partitions with and without feed-thrus

The `Full Chip' module of an ASIC is made up of various partitions and similar to individual partitions, it also goes through various stages of the physical design. The initial design-planning works on the existing pins of a partition, adds feed-thru pins and performs custom placement and routing on signal and clock nets. Near tape-in, ECO (Engineering Change Order) forces manual changes to design as opposed to taking it through full implementation cycle. At the final stages, when layout database of each partition meets the requirements, a bottom up integration is carried out to create full chip layout. All these stages can create logical differences between layout and RTL of the top level interface. In order to verify that no unintentional logical change has happened to full chip, a robust formal verification strategy with numerous practical considerations is necessary. Designers also make use of 100% or partial shell models at the floor-planning phase which does bring advantages but also creates challenges for the formal verification flow. This article documents these challenges by explaining the formal verification approach taken on Intel's next generation network processing chip.
HIGH-PRESSURE FREEZING IMPROVES THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL PRESERVATION OF IN VIVO GROWN LILY POLLEN TUBES

We have used high-pressure freezing followed by freeze substitution (HPF/FS) to preserve in vivo grown lily pollen tubes isolated from the style. The results indicated that HPF/FS (i) allows excellent preservation of the pollen tubes, (ii) maintains in situ the stylar matrix secreted by the transmitting tract cells, and (iii) preserves the interactions that exist between pollen tubes. Particular attention has been given to the structure of the pollen tube cell wall and the zone of adhesion. The cell wall is composed of an outer fibrillar layer and an inner layer of material similar in texture and nature to the stylar matrix and that is not callose. The stylar matrix labels strongly for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) recognized by monoclonal antibody JIM13. The zone of adhesion between pollen tubes contains distinct matrix components that are not recognized by JIM13, and apparent cross-links between the two cell walls. This study indicates that HPF/FS can be used successfully to preserve in vivo grown pollen tubes for ultrastructural investigations as well as characterization of the interactions between pollen tubes and the stylar matrix.
Phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in human platelets

Using O-phosphotyrosine as a substrate, human platelets were shown to contain a highly active phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity. This activity was potently inhibited by vanadate, molybdate, and HgCl2. About 80% of the PTPase activity was particulate. When Triton-solubilized PTPase activity from whole platelets was applied to a DEAE Sephacel column about 40% came through unbound. The activity that bound was eluted by a NaCl gradient as a broad, heterogeneous peak. The possibility is raised for the existence of multiple forms of phosphotyrosine phosphatases in human platelets. That one or more of these forms may be regulated by activators of platelet aggregation and secretion, such as thrombin and collagen, is discussed.
Hydrodynamic limit for a system with finite range interactions

We study a system of interacting diffusions. The variables present the amount of charge at various sites of a periodic multidimensional lattice. The equilibrium states of the diffusion are canonical Gibbs measures of a given finite range interaction. Under an appropriate scaling of lattice spacing and time, we derive the hydrodynamic limit for the evolution of the macroscopic charge density.
Effect of eccentricity on spatial summation and acuity

The area of spatial summation between pairs of briefly flashed lines increases only modestly (by a factor of 1.6) between foveal vision and parafoveal vision at an eccentricity of 7 deg, in contrast to two-line acuity, which changes by a factor of as much as 7. This dissociation suggests that different mechanisms underly the two functions. These results may be explained by a parallel, two-mechanism model or by spatial undersampling in the parafovea.
Cross-species rearing influences urine preferences in wild guinea pigs.

Abstract Urine preferences of adult wild male guinea pigs reared with domestic female guinea pigs were studied. Subjects were removed from the mothers at birth and each was reared with a domestic female for either the first 3 or the first 16 weeks of life; each control group male was reared with a wild female for the first 3 weeks of life. Following rearing experience, males were reared in social isolation. A series of urine preference tests was conducted beginning when the subjects were 17 weeks of age. Whereas males in the control group preferred urine of wild animals to urine of domestic animals, individuals reared with a domestic female generally preferred domestic female urine to wild female urine and were equally attracted to male urine of the two species. It is concluded that postnatal prepubertal experience influences urine odor preferences in wild male guinea pigs.
The Arlington Curriculum Development Model.

This article presents a model process for “bottom-up” teacher development of a proficiency-oriented, criterion-referenced second or foreign language curriculum. The process is designed for second and foreign language teachers and administrators at all levels of education (1) to enhance articulation and coherence of teaching objectives and practices between levels of language instruction and (2) to foster communicative teaching practices.
A hyperspherical particle swarm optimizer for robust engineering design

This paper presents a novel multi-objective particle swarm optimizer, called hyperspherical particle swarm optimization (HSPSO), which efficiently deals with robust engineering design problems. In contrast to traditional optimization methods which rely on single-point design configurations, the HSPSO method evolves multi-dimensional design surfaces while simultaneously optimizing several potentially conflicting objectives and minimizing product/process variations. The hyperspherical representation is accommodated by incorporating manufacturing tolerances for design variables, and sensitivity analysis is performed to maintain feasibility within the design region. Hyperspherical particles are automatically evaluated, and non-inferior solutions are identified by the Pareto-dominance strategy. To enhance the local search ability of the particle swarm optimization algorithm, a gradient descent algorithm is applied, and fitness evaluation is performed by using a crowding factor, which defines the density of the population along the Pareto front. The performance of the proposed HSPSO algorithm is highlighted by reporting on three robust engineering design problems, which involve a mixture of single objective and multiple conflicting objectives along with integer, discrete and continuous design parameters. Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess the reliability of the obtained results.
Modification of acute radiation effect on cerebellar neurons of mice by actinomycin D

Abstract Six days after absorption of 66 krad 20 Mev deuterons delivered by a 0.025 mm-wide beam to the cerebellar cortex of the mouse, practically all granule cells were destroyed, but 88% of the Purkinje cells survived. A dose of 0.1 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D given 1 hour after irradiation modified this response to the extent that only 22% of the exposed Purkinje cells remained morphologically intact. After 24 days the respective survival rates were 48 and 17%. When actinomycin was given 24 hours after the exposure, the rate of surviving Purkinje cells was 73% at 6 days and 49% at 24 days, respectively. These findings suggest that a certain type of acute lethal radiation damage to these neurons is repaired within a few hours following the irradiation.
Driver Management That Drives Carrier Performance

The trucking industry provides the majority of transportation services in the United States. Truck drivers, particularly their driving performance, which influences how customers perceive motor carriers, are integral to the success of their firms. Hence, driver management is a topic of great interest to the trucking industry, logistics practitioners, and logistics researchers. Although the logistics literature does address issues relating to driver management, advice is scarce regarding how motor carriers might manage drivers to improve operational performance and thus the bottom line. Our results shed light on the processes whereby some formal controls directly influence operational performance, whereas others indirectly influence operational performance; that is, in the latter case, the influence of formal controls on operational performance is mediated by certain informal controls. According to our findings, motor carrier firms that employ a combination of formal and informal controls perform better operationally than firms that do not do so. And, thus, those employing such a combination of controls will realize a larger market share.
A tale of two formats

The study examined one teacher's perspective on teaching the same material in an online format and in a face-to-face format. The instructor's reactions varied in part as a function of the topic being taught. Some topics were seemed to be suitable in either format whereas others were better in one format or the other. The instructor noted that the class who had face-to-face interaction changed dramatically when they began these modules.
Populations and activity of carbofuran-degrading microorganisms in soil

Kendaia clay loam contained more than 105 microbial cells per g able to convert 14C-carbonyl-labelled carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) to 14CO2 but never more than 130 cells per g transforming 14C-ring-labelled carbofuran to CO2. The sizes of the population rarely increased as a result of addition of the insecticide to soil. Mineralization of these compounds proceeded with little or no acclimation phase, and subsequent additions were usually etabolized more readily, except at 10 mg of carbofuran per kg or if subsequent additions of the pesticide were made long after the first. More than 60% of the 14C in the carbonyl but less of the 14C in the ring was microbiologically converted to 14CO2 in this soil. Streptomycin and cycloheximide each inhibited conversion of the carbonyl or ring carbon to CO2. Urea but not NH4NO3 markedly inhibited the conversion of the carbonyl-labelled insecticide to 14CO2. The addition of glucose and succinate together with the insecticide did not enhance mineralization of ring- or carbonyl-labelled carbofuran. The data suggest that soils containing a large population of microorganisms able to convert the carbonyl carbon to CO2 will not show a marked effect of prior treatment with the insecticide and that few organisms individually are able to mineralize the ring.
Model-based subspace clustering

We discuss a model-based approach to identifying clusters of objects based on subsets of attributes, so that the attributes that distinguish a cluster from the rest of the population may depend on the cluster being considered. The method is based on a Polya urn cluster model for multivariate means and variances, resulting in a multivariate Dirichlet process mixture model. This particular model-based approach accommodates outliers and allows for the incorporation of application-specific data features into the clustering scheme. For example, in an analysis of genetic CGH array data we are able to design a clustering method that accounts for spatial dependence of chromosomal abnormalities.
The first appearance of the neural tube and optic primordium in the human embryo at stage 10

Thirteen embryos of stage 10 (22 days) were studied in detail and graphic reconstructions of most of them were prepared. The characteristic feature of this stage is 4–12 pairs of somites. Constantly present are the prechordal and notochordal plates (the notochord sensu stricto is not yet apparent), the neurenteric canal or at least its site, the thyroid primordium, probably the mesencephalic and rhombencephalic neural crest and the adenohypophysial primordium. During this stage, the following features appear: terminal notch, optic sulcus, initial formation of neural tube, oropharyngeal membrane, pulmonary primordium, cardiac loop, aortic arches 1–3, intersegmental arteries, and laryngotracheal groove. The primitive streak is still an important feature.
An all-graphene radio frequency low noise amplifier

In this paper, we propose and quantitatively evaluate an “All-Graphene nano-ribbon (GNR) circuit” for high frequency low noise amplifier (LNA) applications, which shows considerable advantage over state-of-the-art technologies. In particular, we discuss how to satisfy the requirements for temperature stability, gain, power dissipation, noise and speed for a high performance LNA circuit by adjusting only the width of the nano ribbons. Our calculations predict a nano-ribbon width in the range of 8–12 nm to be ideal for these types of applications - different from logic applications that are expected to require much smaller ribbon widths.
Acting on the Hill: Congressional Assertiveness in U.S. Foreign Policy

A controversy has developed in recent years pitting those who see a resurgent Congress in U.S. foreign policy against those who argue that Congress remains largely acquiescent and uninvolved. This article addresses the disagreement, using a database of congressional foreign policy activity from 1946 to 1997 to weigh the competing claims. Our results show that congressional foreign policy activity has declined over the post-World War II era while congressional foreign policy assertiveness, relative to the administration's requests, has increased during this same period. Congress is thus less active but more assertive. Based on these results, we offer a two-dimensional model of congressional foreign policy behavior that better reflects the variety of congressional roles in U.S. foreign policy.
A Novel Combustion Synthesis Preparation of CuO/ZnO/ZrO 2 /Pd for Oxidative Hydrogen Production from Methanol

Complex catalysts containing combinations of copper, zinc, zirconium, and palladium oxides were prepared via three combustion synthesis routes including volume combustion, impregnated substrate combustion, and so-called second wave impregnation combustion methods. These catalysts were characterized via XRD, XPS, N2O decomposition and BET techniques and evaluated for their activity and selectivity for the partial oxidation of methanol. The novel second combustion wave method showed superior palladium active metal loadings compared to conventional volume combustion synthesis modes. Palladium is also shown to significantly lower the reduction temperature of bulk CuO. Combustion synthesis based methods show promise for synthesis of methanol reforming catalysts.
The Euler-Maclaurin Formula and Sums of Powers

(2006). The Euler-Maclaurin Formula and Sums of Powers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 61-65.
Effect of power deposition and current evolution on the formation of internal transport barriers

A model for internal transport barrier formation in tokamak plasmas [Newman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5 (1998) 938] is extended to include the evolution equation of the plasma current and a model of neutral beam injection power/particle deposition. The envelope density fluctuation level is evolved in time and coupled, via the E × B shearing rate, to the ASTRA system of transport equations. As a practical realization of the model, reversed shear configurations in the TFTR tokamak are studied. It is found that, aside from the total input power, the detailed profiles of power deposition and current density play an essential role in the determination of the value of the transition power threshold.
Evaluation of high order single-step integrators for structural response calculation

Implicit, single-step integration methods which are absolutely stable and have fourth and sixth order accuracy are applied to linear structural dynamics equations. Test cases for which the discretized problems are solvable exactly are employed to determine the number of floating point operations needed to achieve specified accuracy levels. Examples involving longitudinal vibration of a bar and flexural vibration of a simply supported beam subjected to harmonic and impact loading are analyzed. The central concern in this paper is efficiently to integrate a discretized system which may have been derived by using finite element or finite difference methods. It is found that high order methods may permit sufficiently increased integration step size to reduce by a factor as high as six the total computation effort needed to achieve similar accuracy from traditional lower order methods.
Understanding systems theory: transition from equilibrium to entropy

What we call systems theory is more a metatheory than a monolithic theory. It has provided a set of common signposts for all systems theorists to follow. This paper, written from the perspective of communications scholarship, examines the transition of systems theory from the age of equilibrium to the age of entropy during the middle of the twentieth century, and then to the age of emergence at the end of the century. It distinguishes between the old equilibrium-based systems theory and the entropy-based systems theory, as well as the ‘new’ emergence-centered social systems theory. It asserts the existence of close similarities between the fundamental concepts of systems theory and Asian philosophies, despite the cynical dismissal of these similarities by a Luhmann disciple. It documents how media sociology has applied chaos theory to justify market-driven journalism and claim the emergence of a global public sphere; and it looks at the potential of network analysis, an offshoot of systems theory.
Rethinking the product of nature doctrine as a barrier to biotechnology patents in the United States—and perhaps Europe as well1

For more than a decade, gene patents have been the driving force behind the burgeoning American biotechnology industry. Many people—even otherwise sophisticated lawyers—assume that such patents cover only methods and therapeutic applications. They are shocked to learn that patents on genes themselves, as long as they are isolated from the body, are routinely allowed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and acquiesced in by the courts. The practical consequences of this development are equally startling to the non‐patent community: gene patent holders can control not only commercial applications, but virtually all research involving the subject genes. Since genes are valuable as transmitters of information, the ultimate effect can be a monopoly on the use of that information. This, we believe, takes intellectual property protection to an unprecedented level. All challenges to gene patents in the United States have thus far been dismissed almost out of hand. One possible avenue of attack that ha...
Influence of 5-Methyltryptophan-Resistant Bradyrhizobium japonicum on Soybean Root Nodule Indole-3-Acetic Acid Content

Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutants resistant to 5-methyltryptophan were isolated. Some of these mutants were found to accumulate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and tryptophan in culture. In greenhouse studies, nodules from control plants inoculated with wild-type bradyrhizobia contained 0.04, 0.10, and 0.58 μg of free, ester-linked, and peptidyl IAA g (fresh weight) of nodules−1, respectively. Nodules from plants inoculated with 5-methyltryptophan-resistant bradyrhizobia contained 0.94, 1.30, and 10.6 μg of free, ester-linked, and peptidyl IAA g (fresh weight) of nodules−1, respectively. This manyfold increase in nodule IAA content indicates that the Bradyrhizobium inoculum can have a considerable influence on the endogenous IAA level of the nodule. Further, these data imply that much of the IAA that accumulated in the high-IAA-containing nodules was of bacterial rather than plant origin. These high-IAA-producing 5-methyltryptophan-resistant bacteria were poor symbiotic nitrogen fixers. Plants inoculated with these bacteria had a lower nodule mass and fixed less nitrogen per gram of nodule than did plants inoculated with wild-type bacteria.
The role of inerts in hydrocarbon flames

The role of inerts in hydrocarbon flames close to heat sinks has been explored in a spectrophotometric study of low-pressure, flat butane-oxygen flames to which were added different amounts of nitrogen while as many other variables as possible were held constant. Measurements of flame temperatures led to the discovery that the presence of an inert can bring about reduction in the heat losses to the sink, which can more than compensate for the effect of thermal dilution. Thus, flames containing nitrogen were found to possese higher temperatures than those of the pure fuel-oxidant mixture when burned at the same rate. A theoretical analysis leads to conclusions which are in agreement with the experimental results. Variations in the intensity profiles of emitters in the main reaction zone can be interpreted in terms of the increased resistance to diffusion attending nitrogen addition and the higher frequency of termolecular collisions relative to bimolecular collisions.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer—why does level 1 evidence not support it?

Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy provides a 5% increase in cure rate, an increase in median survival of about 3 years, and statistically significant and clinically relevant increments in overall survival for patients with invasive bladder cancer. Despite compelling level 1 data, it has become quite clear that facts that are similar to those that changed the paradigm of treatment of breast cancer in the 1970s have not had a similar influence on patterns of practice in bladder cancer care. Instead of using this proven approach, cystectomy alone or surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is often used as a functional alternative for patients with deeply invasive and/or node-metastatic disease discovered at radical cystectomy. However, there is no well-powered level 1 evidence to support routine adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer, and some randomized trials have shown inferior outcomes. There is a clear need for a well-designed, randomized trial that tests the utility of adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer, but until that has been completed, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive local treatment should be the standard of care for invasive bladder cancer.
Qualia: The Geometry of Integrated Information

According to the integrated information theory, the quantity of consciousness is the amount of integrated information generated by a complex of elements, and the quality of experience is specified by the informational relationships it generates. This paper outlines a framework for characterizing the informational relationships generated by such systems. Qualia space (Q) is a space having an axis for each possible state (activity pattern) of a complex. Within Q, each submechanism specifies a point corresponding to a repertoire of system states. Arrows between repertoires in Q define informational relationships. Together, these arrows specify a quale—a shape that completely and univocally characterizes the quality of a conscious experience. Φ— the height of this shape—is the quantity of consciousness associated with the experience. Entanglement measures how irreducible informational relationships are to their component relationships, specifying concepts and modes. Several corollaries follow from these premises. The quale is determined by both the mechanism and state of the system. Thus, two different systems having identical activity patterns may generate different qualia. Conversely, the same quale may be generated by two systems that differ in both activity and connectivity. Both active and inactive elements specify a quale, but elements that are inactivated do not. Also, the activation of an element affects experience by changing the shape of the quale. The subdivision of experience into modalities and submodalities corresponds to subshapes in Q. In principle, different aspects of experience may be classified as different shapes in Q, and the similarity between experiences reduces to similarities between shapes. Finally, specific qualities, such as the “redness” of red, while generated by a local mechanism, cannot be reduced to it, but require considering the entire quale. Ultimately, the present framework may offer a principled way for translating qualitative properties of experience into mathematics.
A Thin-Film Cochlear Electrode Array With Integrated Position Sensing

A thin-film electrode array with integrated position sensors has been developed for a cochlear prosthesis. The array is designed to minimize tissue damage during array insertion and achieve deep implants that hug the modiolus inside the cochlea. The array is fabricated using bulk micromachining technology and contains embedded polysilicon piezoresistive sensors for wall-contact detection and array-shape recognition. Nine strain gauges are distributed at the tip and along the array, covering the 8-mm-long shank. Each sensor is arranged in a half Wheatstone bridge whose output signal is time multiplexed, amplified (10 or 30 times), and band limited. The equivalent gauge factors are typically about 15, permitting array-tip position to be determined within a 50-mum resolution while providing wall-contact output signals of more than 50 mV at the tip. The arrays use a parylene-silicon-dielectric-electrode structure, improving flexibility while maintaining enough robustness to facilitate a modiolus-hugging shape defined by a polymeric backing device. Integrated with an articulated position-control device, such arrays are the first step toward providing closed-loop control of array insertion and improved perception of speech and music.
High-frequency chaotic Lorenz circuit

A novel electronic circuit design based on the chaotic Lorenz oscillator is described. The circuit consists of just two active nonlinear elements (high-speed analog multipliers) and a few passive linear components. Experimental realizations exhibit the classic butterfly attractor and the hysteretic transition from steady state to chaos observed in the Lorenz equations. The simplicity of the circuit makes it suitable for radio frequency applications. The power spectrum of the observed oscillations displays a peak frequency as high as 930 kHz and significant power beyond 1 MHz.
A test of the effectiveness of strategies for talking about Aids and condom use

Abstract A two phase study investigated the strategies people report having used to discuss AIDS or condoms and the likely effectiveness of these messages. Phase I asked both heterosexuals and homosexuals to list the things they have said about AIDS and condoms in the past. These responses were then content analyzed, and 21 of the resulting messages were used in Phase II with a primarily heterosexual sample. Phase II asked people to evaluate how likely they were to use each of the messages, how likely they were to use a condom if each of the messages were communicated to them, and their likely verbal response to the messages. Results indicated that some messages were more likely to be used than were others, but that almost all of the messages produced the intention to use condoms. The most successful messages included a “better safe than sorry” or a relational focus. Females were more likely to use several of the messages than were males. Most respondents did not use condoms the first time they had sex wi...
Occurrence of Ameiurus nebulosus (Brown Bullhead) in Texas

Abstract Within its southwestern native range, Ameiurus nebulosus (Brown Bullhead) had been found in the Red River drainage within Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana but not Texas. We report for the first time the occurrence of Brown Bullhead within the Cypress River system of Texas, a tributary of the Red River. We tentatively conclude that the Cypress River system of Texas is within the natural range of Brown Bullhead, but we cannot exclude human introduction as a possible mechanism for its occurrence, given that Brown Bullhead are introduced worldwide.
The Two Faces of Alcohol Myopia: Attentional Mediation of Psychological Stress

Two studies provided evidence that alcohol's relationship to psychological stress is indirect and is mediated by the allocation of attention. Study 1 found that, as the attentional demands of a distracting activity increased, so did alcohol's reduction of anxiety. Study 2 replicated this effect and found that a highly demanding activity could reduce anxiety even without alcohol. This study further implicated the role of attention in anxiety reduction by demonstrating a relationship between changes in anxiety and response latency to a secondary monitoring task. Finally, in both experiments, intoxicated subjects who did not perform any activity showed an increase in anxiety. From these data, we argue that alcohol affects psychological stress, to an important degree, through its ability, in conjunction with ongoing activity, to affect the amount of attention paid to stressful thoughts.
Capacitively-Biased Floating-Gate CMOS: a New Logic Family

Given a particular digital logic path and a desired operating frequency there exists an optimal trade off of dynamic, static, and short-circuit power dissipation. Techniques like DVS and variable thresholds exist to bring paths closer to this optimum, but intrinsic complications limit how close they can get. We present capacitively-biased, floating-gate CMOS (FG-CMOS) as a new, and intrinsically more efficient, logic family that removes many of these complications as well as giving rise to new dimensions of design and run time optimizations previously unattainable. Simulations are performed to explore the energy per cycle versus cycle time of arbitrary digital logic paths, and show FG-CMOS capable of running atleast 12% faster at the same power, or at 36% less power at the same speed, or when 20% slack is introduced 65% less power than regular CMOS or 37% less power than DVS CMOS. Devices were fabricated to show functionality, explore area ramifications, and to validate simulation.
Built-in Self-Test and Fault Diagnosis for Lab-on-Chip Using Digital Microfluidic Logic Gates

Dependability is an important system attribute for microfluidic lab-on-chip. Structural test and functional test are needed to detect defects and malfunctions, respectively. Previously proposed techniques for reading test outcomes and for pulse-sequence analysis are cumbersome and error-prone. We present a built-in self-test (BIST) method for digital microfluidic lab-on-chip. This method utilizes digital microfluidic logic gates to implement the BIST architecture; AND, OR and NOT gates are used to compress test-outcome droplets into one droplet signature. This approach obviates the need for capacitive sensing test-outcome circuits for analysis. An efficient diagnosis method based on a microfluidic encoder is also proposed to locate a single defective electrode in a microfluidic array. Finally, reconfiguration is used during test and diagnosis to enable BIST with low area overhead.
Effects of PARP-1 deficiency on airway inflammatory cell recruitment in response to LPS or TNF: differential effects on CXCR2 ligands and Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines

We reported that PARP-1 exhibits differential roles in expression of inflammatory factors. Here, we show that PARP-1 deletion was associated with a significant reduction in inflammatory cell recruitment to mouse airways upon intratracheal administration of LPS. However, PARP-1 deletion exerted little effect in response to TNF exposure. LPS induced massive neutrophilia and moderate recruitment of macrophages, and TNF induced recruitment of primarily macrophages with smaller numbers of neutrophils in the lungs. Following either exposure, macrophage recruitment was blocked severely in PARP-1(-/-) mice, and this was associated with a marked reduction in MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha. This association was corroborated partly by macrophage recruitment in response to intratracheal administration of MCP-1 in PARP-1(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, although neutrophil recruitment was reduced significantly in LPS-treated PARP-1(-/-) mice, neutrophil numbers increased in TNF-treated mice, suggesting that PARP-1 deletion may promote a macrophagic-to-neutrophilic shift in the inflammatory response upon TNF exposure. Neutrophil-specific chemokines mKC and MIP-2 were reduced significantly in lungs of LPS-treated but only partially reduced in TNF-treated PARP-1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the MIP-2 antagonist abrogated the shift to a neutrophilic response in TNF-exposed PARP-1(-/-) mice. Although CXCR2 expression increased in response to either stimulus in PARP-1(+/+) mice, the DARC increased only in lungs of TNF-treated PARP-1(+/+) mice; both receptors were reduced to basal levels in treated PARP-1(-/-) mice. Our results show that the balance of pro-neutrophilic or pro-macrophagic stimulatory factors and the differential influence of PARP-1 on these factors are critical determinants for the nature of the airway inflammatory response.
VON HIPPEL-LINDAU GENE DELETION AND EXPRESSION OF HYPOXIA- INDUCIBLE FACTOR AND UBIQUITIN IN OPTIC NERVE HEMANGIOMA

Purpose: Von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome expressed in multiple organs caused by germline alterations of the VHL gene. We have shown VHL deletion in the “stromal” cells of retinal angiomas. The VHL protein‐associated complex is a primary ubiquitin ligase for the ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). This study examines VHL and ubiquitin expression in optic nerve hemangiomas and juxtapapillary angiomas. Methods: Using microdissection and polymerase chain reaction, four optic nerve hemangiomas (one also had juxtapapillary angioma) associated with VHL disease were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity in the VHL gene. In addition, expression of HIF and ubiquitin was evaluated in these tumors by immunohistochemistry. Results: All informative optic nerve and juxtapapillary lesions showed loss of heterozygosity in the VHL gene detected in vacuolated “stromal” cells. Both HIF and ubiquitin were highly expressed in the hemangiomas of all four VHL cases. Conclusions: Like retinal angiomas and other VHL tumor lesions, VHL gene deletion is found in optic nerve hemangiomas and juxtapapillary angiomas. These tumor cells also express HIF and ubiquitin, the protein responsible for the negative regulation of HIF that results in the hypervascularization characteristic of VHL disease.
Effect of golytely on serum electrolytes and hydration status of infants

Golytely (GLP) is a commonly used oral preparation for infants and children undergoing intestinal surgery. Although the composition of GLP, a nonabsorbable electrolyte lavage solution, is designed to avoid electrolyte shifts and dehydration, systematic evaluation of the effects of this preparation on the hydration status and serum electrolytes of infants has not been performed. The authors evaluated 48 children (0 to 24 months of age) who received GLP. Serum electrolytes and blood urea nitrogen measurements were obtained before and after GLP administration. During GLP administration all the patients were allowed to drink clear fluids, including Rehydralyte in unrestricted quantities. Only two received intravenous fluids during the preparation. Statistical evaluation of the shifts in electrolytes were performed by the Students paired t test. Although the shift in serum electrolytes may be statistically significant, with a decrease in potassium and chloride and an increase in CO2, these changes were not clinically significant.
Sex-related influences on pain: A review of mechanisms and clinical implications.

Objective: To review the literature regarding gender-related influences on the experience of pain. Methods: Medline searches and reference lists were used to locate published articles regarding gender differences in pain. Results: Women are at increased risk for many clinical pain conditions and for increased severity of clinical pain relative to men. Women typically report lower pain threshold and tolerance and higher pain ratings than men in laboratory research. Contributing factors include sex hormones, pain modulatory systems, family history, stereotypic sex roles, and affective/cognitive factors. Conclusions: The clinical implications of gender differences in pain responses are discussed, including gender differences in pain treatment outcomes. Gender-related factors affect pain considerably and merit additional attention in pain research and treatment. Pain is associated with many conditions for which individuals seek rehabilitation, and rehabilitation interventions are often accompanied by pain. Indeed, pain is sometimes conceptualized as both an impediment to and an indicator of progress (e.g., “No pain, no gain”). Thus, an understanding of individual difference factors that influence pain is important in the rehabilitation setting. Pain is a complex experience sculpted by multiple biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces. Sex (i.e., the biological classification of male vs. female) and gender (i.e., one’s selfrepresentation of being male or female that is based on both sex and social considerations) recently have received increasing attention as individual difference variables that influence pain. Understanding the influence of gender is particularly relevant in the rehabilitation setting because the prevalence of disability is greater among women than men (Leveille, Penninx, Melzer, Izmirlian, & Guralnik, 2000; Leveille, Resnick, & Balfour, 2000), and disability specifically associated with pain is more frequent among women (Rethelyi, Berghammer, & Kopp, 2001). Moreover, several painrelated conditions common in rehabilitation settings show gender differences in prevalence, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (Buckwalter & Lappin, 2000; Verbrugge, 1995), and multiple sclerosis (Duquette et al., 1992), which are more common among women, and spinal cord injury (Nobunaga, Go, & Karunas, 1999), which occurs more frequently in men. The purpose of this review is to discuss the influence of gender on pain responses. First, the nature of gender differences in pain responses is presented. Then, potential mechanisms underlying these effects are reviewed, and the clinical implications for pain management are then explored.