cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic properties of cowpea mosaic virus (severe subgroup)

Summary Particles of the Puerto Rico isolate of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV-PR), which belongs in the severe subgroup, had one electrophoretic form when analysed by 2.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zone electrophoresis in sucrose gradients at pH 7.8, 7.5, and 5.5. The electrophoretic properties of CPMV-PR did not vary with time after inoculation but the virus could be converted to a slower migrating form by in vitro treatment with trypsin. The partial conversion by trypsin was accompanied by and was possibly the result of proteolytic conversion of the S protein subunit to a lower molecular mass form. Analysis of proteins of untreated CPMV-PR suggested that the S subunit of the virus could also be converted in vivo by plant proteases to a smaller form without any change in the particle net surface charge, while in vitro treatment with trypsin affected those S subunits not previously converted by plant proteases, by converting them to a form slightly larger and with a greater positive charge than the S subunit produced by action of the plant proteases. This hypothesis accounts both for the decrease in electrophoretic mobility and for the fact that the conversion was only partial.
On the constitutive modeling of transient creep in polycrystalline ice

Abstract The theoretical generality of constitutive models for the transient creep of polycrystalline ice and the ability of such models to represent knowledge derived from experimentation in a physically consistent manner are examined in this paper. The focus is on physically based but phenomenological models that employ evolving internal state variables to characterize the deformation resistance offered by the material. These include the models of Le Gac and Duval (1980) and Shyam Sunder and Wu (1989a, b). The widely used model of Sinha (1978), though not based on the theory of internal state variables, is also discussed briefly. A set of nine criteria are identified that should be used in evaluating transient-creep models for polycrystalline ice. These include the well-known correspondence between the creep and constant strain-rate responses observed experimentally by Mellor and Cole (1982, 1983) and the ability to reduce creep and constant strain-rate responses into non-dimensional forms that are independent of the loading parameters, viz., temperature and stress or strain rate, as proposed by Ashby and Duval (1985). The kinematic consistency between the response variables during transient creep, i.e., strain, strain rate and time, also emerges as an important consideration in constitutive modeling and the subsequent use of such models in a finite element framework. To satisfy this requirement, the model must accurately predict the experimentally observed relationship between all three pairs of kinematic variables (strain versus time, strain rate versus time, and strain rate versus strain) keeping the material parameters fixed. This paper finds that the formulations of Le Gac and Duval (1980) and Sinha (1978) are unable to satisfy the requirement of kinematic consistency. On the basis of the nine evaluation criteria, the formulation proposed by Shyam Sunder and Wu (1989a) emerges as the more complete creep model for polycrystalline ice. In conclusion, the paper identifies difficult problems that will benefit from future research.
Liposarcoma subtypes: identification with computed tomography and ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle biopsy

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of image-guided percutaneous needle biopsy to enable specific subtype classification of liposarcoma in patients with previously diagnosed disease and compare the yield of fine and large needle techniques for each subtype. We reviewed the medical records and pathology reports of 69 fine (20 g) needle and large (15, 16 g) needle biopsies performed in 44 patients enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating the effect of a novel therapy for advanced liposarcoma in the abdomen and pelvis. Cytopathologists and surgical pathologists identified features that enabled them to classify the tumor into one of four subtypes: well differentiated, myxoid/round cell, pleomorphic and dedifferentiated. The pre-study open surgical biopsy was used as the standard for comparison. The diagnostic yield (proportion of biopsies with correct subtype diagnosis) of percutaneous biopsy for identifying all subtypes of liposarcoma was 81% (64% for fine needles and 73% for large needles alone). There was a significant association between pathologic subtype and the probability of a correct diagnosis (P=0.05). Accurate diagnostic subset classification of liposarcoma by percutaneous biopsy is feasible, although both fine and large needles should be used. Although these data cannot be extrapolated to primary diagnosis of liposarcoma, they are important for screening and subtyping of possible recurrence.
ENGLISH L2 READING: GETTING TO THE BOTTOM. Barbara M. Birch . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002. Pp. xii + 220. $19.95 paper.

Birch's volume on how first language (L1) features such as its orthographic system, phonology, or morphology exert a significant influence on an ESL/EFL reader's performance is an invaluable contribution to the complex and complicated issue of assisting learners of other languages (particularly those from languages with different writing systems) in the process of becoming more efficient and effective readers. This book is relevant to “all ESL and EFL practitioners … teaching illiterate people to read in English or to those whose students already know how to read in their native language” and to “reading researchers, curriculum designers and material writers” including “teachers-in-training” (p. x).
Effects of calcium and glutamate receptor agonists on leaf consumption by lepidopteran neonates.

Calcium and glutamate receptor (GluR) agonists affect apple leaf consumption by neonates of the apple pest, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) Initial apple leaf consumption was advanced by the presence of trans-1-amino-(1S,3R)-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD), but not by calcium chloride or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). However, during the 3 h following hatch, CaCl2 and NMDA increased the quantity of apple leaf tissue consumed, but trans-ACPD had no such effects. Stimulatory effects of CaCl2 and NMDA on leaf consumption were abolished if codling moth larvae were concurrently exposed to calcium chelator EDTA. (RS)-α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropanoic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid had no effects either on commencement or intensity of leaf consumption. We hypothesize that in codling moth larvae, apple leaf consumption is induced via metabotropic GluR, and sustained feeding is regulated via NMDA GluRs. Practical aspects of this finding are discussed.
Knowledge of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for the use of vancomycin at a large tertiary care children's hospital.

Abstract Objective: In 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published guidelines to encourage prudent use of vancomycin. We sought to determine whether physicians could demonstrate knowledge consistent with the guidelines. Design: Survey consisting of 18 clinical vignettes based on the CDC guidelines. Participants: All residents, fellows, and attending physicians involved in pediatric inpatient services. Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital providing service to an inner-city population and community referral base. Main outcome measures: Comparison of survey scores and individual responses among respondents. Results: Survey scores did not vary with level of training or whether the respondent was a pediatrician or non-pediatrician. Average scores of attending physicians, fellows, and residents were 74.1% (SD = 13.1), 77.2% (SD = 11.5), and 73.4% (SD = 10.5), respectively, and did not differ significantly. Questions incorrectly answered by more than 30% of respondents concerned the use of vancomycin as: (1) first-line treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis, (2) a topical solution for wound infection, (3) initial, empiric treatment of patients with fever and neutropenia, (4) peri-operative prophylaxis, (5) a preferred agent over β-lactam antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: Deficits in knowledge regarding appropriate vancomycin use can be localized to certain clinical settings. This observation lends optimism to the notion that targeted educational intervention may improve the appropriate use of vancomycin. (J Pediatr 2000;137:694-700)
Vpu Directs the Degradation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Restriction Factor BST-2/Tetherin via a βTrCP-Dependent Mechanism

The primary roles attributed to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein are the degradation of the viral receptor CD4 and the enhancement of virion release. With regard to CD4 downregulation, Vpu has been shown to act as an adapter linking CD4 with the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery via interaction with the F-box protein βTrCP. To identify additional cellular βTrCP-dependent Vpu targets, we performed quantitative proteomics analyses using the plasma membrane fraction of HeLa cells expressing either wild-type Vpu or a Vpu mutant (S52N/S56N) that does not bind βTrCP. One cellular protein, BST-2 (CD317), was consistently underrepresented in the membrane proteome of cells expressing wild-type Vpu compared to the proteome of cells expressing the Vpu mutant. To verify the biological relevance of this phenotype for HIV pathogenesis, we showed that in T cells infected with HIV-1, BST-2 downregulation occurred in a Vpu-dependent manner. Recently, BST-2 has been identified as the interferon-inducible cellular factor Tetherin, which restricts HIV virion release in the absence of Vpu. We address here the unresolved mechanism of Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation. Our data show that the presence of wild-type Vpu reduced cell surface and total steady-state BST-2 levels, whereas that of the mutant Vpu had no effect. In addition, treatment of cells with the lysosome acidification inhibitor concanamycin A, but not treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, reduced BST-2 downregulation by wild-type Vpu, thereby suggesting that the presence of Vpu leads to the degradation of BST-2 via an endosome-lysosome degradation pathway. The importance of βTrCP in this process was confirmed by demonstrating that in the absence of βTrCP, BST-2 levels were restored despite the presence of Vpu. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that, in similarity to its role in CD4 degradation, Vpu acts as an adapter molecule linking BST-2 to the cellular ubiquitination machinery via βTrCP. However, in contrast to the proteasome-dependent degradation of CD4, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, Vpu appears to interact with BST-2 in the trans-Golgi network or in early endosomes, leading to lysosomal degradation of BST-2. Via this action, Vpu could counter the tethering function of BST-2, resulting in enhanced HIV-1 virion release. Interestingly, although HIV-2 does not express Vpu, an isolate known to exhibit enhanced viral egress can downregulate surface BST-2 by an as-yet-unknown mechanism that does not appear to involve degradation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of both Vpu-dependent and -independent mediated antagonism of BST-2 will be critical for therapeutic strategies that exploit this novel viral function.
Status of estrogen-androgen balance in hyperthyroid men with Graves' disease.

ABSTRACT We studied the serum concentrations of total testosterone (T), unbound T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), total estradiol-17β (E2), unbound E2, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in 15 hyperthyroid men with Graves' disease, 4 of whom had gynecomastia. The mean serum T concentration of 1895 ng per 100 ml in hyperthyroid patients was significantly higher than the mean value of 621 in normal men. It could be explained by an increase in serum concentration of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in hyperthyroidism; the mean serum unbound T, 21.9 ng per 100 ml, in hyperthyroid patients was not statistically different from the corresponding value of 17.3 in normal men. Serum DHT concentration was also elevated in hyperthyroid patients. Similarly, the mean serum E2,. 10.8 ng per 100 ml, in hyperthyroid men, was significantly greater than the corresponding mean value of 2.7 in normal men. However, it could not be explained entirely by elevation of serum SHBG in hyperthyroidism. The average unbound E2, concentration,...
Subretinal transplantation of forebrain progenitor cells in nonhuman primates: survival and intact retinal function.

Purpose Cell-based therapy rescues retinal structure and function in rodent models of retinal disease, but translation to clinic will require more information about consequences of transplantation in an eye closely resembling the human eye. Therefore we explored donor cell behavior using human cortical neural progenitor cells (hNPCctx) introduced into the subretinal space of normal rhesus macaques.
The Culture of Female Circumcision

The issue of female circumcision takes on special significance as more women migrate to the United States from countries where the practice has religious and traditional underpinnings. Female circumcision is a problem unfamiliar to most Western health care practitioners. This article describes an ethnographic study of the types of female circumcision, the reasons for and against the practice, the health implications of this practice, and cultural attitudes of circumcised women both in Western Africa and as migrant refugees living in the United States. Ethical dilemmas in dealing with this practice and implications for nurses and health care providers are discussed.
Systematics of Zoothera thrushes, and a synthesis of true thrush molecular systematic relationships

The true thrushes (Turdinae; Sibley and Monroe, 1990) are a speciose lineage of songbirds, with a near-cosmopolitan distribution. Following the systematic placement of true thrushes as a close relative of Old World flycatchers and chats (Muscicapinae) by the DNA–DNA hybridization work of Sibley and Ahlquist (1990), a number of molecular systematic studies have focused on various aspects of true thrush relationships. These studies have included phylogenetic assessments of genera membership in true thrushes, assessments of relationships among and within true thrush genera, and the recognition of ‘‘new” species (Bowie et al., 2003, 2005; Outlaw et al., 2003; Voelker and Spellman, 2004; Klicka et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2007; Voelker et al., 2007). Despite improved hypotheses of true thrush relationships, several problems remain. One problem involves several genera that are either monotypic (Hylocichla, Ridgwayia, Chlamydocaera), that contain just a few species (Cochoa, Sialia, Neocossyphus), or that appear to be distantly related to other genera (Sialia, Myadestes, Neocossyphus). While each of these genera have been phylogenetically placed within well supported true thrush subclades (Klicka et al., 2005), their sister relationships are not well supported within those clades. This issue might be attributable to a lack of dense taxon sampling across true thrush species, in previous analyses. Another problem involves the use of improper or ‘‘too distant” outgroups, which can affect resolution within single genera. For example, in a study of species relationships within the genus Catharus, Outlaw et al. (2003) used as outgroups two species each from the genera Turdus and Zoothera. It has subsequently been shown that neither was an appropriate genus to root Catharus, as both are distantly related (Klicka et al., 2005). More recently, Miller et al. (2007) used a single member of the genus Sialia to root their analyses of the genus Myadestes, despite both morphological and molecular analyses which suggested that Neocossyphus is probably a close relative, if not the sister taxon to Myadestes (Ames, 1975; Olson, 1989; Pasquet et al., 1999; Klicka et al., 2005).
Intracellular pH of halobacteria can be determined by the fluorescent dye 2', 7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein

Determination of the internal pH of halobacterial cells grown in 4M salt solution has proven to be a difficult problem. We now report the steady state cytosolic pH of Halobacterium halobium S-9 to be 7.2. Intracellular pH was determined after the cells were loaded with the membrane permeable precursor of the pH sensitive dye 2', 7'-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-acetyxymethyl ester - (BCECF/AM). In order to minimize light-scattering in the measurement of the fluorescence, a thin cuvette was newly devised. This method should be suitable for studies of the cytosolic pH in other bacteria.
Beach and dune interactions during storm conditions

Summary Recently, coastal investigators have questioned the function of barrier dunes during storm conditions. Dunes were believed to interfere with swash processes by constricting the beach profile over which the energy must be dissipated. Also, some researchers believed that dunes act as seawalls and reflect a significant portion of the incident wave energy. Either of these two possible effects would result in accelerated beach erosion. Considering the worldwide importance of coastal dunes as a protective barrier system, it was paramount to gather information by which to further examine these hypotheses. In this paper, the author reports field data collected to date during storm conditions and summarizes the pertinent laboratory investigations. Finally, a new model is conceptualized regarding the functioning of barrier dunes during storms versus flow dissipation by overwash.
Towards achieving reliable and high-performance nanocomputing via dynamic redundancy allocation

Nanoelectronic devices are considered to be the computational fabrics for the emerging nanocomputing systems due to their ultra-high speed and integration density. However, the imperfect bottom-up self-assembly fabrication leads to excessive defects that have become a barrier for achieving reliable computing. In addition, transient errors continue to be a problem. The massive parallelism rendered by nanoscale integration opens up new opportunities but also poses challenges on how to manage such massive resources for reliable and high-performance computing. In this paper, we propose a nanoarchitecture solution to address these emerging challenges. By using dynamic redundancy allocation, the massive parallelism is exploited to jointly achieve fault (defect/error) tolerance and high performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique under a range of fault rates and operating conditions.
An Fe-Berthierine From A Cretaceous Laterite: Part I. Characterization

An Fe-berthierine occurs in a buried laterite from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) in southwestern Minnesota. It formed beneath a lignitic horizon in which reducing solutions percolated through a laterite comprising gibbsite, kaolinite and goethite. Morphologic differences suggest 2 separate conditions of Fe-berthierine formation. Early forms of Fe-berthierine include radial bladed or radial blocky crystallites coating pisoids, along with alteration of kaolinite at crystal boundaries. These morphologies formed in the vadose zone. Later forms precipitated under subaqueous conditions as macroscopic, pore-filling cement. The large size of the later-formed Fe-berthierines enabled microprobe characterization. This 1st reported occurrence of Mg-free berthierine has a structural formula close to an idealized Fe-berthierine: Fe2Al2SiO5(OH)4. Apart from their chemistry, the unique feature of the Minnesota Fe-berthierines is their formation in an exclusive nonmarine depositional environment. They formed in situ as part of a lateritic weathering profile developed on a broad, low relief peneplain. Physical evidence of formation under nonmarine conditions includes the presence of 1) scattered lignitic fragments; 2) concretions forming casts and molds of woody material; and 3) a nonmarine fossil (Unio sp. undet). Chemical evidence includes siderites collected from the berthierine-bearing horizon having stable isotope values indicating freshwater formation.
Chemical composition of essential oils of seven species of Eugenia from Monteverde, Costa Rica

Abstract The leaf essential oils of seven species of Eugenia from Monteverde, Costa Rica ( Eugenia austin-smithii , Eugenia cartagensis , Eugenia haberi , Eugenia monteverdensis , Eugenia zuchowskiae , Eugenia sp. A aff. haberi , and Eugenia sp. B aff. oerstediana ) have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The seven species were compared to determine the similarities and differences among their volatile chemical compositions. The major component in each of the seven species was as follows: E. austin-smithii and E. cartagensis was trans -2-hexenal, E. haberi and E. zuchowskiae was α-pinene, E. monteverdensis was linalool, Eugenia sp. A was zingiberene, and Eugenia sp. B was 1,8-cineole. The following six components were present in all seven species: α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, δ-cadinene, trans -nerolidol, and torreyol. The complex array and differing abundances of these compounds among the Eugenia species studied suggest that they may provide useful characters in understanding the phylogenetic relationships among closely related species.
Retinal arteriolar tortuosity and artery occlusion

A 56-year-old African-American man presented with 20/30 best-corrected visual acuity bilaterally. Fundoscopic examination, fundus photographs, and fl uorescein angiography showed signifi cant bilateral tortuosity of second and third order arterioles (fi gure). Other fi ndings in the left eye included an occluded superotemporal artery with arteriosclerosis and macular pigmentary changes. The tortuosity was believed to be most consistent with familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity (fRAT), a rare autosomal dominant disorder. However, the patient stated that he had no family history of ocular disease, and the only one of eight siblings accessible for examination did not demonstrate fRAT. Is olated tortuosity of the second and third order arterioles is pathognomonic for fRAT. Although a few associated systemic vascular abnormalities have been identifi ed, fRAT is considered to be an isolated retinal fi nding. Branch retinal artery occlusion has not been reported in fRAT, and this feature may be attributed to the patient’s other risk factors of cocaine use and signifi cant hypertension.
Stroboscopic signs associated with benign lesions of the vocal folds

Summary Stroboscopic signs were systematically rated for a group of 80 patients with benign vocal fold lesions, most of whom had either a nodule or a polyp. Each group revealed a characteristic pattern of ranking of signs and exhibited differences of most predominant signs. The results of the ratings were submitted to a multiple discriminant analysis to determine if post hoc stroboscopic ratings could be used to correctly classify patients into one of four diagnostic groups and into one of two treatment groups. All patients except one were correctly classified into the diagnostic groups, and all were correctly classified into the treatment groups. The important signs for classifying patients into the diagnostic groups were roughness of the edge of the affected vocal fold, phase closure pattern, and phase symmetry. The important signs for classifying patients into the treatment groups were roughness of the edge of the affected vocal fold, glottal closure configuration, and vibration characteristics of the affected (or more affected) vocal fold. The results suggest that objective evaluation of stroboscopic examinations can be valuable in correctly diagnosing patients and in selecting the proper treatment regimen for the patient.
Effects of exocrine pancreatic secretions on hyperthermic injury of rat small intestine

The influence of the exocrine pancreatic secretions on development of small intestinal injury following localized hyperthermia was studied. In male Holtzman rats the excretory pancreatic ducts were occluded with metal hemostatic clips. An intraperitoneal injection of [3H]thymidine was given 3 weeks later. Three or 48 h after the injection a 10 cm segment of small intestine was exteriorized through a midline abdominal incision and heated at 380°C., 42–5°C., or 43–5°C for 45 min. Intestinal damage was assessed 24 h after hyperthermia. The following four endpoints were used: histopathological injury score, the number of villi per intestinal circumference, the number of labelled epithelial cells in fixed areas of autoradiographic specimens, and incorporation of [3H]thymidine as determined by liquid scintillation counting. The correlation of results among the four methods of assessment was highly significant. The autoradiography data showed better correlation with both morphological parameters than the results...
Institutional policies and migration behavior: A selective review

Abstract It appears that human history is a history of tug-of-war between institutional policies to mold people's behavior to achieve certain economic and political goals and individuals' attempts to free themselves from institutional constraints. One area in which such conflicting tendencies between institutional goals and individual needs and desires is most apparent is migration. The present article provides a selective review of how socioeconomic development-related institutional policies influence people's migration behavior, both in sociohistorical and contemporary contexts. The article traces in general terms the evolution of various development policies and their differential impacts on migration behavior. Urban-industrial development policies have induced — though often not intentionally — rural-to-urban migration. Because of growing unemployment and pressure on public services, such migration has been lately viewed as a demographic-development problem. To counter this problem, Third World governments have adopted regional development, land resettlement, and rural development policies, with the underlying objective of controlling cityward migration. The results have been disappointing as the volume of cityward migration remains high. This clearly suggests that institutional objectives are not in alignment with individual needs and aspirations.
Mst3b, an Ste20-like kinase, regulates axon regeneration in mature CNS and PNS pathways

Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase-3b (Mst3b, encoded by Stk24), regulates axon outgrowth in embryonic cortical neurons in culture, but its role in vivo and in neural repair is unknown. Here we show that Mst3b mediates the axon-promoting effects of trophic factors in mature rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and is essential for axon regeneration in vivo. Reducing Mst3b levels using short hairpin RNA prevented RGCs and DRG neurons from regenerating axons in response to growth factors in culture, as did expression of a kinase-dead Mst3b mutant. Conversely, expression of constitutively active Mst3b enabled both types of neurons to extend axons without growth factors. In vivo, RGCs lacking Mst3b failed to regenerate injured axons when stimulated by intraocular inflammation. DRG neurons regenerating axons in vivo showed elevated Mst3b activity, and reducing Mst3b expression attenuated regeneration and p42/44 MAPK activation. Thus, Mst3b regulates axon regeneration in both CNS and PNS neurons.
A permutation test for periodicities in short, noisy time series

We developed a distribution-free, nonparametric statistical test (the permutation-rank test) for verifying the exiscence of significant peaks in power spectral ordinates calculated on noisy, short, time series. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of the test in the case of periodic series generated by the in numero perturbation of the amplitude of a cosine wave of known, single, constant frequency. The test was able to detect the underlying oscillation when it was amplitude-corrupted by noise generated by a standard uniform distribution, with a noise-to-signal ratio of 1 or less.
Anionic sites of human erythrocyte membranes. II. Antispectrin-induced transmembrane aggregation of the binding sites for positively charged colloidal particles.

The effects of affinity-purified antispectrin γ-globulins on the topographic distribution of anionic residues on human erythrocytes membranes was investigated using collo ida iron hydroxide labeling of mounted, fixed, ghost membranes. Antispectrin γ-globulins were sequestered inside ghosts by hemolysis and the ghosts were incubated for 30 min at 37°C and then fixed with glutaraldehyde. The topographic distribution of colloidal iron hydroxide clusters on ghosts incubated with low ( 5–10 mg/ml concentrations of sequestered antispectrin was dispersed, but the distribution at intermediate concentrations (0.1–5 mg/ml) was highly aggregated. The aggregation of colloidal iron hydroxide binding sites was time and temperature dependent and required the sequestering of cross-linking antibodies (antispectrin Fab could not substitute for γ-globulin antibodies) inside the ghosts. Prior glutaraldehyde fixation or fixation at the time of hemolysis in antispectrin solutions prevented the antispectrin-induced colloidal iron site aggregation. The antispectrin reacted exclusively at the inner ghost membrane surface and the colloidal iron hydroxide bound to N-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the outer membrane surface which are overwhelming on the sialoglycoprotein glycophorin. These results were interpreted as evidence for a structural transmembrane linkage between the inner surface peripheral protein spectrin and the integral membrane component glycophorin.
The salience of racial identity among African-American and white students

Abstract This study examines the salience of racial identity among white and black students at four American universities. Utilizing the Twenty Statements Test [Kuhn, M. H., & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19 , 68–76], we measure racial identity salience among students at three predominantly white northeastern universities and one historically black southern university. As predicted, we found that racial identity salience for white students at the predominantly white universities (PWUs) was significantly lower than racial identity salience among black students in these university settings. Contrary to our expectations, racial identity salience among white students at the historically black university (HBCU) was lower than racial identity salience exhibited among black students at this university, and white students at the HBCU were not more likely to exhibit racial identity saliency than white students at the PWUs. These findings indicate that the “transparency phenomenon,” transcends context in that whites are generally far less likely to think of themselves in racial terms than are people of color. Thus, racial transparency among whites appears to supercede context. Racial salience is much higher among African-American students at the PWUs than at the HBCU; this finding suggests the importance of context for African-Americans. However, fully one-third of African-American students at the HBCU listed race on the TST, suggesting the transcendent power of a racialized identity in a dominantly white society.
On the Relationship between Annotated Logic Programs and Nonmonotonic Formalisms

Abstract In the past we developed a semantics for a restricted annotated logic language for inheritance reasoning. Here we generalize it to annotated Horn logic programs. We first provide a formal account of the language, describe its semantics, and provide an interpreter written in Prolog for it. We then investigate its relationship to Belnap's 4-valued logic, Gelfond and Lifschitz's semantics for logic programs with negation, Brewka's prioritized default logics and other annotated logics due to Kifer et al.
Magnetic quantization and the upper critical field of superconductors.

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the effect of orbital quantization on the upper critical field of superconductors, given the possibility of reentrant behavior at high fields. In this paper, the Gor'kov equations are solved numerically in the limit where only a few Landau levels are involved, including the effects of impurities and a nonzero g factor, for a set of parameters appropriate to a low-carrier-density superconductor. It is shown that these effects conspire to make the experimental observation of this effect possible, but unlikely.
Moments of the End-to-End Vector of a Chain Molecule, Its Persistence and Distribution.

Abstract The persistence vector a is defined as the configurational average of the chain vector r connecting the ends of the molecule and expressed in a reference frame fixed with respect to the first two skeletal bonds. Moments of second and higher orders in the components of r may readily be calculated for real chains in the rotational isomeric state approximation, and from them the corresponding moments of the vector ρ = r - a measured from the terminus of a. Development of the density distribution of ρ about a is proposed as an alternative to the customary treatment of the density distribution of r about r = 0 on the assumption that this latter distribution should be (approximately) symmetric. Past difficulties in the analysis of cyclization equilibria involving rings of moderate size, such as occur in single strands of polynucleotide chains, conceivably may be overcome by adoption of this alternative.
Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Study Dielectric Properties of Liquids

The signal response of an EPR active species is attenuated by the medium it is in. Keeping all other parameters the same, the higher the dielectric constant of the medium, the lower the EPR signal response. This behavior is problematic in studying EPR active species in high dielectric media but can be capitalized upon to monitor changes in the dielectric constant or estimate the dielectric constant of the medium. Using a coaxial EPR cell design, the EPR signal of a stable nitroxyl radical compound (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl radical) in a low dielectric constant solvent in an inner tube is attenuated by the solvent present between the inner and outer tubes (jacket medium). The attenuation increases monotonically with an increase in the dielectric constant of the jacket medium. Calibration curves can be constructed using jacket media of known dielectric constants ranging from 2 to 80 and the dielectric constant of a sample used as the jacket medium can be estimated by interpolation. This technique is applied to estimate the dielectric constants and/or composition of mixed solvents and to monitor the rate of a reaction.
Characterization of viral polyproteins in cells transformed and producing Moloney murine sarcoma virus-124.

Abstract The viral proteins of Moloney murine sarcoma virus-transformed mouse cells (G8–124), that overproduce the sarcoma virus relative to helper leukemia virus, were examined by immunoprecipitation, sizing by gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping. Using antisera to the viral core proteins, a p10-deficient core polyprotein of 63 000 daltons (P63 gag ) was detected which was found to be a product of the MuSV-124 genome. Helper virus proteins Pr67 gag , gPr85 gag , Pr200 gag-pol , and gPr83 env were also detected and characterized. An unusual helper virus precursor polyprotein of 93 000 daltons was also detected and characterized. It was labeled with [ 3 H]fucose, suggesting that it was an intermediate precursor containing gp70 on which further modification of the core oligosaccharide had occurred relative to gPr83 env . The usual viral proteins were also found in sarcoma virus particles and they were undistinguishable in size from those of Moloney murine leukemia virus (cl-1 strain). These experiments together with pulse-labeling experiments performed in the presence of the arginine analog canavanine, which prevents proteolytic cleavage, suggest that the product derived from the Mo-MuSV-specific sequences must be expressed as a separate gene product since we were unable to detect in transformed cells a polyprotein containing both viral (e.g., ‘ gag ’, ‘ pol ’ or ‘ env ’) and non-viral components. Cell-free protein synthesis studies performed with Mo-MuSV-124 genomic RNA have confirmed this interpretation and have identified three size classes of polypeptides as translation products of the sarcoma virus genome. They are P63 gag , P42-P38 and P23. Intracellular p63 gag and cell-free synthesized P63 gag appear to have identical sizes, antigenic determinants and tryptic peptides. The P42-P38 proteins contain core protein determinants. P23 is not related to the products of the replication genes of MuLV. Thus, P23 is a candidate for the ‘ src ’ gene product of Mo-MuSV-124.
Singlet oxygen molecules and carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons

Consideration of the possible role of singlet excited oxygen molecules in cell processes offers a promising clue to the point of divergence in the metabolism of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. This hypothesis is supported by quantum-mechanical calculations providing insight into the correlation obtained by Pullman and Pullman between carcinogenic activity and the indices of activity for K and L regions. The method employed is sufficiently general to be used with other classes of chemical compounds, some of whose members show carcinogenic activity.
Fragmentation, Coherence and Synergy in International Law

International law has grown in volume in recent years, and changes in global society are likely to increase the need for international law. It is easy to observe increasing overlap among different ...
Optimal server allocation in closed finite queueing networks

Many topological network design problems in manufacturing and service systems can be modelled with closed queueing networks, finite buffers, and multiple-servers. Because of their integrality, it is difficult to predict the performance of these problems, let alone optimize their parameters. This paper presents a new queue decomposition approach for the modelling of these finite buffer closed queueing networks with multiple servers along with an integrated approach to the optimization of the allocation of the servers in the network topology. The performance and optimization algorithms are described and a number of experiments for series, merge, and split topologies together with the integration of material handling and layout systems are carried out.
Clinical and laboratory investigations of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract Based upon an anecdotal report of successful resuscitation using a toilet plunger, Cohen and co-workers have developed and investigated a hand-held suction cup as an adjunct to standard manual CPR. This new method, called active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation, utilizes a device which is placed over the mid sternum, approximately 1–2 inches above the lower rib cage border. Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation is then performed in accordance with American Heart Association guidelines at a rate equal to 80–100/min using a 50% duty cycle and compression depth of 1.5-2.0 inches. Initital studies using the ACD device in both models and human subjects late after cardiac arrest have demonstrated improved cardiopulmonary hemodynamics when compared to standard manual CPR: Transophageal echocardiographic studies in human subjects have shown increased left ventricular filling during active decompression suggesting that active chest decompression improves venous return to the heart thus increasing left ventricular volume and stroke volume. Improved resuscitation success has also been documented in human subjects after in-hospital and pre-hospital cardiac arrest. Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a simple method which utilizes a hand held suction cup as an interface between rescuer and victim during closed chest circulatory support. This method allows for standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the addition of active chest wall decompression and appears to be a beneficial adjunct to standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Forecasting ridership for a metropolitan transit authority

The recent volatility in gasoline prices and the economic downturn have made the management of public transportation systems particularly challenging. Accurate forecasts of ridership are necessary for the planning and operation of transit services. In this paper, monthly ridership of the Metropolitan Tulsa Transit Authority is analyzed to identify the relevant factors that influence transit use. Alternative forecasting models are also developed and evaluated based on these factors—using regression analysis (with autoregressive error correction), neural networks, and ARIMA models—to predict transit ridership. It is found that a simple combination of these forecasting methodologies yields greater forecast accuracy than the individual models separately. Finally, a scenario analysis is conducted to assess the impact of transit policies on long-term ridership.
Herpes Simplex Virus Vector–Mediated Expression of Interleukin-10 Reduces Below-Level Central Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury:

Background. Neuroimmune activation in the spinal dorsal horn plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the role of neuroimmune activation in below-level neuropathic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods. Right hemilateral SCI was created in male Sprague–Dawley rats by controlled blunt impact through a T12 laminectomy. Pain-related behaviors were assessed using both evoked reflex responses and an operant conflict-avoidance test. Neuroimmune activation was blocked by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) delivered by a nonreplicating herpes simplex virus (HSV)–based gene transfer vector (vIL10). Markers of neuroimmune activation were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results. One week after SCI, injured animals demonstrated mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind limbs below the level of injury. Animals inoculated wi...
Pathologic and molecular profiling of rapid-onset fibrosis and inflammation induced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are new materials with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. However, their nano-scaled size and fiber-like shape render them respirable and potentially fibrogenic if inhaled into the lungs. To understand MWCNT fibrogenesis, we analyzed the pathologic and molecular aspects of the early phase response to MWCNT in mouse lungs. MWCNT induced rapid and pronounced lesions in the lungs characterized by increased cellularity and formation of fibrotic foci, most notably near where MWCNT deposited, within 14 days post-exposure. Deposition of collagen fibers was markedly increased in the alveolar septa and fibrotic foci, accompanied by elevated expression of fibrotic genes Col1a1, Col1a2, and Fn1 at both mRNA and protein levels. Fibrosis was induced rapidly at 40 μg, wherein fibrotic changes were detected on day 1 and reached a maximal intensity on day 7 through day 14. Induction of fibrosis was dose-dependent at the dose range of 5–40 μg, 7 days post-exposure. MWCNT elicited rapid and prominent infiltrations of neutrophils and macrophages alongside fibrosis implicating acute inflammation in the fibrotic response. At the molecular level, MWCNT induced elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, IL6, and CCL2 in lung tissues as well as the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MWCNT also increased the expression of fibrogenic growth factors TGF-β1 and PDGF-A in the lungs significantly. These findings underscore the interplay between acute inflammation and the early fibrotic response in the initiation and propagation of pulmonary fibrosis induced by MWCNT.
UNC-41/stonin functions with AP2 to recycle synaptic vesicles in Caenorhabditis elegans

The recycling of synaptic vesicles requires the recovery of vesicle proteins and membrane. Members of the stonin protein family (Drosophila Stoned B, mammalian stonin 2) have been shown to link the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin to the endocytic machinery. Here we characterize the unc-41 gene, which encodes the stonin ortholog in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Transgenic expression of Drosophila stonedB rescues unc-41 mutant phenotypes, demonstrating that UNC-41 is a bona fide member of the stonin family. In unc-41 mutants, synaptotagmin is present in axons, but is mislocalized and diffuse. In contrast, UNC-41 is localized normally in synaptotagmin mutants, demonstrating a unidirectional relationship for localization. The phenotype of snt-1 unc-41 double mutants is stronger than snt-1 mutants, suggesting that UNC-41 may have additional, synaptotagmin-independent functions. We also show that unc-41 mutants have defects in synaptic vesicle membrane endocytosis, including a ∼50% reduction of vesicles in both acetylcholine and GABA motor neurons. These endocytic defects are similar to those observed in apm-2 mutants, which lack the µ2 subunit of the AP2 adaptor complex. However, no further reduction in synaptic vesicles was observed in unc-41 apm-2 double mutants, suggesting that UNC-41 acts in the same endocytic pathway as µ2 adaptin.
EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE YOUNG BOVINE

Abstract Eight male and 8 female calves were fed various diets for 24 weeks, starting at 4 days of age. Addition of cholesterol to a diet composed principally of whole milk and fed by nipple caused a marked increase in plasma cholesterol; similar supplementation of a relatively low-fat diet composed primarily of grain had no appreciable effect. Cholesterol storage in the liver was higher in calves fed milk and cholesterol than in those fed grain and cholesterol. Gross aortic sudanophilia was extensive in calves fed milk and cholesterol, less in those fed milk with no supplemental cholesterol and virtually absent in those fed a limited-milk and grain diet either with or without cholesterol. Aortic lipid was confined to the intima, and cholesterol was coextensive with the lipid. Vascular alterations (calcium deposition, intimal thickening, disruption and duplication of the internal elastic membrane, and alteration of cell types) were observed in aortas from calves in all treatment groups. These changes were more extensive in calves fed milk and cholesterol, but they occurred even in calves fed a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet.
The Proof of the Planning Is in the Platting: An Evaluation of Florida's Hurricane Exposure Mitigation Planning Mandate

Problem: Florida's 1985 Growth Management Act required the state's coastal communities to include policies for two types of hurricane hazard zones in their comprehensive plans: to direct populations away from coastal high hazard areas (CHHAs) and to maintain evacuation times within larger hurricane vulnerability zones (HVZs). State law requires local governments to initiate measures to implement these policies within one year of state approval of the local plan. Have communities complied with these state mandates? Purpose: This research aims to determine the extent to which post-plan residential development intensities within hurricane hazard zones conform to the state's policy mandate and the degree to which success in this regard can be explained by the quality of local plan maps and policies. Methods: We conducted graphical analysis of development trends, and undertook quasi-experimental analysis of pre- and post-plan residential development inside and outside CHHAs, as well as analyzing correlations b...