cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HETEROZYGOSITY AND DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY UNDER SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL BREEDING SYSTEMS.

An important adaptive attribute of an organism is its ability to withstand the random developmental accidents encountered during its growth and reproduction. Lerner (1954) ascribed this developmental homeostasis "to the self-regulatory mechanisms of the organism which permit it to stabilize itself in fluctuating inner and outer environments." From his review of experimental and agricultural genetic studies, it was clear that hereditary variation endows some individuals with better buffering against developmental accidents than it does others. Lerner (1954) argued that overall developmental homeostasis depends largely upon heterozygosity. Thus, the increased homozygosity associated with systematic inbreeding or intense artificial selection may often result in an increased frequency of phenodeviants, whereas developmental stability would be restored upon outcrossing. Whether this inbreeding depression is due to a decreased frequency of generally superior heterozygous gene combinations (the overdominance theory), or to an increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles (the dominance theory), or to both, is far from resolved (Wright, 1977). More recently, as a result of biochemical genetic studies, similar relationships have been reported for natural populations. Soule (1979) found a weak but positive correlation between heterozygosity and developmental stability of bilateral characters in island populations of sideblotched lizards (Uta stansburiana). Relationships between heterozygosity and re-
Growth Kinetics and Wall Stress Effects in Sublimation Growth of AlN Bulk Crystals

In the sublimation crystal growth process, source materials sublime at a higher temperature, and the resulting vapor transports to the seed crystal at a lower temperature where surface reaction and crystallization takes place. We have developed a two-dimensional numerical model to simulate the thermal and fluid fields in an AlN bulk growth system. A growth model that incorporates thermodynamic analyses, Stefan flow or diffusion transport, and growth kinetics has been developed to predict the growth rate of AlN bulk crystal. In addition, a thermomechanical stress model has also been developed to predict the thermal stress evolution in an AlN crystal.© 2003 ASME
Linking Citizenship Behaviors to Objective Task Performance: A Multilevel Investigation in Teams

This study examines the mediating mechanisms that link team members’ individual-targeted citizenship behavior (OCBI) and organization-targeted citizenship behavior (OCBO) to their objective task performance, as well as the moderating effects of team cohesiveness on these relationships. Using a sample of 587 members in 83 work teams, we collected data in three stages using three different sources over a span of six months. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that in comparison with OCBO, OCBI was more positively related to job self-efficacy, which was directly related to employee objective task performance. Team cohesiveness attenuated the relationship between OCBI and job self-efficacy but accentuated the relationship between OCBO and job self-efficacy. In addition, team cohesiveness was found to moderate the mediating effects of job self-efficacy on the relationships of OCBI and OCBO to objective task performance, respectively. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings ...
An Avian Semen Collector

Abstract VARIOUS methods of collecting semen from male domestic fowels have been described. Burrows and Quinn (1937) have reviewed the most important of these methods and also described their abdominal massage method of ejaculation. During the course of some studies of fowl semen at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, it was desired to collect semen from males in the breeding pens under as near natural conditions as possible. To facilitate this the semen collector shown in Figure 1 was devised. The collector is made by cutting off the base of a 125 c.c. Pyrex Erlenmeyer flask. The cup thus formed should be about 2.5 cm. in depth. A piece of no. 18 or 20 copper or steel wire is then place around the glass cup and held in place by adhesive tape (Fig 1-B). The frame (Fig 1-C) is constructed of no. 14 bronze spring wire and across the top is . . .
Abstract IA18: Children, adolescents, and young adult ALL: Translating novel discoveries into therapeutic opportunities

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a genetically complex disease that remains a major cause of childhood cancer-related mortality. Some subsets of ALL can be successfully treated with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy while others remain at high risk of relapse. Specifically, adolescents and young adults have higher relapse rates than younger children and also experience increased toxicity with cytotoxics. Major advances in genomic profiling through the application of next generation sequencing technologies in these high risk patients have uncovered recurrent mutations in key pathways that may be targeted with the addition of signal transduction inhibitors to chemotherapy. Such therapeutic approaches will mandate genetically precise risk stratification of patients. The Children9s Oncology Group (COG) is poised to act in real time to identify these high risk subsets and will be introducing relevant signal transduction inhibitors in clinical trials shortly. Relapsed ALL remains a significant therapeutic challenge additional genomic analyses have shed light on new events that occur at relapse, but these may be difficult to individually target. Indeed, immunotherapeutic approaches are being harnessed to focus on eradicating the malignant B-cell without regard to genetic lesions, which may be useful in relapsed ALL. This discussion will review genomic data generated through large scale collaborations with the COG ALL committee and also present an overview of the clinical trials that will capitalize on these recent discoveries. Citation Format: Mignon L. Loh. Children, adolescents, and young adult ALL: Translating novel discoveries into therapeutic opportunities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18.
Morphologic studies of the ruptured amnion.

An operative technique of experimental rupture of the fetal membranes in the guinea pig was devised to permit continuation of the pregnancy and subsequent histologic examination for evidence of regeneration. The definitive amnion after premature rupture may regenerate morphologically normal tissue. Although the origin and disposition of the fetal membranes differ among mammalian species, comparative histologic and electron microscopic studies indicate basic structural characteristics common to all mammalian amnions. Earlier concepts of the fate of the ruptured human amnion are reviewed. Direct application to man of these experimental findings may not be valid, but comparative anatomical evidence suggests that one explanation for cessation of leakage and continuation of pregnancy following premature rupture of the human membranes may be healing of the defect by regenerated amnion.
Social Movements, Organizations, and Fields: a Decade of Theoretical Integration

As Andrew Abbott (1992: 754) once argued in these pages, “organization theory always seems like a picturesque Kuhnian subfield. Paradigms come and go. Controversy abounds. People argue about ‘garbage cans’ and ‘populations of generalists’”. This interdisciplinary yet highly paradigm-driven body of scholarship was once dominated by attention to (boundedly rational) decision-making, efficiency, and tight coupling between organizational goals and procedures. It witnessed an almost revolutionary transformation during the Carter and Reagan administrations into a set of sometimes-competing, sometimes-orthogonal theoretical approaches, all of which emphasized environmental influences on the organization as a relatively open system. Loose coupling of elements came to be assumed, instrumental rationality was either pushed aside by analysts’ scope conditions or framed as highly contingent upon context, and inter-organizational relationships became a central empirical focus.
Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells.

Although the essentiality of zinc for plants and animals has been known for many decades, the essentiality of zinc for humans was recognized only 40 years ago in the Middle East. The zinc-deficient patients had severe immune dysfunctions, inasmuch as they died of intercurrent infections by the time they were 25 years of age. In our studies in an experimental human model of zinc deficiency, we documented decreased serum testosterone level, oligospermia, severe immune dysfunctions mainly affecting T helper cells, hyperammonemia, neurosensory disorders, and decreased lean body mass. It appears that zinc deficiency is prevalent in the developing world and as many as two billion subjects may be growth retarded due to zinc deficiency. Besides growth retardation and immune dysfunctions, cognitive impairment due to zinc deficiency also has been reported recently. Our studies in the cell culture models showed that the activation of many zinc-dependent enzymes and transcription factors were adversely affected due to zinc deficiency. In HUT-78 (T helper 0 (Th0) cell line), we showed that a decrease in gene expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) were due to decreased activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in zinc deficient cells. Decreased NF-κB activation in HUT-78 due to zinc deficiency was due to decreased binding of NF-κB to DNA, decreased level of NF-κB p105 (the precursor of NF-κB p50) mRNA, decreased κB inhibitory protein (IκB) phosphorylation, and decreased Iκκ. These effects of zinc were cell specific. Zinc also is an antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory actions. The therapeutic roles of zinc in acute infantile diarrhea, acrodermatitis enteropathica, prevention of blindness in patients with age-related macular degeneration, and treatment of common cold with zinc have been reported. In HL-60 cells (promyelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc enhances the up-regulation of A20 mRNA, which, via TRAF pathway, decreases NF-κB activation, leading to decreased gene expression and generation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-8. We have reported recently that in both young adults and elderly subjects, zinc supplementation decreased oxidative stress markers and generation of inflammatory cytokines.
Ruptures of the Rotator Cuff

SUMMARY Tears of the rotator cuff are a common entity. These tears frequently require surgical decompression and reconstruction. A number of options are available, depending on the quality of the tissues and one's ability to close the tear directly. Fortunately, in almost all cases direct closure of the cuff is possible after decompression. Early postoperative passive motion is useful in hastening recovery. Resistive exercises should be avoided early in the rehabilitation period.
Quantitative Ultrasound Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Men

Publisher Summary Osteoporosis in men is under-diagnosed. A technique that is inexpensive, radiation-free and portable is attractive for identifying men at risk for fracture. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel is thus very appealing for increasing osteoporosis diagnosis in men. However, there are considerable technical differences among the various devices and measurements thus cannot be compared. QUS predicts fracture about as well as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but osteoporosis therapy cannot be monitored by QUS. In addition, all studies of osteoporosis treatment in men have used DXA to define the men to be treated. Thus, there are no treatment studies of men identified for increased fracture risk solely by QUS. QUS, especially when used in the MOST calculation, an index derived from weight plus QUS data (which adds the influence of low body weight on osteoporosis risk), can be used to determine which men should have DXA. There are conflicting data on whether QUS should be used alone or with risk factors (such as age and weight) or whether age and weight by themselves might determine which men should have DXA. In conclusion, although QUS has the potential as a tool for osteoporosis management in men, its definitive role remains to be defined.
Robber flies of Utah (Diptera: Asilidae)

Reported are 158 species of Asilidae (Diptera) in 50 genera from Utah. Keys to subfamilies, genera, and species are given, along with information on seasonal and distributional occurrence in Utah. Seventy-six maps and 56 line drawings show the Utah distribution of each species and illustrate important characters used in the keys. A table summarizes the current status of names used in earlier state lists.
Los meandros del Río Segura en el tramo de Rincón de Beniscornia (Huerta de Murcia). Oportunidades en un contexto de cambio climático

Garcia Cano, A. J. 2016. Segura River meanders in the section of Rincon de Beniscornia (Huerta de Murcia). Opportunities in the context of climate change. Ecosistemas 25(3):98-104. Doi.: 10.7818/ECOS.2016.25-3.11 In the stretch of the River Segura between the Contraparada Dam and the city of Murcia there is an area where fluvial dynamic created pronounced meanders and fertile river groves that have made the land suitable for irrigated agriculture. However, channeling works promoted by the Flood Control Plan in the Segura Basin (1987) generated more than four kilometres of removed meanders and increased lack of connection between groves and stream. This article aims to identify opportunities in this place that could be part of an effective strategy against the consequences of Climate Change in the Region of Murcia. Regarding methodology, basically it was done through literature review about fluvial history of the area, properties of traditional Mediterranean irrigation systems and the effects of climate change in the Region of Murcia. Likewise, a cartographic study covering the period 1809-2013 was made in order to understand the meandering river movement and the disturbances generated by human activity. Results show that the study area where traditional orchards, river and irrigation system are combined presents many opportunities like the opening of the former meanders to the current river to embrace possible floods or the potential ability to generate biodiversity. Results encourage to consider these combined landscapes as strategic locations to contribute to restoration projects and to mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change.
Late Holocene Occupational Cycles at Toyon Bay, Santa Catalina Island, Alta California

AbstractExcavated nearly five decades ago, the Toyon Bay site (CA-SCAI-564) on Catalina Island remained undocumented until recently (Radde 2015). Now, working with a retained column sample that yielded more than 12,600 vertebrate specimens weighing more than 2,435 g and more than 4,220 g of shellfish remains, we present a comprehensive archaeofaunal analysis that reveals a cyclic progression of three distinct Late Holocene occupational phases supported by use of diverse fish species and a single shellfish taxon, Megastraea (formerly Lithopoma) undosa (wavy top turban snail). Each occupational phase repeats a pattern of escalating use of fish and the wavy top snail over time, followed by abrupt declines in the use of these resources, signaling the onset of short-term inter-occupational hiatuses. Why each occupational phase declined is not known, nor can the nature of the inter-occupational hiatuses be discerned. However, while the overall pattern of subsistence procurement is the same in each phase, propor...
Determining Librarian Research Preferences: A Comparison Survey of Web-Scale Discovery Systems and Subject Databases

Abstract The success or failure of any tool, service or system used in a library is predicated on the audience it finds. While web-scale discovery systems have developed widespread adoption in academic libraries, there is a sense from librarians that they continue to be in search of their true audience. Librarians play a key role in the utilization of web-scale discovery systems, and their experiences as an end user of these systems may influence their attitudes in many ways. The survey discussed in this article looks at the attitudes librarians have toward web-scale discovery systems when using them for their personal research, including feature preferences and inquiries into opinions regarding strengths and weaknesses of the system. The results of this survey provide some insights into why some librarians struggle with the idea using of web-scale discovery systems by themselves and by the patrons with which they work.
Syrian National Museums: Regional Politics and the Imagined Community

Syria became a sovereign nation in 1946 after a long period of colonization by the Ottoman Empire and France. Europe carved up the former Ottoman Empire by imposing new and relatively arbitrary national borders (through the Sykes–Picot agreement crafted by France) that largely ignored the region’s myriad ethnic groups and complex political landscape. This had a lasting legacy. Modern Syria encompasses members of diverse political, ethnic, and religious affiliations who share common ground, but not the same cultural background.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus: enhanced prognostic prediction using a simple risk score.

Objectives We sought to determine the prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) for predicting long-term outcomes in a large cohort with diabetes mellitus and to develop a simple risk score using clinical and echocardiographic data. Background Neither risk scores nor long-term prognostic value of DSE has been described in a large diabetic population. Methods We studied 2,349 patients with diabetes mellitus (1,338 men, 67 ± 11 years of age) during a follow-up of 5.4 ± 2.2 years. Results Mortality and morbidity (myocardial infarction and late coronary revascularization) occurred in 1,044 (44%) and 309 (13%) patients, respectively. Addition of stress echocardiographic variables to the clinical and rest echocardiographic model provided incremental prognostic information for predicting mortality (chi-square = 243 to 270, p Conclusions In patients with diabetes mellitus, a simple and practical risk score using clinical variables and results of DSE stratified patients into three risk groups for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity.
Research Design and Sample Selection in Studies of Growth and Development

The study of human growth and development is an integral part of the scientific study of human biological structure, function and diversity. Consequently, the research upon which our knowledge is based must be firmly established in the methodology of science and must reflect that set of attitudes and approaches which has come to be known as the scientific method. Just as with any research, the success or failure of a growth study depends ultimately upon the quality of the research design. As used here, research design involves all steps which lead from the formulation of an initial question, through the development of a series of procedures which will provide an appropriate data base and the analysis of that base, to the interpretation of the analysis and the extension of the interpretation from the immediate to the general. Each step is crucial and none can be ignored or treated lightly. Good research requires detailed planning, careful consideration of alternatives, and strict attention to the rules of both logic and objectivity.
The distribution and severity of tremor in speech structures of persons with vocal tremor

Summary Background Vocal tremor may be associated with cyclic oscillations in the pulmonary, laryngeal, velopharyngeal, or oral regions. Objectives This study aimed to correlate the overall severity of vocal tremor with the distribution and severity of tremor in structures involved. Methods Endoscopic and clinical examinations were completed on 20 adults with vocal tremor and two age-matched controls during sustained phonation. Two judges rated the severity of vocal tremor and the severity of tremor affecting each of 13 structures. Results Participants with mild vocal tremor typically presented with tremor in three laryngeal structures, moderate vocal tremor in five structures (laryngeal and another region), and severe vocal tremor in eight structures affecting all regions. The severity of tremor was lowest (mean = 1.2 out of 3) in persons with mild vocal tremor and greater in persons with moderate (mean = 1.5) and severe vocal tremor (mean = 1.4). Laryngeal structures were most frequently (95%) and severely (1.7 out of 3) affected, followed by velopharynx (40% occurrence, 1.3 severity), pulmonary (40% occurrence, 1.1 severity), and oral (40% occurrence, 1.0 severity) regions. Regression analyses indicated tremor severity of the supraglottic structures, and vertical laryngeal movement contributed most to vocal tremor severity during sustained phonation (r = 0.77, F = 16.17, P vocal tremor during sustained phonation. Conclusion It is useful to obtain a wide endoscopic view of the larynx to visualize tremor, which is rarely isolated to the true vocal folds alone.
Response To Scheffler

Professor Scheffler urges me to abandon ‘misleading terminology’ and rejoin the ranks of the fallibilists. I appreciate his good intentions but must insist that I have lost the faith.
Imaging radiation damage in nanoparticles for radiation therapies (Conference Presentation)

Nanomaterials have shown promise for a variety of medical applications due to their unique properties and form factors compared to their bulk counterparts. Several novel medical technologies leveraging these properties are in various stages of development for applications including drug delivery, anti-microbial, diagnostic, or therapy technologies. A subset of these technologies, namely radiation therapy applications, require the nanoparticles to retain their structure and properties in radiation environments. It has been demonstrated that nanoparticle irradiation response can vary greatly from bulk materials response, as damage effects become dominated by sputtering and surface effects. As such, the stability, or rather the resistance of these materials towards radiation-induced degradation needs to be well understood to gauge the efficacy of candidate nanoparticles for these applications. This presentation details ongoing efforts at the In-situ Ion Irradiation Transmission Electron Microscopy (I3TEM) facility at Sandia National Laboratories to study and characterize the structural evolution of nanoparticles utilizing both in-situ and ex-situ ion beam irradiation techniques. Materials systems of interest include CeO2 nanoparticles, used for protecting healthy cells from radiation damage, and Au and HfO2 nanoparticles, used to increase local dose from proton therapies. Observed nanoparticle responses were varied and included stability, coalescence, ablation, cratering, sputtering, and swelling, depending on particle species, morphology, and irradiation condition. This diversity in nanoparticle irradiation response demonstrates the need for additional systematic study to determine the ultimate usefulness of various nanoparticle species for radiation therapy applications.
Sowing the "CEED"s of a more diverse biomedical workforce: The Career Education and Enhancement for Health Care Research Diversity (CEED) program at the University of Pittsburgh.

Purpose The need to diversify the biomedical research workforce is well documented. The importance of fostering the careers of fledgling underrepresented background (URB) biomedical researchers is evident in light of the national and local scarcity of URB scientists in biomedical research. The Career Education and Enhancement for Health Care Research Diversity (CEED) program at the University of Pittsburgh Institute for Clinical Research Education (ICRE) was designed to promote career success and help seal the "leaky pipeline" for URB researchers. In this study, we aimed to quantify CEED's effect on several key outcomes by comparing CEED Scholars to a matched set of URB ICRE trainees not enrolled in CEED using data collected over 10 years. Method We collected survey data on CEED Scholars from 2007 to 2017 and created a matched set of URB trainees not enrolled in CEED using propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio. Poisson regression was used to compare the rate of publications between CEED and non-CEED URB trainees after adjusting for baseline number of publications. Results CEED has 45 graduates. Seventy-six percent are women, 78% are non-White, and 33% are Hispanic/Latino. Twenty-four CEED Scholars were matched to non-CEED URB trainees. Compared to matched URB trainees, CEED graduates had more peer-reviewed publications (p=0.0261) and were more likely to be an assistant professor (p=0.0145). Conclusions Programs that support URB researchers can help expand and diversify the biomedical research workforce. CEED has been successful despite the challenges of a small demographic pool.
Making Physics Courses Accessible for Blind Students: Strategies for Course Administration, Class Meetings, and Course Materials

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) mandates that U.S. institutions of higher education provide “reasonable accommodations” to students with disabilities to ensure equal educational opportunities. However, despite the key role of physics as a gateway to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) studies, only limited resources exist for teaching physics to students who are blind or visually impaired. Here we share lessons from our experience creating an accessible physics curriculum for a blind physics major. The authors include the student himself, a blind physics BS who graduated from a different institution, a PhD chemist and consultant on STEM accessibility who is himself blind, and several sighted educators and course assistants who worked regularly with the students. This article focuses on issues for which instructors are responsible: how to make class meetings, curricular materials, tutorials, and demonstrations accessible (as opposed to accommodations determined at an administrative level, such as additional time on tests). An online appendix provides additional resources and specifics to guide actual implementation of these ideas, including a guide to further reading.
Additive manufacturing of single- and double-layer piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE copolymer sensors

Abstract The sensitivity of piezoelectric PVDF sensors is directly related to the concertation and orientation of the polar phases. Previous efforts in obtaining oriented polar phases during 3D printing proved to be challenging. In this paper the superiority of the co-polymer PVDF-TrFE when compared to PVDF for 3D printing is demonstrated. In contrast to PVDF, PVDF-TrFE forms nearly pure β-phase in solidification from melt. The emergence of more β-phase than the non-polar α-phase is demonstrated with XRD results. 3D printed double-layer samples were produced consisting of one electroactive layer of PVDF-TrFE, and a non-electroactive substrate and protective layer of PVDF. The 3D printed samples were poled with corona discharge to produce output signals up to 130V DC peak-to-peak from a simple impact test (flicking) on a 20×30 mm sample. We also observed high sensitivity to 2mm dynamic displacement loads that produced ~19V. The results presented here are considerably higher than any reported results from other additive manufacturing methods.
A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences.

Over the past ten years, research into students' emotions in educational environments has increased. Although researchers have called for more studies that rely on objective measures of emotional experience, limitations on utilizing multi-modal data sources exist. Studies of emotion and emotional regulation in classrooms traditionally rely on survey instruments, experience-sampling, artifacts, interviews, or observational procedures. These methods, while valuable, are mainly dependent on participant or observer subjectivity and is limited in its authentic measurement of students' real-time performance to a classroom activity or task. The latter, in particular, poses a stumbling block to many scholars seeking to objectively measure emotions and other related measures in the classroom, in real-time. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to experimentally study students' real-time responses to exam experiences during an authentic assessment situation. For this, a team of educational psychologists, engineers, and engineering education researchers designed an experimental protocol that retained the limits required for accurate physiological sensor measurement, best-practices of salivary collection, and an authentic testing environment. In particular, existing studies that rely on physiological sensors are conducted in experimental environments that are disconnected from educational settings (e.g., Trier Stress Test), detached in time (e.g., before or after a task), or introduce analysis error (e.g., use of sensors in environments where students are likely to move). This limits our understanding of students' real-time responses to classroom activities and tasks. Furthermore, recent research has called for more considerations to be covered around issues of recruitment, replicability, validity, setups, data cleaning, preliminary analysis, and particular circumstances (e.g., adding a variable in the experimental design) in academic emotions research that relies on multi-modal approaches.
Too much liquidity? Seemingly excess cash for innovative firms

We show that more cash allows innovative firms facing financing constraints to undertake more research and development projects and that this phenomenon has been more pronounced since 1980. In contrast to the secular increase in the level of cash holdings, average excess cash has not increased appreciably. We analyze excess cash disposition and document a strong relation between excess cash and research and development spending. Finally, our results suggest that increased difficulty in valuing research and development might be a source of financing frictions. These findings imply that “seemingly excess cash” has played an increasingly important role in mitigating underinvestment in innovation.
A Benchmark Study Of Backdoor Data Poisoning Defenses For Deep Neural Network Classifiers And A Novel Defense

While data poisoning attacks on classifiers were originally proposed to degrade a classifier’s usability, there has been strong recent interest in backdoor data poisoning attacks, where the classifier learns to classify to a target class whenever a backdoor pattern (e.g., a watermark or innocuous pattern) is added to an example from some class other than the target class. In this paper, we conduct a benchmark experimental study to assess the effectiveness of backdoor attacks against deep neural network (DNN) classifiers for images (CIFAR-10 domain), as well as of anomaly detection defenses against these attacks, assuming the defender has access to the (poisoned) training set. We also propose a novel defense scheme (cluster impurity (CI)) based on two ideas: i) backdoor patterns may cluster in a DNN’s (e.g. penultimate) deep layer latent space; ii) image filtering (or additive noise) may remove the backdoor patterns, and thus alter the class decision produced by the DNN. We demonstrate that largely imperceptible single-pixel backdoor attacks are highly successful, with no effect on classifier usability. However, the CI approach is highly effective at detecting these attacks, and more successful than previous backdoor detection methods.
Molecule‐Membrane Interactions in Biological Cells Studied with Second Harmonic Light Scattering

The nonlinear optical phenomenon second harmonic light scattering (SHS) can be used for detecting molecules at the membrane surfaces of living biological cells. Over the last decade, SHS has been developed for quantitatively monitoring the adsorption and transport of small and medium size molecules (both neutral and ionic) across membranes in living cells. SHS can be operated with both time and spatial resolution and is even capable of isolating molecule-membrane interactions at specific membrane surfaces in multi-membrane cells, such as bacteria. In this review, we discuss select examples from our lab employing time-resolved SHS to study real-time molecular interactions at the plasma membranes of biological cells. We first demonstrate the utility of this method for determining the transport rates at each membrane/interface in a Gram-negative bacterial cell. Next, we show how SHS can be used to characterize the molecular mechanism of the century old Gram stain protocol for classifying bacteria. Additionally, we examine how membrane structures and molecular charge and polarity affect adsorption and transport, as well as how antimicrobial compounds alter bacteria membrane permeability. Finally, we discuss adaptation of SHS as an imaging modality to quantify molecular adsorption and transport in sub-cellular regions of individual living cells.
Coaction Between Physical Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Racially Diverse, Obese Adults

Purpose:There is minimal understanding of the potential for coaction, defined as action on one behavior increasing the likelihood of taking action on another behavior, between physical activity (PA...
Measures of Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism, and Gender Binarism for Health Equity Research: From Structural Injustice to Embodied Harm—An Ecosocial Analysis

Racism. Sexism. Heterosexism. Gender binarism. Together, they comprise intimately harmful, distinct, and entangled societal systems of self-serving domination and privilege that structure the embod...
Patient-reported symptoms and quality of life in adults with acute leukemia: a systematic review.

Purpose/objectives Systematically summarize findings from research conducted on adult acute leukemia survivors as they relate to symptoms and quality of life (QOL). Data sources Systematic review of the literature from 1990–2013 found in the PubMed, PsycINFO®, EMBASE, and CINAHL® databases, as well as manual searches. Data synthesis The review identified 16 quantitative studies and 1 qualitative study published from 1990–2013 that used a self-reported QOL or symptom questionnaire. Fatigue was the most commonly assessed and reported symptom, followed by depression. Conclusions Acute leukemia and its treatment have a significant impact in all QOL domains. Future studies should include longitudinal research, more than one recruitment site, increased minority representation, and home-based exercise interventions as ways to improve all domains of QOL. Implications for nursing This review increases awareness of commonly reported symptoms faced by adults with acute leukemia. Oncology nurses are central in monitoring and reporting symptoms to the interdisciplinary team that may contribute to changes in function, with the overall goal of optimizing QOL over time.
Retinal pathology occurs in stiff-person syndrome.

Objective To evaluate whether structural and functional changes occur in the afferent visual system of patients with stiff-person syndrome (SPS) and whether these changes correlate with disease burden, given the high concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, which are generally thought to be involved in SPS pathogenesis, in the retina. Methods In this single-center, cross-sectional study, patients with SPS and healthy controls (HCs) underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), with a subset undergoing high- and low-contrast visual acuity (VA) assessments. Burden of disease was assessed via the number of body regions affected. Individuals with uncontrolled hypertension or comorbid neurologic or ophthalmologic disorders were excluded. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed-effects linear regression models. Results Thirty-five patients with SPS and 40 age- and sex-matched HCs underwent OCT. A subset of 23 patients with SPS and 28 HCs underwent VA assessments. Relative to HCs, patients with SPS had lower ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses (SPS: 74.36 µm [SD 5.7]; HCs: 76.33 µm [SD 4.2]; p = 0.005), inner nuclear layer thicknesses (SPS: 44.37 µm [SD 2.7]; HCs: 45.18 µm [SD 2.2]; p = 0.042), and 100% (SPS: 53 [SD 9.6]; HCs: 57.5 [SD 6.1]; p = 0.005), 2.5% (SPS: 24.35 [SD 10.1]; HCs: 30.16 [SD 7.7]; p = 0.006), and 1.25% contrast (SPS: 16.41 [SD 10.6]; HCs: 20.84 [SD 8.6]; p = 0.034) letter acuity scores. GCIPL thicknesses correlated with the number of body regions affected in SPS (decrease of 1.25 µm [95% confidence interval, −2.2 to −0.3 µm; p = 0.008] per additional body region affected). Conclusions Retinal neuronal pathology can occur in SPS. OCT may have utility as a biomarker of disease burden in SPS.
Opportunities and challenges for research on low-carbohydrate diets in prostate cancer

A pilot trial of low-carbohydrate diet after definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer stopped early owing to futility but provides intriguing results in secondary analyses. The study offers an important opportunity to highlight caveats in data interpretation and to consider requirements for successful future research on dietary interventions in men with prostate cancer.
An Introduction to Monetary Policy Rules

This paper is an introduction to contemporary discussions within monetary theory and policy. The paper focuses on comparing proposals for monetary policy rules. It first lays out an argument for why monetary policy?defined here broadly to mean adjusting the money supply in an attempt to influence the economy?is desirable in the first place. It then presents an argument for why rules-based monetary policy is preferable to discretionary policy. Next it discusses at a general level two kinds of rules: those that can be implemented with minimal changes to current monetary institutions (i.e., central banking) and those that would require significant institutional changes to implement. The discussion is primarily an effort to promote informed participation in the democratic process.
Clinical and Demographic Profiles of Home Care Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: Implications for Information Transfer Across Care Settings:

Home health care (HHC) clinicians serving individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) do not always have information about the person's ADRD diagnosis, which may be used to improve the HHC plan of care. This retrospective cohort study examined characteristics of 56,652 HHC patients with varied documentation of ADRD diagnoses. Data included clinical assessments and Medicare claims for a 6-month look-back period and 4-year follow-up. Nearly half the sample had an ADRD diagnosis observed in the claims either prior to or following the HHC admission. Among those with a prior diagnosis, 63% did not have it documented on the HHC assessment; the diagnosis may not have been known to the HHC team or incorporated into the care plan. Patients with ADRD had heightened risk for adverse outcomes (e.g., urinary tract infection and aspiration pneumonia). Interoperable data across health care settings should include ADRD-specific elements about diagnoses, symptoms, and risk factors.
Teaching NeuroImage: Histopathologically Confirmed Intracranial Enchondroma/Low-Grade Chondrosarcoma and IDH1-Mutated Diffuse Glioma in Ollier Disease.

A 3-year-old girl presented with leg deformities diagnosed as enchondromatosis (Ollier disease), which is a rare, sporadic, skeletal disorder characterized by hamartomatous growth of cartilage cells within metaphyses of long bones. In 2008, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal hyperintensity in her left frontal lobe (Figure, A) and skull-base enchondroma (Figure, B) were discovered. Her enchondromatosis required amputation of digits that were heavy and unusable (Figure, C and D). In 2017, surveillance imaging revealed enlargement of the frontal tumor, leading to craniotomy for a WHO grade 2 astrocytoma. Ollier disease is associated with IDH mutations1 and patients must be monitored for sarcomatous transformation of enchondromas and extraosseous malignancies including gliomas.2
Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) Adoption: Analysis of Local Trends in a Large Academic Medical Center

At the authors’ institution, Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) was adopted rapidly and widely with an adoption rate in 95% of coronary CT angiographic examinations over a...
The making of the corporate carbon footprint: the politics behind emission scoping

The key measurement standard used by the private sector to measure the carbon emission impact of an organization is the corporate carbon footprint. Known as the GHG Protocol, this standard was crea...
Coherent THz waves based on difference-frequency generation

In this presentation, we summarized our results on efficient generation of coherent and tunable THz waves by using difference-frequency generation (DFG) and other parametric processes in second-order nonlinear materials, in particular, GaSe, ZnGeP/sub 2/, periodically-poled LiNbO/sub 3/, GaAs, and GaP. We will also illustrate our novel designs to make these THz sources as compact as possible and the most efficient as well as discuss potential applications of these unique sources.
Kinetics of inflammation and leukocyte recruitment in a murine model of asthma: eosinophils versus neutrophils (HYP7P.284)

Murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation remains to be a popular choice for approximating human acute asthma condition. Despite its widespread usage, exact timing and sequence of inflammatory events in this model remain obscure. We used a BALB/cJ mouse model with two intraperitoneal sensitizations and six intranasal challenges, and monitored inflammatory parameters at 6 and 24 hours after each ovalbumin challenge. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to assess recruitment dynamics of leukocytes in the digested lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Although neutrophil recruitment dominated the initial response to allergen, eosinophils started to appear almost simultaneously, gradually increasing their presence with each challenge. Interestingly, while still present in the lung tissue, neutrophils ceased mucosal surveillance (measured as BAL infiltrate) after three challenges, at which time point eosinophilia increased dramatically. This increase in BAL eosinophilia correlated with upregulation of integrin CD11c by CD11b+Siglec-F+Ly6Glow eosinophils in the tissue. Mediators such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-9 and IL-33 exhibited peak expression during the first three challenges. Other mediators, such as CCL11, IL-5, IL-13 and Slit2-roundabout signals were more prevalent later in the model. Collectively, our results demonstrate progression of events that govern presence of eosinophils versus neutrophils in the lung tissue and airways during allergic inflammation.
Medieval Islamic Political Thought

Preface Part 1: The Beginnings 1. The Origins of Government 2. The First Civil War and Sect Formation 3. The Umayyads Part 2: The Waning of the Tribal Tradition, c.700-900 4. General 5. The Kharijites 6. The Mu'tazilites 7. The Shi'ites of the Umayyad Period 8. The 'Abbasids and Shi'ism 9. The Zaydis 10. The Imamis 11. The Hadith Party Part 3: Coping with a Fragmented World 12. General 13. The Persian Tradition and Advice Literature 14. The Greek Tradition and 'Political Science' 15. The Ismailis 16. The Sunnis Part 4: Government and Society 17. The Nature of Government 18. The Functions of Government 19. Visions of Freedom 20. The Social Order 21. Muslims and Non-Muslims (a) Infidels (b) Muslisms as Infidels 22. Epilogue: Religion, Government and Society Revisited Bibliography, Abbreviations and Conventions Index and Glossary.
Oligonucleotide microarrays for clinical diagnosis of copy number variation and zygosity status.

Detection of submicroscopic genomic copy number variation is now considered the first-tier clinical test—in place of standard G-banded karyotyping—in the evaluation of children with unexplained developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, or congenital anomalies. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was the first molecular method for detection of submicroscopic genomic copy number variants (CNVs), but microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has a much higher diagnostic yield for these patients when compared to traditional cytogenetic methods such as karyotype and FISH. This unit focuses on oligonucleotide arrays, including updated information about detection of long contiguous stretches of homozygosity (LCSH) through inclusion of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) probes. Most clinical laboratories now offer arrays with some level of probe coverage throughout the genome, and many are offering detection of LCSH. Updated guidelines for array design and result interpretation are reviewed. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 74:8.12.1-8.12.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: copy number variant; CNV; genomic imbalance; molecular diagnostics; array comparative genomic hybridization; CGH; aCGH
Contextualizing instruction in project-based science: activating students' prior knowledge and experiences to support learning

Contextualizing instruction in project-based science involves utilizing students' prior knowledge and everyday experiences as a catalyst for understanding challenging science concepts. This study explores the prior knowledge and experiences activated during a project-based science unit in two urban middle school classrooms. A selection of contextualizing lessons was videotaped and stimulated recall interviews were conducted with target students about their thinking during instruction. Interviews were coded for the level of student thinking reported during the interview, the associated contextualizing features, and connections to science concepts, personal experiences, or real world events. Findings suggest that initial contextualizing features such as sharing personal stories and opinions were related to student thinking more about real world events, while features that foster integration such as concept maps and presentations are associated with thinking about both personal events and science together. These findings begin to identify a classification of contextualizing features in terms of the types of student thinking generated during instruction, which can inform the design of materials and professional development to foster and support contextualizing instruction in science classrooms.
MrpB Functions as the Terminator for Assembly of Proteus mirabilis Mannose-Resistant Proteus-Like Fimbriae

Insertional mutagenesis studies of mrpB, a putative pilin-encoding open reading frame of the mrp gene cluster, which encodes mannose-resistant Proteus-like (MR/P) fimbriae of Proteus mirabilis, indicate that MrpB functions as the terminator for fimbrial assembly.