cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Application Cache Requirement for Provisioning Caches in Virtualized Systems

Miss rate curves (MRCs) are a fundamental concept in determining the impact of caches on an application's performance. In our research, we use MRCs to provision caches for applications in a consolidated environment. Current techniques for building MRCs at the CPU caches level require changes to the applications and are restricted to a few processor architectures [7], [22]. In this work, we investigate two techniques to partition shared L2 and L3 caches in a server and build MRCs for the VMs. These techniques make different trade-offs across accuracy, flexibility, and intrusiveness dimensions. The first technique is based on operating system (OS) page coloring and does not require change in commodity hardware or application. We improve upon existing page-coloring based approaches by identifying and overcoming a subtle but real problem of unequal associative cache sets loading to implement accurate cache allocation. Our second technique called Cache Grabber is even less intrusive and requires no changes in hardware, OS, or application. We present a comprehensive evaluation of the relative merits of these and other techniques to estimate MRCs. Our evaluation study enables a data center administrator to select the technique most suitable to his (her) specific data center to provision caches for consolidated applications.
Genomic studies in fragile X premutation carriers

Background: The FMR1 premutation is defined as having 55 to 200 CGG repeats in the 5′ untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1). The clinical involvement has been well characterized for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). The behavior/psychiatric and other neurological manifestations remain to be specified as well as the molecular mechanisms that will explain the phenotypic variability observed in individuals with the FMR1 premutation. Methods: Here we describe a small pilot study of copy number variants (CNVs) in 56 participants with a premutation ranging from 55 to 192 repeats. The participants were divided into four different clinical groups for the analysis: those with behavioral problems but no autism spectrum disorder (ASD); those with ASD but without neurological problems; those with ASD and neurological problems including seizures; and those with neurological problems without ASD. Results: We found 12 rare CNVs (eight duplications and four deletions) in 11 cases (19.6%) that were not found in approximately 8,000 controls. Three of them were at 10q26 and two at Xp22.3, with small areas of overlap. The CNVs were more commonly identified in individuals with neurological involvement and ASD. Conclusions: The frequencies were not statistically significant across the groups. There were no significant differences in the psychometric and behavior scores among all groups. Further studies are necessary to determine the frequency of second genetic hits in individuals with the FMR1 premutation; however, these preliminary results suggest that genomic studies can be useful in understanding the molecular etiology of clinical involvement in premutation carriers with ASD and neurological involvement.
Cloning and characterization of a calcium-binding, histamine-releasing protein from Schistosoma mansoni.

A homologue of the mammalian translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was cloned from the human parasiteSchistosoma mansoni (SmTCTP). Sequence analysis showed that SmTCTP differed from other reported TCTPs in having only one signature sequence. Subsequently, SmTCTP was cloned in a T7 expression system and expressed as a histidine-tagged fusion protein. Recombinant SmTCTP (rSmTCTP) has a molecular mass of ∼23 kDa with the histidine tag. Further analysis showed that SmTCTP transcripts and protein are expressed in all life cycle stages of the parasite within the vertebrate hosts. Interestingly, antibodies to SmTCTP were present in the sera of mice 9 weeks after infection with S. mansoni. Characterization studies showed that rSmTCTP is a calcium-binding protein that can cause histamine release from basophil/mast cells and induce eosinophil infiltration. These findings suggest that SmTCTP may have an important role in the development of allergic inflammatory responses associated with schistosomiasis and may be a target for new drug development.
Impact of soil health management practices on soilborne pathogens, nematodes and root diseases of vegetable crops

Various cultural practices, including the use of cover and rotational crops, composts, tillage systems, and others have been promoted as management options for enhancing soil quality and health. All cultural practices are known to directly or indirectly affect populations of soilborne pathogens and the severity of their resultant root diseases. Soil biology is a major component and contributes significantly to soil quality and productivity. The major activities of soil microbes include the decomposition of organic materials, mineralization of nutrients, nitrogen fixation, suppression of crop pests and protection of roots, but also parasitism and injury to plants. Thus, there is a great need to assure that the introduced soil management practices to improve soil quality will also result and maintain a healthy soil. The latter include the abundance and diversity of total soil microbes, high population of beneficial organisms and low population and/or activities of crop pests. Production of vegetables and other food crops is often significantly affected by several soilborne pathogens that require control. The incidence and severity of root diseases is an indirect assessment of soil health for specific commodity/soil use. In addition, understanding and selecting the appropriate cultural practices that limit or prevent damage of root diseases is essential for the long-term and sustainable management of soil quality and health. Case-study examples are presented to illustrate the impact of cover crops and their green manures on the density and damage of root-knot and lesion nematodes to vegetables; and also tillage, soil amendments, crop rotation, and cover crops on bean yield and root rot severity.
Paraoxonase and coronary heart disease risk: language misleads, linkage misinforms, function clarifies.

Organophosphates were first synthesized in the 1930s as insecticides1 and were subsequently shown to have direct neurotoxic effects in mammals, as well. The neurotoxicity is derived from their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase by covalently modifying the active-site serine group in the enzyme. Mazur2 first demonstrated the presence of an organophosphate-hydrolyzing enzyme in mammalian tissue, an observation that ultimately led to the identification of a human paraoxonase in serum in 1953.3 Paraoxonase—so named because of its ability to hydrolyze the toxic metabolite of parathion, paraoxon—was also shown early after its identification to manifest arylesterase activity, an effect that was underappreciated until the enzyme was found to play a role in modulating vascular oxidant stress many years later. Article see p 147 The paraoxonase story is a good example of the power of language to mislead. There is no teleological reason for mammals to have evolved an enzyme that can hydrolyze synthetic organophosphates; yet, paraoxonase was isolated in an effort to understand the endogenous metabolism of these exogenous neurotoxins. The enzymatic activity for which the enzyme is named is screened by using synthetic substrates without regard for the native substrate or its role in human (patho)biology. This focus on one aspect of the enzyme’s function, overemphasized by its denotation, delayed an appreciation of other potential—and perhaps more relevant—roles. In 1991, Mackness et al4 showed that paraoxonase …
Toward a Stakeholder-Focused Curriculum: Examining Specific University Program Offerings against Competencies Provided by the U.S. Department of Labor

Providing students with an education that employers view as relevant and valuable is an ever-increasing challenge for universities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework that university professors can use to examine their own program offerings against competencies deemed important by the U.S. Department of Labor. This paper focuses on specific competencies for success in technical sales. Faculty and employers are surveyed, and results indicate a high level of congruence between their opinions. However, some important differences did emerge between the two groups. These results are presented and discussed, along with the implementation of results to redevelop program curriculum.
Patient Evaluation and Selection

Vertebral compression fractures (VCF) result from osteoporosis, malignant primary or metastatic bone tumors, and benign infiltrative tumors such as vertebral hemangiomas. Pain relief constitutes the primary indication for percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV). The effectiveness of PV for prophylaxis in the absence of local pain and tenderness remains unproven. In considering whether a patient may be a candidate for PV, it is important to use both clinical and imaging assessment. When patients are properly selected and evaluated, this procedure has provided substantial pain relief in 75 to 90% of patients with benign fractures1–4 and in 59 to 86% of patients with malignant VCFs.2,4–8
Serial properties of behavior and their chemical modification

Certain features of operant behavior that are sensitive to the adverse effects of chemical exposure can be obscured by exclusive experimental reliance on global measures such as response rate. Temporal patterning of behavior is the clearest example. Reinforcement schedules studied in behavioral pharmacology and toxicology reveal novel consequences of chemical treatment when subjected to analyses of their temporal and serial properties. Fixed-ratio performance, for example, undergoes not only changes in response rate, but also displays distinctive shifts in inter-response time patterning, changes in the interresponse time distribution, and deterioration in what might be termed the cohesiveness of the ratio. Variable-interval performance also may change in distinctive ways that produce altered response patterning without marked changes in rate. Sequential dependencies, as measured by techniques of time series analysis, may also reveal effects not reflected by response rates. Spaced responding and autoregressive schedules provide examples. The serial and temporal properties alluded to above can be described and analyzed by a variety of quantitative techniques that also yield information of theoretical interest.
A pilot study of pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) for the treatment of patients with HPV16 + cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3)

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a plasmid vaccine, pNGVL4a-CRT-E7(detox), administered either intradermally, intramuscularly, or directly into the cervical lesion, in patients with HPV16-associated CIN2/3.
Smaller circuits for smaller patients: improving renal support therapy with Aquadex™

Providing renal support for small children is very challenging using the machinery currently available in the United States. As the extracorporeal volume (ECV) relative to blood volume increases and the state of critical illness worsens, the chance for instability during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) initiation also increases. CRRT machines with smaller ECV could reduce the risks and improve outcomes. We present a case series of small children (n = 12) who received continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) via an Aquadex™ machine (ECV = 33 ml) with 30 ml/kg/h of prereplacement fluids at Children’s of Alabama between December 2013 and April 2015. We assessed in vitro fluid precision using the adapted continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) system. We used 101 circuits over 261 days to provide CVVH for 12 children (median age 30 days; median weight 3.4 kg). Median CVVH duration was 14.5 days [interquartile range (IQR) = 10; 22.8 days]. Most circuits were routinely changed after 72 h. Five of 101 (5 %) initiations were associated with mild transient change in vital signs. Complications were infrequent (three transient cases of hypothermia, three puncture-site bleedings, one systemic bleed, and one right atrial thrombus). Most patients (7/12, 58 %) were discharged from the intensive care unit; six of them (50 %) were discharged home. CRRT machines with low ECV can enable clinicians to provide adequate, timely, safe, and efficient renal support to small, critically ill infants.
Controlling 2-Dimensional Growth of Silver Nanoplates

After the successful synthesis of silver nanoplates with shapes of truncated triangle and disk applying a seed-mediated growth process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a shape controller, we here further report the method for systematic control of the size of silver nanoplate in 2-dimensions. Two ways are found effective in size control: one is through the change of the silver seed amounts, which can produce the nanoplates with the size varying from 210 nm to 40 nm; another is through the mild aging of the as-prepared silver nanoplate solution at a proper temperature, which can fine-tune the shape of the nanoplates, such as from triangle to circle, or from plate to sphere. X-ray and electron diffraction analysis reveal that these nanoplates are single crystals and with their basal plane as (111) planes. The in-plane dipole plasmon band of these nanoplates can thus be manipulated within 900 nm to 400 nm, providing new possibilities for applications in the fields such as infrared absorption, nonlinear optical limiting, and Raman or biochemical diagnosis.
Household Archaeology in Polynesia: Historical Context and New Directions

This review highlights archaeological investigations of precontact and historic house sites in Polynesia, a region noted for its diversity of chiefdoms in terms of scale and elaboration. Anthropological and historical perceptions of the Polynesian household have shifted over time, influencing the ways in which the household has been defined in archaeology. Early research emphasized houses as a unit of study within settlement pattern archaeology and as a means of delineating formal variability between sites and communities. Current studies stress a more holistic view of the household as a nexus of economic, social, and ritual activities. Diverse theoretical perspectives, such as the analytical concept of house societies, feminist archaeologies, landscape approaches, and agent-based models, have led to new archaeological approaches engaged with both the material and the nonmaterial aspects of the house and, in particular, how social relations structure the household. Current prominent themes include functional identification of house sites, understanding social variability, articulation of the household with the community, and comparative analyses of social complexity.
To Tweet or Not to Tweet, That Is the Question

Twitter and tweets are now the rage among people in the world of sports, entertainment, media, government, and lately academia as well. They have even entered the world of law schools and law professors. This essay examines how twitter and tweets are being used by law teachers and whether it is wise to tweet at all. More specifically, this essay critically examines the risks and dangers inherent in twitter use and, further, whether it is the most effective, efficient, and desirable form of pedagogic communication between law teachers and their students.
Effects of high and low velocity muscle contraction on myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein expression in conjunction with muscle performance in the elderly

Title: Effects of high and low velocity muscle contraction on myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein expression in conjunction with muscle performance in the elderly Introduction: Aging decreases skeletal muscle mass and contractile ability. This decreases the capacity for an individual to successfully carry out activities of daily living, eventually leading to physical disability. Recent research demonstrates that when compared to conventional resistance training, high velocity resistance training (HVRT) may be more effective in slowing or reversing age related declines in skeletal muscle. However, there is currently a paucity of research which has aimed to investigate the transcriptional and translational events taking place within senescent skeletal muscle in response to HVRT. Purpose: To examine the velocity specificity of resistance training by directly comparing changes in muscle transcription, translation, performance, and function in older adults. Methods: Twenty-six older adults were randomized to partake in 6 weeks of either low velocity resistance training (LVRT) or HVRT. Subjects underwent preand post-training strength and functional testing. A subsample of subjects also underwent subcutaneous needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis preand post-training. Results: From baseline to post-training, there were several significant (P < 0.05) differences in muscle performance and functional characteristics in LVRT (n = 13) and HVRT (n = 13) groups. Our results demonstrate HVRT provides a greater number of muscular enhancements when compared to LVRT, particularly under conditions of high velocity muscle contraction. MyHc-a mRNA showed a significant (P < 0.01) decrease
Narrative Therapy: Inviting the Use of Sport as Metaphor

The benefits of exercise and sport extend far beyond the physical and emotional to the socio-psychological, metaphysical, global, and historical. One way to introduce and maintain sport as a therapeutic tool is to do so metaphorically, using narrative-sport therapy. That is, in addition to the introduction of physical interventions, a narrative approach to therapy is well suited to stretch exercise to its fullest meanings. Exercise and sport are powerful possibilities for women in therapy. A woman's story of herself as sporting can also be a powerful language for transformative (therapeutic) experience. In this article, some of the major tenets of narrative therapy are explained using stories from women's lacrosse specifically, and for women who exercise in general. This article uses the concepts of history-making, boundaries, reflecting, and networking to illustrate only a few of the many possible productive intersections of sport and narrative therapy.
Cigarette smoking among tuberculosis patients increases risk of transmission to child contacts.

Setting Observational cohort study in Lima, Peru. Objective To determine the association between exposure to a smoking tuberculosis (TB) case and latent tuberculous infection (LTBI). Method Between September 2009 and August 2012, we identified 2132 patients with drug-susceptible TB and their 2054 child household contacts. Data were collected on active and secondhand smoking status and other risk factors for infection specific to the index case, the household and the exposed contacts. Contacts underwent a tuberculin skin test (TST) to determine their tuberculous infection status at baseline, 6-month and 12-month follow-up. We estimated the association between exposure to a smoking index case and LTBI using a modified Poisson regression model. Results The 21 children (age ⩿15 years) exposed to smoking index TB patients were more likely to be TST-positive at baseline (RR 2.64, 95%CI 1.78-3.91), by 6 months (RR 1.91, 95%CI 1.40-2.60) and by 12 months (RR 1.48, 95%CI 1.07-2.06), than those who were not exposed. TST positivity among children at these time points did not vary with secondhand smoke exposure. Conclusions TB patients who smoke may be more likely to transmit infection to their contacts. Interventions designed to reduce smoking among TB patients may minimise further spread of the disease.
Breeding of resistant,high yield new variety Yuetaisimiao

The breeding process,characteristics and key planting technology on Yuetaisimiao.It derives from the pedigree breeding of the female parent Fengsizhan(sick-resistanse variety) and the male parent Qilisimiao(fine-quality variety),the new variety with high resistant to rice blast and had a good synthesis of yield,resistance and grain quality wsa bred by Rice Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences.It had a good future in spreading and application.
The Impact of an Online Homework Management System on Student Performance and Course Satisfaction in Introductory Financial Accounting

Educators in all disciplines are searching for effective educational technologies that help students learn. One technology that has evolved is the online homework management system. The online homework management system permits professors to use the Internet to assign homework problems that students can complete online. Since this system is automatic, students can receive feedback instantly. The researchers designed this study to determine if the use of an online homework management system as an educational complement was an effective way to improve student performance and course satisfaction in an introductory accounting course when compared to traditional accounting pedagogy. The results of this study show the use of an online homework management system is an effective way to improve student performance and course satisfaction in an introductory accounting course when compared to traditional pen-and-paper homework.
The Role of Justice and Fairness as Global Values: Promoting Public International Law at the (Pre-)University Level

The United Nations Charter and other international instruments promote justice and international law as cornerstones of peace and security, nationally and internationally. This chapter looks into the avenues and precepts of inculcating an appreciation for international law and international principles (for example those on crime prevention and criminal justice or human rights) through education at the university level and, especially, at the pre-university level. It discusses ways in which relevant learning takes place both in the regular curriculum and in such extra-curricular activities as Model United Nations Conferences, which involve both high school and university students. Various efforts by the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies to stimulate such education are noted, such as “United Nations Academic Impact Initiative”. So too is the dearth both of curricular requirements and of teaching materials suitable for teaching the subject at the pre-university level. Note is taken of a handful of excellent teaching aids that are available.
Towards a macromodel for Packetized Energy Management of resistive water heaters

This paper presents a state bin transition (macro)model for a large homogeneous population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). The energy use of these TCLs is coordinated with a novel bottom-up asynchronous, anonymous, and randomizing control paradigm called Packetized Energy Management (PEM). A macro-model for a population of TCLs is developed and then augmented with a timer to capture the duration and consumption of energy packets and with exit-ON/OFF dynamics to ensure consumer quality of service. PEM permits a virtual power plant (VPP) operator to interact with TCLs through a packet request mechanism. The VPP regulates the proportion of accepted packet requests to allow tight tracking of balancing signals. The developed macro-model compares well with (agent-based) micro-simulations of TCLs under PEM and can be represented by a controlled Markov chain.
Electrostatic compensation of structural imperfections in dynamically amplified dual-mass gyroscope

This paper presents a study on dynamics of a dual-mass MEMS vibratory gyroscope in presence of imperfections and reports a method for precision electrostatic frequency tuning of the operational modes. The presented tuning algorithm involves, first, assessing the modes mismatch using the experimental frequency responses of both proof-masses, followed by the identification of the stiffness mismatch along the two axes and anisoelasticity angles α and β, then choosing the tuning voltages for modification of the diagonal, off-diagonal, and coupling terms in the stiffness matrix. Results of simulation are verified using experimental electrostatic frequency tuning of a dynamically amplified gyroscope. The frequency split between the operational modes was reduced from 26 Hz down to 50 mHz, resulting in 17× increase in the gyroscope scale factor.
Designing a freeform optic for oblique illumination

NIH Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy Training Grant [T32EB000809]; SPIE Optical Design and Engineering Scholarship; College of Optical Sciences; Friends of Tucson Optics (FOTO) Boye Family Graduate Student Scholarship in Optical Sciences; SPIE and Photonics Media Teddi Laurin Scholarship
MR imaging of the triangular fibrocartilage complex.

This article describes in detail the anatomic components of normal triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and its MR appearance on high resolution MR images. It also describes pathologic processes of TFCC and its MR appearance. Language: en
Incidence and Fusion of Os Trigonum in a Healthy Pediatric Population

Background:Accessory ossicles off the talus (os trigonum) are a common radiographic finding seen within the foot with variable symptomatology in adult and pediatric patients. Although most studies have examined the incidence of these anatomic variants in a retrospective manner, few have longitudinal
Learning Recruits Higher Cortical Areas into Rapid Sensorimotor Streams.

How the brain maps sensory information to adaptive behavior remains unresolved. A new study in this issue of Neuron (Le Merre et al., 2017) uncovers learning-related recruitment of higher cortical areas into the rapid sensory processing stream that links a whisker stimulus to rewarded action.
In Praise of the Catenary

When a chain hangs loosely from its end points, it takes the familiar form known as the catenary. Power lines, clothes lines, and chain links are familiar examples of the catenary in everyday life. Nevertheless, the subject is conspicuously absent from current introductory physics and calculus courses. Even in upper-level physics and math courses, the catenary equation is usually introduced as an example of hyperbolic functions or discussed as an application of the calculus of variations. We present a new derivation of the catenary equation that is suitable for introductory physics and mathematics courses.
A warning on separation in multinomial logistic models

Oppenheim et al. (2015) provides the first empirical analysis of insurgent defection during armed rebellion, estimating a series of multinomial logit models of continued rebel participation using a...
Chronic liver fibrosis triggers autoantibody production by B cells in a MyD88-dependent pathway (BA4P.126)

Our recent finding suggests that B cells contribute to liver fibrosis through hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. While antibodies produced by the activated intrahepatic B cells contribute to autoimmunity is not known, mixed cryoglobulinemia and other B cell disorders are the leading extrahepatic manifestations of advanced liver diseases in humans. Here, our aim was to determine whether increased antibody production during liver fibrosis could potentially lead to systemic autoimmunity by production of autoantibodies and immune complexes (IC). We studied the role of B cells in autoimmunity using a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of fibrosis and a genetically engineered multidrug resistance gene 2 knock out (Mdr2 -/- ) mice, which constitutively develop progressive liver fibrosis. In both fibrosis models, the frequency of B cells in the liver was elevated and B cells exhibited increased state of activation as measured by CD44 and CD86 expressions, constitutive IgG production and elevated TNF-a production. By using antinuclear antibody (ANA) staining with HEp-2 stabilized substrate and C1q standard ELISA, we detected the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and IC respectively in the serum of C57BL/6 mice treated with CCl4 for six weeks and Mdr2 -/- mice at 25 week. Interestingly, the targeted deletion of MyD88 signaling in B cells during liver fibrosis resulted in reduced ANA in the serum suggesting the critical role of MyD88 in systemic autoimmunity.
Quantifying the relative contributions of environmental sources to the microbial community in an urban stream under dry and wet weather conditions

Investigating sources of microbial contamination in urban streams, especially when there are no contributions from combined sewer overflows or sewage effluent discharges, can be challenging. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of microbes in an urban stream and quantify their relative contributions to the microbial community in the stream under dry and wet weather conditions. A microbial source tracking method relying on the 16S rRNA gene was used to investigate the microbial communities in water samples of an urban stream (i.e., from 11 dry and 6 wet weather events), as well as in streambed sediment, soils, street sweepings, sanitary sewage, an upstream lake, and feces of animals and birds collected between 2013 and 2015. The results showed that the Escherichia coli levels in the stream were significantly higher in wet weather flow than in dry weather flow. The upstream lake contributed approximately 93% of the microbes in dry weather flows. Water discharged from storm drain outfalls was the biggest source of microbes in wet weather flows, with a median contribution of approximately 90% in the rising limb and peak flow and about 75% in the declining limb of storms. Furthermore, about 70 to 75% of the microbes in the storm drain outfall water came from materials washed off from the street surfaces in the watershed. Fecal samples did not appear to contribute substantially to the microbes in environmental samples. The results highlight the significance of street surfaces in contributing microbial loads to urban streams under wet weather conditions.IMPORTANCE Identifying the sources of microbial contamination is important for developing best management practices to protect the water quality of urban streams for recreational uses. This study collected a large number of water samples from an urban stream under both dry and wet weather conditions and provided quantitative information on the relative contributions of various environmental compartments to the overall microbial contamination in the stream under the two weather conditions. The watershed in this study represents urban watersheds where no dominant fecal sources are consistently present. The findings highlight the importance of reducing the direct contribution of microbes from street surfaces in the watershed to urban streams under wet weather conditions. The methods and findings from this study are expected to be useful to stormwater managers and regulatory agencies.
Transcriptome analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Acinetobacter baumannii in polymicrobial communities

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial, opportunistic pathogen that causes several serious conditions including meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and pneumonia. It can be found in the oral biofilm, which may be a reservoir for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Subgingival colonization by A. baumannii is associated with chronic and aggressive periodontitis as well as refractory periodontal disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen localized to subgingival plaque, is also implicated in several chronic conditions including aspiration pneumonia. Although both bacteria are found together in subgingival plaque and can cause multiple polymicrobial infections, nothing is known about the interactions between these two important human pathogens. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to understand the transcriptional response of both species as they adapt to heterotypic communities. Among the differentially regulated genes were those encoding a number of important virulence factors for both species including adhesion, biofilm formation, and protein secretion. Additionally, the presence of A. baumannii increased the abundance of P. gingivalis in model dual-species communities. Collectively these results suggest that both P. gingivalis and A. baumannii adapt to each other and have synergistic potential for increased pathogenicity. In identifying the mechanisms that promote pathogenicity and refractory disease, novel approaches to mitigate polymicrobial synergistic interactions may be developed to treat or prevent associated diseases.
Expression of EBNA2 and an EBNA5 Protein from Alternatively Spliced mRNA’s

The expression of mRNAs encoding the EBNA proteins in EBV infected cells has mainly been studied through the analysis of cDNAs obtained from these cells. The analysis has been significantly hampered by the fact that the EBNA encoding transcripts are present at very low copy numbers. All of the latent EBNA mRNAs seem to originate from large primary transcripts that are alternatively spliced to generate the individual mRNAs (1,2). Studies of several different cell lines indicate that transcription initiates at either of two promoters. One of these is located in the Bam C region of the genome (3) and the other in the Bam W region (4). The use of these promoters seems to be mutually exclusive (5,6). Several of the mRNAs present in infected cells have been shown to contain 2 large open reading frames (ORFs) (7,8). The first ORF in these mRNAs invariably encodes the EBNA5 protein (9), whereas the second ORF encodes one of the other EBNA proteins. The EBNA5 ORF in these mRNAs is formed by splicing using 5’ and 3’ splice sites present in each of the IRI (BamW) repeats. Exon skipping is frequently seen and thus the size of the ORF (and consequently the size of the EBNA5 protein) varies (10,11,12,13). Since the EBNA 5 ORF has been found mainly at the 5’ end of bicistronic mRNAs it has also been called leader protein (LP) (7). Previous analysis of specific mRNAs containing the EBNA2 ORF suggested that EBNA2 might be translated exclusively from a bicistronic mRNA in which the EBNA2 ORF is positioned 3’ to the EBNA5 (LP) ORF (7).
Experimental evaluation of the impact behavior of partially melted ice particles

Abstract Operations in ice crystals conditions are a threat to commercial aviation. The ingestion of ice crystals can affect different aircraft probes but can also affect jet engines. As fully frozen ice crystals enter an engine, partial melting occurs on the low-pressure compressor region of the engine, and ice accretion could occur on warm surfaces due to the presence of water coupled with the cooling capacity of the unfrozen portion found on the particles. Understanding the fundamental fracture dynamics that occur when partially melted ice crystals impact a surface is needed for model development and verification. To experimentally measure such fracture/splashing dynamics, a test rig was designed and fabricated to observe the impacts of partially melted ice particles. Ice particles ranging from 403 µm to 1028 µm were suspended on an ultrasonic levitator and were allowed to melt under natural convection. A fluorescence-based technique was used to quantify the water content of the melting ice particle in real time. A pneumatic launcher was automatically triggered at a requested water content to ice ratio, and a stainless steel impactor was launched at speeds ranging from 2.8 ms − 1 to 65.5 ms − 1 . The impacts were recorded with a high-speed camera at 75,000 frames per second. The qualitative behavior of these impacts was observed, and an empirical model to determine the threshold velocity for an ice particle to fracture for varying water contents to ice ratios was proposed. From this empirical model, when the water content ratio was 79%, the impact velocity required to fracture a particle increased by 81% from the value obtained for fully frozen cases. Moreover, a new technique to measure the water content of a melting ice particle based on the diameter of the ice core observed post impact was conducted. The post-impact direct measurement technique was compared to the real-time fluorescence-based water content quantification technique to asses its accuracy and to understand partial melting quantification uncertainties.
The social cost of carbon: capturing the costs of future climate impacts in US policy

Abstract Dating back to President Reagan, federal agencies must use cost-benefit analysis (CBAs) to determine whether major regulations are net beneficial. As part of these CBAs, courts require agencies to value greenhouse gas reductions. They do so using the social cost of carbon (SCC): the marginal cost to society of producing one more ton of CO2. The SCC is the product of sophisticated climate-economics models. These models are characterized by significant (and potentially deep) uncertainty at each of their modeling steps. When combined with the potentially irreversible and catastrophic outcomes inherent in climate change, these modeling uncertainties imply significant though surmountable challenges to including climate change in the cost-benefit framework. This chapter discusses these shortcomings and provides potential solutions. Uncertainty is never a reason for ignoring the SCC or making arbitrary assumptions. Instead, modelers should better model uncertainty and fold it into one central value, likely leading to a higher SCC.
Whither historical pragmatics? A cognitively-oriented perspective

Abstract The emphasis of this paper is on cognitively-oriented strands of research developed in the last two decades, and on language-internal evidence for pragmatic factors that by hypothesis enable change. Work is highlighted in which pragmatic inferencing is analyzed in context. Contexts are understood to include not only the local clause but also complex clauses, conversational interaction, discourse structuring and typological shifts that are ongoing in the language as a whole. The roles in meaning change of turn taking, frequency and factors such as non-cooperation are touched on.
Resilience-Assured Protective Control of DC/AC Inverters Under Unbalanced and Fault Scenarios

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC)-based scheme in power distribution systems focused on protective control of distributed energy resources (DER) assuring performance resiliency under faults and unbalanced conditions. This scheme is applied to a three-phase four-leg voltage inverter which is able to effectively respond to unbalanced loads at the edge connection of the power electronics to the distribution grids. 3-D space vector modulation is utilized for synchronization and load control, enabled through a minimized weighted cost function. To achieve a smooth-enough recovery and resilient waveform response in the face of the grid prevailing conditions, a passive predictive sub-space modulation is enforced. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed platform, a modified IEEE 13-bus feeder is utilized as a test case. Numerical investigations on different fault scenarios validate the effectiveness of the proposed protective control scheme helping secure the voltage source inverters against overloads.
Posttraumatic Growth After Disasters

This chapter explores the concept of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its role in the aftermath of natural and technological disasters. PTG is defined as positive life changes experienced as a result of struggling with a highly stressful or traumatic life experience (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Disasters are devastating disruptions to individuals’ core beliefs about the predictability, justness, and safety of the world, which creates initial psychological distress and attempts at sense-making. However, through cognitively processing their experience, survivors may grow in their appreciation of the fragility of life, improve relationships with their loved ones and larger affected community, and acknowledge their personal strength in persevering and rebuilding their lives amidst catastrophe, among other positive changes. Future research on PTG in the context of disasters should focus on cultural differences in the disaster response and growth processes, development of interventions for both individuals and groups, and the experiences and needs of special populations such as older adults and first responders. Research on PTG in disaster contexts is burgeoning, with many promising areas for future inquiry.
Platelet Dysfunction and Thrombosis in JAK2 V617F -Mutated Primary Myelofibrotic Mice.

Objective: The risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as primary myelofibrosis varies depending on the type of key driving mutation (JAK2 [janus kinase 2], CALR [calreticulin], an...
Metastatic Ovarian Teratocarcinoma in a Horse.

Summary A 3-year-old Quarter Horse mare presented with an approximate 1-month history of progressive weight loss, anorexia and lethargy that abruptly worsened 48 h before death. Post-mortem examination revealed free flocculent fluid and a large mass within the ventral abdomen that dorsally displaced the caecum and large intestine. An ovarian teratocarcinoma with metastasis to regional lymph nodes was diagnosed histologically. Although benign teratomas are the second most common ovarian neoplasm in equids, reports of malignant teratomas in horses are rare. This report documents an unusual presentation of a rarely reported malignant neoplasm of the reproductive tract in horses.
MicroRNA regulation of cholesterol metabolism

MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Since many microRNAs have multiple mRNA targets, they are uniquely positioned to regulate the expression of several molecules and pathways simultaneously. For example, the multiple stages of cholesterol metabolism are heavily influenced by microRNA activity. Understanding the scope of microRNAs that control this pathway is highly relevant to diseases of perturbed cholesterol metabolism, most notably cardiovascular disease (CVD). Atherosclerosis is a common cause of CVD that involves inflammation and the accumulation of cholesterol-laden cells in the arterial wall. However, several different cell types participate in atherosclerosis, and perturbations in cholesterol homeostasis may have unique effects on the specialized functions of these various cell types. Therefore, our review discusses the current knowledge of microRNA-mediated control of cholesterol homeostasis, followed by speculation as to how these microRNA-mRNA target interactions might have distinctive effects on different cell types that participate in atherosclerosis.
Sustainable Solutions for Overcoming Transportation and Pollution Problems in Smart Cities

The urban transportation industry is changing rapidly. The most recognized example is cellphone-controlled shared cars or taxis. But other changes are suddenly noticeable including use of scooters, bikes, and walking. Many other changes based on cellphone reservations and billing are related to mass transit, road lanes with occupancy-related tolls, parking, and shared cars. One of the most recent additions to mobility as a service (MaaS), battery-powered scooters is the subject of this article. The objective is to have a scooter particularly suitable for more general use. More general use implies greater safety, comfort, and weather tolerance, particularly for adults over 25. The scooter to be commercialized should have 3 (or 4) wheels so balancing is not required, provide for better conditions in the rain or cold or hot, allow but not require seated use, be able to be stored in less land space, be very light based, have advanced location-based speed control for ease of use and safety, and be fun to use. Fun to use defines a secondary market; a scooter is not just for getting from A to B, but often can be sold for recreational use. This article focuses on production of such electric scooters for overcoming transportation and pollution problems in smart cities.
A Fetal Risk Stratification Pathway for Neonatal Aortic Coarctation Reduces Medical Exposure.

Objective To test the hypothesis that a fetal stratification pathway will effectively discriminate between infants at different levels of risk for surgical coarctation and reduce unnecessary medicalization. Study design We performed a pre-post nonrandomized study in which we prospectively assigned fetuses with prenatal concern for coarctation to 1 of 3 risk categories and implemented a clinical pathway for postnatal management. Postnatal clinical outcomes were compared with those in a historical control group that were not triaged based on the pathway. Results The study cohort comprised 109 fetuses, including 57 treated along the fetal coarctation pathway and 52 historical controls. Among mild-risk fetuses, 3% underwent surgical coarctation repair (0% of those without additional heart defects), compared with 27% of moderate-risk and 63% of high-risk fetuses. The combined fetal aortic, mitral, and isthmus z-score best discriminated which infants underwent surgery (area under the curve = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66-0.91). Compared with historical controls, infants triaged according to the fetal coarctation pathway had fewer delivery location changes (76% vs 55%; P = .025) and less umbilical venous catheter placement (74% vs 51%; P = .046). Trends toward shorter intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, and time to enteral feeding did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions A stratified risk-assignment pathway effectively identifies a group of fetuses with a low rate of surgical coarctation and reduces unnecessary medicalization in infants who do not undergo aortic surgery. Incorporation of novel measurements or imaging techniques may improve the specificity of high-risk criteria.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Podocyte Actin Network Using Integrated Membrane Extraction, Electron Microscopy, and Machine Learning.

Background Actin stress fibers are abundant in cultured cells, but little is known about them in vivo In podocytes, much evidence suggests that mechanobiologic mechanisms underlie podocyte shape and adhesion in health and in injury, with structural changes to actin stress fibers potentially responsible for pathologic changes to cell morphology. However, this hypothesis is difficult to rigorously test in vivo due to challenges with visualization. A technology to image the actin cytoskeleton at high resolution is needed to better understand the role of structures such as actin stress fibers in podocytes. Methods We developed the first visualization technique capable of resolving the three-dimensional cytoskeletal network in mouse podocytes in detail while definitively identifying the proteins that comprise this network. This technique integrates membrane extraction, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, and machine learning image segmentation. Results Using isolated mouse glomeruli from healthy animals, we observed actin cables and intermediate filaments linking the interdigitated podocyte foot processes to newly described contractile actin structures located at the periphery of the podocyte cell body. Actin cables within foot processes formed a continuous, mesh-like, electron-dense sheet that incorporated the slit diaphragms. Conclusions Our new technique revealed, for the first time, the detailed three-dimensional organization of actin networks in healthy podocytes. In addition to being consistent with the gel compression hypothesis, which posits that foot processes connected by slit diaphragms act together to counterbalance the hydrodynamic forces across the glomerular filtration barrier, our data provide insight into how podocytes respond to mechanical cues from their surrounding environment.