cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Extractive Imperative in Populous Indigenous Territories: The Shuar, Copper Mining, and Environmental Injustices in the Ecuadorian Amazon

During the past three decades, mines have increased in number at the same time that indigenous populations have grown in size and acquired more land. The intersection of these two trends suggests that, increasingly, mining companies have tried to exploit mineral deposits on lands populated and controlled by indigenous peoples. These ventures touched off conflicts between organized indigenous peoples and state supported miners. The copper mining controversy in the Ecuadorian Amazon exemplifies this pattern. Legacies from earlier mestizo land invasions in the form of active NGOs and an extensive land base made Shuar resistance to the mines much more likely. Increasingly assertive national political leaders, pursuing an extractive imperative, reinforced the miners’ efforts to extract copper from deposits near Shuar settlements. To reduce the probability of violent conflict between these parties, indigenous people should have a seat at the table when negotiations between the mining companies and the state occur.
The Effect of Arbitration Agreements on the America Invents Act's Inter Partes Review Procedure

In 2011, Congress created a new administrative pathway through which a party can challenge the validity of a granted patent: inter partes review (IPR). Like preexisting reexamination procedures, IPR is a mechanism through which a private party may ask the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) to invalidate or narrow patents that fail to meet the standards of patent eligibility, thus returning subject matter to the public domain and protecting would-be patent infringers from the threat of costly infringement litigation. However, unlike the preexisting procedures, which were essentially extensions of the patent review process involving a back-and-forth between the PTO and patent holder, IPR is adversarial in nature---an IPR is essentially a "mini-trial" between a challenger and a patentee. Because the new IPR procedure closely resembles litigation between private parties, it may be possible for patent licensees to contract away their right to petition for IPR through arbitration agreements. And because patent licensees may often be the parties most incentivized and prepared to challenge bad patents through IPR, patent owners who can contractually prevent these licensees from using IPR will be able to minimize or even entirely avoid exposure to the risky and challenger-friendly new IPR procedure. The enforceability of an arbitration agreement purporting to prevent a licensee from petitioning for IPR is unclear. This Note explores this doctrinal ambiguity and questions whether applying the strong federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution to this issue would undermine the congressional intent behind Congress' new IPR procedure.
Anosmia as the initial presentation of neurosarcoidosis

A 35-year-old man presented with progressive anosmia and no other complaints or findings. MRI brain showed extensive bifrontal edema and enhancement (figure, A–C). In retrospect, 7 years prior he had a neck mass with granulomata on biopsy, but had never received treatment for sarcoidosis. Clinical symptoms and MRI abnormalities improved (figure, D and E) with oral prednisone and methotrexate and he was diagnosed with probable neurosarcoidosis. Neurosarcoidosis is a rare etiology of anosmia but needs to be considered as a differential consideration.1 Anosmia in sarcoidosis is caused by an obstructed nose or neurosarcoidosis of the olfactory epithelium, bulb, or tract.2
Embracing the Digital Revolution in the History Classroom

The digital revolution provides an exciting opportunity for us to reconsider how we teach our history courses....
Abstract P386: Pregnancy-related Risk Factors May Signal Additional Risk For Future Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction: Emerging data suggest that pregnancy may be a window on the future of women’s cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) guidelines recommend using the Pooled Cohort Equation...
Effects of In-Person Assistance vs Personalized Written Resources About Social Services on Household Social Risks and Child and Caregiver Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Social and economic contexts shape children’s short- and long-term health. Efforts to address contextual risk factors are increasingly incorporated into pediatric health care. Objective To compare the effectiveness of 2 social risk–related interventions. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized clinical trial included English- and/or Spanish-speaking caregiver-child dyads recruited from a pediatric urgent care clinic nested in a large, urban, safety-net hospital. Study recruitment, enrollment, and follow-up were conducted from July 18, 2016, to March 8, 2019. Data analysis was conducted from January 1, 2019, to January 20, 2020. Interventions Following standardized social risk assessment, caregivers were randomly assigned to receive either written information regarding relevant government and community social services resources or comparable written information plus in-person assistance and follow-up focused on service access. Main Outcomes and Measures Caregiver-reported number of social risk factors and child health 6 months after enrollment. Results Among 611 caregiver-child dyads enrolled in the study, 302 dyads were randomized to the written resources group and 309 dyads were randomized to the written resources plus in-person assistance group. The mean (SD) age of children was 6.1 (5.0) years; 483 children (79.1%) were Hispanic; and 315 children (51.6%) were girls. There were no significant differences between groups in the effects of the interventions. In post hoc secondary analyses, the number of reported social risks decreased from baseline to 6-month follow-up in both groups: caregivers who received written resources alone reported a mean (SE) of 1.28 (0.19) fewer risks at follow-up, while those receiving written resources plus in-person assistance reported 1.74 (0.21) fewer risks at follow-up (bothP Conclusions and Relevance This randomized clinical trial compared 2 approaches to addressing social risks in a pediatric urgent care setting and found no statistically significant differences in the social risk and child and caregiver health effects of providing written resources at the point of care with vs without in-person longitudinal navigation services. Caregivers in both groups reported fewer social risks and improved child and caregiver health 6 months after the intervention. These findings deepen understanding of effective doses of social risk–related interventions. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02746393
Displacement Boundary Value Problem for a Thin Plate in an Unbounded Domain

An approximate method of solution is constructed for the Dirichlet problem in an infinite domain, for the system of partial differential equations describing the bending of an elastic plate with transverse shear deformation. The construction of this generalized Fourier series procedure is based on the integral representation formula for the solution. The theory is illustrated by two numerical examples, which show the efficiency and accuracy of the technique.
Correction to: A multi-model approach toward understanding iron fouling at rock-fill drainage sites along roadways in New Hampshire, USA

The article A multi-model approach toward understanding iron fouling at rock-fill drainage sites along roadways in New Hampshire, USA.
Abstract MP34: Association Between Leg Adiposity And Hypertension Subtype In Young And Middle-aged Adults

Objective: We sought to determine whether leg adiposity was inversely associated with hypertension using the 2011-2016 National Health & Nutrition Examination Surveys. Methods: The study included 5...
Brief report: Measures of effectiveness for single-question sleep problem screeners in children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background Although screening for sleep problems in children with ASD is recommended, primary care providers generally ask parents a single, high-level screening question about their child’s sleep. Can this capture whether a child has severe sleep problems? Method Parents of children with ASD ages 3–17 years recruited from a validated and verified US-based autism research registry completed an online survey on co-occurring conditions, including “degree of sleep problems”. The Composite Sleep Disturbance Index (CSDI) and its question on “parent satisfaction with current sleep pattern” were also incorporated. Results 610 parent/child dyads were analyzed. 377 (62%) children had severe sleep problems per CSDI; 215 (57%) were parent-rated with Moderate/Severe sleep problems. 219 (93%) of 233 children without a severe sleep problem on CSDI were parent-rated as having None/Mild sleep problems. 94% with Moderate/Severe sleep problems per parents had severe sleep problems per CSDI. However, 15% of those whose parents rated as None had a severe sleep problem. 200 (33%) children had a Mild sleep problem rating; of these, 134 (67%) had CSDI severe sleep problem and 66 (33%) did not. Conclusions A single question about sleep was good at classifying severe vs. non-severe sleep problems in children with ASD, especially with extreme responses. However, a single question was poor at classifying intermediate/non-extreme responses, and a significant number of children with severe sleep problems were missed. Screening with a short, validated questionnaire or asking more probing questions would assist in diagnosing most children with sleep problems. Parents may benefit from sleep education.
Insights into adsorption, diffusion, and reactions of atomic nitrogen on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface.

To gain insight into the nitrogen-related gas-surface reaction dynamics on carbon-based thermal protection systems of hypersonic vehicles, we have investigated the adsorption, diffusion, and reactions of atomic nitrogen, N(4S), on the (0001) face of graphite using periodic density functional theory with a dispersion corrected functional. The atomic nitrogen is found to bind with pristine graphite at a bridge site, with a barrier of 0.88 eV for diffusing to an adjacent bridge site. Its adsorption energy at defect sites is significantly higher, while that between graphene layers is lower. The formation of N2 via Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) and Eley–Rideal (ER) mechanisms was also investigated. In the LH pathway, the recombinative desorption of N2 proceeds via a transition state with a relatively low barrier (0.53 eV). In addition, there is a metastable surface species, which is capable of trapping the nascent N2 at low surface temperatures as a result of the large energy disposal into the N–N vibration. The desorbed N2 is highly excited in both of its translational and vibrational degrees of freedom. The ER reaction is direct and fast, and it also leads to translationally and internally excited N2. Finally, the formation of CN from a defect site is calculated to be endoergic by 2.75 eV. These results are used to rationalize the results of recent molecular beam experiments.
Correlations between peripheral levels of inflammatory mediators and frontolimbic structures in bipolar disorder: an exploratory analysis.

BACKGROUND Altered peripheral immune/inflammatory system and brain volumetric changes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to evaluate how peripheral levels of cytokines are related to volumetric brain changes in euthymic patients with BD. METHODS Euthymic patients with BD (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 22) were enrolled in this exploratory study. Blood samples were collected on the same day of clinical assessment and neuroimaging. Cytokines were measured through cytometric bead array method. Neuroimaging data were acquired using a sagittal three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging T1-weighted fast field echo sequence and was processed using FreeSurfer. RESULTS Compared to controls, BD patients had significantly lower volumes in the cingulate, medial-orbitofrontal (MOF) and parahippocampal regions. We found a negative correlation between right MOF volume and interferon-gamma levels (β = -0.431, P = .049) and a positive correlation between interleukin-10 levels and left posterior cingulate volume (β = 0.457, P = .048). CONCLUSION Our results support the involvement of inflammatory pathways in structural brain changes in BD.
Transmission event of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant reveals multiple vaccine breakthrough infections.

This study aims to identify the causative strain of SARS-CoV-2 in a cluster of vaccine breakthroughs. Vaccine breakthrough by a highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 strain is a risk to global public health. Nasopharyngeal swabs from suspected vaccine breakthrough cases were tested for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) for Wuhan-Hu1 and alpha variant. Positive samples were then sequenced by Swift Normalase Amplicon Panels to determine the causal variant. GATK (genome analysis toolkit) variants were filtered with allele fraction ≥80 and min read depth 30x. Viral sequencing revealed an infection cluster of 6 vaccinated patients infected with the delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant. With no history of vaccine breakthrough, this suggests the delta variant may possess immune evasion in patients that received the Pfizer BNT162b2, Moderna mRNA-1273, and Covaxin BBV152. Delta variant may pose the highest risk out of any currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, with previously described increased transmissibility over alpha variant and now, possible vaccine breakthrough. Parts of this work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1U19AI144297) and Baylor College of Medicine internal funding.
Coronectomy: Partial Odontectomy or Intentional Root Retention

Coronectomy is considered in patients older than 25, where there is an intimate relationship between the roots of a retained lower third molar (occasionally second or first molars) and the inferior alveolar nerve, in noncontraindicated circumstances. It may be used on younger patients with a medium to high risk of inferior alveolar nerve damage. The decision to use this technique is made with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography scans. Short- to medium-term success rate is excellent, but long-term studies are not yet available. The technique is gaining wider acceptance, although there are differences in the indications and actual technique used within and between countries.
The effect of freezing on the structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus and a number of other simple plant viruses: An ultracentrifugal analysis

Summary Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), a simple, icosahedral, RNA-containing plant virus, is structurally severely injured by in vitro freezing of its water solutions. An ultracentrifugal analysis revealed that the virus is completely degraded into its RNA, which remains intact, and its protein component, which becomes predominantly fragmented. The effect of a large number of chemicals on the extent of freezing injury incurred by TYMV has also been determined. Most of the chemicals tested conferred complete or almost complete protection from freezing injury that was ultracentrifugally detectable. Notable exceptions were KCl and Naformate, which failed to prevent freezing injury to TYMV. Structural resistance to freezing injury in vitro was also tested with tobacco mosaic virus, southern bean mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus strain S, tomato bushy stunt virus, and tobacco ringspot virus. It was found that none of these viruses, with the possible exception of tomato bushy stunt virus, was degraded after freezing and thawing.
Racial Insult and Repair

How does the experience of racial insult as actualized in everyday automatic stereotypes affect the experience of being desired and desirable? Using a psychoanalytic frame informed by research in the social sciences, this paper examines the way in which racial stereotypes infuse cultural, social, and psychic experience. Love is an “open system” inclined to an appreciation of particularity. Race in our contemporary world is usually constructed as a “closed system.” The implications of love and race as open and closed are considered in the context of a clinical vignette.
Resolvin E1 Selectively Interacts with Leukotriene B4 Receptor BLT1 and ChemR23 to Regulate Inflammation

Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is a potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid generated during the resolution phase of inflammation. RvE1 possesses a unique structure and counterregulatory actions that stop human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) transendothelial migration and PMN infiltration in several murine inflammatory models. To examine the mechanism(s) underlying anti-inflammatory actions on PMNs, we prepared [(3)H]RvE1 and characterized its interactions with human PMN. Results with membrane fractions of human PMN demonstrated specific binding with a K(d) of 48.3 nM. [(3)H]RvE1 specific binding to human PMN was displaced by leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and LTB(4) receptor 1 (BLT1) antagonist U-75302, but not by chemerin peptide, a ligand specific for another RvE1 receptor ChemR23. Recombinant human BLT1 gave specific binding with [(3)H]RvE1 with a K(d) of 45 nM. RvE1 selectively inhibited adenylate cyclase with BLT1, but not with BLT2. In human PBMC, RvE1 partially induced calcium mobilization, and blocked subsequent stimulation by LTB(4). RvE1 also attenuated LTB(4)-induced NF-kappaB activation in BLT1-transfected cells. In vivo anti-inflammatory actions of RvE1 were sharply reduced in BLT1 knockout mice when given at low doses (100 ng i.v.) in peritonitis. In contrast, RvE1 at higher doses (1.0 mug i.v.) significantly reduced PMN infiltration in a BLT1-independent manner. These results indicate that RvE1 binds to BLT1 as a partial agonist, potentially serving as a local damper of BLT1 signals on leukocytes along with other receptors (e.g., ChemR23-mediated counterregulatory actions) to mediate the resolution of inflammation.
Right Ventricular Compression: A Reliable Echocardiographic Sign of Cardiac Tamponade

Early canine studies of the hemodynamics of cardiac tamponade predicted compression of the thin-walled right ventricle. In over 2,000 echocardiograms performed in our institution, pericardial effusion was identified in 172, collected prospectively over a 30 month period. Of these, 15 (8.7%) showed compression of the right ventricle when measured in the left ventricular minor axis. Compression was defined as contact of the right ventricle and septum during all or part of the cardiac cycle or as maximal narrowing of the right ventricle to 1.0 cm or less. All 15 patients had large effusions.
Effect of antibiotics on endotoxin release from gram-negative bacteria

Antibiotics may inhibit bacterial growth or may kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis. The amount of endotoxin released during antibiotic action has been found to be clinically important. Nine antibiotics, representing seven classes, were studied for the amounts of endotoxin released during their action on susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus, which produces no endotoxin, was used as a control organism. Aztreonam induced the highest release of endotoxin, whereas other antibiotics such as imipenem and the quinolones induced the lowest release of endotoxin. Although the quantities of endotoxin released are not easily explained from the established mechanisms of antibiotic action, our findings may have implications for therapy of the acutely ill, septic patient in whom release of large quantities of endotoxin may be catastrophic.
Staphylococcus epidermidis infections

The opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis has become the most important cause of nosocomial infections in recent years. Its pathogenicity is mainly due to the ability to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices. In a biofilm, S. epidermidis is protected against attacks from the immune system and against antibiotic treatment, making S. epidermidis infections difficult to eradicate.
A 19F-NMR approach using reporter molecule pairs to assess β-galactosidase in human xenograft tumors in vivo

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for treatment of various diseases. However, widespread implementation is hampered by difficulties in assessing the success of transfection in the target tissue and the longevity of gene expression. Thus, there is increasing interest in the development of non-invasive in vivo reporter techniques to assay gene expression. We recently demonstrated the ability to detect beta-galactosidase activity in stably transfected human prostate tumor xenografts in mice in vivo using 19F NMR. We now extend the studies to human MCF7 breast cancer cells growing as xenografts in nude mice. Moreover, by using two spectrally resolved reporters (o-fluoro-p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and an isomer), two tumors could be interrogated simultaneously revealing lacZ transgene activity in a stably transfected tumor versus no activity in a wild-type tumor. Most significantly, hydrolytic activity observed by 19F NMR corresponded to differential activity in lacZ-expressing tumors.
Numerical simulation of cavitation dynamics using a cavitation-induced-momentum-defect (CIMD) correction approach

Abstract A new unsteady cavitation event tracking model is developed for predicting vapor dynamics occurring in multi-dimensional incompressible flows. The procedure solves incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for the liquid phase supplemented with an additional vapor transport equation for the vapor phase. The novel cavitation-induced-momentum-defect (CIMD) correction methodology developed in this study accounts for cavitation inception and collapse events as relevant momentum-source terms in the liquid phase momentum equations. The model tracks cavitation zones and applies compressibility effects, employing homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) assumptions, in constructing the source term of the vapor transport model. Effects of vapor phase accumulation and diffusion are incorporated by detailed relaxation models. A modified RNG k – e model, including the effects of compressibility in the vapor regions, is employed for modeling turbulence effects. Numerical simulations are carried out using a finite volume methodology available within the framework of commercial CFD software code Fluent v.6.2. Simulation results are in good qualitative agreement with experiments for unsteady cloud cavitation behavior in planar nozzle flows. Multitude of mechanisms such as formation of vortex cavities, vapor cluster shedding and coalescence, cavity pinch off are sharply captured by the CIMD approach. Our results indicate the profound influence of re-entrant jet motion and adverse pressure gradients on the cavitation dynamics.
A regression analysis of test bias on the WISC-R for Anglos and Chicanos referred for psychological services

Predictive validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised was investigated across race for 174 Chicano and 94 Anglo children referred for psychological services. Regression lines for the prediction of achievement were compared across race through the Potthoff analysis, which provides a simultaneous test of slope and intercept values. Results of these comparisons generally supported the predictive validity of the WISC-R across race with this referral sample of young children.
Isoforms of Na,K-ATPase in Artemia saline: I. Detection by FITC binding and time course.

Partially purified Na,K-ATPase from whole nauplii at various stages of development, analyzed by SDS-PAGE, reveals a polydisperse β and two α subunits (denoted α1 and α2). In the absence of Ca2+, ATP-inhibitable fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling is restricted to the α subunit of this enzyme, even in crude naupliar homogenates. The intensity of the α-specific fluorescent signal (i.e., the sum of the yield from both α isoforms) is proportional to Na,K-ATPase activity during development. FITC-labeled subunits were detected at 8 hr of development prior to the detection of measurable Na,K-ATPase activity. The α2/α1 ratio changed from an initial value of 1.25 to a peak of 1.75 at 32 hr of development, then reverted to a ratio of 1.25 by 42 hr, and remained constant thereafter. Pulse chase studies with35S-methionine indicated that the developmental increase in enzyme activity is coincident with amino acid incorporation into the α subunits, implying that enzyme synthesis is active during enzyme accumulation.
Critical Decoding Step in the Ribosome Revealed by Dynamical Network Analysis

The ribosome needs to select the correct (cognate) aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) among all the available aa-tRNAs to carry out protein synthesis. During the selection of the cognate aa-tRNA, also known as the decoding step, a ternary complex consisting of an aa-tRNA along with the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and a GTP molecule approaches the ribosomal A-site. If the codon-anticodon pair matches in the decoding center, GTP hydrolysis occurs more than 75 A away, which gives rise to conformational change in EF-Tu and its detachment from the ribosome. The molecular mechanism of the decoding process, which occurs very rapidly (about 20 amino acids per second), and very accurately, is unknown despite decades of intense study. According to experimental data, helices h8 and h14 in 16S rRNA play a crucial role in the activity and fidelity of the decoding process. These two helices together interact with two protein helices of the large subunit, L14 and L19, to form bridge 8 (B8), which connects the two ribosomal subunits. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the complete ribosome for 150 ns. Using the Dynamical Network Analysis plugin in VMD, a network was assigned to the system based on cross-correlations of the residues' displacements along the trajectory. Inter-correlated communities in the network and the strongest pathways between the decoding center and the GTP binding site were calculated to shed light on how codon-anticodon pairings regulate the GTP hydrolysis. Finally the results for the wild-type ribosome were compared with the results for ribosomes carrying mutated/deleted/inserted base pairs in their h8 and h16 helices in order to reveal the functional importance of these helices in the decoding process at the molecular level.
Patterns of remission and symptom decline in conduct disorder: a four-year prospective study of an ADHD sample.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate systematically the longitudinal course of conduct disorder (CD) in a sample of youths with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to determine the effects of a persistent course on outcome. Method One hundred forty children with ADHD and their nuclear families were assessed at baseline and again at 1 and 4 years. Subjects were examined by means of DSM-III-R–based structured interviews. They were also evaluated for cognitive and social functioning. Persistent (exhibiting symptoms of CD at either follow-up) and desistent (symptoms of CD at neither follow-up) cases were identified. Results Forty-two percent of CD cases followed a persistent course. Although both persistent and desistent subjects had high rates of antisocial disorders in relatives, increased family conflict and decreased family cohesion were selectively associated with a persistent course. In addition, subjects with persistent symptoms of CD exhibited more impaired ratings on the Aggression and Delinquency subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist, as well as higher rates of bipolar, oppositional defiant, and substance use disorders. Conclusions These findings suggest that the poor prognosis associated with CD is limited to an identifiable subgroup with a persistent course.
Capstone of Palliative Care Curricula: Transition into Residency

Methods. A unique aspect of the module is that senior students are divided into small groups for case discussions based on the medical and surgical specialties they will soon be entering. Multiple cases are designed to highlight practical and clinically relevant palliative care issues related to Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, Surgery, Ob/Gyn, Pediatrics, Radiology, Emergency Medicine, and a combined group of Pathology, Ophthalmology, and Dermatology. Co-facilitated by a palliative care specialist and a physician from the respective specialty, students discuss two cases that build competence in end-of-life care and provide a forum to express their fears and concerns about the care of dying patients. Topics include giving bad news, care of the imminently dying, hospice care, pain and symptom control, self-determination in healthcare decision-making, and decisional capacity.
Dispute between Finland and Denmark on Shipping through the Great Belt

In May 1991, Finland filed an application with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to institute proceedings against Denmark in regards to a planned fixed link across the Great Belt. Finland claimed that the construction of a bridge across the Great Belt would deny access to the North Sea from the Baltic Sea for vessels taller than 65 m. Denmark, however, claimed that vessels taller than 65 m could pass through the Sound instead of the Great Belt. Finland countered that because the depth of the Sound was half the depth of the Great Belt, the Sound could not be a suitable alternative route. In addition, Finland requested of the ICJ that provisional measures be taken, but Denmark opposed this request. In 1991, the ICJ rejected Finland’s request for provisional measures and strongly urged the parties to reach a settlement themselves through negotiations. In September 1992, the prime ministers of Denmark and Finland reached a settlement. Denmark agreed to pay Finland US$15 million; and in return, Finland withdrew the case from the International Court of Justice. This paper describes the arguments and proceedings in this international dispute, discusses the case, and draws lessons learned.
Generation of canonical M-sequences and dual bases

An expression for the shift necessary to obtain a canonical M-sequence is obtained in terms of the coefficients of the primitive polynomial that generates this m-sequence. This shift for obtaining a canonical M-sequence is also directly related to the shift for obtaining the location of the span "100...0" in the M-sequence. In addition, a recursion is developed for obtaining the dual basis elements of the basis expressing GF(q/sup m/) over GF(q). Canonical M-sequences and dual bases are important in the design of sequences for spread-spectrum multiple-access systems as well as in the design of general decoder structures using bit-serial encoders.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Hemorrhagic Stroke

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are part of the spectrum of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is one of the most frequent medical complications in stroke patients. The risk of VTE is even higher after hemorrhagic stroke. This article reviews various screening methods, diagnostic techniques, and pharmacologic as well as nonpharmacologic means of preventing VTE after hemorrhagic stroke.
Ethnography and the making of modern health professionals.

Charles Rosenberg’s call to arms for the training of health professionals as optimal medical citizens—concerned with politics, social justice and clinical judgment—recalls a long history of social science engagement with the socioeconomic and political sources and contexts of medical practice (Rosenberg 2007). Social scientists equipped with ethnographic and analytical insights have offered critiques from ‘‘the outside’’ for years, noting how biomedicine engages, knowingly or not, in iatrogenesis (Illich 1982), capitalist exploitation (Navarro 1976), domination (Freidson 1970)and reductionism (Gordon 1988), that it disregards the social conditions of knowledge production (Young 1982) and that it turns life cycle processes and behaviors into objects requiring medical intervention (Conrad 1992; Zola 1972) for example. The examination of medicine as a social and cultural system that reproduces problems of social inequality or injustice, rather than eradicating them, never seems to slow. The route by which this reproduction occurs,
Inspection and evaluation of laser welds for transit buses

Laser welds in light-weight transit bus panels were studied by IR imaging. The corrugated structural panels were made from 3mm thick stainless steel. The panels were welded by a high power laser with lines of equally spaced 1” stitches. After discovering problems by visual and tapping inspections, the panels were sent to our laboratory for further investigation. The IR thermography method was chosen to study the welds because of its non-contact nature and potential for large area, high-speed inspections. We used thermophysical properties of the panels and finite element modeling to predict temperature variations of “good” and “bad” welds. Surface heating and “heat leak” methods were used to inspect each weld. The IR images clearly showed characteristic temperature signatures of “good” and “bad” welds. We also discovered a number of partial welds and questionable welds. In the follow-up destructive inspection, the welds interfaces were imaged and related to the infrared images. None or partial penetrations were found on a number of bad and partial welds. Even in the good welds, the weld stitch appeared to be discontinuous. This study helped the bus manufacturer to assess their welding process and make necessary improvement.
The enumeration of irreducible combinatorial objects

Abstract A unique factorization theory for labelled combinatorial objects is developed and applied to enumerate several families of objects, including certain families of set partitions, permutations, graphs, and collections of subintervals of [1, n ]. The theory involves a notion of irreducibility with respect to set partitions and the enumeration formulas that arise result from a generalization of the well-known “exponential formula.”
Object-Oriented, Optimization-Based Design of Satellite Structures

This paper focuses on the application of rigorous optimization methods to the design of complete satellite structural subsystems. It discusses a software system being developed which is based on a combination of finite-element analysis using MSC/NASTEAN, numerical optimization, approximation concepts, and object-oriented technology. The benefits of object-oriented design, in the context of satellite structural optimization, are identified. In addition, an approach to system optimization, including multilevel and coupled subsystem optimization is explored. Finally, the application of this software to the actual design of two satellite structures is presented.
Phased array radars-past, present and future

This is a survey paper summarizing the developments and future trends in passive, active bipolar and monolithic microwave integrated circuitry (MMIC) phased array radars for ground, ship, air, and space applications. Covered is the DD(X) ship radar suite; THAAD (formerly GBR); European COBRA; Israel BMD radar antennas; Dutch shipboard APAR; airborne US F-22, JSF and F-18 radars, European AMSAR, Swedish AESA, Japan FSX and Israel Phalcon; Iridium. (66 satellites in orbit for total of 198 antennas) and Globalstar MMIC spaceborne active array systems (these last two are communications but the technology is the same as used by radar systems, in fact the Iridium T/R module technology derives from technology developed for a space based radar); Thales (formerly Thomson-CSF) 4 inch MMIC wafer 94 GHz seeker antenna; digital beamforming; ferroelectric row-column scanning; optical electronic scanning for communications and radar; the MMIC C-band to Ku-band Advanced Shared Aperture Program (ASAP) and AMRFS antenna systems for shared use for communications, radar, electronics countermeasures (ECM) and ESM; and continuous transverse stub (CTS) voltage-variable dielectric (VVD) antenna.
Glassy motion of an elastic string.

Numerical simulations of a driven elastic string in a quenched random potential at finite temperatures support the existence of glassy motion for sufficiently weak driving forces. Avalanchelike string motion is observed in the transition region.
Eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivity and approximate analysis for repeated eigenvalue problems

A set of computationally efficient equations for eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivity analysis are derived, and a method for eigenvalue and eigenvector approximate analysis in the presence of repeated eigenvalues is presented. The method developed for approximate analysis involves a reparamaterization of the multivariable structural eigenvalue problem in terms of a single positive-valued parameter. The resulting equations yield first-order approximations of changes in both the eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with the repeated eigenvalue problem. Examples are given to demonstrate the application of such equations for sensitivity and approximate analysis.
The prevalence of panic attacks in the United States: 1980 to 1995.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the prevalence of panic attacks among adults in the US population between 1980 and 1995. Method Data were drawn from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program study (1980) and the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (1996), which are epidemiologic survey studies with samples representative of the US adult population. A chi-square test was used to determine the difference between the prevalence of panic attack in 1980 and 1995. Results There was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of panic attacks among adults 25 to 74 years of age from 1980 to 1995 in the United States (12.7% versus 5.3%; χ 2 =135.2, df=1, P Conclusions These data suggest that there may have been an increase in the prevalence of panic attacks among adults 25 to 74 years of age in the general US population over the past two decades.
Parallel processing of multiple scales problems

The efficient use of multiprocessor computers requires the introduction of new numerical algorithms. This presentation is concerned with the development of parallel processing algorithms for multiple scales problems associated with large scale scientific computations. We advocate the use of asymptotic analysis of the governing equations of the physical and chemical processes to gain an understanding of the important features of the solution. Then we use this information to guide the development of numerical methods, keeping in mind the need to have many nearly independent processes available for load balancing the processors. Finally in the implementation of the algorithms, we must consider the role of computer languages in maintaining the global concurrencies specified by the analyst and in identifying additional local concurrencies. In effect, we must have a complete approach, with cooperation between mathematicians, numerical analysts, and computer scientists.
Predictors of RNs' intent to work and work decisions 1 year later in a U.S. national sample.

Abstract Background Many studies have examined predictors of nurses' intention to work in their job, including desire to quit. Intent has been a good predictor of actual turnover. Few longitudinal studies exist that consider regional variables. Objectives To extend the conceptual framework of turnover research to the whole nursing workforce and determine: (1) how do demographics, region (metropolitan statistical area: MSA), movement opportunities, and work setting variables affect registered nurses' (RNs) intent to work and desire to quit; and (2) how do demographics, MSA variables, movement opportunities, and work setting variables affect RNs' work behavior at time 2? Design Panel study using Dillman's design method. Settings and participants Randomly selected national cluster sample from 40 urban geographic regions (MSAs) in 29 states of the United States. Methods Four thousand surveys were sent. There were 1907 female RNs under 65 (48% response rate) from year 1 of which 1348 responded at year 2 (70% response rate). Results The first analyses used desire to quit (explained 65% of the variance) and intent to work from year 1 as dependent variables. Satisfaction and organizational commitment were significant negative predictors of desire to quit. In the logistic regression on intent to work, the work motivation and work–family conflict were positive and significant as well as wages (negative) and three benefit variables. In year 2, the dependent variable was working or not and if working, full-time or not. For this bivariate probit regression no attitudes influenced the work/not work decision, but MSA level variables, wages (positive) and benefits (positive) did. Organizational commitment and higher workload increased the probability of working FT. Conclusions Regional differences across markets need to be controlled and their influence investigated. In addition, attitudes as well as wages and benefits were important in certain decisions: these factors are clearly under the influence of employers.
Dynamin-2-Dependent Targeting of Mannheimia haemolytica Leukotoxin to Mitochondrial Cyclophilin D in Bovine Lymphoblastoid Cells

Exotoxins which belong to the family containing the RTX toxins (repeats in toxin) contribute to a variety of important human and animal diseases. One example of such a toxin is the potent leukotoxin (LKT) produced by the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica. LKT binds to CD18, resulting in the death of bovine leukocytes. In this study, we showed that internalized LKT binds to the outer mitochondrial membrane, which results in the release of cytochrome c and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm). Incubation of bovine lymphoblastoid cells (BL-3 cells) with the mitochondrial membrane-stabilizing agent cyclosporine (CSA) reduced LKT-mediated cytotoxicity, cytochrome c release, and collapse of the ψm. Coimmunoprecipitation and intracellular binding studies suggested that LKT binds to the mitochondrial matrix protein cyclophilin D. We also demonstrated that LKT mobilizes the vesicle scission protein dynamin-2 from mitochondria to the cell membrane. Incubation with CSA depleted mitochondrial dynamin-2 in BL-3 cells, making it unavailable for vesicle scission and LKT internalization. The results of this study show that LKT trafficking and LKT-mediated cell death involve dynamin-2 and cyclophilin D, in a process that can be prevented by the mitochondrial membrane-protecting function of CSA.
Functional neuroimaging studies of category specificity in object recognition: A critical review and meta-analysis

Functional neuroimaging studies in which the cortical organization for semantic knowledge has been addressed have revealed interesting dissociations in the recognition of different object categories, such as faces, natural objects, and manufactured objects. The present paper critically reviews these studies and performs a meta-analysis of stereotactic coordinates to determine whether category membership predicts patterns of brain activation across different studies. This meta-analysis revealed that, in the ventral temporal cortex, recognition of manufactured objects activates more medial aspects of the fusiform gyrus, as compared with natural object or face recognition. Face recognition activates more inferior aspects of the ventral temporal cortex, as compared with manufactured object recognition. The recognition task used—viewing, matching, or naming—also predicted brain activation patterns. Specifically, matching tasks recruit more inferior occipital regions than do either naming or viewing tasks, whereas naming tasks recruit more anterior ventral temporal sites than do either viewing or matching tasks. These findings indicate that the cognitive demands of a particular recognition task are as predictive of cortical activation patterns as is category membership.
Serum Opsonic Activity for Streptococcus pneumoniae Types 6B and 14 in Infants with Sickle Cell Disease after Immunization with Pneumococcal Protein Conjugate Vaccine

Serum Opsonic Activity for Streptococcus pneumoniae Types 6B and 14 in Infants with Sickle Cell Disease after Immunization with Pneumococcal Protein Conjugate Vaccine
Effects of high carbohydrate and high fat diets on rat adipose tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase responses to concanavalin A and spermine.

Rats were fed a high lard diet or a high glucose diet for 5–7 days. Basal and Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated epididymal fat pad pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities were decreased in fat diet-adapted rats compared to those fed the glucose diet. When adipocyte plasma membranes and mitochondria were coincubated with and without Con A, it was found that the lectin stimulation of PDH activity was lower in preparations from fat-fed rats. These results are comparable to our earlier observations with insulin on adipose tissue PDH. Spermine also stimulated PDH in whole adipose tissue pieces in both the absence and presence (0.5 mM) of medium glucose. The spermine stimulation of PDH in adipose tissue was decreased in fat-fed rats. In contrast to Con A, spermine failed to stimulate PDH in a cell-free system. This suggests that spermine activation of PDH in adipose tissue does not involve the generation of the second messenger responsible for the effects of insulin and Con A. This hypothesis was further substa...
Abuse-Deterrent Formulations, an Evolving Technology Against the Abuse and Misuse of Opioid Analgesics

The increased use of opioid pain medication has been mirrored by the increased misuse and abuse of these drugs. As part of a multidisciplinary approach to this epidemic, pharmaceutical companies, with the encouragement of the Food and Drug Administration, have increased the development of abuse-deterrent formulations. While all have the goal of treating pain while mitigating misuse and abuse, there are different technologies utilized to impart the abuse-deterrent properties. The goal of this paper is to review the basis of abuse-deterrent formulations, the different types and approaches of some of the abuse-deterrent products, and their current regulatory status in the USA.
Investigations into the origin of chloroanisoles causing musty off-flavor of raisins

The formation of chloroanisole in commercially processed and nonprocessed dried-on-the-vine (DOV) raisins under sterile, nonsterile, and low-moisture conditions was determined. The chloroanisoles of raisin samples were steam−solvent extracted using a modified Likens−Nickerson glass distillation apparatus and the concentrated extracts analyzed by gas−liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Processed raisins with low water activity (Aw) of 0.48 or 0.80 formed 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) when incubated during a 3−4 week period. TCA was formed by raisins partially sterilized with propylene oxide or completely sterilized with hydrogen peroxide. Nonprocessed DOV raisins incubated at an Aw of ≤0.80 also formed TCA. Although the amounts of TCA formed in raisins vary greatly from batch to batch, it is demonstrated that sterilized raisins formed TCA under low water activity nonconducive for microbial activity. Keywords: Biogenesis; chloroanisole; raisins
Quadrupole contribution to two-neutron removal in heavy ion collisions

In this Brief Report, electric quadrupole corrections to the two-neutron removal cross section measured in heavy ion collisions are estimated for {sup 197}Au and {sup 59}Co targets. The quadrupole process is assumed to proceed primarily through excitation of the giant isovector quadrupole resonance, which then decays by neutron emission. For {sup 59}Co, the contribution from {ital E}2 radiation is found to be small, while for {sup 197}Au we find the quadrupole contribution resolves the discrepancy between experiment and the simple predictions of the Weissacker-Williams virtual photon method.