cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Splash-Zone Heat Transfer in Bubbling Fluidized Beds: an Experimental Study of Temperature Effects

Abstract Experimental results are reported for the heat transfer between a high-temperature fluidized bed and a horizontal tube located within the splash zone. Of specific interest in this study is the effect of bed temperature. Four bed operating temperatures (700, 810, 908, and 1003 K) were investigated. At each temperature, five circumferential local time-averaged values of the total and blackbody radiative heat transfer coefficients were measured for three tube locations. The tube was located at 406, 64, and −127 mm relative to the packed bed-freeboard interface. These locations are representative of a tube in the freeboard, in the splash zone, and totally immersed in the bed, respectively. The tube outside diameter was 51 mm, the mean bed particle size was 2.9 mm, and the superficial fluidizing velocity varied from near minimum fluidization conditions ( U mf ) to over 1.5U mf . The work was performed in the Oregon State University high-temperature fluidized-bed test facility.
Synthesis and SAR of potent EGFR/erbB2 dual inhibitors

A series of 6-alkoxy-4-anilinoquinazoline compounds was prepared and evaluated for in vitro inhibition of the erbB2 and EGFR kinase activity. The IC(50) values of the best compounds were below 0.10 uM. Further, several of these compounds inhibit the growth of erbB2 and EGFR over-expressing tumor cell lines at concentrations below 1 uM.
In vivo Determination of Bone Density -A Comparative Study

Two in vivo methods for the determination of bone mineral content are compared. It is concluded that computed tomography represents the only accurate in vivo method capable of determining bone mineral content per volume of bone. In addition, it has the distinct advantage of being able to determine the bone mineral content of virtually any bone of the skeleton.
Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination of Homoallylic Amines

The development of an anti-Markovnikov-selective hydroamination of unactivated alkenes is a significant challenge in organometallic chemistry. Herein, we present the rhodium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov-selective hydroamination of homoallylic amines. The proximal Lewis basic amine serves to promote reactivity and enforce regioselectivity through the formation of the favored metallacycle, thus over-riding the inherent reactivity of the alkene. The scope of both the amine nucleophiles and homoallylic amines that participate in the reaction is demonstrated.
How Do Global Audiences Take Shape? The Role of Institutions and Culture in Patterns of Web Use

This study investigates the role of both cultural and technological factors in determining audience formation on a global scale. It integrates theories of media choice with theories of global cultural consumption and tests them by analyzing shared audience traffic between the world's 1,000 most popular websites. We find that language and geographic similarities are more powerful predictors of audience overlap than hyperlinks and genre similarity, highlighting the role of cultural structures in shaping global media use.
Tempered best response dynamics

We propose a new deterministic evolutionary dynamic—the tempered best response dynamic (tBRD)—to capture two features of economic decision making: optimization and continuous sensitivity to incentives. That is, in the tBRD, an agent is more likely to revise his action when his current payoff is further from the optimal payoff, and he always switches to an optimal action when revising. The tBRD is a payoff monotone selection like the replicator dynamic, which makes medium and long-run outcomes more consistent with predictions from equilibrium refinement than the BRD in some situations. The technical contribution of the tBRD is continuous sensitivity, which allows us to apply results of a system of piecewise differential equations in order to obtain conditions for uniqueness and stability of solutions.
Folding deformable objects using predictive simulation and trajectory optimization

Robotic manipulation of deformable objects remains a challenging task. One such task is folding a garment autonomously. Given start and end folding positions, what is an optimal trajectory to move the robotic arm to fold a garment? Certain trajectories will cause the garment to move, creating wrinkles, and gaps, other trajectories will fail altogether. We present a novel solution to find an optimal trajectory that avoids such problematic scenarios. The trajectory is optimized by minimizing a quadratic objective function in an off-line simulator, which includes material properties of the garment and frictional force on the table. The function measures the dissimilarity between a user folded shape and the folded garment in simulation, which is then used as an error measurement to create an optimal trajectory. We demonstrate that our two-arm robot can follow the optimized trajectories, achieving accurate and efficient manipulations of deformable objects.
The future of semiconductor industry - A foundry's perspective

The semiconductor industry has been in a path of steady growth tolerating waves of economical ups and downturns. We are currently facing a severe one that very few of us have encountered in our lifetime. Nevertheless, it is not a question whether the growth curve will resume. It is always a matter of when it does.
Net and Prune: A Linear Time Algorithm for Euclidean Distance Problems

We provide a general framework for getting expected linear time constant factor approximations (and in many cases FPTAS's) to several well known problems in Computational Geometry, such as k-center clustering and farthest nearest neighbor. The new approach is robust to variations in the input problem, and yet it is simple, elegant, and practical. In particular, many of these well studied problems which fit easily into our framework, either previously had no linear time approximation algorithm, or required rather involved algorithms and analysis. A short list of the problems we consider include farthest nearest neighbor, k-center clustering, smallest disk enclosing k points, kth largest distance, kth smallest m-nearest neighbor distance, kth heaviest edge in the MST and other spanning forest type problems, problems involving upward closed set systems, and more. Finally, we show how to extend our framework such that the linear running time bound holds with high probability.
Tax Assignment: Does the Practice Match the Theory?

This paper builds on the existing literature to better explain the tax assignment choices made by countries in different economic circumstances. In particular, we explain why the degree of tax auto...
Agricultural Contracts and Alternative Marketing Options: A Matching Analysis

The increasing use of agricultural contracts and processor concentration raises concerns that processors may offer lower contract prices in absence of local competition. This study examines the price competitiveness of marketing and production contracts depending on the availability of alternative marketing options. A propensity score matching method is used to compare prices using contract data from a farm-level national survey. The results show that the absence of other contractors or spot markets in producers' areas does not lead to statistically significant price differences in agricultural contracts for most commodities, providing evidence that most agricultural processors do not exercise market power by reducing prices when other local buyers are not available.
Detecting Translation Direction: A Cross-Domain Study

Parallel corpora are constructed by taking a document authored in one language and translating it into another language. However, the information about the authored and translated sides of the corpus is usually not preserved. When available, this information can be used to improve statistical machine translation. Existing statistical methods for translation direction detection have low accuracy when applied to the realistic out-of-domain setting, especially when the input texts are short. Our contributions in this work are threefold: 1) We develop a multi-corpus parallel dataset with translation direction labels at the sentence level, 2) we perform a comparative evaluation of previously introduced features for translation direction detection in a cross-domain setting and 3) we generalize a previously introduced type of features to outperform the best previously proposed features in detecting translation direction and achieve 0.80 precision with 0.85 recall.
From curiosity to applications. A personal perspective on inorganic photochemistry.

Over the past several decades, the photochemistry and photophysics of transition metal compounds has blossomed from a relatively niche topic to a major research theme. Applications arising from the elucidation of the fundamental principles defining this field now range from probing the rates and mechanisms of small molecules with metalloproteins to light activated molecular machines. Offered here is a personal perspective of metal complex photochemistry drawn from this author's long involvement with this field. Several examples are described. Topics include characterizing key excited states and tuning these to modify chemical reactivity and/or photoluminescence properties, as well as using photoreactions as an entry to reactive intermediates relevant to homogeneous catalysts. This is followed by discussions of applying these concepts to developing precursors and precursor–antenna conjugates for the photochemical delivery of small molecule bioregulators to physiological targets.
Household Consumption Response to Demographic Changes: An Analysis using a Demographic Model

In this paper, I use variations in the gestational ages of pregnant woman and the number of adults to estimate the effect of household composition and the timing of birth on household consumption. Based on the empirical results, I find a significant relationship between growth in the number of adults in the household and consumption growth. I also find a negative relationship between the number of adults and consumption per capita. Gestational age and it’s interaction with number of adult have a significant effect on labor income. Despite this finding, gestational age does not have a significant effect on labor related income and consumption. This linkage among consumption, household composition, and labor supply is a candidate explanation for the excess sensitivity of consumption growth to income which has been reported in the permanent income hypothesis/life-cycle literature. I argue that number of adults drives both consumption and labor supply thereby resulting in a relationship between consumption growth and income growth.
TRANSITIONING BARRIER TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEMS TO OPEN ROAD TOLLING: FLOW AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Converting traditional barrier-type toll facilities to open road tolling has the potential to dramatically increase the flow rate of a given road. However, the process of transforming a barrier-type system into a free flow toll road presents a number of operational challenges for decision makers. In this paper, we use a simulation model of toll plaza flow to measure the impact of such a conversion on capacity and queuing. We find that the process of conversion is complex and has the potential to undermine many of the flow improvements that are inherent in electronic toll collection.
Ring-Closing Metathesis with Vicinal Dibromoalkenes as Protected Alkynes: A Synthetic Approach to Macrocyclic Enynes

A new strategy to access macrocyclic enynes was developed. To block undesired ene–yne cyclization pathways, alkynes were protected via bromination and the resultant acyclic vic-(E)-dibromotrienes participated in selective ene–ene ring closing metathesis reactions. Zinc-promoted deprotection of (E)-dibromodienes provided macrocyclic enynes in high yields.
The Relationship Between Component Skills and Writing Quality and Production Across Developmental Levels A Meta-Analysis of the Last 25 Years

Theories of writing development posit several component skills as necessary to the writing process. This meta-analysis synthesizes the literature on the correlation between these proposed component skills and writing outcomes. Specifically, in this study, we examine the bivariate relationships between handwriting fluency, spelling, reading, and oral language and students’ quality of writing and writing production. Additionally, the extent to which such relationships are moderated by student grade level and type of learner is also investigated. The findings document that each of the component skills demonstrates a weak to moderate positive relationship to outcomes assessing writing quality (rs = .33−.49) and the amount students write (rs = .20−.48). Moderator analyses were generally not significant with the exception that the relationship between reading and writing production was significantly higher for students in the primary grades. The implications of these findings to current theories and future rese...
Multiscale dictionary learning: non-asymptotic bounds and robustness

High-dimensional datasets are well-approximated by low-dimensional structures. Over the past decade, this empirical observation motivated the investigation of detection, measurement, and modeling techniques to exploit these low-dimensional intrinsic structures, yielding numerous implications for high-dimensional statistics, machine learning, and signal processing. Manifold learning (where the low-dimensional structure is a manifold) and dictionary learning (where the low-dimensional structure is the set of sparse linear combinations of vectors from a finite dictionary) are two prominent theoretical and computational frameworks in this area. Despite their ostensible distinction, the recently-introduced Geometric Multi-Resolution Analysis (GMRA) provides a robust, computationally efficient, multiscale procedure for simultaneously learning manifolds and dictionaries. In this work, we prove non-asymptotic probabilistic bounds on the approximation error of GMRA for a rich class of data-generating statistical models that includes "noisy" manifolds, thereby establishing the theoretical robustness of the procedure and confirming empirical observations. In particular, if a dataset aggregates near a low-dimensional manifold, our results show that the approximation error of the GMRA is completely independent of the ambient dimension. Our work therefore establishes GMRA as a provably fast algorithm for dictionary learning with approximation and sparsity guarantees. We include several numerical experiments confirming these theoretical results, and our theoretical framework provides new tools for assessing the behavior of manifold learning and dictionary learning procedures on a large class of interesting models.
The retrieval of phonological forms in production: tests of predictions from a connectionist model

This article reviews a model of retrieval processes in language production that accounts for phonological speech-error data (Dell, 1986, Psychological Review, 93, 283–321). A distinction is drawn between empirical phenomena that are built into the model and phenomena that can be considered predictions from it. Data from experiments creating phonological speech errors are presented as tests of those predictions.
Long-Range Order in β -Brass

The long-range order in $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brass has been determined over the entire range of temperatures below ${T}_{c}$ from x-ray measurements of integrated intensities of superlattice Bragg reflections. Analysis of the data included allowance for the observed appreciable differences between Debye-Waller factors. The normalized long-range-order parameter $\frac{S}{{S}_{0}}$ is found to be consistently significantly greater than that predicted by current Ising-model calculations, with the difference increasing monotonically from 1% at $\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}=0.5 \mathrm{to} 13%$ at $\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$. In the critical region the difference is found to be due to a larger-than-predicted value for the asymptotic coefficient, while the critical exponent is $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.300$, in good agreement with the compressible-Ising-model value.
Decontamination of Hard Cheeses by Pulsed UV Light

Cheese is a ready-to-eat food that may be contaminated on the surface by undesirable spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms during production, packaging, and postpackaging processes. Penicillium roqueforti is commonly found on cheese surfaces at refrigeration temperatures and is one of the most common spoilage fungal species. Consumption of cheese contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes can result in foodborne listeriosis. Therefore, cheese should be decontaminated at postprocessing stages. Pulsed UV light is a nonthermal method for food preservation that involves the use of intense short pulses to ensure microbial decontamination on the surface of foods or packaging materials. In this study, the efficacy of pulsed UV light for inactivation of P. roqueforti and L. monocytogenes inoculated onto packaged and unpackaged hard cheeses was investigated. Treatment times and the distance from the UV strobe were evaluated to determine optimum treatment conditions. Packaged and unpackaged cheeses were treated at distances of 5, 8, and 13 cm for up to 60 s. For P. roqueforti, maximum reduction after 40 s at 5 cm was 1.32 log CFU/cm(2) on unpackaged cheese and 1.24 log CFU/cm(2) on packaged cheese. Reductions of L. monocytogenes under the same treatment conditions were about 2.9 and 2.8 log CFU/cm(2) on packaged and unpackaged cheeses, respectively. The temperature changes and total energy increases were directly proportional to treatment time and inversely proportional to distance between the UV lamp and the samples. The changes in color and lipid oxidation were determined at mild (5 s at 13 cm), moderate (30 s at 8 cm), and extreme (40 s at 5 cm) treatments. The color and chemical quality of cheeses were not significantly different after mild treatments (P > 0.05). The mechanical properties of the plastic packaging material (polypropylene) also were evaluated after mild, moderate, and extreme treatments. A decreasing trend was noted for elastic modulus; however, no significant differences were found between untreated samples and those given mild and moderate treatments (P > 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that pulsed UV light can inactivate P. roqueforti and L. monocytogenes on the surface of hard cheeses.
Commentary: DSM-5 and Forensic Psychiatry.

The periodic revisions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) reset the standard for diagnosis of mental disorders and hence are of immense importance to the mental health professions. Although primarily intended for use by clinicians, the
3D Printing of Molecular Models

Physical models have a long and important role in exploring and communicating scientific and medical concepts and structures. One of the earliest physical scientific visualizations was the orrery, a mechanical model of the solar system, which first appeared in Greece around 150 BC. Early anatomical models, such as those made from Papier-Mache were developed in the early 19 th Century. The earliest molecular models were those produced in the mid 19 th century by chemists (such as Hoffman and Kekule) to visualize the nature of chemical composition. These models brought abstract or unseen structures into the context of human experience.
Growth and Characterization of AlN on 6H-SiC Substrates

AIN/SiC structures are of current importance for the development of high temperature electronic devices. A systematic study of the growth and structure of AIN on Lely grown 6H-SiC was performed. The SiC substrates were chemically etched followed by thermal desorption at 875 °C under UHV conditions. AFM and RHEED images show the relative improvement in surface morphology following the cleaning procedure. AIN films were grown on 6H-SiC substrates using plasma source molecular beam epitaxy (PSMBE). Substrate temperatures were varied from 400 °C to 800 °C and deposition energies from 1 eV to 25 eV during AIN growth. The AIN crystal structure and topology were analyzed by RHEED and AFM. The AIN/SiC film microstructure are correlated with the quality of the SiC surface and the parameters of the AIN deposition process. Epitaxial growth of AIN(0002) was strongly dependent on the SiC surface quality and deposition energy. The highest quality AIN was achieved at growth temperatures of approximately 600 °C and 15 eV ion energy. Higher ion energy resulted in amorphous film growth.
Klein tunneling and magnetoresistance of p − n junctions in Weyl semimetals

We study the zero temperature conductance and magnetoconductance of ballistic $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junctions in Weyl semimetals. Electron transport is mediated by Klein tunneling between the $n$ and $p$ regions. The chiral anomaly that is realized in Weyl semimetals plays a crucial role in the magnetoconductance of the junction. With the exception of field orientations where the angle between $\mathbf{B}$ and the junction plane is small, magnetoconductance is positive and linear in $B$ at both weak and strong magnetic fields. In contrast, magnetoconductance in conventional $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junctions is always negative.
Double-Pulse Two-Micron IPDA Lidar Simulation for Airborne Carbon Dioxide Measurements

An advanced double-pulse 2-μm integrated path differential absorption lidar has been developed at NASA Langley Research Center for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide. The instrument utilizes a state-of-the-art 2-μm laser transmitter with tunable on-line wavelength and advanced receiver. Instrument modeling and airborne simulations are presented in this paper. Focusing on random errors, results demonstrate instrument capabilities of performing precise carbon dioxide differential optical depth measurement with less than 3% random error for single-shot operation up to 11 km altitude. This study is useful for defining CO 2 measurement weighting function for adaptive targeting, instrument setting, validation and sensitivity trade-offs.
Metallic coaxial nanolasers

AbstractThe last two decades have witnessed tremendous advancements in the area of nanophotonics and plasmonics. Undoubtedly, the introduction of metallic structures has opened a path toward light confinement and manipulation at the subwavelength scalea regime that was previously thought to be out of reach in optics. Of central importance is to devise efficient light sources to power up the future nanoscale optical circuits. Coaxial resonators can provide a platform to implement such subwavelength sources. They support ultra-small cavity modes and offer large mode-emitter overlap as well as multifold scalability. Given their large modulation bandwidth, they hold promise for high-speed optical interconnects- where they can be used for light generation and modulation simultaneously. In addition, the possibility of thresholdless operation in such devices may have implications in developing the next generation of efficient lighting systems. In this review article, the physics and applications of coaxial nanol...
Field reconnaissance of the effects of the earthquake of April 13, 1973, near Laguna de Arenal, Costa Rica

The April 13, 1973, earthquake ( MS = 6.5) in northwestern Costa Rica caused significant damage and the loss of 23 lives in a rural area of about 150 km2 centered south of Laguna de Arenal. Earthquake-triggered failures of mountain slopes were the cause of all deaths and injuries attributable to the earthquake. Incipient landslides and landslide-dammed lakes pose a continuing hazard to populated areas at Tronadora and Rio Chiquito during the 1973 rainy season. The modest amount of shaking damage to structures is attributable to the moderate size of the earthquake and to the predominance of small wood-frame buildings with lightweight corrugated roofs that have good shear resistance to lateral forces. Most of the structural damage that did occur was to buildings made of concrete block with little or no reinforcing steel; none of these, however, involved total collapse. In some areas, damage to buildings and roads was also caused by foundation failures involving downslope slumping or sliding, lateral spreading, and differential compaction of unconsolidated or poorly consolidated surficial deposits including thick lateritic soil. The location of the epicentral region and the nature of the earthquake and aftershock sequence suggest that the earthquake was of tectonic, rather than volcanic, origin. The shape and size of the damage area and the apparent absence of surface faulting are compatible with a moderately shallow source, possibly several kilometers in depth.
Calendar rhythm and menstrual cycle range.

2316 women (15-44 years) contributing a minimum of 10 cycles for a total of 30655 cycles were evaluated to assess their individual cycle variations and to determine what percentage were suitable for contraception by the calendar method. 30% experienced a cycle range of 8 days or less which is considered the limit of cycle variation for successful use of the calendar method. Cycle range varied with age the youngest group showing the largest number of long cycles and each succeeding group showing a larger percentage of cycles of 8 days or less peaking in the 30-34 year age group and then declining. Even regular women can expect an occasional random long cycle and the longer the period of observation the more liklihood that this will be noted.
Palladium Catalyzed Monoselective α-Arylation of Sulfones and Sulfonamides with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine·ZnCl·LiCl Base and Aryl Bromides

A palladium catalyzed Negishi-type α-arylation of sulfones and sulfonamides with a broad range of aryl bromides has been developed. The substrates are selectively metalated in situ with tmp·ZnCl·LiCl base (tmp: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) and cross-coupled in the presence of a catalyst system that is generated from Pd(dba)2 and XPhos. Electron-deficient, electron-rich, and heterocyclic aryl bromides have been successfully cross-coupled, and sensitive functional groups are well tolerated. Simple aryl bromides are converted overnight at 60 °C in THF while heteroaryl bromides are efficiently coupled within 2 h at 130 °C in a microwave reactor. The desired monoarylated α-branched benzyl sulfones and sulfonamides were obtained in good yields, and overarylation was not detected. The procedure is ideal for late stage functionalization in parallel medicinal chemistry.
On the curious spectrum of duality invariant higher-derivative gravity

We analyze the spectrum of the exactly duality and gauge invariant higher-derivative double field theory. While this theory is based on a chiral CFT and does not correspond to a standard string theory, our analysis illuminates a number of issues central in string theory. The full quadratic action is rewritten as a two-derivative theory with additional fields. This allows for a simple analysis of the spectrum, which contains two massive spin-2 ghosts and massive scalars, in addition to the massless fields. Moreover, in this formulation, the massless or tensionless limit α ′ → ∞ is non-singular and leads to an enhanced gauge symmetry. We show that the massive modes can be integrated out exactly at the quadratic level, leading to an infinite series of higher-derivative corrections. Finally, we present a ghost-free massive extension of linearized double field theory, which employs a novel mass term for the dilaton and metric.
THE USE OF ROUTINE PRE-OPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN IDENTIFYING INTRASPINAL ANOMALIES IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS: A 10-YEAR REVIEW

Background The association between idiopathic scoliosis and intrinsic abnormalities of the spinal cord are well known. MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality available to diagnose an intraspinal anomaly. The use of a routine ‘screening MRI’ prior to scoliosis correction is controversial. Purpose This study sought to quantify the frequency of previously unidentified cord anomalies identified by a routine pre-operative MRI, in patients planned for surgical scoliosis correction. Methods and results The patient group comprised 206 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent deformity correction from 1998 to 2008. Of these, 20 (9.7 %) patients were diagnosed with an unexpected intraspinal anomaly (isolated syrinx-7, syrinx with Chiari malformation-4, isolated Chiari malformation-4, syrinx with tethered cord-2, split spinal cord-1, intrinsic spinal cord tumour-1, AV fistula-1) on routine pre-operative MRI. In all cases a neurosurgical opinion was sought prior to further intervention. Of the 20 patients, 11 underwent a neurosurgical procedure (de-tethering of cord, decompression of Chiari malformation, decompression of syrinx). No statistically significant difference was identified between individuals with or without a neurosurgical anomaly with respect to the age of presentation, gender, side and degree of curve. Conclusion The high frequency of previously unidentified cord abnormalities detected, and the frequent need for subsequent neurosurgical intervention, suggests that MRI assessment prior to deformity correction is important in the management of idiopathic scoliosis.
Bias Amplification and Bias Unmasking

In the analysis of causal effects in non-experimental studies, conditioning on observable covariates is one way to try to reduce unobserved confounder bias. However, a developing literature has shown that conditioning on certain covariates may increase bias, and the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully explored. We add to the literature on bias-increasing covariates by first introducing a way to decompose omitted variable bias into three constituent parts: bias due to an unobserved confounder, bias due to excluding observed covariates, and bias due to amplification. This leads to two important findings. Although instruments have been the primary focus of the bias amplification literature to date, we identify the fact that the popular approach of adding group fixed effects can lead to bias amplification as well. This is an important finding because many practitioners think that fixed effects are a convenient way to account for any and all group-level confounding and are at worst harmless. The second finding introduces the concept of bias unmasking and shows how it can be even more insidious than bias amplification in some cases. After introducing these new results analytically, we use constructed observational placebo studies to illustrate bias amplification and bias unmasking with real data. Finally, we propose a way to add bias decomposition information to graphical displays for sensitivity analysis to help practitioners think through the potential for bias amplification and bias unmasking in actual applications.
Regimes of suprathermal electron transport

Regimes of the one-dimensional (1-D) transport of suprathermal electrons into a cold background plasma are delineated. A well ordered temporal progression is found through eras where J · E heating, hot electron-cold electron collisional heating, and diffusive heat flow dominate the cold electron energy equation. Scaling relations for how important quantities such as the width and temperature of the heated layer of cold electrons evolve with time are presented. These scaling relations are extracted from a simple 1-D model of the transport that can be written in dimensionless form with one free parameter. The parameter is shown to be the suprathermal electron velocity divided by the drift velocity of cold electrons that balances the suprathermal current. Special attention is paid to the assumption that allows the reduction from the collisional Vlasov equation, using a Fokker-Plank collision operator, to this simple model. These model equations are numerically solved and compared to both the scaling relations and a more complete multigroup electron diffusion transport. Implications of the scaling relations on fast ion generation, magnetic field generation, and electric field inhibition of electron transport are examined as they apply to laser heated plasmas.
THE EMERGENCE OF SOLAR SUPERGRANULATION AS A NATURAL CONSEQUENCE OF ROTATIONALLY CONSTRAINED INTERIOR CONVECTION

We investigate how rotationally-constrained, deep convection might give rise to supergranulation, the largest distinct spatial scale of convection observed in the solar photosphere. While supergranulation is only weakly influenced by rotation, larger spatial scales of convection sample the deep convection zone and are presumably rotationally influenced. We present numerical results from a series of nonlinear, 3-D simulations of rotating convection and examine the velocity power distribution realized under a range of Rossby numbers. When rotation is present, the convective power distribution possesses a pronounced peak, at characteristic wavenumber $\ell_\mathrm{peak}$, whose value increases as the Rossby number is decreased. This distribution of power contrasts with that realized in non-rotating convection, where power increases monotonically from high to low wavenumbers. We find that spatial scales smaller than $\ell_\mathrm{peak}$ behave in analogy to non-rotating convection. Spatial scales larger than $\ell_\mathrm{peak}$ are rotationally-constrained and possess substantially reduced power relative to the non-rotating system. We argue that the supergranular scale emerges due to a suppression of power on spatial scales larger than $\ell\approx100$ owing to the presence of deep, rotationally-constrained convection. Supergranulation thus represents the largest non-rotationally-constrained mode of solar convection. We conclude that the characteristic spatial scale of supergranulation bounds that of the deep convective motions from above, making supergranulation an indirect measure of the deep-seated dynamics at work in the solar dynamo. Using the spatial scale of supergranulation in conjunction with our numerical results, we estimate an upper bound of 10 m s$^{-1}$ for the Sun's bulk rms convective velocity.
MINIMISING BLOOD LOSS: AN ACID TRIP IN 2012

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an effective medication to limit blood loss and transfusion requirements in association with contemporary total joint arthroplasty. TXA is in a class of medications termed anti-fibrinolytics due to their action to limit the breakdown of clot that has already been formed. It is useful to note that TXA does not promote the formation of clot, it simply limits the breakdown of already established clot. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of TXA use in total hip replacement demonstrated: 1) a substantial reduction in the proportion of patients who required transfusion and 2) no increase in DVT or PE. Similarly a recent Cochrane Database systematic review assessed Anti-fibrinolytic Use for Minimising Perioperative Blood Transfusion and found tranexamic acid to be effective in reducing blood loss during and after surgery and to be free of serious adverse effects. The typical dose of TXA in cardiac surgery has been 10–20 mg/kg as an IV bolus given over 10–20 minutes followed by continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hour for 8 hours. In orthopaedic surgery varying doses have been used over time. A pragmatic dosing approach for Total Knee and Total Hip patients has been used at the Mayo Clinic over the past 10 years: 1 gram IV over 10 minutes prior to incision (delivered at same time as pre-op antibiotics) followed by 1 gram IV over 10 minutes at the time wound closure is initiated. Infusion rates greater than 100 mg/minute have been associated with hypotension and thus the recommendation for 1 gram over 10 minutes. A recent review of 1500 TKA patients at Mayo Clinic revealed a very low prevalence of clinically symptomatic DVT and PE when tranexamic acid was used with 3 different thromboembolic prophylaxis regimens (aspirin and foot pumps; coumadin; low molecular weight heparin). The safety of TXA for patients with coronary stents has not been fully clarified.
Flocking virtual machines in quest for responsive IoT cloud services

We propose Flock; a simple and scalable protocol that enables live migration of Virtual Machines (VMs) across heterogeneous edge and conventional cloud platforms to improve the responsiveness of cloud services. Flock is designed with properties that are suitable for the use cases of the Internet of Things (IoT). We describe the properties of regularized latency measurements that Flock can use for asynchronous and autonomous migration decisions. Such decisions allow communicating VMs to follow a flocking-like behavior that consists of three simple rules: separation, alignment, and cohesion. Using game theory, we derive analytical bounds on Flock's Price of Anarchy (PoA), and prove that flocking VMs converge to a Nash Equilibrium while settling in the best possible cloud platforms. We verify the effectiveness of Flock through simulations and discuss how its generic objective can simply be tweaked to achieve other objectives, such as cloud load balancing and energy consumption minimization.
FLOCK: Combating Astroturfing on Livestreaming Platforms

Livestreaming platforms have become increasingly popular in recent years as a means of sharing and advertising creative content. Popular content streamers who attract large viewership to their live broadcasts can earn a living by means of ad revenue, donations and channel subscriptions. Unfortunately, this incentivized popularity has simultaneously resulted in incentive for fraudsters to provide services to astroturf, or artificially inflate viewership metrics by providing fake ``live'' views to customers. Our work provides a number of major contributions: (a) formulation: we are the first to introduce and characterize the viewbot fraud problem in livestreaming platforms, (b) methodology: we propose FLOCK, a principled and unsupervised method which efficiently and effectively identifies botted broadcasts and their constituent botted views, and (c) practicality: our approach achieves over 98% precision in identifying botted broadcasts and over 90% precision/recall against sizable synthetically generated viewbot attacks on a real-world livestreaming workload of over 16 million views and 92 thousand broadcasts. FLOCK successfully operates on larger datasets in practice and is regularly used at a large, undisclosed livestreaming corporation.
CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE IN TKA: RISK OR BENEFIT?

Wear of the tibial polyethylene liner of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is complex and multifactorial. The issues involved include those of implant design and locking mechanism, surgical-technical variability, and patient weight and activity level. However, tibial polyethylene fabrication, including bar stock, amount of irradiation, quenching of free radicals, and sterilization may also be factors in the long-term survival of TKA. Highly crosslinked polyethylene is now widely used in total hip arthroplasty, but its value and use in TKA is a subject of great controversy. In making a decision to use these products, the surgeon should consider multiple sources of evidence: in-vitro wear testing; clinical cohort studies; randomised controlled trials; registry survival data; and retrieval analyses. The two questions to be asked are: is there a value or benefit in the use of these new polyethylenes, and what are the risks involved with the use of these products? Laboratory testing, generally to 5 million cycles, has shown a significant decrease in tibial polyethylene wear of several products, with both cruciate-retaining and substituting designs, and under adverse conditions. Retrospective cohort studies and RCTs comparing conventional and highly crosslinked polyethylene have shown little difference between the two products at mean follow-up times of 5 years. One registry study showed no difference in the rate of revision at short-term follow-up, but the Australian Joint Replacement Registry in 2014 did report a decreased rate of revision for loosening and osteolysis in “young patients” with one particular tibial polyethylene. The risks of the use of highly crosslinked polyethylene include fracture (the tibial liner, PS post, and patella pegs), and particle size-reactivity. However, these risks appear to be quite low. Retrieval data shows lower damage scores with certain polyethylenes, and variable changes in the oxidation score. At present, the data does not support the widespread or routine use of highly crosslinked or antioxidant polyethylene in TKA. However, consideration should be given for use of certain products in young and active patients. Longer-term follow-up will ultimately determine the role of highly crosslinked polyethylene in TKA.
HUMERAL COMPONENT REMOVAL & REPAIR

Removal of a well-fixed humeral component during revision shoulder arthroplasty presents a challenging problem. If the humeral component cannot be extracted simply from above, an alternate approach must be taken that may include compromising bone architecture to remove the implant. Two potential solutions to this problem that allow removal of the well-fixed prosthesis are making a humeral window or creating a longitudinal split in the humerus. A retrospective review was performed at the Mayo Clinic to determine the complications associated with performing humeral windows and longitudinal splits during the course of revision shoulder arthroplasty. This study included 427 patients from 1994–2010 at Mayo Clinic undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty. From this cohort, those who required a humeral window or a longitudinal split to assist removal of a well-fixed humeral component were identified. Twenty-seven patients had a humeral window produced to remove a well-fixed humeral component. Six intra-operative fractures were reported from this group: 5 were in the greater tuberosity and 1 was in the distal humeral shaft. At the latest radiographic follow-up, 24 of 27 windows healed, 2 patients had limited inconclusive radiographic follow-up (1 and 2 months), and 1 did not have follow-up at our institution. Twenty-four patients underwent longitudinal osteotomy to extract a well-fixed humeral component. From this group, 1 had intra-operative fracture in the greater tuberosity. At most recent radiographic follow-up, 22 of 24 longitudinal splits healed, 1 had short follow-up (1 ½ months) with demonstrated signs of healing, and 1 did not have follow-up at our institution. In both groups, there were no cases of window malunion and no components have developed clinical loosening. Data from this study suggests humeral windows and longitudinal splits can assist with controlled removal of well-fixed humeral components with a high rate of union and a low rate of intra-operative and post-operative sequelae.
Phosphorylation of the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein on tyrosine regulates its transcription and replication functions

Papillomaviruses are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that encode the E2 protein, which controls transcription, replication, and genome maintenance in infected cells. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) affecting E2 function and stability have been demonstrated for multiple types of papillomaviruses. Here we describe the first phosphorylation event involving a conserved tyrosine (Y) in the bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) E2 protein at amino acid 102. While its phosphodeficient phenylalanine (F) mutant activated both transcription and replication in luciferase reporter assays, a mutant that may act as a phosphomimetic, with a Y102-to-glutamate (E) mutation, lost both activities. The E2 Y102F protein interacted with cellular E2-binding factors and the viral helicase E1; however, in contrast, the Y102E mutant associated with only a subset and was unable to bind to E1. While the Y102F mutant fully supported transient viral DNA replication, BPV genomes encoding this mutation as well as Y102E were not maintained as stable episomes in murine C127 cells. These data imply that phosphorylation at Y102 disrupts the helical fold of the N-terminal region of E2 and its interaction with key cellular and viral proteins. We hypothesize that the resulting inhibition of viral transcription and replication in basal epithelial cells prevents the development of a lytic infection. Importance Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that are responsible for cervical, oropharyngeal, and various genitourinary cancers. Although vaccines against the major oncogenic human PVs are available, there is no effective treatment for existing infections. One approach to better understand the viral replicative cycle, and potential therapies to target it, is to examine the posttranslational modification of viral proteins and its effect on function. Here we have discovered that the bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) transcription and replication regulator E2 is phosphorylated at residue Y102. While a phosphodeficient mutant at this site was fully functional, a phosphomimetic mutant displayed impaired transcription and replication activity as well as a lack of an association with certain E2-binding proteins. This study highlights the influence of posttranslational modifications on viral protein function and provides additional insight into the complex interplay between papillomaviruses and their hosts.
Incumbent Response to Entry by Low‐Cost Carriers in the U.S. Airline Industry

This article studies incumbent price response to entry by low-cost carriers in the U.S. airline industry. I find that legacy carrier incumbents decrease their mean airfare, 10th percentile airfare, and 90th percentile airfare following entry by a low-cost carrier. Airfares decrease by a larger percentage at the right tail of the incumbents’ price distribution than at the left tail, suggesting that increased competition from low-cost carrier entrants leads to lower price dispersion.
Phenomenology of Strongly Coupled Chiral Gauge Theories

A sector with QCD-like strong dynamics is common in models of non-standard physics. Such a model could be accessible in LHC searches if both confinement and big-quarks charged under the confining group are at the TeV scale. Big-quark masses at this scale can be explained if the new fermions are chiral under a new U(1)′ gauge symmetry such that their bare masses are related to the U(1)′-breaking and new confinement scales. Here we present a study of a minimal GUT-motivated and gauge anomaly-free model with implications for the LHC Run 2 searches. We find that the first signatures of such models could appear as two gauge boson resonances. The chiral nature of the model could be confirmed by observation of a Z′γ resonance, where the Z′ naturally has a large leptonic branching ratio because of its kinetic mixing with the hypercharge gauge boson.
Riccati-Regularized Precision Matrices for Neuroimaging.

The introduction of graph theory in neuroimaging has provided invaluable tools for the study of brain connectivity. These methods require the definition of a graph, which is typically derived by estimating the effective connectivity between brain regions through the optimization of an ill-posed inverse problem. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of methods extracting sparse connectivity graphs.
“Over the horizon” SANS: Measurements on near-surface Poiseuille shear-induced ordering of dilute solutions of threadlike micelles

Abstract Although the behavior of a fluid under shear near a surface can be expected to be critically important to its drag and lubrication properties, most shear measurements to date have been of the bulk. This paper outlines the use of a specially developed Poiseuille shear cell at grazing incidence to measure the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) signal from the first few tens of microns in the interfacial region. We illustrate the technique with measurements made on the near-surface ordering in flow past a quartz surface of dilute surfactant solutions comprising highly extended self-assembling “thread-like” micelles.