cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering of fast neutrons from natural Zr and Nb

Fast time-of-flight techniques were used to measure the differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of neutrons from natural Zr and Nb. The measurements were made at approximately 50-kev intervals throughout the incident neutron energy range 0.3 to 1.5 Mev. The cross sections for the excitation by inelastic neutron scattering of a 0.92-Mev level in Zr and 0.74-, 0.81-, 0.96-, and 1.08-Mev levels in Nb were measured. The results of these measurements are compared with those obtained in other experiments and with optical model calculations. Tentative spin assignments for the low lying levels in Nb/sup 93/ are made on the basis of Hauser-Feshbach calculations and shell model predictions. (auth)
Should the Government Regulate Prophets? Methodological Problems with Research on Faith-Based Economic Development

This research note provides some challenges and lessons for doing research on faith-based economic development. Research challenges include sampling, access, and measurement issues. Future research should focus on attaining larger and more representative samples, exploring alternative research methodologies, and standardizing definitions and indicators.
Large-Scale Cross-Document Coreference Using Distributed Inference and Hierarchical Models

Cross-document coreference, the task of grouping all the mentions of each entity in a document collection, arises in information extraction and automated knowledge base construction. For large collections, it is clearly impractical to consider all possible groupings of mentions into distinct entities. To solve the problem we propose two ideas: (a) a distributed inference technique that uses parallelism to enable large scale processing, and (b) a hierarchical model of coreference that represents uncertainty over multiple granularities of entities to facilitate more effective approximate inference. To evaluate these ideas, we constructed a labeled corpus of 1.5 million disambiguated mentions in Web pages by selecting link anchors referring to Wikipedia entities. We show that the combination of the hierarchical model with distributed inference quickly obtains high accuracy (with error reduction of 38%) on this large dataset, demonstrating the scalability of our approach.
Information Needs in Collocated Software Development Teams

Previous research has documented the fragmented nature of software development work. To explain this in more detail, we analyzed software developers' day-to-day information needs. We observed seventeen developers at a large software company and transcribed their activities in go-minute sessions. We analyzed these logs for the information that developers sought, the sources that they used, and the situations th at prevented inform action from being acquired. We identified twenty-one information types and cataloged the outcome and source when each type of information was sought. The most frequently sought information included awareness about artifacts and coworkers. The most often deferred searches included knowledge about design and program behavior, such as why code was written a particular way, what a program was supposed to do, and the cause of a program state. Developers often had to defer tasks because the only source of knowledge was unavailable coworkers.
A Constitutional Defense of the Electoral College and the Election of the American President

As the year 2000 American presidential election came to its conclusion, the Electoral College once again found itself under attack by critics, academics, and politicians. It was criticized as being archaic, flawed, and undemocratic. Calls for its abolition pointed to the principle of "one person, one vote" that had transformed contemporary political participation in the United States over the last century. However, calls for a system of presidential selection based on a pure form of popular democracy can lead to unintended and undemocratic outcomes. By examining the Electoral College in its constitutional as well as its political context this study finds that the Electoral College, rather than subverting democracy, preserves it in ways that are both enduring and significant. Those who suggest amending the Constitution need to confront the many negative consequences of jettisoning the present system of American presidential selection.
Windows-based acquisition and image reconstruction for a multi-element imaging system

A system has been developed for acquiring data from a multi-element gamma ray imaging device. Data is acquired and stored in a flexible list mode format, which allows all necessary analyses and hardware diagnostics to be performed in one application. This system is currently used with a Compton scatter camera for detector calibration, data collection, count rate display for individual elements, histogram display, and image reconstruction and display. The software is implemented on a personal computer with a 33 MHz 80486 processor and 8 Mb of RAM under Microsoft Windows Version 3.1. The maximum acquisition rate of the system is 8000 counts per second. The system allows other applications to operate while it is acquiring data and has been written to easily accommodate additional analysis tools and different imaging systems. >
Optimal Convergence Trade Strategies

Convergence trades exploit temporary mispricing by simultaneously buying relatively underpriced assets and selling short relatively overpriced assets. This paper studies optimal convergence trades under both recurring and nonrecurring arbitrage opportunities represented by continuing and "stopped" cointegrated price processes and considers both fixed and stochastic (Poisson) horizons. Conventional long-short delta neutral strategies are generally suboptimal and it can be optimal to simultaneously go long (or short) in two mispriced assets. Optimal portfolio holdings critically depend on whether the risky asset position is liquidated when prices converge. Our theoretical results are illustrated on pairs of Chinese bank shares traded on both the Hong Kong and China stock exchanges. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Optimizations for a simulator construction system supporting reusable components

Exploring a large portion of the microprocessor design space requires the rapid development of efficient simulators. While some systems support rapid model development through the structural composition of reusable concurrent components, the Liberty Simulation Environment (LSE) provides additional reuse-enhancing features. This paper evaluates the cost of these features and presents optimizations to reduce their impact. With these optimizations, an LSE model using custom reusable components outperforms a SystemC model using custom components by 6%.
Brittle Synergy: An optimal decomposition of minimax team decision problems

In this work, the team decision problem with quadratic cost is considered in the minimax setting. The structure of the optimal policies is studied, together with decompositions of the optimization problem that do not lead to loss of optimality. Furthermore, communication of information between agents is considered. Sufficient conditions for decomposition are presented for an important class of problems not decomposable by traditional methods. It is shown that the decomposition also lessens the number of required communication channels. Solution methods are derived and illustrated on a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) formation flying example.
Real-time Camera Pose and Focal Length Estimation

This paper presents a novel approach to estimate the changing internal and external parameters of the camera in real time using a few 3D-2D point correspondences. We approach the problem by constructing two filters which can individually track motion and zoom respectively in a robust manner. Then, the Viterbi algorithm is used to select a filter depending on whether the camera is undergoing motion or zoom. We assume that the camera cannot move and zoom simultaneously, though our method can tolerate some hand held movement during zoom. The application of our approach is demonstrated on synthetic and real data.
Genre performances: John Swales' Genre Analysis and rhetorical-linguistic genre studies

Abstract Although scholars have studied some sources of variation within genres, the variation that is each individual performance of a genre requires further investigation. In Genre Analysis, John Swales combined rhetoric and linguistics to explain genre as grounded in shared communicative purposes and discoverable through text analysis. Although the disciplines differ in some of their purposes and settings, they share the difficulty of helping students advance beyond simplified understandings of genre to the complex decisions needed to address particular situations. Building from a rhetorical-linguistic genre studies and using metaphorically the linguistic concepts of competence and performance, this article proposes that genre theory and instruction should account for genre performances as well as genre competence. Genre theory can then better address such issues as identity, affect, and cognition. Genre instruction can lead students to examine not just similarity within a genre but also differences, in both communicative event and individual language-users. The uniqueness of each performance also affects assessment of genre knowledge and transfer, complicating the ability to assess genre competence through genre performance. Considering genre performances as well as competence within a rhetorical-linguistic genre studies allows genre scholars and teachers to address the fact that genre-in-use is simultaneously unique and shared.
Verification and control of hybrid systems using reachability analysis

This talk will present reachability analysis as a tool for model checking and controller synthesis for dynamic systems. We will consider the problem of guaranteeing reachability to a given desired subset of the state space while satisfying a safety property defined in terms of state constraints. We allow for nonlinear and hybrid dynamics, and possibly non-convex state constraints. We use these results to synthesize controllers that ensure safety and reachability properties under bounded model disturbances that vary continuously. We also consider the effects of sampling and quantization. The resulting control policy is an explicit feedback law involving both a selection of continuous inputs and discrete switching commands at each time instant, based upon measurement of system state. We discuss real time implementations of this, and present several examples from multiple aerial vehicle control, human-robot interaction, and multi-stage games. Finally, we show how reachability techniques can be used to guarantee safety in robotics systems that use machine learning to generate dynamic models on-the-fly.
High Resolution Tem Study of Diamond Formation on Silicon and Molybdenum Field Emitter Surfaces

Diamond is an attractive material for coating microfabricated metal and semiconductor field emitters, since it enhances the stability and emission characteristics of the emitter. In the present study, polycrystalline diamond thin films were grown on silicon and molybdenum field emitters by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, using the bias-enhanced nucleation technique. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the morphology of the diamond film and the structure of the diamond/emitter interface. Electron diffraction patterns and high resolution images indicate the presence of a polycrystalline diamond film, as well as a polycrystalline SiC layer between the diamond film and the Si emitter. A carbide interlayer was also found to exist between the diamond and the Mo emitter surface. Parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms the TEM identification of a polycrystalline diamond film.
Incidental Computer Tomography Radiologic Findings through Research Participation in the North Texas Healthy Heart Study

Background: Although variation exists in the classification and practice of managing clinical findings in research, emerging views suggest that researchers bear some responsibility in the management of incidental findings. This study contributes to the documentation of the population characteristics and prevalence of medical findings incidental to research participation, specifically findings related to coronary calcium scores and computed tomography (CT) scans that investigated cardiovascular disparities in an asymptomatic population. Methods: A total of 571 asymptomatic adult participants were recruited in the North Texas Healthy Heart Study. Participants completed a 16-slice CT scan of the heart and abdomen. Findings of radiology reports and 3 years of follow-up documentation were reviewed. Results: A total of 246 clinically apparent findings were identified in 169 asymptomatic participants (32.9% of participants who completed a CT scan). Another 245 participants (48%) had findings of unknown significance, a total of 307 findings. At least 4 cases in this study led to a clinically significant intervention. Conclusion: Although CT scans were completed for research purposes, study procedures resulted in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals who were previously asymptomatic. Potential clinical benefits in imaging research are moderated by considerations regarding possible harm and costs resulting from uncertain findings and the use of CT scans for nonclinical purposes. The continued development of protocols for the handling of incidental findings in research and the establishment of guidelines are needed to ensure that research procedures mirror the best interests of participants.
The risk of aggregation

Models incorporating homeostatic servo-mechanisms are becoming more common in the social, behavioral, and psychological disciplines. This is not difficult to understand. In many areas of theoretical concern the available evidence would suggest the operation of a self-regulating process - the dimensions, as well as the details, of which are poorly understood. In such instances a homeostatic model may emulate the known features of the process to a degree that provides rough predictive power even in the absence of a thorough explication and conceptual refinement. Wilde's model presents itself as just such a "first approximation" for psychological, and perhaps sociological, process involving the perception and evaluation of risk. Despite the fact that it leaves open for resolution theoretical questions of fundamental concern to many psychologists and sociologists, the metaphor of a thermostatically controlled heating system focuses our attention on an area that deserves further study. The model may be taken as a simple, plausible, and appealing device and, view and from that perspective, Wilde's theory has much to recommend it. Acknowledging these limitations in perspective, and accepting them as having circumscribed the grounds for criticism, we would question, however, both the structure of the proposed extensions of this model. The linkage of theoretical concepts at the macro and micro levels is a topic of considerable debate in all of the social sciences numerous issues have yet to be resolved. In view of the pitfalls that confront anyone who chooses to tread in this area, it is not surprising that we should have doubts about the "aggregation" process that is so casually introduced in the initial phases of wild discussion. We feel that in passing from the "individual" level to the "societal" plane Wilde blurs the focus of attention, obscures the status of several key concepts, and thereby, loses track of the unit of an analysis that is implicit at each of the two levels he introduces. We sense that there other points in Wilde's argument that might form the basis for a critical review, but will leave them for others to explore. In the comments here, we shall focus our attention on the topic of aggregation and the questions that it raises. Language: en
General Route to Vertical ZnO Nanowire Arrays Using Textured ZnO Seeds

A method for growing vertical ZnO nanowire arrays on arbitrary substrates using either gas-phase or solution-phase approaches is presented. A ∼10 nm-thick layer of textured ZnO nanocrystals with their c axes normal to the substrate is formed by the decomposition of zinc acetate at 200−350 °C to provide nucleation sites for vertical nanowire growth. The nanorod arrays made in solution have a rod diameter, length, density, and orientation desirable for use in ordered nanorod−polymer solar cells.
Theory of Adsorption by Activated Carbon. II. Continuous Flow Columns

Abstract A lumped parameter model for solute adsorption by activated carbon is used to model the operation of continuous flow activated carbon columns. A Langmuir adsorption isotherm is used, and the kinetics leading to the Langmuir isotherm are included in the continuity and mass balance equations representing the system. Two different approaches for the numerical integration of these equations are employed and compared. The effects of system parameters on column performance are explored.
Building a healthier world, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke: presidential address at the American Heart Association 2008 Scientific Sessions.

This week, thousands of healthcare providers and scientists from throughout North America and from >70 countries have come to this conference. We are here in New Orleans, a city that was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. This community is still recovering and rebuilding. By attending this meeting, we are providing support for the people of New Orleans and helping the city flourish again. We are also here today at an exciting moment of transformation in the United States. Just 5 days ago, we elected a new president, and our nation’s mood is one of hope and expectation. Many believe that this change in our nation’s leadership marks a new era of opportunity. Like New Orleans, the United States was stricken by an almost unfathomable assault and disaster early in this new century. Our nation has struggled to understand that disaster. Some of our responses have been unsettling, both to us and to many of our friends. But we are now looking to the future with new confidence. In this moment of opportunity and renewed hope, let us remind ourselves that all of us here today, as well as our colleagues in the healthcare professions, are de facto leaders in our communities by virtue of our education and our professional responsibilities for others. In addition to our individual roles in clinical medicine, research, and many related fields, we are also citizen leaders in our societies. “To whom much is given, much is required” certainly applies to us. And this is what I would like to talk to you about today. I want us to acknowledge our shared mission as citizen leaders and challenge ourselves to consider the implications of this rallying cry, which is just a nuance away from the American Heart Association’s newly defined mission statement: “Building healthier lives, …
Elucidating Marine Biogeography with Macrophytes: Quantitative Analysis of the North Atlantic Supports the Thermogeographic Model and Demonstrates a Distinct Subarctic Region in the Northwestern Atlantic

Abstract Quantitative analysis of North Atlantic macrophyte (seaweed) abundance was used to test the thermogeographic model (TM) of marine biogeography. The TM uses coastal area and seawater temperature over Pleistocene time to reveal long-term climate/ area clusters that predict biogeographic regions. An earlier study with the TM predicted 20 of 24 classical biogeographic regions; the 4 omitted regions were either weak, disputed, or structurally (sandy/silty regions) inapplicable to the TM. The TM predicted a new western North Atlantic Subarctic Region, centered on the Strait of Belle Isle and lying between Newfoundland and Labrador. In contrast, Nova Scotia and the Gulf of Maine were found to be a Boreal/Subarctic transition zone. The predictions of the TM were earlier supported with coralline algal abundances, and here are supported by a test with macrophyte assemblages. Seaweed assemblages were studied at 51 primary SCUBA stations with 4–7 standard depth zones at each station from southern Labrador to...
Measuring the impact of event dispatching and concurrency models on Web server performance over high-speed networks

Provides two contributions to the study of high-performance Web servers. First, it outlines the optimizations necessary to build efficient and scalable Web servers and illustrates how we've applied some of these optimizations to create JAWS. JAWS is a high-performance Web server that is explicitly designed to alleviate overheads incurred by existing Web servers on high-speed networks. It consistently outperforms existing Web servers (such as Apache, Java Server, PHTTPD, Zeus, and Netscape Enterprise) over 155 Mbps ATM networks on UNIX platforms. Second, this paper describes how we have customized JAWS to leverage advanced features of Windows NT for multiprocessor hardware over ATM. The Windows NT features used in JAWS include asynchronous mechanisms for connection establishment and data transfer. Our previous benchmarking studies demonstrate that once the overhead of disk I/O is reduced to a negligible constant factor, the primary determinants of Web server performance are the concurrency and event dispatching strategies. Our performance results over a /spl sim/155 Mbps ATM link indicate that certain Windows NT asynchronous I/O mechanisms (i.e. TransmitFile) provide superior performance for large file transfers compared with conventional synchronous multi-threaded servers. On the other hand, synchronous event dispatching performed better for files less than 50 kbytes. Thus, to provide optimal performance, Web servers should be adaptive, choosing to use different mechanisms to handle requests for large files, while using alternative I/O mechanisms for requests for small files.
A tool to facilitate mother--infant attachment

Positive mother-infant attachment does not always occur naturally. Many mothers and infants need help in adjusting to each other. An objective assessment tool, which can facilitate positive early mother-infant bonding, is described. The tool can provide a precise report on the mother-infant dyad and the nurse can intervene in areas of the relationship where help is needed.
Tandem Binding of Six OmpR Proteins to the ompF Upstream Regulatory Sequence of Escherichia coli

OmpR is a transcription factor in Escherichia coli whose function is modulated by phosphorylation in the presence of phosphorylated EnvZ, a transmembrane protein histidine kinase involved in osmosensing. Using a protein S-OmpR hybrid protein, we demonstrated that six OmpR molecules bind tandemly to the -100 to -39 sequence of ompF. This sequence consists of three 20-base pair units: F1, F2, and F3, each of which is bound by two OmpR proteins. Polymerase chain reaction selection of nine randomized base pairs within the F1 sequence revealed highly conserved C residues spaced 10 base pairs apart. Further mutational analysis of conserved bases indicated that two OmpR molecules bind tandemly to two direct repeats. Mobility shift assays showed that cooperative interactions play a role in enhancing binding of OmpR to lower affinity F2 and F3 sites. Activation and repression of ompF expression are thus regulated by a total of eight OmpR molecules, including two molecules that bind to a distal site (-380 to -361).
Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students.

pines e.w., rauschhuber m.l., norgan g.h., cook j.d., canchola l., richardson c. & jones m.e. (2012) Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(7), 1482–1493. Abstract Aims. This article is a report of a Neuman Systems Model-guided correlational study of the relations of stress resiliency, psychological empowerment, selected demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, semester in school) and conflict management styles. Background. Emerging evidence suggests that stress resiliency and psychological empowerment can strengthen student nurses in academic achievement and coping with stress. Little is known about conflict management styles of students and the relationship to empowerment, resiliency and the implications for managing workplace conflict. Methods. A correlational study was conducted in Spring 2010 with 166 baccalaureate students. Most participants were female, single, Hispanic and 25 years old. The data collection instruments included the Stress Resiliency Profile, the Psychological Empowerment Instrument, the Conflict Mode Instrument and a demographic inventory. Descriptive and inferential correlational statistics were used to analyse the data. Results. Students scored in the high range for focusing on their deficiencies in conflict situations; they scored above the 60th percentile for avoiding and accommodating behaviours and were less likely to use competing or collaborating strategies to manage conflict. Empowerment scores were significantly correlated with stress resiliency scores. Students with high scores on empowerment had high scores on the skill recognition subscale of the Stress Resiliency Profile suggesting more resilience; high scores on empowerment were related to high necessitating subscale scores of the Stress Resiliency Profile suggesting a predisposition to stress. Conclusions. Neuman Systems Model may provide guidance for educators to strengthen student nurses’ management of stressors in the workplace.
The Cardiac Malpositions

Dextrocardia was known in the 17th century and was 1 of the first congenital malformations of the heart to be recognized. Fifty years elapsed before Matthew Baillie published his account of complete transposition in a human of the thoracic and abdominal viscera to the opposite side from what is natural. In 1858, Thomas Peacock stated that "the heart may be congenitally misplaced in various ways, occupying either an unusual position within the thorax, or being situated external to that cavity." In 1915, Maude Abbott described ectopia cordis, and Richard Paltauf's remarkable illustrations distinguished the various types of dextrocardia. In 1928, the first useful classification of the cardiac malpositions was proposed, and in 1966, Elliott et al's radiologic classification set the stage for clinical recognition. The first section of this review deals with the 3 basic cardiac malpositions in the presence of bilateral asymmetry. The second section deals with cardiac malpositions in the presence of bilateral left-sidedness or right-sidedness. Previous publications on cardiac malpositions are replete with an arcane vocabulary that confounds rather than clarifies. Even if the terms themselves are understood, inherent complexity weighs against clarity. This review was designed as a guided tour of an unfamiliar subject.
HERBIVORE ABUNDANCE AND GRAZING INTENSITY ON A CARIBBEAN CORAL REEF

Herbivory is a primary factor in determining the structure of coral reef communities. Spatial variation among reef habitats in the intensity of herbivory has been documented, but underlying variation in species composition and abundance within the herbivore guild has received little attention. The distri- bution and relative abundances of herbivorous fishes and sea urchins across several habitats were studied on the Belizean barrier reef off the Caribbean coast of Central America. Marked variation in total herbivore density as well as major changes in the composition of the herbivore guild were found across reef habitats. Acanthurids (surgeonfishes) predominated in shallow areas (< 5 m) while scarids (parrotfishes) were dominant in deeper habitats. Significant differences among habitats in an experimental assay of grazing intensity were strongly correlated with herbivore abundance. The spatial distribution of herbivorous fishes across reef habitats does not appear to be simply explained by differences in reef topography, but may depend on complex interactions among proximity to nearby shelter, predator abundance, density of territorial competitors, and local availability of food resources.
Calcium-independent activation of the secretory apparatus by ruthenium red in hippocampal neurons: a new tool to assess modulation of presynaptic function

The functional plasticity of the nervous system may result in part from the direct modulation of the effectiveness of the release machinery of synaptic terminals. To date, direct modulation of secretion in neurons has proven difficult to study because of the lack of a suitable tool to probe the release machinery independently of calcium influx. We report that the polyvalent cation ruthenium red (RR) directly evokes rapid and reversible calcium-independent quantal secretion in hippocampal neurons by binding to external sites on the presynaptic terminal membrane. This binding can be displaced by heparin and is not associated with ultrastructural damage to the synaptic terminals. The use of RR-evoked release as a tool has allowed us to detect a direct modulation of the secretory apparatus after activation of A1 adenosine receptors on hippocampal neurons.
PATTERNS OF DENSITY AND SURVIVAL IN SMALL MAMMALS IN SKI RUNS AND ADJACENT FOREST PATCHES

Abstract Few wildlife studies have addressed the impacts of ski-run development. Ski-run development appears similar to disturbance caused by clearcuttting (e.g., increased fragmentation and edge habitats), although the processes of creating ski runs and ongoing disturbance from maintenance and snow compaction are different. We compared small-mammal density and survival on 2 ski runs (>30 yr old) paired with forested sites at Vail ski area, Colorado, USA. Using Pollock's robust design, we live-trapped small mammals during 4 summers (1998–2001). We captured 771 individuals 1,751 times in 19,000 trap-nights. Based on abundance estimates from program CAPTURE, ski runs had lower densities of red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), which were captured only in forest edges of ski runs, and higher densities of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and least chipmunks (Tamias minimus) than adjacent forest sites. Based on survival estimates from program MARK, survival of red-backed voles (averaged over the 4 years ...
Dig Your Own Well: Agrarian Mobility, Agricultural Expansion and Institutional Change in West Africa

Agriculture is expanding throughout the sub-humid forestlands of West Africa with significant implications for structures of local authority. As migrants seek new lands to cultivate, researchers have investigated the impacts of these movements on village and household land tenure regimes but have ignored the ways in which they shape local democracies in countries such as Benin and Mali. / This paper investigates migration and agricultural expansion as two-sided process of institutional formation. In the agricultural frontier of Kita, Mali, most land conversion is carried out by migrants in informal settlements that are beyond the geographic reach and increasingly outside the political control of customary authorities. While it appears at first glance as an institutional failure and uncontrolled deforestation, this expansion of agriculture is instrumental in the strengthening of new local governments because of the tax revenue it generates. These institutions are the product of political decentralization and are increasingly replacing customary authorities in the role of land governance yet their capacity is very limited. / This paper shows how agricultural expansion, in these cases, acts as an important capacity builder in the decentralization process. It concludes by examining the implications of this process for governance, authority, and citizenship in agrarian West Africa. /
Bidirectional transport of cholesterol between gallbladder epithelial cells and model bile

Lipids in hepatic bile may be modified by the gallbladder epithelium. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a bidirectional exchange of cholesterol between biliary lipid carriers and gallbladder epithelial cells and to determine the factors regulating this cholesterol transfer. Gallbladder epithelial cells were cultured to confluent monolayers, their membranes were labeled with endogenously synthesized [14C]cholesterol, and the cells were incubated with model bile introduced into the apical membrane compartment. Similarly, model bile with different lipid composition containing [3H]cholesterol was incubated with the unlabeled monolayers. We found that cholesterol in the apical membrane bilayer of the epithelial cells exchanged readily with that in bile, but only in the presence of bile salts. The rate of exchange is dependent on the concentration and species of bile salts. The net gain of cholesterol (absorption) or net loss of cholesterol (cytotoxicity) exhibited by the epithelial cells was regulated by the thermodynamic stability of cholesterol and the detergent effect of mixed micelles in bile. It is also possible that the physicochemical composition of lipids in bile may modify the cellular function of the gallbladder epithelium.
A cross-state comparison of measures of subjective wellbeing

Using data drawn from the 2010 American Time Use Survey Well-Being Module, this study examines the relationship between three measures of subjective wellbeing based on time-use data and an objective measure of wellbeing. Whereas the measures of affect—net affect and the U-index—are uncorrelated with the objective quality-of-life ranking of the 50 states in the United States, the measure of meaningfulness shows a significant correlation with objective ranking. The reason for the significant correlation between the measure of meaningfulness and the objective measure of wellbeing is because, when engaged in similar activities, people living in states with better quality of life felt, after controlling for their individual characteristics, their lives to be more meaningful than those living in states with poor amenities, not because time use varies substantially by state.
How Language Can Influence Political Marketing Strategy and a Candidate's Image: Effect of Presidential Candidates' Language Intensity and Experience on College Students' Ratings of Source Credibility

The present study examines the effects of language intensity on presidential candidates' credibility. We manipulated language intensity levels and experience levels for hypothetical candidates for president of the United States. Manipulation checks confirmed the effectiveness of the experimental conditions. The dimensions of source credibility, character, and authoritativeness were confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Analysis of variance indicated that candidates using low-intensity language received higher scores on character than did candidates using high-intensity language. Experienced candidates received higher scores on authoritativeness than did inexperienced candidates. Implications for political marketing of candidates are discussed.
A Tool for Model-Based Generation of Scenario-driven Electric Power Load Profiles

Power consumption during all phases of spacecraft flight is of great interest to the aerospace community. As a result, significant analysis effort is exerted to understand the rates of electrical energy generation and consumption under many operational scenarios of the system. Previously, no standard tool existed for creating and maintaining a power equipment list (PEL) of spacecraft components that consume power, and no standard tool existed for generating power load profiles based on this PEL information during mission design phases. This paper presents the Scenario Power Load Analysis Tool (SPLAT) as a model-based systems engineering tool aiming to solve those problems. SPLAT is a plugin for MagicDraw (No Magic, Inc.) that aids in creating and maintaining a PEL, and also generates a power and temporal variable constraint set, in Maple language syntax, based on specified operational scenarios. The constraint set can be solved in Maple to show electric load profiles (i.e. power consumption from loads over time). SPLAT creates these load profiles from three modeled inputs: 1) a list of system components and their respective power modes, 2) a decomposition hierarchy of the system into these components, and 3) the specification of at least one scenario, which consists of temporal constraints on component power modes. In order to demonstrate how this information is represented in a system model, a notional example of a spacecraft planetary flyby is introduced. This example is also used to explain the overall functionality of SPLAT, and how this is used to generate electric power load profiles. Lastly, a cursory review of the usage of SPLAT on the Cold Atom Laboratory project is presented to show how the tool was used in an actual space hardware design application.
Interview with Naomi Travers Executive Vice President for Media Rights and Entertainment, C-SET

Naomi Travers discusses the challenges of starting a Regional Sports Network (RSN) for the new C-SET (Carolinas Sports Entertainment Television) franchise, from both a distribution and an advertising standpoint. She also outlines her view of what the future holds for RSNs in North America.
Siblings’ Perceptions of Differential Treatment, Fairness, and Jealousy and Adolescent Adjustment: A Moderated Indirect Effects Model

Youth's perception of parents' differential treatment (PDT) are associated with maladjustment during adolescence. Although the direct relations between PDT and youth's maladjustment have been well established, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. We addressed this gap by examining whether sibling jealousy accounted for the links between PDT and youth's depressive symptoms, self-worth, and risky behaviors. Additionally, we examined whether youth's perceptions of fairness regarding their treatment as well as the gender constellation of the dyad moderated these indirect relations (i.e., moderated-indirect effects). Participants were first- and second-born adolescent siblings (M = 15.96, SD = .72 years for older siblings, M = 13.48, SD = 1.02 years for younger siblings) and their parents from 197 working and middle class European American families. Data were collected via home interviews. A series of Conditional Process Analyses revealed significant indirect effects of PDT through sibling jealousy to all three adjustment outcomes. Furthermore, perceptions of fairness moderated the relations between PDT and jealousy, such that the indirect effects were only significant at low (-1 SD) and average levels of fairness. At high levels of fairness (+1 SD) there was no association between PDT, jealousy, and youth adjustment. Taken together, results indicate that youth and parents would benefit from engaging in clear communication regarding the reasoning for the occurrence of differential treatment, likely maximizing youth and parent perceptions of that treatment as being fair, and in turn mitigating sibling jealousy and maladjustment.
Effects of 7-day repeated treatment with the 5-HT2A inverse agonist/antagonist pimavanserin on methamphetamine vs. food choice in male rhesus monkeys

Abstract Background Preclinical drug vs. food choice is an emerging group of drug self-administration procedures that have shown predictive validity to clinical drug addiction. Emerging data suggest that serotonin (5-HT)2A receptors modulate mesolimbic dopamine function, such that 5-HT2A antagonists blunt the abuse-related neurochemical effects of monoamine transporter substrates, such as amphetamine or methamphetamine. Whether subchronic 5-HT2A antagonist treatment attenuates methamphetamine reinforcement in any preclinical drug self-administration procedure is unknown. The study aim was therefore to determine 7-day treatment effects with the 5-HT2A inverse agonist/antagonist pimavanserin on methamphetamine vs. food choice in monkeys. Methods Behavior was maintained under a concurrent schedule of food delivery (1 g pellets, fixed-ratio 100 schedule) and intravenous methamphetamine injections (0–0.32 mg/kg/injection, fixed-ratio 10 schedule) in male rhesus monkeys (n = 3). Methamphetamine choice dose-effect functions were determined daily before and during 7-day repeated pimavanserin (1.0–10 mg/kg/day, intramuscular) treatment periods. Results Under control conditions, increasing methamphetamine doses resulted in a corresponding increase in methamphetamine vs. food choice. Repeated pimavanserin administration failed to attenuate methamphetamine choice and produce a reciprocal increase in food choice in any monkey up to doses (3.2–10 mg/kg) that suppressed rates of operant responding primarily during components where behavior was maintained by food pellets. Conclusions Repeated 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist/antagonist treatment did not attenuate methamphetamine reinforcement under a concurrent schedule of intravenous methamphetamine and food presentation in nonhuman primates. Overall, these results do not support the therapeutic potential of 5-HT2A inverse agonists/antagonists as candidate medications for methamphetamine addiction.
Sexual Coercion Practices Among Undergraduate Male Recreational Athletes, Intercollegiate Athletes, and Non-Athletes

Prior research shows that male intercollegiate athletes are at risk for perpetrating sexual violence. Whether this risk extends to male recreational athletes has not been explored. This study assessed associations between attitudes toward women, rape myth acceptance, and prevalence of sexual coercion among 379 male, undergraduate recreational and intercollegiate athletes and non-athletes. Our analyses showed significant differences between the responses of athletes and non-athletes for all dependent variables, and intercollegiate and recreational athletes on attitudes toward women and the prevalence of sexual coercion. Controlling for rape myth acceptance and traditional gender role attitudes eliminated differences between athletes and non-athletes in prevalence of sexual coercion.
Transplantation of HL-A identical allogeneic bone marrow to a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

An 8-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia, no longer responsive to conventional chemotherapy after 2 years, was successfully grafted with bone marrow from his HL-A genotypically identical 10-year-old sister. Prior to transplantation, he had received 141 blood component transfusions and had become sensitized to histocompatibility antigens (HL-A), as demonstrated by the presence of circulating lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Except for the occurrence of a possible mild graft-versus-host-reaction and a documented cytomegalovirus infection, the patient remained clinically well until full return of his leukemia 91 days after the transplant. This case demonstrates that bone marrow transplantation can be accomplished between HL-A identical siblings even though the recipient may have been previously sensitized to other HL-A antigens by earlier transfusion. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation offers the opportunity for remissions in patients with leukemia unresponsive to conventional drug therapy.
Intracranial chondromyxoid fibroma: Report of a case and review of the literature

. Chondromyxoid fibroma is an unusual benign tumor of cartilaginous derivation. We describe a rare example of chondromyxoid fibroma of the frontal-sphenoid junction with orbital infiltration in a 35-year-old Hispanic woman who presented with frontal headaches. Gross total excision was performed. The excised mass was composed of neoplastic cells with chondrocytic features within a myxoid matrix. Bony infiltration was present without infiltration of dura mater or brain tissue. The lack of mitotic activity, low cell density, lack of nuclear pleomorphism, and a fused lobular architectural pattern indicated that the lesion was a chondromyxoid fibroma. The lack of hyaline cartilage helped differentiate the lesion from enchondroma. Our case demonstrates the uncommon occurrence of intracranial chondromyxoid fibroma with orbital infiltration. When faced with an intracranial chondrocytic tumor, it is important to distinguish this neoplasm from enchondroma and chondrosarcoma.
Can Studying Adolescents’ Thinking Amplify High-Leverage Social Studies Teaching Practice? Challenges of Synthesizing Pedagogies of Investigation and Enactment in School–Institutional Contexts

AbstractThe notion that teacher education should emphasize high-leverage practice, which is research based, represents the complexity of the subject matter, bolsters teachers’ understanding of student learning, is adaptable to different curricular circumstances, and can be mastered with regular use, has traction in scholarship. Nevertheless, how teacher educators might support high-leverage practice concurrently within programs and school institutions remains an open question. We suggest that investigating adolescents’ thinking about complex historical concepts and conflicting evidence can amplify high-leverage social studies teaching practice by defining its criteria and strengthening some key representations, like eliciting students’ ideas about the subject matter and scaffolding analytical reading. Yet school–institutional factors that devalue systematic investigation of students’ thinking as a way to impact instruction may impede this amplification. Using activity theory, we discuss the implications o...
63-P : QUALITY CONTROL IN THE HLA LABORATORY: THE EFFECT OF INTER-ASSAY VARIABILITY ON SINGLE ANTIGEN BEAD ASSAYS (SABs)

Aim Luminex®-based SAB testing is often used as a semi-quantitative assay to monitor HLA antibody levels pre- and post-transplant. However, the SAB assay is predominantly a manual and non-standardized method that exhibits a high degree of variability. The aim of this study was to determine whether a normalization algorithm using standard controls could be used to correct inter-assay variation. Methods Over 9 months, MFI values for the internal negative (NC) and positive (PC) control beads tested with negative (NS) and positive (PS) control sera (n=264 SAB batches), were plotted. Batches in which the NC and PC MFIs exceeded ±3SD limits were then identified. Informative patient samples (⩾3 sequential sera over ⩽90 days) from these batches were selected and specificities near the positive threshold (2000 MFI) were compared against previous or subsequent runs within 90 days (sequential sera) where NC and PC MFIs were within 3SD. Results The inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 46% for the NC and 9% for the PC, clearly demonstrating a proportional error. Among 12 batches that exceeded ±3SD limits, sera from 4 informative patients were examined. A normalization algorithm could not be derived because there was no correlation between changes in specific bead MFIs and changes in the NC or PC MFIs within the same batch. Conclusions The inter-assay variability of SABs complicates and, perhaps, invalidates using MFI values to monitor a patient’s antibody levels over time or following desensitization therapies. These data reveal that SABs are subject to proportional error more pronounced at low MFI levels, making normalization difficult if not impossible. Unless and until the variability of SABs can be reduced through standardization and automation, antibody levels of sequential sera can only be reliably compared when sera are tested in parallel (intra-assay). This strategy, however, comes with a price, namely increased costs of antibody testing.
Origins of Stereoselectivity in Chiral Aminoalcohol Catalysis of Oxyallyl Cation-Indole Reactions

The enantioselective coupling of indoles with racemic α-tosyloxy ketones mediated by a chiral amino alcohol catalyst is studied with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The addition of indole to an oxyallyl cation intrinsically favors the (S,S) and (R,R) stereoisomeric products through electrostatic interactions in the transition state. Our model shows that the enantioselectivity is controlled by the cyclohexane moiety of the catalyst; selectivity diminishes upon removal of the cyclohexane ring. Substitution to enhance the enantioselectivity of this reaction is proposed.