cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Face-Saving and Entrapment

Abstract Entrapping conflicts are those in which individuals: (1) have made substantial, unrealized investments in pursuit of some goal, and (2) feel compelled to justify these expenditures with continued investments, even if the likelihood of goal attainment is low. It was hypothesized that entrapment (i.e., amount invested) would be influenced by the relative importance individuals attach to the costs and rewards associated with continued investments. Two experiments tested the notion that entrapment would be more pronounced when costs were rendered less important (and/or rewards were made more important). In Experiment 1, half of the subjects were instructed beforehand of the virtues of investing conservatively (Cautious condition), whereas half were informed of the advantages of investing a considerable amount (Risky condition). Investments were more than twice as great in the Risky condition. Moreover, consistent with a face-saving analysis, (1) the instructions had a greater effect on subjects with high rather than low social anxiety, and (2) individuals with high social anxiety who participated in front of a large audience were more influenced by the instructions than were individuals with low social anxiety who participated in front of a small audience. In the second experiment, the importance of costs and rewards were varied in a 2 × 2 design. As predicted, subjects invested significantly more when cost importance was low rather than high. Contrary to expectation, reward importance had no effect. Questionnaire data from this study also suggested that entrapment was at least partially mediated by the participants' concern over the way they thought they would be evaluated. Theoretical implications are discussed.
A Simple Instrument for DME Drop Time and Current Sampling Control in Polarography

Abstract A simple inexpensive circuit for control of the drop time and current sampling period during drop life in polarographic studies is presented. A detailed discussion of the operation of the circuit is also given.
Morphological processing of medical images: an introduction

The theory of mathematical morphology is presented. The author introduces the basic morphological transformations and reviews some of their properties. He also summarizes the theory of morphological filtering. Several characteristics of mathematical morphology which demonstrate its applicability in the processing of medical images are outlined. >
Paradoxical growth-hormone responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in panic disorder

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been reported to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release in a variety of pathological conditions, including some studies of major depression. Because of the considerable phenomenological and neuroendocrine overlap between major depression and panic disorder, we investigated the rate of positive GH responses to TRH in 38 patients with panic disorder and 23 normal controls. There were no between-group differences in mean GH response to TRH or in the proportion of subjects with positive responses. These findings are discussed in the context of neuroendocrine regulation of GH secretion and the relationship between anxiety and affective disorders.
Race and the Making of Southeast San Francisco: Towards a Theory of Race‐Class

San Francisco is engaged in a redevelopment project that could bring millions in investment and community benefits to a starved neighborhood—and yet the project is embedded in an urban development process that is displacing residents. In trying to unsettle these contradictions, this paper achieves two aims. First, I unearth a little known history of redevelopment activism that frames debate around the current project. Second, I use this history to argue for a reframing of the language of race. To wit: although the social construction of race and racism is well established, race is still deeply understood in everyday life as natural. This paper offers a theoretical fusing of race and class, “race-class”, to help us think race through a vital constructionist lens. Race-class makes present the economic dynamics of racial formation, and foregrounds that race is a core process of urban political economy. Race-class works both “top-down” and “ground-up.” While it is a vehicle for capital's exploitation of people and place, race-class also emerges as a mode of power for racialized working-class residents.
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL ABUNDANCE AND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION SHIFTS WITH DROUGHT: PREDICTIONS FROM TREE RINGS

Mycorrhizae play a key role in ecosystem dynamics, and it is important to understand how environmental stress and climate change affect these symbionts. Several climate models predict that the intercontinental western United States will experience an increase in extreme precipitation events and warming temperatures. In 1996, northern Ar- izona, USA, experienced a 100-year drought that caused high local mortality of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), a dominant tree of the southwest. We compared trunk growth, water potentials, and ectomycorrhizal dynamics for surviving trees at three high-mortality sites and adjacent low-mortality sites. Four major patterns emerged. First, surviving trees at sites that suffered high mortality exhibited reduced long-term growth and increased water stress relative to adjacent sites where little or no mortality occurred. Second, surviving trees from high-mortality sites had 50% lower ectomycorrhizal colonization and showed a pronounced shift in fungal community composition relative to low-mortality sites. Third, in support of an intermediate-host plant stress hypothesis, trees that experienced intermediate levels of stress supported two-fold greater ectomycorrhizal colonization than trees at the high or low end of a stress gradient. Fourth, we observed a strong correlation between trunk growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization and validated the resulting regression model with inde- pendent data. This relationship suggests that tree rings can be used to reconstruct past and predict future ectomycorrhizal colonization. Overall, our findings suggest that predicted climate changes might be accompanied by both qualitative and quantitative changes in ectomycorrhizal dynamics that could affect ecosystems by altering nutrient cycling, carbon dynamics, and host-plant performance.
A long-term study reveals multiple reproductive behavior strategies among territorial adult male Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

We conducted a long-term study to assess how tenure and territorial behaviors influence reproductive success among male Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)). Copulations by males (n = 44) that maintained territories on a rookery in the Gulf of Alaska from 2001 to 2009 were observed using a remote video system. Approximately half of postpartum females copulated with a male in a different territory from where they gave birth. Nearly two-thirds of territorial males with known tenure were unsuccessful in copulating during their first year. Number of copulations for territorial males increased from acquisition year to year 2 with no change in subsequent years. Cluster analysis of tenure and territorial tactic variables for 15 males with observed lifetime reproductive success was used to describe multiple reproductive strategies. Characteristics of the two most successful strategies were the following: (i) males typically copulated in their first year, retained the same territories for 3–5 ye...
Simvastatin Treatment Attenuates Increased Respiratory Variability and Apnea/Hypopnea Index in Rats With Chronic Heart Failure

Cheyne-Stokes respiration and cardiac arrhythmias are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Enhanced carotid body chemoreflex (CBC) sensitivity is associated with these abnormalities in CHF. Reduced carotid body (CB) nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels play an important role in the enhanced CBC. In other disease models, Simvastatin (statin) treatment increases endothelial NOS, in part, by increasing Kruppel-like Factor 2 expression. We hypothesized that statin treatment would ameliorate enhanced CBC sensitivity as well as increased respiratory variability, apnea/hypopnea index, and arrhythmia index, in a rodent model of CHF. Resting breathing pattern, cardiac rhythm, and the ventilatory and CB chemoreceptor afferent responses to hypoxia were assessed in rats with CHF induced by coronary ligation. CHF was associated with enhanced ventilatory and CB afferent responses to hypoxia as well as increased respiratory variability, apnea/hypopnea index, and arrhythmia index. Statin treatment prevented the increases in CBC sensitivity and the concomitant increases in respiratory variability, apnea/hypopnea index, and arrhythmia index. Kruppel-like Factor 2 and endothelial NOS protein were decreased in the CB and nucleus tractus solitarii of CHF animals, and statin treatment increased the expression of these proteins. Our findings demonstrate that the increased CBC sensitivity, respiratory instability, and cardiac arrhythmias observed in CHF are ameliorated by statin treatment and suggest that statins may be an effective treatment for Cheyne-Stokes respiration and arrhythmias in patient populations with high chemoreflex sensitivity.
Locations of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Esoteric Discourse and Western Identities, by Kocku von Stuckrad, Brill: Leiden, 2010, xiv + 242 pp. ISBN 978 9 0041 8422 0, US$141 (hardback)

Locations of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Esoteric Discourse and Western Identities, by Kocku von Stuckrad, Brill: Leiden, 2010, xiv + 242 pp. ISBN 978 9 0041 8422 0, US$141 (hard...
African Americans' Beliefs and Attitudes Regarding Hypertension and Its Treatment: A Qualitative Study

Since low adherence rates contribute to morbidity and mortality among hypertensive African Americans, health beliefs known to influence nonadherence must be explored. Hypertensive African Americans were recruited from an urban, public hospital and divided into two categories: adherent, well-controlled versus nonadherent, poorly controlled participants. Separate focus group sessions were held for each category. Participants proved similar with respect to sociodemographic variables but varied in the duration of hypertension. Some beliefs were mentioned more often among nonadherent participants than among adherent participants when describing medical treatments and physicians' encounters. Some participants perceived medication to be harmful and noneffective, and some expressed distrust of pharmaceutical companies and physicians, believing them to use patients for experimentation to test medications. Their descriptions of dialogues with physicians suggested authoritarian and ethnicity-inappropriate communication patterns. To reduce the nonadherence rate among African Americans, it may be necessary to integrate health beliefs into educational interventions and physician-patient communication.
Multimodality evaluation of the viability of stem cells delivered into different zones of myocardial infarction.

Background— We tested the hypothesis that multimodality imaging of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) provides accurate assessment of cellular location, viability, and restorative potential after transplantation into different zones of myocardial infarction. Methods and Results— Mice underwent left anterior descending artery ligation followed by transplantation of dual-labeled mESCs with superparamagnetic iron oxide and luciferase via direct injection into 3 different zones of myocardial infarction: intra-infarction, peri-infarction, and normal (remote). One day after transplantation, magnetic resonance imaging enabled assessment of the precise anatomic locations of mESCs. Bioluminescence imaging allowed longitudinal analysis of cell viability through detection of luciferase activity. Subsequent evaluation of myocardial regeneration and functional restoration was performed by echocardiography and pressure–volume loop analysis. Using 16-segment analysis, we demonstrated precise localization of dual-labeled mESCs. A strong correlation between histology and magnetic resonance imaging was established ( r =0.962, P =0.002). Bioluminescent imaging data demonstrated that cell viability in the remote group was significantly higher than in other groups. Echocardiography and pressure–volume loop analysis revealed improved functional restoration in animals treated with mESCs, although myocardial regeneration was not observed. Conclusions— Multimodality evaluation of mESC engraftment in the heterogeneous tissue of myocardial infarction is possible. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated accurate anatomic localization of dual-labeled mESCs. Bioluminescent imaging enabled assessment of variable viability of mESCs transplanted into the infarcted myocardium. Echocardiography and pressure–volume loop analysis validated the restorative potential of mESCs. Although mESCs transplanted into the remote zone demonstrated the highest viability, precise delivery of mESCs into the peri-infarction region might be equally critical in restoring the injured myocardium. Received January 22, 2008; accepted May 19, 2008.
ICD deactivation: review of literature and clinical recommendations.

Implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are an essential part of the management for patients at risk for life threatening arrhythmias. Despite new technologies, all patients ultimately will re...
REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION BY HYPOXIA REQUIRES A MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX THAT INCLUDES HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, AN ADJACENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, AND P300/CREB BINDING PROTEIN

Molecular adaptation to hypoxia depends on the binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) to cognate response elements in oxygen-regulated genes. In addition, adjacent sequences are required for hypoxia-inducible transcription. To investigate the mechanism of interaction between these cis-acting sequences, the multiprotein complex binding to the lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) promoter was characterized. The involvement of HIF-1, CREB-1/ATF-1, and p300/CREB binding protein (CBP) was demonstrated by techniques documenting in vitro binding, in combination with transient transfections that test the in vivo functional importance of each protein. In both the LDH-A promoter and the erythropoietin 3' enhancer, formation of multiprotein complexes was analyzed by using biotinylated probes encompassing functionally critical cis-acting sequences. Strong binding of p300/CBP required interactions with multiple DNA binding proteins. Thus, the necessity of transcription factor binding sites adjacent to a HIF-1 site for hypoxically inducible transcription may be due to the requirement of p300 to interact with multiple transcription factors for high-affinity binding and activation of transcription. Since it has been found to interact with a wide range of transcription factors, p300 is likely to play a similar role in other genes, mediating interactions between DNA binding proteins, thereby activating stimulus-specific and tissue-specific gene transcription.
Bladder Prolapse in a Female Infant With Complete Epispadias

Female epispadias is a rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of 1/484,000 births. 1 Girls with this condition typically undergo bladder neck reconstruction at ages 3 to 4 years. We report an unusual complication of this anomaly, total bladder prolapse. CASE REPORT A female newborn born at 37 weeks of gestation had a genital anomaly and spontaneous pneumothorax developed. Physical examination revealed classic complete epispadias with continuous urinary dribbling, a bifid clitoris, flattened mons and separated labia majora. However, the pubic symphysis seemed normal. Renal ultrasound was normal. The patient was placed on antimicrobial prophylaxis and discharged home after pneumothorax resolved. When the patient was 3 months old she had constipation and periodic abdominal straining. During these episodes the parents noticed that the bladder appeared to protrude slightly through the urethral meatus. Treatment for constipation was recommended but abdominal straining continued. Three weeks later she presented with a large interlabial mass, representing the bladder (see figure). The bladder mucosa was beefy red and bled easily but it did not appear ischemic. Bladder prolapse could not be reduced manually. Pelvic exploration was performed with the patient under general anesthesia. The pubic symphysis was divided to gain access to the base of the prolapsed bladder. The bladder was incised inferiorly in the midline from the base of the prolapse until the bladder was reduced. The whole bladder appeared viable. The midline of the bladder was then closed. To decrease the chance of recurrent prolapse the bladder dome was fixed to the rectus muscle. At closure bladder capacity was 15 cc and a urethral catheter was placed for drainage. Postoperatively the patient continued to have abdominal straining due to constipation but the closure remained intact. However, rectal prolapse developed, which resolved with aggressive medical management. Evaluation for cystic fibrosis was negative. At age 3 years the patient remains incontinent with 30 cc bladder capacity and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. Bladder neck reconstruction is planned.
Food Chemistry and Toxicology

Coverage of original research on degradative and preservative reactions, toxicology, functional properties, postharvest physiology of plants, muscle biology, analytical procedures, and composition
Are intrinsic and extrinsic rewards additive: A test of Deci's cognitive evaluation theory of task motivation

Abstract Expectancy theory and reinforcement theory of task motivation have assumed that the effect of extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcement are additive in nature. Deci, 1971 , Deci, 1972 , Deci, 1972 , Deci, 1972 has recently presented tentative evidence that reportedly shows that contingent monetary rewards actually reduced intrinsic task motivation. This paper reexamines the evidence presented by Deci and then tests his cognitive evaluation theory explanation in both a boring and nonboring task setting. The evidence presented here along with a reexamination of Deci's previous findings indicate that contingent monetary payments that are not delayed have an additive effect with intrinsic rewards on task motivation. The results were discussed in relation to their implication to management.
Combining UV photodissociation action spectroscopy with electron transfer dissociation for structure analysis of gas‐phase peptide cation‐radicals

We report the first example of using ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation action spectroscopy for the investigation of gas-phase peptide cation-radicals produced by electron transfer dissociation. z-Type fragment ions (●) Gly-Gly-Lys(+), coordinated to 18-crown-6-ether (CE), are generated, selected by mass and photodissociated in the 200-400 nm region. The UVPD action spectra indicate the presence of valence-bond isomers differing in the position of the Cα radical defect, (α-Gly)-Gly-Lys(+) (CE), Gly-(α-Gly)-Lys(+) (CE) and Gly-Gly-(α-Lys(+))(CE). The isomers are readily distinguishable by UV absorption spectra obtained by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. In contrast, conformational isomers of these radical types are calculated to have similar UV spectra. UV photodissociation action spectroscopy represents a new tool for the investigation of transient intermediates of ion-electron reactions. Specifically, z-type cation radicals are shown to undergo spontaneous hydrogen atom migrations upon electron transfer dissociation.
Purification of ribonucleoproteins using peptide-elutable antibodies and other affinity techniques

Recently developed affinity purification methods have revolutionized our understanding of the higher-ordered structures of multisubunit, often low-abundance macromolecular complexes, including ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Often, purification by classical, non-affinity-based techniques subjects salt-labile complexes to an ionic strength incompatible with the integrity of the RNP, leading to a misrepresentation of the true higher-ordered structure of these complexes. A family of plasmids has been generated that can be used to introduce a number of different epitope tags, including peptide-elutable affinity tags, into the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Alternatively, these plasmids may be used for plasmid-borne expression of epitope-tagged proteins in either yeast or Escherichia coli. The gentle elution of the complex from the antibody affinity matrix can be performed at 4 degrees C and is compatible with a range of salt and pH conditions. RNPs purified by this method are active and suitable for downstream analyses such as RNA sequencing, structural analysis, or mass spectrometry peptide identification.
Formation of Cathode Spots by Unipolar Arcing

Despite the fundamental importance of cathode spots for the breakdown process and the formation of a discharge, the complicated processes, the structure of the cathode spot and the source for the high current density were not fully understood. Experiments show that cathode spots are formed by unipolar arcing. The localized build-up of plasma above an electron emitting spot naturally leads to a pressure gradient and electric field distribution which causes unipolar arcing. The high current density of an arc provides explosive plasma formation of a cathode spot.
Passive Q-switching of solid-state lasers with Ho:YLF, Cr 4+ ;YSO, and Dy 2+ :CaF 2 solid-state saturable absorbers

Passive Q-switching with solid-state saturable absorbers is economical, simple, and practical. In this paper we report passive Q-switching of the Tm,Cr:YAG, Cr:LiCAF, and Cr:Al2O3 (ruby) lasers by using Ho3+:YLiF4 (Ho:YLF), Cr4+:Y2SiO5 (Cr4t: YSO), and Dy2+:CaF2 solid-state saturable absorbers. The feasibility of Cr:BeAl2O4 (alexandrite) passive Q-switching with Cr4+:YSO is also investigated.
Exotic Decays at the Proton Drip Line

In this paper we review the general physics learned at the proton drip line. The extraordinary experimental problems which must be overcome are discussed in addition to several novel solutions. Finally, results of several recent experiments to look for ground state one-and two-proton emission are discussed.
Urticarial exanthem associated with Capnocytophaga canimorsus bacteremia after a dog bite.

Capnocytophaga canimorsus (Latin, canis, dog; morsus, bite) is a commensal gram-negative rod present in the oral flora of dogs; there are almost 500 reported infections, 60% of which have occurred after a dog bite, more than 80% after dog exposure, and more than 35% in the setting of alcoholism or splenectomy.1 Half of infections present with cutaneous manifestations2 including petechiae, purpura, cellulitis, gangrene, and eschars2; there is one report of urticarial lesions.3 This is an important disease to recognize given the 25% mortality rate associated with C canimorsus bacteremia.4 Here we report the second case of an urticarial exanthem after C canimorsus bacteremia.
Macroseepage of methane and light alkanes at the La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles

Geologic seepage of methane and light (C2-C5) alkanes was measured at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. Samples were collected using flux chambers with stainless steel canisters and analyzed using gas chromatography. Average seepage rates from individual seepage sites were 970 ± 330 mg/h of methane, 14.0 ± 5.5 mg/h of ethane, 9.1 ± 3.7 mg/h of propane, 3.7 ± 1.6 mg/h of i-butane, 0.33 ± 0.16 mg/h of n-butane, 260 ± 120 μg/h of i-pentane, and 5.3 ± 1.9 μg/h of n-pentane, while maximum seepage rates exceeded 17 g/h of methane, 270 mg/h of ethane, 190 mg/h of propane, 95 mg/h of i-butane, 10 mg/h of n-butane, 7 mg/h of i-pentane, and 0.1 mg/h of n-pentane. These absolute fluxes have an additional unknown amount of error associated with them due to sampling methodology, and should be taken as the lower limit of emissions. Samples collected revealed generally dry gas, with high methane emissions relative to the light alkanes. Overall emissions from the tar pits were found to come not only from the active geologic seepage, but also from the outgassing of the standing asphalt at the site. Using the gas ratios, which are negligibly affected by errors introduced by sampling methodology, observed in this study, daily emissions of C2 – C5 alkanes from the La Brea area were estimated to be 4.7 ± 1.6 Mg, which represents 2–3 % of total emissions in the entire Los Angeles region.
Queueing Network Models in Computer System Design

A professional typist at a computer terminal can type information into the machine at a rate of 120 words/minute. A student using the hunt-and-peck technique on the keyboard might manage 25 words/minute. Punched cards of information can be read by a machine at a rate of 300/minute, yet even this card reader is a very slow device. In the time it takes this high-priced unit to read a card, a modestly-priced central processing unit (CPU) can execute 100,000 addition operations or, more to the point, completely finish all computations for several average computer programs. Similar remarks apply to line printers and other input/output (I/O) devices such as magnetic drums, disks, and tape drives. For this reason, modern computer systems incorporate both autonomous peripheral devices, that is, input/output devices capable of operating concurrently with the CPU, and multiprogramming, a mode of operation in which several programs are allowed to reside in the main memory of the computer at once, so that when one program requests an I/O operation, the CPU can be switched immediately to another waiting program. Although this concurrent operation of CPU and I/O devices would seem to make the most efficient use of the equipment, serious problems can and do arise. As more jobs compete for the available resources, congestion and job queues develop, and performance (in the eyes of the individual user) suffers. Thus those who design and evaluate such
Glycocalyx Enhances Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are major pathogens in prosthetic implant infections, and the capability of certain strains to produce glycocalyx enhances their infectivity. We investigated the importance of glycocalyx in an animal model of prosthetic vascular graft infection. Coagulasenegative staphylococci (5×108) and 1 cm2 pieces of Dacron or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts were placed in subcutaneous pockets of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Two strains of bacteria were used, one producing and the other not producing glycocalyx. At 5 days, uninfected grafts were incorporated into the surrounding tissues whereas infected grafts were surrounded by fluid. Grafts were excised and adherent bacteria dislodged by sonication and quantitated. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of bacteria and glycocalyx, and the efficiency of bacterial dislodgement by sonication. The bacterial adherence (CFU/cm2 mean ± SE) of glycocalyx-producing staphylococci was 3.7±1.1×107 and 3.5±1.0×105 to Dacron and PTFE, respectively (both < 0.05). Nonglycocalyx producing bacteria had decreased adherence to both Dacron (1.4±0.8×104) and PTFE (0.9±0.4±104). Antibiotic administration reduced the adherence of the nonglycocalyx producing strain by one log to both materials (p<0.05) but did not affect the glycocalyx-producing strain. These data demonstrate that glycocalyx production enhances the adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to prosthetic vascular graft materials. Prophylactic antibiotic administration does little to inhibit the adherence of glycocalyxproducing bacteria but does affect nonglycocalyx producing strains.
Analysis of airships′ nodes configuration in near-space navigation and positioning system

To improve the position precision the influence of the airships' nodes configuration was analyzed by monte-carlo numeric simulation.In the simulation,the airship was established in square type and "Y" type at different height and distance,and then different GDOP(geometric dilution of precision) and PDOP(position dilution of precision) were found out.The research result was that the distribution of GDOP was disequilibrium if the airship was established in square type ;that it has higher GDOP precision if the airship was established in "Y" type;and that under the same factors,the precision improvement approaches decuple.The conclusion is that the airship should be established in "Y" type,and that the outside three airships should be established in equilateral triangle type with one airship in the center,in which way more balanced and accurate result is provided.
Schemes for Integrating Text and Image in the Science Textbook: Effects on Comprehension and Situational Interest.

Science education researchers have turned their attention to the use of images in textbooks, both because pages are heavily illustrated and because visual literacy is an important aptitude for science students. Text–image integration in the textbook is described here as composition schemes in increasing degrees of integration: prose primary (PP), prose subsumed (PS), and fully integrated (FI). These schemes enable experimental research with authentic media without diminishing complexity. Seventh grade subjects used media variants in a within-subjects design (N=158). Comprehension tests revealed higher comprehension for FI over PP media variants in one of three sessions (P=0.0073). FI scores were highest for the other tests but not significantly so (P>0.05). A post-test situational interest measure revealed a significant preference pattern of FI>PS>PP. As textbooks follow a general PP strategy, expansion and confirmation of the results would suggest increasing the degree of text–image integration for middle school science textbooks.
The Expressiveness of Perceptual Experience: Physiognomy reconsidered

A face strikes us immediately as sad, and so, too, do a mourner, a willow tree, a house on a prairie, and a group of onlookers. The spontaneous emergence of affective and other qualities of people, things, places, and events falls under the heading of physiognomy, a phenomenon discussed since at least Aristotle, and a key feature of evolutionary theory, psychology, and perception as well as professional practice (“profiling”) and popular talk. However, physiognomy is a controversial topic because of a suspect history, and is often renamed as non-verbal communication. The Expressiveness of Perceptual Experience: Physiognomy Reconsidered examines this venerable, attractive, and contentious topic within the unique perspective of research-oriented psychology. Included are the processes involved, primarily perceptual; origins, mainly evolutionary; and social-cultural factors as supplements. Discussed within a holistic-experiential (phenomenological)-aesthetic framework are physiognomy’s ties to the arts as well as emotions, synesthesia, learning, development, and personality. Empirical investigations are summarized, including the author’s.
Methods for the Implantation of Liver Cells

There have been many major advances in the field of liver transplantation in the past 30 yr. Orthotopic liver transplantation is currently the only established successful treatment for end-stage liver disease, with over 3000 liver transplantations being performed each year in more than 120 liver transplantation centers in the United States (1). There are several major challenges, however, that impede the widespread practice and applicability of organ transplantation. These include the critical shortage of donor organs, the high cost and technical difficulty of the procedures, and the intensive postoperative care involved, including those associated with life-long immunosuppression. Among these obstacles, the critical scarcity of donor organs, especially in the pediatric population, is perhaps the most significant. Each year, end-stage liver disease accounts for 26,000 deaths in the United States (2). Although the supply of donor organs has increased only slightly over the last 5 yr, the number of patients on the waiting list and the number of patients who die each year while on the waiting list have continued to grow at a disproportionate rate (1).
Play Day at the University of Michigan

(1930). Play Day at the University of Michigan. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 12-13.
Defending Life: Science, the Unborn, and Abortion Methods

What does it mean to say that a particular being is human , that he or she is a member of the species Homo sapiens ? How, for example, may one distinguish a human being from, let's say, a dog, a cat, a grapefruit, or a human being's part such as a finger or a blood cell? And if the being in the womb is a human being, what are the methods by which the abortionist accomplishes his goal of extinguishing that being's life? In this chapter we will answer these questions. We will do so by presenting the facts of prenatal development as well as the methods used by physicians to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. Given the gravity of a woman's choice to abort – as all parties in this dispute concede – we have an obligation to become conversant with these matters, troubling though they are. It surprises many people when they are told that most sophisticated defenders of abortion choice concede that the unborn, long before birth, is a human being, though they argue that it lacks a property essential to acquiring the status of a moral person . And thus, a pregnant woman may kill that entity prior to its acquisition of that property. Although an important subject – one that is addressed in great detail in Chapter 6 – in this chapter we take up the more modest task of simply showing that the unborn is a human being from conception as well as presenting the methods by which it may be killed in an abortion.
Leveraging Linked Data to Discover Semantic Relations Within Data Sources

Mapping data to a shared domain ontology is a key step in publishing semantic content on the Web. Most of the work on automatically mapping structured and semi-structured sources to ontologies focuses on semantic labeling, i.e., annotating data fields with ontology classes and/or properties. However, a precise mapping that fully recovers the intended meaning of the data needs to describe the semantic relations between the data fields too. We present a novel approach to automatically discover the semantic relations within a given data source. We mine the small graph patterns occurring in Linked Open Data and combine them to build a graph that will be used to infer semantic relations. We evaluated our approach on datasets from different domains. Mining patterns of maximum length five, our method achieves an average precision of 75 % and recall of 77 % for a dataset with very complex mappings to the domain ontology, increasing up to 86 % and 82 %, respectively, for simpler ontologies and mappings.
Tunable, Endotaxial Inclusion of Crystalline Pt-Based Nanoparticles Inside a High-Quality Bronze TiO2 Matrix

A series of high-quality bronze titanium oxide films containing endotaxially embedded Pt-based nanoparticles was fabricated using pulsed laser deposition under various oxygen partial pressures (0 to 50 mTorr). We found that morphological control over the embedded Pt nanoparticles is possible by varying the oxygen partial pressure during growth. We also found that the titanium oxide matrix plays an important role in controlling composition, shape, and distribution of the endotaxially embedded Pt-based nanoparticles over this range of oxygen partial pressure by affecting (1) the formation of a segregated layer of Pt–Ti alloy nanoparticles, in addition to the pure Pt nanoparticles, under vacuum, (2) the generation of crystallographic twinning, steps, and kinks within the Pt nanoparticles, and (3) the localized precipitation of Pt nanoparticles spatially confined and morphologically adapted to the extended defects within the matrix.
Organization and Delivery of Scholarly Communications Services by Academic and Research Libraries in the United Kingdom: Observations from Across the Pond

INTRODUCTION The U.K. library community has implemented collaborative strategies in key scholarly communication areas such as open access mandate compliance, and U.S. librarians could benefit from learning in greater detail about the practices and experiences of U.K. libraries with respect to how they have organized scholarly communication services. METHODS In order to better understand the scholarly communication activities in U.K. academic and research libraries, and how U.S. libraries could apply that experience in the context of their own priorities, an environmental scan via a survey of U.K. research libraries and in-person interviews were conducted. RESULTS U.K. libraries concentrate their scholarly communication services on supporting compliance with open access mandates and in the development of new services that reflect libraries’ shifting role from information consumer to information producer. DISCUSSION Due to the difference in the requirements of open access mandates in the U.K. as compared to the U.S., scholarly communication services in the U.K. are more focused on supporting compliance efforts. U.S. libraries engage more actively in providing copyright education and consultation than U.K. libraries. Both U.K. and U.S. libraries have developed new services in the areas of research data management and library publishing. CONCLUSION There are three primary takeaways from the experience of U.K. scholarly communication practitioners for U.S. librarians: increase collaboration with offices of research, reconsider current organization and delegation of scholarly communication services, and increase involvement in legislative and policy-making activity in the U.S. with respect to access to research.
How Valuable Are Capstone Projects for Community Organizations? Lessons from a Program Assessment

Many MPA programs use capstone courses as culminating experiences to assess students’ capacity to apply program knowledge and skills to challenges facing public or nonprofit organizations. This pap...
State estimation for a tractor-trailer system using adaptive unscented Kalman filter

In this paper, an adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) is developed for state estimation on a tractor-trailer system. For nonlinear systems, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is a well-known approach for observer design. Some research has shown the UKF can be more accurate than extended Kalman filter (EKF) with similar computation burden. However, the performance of traditional Kalman filter may deteriorate when process noise changes or sudden disturbance occurs due to the fixed process noise covariance (Q matrix) in the filter. An adaptive gain is calculated to compensate for the mismatch between the actual residual covariance and the deduced value from the filter, ensuring that the sequence of residual is uncorrelated. An estimated Q matrix is referred in the adaptive gain calculation at each sample. Simulation is done in various situations. The positions of trailer are used as measurements. Compared with the standard UKF (SUKF) and another adaptive UKF, the proposed algorithm has better result.
Parent Discipline, Moral Internalization, and Development of Prosocial Motivation

In most research on prosocial behavior the actor is an innocent bystander. of equal importance are situations in which the actor is the cause of the other’s distress. I have for some time been dealing with both contexts. Regarding the first, I have put together a theory of the development of em thy (see Hoffman, 1982, for the most recent version) that includes several modes of empathic affect arousal and several stages of social-cognitive development. The empathic arousal modes combine with the social-cognitive stages, and the result is four developmental levels of empathic distress that I believe may account for the individual’s motivation to help in the innocent-bystander context. Regarding situations in which the actor is the cause of the other’s misfortune, I use as a framework the development of an internal moral orientation in which guilt is the major moral motive.
A novel mechanism for enhanced neutrophil recruitment, retention, and podocyte damage in immune complex-mediated glomerular disease.

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is characterized by immune complex deposition and ensuing inflammation within the glomerulus of the kidney. Frank J. Dixon, a pioneer in immunologic kidney disease research, reported in 1965 that injection of nephrotoxic antibodies in rats and rabbits resulted in proteinuria and glomerular accumulation of neutrophils, and that depletion of circulating neutrophils reduced this immune-mediated glomerular damage and proteinuria. In the decades since, studies have confirmed a role for glomerular neutrophil accumulation in human GN, but the mechanisms for neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil-directed injury have not been resolved. We previously reported genetic variants for a NF-κB inhibitor ABIN1 as risks for GN. Others also report that glomerular ABIN1 gene expression is altered in GN in mice and humans. Here we present that transgenic disruption of ABIN1 function results in exacerbated podocyte injury, glomerular expression of inflammatory mediators, and glomerular recruitment and retention of neutrophils in a mouse model of acute antibody-mediated GN. Moreover, a novel inhibitor of neutrophil granule release (SNAP23 peptide) also attenuates podocyte injury in this model. These in vivo findings are supported by in vitro experiments showing that secretome from homologous ABIN1 mutant podocytes activates neutrophil chemotaxis and granule release and neutrophil granule contents specifically disrupts cytoskeletal organization of ABIN1 mutant podocytes. These studies unfold a role for ABIN1 dysfunction in a novel neutrophil-mediated mechanism of podocyte injury in GN and presents inhibition of neutrophil granule release as a promising novel therapeutic direction for kidney inflammation.
Distinguishing slow cooling versus multiphase cooling and heating in zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He datasets: The case of the McClure Mountain syenite standard

Abstract New zircon, titanite, and apatite (U-Th)/He (ZHe, THe, AHe) data for four samples of the 524 Ma McClure Mountain syenite (MMS) in the Wet Mountains of Colorado constrain the
Testing equality of means in partially paired data with incompleteness in single response

In testing differentially expressed genes between tumor and healthy tissues, data are usually collected in paired form. However, incomplete paired data often occur. While extensive statistical rese...
Low pretransplant IgA level is associated with early post-lung transplant seromucous infection.

Abstract Objectives Infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Immunoglobulins are part of both seromucous (IgA) and serum (IgG) infection defense mechanisms. We therefore hypothesized that lower pretransplant IgA levels would be associated with more early post–lung transplant seromucous infections and greater mortality independent of IgG. Methods From January 2000 to July 2010, 538 patients undergoing primary lung transplantation had pretransplant IgA (n = 429) and IgG (n = 488) measured as a clinical routine. Median IgA was 200 mg·dL−1 (2% Results In total, 397 seromucous infections were observed in 247 patients, most bacterial. Although IgA and IgG were moderately correlated (r = 0.5, P Conclusions Low levels of preoperative IgA, an important immunoglobulin involved in mucosal immunologic defense, but not IgG, are associated with seromucous infections in the year after lung transplantation and increased follow-up mortality. It would appear prudent to identify patients with relative IgA deficiency at listing and to increase vigilance of monitoring for, and prophylaxis against, seromucous infection in this high-risk population.
Parallel computing solutions for Markov chain spatial sequential simulation of categorical fields

The Markov chain random field (MCRF) model is a spatial statistical approach for modeling categorical spatial variables in multiple dimensions. However, this approach tends to be computationally co...
Role of Additional Organ Resection in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Analysis of 167 Patients from the U.S. Adrenocortical Carcinoma Database.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer. This report describes factors and outcomes associated with resection of extra-adrenal organs en bloc during index adrenalectomy. Patients who underwent ACC resection for non-metastatic disease from 1993 to 2014 at 13 participating institutions of the US-ACC Group were included in the study. Factors associated with en bloc resection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The primary end point was overall survival. In this study, 167 patients were included and categorized as adrenalectomy with en bloc resection (AdEBR) if they had extra-adrenal organs removed or adrenalectomy (Ad) if they did not. The demographics were similar between the AdEBR (n = 68, 40.7%) and Ad groups, including age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class, and body mass index (BMI). The AdEBR group had larger tumors (13 vs. 10 cm), more open operations (97.1 vs. 63.6%), and more lymph node dissections (LNDs) (36.8 vs. 12.1%). The most common organs removed were kidney (55.9%), liver (27.9%), and spleen (23.5%). Multiple organs were removed in 38.2% (n = 26) of the patients. Margin-negative resections were similar between the two groups. In the multivariate Cox regression adjusted for T and N stages, LND, margin, size, and hormone hypersecretion, en bloc resection was not associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; p = 0.323). The study findings validated current practice by showing that en bloc resection should occur at index adrenalectomy for ACC when a T4 lesion is suspected pre- or intraoperatively, or when it is necessary to avoid tumor rupture. However, in this study, when a negative margin resection was otherwise achieved, removal of extra-adrenal organs en bloc was not associated with additional survival benefit.
The Fining and Clarification of Wines

The purposes of clarification and fining during wine processing include removal of excessive levels of certain wine components, achieving clarity, and making that clarity stable especially from a physicochemical viewpoint. The noun fining is used in winemaking to describe the deliberate addition of an adsorptive compound that is followed by the settling or precipitation of partially soluble components from the wine. The materials used for these reasons are collectively referred to as fining agents, even though the solutes that they address and the mechanism of their removal vary considerably. The need to employ such treatments is often determined not only by compositional aspects of the musts but also by the winemaking practices that have been employed.