cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validating auditory spatial awareness with virtual reality and vice-versa

“Immersive” technologies such as virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) stand to transform sensory and perceptual science, clinical assessments, and habilitation of spatial awareness. This talk explores some of the general challenges and opportunities for VR- and AR-enabled research, illustrated by specific studies in the area of spatial hearing. In one study, freefield localization and discrimination measures were compared across conditions which used VR to show, hide, or alter the visible locations of loudspeakers from trial to trial. The approach is well suited to understanding potential biases and cuing effects in real-world settings. A second study used headphone presentation to understand contextual effects on the relative weighting of binaural timing and intensity cues. Previous studies have used adjustment and lateralization to “trade” time and level cues in a sound-booth setting, but none have attempted to measure how listeners weight cues in realistic multisensory scenes or in realistic tempora...
Resistance to antifungal agents.

Among immunocomprised hosts, invasive infections with Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans , and Aspergillus have increased dramatically over the past decade. Normal patients are also susceptible to life-threatening infections with the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsula tum , Coccidioides immitis , Blastomyces dermatiditis , and Sporothrix schenkii . In these contexts, the widespread use of antifungal agents has been accompanied by the development of resistance among medically important fungi. This article reviews the mechanisms of action of the polyene amphotericin B, the triazoles fluconazole and itraconazole, and pyrimidine analog flucytosine. Shortcomings of present methods of susceptibility testing for medically important fungi will be discussed, and clinical reports of resistance to these antifungal agents will be reviewed. A reasonable assessment of the scope of resistance to antifungal agents is provided.
Immunodepletion of extrinsic pathway inhibitor sensitizes rabbits to endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation and the generalized Shwartzman reaction.

We have reported earlier that immunodepletion of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) sensitizes rabbits to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) induced by infusing a low concentration of tissue factor (TF). We now describe the effect of immunodepletion of EPI in rabbits administered endotoxin. Cortisone-treated rabbits were administered anti-rabbit EPI immunoglobulin (IgG) or Fab fragments or were administered control nonimmune material before an injection of endotoxin. In four of seven rabbits administered anti-EPI, plasma EPI activity levels were reduced by 70% to 80% of initial levels for 6 to 8 hours. In these rabbits the endotoxin induced extensive DIC, as evidenced by substantial decreases in fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, and platelets, and gross hemorrhagic necrosis of the kidneys due to massive deposition of fibrin in the glomerular microcirculation (the generalized Shwartzman reaction). In three rabbits administered anti- EPI, plasma EPI levels were only transiently reduced. In these rabbits and in four rabbits administered nonimmune IgG or Fab, endotoxin induced minimal to moderate intravascular clotting and deposits of fibrin were not found in the glomerular capillaries. Because it is believed that TF expressed on monocytes triggers endotoxin-induced coagulation, these data are taken as evidence that EPI functions as a natural anticoagulant that can regulate factor VIIa/TF activity expressed on cell surfaces in vivo. They support a hypothesis that EPI prevents thrombotic complications that might otherwise result from exposure of blood to cytokine-induced generation of small amounts of TF on cell surfaces in many inflammatory and infectious disease states.
Measuring Scholarly Productivity: A Primer for Junior Faculty. Part III: Understanding Publication Metrics.

Author(s): Murphy, Linda S.; Kraus, Chadd K.; Lotfipour, Shahram; Gottlieb, Michael; Langabeer II, James R.; Langdorf, Mark I. | Abstract: There are approximately 78 indexed journals in the specialty of emergency medicine (EM), making it challenging to determine which is the best option for junior faculty. This paper is the final component of a three-part series focused on guiding junior faculty to enhance their scholarly productivity. As an EM junior faculty’s research career advances, the bibliometric tools and resources detailed in this paper should be considered when developing a publication submission strategy. The tenure and promotion decision process in many universities relies at least in part on these types of bibliometrics. This paper provides an understanding of new, alternative metrics that can be used to promote scientific progress in a transparent and timely manner.
Avaliação do dano mecânico em concreto submetido à compressão uniaxial e à tração por compressão diametral com ondas ultrassônicas longitudinais e transversais

O trabalho discute o padrao de comportamento de ondas ultrassonicas longitudinais (compression waves) e transversais (shear waves) em concretos de variadas resistencias submetidos a compressao axial e diametral. Foram ensaiados 40 corpos de prova confeccionados de concretos com variadas resistencias a compressao. Os corpos de provas foram submetidos ao ensaio de compressao simples e tracao por compressao diametral em maquina servo-controlada e, durante os ensaios, foram realizadas leituras de ondas de ultrassom longitudinais e transversais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que ha alteracoes na velocidade de propagacao de ondas, longitudinais e transversais, com o incremento do nivel de tensao que e aplicado ao corpo de prova. Adicionalmente, foi possivel observar que esta alteracao de velocidade ultrassonica ocorre para nivel de tensao proximo a tensao de ruptura. Os resultados obtidos indicam que ondas ultrassonicas longitudinais ou transversais podem ser aplicadas na avaliacao do dano difuso (microfissuracao na compressao uniaxial) ou dano concentrado (rachadura de tensao na compressao diametral) impostas ao concreto mecanicamente (atraves da aplicacao de cargas).
Polygenic Risk Scores in Neurodegenerative Diseases: a Review

This review summarizes the current state of the art of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in the assessment of risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Polygenic risk scores have been used to identify the shared genetic architecture between comorbid complex traits, disease presentations, and disease endophenotypes. The pathological and symptomatologic overlap between neurodegenerative diseases is strikingly high. In some cases, the diagnostic decision is arbitrary depending on the first appearance of symptomatology. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the genetic architecture of each of these diseases is different, but has a high degree of overlap. The creation of polygenic risk scores has allowed a more accurate calculation of this overlap. However, the power of the PRS is dependent on the power of the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) used to describe the genetic architecture. Even though not all neurodegenerative disease GWAS have the same sample size, and thus the same power, the use of polygenic risk scores has been successful in demonstrating the genetic overlap that has been observed phenotypically.
Proceedings of the 2015 International Workshop on Data-Intensive Scalable Computing Systems

Welcome to DISCS-2015! The Data Intensive Scalable Computing Systems (DISCS) workshop series facilitates dialogue about research aimed at the intersection of data intensive computing and traditional high performance computing (HPC). Traditional HPC systems were designed from a compute-centric perspective, with an emphasis on high floating-point performance. As scientific and analytics applications become more data intensive, there is a need to rethink HPC system architectures, programming models, runtime systems, and tools with a focus on data intensive computing. Industry approaches supporting data intensive applications have been highly successful, leading many in the HPC community to explore ways to apply them. Conversely, the HPC community's expertise in designing, deploying, and using high performance systems is attractive to those in industry. The 2015 International Workshop on Data Intensive Scalable Computing Systems provides a forum for researchers and other interested people in the areas of data intensive computing and high performance parallel computing to exchange ideas and discuss approaches for addressing the challenges facing Big Data or data intensive computing at large scale.
Effects of Physical Size and Complexity on Tactual Discrimination of Blind Children

The effects of physical size and complexity of metric figures on tactual discrimination performance was investigated with 36 blind children in grades 1 and 2. Metric figures from three levels of complexity (3 × 3, 4 × 4, and 5 × 5) were combined factorially with three physical sizes (1, 2, and 4 inches) in a same-different pair-comparison discrimination task. Increasing levels of physical size and complexity had no effect on discrimination accuracy, but increasing levels of either physical size or complexity significantly increased task time. Overall accuracy of performance was low (62 percent correct discriminations), and it appeared that unsystematic and inappropriate hand and finger motions were responsible for the low level of performance.
Extreme divergence between one-to-one orthologs: the structure of N15 Cro bound to operator DNA and its relationship to the λ Cro complex

The gene cro promotes lytic growth of phages through binding of Cro protein dimers to regulatory DNA sites. Most Cro proteins are one-to-one orthologs, yet their sequence, structure and binding site sequences are quite divergent across lambdoid phages. We report the cocrystal structure of bacteriophage N15 Cro with a symmetric consensus site. We contrast this complex with an orthologous structure from phage λ, which has a dissimilar binding site sequence and a Cro protein that is highly divergent in sequence, dimerization interface and protein fold. The N15 Cro complex has less DNA bending and smaller DNA-induced changes in protein structure. N15 Cro makes fewer direct contacts and hydrogen bonds to bases, relying mostly on water-mediated and Van der Waals contacts to recognize the sequence. The recognition helices of N15 Cro and λ Cro make mostly nonhomologous and nonanalogous contacts. Interface alignment scores show that half-site binding geometries of N15 Cro and λ Cro are less similar to each other than to distantly related CI repressors. Despite this divergence, the Cro family shows several code-like protein-DNA sequence covariations. In some cases, orthologous genes can achieve a similar biological function using very different specific molecular interactions.
Malicious Corruption Resilience in PMU Data and Wide-Area Damping Control

This paper presents a framework for malicious corruption resilience in phasor measurement unit (PMU) data and a methodology for applying this in wide-area damping control. The problem of detecting corruptions in raw PMU measurements is formulated as a compressed sensing problem and the compromised signals are recovered using an $l_{p}$ -norm ( $0 )-based online robust principal component analysis (RPCA) algorithm. The performance of the proposed method has been compared for different patterns of corruption with an $l_{1}$ -norm-based RPCA algorithm. The effectiveness of using the proposed data preprocessing architecture for correcting raw PMU feedback signals corrupted by missing data attack was demonstrated for closed-loop wide-area power oscillation damping control in 16-machine, 5-area New England-New York system.
Capturing the trend of mHealth research using text mining

Background: With the increasing development and use of mobile technologies, an increasing amount of research on mobile health is being conducted. The purpose of the study was to capture the trends in mHealth research by mining terms related to medical conditions, interventions, study populations, and the relationships between these terms. Methods: This study analyzed 5,600 journal articles published in Web of Science from 2008 to 2018. Using text mining techniques, a total of 39,292 terms extracted from the titles and abstracts of the journal articles were independently reviewed to identify meaningful terms related to medical conditions, interventions, and study populations. Results: A total of 48 different types of medical conditions were identified in the dataset. Mood disorders appeared to be the most frequently identified medical condition in mHealth research. Thirty interventions were identified. Cell phone-, SMS-, and Internet-based interventions appeared to be the most prominent types, and “female” appeared to be the most frequently identified term related to the studied population. Females appeared to have been studied in the widest range of medical conditions, including pregnancy issues, overnutrition, neoplasms, and AIDS. Older adults were the least studied population in mHealth. Conclusions: Knowledge gaps that have not been explored in previous studies in mHealth research were identified, which should be addressed by researchers.
Mercury stable isotopes in flying fish as a monitor of photochemical degradation of methylmercury in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Abstract The photochemical degradation of the neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg) in marine surface waters is of great interest because it reduces the amount of MeHg available for uptake and bioaccumulation in marine aquatic food webs. Studies have shown that the dominant cause of odd isotope mass independent fractionation (odd-MIF) of Hg in marine foodwebs is the photo-degradation of MeHg. Residual MeHg is then incorporated into low trophic level organisms and bio-accumulated without additional mass independent fractionation. Based on this understanding of Hg isotope fractionation we sought to use Hg isotope measurements of fish tissues containing Hg mostly as MeHg to assess the relative degree of photochemical decomposition across the world's oceans. In 19 samples of flying fish, the magnitude of odd-MIF varies by a factor of ~2. We estimate that 56 to 80% of MeHg was photo-degraded prior to entering the food web depending on location. The proportion of MeHg degradation does not correlate with latitude, solar radiation or estimates of the concentration of DOC or chlorophyll at the collection sites, but it does correlate with proxies for water clarity. The ratio of odd-MIF for 199Hg compared to 201Hg is constant in all flying fish sampled (1.20 ± 0.03) suggesting that there is a common mechanism for photo-degradation of MeHg in surface waters across oceans and hemispheres. The ratio of odd-MIF to mass dependent fractionation (MDF) is generally consistent with photochemical degradation but is more variable (2.76 ± 0.33), suggesting that there is negligible internal demethylation of MeHg in flying fish and that variable amounts of MDF occur at different locations in the ocean, likely driven by variable rates of methylation and demethylation of Hg in the water column.
Chapter 18 – Histiocytosis Syndromes

Publisher Summary In the context of histiocytosis syndromes, histiocytes are defined as a group of immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. The term histiocytosis identifies a group of disorders that have in common the proliferation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte and the dendritic cell systems. Macrophages have several key functions, including tissue remodeling, tumor repressing and promoting activities and in antigen-processing and immune stimulation; dendritic cells function primarily as antigen-presenting cells and immune system regulators. Although the principal pathological cells of these syndromes are histiocytes, the term histiocytosis is a very selective term in the sense that it does not include storage diseases, hyperlipidemic xanthomatosis, or granulomatous reaction in chronic infections, such as tuberculosis or foreign body granuloma. This chapter shows the ontogeny of histiocytes, lists the immunophenotypic markers of non-neoplastic macrophages and dendritic cells of the histiocyte system, and highlightes classification of histiocytic disorders.
Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Too Little, Too Late, and Independent of Etiology

BACKGROUND Joint preservation is more effective in early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH); thus, prompt diagnosis when the femoral head is still salvageable is important. We report a 20-year retrospective study that summarizes age at presentation, etiology, and Association Research Circulation Osseous stage at diagnosis. METHODS Our database was reviewed to identify patients younger than 65 years of age who were diagnosed with atraumatic ONFH between 1998 and 2018. Demographic characteristics of patients were evaluated and categorized into different subgroups. RESULTS Four hundred thirteen patients were identified. At initial presentation, 23% were diagnosed with early-stage ONFH, while 77% were diagnosed with late-stage ONFH. Forty-nine percent had a history of corticosteroid use, of which 13% were diagnosed with hematologic malignancy and 8% were diagnosed with lupus. Ethanol abuse, idiopathic, sickle cell disease, and human immunodeficiency virus were present in 11%, 30%, 3%, and 3%, respectively. The mean age of patients with corticosteroid use (40 ± 14 years) was significantly younger than ethanol use (46 ± 11 years, P = .014) and idiopathic causes (48 ± 11 years, P < .001), but significantly older than sickle cell disease (32 ± 11 years, P = .031). There was no difference in the age of presentation for early-stage and late-stage ONFH by etiology. CONCLUSION Nearly 80% of the patients presented with late-stage ONFH. Hence, we have a narrow window of opportunity for hip preservation surgery before femoral head collapse. A multidisciplinary approach to improve screening awareness for early detection by focusing on the etiologic identification and patient education might reduce the incidence of hip arthroplasty in young patients.
The effect of soil nutrient availability on retranslocation of Ca, Mg and K from senescing sapwood in Atlantic white cedar

Nutrient resorption from senescing tissues increases plant nutrient-use efficiency, and may be an adaptation to nutrient limitation. In some tree species, retranslocation of nutrients from sapwood during heartwood formation is a comparable process. We measured Ca, Mg and K concentrations in Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) stemwood samples taken from two swamps in the northeastern United States and compared them to soil mineral nutrient availability at each site. We found that Ca, Mg and K concentrations were 60–700% higher in sapwood than in the immediately adjacent heartwood, indicating retranslocation of these nutrients from senescing sapwood. Sapwood nutrient concentrations were similar between the two sites. However, nutrient concentrations in the heartwood differed significantly between the sites, as did the relative degree of Ca and Mg retranslocation from senescing sapwood. We found these differences between sites to be inversely related to significant differences in exchangeable Ca, Mg and K as well as Al concentrations in the soil. These findings suggest that the degree of nutrient retranslocation from senescing sapwood may be influenced by soil nutrient availability.
Asymptomatic ventricular fibrillation in peripartum cardiomyopathy with a left ventricular assist device.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a dangerous ventricular arrhythmia that results in pulselessness and sudden cardiac death. We present a 43-year-old woman with peripartum cardiomyopathy with a left...
Lifshitz and other transitions in alkaline-earth 122 pnictides under pressure

We carry out $T=0$ first-principles total energy calculations in the entire set of alkaline 122-pnictides ($A{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$; $A$ = alkaline-earth element Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) as a function of hydrostatic pressure. We find multiple distinct transitions to occur, namely an enthalpic transition in which the zero-pressure striped antiferromagnetic orthorhombic (OR-AFM) phase becomes thermodynamically less stable than a competing tetragonal (T) phase, a magnetic transition in which the OR-AFM phase loses its magnetism and orthorhombicity, and a lattice parameter anomaly in which the tetragonal c-axis collapses and a collapsed tetragonal (cT) phase becomes stable. Our results for energy band dispersions and spectra, lattice parameters, enthalpies, magnetism, and elastic constants over a wide range of hydrostatic pressure provide a coherent understanding of these experimentally observed transitions. In particular, the T-cT transition and anomalies in lattice parameters and elastic properties, observed at finite temperatures, are interpreted as arising from proximity to $T=0$ Lifshitz transitions, wherein pressure causes nontrivial changes in the Fermi surface topology in these materials.
A Comparative Analysis of Race and Mattering in Leisure Literature

The purpose of this study was to examine the progression of discourse on race within leisure studies scholarship through the lens of racecraft and the construct of mattering. The Journal of Leisure Research as well as Schole were examined within the periods of the 1990s (1989–2000) and the 2010s (2009–2019). Articles were chosen based upon their employment of the keywords of community recreation, youth development, and race within both time periods, yielding a total of 99 articles that were examined. A discourse historical approach (DHA) was utilized to assess the impact of the socio-political context on leisure research as well as the development of discourse on race. Through DHA techniques and the concept of racecraft, this study classified articles under five overarching themes: Faint mentions of race, racialization in the negative, improper terminology use, intentionality of race, and inadequate lens of problem/solution. Based upon the findings, leisure literature has displayed minimal progression in its conceptualizations of race. Leisure studies scholarship reflects the dominant discourse through its latent ideology of racism that maintains marginalization of various racialized ethnic groups. It is posited that, without institutional examination and targeted mitigation efforts, the field of leisure will continue to uphold a detrimental racial order with an underdeveloped political and historical stance on race.
Assessing influenza vaccination success to inform COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

Problem Given recent downward trends in daily rates of COVID-19 vaccinations, it is important to reassess strategies to reach those most vulnerable. The success and efficacy of vaccination campaigns for other respiratory illnesses, such as influenza, may help inform messaging around COVID-19 vaccinations. Method of study This cross-sectional study examines the individual-level factors associated with, and the spatial distribution of, predictors of COVID-19 severity, and uptake of influenza and hepatitis B (as a negative control) vaccines across NYC. Data were obtained from the 2018 Community Health Survey (CHS), including self-reported influenza and hepatitis B vaccine uptake, diabetes, asthma, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, borough and United Hospital Fund (UHF) neighborhood of residence. A CDC-defined COVID-19 severity risk score was created with variables available in the CHS, including diabetes, asthma, hypertension, BMI > 30 kg/m2 , and age > 65 years old. Results After adjustment, there was a significant positive association between COVID-19 severity risk score and influenza vaccine uptake (1: ORadj =1∙46, 95% CI 1∙26-1∙70; 2: ORadj =1∙95, 95% CI 1∙62-2∙34; 3+: ORadj =2∙84, 95% CI 2∙29-3∙52, compared to 0). Hepatitis B vaccine uptake was significantly inversely associated with COVID-19 severity risk score (1: ORadj = 0∙76, 95% CI 0∙66-0∙88; 2: ORadj =0∙58, 95% CI 0∙48-0∙70; 3+: ORadj =0∙52, 95% CI 0∙42-0∙64, compared to 0). Conclusions The influenza vaccination campaign template is effective at reaching those most at risk for serious COVID-19 and, if implemented, may help reach the most vulnerable that have not yet been vaccinated against COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Habermas: An Intellectual Biography

This book follows postwar Germany's leading philosopher and social thinker, Jurgen Habermas, through four decades of political and constitutional struggle over the shape of liberal democracy in Germany. Habermas's most influential theories - of the public sphere, communicative action, and modernity - were decisively shaped by major West German political events: the failure to de-Nazify the judiciary, the rise of a powerful Constitutional Court, student rebellions in the late 1960s, the changing fortunes of the Social Democratic Party, NATO's decision to station nuclear weapons, and the unexpected collapse of East Germany. In turn, Habermas's writings on state, law, and constitution played a critical role in reorienting German political thought and culture to a progressive liberal-democratic model. Matthew Specter uniquely illuminates the interrelationship between the thinker and his culture.
Maternal Depression: A Concern for Pediatricians

Maternal depression is common in clinical experience but has not been fully addressed in the pediatric literature. Depression can refer to either depressive symptoms or a diagnosable depression. Depression among mothers occurs frequently, is persistent, and is related to other factors such as low social class and marital disharmony. Studies demonstrate an association between a mother9s depression and adverse outcomes for her child including low birth weight, behavior problems, somatic complaints, poor growth, accidents, and affective illness. Affect and child-rearing characteristics of depressed mothers seem to be important factors in mediating these poor outcomes. Pediatricians have a special role in helping depressed mothers and their children.
FatVAP: aggregating AP backhaul capacity to maximize throughput

It is increasingly common that computers in residential and hotspot scenarios see multiple access points (APs). These APs often provide high speed wireless connectivity but access the Internet via independent, relatively low-speed DSL or cable modem links. Ideally, a client would simultaneously use all accessible APs and obtain the sum of their backhaul bandwidth. Past work can connect to multiple APs, but can neither aggregate AP backhaul bandwidth nor can it maintain concurrent TCPs across them. This paper introduces FatVAP, an 802.11 driver that aggregates the bandwidth available at accessible APs and also balances their loads. FatVAP has three key features. First, it chooses the APs that are worth connecting to and connects with each AP just long enough to collect its available bandwidth. Second, it ensures fast switching between APs without losing queued packets, and hence is the only driver that can sustain concurrent high throughput TCP connections across multiple APs. Third, it works with unmodified APs and is transparent to applications and the rest of the network stack. We experiment with FatVAP both in our lab and hotspots and residential deployments. Our results show that, in today's deployments, FatVAP immediately delivers to the end user a median throughput gain of 2.6x, and reduces the median response time by 2.8x.
Overview of the Intersection of Genomics of Cholesterol Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Disease with Reproductive Health, Especially in Women

About 15% of reproductive aged couples in the United States experience infertility, which is defined as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of appropriate, timed, and unprotected intercourse or therapeutic donor insemination. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, about 30% of infertility cases can be attributed to female causes, 30% to male factors, and the remaining cases involve a combination of male and female factors, in addition to unexplained causes. Understanding the various pathologic mechanisms underlying infertility represents an active area of research and serves as an important first step in our ability to treat this health problem.
How Children Learn Language: How do they do it?

Children are born into a world full of noises and sounds of all sorts (music, car engines, slamming doors, whistling, coughing, crying, conversation, and so on). Somehow, they have to take the part that is speech, break it down into its smaller parts (words, prefixes, suffixes, etc.), determine what they mean, and figure out how to reassemble them in new ways. Doing this involves mastering a system of sounds, words, structure and meaning whose intricacy typically defeats even the most gifted adult learners. Yet children get the job done before they learn to tie their shoes. How do they do it? There's still no real solution to this puzzle, although bits and pieces of the answer are starting to emerge. And as this happens, it's becoming clear that certain widely held ideas about how language learning works are probably dead-ends. The job of this chapter is to try to sort out the difference between the ideas that make sense and those that don't. We'll start by looking at the popular idea that children learn language by imitating their parents. Why it's not imitation Ask the average person how a child learns language and you'll probably be told “by imitating adults.” On the face of it, that makes a lot of sense. The adults in a child's life speak a particular language, and the child ends up speaking that language too. Imitation of some sort probably is involved in certain aspects of language acquisition. Take words, for example.
Inverse design of thermal systems with dominant radiative transfer

Abstract The design of thermal systems often involves the specification of two conditions, typically both temperature and heat flux distributions on some surfaces or within media to perform particular tasks. Examples are in annealing ovens, dryers, chambers for rapid thermal processing of semiconductor wafers, utility and chemical furnaces, infrared ovens, and many others. Conventional design techniques require specification of one and only one boundary condition on each surface of a system, requiring trial-and-error solutions to achieve a design that satisfies the second specified condition. Here, the methods of inverse analysis are applied to the ill-conditioned equations that result when two conditions are specified for a particular surface. It is demonstrated that the use of inverse methods can result in multiple designs that each provide the required conditions; that designs are generated that might not be found through the conventional approach; and that the use of inverse design can lead the designer to efficient and novel designs for thermal systems.
Teaching business ethics to professional engineers.

Without question “business ethics” is one of the hot topics of the day. Over the past months we have seen business after business charged with improper practices that violate commonly-accepted ethical norms. This has led to a loss of confidence in corporate management, and has had severe economic consequences. From many quarters business educators have heard the call to put more emphasis on ethical practices in their business courses and curricula. Engineering educators are also heeding this call, since the practice of engineering usually involves working for (or leading) a business and/or engaging in business transactions. In the summer of 2002, Auburn University’s Engineering Professional Development program made the decision to produce—based on the author’s Executive MBA course in Business Ethics—a distance-delivered continuing education program for professional engineers and surveyors. Participants across the USA now may use the course to satisfy continuing education requirements with respect to professional licensing and certification. This paper outlines the purpose and content of the course and describes its production, distribution, application, and evaluation.
Commercial cognitive/memory systems: A case study

Commercial cognitive/memory systems are products that enhance human cognition and memory. Using one of our own product developments as a case study, we describe three phases of commercial systems development and evaluation. We review published examples of Phase One research, report two quasi-experimental investigations that are representative of successful Phase Two research, and provide some measures used to assess the product's success in the early stages of Phase Three. Finally, we discuss the use of theories and findings from basic research in cognitive psychology to develop products of value to individuals and society.
Shareholder governance activism at TIAA-CREF

This paper discusses the value of shareholder corporate governance activism as a means to enhance long-term portfolio investment return. It indicates that such activism should be extended to the global arena. It describes how the author's organisation conducts its activities and how increased cooperation among investors from different countries now makes more sense than ever.
Climate change in the Turkana basin as deduced from a 4000 year long δO18 record

Abstract A model of the oxygen isotopic composition of Lake Turkana waters sheds insight into the paleoclimatic interpretation of a δ 18 O profile of inorganic calcite from a core taken from the lake. The model indicates that high frequency fluctuations seen in the isotopic record are probably due to shifts in lake level, while the long term increase of 1.4‰ seen from 4 to 2 kyr BP cannot be due solely to lake level change. It must be due to changes in other climatic parameters, such as the isotopic composition of the inflow. These findings suggests that the abrupt change observed in Lake Turkana (and many other African lakes) at 4 ka was the precursor to a 2000 year long adjustment in the climate over the Ethiopian Plateau. The isotopic record from Lake Turkana agrees with other paleoclimate records from the basin, including the diatom stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates on exposed shoreline deposits.
Ordinal Arithmetic: Algorithms and Mechanization

Termination proofs are of critical importance for establishing the correct behavior of both transformational and reactive computing systems. A general setting for establishing termination proofs involves the use of the ordinal numbers, an extension of the natural numbers into the transfinite that were introduced by Cantor in the nineteenth century and are at the core of modern set theory. We present the first comprehensive treatment of ordinal arithmetic on compact ordinal notations and give efficient algorithms for various operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation. Using the ACL2 theorem proving system, we implemented our ordinal arithmetic algorithms, mechanically verified their correctness, and developed a library of theorems that can be used to significantly automate reasoning involving the ordinals. To enable users of the ACL2 system to fully utilize our work required that we modify ACL2, e.g., we replaced the underlying representation of the ordinals and added a large library of definitions and theorems. Our modifications are available starting with ACL2 version 2.8.
Double and multiple representations in Greek art and religious thought

Greek theology and its canonical iconography have not been studied nearly as much as the Byzantine, although the religious character of pagan art is no less pronounced. When it is studied it is mostly in the representations on the vases. Sculpture, however, in particular terra-cotta and ivory figurines and plaques, and votive offerings in sanctuaries, offers a wide scope for such a study. Greek piety created some standard forms of votive offerings such as the crouching child, the protome, male or female, the seated or standing woman, sometimes exactly identifiable from the attributes. A standard type of votive offering, perhaps not as common as the single figure, is that of reliefs, statuettes and statues representing two, or sometimes more, female figures, identical or slightly differentiated, traditionally explained as Demeter and Kore or the Nymphs. The topic has been treated variously since the early nineteenth century, in isolated examples, or regional and other groups. There is no treatment of it in its entirety in the Greek world, and not much progress has been made in the subject since the basic nineteenth-century treatises. Moreover, in the above publications, never cited in more recent works, one finds some very sound approaches and knowledge of the textual evidence. However, in these early publications the material is mostly Classical, or Hellenistic and Roman. In some of the cases of double figures discussed in them, the duplication, rather than ‘doubleness’, is more apparent than real because the attributes are repeated and are those of the unique war goddess Athena, or the equally unique Tyche or Fortuna. However, the case is not always so, especially in archaic or earlier times, and it gets even more complicated when the figures are not two but three and sometimes more, even up to nine. The repeating of figures, often under one mantle, as diad, triad, etc., could be explained as multiplication of a figure by the folk-mind (mythology), followed by the Greek artists, thus creating the Eileithyiai, Horai, Charites, Muses, etc. Modern scholars have insisted on trying to identify in all of them Demeter and Kore, the female diad par excellence .
Comment on the use of the low-energy theorem in determining the bremsstrahlung spectrum

Much understanding of the bremsstrahlung spectrum can be obtained from the behavior at its two end points. The low-energy theorem can be used to obtain the soft-photon end point from elastic scattering; this may be combined with data from the hard-photon portion of the spectrum to interpolate through the soft-photon region, which is difficult to calculate directly because partial-wave series converge slowly. The low-energy theorem may also be used to show that, contrary to statements in the literature, the ratio of the Born approximation to the exact cross section approaches unity at the soft-photon end point for the Coulomb potential but not for a screened potential.
Deficiency of a Specific Diaphorase in Luft Disease Fibroblasts

A specific diaphorase was defective in cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with Luft disease (giant mitochondrial disease; nonthyroid hypermetabolism). In homogenates of whole cells, diaphorase activity was 124±8 nmol/min/mg protein, compared to 425±40 in 14 controls. On fractionation of the cells with digitonin, the whole decrease was attributable to a decrease in the soluble fraction (57±11 vs 597±73 nmol/min/mg protein). The decrease persisted with NADPH as substrate as well as NADH, and with several electron acceptors. On electrophoresis and activity staining, the Luft cells lacked the major, cathodic, FAD-dependent protein with diaphorase activity. The pathophysiological significance of the deficiency of this diaphorase has not been studied, but the defect might impair the regulation of metabolism by altering the control of cellular redox state.
A sheep model for MPTP induced parkinson-like symptoms

Administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) causes behaviors reminiscent of idiopathic Parkinson's disease in man and other primates, but development of such symptomology has not been reported to date in other species. We now report a sheep model which responds to administration of low levels of the compound with well defined, apparently permanent symptomology very similar to that seen in primates. Histological examination indicates drug dependent destruction of the substantia nigra which, in sheep, lacks the high levels of neuromelanin present in primates. Following infusion of either MPTP or MPP+, only the metabolite MPP+ was detected in serum with this metabolite demonstrating a very long half life. The rapid disappearance of MPTP suggests that its potency will be directly related to a function of body size and inversely related to heart rate.
Oceanography: Recycling bottom waters

The formation and flow of deep water around Antarctica contributes to the global ocean circulation. New measurements report the strongest flow speeds recorded so far in a current below 3,000 m depth, and help to document a pathway for Antarctic Bottom Water.
Persistent renal enhancement after intra-arterial versus intravenous iodixanol administration

Abstract Purpose To examine the clinical significance of persistent renal enhancement after iodixanol administration. Methods We retrospectively studied 166 consecutive patients who underwent non-enhanced abdominopelvic CT within 7 days after receiving intra-arterial (n = 99) or intravenous (n = 67) iodixanol. Renal attenuation was measured for each non-enhanced CT scan. Persistent renal enhancement was defined as CT attenuation >55 Hounsfield units (HU). Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) was defined as a rise in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL within 5 days after contrast administration. Results While the intensity and frequency of persistent renal enhancement was higher after intra-arterial (mean CT attenuation of 73.7 HU, seen in 54 of 99 patients, or 55%) than intravenous contrast material administration (51.8 HU, seen in 21 of 67, or 31%, p Conclusion Persistent renal enhancement at follow-up non-contrast CT suggests a greater risk for contrast-induced nephropathy, but the increased frequency of striking renal enhancement in patients who received intra-arterial rather than intravenous contrast material also reflects the larger doses of contrast and shorter time to subsequent follow-up CT scanning for such patients.
Orthophosphate and dissolved oxygen in Puget Sound1

The concentrations of dissolved oxygen and inorganic orthophosphate at a single location in the main basin of Puget Sound over the period 1934–1973 show no long term change that can be related to man’s increasing discharge of wastes. A change in concentration in annual mean values of dissolved oxygen and inorganic orthophosphate can however be related to variations in the freshwater content and the influx of seawater into the sound.
Increased prostaglandin synthesis in childhood diabetes mellitus

Prostaglandins are synthesized from the fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic acids, and are associated with increased platelet aggregation as has been found in blood from patients with diabetes mellitus. In the present study blood was obtained from 40 children with diabetes and from 20 control children for measurements of fatty acid and PGE 1 , PGE 2 , and PGF 2α levels. The production of PGE 2 and PGF 2α was significantly elevated in blood from the children with diabetes at all times measured. The mean quantitative plasma linoleic acid levels were also higher in the patients. The increased PG synthesis may be related to the vascular problems that occur in patients with diabetes.
Computational experiments in equation-based chemical process flowsheeting

Abstract The central computational problem in equation-based flowsheeting is the simultaneous solution of a large sparse system of nonlinear algebraic equations. SEQUEL-II, our implementation of the equation-based approach, provides a means for comparing nonlinear equation-solving techniques, in particular the techniques used for computing correction steps, for ge nerating initial guesses, and for evaluating sparse Jacobian matrices. Comparisons are made on the basis of both efficiency and reliability. On a set of fourteen process flowsheeting problems, Powell's dogleg correction step is not only very efficient, but also somewhat more reliable than the Newton step when good initial guesses are not available. Schubert's sparse Jacobian update performs very well, but Bogle and Perkins' new least-relative-change update gives improved performance, when used in connection with either the dogleg or Newton correction step. The use of a hybrid update provides a better approximation of the Jacobian than a sparse update alone, one, and so significantly improves, in terms of number of iterations, the efficiency of the dogleg correction step.
Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming

(1998). Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 237-241.
Terahertz spectroscopy of optically thick multilayered semiconductor structures

Using freely propagating terahertz radiation, we have measured the complex dielectric constant of optically thick layered materials from 0.2 THz (6.6 cm−1) to 6 THz (200 cm−1). Transmission measurements of a CdTe–adhesive–Si structure have been successfully fitted to a theoretical model over the measurement range. The accuracy of the theoretical fit shows that the technique of time-domain spectroscopy offers advantages over other spectroscopic methods in the extreme far infrared below 200 cm−1. The signal-to-noise capability of our terahertz-spectroscopy technique permits accurate measurement of power transmission coefficients less than 0.001 (absorption coefficients >5000 cm−1) and index variations larger than λ(dn/dλ) > 44, as demonstrated by the accurate fit of our data through the Reststrahlen region of CdTe.
Reaction of dimethylsilylene with cyclooctene oxide

Abstract The deoxygenation of cyclooctene oxide with both thermally and photochemically generated dimethylsilylene is described. Four mechanistic possibilities are considered; two involving initial silaoxetane formation, and two involving ylide formation. It is concluded that ylide formation must be favored. However, whether this ylide actually extrudes dimethylsilanone (Me 2 SiO), or simply acts as a “silanone transfer agent” cannot be conclusively determined from the data.
Microscopic stress tensors in quantum systems.

Microscopic stress tensors are derived for the local-density-approximation and Hartree-Fock models for quantum systems. Dynamically derived stress tensors appear as elements of a continuity equation for the force density in direct correspondence to Newton's laws of classical physics. Equilibrium stress tensors S, derived from the dynamics of the model satisfy a simple, microscopic relationship, divS=0, balancing electric field and momentum-flux contributions at each point in a quantum system. Stress tensors are well-behaved, integrable functions of position which tend to zero as ${r}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ at large distances r from finite Coulombic systems. The microscopic stress tensor and pressure are shown to be consistent with macroscopic expressions for these quantities. Comparisons are made of the present work to related work on microscopic stress.
The use of the combined Palmore and Dye and Sassenrath aging quizzes to assess gerontological knowledge in medical education.

The utility of two easily administered tests which measure knowledge of aging was examined using a pre- and posttest format with preclinical medical students (n = 94) and a combined group of fourth year medical students and internal medicine resident physicians (n = 45). Both instruments were able to measure change (i.e., improvement), although the educational significance of these gains in questionable. The authors recommend the development of better designed instruments in the area of geriatric medical education.