cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced mammalian cell death: Lapse-time cinemicrographic observations

Abstract In order to further elucidate the process of radiation-induced mammalian cell reproductive death, individual cells of a HeLa S3 line were followed by lapse-time cinemicrography for the first few days following irradiation. Cells receiving doses of 400 or 600 R of hard X-rays and unirradiated control cells were studied. No significant delay in the first post-irradiation division was seen, although a significant increase was observed in the succeeding interphases. The damage leading to an increase in generation time was not uniformly transmitted among whole progenies, however. No increase in the modal duration of mitosis was seen, but the duration of individual divisions was more variable for irradiated cells. Multipolar mitoses and cell fusions were more common among the progeny of irradiated cells than among those of unirradiated cells. Cell death (as distinct from reproductive death) was observed both in interphase and during mitosis, and was no more frequent in the first post-irradiation generation than in subsequent generations.
An exploratory study of the design impact of language features for aspect-oriented interfaces

A variety of language features to modularize crosscutting concerns have recently been discussed, e.g. open modules, annotation-based pointcuts, explicit join points, and quantified-typed events. All of these ideas are essentially a form of aspect-oriented interface between object-oriented and crosscutting modules, but the representation of this interface differs. While previous works have studied maintenance of AO programs versus OO programs, an empirical comparison of different AO interfaces to each other to investigate their benefits has not been performed. The main contribution of this work is a rigorous empirical study that evaluates the effectiveness of these proposals for AO interfaces towards software maintenance by applying them to 35 different releases of a software product line called MobileMedia and 50 different releases of a web application called Health Watcher. Our comparative analysis using quantitative metrics proposed by Chidamber and Kemerer shows the strengths and weaknesses of these AO interface proposals. Our change impact analysis shows the design stability provided by each of these recent proposals for AO interfaces.
Effects of measured tire contact stresses on near-surface rutting

Instability rutting occurs within the top 50 mm (2 in.) of the asphalt concrete layer. This type of failure is attributed to the asphalt mixture properties and poses a considerable safety problem in terms of hydroplaning. A literature review has shown that several researchers have presented observations that attempt to explain near-surface rutting, but a clear and complete identification of the failure mechanism does not exist. Measured tire-pavement interface stresses were studied to determine the effects of tire structure, load, and inflation pressure on the tire-contact stress distribution. It was shown for the two tire types investigated, bias-ply and radial tires, that their loading patterns were different. Bias-ply and radial tires were modeled as input loads from actual tire-pavement stress data. The input loads were then analyzed with an elastic layer analysis program (BISAR) to predict the pavement's response under the different loadings. The analytical evaluations performed illustrate the differ...
Inhibition of the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of hEXO1 by 8-oxoguanine.

The mismatch repair pathway is responsible for maintaining genomic stability by correcting base-base mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that arise mainly via replication errors. Additionally, the mismatch repair pathway performs a central role in the cellular response to both alkylation and reactive oxygen species induced DNA damage. An important step in mismatch processing is the recruitment of hEXO1, a 5′ to 3′ exonuclease, by hMSH2-hMSH6 to remove the nascent DNA strand. However, very little is currently known about the capacity of hEXO1 to exonucleolytically process damaged DNA bases. Therefore, we examined whether hEXO1 can degrade double-stranded DNA substrates containing alkylated or oxidized nucleotides. Our results demonstrated that hEXO1 is capable of degrading duplex DNA containing an O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) adduct paired with either a C or a T. Additionally, the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex stimulated hEXO1 exonuclease activity on the O6-meG/T and O6-meG/C DNA substrates. In contrast, hEXO1 exonuclease activity was significantly blocked by the presence of an 8-oxoguanine adduct in both single and double stranded DNA substrates. Further, hMSH2-hMSH6 was not able to alleviate the nucleolytic block caused by the 8-oxoguanine adduct in heteroduplex DNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in the magnetization of a recording tape produced by heating

Partial demagnetization of recording tapes has been studied and related to properties of the magnetic particles such as shape and crystalline anisotropy, and to the thermal cycling treatment of the tape. Measurements show a decrease in the remanence to saturation ratio at an elevated temperature T , which is comparable to the relative demagnetization produced by heating to temperature T and cooling to room temperature. The percentage decrease in each of these parameters is at least four times greater when measured normal than when measured parallel to the tape axis in the plane of the tape, whereas the decrease in the ratio of the coercive force to the saturation magnetization is essentially isotropic.
Large Doppler shift in RADAR detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays

Radar detection of cosmic ray air showers has been discussed for 60 years, but never clearly observed. The topic was reexamined by Gorham in 2001 and some serious simulations were done by Takai, who also initiated the Mariachi project utilizing commercial television transmissions as a signal source. The air showers from ultra-high energy cosmic rays are expected to generate a plasma with plasma frequency in the high VHF region. One factor limiting the received signal strength is the short ion recombination time in air at low altitude. However, a major factor which has not been the center of attention so far is the possible large Doppler shifts for non-specular reflection, and the soft transition between specular and diffuse for small objects and short time scales. We discuss recent work on receivers, and simulations of the Doppler shift. These simulations assume a very short ion recombination time in the lower atmosphere, and use an extremely simple mathematical model. A central feature of our simulations is large Doppler shift from non-moving material.
Micropatterning of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels with Biomolecules to Regulate and Guide Endothelial Morphogenesis

Angiogenesis, which is morphogenesis undertaken by endothelial cells (ECs) during new blood vessel formation, has been traditionally studied on natural extracellular matrix proteins. In this work, we aimed to regulate and guide angiogenesis on synthetic, bioactive poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels. PEGDA hydrogel is intrinsically cell nonadhesive and highly resistant to protein adsorption, allowing a high degree of control over presentation of ligands for cell adhesion and signaling. Since these materials are photopolymerizable, a variety of photolithographic technologies may be applied to spatially control presentation of bioactive ligands. To manipulate EC adhesion, migration, and tubulogenesis, the surface of PEGDA hydrogels was micropatterned with a cell adhesive ligand, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS), in desired concentrations and geometries. ECs cultured on these RGDS patterns reorganized their cell bodies into cord-like structures on 50-microm-wide stripes, but not on wider stripes, suggesting that EC morphogenesis can be regulated by geometrical cues. The cords formed by ECs were reminiscent of capillaries with cells participating in the self-assembly and reorganization into multicellular structures. Further, endothelial cord formation was stimulated on intermediate concentration of RGDS at 20 microg/cm(2), whereas it was inhibited at higher concentrations. This work has shown that angiogenic responses can be tightly regulated and guided by micropatterning of bioactive ligands and also demonstrated great potentials of micropatterned PEGDA hydrogels for various applications in tissue engineering, where vascularization prior to implantation is critical.
Dorsal column input to thalamic VL neurons: an intracellular study in the cat.

This study investigated the role of the ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus as a lemniscal relay to motor cortex. Intracellular recordings were obtained from thalamic VL relay neurons in cats anesthetized with chloralose, following stimulation of the dorsal column nuclei. VL neurons were identified by their short-latency input from the cerebellar nuclei, their antidromic activation from motor cortex and their anatomical location. A total of 105 neurons was studied. The occurence of temporal facilitation to double volleys was also examined. It was found that 80/105 (75%) neurons responded with excitation and/or inhibition to stimulation of the dorsal column nuclei. The latencies of the postsynaptic responses ranged from 2.0 to 20 ms (median 10.0 ms). The latencies of nearly all responses (79/80) were > 3 ms and nearly all responses (45/47) which were tested for it, displayed temporal facilitation to double shock stimulation, consistent with polysynaptic transmission. Effective stimulation sites were found in the gracile and cuneate nuclei. Recording sites were located throughout VL, including the “border region” with the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL). There was no obvious topographic relationship between location of recording site and latency or polarity (excitation versus inhibition) of the synaptic responses. This is consistent with dorsal column input diffusely distributed over VL. When the recording electrodes penetrated VPL, characteristics of the EPSPs were indicative of monosynaptic transmission (short latency, no temporal facilitation). This clear transition from VL to VPL suggests that it is not necessary to define, on physiological grounds, a separate “border region” between these two nuclei. The data provide evidence that dorsal column information reaches VL neurons polysynaptically, not monosynaptically. This indicates that VL is part of a long-latency, not short-latency path through the dorsal column nuclei to motor cortex.
Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone

Zones of contact between divergent biological forms within or between species are critical to the study of speciation. How characters flow across contact zones can be informative of the speciation process. To better understand this phenomenon in a mammal, we investigated cranial shape change in a contact zone between northern and southern phylogeographical groups of California voles (Microtus californicus). We took 12 linear measurements of skulls, one measurement of the mandible, and coded the presence and absence of two skull foramina for 427 specimens. In multivariate analyses, skulls within parental regions were correctly assigned more than 90% of the time. In the contact zone, 49% were classified as northern and 51% as southern, with a bimodal distribution of posterior probability values. Foraminal patterns in the contact zone were intermediate between northern and southern regions. A cline analysis for coastal populations suggested a similar centre for mitochondrial and nuclear markers, although a centre for the morphological data was offset. Cranial morphology indicates an intermediate area with overlap between the two regions, as suggested by the molecular data, with a pattern distinct from mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA markers. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 264–283.
Blaming the Client: Implicit Agenda in Practice Research?

manitarian values. But in toying to remediate those problems, they turn their attention not to the environ mental causes but to the personal effects of problems. How can those who have the right motives, methods, and values go wrong? Ryan tells us that the fault lies in a kind of specious logic that follows these steps; 1. Identify a social problem. 2. Study those who are affected by the problem. 3. Discover how those who are af fected are different from those who are not affected. 4. Define those differences as the cause of the social problem. 5. Devise humanitarian social ac
Absolute Far‐Infrared Absorption Intensities of α‐Nitrogen

The absolute intensities of the translational lattice mode absorptions of α‐N2 in the far infrared have been measured. The experimental values are smaller by a factor of 5 than the calculated intensities obtained from a quadrupole‐induced mechanism theory. This discrepancy is discussed in terms of the model on which the theory was based. The intensity of the 50‐cm−1 line was found to be temperature dependent and decreased gradually between 15°K and 35°K. No discrete absorption was observed for the β phase above 36°K. The 50‐cm−1 line has a width smaller than 0.5 cm−1 and the 70‐cm−1 line has a width of 6 cm−1. Evidence was found for a decrease of the frequency of the 50‐cm−1 line as the phase transition temperature is approached.
Starvation: Early Signals, Sensors, and Sequelae*

To identify the sequences of changes in putative signals, reception of these and responses to starvation, we sampled fed and starved rats at 2- to 6-h intervals after removal of food 2 h before dark. Metabolites, hormones, hypothalamic neuropeptide expression, fat depots, and leptin expression were measured. At 2 h, insulin decreased, and FFA and corticosterone (B) increased; by 4 h, leptin and glucose levels decreased. Neuropeptide Y messenger RNA (mRNA) increased 6 h after food removal and thereafter. Adrenal and plasma B did not follow ACTH and were elevated throughout, with a nadir at the dark-light transition. Leptin correlated inversely with adrenal B. Fat stores decreased during the last 12 h. Leptin mRNA in perirenal and sc fat peaked during the dark period, resembling plasma leptin in fed rats. We conclude that 1) within the first 4 h, hormonal and metabolic signals relay starvation-induced information to the hypothalamus; 2) hypothalamic neuropeptide synthesis responds rapidly to the altered metabolic signals; 3) catabolic activity quickly predominates, reinforced by elevated B, not driven by ACTH, but possibly to a minor extent by leptin, and more by adrenal neural activity; and 4) leptin secretion decreases before leptin mRNA or fat depot weight, showing synthesis-independent regulation. (Endocrinology 140: 4015‐ 4023, 1999)
Clock Grouping: A Low Cost DFT Methodology for Delay Testing

A low overhead DFT technique, called clock-grouping, for delay testing of sequential synchronous circuits is presented. The proposed technique increases robust path delay fault coverage for circuits by exercising greater control over flip-flop clocks in the test mode. In the test mode, the flip-flops are partitioned into different clock-groups. The flip-flops in each clock group can be either clocked or not clocked, independent of the flip-flops in the other groups. This exibility is used to enhance the number of different (v/sub 1/, v/sub 2/) test pairs that can be applied to the state inputs of the circuit thereby increasing coverage of delay faults. Experimental data on benchmark circuits shows that high fault coverage can be obtained by using only two clock groups in most circuits. The proposed clock grouping methodology can be applied to non-scan circuits as well. In fact, it can provide a DFT solution for high speed data path circuits where the performance penalties of conventional DFT techniques are unacceptable.
Functional Evaluation of Primary Renal Cell/Biomaterial Neo-Kidney Augment Prototypes for Renal Tissue Engineering:

Development of a tissue-engineered neo-kidney augment (NKA) requires evaluation of defined, therapeutically relevant cell and cell/biomaterial composites (NKA constructs) for regenerative potential...
12 Gb/in/sup 2/ recording demonstration with SV read heads and conventional narrow pole-tip write heads

We have successfully demonstrated magnetic recording at areal densities as high as 12 Gb/in/sup 2/ at a data rate of 14/spl sim/15 MB/s using separate spin-valve read heads and narrow pole-tip inductive write heads on low noise Co alloy thin film disks. In this work, the nominal target densities were 350 Kbpi/spl times/34 Ktpi. To make these densities possible, large signal-to-noise gains were attained with the use of high performance spin-valve read heads and low noise thin film media. At the same time, very narrow track write heads were designed and fabricated by extending conventional photolithographic techniques. Finally, small magnetic spacings between the head and the disk were attained with low flying ABS designs and improved head and disk surfaces. Recording tests showed satisfactory writability and large readback signal of around 2 mV//spl mu/m. The 50% rolloff densities were as high as 10 Kfc/mm, while the write and read trackwidths were as narrow as 0.7 and 0.5 /spl mu/m respectively. An overall assessment of the parametric recording results indicated an areal density capability of at least 10 Gb/in/sup 2/. This projection was confirmed by error rate testing with an EPR-4 channel, where very low ontrack errors of 10/sup -10//spl sim/10/sup -9/ were achieved at 315/spl sim/380 Kbpi. Furthermore, squeeze measurements revealed well-defined 747 behavior with offtrack maxima at 0.7/spl sim/0.8 /spl mu/m trackpitch. The product of linear and track densities for the write and read head combinations tested indeed showed that an areal density of 11/spl sim/12 Gb/in/sup 2/ has been achieved.
Smart Growth: A Challenge for Urban Infrastructure Development

As urban development and redevelopment practices evolve, infrastructure, housing, and other public service policies should consider current thinking on "best development practices, " or what is now called "Smart Growth. " This commentary builds on a number of recent publications and on the work of academics, developers, architects, and others known by some as "new urbanists, " who provide best practices to guide development strategies, innovative land use patterns, and infrastructure projects.
Detection of99Tc by accelerator mass spectrometry: Preliminary investigations

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an established technique for the detection of long-lived radionuclides at environmental levels. At LLNL, planned facility upgrades and advances in detection techniques are allowing us to explore the applicability of AMS to isotopes not previously pursued. One such isotope is99Tc. We have performed a number of preliminary tests to examine the technical feasibility of AMS for the detection of99Tc. The questions addressed were negative ion production in the cesium sputter source, transport efficiency for the ions through the spectrometer, and detection efficiency for99Tc ions after the spectrometer. Based on the positive results of these tests, we have begun to develo measurement protocol.
Mobile health evaluation methods: The Text4baby case study.

Mobile phones have been shown effective in several public health domains. However, there are few evaluations of the effectiveness of mobile health in health promotion. Also, although many studies have referenced behavioral theory, none appears to have explicitly tested theoretical assumptions or demonstrated mechanisms of change. More robust evaluation models that incorporate theory and measurement of behavioral mediators are needed. As in all public health programs, mobile health operates within a social ecological context. For example, organizational- and individual-level programs seek to influence health and health care practices and individual health behaviors. New programs such as Text4baby demonstrate how theory and explicit testing of mediators can be incorporated in evaluations. There are challenges and opportunities facing mHealth evaluations given the nature of the mobile channel. Mobile communication is ubiquitous, available at all times and places, and thus experimental control is often difficult. Natural experiments using variation in dosage of mHealth and place- or location-based designs may increase experimental control. Text4baby is a text messaging program that provides prenatal care messages to pregnant women and new mothers. It uses a partnership model with health care facilities often serving as local implementation partners. The authors review a case example of the evaluation of Text4baby at Madigan Army Medical Center. Participants were randomized to usual prenatal care plus text messaging or usual care alone. The evaluation has a theoretical model of behavior change and measures mediators as well as behavioral outcomes. Results will inform how behavioral theory works within mobile health programs.
The Four-Tendon Sign

The three medial ankle tendons, from the anterior to posterior direction, can be remembered by using the mnemonic “Tom, Dick, and Harry.” The T in “Tom” is for the posterior tibial tendon (PTT); the D in “Dick,” for the flexor digitorum longus tendon; and the H in “Harry,” for the flexor hallucis longus tendon. A fourth tendinous structure will be seen at the medial ankle, located directly posterior to the medial malleolus, when the PTT is longitudinally split with separation of the components, giving the appearance of two separate tendons and a total of four medial ankle tendons.
Robust cell polarity is a dynamic state established by coupling transport and GTPase signaling

Yeast cells can initiate bud formation at the G1/S transition in a cue-independent manner. Here, we investigate the dynamic nature of the polar cap and the regulation of the GTPase Cdc42 in the establishment of cell polarity. Using analysis of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we found that Cdc42 exchanged rapidly between the polar caps and cytosol and that this rapid exchange required its GTPase cycle. A previously proposed positive feedback loop involving actomyosin-based transport of the Cdc42 GTPase is required for the generation of robust cell polarity during bud formation in yeast. Inhibition of actin-based transport resulted in unstable Cdc42 polar caps. Unstable polarity was also observed in mutants lacking Bem1, a protein previously implicated in a feedback loop for Cdc42 activation through a signaling pathway. When Bem1 and actin were both inhibited, polarization completely failed. These results suggest that cell polarity is established through coupling of transport and signaling pathways and maintained actively by balance of flux.
Agency and Monitoring Clarity on Venture Boards of Directors

The article talks about S. Garg's article "Venture Boards: Distinctive Monitoring and Implications for Firm Performance" and suggests the article failed to answer who was doing the monitoring even in traditional applications of agency theory for publicly traded firms.
Linear and bilinear immersed finite elements for planar elasticity interface problems

This article is to discuss the linear (which was proposed in [18,19]) and bilinear immersed finite element (IFE) methods for solving planar elasticity interface problems with structured Cartesian meshes. Basic features of linear and bilinear IFE functions, including the unisolvent property, will be discussed. While both methods have comparable accuracy, the bilinear IFE method requires less time for assembling its algebraic system. Our analysis further indicates that the bilinear IFE functions are guaranteed to be applicable to a larger class of elasticity interface problems than linear IFE functions. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that both linear and bilinear IFE spaces have the optimal approximation capability, and that numerical solutions produced by a Galerkin method with these IFE functions for elasticity interface problem also converge optimally in both L^2 and semi-H^1 norms.
An Integrated Switching Power Converter with a Hybrid Pulse-Train/PWM Control

This paper describes an integrated switching power converter with a hybrid control scheme. The design incorporates a pulse-train control for fast and smooth transient response, and an analog PWM control for low ripple voltage regulation. The converter was designed with a TSMC 0.35 mum CMOS N-well process. The simulation results show that, with a supply voltage of 3.3 V and a maximum load power of 225 mW, the output voltage is well regulated with a ripple voltage down to 6 mV. A fast and smooth transient response is observed with less than 5-mus settling time. The maximum power efficiency is 92.4%with a power range of 30 mW to 225 mW. The entire chip area is 1.69 mm2, including on-chip power transistors. The research provides an effective solution to high-performance integrated power converter designs.
Personal hand gel for improved hand hygiene compliance on the regional anesthesia team.

Hand hygiene reduces healthcare-associated infections, and several recent publications have examined hand hygiene in the perioperative period. Our institution’s policy is to perform hand hygiene before and after patient contact. However, observation suggests poor compliance. This is a retrospective review of a quality improvement database showing the effect of personal gel dispensers on perioperative hand hygiene compliance on a regional anesthesia team. Healthcare providers assigned to the Acute Pain Service were observed for compliance with hand hygiene policy during a quality improvement initiative. Provider type and compliance were prospectively recorded in a database. Team members were then given a personal gel dispensing device and again observed for compliance. We have retrospectively reviewed this database to determine the effects of this intervention. Of the 307 encounters observed, 146 were prior to implementing personal gel dispensers. Compliance was 34 %. Pre- and post-patient contact compliances were 23 and 43 %, respectively. For 161 encounters after individual gel dispensers were provided, compliance was 63 %. Pre- and post-patient contact compliances were 53 and 72 %, respectively. Improvement in overall compliance from 34 to 63 % was significant. On the Acute Pain Service, compliance with hand hygiene policy improves when individual sanitation gel dispensing devices are worn on the person.
Effect of Etched Depth on Glass Strength

Studies of fracture strength of abraded and as-received glass tubes as a function of etching depth showed that at depths less than the calculated initial flaw depth (∼50 μm) the strength increase was almost entirely due to reduction inflow depth from etching. This result is consistent with model 1 proposed by Proctor; it disagrees with his interpretation of his own results, no doubt because his study focused on etching depths of ≥100 μm.
Thromboprophylaxis in patients with acute spinal injuries: an evidence-based analysis.

Background: The increased risk for venous thromboembolic events following spinal trauma is well established. The purpose of the present study was to examine the literature in order to determine the optimum thromboprophylaxis regimen for patients with acute spinal injuries with or without spinal cord injury. Methods: EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched from the earliest available date to April 2008 for clinical trials comparing different methods of thromboprophylaxis in adult patients following acute spinal injuries (with or without spinal cord injury). Outcome measures included the prevalences of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and treatment-related adverse events. Results: The search yielded 489 studies, but only twenty-one of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis was significantly lower in patients without spinal cord injury as compared with patients with spinal cord injury (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.9 to 12.7). Patients with an acute spinal cord injury who were receiving oral anticoagulants had significantly fewer episodes of pulmonary embolism (odds ratio = 0.1; 95% confidence interval = 0.01 to 0.63) than those who were not receiving oral anticoagulants (either untreated controls or patients managed with low-molecular-weight heparin). The start of thromboprophylaxis within the first two weeks after the injury resulted in significantly fewer deep-vein-thrombosis events than delayed initiation did (odds ratio = 0.2; 95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.4). With regard to heparin-based pharmacoprophylaxis in patients with spinal trauma, low-molecular-weight heparin significantly reduced the rates of deep-vein thrombosis and bleeding episodes in comparison with the findings in patients who received unfractionated heparin, with odds ratios of 2.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 5.6) and 7.5 (95% confidence interval = 1.0 to 58.4) for deep-vein thrombosis and bleeding, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis following a spine injury is higher among patients who have a spinal cord injury than among those who do not have a spinal cord injury. Therefore, thromboprophylaxis in these patients should start as early as possible once it is deemed safe in terms of potential bleeding complications. Within this population, low-molecular-weight heparin is more effective for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis, with fewer bleeding complications, than unfractionated heparin is. The use of vitamin K antagonists appeared to be effective for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
When the elevator pitch meets the subject heading: How mixtures of other documents can describe what a document is about

We explore the concept of mixture descriptions in the context of film reviews. These descriptions of a film in terms of a combination of two or more other films. This very concrete approach to description can be contrasted with the abstractions typically used in subject headings or the names of genres. By exploring a dataset of film reviews, we uncover some of the features of mixture descriptions as they are used colloquially and investigate when and how they may prove useful. This form of description through combination is not specific to film, and we look at its potential as a bottom-up, ludic form of document description. Describing things briefly, clearly and well is hard work. We know that - we study it and try to do it in many parts of Library and Information Science. In this paper, we look at a form of document description that is common in colloquial language but rarely utilized in structured descriptions: description of documents as mixtures of other documents. We study this phenomenon in the context of film, uncovering the patterns of mixture description in film reviews and considering the opportunities and barriers to incorporating it in a formal context. Our aim is to understand how it works - and how it might be used in other settings.
AN ACADEMIC IN AN ACTIVIST COALITION: RECOGNIZING AND BRIDGING ROLE CONFLICTS

On the basis of participant-observation in an immigrant human rights coalition, this contribution offers reflections on the opportunities and challenges of being an academic in a politically active coalition. It first examines the ways in which university scholars can encounter rich fields for social scientific learning by engagement with coalitions in the communities that surround them, offering an alternative to the ivory tower model of anthropology done in distant fields. It then explores the challenges of coalition involvement through the theme of role expectations and conflicts. Among the topics examined through participant-observation are role expectations conflicts, time or schedule conflicts, resource tensions, legal and bureaucratic limits, social status inequalities, reduction of name visibility and ego gratification, and complex negotiations and compromises. It finishes with observations on commitment and objectivity, and proposes that coalitions shape particular forms of knowledge creating and communicating processes. These are real issues, but not insurmountable ones, and an honest accounting of them will result in more effective and rewarding coalitions between activists and academics.
Essential Role for the Response Regulator PmrA in Coxiella burnetii Type 4B Secretion and Colonization of Mammalian Host Cells

Successful host cell colonization by the Q fever pathogen, Coxiella burnetii, requires translocation of effector proteins into the host cytosol by a Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system (T4BSS). In Legionella pneumophila, the two-component system (TCS) PmrAB regulates the Dot/Icm T4BSS and several additional physiological processes associated with pathogenesis. Because PmrA consensus regulatory elements are associated with some dot/icm and substrate genes, a similar role for PmrA in regulation of the C. burnetii T4BSS has been proposed. Here, we constructed a C. burnetii pmrA deletion mutant to directly probe PmrA-mediated gene regulation. Compared to wild-type bacteria, C. burnetii ΔpmrA exhibited severe intracellular growth defects that coincided with failed secretion of effector proteins. Luciferase gene reporter assays demonstrated PmrA-dependent expression of 5 of 7 dot/icm operons and 9 of 11 effector-encoding genes with a predicted upstream PmrA regulatory element. Mutational analysis verified consensus sequence nucleotides required for PmrA-directed transcription. RNA sequencing and whole bacterial cell mass spectrometry of wild-type C. burnetii and the ΔpmrA mutant uncovered new components of the PmrA regulon, including several genes lacking PmrA motifs that encoded Dot/Icm substrates. Collectively, our results indicate that the PmrAB TCS is a critical virulence factor that regulates C. burnetii Dot/Icm secretion. The presence of PmrA-responsive genes lacking PmrA regulatory elements also suggests that the PmrAB TCS controls expression of regulatory systems associated with the production of additional C. burnetii proteins involved in host cell parasitism.
Pathologic and Clinical Features of Hodgkin Lymphoma–Like Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Because of its rarity, pathologic and clinical features of Hodgkin lymphoma-like posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (HL-like PTLD) are not well understood, and it is unclear whether its biological behavior is more closely related to classical Hodgkin disease or to monomorphic B-cell PTLD. The authors compared 6 cases of HL-like PTLD with 5 cases of monomorphic B-cell PTLD for differences in histology, immunophenotype, and clinical behavior. Histologically, all cases of HL-like PTLD resembled classical HL with typical Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells and a cellular background mimicking mixed cellularity subtype. CD45 was absent on RS-like cells, but the expression pattern of B-cell-associated markers Oct-2 and BOB.1 resembled monomorphic B-cell PTLD. Whereas Epstein-Barr virus early RNA expression is normally restricted to RS cells of classical HL, it was expressed in both RS-like cells and background lymphocytes in HL-like PTLD. Although all patients diagnosed with monomorphic B-cell PTLD show no evidence of disease following treatment, half of the patients with HL-like PTLD relapsed or died, indicating a more aggressive clinical behavior. The findings suggest that HL-like PTLD represents a distinct clinicopathologic entity with an aggressive clinical course.
Carbonation behavior of hydraulic and non-hydraulic calcium silicates: potential of utilizing low-lime calcium silicates in cement-based materials

This paper presents a study on the carbonation behaviors of hydraulic and non-hydraulic calcium silicate phases, including tricalcium silicate (3CaO·SiO2 or C3S), γ-dicalcium silicate (γ-2CaO·SiO2 or γ-C2S), β-dicalcium silicate (β-2CaO·SiO2 or β-C2S), rankinite (3CaO·2SiO2 or C3S2), and wollastonite (CaO·SiO2 or CS). These calcium silicate phases were subjected to carbonation reaction at different CO2 concentration and temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were performed to quantify the amounts of carbonates formed during the carbonation reactions, which were eventually used to monitor the degree of reactions of the calcium silicate phases. Both hydraulic and non-hydraulic calcium silicates demonstrated higher reaction rate in case of carbonation reaction than that of the hydration reaction. Under specific carbonation scenario, non-hydraulic low-lime calcium silicates such as γ-C2S, C3S2 and CS were found to achieve a reaction rate close to that of C3S. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were performed to characterize the carbonation reaction products of the calcium silicate phases. The FTIR spectra during the early stage of carbonation reaction showed formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) from C3S, γ-C2S, β-C2S, and C3S2 phases with a similar degree of polymerization as that of the C–S–H that forms during the hydration reaction of C3S. However, upon further exposure to CO2, these C–S–H phases decompose and eventually converted to calcium-modified (Ca-modified) silica gel phase with higher degree of silicate polymerization. Contradictorily, CS phase started forming Ca-modified silica gel phase even at the early stage of carbonation reaction. This paper also revealed the stoichiometry of the Ca-modified silica gel that formed during the carbonation reaction of the calcium silicate phases using the SEM/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and TGA results.
A Comparison of ABC, Unlabeled Antibody and Conjugated Immunohistochemical Methods with Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies— An Examination of Germinal Center of Tonsils

Staining of lymphoid tissues with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies often is complicated by heavy interstitial staining and potential unwanted binding through Fc receptors. This problem is aggravated in the germinal center because of an unusually intense extracellular staining. In an attempt to examine a variety of staining methods, we found both poly- or monoclonal antibodies produced satisfactory results only if a suitable method was employed, such as a two-step or three-step avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Other staining technics for example, indirect conjugate or four-layer PAP methods, failed to provide a clean background. The use of F(ab’)2 fragments did not significantly improve the staining quality, indicating that the role of the Fc receptors in inducing nonspecific staining is not significant in acetone-fixed frozen tissues. Germinal centers also were studied with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Ig antibodies, and the results indicated that the number of surface or cytoplasmic Ig-positive cells in the germinal center is variable from one follicle to another. IgG+ cells are generally sparse (less than 10%) and are scattered in the light zone of follicles. IgA+ cells constitute about 0-10% of the total cell population and tend to be distributed randomly either in the dark or light zones. IgM+ and IgD+ cells may be scanty (less than 10%) or abundant (50- 70%). The IgM+ and IgD+ cells tend to localize in the dark zone of the follicles. The results indicate that, depending on the stage of differentiation or transformation of the germinal center, s-Ig or c-Ig expression is highly variable.
A critical review of the slanted-edge method for color SFR measurement

Critical examination of the slanted-edge method for color SFR measurement reveals inaccuracies in the estimated SFR, due to the use of demosaicing. The proposed method resolves these inaccuracies by eliminating the need for demosaicing during SFR measurement.
Lack of Effect of Dietary Chenodeoxycholic Acid on Plasma and Liver Lipids and the Ductular Cell Reaction in the Chick

Abstract Dietary lithocholic acid has been shown to induce a biliary proliferation or the ductular cell reaction in the chicken (Hunt et al., 1963), rabbit, guinea pig, rat, mouse (Hunt et al., 1964) and monkey (Hunt, 1965). This bile acid also elevates plasma lipids in the chicken (Leveille et al., 1963) and rabbit (Hunt et al., 1964). Holsti (1962) has reported that dietary chenodeoxycholic acid induces a hepatic biliary proliferation in the rabbit analogous to that seen with dietary lithocholic acid. It was therefore of interest to study the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid in the chicken since this species, like the rabbit, is extremely sensitive to dietary lithocholic acid; also, chenodeoxycholic acid has been reported to be a normal constituent of bile in the chicken (Anderson and Haslewood, 1957). Male Hy-Line White Leghorn chicks were fed a stock diet for one week and then received the basal diet previously described (Leveille…
Components of Computer Anxiety

This descriptive study employed a multi-group, pre-post design. Analyses were employed to answer the following questions: 1) As a result of the course, “Computers in Society,” are there reductions ...
Clinical and laboratory aspects of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections, with a report of two cases.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections in two bacteriologically confirmed cases are described. A child was found to have mesenteric adenitis and an adult had septicemia. Invariably simulating acute appendicitis, mesenteric adenitis most often occurs in male children and adolescents. Septicemia with this organism usually affects elderly, debilitated patients, who frequently have chronic hepatic disease. The infrequent diagnosis of infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the United States is probably due to failure to consider it a human pathogen. Currently classified with the Enterobacteriaceae, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a non-lactosefermenting, Gram-negative coccobacillus. It is sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics, including tetracycline and streptomycin, but usually is resistant to ampicillin. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has a worldwide distribution in wild and domestic mammals and birds. Infections in man may result from direct contact with infected animals or their excreta.
Parallel Optical Interconnections

Parallel optical interconnections are a central facet of many optical computing architectures. This chapter presents some of the basic and practical principles of optics, interconnects, and computer architecture. It also discusses some of the primary trade-offs in the limiting cases of such macro-optics and micro-optics approaches, respectively. An approximate geometrical model is presented for the purpose of building intuition about the trade-offs imposed by beam spreading as a result of diffraction and the resultant crosstalk. The macro-optics approach lends itself to systems in which all the inputs are treated similarly. This property is central to systems described as space invariant, as opposed to systems where neighboring inputs may be treated very differently. The micro-optics extreme, with its separate lenses for each input device, can readily be applied to the latter system types. Interconnects, whether optical or electronic, are conduits for data transmission between processors. They are used in a wide variety of applications and consequently come in many different types. Classic optical interferometers provide convenient hardware configurations for many of these operations and are, therefore, the basis of many optical interconnect approaches. The chapter presents Michelson interferometer-based configurations.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone inhibits tau phosphorylation by dual signaling pathways in hippocampal neurons

Depletion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) gene expression resulted in augmented tau and glycosynthetase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), in contrast, TRH administration resulted in decreases of 75% in GSK-3beta and 90% in Tau phosphorylation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. To further study TRH regulation of tau phosphorylation, immunoblotting was used to explore G-protein coupled TRH receptor activation of the phosphokinase C (PKC) and phosphokinase A (PKA) signaling pathways. TRH was found to rapidly activate PKA (2.5 fold in 10 min) while it suppressed PKC (levels decreased by 85% vs. control) in hippocampal neurons. This process was also discovered to be a cell type-specific response, as TRH activated PKC in only hypothalamic neurons. Further investigation revealed that the Src inhibitor Protein Phosphatase 2 (PP2, 50 uM) could block TRH inhibition of PKC, GSK-3beta, and tau phosphorylation with no effects on PKA. In addition, the PKC inhibitor GF109203 Bis (10 uM) was also able to suppress TRH inhibition of GSK-3beta, leading to increased GSK-3 beta activity. Independent of these effects, inhibition of PKA by H89 (10 uM) significantly blocked TRH inhibition of GSK-3 beta. These data suggests that both PKA and PKC are independently crucial to TRH's effects on GSK-3 beta, and support the roles of two distinct pathways involving suppression of PKC via the Src kinase and activation of PKA in mediating TRH effects on GSK-3 beta and tau. These dual signaling pathways between TRH and tau may provide mechanisms for the precise regulation of tau phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in neurons.
Systematic Definition and Evolutionary Analsis of Macrophage Genes: Evidence for Novel Host Defense Genes.

Abstract Mononuclear phagocytes have intrinsic functions in development and tissue remodeling as well as extrinsic functions in host defense, antigen presentation and innate immunity. To obtain an unbiased view of genes that are characteristic of the macrophage, we compare gene expression in the 15 macrophage gene expression profiling studies (185 samples) with data from 544 platform matched control studies (10,160 samples) using a nonparametric rank based metric. 769 genes show consistently higher expression in both human and mouse macrophage samples defining an unbiased macrophage gene set. Automated natural language processing defines a second group of macrophage related genes. 545 genes are mentioned frequently in sentences containing the word “macrophage” in a PubMed abstract. We refer to these as the literature gene set. 87 genes occurred in both the unbiased and the literature gene sets. Annotations of the unbiased and literature gene sets are remarkably consistent with a 0.93 correlation in the normalized frequency of Gene Ontology (GO) term use in the two sets relative to GO term use for all genes in the genome. The most highly over represented GO terms for macrophage specific genes include: chemotaxis, chemokines and chemokine receptors, inflammation, cytokine and chemokine signaling, JAK-STAT cascade, peroxidase activity. To better define the genes involved in host defense functions, we considered evolutionary behavior. Genes involved in intrinsic host functions show purifying selection and are constrained in their rate of evolutionary change. In contrast, host defense genes (HDG) may be subject to diversifying selection and rapid rates of evolutionary divergence. To control for different rates of mutation at different loci, analysis was based on the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS). As a group, macrophage genes exhibit higher rates of change (median dN/dS=0.17) compared to all genes in the genome (median dN/dS=0.14, P