cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task-goal attributes, n achievement, and supervisory performance

Abstract This investigation analyzes the relationship between employees' task goals and supervisory performance as moderated by n Achievement among a sample of first-level supervisors working under a formalized goal-setting program. Before need strength levels were taken into account, little consistent relationship was found between the five task-goal attributes and performance. After dividing the subjects into high and low n Ach groups, however, it was found that performance was significantly related to increases in feedback and in goal specificity for high n Ach subjects, and to participation in goal-setting for low n Ach subjects. Goal difficulty and peer competition were found to be unrelated to performance for both groups. These results are then compared to other studies on the topic and it is concluded that individual difference factors, like n Achievement, must be taken into account in any comprehensive theory of goal-setting in organizations.
Using Direct-push Methods for Aquifer Characterization in Dune-lake Environments of The Nebraska Sand Hills

The direct-push (DP) approach for characterization of the shallow unconsolidated sub-surface is a rapidly developing methodology that deploys hydrogeological, geotechnical, and geophysical tools in the sub-surface. It offers significant advantages as compared to techniques using traditional drilling and permanent piezometers, but requires real-time on-site decisions. Selection of the number of tests, sequence, location, and depth makes the planning stage crucial for successful and effective field studies. Whereas the analysis of various DP-based hydrogeological, geotechnical, and geophysical methods is well presented in the literature, recommendations for planning DP field applications are scarce. We illustrate applications of DP-based techniques (electrical conductivity profiling of the aquifer, groundwater sampling, slug testing, and soil core extraction) for evaluation of aquifer-lake interactions in a remote and poorly accessible area of the Nebraska Sand Hills with numerous saline lakes. In addition to the background data on hydrostratigraphy and groundwater salinity, we report an approach to combining and optimizing the DP techniques, including the work sequence, depth limitations, data quantity, and scheduling. The data and insights gained will be useful in designing characterization programs in other sand dune-lake environments.
Scheduling efficiencies of farm-to-plant milk collection in western Ohio.

We examined the efficiency of farm-to-plant milk collection in western Ohio. Results suggest that mileage reductions of 10% are possible by reordering farm stops while collecting loads of milk. A further 3% reduction is possible by moving dairy farms between loads. When examining efficiencies, guaranteed lowest mileage (GLM) and heuristic algorithms were used to generate schedules. Heuristic algorithms account for about 80% of the mileage reductions identified by GLM algorithms. GLM algorithms are computationally feasible for ordering farm stops while collecting milk loads. However, heuristic algorithms must be relied on for moving dairy farms between loads.
Accurate prediction and proposed method of measurement of the Casimir effect in silicon MOS devices

Recently, several researchers have been able to measure precisely the contribution of the Casimir force to the dynamics of micro-electromechanical devices. Thus there is no doubt of the importance of these physics at the nanometer scale in metallic films. However, almost twenty years ago, it was estimated that the ratio of the Casimir energy to the Coulomb energy stored by a production, metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), having a gate oxide thickness of 50 nm, in a state of charge inversion should be of order 10%. Yet today's production MOSFET technologies are engineered with gate oxide thickness on the order of 2 nm, implying a Casimir-to-Coulomb energy ratio of well over 100% by using the original calculation. If this were correct, the Casimir effect would of necessity be a major factor in the design and in the resulting performance of current MOS technologies. This does not appear to be the case. In this light, the purpose of this paper is twofold: 1) To demonstrate that by including more precise physics the original estimate was too high, and 2) To propose a practicable method of measuring the strength of the Casimir effect in the MOS system.
Dissolution of spoken language in primary progressive aphasia

The dissolution of speech and language was investigated over a 4 year period in a male with an 8 year history of isolated speech and language deterioration exhibiting a non-fluent profile of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). The course of his communication impairment began with apraxia of speech and difficulty accessing word form (e.g. as evidenced by frequent 'tip-of-the-tongue' errors that typically contained correct production of word onsets or first syllables but not whole words). Ultimately all aspects of oral language use deteriorated until the individual became non-vocal. His ability to communicate through non-verbal modalities remained intact. Results of repeated administrations of standardized tests and analyses of connected speech obtained over 2 years were compared. The ability of various assessment probes to substantiate clinical impressions of noticeable declines in expressive language use was examined. It was concluded that the most sensitive indices of spoken language dissolution are likely to be measures derived from connected speech. Unlike level-specific subtests (i.e. subtests that are designed to probe relatively isolated stages of processing such as word retrieval apart from syntactic formulation), the requisite simultaneity of processing across levels during connected speech taxes the aphasic's entire language processing system. Three principles guided the approach to management: (i) anticipatory implementation of treatment goals; (ii) therapy is dyad oriented; and (iii) therapy is directed at the level of the disability, defined as the limitations to perform specific functions within a natural context The cornerstone of this approach, labelled proactive management, lies in the concept that the goals are formulated and implemented in anticipation of future declines so that the patient with PPA is prepared to maximize communication effectiveness at every stage despite the relentless progression of the disease.
Polyphase late Palaeozoic deformation in the southeastern foreland and northwestern Piedmont of the Alabama Appalachians

Abstract Late Palaeozoic deformation in the southern Appalachians is believed to be related to the collisional events that formed Pangaea. The Appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt in Alabama is a region of thin-skinned deformed Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Early Cambrian to Late Carboniferous, bounded to the northwest by relatively undeformed rocks of the Appalachian Plateau and to the southeast by crystalline thrust sheets containing metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks ranging in age from late Precambrian to Early Devonian. A late Palaeozoic kinematic sequence derived for a part of this region indicates complex spatial and temporal relationships between folding, thrusting, and tectonic level of decollement. Earliest recognized (Carboniferous(?) or younger) compressional deformation in the foreland, observable within the southernmost thrust sheets in the foreland, is a set of large-scale, tight to isoclinal upright folds which preceded thrafing, and may represent the initial wave of compression in the foreland. Stage 2 involved emplacement of low-angle far-traveled thrust sheets which cut Lower Carboniferous rocks and cut progressively to lower tectonic levels to the southwest, terminating with arrival onto the foreland rocks of a low-grade crystalline nappe. Stage 3 involved redeformation of the stage 2 nappe pile by large-scale upright folds oriented approximately parallel to the former thrusts and believed to be related to ramping or imbrication from a deeper decollement in the foreland rocks below. Stage 4 involved renewed low-angle thrusting within the Piedmont rocks, emplacement of a high-grade metamorphic thrust sheet, and decapitation of stage 3 folds. Stage 5 is represented by large-scale cross-folding at a high angle to previous thrust boundaries and fold phases, and may be related to ramping or imbrication on deep decollements within the now mostly buried Ouachita orogen thrust belt to the southwest. Superposed upon these folds are stage 6 high-angle thrust faults with Appalachian trends representing the youngest (Late Carboniferous or younger, structures in the kinematic sequence.
Insecticide Tests Against the Tropical Horse Tick, Dermacentor nitens, on Horses

In Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Florida, U.S.A., small-scale field tests were conducted with several insecticides applied to horses infested with Dermacentor nitens Neumann, the tropical horse tick. In Mexico, all stages of this one-host species were found in the ears of horses. The ears were treated by hand with insecticide in water, mineral oil, smears, dusts, and other formulations, and the bodies sprayed with the same insecticides in water. At 1 week after treatment, ticks were scraped from the horses' ears, and mortality counts made to determine the effectiveness of the treatments. Limited data indicated all treatments killed many ticks, but some differences in effectiveness were observed. Highly effective treatments were 0.5% carbaryl, 0.1% Compound 4072 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate), 5% coumaphos dust, 1% dioxathion in mineral oil, EQ-335smear, and 5% ronnel smear; less effective Were(0.25% coumaphos, 0.75% lindane in ear tick remedy, and 0.15% dioxathion; least effective treatments were 0.05% diazinon, 0.03% lindane, 0.5% malathion, 0.5% ronnel, and 0.5% toxaphene. In Florida, the ears of horses were infested and in most cases all stages were found in the nostrils and manes; with some horses, ticks were found between the ears, and on the belly and tail. The ears and nostrils were treated by hand and the bodies sprayed. Horses were examined 1 and 2 weeks post treatment. More effective treatments for ears and nostrils were 0.5% carbaryl, 0.05% carbophenothion, 0.1% Compound 4072 5% coumaphos dust, 0.15% dioxathion, EQ-335 smear, and 0.75% ronnel; less effective treatments were 0.1% fenthion, 0.25% coumaphos, 0.03% and 1% lindane, and 0.5% malathion. In one small test, trichlorfon in feed for 10 days at 20 mg/kg/day and fenthion in feed for 5 days at 5 mg/kg/day were systemically effective against D. niteus in the cars of horses that consumed treated feed.
Electrical modelling of temperature distributions in on-chip interconnects, packaging, and 3D integration

In this talk, we will introduce a novel methodology using existing electromagnetic modelling tools for interconnect and packaging structures to simulate and model the temperature distribution without major modifications to these tools or simulated structures. This methodology can easily be integrated with the chip technology information and frame an electrical circuit simulator into an automatic, template-based simulation and optimization flow. A new accurate closed-form thermal model is further developed to simplify unnecessary object details. The model allows an equivalent medium with effective thermal conductivity (isotropic or anisotropic) to replace details in non-critical regions accurately so that complex interconnect structures can be simulated at a system level. Using these techniques, we demonstrate the modelling capability of very complex on-chip interconnects, packaging, and 3D integration technologies.
Management of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: An evidence-based

Retinal vein occlusions are common retinal vascular disorders with the potential for significant vision-related morbidity. Retinal vein occlusions are classified as either branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), or hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO) based on the specific occlusion site. Decreased vision in patients afflicted with CRVO may result from retinal ischemia and/or the accumulation of fluid within the center of the retina (macular edema). The Central Vein Occlusion Study (CVOS) Group demonstrated that grid laser photocoagulation is not an effective treatment for decreased vision due to CRVO-related macular edema. Since publication of that report, the standard of care for patients with decreased vision due to CRVO-associated macular edema was observation. However, in the past 5 years, several major randomized controlled clinical trials have investigated new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of macular edema secondary to CRVO. This article aims to provide insight into current evidencebased approaches to the management of macular edema secondary to CRVO. A companion article reviews approaches for the management of macular edema secondary to BRVO.
The ontogeny of tumor-associated macrophages: a new understanding of cancer-elicited inflammation

Clinical and experimental models have identified macrophages as potential targets for cancer therapy, however, the nature of macrophage differentiation and function in the context of malignant disease remain largely uncharacterized. This commentary provides the author's perspective on the recently published article “The cellular and molecular origin of tumor-associated macrophages,” which demonstrated that tumor growth elicits a specific macrophage differentiation pathway.
Viral kinetic modeling: state of the art

Viral kinetic (VK) modeling has led to increased understanding of the within host dynamics of viral infections and the effects of therapy. Here we review recent developments in the modeling of viral infection kinetics with emphasis on two infectious diseases: hepatitis C and influenza. We review how VK modeling has evolved from simple models of viral infections treated with a drug or drug cocktail with an assumed constant effectiveness to models that incorporate drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as phenomenological models that simply assume drugs have time varying-effectiveness. We also discuss multiscale models that include intracellular events in viral replication, models of drug-resistance, models that include innate and adaptive immune responses and models that incorporate cell-to-cell spread of infection. Overall, VK modeling has provided new insights into the understanding of the disease progression and the modes of action of several drugs. We expect that VK modeling will be increasingly used in the coming years to optimize drug regimens in order to improve therapeutic outcomes and treatment tolerability for infectious diseases.
Nonparametric curve estimation with time series errors

Abstract To account for the flexibility and the serial correlation in fitting repeated measurement data, we propose a model in which the mean function is a smooth nonparametric function and the noise is a parametric time series error. Under appropriate regularity conditions, a sequence of local average estimators can be chosen to achieve the pointwise or the uniform optimal rate of convergence as defined by Stone in nonparametric regression function estimation. Moreover, if the time series error structure forms part of a stationary process with a finite number of parameters (e.g., finite order autoregressive processes), then these parameters can be estimated with the usual root- n rate of convergence.
Microbiology and biochemistry of the methanogenic archaeobacteria

Abstract The methane producing bacteria area diverse group of organisms that function in nature with other groups of strictly anaerobic bacteria to convert complex organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. The methanogens belong to the archaeobacteria, a third primary kingdom distinct from all other procaryotes (eubacteria) and eucaryotes. The distinction is based on the unique structures of cell wall and membrane components present in archaeobacteria, as well as differences in the highly conserved 16s rRNA sequences among the three kingdoms. In addition, the methanogens contain several novel cofactors that function as one-carbon carriers during the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane with electrons derived from the oxidation of H 2 or formate. Methanogens also convert acetate to methane by a pathway distinct from that for carbon dioxide reduction. The pathway involves activation of acetate to acetyl-SCoA followed by decarbonylation and reduction of the methyl group to methane coupled to the oxidation of the carbonyl group to carbon dioxide.
A Low Frequency Study of the Vibrational Modes in Alkalisilicate Glasses by Raman Spectroscopy

We have performed a study on low frequency modes in several alkali silicate glasses by Raman spectroscopy. The Boson peak region is analyzed with a single parameter ω0 which is believed to characerize the density of states of the system. Analysis of the dependence of ω0 on the nature and concentration of the alkali suggests that the position of the Boson peak is essentially governed by the ratio “force constant” over “mass” of localized oscillator modes. At lower frequency (below 30 cm−1), the “excess” intensity can be explained by considering secondorder processes of the same vibrational modes, superimposed on other (possibly relaxational) modes.
Light sensitivity of Al0.25Ga0.75As/GaAs modulation-doped structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy: effect of substrate temperature

The sensitivity of carrier concentration and mobility of Al0.25Ga0.75As/GaAs modulation-doped structures to light exposure has been studied. The light sensitivity of both parameters was found to be strongly dependent on the growth temperature of the Al0.25Ga0.75As which was varied between 580°C and 695°C. A growth temperature of about 610°C was observed to produce the least light sensitivity, while a growth temperature of 660°C resulted in the most sensitivity to light. The corresponding minimum and maximum changes in carrier concentration, measured at 10 K, were 5% and 52% of the dark values, respectively, while changes in mobility were 2% and 40%, respectively. A persistent photoconductivity effect was also observed in the samples. The minimum in this effect was found to be a 1% change in 10 K carrier concentration at a growth temperature of 610°C.
A note on challenges facing food retail stores: the case of New Jersey

Using New Jersey as a case study, this article investigates the challenges faced by food retail stores. Policy recommendations proposed by industry representatives for improving the business climate are also presented. Although New Jersey‐specific, many of the issues discussed in the paper may be relevant elsewhere. Consequently, the findings can be helpful in identifying broad categories of factors affecting the vitality of the industry and in designing investigative research into problems facing the food retail industry.
Comment on “Growth cycles and market crashes”

Boldrin and Levine [1] develop a model in which the unexpected obsolescence of productive assets, in a world where new technologies are costly to implement, leads to a drop in the market value of existing capital. Their quantitative analysis shows that in a realistic range of parameter values, it is possible to generate falls in the stock market on the order of 10–20%. These numbers are, however, not correct. Once a mistake in the computations of the paper is rectified, the model is capable of generating falls in the stock market on the order of 25–50% for reasonable parameterizations. The basic mistake is in the third equation of p. 32. This reads:
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy is safe for both mother and fetus

The use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnant women has been slow to gain wide acceptance for two reasons: one is the potential for mechanical problems related to the pregnant uterus and the other is fear of fetal injury resulting from instrumentation or the pneumoperitoneum. To assess the effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on both the mother and the unborn fetus, we reviewed our surgical experience over a 5-year period analyzing indications for the procedure along with complications and outcome. During this 5-year period, 22 patients ranging in age from 17 to 31 years underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Gestational ages ranged from 5 to 31 weeks with two patients being in the first trimester, 16 in the second, and four in the third. The primary indications for surgical intervention were persistent nausea, vomiting, pain, and inability to eat in 17 patients, acute cholecystitis in three and choledocholithiasis in two. In all patients a pneumoperitoneum was established by means of a closed technique starting in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Two of the 22 patients also underwent successful transcystic common bile duct exploration with removal of common duct stones. All 22 patients survived the surgical procedure without complications, and there were no fetal deaths or premature births related to the procedure. Based on the preceding results, it would appear that laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy is safe for both the mother and the unborn fetus. Indications for this procedure should include stringent criteria such as unrelenting biliary tract symptoms or the complications of cholelithiasis. If at all possible, when laparoscopic cholecystectomy is indicated, it should be performed either in the second trimester or early in the third.
Theory of convective saturation of Langmuir waves during ionospheric modification of a barium cloud

Abstract In recent experiments (Djuth, F. T., Sulzer, M. P., Elder, J. H. and Groves, K. M. (1995) Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 17,347), a parametric decay instability was excited by an ordinarywave HF pump during an ionospheric chemical release from a rocket over Arecibo, PR, which created an artificial ‘barium ionosphere,’ with peak plasma frequency above the pump frequency, and a density gradient with a (short) 5 km scale length. Simultaneous incoherent scattering measurements revealed a strong initial asymmetry in the amplitudes of almost vertically upgoing versus downgoing measured plasma waves. We can account for this asymmetry in terms of linear convective saturation of parametrically unstable plasma waves propagating over a range of altitudes along geometric optics ray paths. Qualitative features of the frequency spectrum of the measured downgoing wave are in agreement with this model, although the theoretically predicted spectrum is narrower than observed. The observed altitude localization of the enhanced spectrum to a few range cells is consistent with the theory.
Resident performance on the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) In-Training Examination: years 1996 through 2002.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to evaluate the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) In-Training Examination scores for significant trends. Study design The percent-correct scores for each of the 6 published examination objectives from 7 consecutive years were analyzed. The data set was analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance using gender, examination year, and postgraduate year as categorical variables, and each year was analyzed separately by gender and postgraduate year. Scores of residents who took the examination for 4 consecutive years were analyzed by using repeated measures analysis of covariance. Results Variation by examination year appeared random, although scores monotonically increased with postgraduate year for all objectives and all years. The mean relative scores of women were higher than men on the primary/preventive care objective, but the reverse was true for the general considerations objective. Conclusion The CREOG In-Training Examination appears to be a dependable measure of residents' improvement in cognitive knowledge.
Field testing of membrane distillation for desalination of brines discharge from thermal plants

Membrane Distillation (MD) is a hybrid thermal-membrane process that produces a high quality distillate from concentrated brine. It utilizes either low grade waste heat or solar energy to generate a vapor pressure difference across a hydrophobic membrane. A consortium composed of ConocoPhillips - Global Water Sustainability Center (GWSC), Qatar University (QU) and Qatar Electricity & Water Company (QEWC), was formed to conduct a pilot testing program to assess the suitability of MD at pilot scale to treat brines from thermal desalination plants. This research project aims toward ensuring a sustainable water supply in Qatar, one of the twelve grand research challenges identified recently by Qatar National Research Strategy (QNRS). This presentation summarizes the outcomes of the project including the most relevant conclusions and findings from the field testing program. Bids from the five leading MD technology providers were evaluated and the two most suitable technologies for Qatar environment were select...
Alternating copolymers of dimethylmaleic anhydride

Copolymerization of 2, 3-dimethylmaleic anhydride was accomplished with vinyl ethers, particularly n-butylvinyl ether and isobutyl-vinyl ether and gave exactly alternating copolymers in all proportions of feed comonomer compositions. 2,3-Dimethylmaleic anhydride has not yet been copolymerized with vinyl comonomers with less electron donating properties.
ZSM-5 membrane synthesis with organic-free mixtures

Preparation of supported ZSM-5 membranes using a TPA-free synthesis gel was investigated. After exploring the effect of reaction mixture the composition SiO_2:0.0125Al_2O_3:0.2675Na_2O:46H_2O was selected for membrane synthesis. Membranes were prepared by hydrothermal reaction on asymmetric α-Al_2O_3 tubular supports. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, EDS, X-ray diffraction and Ar and N_2 adsorption. Permeation measurements with single gas and mixtures yielded selectivities for H_2 over n-butane above 104 and those for O2 over N_2 were 9–10. Permeation was strongly activated with the activation energies increasing sharply with molecular sizes.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 242,252,256,260,264

Abstract Available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass numbers A = 248,252,256,260 and 264 are presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, spin, parity and configuration assignments are given.
Stochastic Modeling of Grain Growth and Coarsening

Recent developments in the modeling of grain growth and coarsening are briefly considered. Common characteristics of both these phenomena are briefly pointed out. A formulation based on stochastic consideration is proposed. This formulation assumes that the rate of growth of an individual grain or a precipitate is not entirely determined by its size but has a random component to it. This leads to a Fokker-Planck Equation for the size distribution. It can then be shown that there is indeed a unique state (the self-similar state) which is in general reached from an arbitrary initial state. The case of two dimensional grain growth is treated in detail as an example. Grain size distribution is obtained from these considerations, which is in good agreement with experiments.
Prognostic impact of mechanical ventilation after liver transplantation: a national database study.

Abstract Background The impact of mechanical ventilatory support (MCVS) on mortality and graft loss after liver transplantation (LT) is not well described. Methods Multivariate analysis of a novel database linking national transplant registry and Medicare claims data was used to assess the impact of early MCVS on mortality and graft survival following LTs performed between 2002 and 2008. Results Among 10,517 LT recipients, 6.9% ( n = 726) required postoperative MCVS, 25.6% of whom required less than 96 hours, 24.2% required 96 hours or longer, and 50.1% received an unspecified duration. Significant predictors of prolonged MCVS included older age, female sex, pretransplant dialysis requirement, and ascites. After multivariate adjustment, MCVS of 96 hours or longer was associated with nearly 3 times the adjusted hazard ratio of mortality (2.95, P P = .55). Conclusions Recognition of LT patients at risk for prolonged MCVS may help to reduce the incidence and consequences of this complication.
Application of Single Molecule FRET Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy to Studying DNA-Protein Interactions

Photon antibunching correlation analysis yields an absolute measure of N from a small number of fluorescent molecules. We have combined this technique with FRET to obtain information on the numbers of proteins in DNA/protein complexes.
Schooling behavior of Menidia medidia in the presence of the insecticide Sevin (Carbaryl)

A single application of 100 parts per billion Sevin in seawater caused disruption of schooling behavior of Menidia menidia in an artificial setting. Although the change, primarily a spreading out of the school over a larger area, was observed after 24 h exposure, placing the fish in clean water did not bring about a return of normal schooling patterns until 72 h. This is attributed to the accumulation of 1-naphthol, a toxic product of hydrolysis of Sevin. The adaptive significance of changes in schooling behavior is discussed.
The effects of deuterium oxide on the active cross-bridge motion of thick filaments isolated from striated muscle of Limulus

Abstract Calcium ions activate the energy-requiring cross-bridge motions of isolated thick filaments from the striated muscle of Limulus, 50% deuterium oxide suppresses the cross-bridge motions with a latent period of 2–5 h and reaches it maximum effect after 15–20 h. The maximum suppression is almost 100%. The effect is reversible in a comparable time-course. The myosin ATPase of the thick filaments is not affected. Muscle fiber shortening and the change of the steady-state electrical potential in glycerinated muscle fibers following exposure to Ca2+ are suppressed.
Learned helplessness, depression and the perception of reinforcement

Abstract Depressed and nondepressed subjects were given escapable, inescapable, or no noise. Then, their perceptions of reinforcement contingencies in skill and chance tasks were assessed. Depressed-no noise and nondepressed-inescapable noise subjects exhibited smaller decreases in expectancy following failure in skill, but not in chance, than nondepressed-no noise subjects. So, depression and inescapable noise both produced perception of failure in skill as response-independent. Contrary to predictions, neither depression nor inescapable noise had a significant effect on increases in expectancy after success. These results partially support the learned helplessness model of depression which claims that a belief in independence between responding and reinforcement is central to the etiology and symptoms of depression in man.
Magnetic Lineations Observed Near the Ocean Floor and Possible Implications on the Geomagnetic Chronology of the Gilbert Epoch

Summary Lineated magnetic anomalies, with a wavelength of 6 km and a peak-topeak amplitude of 1500 nT,* were measured within 20 km of the continental crustal block of the tip of the Baja California peninsula of Mexico. The use of a high precision, local navigation system and measurements of the magnetic field close to the sea floor show that, at least in this small region, the sea-floor-spreading process has produced magnetic anomalies which are still lineated down to a scale of less than 1 km. These magnetic anomalies were formed during the younger part of the Gilbert Epoch of the geomagnetic time scale. Assuming that these anomalies were produced by uniform sea-floor spreading from a narrow zone of intrusion, the anomaly spacings can be used to establish revised estimates of the lengths of the magnetic reversals in this part of the Gilbert Epoch. They also indicate the absence of any previously undetected reversals of a duration of greater than 10 OOO years. The sea-floor-spreading interpretation of magnetic anomalies (Vine & Matthews 1963) is based on the relationship between the formation of new crust at a rise crest (Dietz 1961) and the sporadic reversals of the earth’s main magnetic field (Cox, Doell & Darymple 1963). The result of these two processes is the production within the sea floor of a horizontal distribution of total magnetization, m(x, y), and a vertical distribution, m(z). Of primary interest here is the m(x, y) and its implications on the history of these two processes during the Gilbert Epoch. The magnetic anomalies which are used to obtain an estimate of the m(x, y) were observed near the sea floor using the deep tow instrument package (Spiess & Mudie 1970) with a period counting proton magnetometer (Waters & Francis 1958; Mudie 1964). The survey area is located on the San Lucas deep-sea fan (Fig. 1) which has very subdued local relief of less than 50m and which gently slopes from a water depth of 2.8 km in the northern part of the survey area to 3.1 km in the southern part (Normark 1970). The magnetometer was towed at a relatively uniform height * The units used in this paper are in the standard units of SI (Systkme International d’Unit&, Anonymous 1968). The only major deviations from the commonly used units in geophysics are the tesla (T) for magnetic field strength and the Ampere per metre (Am-l) for magnetization where 1 nT = 1 gamma and 1 Am-’ = IO-’emu cm-’.
Helq acts in parallel to Fancc to suppress replication-associated genome instability

HELQ is a superfamily 2 DNA helicase found in archaea and metazoans. It has been implicated in processing stalled replication forks and in repairing DNA double-strand breaks and inter-strand crosslinks. Though previous studies have suggested the possibility that HELQ is involved in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, a dominant mechanism for inter-strand crosslink repair in vertebrates, this connection remains elusive. Here, we investigated this question in mice using the Helqgt and Fancc− strains. Compared with Fancc−/− mice lacking FANCC, a component of the FA core complex, Helqgt/gt mice exhibited a mild of form of FA-like phenotypes including hypogonadism and cellular sensitivity to the crosslinker mitomycin C. However, unlike Fancc−/− primary fibroblasts, Helqgt/gt cells had intact FANCD2 mono-ubiquitination and focus formation. Notably, for all traits examined, Helq was non-epistatic with Fancc, as Helqgt/gt;Fancc−/− double mutants displayed significantly worsened phenotypes than either single mutant. Importantly, this was most noticeable for the suppression of spontaneous chromosome instability such as micronuclei and 53BP1 nuclear bodies, known consequences of persistently stalled replication forks. These findings suggest that mammalian HELQ contributes to genome stability in unchallenged conditions through a mechanism distinct from the function of FANCC.
UNTANGLED - An interactive mapping game for engineering education

Retaining students poses a huge challenge in the field of engineering, as many students become discouraged while working on their degrees and switch majors or leave school entirely. Our key observation is that it is extremely important to introduce students to real-world problems early on in their studies. Too often, students become confused and dissatisfied by abstract theories in their early engineering courses, and fail to see any practical importance to what they are learning. This paper presents the idea of using an interactive game, UNTANGLED, to introduce real-world problems related to chip architecture and design in the early stages of engineering education, thus generating enthusiasm and helping students connect the theories they learn in classes to applicable problems. We believe that doing so will help elevate future engineering student retention rates.
Revisiting the free energy profile for the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide on formamide in aqueous solution

Abstract The free energy profile for the first step of formamide hydrolysis in alkaline aqueous solution is computed using Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulation combined with umbrella sampling. An activation free energy of 22.3 kcal/mol and a reaction free energy of 17.3 kcal/mol are estimated from the potential of mean force in unprecedented good agreement with the corresponding free enthalpies obtained from experiment, 21.2 and 16.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The errors introduced by the BLYP density functional and pseudopotentials are investigated as well as the approximations made to relate the potential of mean force to the free enthalpies measured in experiment.
Relyzer: Application Resiliency Analyzer for Transient Faults

Future microprocessors need low-cost solutions for reliable operation in the presence of failure-prone devices. A promising approach is to detect hardware faults by deploying low-cost software-level symptom monitors. However, there remains a nonnegligible risk that several faults might escape these detectors to produce silent data corruptions (SDCs). Evaluating and bounding SDCs is, therefore, crucial for low-cost resiliency solutions. The authors present Relyzer, an approach that can systematically analyze all application fault sites and identify virtually all SDC-causing program locations. Instead of performing fault injections on all possible application-level fault sites, which is impractical, Relyzer carefully picks a small subset. It employs novel fault-pruning techniques that reduce the number of fault sites by either predicting their outcomes or showing them equivalent to others. Results show that 99.78 percent of faults are pruned across 12 studied workloads, reducing the complete application resiliency evaluation time by 2 to 6 orders of magnitude. Relyzer, for the first time, achieves the capability to list virtually all SDC-vulnerable program locations, which is critical in designing low-cost application-centric resiliency solutions. Relyzer also opens new avenues of research in designing error-resilient programming models as well as even faster (and simpler) evaluation methodologies.
Hydrogen bonding interactions of phenol with cyclic ketones

Abstract Complexes of phenol with cyclohexanone, 2-cyclohexan-1- one, δ-valerolactone, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one, cyclopentanone, 2-cyclopenten-1-one, γ-valerolactone and γ-butyrolactone have been studied by i.r. spectroscopy. The thermodynamic data for the 1 : 1 association have been determined. When the complexes are classified into phenol-cycloketones and phenol-lactones, the variation of the enthalphy for the complex formation in each group has been found to be consistent with those of the free energy change, the equilibrium constant, and the dipole moment of the bases in gas phase. The sites of intermolecular interactions and the relationship of the interaction strength with the dipole moment of the proton acceptor are discussed.
Physiological Responses of Hatchery Reared Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) to Handling

Abstract Increases in plasma lactate and glucose concentrations, along with decreases in plasma chloride and liver glycogen concentrations, were observed in muskellunge in response to capture and handling. Holding muskellunge in 0.3% NaCl alleviated some of the physiological symptoms of stress, but holding the fish in the lake for 48 hr before release had no effect. Physiological responses to fin-clipping and transport by truck were slight in comparison to that of original capture. Salt treatment and reduction in duration and frequency of handling is recommended.
Economic Weil-Being Among White Elderly Divorced

Abstract This study focuses on the economic consequences of divorce for the elderly. Family incomes of elderly white divorced men and women were compared with their married counterparts for five SES categories. Using t-tests, it was found that, for both genders, incomes for divorced persons were lower than incomes for married persons. Family incomes were regressed on a set of four control variables and a marital status variable. The marital status variable was statistically significant for the total sample for both sexes. The marital status variable was statistically significant for two SES categories for females and one for males.
An Equilibrium Search Model with Coworker Discrimination

This article analyzes the effect of coworker discrimination on wage and unemployment differentials between males and females using a search model. An increase in female participation drives up the wage offer to female workers and raises female employment. Moreover, an increase in the degree of discrimination by males results in gains to them in terms of higher wages and lower unemployment but results in losses to females in terms of lower wages and higher unemployment. The benefit to males provides an explanation for the persistence of discrimination.
An Overview of the Integrative Research Review

The integrative literature review has many benefits to the scholarly reviewer, including evaluating the strength of the scientific evidence, identifying gaps in current research, identifying the need for future research, bridging between related areas of work, identifying central issues in an area, generating a research question, identifying a theoretical or conceptual framework, and exploring which research methods have been used successfully. The 5-stage integrative review process includes (1) problem formulation, (2) data collection or literature search, (3) evaluation of data, (4) data analysis, and (5) interpretation and presentation of results. Maintaining scientific integrity while conducting an integrative research review involves careful consideration to threats to validity. Strategies to overcome these threats are reviewed. The integrative review methodology must involve detailed and thoughtful work, the outcome of which can be a significant contribution to a particular body of knowledge and, co...
Growth of an RNA virus in single cells reveals a broad fitness distribution

Genetic and environmental factors will influence the growth of an RNA virus, but their relative contributions are challenging to resolve because standard culture methods mask how virus particles interact with individual host cells. Here, single particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, a prototype RNA virus, were used to infect individual BHK cells. Infected cells produced 50 to 8000 progeny virus particles, but these differences were lost upon subsequent culture, suggesting the diversity of yields reflected cell-to-cell differences rather than viral genetic variation. Cells infected at different phases of their cell cycle produced from 1400 (early S) to 8700 (G(2)M) infectious virus particles, coinciding with the middle-to-upper range of the observed distribution. Fluctuations in virus and cell compositions and noisy gene expression may also contribute to the broad distribution of virus yields. These findings take a step toward quantifying how environmental variation can impact the fitness distribution of an RNA virus.
Correspondence between food availability and growth of a planktivorous temperate reef fish

Although food availability generally has not been considered to be an important influence on the demography of reef fishes, a few studies have indicated that it can affect individual growth and the local abundance of some species. We examined the relationship between food availability and growth of the kelp perch, Brachyistius frenatus Gill, a planktivorous temperate reef fish. Among sites, there was a high degree of concordance in the rank abundance of planktonic taxa, even though prey biomass differed significantly. The growth of juvenile kelp perch among sites was positively and linearly related to prey biomass, suggesting that food can be a limiting resource for this fish over a wide range of prey abundance. Young kelp perch are closely associated with the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.Ag. and appear to be restricted in their movements to reefs in which they were born. Therefore, there may be important consequences of differential food availability in that differences in the rate of delivery of zooplankton to these reefs, further affected by the physical structure of Macrocystis, may substantially influence juvenile growth rates and other demographic characteristics of kelp perch populations.
Spot urinary albumin-creatinine ratio predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in young hypertensive African-American men.

Hypertensive patients with target organ damage are at increased cardiovascular risk, and should be treated most aggressively. The association between urinary albumin excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in prior studies is inconsistent, and has not been described using a single, random spot urine specimen. Therefore, we evaluated the association between the urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) and left ventricular (LV) mass and also tested the hypothesis that a simple random, single-void urine ACR would identify high risk young, hypertensive, African-American men. We measured echocardiographic LV mass and a random spot urinary ACR in 109 untreated, hypertensive, young, inner city, African-American men. The mean age was 41 ± 6 years and the mean blood pressure (BP) was 157 ± 19/107 ± 13 mm Hg. Microalbuminuria (ACR 30 to 300 mg/g) was present in 22% of subjects. The ACR is higher in the men with LVH than in the men without LVH (P 30 mg/g has a sensitivity of 33% and a specificity of 82% for the diagnosis of echocardiographic LVH. In conclusion, elevated random spot ACR is a marker of increased LV mass, independent of BP, in young urban African-American men with hypertension, and may help to determine the aggressiveness of antihypertensive therapy in this high-risk group.
Repeated central administration of α-MSH does not alter the antipyretic effect of α-MSH in young and aged rabbits

Abstract α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is a potent antipyretic when administered centrally or peripherally; however, there are no previous data on development of tolerance to the antipyretic action of this neuropeptide. In previous research, aged rabbits were more sensitive to low doses of α-MSH than young rabbits. We tested the antipyretic action of α-MSH in young and old rabbits after twice daily injections of the peptide for 10 days. Neither aged nor younger rabbits showed altered responses to α-MSH. This lack of tolerance underscores the importance of α-MSH to physiological control and survival of the host.
Anaerobic Digestion of Pear Waste: Laboratory Equipment Design and Preliminary Results

Abstract Results of preliminary tests on the efficiency of the anaerobic contact process in reducing the pollution load of liquid pear processing waste indicated that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of pear waste could be reduced by 75-95% depending on rate of addition of waste. Tests were made with 30 1 digesters (design and operation described in detail) using pear waste with COD concentrations of 13,000 to 120,000 ppm to which small amounts of ammonium and phosphate salts and yeast extract had been added to facilitate digestion. The reduction in COD was highest at long liquid retention times (10 to 86 days were tested) and was independent of the rate of addition of volatile (i.e. at 600°C) solids (0.8 to 2.2 kg/(m 3 ) (day) [0.050.14 lb./(ft. 3 ) (day)] were tested). Excess sludge solids (mainly undigestible pear waste particles) amounted to about 10% of the pear waste solids. Tests are being continued to determine optimum operating conditions.
Historical perspective on developmental deviations.

Almost invariably, people devoting the major part of their professional lives to some specific offshoot of science have been known to round up their careers by looking back to the origins, sproutings, and ramifications of such offshoots. They find themselves fascinated by the historical aspects of something that they had experienced as an ongoing contemporaneous concern. This cannot be done without a degree of biographic self-involvement. Haunting questions arise: What was the shape of things when my generation came of age? What has been done since then? Can it be said that, as a result, we have arrived at some resting points of satisfaction? If so, what are they? What can be put down by now as reliable underpinnings to support a solid edifice? What, indeed, can be gleaned from retrospect?