cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Medical Alley": The rise of the medical device industry in minnesota

This paper analyzes the factors that led to the establishment in Minnesota of a thriving network of advanced medical device firms sometimes referred to as “Medical Alley.” Factors examined include a favorable “business-technology infrastructure” that included the University of Minnesota, the migration of high-tech professionals from other industries, the emergence of specialized services and suppliers, the availability of capital, government encouragement, and support from trade associations. The seminal role of Medtronic, Inc., founded in 1949, is examined, particularly the invention of the first wearable cardiac pacemaker by the company’s co-founder Earl Bakken in 1957 and Medtronic’s licensing of the first fully implantable pacemaker developed by Wilson Greatbatch and William Chardack in 1960. Some of the major spin-off’s from Medtronic will be examined, particularly CPI (now part of Boston Scientific) and St. Jude Medical. The paper will broadly characterize the evolution of “Medical Alley to the present.
Cardiopulmonary responses of intratracheally instilled tire particles and constituent metal components.

Tire and brake wear particles contain transition metals, and contribute to near-road PM. We hypothesized that acute cardiopulmonary injury from respirable tire particles (TP) will depend on the amount of soluble metals. Respirable fractions of two types of TP (TP1 and TP2) were analyzed for water and acid-leachable metals using ICP-AES. Both TP types contained a variety of transition metals, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), aluminum, and iron. Zn and Cu were detected at high levels in water-soluble fractions (TP2 > TP1). Male Wistar Kyoto rats (12–14 wk) were intratracheally instilled, in the first study, with saline, TP1 or TP2 (5 mg/kg), and in the second study, with soluble Zn, Cu (0.5 μ mol/kg), or both. Pulmonary toxicity and cardiac mitochondrial enzymes were analyzed 1 d, 1 wk, or 4 wk later for TP and 4 or 24 h later for metals. Increases in lavage fluid markers of inflammation and injury were observed at d 1 (TP2 > TP1), but these changes reversed by wk 1. No effects on cardiac enzymes were note...
Evaluation of SVM classification of metallic objects based on a magnetic-dipole representation

In the electromagnetic-induction (EMI) detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance (UXO) it is important for inversion purposes to have an efficient forward model of the detector-target interaction. Here we revisit an attractively simple model for EMI response of a metallic object, namely a hypothetical anisotropic, infinitesimal magnetic dipole characterized by its magnetic polarizability tensor, and investigate the extent to which one can train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to produce reliable gross characterization of objects based on the inferred tensor elements as discriminators. We obtain the frequency-dependent polarizability tensor elements for various object characteristics by using analytical solutions to the EMI equations. Then, using synthetic data and focusing on gross shape and especially size, we evaluate the classification success of different SVM formulations for different kinds of objects.
Logarithmic analog-to-digital converter using switched attenuators.

One can construct a successive‐approximation analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) whose output is proportional to the logarithm of the input voltage, by using independent electronically switched attenuators. The output step size of such an ADC corresponds to a constant relative change in the voltage being measured, rather than a constant absolute change as in a linear ADC. The principle described here is fully ’’digital’’ in that it depends only on the accuracy of resistors and not on the logarithmic I–V characteristic of any solid‐state device. A practical ten‐bit prototype conforms to the ideal logarithmic characteristic to about 1% over a four‐decade input voltage range, 1 mV to 10 V; effectively, any input in that range is measured to about 1%. Complexity, cost, and speed are comparable to simple linear ADCs.
Kinetic mechanisms and interaction of rat liver DNA methyltransferase with defined DNA substrates.

DNA substrate analogs were constructed from poly(dC-dG), M13, and XP12 DNA which do not contain a mixture of types of methylation sites. These were used to distinguish different kinetic mechanisms for maintenance and de novo methylation using a highly purified rat liver DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DMase−) preparation. De novo methylation on single (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA was found to obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics while methylation of hemimethylated sites showed differences depending on size of the hemimethylated region. On long stretches analogous to maintenance methylation of newly replicated DNA, saturation could not be achieved and the kinetics showed non-ideal positive cooperative kinetics, while short stretches showed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics and rapid saturation. Two types of DMase-DNA complexes could be distinguished by means of affinity chromatography on DNA-agarose matrices and in preincubation assays. The later complex, which is engaged in methyl group turnover, exhibited enhanced stability. The competitiveness of variously configured DNAs was found to parallel the stability of complex formation, e.g., ss, hemi- and ds DNA, respectively. In studies utilizing 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the thymine analog left the basic reaction mechanisms unchanged but increased the km and S0.5 while reducing the velocity of these reactions.
Reversal of profilin inhibition of actin polymerization invitro by erythrocyte cytochalasin-binding complexes and cross-linked actin nuclei

Abstract Actin polymerization in 2 mM MgCl 2 is known to be inhibited by profilin. We found that small amounts of cytochalasin-binding complexes from human red cell membranes or actin nuclei cross-linked by p - NN′ -phenylenebismaleimide can reverse the inhibitory action of profilin, leading to the rapid polymerization of the actin. This type of polymerization is inhibited by low concentrations of cytochalasin B. These results indicate that (a) the complexes and nuclei promote actin polymerization in the presence of profilin by providing sites onto which actin monomers can be added, and (b) profilin and cytochalasin B affect two distinct steps (i.e. nucleus formation and filament elongation, respectively) in the polymerization reaction.
Novel Coarse-Grained Model for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of DNA

We have developed and efficient, sequence-specific coarse-grained model to simulate the conformational motion of large double stranded DNA in molecular dynamics simulations. The DNA backbone is modeled by beads with DNA bases represented by sets of three beads, and bead positions are used to calculate the shift, slide, rise, roll, twist and tilt conformational step parameters of DNA. With these parameters, elastic deformation energies are calculated following Olson's harmonic model (Olson et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11163 (1998)). Specifics of the model and sample simulations will be discussed.
Golden hamster pups adapt to complex rearing odors.

Hamster pups avoid certain organic odors as early as postnatal day 3 or 4. Continuous exposure to these odors during rearing selectively diminishes their aversiveness for the hamsters as measured in a two-choice situation. This acquired indifference is stimulus-specific and depends upon the integrity of the olfactory bulb. Indifference does not transfer to other normally aversive odors and is not due to any general impairment of odor detection. Although the test situation requires an orientation response and although bilateral lesions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus have been shown to eliminate visual orientation in adult hamsters ( Schneider, 1969 ), such lesions produce only a transient deficit in orientation to the odors employed in this study.
Long-Term Outcomes After Single-Balloon Enteroscopy in Patients with Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Background Limited data exists on the long-term outcomes of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) following single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE).
Fluorescence in Arthropoda Informs Ecological Studies in Anchialine Crustaceans, Remipedia, and Atyidae

Autofluorescence is pervasive throughout the natural world and occurs in many animals, plants, and minerals. Fluorescent properties vary predictably over molt cycles of arthropod exoskeletons. This study examines intrinsic fluorescence in scorpions and crustaceans using novel fluorometric analyses and microscopy. Anchialine cave crustaceans, which we report here autofluoresce, are generally sparsely populated, and difficult for researchers to access. Therefore, little is known about the growth, molting, reproduction, and life history of their endemic inhabitants. Methods proposed here for measuring autofluorescence under near-ultraviolet wavelengths are valuable in informing techniques for optimal in situ observation and location of new larval forms, exuviae, spermataphores and eggs. We compare the intensity and emission breadth of fluorescent compounds extracted from California woodland scorpions (Uroctonus mordax) and California bay shrimp (Crangon franciscorum) to determine the effect of preservation duration on autofluorescent properties. Fluorescence data were obtained from anchialine cave crustaceans collected from Cenote Crustacea, Quintana Roo, Mexico and Dan’s Cave, Abaco Island, Bahamas. They exhibit peak emission wavelengths ranging from 429 nm to 515 nm and interspecific variation in emission peaks. Traits relating to emission spectra, such as breadth and intensity, may correlate with a variety of ecological parameters, such as sex, age, and reproductive state, allowing for potential field and laboratory-based applications.
Culture and Context: East Asian American and European American Differences in P3 Event-Related Potentials and Self-Construal

Research has demonstrated differences in social and cognitive processes between East Asians and European Americans. Whereas East Asians have been characterized as being more sensitive to situational context and attending more to the perceptual field, European Americans have been characterized as being more focused on the object and being more field independent. The goal of the present experiment was to investigate differences in neural responses to target objects and stimulus context between East Asian Americans and European Americans using a three-stimulus novelty P3 event-related potential design. As hypothesized, European Americans displayed relatively greater target P3 amplitudes, indexing attention to target events, whereas East Asian Americans displayed relatively greater novelty P3 amplitudes, indexing attention to contextually deviant events. Furthermore, the authors found that interdependent self-construal mediated the relationship between culture and the novelty P3. These findings identify a specific pattern of neural activity associated with established cultural differences in contextual sensitivity.
Biceps vs extensor carpi radialis recovery in Frankel grades A and B in spinal cord injury patients

Clinical literature suggests that the wrist extensors show a trend of achieving functional strength earlier than the biceps after spinal cord injury (SCI). Basic research, however, demonstrated that proximal muscles recover earlier than distal muscles after partial denervation. The purpose of this study was to compare biceps to extensor carpi radialis (ECR) recovery of muscle strength in 39 motor complete cervical SCI patients. Biceps (n = 19) and ECR (n = 20) with a 72 hour or 1 week motor grade of 1/5 were compared. Testing was performed weekly for 1 month, and again at 2, 3, 6 and 12 months post injury. The median recovery times to increase one motor grade were: biceps = 2 months and ECR = 2.5 months (p<0.3). The median recovery times to increase two motor grades were: biceps = 2 months and ECR = 3 months (p < 0.4). In conclusion, there was no significant difference between the rates of recovery of the biceps and the ECR up to 12 months post SCI.
Color distribution of confining electric flux in Abelian projection gauges

A numerical test is carried out on one of the predictions of 't Hooft's Abelian projection'' theory of quark confinement via monopole condensation. This theory predicts that in certain gauges the color-electric field {ital E}{sub {ital k}}{sup {ital ab}} of a confining flux tube is diagonal in the color indices {ital ab}. Diagonality of the {ital E} field is tested by Monte Carlo simulation of SU(2) lattice gauge theory, using a field-strength gauge ({ital F}{sub 12} diagonal) proposed by 't Hooft, and also the maximal Abelian gauge'' of Kronfeld {ital et} {ital al}. In the field-strength gauge it is found that the color distribution of the confining electric field is completely random, while in the maximal Abelian gauge there is only a rather modest enhancement of the diagonal component above its random value, at coupling {beta}=2.4. These data do not support the validity of the Abelian projection theory.
Risk factors for development of sepsis in a hospital outbreak of Enterobacter aerogenes.

On Feb. 24, 1986, a consultant in infectious disease notified the infection control nurse of two patients in the ICU with Enterobacter aerogenes sepsis. A third case was identified in the same unit 3 days later. Environmental cultures of flushing solutions (normal saline), a temperature probe, a cardiac catheter connector probe, and a syringe attached to a manometer for calibrating pressure transducers were taken on Feb. 28. These items had been used on all patients with bacteremia. The ICU staff members, questioned about high-risk procedures such as the use of multiple-dose vials, denied such use. On March 3, after three more cases of E. aerogenes sepsis had been identified, active surveillance was begun of one afebrile patient undergoing elective cardiac surgery that involved taking preoperative and postoperative cultures of blood, skin, catheter insertion sites,
Phthalocyanine 4 photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis of mouse L5178Y-R cells results from a delayed but extensive release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, for which the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol is considered critical. To further elucidate the role of cytochrome c release in PDT-induced apoptosis, we monitored cytochrome c localization immunocytochemically and related it to nuclear apoptosis of the same cells. When mouse L5178Y-R cells were treated with 300 nM phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 and 0-75 mJ/cm(2) red light, cytochrome c release had a dose response similar to that of clonogenic cell killing, with nearly identical threshold doses. Within individual cells, the release of cytochrome c appeared to be an all-or-none phenomenon. Moreover, it was tightly associated with activation of a caspase-3-like protease and changes in nuclear morphology. Thus, in response to Pc 4-PDT, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is a key determinant of apoptotic cell death.
Observing the Mushroom-to-Brush Transition for Kinesin Proteins

The height of polymers grafted to a surface is predicted to be constant at low densities (“mushroom” regime) and increase with the third root of the polymer surface density at high densities (“brush” regime). This mushroom-to-brush transition is explored with kinesin-1 proteins adhered to a surface at controlled densities. The kinesin height is measured by attaching fluorescently labeled microtubules to the kinesins and determining their elevation using fluorescence interference contrast microscopy. Our measurements are consistent with a mushroom regime and a brush regime and a transition near the theoretically predicted density. The mushroom-to-brush transition may play a role in protein behavior in crowded cellular environments and may be exploited as a signal in intracellular regulation and mechanotransduction.
Adsorption of organic vapors on active carbons

Abstract The adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77 K on active carbons preadsorbed with benzene, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, and methanol at 30°C have been measured and analyzed by use of the BET and the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer (DRK) equations, along with the shape of adsorption isotherms and the α s -method. With the increase of adsorption amounts of the organic vapors, the parameters of the BET equation ( C ) decrease and those of the DRK ( D ) increase, while the types of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms change from Type I to Type II and there is little or no change in the external surface of active carbons by the α s -method. From these results, it has been observed that the organic vapors are adsorbed on active carbons by such a mechanism as to decrease the ratio of micropore volumes against mesopore ones, indicating the filling of pore volume rather than the layer-by-layer adsorption in micropores.
"Tot L'enyor de Demà" and the Nostalgic Futurism of Joan Salvat-Papasseit

Through a close reading of Salvat-Papasseit's poetic manifestos, the poem "Tot l'enyor de dema" and Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto, this article argues that Salvat-Papasseit created his own brand of Catalan Futurism, one imbued with enyoranca and yet uttered with the language of the avant-garde. For Papasseit, "tomorrow" is not "novelty", being young does not have a literal but a spiritual meaning, and the future is not the chronological period that will follow today, but rather eternity. Ultimately, through his nostalgic Futurism, Salvat-Papasseit becomes once again the link that connects the foundational texts of Catalanism from the Renaixenca with the modernist world of the avant-garde.
Facile synthesis of α,β-unsaturated niobium acyls via γ-hydride abstraction

Abstract The niobocene ketene complexes [C5H4(SiMe3)]2Nb(Cl)(η2-C,O-OCC(R)CH2R′(1) undergo a facile reaction with Ph3C+ BF4− to give the cationic α,β-unsaturated metal acyls of general formula [[C5H4(SiMe3)]2Nb(Cl)(η2-C(O)CRCHR′)][BF4]. The reaction is stereospecific for the production of E-alkenes, but these undergo slow isomerization to a mixture of E and Z isomers. If both ketene substituents contain accessible allylic hydrogens, the reaction shows little regioselectivity. Preliminary mechanistic studies are consistent with a direct hydride abstraction rather than an electron-transfer/H atom transfer sequence.
Multiscale Modeling of Structural Dynamics in Actomyosin Complex

To decrypt the mechanistic basis of myosin motor function, it is essential to probe the conformational changes in actomyosin with high spatial and temporal resolutions. In a computational effort to meet this challenge, we have performed a multiscale modeling of the allosteric couplings and transition pathway of actomyosin complex by combining coarse-grained modeling of the entire complex with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the active site. Our modeling of allosteric couplings at the pre-powerstroke state has pinpointed key actin-activated couplings to distant myosin parts which are critical to force generation and the sequential release of phosphate and ADP. At the post-powerstroke state, we have identified isoform-dependent couplings which underlie the reciprocal coupling between actin binding and nucleotide binding in fast myosin II, and load-dependent ADP release in myosin V. Our modeling of transition pathway during powerstroke has outlined a clear sequence of structural events triggered by actin binding, which lead to subsequent force generation, twisting of central β-sheet and the sequential release of phosphate and ADP. Finally we have performed atomistic simulations of active-site dynamics based on an on-path ‘transition-state’ myosin conformation, which have revealed significantly weakened coordination of phosphate by switch II, and a disrupted key salt bridge between switch I and switch II. Meanwhile the coordination of MgADP by switch I and P loop is less perturbed. As a result, the phosphate can be released prior to MgADP. This study has shed new lights on the controversy over the structural mechanism of actin-activated phosphate release and force generation in myosin motor.
Aortic root replacement in 372 Marfan patients: evolution of operative repair over 30 years.

Background We reviewed the evolution of practice and late results of aortic root replacement (ARR) in Marfan syndrome patients at our institution. Methods A retrospective clinical review of Marfan patients undergoing ARR at our institution was performed. Follow-up data were obtained from hospital and office records and from telephone contact with patients or their physicians. Results Between September 1976 and September 2006, 372 Marfan syndrome patients underwent ARR: 269 had a Bentall composite graft, 85 had valve-sparing ARR, 16 had ARR with homografts, and 2 had ARR with porcine xenografts. In the first 24 years of the study, 85% received a Bentall graft; during the last 8 years, 61% had a valve-sparing procedure. There was no operative or hospital mortality among the 327 patients who underwent elective repair; there were 2 deaths among the 45 patients (4.4%) who underwent emergent or urgent operative repair. There were 74 late deaths (70 Bentalls, 2 homograft, and 2 valve-sparing ARRs). The most frequent causes of late death were dissection or rupture of the residual aorta (10 of 74) and arrhythmia (9 of 74). Of the 85 patients who had a valve-sparing procedure, 40 had a David II remodeling operation; there was 1 late death in this group, and 5 patients required late aortic valve replacement for aortic insufficiency. A David I reimplantation procedure using the De Paulis Valsalva graft has been used exclusively since May 2002. All 44 patients in this last group have 0 to 1+ aortic insufficiency. Conclusions Prophylactic surgical replacement of the ascending aorta in patients with Marfan syndrome has low operative risk and can prevent aortic catastrophe in most patients. Valve-sparing procedures, particularly using the reimplantation technique with the Valsalva graft, show promise but have not yet proven as durable as the Bentall.
Clinical Management When the Environment Can Be Changed

The principles of dealing with working environments where occupational respiratory disease occurs are no different when the disease is asthma than when the disease is pneumonoconiosis or any other respiratory illness. The choice of abatement strategies depends on the particular process, the physical structure of the equipment, and the rate of aerosolization of the allergen. When feasible, primary effort should be placed on preventing aerosolization. Increased ventilation and air filtration are feasible only when allergen production rate is low or localized to areas where exhaust fans can remove it before it reaches the workers' breathing zone.
Medical therapy for obesity.

Obesity results from a prolonged small positive energy imbalance, and treatment needs to reverse this imbalance. Many different diets have been tried to treat obesity, and weight loss occurs with all of them. There is currently no evidence that supports the superiority of one macronutrient composition for diets over any other. The principal effect seems to be the degree of adherence to the prescribed calorie reduction. Obesity drugs have been developed that tap brain mechanisms for controlling feeding and the gastrointestinal tract and its peptides. Orlistat blocks intestinal lipase and produces modest weight loss. Sibutramine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that has a warning on its label from the US Food and Drug Administration because of cardiovascular risk. Its marketing has been suspended in Europe. Several drug combinations are on the horizon for treatment of obesity.Mt Sinai J Med 77:407–417, 2010.. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Association of Socioeconomic Status With Functional Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery, and All-Cause Mortality

ContextLower socioeconomic status (SES) confers heightened cardiovascular risk and mortality, although the mediating pathways are unclear.ObjectiveTo evaluate the extent to which exercise physiologic characteristics account for the association between lower SES and mortality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective cohort study of 30 043 consecutive patients living in 7 counties in northeast Ohio referred between 1990 and 2002 for symptom-limited stress testing for evaluation of known or suspected coronary artery disease. Follow-up for mortality continued through February 2004.Main Outcome MeasuresEstimated functional capacity in metabolic equivalents and heart rate recovery, physiologic characteristics that are determined directly from exercise; testing and all-cause mortality during a median follow-up of 6.5 years.ResultsMultivariable models adjusting for demographics, insurance status, smoking status, and clinical confounders demonstrated a strong association between a composite SES score based on census block data and functional capacity (adjusted odds ratio comparing 25th with 75th percentile values, 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-1.89; P<.001) as well as heart rate recovery (adjusted odds ratio comparing 25th with 75th percentile values, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.30; P<.001). There were 2174 deaths, with mortality risk increasing from 5% to 10% as SES decreased by quartile (P<.001). Cox proportional hazards models that included all confounding variables except exercise physiologic characteristics demonstrated increased mortality as SES decreased (adjusted hazard ratio comparing 25th with 75th percentile values, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.22-1.42; P<.001). After further adding functional capacity and heart rate recovery, the magnitude of this relationship was reduced (comparing 25th with 75th percentile values; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26; P<.001), with these variables explaining 47% of the association.ConclusionsImpaired functional capacity and abnormal heart rate recovery were strongly associated with lower SES and accounted for a major proportion of the correlation between SES and mortality. Efforts to modify these clinical features among patients with low SES may narrow disparities in mortality.
An Efficient Synthesis of a Multipotent Eicosanoid Pathway Modulator

An efficient, scalable synthesis of the multipotent eicosanoid pathway modulator 2-[3-[3[[5-ethyl-4′-fluoro-2-hydroxyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]oxy]-propoxy]2-propoxylphenoxy]benzoic acid (1) is described. The process consists of nine chemical steps with the longest linear sequence having six isolations. Palladium metal-mediated cross-coupling assembles the biaryl fragment, and selective SNAr chemistry is used to construct the resorcinol fragment. The synthesis converges at a phenolic coupling with an alkyl chloride to give the core structure of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Further elaborations of the core and salt formation provides the final API. This process produced the drug candidate in 41% overall yield at multikilogram scale.
Self‐assembly and responsiveness of polypeptide‐based block copolymers: How “Smart” behavior and topological complexity yield unique assembly in aqueous media

Polypeptide-based amphiphilic block copolymers are an attractive class of materials given their ability to form well-defined aqueous nanoassemblies that respond to external stimulus through secondary structure transitions. This report will highlight recent literature in the area of polypeptide-based block copolymer self-assembly, with the major focus being on how the responsive nature and structural complexity of the polypeptide blocks can be incorporated into systems with complex topologies such as ABA/BAB/ABC triblock copolymers, AB2 and A2B star copolymers, and miktoarm μ-ABC star terpolymers. In particular, the role of interfacial curvature changes and how they result in morphology transitions will be discussed. The ‘smart’ assembly properties of peptides in complex block copolymer topologies can lead to enhanced responsiveness, morphological complexity, and unique morphological transitions with varying solution conditions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
The reactivity of Mo(PMe3)6 towards heterocyclic nitrogen compounds: Transformations relevant to hydrodenitrogenation

The reactions of Mo(PMe3)6 towards a variety of five- and six-membered heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (namely, pyrrole, indole, carbazole, pyridine, quinoline, and acridine) have been studied to provide structural models for the coordination of these heterocycles to the molybdenum centers of hydrodenitrogenation catalysts. Pyrrole reacts with Mo(PMe3)6 to yield the eta5-pyrrolyl derivative (eta5-pyr)Mo(PMe3)3H, while indole gives sequentially (eta1-indolyl)Mo(PMe3)4H, (eta5-indolyl)Mo(PMe3)3H, and (eta6-indolyl)Mo(PMe3)3H, with the latter representing the first example of a structurally characterized complex with an eta6-indolyl ligand. Likewise, carbazole reacts with Mo(PMe3)6 to give (eta6-carbazolyl)Mo(PMe3)3H with an eta6-carbazolyl ligand. The reactions of Mo(PMe3)6 with six-membered heterocyclic nitrogen compounds display interesting differences in the nature of the products. Thus, Mo(PMe3)6 reacts with pyridine to give an eta2-pyridyl derivative [eta2-(C5H4N)]Mo(PMe3)4H as a result of alpha-C-H bond cleavage, whereas quinoline and acridine give products of the type (eta6-ArH)Mo(PMe3)3 in which both ligands coordinate in an eta6-manner. For the reaction with quinoline, products with both carbocyclic and heterocyclic coordination modes are observed, namely [eta6-(C6)-quinoline]Mo(PMe3)3 and [eta6-(C5N)-quinoline]Mo(PMe3)3, whereas only carbocyclic coordination is observed for acridine.
The Use of Radioactive Isotopes in the Localization of Aphasia-Producing Lesions

Summary The use of radioactive isotope brain scanning for delineation of symptomproducing lesions in aphasic patients has been investigated. The study was carried out on 50 consecutive well-studied aphasics in the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital with comparison of independent localizations from scan and clinical findings. The majority of patients had vascular disease and consistently positive scans were seen only if the procedure was performed in the first six weeks after onset. There was perfect correlation in lateralization between the scan and clinical findings and satisfactory anatomic localization was obtained in 75% of the positive scanning cases. Some of the possible causes of discrepancy of localization in the remainder are suggested and discussed. It is our feeling that the positive brain scan is as good as or better than any other localizing procedure now used for the study of aphasia in the living patient, but that additional refinements are possible and will further enhance the value of this technique.
Earthquake classification, location, and error analysis in a volcanic environment: implications for the magmatic system of the 1989–1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska

Abstract Determination of the precise locations of seismic events associated with the 1989–1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano posed a number of problems, including poorly known crustal velocities, a sparse station distribution, and an abundance of events with emergent phase onsets. In addition, the high relief of the volcano could not be incorporated into the hypoellipse earthquake location algorithm. This algorithm was modified to allow hypocenters to be located above the elevation of the seismic stations. The velocity model was calibrated on the basis of a posteruptive seismic survey, in which four chemical explosions were recorded by eight stations of the permanent network supplemented with 20 temporary seismographs deployed on and around the volcanic edifice. The model consists of a stack of homogeneous horizontal layers; setting the top of the model at the summit allows events to be located anywhere within the volcanic edifice. Detailed analysis of hypocentral errors shows that the long-period (LP) events constituting the vigorous 23-hour swarm that preceded the initial eruption on December 14 could have originated from a point 1.4 km below the crater floor. A similar analysis of LP events in the swarm preceding the major eruption on January 2 shows they also could have originated from a point, the location of which is shifted 0.8 km northwest and 0.7 km deeper than the source of the initial swarm. We suggest this shift in LP activity reflects a northward jump in the pathway for magmatic gases caused by the sealing of the initial pathway by magma extrusion during the last half of December. Volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes did not occur until after the initial 23-hour-long swarm. They began slowly just below the LP source and their rate of occurrence increased after the eruption of 01:52 AST on December 15, when they shifted to depths of 6 to 10 km. After January 2 the VT activity migrated gradually northward; this migration suggests northward propagating withdrawal of magma from a plexus of dikes and/or sills located in the 6 to 10 km depth range. Precise relocations of selected events prior to January 2 clearly resolve a narrow, steeply dipping, pencil-shaped concentration of activity in the depth range of 1–7 km, which illuminates the conduit along which magma was transported to the surface. A third event type, named hybrid, which blends the characteristics of both VT and LP events, originates just below the LP source, and may reflect brittle failure along a zone intersecting a fluid-filled crack. The distribution of hybrid events is elongated 0.2–0.4 km in an east-west direction. This distribution may offer constraints on the orientation and size of the fluid-filled crack inferred to be the source of the LP events.
Muscarinic stimulation of phospholipid turnover in dissociated avian salt gland cells

Addition of carbamylcholine to 32P-prelabeled dissociated avian salt gland cells resulted in increased turnover of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which could be prevented by the inclusion of atropine. Carbamylcholine had no discernable effect on protein phosphorylation, measured either in the total preparation or in subcellular fractions. It is concluded that for the avian salt gland, no obligatory link is indicated between protein phosphorylation and either phospholipid turnover or salt secretion.
Combination therapy with diuretics: an evolution of understanding.

One of the current recommendations for the treatment of hypertension is a stepped-care approach in which a second drug is added to a first-line agent when adequate blood pressure control has not been achieved. It has been well demonstrated in multiple studies that the response rate to any single class of antihypertensive agent, given as monotherapy, is approximately 45–55%. Thus, in approximately half of the hypertensive population, a second drug will be required. This is not surprising, since it is now well recognized that hypertension is a multifaceted disease process. The use of combination therapy with low-dose diuretics ( 25mg hydrochlorothiazide [HCTZ]or its equivalent) has become a very attractive alternative choice to first-line therapy. The data from clinical trials clearly demonstrate that 6.25 mg or 12.5 mg HCTZ has an additive or synergistic effect on blood-pressure reduction when used in combination with most drugs. At low doses, the side-effect profile with diuretics is similar to placebo. Furthermore, metabolic side effects are significantly reduced when diuretics are used in low doses. The use of low-dose diuretics in combination with other first-line agents significantly enhances blood-pressure control and reduces the likelihood of adverse events and alteration in carbohydrate, lipid, and electrolyte metabolism. Thus, combination therapy with low-dose diuretics provides an attractive alternative approach to first-line treatment of essential hypertension.
Theoretical analysis of rainbow trapping and release by mechanical approaches in terahertz regime

A novel architecture of metal-insulator-metal devices for high speed rainbow trapping and release by mechanical approaches in terahertz regime is proposed. The physical feature of the architecture is theoretical analysis analytically.
Paley–Wiener Theorem for White Noise Analysis☆

Abstract Analogue results of the classical Paley–Wiener theorems that characterize classes of functions with compact support in terms of their Fourier transform are given for some subspaces of square integrable functions over a white noise space.
Photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy of the transient molecules SO and S2O

Abstract Photoion-photoelectron coincidence (PIPECO) spectra, in the wavelength range of 1025–1210 A, for SO and S2O formed in a microwave discharge of SO2 have been measured using a pulsed PIPECO method. Vibronic bands attributable to the formation of SO+ (X 2Π 3/2,1 2 , ν=0−11), S2O+ (X 2A′, ν′=0−2), and S2O+ (2A′, 2A″,ν′=0−3) are resolved in the SO+ and S2O+ PIPECO spectra. The spin-orbit splitting for SO+ (X 2Π) is determined to be 371±20 cm−1. The ionization energies for SO and S2O obtained from photoionization efficiency measurements are 10.294±0.004 eV (1204.4±0.5 A) and 10.584±0.005 eV (1171.4±0.5 A), respectively. The pulsed PIPECO method used in this experiment is superior in both sensitivity and resolution compared to the continuous multichannel scaling PIPECO scheme.
Embryonic morphology and growth of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae)

Abstract The morphology and growth of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) was investigated in relation to the development of its host, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). During the host egg stage, the C. floridanum egg exhibited holoblastic cleavage and formed a primary morula enveloped by a membrane and the chorion. The morula ruptured free of the chorion prior to hatching of the host egg. During the T. ni 1st-through 4th larval stadia, the primary morula proliferated to form secondary morulae or a polymorula. Morulae varied greatly in size during this period of proliferation. By the 2nd day of the T. ni 4th stadium, embryos were uniform in size and proliferation had ceased. The embryos then increased in size exponentially, and synchronous morphogenesis began on the 1st-day of the T. ni 5th-stadium. Initiation of morphogenesis was marked by the formation of a ventral fold. Pharate 1st-instar parasitoid larvae were present on the 2nd day of the T. ni 5th-stadium. Larvae emerged on the 3rd day of the T. ni 5th-stadium. Embryonic cells did not change in size during development, but the number of cells per embryo increased exponentially during morphogenesis.
Role of surgical versus endovascular embolectomy for the treatment of acute large vessel occlusion.

I have read, with great interest, a recently published article in the British Journal of Neurosurgery by Inoue et al. titled ‘Surgical embolectomy for large vessel occlusion of anterior circulation...
Concurrent exchange of 45Ca and 3H-tetracycline from rat bone in vitro.

Bone from rats sacrified at 2, 5, and 95 weeks of age following45Ca and3H-tetracycline labelingin utero or postnatally was placed in solutions of physiological saline, nonradioactive calcium, or tetracycline. This procedure was designed to determine the availability for exchange of45Ca and3H-tetracycline from bone mineral in vitro. With time after labeling a gradual decrease occurred in both the nonspecific loss and specific exchange of45Ca and3H-tetracycline.45Ca and3H-tetracycline in bone could be partially exchanged in vitro with their respective nonradioactive counterparts. Each isotope could be partially exchanged, independently of the other isotope. Nonradioactive calcium increased the exchange of45Ca while suppressing the release of3H-tetracycline. Molecular3H-tetracycline exchange occurred to a greater degree than ionic45Ca exchange and was associated with a small loss of45Ca. The molecular exchange of3H-tetracycline with bulk tetracycline did not induce any significant loss of tritium from3H-tetracycline.
Dynamic Interfacial Adsorption in Aqueous Surfactant Mixtures: Theoretical Study

A theoretical framework is developed to predict the dynamic surface tension as well as the dynamic surface concentration and composition at the air−solution interface of aqueous solutions containing any number of nonionic surfactant components. We utilize an extension of the Ward and Tordai model for mixed surfactant systems to describe the diffusion of the surfactant molecules in the bulk aqueous phase. We assume that surfactant adsorption at the interface is diffusion controlled, that is, that the surfactant molecules adsorbed at the interface establish instantaneous equilibrium with those present in the aqueous phase adjacent to the interface. To determine this equilibrium condition, we utilize a recently developed molecular-thermodynamic theory for the equilibrium adsorption of mixed surfactant systems. This theory has the significant advantage of requiring no surfactant mixture dependent parameters. Since the Fickian diffusion-based theory underlying the extended Ward and Tordai model does not contai...
Verification of infinite-state dynamic systems using approximate quotient transition systems

This paper deals with computational methods for verifying properties of labeled infinite-state transition systems using quotient transition system (QTS). A QTS is a conservative approximation to the infinite-state transition system based on a finite partition of the infinite state space. For universal specifications, positive verification for a QTS implies the specification is true for the infinite-state transition system. We introduce the approximate QTS or AQTS. The paper presents a sufficient condition for an AQTS to be a bisimulation of the infinite state transition system. An AQTS bisimulation is essentially equivalent to the infinite-state system for the purposes of verification. It is well known, however, that finite-state bisimulations do not exist for most hybrid systems of practical interest. Therefore, the use of the AQTS for verification of universal specifications is proposed and illustrated with an example. This approach has been implemented in a tool for computer-aided verification of a general class of hybrid systems.
Construct Validity of Selected Measures of Physical Activity Beliefs and Motives in Fifth and Sixth Grade Boys and Girls

Objective Scales used to measure selected social-cognitive beliefs and motives for physical activity were tested among boys and girls. Methods Covariance modeling was applied to responses obtained from large multi-ethnic samples of students in the fifth and sixth grades. Results Theoretically and statistically sound models were developed, supporting the factorial validity of the scales in all groups. Multi-group longitudinal invariance was confirmed between boys and girls, overweight and normal weight students, and non-Hispanic black and white children. The construct validity of the scales was supported by hypothesized convergent and discriminant relationships within a measurement model that included correlations with physi
Computational Investigation of the Structures and Relative Stabilities of Amino/Nitro Derivatives of Ethylene

Eight amino and/or nitro derivatives of ethylene have been investigated computationally at the density functional B3P86/631 + G** level. The molecular geometries and relative stabilities reflect the varying roles of ‘push‐pull’ electronic delocalization and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The same two factors affect, to varying extents, the computed C‐NO2 and C‐NH2 bond dissociation energies, which are also presented, as are the heats of formation, vaporization and sublimation of the three diaminodinitroethylenes. The potential of the latter as energetic compounds is briefly discussed. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Alcoholism and Suicide

The literature relating morbidity and mortality to the abuse of alcohol is rather extensive. This literature has consistently revealed a higher incidence of illness and death among the substance-abusing group than is found among comparable populations.1–3 Additionally, these studies as well as a number of others have demonstrated suicide to be a cause of death which occurs at a far higher rate among alcoholics than is found among the general population.4,5 These studies focus primarily on the overt suicide, that is, those persons who have consciously and intentionally taken or attempted to take their lives by one means or another.
Diffusion of innovations revisited: from social network to innovation network

The spreading of innovations among individuals and organizations in a social network has been extensively studied. Although the recent studies among the social computing and data mining communities have produced various insightful conclusions about the diffusion process of innovations by focusing on the properties and evolution of social network structures, less attention has been paid to the interrelationships among the multiple innovations being diffused, such as the competitive and collaborative relationships between innovations. In this paper, we take a formal quantitative approach to address how different pieces of innovations socialize with each other and how the interrelationships among innovations affect users' adoption behavior, which provides a novel perspective of understanding the diffusion of innovations. Networks of innovations are constructed by mining large scale text collections in an unsupervised fashion. We are particularly interested in the following questions: what are the meaningful metrics on the network of innovations? What effects do these metrics exert on the diffusion of innovations? Do these effects vary among users with different adoption preferences or communication styles? While existing studies primarily address social influence, we provide a detailed discussion of how innovations interrelate and influence the diffusion process.
Multi-Agent Filtering with Infinitely Nested Beliefs

In partially observable worlds with many agents, nested beliefs are formed when agents simultaneously reason about the unknown state of the world and the beliefs of the other agents. The multi-agent filtering problem is to efficiently represent and update these beliefs through time as the agents act in the world. In this paper, we formally define an infinite sequence of nested beliefs about the state of the world at the current time t, and present a filtering algorithm that maintains a finite representation which can be used to generate these beliefs. In some cases, this representation can be updated exactly in constant time; we also present a simple approximation scheme to compact beliefs if they become too complex. In experiments, we demonstrate efficient filtering in a range of multi-agent domains.