cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure of P strain mice to respond to vaccination against schistosomiasis correlates with impaired production of IL-12 and up-regulation of Th2 cytokines that inhibit macrophage activation.

In contrast to most inbred strains, P mice fail to develop significant resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection as a result of vaccination with either radiation-attenuated cercariae or schistosome antigens plus Bacillus Calmette Guerin, and this failure correlates with defects in macrophage larvicidal activity. Supernatant fluids from antigen-treated in vitro cultures of splenocytes from vaccinated P mice demonstrate less macrophage stimulatory activity than do supernatants from cells of vaccine-responsive strains such as C57BL/6. This is not due either to diminished production of the macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-gamma by P mice, or to a lesser responsiveness of macrophages from P mice to activation by IFN-gamma. Rather, P splenocytes produce two-to threefold higher amounts of IL-4 and IL-10, cytokines which down-regulate the cytotoxic potential of IFN-gamma-treated macrophages. Thus, the macrophage-activating potential of cytokine preparations from vaccinated P mice can be completely recovered by in vitro treatment with antibodies to IL-4 or IL-10. Moreover, lower levels of IL-12, a cytokine involved in promoting development of Th1 responses, are produced by splenocytes from P mice as compared to C57BL/6 counterparts. These studies indicate that a genetic predisposition toward an impaired production of IL-12 and an increased production of down-regulatory Th2 cytokines correlate with low response to vaccination against S. mansoni.
Molecular-ion trap-depletion spectroscopy of BaCl +

We demonstrate a simple technique for molecular-ion spectroscopy. BaCl${}^{+}$ molecular ions are trapped in a linear Paul trap in the presence of a room-temperature He buffer gas and photodissociated by driving an electronic transition from the ground $X {}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ state to the repulsive wall of the $A {}^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ state. The photodissociation spectrum is recorded by monitoring the induced trap loss of BaCl${}^{+}$ ions as a function of excitation wavelength. Accurate molecular potentials and spectroscopic constants are determined. A comparison of the theoretical photodissociation cross sections with the measurements shows excellent agreement. This study represents an important step toward the production of ultracold ground-state molecular ions.
Performance prototyping of data management applications

This paper describes the construction of a performance model or prototype of a proposed data base management system (DBMS) application by the application of certain techniques from the performance measurement and data base management disciplines. Performance measurement is conducted by using a “drive” workload that initiates the “real” workload with reasonable fidelity. The “drive” workload is constructed in terms of data base variable primitives, which are “inverted” to performance variable primitives in order to construct a resource-based drive workload. The application of this drive workload to a simulation model is illustrated, showing the use of the methodology to “tune” important DBMS, Operating System and application program parameters.
Existence in undiscounted non-stationary non-convex multisector environments

Abstract An omission in growth theory concerns the existence of optimal programs in models that simultaneously include non-stationary non-convex technologies, non-convex preferences, multisectors and undiscounted utility sums. Non-stationarities rule out the classical route employing golden rule programs; non-convexities vitiate classical duality methods based on separating hyperplane theorems; multisectors destroy the regularity in the dynamics of the one-sector growth model; and divergent utility sums render inapplicable the Weierstrass approach based on compactness-continuity arguments. This paper proves the existence of optimal programs in such generally specified models, by utilizing the non-convex duality theory of Balder to replace the bilinear functional that links a topological dual pair by a class of non-linear functions that are of needle type at the origin of the commodity space.
Electronic surface states on (111) aluminum

We have calculated the projection of the three-dimensional energy bands of aluminum onto the two-dimensional Brillouin zone (BZ) of the (111) face. Using a pseudopotential constructed in the same way as that in our publications on the (001) and (110) faces, we have calculated eigenvalues and eigenfunctions at high-symmetry points of the two-dimensional BZ for (111) thin films. Unlike Boudreaux who found surface states only in the gap around $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$, we find surface states exist in all the energy gaps of the projected bands at the $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$,$\overline{M}$, and $\overline{K}$ symmetry points of the two-dimensional BZ. We conjecture that surface states always exist in the projected energy gaps of low-index surfaces of simple metals. For the first time we find a surface eigenfunction which decays inwardly from one surface toward the other; heretofore all surface states we have found decay inwardly from both surfaces toward the center of the film.
Empirically Supported Treatments for Panic Disorder

This article provides an empirical review of the elements and efficacy of both pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments for panic disorder. Both monotherapies and combination treatment strategies are considered. The available evidence suggests that both cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy (prominently, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) are effective first-line agents and that CBT offers particular cost efficacy relative to both pharmacotherapy alone and combined pharmacotherapy and CBT. Predictors of non-response and mechanisms of action are considered, as are novel treatment strategies, including the use of memory enhancers to improve CBT outcome.
After cultural competency: research practice and moral experience in the study of brand pirates and tobacco farmers:

This article explores the value of ethnographic methods in identifying and addressing ethical issues in qualitative research on stigmatized populations. Examples come from two anthropological proje...
Are patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I prone to premature death

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by endocrinopathies involving the anterior pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, and pancreas. The long-term prognosis for patients affected with this disorder is uncertain. To better characterize this prognosis, we performed a retrospective review of all patients with MEN-I treated at a single institution during the period 1951–1997. A group of 233 patients served as the study population. Their records were analyzed for confirmation of diagnosis, treatments received, long-term survival, and cause of death. Altogether, 108 eight male patients (46%) and 125 female patients (54%) were identified. At the conclusion of the study, 164 (70%) were alive and 69 (30%) were deceased, with a median follow-up for patients alive at last contact of 13.4 years (range < 1 month to 54.3 years). The cause of death was reliably obtained in 60 patients. Of these patients, 17 (28%) died of causes related to MEN-I, most commonly metastatic islet cell tumors (10 patients). The remaining patients died of causes unrelated to MEN-I, most commonly coronary artery disease and nonendocrine malignancies (14% each). The overall 20-year survival of MEN-I patients was 64% (95% CI was 56–72%), and that of an age- and gender-matched upper Midwest population was 81% (p < 0.001). Patients with MEN-I appear to be at increased risk of premature death. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of potentially malignant pancreatic islet cell neoplasms may result in a decrease of this premature mortality.
Has the Global War on Terror Changed the Terrorist Threat? A Time-Series Intervention Analysis

Whether the Global War on Terror (GWOT) has changed the terrorist threat is a matter of controversy. This study, using transnational terrorism events data from 1993 through 2004, employs a time-series approach to investigate the extent to which the onset of the GWOT (beginning with the invasion of Afghanistan) and related events (the invasion of Iraq, the capture of Saddam Hussein, and the release of photos from Abu Ghraib) are associated with changes in transnational terrorist activity, its frequency, dispersion, lethality, type of attack, and type of victim of transnational terrorist incidents.
Termination of reentry by a long-lasting AC shock in a slice of canine heart: a computational study.

AC Cardioversion in a Canine Slice.Introduction: A heart in fibrillation can be entrained by long-lasting alternating current (AC) stimuli, leading to defibrillation. To investigate the role entrainment plays in defibrillation, computer simulations of AC cardioversion in a three-dimensional slice of the canine heart were performed. Methods and Results: A bidomain finite element model of a 1-mm thick slice across the ventricles of a canine heart was used to simulate termination of transmural reentry with AC shocks. Cardioversion defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were determined for 200-msec (L) AC shocks at varying frequencies. At the DFT, the entire tissue is entrained by the AC shock. DFT decreases as the frequency of the long-lasting AC shock increases. We hypothesize that this decrease is due to the short period of the high-frequency AC waveform, leaving strong virtual electrode polarization (VEP) after the shock ends. To test this hypothesis, the end-shock VEP were compared for different frequencies, demonstrating stronger polarization as frequency increased. To examine whether entrainment by the long-lasting AC shock contributes to the VEP at the end of the shock, additional simulations were conducted using single-period (Z) AC waveforms. Z waveform DFTs were higher than L waveform DFTs; the Z waveform VEP was weaker than the L waveform VEP at the same frequency. This indicates that entrainment contributes to the development of stronger VEP and, thus, to lower DFT at high frequencies. Conclusion: This study offers for the first time a mechanistic insight into cardioversion with long-lasting AC shocks.
Floods of People: New Residential Development into Flood-Prone Areas in San Joaquin County, California

The proximity of San Joaquin County, California to the San Francisco Bay Area has made it one of the most rapidly growing areas in the state. Several factors have encouraged seemingly illogical new residential development in known flood-prone areas. New residents chose to focus on housing prices and amenities, and seldom recognize potential flood hazards even when surrounded by levees. Communities, anticipating increased populations and broadened tax bases, are reluctant to press flood hazard issues. Recently, the State of California has pressed for systematic levee improvements and is shifting fiscal responsibility for flood damage to local governments. Recent housing market downturns may provide an opportunity to enhance flood plain management and public awareness. Together, these changes may encourage a more realistic attitude about flood hazards in siting new residential development.
Degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid under hydrodynamic shearing forces.

32 P-labeled T2 phage DNA has been subjected to controlled shear forces and the tensile force on the molecule causing scission of the double helix has been determined. Calculation shows that this rupturing force is compatible with the bond strengths. The significance of the molecular weight of DNA normally isolated from organisms is discussed.
Lexical Phonology and the distribution of German [ ç ] and [ x ]*

This paper examines the distribution of the palatal fricative [c] and the velar fricative [x] in Modern Standard German. The data are significant with respect to the theory of Lexical Phonology (Kiparsky 1982, 1985; Halle & Mohanan 1985; Mohanan 1986) because the rule of Fricative Assimilation (FA) which spreads the feature of backness from a vowel onto an immediately following tautomorphemic [ —voice, + high] fricative is a counterexample to Kiparsky's (1985) Structure Preservation hypothesis, according to which non-distinctive features must be introduced postlexically. It is also noteworthy that the present analysis produces both [x] and [c] from a [— voice, + high] fricative which is unspecified for backness, contrary to the general tendency among previous researchers who have taken either /c/ or /x/ to be the basic segment.
Killing by Bactericidal Antibiotics Does Not Depend on Reactive Oxygen Species

Bactericidal antibiotics kill by modulating their respective targets. This traditional view has been challenged by studies that propose an alternative, unified mechanism of killing, whereby toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the presence of antibiotics. We found no correlation between an individual cell's probability of survival in the presence of antibiotic and its level of ROS. An ROS quencher, thiourea, protected cells from antibiotics present at low concentrations, but the effect was observed under anaerobic conditions as well. There was essentially no difference in survival of bacteria treated with various antibiotics under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. This suggests that ROS do not play a role in killing of bacterial pathogens by antibiotics.
MULTIMODAL DAILY ITINERARY PLANNER: INTERACTIVE PROGRAMMING APPROACH

With limited information and computational capability, travelers (especially tourists) often fail to develop an itinerary that best suits their needs. A computer software program called Itinerary Planner was developed to help travelers find a suitable itinerary by generating alternative travel itineraries. Compared to existing trip planners, the Itinerary Planner is unique in three aspects: (a) it considers multimodal itineraries; (b) it is capable of handling multiple constraints, including time windows for arrival and departure times, or mode constraints; and (c) the Itinerary Planner adopts an interactive programming approach to identify the best itineraries for the user. Through iterative interaction with the user, the planner attempts to gauge the preferences the user has with respect to selected travel attributes (e.g., travel time and travel cost) and apply the resultant preference estimates to evaluate all feasible itineraries. A prototype planner is developed for downtown San Francisco. It is demonstrated that the planner is capable of effectively generating alternative itineraries for a tour that involves multiple trips and multiple modes, with complex constraints. Although the current prototype contains some limitations, the planner prototype promises that it can be further developed as a practical tool for itinerary planning. The planner presents a new way to save travel time, to relieve traffic congestion, and to encourage transit use by helping travelers organize their trips in an efficient manner.
The global impact of human activity on tropospheric ozone

Within a conceptual framework of stratospheric injection, CO-CH4 background tropospheric chemistry, parameterized pollution production in the continental boundary layer and surface deposition, we use an 11 level GCTM to simulate global distributions of present and pre-industrial tropospheric O3. The chemistry is driven by previously simulated present and pre-industrial NOx fields, while prescribed fields of CO, CH4 and H2O are held constant. An evaluation with measurements from 12 surface sites, 21 ozonesonde sites and 1 aircraft campaign finds agreement within ±25% for 73% of the observations while identifying systematic errors in the wintertime high-latitude Northern Hemisphere (NH), the Southern Hemisphere (SH) tropics during biomass burning, and the remote SH. We predict that human activity has increased the annual integral of tropospheric ozone by 39% with 3/4's of that increase in the free troposphere, though the boundary layer [BL] annual integral has increased by 66%. The 2 largest components of the global O3 budget are stratospheric injection at 696 TgO3/yr, and loss through dry deposition, which increases from 459 TgO3/yr to a present level of 825 TgO3/yr. While tropospheric chemistry's net contribution is relatively small, changing from a pre-industrial destruction of −236 TgO3/yr to a present production of +128 TgO3/yr, it is a balance between two much larger terms, −558 TgO3/yr of destruction in the background troposphere and +686 TgO3/yr of production in the polluted boundary layer. Human impact on O3 predominates in the summertime extratropical NH and in the tropics during their biomass burning seasons [increases of 50%–100% or more]. Conversely, there has been little increase in most of the upper troposphere [<20%], where ozone's influence on tropospheric climate is strongest.
X-ray-absorption fine-structure standards: A comparison of experiment and theory

The reliability of the structural parameters obtained from x-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectra strongly depends on the quality of the standards used in the data analyses. We have compared about 30 isolated pair standards, extracted from experimental data, with those generated by the FEFF5 code. The absorbing atoms range from Ni ({ital Z}=28) to Pb ({ital Z}=82) and the backscattering atoms from O ({ital Z}=8) to Au ({ital Z}=79). In general, good agreement is achieved, with typical errors of 0.005 A for nearest-neighbor distances {ital R}. Significant differences are sometimes found in the backscattering amplitude {ital F}({ital k},{ital R}) at low values of the photoelectron wave vector {ital k} ({lt}7 A{sup {minus}1}), especially for heavy backscattering atoms such as Au and Pt. We demonstrate that when there are significant differences between experimental and theoretical functions, {ital F}({ital k},{ital R}), an experimental standard, shifted from one atom pair to another, provides a better fit to the data than obtained using the theoretical standard and reduces the errors in amplitude and position, often by a factor of 2--3. The effective amplitude reduction factor {ital S}{sub {ital o},eff}{sup 2} and the {ital E}{sub {ital o}} shift for the calculated XAFS standards are also given;more » the former can vary by {plus_minus}20% across the Periodic Table. Estimated experimental errors for the amplitudes are {lt}10%, and {similar_to}5--6 % in many cases. Some important fundamental issues, such as background removal, the influence of the energy resolution on XAFS, and correlations in the fitting parameters, are also addressed.« less
Polymer/metal sulfide coated hollow waveguides for delivery of Er:YAG laser radiation

Polystyrene (PS) as a low index dielectric material in silver-coated hollow glass waveguides (HGW) has been studied as an alternative to the more conventional Ag/AgI HGWs. Polystyrene was chosen because it has been well characterized and it is easily dissolved in toluene. The waveguides were made using an electroless, wet chemistry technique. The absorbance spectrum for polystyrene indicates it will transmit from 1 to 3 mm and thus, it is useful at the Er:YAG laser wavelength of 2.94 mm. For multilayer HGWs, cadmium sulfide is the high index dielectric material.
2010 Special Issue: Interactions between causal models, theories, and social cognitive development

We propose a model of social cognitive development based not on a single modeling framework or the hypothesis that a single model accounts for children's developing social cognition. Rather, we advocate a Causal Model approach (cf. Waldmann, 1996), in which models of social cognitive development take the same position as theories of social cognitive development, in that they generate novel empirical hypotheses. We describe this approach and present three examples across various aspects of social cognitive development. Our first example focuses on children's understanding of pretense and involves only considering assumptions made by a computational framework. The second example focuses on children's learning from ''testimony''. It uses a modeling framework based on Markov random fields as a computational description of a set of empirical phenomena, and then tests a prediction of that description. The third example considers infants' generalization of action learned from imitation. Here, we use a modified version of the Rational Model of Categorization to explain children's inferences. Taken together, these examples suggest that research in social cognitive development can be assisted by considering how computational modeling can lead researchers towards testing novel hypotheses.
Our Emerging Interest in the Interaction of Hearing, Aging, and Cognition for Speech Perception

Abstract Cognitive Hearing Science (Arlinger, Lunner, Lyxell, & Pichora-Fuller, 2009), is a new area of interdisciplinary study that proposes to examine the interaction between hearing and cognitio...
Conférence François-Albert-Angers 2004 : Modèle collectif et analyse de bien-être

Dans cet article, on etudie en quoi l’introduction d’une approche collective modifie les analyses de bien-etre classiques en theorie du consommateur. Apres avoir defini et caracterise les principaux concepts, on decrit deux logiques possibles, celle de la « compensation potentielle » et celle de la « compensation effective ». On discute ensuite de leurs implications.
Body size affects individual winter foraging strategies of thick-billed murres in the Bering Sea

Summary Foraging and migration often require different energetic and movement strategies. Though not readily apparent, constraints during one phase might influence the foraging strategies observed in another. For marine birds that fly and dive, body size constraints likely present a trade-off between foraging ability and migration as smaller bodies reduce flight costs, whereas larger bodies are advantageous for diving deeper. This study examines individual wintering strategies of deep diving thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) breeding at three colonies in the south-eastern Bering Sea: St Paul, St George and Bogoslof. These colonies, arranged north to south, are located such that breeding birds forage in a gradient from shelf to deep-water habitats. We used geolocation time-depth recorders and stable isotopes from feathers to determine differences in foraging behaviour and diet of murres during three non-breeding periods, 2008–2011. Body size was quantified by a principal component analysis (wing, culmen, head+bill and tarsus length). A hierarchical cluster analysis identified winter foraging strategies based on individual movement, diving behaviour and diet (inferred from stable isotopes). Structural body size differed by breeding island. Larger birds from St Paul had higher wing loading than smaller birds from St George. Larger birds, mainly from St Paul, dove to deeper depths, spent more time in the Bering Sea, and likely consumed higher trophic-level prey in late winter. Three winter foraging strategies were identified. The main strategy, employed by small birds from all three breeding colonies in the first 2 years, was characterized by high residency areas in the North Pacific south of the Aleutians and nocturnal diving. In contrast, 31% of birds from St Paul remained in the Bering Sea and foraged mainly during the day, apparently feeding on higher trophic-level prey. Throat feather stable isotopes indicated that individuals exhibited flexibility in the use of this colony-specific foraging strategy. The third strategy only occurred in 2010/2011, when birds dove more and deeper, suggesting limited prey resources. Foraging strategies partitioned with respect to annual differences, presumably in response to shifts in distribution of prey, and were linked to body size. The presence of a colony-specific wintering strategy suggests the potential for overwinter survival differences between these populations.
Determination of trace elements in filtered suspended marine particulate material by sector field HR-ICP-MS

Quantification of particulate (>0.45 µm) and dissolved (<0.45 µm) trace elements in seawater is imperative for understanding geochemical cycling in the marine environment. Suspended particulate trace element concentrations are typically <10% of total element concentrations in seawater. To overcome analytical difficulties associated with low analyte concentrations, it is common to filter large volumes (tens to thousands of litres) of seawater. We report a novel method for the rapid quantification of Al (324 ppb), P (159 ppb), V (2.02 ppb), Cr (2.85 ppb), Mn (22.3 ppb), Fe (304 ppb), Co (0.129 ppb), Ni (0.817 ppb), Cu (1.68 ppb), Zn (3.25 ppb), Mo (0.264 ppb), Ag (0.079 ppb), Cd (0.029 ppb), Ba (3.54 ppb), Pb (1.13 ppb) and U (0.053 ppb) in digest solutions of suspended matter, filtered from 0.2 to 5.0 L of seawater. Filter digest solutions, consisting of a complex matrix of filter residue, sea salt, dissolved solids and strong acids, are analyzed on the ELEMENT, a high resolution, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Finnigan-MAT, Bremen, Germany). High sensitivity (>1 × 106 counts s−1 ppb−1 In; with shielded torch) combined with low flow rates (μFlow nebulizer, Elemental Scientific) provide excellent absolute detection limits (0.4 to 720 pg depending on the element). A resolution of 300 (low resolution) is appropriate for interference-free high mass analytes of interest (Ag, Cd, Pb, Ba and U), whereas 4300 (medium resolution) is sufficient to resolve all plasma-, water- and matrix-based polyatomic interferences on low mass analytes (Al, P and first row transition metals). The precision of the method is better than ±4% for most analytes. Accuracy could not be determined conventionally using a certified reference material (not available), but was estimated from spiked samples to be <±4% when calculated using a standard additions curve and <±10% for most elements if using an external standard curve.
Factors influencing the positive feedback action of estrogen upon the luteinizing hormone surge in the ovariectomized guinea pig.

Factors influencing the positive feedback action of estrogen, especially those related to dose and the time of day of injection, were investigated in the ovariectomized female guinea pig Adult guinea pigs were housed in a light-controlled room (12 h light, 0600–1800 h) and ovariectomized 2 weeks before estradiol benzoate (EB) injections. EB doses of 1.5, 10, or 50 μg were administered sc at 1000 or 2200 h. Blood samples were obtained through a chronic indwelling venous catheter. Plasma LH was estimated by RIA. The mean latency from the time of EB injection to the occurrence of the LH surge was not influenced by the time of day of injection but was clearly related to the dose of estrogen administered. The mean latency to the LH surge from the time of injection decreased with increasing doses of estrogen but the mean dose-dependent latency was comparable in the same dose groups regardless of the time of day of injection. However, at each dose of estrogen, the temporal distributions of the individual LH surg...
Femtosecond-pulse-driven electron-excited extreme-ultraviolet lasers in Be-like ions

A suggestion for the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) laser radiation based on tunneling ionization and subsequent electron excitation of Δn ≠ 0 transitions is described. The favorable scaling of the required intensity of the pump laser with the output XUV wavelength is compared with that exhibited by XUV lasers based on Δn = 0 transitions. Calculations for Be-like Ne predict significant gain at 14.1 nm.
Biclustering in gene expression data by tendency

The advent of DNA microarray technologies has revolutionized the experimental study of gene expression. Clustering is the most popular approach of analyzing gene expression data and has indeed proven to be successful in many applications. Our work focuses on discovering a subset of genes which exhibit similar expression patterns along a subset of conditions in the gene expression matrix. Specifically, we are looking for the order preserving clusters (OP-cluster), in each of which a subset of genes induce a similar linear ordering along a subset of conditions. The pioneering work of the OPSM model, which enforces the strict order shared by the genes in a cluster, is included in our model as a special case. Our model is more robust than OPSM because similarly expressed conditions are allowed to form order equivalent groups and no restriction is placed on the order within a group. Guided by our model, we design and implement a deterministic algorithm, namely OPC-tree, to discover OP-clusters. Experimental study on two real datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm in the application of tissue classification and cell cycle identification. In addition, a large percentage of OP-clusters exhibit significant enrichment of one or more function categories, which implies that OP-clusters indeed carry significant biological relevance.
Dynamic FE analysis of South Memnon Colossus including 3D soil–foundation–structure interaction

A full three-dimensional dynamic soil–foundation–structure interaction (SFSI) analysis of a famous landmark in Luxor, Egypt, the South Memnon Colossus, is performed to investigate the response of this historical monument to seismic excitation. The analysis is carried out using the finite element (FE) method in time domain. The statue comprising the upper structure is modeled using 3D brick finite elements constructed from a photogrammetric representation that captures important details of the surface and allows the identification of probable zones of stress concentration. The modeling also takes into account the presence of a surface of discontinuity between the upper part of the statue and its fractured base. FE models of the foundation and the surrounding soil deposit are constructed and coupled with the statue model to analyze the seismic response of the entire system incorporating dynamic SFSI effects. These studies are useful for future conservation efforts of this historical landmark, and more specifically for designing possible retrofit measures for the fractured base to prevent potential collapse of the monument from overturning during an earthquake. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zygen timing model generator

A description is given of the Zygen timing model generator tool, which provides engineers with a method for producing gate-level timing models more accurately and more quickly than by using hand calculations. The problem of assigning delays through multiple delay paths ranges from a trivial to a very complex task. The complexity arises when timing paths are reconvergent, overlapping, subdivided by nonoverlapping clocks, or when the model contains simulator-specific functions for which timings cannot be easily mapped. Zygen overcomes this complexity by employing the Zycad Magnum II hardware accelerator, Intel's reference simulator, in determining valid data paths throughout the model. In addition, it employs the power of the Simplex algorithm in solving the system of linear timing equations. A description of the algorithm and capabilities of Zygen is presented with two examples of how Zygen solved the timing problem. >
An active harmonic noise equalizer

The authors present an active harmonic noise equalizer (AHNE), which can either amplify or attenuate acoustic narrowband noise. The output of the AHNE system contains narrowband noise components the amplitudes of which can be linearly and arbitrarily controlled by adjusting the gain parameter of the equalizer, thus providing the desired noise shaping capability. Each single-frequency active noise equalizer (SFANE) consists of a sinusoidal reference input, a gain parameter, and two adaptive weights. A novel pseudo error minimum method is developed to use the least mean square algorithm effectively. The transfer function of the SFANE is presented and the behavior of the system is analyzed. Simulations were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm and the validity of the analysis. >
Middle pleistocene humans from africa

Patterns of human evolution in the Middle Pleistocene remain poorly understood. There is general consensus that by the onset of this time period, populations ofHomo erectus were dispersed from Africa into Eurasia, including the Far East. In the western part of this range (perhaps in Africa),Homo erectus then produced a daughter lineage exhibiting more advanced characters of the face, braincase and cranial base. How this new species should be defined is currently debated. In my view, fossils from sites such as Bodo and Broken Hill in Africa may be lumped with material from earlier Middle Pleistocene localities in Europe. Such a taxon is appropriately namedHomo heidelbergensis. Whether the hypodigm should be extended to include fossils from China is another question. In any case, this group of hominids is plausibly ancestral to both the specialized Neanderthals of Europe and more modern humans of the later Middle Pleistocene.
FOCUS: an experimental environment for fault sensitivity analysis

FOCUS, a simulation environment for conducting fault-sensitivity analysis of chip-level designs, is described. The environment can be used to evaluate alternative design tactics at an early design stage. A range of user specified faults is automatically injected at runtime, and their propagation to the chip I/O pins is measured through the gate and higher levels. A number of techniques for fault-sensitivity analysis are proposed and implemented in the FOCUS environment. These include transient impact assessment on latch, pin and functional errors, external pin error distribution due to in-chip transients, charge-level sensitivity analysis, and error propagation models to depict the dynamic behavior of latch errors. A case study of the impact of transient faults on microprocessor-based jet-engine controller is used to identify the critical fault propagation paths, the module most sensitive to fault propagation, and the module with the highest potential for causing external errors. >
The effect of circumferential aerodynamic detuning on coupled bending-torsion unstalled supersonic flutter

A mathematical model developed to predict the enhanced coupled bending-torsion unstalled supersonic flutter stability due to alternate circumferential spacing aerodynamic detuning of a turbomachine rotor. The translational and torsional unsteady aerodynamic coefficients are developed in terms of influence coefficients, with the coupled bending-torsion stability analysis developed by considering the coupled equations of this aerodynamic detuning on coupled bending-torsion unstalled supersonic flutter as well as the verification of the modeling are then demonstrated by considering an unstable 12 bladed rotor, with Verdon's uniformly spaced Cascade B flow geometry as a baseline. However, with the elastic axis and center of gravity at 60 percent of the chord, this type of aerodynamic detuning has a minimal effect on stability. For both uniform and nonuniform circumferentially space rotors, a single degree of freedom torsion mode analysis was shown to be appropriate for values of the bending-torsion natural frequency ratio lower than 0.6 and higher 1.2. When the elastic axis and center of gravity are not coincident, the effect of detuning on cascade stability was found to be very sensitive to the location of the center of gravity with respect to the elastic axis. In addition, it was determined that when the center of gravity was forward of an elastic axis located at midchord, a single degree of freedom torsion model did not accurately predict cascade stability.
Clinical significance of poor CD3 response in head and neck cancer.

Purpose: The objective of our investigation was to prospectively study what the implications of an unresponsive CD3 receptor are on clinical outcome in advanced-stage head and neck cancer patients. Experimental Design: Lymph node mononuclear cells were purified from cancer patients and stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 in vitro for 8 days. Two populations were identified, nonresponders (NRs) with [3H]thymidinecounts per min (cpm) <3500 and responders (Rs) with cpm ≥3500. NRs and Rs were prospectively followed for a minimum of 24 months, and clinical outcomes were compared. Postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, toxicities associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, survival, and disease-free status were measured. Results: Twenty-six patients were followed, of which 19 Rs {[3H]X = 37,819 ± 24,979 cpm (mean proliferative count ± SD)} and 7 NRs ([3H]X = 1,375 ± 1,102 cpm) were identified. There were no phenotypic differences in lymph node T-cell subpopulations (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD45RO) between groups. There was a 71% (5/7) incidence of recurrent cancer in NRs compared with 16% (3/19) in Rs; the median disease-free interval was significantly less in NRs ( P = 0.03). The risk ratio of Rs to develop a recurrent cancer was 0.237 (95% confidence interval, 0.057–0.994), much less than for NRs. Conclusions: Patients with an unresponsive CD3 receptor as measured by in vitro response to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies had a significantly higher incidence of recurrent cancer. Analyses using Cox proportion hazards models demonstrated that CD3 response was the single greatest predictor of reduced disease-free interval. This is the first prospective study to confirm the importance of regional lymph node mononuclear cell CD3 receptor function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients for tumor control.
RDMS: A hardware task scheduling algorithm for Reconfigurable Computing

Reconfigurable Computers (RC) can provide significant performance improvement for domain applications. However, wide acceptance of today's RCs among domain scientist is hindered by the complexity of design tools and the required hardware design experience. Recent developments in HW/SW co-design methodologies for these systems provide the ease of use, but they are not comparable in performance to manual co-design. This paper aims at improving the overall performance of hardware tasks assigned to FPGA devices by minimizing both the communication overhead and configuration overhead, which are introduced by using FPGA devices. The proposed Reduced Data Movement Scheduling (RDMS) algorithm takes data dependency among tasks, hardware task resource utilization, and inter-task communication into account during the scheduling process and adopts a dynamic programming approach to reduce the communication between μP and FPGA co-processor and the number of FPGA configurations to a minimum. Compared to two other approaches that consider data dependency and hardware resource utilization only, RDMS algorithm can reduce inter-configuration communication time by 11% and 44% respectively based on simulation using randomly generated data flow graphs. The implementation of RDMS on a real-life application, N-body simulation, verifies the efficiency of RDMS algorithm against other approaches.
Analysis of a printed wire loop antenna

The current distribution and radiation pattern of a printed thin-wire circular loop antenna are computed rigorously using an entire-domain moment method analysis. A computationally efficient algorithm using the FFT is implemented. The input impedance of the loop and the far-zone radiation pattern are computed as a function of the substrate dielectric constant and thickness and as a function of the loop circumference. The space-wave launching efficiency and z-directed power gain of the antenna are also computed as a function of the substrate thickness. >
Di‐cyclohexyl(2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐methylvinyl)phosphine

[384842-24-4] C27H35P (MW 390.54) InChI = 1S/C27H35P/c1-22(27(23-14-6-2-7-15-23)24-16-8-3-9-17-24)28(25-18-10-4-11-19-25)26-20-12-5-13-21-26/h2-3,6-9,14-17,25-26H,4-5,10-13,18-21H2,1H3 InChIKey = YMSBPYCREGBACF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Physical Data: mp 128–130 °C. Solubility: sol in most organic solvents, such as THF, toluene, dichloromethane; insoluble in water. Form Supplied in: white solid; commercially available as Cy-vBRIDP from Sigma-Aldrich Co. and Strem Chemicals, Inc. (as reagents) and from Takasago International Corporation (as a bulk chemical).1 Analysis of Reagent Purity: HPLC analysis. Preparative Methods: The reaction of methyl propionate and phenylmagnesium bromide gives 1, 1-diphenyl 2-bromopropene following bromination. The title compound can be prepared by phosphination of the corresponding Grignard reagent with dicyclohexylchlorophosphine in the presence of copper(I) salt (eq 1).2a (1) Purification: by recrystallization or column chromatography on silica gel. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Cy-vBRIDP is a solid substance and can be handled in air. For prolonged storage, it should be kept under an inert atmosphere.
Anticipatory affect: neural correlates and consequences for choice

‘Anticipatory affect’ refers to emotional states that people experience while anticipating significant outcomes. Historically, technical limitations have made it difficult to determine whether anticipatory affect influences subsequent choice. Recent advances in the spatio-temporal resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging, however, now allow researchers to visualize changes in neural activity seconds before choice occurs. We review evidence that activation in specific brain circuits changes during anticipation of monetary incentives, that this activation correlates with affective experience and that activity in these circuits may influence subsequent choice. Specifically, an activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis of cued response studies indicates that nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation increases during gain anticipation relative to loss anticipation, while anterior insula activation increases during both loss and gain anticipation. Additionally, anticipatory NAcc activation correlates with self-reported positive arousal, whereas anterior insula activation correlates with both self-reported negative and positive arousal. Finally, NAcc activation precedes the purchase of desirable products and choice of high-risk gambles, whereas anterior insula activation precedes the rejection of overpriced products and choice of low-risk gambles. Together, these findings support a neurally plausible framework for understanding how anticipatory affect can influence choice.
Ion channels in microglia (brain macrophages)

Microglia are immunocompetent cells in the brain that have many similarities with macrophages of peripheral tissues. In normal adult brain, microglial cells are in a resting state, but they become ...
New Generation of Catalyst Layers for PEMFCs Based on Carbon Aerogel Supported Pt Catalyst (CASPC)

The mass production of PEMFC power generators requires a price reduction and, thus, a decrease in the amount of noble metals present in the cathode and anode catalyst layers. Automotive, residential, military, and small scale applications require PEMFC stacks with a Pt-specific power density of at least 0.2 gPt/kW at cell voltages of about 0.65 V. However, existing PEMFC performance corresponds to approximately 0.85-1.1 g Pt/kW. Thus, at least a five-fold reduction of the amount of noble metal in the PEMFC catalyst layer is required for large scale manufacturing [1].
Biomarkers in stroke: when will they impact care?

Large, well-defined patient datasets, improved statistical techniques, and interest by the clinical and research communities have enabled the development of models to predict outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease. A number of biomarkers, including troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (
Chloroaluminate Equilibria in AlCl3 ‐ NaCl Melts

Equilibrium constants were calculated for reactions governing the species present at 175°C in molten mixtures of aluminum chloride and sodium chloride. The equilibria postulated pertain to formation of the complex ions , , and from , , and . The constants were derived from potentials exhibited by concentration cells of the type , , , and from vapor pressures over pure and molten mixtures. Measurements were made throughout the concentration range . The possibilities of using these concentration cells as high energy density batteries are considered.
Doing, teaching, learning

Every few years we think about what we teach our students before they go out into industry to find jobs and every few years we discover that there are gaps in their knowledge. This is not a problem unique to HCI, but we are talking here about our field and our professions. More often then not we hear back from our students saying that they found a wonderful job but there was so much for them to learn on the job, so many skills to acquire and so many concepts to understand. What is it we are teaching, what is it our students are learning and what is it they are doing when they go to jobs in HCI? From methods to tools to concepts where are the gaps between what industry wants and needs from our graduates and what academia teaches them? And most importantly what can or should we do about these gaps?
A basic fuchsin and alkalinized methylene blue rapid stain for epoxy-embedded tissue.

Sections 1 μ thick of epoxy-embedded, OsO4-fixed tissues were stained with 4% aqueous basic fuchsin at 70 C for 1 min, rinsed well and destained, also at 70 C, for 1 min. A 2% aqueous methylene blue solution, alkalinized to pH 12.5 by mixing 1 N NaOH with the dye on the slide in the proportion of about 2:1, was then allowed to act for 2 min at 23-27 C. The stain was rinsed off the slide, and the preparation air dried before applying a mounting medium and cover glass. The mounting medium consisted of immersion oil sealed with epoxy household cement. Stains had not faded after 1 yr. The method is simple, rapid (total time 4-5 min), and provides sharp contrast between cellular and connective tissue components.
Uncertainities and principles

The mysterious "Farm Hall transcripts" have been one of the most sought-after and controversial documents in the history of science. At the end of the Second World War, ten German scientists were imprisoned in England at an estate named Farm Hall, where their conversations were secretly recorded. These elaborate, and no-doubt very costly, measures were taken because the scientists have been involved in research on the economic and military applications of nuclear fission; in other words, they had worked on the "German atomic bomb". The transcripts of these recordings were finally released in February last year.