cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressive computation and Moore’s Law

The ongoing, dramatic increase in speed and accessibility in digital computing has been potentiated since the early 1970s by the increasing capacity of integrated circuits expressed as gates per unit chip area. The governing model, called Moore's Law, states that gate density doubles approximately every 18 months, and has held since the early 1970s. However, there exist physical limits on the size of integrated circuit features such as insulators. These limits are expected to be reached in conventional circuit technology in the next 15 to 20 years. At that time, (a) circuit density will no longer increase significantly, or (b) new technologies (if available) are envisioned to support further progress approximating the curve dictated by Moore's Law. Such technological innovations can be classified as: (1) fundamental advances in circuit technology that support further growth in gate density according to Moore’s Law, or (2) technologies that advance state-of-the-art in computing in either hardware or software to provide a constant offset to the graph of Moore’s Law. Examples of the former include quantum computing, and of the latter, more efficient chip layouts. In this paper, we show that another, recently-developed technology exists that can partially ameliorate the performance constraints imposed by physical limits on gate density, thereby providing a sustainable but constant offset of two to three orders of magnitude in Moore’s performance model. Called compressive processing, this technique involves computation using compressed data (e.g., signals or imagery) in compressed form, without decompression, primarily for image and signal processing (ISP) applications. Given a source image a and a compression transform T, a compressed image c = T(a) is subjected to an operation O' that is an analogue over range(T) of an operation on uncompressed imagery b = O(a), such that d = O’(c) = T(O (a)). By applying the inverse of T (denoted by T-1) to d, we obtain b. If T does not have an inverse, then an approximation T* to the inverse can be applied, such that the decompressed image is given by d = T*( O (T(a))) ≈ b, which is the customary case in lossy compression. Analysis emphasizes implementational concerns such as applicable compression transforms (T) and theory that relates compressive operations (O’) to corresponding image or signal processing operations (O). Discussion also includes error propagation in cascades of compressive operations. Performance results are given for various image processing operations.
Policy Impacts of Community Participation: Health Services in Rural Mexico

A decade after widespread incorporation of community participation in rural primary health programs, researchers continue to scrutinize its impact on policy development. This paper examines community participation in a nationwide health program in rural Mexico. Research was conducted between 1986 and 1988 in administrative offices in Mexico City, Puebla, and Oaxaca, as well as in villages. Results suggest that the effects of formal and informal community participation on policy development differ. Formal participation—such as required community health activities, membership on health committees, participation in volunteer groups—has considerable impact on local health program implementation, but only limited influence on policy development. Informal community participation—which includes day-to-day interactions between program supervisors and local authorities, and interactions between clinic doctors and villagers—also has an impact on local program implementation, and, in addition, affects policy develop...
Help features in digital libraries: types, formats, presentation styles, and problems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate Help features in digital libraries and identify problems related to their design.Design/methodology/approach – This study selects six digital libraries to represent a variety of digital libraries developed or sponsored by different types of organisations. The Help features of these selected digital libraries are examined by their types (explicit versus implicit), formats (texts, images, screenshots, multimedia materials, and interactive formats), and presentation styles (descriptive, guided, procedural, and exemplary).Findings – This study presents the types of Help features available in the selected digital libraries, and further characterises the formats and presentation styles of these Help features. In the process of analysis, the author also identifies six types of problems: lack of standards; tradeoff between using explicit Help and implicit help; tradeoff between using general Help versus specific Help; lack of interactive Help features; lack of dy...
Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol by Co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

Abstract The photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in aqueous solution was studied using Co-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles catalyst. The catalyst samples were synthesized by a sol–gel technique from TiCl 4 with different concentrations of Co(III) dopant and calcination temperatures. The typical composition of the prepared Co-doped TiO 2 was Ti 1− x Co x O 2 , where x values ranged from 0.004 to 0.14. Several analytical tools, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), were used to investigate the nanoparticles structure, size distribution, and composition. The catalytic activity of the prepared nanoparticles was measured in a batch photoreactor containing appropriate solutions of 2-CP with UV irradiation of 100 W. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for analyzing the concentration of 2-CP in solution at different time intervals during the photodegradation experiment. Parameters affecting the photocatalytic process such as catalyst crystallinity, light absorption efficiency, concentration of the catalyst and the dopant, solution pH, and 2-CP concentration have been investigated. Results obtained revealed that Co-doped TiO 2 showed high activity for UV-photocatalytic degradation of 2-CP. The surface area of the catalyst was measured to be 39.7 m 2 g −1 . The photodegradation process was optimized by using 10 mg/L Co-doped TiO 2 with Co doping concentration of 0.036, after 3 h irradiation. The efficiency values of the 2-CP photodegradation were 93.4% and 96.4% at solution pH of 9 and 12, respectively. The photodegradation follows a pseudo-first-order reaction and the observed rate constant values change with the 2-CP concentration. The optical absorption properties of the samples were also measured. The presence of Co ions in the TiO 2 structure caused a significant absorption shift towards the visible region. The photodegradation efficiency matched the maximum light absorption efficiency.
Risk and Protective Factors for Depression in Mexican-American Youth: The Impact of Generational Status, Family, and Parental Influences

Generational differences in risk and protective factors for depression among Mexican- American adolescents are identified. An analysis using the Add Health data indicates that family support reduces the risk of depression for youth in this population. Findings indicate that second- and third-generation youth are at highest risk of depression compared to less acculturated youth. Depression rates are highest among second-generation females. Family support aspects reduced the risk of depression for females but did not mediate this risk for second-generation youth. The article examines the implications for cultural understanding of family and parental influences on Mexican-American adolescent mental health.
Electrodynamics of moving media inducing positive and negative refraction

Negative refraction is a phenomenon that has been recently reported with left-handed media (either isotropic or not), photonic crystals, and rotated uniaxial media. In this Brief Report, we identify another origin of negative refraction, due to the motion of the transmitted medium parallel to the interface at which refraction occurs. Previous works in this domain have concentrated on media velocities that are above the Cerenkov limit, while we show here that negative refraction is in fact achievable at any velocities of the transmitted medium. A possible experimental implementation is proposed to verify this effect. Next, we consider an isotropic frequency-dispersive medium for which the index of refraction can take negative values, and we study the wave refraction phenomenon as a function of frequency and medium velocity. It is found that the motion of the medium induces a rotation of refraction, which can either enhance or attenuate the natural negative refraction of the medium.
tPA and warfarin Time to move forward

The appropriate use of IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for patients with acute ischemic stroke remains an area of active discussion among health care professionals. Since its approval in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in 1996, the medical community has continued to review and discuss the risks vs benefits of this important therapy. Two recent publications1,2 and accompanying editorials have refocused attention on the vexing issue of using IV tPA in patients taking warfarin. The Xian et al.1 study found a 1.1% absolute increase in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) with warfarin use (5.7% vs 4.6%), but this difference was no longer present once the analysis was adjusted for various risk factors. The Ruecker et al.2 study reported a 20% risk of ICH, but the difference was barely significant ( p = 0.044) once proper adjustments were made. It is important to consider that successful recanalization or reperfusion of the stroke is likely to have precipitated a hemorrhage in some of these cases.3 Therefore the reported measure (cerebral hemorrhage) might actually be consequent (in part) to the therapeutic intervention, and not solely related to therapy with warfarin.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic shuttling of TRADD induces apoptosis via different mechanisms

The adapter protein tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1–associated death domain (TRADD) plays an essential role in recruiting signaling molecules to the TNFRI receptor complex at the cell membrane. Here we show that TRADD contains a nuclear export and import sequence that allow shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In the absence of export, TRADD is found within nuclear structures that are associated with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies. In these structures, the TRADD death domain (TRADD-DD) can activate an apoptosis pathway that is mechanistically distinct from its action at the membrane-bound TNFR1 complex. Apoptosis by nuclear TRADD-DD is promyelocytic leukemia protein dependent, involves p53, and is inhibited by Bcl-xL but not by caspase inhibitors or dominant negative FADD (FADD-DN). Conversely, apoptosis induced by TRADD in the cytoplasm is resistant to Bcl-xL, but sensitive to caspase inhibitors and FADD-DN. These data indicate that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of TRADD leads to the activation of distinct apoptosis mechanisms that connect the death receptor apparatus to nuclear events.
Marginal effects of a bivariate binary choice model

This paper discusses the copula-based approach of a bivariate binary choice model. We derive the marginal effects of explanatory variables on an outcome of interest (both direct and indirect) in the model. We also show that the signs of the marginal effects are determined by the signs of the coefficient parameters. A real-data application is provided.
A clinical analysis of pseudopapilledema. I. Population, laterality, acuity, refractive error, ophthalmoscopic characteristics, and coincident disease.

• To clarify clinical features of pseudopapilledema, 142 cases (250 eyes) were analyzed regarding sex, age, race, bilaterality, acuity, refractive error, fundus characteristics, and coincident disease. Ninety-eight cases of identifiable hyaline bodies ([HB] group 1) were compared with 44 cases of pseudopapilledema without HB (group 2). The following results were notable: marked predominance of whites; one third in group 1 were unilateral, and 14% of all pseudopapilledema was unilateral; in only one eye did HB apparently account for diminished acuity; refractive error distribution paralleled that in the general population; anomalous vascular patterns occurred in 20% of group 1 and in 31% of group 2; pigment epithelial changes were found in 33% of group 1 and in 20% of group 2; and a statistically significant association was found with retinitis pigmentosa only. Analysis of field defects is the subject of a companion report.
Genetic links among fluid cycling, vein formation, regional deformation, and plutonism in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska

Gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the Juneau gold belt formed within a 160-km- long by 5- to 8-km-wide zone along the western margin of the Coast Mountains, Alaska. Vein systems are spatially associated with shear zones adjacent to terrane-bounding, mid-Cretaceous thrust faults. Analysis of vein orientations and sense of shear data define a stress configuration with greatest and least principal axes oriented subhorizontally with northeast-southwest trends and subverticaly, respectively. This local stress configuration is compatible with the far-field plate configuration during Eocene time. Isotopic ages of vein formation indicate that fluid cycling occurred between 56.5 and ≥52.8 Ma, and are consistent with a genetic link between veining and a change in plate motion in early Eocene time. Veining was also synchronous with the latter stages of rapid exhumation and voluminous plutonism immediately inboard of the gold belt. We propose a model in which interacting tectonic events facilitated fault-valve action and vein development along now-exhumed shear zones.
Dependence of the Dissipation Range Spectrum of Interplanetary Magnetic Fluctuationson the Rate of Energy Cascade

We investigate the nature of turbulent magnetic dissipation in the solar wind. We employ a database describing the spectra of over 800 intervals of interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind measurements recorded by the ACE spacecraft at 1 AU. We focus on the spectral properties of the dissipation range that forms at spacecraft frequencies ≥0.3 Hz and show that while the inertial range at lower frequencies displays a tightly constrained range of spectral indexes, the dissipation range exhibits a broad range of power-law indexes. We show that the explanation for this variation lies with the dependence of the dissipation range spectrum on the rate of energy cascade through the inertial range such that steeper spectral forms result from greater cascade rates.
Nanocomposite resist for low-voltage electron beam lithography (LVEBL)

A novel chemically amplified resist (CAR) was synthesized incorporating a photoacid generating (PAG) moiety, etch resistant nanoparticle, and various acrylated monomers. The addition of acrylated monomers was found to promote good film formation and to improve film adhesion. Directly tethering the nanoparticle into the polymer increases the etch performance of the resist and helps avoid any potential issues with phase separation of components in the resist film. The PAG in these materials is also directly incorporated into the resist backbone. It has been shown that these materials display enhanced sensitivity and contrast using LVEBL. This paper will discuss the material characteristics and lithographic performance of these materials using 2 keV, 10 KeV, and 20 KeV electron beam (EB) exposure. For example, these materials have demonstrated an extremely high sensitivity of only 0.6 μC/cm 2 at 2 KeV. Contrast and sensitivity data along with preliminary imaging results will be presented for these materials. Initial imaging results at 20 keV are promising. Achieving similar resolution at low keV also appears to be possible with this material. The trade-off between sensitivity and resolution will also be presented for different electron beam accelerating potentials. Etch resistance and selectivity of this material will also be studied and compared to PHOST and novolac based resists. It will be demonstrated that such materials show great promise for advanced resist applications in a variety of next generation lithography (NGL) applications including electron beam lithography.
Coincidence-Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Coincidence Mossbauer spectroscopy (CMS) is a technique which merges the methods of the Mossbauer effect and γ-γ angular correlation. The ultimate goal is to obtain solid-state information which would otherwise be unavailable. The usual procedure is to observe two γ-rays in delayed coincidence. The first γ-ray signals the formation of the Mossbauer state, the second γ-ray signals its decay. The Mossbauer absorption spectrum using a particular delay time T is, in the simplest cases, characteristic of T. This is called “time filtering.” Experimental and computational techniques used in CMS are presented. Experimental data are shown that can be explained in terms of time filtering. Additional data indicate the improved resolution and increased percentage effect obtained using CMS. Numerical results are given so that one can estimate the necessary T needed to obtain a particular linewidth. Difficulties associated with interpreting multiline spectra are pointed out. A brief discussion of possible uses of CMS is also given.
Equation of State of the Energy Landscape of SPC/E Water

The contributions to the thermodynamics of liquid SPC/E water from its inherent structures have been determined over a broad range of temperature and density (220−500 K, 0.8−1.25 g/cm3). Molecular dynamics simulations of shifted-force SPC/E water give a retracing locus of density maxima in the equilibrium liquid with a retracing point at ca. 275 K and −200 bar, showing that over a large range of temperature and pressure the inherent structures correspond to a liquid with negative thermal expansion. Both the pressure and potential energy in the inherent structures show a strong dependence on the temperature of the liquid from which the mechanically stable packings are generated. The potential energy of the inherent structures also shows a striking behavior at low temperatures, attaining lower energies than the ground states of pure crystalline forms. This contrasts with simple molecular liquids having no orientation-dependent interactions and suggests novel microscopic interpretations for a number of water...
Uncertainties in estimates of surface heat fluxes derived from marine reports over the tropical and subtropical oceans

Estimates are made of the uncertainties in calculations of the heat fluxes at the surface of the tropical and subtropical oceans based upon the bulk formulae and archived marine weather reports. Major contributions are identified not only in the basic observations of such variables as temperature and wind but also in uncertainties in parameters in the bulk formulae themselves. All identified factors are defined as either random or systematic. The potential effects of archiving and sampling errors are also explored. The total uncertainties for individual observations of the net solar and infrared irradiances and the latent and sensible heat fluxes are about 80, 10, 83 and 12 W m -2 , respectively. Because uncertainties associated with random errors decrease when many observations are averaged, the uncertainties in the fluxes decrease substantially when fifty or more observations are averaged together. However, since all of the surface fluxes have some systematic uncertainties associated with them, sizeable uncertainties remain, especially in the latent heat flux, even if an unlimited number of observations is available for calculating the means. Representative maps of uncertainties in 20-year monthly means of the component fluxes over the tropical Pacific show large uncertainties in the equatorial and southeastern oceans. Elsewhere, the net solar and infrared irradiance and sensible heat flux have uncertainties of 10 W m -2 or less. Unfortunately, the uncertainties in the latent heat flux exceed 30 W m -2 everywhere, because of the large systematic component. Total uncertainties in the net heating of the ocean surface are relatively large over the entire tropical Pacific with the smallest relative values in the eastern tropical region. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00388.x
Norepinephrine and DOPA decar☐ylase in rat brain following hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Lateral hypothalamic lesions transecting the fibers of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat decrease by 52% the norepinephrine content of the telencephalon but have no effect on brainstem levels of the amine. Lateral hypothalamic lesions also produce a 36% decrease in the telencephalic level of aromatic l -amino acid decar☐ylase measured in vitro as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decar☐ylase. Medial hypothalamic lesions, in contrast, do not alter either brain norepinephrine levels or telencephalic DOPA decar☐ylase activity. These findings indicate that the maintenance of normal levels of norepinephrine and DOPA decar☐ylase activity in the rat telencephalon is dependent upon the integrity of the medial forebrain bundle within the lateral hypothalamus.
Laminin-1 activates Cdc42 in the mechanism of laminin-1-mediated neurite outgrowth.

Here, we investigated the role of the small Rho GTPases Rac, Cdc42, and Rho in the mechanism of laminin-1-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were transfected with plasmids expressing wild-type and dominant-negative mutants of Rac (RacN17), Cdc42 (Cdc42N17), or Rho (RhoN19). Over 90% of the dominant-negative Rho- and Rac-transfected cells extended neurites when plated on laminin-1; however, none of the PC12 cells transfected with the dominant-negative Cdc42 mutant extended neurites. In cells cotransfected with plasmids expressing c-Jun N-terminal kinase and wild-type Cdc42, laminin-1 treatment stimulated detectable levels of c-Jun phosphorylation. Further, cotransfection with c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the dominant-negative Cdc42 mutant blocked laminin-1-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation. Transfection with either wild-type Rac or the dominant-negative Rac did not effect c-Jun phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that Cdc42 is activated by laminin-1 and that Cdc42 activation is required in the mechanism of laminin-1-mediated neurite outgrowth.
Effects of endurance exercise on ventral tegmental area neurons in the chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid-treated mice.

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (A9 cells) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) (A10 cells) has been reported in Parkinson's disease with reference to causing motor and non-motor deficits, although clinical and laboratory animal studies on the degeneration of VTA neurons are less emphasized comparative to the degeneration of substantia nigra neurons. In the present study, we examined the VTA dopaminergic neurons in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid at a level showing moderate neurodegeneration and studied the impact of endurance exercise on VTA neurons in this model. In comparison to the normal control animals, the chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease with moderate neurodegeneration demonstrated a significant reduction of VTA neurons (52% loss), when these animals were kept sedentary throughout the study. Morphologically, the VTA dopaminergic neurons in this model displayed a decrease in cell volume and showed irregular or disparaging axonal and dendritic projections. When the chronic Parkinsonian mice were exercised on a motorized rodent treadmill up to 15 m/min, 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 10 and 18 weeks, the total number of VTA dopaminergic neurons were significantly higher than the sedentary Parkinsonian animals. Especially noted with the 18-week exercised Parkinsonian mice, the number of VTA neurons returned to normal range and the cells were densely populated and displayed distinctive axons and dendritic arborization. These results demonstrate that prolonged exercise training is neuroprotective to the dopaminergic neurons in the VTA of the chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease with moderate neurodegeneration.
ICCAD-2014 CAD contest in design for manufacturability flow for advanced semiconductor nodes and benchmark suite

We introduce the fill optimization problem and benchmarks. We provide two new hotspot definitions, slot line deviation and outliers, both of which pertain to yield. We provide the inputs, expected output, as well as objectives and constraints of the problem.
Abstract 268: Regulation of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by UV exposure in human melanocytes

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes catalyzes the glucuronidation of a variety of endogenous compounds such as bilirubin and steroid hormones, as well as xenobiotics including chemotherapeutic agents and environmental carcinogens. Glucuronidation of these substrates inactivates them by making them more hydrophilic and easily excreted. UGTs are expressed primarily in the liver, but are also expressed in several extra-hepatic tissues including prostate, breast, colon, lung, brain, kidney, bladder and ovary. We have demonstrated that three UGT family members (UGT2B7, UGT2B10 and UGT2B15) are normally expressed in human melanocytes isolated form neonatal foreskin. Further, we screened several primary and metastatic melanoma cells lines for UGT expression. Interestingly, of all the melanoma cell lines screened only WM115, a primary melanoma, had UGT expression. Again, only UGT2B7, UGT2B10 and UGT2B15 were detected. UGT expression was not detected in another primary melanoma cell line, WM3211, or in any of the four metastatic melanoma cell line assayed suggesting that loss of UGT expression occurs during melanoma progression. To elucidate if ultraviolet (UV) light could be the underlying cause to the disappearance of UGTs in melanoma progression, human melanocytes were subjected to UV-B radiation at low and high (sunburn) doses. Melanocytes were collected at 1, 5 and 24 Hrs post UV-B treatment and UGT expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of UGT2B7, UGT2B10 and UGT2B15 all was significantly reduced in response to both low and high dose UV-B. In general, loss of UGT expression was observed even at 1 hour after exposure, reached maximal low levels at 5 hours and started to return to normal levels at 24 hours post exposure. We hypothesize that reduction of UGT expression in melanocytes following a sunburn would increase an individuals risk for melanoma since the UGTs detoxify environmental carcinogens. This hypothesis is consistent with a causative role for UV in melanoma in which ‘classical’ UV-induced DNA damage is not observed; a problem that has long puzzled investigators. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 268. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-268
Audio signal compression using circular wavelet packets

We have successfully compressed audio signals using wavelet packets based on a recently developed fast wavelet transform (FWT) scheme using circular convolution with an adaptive hybrid filter/basis system. This algorithm gives perfect reconstruction of the data; edge effects are removed entirely. As a result, the quality of audio signal compression is much improved. To illustrate this, we present results from our comparison study where we compressed a test signal using these `circular wavelet packets' and wavelet packets based on the standard FWT.
INDUCTION OF SISTER‐CHROMATID EXCHANGES IN ICR 2A FROG CELLS EXPOSED TO 254 NM AND SOLAR UV WAVELENGTHS

— Exposure of ICR 2A frog cells to 254 nm UV induced the formation of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in a fluence-dependent manner. Cells were also exposed to the UV produced by a fluorescent sunlamp that was filtered through 8C Mylar in order to simulate the mid-UV(290–320 nm) portion of sunlight reaching the earth's surface. In this instance, SCEs were induced in a linear fashion at low fluences but reached a plateau at a low level of induced SCEs. In addition, pretreatment of cells with the solar UV followed by exposure to 254 nm UV resulted in a significantly lower level of SCEs than in cells exposed to 254 nm UV alone.
Surface localized states and the Fermi contour of Pd(001).

Angle-resolved photoemission measurements of the surface localized electronic states of the clean Pd(001) surface are presented. Several surface localized levels were observed, in qualitative agreement with an existing surface band-structure calculation. In particular, a state was observed which crosses the Fermi level (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$) near the X\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} point of the surface Brillouin zone. The segment of the Fermi contour derived from this crossing lies largely within a gap in the projected bulk Fermi surface and is parallel to the Brillouin-zone edge. The nesting properties of this segment of the Fermi contour suggest the possibility of a fairly strong electronic coupling to phonon excitations.
An alternating direction implicit method for solving the shallow water equations

Abstract An alternating direction implicit difference scheme is applied to the shallow water equations on a β-plane. Unconditional stability of the scheme is proved for the linearized equations. For each time step a number of nonlinear systems of algebraic equations must be solved. Different iteration methods for doing this are discussed, and a quasi-Newton's method is developed, which can be used for arbitrarily large time steps. The scheme is tested numerically, and the different iteration methods are compared.
Patient–physician interaction and quality of life in recently diagnosed breast cancer patients

Few studies have explored how patient-physician interactions influence patients' quality of life (QOL). In a prospective cohort study of 1,855 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Care Program from 2006 to 2011, we examined associations between patient-physician interactions during cancer treatment and QOL, overall and by racial/ethnic group. Participants completed the interpersonal processes of care (IPC) survey at approximately 8 months post-diagnosis to assess specific domains of the patient-physician interaction during the months after cancer diagnosis. Domains included: compassion, elicited concerns, explained results, decided together, lack of clarity, discrimination due to race/ethnicity, and disrespectful office staff. The functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast cancer was completed concurrently to measure QOL. Linear regression models examined the association of IPC with QOL, first adjusting for patient covariates including age, race, clinical factors, and psychosocial measures and then for physician characteristics such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and specialty. For all participants (n = 1,855), IPC scores suggesting greater lack of clarity, discrimination due to race/ethnicity, and disrespectful office staff in patient-physician interactions were associated with lower QOL (P< 0.01). IPC scores suggesting physicians demonstrating compassion, eliciting concerns, or explaining results were associated with higher QOL (P< 0.01). Among Whites (n = 1,306), only the associations with higher QOL remained. African Americans (n = 110) who reported higher scores on physician compassion and elicited concerns had higher QOL, whereas higher scores for disrespectful office staff had lower QOL. No associations were observed among Asians (n = 201) and Hispanics (n = 186). After further adjustment for physician factors, the associations among Whites remained, whereas those among African Americans disappeared. In the breast cancer treatment setting, characteristics of the patient-physician interaction as perceived by the patient are associated with QOL, yet were not specific to patient race/ethnicity.
Theodore Roosevelt's “the man with the muck‐rake”: A reinterpretation

An acknowledged landmark of American public address, Theodore Roosevelt's “The Man with the Muck‐Rake” has long resisted adequate interpretation, largely because historians and rhetoricians have not resolved the apparent anomaly between Roosevelt's “conservative” remarks on journalism and his “progressive” proposals for economic reform. Examining Roosevelt's rhetorical intentions resolves the anomaly, reveals the thematic unity of the address and explains its meaning as rhetorical action.
“Dear Birth Mother”: Addressivity and Meaning-Making in Online Adoption-Seeking Letters

The current study, a qualitative investigation of online letters to domestic birth mothers from adoption-seeking parents, was framed in Relational Dialectics Theory and identified four discursive struggles that animate the meanings of domestic adoption, adoptive parenting, the identity of the birth mother, and the anticipated nature of the adoption triad among the birth mother, the child, and the adoptive parents: adoption as gain versus adoption as loss; adoption as desirable parenting versus parenting as last resort; the birth mother as a good parent versus bad parent; and birth mother autonomy versus interdependence in the adoption triad. The first three discursive struggles were constructed through the discursive practice of the hidden polemic, privileging positively valenced discourses over competing negative discourses. The last discursive struggle was constructed through a more direct interplay and privileged birth mother autonomy.
Recurrent Infection Due to Legionella pneumophila in a Patient with AIDS

We report a patient with AIDS who presented with community-acquired cavitary Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. The patient recovered after an extended course of treatment with macrolide antibiotics. He returned to the hospital 4 months later with a febrile illness. Chest radiograms appeared normal. Cultures of blood yielded L. pneumophila. The isolate from blood was indistinguishable from the isolate from sputum taken during the first infection, as shown by restriction-endonuclease analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These data suggest that the second infection represented reactivation of a persistent focus of infection that was not apparent when the patient had pneumonia.
Response to acute food deprivation in OLETF rats lacking CCK-A receptors

Abstract Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats lacking cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptors are hyperphagic and obese, and exhibit deficits in meal size control and in neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). The present study was intended to determine whether these deficits would affect OLETF rat's response to an acute 24-h period of food deprivation. OLETF rats lost more body weight in response to deprivation but recovered their weight more quickly during refeeding than did lean Long–Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. Food deprivation decreased plasma glucose and leptin levels to a similar degree in both strains. Both groups increased intake during refeeding but the magnitude of increase was significantly greater in OLETF rats. Deprivation resulted in a significant elevation in arcuate NPY gene expression (∼47%) in LETO rats but only produced a small nonsignificant increase in the already decreased level of expression in OLETF rats (∼24%, P>.05). DMH NPY gene expression was not changed by deprivation in either OLETF or LETO rats. Although paraventricular corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) expression was decreased by deprivation in LETO rats, CRF expression was not affected in OLETF rats. Together, these data suggested that OLETF rats lacking CCK-A receptors are not only capable of increasing their food intake in response to food deprivation, but also exhibit differential sensitivity to the effects of deprivation during both the food deprivation and refeeding periods.
Effects of amygdaloid lesions upon FR performance in rats

Large amygdaloid lesions in nondeprived rats produced a decrease of responding at medium fixed-ratio values (FR4, FR8). At both low (FR1, FR2) and high fixed-ratio values (FR32) performance of controls and amygdaloid animals was similar. Food deprivation equally enhanced responding of both groups. The results provide additional evidence for an amygdaloid role in the regulation of incentive-reward mechanisms.
Thermal Emission Spectrometer hyperspectral analyses of proposed paleolake basins on Mars: No evidence for in‐place carbonates

[1] Several studies have described photogeologic evidence for paleolacustrine basins on Mars, mostly within impact craters. If these basins contained persistent standing water in the past, they could still contain deposits of evaporite minerals (e.g., carbonates, sulfates). Many such deposits, if exposed at the surface to a sufficient extent, would be detectable in thermal infrared spectra taken from orbit. Using data from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), we have conducted a hyperspectral investigation of 43 putative paleolake basins to search for the spectral signatures of evaporite minerals exposed at a scale comparable to the spatial resolution of a single TES pixel (∼3 × 5 km). Seven basins displaying sufficient surface-related spectral variation were identified using a principal component analysis on the TES spectral image cube covering the basin and its surroundings and spectral regions of interest (ROIs) were defined. Averaged spectra from ROIs were evaluated using previously developed dust cover index. Those spectra determined to be “dust-free” were analyzed for composition using linear spectral deconvolution. The same spectra were also analyzed using a spectral ratio and a set of carbonate indices developed in the present work. Most TES spectra in this study were well-modeled using only previously defined TES spectral end-members. In addition, the spectral ratios and the carbonate index analyses of these basins indicated that carbonates are not present in abundances greater than the detection limits of these methods. Therefore this study did not find any spectral evidence for evaporite deposits in the basins studied.
Drinking patterns among individuals with and without DSM-IV alcohol use disorders.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare alcohol consumption patterns among individuals with and without alcohol use disorders, using a representative sample of the general population that would not exaggerate differences as a result of selection biases associated with treatment for alcohol problems. Method: Based on data from 18,352 past-year drinkers selected from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households, 11 measures of past-year alcohol consumption were compared for three diagnostic groups: (1) individuals who did not meet the criteria for either alcohol abuse or dependence, i.e., those without a DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD); (2) those classified with abuse only; and (3) those classified with alcohol dependence, with or without abuse. Results: For all measures reflecting frequency and quantity of drinking, frequency of heavy drinking and intoxication, and frequency of atypical temporal drinking patterns, the values for abusers lay midway between those for individuals withou...
I Want to Hold Your Hand: Abstinence Curricula, Bioethics, and the Silencing of Desire

The abstinence approach to sex education remains influential despite its demonstrated ineffectiveness. One bill forbids the “promotion” of “gateway sexual activity,” while requiring outright condemnation of “non-abstinence,” defined so loosely as to plausibly include handholding. Bioethics seldom (if ever) contributes to sex-ed debates, yet exploring the pivotal role of medical discourse reveals the need for bioethical intervention. Sex-ed debates revolve around a theory of human flourishing based on heteronormative temporality, a developmental teleology ensuring the transmission of various supposed social goods through heterosexual marriage (Halberstam, 2005). Heteronormative temporality also constitutes a moralized discourse in which the values of health and presumed certainties of medicine serve to justify conservative religious dictates that otherwise would appear controversial as the basis for public policy. Overall, this analysis explores how moralized medical discourses compound existing injustices, while suggesting bioethics’ potential contributions to moral and political analysis of sex-ed policies.
Stimulation of respiratory changes in alae nasi length by chemoreceptor activation

Abstract Respiratory-related changes in length of the nasal dilator muscle, the elae nasi muscle, were measured using sonomicrometry in ten anesthetized (pentobarbital), tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Piezoelectric crystals were inserted 7–25 mm apart along the direction of the alae nasi muscle fibers, and the effects of progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia and a peripheral and central chemoreceptor stimulant, nicotine (10–500 μg given intravenously), were ascertained. The alae nasi shortened during inspiration in all animals, started to lengthen again towards the end of inspiration, returned to resting length during the first portion of expiration (Te-1), and remained at resting length for the remainder of expiration (Te-2). The amount of alae nasi inspiratory shortening was increased by occluding the airway for a single breath. Progressive hypercapnia caused progressive increases in the amount and velocity of nasal muscle inspiratory shortening during both unoccluded and occluded breaths; similar stimulatory effects on inspiratory shortening were seen following nicotine administration. Furthermore, both chemoreceptor stimulants caused a delay in the return of the muscle to its resting length during expiration, resulting in a significant increase in Te-1 relative to Te (Te-1/Te), and a greater of nasl muscle shortening to be present during Te-1. In some animals these agents also caused tonic shortening of the alae nasi, so that the muscle nerver returned to its resting length. These results suggest that inspiratory shortening of the alae nasi is inhibited by vagal inputs, but that chemoreceptor activation increases the amount of muscle shortening during both inspiration and early expiration.
Autonomy and Decency in 21st-Century Liberal Education

Colleges responding to Gutmann and Thompson’s (1996) plea for the cultivation of moral character and intellectual skills at the same time must, I believe, rethink their present understanding of the aim of much moral education, turning from the sole development of autonomy as that aim to the development of a sense of decency based on a new construction of autonomy. How autonomy and decency are to be construed in this reconceptualization of focus will be the remit of this presentation. How decency, using this newly conceived autonomy, might be learned will also be sketched. To begin, we should attempt to justify the need for this rethinking of liberal education in the 21st century.
Entrainment of the larval release rhythm of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Brachyura: Xanthidae) by cycles in hydrostatic pressure

This study investigated the entrainment of a larval release rhythm by determining whether a tidal cycle in hydrostatic pressure could entrain the circatidal rhythm in larval release by the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould). Ovigerous females were collected from a non-tidal estuary. The time of larval release by individual crabs was monitored under constant conditions with a time-lapse video system. Crabs with mature embryos at the time of collection had a pronounced circadian rhythm in larval release with a free running period of 25.1 h. Crabs with immature embryos that were maintained under constant conditions from the time of collection until larval release retained a weak circadian rhythm. Other crabs with immature embryos were exposed to a tidal cycle in step changes in hydrostatic pressure equivalent to 1 m of water. This cycle entrained a circatidal rhythm in larval release. The free-running period was 12.1 h and larvae were released at the time of the transition from low to high pressure. Although past studies demonstrated that a tidal cycle in hydrostatic pressure could entrain activity rhythms in crustaceans, this is the first study to show that pressure can entrain a larval release rhythm.
An indicator of zinc morphology transition in flowing alkaline electrolyte

Changes in electrodeposited zinc morphology were experimentally investigated in a flowing alkaline electrolyte. Deposition of zinc on flat sheets as well as on new mesh-type reduced-area current collectors was studied. Zincate concentration in the electrolyte, flow velocity, and current density was varied over a wide range. The results show that the ratio between the effective current density and the limiting current density (current density ratio) which is directly related to the zincate concentration at the electrode surface determines the zinc morphology. Zinc morphology is mossy and porous when the current density ratio is below 0.4, whereas it is a mixture of mossy and crystalline structures when it is between 0.4 and 0.9. Only when the current density ratio is above 0.9, does zinc deposition become just crystalline and compact. This finding holds for both flat sheet and mesh-type reduced-area current collectors.
Tri- and Tetraprotonated Ethane (C2H93+ and C2H104+) Containing Five- and Six-Coordinate Carbons

Triprotonated ethane (C2H93+) 4 and tetraprotonated ethane (C2H104+) 6 were found by ab initio MP2/cc-pVTZ calculations as viable energy minima. Their structure has three and four two-electron three-center (2e-3c) bonds, respectively. In contrast, calculations showed no minimum-energy structure on the potential energy surface of pentaprotonated ethane (C2H115+). Charge−charge repulsion may approach its limit in this case. Sufficient stabilization of polycations by Schmidbaur-type auration with (C6H5)3PAu, an isolobal analogue of H+, should be possible for the preparation of the polyaurate derivatives of poly protonated ethane allowing their structural study.
Comparative perspectives in behavior study

Abstract Studies of behavior require preselection of criteria and rejections of irrelevant or trivial elements. Judgments based on comparative perspectives must enter heavily into this preselection process. Formal requirements for doing these important preliminary steps or at least making them explicit after the fact may one day become necessary. At present they would be undesirable. Recent demands for more restrictive definitions of comparative psychology and reactions to such demands speak to the state of the art and to the need for continuing the search for descriptive categories and behavioral principles from a broadly comparative point of view.
Autoimmune-Hemolytic Anemia Associated With Montelukast and Zafirlukast Therapy in a Patient With Hepatitis C

Objective: To report a case of autoimmune-hemolytic anemia (AIHA) associated with montelukast and, subsequently, zafirlukast in a patient with hepatitis C.Case Summary: A 57-year-old white man with known hepatitis C presented with jaundice, bilateral lower-extremity edema, fatigue, and exertion for 3 weeks. He started using montelukast a week prior to experiencing these symptoms. After consultation with his primary care provider, montelukast was replaced with zafirlukast, which improved edema but other symptoms persisted. The patient was admitted to the hospital with symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory tests suggestive of AIHA. Leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy was discontinued and the patient received treatment with red blood cell transfusions and corticosteroids. The patient’s hemoglobin stabilized within 9 days.Discussion: AIHA may occur idiopathically or secondarily in association with drug or chemical exposures, lymphoproliferative disorders, collagen vascular diseases, or malignancies....