cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin K_1 in serum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Objective To establish a method for analysis of 25-hydroxylvitamin D_2(25(OH)D_2), 25-hydroxylvitamin D_3(25(OH)D_3)and vitamin K_1 in serum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS), which can be applied in diagnosis of vitamin deficiency and estimation on the nutritional status of people. Methods Serum samples mixed with d_6-25(OH)D_3, d_7-vitamin K_1(internal standard)were precipitated with acetonitrile and extracted with n-hexane. The sample solution was separated using BEH C_(18) column(2. 1 mm×100 mm, 1. 7 μm) with gradient elution using methanol-water containing 0. 1% formic acid as mobile phase. The target molecule was detected in positive electrospray ionization(ESI~+) and multiple reaction monitoring. Results The concentration of 25(OH)D_2, 25(OH)D_3 and vitamin K_1 showed good linearity in the range 5. 0-75. 0 ng/mL, 2. 0-81. 5 ng/mL and 0. 3-12. 0 ng/mL, respectively, with the correlation coefficients greater than 0. 995. The limits of detection(LOD) of 25(OH)D_2, 25(OH)D_3 and vitamin K_1 were 1, 0. 25 and 0. 1 ng/mL, and the limits of quantification(LOQ) for 25(OH)D_2, 25(OH)D_3 and vitamin K_1were 3, 0. 75 and 0. 3 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of three levels in the matrix were 98. 5%-104. 3%, the relative standard deviation(RSD) were all less than 5. 0%(n=6). Conclusion An UPLC-MS/MS method for analysis of 25(OH)D_2, 25(OH)D_3 and vitamin K_1 in serum is sensitive, rapid, accurate and suitable for the nutritional surveillance of vitamin D and K_1 in the population.
Design and power loss evaluation of a noncircular gear pair for an infinitely variable transmission

Abstract A novel noncircular gear design method is proposed in this work based on a modified high-order elliptical pitch curve for an infinitely variable transmission (IVT), and power loss evaluation of a noncircular gear pair is investigated. Modified high-order elliptical pitch curves of noncircular gears are developed by using kinematic equations of the IVT to eliminate cusps between every two neighboring lobes of pitch curves, and improve smoothness of pitch curves and manufacturability of the noncircular gear pair. A power loss evaluation method is developed for the noncircular gear pair by calculating sliding friction power loss of meshing tooth surfaces. The time-varying friction force of every contact position on meshing tooth surfaces of the noncircular gear pair is calculated by using their variable coefficients of friction and sliding velocities. The instantaneous sliding friction power loss of the noncircular gear pair is calculated based on time-varying friction forces and sliding velocities along contact paths of tooth profiles of the noncircular gear pair.
Transition-Age Youth: Who Are They? What Are Their Unique Developmental Needs? How Can Mental Health Practitioners Support Them?

This chapter reviews the knowledge, skills, and attitudes mental health practitioners need to engage and retain transition-age youth (TAY) in mental health treatment across the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. The evolving terminology used to refer to this cohort is discussed. The demographic characteristics of TAY in the USA, the epidemiology of mental illness, and barriers to help-seeking are summarized. The normal developmental tasks of TAY are highlighted, along with what they need to foster psychosocial maturation. Implications for practice are discussed including the relevance of the system of care concept. Providers knowledgeable about disability laws, health insurance, post-high school options and supports, essential domains of adolescent/young adult functioning, and health care transition are better prepared to guide and support TAY with mental health conditions in reaching their goals. A life course and resilience-focused perspective is maintained throughout the chapter, underscoring that TAY may benefit from scaffolds and supports which extend across the transition to new environmental contexts.
The Evolution of Library West

Since its early beginnings as a graduate research space within the University of Florida’s George A. Smathers Libraries system, Library West has continually sought to update its spaces and technology in tandem with the changing scholarly needs of its faculty and students.
Application of Immersive Virtual Reality to Pragmatics Data Collection Methods: Insights from Interviews

This exploratory study investigated the usability of immersive virtual reality (VR) as a way of creating a role-play task to examine pragmatic competence, specifically the ability to produce the speech act of request. The study created a closed role-play task in two versions. One was a standard computer-based version in which participants read a written scenario displayed on the screen and produced the target speech act for the computer. The other one was a VR version in which participants put on a VR headset and produced the target speech act for the interlocutor in the virtual space. Five native and five non-native speakers of English completed both versions and participated in a follow-up interview. The purpose of the interview was to examine similarities and differences in participants' perceptions of the two role-play tasks in four areas: (1) thought processes (what they were thinking during the task), (2) recall (what they remembered about the task), (3) difficulty (what made the task difficult), and (4) enjoyment (whether the task was fun). Results revealed that the participants attended to various audio-visual cues in the VR scene and used them to guide their actions. The VR version also evoked greater emotional reactions from the participants.
Benchmarking the World: A Proposal for Regulatory Oversight of Index Providers

Wall Street has recently seen a shift from active management, which involves investors or portfolio managers buying and selling stocks, towards passive management, where investors invest in funds that seek to match the returns of an underlying index. As the popularity of index funds has grown, questions have arisen regarding the role of the index providers that produce the underlying indices. Unlike the funds themselves, these providers are largely unregulated, and have considerable discretion to determine the makeup of indices. This wide discretion allows index providers to exercise control over the global investment community since they have the ability to control investors’ exposure to different countries’ markets. The role of index providers also raises concerns about investor transparency and market manipulation in the wake of the 2012 LIBOR manipulation scandal. Recently, efforts have been made to create regulatory frameworks within Europe and on an international scale. This Note argues that the US investment industry should require index providers to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission and to solicit comments from the public through notice-and-comment periods when the providers add new rules or modify existing rules.
Impact of Smoking Cessation on Subsequent Pain Intensity Among Chronically Ill Veterans Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial

Abstract Context Prior cross-sectional studies have reported greater pain intensity among persistent smokers compared with nonsmokers or former smokers; yet, few prospective studies have examined how smoking abstinence affects pain intensity. Objectives To determine the impact of smoking cessation on subsequent pain intensity in smokers with chronic illness enrolled in a smoking cessation trial. Methods We recruited veteran smokers with chronic illness (heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, or hypertension) for a randomized controlled smoking cessation trial and prospectively examined pain intensity and smoking status. Participants (n = 380) were asked to rate their pain in the past week from 0 to 10 at baseline and the five-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was self-reported pain intensity at the five-month follow-up survey. Self-reported smoking status was categorized as an abstainer if patients reported no cigarettes in the seven days before the follow-up survey. Results In unadjusted analyses, abstainers reported significantly lower pain levels at the five-month follow-up compared with patients who continued to smoke (parameter estimate = −1.07; 95% CI = −1.77, −0.36). In multivariable modeling, abstaining from cigarettes was not associated with subsequent pain intensity at five-month follow-up (parameter estimate = −0.27; 95% CI = −0.79, 0.25). Conclusion Participants who were classified as abstainers did not report significantly different levels of pain intensity than patients who continued to smoke. Future studies should expand on our findings and monitor pain intensity in smoking cessation trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00448344.
Robotics Training: An Interdisciplinary Continuum for Success

The aim of this chapter is to look at “training” not as a course or certificate, but as a continuum partnership amongst hospital, physician, and vendor that includes a blend of computer-based training, simulation, and laboratory experience.
Dynamics of excitation and inhibition underlying stimulus selectivity in rat somatosensory cortex

Neurons in sensory systems respond to stimuli within their receptive fields, but the magnitude of the response depends on specific stimulus features. In the rodent whisker system, the response magnitude to the deflection of a particular whisker is, in most cells, dependent on the direction of deflection. Here we use in vivo intracellular recordings from thalamorecipient neurons in layers 3 and 4 of the rat barrel cortex to elucidate the dynamics of the synaptic inputs underlying direction selectivity. We show that cells are direction selective despite a broadly tuned excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input. Selectivity emerges from a direction-dependent temporal shift of excitation relative to inhibition. For preferred direction deflections, excitation precedes inhibition, but as the direction diverges from the preferred, this separation decreases. Our results illustrate a mechanism by which the timing of the synaptic inputs, and not their relative peak amplitudes, primarily determine feature selectivity.
Potential energy surfaces for macromolecules. A neural network technique

Abstract A method for obtaining potential energy surfaces for macromolecules is described. The basis of the method is the use of a neural network to learn the relationship between vibrational spectra and a multidimensional potential energy surface (PES). The results demonstrate that the neural network is capable of mapping the vibrational motion determined from spectra onto a fully coupled PES with relatively high levels of accuracy.
Weight Factor Selection in Double Exponential Smoothing Enrollment Forecasts.

The merits of double exponential smoothing are discussed relative to other types of pattern-based enrollment forecasting methods. The basic assumptions and formulas for its use are outlined. The difficulties associated with selecting an appropriate weight factor are discussed, and the potential effect on prediction results is illustrated. Two methods for objectively selecting the “best” weight factor are described and analyzed, and evidence is presented suggesting that they may be used effectively in the enrollment-forecasting process.
Structural studies of a mitochondria-free plasma membrane fraction from rat liver

Abstract Liver plasma membranes virtually free of contaminating mitochondria have been prepared. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals a membrane protein resistant to papain digestion in the intact membranes but readily hydrolyzed in membranes disrupted by detergent or sonication. Electron microscopy of mechanically deformed membranes reveals fibrils within the membrane which appear to be protein in nature but which also persist in papain digested membranes.
Non-Markovian Analyses for Extracting Long-Time Behavior from Molecular Simulation Trajectories

We address the question of how to analyze trajectory data when configuration space is divided into non-Markovian regions, noting that truly Markovian states may be difficult to delineate in some systems based on finite data. We build on our recent finding that with sufficient history information, unbiased equilibrium and non-equilibrium observables can be obtained even for arbitrary non-Markovian divisions of phase space [Suarez et. al., JCTC 2014, 10, p2658]. With the goal of predicting long-time behavior from sets of short trajectories, we now investigate several approximate non-Markovian estimators for rates using varying amounts of history. The analyses are applied to toy models as well as several proteins previously studied by μsec−msec scale atomistic simulations [Lindorff-Larsen et. al., Science 2011, 334, p517].
Migration management for the benefit of whom? Interrogating the work of the International Organization for Migration

This paper examines the relationship between the nation-state and migration through the activities of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The IOM operates at the intersection of nation-states, international human rights regimes, and neo-liberal governance. We find that the IOM enforces the exclusions of asylum seekers and maintains the central role of nation-states in ordering global flows of migration. In addition, we argue that the IOM acts on behalf of nation-states by using the language of international human rights, as though working in the interests of migrants and refugees. In providing a geographic appraisal of the IOM alongside its image and presentation with an analysis of its activities on voluntary returns, we address the new spaces of ‘networked’ governance that control and order migratory flows in the interests of nation-states.
Explaining race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use: The role of racialized social systems.

SUMMARY Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.
Exploiting polypharmacology for drug target deconvolution

Polypharmacology (action of drugs against multiple targets) represents a tempting avenue for new drug development; unfortunately, methods capable of exploiting the known polypharmacology of drugs for target deconvolution are lacking. Here, we present an ensemble approach using elastic net regularization combined with mRNA expression profiling and previously characterized data on a large set of kinase inhibitors to identify kinases that are important for epithelial and mesenchymal cell migration. By profiling a selected optimal set of 32 kinase inhibitors in a panel against six cell lines, we identified cell type-specific kinases that regulate cell migration. Our discovery of several informative kinases with a previously uncharacterized role in cell migration (such as Mst and Taok family of MAPK kinases in mesenchymal cells) may represent novel targets that warrant further investigation. Target deconvolution using our ensemble approach has the potential to aid in the rational design of more potent but less toxic drug combinations.
The quantum physics of observers

The observer is herein studied as an aspect of laboratory physics. It is generally accepted that our status as observers is mediated by our material aspects: our body and brain. But, observers are typically equated with classical coordinate systems. An alternative, modelling the observer as a quantum entity, is considered. The corresponding transformations between two quantum observers affect the computed wavefunctions of other quantum entities in a physically meaningful manner.
A critical examination of the Mott transistor and emergent phase switches for electronics

In this presentation, we will discuss device physics of Mott transistors, with emphasis on the following: device-quality correlated materials synthesis that requires reversible phase transitions; transistor fabrication with both solid state (e.g. hafnia) and ionic liquid gates; small signal device response and high frequency characteristics. The question of how to modulate transistor channel resistance at the high density limit will be considered in depth. Complementary learnings from two-terminal devices and electrical switching dynamics in coplanar waveguides will be discussed.
Chemical and visual control of feeding and escape behaviors in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract Channel catfish, maintained individually in aquaria with dark substrate, responded to visual stimuli from above with escape behavior and to amino acid stimuli with feeding behavior. Feeding behavior was composed of a) appetitive patterns, such as barbel movements, orienting posture, and search swimming and b) consummatory patterns that included a halt in swimming, turning, snapping-biting, ingestion, mastication, and swallowing. The conditioning procedure, which consisted of 90 s presentations of a single amino acid followed by a food reward, influenced the duration and speed of the search swim. Swimming behavior was quantified by counting the number of turns greater than 90°. Catfish turned 40–75 times to the conditioned stimuli, l -proline and l -arginine, but only 20–40 times to the nonconditioned stimuli. Olfaction rather than taste was involved in the conditioned response to l -proline because the highest possible contact concentration (3 × 10 −6 M ) of l -proline within the stimulus eddies was at least 30 times lower than the estimated l -proline electrophysiological taste threshold (>10 −4 M ).
Factors underlying prefrontal and insula structural alterations in smokers

Based upon previous reports of alterations in white matter integrity and gray matter density in smokers, we examined these markers in a large, well-matched sample of smokers and non-smokers. We further investigated the effect of heavy cigarette exposure by using pack-years and the effects of two relatively stable, highly heritable traits in smokers (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a measure of severity of nicotine dependence and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), a stable personality trait related to smoking). Forty-eight nicotine-dependent subjects and 48 matched controls were included in the analyses, with smokers also subdivided into high/low dependence and high/low pack-years smokers. White matter integrity (fractional anisotropy (FA)) and gray matter density (voxel-based morphometry (VBM)) were measured and compared across groups. Gray matter density was lower in left prefrontal cortex (PFC) in high pack-years smokers and was inversely related to pack-years. In contrast, left insular cortex gray matter density was higher in smokers and associated with TAS-20 total score and with difficulty-identifying-feelings factor. Further, the most highly dependent smokers showed lower prefrontal FA, which was negatively correlated with FTND. There was no correlation between pack-years and FTND in our smoker population. These data suggest chronic tobacco use is correlated with prefrontal gray matter damage , while differences in insula gray matter and PFC white matter appear to reflect stable and heritable differences between smokers and non-smokers.
Two classes of cAMP analogs synergistically inhibit p21 ras protein synthesis and phenotypic transformation of NIH3T3 cells transfected with Ha-MuSV DNA

Factors that control cellular proliferation might do so by regulating quantitative expression of viral or cellular oncogenes. Since the growth regulatory effect of cAMP is well-known, the effect of cAMP on ras gene expression was examined on Ha-MuSV-transformed 13-3B-4 cells (NIH-3T3) grown in chemically defined serum-free medium. Treatment of cells with two classes of cAMP analogs which are selective for the two different cAMP-binding sites of type II protein kinase, in combination, synergistically inhibited both p21 ras protein synthesis and phenotypic transformation. The inhibition was also demonstrated with these analogs singly but at higher concentrations. The decrease in p21 synthesis was inversely correlated with an increase in the RII cAMP receptor protein, the regulatory subunit of type II protein kinase. These results suggest a role for cAMP and its receptor protein in the regulation of v-rasH oncogene expression.
Acquired Right Bundle-Branch Block and Left Anterior Hemiblock in Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect

Over a 3-year period of observation, the electrocardiogram in an adult patient with an ostium primum atrial septal defect changed from first-degree atrioventricular block alone to right bundle-branch block and left-axis deviation (left anterior hemiblock) with variable atrioventricular block. Coronary atherosclerosis was excluded by selective coronary arteriography. Although right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock are commonly present at birth in patients with endocardial cushion defect, this is believed to represent the first reported instance in which these electrocardiographic abnormalities have developed under observation in later life. It is postulated that chronic hemodynamic stress contributed to the progression of disease in the conduction system.
Calculating growth rates and moments for additive cellular automata

Abstract Suppose that the cellular automaton F is the graph of an additive rule modulo p. It is shown how to compute the growth rates of the numbers of each kind of finite block of symbols, if p is a power of a prime and the initial configuration is finite. All accessible blocks are then proved to have the same growth rate for a fixed F. If the modulus is not a power of a prime, different blocks may have different growth rates. These growth rates are identical with the Hausdorff dimensions of related fractals. The methods generalize further to yield explicit computations of the centers of mass and higher moments for the fractals.
Don't ask, don't tell? Does disclosure of gay identity affect partner performance?

Supporters of policies that force gay and lesbian individuals to conceal their sexual orientation in the workplace argue that working with openly gay individuals undermines performance. We examine this claim in two studies and find the opposite effect. Specifically, participants working with openly gay partners performed better on a cognitive task (i.e., a math test) and a sensory-motor task (i.e., a Wii shooting game) than individuals left to wonder about the sexual orientation of their partners. These results suggest that policies, such as “Don't Ask, Don't Tell,” that introduce uncertainty into social interactions harm rather than protect performance.
Mixing of partially fluorinated carboxylic acids with their hydrocarbon analogs at the air-water interface.

The mixing behavior of 1-(perfluorobutyl)undecanoic acid–pentadecanoic acid (C15), 1-(perfluorohexyl)undecanoic acid–heptadecanoic acid (C17), and 1-(perfluorooctyl) undecanoic acid–nonadecanoic acid (C19) mixtures was investigated at the air–water interface. The compression isotherms of the fluorocarbon acid–hydrocarbon acid mixtures were recorded at various compositions on hydrochloric acid (pH 1.9, 37±2°C) as a subphase. The phase transition, limiting molecular area, area at collapse pressure, and collapse pressure were determined for all π–A isotherms. The mixing behavior was assessed by analyzing the concentration dependence of the average molecular area at constant film pressure (area/mole fraction or A–X diagram) and the concentration dependence of the phase transition, where possible. All three acid mixtures show a negative deviation from ideal behavior at surface pressures between 5 and 20 mN/m, which is indicative of an attractive interaction of both compounds in the mixed monolayer at the air–water interface. The miscibility apparently decreases with increasing chain length of the carboxylic acids (C15>C17>C19).
In situ atomic oxygen erosion study of fluoropolymer films using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The surfaces of a homologous series of fluoropolymers were characterized in situ using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after a 15-min exposure to the flux produced by a unique hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) source, which produces a flux of about of 1015 atoms cm−2 s−1. The linear polymers investigated in this study include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). They possess a similar base structure with increasing fluorine-to-carbon ratios of 0, 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1, respectively. No interaction of the AO with the nonfluorine-containing linear polymer HDPE was detected over this short exposure. However, a correlation exists between the chemical composition of the fluorinated polymers and the induced chemical and structural alterations occurring in the near-surface region as a result of exposure to AO. The data indicate that AO initially attacks the fluorine portion of the polymers, resulting in a substantial decrease in the near-surface fluorine concentration. The near-surface fluorine-to-carbon ratios of PVF, PVdF, and PTFE decreased during the 15-min AO exposure by 68, 39, and 18.5%, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1977–1983, 2004
Local electronic storage of radiological studies for radiosurgery.

OBJECTIVE: Although radiosurgical practice mandates meticulous radiological follow-up, even the most efficient radiology department can be overwhelmed by the large number of radiosurgical patients who have undergone diagnostic studies for many years at many different institutions to follow many separate lesions. Although the task of assembling these studies is theoretically possible, because they are spread out in time and space, it is often impractical. We therefore sought to construct a computer-based system that could store images from multiple sources and present them instantly for review. METHODS: We attached a flathed film scanner to a standard desktop computer in our clinic and scanned selected sheets of film into an image database at each visit of a radiosurgical patient. low-tech solutions were deliberately chosen-that is, to enhance ease and software compatibility, we used the operating system's directory structure for organization of data instead of proprietary software Standard commercially available software was used to review studies that had been previously scanned. RESULTS: During a 2- to 3-year period, images were scanned from 1129 studies performed on 435 patients. Images could be reviewed instantly and compared with current studies, and scanning a single piece of of film required approximately 30 seconds. We estimate that the current capacity of our computer memory will satisfy our needs for approximately 12 years. CONCLUSION: Assembly of an efficient and inexpensive system for image storage and retrieval suitable for radiosurgical practice is feasible and straightforward. Although our system is not a substitute for a radiology department, it obviates the constant frustration of finding the films and has become an essential part of our radiosurgical practice.
In the Name of God: A Profile of Religion-Related Child Abuse

Religious beliefs can foster, encourage, and justify child abuse, yet religious motivations for child abuse and neglect have been virtually ignored in social science research. In this article, we examine cases of religion-related child abuse reported to mental health professionals nationwide. In particular, we describe in statistical detail cases involving the withholding of medical care for religious reasons, abuse related to attempts to rid a child of evil, and abuse perpetrated by persons with religious authority such as ministers and priests. We argue that society should protect children's rights and welfare whenever these are threatened by religious beliefs and practices.
Magnesium pemoline: activation of extinction responding after continuous reinforcement.

Magnesium pemoline prolongs performance in extinction following continuous reinforcement although not affecting prior acquisition of food-reinforced lever pressing. 8 Ss were given magnesium pemoline and 8 a placebo. 1 wk. later Ss were extinguished, 8 on magnesium pemoline and 8 on placebo. It was found that, although magnesium pemoline had no effect on acquisition, it did significantly prolong extinction.
Cystic well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor): a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of two cases

Two cases of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) arising in the walls of a multilocular thymic cyst (MTC) are described. The patients were 2 men, ages 36 and 44 years. Clinically, the patients had chest pain, cough, and dyspnea. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated the presence of anterior mediastinal tumor in both patients, and complete surgical resection of the tumor mass was performed. The tumors measured approximately 6 and 8 cm in greatest dimension and were cystic with solid areas but did not show areas of necrosis or hemorrhage. Histologic examination revealed a cystic tumor with features similar to those previously described for MTCs. In addition, in the walls of the cystic structures, there was cellular proliferation arranged in a nesting growth pattern, similar to the more solid areas of the tumor. The tumor was characterized by a homogeneous cellular proliferation with mild cellular atypia and no more than 2 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed strong positive reactions for keratin and neuroendocrine markers, ie, chromogranin and synaptophysin. Both patients were alive after periods of 12 and 18 months.
How can TV news be improved?: Viewer perceptions of quality and responsibility

Two separate studies investigated viewer considerations of how to improve TV news, and whether viewers had taken action to try to improve TV news. The studies found that viewers do not want their news limited, whether by the government, the industry, or even concerned viewers. In a striking contradiction, respondents charged the viewers themselves with the responsibility for improving TV news, yet few had ever done anything, claiming their actions would have little effect.
Myocardial protection for the compromised ventricle during cardiac surgery: A comparative study☆

Abstract One hundred similar patients undergoing myocardial revascularization have been studied regarding cold (16°C) vs normothermic coronary artery perfusion during the procedure. The support time on perfusion required following the procedure as well as the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias, infarctions, deaths, occurrences of congestive heart failure and pre- and postperfusion dp/dt were studied. The results suggest that superior myocardial protection is provided by the hypothermic coronary artery perfusion technique.
Effects of Prepartum Dry Matter Intake and Forage Percentage on Postpartum Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this research was to determine whether different dry matter intakes (DMI) or forage percentages prepartum would have an impact on postpartum performance. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 41) received either high (H) or low (L) forage rations that were fed free choice (F) or restricted (R), i.e., HF, HR, LF, and LR. The L rations were higher in net energy of lactation and lower in neutral detergent fiber concentrations. After calving, all cows were fed the same ration ad libitum. Prepartum DMI were 8.0 for R versus 12.4 kg/d for F with LF greater than HF (14.1 vs. 10.7 kg/d). Prepartum treatments did not affect postpartum means for DMI, milk yield, milk protein percentage, body weight, body condition score, or plasma glucose concentrations (overall means 1 to 40 DIM were, respectively, 21.1 kg/d, 34.0 kg/d, 3.03%, 624 kg, 3.2, and 66 mg/dl). However, curves from 1 to 40 DIM showed that DMI and milk yield were slightly higher in early lactation in cows whose DMI had been restricted prepartum but mean milk fat percentage was lower (3.10 vs. 3.42%). Plasma NEFA were higher and insulin lower in H versus L before and after calving. High DMI prepartum, at best, showed no advantage over restricted feeding.
A dynamic technique for measuring normal spectral emissivity of electrically conducting solids at high temperatures with a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer

A dynamic (subsecond) technique is described for measuring normal spectral emissivity of electrically conducting solids at high temperatures, primarily in the range 1800 K up to near their melting point. The basic method involves resistively heating a tubular specimen from ambient temperature through the temperature range of interest in less than 1 s by passing an electrical current pulse through it, while using a high-speed spatial scanning pyrometer to measure spectral radiance temperatures along a 25-mm length on the specimen. This portion of the specimen includes a small rectangular hole that approximates a blackbody cavity. Measurements of spectral radiance temperature of the specimen surface as well as specimen true temperature enable the determination of the normal spectral emissivity of the surface via Planck's law. The applicability of the technique is demonstrated by measurements performed on molybdenum in the range 1900–2850 K.
A phase 2 study of weekly albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®) given as a two-hour infusion.

Paclitaxel is an effective therapy for patients with solid tumors. While the albumin-bound formulation eliminates the hypersensitivity reaction caused by the Cremaphor solvent, significant peripheral neuropathy persists when given over the standard 30-min infusion time. We sought to determine if the incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy could be reduced when the infusion time is lengthened to 2-h. This was an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study of albumin-bound paclitaxel given over 2 h. Twenty-five patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer were enrolled to determine whether the longer infusion reduced the severity of neuropathy compared to data from an earlier cohort of 40 similar patients treated over 30 min Patients received 125 mg/m2 of albumin-bound paclitaxel IV over 2 h without premedication on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Radiologic assessment was performed every 8 weeks. There was a significant 0.45 grade decrease in average peripheral neuropathy experienced by patients in the 2-h group versus the 30-min group (90% CI, 0.03-0.87). There was, in addition, a significant decrease in grade ≥2 peripheral neuropathy in patients treated over 2 h versus 30 min (28% vs. 55%, 2-sided P = 0.04). A decrease in grade ≥2 neutropenia (20% vs. 48%, 2-sided P = 0.07) was also observed. The median survival, 11 months, was the same for both groups. Increasing the infusion time of albumin-bound paclitaxel from 30 min to 2 h resulted in a significant reduction in both average and grade ≥2 peripheral neuropathy without affecting survival.
Regulation of isoprene emission from poplar leaves throughout a day

Isoprene is a biogenic hydrocarbon that significantly affects tropospheric chemistry. Numerous plant species, including many trees, emit isoprene. Isoprene is synthesized by isoprene synthase (IspS), from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) made by the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. It has been demonstrated that in developing leaves, isoprene emission is regulated by transcriptional control of IspS, while in mature leaves subjected to changing growth temperature, regulation of emission is shared between IspS and DMADP supply from the MEP pathway. Isoprene emission also varies throughout a day, with circadian regulation implicated. This study investigated changes in isoprene emission capacity, and expression of IspS and the enzymes of the MEP pathway throughout several days, with Populus trichocarpa grown at different temperatures to induce different levels of isoprene emission. Isoprene emission capacity exhibited ultradian regulation, with a period of about 12 h; peak capacity was observed at 0300 and 1500 h daily. Several of the enzymes of the MEP pathway had previously been suggested to have regulatory roles in the production of other plastidic terpenoids, and transcript accumulation for these enzymes, combined with in silico promoter analyses, supported a regulatory role for deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) in particular.
A new methodology for production of hyperquenched glassy films and their study by nonphotochemical hole burning

Abstract Thermospray deposition, a new method for the production of glassy films, is described. Infrared spectra of the hydroxyl stretch of glassy water films are presented. The use of hole burning spectroscopy to sensitively distinguish differences in the properties of amorphous films is illustrated for oxazine 720-doped ethanol- d 1 films.
In vitro studies of the wear of articular cartilage II. Characteristics of the wear of articular cartilage when worn against stainless steel plates having characterized surfaces

Abstract As part of an attempt to elucidate the physical parameters that govern the wear of articular cartilage, its wear properties were studied with the tissue interfaced against stainless steel plates having characterized surface profiles. The studies were carried out in apparatus that was designed and constructed for these purposes. In addition measurements were made of (1) the geometric contact areas between the tissue and the plates as functions of time and load, (2) the changes with time and load of the average fluid contents of the cartilage, (3) the changes in dimension and profile of the surface of the tissue after it had been worn under various conditions and equilibrated for different times with dilute neutral buffered solutions, and (4) the fraction of the hexosamine and hydroxyproline contents of the debris that dissolved during the wear in the dilute neutral buffer used as a lubricant. Wear rates were found to be sensitive functions of the surface profile of the metal. The tissue initially wore against “smooth” surfaces at rates that decreased with time until a final rate, characteristic for a given surface and pressure, was attained. The extent of wear in this region of the wear-time curve could be described by linear functions of the pressure, plate speed and time. The data are interpreted as follows: (1) network breakdown and reorientation of the domains of the macromolecules and their aggregates towards the wear direction occur within a surface region of the tissue as it wears, and such reorientation is responsible for the initial decrease of the wear rates; (2) the rate of crack initiation governs the overall wear rate of the tissue in the linear region of the wear-time curve; (3) the formation of wear particles is accompanied by chain scission.
Fully Interconnecting Multiple Computers with Pipelined Sorting Nets

A pipelined multiprocessor interconnection method functionally equivalent to a full crossbar, but with a per processor cost proportional to the square of the log of the total number of processors, is presented.
Antioxidants Inhibit Interleukin-1-induced Cyclooxygenase and Nitric-oxide Synthase Expression in Rat Mesangial Cells EVIDENCE FOR POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION

Glomerular mesangial cells produce reactive oxygen intermediates when stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor. Recent observations suggest that reactive oxygen intermediates may play a role in IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor signaling and may up-regulate gene expression. We therefore evaluated the effects of antioxidants on IL-1β-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in rat mesangial cells. The oxidant scavenger, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), inhibited iNOS expression at the transcriptional level, since PDTC abolished iNOS mRNA accumulation. In contrast, PDTC inhibited Cox-2 expression at the post-transcriptional level, since PDTC did not affect IL-1β-induced Cox-2 mRNA levels but inhibited Cox-2 protein expression and prostaglandin E2 production. Another antioxidant, rotenone, which inhibits reactive oxygen intermediate production by inhibiting the mitochondrial electron transport system, did not inhibit IL-1β-induced iNOS and Cox-2 mRNA expression but inhibited iNOS and Cox-2 protein expression, suggesting a post-transcriptional target for the inhibition of iNOS and Cox-2 expression induced by IL-1β. These results suggest that not only transcriptional regulation but also post-transcriptional mechanisms are involved in redox-sensitive inhibition of cytokine induced Cox-2 and iNOS expression. These results suggest a novel approach for intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes.
210Pb in the Pacific: the GEOSECS measurements of particulate and dissolved concentrations

Abstract We report here on particulate and dissolved 210 Pb profiles at 16 stations, and on total 210 Pb profiles at 3 stations, all occupied during the Pacific GEOSECS expedition. Comparison with measurements at Yale on GEOSECS library samples indicates that during separation of particulate lead from dissolved lead, our filtered water samples suffered some loss of 210 Pb in the filtration system; this effect appears to have reduced the dissolved 210 Pb activities by ∼ 20% in stations where the water was filtered. However, for these first Pacific data on the 210 Pb distribution between the two phases, this effect does not significantly interfere with our recognition of the major features of both particulate and dissolved 210 Pb distributions. The dissolved 210 Pb profiles in general vary geographically, following the 226 Ra profiles. In deep water, 226 Ra increases northward and eastward from the southwest Pacific, from ∼ 22dpm/100kg, to over 40 dpm/100 kg in the northeast Pacific. Our dissolved 210 Pb profiles show a similar increase in deep water, varying from about 10 to 20 dpm/100 kg along this line, and are commonly characterized by a mid-depth maximum. This 210 Pb maximum reflects the mid-depth 226 Ra maximum of the Pacific Deep Water observed along the western boundary current. In surface water at low latitudes there is a significant 210 Pb flux from the atmosphere, which produces a 210 Pb/ 226 Ra activity ratio generally greater than unity. This flux penetrates as deep as 600 m, as indicated by an “induced” 210 Pb minimum caused by the surface maximum. The surface water 210 Pb excess decreases toward high southern latitudes and vanishes in the Circumpolar region. The particulate 210 Pb profiles show a general increase with depth, from ∼ 0.3dpm/100kg in subsurface water to ∼ 1.5dpm/100kg in bottom water, with or without a mid-depth maximum that reflects the 226 Ra or dissolved 210 Pb maximum. The particulate 210 Pb normally comprises about 2% of the total 210 Pb in subsurface water, and this fraction increases to about 10% near the bottom. As the filtration loss is not taken into account, the fraction of particulate 210 Pb quoted here is an upper limit. Since the particulate matter concentrations are quite uniform in the water column below a few hundred meters, the 210 Pb activity of the particulate matter also increases with depth. The particulate matter has a 210 Pb concentration of ∼ 100dpm/g in subsurface water, but the concentration increases to ∼ 500dpm/g or more toward the bottom. This indicates that there is a cumulative adsorption of Pb onto the suspended particles as they are sinking through the water column.
Naphthoquinone cytotoxicity to bluegill sunfish BF-2 cells.

Bluegill sunfish BF-2 fibroblasts were used to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicities of 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-NQ, and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-NQ (dichlone); comparisons were made with previously obtained data on the response of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. For both cell types, the sequence of potency was 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-NQ>1,4-NQ>dichlone. Dichlone, and, although to a lesser extent, 1,4-NQ and 5,8-dihydroxy-1-4-NQ, induced endoreduplication in the BF-2 cells; for the HepG2 cells, endoreduplication was induced only with dichlone. Exposures to the three NQs reduced intracellular glutathione levels in both cell types. For the BF-2 and HepG2 cells, pretreatments with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione-depleting agent, potentiated the cytotoxicity of 5,8-hydroxy-1,4-NQ and dichlone; pretreatment with dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase, had no effect on toxicity of these two NQs. Apparently, for these two quinones the predominant metabolic pathway in both the BF-2 and HepG2 cells involved redox cycling via a one-electron reduction reaction, generating reactive oxygen intermediates that consumed intracellular glutathione. Pretreatment of the BF-2 cells with BSO, but not with dicoumarol, potentiated the toxicity of 1,4-NQ, again indicating that metabolism occurred via one electron reduction. However, for the HepG2 cells, pretreatment with dicoumarol, but not with BSO, potentiated the cytotoxicity of 1,4-NQ. Apparently, in the HepG2, as compared to the BF-2, cells, 1,4-NQ was metabolized by DT-diaphorase in a reaction involving a two electron reduction.
Research on Qualitative Genes of Poultry in the United States—Part 2

Research on qualitative genes of poultry is underway at several locations in the United States. Some of the research is done cooperatively by poultry scientists under Regional Research projects NE-...
Experimental Investigation of Plasma Formation and Evolution from an Aluminum Surface Driven by a MG Field

Summary form only given. The physics of plasma formation by extremely high pulsed magnetic fields is important in wire-array Z-pinches, high current fuses, magnetically insulated transmission lines, ultrahigh magnetic field generators, magnetized target fusion, and astrophysics. To study the behavior of conductors exposed to MG fields, an experiment has been performed on Zebra, a 2-TW pulsed-power driver with a peak current of 1 MA. Plasma formation by ohmic heating, typical of numerical modeling, can be obscured by plasma formation induced by arcing at electrical contacts or by high electric fields. To avoid this, a new type of aluminum load was developed and compared with 1-mm-diameter wire loads: loads machined from a solid aluminum cylinder. These hourglass-shaped machined loads have large-diameter flanges at the top and bottom and a 1-mm-diameter thinned "wire" section in the center. The flanges provide enlarged contact circumference thereby avoiding arcing. The wire section was diagnosed by a time-gated intensified CCD camera, a streak camera, photodiodes, and photomultipliers. In addition, laser shadowgraphy, schlieren, interferometry and Faraday rotation diagnostics were employed. Also see papers presented by T. Awe, B. Bauer, A. Esaulov, and V Makhin at this conference for additional modeling and experimental results.