cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum IgG and IgM Rheumatoid Factors by Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay

In this report, solid phase radioimmunoassays that specifically measure IgG rheumatoid factor (RF) and IgM RF in absolute concentrations are described. Polyclonal RF preparations were utilized as standards, and as little as 40 ng/ml of IgG RF and I ng/ml of IgM RF were detected. The IgG RF concentration of 26 seropositive rheumatoid sera was 439 +/ 755 micrograms/ml (mean +/- 1 SD), a level 107 times that of normal controls (P less than 0.001). In contrast, levels for 49 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were 6.1 +/- 3.7 micrograms/ml for those with a polyarticular onset (JRA-Po), and 27.3 +/- 113 micrograms/ml for the pauciarticular group (JRA-Pa), and 12.6 +/- 20.7 micrograms/ml for the group with a systemic onset (JRA-S). None of these values differed significantly from the value of 6.0 +/- 3.9 micrograms/ml measured in a juvenile control group. The IgM RF level in adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of 175 +/- 221 micrograms/ml was also significantly elevated compared to controls (P less than 0.001). In JRA, however, mean levels of 1.4 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml (JRA-Po), 2.8 +/- 8.3 micrograms/ml (JRA-Pa), and 1.1 +/- 0.7 micrograms /ml (JRA-S) were not elevated significantly above the value of 1.2 +/-1.2 micrograms/ml measured in the juvenile control group. Hidden IgM RF was not found in 9 JRA sera tested. These marked differences in RF levels provide another indication that adult RA and JRA are distinct diseases.
Augmentation of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody production by hapten-reactive helper T lymphocytes☆

Abstract Augmented auto-anti-idiotypic antibody production was effectively achieved by immunization of mice with haptenated myeloma protein in the presence of hapten-reactive helper T lymphocytes. Hapten-reactive helper T-lymphocyte activities were raised in BALB/c mice by immunization with para -azobenzoate (PAB)-derived mouse gamma globulin (MGG) prepared by amidination reaction (PAB im -MGG). Helper T cell activity was effectively enhanced by pretreatment of mice with a PAB-derived nonimmunogenic copolymer of D -glutamic acid and D -lysine ( D -GL) (PAB- D -GL) 3 days before priming with PAB im -MGG; PAB- D -GL is a potent tolerogen of both PAB-specific suppressor T lymphocytes and PAB-specific B cells. After induction of these enhanced PAB-reactive helper T lymphocytes, mice were immunized with PAB-coupled TEPC-15 myeloma protein (PAB im -T-15), which was also prepared by amidination reaction. Mice immunized in this way manifested strikingly enhanced titers of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies, specific for the T-15 idiotype, as compared to control mice which had not been preimmunized with PAB im -MGG. The ability of PAB im -MGG preimmunization to facilitate auto-anti-idiotypic antibody production was due to the activity of PAB-reactive helper T cells since PAB-specific B cells had been abolished by prior treatment with PAB- D -GL. The implications of this model for future studies on immunological engineering the analysis of idiotype network phenomena are discussed.
Difficulties in Family Therapy Evaluation I. A Comparison of Insight vs. Problem‐Solving Approaches II. Design Critique and Recommendations

In Part 1, an outcome study comparing two methods of family treatment, is reported. Families were randomly assigned to one of two forms of conjoint therapy: an Insight-oriented treatment (N = 10) or a Problem-Solving intervention (N = 10). The results on self-report measures of family functioning indicate that the Problem-Solving intervention produced more favorable changes after three months. Experienced therapists did better than inexperienced therapists in the Insight-treatment condition but level of experience did not make a difference in the Problem-Solving therapy. A group of eight families who dropped out of the Insight-treatment group provided data on correlates of premature termination. In Part II, the study is critically reviewed. The practical obstacles to implementing an experimental design in a clinic setting are considered. Special attention is given to issues involving the selection of treatment and control conditions: sampling and the measurement of outcome. Alternatives to experimental designs are considered.
Effects of common seagrass restoration methods on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows.

Seagrass meadows near population centers are subject to frequent disturbance from vessel groundings. Common seagrass restoration methods include filling excavations and applying fertilizer to encourage seagrass recruitment. We sampled macrophytes, soil structure, and macroinvertebrate infauna at unrestored and recently restored vessel grounding disturbances to evaluate the effects of these restoration methods on seagrass ecosystem structure. After a year of observations comparing filled sites to both undisturbed reference and unrestored disturbed sites, filled sites had low organic matter content, nutrient pools, and primary producer abundance. Adding a nutrient source increased porewater nutrient pools at disturbed sites and in undisturbed meadows, but not at filled sites. Environmental predictors of infaunal community structure across treatments included soil texture and nutrient pools. At the one year time scale, the restoration methods studied did not result in convergence between restored and unrestored sites. Particularly in filled sites, soil conditions may combine to constrain rapid development of the seagrass community and associated infauna. Our study is important for understanding early recovery trajectories following restoration using these methods.
An overview of large chemical structure databases

This presentation covers a number of large (arbitrarily defined as greater than 1 million structures) chemical structure databases currently available, or soon to be available, on the Internet. Just a few years ago there were only two large, but rather different databases of organic chemicals available - Beilstein and Chemical Abstracts. For the most part, the former contained data while the latter contained abstracts. Within the past 1-2 years the situation has dramatically changed with well over a dozen large structure databases of all sorts becoming available, some commercial and some no-fee. One example is Chemisches Zentralblatt, the German chemical abstracting service from 1830-1969 is the oldest database in terms of content, but is one of the newest as it is just being digitized. In this presentation the emphasis will be on the content, or lack of content, of these databases including the chemical structures and related/linked information. The one central theme for most all these projects and databases is that they are aimed at scientists in the pharmaceutical/drug/biotechnology communities.
Front line insight: an autoethnography of the Vancouver 2010 volunteer experience

Abstract Building on a growing body of research regarding major sport event volunteerism, this paper shares the personal lived experience of the first author's involvement as a volunteer with the 2010 Winter Olympic Games held in Vancouver, Canada. Autoethnography was used to provide rich insight into the personal and cultural context of volunteering (Ellis & Bochner, 2000). The personal narrative is represented in six themes that reflect her most meaningful experiences leading up to, during and following the Games: (1) A figure skater's dream: making the cut, (2) Uncertainty: going with the flow, (3) The basics: training, (4) ‘Blue team’: volunteer culture, (5) An Olympic spirit is born: leisure time, and (6) Returning home: prestige. The narratives are compared and contrasted with the major sport event volunteer literature to understand their alignment with the existing body of research and to consider the further insights they provide. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.
Inventory and sales effort management under unobservable lost sales

A retailer needs to make decisions regarding how much to order and how much sales effort to exert in an environment with uncertain demand. One intrinsic complexity in a typical retail environment is caused by the fact that the retailer can obtain information about demand only based on sales, as demand itself is unobservable. Taking a Bayesian approach, Lariviere and Porteus (1999) show that in such a setting a retailer should stock more to increase the probability of an exact demand observation. In this article, we extend their work by allowing the retailer to control both the stocking quantity and sales effort, which can be used to affect demand. We show that their insights with respect to information stalking carry over to this setting. In addition, our model allows gaining a better understanding of optimal sales effort strategies. We find that demand management has a dual role in supporting information gathering: while at the beginning of a product life cycle it is optimal to support learning effects by sharply reducing sales effort, at later stages of the product life cycle an aggressive strategy of increased promotional activities can be used to harvest the information gathered in earlier periods.
Cytokine profiling using monocytes/macrophages cultured on common biomaterials with a range of surface chemistries

Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were assayed from the supernatants of monocytes and macrophages cultured on common biomaterials with a range of surface chemistries. TNF-alpha, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1beta, VEGF, IL-1ra, and IL-10 were measured from monocyte/macrophage cultures at different stages of activation and differentiation seeded onto polyethylene, polyurethane, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, and a hydrogel copolymer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and polyethylene glycol acrylate in tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) plates. Empty TCPS wells and organo-tin polyvinyl chloride served as "blanks" and positive controls, respectively. Results showed an overall increase in cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor production as monocytes are activated or differentiated into macrophages and that proinflammatory and anti-wound healing cytokines and chemokines dominate this profile. However, cytokine production was only modestly affected by the surface chemistry of these four stable and noncytotoxic biomaterials.
Handle with care: Avoiding and managing retaliation claims

Abstract Anti-retaliation protections for whistleblowers are routinely included in federal statutes. During the past decade, claims of retaliation in employment-related cases have grown in numbers and in reach, due in part to a seemingly far-reaching commitment by the U.S. Supreme Court to interpret anti-retaliation provisions to provide maximum protection to complainants. Employers must take care not to run afoul of the anti-retaliation provisions; however, that does not mean that employees who complain of discrimination are ‘untouchable.’ This article provides an overview of anti-retaliation law as it relates to the employer–employee relationship and outlines eight practical tips for managing and avoiding retaliation claims. Though anti-retaliation provisions provide ample reason for employers to proceed with caution in the face of employee complaints, employers need not succumb to paralyzing litigation fear when addressing concerns regarding complaining employees’ performance issues.
Helicobacter pylori Salvages Purines from Extracellular Host Cell DNA Utilizing the Outer Membrane-Associated Nuclease NucT

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen that establishes life-long infections in humans, and its presence in the gastric epithelium is strongly associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Having evolved in this specific gastric niche for hundreds of thousands of years, this microbe has become dependent on its human host. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that H. pylori has lost several genes involved in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, and without this pathway present, H. pylori must salvage purines from its environment in order to grow. While the presence and abundance of free purines in various mammalian tissues has been loosely quantified, the concentration of purines present within the gastric mucosa remains unknown. There is evidence, however, that a significant amount of extracellular DNA is present in the human gastric mucosal layer as a result of epithelial cell turnover, and this DNA has the potential to serve as an adequate purine source for gastric purine auxotrophs. In this study, we characterize the ability of H. pylori to grow utilizing only DNA as a purine source. We show that this ability is independent of the ComB DNA uptake system, and that H. pylori utilization of DNA as a purine source is largely influenced by the presence of an outer membrane-associated nuclease (NucT). A ΔnucT mutant exhibits significantly reduced extracellular nuclease activity and is deficient in growth when DNA is provided as the sole purine source in laboratory growth media. These growth defects are also evident when this nuclease mutant is grown in the presence of AGS cells or in purine-free tissue culture medium that has been conditioned by AGS cells in the absence of fetal bovine serum. Taken together, these results indicate that the salvage of purines from exogenous host cell DNA plays an important role in allowing H. pylori to meet its purine requirements for growth.
Nonfarm Employment and Poverty in Rural El Salvador

Abstract This paper analyzes two complementary data sets to study poverty and the nonfarm sector in rural El Salvador. We find that rural poverty in El Salvador remains acute and significantly higher than in urban areas. While the rural poor are mainly agricultural laborers and marginal farmers, some nonfarm activities are also of importance to the poor. In fact, nonfarm activities in El Salvador account for a significant share of rural employment and income for both the poor and the nonpoor. The poor, on the one hand, are engaged in “last resort” nonfarm activities that are not associated with high levels of labor productivity. The nonpoor, on the other, are engaged in productive nonfarm activities which are likely to present a potent force for upward mobility. Significant correlates of these high-productivity occupations include education, infrastructure, location, and gender. While most of the analysis is at the household level, the data also permit some focus on small-scale rural enterprise activities. It appears that in El Salvador very few rural enterprises report utilizing formal credit in setting up their activities. In addition, a significant proportion of enterprises are engaged in subcontracting arrangements with some larger, often urban-based, firm.
A two-step mechanism for TRF2-mediated chromosome-end protection

Mammalian telomeres repress DNA-damage activation at natural chromosome ends by recruiting specific inhibitors of the DNA-damage machinery that form a protective complex termed shelterin. Within this complex, TRF2 (also known as TERF2) has a crucial role in end protection through the suppression of ATM activation and the formation of end-to-end chromosome fusions. Here we address the molecular properties of TRF2 that are both necessary and sufficient to protect chromosome ends in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our data support a two-step mechanism for TRF2-mediated end protection. First, the dimerization domain of TRF2 is required to inhibit ATM activation, the key initial step involved in the activation of a DNA-damage response (DDR). Next, TRF2 independently suppresses the propagation of DNA-damage signalling downstream of ATM activation. This novel modulation of the DDR at telomeres occurs at the level of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 (ref. 3). Inhibition of RNF168 at telomeres involves the deubiquitinating enzyme BRCC3 and the ubiquitin ligase UBR5, and is sufficient to suppress chromosome end-to-end fusions. This two-step mechanism for TRF2-mediated end protection helps to explain the apparent paradox of frequent localization of DDR proteins at functional telomeres without concurrent induction of detrimental DNA-repair activities.
Quantifiers and Question Answering in Young Children.

Two hypotheses were tested about how young children answer questions with the quantifiers all and some: (a) that children use syntactic cues in determining which noun phrase is quantified, and (b) that children evaluate a some-statement as part of evaluating an all-statement. To test these hypotheses, the same group of 60 4- to 7-year-olds were asked four contrasting types of quantitative questions. The results indicated that children can use syntactic cues under some presentation conditions. However, there was no evidence for an asymmetry between the all-and some-questions. A model of how young children might answer quantitative questions was then considered.
An Algorithm and Design for RFID Velocity Measurement Based on Least Square Method

This paper comes up with an algorithm and application for velocity measurement based on RFID technology. This measurement can reduce the cost of velocity-measuring system to a great degree, and improve the accuracy of velocity measurement on the basis of the algorithm.
Sighing dyspnea: A clinical syndrome

Abstract Sighing dyspnea is of rather common occurrence, is never due to organic disease, and is in itself of trivial prognostic importance. However, it is not infrequently mistaken for asthma or for serious cardiac or other organic disease. It is one of the most common causes of spontaneous tetany and should be considered a possible etiologic factor in all cases of tetany. Relief from the symptoms depends entirely upon a clear and comprehensive explanation of the condition to the patient.
Field-scale rotary kiln incineration of batch loaded toluene/sorbent. II. Mass balances evolution rates and bed motion comparisons

Abstract A field-scale rotary kiln incinerator is used to obtain data on the processing of toluene contaminated sorbent contained in plastic packs. The solids b
Surface chemistry of methyl radicals on O/Mo(100) surfaces

The chemistry of CH3 radicals on oxygen-modified Mo(100) surfaces (O/Mo(100)) has been studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Gas-phase CH3 radicals were produced by pyrolysis of azomethane and dosed on O/Mo(100) at a surface temperature of 320 K. In TPD, O/Mo(100) with θO = 1.4 monolayer (ML) produces exclusively CH4 and CO, but O/Mo(100) with θO = 0.9 and 0.4 ML produce significant amounts of C2+ alkenes in addition to CH4 and CO. HREELS shows that the CH3 groups are bound to surface Mo atoms, not to surface oxygen. On 1.4 ML-O, the CH3 groups are stable at 320 K and have a symmetry lower than C3v. On 0.9 ML-O and 0.4 ML-O, some CH3 groups decompose to methylene groups, which react with intact CH3 groups to form surface alkyl groups. The surface species at 320 K appear to be controlled by the preadsorbed oxygen coverage, depending on whether θO 1 ML. CH4 is formed via hydrogenation of CH3 groups by surface hydr...
Noradrenaline induces supersensitivity of adenylyl cyclase in NG108-15 and HT29-18 cells but not in the β-cell RINm5F

Abstract In some cells a supersensitive adenylyl cyclase response follows hormonal inhibition of the enzyme. We have compared the effect of pre-treatment with noradrenaline in RINm5F cells to that in cells known to demonstrate supersensitivity. In NG108-15 cells, 12 or 24 hours pre-treatment with 1–10 μM noradrenaline markedly enhanced forskolin (1 μM) stimulated cAMP accumulation compared to that in untreated cells (12 h, 429 ± 123 vs 72 ± 8 pmol/mg protein; 24 h 190 ± 32 vs 82 ± 10 for treated and untreated cells, respectively). In a second cell, HT29-18, 30 min pre-treatment with 10 μM noradrenaline enhanced forskolin (10 μM) stimulated cAMP accumulation from 47 ± 13 pmol/mg protein to 405 ± 109 pmol/mg protein. In contrast, pre-treatment of RINm5F cells with noradrenaline under the same conditions did not enhance the forskolin response. These data indicate that noradrenaline which induces a supersensitive adenylyl cyclase response in NG108-15 and HT29-18 cells does not induce the response in the insulin secreting cell RINm5F.
Gravitational Settling of Aerosol Particles in Randomly Oriented Cellular Flow Fields

Abstract Statistics have been computed for the motion Of small particles settling under gravity in an ensemble of randomly oriented, periodic, cellular flow fields that are steady in time. The particles are small, spherical, and subject to a quasi-steady Stokes drag force from the flow. In the absence of particle inertia, a fraction of the particles may be suspended indefinitely, but inertia, however weak eventually causes all particles to settle out at a rate that over most parametric ranges is faster than in still fluid. More surprisingly, particles with small free fall velocity and weak inertia show a strong tendency to collect along isolated paths. Reducing inertia does not greatly alter this process, but only delays it.
Anisotropic plasticity for sheet metals using the concept of combined isotropic-kinematic hardening

Abstract Hill's 1948 anisotropic theory of plasticity (Hill, R., 1948. A theory of yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic metals. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A193, 281–297) is extended to include the concept of combined isotropic-kinematic hardening, and the objective of this paper is to validate the model so that it may be useful for analyses of sheet metal forming. Isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening may be experimentally observed in sheet metals, if yielding is defined by the proportional limit or by a small proof strain. In this paper, a single exponential term is used to describe isotropic hardening and Prager's linear kinematic hardening rule is applied for simplicity. It is shown that this model can satisfactorily describe both the yield stress and the plastic strain ratio, the R -ratio, observed in tension test of specimens cut at various angles measured from the rolling direction of the sheet. Kinematic hardening leads to a gradual change in the direction of the plastic strain increment, as the axial strain increases in the tension test; while in the traditional approach for sheet metal, this direction does not change due to the use of isotropic hardening.
Supervised adaptive clustering: A hybrid neural network clustering algorithm

A neural network architecture is introduced which implements a supervised clustering algorithm for the classification of feature vectors. The network is selforganising, and is able to adapt to the shape of the underlying pattern distribution as well as detect novel input vectors during training. It is also capable of determining the relative importance of the feature components for classification. The architecture is a hybrid of supervised and unsupervised networks, and combines the strengths of three wellknown architectures: learning vector quantisation, backpro-pagation and adaptive resonance theory. Network performance is compared to that of learning vector quantisation, back-propagation and cascade-correlation. It is found that performance is generally as good as or better than the performance of these other architectures, while training time is considerably shorter. However, the main advantage of the hybrid architecture is its ability to gain insight into the feature pattern space.
Standardization of the Human in vitro Cell‐mediated Lympholysis Technique

Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) can be generated in mixed lymphocyte culture and cryopreserved after a 6-day sensitization phase. CTL tested after storage in liquid nitrogen do not show lysis of autologous target cells and can mediate strong cytotoxicity against other target cells. This lysis shows the same specificity as that of the corresponding fresh CTL. The ability to cryopreserve CTL enables performance of sequential CML testing. Data from separate CML experiments can be pooled using a percent relative cytotoxic response (%RCR) to normalize values within individual experiments. Together, these methods provide a standardized cell-mediated lympholysis technique.
An evaluation of two activated clotting time monitors during cardiac surgery.

The activated clotting time (ACT) is a commonly used method for assessing the degree of anticoagulation during cardiac surgery. Two automated ACT monitors were evaluated in 29 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The HemoTec ACT monitor (HTC; HemoTec, Inc., Englewood, CO) was evaluated using 0.8 ml of whole blood in dualchamber, high range kaolin cartridges. The hemochron ACT monitor (HCH; International Technidyne, Inc, Edison, NJ) was evaluated using 2.0 ml of whole blood in glass tubes with diatomaceous earth activator. Following sternotomy, a coagulation profile consisting of HTC, HCH, and a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was obtained (T0). Beef lung heparin was administered in 3 consecutive doses: 40 units/kg (T1), 80 units/kg (T2), and 180 units/kg (T3). Coagulation profiles were drawn 5 minutes after each dose. Following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), coagulation profiles were drawn 15 minutes (T4), 2 hours (T5), and 24 hours (T6) after the protamine dose. HTC and HCH ACT values differed significantly at T1, T2, and T4 (p<0.001). In the pre-CPB period, the HCH ACT correlation with PTT divided by its control value (PTT/CTL) (r=0.73) was significantly better (p=0.02) than the correlation of HTC ACT with PTT/CTL (r=0.41). In the post-CPB period, both HCH ACT (r=0.45) and HTC ACT (r=0.30) correlated weakly with PTT/CTL. In the bias analysis, the limits of agreement (of all HCH and HTC ACT values) showed that HTC ACT is between 61% and 133% of the HCH ACT value in 95% of determinations. These data contradict the results of a previous comparison of the two monitors, a study that suggested that HTC ACT overestimated anticoagulation at low heparin doses. HCH ACT correlated better than HTC ACT with the PTT values only in the pre-CPB period. The bias analysis indicates that even though the mean ACT values are usually close, there is considerable spread (−39 to +33%) when the 95% confidence intervals are calculated.
Role of Positron Emission Tomography with Fludeoxyglucose F 18 in Personalization of Therapy in Patients with Lymphoma

The widespread availability of functional imaging in clinical practice has revolutionized the care (staging, response assessment, surveillance) of patients with lymphoma. Using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG), the potential exists for prognostic risk stratification and therapeutic adjustment. This review focuses on personalization of therapy using these 2 modalities in 2 lymphoma subtypes: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
Effective core potential study of transition metal and lanthanide catalyzed hydrogen exchange

Abstract An effective core potential study of H 2 activation by the sigma-bond metathesis mechanism is reported for a range of simple Cl 2 MH catalyst models: M=Sc, Y, La, Lu, Zr + , B, and Al. Several points of interest are noted. Effective core potentials methods allow the study of metals from the transition, lanthanide and main group series with near equal facility. A single-determinant wavefunction is found to be sufficient for a qualitatively correct description of the ground and transition states in these reactions; changes in optimized geometries are minimal upon inclusion of correlation at the multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF) level. Calculated barriers are the highest using restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and multiconfiguration self-consistent field wavefunctions and lowest using Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory and second-order configuration interaction (SOCI) methods. Trends as a function of metal species on H 2 activation barriers are consistent for all wavefunctions employed. As MP2 and RHF wavefunctions are most amenable to larger, more experimentally relevant systems, the use of RHF wavefunctions to determine stationary point geometries followed by MP2 calculations to assess their relative energies seems to be an attractive theoretical approach for computational investigations of hydrogenation and important related reactions.
Micromechanics of shear banding

Abstract Shear-banding is one of many instabilities observed during the plastic flow of solids. It is a consequence of the dislocation mechanism which makes plastic flow fundamentally inhomogeneous, and is exacerbated by local adiabatic heating. Dislocation lines tend to be clustered on sets of neighboring glide planes because they are heterogeneously generated; especially through the Koehler multiple-cross-glide mechanism. Factors that influence their mobilities also play a role. Strain-hardening decreases the mobilities within shear bands thereby tending to spread (delocalize) them. Strain-softening has the inverse effect. This paper reviews the micro-mechanisms of these phenomena. It will be shown that heat production is also a consequence of the heterogeneous nature of the microscopic flow; and that dislocation dipoles play an important role. They are often not directly observable, but their presence may be inferred from changes in thermal conductivity. It is argued that after deformation at low temperatures dipoles are distributed a la Pareto so there are many more small than large ones. The instability at the upper yield point, the shapes of shear-band fronts, and the mechanism of heat generation are also considered. It is shown that strain-rate acceleration plays a more important role than the strain-rate itself in adiabatic instability.
Three-dimensional mathematical morphology applications

This paper reports on new results using three-dimensional binary ranking transforms. These transforms use the face-centered-cubic (FCC) tessellation which is the extension of the planar hexagonal transform in two dimensions. In this tessellation each voxel is surrounded by 12 equidistant neighbors. This leads to an interesting computational structure where any transform may be calculated by addressing a 8192-location lookup table. Thresholded medical images from CT or MR scanners have been processed to locate and measure volumes, both interior and exterior surface areas, surface convexity and concavity, tunnels, etc. Graylevel images may also be processed by column encoding where columns of voxels are erected at each x,y location whose height in the z-direction is proportional to the value of the graylevel image at that point. Using column-encoded graylevel images, three-dimensional mathem atical morphology transforms have been found which correspond to highpass, bandpass, and lowpass filters. These filters have the remarkable properties of sharp cutoffs (as steep as -60dB per octave) with no phase shifts. This paper presents several examples in military target detection, medical image analysis, and computer graphics.
Non-Christian Salvation

HERE is no salvation outside the Church," wrote Bishop Cyprian in the third century. His assertion poses our problem. Is salvation the exclusive prerogative of Christians, or is it an inclusive human experience available to all men in all cultures at all times, and mediated by all religions? If we are to answer this question, we must describe the experience of salvation and determine its scope as found among the various religions.
Multifunctional proteins: examples of gene sharing

Adding to the difficulty of interpreting the human genome sequence and annotating protein sequence databases is the observation that a single protein can 'moonlight' or perform multiple, apparently unrelated, functions. This review summarizes examples of moonlighting proteins in cellular activities and biochemical pathways important in cancer and other diseases. The proteins include a variety of combinations of functions and mechanisms to switch between functions. Moonlighting proteins can be beneficial to the organism, such as by coordinating cellular activities. However, moonlighting proteins can potentially make more difficult the determination of the molecular mechanisms of disease and the process of rational drug design.
The extents of mitral leaflet opening and closure are determined by left ventricular systolic function

The extent of opening of the mitral leaflets in diastole and their degree of closure during systole are mediated either indirectly or directly through the force of left ventricular systole. Therefore measures of incomplete opening or incomplete closure both reflect left ventricular systolic function In order to appreciate the spatiotemporal relation between the mitral leaflets and mitral annular plane during the cardiac cycle, one has to begin with the “neutral” position of the mitral leaflets in relation to the mitral annular plane. This can be defined as the position of the mitral leaflets when there is no pressure difference between the left atrium and left ventricle. If the annulus were a Euclidean plane, the neutral position of the leaflets would be in the plane of the annulus (fig 1A). Because the mitral annulus is saddle shaped1 the neutral position of the mitral leaflets is not in the Euclidean plane but is caudal to it (fig 1B). This position results from the tension on the leaflets by the saddle shaped annulus which affords them a spring-like quality so that a greater force is required to move them cephalad towards the mitral annular plane than to move them caudally further into the left ventricular (LV) cavity (fig 1B). Figure 1 Effect of the shape of the mitral annulus on the neutral position of the mitral leaflets. If the annulus is in the Euclidean plane, the leaflet coaptation plane will remain within that same plane ( A ) . When the annulus is saddle shaped, the leaflet coaptation plane will move caudally ( B ) . A greater force is required to move the leaflets cephalad towards the mitral annular plane (large arrow) than to move them caudally further into the left ventricular cavity (small arrow). AML, anterior mitral leaflet; Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium; LV, …
Managing configurable products in the computer industry: Planning and coordination issues

With the increase in the drive towards greater customer satisfaction, there has been a proliferation in the variety of products offered by manufacturers. Variety provides considerable choice to customers and encourages manufacturers to modularize their product lines. However, associated with a broad product line are complexities related to design, forecasting, coordination and operations. In this paper, we discuss some of these important issues.
Choosing community college: Factors affecting Latino college choice

This chapter explores the factors influencing Latino college choice and finds that even when we control for socioeconomic background, academic preparation, and degree intention, Latinos are more likely than white or African American students to begin postsecondary study at community colleges than at four-year institutions.
Multiple regression and its alternatives

Abstract Although multiple regression is popular with social and behavioral scientists, the technique is not appropriate in most cases due to the level of variable measurement or multicollinearity. This article examines seven methods: multiple regression, discriminant analysis, logistic regression, analysis of variance, logit analysis, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling. It then compares them using computer-generated data for a hypothetical election.
The z-Test in Covariance Analysis A Supplement to “An Adaptation of the ‘Randomized Block’ to Nutrition Experiments”

Abstract IN a previous paper (Titus and Harshaw, 1935) attention was called to the fact that the z-test is not rigorously applicable when the adjusted mean squares or the adjusted standard deviations are used in making the test. It was stated that suitable tests had been devised and that they would be made available to readers of P oultry S cience as soon as the opportunity permitted. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate (a) the computation of corrections to be subtracted from the adjusted mean squares of the dependent variate (gains, in the present example) so that the z-test will be applicable, and (b) the computation of “reduced” mean squares of the dependent variate to which the z-test is directly applicable. The method of computing the corrections was published by Yates (1934) and the method of computing the “reduced” mean squares was devised by Fisher (1934). Both methods of dealing . . .
Neuroblastoma. Correlation of neuropeptide expression in tumor tissue with other prognostic factors

Background. The neuropeptide contents in neuro-blastomas were quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) to assess their possible biologic significance. Methods. Neuroblastoma tumor tissue was obtained from the primary tumor site before therapy in 16 patients with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma and in 7 patients with central nervous system medulloblastomas or gliomas. Results. The tumor tissue was assayed for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P, and neurotensin by both immunostaining and RIA techniques. Increased VIP levels of 1.2 pg/μg DNA or more correlated significantly with cellular differentiation (P = 0.003) and favorable disease stage (P = 0.002) in neuroblastomas. Increased SRIF contents (> 1.3 pg/μg DNA) correlated with differentiation of the tumor (P = 0.002). Increased VIP and SRIF content did not correlate with N-myc oncogene expression or ras oncogene protein immunostaining. No VIP was detectable in brain tumors, and other neuropeptides were variable in content. Conclusions. RIA of VIP and SRIF levels in primary tumor tissue may offer an independent objective assay of biologic behavior in neuroblastoma biopsy specimens. Cancer 1992; 70: 2005-2012.
Significance of the pyrrolic nitrogen atom in receptor recognition ofAtta texana (Buckley) (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) trail pheromone and parapheromones

Calculations of the charge of the pyrrolic nitrogen atom in the trail pheromone ofAtta texana, methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate, as well as 17 analogs, showed that the most active compounds all had the same charge of −0.51 electrons on the nitrogen atom. It is suggested that the close value for this charge may be important in recognition by the receptor.
The Nature of Symmetric Instability and Its Similarity to Convective and Inertial Instability

It is shown that there exists a local similarity among SI (Symmetric Instability), BI (Buoyancy or Convective Instability), and II (Inertial Instability) even for fully nonlinear viscous motion. The most unstable slope angles for SI and Moist SI motions are analyzed based on parcel energetics. These considerations also suggest qualitatively that CSI (Conditional SI) circulations will be slantwise and lie between the moist most unstable slope and dry least stable slope of the basic state.
Utility of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory to distinguish OCD and OCPD

The Leyton Obsessional Inventory (LOI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses obsessional symptoms. The ability of the LOI to distinguish between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has not been adequately addressed. Our purpose is to identify dimensions of obsessional symptoms from the LOI and determine how well they distinguish between OCD and OCPD. The LOI was completed by 488 participants diagnosed by trained clinicians. Factor analysis was performed on responses to the interference items of the LOI. The relationship between the factors, OCD and OCPD was evaluated using logistic regression. Five factors underlying the LOI were identified: (I) obsessional ruminations and compulsions, (II) ordering and arranging, (III) organizing activities, (IV) contamination, and (V) parsimony. Factors I, III, and IV were strongly associated with OCD. Only Factor II was associated with OCPD. Factor IV was negatively associated with obsessive–compulsive personality traits. LOI factors are useful in discriminating between OCD and OCPD. Obsessional ruminations and compulsions, organizing activities, and contamination fears may indicate OCD, and ordering and arranging symptoms may indicate OCPD rather than OCD. Parsimony may indicate neither disorder, and contamination, the absence of OCPD traits compared with the other LOI factors. These findings may contribute to effective diagnosis and treatment by allowing the LOI to screen for OCD and OCPD in a population exhibiting obsessional symptoms and traits. Depression and Anxiety 24:301–306, 2007. Published ©2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phenolic acids in seagrasses

Abstract Six phenolic acids were found in leaves of over 50% of the seagrasses surveyed. p -Hydroxybenzoic acid was the most ubiquitous and was recorded in each of the 12 genera and in each of the 25 species that included both Gulf-Caribbean and Indo-Pacific seagrasses. p -Coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, vanillic and protocatechuic acids were also of frequent occurrence. The six phenolic acids were detected in rhizomes and roots as well as in leaves of four Texas seagrasses, Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig, Halodule wrightii Aschers., Syringodium filiforme Kutz., and Halophila engelmannii Aschers. The phenolic acids that predominate in the seagrasses also occur widely in land plants, but gallic acid was detected in a greater percentage of seagrasses than had been observed in a comparable number of land plants of Central Texas origin. Although trhe phenolic acids have been cited in the allelopathic literature of land plants as major water-borne inhibitors, their role in seagrass ecosystems is under investigation.
A Call for Greater Collaboration between the Counseling Psychology and School Counseling Professions.

Recently, The Counseling Psychologist (Vol.32[2], 2004) published a special issue titled “Counseling Psychology and School Counseling.” A cadre of counseling psychologists and counselor educators was assembled by the special issue editors, F. A. Hoffman and R. T. Carter (2004), to react and respond to J. L. Romano and M. M. Kachgal's (2004) article that stressed the need for greater collaboration between the counseling psychology and school counseling professions. A range of perspectives and views was represented in this issue. The current article summarizes these accounts and offers implications for counseling psychology.
Efficient broadband silicon-on-insulator grating coupler with low backreflection

We design and fabricate an efficient broadband grating coupler on a 400 nm thick silicon-on-insulator wafer. The measured coupling loss is 3 dB when coupling to a single-mode fiber at 1310 nm wavelength with TE polarization. The spectral FWHM and backreflection are determined to be 58 nm and -27 dB, respectively.
A larger-N, fewer variables problem? The counterintuitive sensitivity of QCA

Studies employing Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) often analyze a relatively small number of cases (n) to assess the impact of a substantial number of variables (k) on a given outcome. In the tradition of writing on the comparative method and multi-method research, however, this ratio of cases-to-variables is viewed as an analytic problem. In this exploratory research note, we raise questions about the implications of this ratio for the stability of findings in QCA. One common method of assessing result stability is the “drop-one” sensitivity test, which repeatedly reruns a particular analysis, each time dropping a single case. We find that, for the number of cases to which analysts most routinely apply QCA, this type of sensitivity analysis produces paradoxical results. Directly contrary to the standard expectation that more robust findings emerge with a higher n/k ratio, we discover that QCA findings based on a lower n/k ratio prove to be more stable. This result calls into question the validity of the drop-one test as a sensitivity metric for QCA.
A Ser250Trp substitution in mouse fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) results in craniosynostosis

Abstract Apert syndrome (AS) is one of the most severe craniosynostoses and is characterized by premature fusion of craniofacial sutures. Mutations of either Ser252Trp or Pro253Arg in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) are responsible for nearly all known cases of AS. Here we show that mutant mice carrying the activation mutation, Ser250Trp, which corresponds to Ser252Trp in human FGFR2, have malformations mimicking the skull abnormalities found in AS patients. Mutant mice ( Fgfr2 250/+ ) are smaller in body size with brachycephaly and exhibit distorted skulls with widely spaced eyes. Unexpectedly, the premature closure of the coronal suture is accompanied by decreased, rather than increased, bone formation. We demonstrate that the Fgfr2-Ser250Trp mutation does not cause obvious alterations in cell proliferation and differentiation; however, it results in increased Bax expression and apoptosis of osteogenic cells in mutant coronal suture. The accelerated cell death possibly reduces the space between osteogenic fronts of flat bones and results in the physical contact of these bones. Thus, our data reveal that dysregulated apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AS related phenotypes.
The DICOM image formatting standard: What it means for echocardiographers

In the past year the impetus towards all-digital storage of medical images has gained momentum. There are many causes for this renewed enthusiasm for digital image storage, including faster microcomputer processing chips, higher density and less expensive storage modes, and faster networking protocols. 1 However, the most significant factor in encouraging this shift to digital imaging is the recent adoption of the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) Formatting Standard by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). In this article, I will outline the structure of the DICOM Standard and its possible role in echocardiography.
High-end server system partitioning for cost reduction

In this work finite dimension integer programming for 2-core and 3-core chip designs is used to define the optimum number of processors in a SMP node (symmetric multi-processing) from the point of view of minimizing the number of the chips that cannot be used in the system even if they have functionally good PU cores on them. In effect the trade-offs between the PU cores on a chip, the number of PU on an SMP node, and the cost of the chip are studied. It is asserted that to the first order the cost of the chips is proportional to the scrap of chips with good cores on them that cannot be used in the implementation of the SMP nodes. The model shows that an optimized SMP offering can be defined so that the total chip cost of high-end server system can be reduced. This desired cost reduction limits the SMP node size for a given processor chip yield. It is shown that as the chip yields are improved, the SMP node size that can be profitably implemented can also be increased.
In Vitro Susceptibility of Breakthrough Candida Bloodstream Isolates Correlates with Daily and Cumulative Doses of Fluconazole

We determined MICs for 28 Candida isolates recovered from patients who developed breakthrough candidemia while receiving fluconazole. MICs correlated with daily and cumulative doses of fluconazole. Patients receiving ≥2,000 mg cumulatively or >200 mg daily were more likely to be infected with isolates that were not fluconazole susceptible.