cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrolytic carbon resurfacing arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger.

Background: Pyrolytic carbon resurfacing arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint has been reported to provide favorable results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pyrolytic carbon joint replacement at an average follow-up of fifty-five months. Methods: A retrospective review of thirty-one arthroplasties of the proximal interphalangeal joint performed by a single surgeon in seventeen patients with interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis was conducted. Assessment included range of motion, patient satisfaction, and pain scores. Radiographs were evaluated for alignment, implant subsidence, and implant failure. The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire was administered at the time of the final follow-up. Results: The average follow-up period was fifty-five months (minimum, two years). No patient was lost to follow-up. The arc of motion of the interphalangeal joint decreased from 57° preoperatively to 31° (p < 0.05) at the time of the final follow-up. The average score for pain was 3 of 10 on a visual analog scale. Satisfaction averaged 3.4 points on a 5-point Likert scale, and twelve of seventeen patients stated that they would repeat the surgery. Data from the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire were compared for the involved and noninvolved hands of the fifteen patients who received implants unilaterally. Significant deficits were observed in the total outcome score, activities of daily living, function, and satisfaction for the operatively treated hand. Pain was also greater in the operatively treated hand. Complications included implant fracture (one joint), dislocation (five joints), squeaking (eleven), loosening (fifteen), and interphalangeal joint contracture (twenty). Six joints required a reoperation (an arthrodesis in four joints, a silicone arthroplasty in one, and excision of exostosis in one). Implant migration was severe for seven proximal phalanx implants and three distal phalanx implants, and one implant breached the phalangeal cortex. Conclusions: Interphalangeal joint motion decreased significantly at the final follow-up evaluation, following short-term gains in the initial postoperative period. Complications were numerous, and implant loosening with migration was a major problem. Arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint with a pyrolytic carbon implant has a high complication rate, poor outcomes, and variable patient satisfaction. On the basis of these findings, we no longer use this implant in our practice. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Mass transfer and adsorption in liquid full and trickle beds

Experimental breakthrough curves were determined for a liquid full and a trickle bed reactor in which benzene was adsorbed from water on small activated carbon particles at 298°K and 1 atm. The step function of benzene was introduced into the water feed and the response measured in the liquid effluent. Benzene transfer also occurred from the liquid feed to the gaseous feed of pure helium. Moment analysis of data for liquid full conditions indicated that the first moment of the response curve could be used to obtain the adsorption equilibrium constant K for benzene on activated carbon. Comparison of results obtained by this new method with the K value determined from static equilibrium runs demonstrated the validity of the moment theory. Analysis of the response curves for trickle bed operation showed that the liquid-to-gas mass transfer coefficient (ka)L could be evaluated from either the zero or first moment. Results were obtained in both the trickling flow and pulse flow regimes. Values of (ka)L in the pulse flow regime, which were not heretofore available were sharply higher than those for trickle flow.
Effect of host sex and splenectomy on moloney virus-induced sarcomas.

Female BALB/c mice injected intramuscularly with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) developed tumors which were smaller and were rejected more quickly than those induced in age-matched males. Tumor rejection was also more frequent in splenectomized hosts than in sham-operated controls. The eject of splenectomy was more pronounced in females than in males. In sub-lethally irradiated mice challenged with MSV, sex-related and spleen-dependent differences in response to adoptively transferred spleen cells were observed. In females, both splenectomized and sham-operated recipients of immune cells rejected their primary sarcomas, while the tumors grew rapidly in all recipients of normal cells. In a concurrent experiment with males, splenectomy had a greater suppressive effect on tumor growth than did the type of spleen cells tranferred (immune vs. normal).
Gender- and race-specific metabolic score and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults: A structural equation modeling approach--United States, 1988-2006.

Objective Consider all metabolic syndrome (MetS) components [systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and fasting glucose] and gender/race differential risk when assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods We estimated a gender- and race-specific continuous MetS score using structural equation modeling and tested its association with CVD mortality using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III linked with the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazard regression tested the association adjusted for sociodemographic and behavior characteristics. Results For men, continuous MetS components associated with CVD mortality were SBP (hazard ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.14-1.96), DBP (1.48, 1.16-1.90), and TG (1.15, 1.12-1.16). In women, SBP (1.44, 1.27-1.63) and DBP (1.24, 1.02-1.51) were associated with CVD mortality. MetS score was not significantly associated with CVD mortality in men; but significant associations were found for all women (1.34, 1.06-1.68), non-Hispanic white women (1.29, 1.01-1.64), non-Hispanic black women (2.03, 1.12-3.69), and Mexican-American women (3.57, 2.21-5.76). Goodness-of-fit and concordance were overall better for models with the MetS score than MetS (yes/no). Conclusions When assessing CVD mortality risk, MetS score provided additional information than MetS (yes/no).
Comparing colonial water provision in British and French Africa

Abstract Water is a notoriously slippery commodity in contemporary African cities, prone to governance shifts, price fluctuations, and unequal and intermittent accessibility. Many of these present-day problems have significant historical components. The colonial experiences that created urban water systems varied considerably across the African continent, with important differences between British and French cities. This paper compares colonial urban planning and water provision in British East Africa's Dar es Salaam and Nairobi and French West Africa's Dakar and Niamey. In spite of differences in colonial urban planning ideology, we see striking similarities in the urban waterscapes of these four cities. Both the British and the French colonial governments emphasized shared public standpipes as the preferred water delivery method for African neighborhoods, though the level of provision was quite different. European neighborhoods received household water taps in all case study cities. For French and British colonial planners in African cities, water was more than just an urban service that was provided differently to various population groups. Water served as a tool of commerce, pacification, and boundary mediation, ultimately embodying larger colonial ideas of superiority and empire.
Editorial: Laryngeal evaluation for thyroid surgery: Back to the basics.

In this issue of Surgery, 2 manuscripts are published on the role of ultrasound for vocal cord evaluation during thyroid surgery. Woo et al1 describe their experience with lateral approach for laryngeal evaluation and they have concluded 100% sensitivity and 99% specificity for evaluation of vocal cord paralysis. They have compared the anterior and lateral approach for laryngeal evaluation with ultrasound, and Carneiro-Pla et al2 report the use of surgeon-performed vocal cord ultrasound and reduced the incidence of flexible laryngoscopy. They concluded that ultrasound is a noninvasive and highly sensitive method of demonstrating vocal cord mobility and precludes preoperative flexible laryngoscopy in most patients requiring vocal cord visualization.
Epidemiology of tinnitus in children

1. Children experience tinnitus and might present ­similar suffering as observed in adults but they rarely mention the symptom unless directly asked about it. 2. Difficulty on concentration, sleeping, hearing, leisure activities, sports practice, and hyperacusis are the most frequent complaints associated to tinnitus in children. 3. Only a few population studies have been performed and have disclosed prevalence rates from 6% to 59%. Many factors might be implicated in the large inter-study variability of tinnitus prevalence in children. 4. Age, gender, hearing loss, motion sickness, hyperacusis, and noise exposure have been suggested as risk factors to development of tinnitus in children. 5. A proper model to investigate children should be developed for the purpose of obtaining accurate information about the prevalence of tinnitus in children. 6. Preventive measures should aim at hearing education about the risk of hearing loss and tinnitus. Prevention of noise exposure should be promoted as early as possible.
Super-individual based model for fish migration

6 One of the most remarkable characteristics of collective motion of fish is the emergence of 7 complex migration patterns in which swimming fish are synchronised by remaining together 8 and moving in the same direction. These migration patterns, referred to as fish schools, are 9 often explained using individual based models (IBM’s) that focus on interactions between 10 single individuals. The IBM’s appear to be realistic and robust; however, they are 11 computationally unable to efficiently describe migration of large groups of fish. Here, an 12 approach for developing computationally efficient super-individual based models from 13 simple individual based models for fish migration is proposed. This approach accentuates on 14 ecological mechanisms underlying collective motion of fish, and interaction between them; it 15 explicitly incorporates such important mechanisms in collective motion of fish as fish school 16 splitting and merging. 17 18
Phenobarbital actions in vivo: effects on extra cellular potassium activity and oxidative metabolism in cat cerebral cortex.

Extracellular potassium activity and changes in the reduction levels of intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotide (NAD) and cytochrome-a,a3 were monitored in the cerebral cortex of cats at rest and during electrical stimulation, before and after administration of sodium phenobarbital. Stimulation of the cortical surface evoked a transient increase in the level of oxidized NAD which was proportional in magnitude to the associated transient elevation of extracellular potassium. Phenobarbital (i.v.) produced, within minutes, a persistent shift in NAD to a more reduced level indicative of decreased oxygen consumption. Electrical excitability of the cortex also decreased within minutes, although there was no concomitant change in the resting extracellular potassium activity. Cortical stimulation produced transient elevations of [K+]0 and NADH oxidation and these responses returned to base lines more slowly following the barbiturate administration. However, the proportionality between NADH oxidation and [K+]0 elevation was not altered by phenobarbital. The kinetics of the cytochrome-a, a3 response to cortical stimulation mirrored those of NADH, implying that phenobarbital was not blocking electron transport in the respiratory chain between NADH and cytochrome-a, a3 even at doses where "resting" tissue oxygen consumption was decreased. The prolongation of recovery metabolism following phenobarbital was interpreted as being the result of protracted elevation of extracellular potassium activity. The slow return to "resting" levels of extracellular potassium is probably caused by interference with passive clearance mechanisms.
Influence of Resource Allocation on Teamwork and Team Performance Within Self-Organizing Teams:

A critical challenge to our nation’s Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) community is the complex task of identifying clandestine networks in cultural “clutter” for counter-terror / counter- insurgency operations. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed an ISR “Red/Blue” exercise in which teams work to uncover a complex “Red” network within a simulated urban environment. Teams use wide-area persistent surveillance data and decision support tools to trace relationships between individuals, events, and sites. This exercise was used to investigate the influence of resources on teamwork and performance, modeling the activity as a two-stage decision process, and using Signal Detection Theory (SDT) as a framework to describe performance at each stage and derive metrics to describe teamwork. Team performance and teamwork were investigated within the naturalistic behavior of self-organizing teams, comprising of different organization structures, teamwork behaviors, and communication interactions tha...
Hierarchically branched titania nanotubes with tailored diameters and branch numbers.

Over the past decade, electrochemical anodization of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes has been studied intensively with the main focus being on uniform diameters along the TiO2 nanotube depth direction. In the present work, hierarchically branched TiO2 nanotubes with tailored diameters and branch numbers are successfully achieved by adjusting the anodization voltage. Reducing the applied voltage by a factor of 1/√n causes a one trunk nanotube to diverge into n-branched TiO2 nanotubes, whose diameters are 1/√n of the trunk nanotube diameter (n is an integer). Multiple layers of branched TiO2 nanotubes are also obtained by further dividing the branched nanotubes when the applied voltage is further reduced step-by-step with a 1/√n factor. Enlargement and termination of TiO2 nanotubes occur when the anodization voltage increases by √n times. Alternating increase and decrease in the applied voltage lead to a more sophisticated hierarchical structure of TiO2 nanotubes. The fundamental understanding of these proces...
On an Inequality of J. W. S. Cassels

(1972). On an Inequality of J. W. S. Cassels. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 8, pp. 883-884.
Safety assessment of Sauropus androgynus L Merr.in vitro

OBJECTIVE:The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Sauropus androgynus L.Merr.(SA)was assessed using human cell lines MRC-5 and Hep G2 in vitro.METHODS:MRC-5 and Hep G2 cells were treated with uncooked SA homogenate at 1450,725,363,181,90.6,45.3,22.6,11.3 mg/ml for 24 h.Then the cytotoxicity was studied using the neutral red intake test and the 50%inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was obtained.According to the cytotoxicity results,Hep G2 cells were treated with SA at 72.5,36.3,18.1 mg/ml,and in vitro micronuclei(MN) incidence was analysed.The number of cells with MN was recorded and the frequency was calculated.RESULTS:IC_(50) was 133.1 mg/ml in MRC-5 cells and 185.1 mg/ml in Hep G2 cells which were all treated for 24 h with SA.The cytotoxicity of SA on MRC-5 cells originated from human lung was more severe than Hep G2 cells originated from human liver.There was no significant difference between the groups of various SA concentrations and the negative control(P0.05) in Hep G2 cell micronuelei test.CONCLUSION:SA homogenate could selectively damage MRC-5 cells originated from human lung,compared to Hep G2 cells originated from human liver.No obvious damage to genetic materials could be observed in Hep G2 cells.
Meta-analysis to refine map position and reduce confidence intervals for delayed-canopy-wilting QTLs in soybean

Slow canopy wilting in soybean has been identified as a potentially beneficial trait for ameliorating drought effects on yield. Previous research identified QTLs for slow wilting from two different biparental populations, and this information was combined with data from three other populations to identify nine QTL clusters for slow wilting on Gm02, Gm05, Gm11, Gm 14, Gm17, and Gm19. The QTL cluster on Gm14 was eliminated because these QTLs appeared to be false positives. In the present research, QTLs from these remaining eight clusters were compiled onto the soybean consensus map for meta-QTL analysis. Five model selection criteria were used to determine the most appropriate number of meta-QTLs at these eight chromosomal regions. For a QTL cluster on Gm02, two meta-QTLs were identified, whereas for the remaining seven QTL clusters the single meta-QTL model was most appropriate. Thus, the analysis identified nine meta-QTLs associated with slow wilting. Meta-analysis decreased the confidence intervals from an average of 21.4 cM for the eight QTL clusters to 10.8 cM for the meta-QTLs. Averaged R2 values of the nine meta-QTLs in eight QTL clusters were 0.13 and ranged from 0.09 to 0.22. Meta-QTLs on Gm11 and Gm19 had the highest R2 values (0.22 and 0.20, respectively).
Pulmonary MRI of neonates in the intensive care unit using 3D ultrashort echo time and a small footprint MRI system.

PURPOSE To determine the feasibility of pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of neonatal lung structures enabled by combining two novel technologies: first, a 3D radial ultrashort echo time (UTE) pulse sequence capable of high spatial resolution full-chest imaging in nonsedated quiet-breathing neonates; and second, a unique, small-footprint 1.5T MRI scanner design adapted for neonatal imaging and installed within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten patients underwent MRI within the NICU, in accordance with an approved Institutional Review Board protocol. Five had clinical diagnoses of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and five had putatively normal lung function. Pulmonary imaging was performed at 1.5T using 3D radial UTE and standard 3D fast gradient recalled echo (FGRE). Diagnostic quality, presence of motion artifacts, and apparent severity of lung pathology were evaluated by two radiologists. Quantitative metrics were additionally used to evaluate lung parenchymal signal. RESULTS UTE images showed significantly higher signal in lung parenchyma (P < 0.0001) and fewer apparent motion artifacts compared to FGRE (P = 0.046). Pulmonary pathology was more severe in patients diagnosed with BPD relative to controls (P = 0.001). Infants diagnosed with BPD also had significantly higher signal in lung parenchyma, measured using UTE, relative to controls (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of pulmonary MRI in free-breathing, nonsedated infants in the NICU at high, isotropic resolutions approaching that achievable with computed tomography (CT). There is potential for pulmonary MRI to play a role in improving how clinicians understand and manage care of neonatal and pediatric pulmonary diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:463-471.
Associations Between Gender Segregation and Gender Identity in College Students

We investigated associations between gender segregation and the two traditions of gender identity identified by Wood and Eagly (2015): gender-typed personality traits and gender reference group identity. We also investigated whether one of these traditions was associated with gender segregation to a greater extent than the other. Our sample consisted of 73 male (and 93 female undergraduate students aged 18–24 attending a university in the northeastern United States of America. In support of our hypotheses we found that male and female college students reported a greater proportion of same-gender than cross-gender friends and that gender segregation was negatively associated with femininity for male college students and positively associated with gender reference group identity for male and female college students. In addition, as hypothesized, we found that gender reference group identity was associated with gender segregation to a greater extent than gender-typed personality traits. That gender segregation is associated with gender reference group identity to a greater extent than gender-typed personality traits supports a multifaceted model of gender, and it highlights the importance of considering different traditions of gender identity in gender research (Mehta 2015; Wood and Eagly 2015).
Autonomous In-Orbit Satellite Assembly from a Modular Heterogeneous Swarm using Sequential Convex Programming

This paper presents a decentralized guidance and control scheme to combine a heterogeneous swarm of component satellites into a large satellite structure. Building on prior work, the Swarm Orbital Construction Algorithm was made more realistic and correct by changing the docking and collision avoidance criteria and implementing a nonlinear correction in the convex optimization solver. The algorithm was then extended to function in a simulated perturbed 6-DOF spacecraft environment. This required the addition of an attitude barrier function to the target assignment algorithm as discussed in the previous paper, as well as the selection of a realistic range for actuator performance and spacecraft shape parameters. Simulation results are presented using a swarm of CubeSat-class satellites.
Molecular Dynamics Studies of Non-Enveloped Virus Cell Entry Mechanisms

Cellular membranes are physical barriers that a virus must bypass, and the ability of a virus to transport across these membranes is a critical stage of viral infection. Depending on the route of entry, a virus may face a barrier not only at the exterior plasma membrane, but also inside the cell at the endosomal membrane. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms employed by non-enveloped (membrane lacking) viruses to cross biological membranes. Through molecular modeling methods we have investigated the model system Flock House virus (FHV) by computing pathways for externalization of the membrane lytic gamma-peptides.
Technology Maturity Assessments and Confidence Intervals

The research presented in this paper examines the accuracy of technology maturity assessments at a key decision point in the acquisition life cycle. This study utilizes statistical means to quantify the confidence interval of technology maturity determinations and established confidence intervals for various population sizes using a Monte Carlo simulation. The study identified with a 95% confidence that there are no significant differences in the standard deviation or the confidence interval ranges of heritage developments and new developments at a key decision point. The significance of this finding is the margin of error, which is derived from the standard deviation and used to compute confidence intervals, measures accuracy. One challenge facing the field of system engineering is the ability to accurately measure technology maturity when transitioning from formulation to implementation. Correctly assessing the technology maturity of a development is crucial for the organization's ability to manage performance, cost, and schedule. The findings from this research have the potential for minimizing inaccurate maturity determinations, which could lead to reductions in unsatisfactory technical performance and programmatic overruns.
Abstract 166: Chasing the 90-Minute Target for First Medical Contact to Balloon (FMC2B) Time in EMS-Transported STEMI Patients at Two Teaching Hospitals

Background: AHA Guidelines establish a 90-minute target for First Medical Contact to Balloon (FMC2B) time in STEMI patients transported by emergency medical services (EMS) to STEMI-receiving centers. We describe the measures implemented and progress to date in achieving this new standard of care in two STEMI-receiving hospitals within one health system. Quality Improvement Goal and Data Sources: In Quarter 3 (Q3) 2011, our hospitals began participating in the AHA Mission: Lifeline program to build regional STEMI systems of care. We established a goal for each hospital to achieve the 90-minute FMC2B target in 75% or more of EMS-transported STEMI patients within at least one quarter in 2012. We used our AHA Mission: Lifeline reports (derived from our submitted ACTION-Registry GWTG data) to track our FMC2B times quarterly across five quarters (Q3 2011 through Q3 2012), and internal hospital data to determine the relationship between pre-hospital cath lab activation and achieving FMC2B targets. Interventions and Results: There were 36 and 43 STEMI patients respectively at each hospital who were eligible for FMC2B reporting over five quarters. Rates of achieving the 90-minute FMC2B target are shown before, during, and after implementation of seven hospital-wide interventions (Figure). Success rates were initially variable but improved in the last three quarters at both hospitals. One hospital reached the 75% consistency threshold for achieving the FMC2B target in Q1 2012, and both hospitals achieved a ≥70% success rate in the final reported quarter (Q3 2012). In both hospitals combined, 71.4% of patients with pre-hospital cath lab activation achieved the 90-minute FMC2B target, compared with only 50.0% when the cath lab was activated after hospital arrival (p=0.033). Equipment breakdown during attempted transmission of the pre-hospital ECG was a common reason for failure to activate the cath lab from the field. Conclusions and Next Steps: Consistent achievement of the 90-minute FMC2B target in STEMI patients requires unprecedented team-building and trust between EMS, ED, and cardiology personnel. A particular focus in 2013 will be increasing the rate of pre-hospital cath lab activations through EMS-to-ED phone calls when EMS is unable to transmit the field ECG to our hospitals.
Lack of Association Between the Use of Nerve Blockade and the Risk of Persistent Opioid Use Among Patients Undergoing Shoulder Arthroplasty: Evidence From the Marketscan Database

Background Persistent opioid use following surgery has received increasing attention from policymakers, researchers, and clinicians. Perioperative nerve blockade has been hypothesized to decrease the risk of persistent opioid use. We examined whether nerve blockade was associated with a decreased risk of persistent opioid use among patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty, a procedure with high rates of persistent postoperative pain. Methods Using health care claims data, we constructed a sample of 6695 patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty between 2002 and 2012 and used billing data to identify the utilization of nerve blockade. We then used a multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between nerve blockade and 2 measures of opioid use: having filled at least 1 prescription for an opioid between postoperative days (PODs) 0 and 90, and between POD 91 and 365. This regression adjusted for a variety of potential confounders, such as preoperative opioid use and medical history. Results There was no association between nerve blockade and our 2 measures of persistent opioid use: adjusted odds ratio, 1.12 (97.5% confidence interval, 0.939-1.34; P = .15) for opioid use between POD 0 and 90, and adjusted odds ratio, 0.997 (97.5% confidence interval, 0.875-1.14; P = .95) for opioid use between POD 91 and 365. Conclusions Although the use of perioperative nerve blockade may offer short-term benefits, in this study, it was not associated with a reduction in the risk of persistent opioid use for patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty.
Availability of high-magnitude streamflow for groundwater banking in the Central Valley, California

Author(s): Kocis, TN; Dahlke, HE | Abstract: California's climate is characterized by the largest precipitation and streamflow variability observed within the conterminous US This, combined with chronic groundwater overdraft of 0.6-3.5 km3 yr-1, creates the need to identify additional surface water sources available for groundwater recharge using methods such as agricultural groundwater banking, aquifer storage and recovery, and spreading basins. High-magnitude streamflow, i.e. flow above the 90th percentile, that exceeds environmental flow requirements and current surface water allocations under California water rights, could be a viable source of surface water for groundwater banking. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the magnitude, frequency, duration and timing of high-magnitude streamflow (HMF) for 93 stream gauges covering the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Tulare basins in California. The results show that in an average year with HMF approximately 3.2 km3 of high-magnitude flow is exported from the entire Central Valley to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta often at times when environmental flow requirements of the Delta and major rivers are exceeded. High-magnitude flow occurs, on average, during 7 and 4.7 out of 10 years in the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, respectively, from just a few storm events (5-7 1-day peak events) lasting for 25-30 days between November and April. The results suggest that there is sufficient unmanaged surface water physically available to mitigate long-term groundwater overdraft in the Central Valley.
Blaschke Products: Bounded Analytic Functions. By Peter Colwell

(1987). Blaschke Products: Bounded Analytic Functions. By Peter Colwell. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 311-314.
Documentary Intertext: Robert Gardner’s Dead Birds 1964

This chapter argues that the rituals of warfare detailed in Robert Gardner’s film study of the Dugum Dani people offer a picture of cyclical human conflict kept in restraint, however chronically painful it might be to the participants, by corrective rituals. It further raises the problems faced by documentary filmmakers who would reconstruct the lives of people to present a coherent picture of societies long gone. The social, political, scientific, and artistic dimensions of film’s epistemology are highlighted, while the wider significance of ethnographic cinema, whatever its shortcomings, is considered in light of the expanded scope of human conflict in the Anthropocene.
Monolithic Integration of III -V on silicon for photonic and electronic applications

As we increasingly move beyond conventional silicon CMOS towards more hybrid technology platforms there is a rising interest in integrating other materials on the Si substrate. Co-integrated III-V materials could strongly enhance electronic properties by providing increased electron mobility or tunable heterostructures or add additional functionality for silicon photonics via integrated direct bandgap materials [1], [2]. We have developed a method for monolithic III-V integration on Si, where we grow III-V material within lithographically defined oxide cavities [3]–[7]. This provides us with a high degree of control and versatility, while eliminating some of the constraints associated with either buffer layers or traditional selective area growth of nanowires. As shown in Fig. 1 this method has been employed to demonstrate various electronic devices ranging from high performance InGaAs nFET [7], ballistic transport in nanowires [8] to complementary III-V heterostructure Tunnel FETs (TFETs) where we have demonstrated a scalable platform for complementary TFETs [9], [10]. Recently we have also expanded this technology to optically active devices, enabling monolithically integrated micro-cavity GaAs [11], [12] and InGaAs lasers [13].
Growing the Enterprise

The AO Foundation’s start-up phase extended from the mid-1960s until 1984, ending with the most important agreements in place: the adoption of the by-laws, the conclusion of the agreements with the producers, and the market introduction of the Instrumentarium. This era also included the struggle for acceptance in the traditional medical community and the launch of the first AO courses in Davos.
Prebiotic chemical synthesis

Laboratory experiments demonstrate the chemical reactivity of atmospheres of methane, ammonia and water vapor in the presence of lightning discharges and light. The relatively short lifetime of reduced species under these conditions suggests not only rapid changes to the atmosphere, but also rapid accumulation of more complex organic compounds which would end up in the global ocean. This prebiotic chemistry was augmented by drying and wetting of organic-rich ocean water in coastal pools, leading to more complex prebiotic molecules and even polymers of various lengths. That short-term and simple laboratory experiments can produce a wide array of biologically important compounds suggests that life did, in fact, arise in some kind of pond loaded with precursor molecules, as Darwin originally conceived.
Intrinsically disordered proteins and phenotypic switching: Implications in cancer.

Abstract It is now well established that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that constitute a large part of the proteome across the three kingdoms, play critical roles in several biological processes including phenotypic switching. However, dysregulated expression of IDPs that engage in promiscuous interactions can lead to pathological states. In this chapter, using cancer as a paradigm, we discuss how IDP conformational dynamics and the resultant conformational noise can modulate phenotypic switching. Thus, contrary to the prevailing wisdom that phenotypic switching is highly deterministic (has a genetic underpinning) in cancer, emerging evidence suggests that non-genetic mechanisms, at least in part due to the conformational noise, may also be a confounding factor in phenotypic switching.
Tracking carrier protein motions with Raman spectroscopy

Engineering microbial biosynthetic pathways represents a compelling route to gain access to expanded chemical diversity. Carrier proteins (CPs) play a central role in biosynthesis, but the fast motions of CPs make their conformational dynamics difficult to capture using traditional spectroscopic approaches. Here we present a low-resource method to directly reveal carrier protein-substrate interactions. Chemoenzymatic loading of commercially available, alkyne-containing substrates onto CPs enables rapid visualization of the molecular cargo’s local environment using Raman spectroscopy. This method could clarify the foundations of the chain sequestration mechanism, facilitate the rapid characterization of CPs, and enable visualization of the vectoral processing of natural products both in vitro and in vivo. Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), a universal and highly conserved carrier of acyl intermediates during fatty acid and polyketide synthesis, are difficult to visualise. Here, the authors developed a facile, Raman spectroscopy-based method to detect ACP-substrate interactions.
Improving Translation and Cultural Appropriateness of Spanish‐Language Consent Materials for Biobanks

A growing proportion of prospective research participants in the United States speak limited or no English. We conducted cognitive interviews with native Spanish speakers to test Spanish-language translations of simplified and traditional biobank consent forms. Comprehension was generally high and did not differ by form. Most of those who received the simplified form felt it contained the right amount of information, compared with fewer than half of those who received the traditional form. Qualitative results allowed us to identify overarching issues related to tone, formality, and voice that may affect prospective participants' trust and willingness to participate. Certain characteristics of written Spanish are seemingly at odds with recommended actions to simplify consent forms; thus, even when significant empirical effort has been expended to develop simplified consent materials in English, additional work is needed to ensure the accuracy, comprehensibility, and cultural-congruence of Spanish-language translations.
CHAPTER 4 – TRANSACTION COSTS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on transaction costs. When two agents sign a contract specifying some time and location that particular commodities will be exchanged, a transaction takes place. The resources that are used in the design and enforcement of the contract are resources associated with the method of exchanging ownership rights and are called transaction costs. Transaction costs involve bringing agents together physically or by some communication system, acquiring and disseminating information about the terms of exchange, drawing legally binding contracts, and enforcement of such contracts. Transaction costs vary from society to society because of differences in the attitudes of individuals toward property. The sources of transaction cost are categorized as either negotiation or enforcement costs. Negotiation costs are the resources used in the process of arranging mutual satisfactory exchanges of property, while enforcement costs are resources used with the aim of preventing breach of contractual stipulations.
Plastic anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry in nanotwinned Al–Fe alloys: An in-situ micromechanical investigation

Abstract The mechanical strength of commercial Al alloys rarely exceeds 700 MP. Recent studies show that nanotwinned Al alloys and other nanocolumnar metals exhibit superb mechanical behaviors but a discrepancy between tensile and hardness measurements often emerges and their orientation dependent deformation mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we inspect the mechanical response of columnar nanotwinned Al–Fe alloys with emphasis on response of grain boundaries to in-situ tension and compression tests along both in-plane and out-of-plane directions inside a scanning electron microscope. Our studies reveal ultra-high out-of-plane tensile and compressive stress, exceeding 1.8 GPa, and an in-plane tensile and compressive stress of 1.1 and 1.6 GPa, respectively. Post-mortem TEM analyses were performed to elucidate the orientation-dependent plastic anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry in columnar nanotwinned Al–Fe alloys. This study provides an important forward step towards the understanding of deformation mechanisms in high-strength nanotwinned Al alloys and metals with nanocolumnar or non-equiaxed grains.
Frogs and Toads of Northern Belize

Belize is home to several threatened frog species. One of them, the Maya mountains frog, lives nowhere else in the world. This 4-page fact sheet written by Jenna M. Cole, Sarah K. Cooke, Venetia S. Briggs-Gonzalez, Justin R. Dalaba, and Frank J. Mazzotti and published by the UF/IFAS Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department will help you identify your frogs and toads in order to better protect them.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw439
Fundamentación feminista de la investigación participativa: Conocimiento, género y participación, o del diálogo necesario para la transformación.

The purpose of this article is to answer the question about how the assumptions of participatory research born in Latin America in the 70s relate theoretically and methodologically to those of feminist research and epistemology developed from the 80s to support action-oriented participatory research with a gender perspective. The relevant question to be explored is, how does the feminist view and critique, base, complete and even transcend the innovative proposals of participatory research for transformation? Through a methodology based on a critical review of the main theoretical postulates of both types of research, I analyze how they share many perspectives: both are based on the rupture of the dichotomy between science and politics, propose the incorporation of new knowing subjects, defend a relational idea of ​​knowledge and value the possibilities offered by the link as a central unit of analysis, among other aspects. Further, and converging with participatory postulates that understand knowing as taking sides with a point of view or another, feminism also adds an ethical dimension to the political component and incorporates new values into the cognitive enterprise. The result of this critical review defends that only an inclusive dialogue between participatory and feminist contributions will greatly advance the explanatory and transformative potential of social research.
Is Host Metabolism the Missing Link to Improving Cancer Outcomes

For the past 100 years, oncologists have relentlessly pursued the destruction of tumor cells by surgical, chemotherapeutic or radiation oncological means. Consistent with this focus, treatment plans are typically based on key characteristics of the tumor itself such as disease site, histology and staging based on local, regional and systemic dissemination. Precision medicine is similarly built on the premise that detailed knowledge of molecular alterations of tumor cells themselves enables better and more effective tumor cell destruction. Recently, host factors within the tumor microenvironment including the vasculature and immune systems have been recognized as modifiers of disease progression and are being targeted for therapeutic gain. In this review, we argue that-to optimize the impact of old and new treatment options-we need to take account of an epidemic that occurs independently of-but has major impact on-the development and treatment of malignant diseases. This is the rapidly increasing number of patients with excess weight and its' attendant metabolic consequences, commonly described as metabolic syndrome. It is well established that patients with altered metabolism manifesting as obesity, metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation have an increased incidence of cancer. Here, we focus on evidence that these patients also respond differently to cancer therapy including radiation and provide a perspective how exercise, diet or pharmacological agents may be harnessed to improve therapeutic responses in this patient population.
Confident and Skeptical: What Science Misinformation Patterns Can Teach Us About the COVID-19 Pandemic

As the COVID-19 pandemic has led to renewed focus on scientific misinformation, we take advantage of a December 2019 pilot study for the American National Election Study to analyze the US population's misinformation across a range of scientific topics. We find that people who are misinformed about scientific issues are confident in their beliefs, often as confident as those who hold correct beliefs. The misinformed also are less likely to trust experts and less likely to favor using scientific evidence in policy making than people who are not misinformed. These findings highlight the challenges of educating the public about COVID-19, particularly those who already are misinformed about the disease.
Exploring the impact of a liquefied petroleum gas intervention on time use in rural Peru: A mixed methods study on perceptions, use, and implications of time savings.

Abstract Background Efforts to promote clean cooking through adoption of clean-burning fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are often based on the idea that near-exclusive use of LPG could lead to health improvements. However, benefits beyond health, such as time savings, could be more tangible and meaningful to LPG users. Objectives This study investigated the effect of an LPG intervention on time spent cooking and collecting fuel, using objective measures of stove temperatures combined with self-reports under conditions of near-exclusive LPG use. We also investigated the perceived value of any time savings and potential economic and quality of life implications. Methods We analyzed data from the Cardiopulmonary outcomes and Household Air Pollution trial in Puno, Peru, a randomized controlled trial with 180 participants assessing exposure and health impacts of an LPG stove, fuel, and behavioral intervention. Surveys conducted with 90 intervention women receiving free LPG and 90 control women cooking primarily with biomass assessed time spent cooking and collecting biomass fuel and use of time savings. Cooking time was objectively measured with temperature sensors on all stoves. Qualitative interviews explored perceptions and use of time savings in more depth. Results Intervention women spent 3.2 fewer hours cooking and 1.9 fewer hours collecting fuel per week compared to control women, but cooked on average 1.0 more meals per day. Participants perceived time saved from LPG positively, reporting more time for household chores, leisure activities, and activities with income-generating potential such as caring for animals and working in fields. Discussion This paper suggests that the benefits of LPG extend beyond health and the environment. LPG use could also lead to economic and quality of life gains, through increased time for work, rest, and consumption of hot meals, and reduced arduous biomass fuel collection.
Dementia 360 ECHO: Using technology to facilitate diagnosis and treatment

Dementia affects one in ten adults over age 65. Paradoxically, dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias) is underdiagnosed, with approximately 50% of those with dementia lacking a ...
Spillover Tax Precedent

We know that pro se litigants often lose. However, we know almost nothing about the circumstances in which they win. One such circumstance, this Article finds, is when they can take advantage of favorable precedent. This Article calls those favorable precedents for pro se litigants “spillover precedents.” Spillover precedents are cases with redistributive downward ripple effects that subsequently benefit pro se litigants. This Article is the first to examine the potential redistributive effects of precedent. To focus the inquiry, the Article carried out an empirical study of Tax Court cases from 2015-2019 in which pro se litigants won. This analysis revealed the major role of spillover precedent. The Article details how pro se taxpayers use spillover precedent, describing major examples and identifying patterns in them. The Article then examines the normative implications of spillover precedent, suggesting policy interventions, focusing particularly on the potential role of low-income taxpayer clinics, and considering the distinguishing features of the tax context.
RNA Pol IV has antagonistic parent-of-origin effects on Arabidopsis endosperm

Abstract Gene expression in endosperm – a seed tissue that mediates transfer of maternal resources to offspring – is under complex epigenetic control. We show here that plant-specific RNA Polymerase IV mediates parental control of endosperm gene expression. Pol IV is required for the production of small interfering RNAs that typically direct DNA methylation. We compared small RNAs, DNA methylation, and mRNAs in A. thaliana endosperm from reciprocal heterozygotes produced by crossing wild-type plants to Pol IV mutants. We find that maternally and paternally acting Pol IV have divergent effects on endosperm with loss of maternal and paternal Pol IV impacting sRNAs and DNA methylation at different genomic sites. Strikingly, maternally and paternally-acting Pol IV have antagonistic impacts on gene expression at some loci, divergently promoting or repressing endosperm gene expression. Antagonistic parent-of-origin effects have only rarely been described and are consistent with a gene regulatory system evolving under parental conflict.