cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral Facial Pain in the Elderly

With the rapidly expanding proportion of the population older than 65 years of age, clinical problems affecting older adults have received increasing attention. Greater emphasis has been placed on quality-of-life issues, rather than simply living longer. One major issue that has a dramatic influence on the quality of people’s lives is pain. Pain in the oral-facial region can be caused by a multitude of factors. Oral diseases; systemic conditions; neurological, immunological, arthritic, and infectious diseases of the maxillofacial region; medications; chemotherapy; and radiotherapy, as well as psychiatric and behavioral disorders, can cause or contribute to oral-facial pain. While the elderly may be less likely to complain about some of these disorders, they are probably at greater risk of experiencing oral-facial pain due to exposure to these etiological factors over time.
Forests of New Hampshire, 2017

This publication provides an overview of the forest resources in New Hampshire based upon inventories conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Northern Research Station. Information about the national and regional FIA program is available online at www.fia.fs.fed.us. Since 2002, FIA has implemented an annual inventory measuring 14 percent of sample plots each year. For the 2017 inventory, estimates for current variables, such as area, volume, and biomass, are based on 1,162 (1,047 forested) plots inventoried from 2011–2017. Change variables, such as net growth, removals, and mortality, are based on 923 (813 forested) plots inventoried in 2008–2012 and resampled in 2011–2017. Estimates from earlier annual and periodic inventories are included for comparison. See Bechtold and Patterson (2005) and O'Connell et al. (2017) for definitions and technical details. Additional data and reports are available online (www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fia/data-tools/state-reports/NH). A complete set of inventory tables is available at https://doi.org/10.2737/FS-RU-163.
S128: Active post discharge surveillance program as a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol decreases emergency department visits and readmissions in colorectal patients

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs aim to standardize perioperative care to reduce morbidity and cost. Our study examined an Active Post-Discharge Surveillance (APDS) program in reducing avoidable readmissions and emergency department (ED) visits in postoperative colorectal ERAS patients. Colectomy (right, subtotal and total) and low anterior resection cases performed at a tertiary care hospital between 2015 and 2018 were reviewed. ED visits, 30-day readmissions, and patients’ APDS participation were assessed. Our APDS followed a modern text messaging paradigm offered to all patients free-of-charge. Of 236 patients that underwent colectomy, 123 utilized APDS and 113 did not. Overall, both non-surveillance (NS) and active surveillance (AS) groups had similar preoperative characteristics. Length of hospital stay at index surgery was longer in the NS compared to AS group, 4.7 ± 2.6 vs. 2.6 ± 2.8 days, respectively (p < 0.001). In the NS group, 16 patients visited the ED, of which 14 (14/16, 87.5%) were ultimately readmitted. One patient was directly readmitted from the surgeon’s office, resulting in a total of 15 (15/113, 13.3%) total patients readmitted by postoperative day (POD) 30. In the AS group, 9 patients visited the ED, of which 7 (7/9, 77.8%) were ultimately readmitted. One patient was directly readmitted, resulting in a total of 8 (8/123, 6.5%) total patients readmitted by POD 30. AS patients had significantly lower odds of visiting the ED when compared to NS patients (OR: 0.356; 95% CI: 0.138–0.919; p = 0.0328). Similarly, AS patients had significantly lower odds of readmission when compared to NS patients (OR: 0.343; 95% CI: 0.132–0.892; p = 0.0283). APDS allows many postoperative issues to be resolved in outpatient settings without ER visits or readmission. This indicates APDS is a valuable ERAS adjunct by establishing a cost-effective and convenient communication line between patients and their surgical team.
Ways of coping and HIV disclosure among people living with HIV: mediation of decision self-efficacy and moderation by sex.

Individuals living with HIV/AIDS face several stressors and use varying strategies to cope. Disclosure (or nondisclosure) of HIV serostatus is an important consideration among individuals living wi...
Imaging of Nontraumatic Upper Urinary Tract Emergencies.

Abstract Upper urinary tract emergencies are common causes for emergency room and outpatient office visits with urinary tract infections and renal stones alone accounting for approximately 3 million emergency department visits annually. Radiologic imaging plays a key role in the initial diagnosis and guidance of management for these patients. In this review, the indications for imaging, modality selection, imaging protocols, imaging features, and complications of upper urinary tract infections, renal stones, ruptured renal tumors, and complications of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are reviewed.
Additively Manufactured mm-Wave Multichip Modules With Fully Printed “Smart” Encapsulation Structures

This article presents the first time that an millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multichip module (MCM) with on-demand “smart” encapsulation has been fabricated utilizing additive manufacturing technologies. RF and dc interconnects were fabricated using inkjet printing, while the encapsulation was realized using 3-D printing. Inkjet-printed interconnects feature superior RF performance, better mechanical reliability, and on-demand, low-cost fabrication process. Numerous test vehicles were initially produced to evaluate these additive manufacturing technologies and compare them with traditional ribbon bonding, exhibiting a superior $|\text{S}21|$ performance throughout the whole operation range up to 40 GHz with a peak of 3.3 dB better gain for a Ka-band low noise amplifier (LNA). A fully functioning front-end MCM was fabricated using the same inkjet-printed interconnect technology, which features smart encapsulation technology fabricated using the 3-D printing and integrated on-demand “smart” encapsulation for electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation. The proof-of-concept MCM demonstrates exceptional performance taking advantage of a low-cost, on-demand additive manufacturing method that requires minimal tooling and process steps, which can drastically accelerate the time to market for future 5G and Internet-of-Things applications. The methodologies presented in this article could potentially enable rapid production of high-performance, high-frequency customizable circuit packaging structures with on-demand “smart” features, such as self-diagnostics, EMI/EMC filtering, and integrated sensors.
Structural Integrity of the Alveolar-Capillary Barrier in Cynomolgus Monkeys Challenged with Fully Virulent and Toxin-Deficient Strains of Bacillus anthracis.

Inhalational anthrax, a disease caused by inhaling Bacillus anthracis spores, leads to respiratory distress, vascular leakage, high-level bacteremia, and often death within days. Anthrax lethal toxin and edema toxin, which are composed of protective antigen (PA) plus either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF), respectively, play an important yet incompletely defined role in the pulmonary pathophysiology. To better understand their contribution, we examined the structural integrity of the alveolar–capillary barrier in archival formalin-fixed lungs of cynomolgus monkeys challenged with the fully virulent B. anthracis Ames wild-type strain or the isogenic toxin-deficient mutants ΔEF, ΔLF, and ΔPA. Pulmonary spore challenge with the wild-type strain caused high mortality, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, extensive alveolar septal sequestration of bacteria and neutrophils, diffuse destabilization of epithelial and endothelial junctions, increased markers of coagulation and complement activation (including tissue factor and C5a), and multifocal intra-alveolar fibrin deposition. ΔEF challenge was lethal and showed similar alveolar–capillary alterations; however, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, bacterial deposition, and markers of coagulation or complement were absent or markedly lower. In contrast, ΔLF or ΔPA challenges were nonlethal and showed no signs of alveolar bacterial deposition or alveolar–capillary changes. These findings provide evidence that lethal toxin plays a determinative role in bacterial dissemination and alveolar–capillary barrier dysfunction, and edema toxin may significantly exacerbate pulmonary pathologies in a systemic infection.
Presentation attack detection based on score level fusion and challenge-response technique

Biometrics is the state of the art in dealing with identity identification and verification based on the physical and behavioral characteristics and widely used in the fields of Fintech, such as mobile payment and online banking due to its security and convenience. However, there are various attacks against the biometrics system. The presentation attack is one of the most common attacks that an imposter presents fake biometrics to the sensor trying to fool the system. This paper proposes a multimodal presentation attack detection (PAD) method against photo-attack and video-attack in face recognition system by using score level fusion and challenge-response scenario. The proposed challenge-response scenario is that requesting the user to speak out the randomly prompted words. Then, the recognized speech text and the user’s mouth motion are detected simultaneously to verify if the user is liveness. Two weighted score level fusion rules, namely weighted sum and weight product, are used to combine the speech and mouth motion traits as a matching score. The final score is fed into supervised machine learning algorithms and trained for classifying spoofing. The experiments are conducted in the self-built database. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the best half total error rate at 3.64% and can effectively improve facial recognition system security.
Online proximal gradient for learning graphs from streaming signals

We leverage proximal gradient iterations to develop an online graph learning algorithm from streaming network data. Our goal is to track the (possibly) time-varying network topology, and effect memory and computational savings by processing the data on-the-fly as they are acquired. The setup entails observations modeled as stationary graph signals generated by local diffusion dynamics on the unknown network. Moreover, we may have a priori information on the presence or absence of a few edges as in the link prediction problem. The stationarity assumption implies that the observations’ covariance matrix and the so-called graph shift operator (GSO – a matrix encoding the graph topology) commute under mild requirements. This motivates formulating the topology inference task as an inverse problem, whereby one searches for a (e.g., sparse) GSO that is structurally admissible and approximately commutes with the observations’ empirical covariance matrix. For streaming data said covariance can be updated recursively, and we show online proximal gradient iterations can be brought to bear to efficiently track the time-varying solution of the inverse problem with quantifiable guarantees. Specifically, we derive conditions under which the GSO recovery cost is strongly convex and use this property to prove that the online algorithm converges to within a neighborhood of the optimal time-varying batch solution. Preliminary numerical tests illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed graph learning approach in adapting to streaming information and tracking changes in the sought dynamic network.
mSOUND: An Open Source Toolbox for Modeling Acoustic Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media

mSOUND is an open-source toolbox written in MATLAB. This toolbox is intended for modeling linear/ nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in media (primarily biological tissues) with arbitrary heterogeneities, in which, the speed of sound, density, attenuation coefficient, power-law exponent, and nonlinear coefficient are all spatially varying functions. The computational model is an iterative one-way model based on a mixed domain method. In this article, a general guideline is given along with three representative examples to illustrate how to set up simulations using mSOUND. The first example uses the transient mixed-domain method (TMDM) forward projection to compute the transient acoustic field for a given source defined on a plane. The second example uses the frequency-specific mixed-domain method (FSMDM) forward projection to rapidly obtain the pressure distribution directly at the frequencies of interest, assuming linear or weakly nonlinear wave propagation. The third example demonstrates how to use TMDM backward projection to reconstruct the initial acoustic pressure field to facilitate photoacoustic tomography (PAT). mSOUND ( https://m-sound.github.io/mSOUND/home ) is designed to be complementary to existing ultrasound modeling toolboxes and is expected to be useful for a wide range of applications in medical ultrasound including treatment planning, PAT, transducer design, and characterization.
Lawyers, Political Embeddedness, and Institutional Continuity in China's Transition from Socialism

This article uses the case of Chinese lawyers, their professional troubles, and their coping strategies to build on and develop the concept of political embeddedness. Data from a first-of-its-kind 25-city survey suggest that political embeddedness, defined broadly as bureaucratic, instrumental, or affective ties to the state and its actors, helps Chinese lawyers survive their everyday difficulties, such as routine administrative interference, official rent-seeking, and police harassment and intimidation. The article draws the ironic conclusion that legal practice in China reveals at least as much about the enduring salience of socialist institutions as it does about incipient capitalist and "rule of law" institutions. Lawyers' dependence on state actors both inside and outside the judicial system preserves the value of political connections inside the very institutions that some sociologists have argued are responsible for obviating the need for such guanxi.
Anthropogenic noise affects insect and arachnid behavior, thus changing interactions within and between species

Urbanization and the by-product pollutants of anthropogenic activity pose unique threats to arthropods by altering their sensory environments. Sounds generated by human activities, like construction and road traffic, can oversaturate or interfere with biotic acoustic cues that regulate important ecological processes, such as trophic interactions and the coordination of mating. Here, we review recent work exploring how anthropogenic noise impacts inter-intra-specific interactions in insects and arachnids. We outline empirical frameworks for future research that integrate three mechanisms by which anthropogenic noise alters behavior through interference with acoustic cues: masking, distraction, and misleading. Additionally, we emphasize the need for experimental designs that more accurately replicate natural soundscapes. We encourage future investigations on the effects of developmental exposure to noise pollution and the impacts of multiple interacting sensory pollutants on insect and arachnid behavior.
American locust ( Schistocerca americana) post-exercise lactate fate dataset

Abstract The fate of lactate after exercise varies between animal groups. In ectothermic vertebrates, lactate is primarily converted to glycogen in the muscle. In mammals, lactate is intramuscularly oxidized or converted to glycogen in the muscle and/or liver. In addition, the rate at which post-exercise lactate pools are depleted varies between taxa. Grasshoppers are unique among insects in that they produce lactic acid during locomotion. However, it is unclear where the lactate is processed. Furthermore, insects have extremely efficient oxygen delivery systems which may enhance lactate removal compared to an ectothermic vertebrate. We fluorometrically measured lactate levels in the American locust (Schistocerca americana) during recovery from jumping. Male grasshoppers were forced to jump for five minutes in a large gloved box at 35 °C. After jumping, individuals were either immediately sampled for lactate or allowed to recover in insolation at 35 °C for different time periods (15, 30, or 60 min) before being processed for lactate. Lactate was measured in the hemolymph, jumping muscle, and abdomen of each grasshopper. A control group was isolated overnight but not jumped to provide pre-jumping lactate levels. During recovery, hemolymph and abdominal lactate levels remain virtually the same whereas muscle lactate levels decrease, suggesting that grasshoppers process lactate intramuscularly. Compared to mammals, ectothermic vertebrates have higher intramuscular lactate and lower blood lactate values after exhaustive activity [reviewed in 1 ]. Furthermore, small mammals process and remove most blood lactate in approximately 20 min, while ectothermic vertebrates require multiple hours to recover [1] . Since grasshoppers have significantly more lactate in their muscle than hemolymph and their hemolymph lactates remain elevated at least one hour after recovery, grasshopper post-exercise lactate metabolism is more similar to ectothermic vertebrates than mammals.
Uniform Relative Stability for Gaussian Arrays

The general phase-transition results for the exact support recovery investigated in Chap. 4 exploit a concentration of maxima phenomenon for dependent arrays known as the uniform relative stability (URS) property. This property holds for a wide range of models. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a complete characterization of URS for Gaussian triangular arrays. The main result shows that the Gaussian arrays are URS if and only if they are uniformly decreasingly dependent (UDD), which is a simple condition expressed in terms of the covariance structure of the array. In particular, classic results of Simeon Berman are recovered and extended. The proofs utilize tools such as Slepian’s lemma, the Sudakov–Fernique inequality, as well as, a curious result on the structure of correlation matrices derived using elementary Ramsey’s theory.
Venous Thromboembolic Complications of Lung Transplantation: A Contemporary Single-Institution Review.

Background The incidence and consequences of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) have not been described recently in lung transplant recipients. We sought to characterize DVT and PE in a contemporary series of lung transplant recipients and describe their association with clinical outcomes. Methods The records of all lung transplant recipients from July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2013, were reviewed and analyzed. DVT was diagnosed by venous duplex ultrasonography. PE was diagnosed by computed tomography angiography, nuclear ventilation/perfusion scanning, or pulmonary angiography. Results The study comprised 117 patients who underwent 123 transplants. The median age was 63 years (range, 17 to 77 years). Forty-five patients (39%) had evidence of lower extremity DVT, 53 (45%) had no evidence of lower extremity DVT, and 19 (16%) were not tested. Fifty-three (45%) had evidence of upper extremity DVT, 30 (26%) had no evidence of upper extremity DVT, and 34 (29%) were not tested. Eighteen (15%) had evidence of PE, 82 (70%) had no evidence of PE, and 17 (15%) were not tested. A multivariable, stepwise Cox proportional hazards model revealed that the presence of lower extremity DVT (hazard ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 4.64), use of cardiopulmonary bypass (hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 4.68), and unilateral lung transplantation (hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 4.25) were associated with diminished survival. Conclusions The incidence of DVT and PE in lung transplant recipients is high. Posttransplant surveillance and treatment based on findings are warranted.
Hurry up and wait: Observations and tips about the practice of chat reference

Summary This article offers practical suggestions for doing chat reference, including setting up, using language, interviewing techniques, and composing responses. It contains comparisons to in-person, phone, and email reference techniques.
Design of an efficient multiplier-less architecture for multi-dimensional convolution

Design of a hardware efficient multiplier-less architecture for the computation of multi-dimensional convolution is presented in this paper. The new architecture performs computations in the logarithmic domain by utilizing novel multiplier-less log2 and inverse-log2 modules. An effective data handling strategy is developed in conjunction with the logarithmic modules to eliminate the necessity of multipliers in the architecture. The proposed approach reduces hardware resources significantly compared to other approaches while it still maintains a high degree of accuracy. The architecture is developed as a combined systolic-pipelined design that produces an output in every clock cycle after the initial latency of the system. The architecture is capable of operating with a high speed clock frequency of 99 MHz based on Xilinx’s Virtex II 2v2000ff896-4 FPGA and the throughput of the system is observed as 99 MOPS (million outputs per second).
The Role of Family Processes and Coping Strategies in the Relationship Between Parental Chronic Illness and Childhood Internalizing Problems

Sixty-nine families (father, mother, and one child) in which the father had hemophilia, approximately half of whom were HIV positive, were assessed in an examination of the relationship between parental chronic illness, family functioning, child coping strategies, and child adjustment. Latent variable path analyses with partial least-squares estimation procedures (PLS) were used to test a model of the relationship between parental chronic illness, family process variables, child coping strategies, and child internalizing behavior problems. The severity of the father's illness predicted family process variables, which predicted the coping style of the child. The use of more avoidant coping strategies was associated with more internalizing problems.
Mathematics of Interest Rates and Finance

How much will you have after 6 years if you invest $15,000 at 6.5 % per year compounded annually
The Evolution of My Rapport: One Professor's Journey to Building Successful Instructor/Student Relationships.

Instructors often struggle to find the right balance of sternness and leniency with their students, especially in the beginning stages of their careers. An instructor who is too casual risks being overrun by students who do not take him or her seriously. The professor who is too strict might inadvertently thwart students’ creativity and stifle their potential success. The following commentary reflects my own journey to a balanced rapport with students in a university classroom setting. Over several years, my interactions with students have gone from overly formal to embarrassingly casual before finally settling somewhere in between. My experiences serve to help both novice as well as experienced educators hone their rapport with students to create an enriching classroom environment. Various studies have shown gains in student learning due to quality instructor/student relationships and the present commentary aims to aid instructors in finding a balanced and meaningful rapport with their students. In my en...
Tritylone ethers: Cleavage, stability and selectivity of formation☆

Abstract Alcohols react readily with 9-phenyl-9-hydroxyanthrone to form substituted trityl ethers which are more stable to acid than traditional trityl ethers. These new tritylone ethers enjoy an additional advantage over trityl ethers in that they can be readily cleaved by a specific base-catalyzed reaction, the Wolff-Kishner reduction. The tritylone ether-forming reaction is selective for primary alcohols in the presence of secondary alcohols.
cDNA-derived primary structure of the glycoprotein component of canine microsomal signal peptidase complex

Canine microsomal signal peptidase activity has been shown previously to co-migrate as an apparent complex of six polypeptides with molecular masses of 25, 23, 22, 21, 18, and 12 kDa. The 22- and 23-kDa species are differentially glycosylated forms of the same protein, designated SPC 22/23. The amino acid sequence of SPC 22/23 was deduced from cDNA clones. The protein is synthesized without a cleavable amino-terminal signal sequence and contains a single site for N-linked glycosylation. SPC 22/23 appears to be anchored to the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane by a single hydrophobic segment near its amino terminus, with the remainder of the protein positioned on the lumenal side of the membrane. The amino acid sequence of SPC 22/23 shares homology with tryptic peptides derived from the hen oviduct signal peptidase glycoprotein, one of two possible proteins required for signal peptide processing in the avian system (Baker, R.K., and Lively, M.O. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 8561-8567). Therefore, the complete amino acid sequence of SPC 22/23 presented in this report corresponds to one of two possible proteins required for signal peptide processing in higher eukaryotic cells.
"Tonic" and "phasic" mechanisms in the regulation of myocardial contractility.

Myocardial contractility can be regulated by two types of control mechanism. A “tonic control mechanism”, which allows the heart to respond to sustained changes in circulatory dynamics, appears to operate through changes in the structure of various constituents of the myocardium, best understood of these being changes in the myosin molecule that cause alterations in both myosin ATPase activity and contractility. Beat-to-beat changes in myocardial contractility are affected by a “phasic control mechanism” that involves changes in at least five calcium fluxes in the myocardium. The effects of catecholamines, many of which appear to be mediated by cyclic AMP, can be understood in terms of the modification of several of the calcium fluxes involved in the phasic control of myocardial contractility.
The LP Dual Active Set Algorithm

An overview is given for a new algorithm, the LP Dual Active Set Algorithm, to solve linear programming problems. In its pure form, the algorithm uses a series of projections to ascend the dual function. These projections can be approximated using proximal techniques, and both iterative and direct methods can be applied to obtain highly accurate, small norm solutions to both the primal and the dual problem.
A Direct Method for Enforcing Equality Constraints in Optimal Output Feedback

This paper presents an algorithm that can be used to calculate optimal output feedback gains subject to a linear constraint on the gain matrix. This method is direct in that it does not rely on a penalty function approach. The algorithm is proven to converge to a local minimum. As an application, the lateral dynamics of an L-1011 aircraft are considered both for static gain output feedback and dynamic compensator design.
Network Analysis and Visualizations of Water Resources Infrastructure in California: Linking Connectivity and Resilience

AbstractConnectivity is important to the structure and function of systems. In water infrastructure systems, connections between components determine flow patterns and operational flexibility. Network theory can provide tools to assess and view connectivity in water resource networks that augment current methods in water resource systems analysis. This paper presents an analysis of connectivity and resilience in the network of California’s water resources infrastructure using network theory visualization and metrics. Applying these techniques to a link-node network used in a statewide hydroeconomic model of water management in California, the analysis shows how such metrics are useful to describe aspects of connectivity and identify important system components. Both the entire system and the San Francisco Bay Area subsystem are analyzed using measures of centrality, spacing, and linkage. The analysis also assesses the effects of network degradation by removing selected components, revealing complex relati...
The safety and efficacy of varenicline in cocaine using smokers maintained on methadone: a pilot study.

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we compared varenicline (2 mg) to placebo for treatment for cocaine and tobacco dependence in 31 methadone-maintained subjects. Subjects received weekly counseling during the 12-week study participation. Our results indicate that varenicline is safe to give to this subject population, as there were no adverse events related to medication during this study. Varenicline was no more effective than placebo for abstinence from cocaine. Treatment with varenicline was associated with a reduced number of cigarettes smoked per day, even though subjects received only a brief education for smoking cessation. The self-report reduction in smoking was corroborated by CO levels and the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence. However, self-ratings of positive mood on the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule did significantly decrease in the varenicline group as compared to the placebo group, although this appears to be due to randomization differences related to lifetime depression diagnosis. These preliminary findings may point to potential therapeutic value of varenicline for smoking cessation in cocaine users maintained on methadone.
Long-term base current instability: a major concern for AlGaAs/GaAs HBT reliability

This paper provides an overview of the long-term base current instability in the AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), which is a main mechanism governing the HBT long-term current gain drift and thus a major concern for the HBT reliability. Topics covered include: (1) types of base current instability and their underlying physical mechanisms; (2) leakage currents in the HBT and their relevance to the reliability; (3) electro-thermal interaction and their impact on the HBT reliability; and (4) analytic model for predicting the HBT mean time to failure (MTTF). Measurements and device simulation results are also included in support of the modeling and analysis.
Environmental imagery of the wet prairie of east central Illinois, 1820–1920

Currently, east central Illinois represents the heart of America's corn and soybean belt and contains some of the nation's most valuable agricultural land. The area, however, was not always viewed favourably, for initially this was a landscape stigmatized for its sloughs, swamps, and presence of malaria, making it a region which repelled travelers. It was the last section of the state settled. A search of verbal, cartographic, and pictorial imagery from immigrant guidebooks, travelers, settlers, and nineteenth-century maps revealed that the attention the wet lands received was disproportionate to the area they occupied. In landscape assessment, people observed what they considered “typical”, and stereotyped areas regardless of what actually was representative.
The preparation and properties of two new chromogenic substrates of trypsin.

Abstract The synthesis and properties of l -lysine p -nitroanilide dihydrobromide and benzoyl dl -arginine p -nitroanilide hydrochloride are described. Both compounds are hydrolyzed by trypsin, the latter being a substrate at least as sensitive as benzoyl l -argininamide. Their hydrolysis can be followed conveniently by colorimetric procedures, since one of the products, p -nitroaniline, is yellow. Values of K m and k 3 for their reaction with trypsin were determined, as well as the K 4 of benzoyl d -arginine p -nitroanilide, which was isolated from a tryptic digest of the dl isomer. The pH-activity curves were also determined, that of l -LPA being in a more alkaline region than normally found for trypsin substrates. The possible significance of this shift is discussed. Preliminary studies indicate that benzoyl dl -arginine p -nitroanilide hydrochloride is also hydrolyzed by papain.
Pupil Assessment Issues: A Teacher Educator's Perspective

The purpose of this article is to discuss the problems that effectively prevent secondary physical education teachers from utilizing the theoretically sound pupil assessment practices that are taught in professional preparation courses. After the need for formal, systematic pupil assessment as demonstrated in the professional literature is identified, six critical issues are discussed: a narrow and negative view of assessment, lack of responsibility for learning, the problem of vague and long-term goals, the problem of lack of record keeping, the need for administrative and collegial support, and professional preparation. Suggestions for teacher education focus on making pupil assessment a priority from the beginning to the end of the preparation period, and on weaving assessment practices directly into the teaching process.
The mass spectrometric ortho effect studied for all 209 PCB congeners

Abstract Available standards provided an opportunity to test all 209 PCB congeners for their mass spectrometric ortho effects , i.e., the percent enhancement of the [M−Cl] + ion abundances, relative to the molecular ion [M + ] abundances for PCB congeners having chlorines in the 2,2′- and 2,2′,6-substituted positions. This work confirmed substantial ortho effects for 84 congeners from di- to nona-chlorinated PCBs. The ortho effect values calculated as ([M−Cl] + /[M + ] × 100) ranged from 17% to 94%. This study also found that much smaller ortho effects were observed for PCBs with four ortho chlorines (2,2′,6,6′-substitution), for two ortho chlorines on the same ring (2,6-substitution), and for one ortho chlorine (2-substitution), or no ortho chlorines. The ortho effect was also shown to increase for 3- or meta-substitution, increase by a smaller amount for 5-substitution, and decrease considerably for 4- or para-substitution on the biphenyl ring. Mechanistic implications were discussed. Comparison with the NIST 08 and NIST 05 Mass Spectral Libraries showed similar trends, with a few exceptions, that established the value of the ortho effect for proofing library entries. Gas chromatographic studies confirmed previously recognized chromatographic ortho effects on elution and ring substitution/retention order correlations. The order of elution was combined with the measured mass spectrometric ortho effects to test the combination as an additional PCB isomer distinguishing tool for environmental analysis, standards verification, and library proofing.
Candidate-driven ticket splitting in the 2000 Japanese elections

Abstract I offer a candidate-centered explanation for split-ticket voting patterns in the 2000 lower house elections in Japan. Drawing upon individual-level and aggregate data, I accurately estimate ticket splitting in Japan for the first time. I argue that ticket splitting in the mixed electoral system is frequently the result of unequal competition among the parties’ district candidates. Parties such as the LDP with more candidates fare much better in the SMD balloting than in the PR vote. This, and the disproportionality of the SMD vote–seat translation, contributes to the LDP's electoral victory. The analyses also demonstrate the difficulty of estimating ticket splitting in multiparty settings and validate the assumption that PR votes reflect sincere party preferences.
Immunohistochemical identification of cholecystokinin A receptors on interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle, and enteric neurons in rat pylorus

One of the physiological functions of circulating cholecystokinin (CCK) is in the control of the pyloric sphincter and the subsequent delivery of nutrients to the small intestine. In order to identify the site(s) of action of CCK in the gastropyloric region, we performed immunohistochemistry using an antibody directed to the C-terminal region of the cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR). In the rat, cells that display strong CCKAR immunoreactivity and fit the morphological description of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were found in the distal sphincter muscle and in the circular muscle of the proximal duodenum. Double labeling showed that these cells coexpressed vimentin, but that not all vimentin-positive cells expressed CCKAR. Confirmation that the CCKAR-expressing cells were ICC also came from kit double-labeling experiments in mice. In addition to ICC, circular smooth muscle cells at the tip of the comma-shaped sphincter muscle, but not elsewhere, also exhibited strong, membrane-bound CCKAR immunoreactivity. With higher antibody concentrations, the entire circular muscle displayed moderate CCKAR immunoreactivity, suggesting that circular smooth muscle cells express low levels of CCKAR. Select neurons in the myenteric ganglia near the sphincter muscle proper, the distal antrum, and proximal duodenum, as well as a few single neurons in the submucosa, also expressed strong CCKAR immunoreactivity. Finally, CCKAR-immunoreactive ICC and neurons were not specifically related to vagal afferent intramuscular and intraganglionic endings, and vagal afferents themselves did not exhibit any CCKAR immunoreactivity. These results suggest a role for ICC and enteric neurons in the mediation of CCK effects on pyloric sphincter pressure in addition to direct effects of the hormone on circular smooth muscle.
A Doctor's Dilemma: Is a Diagnosis Disabling or Enabling?

INCREASING administrative and legal responsibilities have been added to the traditional roles of physicians. This became even clearer to me as a medical adviser to administrative law judges considering appeals of applicants who have been initially denied disability claims under the Social Security system. Guidelines are published listing specific medical requirements for disability under Social Security regulations. The physician's role is to interpret the medical guidelines and advise the judge if the objective medical data meet the requirements. However, what does one do when no objective medical data exist? I recently served as medical adviser in 3 cases of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) that created a dilemma. Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by a principal complaint of severe fatigue of at least 6 months' duration associated with appreciable disability and unexplained by recognized organic disease.1,2A recent study3has concluded that adding cognitive behavior therapy to the medical
Hydrocephalus in Dandy-Walker malformation.

Even if the first description of Dandy–Walker dates back 1887, difficulty in the establishment of correct diagnosis, especially concerning differential diagnosis with other types of posterior fossa CSF collection, still persists. Further confusion is added by the inclusion, in some classification, of different malformations with different prognosis and therapeutic strategy under the same label of “Dandy–Walker”. An extensive literature review concerning embryologic, etiologic, pathogenetic, clinical and neuroradiological aspects has been performed. Therapeutic options, prognosis and intellectual outcome are also reviewed. The correct interpretation of the modern neuroradiologic techniques, including CSF flow MR imaging, may help in identifying a “real” Dandy–Walker malformation. Among therapeutical strategies, single shunting (ventriculo-peritoneal or cyst-peritoneal shunts) appears effective in the control of both ventricle and cyst size. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy may be considered an acceptable alternative, especially in older children, with the aim to reduce the shunt-related problems. Prognosis and intellectual outcome mostly depend on the presence of associated malformations, the degree of vermian malformation and the adequate control of hydrocephalus.
Optical Excitation Spectrum of Interacting Polariton Waves in Molecular Crystals

In the optical region of frequencies, the excitation spectrum of interacting polariton waves in molecular crystals has been studied by means of the polariton Hamiltonian, which includes both cubic and quartic anharmonic terms with respect to the polariton operators. A general expression for Dyson's equation is developed which describes the system of interacting polariton fields and the polarization operator is a function of two-, three-, and mixed-polariton Green's functions. The polarization operator and, therefore, the polariton Green's function is then evaluated in successive approximations. In the zero approximation, the quartic anharmonic terms in the polariton Hamiltonian renormalize the frequencies of each polariton mode. The polarization operator is calculated in the lowest order via a zeroth-order renormalized Hamiltonian; the derived expression contains terms arising from the cubic and quartic anharmonicity and is a function of the renormalized frequencies of the polariton modes. In this approximation, the spectral function for the polariton spectrum is found to have a shape of an asymmetric Lorentzian line when the frequency dependence of the energy shift and spectral width is neglected. Resonances occur (i) when either two renormalized polaritons are created or one is created and the other is absorbed (two-polariton process), and (ii) when three renormalized polaritons are created or two are created and one is absorbed (three-polariton process) by a single incident renormalized polariton and vice versa. Formulas are derived for the probability amplitudes corresponding to the third- and fourth-order nonlinear scattering processes in the transparent range of frequencies of the crystal; an expression for the energy of excitation is developed where the frequency of the polariton mode is dressed by the field of all the others in the first approximation and propagates in the crystal without damping. A discussion is given on how the derived results can be improved by calculating the polarization operator in the next order in such a self-consistent manner as to become a function of the frequencies of the polariton modes, which are correct in the first approximation.
University department chairs' use of compliance‐gaining strategies

This study investigated university department chairs' use of compliance‐gaining techniques and the influence of these techniques on faculty job satisfaction and ratings of chair performance. Techniques were classified in three power categories: expectancies/consequences, relationships/identification, and values/obligations. Results indicated the following ranking of use frequency: values/obligations, expectancies/consequences, and relationships/identification. Significant correlations were indicated between use of compliance‐gaining techniques and faculty job satisfaction, and between use and faculty ratings of chair performance. Finally, analysis indicated a linear composite of compliance‐gaining techniques that reliably discriminate between faculty ratings of chair performance.
Introducing peer support work in Latin American mental health services

In the course of implementing a recently funded network of hubs for building capacities in mental health service development, training, and research (RedeAmericas), the peer support workers are being introduced into the mental health workforce in three Latin American countries for the very first time. They will be part of a team, along with community mental health workers, that provides a modified Critical Time Intervention to individuals with severe psychiatric disorders living in the community. This article reviewed the background of this increasingly widespread development, and discussed its merits, as well as potential obstacles within local contexts.
The Relations Between Children's Past Experiences, Social Knowledge, and Memories for Social Situations

This study explored the relations between 5- and 6-year-olds' (N = 40) past social experiences, social knowledge, and interpretation and recall of social situations. Children were read stories depicting a fictional child's behaviors, and path analyses related children's impressions of the story character and story recall to their expectations about social situations and parent reports of their behavioral histories. Children's behavioral histories predicted their social expectations, which predicted their impressions of the character, and their impressions shaped their memories of the character's behaviors. These links, however, varied according to the complexity of social knowledge. The findings suggest that individual differences in children's interpretation and recall of identical events may be partially explained by variations in past experience and background knowledge.
Do abrupt-onset peripheral cues attract attention automatically?

The proportion of peripheral cues that predicted at which of two locations a discrimination target would occur was manipulated in three experiments. Near cues occurred adjacent to the target and far cues occurred adjacent to the other location. In Experiment 1, near and far cues were presented in separate blocks so each predicted target location. Both types of cue produced benefit relative to a neutral baseline. In Experiment 2 expectancy for near versus far cues was manipulated. In one group, 80% of the peripheral cues were near; in another, only 20% were near; in a third, near and far cues occurred randomly. Near cues always produced benefit. Far cues produced benefit when they were expected, had no effect in the random group, and sometimes produced cost when they were unexpected. Experiment 3 repeated the near-expected and far-expected conditions, but target duration was shortened to 50 msec. A similar pattern emerged, except that near cues produced less benefit at longer SOAs when they were unexpected...
Integrated Optical Amplifiers on Silicon Waveguides

Optical amplifiers are important elements of photonic integrated circuits. We present a hybrid silicon evanescent amplifier utilizing a wafer bonded structure of silicon waveguide and AlGalnAs quantum wells. A chip gain of 13 dB with a power penalty of 0.5 dB at 40 Gb/s data amplification is demonstrated.
The Impact of Racial Identity, Ethnic Identity, Asian Values, and Race-Related Stress on Asian Americans and Asian International College Students' Psychological Well-Being

The current study investigated the direct and moderating effects of racial identity, ethnic identity, Asian values, and race-related stress on positive psychological well-being among 402 Asian American and Asian international college students. Results revealed that the racial identity statuses Internalization, Immersion-Emersion, Dissonance, Asian values and Ethnic Identity Affirmation and Belonging were significant predictors of well-being. Asian values, Dissonance and Conformity were found to moderate the relationship between race-related stress on well-being. Specifically, individuals in low race-related stress conditions who had low Asian values, high Conformity and low Dissonance attitudes started high on well being but decreased as race-related stress increased. These findings underscore the importance of how racial identity statuses, Asian values and ethnic identity jointly and uniquely explain and moderate the effects of race-related stress on positive well-being. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.