cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Patency of in Situ Saphenous Vein Bypasses as Determined by Intraoperative Velocity Waveform Analysis

Intraoperative velocity waveform analysis following in situ saphenous vein bypass grafting can identify abnormal hemodynamic conditions that correlate with the presence of a technical error or likelihood of perioperative thrombosis. Pulsed Doppler spectral analysis was used at operation to measure peak systolic blood flow velocity in the distal graft segment of 83 in situ saphenous vein bypasses to the popliteal (n=35) or tibial (n=48) arteries. Blood flow velocities were measured in the smallest diameter graft segment below the knee. Peak systolic blood flow velocity was greater than 40 cm/sec in 77 (93%) of grafts, and no early graft failures occurred. Low blood flow velocity (peak systolic blood flow velocity <40 cm/sec) was measured in six bypasses (7%) and was attributed to large (greater than 5 mm) vein diameter, residual hemodynamically significant lesions (intact valve leaflet, proximal arteriovenous fistula), or sclerosed vein segments. With the correction of these abnormalities, the 30 day patency for the entire series was 100%. The measurement of low blood flow velocity in the distal segment of an in situ saphenous vein bypass is an uncommon occurrence and mandates a thorough evaluation of the arterial reconstruction for correctable lesions.
Assessment of predictive models for binary outcomes: An empirical approach using operative death from cardiac surgery

Predictive models in medical research have gained popularity among physicians as an important tool in medical decision making. Eight methodological strategies for creating predictive models are compared in a large, complex data base consisting of preoperative risk and operative outcome data on 12,712 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and entered into the Department of Veterans Affairs Cardiac Surgery Risk Assessment Program between April 1987 and March 1990. The models under consideration were developed to predict operative death (any death within 30 days following the surgical procedure or later if the result of a perioperative complication). The two strategies with the best predictive power among the eight examined were stepwise logistic regression alone and data reduction by cluster analysis combined with clinical judgement followed by a logistic regression model. The additive model based on unadjusted relative risks, the model based on Bayes' Theorem, and the logistic model using all candidate variables were good alternatives. Whether or not we imputed values did not have a significant impact on the predictive power of the models.
High temperature thermoreflectance imaging and transient Harman characterization of thermoelectric energy conversion devices

Advances in thin film growth technology have enabled the selective engineering of material properties to improve the thermoelectric figure of merit and thus the efficiency of energy conversion devices. Precise characterization at the operational temperature of novel thermoelectric materials is crucial to evaluate their performance and optimize their behavior. However, measurements on thin film devices are subject to complications from the growth substrate, non-ideal contacts, and other thermal and electrical parasitic effects. In this manuscript, we determine the cross-plane thermoelectric material properties in a single measurement of a 25 μm InGaAs thin film with embedded ErAs (0.2%) nanoparticles using the bipolar transient Harman method in conjunction with thermoreflectance thermal imaging at temperatures up to 550 K. This approach eliminates discrepancies and potential device degradation from the multiple measurements necessary to obtain individual material parameters. In addition, we present a strategy for optimizing device geometry to mitigate the effect of both electrical and thermal parasitics during the measurement. Finite element method simulations are utilized to analyze non-uniform current and temperature distributions over the device area as well as the three dimensional current path for accurate extraction of material properties from the thermal images. Results are compared with independent in-plane and 3ω measurements of thermoelectric material properties for the same material composition and are found to match reasonably well; the obtained figure of merit matches within 15% at room and elevated temperatures.
Latitudinal Growth Effects on Predator-Prey Interactions between Largemouth Bass and Bluegills in Ponds

Abstract Record weights of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exhibited a significant (P ≲ 0.05) inverse relationship to latitude throughout the Great Plains states. However, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) record weights from the same states exhibited no significant difference (P [>] 0.05). When northern (Montana) and southern (Oklahoma) populations of adult largemouth bass and bluegills were modeled in relation to geographical growth rates, longevity, and constant annual mortality, similar latitudinal relationships existed. Northern largemouth bass grew slower and failed to reach the maximum sizes attained by southern largemouth bass. The Proportional Stock Density value was 12 for the modeled northern largemouth bass population, while the southern largemouth bass population had a value of 50. Northern bluegills also exhibited lower growth rates than southern bluegills; however, the difference in maximum size was slight. The Proportional Stock Density value was 10 for the modeled northern bluegill p...
A high-pressure infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of BaCO 3 : the aragonite, trigonal and Pmmn structures

BaCO3 is examined under pressure, and following laser heating at pressure, to characterize bonding changes associated with different phases of this material. Infrared spectroscopy is utilized to probe the vibrational spectrum of witherite to 8 GPa and the metastable trigonal P-31c phase of BaCO3 that forms above ~7 GPa at 300 K to pressures of 45 GPa. Similarly, Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the vibrations of the orthorhombic Pmmn symmetry phase to 22 GPa and on metastable decompression to 1 GPa: this phase forms at high temperatures at pressures above ~8 GPa. For witherite, all of the vibrations of the carbonate unit, except for the out-of-plane bending vibration (which is affected by increases in Ba–O bond strength), shift to higher frequencies to 7 GPa. At the trigonal-phase transition, the infrared carbonate symmetric stretch becomes unresolvable, and the infrared in-plane and asymmetric stretching vibrations split into two components. No further phase transitions are observed at 300 K to 45 GPa, implying that the trigonal phase remains metastable at 300 K to at least this pressure. For the orthorhombic Pmmn phase which is generated following laser heating, our Raman results document that the lattice modes of this phase lie at significantly lower frequency than those of the aragonite-structured witherite: this is consistent with the increase in Ba–O coordination to 12-fold coordinate in this phase from pseudo-ninefold in witherite. The in-plane bending vibration is split within the Pmmn phase due to the lowered symmetry of the carbonate site: this splitting is enhanced by pressure, which indicates that the distortion of the planar carbonate unit is likely increased by compression: this distortion may play a key role in the response of the carbonate group to compression in this phase, and its notable stability under compression.
Activity‐based costing: a powerful tool for pricing

Explains the differences between traditional cost behavior, which divides costs into variable and fixed categories, and activity‐based costing (ABC), which divides these same costs into those that vary with unit‐level activities, batch‐level activities, and product‐level activities and facility‐level costs. Describes how recognition that cost may vary with something other than volume can make ABC a powerful tool for industrial marketers in three ways: yielding cost estimates to use in pricing that reflect significant differences among product specifications; providing the industrial marketer with guidance as to which product specifications may be adjusted in negotiations to yield significant cost reductions; and indicating areas in which to change company operations to yield cost reductions that will allow the company to satisfy customer wishes better.
Long-term maintenance of song in adult zebra finches is not affected by lesions of a forebrain region involved in song learning

The long-term maintenance of stable song patterns produced by adult male zebra finches depends upon auditory feedback. It is not known which song-related brain areas process this auditory information, in part because previous functional studies in adult birds have not been of sufficient duration to detect behavioral changes that might result from interference with auditory feedback mechanisms. In the present study, adult males were subjected to bilateral lesions of a nucleus known to be necessary for auditory-based song learning, the lateral portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (IMAN). Songs were then recorded over a period of time during which deficits due to removal of auditory feedback become apparent. Our data suggest that the IMAN does not mediate the stabilizing influence of auditory feedback on adult song production. That is, while deafening produces alterations in song structure within 16 weeks, bilateral destruction of the IMAN did not produce any substantial changes in song over this same period. These results extend a previous report by Bottjer, Miesner, and Arnold, Science, 224, 901-903 (1985) and suggest that the pathways through which auditory feedback affects adult song behavior do not involve the IMAN.
Design procedures for backbone transport networks with shared protection: optimization-based models, exact and heuristic algorithms, and unavailability computations

This manuscript presents optimization-based design models and algorithms for reliable backbone transport networks. Due to their efficiency in providing data services and high data rates, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) networks became the technology of choice for these transport networks. DWDM networks achieve these high rates by enabling several wavelengths of light to be transmitted on a single strand of fiber. Optimization-based practical methods to design DWDM networks with both link-based and path-based shared protection schemes are introduced and compared in an empirical analysis. These design models address various restrictions inherent to DWDM technology including polarization mode dispersion and attenuation requirements. Furthermore, approximations are developed to determine unavailability for any given origin-destination pair in a DWDM network. Finally, path-based and link-based shared protection models are compared based on design costs and unavailability.
Principal as Instructional Manager: A Meta-Theory for Evaluation of Instruction.

We cannot assume that all teachers, however knowledgeable about their specific discipline, are familiar with concepts in learning principles. Instructional design systems theory pro vides that construct.
pH Dependence and Unsuitability of Fluorescein Dye as a Tracer for Pesticide Mobility Studies in Acid Soil

The mobility of fluorescein and bromide used as tracers in packed soil columns was investigated. Five different soils were used in two application methods: soil surface application and soil incorporation, both of which simulate accepted methods of soil application of termiticides to prevent structural infestation. The breakthrough of bromide and fluorescein in column eluates were measured. The absorbance of fluorescein at 492 nm was pH dependent, and proper adjustments were made after measuring the eluate pH. Although high recoveries of bromide from the soil columns were observed, the breakthrough was different among the soil types, indicating that bromide behaves differently in different soils. Recovery of fluorescein, a weak acid, varied depending upon the pH of the soil used, and was only observed in the eluates of two of the five soils tested. Soil treated with bromide and fluorescein followed by soaking extraction showed high recovery of bromide but low recovery of fluorescein, except for in the most alkaline of the soils tested. If fluorescein is used as a conservative tracer in pesticide soil mobility studies, mobility can be underestimated in acidic soils because the active ingredient might travel more quickly than does the fluorescein.
Vasoactive Hormones in the Pulmonary Vascular Bed

in the pulmonary vascular bed.2 In fact, PGFa was more than 10 times as active as serotonin in increasing resistance to flow in the canine pulmonary vascular bed.2 In subsequent studies, it was shown that prosta- glandin synthesis and release by the lung were enhanced by a number of pathophysiologic conditions including anaphylaxis, pulmonary embolization and pulmonary edema.2 In addition to the findings that the lung had a marked capacity to synthesize prostaglandins and that these substances had marked vasomotor activity in this organ, it has been documented that the lung is the major organ for metabolism of prostaglandins in the body.2 Therefore, alterations in synthesis and metabo- lism of prostaglandins in the lung would affect function, not only in the airways and pulmonary vascular bed,
PMA license valuation: A Bayesian learning real options approach

Abstract This paper develops a Bayesian learning real option (BLRO) by merging the Bayesian decision-making process with the real options framework. The BLRO approach is then used to value a parts manufacturing approval (PMA) license for an aerospace firm in the maintenance, repair, and overhaul industry. The model combines statistical decision theory with options pricing to evaluate strategic capital expenditures assuming a decision time horizon and posturing costs. Real option attributes are discussed in a decision analytic context and thresholds are identified for improved decision-making. In contrast to other models in the real options literature in which new information is passively introduced during the delay period, our approach encourages active information acquisition and quantifies its impact on the decision.
Manpower and Counterinsurgency: Empirical Foundations for Theory and Doctrine

How does manpower affect counterinsurgency? Important debates about counterinsurgency theory, military doctrine, force planning, and ongoing military operations revolve around assumptions about the role manpower plays in determining counterinsurgency outcomes. But these assumptions have not, by and large, been subjected to large-n analysis. This paper helps serve that role by examining new data on counterinsurgents’ deployments across 171 campaigns since World War I. These data provide insight into a range of important issues, such as how force size should be measured, whether it is related to counterinsurgent success, whether troop nationality matters, and whether the role of manpower varies across contexts. Of these findings, the most notable is that conventional rules of thumb for force sizing, including the recommendation put forth in official US military doctrine, receive no empirical support. These findings therefore challenge the prevailing wisdom, while laying the groundwork for a range of future ...
Breast cancer, stem cells, and the stem cell niche

At least four cell types in mouse mammary epithelium, three in human, and three in cow are now known to be proliferation competent. Some evidence indicates that pregnancy may confer proliferative competency on a new cell type. These cells are widely seen as stem and progenitor cells that maintain the epithelium and produce lactational units during pregnancy. Evolutionarily conserved developmental signaling pathways active in germinal and neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation in drosophila and mammalian development are implicated in mammary tumorigenesis. In adult tissues this signaling is retained, is regulated by stem cell niches and operates to create new tissue and maintain tissue form and integrity. Disruption of this signaling may abrogate maintenance of the stem cell niche and lead to preneoplastic conditions.
Active Processing via Write-to-Learn Assignments Learning and Retention Benefits in Introductory Psychology

This study evaluated brief, in-class write-to-learn assignments as a tool for promoting learning and retention in large, introductory psychology courses. A within-subjects (student) design was used...
Nuclear Energy in the Service of Biomedicine: The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Radioisotope Program, 1946–1950

The widespread adoption of radioisotopes as tools in biomedical research and therapy became one of the major consequences of the "physicists' war" for postwar life science. Scientists in the Manhattan Project, as part of their efforts to advocate for civilian uses of atomic energy after the war, proposed using infrastructure from the wartime bomb project to develop a government-run radioisotope distribution program. After the Atomic Energy Bill was passed and before the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was formally established, the Manhattan Project began shipping isotopes from Oak Ridge. Scientists and physicians put these reactor-produced isotopes to many of the same uses that had been pioneered with cyclotron-generated radioisotopes in the 1930s and early 1940s. The majority of early AEC shipments were radioiodine and radiophosphorus, employed to evaluate thyroid function, diagnose medical disorders, and irradiate tumors. Both researchers and politicians lauded radioisotopes publicly for their potential in curing diseases, particularly cancer. However, isotopes proved less successful than anticipated in treating cancer and more successful in medical diagnostics. On the research side, reactor-generated radioisotopes equipped biologists with new tools to trace molecular transformations from metabolic pathways to ecosystems. The U.S. government's production and promotion of isotopes stimulated their consumption by scientists and physicians (both domestic and abroad), such that in the postwar period isotopes became routine elements of laboratory and clinical use. In the early postwar years, radioisotopes signified the government's commitment to harness the atom for peace, particularly through contributions to biology, medicine, and agriculture.
Relationships between superoxide levels and delayed calcium deregulation in cultured cerebellar granule cells exposed continuously to glutamate

The relationship is investigated between superoxide levels in single cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons exposed continuously to glutamate in low KCl medium and the deregulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+. Cells that maintain a regulated cytoplasmic-free Ca2+ and mitochondrial polarization in the presence of glutamate show no increase in superoxide levels until the onset of cytoplasmic Ca2+ deregulation. Oxidative stress of mitochondrial origin is readily detectable, as the inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A markedly increase superoxide levels with no effect on cytoplasmic-free Ca2+. The potent cell-permeant superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic manganese tetrakis (N-ethylpyridinium-2yl) porphyrin, MnTE-PyP, abolishes the deregulation-related increase in superoxide but has no effect on deregulation itself. A combination of catalase with the free radical scavenger 4-hydroxy-TEMPO also fails to reduce deregulation. Following the loss of Ca2+ homeostasis nuclei undergo condensation; this morphological change is not inhibited by MnTE-PyP and cannot account for the increased ethidium fluorescence. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors decrease the deregulation-related increase in superoxide without protecting against deregulation. In conclusion, our study indicates that deregulation is not caused by NMDA receptor-mediated oxidative stress as NMDA receptor activation does not increase superoxide levels until the onset of deregulation. Furthermore, the majority of superoxide is produced in the cytoplasm rather than in mitochondria.
On continuous dependence for a class of dynamical problems in linear thermoelasticity

Given that the temperature dependent elasticities of a linear anisotropic elastic material satisfy certain Lipschitz type conditions, it is shown that the displacement vector depends continuously, in an appropriate norm, on temperature deviations from a fixed but arbitrary steady state temperature distribution.
CK-MB Release Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in the Absence of Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Elevation of levels of the myocardial-specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) in the immediate postoperative period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting is usually associated with myocardial necrosis. However, mean isoenzyme elevations of 18 ± 2 IU/L (standard error of the mean) were recently observed in 6 patients in the absence of electrocardiographic or scintigraphic (technetium 99m stannous pyrophosphate) evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. To test the hypothesis that surgical trauma of the atrium and aorta during cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass might contribute to elevated CK-MB levels, biopsy of the right atrial appendage and aorta of 7 patients was done at operation, the tissue samples were assayed for total creatine kinase (CK) activity using the Rosalki technique, and for CK-MB using column chromatography. The results indicate that the human atrium is a rich source of CK, with the proportion of CK-MB similar to that present in the ventricle (20%). In addition, technical considerations inherent in the performance of coronary bypass surgery may result in release of CK-MB, causing elevated serum enzyme levels in the post-coronary artery bypass patient in the absence of myocardial infarction.
Separable Monte Carlo combined with importance sampling for variance reduction

Monte Carlo (MC) methods are often used to carry out reliability based design of structures. Methods that improve the accuracy of MC simulation include Separable Monte Carlo (Separable MC), Markov Chain Monte Carlo and importance sampling. We explore the utility of combining Separable MC and importance sampling for improving accuracy. The accuracy of the estimates is compared for Standard MC, Separable MC, importance sampling and combined method for a composite plate example and a tuned mass damper example. For these examples Separable MC and importance sampling reduced the error individually by factors of 2-5, and the combination reduced it further by about a factor of 2. The results were also compared with the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). FORM was grossly inaccurate for the tuned mass-damper example which has a failure region bounded by safe regions on either side.
Mechanism of poly(methyl methacrylate) fire retardation by Wilkinson's salt

The reaction of Wilkinson's salt, CIRh(PP3)3, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been studied. Char formation is observed, and some 30% of the reaction product is nonvolatile at 600°C. In order to understand the pathway of this reaction, the reaction of dimethylglutarate (DMG) and CIRh(PP3)3 has been studied. A pathway is proposed in which the initial step is the oxidative addition of the rhodium species into a carbon—oxygen bond of the DMG molecule. Six different products have been isolated from this reaction and can be seen to result from the oxidative insertion. This pathway also seems to apply to the PMMA reaction and leads to an interpretation of the results of this reaction and permits one to understand the role of this, and similar, compounds as flame retardants.
Identity orientation and decisional strategies

Abstract Two studies designed to investigate the relationship between identity orientation and decisional strategies are reported. Identity orientation refers to the way in which individuals approach or manage to avoid the tasks of constructing and revising their self-identity. Study 1 revealed that information-oriented individuals reportedly engaged in systematic, vigilant decisional practices whereas diffuse/avoidant-oriented subjects resorted to maladaptive decisional strategies including procrastination, avoidance, and excuse making. Also, within this sample of late adolescent college students, identity orientation was found to be independent from intellectual ability. Study 2 replicated the major findings of Study 1 and furnished evidence about cognitive aspects of the identity orientations.
FOREST CANOPY AND THE PERFORMANCE OF LARVAL AMPHIBIANS

Freshwater ponds inhabited by larval amphibians can become encroached by forest vegetation. Surveys reveal that gradients formed by canopy cover can act as a selective sieve for the distribution of amphibian larvae among ponds. In eastern North America, many species, including spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), are usually absent from ponds where forest canopies have closed over the pond basin. Relatively fewer species, including wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), are commonly present in both closed and open canopy ponds. Long-term observations reveal that canopy development is associated with extinction of spring peeper populations and persistence of wood frog populations. We evaluated performance of spring peeper and wood frog larvae in a set of experiments designed to assess three predictions: (1) that conditions in closed canopy ponds (e.g., lower temperature) are associated with depressed growth rates, (2) that the impact of canopy cover will be more severe on an open canopy specialist vs. a canopy generalist species, and (3) that abiotic differences between closed and open canopy ponds may provide a sufficient explanation for performance patterns. In support of the first prediction, a field transplant experiment showed that both species grew slower in closed vs. open canopy ponds. We found some support for the second prediction during two separate experiments. During the field experiment, the impact of canopy on spring peeper growth was similar to the effect on wood frogs. However, in a common garden experiment (in which physical conditions tended to coverge), spring peepers raised on substrates and water from closed canopy ponds grew substantially slower than conspecifics in the presence of water and substrate from open canopy ponds. By contrast, wood frogs grew faster in the closed canopy treatment. Finally, while recognizing that abiotic variation appears to play an important role in performance across the canopy gradient, we rejected the third hypothesis. We found that a biotic manipulation (food addition) partially mitigated depressed growth rates in closed canopy ponds. This result suggests that biotic factors (e.g., variation in abundance and composition of periphyton) also contribute to performance differences across the canopy gradient.
Surface Displacement Analysis of the Transformed Zone in Magnesia Partially Stabilized Zirconia

On montre l'utilite des mesures de deplacement de surface pour reveler la nature de la deformation plastique de subsurface par une analyse de la zone transformee aux alentours des fissures. On montre que la zone transformee presente un degre non uniforme de transformation des particules de la phase quadratique
Pyramidalized olefins: The stereospecific conjugate reduction of a bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene

Abstract Structure determination on 2-benzenesulphonyl-3-trimethylsilybicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene ( 3 ) demonstrates that the double bonds are pyramidalized in the exo direction. Nucleophilic attack (conjugate reduction) on 3 parallels this pyramidalization and occurs exclusively from the endo face.
Lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in the major psychotic disorders: historical perspectives and findings from a study of motor asymmetry in older patients

Differences in functioning between the two cerebral hemispheres have been reported for more than a century. In recent decades, issues related to lateralized dysfunction have been raised in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In particular, evidence suggests that schizophrenia may be particularly associated with left hemisphere dysfunction and bipolar disorder with right hemisphere dysfunction. We discuss these issues, along with a conceptual framework for integrating hypotheses about the relationship between the major psychotic illnesses based on a two-dimensional continuum. We also present new findings from our study of motor asymmetry in older patients with psychosis that support this framework. Our results indicate that schizophrenia may be associated with left hemisphere pathology to a greater extent than right, whereas the reverse may occur in bipolar disorder.
Cocaine Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in a Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice Implanted with Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

Epidemiologic studies have identified cocaine as a cofactor for development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To evaluate this interaction, human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were implanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice and infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in both the presence and absence of cocaine. Concurrent administration of cocaine resulted in significantly more PBL becoming infected with HIV in vivo (38.85% vs. 18.5%). The number of CD4 + cells recovered from HIV-infected, cocaine-treated animals was significantly lower than that from mice infected with HIV in the absence of cocaine (6.5 × 10 4 vs. 19 × 10 4 ) and was associated with a lower CD4:CD8 ratio and a dramatic increase in virus load. Exposure to cocaine alone did not affect the implantation of PBL, suggesting a specific interaction between cocaine and HIV. This report describes a model for evaluating HIV cofactors and supports cocaine's role in the development and progression of AIDS.
Occurrence ofAeromonas hydrophila in limnetic environments: Relationship of the organism to trophic state.

The densities ofAeromonas hydrophila in various natural waters were found to be strongly correlated with a relative index proposed for use in trophic state assessments of fresh waters. No such correlation was found with the recoverable heterotrophic population of whichA. hydrophila is a part.A. hydrophila was found to be seasonally distributed with maximal densities occurring during summer through early fall. It was also found to be spatially distributed within a pond with the most consistent densities occurring from 1 m depth down to that depth in the water column where the temperature reaches 16°C. The densities of the organism correlated most strongly with total phosphorus, chlorophylla, and Secchi depth. Moderate correlations were found with dissolved phosphorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon. Little or no correlation was obtained with ammonia, orthophosphate, pH, alkalinity, or dissolved oxygen. The discriminating ability that theA. hydrophila density measurements provide in the oligotrophic through mesotrophic range appears to exceed those of presently available methods. The facility and sensitivity of the enumeration method forA. hydrophila should make it a useful tool for trophic state assessments.
Random sampling statistical analysis for adaptive target-scale-invariant hyperspectral anomaly detection

Ground to ground, sensor to object viewing perspective presents a major challenge for autonomous window based object detection, since object scales at this viewing perspective cannot be approximated. In this paper, we present a fully autonomous parallel approach to address this challenge. Using hyperspectral (HS) imagery as input, the approach features a random sampling stage, which does not require secondary information (range) about the targets; a parallel process is introduced to mitigate the inclusion by chance of target samples into clutter background classes during random sampling; and a fusion of results. The probability of sampling targets by chance within the parallel processes is modeled by the binomial distribution family, which can assist on tradeoff decisions. Since this approach relies on the effectiveness of its core algorithmic detection technique, we also propose a compact test statistic for anomaly detection, which is based on a principle of indirect comparison. This detection technique has shown to preserve meaningful detections (genuine anomalies in the scene) while significantly reducing the number of false positives (e.g. transitions of background regions). To capture the influence of parametric changes using both the binomial distribution family and actual HS imagery, we conducted a series of rigid statistical experiments and present the results in this paper.
Water Mass Exchange in the Southern Ocean in Coupled Climate Models

AbstractThe authors estimate water mass transformation rates resulting from surface buoyancy fluxes and interior diapycnal fluxes in the region south of 30°S in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) model-based state estimation and three free-running coupled climate models. The meridional transport of deep and intermediate waters across 30°S agrees well between models and observationally based estimates in the Atlantic Ocean but not in the Indian and Pacific, where the model-based estimates are much smaller. Associated with this, in the models about half the southward-flowing deep water is converted into lighter waters and half is converted to denser bottom waters, whereas the observationally based estimates convert most of the inflowing deep water to bottom waters. In the models, both Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are formed primarily via an interior diapycnal transformation rather than being transformed at the surface via heat or freshwate...
Decondensation of mouse sperm chromatin and reassembly into nucleosomes mediated by polyglutamic acid in vitro.

Abstract The organization of the mammalian sperm nucleus was probed with staphylococcal nuclease. Although isolated nuclei are resistant to cleavage, following reduction and alkylation, 30% of the sperm DNA could be digested and the remaining DNA had a heterodisperse size distribution. By morphological criteria, a model acidic protein, polyglutamic acid was capable of decondensing purified sperm nuclei that had been reduced and alkylated. The maximal extent of nuclease digestion increased to 85–90%. The subsequent addition of purified, exogenous core histones in 0.1 M NaCl partially reversed this vulnerability to nuclease cleavage such that only 55% of the DNA was digested. Furthermore, analysis of the remaining DNA revealed a nucleosome ladder pattern with unit length repeat of 150 bp. These results strongly suggest that polyglutamic acid can mediate not only decondensation of sperm nuclei but also the assembly of sperm chromatin into nucleosomes.
Structure-function relationships in high-density docosylsilane bonded stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy and comparison to octadecylsilane bonded stationary phases: effects of common solvents.

The effects of common solvents on alkyl chain conformational order in a series of high-density C22 stationary phases with surface coverage ranging from 3.61 to 6.97 μmol/m2 are investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Conformational order is evaluated using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric and symmetric ν(CH2) modes as well as the frequencies at which these Raman bands are observed. Solvents studied include methanol-d4, acetonitrile-d3, water-d2, toluene-d8, chloroform-d. and benzene-d6. Alkyl chain conformational order and, hence, solvation of the stationary phase, is dependent on the Gibbs free energy change for these molecules at infinite dilution in hexadecane (), as well as stationary-phase properties (polymerization method and surface coverage). In general, polar solvents increase slightly the conformational order of these C22 stationary phases, while nonpolar solvents decrease conformational order. A comparison is made between C22 and C18 bonded-phase systems to further understand the role of al...
Alloantigenic recognition of artificial glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored HLA-A2.1

Abstract Alloantigen presentation by GPI-reanchored variants of the human class I MHC molecule HLA-A2.1 was studied in human cellular systems. To this end, we generated chimeric coding sequences for two GPI-modified HLA-A2.1 heavy chain derivatives. In these chimeras, the coding sequence for the HLA-A2.1 heavy chain was fused in-frame to alternative overlapping sequences from the 3'-end of human DAF containing the GPI-modification signal sequence. The encoded polypeptides HLA-A2.1 :DAF-S and HLA-A2.1 :DAF-L differed by 53 amino acids of additional DAF sequence in the latter. Both were detected on stably transfected C1R cell surfaces by HLA-A2.1-specific mAb, and their GPI-modification was confirmed by PI-PLC enzymatic cleavage. Immunoprecipitation analysis of surface-biotinylated C1R transfectants revealed heterodimeric association for both HLA-A2.1 :DAF-L and HLA-A2.1 :DAF-S heavy chains with β2m. Alloantigenic stimulation by, and cytotoxic recognition of, both HLA-A2. l:DAF-S/C1 R and HLA-A2.1/CIR cells was observed; however, HLA-A2. l:DAF-L/C1 R cells could not serve as allostimulators or allotargets. These findings establish that polymorphic human class I MHC molecules can function, when artificially GPI-reanchored, as alloantigenic targets. Moreover, the data suggest that the sequence bridging the HLA-A2 extracellular domain and the membrane can influence alloantigenic presentation.
Dielectric susceptibility of 〈100〉‐type paraelectric defects in varying static bias fields and simulated random stress

The effect of simulated random stress on the static dielectric susceptibility of 〈100〉-type paraelectric defects with varying bias electric fields is investigated. The results are applied to the interpretation of measurements of dielectric loss due to OH − defects in K Br by Reymann and Luty. Der Effekt von simulierten inneren Spannungen auf die statische elektrische Suszeptibili-tat von 〈100〉-orientierten paraelektrischen Defekten unter variablen elektrischen Feldern wird theoretisch behandelt. Die Resultate werden zur Interpretation der dielektrischen Verlustmessungen an OH−-Defekten in K Br von Reymann und Luty benutzt.
Supervision of Group Work: Infusing the Spirit of Social Justice.

The authors explore how supervisors may support the development of social justice consciousness for group leader supervisees, the role of the supervisor in generating social justice awareness and discussing social justice topics, and supervision that supports group leaders in addressing the challenges and opportunities related to social justice issues in group work. The authors present examples from a 10-week supervision group of 6 doctoral students who were leading personal growth groups for master's students in the group counseling course.
Detecting linear sequences and subsequences

Abstract Greenwood [1946. The statistical study of infectious diseases (with discussion). J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 109, 85–110], using an L 2 distance, and others have addressed the question of detecting a too-linear fit of the occurrence times T 0 T 1 ⋯ T n of a sequence of random events. Two convenient distances are introduced here, then applied to the more challenging problem of detecting too-linear subsequences, where the multiple subsequence effect must be taken into account. Two interpretations of “linear subsequence” are considered.
Effect of variations in a reinforcement complex upon reversal shift performance of kindergarten children

Seventy-two kindergarten children were trained on a two-choice discrimination problem with each correct response being accompanied by a marble and five specifiable stimuli which served as secondary reinforcers. Following initial training, half of the Ss learned a reversal shift with the specifiable stimuli remaining with the response to the formerly positive cue while the other half learned the reversal with the stimuli shifted to the response to the new positive cue. Within each of these two groups, three stimulus-number (5, 3, or 1 of the original stimuli) conditions were used. Reversal speed was a negative function of the commonality of the reinforcement complex associated with the training and test tasks.
THE ROBUSTNESS OF THE F TEST TO VIOLATIONS OF CONTINUITY AND FORM OF TREATMENT POPULATION

This paper considers the appropriateness of the F test when the dependent measure is discretely distributed and takes on only a small number of possible values (m = 3, 5 or 7). Effects of α level, number and size of treatment groups, and skewness and kurtosis of the parent population are described. Results are consistent with those previously reported for continuously distributed measures; the F test is quite robust with respect to Type I error rate.
Prevalence and trends in low femur bone density among older US adults: NHANES 2005-2006 compared with NHANES III.

Hip fracture incidence appears to be declining in the United States, but changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of the population have not been evaluated. We used femur BMD data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 to estimate the prevalence of low femoral BMD in adults age 50 years and older and compared it with estimates from NHANES III (1988–1994). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry systems (pencil-beam geometry in NHANES III, fan-beam geometry in NHANES 2005–2006) were used to measure femur BMD, and World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of low BMD were used to categorize skeletal status. In 2005–2006, 49% of older US women had osteopenia and 10% had osteoporosis at the femur neck. In men, 30% had femur neck osteopenia and 2% had femur neck osteoporosis. An estimated 5.3 million older men and women had osteoporosis at the femur neck, and 34.5 million more had osteopenia in 2005–2006. When compared with NHANES III, the age-adjusted prevalence of femur neck osteoporosis in NHANES 2005–2006 was lower in men (by 3 percentage units) and women (by 7 percentage units) overall and among non-Hispanic whites. Changes in body mass index or osteoporosis medication use between surveys did not fully explain the decline in osteoporosis. Owing to the increase in the number of older adults in the US population, however, more older adults had low femur neck BMD (osteoporosis + osteopenia) in 2005–2006 than in 1988–1994. Thus, despite the decline in prevalence, the estimated number of affected older adults in 2005–2006 remained high.
Contrasting diagenetic histories of concretions and host rock, Lion Mountain Sandstone (Cambrian), Texas

White, elliptical, calcite-cemented concretion nuclei up to 2 m long contrast markedly in color, composition, and diagenetic history from more glauconite-rich concretion rinds and from dark green glaucarenite host rocks. Concretion nuclei are placers of loosely packed trilobite carapaces and minor quartz and glauconite tightly cemented with an average of 58% calcite cement. The nuclei are shell-lag deposits that were cemented by calcite at the sea floor or after burial of a few meters. Concretion rinds , composed of sub-equal amounts of quartz and compactionally deformed glauconite, have an average of only 32% cement, which consists of minor quartz overgrowths and later pore-occluding calcite cement. The rinds underwent burial for several million years to tens of million years to depths of several hundred meters before they were cemented. The host rock is predominantly glauconite with very minor quartz and calcite cement. 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of host-rock calcite cement are variable (0.7084 to 0.7093), but the lowest value suggests precipitation during the Middle Ordovician. In the absence of significant amounts of carbonate cement, the host rock underwent complete dissolution of trilobite carapaces and maximum compaction with total loss of porosity through squashing of glauconite grains. Maximum burial during this stage was completed by the end of Ordovician time. Carbon and oxygen isotopic values of calcite from 16 samples show no differences between concretion nuclei, rinds, and host rocks. δ 13 C ranges from +2.2 to +2.9 (PDB) and probably reflects derivation of carbon from trilobite carapaces and other skeletal grains. δ 18 O ranges from -4.6 to -6.2 (PDB) and reflects either the original composition of the cement and trilobites or the modification of original grains by meteoric-dominated ground water.
Corporatism, Trade Liberalization and Sectoral Responses: The Case of Venezuela, 1989–99

Abstract The Venezuelan manufacturing sector, unlike agriculture, cooperated with state’s efforts to liberalize trade in the 1990s, despite the economic costs it absorbed and the political opportunities to sabotage the reforms. This paper offers two explanations for this, which modify and conciliate traditional interest-based and corporatist theories of state-society relations. High levels of sectoral autonomy from the bureaucracy and political parties (and hence Congress), together with low levels of involvement in profit-making on the part of the associations representing the sector, encourage sectoral cooperation with costly and risky state policies. In addition, traditional corporatist instruments used by states—inducements and constraints—hurt rather than enhance state-sector cooperation.
Calling Crickets ( Anurogryllus arboreus ) over Pitfalls: Females, Males, and Predators

Males of Anurogryllus arboreus Walker call in season for ca. an hour each warm evening, generally from perches 0.1–2 m up. Animals attracted to the calls were studied in 1977 and 1978 by installing pitfall traps in the midst of a population of A. arboreus . Above each pitfall was a cage containing (1) a normal male, (2) a muted male, or (3) nothing. Caged normal males called no less than free males. In 1978, but not in 1977, competing free males (n = 169) were removed from the vicinity of the pitfalls. In 1977, 3 females were caught beneath normal males (0.029 females/normal-male-night). In 1978, 2 were caught (0.014 females/normal-male-night). No females were caught beneath muted males or empty cages. Other animals showed no significant bias as to which pitfalls they fell into. For example, of the 50 wolf spiders caught during the calling period, 15 were beneath normal males; all spadefoot toads caught were beneath normal males, but n=3 ( P =0.11).
Vasculogenesis in infantile hemangioma

Infantile hemangioma is a vascular tumor that occurs in 5-10% of infants of European descent. A defining feature of infantile hemangioma is the dramatic growth and development into a disorganized mass of blood vessels. Subsequently, a slow spontaneous involution begins around 1 year of age and continues for 4-6 years. The growth and involution of infantile hemangioma is very different from other vascular tumors and vascular malformations, which do not regress and can occur at any time during childhood or adult life. Much has been learned from careful study of the tissue morphology and gene expression patterns during the life-cycle of hemangioma. Tissue explants and tumor-derived cell populations have provided further insight to unravel the cellular and molecular basis of infantile hemangioma. A multipotent progenitor cell capable of de novo blood vessel formation has been isolated from infantile hemangioma, which suggests that this common tumor of infancy, long considered to be a model for pathologic angiogenesis, may also represent pathologic vasculogenesis. Whether viewed as angiogenesis or vasculogenesis, infantile hemangioma represents a vascular perturbation during a critical period of post-natal growth, and as such provides a unique opportunity to decipher mechanisms of human vascular development.
Considerations for building knowledge-based expert systems in highway maintenance planning

Genuine, nontrivial planning problems in pavement and bridge maintenance are generally beyond the capabilities of expert systems. However, the diagnostic, interpretive and predictive features of such systems can be combined with algorithmic planning tools to produce comprehensive maintenance planning and management systems.