cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotion Regulation Strategies in European American and Hong Kong Chinese Middle School Children

This study explored emotion regulation strategies in middle school European American (N = 54) and Hong Kong Chinese (N = 89) children. Children were presented with scenarios describing a fictitious girl/boy who encountered situations eliciting sadness, anger, and fear. Based on Gross’ theory (1998), the survey of emotion regulation strategies was designed to study children’s perceived effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies including deep breathing, positive distraction, situation avoidance, talking to someone, and experiential suppression. The results revealed that some strategies were universal across the two cultures and some were culture-specific. Both American and Chinese children considered situation avoidance the most effective in dealing with anger. They preferred to talk to somebody more when dealing with anger and sadness than with fear. American children considered deep breathing the most effective for anger; for Chinese children, it was the most effective for dealing with anger and fear. Regardless of emotion-eliciting situations, American children scored higher on positive distraction and talking to someone strategies. This study also investigated children’s explanations of the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies.
Increments of Transformation from Midnight to Daylight: How a Professor and Four Undergraduate Students Experienced an Original Philosophy of Teaching and Learning in Two Online Courses.

Drawing from the qualitative tradition of narrative inquiry, and situated in an online learning environment at a historically Black college or university, this study explores the potential transfor...
Protein phosphorylation and cell transformation.

于恩庶教授是人兽共患病学科创建与发展的学科带头人之一,是我国当代著名的医学微生物学、流行病学专家,今年八十有五.欣逢盛世,身爽气顺,天天按时上班,深入科研工作第一线,科技论著不断,反映了他探索无穷期的精神面貌。
Nanoporous Silver Film Fabricated by Oxygen Plasma: A Facile Approach for SERS Substrates.

Nanoporous metal films are promising substrates for surfaced-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurement, owing to their homogeneity, large surface area, and abundant hot-spots. Herein, a facile procedure was developed to fabricate nanoporous Ag film on various substrate surfaces. Thermally deposited Ag film was first treated with O2 plasma, resulting in porous Ag/AgxO film (AgxO-NF) with nanoscale feature. Sodium citrate was then used to reduce AgxO to Ag, forming nanoporous Ag film (AgNF) with similar morphology. The AgNF substrate demonstrates 30-fold higher Raman intensity than Ag film over polystyrene nanospheres (d = 600 nm) using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) as the sensing molecule. Comparing with ordinary Raman measurement on 4-MBA solution, an enhancement factor of ∼6 × 106 was determined for AgNF. The AgNF substrate was evaluated for benzoic acid, 4-nitrophenol, and 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, showing high SERS sensitivity for chemicals that bind weakly to Ag surface and molecules with relativ...
Assessment of the King-Devick® (KD) test for screening acute mTBI/concussion in warfighters.

Abstract Objectives The Department of Defense reported that 344,030 cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were clinically confirmed from 2000 to 2015, with mild TBI (mTBI) accounting for 82.3% of all cases. Unfortunately, warfighters with TBI are often identified only when moderate or severe head injuries have occurred, leaving more subtle mTBI cases undiagnosed. This study aims to identify and validate an eye-movement visual test for screening acute mTBI. Methods Two-hundred active duty military personnel were recruited to perform the King-Devick® (KD) test. Subjects were equally divided into two groups: those with diagnosed acute mTBI (≤72h) and age-matched controls. The KD test was administered twice for test-retest reliability, and the outcome measure was total cumulative time to complete each test. Results The mTBI group had approximately 36% mean slower performance time with significant differences between the groups ( p Conclusions Significant differences in KD test performance were seen between the acute mTBI and control groups. The results suggest the KD test can be utilized for screening acute mTBI. A validated and rapidly administered mTBI screening test with results that are easily interpreted by providers is essential in making return-to-duty decisions in the injured warfighter.
Loss of IFN-γ Pathway Genes in Tumor Cells as a Mechanism of Resistance to Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy

Antibody blockade of the inhibitory CTLA-4 pathway has led to clinical benefit in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma. Anti-CTLA-4 enhances T cell responses, including production of IFN-γ, which is a critical cytokine for host immune responses. However, the role of IFN-γ signaling in tumor cells in the setting of anti-CTLA-4 therapy remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that patients identified as non-responders to anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) have tumors with genomic defects in IFN-γ pathway genes. Furthermore, mice bearing melanoma tumors with knockdown of IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1) have impaired tumor rejection upon anti-CTLA-4 therapy. These data highlight that loss of the IFN-γ signaling pathway is associated with primary resistance to anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of tumor genomic data, especially IFN-γ related genes, as prognostic information for patients selected to receive treatment with immune checkpoint therapy.
Multidisciplinary approach to chronic pelvic pain.

SUMMARY Both diagnosis and management of CPP may be greatly facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach integrating specific medical interventions with cognitive-behavioral pain strategies and concurrent treatment of psychological morbidity. Available data suggest that measured outcomes, including pain severity, global health status, and somatization, associated with this approach are significantly better than those observed after isolated medical interventions. Because of the chronicity of many of the psychological and social variables predisposing to recurrent symptom formation, care must be continuous and longitudinal if recurrent adverse sequelae, including disability, inappropriate health care utilization, and depression, are to be prevented.
Inverse determination of heat flux into a gun barrel using temperature sensors

A mathematical model is developed to describe the thermal response of a temperature sensor located within a gun barrel, which accounts for the time-constant of the sensor and a measurement bias. The model is inversely solved to estimate the total heat flux applied to the bore surface as well as the transient history of the applied heat flux for a given thermal response of a temperature sensor. A parametric study is conducted to determine the influence of sensor time-constant, sensor location within the gun barrel, and measurement bias on the accuracy of the estimated heat flux as applied to a 155mm gun barrel. It is found that the accuracy of the estimated heat flux improves as the time-constant of the sensor decreases, the sensor is located closer to the bore surface, and the measurement bias decreases. A regression model is provided to estimate that accuracy and it is shown how a typical thermocouple would perform at various locations through the thickness of the gun barrel.
Large Contributions from Biogenic Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes to Organic Aerosol in the Southeastern United States

Abstract. Atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) has important impacts on climate and human health but its sources remain poorly understood. Biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are critical precursors of OA. The OA generation from these precursors predicted by models has considerable uncertainty owing to a lack of appropriate observations as constraints. Here, we perform novel lab-in-the-field experiments, which allow us to study OA formation under realistic atmospheric conditions and offer a connection between laboratory and field studies. Based on the lab-in-the-field experimental approach and positive matrix factorization analysis on aerosol mass spectrometry data, we provide a measure of OA from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the southeastern U.S. Further, we use an upgraded atmospheric model and reproduce the measured OA concentration from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes at multiple sites in the southeastern U.S., building confidence in the observed attribution of monoterpene SOA. We show that the annual average concentration of OA from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the southeastern U.S. is ~ 2.1 µg m −3 . This amount is substantially higher than represented in current regional models and accounts for 21 % of World Health Organization PM 2.5 standard, indicating a significant contributor of environmental risk to the 77 million habitants in the southeastern U.S.
ColorMod: Recoloring 3D Printed Objects using Photochromic Inks

Recent research has shown how to change the color of existing objects using photochromic materials. These materials can switch their appearance from transparent to colored when exposed to light of a certain wavelength. The color remains even when the object is removed from the light source. The process is fully reversible allowing users to recolor the object as many times as they want. So far, these systems have been limited to single color changes, i.e. changes from transparent to colored. In this paper, we present ColorMod, a method to extend this approach to multi-color changes (e.g., red-to-yellow). We accomplish this using a multi-color pattern with one color per voxel across the surface of the object. When recoloring the object, our system locally activates only those voxels that have the desired color and turns all other voxels off. We describe ColorMod's hardware/software system and its user interface that comes with a conversion tool for 3D printing as well as a painting tool that matches physical voxels with the desired appearance. We also contribute our own material formula for a 3D-printable photochromic ink.
Miscellaneous Polymer Blends

This chapter concerns a diverse group of polymeric blends whose constituents may be either compatible or incompatible with each other. While the blends discussed in Chapter 3 are of interest because of their high impact strengths, the materials covered in this chapter are of interest because of a variety of other physical properties.
Hypolimnetic oxygenation: predicting performance using a discrete-bubble model

Stratification of water-supply reservoirs frequently results in substantial hypolimnetic oxygen depletion with a resulting negative impact on raw water quality. Hypolimnetic oxygenators are used to add oxygen to the hypolimnion without significantly disrupting the thermal density structure. The three most common devices are the airlift aerator, the Speece Cone, and the bubble-plume diffuser. A discrete-bubble model based on fundamental principles has previously been shown to hold considerable promise for predicting the performance of airlift aerators and the Speece Cone. In this paper, we have further verified this model by comparing its predictions to a series of pilot-scale experimental measurements and have also demonstrated its ability, under somewhat idealized conditions, to predict the full-scale performance of a bubble-plume diffuser in a stratified reservoir. The potential for the diffused-bubble aeration system to increase oxygen demand, and the rate at which nitrogen builds up during operation and de-gasses following destratification, are also considered.
Statistical inference using rank-based post-stratified samples in a finite population

In this paper, we consider statistical inference based on post-stratified samples from a finite population. We first select a simple random sample (SRS) of size n and identify their population ranks. Conditioning on these population ranks, we construct probability mass functions of the sample ranks of n units in a larger sample of size $$M > n$$. The n units in SRS are then post-stratified into d classes using conditional sample ranks. The sample ranks are constructed with two different conditional distributions leading to two different sampling designs. The first design uses a conditional distribution given n ordered population ranks. The second design uses a conditional distribution given a single (marginal) unordered population rank. The paper introduces unbiased estimators for the population mean, total, and their variances based on the post-stratified samples from these two designs. The conditional distributions of the sample ranks are used to construct Rao–Blackwell estimator for the population mean and total. We show that Rao–Blackwell estimators outperform the same estimators constructed from a systematic sample.
Screen Compliance Experiments for Application of Liquid Acquisition Device in Space

The purpose of a liquid acquisition device (LAD) is to separate liquid and vapor phases inside a spacecraft propellant storage tank in the reduced gravity and microgravity conditions of space so that vapor-free liquid can be extracted to the transfer line. A popular type of LAD called a screen channel LAD or gallery arm, uses a fine porous screen and surface tension forces of the liquid to allow pure liquid to flow through the screen while blocking vapor penetration. To analyze, size, and optimize the design of LADs for future in-space propellant transfer systems, models and data are required for the four fundamental influential factors for LAD systems, including bubble point, flow-through-screen pressure drop, wicking rate, and screen compliance for a wide variety of screen meshes. While there is sporadic data available for three of these parameters, there is no published quantitative data for screen compliance. During the transient startup of propellant transfer, the liquid must be accelerated from rest to the steady flow demand velocity, which causes the screen to deform or comply, so compliance data is required for accurate transient LAD analyses; most design codes only consider steady state analysis. This paper presents screen compliance experiments on 14 different screens, examining the effects of fineness of mesh, open area, and screen metal type on compliance. A basic equation of state is also developed and validated against the data which can be easily integrated into any transient LAD flow code to model propellant transfer.
Fluorescent scanning thermal microscope based on a Blu-ray optical head to measure thermal diffusivity of radioactive samples

Over the life of nuclear fuel, inhomogeneous structures develop, negatively impacting thermal properties. New fuels are under development but require more accurate knowledge of how the properties change to model performance and determine safe operational conditions. Measurement systems capable of microscopic thermal transport measurements and low cost are necessary to measure these properties and integrate into hot cells where electronics are likely to fail during fuel investigation. This project develops a cheaper, smaller, and easily replaceable Fluorescent Scanning Thermal Microscope (FSTM) using the blue laser and focusing circuitry from an Xbox HD-DVD player that incorporates novel fluorescent thermometry methods to determine thermal diffusivity. The FSTM requires minimal sample preparation, does not require access to both sides of the sample, and components can be easily swapped out if damaged, as is likely in irradiated hot cells. Using the optical head from the Xbox for sensing temperature changes, an infrared laser diode provides periodic heating to the sample, and the blue laser induces fluorescence in Rhodamine B deposited on the sample's surface. Thermal properties are fit to modulated temperature models based on the phase delay response at different modulated heating frequencies. With the FSTM method, the thermal diffusivity of a Nordic gold (euro) coin was found to be 21 ± 5 mm2/s. This value is compared to laser flash and thermal conductivity microscope methods, which found the thermal diffusivity to be 30.4 ± 0.1 mm2/s and 19 ± 3 mm2/s. The system shows promise as a feasible property characterization technique with future refinement and testing in progress.
Searching for hidden earthquakes in Southern California

Earthquakes follow a well-known power-law size relation, with smaller events occurring much more often than larger events. Earthquake catalogs are thus dominated by small earthquakes yet are still missing a much larger number of even smaller events because of signal fidelity issues. To overcome these limitations, we applied a template-matching detection technique to the entire waveform archive of the regional seismic network in Southern California. This effort resulted in a catalog with 1.81 million earthquakes, a 10-fold increase, which provides important insights into the geometry of fault zones at depth, foreshock behavior and nucleation processes, and earthquake-triggering mechanisms. The rich detail resolved in this type of catalog will facilitate the next generation of analyses of earthquakes and faults.
"It Broadens My Mind": Empowering People with Cognitive Disabilities through Computing Education

Computer science education is widely viewed as a path to empowerment for young people, potentially leading to higher education, careers, and development of computational thinking skills. However, few resources exist for people with cognitive disabilities to learn computer science. In this paper, we document our observations of a successful program in which young adults with cognitive disabilities are trained in computing concepts. Through field observations and interviews, we identify instructional strategies used by this group, accessibility challenges encountered by this group, and how instructors and students leverage peer learning to support technical education. Our findings lead to guidelines for developing tools and curricula to support young adults with cognitive disabilities in learning computer science.
A Polynomial Regularity Lemma for Semialgebraic Hypergraphs and Its Applications in Geometry and Property Testing

In this paper, we prove several extremal results for geometrically defined hypergraphs. In particular, we establish an improved lower bound, single exponentially decreasing in $k$, on the best constant $\delta>0$ such that the vertex classes $P_1,\ldots,P_k$ of every $k$-partite $k$-uniform semialgebraic hypergraph $H=(P_1\cup\cdots\cup P_k, E)$ with $|E|\ge\varepsilon\Pi_{j=1}^k|P_i|$ have, for $1 \leq i \leq k$, $\delta|P_i|$-element subsets $P'_i\subseteq P_i$ satisfying $P_{1}'\times\cdots\times P_{k}'\subseteq E$. The best previously known lower bound on $\delta$ due to Bukh and Hubard decreased triple exponentially fast in $k$. We give three geometric applications of our results. In particular, we establish the following strengthening of the so-called same-type lemma of Barany and Valtr: Any disjoint finite sets $P_1,\ldots,P_k\subset \mathbb{R}^d\; (k>d)$ have, for $1 \leq i \leq k$, subsets $P'_i$ of size at least $2^{-O(d^3k\log k)}|P_i|$ with the property that every $k$-tuple formed by taking on...
Transcatheter embolization of anticoagulation related pancreatic pseudocyst hemorrhage: A case report.

Abstract Hemorrhage associated with anticoagulation therapy is a feared and relatively common complication. Few cases have been documented of spontaneous pancreatic hemorrhage related to anticoagulation, and fewer yet of ruptured pancreatic pseudocyst secondary to anticoagulation-related bleeding. We describe the case of a 74-year-old female with massive intra- and extraperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to an anticoagulation-related ruptured hemorrhagic pancreatic pseudocyst that was treated successfully with coil embolization. An inferior vena cava filter was placed at the same time as the embolization procedure, as she had a contraindication for anticoagulation in the setting of submassive pulmonary emboli and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.
Automated solution-phase syntheses of alpha 1 → 2, 1 → 3 type rhamnans and rhamnan sulfate fragments.

Rhamnan and rhamnan sulfate are naturally occurring carbohydrates that have important biological functions and possible therapeutic applications, but studies are limited to the microheterogeneous mixtures from natural sources. This work reports the first synthesis of any sulfated rhamnan fragments and successful automation of the process with a recently developed automated solution-phase approach using N-iodosuccinimide/trimethylsilyl triflate (NIS/TMSOTf) promotor and levulinoyl ester deprotection conditions. The automated solution-phase activation/deprotection approach was initially able to create alpha 1 → 2, 1 → 3 type rhamnan di- and trisaccharide in moderate yields. Once these targets were achieved, a process to use SO3•pyridine complex in DMF for sulfation compatible with an automated solution-phase liquid handling system was developed and successfully applied to carbohydrate sulfation to create two rhamnan sulfate fragments with differing monosulfation patterns.
Characterization of Schu S4 aro mutants as live attenuated tularemia vaccine candidates

There is a need for development of an effective vaccine against Francisella tularensis, as this potential bioweapon has a high mortality rate and low infectious dose when delivered via the aerosol route. Moreover, this Tier 1 agent has a history of weaponization. We engineered targeted mutations in the Type A strain F. tularensis subspecies tularensis Schu S4 in aro genes encoding critical enzymes in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. F. tularensis Schu S4ΔaroC, Schu S4ΔaroD, and Schu S4ΔaroCΔaroD mutant strains were attenuated for intracellular growth in vitro and for virulence in vivo and, conferred protection against pulmonary wild-type (WT) F. tularensis Schu S4 challenge in the C57BL/6 mouse model. F. tularensis Schu S4ΔaroD was identified as the most promising vaccine candidate, demonstrating protection against high-dose intranasal challenge; it protected against 1,000 CFU Schu S4, the highest level of protection tested to date. It also provided complete protection against challenge with 92 CFU of a F. tularensis subspecies holarctica strain (Type B). Mice responded to vaccination with Schu S4ΔaroD with systemic IgM and IgG2c, as well as the production of a functional T cell response as measured in the splenocyte-macrophage co-culture assay. This vaccine was further characterized for dissemination, histopathology, and cytokine/chemokine gene induction at defined time points following intranasal vaccination which confirmed its attenuation compared to WT Schu S4. Cytokine, chemokine, and antibody induction patterns compared to wild-type Schu S4 distinguish protective vs. pathogenic responses to F. tularensis and elucidate correlates of protection associated with vaccination against this agent.
Identifying Mechanical Models through Differentiable Simulations.

This paper proposes a new method for manipulating unknown objects through a sequence of non-prehensile actions that displace an object from its initial configuration to a given goal configuration on a flat surface. The proposed method leverages recent progress in differentiable physics models to identify unknown mechanical properties of manipulated objects, such as inertia matrix, friction coefficients and external forces acting on the object. To this end, a recently proposed differentiable physics engine for two-dimensional objects is adopted in this work and extended to deal forces in the three-dimensional space. The proposed model identification technique analytically computes the gradient of the distance between forecasted poses of objects and their actual observed poses and utilizes that gradient to search for values of the mechanical properties that reduce the reality gap. Experiments with real objects using a real robot to gather data show that the proposed approach can identify the mechanical properties of heterogeneous objects on the fly.
Applied geography: A problem-solving approach

Abstract Applied Geography is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (human, physical, nature-society and GIScience) to resolve human problems that have a spatial dimension. These problems may be related to the assessment, management and allocation of the world's physical and/or human resources. The underlying rationale of the journal is that only through a clear understanding of the relevant societal, physical, and coupled natural-humans systems can we resolve such problems.
Immunostimulatory Response of RWFV Peptide-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles on Bladder Tumor Associated Cells

Bladder carcinoma is the most expensive tumor type to treat on a cost-per-patient basis from diagnosis to death. Treatment with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) instillation is the only approved immu...
Relationships Between Characters

In this chapter, Eastman focuses on several specific forms of conflict between characters (covert, overt, structural, and multi-point), and on an ascendant form of conflict called opposition, in which characters attack one another in order to get what they want. Eastman also gives extended consideration to character webs, or logical relationships by which characters’ actions mutually highlight and define one another. This chapter uses examples from Hamlet, Richard III, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and others, as well as extended examples from non-Shakespearean works like Fences, IT, Sex and the City, Beloved, The Fifth Season, and Great Expectations.
Korean adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of the Spiritual Bypass Scale-13

Spiritual bypassing is the propensity to avoid emotional discomfort and pain through exercising spiritual beliefs and practices. The Spiritual Bypass Scale-13 (SBS-13) was developed to assess the t...
Pimping: Valuable Teaching Tool or Mistreatment? Perceptions of Medical Students and Faculty Differ.

ImportanceThe AAMC Graduate Questionnaire has drawn attention to medical student mistreatment. Pimping, a form of Socratic teaching often used in medical education where students are singled out by faculty for questioning, may be considered by some students and faculty as mistreatment. To date, minimal research has been performed on the viewpoints of students and faculty regarding pimping and its relation to mistreatment. ObjectiveThis study aims to formally define pimping and determine if there is a difference in the perception of students and faculty on its role in medical education.Design: Medical students and faculty of Michigan medical schools were surveyed via electronic questionnaire. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were performed.SettingMedical schools within the state of Michigan ParticipantsStudents who had completed their core clerkships and faculty with experience educating medical students in a clinical setting ResultsThe student response rate was 42%; the faculty response rate could not be determined. The majority of students agreed with our operational definition of pimping and 100% had experienced pimping. 54% of students reported a positive experience with pimping, 26% neutral, and 20% reported a negative experience. The majority of students reported it was challenging and educational and should be used regularly. Several differences were found between students and faculty as to why faculty use pimping. Students’ perception of their role on the clinical care team influenced their perception of pimping as mistreatment, and students reported pimping made them feel more a part of the team.Conclusion and relevanceThis study helps to define pimping and sheds more light on the perceptions of pimping from students and faculty and their differences. Most medical students report a benefit from pimping, even though it may be stressful, and suggest it should be used regularly, which is in contrast to faculty opinion. Pimping may make students feel more a part of the clinical care team, but their role on the team may not influence whether they perceive it as mistreatment. Our data suggest medical schools should educate students and faculty on pimping and not move toward discouraging or banning it.
Microgenetic algorithms and artificial neural networks to assess minimum data requirements for prediction of pesticide concentrations in shallow groundwater on a regional scale

[1] Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been extensively used for forecasting problems involving water quantity and quality. In most cases, the geometry and model parameters of the ANN are set using a trial-and-error approach to achieve better network generalization ability, whereby the available data are divided arbitrarily into training, testing, and validation subsets. It has been shown that using the arbitrary sample selection method to assign samples into the training subset commonly results in the inclusion of samples from densely clustered regions and omission of samples from sparsely represented regions. This paper presents a systematic approach using the self-organizing map (SOM) clustering technique that identifies which samples and determines how many samples should be included in each of the three subsets required by ANN for optimum predictive performance efficiency. In addition, this paper presents the microgenetic algorithms (μGA) that optimize ANN's geometry and model parameters in terms of the correlation coefficient (R). In the sensitivity analysis, μGA model parameters are found to be least sensitive to the optimum R value, while ANN's predictive performance is significantly affected by (1) the poor selection of its geometry and model parameters and (2) the arbitrary selection of samples for the three subsets of data used. It is demonstrated that the μGA-ANN model using the SOM technique for data division outperforms the μGA-ANN model using arbitrary data division. For the training subset, the model using the SOM technique identifies samples that are representative of the region, requiring only 20% of the total samples, whereas the arbitrary sample selection method requires 50–90%. Because resampling on a regional scale is expensive and time consuming, substantial cost and time could be saved if resampling could be done only on the 20% representative drinking water wells.
A State-Variable Approach for Controlling Discrete Event Systems with Infinite States

In this paper we study suitability of using assignment based programming language for supervisory control of discrete event systems. We first show that the supervisory control problem in its general setting is undecidable. Next we show that the supervisory control problem for discrete event systems modeled by assignment based programs is decidable and develop techniques which reduce the supervisory control problem of such systems to that of solving arithmetic equations. We first apply these techniques for synthesis of static controllers.
Gender identity and role: clinical-psychological aspects

“Gender identity” denotes the self-identification as female or male or, rarely, as a gender other than the traditional binary categories. “Gender role” refers either to the roles a given culture provides for females or males or to the respective observable behavior of individuals. These concepts were developed in the mid-twentieth century in the context of psychological work on individuals with somatic disorders of sex development and soon assimilated broadly into the social sciences and humanities in general. Development of gender identity and role is understood as a complex process involving many biological, social, and psychological components. Keywords: gender identity; gender role; sexual identity
Mental Models of Computer Security

Mental models that may be useful in communicating within security communities can communicate perverse incentives to naive end users. When experts use models and metaphors in their own explanations and understanding of a systems, the metaphors are used to explain a particular element of a system based on a common understanding. When experts communicate to non-experts then those who are not expert then those end users take more than is intended by the expert.
Presidential rhetoric and the strategy of going public: President Clinton and the health care reform.

Going public represents a new style of presidential leadership in which the president sells his programs directly to the American public. Several scholars have argued that presidents need to go to the public more often and make skillful use of public rhetoric to galvanize public support for their policy agenda. This article examines President Clinton's public rhetoric and his failed strategy of going public to rally support for his health care reform proposal during 1993-1994. It concludes with a discussion of factors that help explain President Clinton's failure to rally public support for the Health Security Act of 1993 and secure its passage in the Congress.
Desmoid tumor of the back

Abstract A desmoid fibroma involving the sacrospinalis and posterior inferior serratus muscles of the back is reported. A supracervical hysterectomy was performed eleven and one-half years before with removal of an anaplastic uterine sarcoma. The patient is alive and well thirteen and one-half years following the hysterectomy, and there is no recurrence from the uterine sarcoma or the desmoid tumor of the back. Clinically the desmoid was suspected of being a late metastasis from the uterine tumor.
Speech production and perception models and their applications to synthesis, recognition, and coding

The last few decades have witnessed tremendous progress in the performance, reliability, and wide-spread use of speech-processing devices. Using mathematical models of human speech production and perception has been an important factor in the improved performance of these devices. We review recent advances in speech production and perception modeling and summarize the challenges that lie ahead in developing fully parametric models.
Energy flow and functional compensation in Great Basin small mammals under natural and anthropogenic environmental change

Research on the ecological impacts of environmental change has primarily focused at the species level, leaving the responses of ecosystem-level properties like energy flow poorly understood. This is especially so over millennial timescales inaccessible to direct observation. Here we examine how energy flow within a Great Basin small mammal community responded to climate-driven environmental change during the past 12,800 y, and use this baseline to evaluate responses observed during the past century. Our analyses reveal marked stability in energy flow during rapid climatic warming at the terminal Pleistocene despite dramatic turnover in the distribution of mammalian body sizes and habitat-associated functional groups. Functional group turnover was strongly correlated with climate-driven changes in regional vegetation, with climate and vegetation change preceding energetic shifts in the small mammal community. In contrast, the past century has witnessed a substantial reduction in energy flow caused by an increase in energetic dominance of small-bodied species with an affinity for closed grass habitats. This suggests that modern changes in land cover caused by anthropogenic activities—particularly the spread of nonnative annual grasslands—has led to a breakdown in the compensatory dynamics of energy flow. Human activities are thus modifying the small mammal community in ways that differ from climate-driven expectations, resulting in an energetically novel ecosystem. Our study illustrates the need to integrate across ecological and temporal scales to provide robust insights for long-term conservation and management.
Not Asian, Black or White? Reflections on South Asian American Racial Identity

(1996). Not Asian, Black or White? Reflections on South Asian American Racial Identity. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 77-86.
Publications and extramural activities of general internal medicine and medicine subspecialty clinician-educators: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE Generalist clinician-educators may have more difficulty than specialists satisfying common promotion criteria (peer-reviewed publication and extramural reputation). This study compared publication rates and participation in extramural activities among subspecialist and generalist clinician-educators, and sought to determine the views of clinician-educators on the use of publication and reputation in determining their promotion. METHOD A cross-sectional questionnaire was delivered to 526 clinician-educators identified by the chairs at ten randomly selected U.S. medical schools in 2002. RESULTS A total of 270 clinician-educators responded. Medicine subspecialist clinician-educators reported more peer-reviewed publications than did general internal medicine (GIM) faculty (mean 26.4 versus 10.2, p < .003). Independent predictors of having a greater number of peer-reviewed publications were subspecialty membership (p < .01), less time spent in clinic (p < .01), focus of scholarship (p = .01), academic rank (p < .01), higher quartile of National Institutes of Health funding received by respondent's department (p < .01), and years on faculty (p = .03). A greater proportion of GIM faculty reported spending most of their protected time on scholarly activities less amenable to publication (p = .05). A greater proportion of subspecialists felt peer-reviewed publication should be required for promotion (p < .01), but a minority of both groups felt this should necessarily entail original research. CONCLUSION Subspecialist clinician-educators generate significantly more peer-reviewed publications than do their GIM colleagues. clinician-educators hold diverse views on the role of publication and reputation in determining their promotion.
The calcified puparium of the face fly, Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract The general composition of the calcified puparium of Musca autumnalis was determined. Ash-weight analyses show that 62% of the puparium is inorganic material. The major components of the puparium are calcium, magnesium, phosphate and carbonate. Calcium and magnesium phosphate are the predominant salts in the puparium, with a lesser contribution by their respective carbonates. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the exocuticle was the site of calcification in the puparium. Inorganic analyses of the insoluble salt isolated from face fly larvae showed it to be compositionally identical with the puparial salt. Major organic components of the puparium are lipid, chitin and protein. The presence of carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase activity in post-feeding larvae was confirmed.
Interleukin-4 enhances prostate-specific antigen expression by activation of the androgen receptor and Akt pathway

Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer upon the action of androgen through the binding of the androgen-responsive elements (AREs) on the target genes. Abnormal activation of the AR by nonandrogen has been implicated in the progression of androgen-independent prostate cancer. The levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) are significantly elevated in sera of patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. The potential role of IL-4 on the activation of AR was investigated in prostate cancer cells. IL-4 enhances AR-mediated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression and ARE-containing gene activity through activation of the AR in the androgen ablation condition in human prostate cancer cells. The AR can also be sensitized by IL-4 and activated by significantly lower levels of androgen (10 pM of R1881) in prostate cancer cells. IL-4 enhances nuclear translocation of AR and increases binding of the AR to the ARE in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Blocking of the Akt pathway by an Akt-specific inhibitor LY294002 abrogates IL-4-induced PSA expression and AR signaling. These results demonstrate that IL-4 enhances PSA expression through activation of the AR and Akt signaling pathways in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Understanding IL-4-induced signaling leading to abnormal activation of AR will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of androgen-independent progression of prostate cancer cells.
Substitutes for Career Mentoring: Promoting Equal Opportunity through Career Management and Assessment Systems

Abstract In this theoretical paper we address the topic of mentoring by describing substitutes for career-oriented mentoring relationships with senior managers. Research propositions are developed that relate these substitutes to the career success of women and nonwhite men in corporations dominated by white male executives. These substitutes can provide ways to overcome career barriers faced by women and nonwhite men, barriers that can be attributable to a lack of equal access to the mentors who are most able to promote career success among their proteges.
Theoretical studies of small copper oxide clusters and possible relevance to superconductivity

Ab initio molecular orbital computations indicate that in a [CuOH2]3+ complex oxygen hole (pπ type orbital) formation is favored over Cu3+ formation. In contrast, it is found that in a [Fe(H2O)]3+ complex oxygen hole formation is much less favorable, thus, suggesting a reason for the depression of Tc upon Cu substitution by Fe in YBa2Cu3O7−x. Computations on a symmetrical [Cu(H2O)4]3+ cluster indicate that it has a degenerate unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) ground state in which the oxygen hole is strongly coupled adiabatically to nuclear motions. The electronic repulsion energy of the ground state is, as a result, lowered by a combination of vibrational and electronic correlation effects. The relevance of these observations to the existence of high temperature superconductivity in cuprates is discussed.
The cataract-associated V41M mutant of human γS-crystallin shows specific structural changes that directly enhance local surface hydrophobicity

The major crystallins expressed in the human lens are γS-, γC- and γD-crystallins. Several mutations in γS-crystallin are associated with hereditary cataracts, one of which involves the substitution of a highly conserved Valine at position 41 to Methionine. According to a recent report, the mutant protein, V41M, shows lower stability and increased surface hydrophobicity compared to the wild-type, and a propensity for self-aggregation. Here we address the structural differences between the two proteins, with residue-level specificity using NMR spectroscopy. Based on the structural model of the mutant protein, our results clearly show that the mutation creates a major local perturbation almost at the junction of the first and second “Greek-key” motifs in the N-terminal domain. A larger section of the second motif (residues 44–86) appears to be mainly affected. Based on the sizeable chemical shift of the imino proton of the indole side-chain of Trp46 in V41M, we suggest that the sulphur atom of Met41 is involved in an S–π interaction with Trp46. This interaction would bring the last β-strand of the first “Greek-key” motif closer to the first β-strand of the second motif. This appears to lead to a domino effect, towards both the N- and C-terminal ends, even as it decays off substantially beyond the domain interface. During this process discreet hydrophobic surface patches are created, as revealed by ANS-binding. Such changes would not affect the secondary structure or cause a major change in the tertiary structure, but can lead to self-aggregation or aberrant binding interactions of the mutant protein in vivo, and lead to lens opacity or cataract.
Vintage Analytics and Data Warehouse Design

Vintage Analytics is a useful technique for a variety of domains where performance depends on experience or age. However, this technique might be underutilized due to lack of awareness and due to difficulties in data preparation. This paper provides examples of Vintage Analytics, including one detailed scenario demonstrating benefits and typical challenges in the context of a sales database. It then proposes data warehouse design guidelines to address these difficulties.
The Value of Oil and Gas Price Forecasts in the Presence of Futures

This paper develops a decision-analytic model to value commodity price forecasts in the presence of futures markets. The method is applied to a data set on crude oil prices. We find that to be valuable, forecasts must be accurate at predicting both gains and losses, and that there are positive and diminishing marginal returns to forecast value from improvement in key measures of accuracy. We also find that forecast value is specific to user class, and that value is unique to specific users within the class.
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN DEPRIVATION ON ENGINEERED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL-BASED CARTILAGE CONSTRUCTS

Summary Objective Tissue engineering approaches for cartilage repair have focused on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). For clinical success, MSCs must survive and produce extracellular matrix in the physiological context of the synovial joint, where low nutrient conditions engendered by avascularity, nutrient utilization, and waste production prevail. This study sought to delineate the role of microenvironmental stressors on MSC viability and functional capacity in three dimensional (3D) culture. Design We evaluated the impact of glucose and oxygen deprivation on the functional maturation of 3D MSC-laden agarose constructs. Since MSC isolation procedures result in a heterogeneous cell population, we also utilized micro-pellet culture to investigate whether clonal subpopulations respond to these microenvironmental stressors in a distinct fashion. Results MSC health and the functional maturation of 3D constructs were compromised by both glucose and oxygen deprivation. Importantly, glucose deprivation severely limited viability, and so compromised the functional maturation of 3D constructs to the greatest extent. The observation that not all cells died suggested there exists heterogeneity in the response of MSC populations to metabolic stressors. Population heterogeneity was confirmed through a series of studies utilizing clonally derived subpopulations, with a spectrum of matrix production and cell survival observed under conditions of metabolic stress. Conclusions Our findings show that glucose deprivation has a significant impact on functional maturation, and that some MSC subpopulations are more resilient to metabolic challenge than others. These findings suggest that pre-selection of subpopulations that are resilient to metabolic challenge may improve in vivo outcomes.
The Contracted Form of Endocardial Fibroelastosis in an Adult: Hemodynamic and Angiographic Observations

Hemodynamic and angiographic observations are described in an adult patient with the contracted form of endocardial fibroelastosis. Of note were the findings of elevated diastolic pressures in the left and right side of the heart, decreased left ventricular compliance, mitral regurgitation and distortion of the usual left and right ventricular angiographic anatomy, presenting a picture indistinguishable from mat of a primary cardiac neoplasm. These findings are related to those described in children.