cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of Integrity? Rebutting the Myth that U.S. Commercial Sports Leagues Have an Intellectual Property Right to Sports Gambling Proceeds

On May 14, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association that the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (“PASPA”) violated the Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and thus the U.S. government may not use PASPA to prevent states from legalizing commercial sports gambling. In anticipation of this ruling, four U.S. states have already passed new laws to legalize and regulate sports gambling. Meanwhile, fifteen states currently have sports gambling bills that are pending before their state legislatures. In many instances, these new sports gambling laws would include the payment of a “tax” or “royalty” that transfers some gambling-related revenues from the newly licensed sports-gambling operators to U.S. commercial sports leagues. These payments, which have sometimes been described as “integrity fees,” are explained by state legislators as arising from the purported use of commercial sports leagues’ intellectual property rights in state-sponsored sports gambling. Nevertheless, the claim that state-sponsored sports gambling would infringe upon commercial sports leagues’ intellectual property rights is, in earnest, dubious. This article explains that state-sponsored sports gambling is unlikely to infringe upon the intellectual property rights of U.S. commercial sports leagues, and thus there is no bona fide reason for state legislatures to mandate the payment of “integrity fees” from state-licensed sports-gambling operators to the U.S. commercial sports leagues. Part I of this article explores how federal intellectual property laws (patent, copyright and trademark) apply, if at all, in the context of state-sponsored sports gambling. Part II then looks at how two additional state intellectual property laws (the “right of publicity” and the “hot news” doctrine) would apply, if at all, in this same context.
Physiological Genomics Of Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia continues to represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Physicians have focused on restoring blood flow to ischemic organs in order to prevent organ dysfunction and limit tissue injury. However, it has become apparent that reoxygenation of ischemic tissue can have deleterious effects on the organ function, a process that has been designated as “reperfusion injury”. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to microvascular dysfunction in any organ and therefore has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, like multiple organ failure, thromboembolism and inflammatory diseases. In addition I/R injury is relevant to some common clinical procedures, including thrombolytic therapy, heart surgery and organ transplantation. It is now well recognized that I/R elicits a response in tissues that is similar to acute inflammation, wherein microvascular structures represent a primary target for the mediators of reperfusion injury.
The ideology of tax avoidance

Over and over again the courts have said that there is something sinister in so arranging one’s affairs so as to keep taxes as low as possible. The rich do so, but they do wrong; for everybody owes a public duty to pay what is fair and equitable. Taxes are exactions for the general welfare; they should not be voluntary contributions for the rich and forced exactions for the poor. To demand less in the name of the people is to recant the values of democracy.1
The Tyranny of the Bottle: Vitasoy and the Cultural Politics of Packaging

This article seeks to illuminate the field of social and material relations that generated and were generated by the Vitasoy milk bottle. When Vitasoy began making and selling soybean milk in 1940, the materiality of the milk bottle underscored and participated in assembling producers and consumers in both productive and problematic ways. The milk bottle was a material instantiation of a pattern of desires closely associated with global modernity that gestured beyond the geographical specificity of Hong Kong to an idealized community of rational, health-minded milk drinkers. As a marker of hygienic modernity and a badge of humanitarian relief and nutritional activism, the milk bottle conveyed seemingly universal ideals about health and fitness and materially affirmed the new idea that soybean milk was a dairy substitute. How the Vitasoy milk bottle could perform such functions requires disentangling the multiple lines of influence, local and global, that helped make the milk bottle meaningful.
Gallium Phosphide nanostructure on Silicon by Silica nanospheres lithography and Metal Assisted Chemical Etching

This work focuses on exploring the ways to integrate III-V nanostructures on silicon to enhance the current silicon cell's efficiency by effective absorption and possibly using quantum mechanical phenomena such as MEG (multiple exciton generation) and effective absorption of light above the band gap in the nanostructures' confined states. The gallium phosphide (GaP) is integrated with silicon wafers in the form of nanostructures. GaP is epitaxially grown on silicon, and the nanostructures are fabricated by silica nanospheres lithography (SNL) with metal assisted chemical etching (MACE). With optimized MACE condition, we are able to fabricate these nanopillars on GaP with controlled size and aspect ratios. Silica nanospheres are coated on the GaP is on Si by spin-coating, and their size is modified by a reactive ion etching (RIE) process. Palladium (Pd) is deposited on the sample by electron beam deposition for MACE process. In this MACE process, we control the MACE solution by changing the ration of HF and H2O2 concentrations. The GaP nanostructures created from MACE solutions with high HF and H2O2 concentrations is taller and possesses a more well-defined shape. Also, GaP nanostructures created from different metal of MACE such as Pd, Au and Ti/Au. MACE with Pd shows the better shape nanostructure than others.
Pragmatism, Objectivity, and Experience

In this book Steven Levine explores the relation between objectivity and experience from a pragmatic point of view. Like many new pragmatists he aims to rehabilitate objectivity in the wake of Richard Rorty's rejection of the concept. But he challenges the idea, put forward by pragmatists like Robert Brandom, that objectivity is best rehabilitated in communicative-theoretic terms - namely, in terms that can be cashed out by capacities that agents gain through linguistic communication. Levine proposes instead that objectivity is best understood in experiential-theoretic terms. He explains how, in order to meet the aims of the new pragmatists, we need to do more than see objectivity as a norm of rationality embedded in our social-linguistic practices; we also need to see it as emergent from our experiential interaction with the world. Innovative and carefully argued, this book redeems and re-actualizes for contemporary philosophy a key insight developed by the classical pragmatists.
Immune related adverse events in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint therapy who received the influenza vaccination versus no vaccination.

e20657Background: Influenza vaccination is recommended by the CDC for cancer patients to reduce the risk of influenza-related complications. There is concern that the incidence of immune-related ad...
Exploring the relationship between resilience and grit among nursing students: A correlational research study.

Abstract Background Nurse turnover is a critical issue around the world. Finding factors that can increase job persistence in nursing can have a positive impact on both the quality and cost of health care. Resilience and grit have been studied as factors that help an individual persist in the pursuit of their goals. Resilience and grit are related terms that have frequently been used interchangeably, although some studies suggest that they are different constructs. Determining if they are different constructs is important as we seek to develop qualities in new nurses that increase their job persistence and satisfaction. Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between resilience and grit in pre-licensure nursing students. Design/setting This descriptive correlational study was conducted at a midsize private University in the United States. Participants The convenience sample consisted of students from 3 pre-licensure programs: Traditional Bachelor of Science in Nursing (TBSN), Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ABSN) and Direct Entry Masters of Science in Nursing (DEMSN). The final sample was 348 students: 79% TBSN, 7% ABSN and 14% DEMSN. Methods Resilience was measured with the Conner-Davidson Resilience 10 item scale. Grit was measured utilizing the Short Grit Scale. Results Inspection of the interfactor correlations suggest that resilience and grit scales are distinct, though tend to correlate well. Notably, the relationship between resilience and the persistent effort component of grit was moderate. That correlation was higher than the relationship between the consistent interest component of grit and resilience. Conclusion This study concludes that grit and resilience are related concepts but are not synonymous. Being mindful of the difference in these two attributes may be important in the development of educational offerings in both Schools of Nursing and in new nurse residency programs to increase retention in nursing.
Motion-Nets: 6D Tracking of Unknown Objects in Unseen Environments using RGB.

In this work, we bridge the gap between recent pose estimation and tracking work to develop a powerful method for robots to track objects in their surroundings. Motion-Nets use a segmentation model to segment the scene, and separate translation and rotation models to identify the relative 6D motion of an object between two consecutive frames. We train our method with generated data of floating objects, and then test on several prediction tasks, including one with a real PR2 robot, and a toy control task with a simulated PR2 robot never seen during training. Motion-Nets are able to track the pose of objects with some quantitative accuracy for about 30-60 frames including occlusions and distractors. Additionally, the single step prediction errors remain low even after 100 frames. We also investigate an iterative correction procedure to improve performance for control tasks.
Randomness-Assisted Exponential Hierarchies

Inspired by the localization phenomenon in condensed matter systems, we explore constructions in the theory space of multiple scalar fields, in which exponentially suppressed couplings could originate from random parameters. In particular, we find a new class of nonlocal theory space models, in which scalar fields at nonadjacent sites interact with each other but with strengths decaying exponentially with the site separation. Such a model could have very different localization properties, compared to the local theory space scenarios with only nearest-site interactions, based on the original Anderson localization model. More specifically, we find that a particular nonlocal interaction pattern leads to bilocalization of the two lightest eigenstates. Exponential localization (and thus exponentially suppressed couplings) then emerges only and immediately when randomness is introduced, no matter how tiny it is. We discuss variants of the model and possible UV completions as well.
The identification of tick autophagy-related genes in Ixodes scapularis responding to amino acid starvation

Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods and must tolerate starvation during off-host periods. Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a well-conserved self-eating mechanism of cell survival and is essential for recycling cellular contents during periods of starvation, stress, and injury in organisms. Although the genome sequence of Ixodes scapularis (Say) is available, the characteristics and functions of autophagy-related gene families remain largely unknown. To advance our understanding of autophagy in I. scapularis, we used comprehensive genomic approaches to identify Atg genes. Homologues of 14 Atg genes were identified, and their protein motif compositions were predicted. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ATGs in I. scapularis were evolutionarily closely related to their homologues in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Expression patterns of Atg genes differed across tick developmental stages. Immunofluorescence results by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining indicated that autophagy was activated after amino acid starvation treatments in I. scapularis embryo-derived cell lines ISE6 and IDE8. Subsequently, the expression of key Atg genes involved in autophagy pathway in both cell lines were examined. In ISE6 cells, the expression levels of three Atg genes (Atg4B, Atg6 and Atg8A) increased significantly after amino acid starvation; similarly, four Atg genes (Atg4A, Atg4B, Atg6 and Atg8B) were upregulated in IDE8 cells in response to starvation. In parallel, the MDC and lysotracker staining results indicated that autophagy was triggered after amino acid starvation treatments in R. microplus embryo-derived cell line BME26. Our observations showed that Atg family genes are highly conserved in ticks and function in autophagy pathway induced by amino acid starvation. These results also provide valuable insight for further autophagy-related research as a new strategy for blocking the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
Functional Read Enabling In-Memory Computations in 1Transistor—1Resistor Memory Arrays

‘In-memory computing’ is an emerging paradigm that attempts to embed some aspects of logic computations inside memory arrays leading to higher throughput and lesser energy-consumption. Consequently, various in-memory compute proposals using emerging non-volatile technologies based on functional read - wherein multiple word-lines are simultaneously activated and a Boolean function of the constituent activated rows is read, is being extensively investigated. In this brief, we first show that the conventional sensing scheme for such functional reads, operated on 1 Transistor - 1 Resistor (1T-1R) memory arrays, is limited theoretically by low sense-margin. We demonstrate that the sense-margin does not improve even if the ON-OFF resistance difference is increased from low values to considerably higher values. Subsequently, we present a new sensing scheme based on skewed sense-amplifiers and staggered world-line activation as a method for enabling functional read operations. We show that in-memory XOR, IMP (implication) and bit-wise comparison can be easily implemented through the proposed scheme.
A 3-dimensional model of Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma root distributions in New Mexico: implications for soil water dynamics

(1) To develop a 3D root distribution model for pinon-juniper woodland using only tree species, sizes and locations as input. (2) To interpret a two-year time series of soil moisture relative to root distributions. The study was conducted in a pinon (Pinus edulis (Englem.)) -juniper (Juniperus monosperma (Englem.) Sarg.) woodland in New Mexico. We extracted roots from 720 soil blocks (30 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) cut from the walls of three 10-m long and 1.5-m deep trenches. Roots were sorted by species and diameter class. Distribution models were developed for the dry weight of roots ≤5 mm in diameter. Soil water content and water potentials were measured in soil profiles under tree cluster and canopy gaps for 2 years, including a protracted dry-down period. Pinon had twice the root dry mass of juniper, similar to the ratio of canopy projection areas. Root densities were ca. 50% lower in soils under canopy gaps compared to tree clusters and the species ratio did not significantly differ between clusters and gaps. Pinon root density declined faster with soil depth and distance from the stem compared to juniper. A hard caliche layer at 60–80 cm soil depth had no apparent effect on the already low root density at that depth. Overall, the models explained 66% (pinon) and 54% (juniper) of the spatial variation in root density at the scale of sampled soil blocks. During an 8-month dry period, soil moisture declined faster in regions of higher root density: in shallow soil and under tree clusters. This left a reserve of plant-available soil water in the deep soil under canopy gaps. Horizontal variation in root density in these open woodlands is predictable and an important component of the dynamic interactions between plant and soil. Under wet and dry conditions, soil water content is substantially different under tree clusters and canopy gaps.
Formation and Transport Mechanisms of Hydrogenous Species in Mayenite

Hydrogenous species play critical roles in the synthesis and catalysis applications of mayenite electride. In this work, we investigate their formation energetics and transport mechanisms in mayeni...
Legionella Diversity and Spatiotemporal Variation in The Occurrence of Opportunistic Pathogens within a Large Building Water System.

Understanding Legionella survival mechanisms within building water systems (BWSs) is challenging due to varying engineering, operational, and water quality characteristics unique to each system. This study aimed to evaluate Legionella, mycobacteria, and free-living amoebae occurrence within a BWS over 18–28 months at six locations differing in plumbing material and potable water age, quality, and usage. A total of 114 bulk water and 57 biofilm samples were analyzed. Legionella culturability fluctuated seasonally with most culture-positive samples being collected during the winter compared to the spring, summer, and fall months. Positive and negative correlations between Legionella and L. pneumophila occurrence and other physiochemical and microbial water quality parameters varied between location and sample types. Whole genome sequencing of 19 presumptive Legionella isolates, from four locations across three time points, identified nine isolates as L. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 sequence-type (ST) 1; three as L. pneumophila sg5 ST1950 and ST2037; six as L. feeleii; and one as Ochrobactrum. Results showed the presence of a diverse Legionella population with consistent and sporadic occurrence at four and two locations, respectively. Viewed collectively with similar studies, this information will enable a better understanding of the engineering, operational, and water quality parameters supporting Legionella growth within BWSs.
Analysis of National Healthcare Safety Network Clostridioides difficile Infection Standardized Infection Ratio by Test Type

Background: The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) has used positive laboratory tests for surveillance of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) LabID events since 2009. Typically, CDIs are detected using enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), or various test combinations. The NHSN uses a risk-adjusted, standardized infection ratio (SIR) to assess healthcare facility-onset (HO) CDI. Despite including test type in the risk adjustment, some hospital personnel and other stakeholders are concerned that NAAT use is associated with higher SIRs than EIA use. To investigate this issue, we analyzed NHSN data from acute-care hospitals for July 1, 2017, through June 30, 2018. Methods: Calendar quarters where CDI test type was reported as NAAT (includes NAAT, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)+NAAT and GDH+EIA followed by NAAT if discrepant) or EIA (includes EIA and GDH+EIA) were selected. HO-CDI SIRs were calculated for facility-wide inpatient locations. We conducted the following 2 analyses: (1) Among hospitals that did not switch their test type, we compared the distribution of HO incident rates and SIRs by those reporting NAAT versus EIA. (2) Among hospitals that switched their test type, we selected quarters with a stable switch pattern of 2 consecutive quarters of each of EIA and NAAT (categorized as EIA-to-NAAT or NAAT-to-EIA). Pooled semiannual SIRs for EIA and NAAT were calculated, and a paired t test was used to evaluate the difference in SIRs by switch pattern. Results: Most hospitals did not switch test types (3,242, 89%), and 2,872 (89%) reported sufficient data to calculate an SIR, with 2,444 (85%) using NAAT. The crude pooled HO CDI incidence rates for hospitals using EIAs clustered at the lower end of the histogram versus rates for NAATs (Fig. 1). The SIR distributions, both NAATs and EIAs, overlapped substantially and covered a similar range of SIR values (Fig. 1). Among hospitals with a switch pattern, hospitals were equally likely to have an increase or decrease in their SIRs (Fig. 2). The mean SIR difference for the 42 hospitals switching from EIA to NAAT was 0.048 (95% CI, −0.189 to 0.284; P = .688). The mean SIR difference for the 26 hospitals switching from NAAT to EIA was 0.162 (95% CI, −0.048 to 0.371; P = .124). Conclusions: The pattern of SIR distribution for both NAAT and EIA substantiate the soundness of the NHSN’s risk adjustment for CDI test types. Switching test type did not produce a consistent directional pattern in SIR that was statistically significant. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Endoscopic Management of Primary Acquired Cholesteatoma

Endoscopic ear surgery is increasingly accepted as a primary modality for cholesteatoma surgery. A major advantage is the enhanced visualization of the middle ear in traditionally poorly accessible locations by the microscope. We discuss novel techniques for selective mastoid obliteration when a canal wall down mastoidectomy is necessary. Postoperatively, indications for non-echo planar diffusion-weighted imaging MRI versus second-look surgery are discussed. Finally, outcome data for endoscopic versus microscopic ear surgery are reviewed, which show equivalent outcomes regarding residual and recurrent disease, similar rates of complications, decreased pain, and shorter healing time.
Is diplomacy an Option? Finance Theory and Brexit

In finance, experts have spent decades developing complex investment instruments known as Options to minimize the risk taken by investors speculating on the market. Options are highly mathematical, which suits the quantitative field of Financial Economics. However, many aspects of Options are grounded in inter-temporal philosophical concepts suitable for qualitative fields of study, including international strategy and diplomacy. This paper argues that Options Theory provides ready-made models and concepts for diplomacy in rapidly changing contexts, but has as yet been under-exploited in the field of international relations. Drawing on the work of Elie Ayache and Robert Meister, I argue that an international political Options theory is not only possible but already exists. I demonstrate this claim by applying Options Theory to anticipated negotiations and strategic realignments that the United Kingdom is engaging in as the reality of Brexit approaches its denouement amidst a disintegrating Western Liberal Democratic alliance.
Percepciones sobre la asignatura “Empleo de las TIC para la vida profesional”

El objetivo del presente articulo es exponer los resultados de una investigacion que se propuso indagar sobre el enfoque pedagogico utilizado en la asignatura “Empleo de las TIC para la vida profesional”, impartida por la carrera Pedagogia en Historia y Geografia de la Universidad de Playa Ancha, Chile. En primer lugar, se presenta un marco de antecedentes que expone la situacion de la sociedad de la informacion y, en segundo lugar, un marco teorico de ciertos enfoques pedagogicos. Posteriormente, se exponen los resultados de la investigacion, la cual recogio las percepciones de la docente que imparte la asignatura, sus estudiantes y un experto en TIC y educacion. La metodologia empleada fue de caracter cualitativo, con enfoque comprensivo, descriptivo e interpretativo, de tipo estudio de caso. La muestra es no probabilistica e intencionada teorica, correspondiente a cinco estudiantes. A partir de las entrevistas surgieron cuatro categorias: percepciones sobre el enfoque pedagogico, percepcion sobre uso de las habilidades TIC para el desarrollo de habilidades del siglo XXI, percepciones sobre las condiciones organizativas de la asignatura y percepciones sobre las proyecciones al ambito profesional. Ademas de otros hallazgos, la investigacion permitio identificar que el principal enfoque pedagogico utilizado en la asignatura estudiada es el socioconstructivismo.
Frequency and characterization of mutations in genes in a large cohort of patients referred to MODY registry.

Objectives There have been few large-scale studies utilizing exome sequencing for genetically undiagnosed maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a monogenic form of diabetes that is under-recognized. We describe a cohort of 160 individuals with suspected monogenic diabetes who were genetically assessed for mutations in genes known to cause MODY. Methods We used a tiered testing approach focusing initially on GCK and HNF1A and then expanding to exome sequencing for those individuals without identified mutations in GCK or HNF1A. The average age of onset of hyperglycemia or diabetes diagnosis was 19 years (median 14 years) with an average HbA1C of 7.1%. Results Sixty (37.5%) probands had heterozygous likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants in one of the MODY genes, 90% of which were in GCK or HNF1A. Less frequently, mutations were identified in PDX1, HNF4A, HNF1B, and KCNJ11. For those probands with available family members, 100% of the variants segregated with diabetes in the family. Cascade genetic testing in families identified 75 additional family members with a familial MODY mutation. Conclusions Our study is one of the largest and most ethnically diverse studies using exome sequencing to assess MODY genes. Tiered testing is an effective strategy to genetically diagnose atypical diabetes, and familial cascade genetic testing identified on average one additional family member with monogenic diabetes for each mutation identified in a proband.
Assessment of Cooking Matters Facebook Platform to Promote Healthy Eating Behaviors among Low-Income Caregivers of Young Children in the United States: A Pilot Study.

How best to deliver healthy-eating education through social media among a low-income population remains understudied. To assess the impact of the Cooking Matters (CM) Facebook page on healthy eating behaviors among low-income caregivers, we conducted a pre–post survey of new CM Facebook followers in early 2020. A convenience sample was recruited at baseline from WICShopper app users and the CM Facebook page. The recruited sample included 397 low-income caregivers of a child younger than 6 who never followed CM Facebook. Among the baseline caregivers, 184 completed the follow-up survey. Paired t-test and McNemar–Bowker tests were conducted to compare the outcomes pre- and post-following CM Facebook. A binary indicator was developed to measure whether the outcomes were improved (1 = Improved; 0 = Not improved). Multi-variable logistic regressions were applied to examine the relationship between whether the outcome was improved with reference to the baseline socio-demographics. No significant differences were detected between pre and post outcomes overall (p > 0.05), except improvement in feeding healthy meals within the budget available (p < 0.05). However, improvement in select outcomes was more significant in men and single-parent households. The CM Facebook page could be an important platform to influence low-income caregivers of young children.
WALNUT: A Benchmark on Weakly Supervised Learning for Natural Language Understanding.

Building quality machine learning models for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks relies heavily on labeled data. Weak supervision has been shown to provide valuable supervision when large amount of labeled data is unavailable or expensive to obtain. Existing works studying weak supervision for NLU either mostly focus on a specific task or simulate weak supervision signals from ground-truth labels. To date a benchmark for NLU with real world weak supervision signals for a collection of NLU tasks is still not available. In this paper, we propose such a benchmark, named WALNUT, to advocate and facilitate research on weak supervision for NLU. WALNUT consists of NLU tasks with different types, including both document-level prediction tasks and token-level prediction tasks and for each task contains weak labels generated by multiple real-world weak sources. We conduct baseline evaluations on the benchmark to systematically test the value of weak supervision for NLU tasks, with various weak supervision methods and model architectures. We demonstrate the benefits of weak supervision for low-resource NLU tasks and expect WALNUT to stimulate further research on methodologies to best leverage weak supervision. The benchmark and code for baselines will be publicly available at this http URL.
Many chronological aging clocks can be found throughout the epigenome: Implications for quantifying biological aging.

Epigenetic alterations are a hallmark of aging and age-related diseases. Computational models using DNA methylation data can create "epigenetic clocks" which are proposed to reflect "biological" aging. Thus, it is important to understand the relationship between predictive clock sites and aging biology. To do this, we examined over 450,000 methylation sites from 9,699 samples. We found ~20% of the measured genomic cytosines can be used to make many different epigenetic clocks whose age prediction performance surpasses that of telomere length. Of these predictive sites, the average methylation change over a lifetime was small (~1.5%) and these sites were under-represented in canonical regions of epigenetic regulation. There was only a weak association between "accelerated" epigenetic aging and disease. We also compare tissue-specific and pan-tissue clock performance. This is critical to applying clocks both to new sample sets in basic research, as well as understanding if clinically available tissues will be feasible samples to evaluate "epigenetic aging" in unavailable tissues (e.g., brain). Despite the reproducible and accurate age predictions from DNA methylation data, these findings suggest they may have limited utility as currently designed in understanding the molecular biology of aging and may not be suitable as surrogate endpoints in studies of anti-aging interventions. Purpose-built clocks for specific tissues age ranges or phenotypes may perform better for their specific purpose. However, if purpose-built clocks are necessary for meaningful predictions, then the utility of clocks and their application in the field needs to be considered in that context.
What’s Wrong With Fault Injection As A Benchmarking Tool?

This paper attempts to solidify the technical issues involved in the long-standing debate about the representativeness of fault injection as a tool for measuring the dependability of general-purpose software systems. While direct fault injection seems appropriate for evaluating fault tolerant computers, most current software systems are not designed in a way that makes injection of faults directly into a module under test relevant for dependability benchmarking. Approaches that seem more likely to create representative faults are ones that induce exceptional operating conditions external to a module under test in terms of exceptional system state, exceptional parameters/return values at an API, failed system components, or exceptional human interface inputs.
Advances in Technology of High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

The development of methods for high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) summarized in Chapter 1 outlines many of the advances in technology that have made possible the large-scale analysis of samples in small as well as large laboratories. This chapter is devoted specifically to the types of technologies and equipment that are available and that have been or are being developed for the improved resolution of proteins utilizing these methods.
Reference frames and time

This chapter discusses the reference frames commonly used in space-vehicle dynamics. A quantitative description of the motion of space vehicles—be they launch vehicles, upper stage vehicles, artificial satellites, or deep-space probes—requires one or several reference frames with respect to which the vehicle's position, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time are defined. Reference frames are also needed to describe the vehicle's attitude relative, for instance, to points on the earth, to the sun, or to guide stars. Similarly, the time derivatives of the vehicle's attitude, particularly angular rates and angular accelerations, are often needed. Implied in the use of reference frames is also the existence of a precisely defined, “uniformly” evolving time. This chapter introduces Euler angles to characterize the rotation of reference frames. Because of the importance of relative motion in such problems as fluid sloshing in the vehicle's propellant tanks or the effect of vehicle motion on gyroscopes, the transformation equations for velocities and accelerations are rederived. The need to consider two or more reference flames that are in relative motion to each other arises frequently in all branches of dynamics and is important in space technology as well. The chapter discusses the various time measurement systems that are in use in the design of space missions.
Catalytic Oxygen Evolution by Cobalt Oxido Thin Films

The contemporary demand to generate fuels from solar energy has stimulated intense effort to develop water splitting catalysts that can be coupled to light-absorbing materials. Cobalt oxido catalyst (Co-OECs) films deposited from buffered CoII solutions have emerged as arguably the most studied class of heterogeneous oxygen evolution catalysts. The interest in these materials stems from their formation by self-assembly, their self-healing properties, and their promising catalytic activity under a variety of conditions. The structure and function of these catalysts are reviewed here together with studies of molecular Co-O cluster compounds, which have proven invaluable in elucidating the chemistry of the Co-OECs.
Moral Imagination in Judging

The debate over the role of empathy in judging has revealed a tenaciously hardy folk conception of judicial deliberation and the judicial role. This concept is most crudely captured in Chief Justice Roberts’ well-known “umpire” metaphor, in which judges leave all their preconceptions and values behind and simply discover and apply the law “as written.” This conception is the legal variant of the hardy philosophical notion that moral reasoning is the process of discovering and applying a system of universal moral laws, and that these laws exist in a realm that transcends individual subjectivity. If laws are universal, timeless and discoverable, then a decision-maker’s attributes, beliefs and values; his or her situatedness in a tradition, a culture, a historical time and place, can only be impediments to rational decision-making.This notion of rationality has long been a subject of criticism, but few of its critics have had kind words for the role of empathy or moral imagination in the judicial process. Yet empathy and moral imagination implicate questions that go to the heart of longstanding jurisprudential debates. What role should a judge’s prior assumptions and values play in decision-making? What factors are relevant to principled adjudication? How do judges give meaning to spacious, indeterminate terms like due process and equal protection of law? What institutional reforms might serve to improve the quality of the deliberative process? I will argue that the denial of indeterminacy and the myth of the omniscient judge pose significant barriers to the rule of law. The widespread reaction against the role of empathy is based on unrealistic and largely undefended notions of the judicial role and the process of judicial deliberation. More broadly, it reflects assumptions about deliberation that are increasingly out of synch with developing understandings of moral cognition. Empathy and moral imagination, properly understood, are part of the solution to the problem of unaccountable judges interpreting indeterminate law, rather than part of the problem.
The history of pediatrics at Baylor University Medical Center.

Historical articles published in Proceedings will be reprinted in How We Care, volume 2. Readers who have any additional information, artifacts, photographs, or documents related to the historical articles are asked to forward such information to the Proceedings' editorial office for possible inclusion in the book version.
Chapter 5 Reactive radionuclides as tracers of oceanic particle flux

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the reactive radionuclides as tracers of oceanic particle flux. The value of the particle-reactive radionuclides as ocean tracers for the study of oceanic particle flux, both present and past, has been well demonstrated, and there has been impressive growth in their use over the past decade. Until recently, their measurement has been laborious, and progress in the development of applications has been data-limited. Recent advances in measurement technique, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the longer-lived U- and Th-series nuclides or accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for the cosmogenic nuclides, are making the accumulation of larger data sets more feasible, and the incorporation of chemical scavenging processes in large-scale ocean models, is allowing the extrapolation of results beyond the immediate observations. It is likely that the current phase of rapid growth in this area of research will extend well into the future.
Thermodynamic stoichiometries of participation of water, cations and anions in specific and non-specific binding of lac repressor to DNA. Possible thermodynamic origins of the "glutamate effect" on protein-DNA interactions.

The objective of this study is to quantify the contributions of cations, anions and water to stability and specificity of the interaction of lac repressor (lac R) protein with the strong-binding symmetric lac operator (Osym) DNA site. To this end, binding constants Kobs and their power dependences on univalent salt (MX) concentration (SKobs = d log Kobs/d log[MX]) have been determined for the interactions of lac R with Osym operator and with non-operator DNA using filter binding and DNA cellulose chromatography, respectively. For both specific and non-specific binding of lac R, Kobs at fixed salt concentration [KX] increases when chloride (Cl-) is replaced by the physiological anion glutamate (Glu-). At 0.25 M-KX, the increase in Kobs for Osym is observed to be approximately 40-fold, whereas for non-operator DNA the increase in Kobs is estimated by extrapolation to be approximately 300-fold. For non-operator DNA, SKobsRD is independent of salt concentration within experimental uncertainty, and is similar in KCl (SKobs,RDKCl = -9.8(+/- 1.0) between 0.13 M and 0.18 M-KCl) and KGlu (SKobs,RDKGlu = -9.3(+/- 0.7) between 0.23 M and 0.36 M-KGlu). For Osym DNA, SKobsRO varies significantly with the nature of the anion, and, at least in KGlu appears to decrease in magnitude with increasing [KGlu]. Average magnitudes of SKobsRO are less than SKobsRD, and, for specific binding decrease in the order [SKobsRO,KCl[>[SKobsRO,KAc[>[SKobsRO,KGlu[ . Neither KobsRO nor SKobsRO is affected by the choice of univalent cation M+ (Na+, K+, NH4+, or mixtures thereof, all as the chloride salt), and SKobsRO is independent of [MCl] in the range examined (0.125 to 0.3 M). This behavior of SKobsRO is consistent with that expected for a binding process with a large contribution from the polyelectrolyte effect. However, the lack of an effect of the nature of the cation on the magnitude of KobsRO at a fixed [MX] is somewhat unexpected, in view of the order of preference of cations for the immediate vicinity of DNA (NH4+ > K+ > Na+) observed by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance. For both specific and non-specific binding, the large stoichiometry of cation release from the DNA polyelectrolyte is the dominant contribution to SKobs. To interpret these data, we propose that Glu- is an inert anion, whereas Ac- and Cl- compete with DNA phosphate groups in binding to lac repressor. A thermodynamic estimate of the minimum stoichiometry of water release from lac repressor and Osym operator (210(+/- 30) H2O) is determined from analysis of the apparently significant reduction in [SKobsRO,KGlu[ with increasing [KGlu] in the range 0.25 to 0.9 M. According to this analysis, SKobs values of specific and non-specific binding in KGlu differ primarily because of the release of water in specific binding. In KAc and KCl, we deduce that anion competition affects Kobs and SKobs to an extent which differs for different anions and for the different binding modes.
Erythema dyschromicum perstans showing resolution in an adult

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) is a rare cutaneous eruption of unknown etiology that often resolves in prepubertal children but is generally thought to persist in adults. We present a case of EDP in an adult that cleared significantly after 6 years.
Circulating Keratan Sulfate - a Marker of Cartilage Proteoglycan Catabolism in Osteoarthritis

The serum level of a highly sulfated epitope present on long keratan sulfate chains provides a direct measure of the rate of catabolism of cartilage proteoglycans. Levels of the keratan sulfate epitope are elevated in patients with generalized osteoarthritis (OA), indicating these individuals have elevated rates of cartilage proteoglycan catabolism. In the Pond-Nuki model of canine OA, the serum level of the keratan sulfate epitope rises rapidly after the transection of the anterior cruciate ligament, long before OA lesions can be detected, and remains high for at least 13 weeks.
Clinical similarity between eclamptic toxemia and acute glomerulonephritis

Abstract The symptom complex of “preeclamptic toxemia” is often identical, in clinical symptoms and renal function, with that of acute glomerulonephritis. The outstanding features in this study are the comparatively rapid onset of symptoms which obtained in most of the cases, the hypertension and its rapid fall to normal, usually coincident with the increased urinary output, the disappearance of the edema, and amelioration of symptoms. The comparative absence of nitrogen retention in the blood, and the apparently complete recovery of most of these patients is also similar to those patients with acute glomerulonephritis. In some cases of toxemia, there is no question that the symptoms of nephrosis predominate. As this study lacks histologic data, comment is made only on the similarity between the clinical picture and renal function of the two groups. The subdivision of parenchymatous nephritis into glomerulonephritis and nephrosis has been made so recently that the question may be raised of the need of additional studies of the histology of the kidneys in similar cases which come to neeropsy. Although characteristic hepatic lesions have been found in practically all patients dying from eclamptic toxemia, there is no definite evidence that these lesions are the cause of the symptom complex.
The use of AI to secure communication in distributed systems for industrial applications

AI concepts such as the theory of belief, the theory of evidence, belief reasoning with uncertainty, and truth maintenance systems are applied to improve security in very large distributed systems (VLDS). Some security properties of the VLDS are formalized in a way that enables one to relate them directly to AI models. Intelligent agents with decision-making capabilities are used for establishing secure channels among various computers in the VLDS. The level of security is quantified, and the impact of belief variations on the security level of the intelligent agents is determined. >
Perspectives on photonic integration

Summary form only given. Photonic integration can be viewed as a replacement technology from two perspectives; replacing discrete optical solutions with improvements in cost, size, and power, but also enabling the evolving replacement of network functionality that has historically been provided in the electronic domain. This talk will explore the status of integration in the world of photonics, both from technological and market or application perspectives. The tenuous analogy with the history of electronic integration is examined to gain a better understanding of the expectations and role of photonic integration. Additionally, this talk will discuss the evolving role that photonics is playing in communications networks, and the impact of this evolution as a driver for integration.
TH‐C‐T‐6C‐02: A Kernel‐Based Model for Light Fluence Rate Calculation in Prostate Photodynamic Therapy

Purpose: To develop a model to accurately calculate light fluence rates in prostate photodynamic therapy(PDT).Method and Materials: A kernel‐based model was developed to calculate light fluence rates in prostate PDT. A kernel was generated for each light source, which was based on the solution of the diffusion equation describing light transport in scattering media and was developed for the linear light sources used in the PDT. Light fluence rates in the prostate were obtained by summing the contributions from each light source. Optical homogeneity was assumed for each kernel. The model was applied in PDTtreatment planning to predict light fluence distribution within a whole prostate in three dimensions. Light fluence rates were calculated in patients who had undergone PDT treatment and were compared with the in‐vivo measurements. Calculations under different conditions, e.g., using estimated parameters or measured parameters, were compared. Results: In the treatment planning, isodose lines were predicted and were superimposed on the ultrasoundimages of the patient's prostate, and the light fluence rates at the detector positions as well as in the urethra were predicted. Comparisons were made between the calculations and measurements among 12 patients with: (1) measured or estimated mean optical property (uniform source strength, 150 mW/cm), and (2) measured or estimated mean optical property (actual source strengths). The errors of the calculations using actual source strengths were smaller than those using the uniform source strengths, which had maximums of 500% and 400%, respectively, among the 12 patients. Using actual source strengths, the average errors of the calculations over 12 patients, were ∼89% and ∼104% using measured and the mean optical property, respectively. Conclusion: The study indicates that accurate source strengths are important in the calculations and accurate optical properties are necessary for accurate calculations of light fluence rate distribution.
Design Studies—What Is it Good For?

ABSTRACTThis article treats the rise, and perhaps fall, of Design Thinking as a prompt to ask: “What is Design studies?” or rather, “What could Design studies be?” Using the heuristic of a sWOt analysis, it is argued that recent shifts in cultural theory toward material practices afford Design studies opportunities to expand beyond a mere liberal arts supplement to the education of designers. However, Design studies is facing challenges from shifts in both the discipline and business of digital interaction design. It is consequently concluded that Design studies needs to move beyond its current pluralism.