cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Reactive Control of Transitional Legged Robot Maneuvers

We propose the idea of a discrete navigation problem—consisting of controlling the state of a discrete-time control system to reach a goal set while in the interim avoiding a set of obstacle states—to approximate a simplified class of transitional legged robotic tasks such as leaping which have no well established mathematical description that lends itself to synthesis. The control relation given in Theorem 1 is (assuming a task solution exists) necessary and sufficient to solve a discrete navigation problem in a minimum number of steps, and is well suited to computation when a legged system’s continuous-time within-stride controller anchors sufficiently simple stance mechanics. We demonstrate the efficacy of this control technique on a physical hopping robot affixed to a boom to reactively leap over an obstacle with a running start, controlling in continuous time during stance to exhibit a linear stance map.
Resolving relationships and phylogeographic history of the Nyssa sylvatica complex using data from RAD-seq and species distribution modeling

Nyssa sylvatica complex consists of several woody taxa occurring in eastern North America. These taxa were recognized as two or three species including three or four varieties by different authors. Due to high morphological similarities and complexity of morphological variation, classification and delineation of taxa in the group have been difficult and controversial. Here we employ data from RAD-seq to elucidate the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships within the group. Using the genetic evidence, we evaluate previous classifications and delineate species. We also employ Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) to evaluate impacts of climatic changes on the ranges of the taxa and to gain insights into the relevant refugia in eastern North America. Results from Molecular Variance Analysis (AMOVA), STRUCTURE, phylogenetic analyses using Maximum likelihood, Bayesian Inference, and Splittree methods of RAD-seq data strongly support a two-clade pattern, largely separating samples of N. sylvatica from those of N. biflora-N. ursina mix. Divergence time analysis with BEAST suggests the two clades diverged in the mid Miocene. The ancestor of the present trees of N. sylvatica was suggested to be in the Pliocene and that of N. biflora-N. ursina mix in the end of the Miocene. Results from SDM predicted a smaller range in the southern part of the species present range of each clade during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A northward expansion of the ranges during interglacial period and a northward shift of the ranges in the future under a model of global warming were also predicted. Our results support the recognition of two species in the complex, N. sylvatica and N. biflora, following the phylogenetic species concept. We found no genetic evidence supporting recognitions of intraspecific taxa. However, we propose subsp. ursina and subsp. biflora within N. biflora due to their distinction in habits, distributions, and habitats. Our results further support movements of trees in eastern North America in response to climatic changes. Finally, our study demonstrates that RAD-seq data and a combination of population genomics and SDM are valuable in resolving relationship and biogeographic history of closely related species that are taxonomically difficult.
Cloning and expression of the Escherichiacoli D-xylose isomerase gene in Bacillussubtilis

Abstract A DNA fragment containing the Escheria coli D-xylose isomerase gene and D-xylulokinase gene had been isolated from an E. coli genomic bank constructed by Clarke and Carbon. The D-xylose isomerase gene coding for the synthesis of an important industrial enzyme, xylose isomerase, was subcloned into a Bacillus - E. coli bifunctional plasmid. It was found that the intact E. coli gene was not expressed in B. subtilis , a host traditionally used to produce industrial enzymes. An attempt was then made to express the E. coli gene in B. subtilis by fusion of the E. coli xylose isomerase structural gene down-stream to the promoter of the penicillinase gene isolated from Bacillus licheniformis . Two such fused genes were constructed and they were found able to be expressed in both B. subtilis and E. coli .
On the Origin of the Relationship of Accommodation and Convergence

I come to a question which is of highest importance, especially for pathology, aside from its physiological interest. The issue is whether the association between the innervations of the medial muscles and certain lateral muscles of the double eye are inborn or are established by long habit. The importance of the differentiation, as one will remember, throws light on the fact that myopia and hypermetropia are already apparent in the first years of childhood. The hypermetropic child must accommodate even with parallel lines of sight in order to see clearly, and with converging lines of sight he must accommodate much more strongly than is necessary for emmetropes, while the myopic child conversely need not let accommodation grow when converging with near vision in the same way as the normal person. If the association in question were not inborn, neither hypermetropes nor myopes would find difficulty in vision for objects of sight within their monocular accommodation range. Even with relatively small convergence of the lines of sight, the hypermetrope could call forth the higher degrees of accommodation tension without difficulty, while the myope in spite of strong convergence of the lines of sight would not be burdened by using his accommodation muscles very little or not at all.
The Theory of Wavelets with Composite Dilations

A wavelet with composite dilations is a function generating an orthonormal basis or a Parseval frame for L 2(ℝn) under the action of lattice translations and dilations by products of elements drawn from non-commuting sets of matrices A and B. Typically, the members of B are matrices whose eigenvalues have magnitude one, while the members of A are matrices expanding on a proper subspace of ℝn. The theory of these systems generalizes the classical theory of wavelets and provides a simple and flexible framework for the construction of orthonormal bases and related systems that exhibit a number of geometric features of great potential in applications. For example, composite wavelets have the ability to produce “long and narrow” window functions, with various orientations, well-suited to applications in image processing.
Machine Learning Methods for Disease Prediction with Claims Data

One of the primary challenges of healthcare delivery is aggregating disparate, asynchronous data sources into meaningful indicators of individual health. We combine natural language word embedding and network modeling techniques to learn meaningful representations of medical concepts by using the weighted network adjacency matrix in the GloVe algorithm, which we call Code2Vec. We demonstrate that using our learned embeddings improve neural network performance for disease prediction. However, we also demonstrate that popular deep learning models for disease prediction are not meaningfully better than simpler, more interpretable classifiers such as XGBoost. Additionally, our work adds to the current literature by providing a comprehensive survey of various machine learning algorithms on disease prediction tasks.
Risk factors for challenging behaviour and psychopathology in adults with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND This study explored the role of demographic, psychosocial, stress and life event-related risk factors for psychopathology and challenging behaviour in a clinical sample of adults with Down syndrome. METHOD A convenience sample of adults with Down syndrome seen through a specialised clinic was assessed through interviews and questionnaires specifically designed for use in people with intellectual disabilities. RESULTS Recent negative life events and stressors were significantly correlated with mental and behavioural health, and significantly predicted irritability, lethargy and depressed mood. Social avoidance was predicted by stress related to anticipation and social-environmental stressors, and negatively predicted by verbal ability. Ritual-related stress predicted obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Participants who did not have a job or vocational placement were significantly more depressed than participants who did. CONCLUSIONS Adults with Down syndrome should be provided increased supports for coping with negative life events and stressors. Interventions should also emphasise community engagement, such as employment, and access to psychosocial supports that teach coping and self-regulation skills when faced with stressors and negative life events.
The impact of surgical duration on complications after transurethral resection of the prostate: an analysis of NSQIP data.

Transurethral resection of the prostate is the most commonly performed procedure for the management of benign prostatic obstruction. However, little is known about the effect surgical duration has on complications. We assess the relationship between operative time and TURP complications using a modern national surgical registry. We queried the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) from 2006 to 2016 for patients undergoing TURP. Patients were separated into five groups based on operative time: 0–30 min, 30.1–60 min, 60.1–90 min, 90.1–120 min, and greater than 120 min. Standard statistical analysis, including multivariate regression, was performed to determine factors associated with complications. 31,813 patients who underwent TURP were included. The overall complication rate was 9.0% and increased significantly with longer surgical duration (p < 0.001). Longer operative time was associated with a greater risk of postoperative sepsis or shock, transfusion, reoperation, and deep vein thrombus or pulmonary embolism. Longer surgical duration was associated with increased odds of any complication and, specifically, blood transfusion after controlling for age, race, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) class, type of anesthesia administered, and trainee involvement. The adjusted risk of each of the above complications remained significantly increased for surgeries lasting longer than 120 min. As surgical duration increases, there is a significant increase in the rate of complications after TURP. These data demonstrate that this procedure is safest when performed in under 90 min.
Global Proteomic Profiling of Salmonella Infection by a Giant Phage.

The 240-kb Salmonella phage SPN3US genome encodes 264 gene products, many of which are functionally uncharacterized. We have previously used mass spectrometry to define the proteomes of wild-type and mutant forms of the SPN3US virion. In this study, we sought to determine whether this technique was suitable for the characterization of the SPN3US proteome during liquid infection. Mass spectrometry of SPN3US-infected cells identified 232 SPN3US and 1,994 Salmonella proteins. SPN3US proteins with related functions, such as proteins with roles in DNA replication, transcription, and virion formation, were coordinately expressed in a temporal manner. Mass spectral counts showed the four most abundant SPN3US proteins to be the major capsid protein, two head ejection proteins, and the functionally unassigned protein gp22. This high abundance of gp22 in infected bacteria contrasted with its absence from mature virions, suggesting that it might be the scaffold protein, an essential head morphogenesis protein yet to be identified in giant phages. We identified homologs to SPN3US gp22 in 45 related giant phages, including ϕKZ, whose counterpart is also abundant in infected bacteria but absent in the virion. We determined the ϕKZ counterpart to be cleaved in vitro by its prohead protease, an event that has been observed to promote head maturation of some other phages. Our findings are consistent with a scaffold protein assignment for SPN3US gp22, although direct evidence is required for its confirmation. These studies demonstrate the power of mass spectral analyses for facilitating the acquisition of new knowledge into the molecular events of viral infection. IMPORTANCE “Giant” phages with genomes >200 kb are being isolated in increasing numbers from a range of environments. With hosts such as Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Erwinia amylovora, these phages are of interest for phage therapy of multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, our understanding of how these complex phages interact with their hosts is impeded by the proportion (∼80%) of their gene products that are functionally uncharacterized. To develop the repertoire of techniques for analysis of phages, we analyzed a liquid infection of Salmonella phage SPN3US (240-kb genome) using third-generation mass spectrometry. We observed the temporal production of phage proteins whose genes collectively represent 96% of the SPN3US genome. These findings demonstrate the sensitivity of mass spectrometry for global proteomic profiling of virus-infected cells, and the identification of a candidate for a major head morphogenesis protein will facilitate further studies into giant phage head assembly.
GUIDELINE-DIRECTED MEDICAL THERAPY INITIATION FOR HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION DOES NOT VARY ACCORDING TO GERIATRIC CONDITIONS

Objective: To clarify the patient characteristics associated with seeking medical help for insomnia. Methods: A consecutive sample (n = 700) of adults attending a nonurgent primary care appointment was screened for sleep problems. A follow-up mailed survey then assessed insomnia symptoms, daytime impairment, beliefs about sleep, medication use, sleepiness and fatigue, and medical help-seeking. Results: Fifty-two percent of patients with probable insomnia reported discussing this with a physician. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that discussing one’s probable insomnia with a physician was independently associated with having a greater number of medical conditions (OR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.13 to 4.22]), being more highly educated (1.67 [95% CI, 1.11 to 2.51]), sleeping less per night (OR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.96]), and greater perceived daytime impairment due to insomnia (OR, 2.07 [95% CI, 1.06 to 4.03]). Conclusions: Primary care patients often seek medical help when they experience insomnia. Clinical treatment ought to especially target poor sleepers presenting with significant insomnia-related impairment, medical morbidity, or both. Future research should further clarify the role of medical and psychiatric comorbidities and determine whether resolution of insomnia and its consequences improves the outcomes of common medical conditions.
Chapter 8 – Drawing and Writing

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the drawing and writing that is mainly used for the expression of thoughts to others. Writing and drawing may be controlled through a series of stages—from ideas to graphic segments to motor commands. A demonstration of the validity of the stage model is the preservation of writing styles across different means of writing. To draw, one must determine the order in which drawing strokes are made. Research on drawing in children and adults suggests that rules may be called upon during the planning of drawing behavior. The rules may ensure mechanical efficiency, but other factors—notably the semantic interpretation of the figure to be drawn—may also affect the order in which strokes are produced. Semantic biases in drawing provide additional support for the view that drawing, and graphic behavior in general, is largely a top-down process. A way to study the execution of drawing strokes is to record the kinematics of the pen during simple, repetitive drawing tasks such as scribbling, drawing figure eights, or drawing spirals.
The importance of wearing masks in curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic

Primary care workers are the first point of contact for patients. Therefore, it is critical for this group of workers to understand the significant role of personal protective equipment and the importance of adhering to proper donning, doffing, and discarding protocols in epidemic control. These measures are crucial in curtailing disease transmission and the overall containment of the contagion.
Introduction to Transmission of Infection: Potential Agents Transmitted by Endoscopy

Pathogen contamination of endoscopes depends on pathogen factors, surface factors, and environmental conditions. The most common pathogens associated with transmission and infections associated with gastrointestinal endoscope contamination are Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilm production together with disruption to device surfaces play an outsized role in the risk of contamination. Sampling schemes are limited by these factors, and further developments are needed to improve the accuracy of sampling.
Taking a Break: Daily Respite Effects of Adult Day Services as Objective and Subjective Time Away From Caregiving

Background and objectives Adult day services (ADS) can provide emotional and physical relief for caregivers of persons with dementia. While prior studies conceptualized ADS use at the aggregate level as a dichotomous construct, little is known about objective and subjective respite as distinct constructs. This study investigated how objective and subjective breaks from caregiving were associated with caregivers' daily emotional well-being. Research design and methods Family caregivers (N = 173) whose relatives were using ADS at least twice a week participated in daily interviews over 8 consecutive days (day N = 1,359). Participants provided information on daily respite hours and daily affect. They also reported perceived frequency of breaks from caregiving responsibilities and primary and secondary caregiving stressors (i.e., overload and work conflict). Multilevel models were used to examine the research questions. Results On average, caregivers reported 7.12 respite hours on ADS days and 1.74 respite hours on non-ADS days. Having more objective respite was associated with higher positive affect, whereas more subjective respite was associated with lower negative affect, after controlling for ADS use and other covariates. Further, caregivers with greater work conflict experienced more benefits to their positive affect as a result of objective respite. Discussion and implications Objective and subjective respite are unique aspects of caregiving that may have varying impact on caregivers. Respite may be especially beneficial for caregivers experiencing conflict between work and caregiving.
Rewriting history, narrating nation: The great wall inSino-US co-productions in the new millennium

This paper compares the representations of the Great Wall of China in three Sino-US co-produced films, Shadow Magic (西洋鏡, Ann Hu胡安, 2000), Dragon Blade (天降雄師, Daniel Lee李仁港, 2015), and The Great Wa...
Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Metabolism Is Associated With Fatigue Related to Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a cornerstone treatment for prostate cancer. Despite the clinical benefits, ADT is associated with multiple adverse effects including fatigue. The goal of the study was to examine metabolomic changes to better understand cancer-related fatigue specific to ADT treatment. Methods A total of 160 plasma samples collected from participants with (+ADT, n = 58) or without neoadjuvant ADT (-ADT, n = 102) prior to radiation therapy for treatment of non-metastatic localized prostate cancer were included in the study. Fatigue and sleep-related impairment were measured using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. Plasma metabolites were identified and measured using untargeted ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry metabolomics analyses. Partial least square discriminant analysis was used to identify discriminant metabolite features, and the diagnostic performance of selected classifiers was quantified using AUROC curve analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using metabolite sets enrichment analyses. Findings Steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways, including androstenedione metabolism as well as androgen and estrogen metabolism, were overrepresented by metabolites that significantly discriminated samples in the +ADT from the -ADT group. Additional overrepresented metabolic pathways included amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and carnitine synthesis. Of the metabolites that were significantly different between the groups, steroid hormone biosynthesis metabolites were most significantly correlated with fatigue severity. Sleep-related impairment was strongly correlated with fatigue severity and inversely correlated with ADT-induced reduction in androsterone sulfate. Conclusions Patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving neoadjuvant ADT prior to radiation therapy reported relatively more severe fatigue. Increased fatigue in this population may be attributable to sleep-related impairment associated with alterations in steroid hormone biosynthesis. Findings in this study provide a basis for further research of changes in sleep patterns and their role in this specific subcategory of cancer-related fatigue caused by the treatment.
Prolonged hyperglycaemia during infusion of glucose and somatostatin impairs pancreatic A- and B-cell responses to decrements in plasma glucose in normal man: evidence for induction of altered sensitivity to glucose.

To determine the effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia on pancreatic islet A- and B-cell function, plasma glucose was clamped for 12 h at approximately 11 and 5 mmol/l in control experiments by infusing glucose and somatostatin along with replacement amounts of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone in seven normal volunteers. Following restitution of euglycaemia for 1 h after prolonged hyperglycaemia, termination of the somatostatin-replacement hormone infusions resulted in a sustained decrease in plasma glucose to 3 mmol/l (p<0.01). Despite this, plasma glucagon did not increase above values observed in control experiments in which plasma glucose did not decrease; moreover, there was a persistent increase in insulin secretion nearly threefold above that observed in control experiments (p<0.01). Plasma growth hormone, cortisol and adrenaline responses were appropriate. This failure of a decrement in plasma glucose to suppress insulin secretion and to stimulate glucagon secretion was not observed when comparable hypoglycaemia was induced by exogenous insulin after a prolonged euglycaemic clamp. Our results indicate that hyperglycaemia can induce altered sensitivity of pancreatic A and B cells to glucose and suggest that abnormal A- and B-cell responses to glucose in diabetes mellitus may not represent a wholly intrinsic defect.
Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures

A quadriceps tendon rupture is a rare knee injury with potentially devastating consequences in athletes and nonathletes alike. Ruptures are more common in those over 40 years of age and those with underlying medical conditions, but athletes are not exempt as ruptures have been reported in professional football, basketball, and tennis athletes. When rupture does occur, it is almost uniformly indirect in nature and the result of an eccentric contraction of the extensor mechanism against a sudden load of body weight with the foot planted and knee flexed. Patients will commonly present with the triad of acute onset knee pain, inability to actively extend the knee, and a suprapatellar gap. Partial tears may be managed with a trial of nonoperative management, while operative repair is recommended for optimal outcome in complete ruptures. Outcomes are generally favorable, but complications including stiffness and persistent quadriceps weakness may preclude return to prior recreational activity levels, especially in elite level athletes.
Environmental Planning and Control for the 1980s as Perceived by Supermarket Executives

This study examines supermarket executives’ perceptions of the problems confronting them in the 1980s, A survey including 134 chains was undertaken to determine anticipated adjustments resulting from rising energy costs, spiraling inflation, and high interest rates. The executives placed emphasis on reducing energy costs associated with operating stores, more stringent inventory control measures, and increasing the number of lines carried to encourage one-stop shopping.
Dieta y alimentación hispano-americana en el Caribe y la Florida en el siglo XVI

European colonizing efforts were more successful in those places where European plants and animals adapted more easily. This would seem to indicate that Old World domesticated plants and animals either flourished or did not, but in fact the animals went through a period of adaptation to their new locations, influencing in turn the ways in which colonists adapted to their new environment. Examples of the degrees of adaptation of settlers and animals have been taken from the Spanish sixteenth-century colonization of Hispaniola, Cubagua and Florida, and show that in all cases European animals were present but that their importance in human diet varied considerably.
Three-Dimensional Locations of Destinations Have Species-Dependent Effects on the Choice of Paths and the Gap-Bridging Performance of Arboreal Snakes

Challenges for moving in arboreal environments include sizable gaps and variable three-dimensional locations between the discrete destinations created by branches. Different three-dimensional orientations of the body change the mechanical demands of crossing gaps, especially for elongate animals, but these effects on both the maximal gap distance crossed (Gapmax ) and the choice of destinations are poorly understood despite many animals frequently encountering these circumstances. We tested and compared the effects of three-dimensional gap location on the bridging ability of three species of snakes with similar length but moderately stout (Boa constrictor), intermediate (Pantherophis guttatus) or slender (Boiga irregularis) shapes, and we tested for bias in choice of destinations for the latter two species. The effects of both gap location and species on Gapmax were highly significant, and the rank order of species from greatest to least Gapmax was often from the most slender to the stoutest species. Although the effects of yaw (horizontal) angles were statistically significant, they were small compared to those of pitch (vertical) angles, which created nearly twofold variation in the values of Gapmax within each species. The greatest values of Gapmax occurred when snakes went straight down. Within a horizontal plane, P. guttatus and B. irregularis had similar preferences for choosing gaps with smaller yaw angles. However, when pitch angle was varied, P. guttatus preferred lower destinations, whereas B. irregularis preferred higher destinations. Thus, despite quite uniform effects of gap location on bridging abilities and torques acting on the animals, some preferences for locations were species specific. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:124-137, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenacetin-induced renal papillary necrosis: pyonephros, anuria, and bilateral ureteral obstruction.

Abstract A fifty-five-year-old man was seen with anuria. Retrograde pyelograms demonstrated bilateral ureteral obstruction subsequently shown to have resulted from sloughed renal papillae. A twenty-year history of phenacetin abuse was obtained. Treatment included bilateral ureteral intubation, then ureterotomy and nephrostomy on one side.
Overview of Molecular Genetic Diagnosis

This unit describes the two approaches for molecular genetic diagnosis, direct mutation analysis and linkage studies. Direct mutation analysis is possible if the gene responsible for a disorder has been cloned and techniques exist to detect mutations. Genetic linkage analysis is used when polymorphic markers are available that are closely linked to a disease gene but the gene itself has not been cloned, or when it is difficult or impossible to detect mutations in the gene. For direct mutation analysis, the unit offers a review of the types of mutations that can be detected and the strategies that can be employed for their detection. The unit then describes the types of disorders that are best suited for linkage-based analysis and offers guidance for interpreting the data.
Morphology of Cytomegalovirus (Salivary Gland Virus).

Smith, Kendall O. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas) and Lucy Rasmussen. Morphology of cytomegalovirus (salivary gland virus). J. Bacteriol. 85: 1319–1325. 1963.—The size and fine structure of cytomegalovirus was compared with that of herpes virus. Cytomegalovirus stains as a DNA virus and is almost identical in size to herpes virus. Both viruses have enveloped forms and display protein membrane subunits which are almost identical in number, size, and arrangement. Cytomegalovirus closely resembles herpes virus produced early in its growth cycle (9 hr) in that most of the particles are coreless and somewhat ragged in appearance. The particle-infectivity ratio with cytomegalovirus is extremely high, approximating 10 7 to 10 8 . Although the average yield per cell was approximately 10,000 particles, only about one infectious unit per 1,000 cells was obtained. The biological explanation for this inefficiency of infectious virus synthesis is presently unknown, but the physical explanation appears to be that the nucleic acid cores are not complete. Not one particle was found, among over 1,000 examined, which stained as if it had a complete core. Images
From Here to Eternity: The Folly of Perpetual Trusts

In a country that is only 240 years old, trusts that can last for as many as 1000 years or even forever, typically for the benefit of the settlor’s descendants living from time to time, now and in the future, are all the rage in banking and estate-planning circles. Before 1986, when Congress passed the federal generation-skipping transfer tax (GST tax), settlors had little incentive and probably little desire to establish perpetual trusts, even though they were permitted to do so under the law of Wisconsin, South Dakota, or Idaho. The GST tax created an artificial incentive for the wealthy to establish such trusts. The origin of the perpetual-trust movement is the GST exemption, which is part of the GST tax. When Congress granted the GST exemption, it did not impose a durational limit on trusts that qualify for the exemption, but instead relied on state perpetuity laws to supply that limit. The reliance on state perpetuity laws was badly misplaced. At the instigation of state banking groups and estate-planning attorneys, states began to pass legislation allowing trust settlors to create perpetual trusts — trusts that can last for several centuries or even forever. With state perpetuity laws out of the way, the wealthy began creating perpetual trusts in significant numbers. This essay questions whether the state legislators who vote to authorize perpetual trusts and the wealthy who create them are thinking through what they are allowing or putting in place. The essay shows the folly of such trusts, primarily by producing a table projecting how, with each step down the generational ladder, the number of beneficiaries will proliferate and the settlor’s genetic connection with the beneficiaries will decline. The essay then points out that the primary responsibility for the perpetual-trust movement rests not with the state legislators or the wealthy, but with Congress. The primary responsibility for curtailing it also rests with Congress, but so far Congress has been decidedly uninterested in fixing what it instigated.
Preliminary requirements for satellite based automatic dependent surveillance (ADS)

This paper discusses several key requirements pertinent to the use of satellite based automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) techniques in domestic U.S. airspace. The key requirements addressed in this paper are data latency and functional availability. As background, a brief description is presented of three methods of providing the aircraft surveillance function: primary radar, secondary radar, and ADS. A section on qualitative requirements discusses implications of coupling surveillance and navigation functions. A section on quantitative requirements provides detailed accounting of the current time latency budget to permit integration into the advanced automation system (AAS). The ADS application assumes the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for the navigation component and satellite communication for the data link function. >
The Use of an Online Forum for Health Information by Married Korean Women in the United States

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of an online health forum by married Korean women living in the USA who sought help for health and medical issues. Method. A thousand messages posted to a health forum designed for married Korean women living in the USA were collected in September 2010. Analysis. Content analysis of the messages identified the purposes of asking questions, relationship between enquirers and patients, major topics of questions, whether questions were asked before or after consulting a doctor, and more. Results. A typical questioning behaviour in the forum was a woman asking for recommendations of hospitals or doctors, including doctors who spoke Korean; seeking to know the cause of the symptom she was experiencing, or wanting to learn about treatment methods before consulting a doctor. The reasons for the enquirers seeking online help before or instead of consulting doctors included dissatisfaction with the health care system, financial concerns and language barriers. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the online health forum has potential to be useful for Korean immigrants in self­diagnosis, self­treatment, and the selection of hospitals or doctors by removing language barriers.
Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Drug Discovery

Protein kinases (PKs) have essential roles in cell-signaling pathways by interacting with extracellular ligands such as growth factors and hormones and transmitting signals across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. It is important to understand the mechanistic features of the particular target kinase when designing protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs). This chapter focuses on inhibitors directed against critical molecular targets that are approved or are in clinical trials. Keywords: protein kinase inhibitors; cell-signaling pathways; extracellular ligands; clinical trials
Sequences controlling transcription of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta 2-tubulin gene after deflagellation and during the cell cycle.

Abstract In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, transcripts from the beta 2-tubulin gene (tubB2), as well as those from other tubulin-encoding genes, accumulate immediately after flagellar excision as well as at a specific time in the cell cycle. Control of tubB2 transcript accumulation following deflagellation is regulated, at least partially, at the transcriptional level. We have fused the tubB2 promoter to the arylsulfatase (ars) reporter gene, introduced this construct into C. reinhardtii, and compared expression of the chimeric gene with that of the endogenous tubB2 gene. After flagellar excision, transcripts from the tubB2/ars chimeric gene accumulate with kinetics similar to those of transcripts from the endogenous tubB2 gene. The tubB2/ars transcripts also accumulate in a cell cycle-specific manner; however, chimeric transcripts are more abundant earlier in the cell cycle than the endogenous tubB2 transcripts. To elucidate transcriptional control of tubB2, we have mutated or removed sequences in the tubB2 promoter and examined the effect on transcription. The tubB2 promoter shares features with the promoters of other tubulin-encoding genes; these include a GC-rich region between the TATA box and the transcription initiation site and multiple copies of a 10-bp sequence motif that we call the tub box. The tubB2 gene contains seven tub box motifs. Changing the GC-rich region to an AT-rich region or removing three of the seven tub box motifs did not significantly affect transcription of the chimeric gene. However, removing four or five tub box motifs prevented increased transcription following deflagellation and diminished cell cycle-regulated transcription from the tubB2 promoter.
Effects of boronization of the first wall in TFTR

Abstract A plasma-enhanced CVD process was used to deposit thin (40–100 nm), amorphous carbon/boron films onto the first wall of TFTR. A series of plasma experiments was performed to test the effect of this first-wall modification on low-Z impurity (carbon, oxygen) behavior, suppression of metallic impurities, post-disruption recovery, hydrogenic recycling, and plasma density limits. The analysis of the plasma performance following the first few boronization attempts on TFTR shows: (1) suppression by a factor of 3-1.5 of carbon impurities immediately after boronization, although this suppression is short-lived (~10 shots); (2) long term suppression of oxygen and metallic impurities by a factor of two; (3) significant suppression of oxygen impurity emission following disruptions and during pulse discharge cleaning; and (4) no significant change in hydrogenic recycling properties in comparison to the pre-existing carbon first wall.
Developmental regulation of brain nitric oxide synthase expression in the ferret thalamic reticular nucleus.

Abstract We have found that cells in the ferret thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) express brain nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) in a transient pattern during early postnatal development. Similar to our previous findings in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), bNOS expression in the TRN is first observed at postnatal day 7 (P7) and continues to P35. Quantitative measures show a significant change in the relative numbers of bNOS+ cells from P7–P35, and suggest there is a transition in morphology from a bipolar shape with two primary dendrites, to a more complex, multipolar arrangement. During TRN development, the pattern of bNOS expression shifts from the somatodendritic localization seen during the first postnatal month to expression within axon fibers in the adult. Expression of bNOS within TRN cells demonstrates an additional source of nitric oxide in the developing visual thalamus, perhaps indicating a common function for thalamic nitergic neurons as cellular mediators in the establishment of central topography both in the LGN and the TRN.
Distillers grains as an energy source and effect of drying on protein availability

The use of distillers byproducts as energy sources would expand the market for these byproducts. Drying of these byproducts may produce changes that affect the nutritional value. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate distillers byproducts as an energy source for finishing cattle and to compare wet vs. dried byproducts. The energy value of wet distillers byproducts was 132 to 174% the value of dry rolled corn for finishing cattle when the byproducts were fed as 40% of the diet dry matter. Distillers dried grains plus solubles were 130% the energy value of corn. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen level of the dried grains did not affect feeding value. Distillers dried grains plus solubles were equal in protein value to wet byproducts when fed to growing calves. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen level did not affect protein utilization of dried distillers byproducts.
W3C user agent accessibility guidelines 1.0 for graphical Web browsers

Web browsers and multimedia players play a critical role in making Web content accessible to people with disabilities. Access to Web content requires that Web browsers provide users with final control over the styling of rendered content, the type of content rendered and the execution of automated behaviors. The features available in Web browsers determine the extent to which users can orient themselves and navigate the structure of Web resources. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) User Agent Guidelines are part of the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative, the guidelines provide a comprehensive resource to Web browser and multimedia developers on the features needed to render Web content more accessibly to people with disabilities. UAAG 1.0 was developed over a period of four years and included extensive reviews to demonstrate that the proposed requirements can be implemented.
Objections to Bootstrapping Phylogenies: A Critique

Despite widespread use, the bootstrap remains a controversial method for assessing confidence limits in phylogenies. Opposition to its use has centered on a small set of basic philo? sophical and statistical objections that have largely gone unanswered by advocates of statistical approaches to phylogeny reconstruction. The level of generality of these objections varies greatly, however. Some of the objections are merely technical, involving problems that are found in almost all statistical tests, such as bias in small data sets. Other objections are really associated not so much with a rejection of the bootstrap but with the rejection of statistical methods in phylogeny reconstruction, which resurrects an old debate. The most relevant aspects of this debate revolve around the issue of whether or not an unknown parameter, such as a tree, can have probabilities (confidence limits) associated with it. The relevant statistical aspects are reviewed, but because this issue remains controversial within statistical theory, it is unreasonable to expect it to be anything else in phylogenetic systematics. An area of common ground between statistical and nonstatistical approaches emerges in the use of statistical likelihood as a measure of support for phylogenetic hypotheses. This common ground requires the abandonment of classical notions of confidence limits by statistically oriented systematists and the acceptance of probabilistic models and likelihood by opponents of statistical methods. There remains a small set of objections directly germane to bootstrapping phylogenies per se. These objections involve issues of random sampling and whether or not character data are independent and identically distributed (HD). Nonrandom- sample bootstrapping is discussed, as are sample designs that impose the HD assumption on characters regardless of evolutionary nonindependence and nonidentical distribution of those data. Systematists wishing to use the bootstrap have an alternative to making explicit and rather strong evolutionary assumptions; they can consider the issue of character sampling designs much more carefully. (Phylogeny; bootstrap; statistical inference; confidence; cladistics.)
Effect of sexual activity on vaginal colonization with hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and Gardnerella vaginalis.

BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis is associated with sexual activity, but mechanisms for this association are unclear. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of data from women reporting sex with women who provided information on sexual behaviors as part of a study of vaginal bacteria was conducted. Vaginal bacteria were detected by semiquantitative culture. Binomial regression with log-link evaluated associations between detection of bacteria and sexual behaviors reported to occur before enrollment. Linear regression evaluated associations between these behaviors and quantity of bacteria. RESULTS Of the 320 women, 216 (68%) were colonized with H2O2-producing lactobacilli and 142 (44%) with Gardnerella vaginalis. Colonization with G. vaginalis was associated with >20 digital-vaginal sex acts (risk ratio, 2.01; 1.22, 3.29) or >10 toy-vaginal acts in the past 3 months (risk ratio, 1.76; 1.32, 2.36). Quantity of H2O2-producing lactobacilli was 1.3 log lower in colonized women reporting >10 acts of insertive vaginal sex-toy use in the past 3 months (95% confidence interval: -2.04, -0.56), 1.19 log lower with toy-vaginal sex in past 7 days (-1.75, -0.62), and 0.78 log lower in women sharing toys with a partner (-1.25, -0.31). CONCLUSIONS Vaginal insertive use and sharing of sex toys were associated with decreased quantities of H2O2-producing lactobacilli and higher risk of colonization with G. vaginalis.
Mobile Apps for Librarians

In an increasing mobile environment, library and reading-related activities often take place on a phone or tablet device. Not only does this mean that library Web sites must keep mobile navigabilit...
ISOLATION OF KASUGAMYCIN RESISTANT MUTANTS IN THE 16 S RIBOSOMAL RNA OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Three ribosomal RNA mutations conferring resistance to the antibiotic kasugamycin were isolated using a strain of Escherichia coli in which all of the rRNA is transcribed from a plasmid-encoded rrn operon. The mutations, A794G, G926A, and A1519C, mapped to universally conserved sites in the 16 S RNA gene. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that virtually all mutations at these three sites conferred kasugamycin resistance and had very slight effects on cell growth. It has been known for many years that the absence of post-transcriptional modification at A1519 and the adjacent A1518 in strains lacking a functional KsgA methylase produces a kasugamycin resistance phenotype. Mutations at A1519 conferred kasugamycin resistance and had minor effects on cell growth, whereas mutations at 1518 did not confer resistance and increased the doubling time of the cells dramatically. Expression of mutations at A1518/A1519 in a methylase deficient ksgA(-)strain had divergent effects on the phenotype of the rRNA mutants, suggesting that the base identity at either position does not affect methylation at the adjacent site. Residues A794 and G926 are protected from chemical modification by kasugamycin and tRNA, and have been implicated in the initiation of protein synthesis. Despite the universal conservation and functional importance of these residues, the results presented here show that the identity of the bases is not critical for ribosomal function.
New model dielectric function and exchange-correlation potential for semiconductors and insulators

We propose a new model frequency and wave-vector-dependent dielectric function for systems with an energy gap in their electronic excitation spectrum. The function is homogeneous, isotropic, and causal and satisfies two sum rules relating to particle-number conservation. Moreover, it has an analytic representation, reduces to the Lindhard function in the limit of zero gap, and compares well numerically with the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ of Si from band-structure calculations. With the model irreducible polarizability, we extend the theory of Singwi et al. [Phys. Rev. B 1, 1044 (1970)] to obtain a one-parameter family of exchange-correlation potentials appropriate for semiconductors and insulators. The existence of a band gap is found to enhance the exchange contributions but reduces the correlation contributions to the exchange-correlation potentials resulting in an overall potential which deepens as the average band gap of the system increases. A band calculation of silicon in the present theory shows a slight improvement of the band gaps over previous work using the metallic exchange-correlation potential.
Project Manager Leadership Role in Improving Project Performance

Abstract:In spite of advances in the project management profession, research studies have shown that many projects fail, underlining the importance of the project manager's role as manager. Specifically, the manager's leadership role is of great importance in motivating people and creating an effective working environment in order for the project team to meet greater challenges in today's global economy. In this research study, using the literature review, important people-related factors of project performance are identified, then surveys and structured, personal interviews were used to develop a project manager leadership and management model, which helped to analyze underlying interactions among these factors and the role of leadership in project performance.