cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
This Zoonotic World

“What I love about my work … is that it gives me the privilege of spending time with people whose jobs are so interesting, whose work is so important, whose brains and bodies are so tough. I've said it before … but some people, you know, admire medical missionaries, firemen, astronauts. I admire field biologists.” “I have a great job because I get to call up some of these scientists and say ‘Hey, can I come talk to you or, better still, can I go to the central African forest with you?’ And frequently they say: ‘Well, all right, yes.’ So that's a kid in a candy store…” “What experts think of my book is also very important to me. If you're nodding as opposed to shaking your heads … it's very gratifying.” (David Quammen, 2013) Pale Horse. Thirteen Gorillas. Dinner at the Rat Farm. Going Viral. Chapter titles like these are hard to resist. So here's a confession: I was first drawn to “Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic” by its language and story-craft. Then I discovered its eclectic mix of history, ecology, research, and yes, even math–plus its frank, conversational voice. At that point, I was hooked. After David Quammen's latest book was published last fall, New York Times critic Charles McGrath penned his own panegyric entitled: “The Subject is Science, the Style is Faulkner.” McGrath was referring to Quammen's early days as an English major and a Rhodes Scholar, when the aspiring author immersed himself in Faulkner. Soon, Quammen had published four novels. Then came his shift to non-fiction which, he realized, could be “wondrous and imaginative, shapely and literary … [not just] explanatory.” Quammen moved to Montana and wrote a long-running column for Outside magazine followed by regular features for National Geographic and other periodicals. Today, his bibliography includes 10 science books, including “Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions” (1996), “Monster of God: The Man-Eating Predator in the Jungles of History and the Mind” (2003), and “The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution” (2006). Earlier this year, I spent an hour talking with David Quammen. In a moment, I'll share excerpts from our conversation. But first, meet “Spillover.”
Cancer Mortality for a Single Race in Low Versus High Elevation Counties in the U.S.

A previous study compared cancer mortality in the six lowest versus six highest elevations in the U.S. for all races. This study looks at a single race since death rates tend to vary by race. In this ecological study, cancer mortality rates were compared between low and high states for a race that had sufficient number of counties reporting mortality data, that is, the white race. The average cancer mortality rate for low elevation counties was 73.47 + 18.35 compared to 53.90 + 13.76 for high elevation counties, a difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.0001), with a very large effect size (of 1.2). Higher elevation counties showed less cancer mortality rates for a single race compared to lower elevation counties, suggesting the presence of radiation hormesis. Further rigorous research is indicated to verify or refute these findings.
Isolation and structure determination of an antimicrobial ester from a marine sediment-derived bacterium

A new compound, assigned the trivial name bonactin (1), has been isolated from the liquid culture of a Streptomyces sp. BD21-2 obtained from a shallow-water sediment sample collected at Kailua Beach, Oahu, Hawaii. Structure elucidation employed one- and two-dimensional NMR, HRFABMS, IR, and chemical analysis. Bonactin displayed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as antifungal activity.
An active bubble trap and debubbler for microfluidic systems

We present a novel, fully integrated microfluidic bubble trap and debubbler. The 2-layer structure, based on a PDMS valve design, utilizes a featured membrane to stop bubble progression through the device. A pneumatic chamber directly above the trap is evacuated, and the bubble is pulled out through the gas-permeable PDMS membrane. Normal device operation, including continuous flow at atmospheric pressure, is maintained during the entire trapping and debubbling process. We present a range of trap sizes, from 2 to 10 mm diameter, and can trap and remove bubbles up to 25 microL in under 3 h.
Conditions for the existence of convolution representations

For an important family of linear shift-invariant multidimensional maps that take (measurable) bounded inputs into bounded outputs, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of convolution representations with integrable impulse responses.
Cytokine manipulation of the wound.

Wound healing is a dynamic interactive process that begins at the moment of wounding and involves soluble mediators, many cell types, and extracellular matrix. Among the soluble mediators are the polypeptide cytokines that act as messengers for cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Because these cytokines have been shown to be deficient or biologically unavailable in many wounds, attempts have been made to exogenously apply them to wounds in hopes of manipulating healing. It is obvious that substances that are chemotactic to inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages or are mitogenic to cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes should benefit wound healing. Trials have been performed with single cytokines, combinations of cytokines, and sequential application of cytokines. Newer concepts attempt to combine exogenous cytokines and protease inhibitors to maximize the healing trajectory. This article reviews the various attempts to use cytokines to manipulate the wound.
Profiling tools for hardware/software partitioning of embedded applications

Loops constitute the most executed segments of programs and therefore are the best candidates for hardware software partitioning. We present a set of profiling tools that are specifically dedicated to loop profiling and do support combined function and loop profiling. One tool relies on an instruction set simulator and can therefore be augmented with architecture and micro-architecture features simulation while the other is based on compile-time instrumentation of gcc and therefore has very little slow down compared to the original program We use the results of the profiling to identify the compute core in each benchmark and study the effect of compile-time optimization on the distribution of cores in a program. We also study the potential speedup that can be achieved using a configurable system on a chip, consisting of a CPU embedded on an FPGA, as an example application of these tools in hardware/software partitioning.
Chromo-field flux sheets as confining gauge field configurations in the SU(N) Euclidean Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge

For the four-dimensional SU(N) Euclidean Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge, we present two sets of gauge field configurations that satisfy the Euclidean equations of motion. These configurations generate four-dimensional chromo-field flux sheets whose spatial cross sections are three-dimensional chromo-field flux tubes. In lattice simulations, they may be detected as center vortices. The first set of gauge field configurations generates chromo-electric flux tubes that should contribute to a chromo-electric flux tube between two static color charges. The string tension ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{r}$ for two static color charges in representation $r$ then naturally satisfies the Casimir scaling. Applying a gauge transformation to this set of gauge field configurations, we can transform them into those in the maximal Abelian gauge. These transformed configurations generate chromo-electric flux tubes that should contribute to those observed between two static quarks in lattice simulations performed in the maximal Abelian gauge. The second set of gauge field configurations generates chromo-magnetic flux tubes. When rotated in a plane that includes the temporal ${x}_{4}$ axis and is perpendicular to the flux tube axis, the rotated gauge field configuration generates a chromo-electric flux tube and should contribute to the chromo-electric flux tubes observed in lattice simulations in the Landau gauge. We also argue that when regulated on a lattice, any of the flux sheet gauge field configurations with a finite flux sheet thickness is located on the Gribov horizon in the infinite lattice volume limit. We thus suggest that these sets of gauge field configurations contribute significantly to the low-energy properties of QCD, particularly the quark confinement.
A three-dimensional model of the yeast genome

Layered on top of information conveyed by DNA sequence and chromatin are higher order structures that encompass portions of chromosomes, entire chromosomes, and even whole genomes. Interphase chromosomes are not positioned randomly within the nucleus, but instead adopt preferred conformations. Disparate DNA elements co-localize into functionally defined aggregates or factories for transcription and DNA replication. In budding yeast, Drosophila and many other eukaryotes, chromosomes adopt a Rabl configuration, with arms extending from centromeres adjacent to the spindle pole body to telomeres that abut the nuclear envelope. Nonetheless, the topologies and spatial relationships of chromosomes remain poorly understood. Here we developed a method to globally capture intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions, and applied it to generate a map at kilobase resolution of the haploid genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The map recapitulates known features of genome organization, thereby validating the method, and identifies new features. Extensive regional and higher order folding of individual chromosomes is observed. Chromosome XII exhibits a striking conformation that implicates the nucleolus as a formidable barrier to interaction between DNA sequences at either end. Inter-chromosomal contacts are anchored by centromeres and include interactions among transfer RNA genes, among origins of early DNA replication and among sites where chromosomal breakpoints occur. Finally, we constructed a three-dimensional model of the yeast genome. Our findings provide a glimpse of the interface between the form and function of a eukaryotic genome.
Two-Dimensional Dynamic Loop Scheduling Schemes for Computer Clusters

Efficient scheduling of parallel loops in a network of computers can significantly reduce the total execution time of complex scientific applications. In this paper, we compare the performance of two-dimensional dynamic loop scheduling schemes for computer clusters with that of one-dimensional loop scheduling schemes. The loop scheduling schemes are implemented using the Message Passing Interface on a cluster of processors. Experimental results show that the two-dimensional scheduling schemes were found to significantly reduce the total execution time of tasks over the one-dimensional schemes. In addition, the two-dimensional schemes present a more balanced load distribution of the workload among the computers in the cluster.
Grain Alignment in the Taurus Dark Cloud

Variations in the polarization efficiency (p/A) of interstellar grains as a function of environment place vital constraints on models for the mechanism of alignment. In this Letter, polarimetric observations of background field stars are used to investigate alignment in the Taurus Dark Cloud for extinctions in the magnitude range 0 < AK < 2.5 (0 < AV < 25). Results show a strong systematic trend in polarization efficiency with extinction, well represented by a power law p/A A-0.56. A number of possible interpretations of this result are discussed. Assuming magnetic alignment of the grains, the observed trend may be influenced by such factors as small-scale magnetic field structure, variation of magnetic field strength and coupling of gas and dust temperatures as functions of density, and systematic changes in the efficiency of suprathermal spin as a function of grain surface properties and H/H2 fraction within the dark cloud.
Minimum alveolar concentration: ongoing relevance and clinical utility

Since its introduction in 1965, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) has served as the standard measure of potency for volatile anaesthetic agents. It is defined as the minimum alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetic at which 50% of people do not move in response to a noxious stimulus. Within the last 20 years, it has been discovered that volatile anaesthetics inhibit mobility largely through action on the spinal cord, whereas the amnesic and hypnotic effects are mediated by the brain. Studies suggest that the concentration of volatile anaesthetic needed to prevent explicit memory from developing, and to produce unconsciousness, is usually substantially lower than the concentration required to prevent movement in response to surgery. This review highlights the contributions and limitations of MAC and its derivatives as metrics of anaesthetic potency with respect to particular behavioural outcomes. Recent evidence is presented suggesting that a protocol that alerts anaesthetists whenever MAC falls to < 0.5 or 0.7 has the potential to decrease intra-operative awareness with explicit recall, possibly to a similar extent as does a protocol based on processed electroencephalography-driven alerting.
Changes in the Histology of Cold-Hardened Oat Crowns during Recovery from Freezing

and 47% in the apical region and the crown core, respectively. The the meristematic regions of the crown may provide ininitial freezing rate of the apical region was higher than that of the
The Sociology of the Sociology of Money Simmel and the Contemporary Battle of the Classics

I offer a discussion of Simmel’s Philosophy of Money in comparison with the analyses of money in the writings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. Based on this analysis, I argue that Simmel’s ambiguous status as a classic can be accounted for by some of the characteristics of his approach as well as the historical (non-)reception of his work. Simmel’s relative neglect in sociology for the better part of the century as well as his recent revival with the rise of the new cultural studies and the postmodern paradigm shift hint at an important interdependence between the history and systematics of sociological theory. The theme of money has not managed to be accepted as an undisputed topic of sociological reflection because of its non-independent status in most social theories (apart from Simmel’s) as well as the factual resistance to totalizing accounts (like Simmel’s) in the history of sociology. Recent transformations in social theory, however, indicate that money may, and to some extent already has, become a mor...
Fiber optic phase stepping system for interferometry

A closed loop phase control system using an all-fiber optical configuration has been developed for use in phase-stepping interferometry. This system drives the relative phase of two interfering beams through a sequence of pi/2 rad increments so that the initial relative phase of these beams can be determined. This phase-stepping system uses optical fibers to provide spatially uniform phase steps from a flexible, easily aligned optical configuration. In addition, this system uses phase feedback to eliminate phase modulator errors and to compensate for phase drifts caused by environmental disturbances.
The disease model of addiction: a biopsychiatrist's view

(1990). The Disease Model of Addiction: A Biopsycihatrist's View. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 83-85.
Simulation of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Velocity Fields

Abstract New algorithms for the simulation of three-dimensional homogeneous turbulent velocity fields are compared with standard spectral domain algorithms. Results are presented for a von Karman model of the covariance tensor. For typical atmospheric conditions, it is impossible to produce a simulated velocity field that simultaneously satisfies a given spatial correlation and the corresponding spatial spectrum, because of spectral aliasing. The goal of the new algorithms is to produce a turbulent velocity field that has accurate spatial correlations. The algorithms are a modification of the standard spectral domain method that attempts to produce a given spatial spectrum.
AMR Corporation - Leases

Students are presented with the balance sheet and the lease footnote from AMR Corporation's 2004 Annual Report and are asked to respond to several questions regarding information in the materials. Questions center around what can be inferred regarding operating leases and capital leases from the materials presented.
Effects of copper, zinc and urea on defoliation and nitrogen reserves in nursery plants of almond

Summary‘Nonpareil’/‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Nonpareil’/ ‘Lovell’ almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb) nursery trees were used to study the effects of foliar applications of CuEDTA (Cu), ZnSO4 (Zn) and urea on defoliation and nitrogen (N) reserves. Foliar application of Cu and Zn induced early defoliation, with one spray as effective as two. Trees receiving Cu were defoliated 20–30 d before controls and defoliation on trees sprayed with Zn occurred 10–14 d before controls. Urea increased the efficiency of defoliation by Zn (1.25–2% ZnSO4) and Cu (0.5% CuEDTA). Trees receiving defoliants contained 4–26% less N than naturally defoliated controls, and N reserves were higher in trees given urea than in controls. Trees sprayed with urea plus defoliants contained up to 20% more N than controls. Both CuEDTA and ZnSO4 promoted early defoliation in almond trees, while the addition of urea can assist in maintaining tree N reserves.
Barrett's esophagus in children and young adults : frequent association with mental retardation

Since few data are available on epidemiologic features of Barrett's esophagus in young persons, we reviewed the case records of patients undergoing esophageal biopsies at Children's Hospital, Boston, from 1982 through 1986. There were 1423 esophageal biopsies obtained from 1173 patients, and histological evidence of esophagitis was present in 397 cases; Barrett's epithelium was diagnosed in 10 patients (0.9% of total and 2.5% of esophagitis cases). Specialized columnar epithelium was present in seven of these 10 patients. The mean age of those with Barrett's epithelium was 19.0 +/- 7.9 years (range 3.7-27 years) compared to 8.7 +/- 6.7 years (range 4 days to 31 years) for all patients biopsied (P less than 0.0001); 80% (8/10) of the Barrett's cases were male compared to 54% of all cases. The relative importance of the possible risk factors was assessed by comparing the 10 patients with Barrett's with the 541 patients that had esophageal biopsies in calendar years 1984-1985. Mental retardation, a risk factor not previously described for young persons with Barrett's esophagitis, was present in 70% (7/10) of the Barrett's patients but in only 15% of all patients biopsied (P less than 0.0002). The frequency of mental retardation was also higher, but not significantly so (P greater than 0.07), in patients with biopsies that were positive for esophagitis (19%) than in those with normal biopsies (14%). No significant differences were found between the Barrett's group and all patients biopsied in regards to racial origin, prior stricture, or fundoplication.
Phase Formation in Cu(Sn) Alloy Thin Films

The interdiffusion of Cu and Sn and the formation and dissolution of Cu-Sn precipitate phases have been examined for Cu(Sn) alloy thin films. Cu(Sn) films were deposited by electron beam evaporation in either a Sn/Cu bilayer or Cu/Sn/Cu trilayer film structure, with overall Sn concentrations from 0.1 to 5 atomic percent. Analysis by in situ resistivity, calorimetry, electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction measurements indicates that the bilayer and trilayer films form the intermetallic phase η-Cu6 Sn5 during film deposition. Upon heating, the e-Cu3Sn phase forms at 170°C, then this phase dissolves into the Cu matrix at approximately 350°C. Finally, ζ- Cu10Sn3 phase forms and precipitates after heating to 500°C and cooling to room temperature. The final resistivity of Cu/Sn/Cu films with more than 2 atomic percent Sn was greater than 3.5 μΩ - cm. However, resistivities from 1.9 to 2.5 μΩ - cm after annealing were obtained with Cu/Sn/Cu films containing less than 2 atomic percent Sn.
A Meta-Analysis of the Validity of the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) and Grade Predictors of Pharmacy Student Performance

Objectives. Compare the validity of the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) and prepharmacy grade point average (GPA) in predicting performance in pharmacy school and professional licensing examinations. Methods. To quantitatively aggregate results across previous studies of the validity of the PCAT, the Hunter and Schmidt psychometric meta-analytic method was used. Relevant research articles were gathered from multiple databases. Correlations between the PCAT and GPAs or individual course grades were the most commonly presented data. Results. The PCAT and prepharmacy GPA were positively correlated with first, second, and third year GPA and National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NABPLEX) scores, with validities ranging from 0.25 (N=244; k=3) to 0.51 (N=1,454, k=18) for first-year GPA. Conclusions. Both PCAT scores and prepharmacy GPA were moderate to strong predictors of grades earned in pharmacy programs and scores on licensing examinations. Development of additional predict...
Reverse Translation in Parkinson Disease.

In this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Peng et al. describe an interesting experiment aimed at extending the use of a biomarker identified in clinical research on Parkinson disease (PD) to preclinical research ([1][1]). Although translational research is conceived commonly as flowing from
Probabilistic Production Simulation of Interconnected System by Considering the Joint Delivery of Wind Power and Thermal Power Generation

Due to the unbalance of renewable energy sources and electricity demand, the development of joint delivery has been an important measure to accommodate new energy in the northwest China grid. The uncertainty nature of wind power produce difficulty for the evaluation of economic and reliability benefits of joint delivery. To solve this problem, by means of establishing multistate wind power model, this paper introduces the concept of residual capacity and propose a probabilistic model for joint delivery to simulate the process of electric power support from sending-end to receiving-end. Moreover, combined with specific characteristics of different generators, a probabilistic production simulation algorithm frame, which considers joint delivery of wind and thermal power generation, has been developed. Taking EPRI 36-bus testing system as the case, the validity of the proposed method is verified. More importantly, with probabilistic production simulation of Jiuquan-Hunan ±800 k V HVDC project, adequacy benefits of receiving-end, environment benefits as well as effect of utilization hours of HVDC on the economic benefits of Jiuquan HVDC has been studied.
The World for a King: Pierre Desceliers’ Map of 1550. By Chet Van Duzer

It is easy to imagine how Pierre Desceliers’s 1550 world map captivated and delighted its first viewers: compendious, exotic, sumptuously illustrated and replete with interest and information, it o...
Acute myelogenous leukemia

Acute myelogenous leukemia , Acute myelogenous leukemia , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Quenching of O2(a1Δg) by O2(a1Δg) in Solution

The reaction in which O2(a1Δg) is quenched by another O2(a1Δg) molecule is examined in CS2. Spectroscopic data indicate that energy-pooling to form O2(b1Σg+) occurs in this process. This observation is important to the kinetics of O2(a1Δg)−O2(a1Δg) annihilation because O2(b1Σg+) is itself a precursor of O2(a1Δg). An upper limit of (7.0 ± 0.8) × 105 s-1 M-1 is determined for the O2(a1Δg)−O2(a1Δg) annihilation rate constant. Data are also presented to indicate that the quenching of O2(b1Σg+) by the fullerene C60 is limited by solute diffusion. This result is not consistent with a mechanism of electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer, which thus far has been the only documented deactivation process for O2(b1Σg+) in solution. O2(b1Σg+) quenching by C60 likely proceeds via electronic energy transfer facilitated by the near degeneracy of the O2(b1Σg+) and triplet C60 energy levels.
Pre-analytical Factors and Analytical Issues Affecting Interpretation of Cardiovascular Biomarkers

The Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction globally endorses cardiac troponin (T and I; cTnT, cTnI) as the biomarker of choice for the diagnosis and assessment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and should be utilized routinely in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [1]. Despite the widespread use of troponin in clinical practice there remain a number of pre-analytical, analytical and interpretive issues which can confound clinical interpretation and will likely be magnified with high-sensitivity troponin assays. The following case studies and discussion highlight some of these issues and nuances associated with troponin assays.
The puzzle of partial migration: Adaptive dynamics and evolutionary game theory perspectives.

Abstract We consider the phenomenon of partial migration which is exhibited by populations in which some individuals migrate between habitats during their lifetime, but others do not. First, using an adaptive dynamics approach, we show that partial migration can be explained on the basis of negative density dependence in the per capita fertilities alone, provided that this density dependence is attenuated for increasing abundances of the subtypes that make up the population. We present an exact formula for the optimal proportion of migrants which is expressed in terms of the vital rates of migrant and non-migrant subtypes only. We show that this allocation strategy is both an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) as well as a convergence stable strategy (CSS). To establish the former, we generalize the classical notion of an ESS because it is based on invasion exponents obtained from linearization arguments, which fail to capture the stabilizing effects of the nonlinear density dependence. These results clarify precisely when the notion of a “weak ESS”, as proposed in Lundberg (2013) for a related model, is a genuine ESS. Secondly, we use an evolutionary game theory approach, and confirm, once again, that partial migration can be attributed to negative density dependence alone. In this context, the result holds even when density dependence is not attenuated. In this case, the optimal allocation strategy towards migrants is the same as the ESS stemming from the analysis based on the adaptive dynamics. The key feature of the population models considered here is that they are monotone dynamical systems, which enables a rather comprehensive mathematical analysis.
Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Outcomes for Abdominal Wall Endometriosis

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the risk factors, presentation, and outcomes in cases of abdominal wall endometriosis. Design A case-control study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting An academic medical center. Patients A total of 102 (34 cases and 68 controls) were included. Interventions Surgical resection of abdominal wall endometriosis. Measurements and Main Results Cases underwent surgical excision for abdominal wall endometriosis at Mayo Clinic from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2013. For each case, 2 controls were randomly selected from a list of women who had surgery in the same year with minimal (American Society for Reproductive Medicine stage I–II) endometriosis. A chart review was completed for variables of interest. Regression models were used to identify independent risk factors associated with abdominal wall endometriosis. Results In 14 years, 2539 women had surgery for endometriosis at Mayo Clinic. Of these, only 34 (1.34%) had abdominal wall endometriosis. The mean age was 35.2 ± 5.9 years, and the median parity was 2 (range, 0–5). Clinical examination diagnosed abdominal wall endometriosis in 41% of cases, with the cesarean delivery scar being the most common site (59%). There was a strong correlation between the size of the lesion on clinical examination compared with the size of the pathology specimen ( r 2 = 0.74, p Conclusions Abdominal wall endometriosis is a rare but unique form of endometriosis. Careful history and clinical examination can provide accurate diagnosis and avoid unnecessary delay before surgical intervention. Localized cyclic abdominal pain with the absence of dysmenorrhea and a history of prior laparotomy are independent risk factors with very high accuracy for diagnosis.
Sleep and circadian variability in people with delayed sleep–wake phase disorder versus healthy controls

Abstract Objective/Background To compare sleep and circadian variability in adults with delayed sleep–wake phase disorder (DSWPD) to healthy controls. Patients/Methods Forty participants (22 DSWPD, 18 healthy controls) completed a ten-day protocol, consisting of DLMO assessments on two consecutive nights, a five-day study break, followed by two more DLMO assessments. All participants were instructed to sleep within one hour of their self-reported average sleep schedule for the last four days of the study break. We analyzed the participants' wrist actigraphy data during these four days to examine intraindividual variability in sleep timing, duration and efficiency. We also examined shifts in the DLMO from before and after the study break. Results and conclusions Under the same conditions, people with DSWPD had significantly more variable wake times and total sleep time than healthy controls (p ≤ 0.015). Intraindividual variability in sleep onset time and sleep efficiency was similar between the two groups (p ≥ 0.30). The DLMO was relatively stable across the study break, with only 11% of controls but 27% of DSWPDs showed more than a one hour shift in the DLMO. Only in the DSWPD sample was greater sleep variability associated with a larger shift in the DLMO (r = 0.46, p = 0.03). These results suggest that intraindividual variability in sleep can be higher in DSWPD versus healthy controls, and this may impact variability in the DLMO. DSWPD patients with higher intraindividual variability in sleep are more likely to have a shifting DLMO, which could impact sleep symptoms and the optimal timing of light and/or melatonin treatment for DSWPD. Clinical trial Circadian Phase Assessments at Home, http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01487252 , NCT01487252 .
Child and Adolescent Use of Mobile Phones: An Unparalleled Complex Developmental Phenomenon

This article addresses why children's use of mobile phones is an unparalleled complex developmental phenomenon in hopes of providing a broad context for this special section. It first outlines mobile phones as a sophisticated personalized and multifunction technology. Then it presents mobile phone use by children as an unparalleled complex developmental phenomenon on the basis of its four behavioral elements, two mobile cultures, and two developmental processes. It further illustrates the existing knowledge about children's mobile phones use that has been accumulated over the past 23 years and highlights 12 most studied topics, especially distracted driving and radiation exposure. It concludes with three types of scientific contributions made by the 12 articles in the special section.
Fibrosis: Lessons from OMICS analyses of the human lung.

Abstract In recent decades there has been a significant shift in our understanding of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive and lethal disorder. While initially much of the mechanistic understanding was derived from hypotheses generated from animal models of disease, in recent decades new insights derived from humans with IPF have taken precedence. This is mainly because of the establishment of large collections of IPF lung tissues and patient cohorts, and the emergence of high throughput profiling technologies collectively termed ‘omics’ technologies based on their shared suffix. In this review we describe impacts of ‘omics’ analyses of human IPF samples on our understanding of the disease. In particular, we discuss the results of genomics and transcriptomics studies, as well as proteomics, epigenomics and metabolomics. We then describe how these findings can be integrated in a modified paradigm of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, that introduces the ‘hallmarks of aging’ as a central theme in the IPF lung. This allows resolution of all the disparate cellular and molecular features in IPF, from the central role of epithelial cells, through the dramatic phenotypic alterations observed in fibroblasts and the numerous aberrations that inflammatory cells exhibit. We end with reiterating a call for renewed efforts to collect and analyze carefully characterized human tissues, in ways that would facilitate implementation of novel technologies for high resolution single cell omics profiling.
Design and characterization of a two-axis, flexure-based nanopositioning stage with 50 mm travel and reduced higher order modes

Abstract Long range, high precision, XY stages have a multitude of applications in scanning probe microscopy, lithography, micro-AM, wafer inspection and other fields. However, finding cost effective precision motion stages with a range of more than 12 mm with a precision better than one micron is a challenge. This study presents parametric design of the two XY flexure-based stages with a travel ranges of up to 50 mm and sub-micron resolution. First, the fabrication and testing of a two-axis double parallelogram flexure stage is presented and the results obtained from FEA and experimental measurements are shown to be in good agreement with the analytical predictions for this stage. A modified stage design with reduced higher order modes and same range, is also presented. This modified design is shown to be capable of achieving an open loop resolution of 100 nm with a travel range of greater than 50 mm. Higher order modes of the modified stage have been shown to be shifted from 25 Hz in the double parallelogram flexure (DPF) stage to over 86 Hz in the modified DPF stage making it much simpler to design a high speed (>10 Hz) controller for the modified stage.
Excellent Outcomes of Large-Volume Epidural Blood Patch Using an Intravenous Catheter in 15 Consecutive Cases with Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak.

Objective The effects of large-volume epidural blood patch (EBP) remain unclear in patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. We report excellent outcomes from 15 consecutive CSF leak cases that underwent a large-volume EBP using an intravenous catheter from a single lumbar entry point, together with outcomes from 4 patients who underwent direct surgical closure or drip-and-rest therapy during the same period. Methods Nineteen patients with idiopathic CSF leaks were enrolled in this study since November 2011 (12 women; mean age, 43.3 ± 14.0 years). Patient demographic data, radiologic findings, symptoms, administrated therapies, complications, and clinical courses were investigated retrospectively. Results Different types of headache were observed, including typical orthostatic headache alone (n = 10), orthostatic headache with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) (n = 3), and posture-unrelated headache accompanied with CSDH (n = 6). Regarding treatments, in 1 case, direct surgical closure was performed. In 15 cases, large-volume EBPs were performed, and the volume of injected blood was 44.8 ± 21.6 mL. The other 3 cases were treated by simple drip infusion regardless of the drainage for CSDH. Out of 9 cases with accompanied CSDH, recurrence of subdural hematoma was completely prevented by the application of an EBP after drainage in 5 cases and without drainage in 3 cases, and by simple intravenous drip-and-rest therapy after drainage in 1 case. Among 10 patients suffering from typical orthostatic headache alone, symptoms disappeared completely in 7 cases and were relieved in 3 cases. Conclusions We demonstrate here a perfect control of spinal CSF leaks with the administration of a large-volume EBP through an intravenous catheter.
The Effects of Icon Characteristics on Search Time

The use of icons is ubiquitous in today’s computing world. A handful of icon characteristics have been found to predict icon performance. Visual complexity, concreteness, familiarity, and aesthetic value have all been shown to affect performance in searching for and locating icons. We replicate previous studies that examined icon characteristics’ effects on search time but use our own up-to-date icon stimulus set taken from existing mobile application icons. Our results verify most previous findings. The results on icon attractiveness, however, contradict findings that the advantage provided by attractiveness is only present when the icon is already difficult to find. We find the opposite—that simple icons alone are afforded an advantage by also being attractive. These confounding findings provide insight into the fundamental differences between mobile icons and icons traditionally used in search experiments.
LOMMEL FUNCTIONS, STRUVE FUNCTIONS, AND ASSOCIATED BESSEL FUNCTIONS

This chapter discusses Lommel functions, Struve functions, and associated Bessel functions. The functions S μ, v (s) and those related to it are often called associated Bessel functions since any linear combination of S μ, v (s), J v (z) and Y v (s) satisfy the differential equation. The importance of associated Bessel functions rests in part on the fact that they can be used to represent integrals of Bessel functions.
The Fertile Womb

Early modern medical texts privilege scholastic knowledge over lived experience, suggesting female anatomy—epitomized by the womb—was secretive and unknowable. Medical practitioners were uncertain of how to diagnose pregnancy in the early stages, and often diminished the woman’s ability to determine gestation herself since many of the signs were open to interpretation. Even when it progressed to delivery, pregnancy offered a private, exclusively female space in early modern birth rituals, perpetuating its mystery to male observers. This chapter shows how Shakespeare often privileges female, experiential knowledge in a period which attempted to dismiss it outright. During childbirth scenes in Shakespeare’s canon, women become knowledge-bearers on which male characters depend, demonstrating how lineage and paternal identity are reliant on the female body.
Do Inner City and Rural Students Mix in a Reading Program? What Are the Challenges? The 2013–2015 Group Report

Reading failure is not caused by where the student lives or whether the child grows up in a 2-parent household or in a single-parent home. Race and nationality are also not a factor. Reading failure is caused by the teaching methods used in the classroom. These teaching methods are often mandated by school administration or state policy. Reading improvement is determined by individual learning differences, and each child improves at an individual pace. Every child can learn to read. The group-centered approach used with the Reading Orienteering Club proved to be successful. Children who had failed for multiple years could now read.
Acute Severe Hypertension

Key Clinical Points Acute Severe Hypertension Acute severe hypertension that is accompanied by acute target-organ injury (hypertensive emergency) is associated with substantial morbidity and in-hos...
Homeless at Harvard: finding faith and friendship on the streets of Harvard Square

John Christopher Frame’s Homeless at Harvard: Finding faith and friendship on the streets of Harvard Square is an intriguing and powerful memoir of a Harvard graduate divinity student who spent ten...
MODERATING EFFECT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MERGED INSTITUTIONS

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to determine the moderating effect of economic growth on financial performance of merged institutions Methodology: The study adopted a mixed methodology research design. The study population included all the 51 merged financial service institutions in Kenya. Purposive sampling was used. Primary data was obtained from questionnaires and a secondary data collection template was also used. The researcher used quantitative techniques in analyzing the data. Descriptive analysis for the study included the use of means, frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics such as correlation analysis was also used. Panel data analysis was also applied. Further, a pre and post merger analysis was used. Results: There was a significant relationship between the moderating effect of economic growth and financial performance of merged institutions. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The government and Central Bank of Kenya to come up with strategies and policies to protect the financial services sector due to its immense contribution to the economy of the country by formulating policies aimed at controlling the effects of rapid fluctuations of the macro economic factors and their effects on the sector.
Expanding Training in Quality Improvement and Patient Safety Through a Multispecialty Graduate Medical Education Curriculum Designed for Fellows.

Introduction Although the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) training for fellow-level trainees, this experience is often in...
Characterization of DC Arc-Plasmas Generated by High-Voltage Photovoltaic Power Systems

Field tests of air-copper arcs were completed at a high-voltage, photovoltaic power plant using a simplified, “arc-in-a-box” geometry to study dc arc-faults. Copper electrodes, 12.7 mm in diameter, were arranged in three configurations and an arc was initiated using DC with applied energy varying from 40–3900 kJ. Constitutive modeling of the arc-discharge predicts arc temperatures much greater than 1000 K. Two diagnostic techniques were fielded to characterize the spectral and thermal emission. Optical emission spectroscopy determined the time-resolved and mean arc temperatures were approximately $T_{mean}= 7500$ with standard deviations of ± 600 K, and infrared (IR) imaging mapped the mean temperature field, $T_{mean}=1500\ \mathrm{K}$ , of the arc-heated environment.
In-operando surface-sensitive probing of electrochemical reactions on nanoparticle electrocatalysts: Spectroscopic characterization of reaction intermediates and elementary steps of oxygen reduction reaction on Pt

Abstract In this paper we present an in-operando spectroscopic study of the reaction intermediates involved in ORR on electrified Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts. To accomplish this, we have synthesized Ag-Pt core–shell nanoparticles, that contain a thin shell of Pt (~1 nm) uniformly deposited on a larger Ag core (~60 nm). We show that these nanostructures are ideal platforms for in-operando Plasmon Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (PERS) of ORR on Pt. We combined these PERS studies with DFT calculations to assign the measured vibrational spectra to relevant surface intermediates as a function of electrocatalyst potential. These vibrational assignments were further verified and validated by performing PERS measurements using de-oxygenated and heavy oxygen (O2-18) saturated electrolyte. These studies allowed us to identity the presence of critical reaction intermediates (OH, O2, OOH, and H2O) as the function of operating voltage on the Pt surface and derive voltage-dependent elementary step mechanisms of the reaction.
Local Labor Markets and Job Match Quality: Teachers

This paper examines how the quality of a potential teacher’s outside option affects who chooses to teach. I use variation in state level unemployment rates as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in the outside option available to first-year teachers in the NCES-SASS. I find that higher quality workers–as measured by college selectivity–become teachers when the local labor market is weak. I also find that individuals who become teachers during times of higher local unemployment are more likely to express dissatisfaction with their jobs. Other observable demographic, educational, and certification characteristics of newly hired teachers are not affected. Teachers who enter during weaker labor markets are also no less likely to remain in teaching. Economic downturns provide a potential opportunity for schools to attract and retain higher quality workers, but job satisfaction may suffer.
Cervical cancer screening among sexual minority women: findings from a national survey

Sexual minority women (SMW; lesbian, bisexual, and other women who have sex with women) are at risk for cervical cancer but less likely than non-SMW to receive regular cervical cancer screening (Pap- and/or HPV-testing). We examined factors contributing to receipt of guideline-based cervical cancer screening among SMW. During October 2019, we conducted an online survey of self-identified SMW aged 21–45 years living in the United States (n = 435). We estimated risk differences (RD) in women’s likelihood of being within current cervical cancer screening guidelines by sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. Overall, 75% of respondents were within current screening guidelines. Adjusting for other factors, SMW were more likely to be within guidelines if they were insured (aRD 0.26, 95% CI 0.13, 0.39), had a partner (aRD 0.18, 95% CI 0.09, 0.28), and were older (aRD 0.12, 95% CI 0.04, 0.20). Overall, the most common reasons for not being screened recently were lack of insurance/cost (42%) and perceiving it was unnecessary (28%). Many SMW are not being screened for cervical cancer according to guidelines. Findings can inform efforts to improve screening among this population.
Designing Dynamic Learning Supports for Game and Simulation-Based Learning in STEM Education

It is critical to design game and simulation-based learning supports that create deeper learning experiences without compromising flow during gameplay. To be specific, the features of support should cater to the cognitive and affective states of the learners. Although recent research has started to investigate in-game learning supports, design inquiry governing unobtrusive and dynamic learning supports in technology-rich and complex learning environments is still limited. The purpose of this chapter is to present two design cases of simulation-game-based learning platforms integrating dynamic learning support systems, discuss specific challenges that we encountered when incorporating the supports in the platforms, and report how we handled them. The cases described in this chapter present two digital learning platforms designed for authentic and complex problem-solving in STEM education. We will first discuss cognitive scaffolding for mathematical problem representation embedded in an architecture-themed game that promotes middle graders’ mathematical problem-solving. The second case involves providing multiple representations of learning aids incorporated in a virtual-reality simulation to enhance representational flexibility in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder through STEM-related design problem-solving. The chapter will inform instructional designers and educational practitioners on applicable design heuristics of dynamic learning support for a technology-rich, STEM-related learning environment.
Virtual Equivalents of Real Objects (VEROs): A type of non-fungible token (NFT) that can help fund the 3D digitization of natural history collections

Describing a substantial proportion of the world’s species could be made much easier by the 3D digitization of collections, which would facilitate the dissemination of taxonomic information locked up in natural history museums. Three-dimensional imaging captures many characters and allows a lot of versatility in the way that morphological data is displayed and used (Wheeler et al. 2012; Faulwetter et al. 2013). Moreover, the loss and damage of valuable specimens, many of which are very fragile, can be reduced as a result of the use and sharing of 3D model substitutes among researchers. This can also lead to a reduction in the handling and transportation expenses of many specimens.